cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Contrast Perfusion Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization for Hepatic Malignancy

We previously developed an adaptive demodulation (AD) method to address challenges associated with non-contrast perfusion ultrasound imaging, namely tissue clutter spectral broadening. Here, we propose AD in combination with other advanced slow flow methods as a tool to evaluate trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatment of liver tumors. We demonstrate that treatment changes are better detected when using AD in combination with advancements in beamforming and tissue filtering. Specifically, conventional methods resulted in only a 1.7dB median change in tumor-to-background contrast between before and after TACE images compared to a 10.9dB median change with AD and advanced methods.
The 45° grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ

High-angle grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films are of technological interest because of the weak coupling observed between the grains; however, not all high-angle grain boundaries show this weak-link behavior. The microstructure of both these boundaries is not understood, nor is the reason for the differing electrical transport properties. High-angle grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films on MgO, where the angular misorientation between the grains is ∼45°, have been examined using high-resolution electron microscopy. The results show that the boundary structure can appear quite different even when the angular misorientation between the two grains is the same. The stability of the grain boundaries under the electron irradiation in the electron microscope was found to be a function of the accelerating voltage—400 kV leads to rapid disordering of the boundary region.
Popcast: A music podcast with unexpected scholarly angles. A review and highlighted episode selection

Abstract Short review with episode highlights of the New York Times Music Popcast podcast. Written specifically for librarians with an interest in the similarities/disparities between popular digital media content models and scholarly digital media. This includes a short overview of the podcast, its general relation to scholarly communication, a highlight of seven episodes that relate to copyright, archiving, peer-review, vertical integration, metrics, open repositories, and piracy.
Facebook as a follow-up tool for women with criminal justice histories.

The purpose of this study is to measure Facebook (FB) use as a tool for maintaining research contact with hard-to-reach women with criminal justice histories.,Retrospective data were analyzed from a jail health intervention. Bivariate analysis compared the rates of follow-up between FB group users and non-FB group users at one post-intervention time point. Multivariate models explored predictors for FB group follow-up.,Among 184 participants, 89 (48.4%) used the private research FB group. This group was more likely to complete the follow-up survey one year after enrollment compared to non-FB group users (P = 0.002). Regression analyses showed that, compared to non-FB group users, FB group users were more likely to be younger and have a history of sexually transmitted infections.,FB is popular among women with criminal justice histories. Use of this social media site with study participants from hard-to-reach populations may enhance study retention.,This paper fills a gap in examining the long-term use of FB as a research strategy to maintain contain with typically hard-to-reach populations.
P93 A Multi-State Evaluation of the Knowledge of the Background and Dangers of Popular Fad Diets Among Cooperative Extension Agents in Family and Consumer Sciences

Background Cooperative Extension Services (CES) provides research-based information to communities. Rapidly changing trends leave communities seeking reliable information. There is a need to assess CES agents’ knowledge about fad diets to develop effective professional trainings. Objective To assess general and potential adverse effects knowledge of fad diets of CES agents and factors influencing that knowledge. Study Design, Setting, Participants An online survey assessed CES agents employed in Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and Arkansas working in family and consumer science, nutrition, or related fields. The survey included demographic items, certifications held, years of experience, professional association memberships, education level and knowledge items to assess general and adverse effects knowledge of low-carbohydrate diets, intermittent fasting, detoxes, and cleanses. IRB approval was obtained from Louisiana Tech University. State office designates distributed the survey link to eligible agents. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive statistics characterized respondents. Knowledge items addressing diet premises and adverse effects were scored and categorized by diet type. ANOVA testing determined factors that influenced knowledge. Results Eligibility was met by 138 respondents. The most reported length of employment was 1-10 years (42%), and master's degrees for education level (63%). The mean score for total knowledge of fad diets was 70%. Respondents scored higher for general knowledge (75%) than adverse effects questions (65%). Members of the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior (SNEB) and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) scored highest for total knowledge (72%), as didRDN, DTR, and Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) certifications (74%). An ANOVA yielded a significant effect for CHES certification, F (1, 2) = 5.16, P = .03 and for RDN/DTR certifications, F (1, 0) = 4.83, P = .03 for adverse effects knowledge. Respondents (80%) chose webinars as the preferred delivery method of professional education. Conclusions Findings can be used to create needed meaningful professional development for Family and Consumer Sciences agents.
Expert-level prenatal detection of complex congenital heart disease from screening ultrasound using deep learning

Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect. Fetal survey ultrasound is recommended worldwide, including five views of the heart that together could detect 90% of complex CHD. In practice, however, sensitivity is as low as 30%. We hypothesized poor detection results from challenges in acquiring and interpreting diagnostic-quality cardiac views, and that deep learning could improve complex CHD detection. Using 107,823 images from 1,326 retrospective echocardiograms and surveys from 18-24 week fetuses, we trained an ensemble of neural networks to (i) identify recommended cardiac views and (ii) distinguish between normal hearts and complex CHD. Finally, (iii) we used segmentation models to calculate standard fetal cardiothoracic measurements. In a test set of 4,108 fetal surveys (0.9% CHD, >4.4 million images, about 400 times the size of the training dataset) the model achieved an AUC of 0.99, 95% sensitivity (95%CI, 84-99), 96% specificity (95%CI, 95-97), and 100% NPV in distinguishing normal from abnormal hearts. Sensitivity was comparable to clinicians’ task-for-task and remained robust on external and lower-quality images. The model’s decisions were based on clinically relevant features. Cardiac measurements correlated with reported measures for normal and abnormal hearts. Applied to guidelines-recommended imaging, ensemble learning models could significantly improve detection of fetal CHD and expand telehealth options for prenatal care at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has further limited patient access to trained providers. This is the first use of deep learning to ∼double standard clinical performance on a critical and global diagnostic challenge.
Neutral particle beam intensity controller

Abstract A method is proposed in which an amplitude-modulated, rotating magnetic field is applied to an accelerated ion beam in a gas neutralizer to defocus the resultant neutral and ion beam in a controlled manner to control the intensity of the neutral beam along the beam axis at constant beam energy. Adjustments in the gas pressure determine the fraction of ions that is neutralized. The rotating magnetic field alters the orbits of the ions in the gas neutralizer before they are neutralized. By adjusting the gas pressure and the amplitude of the rotating magnetic field, one can control the fraction of neutral and ion particles transmitted out of the neutralizer along the central beam axis to a fusion device or other application. This method can also be used for applications where no neutralization gas is used and thus most of the beam remains in the ion state. The defocused neutral or ion particles are sprayed onto an actively cooled beam dump, which intercepts the deflected particles. The beam dump has a central opening for passage of the remaining beam along the central axis of the beam line.
Development + Social Selection in the Emergence of “Emotionally Modern” Humans

According to the cooperative breeding hypothesis, apes with the life history attributes of Homo sapiens could not have evolved unless alloparents in addition to parents had helped to care for and provision offspring. In this chapter, I explore the psychological implications for infants developing in social contexts where contingent nurture was elicited from multiple providers. I hypothesize that, what was (for an ape) an unusual mode of rearing young, generated novel ape phenotypes subsequently subjected to directional Darwinian selection favoring those infants who were better at monitoring the mental states and intentions of others, motivated to appeal to and please them so as to elicit solicitude. The result was an already socially intelligent ape both emotionally and cognitively preadapted for the evolution of higher levels of cooperation. Relying on the best available proxies we still have for humankind’s last common ancestor with other apes, I draw on experimental studies of chimpanzee and modern human infants to test underlying assumptions critical to this mothers-and-others model. Results indicate that rearing by multiple caretakers does indeed generate ape phenotypes in which “other-regarding” potentials are more fully expressed. Preliminary evidence from comparative neuroscience also suggests a mosaic pattern of “fast” as well as “slow” neural development in human infants consistent with the proposition that social selection acted on their ancestors in ways that produced infants that, although utterly dependent, were well equipped to monitor and evaluate others.
Galilean invariance of shallow cumulus convection large-eddy simulations

Abstract In large-eddy simulations (LES) a computational-domain translation velocity can be used to improve performance by allowing longer time-step intervals. The continuous equations are Galilean invariant. However, standard finite-difference-based discretizations are not discretely invariant with the error being proportional to the product of the local translation velocity and the truncation error. Even though such numerical errors are expected to be small, it is shown that in LES of buoyant convection the turbulent large-scale flow organization can modulate and amplify the error. Galilean invariance of global flow statistics is observed in well-resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS). In LES of single-phase convection under an inversion, flow statistics are nearly Galilean invariant and do not depend on the order of accuracy of the finite difference approximation. In contrast, in LES of cloudy convection, flow statistics show strong dependence on the frame of reference and the order of approximation. The error with respect to the frame of reference becomes negligible as the order of accuracy is increased from second to sixth in the present LES. Schemes with low resolving power can produce large dispersion errors in the surface-fixed frame that can be amplified by large-scale flow anisotropies, such as strong updrafts rising in a non-turbulent free troposphere in cumulus-cloud layers. Interestingly, in the present large-eddy simulations, a second-order discretization in the proper Galilean frame can yield comparable accuracy as a high-order scheme in the surface-fixed frame.
How I Learned That Cigarettes Were Addictive--1970s to 1980s: A Personal History.

