cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eliminating automatic racial bias: Making race non-diagnostic for responses to criminal suspects

The current work proposes an approach for eliminating automatic bias by repeatedly exposing people to social stimuli where group membership (e.g., race) is unrelated to stereotypicality (e.g., being a violent criminal). Participants completed a computer program where they pretended they were police officers and decided as quickly as possible whether to shoot at Black and White suspects. Although initial responses to the program were biased by the race of the suspect, extensive practice with the program where race was unrelated to the presence or absence of a gun eliminated race biases immediately after practice (Study 1) and 24 h later (Study 2). However, this elimination of bias did not occur when race was related to the presence of a gun (Study 3). The final study (Study 4) revealed that extensive practice on the program led to the inhibition of racial concepts. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of automatic forms of bias.
ASPECTS OF TOLERANCE TO AND DEPENDENCE ON CANNABIS

Tolerance at all levels of complexity in the brain involves "learning" in the sense of the acquisition of compensatory adaptations to the consequences of the presence of a drug-produced disturbance in function. Depending on the function, species, and dose of cannabis, "tissue tolerance," behaviorally augmented (to provide the presence of the disturbed function) or not, develops at different rates or not all (e.g., to impairment of the logical sequence of thoughts, to which no tolerance has yet been demonstrated). "Dispositional tolerance" (increased rate of metabolism of delta 9-THC due to enzyme induction) may play a role in the development of tolerance or "reverse tolerance" to cannabis in man. There is evidence that for the label "high," placebo effects may account for the "reverse tolerance" seen in experienced users on smoking (but not on ingestion of delta 9-THC or placebo) along with evidence of residual tolerance to other not-so-labeled effects of the drug. Dependence on cannabis, in the sense of abstinence phenomena on abrupt withdrawal of delta 9-THC, has been demonstrated in monkeys made tolerant to delta 9-THC given four times daily for about 1 month. In man, physiologic marijuana abstinence signs have not been demonstrated, but behavioral (and some physiologic) abstinence phenomena have been reported in heavy users of hashish or ganja. The between-dose hyperirritability and dysphoria reported to occur in experimental studies on chronic marijuana intoxication may actually be early and short-lived abstinence changes. In the West, where marijuana with relatively low delta 9-THC content is widely smoked, dependence in the sense of drug-seeking behavior appears to be less a function of any pharmacologic reinforcing properties the drug may have than of secondary (conditioned) reinforcement derived from the social milieu in which the marijuana is smoked. In cultures where marijuana of higher delta 9-THC content, hashish, or ganja is used, pharmacologic reinforcement (through suppression of abstinence changes) may play a greater role in maintaining drug-seeking behavior.
Neutralization of maternal IL-4 modulates congenital protozoal transmission: comparison of innate versus acquired immune responses.

IL-4 levels were modulated in mice to test the hypothesis that induction of a maternal type 1 response would decrease the frequency of congenital Neospora caninum transmission. This hypothesis tested the relationship between IL-4 and both innate and adaptive immunity utilizing two basic experimental designs. In the first, maternal IL-4 was neutralized with mAb during pregnancy in naive mice concomitant with initial, virulent infection. In the second, maternal IL-4 was neutralized before pregnancy concomitant with a priming inoculation consisting of live, avirulent N. caninum tachyzoites followed by virulent challenge during subsequent gestation. In mice that were naive before pregnancy, neutralization of IL-4 during gestational challenge did not result in decreased congenital transmission as measured by PCR performed on 1-day-old neonatal mice. In mice that were primed and modulated before pregnancy, congenital transmission from gestational challenge was significantly decreased compared with control mice. Reduction in transmission constituted a decrease in the numbers of mice transmitting N. caninum and a lower frequency of transmission by individual dams ( p Neospora -specific IgG1 compared with nonmodulated mice. These studies define a relationship between maternal Ag-specific immunity and the frequency of congenital transmission and demonstrate that modulation of type 2 cytokine responses can change the frequency of congenital protozoal transmission.
Software prefetching for mark-sweep garbage collection: hardware analysis and software redesign

Tracing garbage collectors traverse references from live program variables, transitively tracing out the closure of live objects. Memory accesses incurred during tracing are essentially random: a given object may contain references to any other object. Since application heaps are typically much larger than hardware caches, tracing results in many cache misses. Technology trends will make cache misses more important, so tracing is a prime target for prefetching.Simulation of Java benchmarks running with the Boehm-De-mers-Weiser mark-sweep garbage collector for a projected hardware platform reveal high tracing overhead (up to 65% of elapsed time), and that cache misses are a problem. Applying Boehm's default prefetching strategy yields improvements in execution time (16% on average with incremental/generational collection for GC-intensive benchmarks), but analysis shows that his strategy suffers from significant timing problems: prefetches that occur too early or too late relative to their matching loads. This analysis drives development of a new prefetching strategy that yields up to three times the performance improvement of Boehm's strategy for GC-intensive benchmark (27% average speedup), and achieves performance close to that of perfect timing ie, few misses for tracing accesses) on some benchmarks. Validating these simulation results with live runs on current hardware produces average speedup of 6% for the new strategy on GC-intensive benchmarks with a GC configuration that tightly controls heap growth. In contrast, Boehm's default prefetching strategy is ineffective on this platform.
The World Bank, support for universities, and asymmetrical power relations in international development

