cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical model based thermal studies on stacked dies

A generic thermal resistance based theoretical model is proposed for n /spl ges/ 3 stacked dies. The model assumes same die to die thermal resistance between adjacent dies. It also includes external thermal resistances. This model is solved to establish the relation between thermal resistances and total heat flow from top and bottom of package. The hottest die location is related to the ratio of total heat going through top of the package, 'F'. This relation is found to be stair case like linear function. Lower and upper bounds to the temperature drop within the die stack are established. Two definitions of package thermal metrics are proposed. Both are shown to have a quadratic variation with the fraction of total heat going through top of the package (F). The results form a scientific basis for steady state thermal characterization of 3D stacked dies under complete range of external thermal boundary conditions.
t‐Butyl α‐Lithioisobutyrate

(R = tert-Bu) [54191-20-7] C8H15LiO2 (MW 150.15) InChI = 1S/C8H16O2.Li/c1-6(2)7(9)10-8(3,4)5;/h9H,1-5H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = LOCSYGWIIQPWOT-UHFFFAOYSA-M (R = Me) [35717-10-3] C5H9LiO2 (MW 108.07) InChI = 1S/C5H10O2.Li/c1-4(2)5(6)7-3;/h6H,1-3H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = KNDSDKHFXVQIAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M (R = Et) [53807-80-0] C6H11LiO2 (MW 122.09) InChI = 1S/C6H12O2.Li/c1-4-8-6(7)5(2)3;/h7H,4H2,1-3H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = MSCQKIPUWUVKJS-UHFFFAOYSA-M (relatively stable ester enolates) Physical Data: white solids. The X-ray crystal structure of the TMEDA complex (R = tert-Bu) has been obtained.1 The IR and 1H, 13C, and 7Li NMR spectra for amine-free reagents have been reported.2, 3 Solubility: sol THF; insol hexane and benzene (R = Me, tert-Bu); the ethyl enolate (R = Et) is moderately sol benzene.4 Preparative Methods: for most transformations, a THF solution prepared by addition of the appropriate isobutyric ester to 1 equiv (or slight excess) of Lithium Diisopropylamide in THF at −78 °C is used directly. Solid reagents are prepared by addition of slightly less than 1 equiv of the ester (diluted 1∶1 in toluene or benzene) to a 0.4 M solution of LDA in the same solvent at 10 °C. The precipitate is isolated by centrifugation and dried for at least 5 h at 1 mm (65% yield).3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagents react with air and moisture. Solutions of the amine-free reagents in THF slowly form β-keto esters with a half-life of 4200 min at 25 °C (R = Et).4 The solid reagents are stable indefinitely at 25 °C.
Monocrystalline ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe double heterostructure solar cells grown on InSb substrates

Monocrystalline p-ZnTe/p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n-MgCdTe double-heterostructure (DH) solar cells are designed and demonstrated with a maximum efficiency of 10.9 %, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 759 mV, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 21.2 mA/cm2 and a fill factor (FF) of 67.4 %. The low efficiency is mainly due to the combination of the low VOC and FF, which are attributed to high interface recombination at the ZnTe/CdTe, and p-CdTe/n-CdTe interfaces. Activation energies (EA) of 1.54 eV and 1.25 eV are obtained from temperature dependent light-IV measurements, indicating that the dominant recombination mechanism changes from interface recombination for non-annealed devices to bulk recombination for devices annealed at 450 °C.
Precursor Mediated and Direct Adsorption: Two Channels Leading to Chemisorption

The preceding papers by WEINBERG and by AUERBACH and RETTNER have addressed the question of how important precursors are in kinetic processes on surfaces from different perspectives. Both papers have considered the evidence for the existence of precursors and all authors agree that precursors to adsorption have been clearly identified under certain conditions. The clearest proof of existence of the precursor is its spectroscopic identification, and numerous studies [1–4] carried out at very low temperatures have obtained “fingerprint” spectra or other electronic features which can unambiguously be identified with extrinsic and intrinsic precursors. However, as WEINBERG points out, molecularly chemisorbed species can also be regarded as precursors to dissociatively adsorbed species. They can be isolated at much higher temperatures since the energies of adsorption, desorption and migration are scaled to higher values.
How Online and Hybrid Programs Can Be Used to Reform Curricula

Graduate business education, and in particular MBA programs, are under increasing scrutiny for their questionable relevance to the business community. The rapidly evolving global economy calls for school curricula to be updated on a regular basis. There are inherent challenges endemic to curriculum reform that protects the status quo, and these obstacles can be difficult to overcome. The development of online and hybrid programs offers a new dynamic to the curriculum review process, and may provide an opportunity to disrupt the inertia that often characterizes curricula review processes. The interaction of the steps necessary for building an online or hybrid program provide a vehicle for engaging in curricula reform, even in on-ground program settings. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the recent insights gained from implementing both online and hybrid programs on curricula design and reform.
A Point Cloud-Based Method for Object Alignment Verification for Augmented Reality Applications

