cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Fundamental Transport Mechanism of Product Water From Cathode Catalyst Layer in PEMFCs

Understanding how water produced in the cathode catalyst layer is removed during PEMFC operation can be critical for materials optimization and representative models. The present work combines in-situ and ex-situ experiments to determine the dominant water discharge mechanism when considering capillarity and vapor transport. Water flux of vapor driven by the thermal gradient in the cathode diffusion layer is shown to be sufficient to remove product water at high current densities with saturated gas in the gas delivery channels. The role of an intermediate microporous layer and its impact in vapor versus liquid transport is also considered. Through novel experimental techniques and capturing all key physical interactions it is concluded that vapor diffusion is the fundamental mechanism by which water is removed from the cathode catalyst layer.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Catheter ultrasound phased-array transducers for thermal ablation: a feasibility study.

The feasibility of catheter single-element ultrasound transducers for cardiac ablation has been shown previously. We describe the design and testing of catheter-sized linear phased arrays transducers for ultrasound ablation. One array has 86 PZT-4 elements operating at 8 MHz and 5 MHz. The overall array size is 14.9 mm by 3.1 mm (10 Fr). The other array has 50 PZT-5 elements operating at 4 MHz and is 17 mm by 3.1 mm (10 Fr). In order to produce the intensity needed to create lesions in heart tissue, we modified a real-time, 3D scanner to produce 100 V pp 256-cycle transmit pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of 14.1 kHz. This made it possible for the PZT-4 and PZT-5 transducers to produce I SPTA of 3.26 W/cm 2 and 142 W/cm 2 , respectively. When driving the transducers at high duty factor, the transmit circuitry in the scanner was damaged. A mechanically-focused transducer with the same dimensions as the PZT-4 transducer was built. When transmitting continuously at 9 MHz, it produced an I SPTA of 29.3 W/cm 2 . This created a lesion 5 mm across and 5 mm deep in beef tissue while raising the focal temperature 23°C. Ablation is within the capabilities of a catheter phased array transducer integrated into a diagnostic ultrasound scanner.
Processing of the coronavirus MHV-JHM polymerase polyprotein: identification of precursors and proteolytic products spanning 400 kilodaltons of ORF1a.

Abstract The replicase of mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (MHV-JHM) is encoded by two overlapping open reading frames, ORF1a and ORF1b, which are translated to produce a 750-kDa precursor polyprotein. The polyprotein is proposed to be processed by viral proteinases to generate the functional replicase complex. To date, only the MHV-JHM amino-terminal proteins p28 and p72, which is processed to p65, have been identified. To further elucidate the biogenesis of the MHV-JHM replicase, we cloned and expressed five regions of ORF1a in bacteria and prepared rabbit antisera to each region. Using the immune sera to immunoprecipitate radiolabeled proteins from MHV-JHM infected cells, we determined that the MHV-JHM ORF1a is initially processed to generate p28, p72, p250, and p150. Pulse–chase analysis revealed that these intermediates are further processed to generate p65, p210, p40, p27, the MHV 3C-like proteinase, and p15. A putative replicase complex consisting of p250, p210, p40, p150, and a large protein (>300 kDa) coprecipitate from infected cells disrupted with NP-40, indicating that these proteins are closely associated even after initial proteolytic processing. Immunofluorescence studies revealed punctate labeling of ORF1a proteins in the perinuclear region of infected cells, consistent with a membrane-association of the replicase complex. Furthermore, in vitro transcription/translation studies of the MHV-JHM 3Cpro and flanking hydrophobic domains confirm that 3C protease activity is significantly enhanced in the presence of canine microsomal membranes. Overall, our results demonstrate that the MHV-JHM ORF1a polyprotein: (1) is processed into more than 10 protein intermediates and products, (2) requires membranes for efficient biogenesis, and (3) is detected in discrete membranous regions in the cytoplasm of infected cells.
Effect of cue salience on discrimination learning

Salience for specific dimensional cues was assessed in second-grade children immediately prior to a two-choice discrimination learning task. The cue reinforced in the learning task was either the salient cue (learned fastest), the alternate cue of the salient cue’s dimension, or a cue from a dimension not salient (learned slowest). Children without specifically salient cues learned in approximately as many trials as did the children who were reinforced for choices of the salient cue or dimension. The results indicated that specific cue salience did not have a general facilitative effect, but that it was related to discrimination learning in a logical and predictable manner.
The Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for adults.

