cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron homeostasis in beta-thalassemic mice.

To explore the pathogenesis of nontransfusional iron overload in iron- loading anemia, we examined features of external iron exchange, internal iron kinetics, and tissue iron burden in adult mice with inherited gene-deletion beta-thalassemia. Mice homozygous for beta- thalassemia display moderate anemia, reticulocytosis, and shortened red cell survival, whereas heterozygous carriers appear hematologically normal. Quantitative iron determination revealed that iron content and concentration in liver, spleen, and kidney, but not heart, were far higher (P less than .01) in 15-to 35-week old homozygous thalassemic mice than in age-matched normal and heterozygous controls; of these tissues, iron content increased with age only in kidneys (P = .01) of homozygous affected mice. Although plasma iron levels were only minimally elevated in homozygotes, plasma iron turnover was threefold greater (P less than .001) than that seen in heterozygote controls. Nevertheless hyperabsorption of enteric radioiron, discernible among homozygous thalassemic mice as late as 6 to 8 weeks after birth, was not observed in older mice, additionally, thalassemic and control mice at 18 to 34 weeks showed comparable iron excretion after intravenous radioiron. We conclude that adult mice with beta-thalassemia regain balanced external iron exchange, despite substantial tissue iron excess and accelerated internal iron transit.
Distortion in self-reported height and weight data

The authors suggest to investigators a measure of potential biases in self-reported heights and weights.
Cloning and Recombinant Expression of a Cellulase

Abstract Cellulases are very important enzymes that break up cellulose. This reaction is used, for example, for biofuel production. A reduction in cellulase production cost, an improvement in cellulase performance, and an increase in sugar yields are all vital to reduce the processing costs of biorefineries. Improvements in specific cellulase activities for noncomplexed cellulase mixtures can be implemented through cellulase engineering based on rational design or directed evolution for each cellulase component enzyme, as well as on the reconstitution of cellulase components. This chapter explains the cloning of the cellulase gene from cellulolytic bacteria into Escherichia coli.
The Appetite Hypothesis of Emotions

Dahl’s chapter reflects both his psychoanalytic training and his work as a research psychoanalyst, but his theory is distinctly different from current psychoanalytic conceptions of affects and motives. It has elements in common with contemporary emotion theories (e.g., emotions are fundamental human motivations), but there are elements distinct from all of them. To his identification with psychoanalysis and his knowledge of psychological theories of emotion he adds an evolutionary perspective.
Simulation and analysis of a micro strip sensor based on Dual-D shaped Complementary Split Resonator

We proposed a novel micro strip sensor based on Dual-D shaped Complementary Split Resonator (Dual-D CSR) in the microwave region. In this research,the distribution of the electric field and transmission response (S 21 ) have been simulated. Besides, we also investigated the effect of the width between Dual-D on resonance characteristics. Furthermore, the process and the performance is illustrated when Dual-D CSR is used as a sensor. Simulation results show that the reflection spectrum moves to the lower frequency side with respect to a small change of sample permittivity, and the relation between resonant frequency and sample permittivity reveals a good linearity. Finally, theDual-D CSR can increase the interaction area between electric field and sample. This feature making the sensor very sensitivity to surrounding sample substances. In addition, the simplicity of such sensing structure enables its utilization in a wide frequency range by simply varying the geometric parameter of resonator. Such device have potential applications in dielectric sensing, especially for the detection of liquid.
Conventional protein kinase C in the brain: 40 years later

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes whose members transduce a large variety of cellular signals instigated by the receptor-mediated hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. While PKC has been widely implicated in the pathology of diseases affecting all areas of physiology including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease-it was discovered, and initially characterized, in the brain. PKC plays a key role in controlling the balance between cell survival and cell death. Its loss of function is generally associated with cancer, whereas its enhanced activity is associated with neurodegeneration. This review presents an overview of signaling by diacylglycerol (DG)-dependent PKC isozymes in the brain, and focuses on the role of the Ca2+-sensitive conventional PKC isozymes in neurodegeneration.
Assessing the Economic Contribution of German Prisoners of War in the Soviet Union, 1941-1956

This paper examines the history of German prisoners of war (POWs) in the Soviet Union from 1941-1956. The Soviet Union kept their German prisoners of war for 11 years after the end of World War II, until 1956, which was seven years longer than any of the other Allied victor nations. I argue that the Soviets did so for reasons of economic necessity and not punishment or revenge. German POWs were mobilized to rebuild the destroyed Soviet economy through the Gulag prison camp system. To assess their economic contributions, I use Russian archival sources and the GIS software ArcGIS to plot the locations of the camps with regards to natural resource deposits (coal, precious metals, timber, etc.) and proximity to industrial and population centers. Thus, I see the Gulag not as an instrument of political terror and repression, but one of economic reinvestment and ideological refashioning.
Cost of hospitalization for firearm injuries by firearm type, intent, and payer in the United States