This article examines the role of the World Bank in advancing higher education sectors in the developing world, considering in particular the increasing power and strength of a global knowledge-based economy. Given the powerful role that intergovernmental organizations such as the World Bank play in shaping global economic policies, the authors are concerned about how the Bank’s policies and actions may limit knowledge generation and capacity building of universities in the developing world. Relatedly, the authors use case studies of the Bank’s involvement in Thailand and Uganda to better understand the role it plays in producing and reproducing forms of global hegemony. The authors discuss hegemony in terms of neocolonialism and neoliberalism. Neocolonialism is described as forms of domination advanced by powerful nations and their institutions, while neoliberalism is understood as an economic ideology by which weaker nations may be brought into greater alignment with global trade initiatives.
Concurrent transient fault simulation for analog circuits

This paper presents a novel concurrent fault simulation algorithm for nonlinear analog circuits. Between successive time steps in transient fault simulation, all faulty circuits in the fault list are simulated before the simulator proceeds to the next step. Four primary techniques, including fault grouping, fault ordering, state prediction, and reduced-order fault matrix computation, are proposed to significantly reduce analog fault simulation complexity by making use of the similarities between the faulty and fault-free circuits. The method has been implemented in a dc and transient fault simulator called CONCERT2, which is the first ever for nonlinear analog circuits. Up to two orders of magnitude speedup is obtained for complete transient fault simulation, without loss of accuracy in fault detection. It is shown that the methodology of CONCERT2 can significantly speed up the process of analog test stimulus generation.
Calcium Antagonists in Hypertension

Calcium antagonists (or calcium channel blockers) are pharmacological agents that are widely used in clinical medicine, mostly for cardiovascular indications [1]. Early agents of this class were discovered and thought to be similar to &#103 -blockers during laboratory investigations, but their unique pharmacological profiles and utility in many clinical conditions was recognized during the 1960s [2]. Although the first two indications approved by the US FDA were supraventricular tachycardia (verapamil, 1981) or angina pectoris (nifedipine, 1982), most prescriptions for agents in this drug class (see Table I) are currently written for hypertension. Some of these agents have established efficacy (i.e., significantly better than placebo) in other conditions, including Raynaud's syndrome, esophageal spasm, ureteral spasm (typically due to urolithiasis), migraine headache prophylaxis, pre-term labor, cancer chemotherapy, prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, and left ventricular dysfunction of the dia...
Size-selective and High-yield Nanocrystal Growth of PbTe Compounds Using a Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

The nanocrystals of PbTe and related compounds (Pb1−xSnxTe, PbTe1−xSex), differing by size and composition, have been synthesized using a chemical vapor transport (CVD) technique. The size–selective precipitation mechanism relying on the variation of heating temperatures, Ar flow rates and admixture with Au particles, enables a relatively good control of particle size distribution. In addition, the doping ratios of those nanocrystals are readily modified by changing the atomic ratio in the raw starting materials. Subsequently, a yield of hundreds of milligrams of nanocrystals which exhibit narrow size distributions at 100 nm, 300 nm and 600 nm and controllable composition have been obtained. XRD patterns taken on the PbTe samples show sharp, which indicate good crystallinity of samples. According to the shift of the Bragg reflections, the lattice constants of (Sn / Se) doped PbTe change with the variation of the doping ratios.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Ceramic Thin Film Nanocomposites With Improved Mechanical Properties

Thin films composite materials consisting of metallic nanocrystals embedded in an insulator host have been synthesized using alternating-target pulsed laser deposition of Fe/Ni and Al2 O3 . The evaluation of structural quality of the thin film composites using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with atomic number contrast has revealed the formation of a biphase system with thermodynamically driven segregation of Ni and alumina during pulsed laser deposition. The best hardness values of the thin film composites, measured using nanoindentation techniques, was found to 20–30% larger than pure alumina films fabricated under identical conditions. The improvement in values of hardness of Al2 O3 thin films by embedding metal nanocrystals is related to the evolution of a microstructure which efficiently hinders the manipulation and movement of dislocation and the growth of microcracks, which in turn, is achieved by grain boundary hardening.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Recent Studies of Psychophysiology in Schizophrenia

