cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel N4 Bacteriophages Prevail in the Cold Biosphere

Coliphage N4 is a lytic bacteriophage discovered nearly half a century ago, and it was considered to be a “genetic orphan” until very recently, when several additional N4-like phages were discovered to infect nonenteric bacterial hosts. Interest in this genus of phages is stimulated by their unique genetic features and propagation strategies. To better understand the ecology of N4-like phages, we investigated the diversity and geographic patterns of N4-like phages by examining 56 Chesapeake Bay viral communities, using a PCR-clone library approach targeting a diagnostic N4-like DNA polymerase gene. Many new lineages of N4-like phages were found in the bay, and their genotypes shift from the lower to the upper bay. Interestingly, signature sequences of N4-like phages were recovered only from winter month samples, when water temperatures were below 4°C. An analysis of existing metagenomic libraries from various aquatic environments supports the hypothesis that N4-like phages are most prolific in colder waters. In particular, a high number of N4-like phages were detected in Organic Lake, Antarctica, a cold and hypersaline system. The prevalence of N4-like phages in the cold biosphere suggests these viruses possess yet-to-be-determined mechanisms that facilitate lytic infections under cold conditions.
A decade of processing end of life IT equipment - lessons learned at the IBM/sub /spl trade// Endicott asset recovery center

Since 1994, the asset recovery center in Endicott, NY has processed over 300 million pounds of returned end of life computer equipment. During the ten years, the operation has successively built on its experiences and competencies to change the scope of its services. It has transformed itself from a basic asset protection and commodity recovery process that handled only IBM's internal assets to an operation that now offers product end of life services to external customers as well, including parts harvesting and broker sales processes. Some of the changes, such as increasing commodity recoveries and operational productivity improvements, have been the result of internal optimization efforts. Other changes have been driven by specific customer requirements, the availability or capability of recycling/reclamation processes, and environmental and legislative influences. This paper highlights and discusses some of the challenges, changes, and lessons learned during the growth and transformation of the operation over the past ten years.
Increasing bystander CPR: potential of a one question telecommunicator identification algorithm

Objectives Telecommunicators use a two-question algorithm to identify cardiac arrest: Is the individual conscious? Is the individual breathing normally? Although this approach increases arrest identification and consequently bystander CPR, the strategy does not identify all arrests and requires time to complete. We evaluated the implications of a one-question strategy that inquired only about consciousness.
In the beginning: a personal reminiscence on the origin and legacy of ClC-0, the ‘Torpedo Cl− channel’

This unapologetically subjective essay recalls the Torpedo Cl– channel in the years when it had neither a molecular identity nor proper name (ClC-0), and membership in a large superfamily. I discuss the circumstances surrounding its discovery and subsequent research through the 1980s that revealed its unusual molecular architecture and other strange mechanistic characteristics.
Aquifer Heterogeneity Characterization with Oscillatory Pumping: Sensitivity Analysis and Imaging Potential

[1] Periodic pumping tests, in which a fluid is extracted during half a period, then reinjected, have been used historically to estimate effective aquifer properties. In this work, we suggest a modified approach to periodic pumping test analysis in which one uses several periodic pumping signals of different frequencies as stimulation, and responses are analyzed through inverse modeling using a “steady-periodic” model formulation. We refer to this strategy as multifrequency oscillatory hydraulic imaging. Oscillating pumping tests have several advantages that have been noted, including no net water extraction during testing and robust signal measurement through signal processing. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate additional distinct advantages that multifrequency stimulations have, including: (1) drastically reduced computational cost through use of a steady-periodic numerical model and (2) full utilization of the aquifer heterogeneity information provided by responses at different frequencies. We first perform fully transient numerical modeling for heterogeneous aquifers and show that equivalent results are obtained using a faster steady-periodic heterogeneous numerical model of the wave phasor. The sensitivities of observed signal response to aquifer heterogeneities are derived using an adjoint state-based approach, which shows that different frequency stimulations provide complementary information. Finally, we present an example 2-D application in which sinusoidal signals at multiple frequencies are used as a data source and are inverted to obtain estimates of aquifer heterogeneity. These analyses show the different heterogeneity information that can be obtained from different stimulation frequencies, and that data from several sinusoidal pumping tests can be rapidly inverted using the steady-periodic framework.
Influence of Macronutrients and Polyethylene Glycol on Intake of a Quebracho Tannin Diet by Sheep and Goats

