cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘She isn’t whoring herself out like a lot of other girls we see’: Identification and “Authentic” American Girlhood on Taylor Swift Fan Forums

This article examines the forum sections of two websites devoted to Taylor Swift fandom: Taylor Connect, Swift’s official website, and Amazingly Talented, a popular fan-produced website. Fans insist that Taylor Swift is an ordinary girl, and they continually suture her musical and extratextual personas by emphasising the autobiographical nature of her songs. Swift’s music and her media presence sell an image of an ordinary girl, enabling fans’ identifications with her. Fans assert that they “know” Taylor through her music and media persona and that Taylor’s relatable lyrics make them feel like she understands them deeply. However, Swift’s positioning as an “authentic” American girl subject is wholly tied to her status as a white, middle class, heterosexual, normatively feminine girl—characteristics that are repeatedly shored up through the lyrical and visual elements of her music and music videos and through fans’ insistence that she is a “good girl.”
Glaucomys volans (Southern flying squirrel)

Fibroblast cultures and kidney cultures were initiated from three male and two female animals trapped in Southern Vermont and New Hampshire, USA, and another male from Texas, USA. All gave comparable karyotypes. The autosomes are arranged in groups, those considered submetacentrics first, next acrocentrics and last metacentrics. It will be seen that there is some variation (the first pair in the last row of the male is clearly metacentric, that of the female is submetacentric). Pairing is arbitrary and it is extremely difficult to distinguish the X chromosome. With radioautography only slight asynchrony is evident. The long arms of the first three pairs are distinctly late replicating and are usually “fuzzy.” No significant differences are detected in the karyotype of G. sabrinus (Northern flying squirrel) and this species will therefore not be depicted in this Atlas.
Was Sexual Harassment Law a Mistake? The Stories We Tell

It may seem heresy in this #MeToo moment to ask whether sexual harassment law was a mistake — it has provided thousands of plaintiffs over the past more than thirty years their day in court, a chance to tell their stories of harassment as discrimination in violation of Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act. But sexual harassment law as it has developed negatively affects the larger project of reducing harassment and discrimination in work in a number of ways. In this Essay, I focus on one of those ways: harassment law today constrains the stories we tell about harassment and discrimination, to ourselves and to others, and it dampens considerably our calls for meaningful reform. Drawing from publicly available court filings in several well-known Supreme Court cases, I tell the stories that the plaintiffs might have told and, in at least some of the cases, tried to tell. And I show how the Supreme Court tamped down those stories and in doing so limited their power (and the power of many other harassment stories told in courtrooms across the country since) to trigger meaningful change. It turns out that we will need to change the law, not just public perception, if the #MeToo movement is to have a lasting effect on our work environments.
Influence of second-order reflections during polarimetric calibration with two wire-grid polarizers

In polarimetric instruments, it is often necessary to characterize the polarimetric dependence at various polarization states. Frequently, this is done by placing a polarizer between the instrument and light source. Certain polarizer materials (e.g., wire grids as opposed to polymer-based materials) tend to reflect a significant amount of light, which can cause second-order reflections in the region between the two polarizers. We characterize the reflections using Jones calculus and discuss their significance for polarization instruments.
Tunable wrinkle modes of core-shell polymer fibers in electrospinning

Wrinkled surfaces are commonly observed on ultrathin polymer fibers produced in electrospinning process. This paper is to formulate a continuum mechanics model to explore dependencies of surface wrinkling of electrospun core–shell polymer fibers enwrapped with hard cores upon the thickness and stiffness of the glassy shell and inner soft sol-gel layer. The study provides a rational basis of surface wrinkling in electrospun polymer fibers and the technical strategies to regulate the electrospinning process for producing ultrathin polymer fibers with tunable surface morphologies for broad applications (e.g., oil-water separation, tissue scaffolding, etc).
Biomechanical modeling of deep squatting: Effects of the interface contact between posterior thigh and shank

Epidemiological studies indicate that occupational activities that require extended deep knee flexion or kneeling are associated with a higher prevalence of knee osteoarthritis. In many sport activities, such as a catcher in a baseball or a softball game, athletes have to make repetitive deep squatting motions, which have been associated with the development of osteochondritis dissecans. Excessive deep knee flexion postures may cause excessive loading in the knee joint. In deep knee flexion postures, the posterior aspect of the shank will contact the posterior thigh, resulting in a compressive force within the soft tissues. The current study was aimed at analyzing the effects of the posterior thigh/shank contact on the joint loading during deep knee flexion in a natural knee. An existing, whole body model with detailed anatomical components of the knee (AnyBody) has been adopted and modified for this study. The effects of the posterior thigh/shank contact were evaluated by comparing the results of the inverse dynamic analysis for two scenarios: with and without the posterior thigh/shank contact force. Our results showed that, in a deep squatting posture (knee flexion 120+ degrees), the posterior thigh/shank contact helps reduce the patellofemoral (PF) and tibiofemoral (TF) normal contact forces by 42% and 57%, respectively.
Five decades of urologic pathology: the accelerating expansion of knowledge in renal cell neoplasia.

