cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cell of origin of Hodgkin’s disease

Since the detailed descriptions by Sternberg [1] and Reed [2], Hodgkin’s disease has been recognized as a form of lymphoreticular malignancy with distinctive clinical and pathologic features [3]. The neoplastic cells of the disorder, i.e., the Sternberg-Reed cells and their mononuclear counterparts referred to as ‘Hogdkin’s cells’, are considered to be malignant on the basis of their characteristic aneuploidy and clonality (by marker chromosomes) [4, 5]. Unique to Hodgkin’s disease is the fact that such cells are distributed amidst a background of diverse cytologic types, all of which are apparently benign and ‘reactive’. Principal among them are lymphocytes, bland histiocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stromal’ cells. Hodgkin’s disease is thus a peculiar cancer in which the malignant cells only rarely comprise more than a small fraction of the bulk of the tumefaction. For this same reason, within the overall spectrum of Hodgkin’s disease, there is marked histologic diversity on the basis of which Jackson and Parker first proposed a subclassification of limited usefulness [6–9]. Far superior is the scheme later put forth by Lukes and Butler [10, 11] and subsequently popularized as the Rye subclassification [12].
Retained Localization Wire Fragments in the Breast: Long-term Follow-up.

Abstract Objective Historically, wire localization was the most widely utilized procedure for preoperative breast lesion localization. Occasionally a portion of the wire is retained in the breast. When recognized intraoperatively, the fragment can be removed immediately, but some cases are identified during post-surgical mammographic follow-up. There is little research detailing long-term stability of retained wire fragments, associated complications, or management options for cases requiring removal. We aimed to determine how often retained wire fragments remained stable, the frequency with which intervention was required, and methods available for fragment removal. Methods Following IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective review of patients with a retained wire localization fragment identified by EMR search seen at our institution between January 1990 and July 2019. Mammograms, localization images, specimen radiographs, and relevant clinical notes were reviewed. Information collected included breast tissue density, patient age, associated pathology, length of time the fragment was retained, presence and/or absence of fragment migration or other complications, and management of removed fragments. Results Eighteen eligible patients were identified with 19 retained wire fragments. Fragments ranged in length from 1 mm -33 mm. Twelve wire fragments had mammograms available to evaluate stability. All twelve fragments were stable mammographically for an average of 96.9 months. Seven wire fragments had no follow-up mammograms available. Eight wire fragments were surgically excised. None were excised due to migration. Conclusion Localization wire fragments retained in the breast are at low risk for clinically significant migration and can be safely followed mammographically rather than undergoing immediate surgical excision or imaging-guided percutaneous removal.
Cyber as a Service: Automating First Responders’ Service in the Cyberspace

Due to increasing number of attacks in the cyberspace that deals with different types of users, it is imperative that an automated responder service will be efficient to help the users detect and mitigate different types of attacks in their systems. In this research, we propose to replicate the framework of emergency responder service (911) of the physical space to the cyberspace. Towards this we propose a framework for Cyber-as-a-Service for end-users. In our proposed model, we have three entities: the Dispatch Center, the Guard, and the Client Software. These entities will communicate with each other to detect and extinguish any malicious activity on the host computer. The host machine will run a software that scans and detects any abnormal or malicious activity and communicates this activity to the Guard, which then replies with an executable resolution back to the host. Meanwhile, the Dispatch Center manages connections between hosts and Guards to ensure that hosts are connected to the optimal Guard. We propose algorithms that will place and distribute the Dispatch Center and the Guards. These algorithms allow for fair distribution of Guards, as well as balance the workload among the Guards. We propose the communication protocol that will take place between the Client software, Guards and the Dispatch Center. Our goal is to design the framework for Cyber-as-a-Service for everyday users in the cyberspace who do not have sufficient technical skills to manage tools to detect different attacks.
Optimal Nonholonomic Motion Planning for a Falling Cat

How does a falling cat change her orientation in midair without violating the angular momentum constraint? This has become an interesting question to both control engineers and robotists. In this paper, we address this problem together with a constructive solution. First, we show that a falling cat problem is equivalent to the constructive nonlinear controllability problem. Thus, the same principle and algorithm used by a falling cat can be used for space robotic applications such as reorientation of a satellite using rotors, attitude control of a space structure using internal motion and for other robotic tasks such as dextrous manipulation with multifingered robotic hands and nonholonomic motion planning for mobile robots. Then, using ideas from Ritz Approximation Theory we develop a simple algorithm for motion planning by a falling cat. Finally, we test the algorithm through simulation on two widely accepted models of a falling cat. It is interesting to note that one set of simulated trajectories is close to trajectories used by a real cat.
Genotyping of hepatitis A virus prevalent strains in Xinjiang Hetian of China in 2006

