cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen generation under sunlight by self ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays

Abstract Highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays generate a considerable interest for hydrogen generation by an electrochemical photocell, since ordered architecture of nanotube arrays provides a unidirectional electric channel for electron's transport. Here, we report the hydrogen generation by highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays under actual sunlight in KOH electrolyte. The two-electrode electrochemical cell included an adjustable anode compartment capable of tracing the trajectory of the sun and a set of alkaline batteries connected with a rheostat for application of external bias. The results showed that the photocurrent responses of nanotube arrays match well with the intensity of solar irradiance on a clear summer day. Addition of ethylene glycol into KOH electrolyte as a hole scavenger enhanced the rate of hydrogen generation. A maximum photocurrent density of 31 mA/cm 2 was observed at 13:30 h, by focusing the sunlight with an intensity of 113 mW/cm 2 on the surface of the TiO 2 nanotube arrays in 1 M KOH electrolyte with 10 vol% ethylene glycol under an applied bias of 0.5 V. The observed hydrogen generation rate was 4.4 mL/h cm 2 under the focalized solar irradiance with an intensity between 104 mW/cm 2 and 115 mW/cm 2 from 10:00 to 14:20 h.
Individual judgment and group interaction: A variable perspective approach

Abstract An extension of the T. M. Ostrom and H. S. Upshaw perspective model (1968, in A. Greenwald, T. Brock, and T. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes , New York: Academic Press) of attitudinal judgments, incorporating a subjective scale range concept, was examined in relation to the effects of group interaction on individual members' attitudinal judgments. Subjects made attitudinal judgments after reading a criminal case history and then, either individually or as members of four person groups, decided on the appropriate sentence for the criminal for two different cases. The results showed that the subjective scale range concept was useful to account for the subjects' attitudinal judgments. Further analysis showed that the group interaction provided both informational and normative influences on the individual members' judgments in different ways. These findings are discussed in terms of judgmental processes postulated by Ostrom and Upshaw.
Evaluation of the effect of energy price change on beef production management strategies in Hawaii

Abstract A dynamic programming approach was used to evaluate the effect of changing the energy input to product price relationship on the beef production management decision. The results of the three applications (low-to-low, high-to-low and high-to-high input-product price relationship) emphasized the importance of the input-product price relationships on the beef production management decision process. The optimal beef production management strategies were generally consistant with beef production management practices followed in Hawaii under those input-product price relationships.
A Microfluidic Assay for Metastasis Potential Analysis

We have designed and characterized a poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device called MiMiC™ that enables time-lapse study of cell migration. Cell migration is a key step of malignant metastasis during cancer progression. The device mimics the narrow confines the cells need to traverse and the microenvironments that are similar to the ones inside human body. Photolithography and soft lithography processes were used to fabricate the microfluidic devices. The device consists of two separate chambers connected by microfluidic channels allowing introduction of cells in one chamber and chemoattractants in the other. The response of lung-metastasized prostate cancer (PC-3-ML) cells and their migration response to chemoattractants were observed and analyzed. The numbers of cells under migration were determined from time-lapse images and compared to control groups. Our microfluidic assays provide advantages over the traditional Boyden chambers such as time-lapse observation, use of smaller amounts of reagents and direct assessment of cells under migration.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Can We Predict if Overactive Bladder Symptoms Will Resolve After Sling Surgery in Women With Mixed Urinary Incontinence

Persistent overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence after sling surgery (pubovaginal sling or midurethral sling) in women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is devastating to patients and frustrating to surgeons who perform anti-incontinence surgery. To better predict the outcomes of sling surgery in women with MUI, preoperative parameters need to be examined to accurately predict postsurgical outcomes. In this review article, we will explore recent literature exploring possible preoperative predictors of persistent overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence after sling surgery in women with MUI.
Intraosseous hibernoma or unusual location of brown fat

The hibernoma is a rare benign tumor of brown fat. It is most commonly found subcutaneously in the thigh, shoulder, and back of middle-aged adults. Intraosseous hibernomas and brown fat are rarely reported. There are currently two reported cases in the literature, one of which occurred in the setting of essential thrombocythemia (ET). We report an intraosseous brown fat infiltrate found incidentally in a bone marrow biopsy of a 77-year-old female with ET.
Design of PAM and PWM digital controllers for cascaded analog systems

