cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the distribution of the roots of certain congruences and a problem for additive arithmetic functions

Abstract The asymptotic distribution of the roots of the congruence ax ≡ b (mod D), 1 ≤ x ≤ D, as D varies, is investigated. Quantitative estimates are obtained by means of exponential sums combined with sieve methods. As an application of the results it is shown that if an additive arithmetic function satisfies f(an + b) − f(cn + d) = O(1) for all positive integers n, ad ≠ bc, then f(n) = O((log n)3) must hold. This result is apparently the first bound of any kind in such a situation.
Semi-parametric estimation and forecasting for exogenous log-GARCH models

Advanced computing and processing techniques have yielded abundant information for financial time series forecasting. It is, therefore, natural to ask for possible extensions of time series models to accommodate the wealth of information. In this article, we develop a new model for financial volatility estimation and forecasting by incorporating exogenous covariates in a semi-parametric log-GARCH model. With additional information, we gain an increased prediction power. We propose a quasi-maximum likelihood procedure via spline smoothing technique. Consistent estimators and asymptotic normality are obtained under mild regularity conditions. Simulation experiments provide strong evidence that corroborates the asymptotic theories. Additionally, an application to SPY index data demonstrates strong competitive advantage of our model comparing with GARCH(1,1) and log-GARCH(1,1) models.
Verbal IQ vs. performance IQ difference scores in males and females from the WAIS‐R standardization sample

Clinical research that has used the Wechsler-Bellevue and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales with patients who are suffering lateralized cerebral pathology had indicated distinct patterns of VIQ-PIQ discrepancies related to laterality of hemispheric involvement. Research data also have been interpreted to suggest that VIQ-PIQ discrepancy patterns differ as a function of the sex of the patient. However, this latter hypothesis finds less support in recent studies that have employed the newer Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). This raises the possibility that, other than sex, manifest differences in VIQ-PIQ discrepancies may be more a consequence of normative characteristics in successive editions of the Wechsler scales or of other factors that surround neurologic impairment. Moreover, to date, clinical and research evidence for biologic sex as a mediating factor in VIQ-PIQ discrepancies has been interpreted in the absence of base rates for the distribution of such discrepancies, which occur in the normal population. Thus, the present study reports base rates for the magnitude, frequency, and direction of VIQ-PIQ discrepancies found for the 940 males and 940 females who comprise the WAIS-R standardization sample. No differences of consequence were noted in male vs. female VIQ-PIQ discrepancies. Implications are discussed in the light of earlier and emergent research with the Wechsler scales.
The rattleback revisited

A rattleback is a canoe-shaped body that, when spun on a smooth surface, rotates stably in one direction only; when spun in the reverse direction it oscillates violently (i.e., it “rattles”) and reverses its direction of spin. This behavior can be traced to the misalignment of the principal axes of the body with respect to the symmetry axis of its bottom surface. Although analyses of the phenomenon exist in the literature, there is not a clear, direct presentation of the basic mechanism responsible for the reversal of direction. The goal of this paper is to present, as clearly as possible, a treatment of the phenomenon by focusing on the geometry of the usual rattleback. Two initial conditions are considered: rotation about the vertical axis with no oscillation, and oscillation about a horizontal axis with no rotation. For the first initial state, oscillatory motion about the two horizontal axes is analyzed using a combination of linearization and reasonable assumptions. The reversal is then analyzed using energy considerations. The analysis for the second initial state is more direct and elementary. In combination, these analyses explain the transitions from rotation to oscillation to rotation in the opposite direction. The non-reversal for the rotation opposite initial rotation is also accounted for. We also comment on how the rattleback might be modified allowing it to reverse in both directions and thus to repeatedly reverse its direction of rotation.
A note on the hypercube model

We consider a variation of the hypercube model in which there are N distinguishable servers and R types of customers. Customers that find all servers busy (blocked customers) are lost. When service times are exponentially distributed and customers arrive according to independent Poisson streams, we show that the policy which always assigns customers to the fastest available server minimizes the long-run average number of lost customers. Furthermore, we derive an upper bound for the blocking probability and the long-run average number of customers lost.
Arcjet modeling - Status and prospects

The evolution of arcjet thruster modeling to its current state of development is traced, and the most pressing theoretical uncertainties in the way of further progress are discussed. The thrust-producing mechanism is well understood, and so is the general energy balance, leading to voltage prediction, provided anodic attachment is separately known. This particular problem is discussed in some detail. It is argued that three-dimensional arc root constriction is a very likely cause of at least some of the observed anode behavior, and should be theoretically investigated. Other issues examined are electron-molecule interactions, species segregation, and thermomechanical effects.
Angiotensin II Activation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Transcription Is Mediated by a Tyrosine Kinase–Dependent Redox-Sensitive Mechanism

