cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhizoliths in ancient eolianites

Abstract Rhizoliths are abundant within Permo-Pennsylvanian eolian rocks of southeastern Utah. They are also present at the tops of several eolian sand bodies within the Pennsylvanian Fountain Formation of southeastern Wyoming and at a single stratigraphic level within the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southeastern Utah. Ranging in diameter from less than 1 mm to 15 cm, these cylindrical structures are composed of siliciclastic-free micrite and calcite spar. Cylinders ramify throughout the uppermost 2–3 m of thin, flat-topped sand bodies. Large cylinders are compound rhizoliths and display alveolar fabric, a feature resulting from rootlet calcification that is characteristic of modern and ancient calcretes. Development of rhizoliths required flat, geomorphically stable substrates for plant growth, highly permeable surficial sediments, and sources of calcium ions. The restriction of rhizoliths to planar deflation surfaces suggests that plants were unable to colonize or stabilize eolian bedforms. Paleozoic rhizoliths appear to be restricted to coastal areas with onshore winds. Associated evaporites suggest an arid to semi-arid paleoclimate. Rhizoliths formed when carbonate allochems derived from an upwind epeiric sea were dissolved and calcite reprecipitated around plant roots. Quaternary rhizoliths are best developed in similar sedimentologic and geographic settings. The abundance of rhizoliths and carbonate allochems in Quaternary and late Paleozoic low-latitude coastal dunes suggests that they are genetically related to glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations.
Citrobacter perinephric abscess presenting as pneumoscrotum in transplant recipient.

Abstract A case of Citrobacter diversus perinephric abscess presenting as pneumoscrotum in a transplant recipient is reported. Reference is made to the increasing incidence of the organism in clinical infection and its ability to produce gas within tissues. Pertinent clinical literature is briefly discussed.
Lineage-specific growth factors can compensate for stem and progenitor cell deficiencies at the postprogenitor cell level: an analysis of doubly TPO- and G-CSF receptor-deficient mice.

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that thrombopoietin (TPO) substantially impacts the number of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors of all myeloid lineages. Nevertheless, tpo knock-out mice (T−) display thrombocytopenia only; blood erythroid and neutrophil levels are normal despite 60% to 85% reductions in stem and progenitor cells. The compensatory mechanism(s) for these deficiencies remains uncertain; lineage-specific cytokines such as erythropoietin or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) have been postulated but never proven to be responsible. To directly test whether G-CSF can compensate for the myeloid progenitor cell reduction in the T− model of hematopoietic deficiency, T− and G-CSF–receptor knock-out (GR−) mice were crossed, and F1 animals bred to obtain doubly nullizygous mice (T−GR−). This experiment also allowed us to test the hypothesis that G-CSF contributes to the residual platelet production in T− mice. We found that T−GR− F2 mice displayed similar blood platelet levels as that seen in T− mice, indicating that G-CSF does not account for the residual megakaryopoiesis in T− mice. However, we also noted excessive perinatal mortality of T−GR− animals, caused by infection due to a profound and significant decrease in marrow and peripheral blood neutrophils, far greater than that seen in either T− or GR− mice. These data indicate that in the additional absence of GR, T− mice cannot compensate for their 62% reduction in myeloid progenitors and become profoundly neutropenic, supporting the hypothesis that G-CSF can compensate for the myeloid effects of TPO deficiency by expanding the pool of cells between the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit and mature neutrophil stages of granulopoiesis.
Distribution and size of GABAergic neurons in area 7b and the retroinsular cortex of the monkey.

Abstract The distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons was examined in the retroinsular cortex (Ri) and area 7b of the monkey. GABA-immunoreactive somata and puncta were observed in all layers of Ri and area 7b. The densest concentration of these neurons was located in layers I and II. The vast majority (98.9%) of GABA-immunoreactive somata were less than 15 μm in major diameter. These data demonstrate that high concentrations of GABAergic neurons are located in those cortical layers that have been shown to receive afferent projections from corticocortical fibers.
An overlap of Cowden's disease and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome in the same family.

Abstract We describe a family with the unusual association of Cowden's disease and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. The father has characteristic mucocutaneous features that are palmoplantar keratoses, multiple facial papules, oral papillomatoses, lipomas, and vitiligo with involvement of the thyroid and digestive tract. The son presents with pigmented macules of the penis, macrocephaly, and a lipoma that are typical for Bannaya-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that these 2 diseases are allelic disorders at the PTEN locus on chromosome 10q. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:348-50.)
CRT-409 The Closed Association between Lipid-Containing Plaque Composition Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Coronary Arterial Remodeling with Progression of Coronary Stenosis

High risk coronary plaque morphology is associated with positive remodeling and large necrotic core content. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between lipid core burden index (LCBI) as detected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and remodeling index (RI) in de-novo coronary
Comparing Fatigue Life Estimates Using Experimental and Spectral Density Based Probability Distributions

