cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daubert Handbook: The Case, Its Essential Dilemma, and Its Progeny, The

This Article is about Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. It is not about whether Daubert is a good decision or whether it is a bad decision, although, in my view, Daubert is a pretty good decision given the statute the United States Supreme Court had to interpret. This Article is about what Daubert means: what it means inside of itself, what it means in light of the many pre-2000 cases that interpreted and refined the decision and expanded and contracted it.Part II of this Article briefly discusses Daubert. This section discusses the essential dilemma of Daubert and why so many people immediately misunderstood the decision. The Daubert rule gives two apparently contradictory tests for the admissibility of expert witnesses under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. This section also discusses the essential dilemma of expert evidence in general: today's “schmexpert” as tomorrow's expert...and vice versa. Part II ends with some advice, advice from trial judges and trial lawyers and advice to trial lawyers and trial judges.Part III begins with the two most important and thorough early post-Daubert federal expert-witness cases, the two most important early judicial interpretations of Daubert. Part III continues with a discussion of the “best of the rest” of the federal post-Daubert expert witness cases. To the men and women of the federal bench who must do the Daubert testing and to the women and men of the federal trial bar who must present the raw materials of Daubert testing, Part III offers a discussion of what federal courts are actually doing regarding the details of post-Daubert expert testimony.Part IV is a Case Digest that includes every significant federal case decided in the first two and one-half years following the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Daubert.
The what, why and how of aromatase inhibitors: hormonal agents for treatment and prevention of breast cancer

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) anastrozole, exemestane and letrozole have largely replaced tamoxifen as the preferred treatment for hormone receptor - positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Approximately 185,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed yearly, and at least half of these women are both postmenopausal and eligible for adjuvant therapy with AIs. In addition, AIs are currently being tested as primary prevention therapy in large randomised trials involving tens of thousands of women at increased risk for breast cancer. Given the volume of use, internists will increasingly see postmenopausal women who are taking or considering treatment with AIs. Physicians need to be able to: (i) briefly discuss the pros and cons of using a selective estrogen receptor modulator such as tamoxifen or raloxifene vs. an AI for risk reduction and (ii) recognise and manage AI-associated adverse events. The primary purpose of this review is to help internists with these two tasks.
Defining the anatomic perfusion bed of an occluded coronary artery and the region at risk to infarction: A comparative study in the baboon, pig and dog

Abstract To assess selectively the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions to reduce infarct size, it is important to assess both ultimate infarct size as well as the size of the region of myocardium at risk to infarction. The anatomically defined perfusion bed of an occluded artery has generally been assumed to be synonymous with the region at risk of infarction. This assumption was tested by delineating the anatomic perfusion bed of an occluded artery with microvascular dyes and by examining the relation of the anatomic perfusion bed to the region of acute ischemic injury. In 8 baboons, 12 pigs and 15 dogs a major branch of the left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery was occluded. At 2 and 30 minutes after occlusion the eplcardial area of ischemic injury was determined by epicardial S-T segment mapping. The boundary of epicardial S-T segment elevation was resolved to within 1 mm and marked directly on the ventricular surface. The heart was then excised and the perfusion bed of the occluded artery was delineated by either (1) injecting different colored silicone rubber microvascular dyes into the previously occluded artery as well as the adjacent perfusion beds (direct method), or (2) injecting dye only into the adjacent perfusion beds (defect method). Serial cross-sections of the left ventricle from the direct and defect dye-perfused hearts in all three species showed the perfusion bed of the occluded artery to be readily demarcated. Microscopic examination demonstrated no evidence of capillary anastomoses and minimal inter-digitation of capillaries at the perfusion bed boundaries. In dye-perfused hearts, the baboon and the pig showed no evidence of precapillary anastomoses between perfusion beds; however, the dog demonstrated numerous epicardial collateral channels. The epicardial area of the anatomic perfusion bed correlated closely with the epicardial area of S-T segment elevation at 2 minutes after occlusion in the baboon (r = 0.97), pig (r = 0.99) and dog (r = 0.96). The epicardial area of S-T segment elevation did not change through the 30 minute period of occlusion in the baboon and the pig, but in the dog it showed a progressive and variable reduction reflecting the gradual recruitment of existing collateral channels from adjacent perfusion beds. It is concluded that the techniques of direct and defect dye delineation accurately define the anatomic perfusion bed of an occluded coronary artery. This anatomic perfusion bed corresponds to the region of myocardium undergoing acute ischemic injury and hence the region at risk to infarction immediately after coronary occlusion in the three species studied.
Late-breaking abstract: Health-related quality of life of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating condition, yet health-related quality of life (HRQOL) data are limited. The primary objective was to evaluate HRQOL in IPF using measures from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). The secondary objective was to examine the association between key symptoms and HRQOL. Methods: Individuals with IPF were recruited via patient advocacy organizations to complete an online survey consisting of PROMIS-29 health profile, PROMIS-Dyspnea, dyspnea measured by Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (MMRC), self-reported cough, and cough subscale of the ATAQ (A Tool to Assess Quality of life)-IPF. PROMIS-29 scores have mean=50, SD=10 in the US general population; PROMIS-Dyspnea scores are referenced to a COPD sample. Results: The 275 survey participants showed worse mean PROMIS-29 scores than the general population. Dyspnea severity was associated with worse mean PROMIS-29 scores. PROMIS-Dyspnea (mean=58.7) and Functional Limitations Due to Dyspnea (mean=58.4) scores were worse than the COPD reference population. Cough severity was associated with worse HRQOL measured by ATAQ-IPF. Conclusions: Patients with IPF report substantial deficits in HRQOL, particularly with respect to physical function, anxiety, pain, depression and fatigue. Patients suffering from dyspnea and cough had poorer HRQOL.
Efficient Genome Editing in Caenorhabditis elegans with a Toolkit of Dual-Marker Selection Cassettes

Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease complex has recently enabled the generation of double-strand breaks virtually anywhere in the C. elegans genome. Here, we present an improved strategy that makes all steps in the genome editing process more efficient. We have created a toolkit of template-mediated repair cassettes that contain an antibiotic resistance gene to select for worms carrying the repair template and a fluorescent visual marker that facilitates identification of bona fide recombinant animals. Homozygous animals can be identified as early as 4-5 days post-injection, and minimal genotyping by PCR is required. We demonstrate that our toolkit of dual-marker vectors can generate targeted disruptions, deletions, and endogenous tagging with fluorescent proteins and epitopes. This strategy should be useful for a wide variety of additional applications and will provide researchers with increased flexibility when designing genome editing experiments.
Chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrin-containing gels

Abstract Allyl carbamoylated β-cyclodextrin derivatives were synthesized to be used as chiral resolving agents when copolymerized with acrylamide to form gels suitable for enantiomer separations in capillary electrophoresis. Both solid and liquid gels have been produced by adjusting the concentrations of acrylamide, bis-acrylamide and the allyl cyclodextrin derivative. The liquid gels were free of the problems associated with solid gels: bubble formation, short lifetime and poor reproducibility. The chiral selectivity of the liquid cyclodextrin gels in the separation of dansylated amino acid enantiomers depended on the cyclodextrin concentration of the gel. The liquid gels were successfully used to separate the enantiomers of several chiral molecules.
The steroid effect on the in vitro human neutrophil chemotactic response

Abstract Chemotaxis of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte was examined in vitro in the presence of the following steroids: medroxyprogesterone acetate, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, cortisone acetate, and prednisone acetate. Results indicate that high concentrations (1 mg/ml) of methyl-prednisolone sodium succinate inhibited the in vitro chemotactic response of human neutrophils. Results also indicate a mild inhibition of the neutrophil chemotactic response by hydrocortisone sodium succinate and prednisone acetate. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and cortisone acetate produced a mild stimulation of neutrophil chemotaxis. These results were discussed with emphasis on the quantitative differences found between in vivo and in vitro effect of steroids on the chemotactic response.
A Method of Photographing Fluorescence in Circulating Blood in the Human Retina

A simple method, with use of intravenous fluorescein, was used for producing and photographing fluorescence in circulating blood of the human retina. Separate arteriolar and venous filling phases, arteriolovenous shunt, sluggish choroidal circulation, stratified flow of fluorescein, and rapid central retinal circulation times were observed in normal retinas. Similar findings were seen in hypertensive and diabetic patients, and, in addition, neovascularization was clearly defined, and some cotton-wool patches, but not hemorrhages, were found to fluoresce. Limitations and applications of the method are discussed.
Institutional Repositories at Small Institutions in America: Some Current Trends

The research reported in this article was undertaken to determine the level of implementation of institutional repositories (IRs) at small institutions enrolling fewer than 10,000 students. The study analyzed quantitative and qualitative data from IRs at a number of small institutions with the aim of observing relevant patterns and trends that may or may not be unique to small institutions. The study concludes that IRs at small institutions exist in significant numbers, and they exhibit some unique patterns, particularly in the benefits and challenges specific to small institutions, the association with IR consortia, and the focus on student research.
Low-temperature preparations of unimolecular nitroxide initiators for living free radical polymerizations

Low-temperature methods for the preparation of monomeric initiators for use in “living” free radical olefin polymerizations have been developed. Oxidative methods for generating carbon radicals in the presence of nitroxide traps such as TEMPO utilize PbO2 with benzylic, alkyl, or phenylhydrazines or CuCl2 with lithium enolates. Photolytic methods employ [Cp(CO)2Fe]2 with a benzylic bromide, diphenyl disulfide with styrene, or di-tert-butyl peroxide with ethers. The use of di-tert-butyl hyponitrite with ethers generates carbon radicals at 50 °C that are trapped by TEMPO.
When is stimulation too much of a good thing