We have recently shown that angiotensin II activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) transcription is a critical requirement for angiotensin-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell growth; therefore, we examined the signaling pathway involved. In rat aortic smooth muscle cells, the antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine (5 mmol/L) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (100 micromol/L) completely inhibited angiotensin II-stimulated increases in IGF-1R mRNA and protein levels, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, catalase abolished the Ang II-stimulated increase of IGF-1R protein expression, and accordingly, H(2)O(2) (0.2 mmol/L) or the oxidized products of linoleic acid, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids (10 micromol/L), increased IGF-1R mRNA levels at 3 hours by 74+/-20% and 107+/-22% and increased receptor number at 24 hours by 51+/-6.7% and 55+/-7.4%, respectively. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and tyrphostin A25 also blocked angiotensin II increases in IGF-1R mRNA and protein levels and blocked the ability of hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids and H(2)O(2) to increase IGF-1R expression, suggesting that oxidative stress may be an early event in the angiotensin II signaling cascade. Furthermore, calcium chelation inhibited the angiotensin II effect. Transient transfection assays revealed that a (-2350)+640 IGF-1R promoter/luciferase construct was fully responsive to angiotensin II stimulation (127+/-20% increase). Ten millimoles per liter hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acids and 0.2 mmol/L H(2)O(2) increased luciferase activity by 79+/-8.5% and 63+/-12%, respectively, and 5 mmol/L N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked the angiotensin II-induced upregulation of luciferase activity by 70%. These data suggest that angiotensin II stimulates IGF-1R gene transcription via calcium-dependent activation of protein tyrosine kinase activity that lies downstream from an oxidant stimulus. These findings provide key insights into the signaling mechanisms whereby angiotensin II exerts its growth-promoting effects on the vasculature.
Developmental Learning Disabilities of the Right Hemisphere: Emotional, Interpersonal, and Cognitive Components

• In 14 patients, we encountered a behavioral syndrome that begins in early life and is characterized by emotional and interpersonal difficulties, shyness, visuospatial disturbances, and inadequate paralinguistic communicative abilities. All 14 patients had at least average intellectual capacity, but each had demonstrated some academic failure, particularly in arithmetic. Examination revealed neurologic and neuropsychological signs consistent with right-hemisphere dysfunction. Most of the patients avoided eye contact and lacked the gestures and prosody that normally accompany and accentuate speech. Although many of them could not convey their feelings, there was no evidence that they were unable to experience affect. Eight of them reported a family history of similar symptoms. Just as developmental involvement of the left hemisphere may produce dyslexia, damage to the right hemisphere suffered early in life, or inherited, may lead to chronic emotional difficulties, a disturbance of interpersonal skills, and poor visuospatial ability.
d -wave pairing near a spin-density-wave instability

We investigate the three-dimensional Hubbard model and show that paramagnon exchange near a spin-density-wave instability gives rise to a strong singlet $d$-wave pairing interaction. For a cubic band the singlet (${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}} \mathrm{and} {d}_{3{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}}$) channels are enhanced while the singlet (${d}_{\mathrm{xy}},{d}_{\mathrm{xz}},{d}_{\mathrm{yz}}$) and triplet $p$-wave channels are suppressed. A unique feature of this pairing mechanism is its sensitivity to band structure and band filling.
MICROSOMAL LIPID PEROXIDAHON SYSTEM FROM HERRING LIGHT AND DARK MUSCLE: EFFECT OF CYTOSOLIC FACTORS

Soluble fractions from the light and dark muscle tissue of herring (Clupea harengus) were tested for their effect on lipid peroxidation of the isolated mierosomal fractions from the respective muscle tissues. To determine the nature of the components involved, the supernatant fractions were heated and/or dialyzed before treatment of the mierosomal fraction. In addition, some mierosomal samples were pretreated for 60 min with the supernatant fractions prior to initiating lipid peroxidation, whereas in other cases the supernatant fractions were added on initiation of the lipid peroxidation reaction. Results indicated that light muscle cytosol contained factors inhibitory to mierosomal lipid peroxidation. Dark muscle cytosol did also, but in addition appeared, to contain activators. Preheating, dialysis, or preincubation indicated the nature of some of the compound's involved. High and low molecular weight compounds were involved as were thermostable and thermolabile substances.
Genetic and environmental influences on psychiatric comorbidity: A systematic review

Background The purpose of this review is to systematically appraise the peer-reviewed literature about the genetic and environmental determinants of psychiatric comorbidity, focusing on four of the most prevalent types of psychopathology: anxiety disorders, depression, conduct disorder and substance abuse.
New pSC101-derivative cloning vectors with elevated copy numbers.

