cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After the Revolution: An Alternative Future for Atlantic History

This essay argues for a reframed Atlantic history that abandons the concept of the “Atlantic World.” Though bold and creative, the Atlantic World concept has mired the field of Atlantic history in an unnecessary debate about that world's alleged coherence and distinctiveness. By foregrounding the tensions between these two criteria, this article offers a critique of the Atlantic World concept that goes beyond the often trenchant but nonetheless piecemeal criticisms that have been levied to date. In addressing these tensions, the goal of this article is not to condemn the broader enterprise of Atlantic history, but rather to call attention to an alternative formulation of it. We can practice Atlantic history without the Atlantic World concept because of two conditions that hold for much of early-modern and modern history. First, from European maritime expansion on, connections across and around the Atlantic proliferated in ways that were neither natural nor inevitable. Second, the creation and severing of earlier connections tended to shape later ones in profound and perplexing ways. Atlantic history can serve as the field where diverse scholars pool their expertise to assess the relationships among these connections over time.
The effects of light and nitrogen on photosynthesis, leaf characteristics, and dry matter allocation in the chaparral shrub, Diplacus aurantiacus.

Plants of Diplacus aurantiacus, a successional shrub common in California chaparral, were grown under controlled conditions in which either quantum flux density or nitrogen availability was varied. Photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content were determined on a leaf area and a leaf weight basis, and whole plant growth was monitored.
Sex Role Stereotyping and Sex Role Norms: A Comparison of Elementary and College Age Students

SUMMARY It was found that female children selected traditional female occupations as well as male occupations while male children preferred traditional male occupations. Children with working mothers evidenced higher occupational stereotyping scores than did children with non-working mothers. This may be due to their more realistic knowledge of work actually performed by women, or suggest that other factors may be involved in the maternal employment-occupational choice relationship. The results of this study also indicated that children sex-role stereotyped to a greater extent in behavioral descriptions of peers and adults than did college students. Children were inclined to approve of behavior which conformed to sex-role stereotypes and disapprove of behavior which opposed those stereotypes. It is apparent, in an analysis of behavior descriptions and occupational selections, that children were quite literal in their interpretation and application of common sex-role stereotypes. The college student, in contrast, generally refrained from applying his prejudices in individual behavioral judgments. The relationship bewteen sex-role norm and sex-role stereotypes, therefore, may be relatively weak for the college student while comparatively strong for the child. This suggests that knowledge of sex-role and occupational stereotypes, and the application of such stereotypes in a normative or prescriptive way, diverge at some point in development. Further research concerning the pattern of change in perceptions and the influence of such belief systems upon individual development would be useful.
Computed tomographic evaluation of the density of the temporomandibular joint meniscus

Pathologic alteration of the articular disk, including moderate calcification within the meniscus proper, has been reported to occur in many cases of TMJ dysfunction with chronic anterior meniscal displacement. The purpose of this investigation was to measure, by means of direct sagittal computed tomographic scanning technology, the density (x-ray attenuation) of the meniscus. Fifty-two joints, shown to have meniscus displacement with or without reduction (MD/MDR), and 24 symptomatic joints with normal tomograms were evaluated with the use of a GE 8800 CT scanner. Mean attenuation values were extrapolated with the use of a symmetrical (1 to 9 pixels) region-of-interest (ROI) cursor. Density gradients of the masseter muscle, lateral pterygoid fat pad, and lateral pterygoid muscle were also obtained. The results of this study showed that the mean meniscal density values were 116.7 ± 4.2 Hounsfield units (HU) for MD subjects, 111.3 ± 4.6 HU for MDR subjects, and 82.4 ± 2.9 HU for subjects with symptoms. The MD and MDR density group means were significantly different (p < 0.001) from the normal group means. A relative comparison of the meniscus density with that of the lateral pterygoid muscle, its fat pad, and the masseter muscle showed a consistent mean difference when the paired t test was used. Meniscal displacement was found to be associated with an increase in density gradient, which suggests histologic alteration.
Team Training in the Skies: Does Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training Work?:

The aviation community has invested great amounts of money and effort into crew resource management (CRM) training. Using D. L. Kirkpatrick's (1976) framework for evaluating training, we reviewed 58 published accounts of CRM training to determine its effectiveness within aviation. Results indicated that CRM training generally produced positive reactions, enhanced learning, and promoted desired behavioral changes. However, we cannot ascertain whether CRM has an effect on an organization's bottom line (i.e., safety). We discuss the state of the literature with regard to evaluation of CRM training programs and, as a result, call for the need to conduct systematic, multilevel evaluation efforts that will show the true effectiveness of CRM training. As many evaluations do not collect data across levels (as suggested by D. L. Kirkpatrick, 1976, and by G. M. Alliger, S. I. Tannenbaum, W. Bennett, Jr., & H. Traver, 1997), the impact of CRM cannot be truly determined; thus more and better evaluations are needed and should be demanded.
Mithramycin (NSC 24559) therapy of testicular tumors.