Eye movement dysfunctions have been shown to be reliably associated with schizophrenia as a trait, suggesting disorders of nonvoluntary attention in association with those brain areas involved in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements. The familial distributions of the eye movement dysfunction and of schizophrenia, when considered together, suggest the existence of a latent trait whose transmission fits an autosomal dominant transmission mode. Chronic schizophrenic patients show diminished variation and shorter latencies of early components of somatosensory brain related potentials, which reflect stimulus registration, and investigators have interpreted the finding as indicating impaired modulation of stimulus input, which allows too much information to reach higher brain centers. Laterality differences, in which the left hemisphere may be less efficient than the right, have also been reported. Schizophrenic patients show reduced amplitudes of later component waves of event related potentials, a finding that has been interpreted as reflecting impaired selective attention. The issue of whether these deviations are state or trait related has not yet been resolved. Directed attention in the form of vigilance shows significant performance impairment, as measured by the continuous performance test and the span of apprehension, not only in schizophrenic patients but in some populations at high risk for schizophrenia. Studies of backward masking suggest that the time taken to transfer a stimulus from the stage of registration to short-term memory may be slowed in schizophrenia, although other interpretations are possible. Skin resistance orienting responses are absent in about 50 percent of adult schizophrenics, and there is some evidence that this absence may reflect a trait. Studies should now test the trait status of all these psychophysiological variables and probe into the significance of the measures used. In these efforts, both the testing of first degree family members and the standardization of testing techniques are recommended.
Clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a framework for moving forward

In the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal , Raghu et al. [1] report the results of the Macitentan USe in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical (MUSIC) trial, a randomised placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial of macitentan, an oral endothelin antagonist, for biopsy-proven idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). With its multicentre enrolment, appropriate allocation concealment, low withdrawal rate and intention-to-treat analysis, this clinical trial exemplifies the state-of-the-art in clinical trial design and conduct in the field of IPF. The authors should indeed be congratulated for accomplishing the difficult task of enrolling and successfully completing a clinical trial in IPF. The MUSIC trial investigators found that macitentan was not effective for the treatment of IPF, with no meaningful differences in forced vital capacity (FVC), the study's primary end-point, or diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide at 1 year between allocation arms. The authors also detected a nonsignificant 56% relative increase in the rate of a combined end-point of lung function decline or acute respiratory decompensation of IPF among those allocated to macitentan compared to placebo, a finding driven by an acute respiratory decompensation in seven out of 119 participants in the macitentan arm compared to one out of 59 participants in the placebo arm. The negative results of the MUSIC trial come as little surprise in light of previous reports that two other endothelin antagonist, ambrisentan [2] and bosentan [3–5], are similarly ineffective for IPF. A series of negative trials in IPF combined with the observation that the most promising therapies do not appear to improve lung function, reduce dyspnoea or prolong life [6, 7] has led to disappointment and frustration throughout the IPF community. Without a cure on the horizon, we should critically re-examine the assumptions underlying …
E-waste and the consumer: improving options to reduce, reuse and recycle

Growth in the electronics sector and rapid changes in technology mean that more consumers are generating growing volumes of waste electronic equipment, much of which is still operational. Faced with a limited and fragmented recycling and reuse infrastructure, many consumers are storing old equipment in their homes or discarding it with their regular trash. Consumers union has drawn from its own tests of electronics products, consumer survey data and research and analysis of existing e-waste recycling programs to assess the need for changes that will enable consumers to reduce, reuse and recycle greater volumes of this growing category of waste. Our findings suggest that more workable solutions are needed at every stage of the product life cycle to protect consumers, public health and the environment.
Alterations in Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites in the Young Insulin-Dependent Diabetic

To assess the relationship between the decreased bone mass observed in young insulin-requiring diabetic patients and vitamin D metabolism, we measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration in 45 white, insulin-dependent diabetic subjects, 7-18 yr of age. Metacarpal cortical thickness in 87% of these diabetics was below the mean for their respective ages, while 16% had a cortical thickness value greater than 2 SDS below the mean. Serum calcium and phosphate concentrations were normal, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was in the low normal range, and total serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Circulating 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly elevated, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was significantly decreased. The increase in 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was greater in the diabetics with the most severe bone loss and was maximally increased during the first 5 yr of clinical diabetes. No app...
Metabolic Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition: Effects of a Nutrition Support Service