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship among various recently developed constant state-feedback digital redesign methods. Then, for a unity-output feedback system with an analog plant in cascade with an analog controller, the best and simple Chebyshev quadrature digital redesign method is utilized to find new pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) and pulse-width-modulated (PWM) digital controllers for effective digital control of the analog plant. The digital controllers are determined from existing or pre-designed analog controllers as in the case of PID controllers for industrial control processes and robotics, phase lead-lag compensators for servo-mechanisms and regulator systems and guidance-autopilots for aircraft and missiles etc. The proposed method provides an alternative methodology for indirect digital design of a continuous-time unity-output feedback system and enables us to accurately and effectively implement an existing or pre-designed cascaded analog controller via a digital controller.
Tales of Risk, of Deliverance, and the Redemption of Learning:

Retrospect: 20 years of teaching at-risk students urges collaborative learning and teaching, interdisciplinary approach.
One-step, ambient-temperature synthesis of antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) micron-size polycrystals with a spherical morphology

Antimony sulfide microspheres were prepared for the first time via a one-step, ambient-temperature reaction in a non-toxic solvent. The morphology, composition and crystallinity of the product was characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD.
Angina in a 41-year-old man with a congenital coronary abnormality and cardiac surgery 27 years earlier.

Patient presentation. A 41-year-old man with unknown heart surgery at 14 years of age was admitted with exertional chest heaviness, radiating to the left arm, associated with dyspnea and nausea. The findings of the physical examination were unremarkable, with no murmur. Serial creatine phosphokinase and troponin levels and the electrocardiogram were all normal. The patient’s medical history is significant for an asymptomatic heart murmur noted at 14 years of age. Cardiac catheterization and heart surgery were performed. However, his clinicians were unable to locate any information about the diagnosis or procedure that had been performed. During the current admission, the patient underwent repeat cardiac catheterization. Single photon emission computed tomography perfusion imaging was considered but was not performed, given the classical cardiac symptoms and risk factors of smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, as well as a family history of premature coronary disease. Left ventricular function was normal, and selective angiography of the left coronary artery (LCA) revealed ectatic left main, left anterior descending, and left circumflex arteries, all of which were nonobstructive (Figure 1). Collaterals filled the posterior descending artery (PDA) and posterior left ventricular (PLV) branches of the distal right coronary artery (RCA), as well as the acute right ventricular marginal (RVM) branch (Figure 2). The orifice of the RCA could not be located. Additional collaterals originating near the proximal RCA remnant supplied blood flow to the upper right and left ventricles. A coronary computed tomography angiogram (CTA) was ordered after invasive coronary angiography in an attempt to locate the origin of the RCA, to better explain the patient’s symptoms and to define his previous heart surgery. A GE 64-slice multidetector computed tomography scanner (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, England) with reconstruction at the 70% to 80% phase provided the most optimal images. The coronary CTA revealed similar findings of an ectatic, nonobstructive left coronary system (Figure 3). The CTA of the RCA revealed a remnant originating from the pulmonary artery (PA) (Figure 4). Collateral filling to the RVM, PDA, and PLV branches was noted coming from the LCA system. We observed minimal antegrade flow from a collateral near the mediastinum feeding the proximal remnant of the RCA with blood flow to the upper region of the right ventricle and to a vessel that extended around
The perils of rhetorical criticism

(1944). The perils of rhetorical criticism. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 416-422.
Application of a parallel DSMC method to hypersonic rarefied flows

This paper describes a method for doing direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculations using parallel processing and presents some results of applying the method to several hypersonic, rarefied flow problems. The performance and efficiency of the parallel method are discussed. The applications described are the flow in a channel and the flow about a flat plate at incidence. The results show significant advantages of parallel processing over conventional scalar processing and demonstrate the scalability of the method to large problems.
Electronic structure of the Cu3Au(1 1 1) surface

Abstract Using the NRL-tight binding method, we investigate the electronic structure of the unrelaxed Cu 3 Au(1 1 1) surface. The tight binding parameters were determined by fitting to LDA calculations and found to reproduce the surface energy, bulk elastic constants and bulk phonon modes. The surface electronic band structure shows electronic states at the center of the Brillouin zone, within −0.1 Ry of the Fermi level, in agreement with available photoemission data. For these states, we give an interpretation and characterization of the contributions of the s, p and d electrons of the Cu and Au atoms. Charge calculations on each atom indicate that upon formation of Cu 3 Au there is charge transfer from the Au atoms to the Cu atoms in agreement with previous X-ray experiments. The Cu 3 Au(1 1 1) surface atoms are found to gain charge compared to the bulk system, and the Au atoms regain some of the charge that they lost upon formation of bulk Cu 3 Au. Despite the fact that this tight binding Hamiltonian was fitted to bulk properties of the Cu 3 Au system, it is able to accurately describe the main features of the Cu 3 Au(1 1 1) surface, suggesting that this method is reliable for studying binary intermetallic alloy surfaces.
Genes identified by visible mutant phenotypes show increased bias toward one of two subgenomes of maize.

