cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed label-free multianalyte detection through microinterferometry

Interferometers can detect optical path changes down to a billionth-lambda at the half intensity point at quadrature, (defined when the signal and reference waves are out of phase by ninety degrees). We have fabricated interferometric microstructures on silicon all operating at quadrature. The ultimate capability of this approach is the fabrication of over a billion interferometric biosensors on a single spinning disk having the capacity for mega-samples per second sampling speed. As an initial proof of principle of this technique, we have detected the presence of immobilized anti-mouse IgG and the specific binding of mouse IgG at a sampling rate of 100kiloSamp/sec, while non-specific binding observed was low. We will demonstrate that this technique provides a label-free method that may rapidly screen thousands of proteins per assay.
Biocatalytic synthesis of novel electronic and photovoltaic materials

A new class of ruthenium complex-based macrodye and a dinuclear complex were synthesized via a biocatalytic route employing hematin as an efficient biocatalyst. The pho- tovoltaic overall efficiency of the dinuclear complex was found to be 2.1 % and higher than the polymeric complex (0.33 %). Furthermore, we have developed an environmentally be- nign methodology for the synthesis of novel pegylated polyphenolics. The reaction condi- tions used do not require any organic solvents, and all the reactions were performed in aque- ous media. The synthesized polymers were soluble in both organic and aqueous media, and provide further opportunity to tailor the properties. Finally, a novel biomimetic method for the synthesis of a conducting molecular complex of polypyrrole and of thiophene substitute in the presence of a polyelectrolyte, such as polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), is presented. A syn- thetic enzyme based on hematin was used to catalyze the polymerization of pyrrole (PYR) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of SPS. Copolymers of EDOT and PYR have also been synthesized, and these novel materials have been shown to exhibit high electrical conductivity.
Combining Matching Algorithms: The Rectangular Case

The problem of combining matching algorithms for equational theories with disjoint signatures is studied. It is shown that the combined matching problem is in general undecidable but that it becomes decidable if all theories are regular. For the case of regular theories an efficient combination algorithm is developed. As part of that development we present a simple algorithm for solving the word problem in the combination of arbitrary equational theories with disjoint signatures.
E-book atlases for tablet computers: the Atlas of the Columbia River Basin

More e-books than traditional paper books are sold today, and tablet computers have become ubiquitous in recent years. Digital cartographic atlases have replaced traditional paper atlases, but cartographers have not yet fully embraced the potential of multi-touch tablet computers, such as the iPad. This article explores the characteristics of e-book atlases, which are positioned between traditional printed atlases and digital atlas information systems. We document available hardware and software for creating interactive maps and atlases for tablet computers, and illustrate the steps in building an interactive e-book atlas using the Atlas of the Columbia River Basin as an example.
Improved success of phenotype prediction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from envelope variable loop 3 sequence using neural networks.

We have assembled two sets of HIV-1 V3 sequences with defined epidemiologic relationships associated with experimentally determined coreceptor usage or MT-2 cell tropism. These data sets were used for three purposes. First, they were employed to test existing methods for predicting coreceptor usage and MT-2 cell tropism. Of these methods, the presence of one basic amino acid at position 11 or 25 proved to be most reliable for both phenotypic classifications, although its predictive power for the X4 phenotype was less than 50%. Second, we used the sequence sets to train neural networks to infer coreceptor usage from V3 genotype with better success than the best available motif-based method, and with a predictive power equal to that of the best motif-based method for MT-2 cell tropism. Third, we used the sequence sets to reexamine patterns of variability associated with the different phenotypes, and we showed that the phenotype-associated sequence patterns could be reproduced from large sets of V3 sequences using phenotypes predicted by the trained neural network.
Immunologic memory to phosphorylcholine. VI. Heterogeneity in light chain gene expression

BALB/c mice immunized with phosphorylcholine-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (PC-KLH) produce two types of anti-PC antibodies, designated group I and group II, which differ in their fine specificity and idiotype expression. Group II hybridomas can utilize VH genes and VL genes (in particular, V kappa 1-3) distinct from those expressed in the group I-like anti-PC myelomas. Here we have analyzed additional anti-PC hybridomas from BALB/c and (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male mice and also anti-PC antibodies purified from BALB/c and C57BL/6N antisera. Isoelectric focusing indicates that one of the group II hybridomas utilizes V kappa 1-3 and that related L chains are expressed in a major portion of group II serum antibodies. Other group II antibodies in antisera express different L chains, some of which are presently unidentified. However, isoelectric focusing analysis also indicates that the L chains of some group II hybridomas and serum antibodies are related to those found in the group I anti-PC myelomas and group I hybridoma and serum antibodies. In addition, one hybridoma was found to utilize lambda 2. Thus, it appears that the anti-PC antibodies with group II-like fine specificity can utilize a variety of VL genes related to, or distinct from, those expressed in group I antibodies.
Differences in some of the metabolic properties of mitochondrial isolated from cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb of the rat