We determined if supplemental macronutrients or polyethylene glycol (PEG) influenced intake of a tannin diet. Sheep (lambs 5 mo age, 36 kg) and goats (kids 7 mo age, 32 kg) were fed supplements high in either energy or protein or offered a choice between the two supplements before and after receiving a meal containing 15% quebracho tannin. The effect of PEG, a compound that attenuates the negative effects of tannins, was assessed by offering PEG while animals consumed the tannin diet for 4 h/d. Intake of the tannin diet was influenced by both macronutrients and PEG. Animals that chose their own supplements or that received the high-protein supplement, consumed more of the tannin diet than animals fed the high-energy supplement: 34 and 36 vs 31 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 41 and 39 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented with PEG ate much more of the tannin diet than unsupplemented animals: 70 vs 39 g/kg(0.75) (lambs) and 63 vs 34 g/kg(0.75) (kids), respectively (P < 0.001). Sheep and goats consumed more tannin food when given PEG than when supplemented with macronutrients (51 and 38 g/kg(0.75), P < 0.001). Sheep and goats offered a choice between supplements consumed more CP than animals fed the high-energy supplement and more ME than animals fed the high-protein supplement (P < 0.05). In so doing, they selected a combination of foods that yielded a more balanced intake of macronutrients, while achieving high levels of intake of the tannin food. Sheep and goats can be used as an environmentally safe and economically sound means to reduce the abundance of tannin-rich vegetation. Macronutrients and PEG enhance use of tannin-containing plants, which may increase production of alternate forages and create a more diverse mix of species in a plant community.
Recent Advances in Ultraviolet Laser Technology

The successful development of reliable UV lasers based on electrical pumping of rare gas halogen mixtures has lead to an increasing array of commercial and research applications that has served to further speed the development of these devices. Commercial applications which range from semiconductor processing to arterial reconstruction have driven the development of more efficient, more reliable, more versatile and eventually less costly laser devices. Research applications in atomic physics and plasma physics have led to interests in aperture scaling and short pulse operation of excimer lasers. At Los Alamos, development programs address high power discharge lasers, high energy E-beam lasers and efficient methods of achieving tunability of the laser output.
Design, control and operation of the vacuum and gas systems for Alcator C-Mod

The torus vacuum system for the Alcator C-Mod tokamak is composed of two 1000 l/s vertical axis turbomolecular pumps and one 8" cryogenic pump. Since the vacuum vessel port connections are inside a liquid nitrogen dewar and are subjected to large temperature gradients during cooling, a double seal arrangement with inner Helicoflex seals and outer indium coated copper seals has been implemented. The gas fueling system provides mixtures of six supply gases to an array of fill valves with complete flexibility of gas mixture and feed location. Fully remote operation and monitoring of the vacuum and gas systems is required and has been implemented using a programmable logic controller. Design details, test results and operational experience are presented.
Ceratopsia increase: history and trends1

The taxonomic history of the Ceratopsia began in 1876 with the description of Monoclonius crassus Cope followed in 1889 by Triceratops horridus Marsh. After a peak of discovery and description in the 1910s and 1920s resulting from the Canadian dinosaur rush in the province of Alberta and the Central Asiatic Expeditions to Mongolia of the American Museum of Natural History, the study of ceratopsians declined to a low level until the 1990s, when discoveries in China, Montana, Utah, Alberta, and elsewhere, abetted by increased biostratigraphic and phylogenetic precision, led to an unprecedented resurgence of activity. Even Richard C. Fox, along with colleagues from Peking University, joined in the activity, by naming Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis. To place the activity in historical perspective, half of all known ceratopsians have been described since 2003. Despite important finds of basal ceratopsians in China, Mongolia, and Korea, North America continues to dominate ceratopsian, especially ceratopsid, diver...
Phase conversion dissipation in multicomponent compact stars

We propose a mechanism for the damping of density oscillations in multicomponent compact stars. The mechanism is the periodic conversion between different phases, i.e., the movement of the interface between them, induced by pressure oscillations in the star. The damping grows nonlinearly with the amplitude of the oscillation. We study in detail the case of r-modes in a hybrid star with a sharp interface, and we find that this mechanism is powerful enough to saturate the r-mode at very low saturation amplitude, of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$, and is therefore likely to be the dominant r-mode saturation mechanism in hybrid stars with a sharp interface.
Coming out in the field: A queer reflexive account of shifting researcher identity

This article contributes to the literature on reflexivity by articulating a queer reflexivity lens, which entails engaging in a reflexive questioning of the categories we use to identify people and...
Uninterpretable Features: Psychology and Plasticity in Second Language Learnability.