Summary Those who are knowledgeable in cosmology inform us that the expansion of the universe is such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy is receding from the observer is continually increasing with time. We humbly paraphrase that as “The bigger the universe gets, the faster it gets bigger.” This is an interesting analogy for the expansion of knowledge in the field of renal tumor pathology over the past 30 to 50 years. It is clear that a multitude of dedicated investigators have devoted incalculable amounts of time and effort to the pursuit of knowledge about renal epithelial neoplasms. As a consequence of the contributions of numerous investigators over many decades, the most recent World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms includes about 50 well defined and distinctive renal tumors, as well as various miscellaneous and metastatic tumors. In addition, a number of emerging or provisional new entities are under active investigation and may be included in future classifications. In this review, we will focus on a number of these tumors, tracing as accurately as we can the origins of their discovery, relating relevant additions to the overall knowledge base surrounding them, and in some instances addressing changes in nomenclature.
Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America Erica Hannickel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America Erica Hannickel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.Now and then it's not a bad idea to give a book a second chance-or the second half of a book a first chance. If that is a tad confusing, so, it may be said, is Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America by Erica Hannickel. If one reads only the first half of this elaborate, opinionated history of the development of the American wine industry, he or she may be tempted to give it up and dive into Mike Weiss's A Very Good Year (2006), the standard by which all modern wine commentaries should be measured.. .but wait, there's more. It would be unfortunate to give up on Hannickel's extensively researched and ultimately rewarding history, even if it is a bit of a challenge to reach the reward stage. The problem-and it is a problem-is that Hannickel tries to do it all; all, that is, from The Bacchae to Sideways, with many stops in between. And beginnings, as every English teacher since Bacchus has observed, are the hardest.Just for illustration, consider this passage which follows the long-very long-and rather dense introduction:One of the tenets of this ideology was the theory of the 'isothermal zodiac,' a finite latitudinal band about thirty-five degrees in width, stretching across the fortieth degree of latitude around the world, where every great empire throughout time (including China, India, Persia, Greece, Rome, Spain and Britain) had flourished. (21)It is not that the information contained in the sentence is incorrect, but that the sentence itself is typical of the style in which much of the book is couched. Still, there are nuggets to be found as one progresses from the assertion that "New York was the nation's horticultural epicenter from 1835-1865" (17) to a detailed deconstruction of the film Sideways and its use of viticultural imagery to represent human life and love.The first half of the book includes some literal history of the grape in America but focuses much more on the plans, opinions, and visions for the new national production as it expanded from New York to the Ohio River Valley and its ultimate destination in California. Though sometimes a bit judgmental in her analyses, the author seems to have read nearly every issue of the important nineteenth-century magazine Horticulture in her quest for the various pronouncements on the inevitable growth of viticulture in America and its equally inevitable superiority to that of other nations. Some of this century-and-one-half history is remarkably revealing: by 1830 there were more than thirty weekly and monthly agricultural journals in publication or that James Fenimore Cooper was an enthusiast whose writing helped viticulture advance. …
Plasmapheresis Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report.

Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common etiology for acute pancreatitis (AP), after alcohol and gallstones. Clinical evidence is relatively weak in its support of plasmapheresis for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP). We report a case of severe HTG-AP in a young man who was successfully treated with plasmapheresis. The patient achieved full resolution of symptoms within 48 hours from presentation and was discharged two days later. To our knowledge, no other report in literatures shows such dramatic response to plasmapheresis.
Structure, spectroscopy and reactivity of a mononuclear copper hydroxide complex in three molecular oxidation states

Structural, spectroscopic, and reactivity studies are presented for an electron transfer series of copper hydroxide complexes supported by a tridentate redox-active ligand. Single crystal X-ray crystallography shows that the mononuclear [CuOH]1+ core is stabilized via intramolecular H-bonds between the H-donors of the ligand and the hydroxide anion when the ligand is in its trianionic form. This complex undergoes two reversible oxidation processes that produce two metastable "high-valent" CuOH species, which can be generated by addition of stoichiometric amounts of 1e- oxidants. These CuOH species are characterized by an array of spectroscopic techniques including UV-vis absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS), which together indicate that all redox couples are ligand-localized. The reactivity of the complexes in their higher oxidation states toward substrates with modest O-H bond dissociation energies (e.g., 4-substitued-2,6-di-tert-butylphenols) indicates that these complexes act as 2H+/2e- oxidants, differing from the 1H+/1e- reactivity of well-studied [CuOH]2+ systems.
Surface Curvature and Aminated Side-Chain Partitioning Affect Structure of Poly(oxonorbornenes) Attached to Planar Surfaces and Nanoparticles of Gold.