Abstract A short scale for the measurement of hypnotic responsiveness was constructed for use with patients for whom the standard scales might prove too long, too uninteresting, or too tiring. Five items were selected: moving hands together, a dream, age regression, a posthypnotic suggestion, and posthypnotic amnesia. A sample of 111 university undergraduates, selected from the full range of scores (0–10) on a shortened 10-point version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, was given the 5-point clinical scale and the 12-point Stanford Hypnotic Scale, Form C in balanced order. There were no order effects. A reliability estimate for the clinical scale was obtained from the product-moment correlation between the total scores on the two scales. This correlation was .72. The clinical scale requires approximately 20 minutes for administration.
Action of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II on the Baboon Ovary

The content, binding affinity, and bioactivity of chicken II GnRH (GnRH II) and a stable analogue of GnRH II (GnRH II analogue) in the baboon ovary were studied. Although mammalian GnRH is rapidly degraded by baboon ovarian extracts, we designed a GnRH II analogue that is stable to ovarian enzymatic degradation. This analogue binds to the ovarian membranes with high affinity (41 +/- 3 nM), having 20-fold the affinity of a potent mammalian GnRH analogue. The bioactivity of GnRH II and this GnRH II analogue on the regulation of ovarian progesterone release was compared with that for a potent mammalian GnRH analogue using a baboon granulosa cell culture system. Both GnRH II and GnRH II analogue produced significant inhibition of progesterone release from the granulosa cells (P < 0.03 and P < 0.005, respectively), with a greater reduction observed using the GnRH II analogue. After 24 h in culture, this GnRH II analogue produced a 59% +/- 5% inhibition of progesterone with a concentration as low as 1 nM. Maximal inhibition of 75% +/- 1% was attained with 10 nM GnRH II analogue. The endogenous GnRH II content in the baboon ovary was 5-14 pmoles/g protein. The release of endogenous GnRH II from granulosa cells was observed throughout the 48 h in culture. These studies demonstrated the presence of high enzymatic activity for the degradation of mammalian GnRH in the ovary, whereas this GnRH II analogue was stable. High-affinity binding sites for this GnRH II analogue were also found. GnRH II and this GnRH II analogue can regulate progesterone production from baboon granulosa cells, suggesting that GnRH II is a potent regulator of ovarian function.
Characterization of Roadway Geometry Associated with Motorcycle Crashes into Longitudinal Barriers

ABSTRACTMotorcycle impacts into longitudinal traffic barriers such as w-beam guardrails often result in severe or fatal rider injury. Countermeasures exist to mitigate the injury consequences of these crashes, but research suggests that these devices are cost-effective only at locations predisposed to this crash type. Unfortunately, little information is available on specific roadway characteristics of these crashes. The objective of this study was to determine specific roadway characteristics associated with motorcycle-to-barrier crashes in the context of other motorcycle crash types and identify features of locations experiencing multiple barrier crashes. Data included a total of 1,511 police reported motorcycle crashes coupled with detailed roadway data from two U.S. states, Washington and Ohio. Compared to all other single-vehicle motorcycle crashes, motorcycle impacts with barriers were found to be significantly more likely on smaller radius horizontal curves and sections with grade in excess of 3%. ...
Novel modifiers for layered double hydroxides and their effects on the properties of polylactic acid composites

Abstract Hydrophobic modification of a carbonated layered double hydroxide (LDH) and its calcined equivalent was conducted by direct ion exchange reactions with three ionic liquids having the same phosphonium-based cation, but different anions. Among the ionic liquids, successful anionic intercalation was only carried out when calcined LDH reacted with a phosphinate anion containing ionic liquid, in excess of the stoichiometric amount. Ionic liquids containing a linear decanoate anion or the least bulky PF 6 anion promoted the formation of a surface coating rather than increase of the interlayer space as confirmed by X-ray Diffraction, Infrared Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric analysis. The intercalated LDH was found to minimize the plasticizing/degradative effect of the ionic liquid on a polylactic acid PLA matrix and could be used as reservoir for the controlled release of the phosphorous containing anions for antibacterial or similar applications.
Contribution of tertiary amides to the conformational stability of collagen triple helices.

The collagen triple helix is composed of three polypeptide strands, each with a sequence of repeating (Xaa-Yaa-Gly) triplets. In these triplets, Xaa and Yaa are often tertiary amides: L-proline (Pro) and 4(R)-hydroxy-L-proline (Hyp). To determine the contribution of tertiary amides to triple-helical stability, Pro and Hyp were replaced in synthetic collagen mimics with a non-natural acyclic tertiary amide: N-methyl-L-alanine (meAla). Replacing a Pro or Hyp residue with meAla decreases triple-helical stability. Ramachandran analysis indicates that meAla residues prefer to adopt straight phi and psi angles that are dissimilar from those of the Pro and Hyp residues in the collagen triple helix. Replacement with meAla decreases triple-helical stability more than does replacement with Ala. All of the peptide bonds in triple-helical collagen are in the trans conformation. Although an Ala residue greatly prefers the trans conformation, a meAla residue exists as a nearly equimolar mixture of trans and cis conformers. These findings indicate that the favorable contribution of Pro and Hyp to the conformational stability of collagen triple helices arises from factors other than their being tertiary amides.
Product formula and independence criterion for multiple Huang–Cambanis integrals

Abstract Multiple stochastic integrals of Huang and Cambanis [1978. Stochastic and multiple Wiener integrals for Gaussian processes. Ann. Probab. 6, 585–614] with respect to a general Gaussian process X = ( X t , t ∈ T ) , whose covariance function is of bounded variation on bounded subsets of T × T , are considered. A product formula for the integrals is derived and a necessary and sufficient condition for independence of multiple Huang–Cambanis integrals is obtained. As an illustration, the results are applied to the special case of multiple integrals with respect to a persistent fractional Brownian motion.
HEIGHTS initial simulation of discharge-produced plamsa hydrodynamics and radiation transport for EUV lithography

