cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lie algebra structure of tangent cohomology and deformation theory

Abstract Tangent cohomology of a commutative algebra is known to have the structure of a graded Lie algebra; we account for this by exhibiting a differential graded Lie algebra (in fact, two of them) equivalent as cochain complex to Harrison's yielding the tangent cohomology. This d.g. Lie algebra, called the tangent Lie algebra, also provides an interpretation of the cohomology in terms of perturbations of multiplicative resolutions and hence clarifies the relation to deformation theory. In particular, the higher order obstructions to deformations appear as Massey-Lie brackets. Moreover, we obtain homological constructions for the base and total spaces of a versal deformation.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee menisci.

Summary MRI remains the most useful noninvasive test for diagnosis of meniscal tears. Knowledge of normal anatomy and familiarity with patterns of meniscal tears are prerequisites when interpreting MRI studies of the knee. Radiologists should pay close attention to technical factors, normal variants, and associated abnormalities to maintain high diagnostic accuracy. Details of meniscal tears should be described as to best aid in orthopedic decisionmaking.
Separation of Topoisomerase I Activity from the Regulatory Subunit of Type II CyclicAdenosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase

The cAMP-containing phosphoform of the regulatory subunit (Rll) of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rat liver has been reported to have intrinsic DNA topoisomerase Iactivity. We found that highly purified Rll preparations from eight different sources, including rat liver, contained no detectable topoisomerase I activity. Topoisomerase I exhibited an overlapping peak of activity with Rll when rat liver extracts were fractionated by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Topoisomerase I activity was separated from Rll by subsequent cAMP affinity chromatography. The results indicate that the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase does not contain intrinsic topoisomerase I activity.
New map of Antarctica

A new map of Antarctica that provides the most geographically accurate, true-color, high-resolution views of the continent to date was unveiled on 27 November. The Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica—completed by researchers from NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the British Antarctic Survey—is a realistic, nearly cloudless satellite view of the continent, piecing together 1100 Landsat images. The map “will open new windows of opportunity for scientific research as well as enable the public to become much more familiar with Antarctica and how scientists use imagery in their research. This innovation is like watching high-definition TV in living color versus watching the picture on a grainy black-and-white television,” said Robert Bindschadler, chief scientist of the Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. For more details, visit http://lima.usgs.gov, http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/lima_press_conf.html, and http://lima.nasa.gov.
TRANSPORT OF PENETRANTS IN THE MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF COALS II. EFFECT OF POROUS STRUCTURE ON PYRIDINE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Abstract Pyridine transport in 600-850μm coal particles occurs by a non-Fickian mechanism which shows coupling of both diffusion and relaxation phenomena. In lignites (with carbon content less than 75%) the phenomenological pyridine transport mechanism is predominantly Fickian, whereas in bituminous coals (above 75% carbon) it approaches Case-II transport. However, when the porous structure of the coals is taken in consideration the true pyridine transport mechanism is Case-II transport.
Consumer incentives for solar energy

This paper presents several types of solar energy incentives for industrial energy consumers. First, past industrial solar energy costs are reviewed. The discussion then continues with a development of solar incentives. The incentives are formulated using Stackelberg game theory, with the government as a leader offering incentives to the consumer (followers). Finally, the paper concludes with a description of current solar energy incentive programs, including both the current government subsidies and the methods used by industry privately to fund solar energy systems.
Demography of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius nivosus) on the Missouri River

Abstract. Snowy Plovers (Charadrius nivosus) have recently expanded their breeding range into the northern Great Plains. We studied the nest success and survival of Snowy Plovers nesting on the Missouri River between Nebraska and South Dakota from 2008–2011 by monitoring nests every 2–3 days and banding adults and chicks. We used the logistic exposure method to estimate nest success and capture-recapture models in Program MARK to estimate adult and chick survival. Snowy Plover nests had a daily survival rate of 0.978 ± 0.008, and annual adult apparent survival rate was 0.588 ± 0.119. In addition, we estimated that 0.63 ± 0.12 of Snowy Plover chicks survived to fledging (30 days) during our study. The results for Snowy Plovers were similar to results for Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) breeding in the same area, and the demographic rates in this study were similar to those reported from established portions of the species' range. Recent breeding range expansion may be due to spring flooding on establis...
Community Development Model for Public Health Applications: Overview of a Model to Eliminate Population Disparities:

For well over two decades, the public health community has undertaken a broad range of initiatives to identify and eliminate various health-related disparities among popula tions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s(CDC) Office on Smoking and Health (OSH),for example, has committed resources to help states eliminate population disparities related to tobacco use.These initiatives have enjoyed a degree of success and some measurable decreases in population disparities. However, traditional public health approaches that are overly influenced by reductionist paradigms more content with risk factor assessment of at-risk strata may not be sufficient to produce successful results when applied to more intractable disparities. The elimination of disparities will require a more encompassing and comprehensive approach that addresses both population strata at risk and the communities in which they reside. This article proposes a new, concentrated model to address the elimination of population disparities—a model that focuses on community as the critical unit of analysis and action to achieve success.
A system for accurate interactive 3-D display of cardiac electrical activity

The system described comprises two programs, GETPIC3 and MAP3, which together allow the construction of an anatomically correct surface model from cross section anatomic images and the interactive dynamic display of cardiac electrical activity on the 3-D surface model. It uses 3-D models of epicardial and endocardial surfaces created with the GETPIC3 program from a sequence of 2-D images of a heart. The individual surfaces are triangulated and may be smoothed using a spline function. MAP3 displays activation times either as static isochronous maps or as dynamic time-since-last-activation maps. In the case of dynamic activation maps, surface color denotes the time since that area was activated. Potential distribution data may also be displayed dynamically. The program uses a mouse to control the real-time rotation of the model, and any surface can be hidden interactively for better viewing of the data. >
Under Pressure: Individual Differences in Children's Suggestibility in Response to Intense Social Influence

Prior research on the relation between children's suggestibility and verbal skills has yielded mixed results. This study examined children's suggestibility in a high social pressure context in conjunction with individual differences in verbal ability and social understanding. Sixty-nine children were read a story by a classroom visitor. One week later children were asked suggestive questions about the visit and pressured to respond ‘yes’. One week after the first interview, children were re-asked the same questions, this time with no pressure. Children's suggestibility in response to social pressure was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with receptive vocabulary knowledge, but not with social understanding, the ability to understand and interpret social interactions. In addition, suggestibility scores exhibited a distinctly bimodal distribution, with many children acquiescing to all pressured suggestions, many children acquiescing to no suggestions, and few children falling between these two extremes.
Loading configurations and driving mechanisms for joints based on the Griffith energy-balance concept

Abstract Using the Griffith energy-balance concept to model joint propagation in the brittle crust, two laboratory loading configurations serve as appropriate analogs for in situ conditions: the dead-weight load and the fixed-grips load. The distinction between these loading configurations is based largely on whether or not a loaded boundary moves as a joint grows. During displacement of a loaded boundary, the energy necessary for joint propagation comes from work by the dead weight (i.e., a remote stress). When the loaded boundary remains stationary, as if held by rigid grips, the energy for joint propagation develops upon release of elastic strain energy within the rock mass. These two generic loading configurations serve as models for four common natural loading configurations: a joint-normal load; a thermoelastic load; a fluid load; and an axial load. Each loading configuration triggers a different joint-driving mechanism, each of which is the release of energy through elastic strain and/or work. The four mechanisms for energy release are joint-normal stretching, elastic contraction, poroelastic contraction under either a constant fluid drive or fluid decompression, and axial shortening, respectively. Geological circumstances favoring each of the joint-driving mechanisms are as follows. The release of work under joint-normal stretching occurs whenever layer-parallel extension keeps pace with slow or subcritical joint propagation. Under fixed grips, a substantial crack-normal tensile stress can accumulate by thermoelastic contraction until joint propagation is driven by the release of elastic strain energy. Within the Earth the rate of joint propagation dictates which of these two driving mechanisms operates, with faster propagation driven by release of strain energy. Like a dead-weight load acting to separate the joint walls, pore fluid exerts a traction on the interior of some joints. Joint propagation under fluid loading may be driven by a release of elastic strain energy and/or work by the pore fluid during poroelastic contraction. Again, propagation velocity dictates the driving mechanism, with critical to supercritical joint propagation accompanying fluid decompression and subcritical crack propagation taking place under a constant fluid drive. During axial shortening a jointing process called axial splitting may occur following wing crack growth from an initial crack tilted relative to the maximum compressive stress. Here the joint-driving mechanism may be either the work of a remote stress (i.e., a dead weight) or the release of elastic strain energy (i.e., fixed grips).
Examining the Effects of Linking Student Performance and Progression in a Tier 2 Kindergarten Reading Intervention

Despite the emerging evidence base on response to intervention, there is limited research regarding how to effectively use progress-monitoring data to adjust instruction for students in Tier 2 intervention. In this study, we analyzed extant data from a series of randomized experimental studies of a kindergarten supplemental reading intervention to determine whether linking performance on formative assessments to curriculum progression improved kindergarten reading outcomes over standard implementation. We were interested in whether specific progression adjustments would enhance the effects of supplemental reading intervention. Growth-mixture modeling using data from kindergarteners (n = 136) whose intervention progression (e.g. repeat lessons, skip lessons) was adjusted every 4 weeks based on mastery data identified four latent classes characterized by unique profiles of curriculum progression adjustments. Multilevel analyses comparing the performance of students in the four classes with that of propensit...
Effectiveness of a course designed to teach handoffs to medical students.