Abstract Mutations that increase the copy number of the pSC101 replicon have been used for construction of new cloning vectors. Replacement of glutamate at position 93 in RepA yields plasmids that replicate at medium (27 copies/cell) and high (∼240 copies/cell) copy numbers. Based on the crystal structure of RepE, a structurally similar replication initiator protein from the F factor, the pSC101 repA mutants are predicted to be defective in dimerization. The cloning vectors permit increased expression of gene products along with the advantages of pSC101-derivative plasmids, including stable maintenance and compatibility with ColE1 plasmids. The plasmids also allow blue/white screening for DNA inserts and impart resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin. The vectors were used in a genetic assay to suppress temperature-sensitive mutants of ffh , encoding the protein component of the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle, by overproduction of 4.5S RNA. While expression of 4.5S RNA from a wild type pSC101-derivative plasmid was not sufficient for suppression, use of the new vectors did suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotype.
A genome-wide linkage study of GAW15 gene expression data.

Background Recently, gene expression levels have been shown to demonstrate familial aggregation, suggesting a direct role of heritable DNA variation. We studied the gene expression levels in lymphoblastoid cells of the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain Utah families made available to Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW15), using genome-wide linkage analyses.
Theory of small-angle neutron scattering from the imperfect vortex lattice in type-II superconductors

A theory of the neutron scattering intensity from an imperfect vortex lattice in type-II superconductors is developed, which predicts that flux pinning leads not only to a broadening of the Bragg reflections, but also to a finite scattering intensity for wave vectors within the first Brillouin zone. At sufficiently high fields, the small-angle scattering intensity is predicted to exceed that of the Bragg reflections. According to this theory, if the incident beam is chosen parallel to the applied field, shear and tilt strains in the vortex lattice, and thus the most important intrinsic defects, give no contribution to small-angle scattering, and the measured intensity is due almost entirely to the strains caused by pinning forces. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments are thus capable of yielding insight into elementary pinning interactions beyond that obtainable from volume pinning force measurements, which must be interpreted by means of still unsatisfactory statistical summation theories.
Solubilized, spaced polyalanines: A context-free system for determining amino acid α-helix propensities

The logical design principles behind a system of properly water-solubilized, spaced polyalanines are presented. Peptides conforming to these design principles are shown to be unaggregated, and their helical properties as measured by the circular dichroism (CD) residue ellipticity at 222 nm, [θ]222, are shown to be dependent upon the lengths of their alanine regions. It is further demonstrated that CD contributions of the alanine cores are independent of the CD contributions attributable to other features of the peptides. The CD response of these polyalanines to variations in temperature and salt or denaturant concentration is described. CD data for a series of peptides with Alan cores varying in length from 12 to 45 residues are presented that allow calculation of the helical propensity, wAla, in a purely alanine context. Mathematical modeling of these unprecedented data reveals the insufficiency of currently accepted literature helicity modeling parameters. A modification to the standard Lifson−Roig algo...
TWO NEW VARIETIES OF STAURASTRUM (DESMIDIACEAE) FROM SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL.

Two new varieties of Staurastrum (Desmidiaceae) are described from Sao Paulo, southern Brazil: St. polymorphum Breb. var. itirapinense and St. quadrangulare Breb. var. sanctipaulense.
Induction of the dihydrofolate reductase of Streptococcus faecium var. Durans by folic acid and by some of its derivatives.

Abstract For growth in a defined medium, Streptococcus faecium var. durans requires either folate or some of its derivatives, or a natural purine together with thymine. When folate at 2.3·10 −8 –2.3·10 −10 M, was added to S. faecium cells growing in the presence of purines and thymine, a concentration dependent increase in dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP exodoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) activity occurred. This increase was detectable in cell extracts within 30 min, and reached a maximal level of 6–10 times that of control in approx. 5 h. Dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate and folinic acid caused a similar increase in reductase activity. Chloramphenicol or actinomycin D, when added to growing cultures simultaneously with folate, prevented any increase in reductase activity. Furthermore, titration of the reductase with methotrexate showed that the increase in enzyme activity, which occurred in the presence of the cofactors, was accompanied by a parallel increase in the number of enzyme sites. Taken together, these findings indicate that the observed increase in reductase activity was due to new protein synthesis. In the absence of the cofactors no increase in enzyme activity occurred during the entire growth cycle of the culture. Methotrexate itself did not induce the dihydrofolate reductase. In the presence of this analog, folate was ineffective as an inducer, whereas its reduced derivatives brought about some increase in enzyme activity. When cells containing high levels of the induced enzyme were transferred from the folate-containing to the folate-free medium, the enzyme activity decreased slowly. Three passages in the folate-free medium were required before the constitutive enzyme level was restored. The progressive decrease in reductase activity which occurred during these passages, was paralleled by the increasing sensitivity of the subcultures to inhibition of their growth by methotrexate. By affecting the level of dihydrofolate reductase, folate and its derivatives can, thus, regulate the extent of their activation, and thereby, the extent of their cofactor function.
Ligand lability of triethylgallium on GaAs(100)

