cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of gender on the masseter electromyographic jaw-jerk reflex in young human subjects

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender on the masseteric jaw-jerk reflex, evoked in a sample of nine male and nine female young subjects. Electromyographic jaw-jerk recordings elicited by chin-taps in the relaxed masseter muscle of the preferred chewing side, were obtained using a computerized recording and analysis system. In both groups, a jaw-jerk reflex was recorded in 95.56% out of the total number of chin-taps. The mean latency was significantly shorter in the females (5.75 ms) than in the males (6.14ms, P= 0.0045), while the amplitude of the reflex was significantly higher in the females (P= 0.0005). No significant differences were found in the mean duration between males (6.86ms) and females (6.73ms). It was concluded that sex variation should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the jaw-jerk reflex.
Poliovirus coat protein as the site of guanidine action.

Abstract The site of guanidine action on poliovirus type 2 was investigated. Physical-chemical and biological characterizations of viral mutants with altered guanidine sensitivities indicate changes in capsid polypeptides. Differences between mutants include electrophoretic mobilities of virions and of capsid subunits, stability of virions to high temperature, and chromatographic behavior of individual capsid polypeptides. No alterations were detected in nonstructural proteins of guanidine mutants. Aside from guanidine sensitivity of RNA synthesis, the differences between mutants in replication were limited to early events, particularly uncoating rates. No evidence for an effect of guanidine on processed capsid polypeptides was obtained; however, the capsid precursor polypeptide of sensitive virus is altered by guanidine treatment. A model is proposed in which a precursor to poliovirus structural polypeptides participates in viral RNA synthesis.
Nuclear changes associated with the host-parasite interaction between Fusarium solani and peas

Abstract Structural changes were observed within the nuclei of pea cells in contact with Fusarium solani macroconidia. The strands, which constitute the major visible structures of the pea nucleus when viewed in cross-section with the scanning electron microscope, progressively thicken and aggregate within the first 6 h after inoculation. The heavly stained chromatin fibrils of pea nuclei, viewed in thin section with the transmission electron microscope, tend to coalesce within 15 to 20 min following inoculation. The fibril coalescence observed in pea cells inoculated with F. solani f. sp. pisi was more complete than that observed in comparable cells inoculated with F. solani f. sp. phaseoli . The sedimentation velocity of the nucleoprotein from inoculated tissue was also characteristically altered within the first 20 min following inoculation with either fungus.
Peripheral eosinophilia camouflaging anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Eosinophilia is a nonspecific laboratory finding, often noted incidentally during routine blood analysis. When persistent, eosinophilia can herald an underlying parasitic infection, drug reaction o...
Conceptual, methodological, and empirical ambiguities in the linkage between anger and approach: comment on Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009).

C. S. Carver and E. Harmon-Jones (2009) have made an important contribution to the understanding of anger, its linkage to higher order dimensions of emotion, and potential neurobiological substrates. The authors believe, however, that their model and future research conducted to test it would be improved by a more precise explication and parsing of the primary constructs, a clearer articulation of the relation between anger and approach, and the use of methods for assessing brain activation that are more precise than the electroencephalogram. Neuroimaging studies reviewed generally fail to corroborate several features of their model. Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009) have made an important con- tribution to the understanding of a fundamental discrete emotion (anger), its linkage to higher order dimensions of motivation, and the neurobiological substrates that might account for this linkage. Their argument has particularly important implications for under- standing the relation between cerebral asymmetry and emotion and motivation. As they correctly noted, although most previous stud- ies on anterior asymmetry have confounded approach versus with- drawal (or avoidance) and positive versus negative affect, the emotion of anger might well provide a critical test of the approach-withdrawal model because it is a negative emotion that appears linked to approach. Harmon-Jones and his collaborators have conducted a systematic and creative series of studies testing this hypothesis. In turn, Carver and Harmon-Jones's article repre- sents an important review and theoretical synthesis of this and several additional sources of evidence that link anger to approach motivation. Although this article has a number of positive features, we believe that there are several conceptual and empirical ambiguities that weaken the overall strength of the argument that the authors are trying to make. In particular, we believe that the primary constructs require greater specificity and elaboration and that more precise methods are needed to provide a more rigorous test of hypotheses. These points apply to many articles within the area of affective neuroscience, and, in addition, Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009) have acknowledged some of these limitations. As such, our goal is less to highlight flaws than to map out directions for future work.
A study of public health nursing directors in state health departments.