This commentary addresses the relevance of detectability to a theory of learning uninterpretable features in the second language (L2). Detectability of features is illustrated in an application of Signal Detection Theory. By analogy with development of phonemic categories in the first language (L1), the notion of paring down the repertoire of uninterpretable features is considered.
Structural comparison between triglycerides and phospholipids from pig kidney

The compositional specificity of the major diacyl phosphatides, plasmalogens and triglycerides of pig kidney has been determined. The triglycerides have been shown to be esterified predominantly with saturated fatty acids in the 2 position while the phosphatides have predominantly unsaturated fatty acids in this position. Such complete “inversion” of the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids is not normally seen in mammalian tissue and suggests that the synthesis of structural polar lipids involves other steps than the reaction of a diglyceride with CDP-ethanolamine or CDP-choline. This marked difference in the fatty acid distribution of the polar lipids and triglycerides of the pig kidney may render this tissue especially suitable for studies on the turnover and synthesis of structural lipids.
Dissipation of energy by finite-amplitude surface waves

Abstract Direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations are used to study energy dissipation for deep-water finite-amplitude traveling waves. The effects of the dimensionless surface tension coefficient, the Reynolds number, the density ratio and the kinematic viscosity ratio on energy dissipation and wave profiles are investigated. It is found that the dimensionless surface tension plays an important role for the wave profiles and energy dissipation rates; energy dissipation occurs mostly near the crest for gravity waves, but mostly near the trough for capillary waves. Waves of lower Reynolds numbers have smoother profiles than those at higher Reynolds numbers. When the Reynolds number is low enough, the energy dissipation rate follows closely the viscous linear theory, even if the initial wave amplitude is large.
Stratigraphic control of rare-earth pattern types in Mid-Proterozoic sediments of the Belt Supergroup, Montana, U.S.A.: Implications for basin analysis

Abstract Within sediments of the Helena embayment, an eastern extension of the Mid-Proterozoic Belt basin, Montana, U.S.A., three different types of REE patterns were identified. The lower part of the investigated sequence (Chamberlain Shale and Lower Newland Formation) is a uniform shale interval which accumulated during a period of tectonic quiescence. The REE patterns of these shales (normalized to NASC) are either flat or LREE enriched, lacking Eu deficiencies. The superjacent unit (Newland Transition Zone) contains variable amounts of feldspathic sandstone. It indicates rejuvenation of the hinterland and regression. The uppermost unit (Upper Newland Formation) consists of alternating packages of carbonates and shales. REE patterns in shales of the Newland Transition Zone and Upper Newland Formation have negative Eu anomalies. This drastic change of REE patterns was observed in all stratigraphic sections. The source rocks of the Beltian sequence were probably dominated by granitoid gneisses and migmatites, and rocks of this composition show negative Eu anomalies (against NASC) in many other places. The observed negative Eu anomalies in the shales were probably inherited from the source rocks. However, the patterns of the Chamberlain Shale and the Lower Newland Formation are not as easy to explain, because the source rocks seem not to have changed during deposition of the Beltian sequence. Perhaps more intense chemical weathering during Chamberlain Shale—Lower Newland time obscured the negative Eu anomalies in the residual clays. Adsorption of LREE's on clays during transport may have caused the LREE-enriched patterns. A change in tectonic regime and weathering intensity coincides with the stratigraphic distribution of the different REE pattern types. Thus, stratigraphically controlled REE pattern distribution in a sedimentary basin may help to establish quasi time lines, and may allow monitoring of tectonic pulses and of weathering conditions in the hinterland.
Triple forking and configuration mixing in 68Ge

Abstract A shell-model interpretation of triple forking in 68Ge is presented. A basis is built from normal parity orbitais organized into multiplets of a pseudo SU(3) symmetry coupled to g 9 2 configurations restricted to states of seniority zero and two. Representation mixing and the alignment of a pair of g 9 2 neutrons gives rise to forking from a single 6+ state to three 8+ states which lie close in energy. The two lowest of the calculated 8+ states have strong E2 decays to the 6+ state, in agreement with experiment. Enhanced M1 transitions as well as strong correlations between calculated g-factors and the degree of alignment are found in the forking region.
Distorted-wave approximation and nuclear correlations in pion reactions

The final- (or initial-) state interactions of pions participating in reactions with a complex nucleus are usually treated in distorted-wave impulse approximation with optical--model wave functions. Ordinarily, the elementary interaction amplitude used in conjunction with the impulse approximation already contains those distortion effects which are caused by the specific target nucleon. The resulting double counting of this distortion can be avoided by the use of an ''effective pion field.'' This is illustrated here by the example of charged pion photoproduction from a $sup 12$C target. (AIP)
Glycyl radical activating enzymes: Structure, mechanism, and substrate interactions

The glycyl radical enzyme activating enzymes (GRE–AEs) are a group of enzymes that belong to the radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) superfamily and utilize a [4Fe–4S] cluster and SAM to catalyze H-atom abstraction from their substrate proteins. GRE–AEs activate homodimeric proteins known as glycyl radical enzymes (GREs) through the production of a glycyl radical. After activation, these GREs catalyze diverse reactions through the production of their own substrate radicals. The GRE–AE pyruvate formate lyase activating enzyme (PFL-AE) is extensively characterized and has provided insights into the active site structure of radical SAM enzymes including GRE–AEs, illustrating the nature of the interactions with their corresponding substrate GREs and external electron donors. This review will highlight research on PFL-AE and will also discuss a few GREs and their respective activating enzymes.
Characterization of an Alignment Procedure Using an Air Bearing and Off-the-Shelf Optics