Firearm injuries disproportionately affect young, male, non-White populations, causing substantial individual and societal burden. Annual costs for hospitalized firearm injuries have not been widely described, as most previous cost studies have focused on lifetime costs. We examined a nationally-representative database of hospitalizations in the US to estimate per-hospital and overall hospital costs for firearm injuries by intent, type of weapon, and payer source. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all firearm injury hospitalizations in the National Inpatient Sample from 2003 through 2013. The National Inpatient Sample, maintained by the Healthcare Utilization Project, is a stratified and weighted national sample of more than 20% of all hospitals. All admissions for firearm injuries were identified through Ecodes, yielding a weighted total of 336,785 for the study period. Average annual per-patient and overall hospital costs were estimated using generalized linear modelling, controlling for patient and hospital variables. Costs by intent, firearm type, and payer sources were estimated. Annually from 2003 through 2013, 30,617 hospital admissions were for firearm injuries, for an annual rate of 10.1 admissions per 100,000 US population. More than 80% of hospitalizations were among individuals aged 15–44, and rates were nine times higher for males than females and nearly ten times higher for the Black than the White population. More than 60% of admissions were for assaults, and 70% of the injuries that had a known firearm type were from handguns. The average annual admission cost was $622 million. The highest per-admission costs were for injuries from assault weapons ($32,237 per admission) and for legal intervention ($33,462 per admission), but the highest total costs were for unspecific firearm type ($373 million) and assaults ($389 million). A quarter of firearm injury hospitalizations were among the uninsured, yielding average annual total costs of $155 million. Hospitals can project that government insurance will be the highest source for firearm injury reimbursement, and depending on healthcare access laws, that many of their firearm injury admissions will not be covered by insurance.
Data Insertion in Bitcoin's Blockchain

This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of methods for inserting arbitrary data into Bitcoin’s blockchain. Historical methods of data insertion are described, along with lesser-known techniques that are optimized for efficiency. Insertion methods are compared on the basis of efficiency, cost, convenience of data reconstruction, permanence, and potentially negative impact on the Bitcoin ecosystem.
Incorporating ecogeomorphic feedbacks to better understand resiliency in streams: A review and directions forward

Decades of interdisciplinary research show river form and function depends on interactions between the living and nonliving world, but a dominant paradigm underlying ecogeomorphic work consists of a top-down, unidirectional approach with abiotic forces driving biotic systems. Stream form and location within the stream network does dictate the habitat and resources available for organisms and overall community structure. Yet this traditional hierarchal framework on its own is inadequate in communicating information regarding the influence of biological systems on fluvial geomorphology that lead to changes in channel morphology, sediment cycling, and system-scale functions (e.g., sediment yield, biogeochemical nutrient cycling). Substantial evidence that organisms influence fluvial geomorphology exists, specifically the ability of aquatic vegetation and lotic animals to modify flow velocities and sediment deposition and transport — thus challenging the traditional hierarchal framework. Researchers recognize the need for ecogeomorphic frameworks that conceptualize feedbacks between organisms, sediment transport, and geomorphic structure. Furthermore, vital ecosystem processes, such as biogeochemical nutrient cycling represent the conversations that are occurring between geomorphological and biological systems. Here we review and synthesize selected case studies highlighting the role organisms play in moderating geomorphic processes and likely interact with these processes to have an impact on an essential ecosystem process, biogeochemical nutrient recycling. We explore whether biophysical interactions can provide information essential to improving predictions of system-scale river functions, specifically sediment transport and biogeochemical cycling, and discuss tools used to study these interactions. We suggest that current conceptual frameworks should acknowledge that hydrologic, geomorphologic, and ecologic processes operate on different temporal scales, generating bidirectional feedback loops over space and time. Hydro- and geomorphologic processes, operating episodically during bankfull conditions, influence ecological processes (e.g., biogeochemical cycling) occurring over longer time periods during base-flow conditions. This ecological activity generates the antecedent conditions that influence the hydro- and geomorphologic processes occurring during the next high flow event, creating a bidirectional feedback. This feedback should enhance the resiliency of fluvial landforms and ecosystem processes, allowing physical and biological processes to pull and push against each other over time.
Pulmonary vascular resistance determines mortality in end-stage renal disease patients with pulmonary hypertension

