cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temperature-mediated metabolism of 1-acyl-lysophosphatidyl glycerol in cerulenin-treated cultures of Bacillus megaterium.

Abstract When [U-14C]palmitate was added to a culture of B. megaterium that had been grown at 35°, transferred to 20° and treated with cerulenin, label was initially incorporated into lysophosphatidyl glycerol. The labeled lyso derivative, in turn, was converted to phosphatidyl glycerol, apparently by esterification of the 2-position with endogenous acyl groups. Labeled lysophosphatidyl glycerol synthesis at 20° was observed only when a culture was treated with cerulenin prior to the addition of [U-14C]palmitate. When [U-14C]palmitate was added before cerulenin, labeled lysophosphatidyl glycerol formation was not detected. When chloramphenicol was added with cerulenin at the time of culture transfer from 35° to 20°, the synthesis of lysophosphatidyl glycerol was unaffected but the rate of its esterification to phosphatidyl glycerol was significantly retarded. Transfer of such a culture back to 35° resulted in a marked acceleration in the rate of conversion of lysophosphatidyl glycerol to phosphatidyl glycerol.
Shoaling upward Shelf Cycles and Shelf Dolomitization

Three types of sedimentary cycles are characteristically developed during periods of pure carbonate sedimentation and are remarkably widespread features of broad platforms and interiors of major offshore banks. Most shelf or “backreef” strata contain such cycles even though they may not be obvious if terrigenous beds are rare and do not serve to accentuate the stratification. Cycles consisting of mixtures of terrigenous and limestone units are discussed in Chapter VII.
Relationship of Christian Beliefs to Attitudes Toward People With Mental Illness

This study assessed the influence of Christian beliefs on attitudes toward people with mental illness. Participants (N=204) provided demographic information and completed the Christian Orthodoxy Scale, the Religious Fundamentalism Scale, and the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire. Participants read vignettes of a person with a mental illness (schizophrenia), a general medical illness (diabetes), and a control condition (practicing Christian) and rated them on five criteria representing stigmatizing attitudes. The data were analyzed by sequential multiple regression. Religious fundamentalism, but not Christian orthodoxy, was a significant predictor of stigmatizing attitudes toward a person with mental illness. Consistent with past research, neither religious fundamentalism nor Christian orthodoxy were significant predictors of stigmatizing attitudes toward a general medical illness. As predicted, both religious fundamentalism and Christian orthodoxy were significant predictors of positive attitudes toward a practicing Christian. Sensitivity and discourse regarding stigmatization and deeply held fundamental religious beliefs are needed among mental health professionals, religious leaders, and laypersons.
Utility of combined EZH2, p-ERK1/2, p-STAT, and MYC expression in the differential diagnosis of EZH2-positive hodgkin lymphomas and related large B-cell lymphomas

EZH2 is a methyltransferase that plays an important tumorigenic role in various neoplasms. We previously found that EZH2 is expressed in a range of aggressive B-cell lymphomas (ABCLs), T-cell lymphomas, and histiocytic neoplasms, with differential expression of intracellular signaling molecules p-ERK, MYC, and p-STAT3, potential regulators of EZH2 expression. We studied EZH2 expression in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL), and B-cell Lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (BCLu-DLBCL/cHL), as well as the coexpression of p-ERK, MYC, and p-STAT3 in these neoplasms. The neoplastic LP cells of NLPHL and Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells of cHL were strongly positive for EZH2, as were the neoplastic cells in THRLBCL and BCLu-DLBCL/cHL. EZH2 expression correlated with proliferation rate, as assessed by Ki-67 staining. LP cells in NLPHL and Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells in cHL were strongly positive for p-ERK, p-STAT3, and MYC, as were the neoplastic cells in THRLBCL and BCLu-DLBCL/cHL, in contrast to the differential expression of these molecules seen in ABCLs. These findings suggest that combined expression of p-ERK, MYC, and p-STAT3 is a useful immunohistochemical pattern for the diagnosis of EZH2-positive Hodgkin lymphomas and related lymphomas, in contrast to ABCLs. Furthermore, the overexpression of EZH2, in association with coexpression of tumorigenic signaling molecules, suggests an oncogenic role for this molecule in the development of Hodgkin lymphomas and related lymphomas. THRLBCL and BCLu-DLBCL/cHL appear to have a mechanism for the regulation of EZH2 expression that is similar to NLPHL and cHL and different from that of ABCLs. In addition, EZH2 and associated signaling cascades may serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphomas and related lymphomas.
Quality measurement and nursing homes: measuring what matters