Background: The effectiveness of Nutrition Support Services in optimizing parenteral nutrition has not been evaluated since the 1980s. Methods: We prospectively monitored medical and surgical patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in a university hospital who did not receive Nutrition Support Service recommendations to compare the incidence of metabolic complications in 1979 (group 1, n = 100) with that in 1992 (group 2, n = 106). The Service provided automatic recommendations on a subsequent group of medical service patients (group 3, n = 128) and compared them with the patients in group 2 who were on the medical service (group 2B, n = 29). Results: Statistically significant changes between 1979 and 1992 included a decline in the incidence of hyperglycemia from 47% to 22% and in hypokalemia from 12% to 3% of surgical patients and an increase in hypomagnesemia from 0% to 23% of surgical patients and from 2% to 14% of medical patients. The incidence of hypophosphatemia remained >20% in both medical a...
Integrating Successional Ecology and the Delta Lobe Cycle in Wetland Research and Restoration

Inactive deltas are more extensive than active deltas in most deltaic landscapes; thus, the subsurface generally is dominated by mineral sediments that rapidly accreted at different times, whereas the landscape at any one time generally is dominated by ephemeral emergent wetlands that are slowly accreting via vegetative growth. Subsidence is slow enough in most deltas that emergent wetlands, although ephemeral, can persist for millennia but accelerating global sea level rise probably will slow wetland creation in active deltas and accelerate the loss of existing wetlands in inactive deltas this century worldwide. A recent publication created confusion regarding the effects of river management on coastal Louisiana, where spatially variable subsidence is great enough in some areas to mimic extremely rapid sea level rise. I show how integrating Successional Ecology with the Delta Lobe Cycle, and correcting some omissions and errors in recent publications, clarifies the effects of river management in coastal Louisiana and provides a framework for predicting deltaic landscape dynamics worldwide. Successional Ecology provides a framework for understanding changes in natural and managed environments worldwide, whereas the Delta Lobe Cycle provides a framework for understanding river-dominated deltas worldwide. Sediment diversions are a form of river management that removes artificial barriers to river flow and are designed to mimic hydrologic conditions during the active delta stage of the Delta Lobe Cycle by focusing rapid mineral sedimentation in open water and thus creating new emergent wetlands. Freshwater diversions are another form of river management that also removes artificial barriers to river flow but are designed to mimic hydrologic conditions during the inactive stages of the Delta Lobe Cycle by reducing salinity stress over large areas of emergent wetlands and thus promoting marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth. The Delta Lobe Cycle and both types of river diversions also create salinity gradients that simultaneously increase the sensitivity of emergent wetlands to disturbance while increasing the ability of emergent wetlands to recover from disturbance. Freshwater diversions only slow the loss of existing wetlands because the natural Delta Lobe Cycle, artificial channels that increase salinity stress, artificial ridges that increase flooding stress, and repeated disturbances eventually will cause vertical accretion via vegetative growth to become inadequate. Formally integrating these concepts might advance research and restoration in deltaic landscapes worldwide especially in the majority of deltas where inactive deltas are more extensive than active deltas.
Integrating the stress response: lessons for neurodegenerative diseases from C. elegans

All cells possess surveillance and homeostatic mechanisms to adjust protein biogenesis to the demands of growth, differentiation, ageing and environmental stress. However, under certain circumstances, these mechanisms fail to adequately respond to proteotoxic imbalances and result in the accumulation of misfolded proteins. In humans, this can lead to neurodegeneration and other protein conformational diseases. To protect itself, the cell employs highly conserved stress responses and chaperone networks to maintain protein-folding homeostasis (proteostasis). Although the regulation of stress responses, such as the heat-shock response, and of proteostasis have been widely considered to be cell autonomous, recent studies using Caenorhabditis elegans have shown that these processes are regulated by neuronal signaling and endocrine pathways and integrated into other functions of the organism. The hierarchical control of the cellular proteostasis machinery affords insight into the organization of stress regulatory networks in multicellular organisms and offers novel targets for the treatment of human protein conformational diseases.
Sedimentation studies reveal a direct role of phosphorylation in Smad3:Smad4 homo- and hetero-trimerization.

SMAD proteins are known to oligomerize and hetero-associate during their activation and translocation to the nucleus for transcriptional control. Analytical ultracentrifuge studies on Smad3 and Smad4 protein constructs are presented to clarify the model of homo- and hetero-oligomerization and the role of phosphorylation in the activation process. These constructs all exhibit a tendency to form disulfide cross-linked aggregates, primarily dimers, and a strong reducing agent, TCEP, was found to be required to determine the best estimates for reversible association models and equilibrium constants. A Smad4 construct, S4AF, consisting of the middle linker (L) domain and the C-terminal (C) domain, is shown to be a monomer, while a Smad3 construct, S3LC, consisting of the LC domains, is shown to form a trimer with an affinity K3 = (1.2−3.1) × 109 M-2. A Smad3 construct that mimics phosphorylation at the C-terminal target sequence, S3LC(3E), has 17−35-fold enhanced ability to form trimer over that of the wild-ty...
Can I get a guideline to help me interpret treatment guidelines

