cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution with Dianions: Reactions Driven by the Release of Coulomb Repulsion

The reactions of a nucleophilic dianion with a series of activated aryl bromides were studied in the gas phase. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) as well as proton transfer reactions were observed. Rate constants and branching ratios were determined for all the reactions and the experimental data are supported by ab initio calculations. Reactions with bis-trifluoromethylbromobenzenes give only SNAr reactions and the rate constants follow the expected pattern, with substituents at the ortho and para positions having the greatest impact. Reactions of polyfluorobromobenzenes give a mix of proton transfer (when possible) and SNAr, with both bromide and fluoride acting as leaving groups. The latter is much less thermodynamically favorable but is the dominant pathway in each case. The selectivity of the reactions indicate that the products are determined early on the potential energy surface, before there is significant cleavage of the bond to the leaving group—the reaction is potentially directed by the initial formation of a hydrogen bond with the arene. The computational data also suggest that hydrogen bonding in the product ion–ion complexes can stabilize the system until there is sufficient charge separation to use the internal Coulomb repulsion to drive the reactions to products. Overall, the results highlight (1) the ability of multiply-charged systems to efficiently funnel their Coulomb repulsion into reaction processes that are intrinsically unfavorable, and (2) the high degree of selectivity that can be attained even in systems with multiple, low-barrier pathways.
Inhibition of Leukotriene B4 synthesis in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis by a single oral dose of methotrexate

We studied the effects of a single, oral dose of methotrexate (MTX) on arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophils from 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which were obtained 1 day before and 1 day after their usual weekly MTX dose. The 6 patients had received a mean weekly MTX dose of 9.6 mg (range 5-15) for a mean of 61.7 months (range 58-64), and none received concomitant corticosteroids. Total generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in neutrophils stimulated ex vivo with 10 microM calcium ionophore A23187 for 20 minutes was significantly suppressed, by a mean of 53%, after the MTX dose compared with the predose levels (mean +/- SEM 13.0 +/- 1.4 ng/10(6) cells versus 6.0 +/- 0.9 ng/10(6) cells; P = 0.0019), reflecting a comparable suppression of both released and cell-retained LTB4. A 49% decrease in omega-oxidation products of LTB4 demonstrates that decreased LTB4 synthesis, rather than increased degradation, is responsible for the decrease in LTB4 generation. The absence of a significant change in either 3H-labeled arachidonic acid release or platelet-activating factor generation indicates that the observed decrease in LTB4 synthesis was apparently not caused by diminished phospholipase A2 activity. A 28% decrease in the total formation of the 5-lipoxygenase products 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and the 6-trans-LTB4 diastereoisomers, and a 48% suppression of production of LTB4 plus its omega-oxidation metabolites after the MTX dose suggest inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activity and possible suppression of leukotriene A4 epoxide hydrolase activity.
Sonic hedgehog promotes somitic chondrogenesis by altering the cellular response to BMP signaling

Previous work has indicated that signals from the floor plate and notochord promote chondrogenesis of the somitic mesoderm. These tissues, acting through the secreted signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh), appear to be critical for the formation of the sclerotome. Later steps in the differentiation of sclerotome into cartilage may be independent of the influence of these axial tissues. Although the signals involved in these later steps have not yet been pinpointed, there is substantial evidence that the analogous stages of limb bud chondrogenesis require bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We show here that presomitic mesoderm (psm) cultured in the presence of Shh will differentiate into cartilage, and that the later stages of this differentiation process specifically depend on BMP signaling. We find that Shh not only acts in collaboration with BMPs to induce cartilage, but that it changes the competence of target cells to respond to BMPs. In the absence of Shh, BMP administration induces lateral plate gene expression in cultured psm. After exposure to Shh, BMP signaling no longer induces expression of lateral plate markers but now induces robust chondrogenesis in cultured psm. Shh signals are required only transiently for somitic chondrogenesis in vitro, and act to provide a window of competence during which time BMP signals can induce chondrogenic differentiation. Our findings suggest that chondrogenesis of somitic tissues can be divided into two separate phases: Shh-mediated generation of precursor cells, which are competent to initiate chondrogenesis in response to BMP signaling, and later exposure to BMPs, which act to trigger chondrogenic differentiation.
The universal psychology of kinship: evidence from language

Kinship is central to social organization in many societies; how people think about kinship should be relevant to social cognition generally. One window onto the mental representation of kinship is afforded by variation and universals in terms for kin. Kin terminologies are commonly organized around binary distinctive features, and terms for some types of kin are consistently linguistically marked. These observations can be formalized in the newly developed framework of linguistic Optimality Theory: permutations in the rank order of a small set of constraints generate basic types of kin terminology without over-generating rare or non-existent types. The result, I argue, is evidence for an innate faculty of social cognition (including several universal schemas of social relationships), apparently shaped by several kinds of genetic kin selection.
Mr imaging of ventriculomegaly—a qualitative and quantitative comparison of communicating hydrocephalus, central atrophy, and normal studies

