cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distance Learning in Surgical Education

Medical education has traditionally relied on in-person-based curriculums in medical school and residency . However, due to the COVID19 pandemic, medical schools and residency programs have been forced to rapidly transition to virtual platforms for learning. Surgical education poses a particular challenge, as virtual platforms cannot adequately replace hands-on learning of surgical skills. In this review, we will discuss the various ways in which virtual learning has been employed in surgical education and how it may be used to enhance learning of medical students and residents in the future. We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify articles published regarding medical school and surgical residency curriculum changes after COVID19. Over the past year, several surgery departments have piloted programs using virtual learning modules, live online lectures and training workshops, and remote streaming into the OR to supplement more traditional in-person learning. Overall, these programs have received positive feedback from participating medical students and residents, suggesting that virtual and online tools may be helpful in supplementing surgical education. However, several programs also noted the possibility for significant disparities in learning due to variable access to internet and availability of newer technologies. Going forward, distance learning will play an important role in surgical education to further enhance learning of medical students and residents in a field with rapid technological advancements.
Assessing the Topics to be Covered in Retail Courses and the Value of Selected Classes in Retail Education:The Opinions of Retail Managers

Retail managers’ attitudes should influence the design of the retail course and the designation of specific classes to be taken in preparation for a retail career. This article reports the results of a study of retail operating managers that (1) assesses their perceptions of the value of specific college courses in preparing them for a career in retailing, (2) identifies the attention which they believe specific topics deserve in the college retail course, and (3) investigates the managers general feelings about the conduct and pedagogical style of retailing courses.
Ramanujan’s Growing Influence

In the first half of the twentieth century, the only source to understanding Ramanujan’s work was Hardy’s lectures, besides the papers of Ramanujan. Students today are much more fortunate in that there are several books about Ramanujan’s life, the mathematics in his Notebooks, and about the work in his research papers. Now there is also a journal devoted to all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan. With Ramanujan’s mathematics continuing to play a major role in current research, this article describes how these books and the journal would be helpful in attracting students to a study of Ramanujan’s work and how they could be used to offer courses at school and college levels.
Perceptual Organization of Visual Structure Requires a Flexible Learning Mechanism.

Bhatt and Quinn (2011) provide a compelling and comprehensive review of empirical evidence that supports the operation of principles of perceptual organization in young infants. These principles, which are largely synonymous with the Gestalt laws of visual perception, raise a number of important, and as yet unanswered questions. Bhatt and Quinn tackle some of these questions and propose several mechanisms by which infants progress from a few principles of perceptual organization to the full set of principles that operate in adults. The first question is about origins: Are any of the principles of perceptual organization present at birth in the absence of visual experience? Although the Gestalt psychologists assumed that all the principles of perceptual organization were innate, presumably because of evolutionary pressures to ensure their presence in the species, these early 20th century psychologists did not have the methods required to measure the operation of these principles in young infants. Bhatt and Quinn (2011) summarize evidence that by 3–4 months of age there are at least two such principles of perceptual organization in operation: common motion and good continuation. Unfortunately, these data from 3- to 4-month-olds do not confirm a nativist origin because 3–4 months of postnatal visual experience provides an enormous opportunity for the learning of these principles. Demonstrations of
Using Computer-Based Simulation Exercises to Teach Business Ethics

This paper discusses how to introduce ethical dilemmas into computer-based business simulation exercise to teach business ethics. Simulations have an inherent advantage over other pedagogies for teaching ethics because simulations provide students with both an intellectual and a behavioral exposure to the topic. Issues addressed include considerations before writing ethical dilemmas, the writing of ethical dilemmas, and process issues for introducing ethical dilemmas. An example is developed and discussed. Through the process described, instructors can better prepare students for a lifetime of tough business decisions.
Space Art As Public Art: The Artist As Space Researcher

I discuss and define seven types of Space Art. The most familiar type is the work of space illustrators. The work of these artists has been crucial in communicating the promise of space and creating a receptive public Artworks in space made to be viewed from earth or from space are of particular long term importance. In this type of art the artist is an active participant and not just an observer of space exploration. There has been strong objections by some space scientists to such types of space art. I argue that such artworks should be reviewed within the same constraints as all other space artifacts. Given that very few space artworks will be created because of the high cost, the regulatory framework should should not seek to prevent space art, but to encourage it. I review the few space art works that have been created to date, and some of the proposals for orbiting space structures visible to global audiences. I argue that the International Academy of Astronautics is uniquely well placed to take leadership in discussing technical aspects, space policy and social issues surrounding space art. The United Nations is the right forum for review of space art as a public art form. willing to pay for space exploration.
Chapter 33 Kinematic Redundancy