A Phase II clinical trial of mithramycin was performed in 99 patients with evaluable metastatic testicular tumors. Patients received 25 μg/kg/day until therapy was stopped because of toxicity. In the absence of persistent toxicity or progression, subsequent courses were begun 4 weeks after discontinuance of the previous course. In the 74 patients with acceptable studies, responses occurred in 26% (5 complete responses and 14 partial responses). Complete responses were persistent for periods of up to 77+ months, and three patients with complete responses were alive and well at last report. Death occurred within 3 weeks after the onset of therapy in 10 patients, and coagulopathy was present in five of these patients. Toxicity of mithramycin was relatively unpredictable, and patients who exhibited severe toxicity received relatively little benefit from therapy. Responses were most common in young men with asymptomatic metastatic disease, and complete responses occurred only in patients with embryonal carcinoma.
Hemispheric sensitivity to spatial frequencies

This experiment examined possible hemispheric differences in sensitivity to spatial frequencies. The experiment comprised two reaction-time tasks, the same- different matching of gratings and the enumeration of bars within a grating. Although little evidence was found for an interaction between visual field of presentation and spatial frequency, the obtained field differences always favored a left visual field advantage. In addition, such an advantage was found regardless of whether the processing took place at apparent sensory or at cognitive levels. It is concluded that prior studies supporting the theory of hemispheric asymmetry in spatial-frequency processing are methodologically insufficient, and that any further such research efforts should include a focus on higher frequencies and on stimulus degradation effects.
A non-parametric analysis of recognition experiments'

A non-parametric method for evaluating the results of recognition memory experiments and psychophysical detection experiments is presented. The method is based upon an ordinal analysis of recognition performance, which transforms the results of recognition tests into equivalent results for a forced-choice experiment.
Application of the finite element method to Monte Carlo simulations of scattering of waves by random rough surfaces: penetrable case

Abstract The finite element method (FEM) of Monte Carlo simulations of random rough surface scattering is extended to penetrable rough surface scattering. The attraction of the method is the banded nature of the resulting matrix equation. The method yields a system of linear algebraic equations which is solved by a direct sparse symmetric matrix inversion. Convergence and accuracy of the method is demonstrated and established by varying various input parameters such as the number of evanescent waves, the number of sampling points and the surface lengths. Results with incident plane wave TE polarization are presented for both the mean reflected scattered intensity and the mean transmitted scattered intensity as a function of surface parameters such as RMS surface heights and correlation lengths. The numerical results are compared against the tapered wave integral equation (TWIE) method. The results of a tapered wave solution of the integral equation averaging over many realizations are in good numerical ag...
Nonprofit management—soup to nuts

The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management—Second Edition. Robert D. Herman and Associates (eds.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005. 816 pp., $75.00 cloth.
Matrix crack initiation in ceramic matrix composites Part I: Experiments and test results

Abstract A systematic study has been undertaken to examine the relationships between the matrix cracking initiation stress and the influencing factors in the microstructure for a class of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. Experimental and analysis results thus obtained are presented in a two-part sequence of papers. Part 1 describes the experimental details pertaining to composite fabrication, mechanical characterization, matrix cracking test, in situ observations, test results and discussions. The main objective of the experiment is to study the mechanical roles played by some of the microstructural factors during the process of matrix cracking so as to obtain a deeper understanding of the matrix cracking mechanisms at the microstructural level. The experiment also provides a valuable addition to the matrix cracking database. In Part II, a critical review is given of the currently available matrix cracking models. The purpose of the review is to delineate the salient features in each model in terms of the assumed matrix cracking mechanisms and the abstracted microstructure. The models are then applied to predict the matrix cracking initiation stresses for the composite systems tested in the experiment. Comparisons are made between the experimental results and the results predicted by the various theoretical models. Part I is presented in this paper; Part II is contained in Ref. 1.
Rigidity and flexibility of protein-nucleic acid complexes

The study of protein-nucleic acid complexes is relevant for the understanding of many biological processes, including transcription, translation, replication, and recombination. The individual molecules in such complexes must be rigid enough to allow geometric matching of complementary shapes, yet sufficiently flexible to perform their functions. In this paper, we present a newly developed extension to KINARI-Web, our freely available server for biomolecular rigidity analysis, to permit the analysis of PDB files containing nucleic acids and protein-nucleic acid complexes. Previously, only the protein portion of these complexes could be analyzed by KINARI. To the best of our knowledge, no other publicly available rigidity analysis software has this capability. We demonstrate this new feature by performing in silico rigidity studies on two data sets of protein-nucleic acid complexes, both in the absence and presence of nucleic acids. We find that the inclusion of nucleic acids significantly alters the rigidity of 40% of the 506 structures we analyzed.
The natural language of the surgeon's clinical note in outcomes assessment: a qualitative analysis of the medical record.