Public health nurses make up the largest single category of public health manpower, but confusion over where and how public health nurses should function continues. The purposes of this study were to describe the current structure of public health nursing in state health departments in the United States, and to note whether this structure had changed over the last 5 years. Data were collected through a survey sent to each of the 50 U.S. State Health Departments. Forty-eight percent of the 50 states responded to the survey. From the results, we can conclude that there is currently no uniform description of what states expect of their state nurse directors, even though these individuals lead the largest portion of the public health workforce. The public and the public health system place a large, but often unwritten and unspoken, expectation on public health nurse leaders, but in recent years erosion has occurred in public health nursing in many states. Public health nursing is well positioned to provide leadership under health care reform. The challenge now facing public health nursing leaders is to maintain or create the infrastructure, as well as the organizational culture, to maximize these opportunities.
Governance in a global economy : political authority in transition

List of Contributors vii Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Globalization and Governance by Miles Kahler and David A. Lake 1 Part 1. Globalization and Changing Locations of Governance Chapter 2: The Leverage of Economic Theories: Explaining Governance in an Internationalized Industry by Lisa L. Martin 33 Chapter 3: Political Integration and Disintegration in the Global Economy by Michael J. Hiscox 60 Chapter 4: Globalization and Fiscal Decentralization by Geoffrey Garrett and Jonathan Rodden 87 Chapter 5: Globalization and Demands for Regional Autonomy in Europe by Pieter Van Houten 110 Chapter 6: Monetary Governance in a World of Regional Currencies by Benjamin J. Cohen 136 Chapter 7: Governing Global Financial Markets: International Responses to the Hedge-Fund Problem by Barry Eichengreen 168 Chapter 8: Public and Private Governance in Setting International Standards by Walter Mattli 199 Chapter 9: Globalization and Industry Self-Regulation by Virginia Haufler 226 Part 2. Convergence in National Governance Chapter 10: International Capital Mobility and National Policy Divergence by Ronald Rogowski 255 Chapter 11: Globalization and Policy Diffusion: Explaining Three Decades of Liberalization by Beth A. Simmons and Zachary Elkins 275 Chapter 12: Corporate Governance: Global Markets, National Politics by Peter Gourevitch 305 Chapter 13: Globalization, Institutions, and Convergence: Fiscal Adjustment in Europe by Kathleen R. McNamara 332 Part 3. Democratic Deficits and the Problem of Accountability Chapter 14: Democracy, Accountability, and Rights in Supranational Governance by James A. Caporaso 361 Chapter 15: Redefining Accountability for Global Governance Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 386 Chapter 16: Globalization and Changing Patterns of Political Authority by Miles Kahler and David A. Lake 412 References 439 Index 481
KJS: a complete formal semantics of JavaScript

This paper presents KJS, the most complete and throughly tested formal semantics of JavaScript to date. Being executable, KJS has been tested against the ECMAScript 5.1 conformance test suite, and passes all 2,782 core language tests. Among the existing implementations of JavaScript, only Chrome V8's passes all the tests, and no other semantics passes more than 90%. In addition to a reference implementation for JavaScript, KJS also yields a simple coverage metric for a test suite: the set of semantic rules it exercises. Our semantics revealed that the ECMAScript 5.1 conformance test suite fails to cover several semantic rules. Guided by the semantics, we wrote tests to exercise those rules. The new tests revealed bugs both in production JavaScript engines (Chrome V8, Safari WebKit, Firefox SpiderMonkey) and in other semantics. KJS is symbolically executable, thus it can be used for formal analysis and verification of JavaScript programs. We verified non-trivial programs and found a known security vulnerability.
Pregnancy Following Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity: Effect of Surgery-to-Conception Interval on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes

Conception is discouraged during the period of maximal weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) because of speculative maternal and fetal concerns. We therefore performed a retrospective cohort study of obstetrical and neonatal outcomes by surgery-to-conception interval. Women with RYGB were stratified into two groups by surgery-to-conception interval of ≤18 or >18 months. Pregnancy and newborn outcomes excluding miscarriages were compared using the chi-square or unpaired t-test for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Twenty subjects conceived ≤18 months (11.4 ± 5.0) and 32 conceived >18 months (47.5 ± 41) after RYGB, p < .05. Maternal age, parity, body mass index, and weight gain were similar by group. There were no statistically significant differences in adverse obstetrical outcomes (preterm premature membrane rupture, gestational diabetes, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm or post-term delivery) or adverse newborn outcomes (5-min Apgar score < 7, intensive care admission, or birth defect). Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes are similar in women conceiving during or after the period of maximal weight loss following RYGB.
Assertion-Based Validation of Modified Programs

Assertions are used to detect incorrect program behavior during testing and debugging. Assertions when combined with automated test data generation may increase the confidence that certain types of faults are not present in the program. If the test data generation process is not able to violate an assertion, a developer may have confidence that the fault "captured" by the assertion is not present. We refer to this process as an assertion-based validation. Assertion-based validation may be very expensive especially when a large number of assertions are present in a program. During maintenance, after a modification is made to the program, all unchanged assertions need to be revalidated to make sure that certain types of faults are present. In this paper we present an approach that may reduce the cost of assertion-based revalidation after modifications are made to the program by identifying assertions that need to be revalidated or only partially revalidated. The presented approach is based on program dependence analysis and testability transformation. The results of a small case study indicate that the presented approach may significantly reduce the effort during the process of assertion-based revalidation.
Interactive Guided Imagery SM as a Way to Access Patient Strengths During Cancer Treatment

In cancer care, there are 2 complementary goals of treatment: eliminating cancer cells and supporting the well-being and healing abilities of the patient. Interactive Guided Imagery(sm)(IGI) can be used to help the patient access inner strengths and resources when high anxiety levels may make that difficult. Three brief cases illustrate the use of IGI to help patients access a "big picture" perspective on their treatment and healing path; to find strength to persevere in their treatment course; and to help make a difficult decision. In all 3 cases, there are multiple personal benefits of the imagery that continued to be of importance throughout the course of each patient's treatment.
Habitat associations of saproxylic beetles in the southeastern United States: A comparison of forest types, tree species and wood postures.