Random vibration, high-cycle fatigue problems in thin-skinned structures are of concern to the U.S. Air Force. Therefore, the U.S. Air Force is interested in available methods used to approximate the response and fatigue life of aircraft structures exposed to random vibration loading, notably those exhibiting geometric nonlinear effects. The purpose of this investigation is to examine and compare the fatigue life estimates of a fully clamped aluminum plate under the influence of random electrodynamic shaker loading. The experimental strain probability density function was generated using the rain flow cycle counting technique, and the resulting fatigue estimates were compared with spectral-based finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental random response fatigue estimates (Anzai, Hiroyuki, Algorithm of the rainflow method, The International Symposium on Fatigue Damage Measurement and Evaluation under Complex Loading, OND Sokkic, Ltd., July 1991; Bannantine, J. A., Comer, J. J., and Handrock, J. L., Fundamentals of Metal Fatigue Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1990, pp. 193-196). The plate was modeled using the ABAQUS® linear random response algorithm and a modified nonlinear FEA code developed by Mei et al. of Old Dominion University (Dhainaut, J. M., Bin, D., Mei, C., Spottswood, S. M., and Wolfe, H. F., Non-Linear Response of Composite Panels to Random Excitation and Elevated Temperature, Structural Dynamics: Recent Advances, Univ. of Southampton, U.K., 2000; Shi, Y., and Mei, C., A Finite Element Time Domain Modal Formulation for Large Amplitude Free Vibrations of Beams and Plates, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 193, No. 2, 1996, pp. 453-464). For all scenarios the Palmgren-Miner linear damage accumulation model was utilized (Miner, M. A., Cumulative Damage in Fatigue, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 67, 1945, pp. A159-A182). This simple isotropic plate case was selected as a means for accurate assessment, as opposed to using a more complex structure initially. Results indicate that the spectral-density-based analyses provide overly conservative fatigue life estimates when compared with the experimental based fatigue life estimates.
Oxidized Flavor in Milk: I. Effect of the Development of Oxidized Flavor on the Iodine Number of the Phospholipid Fraction of Milk

Oxidized flavor in milk and milk products is generally accepted to be the result of oxidation of one or more of the lipids present in milk. The oxidation of the unsaturated fat ty acids present in butterfat was originally thought to be the source of oxidized flavor, but the evidence presented by certain workers shows that the phospholipids present in milk may play an important rSle. The work reported herein was undertaken to determine which of the lipid constituents in milk had undergone a change on the development of oxidized flavor. The oxidized flavored milk used in these experiments was obtained by the addition of copper in the form of copper sulfate solution. Unfortunately there was no milk available which would develop the off flavor spontaneously.
NEUROPATHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS OF HEAD TRAUMA IN THE NORTHERN FUR SEAL

The skulls and brains of 19 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were studied. These animals had been rendered unconscious by blunt head trauma as part of the harvest procedure on the Pribilof Islands of Alaska. All seals had depressed, comminuted fractures of the skull. Epidural, subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage were frequently present. In addition, the brains showed varying prevalence and degrees of laceration, superficial contusion and hemorrhage in deep midline or paramedian structures and ventricular system. Lesions observed were related to the head trauma.
Not all mixed-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms behave like main-duct lesions: implications of minimal involvement of the main pancreatic duct

Background The malignant potential of intraductal mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN) is associated closely with main pancreatic duct (MPD) involvement. Because mixed-type IPMN is thought to have the same malignant potential as that of main-duct (MD)-IPMN, resection is recommended; however, the biological nature of mixed-type IPMN with only minimal involvement of MPD (min-mix-IPMN) may be different. Methods A prospective database of 404 resected IPMNs was re-reviewed to subclassify mixed-type IPMNs. We defined min-mix-IPMN as absence of gross abnormalities (except for dilatation) of MPD and noncircumferential microscopic involvement of MPD limited to few sections. Results We identified 46 min-mix-IPMNs, 163 IPMNs with extensive involvement of MPD (ex-mix-IPMN), 175 branch-duct (BD)-IPMNs, and 20 MD-IPMNs. The majority of min-mix-IPMNs were found incidentally and increased cyst size on surveillance was the leading operative indication. The median diameter of MPD was 2 mm in min-mix-IPMN versus 9 mm in ex-mix-IPMN (P Conclusion Min-mix-IPMN often presents with no MPD dilation and is an incidental finding by microscopic examination. min-mix-IPMN shares the pathologic features and less aggressive biology with BD-IPMN. We propose that min-mix-IPMN be categorized differently than ex-mix-IPMN.
Radiation-induced peritoneal mesothelioma

