cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lower bound for the QRQW PRAM

The queue-read, queue-write (QRQW) parallel random access machine (PRAM) model is a shared memory model which allows concurrent reading and writing with a time cost proportional to the contention. This is designed to model currently available parallel machines more accurately than either the CRCW PRAM or EREW PRAM models. Many algorithmic results have been developed for the QRQW PRAM. However, the only lower bound results have been fairly simple reductions from lower bounds for other models, such as the EREW PRAM or the "few-write" CREW PRAM. We present a lower bound specific to the QRQW PRAM. This lower bound is on the problem of linear approximate compaction (LAC), whose input consists of at most m marked items in an array of size n, and whose output consists of the m marked items in an array of size O(m). There is an O(/spl radic/log n) expected n time randomized algorithm for LAC on the QRQW PRAM. We prove a lower bound of /spl Omega/(log log log n) expected time for any randomized algorithm for LAC. This bound applies regardless of the number of processors and memory cells of the QRQW PRAM. The previous best lower bound was /spl Omega/(log* n) time, taken from the known lower bound for LAC on the CRCW PRAM.
Extension of a Rigid Link Model of a Robot Arm to a Flexible Link Model

A new model for the dynamics of a rigid link robotic arm that is readily extendable to a flexible link model is developed. The corresponding flexible link model is the developed. A procedure is presented for extending the new rigid link model to the corresponding flexible link model.
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the effects of flavanoid-rich purple grape juice on the vascular health of childhood cancer survivors: A randomized, controlled crossover trial

Background Childhood cancer survivors have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease following treatment, yet few interventions have been evaluated to reduce this risk. Purple grape juice (pGJ), a rich source of flavonoids with antioxidant properties, has been shown in adults to reduce oxidative stress and improve endothelial function. We examined the effects of supplementing meals with pGJ on microvascular endothelial function and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in 24 cancer survivors (ages 10–21 years). Procedure In a randomized controlled crossover trial consisting of two, 4 week intervention periods, each preceded by a 4 week washout period, subjects received in random order 6 ounces twice daily of pGJ and clear apple juice (cAJ; similar in calories but lower in flavonoids). Measurements were obtained before and after each supplementation period; change was evaluated using mixed effects ANOVA. Results pGJ did not improve endothelial function, measured using digital reactive hyperemia, compared with cAJ (mean change: pGJ 0.06, cAJ 0.22; difference of mean change [95% CI]: −0.16 [−0.42 – 0.11], P = 0.25). No significant changes in plasma concentrations of oxidized-LDL, myeloperoxidase, or high sensitivity C-reactive protein were observed. Conclusion After 4 weeks of daily consumption of flavonoid-rich pGJ, no measurable change in vascular function was observed in these childhood cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2290–2296. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract T MP48: Androgen Suppression in Patients with Prostate Cancer Increases Incidence of Combined Cardiovascular Outcomes

Introduction: Androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer is controversial due to adverse fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes reported in some studies. However, effects of androgen suppression on stroke have not been fully assessed in the elderly. Methods: Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2007-2013 in a large community-based healthcare system were identified from the Cancer Registry, electronic records, and billing codes. Those who underwent androgen suppression therapy with Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) were propensity-matched to patients treated without androgen suppression therapy by age at cancer diagnosis, race/ethnicity, disease stage and outcome, body mass index and use of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Tests of independence and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine effects of hormone therapy on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and mortality outcomes. Models also adjusted for patient comorbidities. Results: A total of 1282 patients and 641 matched-pairs were identified, with mean diagnosis age of 69 yr and follow-up period of 3.05 yr. Effects of androgen suppression therapy on AMI (P=0.051) and stroke (P=0.062) were of marginal to non-significance, but adjusted-odds of death and combined AMI, stroke, and death were 1.61 times (P=0.002; odds ratio [OR] 95% CI: 1.19-2.18) and 1.70 times (P 74 yr) was discovered for combined outcomes, suggesting increased probability of AMI, stroke, and/or death with age (8.6-20.0%; P=0.003) for patients without androgen suppression but elevated risk of outcomes across all age groups (18.3-22.4%; P=0.546) for men treated with androgen suppression therapy. Conclusion: Endogenous androgen suppression presents elevated risk of combined cardiovascular and death outcomes, especially for men
A user-friendly diffraction modeling program

Optical data storage systems require a great deal of sophistication in their design and analysis. It is often necessary to simulate portions of the optical system with ray tracing or diffraction modeling. This paper introduces a new program called OPTISCAN that operates in the MATLAB/sup TM/ language environment. OPTISCAN combines many of the routines we have developed over the last several years for modeling optical data storage systems and other applications, as well as some new capabilities, In addition to its powerful simulation capabilities, OPTISCAN solves a common problem with simulation codes. Often it takes a significant amount of time for a student or engineer to learn how to use either in-house or commercial programs. A unique aspect of OPTISCAN is its graphical user interface (GUI) that makes programming much less complicated and makes OPTISCAN easy to use. This paper describes the GUI with a simple example. An optical disk application is also described.
The Ultrastructure of the Geniculate Ganglion

