cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guest Editors’ Introduction to the Special Issue of JPA on the Flynn Effect:

When James Flynn (1984) first reported that American children and adolescents scored higher on IQ tests than did their peers from an earlier generation, that finding generated few ripples in the literature or in clinical practice. Indeed, how would any other result have made sense? The first sets of data compared children from the mid-1930s with the early 1970s on the Stanford-Binet Form L-M and from the late 1940s with the early 1970s on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The advent of television, the mass media explosion, the increasing awareness of the importance of a stimulating early environment, and other societal changes during the intervening years provided a simple and handy explanation for the 3 points per decade gain that Flynn observed in the United States. Flynn’s (1987) next publication, however, started to rock the empirical and clinical foundations of the nature of intelligence and cognitive development and the psychometric measurement of IQ. The gains in IQ from one generation to the next (which would come to be known as the Flynn effect [FE]) occurred on a worldwide basis, according to data from 14 developed nations, and the 3-point-per-decade American gain paled in comparison with the larger gains in most other nations studied. In fact, gains about twice that large occurred in Japan and in European countries such as Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. These gains defied easy explanation (Neisser, 1998). So did the fact that the 3-point-per-decade gain in the United States was not limited to post–World War II societal advances, but continued to occur into the 1980s (Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983), the 1990s (Wechsler, 1991), and the 2000s (Roid, 2003; Wechsler, 2008). FE has apparently stopped, and even reversed, in some Scandinavian countries (Teasdale & Owen, 2008), but it has remained a virtual constant gain for children and adults in the United States for the past eight decades. Researchers differ on why the FE occurs. Some claim that genetics is the key variable (Rodgers & Wanstrom, 2007), though most stress environmental factors such as nutrition (Colom, LluisFont, & Andres-Pueyo, 2005), education (Teasdale & Owen, 2005), or improvement in public health (Steen, 2009). Flynn (2007, 2009), in What Is Intelligence?, explains the effect named after him in terms of a societal shift from concrete to abstract thinking, whereas other scholars and researchers maintain that the so-called effect is nothing more than an artifact of statistical or methodological origin (Beaujean & Osterlind, 2008; Rodgers, 1998). And, in fact, the dispute about the scientific validity of the FE has entered the U.S. courtrooms in a big way as a burgeoning array of law cases asks whether the FE should be considered when sentencing low-functioning criminals convicted of a capital crime. Ever since the Supreme Court’s decision in Atkins v. Virginia (2002), which stipulated that a criminal who is mentally retarded cannot be executed,
Modeling of Deadbanding DV for the Stardust Earth Return: Calibration, Analysis, Prediction and Performance

On January 15th, 2006, 0556 UTC, the Stardust spacecraft released a 42-kg Sample Return Canister (SRC) along a trajectory intended to impact a target on the Air Force Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR), near Dugway, Utah. Assurances of a successful SRC delivery to UTTR depended on identifying (and mitigating, if possible) a myriad of error sources. These sources included atmospheric effects, maneuver execution, Orbit Determination (OD) uncertainties and (Delta)V induced by the firing of the unbalanced Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters needed for deadband attitude control. Every mm/s in prediction error at the TCM-19 epoch would amount to missing the target by approximately one kilometer. This paper will describe the work performed in analyzing and predicting the levels of (Delta)V caused by the attitude deadbanding, as well as prediction performance.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage-Related Public Service Advertisements and Their Influence on Parents

In this article, we describe a novel experimental approach for identifying the effectiveness of distinct persuasive strategies used in audiovisual (television-format) public service advertisements ...
Real-time feature tracking and outlier rejection with changes in illumination

We develop an efficient algorithm to track point features supported by image patches undergoing affine deformations and changes in illumination. The algorithm is based on a combined model of geometry and photometry, that is used to track features as well as to detect outliers in a hypothesis testing framework. The algorithm runs in real time on a personal computer; and is available to the public.
The Effects of Active Constructive and Passive Corrective Leadership on Workplace Incivility and the Mediating Role of Fairness Perceptions

Given the high costs of workplace deviance to employees and organizations, the question of when and how leaders can reduce or prevent uncivil interpersonal interactions at work is important. In thi...
Trinitrophenyl modification of H-2k and H-2b spleen cells results in enhanced serological detection of Kk-like determinants.