Abstract We report direct evidence for dissociative adsorption and recombinative desorption of triethylgallium on GaAs(100). Deuterated and undeuterated triethylgallium were used to investigate two distinct ethyl species produced by chemisorption of triethylgallium on GaAs(100): ethyl ligands bound to the GaAs surface and those in chemisorbed ethylgallium species. Deuterium labeling verified that chemisorbed ethyl ligands exchange at temperatures as low as 205 K, for which the GaAs surface serves as an intermediate adsorption site. Ligand exchange was also observed for physisorbed multilayers of triethylgallium for temperatures at or below 180 K. Ligand labeling experiments were also used to demonstrate that following dissociative adsorption, diethylgallium is the only adsorbed ethylgallium species that can lead to recombinative desorption; decomposition of adsorbed diethylgallium prohibits recombinative desorption. Rapid and continuous ligand exchange on the GaAs surface and walls of the vacuum chamber at temperatures of 300 K and above was also observed.
An Integer Linear Programming Model for the Cargo Airline Parts Inventory Problem

Abstract The advent of the overnight delivery service has made significant changes in the operation of manufacturing and service companies. The parts inventory problem of cargo airlines serving overnight delivery companies is an important managerial decision problem, requiring efficient allocation of resources. An integer programming formulation is presented to determine the parts inventory requirement of each airport outstation. The model incorporates transportation costs and penalty costs for flight delays due to unavailability of needed parts. A solution approach exploiting the special structure of the model is developed. We apply die problem formulation and the solution technique to an actual data set and report the results.
The Co-occurrence of Methanotrophic and Chemoautotrophic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterial Symbionts in a Deep-sea Mussel

Abstract. In April 1990 a new species of mytilid containing bacterial endosymbionts was discovered at a deep-water seep site within Alaminos Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico. Activities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and ATP sulfurylase, as well as the presence of substantial levels of elemental sulfur in the gill tissues indicate the presence of chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in the gills. Methanol dehydrogenase activity and the tissue stable carbon isotope ratios indicate the presence of methanotrophic bacteria in the gills of the same animals. Two distinct size classes and morphological types of gram negative bacteria are visible in transmission electron micrographs of the gill tissue, one of which contains the complex internal membranes typical of methanotrophs. Both general types of symbionts have been demonstrated singly in related species of deep-sea mytilids. In this species, however, both types are found in single individuals, often within the same cell vacuole.
Contemporary Surgical Options for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

The diagnosis of stage IV colorectal cancer was once associated with a uniformly grim prognosis. Over the last 20 years, advances in chemotherapeutics, surgical technique, and surgical adjuncts have dramatically broadened treatment options and improved outcomes. Among current treatment options, surgery remains the key component of any multidisciplinary approach with surgical data demonstrating the longest survivorship. This review will summarize current and developing surgical advances in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Specifically, we will discuss how surgical interventions fit within the greater context of a multi-modality approach, as well as, the specific, recent innovations in the surgical management of hepatic and extrahepatic metastases.
A meta-analysis of point-of-care laboratory tests in the diagnosis of novel 2009 swine-lineage pandemic influenza A (H1N1)

This paper reviews 14 published studies describing performance characteristics, including sensitivity and specificity, of commercially available rapid, point-of-care (POC) influenza tests in patients affected by an outbreak of a novel swine-related influenza A (H1N1) that was declared a pandemic in 2009. Although these POC tests were not intended to be specific for this pandemic influenza strain, the nonspecialized skills required and the timeliness of results make these POC tests potentially valuable for clinical and public health use. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for the POC tests studied were 68% and 81%, respectively, but published values were not homogeneous with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 10% to 88% and 51% to 100%, respectively. Pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.94 and 0.42, respectively. These results support current recommendations for use of rapid POC tests when H1N1 is suspected, recognizing that positive results are more reliable than negative results in determining infection, especially when disease prevalence is high.
One year of Puma Painting: site experiences