The paper introduces a method for an augmented reality (AR) assembly assistance application that allows one to quantify the alignment of two parts. Point cloud-based tracking is one method to recognize and to track physical parts. However, the correct fitting of two parts cannot be determined with high fidelity from point cloud tracking data due to occlusion and other challenges. A Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) of an error model is suggested to quantify the probability that two parts are correctly aligned. An initial solution was investigated. The results of an offline-simulation with point cloud data are promising and indicate the efficacy of the suggested method.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Self-assembly of Micro-devices unto Unconventional Substrates

Active aircraft body surfaces require integration of various micro-devices and sensors over large areas. We have demonstrated a self-assembly method that is capable of integrating functional heterogeneous micro-components on unconventional substrates such as plastic and glass. This method could be applied to a very large area to functionalize the surface of an aircraft. In order to demonstrate the method, micro-components were fabricated on a carrier wafer, and released to form a powder like collection. The template was fabricated separately and was submerged inside a fluid medium during the selfassembly process. Components were introduced over the template and were self-assembled to build a functional system. In addition, we have shown two methods for programming the self-assembly process by using optical and geometrical methods to allow for an accurate placement of heterogeneous components.
Promoter function and in situ protein/DNA interactions upstream of the yeast HSP90 heat shock genes.

We have mapped in vivo protein/DNA interactions within the upstream regulatory regions of the two yeast HSP90 genes, and have begun mutagenizing footprinted sequences in an effort to identify the cis-acting determinants of heat shock transcription. Genomic footprinting of the HSP82 promotor using chemical and enzymatic nucleases reveals that irrespective of transcriptional state, the most proximal of three heat shock elements, HSE1, is occupied along both sugar-phosphate backbones as well as within its major groove, while the TATA box is bound along both sugar-phosphate backbones. Distorted DNA structure is associated with each constitutively bound factor: protein binding to HSE1 appears to induce a local A-form-like helical conformation, whereas occupancy of the TATA box is associated with strand-specific nuclease hypersensitivity of an adjacent polypurine tract. In situ mutagenesis experiments indicate that HSE1 is absolutely required for both basal and induced expression, and that basal transcription can be preferentially abolished by point mutations within this sequence. In contrast, point mutations within the TATA element have the reverse effect, as induced transcription is more significantly affected. Similar to HSE1 point mutants, we have found that basal transcription is preferentially repressed by an HMRE silencer element when it is transplaced approximately 1 kb upstream of the HSP82 start site. Finally, a complementary footprinting analysis of the upstream region of the constitutively expressed HSC82 gene reveals the presence of three discrete protein complexes. These map to the TATA box, the promotor-distal heat shock element, C.HSE1, and a novel sequence upstream of C. HSE1, suggesting that the 10-fold higher basal transcription of HSC82 stems, at least in part, from a non-HSE-binding factor.
How Does Oral Hygiene Affect Bacterial Counts in Saliva

Abstract Oral health is often in the news lately as researchers explore the link of oral health with general health — and, particularly, with cardiac health (Shetty et al., 2012; Parkar et al., 2013). In this inquiry-based experiment, students explore microbes present in saliva and how the numbers are affected by using oral hygiene products such as toothpaste and mouthwash.
An Incidence of Pseudopregnancy Associated with the Social Enrichment of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi)

Here we describe a case of pseudopregnancy in a New Zealand White rabbit as a result of pair housing with an aggressive conspecific. Clinical signs included fur pulling and nest building that developed shortly after separation from the aggressor. An ovariohysterectomy was performed, and histopathologic findings support the diagnosis of pseudopregnancy. When introducing adult female rabbits to pair housing, stable pairs may be difficult to achieve because of the dominance-associated behavior that can occur as hierarchal relationships are formed. Does that are pair-housed after puberty should be monitored for aggressive behavior.
Soft Interface Fracture Transfer in Nanoscale MoS2

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes, nanotubes, and nanoparticles are used as solid lubricants and oil additives. We investigate the formation of transfer layers due to fracture during sliding on commercially available MoS2 nanoflakes. The sliding and fracture properties were observed in high-frame-rate videos and high-resolution images captured using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The orientation of the flakes and the adhesion to the surface and to the contact asperity determined the weakest interface, which subsequently determined the fracture transfer layer. The fracture continued until both surface and counter surface lubricant layers were a single sheet. The fractured material created a transfer layer or wear particles. We did not observe the proposed “deck-of-cards” sliding, where the sliding is distributed between all the layers of a MoS2 flake. Instead, we captured video of an entire flake fracturing at a weak point in the MoS2 sheets, a “weakest link” soft interface fracture model. The soft interface fracture transfer (SIFT) model is not specific to MoS2-layered nanoflakes, and we argue it is a general mechanism in the formation of tribolayers.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR GRADING MILK INTENDED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES1,2