Abstract Saproxylic beetles are highly sensitive to forest management practices that reduce the abundance and variety of dead wood. However, this diverse fauna continues to receive little attention in the southeastern United States even though this region supports some of the most diverse, productive and intensively managed forests in North America. In this replicated three-way factorial experiment, we investigated the habitat associations of saproxylic beetles on the coastal plain of South Carolina. The factors of interest were forest type (upland pine-dominated vs. bottomland hardwood), tree species (Quercus nigra L., Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and wood posture (standing and downed dead wood, i.e., snags and logs). Wood samples were taken at four positions along each log and snag (lower bole, middle bole, upper bole and crown) ∼11 months after the trees were killed and placed in rearing bags to collect emerging beetles. Overall, 33,457 specimens from 52 families and ≥250 species emerged. Based on an analysis of covariance, with surface area and bark coverage as covariates, saproxylic beetle species richness differed significantly between forest types as well as between wood postures. There were no significant interactions. Species richness was significantly higher in the upland pine-dominated stand than the bottomland hardwood forest, possibly due to higher light exposure and temperature in upland forests. Although L. styraciflua yielded more beetle species (152) than either Q. nigra (122) or P. taeda (125), there were no significant differences in species richness among tree species. There were also no relationships evident between relative tree abundance and observed or expected beetle species richness. Significantly more beetle species emerged from logs than from snags. However snags had a distinct fauna including several potential canopy specialists. Our results suggest that conservation practices that retain or create entire snags as opposed to high stumps or logs alone will most greatly benefit saproxylic beetles in southeastern forests.
Stroke and Neurovascular Protection

In stroke, a complex of neurons, the microvessels that supply them, and the supportive cells may be a target of ischemic injury. Dr. Gregory del Zoppo writes that effective therapies for ischemic stroke may need to provide protection to the entire neurovascular unit.
Predatory States and Failing States: An Agency Perspective ∗

In any non-trivial state, policies decided at the top levels of government are administered by middle-level bureaucrats. I examine whether this agency problem can contribute to explaining state failure in matters of provision of public goods. I find some theoretical arguments to support the view that failure is more likely in states whose top rulers have predatory motives. When the bureaucrats’ cost of providing the public good is their private information, rulers must give them incentive rents to achieve truthful revelation. Predatory rulers are less willing to part with such rents; therefore they tolerate more downward distortion in the provision of public goods to reduce the required rent-sharing. When the bureaucrats’ actions are also unobservable, there is a synergistic interaction between more benevolent rulers and more caring or professional bureaucrats. However, these effects manifest themselves differently and to different degrees under different conditions of information. Therefore precise explanations or predictions in individual instances require context-specific analyses.
Physiological Mechanisms of Regulating Alloimmunity: Cytokines, CTLA-4, CD25+ Cells, and the Alloreactive T Cell Clone Size

The mechanisms underlying physiological regulation of alloimmune responses remain poorly defined. We investigated the roles of cytokines, CTLA-4, CD25(+) T cells, and apoptosis in regulating alloimmune responses in vivo. Two murine cardiac transplant models were used, B10.D2 (minor mismatch) and C57BL/6 (major mismatch), into BALB/c recipients. Recipients were wild type, STAT4(-/-) (Th1 deficient), or STAT6(-/-) (Th2 deficient) mice. Minor mismatched allografts were accepted spontaneously in approximately 70% of wild type and STAT4(-/-) mice. By contrast, there was significantly shorter graft survival in minor mismatched STAT6(-/-) mice. Either the adoptive transfer of STAT4(-/-) splenocytes or the administration of IL-4Fc fusion protein into STAT6(-/-) mice resulted in long term graft survival. Blocking CTLA-4 signaling accelerated the rejection in all recipients, but was more pronounced in the minor combination. This was accompanied by an increased frequency of alloreactive T cells. Furthermore, CTLA-4 blockade regulated CD4(+) or CD8(+) as well as Th1 or Th2 alloreactive T cells. Finally, while anti-CD25 treatment prolonged graft survival in the major mismatched combination, the same treatment accelerated graft rejection in the minor mismatched group. The latter was associated with an increased frequency of alloreactive T cells and inhibition of T cell apoptosis. These data demonstrate that cytokine regulation, CTLA-4 negative signaling, and T cell apoptosis play critical roles in regulating alloimmunity, especially under conditions where the alloreactive T cell clone size is relatively small.
A Prototype for 3-D Hand Tracking and Posture Estimation

In this paper, we explain our experience in designing a prototype for 3-D hand tracking and dynamic gesture recognition. Our objective is to be able to continuously visually track the hand in a general background and to be able to recognize dynamic gestures in real time. The constraints and the conditions for our system to justify our approach are generic nonrestricted environment and generic nonspecific application. Our prototype has undergone several stages-from simulation to three different cycles of development and testing. We also present a road map for future development to reach the final goal.
Sonographic evaluation of Lisfranc ligament injuries.