Both communicating hydrocephalus and central atrophy cause ventricular dilatation. However, patients with hydrocephalus may require treatment. The aim of this study was to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the efficacy of MR imaging in the differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus from central atrophy. The midsagittal T1-weighted MR images of 33 patients with communicating hydrocephalus, 31 patients with central atrophy, and 23 normal subjects were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. This included configuration of the aqueduct; area of the septum pellucidum, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle; and morphology of the corpus callosum. Distal dilatation of the aqueduct was detected in 33.3% of patients with communicating hydrocephalus and in none of those with central atrophy. The corpus callosum was elevated in patients with communicating hydrocephalus when compared with that in patients with central atrophy. In conclusion, an analysis of midsagittal T1-weighted images has identified useful qualitative and quantitative criteria in the differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus from central atrophy. The configuration of the aqueduct with funneling at the fourth ventricular end strongly suggests the presence of communicating hydrocephalus rather than central atrophy alone.
Active mountain building and the distribution of "core" Maxillariinae species in tropical Mexico and Central America

Desde hace muchos anos, observaciones indican que sur-este de America Central es un punto de alta diversidad de orquideas. Estas han sido confirmadas recientemente por estudios en la sistematica y listas anotadas este grupo. Un analisis de la distribucion geografica y altitudinal, demuestra que las especies mas ampliamente distribuidas del “core” Maxillariinae se encuentran adaptadas para desarrollarse en tierras bajas cerca del nivel del mar, mientras que las especies endemicas y con distribuciones restringidas se encuentran en zonas altas y humedas. Entre los recientes re-arreglos del “core” Maxillariinae, basado en filogenetica molecular, aparece que el caldo Camaridium es el genero mas prominente en America Central, y esta restringido a las tierras altas de Costa Rica y Panama, indicando ademas que esta region es su lugar de origen y que sus limites para su dispersion son las tierras bajas y mas secas. Las montanas de Costa Rica y Panama se encuentran entre los accidentes geograficos mas jovenes del Neotropico, y es el resultado de la compleja y dinamica interaccion de numerosas placas tectonicas. Considerando la informacion geologica disponible, se concluye que el rapido crecimiento de las cadenas montanosas de Costa Rica y Panama durante el Cenozoico Tardio, produjo rapidos cambios en las zonas ecologicas y tambien aislamiento geografico en parte del istmo centroamericano. Asi, se sugiere que estos eventos geologicos recientes fueron los factores primarios que aceleraron la evolucion de las orquideas en el sur-este de America Central.
Partners in Crime: How Two Sox Proteins Cooperate to Specify Arterial Fate

See related article, pages 12–15 Vertebrates have evolved 2 types of blood vessels—arteries and veins—that function to supply oxygen and nutrients and remove cellular waste. To efficiently accomplish these specialized functions, arteries and veins have developed distinct morphological and molecular differences. As a result, the endothelial cells that compose arteries and veins are vastly different in their biochemical and cellular properties. During development, the nascent endothelial cells generated from hemangioblasts or angioblasts1,2 undergo tightly regulated specification and differentiation processes to adopt either the arterial or venous endothelial fate. Differentiated endothelial cells migrate and aggregate to form either arteries or veins according to their adopted fate.3 Dysregulation of these regulated events often results in devastating consequences. For instance, failure to segregate arterial and venous endothelial cells causes potentially fatal clinical conditions such as arteriovenous malformation, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and cerebral cavernous malformation.4 Significant progress has been made in understanding how nascent endothelial cells adopt the arterial fate, resulting in identification of several key signaling molecules and their intracellular transducers involved in the specification of arterial endothelial cells.5 However, transcription factors that function …
Do student migrations affect school performance? Evidence from Wisconsin's inter-district public school program

Abstract This paper examines the competitive effects of a unique school choice program implemented in the late 1990s, Wisconsin's open enrollment program, which allows families to send their children to schools outside their home district. In contrast to other school choice programs, districts not only face negative consequences from losing students and state funding, but they also stand to gain in the event of student emigration from other districts. The identification approach exploits differences in the number of schools in bordering districts, which affects inter-district ease-of-transfer. Estimates produce three main conclusions. First, districts that experience student out-migration produce higher standardized test scores in the subsequent year. Second, these effects are most evident among districts for which out-migration, expressed as a percentage of enrollment, falls in the upper quartile of all districts under consideration. Third, districts do not appear to respond to in-migration, indicating that districts place more emphasis on (and have more control over) preventing out-migration, as opposed to encouraging in-migration. These findings provide evidence that schools respond to competitive forces by improving quality.
Propagation in a Dielectric-Loaded Parallel Plane Waveguide