The PumaPaint project is a web site' allowing any user with a JavaTM compatible web browser to control a PUMA 760 robotlocated in the Computer Aided Engineering lab at Wilkes University, Wilkes-Bane, PA. Other robot sites have been "on theweb" for some time allowing users to control a robot for a variety of tasks. The pioneers of web robots first opened sites in1994, when the USC Mercury Project2 and Australia's Telerobot on the Web3 (independently) came on-line nearlysimultaneously. Since then, other web robots have been introduced, and currently the NASA Space Telerobotics Programweb site4 lists over twenty "real robots on the web". These robots perform a variety of tasks, some manipulating objects,others navigating mobile robots and many offering the opportunity to manipulate a camera view. With these precedentefforts, one may ask what is new about the PumaPaint site, what contribution does it make and what motivated the author toproduce it? With one year of operation completed, one may also ask, "what did we, the WWW community o with a blankcanvas and the ability to paint on it?" This paper will attempt to answer these questions.
The Use of Dextranomer in Decubitus Ulcers: A Histopathologic Evaluation

The decubitus ulcers of 4 patients being treated with dextranomer for up to three months were examined. Histopathologic sections showed only a minimal inflammatory response and no irritation. Dextranomer may be used for long periods without any tissue damage.
The purification of tritiated noradrenaline.

Eine einfache chromatographische Methode zur Abtrennung von reinem Noradrenalin, welches nicht nur stabil, sondern auch fur kritische Stoffwechseluntersuchungen geeignet ist, wird beschrieben.
Evolution and Adaption in the Understanding of Behavior, Culture, and Mind

This article lays out a middle ground between strong evolutionary-adaptationist and strong environmental-determinist positions. It acknowledges the importance of human evolution in understanding current human functions and activities while also acknowledging the powerful role of culture in shaping humans. The biological, environmental, and cultural forces that lead to generality or distinctive specificity in different groups of humans are summarized, with some consideration to principles of evolution and development from biology that apply in the psychological and cultural realm. In particular, processes such as canalization and preadaptation are applied to the cultural evolution and the transmission of culture. Many of these points are illustrated in a consideration of biological, psychological, and cultural factors that shape human food choice.
Elevated PAI-1 is associated with poor clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with acute lung injury

Purpose Deposition of fibrin in the alveolar space is a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an antifibrinolytic agent that is activated during inflammation. Increased plasma and pulmonary edema fluid levels of PAI-1 are associated with increased mortality in adults with ALI. This relationship has not been examined in children. The objective of this study was to test whether increased plasma PAI-1 levels are associated with worse clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with ALI.
Reconstruction of Tertiary progradation and clinoform development on the New Jersey passive margin by 2-D backstripping

We have reconstructed the Oligocene to Middle Miocene paleobathymetry and stratigraphy of the New Jersey margin using a modified backstripping technique. By analyzing the geometry of the margin through time, we investigate its response to fluctuating sea level, changing climate, and variable sediment supply during the Tertiary. The reconstructions reveal a change in the margin morphology from a more steeply dipping (1 : 300 to 1 : 500) carbonate ramp in the Eocene to a flatter shelf with a sharp shelf edge at present. This was accomplished by an increase in the terrigenous sediment supply that filled available accommodation and caused progradation across the margin. We link the increase in sediment flux with climatic cooling rather than tectonic processes. The progradation is evidenced by a series of clinoforms whose formation was modulated by sea level and which extend over 100 km across the shelf. The height and dip of the clinoforms increased as they extended onto the deeper parts of the earlier ramp. The Miocene clinoform rollovers at the New Jersey margin had water depths of60‐130 m and are interpreted as the edge of a new continental shelf built over the older ramp. Sea-level fall was probably insufficient to drive the Miocene shorelines past the shelf breaks. Thus, measurements of sea-level amplitude based upon ‘coastal’ onlap over the clinoforms are not reliable. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An Ecological Systems Approach to Bullying Behaviors Among Middle School Students in the United States

The aim of this study is to identify an ecological prediction model of bullying behaviors. Based on an ecological systems theory, this study identifies significant factors influencing bullying behaviors at different levels of middle and high school. These levels include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. More specifically, the ecological factors investigated in this multilevel analysis are individual traits, family experiences, parental involvement, school climate, and community characteristics. Using data collected in 2008 from 485 randomly selected students in a school district, this study identifies a best-fitting structural model of bullying behavior. Findings suggest that the ecological model accounted for a high portion of variance in bullying behaviors. All of the ecological systems as well as individual traits were found to be significant influences on bullying behaviors either directly or indirectly.
HOW DOES HABITAT PATCH SIZE AFFECT ANIMAL MOVEMENT? AN EXPERIMENT WITH DARKLING BEETLES