Discharge produced plasma (DPP) devices have been proposed as a light source for EUV lithography. A key challenge for DPP is achieving sufficient brightness to support the throughput requirements of exposure tools for high-volume manufacturing lithography. To simulate the environment of the EUV source and optimize the output of the source, an integrated model is being developed to describe the hydrodynamic and optical processes that occur in DPP devices. The model includes both plasma evolution and magnetohydrodynamic processes as well as detailed photon radiation transport. The total variation diminishing scheme in the Lax-Friedrich formulation for the description of magnetic compression and diffusion in a cylindrical geometry is used. Several models are being developed for opacity calculations; a collisional radiation equilibrium model, a self-consistent field model with Auger processes, and a non-stationary kinetic model. Radiation transport for both continuum and lines with detailed spectral profiles are taken into account. The developed models are integrated into the HEIGHTS-EUV computer simulation package. Preliminary results of a numerical simulation of xenon gas hydrodynamics and line radiation output are presented for various plasma conditions.
Levamisole and ryanodine receptors (I): A contraction study in Ascaris suum

Abstract Cholinergic anthelmintics (like levamisole) are important drugs but resistance with reduced responses by the parasite to these compounds is a concern. There is a need to study and understand mechanisms that affect the amplitude of the responses of parasites to these drugs. In this paper, we study interactions of levamisole and ryanodine receptors on contractions of Ascaris suum body muscle flaps. In our second paper, we extend these observations to examine electrophysiological interactions of levamisole, ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and AF2. We report that the maximum force of contraction, g max , was dependent on the extracellular concentration of calcium but the levamisole EC 50 (0.8 μM) was not. The relationship between maximum force of contraction and extracellular calcium was described by the Michaelis–Menten equation with a K m of 1.8 mM. Ryanodine inhibited g max without effect on EC 50 ; ryanodine inhibited only 44% of the maximum contraction ( K i of 40 nM), revealing a ryanodine-insensitive component in the levamisole excitation–contraction pathway. Dantrolene had the same effect as ryanodine but was less potent. The neuropeptide AF2 (1 μM) decreased the levamisole EC 50 to 0.2 μM without effect on g max ; 0.1 μM ryanodine and 100 μM dantrolene, inhibited the g max of the AF2-potentiated levamisole response. High concentrations of caffeine, 30 mM, produced weak contraction of the body-flap preparation. Caffeine behaved like ryanodine in that it inhibited the maximum force of contraction, g max , without effects on the levamisole EC 50 . Thus, RyRs play a modulatory role in the levamisole excitation–contraction pathway by affecting the maximum force of contraction without an effect on levamisole EC 50 . The levamisole excitation–contraction coupling is graded and has at least two pathways: one sensitive to ryanodine and one not.
Types of social interactions among individuals with mental retardation who present problems of conduct

This study compared the types of social interactions among groups of adults with mental retardation who also were characterized as demonstrating or not demonstrating difficulties of conduct. Using an Interaction Assessment Protocal, participants were observed during their daily activities at randomly selected periods throughout the day. The specific roles of an interaction (initiate or receive), the type of communication (Mand or Non-Mand), relevant affective behaviors, and the outcome of communications (comply, ignore, resist) were noted. No significant differences were obtained between groups of persons with and without conduct disorders on any of the interaction dimensions evaluated. Limitations of these findings and implications for further investigations are offered.
Procedural guide to specimen handling for the ultrastructural pathology service laboratory

Transmission electron microscopy serves a useful and often diagnostic purpose in the analysis of human disease. The emerging discipline of ultrastructural pathology serves a much wider field than that of kidney pathology and, of necessity, requires two essential elements. These are (1) the interpretive knowledge which covers all cells in all tissues which compose all organs, their normal substructural composition, and the ultrastructural expression of all of the basic mechanisms of the pathobiology of human disease, and (2) technically excellent preparations of these varied specimens. In this review, we emphasize the technical aspects necessary for the preparation of these specimens. These include the handling of varied specimens from the time of interruption of blood flow to the sample until fixation, fixation methodology, and routine processing methods for electron microscopy. Specialized techniques that are readily accomplished in an ultrastructural pathology service laboratory are also described. These include methods for the demonstration of glycogen, peroxidase(s), the glycocalyx. We also describe the preparation of permanent, alkaline Giemsa-stained 1-μm plastic sections for light microscopic diagnosis, the use of an agar-pelleting technique to change cell suspensions into readily handled blocks, and the use of Spurr's (J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26:31, 1969) low viscosity embedding for all skin and heavily collagenized specimens. The diagnostic report for individual samples can routinely be available within 24 hours of specimen arrival in the ultrastructural pathology laboratory with the methods we review here. Examples of these varied samples of human tissues and cells and methods for preparing them are illustrated. We have found such methods useful for diagnostic purposes, e.g., to identify the site of origin of a brain metastasis as the alveolar cell (type II pneumocyte) of the lung, based on the presence of typical lamellar (surfactant) bodies in the metastatic tumor cells (Dvorak and Monahan-Earley: Norelco Reporter 32:29–36, 1985c), as well as to describe for the first time a new tumor, such as the gut autonomic nerve (GAN) tumor (Walker and Dvorak: Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110:309–316, 1986) or a cell injury process, axonal necrosis, to be characteristic of Crohn's disease (Dvorak et al.: Hum. Pathol. 11:620–634, 1980d; Dvorak and Silen: Ann. Surg. 201:53–63, 1985).
The role of systematic reviews in teaching evidence-based practice.