A theoretical analysis of wave propagation in a parallel plane waveguide partially filled with a dielectric is performed. This transmission line is a symmetrical three-region structure consisting of two infinite parallel conducting planes with a dielectric slab of rectangular cross section between and contacting each of the planes. It has been found that TEM and TM modes cannot propagate on this structure. This investigation is concerned with TE modes, although hybrid modes can also propagate on this line. The lowest order TE mode, which is the dominant mode, has no cutoff and hence is inherently suited to extremely wide bandwidth operation. Equations have been presented for the field components, guide wavelength, cutoff criteria, power handling capabilities, wall losses, and dielectric losses as a function of the operating wavelength, waveguide dimensions, and material constants. In the case of the dominant mode, design curves covering a large range of wavelengths, dimensions, and dielectric constants are presented. For a loosely bound wave, the losses are comparable or less than those of conventional rectangular waveguide and the power handling capacity is an order of magnitude greater.
The deubiquitinases USP33 and USP20 coordinate β2 adrenergic receptor recycling and resensitization

Agonist‐induced ubiquitination of the β 2 adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR) functions as an important post‐translational modification to sort internalized receptors to the lysosomes for degradation. We now show that this ubiquitination is reversed by two deubiquitinating enzymes, ubiquitin‐specific proteases (USPs) 20 and 33, thus, inhibiting lysosomal trafficking when concomitantly promoting receptor recycling from the late‐endosomal compartments as well as resensitization of recycled receptors at the cell surface. Dissociation of constitutively bound endogenously expressed USPs 20 and 33 from the β 2 AR immediately after agonist stimulation and reassociation on prolonged agonist treatment allows receptors to first become ubiquitinated and then deubiquitinated, thus, providing a ‘trip switch’ between degradative and recycling pathways at the late‐endosomal compartments. Thus, USPs 20 and 33 serve as novel regulators that dictate both post‐endocytic sorting as well as the intensity and extent of β 2 AR signalling from the cell surface.
Older women and exercise: explanatory concepts.

Abstract Background Older women remain predominantly sedentary despite potential health benefits and reduced risks of cardiovascular disease associated with regular exercise. Primary care interventions to increase exercise need to focus on constructs amenable to intervention that predict exercise behavior. Purpose The study tested an explanatory model of older women’s exercise behavior using concepts from social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model, and the theory of planned behavior (self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, perceived exercise barriers, processes of change, perceived health, and age). Methods Data were collected by interviews with 203 older community-dwelling women physically capable of some exercise. Ordinary least squares regression results were used to determine the direct and indirect effects in a path model. Findings All concepts and 13 hypothesized paths were retained in the trimmed model. The constructs accounted for 46% of the variance in exercise behavior. Outcome expectancy had the largest total effect. Processes of change had the largest direct effect on exercise behavior. Exercise self-efficacy and perceived exercise barriers accounted for similar amounts of variance in exercise behavior, whereas age and health had only modest effects. Conclusion Important constructs for future exercise model testing and intervention research should include outcome expectancy, processes of change, exercise self-efficacy, and perceived barriers to exercise. Primary care interventions designed to increase older women’s exercise should focus on these same constructs.
Slam Haplotype 2 Promotes NKT But Suppresses Vγ4+ T-Cell Activation in Coxsackievirus B3 Infection Leading to Increased Liver Damage But Reduced Myocarditis

There are two major haplotypes of signal lymphocytic activation molecule (Slam) in inbred mouse strains, with the Slam haplotype 1 expressed in C57Bl/6 mice and the Slam haplotype 2 expressed in most other commonly used inbred strains, including 129 mice. Because signaling through Slam family receptors can affect innate immunity [natural killer T cell (NKT) and γ-δ T-cell receptor], and innate immunity can determine susceptibility to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, the present study evaluated the response of C57Bl/6 and congenic B6.129c1 mice (expressing the 129-derived Slam locus) to CVB3. CVB3-infected C57Bl/6 male mice developed increased myocarditis but reduced hepatic injury compared with infected B6.129c1 mice. C57Bl/6 mice also had increased γδ+ and CD8+interferon-γ+ cells but decreased numbers of NKT (T-cell receptor β chain + mCD1d tetramer+) and CD4+FoxP3+ cells compared with B6.129c1 mice. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with CVB3 and treated with either α-galactosylceramide, an NKT cell-specific ligand, or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide/PBS). Mice treated with α-galactosylceramide showed significantly reduced myocarditis. Liver injuries, as determined by alanine aminotransferase levels in plasma, were increased significantly, confirming that NKT cells are protective for myocarditis but pathogenic in the liver.
Indoor particle dynamics

