cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Precision and Fast Functional Mapping of Cortical Circuitry Through a Novel Combination of Voltage Sensitive Dye Imaging and Laser Scanning Photostimulation

The development of modern neuroscience tools is critical for deciphering brain circuit organization and function. An important aspect for technical development is to enhance each technique's advantages and compensate for limitations. We developed a high-precision and fast functional mapping technique in brain slices that incorporates the spatial precision of activation that can be achieved by laser-scanning photostimulation with rapid and high-temporal resolution assessment of evoked network activity that can be achieved by voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Unlike combination of whole cell recordings with photostimulation for mapping local circuit inputs to individually recorded neurons, this innovation is a new photostimulation-based technique to map cortical circuit output and functional connections at the level of neuronal populations. Here we report on this novel technique in detail and show its effective applications in mapping functional connections and circuit dynamics in mouse primary visual cortex and hippocampus. Given that this innovation enables rapid mapping and precise evaluation of cortical organization and function, it can have broad impacts in the field of cortical circuitry.
Literacy learning by storytelling with a virtual peer

In this paper, we present Sam, an embodied conversational storyteller who tells stories interactively with children. Sam was designed to appear as a peer to preschool children, but to tell stories in a developmentally advanced way in order to model narrative skills important for literacy. Literacy learning - learning how to read and write, begins long before children enter school. One of the key skills to reading and writing is the ability to represent thoughts symbolically and share them in language with an audience who does not share the same background. Children learn and practice such important language skills in the informal setting of everyday storytelling with their peers and adults available around them. In particular, storytelling in a context of peer collaboration provides a perfect place where children not only learn language skills important for literacy, but also learn to be critical listeners of others' stories. Preliminary evaluation showed that by interacting with Sam, 5-year-old children's stories more closely resembled Sam's linguistically advanced stories with more quoted speech and temporal and spatial expressions. In addition, the children listened to Sam's stories carefully, assisting her and giving suggestions on how to improve them. With Sam, children not only learned new linguistic behaviors that are important for literacy, but also to become critical listeners of other's stories.
Imaging key aspects of fast ion physics in the DIII-D tokamak

Visible imaging has been used to provide the 2D spatial structure and temporal evolution of the profile of high-energy neutrals introduced by neutral beam injection, the fast ion profile and a variety of plasma instabilities in DIII-D plasmas; the combination of these techniques form a comprehensive fast ion physics diagnostic suite. The injected neutral profile is imaged in Doppler shifted D? light induced by collisional excitation. Fast ion profile information was obtained through imaging of Doppler shifted fast ion D? light (FIDA) emitted by re-neutralized energetic ions. Imaging of FIDA emission during sawtooth events shows a large central depletion following sawtooth crashes?indicative of a broad redistribution of fast ions. Two examples of instability structure measurements are given. Measurements of the detailed 2D poloidal structure of rotating tearing modes were obtained using spectrally filtered fast imaging of broadband visible bremsstrahlung emission, a method which is capable of imaging with high resolution the structure of coherent oscillations in the core of current and next-step fusion plasma experiments and can be applied to virtually any mode with a finite perturbed bremsstrahlung emissivity and frequency in the laboratory frame. Measurements are also presented of the n = 0 energetic particle geodesic acoustic mode which were made by observing fluctuations in active emission.
Characteristics and environmental determinants of natality, growth and maturity in a natural population of the desert scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae)

The scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Vaejovidae) has seven instar stages and moults six times. There is no post-reproductive moult. The average growth ratio between successive instars is 1–38. The average rate of weight increase is 000249/day. This rate fluctuates seasonally: it is highest in spring and lowest in winter and summer. Growth rate is a function of ambient burrow temperature and prey abundance. Body size is determinate. The growth rate of the pectines is significantly greater in males as compared with females. Analysis indicates that the pectines are a secondary sexual trait in males. Animals mature from 19 to 24 months of age. Matings were observed from May through October. Gestation lasts 10–14 months. First surface appearance of newborn (instar II) is synchronous throughout the population and occurred in early August for five consecutive years. Some females were observed to be gravid for at least three consecutive years. Gravid females carry an average of 48–8 embryos. However, on the average only 19–9 young/female survive to appear on the surface. Factors which may be responsible for this observed decrease include resorption of embryos; death at birth, eclosion or first moult; and maternal and sibling cannibalism. The influence of various environmental factors on reproduction were analyzed. The number of newborn appearing on the surface and the population biomass of newborn showed a high positive correlation with precipitation and vegetation cover.
Myocardial Contractility in Areas with Chronic Ischaemia: Studies on Isometric Tension

Myocardial length-tension curves were obtained simultaneously in normal and chronic ischaemic areas of dog's heart. The data are in agreement with clinical findings of localized ‘asynergy’ in coronary artery disease and suggest the existence of a depressed Starling function curve in ischaemic areas.
Family therapy with multiproblem, multichildren families in a court clinic setting.