Publisher Summary The degrees of freedom (DOFs) for any unconstrained, rigid object in 3-dimensional space are six, three of which are translational and three rotational. When considering several, for example, N-linked segments of the body, however, the DOFs are less than 6N, because the segments are constrained translationally by being joined to each other and the joints are not always of the ball-and-socket type that allows three rotational DOFs. This chapter discusses some recent ideas advanced in the literature addressing the resolution of kinematic redundancy and presents some of the preliminary findings concerning rules governing the motions of the legs, trunk, and arm for reaching movements of the hand to targets that necessitate trunk bending. It focuses on the selection of the combination of joint rotations—that is, on the resolution of redundancy at the kinematic level that can add another layer of redundancy to the problem of movement control.
Rapid development of large knowledge bases

This paper presents the Disciple-RKF methodology for rapid development of large knowledge bases which relies on importing ontological knowledge from existing knowledge repositories, on parallel development of separate knowledge bases by subject matter experts, and on the merging of these knowledge bases into a high performance integrated knowledge base. The paper discusses several issues related to ontology import and merging, and presents the results of a successful knowledge base development and integration experiment performed at the US Army War College.
Does a Cash Squeeze Affect Competitive Outcomes of Firms and Their Rivals

Using a tax-induced negative shock to expected cash flows in the tobacco industry as a natural experiment, I find significant positive returns to rivals who compete with non-tobacco segments in tobacco firms and a significant change in output behavior of those non-tobacco segments after the shock. This suggests that a firm's cash flow has an important effect on its competitive outcomes in the product market. The effects are robust to a number of estimation issues and identification choices. Since the shock is exogenous to the investment opportunities of non-tobacco industries, my evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a causal relation between a firm's cash flow and its product market behavior. Moreover, I find that the connection between cash flow and competitive performance is magnified in competitive industries and when cash-constrained firms only have a small market share.
The double scalpel and double punch excision of skin tumors

A new technic is described for more accurately checking the surgical margins of skin tumors removed by standard surgical excision. Vertical sections of surgical specimens represent check points of the margin only 7 μ thick. This means most of the surgical margin is not checked microscopically, allowing small tumor islands at the margin to remain undetected. The technic is applicable wherever surgical excision is used to excise skin tumors. It is especially suitable for basal cell carcinoma. A variable-width knife holding two scalpel blades parallel to each other is set at 2 to 3 mm separation. When the excision is done as usual, the blades will cut a 2- to 3-mm strip of tissue representing the entire lateral borders of the excision. This specimen is easily mounted as a flat section for frozen or paraffin processing. These sections will be cut to show the entire lateral excision margin to be checked for tumor. A new punch with concentric cutting edges separated by 2 mm has been made to obtain a similar flat section. The circular defect is converted to a standard ellipse and closed primarily. This technic has the advantage of using primary closure for excellent cosmetic results. It requires little additional skill on the part of the surgeon and is easily handled by the pathology laboratory. It has been used in thirteen cases with no recurrence of tumors to date. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 7:495-499, 1982.)
Vehicle occupant movement and impact with the interior in frontal collisions - the 'second collision'

This paper describes the movement of vehicle occupants in moderate speed (25-35 mph) frontal crashes. In these collisions, the occupant compartment is usually unintruded. Therefore, the occupant movement may be expressed relative to the movement of the rear (or undeformed) portion of the vehicle. The paper begins with a review of the dynamics of the undeformed portion of a vehicle during a collision. The occupant movement is then studied by examining the effects of the restraints (i.e. the seat, the seat belt and the air bag) upon the occupant. Interestingly, with only a few simplifying assumptions, the analysis leads to governing equations involving only elementary functions. It thus enables the hand computation and evaluation of occupant movement by accident reconstructionists. An illustration, with specific numerical data, is given. The efficacy of seat belts and the timely deployment of air bags are demonstrated.
Further development of an artificial medium for the axenically cultured annelid Enchytraeus fragmentosus.

Abstract 1. 1. Casein peptone, yeast extract-soy peptone, crystallized trypsin and crystallized beta-lactoglobulin are all satisfactory protein sources for the asexual growth and reproduction of Enchytraeus fragmentosus, when combined with nucleotides, glucose, choline chloride, vitamins and growth factors, and salts. 2. 2. Vitamin deletion experiments were carried out using two levels of each of eight vitamins (cyanocobalamine, niacinamide, pantothenate Ca, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavine 5′-PO4 (Na), thiamine HCl, biotin and folic acid). 3. 3. At the higher vitamin level with casein peptone as the protein source, a requirement for cyanocobalamine and riboflavine 5′-PO4 (Na) was shown. 4. 5. A clear-cut requirement for all eight vitamins, at both levels, was demonstrated with media using crystallized trypsin as the protein source.
A novel electronic algorithm for detecting potentially insufficient anesthesia: implications for the prevention of intraoperative awareness