INTRODUCTION: Handoffs of patient care are increasingly common and are known to contribute to medical errors. A significant number, if not the large majority, of first-year Internal Medicine residents have not received formal education pertaining to handoffs during medical school. AIM: To develop a program designed to teach handoffs to medical students entering their fourth year of training. SETTING: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: Our Handoff Selective was first offered in April 2007 as part of a 2-week Integrated Clinician's Course conducted once yearly between the third and fourth years of medical school. The Selective consisted of a didactic session in which communication theory and elements were discussed and a practicum in which students used faculty-developed case scenarios to practice both giving and receiving handoffs. PROGRAM EVALUATION: Sixty (the maximum number of spots available) out of 150 students participated in the course, although many more students chose the course than spots available. Prior to taking the Selective, medical students' confidence in performing handoffs was poor, but it improved after the course (P < 0.001); 92% of students felt the Handoff Selective was “useful” or “extremely useful.” While both components of the course were thought to be useful to the large majority of students, the practicum portion was thought to be more useful (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Formal education on handoffs is well received by medical students and improves their self-perceived understanding and performance of handoffs. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:344–348. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Current Chemotherapeutic Management of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) describes a heterogeneous group of interrelated lesions that arise from abnormal proliferation of placental trophoblasts. GTN lesions are histologically distinct, malignant lesions that include invasive hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). GTN tumors are generally highly responsive to chemotherapy. Early stage GTN disease is often cured with single-agent chemotherapy. In contrast, advanced stage disease requires multiagent combination chemotherapeutic regimens to achieve a cure. Various adjuvant surgical procedures can be helpful to treat women with GTN. Patients require careful followup after completing treatment and recurrent disease should be aggressively managed. Women with a history of GTN are at increased risk of subsequent GTN, hence future pregnancies require careful monitoring to ensure normal gestational development. This article will review the workup, management and followup of women with all stages of GTN as well as with recurrent disease.
Auditory event-related responses in children with semi-lobar holoprosencephaly

The purpose of this study was to evaluate auditory sensory and discrimination responses in children with semi-lobar holoprosencephaly (HPE). Event-related potential (ERP) signals were recorded to tone pair stimuli at 62 electrode sites from the scalp using an oddball paradigm (a two-block design, inter-stimulus interval=70 or 300 ms; frequency of tone pair=100 vs. 100 Hz for the frequent and 100 vs. 300 Hz for the infrequent). Latencies and amplitudes of P150, N250, and mismatch negativity (MMN)-like components were compared between children with HPE and controls. Our results revealed less organized ERP waveforms to both stimuli in children with HPE, with diminished P150 and N250 components across brain area. Robust and delayed MMN-like responses were elicited from the children with HPE, with decreased MMN amplitudes in the central, parietal, occipital, and posterior temporal areas. Our results suggest that while brain sensory responses to auditory tones may be impaired in children with semi-lobar HPE, subcomponents of auditory discrimination processes remain functional.
Kinetics of Allosteric Inhibition In Vivo: a Quantitative Analysis with Synchronous Cultures of Blastocladiella emersonii.

Negative feedback control of the arginine biosynthetic pathway of Blastocladiella emersonii was observed in vivo by conducting kinetic radioisotope incorporation experiments. Transient responses of arginine precursor pools to perturbations in the medium end product concentration allowed a quantitative description of the negative feedback associated with pathway control, indicated that the Nα-acetyl-l-glutamate pool size was the controlled variable, and suggested that Nα-acetyl-l-glutamate and l-ornithine were the products of a transacetylation reaction in which Nα-acetyl-l-ornithine and glutamic acid were the reactants. The precursors to arginine biosynthesis were found to undergo two discrete disturbances in response to altering the exogenous arginine concentration only once. An increased supply of exogenous end product resulted in diminished radioactivity in the intracellular pools of arginine, ornithine, and acetyl-glutamate, but elevated the radioisotope content of the pool of Nα-acetyl-l-ornithine. Conversely, a lowered concentration of end product in the medium caused a rise in the radioisotope content of all the precursor pools except that of Nα-acetyl ornithine, in which the radioactivity fell. Examination of tracer distribution among the precursors in the absence of exogenous arginine showed the nonacetylated precursor pools to be about 30 times larger than those of the acetylated intermediates and placed upper limits on the pool sizes of two pathway members that were not isolated (Nα-acetyl-l-glutamic-γ-semialdehyde and Nα-acetyl-l-glutamic-γ-semiphosphate).
The role of latency in the validity of AR simulation