The USA has measured the quality of care delivered in nursing homes for decades.1 While these efforts represent important steps towards a more transparent and accountable health system, specific successes of these measurement efforts are more difficult to pinpoint. One consistent message from the many studies that have examined nursing home quality is that our quality measures do not always measure what matters. In this issue of BMJ Quality & Safety , Xu and colleagues2 provide more evidence of the weak and unpredictable relationship between nursing home quality measures and an important patient outcome that does matter—hospitalisation. Using an expanded set of quality measures collected in Minnesota nursing homes, the authors find that the 23 metrics they examine showed neither strong nor consistent associations with risk of hospitalisation in a population of Medicaid residents—neither the overall rate of hospitalisation nor potentially preventable hospitalisations.2 Further, while some associations were expected (eg, nursing homes with lower usage of urinary catheters had fewer hospitalisations for urinary tract infections), some were not. For instance, more antipsychotic treatment was associated with less hospital use, while ‘improving bladder continence’ was associated with more hospitalisations. This timely evaluation by Xu et al occurs in the context of an important ongoing national debate about the value of quality measurement.3 On one hand, investments in electronic medical records and the rise of big data have accelerated the development of quality measures (which some have labelled the ‘quality measurement industrial complex’),3 4 meaning more can be measured than ever before. On the other hand, little evidence demonstrates that these measurement efforts have mattered. Accumulating research suggests that tying quality …
Cesarean delivery rates in Down syndrome pregnancies.

Objectives Data on rates of cesarean delivery among pregnancies diagnosed with genetic syndromes remains limited. We examined the cesarean delivery rates for Down syndrome pregnancies over a 10-year period in the US. Methods We used data from the 1995-2004 US delivery data files to examine cesarean delivery rates in singleton pregnancies (at ≥20 weeks' gestation) with and without Down syndrome. We further examined if the rates of cesarean deliveries in primary and repeat cesarean deliveries among Down syndrome pregnancies differed based on the presence or absence of major structural abnormalities or stillbirth or gestational age at delivery. Results There were 35 million singleton deliveries of which 19186 were diagnosed at birth with Down syndrome (1 in 2000 births after 20 weeks gestation). The primary cesarean delivery rates were higher among Down syndrome pregnancies (17.5% in 1995 and 21.5% in 2004) compared to non-Down syndrome pregnancies (12.3% in 1995 and 16.6% in 2004). Temporal trends for cesarean deliveries were steeper among Down syndrome pregnancies with gastrointestinal and heart abnormalities than in Down syndrome cases without abnormalities. Higher cesarean delivery rates were also noted among Down syndrome pregnancies ending in third trimester live born than in control. Conclusion In the US, cesarean deliveries in Down syndrome pregnancies increases over time and is greater when Down syndrome is associated with structural abnormalities and delivered during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Capability without dignity

Dignity may just be the most promiscuous normative abstraction. This article, informed by dignity’s historical variability, political theoretic multipurpose, and conflicting jurisprudence, focuses on a particular but influential invocation of the term: dignity as the normative ground for the ‘capabilities approach’ (CA) model of social justice. We ask whether or not the CA, in particular the influential version propounded by philosopher Martha Nussbaum, requires dignity as its foundational premise, and whether or not dignity may be more costly than beneficial for the CA’s vision of a minimally just society. The first section of this article rehearses the warrants of and criticisms against the dignity-basis of Nussbaum’s CA. We canvass the relatively sparse scholarship on dignity within the CA to situate our contribution. The next two sections are case studies, demonstrating dignity’s shortcomings for assessing and regulating sex and abortion, respectively. The fourth section rebuts two possible objections to our criticisms of dignity. The fifth and final section gestures toward another normative abstraction, ‘minimum conditions of individuation’, less polysemic than dignity, which might alternatively ground the CA.
Fifth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 22, 1988

As you recall from Historical Notes 3, Dean Tracey and my Chair, Rangaswami, ordered me to close down the Olympiad, and threatened with consequences to my employment if I did not. In 1987 Rangaswami, using the draft by another perpetrator in my tenure process, Professor Gene Abrams, produced “Proposal to the CCHE (The Colorado Commission on Higher Education) for the Promotion and Encouragement of Excellence.” Rangaswami asked for funding of the “Center of Resources for Excellence in and Advancement of Mathematics (CREAM).”
Financial Integration and Financial Conflict: Does Less Financial Integration Relate to Increased Financial Conflict Between Romantic Partners?

This study examined the association between romantic partner’s financial integration and financial conflict. Using the data from 2016 to 2017 wave of German Panel Analysis of Family Dynamics and Intimate Relationships (Pairfam), this study found that partners who were less financially integrated reported more financial conflicts. This study further explored how non-traditional aspects of couple relationship moderate the association between couple’s financial integration and financial conflicts. Dual-earner partnership and reciprocity orientation moderated the association between having a separate bank account and the frequency of financial conflicts. However, younger birth cohort and cohabitation failed to moderate this association. These findings provide insights to researchers and practitioners that the meaning of pooling resources can be different across partners when they show non-traditional aspects toward relationships.
Religious Parenting: Transmitting Faith and Values in Contemporary America: by Christian Smith, Bridget Ritz, and Michael Rotolo, Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2020, 312 pp., $35.00 (hardcover)

Parenting shapes the lives of teens and young adults across cultures, especially in relation to the transmission of religious beliefs and values. Christian Smith, a prominent sociologist at the Uni...
Is there a Post-Marxist Criticism to the Decolonial Critique?