A case report of a patient who developed peritoneal mesothelioma 7 years after internal and external irradiation for carcinoma of the cervix is reported. No previous reports of induction of this tumor by irradiation have been found. The subject of radiation-induced tumors and peritoneal mesothelioma is briefly discussed.
A cellular pulse switching architecture for binary event sensing

This paper presents a novel energy-efficient pulse switching protocol for ultra-light-weight cellular sensor network applications. The key idea is to abstract a single pulse, as opposed to multi-bit packets, as the information exchange mechanism. Pulse switching is shown to be sufficient for event monitoring applications with binary sensing in terms of cellular localization. Event monitoring with conventional packet transport can be prohibitively energy-inefficient due to the communication, processing, and buffering overheads of the large number of bits within a packet's data, header, and preambles. The paper presents a joint MAC and Routing architecture for pulse switching with novel cellular event localization. Through simulation experiments, it is shown that pulse switching can be an effective means for event based networking, which can potentially replace packet transport when the information to be transported is binary in nature.
Molecular organization of cholesterol in polyunsaturated phospholipid membranes: a solid state 2H NMR investigation

We compared the molecular organization of equimolar [3α-2H1]cholesterol in 18:0-18:1PC (1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine), 18:0-22:6PC (1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine), 18:0-20:4PC (1-stearoyl-2-arachidonylphosphatidylcholine) and 20:4-20:4PC (1,2-diarachidonylphosphatidylcholine) bilayers by solid state 2H NMR. Essentially identical quadrupolar splittings (Δνr=45±1 kHz) corresponding to the same molecular orientation characterized by tilt angle α0=16±1° were measured in 18:0-18:1PC, 18:0-22:6PC and 18:0-20:4PC. A profound difference in molecular interaction with dipolyunsaturated 20:4-20:4PC, in contrast, is indicated for the sterol. Specifically, the tilt angle α0=22±1° (derived from Δνr=37±1 kHz) is greater and its membrane intercalation is only 15 mol%.
A dual constant‐composition titration system as an in vitro resorption model for comparing dissolution rates of calcium phosphate biomaterials

It has been postulated that the in vivo resorption rates of calcium-phosphate bone-graft materials are closely related to their dissolution rates in demineralizing solutions having ionic compositions mimicking the acidic environment produced by osteoclasts. Thus, it should be possible to use an in vitro model to produce dissolution-rate data of calcium-phosphate materials as a starting point for predicting in vivo resorption properties. Direct pH measurements of the extracellular fluid from bone-resorbing cells showed that the pH was as low as 3. In the present study, a dual constant-composition dissolution system was used as an in vitro resorption model to compare dissolution rates of different calcium-phosphate materials. NIST standard reference hydroxyapatite (HA), dicalcium-phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), and calcium-phosphate cement (CPC) discs of known dimensions (6-mm d x 3-mm h) were allowed to dissolve at 37 degrees C in a solution that had an inorganic composition similar to that of serum ([Ca] = 1.15 mmol/l; [P] = 1.2 mmol/l; [KCl] = 133 mmol/l) and a pH of 3.0. A Ca ion-specific electrode and a pH electrode were used to control the addition of titrants to compensate for the increases in calcium and phosphate concentrations, respectively, in the demineralizing solution. The rate and stoichiometry (Ca/P molar ratio) of dissolution were obtained from the titration data. Each solid dissolved at an approximately constant rate during the dissolution process. The dissolution rates, expressed in mg cm(-2) min(-1), (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 5) were for HA: 6.58 +/- 1.22; DCPD: 21.0 +/- 2.6; and CPC: 8.21 +/- 0.73. DCPD dissolved three times faster than HA (p 0.05). This model can be used to study the rate and stoichiometry of dissolution of calcium-phosphate bone-graft materials and coatings under a wide range of mineral saturation conditions.
Career Opportunities for Infectious Diseases Subspecialists

Few data are available regarding trends in career opportunities for subspecialty physicians. A review of advertisements for infectious diseases physicians in the 1990, 1993, and 1995 issues of the New England Journal of Medicine revealed a significant decline in the number of openings between 1990 and 1995. In each year the number of private practice advertisements exceeded those in all other categories combined, and this ratio increased over time. Both private practice and academic advertisements commonly listed opportunities or requirements for teaching or research. Expertise in internal medicine, rarely mentioned in advertisements for academic infectious diseases physicians, became the most frequently cited private practice subclassification in 1995. Both private practice and academic settings offered numerous positions related to the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The demand for expertise in epidemiology, intravenous therapy, travel medicine, transplantation, or sexually transmitted diseases remained low. Most positions were in heavily populated states or geographic areas.
Processor Allocation in an N-Cube Multiprocessor Using Gray Codes