A recent clinical trial compared a minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)-based protocol to an electroencephalography (EEG)-based protocol for the prevention of intraoperative awareness. One limitation of this study design is that MAC-based protocols are not sensitive to the use of intravenous agents, while EEG-based protocols are. Our objective was to develop a MAC alert that incorporates intravenous agents. We developed an electronic algorithm and alerting system that calculates a total age-adjusted MAC value based on inhalational agents, but also incorporates intravenous agents. We retrospectively applied the algorithm to adult general anesthesia cases over a 1 year period to assess the frequency of alert triggers, using thresholds of <0.8, <0.7, <0.6, <0.5 and <0.4 age-adjusted MAC. We also electronically analyzed 12 cases of intraoperative awareness that occurred over a 4-year period for the frequency of alert triggers using the same thresholds. Finally, we calculated positive and negative likelihood ratios based on these analyses. Over a 1-year period we identified 15,091 cases without self-reported awareness that were valid for analysis. At all age-adjusted MAC thresholds, the incidence of triggered alerts was higher in the awareness cases. The threshold of<0.8 age-adjusted MAC was associated with the highest negative likelihood ratio; the<0.5 age-adjusted MAC was associated with the highest positive likelihood ratio. Our novel electronic alerting system incorporates both age-adjusted MAC and intravenous anesthesia, and triggers with a higher frequency in cases of awareness. These data suggest the potential for our system to alert clinicians to insufficient anesthesia.
Do Sewer Extension Plans affect Urban Development? A Multiagent Simulation

A multiagent simulation model is used to assess the impact on single-family residential development patterns of plans for size, location, and timing of sewer line extensions, policies for extension timing, and of responses to these plans and policies by landowners and developers. The simulation constructs the sewer network over time in relation to the sewerage provider's plans, to the construction of sewers and housing in previous periods, and to the expectations of landowners and developers regarding plans. In comparing the temporal and spatial patterns produced by the simulation, we found: (1) scenario 3 (early extensions not allowed), which was the historical policy in the study area, most closely replicated the historical development pattern; (2) the location of single-family residential development was not constrained by the capacity of the sewer network, but was constrained by the timing policy of sewer expansion; and (3) the developers could afford to pay for early sewer expansion, when allowed, on...
Comparing parent and child perceptions of stigmatizing behavior experienced by children with burn scars.

Abstract This study examined perceptions of stigmatization in a sample of 85 pediatric burn survivors and their parents. Survivors and a parent independently completed the Perceived Stigmatization Questionnaire (PSQ) rating the frequency that the child experienced three types of stigmatizing behaviors: absence of friendly behavior, confused and staring behavior, and hostile behavior. The sample was divided into a high (top 25%) and low (bottom 75%) perceived stigmatization groups. The mean ratings of parents did not significantly differ from that of children reporting low stigmatization. The mean PSQ parent ratings were significantly lower than those of children reporting high stigmatization. Additionally, the concordance on PSQ subscale scores within child–parent dyads was significantly lower in children reporting high stigmatization relative to child–parent dyads of children reporting low stigmatization. Children surviving burns may experience stigmatization that is under-perceived by their parents. Clinicians should be alert to this potential discrepancy.
Kinetics of ion exchange in glasses

Abstract The kinetics of K + ⥄ Na + exchange in two glass systems, 20Na2O·(60−x)B2O3· (20 + x)Si2 (where x = 0, 15, 30 and 45 mol%) and Na2O·3SiO2, were studied as a function of glass composition, salt bath composition, exchange temperature and time The distribution of K in the glass specimens after exchange in molten KNO3 was determined with an electron probe. Stresses in these speciments were measured photoelastically. The interdiffusion coefficient D for ion exchange was calculated as a function of local composition in the glass using the Boltzmann-Matano method. The strong variation of D in any particular glass approximated that predicted by a mixed alkali model (as advanced by Lacharme), where the glass in the ion-exchanged region approximates a composite of stacked layers of mixed alkali glasses with a gradually varying alkali ratio. The small discrepancy between the experiment and the mixed alkali model was partly, but not fully, reconciled by considering the strains in the glasses. The observation which remained unexplained was that the calculated stress profiles did not show perfect agreement, both in magnitude and in shape, with the experimentally measured stress profiles. It appeared that the kinetics of ion exchange in the glasses were also influenced by a network relaxation process which may have occurred well below the glass transition temperature.
Endoscopic greater saphenous vein harvesting reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Background: Most coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operations still involve the use of greater saphenous vein (GSV) for one or more grafts, even with the increasing use of arterial conduits for coronary revascularization. Wound complications from GSV harvesting are common, and sometimes severe. In order to reduce the morbidity of this procedure, we adopted a technique of endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH). EVH allows nearly complete harvest of the GSV, with excellent visualization, through minimal incisions. At our institution, a physician’s assistant routinely performs EVH, usually while a cardiothoracic surgeon harvests an arterial conduit. In 1997, all GSV harvesting was performed by open technique. During a transition period in 1998 and 1999 we used several different endoscopic techniques. By the beginning of 2000, our technique of EVH was standardized and used routinely. Methods: To determine whether EVH reduced the morbidity associated with conventional open vein harvesting (OVH), we reviewed the charts of all patients having primary coronary artery bypass operations utilizing GSV during the years 1997 and 2000. Results: The two groups were comparable in risk factors for leg incision complications. The year 2000 EVH group had a marked reduction in the number of wound complications compared with the year 1997 OVH group (7.1% versus 26.1%, P P Conclusions: EVH reduced the morbidity associated with GSV harvesting. EVH was associated with an increased use of sequential coronary grafting techniques. EVH does not prolong operative time when performed by experienced personnel. We believe EVH should become the standard of care.
The Firm's Optimal Debt-Equity Combination and the Cost of Capital