It is well known that clinicians find a lower-class action-oriented population difficult to involve productively in psychotherapy. This paper focuses on family therapy as the treatment of choice for a circumscribed portion of this population, namely, families characterized by multiple delinquency, invariable learning problems of the children, and disruptive behavior (often violence and the threat of very serious violence) on the part of both children and parents.
Private Information in Large Economies

This paper examines the effect of private information in large economies. We show that in a model with stochastic information structures, the restrictions imposed on allocations by the presence of private information disappear in large economies. We also show that for a large class of direct mechanisms, the incentive for any agent to falsely report private information goes to zero as the number of agents becomes large. These results provide an “informational smallness” analog to existing “quantity smallness” limiting results in the literature.
Optimizing the osteogenic potential of adult stem cells for skeletal regeneration

Adult stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, display plasticity in that they can differentiate toward various line-ages including bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells, and other types of connective tissue cells. However, it is not clear what factors direct adult stem cell lineage commitment and terminal differentiation. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular physical cues have the potential to control stem cell lineage specification. In this perspective article, we review recent findings on biomaterial surface and mechanical signal regulation of stem cell differentiation. Specifically, we focus on stem cell response to substrate nanoscale topography and fluid flow induced shear stress and how these physical factors may regulate stem cell osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.
36 Comparison of electrogastrogram utilizing a solid meal vs. water loading in healthy children and adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential effects of a solid meal and water loading (WL) on the electrogastrogram (EGG) in healthy children and adolescents. Methods: Twenty-six healthy participants (13 F; mean age 12.5 years, range: 8–17) underwent two separate EGG recordings performed in a standard fashion on two separate days. With the first session, EGG was recorded for 30 min in the fasting state and for 60 min following a solid test meal (2 eggs, toast, and water). The procedure for the second session was the same as for the first session except that the meal was replaced by WL. Spectral analysis was performed to compute EGG parameters and their postprandial changes. Data are presented as mean + SD. Results: The solid meal was associated with an increase in the EGG dominant frequency (DF) (2.91 ± 0.45 cpm vs. 3.14 ± 0.37 cpm, p = 0.02), %normal slow waves (82.04 ± 11.31% vs. 89.85 ± 10.5%, p = 0.008), and the dominant power (DP) (47.40 ± 4.03 dB vs. 54.09 ± 8.07 dB, p < 0.001) from the pre- to the postprandial periods. With WL, only the DP significantly increased postprandially (45.71 ± 4.20 dB vs. 51.12 ± 6.78 dB, p < 0.001). WL was associated with a lower postprandial DF than the solid meal (2.80 ± 0.34 cpm vs. 3.14 ± 0.37 cpm, p = 0.001). The postprandial DP change following the meal was positively correlated with the change following WL (r = 0.523, p = 0.006). Conclusion: The postprandial EGG differs depending on the nutritional constituency or consistency of the meal.
Comparison of surface properties of sodium sulfide and ammonium sulfide passivation of GaAs

Sodium sulfide has been demonstrated to significantly improve the electrical properties of the ambient‐exposed (100) GaAs surface. It has also shown usefulness in several practical device structures. Ammonium sulfide has been proposed to have similar properties and has already been demonstrated to improve InP and GaAs devices. We compare the photoluminescence behavior and band bending of GaAs samples treated with these two different sulfide species. We also compare the chemical nature of the surfaces treated using these two processes by Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface recombination velocity was found to be similarly affected by the two treatments and the band bending found to be essentially identical. Sodium sulfide produces a film and interfacial region rich in oxygen due to hydration. However, the ammonium sulfide was found to leave very little oxygen on the surface, even compared to conventional GaAs cleaning and etching procedures.
Benoxacor Treatment Increases Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Suspension Cultures of Zea mays

Abstract Increases of glutathione S -transferase (GST) activity were evaluated in cell suspension cultures of Zea mays (cv. Black Mexican Sweet) treated with the herbicide safener benoxacor. A time course analysis of [ 14 C]benoxacor uptake indicated that increases of extractable radioactivity were detected as early as 15 min after benoxacor treatment and continued increasing through 48 h after treatment. A time course analysis of benoxacor-induced increases of GST activity determined that GST activity, assayed with the herbicide metolachlor as a substrate, was detectably increased 4 h after 10 μ M benoxacor treatment and continued increasing until it reached maximum levels 24 h after treatment. Anion exchange chromatography (on Mono-Q resins) of total GST activity extracted from 7-day-old cultures resolved several constitutively expressed GST activities that were detected when metolachlor or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were used as substrates. Three of these activities were increased by 10 μ M benoxacor treatment. Proteins in anion exchange chromatography fractions containing GST activity were immunoblotted and probed with polyclonal antisera raised against maize GST I or a mixture of maize GST I and GST III. No more than two polypeptides were detected in three fractions, indicating that GST I, GST III, or polypeptides with sequence homology to GST I or GST III are expressed in BMS cultures. The results obtained from anion exchange chromatography and immunoblotting analyses of protein extracts from benoxacor-treated BMS cells were similar to previously reported results obtained from the same analyses using benoxacor-treated maize seedlings. Both basal levels and benoxacor-induced increases of GST activity, as well as the incorporation of [ 3 H]leucine into total soluble protein, were reduced by 10 and 100 μ M cycloheximide treatment. This suggests that de novo protein synthesis is required for both basal levels and benoxacor-induced increases of GST activity. Similarly, 10 and 100 μM cordycepin treatment reduced both benoxacor-induced increases of GST activity and the incorporation of [ 3 H]uracil into total RNA. This suggests that benoxacor induces the de novo synthesis of mRNA transcripts required for increases of GST activity.
The European Community and 1992: The EC literature on the single market☆