Summary Samples of milk intended for manufacturing purposes were obtained once each season from randomly selected dairy farms in three widely separated geographical locations. Samples (3873) were analyzed by standard plate count (SPC-32 C), direct microscopic clump count (DMCC), methylene blue (MBRT) and resazurin (RRT), (5P 7/4) test. Correlations for SPC vs. DMCC, MBRT, and RRT were r = 0.78, −0.82 and −0.79, respectively; DMCC vs. MBRT, RRT, r = −0.75 and −0.68, respectively; MBRT vs. RRT, r = 0.86. Prediction of DMCC, MBRT, and RRT on the basis of their regressions with SPC Were influenced significantly (99% level of significance) by the geographical source of samples, the type of milk handling on the farm (can or farm bulk tank) and season. On the basis of equivalents (determined by regression) between classifying tests, new standards were developed. The percentage of samples classed the same by the four methods using these new calculated classifications or the classification recommended by the Unite...
A Logic for Seuss

The logic of action systems, developed in chapters 5 and 6, allowed us to specify safety and progress properties of a single box; the logic is extended in chapters 8 and 9 for specifications of ensembles of boxes. Properties such as co and leads-to specify the collective effect of the executions of the actions of a box or a set of boxes; the individual actions are not identified in a specification. Therefore, it is not possible to deduce from earlier specifications how a specific action affects the program state.
In situ regeneration of Rhodium in three-way catalysts by aqueous ethanol injection for sustained methane emissions abatement

Abstract We are reporting an initial feasibility study addressing the abatement of methane emissions from stoichiometric natural gas fueled vehicles. The injection of a small amount of aqueous ethanol or propane into the exhaust enables the catalytic abatement of methane by the Rh-containing three-way catalyst (TWC). The Rh component experiences oxidation to inactive Rh3 + when the engine operates during the fuel shutoff mode raising the catalyst temperature to over 1000 °C. Upon returning to normal driving operation, under a slightly fuel rich condition, the methane will not reform leading to permanent deactivation of the Rh. Injecting an aqueous ethanol solution or gaseous propane catalytic steam reforming occurs and the H2 generated reduces the Rh3 + to its metallic and active state for CH4 steam reforming. This paper presents a laboratory feasibility study for in situ catalyst regeneration of Rh3 + to Rh metal using a secondary injected fuel (ethanol or propane), enabling sustained catalyst performance in methane emissions abatement.
To Resist the Gravity of Whiteness: Communicating Racialized Suffering and Creating Paschal Community through an Analogia Vulneris

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the possibility of communicating racialized suffering in meaningful and transformative ways among the triracial hierarchy now present in the U.S. The author argues that a theological tool, an analogia vulneris (analogy of the wound), may assist us to resist the gravity of the abyss of Whiteness into which we are drawn. The author suggests that the Catholic principle of analogical speech about God may be reoriented to enable individuals and groups to communicate and to create community through their wounds. The author engages with sociology and the history of racial formation in the U.S. to describe how Whiteness functions as an idolatrous space to be resisted. The author concludes that an analogia vulneris may enable “Whites” and “Honorary Whites”, in particular, to foster a historical-critical religious racialized consciousness and to create paschal communities of resistance to Whiteness that are glimpses of Christ’s wounded, resurrected Body.
Oral mucosa biology and salivary biomarkers

Although the surfaces of both the skin and oral mucosa are protected by squamous epithelial cells and fall within the scope of dermatologic practice, the oral cavity contains highly specialized structures and functions distinct from other skin biology and pathologic conditions and are also the purview of clinicians who care for patients with skin and mucosal diseases. We describe the distinct features of the tongue, mucosa, and salivary glands. In particular, we examine the composition and function of the saliva, with special focus on salivary biomarkers. Within the oral cavity, saliva shows great promise as a noninvasive and sensitive marker for many systemic diseases. Biomarkers are being used as diagnostic or monitoring tools for a wide variety of diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren disease, Behcet disease, and autoimmune blistering disorders, as well as premalignant and malignant lesions of the mouth.
Valued living, life fulfillment, and suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients: The mediating role of thwarted interpersonal needs

Abstract Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in psychiatric hospitals with an estimated rate of 100–400 per 100,000 admissions. The current study aimed to examine suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients utilizing perspectives from the psychological flexibility model (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2012) and the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010) to better understand suicide risk among psychiatric inpatients. We hypothesized that valued living (i.e., connection with one's values and committed action) and life fulfillment would each be negatively associated with suicide ideation and that these relations would be mediated by thwarted interpersonal needs (i.e., additive effect of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) in parallel. We also hypothesized that the direct and indirect association between valued living and suicide ideation would be moderated by life fulfillment, such that those lower in life fulfillment would report a stronger direct and indirect association between valued living and suicide ideation. Results obtained from bootstrapped parallel mediation regression procedures indicated greater valued living and life fulfillment were each associated with lower thwarted interpersonal needs and suicide ideation. Further, a significant interaction between valued living and life fulfillment suggests those lower in both valued living and life fulfillment reported the greatest suicide ideation. Research examining the psychological flexibility model in the context of the interpersonal theory of suicide may improve suicide risk conceptualization, assessment and treatment among psychiatric inpatients.
Primary Care Providers’ Level of Preparedness for Recommending Physical Activity to Adults With Disabilities

