cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Mullineux involution and the generalized regularization

Abstract The Mullineux involution is an important map on p -regular partitions that originates from the modular representation theory of S n . In this paper we study the Mullineux transpose map and the generalized column regularization and prove a condition under which the two maps are exactly the same. Our results generalize the work of Bessenrodt, Olsson and Xu, and the combinatorial constructions is related to the Iwahori–Hecke algebra and the global crystal basis of the basic U q ( sl b ) -module. In the conclusion, we provide several conjectures regarding the q -decomposition numbers and generalizations of results due to Fayers.
Assessing the water quality impacts of two Category-5 hurricanes on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.

Managing waterborne and water-related diseases is one of the most critical factors in the aftermath of hurricane-induced natural disasters. The goal of the study was to identify water-quality impairments in order to set the priorities for post-hurricane relief and to guide future decisions on disaster preparation and relief administration. Field investigations were carried out on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands as soon as the disaster area became accessible after the back-to-back hurricane strikes by Irma and Maria in 2017. Water samples were collected from individual household rain cisterns, the coastal ocean, and street-surface runoffs for microbial concentration. The microbial community structure and the occurrence of potential human pathogens were investigated in samples using next generation sequencing. Loop mediated isothermal amplification was employed to detect fecal indicator bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis. The results showed both fecal indicator bacteria and Legionella genetic markers were prevalent but were low in concentration in the water samples. Among the 22 cistern samples, 86% were positive for Legionella and 82% for Escherichia-Shigella. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in over 68% of the rain cisterns and in 60% of the coastal waters (n = 20). Microbial community composition in coastal water samples was significantly different from cistern water and runoff water. Although identification at bacterial genus level is not direct evidence of human pathogens, our results suggest cistern water quality needs more organized attention for protection of human health, and that preparation and prevention measures should be taken before natural disasters strike.
Prostate cancer screening patterns among LGBT populations.

e19077Background: More than 10 million Americans identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT), and the majority of male-to-female (MTF) transgender individuals still have p...
Religion: Four Paradigmatic Views

Any explanation of the religion is based on a worldview. The premise of this book is that any worldview can be associated with one of the four broad paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. This chapter takes the case of religion and discusses it from the four different viewpoints. It emphasizes that the four views expressed are equally scientific and informative; they look at the phenomenon from their certain paradigmatic viewpoint, and together they provide a more balanced and a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under consideration. In this chapter, Sects. 1, 2, 3, and 4 present the four perspectives, and Sect. 5 concludes the chapter.
Dietary Management for Adolescents with Prader–Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex, multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 1 in 25,000 live births. PWS is caused by absence of expression of paternally inherited imprinted genes on chromosome 15q11-q13. The syndrome typically occurs due to one of three genetic mechanisms: paternal deletion of involved genes, maternal uniparental disomy, or imprinting center defects. These genetic anomalies lead to well-described clinical phenotype that includes hypotonia, hypothalamic dysfunction, social and behavioral issues, life-threatening hyperphagia, and elevated probability of obesity. Adolescents with PWS are at the highest risk for development of life-threatening obesity due to increased access to food, decreased physical activity, and hyperphagia. Currently, the only treatment for the hyperphagia is environmental control, including locked kitchens and continuous supervision of the affected individual. Caloric intake must be restricted to prevent obesity, which subsequently increases the hunger drive even more. Research and clinical practice have demonstrated that increasing physical activity along with insuring a well-balanced, nutritionally dense diet can improve overall weight control in adolescents with PWS.
Utilization of Deep Learning for Subphenotype Identification in Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

Background and objectives Sepsis-associated AKI is a heterogeneous clinical entity. We aimed to agnostically identify sepsis-associated AKI subphenotypes using deep learning on routinely collected data in electronic health records. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We used the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database, which consists of electronic health record data from intensive care units in a tertiary care hospital in the United States. We included patients ≥18 years with sepsis who developed AKI within 48 hours of intensive care unit admission. We then used deep learning to utilize all available vital signs, laboratory measurements, and comorbidities to identify subphenotypes. Outcomes were mortality 28 days after AKI and dialysis requirement. Results We identified 4001 patients with sepsis-associated AKI. We utilized 2546 combined features for K-means clustering, identifying three subphenotypes. Subphenotype 1 had 1443 patients, and subphenotype 2 had 1898 patients, whereas subphenotype 3 had 660 patients. Subphenotype 1 had the lowest proportion of liver disease and lowest Simplified Acute Physiology Score II scores compared with subphenotypes 2 and 3. The proportions of patients with CKD were similar between subphenotypes 1 and 3 (15%) but highest in subphenotype 2 (21%). Subphenotype 1 had lower median bilirubin levels, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase compared with subphenotypes 2 and 3. Patients in subphenotype 1 also had lower median lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and white blood cell count than patients in subphenotypes 2 and 3. Subphenotype 1 also had lower creatinine and BUN than subphenotypes 2 and 3. Dialysis requirement was lowest in subphenotype 1 (4% versus 7% [subphenotype 2] versus 26% [subphenotype 3]). The mortality 28 days after AKI was lowest in subphenotype 1 (23% versus 35% [subphenotype 2] versus 49% [subphenotype 3]). After adjustment, the adjusted odds ratio for mortality for subphenotype 3, with subphenotype 1 as a reference, was 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.4). Conclusions Utilizing routinely collected laboratory variables, vital signs, and comorbidities, we were able to identify three distinct subphenotypes of sepsis-associated AKI with differing outcomes.
Buying Consumption Smoothing: Saving for the Future by Buying Ahead