Evidence-based practice has surely taken on ‘‘movement’’ status. Indeed, some authors have declared that evidencebased practice (EBP) is one of the most significant issues to ever develop in global healthcare. Both evidence and opinion support this claim. I searched CINAHL (via EBSCOhost) and MEDLINE and PsychINFO (via Ovid) to test the growth of EBP as a theme in published literature. When I searched the phrases ‘‘evidence-based practice’’ or ‘‘evidence-based nursing’’ or ‘‘evidence-based medicine’’ or used the controlled language for these phrases, I netted 135 results for the 50year span from 1955 to 1995. Using the same approach but filtering for the 13-year span from 1996 to 2009, I netted 61,713 results. Even if one assumes that some of the results were redundant, it is obvious that interest in EBP has accelerated since the mid-1990s. This burst of activity coincides with the birth of both the Cochrane Collaboration Database of Systematic Reviews (in 1995) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (in 1996), the most influential international collaborations aimed at advancing EBP.
Alcohol exposure during development alters social recognition and social communication in rats

Abstract The present study examined the effects of postnatal alcohol exposure via gastric intubation on social communication of diet preference and social recognition. Rats were placed in one of three treatment groups. All treatments occurred from postnatal day (PD) 2 through 10 and Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted when the rats reached 60 and 100 days of age, respectively. Alcohol-exposed pups received a 3.0 g/kg dose of ethanol in milk solution that was delivered by insertion of PE-10 tubing down the esophagus daily from PD 2 through 10. Intubated control animals underwent intubation without ethanol or milk. Nontreated control pups were weighed daily. In Experiment 1, a nonexperimental rat was initially given access to lab chow mixed with a spice and then housed with an experimental rat for 30 min. The experimental rat was subsequently given access to two diets—one that the nonexperimental rat had consumed and a novel diet. It was found that the alcohol-exposed females consumed a greater percent of the communicated diet than the control females. In Experiment 2, the experimental rats were first exposed to a juvenile for 5 min and then exposed to the same juvenile after a delay of 30 or 90 min. Investigation time was recorded in both sessions and a reduction of investigation time in the second session is an indicator of social recognition memory. Alcohol-exposed rats of both sexes had poorer memory of a juvenile than both control groups after a 90-min delay. Together, these data indicate that basic components of social behavior may be altered by alcohol exposure during development.
A highly salt-dependent enthalpy change for Escherichia coli SSB protein-nucleic acid binding due to ion-protein interactions.

We have examined the linkage between salt concentration and temperature for the equilibrium binding of the tetrameric Escherichia coli single-stranded binding (SSB) protein to three single-stranded nucleic acids, poly(U), dA(pA)69, and dT(pT)69, by van't Hoff analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). For SSB binding to poly(U) in its (SSB)65 mode, the equilibrium association constant, Kobs, decreases with increasing salt concentration at all temperatures examined, and binding is enthalpy-driven; however, the value of ∂ log Kobs/∂ log [NaCl] is highly temperature-dependent, varying from −9.3 ± 0.3 at 10 °C to −5.1 ± 0.4 at 37 °C. This indicates that ΔHobs for SSB−poly(U) binding is strongly dependent on [NaCl]; based on van't Hoff analyses, ΔHobs varies from −57 ± 3 kcal/mol at 0.18 M NaCl to −34 ± 3 kcal/mol at 0.42 M NaCl (∂ΔHobs/∂ log [NaCl] = 60 ± 5 kcal/mol). However, ∂ΔHobs/∂ log [NaF] is independent of temperature (25−37 °C), indicating that the effect of [NaCl] on ΔHobs is due primarily ...
Moore's Use of Butler's Maxim

L'utilisation par G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica de la maxime de Butler que chaque chose est ce qu'elle est, et rien d'autre. Ses effets sur la definissabilite du bien.
Tracking requirements and threats for secure software development

Many opportunities of use of systems also open doors for their misuse. Misuse of a system could manifest itself in a variety of forms. One common misuse of a system lies in security breaches. This research investigates tracing requirements and threats through a series of models to identify, maintain the visibility of, and ultimately help mitigate, security threats to a system. The proposed Tracking of REquirements And Threats (TREAT) approach is a model driven framework which blends together several known modeling techniques to conceptualize and design a secure software system. TREAT considers security requirements along with system requirements from the very inception of the software and traces them throughout the software lifecycle in between various software artifacts.
Superconductivity in polymeric sulfur nitride at ultrahigh pressure