The metabolic properties of mitochondria from rat cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb were investigated. The pyruvate-supported oxygen uptake rates by olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly lower than those by cerebrocortical mitochondria. This is consistent with the differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities between these mitochondrial preparations. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase activities in olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly lower than those in cerebrocortical mitochondria. However, NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, and NAD-linked and NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activities in olfactory bulb mitochondria were significantly higher than those in cerebrocortical mitochondria. The differences between these two mitochondrial preparations in terms of the activities of these energy-metabolizing enzymes reflect the differences detected in the homogenates of these regions.
Superficial femoral artery aneurysms: An unusual entity?

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mode of presentation of superficial femoral artery aneurysms, their association with other arterial aneurysms, and their operative treatment. Method: Records of patients with superficial femoral artery aneurysms seen at our institution from 1990 to 2000 were reviewed retrospectively with attention to presenting symptoms, clinical examination, arteriographic findings, and operative management. Results: Eleven of 13 aneurysms (85%) were in men. Nine (69%) were associated with aortic or iliac aneurysms, and seven (54%) with femoral or popliteal aneurysms. Six patients (46%) presented with distal ischemia, four (31%) presented with a thigh mass, and three (23%) were discovered during investigation for other vascular problems. No ruptured superficial femoral artery aneurysms were seen. Eleven patients underwent successful aneurysm resection and bypass grafting. Two patients underwent amputation. There were no operative mortalities. Conclusions: Patients with superficial femoral artery aneurysms may present with distal ischemia, with a pulsatile thigh mass, with rupture and bleeding, or the aneurysms may be discovered during other investigations. The high incidence of complications suggests that resection and grafting should be performed electively, and the frequent association of aortoiliac or peripheral aneurysms mandates thorough investigation and follow-up. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:571-4.)
Recent advances in neurosurgical treatment for the elderly.

The future looks bright for continued advances, not only in neurosurgery but in general surgery and its subspecialties, in the light of recent new techniques involving cryosurgery and the laser. This progress has particular application to the diseases common to middle-aged and elderly persons. The authors' studies are outlined. There are good prospects for the better treatment of neoplasms (pending discovery of how to prevent them), and also the extension of the knowledge attained to other knotty therapeutic problems. In addition, there are the advantages of new drug treatment such as l-dopa for Parkinson's disease, or perhaps hyperbaric oxygenation for certain brain disorders.
Categorization Based on Attribute versus Relational Similarity in 4-To 10-Month-Old Infants

Summary.-4- to 10-month-old infants were tested in 2 experiments to determine whether they used a similar attribute or a similar relationship among attributes to make visual judgments of similarity and categorization. In Exp. 1 infants were familiarized with a single stimulus composed of several attributes and a prescribed relationship among the attributes, left wing smaller than right wing. When tested in a noveltypreference procedure with novel stimuli that either preserved a single attribute but violated the relationship (Attribute Test Stimulus) or preserved the relationship with a new set of attributes (Relational Test Stimulus), 4-mo.-olds treated the Attribute Test Stimulus as familiar, whereas 6-mo.-olds treated the Relational Test Stimulus as familiar. Neither 8- nor 10-mo.-olds showed a preference for either test stimulus. In Exp. 2 a category containing 3 exemplars was constructed. In each exemplar a single attribute, left wing, was held constant, and all 3 exemplars shared the same relational structure, left wing smaller than right wing, but the remaining attributes varied across exemplars. Four-, 6-, and 8-mo.-olds in Exp 2 rehably included the novel Attribute Test Stimulus in the category. These data sugpcst that, although ~nfants under 8 months can recognize relational information, [hey may not alw~ys use that information when making categorization judgments, particularly if a single, well-defined attribute is available as the basis for categorization.
A new industrial revolution for a sustainable energy future

Access to affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world’s increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Our use of energy in the 21st century must also be sustainable. This article provides a techno-economic snapshot of the current energy landscape and identifies several research and development opportunities and challenges, especially where they relate to materials science and engineering, to create the foundation for this new industrial revolution.
Fragmented domains have infinite Krull dimension

On dit qu'un anneau integreR est fragmente si pour tout element non-inversibler deR, il existe un element non-inversibles deR tel que r∈∩Rs n. On montre, pour un anneau integreR qui n'est pas un corps, qu'il existe un ideal maximal deR qui contient une chaine strictement croissante d'ideaux premiers deR. Si, de plus,R n'ax qu'un nombre fini d'ideaux maximaux, alors on peut reformuler l'affirmation precedente pour tout ideal maximal deR. Il decoule que toute anneau integreR, qui n'est pas un corps et qui possede un ideal premierP tel queR+PR p soit fragmente, doit etre de dimension infinie (au sens de Krull). On donne un exemple d'un tel anneauR qui n'est pas fragmente.
A simplified model for superstring compactification