I. The problem, 547. — II. Cost of capital: whose opportunity cost? 548. — III. A few formal relationships, 549. — IV. A diagrammatic approach to cost of capital, 552. — V. Transactions costs and taxes in practice, 555. — VI. A few comments on the opportunity loci, 559. — VII. Characteristics of an optimal financial structure, 561. — VIII. The real marginal cost of debt and equity, 564. — IX. A measure of the cost of capital, 567. — X. Capital as a weighted average, 569. — XI. Conclusion, 571. — Appendix A, 571. — Appendix B, 575.
Reducing Low-Pressure Turbine Stage Blade Count Using Vortex Generator Jet Separation Control

An experimental investigation has been conducted into the feasibility of increasing blade spacing (pitch) at constant chord in a linear turbine cascade. Vortex generator jets (VGJs) located on the suction surface of each blade in the cascade are employed to maintain attached boundary layers despite the increasing tendency to separate due to the increased uncovered turning. Tests were performed at low Mach numbers and at blade Reynolds numbers between 25,000 and 75,000 (based on axial chord and inlet velocity). The vortex generator jets (30 degree injection angle and 90 degree skew angle) were operated with steady flow with momentum blowing ratios between zero and five, and from two spanwise rows of holes located at 45% and 63% axial chord. In the absence of control, pitch-averaged wake losses increase up to 600% as the blade pitch is increased from its design value to twice the design value. With the application of VGJs, these losses were driven down to or below the losses at the design pitch. The effectiveness of VGJs was found to increase modestly with increasing Reynolds number up to the highest value tested, Re = 75,000. The fluid phenomenon responsible for this remarkable range of effectiveness is clearly more than a simple boundary layer transition effect, as boundary layer trips installed on the same blades without VGJ blowing had no beneficial effect on blade losses. Also, tests conducted at elevated levels of freestream turbulence (4% at the cascade inlet) where the suction surface boundary layer is generally turbulent, showed wake loss reduction comparable to tests conducted at the nominal 1% freestream turbulence. For all configurations, blowing from the upstream row had the greatest wake influence. These findings open the possibility that future LPT designs could take advantage of active separation control using integrated VGJs to reduce the turbine part count and stage weight without significant increase in pressure losses.© 2002 ASME
Overcoming TRAIL resistance in ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objective Ovarian cancer, the deadliest of the gynecologic malignancies, poses a therapeutic challenge because of the 70% recurrence rate among patients treated with taxane/platinum-based chemotherapy. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anti-cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells with little toxicity to normal cells. Despite initially promising results from early TRAIL studies in ovarian cancer, reports of significant TRAIL resistance soon followed. The current study reviews strategies to overcome TRAIL resistance in ovarian cancer. Methods PubMed was searched for published literature in English using key words "TRAIL," "ovarian," "death receptor" and "resistance". The references of identified articles were then searched for further related literature. Results A number of mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance have been proposed, including absence of death receptor expression and genetic alterations, leading to silencing of the downstream effects of ligand binding. Numerous strategies to overcome these mechanisms have been investigated, including combination treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy, retinoids, proteasome inhibitors, demethylating agents, Akt inhibitors and EGFR inhibitors. Many of the combination treatments have demonstrated success at restoring TRAIL sensitivity in preclinical studies. Conclusion Continued efforts with combination therapy designed to target multiple steps in apoptotic pathways may not only improve the efficacy of TRAIL-mediated therapies, but may also improve quality of life for ovarian cancer patients by reducing toxicity associated with cancer therapy.
Multi-valued solutions and branch point singularities for nonlinear hyperbolic or elliptic systems