It is extremely challenging to run controlled studies comparing multiple Augmented Reality (AR) systems. We use an AR simulation approach, in which a Virtual Reality (VR) system is used to simulate multiple AR systems. To investigate the validity of this approach, in our first experiment we carefully replicated a well-known study by Ellis et al. using our simulator, obtaining comparable results. We include a discussion on general issues we encountered with replicating a prior study. In our second experiment further exploring the validity of AR simulation, we investigated the effects of simulator latency on the results from experiments conducted in an AR simulator. We found simulator latency to have a significant effect on 3D tracing, however there was no interaction between simulator latency and artificial latency. Based on the results from these two experiments, we conclude that simulator latency is not inconsequential in determining task performance. Simulating visual registration is not sufficient to simulate the overall perception of registration errors in an AR system. We also need to keep simulator latency at a minimum. We discuss the impact of these results on the use of the AR simulation approach.
A longitudinal study of serum lipoproteins in relation to endogenous reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle: findings from the BioCycle study.

Context: Exogenous estrogens have been shown to affect the lipid profile, leading to the hypothesis that endogenous estrogens may have similar effects. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between endogenous estrogen and serum lipoproteins across the menstrual cycle. Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Setting: The study was conducted at the University at Buffalo, 2005–2007. Participants: Participants included 259 healthy, regularly menstruating women aged 18–44 yr. Main Outcome Measures: Serum levels of total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides measured up to eight times per cycle for up to two cycles were measured. Results: Total and LDL cholesterol were lower during the luteal phase as compared with the follicular phase (P < 0.001), and HDL levels were highest around ovulation (P < 0.001). More women were classified above the desirable range (LDL ≥130 mg/dl or total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl) when measur...
The human ZIP1 transporter mediates zinc uptake in human K562 erythroleukemia cells.

The ZIP superfamily of transporters plays important roles in metal ion uptake in diverse organisms. There are 12 ZIP-encoding genes in humans, and we hypothesize that many of these proteins are zinc transporters. In this study, we addressed the role of one human ZIP gene, hZIP1, in zinc transport. First, we examined 65Zn uptake activity in K562 erythroleukemia cells overexpressing hZIP1. These cells accumulated more zinc than control cells because of increased zinc influx. Moreover, consistent with its role in zinc uptake, hZIP1 protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Our results also demonstrated that hZIP1 is responsible for the endogenous zinc uptake activity in K562 cells. hZIP1 is expressed in untransfected K562 cells, and the increase in mRNA levels found inhZIP1-overexpressing cells correlated with the increased zinc uptake activity. Furthermore, hZIP1-dependent 65Zn uptake was biochemically indistinguishable from the endogenous activity. Finally, inhibition of endogenous hZIP1 expression with antisense oligonucleotides caused a marked decrease in endogenous65Zn uptake activity. The observation that hZIP1 is the major zinc transporter in K562 cells, coupled with its expression in many normal cell types, indicates that hZIP1 plays an important role in zinc uptake in human tissues.
A CMOS bandgap voltage reference with absolute value and temperature drift trims

We present a curvature-corrected CMOS bandgap voltage reference with in-package trim of the absolute value and first-order temperature drift during the final test. The trim settings are stored using a poly fuse ROM. The output buffer has a single-stage topology with voltage and current gain boosts, providing 20 /spl mu/V/mA load regulation and frequency stability with any load. The total error of the voltage reference, implemented in the TSMC 0.6 /spl mu/m process, does not exceed 200 ppm in the full temperature (-40/spl deg/C to 125/spl deg/C), supply (1.8 V to 5.5 V) and load (/spl plusmn/10 mA) range.
Estrogen receptors in diseases of the immune system

Estrogen has distinct functions in the immune system where it acts via ERα and HERβ respectively. Surprisingly the defects in the immune system which develop in the absence of either ERα or ERβ are quite distinct from what develops in the absence of estrogen. We have found by studying mice in which either or both estrogen receptors have been inactivated that the two estrogen receptors play distinct roles in the immune system. Loss of ERβ leads to chronic myeloid leukemia and loss of ERα leads to autoimmune disease. In mice which cannot synthesize estrogen there is also autoimmune disease resembling Sjogrens Syndrome. We plan to study these mice further with the aim of ﬁ nding the exact sites of action of the two receptors in the immune system and by using speciﬁ c ligands for ERα . or ERβ to examine how speciﬁ c parts of the immune system can be modiﬁ ed. These studies should lead to improved treatment of patients with diseases of the immune system.
Long-Term Efficacy of Two Cricket and Two Liver Diets for Rearing Laboratory Fire Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta)