INTRODUCTION Adults with disabilities are more likely to be physically inactive than those without disabilities. Although receiving a health care provider recommendation is associated with physical activity participation in this population, there is little information on factors associated with primary care providers recommending physical activity to patients with disabilities. METHODS We used 2014 DocStyles data to assess primary care provider characteristics and perceived barriers to and knowledge-related factors of recommending physical activity to adult patients with disabilities, by how prepared primary care providers felt in making recommendations. We used log-binomial regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between recommending physical activity at most visits and primary care provider characteristics and preparedness. RESULTS Most primary care providers strongly (36.3%) or somewhat (43.3%) agreed they felt prepared to recommend physical activity to patients with disabilities. We found significant trends between preparedness and primary care provider age (P = .001) and number of patients with disabilities seen per week (P < .001). Half (50.6%) of primary care providers recommend physical activity to patients with disabilities at most visits. Primary care providers who strongly agreed (adjusted PR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.44-2.09) or somewhat agreed (adjusted PR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.65) they felt prepared were more likely to recommend physical activity at most visits compared with those who were neutral or disagreed. CONCLUSION Primary care providers are more likely to recommend physical activity to patients with disabilities regularly if they feel prepared. Understanding factors and barriers associated with preparedness can help public health programs develop and disseminate resources for primary care providers to promote physical activity among adults with disabilities.
Comparing Communities: The Cultural Characteristics of Ethnic Social Capital.

Social capital includes access to resources based on social networks, similar to how economic capital is access to fiscal resources. We explore ethnic social capital as a variant of social capital ...
Modular design for epidermal temperature sensing

As wearable biosensor systems are integrating multiplexing capabilities, the size of control electronics is increasing. A modular design approach separating the control electronics from the sensing components is advantageous to produce low cost and wearable solutions. By making the sensing components on disposable low-cost patches, the control electronics can be made with custom signal processing chips and reused to reduce the cost per test. Towards achieving this goal, we demonstrate the integration of flexible and conformal substrates with wireless temperature sensing electronics.
Using HIV Surveillance Data to Link People to HIV Medical Care, 5 US States, 2012-2015.

INTRODUCTION From 2012 through 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided funding to 5 health departments for demonstration projects using HIV surveillance data to link people with newly diagnosed HIV to care. We assessed how well these health departments established linkage to care, how the demonstration projects helped them with this work, and if they sustained these activities after CDC funding ended. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained quantitative and qualitative data on linkage-to-care activities from health department communications and progress reports submitted to CDC. We calculated and combined linkage-to-care results for the 5 health departments, and we compared these results with the combined linkage-to-care results for 61 health departments that received CDC funding for routine HIV prevention activities (eg, HIV testing, linkage to and reengagement in HIV care, HIV partner services) and for the same 5 health departments when they used only routine HIV prevention activities for linkage to care. RESULTS Of 1269 people with a new HIV diagnosis at the 5 health departments, 1124 (89%) were linked to care, a result that exceeded the 2010-2015 National HIV/AIDS Strategy goal (85%), the CDC Funding Opportunity Announcement performance standard (80%), and combined results for the 61 health departments (63%) and the same 5 health departments (66%) using routine HIV prevention activities. Benefits of the projects were improved collaboration and coordination and more accurate, up-to-date surveillance data. All health departments continued linkage-to-care activities after funding ended. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Using HIV surveillance data to link people with HIV to care resulted in substantial clinical and public health benefits. Our observations underscore the importance of collaboration among medical providers, public health staff members, community-based organizations, and people with HIV to ensure the best possible clinical and public health outcomes.
Statistics of Microbial Disinfection

Engineering adequate disinfection processes and assessing risks associated with various disinfection options requires knowledge of kinetics of microbial inactivation as a function of design variables (e.g., dose, contact time). Often such information is obtained in batch studies and extrapolated to design conditions. By Monte Carlo techniques, we have shown that the use of a direct maximum likelihood evaluation for two types of data normally encountered, counts (PFU or CFU) and dilution experiments (MPN), leads to estimates of microbial inactivation rate parameters having lower bias and variance than other data reduction normally employed. This paper reviews the methodology of this technique and provides the theory for the computation of confidence limits for parameter estimates, and discusses how the data may be checked for consistency (goodness of fit determination).
On the thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties of novel unidirectional UHTCMCs for extreme environments.