This article makes explicit a hidden tension between post-Marxism and decolonial studies, which points to a challenge for intercultural dialogue. While post-Marxism seeks to rehabilitate a universal foundation for the construction of truth claims—a universal already formed within Western modernity—the decolonial critique seeks to dismantle all universals connected to the myths of modernity and therefore demands a departure from the standpoint of the cultural periphery. In fact, Alain Badiou and Slavoj Žižek, like other post-Marxists, have been rather critical of the standpoints articulated by decolonialists who strive to include cultural differences and marginalised identities in the process of knowledge production, but the reality is that the decolonial critique, more so than post-Marxism, is well-supported by the historical evidence, thus demonstrating the need for Enrique Dussel calls a ‘transmodern pluriverse’ in the academic world. In pursuit of diffusing this tension between the post-Marxists and the decolonialists, this article calls for further investigation in terms of determining if real dialogue is possible between these two trajectories of thought.
On the Marriage of Asynchronous Many Task Runtimes and Big Data: A Glance

The rise of the accelerator-based architectures and reconfigurable computing have showcased the weakness of software stack toolchains that still maintain a static view of the hardware instead of relying on a symbiotic relationship between static (e.g., compilers) and dynamic tools (e.g., runtimes). In the past decades, this need has given rise to adaptive runtimes with increasingly finer computational tasks. These finer tasks help to take advantage of the hardware by switching out when a long latency operation is encountered (because of the deeper memory hierarchies and new memory technologies that might target streaming instead of random access), thus trading off idle time for unrelated work. Examples of these finer task runtimes are Asynchronous Many Task (AMT) runtimes, in which highly efficient computational graphs run on a variety of hardware. Due to its inherent latency tolerant characteristics, latency-sensitive applications, such as Graph Analytics and Big Data can effectively use these runtimes. This paper aims to present an example of how the careful design of an AMT can exploit the hardware substrate when faced with high latency applications such as the ones given in the Big Data domain. Moreover, with its introspection and adaptive capabilities, we aim to show the power of these runtimes when facing the changing requirements of application workloads. We use the Performance Open Community Runtime (P-OCR) as our vehicle to demonstrate the concepts presented here.
Controlling the Long-Term Problems of Short-Term Funding

While financial crises can be triggered by a number of causes, runs on short-term liabilities are at the heart of all financial crises with the recent 2007-2009 financial crisis being no exception. Given the unpredictability of crisis triggers and the overwhelming predictability of short-term funding’s role in financial crises, legislative and regulatory responses to the recent financial crisis should focus on controlling the problem of short-term funding in the financial system. However, in addressing the problem of short-term funding in the financial system, it is important to recognize the social benefits afforded by short-term liabilities and not simply the costs. To this end, this Article provides a brief overview of short-term funding in the U.S. financial system, while also highlighting the tradeoff between the costs and benefits of short-term liabilities. The Article proceeds with an analysis of various proposals aimed at addressing the short-term funding issue.
A Powerdomain Construction

We show that the forgetful functor from the category of nondeterministic algebraic lattices into the category of algebraic lattices has a left adjoint. The construction provides an analog of the Plotkin powerdomain entirely within the category of algebraic lattices. Similar results hold for the category of bounded complete algebraic posets and the category of continuous lattices.
Azimuthal anisotropy analysis of walkaround vertical seismic profiling vertical seismic profiling: a case study from Saudi Arabia

Understanding fracture orientations is important for optimal field development of fractured reservoirs because fractures can act as conduits for fluid flow. This is especially true for unconventional reservoirs (e.g., tight gas sands and shale gas). Using walkaround Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology presents a unique opportunity to identify seismic azimuthal anisotropy for use in mapping potential fracture zones and their orientation around a borehole. Saudi Aramco recently completed the acquisition, processing and analysis of a walkaround VSP survey through an unconventional tight gas sand reservoir to help characterize fractures. In this paper, we present the results of the seismic azimuthal anisotropy analysis using seismic traveltime, shear-wave splitting and amplitude attenuation. The azimuthal anisotropy results are compared to the fracture orientations derived from dipole sonic and image logs. The image log interpretation suggests that an orthorhombic fracture system is present. VSP data show that the P-wave traveltime anisotropy direction is NE to SW. This is consistent with the cemented fractures from the image log interpretation. The seismic amplitude attenuation anisotropy direction is NW to SE. This is consistent with one of the two orientations obtained using transverse to radial amplitude ratio analysis, with the dipole sonic and with open fracture directions interpreted from image log data.
An Information Function Approach to Dimensionality Analysis and Curved Manifold Clustering

