cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala: Discriminative Avoidance Learning, Discriminative Approach Learning, and Cingulothalamic Training-Induced Neuronal Activity

The amygdala is critically involved in discriminative avoidance learning. Large lesions of the amygdala block discriminative avoidance learning and abolish cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal activity. These results indicated that amygdalar processing is critical for cingulothalamic plasticity. The larger lesions did not allow differentiation of the specific functioning of various amygdalar nuclei. Anatomical analysis showed that damage in the central (CE) nucleus of the amygdala was correlated with the severity of the behavioral deficit. The present study was carried out to determine whether smaller lesions, centered in the CE nucleus, would impair discriminative avoidance learning and block cingulothalamic plasticity. In addition, the possible role of the CE nucleus in appetitively motivated discriminative approach learning was examined for the first time. New Zealand White rabbits with CE nuclear lesions were first trained in the discriminative approach task. After attaining asymptotic performance, discriminative avoidance training sessions were alternated with continuing approach training sessions, one session each day. The rabbits with lesions were severely impaired in avoidance learning but showed no impairment of approach learning. Surprisingly, the attenuating effects of the lesions on cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal activity were more prevalent during approach learning than during avoidance learning. These results indicated that avoidance learning can be impaired by lesions centered in the CE nucleus that leave cingulothalamic plasticity largely intact and that the CE nucleus is involved in extra-cingulothalamic learning processes.
Regulation of cargo recognition, commitment, and unloading drives cotranslational protein targeting

Efficient and accurate protein localization is essential to cells and requires protein-targeting machineries to both effectively capture the cargo in the cytosol and productively unload the cargo at the membrane. To understand how these challenges are met, we followed the interaction of translating ribosomes during their targeting by the signal recognition particle (SRP) using a site-specific fluorescent probe in the nascent protein. We show that initial recruitment of SRP receptor (SR) selectively enhances the affinity of SRP for correct cargos, thus committing SRP-dependent substrates to the pathway. Real-time measurement of cargo transfer from the targeting to translocation machinery revealed multiple factors that drive this event, including GTPase rearrangement in the SRP–SR complex, stepwise displacement of SRP from the ribosome and signal sequence by SecYEG, and elongation of the nascent polypeptide. Our results elucidate how active and sequential regulation of the SRP–cargo interaction drives efficient and faithful protein targeting.
'Ablation before pacemaker' in a patient with bradycardia: a case report.

Symptomatic sinus bradycardia is a common clinical condition encountered by clinicians. The current guidelines recommend treatment of symptomatic sinus bradycardia with a pacemaker implantation. However it is important to be cognizant of some potential confounding factors and recognizing these can sometimes be difficult. We report a case of symptomatic bradycardia that was treated with ablation due to the presence of underlying dual Atrio-Ventricular (AV) nodal pathways. A 77-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia presented to the emergency department with complaints of episodic dizziness. He was feeling well until the day of presentation when he experienced ‘severe dizziness’ which was worse with exertion and partly improved with rest. He denied chest pain or palpitations. On physical examination the patient was afebrile with a pulse of 39 beats per minute, an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air and …
Equilibrium between adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase patterns adrenergic agonist dose-dependent spatiotemporal cAMP/protein kinase A activities in cardiomyocytes.

β-Adrenergic receptor induces cAMP/Protein kinase A (PKA) activation to regulate cardiac contraction. Using real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging for highly sensitive detection of cAMP and PKA activities, we show two distinct phases in isoproterenol dose-dependent responses in cardiomyocytes: a transient and dose-dependent increase in cAMP and PKA activities at lower concentrations from 10−12 to 10−8 M; and a saturated initial increases at higher concentrations from 10−8 to 10−5 M followed by a rapid decrease to different levels that were later sustained in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-dependent temporal responses are patterned by equilibrium between receptor-activated adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE). At lower concentrations, cAMP is produced in an agonist dose-dependent manner with AC as a rate-limiting factor. However, the cAMP activities are confined within local domains for phosphorylation of PDE isoforms in the receptor complex but not for phosphorylation of phospholamban and troponin I. At higher concentrations, isoproterenol promotes a dose-dependent selective dissociation of PDE4D but not ACVI from the receptor complex, which shifts the equilibrium between AC and PDE. This shifted balance leads to sustained cAMP accumulation and diffusion for PKA phosphorylation of phospholamban and troponin I, and for myocyte contraction. Pharmacological inhibition or overexpression of either ACVI or PDE4D8 disrupts the balance and shapes the temporal responses in cAMP accumulation. Together, our data reveal a new paradigm for adrenergic agonist dose-dependent cAMP/PKA activities for substrate-specific phosphorylation dictated by dual regulation of AC and PDE in cardiomyocytes.
Tipped Wage Effects on Earnings and Employment in Full‐Service Restaurants