Using a clamp-type sintered diamond-tipped opposed anvil apparatus, we have carried out electrical resistance measurements of ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$ from 2.3 to 300 K at various pressures up to 400 kbar. We found that the normal conductivity of ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$ increased rapidly at low pressures and saturated around 50 to 70 kbar. Further application of pressure resulted in a monotonic decrease in conductivity up to 400 kbar. We also observed the onset of a superconducting transition in ${(\mathrm{SN})}_{x}$ at temperatures from 2 to 3 K and pressures from 130 to 400 kbar. The onset temperatures are considerably higher than at atmospheric pressure and increase further with increasing pressure.
INTERACTION OF SUBSTRATES WITH THE INTESTINAL BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE NA/PHOSPHATE COTRANSPORTER

Abstract The interaction of Na + and phosphate with the intestinal brush border membrane Na + /phosphate cotransporter was examined using stopped-flow tryptophan fluorescence and ion-exchange Dowex columns coupled to a light-activated microsecond timer (LAM timer) which measures exchange kinetics between protein-bound ions and the external medium. Na + or Na + +H 2 PO 4 − induced tryptophan fluorescence quenching with apparent rate constants of 35 s −1 and 13 s −1 , respectively. Dilution of substrate-bound cotransporter resulted in tryptophan fluorescence recovery consistent with cotransporter return to the substrate-free conformation. Recovery of the substrate-free conformation was slow (1.6 s −1 ) in the absence of phosphate, was accelerated by H 2 PO 4 − (7 s −1 ) and was inhibited by HPO 4 2− (1.1 s −1 ). The effects of substrates on tryptophan fluorescence were sensitive to substrate site blockers consistent with trpytophan fluorescence monitoring cotransporter conformations and substrate-induced changes in conformation. Equivalent experiments using the LAM timer and either [ 22 Na + ) or Na + +[ 32 P) phosphate verified the rate constants for the substrate-induced quenching of tryptophan fluorescence, suggested that 2 Na + 's were occluded by the cotransporter as part of the Na + -induced conformational change and that H 2 PO 4 − accelerated deocclusion of Na + . The association of phosphate with the cotransporter was also examined. Although cotransporter-bound phosphate was medium anion-insensitive, a cotransporter conformational change preceding the release of phosphate from the cotransporter was not observed. However, three lines of evidence suggest that release of phosphate from the cotransporter involved a unique cotransporter conformation which may suggest that phosphate was also occluded by the intestinal brush border Na + /phosphate cotransporter.
Beyond Amdahl's Law: An Objective Function That Links Multiprocessor Performance Gains to Delay and Energy

Beginning with Amdahl's law, we derive a general objective function that links parallel processing performance gains at the system level, to energy and delay in the subsystem microarchitecture structures. The objective function employs parameterized models of computation and communication to represent the characteristics of processors, memories, and communications networks. The interaction of the latter microarchitectural elements defines global system performance in terms of energy-delay cost. Following the derivation, we demonstrate its utility by applying it to the problem of Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) architecture exploration. Given a set of application and architectural parameters, we solve for the optimal CMP architecture for six different architectural optimization examples. We find the parameters that minimize the total system cost, defined by the objective function under the area constraint of a single die. The analytical formulation presented in this paper is general and offers the foundation for the quantitative and rapid evaluation of computer architectures under different constraints including that of single die area.
An Unexpected Pressure Effect in the Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of a Complex Benzyl Amine

The selective hydrogenolysis of a complex benzylamine containing a pyridone ring and aryl fluorides was investigated. The aim of the research was to find a catalyst and reaction conditions under which the complete hydrogenolysis of the benzylamine could be accomplished with no aryl fluoride cleavage nor pyridone hydrogenation observed. This objective was accomplished by use of a specific 10 % Pd/C catalyst in a THF/EtOH solvent at 40 °C. It was found that as the H2 pressure decreased the amount of debenzylated amine increased because of the decrease in pyridone hydrogenation. Unexpectedly, though, the rate of hydrogenolysis also increased with decreasing H2 pressure. A rationale for this observation is presented.
Use of ELISA and isolation for determining the distribution of Rhizoctonia solani and other Rhizoctonia spp. in asymptomatic creeping bentgrass

Abstract A commercial Rhizoctonia -specific ELISA was compared with isolation on antibiotic-amended water agar for the detection of Rhizoctonia solani and other Rhizoctonia spp. in asymptomatic creeping bentgrass near active brown patch disease centres. A greater number of positive samples were indicated by ELISA than by isolation in tests of foliage and root tissues. Over 75% agreement was found between ELISA and isolation with foliage, but the presence of Rhizoctonia spp. in root tissues could not be confirmed by isolation from any of the ELISA-positive samples. There was poor agreement between the two methods in assays of organic matter from thatch. Greater numbers of thatch samples were positive for Rhizoctonia spp. by isolation than by ELISA. Pathogenic R. solani was found by both methods in asymptomatic foliage as far as 30 cm from the margins of brown patch disease areas. There was a more restricted distribution of the fungus in the thatch. Detection of the fungus in root tissues from asymptomatic areas by ELISA could not be confirmed by isolation.
Negative covariation between task-related responses in alpha/beta-band activity and BOLD in human sensorimotor cortex: an EEG and fMRI study of motor imagery and movements.