Objective. This study characterized the sonographic appearances of Lisfranc injuries. Methods. Sonography reports (2000–2007) were searched for “Lisfranc,” resulting in 10 patients. Sonographic images of affected and asymptomatic contralateral feet were reviewed, recording the thickness of the dorsal ligament between the first (medial) cuneiform (C1) and second metatarsal (M2) ligaments, distance between C1 and M2, and change in this distance with weight bearing, hyperemia, and fractures. Correlations were made to clinical, surgical, and other imaging findings. Results. In 5 asymptomatic feet, the dorsal C1-M2 ligament was 0.9 to 1.2 mm thick, and the C1-M2 distance was 0.5 to 1 mm. Of the symptomatic feet, 1 group (n = 3) had normal sonographic findings (thickness, 0.9–1.1 mm; distance, 0.6–0.7 mm; all had normal radiographic findings and follow-up, and 1 had normal magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] findings). Another group (n = 3) had abnormal hypoechogenicity and thickening of the dorsal C1-M2 ligament (1.4–2.3 mm), a normal C1-M2 distance (0.6–0.7 mm), and no widening with weight bearing (1 of 1), consistent with a ligament sprain (1 had normal computed tomographic [CT] findings, and all had uneventful follow-up). The third group (n = 4) had nonvisualization of the dorsal C1-M2 ligament, an increased C1-M2 distance of 2.5 to 3.1 mm, and further widening with weight bearing (3 of 4) from Lisfranc ligament disruption (shown at surgery in 2, MRI in 1, and CT in 1). Conclusions. Nonvisualization of the dorsal C1-M2 ligament and a C1-M2 distance of 2.5 mm or greater were indirect signs of a Lisfranc ligament tear. Dynamic evaluation with weight bearing showed widening of the space between C1 and M2. Key words: foot; ligament; sonography; trauma.
The effects of high-fat diet, branched-chainamino acids and exercise on female C57BL/6 mouse Achilles tendon biomechanical properties.

Objectives The goals of this study were: 1) to determine if high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in female mice would negatively impact biomechanical and histologic consequences on the Achilles tendon and quadriceps muscle; and 2) to investigate whether exercise and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation would affect these parameters or attenuate any negative consequences resulting from HFD consumption. Methods We examined the effects of 16 weeks of 60% HFD feeding, voluntary exercise (free choice wheel running) and BCAA administration in female C57BL/6 mice. The Achilles tendons and quadriceps muscles were removed at the end of the experiment and assessed histologically and biomechanically. Results HFD feeding significantly decreased the Achilles tendon modulus without histological alterations. BCAA administration significantly decreased the stiffness of Achilles tendons in the exercised normal diet mice. Exercise partially ameliorated both the weight gain and glucose levels in the HFD-fed mice, led to a significant decrease in the maximum load of the Achilles tendon, and an increase in the average fibril diameter of the quadriceps femoris muscle. There were significant correlations between body weight and several biomechanical properties, demonstrating the importance of controlling obesity for maintaining healthy tendon properties. Conclusions In summary, this study showed a significant impact of obesity and body weight on tendon biomechanical properties with limited effects of exercise and BCAAs. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:186–92.
Electron stains. I. Chemical studies on the interaction of DNA with uranyl salts.

Chemical studies have been carried out on the interaction of DNA with uranyl salts. The effect of variations in pH, salt concentration, and structural integrity of the DNA on the stoichiometry of the salt-substrate complex have been investigated. At pH 3.5 DNA interacts with uranyl ions in low concentration yielding a substrate metal ion complex with a UO2++/P mole ratio of about ½ and having a large association constant. At low pH's (about 2.3) the mole ratio decreases to about ⅓. Destruction of the structural integrity of the DNA by heating in HCHO solutions leads to a similar drop in the amount of metal ion bound. Raising the pH above 3.5 leads to an apparent increase in binding as does increasing the concentration of the salt solution. This additional binding has a lower association constant. Under similar conditions DNA binds about seven times more uranyl ion than bovine serum albumin, indicating useful selectivity in staining for electron microscopy.
Examining Health Care Costs: Opportunities to Provide Value in the Intensive Care Unit