Abstract The European Community's highly visible campaign to establish a unified economy by the end of 1992 has brought the Community to the center stage of world affairs. In creating a single market in which people, goods, capital and services move freely, the European Community (EC) is set to play a role far greater than that of any of its 12 individual members. A glimpse of this new role was seen in the decision taken at the Western Economic Summit in July 1989 to entrust the EC with the job of coordinating aid for the reformed economies of Poland and Hungary. As the completion of the single market nears and its full implications become known, one can expect the demand for information about the 1992 program to grow rapidly within the government and in the academic and business communities. This article is a brief guide for those seeking to keep abreast of 1992 developments and for whom the enormous quantity and complexity of EC documentation presents both an obstacle and an opportunity. Its purpose is to highlight the documents that form the cornerstones of the 1992 program and to indicate some EC publications essential for following its enactment and implementation.
Weighing in on the off-label use of Actiq for noncancer-related pain: a recipe for success or a recipe for disaster?

Objective. An editorial is provided based in part upon a recent Wall Street Journal article by John Carreyrou, which cast the off-label use of opioids, in this case, Actiq™ (oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate), in an extremely negative light from the viewpoint of contributing to addiction. As in the past, this article seems to follow a “recipe” used to demonize opioids, the pharmaceutical industry and the physicians who prescribe pain medications. Specifically, the case is made that using oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in noncancer patients, for whom there is no current indication, is contributing to the prescription drug abuse problem. Conclusions. We discuss the faulty logic in parsing the use of opioids between malignant and non-malignant pain patients. A call is made to pain professionals to begin discussion of the common use of pharmaceuticals in off-label ways to treat pain issues as well as a discussion of the dangers of not addressing this practice openly.
Fatty Acid Transfer in Taurodeoxycholate Mixed Micelles

Dietary triacylglycerol is acted upon by lipolytic enzymes in the stomach and the proximal small intestine, releasing fatty acids and monoacylglycerol as the ultimate products. These digestive products are solubilized by bile released from the gall bladder, resulting in the formation of two product phasesvesicles and micellesdepending upon the concentration of bile in the small intestine. Absorption of lipid is thought to occur from these two phases. We have previously examined the rate and mechanism of long-chain fatty acid transfer between unilamellar vesicles [Kleinfeld, A. M., & Storch, J. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 2053−2061]. In order to begin to assess the relative contributions of micellar vs vesicular phases in the absorption of dietary lipid, a simple model system was designed to investigate the transfer of fatty acid and monoacylglycerol between micelles. A fluorescence self-quenching assay was used to monitor the transfer of fluorescent anthroyloxy-labeled lipids from donor micelles to acceptor m...
An Integrated Instrumentation Environment for Multiprocessors

This paper introduces the concept of an integrated instrumentation environment (IIE) for multiprocessors. The primary objective of such an environment is to assist the user in the process of experimentation. The emphasis in an IIE is on experiment management (including stimulus generation, monitoring, data collection and analysis), rather than on techniques for program development as in conventional programming environments. We believe the functionality of the two environments should eventually be provided in one comprehensive environment.
Realism, speech-acts, and truth-gaps in Indian and Western philosophy

The mode of philosophizing called 'analytic philosophy' has been fashion able in the Anglo-American world for several decades. Sired by G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, it has been practised by such eminent thinkers as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, W. V. O. Quine, Nelson Goodman, J. L. Austin and Peter Strawson. The program of analytic philosophy is to resolve philosophical puzzles by clarifying the language generating those puzzles, either by direct attention to ordinary language or by constructing an ideal or artificial language in which the puzzle does not arise. It is safe to say that nowadays the bulk of the papers published in philosophy journals and read at conferences of professional philosophers in Britain and the U.S.A. are in the analytic tradition. Yet when one asks an analytic philosopher to provide a good example of successful clarification of a puzzle by analytic means, the philosopher may be hard pressed to provide one. Indeed, for many years just one bit of analysis was easily identifiable as an impressive example of the sort of thing aimed at by analytic philosophers. This is what has come to be known as 'Russell's Theory of Descriptions'. Bertrand Russell, in a paper published in 1905, argued that, e.g., the sentence
Comparing femoral version after intramedullary nailing performed by trauma-trained and non-trauma trained surgeons: is there a difference?