Cationic amphiphilic polymers are often used to coat nanoparticles as they increase chemical stability in solution, and exhibit membrane disruption activities. Among these, poly (oxonorbornenes) (P...
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in a chemically etched ZnSe substrate and its effect on the Raman signal enhancement

We report the observation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from a chemically etched ZnSe surface using 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPy) as probe molecules. A thin film of ZnSe is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and then etched using a strong acid. Protrusions of hemi-ellipsoidal nanoparticles are observed on the surface. Using the results of the Mie theory, we controlled the size of the nanoparticles to overlap significantly with maximum efficiency of near-field plasmon enhancement. In the Raman spectrum, we observe large enhancements of the a 1 , b 1 , and b 2 modes when 4-MPy molecules are adsorbed on the surface using a 514.5 nm laser for excitation, indicating strong charge-transfer contributions. An enhancement factor of (2×10 6 ) is observed comparable to that of silver nanoparticles. We believe this large enhancement factor is an indication of the coupled contribution of several resonances. We propose that some combination of surface plasmon, charge transfer, band gap resonances are most likely the contributing factors in the observed Raman signal enhancement, since all three of these resonances lie close to the excitation wavelength.
The Bright Side of Giving Managers Short-Horizon Incentives

Managers with short-term incentive horizons are significantly less likely to acquire other firms. When firms with shorter incentive packages make an announcement of an M&A deal, both the short-term and long-term abnormal returns are greater than for firms whose managers have long-horizon incentives. Consistent with the positive abnormal returns, M&As conducted by short-horizon managers exhibit stronger post-M&A accounting-based performance. The results are surprising when viewed against the conventional wisdom that giving managers short-term incentives is suboptimal and imply that short-term incentives can be value increasing for some firms.
Pathophysiology of Neurogenic Obesity After Spinal Cord Injury

Individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) have a unique physiology characterized by sarcopenia, neurogenic osteoporosis, neurogenic anabolic deficiency, sympathetic dysfunction, and blunted satiety associated with their SCI, all of which alter energy balance and subsequently body composition. The distinct properties of "neurogenic obesity" place this population at great risk for metabolic dysfunction, including systemic inflammation, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the relationship between neurogenic obesity and the metabolic syndrome after SCI, highlighting the mechanisms associated with adipose tissue pathology and those respective comorbidities. Additionally, representative studies of persons with SCI will be provided to elucidate the severity of the problem and to prompt greater vigilance among SCI specialists as well as primary care providers in order to better manage the epidemic from a public health perspective.
Integrable space-time shifted nonlocal nonlinear equations

Abstract In 1974 Ablowitz, Kaup, Newell, Segur (AKNS) put forward a theoretical framework whereby one can construct evolution equations that are (i) integrable in the sense of existence of infinite number of conservation laws and (ii) solvable by the inverse scattering transform. In subsequent years, many physically important integrable evolution equations were identified and the focus of the subject shifted towards methods to find special solutions and enhancing the underlying analysis. The discovery of a new reduction of the original AKNS system and the PT symmetric integrable nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation more than forty years later was surprising. Subsequently, additional nonlocal integrable reductions were found allowing nonlocality to be manifested in the time domain as well. This paper reports on yet another novel set of integrable reductions for the original AKNS system and associated new space-time nonlocal NLS type equations with space and time shifts. Integrability and inverse scattering transform are established along with soliton solutions. Their unique properties are discussed along with detailed comparison with the respective standard (non shifted) PT and reverse space-time symmetric NLS equations.
Policy within and Across Developing Nations

Policy within developing nations - improving developmental policy win-win developmental administration emergency nations in 1996 post-war developments - Bosnia and public policy. Policy across developing nations: peace research mini-symposium on inter and intra-national dispute resolu exporting the Bill of Rights as strengthening the USA mini-symposium on international prosperity global policy studies. Teaching developmental policy studies: policy analysis training for developme administrators USIS win-win travelling seminars proposed policy analysis training programme. Relev bibliographies: developmental policy studies - the relevant literature human rights and developing countries.
RF CMOS transceivers for cellular telephony

This article describes system and circuit issues related to cellular transceivers, presenting design techniques that have provided high performance in CMOS technology. Following an overview of relevant GSM and WCDMA specifications, the article identifies four trends in RF design that have continued to improve the performance. Examples of CMOS transceivers, and circuit and device concepts are then described that meet the stringent requirements of cellular telephony.
Thermal Conductivity of Permian Basin Bedded Salt at Elevated Pressure

