cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can clinical prediction rules used in acute pediatric ankle and midfoot injuries be applied to an adult population

Abstract Background Almost every patient who comes to an emergency department (ED) with the chief complaint of ankle or foot pain will receive a radiograph, but less than 15% will have a finding positive for ankle or midfoot fracture. In an effort to reduce the number of radiographs performed, clinicians have attempted to derive a set of maximally sensitive clinical prediction rules. Dayan et al ( Acad Emerg Med . 2004;11(7):736-745) in 2004 derived a set of such rules for children. These rules have not yet been evaluated in the adult population. Objective The objective of this study is to apply the existing clinical prediction rules used to identify children with fractures after twisting injuries of the ankle to a population that includes adults. Methods This was a prospective observational study using convenience sampling. Patients older than 2 years presenting to the ED or associated urgent care center with the chief complaint of an ankle or foot injury were considered eligible for enrollment into the study. After informed consent was obtained, 11 physical examination variables were assessed. Radiographs were obtained and reported, and the radiograph results were noted on the patient's data sheet. Based on the radiograph results, sensitivity and specificity of each of the physical examination variables were analyzed. Results Sixty-eight patients were eligible, and 29 patients were enrolled after exclusion criteria were applied (median age, 34 years). Three patients were diagnosed with a malleolar zone fracture, and 2 patients were diagnosed with a midfoot zone fracture. Five indicators were found to be 100% sensitive for ankle fracture, and 2 indicators were 100% sensitive for midfoot fracture. Conclusions The same indicators found to be predictive of high risk for fracture in a population of pediatric patients were found to be predictive in a population including adults.
pXRF: a study of inter-instrument performance

Abstract Integrating portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrumentation into archaeological investigations has generated as much interest as skepticism because several characteristics of the technique limit analytical accuracy and precision. This paper seeks to explore inter-instrument performance in order to assess the potential pXRF instrumentation has in examining the elemental composition of lithic raw materials. Two pXRF instruments, Delta and Omega models both manufactured by Olympus Innov-X Systems, were utilized to obtain the trace element signatures of five fine-grained volcanic sources and four obsidian sources in the Great Basin. We compared the two portable instruments to a wavelength-dispersive instrument extensively calibrated with geologic standards and to a commercial benchtop energy-dispersive system. Our results suggest that the relationships between the data produced by these different instruments are complex, and as we look to the future of pXRF use in archaeological analysis we argue that that the same strict protocols applied in laboratory-based XRF analyses, involving instrument calibration, evaluation of inter-instrument performance, and comparison to accepted geologic standards, need to be applied in pXRF analysis.
Measuring the Value of Flexibility in Space Systems: A Six-Element Framework

For many engineering systems, flexibility is an important attribute that allows them to adapt to emerging changes. The existence of flexibility can help space systems adapt themselves to internal/external changes, or even take advantage of new possibilities while in space. Given the potential upfront cost of designing an engineering system to be more flexible, there is a need for a comprehensive framework that allows decision-makers to measure the value of flexible systems design in its different dimensions. Based on insights from the flexibility literature, this paper proposes a unified and comprehensive framework for measuring the value of flexibility in space systems based on six fundamental elements through which flexibility in engineering systems can be mapped. While the illustrative case study presented in this paper focuses on the value of flexibility in a space system, DARPA's Orbital Express program, this framework could generally be applicable for many other engineering systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 26–44, 2007
Effects of conscious sedation on patient recall of anxiety and pain after oral surgery.

Objective This study examined the effect of conscious (“moderate”) sedation with amnestic effects and local anesthetic, versus local anesthetic alone, on recall of pain and anxiety related to surgical tooth extraction. Greater anxiety and pain were hypothesized in the local anesthesia–alone group. Study Design Patients undergoing tooth extraction, receiving moderate sedation plus local anesthetic (n = 27) or local anesthetic alone (n = 27), were assessed on trait dental anxiety, preextraction state pain and anxiety, anticipated pain and anxiety, and 1-month recall of pain and anxiety. Results Patients with moderate sedation, compared with those administered only local anesthetic, recalled less procedural pain and anxiety after 1 month. The local anesthetic–alone group reported more preextraction pain and anticipated more procedural anxiety. Conclusions Moderate sedation had the desired effect of lower recalled pain and anxiety associated with extraction, even 1 month later. Anticipating moderate sedation also prompts expectation of less anxiety during the procedure.
Thymocytes, macrophages, and erythrocytes

Abstract Lymphocyte-macrophage and lymphocyte erythrocyte interactions were examined in the 4 homologous and 12 heterologous combinations of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. There was a highly species-specific interaction between thymic lymphocytes (T cells) and homologous peritoneal macrophages. Distinct red cell rosettes were formed only between thymus-derived cells of the guinea pig and rabbit erythrocytes.
The Moral Character of Mad Scientists: A Cultural Critique of Science