The infrastructure of the geniculate ganglion was studied in the guinea pig and monkey. Two cyto-logically distinct colonies of ganglion cells were seen and identified as light and dark cells. All neurons were unmyelinated and most were unipol'ar, although a few bipolar cells were seen. The axonsupon leaving the cell bodies, followed convoluted courses in the vicinity of the cells bodies before becoming invested by myelin sheaths. Two types of nerve terminal were identified on the small light cells. The first type contained predominantly a-granular and spherical vesicles and had synaptic contact with the cell body. The second type did not show synaptic contacts but contained many ellipsoidal vesicles. This study provided no information on the functional significance of these nerve terminals.
An obvious proof of Burnside's Lemma

(1991). An Obvious Proof of Burnside's Lemma. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 10, pp. 927-928.
'Going out on a limb': SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling as a mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning?

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is the intriguing phenomenon whereby brief, non-lethal episodes of ischemia in one organ or vascular bed render remote tissue resistant to a subsequent, sustained period of ischemia [23, 32]. While initially regarded as a laboratory curiosity [24], interest in RIPC was piqued by the observation that limb ischemia, achieved noninvasively by simple inflation of a blood pressure cuff, significantly reduced myocardial infarct size in the acute swine model of coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion [17]. In the ensuing years, since these first reports, progress has been made in defining the characteristics of RIPC-induced cardioprotection (including as-yet limited insights into cellular mechanisms), expansion of the concept beyond heart to encompass protection of other organs (including brain, kidney, liver and mesentery), and the investigation of RIPC in Phase II and III trials seeking to establish clinical efficacy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery or percutaneous intervention [2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 31]. However, resolution of the distinguishing feature of RIPC has remained elusive [22, 24, 25]: how is the protective stimulus transferred or communicated from the site of the RIPC stimulus to the heart? Among the theories that have been proposed, considerable attention has focused on the concept that: (i) brief ischemia–reperfusion at the remote site triggers the release of one or more protective humoral factors, either directly or as a secondary consequence of neuronal stimulation; and (ii) the humoral factor(s) are then conveyed via the circulation to the myocardium [8, 22–25, 32]. Despite the emerging consensus that the factor(s) of interest are small (*3.5–15 kDa), presumably peptide(s), and hydrophobic [7, 28, 29], precise identification of the endogenous peptides transferred to the heart and capable of conferring cardioprotection has been problematic.
Enabling novel space and terrestrial applications using transducing materials at JPL

Transducing materials are being used in many aspects of our daily life serving as actuators, sensors, displays, communications and other components of commercial mechanisms.
Development and experimental validation of two novel solar desiccant-dehumidification-regeneration systems

Abstract Two different solar desiccant-dehumidification-regeneration systems have been studied. Both have the same glazed area and utilize similar mechanisms for dehumidification and regeneration. The solid desiccant used is silica gel and the particle sizes fall in the ranges of 6–8 and 2–4 mesh. The structures of the systems are simple and they are suitable for such applications as air-conditioning, drying, dehydration, and active cooling. The only energy used is from ventilating fans and solar energy input for system regeneration. There is a large potential for dehumidification in Taiwan.
Photochemical cleavage of oligonucleotides from solid phase supports

Abstract 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-succinatothymidine is covalently linked to long chain alkyl amine controlled pore glass support (LCAA-CPG) via an o -nitrobenzyl group. The modified solid phase synthesis support is compatible with standard automated phosphoramidite based oligonucleotide synthesis. Cleavage from the solid support is achieved via CuSO 4 filtered photolysis. Isolated yields are comparable with those obtained from other oligonucleotide supports.
Partial purification and characterization of hormonesensitive lipase from rat adipose tissue

Abstract 1. 1. A high yield of triglyceride lipase was recovered reproducibly in the clear 105000 × g supernatant (S 105 fraction) when rat epididymal fat pads were homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose containing 10 −3 M EDTA. 2. 2. Previous exposure of intact fat pads to epinephrine (5 · 10 −5 M) caused an increment in the triglyceride lipase activity recovered in the S 105 fraction. 3. 3. This hormone-sensitive lipase activity was not inhibited by 1 M NaCl or protamine sulfate (800 μg/ml). NaF (10 −2 M) inhibited the activity by 80%. 4. 4. A part of the lipase activity floated during preparative ultracentrifugation at medium densities greater than 1.125. Previous treatment of the intact fat pads with epinephrine increased the activity in this floating ( d 5. 5. Lipase activity in the S 105 fraction was rapidly inactivated during incubation at 37° and pH 7.4. This deactivation could be blocked by 10 −3 M EDTA. 6. 6. After 35-fold purification of lipase, obtained by precipitation at pH 5.2 and preparative ultracentrifugation at d = 1.125, the enzyme was stable even in the absence of EDTA. 7. 7. A high level of lipoprotein lipase activity was demonstrable in the S 105 fraction when fat pads from fed rats were used. Fasting of the animals or preincubation of fat pads in glucose-free medium lowered this activity without changing the activity of the hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase.
Behaviorism Makes Its Debut: A Review of Lattal and Chase's Behavior Theory and Philosophy