This is a personal history of how I came to view cigarette smoking as an addiction to nicotine. I discuss working with Stanley Schachter and Murray Jarvik. Although I note the importance of Michael...
Smell tests to distinguish Parkinson’s disease from other neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Olfactory impairment has been considered for differential diagnosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The authors aimed to identify the tests used to assess the olfactory function...
Exploring the Online Banking Practices of Subsidized Housing Residents

Sixty-seven percent of the U.S. banking population used online financial services in 2015, a figure that more than doubled from the prior decade. The majority of traditional “brick and mortar” reta...
Tokenless static data flow using associative templates

The static data-flow model of computation promises high-performance from fine-grained parallelism, but conventional token-driven static data-flow architectures are inefficient in terms of memory bandwidth and microcycles required per operation. The associative template mechanism, an application of associative techniques, uses specially configured content-addressable memories to provide efficient flow control for static data-flow program execution. It supports static data-flow semantics while exhibiting memory bandwidth and microcycle demands comparable to those of conventional uniprocessors. Associative diffusion, a second application of associative methods, provides a communication between adjacent nodes of a mesh-connected network of associative-template-based processors. This mechanism achieves nearest-neighbor communication at speeds comparable to intranode transactions by overlapping domains of associativity across boundaries between neighboring nodes. Together, associative templates and associative diffusion provide a token-free approach to static data-flow computation.
Humanitarian Organization Pre-Disaster Deployment for Predictable Disasters

Initial deployment decisions are critical to Humanitarian Organizations (HOs) as they pre-position inventory and prepare for predictable disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. Deploying too little inventory results in unmet demand, bad publicity, and unhappy donors. On the other hand, deploying too much inventory can also result in bad publicity and unhappy donors due to high costs and wasted resources. We use a stochastic optimization model in several modes to investigate the initial deployment decision, the surrounding costs, and optics of varying disaster scenarios. The stochastic model forces the initial deployment decision to be made before the disaster occurs and true demand is realized. While many humanitarian practitioners are leery of optimization models dictating decisions, we find that full optimization (including returns and disposals) may actually increase the initial deployment amount. We also find that fixed return costs and scenario analysis can have a large impact on the cost savings and decision-making of HOs. We discuss how understanding both marginal and fixed return costs is important for the HOs' choice of optimization modes and level of initial deployment, especially when wide discrepancies in disaster outcomes are possible.
Revealing the chemical environment of Cr, Fe, and Ni in high temperature-ultrafine precipitate strengthened steel subjected to low fluence neutron irradiation

Abstract High temperature-ultrafine precipitate strengthened (HT-UPS) steel has potential applications in advanced nuclear reactors as a structural material. However, little is currently known about its response to neutron irradiation. This research provides insight into the neutron irradiation-induced physicochemical changes of the major constituents in HT-UPS steels, including Fe, Cr, and Ni, using synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and diffraction. This study is the first known investigation using XANES to characterize HT-UPS steel to analyze the evolution of the atomic level chemistry. It was found that following neutron exposure, radiation-induced nucleation, growth, and/or ballistic dispersion of Cr23C6 precipitates occurred at very low neutron irradiation fluences, from 0.003 displacements per atom (dpa) up to 0.3 dpa, at 600 °C, which were at least an order of magnitude lower than previous studies. Calculations of the angular momentum projected partial density of states and the XANES spectra confirmed the experimental findings of the Cr23C6 precipitate evolution. In contrast, the local atomic structure around Fe and Ni atoms demonstrated irradiation resistance.
Comprehensive medication review service by embedded pharmacists in primary care: Innovations and impact.

Abstract Background Primary care may offer innovations in delivering comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs). Objectives This study aimed to (1) describe innovations to improve delivery and impact of CMR, (2) quantify CMR completion rates and patient satisfaction, and (3) characterize medication changes and impact on medication costs. Practice description Board-certified ambulatory care pharmacists with collaborative practice agreements embedded in primary care provided CMRs in 5 clinics for eligible university prescription plan retirees. Practice innovation Innovations included (1) physician review of potential CMR recipient list, (2) use of trained student pharmacists to recruit and set up CMR visits, (3) use of clinical information in a standardized CMR 2-visit approach by embedded pharmacists, and (4) enrollment into disease management programs or referrals to other providers. Evaluation methods Data from a retrospective cohort were collected. The CMR completion rate and therapeutic interventions were documented. Prescription fill data were available for 6 months before and after the CMR. An anonymous survey assessed patient satisfaction. Frequencies and descriptive statistics characterized completion rate, interventions, and patient satisfaction. The median cost to the plan of deleted versus added medications and per member per month total drug costs before and after the CMR were compared. Results Among 729 beneficiaries screened, 489 were eligible and 223 (46%) received a CMR. There were 388 medication interventions: the most common intervention was to delete medications (41.0%). One in 4 was enrolled into the pharmacists’ disease management programs. Individuals reported 4.68 (SD 0.67) of 5 for helpfulness of the CMR. The ratio of median costs for medication deletions versus additions was $1.46 vs. $1.00. Conclusion Innovations to deliver CMRs capitalized on well-established physician-pharmacist relationships and nonpharmacist personnel to recruit and prepare the intake. Almost half of eligible beneficiaries received a CMR, and the CMRs were impactful for patients and payers. The most prevalent intervention was to discontinue medications for efficacy reasons.
Kynurenine: a biomarker for in vitro and in vivo modulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by 1-Methyl-[D]-tryptophan (NSC 721782)