Abstract Introduction As with some procedures, trauma fellowship training and greater surgeon experience may result in better outcomes following intramedullary nailing (IMN) of diaphyseal femur fractures. However, surgeons with such training and experience may not always be available to all patients. The purpose of this study is to determine whether trauma training affects the post-operative difference in femoral version (DFV) following IMN. Materials and Methods Between 2000 and 2009, 417 consecutive patients with diaphyseal femur fractures (AO/OTA 32A-C) were treated via IMN. Inclusion criteria for this study included complete baseline and demographic documentation as well as pre-operative films for fracture classification and post-operative CT scanogram (per institutional protocol) for version and length measurement of both the nailed and uninjured femurs. Exclusion criteria included bilateral injuries, multiple ipsilateral lower extremity fractures, previous injury, and previous deformity. Of the initial 417 subjects, 355 patients met our inclusion criteria. Other data included in our analysis were age, sex, injury mechanism, open vs. closed fracture, daytime vs. nighttime surgery, mechanism of injury, and AO and Winquist classifications. Post-operative femoral version of both lower extremities was measured on CT scanogram by an orthopaedic trauma fellowship trained surgeon. Standard univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine statistically significant risk factors for malrotation between the two cohorts. Results Overall, 80.3% (288/355) of all fractures were fixed by trauma-trained surgeons. The mean post-operative DFV was 8.7° in these patients, compared to 10.7° in those treated by surgeons of other subspecialties. This difference was not statistically significant when accounting for other factors in a multivariate model (p > 0.05). The same statistical trend was true when analyzing outcomes of only the more severe Winquist type III and IV fractures. Additionally, surgeon experience was not significantly predictive of post-operative version for either trauma or non-trauma surgeons (p > 0.05 for both). Conclusions Post-operative version or percentage of DFV >15° did not significantly differ following IMN of diaphyseal femur fractures between surgeons with and without trauma fellowship training. However, prospective data that removes the inherent bias that the more complex cases are left for the traumatologists are required before a definitive comparison is made.
Apical membrane Cl-butyrate exchange : mechanism of short chain fatty acid stimulation of active chloride absorption in rat distal colon

The cellular model of short chain fatty acid stimulation of electroneutral Na-Cl absorption in large intestine proposes that SCFA, following its uptake across the apical membrane, recycles and is coupled to functional Na-H and Cl-short chain fatty acid exchanges. To establish the presence of a Cl-butyrate exchange (used as a model short chain fatty acid), studies of 36Cl and 14C-butyrate uptake across apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon were performed. An outward butyrate-gradient stimulated transient accumulation of 36Cl uptake that was not inhibited by pH clamping with valinomycin (a K ionophore) and FCCP (a proton ionophore). Outward butyrate-gradient-stimulated 36Cl uptake was inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 68.4 microM, and was saturated by both increasing extravesicular Cl concentration (Km for Cl of 26.8 +/- 3.4 mM and a Vmax of 12.4 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg protein x 9 sec) and increasing intravesicular butyrate concentration (Km for butyrate of 5.9 mM and a Vmax for Cl of 5.9 nmol/mg protein x 9 sec). 36Cl uptake was also stimulated by outward gradients of other short chain fatty acids (e.g., propionate, acetate and formate). In contrast, an outward Cl gradient failed to enhance 14C-butyrate uptake. Extravesicular Cl more than extravesicular butyrate enhanced 36Cl efflux from apical membrane vesicles. These studies provide compelling evidence for the presence of an electroneutral, pH-activated, Cl-butyrate exchange which in concert with Na-H exchange is the mechanism by which butyrate stimulates electroneutral Na-Cl absorption.
Preparation and characterization of oxidized silver thin films

Abstract Silver reacts readily with atomic oxygen, which is present in oxygen plasmas and in low earth orbit. To study the oxidation process, silver films were deposited by r.f. sputtering or by thermal evaporation, then exposed to an oxygen plasma from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source. In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was used to monitor deposition and oxidation, and determine final thicknesses and optical constants. SE indicated that oxidation began at the surface of the silver and proceeded downward, with a rough interface which increased steadily in thickness. Oxide films were nearly transparent over the visible spectrum, where the refractive index was above 2, and were strongly absorbing below 400 nm. Completely oxidized films were twice as thick as the original silver films. They appeared smooth to the eye, and were relatively stable in ambient air. Films that were not oxidized all the way through were much less stable in air, changing interference color and appearing rough within a few days. Oxide films deposited by reactive sputtering of silver in an O 2 background had higher refractive index (> 2.5) than the ECR oxidized silver films. They were also relatively stable in air, unless deposited onto silver, in which case the samples changed color and appeared rough within a few days, similar to the partially oxidized silver films.
The challenging image-guided abdominal mass biopsy: established and emerging techniques ‘if you can see it, you can biopsy it’