Objective To analysis the genotypes of wild type hepatitis A virus circulated in Xinjiang Hetian of China in 2006.Methods The Vp1-2A region of HAV genome was amplified and sequenced from serum samples collected in Xinjiang Hetian of China in 2006,and subjected to phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining (NJ)method.Results The nucleotide sequence differences in the VP1-2A region among Xinjiang Hetian HAV strains ranged from 0%-3.9%.all belonged to sub-genotype 1A.Genetically similar strains were identified among Xinjiang Hetian 2006 and Xinjiang Yili 2005 of China isolates.Only 0-2 amino acid differences were found among the Xinjiang Hetian HAV isolates in the VP1-2A region.Conclusion There were different HAV strains existing in the investigated arens,these strains may have different transmission pathways for the spread of the disease.The results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods in studying changes in the circulating HAV strains and in tracing transmission routes.and also for effectively control measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Key words: Hepatitis A virus; Genotype; Epidomiology,molecular
Zero-skew clock routing trees with minimum wirelength

The deferred-merge embedding (DME) algorithm is presented. In linear time, it embeds any given connection topology into the Manhattan plane to create a clock tree with zero skew while minimizing total wirelength. Experimental results show that the algorithm yields exact zero skew trees with 9% to 16% wirelength reduction over previous constructions. The DME algorithm may be applied to either the Elmore or the linear delay model and yields optimal total wirelength for linear delay. >
Thermal Applications of Microchannel Flows

There are several applications wherein high-heat-flux thermal transport is crucial to the reliable operation of devices, to increased efficiency of processes, and for miniaturization. Heat transport through microchannels provides an attractive method of removing such high heat fluxes. This chapter describes the basic theory of microchannel fluid flow and heat transport illustrating the distinct advantages of this technology for several process intensification applications, including those related to the aerospace industry. The state of current knowledge in single-phase and phase-change flows in microchannels is provided with an emphasis on the differences between thermal transport in conventional sized channels and microchannels. Practical considerations such as mitigation of flow maldistribution and/or flow oscillations and fabrication are also addressed. Several examples of use of microchannel technology in heat and mass transfer are provided. Keywords: Avogadro number; Knudsen number; microchannel; micromachining; Nusselt number; Peclet number; Prandtl number; subcooled region
A drawdown formula for stock trading via linear feedback in a market governed by Brownian Motion

Control of drawdown is one of the greatest concerns to both stock traders and portfolio managers. That is, one typically monitors “drops in wealth” over time from highs to subsequent lows, and investors often shy away from funds with a past history of large drawdowns. With this motivation in mind, this paper addresses the analysis of drawdown when a feedback control is employed in stock trading in an idealized market with prices governed by Geometric Brownian Motion. We begin with a result in the applied probability literature which is applicable to cases involving buy-and-hold. Subsequently, after modifying this result via an Ito correction to account for geometric compounding of the daily stock price, we consider the effect on drawdown when a simple pure-gain feedback control is used to vary the investment I(t) over time. That is, letting V (t) denoting the trader's account value at time t ≥ 0, when a feedback control I(t) = KV (t) is used to modify the amount invested, the buy-and-hold result no longer applies. Our first result is a formula for the expected value for the maximum drawdown in logarithmic wealth log(V (t)). This formula is given in terms of the feedback gain K, the price drift μ, the price volatility σ and terminal time T. Subsequently, using a fundamental relationship between logarithmic and percentage drawdowns, we obtain an estimate for the expected value of the maximum percentage drawdown of V (t). This paper also includes an analysis of the asymptotic behavior of this drawdown estimate as T → ∞ and Monte Carlo simulations aimed at validation of our estimates.
31P NMR spin-lattice relaxation: Structural glass dynamics in Rb1-x(ND4)xD2PO4.

We performed $^{31}\mathrm{P}$ NMR measurements of the temperature-dependent spin-lattice relaxation time in several mixed single crystals of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$(${\mathrm{ND}}_{4}$${)}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ [DRADP] having different ammonium concentration (x=0.22, 0.44, 0.78) as well as in three pure single crystals (${\mathrm{ND}}_{4}$)${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ [DADP], (${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$)${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ [ADP], and ${\mathrm{RbH}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ [RDP]. The $^{31}\mathrm{P}$ NMR spin-lattice relaxation-time measurements in mixed crystals show that the phosphorus nuclei are strongly influenced by the gradual slowing down of the motions of protons in the nearby O-D...O acid bonds in the structural spin-glass states. In addition to a common ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ minimum observed in all ammonium-containing systems, a second ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ minimum is observed in the temperature region of the glass transition in mixed spin-glass systems but not in pure ADP, DADP, or RDP. We attribute this lower temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ minimum to the extreme slowing down of the O-D...O intrabond motion, which is unique to the glass system. In addition, the correlation times and activation energies for the ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ minima in all samples were determined. A comparison between the pure and mixed systems reveals that the mixed system ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ minimum must be fit to a distribution of correlation functions but that each pure system requires only a single correlation function. Furthermore, measurements on systems having x=0.78 and 0.22 show that $^{31}\mathrm{P}$ NMR can be used to determine the threshold concentrations that characterize the glass phase.
Tissue specific expression of the human alpha-1-antitrypsin gene in transgenic mice