We used an experimental model system consisting of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Eleodes obsoleta Say) in a microlandscape to assess the effects of habitat patch size on the movement patterns of animals. The ratio of habitat area to nonhabitat in a 25-m2 “microlandscape” was held constant while the grain of patchiness (patch size) was varied in four treatments. Beetle movement pathways were electronically surveyed, and seven pathway metrics were used to quantify movement characteristics. ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Difference post hoc comparisons revealed that both the presence and the grain of spatial heterogeneity influenced how animals moved through landscapes. Intermediate patch sizes elicited the strongest behavioral responses, whereas movements were similar between finely patchy landscapes with small habitat patches and coarsely patchy landscapes with larger habitat patches. These results indicate that organisms may use landscapes that possess different configurations of habitat in similar ways. Predicting how organisms respond to spatial heterogeneity therefore requires an assessment of how organisms use landscapes, in addition to an assessment of the structural characteristics of landscapes, such as grain size.
Neural Networks for Nodal Staging of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with FDG PET and CT: Importance of Combining Uptake Values and Sizes of Nodes and Primary Tumor

We have demonstrated that an artificial neural network can be used to synthesize multiple parameters from fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography to predict non–small cell lung cancer nodal status with consistently high accuracy (mean, 99.2% ± 0.8) surpassing that of an expert PET reader.
Technological advances in temperate hardwood tree improvement including breeding and molecular marker applications

Hardwood forests and plantations are an impor- tant economic resource for the forest products industry worldwide and to the international trade of lumber and logs. Hardwood trees are also planted for ecological reasons, for example, wildlife habitat, native woodland restoration, and riparian buffers. The demand for quality hardwood from tree plantations will continue to rise as the worldwide consumption of forest products increases. Tree improve- ment of temperate hardwoods has lagged behind that of coniferous species and hardwoods of the genera Populus and Eucalyptus. The development of marker systems has become an almost necessary complement to the classical breeding and improvement of hardwood tree populations for superior growth, form, and timber characteristics. Molecular markers are especially valuable for determining the reproductive biology and population structure of natural forests and plantations, and the identity of genes affecting quantitative traits. Clonal reproduction of commercially important hardwood tree species provides improved plant- ing stock for use in progeny testing and production forestry. Development of in vitro and conventional vegetative propagation methods allows mass production of clones of mature, elite genotypes or genetically improved genotypes. Genetic modification of hardwood tree species could potentially produce trees with herbicide tolerance, disease and pest resistance, improved wood quality, and reproduc- tive manipulations for commercial plantations. This review concentrates on recent advances in conventional breeding and selection, molecular marker application, in vitro culture, and genetic transformation, and discusses the future challenges and opportunities for valuable temperate (or "fine") hardwood tree improvement.
Thermomechanical similarity between Van Aken plasticine and metals in hot-forming processes

In this study, compression tests are conducted to determine the strain, strain rate, and temperature sensitivities of Van Aken plasticine at elevated temperatures. A true stress—true strain relationship is presented in the form of the Norton—Hoff viscoplastic model. The plasticine is most sensitive to the deformation rate and temperature. At low strains, the material hardens with increasing strain, but strain hardening is negligible above a logarithmic strain of approximately 30 per cent. The shear friction factor for a plasticine—metal interface with and without lubrication is estimated using ring compression tests. Without lubrication, the shear friction factor approaches 1.0; however, lubrication with Vaseline considerably reduces friction. In addition to the mechanical properties of the plasticine, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are measured. The thermal conductivity is independent of temperature, and the heat capacity varies only slightly with temperature. A discussion on plasticine ...
The Significance of Race and Class in Marital Decisions among Unmarried Adolescent Mothers

Marriages of adolescents to legitimize births has declined dramatically in the United States among black and white teenagers in recent years. This paper reports on a qualitative study of why black and white teenage mothers from middle-class, working-class, and lower-class backgrounds remained unmarried after becoming pregnant. The paper discusses in what ways the teens' reasons for single motherhood vary by their class and race. The study suggests that, while many of these reasons are more closely associated with a teen's class than race, particularly among the non-disadvantaged young women, there are also differences across race that indicate a complex relationship between class and race in adolescents' marital choices.
Structure and renormalizability of massive Yang-Mills field theories

We observe that the theory of the Yang-Mills field with bare mass is included in the framework of spontaneously broken gauge theories, except that the Higgs field is realized nonlinearly. With the nonlinear symmetry associated with the Higgs field taken into account, the $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ massive Yang-Mills theory and the associated ${\mathrm{SU}(N)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(N)}_{R}$ nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model are shown to be renormalizable and asymptotically free theories in two dimensions.
The Roles of Small GTPases in Osteoclast Biology

The adult skeleton undergoes bone remodeling that consists of bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. When the amount of bone resorbed is greater than the amount of new bone formed, low bone mass results, putting individuals at increased risk for osteoporosis and osteoporotic bone fracture. Nitrogenous bisphosphonates (NBPs) are the most common first line treatment for conditions of low bone mass. NBPs reduce osteoclast bone resorption by impairing the post-translational modification of small GTPases. Small GTPases play crucial roles in the differentiation, function, and survival of osteoclasts. Understanding the roles of individual small GTPases in osteoclast biology may lead to more targeted therapies for the treatment of low bone mass. In this review, we discuss recent investigations into the in vivo effects of individual GTPase deletion in osteoclasts and the molecular roles for small GTPases in osteoclast biology.
Theory of Mind and psychometric schizotypy.