Abstract Many interesting new questions concerning the physics of compactification have been raised by the superstring. However, these problems are extremely difficult to approach at present due to the complexity of the theory. Here we present simple model which can be used as an educational tool for thier study.
Loss of Dispensable Endonuclease Activity in Relief of Polarity by suA

NONSENSE mutations in several microorganisms exert a pleio-tropic “polar” effect, reducing the level of expression of those genes in the same Operon which lie on the operator-distal side of the mutant gene'. Although ribosomes terminate translation and are quickly discharged from the messenger when they encounter a nonsense codon2, they can efficiently re-attach to the messenger at the “start” codons of downstream genes, both in RNA phage2–5 and in E. coli6. Thus, polarity must be caused by unavailability of the messenger template beyond the nonsense codon. In RNA phage, this unavailability has been attributed to a conformational masking of the messenger2–5
The pain response to mydriatic eyedrops in preterm infants.

Evaluate physiological and behavioral pain responses of premature infants following instillation of mydriatic eyedrops for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) examinations. While burning and stinging occurs in older patients, the infant pain response is not well characterized. Vital sign and video monitor recorded infant responses before, during and after mydriatic (tropicamide 1%, phenylephrine 2.5%) administration upon first ROP exam. Two masked observers graded Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores immediately before and following eyedrop administration. Scores 12 severe. Twenty infants had mean premydriatic PIPP score 3.6 (s.d. 1.6), mean postmydriatic score 5.7 (s.d. 3.4), mean change 2.1 (s.d. 3.4) (P=0.01). One (5%) had premydriatic PIPP score ⩾7, seven (35%) post scores ⩾7 (P=0.07) with one >12. Mydriatic drops cause a clinically significant pain response in one-third of infants. Non-pharmacological supportive measures are recommended for all infants until predictive factors are defined.
Modern paediatric urology.

The scope of paediatric urology was defined in the 1960s and the basic knowledge of disorders to be treated was also established at that time. In the 1970s there was a considerable increase in our understanding of the physiological aspects of urinary tract malformations. In addition, the contributions that were made to paediatric urology by other disciplines in medicine and science were more and more appreciated. For instance, in the late 1960s all children with any disorder vaguely associated with the urinary tract underwent an intravenous urogram and voiding cystogram. An interested group of radiologists, however, effected a change in these concepts: they emphasised noninvasive and more precise functional studies involving far less radiation. Thus the understanding, diagnosis and management of various disorders of the urogenital tract have been tremendously improved by ultrasonography, renography and renal scan techniques, urodynamics, CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Epidural Morphine and Detomidine Decreases Postoperative Hindlimb Lameness in Horses after Bilateral Stifle Arthroscopy

Objective— To determine whether preoperative epidural administration of morphine and detomidine would decrease postoperative lameness after bilateral stifle arthroscopy in horses. Study design— Prospective clinical controlled study. Animals— Eight adult horses that had bilateral arthroscopic procedures, including drilling of cartilage and subchondral bone within the femoropatellar joints. Methods— Horses were randomly separated into 2 groups. Preoperatively, 4 horses were administered a combination of epidural morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and detomidine (30 μg/kg), and 4 horses were administered an equivalent volume of epidural saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Postoperative pain was assessed using 6 video recordings made at hourly intervals of each horse at a walk. Assessments began 1 hour after recovery from anesthesia. The recordings were scrambled out of sequence and evaluated by 3 observers, unaware of treatment groups, who scored lameness from 0 to 4. Lameness scores of the 2 groups of horses were compared using a Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Heart and respiratory rates were also measured at each hourly interval and compared between groups using a repeated-measures ANOVA; statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results— Preoperative administration of epidural morphine and detomidine significantly decreased lameness and heart rates after bilateral stifle arthroscopy. The greatest decrease was detected at hours 1 and 2 after recovery from anesthesia. Conclusion— We conclude that horses undergoing a painful arthroscopic procedure of the stifle joint benefit from the administration of preoperative epidural morphine and detomidine. Clinical relevance— Preoperative epidural administration of detomidine and morphine may be useful in decreasing postoperative pain after stifle arthroscopy as well as pain associated with other painful disorders involving the stifle joint, such as septic arthritis and trauma.
Phencyclidine and cannabinoids in vitreous humor