Not all genes are created equal. Despite being supported by sequence conservation and expression data, knockout homozygotes of many genes show no visible effects, at least under laboratory conditions. We have identified a set of maize (Zea mays L.) genes which have been the subject of a disproportionate share of publications recorded at MaizeGDB. We manually anchored these “classical” maize genes to gene models in the B73 reference genome, and identified syntenic orthologs in other grass genomes. In addition to proofing the most recent version 2 maize gene models, we show that a subset of these genes, those that were identified by morphological phenotype prior to cloning, are retained at syntenic locations throughout the grasses at much higher levels than the average expressed maize gene, and are preferentially found on the maize1 subgenome even with a duplicate copy is still retained on the opposite subgenome. Maize1 is the subgenome that experienced less gene loss following the whole genome duplication in maize lineage 5–12 million years ago and genes located on this subgenome tend to be expressed at higher levels in modern maize. Links to the web based software that supported our syntenic analyses in the grasses should empower further research and support teaching involving the history of maize genetic research. Our findings exemplify the concept of “grasses as a single genetic system,” where what is learned in one grass may be applied to another.
Data Assimilation as a Problem in Optimal Tracking: Application of Pontryagin's Minimum Principle to Atmospheric Science

A data assimilation strategy based on feedback control has been developed for the geophysical sciences— a strategy that uses model output to control the behavior of the dynamical system. Whereas optimal tracking through feedback control had its early history in application to vehicle trajectories in space science, the methodology has been adapted to geophysical dynamics by forcing the trajectory of a deterministic model to follow observations in accord with observation accuracy. Fundamentally, this offline (where it is assumed that the observations in a given assimilation window are all given) approach is based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) where a least squares fit of idealized path to dynamic law follows from Hamiltonian mechanics. This utilitarian process optimally determines a forcing function that depends on the state (the feedback component) and the observations. It follows that this optimal forcing accounts for the model error. From this model error, a correction to the one-step transition matrix is constructed. The above theory and technique is illustrated using the linear Burgers’ equation that transfers energy from the large scale to the small scale.
What can hunger teach us about drug craving? A comparative analysis of the two constructs

Abstract While few deny the prevalence of craving among drug-dependent individuals, many theorists have suggested that craving has outlived its usefulness as a meaningful psychological construct. The prevailing notion is that craving reflects an underlying biologic need, but the empirical support for this appears weak. To examine this concern, we review a similar psychological construct: hunger. An intuitive view is that hunger reflects the need to eat due to energy depletion. In this paper, we outline conceptual expectations of the constructs of craving and hunger, and review evidence suggesting that neither craving nor hunger (1) is a simple reflection of underlying biologic need, (2) has reliable physiological correlates or controls, (3) is strongly linked to affective state, or (4) reliably predicts consumption (food or drug). Rather than abandon the study of a compelling psychological construct, researchers ought to re-examine their expectations of craving, and re-focus their attempts to understand the role of craving in drug use. A review of the hunger literature also suggests several fruitful lines for investigation of craving.
Specific heats for simple molecular fluids from molecular dynamics simulations

Residual specific heats C res v are obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the two-centre (2CLJ) and three-centre Lennard-Jones (3CLJ) models of liquid ethane and propane. The C res v values calculated from fluctuation theory show significant rises in the liquid near the liquid-vapour transition line, in agreement with experiment. A non-linear two parameter function fitted to simulations of U res is shown to give heat capacities consistent with those obtained from the fluctuation calculation. It is also shown how results obtained from the (NVE) simulations compare with (NVT) simulations based on a momentum-scaling algorithm.
Cutaneous allergy to mustard in a salad maker

A case of allergic contact dermatitis to mustard (Brassica nigra) in a salad maker is reported. The sources of skin contact included a commercial salad cream, a vinegrette, and various members of the mustard family, Cruciferae. The Cruciferae family includes many salad vegetables and condiments which contain allergenic isothiocyanates. The extent of skin contact among salad makers and other food handlers may be significant, and sensitization to isothiocyanates from this large family of vegetables may be an important cause of food contact allergy in these individuals.
Electronic structure of polyatomic systems determined with first-order correlation orbitals: coupled cluster calculations on lithium cyanide

Abstract First-order correlation orbitals and the coupled cluster method were employed together with an extended Gaussian basis set to evaluate the relative energies of three isomers of lithium cyanide. The most stable linear LiNC structure has an energy 0.75 kcal/mol lower than the T-shape structure and 2.34 kcal/mol lower than the linear LiCN structure. The first result remains in accord with the recently established lower limit of 0.34 kcal/mol.
Analytical methods for the determination of tungsten.