Several anti-H-2Kk but not anti-H-2Dd monoclonal antibodies (mAb) exhibited enhanced binding to B10.A murine spleen cells after modification of the cells with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS). The number of antibody molecules bound to TNP-modified B10.A spleen cells increased by a factor of two or more. The same anti-2Kk mAb that exhibited enhanced binding to modified B10.A cells did not bind to unmodified C57BL/10 spleen cells, as expected, but did bind to TNP-modified C57BL/10 spleen cells. This TNP-dependent binding was not a result of cross-reactions with cell surface TNP groups nor with Fc receptors. TNP modification of a variant cell line that does not express class I H-2 products did not result in enhanced binding by these mAb. These findings can account for preferential recognition of TNP-Kk by B10.A and B10.BR CTL, and also for cross-reactive lysis by C57BL/10 CTL stimulated by C57BL/10-TNP against unmodified H-2Kk targets.
Simulated seasonal marine mining impacts on plankton

A computer simulated model is presented which predicts changes in phytoplankton populations from six-week mining operations conducted at different times of the year. Barely perceptable changes are predicted from the six-week May mining operation, while similar operations at other times of the year were predicted to have variable and sometimes long term impacts on the phytoplankton dynamics.
Overexpression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a in mouse adipose tissue produces adipocyte hypertrophy, increased fatty acid secretion, and fatty liver.

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of membrane-bound transcription factors that regulate cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. In mammals, three SREBP isoforms designated SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c, and SREBP-2 have been identified. SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c are derived from the same gene by virtue of alternatively spliced first exons. SREBP-1a has a longer transcriptional activation domain and is a more potent transcriptional activator than SREBP-1c in cultured cells and liver. Here, we describe the physiologic consequences of overexpressing the nuclear form of SREBP-1a (nSREBP-1a) in adipocytes of mice using the adipocyte-specific aP2 promoter (aP2-nSREBP-1a). The transgenic aP2-nSREBP-1a mice developed markedly enlarged white and brown adipocytes that were fully differentiated. Adipocytes isolated from aP2-nSREBP-1a mice had significantly increased rates of fatty acid synthesis and enhanced fatty acid secretion. The increased production and release of fatty acids from adipocytes led, in turn, to a fatty liver. Overexpression of the alternative SREBP-1 isoform, nSREBP-1c, in adipose tissue inhibits adipocyte differentiation; as a result, the transgenic nSREBP-1c mice develop a syndrome resembling human lipodystrophy, which includes a loss of peripheral white adipose tissue, diabetes, and fatty livers (Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Richardson, J. A., Ikemoto, S., Bashmakov, Y., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. (1998) Genes Dev. 12, 3182–3194). In striking contrast, nSREBP-1a overexpression in fat resulted in the hypertrophy of fully differentiated adipocytes, no diabetes, and mild hepatic steatosis. These results suggest that nSREBP-1a and nSREBP-1c have distinct roles in adipocyte fat metabolism in vivo.
Comparison of First- and Second-Generation Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Arthroplasty Using a Modular Intramedullary Tibial Component.

Background:This series reviews the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent total ankle replacement (TAR) using first- and second-generations of a modern fixed-bearing prosthesis utilizing a modular intramedullary stem.Methods:A consecutive series of first- and second-generation primary TARs with modular intramedullary stems were identified. Clinical outcome data were collected prospectively—including visual analog scale for pain, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society hindfoot-ankle, Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, and Short Form–36 scores. Preoperative coronal plane deformity and correction of deformity after TAR were assessed. Complications, subsequent procedures, and failure rates were compared. A total of 193 first- and 56 second-generation patients were identified with a mean follow-up of 3.7 and 2.1 years, respectively.Results:Clinical outcome data reflected significant improvements at 1 year postoperatively, and improvements were maintained at 2-year follow-up for...
Urge to Gamble in Problem Gamblers Exposed to a Casino Environment

Cue-reactivity has received increased attention in addiction research, though not for gambling in particular. We examined cue reactivity in 18 problem gamblers by accompanying them to a gaming casino and measuring their subjective urge to gamble over a 1-h period. Half of the sample was additionally exposed to a gambling-specific negative mood induction (NMI) manipulation via guided imagery. Overall, about two-thirds of the sample reported moderate to high-gambling urges during the casino exposure. Additionally, the NMI reduced cue-reactivity. Finally, gambling urges in both groups decreased over the course of the exposure sessions. These findings suggest that a majority of problem gamblers experience the urge to gamble when exposed to gambling cues and that the intensity of these urges decrease with time, especially in the presence of a gambling-relevant NMI. Cue exposure should be studied further as a potential tool in the treatment of problem gambling.
Forensic analysis of Salvia divinorum using multivariate statistical procedures. Part I: discrimination from related Salvia species

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic herb that is internationally regulated. In this study, salvinorin A, the active compound in S. divinorum, was extracted from S. divinorum plant leaves using a 5-min extraction with dichloromethane. Four additional Salvia species (Salvia officinalis, Salvia guaranitica, Salvia splendens, and Salvia nemorosa) were extracted using this procedure, and all extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differentiation of S. divinorum from other Salvia species was successful based on visual assessment of the resulting chromatograms. To provide a more objective comparison, the total ion chromatograms (TICs) were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Prior to PCA, the TICs were subjected to a series of data pretreatment procedures to minimize non-chemical sources of variance in the data set. Successful discrimination of S. divinorum from the other four Salvia species was possible based on visual assessment of the PCA scores plot. To provide a numerical assessment of the discrimination, a series of statistical procedures such as Euclidean distance measurement, hierarchical cluster analysis, Student's t tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and Pearson product moment correlation were also applied to the PCA scores. The statistical procedures were then compared to determine the advantages and disadvantages for forensic applications.
BEOL Scaling Limits and Next Generation Technology Prospects