Normal and mutant human alpha-1-antitrypsin genes were cloned from a PiMZ heterozygous individual. Nucleotide sequence comparison demonstrated a T to C transition in exon III and an G to A transition in exon V of the PiZ gene. A 14.4 kb DNA fragment containing the entire PiM gene plus 2 kb of 5' and 3' flanking genomic DNA sequences was introduced into the germ line of mice and five F0 transgenic lines were established. Transgenic F1 progeny from F0 parents exhibited high levels of human alpha-1-antitrypsin protein in their plasma. The human gene was expressed primarily in liver of the transgenic mice as it is in man. However, expression of the human alpha-1-antitrypsin gene was also observed in kidneys of the transgenic mice, which led to the observation that the endogenous mouse gene is also expressed in the kidney. These data indicate that cis-acting elements within or proximal to the human alpha-1-antitrypsin gene are able to direct its in vivo transcription with a high degree of tissue specificity.
Effects of wafer noise on the detection of 20-nm defects using optical volumetric inspection

Patterning imperfections in semiconductor device fabrication may either be noncritical [e.g., line edge roughness (LER)] or critical, such as defects that impact manufacturing yield. As the sizes of the pitches and linewidths decrease in lithography, detection of the optical scattering from killer defects may be obscured by the scattering from other variations, called wafer noise. Understanding and separating these optical signals are critical to reduce false positives and overlooked defects. The effects of wafer noise on defect detection are assessed using volumetric processing on both measurements and simulations with the SEMATECH 9-nm gate intentional defect array. Increases in LER in simulation lead to decreases in signal-to-noise ratios due to wafer noise. Measurement procedures illustrate the potential uses in manufacturing while illustrating challenges to be overcome for full implementation. Highly geometry-dependent, the ratio of wafer noise to defect signal should continue to be evaluated for new process architectures and production nodes.
Malignant lymphoma and nephrotic syndrome

The occasional association of nephrotic syndrome and malignant lymphoma has been observed. This report describes the renal findings in one child with Hodgkin's disease and nephrotic syndrome and in another child with Burkitt's lymphoma and nephrotic syndrome. In the first case, the glomerular lesion progressed from "light-negative" glomerulopathy through a diffuse glomerulitis to a focal proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunoglobulin and C3 and C4 deposits were noted. Glomerular subendothelial electron-dense deposits were present. Round virus-like particles were also observed. The patient with Burkitt's lymphoma had a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, fluorescence microscopy findings similar to those of the first case, and massive glomerular subendothelial, loose, electron-dense deposits. It is postulated that the glomerulonephritis may be of immunologic etiology involving tumor-specific antigens or persistent oncogenic or passenger viral antigens.
Modeling of large-aperture third-harmonic frequency conversion of high-power Nd:glass laser systems

To provide high-energy, high-power beams at short wavelengths for inertial-confinement-fusion experiments the authors rountinely converted the 1.053-micrometers output of the Nova, Nd:phosphate-glass, laser system to its third-harmonic wavelength. We describe performance and conversion efficiency modeling of the 3 X 3 arrays potassium-dihydrogen-phosphate crystal plates used for type II/type II phase-matched harmonic conversion of Nova 0.74-m diameter beams, and an alternate type I/type II phase-matching configuration that improves the third-harmonic conversion efficiency. These arrays provide energy conversion of up to 65% and intensity conversion to 70%.
Effects of thermal therapy on intervertebral discs: investigations using a miniaturized RF heating probe in a small animal model (Invited Paper)

Several studies have suggested that thermal therapy has a beneficial effect on degenerated intervertebral discs. Possible therapeutic mechanisms include collagen denaturation, cell ablation, and nerve tissue coagulation, however the precise mechanism or combination of mechanisms is unknown. To investigate the in vivo effects of thermal therapy on intervertebral discs using a murine model, a monopolar RF heating probe was developed and characterized. In addition, the effect size of several different thermal exposures was investigated by quantifying regions of cell death and collagen denaturation in rat discs. The heating probes were fabricated to have a 0.3mm outer diameter, 0.9mm exposed heating tip, and contain a thermocouple to monitor probe temperature. Using less than 2 Watts of RF energy produced high temperatures close to the probe and a steep radial temperature falloff. Five discs were treated at each of seven thermal exposures: 80°C for 10min, 80°C for 1min, 75°C for 5min, 62°C for 10min, 55°C for 15min, 48°C for 15min, and 48°C for 5min. A cell death region was observed in all treated discs and was significantly greater at the 80°C for 10min exposure than any of the lower exposures. Denaturation area was significantly greater at the 80°C for 10min exposure than at the four lowest temperature exposures. Denaturation was not observed in the 48°C exposures and was inconsistent in the 55°C and 62°C exposures. These results demonstrate that it is possible to limit and target the effects of thermal therapy to a portion of the murine disc using this RF probe.
Silencing of claudin-11 is associated with increased invasiveness of gastric cancer cells.