The processor allocation problem in an n-dimensional hypercube (or an n-cube) multiprocessor is similar to the conventional memory allocation problem. The main objective in both problems is to maximize the utilization of available resources as well as minimize the inherent system fragmentation. A processor allocation strategy using the buddy system, called the buddy strategy, is discussed first and then a new allocation strategy using a Gray code (GC), called the GC strategy, is proposed. When processor relinquishment is not considered (i.e., static allocation), both of these strategies are proved to be optimal in the sense that each incoming request sequence is always assigned to a minimal subcube. It is also shown that the GC strategy outperforms the buddy strategy in detecting the availability of subcubes. Our results are extended further to implement an allocation strategy using more than one GC and derive the relationship between the GC's used and the corresponding ability of detecting the availability of various subcubes. The minimal number of GC's required for complete subcube recognition in a Q n is proved to be less than or equal to C [n/2] n. Several processor allocation strategies in a Q 5 are implemented on the NCUBE/six multiprocessor at the University of Michigan, and their performance is experimentally measured.
Effects of aging on the pituitary-thyroid axis in the dog.

The effects of advancing age on basal serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH), on T4 responses to TSH, and on TSH responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in beagle dogs. A total of 27 female dogs belonging to four age-groups were used: prepubertal (11.4 +/- 0.2 (SD) weeks), adult (2.1 +/- 0.3 years), middle-aged (6.5 +/- 0.2 years), and old (12.4 +/- 0.3 years). There was no significant difference between serum T4 concentrations of prepubertal (4.3 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl, mean +/- SE) and adult dogs (4.1 +/- 0.1 microgram/dl). Also, the decreases between adulthood and middle age (16.01%) and between middle age and old age (23.5%) were not significant, but serum T4 levels in the old dogs (2.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms/dl) were significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than those in the adult dogs. Serum cortisol levels showed a progressive increase with advancing age and were significantly higher in old animals (20.1 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) compared to those in the adults (13.4 +/- 1.2 ng/ml). There were no significant differences in serum TSH concentrations among the four age-groups. A single i.v. injection of TSH (0.15 IU/kg B.W.) raised serum T4 levels in the prepubertal animals by more than 45% in 1 h and by more than 100% in 2 h. T4 responses to TSH in the adult dogs were similar to those in the prepubertal dogs but were greatly delayed and subdued in the middle-aged and old animals. A single i.v. injection of TRH (5 micrograms/kg B.W.) increased serum TSH levels in the prepubertal animals by more than 120% in 15 min. These increases were less in the adult (74.8%) and middle-aged (21.3%) animals, and a significant increase (24.6%) in the old animals did not occur until 30 min after TRH treatment. This study demonstrates that, with advancing age, marked alterations occur in the regulation of the T4-TSH system in the dog.
Effects of Aryl Phosphate Ester Lubricant Additives on Crack Growth in Soda-Lime Glass

The growth of cone cracks in soda-lime glass during static loading with a spherical indenter shows that crack growth is accelerated at low energy release rates (low crack velocity) by tricresyl phosphate. Other aryl phosphate ester lubricant additive mixtures that contain predominantly larger molecules, as well as a synthetic hydrocarbon oil formulated with one of the mixtures, do not show enhancement of crack growth. Although reactivity in a test with static load can predict reactivity in a cyclically loaded test, lack of reactivity in a static test may not predict lack of reactivity in a cyclic test. Comparative tests with neat hydrocarbon oil and formulated oil under the same cyclically loaded conditions are needed to definitively determine whether the additives that are unreactive in these static tests influence crack growth in a bearing.
ADHD Treatment in a Behavioral Health Care Carve-Out: Medications, Providers, and Service Utilization

Children's mental health services are increasingly being managed by managed behavioral health organizations (MBHOs) through carve-outs. Little information is available, however, about services and interventions being received by children whose mental health benefits are carved out. Using claims data, this study explores the treatment of children with a common child psychiatric disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children being treated for ADHD see a variety of provider combinations. Children diagnosed with comorbid mood or anxiety disorders are more likely to see a psychiatrist than a primary care physician or therapist, and they are more likely to be in treatment with both a psychiatrist and a therapist than with just one mental health professional. After controlling for severity indicators, costs were significantly lower for patients being treated by just a psychiatrist than for patients seeing both a psychiatrist and therapist. This finding raises the possibility that attempts to save money by “splitting treatment” may not be cost-effective.
Spin exchange, past, present and future

Les collisions d'echange de spin sont un processus tres efficace pour transferer du moment angulaire a partir d'atomes qui ont ete polarises par un pompage optique de type Kastler, au spin electronique ou nucleaire d'atomes qui ne peuvent pas etre polarises directement par pompage optique. Dans cet article sont discutes l'histoire, l'etat actuel et quelques possibilites futures de l'echange de spin. Abstract. — Spin exchange collisions have been a very effective mechanism for transferring angular momentum from atoms which have been polarized by Kastler's optical pumping method to electron and nuclear spins of species which cannot be directly polarized by optical pumping. The history, current status and some of the future possibilities of spin exchange are discussed in this paper.
Analysis of the infrared and raman spectra of s-tetrazine-d0 and -d2