Abstract Background Physician-generated clinical notes are the central document in recording the clinical decision-making and outcome of care. This is particularly true in an environment where outcomes assessment is becoming increasingly important. The hypothesis of this study is that these notes are inadequate to assess patient-centered outcomes and determine surgeons' core competencies. Methods We preformed a retrospective review of postoperative clinical notes of general surgery patients for a 1-month period. Information from these notes underwent qualitative analysis using the reductionist thematic approach for patient-centered and physician-centered outcomes. Outcomes included 2 physician-centered items (physical examination and objective tests) and 3 patient-centered items (postoperative complications, functional status, and satisfaction). The presence or absence of each item in the clinical note was recorded. Results Six hundred eighty-one patients of 18 general surgeons were included. Among the surgeons, 28% failed to document symptomatic change in even 1 patient; similarly, 67% failed to document functional change, and 50% failed to document satisfaction. Among all 681 clinical notes only 7% of records mentioned symptomatic change, 1% functional change, 87% physical examination, 26% objective tests, and 3% patient satisfaction. These results were not affected by procedure type or number of patients seen. Conclusions In general surgery practice, the surgeon's clinical note is a poor measure of physician-centered or patient-centered outcomes, implying that an audit of clinical notes would be an inaccurate method to assess patient outcomes. This has implications for issues surrounding maintenance of certification.
Techniques for pixel level analog to digital conversion

Two techniques for performing pixel level analog to digital conversion (ADC) are reviewed. The first is an over-sampling technique which uses a one bit first order (Sigma) (Delta) modulator for each 2 X 2 block of pixels to directly convert photocharge to bits. Each modulator is implemented using 17 transistors. The second technique is a Nyquist rate multi-channel-bit-serial (MCBS) ADC. The technique use successive comparisons to convert the pixel voltage to bits. Results obtained from implementations of these ADC techniques are presented. The techniques are compared based on size, charge handling capacity, FPN, noise sensitivity, data throughput, quantization, memory/processing, and power dissipation requirements for both visible an dIR imagers. From the comparison it appears that the (Sigma) (Delta) ADC is better suited to IR imagers, while the MCBS ADC is better suited to imagers in the visible range.
Pesticides in streams draining agricultural and urban areas in Colorado

A study was conducted from April 1993 through April 1994 to describe and compare the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in streams in a small agricultural and a small urban area in Colorado. Twenty-five water samples collected at least monthly at the mouths of two tributary streams of the South Platte River were analyzed for 47 pesticides. The results indicate that both agricultural and urban areas are probable sources for pesticides in streams. In the agricultural area, 30 pesticides were detected, and in the urban area, 22 pesticides were detected in one or more samples. Most often, the more frequently detected pesticides in both areas also were some of the more commonly used pesticides. In both areas, pesticide concentrations were higher during the summer (application period) with maximum concentrations generally occurring in storm runoff. The year-round detection of some pesticides in both areas at consistently low concentrations, regardless of season or streamflow volume, could indicate that t...
Development of a new canine osteosarcoma cell line

Establishing a canine osteosarcoma (OSA) cell line can be useful to develop in vivo and in vitro models of OSA. The goal of this study was to develop, characterize and authenticate a new canine OSA cell line and a clone. A cell line and a clone were developed with standard cell culture techniques from a naturally occurring OSA in a dog. The clonal cell line induced a tumour after injection in RAG 1-deficient mouse. Histology was consistent with OSA. The original tumour from the dog and the tumour induced in the mouse were both reactive with vimentin and osteonectin (ON). The parent cell line and clonal cell line were reactive with ON, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. Loss of heterozygosity was found in the same three microsatellite markers in the parent and clonal cell lines, and the tumour tissue grown in the mouse.
Magnetic Resonance Urography by Breath‐Hold Contrast‐Enhanced Three‐Dimensional FISP

The purpose of this study was to present our initial experience with contrast-enhanced MR urography with a breath-hold three-dimensional imaging technique. We performed MR urographic studies in two pigs (four studies) and five human subjects using gadopentetate dimeglumine. The FISP sequence we used was the same as the one used for contrast-enhanced three-dimensional breath-hold angiography. MR three-dimensional urograms were obtained 7-24 minutes after the contrast injection with a dose as low as .03 mmol/kg. The calyces, renal pelves, and ureters were very well visualized. Three-dimensional MR urography can be acquired within a single breath-hold after administration of gadolinium chelates. This technique could become part of a protocol that could potentially lead to a single comprehensive diagnostic workup for suspected ureteral obstruction and gross hematuria.
Factors affecting time required to reach maintenance dose during subcutaneous immunotherapy.