We demonstrate that using a simple telescope mounted on a high quality bearing can yield comparable or lower uncertainty than an alignment telescope for the centering of elements in an optical system.
Survival of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 on the Surface of Chicken Legs or in Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat Gamma Irradiated in Air or Vacuum at Temperatures of −20 to +20 C

Response-surface methodology was used to develop predictive equations for the response of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 on the surface of chicken legs or within mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) to the effects of {gamma} radiation doses of 0 to 3.60 kGy (100 krad = 1 kGy) at temperatures of -20 to +20 C in air or vacuum. A streptomycin-resistant mutant was used in these studies to allow accurate estimations of the surviving salmonellae in the presence of residual normal flora. This strain has been demonstrated to have no significant shift in its biological properties nor in its resistance to ionizing radiation. The response of S. typhimurium to gamma radiation was similar on both chicken legs and MDCM. The radiation was significantly more lethal to the bacterial cells at temperatures above freezing. The response-surface equations developed from the studies predict that the number of viable cells per gram of MDCM or per square centimeter of the surface of chicken legs would be reduced approximately 2.8 to 5.1 log units at 0 C by radiation doses within the range of 1.5 to 3.0 kGy. The results of the present studies are similar to those obtained previously with sterile mechanically deboned chicken meat.
A-WiNoC: Adaptive Wireless Network-on-Chip Architecture for Chip Multiprocessors

With the rise of chip multiprocessors, an energy-efficient communication fabric is required to satisfy the data rate requirements of future multi-core systems. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm is fast becoming the standard communication infrastructure to provide scalable inter-core communication. However, research has shown that metallic interconnects cause high latency and consume excess energy in NoC architectures. Emerging technologies such as on-chip wireless interconnects can alleviate the power and bandwidth problems of traditional metallic NoCs. In this paper, we propose A-WiNoC , a scalable, adaptable wireless Network-on-Chip architecture that uses energy efficient wireless transceivers and improves network throughput by dynamically re-assigning channels in response to bandwidth demands from different cores. To implement such adaptability in our network at run-time, we propose an adaptable algorithm that works in the background along with a token sharing scheme to fully utilize the wireless bandwidth efficiently. Since no wireless NoC design has been completely realized with current technology, we describe technology trends in designing energy-efficient wireless transceivers with emerging technologies. We compare our proposed A-WiNoC to both wireless and wired topologies at 64 cores, with results showing a 1.4-2.6 $\times$ speedup on real applications and a 54 percent improvement in throughput for synthetic traffic. Using Synopsys Design Compiler, our results indicate that A-WiNoC saves 25-35 percent energy over other state-of-the-art networks. We show that A-WiNoC can scale to 256 cores with an energy improvement of 21 percent and a saturation throughput increase of approximately 37 percent.
Health-Promoting Behaviors in Men Age 45 and Above

The purpose of this research was to examine and explain healthpromoting behaviors among middle-aged and older men. The Health Promotion Model (HPM) was used as the framework for this study. Surveys were used to measure perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, demographic factors, self-rated health (independent variables), and health-promoting behaviors (dependent variables). A multiple linear regression model revealed 66% of the variation in total health-promoting behaviors (HPB) accounted for by the independent variables. Models for exercise HPB and nutrition HPB showed 65% and 53% of the variance explained by the independent variables. Partial correlations determined that self-efficacy was the single most important predictor in all three models. Interventions to enhance men’s self-efficacy for health-promoting behaviors should be developed and studies for impact on behavior and health carried out.
An Optimization Based Distributed Algorithm for Mobile Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances have shown a great potential of anchor based mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks. In such a scheme, during each periodic data gathering tour, the mobile collector stays at each anchor point for a period of sojourn time and collects data from nearby sensors via multi-hop communications. We provide an optimization based distributed algorithm for such data gathering in this paper. We adopt network utility, which is a properly defined function, to characterize the data gathering performance, and formalize the problem as a network utility maximization problem under the constraint of guaranteed network lifetime. To efficiently solve the problem, we decompose it into two sets of subproblems and solve them in a distributed manner, which facilitates the scalable implementations. Finally, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the convergence of the proposed distributed algorithm.
Risk factors for cervical cancer