Abstract “Wear and tear” and “use it or lose it” are not incompatible. Indeed, because we cannot live without our adrenal glands and our excitatory amino acids, some “wear and tear” appears to be inevitable. However, the nature of the stimulation and experiences involved in “using it” may be very important in determining the rate of the “wear and tear,” along with other features of diet and metabolism.
Stark broadening of spectral lines of homologous, doubly-ionized inert gases

Abstract We report electron impact widths of 36 lines that belong to the sequence of homologous, doubly-ionized atoms of the inert gases. Only four Ar III lines in this sequence were previously measured and they are in good agreement with the present results. Good agreement is also found between these experimental results and theoretical calculations using a modified semiempirical approach. The average ratio between experimental and theoretical values is 1.06, with a maximum deviation not exceeding ±20%. We have used the present results to investigate the trends of the Stark widths of analogous lines along the homologous sequence.
Doppler broadening of positron annihilation photons in aqueous solutions of inorganic anions

Abstract Doppler broadening lineshapes and positron annihilation characteristics were determined as a function of additive concentration in aqueous solutions of selected silver and sodium salts. Evidence is presented that indicates that positronium formation and reactions are affected by anions, and that Ps interacts differently with Cl − and S 2 O 2- 3 , than with NO − 3 , ClO − 3 , and ClO − 4 . Multi-parameter measurements may distinguish between the mechanisms of triplet — singlet spin conversion and chemical reactions.
Stimulus control of EMG burst duration in human locomotion

Abstract To better understand constraints on EMG activity, burst duration was restricted for the rectus femoris (RF) muscle as subjects walked on a motor-driven treadmill. Once in each step cycle (touchdown to touchdown of the left foot) a computer-activated light discriminated a short burst (if green) and silence (if red). All four subjects rapidly met the criterion of 90% success in 50 cycles for a burst 100–300 msec long within a performance duration, PDUR, of 700 msec. In contrast, two of the four failed to reduce the burst to conform to a 100–200 msec requirement. Several variables were ruled out as bearing on these between-subject performance differences: (1) complete failure to produce a short burst within the PDUR, since many were successful; (2) a differential effect upon subjects of two “reinforcer” types (a high tone after success and a low tone after failure, or else audible EMG biofeedback before the high or low tone); (3) appreciable differences in cycle duration or swing/stance ratios; (4) the presence or absence of concomitant activity in other leg muscles whose EMG was recorded. The frequent failure to accurately terminate the burst was suggested to be due to a greater susceptibility, whether reflexive or conditioned, to simulation arising in the contracting RF muscle itself.
The instability of the shear layer separating from a bluff body

Notwithstanding the fact that the instability of the separated shear layer in the cylinder wake has been extensively studied, there remains some uncertainty regarding not only the critical Reynolds number at which the instability manifests itself, but also the variation of its characteristic frequency with Reynolds number (Re). A large disparity exists in the literature in the precise value of the critical Reynolds number, with quoted values ranging from Re = 350 to Re = 3000. In the present paper, we demonstrate that the spanwise end conditions which control the primary mode of vortex shedding significantly affect the shear-layer instability. For parallel shedding conditions, shear-layer instability manifests itself at Re ≈ 1200, whereas for oblique shedding conditions it is inhibited until a significantly higher Re ≈ 2600, implying that even in the absence of a variation in free-stream turbulence level, the oblique angle of primary vortex shedding influences the onset of shear-layer instability, and contributes to the large disparity in quoted values of the critical Reynolds number. We confirm the existence of intermittency in shear-layer fluctuations and show that it is not related to the transverse motion of the shear layers past a fixed probe, as suggested previously. Such fluctuations are due to an intermittent streamwise movement of the transition point, or the location at which fluctuations develop rapidly in the shear layer.Following the original suggestion of Bloor (1964), it has generally been assumed in previous studies that the shear-layer frequency (normalized by the primary vortex shedding frequency) scales with Re1/2, although a careful examination of the actual data points from these studies does not support such a variation. We have reanalysed all of the actual data points from previous investigations and include our own measurements, to find that none of these studies yields a relationship which is close to Re1/2. A least-squares analysis which includes all of the previously available data produces a variation of the form Re0·67. Based on simple physical arguments that account for the variation of the characteristic velocity and length scales of the shear layer, we predict a variation for the normalized shear-layer frequency of the form Re0·7, which is in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
SU-E-T-647: Fast Treatment Planning for Arc Therapy Using Maximum Intensity Regularized Quadratic Optimization (MIRQO)