This paper presents the major limitations to the interconnect technology scaling at future technology generations and demonstrates both evolutionary and radical potential solutions to the BEOL scaling problem. To address the local interconnect challenges, a novel hybrid Al-Cu interconnect technology is introduced. Performances of carbon-based interconnects are evaluated as a more radical solution. The impact of interconnects and the optimal interconnect options are investigated for emerging next generation devices. Interconnects for new state variables, namely spintronic interconnects, are studied and their potential performances in an all-spin logic system are evaluated.
Subunit Compositions of the RNA-Silencing Enzymes Pol IV and Pol V Reveal Their Origins as Specialized Forms of RNA Polymerase II

In addition to RNA polymerases I, II, and III, the essential RNA polymerases present in all eukaryotes, plants have two additional nuclear RNA polymerases, abbreviated as Pol IV and Pol V, that play nonredundant roles in siRNA-directed DNA methylation and gene silencing. We show that Arabidopsis Pol IV and Pol V are composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Four subunits of Pol IV are distinct from their Pol II paralogs, six subunits of Pol V are distinct from their Pol II paralogs, and four subunits differ between Pol IV and Pol V. Importantly, the subunit differences occur in key positions relative to the template entry and RNA exit paths. Our findings support the hypothesis that Pol IV and Pol V are Pol II-like enzymes that evolved specialized roles in the production of noncoding transcripts for RNA silencing and genome defense.
Pattern recognition using neural networks with a binary partitioning approach

The authors introduce a binary partitioned approach to classification which is applied to talker identification using neural networks. It was shown experimentally that the time required to train a single network to perform N-way classification is nearly proportional to the exponential of N. In contrast, the binary partitioned approach requires training times on the order of N/sup 2/. Evidence also exists to suggest that the binary partitioned neural network approach requires less training data than the use of a single large network. The binary partitioning approach was used to develop a talker identifier system for the 47 male speakers belonging to the Northern dialect region of the TIMIT database. The system performs with 100% accuracy in a text-independent mode when trained with about 9 to 14 s of speech and tested with 8 s of speech. >
Thermal transport, equilibration times and size effects in superfluid mixtures of3He in4He

The effective thermal conductivity κeff is measured for dilute mixtures with3He concentration 10-6 < X < 10-2 and for fluid layer heights 0.5 < h < 4.8mm. The results depart from the London-Khalatnikov predictions κeff=X-1f(T), and evidence a strong dependence on h. The recently proposed scaling scheme in κeff that incorported the size effects is now extended over a factor 10 in h. The ad-hoc assumption in this scaling implies an enrichment (depletion) of3He close to the colder (warmer) plate, in addition to the usual3He gradient in the bulk liquid resulting from thermodiffusion. We analyze the ΔT(t) transients by searching for multiple relaxation processes and relate these to physical processes within the fluid.
Optical Enhancement via Electrode Designs for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells

To capture the essence of the rapid progress in optical engineering exploited in high-performance polymer solar cells (PSCs), a comprehensive overview focusing on recent developments and achievements in PSC electrode engineering is provided in this review. To date, various kinds of electrode materials and geometries are exploited to enhance light-trapping in devices through distinct optical strategies. In addition to the widely used nanostructured electrodes that induce plasmonic-enhanced light absorption, planar ultra-thin metal films also have attracted significant attention due to their remarkably reflective transparent properties that beget efficient optical microcavities. These microcavities confine incident light with resonant frequencies between two reflective electrodes due to optically coherent interference, boosting the light absorption of thin-film PSCs while maintaining efficient charge dissociation and extraction. After reviewing the challenges in developing high-performance microcavity-enhanced PSCs (MCPSCs), we discuss strategies to improve MCPSC performance further to showcase the potential of harnessing microcavity resonance effects in thin-film PSCs.
Cefsulodin Inspired Potent and Selective Inhibitors of mPTPB, a Virulent Phosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

mPTPB is a virulent phosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis. To facilitate mPTPB-based drug discovery, we identified α-sulfophenylacetic amide (SPAA) from cefsulodin, a third generation β-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, as a novel pTyr pharmacophore for mPTPB. Structure-guided and fragment-based optimization of SPAA led to the most potent and selective mPTPB inhibitor 9, with a K i of 7.9 nM and more than 10,000-fold preference for mPTPB over a large panel of 25 phosphatases. Compound 9 also exhibited excellent cellular activity and specificity in blocking mPTPB function in macrophage. Given its novel structure, modest molecular mass, and extremely high ligand efficiency (0.46), compound 9 represents an outstanding lead compound for anti-TB drug discovery targeting mPTPB.
Configuring Excel to Suit the Way You Work