As health care costs threaten the economic stability of American society, increasing pressures to focus on value-based health care have led to the development of protocols for fast-track cardiac surgery and for delirium management. Critical care services can be led by anesthesiologists with the goal of improving ICU outcomes and at the same time decreasing the rising cost of ICU medicine.
The Use of Suction Cup Lysimeters for Monitoring the Nutritional Status of Container Substrate for Optimum Growth of Willow Oak

Abstract As container size and subsequent weight increase, extracting substrate solution for mineral nutrient analysis becomes difficult. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine, using suction cup lysimeters (SCLs) to obtain the substrate solution, the electrical conductivity (EC) level associated with optimal growth of containerized willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). Two-year-old trees were grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers and fertilized with either 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 g (0, 1.8, 3.5, 5.3, 7.0, 8.8, or 10.5 oz) Osmocote Plus Northern 15N–3.9P–9.8K per container. Plant height and trunk diameter were measured at the beginning and end of the growing season. Leaf samples were taken at the conclusion of the study for mineral nutrient analysis. Growth was optimal at 200 g (7 oz) Osmocote per container and corresponded with a seasonal mean EC level of 0.5 dS/m. SCLs were an effective method of extracting solution for EC monitoring from large containers.
A comprehensive clinical competency-based assessment in periodontics

Traditional periodontics clinical examinations in dental education frequently assess a narrow set of clinical skills and do not adequately assess the ability of students to independently manage a periodontal patient. As an alternative, the authors developed a comprehensive periodontics competency case experience (CCCE) for senior dental students and surveyed students regarding their experience with the CCCE. Students challenging the CCCE must treat a patient with moderate periodontitis and must independently decide when a state of periodontal and oral health has been achieved. Students are also required to conduct an oral presentation to periodontology faculty. Dental students who completed the CCCE had a favourable impression of the experience, compared with the traditional clinical examinations taken in the junior year. The majority of students rated all the components of the CCCE as ‘somewhat’ or ‘very helpful’. About 72.4% of students felt that being able to work independently on the examination was very helpful for learning about the clinical management of patients with periodontal disease, followed by ‘simulation of care in private practice’ (65.5%), and oral photography experience (55.2%). The greatest difficulty reported by students was finding an acceptable patient. About 62.1% of students rated ‘finding the right patient’ as very difficult. Students reported having to screen a mean of 5.9 patients (SD: 4.5) to find a qualified patient. The results of the survey will be useful in improving the examination as an assessment tool in periodontal therapy.
SPIN-ENSEMBLE DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY FOR INHOMOGENEOUS QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS

We have developed an ensemble density-functional theory that includes spin degrees of freedom for nonuniform quantum Hall systems. We have applied this theory using a local-spin-density approximation to study the edge reconstruction of parabolically confined quantum dots. For a Zeeman splitting below a certain critical value, the edge of a completely polarized maximum density droplet reconstructs into a spin-unpolarized structure. For larger Zeeman splittings, the edge remains polarized and develops an exchange hole.
On the Harmony of Business Ethics and Feminist Ethics

If business requires ethical solutions that are viable in the liminal landscape between concepts and corporate office, then business ethics and corporate social responsibility should offer tools that can survive the trek, that flourish in this well-traveled, but often unarticulated, environment. Indeed, feminist ethics produces, accesses, and engages such tools. However, work in BE and CSR consistently conflates feminist ethics and feminine ethics and care ethics. I offer clarification and invoke the analytic power of three feminist ethicists 'in action' whose investigations into the "grey zones" of harms; identity and representational conventions; and "asymmetrical reciprocity" harmonize with business ethics' requirements.
Diagnostic Ultrasonography of an Ankle Fracture Undetectable by Conventional Radiography: A Case Report.

Objective The purpose of this study is to present diagnostic ultrasonography assessment of an occult fracture in a case of persistent lateral ankle pain.
The Growing Demand for Energy and Ethanol’s Role

With growing demand for fuel ethanol production has become a large player in the market. This study evaluates the efficient usage of corn as well as how ethanol has contributed to the US economy.
Requirements for the Essential Dietary Amino Acids of Larvae of the Rice Weevil 12

The requirements of larvae of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), for 8 rat-essential amino acids were determined in a cornstarch-based diet using a mixture of 15 amino acids. With a total amino acid level of 5.0%, the lowest concentrations that gave growth rates comparable to those obtained on the standard 15 amino acid diet were: L-arginine, 0.15%; L-histidine, 0.12%; L-isoleucine, 0.20%; L-Ieucine, 0.40%; L-threonine, 0.15%; L-tryptophane, 0.04%; and L-valine, 0.18%. A strict requirement for phenylalanine could not be demonstrated with this diet. Compared to development on a wheat germ diet and the standard 15 amino acid diet, the growth rates were slower and the pupae were smaller on a diet in which all of the essential amino acids in a 15 amino acid mixture were at their minimal levels.
Surgical therapy of soft tissue sarcomas II. Sarcomas of the extremities and their surgical resection

In the past, the rate of amputation for soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities was 40-50%. In recent years this rate has declined to about 50%. The improved rate of limb salvage with improved rates of local control, compared to those of the past, has been due to the development of surgical techniques allowing often satisfactory resection with limb preservation and to the use of adjuvant radiation in the presence of inadequate surgical margins. Below, the surgical techniques of limb preservation, as well as those or the major amputations are described.
Cervical spine injuries.