The multifactorial etiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) includes patients with and without elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). We explored the prognostic implication of this distinction by evaluating pretransplant ESRD patients who underwent right heart catheterization and echocardiography. Demographics, clinical data, and test results were analyzed. All-cause mortality data were obtained. Median follow-up was 4 years. Of the 150 patients evaluated, echocardiography identified 99 patients (66%) with estimated pulmonary artery (PA) systolic pressure > 36 mm Hg, which correlated poorly with mortality (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 0.72-2.27, P = .387). Right heart catheterization identified 88 (59%) patients with mean PA pressure ≥ 25 mm Hg. Of these, 70 had PVR ≤ 3 Wood units and 18 had PVR > 3 Wood units. Survival analysis demonstrated a significant prognostic effect of an elevated PVR in patients with high mean PA pressures (HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.07-4.77, P = .03), while patients with high mean PA pressure and normal PVR had equivalent survival to those with normal PA pressure. Despite the high prevalence of PH in ESRD patients, elevated PVR is uncommon and is a determinant of prognosis in patients with PH. Patients with normal PVR had survival equivalent to those with normal PA pressures.
INDEPENDENCE RESULTS IN SET THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses independence results in set theory. The chapter explains of the proof that the axiom of choice (AC) and the continuum hypothesis (CH) are independent of the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel (Z-F) set theory. Complete proofs will not be presented, but all essential points will be treated and only those details which can be handled by standard methods will be omitted. The latter is an infinite collection of axioms generated by a simply stated rule. In contrast, AC has been accepted by most mathematicians as an axiom not requiring further proof and thus the independence of AC is primarily of technical interest. AC was first explicitly stated by Zermelo in the course of attempting to prove the well-ordering theorem of Cantor. This “naive” attitude came to an end as these attempts proved fruitless and with the axiomatization of set theory the way was opened to discuss their logical relation to the other axioms.
Functional Anatomy and Phyletic Implications of the Hominoid Trunk and Hindlimb

Traditional hominid phylogenies are based on craniodental and mandibular characteristics primarily because these elements comprise the bulk of the hominoid fossil record. Few postcranial elements are known for most fossil hominoids, complicating intertaxic comparisons. Another reason postcrania tend to be neglected in phylogenetic studies is the assumption that they are more responsive to selective and ontogenetic pressures than skulls and teeth, and thereby are more likely to reflect homoplasy and obscure phylogenetic conclusions. Explanations of homoplasy are generally invoked when post-cranial analyses do not support phyletic schemes constructed using cranio-dental characters, e.g., in the cases of Sivapithecus (Pilbeam et al., 1990) and Oreopithecus (Harrison, 1986; Sarmiento, 1987).
Response to Cheng’s review of democracy’s schools

I would like to thank Albert Cheng (2018) for his careful review of my book, Democracy’s Schools: The Rise of Public Education in America (2017), in the last issue of this journal. As a work of his...
Metabolomic Investigation of Tenderness and Aging Response in Beef Longissimus Steaks

A study was conducted to identify molecular changes reflective of beef tenderness variation and tenderization during postmortem aging. Carcasses (U.S. Select) were selected to represent extremes in tenderness (n = 20; 10 per class). Two pairs of adjacent longissimus lumborum steaks from each strip loin were blocked by location and assigned to each aging time (2, 7, 14, or 28 d postmortem). One steak from each pair was designated for slice shear force determination and the other was used for sarcomere length, western blotting for desmin, and non-targeted LC- and GC–MS metabolite profiling. Tough steaks had higher (P < 0.001) slice shear force values than tender steaks, and increasing aging time decreased (P < 0.001) slice shear force values. Tender steaks had a greater (P < 10–4) proportion of desmin degraded than tough steaks, and increasing aging time increased (P < 10–²²) desmin degradation in steaks from both classes. From 2,562 profiled metabolites, 102 metabolites were included in the final analysis after statistical screening. Twenty-eight metabolites could be annotated and loosely categorized into amino acids/peptides (n = 16), metabolism intermediates (n = 7), glycosides (n = 4), and fatty acids and phospholipids (n = 3). Amino acids were primarily associated with desmin degradation. Increased glucose levels were strongly associated to the tender classification and moderately associated to increased proteolysis, while increased glucose-6-phosphate was strongly related to the tender class but was related to decreased proteolysis. Increased malic acid was strongly associated to the tough classification, increased slice shear force, and decreased proteolysis. Increased levels of 3-phosphoglyceric acid and glycerol-3-phosphate was moderately associated with increased slice shear force and decreased proteolysis. These data indicate that accumulation of amino acids during aging is strongly related to postmortem proteolysis and may provide evidence of the fate of proteins degraded postmortem. Measures of glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and malic acid concentrations may provide a metabolic fingerprint indicative of tenderness differences in beef longissimus
The Patriarch: Joseph F. Hair