Abstract The extent to which Theory of Mind impairments are a trait associated with schizotypy is unclear. To date, findings have been mixed. We compared two groups of psychometrically identified schizotypes, namely, those characterized by positive schizotypy (perceptual aberrations and magical ideation; n = 36) and those characterized by negative schizotypy (social anhedonia; n = 30) to a low schizotypy comparison group (n = 68) in terms of their Theory of Mind performance. Theory of Mind was assessed in two ways: a composite Hinting Task and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. The groups were also compared in terms of their self-reported levels of referential thinking. Our results indicate that individuals characterized by positive schizotypy show Theory of Mind deficits, as measured by the Hinting Task. The three groups did not differ in terms of the Eyes Test. Referential thinking was significantly associated with the Eyes Test but not the Hinting Task. Overall these findings suggest that different aspects of schizotypy are associated differentially with Theory of Mind deficits. The results also provide further rationale for the inclusion of multiple tasks when attempting to study multifaceted constructs such as Theory of Mind.
Evolving Epidemiology and Cost of Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents in Long-Term Care Facilities

Infections occur frequently in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and are the leading cause of hospital admissions and mortality among LTCF residents in the United States. The most frequently occurring infections involve the urinary tract, the respiratory tract, and skin and soft tissue. Although the causes of infections in this setting are historically associated with Gram-negative pathogens, recent data suggest an increasing prevalence of colonization and subsequent infection with Gram-positive organisms. Because of the advanced age of many LTCF residents, the high incidence of comorbid conditions, and the frequent use of antibiotics in the LTCF setting, multidrug-resistant pathogens are emerging as a prominent cause of infection. Although poor clinical outcomes have long been related to antimicrobial resistance, recent data acquired from both the hospital and LTCF settings reveal that the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is approximately twice as costly as infection related to the susceptible phenotype. An understanding of the prevalence and epidemiology of Gram-positive pathogens is necessary to formulate strategies to prevent, control, and treat infections caused by these organisms.
Darapladib: an emerging therapy for atherosclerosis

Despite a reduction in cardiovascular risk conferred by therapies that modify circulating lipids, a need remains for novel treatments to further decrease the occurrence of complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A(2) is an important regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation that circulates with lipoprotein particles and is carried into the arterial wall with low-density lipoprotein particles during the progression of atherosclerosis. Within the vessel wall, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A(2) releases small molecules that stimulate macrophage recruitment and evolution to foam cells, leading to plaque vulnerability. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that elevated circulating levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A(2) predict an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, whereas histologic examination of diseased human coronary arteries reveals intense presence of the enzyme in atherosclerotic plaques that are prone to rupture. These considerations suggest lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A(2) as a promising therapeutic target, and a specific inhibitor, darapladib, has been under development for this application. This review summarizes the completed preclinical and early phase clinical studies that underlie two recently commenced phase III clinical trials that will investigate the efficacy and safety of darapladib in nearly 13,000 individuals with coronary heart disease. When completed, these trials should provide important insights into the utility of darapladib to reduce myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death.
Galois Orbits of Principal Congruence Hecke Curves

It is shown that the natural action of the absolute Galois group on the ideals defining principal congruence subgroups of certain nonarithmetic Fuchsian triangle groups is compatible with its action on the algebraic curves that these congruence groups uniformize.
The Spectrum of Spontaneous Rifampin Resistance Mutations in the rpoB Gene of Bacillus subtilis 168 Spores Differs from That of Vegetative Cells and Resembles That of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mutations causing rifampin resistance in vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis 168 have thus far been mapped to a rather restricted set of alterations at either Q469 or H482 within cluster I of the rpoB gene encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase. In this study, we demonstrated that spores of B. subtilis 168 exhibit a spectrum of spontaneous rifampin resistance mutations distinct from that of vegetative cells. In addition to the rpoB mutations Q469K, Q469R, and H482Y previously characterized in vegetative cells, we isolated a new mutation of rpoB, H482R, from vegetative cells. Additional new rifampin resistance mutations arising from spores were detected at A478N and most frequently at S487L. The S487L change is the predominant change found in rpoB mutations sequenced from rifampin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The observations are discussed in terms of the underlying differences of the DNA environment within dormant cells and vegetatively growing cells.
Release Study of Sulfaethylthiadiazole (SETD) from a Tablet Dosage Form Prepared from Spray-Congealed Formulations of SETD and Wax