New investigations of the infrared and Raman spectra of s-tetrazine-d0 and -d2 have permitted assignments of 15 of the fundamental vibration frequencies for each of these isotopes. In addition, the frequency of the torsional vibration v16a, which is inactive in both infrared and Raman spectra, has been determined from the electronic spectrum for these two isotopes.
Study on ZrO2 Deposited Directly on Si as an Alternative Gate Dielectric Material

Reactive-magnetron-sputtered ZrO2 thin film has been deposited on Si directly for gate dielectric application. Both structural and electrical properties of the ZrO2 film have been investigated. An amorphous structure for 30A ZrO2 and a semi-amorphous structure for 200A ZrO2 have been revealed. The sputtered film shows a good stoichiometry and a good structural stability of ZrO2 based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy data. Thin equivalent oxide thickness of about 11.5A was obtained without the consideration of quantum mechanical effects. A low leakage of less than 10−2 A/cm2 at ±1V relative to the flat band voltage was obtained for this 11.5A equivalent oxide thickness Pt/ZrO2/Si structure. High effective dielectric breakdown and superior reliability properties have been demonstrated for ZrO2 gate dielectric.
Electron spin resonance studies on heart muscle succinic dehydrogenase: substrate analogues.

Abstract The substrate analogue systems, chlorosuccinate-chlorofumarate and methylsuccinate-methylfumarate, replaced the succinate-fumarate system in electron spin resonance studies of radical formation with succinic dehydrogenase (Singer's soluble preparation from beef heart). The results indicate that the functions E′0 30 ° and dE′ 0 d pH (pH 6.5–8.5) calculated for the enzyme are invariant with respect to the substrate systems used. The fact that individual differences among the substrate systems are not reflected in these functions is interpreted to support an equilibrium mechanism involving the obligatory oxidation-reduction of succinic dehydrogenase.
Cell Type-specific Storage of Dopamine β-Monooxygenase

Expression of dopamine β-monooxygenase (DBM), the enzyme that converts dopamine into norepinephrine, is limited to adrenal chromaffin cells and a small population of neurons. We studied DBM trafficking to regulated granules by stably expressing rat DBM in AtT-20 corticotrope tumor cells, which contain regulated granules, and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack regulated granules. The behavior of exogenous DBM in both cell lines was compared with endogenous DBM in adrenal chromaffin cells. CHO cells secreted active DBM, indicating that production of active enzyme does not require features unique to neuroendocrine cells. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that early steps in DBM maturation followed a similar time course in AtT-20, CHO, and adrenal chromaffin cells. Use of a conformation-sensitive DBM antiserum indicated that acquisition of a folded structure occurred with a similar time course in all three cell types. Cell type-specific differences in DBM trafficking became apparent only when storage in granules was examined. As expected, DBM was stored in secretory granules in chromaffin cells; CHO cells failed to store DBM. Despite the fact that AtT-20 cells have regulated granules, exogenous DBM was not stored in these granules. Thus storage of DBM in secretory granules requires cell type specific factors.
Evolving Systems: Adaptive Key Component Control With Persistent Disturbance Rejection

This paper presents an introduction to Evolving Systems, which are autonomously controlled subsystems which self-assemble into a new Evolved System with a higher purpose. Evolving Systems of aerospace structures often require additional control when assembling to maintain stability during the entire evolution process. This is the concept of Adaptive Key Component Control which operates through one specific component to maintain stability during the evolution. In addition this control must overcome persistent disturbances that occur while the evolution is in progress. We present theoretical results for the successful operation of Adaptive Key Component control in the presence of such disturbances and an illustrative example.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Exergo-Thermo-Volumes: An Approach for Environmentally Sustainable Thermal Management of Energy Conversion Devices

The design of cooling solutions is an important consideration for the efficient management of different types of energy technologies. In the present work, we adapt the method of thermo-volumes—which has been used for nearly a decade in the design of electronic cooling solutions—for purposes of expeditiously understanding the thermal resistance of a given solution (in terms of cooling performance) along with its flow resistance (an indicator of the pumping power or energy consumption, which will be required by the thermal solution). Furthermore, we expand on thermo-volumes by including the lifetime exergy cost as a means to enable the consideration of resource consumption (and thus the environmental sustainability) of the cooling solution. We apply this framework for evaluation of thermal management solutions in terms of the heat removal capacity per unit lifetime exergy consumption. This paper concludes by illustrating applicability of the method to the design of a fuel cell thermal management solution.
The Developmental Context of Thermal Homeostasis