Image-guided percutaneous biopsy of abdominal masses is among the most commonly performed procedures in interventional radiology. While most abdominal masses are readily amenable to percutaneous biopsy, some may be technically challenging for a number of reasons. Low lesion conspicuity, small size, overlying or intervening structures, motion, such as that due to respiration, are some of the factors that can influence the ability and ultimately the success of an abdominal biopsy. Various techniques or technologies, such as choice of imaging modality, use of intravenous contrast and anatomic landmarks, patient positioning, organ displacement or trans-organ approach, angling CT gantry, triangulation method, real-time guidance with CT fluoroscopy or ultrasound, sedation or breath-hold, pre-procedural image fusion, electromagnetic tracking, and others, when used singularly or in combination, can overcome these challenges to facilitate needle placement in abdominal masses that otherwise would be considered not amenable to percutaneous biopsy. Familiarity and awareness of these techniques allows the interventional radiologist to expand the use of percutaneous biopsy in clinical practice, and help choose the most appropriate technique for a particular patient.
Dissociating Brain Responses to Syntactic and Semantic Anomalies: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

Abstract Two experiments investigated the influence of anomaly type and presentation rate on the occurrence and appearance of the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) known as the N400 and P600. In Experiment 1, sentences containing either a syntactic anomaly, a semantic anomaly, or a compound syntactic and semantic anomaly were presented at the rate of 1000 ms per word. Consistent with previous findings, syntactic anomalies elicited a P600, while semantic anomalies elicited an N400. Compound anomalies evoked an N400 P600 waveform complex. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of presentation rate on ERPs using the syntactic anomaly materials from Osterhout and Holcomb (1992; Experiment 1) at the 650 ms SOA from the original study and a new 1000 ms SOA. Although the amplitude and latency of the P600 waveform differed slightly between the two presentation rates, reliable P600s were found at both the 650 and the 1000 ms SOA.
Proceedings: Immune Tolerance and Stem Cell Transplantation: A CIRM Mini-Symposium and Workshop Report

The mission of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) is to accelerate stem cell treatments to patients with unmet medical needs. Immune rejection is one hurdle that stem cell therapies must overcome to achieve a durable and effective therapeutic benefit. In July 2014, CIRM convened a group of clinical investigators developing stem cell therapeutics, immunologists, and transplantation biologists to consider strategies to address this challenge. Workshop participants discussed current approaches for countering immune rejection in the context of organ transplant and cellular therapy and defined the risks, challenges, and opportunities for adapting them to the development of stem cell-based therapeutics. This effort led to the development of a Roadmap to Tolerance for allogeneic stem cell therapy, with four fundamental steps: (a) the need to identify “tolerance-permissive” immune-suppressive regimens to enable the eventual transition from current, drug-based approaches to a newer generation of technologies for inducing tolerance; (b) testing new biologics and small molecules for inducing tolerance in stem cell-based preclinical and clinical studies; (c) stimulation of efforts to develop novel therapeutic approaches to induce central and peripheral tolerance, including manipulation of the thymus, transplantation of purified stem cells, and cell therapy with T-regulatory cells; and (d) development of robust and sensitive immune monitoring technologies for identifying biomarkers of tolerance and rejection after allogeneic stem cell treatments in the clinical setting.
Irradiation of Fruit and Simultaneous Measurement of Respiration

The effects of exposure to gamma radiation on respiratory rate was measured in bing cherries. It is concluded that the respiratory rate of the whole fruit serves as a measure of the metabolic response induced by irradiation. (C.H.)
Chung Park, pioneer of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling research

Abstract Chung Park (1938–2003) was a true pioneer of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling research. During a short career at Stanford University that began in 1970 and ended in 1981, he wrote seminal papers on several topics. Using ground-based whistler data, he was the first to demonstrate experimentally that day-side upward ion flow from the mid-latitude ionosphere was sufficient to maintain the night-time ionosphere. He made the only measurements to date of longitudinally localized drainage of significant quantities of plasmaspheric plasma into the underlying ionosphere during a period of enhanced convection activity. He pioneered in demonstrating the presence at ionospheric heights of geophysically important electric fields that originate in the troposphere in thunderstorm centers. He cooperated in a unique study of the guidance of whistler-mode waves by field-aligned density irregularities (ducts) in the magnetosphere. Park provided unique observational data on nonlinear wave–particle interaction processes such as: (i) the development of sidebands during the injection of whistler-mode waves from Siple, Antarctica, and (ii) the mysterious whistler precursor phenomenon. Today, in spite of the several decades that have elapsed since his work, Park's early findings remain cornerstones of our understanding of magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling processes. Some of his later studies of non-linear magnetospheric wave–particle interaction phenomena have stirred lively debate, and today remain relevant to a number of topics in space plasma wave research.
Multiscale sequentially-coupled arterial FSI technique