In vitro dissolution patterns of some spray-congealed products of sulfaethylthiadiazole-wax made into compressed tablets are reported. The tablets were made with a Carver laboratory press, employing a single force of compression and being approximately the same weight. The rate of release of sulfaethylthiadiazole (SETD) from the tablets was evaluated in acid pepsin medium and alkaline pancreatin medium using a rotating-bottle method. There was a gradual decrease in the amount of SETD released from the tablets as the concentration of sorbitan monooleate increased in the formulation, using acid pepsin medium. In alkaline pancreatin medium, an increase in the percentage of SETD released was noted as the concentration of surfactant increased. The mechanism of release of SETD appeared to be due to erosion, solubilization, and leaching of the drug from the tablet. The Higuchi model for drug release from inert matrices could describe the release pattern only for the initial few hours when apparently the variables other than the amount of drug released and time were essentially constant.
Electrophysiological evidence for reduced water flow from lacrimal gland acinar epithelium of NZB/NFW F1 mice.

One manifestation of dry eye is a reduction in tear volume. In mammals, much of the tear volume is thought to arise from the acinar secretory and duct cells of the lacrimal gland. The subjacent tissue of the gland contains reticular-like connective tissue with scattered lymphocytes. Plasma cells within the connective tissue produce IgA, which is sequestered intracellularly by acinar cells and processed and finally secreted into the lumen of the gland.1 Many other secretory products are generated by the acinar cells. Secretagogue-triggered vesicle release is the process used by acinar cells to secrete proteins.
Anticipatory optimization in domain specific translation

Combinatorial increases in programming productivity are possible by the introduction of high level operators and operands for composite data structures such as arrays, matrices, trees, record composites, etc. Such operators and operands can be composed to generate combinatorially many virtual components. However, the performance of such compositions is often inadequate because of code fragmentation and delocalization engendered by the building blocks. Attempts to automatically reorganize this code to optimize performance using conventional optimization strategies are usually impractical because of the large search spaces engendered. Anticipatory optimization (AO) is a method for compiling such compositions directly to optimized code without large search spaces and indeed, without any search space at all. The keys to AO are: distributed optimization plans expressed via code annotations; and transformation based optimization planning that concurrently reasons over the domain information, the generated program and the evolving optimization plan.
Stone Fruit Genetic Pool and Its Exploitation for Growing under Warm Winter Conditions

Peaches, plums, apricots, and cherries are temperate fruit crops that generally require a cold winter to break dormancy and produce fruit on a yearly basis. As these stone fruit species have spread around the world, however, genotypes have been selected for adaptation to more marginal, and even extreme, local environments by farmers and researchers. In marginal environments such as in mild winter regions of the world, locally selected well-adapted cultivars often do not possess commercially acceptable fruit quality. Starting with these poor quality but adapted cultivars, fruit breeders have developed and are developing commercially acceptable stone fruit cultivars suited to a wide range of mild winter conditions.
The relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) mutations and clinico-pathological features in non-small cell lung cancers

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1669 Purpose: Recent studies reported that clinical responsiveness to gefitinib was associated with somatic mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) gene in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Here, we investigated the relationship between EGFR mutation and clinico-pathological features. Experimental Design: EGFR mutational status of 131 NSCLCs was determined mainly in EGFR exons 18-21 by direct sequence and correlated with clinico-pathological parameters. Results: EGFR mutations were present in 41 cases (31%) and the majority of mutations were in-frame deletions of exon 19 (21 cases) and a missense mutation in exon 21 (19 cases). EGFR mutations were frequently associated with adenocarcinoma ( P < 0.0001), never smoker ( P < 0.0001), and female gender ( P = 0.0001). Of interest, increasing smoke exposure was inversely related to the rate of EGFR mutation ( P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that smoking and histology were independent variables. Twenty-three cases were treated with gefitinib and found that EGFR mutation was significantly related to gefitinib-responsiveness ( P = 0.0007). In addition, median survival times of patients with and without EGFR mutations treated with gefitinib were 25.1 and 14.0 months, respectively. Patients with EGFR mutations had approximately 2-fold survival advantage, however, the difference was not significant. Conclusions: We demonstrate that EGFR mutations were significantly related to histology and smoke exposure and were a strong predictive factor for gefitinib-responsiveness in NSCLC.