Airborne particulate matter is a diverse pollutant class whose excessive presence in indoor air contributes to an array of adverse health and material-damage effects. Particles are classified according to their diameter into three size modes: ultrafine (? 0.1 µm), accumulation (0.1-2 µm), and coarse (? 2 µm). These modes have largely distinct sources and composition, and they exhibit different dynamic behaviors. The concept of mass conservation or material balance provides a foundation for quantitative and mechanistically linking important outcome variables, such as concentrations and exposures, to the influencing input parameters. The factors governing indoor particle concentrations include direct emissions from indoor sources, ventilation supply from outdoor air, filtration, deposition onto indoor surfaces, and removal from indoor air by means of ventilation. In some circumstances, transport and transformation processes within indoor environments may also play an important role in influencing particle concentrations and consequences. Such processes include mixing, interzonal transport, resuspension, coagulation, and phase change.
Structural Basis for the Regulation of Protein Kinase A by Activation Loop Phosphorylation

The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a member of the AGC group of protein kinases. Whereas PKA has served as a structural model for the protein kinase superfamily, all previous structures of the catalytic subunit contain a phosphorylated activation loop. To understand the structural effects of activation loop phosphorylation at Thr-197 we used a PKA mutant that does not autophosphorylate at Thr-197. The enzyme crystallized in the apo-state, and the structure was solved to 3.0 Å. The N-lobe is rotated by 18° relative to the wild-type apoenzyme, which illustrates that the enzyme likely exists in a wide range of conformations in solution due to the uncoupling of the N- and C-lobes. Several regions of the protein including the activation loop are disordered in the structure, and there are alternate main chain conformations for the magnesium positioning loop and catalytic loop causing a complete loss of hydrogen bonding between these two active site structural elements. These alterations are reflected in a 20-fold decrease in the apparent phosphoryl transfer rate as measured by pre-steady-state kinetic methods.
A 3.6 GHz 16-Core SPARC SoC Processor in 28 nm

The 3.6 GHz SPARC T5 processor is Oracle's next generation CMT SoC processor implemented in TSMC's 28 nm process with 1.5 billion transistors. Significant performance improvements were made by doubling the previous generations number of cores to 16 and L3 cache size to 8 MB while increasing bandwidth by nearly 3×. Power efficiency was improved through features like DVFS, core-pair cycle skipping and SerDes power scaling. The SPARC T5 processor has been designed to fit in systems that can scale from 1 to 8 sockets, or 128 to 1024 threads, in glueless fashion. The diverse system-level bandwidth requirements of up to 5.65 TB/sec in these systems are met by advanced SERDES design that handles up to 30 dB loss in an area and power efficient manner. The different thermal envelopes of these systems are addressed by power management features that span software, system and chip design.
Construct Validity of a Self-Report Measure of Teacher Beliefs Related to Constructivist and Traditional Approaches to Teaching and Learning.

The development and validation of the Teacher Beliefs Survey (TBS) is described. The TBS, an instrument for assessing the beliefs of teachers related to constructivist and traditional approaches to teaching and learning, contains 21 items in three hypothetical constructs. Elementary teachers, preservice (n = 61) and in-service (n = 137), participated in the development of the TBS. Analysis of this pilot data suggested a four-factor structure: Traditional Management, Traditional Teaching, Constructivist Teaching, and Constructivist Parent. A validation study included preservice teachers (n = 896). The results did not confirm the four-factor structure; further analysis suggested a three-factor structure, eliminating the Constructivist Parent factor. Future plans include development of a Constructivist Management factor and a larger pool of items for existing factors.
Sex equity in early childhood environments

Many children spend their days in day-care centres where they have the opportunity to learn about sex appropriate behaviours. The instrument Sex Equity in Early Childhood Environments (SEECE) was developed for use in promoting equiry. Field-tested and revised, the instrument addresses the areas of teaching behaviour, child awareness, centre and community, facilities and equipment and career awareness. The SEECE instrument can be used with relative ease in focusing on changes needed to achieve a more equitable environment.
Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Falconiformes

Twenty-five species of Colpocephalum sen. lat. from hawks are recognized and discussed; 8 of these are newly described: angolensis from Gypohierax angolensis, barbati from Gypaetus barbatus aureus, californici from Gymnogyps californianus, chelictiniae from Chelictinia riocourii, ecaudati from Terathopius ecaudatus, indi from Haliastur indus, percnopteri from Neophron percnopterus, and trachelioti from Torgos tracheliotus. New synonymies include: ailurum Nitzsch, bicinctum Nitz., caudatum Giebel, costaricense Carriker, latifasciatum Piaget, longipes Piag., 1885 (nec 1880), majus Piag., 1885 (nec 1880), oxyurum Nitz., setosum Piag. (p. 519), tricinctum Nitz., and wetzeli (Eichler) with turbinatum Denny; and notatum Piag. with maculatum Piag. A key is given for the species of Colpocephalum occurring on hawks and owls.
Dynamic Loop Analysis for Modular Masterless Multi-Phase DC-DC Converters