This study considers an under-explored channel through which credit-constrained house- holds may smooth consumption – buying ahead. We employ a differences-in-differences-in- differences strategy and exploit variation from state tax laws introduced in different states in different years. Using toilet paper as an example of a widely bought, necessary and storable product, we compare how households’ purchasing behavior changes in response to transitory income from tax refunds. We find that households increase the amount of toilet paper purchased by around 20% in response to a state income tax refund, but do not increase the purchased quantity of perishables. The inter-purchase time for toilet paper also increases, ruling out that households are simply increasing consumption in response to more income. Finally, households increase expenditures on toilet paper only by 11%, indicating that they are saving per unit by buying in larger quantities. Buying ahead appears to allow households to smooth consumption by purchasing a stockpile of non-perishable, necessary goods that they can slowly consume over time.
Sorption and recovery of phenolic compounds from aqueous phase of sewage sludge hydrothermal liquefaction using bio-char

Abstract Bio-char, a by-product of thermochemical conversion processes, has a great potential in phenolic compounds sorption from the waste aqueous phase produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process while being a low-cost sorbent. This study investigated the effect of temperature, pH, bio-char concentration, and mixing speed on two types of bio-char sorption of phenolic compounds using Taguchi's design of experiment and response surface method. Isothermal kinetics and thermodynamic properties were also evaluated to explain the sorption mechanism. The experimental results were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for both types of bio-char. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be more suitable at high sorption temperatures, while the Freundlich isotherm model was better at low temperatures. Finally, the alkaline desorption and regeneration experiments were examined, and the eluents with phenolic compounds were characterized using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer.
Do School Board Governance Best Practices Improve District Performance? Testing the Key Work of School Boards in Wisconsin

ABSTRACTThe most prominent set of school board governance best practices used in the United States is the National School Boards Association’s (NSBA’s) Key Work of School Boards. In this article, we operationalize adherence to the Key Work of School Boards with multiple survey items answered by Wisconsin school board members. Using multivariate regression models, we find that adherence to the best practices results in improved achievement in districts represented by board members who have served for five or more years. The findings support the idea that school board governance behaviors are linked to district-level academic outcomes.
Ordnance Detection and Analysis

This chapter deals with the problems of finding the ordnance items once the high probability areas are determined. Even when using the best available technology in metal detectors, a number of factors can prevent this technology from reliably differentiating between ordnance items and other debris. First, the mineral content of the ground can influence the detector. Second, many ranges have been used over such long periods that weapon systems have changed. Third, signal strength is inversely proportional to depth in all metal detectors and magnetometers. Many Unexploded ordnance (UXO) technicians still “ mag and flag ” using a hand-held cesium vapor magnetometer. If all anomalies are to be intrusively investigated, these work fairly well. But they will not find brass or aluminum fuses and detonators, lead projectiles, or aluminum-cased bombs. A portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy devices are able to positively identify the chemical constituents inside a steel shell. They can locate plastic land mines by the same technique, for that matter. However, the PINS system normally only looks for seven key elements. Experimental sites, which contain unique ordnance will find the “ no key element ” decision of the munitions assessment review board useless. It is important for the residents, stakeholders, and regulators to realize that even if the guidance laid out in this discussion is followed conscientiously, not all ordnance will be found on range impact areas or burial sites. Signs, deed notification, and other means of communication should be employed to warn land users of the possibility of finding further ordnance and what to do.
Robust inference for variance components models in families ascertained through probands: II. Analysis of spirometric measures