Multi-valued solutions are constructed for 2 × 2 first-order systems using a generalization of the hodograph transformation. The solution is found as a complex analytic function on a complex Riemann surface for which the branch points move as part of the solution. The branch point singularities are envelopes for the characteristics and thus move at the characteristic speeds. We perform an analysis of stability of these singularities with respect to perturbations of the initial data. The generic singularity types are folds, cusps, and nondegenerate umbilic points with non-zero 3-jet. An isolated singularity is generically a square root branch point corresponding to a fold. Two types of collisions between singularities are generic: At a “tangential” collision between two singularities moving at the same characteristic speed, a cube root branch point is formed, corresponding to a cusp. A “non-tangential” collision, between two square root branch points moving at different characteristic speeds, remains a square root branch point at the collision and corresponds to a nondegenerate umbilic point. These results are also valid for a diagonalizable n-th order system for which there are exactly two speeds. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distribution of the neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid BMAA in Cycas micronesica

BMAA (β-methylamino-L-alanine), a nonprotein amino acid with neurotoxic properties occurs in the cycad Cycas micronesica Hill in Guam. BMAA may have originally played a role as an antiherbivory compound in the plant, but is now of great interest because of its possible link to ALS-PDC, a neurological disease among the Chamorro people of Guam. Biomagnified cycad neurotoxins may play a role because they accumulate in flying foxes of the genus Pteropus that are eaten during traditional feasts. Since flying foxes feed on the seed sarcotesta it is important to understand the distribution of BMAA in the various tissues of the cycad. Using HPLC techniques, we quantified both BMAA and glutamic acid (GLU) in all cycad tissues. Although GLU is distributed randomly throughout the plant, BMAA is concentrated in cycad reproductive organs, with the highest concentrations being found in the immature staminate sporangium and the outmost layer of the sarcotesta. This finding is consistent with the putative evolutionary role of BMAA as an antiherbivory compound, as well as the biomagnification of the compound in flying foxes that ingest the seed sarcotesta. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 143, 165–168.
Who Prepares for Terrorism

The National Survey of Disaster Experiences and Preparedness (NSDEP) examined whether households in the United States have engaged in proactive preparedness and avoidance activities since September...
Recall of simultaneously and successively presented information

In order to examine the reported similarity in error distribution for recall of successively and simultaneously presented material, the two conditions were compared under total and partial report procedures. However, in this study, omission errors were predominately at the front of the list for successive presentation and to the right for simultaneous presentation with both report procedures. Further investigation of successive presentation total report showed mislocation errors shifted toward the rear of the list relative to omission errors. These results lend some support to descriptions of memory which include a “reception” stage and an “organization” stage. The similarity in error distributions for successive and simultaneous presentations results in part from similar organizational strategies.
Therapeutic insemination by donor I: A review of its efficacy

Of all the assisted reproductive technologies in current use, artificial insemination has by far the longest history. While the earliest verifiable reports using this technique date to the eighteenth century for nonhuman artificial insemination and to the nineteenth century for human artificial insemination, systematic use of this approach to assist reproduction did not occur until the early part of this century. During the early 1900s, in Russia, Ivanov developed methods for semen collection from and insemination of horses. These techniques were later modified to apply to other agriculturally important species so that by the 1930s, millions of horses, cattle and sheep were being bred using artificial insemination. The adaptation of widespread use of artificial insemination (primarily in cattle) in agriculture extended to Britain in the early 1940s and to the USA in the 1950s. Corresponding implementation of artificial insemination in human reproductive medicine closely followed these innovations in the animal husbandry field.
Decreased thermal tolerance in Mus musculus with melatonin and chlorpromazine

Abstract 1. Adult Mus musculus , previously acclimatized for two weeks to 25°C and an LD 12:12 photoperiod, were injected (i.p.) with daily doses of melatonin (4.0 mg) or chlorpromazine (20.0 mg kg −1 ) for 2 days. 2. Both drugs significantly reduced the critical thermal maximum (CTM) and the elevated defended temperature (EDT). 3. Melatonin significantly increased the length of EDT but chlorpromazine had no effect on EDT. 4. Both drugs reduce thermal tolerance in ectotherms, but this is apparently the first demonstration that melatonin and chlorpromazine increase sensitivity to high temperature in an endotherm.
Cloning Terror: The War of Images, 9/11 to the Present

In early 2009, after the end of the Bush Administration, the phrase “war on terror” quietly slipped out of official use. Yet the idea continues to structure popular understanding and media represen...
Politeness in requests: A rejoinder to Kemper and Thissen