Kennesaw State University Doctor of Business Administration Cohort 4 speaks about the great facilitator Joe Hair, fondly nicknamed the Patriarch. And you may be wondering, where did the name “Patriarch” originate from when referring to Joe? This name was first voiced during a discussion Anne Gottfried, DBA doctoral student, was having with Brian Rutherford, a member of Anne’s dissertation committee. Brian asked Anne a question, “So, Anne, you are giving me (Brian) and Marko Sarstedt (also a member of Anne’s dissertation committee) the nickname ‘Kings’ when referring to the field of marketing and scholarly achievements? If we are ‘Kings’ then what is Joe?” And Anne immediately said, “Joe, he is the ‘Patriarch.’” Patriarch bar none, Joe Hair is in a very select academic league with an international reputation as a distinguished eminent scholar, yet so approachable and admired by so many. Perhaps there’s a connection to his humble beginnings or his sheer perseverance in surviving the very political world of public higher education. Only Joe can tell us. Everything Joe touches turns to gold and third-generation legacy are some of the topics that are discussed. This essay concludes with the expression: there is no question mark Joe is the patriarch.
Broken Signals in Security Games: Coordinating Patrollers and Sensors in the Real World

Mobile sensors, e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming increasingly important in security domains and can be used for tasks such as searching for poachers in conservation areas. Such mobile sensors augment human patrollers by assisting in surveillance and in signaling potentially deceptive information to adversaries, and their coordinated deployment could be modeled via the well-known security games framework. Unfortunately, real-world uncertainty in the sensor's detection of adversaries and adversaries' observation of the sensor's signals present major challenges in the sensors' use. This leads to significant detriments in security performance. We first discuss the current shortcomings in more detail, and then propose a novel game model that incorporates uncertainty with sensors. The defender strategy in this game model will consist of three interdependent stages: an allocation stage, a signaling stage, and a reaction stage.
Combination Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Experience from a Tertiary Care Center

The global incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased considerably during the past few decades.1 IBDs, composed of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by heterogeneous presentation and widely variable clinical course. The therapeutic goals are to induce and maintain remission. Despite the current treatments available, many patients do not achieve this goal.
A Survey of Mechanical Property Variability of Additively Manufactured Metals

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as laser powder bed fusion, allow for the realization of parts with features and characteristics that cannot be achieved with traditional material removal manufacturing technologies. Despite impressive applications of metal AM parts in demanding aerospace applications, there remain concerns about the variability in mechanical properties of parts made with these processes. This variability leads to concerns by program managers and other decision-makers and a reluctance to potentially use metal AM parts in applications where they would otherwise be beneficial. Some of this reluctance might be assuaged if the actual property variability was better known. Here, we examine the literature of metal AM tensile property data to quantify variability in the metal AM process and compare it to the variability found in traditionally fabricated metals. It is shown that the variability in tensile material properties is somewhat similar between AM metals and conventional metals.
Voluntary associations and hazard preparedness behaviour amongst Taiwanese individuals

This study examined how Taiwanese individuals’ preparedness behaviours regarding natural hazards are linked to their social connections and to their direct/indirect exposure to previous natural haz...
“Being Able to Listen Makes Me Feel More Engaged”: Best Practices for Using Podcasts as Readings:

We investigate student listening compliance, preference for audio versus print content, and exam performance when professionally produced podcasts are assigned as “readings” and provided in both au...
Are characteristic interactions important to the cross-section of expected returns?

Characteristic interactions play an important role in describing the cross-section of expected returns. I use a Fama-Macbeth regression modified to accommodate more vari- ables than observations to study the cross-sectional relationship between characteristic interactions and expected returns. The modified Fama-Macbeth regression uses a form of dimension reduction called an envelope, which does not require variable selection or slope regularization. I use the method to estimate the information in 3,655 character- istic interactions about the cross-section of expected returns. About 100 interactions have incremental information about expected returns. Standard long-short portfolios constructed from interaction-based estimates of expected returns have significant risk- adjusted returns compared to standard factor models.
A Dynamic, Hierarchical Resource Model for Converged Computing

Extreme dynamic heterogeneity in high performance computing systems and the convergence of traditional HPC with new simulation, analysis, and data science approaches impose increasingly more complex requirements on resource and job management software (RJMS). However, there is a paucity of RJMS techniques that can solve key technical challenges associated with those new requirements, particularly when they are coupled. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic and multi-level resource model approach to address three key well-known challenges individually and in combination: i.e., 1) RJMS dynamism to facilitate job and workflow adaptability, 2) integration of specialized external resources (e.g. user-centric cloud bursting), and 3) scheduling cloud orchestration framework tasks. The core idea is to combine a dynamic directed graph resource model with fully hierarchical scheduling to provide a unified solution to all three key challenges. Our empirical and analytical evaluations of the solution using our prototype extension to Fluxion, a production hierarchical graph-based scheduler, suggest that our unified solution can significantly improve flexibility, performance and scalability across all three problems in comparison to limited traditional approaches.
Models for Prostate Cancer