Aerospace provides a strong driving force for technological development. Recently a novel class of composites for harsh environments, based on ultra-high temperature ceramic composites reinforced with continuous fibers (UHTCMC), is being developed. The goal of this work is to overcome the current data patchwork about their microstructural optimization and structural behavior, by showing a consistent mechanical characterization of well-defined and developed UHTCMCs based on ZrB2-matrix. The obtained composites have a density of 3.7 g/cm3 and porosity of less than 10%. The flexural strength increased from 360 to 550 MPa from room temperature to 1500 °C, showing a non-brittle behaviour. The composites were able to sustain a thermal shock severity as high as 1500 °C. The maximum decrease of strength at 1400 °C was 16% of the initial value, indicating that the samples could be shocked at even higher temperature. Flexural strength, Young’s modulus and coefficient of thermal expansions (CTE) of the composites were measured both along transverse and longitudinal direction and correlated to the microstructural features. The presented microstructural and mechanical characterization well defines the potentiality of the UHTCMCs and can be used as reference for the design and development of novel thermal protection systems and other structural components for harsh environments.
Toxicity of Heavy Metals

The term “heavy metal” is rather vague. For our purpose we take it to encompass cadmium, lead, mercury, and copper, but we will also include zinc and silver. Of these elements, copper and zinc are essential to life, but they can have deleterious effects when present in excess. A comprehensive review on toxicity of these and other elements has been published (Friberg et al., 1979), and the toxic effects of metals on reproductive and developmental processes have recently been reviewed (Clarkson et al., 1983).
Submaximale Belastung und maximale Belastbarkeit

Bei 20 untrainierten Studenten einer Altersgruppe (21–28 Jahre) wurde die maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme bestimmt und die Konzentrations-anderungen von neun Parametern im venosen Blut bei mittelschwerer korperlicher Arbeit (12 kpm/sec, 30 min) auf dem Fahrradergometer untersucht. Die Aktivitaten von vier Zellenzymen (Aldolase, MDH, GOT, GPT), Gesamtcholesterin und freie 17-OH-Corticosteroide wurden im Plasma, Ascorbinsaure, ATP und Blutzucker im Vollblut gemessen. Ausgangs- und Belastungswerte der Blutparameter wurden auf ihre Korrelation untereinander und zur maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme gepruft. — Die vier Enzymaktivitaten, ATP und Cholesterin reagierten mit signifikanten Anstiegen auf die korperliche Belastung, der Blutzucker mit einem signifikanten Abfall. Corticoide und Ascorbinsaure zeigten keine signifikanten Anderungen. — Ausgepragte und systematische Korrelationen der einzelnen Blutparameter in ihren Belastungswerten untereinander liesen sich nicht nachweisen. Zur maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme zeigten eine masige bis deutliche Korrelation die Belastungsreaktionen von GOT (r = −0,45), MDH (r = −0,50 und r = −0,59) und ATP (r = 0,45, r = 0,54 und r = 0,69), wobei sich diese Korrelationen bei MDH und ATP fur mehrere Belastungswerte nachweisen liesen.
TCT-744 Axillary Intraaortic Balloon Pumps Reduces Time to Ambulation after Ventricular Assist Device or Transplant for Advanced Heart Failure

Patients with cardiogenic shock (CGS) requiring ventricular assist device (VAD) or a transplant as a durable solution for their end-stage heart failure often require mechanical circulatory support (MCS) prior to surgery. Prolonged bedrest due to implantation of an intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in
Challenges in semiconductor single-entity photoelectrochemistry

Abstract It is challenging to study the single semiconductor nanocrystal electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry. The photocatalytic processes, such as the oxidation of methanol and iodide, that result from the electron–hole pair formed within a nanoparticle (NP) allow the detection of discrete current transient events assigned to single entities. Photocatalytic current amplification allows detection of collisions between the semiconductor NPs and the ultramicroelectrode that produce current transient. Staircase responses and blips in the i vs. t response indicate that irreversible and reversible NP/electrode interactions result depending on the experimental conditions. Dye sensitization increases the photocurrent magnitude of ZnO and TiO2 with respect to bare TiO2 NPs. The microelectrodes used are Pt, TiO2/Pt, TiO2/Au, and F-doped SnO2.
Cerebral hemodynamics in sleep apnea and actigraphy-determined sleep duration in a sample of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Study Objectives:We sought to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and actigraphy-defined short sleep duration using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) blood flow velo...
Mammalian lipin phosphatidic acid phosphatases in lipid synthesis and beyond: metabolic and inflammatory disorders