Abstract Vitreous humor (VH) is routinely collected at autopsy for the testing of electrolytes and ethanol. In recent years drugs of abuse have been detected in this specimen. In this study the authors assayed 30 VH samples for phencyclidine (PCP) and 50 specimens for cannabinoids. Specimens were screened by immunoassay and then assayed for PCP by GC-FID and cannabinoids by GC/MS. Eighteen (60%) specimens screened positive for PCP using a cutoff of 25ng/mL. Quantitative analysis showed PCP concentrations in VH that screened positive ranged 30–290ng/mL. Corresponding blood concentrations were 50–600ng/mL. VH PCP concentrations in the 12 cases which screened negative were 40–470ng/mL. False negative results were probably due to matrix effects. All VH specimens screened for cannabinoids were negative. Ten negative screening specimens assayed by GC/MS yielded 1 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol positive result at 2ng/mL. These data indicated that VH maybe a useful specimen for the detection of PCP but not for cannabinoids.
An Ensemble Forecasting Primer

An ensemble forecast is a collection (an ensemble) of forecasts that all verify at the same time. These forecasts are regarded as possible scenarios given the uncertainty associated with forecasting. With such an ensemble, one can address issues that go beyond simply estimating the best forecast. These include estimation of the probability of various events and estimation of the confidence that can be associated with a forecast. Global ensemble forecasts out to 10 days have been computed at both the U.S. and European central forecasting centers since December 1992. Since 1995, the United States has computed experimental regional ensemble forecasts focusing on smaller-scale forecast uncertainties out to 2 days. The authors address challenges associated with ensemble forecasting such as 1) formulating an ensemble, 2) choosing the number of forecasts in an ensemble, 3) extracting information from an ensemble of forecasts, 4) displaying information from an ensemble of forecasts, and 5) interpreting ensemble forecasts. Two synopticscale examples of ensemble forecasting from the winter of 1995/96 are also shown.
Vulnerable Populations and the Transition to Adulthood

D. Wayne Osgood, E. Michael Foster, and Mark E. Courtney examine the transition to adulthood for youth involved in social service and justice systems during childhood and adolescence. They survey the challenges faced by youth in the mental health system, the foster care system, the juvenile justice system, the criminal justice system, and special education, and by youth with physical disabilities and chronic illness, as well as runaway and homeless youth. One problem is that the services these vulnerable populations receive from these systems as children and adolescents often end abruptly as they transition to adulthood, even though the need for them continues. Youth must leave systems tailored for clients their age and, if they are eligible for further services at all, enter adult systems that are not equipped to address their needs. One exception is the special education system, whose services extend into early adulthood and are designed for individuals' needs. The authors review current public policies directed toward vulnerable youth in transition and find problems in four areas: eligibility criteria that exclude youth from services that might benefit them, inadequate funding for transition services, a lack of coordination across service systems, and inadequate training about young-adult developmental issues for service professionals. The authors then discuss policy options that can help create a developmentally appropriate and socially inclusive system of support for vulnerable youth. Among the options are strengthening all programs for youth in transition, improving the existing systems of care for children and adolescents, addressing the loss of access to services at the age of majority, and coordinating today's multiple systems into a single coherent system. The authors see heightened governmental interest in better supports for vulnerable young adults, both through expanding the federal role in their lives and through improving coordination of the systems that serve them. The Fostering Connections Act of 2008, for example, extended services to adolescents in foster care from the age of eighteen to the age of twenty-one.
Targeted Disruption of TRAF3 Leads to Postnatal Lethality and Defective T-Dependent Immune Responses

TRAF3 was found as a protein that binds to the cytoplasmic tail of CD40 but is part of a family of proteins with common structure and activity. To clarify the physiological roles of TRAF3, we introduced a TRAF3 null mutation in mice through homologous recombination. TRAF3-deficient mice appear normal at birth but become progressively runted, correlating with progressive hypoglycemia and depletion of peripheral white cells. The mutant mice die by 10 days of age. Fetal liver cells from TRAF3-deficient embryos can reconstitute all hematopoietic lineages in lethally irradiated mice. However, these reconstituted mice are impaired in their immune responses to T-dependent antigen, and their T cells are functionally defective. These findings indicate that TRAF3 is required for postnatal development and for a competent immune system.
Response of a prestressed elastic plate strip to a moving pressure load

Abstract The dynamic response of an infinite, prestressed plate strip under a moving, distributed pressure load is determined. The transverse pressure load is assumed to propagate, with constant speed, in the direction which is parallel to the infinite edges of the plate strip. The constant, uniform prestress acts in the plane of the plate in a direction which is parallel to the infinite edges of the plate strip. The problem is formulated as a boundary-value problem within the framework of the classical, small-deflection theory of thin plates, and solutions are obtained in terms of trigonometric series. It is shown that the shape of the resulting deflection profile of the plate depends strongly on the speed of propagation of the load as well as on the magnitude (and sense) of the prestress. Because damping is neglected, there exist combinations of load speed and prestress for which deflections become unbounded (critical speeds). The concepts of group and phase velocity are used to determine the steady-state response for supercritical speeds.
Liquid culture of Rhizopus chinensis for the production of acid protease rhizopuspepsin.