Translational research examining the progression and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is benefited significantly from the availability of models that faithfully mimic the in vivo disease. It is advantageous if the model system maximally recapitulates the myriad complex relationships that contribute towards prostate carcinogenesis. These include hormonal and genetic status of the host, immune response to the tumour, environmental and dietary influences, tumour epithelial and stromal interactions, local and systemic influences in the host including, the tumour tissue type, adjacent tissues, and metastatic preferences. The currently available models of prostate cancer have been divided as those that are influenced by, or are independent of, the immune systems of the hosts. The final section describes models that have specifically attempted to address bone metastasis in prostate cancer. These model systems are of paramount importance in the study of the biology of prostate cancer and to help develop new therapeutic strategies to fight the various “biologic states” of prostate cancer. Keywords: prostate cancer; androgen-independent; adenocarcinoma; bone metastasis; transgenic models; xenograft models; mouse prostate reconstitution
Left ventricular ejection fraction changes during recovery from treadmill exercise: A preliminary report of a new method for detecting coronary artery disease†

To test the value of combining treadmill exercise with radionuclide angiography for detecting exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction, ejection fractions were calculated at rest, peak supine bicycle exercise, and during three supine post-treadmill recovery periods (2-4 min, recovery 1;4-6 min, recovery 2;8-10 min, recovery 3) in ten coronary artery disease patients and eight normal subjects. Both the normal subjects and coronary artery disease patients had normal resting ejection fractions (greater than 0.50). In the normal subjects the mean ejection fraction increased significantly (p less than 0.005) from rest (0.61 +/- 0.03) to peak supine bicycle exercise (0.71 +/- 0.04), and the mean ejection fraction also remained significantly higher (p less than 0.005) at rest than during 10 min post-treadmill exercise. However, the coronary artery disease patients did not significantly change the mean ejection fractions from rest (0.59 +/- 0.06) to peak supine bicycle exercise (0.55 +/- 0.08), and the average ejection fraction during each one of the post-treadmill recovery periods was not significantly different from rest. At the third recovery period all the normals but no coronary artery disease patients had higher ejection fraction than the resting ejection fraction. We thus conclude that the magnitude of change in ejection fraction from rest to 8-10 min post-treadmill exercise in patients with normal resting ejection fraction may be helpful in identifying those with coronary disease.
The Reversible Inactivation of l-Threonine Dehydratase of Sheep Liver by l-Serine

Abstract The action of partially purified l-threonine dehydratase of sheep liver on l-serine has been studied. This enzyme acts on l-serine as a substrate but is rapidly inactivated in the process, partially at pH 8.9 and more completely at pH 7.2. However, incubation at pH 8.9, with or without l-threonine, leads to a gradual restoration of up to 90% of the original activity. The addition of pyridoxal phosphate to the inactive enzyme solution has no effect on the activity or rate of reactivation at pH 8.9. However, at pH 7.2, the addition of pyridoxal phosphate leads to a tripling of the small activity toward l-threonine. These observations are discussed in terms of the proposed formation of an oxazolidine ring between serine and bound coenzyme. The enzyme is inactive in an environment of low ionic strength. The immediate addition of potassium phosphate restores the activity to desalted enzyme. The amount of restoration by potassium phosphate depends on the time of its addition, for a slower, irreversible inactivation also occurs.
An uncertain future

Purpose – This is a preliminary study that explores the nature of decision making in the implementation process through an examination of environmental scanning and interpretation activities of project managers tasked with implementing offshore outsourcing activities.Design/methodology/approach – The model utilized for this study suggests that individual scanning is filtered through distinct organizational types and control that will influence implementation efforts to find solutions to major issues associated with offshore outsourcing. The methodology uses a semi‐structured detailed set of interviews to gather data.Findings – The preliminary findings suggest that project managers entrusted with implementing complex offshoring arrangements to achieve strategic short term cost reduction goals receive relatively little scanning information from senior management to guide them, must learn by doing, and are confronted with multiple external challenges centering on culture and communication with individuals pe...
Sodium channel inactivation is impaired in equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

1. Equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (E-HPP) is a dominantly inherited disorder of muscle that causes recurrent episodes of stiffness (myotonia) and weakness in association with elevated serum K+. Affected horses carry a mutant allele of the skeletal muscle isoform of the Na channel alpha-subunit. To understand how this mutation may cause the disease phenotype, the functional defect in Na channel behavior was defined physiologically by recording unitary currents from cell-attached patches on normal and affected equine myotubes. 2. The presence of the mutation was confirmed in our cell line by restriction digest of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA. Myotubes from the affected horse were heterozygous for the point mutation that codes for a Phe to Leu substitution in S3 of domain IV. This assay provides a rapid technique to screen for the mutation in horses at risk. 3. The primary physiological defect in mutant Na channels was an impairment of inactivation. This defect was manifest as bursts of persistent activity during which the channel closed and reopened throughout a maintained depolarization. Disrupted inactivation slowed the decay of the ensemble-averaged current and produced an eightfold increase in the steady-state open probability measured at the end of a 40-ms pulse. This point mutation identifies a new region of the alpha subunit that is important for rapid inactivation of the channel. 4. The persistent Na current was produced by a distinct mode of gating. Failure of a mutant channel to inactivate was infrequent and occurred in groups of consecutive trials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Prevalence and consequences of asthma and wheezing in African-American and White adolescents.

Abstract Purpose: To describe the functional consequences of health care utilization for wheezing symptoms and diagnosed asthma in a multiracial school-based population. Methods: Wheezing symptoms and physician-diagnosed asthma were measured in 2059 eighth graders with the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children video questionnaire. The sample site population was 40% African-American, 53% White, and 49% girls. Thirty-two percent of the children were on the free school lunch program. Adolescents self-reported their wheezing symptoms and physician diagnosis in response to the video wheezing scenes. They also answered questions on activity limitations, school attendance, and sleep disturbances owing to their wheezing symptoms. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and adjust for potential confounders. Results: Nine percent of the adolescents reported physician-diagnosed asthma with current symptoms and 27% reported current wheezing with no diagnosis of asthma. Physician-diagnosed asthmatics and wheezers were 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 3.6) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.4, 2.2) times more likely, respectively, to miss school days because of wheezing symptoms than asymptomatic adolescents. Diagnosed asthmatics were 7.8 (95% CI 5.5, 11.2) times and wheezers 4.7 (95% CI 3.5, 6.1) times more likely to have sleep disturbances than asymptomatic adolescents. Diagnosed asthmatics were 49 (95% CI 30.0, 79.8) times and wheezers 4.8 (95% CI 3.0, 7.5) times as likely to report a clinic visit for wheezing than asymptomatic adolescents. African-Americans had similar prevalence of wheezing, compared with Whites, although African-Americans were 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.9) times as likely to have physician-diagnosed asthma. Girls were twice as likely to report physician-diagnosed asthma and wheezing symptoms as were boys. Conclusions: Adolescents with wheezing experienced functional consequences comparable to those of adolescents with physician-diagnosed asthma. Although wheezers may have less severe asthma than diagnosed asthmatics, the functional consequences of wheezing are likely to impair school performance and limit activity.
Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review

Studies involving physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were reviewed. Systematic search procedures identified 18 studies meeting predetermined inclusion criteria. These studies were evaluated in terms of: (a) participant characteristics, (b) type of exercise, (c) procedures used to increase exercise, (d) outcomes, and (e) research methodology. Across the corpus of studies, exercise was implemented with 64 participants with ASD aged 3–41 years. A variety of exercise activities were employed (e.g., jogging, weight training, bike riding). Following the exercise interventions decreases in stereotypy, aggression, off-task behavior and elopement were reported. Fatigue was not likely the cause of decreases in maladaptive behavior because on-task behavior, academic responding, and appropriate motor behavior (e.g., playing catch) increased following physical exercise. Results suggest that programs for individuals with ASD may benefit from including components designed to incorporate regular and specific types of physical activity. Areas in need of further research are discussed.
Adsorption and desorption of flexible polymer chains in flowing systems

Abstract Ellipsometry has been applied to the study of adsorption and desorption of flexible polymer chains in flowing systems. This optical technique produces a measurement of both film thickness and adsorbance under velocity gradients up to 7800 sec −1 . Three molecular weight samples of monodisperse polystyrene ranging from 4 to 20 million were studied using cyclohexane at the θ condition as solvent. Bulk concentrations corresponded to saturated surface coverages. Chrome was used as the adsorbent. For preadsorbed polymer layers the results indicate flow-enhanced desorption whereas hydrodynamic forces were found to inhibit the adsorption of polymer chains from flowing solutions onto initially clean surfaces.
Activity of synthetic tat peptides in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-promoted transcription in a cell-free system.