Multiscale versions of the Sequentially-Coupled Arterial Fluid–Structure Interaction (SCAFSI) technique are presented. The SCAFSI technique was introduced as an approximate FSI approach in arterial fluid mechanics. It is based on the assumption that the arterial deformation during a cardiac cycle is driven mostly by the blood pressure. First we compute a “reference” arterial deformation as a function of time, driven only by the blood pressure profile of the cardiac cycle. Then we compute a sequence of updates involving mesh motion, fluid dynamics calculations, and recomputing the arterial deformation. The SCAFSI technique was developed and tested in conjunction with the stabilized space–time FSI (SSTFSI) technique. Beyond providing a computationally more economical alternative to the fully coupled arterial FSI approach, the SCAFSI technique brings additional flexibility, such as being able to carry out the computations in a spatially or temporally multiscale fashion. In the test computations reported here for the spatially multiscale versions of the SCAFSI technique, we focus on a patient-specific middle cerebral artery segment with aneurysm, where the arterial geometry is based on computed tomography images. The arterial structure is modeled with the continuum element made of hyperelastic (Fung) material.
The rhetorical appeals of whites to blacks during reconstruction

The emancipation of slaves placed new rhetorical demands upon white spokesmen in the South. To maintain their racial authority, whites refined two rhetorical appeals conceived in slavery: a rhetorical bribe and a rhetorical threat.
Preliminary studies of monoterpenoid variability in Satureja douglasii

Abstract Monoterpenoid composition of samples from 10 populations of Satureja douglasii in a 250-ha area were analyzed in Spring 1974. Two distinct compositional types were found: Type A contained large amounts of limonene and carvone but very small quantites of piperitenone, piperitone, pulegone and isomenthone (3-oxy compounds), whereas Type B was essentially the reverse. This variation is attributed to a genotypic difference. The amounts of 3-oxy compounds varied greatly among the Type B populations. Increasing shade conditions were correlated with increased amounts of the more reduced compounds isomenthone and piperitone. Clonal lines were established from two Type B populations whose habitats represented extremes of sun and shade conditions. The two clonal lines, which had very different compositions in the field, produced similar oils under controlled conditions. Growth under different temperature regimes had little effect on composition. Developmental changes in composition implied the precursor-product relationships piperitenone→piperitone and pulegone→isomenthone. The data suggest that S douglasii monoterpenoid compositional patterns are significantly influenced by genetic and environmental factors (probably light intensity) as well as developmental processes.
Comparative litter and reproduction characteristics of mouse populations with X-ray exposure, including 45 generations of male progenitors.

SummaryObservations were made of comparative litter and reproduction characteristics of two H-2 genotype substrains of mice within each of two lines. Two substrains (H-2f and H-2k) were from 45 gen...
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data for the carboxylesterase Est30 from Bacillus stearothermophilus

Crystals have been grown of the carboxylesterase Est30 from Bacillus stearothermophilus by hanging-drop vapor diffusion using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. The crystals diffracted to better than 2.0 A resolution. X-ray diffraction data were reduced in space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 55.83, b = 58.15, c = 179.65 A. R(merge) was 0.038 for 17 449 independent reflections with a completeness of 85.1%. V(M) was calculated to be 2.43 A(3) Da(-1), which suggested that there was one molecule of Est30 in the asymmetric unit. These crystals are suitable for structure determination.
A REVIEW of PARTICLE BEHAVIOR IN TUBE FLOW: APPLICATIONS to ASEPTIC PROCESSING1

The design of holding tubes for continuous sterilization of foods containing large particulates depends heavily on knowledge of pipe flow behavior of food suspensions. Although directly related literature is limited, a considerable body of potentially useful literature is available on solid-liquid flows. This critical review discusses literature on solid-liquid flow in tubes, including capsule flow, effects on bends, radial migration phenomena, particle-particle interactions, modeling studies and other topics which may have a bearing on particle velocities in holding tubes.
EFFECTS OF DWARF MISTLETOE ON CLIMATE RESPONSE OF MATURE PONDEROSA PINE TREES

This research examines the influence of western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) infection on the radial growth response of mature ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) and its effects on dendroclimatic reconstructions. I hypothesize that trees with mistletoe have lower annual growth rates than uninfected trees, but exhibit higher mean sensitivities and stronger relationships between growth and climate variation. I tested these hypotheses using correlation and regression analyses to compare 100-year crossdated and standardized tree-ring chronologies from 26 infected and 29 uninfected trees. I compared both chronologies to climate variation as measured by changes in total precipitation, minimum, mean, and maximum temperature, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Results show that trees infected with dwarf mistletoe have higher radial growth rates, exhibit greater sensitivity, and respond more strongly to climate variation. Both infected and uninfected chronologies are significantly correlat...
Liver‐targeted antiviral nucleosides: Enhanced antiviral activity of phosphatidyl‐dideoxyguanosine versus dideoxyguanosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus infection in vivo