Behavior Theory and Philosophy, masterfully edited by Lattal and Chase, is a collection of 21 papers by major behaviorists, presented and discussed at a conference on the intersection of philosophy and behavior analysis held at West Virginia University in 2000. The chapters in Part I are devoted to philosophy of science (causality, constructs, theory, explanation, reductionism) and the relations among behavior analysis and several contemporary philosophical movements (humanism, empiricism, pragmatism, selectionism, analytic philosophy). Part II examines behavior-analytic interpretations of mentalistic concepts (intention, imagination, ethics, cognition). Part III presents extensions and applications of basic research in behavior analysis (verbal behavior, creativity, development, education, disability, and corporate culture). The publication of this book signals that behaviorism has developed mature philosophical foundations.
Case Report Hypopituitarism, Delayed Growth, and an Empty Sella Turcica

Abstract An unusual case is presented. The patient had features of prepubertal hypopituitarism, later "catch-up" growth, and an empty sella turcica. The speculative pathophysiology is discussed.
Debating the Unipolar Moment

In his article, "Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and U.S. Grand Strategy after the Cold War," Michael Mastanduno explores the ramifications of realist theory in an effort to refute critics who challenge the enduring relevance of the realist paradigm.' Specifically, he seeks to assess whether realism can serve as a useful guide to U.S. foreign policy after the Cold War. His prose is lucid and his methodology is impressive, as he adroitly draws out the observable implications of balance-of-power and balance-of-threat theory for post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy. Based on his examination of U.S. foreign policy since 1989, Mastanduno concludes that realism can indeed provide useful insights, with balance-of-threat theory offering the most plausible explanation of U.S. security policy and balance-of-power theory providing the most credible explanation for U.S. economic policy. Balance-of-threat theory is said to explain "an effort to preserve America's position at the top of the international hierarchy by engaging and reassuring other major powers," and balance-of-power theory is said to account for "an effort to mobilize for national economic competition against other major powers" (p. 51). But do we really need two different theories to explain U.S. foreign policy? Mastanduno claims that the United States is trying to play "economic hardball" and "security softball" at the same time (p. 52), and that this presents a contradiction that can be resolved only by recourse to two separate theories. Granted, the issue areas are different, but neither balance-of-threat nor balance-of-power theory limits its domain to a single issue area. Surely the best way to resolve this seeming contradiction is to find one theory that explains both issue areas. Fortunately, such a theory is available. Although Mastanduno has invited its two sister theories to the ball, he has overlooked a third, more deserving member of the realist research family. This stepsister of balance-of-power and balance-of-threat theory, neglected and often belittled by its realist relations, is hegemonic stability theory. It is to this theory that the glass slipper properly belongs, because both U.S. security and economic strategies fit the expectations of hegemonic stability theory more comfortably than they do other realist theories. Hegemonic stability theorists argue that international politics is characterized by a succession of hegemonies in which a single powerful state dominates the system as a result of its victory in the last hegemonic war.2 The
Generating Real‐Time, Actionable Outcome Measures at Blythedale Children's Hospital

Hoping to leverage the data they collect into meaningful information that will guide strategy, large health care systems have been among the first to embrace predictive analytics. Smaller facilities, however, generally do not have the information technology (IT) infrastructure needed to invest significantly in the development of predictive analytic tools. Blythedale Children's Hospital, a small, independent, freestanding institution in Valhalla, New York, established an Outcomes Committee composed of health care and IT professionals to find creative ways to use static electronic medical record and administrative data to create mechanisms for real-time actionable outcomes. The goal was to present data as information to the frontline clinicians when they needed it most, so they could take swift and appropriate action at bedside. A Wound Rounding Tool, which ensured proper identification, assessment, and follow-up of patients with wounds, provided a framework of best practices for the development of many other initiatives to improve an array of processes. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Food Stamp Program: history, nutrition education, and impact.