The mad scientist stories of fiction and film are exercises in antirationalism, particularly its Gothic horror variant. As such, they convey the argument that rationalist secular science is dangero...
Axis Changes in the Earth from Large Meteorite Collisions

GALLANT1 has evaluated axis change in the Earth caused by collisions of large meteorites. The displacements he estimates, however, are larger than those I published ten years ago2 and more recently with slight modification3. He calculates that a Juno-sized meteorite (about 190 km diam.) colliding at 20 km/sec would cause an axis displacement of 0° 45″. However, by using the correct criterion of interaction of the Earth's angular momentum with the moment of momentum of the colliding body, the actual displacement would be only about 0° 02′. In fact, a bigger body, say 320 km in diameter, colliding at a maximum possible velocity of 72 km/sec would produce only 0° 32′ axis shift despite an energy 75 times the Juno example.
STEREOTYPES OF ACADEMIC MINORITIES

Samples of 68 Home Economics majors and 92 women Physical Education majors were considered as having minority status within the academic community. Adjectives from a 100-adjective list were checked...
"Up-promoter" mutations of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli.

The “up-promoter” mutation, zwfL1, of the constitutive gene (zwf) for glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli (Fraenkel & Banerjee, 1971), has been mapped with respect to point mutations in the structural gene. Both zwfL1 and two other high-level mutations are at one end of the gene. The direction of transcription of zwf is probably counter-clockwise, as the map is usually drawn. The level of expression of zwf in the wild-type is about 0.1 that of fully induced lac, while one of the promoter mutants, zwfL2, increases its rate of expression by 18-fold, giving perhaps the highest rate for any known bacterial gene.
Resveratrol in Peanuts

Peanuts are important dietary food source of resveratrol with potent antioxidant properties implicated in reducing risk of cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease, and delaying aging. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound produced in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper is a review of trans-resveratrol and related stilbenes from peanuts—their chemical structures, mechanisms for their biosynthesis, and concentrations in comparison with other major food sources. It will also discuss trans-resveratrol's absorption, bioavailability, and major health benefits; processes to enhance their biosynthesis in peanuts by biotic and abiotic stresses; process optimization for enhanced levels in peanuts and their potential food applications; and methods used for its extraction and analysis.
HCV drug discovery aimed at viral eradication

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide with nearly 3% of the world population infected by this virus. Fortunately, this virus does not establish latency, and hence it may be possible to eradicate it. HCV is strongly associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and is currently treated with pegylated interferon-alpha (peg-IFN-alpha) and ribavirin. Unfortunately, these limited treatment options often produce significant side effects, and currently, complete eradication of virus with combined drug modalities has not yet been achieved for the majority of chronically HCV-infected individuals. Restricted treatment options, lack of a universal cure for HCV and the link between chronic infection, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma necessitate design of novel drugs and treatment options. Understanding the relationship between the immune response, viral clearance and inhibition of viral replication with pharmacology-based design can ultimately allow for complete eradication of HCV. This review focuses upon significant novel preclinical and clinical specifically targeted antiviral therapy (STAT-C) drugs under development, highlights their mechanism of action, and discusses their impact on systemic viral loads and permanent clearance of infection.
Basalt weathering rates on Earth and the duration of liquid water on the plains of Gusev Crater, Mars

Where Martian rocks have been exposed to liquid water, chemistry versus depth profi les could elucidate both Martian climate history and potential for life. The persistence of primary minerals in weathered profi les constrains the exposure time to liquid water: on Earth, mineral persistence times range from ~10 k.y. (olivine) to ~250 k.y. (glass) to ~1 m.y. ( pyroxene) to ~5 m.y. (plagioclase). Such persistence times suggest mineral persistence minima on Mars. However, Martian solutions may have been more acidic than on Earth. Relative mineral weathering rates observed for basalt in Svalbard (Norway) and Costa Rica demonstrate that laboratory pH trends can be used to estimate exposure to liquid water both qualitatively (mineral absence or presence) and quantitatively (using reactive transport models). Qualitatively, if the Martian solution pH >~2, glass should persist longer than olivine; therefore, persistence of glass may be a pH indicator. With evidence for the pH of weathering, the reactive transport code CrunchFlow can quantitatively calculate the minimum duration of exposure to liquid water consistent with a chemical profi le. For the profi le measured on the surface of the exposed Martian rock known as Humphrey in Gusev Crater, the calculated exposure time is 22 k.y., which is a minimum due to physical erosion. If correct, this estimate is consistent with short-term, episodic alteration accompanied by ongoing surface erosion. More of these depth profi les should be measured to illuminate the weathering history of Mars.
An Algorithmic Approach to Design Exploration

