cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Correlator Chips in Radio Science

Spectral line observations in radio astronomy require simultaneous power estimation in many (often hundreds to thousands) frequency bins. Digital autocorrelation spectrometers, which appeared thirty years ago, are now being implemented in VLSI. The same architecture can be used to implement transversal digital filters. This was done at the Arecibo Observatory for pulse compression in radar observations of Venus.
Ultrastructural Explanation for Snapping Postfission Movements in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes

Abstract The ultrastructure of dividing rod-stage cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was examined by electron microscopy. The cell walls consist of two layers. During cell division, the inner layer invaginates to form the septum. The outer layer does not participate in septum formation. After septum formation is completed, the two daughter cells remain attached by the outer layer of the cell wall. It appears that localized rupture of the outer layer during further wall growth is responsible for the phenomenon known as “snapping division” or “snapping postfission movement.”
Rationality and The Changing Aims of Inquiry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses rationality and the changing aims of enquiry. The historical development of men's ideas about the intellectual and practical status of formal logic, about the structure and methods of argument by which scientific theories can be subjected to logical scrutiny, philosophical significance, and implications of the sciences is considered. Alternatively, it might be to look and see how the course of history has changed the formal procedures, research methods and philosophical presuppositions that have guided the development of men's ideas within the different sciences—whether practical, natural, or exact. In dealing with questions about the rationality of conceptual changes in science the logistic approach to the philosophy of science has involved one long ignoratio elenchi. All of the judgments on which the historical development of a science depends are, in one way or another, the outcome of mankind's accumulated experience in dealing with the succession of problems raised by studying the corresponding aspect of the external world.
Anthropologists, Gestaltists, Jungians, and the Pastoral Theologians of New York

One of the more important circles in New York that had embraced dynamic psychology and used it to promote a theory of culture and personality flourished around the anthropologists at Columbia, emanating from the intellectual lineage of Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead. Boas, who had first taught at Clark and the University of Chicago, was a German emigre who has variously been called the father of modern anthropology. He specialized in native cultures and languages, and launched the new but controversial idea that there were no genetic differences between the races in terms of abilities. All races that had survived were equal in endowment. Their radical differences were primarily cultural and historical. Others in this arc included Edward Sapir, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, and, by association with Mead, figures such as Gregory Bateson.
Construction and Initial Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains with Few or No Intact Chromosomal rRNA Operons

The Escherichia coli genome carries seven rRNA (rrn) operons, each containing three rRNA genes. The presence of multiple operons has been an obstacle to many studies of rRNA because the effect of mutations in one operon is diluted by the six remaining wild-type copies. To create a tool useful for manipulating rRNA, we sequentially inactivated from one to all seven of these operons with deletions spanning the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. In the final strain, carrying no intact rRNA operon on the chromosome, rRNA molecules were expressed from a multicopy plasmid containing a single rRNA operon (prrn). Characterization of these rrn deletion strains revealed that deletion of two operons was required to observe a reduction in the growth rate and rRNA/protein ratio. When the number of deletions was extended from three to six, the decrease in the growth rate was slightly more than the decrease in the rRNA/protein ratio, suggesting that ribosome efficiency was reduced. This reduction was most pronounced in the Delta7 prrn strain, in which the growth rate, unlike the rRNA/protein ratio, was not completely restored to wild-type levels by a cloned rRNA operon. The decreases in growth rate and rRNA/protein ratio were surprisingly moderate in the rrn deletion strains; the presence of even a single operon on the chromosome was able to produce as much as 56% of wild-type levels of rRNA. We discuss possible applications of these strains in rRNA studies.
Oxygen sites in hydrous aluminosilicate glasses: the role of Al-O-Al and H2O

Abstract We describe here high-field 17O magic-angle-spinning (MAS) and triple-quantum MAS (3QMAS) NMR spectra for several alkali silicate and Na, K, and Ca aluminosilicate glasses containing up to 10 wt.% water. The H2O site appears to have a large quadrupolar coupling constant, and its chemical shift increases from Na- to K- glasses, suggesting significant cation-H2O interactions. In 17O one-pulse MAS and 3QMAS and 27Al one-pulse NMR experiments, major differences were seen between spectra for anhydrous and hydrous calcium aluminosilicate glasses. The changes in the 17O MAS spectra can be explained by the addition of an H2O peak and to the disappearance of an Al-O-Al peak from the 17O NMR spectrum for the hydrous glass. The 27Al results are consistent with this interpretation.
The comparison of midazolam and topical lidocaine spray versus the combination of midazolam, meperidine, and topical lidocaine spray to sedate patients for upper endoscopy.