Abstract Methods developed and employed in the recent literature (1969–1975) for the detection and determination of tungsten in a wide variety of matrices are reviewed. This paper is a supplement to the books, monographs and review papers which deal with the earlier literature.
Immunochemical analysis of the structure of the signature domains of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 in low calcium concentrations.

Abstract Thrombospondins (TSPs) undergo conformational changes upon removal of calcium. The eight C-type and five N-type calcium-binding repeats of TSP-2 form a circuitous wire that, in 2 mm calcium, interacts at its ends with more N-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like modules, EGF2 and EGF3, and the C-terminal lectin-like module. These components, along with the other EGF-like module(s), form the signature domain of TSPs. Characterization of conformation-sensitive epitopes of monoclonal antibodies to human TSP-2 and its TSP-1 homolog have given insights into the structure of the signature domain in the absence of calcium. The epitope for 4B6.13 anti-TSP-2 was localized to His-722 and Leu-703 in repeat 1C of the wire; recognition only occurred in constructs that included EGF3, the rest of the wire, and the lectin-like module and in the presence of calcium. The epitope for C6.7 anti-TSP-1 was localized to Glu-609 in the EGF2 module. The C6.7 epitope was preferentially recognized when EGF2 was expressed in the context of EGF1, EGF3, the wire, and the lectin-like module. Preferential recognition of the C6.7 epitope did not require calcium. Rotary shadowing electron microscopy of TSP-1 has shown elongation of the stalk and diminution of the C-terminal globule. We propose a model whereby at low calcium concentrations the lectin-like module drops away from EGF3 concomitant with changes in conformation of the wire and loss of the 4B6.13 epitope. A critical feature of the model is interaction of repeat 12N of the wire with EGF2 in both the presence and absence of calcium.
Moving mountains: integrating innovative pedagogy and technology techniques into a semester-long new faculty orientation program

Fall 2007 saw the first semester-long orientation for new faculty presented by the Center for Instruction, Research, and Technology at Indiana State University (ISU). Twenty-five new faculty members met twice a week for an hour and a half each meeting time over the fall semester completing the new faculty orientation program in January. The 45 hour program had three goals: 1) enhancing the new faculty member's role as an effective classroom teacher, 2) enhancing the new faculty member's role as a productive researcher, and 3) supporting the new faculty member's integration / engagement into the ISU Community. The program included integration of Web 2.0 applications in the classroom to create better assessment for students. Departments which participated had the option of receiving a course buy-out or $3,000 in a faculty professional development account based on completing the program requirements. The presentation and paper will discuss the content of the program as well as feedback (both written and via video) from its participants.
Particulate Matter Emissions Reductions due to Adoption of Clean Diesel Technology at a Major Shipping Port

Air pollution emissions from major ports around the world contribute to airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure in surrounding communities. The Port of Oakland is one of three major shipping ports in California that collectively account for 39% of all the goods movement in the United States. The current study is the first to perform relatively complete chemical speciation on the real-world reduction in primary PM emissions from heavy-duty trucks at a major shipping port during the implementation of a retrofit and replacement program. Measurements of fine PM composition at the Port were analyzed by using positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify five dominant PM sources: shipping, port truck traffic, distant on-road traffic, background sea spray, and road dust. Changes to port truck traffic-related PM concentration on days with similar meteorological conditions during and after implementation of the controls were used as a direct indication of emissions reductions. Primary PM mass emissions from po...
Bounds on specification error arising from data proxies