Despite a long history of research into the epidemiology and biology of cervical carcinoma, a definitive statement about its probable causes still remains elusive. This review recognizes the population based data on high and low risk groups and summarizes the findings from numerous case-control studies which have explored the marital, sexual and reproductive factors associated with cervical cancer. Although vigorously pursued, an increased risk from oral contraceptives has not been convincingly demonstrated. A variety of venereally transmitted organisms appear to be frequent cohabitants with cervical neoplastic cells. Herpesvirus type 2 still remains the prime suspect in the complex pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. Clinical findings, biological characteristics of the virus, serological studies and interactions of host cells and viral particles continue to stimulate the most intensive investigative efforts.
Reproductive Capacity of Dairy Bulls. V. Detection of Testicular Deficiencies and Requirements for Experimentally Evaluating Testis Function from Semen Characteristics

Summary Six ejaculates per week using intensive sexual preparation (6×) were collected from eight 2.5-yr.-old Holstein bulls for 5 wk. before unilateral vasectomy. Daily sperm output (DSO) averaged 4.58 billion and was correlated with paired testes weight at slaughter (+0.97). First ejaculates consistently contained a higher sperm concentration and more total sperm than second ejaculates. After unilateral vasectomy, two bulls were placed on sexual rest, three on two ejaculates per week (2×), and three on eight ejaculates per week (8×) for 20 wk. Even with the 50% decrease in potential sperm output resulting from unilateral vasectomy, sperm concentration (1.07 billion/ml) and total sperm per ejaculate (4.99 billion) for the 2× bulls were essentially normal. However, at the higher frequency (8×), these semen characteristics were clearly deficient (0.63 billion/ml and 1.90 billion). Four requirements suggested for detecting deficiencies in testicular function or for estimating daily sperm production on the basis of DSO under experimental conditions are: (a) high frequency of ejaculation with intensive sexual preparation, (b) short, uniform interval between collections, (c) pre-experimental stabilization of extra-gonadal sperm reserves and rate of sperm resorption, and (d) adequate duration of the experimental period. If sexual activity is adequate, these requirements are met best by collection of two ejaculates daily, preceded by intensive sexual preparation, for an eight- to ten-day pre-experimental period followed by ejaculation at the same frequency for a 2- to 8-wk. experimental period.
Reconfigurable computing in the heterogeneous manycore Era

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) densities have continued to track Moore's law and now contain sufficient gates, block RAMs (BRAMs), and diffused logic to support a complete Multiprocessor System on Programmable Chip (MPSoC). To exploit this new capability, Xilinx is encouraging designers to target the processor instead of the transistor as the smallest design quantum [4]. Interestingly, this viewpoint is converging with similar viewpoints in the commercial, general-purpose computing community, which is also promoting performance gains through scalable numbers of parallel processors within a manycore chip. In both domains, architectures continue to transition towards systems with heterogeneous mixes of processors to match workload requirements composed of both SIMD (data-level), and MIMD (thread-level) parallelism.
Extended Freshwater Rearing of Pink Salmon at a Washington Hatchery

Abstract Many fish culturists believe that after incubation and 45 days of fresh water rearing, smolts of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) must then be further reared at salinities of 15 to 25 ‰ until they are stocked. We monitored the rearing of 50,000 pink salmon of the 1971 brood in fresh water for 135 days. At release the average weight of the fish was 12.4 g (81 fish/kg) and the average fork length, 122 mm; average condition factor was 1.1. A substantial number of these salmon returned to the release site in 1973.
Combined effect on plant growth of (−)-epicatechin and hydroquinone, compounds from Aesculus californica Nutt. (Hippocastanaceae)

Hydroquinone and (-)-epicatechin were isolated from seeds of Aesculus californica NUTT. (Hippocastanaceae), and their effect on the growth of lettuce and rice seedlings was examined. Hydroquinone inhibited germination at high concentrations (above 100μg/ml) but it stimulated growth at low concentrations for both lettuce and rice seedlings. (-)-Epicatechin showed little activity by itself. However, when applied with hydroquinone, (-)-epicatechin tended to counteract the growth inhibitory activity of hydroquinone.
Evaluating the Transferability of a U.S. Human Well-Being Index (HWBI) Framework to Native American Populations

A Human Well-Being Index (HWBI) has been developed for the U.S. to help inform and empower decision makers to equitably weigh and integrate human health, socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors to foster sustainability. The integrity of the index structure is designed to be transferable to different U.S. population groups across space, time and demography. This paper presents the applicability and integrity of the HWBI framework using metrics scaled to assess well-being for American Indian Alaska Native (AIAN) and large tribal populations. Potential modifications needed to produce reasonably defensible well-being assessments were identified and HWBIs were calculated for the AIAN population and large tribal groups for the time period covering 2000–2010. Greater than 80 % of the data available for a national AIAN assessment were specific to the target population, while the remaining data were derived from the general U.S. population. Despite the utilization of non-target data, the AIAN well-being signature could still be differentiated from the U.S. HWBI, indicating that the HWBI approach is transferable. As designed, the framework is intended to be used for a variety of spatial scales and demographic groups; however, the degree to which the structure can be utilized is dependent upon the availability and quantity of quality data.
Schlafen-3: a novel regulator of intestinal differentiation.