Abstract The Food Stamp Program has grown from a modest effort to distribute excess farm commodities during the Great Depression to the nation's largest food assistance and nutrition program, serving almost 27 million persons in fiscal year 2006, at a cost of more than $30 billion to federal taxpayers. In 1990 Congress authorized cost sharing for food stamp nutrition education. Since 1992—when only seven states had approved food stamp nutrition education plans totaling $661,076 in federal dollars—the nutrition education program has grown exponentially. In 2007, there were 52 food stamp nutrition education plans for states and territories approved at a total cost of more than $275 million. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the Food Stamp Program from its inception in May 1939 through 2006, including program milestones, changes that have occurred as the result of legislation, and the growth and effectiveness of nutrition education to Food Stamp Program participants. Future investigations are needed to study processes for development and validation of evaluation measures as required by the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service and to examine the effects of food stamp nutrition education on behavior changes affecting health and nutrition of Food Stamp Program participants.
An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Method for Measuring the Affinity of a Spin-Labeled Analog of Cholesterol for Phospholipids

Cholesterol (chol)–lipid interactions are thought to play an intrinsic role in determining lateral organization within cellular membranes. Steric compatibility of the rigid steroid moiety for ordered saturated chains contributes to the high affinity that holds chol and sphingomyelin together in lipid rafts whereas, conversely, poor affinity of the sterol for highly disordered polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is hypothesized to drive the formation of PUFA-containing phospholipid domains depleted in chol. Here, we describe a novel method using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to measure the relative affinity of chol for different phospholipids. We monitor the partitioning of 3β-doxyl-5α-cholestane (chlstn), a spin-labeled analog of chol, between large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and cyclodextrin (mβCD) through analysis of EPR spectra. Because the shape of the EPR spectrum for chlstn is sensitive to the very different tumbling rates of the two environments, the ratio of the population of chlstn in LUVs and mβCD can be determined directly from spectra. Partition coefficients ( $$ K_{\text{B}}^{\text{A}} $$ ) between lipids derived from our results for chlstn agree with values obtained for chol and confirm that decreased affinity for the sterol accompanies increasing acyl chain unsaturation. The virtue of this EPR method is that it provides a measure of chol binding that is quick, employs a commercially available probe and avoids the necessity for physical separation of LUVs and mβCD.
Why Schools Should Teach for Wisdom: The Balance Theory of Wisdom in Educational Settings

This article describes a balance theory of wisdom and applies the theory to the context of schooling. First, the article discusses why intelligence-related skills are an important, but not a sufficient, basis for education. Second, the article briefly reviews alternative theories of wisdom. Third, the article presents a balance theory of wisdom, according to which wisdom is defined as the application of tacit as well as explicit knowledge as mediated by values toward the achievement of a common good through a balance among (a) intrapersonal, (b) interpersonal, and (c) extrapersonal interests over the (a) short term and (b) long term to achieve a balance among (a) adaptation to existing environments, (b) shaping of existing environments, and (c) selection of new environments. Fourth, the article discusses the measurement of tacit knowledge, in general, and of wisdom, in particular. Fifth, the article discusses how wisdom might be nurtured in schools. Sixth, the article describes a concrete project currentl...
Empirical Modeling of Systems with Output Multiplicities by Multivariate Additive NARX Models

Multivariable additive NARX (nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs) modeling of process systems is presented. The model structure is similar to that of a generalized additive model (GAM) and is estimated with a nonlinear canonical variate analysis (CVA) algorithm called CANALS. The system is modeled by partitioning the data into two groups of variables. The first is a collection of future outputs, and the second is a collection of past input and outputs and future inputs. This approach is similar to linear subspace state-space modeling. An illustrative example of modeling is presented on the basis of a simulated continuous chemical reactor that exhibits multiple steady states in the outputs for a fixed level of the input.
Topical erythromycin solution in acne. Results of a multiclinic trial.

In a multiclinic double-blind trial, 253 patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris were treated with erythromycin, 1.5% topical solution (n = 127), or the vehicle (n = 126). The preparations were applied twice daily for 12 weeks. The response to treatment was evaluated by lesion counts and overall clinical judgment at 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after initiation of treatment. The reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions, papules, and pustules was significantly greater (p
Columbus's Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem

The Quincentennial of Columbus's Discovery of the Americas has come and gone. Some people celebrated, others protested. The Discovery has been called either “The greatest event since the creation of the world, save the incarnation and death of Him who created it” (Francisco Lopez de Gomera writing in 1552), or the greatest disaster in world history. Columbus is either a saint (who was actually proposed for canonization), or he is a sinner responsible for genocide. Can one even say that Christopher Columbus discovered America when there were already millions of people living in these lands? Did he discover America when he thought he had found a new route to Asia? The debates are interminable and the issues have become so politicized that an informed and informative discussion has been all but impossible; one steps warily into the fray. Yet, despite the voluminous literature by and about Columbus, Americans outside the rarefied circle of Columbus scholars still know little about the man and his mission. In this paper I discuss some of the little known religious beliefs that underpinned the “Enterprise of the Indies,” for I think they have the potential to change fundamentally our assessment of Columbus and relocate some of the responsibility for the consequences of the encounter.
Ethylbenzene-mediated induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes in male and female rats.