Abstract The tat protein encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a potent trans-activator of gene expression from the viral long terminal repeat. The domains that are essential for trans-activation, a Pro-Xaa3-Pro triad, a cysteine-rich metal-binding sequence motif, and a cluster of basic residues, are present within the N-terminal 57 residues of tat. To determine the structural requirements for tat function and the role of metal binding at the transcription level alone, tat-(1-86) (full-length tat peptide), tat-(1-57), and tat-(1-47) were chemically synthesized. These peptides as well as the Cd2+ and Zn2+ complexes of tat-(1-86) and tat-(1-57) were evaluated for stimulation of transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by using cell-free in vitro methods. All three peptides produced a 7- to 9-fold increase over the basal level of transcription at a peptide concentration of 0.4 microM. Interestingly, at 4 microM, both tat-(1-57) and tat-(1-86) inhibited even the basal level of transcription. In contrast, tat-(1-47), which lacks the basic domain (residues 49-57), exhibited full stimulatory activity at 4 microM. Our data suggest, therefore, that the basic region may be responsible for the observed inhibitory activity of tat-(1-86) and tat-(1-57). Furthermore, binding to Zn2+ and not to Cd2+ ions only slightly augments (approximately 2-fold) the activity of the tat peptides.
The risk of recidivism: Evaluating the public-safety implications of a community corrections program

In 1980 Kansas implemented a Community Corrections Act (CCA), which, among other things, sought to alleviate the state's worsening prison-overcrowding problem by diverting offenders from custody into community-based programs. Against the background of a generally negative interpretation of the public-safety implications of the Minnesota Community Corrections Act, public-safety issues have become a primary concern in the broader debate surrounding “alternatives to incarceration.” This article examines reoffending by community-corrections clients in Kansas. The findings suggest that the level of reoffending was no different from that which might have been expected, given the individual risk characteristics of community-corrections defendants. The article concludes that if less costly and less personally damaging sentencing strategies are to be adopted whenever they appear at least as effective as imprisonment, then the case for continued use of community-corrections alternatives seems strong.
WHY A SOCIAL ECONOMICS

This essay is largely reflective. It is an attempt to answer the ques? tion, why an organization called the Association for Social Economics exists. When it was originally founded as the Catholic Economic So? ciety, the rationale for its existence was obvious. But why a Social Economics? What differentiates us from the AEA? In a recent issue of the Review of Social Economy, we were offered several differing insights into this question. This paper, then, is but another attempt in that direction, to find the identifying badge of social economics. I believe that identifying badge should be an active concern for current socio-economic problems that arise from the inadequacies of the status quo, and the use of analysis, not to rationalize the status quo, but to find practical alternatives to it. Thus, the first social economist was Adam Smith. His monumental work is clearly characterized by what I believe should be our identify? ing badge: he identified an immediate socio-economic problem that stemmed from a defect in the status quo, and offered an alternative to correct that defect. Laissez faire was his alternative for the future. As a method of social inquiry, this was an excellent beginning. Un? fortunately, it was only a beginning, for early in our evolution toward becoming a socially-meaningful discipline, we came to a major fork in the road. While I believe we took the wrong one, the alternatives were clearly and succinctly presented to us by those two early giants,
Prenatal exposure to aluminum or stress: I. Birth-related and developmental effects

Sperm-positive female rats in one of two experimental conditions either ingested aluminum hydroxide (via a Maalox-water mixture) or were stessed (via mild electric shock) during gestation. Birth-related effects, such as stillborn pups, aborted litters, and cannibalism, were found for the animals in the two experimental conditions, but not for the control animals. Significantly lower weights (through 70 days of age) were associated with aluminum-exposed offspring that had been maintained with a nursing mother that had recieved the Maalox-water mixture until weaning.
Occlusive auricular thrombi.

The literature on occlusive thrombi of the auricles has been reviewed in order to identify the symptom complex attributed to this condition. The clinicopathological findings are presented in four new cases which fit this symptom complex. Two cases are notable in that one is that of a ball thrombus occurring in the absence of mitral stenosis and another the first reported case of pedunculated thrombus of the right auricle.
UPF1 Learns to Relax and Unwind

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Chakrabarti et al. (2011) structurally reveal how UPF1, an RNA helicase that plays a central role in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, is conformationally converted from a largely inactive state to an active state upon UPF2 binding.
Bacterial Diseases of Dry Edible Beans in the Central High Plains

Dry beans may be affected by a number of distinct diseases, including four bacterial diseases often found occurring simultaneously in a complex. Three diseases are commonly encountered — common bac...
Chloride-induced corrosion resistance of high-strength stainless steels in simulated alkaline and carbonated concrete pore solutions