Schlafen-3 (Slfn-3), a novel gene, has been shown to be a negative regulator of proliferation. The current investigation was undertaken to determine whether Slfn-3 might play a role in regulating cellular differentiation. Butyric acid, a short chain fatty acid, which induced differentiation of intestinal cells as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the rat small intestinal IEC-6 cells, also produced a marked increase in Slfn-3 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of Slfn-3 caused stimulation of ALP activity in IEC-6 cells, which was exacerbated by butyrate. On the other hand, downregulation of Slfn-3 by slfn-3-si-RNA greatly attenuated the butyrate-mediated induction of differentiation of IEC-6 cells. Additionally, we observed that increased expression of Slfn-3 in colon cancer HCT-116 cells stimulated TGF-β expression and modulated expression of its downstream effectors as evidenced by increased expression of p27kip1 and downregulation of CDK-2. In addition, Slfn-3 increases E-cadherin expression but downregulates β-catenin. In conclusion, our data show that Slfn-3 plays a critical role in regulating intestinal mucosal differentiation. Furthermore our data also show that TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in mediating slfn-3 induced differentiation.
How to make an ape brain.

Many genes and genetic mechanisms contributed to the evolution of humans from a common primate ancestor. Emergence of the ape brain was apparently facilitated by a retrotransposed gene duplicate that acquired brain-specific expression and functions affecting the neurotransmitter glutamate.
The p47phox- and NADPH oxidase organiser 1 (NOXO1)-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) mediates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in a streptozotocin-induced murine model of diabetes

Aims/hypothesis We have previously shown that NADPH oxidase (NOX) lies upstream of uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is known to occur in diabetic endothelium. However, it remains unclear which specific NOX isoform(s) is responsible for eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mouse models. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that one or more NOX isoform(s) mediate(s) diabetic uncoupling of eNOS, which has been shown to occur in patients with diabetes to contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
Polarization-independent two-pump fiber optical amplifier with polarization diversity

We propose and demonstrate a polarization independent two-pump fiber OPA based on polarization diversity. We achieve less than 0.4-dB PDG for 15.5-dB gain when the input signal polarization is swept over the Poincare sphere.
Each Manager Has His Own Compass

Discusses the decision making process in management. Advantage of having a formal statement of criteria to a manager.
Narrative as a social engagement tool: the excessive use of evaluation in narratives from children with williams syndrome

Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a unique physiological and behavioral profile, involving excessive sociability and relatively spared linguistic abilities in spite of mild to moderate mental retardation. The present study examines the narrative development of children with Williams syndrome and, for the first time, compares their performance to typically developing chronological-age matched children to examine the development of both structural linguistic abilities as well as the use of evaluation to elaborate and enrich narrative. Thirty children with Williams syndrome (5- through 10-years-old) and 30 typically developing age- and gender-matched comparison children were asked to tell a story from a wordless picture book. Results indicated that as a group, children with Williams syndrome committed significantly more morphological errors and used less complex syntax than comparison children, not surprising considering their language delay and impaired cognitive abilities. Significantly, children with Williams syndrome greatly exceeded comparison children in their elaboration and use of evaluative devices and showed particular preference for types of evaluation which serve as social engagement devices, reflecting their profile of excessive sociability. (Williams syndrome, Narrative, Evaluation)
Codes, Costs, and Critiques: The Organization of Information in Library Quarterly, 1931–2004

This article reports the results of a quantitative and thematic content analysis of the organization of information literature in the Library Quarterly (LQ) between its inception in 1931 and 2004. The majority of articles in this category were published in the first half of LQ’s run. Prominent themes have included cataloging codes and the influence of authors such as Julia Pettee, Andrew Osborn, and Seymour Lubetzky; costs and other practicalities; technology, information science, and Cranfield; subject access, including subject headings, thesauri, and classification schemes; and historical, international, and research perspectives. Future volumes of LQ can fruitfully build on these themes to address contemporary issues in the organization of information such as the future of catalog code development of “RDA: Resource Description and Access” to replace AACR2 and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR); concerns in digital library development, including metadata; and other innovative m...
Suppression of Thermotolerance Development through Cycloheximide-Induced Negative Control of Stress Protein Gene Expression