In this chapter, we look at how to configure Excel for Mac to suit the way you work. You can change Excel’s appearance and behavior in many ways, and by setting it up as you prefer, you can save yourself plenty of time and effort.
The U.S. Supreme Court as Quasi-International Tribunal: Reclaiming the Court's Original and Exclusive Jurisdiction Over Treaty-Based Suits By Foreign States Against States

The thesis of this Article is that the Constitution vests in the Supreme Court original and exclusive jurisdiction over suits brought by foreign states against States alleging violation of ratified treaties of the United States. The basis for non-immunity in suits by foreign states is the same theory of ratification consent that is presumed to justify suits against States by other States or the United States. Just as the States by ratifying the Constitution agreed to suits in the national court by other States and the national sovereign to ensure domestic peace, they agreed to suits by foreign states in the supreme national tribunal-situated as an intermediary between the semi-sovereign States and the fully sovereign foreign states - for the sake of international peace. State breaches of the 1783 Treaty of Peace with Great Britain were considered the principal potential cause for a shooting or trade war by the founders of the new Republic. The thesis is supported by the constitutional text of Article III as amended by the Eleventh Amendment and by the historical evidence of original intent, including the inaugural implementation of the Original Jurisdiction Clause by Section 13 of the First Judiciary Act of 1789. Nor is it inconsistent with the principle of sovereign dignity for a semi-sovereign State to be sued by a fully sovereign foreign state that filters the claims of its citizens through its domestic political process. That the Court had original and exclusive jurisdiction over treaty-based suits by foreign states against States was an opinion shared by Supreme Court justices and constitutionalists throughout the nineteenth and first quarter of the twentieth centuries, but awareness of the jurisdiction was lost by the time of the Court's decision in Monaco v. Mississippi, 292 U.S. 313 (1934), when the United States' great power status in the world was incontestable. Reclaiming the Court's lost jurisdiction today would require a narrowing of that decision but makes sense given the recent resurgence of American federalism and the increasing pace of globalization of law and legal institutions.
Review Essay, Contemporary Issues in the Law of Treaties

On the surface, CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE LAW OF TREATIES, by Malgosia Fitzmaurice and Olufemi Elias, makes no overt claims regarding the debate over the fragmentation of international law. Yet on closer examination, I argue in this book review that their work has the potential to make an important contribution to that discourse. In both its format and content, CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE LAW OF TREATIES offers an alternative vision of fragmentation, one where international law subdivides into specialized regimes, not solely by subject matter or geographic region, but by the individual sources of law themselves. Put simply, Fitzmaurice and Elias's work suggests that the law of treaties constitutes its own specialized, maturing regime within international law, standing alongside, rather than above, normative regimes such as human rights, international environmental law, or trade. My review essay explores how the fragmentation lens informs this volume's analysis of some of the more complex and lasting treaty problems, such as how to define treaties, who can make them, and what consequences flow from their breach. More importantly, my essay critiques the authors' vision of treaty law as equivalent to substantive- or primary-rules of international law. I argue that, in doing so, they miss the opportunity to give treaty law an architectural, if not hegemonic, status, with the potential to ease the tension among competing international law norms, rather than further contributing to the fragmentation problem itself.
Hepatitis C Pharmacogenetics: Possible Solutions for an Existing Problem

Copyright: © 2013 Daoud SS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Over the past 20 years or so, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of how normal cells transform to diseased/cancer cells and the importance of signaling pathways in cancer initiation and progression. This progress in scientific knowledge has resulted in the development of “personalized medicine concept” and as a proof-ofconcept, the approval of Gleevec and Herceptin. In addition, technologic advances and the use of high-throughput approaches, particularly in the last 10 years, are beginning to impact our knowledge in genome science and medical technologies. For example, advances in genotyping technologies have made it possible for the field of pharmacogenetics (the study of genetic variability in individual responses to drugs) to assume its place of importance in the medical field. Then pharmacogenetics has evolved into pharmacogenomics (the study of the roles on inherited and acquired genetic variations in drug responses) with a shift from a focus on individual candidate genes to a more comprehensive approach using Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). This shift has led to the identification of genetic variations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the region of many genes that may play a critical role in predicting treatment response in patients at various disease states, among them patients infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) [1].
Physical modelling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides on planar and conical island slopes

Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events recorded, yet critically important field data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution remain lacking. Landslide-generated tsunami source and propagation scenarios are physically modelled in a three-dimensional tsunami wave basin. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The landslides were generated on a planar hill slope and divergent convex conical hill slope to study lateral hill slope effects on the wave characteristics. The leading wave crest amplitude generated on a planar hill slope is larger on average than the leading wave crest generated on a convex conical hill slope, whereas the leading wave trough and second wave crest amplitudes are smaller. Between 1% and 24% of the landslide kinetic energy is transferred into the wave train. Cobble landslides transfer on average 43% more kinetic energy into the wave train than corresponding gravel landslides. Predictive equations for the offshore propagating wave amplitudes, periods, celerities and lengths generated by landslides on planar and divergent convex conical hill slopes are derived, which allow an initial rapid tsunami hazard assessment.
Traffic Decorrelation Techniques for Countering a Global Eavesdropper in WSNs