Three spirometric measures of pulmonary function were used to estimate genetic and nongenetic components of variance for 781 members of 158 families ascertained through a proband with obstructive pulmonary disease. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio of these two (FEV1/FVC) were adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, and height and used in a robust approach to estimate variance components after conditioning on the proband's observed value. The best fitting model for both residual FEV1/FVC and FEV1 included an additive genetic component representing 25% and 9% of the variation in these two traits, respectively. In addition, there was a significant correlation between parents in residual FEV1/FVC, and a component shared among full sibs was statistically significant for residual FEV1. No evidence of a genetic component for residual FVC was found in this analysis. Although these results agree with previous reports based on other populations in showing a substantial degree of direct genetic control over spirometric measures of pulmonary function, they also raise the possibility of etiologic heterogeneity.
An 18 b 10 mu s self-calibrating ADC

A self-calibrating, 18-b, serial-output, 100-ksample/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which is implemented on a 24-V BiCMOS analog chip and a 5-V, 2- mu m CMOS digital chip is described. This partitioning allows a larger input signal for better dynamic range, eases the comparator design, and protects analog circuitry from digital feedthrough. The two chips are wired in a 7.6-mm-wide, 16-pin plastic dual inline package (DIP). Thirteen inter-chip bonds make up the control and data interface. The only other common connections to the logic supply and its ground return are made through separate wires for each chip. The analog chip is a charge-balancing converter consisting of an 18-b calibrated digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an auto-zeroed latching comparator, buffers for all analog inputs, and logic for the self-timed interface to the digital chip. The digital chip is a custom microcontroller which implements the calibration aid conversion algorithms, as well as the digital part of the user interface. The data path on this chip includes calibration pattern generators, a successive approximation register (SAR), elements for calculating the error terms, and RAM for storing those terms. >
Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli

Publisher Summary Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the predominant facultative anaerobe of the human colonic flora. This chapter focuses on the diarrhoeagenic E. coli, which include emerging pathogens of worldwide public health importance, and focuses specifically on pathogens that afflict humans. When possible, the chapter draws parallels among the various pathogenic schemes of the six categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli that are described in the chapter; however, it should be recognized that each category comprises a pathogenetically, clinically, and epidemiologically distinct entity that can and should be thought of as a distinct enteric pathogen. Because all categories of diarrhoeagenic E. coli are capable of causing dehydrating illness, effective therapy against all diarrhoeal diseases begins with the maintenance of intravascular volume, that is, hydration. The introduction of oral rehydration therapy has, therefore, been a major contribution to the management of diarrhoeas, especially in the developing world where they occur most often.
Sources, Losses, and Transport of Magnetospherically Trapped Particles

Trapping, pseudo-trapping, and non-trapping regions within an observed magnetospheric configuration are described. Time averaged proton and electron distributions and available data concerning the alpha particle distribution within the trapping and pseudo-trapping regions are presented. A review of the observational evidence leading to the identification of major sources, losses, and transport of magnetospherically trapped particles is given. Conclusions are summarized and additional suggestions offered on these factors for inner and outer zone protons and electrons. One general result of this review is that much is now known of source, loss, and transport processes, although specific experiments and calculations must still be done. It is shown that the inclusion of pitch angle diffusion processes within the magnetosphere significantly alters the concept of stable trapping and allows a consistent quiescent description of outer zone electrons to be formulated from energies of a few tens of kilovolts to several MeV.
The New DOCLINE

Abstract In 1998, the National Library of Medicine announced that it would change DOCLINE from a telnet system to a Windows-based Internet system. This article highlights some of the enhancements of the new version of DOCLINE.
Preinjury Physical Function and Frailty in Injured Older Adults: Self- Versus Proxy Responses

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which proxy respondents can provide reliable reports. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-seven older adults (≥65, median 73.0, interquartile range 67-80; 53% female) admitted to three services (trauma, geriatrics, orthopedics) with primary injury diagnoses over a 6-month period and their proxies (43% spouses, 44% children, 5% siblings, 8% friends or other relatives). MEASUREMENTS: Three brief screening instruments (Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13), modified Barthel Index (mBI), Life Space Assessment (LSA)) for physical function and frailty were administered to older adults and their proxies within 48 hours of admission. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages, intraclass correlations, and Kappa statistics. RESULTS: Approximately 47% (n = 36) of the proxies lived with the older adults. Perfect agreement and 90% agreement between older adults and proxies: There was perfect agreement for 39 (51%) dyads and a difference of 1 or less (range 1-10) for 66 (86%) on the VES-13, perfect agreement for 48 (62%) and a difference of two or less (range 0-20) for 69 (89%) on the mBI, and perfect agreement for 27 (35%) and a difference of 12 or less (range 0-120) for 55 (71%) on the LSA. CONCLUSION: Proxy reports of older adults' preinjury physical function and frailty are in an acceptable range of agreement with those of the older adults. Using proxy reports when people cannot provide information on themselves may facilitate care management and goal setting. Language: en
Chandrasekhar recursion for structured time-varying systems and its application to recursive least squares problems