4161 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan degradation, has been associated with development of immunological tolerance by tumors. Expression of IDO by certain antigen presenting cells allows these cells to inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro and escape T cell mediated rejection in vivo. This effect is abrogated by the competitive IDO inhibitor 1-Methyl-[D]-tryptophan (1MT, NSC 721782), now under investigation as an immune modulator. IDO catalyzes the rate limiting oxidation of tryptophan to form N-formylkynurenine and kynurenine (KN), the latter which may be used as a biomarker to monitor IDO expression and the biological effects of 1MT and other immune modulators. To study invitro modulation of IDO, we utilized a microtiter plate-based colorimetric assay to measure KN. The assay was linear over the range of 5-500 μM KN. Induction of IDO in Hela and HT-26 cells with γ-IFN produced a concentration-dependent increase in KN in the cell culture medium. Hela cells were much more sensitive to IDO induction by γ-IFN than HT-29 cells. Induced formation of KN was inhibited by 1MT in both cell lines. The IC50 for inhibition of KN formation in both cell lines was 1.5 mM. Increased KN formation was associated with induction of IDO protein expression by γ-IFN in both cell lines. IDO protein was not detected in the absence of treatment, was not induced by treatment with 1MT alone and was not altered by coincubation with 1MT. Thus, 1MT reduced concentrations of KN in the cell lines by inhibition of IDO-catalyzed metabolism of tryptophan, rather than inhibition of IDO expression. A sensitive LC/MS/MS assay was developed to measure KN in plasma and tissues. The assay utilized reverse-phase HPLC, protein precipitation with methanol and o-methy-L-tyrosine as an internal standard and was linear over the range of 31-10,000 nM. KN depletion in plasma was investigated in mice after oral administration of 25 and 100 mg/kg 1MT. An immediate effect on plasma KN was detected after 100 mg/kg 1MT, but not after 25 mg/kg 1MT. Both doses reduced plasma KN to 50% of baseline 24 h after 1MT administration. Baseline KN tissue concentrations were 107 nmol/g in liver, 0.51-0.93 nmol/g in heart, kidney, lung and spleen and below quantitation limits in brain and muscle. One hour after an oral dose of 100 mg/kg 1MT KN tissue concentrations were increased in heart (+16%), liver (+27%) and kidney (+324%), and reduced in lung (-15%) and spleen (-54%). Kidney and liver KN returned to baseline, heart KN gradually fell to 72% of baseline and lung KN remained low 48 h after the 1MT dose. After the 1 h nadir, spleen KN increased to 60% of baseline after 24 h and rebounded to 150% of baseline after 48 h. In conclusion, KN is a useful biomarker to monitor the effects of 1MT. Supported by NCI contract N01-CM-07105.
Double Sampling Kalman Filter with Applications in Investment Fund Reconstruction Problems

The investment fund replication techniques and related financial product have been developed in recent years. It is understood that investing in the replicated fund can help investors gain similar returns without suffering drawbacks of the target fund. However, it is difficult to produce reliable replications using traditional quantitative techniques based on factor models with selective market assets that are correlated with the fund portfolio. The methodologies require specially tuned input parameters and/or time windows in order to output strategies with practical transactions, less long-term tracking errors and lower rebalancing costs. In this work, we propose to reconstruct the target fund with its actual assets and weights. It is done using an innovative non-parametric technique called Double Sampling Kalman Filter, derived from the ordinary Kalman Filter. The algorithm is designed to estimate optimal filter parameters from the data, as well as to identify the sudden changes (jumps) in the portfolio weight. The algorithm is discussed and compared with other types of Kalman Filters. It is later tested using generated portfolios with different scenarios. Finally, we demonstrate the reconstruction results of a real market portfolio.
Financial reporting quality and investment in corporate social responsibility