In recent years, the technique of symbolic model checking has proven itself to be extremely useful in the verification of hardware. However, after almost a decade, the use of model checking techniques is still considered complicated, and is mostly practiced by experts. In this paper we address the question of how model checking techniques can be made more accessible to the hardware designer community. We introduce the concept of exploration through model checking, and demonstrate how, when differently tuned, the known techniques can be used to easily obtain interesting traces out of the model, rather than used for the discovery of hard-to-find bugs. We present a set of algorithms, which support the exploration flavor of model checking.
Performance of a CDMA-based satellite communication system with phase noise

In this paper, the impact of phase noise on a CDMA-based satellite communication system is analyzed and simulated. The satellite channel is modeled as combination of Rician fading and shadowed Rayleigh fading channels. The nonlinear Fokker-Planck method is employed to analyze the first-order PLL (phase locked loop) performance. Phase noise is modeled as Tikhonov distribution. The performance is evaluated in terms of bit error probability. The simulation results for BER performance with phase noise are shown in terms of many system parameters such as SNR, the number of users in a beam, and standard deviation of shadowing. From simulation results, it is concluded that the phase noise substantially degrades system performance of the CDMA-based satellite system. This can be interpreted that detection loss (decrease of SNR) due to phase noise leads to degradation of system performance. The considerations in this paper can be applied to a satellite link design for a CDMA-based satellite system.
Morphologic transformation of human breast epithelial cells MCF-10A: dependence on an oxidative microenvironment and estrogen/epidermal growth factor receptors

MCF-10A, immortalized but non-transformed human breast epithelial cells, are widely used in research examining carcinogenesis. The studies presented here were initiated with the observation that MCF-10A cells left in continuous culture for prolonged periods without re-feeding were prone to the development of transformed foci. We hypothesized that the depletion of labile culture components led to the onset of processes culminating in the observed cell transformation. The purpose of this study was to define the factors which promoted transformation of this cell line. Changes in levels of phenol red (PHR), hydrocortisone (HC), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) with or without estrogen treatment indicated that both oxidative stress- and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated pathways contribute to cell transformation. Gene array and Western blotting analyses of cells maintained in our laboratory and of those from other sources documented detectable ERα and ERbeta (ERβ) in this ERα-negative cataloged cell line. Results also indicate the possibility of a direct association of EGF receptor (EGFR) and ERα in these cells as well as the formation and high induction of a novel ternary complex that includes ERβ (ERα/ERβ/EGFR) in cells grown under conditions facilitating transformation. Our studies resulted in the development of a growth protocol where the effects of chronic, physiologically relevant alterations in the microenvironment on cellular transformation were examined. From our results, we were able to propose a model of transformation within the MCF-10A cell line in which oxidative stress, ER and EGFR play essential roles. Overall, our work indicates that the immediate microenvironment of cells exerts powerful growth cues which ultimately determine their transformation potential.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINKE WHALE (BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA) PULSE TRAINS RECORDED NEAR PUERTO RICO

A nine-day acoustic and visual survey was conducted off the West Indies in March 1994 to study the pulse trains that were detected on SOSUS arrays throughout winter in deep water between the West Indies and Bermuda. During the survey, pulse train sounds were consistently recorded in an area 190–350 km northeast of Puerto Rico. Vocalizing animals were never visually observed, but visual sighting conditions were often poor and observation height was low. Pulse trains occurred in two basic forms. The “speed-up” pulse train was characterized by an accelerating series of pulses with energy in the 200–400 Hz band, with individual pulses lasting 40-60 msec. Speedup pulse trains started with average pulse rates of 1.5 pulses/sec, lasted 43.7 ± 6.0 sec, and ended with average pulse rates of 2.8 pulses/sec. The less common “slow-down” pulse train was characterized by a decelerating series of pulses with energy in the 250-350 Hz band. Slow-down pulse trains started at pulse rates averaging 4.5 pulses/sec, lasted 60.9 ± 5.8 sec, and ended with average pulse rates of 2.9 pulses/sec. We believe the recorded pulse trains are from minke whales based on careful reanalysis of, and comparison to, minke whale pulse-train sounds recorded in the Caribbean by Winn and Perkins (1976).
New Jovian ring

We follow the orbital evolution of small dust particles generated from the break up of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9). In addition to the usual perturbations, we also consider electrostatic charging and the consequent magnetospheric effects. We show, that in about ten years following the break up, a small fraction of the dust will settle into orbits well inside the magnetosphere. The forming ring will be comprised of dust particles with radii in the range of 1.5 less than alpha less than 2.5 micrometers that follow retrograde orbits in the radial range of 4.5 less than r less than 6 R(sub J). We estimate the peak optical depth of this new ring in the range of 10(exp -8) less than tau(sub max) less than 2 x 10(exp -6).
Butch Identity Development: The Formation of an Authentic Gender