Abstract Background: Whether an opiate-benzodiazepine combination is superior to benzodiazepine alone for sedation in upper endoscopy is controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam alone versus the combination of intravenous midazolam and intravenous meperidine for the sedation of patients undergoing upper endoscopy. Methods: One hundred seven patients scheduled for outpatient diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg intravenous meperidine (53 of 107) or placebo (54 of 107). All patients received topical lidocaine spray and as much midazolam as the endoscopist thought the patient needed. Patients and endoscopists were blinded as to assignment. Data collected included intubation time (seconds), procedure time (minutes), pulse, blood pressure, complications, and the need for reversal agents. The endoscopist evaluated the quality of sedation immediately after the procedure (1 = excellent, 2=good, 3=fair, and 4=poor). The patient evaluated the procedure the next day by phone (1 = no discomfort or did not remember, 2=slightly uncomfortable, 3=extremely uncomfortable, and 4=unacceptable). Patients were also asked whether they would agree to another esophagogastroduodenoscopy if their doctor thought it was medically necessary. Results: The intubation time, procedure time and blood pressure were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In comparing the meperidine group versus placebo group, the highest pulse (82.3 vs. 93.7, p = 0.0010), lowest pulse (67.2 vs. 72.3, p = 0.0194) and amount of midazolam used (4.0 vs. 4.8 mg, p = 0.0185 or 0.53 vs. 0.67 mg/kg, p = 0.0083) were significantly different by using a t test analysis. Patient evaluations comparing meperidine versus placebo showed responses of 1 (52 vs. 49), 2 (1 vs. 3), 3 (0 vs. 2) and 4 (0 vs. 0), which were not significantly different. The endoscopists'evaluation comparing meperidine versus placebo gave responses of excellent (44 vs. 27), good (6 vs. 22), fair (3 vs. 5) and poor (0 vs. 0), which were highly significantly different ( p Conclusion: The addition of meperidine to midazolam in sedating patients undergoing upper endoscopy adds no benefit from the patient viewpoint, whereas endoscopists favored the use of both medications. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:289-93.)
A robust technique for two-dimensional separation of undistorted chemical-shift anisotropy powder patterns in magic-angle-spinning NMR.

A robust magic-angle-spinning experiment for separating undistorted, quasi-static chemical-shift powder patterns is presented. It is derived from the technique of R. Tycko, G. Dabbagh, and P. Mirau (1989, J. Magn. Reson. 85, 265), but uses 360 degrees instead of 180 degrees pulses. In combination with a suitable phase sequence, this makes the spectral patterns very insensitive to pulse-length errors and other imperfections, as demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically. This method, termed separation of undistorted powder patterns by effortless recoupling (SUPER), can be used at standard spinning speeds, between 2.5 and 5 kHz, and with standard radiofrequency power levels (in particular, for protons, a decoupling field strength gammaB(1)/2pi of less than 80 kHz). No significant artifacts are observed even for samples extending to the ends of the radiofrequency coil. The method has been applied to samples containing various sp(2)- and sp(3)-hybridized carbon sites. Even for the methylene groups in polyethylene, a system with very strong C-H and H-H dipolar couplings and only moderate chemical-shift anisotropy (CSA), a useful CSA powder pattern has been obtained. With a CSA scaling factor of 0.155, accuracies of +/-5, +/-3, and +/-1 ppm of the principal values can be achieved for protonated aromatic carbons, unprotonated sp(2)-hybridized groups, and aliphatic sites, respectively. Examples of CSA-based assignment of COOC vs other COO or CON groups, and of aromatic vs olefinic C=C carbons are shown, for both small molecules and polymers.
Fingerprinting sources of bacterial input into small residential watersheds: Fate of fluorescent whitening agents

The presence of fecal coliform bacteria in many watersheds is often linked to septic system effluent. Fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) are part of most laundry detergent formulations and previously have been used for fingerprinting anthropogenic sewage waters. This study was carried out to investigate the fate of FWA in spring water downstream from a well-monitored septic system in a small forest watershed. Samples for FWA were collected at the spring and along the flow path downstream and analyzed fluorometrically. Selected sampling events were scheduled at night and daytime and after rainstorms to investigate possible changes in the spring water composition. In addition, reference fluorescence spectra were prepared for humic and tannic acid and for the laundry detergent used exclusively in the household discharging into the test septic system. The results indicate that FWA can be detected in spring water, but interference with increasing humic acid concentration downstream limits the fingerprinting value of the method to the vicinity of the spring. Also, sampling for FWA after rainstorms only yielded results if at least 4 days had passed. Otherwise, dissolved organic substances transported into the spring water interfered with the FWA spectrum. No significant differences between night and daytime sampling were found. Overall, the method, as used at this study site, is of limited value for fingerprinting FWA in natural waters.
Determinants of colorectal cancer screening in primary care

Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is serious, yet a minority of US adults receive within-guideline screening exams. Methods. A random selection of patients attending clinics in 3 different settings completed a survey on CRC-related barriers, knowledge, and beliefs. Results. Participants with fewer barriers, better knowledge, and more positive beliefs toward screening were significantly more likely to be within screening guidelines. A physician’s screening recommendation was significantly related to screening in patients <65 years, but was not significant for older patients. Conclusions. Large-scale studies are needed. Results can be used to develop multifaceted, tailored education programs to improve CRC screening in primary care.
Impact of the Flame-Holder Heat-Transfer Characteristics on the Onset of Combustion Instability

In this article, we investigate the impact of heat transfer between the flame and the flame-holder on the dynamic stability characteristics of a 50-kW backward-facing step combustor. We conducted a series of tests where two backward step blocks were used, made of ceramic and stainless steel, whose thermal conductivities are 1.06 and 12 W/m/K, respectively. Stability characteristics of the two flame-holder materials were examined using measurements of the dynamic pressure and flame chemiluminescence over a range of operating conditions. Results show that with the ceramic flameholder, the onset of instability is significantly delayed in time and, for certain operating conditions, disappears altogether, whereas with the higher conductivity material, the combustor becomes increasingly unstable over a range of operating conditions. We explain these trends using the heat flux through the flame-holder and the change in the burning velocity near the step wall. Results suggest a potential approach using low-therma...
Automatic Registration of Smooth Object Image to 3D CAD Model for Industrial Inspection Applications

We describe an algorithmic pipeline for automatic registration of smooth object image on 3D CAD model, which has many applications in industrial inspections. This enables camera pose estimation and 3D measurement of structures of interest from 2D images. In this work, when given a query image, we leverage image retrieval to find a similar historical image, in which its 2D points' corresponding locations on the 3D model has already been computed offline. By matching features between the query and retrieved image, the latter's feature locations on the 3D model can be transferred to the former. Camera pose of the query image can then be computed for overlaying it on the 3D model. A big challenge arises when the object of interest, such as one with smooth metallic surface, has extremely limited number of reliable features, which is especially true in industrial inspection. This causes popular recognition and detection algorithms as well as 3D calibration algorithms that depend on a sufficient number of good features to fail. We describe how we construct a pipeline to overcome this challenge. Comparative results and accuracy of 3D measurements made on real datasets with the proposed pipeline validate our approach.
FAD and SPA: End-to-end link-level loss rate inference without infrastructure

It is highly desirable and important for end users, with no special privileges, to identify and pinpoint faults inside the network that degrade the performance of their applications. However, existing tools are inaccurate to infer the link-level loss rates and have large diagnosis granularity. To address these problems, we propose a suite of user-level diagnosis approaches in two categories: (1) the diagnosis tool needs to be deployed only at the source and (2) the tool has to be deployed at both source and destination. For the former, we propose two fragmentation aided diagnosis approaches (FAD), Algebraic FAD and Opportunistic FAD, which use IP fragmentation to enable accurate link-level loss rate inference. For the latter category, we propose Striped Probe Analysis (SPA) which significantly improves the diagnosis granularity over those of the source-only approaches. Internet experiments are applied to evaluate each individual scheme (including an improved version of the state-of-the-art tool, Tulip [R. Mahajan, N. Spring, D. Wetherall, T. Anderson, User-level internet path diagnosis, in: ACM SOSP, 2003]) and various hybrid approaches. The results indicate that our approaches dramatically outperform existing work (especially for diagnosis granularity). But more importantly, we show that combination of different individual approaches (e.g. OFAD+Tulip or OFAD+SPA) provide not only the best performance but also smooth tradeoff among deployment requirement, diagnosis accuracy and granularity.
“Could this Be Something Serious?”: Reassurance, Uncertainty, and Empathy in Response to Patients’ Expressions of Worry

BACKGROUND Previous work suggests that exploration and validation of patients’ concerns is associated with greater patient trust, lower health care costs, improved counseling, and more guideline-concordant care.
Finite Population Correction for Binomial ConFidence Limits

Abstract This article examines the accuracy of the finite population correlation ordinarily applied to binomial confidence limits, suggests a more accurate FPC and describes a procedure, based on a computer program for hypergeometric probabilities, for obtaining exact confidence limits and exact confidence level.
Google Boosts ACM's Turing award prize to $1 million

The increase reflects the escalating impact of computing on daily life, through the innovations and technologies it enables.
Somatotopic localization of thermal stimuli: I. A comparison of within- versus across-dermatomal separation of innocuous thermal stimuli.