Chandrasekhar recursion of Kalman filtering for a time-varying system has not been fully studied while its counterpart for a time-invariant system has been around for decades. Sayed and Kailath (1992) have shown that Chandrasekhar recursion for a certain class of structured time-varying systems can be achieved. In this paper, the authors extend the traditional discrete-time Chandrasekhar recursion of Kalman filtering to derive an algorithm applicable to an even wider class of structured time-varying systems including those with so-called quasi-internally-invariant property. This extension makes it possible to update the Kalman filter of time-varying systems with a quasi-internally-invariant property, only with O(n(p+q)) flops instead of O(n/sup 3/), where n, p and q are the number of states, the number of outputs and the displacement rank of Riccati solutions, respectively. It is also shown that the resulting algorithm can be applied to adaptive filtering (specifically, recursive least squares problems). >
Design and operational experience with a portable tritium cleanup system

We built a portable tritium cleanup system to scavenge tritium from contaminated gases in any tritium-containing system in the LLNL Tritium Facility. The cleanup system uses standard catalytic oxidation of tritium to water followed by water removal with a molecular sieve dryer. The cleanup unit, complete with instrumentation, is contained in a portable cart that is rolled into place and connected to the apparatus to be cleaned. The cleanup systems is effective, low-tech, simple, and reliable. The nominal flow rate of the system is 30 liters/minute, and the decontamination factor is > 1000. In this paper we will show design information on our portable cleanup system, and will discuss our operational experience with it over the past several years.
Video-atlas on robotically assisted mitral valve surgery.

Mitral valve surgery is the most commonly performed robotically-assisted cardiac surgical procedure. The robotic approach evolved from minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, which was performed via right mini-anterolateral thoracotomy either under direct vision or with endoscopic visualization. The da VinciTM Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnydale, CA) has been used in several robotic cardiac surgical centers to successfully perform mitral valve surgery. This system uses high-definition three-dimensional camera imaging and EndowristTM (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnydale, CA) instruments, which allow for motion in six degrees of freedom. When compared with minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, the robotic-assisted approach enables unparalleled visualization of the mitral valve apparatus, tremor-free movements, ambidexterity, and avoidance of the fulcrum effect of using long-shafted endoscopic instruments. The 2 to 3 cm lateral working port incision allows for less pain, quicker recovery, and reduced length of stay when compared with sternotomy. This video article provides a detailed description of our current approach to performing complex mitral valve surgery using the da VinciTM system.
A numerical study of the effects of primary reference fuel chemical kinetics on ignition and heat release under homogeneous reciprocating engine conditions

Abstract In the current work, numerical simulations are used to evaluate the effects of detailed reaction chemistry of different primary reference fuel (PRF) blends of iso -octane and n -heptane on heat release in one-dimensional engine simulations. A simplified slider-crank model was used to represent the engine cycle. The contributions of specific reaction classes to ignition and heat release were quantified. Maps of ignition phasing and heat release were created as a function of pressure and temperature to indicate the change in reactivity (defined by the first and second stages of ignition) as a function of state conditions as well as the fraction of heat release associated with the two stages of ignition. For the conditions studied, the reactivity of the second stage of ignition always increased with increasing temperature, i.e. the phasing of autoignition advanced with increasing temperature, whereas the reactivity of the first stage of ignition exhibited negative temperature dependence where increasing temperature delayed the first stage of ignition and decreased the heat release at the first stage of ignition for some conditions. The results show low-temperature chemistry radicals like C 7 R O 2 species are not uniquely indicative of low-temperature heat release, but they are formed at earlier times, higher rates and higher concentrations with PRF blends with higher fractions of n -heptane. A modified approach to the Livengood–Wu integral is presented to capture the integrated effects of the compression stroke on the potential for using the first stage of ignition to distribute heat release. The results of the modified ignition integral analysis are presented as a function of engine speed and fuel/air preheat temperature and demonstrate the utility of the approach to design and interpret fueling strategies of fuel blends.
The effect of basal hypothalamic deafferentation on the nycthemeral rhythm of plasma TSH.