The regulation of cellular lipid storage and membrane lipid composition plays a critical role in metabolic homeostasis, and dysregulation may contribute to disorders such as obesity, fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The mammalian lipin proteins (lipin 1, lipin 2, and lipin 3) are phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzymes that modulate levels of cellular triacylglycerols and phospholipids, and also regulate lipid intermediates in cellular signaling pathways. Lipin proteins also have the ability to coactivate/corepress transcription. In humans and mice, lipin gene mutations cause severe metabolic phenotypes including rhabdomyolysis (lipin 1), autoinflammatory disease (lipin 2), and impaired intestinal lipoprotein assembly (lipin 2/lipin 3). Characterization of these diseases has revealed roles for lipin PAP activity in fundamental cellular processes such as autophagy, inflammasome activation, and lipoprotein assembly. Lipin protein activity is regulated at pre- and posttranscriptional levels, which suggests a need for their ordered response to specific physiological stimuli. Challenges for the future include better elucidation of the unique biochemical and physiological properties of individual lipin family members and determination of lipin protein structure-function relationships. Further research may propel exploration of lipin proteins as viable therapeutic targets in metabolic or inflammatory disorders.
Magnetic resonance imaging versus ultrasound in diagnosis of distal biceps tendon avulsion

Abstract Introduction The severity of distal biceps tendon (DBT) injuries ranges from partial to complete tears leading to various clinical manifestation. Accuracy of early diagnosis and selection of treatment are critical to long-term recovery outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography (US) are two commonly modalities for pre-operative diagnosis. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of MRI and ultrasonography US in the diagnosis of DBT rupture confirmed by operative findings. Hypothesis MRI and US are equally effective in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Material and methods A total of 31 patients with DBT avulsion and surgical treatment were recruited for this retrospective study. All these patients received both US and MRI examinations prior to surgery. DBT avulsion was classified into partial tear and complete tear. Diagnosis outcomes by MRI and US were analyzed and compared statistically for the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in discriminating partial and complete DBT tears. Results The accuracy of MRI and US was 86.4% and 45.5% in diagnosis of complete DBT rupture, respectively. Accuracy rate of MRI (66.7%) was the same as US in diagnosis of partial tear. Overall accuracy rate of MRI (80.6%) was higher than US (51.6%) in diagnosis all DBT avulsion with an odds ratio of 3.9. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 76.0% and 50.0%, while that of ultrasonography were 62.5% and 20.0%. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that MRI is a more accurate imaging modality at correctly identifying the type of DBT tear although US is more cost-effective. Level of evidence III, Cohort study, Diagnosis study.
Amyand Hernia: What Lies Beneath–A Proposed Classification Scheme to Determine Management:

Acute appendicitis in a hernia sac occurs exceptionally. An 80-year-old male patient underwent emergency surgery for an incarcerated right inguinal hernia found to contain a gangrenous appendix. His brief improvement after an emergency herniotomy with appendectomy was followed by intestinal obstruction caused by advanced colon cancer. The unique features and individualized management of the four published types of Amyand hernia are reviewed. Rather than simply being an anatomical curiosity, Amyand hernias require individualized attention to decide how to manage both the appendix and the hernia. Clinical scrutiny, a high index of suspicion for surgical comorbidities, and a common sense approach may improve outcomes.
Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment and prevention: the biologic basis for epidemiologic synergy

Introduction HIV is a unique sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is greatly affected by other concomitant "classical" bacterial and viral STIs that cause genital ulcers and/or mucosal inflammation. STIs also serve as a marker for risky sexual behaviours. STIs increase infectiousness of people living with HIV by increasing the viral concentration in the genital tract, and by increasing the potential for HIV acquisition in people at risk for HIV. In addition, some STIs can increase blood HIV concentration and promote progression of disease. This review is designed to investigate the complex relationship between HIV and classical STIs. Discussion Treatment of STIs with appropriate antibiotics reduces HIV in blood, semen and female genital secretions. However, community-based trials could not reliably reduce the spread of HIV by mass treatment of STIs. Introduction of antiretroviral agents for the treatment and prevention of HIV has led to renewed interest in the complex relationship between STIs and HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces the infectiousness of HIV and virtually eliminates the transmission of HIV in spite of concomitant or acquired STIs. However, while ART interrupts HIV transmission, it does not stop intermittent shedding of HIV in genital secretions. Such shedding of HIV is increased by STIs, although the viral copies are not likely replication competent or infectious. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV with the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) prevents HIV acquisition in spite of concomitant STIs. Conclusions STIs remain pandemic, and the availability of ART may have led to an increase in STIs, as fear of HIV has diminished. Classical STIs present a huge worldwide health burden that cannot be separated from HIV, and they deserve far more attention than they currently receive.
Bilateral Symmetry, Sex Differences, and Primary Shape Factors in Ankle and Hindfoot Bone Morphology:

Background:Ankle injuries and joint degeneration may be related to ankle bone morphology. Little data exist to characterize healthy hindfoot bone morphology. The purpose of this study was to charac...
Evaluation of the high definition field of view option of a large-bore computed tomography scanner for radiation therapy simulation