Background: Claudins are membrane proteins that play critical roles in tight junction (TJ) formation and function. Members of the claudin gene family have been demonstrated to be aberrantly regulated, and to participate in the pathogenesis of various human cancers. In the present study, we report that claudin-11 (CLDN11) is silenced in gastric cancer via hypermethylation of its promoter region. Methodology/Principal Findings: Levels of CLDN11 methylation and mRNA expression were measured in primary gastric cancer tissues, noncancerous gastric mucosae, and cell lines of gastric origin using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) and quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR), respectively. Analyses of paired gastric cancers and adjacent normal gastric tissues revealed hypermethylation of the CLDN11 promoter region in gastric cancers, and this hypermethylation was significantly correlated with downregulation of CLDN11 expression vs. normal tissues. The CLDN11 promoter region was also hypermethylated in all gastric cancer cell lines tested relative to immortalized normal gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, CLDN11 mRNA expression was inversely correlated with its methylation level. Treatment of CLDN11-nonexpressing gastric cancer cells with 5-aza-29-deoxycytidine restored CLDN11 expression. Moreover, siRNAmediated knockdown of CLDN11 expression in normal gastric epithelial cells increased their motility and invasiveness. Conclusions/Significance: These data suggest that hypermethylation of CLDN11, leading to downregulated expression, contributes to gastric carcinogenesis by increasing cellular motility and invasiveness. A further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the role of claudin proteins in gastric carcinogenesis will likely help in the identification of novel approaches for diagnosis and therapy of gastric cancer.
Dependence of diffusive radiative transfer on grain-size, temperature, and Fe-content: Implications for mantle processes

Abstract Locally diffusive, radiative heat transport inside the earth is represented by an effective thermal conductivity ( k rad,dif ), calculated from spectra. Previous geophysical models assumed that emissivity ( ξ ) equals unity, which violates local radiative equilibrium in an internally heated, grainy medium. Our new formulation accounts for ξ depending on frequency, physical scattering depending on grain-size ( d ), and for light lost through back-reflections at interfaces. Mantle values of k rad,dif are estimated from recent visible spectra of olivine combined with new IR data. The following trends hold for k rad,dif calculated from olivine spectra, and should be equally valid for pyroxene and spinel: (1) pressure is unimportant, (2) radiative thermal conductivity depends non-linearly on d , temperature ( T ), and Fe 2+ content ( X ), (3) maxima occur in k rad,dif ( d ) when the grains are large enough to emit substantially, but not so large that light is strongly attenuated within a single-grain, (4) the dependence of k rad,dif on Fe 2+ content parallels that with d because absorption is controlled by the product dX (Beer's law), and (5) a local minimum occurs in k rad,dif near 2000 K for d > 2 mm because at that temperature the peak position of the blackbody curve coincides with that of the strongly absorbing Fe 2+ peak in the visible. Larger k rad,dif exists at lower and higher temperatures because mean free paths are long in the transmitting near-IR and UV spectral regions. As integration smooths over spectral details, the above representation based on olivine becomes increasingly accurate for other phases as grain-size decreases. For conditions expected in the transition zone, ∂ k rad,dif /∂ T is negative, which is destabilizing [Dubuffet, F., Yuen, D.A., Rainey, E.S.G., 2002. Controlling thermal chaos in the mantle by positive feedback from radiative thermal conductivity. Nonlinear Proc. Geophys. 9, 1–13]. In the lower mantle, photon transport dominates phonon, promoting stable, weak convection. That radiative transfer is linked to chemical composition and grain-size suggests that this process impacts planetary evolution through the non-linear feedback with rheology.
Ribosomal RNA gene amplification in tetrahymena may be associated with chromosome breakage and DNA elimination

The chromosomal DNA sequence adjacent to one end of the single ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) in the micronucleus of Tetrahymena has been isolated by cloning. Using this sequence as a hybridization probe the organization of the same sequence in the somatic macronucleus has been examined. The restriction enzyme digestion maps of this sequence in the two nuclei are very different. Detailed mapping studies suggest that a chromosome break has occurred near the junction between the rDNA and the neighboring sequence during the formation of the macronucleus. As a result the flanking sequence is located near a free chromosome end in the macronucleus. The existence of such a linear DNA end has also been shown by digestion with the exonuclease Bal 31. In addition to the breakage, some sequences at this junction are found to be eliminated from the macronucleus. This observation has been interpreted in relation to the mechanism of rDNA amplification, which in Tetrahymena generates extrachromosomal rDNA molecules during macronucleus development.
Assessing key dimensions to effective innovation implementation in interorganizational project teams: an Integrated Project Delivery case