Expression of a luciferase reporter gene by Chinese hamster ovary cells under the control of the human heat shock protein (hsp) 70 gene promoter was suppressed by incubation at 37 degrees C after treatment with cycloheximide (CHX) during 42 degrees C heat shock exposure. The CHX-induced suppression of hsp gene expression induced no development of thermotolerance. However, 42 degrees C heat shock treatment without CHX followed by CHX inhibition of protein synthesis during recovery incubation at 37 degrees C induced thermotolerance expression by inducing enhanced synthesis of hsps including hsp70 in subsequent heat challenge incubation at 43 degrees C. The results demonstrated a direct correlation between suppression (induction) of stress protein gene expression and non-expression (expression) of thermotolerance. Kinetic analysis showed that the CHX suppression of hsp gene induction was greater than the CHX inhibition of protein synthesis, and that it depended on the severity of heat stress: it decreased with increasing heat stress doses. Moreover, prior feeding of the proline analog L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid abrogated the CHX-induced suppression of hsp gene expression. In addition, CHX treatment during heat cell-killing at 43 degrees C induced protection of cells. These results were well explained by the proposed model of negative or positive control of stress protein gene expression depending on the level of free hsp70, which may be modulated by both the rate of protein synthesis and the severity of heat stress.
Some results on robust signal detection

Robustness in signal detection refers to the insensitivity of a detection procedure to deviations in the statistical model underlying the observed data. This paper presents a brief survey of some of the principal results that have been obtained in this area together with some related results for robust design based on statistical distance criteria.
The solar coronal green line as an index of cosmic ray modulation

Abstract In recent years several papers have indicated that the solar coronal green line emission (λ=5303A) is the ‘best’ indicator of cosmic ray modulation. This paper questions this result for the following reasons: (a) the problems of green line measurement obscure the true meaning of the resulting observations; (b) there is a lack of any direct physical mechanism relating green line intensity and modulation; (c) a negative result came from a careful attempt to relate the cosmic ray diurnal variation and green line emission.
Technological limitations in submicron on-chip interconnect

The trend of the performance degradations, noise and reliability issues and their potential solutions are analyzed for the submicron ULSI interconnect lines. To analyze these submicron interconnect lines, a new paradigm (HIVE) for fast and accurate 2-D and 3-D interconnect capacitances and resistances calculation is developed. The analysis, using these interconnect parameters for HIVE, shows that a copper (Cu) line will improve the electromigrations, but not the interconnect delay and cross-talk noise significantly. The low temperature operation improve the interconnect delay and electromigration, but it increases the cost of system packaging. The optimum approach will be the combination of additional layers of non-scaled metal lines in a higher level, low permittivity interlevel dielectric, and the use of repeaters to maximize the performance, noise and reliability and to minimize the risk and cost.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estrogen exposure, obesity and thyroid disease in women with severe pulmonary hypertension

Severe pulmonary hypertension is a lethal group of disorders which preferentially afflicts women. It appears that in recent years the patient profile has shifted towards older, obese, and postmenopausal women, suggesting that endocrine factors may be important. Several studies have revealed an increased prevalence of thyroid disease in these patients, but no studies have evaluated for a coexistence of endocrine factors. In particular, no studies have attempted to evaluate for concurrent thyroid disease, obesity and long-term estrogen exposure in patients. 88 patients attending the Pulmonary Hypertension Association 8th International meeting completed a questionnaire and were interviewed. Information was collected regarding reproductive history, height, weight, and previous diagnosis of thyroid disease. 46% met criteria for obesity. 41% reported a diagnosis of thyroid disease. 81% of women reported prior use of hormone therapy. 70% reported greater than 10 years of exogenous hormone use. 74% of female patients reported two or more of potentially disease modifying endocrine factors (obesity, thyroid disease or estrogen therapy). The coexistent high prevalence in our cohort of exogenous estrogen exposure, thyroid disease and obesity suggests that an interaction of multiple endocrine factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and may represent epigenetic modifiers in genetically-susceptible individuals.
Expression of Activin/Inhibin Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acids by Gonadotroph Adenomas*

As an initial step in determining whether activin could play a role in the development of gonadotroph adenomas, we attempted to determine if activin/inhibin subunit messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) are expressed by these pituitary tumors. We selected 19 pituitary adenomas that had been excised by transsphenoidal surgery and determined by immunocytochemical criteria to be gonadotroph adenomas. Total RNA was extracted from these adenomas and reverse transcribed. The resulting pit-1 complementary DNA, expected to be present only in somatotroph, lactotroph, and thyrotroph cells, was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction to test the possibility that the adenoma tissue was contaminated by normal pituitary tissue. Only the 10 adenomas that did not express pit-1 mRNA were subjected to further analysis by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the adenoma reverse transcriptase products for the activin/inhibin beta B-, beta A-. and alpha-subunits. All 10 adenomas expressed beta B-subunit, none of the 10 expressed the beta A-subunit, and 6 of the 10 expressed the alpha-subunit. We conclude that gonadotroph adenomas express mRNAs for activin/inhibin beta B- and alpha-subunits. The relationship of beta B expression to the pathogenesis of gonadotroph adenomas remains to be determined.
The self‐concept and aggressive behavior among elementary school children from two socioeconomic areas and two grade levels