Abstract It would be desirable to develop antiviral agents that can be targeted to liver to enhance their antiviral effects and reduce nonhepatic toxicity. 2',3'-Dideoxyguanosine (ddG) has been found to be a potent and selective antihepatitis B agent both in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate ddG and its liver-targeted analog, we synthesized a series of phosphatidyl-ddGs and incubated them with 2.2.15 cells, which chronically produce hepatitis B virus. 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl- dideoxyguanosine (DPP-ddG) inhibited the production of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the culture medium by 90% at 4.5 mumol/L versus 9.1 mumol/L for ddG, while the liposome vehicle itself had no effect. To compare the efficacy of free ddG with its lipid prodrug in vivo, we treated woodchucks that were experimentally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) for 4 weeks by intraperitoneal injection of 2.6 mumol/kg/d of free ddG or liposomes containing 2.6 mumol/kg/d of DPP- ddG. Liposomal DPP-ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 23- to 46-fold at the end of the fourth week, while free ddG reduced serum WHV DNA by 2.2- to 10.4-fold. Treatment with small unilamellar liposomes containing DPP- ddG is substantially more effective than free ddG in reducing WHV-DNA levels in serum in WHV-infected woodchucks. The data suggest that the use of lipid prodrugs to target the liver may be useful in enhancing antiviral therapy of hepatitis. (Hepatology 1996 May;23(5):958-63)
Vibrational dephasing in polar molecular liquids: An application to a fundamental and its overtone in phenyl acetylene

Based upon the results reported here for phenyl acetylene and the results of other investigators' studies, a working model of phase relaxation in polar molecular liquids is proposed. The model rests upon the established concept of a phase annihilation operator1 and a postulated phase conduction band structure for polar molecular liquids. Three cases are discussed; briefly, they are (I) no effect upon the signal of interest by dilution, (II) narrowing of the signal of interest by dilution, and (III) broadening of the signal of interest by dilution. The latest effect has not been elucidated previously in the literature. Actual examples of each of these cases are discussed. Phenyl acetylene's vcc and 2vcc modes are shown to display Case II behavior. These two modes are found in the Raman spectrum at 2113 cm−1 (vcc) and 4205 cm−1 (2vcc). They have been examined by varying the concentration of this molecule in two dipolar solvents, a quadrupolar solvent and an octopolar solvent. In addition, temperature studies on the neat sample were carried out at 10–30 K intervals for vcc and at 275 K and 90 K for 2vcc. From the results of our investigation, a relaxation mechanism consistent with a quadrupole–quadrupole dephasing type mechanism is postulated for both vcc and 2vcc.
An electron microscopic study of the entodermal cells of the yolk sac of the chick during incubation and after hatching.

Normal and Thorotrast-injected chick yolk-sac specimens were prepared for electron microscopy and examined at intervals from early in the incubation period through the twelfth day after hatching. At all stages of development studied, it appeared that electron-dense yolk granules, lipid droplets, and Thorotrast particles were phagocytosed by the entodermal lining cells through a complicated system of coated vesicles and apical canaliculi which were associated with larger vesicles situated more deeply in the cells. The numerous vesicles in these cells frequently appeared to have merged with one another, and absorbed yolk materials within many of them appeared to have become structurally altered. In the late-incubation and post-hatching periods, numerous lightly osmicated lipid spherules (50–150 mμ diameter) were seen within cisternae of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, in vesicles of the Golgi apparatus, and in membranous enclosures near the basal plasmalemma of the entodermal cells. These lipid spherules were also present within intercellular spaces and within endothelial cells of vitelline capillaries, suggesting a sequence of events in which spherules were released from entodermal cells into the extracellular space and then taken up by the vascular system for further transport.
514 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

Although alcoholism is widespread among women in the reproductive age group of all socioeconomic levels in U.S., FAS has been reported almost exclusively from poor families. This study compares the incidence of FAS in the children of two distinct income groups of chronic alcoholic mothers. These two groups consisted of mothers and their offspring. Group I; 36 mothers and 109 offspring from Hollingshead' & Redlich's classification of class I-II, and group II; 48 mothers and 133 offspring from class V. Several parameters were studied. There was a highly significant difference in the incidence of FAS among the two groups; 4.5% of children in group I, and 70.9% children in group II had full or partial FAS. The mean birth weight of group I children was -ISD, while group II fell into -2SD. Other parameters studied including neonatal complications, congenital malformation rate, failure to thrive, small head circumference, mental retardation, developmental lag and number of hospitalization were all significantly greater in group II children. 21% of group I children, and 71% of group II children had attention deficit disorder. Children, over the age of 12 showed a high incidence of alcohol abuse (28% in group I, 75% in group II). There was a drop in educational level in both groups, as compared with their mothers. In conclusion, partial and full FAS were more prevalent among the low socioeconomic classes.
Measurements of electron capture and loss cross sections in collisions of Ar+ and Ar2+ with He in the energy range of 50–300 keV