Male and female Holtzman rats were exposed to ethylbenzene, and the effect on liver microsomal activities was studied. Hydrocarbon- and sex-dependent effects on P450-dependent metabolism of drugs and aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated. Hydrocarbon treatment produced two patterns of induction in cytochrome P450-dependent activities: (1) induction common to both sexes; and (2) induction exclusively in females. Benzphetamine N-demethylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation, p-nitroanisole O-demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation of toluene were induced in both sexes after rats were exposed to ethylbenzene. The rate of benzphetamine N-demethylation increased 4-fold in females and nearly doubled in males. The increase in O-deethylation of 7-ethoxy-coumarin was 3-fold in females and doubled in males, while p-nitroanisole O-demethylation increased 4-fold in both sexes after exposure to ethylbenzene. Ethylbenzene had its greatest effect upon the formation of aromatic hydroxylated metabolites of toluene. Ethylbenzene exposure increased the rate of o-cresol formation by 4- and 9-fold in female and male rats, respectively. The formation rate of p-cresol was undetectable in either sex prior to hydrocarbon exposure; however, after the rats were given ethylbenzene, rates increased to 0.4 nmol/min/mg protein in females and to 0.9 nmol/min/mg protein in the males. Ethylbenzene exposure selectively induced aminopyrine demethylation, aniline hydroxylation, N,N-dimethylnitrosamine N-demethylation (DMNA) and aliphatic hydroxylation of toluene in females. Rates for aminopyrine, aniline, and DMNA were increased 50% over controls, while formation of benzyl alcohol from toluene was enhanced to 260% of control. Western immunoblotting indicated that ethylbenzene treatment induced cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 to a greater extent in male rats and cytochrome P450 2E1 only in females. Ethylbenzene exposure did not affect significantly the level of cytochrome P450 1A1.
Dynamic display of computing processes

Dynamic (animated) displays of computing processes such as algorithm execution seem useful in teaching computer science. Not everyone agrees with this view, however, and indeed there are some pedagogical pitfalls. This paper addresses this issue and argues that there is a proper role for such capabilities, provided that sufficient attention is given to careful reasoning about programs.
Surface plasmon resonance measurement of binding and dissociation of wild-type and mutant streptavidin on mixed biotin-containing alkylthiolate monolayers

Abstract The attachment of recognition elements to surfaces through streptavidin–biotin links has potential applications in sensor technology. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to monitor the kinetics of binding of streptavidin (SA) to mixed biotin-containing alkylthiolate monolayers (BTMs) on gold and the subsequent competitive desorption kinetics. Various binary compositions of BTMs were prepared from a mixture of biotinylated alkylthiol (BAT) and a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) alkylthiol. Differences in both the amount of adsorbed protein and the relative desorption rates between a low-binding affinity mutant (W120A) and wild-type streptavidin (WT) were observed as a function of the composition of the BTM. The rates of WT and W120A desorption from these mixed BTMs were correlated with the amount of biotin present on the surface. The results confirm the specific nature of the bonds which attach streptavidin to the biotinylated surface in the mixed BAT/PEO monolayer. However, when the PEO-terminated alkylthiolate was replaced with a simple methyl-terminated alkylthiolate, non-specific adsorption of the streptavidin dominates.
Baseline laparoscopic skills performance correlates to proficiency-based training duration

Proficiency-based curricula using laparoscopic simulators are effective but may be difficult to implement as individual rates of skill acquisition vary widely. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between baseline performance and the amount of training necessary to reach proficiency. We analyzed performance data from our laparoscopic skills curriculum database for surgery residents who trained between 2002 and 2004. Only those subjects who completed the curriculum by achieving previously reported proficiency levels were included (n = 40, R1--R5); all had minimal prior simulator exposure. Training consisted of simulator practice using three task groups: (1) video-trainer (VT), 5 tasks; (2) MIST-VR CS1, 6 tasks; and (3) MIST-VR CS2, 6 tasks. Prior to training, all residents underwent initial testing by completing three repetitions of each task. The task baseline score was defined as the mean of the three repetitions. A composite score was defined as the sum of the task baseline scores for each task group. An overall score was defined as the sum of the three composite scores. The total number of repetitions and time necessary to complete the curriculum were compared to baseline testing data. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation; P < 0.05 was considered significant. The mean total number of repetitions to reach competency was 213 (107–587) and the mean training time was 6.7 h (2.8–18.9). All three composite scores and the overall score correlated significantly with the total number of repetitions. The VT composite score and overall score correlated significantly with the total training time. These data document a significant correlation between baseline simulator performance and the amount of training required to reach proficiency. Using simulators to measure baseline abilities may allow curricula to be better tailored to meet the individual needs of each resident and to help ensure that sufficient training time is allocated. TABLE—ABSTRACT 61. Total # of repetitions Total training time VT Composite r = 0.5; P < 0.005 r = 0.5; P < 0.005 CS1 Composite r = 0.6; P < 0.001 NS CS2 Composite r = 0.6; P < 0.001 NS Overall Score r = 0.6; P < 0.001 r = 0.4; P < 0.02
AMMP-Vis: a collaborative virtual environment for molecular modeling