Fourteen healthy subjects (4 males, 10 females) were asked to localize a thermal stimulus applied to the left distal forearm. Two temperature-controlled probes (1.2-cm2 area each) were strapped to the forearm, separated by 8 cm. The probes were positioned in one of three ways: (1) longitudinally within the C6 dermatome, (2) longitudinally within the C8 dermatomes, and (3) transversely with one probe within the C6 and one probe within the C8 dermatome. For any given stimulus configuration, cooling stimuli were localized significantly better than warming stimuli. For both warming and cooling, the transdermatomal configuration (transversely separated probes) provided significantly better localization than the intradermatomal configuration (longitudinally separated probes). Thus, the anisotropy that has been described for tactile spatial acuity is also present for thermal localization. These results suggest that cutaneous somatotopic information is integrated similarly for both tactile and thermal stimuli, bu...
Differential effects of aging on neuroendocrine responses to physostigmine in normal men.

We assessed the effects of age on cholinergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other neuroendocrine systems by measuring the plasma cortisol and β-endorphin responses to an infusion of the centrally active cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (0.0125 mg/kg) in 12 healthy older men (68 ± 1.7 yr) and 9 healthy young men (25 ± 1.4 yr). We also measured the responses to physostigmine of plasma GH, arginine vasopressin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine (NE). As estimated by comparing calculated areas under the curve, older subjects had greater cortisol (P = 0.02) and β-endorphin (P < 0.01) secretory responses, but a reduced GH (P < 0.01) secretory response. The arginine vasopressin response did not differ between groups. By analysis of variance, older subjects also had a greater epinephrine response (P = 0.01). Older subjects had higher basal NE concentrations (P < 0.05), but NE responses to physostigmine did not differ between groups. These findings suggest age-related enhancement of...
The private production of public goods, once again

Anthony de Jasay attempts to demonstrate that public goods can be supplied privately without loss of efficiency, since there may be enough people willing to finance public‐goods production voluntarily, even at the risk of subsidizing free riders, rather than risk that public goods will not be produced at all. Jasay's argument rests on the implausible assumption that the goods in question are completely indivisible. This assumption forces persons interested in having a given public good either to finance it or do without it entirely; they do not have the option of financing smaller quantities or poorer qualities of the good.
Nuclear medicine in Vietnam

Despite the presence of many bright Vietnamese nuclear medicine physicians and scientists, the level of clinical practice languishes seriously behind that of Europe, the United States, Japan and most other parts of the world. This is directly attributable to the country's severe poverty, which places serious constraints on the number of available pieces of functioning imaging equipment, the ability to service equipment and establish appropriate quality assurance and preventative maintenance programs and the ability to purchase adequate radiopharmaceuticals to serve their patients' needs. At this time, the Vietnamese nuclear medicine community is anxious to enhance its contact with colleagues throughout the world. They need and welcome help in obtaining instrumentation, in vivo and in vitro diagnostic kits and educational aids from outside agencies, commercial countries and medical centers that are able to assist them. They would be most appreciative to receive and encourage visits from professional colleagues who would be able to provide lectures, seminars, books, journals and other teaching tools that would contribute to the upgrading of their clinical practice of nuclear medicine.
An activated charcoal hemoperfusion system for the treatment of barbital or ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs.

AbstractThe efficacy of activated charcoal (AC) hemoperfusion therapy was studied in dogs acutely poisoned with lethal doses of barbital or ethylene glycol (EG). Two of three barbital-poisoned dogs treated with AC hemoperfusion survived; the dog that died was only hemoperfused for 1.5 h. Although AC hemo'perfusion of EG-poisoned dogs reduced the blood level of the toxicant considerably, this was not enough to effect survival. The use of AC hemoperfusion was an effective therapeutic measure for dogs poisoned with lethal doses of barbital. The use of the AC hemoperfusion system with existing drugs of therapy for EG poisoning may be beneficial.
Electrophoretic Examination of Native and Phosvitin Fraction of Avian Egg Yolk

Abstract Whole egg yolk and the phosvitin fraction were examined on polyacrylamide disc gels using three concentrations of acrylamide in a Trisglycine buffer at pH 8.3. The phosvitin gels were also stained for carbohydrate, iron and lipid. A total of 29 bands were observed on the 5 and 6% gels, while 25 were apparent in the 7% gel. In all three gel concentrations, a general diffuse area remained in the large pore gel. Higher gel concentrations retarded all bands more or less uniformly, with the exception of one band which migrated directly behind the reference in all gels. The phosvitin fraction consisted of 11 bands, plus a band at the interface between the large and small pore gels and a diffuse area in the large pore gel. Prominent in the phosvitin gels was a bubble-like area whose size varied with the sample size applied to the gels. The interior of the bubble and six other bands, plus the material remaining in the large pore gel, stained for carbohydrate (and/or glycolipids). The perimeter area of the bubble, while staining very intensely for protein, did not stain for carbohydrate. Several bands, including the bubble, stained for iron and lipid.
No aging in India: the uses of gerontology.