Measurements of thermal conductivity were made on five core samples of bedded rock salt from the Permian Basin in Texas. The sample size was 100 mm in diameter by 250 mm in length. Measurements were conducted under confining pressures ranging from 3.8 to 31.0 MPa and temperatures from room temperature to 473 K. Conductivity showed no dependence on confining pressure, but showed a monotonic, negative temperature dependence. Four of the five samples showed conductivities clustered in a range of 5.6 ± 0.5 W/m·K at room temperature, falling to 3.6 ± 0.3 W/m·K at 473 K. These values are approximately 20% below the values for pure halite, reflecting perhaps the 5–20% non-halite component of the samples. The fifth sample showed a conductivity vs. temperature dependence much like that of halite.
Tender Offer Auctions, Resistance Strategies, and Social Welfare

In a seminal article, Easterbrook and Fischel argue that social welfare would be increased if corporate managers were precluded from conducting an auction for control of their firms once they had become the target of a tender offer. Auctions increase the price the successful bidding firm must pay for the target firm's shares. Though this ex-post wealth transfer (from the stockholders of the acquiring firm to those of the target firm) has no clear welfare implications, the ex-ante reduction in the gains to acquiring firms from an anticipated auction reduces the incentives of potential acquirers to search for potential targets. Thus, they argue that a legal regime that facilitates auctions will result in less search and fewer value-increasing takeovers. In conclusion, Easterbrook and Fischel advocate a mandated rule of passivity on the part of target managers. In a series of articles, Bebchuck (1982a; 1982b) and Gilson (1982) take exception to the Easterbrook and Fischel passivity rule and argue that social welfare is enhanced by allowing target managers to conduct auctions for their firms. They argue that the beneficial effects of moving the target's resources to their highest-valued use via an open auction outweigh what they consider to be the negligible deterrent effect on the incentives of potential acquirers to search for potential targets.
Polymeric routes to silicon carbide and silicon oxycarbide CMC

An overview of two approaches to the formation of ceramic composite matrices from polymeric precursors is presented. Copolymerization of alkyl- and alkenylsilanes (RSiH3) represents a new precursor system for the production of Beta-SiC on pyrolysis, with copolymer composition controlling polymer structure, char yield, and ceramic stoichiometry and morphology. Polysilsesquioxanes which are synthesized readily and can be handled in air serve as precursors to Si-C-O ceramics. Copolymers of phenyl and methyl silsesquioxanes display rheological properties favorable for composite fabrication; these can be tailored by control of pH, water/methoxy ratio and copolymer composition. Composites obtained from these utilize a carbon coated, eight harness satin weave Nicalon cloth reinforcement. The material exhibits nonlinear stress-strain behavior in tension.
An optimal test pattern selection method to improve the defect coverage

It is well known that n-detection test sets are effective to detect unmodeled defects and improve the defect coverage. However, in these sets, each of the n-detection test patterns has the same importance on the overall test set performance. In other words, the test pattern that detects a fault for the first time plays the same important role as the test pattern that detects that fault for the (n)-th time. In this paper, we propose a linear programming-based optimal test pattern selection method which aims at reducing the overall defect part level (DPL). Using resistive bridge faults as surrogates, our experimental results on ISCAS85 circuits demonstrate the proposed test pattern selection method achieves higher defect coverage than traditional n-detection method
AFAP-120: A VARIANT FORM OF THE Src SH2/SH3-BINDING PARTNER AFAP-110 IS DETECTED IN BRAIN AND CONTAINS A NOVEL INTERNAL SEQUENCE WHICH BINDS TO A 67-kDa PROTEIN

SH2 and SH3 domains have been characterized as functional domains that mediate protein-protein interactions in signal transduction. Recently, the cDNA sequence of a novel Src- and Fyn-binding protein called AFAP-110, for Actin-Filament Associated Protein-110 kDa, was reported. This protein was distinctive in that it is both an SH2 and SH3 binding partner for the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src and Fyn. Here, we report the characterization of an alternatively processed form of AFAP-110 that encodes an additional 258 base pair (bp) of open reading frame. Transient expression of this full-length clone reveals a molecular mass of 120 kDa. Western blot analysis indicate that a larger 120-kDa variant of AFAP-110 can be detected in brain and is not detectable in any other tissues examined. Northern blot analysis indicate that the novel 258-bp insert can be detected in brain RNA but not chick embryo fibroblast RNA. We propose the name AFAP-120, for Actin Filament-Associated Protein-120 kDa. Expression of the 258-bp novel insert (NINS) as a glutathione S-transferase-encoded fusion protein permits adsorption of a 67-kDa protein from tissue lysates. Deletion analysis of the NINS indicates that the interaction with p67 can be attributed to a proline-rich motif that resembles an SH3-binding motif. We hypothesize that AFAP-120 facilitates interactions in brain between SH2/SH3 signaling proteins and actin filaments and that a proline-rich motif in the NINS may exist to facilitate additional interactions between cellular proteins in brain and actin filaments.
Donor Brain Death Inhibits Tolerance Induction in Miniature Swine Recipients of Fully MHC-Disparate Pulmonary Allografts