Abstract 1. 1. Culture conditions for the production of rhizopuspepsin in liquid medium by Rhizopus chinensis have been investigated. 2. 2. Optimum production was achieved in 24 hr shaking culture in 1% bovine serum albumin, 1% corn starch, 0.1% yeast extract and a salt mixture, pH 5. 3. 3. Levels at 24 hr compared in isozyme pattern and in quantity to conventional solid culture on wheat bran.
On asymmetric temperature and composition profiles in catalyst particles

Abstract This note establishes the existence of steady state solutions lacking the symmetry of the catalyst particle by presenting two simple examples. No claim is made regarding the stability of these asymmetric solutions; indeed, certain of them are easily shown to be unstable. A more complete exploration of asymmetric solutions and investigation of their stability will be given in subsequent papers.
Effect of amino acids on expression of K99 adherence pili by Escherichia coli.

Abstract Various common L-aminoacids differed in their ability to suppress K99 production in E. coli . Strains of E. coli also varied in their sensitivity to aminoacid-mediated suppression of K99. Alanine, methionine, leucine, and valine were the most suppressive aminoacids. However, when compared to single aminoacids, mixtures of these aminoacids were frequently either less suppressive, non-suppressive, or even stimulatory for K99 expression.
Development of ecological competence in Sumatran orangutans

Data on orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) living in a Sumatran swamp forest yield an estimated median interbirth interval of at least 8 years, concurring with findings from other sites. This longest known mammalian interbirth interval appears due to maternal amenorrhea during the long exclusive dependence of the offspring. We describe the development of various components of offspring independence. In this arboreal ape, 3-year-olds had largely reached locomotor independence. Nest-building skills were also well-developed in 3-year-olds, but immatures shared their mother's nest until weaned at around age 7. At time of birth of the new sibling, association with the mother had begun to decline for both male and female offspring, suggesting that the immatures had mastered all the necessary skills, including basic tool use, to feed themselves. By about 11 years of age, they also ranged independently from the mother. These results show that orangutans do not develop independence more slowly than chimpanzees. Why, then, is weaning 2 years later in orangutans? In chimpanzees, mothers are often accompanied by two or even three consecutive offspring, unlike in orangutans. This contrast suggests that an orangutan mother cannot give birth until the previous offspring is ecologically competent enough to begin to range independently of her, probably due to the high energy costs of association. Thus, the exceptionally long interbirth intervals of orangutans may be a consequence of their solitary lifestyle.
Effect of displacer chemistry on displacer efficacy for a sugar-based anion exchange displacer library

A homologous series of sugar-based anion exchange displacers were synthesized and evaluated by a parallel batch displacement assay as potential displacers for protein purification in anion exchange systems. The structural variation of these homologous molecules enabled a detailed study of the relationship between structure and efficacy. The percent protein displaced was evaluated in these batch systems for two model proteins, BSA and trypsin inhibitor, as a function of displacer concentration and chemistry on a Source 15Q anion exchange resin. The results indicated that the addition of aromatic rings at the periphery of the molecule close to the charged groups increased displacer affinity. It was observed that displacers with more structural flexibility had higher efficacy up to a certain value, beyond which flexibility did not appear to affect displacer efficacy for the molecules evaluated. It was also demonstrated that long hydrophobic side chains which are not associated with the charge may lower displ...
Variational Principles for Perfect and Dissipative Fluid Flows

Many versions of an extension of Hamilton's principle to perfect fluid flows exist in the literature. In this paper the most general form, due to Serrin, is identified and the limitations of some of the others discussed. An extension of the variational principle to viscous, thermally conducting fluid flows is suggested. This is compared with some other variational principles for viscous flows, and the relative merits of the various approaches are discussed.
Historical magic in old quantum theory

Two successes of old quantum theory are particularly notable: Bohr’s prediction of the spectral lines of ionised helium, and Sommerfeld’s prediction of the fine-structure of the hydrogen spectral lines. Many scientific realists would like to be able to explain these successes in terms of the truth or approximate truth of the assumptions which fuelled the relevant derivations. In this paper I argue that this will be difficult for the ionised helium success, and is almost certainly impossible for the fine-structure success. Thus I submit that the case against the realist’s thesis that success is indicative of truth is marginally strengthened.
Relationships and Resilience: Care Provider Responses to Pressures From Managed Care

Organizations in the health care industry and beyond face pressures to lower their costs while maintaining quality, resulting in high levels of stress for their workers. In a nine-hospital study, t...
How Many Bits of Feedback is Multiuser Diversity Worth in MIMO Downlink