Drs. Jackson and Lohr review such skeletal injuries as fractures, dislocations and subluxations, cervical disk herniation, degenerative disks, and “stingers.” Cervical strains and sprains are also discussed, and evaluation of cervical injuries and immobilization and transportation of the injured player are other topics covered.
The quantum hall regime as viewed with Raman spectroscopy below T=1 K

Inelastic light scattering in magnetic fields to B=30 tesla and temperatures down to T=0.1 K have recently become practical through the use of optical fibers.1 This has given us the opportunity to optically study the regime of the integer and fractional quantum Hall effect and the electron solid in two-dimensional electron systems. In general terms, the effect of the high magnetic field is to confine the kinetic energy of electrons to localized cyclotron orbits. Then, with the additional constraint of low temperatures the electrons are allowed to interact collectively.
Raising bloody hell: Inciting menstrual panics through campus and community activism

When I teach a course called “Gender, Bodies, and Health,” designed to explore topics that include everything from pregnancy and domestic violence to orgasm and food politics, nothing provokes more disgust, hostility, and discomfort than the week on menstruation. Male students have left the class on the first day when I merely mention that we will study menstruation in the second week; women often gaze uncomfort- ably down at the syllabus and have later characterized menstruation as a topic they do not discuss. Certainly, the panics that surround men- struation have long rendered the menstruating body shameful, taboo, silent, and even pathological. From the historic separation of women’s menstruating bodies into “menstrual huts” (Guterman, Mehta, and Gibbs 2008) to the pervasive insistence upon the (pre)menstruating body as disordered (for example, PMDD, accusations of women “on the rag” when they express anger, etc.), women have had to confront their internalized body shame and cultural expectations for the absence of menstruation for some time.
Development of anatomically realistic PET and PET/CT phantoms with rapid prototyping technology

The utility of PET and PET/CT in research and diagnosis of cancer, cardiac and neurological disorders has been widely demonstrated. Phantoms with well defined geometries that accurately model radiolabeled tracer concentrations and photon attenuation coefficients are suited for characterization of imaging systems, but not as well suited for evaluating methods sensitive to detailed anatomical structure, such as algorithms for monitoring tumor response. An ideal phantom would have the shape and activity distribution of a realistic tumor and would be useful in evaluation of automated image analysis systems. Such a phantom, imaged at sites involved in clinical trials, would be valuable for evaluating consistency and accuracy. We have developed a method of creating such phantoms by incorporating radioactive tracer as dye for a cellulose powder based rapid prototyping system. This allows us to create phantoms with spatial resolution limited only by the stereolithography printer system (slice thickness is 0.18 mm, printing resolution is 600 dpi). We have evaluated the method by printing several small phantoms with 18F and measuring activity in a gamma counter. The relative standard deviation of the activity of multiple identical phantoms was 2%. Activity in unlabeled parts was less than 2% of adjacent labeled regions. We have created and printed realistic phantoms based on the SPL human brain atlas [1,2], the Paxinos & Watson rat brain atlas [3] and from PET/CT images of human lung nodules, showing that this is a practical method for making complex radioactive phantoms that model real anatomy. We are proceeding with further development to allow us to produce phantoms with multiple activity concentrations, tunable photon attenuation coefficients and long lived isotopes.
Robotic Hernia Repair

The use of the da Vinci robot for inguinal and ventral hernia repair has exponentially increased over the last five years. This increase is occurring in spite of historical cost analyses showing robotic surgery to be cost prohibitive for other general surgery procedures. Specific data regarding outcomes and cost analysis for hernia is lacking. The increase in robotic hernia repairs is likely related to intangible factors such as enhanced visualization, articulating instruments, and hospital resources. Further study of robotic hernia repair is needed prospectively as its use increases to delineate the true benefits.
A power-responsibility equilibrium framework for fairness: Understanding consumers' implicit privacy concerns for location-based services

Abstract Location-based services rely on geospatial technologies that involve data that offer information of a prosocial nature – such as a nearby highway closure. The objective of this mixed method research is to examine consumers' concerns about privacy and fairness that pertain to these services. The basis for this research is the theory on the power-responsibility equilibrium. Study 1 qualitatively examines 332 comments; Study 2 uses a quantitative structural equation model with a sample of 291 non-students. Our findings indicate that fairness perceptions of privacy-related policies are enhanced when a consumer has a higher internal locus of control, higher attitude toward the communication, and lower level of privacy concern.
β-SiH-Containing Tris(silazido) Rare-Earth Complexes as Homogeneous and Grafted Single-Site Catalyst Precursors for Hydroamination