We have previously shown that a short course of high-dose tacrolimus induces long-term tolerance to fully mismatched lung allografts procured from healthy MHC-inbred miniature swine. Here, we investigate whether donor brain death affects tolerance induction. Four recipient swine were transplanted with fully mismatched lung grafts from donors that were rendered brain dead and mechanically ventilated for 4 h before procurement (Group 1). These recipients were compared to two control groups (Group 2: 4 h of donor ventilation without brain death [n = 5]; and Group 3: no donor brain death with <1 h of ventilation [n = 6]). All recipients were treated with a 12-day course of tacrolimus. In contrast to both groups of control animals, the swine transplanted with lung allografts from brain dead donors all rejected their grafts by postoperative day 45 and showed persistent responsiveness to donor antigen by MLR. Several additional swine underwent brain death induction and/or mechanical ventilation alone to determine the effects of these procedures on the expression of proinflammatory molecules. Significant increases in serum concentrations of IL-1, TNF-α and IL-10 were seen after brain death. Upregulation of IL-1 and IL-6 gene expression was also observed.
Crafting Analogies and Distinctions That Work

This short bar magazine article provides tips on how to avoid errors when making analogies and distinctions in legal documents.
Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics, by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini

Truly important books don't come along very often. Comparing Media Systems is one of the rare few. Hallin and Mancini seek to fill a gap created by the obsolescence of Fred Siebert, Theodore Peters...
The health and health behaviors of people who do not drink alcohol.

Abstract Background: Compared to abstention, moderate drinking has been linked to better health, and heavy and hazardous drinking to increased morbidity and mortality. Many studies have failed to account for heterogeneity in health and drinking history among nondrinkers, however. If former drinkers quit in response to ill health, this could increase the risk in the nondrinker category and underestimate the effects of alcohol if illnesses leading to abstention are alcohol-related. In addition, health behaviors may vary with drinking status, affecting health outcomes often attributed to drinking. Methods: Survey data were collected from a probability sample of a large health maintenance organization’s membership. Regression analyses assess the relationship between drinking status (adjusting for covariates), mental and physical health and functioning, and health behaviors. Results: Former drinkers and lifelong abstainers had worse health and functioning than current drinkers and, comparatively, former drinkers had worse health than lifelong abstainers. Former drinkers did not differ from light-to-moderate drinkers in regard to health behaviors (except for smoking), although lifelong abstainers and heavier drinkers were less likely to use preventive care or try to improve their health behaviors. Conclusions: Consistent with hypotheses that former drinkers may stop drinking because of poor health, former drinkers were less healthy than current drinkers and had slightly worse health than lifelong abstainers, compared to light-to-moderate drinkers. Former drinkers did not appear to be at risk because of poorer health behaviors (except smoking), but lifelong abstainers and heavier drinkers might benefit from outreach designed to increase use of preventive care and improve health behaviors.
THROMBOCYTOSIS IN HISTIOCYTOSIS X

Thrombocytosis as an initial feature of histiocytosis × has never been reported. In 8 of 12 patients with histiocytosis × seen at Children's Hospital of Buffalo in the past twenty years, platelet counts were available; seven of them were greater than 400 × 109/ 1 at diagnosis ( x ± SE = ± 54 × 109/ 1). All seven patients, who had an initial Lahey-Lucaya score averaging 3.1 (range: 2–4), are in disease-free remission ranging from 1 to 12 years. The eighth patient, who was thrombopenic at presentation and had a score of 7, is lost to follow-up. Following onset of therapy, platelet counts decreased progressively; they averaged 540 × 109 / 1 in treated but still symptomatic patients; 430 × 109/ 1 in treated, disease-free patients; and 375 × 109 / 1 in patients in complete remission and off all drugs. The difference between platelet counts at diagnosis and during remission is significant (P < 0.01). In the only patient who relapsed, thrombocytos is also recurred and disappeared again with subsequent remission. The etiology of the thrombocytosis is unknown, although in two cases, iron deficiency may have been contributory. Whether or not the heretofore undescribed initial thrombocytosis indicates a favorable prognosis is open to question.
Selenium kidney/liver ratios in rock squirrel populations from grassland and pinyon-juniper ecosystems