Basal hypothalamic deafferentation abolished the nycthemeral rhythm of both plasma TSH and corticosterone.
Relationship of Perceived Barriers to Employment and Return to Work Five Years Later A Pilot Study Among 343 Participants With Spinal Cord Injury

The authors identified perceived barriers to employment in 1998 among 343 unemployed participants with spinal cord injury and correlated these data with employment status 5 years later. Actively looking for work was associated with the greatest likelihood of employment. Health factors, not disincentives or resources, were the primary barriers to employment at follow-up.
Historical Evidence for Climate Instability and Environmental Catastrophes in Northern Syria and the Jazira: the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian

Significant cataclysms occurred frequently throughout the history of northern Syria and the Jazira, and had severe shortand long-term implications on the region's economy and the social structure. This paper uses the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, a Patriarch of Antioch in the late twelfth century a.D., as a representation of environmental and climatic catastrophes taking place in northern Syria and the Jazira in the third and early second Millennium b.c. The proportions, general frequency and the clustering tendency of the different disasters in the Chronicle are treated in detail, as well as their general economic, environmental and social significance. The article argues that diversified subsistence and a high degree of flexibility were essential for ancient Mesopotamian societies to absorb the many risks that life in this marginal semiarid environment involved.
Flow and Hydraulics near the Sill of Hood Canal, a Strongly Sheared, Continuously Stratified Fjord

Abstract Hood Canal, a long fjord in Washington State, has strong tides but limited deep-water renewal landward of a complex constriction. Tide-resolving hydrographic and velocity observations at the constriction, with a depth-cycling towed body, varied markedly during three consecutive years, partly because of stratification variations. To determine whether hydraulic control is generally important and to interpret observations of lee waves, blocking, and other features, hydraulic criticality is estimated over full tidal cycles for channel wide internal wave modes 1, 2, and 3, at five cross-channel sections, using mode speeds from the extended Taylor–Goldstein equation. These modes were strongly supercritical during most of ebb and flood on the gentle seaward sill face and for part of flood at the base of the steep landward side. Examining local criticality along the thalweg found repeated changes between mode 1 being critical and supercritical approaching the sill crest during flood, unsurprising given l...
Determination of alpha-emitting uranium isotopes in soft tissues by solvent extraction and alpha-spectrometry.

Abstract A radiochemical procedure has been developed for the determination of alpha-emitting isotopes of uranium ( 238 U, 235 U and 234 U) in soft tissues. Known amounts of sample are spiked with 232 U internal tracer and wet-ashed. Uranium is co-precipitated with iron hydroxide as carrier, and extracted into 20% trilaurylamine solution in xylene after dissolution of the precipitate in 10 M hydrochloric acid. The uranium, after stripping into an aqueous phase, is electro-deposited onto a platinum disc and counted by alpha-spectrometry. The radiochemical recovery ranges from 60 to 85% for bovine liver samples. The average radiochemical recoveries for human tissues vary from 53 to 78%.
Laparoscopic colonic and rectal resection

The technology that has permitted the rapid advance of minimal access surgery has now made it feasible to perform laparoscopically assisted colon resections safely. As the instrumentation improves, specimen removal problems are solved, surgeons' sewing skills improve, and other anastomotic methods are devised, an increasing amount of colonic surgery will be done using laparoscopy. It is clear that the techniques now in use are evolving, and will be substantially different a few years hence. Previously accepted surgical principles may continue to be challenged by new techniques, which must be evaluated under strict protocol before being widely accepted. These operations should be performed by surgeons who are able to achieve the same level of radical operation that they would achieve through a laparotomy. Special training in advanced laparoscopic techniques including microsurgical suturing is a distinct advantage in performing these operations successfully. It may be best for surgeons to start with palliative procedures or operations for benign diseases of the colon, to avoid the risk of jeopardizing an operation for cancer.
Remote stabilization over fading channels

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of remote mean square stabilization of a MIMO system when independent fading channels are dedicated to each actuator and sensor. We show that the stochastic variables responsible for the fading can be seen as a source of model uncertainty. This view leads to robust control analysis and synthesis problems with a deterministic nominal system and a stochastic, structured, model uncertainty. As a special case, we consider the stabilization over Erasure or drop-out channels. We show that the largest probability of erasure tolerable by the closed loop is obtained from solving a robust control synthesis problem. In more general terms, we establish that the set of plants which can be stabilized by linear controllers over fading channels is fundamentally limited by the channel generated uncertainty. We show that, the notion of mean square capacity, defined for a single channel in the loop, captures this limitation precisely and characterizes equivalence classes of channels within the class of memoryless fading channels.
One-band density of states for the Polk model for amorphous tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors

The one-band density of states for the Polk model for amorphous semiconductors is found by direct diagonalization for a 201-atom structure and some smaller structures. It is seen that the density of states has a definite two-peaked character. Implications for the lower half of the valence band and the middle portion of the vibrational density of states in amorphous silicon and germanium are discussed.
Spirituality and depth psychology.