Molecular modeling is an important research area, helping scientists develop new drugs against diseases such as AIDS and cancer. Prior studies have demonstrated that immersive virtual environments have unique advantages over desktop systems in visualizing molecular models. However, exploration and interaction in existing molecular modeling virtual environments is often limited to a single user, lacking strong support for collaboration. In addition, scientists are often reluctant to adopt these systems because of their lack of availability and high cost. We propose an affordable immersive system that allows biologists and chemists to manipulate molecular models via natural gestures, receive and visualize real-time feedback from a molecular dynamics simulator, allow the sharing of customized views, and provide support for both local and remote collaborative research.
Mycobacterium szulgai Infection of the Lung: Case Report and Review of an Unusual Pathogen

The nontuberculous mycobacteria are responsible for considerable morbidity in the immunocompromised and immunocompetent host, especially in the older patient with chronic fibrotic or cavitary disease of the lung. Mycobacterium szulgai is a slow growing mycobacterium infrequent in nature and man. Except from a snail and a tropical fish, it has been isolated only from humans and nearly always represents a true pathogen. Three-drug therapy using in vitro susceptibilities as a guide for 12 to 18 months increases the likelihood of success. We present a patient who developed M szulgai pulmonary infection 30 years after an episode of pulmonary tuberculosis. After successful therapy for his M szulgai infection, this patient developed chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. We review the 25 years of clinical experience with this mycobacteria; particular emphasis is on the presentation and treatment of this very unusual infection.
An Analysis of Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Biotin, Riboflavin and Pantothenic Acid:

ConclusionsThe presence of riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and biotin could not be demonstrated in significant amounts in moderately concentrated solutions of purified tobacco-mosaic virus.
Development of Categorization and Reasoning in the Natural World: Novices to Experts, Naive Similarity to Ecological Knowledge

Two experiments investigate the role of similarity and causal-ecological knowledge in expert and novice categorization and reasoning. In Experiment 1, university undergraduates and commercial fishermen sorted marine creatures into groups; although there was substantial agreement, novices sorted largely on the basis of appearance, whereas experts often cited commercial, ecological, or behavioral factors, and systematically subdivided fish on the basis of ecological niche. In Experiment 2, experts and novices were asked to generalize a blank property or novel disease from a pair of marine creatures. Novices relied on similarity to guide generalizations. Experts used similarity to reason about blank properties but ecological relations to reason about diseases. Expertise appears to involve knowledge of multiple relations among entities and context-sensitive application of those relations.
Ferroelectric polymers with large electrostriction; based on semicrystalline VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers

Abstract This paper discusses a new ferroelectric polymer with large electrostrictive response (∼4%) at ambient temperature, which is based on a processable semicrystalline terpolymer comprising vinylidene difluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). This VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymer was prepared by a combination of bulk polymerization process and a borane/oxygen initiator at ambient temperature. The incorporated bulky CTFE units in the terpolymer seem to reduce the crystalline domain size and move the ferroelectric-paraelectric (F-P) phase transition to near ambient temperature with a very small energy barrier. Some terpolymers exhibited common ferroelectric relaxor behaviors with a broad dielectric peak that shifted toward higher temperatures as the frequency increased, and a slim polarization hysteresis loop at near the dielectric peak (around ambient temperature) that gradually evolved into a normal ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loop with reduced temperature.
Awareness of genetic testing for colorectal cancer predisposition among specialists in gastroenterology.

OBJECTIVES: Adult gastroenterologists practicing in New York State were surveyed to determine their practice with regard to identifying family histories consistent with inherited forms of colorectal cancer, and to assess their awareness of cancer genetic counseling and molecular genetic testing for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). METHODS: A closed-ended questionnaire was mailed to 815 gastroenterologists identified through the membership Directory of the American Gastroenterological Association (1998). Two mailings resulted in a response rate of 35%. RESULTS: In all, 99% of the gastroenterologists obtained a family history from their patients, and 95% were aware of cancer genetic counseling. However, only 51% would routinely refer patients for genetic counseling before providing cancer predisposition testing. In addition, only 52% were aware of the availability of genetic tests for FAP and 34% for HNPCC. Presented with a family history consistent with HNPCC, 79% could identify the syndrome, 26% recommended genetic counseling for the consultand, and 16% advised appropriate screening, according to current recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of gastroenterologists do obtain a family history on their patients. However, there is a need for physician education regarding the recognition of pedigrees consistent with inherited colorectal cancer, the genetic counseling process, and the availability of mutation testing for FAP and HNPCC.
Time resolved X-ray diffraction of the thermal decomposition of CdCO3 powders using synchrotron radiation