Abstract Selenium levels in liver and kidney tissues were determined for rock squirrels ( Spermophilus variegatus ) trapped within a distinct elevational gradient (grassland to pinyon-juniper ecosystem; alkaline to acidic soil) within the confines of the Kirtland Air Force Base Military Reservation in central New Mexico. Selenium levels in tissues were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Selenium kidney/liver ratios determined for rock squirrels decreased as elevational gradient increased ( r = −0.9403) in the pinyon-juniper ecosystem and increased as elevational gradient increased in the grassland ecosystem ( r = 0.9493). Other tests of significance ( t test, α 0.05) also support the inverse relationship between selenium kidney/liver ratios in grassland and pinyon-juniper ecosystems.
Supervised vs unsupervised exercise for intermittent claudication: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Supervised exercise (SE) is widely accepted as an effective therapy for intermittent claudication (IC), but its use is limited by cost. Unsupervised exercise (UE) represents a less costly alternative. We assessed the comparative effectiveness of SE vs UE in patients with IC. Methods and Results We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and identified 27 unique studies (24 randomized controlled trials, 4 observational studies) that evaluated the comparative effectiveness of SE vs UE in 2074 patients with IC. Compared with UE, SE was associated with a moderate improvement in maximal walking distance at 6 months (effect size 0.77, 95% CI 0.36-1.17, P P P P = .001). There was no difference in the Short Form-36 quality of life at 6 months (effect size −0.05, 95% CI −0.50 to 0.41, P = .84) or walking impairment questionnaire distance (effect size 0.24, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.50, P = .08) or speed (effect size 0.26, 95% CI −0.06 to 0.59, P = .11). Conclusions In claudication patients, SE is more effective than UE at improving maximal walking and claudication distances, yet there is no difference in general quality of life or patient-reported community-based walking. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between functional gain and disease-specific quality of life.
Antimicrobial activity of a 14-residue peptide against Escherichia coli O157:H7.

An amphiphilic, cationic peptide composed of eight leucines and six lysines was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The synthetic peptide was bactericidal within 10 min at concentrations as low as 3 μg ml−1 against mid-exponential Escherichia coli O157:H7 suspended in buffer. Concentrations of 25 μg ml−1 caused up to 7 log10 cfu ml−1 reductions. When tested against E. coli O157:H7 grown in TSB, the peptide was bactericidal and bacteriostatic at concentrations of 50 and 25 μg ml−1, respectively. An inhibitory effect was also observed against stationary phase cells. The synthetic peptide caused the release of u.v.-absorbing materials from the E. coli O157:H7 as well as an increase in its O.D.600 nm. Intracellular K+ and ATP depletion were also observed. These results suggest that the peptide increased the cell membrane permeability but it did not lyse the cells.
Some morphological considerations of the blood-brain barrier.

Abstract The fine structure of the perivascular components of the CNS is reviewed. Recent work using electron-opaque markers comparing the passage of large molecules and colloidal particles in brain capillaries with other sites is discussed. The maintenance of a barrier to certain substances is partly dependent on the maintenance of a closed gap between the endothelial cells of the brain. In this respect, it is concluded that the properties of the capillary endothelial cells of the brain differ from those in other sites.
Synchrotron radiation-based x-ray analysis of bronze artifacts from an Iron Age site in the Judean Hills

Seven bronze bangles from Tell en-Nasbeh, northern Judah, were investigated to understand the phase composition and manufacturing process of the artifacts, and possibly suggest a provenance for their origin. Synchrotron x-ray radiation diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence (XRF) were used in the analysis to avoid any destructive sampling and at the same time penetrate through the surface into the core metal. These techniques enabled us to determine that the bangles were not just tin bronze, but leaded tin bronze. Based on excavation reports, it is unlikely that the metal objects were manufactured locally at Tell en-Nasbeh; rather, preliminary XRD and XRF data point towards the neighboring region of Edom as their origin. Despite their political enmity during the Iron Age II, the data suggest that Judahite social demands for bronze may have fostered a strong economic relationship between these two polities.
Model transport studies utilizing lecithin spherules IV: Transport of D‐glucose in spherules prepared from lecithin, dicetyl phosphate, and cholesterol

The transport of D-glucose in liposome dispersions prepared from lecithin—dicetyl phosphate—cholesterol was studied. The transport experiments were carried out using previously developed techniques in which the release of the solute is studied from dispersions contained in dialysis bags. The experimental results of the direct-release and uptake-release experiments were analyzed by the monosize, multiconcentric layer Model 2, which was developed and used recently for the 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport studies. Uniformly good fits of the experimental data with the model were observed, and the permeability coefficients and the aqueous—lipid partition coefficients were calculated for liposome dispersions containing different percentages of cholesterol. A direct relationship between the percent cholesterol in liposome dispersions and the effective bulk permeability coefficient was obtained. The incorporation of cholesterol into liposome dispersions does not seem to alter the effective aqueous—lipid partition coefficient.
Tales in a Textbook: Learning in the Traditional and Narrative Modes