Purpose: Arc therapy is an emerging technique to achieve effective and efficient dose delivery by rotating the gantry of Linac through one or more arcs with the radiation beam continuously on. Treatment planning in arc therapy is a difficult optimization problem mainly due to the non‐convex physical constraints of deliverable apertures and a large amount of optimization variables. The stochastic searching scheme is initially introduced to minimize the non‐convex objective and referred to as direct aperture optimization (DAO). However, the number of segments is pre‐fixed in the DAO approaches, and the typical random search scheme in the optimization is computationally intensive. Beamlet‐based optimization (BBO) is an alternative way for arc therapy planning and achieves high computation efficiency. This method fails to fully incorporate the physical constraints of arc therapy into planning process and has limited efficacy. In this work, a regularization‐based algorithm is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the BBO method. Methods: Instead of smoothing the beamlet intensity maps as in BBO, we include a maximum intensity constraint in the optimization objective to enforce the signal level consistency. An aperture rectification algorithm is then applied to generate single‐or multi‐arc deliverable apertures. The new scheme is referred to as the maximum intensity regularized quadratic optimization (MIRQO). Results: On a prostate and a head‐and‐neck patient, MIRQO successfully generates a fluence map with over 70% of non‐zero intensities approaching the maximum value and readily rectifiable into single segment. The computation time of MIRQO is one order of magnitude less than that of DAO. Conclusion: MIRQO maintains an efficient form of quadratic optimization, with an additional advantage of approaching the non‐convex constraints using convex approximation. By providing an efficient and effective planning scheme, our method is promising to explore the ultimate potential of arc therapy.
Mechanisms of Altered Contractile Responses to Vasopressin and Endothelin in Canine Coronary Collateral Arteries

Background Mature coronary collateral arteries are hyperresponsive to vasopressin; in contrast, contractile responses of collaterals to endothelin are attenuated. Our goal was to determine the cellular mechanisms underlying these differences in reactivity using two sizes of canine collateral arteries isolated from hearts subjected to chronic coronary occlusion. Methods and Results Contractile responses to vasopressin (100 nmol/L) were enhanced threefold to fourfold in near-resistance (≈200 μm lumen diameter) and conduit (≈500 μm lumen diameter) collateral arteries compared with similarly sized noncollateral coronary arteries (P<.01). In contrast, contractions of both sizes of collaterals in response to endothelin (0.01 to 30 nmol/L) were smaller than responses of size-matched noncollateral arteries (P<.05). Pretreatment with either indomethacin (5 μmol/L), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μmol/L), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, did not alter the relative responsiven...
Simulation of remedial borate treatments intended to reduce attack on Douglas-fir lumber by the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, cost residents of Hawaii over U.S. $100 million each year. The aggressiveness of this termite, the unique climate and soil conditions in Hawaii, and the use of Douglas-fir wood, which resists impregnation with chemical preservatives, make the adoption of termite-control methods developed in other regions problematic. Both laboratory and field experiments were designed to simulate spray applications of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate for preventive and remedial termite control. For laboratory assays, sodium borate solutions in water (10%) or in ethylene glycol and water (23.5%) were applied to one face of Douglas-fir heartwood lumber and allowed to diffuse for 1 or 10 wk. Test blocks were cut from the front (treated face) and rear (untreated face) of each board and assayed for boron content and penetration and for susceptibility to attack by C. formosanus. Termites died rapidly upon contacting the board face treated with sodium borate in ethylene glycol. After a 10-wk diffusion period, mass losses from termites feeding on boards treated with this solution were significantly less (7-9%) than on those treated with aqueous borate solutions (34-35%) or with solvent controls (37%). However, borate diffusion below the wood surface was < 3 mm after 10 wk with all treatments. When Douglas-fir boxes treated either with two or four applications of sodium borate in water or with two applications of sodium borate in ethylene glycol solution were exposed to a field colony of 1.3 million termites for 10 wk, severe damage from termite feeding occurred in all treatments (30-54% mass losses), and there were no significant differences among treated boxes and untreated controls. Although multiple applications of sodium borate solutions are of value in protecting the treated wood surface from insect penetration and also provide some protection from decay fungus growth, such surface applications do not diffuse readily into Douglas-fir heartwood nor wick down termite galleries in the wood rapidly enough to protect the interior of Douglas-fir lumber from termite feeding.
Erythrocyte γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from normal and low-glutathione sheep

Abstract γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase ( l -glutamate: l -cysteine γ-ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.2.2) was purified from the erythrocytes of normal and low-glutathione sheep. The molecular weight (78 000), pH optimum (pH 7), substrate specificity, inhibition constant for glutathione (0.44–0.50 mM), electrophoretic mobility, and heat stability were similar for the purified enzyme from both sources. Using immunological techniques, the specific activity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from low-glutathione sheep was lower than that from normal sheep.
A capillary fluorescence standard for microfluorometry.