This paper develops a critique of international gerontology through an ethnography and analysis of gerontological practice in India. The central theme of Indian gerontology — that of an imminent demographic and social explosion of an aging population who will tax the country's slender resources — misrepresents available data and fails to signify the experience of most Indian old people. Narrative and deconstructive techniques are deployed to examine the language of crisis and the complex sources of this misrepresentation. Three sources are explored: local disjunctions of class and gender in India, neocolonial biases in the structure of knowledge on aging central to international discourse, and subaltern strategies within India for subverting Western and elite Indian imperatives of what it means to be old. A variety of textual, ethnographic, and historical materials are examined: Indian and American literature pertaining to the 1982 World Assembly on Aging, a series of sociological texts each entitled “Aging in India,” and four contemporary Indian institutions designed to meet the needs of old people: a social service agency, a geriatric clinic, a retirement community, and an old age home.
Occupational and Physical Therapy in Geriatric Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is defined as the restoration of the individual to the fullest level of function. In the past two decades, occupational and physical therapy have broadened their rehabilitation progr...
One world, one woman: a transformational leader’s approach to primary ovarian insufficiency

Lectureship endowment funds are created to honor major contributions that have clearly advanced a field. In some select cases they recognize the contributions of a transformational leader. Such was the case in the creation of the Wulf H. Utian Endowed Lectureship Fund. The express purpose of the fund is to provide travel to the annual meeting by a lecturer selected by the North American Menopause Society Scientific Program Committee. Wulf H. Utian changed the paradigm for menopause by creating an organization whose major purpose was to employ an integrated approach to the condition. Such an approach would benefit many areas of healthcare. This report summarizes my thoughts on how such an integrated approach might advance the field of primary ovarian insufficiency.
The use of Sephadex for the concentration of pteridines.

Abstract For the isolation of small quantities of pteridines from dilute solutions, such as the culture filtrates of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Sephadex G-25 and G-10 (fine) have proved to be of value. Volumes as large as the void volume of the Sephadex column can be used, resulting in the elimination of large amounts of ultraviolet-absorbing material and in at least a two-fold concentration of the pteridines. Rechromatography on Sephadex results in further concentration. Further purification is achieved using ion-exchange celluloses (cationic and anionic). Ion exchange properties of Sephadex as well as its affinity for aromatic and heterocyclic compounds are postulated as being responsible for these effects.
Early lens development in the zebrafish: A three‐dimensional time‐lapse analysis

In vivo, high-resolution, time-lapse imaging characterized lens development in the zebrafish from 16 to 96 hr postfertilization (hpf). In zebrafish, the lens placode appeared in the head ectoderm, similar to mammals. Delamination of the surface ectoderm resulted in the formation of the lens mass, which progressed to a solid sphere of cells separating from the developing cornea at approximately 24 hpf. A lens vesicle was not observed and apoptosis was not a major factor in separation of the lens from the future cornea. Differentiation of primary fibers began in the lens mass followed by formation of the anterior epithelium after delamination was complete. Secondary fibers differentiated from elongating epithelial cells near the posterior pole. Quantification characterized three stages of lens growth. The study confirmed the advantages of live-cell imaging for three-dimensional quantitative structural characterization of the mechanism(s) responsible for cell differentiation in formation of a transparent, symmetric, and refractile lens. Developmental Dynamics 238:2254 –2265, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Penetrating injury to the brainstem after a nailgun accident: a case study.

Nonfatal penetrating injuries to the brainstem offer a unique opportunity to assess subcortical auditory pathway function. A case study of a patient suffering a severe nailgun accident is presented...
SPECIFICATION OF MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE SYSTEMS USING AN OBJECT ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE

Despite the growing importance of multimedia applications, we still know relatively little about how to specify, design, and maintain this class of complex applications in a systematic manner. The concept of software architecture has recently emerged as a way to improve our ability to effectively construct and maintain large-scale complex software systems. Under this new paradigm, software engineers are able to do evolutionary design of complex systems through architecture specification, design rationale capture, architecture validation and verification, and architecture transformation. Several architecture description languages (ADLs), such as Wright, Rapide, UniCon, ACME, etc. have been proposed to support the architecture development under this new software paradigm. Although current ADLs more or less support certain features of object-oriented design approach, few of them are purely based on object-oriented paradigm. In this paper, we present an architecture description language — OOADL (Object-Oriented Architecture Description Language) to facilitate the architecture specification of multimedia software systems. This language takes object-oriented paradigm as its backbone, and provides formal semantics for modeling architectures of software systems. It also aims at other goals such as, support for hierarchical refinement, support for reuse of architecture styles, support for analysis, and support for exception handling. We also introduce the default architecture style which brings the features of extensibility and re-usability into the language. Finally, we use OOADL to construct part of the architecture framework of a multimedia system to illustrate the usage and modeling capability of OOADL.
Online Course Delivery: An Empirical Investigation of Factors Affecting Student Satisfaction