Abstract Background and purpose Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the basis for radiation treatment planning, but the 50-cm standard scanning field of view (sFOV) may be too small for imaging larger patients. We evaluated the 65-cm high-definition (HD) FOV of a large-bore CT scanner for CT number accuracy, geometric distortion, image quality degradation, and dosimetric accuracy of photon treatment plans. Materials and methods CT number accuracy was tested by placing two 16-cm acrylic phantoms on either side of a 40-cm phantom to simulate a large patient extending beyond the 50-cm-diameter standard scanning FOV. Dosimetric accuracy was tested using anthropomorphic pelvis and thorax phantoms, with additional acrylic body parts on either side of the phantoms. Two volumetric modulated arc therapy beams (a 15-MV and a 6-MV) were used to cover the planning target volumes. Two-dimensional dose distributions were evaluated with GAFChromic film and point dose accuracy was checked with multiple thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) capsules placed in the phantoms. Image quality was tested by placing an American College of Radiology accreditation phantom inside the 40-cm phantom. Results The HD FOV showed substantial changes in CT numbers, with differences of 314 HU–725 HU at different density levels. The volume of the body parts extending into the HD FOV was distorted. However, TLD-reported doses for all PTVs agreed within ±3%. Dose agreement in organs at risk were within the passing criteria, and the gamma index pass rate was >97%. Image quality was degraded. Conclusions The HD FOV option is adequate for RT simulation and met accreditation standards, although care should be taken during contouring because of reduced image quality.
Weed-sensing technology modifies fallow control of rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)

Rush skeletonweed is an aggressive perennial weed that establishes itself on land in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and persists during cropping following contract expiration. It depletes critical soil moisture required for yield potential of winter wheat. In a winter wheat/fallow cropping system, weed control is maintained with glyphosate and tillage during conventional fallow, and with herbicides only in no-till fallow. Research was conducted for control of rush skeletonweed at two sites in eastern Washington, Lacrosse and Hay, to compare the effectiveness of a weed-sensing sprayer and broadcast applications of four herbicides (aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron, clopyralid, and glyphosate). Experimental design was a split-plot with herbicide and application type as main and subplot factors, respectively. Herbicides were applied in the fall at either broadcast or spot-spraying rates depending on sprayer type. Rush skeletonweed density in May was reduced with use of aminopyralid (1.1 plants m–2), glyphosate (1.4 plants m–2), clopyralid (1.7 plants m–2), and chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron (1.8 plants m–2) compared with the nontreated check (2.6 plants m–2). No treatment differences were observed after May 2019. There was no interaction between herbicide and application system. Area covered using the weed-sensing sprayer was, on average, 52% (P < 0.001) less than the broadcast application at the Lacrosse location but only 20% (P = 0.01) at the Hay location. Spray reduction is dependent on foliar cover in relation to weed density and size. At Lacrosse, the weed-sensing sprayer reduced costs for all herbicide treatments except aminopyralid, with savings up to US$6.80 per hectare. At Hay, the weed-sensing sprayer resulted in economic loss for all products because of higher rush skeletonweed density. The weed-sensing sprayer is a viable fallow weed control tool when weed densities are low or patchy.Nomenclature: Aminopyralid; chlorsulfuron; clopyralid; glyphosate; metsulfuron; rush skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea L.; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Four new species of Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from southeastern Taiwan

Four new species of Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales) are presented based on collections made from subtropical-tropical southeastern Taiwan. They are P. alyxiae, P. mori, P. murrayae, and P. rubiacearum. These four species respectively grow on plant genera Alyxia, Morus, Murraya, and family Rubiaceae. Their status of new species in Phylloporia is supported by a combined survey based on morphological features, host species, geographic distribution, and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences inferred from a dataset of nuc 28S rDNA. ITS sequence analysis is effective in distinguishing P. alyxiae and P. murrayae, respectively, from the most closely related species. Descriptions, basidiocarp photos, and microscopic illustrations are provided for these new species. So far, 61 species are known in the genus Phylloporia worldwide.
Surgical Strategy for Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect with Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Artery

Although the characteristics and pathophysiology of major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) have been better understood, treatment of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect with MAPCA remains challenging. The difficulty in treating this disease is the lack of availability of pulmonary homografts required for pulmonary angioplasty in Japan and the need for manipulation of the posterior mediastinum region, which is not performed in normal cardiac surgery. It is important to build an appropriate surgical strategy by means of preoperative computed tomography( CT) and selective angiography. For treatment, unifocalization or rehabilitation is selected depending on the condition of MAPCA and central pulmonary artery. Because unifocalization is highly invasive, it would be performed at 6 months of age and weigh 5 kg. As a procedure, extensive dissection is performed, and anastomoses between tissue to tissue are basically performed, and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is performed using a valved conduit that can secure anterograde pulmonary blood flow that is not affected by the condition of the lung. It is effective to confirm postoperative lung perfusion scan and CT, perform a cardiac catheterization test approximately 6 months after surgery, and maintain the pulmonary vessels with catheter intervention if necessary. The ultimate goal of treating this disease is not only to improve cyanosis, but also to maintain pulmonary circulation at lower right ventricular pressure.
'The Lord Speaks Through Me': Moving Beyond Conventional Law School Pedagogy and the Reasons for Doing So