Closed loop system modeling for the modular masterless multiphase architecture with paralleled voltage and current sharing regulation loops is presented in this paper. The parallel structure allows both loops to have high bandwidth. Modeling results of such systems show that the voltage loop and current loop can be designed independently assuming identical power stages in each phase. The effects of mismatch on the closed loop system dynamics are then studied to assure performance and stability. A design example with simulation and experimental results is presented for a modular masterless 2-phase converter demonstrating fast response of both voltage and current loops
Perioperative Management — Rapid Recovery Protocol

The perioperative care of the total hip-arthroplasty (THA) patient has undergone a significant evolution similar to advancements in the technical performance of the operative procedure itself. The concept of a rapid recovery protocol is the establishment of aggressive perioperative programmes with the distinct intention to speed recovery, reduce morbidity and complications, and create a programme of efficiency while maintaining the highest level of patient care. The establishment of a focused care plan will align short-term goals of THA with long-term goals which are to relieve pain, increase function, provide stability, and maintain durability.
The Logic of Acceptance

According to the naturalist philosophy I pursue, perception is a relation between objects and a perceiving organism. This relation falls within the domain of ordinary science; and epistemology, having no prior claim on the subject, occupies no especially privileged vantage-point. I reject the old empiricist view that one can not use ordinary observation and theorizing in order to understand perception and that correct philosophy demands a grounding in pre-scientific principle.1 For anyone bred into the tradition of the ‘problem of empiricism’ — how do you get from phenomenal objects to the real thing? — this view may be hard to take, and my use of ‘perception’ misleading; but then the tradition has no comer on the commodity. We do not have to burden ourselves with a model in which “there is immured in a windowless cell a prisoner, who has lived in solitary confinement since birth. All that comes to him from the outside world is flickers of light thrown upon his cell walls and tappings heard through the stones; yet from these observed flashes and tappings he becomes, or seems to become, appraised of unobserved football matches, flower gardens and eclipses of the sun” (Ryle, 1949, p. 223). Instead, using the objective approach, I will try to show how some of the puzzles, such as the separation of private subject and outer thing that give rise to the problem of empiricism, originate.
Abstract 2879: Acute Injury to Specific Neural Systems Predicts Outcome of Individual Behaviors

INTRODUCTION: Improved methods are needed for early prediction of modality-specific outcomes. While global outcome measures are important after stroke, modality-specific endpoints such as arm motor...
GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF ALCOHOL METABOLIZING ENZYMES RELATED TO ALCOHOL SENSITIVITY AND ALCOHOLIC DISEASES

Indiciduals with the atypical aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH22 allele, both homozygous and heterozygous status, are alcohol sensitive and have a markedly reduced risk of developing alcoholic diseases. Genetic abnormalities of the ALDH1 locus are also associated with alcohol flushing. The ALDH3 and ALDHx , loci are polymorphic and their variations may affect the development of alcoholic diseases. The variations of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 loci have no profound effects on alcohol sensitivity. The newly identified ADH6 gene has hormone response elements, and it may cause the gender difference in alcoholic problems.
Commentary on: Who is Publishing in Facial Cosmetic Surgery? A Citation Analysis Across Specialties Over Five Decades.

“But then science is nothing but a series of questions that lead to more questions, which is just as well, or it wouldn't be much of a career path, would it?”1 I enjoy an article that generates more questions and discussion than it answers. Such is the case with “Who is Publishing in Facial Cosmetic Surgery? A Citation Analysis Across Specialties Over Five Decades.”2 The authors seek to answer whether increased competition in the marketplace for cosmetic facial surgery procedures by otolaryngology, dermatology and ophthalmology is mirrored in the frequency of citations in facial aesthetic surgery in the peer reviewed literature of those same specialties. They found that plastic surgery had the highest percentage of citations across five decades in all aspects of facial aesthetic surgery, with the exception of rhinoplasty, which has favored otolaryngology since the year 2000. Additionally, all of the other specialties studied generally showed increasing percentages of citations with the passage of time. Thus, the increased competition for facial aesthetic procedures by these specialties seen in the marketplace is indeed mirrored by the frequency of similar journal publications. So, what does this …
Modeling methylene chloride exposure-reduction options for home paint-stripper users.