The resurgence of interest in spiritual and religious matters and in the depth psychology of C.G. Jung is examined relative to the work of spiritual direction and pastoral counseling. It is suggested that the risks of muddled thinking, narcissism, gnosticism, and credulity are increased when one attempts to combine spiritual disciplines with depth psychology.
Induction of neuroprotective κB-dependent transcription by secreted forms of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor

A significant fraction of the beta-amyloid precursor protein is proteolytically processed to yield large secreted forms (sAPP). These proteins have pleiotropic effects which potentially involve control of gene expression. We have investigated the influence of sAPP on the class of transcription factors which bind kappa B enhancer sequences. Transcription dependent on a kappa B element was enhanced by sAPP in several cell lines, as measured by expression of a transfected chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Secreted APP also induced an increase in kappa B DNA-binding activity in hippocampal neurons treated with sAPP. Both effects were mimicked by an analog of cyclic GMP and inhibited by an antagonist of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. Such activation of kappa B-dependent transcription was correlated in two ways with the ability of sAPP to protect neuronal cells against calcium-mediated damage: (1) tumor necrosis factor beta also protected against calcium-mediated insults and induced kappa B-dependent transcription; (2) antisense oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of an endogenous inhibitor of NF-kappa B activated kappa B-binding activity and attenuated calcium-mediated toxicity in both a neuronal cell line and in primary neurons. These findings suggest that a kappa B-binding transcription factor can act as a coordinator of neuroprotective gene expression in response to cytokines.
Children's involvement in contested custody cases: Practices and experiences of legal and mental health professionals

The experiences and practices of family law attorneys, trial judges, and mental health professionals regarding the involvement of children in contested custody cases were investigated through a systematic and detailed survey. Results revealed that the level and manner of children's involvement was linearly related to a child's age as reported by all groups. Judicial jurisdiction was also related to whether children's wishes were sought and in what manner; specifically, Michigan judges were significantly more likely to interview children using flexible due process than Virginia judges. In addition, interview procedures used by mental health professionals and judges, such as length, making of records, and the presence of other individuals, differed significantly. The amount and complexity of children's involvement suggest that further research is needed to explore these complexities and their effects on children.
Race And Class Politics In New York City Before The Civil War

Challenging the studies of several historians regarding 19th-century politics, Anthony Gronowicz reveals how the Democratic Party employed the racist ideology of democratic republicanism to shape the political values of New York's labor force. This insightful volume enriches one's understanding of antebellum politics, economics, and culture. Illustrations.
A computationally efficient solution strategy for optimal gene knockouts for targeted overproduction

A recently developed adaptive bi-level optimization algorithm, MOMAKnock, has the objective to maximize the targeted biochemical overproduction as the outer-level problem, and MOMA criterion modeling the survival of mutants as the inner-level objective function. This method gives improved targeted overproductions with more robust knockout strategies. An adaptive solution with piecewise linear approximation to the inner-level objective function has been employed in the original work. In this project, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are used to convert bi-level MOMAKnock to a single level mixed integer programming problem since the inner-level problem is a convex optimization problem. We compare our KKT-based solution strategy with the original adaptive solution strategy by evaluating both strategies on a small E.coli core metabolic network. The experimental results show that our new KKT-based solution is computationally more efficient, and achieves orders of magnitude speedup to obtain the optimal solutions.
The hydrocarbon constituents of petroleum and some possible lipid precursors

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of our knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on an imaginative map called the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere which depicts the hydrocarbons identified in petroleum. All compounds are placed on the map according to boiling point. The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbons identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds with particular reference to lipids as possible source material.
But will they buy it

A product's success or failure may often depend on how well the product was defined before it was developed. Some products based on a developer's concepts may become popular and in demand, but, in most cases, because of the narrow perspective of a developer's specific application, such products rarely hit the high revenue mark. To raise the probability of success for a newly announced product or product enhancement, both the marketing and development communities must have a road map of the direction they wish to take. These road maps are referred to as market requirements and product (or technical) specifications, both of which are required for the testing organization to develop a comprehensive test plan. The more complete and detailed these two documents are, the greater the probability that the product will succeed in the marketplace.
Nuclear interactions in Si(Li) detectors due to H, D, 3He and 4He beams