This study investigates the role of financial reporting quality in disciplining managers’ investments in corporate social responsibility (CSR). While agency problems are endemic to all investment decisions, with respect to investment in CSR, the moral hazard problem that results in over-investment is likely exacerbated as CSR provides certain private benefits to managers that would not be expected from a typical investment. Consistent with higher-quality financial reporting reducing over-investment in CSR, I document a negative association between financial reporting quality and investment in CSR for firms operating in settings with higher likelihood of over-investment. Further, I show that there is a positive relation between investment in CSR and future profitability for firms with high-quality financial reporting whereas there is a negative relation between investment in CSR and future profitability for firms with low-quality financial reporting. Overall, these results suggest that higher-quality financial reporting improves CSR investment efficiency by mitigating moral hazard, resulting in an investment in CSR that benefits shareholders by improving future financial performance. _____________________________________ I appreciate the helpful comments and suggestions from my dissertation committee, Robert Bushman (Chair), Jeff Abarbanell, Wayne Landsman, Mark Lang, and Ed Maydew, as well as those from Dan Amiram, Elicia Cowins, John Gallemore, Justin Hopkins, Sangwan Kim, Eva Labro, and Mark Maffett. I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Royster Society of Fellows Lovick P. Corn Dissertation Fellowship. All errors are my own.
Vascular Complications of Fibrocystic Liver Disease

Vascular complications of fibrocystic liver disease can involve the hepatic or the extrahepatic vasculature. The hepatic vascular complications of fibrocystic liver disease involve the venous structures of the liver. Portal hypertension is common in congenital hepatic fibrosis, often manifesting as variceal bleeding. In autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, enlarging hepatic cysts can obstruct the hepatic veins or the inferior vena cava, or both, resulting in the corresponding venous obstruction syndrome. Extrahepatic vascular complications of fibrocystic liver disease are related to abnormalities at the level of the arterial elastic lamina associated with aneurysm formation, most commonly at the level of the intracranial vessels. Rupture of intracranial aneurysms results in the devastating complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease is also associated with cardiac valvular anomalies.
Weyl’s Program and Modern Physics

The author is presently engaged in trying to fit as much as possible of modern elementary particle physics into a group theoretical framework described at some length in the reference cited at the end of section IV. This article is in part an exposition of the relationship of this program to one formulated by Weyl in 1927, in part a review and revision of material from the reference mentioned above and in part a description of ideas and incomplete work relevant to carrying the program further.
The Gas6/axl signal transduction pathway: a potential therapeutic target in clear cell renal cell cancer

4127 One of the major recent successes in the war against cancer has been the development of new small molecule inhibitors and inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against various tyrosine kinases or their ligands such as Gleevec for chronic myeloid leukemia. The unprecedented efficacy of Gleevec provides the paradigm of how understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of cancer can lead to the development and design of a highly effective targeted therapy. One major prerequisite to develop such therapies is the identification of relevant cellular targets. Renal cell cancer (RCC) is responsible for 30,000 new diagnoses and 12,000 deaths in the US each year. Surgical removal of the tumor is highly effective for the treatment of localized RCC, but no curative treatment is available for patients with advanced stages of RCC or metastatic disease. We have recently used transcriptional profiling to classify different subtypes of RCC and to identify gene signatures specific for different stages of clear cell RCC (cRCC), the most common and malignant form of RCC. As part of our analysis we focused on identification of potential therapeutic targets that are upregulated in cRCC with particular emphasis on cell surface receptors. We identified several tyrosine kinase receptors whose expression was specifically increased in cRCC when compared to normal kidney or other RCC subtypes. The anti-apoptotic oncogene axl was the most consistently upregulated tyrosine kinase receptor suggesting that axl overexpression may play a critical role in cRCC and that the axl pathway may be a prime new candidate for targeted therapy. New results confirm that cRCC cell lines express high levels of tyrosine phosphorylated axl protein as well as the axl ligand Gas6. Our notion is that axl overexpression and activation of the Gas6/axl signaling pathway play a crucial role in cRCC development and/or progression. Our hypothesis is that targeting the axl pathway will inhibit cRCC growth and, thus, lead to a novel therapeutic entry point for cRCC. Results from our studies are expected to lead ultimately to design of axl inhibitors and a new clinical trial of axl inhibition for patients with advanced cRCC.
Poisson-Boltzmann methods for biomolecular electrostatics.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) methods for biomolecular electrostatics. The understanding of electrostatic properties is a basic aspect of the investigation of biomolecular processes. Structures of proteins and other biopolymers are being determined at an increasing rate through structural genomics and other effort. The nonlinear equations obtained from the full PB equation require more specialized techniques, such as Newton methods, to determine the solution to the discretized algebraic equation. The increasing size and number of biomolecular structures have necessitated the development of new parallel finite difference and finite element methods for solving the PB equation. These parallel techniques allow users to leverage supercomputing resources to determine the electrostatic properties of single-structure calculations on large biological systems consisting of millions of atoms. In addition, advances in improving the efficiency of PB force calculations have paved the way for a new era of biomolecular dynamics simulation methods using detailed implicit solvent models. It is anticipated that PB methods will continue to play an important role in computational biology as the study of biological systems grow from macromolecular to cellular scales.
Challenges in Building Federation Services over Harvested Metadata