Developmentalists are concerned with origins. For some, the search for origins in developing animals provides little more than an opportunity to clarify the factors that contribute to adult behavior and physiology. Although this is an understandable justification for developmental research, it is also important to understand that developing organisms are not simply small adults or adults-in-waiting. On the contrary, infant animals face many problems that are unique to their physical, physiological, social, and ecological circumstances ([Alberts & Cramer, 1988]; [Hall & Oppenheim, 1987]; [West, King, & Arberg, 1988]). These problems cannot be put off; rather, to survive, infants must solve each problem as it is encountered during ontogeny. Therefore, the “dual infant” must meet the needs of the moment as well as prepare for later life, a vital combination of adaptation and anticipation ([Alberts & Cramer, 1988])
Structured Max-Margin Learning for Inter-Related Classifier Training and Multilabel Image Annotation

In this paper, a structured max-margin learning algorithm is developed to achieve more effective training of a large number of inter-related classifiers for multilabel image annotation application. To leverage multilabel images for classifier training, each multilabel image is partitioned into a set of image instances (image regions or image patches) and an automatic instance label identification algorithm is developed to assign multiple labels (which are given at the image level) to the most relevant image instances. A K-way min-max cut algorithm is developed for automatic instance clustering and kernel weight determination, where multiple base kernels are seamlessly combined to address the issue of huge intra-concept visual diversity more effectively. Second, a visual concept network is constructed for characterizing the inter-concept visual similarity contexts more precisely in the high-dimensional multimodal feature space. The visual concept network is used to determine the inter-related learning tasks directly in the feature space rather than in the label space because feature space is the common space for classifier training and image classification. Third, a parallel computing platform is developed to achieve more effective learning of a large number of inter-related classifiers over the visual concept network. A structured max-margin learning algorithm is developed by incorporating the visual concept network, max-margin Markov networks and multitask learning to address the issue of huge inter-concept visual similarity more effectively. By leveraging the inter-concept visual similarity contexts for inter-related classifier training, our structured max-margin learning algorithm can significantly enhance the discrimination power of the inter-related classifiers. Our experiments have also obtained very positive results for a large number of object classes and image concepts.
Moving An Archives

The author conducted interviews with personnel of ten archival institutions that have been involved in recent years in large-scale removal of archival records from one facility to another, in order to find out how they proceeded and to identify the most common problems encountered in moving. Topics include pre-move planning and the issues that must be determined; the logistics of the move itself; typical problems encountered; and suggestions for improvement in operations. Examples from the experiences of major institutions provide illustrations.
Evaluating NIC hardware requirements to achieve high message rate PGAS support on multi-core processors

Partitioned global address space (PGAS) programming models have been identified as one of the few viable approaches for dealing with emerging many-core systems. These models tend to generate many small messages, which requires specific support from the network interface hardware to enable efficient execution. In the past, Cray included E-registers on the Cray T3E to support the SHMEM API; however, with the advent of multi-core processors, the balance of computation to communication capabilities has shifted toward computation. This paper explores the message rates that are achievable with multi-core processors and simplified PGAS support on a more conventional network interface. For message rate tests, we find that simple network interface hardware is more than sufficient. We also find that even typical data distributions, such as cyclic or block-cyclic, do not need specialized hardware support. Finally, we assess the impact of such support on the well known RandomAccess benchmark.
Gender stereotypes, occupational roles, and beliefs about part-time employees

Subjects’ beliefs about the communion and agency of part-time employees were compared with their beliefs about the communion and agency of homemakers, full-time employees, and persons without an occupational description. Female part-time employees were believed to be more communal and less agentic than female full-time employees as well as less communal than female homemakers. Male part-time employees were believed to be less agentic than male full-time employees as well as less communal and less agentic than both male homemakers and men without an occupational description. In addition, subjects believed that part-time employment is associated with different life situations for women and men. For women this situation is substantial commitment to domestic duties, whereas for men it is difficulty in finding full-time employment. These findings support the theory that stereotypes concerning the communion and agency of women and men are a product of the social roles that women and men have been observed to occupy.
Gas permeation through lexan polycarbonate resin

Values have been determined over a considerable temperature range for the permeation rate, diffusion constant, and solubility of the following gases in Lexan: H2, H2O, He, Ne, O2, argon, CO2, and SF5. There is some discussion of the interrelationships and the variation of activation energies with molecular weight.
On the stability and control of nonlinear dynamical systems via vector Lyapunov functions