The authors investigated potential factors impacting students’ satisfaction with online course delivery using business students as participants. The findings suggest that the student who would be more satisfied with the delivery of online courses fits the following profile: graduate, married, resides more than 1 mile away from campus, and male. Other factors found to influence student satisfaction include the appropriateness of the course being offered online and the degree of familiarity with it. Lastly, the study provides insights into students’ attitudes toward the blended course delivery mode.
Machine-independent image processing: performance of apply on diverse architectures

One of the most important obstacles standing in the way of widespread use of parallel computers for low-level vision is the lack of a programming language that can be mapped efficiently onto different computer architectures which is suited for low-level vision. The Apply language has been designed and implemented to perform such operations. We demonstrate its capabilities by comparing the performance of the Hughes HBA, the Carnegie Mellon Warp machine, and the Sun 3 on a large set of low-level vision programs. In order to demonstrate its efficiency, we also compare performance of the Sun code with routines of similar function written by professional programmers.
Stability of difference approximations to differential equations

Consider the differential equation (1) ẋ = f(x) in a Banach space and let x∗ be an equilibrium. The basic question treated is the following: if x∗ is asymptotically stable and if (2) xk + 1 = xk + hϑ(xk, h) is a one-step method, with fixed step size h, for integrating (1), then does the sequence xk converge to x∗? It is shown that uniform asymptotic stability of (1) implies stability of (2) and that exponential asymptotic stability of (1) implies asymptotic stability of (2).
Comparison of a chemical and enzymatic extraction of arsenic from rice and an assessment of the arsenic absorption from contaminated water by cooked rice.

Rice is a target food for arsenic speciation based analyses because of its relatively high arsenic concentration and per capita consumption rates. Improved speciation data for rice can be helpful in estimating inorganic arsenic exposures in the U.S. and in endemic populations. The inorganic arsenic exposure for cooked rice should include both the arsenic in raw rice plus the arsenic absorbed from the water used to prepare it. The amount of arsenic absorbed from water by rice during preparation was assessed using five different types of rice cooked in both contaminated drinking water and arsenic-free reagent water. The rice samples were extracted using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and speciated using IC−ICP-MS. The TFA procedure was able to extract 84−104% of the arsenic (As) from the five different cooked rice samples. Chromatographic recoveries ranged from 99% to 116%. The dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and inorganic arsenic concentra tion ranged from 22 to 270 ng of As/g of rice and from 31 to 108 ng of As/g ...
EMG Measurement as a Function of Electrode Placement and Level of EMG

Frontal EMG was concurrently measured using two different electrode placements for each of 12 subjects. One electrode placement was the standard placement of one electrode above each eyebrow (referred to as the horizontal placement). For the other placement, electrodes were positioned vertically above only the left eyebrow (referred to as the vertical placement). Comparisons between the measures of EMG using the two placements were assessed for three different levels of biofeedback-influenced EMG activity. The horizontal and vertical EMG measures were found to be positively correlated both for the entire group and for individual subjects. Also, the two measures of EMG were positively correlated at three different levels of EMG, i.e., high, medium, and low. Comparisons of horizontal and vertical EMG indicated that horizontal EMG was consistently higher than vertical EMG at all levels of EMG. These findings suggest that placement of EMG electrodes is a very important variable in accurately measuring the magnitude of muscular electrical activity. However, if repeated measures of EMG are used to evaluate changes in muscle tension, and electrode placement is consistent across conditions, electrode placement is of only marginal importance.
Scientific Values and Moral Education in the Teaching of Science

Implicit instruction about values occurs throughout scientific communication, whether in the university classroom or in the larger public forum. The concern of this paper is that the kind of values education that occurs includes “reverse moral education”, the idea that moral considerations are at best extra scientific if not simply irrational. The (a) moral education that many scientists unwittingly foist on their “students” undergirds the scientific establishment's typical responses to larger social issues: “Huff!” In this paper I explain the nature of moral education which occurs in the “science classroom” and argue that it is wrongheaded—though there are remedies for its negative effects.
The Influence of Clinical Risk Factors on the Use of Angiography and Revascularization After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Coronary revascularization provides the greatest survival advantage in those patients with the greatest mortality risk. This study examines the relationship between variables that predict mortality and the use of angiography and revascularization after acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Study of 4823 survivors of acute myocardial infarction, who underwent angiography between 6 hours and 5 days of admission, to determine the relationship between factors that predict mortality and the use of angiography (n=2274), angioplasty (n=692), and bypass surgery (n=469). Results: Except for recurrent angina, clinical factors that predict higher mortality were associated with a lower use of angiography (the multivariable adjusted odds ratio was 0.47 for older age, 0.85 for a history of infarction, 0.50 for patients not receiving thrombolytic medications, 0.64 for new heart failure, and 2.75 for recurrent angina [P Conclusions: These data suggest that aside from symptoms of recurrent angina, the use of angiography and angioplasty is not driven by mortality risk stratification. In contrast, bypass surgery is preferentially performed in patients at increased risk for mortality. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2309-2316)
Characterization of Fischer rat embryo (CREF) cells transformed by bovine papillomavirus type 1