Abstract Specification error that arises when the researcher is forced to work with data ‘proxies’ can be treated as a general error in the underlying variable. This paper explores the relation between the ambiguity of possible estimates and the size and form of the specification error. The trade-off between the strength of assumptions about misspecification and the resulting inferential uncertainty can be developed formally. In some cases what appear to be innocuous errors in proxies create very substantial inferential ambiguity. But in other cases fairly weak assumptions about specification error can reduce inferential uncertainty enormously.
Determination of Oxalate in Forage by Reverse-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A method for extraction, derivatization, and determination of oxalate from forage is described. Alfalfa and tall fescue were extracted with either water or 1N HCl. Oxalate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.2) was used to destroy oxalic acid so that other derivatizable compounds could be determined. The derivatizing agent o -phenylenediamine was reacted with oxalic acid in plant extracts to form 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxalene. Aliquots of derivatized extract were fractionated using disposable C-18 minicolumns. Collected fractions were analyzed for 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxalene using UV detection of reverse phase HPLC eluent. Using water or 1N HCl extraction, plant oxalates were determined as water-soluble or water-insoluble fractions, respectively. Recovery of oxalate from forage samples was 80 to 112% of added oxalate. Data confirm that differences are greater between alfalfa and tall fescue than within these forage species.
Kinetic studies of detergency. I. Analysis of cleaning curves

The kinetics of removal of thin films of pure radioactive tristearin from a stainless-steel surface by .03M NaOH was studied in a circulation system. The data obtained are consistent with the presence of two species of tristearin, each species being removed simultaneously by a first-order process and behaving independently of the other. The principal evidence for the existence of the two species is the excellent agreement of the experimental data with the mathematical techniques of kinetics over a wide range of experimental conditions. Rate constants for the removal of each species and the relative proportions of the two species are given for different experimental conditions. It is shown that the difference between the two species must be based on some physical factor, and possible explanations are discussed. The presence of two species gives a satisfactory explanation for hitherto unexplained results of other workers.
Regulation of the production of secretory and membrane immunoglobulin during lymphocyte development.

Abstract An area of great controversy in molecular immunology is the mechanism by which the differential expression of secretory and membrane immunoglobulin heavy chain is regulated during B cell development. Since the changes in expression of the two proteins are determined largely by the steady state levels of the mRNAs that encode them, recent work has focused on the regulation of the expression of the two messages. This problem is central to understanding humoral immunity, with the specific antigen driven switch from antibody as receptor to antibody as secreted product and may be of direct relevance to some forms of the common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. In addition, numerous other genes have been shown to be regulated by alternative RNA processing. Since its beginnings, research in immunology has brought about profound changes in our view of biology. Jenner's landmark experiment, inducing a minor illness to prevent a major one, showed that the body's future susceptibility to a particular disease could be manipulated. More recently the demonstration that immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene segments, originally spread over many kilobases (kbs) in the genome, must be assembled to form a functional heavy chain gene has shattered both the concept of a genome fixed at fertilization and the “one gene, one protein” rule. The alternative processing of heavy chain transcripts to produce secretory and membrane forms of immunoglobulin has demonstrated how the same gene can give rise to proteins with alternative structures. Since the discovery of the role of alternative RNA processing in heavy chain mRNA synthesis, numerous other cellular genes have been shown to be regulated by modulation of RNA processing pathways.
Rethinking transboundary waters: A critical hydropolitics of the Mekong basin

Abstract Efforts to understand the geographical and political complexities of transboundary river basins—both within national jurisdictions and at international levels—must embrace critical interdisciplinary perspectives. In this paper, we focus attention on underdeveloped aspects of transboundary water conflicts and cooperation—e.g., how ecological understandings of river basins are transformed within transboundary institutional arrangements; the way multiple actors in transboundary basins construct geographical scales; and how control over water is represented and exercised within governance and management institutions. We advance the notion of critical hydropolitics as a way of explicating these processes. We draw on a case study of conflict over and within the transboundary waters of the Mekong River basin to illustrate this approach. Our aim is to complement and extend ongoing research and policy debates concerning transboundary waters.
Microbial populations of fresh-cut spinach leaves affected by controlled atmospheres

Abstract The effect of controlled atmospheres (CA) containing low oxygen and high carbon dioxide at low temperatures on micro-organisms on fresh-cut spinach leaves was studied. Control samples in air were compared with those kept in 0.8% O2-N2 or 0.8% O2-10% CO2-N2 at one of two temperatures, 5 and 10 °C, for 9 or 7 days, respectively. The populations of various microorganisms on the leaf surfaces were assessed, but coliforms and lactic acid bacteria were not detected and yeast remained uniformly low. At 5 °C, CA decreased micro-organisms growth by between 10 and 100-fold, except for lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. At a temperature of 10 °C, populations increased regardless of the atmospheric composition to 10–100 times those at the lower temperature. Thus, low oxygen atmospheres could be used to control spoilage micro-organisms on cut spinach leaves for at least 7 days, so long as the storage does not exceed 5 °C.
Isolation and endocrine regulation of an HMG-CoA synthase cDNA from the male Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