Abstract Time resolved X-ray diffraction (TRXD) is shown to be a viable in situ method to quantitatively study solid-state reactions and phase transitions. To demonstrate TRXD, the analysis of time-dependent X-ray diffraction shapes are reported for the isothermal decomposition of CdCO 3 powders as a function of temperature. Growth nuclei, stacking faults, disorder, and the influence of temperature during reaction are observed and discussed. Rate laws and activation energies are found for particle growth during reaction and sintering. The formation of CdO from CdCO 3 is observed to proceed through several stages from nucleation to the final product.
Combustion of propane and fluidized-bed co-combustion

Abstract Combustion of propane is investigated in a fluidized-bed incinerator pilot-plant facility to assess its appropriateness as an auxiliary fuel for co-combustion. The available literature on propane combustion in fluidized beds is reviewed and assessed. In conjunction with another low calorific value fuel, the combustion of propane can raise the incinerator temperature to a desired higher level and thereby yield more environmentally acceptable thermal destruction. High carbon utilization and thermal combustion efficiencies have been achieved for propane combustion and have been investigated in conjunction with two propane burners to obtain favorable conditions for fluidized-bed combustion. The effects on propane combustion of such operating parameters as fluidizing velocity, propane feed rate, temperature of combustion, and excess air are discussed.
The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance

Current research offers alternative explanations to the “linkage” between the pattern of diversification and performance. At least four streams of research can be identified. None of these can be considered to be a reliable, predictive theory of successful diversification. They are, at best, partial explanations. The purpose of this paper is to propose an additional “linkage,” conceptual at this stage, that might help our understanding of the crucial connection between diversity and performance. The conceptual argument is intented as a “supplement” to the current lines of research, rather than as an alternative explanation.
COMPUTERIZED ESTIMATES OF FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY IN INFANTS

The methods presently available for measuring FRC of newborn infants are impractical and used primarily as research tools. This report describes a new device for estimating FRC which is accurate, reproducible, and practical for use on critically ill infants in the intensive care unit. Measurements are made using either [1] standard multiple breath N2 washout or [2] a new 4-breath N2 washout method of estimating FRC. Automating the measurements with a microcomputer reduced the time required for data reduction from 45 min to seconds. Utilizing the 4-breath method reduced measurement times (including time for reequilibration) from 15 min to less than a minute; thus, repeated measurements may be made even in critically ill infants suffering from RDS whose FRC may be relatively unstable. Breathing O2 for only 4 breaths also reduces possible damaging effects of O2 such as retinopathy and absorption atelectasis.
Children's drawings as data about internal representations

Abstract This experiment was designed to explore the claim that the form of children's drawings reflects the nature of their representation of pictured objects in memory. In the first part of the experiment, children of four different ages viewed simple objects one at a time and indicated which sort of drawings (some incorporating conventional perspective and some not) they thought best depicted the object's appearance. On half of these trials the object was physically present during picture selection, and on half it was not. In the second part of the experiment, children simply drew each object in turn. The finding of greatest interest concerned “diagrammatic” pictures (which show the parts of an object and their interrelationships without regard to perturbations of the stimulus due to depth, partial occlusions, etc.). Although very few children preferred these types of drawings, many actually drew them. The results taken as a whole cautioned against making inferences about internal representations from children's drawings.
Stress management training for law students: Cognitive-behavioral intervention

The practice of law has created chronic and, at times, severe psychological stress both in law school and subsequent practice. In the current study, students volunteered to participate in a six-session seminar on personal stress management skills including self-relaxation training, schedule planning, priority-setting, leisure time planning, and cognitive modification techniques. Subjects showed pre- to posttreatment improvement on a variety of measures that included their knowledge about stress, personal ratings of stressful situations, and their daily activity schedules. In contrast, a control group showed no improvement and worsened in reported levels of personal stress. The importance of providing law students with personal stress management skills is discussed.
The effect of fluorosurfactant, copolymer latex, and cross-linker on the surface properties of floor polishes: An investigation using AFM with adhesion mapping

Abstract The performances of three fluorosurfactants of different perfluoroalkyl chain lengths in styrene-butadiene (SB) and styrene-acrylic (SA) latex formulations having different virtual cross-linkers were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Topographic mapping provided no conclusive relationship with macroscopic observations of floor polish performance (with “performance” being judged by absence of haze and uniformity of flow and leveling.) Adhesion mapping of the film surfaces revealed mesoscale lateral phase separation for the zinc cross-linked SB latex formulations with specific fluorosurfactants, but not for the SA latex formulations with either calcium or zinc cross-linking. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis supports the contention that lateral phase separation occurred due to the formation of a complex between the fluorosurfactant and the zinc cross-linking agent when used in the SB formulations. All three fluorosurfactants successfully flowed and leveled the SA formulation, using either calcium or zinc cross-linking, without the formation of a complex. These experiments present high resolution adhesion maps of latex films that link mesoscopic properties to macroscopic performance of the dried floor polish films.
Critiques of Game Theory