Abstract Cross sections for the single electron capture (σ 10 ), single electron loss (σ 12 ) and double electron loss (σ 13 ) in Ar + +He collisions in the energy range 50–250 keV are presented. Also cross sections for the single electron capture (σ 21 ), double electron capture (σ 20 ) and single electron loss (σ 23 ) in the Ar 2+ + He system in the collision energy range of 100–300 keV are reported. The growth curve technique has been used in the data analysis for obtaining these cross sections. The present measurements are compared with some available data.
Germline transmission and efficient DNA recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells mediated by adenoviral-Cre transduction.

Following gene targeting, a loxP-neo-loxP cassette was introduced into ES cells. The presence of a selectable marker such as neo in the targeted allele may result in gene interference in flox mice or unexpected phenotypes due to genetic ambiguity in direct knockout mice. Typically, the neo cassette is selectively removed by transient expression of the Cre recombinase in targeted ES cell. However, this method involves a tedious process of selecting, expanding, and screening ES cell clones which may compromise germline competency. Here, we describe a novel method of combining adenovirus-Cre mediated gene recombination with ES gene targeting to facilitate efficient loxP-neo-loxP removal in ES cells. We demonstrate that adenovirus-Cre infected ES cells can retain their germline competency. The procedures described here facilitate a rapid genetic manipulation of ES cells to obtain neo-free knockout animals, multiple gene targeting, homozygous mutant ES cells ideal for in vitro characterization, or Rag-deficient blastocyst complementation. genesis 39:217–223, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using on-site structures that exhibit elevated temperatures as sources in FTIR remote sensing

Structures that exhibit above ambient temperatures are often found on industrial sites. These heated structures are being investigated for use as sources of infrared radiation that can be used to conduct open-path FT-IR monitoring of fugitive plumes from such sites. The use of on-site heated structures as infrared sources in open-path FT-IR monitoring promises many of the advantages of passive open-path FT-IR techniques because the arrangement is single-ended and allows spectra of fugitive plumes to be collected from a position away from the plumes themselves and possibly even outside of the plant's perimeter. The use of the heated on-site structures offers improvements in signal-to-noise ratios over passive techniques, however, similar to traditional `active' open-path techniques that incorporate a heated element (e.g., SiC) as the source of infrared radiation. Open path FT-IR monitoring has been conducted using on-site heated structures as infrared sources at an industrial site that produces agricultural chemicals to provide information about fluctuations in the concentrations of fugitive emissions produced from the site. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and limits of detections (LOD) similar to those associated with traditional active FT-IR monitoring techniques are demonstrated in the spectra collected.
Tunable kilowatt (12)CH(3)F-laser emission from an unstable resonator.

Using a half-meter unstable resonator configuration, over 1 kW of 0.496-mm radiation has been observed from CO2-pumped 12CH3F. At a pressure of 2 Torr, a Ramanlike emission, tunable over 400 MHz, was identified. The emission spectrum contained resonator longitudinal modes of linewidth less than 70 MHz and separated by 275 MHz. The full-angle beam divergence was 18 mrad.
A lower bound of 1/2n2 on linear search programs for the knapsack problem

Previously the best known lower bound on this problem was 71 log 71 [I]. The result presented here is the first lower bound of better than n log n given for an NP-complete problem for a model that is actually used in practice. Previous non-linear lower bounds have been for computations involving only monotone circuits [8] or fanout limited to one. Our theorem is derived by combining results on linear search tree complexity [4] with results from threshold logic [Ill. In Section 2, we begin by presenting the results on linear search trees and threshold logic. Section 3 is devoted to using these results to obtain our main theorem.
Managing information technology investments using a real-options approach

Investments in IT have become a dominant part of the capital budgets of many organizations. While the costs seem readily identifiable, many of the benefits are elusive. In this paper we develop a formal and practical methodology to evaluate information technology infrastructure investments. Our experience in using this approach has shown that it not only impacts the outcome but also improved understanding of how to align operating drivers with business capabilities and investment decisions. Thus, the real value of the real options approach is in how it informs the management process of IT investments.
A methodology for formal design of hardware control with application to cache coherence protocols

We propose a methodology for developing hardware control. In addition to the usual distinction between control and data path, a further distinction within the control code is made between algorithmic code and bookkeeping code. The high level specification describes the algorithmic code in an object-oriented st yle, is executable, formally verified, and automatically translated into HDL, thus giving hardware which is by construction equivalen t to its specification. We discuss the application of this methodology as it is used in product development of cache coherence protocols.