The impact of multiuser diversity on MIMO down-link is generally measured in terms of two asymptotic quantities derived from the sum-rate, namely the scaling law of the sum-rate versus the number of users n (for a fixed signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) and the multiplexing gain (i.e., asymptotic growth of the sum-rate versus SNR). Designing optimal strategies with respect to these two criteria requires the availability of Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter, which in turn demands feedback of information from receivers to the transmitter. An open question is: how many bits of feedback are really necessary to achieve optimality of these criteria, i.e., to fully exploit multiuser diversity? In this paper, the optimal scaling law of the sum-rate with respect to n, for fixed SNR, fixed number of transmit antennas M and any number of receiving antennas N (i.e., M log log nN), is proved to be achievable with a deterministic feedback of only one bit per user. The impact of adding feedback bits is also investigated. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimal multiplexing gain of M is guaranteed if the total feedback per cell is proportional to the SNR (in dB). The proofs build on opportunistic beamforming and binary quantization of the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio.
A biosensor for the activity of the "sheddase" TACE (ADAM17) reveals novel and cell type-specific mechanisms of TACE activation.

Diverse environmental conditions stimulate protein “shedding” from the cell surface through proteolytic cleavage. The protease TACE [tumor necrosis factor–α (TNFα)–converting enzyme, encoded by ADAM17 ] mediates protein shedding, thereby regulating the maturation and release of various extracellular substrates, such as growth factors and cytokines, that induce diverse cellular responses. We developed a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)–based biosensor called TSen that quantitatively reports the kinetics of TACE activity in live cells. In combination with chemical biology approaches, we used TSen to probe the dependence of TACE activation on the induction of the kinases p38 and ERK (extracellular signal–regulated kinase) in various epithelial cell lines. Using TSen, we found that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in keratinocytes induced rapid and robust TSen cleavage and the accumulation of TACE at the plasma membrane. Cytoskeletal disruption also increased the cleavage of endogenous TACE substrates, including transforming growth factor–α. Thus, TSen is a useful tool for unraveling the mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal activation of TACE in live cells.
Architecture Aware Partitioning Algorithms

Existing partitioning algorithms provide limited support for load balancing simulations that are performed on heterogeneous parallel computing platforms. On such architectures, effective load balancing can only be achieved if the graph is distributed so that it properly takes into account the available resources (CPU speed, network bandwidth). With heterogeneous technologies becoming more popular, the need for suitable graph partitioning algorithms is critical. We developed such algorithms that can address the partitioning requirements of scientific computations, and can correctly model the architectural characteristics of emerging hardware platforms.
Predictors of Music Sight-Reading Ability in High School Wind Players

The purpose of this study, grounded in near-transfer theory, was to investigate relationships among music sight-reading and tonal and rhythmic audiation, visual field articulation, spatial orientat...
In vivo ultrasonographic evaluation of patellar tendon stiffness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft

Background: Tendon mechanical properties have been used to evaluate the effects of therapies on the healing of animal tendons, but these measures have not been convenient to record in vivo in humans due to their invasive nature. The aims of this study were to assess the capability of an ultrasonography technique to track the change in stiffness of the healing human patellar tendon and to assess the correlation between stiffness parameters and clinical recovery measurements. Method: Ten subjects undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a patellar tendon autograft were recruited for the study as well as 10 healthy control subjects. The surgical tendons' mechanical properties were evaluated at 2 and 6 months after surgery with a two-scan ultrasonography technique. A paired sign-rank test was performed to compare the change in biomechanical parameters and clinical recovery measurements across time between surgical and control groups. Results: Tendon stiffness of the surgical group increased from ~71% to ~94% when compared to the stiffness of the contralateral tendons at the first visit; however, the difference was not significant P = 0.18. Significant improvements were shown in all the clinical recovery outcomes. Poor correlation was found between the clinical recovery measurements and tendon stiffness. Conclusions: No significant change in patellar tendon stiffness with healing was detected over the 2--6 month period after surgery, suggesting the tendon stiffness recovery in humans proceeds more slowly than other clinical measures.
The ZS-1 central processor

The Astronautics ZS-1 is a high speed, 64-bit computer system designed for scientific and engineering applications. The ZS-1 central processor uses a decoupled architecture, which splits instructions into two streams---one for fixed point/memory address computation and the other for floating point operations. The two instruction streams are then processed in parallel. Pipelining is also used extensively throughout the ZS-1.This paper describes the architecture and implementation of the ZS-1 central processor, beginning with some of the basic design objectives. Descriptions of the instruction set, pipeline structure, and virtual memory implementation demonstrate the methods used to satisfy the objectives. High performance is achieved through a combination of static (compile-time) instruction scheduling and dynamic (run-time) scheduling. Both types of scheduling are illustrated with examples.
Therapeutic options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia

Enterococcal infections are relatively common among hospitalized patients, likely because these organisms are commensals of human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. With widespread usage of glycopeptides in both humans and livestock, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) quickly emerged. Bloodstream infections caused by these isolates are of significant concern with limited bactericidal options for treatment. Presently, daptomycin and linezolid serve as the mainstays of therapy, although resistance to both agents has been documented. Newer antimicrobials, specifically lipoglycopeptides and oxazolidinones, have been developed with in vitro activity against these organisms. However, no clinical data are available with their usage for VRE infections, let alone those in the bloodstream. This review focuses on the epidemiology, current and potential future therapeutic options for the treatment of VRE bacteremia.
Isolation of Milk Phospholipids and Determination of Their Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Summary Several methods were compared for recovery and purification of mixtures of phospholipids from dried buttermilk. Samples were analyzed for phosphorus, nitrogen, and unsaturated fatty acids. Evidence was obtained that phospholipids purified by repeated acetone precipitation are not representative of the original milk phospholipids. An improved procedure was developed to extract the lipids from buttermilk with ethanol, ether, and chloroform. Most of the phospholipids were separated from the other lipids by precipitation with acetone. Acetone-soluble phospholipids were recovered by chromatography with silicic acid columns. The two fractions were combined and nonlipid contaminants were removed by washing. In an alternative procedure, the lipids were extracted from buttermilk with methanol and chloroform before the foregoing method was used to isolate the phospholipids. The amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were estimated from spectrophotometric data and iodine values. A representative sample of milk phospholipids (3.72% phosphorus, 2.23% nitrogen, iodine value 53.8) contained 26.3% monocne, 1.5% conjugated diene, and 5.8, 2.4, 1.3, and 1.5% nonconjugated diene, triene, tetraene, and pentaene acids, respectively. Percentages of each of these acids in the total fatty acids (with corresponding percentages for milk fat from the same source given in parentheses) were: 39.8 (32.1), 2.3 (1.4), 8.8 (1.6), 3.6 (0.9), 2.0 (0.3), and 2.2 (0.2), respectively. The phospholipids contained 41.3% saturated fatty acids and the milk fat 63.5%. These data show that there was a selective concentration of nonconjugated polyunsaturated acids in milk phospholipids.
Why People are Not Like Marbles in an Urn: An Effect of Context on Statistical Reasoning

The Learning Technology Center, Vanderbilt University SUMMARY A large body of research has examined the effect of contextual knowledge on deductive reasoning. Relatively little work, however, has examined context effects on statistical reasoning. In this paper, we document that in a context such as drawing marbles from an urn, children correctly think of sampling as a way to measure the distribution of marbles. However, in other contexts, such as taking a survey of people’s opinions, children design samples that have the effect of causing a distribution. For example, they sample members of the population most likely to have positive opinions. We interpret these results by proposing that knowledge of statistics comes in discrete pieces of intuitive understanding whose elicitation is contingent upon the problem context. We describe a model of instruction that acknowledges the effects of context on statistical reasoning.
Lipoprotein changes in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naïve individuals after starting antiretroviral therapy: ACTG Study A5152s

Background Dyslipidemia is a frequent complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). The effects of ART on lipoproteins are less well-understood, and have not been investigated in a prospective study where assignment to ART is randomized. Objective To evaluate the effects of three class-sparing ART regimens on lipids and lipoproteins. Methods This was a substudy of a prospective, multicenter study of treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals randomly assigned to receive a regimen of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz, NRTIs + the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir, or a NRTI-sparing regimen of efavirenz + lopinavir/ritonavir. Lipoproteins were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Among the 82 participants, total and small low-density lipoprotein concentrations increased by a median of 152 nmol/L (interquartile range, −49 to +407 nmol/L; P P P KW P P = 0.022). High-density lipoproteins increased by a median of 6.0 nmol/L (interquartile range, 2.8–10.4 nmol/L; P P KW = 0.069). Changes were not related to changes in markers of insulin/glucose metabolism. Conclusions Total and small low-density lipoprotein concentrations increased, especially in the arms containing lopinavir/ritonavir, as did increases in total very-low-density lipoproteins. Adverse changes were especially prominent in the arm with efavirenz + lopinavir/ritonavir.
Preliminary evaluation of phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in patients with liver disease and hypertension.