Background: Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) demands a significant time commitment on the part of the patient, especially during the escalation period when weekly visits are required. Many patients refuse or discontinue treatment in spite of the demonstrated clinical efficacy of SCIT. Understanding the factors that affect the length of the escalation phase would allow for counseling of patients, which may improve patient compliance. The aims of this study were to determine the mean time required to reach maintenance dose during conventional protocol SCIT and to identify factors that significantly affect the time required to reach maintenance dose. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 55 patients (total of 79 treatment vials) who began SCIT between January 2007 and December 2010 and reached maintenance dose. The effect of demographic data, medical and social history, and SCIT allergen data on the time required to reach maintenance dose were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The mean time to maintenance dose for the 79 treatment vials was 240.2 days (range, 76–720 days). Males (mean 294.7 days) took significantly longer than females (mean 205.1 days) to reach maintenance dose (p = 0.007). Asthmatics (mean 285.5 days) took significantly longer than nonasthmatics (mean 218.0 days) to reach maintenance dose (p = 0.008). Age also significantly affected the length of the escalation phase; each additional year of age was associated with an increase in 3.9 days needed to reach maintenance dose (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Gender, asthma, and age significantly impact the time required to reach maintenance dose during SCIT. © 2012 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
High Efficiency Light-Emitting Devices based on Quantum Dots

We report solution processed light-emitting devices using colloidal quantum dot as emitters. High efficiency and low voltage operation was achieved with the use of a polymer hole-transport layer and a ZnO nanoparticle electron-transport layer.
Erm/Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 Interactions Modulate Surfactant Protein C Transcription *

Expression of surfactant protein C (SP-C), which is restricted to alveolar type II epithelial cells of the adult lung, is critically dependent on thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). In the present study we have demonstrated that Erm, a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, is expressed in the distal lung epithelium during development and is also restricted to alveolar type II cells in the adult. Erm was up-regulated by fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in culture, and blocking FGF signaling inhibited Erm expression both in vivo and in vitro. The SP-C minimal promoter was found to contain two potential Ets binding sites, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that two 20-bp wild-type oligonucleotides containing the 5′-GGA(A/T)-3′ Ets consensus binding motif were shifted by nuclear extracts from MLE15 cells. Co-transfection assays showed that Erm by itself had little effect on SP-C promoter activity but that Erm significantly enhanced TTF-1-mediated SP-C transcription. Mutation of one of the Ets binding sites reduced SP-C transcription to background levels, whereas mutation of the other site resulted in increased SP-C transcription. Protein-protein interactions between Erm and TTF-1 were demonstrated by mammalian two-hybrid assays and by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Mapping studies showed that the Ets domain of Erm and the combined N terminus and homeodomain of TTF-1 were critical for this interaction. Treatment of primary cultures of adult alveolar type II cells with siRNA targeting Erm diminished expression of both Erm and SP-C but had no effect on β-actin or GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Taken together, these results demonstrate that Erm is involved in SP-C regulation, which results from an interaction with TTF-1.
A new apparatus for long term measurement of oxygen consumption in small mammals.

SummaryA new closed-circuit apparatus has been described which continuously records oxygen consumption over periods of several days with automatic correction for changes in barometric pressure. The equipment is sensitive to less than 0.01 ml of oxygen per hour and can measure oxygen consumption over a wide range.
Observations of colocated optical and radar aurora

[1] This article presents case studies of common volume observations of the E region radar aurora obtained with a 30 MHz imaging radar and the optical aurora (green line emissions) recorded by an all sky camera. In addition, in situ rocket electric field measurements in the vicinity of an auroral arc are presented in a separate case study. As inferred from the measurements, the radar aurora in the vicinity of a stable evening auroral arc arises because of the arc's polarization electric fields, which excite the two stream instability and generate electron density irregularities at meter scales. The radar aurora is the backscattering of radar waves from these irregularities.
Direct-to-the-public advertisement of prescription drugs.