Similar to the occipital alpha rhythm, electroencephalographic (EEG) signals in the alpha- and beta-frequency bands can be suppressed by movement or motor imagery and have thus been thought to represent the “idling state” of the sensorimotor cortex. A negative correlation between spontaneous alpha EEG and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals has been reported in combined EEG and fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) experiments when subjects stayed at the resting state or alternated between the resting state and a task. However, the precise nature of the task-induced alpha modulation remains elusive. It was not clear whether alpha/beta rhythm suppressions may co-vary with BOLD when conducting tasks involving varying activations of the cortex. Here, we quantified the task-evoked responses of BOLD and alpha/beta-band power of EEG directly in the cortical source domain, by using source imaging technology, and examined their covariation across task conditions in a mixed block and event-related design. In this study, 13 subjects performed tasks of right hand, right foot or left hand movement and motor imagery when EEG and fMRI data were separately collected. Task-induced increase of BOLD signal and decrease of EEG amplitudes in alpha and beta bands were shown to be co-localized at the somatotopic sensorimotor cortex. At the corresponding regions, the reciprocal changes of the two signals co-varied in the magnitudes across imagination and movement conditions. The spatial correspondence and negative covariation between the two measurements was further shown to exist at somatotopic brain regions associated with different body parts. These results suggest an inverse functional coupling between task-induced changes of BOLD and low-frequency EEG signals.
Multiprocessor validation of the Pentium Pro

In the past, multiprocessor systems have taken a year longer than uniprocessor systems to introduce because of the need to develop and validate the additional functionality required for multiprocessor systems. Manufacturers, however, don't want to wait this long to release products using the latest multiprocessor systems. Our challenge in designing Intel's newest microprocessor, the Pentium Pro processor, was to eliminate the lag time. We wanted to accomplish this by introducing systems where the multiprocessor functionality was already an integral part of the main processor and the chipset. Specifically, we wanted to introduce the uniprocessor and the multiprocessor systems at the same time. We thus had to make sure even before first silicon that the multiprocessor system would work. In the past, multiprocessor system validation has generally taken place after first silicon, because the external logic has usually been developed after the processor functionality integrated into the processor and chipset. Intel developed an extensive test methodology for functional and performance validation.
Estimating medullary chemoreceptor blood flow from ventilatory-CO2 response transients: theory and data from anesthetized dogs

We examined the tracer wash-in technique for measuring blood flow for a specific experimental model in which medullary chemoreceptor blood flow is estimated using carbon dioxide as the tracer. Using a mathematical model, we calculated the flow values that would be estimated when blood flow is a function of the tracer concentration, CO2. The estimate was compared with three indices of time-varying blood flow: the steady-state blood flow before and after the step change of CO2 and the time-average blood flow. Estimated blood flow was found to be most closely related to the final value of flow. Perfusion estimates from five pentobarbital anesthetized dogs were 102 ml/100 g/min (S.D. 35) at an average of PaCO2 of 60.7 Torr.
Use of adsorbents to collect selected halocarbons and hydrohalocarbons of environmental interest from large air volumes

Hydrohalocarbons are the proposed replacement compounds for the chlorofluorocarbons. They will initially have very low concentrations, on the order of a ppt (v/v), in the global atmosphere. Neither gas chromatography—electron-capture detection, nor gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, have adequate sensitivity to measure such concentrations directly from air samples; concentration techniques are required to achieve this. We have examined a range of commercially-available adsorbents, including activated charcoals, carbon molecular sieves, porous polymers, and graphitized carbons, for their suitability as ambient temperature concentrating traps for a range of man-made halocarbons and hydrohalocarbons (CFC-12, CFC-11, CFC-13, HCFC-22, HCFC-123 and HFC-134a). From our measurements of specific retention and desorption volumes it was found that no one adsorbent could both collect all of the target compounds with high efficiency, and also allow efficient recovery by thermal desorption. A sequence of adsorbents is required. We designed a 30 cm long × 0.64 cm O.D. trap containing HayeSep DB (a porous polymer), Carboxen 1000 and Carbosieve S-II (both carbon molecular sieves) to collect all of the target compounds from a 51 air sample at 25°C and allow efficient recovery with 500 ml of nitrogen carrier gas at 200°C. Good comparability was demonstrated between the adsorbent trapping system and direct loop injection analysis for CFC-12 in ambient air. Precision for all of the compounds analyzed with the adsorbent trap was better than 4%, and improved to better than 1% when ratioed to CFC-12.
Brachiocephalic reconstruction I: Operative and long-term results for complex disease