Research in cognitive psychology and emerging classroom applications suggest that the narrative approach may be a useful mode of textbook organization. This study compared undergraduates' preference and performance with traditional (T) and narrative (N) text. On a review quiz and final exam, the majority chose to be tested on narrative text. On routine quizzes, a statistically significant difference in performance appeared in one of six instances, favoring the narrative. On the final exam, all mean scores were higher for the narrative, yielding a significant correlation between performance and text mode. O n a follow-up test, material from narrative chapters was more often recalled; for two chapters, these differences were significant. Questionnaire data showed the narrative as being more enjoyable and more useful in learning.
Mycoparasitism: ecology and physiology

(1987). Mycoparasitism: ecology and physiology. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 370-379.
ALLELOPATHIC MECHANISMS OF VELVETLEAF (ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI MEDIC., MALVACEAE) ON SOYBEAN

Sampling in.a soybean field established that presence of velvetleaf (A. theophrasti) weeds interfered with soybean production. Number of soybean pods and number of pods/stem were significantly lower in transect segments adjacent to velvetleaf plants. In bioassays for phytotoxicity of velvetleaf, several dilutions of aqueous extracts from fresh field-collected leaves depressed germination of radish seeds and inhibited growth of soybean seedlings. Seed germination bioassays from eluates of chromatograms developed in one dimension showed that two of three bands containing phenolic compounds were inhibitory to radish seed germination. Soybeans inhibited by aqueous velvetleaf extracts had increased diffusive resistance, suggesting partial stomatal closure. Inhibited plants also gave evidence of water stress, with leaf water potentials often as low as -20 bars and reduced water content, when compared with controls. Quantification of chlorophyll on a leaf area basis showed that chlorophyll of inhibited plants was below controls. These data demonstrate the allelopathic potential of velvetleaf and suggest that interference with water balance and chlorophyll content may be two mechanisms of inhibitory action of toxins present in the leaves of velvetleaf. SEVERAL INVESTIGATORS have shown that allelopathy may be a part of weed and crop interactions. Bell and Koeppe (1972) reported that allelopathic effects of foxtail (Setaria faberi Herm.) contributed to reduction in corn (Zea mays L.) growth. Curled dock (Rumex crispus L.) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) may have inhibitory effects on crop species because of water soluble phytotoxins in the leaves (Einhellig and Rasmussen, 1973; Rasmussen and Einhellig, 1975). Putnam and Duke (1978) hypothesize allelopathy may be a factor in increases in dominance by certain weeds in a variety of crop ecosystems. In addition to investigations implicating the allelopathic potential of several weeds on field crops, a number of weedy species release phytotoxins which influence the vegetational composition of natural communities, both in space and in time (Abdul-Wahab and Rice, 1967; Wilson and Rice, 1968; Parenti and Rice, 1969; Neill and Rice, 1971). Thus, the concept that some plants may adversely affect other plants through biochemical products is a known component of plant interactions. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) is an annual weed of wide distribution in eastern United States and the more mesic regions of the prairie states. It is an introduced species, which is difficult to control in soybean fields because preplant and preemergence herbicide
Elementary processes in low-pressure flames and their relation to rocket-exhaust radiation

The excitation of OH molecules and alkali metals in low-pressure flames and rocket exhausts is discussed. In stoichiometric hydrogen and mixed hydrogen-carbon monoxide flames, OH bands are nonthermally excited; also, sodium-reversal temperatures are higher than the local temperatures in the flames. These conditions are compared with those in rocket exhausts. It is found that the H2O infrared radiation, in both afterburning and nonafterburning plumes, is in local thermodynamic equilibrium. However, OH radiation in the ultraviolet from the rocket exhausts is independent of local temperature, and its intensity depends on the concentration of atomic species. Atomic oxygen does not seem to be involved in this excitation process as its concentration in the fuel-rich plumes is very low. This is evidenced by the thermal emission of sodium in these plumes. In the presence of an appreciable oxygen-atom concentration, as in the low-pressure flame, nonthermal emission of sodium has been observed.
Heliographic latitude dependence of the Sun's irradiance

It has recently been reported that the total radiative emission variations from solar type stars exceeds the currently solar constant variations (from spacecraft over the last decade) by a factor near 4. Aside from other remote alternatives, this suggests three clear possibilities: (1) the Sun may undergo irradiance variations several times larger than any we have seen; (2) our Sun is highly unusual with regard to its radiative output; or (3) our terrestrial position in the heliosphere provides a special vantage point which reduces the observed solar irradiance variations. We investigate the last possibility by considering the influence of observer latitude upon calculated irradiance variations using a simple model for emission from solar contrast features. We consider modeled sunspots, faculae, and network structures. As the latitude angle of the observer rises relative to the heliographic equator, sunspot deficit contributions diminish and facular plus network contributions escalate. We find that the observing latitude can influence the irradiance variations by a factor near 6. When we integrate the irradiance variations, over the celestial sphere, they average to 3 times the terrestrial effect, suggesting that the solar cycle luminosity variations are proportionally, 3 times larger than the solar constant variations. Thus we suggest the Sun's luminosity output varies even more strongly with the solar cycle than is apparent in the solar constant variations. The influence of the observer viewing angle relative to stellar spin axis, studied here, may be possible to investigate with a thorough statistical examination of other type stars. Additionally, the rotational modulation due to active regions (as a function of observer viewing angle) may also be a valuable are for future investigation.
The Sun's role in climate variations