The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) is a de facto standard for federation of digital repositories. OAI-PMH defines how repositories (data providers) expose their metadata as well as how harvesters (service providers) extract the metadata. In this paper we will concentrate on our experience as service providers. Although OAI-PMH makes it easy to harvest data from data providers, adding specialized services requires significant work beyond the OAI-PMH capabilities. Harvesting provides only the basic services to get metadata from repositories. However, processing these data or retrieving related metadata is not part of the OAI-PMH. In this paper, we will present the impact of value-added services like citation and reference processing, equation searching, and data normalization on the process of dynamic harvesting in Archon. Dynamic harvesting introduces challenges of keeping specialized-services consistent with ingestion of new metadata records. Archon is a NSDL NSF funded digital library that federates physics collections. We present performance data for the overhead of using these services over the regular harvesting. We also present the implementation of Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) web services (and corresponding client) that enhances the usability of our collections by allowing third parties to provide their own clients to search our databases directly.
Mesoscale Modeling of Dynamic Failure of Ceramic Polycrystals

Abstract : Mesoscale models are used to study dynamic deformation and failure in silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxynitride (AlON) polycrystals. Elastic and anisotropic elastic-plastic crystal models represent mechanical behavior of SiC and AlON and grains, respectively. Cohesive zone models represent intergranular fracture. Failure data that can be used to inform macroscopic continuum models of ceramic behavior are collected and analyzed. Studied are effects of grain morphology, specimen size, and applied stress state on behavior of polycrystalline aggregates loaded dynamically at applied strain rates on the order of 105/s. Results for SiC demonstrate shear-induced dilatation, increasing shear strength with increasing confinement or pressure, increasing strength with decreasing specimen size (in terms of number of grains), and decreasing strength variability with decreasing size. Results for AlON demonstrate increased initiation of slip activity particularly in the vicinity of constrained grain boundaries with confinement.
Electrocatalysis of anodic oxygen-transfer reactions at modified lead dioxide electrodes

The electrocatalytic activities were compared for pure and chloride-doped beta-Pb02 (Cl-Pb02) films on gold and platinum substrates. Rate constants were increased significantly for oxidations of Mn^"^, toluene, benzyl alcohol, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and benzaldehyde in acidic media by the incorporation of CI" into the oxide films. These reactions are concluded to occur by the electrocatalytic transfer of oxygen from H2O to the reaction products. Results of X-ray diffraction studies indicate the Cl-Pb02 film continues to have the slightly distorted rutile structure of pure beta-Pb02. The observed electrocatalytic phenomena are concluded to be the beneficial ^Published in Hsiao, Y.-L.; Johnson, D. C. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1989, 136, 3704-3711.
Effects of Auxiliary Injection on Diesel Engine Combustion

Pilot injection and two other forms of auxiliary fuel introduction have been studied for their effects on diesel engine combustion and emissions. A two-stroke diesel has been equipped with an electronic solenoid-controlled unit injector can operate with pilot injection. In addition, the engine has been fitted with experimental air-blast atomizing injectors in the inlet port and intake manifold. In-cylinder pressure, Bosch smoke, exhaust hydrocarbons, NO and NOx emissions have been made for a range of engine conditions. In addition, two fuels have been tested to observe the effects of fuel blend on the auxiliary fuel behavior.
Comparison of WAIS-R Selected Subtest Short Forms in a Mixed Clinical Population

Abbreviated forms of the revised edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) attempt to shorten the administration time of the test without adversely affecting the results. Seven different short forms of the WAIS-R were compared in a mixed clinical sample to evaluate short form predictions of Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). Correlation coefficients for each short form indicate that Ward's seven-subtest short form predicts IQ scores most closely to FSIQ scores across ranges of intellectual functioning. In this sample, 96% of the patients obtained FSIQ scores within 5 points of their actual FSIQ when using this short form. Two tetrad short forms yielded scores that were close to actual FSIQ scores, however to a lesser degree. These results are consistent with other studies using Ward's seven-subtest short form, and, therefore, suggest that this particular version is a reliable and valid substitute for a full WAIS-R when time is limited.
Recruitment, retention, and performance of students in the College of Engineering at Illinois