The present article explores the gender identity development of butch lesbian women, as conveyed in semi-structured interviews. A grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) analysis of the women’s ...
Distinct gene expression patterns in skeletal and cardiac muscle are dependent on common regulatory sequences in the MLC1/3 locus

The myosin light-chain 1/3 locus (MLC1/3) is regulated by two promoters and a downstream enhancer element which produce two protein isoforms in fast skeletal muscle at distinct stages of mouse embryogenesis. We have analyzed the expression of transcripts from the internal MLC3 promoter and determined that it is also expressed in the atria of the heart. Expression from the MLC3 promoter in these striated muscle lineages is differentially regulated during development. In transgenic mice, the MLC3 promoter is responsible for cardiac-specific reporter gene expression while the downstream enhancer augments expression in skeletal muscle. Examination of the methylation status of endogenous and transgenic promoter and enhancer elements indicates that the internal promoter is not regulated in a manner similar to that of the MLC1 promoter or the downstream enhancer. A GATA protein consensus sequence in the proximal MLC3 promoter but not the MLC1 promoter binds with high affinity to GATA-4, a cardiac muscle- and gut-specific transcription factor. Mutation of either the MEF2 or GATA motifs in the MLC3 promoter attenuates its activity in both heart and skeletal muscles, demonstrating that MLC3 expression in these two diverse muscle types is dependent on common regulatory elements.
Detection and monitoring of pink bollworm moths and invasive insects using pheromone traps and encounter rate models

Summary 1. The pink bollworm moth Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests in agriculture. An ongoing eradication program using a combination of sex pheromone monitoring and mating disruption, irradiated sterile moth releases, genetically modified Bt cotton and local insecticide applications have all but exterminated the pink bollworm from the south-western USA and portions of northern Mexico. However, the continued threat of reinvasion from Mexico reinforces the need to improve pheromone-based monitoring. Invasions from other parts of the world such as India, where resistance to single-gene transgenic Bt cotton has evolved, further heightens the need for better monitoring strategies. 2. The mean flight height and standard deviation (SD) of the vertical flight distribution of pink bollworm males were estimated from catches on transparent sticky cylinder traps baited with synthetic pheromone at several heights above-ground. An effective attraction radius (EAR) of a standard pheromone lure was estimated from male moth catches on the pheromone-baited sticky traps and many similar blank traps. The circular EARc was estimated from the spherical EAR and SD. 3. The EAR of a pheromone lure for pink bollworm was 1� 03 m, and the EARc was 2� 61 m. The mean flight height of males was 0� 82 m, and the vertical flight distribution SD was 0� 26 m. 4. A computer program simulated male moth movement and capture on various numbers of traps of EARc distributed over areas of 1–100 km 2 . The simulated catch results were comparable to predictions using the EARc with modified encounter rate equations of Royama and Rogers. The encounter rate equations were solved for initial populations of male moths in the regions, and Poisson statistics were used to calculate population confidence limits. 5. Synthesis and applications. Encounter rate models and Poisson methods can be used to determine levels of pheromone trap densities that are likely to detect and estimate low population levels of resident or invasive pink bollworms and many other pest insect species.
Dynamic reflectivity switching of infrared lasers by an inhomogeneous plasma

The effect of an inhomogeneous electron-hole plasma in a semiconductor on the reflection properties at the infrared is theoretically investigated. For an exponential density profile, it is shown that enhanced dynamic reflectivity diminishes significantly for relatively shallow plasma depths. These results can be used to design reflection plasma switches for the production of ultrashort infrared-laser pulses.
Encouraging the Cognitive Development of Supervisees: Using Bloom's Taxonomy in Supervision

The article applies Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (B. S. Bloom, M. D. Engelhart, F. J. Furst, W. H. Hill, & D. R. Krathwohl, 1956) to the process of counseling supervision. The taxonomy is provided as a mechanism to help supervisors encourage the growth of cognitive complexity in supervisees. Examples of supervision questions for each level of the taxonomy are provided.
Tocilizumab for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, and role of tocilizumab for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.DATA SOURCES:A literature search via MEDLINE through PubMed (1970-December 2011) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-December 2011) was performed to identify clinical trials and review articles. The key search terms tocilizumab, anti-interleukin 6, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis were used, with several combinations of terms. Bibliographies of selected articles were examined to identify additional references, and ongoing trials were identified through a review of www.clinicaltrials.gov.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Articles were limited to those published in English and studies in humans. Studies included in the review examined pediatric data in systemic and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Background information was obtained through reviews of literature on a wide variety of autoimmune disease states in both adult and pediatric popu...
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Controls Viral Replication and Oncoprotein Expression by Targeting the Cellular Ubiquitin Ligase SCFFbw7