This research examines the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry's use of the contractually followed Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) format as an administrative innovation to reduce inefficiencies and fragmentation in ventures involving multiple agents and contractors. A promising integrative theoretical framework, developed by Klein and Sorra [The challenge of innovation implementation. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1055–80], emphasizes two constructs in the successful implementation of innovative organizational processes: climate and value-fit. This paper presents an IPD case study via the lens of Klein and Sorra's model to: test the model's fit to interorganizational AEC project teams; bring insights to effective implementation of IPD as an innovation; and expand our understanding of administrative innovations' implementation. The case study provided a unique opportunity to this research as five months into the project, the owner decided to give up IPD and revert to a more fam...
Effects of Mn on the Precipitation Behaviors in High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

Precipitation behaviors of Fe-18Cr-12Mn-0.48N and Fe-18Cr-18Mn-0.43N high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels isothermally aged at 800°C were investigated by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that precipitation both display discontinuous cellular way and the major precipitates are both M2N phases accompanied by scattered M23C6 phases at grain boundary in the experimental steels. Increment of Mn content can not change the precipitation way and precipitation type. Increment of Mn content makes M2N precipitates obviously increase and increment of Mn and C contents makes M23C6 precipitates increase.
Human papillomavirus awareness among HIV-infected drug users in two urban areas:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical and anal cancer. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cocaine use are associated with increased risk for HPV infection and associated diseases, but little is known about HIV-infected drug users' awareness of HPV. We investigate HPV awareness among HIV-infected, sexually-active crack cocaine users from two inner-city hospitals in Florida and Georgia during their inpatient stays. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine potential correlates of HPV awareness. We interviewed 215 participants (110 women; 105 men) about their awareness of HPV infection. Overall, only 25% of respondents reported having heard of HPV. The odds of having heard of HPV were greater for respondents having a high-school degree or higher, having ever gone to an HIV provider for HIV care, and having two or more sexual partners. Despite increased susceptibility to HPV infection and HPV-related cancers, our study findings suggest that sexually-active HIV-infected crack cocaine users have little awareness of HPV and highlight the need for programmes targeting HPV education for HIV-infected crack cocaine drug users.
Managing Student Behavior in Urban Classrooms The Role of Teacher ABC Assessments

(2005). Managing Student Behavior in Urban Classrooms The Role of Teacher ABC Assessments. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 16-20.
Modelling of rapid solidification by melt spinning: effect of heat transfer in the cooling substrate

Abstract An improved control volume integral method has been developed for the numerical modelling of heat transfer during the melt-spinning process. The heat transfers both inside the melt and in the substrate are incorporated directly in the numerical models. Several parametric studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of the heat transfer in the wheel, of the melt material and of the superheat level on the solidification characteristics, and in particular on the interface velocity and on the cooling rate at the interface. The calculations show also that the local substrate surface temperature may increase under the solidification puddle by several hundred kelvins, even for a copper wheel, and this surface temperature increase is found to have a significant impact on the solidification process. We believe that it is essential to include the surface heating factor in numerical models of melt spinning and other rapid solidification processes relying on direct contact with a solid substrate.
An improved echo planar reconstruction method

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, the echo planar method is used for fast scanning. Using conventional reconstruction methods, it requires twice as much data as Cartesian coordinate scanning due to sparse sampling on the edges of the Fourier plane. A noniterative reconstruction method is derived that requires only as much data as the Cartesian case. It operates by exactly interpolating bandlimited echo planar data into Cartesian coordinate data. In order to determine the loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to faster operation, simulations are made comparing the new algorithm to a control algorithm that uses the conventional amount of data. It is found that with the new method scanning can be done twice as fast with 46% of the conventional SNR. >
Predictive Discordancy Tests for Exponential Observations

Using a Bayesian approach, unconditional and conditional predictive testing procedures are proposed for the detection of discordant observations for the translated exponential distribution in the presence of censored observations. Une approche bayesienne est utilisee afin de proposer des tests non-conditionnels et conditionnels de prediction pour detecter des observations discordantes. On traite le cas d'observations censurees provenant d'une loi exponentielle translatee.
The Texas Breakfast Intervention Project: Introduction ‘of Ultrafine 100% White Whole Wheat to Improve Nutrient Profile