Objectives Complex brachiocephalic disease involves multiple vessels and is frequently associated with multisystem atherosclerosis. We reviewed surgical outcome and examined the impact of this problem on decision making regarding operative staging, technique, and choice of conduit. Methods Between 1966 and 2000, 157 consecutive patients (mean age, 54.0 years; 48.4% male) with innominate artery or multivessel brachiocephalic disease underwent operative reconstruction using either a transthoracic approach (group A, n=113) or a less invasive, extrathoracic approach (group B, n=44). Reconstruction required multiple distal anastomoses in 70 patients (44.6%), concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 37 patients (23.6%), and concomitant carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in 26 patients (16.6%). Results No significant differences were found between group A and group B when operative mortality (2.7% vs 2.3%) and stroke rates (2.7% vs 6.8%) were analyzed. However, 10 years after surgery, freedom from graft failure was significantly better in group A (94.4% ± 4.4%) than in group B (60.3% ± 13.4%) ( P = .002). Freedom from graft failure was adversely affected by nonaortic inflow ( P = .002) and axillo-axillary cervical grafts ( P = .0001). Mortality and stroke rates for subgroups having multiple distal anastomoses (2.9%, 2/70 and 4.3%, 3/70), concomitant CABG (5.4%, 2/37 and 0, 0/37), and concomitant CEA (3.8%, 1/26 and 3.8%, 1/26) were similar to those of other patients. For the entire patient group, 10-year rates of actuarial freedom from specific events were death, 68.8% ± 6.0%; myocardial infarction, 86.7% ± 4.5%; stroke, 87.0% ± 4.4%; coronary revascularization, 88.0% ± 3.6%, and other vascular operation, 79.9% ± 4.4%. Conclusions Transthoracic arch reconstruction for complex brachiocephalic disease can be done with acceptably low morbidity and mortality similar to those of a less invasive, extrathoracic approach. Furthermore, the transthoracic approach is associated with significantly better long-term freedom from graft failure, possibly because it preserves aortic inflow to the great vessels. Nonetheless, the high frequency of late events in this relatively young patient population reflects the presence of multisystem atherosclerosis and suggests the need for close follow-up and lifestyle modification.
Compressive Measurements for Target Tracking

We present an imaging system for target tracking with compressive measurements for large area persistent surveillance. Multiplexed sensing with a mask-based optical system and signal retrieval from underdetermined measurements using l-1 minimization are explored.
Genomics in Clinical Practice: Lessons from the Front Lines

The price of whole-genome and -exome sequencing has fallen to the point where these methods can be applied to clinical medicine. Here, we outline the lessons we have learned in converting a sequencing laboratory designed for research into a fully functional clinical program.
Developing predictive molecular maps of human disease through community-based modeling

1. The failure rate for drugs in clinical development is still startlingly high despite unprecedented investment in RD many compounds are shown to be safe and to engage the intended target but do not improve the primary indication. This failure stems from the simplistic ways in which we have historically studied potential drug targets for complex diseases and indicates a need for more innovative approaches to identify causal relationships between molecular entities and disease. Biology is rapidly changing and becoming a technology and data-intensive science with the development of new instrumentation to measure various molecular states in greater detail. Herein lays an opportunity to transform our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of disease and develop modeling frameworks that can describe complex systems and predict their behavior. Without these models acting as maps, biologists risk drowning in an ever-growing sea of data. This vision for biology, to use large-scale data to model disease, reflects parallel developments in other scientific disciplines: for example, modeling future trends in climate based on complex meteorological information in atmospheric science. The term fourth paradigm has been coined for this “data intensive” science discovery to distinguish it from empiric, theoretical and computational approaches 3
Using Family Members or Close Friends as Informants About Participation Goals for Older Adults With and Without Aphasia

Client-centered care is a stated focus for many rehabilitation programs, but personalized goal-setting presents unique challenges for people with aphasia (PWA). A potential solution for clinicians is to enlist the help of family members or close friends to determine what life activities should be addressed. In this article, we review two main reasons this solution is not ideal. First, we discuss how negative effects on autonomy and motivation may be instigated unintentionally. Next, we consider to what extent accurate input can be assumed by proxy responders. We conclude by reporting the results of a small study showing that congruence about activity choices among family members or friends not affected by aphasia is similar to previously reported congruence in families with a history of aphasia. These results suggest that ability to predict life activity preferences in others is limited, regardless of the presence of aphasia. We contend that although the input and participation of significant others is of...
An Analysis of Avifaunas in the Teton Mountains and Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Faunal analyses may be made for several purposes: to reveal ecologic characteristics of a community either of present times or, as is done by paleontologists, of past ages (Miller, 1937); to demonstrate pathways of energy exchange within an ecosystem (Turcek, 1952); or to evaluate ecological or evolutionary relationships between faunas (Miller, 1955; Snyder, 1950; Corti, 1952). The present analysis is an effort to secure results useful for all three. The primary object was to collect data on the bird life of an area in the Rocky Mountains for comparison with that of the Sierra Nevada. Results of the comparison will appear in a latter report on Sierran avifaunas. Herein are reported findings on community characteristics and trophic or feeding relationships as determined from analysis of avifaunas in the Teton Mountains and Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The work was done during the summers of 1952 and 1954 at the Jackson Hole Biological Station of the University of Wyoming, where facilities were kindly provided. Financial support was generously given by the New York Zoological Society for which I am grateful. I also wish to express my thanks for assistance to Mr. James Simon, former director, Dr. L. Floyd Clarke, present director of the station, and my colleagues and friends at the station. The weights used were taken from specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley; to Dr. A. H. Miller and Dr. F. A. Pitelka I express my gratitude for permission to use this material.
Glypican 3 overexpression in primary and metastatic Wilms tumors