Vector Lyapunov theory has been developed to weaken the hypothesis of standard Lyapunov theory in order to enlarge the class of Lyapunov functions that can be used for analyzing system stability. In this paper, we extend the theory of vector Lyapunov functions by constructing a generalized comparison system whose vector field can be a function of the comparison system states as well as the nonlinear dynamical system states. Furthermore, we present a generalized convergence result which, in the case of a scalar comparison system, specializes to the classical Krasovskii-LaSalle invariant set theorem. In addition, we introduce the notion of a control vector Lyapunov function as a generalization of control Lyapunov functions, and show that asymptotic stabilizability of a nonlinear dynamical system is equivalent to the existence of a control vector Lyapunov function. Moreover, using control vector Lyapunov functions, we construct a universal decentralized feedback control law for a decentralized nonlinear dynamical system that possesses guaranteed gain and sector margins in each decentralized input channel. Furthermore, we establish connections between the recently developed notion of vector dissipativity and optimality of the proposed decentralized feedback control law. Finally, the proposed control framework is used to construct decentralized controllers for large-scale nonlinear systems with robustness guarantees against full modeling uncertainty.
A GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DISSOCIATION IN A TRAUMA-EXPOSED SAMPLE

Background: Recent work suggests that a subset of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit marked dissociative symptoms, as defined by derealization and depersonalization. A dissociative subtype of PTSD was added to the diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5) to capture this presentation of PTSD. This study examined genetic polymorphisms for association with the symptoms that define the dissociative subtype of PTSD using a genome-wide approach. Methods: The sample comprised 484 White, non-Hispanic, trauma-exposed veterans and their partners who were assessed for lifetime PTSD and dissociation using a structured clinical interview. The prevalence of PTSD was 60.5%. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from across the genome were obtained from a 2.5 million SNP array. Results: Ten SNPs evidenced suggestive association with dissociation (P < 10 −5 ). No SNPs met genome-wide significance criteria (P < 5 × 10 −8 ). The peak SNP was rs263232 (β = 1.4, P = 6.12 × 10 −7 ), located in the adenylyl cyclase 8 (ADCY8) gene; a second SNP in the suggestive range was rs71534169 (β = 1.63, P = 3.79 × 10 −6 ), located in the dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6) gene. Conclusions: ADCY8 is integral for long-term potentiation and synaptic plasticity and is implicated in fear-related learning and memory and long-term memory consolidation. DPP6 is critical for synaptic integration and excitation. These genes may exert effects on basic sensory integration and cognitive processes that underlie dissociative phenomena. Depression and Anxiety 00:1–9, 2014. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Do Competitive Priorities Drive Adoption of Electronic Commerce Applications? Testing the Contingency and Institutional Views

This paper expands on recent research by Huang and colleagues examining the drivers of electronic commerce (e-commerce) adoption. Two competing theories are evaluated as predictors of e-commerce adoption: contingency theory and institutional theory. For the contingency view, we focus on three strategic priorities (cost, flexibility and delivery), and for the institutional view, we examine three institutional factors (region, industry and information technology benchmarking). The model is evaluated with logistic regression analysis using survey data from nine countries and three industries. While contingency theory is the norm in the literature, we find only limited evidence that competitive priorities guide e-commerce adoption. By contrast, institutional factors have greater explanatory power.
Starbucks Exceptionalism: An Institutional Ethnographic Exploration of Coffee Culture in America

Over a 5-year period, from 2008 to 2013, Starbucks locations across the United States were visited and revisited to understand the growing cultural phenomenon that took hold in American society regarding consumers and Starbucks's coffee products. Written in an enhanced ethnographic style, in which presentational techniques are drawn from creative nonfiction and immersion journalism, the purpose of the current study is to apply a political theory lens in American culture, Seymour Lipset's (1966/1996) theory of American exceptionalism, to an American corporation, Starbucks Coffee. As with any ethnographic study, field work comes from a blend of immersion in the field and secondary data sources. For this study, the researcher visited more than 100 individual Starbucks locations across the United States, spoke with hundreds of individuals in these locations, and conducted a one-word, quick-survey response with 200 participants who were criterion selected based on their visiting a Starbucks on the day of being asked the question. The participants were randomly asked on the street as well as through Facebook. Descriptive and thematic coding processes were conducted on the participants' responses. The results indicated that while Starbucks Corporation messaging indicates the presence of Starbucks exceptionalism, fragmentation in consumers' minds may be occurring and Starbucks exceptionalism may not be as strong as it was a few years ago. As Starbucks moves into the Far Asian and Southeast Asian marketplaces, further study is needed to determine whether Starbucks exceptionalism will stay intact or shift to reflect other cultural influences.
Dandyism as Monumental-Political ethos: Van Deyssel and the Walking Utopia

AbstractDandyism is seldom studied for its political dimension. Often histories of dandies represent these idiosyncratic figures as being characterized by a typical l’art pour l’art attitude. In the literary history of the Low Countries, sharp tongued author Lodewijk van Deyssel has often been discussed as representing precisely this aspect of dandyism. However, it is this author’s reflections on dandysme that offer the cultural historian a perfect source for an investigation of the political aspects of dandyism. An attempt is made to lay bare the ideas on the relationship between politics and aesthetics, between politics and life, and between aesthetics and life that inform Van Deyssel’s perspective by reinserting a curious conceptual pair, het Monumentaal-Politieke, employed by Van Deyssel in its proper discursive context; that is, by reading it as part of a typical fin-de-siecle reflection on a community in decline. The cure Van Deyssel proposes is the dandy as a walking utopia carrying a promise of a ...
Human Beach Use Affects Abundance and Identity of Fungi Present in Sand