Home improvement is a popular activity, but one that can also involve exposure to hazardous substances. Paint stripping is of particular concern because of the high potential exposures to methylene chloride, a solvent that is a potential human carcinogen and neurotoxicant. This article presents a general methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for reducing these risks. It doubles as a model that assesses exposure patterns, incorporating user time–activity patterns and risk-mitigation strategies. The model draws upon recent innovations in indoor air-quality modeling to estimate exposure through inhalation and dermal pathways to paint-stripper users. It is designed to use data gathered from home paint-stripper users about room characteristics, amount of stripper used, time–activity patterns and exposure-reduction strategies (e.g., increased ventilation and modification in the timing of stripper application, scraping, and breaks). Results indicate that the effectiveness of behavioral interventions depends strongly on characteristics of the room (e.g., size, number and size of doors and windows, base air-exchange rates). The greatest simple reduction in exposure is achieved by using an exhaust fan in addition to opening windows and doors. These results can help identify the most important information for product labels and other risk-communication materials.
Charlemagne as a Patron of Art

The lesson that people hold radically differing views about church art is the harder to learn when one comes to it from the iconodul-istic side. Looking back on my own Roman Catholic schooling, and the place of statues and holy pictures in the religious devotions of that milieu, I realize that once sacramental awareness develops, it is not always easily confined to the matter of the theological sacraments themselves. The beheading of the statues in the Lady Chapel at Ely, which I visited at the age of eleven, seemed a shocking circumstance whose motivation was totally incomprehensible, even allowing for the fact that it was the work of Protestants, and the Old Testament, which might have brought the dawn of understanding, was, of course, no part of an ordinary Catholic education at that time. In short, the author of Charlemagne’s Libri Carolini would have found much upon which to make adverse comment in me, my fellows, and the monks who taught us. With the first artistic love of my student days, which was Romanesque sculpture, came an awareness of the voices and practice of those great medieval Protestants, the Cistercians. But only in the later encounter with Charlemagne was I forced to listen seriously to the moral and theological arguments against the unbridled use of figurai art in the service of the Church.
Machine learning from computer simulations with applications in rail vehicle dynamics

ABSTRACTThe application of stochastic modelling for learning the behaviour of a multibody dynamics (MBD) models is investigated. Post-processing data from a simulation run are used to train the stochastic model that estimates the relationship between model inputs (suspension relative displacement and velocity) and the output (sum of suspension forces). The stochastic model can be used to reduce the computational burden of the MBD model by replacing a computationally expensive subsystem in the model (suspension subsystem). With minor changes, the stochastic modelling technique is able to learn the behaviour of a physical system and integrate its behaviour within MBD models. The technique is highly advantageous for MBD models where real-time simulations are necessary, or with models that have a large number of repeated substructures, e.g. modelling a train with a large number of railcars. The fact that the training data are acquired prior to the development of the stochastic model discards the conventional ...
Decreased resistance to extinction of a running response following electroconvulsive shock

Three groups of food deprived rats were trained to run down a straight runway to reach dry food. When all rats were running at asymptote, six extinction trials were given. One group received electroconvulsive shock (ECS) immediately following each extinction trial. A second group was given ECS 90 min. following each extinction trial, and the third group received no ECS. The two groups receiving ECS showed significantly faster extinction than the control group, suggesting that ECS possesses aversive properties. In addition, immediate ECS produced faster extinction than delayed ECS.
Submission to House Ways & Means Committee in Connection with February 24, 2016, Hearings on Intl. Corp Tax Reform -- Residence Based Tax System

This concise submission shows that from many tax policy standpoints a residence-based tax system would be significantly better than a territorial-based tax system. Policy issues mentioned include:-- competitiveness, -- broadening of the tax base so the rate can be lowered,-- domestic job loss-- neutrality of physical location and legal ownership of assets,-- simplification, and-- trapped cash problem.
Research on Service Management Based on Mobile Ad hoc Network

Based on the broadcasting characteristic and generality of clustering in mobile Ad hoc network,this paper presents a new service discovery mechanism based on the analysis of the distributed service discovery protocol GSD. The mechanism considers the processing,storage ability and provides services difference of different nodes rather than considering each node entirely peer-to-peer as in GSD. Furthermore,this paper presents a new service schedule algo- rithm based on priority and two-phase resource reservation and a QoS assignment mechanism which determines the end-to-end QoS level according to the requested QoS level and resources state. An example using the algorithm is pre- sented. The algorithm has higher reservation success rate and higher resource usage considering the resource preemp- tion and two-phase reservation mechanism.
Comprehensive technical measures for prolonging the life of the hot press roll forging die

The hot press roll forging die which is subjected to strongly bended and extruded stress as well as to be repeatedly heated and cooled quickly always presents many types of fatigue forms of mechanical fatigue rupture,brittle rupture,abrasion and collapse.With the different working conditions,the life of hot press roll forging die is quiet different.The paper studies the comprehensive technical measures to prolong the life of the hot press roll forging die.
True and false traumatic aneurysms in the hand.