We address the problem of preventing the inference of contextual information in event-driven wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The problem is considered under a global eavesdropper who analyzes low-level RF transmission attributes, such as the number of transmitted packets, inter-packet times, and traffic directionality, to infer event location, its occurrence time, and the sink location. We devise a general traffic analysis method for inferring contextual information by correlating transmission times with eavesdropping locations. Our analysis shows that most existing countermeasures either fail to provide adequate protection, or incur high communication and delay overheads. To mitigate the impact of eavesdropping, we propose resource-efficient traffic normalization schemes. In comparison to the state-of-the-art, our methods reduce the communication overhead by more than 50 percent, and the end-to-end delay by more than 30 percent. To do so, we partition the WSN to minimum connected dominating sets that operate in a round-robin fashion. This allows us to reduce the number of traffic sources active at a given time, while providing routing paths to any node in the WSN. We further reduce packet delay by loosely coordinating packet relaying, without revealing the traffic directionality.
Compliance Costs and Book-Tax Conformity: Evidence from Audit Fees and Audit Quality

The decade-long debate on required book-tax conformity has centered on three areas: the information content of earnings, the incentive to engage in earnings management, and the costs of compliance. While the first two have been studied extensively, studies on the effect that conformity may have on compliance costs are limited to estimates of the effect that perfect conformity will have on tax-related compliance costs, a near tautology. This lack of research is perhaps attributable to the relative invariance in conformity within the United States and the relative unavailability of compliance-related data outside the United States. This study overcomes those limitations and fills the gap in the extant research by using an international sample of firms with manually collected audit fee data. We focus on audit fees as it is a more economically significant compliance cost with available data and where the effect of book-tax conformity has tension. Test results show that increased conformity is associated with greater audit fees. This provides evidence that the hypothesized decreases in tax-related compliance costs may be offset by increases in audit fees, implying that the actual reduction in compliance costs may be lower than previously thought. The results of a difference-in-differences test using the adoption of IFRS for consolidated purposes only as an exogenous shock to book-tax divergence shows consistent results and supports a causal prediction. We also find evidence that higher conformity is associated with higher fees paid for auditor-provided tax service, an increased likelihood the firm chooses its auditor to provide tax services, and higher audit quality.
Quality Assessment in Support Services: Do Practitioners Concur with Expert Consensus?

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree of concordance between experts and practitioners as to the importance of quality assessment measures (elements and indicators) in therapeutic recreation (TR) services. Results from a survey of TR practitioners as to actual uses of these quality assessment measures within Veterans Affairs Recreation Services nationwide were compared to expert opinions used in a previous study that identified quality assessment measures for TR. Agreement between expert ratings of importance and frequency of use by practitioners were greatest for the experts' most important elements and indicators and least for the least important. Findings suggest that a select few "important" elements and indicators might be universally required of all quality assessment programs; others might be optional or can be modified to meet the needs of individual settings. Results also demonstrate the need for further study of optimal quality assessment approaches using both expert knowledge and practitioner experience.
Use of nafarelin for testing pituitary-ovarian function.

A single dose of nafarelin can test pituitary-ovarian function from infancy through maturity.
Type 2 Moral Cognition

This chapter describes the types of cognitions operating in the standard forms of moral reasoning. These include deductive reasoning, analysis, induction, and coherence-based reasoning. The strengths and limits of these cognitive processes are assessed.
Irreducible Pluralism: The Transcendental and Hermeneutical as Theological Options

The transcendental and hermeneutical are two significant approaches to theology within contemporary Catholic thought. Peter Drilling suggests a complementary relationship between these theological perspectives in his proposed dialogue between Bernard Lonergan and Francis Schussler Fiorenza. Fiorenza's reconstructive hermeneutic, with its emphasis on the outer dimensions of foundational theology, ought to be balanced with Lonergan's emphasis on the inner, the transcendental. In contrast, this essay argues that the transcendental and hermeneutical are alternative rather than complementary theological approaches. They are rooted in contradictory anthropological starting points and cannot be united in an inclusive hybrid. The essay concludes with some comments on the consequent pluralism of contemporary theology.
Synthesis of π-Bridged Dually-Dopable Conjugated Polymers from Benzimidazole and Fluorene: Separating Sterics from Electronics