Abstract The purpose of this study was to increase implementation of the Dietary Guidelines (DG) in school breakfasts in Texas. Previous investigation indicated that the fiber content of school meals in Texas is low, and the fat content, especially saturated fat, is high. We conducted a visual plate waste analysis of over 800 children in Texas for eight weeks. During baseline (two weeks), children were fed standard breakfast items, averaging 0.5g fiber/day and 17.9g fat/day (7.4g saturated). For the following six weeks, products made with 100% ultrafine white whole wheat flour and lowfat items replaced regular fare (3.8g fiber/d, 9.5g fat/d, 3.5g saturated fat/d). Ultrafine white whole wheat flour is nutritionally similar to 100% red wheat, but bakes like refined white flour. Analysis of Variance was used to compare intake of experimental and baseline foods. Children accepted the grain-based experimental foods. Favorites were lowfat sausage, whole wheat cinnamon rolls, and whole wheat french toast. Children consumed lowfat milk as well as whole milk. Improving school breakfast by substituting familiar foods having superior nutritional profile is an effective technique for implementing the DG.
Delayed cell cycle progression from SEPW1 depletion is p53- and p21-dependent in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Selenium (Se) is an essential redox-active trace element with close connections to cancer. Most of Se’s biological functions have been attributed to the antioxidant properties of Se-containing proteins. However, the relative contribution of selenoproteins and small Se compounds in cancer protection is still a matter of debate. The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer and is often referred to as the “guardian of the genome”. In response to genomic stresses, p53 causes cell cycle arrest to allow time for genomic damage to be repaired before cell division or induces apoptosis to eliminate irreparably damaged cells. Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a highly conserved small thioredoxin-like protein required for cell cycle progression. The present work shows that SEPW1 facilitates the G1 to S-phase transition by down-regulating expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. SEPW1 controls p21 by modulating levels of the p53 transcription factor, and this is associated with changes in phosphorylation of Ser-33 in p53. More work is needed to identify the mechanism by which SEPW1 regulates phosphorylation of Ser-33 and the kinase or phosphatase enzymes involved.
Effects of a Clay Supplement on Body Weight Increment, Bones, and Teeth of Rats:

Rats fed a non-heat-processed, wheat flour-containing ration were retarded in growth and exhibited pathologic changes in the tibias and alveolar bone. A supplement of 1% to 4% clay or 4% salt mixture caused an increase in body weight and prevented the pathologic changes. A supplement of 0.3% CaCO3 and 0.165% NaHCO3 (which provided calcium and sodium in amounts equivalent to that in the 4% clay supplement) prevented the pathologic changes and promoted a weight increment only slightly less than that obtained with the 4% clay supplement.
Computational modeling of city formation

Although a burst of recent research in economics has examined how industries form, a majority of it considers highly simplified models. In this paper, we use computational modeling techniques to expand from traditional, simple, analytically tractable economic models to more complex two dimensional landscapes. Using the basic theories developed in earlier research, we examine what factors cause cities to emerge, including: transportation costs, the percentage of workers in a population, and the elasticity of substitution. These three factors should cause workers and firms to agglomerate, causing cities to emerge out of a scattered population.
Triadic interactions among Macaca radiata: Passports and buffers.

Male members of a group of captive Macaca radiata at the California Primate Research Center held and carried infants as they approached or were approached by higher-ranking males and as they were threatened by other males. Male infants between the ages of 25 and 84 weeks were involved in triadic interactions more frequently than were female infants of any age or male infants of other ages. That males were less likely to be harassed while huddling with or embracing infants suggested that infants provided an effective buffer against aggression.
Estradiol and the relationship between dendritic spines, NR2B containing NMDA receptors, and the magnitude of long-term potentiation at hippocampal CA3–CA1 synapses

When circulating estrogen levels decline as a natural consequence of menopause and aging in women, there is an increased incidence of deficits in working memory. In many cases, these deficits are rescued by estrogen replacement therapy. These clinical data therefore highlight the importance of defining the biological pathways linking estrogen to the cellular substrates of learning and memory. It has been known for nearly two decades that estrogen enhances dendritic spine density on apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampus, a brain region required for learning. Interestingly, at synapses between CA3-CA1 pyramidal cells, estrogen has also been shown to enhance synaptic NMDA receptor current and the magnitude of long-term potentiation, a cellular correlate of learning and memory. Given that synapse density, NMDAR function, and long-term potentiation at CA3-CA1 synapses in hippocampus are associated with normal learning, it is likely that modulation of these parameters by estrogen facilitates the improvement in learning observed in rats, primates and humans following estrogen replacement. To facilitate the design of clinical strategies to potentially prevent or reverse the age-related decline in learning and memory during menopause, the relationship between the estrogen-induced morphological and functional changes in hippocampus must be defined and the role these changes play in facilitating learning must be elucidated. The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the proposed mechanisms by which this hormone increases synaptic function and in doing so, it briefly addresses potential mechanisms contributing to the estrogen-induced increase in synaptic morphology and plasticity, as well as important future directions.
Dynamics of ligand binding from 13C NMR relaxation dispersion at natural abundance.

We show that Carr−Purcell−Meiboom−Gill (CPMG) 13Cα NMR relaxation dispersion measurements are a viable means for profiling μs−ms ligand dynamics involved in receptor binding. Critically, the dispersion is at natural 13C abundance; this matches typical pharmaceutical research settings in which ligand isotope-labeling is often impractical. The dispersion reveals ligand 13Cα nuclei that experience μs−ms modulation of their chemical shifts due to binding. 13Cα shifts are dominated by local torsion angles ϕ, ψ, χ1; hence, these experiments identify flexible torsion angles that may assist complex formation. Since the experiments detect the ligand, they are viable even in the absence of a receptor structure. The μs−ms dynamic information gained helps establish flexibility−activity relationships. We apply these experiments to study the binding of a phospho-peptide substrate ligand to the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1.
Scrotal flap urethroplasty in the primary management of the "watering-can perineum".