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on an information function approach to dimensionality analysis and curved manifold clustering. The chapter discusses the potentialities of a method through Monte Carlo studies. It focuses on entropy in discrete and continuous cases and explains how a measure of uncertainty connected with the dimensionality analysis is under curved manifold clustering. The chapter also presents the applications of some weaving techniques.
Existing Data Centers and Their Future Role

Two IAU data centers, one at the Lowell Observatory and the other at Meudon, were organized in the early 1960s for the purpose of establishing a collection of planetary data and images accessible to all qualified scientists. These centers trace their origin to an IAU resolution sponsored by Commission 16 in 1961. Ours at the Lowell Observatory, known as the Planetary Research Center, was also recommended by the U. S. Lunar and Planetary Missions Board and by the U. S. Space Sciences Board Panel on Earth-Based Planetary Astronomy. Since its inception, our Center has been supported by a grant from NASA Headquarters.
A variable-offset phase detector for phased-array applications

A phase feedback architecture is proposed which allows the phase of each path in a multiple antenna system to be set quickly and accurately. The feedback action of the proposed system will adjust the phase to compensate for errors caused by changes in operating conditions. The central component of the proposed architecture is a variable-offset phase detector. An architecture for this block is presented, which uses a digital input to achieve programmable phase offsets from 0/spl deg/ to 180/spl deg/. The circuit has been simulated in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, and its operation has been demonstrated at frequencies up to 3 GHz with a power consumption of 0.95 mW.
Knowledge Hiding in Databases for concept-based data mining algorithms

One of the limitations of the techniques that have been developed as apart of the Knowledge Hiding in Databases (KHD) methodology is that they are not applicable to a general class of data mining algorithms. In this paper, we present a formal characterization of the KHD process for a general class of data mining algorithms, that we call concept-based. This particular class of mining algorithms includes decision-region based classification algorithms, association algorithms, negative association algorithms, and exception rule mining algorithms. All of these algorithms have the common feature that the patterns generated by them can be represented using Bacchus probability logic. Based on our concept of a pattern, each step of the KHD process is able to treat concept-based algorithms in a unified manner.
Constitutional Intelligence: Restoring Politics in the War on Terror

We are invited in this symposium to draw lessons from Lincoln’s constitutionalism for today’s War on Terror—and on this panel to consider whether a wartime decline in civil liberties can be justified by a gain of civil rights. As an initial matter, let me suggest that the distinction between civil liberties and civil rights is less than conspicuous. Notwithstanding Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld’s efforts in the 1913 and 1917 Yale Law Journal to distinguish rights, powers, privileges, and immunities—all of which could be reduced to rights, he concluded—I have never been persuaded that a clear contrast between the two could be drawn, other than nominally.1 Accordingly, I will take the basic questions before us to be: Do we at times give up a measure of liberty for a measure of security? And should we? Those questions take us to fundamental moral, political, and legal principles. And the answers to both, I submit, are yes—at times we do and we should sacrifice a measure of liberty for a greater measure of security. Thus, Benjamin Franklin was as wrong when he said that those who would sacrifice liberty for security deserve neither,2 even if that is sometimes true, as when he said that “there never was a good war or a bad peace.”3 History, of course, is replete with peace agreements that have led only to future wars.4
Collaborative testing: the effect of group formation process on overall student performance.

PURPOSE With increased focus on student preparation for high-stakes licensure exams, there is more interest in alternate forms of content delivery and assessment. This interest has focused on factors within the learning environment that may impact student's course performance and program progress. In this project, the impact of the method of group determination (random assignment vs. student selection) on student performance in a neuroanatomy course within a collaborative testing environment is examined. METHODS THE COURSE PERFORMANCE OF TWO COHORTS (COHORT ONE: randomized grouping = 80; cohort two: student-selected grouping = 82) were compared. All students completed weekly quizzes within collaborative groups, while completing unit exams individually. The mean sum of both the quiz scores and examination scores were compared. RESULTS While the two groups differed (Wilks' lambda = 0.211; F = 53.541; df = 10,143; p .05). CONCLUSIONS While the collaborative testing paradigm has been shown to be a valuable learning tool, no differences are apparent in the course performance between students in randomly assigned groups compared to those in student-selected groups. The very nature of random groups may have encouraged students to be proficient in all of the material, whereas students who were allowed to choose their groups may have divided the material among themselves and not become individually proficient in all concepts.
Stress induces supersensitivity of a cholinergic system in rats.