A series of homoleptic rare-earth silazido compounds and their silica-grafted derivatives were prepared to compare spectroscopic and catalytic features under homogeneous and interfacial conditions. Trivalent tris(silazido) compounds Ln{N(SiHMe2)tBu}3 (Ln = Sc (1), Y (2), Lu (3)) are prepared in high yield by salt metathesis reactions. Solution-phase and solid-state characterization of 1–3 by NMR and IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveals Ln↼H–Si interactions. These features are retained in solvent-coordinated 2·Et2O, 2·THF, and 3·THF. The change in spectroscopic features characterizing the secondary interactions (νSiH, 1JSiH) from the unactivated SiH in the silazane HN(SiHMe2)tBu follows the trend 3 > 2 > 1 ≈ 2·Et2O > 2·THF ≈ 3·THF. Ligand lability follows the same pattern, with Et2O readily dissociating from 2·Et2O while THF is displaced only during surface grafting reactions. 1 and 2·THF graft onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to give Ln{N(SiHMe2)tBu}n@MSN (Ln = Sc (1@MSN), Y (2@MSN)) al...
Prevalence of preterm, low birthweight, and small for gestational age delivery after breast cancer diagnosis: a population-based study.

Black-white disparities in breast cancer incidence rates and birth outcomes raise concerns about potential disparities in the reproductive health of premenopausal breast cancer survivors. We examined the prevalence of preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA) by breast cancer history and effect modification by race. We analyzed linked North Carolina birth records and Central Cancer Registry files from 1990 to 2009 (n = 2,325,229). We used multivariable negative log-binomial regression to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between breast cancer history and PTB, LBW, and SGA. Of 1,912,269 eligible births, 512 births were to mothers with a previous breast cancer diagnosis history. Average age at breast cancer diagnosis was 31.8 years (SD = 4.7). Mean time from diagnosis to delivery was 3.3 years (SD = 2.8). After multivariable adjustment, the PR was 1.67 (95% CI, 1.42–1.97) for PTB, 1.50 (95% CI, 1.23–1.84) for LBW, and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.05–1.61) for SGA comparing women with a breast cancer history to the general population. Among black mothers, the PRs associated with breast cancer history for PTB, LBW, and SGA were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.00–1.72), 1.49 (95% CI, 1.14–1.94), and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.11–1.87), respectively. The corresponding PRs among white mothers were 2.06 (95% CI, 1.67–2.54), 1.53 (95% CI, 1.12–2.08), and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.77–1.58), respectively. The interaction between breast cancer history and race was statistically significant for associations with PTB, but not for LBW or SGA. In our data, women with a breast cancer history were at higher risk of delivering a PTB, LBW, or SGA infant, especially if they received chemotherapy or gave birth within 2 years of their breast cancer diagnosis date.
Undifferentiated Gender Role Orientation, Drinking Motives, and Increased Alcohol Use in Men and Women

ABSTRACTBackground: Alcohol misuse has historically affected men more than women. However, the differences in drinking behaviors across sex have steadily decreased over time and accumulating research suggests that gender role orientation, or culturally scripted gender-specific characteristics, and negative reinforcement drinking motives may better explain risk for alcohol use and related problems than sex. Objectives: The current study tested a mediational model of the undifferentiated orientation (low masculinity and low femininity), an oft neglected orientation despite evidence that it could carry much weight in drinking behaviors, versus the other three gender role orientations, coping and conformity drinking motives, and hazardous alcohol use. Method: Participants were 426 current drinkers over age 21 (41% men; 77.8% Caucasian; Mage = 34.5, range = 21–73) residing across the United States who completed an online survey. Results: Structural equation modeling analyses suggested that individuals with an ...
An Unusual Form of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Characertized by a Platelet Activating IgG Antibody.