Abstract Measurements are reported of pulse height distributions in Si(Li) detectors due to nuclear interactions of monoenergetic protons, deuterons, 3He and 4He beams in the range 15–80 MeV.
JOB-SHOP VS. HYBRID FLOW-SHOP ROUTING IN A DUAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINED SYSTEM

This paper studies the impact of job routing pattern on the performance of dual resource constrained (DRC) systems. Three markedly different job routing patterns are simulated using a DRC system model that incorporates labor transfer times. The problem is viewed from two perspectives: one portion of the analysis focuses on the relative performances of five different dispatching rules as the routing pattern varies; the other examines the effect of the routing pattern on each rule's individual performance. One generalized conclusion of this study is that routing pattern has no significant impact on the relative effectiveness of various dispatching rules. Consequently, findings from pure job-shop research studies may be applied to situations where a mixture of job-shop and flow-shop routings is present.
Succession planning at Notre Dame: lessons for librarians

Purpose – One of the biggest challenges facing American librarians at present is a mass retirement of highly trained professionals, which will result in a significant loss of expertise. When libraries look at universities for examples of succession planning, they find, for the most part, that they are behind, not ahead of them. A notable exception is the University of Notre Dame, which, as a Catholic institution led by priests, has a very small pool of candidates for high-level positions, so it is forced to select and prepare its top leaders through succession planning. This article aims to examine the work of one such leader. Design/methodology/approach – This article examines the work of one president, Father Theodore M. Hesburgh, whose succession planning efforts resulted in the preparation not only of his successor but also of the members of the administrative team. Findings – This case offers three important lessons for librarians. First, the leadership must be on board with the training program. Sec...
International environmental law, water and the future

Abstract This article focuses on the development of international law principles in the area of fresh water, one of the major emerging concerns at the global level. These principles, from the period of abundance to scarcity of fresh water, are evaluated parallel to changing economic, geopolitical and environmental conditions of world politics. Currently over a billion people in the Third World do not have access to safe drinking water. Is current international law capable of addressing the challenge of global water scarcity in 21st century? I will evaluate the moral principles of international human rights, and economic principles of free market ideology to solve the problem of access to fresh water resources for all for the future.
The perception of time following stress

To determine whether the relationship between the overestimation of time and anxiety or stress is a function of the anticipation of the stressful event, high and low socially anxious subjects judged a series of eight short (5-second and 7-second) intervals both prior to and following a stressful or nonstressful social interaction. The results indicated that overestimation of fixed intervals occurs following a stressful interaction, thus disconfirming the hypothesis that such overestimation is due to anticipation of the stressful event. These results are discussed with regard to a modified storage size model of time estimation.
Comparative thermospheres: Venus and Mars

Abstract The thermospheres of Venus and Mars are compared using Venera, Pioneer Venus, Mariner and Viking data. These measurements provide constraints for modeling efforts which probe thermospheric processes, balances, and responses to various forcings and input parameters. In particular, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) non-LTE CO 2 radiative transfer model and the Thermospheric General Circulation Model (TGCM) have been adapted to the thermospheres of Venus and Mars for standard solar flux conditions. The better constraied Venus TGCM serves as a valuable precursor to the subsequent Mars TGCM, since both planets share many radiative and chemical processes peculiar to CO 2 atmospheres. Results indicate that planetary rotation significantly modifies thermospheric structure and winds; no nightside “cryosphere” of the type observed for Venus is predicted for Mars. Atomic O is greatly depleted on Mars compared to Venus. Resulting dayside heat balances suggest that CO 2 15-μm cooling strongly regulates Venus temperatures, while the Mars circulation is more effective as a thermostat. Fundamental planetary parameters are shown to be responsible for many of these differences in Venus and Mars thermospheric features.
Catencholamine neuron systems in brain

The organization of catecholamine neuron systems in brain systems in brain is described. Dopamine neuron systems form components of larger, more general neuron systems and are organized into conventional topographic projectoins. Norepinephirne neuron systems innervate widespread areas of the neuroxais and appear to function in the regulation of other neuronal systems.
Acquisition of oral phencyclidine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effect of sex.