SUMMARY Quartz glass capillaries of about 6 μm inside diameter were filled with fluorochrome solutions of accurately known concentrations and embedded as microscopical objects. The fluorescence intensity of a constant capillary volume has been found to be directly proportional to the amount of the excited fluorochrome in this volume within the fluorochrome concentration range 1:103. The capillary volume can be determined accurately by microinterferometric measurement of the inside diameter. The capillary section irradiated by the exciting light may be considered as very small in comparison with the total length of the capillary tube. During and after irradiation the excited part of fluorochrome solution is continuously renewed by convectional flow and diffusion. Therefore photodecomposition does not affect the measured fluorescence intensity, and the standard value remains unchanged even after numerous measurements. Thus, these fluorescence standards may be used to make successive calibrations of a microfluorometer and to check the constancy and reproducibility of measuring conditions. In certain circumstances it also permits measured fluorescence intensity to be interpreted in terms of the amount of fluorochrome or fluorescent substance. The results achieved with the capillary fluorescence standard are compared with those obtained by means of conventional methods. In addition, some essential optical properties of the microfluorometer equipment required for the proper use of this standard are discussed.
Differential correction for near-stationary satellites

This paper presents a new concept for the differential correction of orbits. It is developed in detail for the case of near-stationary artificial satellites. For these satellites a few (<10) observations over a short (5–15m,≲1% period) time interval allows the reacquisition of the satellite an hour later. Moreover, the addition of only a few more observations spanning a slightly longer time interval allows the production of an excellent set of orbital elements. The technique is self-starting and does not use any of the classical initial orbit determination procedures. It can be used for radar observations or extended to include angular velocity data. Its success appears to be based on the ability to find a coordinate system in which the object's motion is nearly stationary and the extensive use of analytical (instead of numerical) procedures.
Synthesis and Structure of Strontium and Barium Guanidinates and Mixed-Ligand Guanidinate Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Complexes

A new family of strontium and barium guanidinate complexes were synthesized from SrI2, [Sr{N(SiMe3)2}2]2, [Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)1.6], Sr(Cp*)2, and Ba(Cp*)2(THF)1.7 metal reactants and appropriate guanidine or guanidinate ligand (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienide). Treatment of [Sr{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 with 4.0 equiv of iPrN═C(NMe2)N(H)iPr (1LH) or iPrN═C(N(iPr)2)N(H)iPr (2LH) gave dimeric complexes [(η2-1L)Sr(μ2,η2:η2-1L)(μ2,η1:η1-1L)Sr(η2-1L)] (3) and [(η2-2L)Sr(μ2,η2:η2-2L)2Sr(η2-2L)] (4), respectively. Related reactions of 1LH and 2LH with 1.0 equiv of Sr(Cp*)2 afforded the mixed-ligand complexes [(Cp*)Sr(μ2,η2:η2-1L)2Sr(Cp*)] (5) and [(Cp*)Sr(μ2,η2:η2-2L)2Sr(Cp*)] (6), respectively, with simultaneous liberation of Cp*H. Treatment of [Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)1.6] with 2.0 equiv of 2LH gave the dimer [(η2-2L)Ba(μ2,η2:η2-2L)2Ba(η2-2L)] (7), while reaction of Ba(Cp*)2(THF)1.7 with 2LH afforded guanidinate-bridged [(Cp*)Ba(μ2,η2:η2-2L)2Ba(Cp*)] (8). Reaction of SrI2 with 2.0 equiv of Na[(iPr)NC(N(SiMe3)2)N(iPr)] (9LNa...
Uncoupling dorsal-mediated activation from dorsal-mediated repression in the Drosophila embryo.

The Rel family transcription factor Dorsal patterns the dorsoventral axis of the Drosophila embryo by activating genes such as twist and snail and repressing genes such as decapentaplegic and zerknullt. Dorsal represses transcription by recruiting the co-repressor Groucho. However, repression occurs only when Dorsal-binding sites are close to binding sites for other factors that also bind Groucho. The need for additional factors to assist Dorsal in repression may result from the intrinsically weak interaction between Dorsal and Groucho. To test this idea, we generated a Dorsal variant containing a high-affinity Groucho recruitment motif at its C terminus. As predicted, this variant functions as a dedicated repressor, silencing decapentaplegic and zerknullt while failing to activate twist and snail. We also converted Dorsal into a dedicated activator by replacing its weak Groucho-recruitment motif with heterologous activation domains. Although the dedicated activator alleles fail to repress decapentaplegic and zerknullt in the syncytial blastoderm embryo, they are able to pattern the dorsoventral axis. This indicates that dorsoventral patterning is not dependent upon Dorsal-mediated repression, reflecting the existence of redundant mechanisms to block Decapentaplegic signaling.
Thinking through Democracy: Between the Theory and Practice of Deliberative Politics

A full consideration of deliberative democracy depends upon analyzing both normative and empirical considerations. But is there a common language accessible to both the political philosopher and the empirical researcher, a language that can bridge the tension between the factual and the normative? Heretofore, much of the dialogue between the two has been plagued by methodological clashes and conceptual confusions. I outline a framework for better cooperation between the two lines of research.
Filamentous degeneration of neurons. A possible feature of cytosine arabinoside neurotoxicity