Summary Fire ant colonies thrived on diets of sugar water and either raw beef liver or raw chicken liver for almost 8 mo, after which brood production ceased in half of these colonies. As expected, colonies did well on a diet of sugar water and domestic crickets. Unexpectedly, however, banded crickets were much less suitable than either liver or domestic crickets.
Traumatic Experiences and Reduced Alcohol Self-efficacy in Alcohol Dependent Inpatients: Attentional and Autonomic Mediators

Objective: Self-medication with alcohol has been documented among individuals exposed to chronic trauma who may be unable to resist urges to drink in high-risk situations. Persistent alcohol use ca...
Outcomes of Patients With Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Who Received Mechanical Circulatory Support Data From the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support

Background—We describe the characteristics and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCMP) patients who received durable mechanical circulatory support and compared it with other etiologies of advanced heart failure. Methods and Results—We analyzed 1258 women who were registered in Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support between June 2006 and March 2012. Baseline characteristics, implant strategies, hemodynamics, echocardiographic data, and outcomes were compared. Ninety-nine women had PPCMP and 1159 had non-PPCMP as primary diagnosis. PPCMP women were younger (P<0.001), more likely to be blacks, and had less comorbidities than non-PPCMP patients. PPCMP women had better survival than non-PPCMP women (P=0.01) with a 2-year survival of 83%. Multivariable risk factor adjustment analysis showed that the improved survival was likely because of younger age and fewer comorbidities. At 36 months, a proportion of 48% PPCMP received heart transplantation. Recovery occurred at a frequenc...
Procedure to Estimate the Seismic Settlement of Partially Saturated Soils

The performance of near-surface geosystems during earthquake shaking depends on the free-field response of the soil layer and soil–structure interaction mechanisms. This paper presents a brief summary of the variables involved in considering the free-field response of partially saturated soil layers, and provides a step-by-step procedure to estimate the seismic settlement of a soil layer with a given initial relative density and degree of saturation. The procedure, which has been validated in a previous study using centrifuge physical model tests, was tabularized and presented in a flow chart. This methodology was followed to estimate the seismic settlement of different sand layers having different initial relative densities. It was observed that the degree of saturation has the greatest impact on loose soil layers, which also show the greatest amount of seismic settlement. However, partially saturated soil layers resulted in lower seismic settlement compared with dry or saturated soil layers.
Honey Bees: A Method of Delimiting the Complete Profile of Foraging from Colonies

Several entomological techniques were combined to create a reliable method of analyzing the foraging activities of colonies of Apis mellifera L. Returning bees were periodically sampled at the hive entrance with a sweep net. Vacuum sampling from a modified auger-hole pollen trap is proposed as a means of reducing possible sampling error. The samples of bees were quick frozen in sealed plastic bags and held for subsequent laboratory analysis. The percentage of foraging bees (pollen, nectar, and both pollen and nectar collectors combined) and of nonforaging bees remained constant at all times over all days, but the ratio of nectar to pollen-collecting bees varied; an increase in one was reflected by a decrease in the other. The ratio of bees collecting both pollen and nectar to those collecting only pollen was approximately 1:3 Statistical analysis demonstrated that duplicate samples of 10 bees produced adequate data for differentiation between the foraging activities of worker bees.
Abstract P5-08-35: Correlation of predictive markers in invasive breast carcinoma in core and excision specimens: A retrospective review