Ineed help. I have become even more confused than usual, something my friends and colleagues would not have thought possible. The source of my confusion? The reason I need assistance? It’s the recent publication of multiple, sometimes conflicting treatment guidelines for cardiovascular disease. Like many clinicians, I rely on evidence-based therapeutic guidelines to help me determine how best to treat patients. In recent months, several new guidelines have been published to assist clinicians in treating patients with a variety of cardiovas cular diseases (my area of specialty). This should be good news. However, there is also bad news, in the form of multiple guide lines on the same topic (specifically hypertension and reduction in cardiovascular risk) and the fact that many of these guidelines provide differing, even conflicting recommendations. Rather than clarifying the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, these new guidelines have clouded my decision-making process. In the current issue of CJHP , Loewen 1 and Pharand 2
Hydrogeochemical processes involved in salt-dissolution zones, texas panhandle, U.S.A.

Permian evaporite deposits have been extensively dissolved beneath the perimeter of the Southern High Plains in the Texas Panhandle. Hydrologic and geochemical data were collected from six test wells to determine hydrogeochemical processes involved and the source and flow paths of ground water moving in salt-dissolution zones. Geochemical similarities and hydraulic-head relationships indicate that ground water dissolving halite and anhydrite moves downward from aquifers in post-Permian formations and follows flow paths influenced by topography. Holocene salt-dissolution rates probably are lower than Tertiary and Pleistocene rates owing to regional changes in physiography and climate that probably decreased the amount of recharge to salt-dissolution zones. Present as well as palaeohydrologic ground-water velocities and salt-dissolution rates are probably less beneath the Southern High Plains than in adjacent, peripheral salt-dissolution zones because of lower hydraulic conductivities and lower hydraulic-head gradients. Salinities in peripheral salt-dissolution zones are low (67 000 to 95 000 mg L−1) despite high solubility of halite, reflecting relatively open circulation of ground water. In interior salt-dissolution zones beneath the Southern High Plains, ground-water circulation is low and water composition tends to reach halite saturation.
Ganglioside GT1b is a putative host cell receptor for the merkel cell polyomavirus.

The Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identified recently in human Merkel cell carcinomas, an aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer. Here, we identify a putative host cell receptor for MCPyV. We found that recombinant MCPyV VP1 pentameric capsomeres both hemagglutinated sheep red blood cells and interacted with ganglioside GT1b in a sucrose gradient flotation assay. Structural differences between the analyzed gangliosides suggest that MCPyV VP1 likely interacts with sialic acids on both branches of the GT1b carbohydrate chain. Identification of a potential host cell receptor for MCPyV will aid in the elucidation of its entry mechanism and pathophysiology.
Maximal Exercise Response Is Reduced in Patients with the Total Artificial Heart

Purpose Home discharge with the total artificial heart (TAH) necessitates a shift in focus to quality of life in the TAH patient (pt) including functional ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory responses to graded exercise in pts with the TAH compared to both advanced heart failure (HF) and LVAD pts. Methods and Materials A retrospective study was conducted on previously gathered data of TAH, LVAD and HF pts who underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Clinical data was abstracted from the medical record and ANOVA was performed to compare groups. Results Fourteen TAH pts safely underwent treadmill CPET with results listed in Table 1 including p-values indicating significance. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups except for hemoglobin and BMI. Peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), %pred. VO2, VAT, %pred. VO2 @ VAT, OUES, and peak MAP were significantly lower in the TAH compared with LVAD and HF groups. Hemoglobin was also significantly lower in the TAH pt. Peak RER was significantly higher and a trend towards an elevated VE/VCO2 slope was noted in the TAH. Waveform analysis was available for 11 TAH pts wherein 9 out of 11 exhibited a full-fill pattern at peak exercise. Conclusions This is the first study to examine maximal exercise capacity in a group of TAH pts. Exercise capacity is significantly reduced in the TAH pt below that observed in LVAD and advanced HF. Although the TAH provides excellent cardiac output, limitations to performance on the CPET may be related to persistent anemia and limited ability of the pump to modulate output for activity. These data also provide a baseline for expected functional status and has implications on the ADL tolerance of these individuals.
Coherence of long-term variations of zooplankton in two sectors of the California Current System