We describe the synthesis and characterization of three new alternating copolymers containing fluorene and a dually dopable benzimidazole moiety. Poly(2-n-heptyl-benzimidazole-alt-9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) (PBIF), poly(2-n-heptyl-benzimidazole-vinylene-9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) (PBIF-VL), and poly(2-n-heptyl-benzimidazole-ethynylene-9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) (PBIF-EL) were synthesized from Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions in reasonable yield. The materials were characterized through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and cyclic voltammetry. The vinyl and ethynyl bridges in PBIF-VL and PBIF-EL were incorporated to separate benzimidazole and fluorene units while retaining conjugation. This allowed us to differentiate between steric and electronic contributions to the band gap (Eg) changes that occur upon acid/base doping of these materials. We demonstrate that the blue shift arising from acid doping PBIF is due to steric torsion, while the red shift found upon base doping P...
A line process approach to penalized maximum-likelihood reconstruction for 3D SPECT

Traditional SPECT imaging requires a trade-off between resolution and sensitivity. We show that it is possible to eliminate this trade-off and come close to achieving both goals simultaneously. Abstractly, small pinhole data is used to improve the resolution of co-registered large pinhole data which has higher sensitivity. Mathematically, the former is used to initialize a set of line processes that control the extent to which a truncated quadratic prior is applied to the latter. The idea builds on previous work by others on anatomic priors.
Engineers' written feedback on design

In our continued efforts to characterize feedback on design, we analyzed experienced engineers' feedback on design. This analysis enabled us to characterize and compare experienced engineers' feedback on design to students' and educators' feedback. Participates were 10 experienced systems engineers, with an average of 28 years of industry experience, who attended the ninth International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Great Lakes Regional Conference in Cleveland, Ohio. A coding scheme consisting of three domains (User-centered design, Substance, and Focus of feedback) was used to analyze the feedback. The experienced engineers' feedback profile was different than both students' and educators' profiles. However, there were some similarities between engineers' and educators' feedback.
Undergraduate Students' Preferences for Friendsourcing on Facebook Vs. Group Messaging Applications

When people have a question one strategy they can use to get an answer is friendsourcing broadcasting the question to one or more of their social networks. For example, people can post a question via a status update on Facebook or send a message to a group chat on a messaging app. To better understand people's decisions about what media to use for question asking and answering, we interviewed 17 undergraduate students about their friendsourcing practices. We found that interviewees preferred to friendsource via group messaging rather than Facebook. They gave two reasons for this preference: (a) increased likelihood of finding the kinds of answers they wanted and (b) ease of managing self-presentational and interactional concerns. We provide design suggestions for enhancing friendsourcing on group apps and Facebook.
Una revisión crítica de la Ley de Bradford

EN LOS PROCESOS DE SELECCION Y EVALUACION DE COLECCIONES DE REVISTAS, MUCHAS BIBLIOTECAS USAN LA LEY DE BRADFORD PARA IDENTIFICAR LAS REVISTAS MAS PRODUCTIVAS. SIN EMBARGO, DEBIDO A QUE LA LEY DE BRADFORD ESTABLECE UN CORTE EN EL TIEMPO, EXISTE LA POSIBILIDAD DE QUE EN ESE PERIODO, EXISTAN REVISTAS CON DIFERENTES ANOS DE PARTICIPACION Y CON DIFERENTES FRECUENCIAS DE PUBLICACION. DE MODO QUE ES POSIBLE QUE NO TODAS LAS REVISTAS TENGAN LA MISMA OPORTUNIDAD DE PUBLICAR ARTICULOS RELEVANTES SOBRE EL ASUNTO CONFORME A LO ESTABLECIDO POR LA LEY DE BRADFORD. EL OBJETIVO DE ESTE TRABAJO ES INVESTIGAR ESAS SUPOSICIONES. LOS RESULTADOS MUESTRAN QUE EXISTE UNA ALTA CORRELACION ENTRE LA FRECUENCIA DE PUBLICACION, LOS ANOS DE PARTICIPACION Y LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE UNA DETERMINADA REVISTA. TAMBIEN LA REGRESION LINEAL MUESTRA QUE HAY UNA RELACION DE CAUSA-EFECTO ENTRE ESAS VARIABLES. SE OFRECE UN MODELO ALTERNATIVO BASADO EN UN INDICE ESTANDARIZADO DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD, QUE PARECE SER MAS ADECUADO PARA IDENTIFICAR REVISTAS QUE AL MISMO TIEMPO SEAN ESPECIALIZADAS EN EL AREA Y MAS PRODUCTIVAS.
A subharmonically injection-locked PLL with 130 fs RMS jitter at 24 GHz using synchronous reference pulse injection from nonlinear VCO envelope feedback

This paper presents an 8 GHz subharmonically injection-locked PLL (SILPLL), which is cascaded with a 24 GHz quadrature injection-locked oscillator in 130 nm CMOS. The proposed SILPLL adopts an envelope-detection based injection-timing calibration for synchronous reference pulse injection to a VCO. With one of the largest frequency division ratios (N=80) reported so far, the SILPLL exhibits 124 fs and 130 fs RMS jitter at 8 GHz and 24 GHz, respectively, with <−49 dBc reference spur. The measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset is −114 dBc/Hz at 8 GHz and −104 dBc/Hz at 24 GHz.
Current evidence advocates use of a new pathologic tibial tubercle-posterior cruciate ligament distance threshold in patients with patellar instability.