In 1983, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, then commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, discussed direct-to the-public advertisement of prescription medication in a speech to the Pharmaceutical Advertising Council.1 He noted that such direct promotion had first been discussed in 1981, that discussion had been initiated by the drug industry, and that the FDA had been involved early on in talks with pharmaceutical manufacturers, advertisers, consumer groups, and Congress. He added that "the FDA has serious reservations about pharmaceutical companies and advertisers moving into this uncharted area. . . ." After Dr. Hayes' speech, the FDA asked for and obtained . . .
Toward a self-wired active reconstruction of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop: DG-CA3

The mammalian hippocampus functions to encode and retrieve memories by transiently changing synaptic strengths, yet encoding in individual subregions for transmission between regions remains poorly understood. Toward the goal of better understanding the coding in the trisynaptic pathway from the dentate gyrus (DG) to the CA3 and CA1, we report a novel microfabricated device that divides a micro-electrode array into two compartments of separate hippocampal network subregions connected by axons that grow through 3 × 10 × 400 μm tunnels. Gene expression by qPCR demonstrated selective enrichment of separate DG, CA3, and CA1 subregions. Reconnection of DG to CA3 altered burst dynamics associated with marked enrichment of GAD67 in DG and GFAP in CA3. Surprisingly, DG axon spike propagation was preferentially unidirectional to the CA3 region at 0.5 m/s with little reverse transmission. Therefore, select hippocampal subregions intrinsically self-wire in anatomically appropriate patterns and maintain their distinct subregion phenotype without external inputs.
Evidence for the Reliability and Factorial Validity of the "Computer Game Attitude Scale.".

The Computer Game Attitude Scale (CGAS) evaluates student attitudes toward educational computer games. This study provides evidence for the reliability and factorial validity of the scores of the CGAS and its two subscales. Study participants were 186 middle school students from two large school districts in the Pacific Northwest, one urban and one suburban. The CGAS produced scores with a total test alpha coefficient of 88 for the sample. A principal components factor analysis with a two factor solution and a varimax rotation was conducted on the items of the CGAS. Two factors explained 44 percent of the total variance. The pattern of loadings in the principal components factor analysis supports the grouping implied by the two subscales, indicating that the two subscales were sufficiently stable to be used as separate scores. Data indicate that the CGAS produced reliable test scores that may aid researchers, computer game designers, and teachers in the evaluation of educational software games.
On the calculation of pressure-broadened linewidths for symmetric-top molecules using the modified Anderson theory

Abstract An approximation, accurate to better than 0.5%, to the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory of linewidth is presented. This approximation is shown to be suitable for calculating linewidths of symmetric top molecules where dipole-dipole forces are dominant, but higher-order multipole terms are not negligible. Some insight is gained as to the relative importance of various types of collisions between interacting molecules from this approach to the calculation of the spectral linewidths for rotational states of molecules. Experimental results for CH 3 35 Cl and CH 3 127 I are presented for comparison with the calculated results.
Cholesterol secoaldehyde induces apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts through reactive oxygen species involving mitochondrial and death receptor pathways

Cholesterol secoaldehyde (ChSeco), a putative product of the reaction of ozone with cholesterol in aqueous environments, has been shown to induce apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. This study further investigated the involvement of apoptotic-related proteins and gene expression using RT-PCR, Western blot, and appropriate biochemical assays. The RT-PCR analysis revealed that ChSeco activates the expression of genes involved in the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway. The significance of this pathway was also evident from the increased activity of caspase-8. The overexpression of Apaf-1, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and increased activity of caspase-9 provide further evidence for the involvement of a mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway. Time-course analysis of ChSeco-exposed H9c2 cells showed an upstream increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an associated decrease in the intracellular glutathione. N-acetyl-L-cysteine and Trolox significantly attenuated the ChSeco-induced ROS formation and cytotoxicity and also down-regulated the expression of the genes of all the players in either pathway. This study clearly shows that ChSeco induces apoptosis in H9c2 cells through ROS generation and the activation of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway.
Pain distribution, intensity, and duration in patients with chronic pain

This study examined the impact of two dimensions of pain distribution (extent, site) on patient reports of pain intensity and duration among 105 patients with chronic pain. Pain extent was found to be associated strongly with reports of pain intensity and pain duration. When variance associated with pain extent was controlled, however, pain site was not associated with reported pain intensity, a finding inconsistent with previous research. Possible explanations for this inconsistency are discussed, and directions for further research are proposed.
Testosterone potentiation of the effectiveness of ACTH1–24 on the induction of the stretch-yawning syndrome (SYS) in male guinea pigs

Abstract Ventricular administration of ACTH1–24 stimulated stretch-yawning in castrated male guinea pigs in a dose-related manner. Daily subcutaneous treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) facilitated the effects of ACTH1–24 on this response. TP given without ACTH1–24 stimulated yawning, but not stretching or combined stretch-yawning. Unlike most other species, guinea pigs did not display auto-grooming, scratching, or wet-dog shaking in response to intracranial ACTH1–24. The results suggest that testosterone may alter the sensitivity of neural mechanisms which are responsive to ACTH1–24.
Resident-as-teacher : A suggested curriculum for emergency medicine