Background. The use of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) may be complicated by a characteristic form of cerebellar neurotoxicity. Other reported manifestations of neurologic dysfunction include signs of possible cranial neuropathies, for which a neuropathologic substrate has not been previously reported. Methods. A 43-year-old man was treated for refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia with a regimen of high-dose Ara-C. He died after dysarthria, ophthalmoplegia, and severe cerebellar neurotoxicity developed. Results. The postmortem examination revealed a peculiar subacute neuronopathy that involved preponderantly brain stem tegmental and spinal motor neurons. The neuronopathy was characterized by hypereosinophilic perikarya and karyolytic nuclei. The perikaryal changes resulted from accumulations of argyrophilic masses of filaments that stained positively with neurofilament antibodies and ultrastructurally were shown to be composed of bundles of intermediate filaments. Conclusions. This report indicates that Ara-C neurotoxicity, possibly aggravated in our patient by oliguric renal failure, is not confined to the cerebellum but involves cranial nerve and spinal motor neurons, which in turn may explain the cranial neuropathies that sometimes complicate the use of high-dose Ara-C therapy.
On Dimensions of Representation Varieties of Baumslag-Solitar Groups

This article concerns representations of a specific collection of finitely-presented groups, the Baumslag-Solitar groups. We prove that there exist arbitrary-dimensional simple representations for a specific sub-collection of Baumslag-Solitar groups. We then apply this fact, along with Fox Calculus, to compute the dimension of the tangent space to the representation scheme at these particular simple representations. A discussion of the deformations of these simple representations leads to the dimension of the representation variety and representation scheme.
Isolation and characterization of the translation product of a β‐globin gene nonsense mutation (β121 GAA→TAA)

The beta o-thalassaemia gene of an individual who was a mixed heterozygote for this allele (GAA to TAA in codon 121) and beta(+)-thalassaemia (IVS-1 position 110 G to A) was examined to determine if the beta o-thalassaemia allele directed the synthesis of any detectable protein product. This beta o-thalassaemia allele was of particular interest, because it is the only example of a premature chain termination codon in the third exon of the beta-globin gene that produces thalassaemia. A very small amount of an abnormal protein was found in the red blood cells of the proband and was purified by preparative column chromatography. This abnormal protein was digested with trypsin, the peptides were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the amino acid content of each peptide was determined. All of the soluble beta-globin peptides were found except for T-13, T-14 and T-15 (residues 121-146), indicating the presence of a truncated protein that corresponded to the translation product of the beta 121 Glu----Term mRNA. This truncated globin was estimated to comprise between 0.05% and 0.1% of the total non-alpha-globin protein. These results may explain the phenotype of inclusion body beta-thalassaemia in heterozygotes, which is atypical of heterozygous beta o-thalassaemia.
Operation of the Surveyor television system in the photon-integration mode

Surveyor 7 TV system in photon integration mode, analyzing slow scan vidicon storage characteristics and dark current limitations
Urinary tryptophan metabolites in diabetic and non-diabetic juveniles

Abstract Levels of urinary tryptophan metabolites anthranilic acid (AA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) were measured by HPLC for 24 diabetic (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; IDDM) and 12 non-diabetic human juveniles. A single urine collection was used to examine tryptophan metabolism by ratio comparisons of AA:5HIAA and AA:IAA. Ratios were calculated from peak areas. Ratios of AA:5HIAA were significantly (p=0.0001) lower in diabetic juveniles (0.19) compared to juveniles without diabetes (1.18). Ratios of AA:IAA were also significantly (p=0.0001) lower in juveniles with diabetes (0.54) compared to juveniles without diabetes (4.29). Neither race nor gender had a significant effect on ratios. These data suggested altered activity in the kynurenine pathway in IDDM subjects. Within the experimental group, ratios of AA:5HIAA were significantly (p=0.0191) different between subjects with Finger Stick Blood Sugar (FSBS) values that were below 70 mg/dl compared to those with levels between 100–250 mg/dl. No other significant effects (Hemoglobin A 1 C, insulin concentration or duration of disease) were found within the experimental group.
Passivated Iron as Core−Shell Nanoparticles

Using reverse micelles as reaction vessels, it is possible to synthesize iron nanoparticles that are coated with a native oxide shell. The nanoparticles presented here consist of a metallic iron glass surrounded by a disordered oxide shell. This shell protects the metallic core from oxidation for at least 6 weeks.
History's contributions to energy research and policy

Abstract Historical research can assist those analyzing contemporary energy systems or designing energy policies. While history does not directly repeat itself or offer powers of prediction, studies of the past can draw attention to frequently overlooked features of energy systems. Through a series of case studies, this article highlights historians’ efforts to identify the essential role of social and cultural considerations in shaping the successes and failures of energy regimes. In particular, energy researchers and policy makers can learn much from historians about the links between energy, culture, and society; the role of often-invisible infrastructures in limiting useful discussions about energy systems; and the need to reevaluate the traditional notion of energy transitions.
Genes, tolerance and systemic autoimmunity