Background: Testing of biomarkers in biopsies is a critical driver of determining therapy in patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. In the past, open surgical biopsy was considered to be the gold standard, but has been supplanted by the less invasive core needle biopsy. It is therefore imperative to know if such biopsies are representative of disease existing within the entirety of the tumor. This is especially the case now that neoadjuvant therapy is offered to patients with early stage tumor prior to surgical excision. In order to confirm that core biopsies are sufficient to serve as the launch point for treatment decision, we have conducted a retrospective review to compare the biomarker results of core biopsies with their corresponding excisional specimens. Previous studies have contained a smaller sample size, thus this is the largest single-site study of its kind. Methods: Data from patients with invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 2006 and 2013 have been retrospectively studied. Results for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her2 status were analyzed. When the core biopsy and excisional specimens are either both "positive" or both "negative," the pair is considered to be "concordant." Otherwise, the pair is categorized as "discordant." As per the current ASCO/CAP guideline, hormone receptor status (estrogen and progesterone receptors) is considered positive if there were at least 1% tumor cells positive for either ER or PR. Both IHC and FISH concordance are evaluated for Her2 status. Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy of any kind were excluded from this study. Results: A total of 571 pairs of data totaling 1142 samples were analyzed in this study. Concordance for ER status is 97%, and for PR status is 92%. Concordance for hormone receptor status (when results of ER and PR are combined) between core biopsy and excision is 99%. Concordance for Her2 status, using FISH as the gold standard is 99%. Discussion: Typically, tumors that are ER+ are often also PR+. Nevertheless, they are often treated the same with hormonal therapy whether ER+PR+, ER+PR-, or, less commonly, ER-PR+. Almost all laboratories perform both ER and PR as a standard testing protocol for all breast carcinomas. Therefore, the lower concordance rate for only PR status without taking into consideration ER result is less meaningful. This study shows very high concordance rates for hormone receptor and Her2 status between core needle biopsy and excisional specimens, reiterating that treatment of invasive breast cancers based on the marker results obtained from core needle biopsies is appropriate. Citation Format: Music J, Sahoo S. Correlation of predictive markers in invasive breast carcinoma in core and excision specimens: A retrospective review. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-35.
Evaporation and Hydrocarbon Chain Conformation of Surface Lipid Films

Abstract Purpose The inhibition of the rate of evaporation (R evap ) by surface lipids is relevant to reservoirs and dry eye. Our aim was to test the idea that lipid surface films inhibit R evap . Methods R evap were determined gravimetrically. Hydrocarbon chain conformation and structure were measured using a Raman microscope. Six 1-hydroxyl hydrocarbons (11-24 carbons in length) and human meibum were studied. Reflex tears were obtained from a 62-year-old male. Results The Raman scattering intensity of the lipid film deviated by about 7 % for hydroxyl lipids and varied by 21 % for meibum films across the entire film at a resolution of 5 μm 2 . All of the surface lipids were ordered. R evap of the shorter chain hydroxyl lipids were slightly (7%) but significantly lower compared with the longer chain hydroxyl lipids. R evap of both groups was essentially similar to that of buffer. A hydroxyl lipid film did not influence R evap over an estimated average thickness range of 0.69 to >6.9 μm. R evap of human tears and buffer with and without human meibum (34.4 μm thick) was not significantly different. R evap of human tears was not significantly different from buffer. Conclusions Human meibum and hydroxyl lipids, regardless of their fluidity, chain length, or thickness did not inhibit R evap of buffer or tears even though they completely covered the surface. It is unlikely that hydroxyl lipids can be used to inhibit R evap of reservoirs. Our data do not support the widely accepted (yet unconfirmed) idea that the tear film lipid layer inhibits R evap of tears.
Improved Evaluations of Neutron-Induced Reactions on Americium Isotopes

The suite of neutron-induced reactions on 241Am, 242gAm, 242mAm, and 243Am has been evaluated for incident neutron energies above the unresolved resonance region and up to 20 MeV. Modern theoretica...
STR Genotyping and Data Interpretation

This chapter reviews the process of taking multicolor fluorescent peak information and converting it into short tandem repeat (STR) genotypes. An STR genotype is the allele, in the case of a homozygote, or alleles, in the case of a heterozygote, present in a sample for a particular locus and is normally reported as the number of repeats present in the allele. By using locus-specific allelic ladders allele peak sizes may be accurately converted into genotypes. These genotypes then provide the universal language for comparing STR profiles. The chapter discusses the steps in STR genotyping and data interpretation. There are a number of issues that are important to obtaining accurate genotype results. Some issues are biology related and some are technology related, viz., the importance of precision in accurate genotyping; sizing algorithm issues; off-ladder alleles; partial STR profiles; and mixture interpretation. Three parts of the genotyping process are crucial to the success of genotyping samples. These include the matrix file, the internal size standard, and the allelic ladder sample. Electropherograms may contain peaks other than the primary target alleles of interest. These peaks can arise from a number of sources related to the biology of STRs and the technology of detecting fluorescently labeled amplification products. Experienced analysts recognize these peaks and edit them out of the data before final genotypes are determined in order to avoid making an incorrect exclusion because of the presence of spurious peaks in either the known or the question sample. Additional information on biology and technology artifacts is also discussed in the chapter.
Large-scale large eddy simulation of nuclear reactor flows: Issues and perspectives