Resident teaching is a competency that must be recognized, developed, and assessed. The ACGME core competencies include the role of physician as educator to "educate patients and families" and to "facilitate the learning of students and other health care professionals." Residents spend a significant proportion of their time in teaching activities, and students report achieving much of their clinical learning from their interactions with residents. Although many residents enjoy their critical role as teacher, many do not feel well prepared to teach. This article summarizes a preliminary curriculum of modules for a resident teacher-training program for emergency medicine residents. The goal of these modules is to provide learning objectives and an initial structure through which residents could improve basic teaching skills. Many of these skills are adaptable to residents' interactions with each other and with students, other healthcare professionals, and patients. Each module and corresponding teaching exercises can be found at http://www.saem.org.
REVISED MK SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE RED CARBON STARS

The spectral classification of the red carbon stars has been brought into the Revised MK system by combining some of the features of the old R, N, and C classifications, as modified by Yamashita, and adding numerical abundance indices. The new types are intended to: (1) Define the population to which the star belongs. (2) Allow quick interpolation between the detailed atmospheric analyses of individual stars. (3) Indicate the differences between carbon stars in different parts of our galaxy, and in other galaxies. It is the flexibility of the notation, allowing the incorporation of improved criteria, that should make the new system useful.
Reaction of human chorionic somatomammotropin and human pituitary growth hormone with tetranitromethane at 0 °C

Abstract The comparative reactivity of the eight tyrosine residues which occur at homologous positions in human chorionic somatomammotropin and human pituitary growth hormone has been investigated by their reaction with tetranitromethane at 0 °C. The derivatives were characterized by circular dichroism spectra, spectrophotometric titrations, rate of tryptic digestion, and immunodiffusion. Pigeon crop-sac stimulating activities were fully retained in these derivatives. The extent of modification for human chorionic somatomammotropin and human pituitary growth hormone was 2.5 and 4.2 out of 8 residues, respectively. The location of each modified tyrosine residue in the derivatives was determined by amino acid analysis of isolated nitrated peptides after cyanogen bromide cleavage and enzymatic digestion. It was found that tyrosine-143 was highly reactive in the pituitary hormone but unreactive in the placental hormone.
Ureteral Obstruction Caused by a Thromboembolic Infarct

ABSTRACTA case of a healed fibrotic ureteral infarct secondary to vascular occlusion by thromboemboli that caused a ureteral filling defect and obstruction is reported.
A catastrophic meltwater flood event and the formation of the Hudson Shelf Valley

Abstract The Hudson Shelf Valley (HSV) is the largest physiographic feature on the U.S. mid-Atlantic continental shelf. The 150-km long valley is the submerged extension of the ancestral Hudson River Valley that connects to the Hudson Canyon. Unlike other incised valleys on the mid-Atlantic shelf, it has not been infilled with sediment during the Holocene. Analyses of multibeam bathymetry, acoustic backscatter intensity, and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles reveal morphologic and stratigraphic evidence for a catastrophic meltwater flood event that formed the modern HSV. The valley and its distal deposits record a discrete flood event that carved 15-m high banks, formed a 120-km2 field of 3- to 6-m high bedforms, and deposited a subaqueous delta on the outer shelf. The HSV is inferred to have been carved initially by precipitation and meltwater runoff during the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, and later by the drainage of early proglacial lakes through stable spillways. A flood resulting from the failure of the terminal moraine dam at the Narrows between Staten Island and Long Island, New York, allowed glacial lakes in the Hudson and Ontario basins to drain across the continental shelf. Water level changes in the Hudson River basin associated with the catastrophic drainage of glacial lakes Iroquois, Vermont, and Albany around 11,450 14C year BP (∼ 13,350 cal BP) may have precipitated dam failure at the Narrows. This 3200 km3 discharge of freshwater entered the North Atlantic proximal to the Gulf Stream and may have affected thermohaline circulation at the onset of the Intra-Allerod Cold Period. Based on bedform characteristics and fluvial morphology in the HSV, the maximum freshwater flux during the flood event is estimated to be ∼ 0.46 Sv for a duration of ∼ 80 days.
A retrospective comparison of anesthetic management of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy versus radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Study Objective To compare anesthetic management and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) with general anesthesia. Design Retrospective database study of RALP and RRP patients at Duke University Medical Center from 6/2003 to 6/2006. Setting University teaching hospital. Patients 541 ASA physical status I, II, and III men, 280 of whom were RRP patients and 256 RALP patients. Measurements Patient demographics, intraoperative fluids and blood products, hemodynamic parameters, pain scores in the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU), intraoperative and postoperative analgesic consumption, need for rescue antiemetics in the PACU, and intraoperative use of vasopressors and antihypertensives, were all recorded. Additional data included postoperative transfusion data; clinical status of the patient's cancer preoperatively and postoperatively; hematocrit, platelet count, and creatinine levels; and length of hospital stay. Main Results Estimated blood loss (EBL) was higher for RRP than RALP patients (mean ± SD; 1,087 ± 853 mL vs. 287 ± 317 mL; P P P P P P P P = 0.009). Conclusions Duration of surgery was greater with RALP, but it was associated with less EBL, fewer transfusions of blood products, and shorter PACU and hospital stays.
Coping with novelty in human intelligence: An empirical investigation☆