Glypican 3 (GPC3), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, plays a role in cell growth and differentiation. Mutations of the GPC3 gene are responsible for Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, which is characterized by anomalies of postnatal overgrowth and an increased risk of developing pediatric malignancies, mostly Wilms tumor and liver cancer. In order to understand the possible role of GPC3 in renal development and Wilms tumor formation, we analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of GPC3 in sporadic Wilms tumors and compared it to normal kidneys and other common renal epithelial tumors. By using Affymetrix HGU133 oligonucleotide gene expression microarray data from 191 renal tumors and 12 normal kidneys, we found significant overexpression of GPC3 in Wilms tumors (p < 0.01), with 3.5-fold higher expression in comparison to normal kidneys and 6.5-fold higher than any type of renal tumors. The GPC3 gene product in Wilms tumor was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified by an automated image analysis. Cytoplasmic and membranous GPC3 immunoreactivity was present in 77 % of primary Wilms tumors (23/30), 93 % of metastatic Wilms tumors (13/14), 50 % of metanephric adenomas (4/8), 33 % of congenital mesoblastic nephromas (2/6), 100 % of nephrogenic rests (11/11), and 100 % of fetal kidneys (5/5). GPC3 staining was predominantly identified in blastemal and epithelial components of Wilms tumors, similar to that of fetal non-neoplastic kidney. All adult renal tumors (n = 60) and normal kidneys (n = 15) were GPC3 negative. These findings suggest the utility of GPC3 in differential diagnosis and follow-up of Wilms tumors. Our data also indicate that GPC3 is an oncofetal protein with a potential therapeutic value.
Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the squid giant axon.

OUR understanding of the recovery mechanism involved in the active transfer of sodium out of, and of potassium into, the nerve cell has been increased considerably in recent years through the examination of giant axons like those of the squid. Hodgkin and Keynes1 showed that the efflux of sodium-22 and the influx of potassium-42 were both markedly reduced by exposing the nerves to 0.2 m.mol./l. dinitrophenol, 2 m.moles/l, cyanide or 3 m moles/l. azide. The passive movements of the ions down their concentration gradients were little affected, as was also the electrical activity of the nerves, which involves the latter movements. The inhibition of the active cation transport was largely reversed when the inhibitors were washed away.
Highly dispersive slot waveguides

We propose a slot-waveguide with high dispersion, in which a slot waveguide is coupled to a strip waveguide. A negative dispersion of up to -181520 ps/nm/km is obtained due to a strong interaction of the slot and strip modes. A flat and large dispersion is achievable by cascading the dispersive slot-waveguides with varied waveguide thickness or width for dispersion compensation and signal processing applications. We show - 31300 ps/nm/km dispersion over 147-nm bandwidth with <1% variance.
LIGHT-MASS ABSORPTION DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

In this paper, and in one to follow it, data will be presented to show that light-mass absorption occurs during photosynthesis. The present paper submits the experimental evidence obtained relative to error, to surface phenomena due to atmospheric conditions during weighing operations, and to the question of C02-leakage through glass containers as possible explanations of the weight data. Experimentation
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXIX. ISO 20903: 2006—Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—methods used to determine peak intensities and information required when reporting results

This article is a brief summary of the ISO Standard 20903. This standard provides information on methods for the measurement of peak intensities in Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectra and on uncertainties of the derived peak areas. It also specifies the necessary information required in a report of analytical results based on such measurements. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive configuration fields: a new multiscale simulation technique for reptation-based models with a stochastic strain measure and local variations of life span distribution

Abstract In this work a new multiscale simulation technique, i.e. Adaptive configuration fields method (ACFM), has been proposed for complex flow simulation of state-of-the-art reptation-based models for entangled polymeric systems. Specifically, this technique combines the essential aspects of the previously introduced Brownian configuration fields and the deformation fields methods [J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 70 (1997) 79; J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 89 (2000) 209] to allow simulation of advanced reptation models with a stochastic strain measure and local variations of life span distribution. In order to examine the fidelity and robustness of our new simulation technique, we have performed simulations in a number of different fixed kinematics flows using the single segment reptation model of Ottinger [J. Rheol. 44 (2000) 1293], which possesses the essential features required for quantitatively describing the non-linear rheology of polymer melts, but cannot be implemented in a complex flow using the available state-of-the-art Eulerian multiscale simulation techniques, namely, the Brownian configuration fields or the deformation fields. In turn, the simulation results in unidirectional flows are compared with pure Brownian dynamics simulations and it is shown that the results are in excellent agreement, thus verifying the accuracy of the adaptive configuration fields method.