Summary Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) causes an aggressive human skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, through expression of small T (sT) and large T (LT) viral oncoproteins. MCV sT is also required for efficient MCV DNA replication by the multifunctional MCV LT helicase protein. We find that LT is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the cellular SCF Fbw7 E3 ligase, which can be inhibited by sT through its LT-stabilization domain (LSD). Consequently, sT also stabilizes cellular SCF Fbw7 targets, including the cell-cycle regulators c-Myc and cyclin E. Mutating the sT LSD decreases LT protein levels and eliminates synergism in MCV DNA replication as well as sT-induced cell transformation. SCF Fbw7 knockdown mimics sT-mediated stabilization of LT, but this knockdown is insufficient to fully reconstitute the transforming activity of a mutant LSD sT protein. Thus, MCV has evolved a regulatory system involving SCF Fbw7 that controls viral replication but also contributes to host cell transformation.
Effects of lersivirine on canine and rodent thyroid function.

Lersivirine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) being developed for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Like other NNRTIs, lersivirine is a potent enzyme inducer in rodents cap...
To err is human: Embarrassment, attachment, and communication apprehension

This study examines the types of situations, or triggers, which cause embarrassment and their relationship with attachment and communication apprehension. Two embarrassment measures were compared: Modiglianis (1968) embarrassability scale and Sabini, Siepmann, Stein, and Meyerowitz (2000) embarrassment questionnaire. Participants (N = 350) completed embarrassment and personality measures. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted. All embarrassment measures were related to communication apprehension and the anxious attachment dimension, but not the avoidant attachment dimension. Not surprisingly, all embarrassment measures were significantly positively correlated with one another. The Center of Attention embarrassment trigger significantly predicted communication apprehension above and beyond the other embarrassment measures in the regression model. In contrast, Faux Pas and Sticky Situations embarrassment triggers were independently associated with anxious attachment. The implications for the conceptualization and measurement of embarrassment are discussed. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Health Utility Measures and the Standard Gamble

The standard gamble is a method used to measure health utilities of varying health states and allow for comparisons across populations and different clinical settings. These health utility scores are useful as measures of outcome for quality of life and applicable to economic evaluation studies. Nonetheless, the measurement process can be cognitively challenging, and controversies remain regarding raters and rating methods.
Silent gout: an unusual presentation in diabetic neuropathy.

Abstract Introduction Foot pathology presents a diagnostic challenge in diabetic patients with co-existent peripheral neuropathy. Pain is a key feature that assists in accurate diagnosis of disease and monitoring response to treatment. Case report We present a 71-year-old gentleman with peripheral neuropathy who reported mild midfoot pain that was associated with bony erosions throughout the midfoot. He had recently undergone amputation of the 5th toe that proved to be associated with staphylococcal infection and a presumptive diagnosis of osteomyelitis was made. Subsequent deep tissue sampling confirmed a diagnosis of severe tophaceous gout that had been masked by his peripheral neuropathy. Discussion This case represents an unusual presentation of gout affecting the midfoot in a diabetic with peripheral neuropathy. It serves as a reminder of the importance of tissue sampling in these cases to confirm diagnosis before a definitive treatment plan is made.
Sexual Dimensions of Person Description: Beyond or Subsumed by the Big Five? ☆

This research was designed to accomplish five goals: (1) to explore the sexual dimensions of person description, (2) to evaluate the psychometric properties of scales derived from the lexicon of sexuality, (3) to detail the links between the sexual lexicon and the five dimensions uncovered by previous lexical researchers, (4) to examine whether additional dimensions beyond the Big Five are needed to incorporate the sexual lexicon, and (5) to discover whether sex differences exist along lexical sexuality dimensions. We found seven sexual dimensions of person description—Sexual Attractiveness, Relationship Exclusivity, Gender Orientation, Sexual Restraint, Erotophilic Disposition, Emotional Investment, and Sexual Orientation—based on self-ratings of 67 sexuality adjectives made by women (n = 217) and men (n = 150) and on observer-ratings of the opposite sex (n = 207). The seven sexuality factor scales displayed moderate to high levels construct validity and were modestly correlated with the Big Five. However, we argue that the sexuality factors are best viewed as a reapportionment of general personality variation along seven sex-specific and evolution-relevant dimensions of individual differences. Finally, significant sex differences existed on four of the seven sexuality factors. Discussion focused on the importance and potential utility of lexical dimensions of sexuality.
Matter-Sector Lorentz Violation in Binary Pulsars

Violations of local Lorentz invariance in the gravitationally coupled matter sector have yet to be sought in strong-gravity systems. We present the implications of matter-sector Lorentz violation for orbital perturbations in pulsar systems and show that the analysis of pulsar data can provide sensitivities to these effects that exceed the current reach of Solar System and laboratory tests by several orders of magnitude.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: No Longer Exclusively a “Neuroleptic” Phenomenon

Objective:To review the literature concerning the incidence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) associated with the use of atypical antipsychotics.Data Sources:Cases were identified through a s...
A Proposal for the Use of Carbon Dioxide in Retail Egg Cartons