We have isolated a full length 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMG-S) cDNA from the male Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins, and studied the effects of topical applications of juvenile hormone III (JH III) on its expression. The predicted translation product of this apparently single copy gene has 63% and 58% identity with HMG-S1 and HMG-S2 from Blattella germanica (L.), and 61% identity with Drosophila melanogasterHmgs. HMG-S transcript levels remain uniformly low in JH III-treated and control D. jeffreyi females, but are induced approximately 2.5- to 5-fold in JH III-treated males. JH III causes a dose- and time-dependent increase in HMG-S transcripts in the male metathoracic‐abdominal region. Since monoterpenoid pheromone precursor synthesis and HMG‐CoA reductase expression are under the control of JH III in the metathorax of Ips bark beetles, the observed HMG-S expression pattern suggests that the isoprenoid pathway is similarly important for semiochemical production in D. jeffreyi. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fluorescence Detection Of Occult Non-Palpable Metastases In Lymph Nodes Following Injection Of Low Doses Of Photofrin II®

Extraction procedures to quantitate PhotofrinA‚Â® II concentration in tissues correlated with fluorescence measurements from instrumentation developed for in vivo fluorimetry were applied for the detection of low drug .levels in occult metastases of the lymph nodes. A sensitive fluorimeter was developed to overcome the limitation of natural background autofluorescence signals. The new device circumvents this limitation by reliably subtracting the normal tissue background signal from the combined fluorescence of DHE and natural background at 630. These techniques have been initially applied to detect low levels of drug in DBA mice bearing the SMT-F tumor, which has been extensively studied in our laboratory. The data show the ability of the techniques to detect very low levels of porphyrin in the tumors after low, non-therapeutic doses of injected photosensitizer. The Pollard rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (PA-III) model was chosen for this study because of its characteristic pattern of metastases involving only ipsilateral lymph nodes. Early studies on this lymph node model have shown the ability of the detection device to measure low levels of drug in non-palpable occult metastases in the nodes. The findings show that the detection of small numbers of metastatic cells is possible (<100 cells) with injected DHE doses of 0.25 mg/kg.
Secular resonance, solar spin down, and the orbit of Mercury

A mechanism is investigated which may provide an evolutionary explanation for the large mean eccentricity and inclination of Mercury. It is proposed that if the gravitational field of the rapidly rotating early sun had a larger second-degree harmonic, the decreasing value of this harmonic during the subsequent solar spindown would drive Mercury through two secular resonances with Venus, one involving a commensurability in the apsidal motion of the two planets and the other involving their nodal rates. An analysis is performed, showing that these resonances could increase both the inclination and eccentricity of Mercury at nearly the same time, that an initial solar rotational period of 5.5 hr or less would guarantee passage through the resonances, and that a spindown time of about 1 million years could have produced the observed inclination and eccentricity.
An architectural framework for interactive music systems

This paper introduces the Software Architecture for Immersipresence (SAI) framework to the computer music community. SAI is a software architecture model for designing, analyzing and implementing applications that perform distributed, asynchronous parallel processing of generic data streams. The most significant innovation of SAI is its ability to handle real-time DSP, interactive control, and data-centered representations in a unified model. This generality facilitates the design and implementation of complex interactive systems that combine music analysis, synthesis and on-line control. Two examples illustrate the use of SAI in the design and implementation of interactive music systems: MuSA.RT, a system for real-time analysis and interactive visualization of tonal patterns in music, and ESP, a driving interface (wheel, pedals and display) for creating expressive performances from expressionless music files.
On stability and error bounds of describing functions for oscillatory control of movements

Biological neural circuits are often modeled by neural oscillators consisting of two mutually inhibiting neurons. These oscillators explore the natural dynamics of the body coupled to a dynamic system, to excecute complex tasks, which resembles biological structures in animals. The dynamics of multiple nonlinear oscillators for controlling (non)linear multivariable robotic systems is complex. Although algebraic equations are now available for tuning the oscillators to accomplish a complex task, based on quasi-linear approximations by describing functions, it is essential to infer stability characteristics of the solutions, as well as establish error bounds for the solutions due to the approximation. The paper suggests solutions for these problems, by presenting a method for estimating stability and bounds on the estimated parameter errors.
Age and season affect serum testosterone concentrations in cryptorchid stallions