Cholinergic system supersensitivity may be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders (Janowsky et al. 1972; Dilsaver and Greden 1984; Dilsaver 1986). Associations between stressful events and onset of depressive (Lloyd 1980) and manic (Kennedy et al. 1983) episodes are documented. Janowsky et al. (1983) proposed that stress increases the sensitivity of central cholinergic mechanisms and that the latter mediates some neurobiological effects of stress. Despite these points, animal models linking the physiologies of depression, mania, stress, and cholinergic systems are not available. Thermoregulation is subject to muscarinic cholinergic control at the hypothalamic level (Lomax et al. 1964). Lomax and Jenden (1966) reported that oxotremorine produces dose-dependent hypothermia in rats. We utilized this fact to evaluate the effect of stress on a central muscarinic receptor mechanism.
Flaked Sinew Addition to Low-fat Cooked Salami

Flaked sinew (FS) was added at three levels (7.5, 15, and 22.5%) to low-fat, 20% added water (AW) salamis. A 1.27 cm Comitrol machine head was used to produce large (flaked once) and small (flaked twice) particle sizes. Treatments were preblended (P) and non-preblended (N). P and N controls contained 10% and 20% fat, respectively. Addition of FS decreased (P < 0.05) moisture compared to controls. Yields decreased (P < 0.05) as FS increased regardless of particle size; however, FS addition minimized purge. Lightness increased (P < 0.05) as FS increased in N treatments compared to the low-fat control. Break force/cm2 increased (P < 0.05) in P controls compared to N controls. Large FS particle size N treatments had higher (P < 0.05) peak force values than those with small particle size. FS treatments were comparable to high-fat controls in palatability traits.
Estimating forest biomass using small footprint LiDAR data: An individual tree-based approach that incorporates training data

Abstract A new individual tree-based algorithm for determining forest biomass using small footprint LiDAR data was developed and tested. This algorithm combines computer vision and optimization techniques to become the first training data-based algorithm specifically designed for processing forest LiDAR data. The computer vision portion of the algorithm uses generic properties of trees in small footprint LiDAR canopy height models (CHMs) to locate trees and find their crown boundaries and heights. The ways in which these generic properties are used for a specific scene and image type is dependent on 11 parameters, nine of which are set using training data and the Nelder–Mead simplex optimization procedure. Training data consist of small sections of the LiDAR data and corresponding ground data. After training, the biomass present in areas without ground measurements is determined by developing a regression equation between properties derived from the LiDAR data of the training stands and biomass, and then applying the equation to the new areas. A first test of this technique was performed using 25 plots (radius = 15 m) in a loblolly pine plantation in central Virginia, USA (37.42N, 78.68W) that was not intensively managed, together with corresponding data from a LiDAR canopy height model (resolution = 0.5 m). Results show correlations ( r ) between actual and predicted aboveground biomass ranging between 0.59 and 0.82, and RMSEs between 13.6 and 140.4 t/ha depending on the selection of training and testing plots, and the minimum diameter at breast height (7 or 10 cm) of trees included in the biomass estimate. Correlations between LiDAR-derived plot density estimates were low (0.22 ≤ r ≤ 0.56) but generally significant (at a 95% confidence level in most cases, based on a one tailed test), suggesting that the program is able to properly identify trees. Based on the results it is concluded that the validation of the first training data-based algorithm for determining forest biomass using small footprint LiDAR data was a success, and future refinement and testing are merited.
Adaptive and active materials: Selected papers from the ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS 10) (Philadelphia, PA, USA, 28 September–1 October 2010)

The third annual meeting of the AMSE/AIAA Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems Conference (SMASIS) took place in the heart of historic Philadelphia's cultural district, and included a pioneer banquet in the National Constitutional Center. The applications emphasis of the 2010 conference was reflected in keynote talks by Dr Alan Taub, vice president of General Motors global research and development, 'Smart materials in the automotive industry'; Dr Charles R Farrar, engineering institute leader at Los Alamos National Laboratory, 'Future directions for structural health monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure'; and Professor Christopher S Lynch of the University of California Los Angeles, 'Ferroelectric materials and their applications'. The SMASIS conference was divided into six technical symposia each of which included basic research, applied technological design and development, and industrial and governmental integrated system and application demonstrations. The six symposia were: SYMP 1 Multifunctional Materials; SYMP 2 Active Materials, Mechanics and Behavior; SYMP 3 Modeling, Simulation and Control; SYMP 4 Enabling Technologies and Integrated System Design; SYMP 5 Structural Health Monitoring/NDE; and SYMP 6 Bio-inspired Smart Materials and Structures. In addition, the conference introduced a new student and young professional development symposium. Authors of papers in the materials areas (symposia 1, 2 and 6) were invited to write a full journal article on their presentation topic for publication in this special issue of Smart Materials and Structures. This set of papers demonstrates the exceptional quality and originality of the conference presentations. We are appreciative of their efforts in producing this collection of highly relevant articles on smart materials.
Field controlled RF Graphene FETs with improved high frequency performance