Aims: The goal of this preliminary study was to evaluate the relationship between blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and recent drinking in patients with liver disease and hypertension. Methods: Twenty-one patients with liver disease and 21 patients with essential hypertension were recruited at an academic medical center. Alcohol consumption was estimated using validated self-report methods, and blood PEth was measured by HPLC-MS/MS at a contracted laboratory. Nonparametric comparisons were made between abstainers/light drinkers, moderate drinkers consuming between 1 and 3 drinks per day, and those drinking above this level. Regression methods were used to estimate the effects of liver disease, gender, and age on the relationship between PEth and alcohol use, and to estimate the strength of the linear relationship between PEth and drinking. Results: PEth differed significantly between the three drinking groups ( P < 0.001). The relationship between PEth and alcohol did not differ between hypertension and liver disease patients ( P = 0.696), nor by gender and age. While there was substantial variability between subjects in the PEth concentration given a similar level of reported drinking, the amount of ethanol consumed was strongly associated with the PEth concentration ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Results support PEth measurement by HPLC-MS/MS as a promising marker of past 1- to 2-week moderate to heavy alcohol consumption in patients with and without liver disease. PEth appears useful for differentiating abstinence or light drinking from moderate to heavy consumption, but may have limited utility for differentiating moderate from heavy alcohol use.
Fasting Indicators of Insulin Sensitivity: Effects of Ethnicity and Pubertal Status

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity with a more invasive measure of insulin sensitivity (frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test [FSIVGTT]) and the effect of Tanner stage and ethnicity on that relationship. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were analyzed from 149 overweight girls (97 Hispanic and 52 African American) who were either in the early stages of maturation defined by Tanner stages 1 or 2 (52 Hispanic and 18 African American) or in the later stages of maturation defined by Tanner stages 4 and 5 (45 Hispanic and 34 African American). Fasting indicators of insulin sensitivity (IS) included fasting insulin and glucose and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). IS was derived from an FSIVGTT with minimal modeling. RESULTS In Tanner stages 1 and 2, all fasting indicators were significantly associated with IS: (fasting insulin: r = −0.67, P r = −0.66, P r = −0.55, P r = −0.47, P CONCLUSIONS Fasting indicators were reflective of IS for girls in Tanner stages 1 and 2, regardless of ethnicity and may provide a clinical measure of future risk for type 2 diabetes. In the latter stages of maturation, however, more invasive measures are warranted to adequately determine IS in clinical practice.
Serum Amylase Determination by Somogyi's Amyloclastic Method with Use of a Photometric End-Point

Somogyi's amyloclastic amylase assay has been modified by substitution of a spectrophotometric end point for visual observation, thereby increasing precision without changing the Somogyi assay units. A method of estimating starch concentration from the intensity of the starchiodine color reaction is described; absorbance is directly proportional to starch concentration. Somogyi's finding that corn starch is the substrate showing least variation inability to be degraded by amylase has been confirmed; a rapid method of standardizing the substrate is described. High amylase activities obtained using the amyloclastic method with sera containing lysed red cells are artifacts resulting from the interference of hemoglobin with the starch-iodine color reaction; the extent of the interference has been delineated, and means of avoiding it are described.
New project management practices for Metro Projects in China

With rapid economic and social developments in China, the metro companies are directed to adopt a more "commercial" on the construction and operation of metro systems. As recommended by the PRC National Standard GB/T 50358-2005 Code for management of engineering contracting projects, metro project undertakers shall implement modern project management practices in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of project management. PB, as the Project Management Consultant for the Shenzhen Metro no. 3 Project, has introduced a number of new practices since the commencement of the consultancy contract in November 2004. This paper provides a brief account of new project management practices that has been implemented in the project.
Use of DNA injection for identification of slow nerve-dependent regions of the MLC2s gene

It has been well established that expression of slow contractile protein genes in skeletal muscle is regulated, in part, by activity from slow motoneurons. However, very little is understood about the mechanism by which neural activity regulates transcription of slow isoform genes. The purpose of this investigation was first to more fully define the in vivo DNA injection technique for use in both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles and second to use the injection technique for the identification of slow nerve-dependent regions of the myosin light chain 2 slow (MLC2s) gene. Initial experiments determined that the same amount of plasmid DNA was taken up by both the slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and that injection of from 0.5 to 10 micrograms DNA/muscle is ideal for analysis of promoter activity during regeneration. This technique was subsequently used to identify that the region from -800 to +12 base pairs of MLC2s gene directed approximately 100 times higher activity in the innervated soleus than in innervated EDL, denervated soleus, or denervated EDL muscles. Placing the introns upstream of either the MLC2s or SV40 promoter increased expression 5- and 2.7-fold, respectively, in innervated soleus but not in innervated EDL, denervated soleus, or denervated EDL muscles. These results demonstrate that 1) in vivo DNA injection is a sensitive assay for promoter analysis in both fast-twitch and slow-twitch skeletal muscles and 2) both 5' flanking and intronic regions of the MLC2s gene can independently and synergistically direct slow nerve-dependent transcription in vivo.