Abstract We analyzed long-term (56-year) variations in springtime biomass of the zooplankton of the California Current System from two primary regions sampled by CalCOFI: Southern California (SC) and Central California (CC) waters. All organisms were enumerated from the plankton samples and converted to organic carbon biomass using length–carbon relationships, then aggregated into 19 major taxa. Planktonic copepods dominate the carbon biomass in both SC (59%) and CC (46%), followed by euphausiids (18% and 25% of mean biomass in SC and CC, respectively). Pelagic tunicates, especially salps and doliolids, constituted a higher fraction of the biomass in CC (13%) than in SC (5%). There was no long-term trend detectable in total zooplankton carbon biomass, in marked contrast to a decline in zooplankton displacement volume in both regions. The difference between these biomass metrics is accounted for by a long-term decline in pelagic tunicates (particularly salps), which have a relatively high ratio of biovolume:carbon. The decline in pelagic tunicates was accompanied by a long-term increase in water column density stratification. No other taxa showed a decline over the duration of the study, apart from salps and pyrosomes in SC and doliolids in CC. Some zooplankton taxa showed compensatory increases over the same time period (ostracods, large decapods, and calycophoran siphonophores in both SC and CC; appendicularians and polychaetes in SC). Two tests for ecosystem shifts, a sequential algorithm and the cumulative sum of anomalies (CuSum) approach, failed to detect changes in 1976–1977 in total carbon biomass, displacement volume, or most individual major taxa, suggesting that aggregated biomass is an insensitive indicator of climate forcing. In contrast, both techniques revealed a cluster of step-like changes associated with the La Nina of 1999. The major El Nino’s in the past half century have consistently depressed total zooplankton biomass and biomass of many major taxa in both SC and CC, although such effects are transitory. Much, but not all, of the interannual variability in zooplankton is shared between the Southern and Central California sectors of the California Current System.
Coupling efficiency of an alignment-tolerant, single fiber, bi-directional link

In this paper, we present a novel Fourier technique to calculate the emitter-to-fiber coupling efficiency between an incoherent source of arbitrary directivity and a multimode fiber. The technique expresses the 4-D integral that describes the coupling as a 2-D sum, and along with Fourier series expansion, the technique increases greatly the computational speed of emitter-to-fiber coupling calculations. We have simulation results of the emitter-to-fiber coupling analysis and coupling analysis for a single-fiber bi-directional link total using the Fourier technique. The results show that the large core plastic optical fiber gives rise to good emitter-to-fiber coupling alignment tolerance, but tends to overfill the detector and cause degradation in fiber-to-detector alignment tolerance. We find that a more directive resonant-cavity light emitting diode only improves emitter-to-fiber alignment tolerance slightly, though it can couple more light into the fiber.
The rise of blogging: Articulation as a dynamic of technological stabilization:

This article conceptualizes the emergence and stabilization of blogging as a process of articulation; that is, the establishment of a non-necessary link between a group of internet users, websites, metaphors, and practices of content creation. Data for this study come from a mixed-methods research design. Drawing on an interdisciplinary framework that combines constructionist sociology of technology, communication and media research, and cultural studies, this article analyzes three important dynamics of articulation that shaped the rise of blogging from 1997 to 1999: the constitution of patterns of similarity between certain websites; the adoption of the term ‘weblog’ to identify this group of websites and their associated metaphors and content creation practices; and the coalescence of their creators into a self-defined community of users. This case affords significant opportunities for thinking about the contemporary appropriation of blogs and the dynamics of stabilization and use of new media.
Understanding consumers’ perception of clothing quality: a multidimensional approach

The purpose of this study was to explore how consumers evaluate clothing quality. The researchers used a questionnaire based on responses from previous clothing quality research. It included statements to assess consumers’ use of informational cues to evaluate clothing quality and their expectations of high-quality garments. A total of 146 students completed the questionnaire. An analysis of the data indicated that 75% of the informational cues and 36% of the expectations of a high-quality garment were used by the respondents when considering the quality of a garment. The results of this study support the multidimensional nature of consumers’ perception of clothing quality using both informational cues and consumers’ expectations of high-quality garments.
Critiquing as a modality for computer advice in medical management and work-up

The question of how best to adapt computer advice to clinical practice is especially important in a domain as complex and sensitive as medicine. The traditional approach has been to design systems which in some sense simulate a physician's decision-making and attempt to formulate similar conclusions. A recent study [1] suggests, however, that no matter how good such a system's advice is, its clinical value will be greatly diminished if it is not able to explain and justify its conclusions and recommendations to its user.
The Value of Money the Value of Labor Power and the Marxian Transformation Problem

An interpretation of the labor theory of value is proposed which retains the proportionality of profit and unpaid labor time in the face of any deviations of prices from labor values. The concept "value of labor power" in the case when prices are proportional to labor values is equal both to the labor value of workers' consumption and to the product of the money wage and the "value of money," that is, the ratio of aggregate direct labor time to aggregate money value added. On the basis of the second definition a consistent interpretation of the labor theory of value is constructed in which surplus value is conserved in the transformation from labor values to prices, but in which the value of labor power is not in general equal to the labor value of workers' consumption. This interpretation can be made operational in terms of accounting data from capitalist firms.
Hypergraph-Cover Diversity for Maximally-Resilient Reconfigurable Systems