Abstract Transformation of an established Fischer rat embryo (CREF) cell line by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1), in contrast to transformation by type 5 adenovirus or the T24 (Ha-ras) oncogene, resulted in transformants which did not exhibit a major increase in saturation density or a decrease in 125 I-epidermal growth factor binding. BPV-1-transformed CREF clones did, however, grow in agar suspension culture and were tumorigenic in both nude mice and Fischer rats. The majority of transformed clones contained multiple extrachromosomal copies of BPV DNA. One transformed CREF clone contained integrated BPV-1 DNA which underwent sequence rearrangements following tumor formation in a Fischer rat and reestablishment in cell culture. BPV copy number varied in subclones of transformants isolated from the same monolayer focus, in agar-derived subclones of the same transformed focus, in tumors and in tumor-derived BPV-transformed CREF subclones. The degree of expression of specific transformation-related phenotypes, i.e., saturation density, growth in agar, and tumorigenicity, was not correlated with BPV copy number in transformed clones. Analysis of the biological properties of tumor-derived BPV-1-transformed CREF subclones indicated that certain transformants developed a stable increase in expression of transformation-related properties, a process termed “progression.” TPA did not enhance the frequency of BPV-1 transformation or BPV DNA copy number in transformed CREF cells. The present study demonstrates that the CREF-transformation system can be utilized to study the molecular basis of BPV-1 transformation and should prove useful in studying the role of specific BPV-1 transforming proteins in regulating expression of the transformed phenotype and the mechanism by which transformed cells undergo progression of the transformed state.
Pd(0) and Ni(0) catalyzed polymerization reactions

Three novel metal catalyzed cross-coupling polymerization reactions which result in carbon-carbon bond formation are described and discussed in context with other metal catalyzed cross-coupling polymerization reactions. Diarylacetylene monomers and dimers are prepared by the phase transfer Pd(0)/Cu(I) catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol. Aryl-alkyl bond forming polymerization reactions are achieved by the phase transfer Pd(0) catalyzed coupling of B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives with aryl halides. Soluble polyphenylenes are prepared by the Ni(0) catalyzed homocoupling of substituted phenylenebistriflates in the presence of zinc.
A Qualitative Study of Ex-Gay and Ex-Ex-Gay Experiences

Some individuals attempt to change their sexual orientation to resolve conflict between sexual orientation and religious belief. The psychological and social experiences of individuals attempting such change are not well documented scientifically. This study used qualitative methodology to explore the psychological and social experiences of individuals as they attempt to change their orientation. The findings support and extend existing research and suggest that there may be important differences in religious outlook between those who persist in trying to change and those who go on to affirm a homosexual identity.
Human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks bone resorption induced by interleukin-1β but not interleukin-1α

Both interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are powerful stimulators of bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) binds to many interleukin-1 receptors. It does not activate the receptor and effectively blocks the action of IL-1α and IL-1β. In this study, human recombinant IL-1ra, at 100-fold excess, was found to block bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria due to IL-1β but not IL-1α. These observations may be explained by differential affinities of receptors for IL-1α, IL-1β and rhIL-1ra on target bone cells.
Endotoxin modulates the capacity of CpG-activated liver myeloid DC to direct Th1-type responses.

DC are believed to play important roles in the induction and regulation of immune responses in the liver, an organ implicated in peripheral tolerance. Since the liver is located downstream of the gut, it is constantly exposed to bacterial LPS. Our recent observations indicate that prior exposure to endotoxin modulates subsequent liver DC responses to this TLR4 ligand. In this study, we demonstrate that endotoxin modifies the capacity of mouse liver myeloid DC (MDC) activated by CpG (TLR9 ligand) to direct Th1-type responses. IL-12 production by liver MDC was significantly lower than that of spleen MDC following CpG or Imiquimod (R837; TLR7 ligand) activation in vitro. In addition, allogeneic T cells stimulated by CpG-activated liver MDC secreted significantly lower levels of IFN-γ than T cells stimulated with CpG-activated spleen MDC. A similar effect on liver DC was observed in response to in vivo CpG administration. This effect may be explained by exposure of the DC to endotoxin, because LPS attenuated IL-12 production by CpG-stimulated liver MDC, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, attenuation of the response to CpG was not observed in liver MDC from TLR4-mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice, in which TLR4 signaling is impaired. These data suggest that endotoxin-induced ‘cross-tolerance’ to TLR ligands in liver DC may contribute to down-regulation of hepatic immune responses.
Cooperative checkpointing: a robust approach to large-scale systems reliability