Abstract The characterization of functional CD8+ inhibitory or regulatory T cells and their gene regulation remains a critical challenge in the field of tolerance and autoimmunity. Investigating the genes induced in regulatory cells and the regulatory networks and pathways that underlie mechanisms of immune resistance and prevent apoptosis in the CD8+ T cell compartment are crucial to understanding tolerance mechanisms in systemic autoimmunity. Little is currently known about the genetic control that governs the ability of CD8+ Ti or regulatory cells to suppress anti-DNA Ab production in B cells. Silencing genes with siRNA or shRNA and overexpression of genes with lentiviral cDNA transduction are established approaches to identifying and understanding the function of candidate genes in tolerance and immunity. Elucidation of interactions between genes and proteins, and their synergistic effects in establishing cell–cell cross talk, including receptor modulation/antagonism, are essential for delineating the roles of these cells. In this review, we will examine recent reports which describe the modulation of cells from lupus prone mice or lupus patients to confer anti-inflammatory and protective gene expression and novel associated phenotypes. We will highlight recent findings on the role of selected genes induced by peptide tolerance in CD8+ Ti.
Oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome with angle-closure glaucoma.

A 14-year-old girl with typical oculodentodigital syndrome had been treated for chronic glaucoma for seven years. She had corneas measuring R.E.: 10 mm; L.E.: 9 mm, with narrow angles open on the right, but almost entirely closed on the left. Gonioscopic examination of the right iris revealed that the root was attached forward on the trabecular meshwork, which suggested a congenital anomaly. Peripheral iridectomies were ineffective. In a case previously studied, a 20-year-old woman with typical oculodentodigital syndrome developed typical acute angle-closure glaucoma seven years after the original examination.
Factors influencing the decision to rehabilitate: an initial comparison of rehabilitation candidates.

This study classified consecutive admissions to a U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Patients on acute medical and surgical wards (n = 3170) were divided into clinical subgroups based on diagnostic, prognostic and functional criteria. The groups were: (1) independent; (2) terminal; (3) medical; (4) dementia; and (5) rehabilitation candidate. Medical record data from hospital admission, discharge and 9 month follow-up were collected. The groups had unique patterns of survival, residence and use of health care services during follow-up. Subsequently, rehabilitation participants were compared with a group similar in age, major diagnostic category and functional ability, who did not receive rehabilitation. Twenty-one percent of persons meeting study criteria for rehabilitation received rehabilitation services. At follow-up, participants in rehabilitation had lower mortality, spent less time in skilled care and were less frequently hospitalized. Although exploratory in nature, this study supports previously observed benefits of rehabilitation. In combination with clinical assessment, the process of identifying patient subgroups may be useful in planning interventions more uniformly and in developing measures to reduce selection bias in rehabilitation admission decisions.
A ph study of calcium phosphate seeded precipitation

Abstract The formation of calcium phosphate phases over a range of pH has been investigated at 37°C using a constant composition method. At a controlled ionic strength of 0.10 mole/liter, and Ca/P = 1.333 the precipitation of octacalcium phosphate appears to be limited to a pH range of 6 to 7. At pH 5, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate is formed at all supersaturations whereas at pH 5.5, it occurs only at high supersaturation; octacalcium phosphate precipitating at low supersaturation. At higher pH (7.4 and 8.0), the results point to the formation of a hydroxyapatite-like material.
Advancement of statistical based modeling techniques for short-term load forecasting

This paper presents a highly adaptable and robust short-term load forecasting algorithm developed using hybrid modeling techniques. Adaptive general exponential smoothing augmented with power spectrum analysis is proposed to account for the changing base load component. The algorithm includes an adaptive autoregressive modeling technique enhanced with partial autocorrelation analysis to model the random component of the load. The Akaike information criterion is employed to guarantee model parsimony. The weighted recursive least square estimate algorithm with variable forgetting factors is applied to estimate the model parameters. A nonlinear weather-sensitive model is used to represent the influence of weather changes on energy consumption. Simulations performed using historical load data from two large utilities revealed that the proposed approach produces highly accurate forecasting and is especially attractive for online applications with little human intervention. Details of the approach and test results are included in the paper.
Magnetic Properties of Gold-Rich Gold-Vanadium Alloys