A nine-year-old boy, eight months after a laceration, had a mass in the palm which proved to be a false aneurysm of the ulnar artery verified by histological demonstration of a break at one point in the elastic fibers of the arterial wall. In another patient, sixteen years old, blunt trauma caused a true aneurysm of the ulnar artery in the palm which appeared several months after the injury. Histological verification of generalized dilatation of the artery in one segment was demonstrated. Simple excision was successful in both patients.
Experimental Studies of Transverse Effects in Superfluorescence

We are currently conducting experiments to investigate transverse effects in superfluorescence (SF). These experiments are designed to clarify the conditions under which superradiant ringing (similar to Chiao-Burnham ringing(1)) can occur. In addition, these experiments will provide a test of the transverse coherence properties of superfluorescent pulses.(2)
The on-line environment and in-house training

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction, What Are The Functions An On-line System Must Model?, Modeling The Seminar Conferendng Room As A “Mechanism”, Components of the Educational On-line System (EOS), Corporate Training Programs: A Scenario for Using EOS, An Initial Assessment of EOS as an Instructional Environment for Teaching Writing, Positive Student Comments, Negative Student Comments, What are the Implications of this System?, Acknowledgements
Patent Wars and Ecosystems: Metaphor and “Black Boxes”

Traditionally, the role of metaphor in rhetoric has been seen as recasting the unknown into the realm of the known. Metaphor as explication has been well documented in scholarship of the rhetoric of science. This article argues that scholars interested in the rhetoric of technology should view metaphor as akin to “black boxes.” Relying on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of “conceptual metaphor,” it analyzes one episode in the so-called “Smart Phone Patent Wars,” focusing on two metaphors: “ecosystem” and “patent war.” Ultimately, the article finds that as black boxes, these metaphors constrain the possible options that people see for their relationships with technology.
The emergent elite in early 18th century Portsmouth society: The archaeology of the Joseph Sherburne houselot

This paper examines the occupation of the Sherburne house at Strawbery Banke by Joseph Sherburne—a wealthy and influential merchant and politician in 18th century Portsmouth, New Hampshire. An analysis based on archival, architectural, archaeological, and horticultural research reveals how Sherburne used his house, property, furnishings, dress, diet, and slaves to ensure and reinforce his social and political relationships.
Delta Opioid Pharmacology in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that compromises multiple neurochemical substrates including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate systems. Loss of these transmitter systems initiates a cascade of neurological deficits beginning with motor function and ending with dementia. Current therapies primarily address the motor symptoms of the disease via dopamine replacement therapy. Exogenous dopamine replacement brings about additional challenges since after years of treatment it almost invariably gives rise to dyskinesia as a side effect. Therefore there is a clear unmet clinical need for improved PD therapeutics. Opioid receptors and their respective peptides are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and cortex where monoaminergic denervation strongly contributes to PD pathology. Delta opioid receptors are of particular interest because of their dense localization in basal ganglia and because activating this system is known to enhance locomotor activity under a variety of conditions. This chapter will outline much of the work that has demonstrated the effectiveness of delta opioid receptor activation in models of PD and its neuroprotective properties. It also discusses some of the challenges that must be addressed before moving delta opioid receptor agonists into a clinical setting.
Integrating mobile devices into the classroom: a qualitative case study of a faculty learning community

Despite the pedagogic affordances of mobile devices, many instructors are not prepared to effectively integrate them into their courses. Boise State University has developed a program to support faculty in the innovative use of mobile devices in the classroom. This qualitative case study documents instructors' experiences and perceptions of integrating mobile devices in their courses. Themes under investigation were the impact of mobile devices on teaching practice, student learning, and course learning outcomes. Results indicate that instructors used mobile devices to create content, communicate, store, and share information. Assignments were modified to take advantage of mobile devices, digital fluency was increased, and assessment strategies were altered. Instructors reported an increase in students' digital fluency, communication, and active learning. Perceived impact on course learning outcomes, though, was mixed. Implications of this study are discussed, including recommendations for faculty development and ideas for instructional integration of mobile devices.
Recovery from Proactive Semantic Interference in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Normal Aging: Relationship to Atrophy in Brain Regions Vulnerable to Alzheimer's Disease.