Abstract An experiment was conducted directly to test the hypothesis that the ability to cope with relative novelty is a key aspect of intelligence. 50 subjects performed both novel and non-novel versions of a sentence-verification task. In the novel condition, subjects were presented with a counterfactual presupposition which they were to assume was true in verifying each of a set of subsequent statements. In the non-novel condition, the task was the same, but the presupposition to be assumed true was a factual one. We found that the difference score based on subtracting non-novel from novel response times, which controlled for non-novel aspects of the task, was significantly correlated with two of three fluid ability tests, thereby confirming our hypothesis.
Magnetic Alignment of Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

In recent years, much research effort has focused on advancing the fundamental understanding, growth, and utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In particular, the precise handling, placement and anchoring of individual nanotubes remain a challenge to realizing practical systems that exploit CNTs' superior electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, we investigate the use of a novel magnetic alignment technique for establishing CNT interconnections in a 3-D device. Our proposed configuration is compatible with a number of nanoelectronic, subwavelength photonic, and electrochemical energy storage devices and systems.
Polar optical phonon scattering of charge carriers in alloy semiconductors : effects of phonon localization

Abstract The effects of spatial localization of phonons or their correlation functions to finite distances in alloy semiconductors on polar optical phonon scattering of hot carriers are modeled analytically. Despite the possibility of increased numbers of carrier-scattering-active phonon modes, it is demonstrated that phonon localization in alloys should have little if any effect on the total polar optical scattering rate for charge carriers coupled to equilibrium phonon populations. Further, it is demonstrated that phonon localization may have a beneficial effect on hot carrier transport by reducing the possibility of exciting nonequilibrium phonon populations. These results are obtained without assuming any specific functional form or degree of phonon localization; rather, calculations rely on the inherent orthogonality and mathematical completeness of the classical vibrational modes over the crystal lattice degrees of freedom.
Endostatin binds nerve growth factor and thereby inhibits neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration in-vitro.

Endostatin (ES), the C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII known for its anti-angiogenic properties, is associated with neurological diseases in mammals. In this study, we investigated the effect of ES on nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation, migration, neuritogenesis, and neurite extension. ES partially inhibited PC12 cell differentiation and cerebellar granule cell migration. In addition, neurite outgrowth was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was also matrix-dependent, as we observed better inhibition on PC12 cells grown on collagen compared to laminin matrices. Furthermore, we observed partial NGF depletion by collagen and ES, but not by laminin suggesting that NGF–matrix interactions may be important for promoting neuritogenesis, competitive inhibition by ES or low affinity matrix impairs PC12 differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Finally, using a biosensor technique, we demonstrated a direct interaction between NGF and ES suggesting the mechanism of action of ES may involve NGF sequestration. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of ES on different steps of neurogenesis including cell differentiation and migration and neuritogenesis by NGF sequestration. Such sequestration may compromise brain repair following injury, but also may play important role in axon finding as well as a potent therapeutical target in diseases involving abnormal elevated neurotrophic growth factor levels. Taken together, this study raises the consideration of ES as a double-edge sword that carries both deleterious and putative therapeutical effects.
A software package to streamline the titrimetric determination of lipase activity

A computer software method, the Lipase Titrimetric Analysis Program, has been developed which considerably improves the utility of the Radiometer TitraLab/pH Stat system for the determination of lipolytic activity. The program features increased user interaction in the calculation of maximal lipolytic activity, allows additional titrations to be performed while previously collected data are being analyzed, and permits the permanent storage of titration data.
Extreme value theory in analysis of differential expression in microarrays where either only up- or down-regulated genes are relevant or expected