Scaling trends of reconfigurable hardware (RH) and their design flexibility have proliferated their use in dependability-critical embedded applications. Although their reconfigurability can enable significant fault tolerance, due to the complexity of execution time in their design flow, in-field reconfigurability can be infeasible and thus limit such potential. This need is addressed by developing a graph and set theoretic approach, named hypergraph-cover diversity (HCD), as a preemptive design technique to shift the dominant costs of resiliency to design-time. In particular, union-free hypergraphs are exploited to partition the reconfigurable resources pool into highly separable subsets of resources, each of which can be utilized by the same synthesized application netlist. The diverse implementations provide reconfiguration-based resilience throughout the system lifetime while avoiding the significant overheads associated with runtime placement and routing phases. Two novel scalable algorithms to construct union-free hypergraphs are proposed and described. Evaluation on a Motion-JPEG image compression core using a Xilinx 7-series-based FPGA hardware platform demonstrates a statistically significant increase in fault tolerance and area efficiency when using proposed work compared to commonly-used modular redundancy approaches.
Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging

Since the 1960s, computational phantoms have played an integral role in radiation dose calculations for radiation protection and imaging. This chapter reviews the historical development and latest research involving these phantoms.
Malignant Lymphoma with a High Content of Epithelioid Histiocytes (Lennert’s Lymphoma)

Fifteen patients with a rare malignant lymphoma characterized by a high content of epithelioid histiocytes are reported. This lymphoma, referred to as "Lennert's lymphoma," was originally thought to be a variant of Hodgkin's disease, but has both histologic and clinical differences. Although the infiltrate is polymorphous, diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells are difficult to find and involvement of tonsils relatively common. Lennert's lymphoma bears some resemblance to immunoblastic lymphadenopathy in that some patients have a history of allergies, polyclonal hyperglobulinemia, and all lymph nodes demonstrate variable proliferation of immunoblasts. However, both vascular proliferation and the amorphous eosinophilic interstitial material characteristic of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are lacking. The clinical course in this series was unpredictable with rapid death in six cases, chiefly from sepsis, 1--18 months following diagnosis despite therapy as for Hodgkin's disease. The remaining eight patients for whom follow-up data are available are in apparent clinical remission. Further cases and investigations are needed to determine the precise behavior of Lennert's lymphoma and to learn its exact status in relation to other malignant lymphomas or immunoblastic proliferations.
Using Low Cost Erasure and Error Correction Schemes to Improve Reliability of Commodity DRAM Systems

Most server-grade systems provide Chipkill-Correct error protection at the expense of power and performance. In this paper we present a low overhead solution to improving the reliability of commodity DRAM systems with no change in the existing memory architecture. Specifically, we propose five erasure and error correction (E-ECC) schemes that provide at least Chipkill-Correct protection for x4 (Schemes 1, 2 and 3), x8 (Scheme 4) and x16 (Scheme 5) DRAM systems. All schemes have superior error correction performance due to the use of strong symbol-based codes. Synthesis results in 28 nm node show that the decoding latency of these codes is negligible compared to the DRAM access latency. In addition, we make use of erasure codes to extend the lifetime of the DRAM systems. Specifically, once a chip is marked faulty due to persistent errors, all E-ECC schemes correct erasures due to that faulty chip and also correct an additional random error in a second chip. Evaluation with SPEC2006 workloads show that compared to x4 Chipkill-Correct schemes, Scheme 5 has the highest IPC improvement (mean of 7 percent) and Scheme 4 has the largest power reduction (mean of 18 percent) and the largest increase in energy efficiency (mean of 25 percent).
Repair of Dissecting Aneurysm of the Ascending Aorta

In the case presented, a prior diagnosis of “heart failure” was corrected by cardiac catheterization and other studies revealing the aortic aneurysm. The surgical correction is described and illustrated, and the various types and characteristics of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta are discussed. Underscored is the belief that diagnosis should be followed as rapidly as possible by definitive surgery.
Relation based term weighting regularization

Traditional retrieval models compute term weights based on only the information related to individual terms such as TF and IDF. However, query terms are related. Intuitively, these relations could provide useful information about the importance of a term in the context of other query terms. For example, query "perl tutorial" specifies that a user look for information relevant to both perl and tutorial. Thus, a document containing both terms should have higher relevance score than the ones with only one of them. However, if the IDF value of "tutorial" is much smaller than "perl", existing retrieval models may assign the document lower score than those containing multiple occurrences of "perl". It is clear that the importance of a term should be dependent on not only collection statistics but also the relations with other query terms. In this work, we study how to utilize semantic relations among query terms to regularize term weighting. Experiment results over TREC collections show that the proposed strategy is effective to improve the retrieval performance.
Comparison and interpretation of admittance spectroscopy and deep level transient spectroscopy from co-evaporated and solution-deposited Cu 2 ZnSn(S x , Se 1−x )4 solar cells