Abstract We propose a novel Graphene FET (GFET) with two capacitively coupled field-controlling electrodes (FCEs) at the bottom of the ungated access regions between gate and source/drain. The FCEs could be independently biased to modulate sheet carrier concentration and thereby the resistance in the ungated regions. The reduction of source/drain access resistance results in increased cut off frequency compared to those of conventional GFETs with the same geometry. We studied the DC and improved RF characteristics of the proposed device using both analytical and numerical techniques and compared with the baseline designs.
Aurora A Kinase-Coated Beads Function as Microtubule-Organizing Centers and Enhance RanGTP-Induced Spindle Assembly

Summary The roles of the kinase Aurora A (AurA) in centrosome function and spindle assembly [1–3] have been established in Drosophila [4, 5], C. elegans [6], and Xenopus egg extracts [7–9]. Recently, we have shown that AurA acts downstream of the RanGTPase signaling pathway to stimulate spindle assembly in mitosis [10]. However, it is still not clear whether AurA can stimulate the formation of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) on its own. Moreover, whether AurA is essential for spindle assembly in the absence of centrosomes has remained unclear [10, 11]. Here, we report the development of functional assays that allow us to show that activation of AurA by TPX2 is essential for Ran-stimulated spindle assembly in the presence or absence of centrosomes. Furthermore, AurA-coated magnetic beads function as MTOCs in the presence of RanGTP in Xenopus egg extracts and RanGTP stimulates AurA to recruit activities responsible for both MT nucleation and organization to the beads. The MTOC function of AurA-coated beads require both MT nucleators and motors. Compared to XMAP215-coated beads [12], AurA-coated beads increase the rate of bipolar spindle assembly in the presence of RanGTP, and the kinase activity of AurA is essential for the beads to function as MTOCs.
Bubble sharing: Area and energy efficient adaptive routers using centralized buffers

Edge buffers along with multiple virtual channels have traditionally been used to provide deadlock freedom guarantees in on-chip networks. The problem with such schemes is their high buffer space requirement which consumes significant power and area. In this work, we propose bubble sharing flow control to provide deadlock freedom with small, shared central buffers, eliminating edge buffers, improving buffer utilization, and decreasing router buffer requirements. The key insight involves sharing of the flit-size bubbles (free buffers) among cyclic network paths via central buffers in the router, reducing the overall router buffering space requirement. This technique effectively reconciles the trade-off between high radix and buffer space, encouraging the use of low hop count, high-radix topologies, with both deterministic and adaptive routing. Comparisons show improvement in average packet latency by 31% as compared to traditional 2VC edge buffer routers with 33% reduction in area for an 8×8 generalized hypercube topology.
The biomechanical role of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix in articular cartilage

The pericellular matrix (PCM) is a narrow tissue region that surrounds chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Previous parametric studies of cell-matrix interactions suggest that the mechanical properties of the PCM relative to those of the extracellular matrix (ECM) can significantly affect the micromechanical environment of the chondrocyte. The goal of this study was to use recently quantified mechanical properties of the PCM in a biphasic finite element model of the cell-PCM-ECM structure to determine the potential influence of the PCM on the mechanical environment of the chondrocyte under normal and osteoarthritic conditions. Our findings suggest that the mismatch between the Young's moduli of PCM and ECM amplifies chondrocyte compressive strains and exhibits a significant stress shielding effect in a zone-dependent manner. Furthermore, the lower permeability of PCM relative to the ECM inhibits fluid flux near the cell by a factor of 30, and thus may have a significant effect on convective transport to and from the chondrocyte. Osteoarthritic changes in the PCM and ECM properties significantly altered the mechanical environment of the chondrocyte, leading to approximately 66% higher compressive strains and higher fluid flux near the cell. These findings provide further support for a potential biomechanical role for the chondrocyte PCM, and suggest that changes in the properties of the PCM with osteoarthritis may alter the stress-strain and fluid flow environment of the chondrocytes.
THE HARVARD GLASS FLOWERS: MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

The Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, Harvard University Art Museums, recently carried out a preservation study of the Harvard Glass Flowers for Harvard University's Botanical Museum. The study included technical examination of materials, environmental evaluation, and recommendations for exhibition area improvements and conservation treatment. This paper describes the analysis of the materials used to make the models and summarizes the fabrication techniques. Glass, paint, pigments, and adhesives are identified.
Plant regeneration from hypocotyl sections of Glycine species

Abstract To study the capacity of adventitious bud and shoot formation in Glycine species, excised hypocotyls, cotyledons and roots from seedlings of several species were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium supplemented with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.1–5 mg/l) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.1–10 mg/l). Shoot apices were removed from the cotyledonary node of hypocotyls before culturing. From the eight species tested, regeneration of shoots was observed in high frequency only from hypocotyl sections of Glycine canescens . A small number of shoots were formed from hypocotyl sections of Glycine tomentella from which whole plants developed. Cotyledons of G. canescens formed buds which did not develop further. The frequency of shoot regeneration from G. canescens hypocotyls was influenced by the age of the seedling and by the length and position of the section. These shoots could be rooted and placed in soil where normal plant development occurred. Soybean ( Glycine max ), Glycine soja, Glycine clandestina, Glycine falcata, Glycine tabacina and Glycine latifolia did not produce shoots from hypocotyls, cotyledons or roots under the conditions employed and callus from any organ or species likewise did not produce shoots.
Robust effects of syntactic structure on visual word processing.