In our study „Polite responses to polite requests?, 1 we reported four experiments. In Experiment 1, people rated the politeness of 18 types of indirect requests, such as Could you tell me where Jordan Hall is? In Experiments 2, 3, and 4, other people rated the politeness of various responses to these requests, such as Yes, I can—it's down the street and Down the street . From the findings, we argued two things. First, politeness is roughly accounted for by a cost—benefit theory of politeness. Second, understanding such requests appears to require understanding their direct as well as their indirect meanings. In their reply, Kemper and Thissen (1981) partially redid Experiment 1 and found certain apparent discrepancies. (They did not redo Experiments 2, 3, and 4, which were a major source of support for both of our conclusions.) From these discrepancies, they concluded, "A cost benefit analysis cannot, in general, account for politeness of a wide range of requests". They did not address our second conclusion. We suggest that Kemper and Thissen's conclusions are premature. The discrepancies they found are not replicated in six other investigations. When we tested their explanation for the discrepancies, it was decisively disconfirmed. More generally, the independent evidence for the cost—benefit theory of politeness is so extensive—quite apart from our own experiments—that Kemper and Thissen would need more than a partial failure to overturn it.
Functional Characterization of the Human Factor VII 5′-Flanking Region

Factor VII is a vitamin K-dependent coagulation protein essential for proper hemostasis. The human Factor VII gene spans 13 kilobase pairs and is located on chromosome 13 just 2.8 kilobase pairs 5′ to the Factor X gene. In this report, we show that Factor VII transcripts are restricted to the liver and that steady state levels of mRNA are much lower than those of Factor X. The major transcription start site is mapped at −51 by RNase protection assay and primer extension experiments. The first 185 base pairs 5′ of the translation start site are sufficient to confer maximal promoter activity in HepG2 cells. Protein binding sites are identified at nucleotides −51 to −32, −63 to −58, −108 to −84, and −233 to −215 by DNase I footprint analysis and gel mobility shift assays. A liver-enriched transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4), and a ubiquitous transcription factor, Sp1, are shown to bind within the first 108 base pairs of the promoter region at nucleotide sequences ACTTTG and CCCCTCCCCC, respectively. The importance of these binding sites in promoter activity is demonstrated through independent functional mutagenesis experiments, which show dramatically reduced promoter activity. Transactivation studies with an HNF-4 expression plasmid in HeLa cells also demonstrate the importance of HNF-4 in promoting transcription in nonhepatocyte derived cells. Additionally, the sequence of a naturally occurring allele containing a previously described decanucleotide insert polymorphism at −323 is shown to reduce promoter activity by 33% compared with the more common allelic sequence.
Cossack Cowboys, Mad Russians: The Émigré Actor in Studio‐Era Hollywood

L the 1936 Paramount musical Rhythm on the Range, cowboy Bing Crosby, sidekick Bob Burns, runaway New York debutante Frances Farmer, and working girl Martha Raye all converge on the Frying Pan Ranch in Arizona, where they encounter neither Indians nor Mexicans, but a Russian named Mischa played by Leonid Kinskey, a Cossack who headed west because, as he explains in Depression-era terms, the Revolution "laid him off." With a cast so rich in comic and musical talent, Rhythm on the Range climaxes in a party-performance, during which Mischa plies the guests with his homemade vodka and joins in singing the soon-to-be Johnny Mercer hit, "I'm an Old Cowhand." Mischa even solos on a verse: "I'm a riding fool who is up to date, / I know every trail in the Lone Star State, / 'cuz I ride the range in a Ford V-8!"' In the 1939 Universal Western Destry Rides Again, against the predictable historic Western backdrops of saloon and boarding house, another Russian surprises the American viewer-the alternately haughty and cowardly Boris Alexandrovich Stavrogin, as interpreted by actor Mischa Auer. Boris first oozes out from among the saloon's lowlife, slapping the derriere of saloon singer Frenchy (Marlene Dietrich) and tentatively tasting
Polymerization of vinylpyridinium salts. XII. Occurrence of radical polymerization in spontaneous reactions

There has been considerable disagreement regarding the mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of vinylpyridinium salts in aqueous or acidic solution above 1.0 mol L−1 in monomer concentration. In this report the position of Ringsdorf and co-workers is substantiated with regard to the existence of a free-radical reaction, but the kinetic results obtained differ. In particular, it is shown that a lack of spontaneous polymerization below 1.0 mol L−1 is not due to a nonexistence of-a critical monomer concentration for aggregation, but is instead a kinetic phenomenon of Rp ∼ [M]2.7.
Positive Charge: Filling the Gaps in the U.S. HIV Continuum of Care.