Results of measurements on Au-V alloys are presented. The intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{Au}}_{4}$V, formed through an order-disorder transformation at 560\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, becomes ferromagnetic at \ensuremath{\approx}60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Above that temperature the susceptibility satisfies a Curie-Weiss law. The induced moment at absolute zero, the effective moment, the transition temperature, and the temperature-independent component of the susceptibility all vary from sample to sample, but typical values are $0.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per V ion, 1.7, 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and 150\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ emu/(g at. wt), respectively. The variation is thought to be due to extreme magnetic hardness coupled with a high degree of crystal imperfection. All results indicate that a model of localization in the molecular-field approximation is adequate to describe the ferromagnetism. In agreement with earlier work, dilute solid solutions of V in Au have temperature-dependent susceptibilities. The susceptibilities are describable by a Curie-Weiss law, with parameters that vary with concentration and heat treatment. Temperature dependence occurs only in the concentration range \ensuremath{\approx}0.1 to 30 at.% V; the Curie constant reaches a maximum value at 5-10 at.% V. A model is presented which can account for the results observed by assuming that a V ion localizes in Au only if there are no V neighbors within a critical distance. In conclusion, the implications for the possible existence of other ferromagnetic intermetallic compounds are discussed.
Kaon mass measurement from kaonic atom x-ray energies; the 4f-3d kaonic transition in chlorine

Abstract From measurements of kaonic atom X-ray energies we measure the negative kaon mass to be 493.87 ± 0.19 MeV. The effects of the strong interaction between the kaon and nucleus cause the X rays from the 4f-3d transition in chlorine ( Z =17) to be shifted by -0.94 ± 0.40 keV. This shift was used to estimate the strong interaction shifts needed for the mass measurement.
Solution structure of a CCHHC domain of neural zinc finger factor-1 and its implications for DNA binding.

The structure of a CCHHC zinc-binding domain from neural zinc finger factor-1 (NZF-1) has been determined in solution though the use of NMR methods. This domain is a member of a family of domains t...
GH peak response to GHRH-arginine: relationship to insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk factors in a population of adults aged 50-90.

Summary Objective To assess the GH response to GHRH-arginine in apparently healthy adults in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. Design Cross-sectional. Patients Eighty-six male and female volunteers aged 50–90. Measurements GH peak response to GHRH-arginine and cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and hypertension. The primary outcome measurement was GH response to GHRH-arginine. The relationship between GH peak responses and cardiovascular risk factors was determined after data collection. Results GH peaks were highly variable, ranging from 2·3 to 185 µg/l (14% with GH peaks < 9 µg/l). An increasing number of cardiovascular risk factors were associated with a lower mean GH peak (P < 0·0001). By univariate analysis, fasting glucose, insulin, body mass index (BMI), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly associated with GH peak (all P < 0·0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that fasting glucose, fasting insulin, BMI, triglycerides and sex accounted for 54% of GH peak variability. The role of abdominal fat as it relates to GH peak was explored in a subset of 45 subjects. Trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were inversely related to GH peak (P < 0·008 and 0·001, respectively). Analysis of this subgroup by multiple regression revealed that subregion abdominal fat became the significant obesity-related determinant of GH peak, but still lagged behind fasting insulin and glucose. Conclusions GH response to secretagogues was highly variable in apparently healthy adults aged 50–90 years. Peak GH was significantly related to fasting glucose, insulin, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat, with fasting glucose ranking first by multiple regression analysis. There was a strong relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and low GH, with individual risk factors being additive. Although these data do not differentiate between low GH being a cause or an effect of these cardiovascular risk factors, they indicate that the relationship between low GH and increased cardiovascular risk may be physiologically important in the absence of pituitary disease.
?-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced alterations in hepatic drug metabolism and liver morphology

Abstract When fed simultaneously, β-naphthylisothiocyanate (BNIT) inhibits p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. This investigation was designed to elucidate the effects of continuous BNIT feeding on liver function, especially with respect to the xenobiotic metabolizing system. Male F-344 rats were fed BNIT at 0.022, 0.047, and 0.1% of the diet for 4 weeks. Light microscopic evaluation of liver sections only revealed alterations in the 0.1% group, where multifocal granulomatous inflammatory lesions were present. No changes in liver-derived serum enzymes and serum bilirubin were detected in any dose group. Treatment with BNIT caused dose-dependent increases in hepatic cytochrome P-450, ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity, and benzphetamine-N-demethylase activity. BNIT also stimulated DT-diaphorase activity but did not alter epoxide hydrolase activity. These results are in sharp contrast to those of a related compound, α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), which also inhibits chemical carcinogenesis. At similar doses and time intervals ANIT decreases cytochrome P-450 and related enzymes and causes marked increases in epoxide hydrolase and DT-diaphorase. These observations support the hypothesis that enhanced drug metabolism, particularly elevated azo reduction, may explain the inhibition of DAB hepatocarcinogenesis by BNIT.
What Do Elementary Students Know about Insects

An interview study of 56 elementary students (grades K-6) was conducted during the summer. The purpose of the study was to determine the students’ understanding about insect characteristics, their life cycles, environmental conditions, and their impacts on humans. Third graders and older students had a broader understanding about insects’ characteristics than K-2 students. Overall, students lacked an understanding of insects’ life cycle which differs from Shepardson’s (1997) three-stage model that omitted the egg. Students had greater personal knowledge about the harmful than about the helpful aspects of insects for humans. Suggestions are made on building units of instruction using students’ personal questions about insects.