An investigation was conducted to examine the relationship between a child's self-concept and the tendency to behave aggressively. Boys and girls (N=229) in eight classrooms (two third grades and two sixth grades from two different socioeconomic areas within the Provo, Utah, School District) were administered the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale and the Children's Action Tendency Scale. Correlation coefficients were computed, and analysis of variance tests were used to determine the nature of variable relationships. No overall correlational pattern was found among self-concept and aggression scores. The analysis of variance results revealed a significantly larger mean aggressiveness score among children with low self-concepts when compared to children with medium and high self-concepts. Girls, while less aggressive than boys, became more aggressive with age, while boys' aggressiveness scores declined. Implications of the results were discussed in terms of methods of behavior change utilized by school personnel.
Ozone control strategies in the United States

Abstract Conventional control strategies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a precursor to ozone, are identified. The control measures have been adopted by states in their efforts to attain the national ambient air quality standard for ozone by statutorily mandated deadlines. An inventory of viable control approaches for VOCs is presented, rather than a discussion of the approaches' comparative merits or of available alternatives. Focus is placed upon the technologies and control measures that U.S. EPA has identified as “reasonably available”, considering such criteria as effectiveness, costs, and associated energy and environmental impacts. These regulatory approaches include such strategies as vapor control in gasoline marketing, low solvent technologies and/or add-on control equipment for surface coating operations, and vehicle inspection and maintenance programs. By adopting these and additional control measures, as required, most states are projecting attainment of the ozone standard by 1987.
The number of nucleotides required to determine the branching order of three species, with special reference to the human-chimpanzee-gorilla divergence.

A mathematical theory for computing the probabilities of various nucleotide configurations among related species is developed, and the probability of obtaining the correct tree (topology) from nucleotide sequence data is evaluated using models of evolutionary trees that are close to the tree of mitochondrial DNAs from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. Special attention is given to the number of nucleotides required to resolve the branching order among the three most closely related organisms (human, chimpanzee, and gorilla). If the extent of DNA divergence is close to that obtained by Brown et al. for mitochondrial DNA and if sequence data are available only for the three most closely related organisms, the number of nucleotides (m*) required to obtain the correct tree with a probability of 95% is about 4700. If sequence data for two outgroup species (orangutan and gibbon) are available, m* becomes about 2600–2700 when the transformed distance, distance-Wagner, maximum parsimony, or compatibility method is used. In the unweighted pair-group method, m* is not affected by the availability of data from outgroup species. When these five different tree-making methods, as well as Fitch and Margoliash's method, are applied to the mitochondrial DNA data (1834 bp) obtained by Brown et al. and by Hixson and Brown, they all give the same phylogenetic tree, in which human and chimpanzee are most closely related. However, the trees considered here are “gene trees,” and to obtain the correct “species tree,” sequence data for several independent loci must be used.
Maximizing the role of state legislators in the development of public mental health policy.

The politics of mental health have become increasingly complex in recent years. While vital thirdparty funding decisions are dealt with at the national level, system configuration and program specification functions are largely in the hands of state lawmakers and administratons (1,2). This activity at the state level provides mental health practitioners with opportunities to become active participants in the political processes that impose form and limitation on their profession. A working partnership between practitioners and state lawmakers may be key in directing the course of mental health care toward a resurrected
A generalization of non-local means via kernel regression

The Non-Local Means (NLM) method of denoising has received considerable attention in the image processing community due to its performance, despite its simplicity. In this paper, we show that NLM is a zero-th order kernel regression method, with a very specific choice of kernel. As such, it can be generalized. The original method of NLM, we show, implicitly assumes local constancy of the underlying image data. Once put in the context of kernel regression, we extend the existing Non-Local Means algorithm to higher orders of regression which allows us to approximate the image data locally by a polynomial or other localized basis of a given order. These extra degrees of freedom allow us to perform better denoising in texture regions. Overall the higher order method displays consistently better denoising capabilities compared to the zero-th order method. The power of the higher order method is amply illustrated with the help of various denoising experiments.
2-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2] octan-3-one: Acid-catalyzed isomerization of the Z isomer to the E isomer

Crystals of (Z)-2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one (I) were obtained from a condensation reaction of 1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde with 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-one and subsequent crystallization of the product from methanol. The isomeric (E)-2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethylene)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2] octan-3-one hydrochloride (II) was obtained by treating a methanolic solution of I with a 1M solution of hydrogen chloride diethyl ether, followed by crystallization of resultant product from methanol. Crystal data: I, is monoclinic, P21, a = 5.7440(10), b = 11.102(2), c = 10.708(2) A, β = 91.751(10)°, and V = 682.5(2) A3 with Z = 2, for Dcal= 1.296 mg/m3 and II, is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.8510(2), b = 17.4990(5), c = 20.4300(5) A, β = 101.3620(12)°, V = 3102.26(14) with Z = 8, for Dcal= 1.316 mg/m3.