Maintenance of status quo law school curricular design and delivery, along with the continued marginalization of live client clinic programs, and the discordant objectives of law schools as compared to the expectations of Bar passage, serve to stifle the role of juridic practitioners in the service of justice. Decades of careful scholarship regarding the problems associated with the quality of legal education have repeatedly called for curricular revisions that should enhance the knowledge and skill base of graduates, develop their level of preparedness to actually serve in the profession, and demonstrate care for students. And while there has been a commitment on behalf of law schools to establish experiential educational opportunities through participation in live client clinics, far too often these clinics appear as appendages to the core curriculum and are marginalized as a result. This essay has two objectives - to address the serious and well-known shortcomings associated with law school pedagogy, and to stimulate consideration of alternate pedagogical methods that draw upon student development theory to enhance what education scholars know about cognition.
Racial Disparities in Eligibility for Preemptive Waitlisting for Kidney Transplantation and Modification of eGFR Thresholds to Equalize Waitlist Time.

Background Patients may accrue wait time for kidney transplantation when their eGFR is ≤20 ml/min. However, Black patients have faster progression of their kidney disease compared with White patients, which may lead to disparities in accruable time on the kidney transplant waitlist before dialysis initiation. Methods We compared differences in accruable wait time and transplant preparation by CKD-EPI estimating equations in Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort participants, on the basis of estimates of kidney function by creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcys), or both (eGFRcr-cys). We used Weibull accelerated failure time models to determine the association between race (non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White) and time to ESKD from an eGFR of ≤20 ml/min per 1.73 m2. We then estimated how much higher the eGFR threshold for waitlisting would be required to achieve equity in accruable preemptive wait time for the two groups. Results By eGFRcr, 444 CRIC participants were eligible for waitlist registration, but the potential time between eGFR ≤20 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and ESKD was 32% shorter for Blacks versus Whites. By eGFRcys, 435 participants were eligible, and Blacks had 35% shorter potential wait time compared with Whites. By the eGFRcr-cys equation, 461 participants were eligible, and Blacks had a 31% shorter potential wait time than Whites. We estimated that registering Blacks on the waitlist as early as an eGFR of 24-25 ml/min per 1.73 m2 might improve racial equity in accruable wait time before ESKD onset. Conclusions Policies allowing for waitlist registration at higher GFR levels for Black patients compared with White patients could theoretically attenuate disparities in accruable wait time and improve racial equity in transplant access.
Detection and identification of hazardous narcotics and new psychoactive substances (NPS)

In the past decade, consumption of illegal and controlled street drugs has steadily increased. According to the latest World Drug Report, released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)1, more people are using drugs, and there are more drugs, and more types of drugs, than ever. Around 269 million people used drugs worldwide in 2018, which is 30 per cent more than in 20091. The growth in global drug supply and demand poses challenges to law enforcement, compounds health risks and complicates efforts to prevent and treat drug use disorders. Due to COVID-19, traffickers may have to find new routes and methods and opioid shortages may result in people seeking out more readily available substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or mixing with synthetic drugs.1 Herein, we study the use of Raman SORS technology for rapid identification of narcotics in a range of concentrations – from pure form (as it is smuggled or transported) to street forms and products, often mixed with conventional cutting agents, with the potential to improve safety, efficiency and critical decision making in incident management, search operations, policing and ports and border operations.
The Radiant Indifference of Being: The Mystic Fable of The Passion According to G.H.

It is a truism, that we are not self-created beings, that each of us has been singularly brought into the world by others, that we did not beget ourselves. From the Biblical image of the fall of humankind to Heidegger’s existential schema of the “fallenness” of human existence, what it is to be has been reflected upon in terms of what it is to have been not self-created. To have been marks our being, and yet, we only come to know, or realize, our own created existence belatedly, after the fact, in a sudden awareness that we have already been before we have been for ourselves. This realization of having been born is often experienced in a register of emotional shock, as the trauma of creation. As a trauma, it is structured by the disjointed time of what Freud called Nachtraglichkeit. The “shock” of having been born is only experienced as an affect after the fact, even as this fact must have occurred before; the affect is disjointed from the shock even as the shock can only affect us afterwards. Through an exploration of the literary writings of Clarice Lispector, this paper examines the philosophical significance of the “emotional shock” of having been born. In contrast to Heidegger’s emphasis on the anxiety of “being towards death” or Sartre’s nausea, I argue for the originality of Lispector’s conception of createdness in the radiance of its realization, as expressed in the pithy formulation: “the pain of creation, yet without the creation.”