We exploit more than 20 years of changes in state-level tipped wage policy and estimate earnings and employment effects of the tipped wage using county-level panel data on full-service restaurants (FSR). We extend earlier work by Dube, Lester, and Reich (2010) and compare outcomes between contiguous counties that straddle a state border. We find a 10-percent increase in the tipped wage increases earnings in FSRs about 0.4 percent. Employment elasticities are sensitive to the inclusion of controls for unobserved spatial heterogeneity. In our preferred models, we find small, insignificant effects of the tipped wage on FSR employment
Rural Relevant Quality Measures for Critical Access Hospitals

Purpose: To identify current and future relevant quality measures for Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs). Methods: Three criteria (patient volume, internal usefulness for quality improvement, and external usefulness for public reporting and payment reform) were used to analyze quality measures for their relevance for CAHs. A 6-member panel with expertise in rural hospital quality measurement and improvement provided input regarding the final measure selection. Findings: The relevant quality measures for CAHs include measures that are ready for reporting now and measures that need specifications to be finalized and/or a data reporting mechanism to be established. They include inpatient measures for specific medical conditions, global measures that address appropriate care across multiple medical conditions, and Emergency Department measures. Conclusions: All CAHs should publicly report on relevant quality measures. Acceptance of a single consolidated set of quality measures with common specifications for CAHs by all entities involved in regulation, accreditation, and payment; a phased process to implement the relevant measures; and the provision of technical assistance would help CAHs meet the challenge of reporting.
Effective symmetry and physical properties of twinned perovskite ferroelectric single crystals

The effective symmetry and material properties of twinned ferroelectric crystals with perovskite structure were analyzed. The twins or twinbands studied here were formed during ferroelectric phase transitions, which resulted in one of the following symmetry changes: m $$\bar 3$$ m → 3m, m $$\bar 3$$ m → 4mm, and m $$\bar 3$$ m → mm2. It was found that the volume ratios of the two domains in a twin structure were not always equal due to the existence of defect pinning to the domain walls. This unequal partition changed the effective symmetry; hence, the effective macroscopic physical properties of the twin system. Using the data of LiNbO3, BaTiO3, and KNbO3, a detailed analysis has been carried out on macroscopic material property changes caused by the deviation from equal domain volume partition for crystals having 3m, 4mm, and mm2 symmetries.
Viewing the interpersonal mistreatment literature through a temporal lens

Given increasing awareness of time’s critical role, we assess the current position of time in the workplace mistreatment literature. Focusing on four mistreatment constructs (viz., abusive supervision, workplace bullying, workplace incivility, and social undermining) found in the organizational psychology literature, our search revealed 266 studies that have empirically examined the consequences of these forms of interpersonal mistreatment. We examine and critique these studies, finding that with a few exceptions, most have failed to design and test theoretical relationships in a manner consistent with construct definitions. As interpersonal mistreatment research has neglected the role of time, we conclude that the substantial number of existing studies offer limited insight into the true nature of mistreatment’s consequences over time. We go on to elaborate on the types of theoretical insights that might emerge when a temporal lens (objective time and/or subjective time) is adopted by mistreatment resear...
Gordon, Wendell. Economics from an Institutional Viewpoint. Austin: University Stores, 1973, ix + 389 pp., $5.95

Two errors in manuscript preparation have raised questions about the interpretaton of equations (4) and (8). In equation (4), Xjd(t) is the exponentially lagged value of the rate of change of the output of the jth sector and not the value of the output of the jth sector (pp. 523–24). In equation (8), C(t), I(t), and E(t) are vectors of domestic consumption, capital good demands, and exports, respectively, not the total values defined on p. 524.
Glandular epithelial abnormalities on thinprep® pap tests: Clinical and cytohistologic correlation.

Background Although the incidence of glandular epithelial abnormalities on cervical cytology is low, the clinical and histologic findings are often significant. The laboratory's 12-year experience is reported. Methods from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2014, the Cytopathology Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics processed 191,087 ThinPrep(®) Pap Tests of which 184 (0.1%) were reported as glandular epithelial abnormalities. One hundred forty-three (78%) of these cases had histologic follow-up and form the basis of this study. Of the 143 women (mean age, 52; median, 50), 45% presented with vaginal bleeding and 55% were asymptomatic. The cytologic groups included atypical glandular cells, atypical glandular cells; favor a neoplastic process, atypical endocervical cells, atypical endocervical cells; favor a neoplastic process, endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ, atypical endometrial cells and adenocarcinoma, NOS. Results Overall, the histologic follow-up showed epithelial abnormalities including endometrial and endocervical carcinoma, endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ, CIN 3 involving endocervical glands and metastatic carcinoma in 78% of the cases. The diagnoses were age-dependent and influenced by clinical symptomatology. Conclusion Glandular epithelial abnormalities on Pap tests warrant further clinical investigation.
Raymond Aron: A critical retrospective and prospective