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study examining the Cl − induced corrosion resistance of austenitic, duplex, and martensitic high-strength stainless steels (HSSSs) and a pearlitic prestressing steel using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) techniques in simulated alkaline and carbonated concrete solutions. CPP testing found that in alkaline solutions, all HSSSs showed high corrosion resistance at Cl − concentrations from zero to 0.25 M. When exposed to carbonated solutions, corrosion resistance was reduced and only duplex grades S32205 and S32304 exhibited high corrosion resistance. A strong correlation between microstructural defects (e.g., strain-induced martensite) and corrosion damage was observed in the cold-drawn HSSSs.
Electron microscope study on the replication of Autographa nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Spodoptera nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Spodoptera exigua

Abstract A comparative study of Spodoptera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Autographa NPV replication in Spodoptera exigua revealed some cytopathologic differences. Infection with Spodoptera NPV was accompanied by electron-dense intranuclear granules. Autographa infection within the midgut led to secretion within the lumens of the goblet cells of paracrystalline arrays of small, round particles, 9.5 nm in diameter. Autographa virus was also observed in various stages of possible replication within the cytoplasm.
Behavior of p-type dopants in HgCdTe

Obtaining high concentrations of active p-type dopants in HgCdTe is an issue of much current interest. We discuss the results of our calculations on column IB and VA dopants. The full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method, based on the local density approximation is used to calculate electronic total energies and localized levels in the band gap. Free energies are predicted and incorporated into a thermodynamical model to calculate impurity and native defect concentrations as a function of temperature, stoichiometry, and total impurity density. Copper, silver, and gold are found to be incorporated nearly exclusively on the metal sublattice and to be 100% active for all near-equilibrium growth and processing conditions. The density of interstitial copper is high enough to impact copper diffusion. In contrast, significant concentrations of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony are found on the metal sublattice where they behave as n-type dopants, accounting for highly compensated, or even n-type material, depending on the equilibration temperature and equivalent mercury partial pressure.
STUDENT SELF-GRADING IN SOCIAL STATISTICS

This article analyzes a social statistics class that engaged in self-grading. Students liked self-grading because they identified their own mistakes, it reinforced what they learned, and they received immediate feedback. Some students worried that others would cheat, but this assertion was not confirmed in the data and the possibility of cheating can be controlled in various ways. Self-grading may also reduce student-teacher conflict and student anxiety.
Time of origin of Mauthner's neuron in Xenopus laevis embryos.

The time of the last DNA replication of the Mauthner's neuron precursor cell has been investigated using radioautography. Embryos of Xenopus laevis were labeled at different stages of early development by single microinjections of tritiated thymidine. Labeling times were designed to cover the entire period of development between gastrula and hatching stages. The embryos were fixed at later stages (41 to 44, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1967), when the Mauthner neuron can be readily distinguished by its characteristically large size and large nucleolus. Mauthner neurons of embryos which received tritiated thymidine from stage 10 (beginning of gastrulation) to stage 12 (advanced gastrula, medium yolk plug) were always labeled. Those embryos which received the isotope at or after stage 1212 (advanced gastrula, small yolk plug) were never found labeled. These results imply that the last DNA replication of the cell destined to give rise to the Mauthner neuron occurs during the last gastrula stages. This last DNA replication immediately proceeds the time of the so-called “histogenetic determination” of the Mauthner neuron proposed to correspond to stage 13 (slit blastopore) by Stefanelli (1951). Therefore it appears that the developmental program of the Mauthner neuron involves a remarkably early cessation of DNA replication closely followed by histogenetic determination. This is the earliest known event of this type for a specific, well characterized neuron in the amphibian embryo.
Interrelationships among Interests, Life-History, and Educational Criteria

The relationship between measures of vocational interest, life history data, and two major educa tional criteria—performance and number of courses taken by area—was explored in a university sample of 1,900 students. Canonical correlation analysis was used to uncover and to describe the major rela tionships between the variable sets. The largest and most important dimension emerging was a general academic achievement dimension. Indices of vari ance overlap suggested that background data, rather than vocational interests, exhibited a stronger relationship with the educational criteria.
Can neutrophil responses in very low birth weight infants predict the organisms responsible for late-onset bacterial or fungal sepsis?

Can neutrophil responses in very low birth weight infants predict the organisms responsible for late-onset bacterial or fungal sepsis?
Impact of Beta-distributed Wind Power on Economic Load Dispatch

Abstract In this article, an economic load dispatch model for is developed the system consisting of both thermal generators and wind turbines. The wind power is a random variable and is assumed to follow the beta distribution. In this model, the probability of wind power is included in the constraint set. This approach avoids the probabilistic infeasibility caused by improperly using the average of random variables. Then the impact of wind power with different parameters on economic load dispatch is investigated. Results of numerical simulations for a generic system are presented.
Torsion in pro-finite completions of torsion-free groups

Abstract In this note we construct some examples of torsion-free, residually finite groups with the property that their pro-finite completions contain elements of finite order.