Summary— In 12 patients a primary first-stage scrotal flap urethroplasty was used to treat watering-can perinea. The generous scrotal flap is fixed by a single nylon suture to the bladder neck. The method permits better dependent drainage than can be provided by a suprapubic cystostomy.
Structures of the Class D Carbapenemases OXA-23 and OXA-146: Mechanistic Basis of Activity against Carbapenems, Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins, and Aztreonam

ABSTRACT Class D β-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems such as imipenem and doripenem are a recognized danger to the efficacy of these “last-resort” β-lactam antibiotics. Like all known class D carbapenemases, OXA-23 cannot hydrolyze the expanded-spectrum cephalosporin ceftazidime. OXA-146 is an OXA-23 subfamily clinical variant that differs from the parent enzyme by a single alanine (A220) inserted in the loop connecting β-strands β5 and β6. We discovered that this insertion enables OXA-146 to bind and hydrolyze ceftazidime with an efficiency comparable to those of other extended-spectrum class D β-lactamases. OXA-146 also binds and hydrolyzes aztreonam, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin with higher efficiency than OXA-23 and preserves activity against doripenem. In this study, we report the X-ray crystal structures of both the OXA-23 and OXA-146 enzymes at 1.6-A and 1.2-A resolution. A comparison of the two structures shows that the extra alanine moves a methionine (M221) out of its normal position, where it forms a bridge over the top of the active site. This single amino acid insertion also lengthens the β5-β6 loop, moving the entire backbone of this region further away from the active site. A model of ceftazidime bound in the active site reveals that these two structural alterations are both likely to relieve steric clashes between the bulky R1 side chain of ceftazidime and OXA-23. With activity against all four classes of β-lactam antibiotics, OXA-146 represents an alarming new threat to the treatment of infections caused by Acinetobacter spp.
Marmoset fine B cell and T cell epitope specificities mapped onto a homology model of the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.

Aberrant association of autoantibodies with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an integral membrane protein of the central nervous system (CNS) myelin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sensitization of nonhuman primates (Callithrix jacchus marmosets) against the nonglycosylated, recombinant N-terminal domain of rat MOG (residues 1-125) reproduces an MS-like disease in which MOG-specific autoantibodies directly mediate demyelination. To assess the interrelationship between MOG structure and the induction of autoimmune CNS diseases and to enable structure-based rational design of therapeutics, a homology model of human MOG(2-120) was constructed based on consensus residues found in immunoglobulin superfamily variable-type proteins having known structures. Possible sites for posttranslational modifications and dimerization have also been identified and analyzed. The B cell and T cell epitopes have been identified in rat MOG-immunized marmosets, and these sequences are observed to map primarily onto accessible regions in the model, which may explain their ability to generate potent antibody responses.
Improvising masculinity: African American fraternity membership in the construction of a black masculinity

Begun as an exploration of the meaning and function of fraternity membership in the lives of African American men on a predominantly white campus, the interview data revealed the important role the fraternity played in the construction of a unique masculine identity. This identity is connected both to Connell’s (1997) model of hegemonic masculinity and to the model of Afrocentric socialization found in Akbar (1990) and W. Oliver (1989), among others. The content of this identity forms a sort of amalgamation masculinity which incorporates the sometimes contradictory social locations (race, class, and gender) of the fraternity members.
Validation of a pediatric voice quality-of-life instrument: the pediatric voice outcome survey.

Objective: To validate a parent proxy instrument to study the voice-related quality of life (VR-QOL) for the pediatric population. Methods: The voice outcome survey (VOS) was administered to 108 caregivers of children aged 2 to 18 years, who either had a tracheotomy or had achieved surgical decannulation. The VOS was altered so that each item was addressed to the parent proxy as opposed to the child. A scoring paradigm was developed to report the scores on a range of 0 to 100. Structural properties of the instrument examined include validity, reliability, and principal component analysis. The VOS was then revised to suit the results of this analysis. Results: The mean ± SD (range) score for the pediatric VOS was 49.8 ± 27. (0-100). Reliability analysis and principal component analysis supported the reduction of 1 item from the final pediatric VOS. The revised instrument demonstrated an overall Cronbach a value of .86. Substratification by age revealed robust Cronbach a values from ages 2 to 18 years. Construct validity analysis also supported statistical significance (P=.004). Principal component analysis of the revised instrument supports its internal structure and design. Conclusions: The pediatric VOS is a simple, short, health status instrument designed to measure the VR-QOL in the pediatric population. Cross-sectional analysis suggests that children and adolescents with tracheotomies have a poorer VR-QOL than do those who have achieved decannulation.
EFFECTS OF THYMOSIN ON CYTOTOXICITY AND VIRUS PRODUCTION IN AKR MICE