A series of experiments explored the effect of the syntactic structure of a sentence fragment on the processing of a subsequent target word. In both a naming and a lexical decision task, modal verb contexts followed by main verb targets and preposition contexts followed by noun targets produced faster response times than did the opposite pairings (i.e., modal/noun and preposition/ verb). This syntactic context effect occurred across several different variations in the method of context presentation. Also, unlike some previous findings on syntactic priming, the present effects did not disappear when a naming task was employed. The magnitude of the syntactic priming effect was similar in the naming and lexical decision tasks when the response times were slow, but was larger in the lexical decision task when the response times were faster. The implications of these results for recent discussions of the relationship between task structure and the locus of observed contextual effects are discussed.
Centralized and distributed hypothesis testing with structured adaptive networks and perceptron-type neural networks

ABSTRACT Two different types of adaptive networks are considered for solving the centralized and distributed hy-pothesis testing problem. The performance of the two different types of networks is compared under differentperformance indices and training rules. It is shown that training rules based on the Neyman-Pearson criterion outperform error based training rules. Simulations are provided for data that are linearly and nonlinearly separable. I. INTRODUCTION The optimum Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson solution to the distributed decision fusion problem bearsstriking similarities to the structure of a neural network (NN), [28,29]. Moreover, NNs can, in principle learn arbitrary input-output mappings, provided that they are sufficiently smooth. These two facts motivate theuse of NNs for solving the centralized and distributed hypothesis testing problem. In selecting the properNN layout, one could argue that a perceptron-type NN can learn any input-output mapping, thus it can betrained to solve the hypothesis testing problem. However, the ability of a perceptron-type NN to learn an
GNSS radio occultation (RO) derived electron density quality in high latitude and polar region: NCAR-TIEGCM simulation and real data evaluation

Abstract Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based radio occultation (RO) technique has shown powerful ability in ionospheric electron density profiling in the past decade. The most frequently used Abel inversion method in electron density retrieval has some biases because of the used spherical symmetry assumption. Our previous series simulations and evaluations mainly concentrated in the middle and low latitude regions have shown some systematical bias especially in lower altitude of low latitude region. However, the RO derived electron density quality in the high latitude and polar region is rarely investigated and not quantitatively clear yet. In this study, the Abel inversion error over high latitude and polar regions are systematically investigated for the first time based on NCAR-TIEGCM simulations and real data evaluations. The TIMED data driven NCAR-TIEGCM modeled electron density during 2008 are used to simulate the COSMIC RO events. The Abel inversion error can then be estimated by comparing Abel retrievals from TIEGCM simulated occultation with the original TIEGCM simulations. The Abel inversion can reproduce the season, altitude, latitude, and local time variation patterns of electron density and auroral zone electron density nighttime enhancement well in high latitude and polar region. The Abel inversion tends to underestimate the electron density in the auroral zone and overestimate it on both the equatorward and poleward sides of the auroral zone. As simulated by the TIEGCM model, the significant relative error (>25%) mainly occurs in lower altitude (
Parking lot process model incorporated into DIRSIG scene simulation

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) tool is a rst principles-based synthetic image generation model, developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) over the past 20+ years. By calculating the sensor reaching radiance between the bandpass 0.2 to 20mm, it produces multi or hyperspectral remote sensing images. By integrating independent rst principles based sub-models, such as MODTRAN, DIRSIG generates a representation of what a sensor would see with high radiometric delity. In order to detect temporal changes in a process within the scene, currently the eort is devoted to enhance the capacity of DIRSIG by incorporating process models. The parking lot process model is interesting to many applications. Therefore, this paper builds a parking lot process model PARKVIEW based on the statistical description of the parking lot which includes parking lot occupancy, parking duration and parking spot preference. The output of PARKVIEW could then be fed into DIRSIG to enhance the scene simulation capacity of DIRSIG in terms of including temporal information of the parking lot. In order to show an accurate and ecient way of extracting the statistical description of the parking lot, an experiment is set up to record the distribution of cars in several parking lots on the RIT campus during one weekday by taking photos every ve minutes. The image data are processed to extract the parking spot status of the parking lot for each frame taken from the experiment. The parking spot status information is then described in a statistical way.
Effect of fuel type on the extinction of fuel and air stream diluted partially premixed flames