Background There is growing evidence that proactive semantic interference (PSI) and failure to recover from PSI may represent early features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective This study investigated the association between PSI, recovery from PSI, and reduced MRI volumes in AD signature regions among cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults. Methods Performance on the LASSI-L (a novel test of PSI and recovery from PSI) and regional brain volumetric measures were compared between 38 cognitively normal (CN) elders and 29 older participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The relationship between MRI measures and performance on the LASSI-L as well as traditional memory and non-memory cognitive measures was also evaluated in both diagnostic groups. Results Relative to traditional neuropsychological measures, MCI patients' failure to recover from PSI was associated with reduced volumes in the hippocampus (rs = 0.48), precuneus (rs = 0.50); rostral middle frontal lobules (rs = 0.54); inferior temporal lobules (rs = 0.49), superior parietal lobules (rs = 0.47), temporal pole (rs = 0.44), and increased dilatation of the inferior lateral ventricle (rs = -0.49). For CN elders, only increased inferior lateral ventricular size was associated with vulnerability to PSI (rs = -0.49), the failure to recover from PSI (rs = -0.57), and delayed recall on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (rs = -0.48). Discussion LASSI-L indices eliciting failure to recover from PSI were more highly associated with more MRI regional biomarkers of AD than other traditional cognitive measures. These results as well as recent amyloid imaging studies with otherwise cognitively normal subjects, suggest that recovery from PSI may be a sensitive marker of preclinical AD and deserves further investigation.
Wideband digital predistortion of solid-state radar amplifiers

This paper addresses spectral regrowth caused by wideband signals input into solid-state amplifiers. Unique contributions are a weighted least-squares method for solving predistorter nonlinear model parameters, and a Bayesian method for tracking model parameters in slowly changing systems. Next-generation active phased array radars are the primary application. Past predistortion research has been primarily aimed at narrowband communications, while radar wideband applications have been relatively unexplored. Laboratory measurements confirm our methods.
Abstract TMP87: Improving t-PA Assessment Compliance Using a Hand-Off Communication Tool

Background: Programs seeking Primary Stroke Center Certification (PSCC) must use a standardized method of delivering clinical care, based on the American Heart/American Stroke Association or equiva...
Habitat quality mediates personality through differences in social context

Assessing the stability of animal personalities has become a major goal of behavioral ecologists. Most personality studies have utilized solitary individuals, but little is known on the extent that individuals retain their personality across ecologically relevant group settings. We conducted a field survey which determined that mud crabs, Panopeus herbstii, remain scattered as isolated individuals on degraded oyster reefs while high quality reefs can sustain high crab densities (>10 m−2). We examined the impact of these differences in social context on personality by quantifying the boldness of the same individual crabs when in isolation and in natural cohorts. Crabs were also exposed to either a treatment of predator cues or a control of no cue throughout the experiment to assess the strength of this behavioral reaction norm. Crabs were significantly bolder when in groups than as solitary individuals with predator cue treatments exhibiting severally reduced crab activity levels in comparison to corresponding treatments with no predator cues. Behavioral plasticity depended on the individual and was strongest in the presence of predator cues. While bold crabs largely maintained their personality in isolation and group settings, shy crabs would become substantially bolder when among conspecifics. These results imply that the shifts in crab boldness were a response to changes in perceived predation risk, and provide a mechanism for explaining variation in behavioral plasticity. Such findings suggest that habitat degradation may produce subpopulations with different behavioral patterns because of differing social interactions between individual animals.
Final Exercises at the Darden School

This brief case discusses the graduation hooding ceremony at the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. Its purpose is to provide practice in calculating process operating parameters such as takt time, throughput rate, throughput time, and capacity. It also provides an example of the use of Little's Law and Operator Loading Charts. Excerpt UVA-OM-1538 Rev. Aug. 5, 2015 Final Exercises at the Darden School The University of Virginia (U.Va.), founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, was one of the top-ranked public research universities in the United States. Each year, U.Va. held its Final Exercises on the third weekend of May on its historic Lawn. Each U.Va. school also held a separate diploma ceremony where graduates were hooded and received their official U.Va. diplomas. At the Darden School of Business, one of U.Va.'s 11 schools, the diploma ceremony was held outside on the Darden Grounds. The diploma ceremony process was as follows. Students lined up to be hooded. Professors Venkataraman and Rodriguez performed the actual hooding ceremony. Together, they could hood 12students per minute, on average. After hooding, students waited at the top of the steps to the stage until a Faculty Marshal called their name. This past year, Professor Allayannis read the names of the Global MBA for Executives (GEMBA) students, Professor Wilcox read the names of the MBA for Executives (EMBA) students, and Professors Frank and Parmar read the names of the residential MBA students. There were 29 GEMBA students, 65EMBA students, and 315residential MBA students. Once their name was called, students walked across the stage to Dean Bruner, who handed out their diploma. Then they continued on across the rest of the stage and returned to their seat. The administration had set a target of finishing the diploma ceremony in 60 minutes. The Marshals called names at the rate of one every 7 seconds. It took students an average of 8.2 seconds to walk across the stage, shake the Dean's hand, and receive their diploma. After the handshake, it took students an additional 2 seconds to depart from the stage. There were approximately five students on the stage at any given time (one being hooded, two waiting for their names to be called, one in the process of receiving the diploma and congratulatory handshake, and one finishing the walk across the stage.) . . .
Role of Computed Tomography in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and its widespread adoption has heavily relied on rapid innovations in interventional cardiology and cardiovascular im...