Abstract Numerical simulation has been an intrinsic part of nuclear engineering research since its inception. In recent years a transition is occurring toward predictive, first-principle-based tools such as computational fluid dynamics. Even with the advent of petascale computing, however, such tools still have significant limitations. In the present work some of these issues, and in particular the presence of massive multiscale separation, are discussed, as well as some of the research conducted to mitigate them. Petascale simulations at high fidelity (large eddy simulation/direct numerical simulation) were conducted with the massively parallel spectral element code Nek5000 on a series of representative problems. These simulations shed light on the requirements of several types of simulation: (1) axial flow around fuel rods, with particular attention to wall effects; (2) natural convection in the primary vessel; and (3) flow in a rod bundle in the presence of spacing devices. The focus of the work presented here is on the lessons learned and the requirements to perform these simulations at exascale. Additional physical insight gained from these simulations is also emphasized.
Immunotherapy Clinical Trials in Neuro-Oncology

The treatment landscape of cancer is being quickly transformed by harnessing the power of the immune system. Its utilization has yielded remarkable responses in a wide range of malignancies and is being explored in a variety of carefully designed clinical trials, assessing both the clinical benefit and molecular biomarkers of response. Given these recent advances in systemic cancer management, focus has shifted to utilizing immunotherapy to hone in on malignant gliomas. A plethora of trials have already been devised and are currently in various stages of development and implementation. These trials investigate immunomodulatory techniques to prime, stimulate, and sustain a potent response against tumor-specific antigens. This chapter will examine these varied modalities of treatment and highlight the available data, both by appraising seminal immunotherapy clinical trials in systemic oncology, and moving into trials specifically focusing on malignant glioma. Furthermore, we will discuss criteria guiding clinical, radiographic, and immunologic parameters with respect to clinical trial development in neuro-oncology.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Protects Mice Against Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator-mediated Plasminogen Activation

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is known to protect mice against cardiac fibrosis. It has been speculated that PAI-1 may regulate cardiac fibrosis by inactivating urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and ultimately plasmin (Pm) generation. However, the in vivo role of PAI-1 in inactivating uPA and limiting the generation of Pm during cardiac fibrosis remains to be established. The objective of this study was to determine if the cardioprotective effect of PAI-1 is mediated through its ability to directly regulate urokinase -mediated activation of plasminogen (Pg). An Angiotensin II (AngII)-aldosterone (Ald) infusion mouse model of hypertension was utilised in this study. Four weeks after AngII-Ald infusion, PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1-/-) mice developed severe cardiac fibrosis. However, a marked reduction in cardiac fibrosis was observed in PAI-1-/-/uPA-/- double knockout mice that was associated with reduced inflammation, lower expression levels of TGF-β and proteases associated with tissue remodeling, and diminished Smad2 signaling. Moreover, total ablation of cardiac fibrosis was observed in PAI-1-/- mice that express inactive plasmin (Pm) but normal levels of zymogen Pg (PAI-1-/-/PgS743A/S743A). Our findings indicate that PAI-1 protects mice from hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the generation of active Pm.
Double the Trouble When Herpesviruses Join Hands.

KSHV is the etiologic agent of PEL—an aggressive lymphoma. Interestingly, EBV concurrently exists in nearly 70% of PEL cases. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , McHugh et al. (2017) develop humanized mouse models for EBV/KSHV co-infection and identify their complementary effect on in vivo tumor formation.
On T-core Partitions and Quadratic Forms

We derive a recurrence for c t the number of t-core partitions ofn, where t ≥ 4. Use of the recurrence requires the solution of a Diophantine equation involving a quadratic form in t — 2 \( 2\left[ {\tfrac{t}{3}} \right] \)variables.
Chapter 19 – The crying of fractal batrachion 1,489

Publisher Summary Batrachions are a class of bizarre and infinite mathematical curves that hop like frogs from one “lilypad” to the next as they parade along the number system. These little-known curves derive their name from batrachian, which means frog-like. In addition to hopping in a strange manner from integer to integer, they also have other interesting properties. For example, they are often fractal, exhibiting an intricate self-similar structure when examined at different size scales. In addition, they evolve from very simple-looking recursive formulas involving integers. The most common example of recursion in programming and in mathematics is one that defines the Fibonacci numbers. This sequence of numbers, called the “Fibonacci sequence” plays important roles in mathematics and nature. These numbers are such that, after the first two, every number in the sequence equals the sum of the two previous numbers. This chapter describes a class of integer sequences with unusual graphical behaviors and histories. Simple graphical methods are presented to encourage student/teacher involvement and future exploration.
Unraveling the Mechanism of Action of the GnRH Pulse Generator: A Possible Role for Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) Neurons