The purpose of this study was to better understand the entering characteristics, patterns of performance, attrition rates and reasons for leaving, and experiences of undergraduate and graduate students in the College of Engineering and other engineering disciplines, with particular emphasis on those from traditionally underrepresented groups and other subgroups of interest. All students in the College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign were asked to participate in this study. The study was initiated under the assumption that aggregate data related to issues faced by engineering students would be used to inform discussions and decisions related to a variety of policies and practices employed by the College of Engineering. The topics covered during this study ranged broadly, but generally related to one of the following: 1) general student satisfaction; 2) recruitment and retention; 3) departmental climate; 4) students' experiences; and 5) discrimination and harassment. Engineering administrators, department heads, faculty and student representatives had a voice in the design and oversight of this study, which was conducted by a team of local evaluators.
Ubiquitin Modulates Tollip Function in the Endocytic Pathway

Ubiquitylation is a highly controlled post-translational modification of proteins, in which proteins are conjugated either with monoubiquitin or polyubiquitin chains. Ubiquitin modifications on target proteins are recognized by ubiquitin-binding domains, which are found in several effector proteins. In this study, we describe the function of the Toll-interacting protein (Tollip), which is an effector protein in the innate immune signaling pathway and an adaptor protein for endosomal trafficking. We have previously demonstrated that the central C2 domain of Tollip preferentially interacts with phosphoinositides and that this association is critical for membrane targeting of the protein. Remarkably, we found that ubiquitin modulates Tollip's lipid binding. We have observed an ubiquitin dose-dependent inhibition of binding of Tollip to phosphoinositides and it does so specifically by blocking Tollip C2 domain-phosphoinositide interactions. This led us to hypothesize that the Tollip C2 domain is a novel ubiquitin-binding domain. In addition, we have biophysically characterized the association of the Tollip CUE domain to ubiquitin and identified key interacting residues. The Tollip CUE domain reversibly binds ubiquitin with low micromolar affinity at a site that overlaps with that corresponding to the Tollip C2 domain. We have also found that ubiquitin binding to dimeric Tollip CUE domain induces a drastic conformational change in the protein, leading to the formation of a heterodimeric Tollip CUE-ubiquitin complex. These data suggest that ubiquitin binding to the Tollip C2 and CUE domain and ubiquitin-mediated dissociation of CUE dimer reduces the affinity of the Tollip protein for endosomal phosphoinositides, allowing Tollip cytoplasmic sequestration. Overall, our findings will provide the structural and molecular basis to understand how Tollip, as an endocytic adaptor protein, is modulated by ubiquitin and determines the fate of polyubiquitinated cargo for endosomal degradation.
Examination of risk evaluation and mitigation strategies and drug safety in the US.

Abstract Background The Food and Drug Administration Amendment Act of 2007 (FDAAA 2007) enabled the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) for a drug or biologic to ensure that its benefits outweigh the risks. Objective This study sought to evaluate REMS approved and released by the FDA since the program inception in 2008, to assess the characteristics of REMS approved and to calculate the time lag between FDA drug application approval and REMS approval. Methods Data were derived from Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, Approved REMS and Drugs@FDA. Data included generic availability, application type and approval date, therapeutic class and FDA review class, orphan designation, priority review and market status. Results The FDA approved REMS for 259 marketing applications (217 new drug applications -NDAs, 10 abbreviated NDAs, and 32 biologic license applications) in the study period. The FDA granted orphan designation to 11.4% of active ingredients with REMS and priority review to 38.4% of the NDAs with REMS. The largest number of REMS approvals was for nervous system products (31.8% of total approved REMS) and antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (15.3%). Conclusions The FDA approved REMS for one in three biologics and one in thirteen chemical entities available in the market. A pharmaceutical product can be in the market for an average of 14 years before the FDA identifies and evaluates the risk problems that warrant the approval of a REMS.
Support for Race‐Based Affirmative Action: Self‐interest and Procedural Justice1

The current study examines attitudes toward affirmative action. Hypotheses related to self-interest concerning perceptions of the benefits of affirmative action and hypotheses derived from procedural justice research regarding the structure of policy statements both received support. A survey completed by 387 undergraduate and graduate student partici- pants found greater perception of benefits resulting from affirmative action policies, defined in terms of increased opportunity (concrete benefit) and increased satisfaction (abstract benefit), related to greater support for affirmative action. Policies presented with justification received more support than did policies presented without justification. Eth- nicity did not directly affect support for affirmative action; however, ethnicity did affect perceptions of the benefits of affirmative action. Perceptions of the benefits of affrmative action mediated ethnicity effects. Suggestions for increasing support for affirmative action are provided. Affirmative action policies came to prominence in the United States in the 1960s. Since that time, these polices have been a constant source of political debate. Psychological research on attitudes toward affirmative action can be cate- gorized broadly as focusing on individual or policy structure factors (e.g., Kravitz et al., 1996). The current study examines support for/opposition to affir- mative action using variables from both categories. Individual-level concerns are evaluated through self-interest. Policy structure is considered through procedural justification of policies. Though affirmative action policies often include women, the focus of this research is race-based affirmative action policies. Throughout the article, the terms recipient and White distinguish between policy targets and those not targeted by policies. Minority individuals comprise the recipient category. Self-Interest One explanation for support for and opposition to affirmative action is self- interest. Simply put, those who gain from affirmative action are proposed to be 'I thank an anonymous reviewer for insightful comments that greatly improved the paper. *Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christopher L. Aberson, Depart-
High resolution imaging at the Multiple Mirror Telescope using adaptive optics