Adequate engagement in HIV care is necessary for the achievement of optimal health outcomes and for the reduction of HIV transmission. Positive Charge (PC) was a national HIV linkage and re-engagement in care program implemented by AIDS United. This study describes three PC programs, the characteristics of their participants, and the continuum of engagement in care for their participants. Eighty-eight percent of participants were engaged in care post PC enrollment. Sixty-nine percent were retained in care, and 46 % were virally suppressed at follow-up. Older participants were more likely to be engaged, retained, and virally suppressed. Differences by race and gender in HIV care and treatment varied across PC programs, reflecting the diverse target populations, locations, and strategies employed by the PC grantees. There is an urgent need for programs that promote HIV care and treatment among vulnerable populations, including young people living with HIV. There is also an urgent need for additional research to test the effectiveness of promising linkage and retention in care strategies, such as peer navigation.
Temporal masking level differences for transients: Further evidence for a short-term integrator

Studies of binaural perception have indicated that subjects are able to use temporal information available in high-frequency regions of the spectrum to lateralize high-frequency waveforms but not to detect these waveforms in masking noise. The present experiments demonstrate that although high-frequency interaural difference cues are relatively ineffective in simultaneous and forward masking, they can be utilized in backward masking. In Experiment 1, large maskinglevel differences were found in backward masking for high-frequency transients presented either monaurally or with an interaural temporal delay. Experiments 2–4 examined fringe masking, effects of masker duration, and combined forward-backward masking for both high- and lowfrequency transients presented with interaural differences in phase and intensity. The results are interpreted as support for the view that the auditory system is organized into parallel shortand long-term integration systems specialized for processing transient and sustained aspects of acoustic stimulation. It is suggested that information from the two integrators is combined when analysis of interaural differences within each of the systems yields similar estimates of spatial location.
Hematopoietic Cell-Specific Deletion of Toll-like Receptor 4 Ameliorates Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Fed Mice

Chronic low-grade inflammation, particularly in adipose tissue, is an important modulator of obesity-induced insulin resistance. The Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) is a key initiator of inflammatory responses in macrophages. We performed bone marrow transplantation (BMT) of Tlr4lps-del or control C57Bl/10J donor cells into irradiated wild-type C57Bl6 recipient mice to generate hematopoietic cell-specific Tlr4 deletion mutant (BMT-Tlr4(-/-)) and control (BMT-WT) mice. After 16 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD), BMT-WT mice developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. In contrast, BMT-Tlr4(-/-) mice became obese but did not develop fasting hyperinsulinemia and had improved hepatic and adipose insulin sensitivity during euglycemic clamp studies, compared to HFD BMT-WT controls. HFD BMT-Tlr4(-/-) mice also showed markedly reduced adipose tissue inflammatory markers and macrophage content. In summary, our results indicate that Tlr4 signaling in hematopoietic-derived cells is important for the development of hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in obese mice.
Structural analysis of endocardial cytodifferentiation

Abstract Embryonic hearts 8–40 somites (10.0–13.5 days) where subjected to transmission and scanning ultrastructural and histological examination to monitor pathways of endocardial differentiation. Primitive endocardium (day 10.0 or 8 somites) consisted of closely packed cells with smooth luminal surfaces except for cilia at cellular interfaces. Internally these cells possessed minimal secretory potential as indicated by undilated rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and undeveloped Golgi complexes. The latter had nondistended lamellae and a low population of small (100-nm) bristle-coated and uncoated vesicles. Cytodifferentiation of the primitive endocardium was biphasic. In the outflow tract and AV canal, areas of future cushion tissue (cardiac mesenchyme) formation, endocardium was transformed by day 11.5 (16–18 somites) into cells with amplified secretory potential as evidenced by dilation of RER cisternae, hypertrophy of Golgi lamellae and augmented formation of Golgi vesicles consisting primarily of larger (150–200 nm) uncoated types. The luminal surfaces in these areas became convoluted and flattened while the extracellular (cardiac jelly) surface developed blebs and was studded with globular and fibrillar strands of matrical material. Surface topography and serial sectioning of the initial sites of cushion tissue formation suggested the latter was actually a derivative of endocardium having augmented secretory potential. Conversely, endocardium approached by invaginating myocardial trabeculae (atrium and ventricle) appeared to lose secretory potential as indicated by its (1) progressive attenuation of the cytoplasm, (2) reduction or complete loss of surface projections and associated globular and fibrillar material, (3) regression of RER and Golgi complexes, and (4) acquisition of cystic foci in otherwise nondilated RER. Results therefore indicated that both endocardial surface and internal features could be related to developmental changes in microenvironment and function.
Personifying the State: Consequences for Attitude Formation