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is classically a disorder of accelerated platelet clearance and ineffective platelet production due to antibodies directed against common platelet membrane glycoproteins. The most common clinical manifestation of severe thrombocytopenia is bleeding. We report an unusual case of ITP in a 49 y.o. female with a 4 year history of thrombocytopenia, venous and arterial thrombosis secondary to a platelet activating IgG antibody. The patient was referred to one of the authors (HAL) for a second opinion with a diagnosis of ITP and a history of venous and arterial thrombosis. On presentation the patient was noted to have a platelet count of 34 × 10 9 /L, a decreased fibrinogen of 128 mg/dL and D-dimers of greater than 4000 ng/ml. A diagnosis of chronic DIC was made and the patient was treated with therapeutic doses of LMW heparin resulting in an increase in her fibrinogen to 260 mg/dL, reduction in her D-dimers to 9 /L. An extensive clinical and laboratory evaluation, included screening for occult malignancy, cavernous hemangioma, antiphospholipid antibodies, dysfibrinogenemia, inhibitory antibodies against protein C and S, failed to disclose an etiology for her chronic consumptive coagulopathy. After 2 months of LMWH therapy the patient had a progressive drop in her platelet count to 9 /L without evidence of recurrent coagulopathy. The patient’s thrombocytopenia was refractory to corticosteroids, Rituxan, azathioprine, cyclosporine, but responsive to IVIG. When the patients LMW heparin was stopped, the patient had evidence of a recurrence of her DIC as defined by an increase in her D-dimer and decreased fibrinogen. The patient underwent an open splenectomy which was complicated by portal vein and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis requiring catheter directed fibrinolysis and reinstitution of LMW heparin therapy. Repeated ELISA and functional assays for heparin induced thrombocytopenia were negative. However, the patient’s heat inactivated plasma and serum were shown to induce spontaneous aggregation. Patient IgG was subsequently isolated by staph A chromatography and found to be a potent inducer of platelet aggregation. Platelet specific IgG was further isolated from the patient’s IgG by affinity chromatography on a column of solubilized platelet membrane proteins. The affinity isolated antibody was then analyzed by the Western blotting using solubilized platelet membranes. Patient antibody was found to react with a 50 kD platelet membrane protein which has yet to be fully characterized. At the present time the patient remains on LMW heparin, but requires frequent infusions of IVIG to maintain platelet counts above 30 × 10 9 /L. We are aware of only one other reported case of a spontaneous platelet activating antibody and no other case characterized by chronic DIC.
Multifunctional Micro- and Nanoparticles

Abstract The advancement of nanotechnology in the field of medicine and drug delivery has led to the development of many innovative strategies for accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of clinical conditions, without secondary effects. Multifunctional micro- and nanoparticles provide various functionalities, including imaging, targeting, and therapeutic. These functional moieties can be integrated into the systems to achieve this goal. Multifunctional micro- and nanoparticles also enable simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents as well as imaging and therapeutic agents for real-time observation and evaluation of drug targeting. In this chapter, various micro- and nanocarriers are described. Moreover multifunctional micro-nanoparticle systems featuring a variety of functional moieties for imaging and therapy are also discussed.
Multivariate regression methods for estimating velocity of ictal discharges from human microelectrode recordings.

Objective. Epileptiform discharges, an electrophysiological hallmark of seizures, can propagate across cortical tissue in a manner similar to traveling waves. Recent work has focused attention on the origination and propagation patterns of these discharges, yielding important clues to their source location and mechanism of travel. However, systematic studies of methods for measuring propagation are lacking. Approach. We analyzed epileptiform discharges in microelectrode array recordings of human seizures. The array records multiunit activity and local field potentials at 400-micron spatial resolution, from a small cortical site free of obstructions. We evaluated several computationally efficient statistical methods for calculating traveling wave velocity, benchmarking them to analyses of associated neuronal burst firing. Main results. Over 90% of discharges met statistical criteria for propagation across the sampled cortical territory. Detection rate, direction and speed estimates derived from a multiunit estimator were compared to four field potential-based estimators: negative peak, maximum descent, high gamma power, and cross-correlation. Interestingly, the methods that were computationally simplest and most efficient (negative peak and maximal descent) offer non-inferior results in predicting neuronal traveling wave velocities compared to the other two, more complex methods. Moreover, the negative peak and maximal descent methods proved to be more robust against reduced spatial sampling challenges. Using least absolute deviation in place of least squares error minimized the impact of outliers, and reduced the discrepancies between local field potential-based and multiunit estimators. Significance. Our findings suggest that ictal epileptiform discharges typically take the form of exceptionally strong, rapidly traveling waves, with propagation detectable across millimeter distances. The sequential activation of neurons in space can be inferred from clinically-observable EEG data, with a variety of straightforward computation methods available. This opens possibilities for systematic assessments of ictal discharge propagation in clinical and research settings.
On the selection consistency of Bayesian structured variable selection

A Bayesian variable selection framework is considered for analyzing image data. For the spatial dependencies to be modelled among the covariates, an Ising prior is assigned to the binary latent vector γ, which indicates whether a covariate should be selected or not. The selection process, that is, the estimation of γ, can be carried out with Gibbs sampler. Although the model has been used in many scientific applications, no theoretical development has been made. In this article, we established theories on the model selection consistency under mild conditions, which is an important theoretical property for high-dimensional variable selection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rightsizing carbon dioxide removal

Proven approaches for limiting climate change include enhancing energy efficiency, capturing wind and solar energy, decreasing deforestation, and reducing industrial and agricultural emissions. These approaches are increasingly cost-competitive, consistent with large-scale use, and largely supported by public sentiment. Yet, the current pace of their deployment is far from sufficient for holding warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels with high probability, the goal of the Paris Agreement. Two approaches for bridging this gap are widely discussed. First, the rate of decarbonization could be accelerated based on the above approaches. Second, continuing emissions could be compensated by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere ( 1 , 2 ). Technologies for carbon removal are mostly in their infancy, yet are increasingly asserted as key to climate policy. Here, we focus on rightsizing the expectations from carbon dioxide removal (CDR).