Cooperative checkpointing increases the performance and robustness of a system by allowing checkpoints requested by applications to be dynamically skipped at runtime. A robust system must be more than merely resilient to failures; it must be adaptable and flexible in the face of new and evolving challenges. A simulation-based experimental analysis using both probabilistic and harvested failure distributions reveals that cooperative checkpointing enables an application to make progress under a wide variety of failure distributions that periodic checkpointing lacks the flexibility to handle. Cooperative checkpointing can be easily implemented on top of existing application-initiated checkpointing mechanisms and may be used to enhance other reliability techniques like QoS guarantees and fault-aware job scheduling. The simulations also support a number of theoretical predictions related to cooperative checkpointing, including the non-competitiveness of periodic checkpointing.
Anomaly of the eustachian tube and its associated structures in patients with multiple congenital malformation: a histopathological and morphometric study

Two temporal bone-eustachian tube (ET) specimens; one from a 1-day-old female newborn with Townes Syndrome (Case 1) and the other from a 15-year-old female with oral-facial-digital syndrome (Case 2) were studied histopathologically and morphometrically. Both specimens had anomalies of the ET and its associated structures as compared with eight age-matched control cases without anomaly (six cases for Case 1 and two cases for Case 2, respectively). Case 1 had a weak attachment of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) to a poorly developed lateral lamina (LL) of the ET cartilage, a large voluminous medial lamina (ML) of the ET cartilage, a small voluminous ET lumen with a few ridges of mucosal folds, poorly developed ET glands and a poorly developed levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM). Case 2 had a short and longitudinally elongated ET lumen that was insufficiently covered with a poorly developed ML and LL and an aberrant course of the LVPM. Both cases were accompanied by a mild inner ear anomaly (slightly shortened cochlea). We discuss the implications of the observed anomalies with regard to functional and clinical issues. In particular, we speculate that these ET anomalies may closely be related to potential ET dysfunction with high susceptibility to otitis media.
The paradox of anisotropy in electromagnetic loop‐loop responses over a uniaxial half‐space

The electromagnetic loop‐loop response of a uniaxial conducting half‐space is derived. The solution is presented in terms of the Geonics EM34 apparent conductivity, which is based on an underlying isotropic half‐space model of earth conductivity. The uniaxial medium generates an apparent conductivity that depends on the angle that the line joining the transmitter and receiver loops makes with respect to the strike of the anisotropy. Furthermore, a “paradox of anisotropy” occurs in which apparent conductivity is higher in the resistive across‐strike direction and lower in the conductive along‐strike direction. The paradox is resolved once it is recognized that the receiver loop response is controlled by the conductivity in the direction of the local induced electric current flow. Accurate geological interpretation of electromagnetic loop‐loop data in fractured rock terrains depends on the ability of the geophysicist to recognize the counterintuitive effects of anisotropy.
Sexual interactions in red-spotted newt populations

Abstract Two alternative reproductive tactics (amplexus and spermatophore transfer interference) and three sexual interference tactics (spermatophore transfer interference, pseudofemale behaviour, amplexus interference) are described for male red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens. The two reproductive tactics yield equal insemination rates for males displaying these behaviours. The three sexual interference tactics decrease the potential fitness of amplectic males either directly, by displacing them from receptive females and/or duping them into fruitless spermatophore depositions, or indirectly, by increasing the time spent in amplexus with no concomitant increase in probability of successful insemination.
A human monocyte function test: release of B-cell differentiation factor (BDF).

Abstract The test described here determines a secretory monocyte function and differs in this respect from existing monocyte function tests; it measures the ability of monocytes to release a factor which induces differentiation of B cells (B-cell differentiation factor, BDF). BDF causes antigen-stimulated B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing cells. BDF released by human monocytes acts across species and can be assayed conveniently in murine spleen cell cultures. BDF is released by human monocytes in response to stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interference by residual LPS in the BDF preparation can be eliminated using for the assay of BDF-activity spleen cells from a mouse strain that is genetically unresponsive to LPS. An initial survey of some 150 individuals showed considerable variation in BDF production. Cancer patients as a group showed low activity. Low BDF production was also found in patients with aplastic anemia and common variable immune deficiency.
Scaling to 10 nm-bulk, SOI or double-gate MOSFETs?

In this paper, we assess the potential for bulk CMOS, SOI CMOS, and double-gate CMOS to extend scaling to 10 nm channel length. In addition to the required replacement of silicon dioxide and polysilicon gates by high-k insulator and metal gates for all device types, specific technology requirements are discussed for each device type. 10 nm bulk CMOS requires abrupt placement of n- and p-type dopants at >1019 cm-3 levels for both the channel and the source-drain regions. 10 nm SOI CMOS requires the silicon film thickness to be scaled to its quantum limit of 2 nm. The silicon film thickness requirement is somewhat relaxed in a double-gate device structure. But the self-alignment requirement of a double-gate (or multi-gate) device makes it very challenging to realize a manufacturable process