To determine (1) whether a correlation exists between tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) and tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distances in patellar instability patients; (2) reliability when measuring TT-PCL distance; (3) whether TT-PCL distances measured on MRI are equivalent to those on CT; and (4) whether a correlation exists between TT-PCL distance and number of instability events or recurrence of instability following stabilization surgery. A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. Clinical studies investigating the relationships of TT-PCL with TT-TG on CT and/or MRI in patellar instability patients were sought. English language studies with Levels of evidence I–IV were eligible for inclusion. Four studies (285 subjects [300 knees] with patellar instability [74.2% female; mean age 26.1 ± 8.2 years]; 114 controls [144 knees; 77% female; mean age 23.1 years]) were included. Mean TT-PCL of instability and control groups was 21.1 ± 4.1 and 18.8 ± 4.0 mm (p < 0.0001), respectively. Two studies reported significant positive (strong and moderate) correlations between TT-PCL and TT-TG MRI measurements in instability patients. All four investigations reported excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability in MRI measurement of TT-PCL distance. No study compared TT-PCL distances on MRI and CT. No study assessed correlation between TT-PCL distance and number of instability events or recurrence of instability after surgery. A moderate-to-strong positive correlation exists between TT-PCL and TT-TG measurements taken from MRIs of patellar instability patients. There is excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability when taking TT-PCL measurements using MRI. This review advocates use of a new pathologic TT-PCL threshold of 21 mm. Level III, systematic review of Level II–III studies.
Creating a Global Response

This chapter covers the challenges faced by Fakhry Assaad and Jonathan Mann as they took the reins of the Control Programme on AIDS. It describes how they fought to increase awareness of the global threat of AIDS, engaged governments to respond to the pandemic, and raised extrabudgetary resources for the program. It also details the levels of denial across many countries, and the bold stand taken by the government of Uganda during the World Health Assembly in May 1986 to acknowledge the presence of the disease in the country and call for assistance from the World Health Organization (WHO). By that fall Mann had assumed Directorship of the program, viewing WHO as the leader and coordinator of the global response as proclaimed at the United Nations General Assembly that November. The chapter discusses Mann’s new role and the impact that Assaad had on the foundation of WHO’s global AIDS efforts.
Diagnosis of Device Thrombosis

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are becoming increasingly useful tools in the treatment of select patients with advanced heart failure. Device thrombosis is an important complication that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Certain risk factors can predispose patients for thrombus formation. Diagnosis of pump thrombosis is established based on clinical examination, laboratory testing, and specific imaging studies. The urgency for prompt diagnosis becomes very important, as certain patients remain highly dependent on their assist device for maintenance of cardiac output. Management of the patient then becomes a complex task to maintain adequate circulation while surgical intervention is planned.
Radio-pathomic Maps of Epithelium and Lumen Density Predict the Location of High-Grade Prostate Cancer.

Purpose This study aims to combine multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digitized pathology with machine learning to generate predictive maps of histologic features for prostate cancer localization. Methods and Materials Thirty-nine patients underwent MRI prior to prostatectomy. After surgery, tissue was sliced according to MRI orientation using patient-specific 3-dimensionally printed slicing jigs. Whole-mount sections were annotated by our pathologist and digitally contoured to differentiate the lumen and epithelium. Slides were co-registered to the T2-weighted MRI scan. A learning curve was generated to determine the number of patients required for a stable machine-learning model. Patients were randomly stratified into 2 training sets and 1 test set. Two partial least-squares regression models were trained, each capable of predicting lumen and epithelium density. Predicted density values were calculated for each patient in the test dataset, mapped into the MRI space, and compared between regions confirmed as high-grade prostate cancer. Results The learning-curve analysis showed that a stable fit was achieved with data from 10 patients. Maps indicated that regions of increased epithelium and decreased lumen density, generated from each independent model, corresponded with pathologist-annotated regions of high-grade cancer. Conclusions We present a radio-pathomic approach to mapping prostate cancer. We find that the maps are useful for highlighting high-grade tumors. This technique may be relevant for dose-painting strategies in prostate radiation therapy.
The 1593 Antonio Tempesta Map of Rome

This Essay examines Florentine painter and engraver Antonio Tempesta’s 1593 petition for a Papal printing privilege on his great bird’s-eye view Map of Rome. The arguments Tempesta made in support of his request for the exclusive rights to print, sell and control variations on his map evoke justifications spanning the full range of modern intellectual property rhetoric, from fear of unscrupulous competitors, to author-centric rationales. Invocations of labor and investment and unfair competition-based justifications were familiar – indeed ubiquitous – in Tempesta’s time, and still echo today. Long before the 1710 British Statute of Anne (vesting exclusive rights in authors), the precursor regime of printing privileges had well understood printing monopolies to be incentives to intellectual and financial investment. The pre-copyright system thus firmly established one of the philosophical pillars of modern copyright law. Tempesta’s petition, however, goes further than its antecedents with respect to the second pillar of modern copyright law, the natural rights of the author, a rationale that roots exclusive rights in personal creativity. Tempesta focused the rights on the creator, and equated creativity with his personal honor, thus foreshadowing a moral rights conception of copyright.
Cold-Active Viruses