Abstract The use of an atmosphere enriched in carbon dioxide to aid in the quality preservation of eggs is well known (Sharp, 1929; Sharp and Stewart, 1931; and others). However, the practice apparently has been applied only to the holding of case lots in cold storage warehouses for periods of three to nine months. The purpose of this study was to test the value and practicability of using carbon dioxide as an aid in preserving the quality of cartoned eggs as they pass through normal market channels. In trial 1, 80 dozen eggs were gathered from the station flock over a three day period and were placed in a room at 50°F. at the end of each day’s collection. On the fourth day the eggs were distributed equally and at random into four groups. Group 1 was cartoned without further treatment in conventional one-dozen size molded cartons. The eggs of group . . .
A Decade of Ethnic Fiction by Jay Neugeboren

Perhaps no other unheralded writer deserves heralding as much as Jay Neugeboren who, between 1966 and 1976, has published four novels, a collection of short stories, and an autobiography. Excerpts from his latest novel, The Stolen Jew, have appeared in several magazines including The Atlantic and Canto. It is not hard to see why his work has not gained a wide readership for it lacks the grand, panoramic scale so appealing today, for example, Haley's Roots and Michener's Chesapeake. Instead, Neugeboren writes in a highly focused manner of New York's Jewish boys and traditionhaunted old Jewish men, of its Black and Puerto Rican streetwise youth, of its bookies and its sports. More significantly, Neugeboren lets his characters tell their own stories in amazingly authentic first person narratives whose "natural" voices come to ring as true and distinctive as that of Huckleberry Finn. This is a major accomplishment today for, as novelist Philip Roth has bitterly observed in a frequently cited article, "the American writer in the middle of the twentieth century has his hands full in trying to understand, and then describe, and then make credible much of the American reality" [Roth's emphasis].1 In his most recent, most successful novel, An Orphan's Tale (1976), Neugeboren makes the characters exceedingly credible, especially, the anxiety ridden condition of his youthful protagonist, Danny Ginsberg. Yet, despite the authenticity of the fictive voices, by the end of the novel the reader is forced into doing a double take as credulity is masterfully shaken. At this point, one realizes that the novel truly is "an orphan's tale," with emphasis shifting from the second to the third word in the title. One is forced back into the text for cautious reappraisal. An Orphan's Tale tells the story of thirteen-year-old Danny Ginsberg, resident of the Maimonides Home for Jewish Boys in Brooklyn. When the book opens the Home houses only fourteen boys and, early in the story, Danny runs away to try to prevent the Home's imminent closing through the intervention of a Maimonides alumnus. An intensely thoughtful but withdrawn youth, Danny plans his escape and the saving of the Home with elaborate but careful ingenuity. To help him save the Home, he seeks out one of its former residents, Charlie Sapistein, whom he knows solely from the many photographs of him decorating the wall of the orphanage. Such a
Infections in Ataxia-Telangiectasia

Immunodeficiency and infections were determined in 100 consecutive patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) seen at the Johns Hopkins Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical Center.
Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone on Immunity Function in Critically Ill Patients

Objective To study the influence of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH) combined with nutrition support on the changes of immunological function of critically ill patients.Methods Sixty critically ill patients were selected from Jan.2009 to Jan.2010,from NICU of Guiyang Children′s Hospital,who were randomly divided into 2 groups:control treatment group(30 cases) and rhGH treatment group(30 cases).These children in 2 groups received similar nutritional intakes(60-80 kcal·kg-1)and standard treament.The patiens in rhGH treatment group were given rhGH(0.1 IU·kg-1 every night,for 7 days).The levels of cellular immunity(CD3,CD4,CD4/CD8,NK cell) and humoral immunity(IgA,IgG,IgM) were detected before and after treatment.Twenty healthy infants were selected as healthy control group,and their immunity and humoral immunity levels were detected.Results 1.The levels of serum CD3,CD8 and NK cell in critically ill pediatric group [(56.04±12.23)%,(21.99±7.25)%,(4.42±2.67)%] were lower than those in healthy control group [(71.57±7.27)%,(28.71±6.02)%,(12.16±6.32)%] before treatment(Pa0.01).Compared with control treatment group [(37.30±10.94)%,(1.47±0.79)%,(3.97±2.85)%],rhGH treatment group had significant increasing of serum CD4,the ratio of CD4/CD8 and NK cells [(50.17±7.71)%,(2.57±0.98)%,(7.72±2.89)%] after treatment(Pa0.05).2.The level of serum CD19 was higher in critically ill group [(37.68±12.47)%] than that in healthy control group [(13.16±5.17)%] before treatment(P0.01).The level of serum CD19 decreased in rhGH treatment group [(20.98±4.59)%] compared with control treatment group [(29.77±13.58)%] after treatment(P0.05).3.The levels of serum IgG,IgA,IgM were lower in critically ill group [(4.39±1.36) g·L-1,(0.24±0.18) g·L-1,(0.57±0.20) g·L-1] than those in healthy control group [(6.28±2.14) g·L-1,(0.37±0.15) g·L-1,(0.78±0.23) g·L-1] before treatment(Pa0.01).Compare control treatment group [(5.18±1.34) g·L-1,(0.29±0.15) g·L-1],rhGH treatment group had significant increasing of serum IgG and IgA [(7.26±1.98) g·L-1,(0.45±0.22) g·L-1] after treatment(Pa0.05).Conclusions The cellar and humoral immune function are inhibited in the critically ill pediatric patients.The combination of nutrition support with rhGH can significantly improve the immunity function in the critically ill pediatric patients.
Fine Study on Reef Reservoir Characteristics and Its Significance of Changxing Formation in Yuanba Area