The cytotoxic potential and ability to produce endogenous ecotropic virus(es) of thymic-, splenic-, and lymph node-derived lymphocytes were significantly (and differentially) altered following thymosin treatment of young (nonleukemic) and aged (preleukemic) AKR mice. Thymosin administration markedly enhanced the cytotoxic potential of both splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from aged animals, but effected a moderate increase only in the spleens of young mice. Thymosin enhanced the production of endogenous virus(es) by thymocytes from aged mice, with the opposite effect noted in young animals. Splenectomy generally reduced the cytotoxic activity and virus titers of lymphocytes from both groups, and thymosin administration further reduced the cytotoxic response. These findings probably reflect overall effects on both regulatory lymphocyte subpopulations and different endogenous viruses in young and aged mice.
Combined trabeculectomy, cataract extraction, and foldable lens implantation

Abstract The efficacy of foldable silicone intraocular lenses in combined glaucoma/cataract surgery was retrospectively analyzed in 19 consecutive operations. Preoperatively all patients were receiving medical treatment for glaucoma; 21% had intraocular pressures above 21 mm Hg despite the medical therapy. Postoperatively, reduction of intraocular pressure to 21 mm Hg or less was achieved in 84% of eyes, with 58% requiring no antiglaucoma medications. Mean improvement of Suellen visual acuity was 4.9 lines; 84% of eyes achieved a final acuity of 20/40 or better. Median follow-up was 59 weeks (range 25 to 88 weeks). Thirteen eyes (68%) had a filtration bleb present when last examined. These preliminary results suggest that foldable silicone IOLs are an effective alternative to poly(methyl methacrylate) lenses in combined glaucoma/cataract surgery.
The Gr1 macrophages are the primary producers of pro-inflammatory cytokines following burn injury

Control 0.837/0.010# 1.121/0.142 1.488/0.302# 0.133/0.021# NPT 0.028/0.019 0.567/0.447 0.019/0.011 0.020/0.011 Plasma Control 0.042/0.002# 0.021/0.002# 0.425/0.146# 0.020/0.004# NPT 0.007/0.002 0.004/0.001 0.012/0.004 0.007/0.001 TNF-a tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL interleukin; # p0.05. CONCLUSIONS: NPT-induced reduction of intra-peritoneal inflammation reduces systemic inflammation. We speculate that this reduction in SIRS will reduce the incidence of multiple systems organ failure and improve clinical outcome.
Correction of prognathism with fixed and removable partial dentures

Prognathism in those patients for whom surgical orthodontic procedures are contraindicated can be successfully treated by the use of fixed and removable partial denture prosthodontics. Careful neuromuscular evaluation of the patient is necessary for the success of the treatment rendered. The nonsurgical treatment of prognathism by this method was described.
Differential biodistribution of intravenously administered endothelial progenitor and cytotoxic T-cells in rat bearing orthotopic human glioma

A major challenge in the development of cell based therapies for glioma is to deliver optimal number of cells (therapeutic dose) to the tumor. Imaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been used in cell tracking and/or biodistribution studies. In this study, we evaluate the dynamic biodistribution of systemic injected labeled cells [human cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)] in rat glioma model with in vivo SPECT imaging. Human cord blood EPCs, T-cells and CD14+ cells (monocytes/dendritic cells) were isolated using the MidiMACS system. CD14+ cells were converted to dendritic cells (DC) and also primed with U251 tumor cell line lysate. T-cells were co-cultured with irradiated primed DCs at 10:1 ratio to make CTLs. Both EPCs and CTLs were labeled with In-111-oxine at 37°C in serum free DMEM media. Glioma bearing animals were randomly assigned into three groups. In-111 labeled cells or In-111 oxine alone were injected through tail vein and SPECT imaging was performed on day 0, 1, and 3. In-111 oxine activity in various organs and tumor area was determined. Histochemical analysis was performed to further confirm the migration and homing of injected cells at the tumor site. EPCs and CTLs showed an In-111 labeling efficiency of 87.06 ± 7.75% and 70.8 ± 12.9% respectively. Initially cell migration was observed in lung following inravenous administration of In-111 labeled cells and decreased on day 1 and 3, which indicate re-distribution of labeled cells from lung to other organs. Relatively higher In-111 oxine activity was observed in tumor areas at 24 hours in animals received In-111 labeled cells (EPCs or CTLs). Histiological analysis revealed iron positive cells in and around the tumor area in animals that received labeled cells (CTLs and EPCs). We observed differential biodistribution of In-111-oxine labeled EPCs and CTLs in different organs and intracranial glioma. This study indicates In-111 oxine based SPECT imaging is an effective tool to study the biodistribution of therapeutically important cells.
Some additional chromosome numbers in the Linaceae

Chromosome counts, mostly new, are presented for twenty-seven taxa inLinum, Hesperolinon, andSclerolinon, and their taxonomic significance is briefly discussed.
Gravitational radiation from cosmological phase transitions

La cavitation au cours d'une transition de phase du premier ordre peut avoir donne naissance a un rayonnement gravitationnel. On propose une evaluation du spectre du fond stochastique resultant, sa variation avec les parametres qui gouvernent la transition de phase et les possibilites de son observation