Abstract Stevens, J.L.; Evans, G.E., and Aguirre, K.M., 2012. Human beach use affects abundance and identity of fungi present in sand. To determine whether abundance and diversity of fungal species differed among very low use, residential, and commercial beaches and whether human use had a measurable effect on sand fungi, samples were collected for two consecutive years from South Carolina beaches along a continuum of human use. For both years, more fungi (colony-forming units [CFUs] per gram dry weight sand) were isolated from high-use beach sand samples than low-use beach sand samples (analysis of variance, p < 0.05), but there was no evidence of accumulation of fungi over a tourist season or from year to year. In fact, fungal abundance was greatest for all three sites in May and July and significantly decreased in September. A positive correlation was found between census of beach-goers and fungal CFUs. Potential pathogens (fungi which grew at 37°C) were selected, and DNA-based sequence identifications...
Moral inferentialism and the Frege-Geach problem

Despite its many advantages as a metaethical theory, moral expressivism faces difficulties as a semantic theory of the meaning of moral claims, an issue underscored by the notorious Frege-Geach problem. I consider a distinct metaethical view, inferentialism, which like expressivism rejects a representational account of meaning, but unlike expressivism explains meaning in terms of inferential role instead of expressive function. Drawing on Michael Williams’ recent work on inferential theories of meaning, I argue that an appropriate understanding of the pragmatic role of moral discourse—the facilitation of coordinated social behavior—suggests the kind of inferences we should expect terms with this function to license. I offer a sketch of the inferential roles the moral ‘ought’ plays, and argue that if we accept that the relevant inferential roles are meaning-constitutive, we will be in a position to solve the Frege-Geach problem. Such an inferentialist solution has advantages over those forwarded by expressivists such as Blackburn and Gibbard. First, it offers a more straightforward explanation of the meaning of moral terms. It also gives simple answers to at least two semantic worries that have vexed contemporary expressivists—the “problem of permissions” and the commitment to “mentalism”, both of which I argue are problems that don’t get traction with an inferentialist approach. I conclude by considering ways in which this approach can be expanded into a more robust semantic account.
Estimating population size using capture–recapture encounter histories created from point‐coordinate locations of animals

Summary 1. Estimating population size is a fundamental objective of many animal monitoring programmes. Capture–recapture methods are often used to estimate population size from repeated sampling of uniquely marked animals, but capturing and marking animals can be cost prohibitive and affect animal behaviours, which can bias population estimates. 2. We developed a method to construct spatially explicit capture–recapture encounter histories from locations of unmarked animals for estimating population size with conventional capture–recapture models. Prior estimates of the maximum distance individuals move in the population is used to set a summary statistic and process subsequent capture–recapture survey data. Animal locations are recorded as point coordinates during survey occasions, and the parameter of interest is abundance of individual activity centres. 3. We applied this method to data from a point-coordinate capture–recapture survey of burrowing owls Athene cunicularia in the Imperial Valley of California, USA. We also used simulations to examine the utility of this technique for additional species with variable detection probabilities, levels of home range overlap and distributions of activity centres within a survey area. 4. The estimates from empirical and simulation studies were precise and unbiased when detection probabilities were high and territorial overlap was low. 5. This method of estimating population size from point locations fills a gap in non-invasive census and long-term monitoring methods available for conspicuous species and provides accurate estimates of burrowing owl territory abundance. The method requires high detection probabilities, low levels of home range overlap and that individuals use activity centres. We believe that these requirements can be met, with suitable survey protocols, for numerous songbird and reptile species.
A novel computational framework for fast distributed computing and knowledge integration for microarray gene expression data analysis

Rapid technological advancements in microarray analysis continue to generate enormous amounts of genomic data. However, neither hardware nor software computational capabilities have kept pace with this drastic increase. This paper presents a novel framework designed to achieve fast, robust, and accurate (biologically-significant) multi-class classification of gene expression data using distributed knowledge discovery and computational integration routines, specifically for cancer applications. The proposed paradigm consists of the following key computational steps: (a) preprocessing normalization and discretization of gene expression data, (b) partition data using two methods: overlapped windows and adaptive selection, (c) perform association rule discovery on partitioned data-spaces using FP-growth method, (d) integrate derived association rules on distributed processor nodes using a novel knowledge integration algorithm, (e) further prune rules to reduce dimensionality using parametric significance estimation, and (f) cluster remaining rules using a novel clustering algorithm for enhanced visualization and interpretation of discovered gene rule sets.