Is the Sun the controller of climate changes, only the instigator of changes that are mostly forced by the system feedbacks, or simply a convenient scapegoat for climate variations lacking any other obvious cause? This question is addressed for suggested solar forcing mechanisms operating on time scales from billions of years to decades. Each mechanism fails to generate the expected climate response in important respects, although some relations are found. The magnitude of the system feedbacks or variability appears as large or larger than that of the solar forcing, making the Sun's true role ambiguous. As the Sun provides an explicit external forcing, a better understanding of its cause and effect in climate change could help us evaluate the importance of other climate forcings (such as past and future greenhouse gas changes).
Parents Perceived as Peers: Filial Maturity in Adulthood

Filial maturity refers to the adult offspring’s perception of parents as individuals with past histories and limitations. Three studies were conducted to measure filial maturity and its relational and developmental correlates. Study 1 included adults aged 18–59 to empirically assess filial maturity and its correlates across adulthood. Study 2 examined associations between filial maturity and constructs indicative of emerging adulthood (e.g., emotional autonomy), among people aged 18–24. Study 3 included young and middle-aged adults (N = 158; ages: 22–49) and their parents to assess associations between parents’ reports of relationship quality and offspring’s filial maturity. Offspring reported greater filial maturity with mothers and with parents with whom they reported greater relationship quality, closeness, and autonomy. Parents who reported greater relationship quality had offspring who reported greater filial maturity. Findings suggest that filial maturity is a dyadic phenomenon that influences parent child relationship quality across the lifespan.
STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEON--NUCLEUS SCATTERING MATRIX IN THE RANDOM-PHASE APPROXIMATION.

The scattering matrix is derived for the scattering of nucleons by nuclei lacking one nucleon from being doubly magic. It is assumed that an average field has been determined through a Hartree-Fock procedure (HF). The residual interaction is treated in the random-phase approximation (RPA). In contrast to previous treatments, it is not assumed that this interaction is separable. The RPA ground state of the compound system is given by a correlated wave function $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}〉$. It is assumed that states of the target and residual nucleus can be described as one-hole states in this correlated ground state $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}〉$. It is found that the RPA equations allow for a proper definition of asymptotic states only if the full Hamiltonian (including the c.m. energy) is used in the HF procedure. A general, yet explicit, expression for the $S$ matrix is obtained by applying to the channel-channel part of the residual interaction a method first proposed by Weinberg. The correlations contained in $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}〉$ give rise to poles of the scattering matrix for real negative energies below the energy of the lowest bound state, i.e., the ground state $|{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{0}〉$. In the energy region of physical interest, these poles have two effects on the scattering matrix. First, a constant background term is introduced. Second, the partial widths ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}c}$ for decay of a compound state ($\ensuremath{\lambda}$) into an open channel ($c$) are complex. The sum of the partial widths, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}c}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}c}$, is compared with the sum of the total widths, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$. It is found that the two sums differ by terms of second order in the admixture of correlations in the ground state. The influence of symmetry properties of the Hamiltonian on the RPA solutions is discussed. It is shown that the scattering matrix derived is that in the c.m. frame, and it is completely independent of the total momentum of the nucleus.
Tolerance of free-riding: The effects of defection size, defection pattern, and social orientation in a repeated public goods dilemma

Abstract Tolerance of free riding is defined as “the extent to which group members are willing to continue cooperation after observing other members’ defection behavior in a social dilemma.” We hypothesized that defection size (number of other members who defect), defection pattern (how other members’ defection choices are repeated), and social orientation (individual preference for different distributions of resources for self and/or others) would influence members’ level of tolerance in a repeated public goods dilemma. One hundred and ten business students participated in a computerized laboratory experiment in which four conditions were created: the same one (or two) members defect over all trials—a fixed pattern, or a different one (or two) members defect on different trials—a diffused pattern. Results show that the effects of social orientation and defection size were initially significant but diminished over trials. In contrast, the effects of defection pattern became increasingly significant over trials. Specifically, we found that members’ tolerance level was significantly higher in conditions where a diffused rather than a fixed pattern of defection was observed. A “perceived impact” hypothesis was proposed to explain these results.