Rationale: There are increasing reports of sex differences in the etiology of drug abuse in humans. A nonhuman primate model is useful for examining sex as a variable in drug abuse. Objectives: To determine whether there are sex differences in the acquisition of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration and to compare the effect of altered feeding conditions on drug self-administration in male and female monkeys. Methods: Acquisition of orally delivered PCP was studied using 7 female and 11 male adult rhesus monkeys. Initially, the monkeys were not food restricted, and they were given access to water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedules during daily 3-h sessions. Each lip-contact response on a drinking spout resulted in a 0.3 ml liquid delivery. After baseline levels of water intake were obtained for 5 days, water was replaced with PCP (0.125 mg/ml) at both drinking spouts. Body weights were then reduced to 85% of free-feeding weights, and the monkeys were fed 30 min before the session began. The FR value was increased from 1 to 2, 4, and 8, at both drinking spouts. As a final step in the procedure, water and PCP were concurrently available at the two spouts under FR 8 schedules. Acquisition of PCP-reinforced behavior was considered to have occurred if PCP intake was consistently greater than water intake. Results: Lip-contact responses and liquid deliveries were not significantly different between the females and males throughout the acquisition period, but there was a significant increase in responding and decrease in liquid intake as FR increased, and a significant increase in PCP consumption due to food restriction that did not differ in males and females. On a milligram per kilogram basis, female monkeys consumed nearly twice as much PCP as the males; however, this effect was not significant. The females showed significantly higher PCP than water intake while the males consumed approximately equal amounts of PCP and water. Of the seven females, 100% met the acquisition criterion of significantly greater PCP than water intake, while only 36.4% of the males met the criterion. Conclusion: These results concur with previous rat studies and indicate that female monkeys are more likely than males to acquire drug-reinforced behavior.
Integrated chronostratigraphy of the Vendian System of Siberia: implications for a global stratigraphy

Integrated δ 13 C chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy are developed for a succession of Vendian strata (Nokhtuisk section) on the southern margin of the Siberian platform. The carbonates exhibit secular variations in δ 13 C and at least three major depositional sequences that encompass the last c. 20 million years –(
The Madden-Julian Oscillation in an Idealized General Circulation Model

Abstract The structure of the intraseasonal oscillations in the tropics of an idealized general circulation model with a zonally symmetric climate is described. Space-time spectra show a peak in zonal winds and velocity potential at the equator in zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2, corresponding to eastward-propagating power at phase speeds of ≈18 m s−1. This speed is significantly greater than that of the observed oscillation but comparable to that obtained in similar models by Hayashi and Sumi and Swinbank et al. The corresponding eastward-propagating power in the precipitation spectrum is concentrated in wavenumbers 2–5. A composite procedure is used to describe the three-dimensional structure of the model's oscillation. The oscillation is characterized by circulation cells oriented along the equatorial zonal plane, with enhanced precipitation in the region of rising motion. Zonal wind changes tend to be positively correlated with geopotential height changes at the same level. Positive perturbations in the wat...
Laser hair removal.

Modern culture has created socially acceptable levels of facial and body hair. Despite the increasing demand for safe, efficient, reliable methods of removing unwanted hairs, the available options (hormonal treatments, pharmacologic agents, physical methods of hair removal, camouflage, and electrolysis epilation) have been fairly limited, and none of these approaches has yielded long-term satisfactory hair removal. Recently, a number of lasers and intense pulsed light (IPL) sources have been developed that specifically target hair follicles and have been shown to be associated with long-term hair removal [1,2]. These devices allow the potential for rapid treatment of large areas and long-lasting hair removal. The quest for permanent photoepilation and the ability of these technologies to meet patient expectations and treat white hair have been the major goals in this ever-evolving field. This article discusses the scientific basis for photoepilation and the various technologies presently available to attempt to achieve this goal. A detailed discussion of treatment guidelines and preoperative and postoperative considerations is also included.
Parents' Monitoring‐Relevant Knowledge and Adolescents' Delinquent Behavior: Evidence of Correlated Developmental Changes and Reciprocal Influences

Links between parental knowledge and adolescent delinquent behavior were tested for correlated rates of developmental change and reciprocal associations. For 4 years beginning at age 14, adolescents (N = 396) reported on their delinquent behavior and on their parents' knowledge of their whereabouts and activities. Parents completed measures of their adolescents' delinquent behavior. Knowledge was negatively correlated with delinquent behaviors at baseline, and increases over time in knowledge were negatively correlated with increases in parent-reported delinquent behavior. Reciprocal associations indicate that low levels of parental knowledge predict increases in delinquent behavior and that high levels of delinquent behavior predict decreases in knowledge. Discussion considers both youth-driven and parent-driven processes that may account for the correlated developmental changes and reciprocal associations.
Summary of recent developments in analytical methods

Advances in noninvasively monitoring biochemical dynamics with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have opened up new possibilities for testing models as well as identified new modeling problems. Problems in biopolymer production, ion transport, and yeast metabolic dynamics are illustrated. Efforts on increasing temporal resolution and improving the correspondence between experimental and bioprocessing conditions are also summarized.