Virus-like particles (VLP) are abundant in the aquatic biosphere, typically ranging between 10 and 10 ml, including in the cold environments of the deep sea, polar oceans, sea ice and high-latitude lakes. In these places, viruses play important ecological roles, e.g., equaling or surpassing grazers as agents of bacterial mortality in some Arctic waters (Steward et al. 1996; Wells and Deming 2006a). Systematic investigations of viral ecology in snow, permafrost or glaciers are only beginning, but viruses are present, preserved or even active there (e.g., Castello et al. 1999; Sawstrom et al. 2007b). Yet, despite the prevalence on Earth of environments ≤ 4°C and the high abundance of viruses in them, little is known about corresponding viral characteristics or ecology. Instead, viral studies have largely been restricted to higher temperatures convenient for experimenters but of little ecological or evolutionary relevance to many viruses. Here, I review information about viruses from cold environments, focusing on bacteriophages when hosts are known. (For a more inclusive review specific to Antarctic systems, see Pearce and Wilson 2003.) Although these viruses are termed “psychrophilic” (e.g., Olsen 1967; Olsen et al. 1968) or “psychrotrophic” (Greer 1982, 1983; Patel and Jackman 1986), such words imply growth characteristics not directly applicable to obligate parasites like viruses. I therefore follow Wells and Deming (2006b) and call viruses capable of infection and production at temperatures ≤ 4°C “cold-active.” The
Chemical Synthesis of Folylpolyglutamates, their Reduction to Tetrahydro Derivatives, and their Activity with Yeast C1-THF Synthase

Pteroyldi- through -pentaglutamic acids were synthesized through the use of the carbodiimide method, rather than the anhydride method or solid phase synthesis. The compounds were converted to the tetrahydro derivatives by enzymatic reduction. The Km values of the folate coenzymes for yeast C1-THF synthase were determined. The determination of the values for the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity of the multifunctional enzyme was possible through the use of newly devised assay based on the fluoresence properties of the pteridine derivatives. The value for the tetraglutamyl coenzyme derivative was approximately 1000-fold lower than that of the monoglutamyl coenzyme, tetrahydrofolate.
DIURNAL DIFFERENCES IN ENKEPHALIN LEVELS CORRELATED WITH NOCICEPTIVE SENSITIVITY

The diurnal rhythm in tolerance to painful stimuli and the hyperalgesic effect of naloxone have been further studied. Levels of the enkephalin pentapeptides were measured by radioimmunoassay as a function of time of day and exposure to painful stimuli in mouse whole brain and brain regions. We observed no difference in basal levels of the peptides, but the increase in met-enkephalin in response to stress was dependent on time of day, occurring only in the PM, when tolerance to pain is greatest. Examiniation of this time- and stress-dependent increase of met-enkephalin in specified brain regions revealed a significant increase in the striatum only. Hypophysectomized mice and rats were also studied. Data indicate that the pituitary is not necessary either for the diurnally varying ability to tolerate painful stimuli nor the stress-induced increase of met-enkephalin.
“Crying Wolf”: A Comment on Dahl and Pierce and a Suggestion on Using (Danish) Prescription Data

Because the Dahl and Pierce study finds only tiny effects of pay for performance on prescriptions, their analysis runs the risk of reinforcing organizational reluctance to address practices that ha...
Examining the Influence of the Degree of Saturation on Length Change and Freeze-Thaw Damage

Concrete can be susceptible to damage when it is exposed to freezing and thawing (FT). It has been shown that the potential for damage depends on the degree of saturation (DOS). When concrete has a low DOS, it does not show damage during an FT cycle. However, when the DOS exceeds a specific value (critical DOS), the concrete shows damage resulting from the FT cycle. The objective of this article is to measure the length change for cementitious specimens with varying DOS. It is hypothesized that these length change measurements can be used to quantify the critical DOS (DOSCR) for cementitious paste specimens exposed to FT. Specimens with a low DOS show a nearly linear length change response throughout the entire range of temperatures tested. Specimens with a high DOS (i.e., DOS > DOSCR) show a notable change in length at temperatures associated with the freezing and thawing points of water. The strain reduction associated with the melting of ice is calculated by normalizing the length reduction during the melting of ice with the initial length of the specimen. A DOSCR can be obtained by fitting a line between the strain reduction and the DOS. Another parameter known as residual strain can be used to quantify damage. Residual strain is defined as strain that exists in the specimen after an FT cycle. Only specimens with a high DOS (DOS > DOSCR) show residual strain. The approach presented in this paper provides an alternative method that can complement other existing tests to determine the DOSCR for use in the sorption-based model.