Abstract Previous investigations have demonstrated that the roles of fuel stream dilution (FSD) and air stream dilution (ASD) in suppressing CO2-diluted methane flames are strongly influenced by the level of partial premixing. Herein, we compare this influence for both counterflow and coflow laminar non-premixed and partially premixed flames (PPFs) established with various fuels, including methane, ethylene and acetylene. We find that ethylene and acetylene flames are more difficult to extinguish than those burning methane. For methane, FSD is more effective in suppressing PPFs while ASD suppression is more effective for non-premixed flames (NFs). In contrast, FSD suppression is typically more effective than with ASD for the corresponding ethylene and acetylene flames irrespective of the level of partial premixing. ASD is ineffective in suppressing the investigated coflow ethylene and acetylene flames. For counterflow flames, FSD is more effective in suppressing PPFs while ASD is more effective in suppressing NFs irrespective of the fuel burned but the range of equivalence ratios for the relative effectiveness of FSD and ASD depends strongly on the fuel. There is a linear correlation between the transition equivalence ratio at which the effectiveness switches from FSD to ASD, and the rich flammability limit for all three fuels.
Factors Affecting Minimum Number of Probes Required for Reliable Estimation of Travel Time

Using probe vehicles rather than other detection technologies has great value, especially when travel time information is sought in a transportation network. Even though probes enable direct measurement of travel times across links, the quality or reliability of a system state estimate based on such measurements depends heavily on the number of probe observations across time and space. Clearly, it is important to know what level of travel time reliability can be achieved from a given number of probes. It is equally important to find ways (other than increasing the sample size of probes) of improving the reliability in the travel time estimate. This paper provides two new perspectives on those topics. First, the probe estimation problem is formulated in the context of estimating travel times. Second, a method is introduced to create a virtual network by inserting dummy nodes in the midpoints of links to enhance the ability to estimate travel times further in a way that is more consistent with the processing that vehicles receive. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the value of those ideas.
Hepatoid carcinoma of the pancreas.

BACKGROUND The majority of primary extrahepatic neoplasms exhibiting features of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of morphology, immunohistochemistry, and behavior have been described in the stomach. To the authors' knowledge only a few cases have involved other organ sites. They frequently are associated with other histologic type tumors such as adenocarcinoma, and portend an aggressive behavior. METHODS Two examples of hepatoid carcinoma arising from the pancreas are reported in the current study. RESULTS One case was a malignant islet cell tumor with a full-blown clinical syndrome of glucagon overproduction, histologic evidence of hepatocytic differentiation, bile production, and α-fetoprotein (AFP) positivity. The second tumor was a ductal carcinoma showing periodic acid–Schiff positive and diastase-resistant hyaline globules, AFP production, and ultrastructural resemblance to hepatocytic cells. CONCLUSIONS The rare observation of cellular phenotypic transformation that corresponds with the process of hepatocytic transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells demonstrated in animal models and the common embryologic foregut derivation of the pancreas and liver also may explain the phenomenon of pancreatic hepatoid carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:1582–9. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Nucleus isthmi provides most tectal choline acetyltransferase in the frogRana pipiens

Up to 9 weeks following the removal of unilateral retinal input, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the de-afferented tectal lobe is not significantly different from the intact tectal lobe. At 14 weeks, there is a 29% increase in the de-afferented side compared to the intact side. Following unilateral lesion of nucleus isthmi, ChAT activity in the tectal lobe ipsilateral to the lesion is approximately 30% of that measured in the contralateral lobe. Following bilateral n. isthmi lesion, ChAT activity in each tectal lobe is reduced by approximately 94% from intact tectal lobe controls. Thus, nucleus isthmi is the principal source of cholinergic input to the tectum.
Basic properties for biological databases: Character development and support

In this paper, we examine problems and solutions for building a large set of characters for descriptive data derived from published species descriptions. The ideas presented lead in the direction of creating a kind of BioDBMS that can be used to support large integrated biological databases.
The mouse alpha-albumin (afamin) promoter is differentially regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β.

Alpha-albumin (AFM), a member of the albumin gene family that also includes albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and vitamin D-binding protein, is expressed predominantly in the liver and activated at birth...
That's not fair! Clarifying copyright and trademark fair use for business managers

Abstract Many managers seek to use existing information in the branding, marketing, and general operations of their business. When that information belongs to another entity, managers risk legal liability unless they obtain the proper permissions or use the information in a way that does not infringe intellectual property rights. Currently, substantial confusion exists regarding when such permissions are required and how to avoid infringing others’ rights. This installment of Business Law & Ethics Corner provides managers with basic information about the proper use of copyrighted and trademarked material, including an overview of the doctrine of fair use as applied in the copyright and trademark contexts.