Because states are abstract entities, they often require embodiment for mass publics and elites to understand them. This embodiment often occurs as personification, where the state is associated with the most salient figure in the political system, but embodiment can also occur through political institutions and social groups. Surprisingly, there is virtually no systematic empirical work on the political and psychological consequences of state personification, or other forms of embodiment. In this experiment, we investigate how various ways of embodying the state influence attitude formation processes. Drawing on the on-line/memory-based processing and entitativity literatures, we hypothesize that personification of the state should facilitate on-line processing and stronger attitudes, whereas embodying the state as a parliamentary institution should produce weaker attitudes that are formed in a memory-based fashion. The results support these hypotheses. Embodiment as a social group produced inconsistent results. This study provides the first systematic evidence that the widespread practice of personification of the state has robust and potentially far-reaching attitudinal consequences that have meaningful implications for strategic interaction, perception and learning, and attitude change in the international realm.
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL THOUGHT: COMPARING DU BOIS, WASHINGTON, GARVEY AND ELIJAH MUHAMMAD

This study provides a systematic and comparative treatment of four African-American political thinkers. Previous works on African-American political thought have been mostly biographical and idiographic treatments. This study uses the comparative method to systematically evaluate the political philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, Elijah Muhammad, and Marcus Garvey. Although the study does not claim that the thinker's political thought is causally related to his activist position, it is expected that there is a logical connection between them. The study introduces a framework which combines two dimensions into four categories. The four thinkers are hypothesized to each fit a different category. The findings support the hypothesized categorization.
Promoviendo una Alimentación Saludable (PAS) Design and Methods: Engaging Latino Families in Eating Disorder Treatment

The use of culturally sensitive intervention could improve mental health care for the eating disorder (ED) treatment in the Latino population. The aim of this report is to describe the rationale, design, and methods of the ongoing study entitled "Engaging Latino families in eating disorders treatment." The primary aim of the study is to compare (a) the combined effect of individual cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa (CBT-BN) that has been previously adapted for the Latino population plus Family Enhanced (FE) modules, with (b) the standard adapted individual CBT-BN in a proof-of-principle study with 40 Latina adults with eating disorders and one relative or significant other per patient. We hypothesize that 1) the feasibility, acceptability, and adherence of participants in CBT-BN+FE will be superior to individual CBT-BN only; 2) relatives in CBT-BN+FE will report greater treatment satisfaction, greater reduction in family conflict, and greater decreases in caregiver burden than relatives in the individual CBT-BN only condition; and 3) patients who participate in CBT-BN+FE will show trends towards greater decreases in ED symptoms compared with patients in CBT-BN only; although power will be limited to detect this difference. However, we predict that they will show greater retention in treatment, greater treatment satisfaction, and greater decreases in family conflict than patients in CBT-BN only. The completion of this investigation will yield important information regarding the acceptability and feasibility of a culturally sensitive evidence-based treatment model for Latinos with eating disorders.
The increasing importance of radiation therapy in the improved prognosis of children with Wilms' tumor.

Treatment results for 32 children with Wilms' tumor seen at the JCRT, CHMC and SFCI from January 1, 1971, through December 31, 1975, are presented. Indications for and technical details of irradiation are discussed. The uniform efficacy of irradiation in preventing local relapse in all patients presenting with unilateral disease despite tumor spill in nine is stressed. Actuarial survival of nearly 80% of all patients seen and followed for more than 2 years has been achieved. Eight of 14 patients with documented pulmonary relapse have been controlled with irradiation, chemotherapy and surgery. The importance of an aggressive multidisciplinary approach to this tumor is stressed.
Politics of scale and community-based forest management in southern Malawi

Abstract This article uses insights from theory on the social production of scale and multiple social and natural science methods to interrogate village-scale community-based forest management (CBFM) in southern Malawi, focusing on boundary demarcation, rule formulation and scaling, and dynamics of external facilitation. Examination of political agendas of those who pursued, gained from, or protested particular scalar CBFM arrangements uncovered otherwise hidden scalar politics, whose outcomes impeded more than they advanced CBFM goals. I argue that clarifying the scalar politics and configuration of forest governance arrangements can lead to a more nuanced understanding of CBFM challenges and create new opportunities for addressing them. Containerized, single-level CBFM institutions mismatched interacting social, ecological and institutional scalar configurations and relations, and confounded CBFM. Unequal international-donor/national and national/community scalar relations were as important as intra-community dynamics in explaining performance of CBFM. They constructed CBFM on a shaky foundation that put institutional and personal agendas and short-term goals over long-term socioecological sustainability. The politics of rescaling forest rules from village to (broader) Traditional Authority level alienated them from communities and undermined enforcement. Diverse motivations behind a scale-related strategy that separated usufruct from territorial rights in allocating forests mostly undermined socioecological CBFM goals. While scale is not the key or only explanation of CBFM performance, negotiated scaling offered a proactive way to anticipate scale-related conflicts in particular settings, and for communities to create institutional forms that minimize such conflicts at local or intermediate scale levels. Findings support strong, well-resourced states and caution against donor-driven quick fixes.