We propose an empirical Bayes method based on the extreme value theory (EVT) (BE) for the analysis of data from spotted microarrays where the interest of the investigator (e.g. to identify up-regulated gene markers of a disease) or the design of the experiment (e.g. in certain ‘wild-type versus mutant’ experiments) limits identification of differentially expressed genes to those regulated in a single direction (either up or down). In such experiments, unlike in genome-wide microarrays, analysis is restricted to the tail of the distribution (extremes) of all the genes in the genome. The EVT provides a platform to account for this extreme behaviour, and is therefore a natural candidate for inference about differential expression. We compared the performance of the developed BE method with two other empirical Bayes methods on two real ‘wild-type versus mutant’ datasets where a single direction of regulation was expected due to experimental design, and in a simulation study. The BE method appears to have a better fit to the real data. In the analysis of simulated data, the BE method showed better accuracy and precision while being robust to different characteristics of microarray experiments. The BE method, therefore, seems promising and useful for inference about differential expression in microarrays where either only up- or down-regulated genes are relevant or expected.
Mixed Convective Droplet Combustion with Internal Circulation

Abstract The combustion of a fuel droplet in a mixed convective environment once the initial transient heating of the droplet has been completed is analyzed considering the internal motion of the liquid. The coupled gas and liquid phase analyses are solved simultaneously by a series expansion approach in terms of the polar angle. A previously developed mixed convection formulation is used to provide solutions ranging from the forced to the free convective limit. Detailed results are presented for the forced convective combustion of a hexadecane droplet in a standard atmosphere. The pure evaporation of the hexadecane droplet is presented as a particular case of the analysis. The effect on the local mass burning and droplet regression rates of the liquid motion and mixed flow intensities is presented in terms of the parameters that represent the respective processes. It is shown that the internal circulation of the liquid has only a moderate influence in enhancing the evaporation rate of the droplet. A sing...
Evaluating Single-Case Research Data: A Comparison of Seven Statistical Methods

This study examined and compared the performances of seven popular or promising techniques for analyzing between-phase differences in single-case research designs. The techniques are: (a) Owen White's binomial test on extended Phase A baseline (White & Haring, 1980), (b) D. M. White, Rusch, Kazdin, and Hartmann's Last Treatment Day technique (1989), (c) Gorsuch's "trend analysis effect size" (Faith, Allison, & Gorman, 1996; Gorsuch, 1983), (d) Center's mean-only and mean-plustrend models (Center, Skiba, & Casey, 1985-1986), and (e) Allison's mean-only and mean-plus-trend models (Allison & Gorman, 1993; Faith et al., 1996). The techniques were assayed by applying them to a set of 50 single-case AB design (baseline and intervention) data sets, constructed to represent a range of type and degree of intervention effects. From analysis of these 50 data sets, four questions were answered about the analytic techniques: (a) How much statistical power is possessed by the more promising techniques? (b) What typical R 2 effect sizes are evidenced for graphed data sets which, according to visual analysis, show a positive intervention effect? (c) How do the five analytic techniques covary with one another? and (d) To what extent does each technique tend to produce autocorrelated residuals? The debate over whether visual analysis is sufficient for single-case research data has reached stasis, if it has not been resolved. The advantages of visual analysis (Baer, 1977; Michael, 1974; Parsonson & Baer, 1978, 1986) are widely acknowledged, but statistical analysis is now recommended to supplement visual analysis in most cases. Kazdin (1982) acknowledged that statistical procedures may be of value when (a) there is no stable baseline, (b) expected treatment effects cannot be well predicted, as with a new treatment, or (c) statistical control is needed for extraneous factors in naturalistic environments. Huitema (1986), another strong proponent of visual analysis, recommends adding statistical analyses when unambiguous results must be shared with other professionals (p. 228). Franklin, Gorman, Beasley, and Allison (1996) conclude a recent book chapter on the subject by emphasizing
Occupational Socialization's Role in Forensic Psychologists' Objectivity

This report integrated quantitative and qualitative methods across two studies to compile descriptive information about forensic psychologists' occupational socialization and its relation to objectivity. After interviewing 20 board-certified forensic psychologists, we surveyed 334 forensic psychologists about their socialization into the field. Results indicated that occupational socialization, including socialization about objectivity, varied widely across time and situation as the field developed. Three hypotheses regarding occupational socialization were supported. It was positively associated with years of experience, belief in one's ability to be objective, and endorsement of the usefulness of various bias correction strategies. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D AND COLON CANCER: EIGHT-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Blood samples taken in 1974 in Washington County, Maryland, from 25 620 volunteers were used to investigate the relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) with subsequent risk of getting colon cancer. 34 cases of colon cancer diagnosed between August, 1975, and January, 1983, were matched to 67 controls by age, race, sex, and month blood was taken. Risk of colon cancer was reduced by 75% in the third quintile (27-32 ng/ml) and by 80% in the fourth quintile (33-41 ng/ml) of serum 25-OHD. Risk of getting colon cancer decreased three-fold in people with a serum 25-OHD concentration of 20 ng/ml or more. The results are consistent with a protective effect of serum 25-OHD on colon cancer.