The theory of games has initiated a new mathematical approach to behavioral science based on conceptualizations entirely absent in “classical” applied mathematics. In the wake of the first formulation of the theory came a proliferation of new avenues of attack on age-old problems involving situations of interest conflict, cooperation, bargaining, and power play. The liveliness of the subject is attested by the vigor of controversy about its very foundations.
Bradykinin causes selective efferent arteriolar dilation during angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition

Bradykinin causes selective efferent arteriolar dilation during angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. We studied the effects of interruption of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in rats that were volume depleted by water deprivation for 48 hours (AWD) with/without furosemide (AWD + F), a condition known to activate RAS. Following baseline micropuncture, AWD rats (N = 6) were treated with a specific angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (AURA; 4 mg/kg body wt bolus i.v. and then continuous infusion) and glomerular hemodynamics compared to those obtained during angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor treatment (ACEI; 24 mg/kg bolus i.v. and then continuous infusion). Systemic blood pressure decreased equally following AIIRA and ACEI. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) increased from baseline following AIIRA (24 nl/min vs. 30, P E ) reduced glomerular capillary pressure (P Gc 67 mm Hg vs. 60, P E together with decrease in afferent arteriolar resistance (R A ), enhanced glomerular plasma flow rate (Q A ; 80 nl/min vs. 111). Antagonizing angiotensin II receptor increased Q A which, together with the tendency to increase glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, K f , served to improve glomerular filtration. By contrast, although inhibition of the angiotensin I converting enzyme caused greater vasodilatation, no increase in SNGFR occurred. The lack of response in filtration after ACEI was due to a further fall in P GC to 52 mm Hg (P E . Since ACEI but not AIIRA potentiates bradykinin activity we examined effects of a specific bradykinin antagonist (Hoe). In a separate group of AWD+F rats (N = 6), ACEI again caused significant renal vasodilatation without affecting filtration rate. The ACEI-induced decrease in resistances was substantially antagonized by inhibition of bradykinin activity. Thus, Hoe significantly increased R E , effectively raising P GC by 9 mm Hg (P GC is crucial in maintaining GFR, activation of bradykinin by ACEI can compromise GFR secondary to bradykinin's selective vasodilatory action on the efferent arteriole.
The microwave magnetron and its derivatives

The history of the microwave magnetron and the various crossed-field devices that have evolved from it is reveiwed from the time of the invention of the multicavity magnetron during World War II to the present time from the viewpoint of one who has been continuously involved as an observer and contributor. Special attention is given to the contributions of many individuals that led to the maturization of the microwave magnetron as a highly-efficient manufacturable high-power device and then its conversion into a broadband amplifier. An attempt is made to better comprehend the basic behavior and future potential of the crossed-field device based upon historical observations, recently introduced new crossed-field devices, and recently introduced new ways to apply conventional magnetrons to new microwave systems.
A MULTIVARIATE MODEL OF JOB STRESS AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Although a significant relationship between job stress and alcohol consumption would seem quite logical, it has in fact received limited empirical support. A multi-variate model is developed in this article, in which the relationship between job stress and alcohol consumption is assumed to be mediated by beliefs regarding the efficacy of alcohol to relieve stress. Considerable support for this model is demonstrated, and the implications for practice as well as research are discussed.
Development of a cable dynamics module for the flow solver CFDShip-Iowa

A cable dynamics module was developed and implemented in the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) solver CFDShip-Iowa to model the dynamics of towed cable systems in high sea states and during the launch and recovery of tethered underwater vehicles from behind a ship. In previous cable dynamics simulations, the vehicle forces are computed using hydrodynamic coefficients which are only accurate for steady, uniform flows. For unsteady, energetic flows in sea states and/or in the ship turbulent wakes, this coefficient-based approach is inadequate, and high-fidelity RANS solution is needed to predict the unsteady fluid forces acting on the vehicles. The cable module is based on an existing cable program with modifications for integration in CFDShip-Iowa and additional capabilities including dynamics modeling of the towing vehicle. The cable itself is represented by a series of rigid cylinders or links connected end-to-end by spherical joints. Cable physical parameters and external forces are lumped at these joints, and all vehicles are treated as rigid bodies. This paper focuses on the theoretical development of the cable module and presents sample simulations of an underwater vehicle towing another vehicle in both calm water and in Sea State 3. More extensive simulations and validations will be included in a future paper.