Cu 2 ZnSn(S, Se) 4 (CZTSe) is an earth-abundant semiconductor with potential for economical thin-film photovoltaic devices. Short minority carrier lifetimes contribute to low open circuit voltage and efficiency. Deep level defects that may contribute to lower minority carrier lifetimes in kesterites have been theoretically predicted, however very little experimental characterization of these deep defects exists. In this work we use admittance spectroscopy (AS) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to characterize devices built using CZTSSe absorber layers deposited via both coevaporation and solution processing. AS reveals a band of widely-distributed activation energies for traps or energy barriers for transport, especially in the solution deposited case. DLTS reveals signatures of deep majority and minority traps within both types of samples.
Distributed estimation and control for robotic sensor networks

In this paper, we address the problem of controlling a network of mobile sensors to estimate a collection of hidden states to a user-specified accuracy. The mobile sensors simultaneously take measurements of the hidden states, fuse them in a distributed filter, and plan their next views in order to minimize expected uncertainty. This formulation leads to an optimization problem with as many coupled LMI constraints as the number of hidden states. The network solves this problem by means of a new distributed random approximate projections method that is robust to the state disagreement errors that will exist among the robots as the distributed filter fuses the collected measurements and is computationally light enough to handle large numbers of hidden states.
Boiling and quenching heat transfer advancement by nanoscale surface modification

All power production, refrigeration, and advanced electronic systems depend on efficient heat transfer mechanisms for achieving high power density and best system efficiency. Breakthrough advancement in boiling and quenching phase-change heat transfer processes by nanoscale surface texturing can lead to higher energy transfer efficiencies, substantial energy savings, and global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports breakthrough advancements on both fronts of boiling and quenching. The critical heat flux (CHF) in boiling and the Leidenfrost point temperature (LPT) in quenching are the bottlenecks to the heat transfer advancements. As compared to a conventional aluminum surface, the current research reports a substantial enhancement of the CHF by 112% and an increase of the LPT by 40 K using an aluminum surface with anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous texture finish. These heat transfer enhancements imply that the power density would increase by more than 100% and the quenching efficiency would be raised by 33%. A theory that links the nucleation potential of the surface to heat transfer rates has been developed and it successfully explains the current finding by revealing that the heat transfer modification and enhancement are mainly attributed to the superhydrophilic surface property and excessive nanoscale nucleation sites created by the nanoporous surface.
Negatividade, cisão, reconciliação -indicações sobre a concepção do negativo em Hegel e a radicalidade da finitude em Sartre e Freud.

O presente artigo procura elucidar aspectos da nocao de negatividade em tres autores. Inicia-se pela consideracao a filosofia hegeliana, demonstrando que a atencao dada ao negativo por este ultimo, ainda que central, nao culmina numa radicalizacao da nocao de negatividade, tendo, pois, seu escopo central na pregnância da mesma estrutura hegemonica da filosofia ocidental, a ideia de identidade e totalidade. Em seguida, investigaremos a radicalizacao da nocao em Sartre, atraves da absolutizacao da experiencia negativa sem possiblidade de sintese, ou reconciliacao (como no pensamento hegeliano). Por fim, situaremos Freud como um autor que tambem radicaliza a nocao do negativo. Atraves da breve exposicao sobre a interpretacao da religiao, o psicanalista pode revelar uma concepcao de homem marcado pela insuficiencia, e o desamparo, isto e, uma concepcao negativa.
Localization, Verification, and Anesthesia

Accuracy and precision are essential elements in the quality delivery of pediatric radiation therapy. Accuracy in radiation therapy refers to whether radiation is delivered to volume targeted. Precision refers to the reproducibility of radiation delivery to target volumes over the course of time.
KMT2D Mutation Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Background Mixed-lineage leukemia protein 2 (MLL2 or KMT2D) is a histone methyltransferase whose mutation has been associated with a poor prognosis in cancer. We compared the characteristics and significance of KMT2D alterations in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with those in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patients and Methods Tumors from 194 NSCLC patients with locally advanced or advanced disease and 64 SCLC patients underwent targeted-exome sequencing. The association of KMT2D mutation with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was measured using Kaplan-Meier methods and further evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusting for known clinical prognostic features. Results The KMT2D mutation rate was 17.5% (34 of 194) in NSCLC. Patients with mutant KMT2D had significantly lower median OS (9.97 vs. 30.2 months; P Conclusion The KMT2D mutation was associated with reduced survival in NSCLC but not in SCLC.