Cryptorchidism, characterised by inguinal and/or abdominal retention of one or both testes, is the most common developmental defect encountered in equine veterinary practice. Most cases present with stallion-like behaviour in males without palpable testes and questionable castration history. Evaluation of serum testosterone concentrations is commonly used to distinguish geldings from cryptorchid stallions without a scrotal testis, but results can be variable and difficult to interpret (Lu 2005, Raś and others 2010). Identifying factors that influence serum testosterone concentrations in cryptorchid stallions can be valuable in the interpretation of assay results. Both season and age are known to have a major effect on testosterone concentrations in intact stallions (Berndtson and others 1974, Raeside 1979, Stewart and Roser 1998), but little is known in cryptorchid stallions, with only one study reporting seasonal variation in serum testosterone concentrations (Cox and others 1988). Additionally, it is possible that serum testosterone concentrations in cryptorchid stallions are influenced by age as the cryptorchid testis is subjected to chronic elevated temperatures which could potentially adversely affect Leydig cell function. However, age-related changes in serum testosterone concentrations in cryptorchid stallions have not, to our knowledge, been described. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season and age on serum …
Randomized planning for short inspection paths

Addresses the following inspection problem: given a known workspace and a robot with vision capabilities compute a short path path for the robot such that each point on boundary of the workspace is visible from some point on the path. Autonomous inspection, such as by a flying camera, or a virtual reality architectural walkthrough, could be guided by a solution to the above inspection problem. Visibility constraints on both maximum viewing distance and maximum angle of incidence are considered to better model real sensors. An algorithm is presented for planar workspaces which operates in two steps: selecting art gallery-style guards and connecting them to form an inspection path. Experimental results for this algorithm are discussed. Next, the algorithm is extended to three dimensions and inspection paths are shown.
Recent investigations in the use of solar energy for the drying of solids

Abstract It is surprising that a process used as commonly as solar drying has received so little technical development. With the enormous tonnage of materials being processed by this method, greater effort in its development and improvement would seem in order. It is not unreasonable to believe that annual saving in the millions of dollars might be realized through lowering the costs of drying, improving the quality of the products, and reducing losses by spoilage, deterioration, transport delays, and other factors. The substitution of solar drying for fuel drying or simply the reduction in fuel demand by a cheap supplementary solar heat supply would appear of considerable benefit in many areas. Solar drying development appears to warrant increased effort.
Genetic control of B-cell responses. I. Selective unresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide.

The responsiveness of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ and C3H/Tif mice to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was compared. Around 1,000-fold higher concentration of LPS were required to minimally activate HeJ cells, as compared with Tif high-responder cells, to both proliferation and polyclonal antibody secretion. However, HeJ cells did respond to higher LPS concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/ml). This selective pattern of responsiveness to LPS was also observed in the polyclonal responses of both strains to LPS in vivo. Furthermore, the unresponsiveness of HeJ spleen cells was found to depend on a pure B-cell defect in the capacity to interact and/or generate triggering signals on interaction with LPS. Thus, adherent cells, thymus-derived lymphocytes, serum factors, and other nonspecific conditions inherent in spleen cell suspensions of low-responder mite were not responsible for suppressing a putative B-cell response to LPS. The present findings are compatible with the possibility that the defect in C3H/HeJ B cells reflects the absence of a structure on the cell surface membrane that is functionally responsible for mediating LPS triggering.
Crisis in a Networked World

Crises and disasters have micro and macro social arrangements that differ from routine situations, as the field of disaster studies has described over its 100-year history. With increasingly pervasive information and communications technology and a changing political arena where terrorism is perceived as a major threat, the attention to crisis is high. Some of these new features of social life have created changes in disaster response that we are only beginning to understand. The University of Colorado is establishing an area of sociologically informed research and information and communications technology development in crisis informatics. This article reports on research that examines features of computer-mediated communication and information sharing activity during and after the April 16, 2007, crisis at Virginia Tech by members of the public. The authors consider consequences that these technology-supported social interactions have on emergency response and implications for methods in e-Social Science.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn

1. Lokesh Guglani, MD* 2. Satyan Lakshminrusimha, MD* 3. Rita M. Ryan, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY The birth of a child is preceded by several changes to prepare for the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. The five major events that establish the lungs as the organ of gas exchange at birth include: clearance of fetal lung fluid, establishment of spontaneous breathing, decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance, release of surfactant, and cessation of the right-to-left shunting of venous blood returning to the heart. (1) During fetal life, fluid is secreted into the alveoli to maintain normal growth and function, (2) and fetal lung volume approximates the functional residual capacity that would be established once air breathing is initiated. (3) Clearance of lung fluid can be affected by several factors, and its impairment culminates in tachypnea and could necessitate transfer to an intensive care unit for monitoring and respiratory support. Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), which is believed to result from incomplete resorption of fluid from the lungs of the newborn, presents an important diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in the newborn nursery. This review focuses on TTN, with emphasis on fetal lung fluid mechanics and possible mechanisms of fetal lung fluid resorption as well as its pathophysiology, clinical and diagnostic features, and management. Some neonatologists refer to TTN as retained fetal lung liquid syndrome. The lungs are filled with liquid in utero, which increases from 4 to 6 mL/kg body weight at mid-gestation to about 30 to 50 mL/kg near term in fetal lambs. (4) Jost and Policard (5) first demonstrated that fluid within the fetal lung arises from the lung and contributes to the volume of amniotic fluid. The rate of production ranges from 2 mL/kg per hour in the initial part of pregnancy to 5 mL/kg per hour at term, thereby contributing one third to one half of the daily turnover of amniotic fluid. …
Why programming is a good medium for expressing poorly understood and sloppily formulated ideas

I have stolen my title from the title of a paper given by Marvin Minsky in the 1960s, because it most effectively expresses what I will try to convey in this talk.We have been programming universal computers for about 50 years. Programming provides us with new tools to express ourselves. We now have intellectual tools to describe "how to" as well as "what is." This is a profound transformation: it is a revolution in the way we think and in the way we express what we think.For example, one often hears a student or teacher complain that the student knows the "theory" of some subject but cannot effectively solve problems. We should not be surprised: the student has no formal way to learn technique. We expect the student to learn to solve problems by an inefficient process: the student watches the teacher solve a few problems, hoping to abstract the general procedures from the teacher's behavior on particular examples. The student is never given any instructions on how to abstract from examples, nor is the student given any language for expressing what has been learned. It is hard to learn what one cannot express. But now we can express it!Expressing methodology in a computer language forces it to be unambiguous and computationally effective. The task of formulating a method as a computer-executable program and debugging that program is a powerful exercise in the learning process. The programmer expresses his/her poorly understood or sloppily formulated idea in a precise way, so that it becomes clear what is poorly understood or sloppily formulated. Also, once formalized procedurally, a mathematical idea becomes a tool that can be used directly to compute results.I will defend this viewpoint with examples and demonstrations from electrical engineering and from classical mechanics.
Magnitude and variation of ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass: a cellular level modeling study.

Potassium is an essential element of living organisms that is found almost exclusively in the intracellular fluid compartment. The assumed constant ratio of total body potassium (TBK) to fat-free m...
Does Student Quality Matter In The Teaching Of Economic Principles

Economics is usually perceived as a difficult subject among undergraduate students and the literature suggests that the student’s problems with principles of economics are mainly related to the chalk and talk type of teaching, the simplicity of economic models, limited discussions on current economic issues, and on race, gender, and other types of diversity. In previous investigations we tried to shed some light on this debate by asking directly students for their opinions on the way introductory economics is taught. In this paper we extend our previous studies, by using a larger sample and by distinguishing between the good students and the rest in order to see whether quality considerations play an important role in the results.
An evolutionary perspective on conflict and compensation in physiological and functional traits

Physiological and functional traits, especially those related to behavior and whole-organism performance capacities, are subject to a variety of both parallel and opposing natural and sexual selection pressures. These selection pressures show con- siderable interspecific variation, shaping contemporary behavioral and functional diversity, but the form and intensity of selection on physiological and functional traits can also vary intraspecifically. The same suites of traits can experience quite different se- lection pressures, depending on the sex or age of a given individual, as well as the presence and nature of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. These inter- and intra-locus genetic conflicts have potentially important consequences for the evolutionary trajectories of traits subject to them. Consequently, any intraspecific conflicts which could displace traits from their selective op- tima in certain classes of individuals relative to others are expected to result in selection for mechanisms to compensate for devia- tion from those optima. Such conflicts include interlocus sexual conflict, intralocus sexual conflict, and interacting phenotypes, as well as conflict within a sex. In this paper, we consider the evidence for, and implications of, such conflicts for physiological and functional traits in diverse taxa, including both vertebrates and invertebrates, and evaluate the various mechanisms, ranging from behavioral and mechanical to energetic and genetic, enabling compensation. We also discuss how pre- and post-mating conflicts, as well as interacting phenotypes, might affect the evolution of behavior and physiological and functional traits. Investigators that seek to understand the links among behavior, morphology, physiology, and function should consider such conflicts (Current Zo- ology 60 (6): 755-767, 2014 ).