The next generation of 6 to 10 m class telescopes is being planned to include the capability for adaptive wavefront correction. The MMT with its 7-m baseline, provides an ideal testbed for novel techniques of adaptive optics. Using a new instrument based on a six-segment adaptive mirror, a number of wavefront sensing algorithms including an artificial neural network have been implemented to demonstrate the high resolution imaging capability of the telescope. These algorithms rely on a freely available property of starlight, namely, its coherence over large scales, to sense directly atmospheric and instrumental phase errors across large distances. In this paper, we report results obtained so far with resolutions between 0.08 and 0.3 arcsec at 2.2-micron wavelength. We also show data indicating that at the level of 0.1-arcsec imaging in good seeing, the isoplanatic patch at this wavelength is at least 20 arcsec across.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Note: On the realization of double occurrence words

Let S be a double occurrence word, and let M"S be the word's interlacement matrix, regarded as a matrix over GF(2). Gauss addressed the question of which double occurrence words are realizable by generic closed curves in the plane. We reformulate answers given by Rosenstiehl and by de Fraysseix and Ossona de Mendez to give new graph-theoretic and algebraic characterizations of realizable words. Our algebraic characterization is especially pleasing: S is realizable if and only if there exists a diagonal matrix D"S such that M"S+D"S is idempotent over GF(2).
Bandwidth analysis of the principal states superimposed from vortex modes propagating in an optical fiber

The wavelength dependence of the principal states of transmission in multimode fibers is analyzed using a group theoretical analysis. We expand our principal states analysis modes propagating in an optical fiber in a basis of optical vortices for super dense optical networks to include the wavelength width over which these states are valid. The theory is formulated using SU(N) group theory and eigen analysis to determine the modal expansion coefficients. To first order, the principal states are frequency and wavelength independent; however dependencies develop away from which the frequencies of the specific expansion coefficients are determined.
Gold: hepatotoxic and cholestatic reactions.

Gold hepatotoxicity is an uncommon but significant clinical problem. Hepatitis was first manifested one day to four weeks after the last dose of gold at a cumulative range of 35 to 2900 mg. An interesting dichotomy was noted between cholestatic and hepatotoxic reactions. Hepatotoxic reactions were associated with other clinical signs of hyper-sensitivity, thus facilitating differential diagnosis from viral hepatitis. Sudden clinical improvement in a patient receiving gold should stimulate evaluation for a hepatotoxic reaction.
Taxonomy of Exophiala werneckii and its relationship to Microsporum mansonii

Study of the neotype culture of Exophiala werneckii (Cladosporium werneckii), as well as additional isolates, has shown that the yeast-like and hyphal conidiogenous cells are annellides. E. werneckii cannot be accommodated in Cladosporium, a genus characterized by catenulate holoblastic coanidia. E. werneckii and the dematiaceous hyphomycete that Castellani misidentified as Microsporum mansonii (Cladosporium mansonii) are two entirely different fungi. M. mansonii is considered to be a synonym of Malassezia furfur since both names were used to describe in tissue the etiologic agent of pityriasis versicolor.
Predictors of Alfalfa Forage Quality: Validation with Field Data

The mean stage system for describing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) morphological development and quality has potential as a management tool. Published equations for predicting alfalfa leaf, stem, and herbage quality have not been tested widely. Study objectives were to (i) test published equations for predicting quality from mean stage by weight (MSW) or count (MSC) or growing degree days (GDD, base=5 o C) with forage quality data for alfalfa stems, leaves, and herbage, and (ii) test a published equation for converting MSC values to MSW(.)
Spectral factorization of rectangular rational matrix functions with application to discrete Wiener-Hopf equations

The properties of a discrete Wiener-Hopf equation are closely related to the factorization of the symbol of the equation. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of a canonical Wiener-Hopf factorization of a possibly nonregular rational matrix function W relative to a contour which is a positively oriented boundary of a region in the finite complex plane. The condition involves decomposition of the state space in a minimal realization of W and, if it is satisfied, we give explicit formulas for the factors. The results are generalized by means of centered realizations to arbitrary rational matrix functions. The proposed approach can be used to solve discrete Wiener-Hopf equations whose symbols are rational matrix functions which admit canonical factorization relative to the unit circle.