The discovery of episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in 1970 initiated considerable effort by reproductive neuroendocrinologists to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the synchronous release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that drives pulsatile LH secretion. In this chapter, we first review early work that attempted to define the neural elements of this GnRH pulse generator, including evidence that it may be endogenous to GnRH neurons. We next describe the development of a new model for the GnRH pulse generator based on KNDy neurons in the arcuate nucleus that contain kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin, and consider recent experimental tests of this model, first in sheep and goats, then in rats and mice. Based on these studies, we suggest a modified model for the GnRH pulse generator in ruminants and rodents, and discuss whether this model is applicable to humans.
Support of bone mineral deposition by regulation of pH

Osteoblasts secrete collagen and isolate bone matrix from extracellular space. In the matrix, alkaline phosphatase generates phosphate that combines with calcium to form mineral, liberating 8 H+ pe...
Process Sequencing Problem in Distributed Manufacturing Process Planning

Process Sequencing, a subtask of generative process planning, involves the task of selecting the best process plan, which can minimize the time and cost of manufacturing a part, subassembly or assembly, out of a set of alternative process plans. A network can represent a set of alternative process plans where nodes of the network represent machining processes, connected by precedence relationships. This chapter begins by introducing different strategies of generating the process planning network, respecting various manufacturing constraints. Next, we describe various graph search methods based on space search techniques, in order to find the best planning route in the process planning network. We also present a novel transformation from process sequencing problem to Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem. We end this chapter with some experimental results on network size and computation time along with performance analysis of different optimal process sequence search algorithms described in this chapter.
Spatial attention and feature-based attention are differentially sensitive to individual working memory capacity and perceptual load

A central and long-standing topic of interest to both psychologists and neuroscientists has been the capacity limited nature of perception, cognition and action. Most often, attention is the term i...
A critical analysis of the definitions of climate and hydrological extreme events

Abstract Extreme weather and climate events, although rare at any particular location, can lead to different amount of loss to exposed human and natural systems, even to disasters. In this paper, the most authoritative definitions of “extreme events” given by the World Meteorological Organization and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have been considered, as well as the underlying basic concepts, i.e., selected intensity levels, selected percentiles, multiples of the standard deviation, return period, distribution tails, imprint left, cause-effect relationships, natural disasters. Definitions and criteria have been tested with real world case studies using long instrumental records (300 years of daily temperature and 200 years of daily precipitation in Bologna, Italy) and proxy series (1000 years of Venice lagoon frozen over and 300 years of Po River outflow). The analysis reveals that each definition leads to particular consequences, e.g., in the peak over threshold theory, if the threshold is expressed in absolute terms, the number of extreme events may change with the climate period as tested with the Venice case study; as opposed, the relative definition based on percentiles or standard deviation will keep unchanged this frequency. Again, considering extreme events those external to the 10th or 90th percentile of the distribution may lead to a return period too short, e.g., 10 days for daily records, while a 10 years return period would require 1st or 99th percentiles, as tested with the daily temperature and precipitation in Bologna. In addition, the distribution of a series may substantially change shape passing from daily to monthly and yearly averages as tested with the series taken as examples. The specific case of proxies is also considered analysing their uncertainties and categorization. The lagoon frozen over as a consequence of exceptionally severe winters constitutes an example of extremes based on an absolute threshold, as well as cause-effect relationship, and the return period was highly affected by the change of climate periods. The example of the overflow of the Po River suggests that the occurrence of extremes, and their intensity, may be altered by other factors that concur to the final result.
Water-quality trends in US rivers: Exploring effects from streamflow trends and changes in watershed management

Abstract We present a conceptual model that explores the relationship of streamflow trends to 15 water-quality parameters at 370 sites across the contiguous United States (US). Our analytical framework uses discrete water-quality data, daily streamflow records, and a statistical model to estimate water-quality trends between 1982 and 2012 and parse these trends into the amount of change attributed to trends in streamflow versus changes in watershed management, such as changes in point or non-point sources related to pollution control efforts. We conceptualize a water-quality trend as an additive function of these two trend components. We found that for most of these records the water-quality trends were more strongly affected by changes in watershed management as opposed to trends in streamflow. However, the importance of these trend components on water quality varied by estimate type (i.e. concentration versus load trends), parameter, and site. Trends in load were more influenced by changes in the streamflow regime than trends in concentration. Trends in major ions, salinity, and sediment were more sensitive to changes in streamflow than nutrients. When results were aggregated by site, 25% of the sites had at least 1 parameter where streamflow trends attributed >7.5% to the water-quality trend for concentrations. For loads, this was the case for 66% of the sites. The findings of this work have important implications for the analysis of water-quality trends. Understanding the relative role of streamflow and management changes can help to isolate the effects of pollution control efforts on water quality and provide clearer understanding of progress, or lack thereof, towards water-quality goals.