Changxing Formation of Yuanba Area in northeastern Sichuan is a large reef flat lithologic gas reservoir.The analysis on reef reservoir characteristics of Changxing Formation shows that the main reservoir is Type Ⅱ,Ⅲ reservoirs.In the longitudinal direction,reservoir distributes mainly in the second fourth order cycles of highstand system tract of Chang-2Member,in the plane,TypeⅠ,Ⅱreservoirs of No.Ⅲ,Ⅳreef belt in the northwest are better than No.Ⅰ,Ⅱ reef in the east and it is a high enrichment zone proved by testing result.Reservoir characteristics qualitative analysis shows that both the thick reservoir with good property and the thin reservoir with good reservoir space type are easier to capture high yield commercial gas.Meanwhile,through quantitative regression analysis on porosity parameters testing deliverability using the helium method,kerosene method and logging method,it is pointed out that Yuanba Area is mainly a middle-high gas pool.
Field Examination of the Equine Patient with Nasal Discharge

This article describes the field investigation of horses with nasal discharge (serous, purulent, blood and feed). Flow charts on how to evaluate affected horses, and photographs of the examination procedures and of horses affected with nasal discharge are included.
Improving social media measurement in surveys

Social media measurement relies heavily on self-report survey research. Hence, known biases in how individuals answer survey questions can introduce systematic errors into the social media literature. In particular, many common social media measures are prone to acquiescence response bias, an error that occurs due to individuals' tendency to agree with agree-disagree questions. The current study tests a series of techniques to both detect and overcome acquiescence bias in the context of Facebook measurement. Controlling for individuals' tendency to agree with agree-disagree questions, we find evidence that acquiescence has inflated the reliabilities and factor loadings of many Facebook use scales, and has altered correlations both among Facebook use measures and between those measures and related covariates. Further, when the individual-level tendency to agree with questions is controlled, Facebook measures demonstrate greater criterion validity in their relations to items that do not use agree-disagree scales. Having identified the presence of acquiescent responding, we test three methods for mitigating this response bias: the use of balanced scales, item-specific questions, and statistical correctives. All three methods appear to reduce the bias introduced by acquiescence. Thus, the results provide comparative evidence on strategies to alleviate the consistent impact of an important method bias in social media measurement and thereby contribute to improving the validity of social media research at large. Agree-disagree questions about social media use are prone to acquiescence bias.Acquiescence inflates reliabilities and factor loadings, and alters correlations.Both better design and statistical tools can correct for these biases.There are benefits and limits for each corrective approach.Research would be improved by avoiding agree-disagree questions.
Classification, Etiology, and Genetic Aspects of Craniofacial Anomalies

The shape and function of the cranium and face at birth are the end-products of complex and poorly understood developmental processes. In this article I will attempt first to review normal craniofacial development, believing that this basic information is essential to the understanding of abnormal development. I will then review a scheme of classification of anomalies based on etiologic considerations, illustrating each etiologic factor with conditions encountered in practice. Genetic principles in the etiology of craniofacial anomalies will be emphasized. Because of space constraints, no attempt will be made to catalogue syndromes of craniofacial anomalies. The reader is referred to standard reference texts for such comprehensive listings.
The Pregnant Patient With Asthma

The course of asthma during pregnancy is variable; it may improve, worsen, or remain unchanged. In general, women with severe asthma before pregnancy are more likely to experience worsening of their symptoms during pregnancy. Diagnosis of asthma can be confirmed by the demonstration of reversible airway obstruction by pulmonary function test. Methacholine challenge test and skin testing should be deferred until after childbirth. Avoidance of trigger factors and discontinuation of smoking are particularly beneficial during pregnancy because better control of asthma symptoms can be achieved while reducing the reliance on pharmacotherapy. Pharmacological management of bronchial asthma during pregnancy is not substantially different from the asthma management in patients who are not pregnant. When indicated, systemic corticosteroids should be used for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbation during pregnancy. Although ongoing immunotherapy can be continued at a reduced dosage schedule, it should not be initiated during pregnancy. Open communication between the patient and her physician will improve the patient’s understanding of her asthma care plan and overall outcome.
Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation

Preface 1. Basics and history of discovery of atmospheric chemicals 2. The Sun, the Earth, and the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere 3. Structure and composition of the present-day atmosphere 4. Urban air pollution 5. Aerosol particles in smog and the global environment 6. Effects of meteorology on air pollution 7. Effects of pollution on visibility, UV radiation, and atmosphere optics 8. International regulation of urban smog since the 1940s 9. Indoor air pollution 10. Acid deposition 11. Global stratospheric ozone reduction 12. The greenhouse effect and global warming Conversions and constants References Index.
Electrical-resistivity studies in the La S x ( 1.333 x 1.500 ) system

The electrical resistivity of the ${\mathrm{Th}}_{3}{\mathrm{P}}_{4}$-type $\mathrm{La}{\mathrm{S}}_{x}$ ($1.333l~xl~1.500$) compounds was measured from 4.2 to 300 K. The superconducting transition was observed to vary from 8.2 to 5.0 K as $x$ increased from 1.341 to 1.399. The cubic-to-tetragonal phase transformation, as indicated by a drop in the resistivity upon cooling, was found to decrease from 115 K for ${\mathrm{LaS}}_{1.341}$ to 55 K for ${\mathrm{LaS}}_{1.352}$. The results of electrical-resistivity measurements show that this crystallographic transformation occurs without any thermal hysteresis, and over a narrow composition region of $1.333l~xl~1.362$.
Data Input and Output

Generally users interact with computers using input and output devices. That means communication is data, i.e., either they supply data to computers or they consume data from computers. From the users’ perspective data can be numbers, texts, images, graphs and other visualizations, etc.
Developmental Biology of Musculoskeletal Tissues for Tissue Engineers

Abstract Understanding the fundamental process of musculoskeletal development is essential for tissue engineers to develop a more effective approach for regeneration. Learning how stem cells and signals are used to orchestrate the process of musculoskeletal development is particularly important. In this chapter, we will provide a brief overview on the skeletal development and the recent progress on stem cells and cell lineages governing this process. The emerging concept is that multiple and distinct stem cell types are enlisted to support bone growth, maintenance, and repair. We will need to identify more detailed mechanisms of their cell fate specification and differentiation so that tissue engineers can robustly take advantage of the diversity of these skeletal stem cells to achieve more functional regeneration.
Introduction and Motivating Examples

This book examines how a response is related to covariates using mathematical models whose unknown parameters we wish to estimate using available information—this endeavor is known as regression analysis. In this first chapter, we will begin in Sect. 1.2 by making some general comments about model formulation. In Sect. 1.3, a number of examples will be described in order to motivate the material to follow in the remainder of this book. In Sect. 1.4, we examine, in simple idealized scenarios, how “randomness” is induced by not controlling for covariates in a model. Section 1.5 briefly contrasts the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to inference, and Sect. 1.7 gives references that expand on the material of this chapter. Finally, Sect. 1.6 summarizes the overall message of this book which is that in many instances, carefully thought out Bayesian and frequentist analyses will provide similar conclusions; however, situations in which one or the other approach may be preferred are also described.
The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): progress toward understanding suicide among soldiers

Responding to an unprecedented increase in the suicide rate among soldiers, in 2008 the US Army and US National Institute of Mental Health funded the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS), a multicomponent epidemiological and neurobiological study of risk and resilience factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and their psychopathological correlates among Army personnel. Using a combination of administrative records, representative surveys, computerized neurocognitive tests, and blood samples, Army STARRS and its longitudinal follow-up study (STARRS-LS) are designed to identify potentially actionable findings to inform the Army’s suicide prevention efforts. The current report presents a broad overview of Army STARRS and its findings to date on suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation, as well as other important outcomes that may increase suicide risk (e.g., mental disorders, sexual assault victimization). The findings highlight the complexity of environmental and genetic risk and protective factors in different settings and contexts, and the importance of life and career history in understanding suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
VARIATION OF GLYCOSYLATION SITES IN H 1 N 1 STRAINS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

ABSTRACT The glycosylation sites in the HA glycoproteins of a series of H1N1 strains of influenza virus were compared by gel filtration chromatography of glycopeptides obtained after pronase digestion and also by mapping of tryptic glycopeptides by a reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system. Considerable differences were observed among 1977-78 strains of the H1N1 subtype. Furthermore it was observed that strains which are more closely related antigenically are also similar in their tryptic glycopeptide profiles, and strains which are not closely related differ in their RP-HPLC profiles. Our results indicate that RP-HPLC is an effective system for the detection of changes in glycosylation sites.