Rationale for the Symposium Few intellectuals and political analysts have dominated their times more than Raymond Aron. His death in fall 1983 elicited press notice from around the globe. Aron's writings, covering over 50 years of ceaseless productivity, reached every corner of the world. He was truly a scholar and teacher of global proportions. Often at odds with his contemporaries in Europe, he was perhaps more appreciated, if not always fully understood, by his English-speaking peers in the United States and England than by his French and European colleagues. Yet he was too formidable to be ignored or dismissed by his adversaries and too original and iconoclastic to be cast as the representative of any one school of politics or political analysis. Aron's death, coming shortly on the heels of the publication of his best-selling memoirs,1 prompted the Editors of International Studies Quarterly to attempt an evaluation of his contribution to the study and understanding of international relations. This project has several related aims. First of all it seeks to identify some of the principal elements of Aron's work and approach to international politics that merit attention and preservation. Second, the Editors sought to present a critical retrospective rather than a eulogy, which, while well-meaning, would have had little lasting value. It seemed important to determine, at least in a preliminary way, what of Aron's work is likely to stand the test of time. It was also felt that Aron, given his dedication to dialectical discourse, would have also preferred a probing retrospective that looked critically and skeptically at his writing. Three respected scholars in international relations, known to colleagues on both sides of the Atlantic, consented to contribute evaluations. A close reading of the articles by Pierre Hassner, Stanley Hoffmann, and Urs Luterbacher reveals that they do not have the same views about Aron's contribution to the study of politics. Indeed, Professor Luterbacher, while conceding the importance of Aron's earlier philosophical writings, advances the intriguing case that Aron and his contemporaries slowed the development in France of a scientific social science along the model of the physical sciences. The differences expressed in the following retrospective suggest the third aim of the project, namely, to stir debate about key conceptual and methodological problems in international relations that have not been fully resolved. Aron strove throughout his Author's note: As the guest editor of this Aron retrospective, I should like to take this opportunity to thank Professors P. Terrence Hopmann and Robert Kudrle for their unfailing aid and encouragement. Professor Hopmann translated Pierre Hassner's article and was ever diligent and sensitive in capturing the meaning of illusive phrases and in pursuing fugitive citations. Professor Kudrle's persistence and gentle suasion were indispensable in seeing the project to completion.
Brønsted Acid Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Radical Addition of α-Amino C–H Bonds across Michael Acceptors

In marked contrast to the variety of strategies available for oxidation and nucleophilic functionalization of methylene groups adjacent to amines, relatively few approaches for modification of this position with electrophilic reaction partners have been reported. In the course of an investigation of the reactions of photogenerated α-amino radicals with electrophiles, we made the surprising observation that the efficiency of radical photoredox functionalization of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines is dramatically increased in the presence of a Bronsted acid cocatalyst. Optimized conditions provide high yields and efficient conversion to radical addition products for a range of structurally modified tetrahydroisoquinolines and enones using convenient household light sources and commercially available Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as a photocatalyst. Our investigations into the origins of this unexpected additive effect have demonstrated that the carbon–carbon bond-forming step is accelerated by TFA and is a rare example of Bron...
Reply to: Is there a role of radial rigidity in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction? By Ku JH, Song YS, Kim ME, Lee NK and Park YH.

Reply to: Is there a role of radial rigidity in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction? by Ku JH, Song YS, Kim ME, Lee NK and Park YH
Flow Dynamics and Mixing of a Turbulent Gaseous Jet into Oscillating Crossflow

The flow dynamics and mixing a gaseous jet into a crossflow is numerically investigated under conditions with externally imposed oscillations from the crossflow upstream region. A broad range of forcing frequencies and amplitudes are considered. The analysis is based on a large-eddy-simulation (LES) technique, with special attention given to the near-injector and near-wall turbulence treatment. Detailed information about the flow structures and mechanisms that dictates the flow evolution is obtained by means of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analyses. Results reveal that the dominant structures in the stationary crossflow case, with jet Strouhal numbers around 0.1 and 0.7, have been suppressed by the excitations. The flapping and detaching movements, bearing the forcing frequencies and their subharmonics, become the dominant phenomena as the forcing amplitude increases. These induced motions lead to a longer and narrower jet plume in any transverse plane and a lower “center of gravity” within the scalar field, which substantially modify the mixing efficiency.
Effects of intratracheal endotoxin administration on hamster lung glycosaminoglycans

Incorporation of [3H]glucosamine and 35S into glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was measured in hamster lung explant cultures at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h after a single endotracheal instillation of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Lung content of GAG was measured in a second group of treated animals over an 8-day period. Albumin was detected after endotoxin treatment in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 24 h but was not found in lavage fluid 7 days later or in lavage fluid of saline-treated animals. Over the initial 24 h, increasing amounts of radiolabeled precursor molecules were incorporated into all classes of GAG. Proportionally more radiolabel was incorporated into hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, and less was incorporated into heparan sulfate. The proportion of radiolabel incorporated into dermatan sulfate did not change. Total lung content of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate was elevated at 24 h but was returning to baseline by 8 days. The lung content of dermatan sulfate was increased at 8 days; lung content of heparan sulfate did not change over the 8-day study period. Elevations in the amount of explant heparan sulfate that bound to antithrombin III (AT III) were found at 1 h after both saline and endotoxin treatment. Radiosulfated heparan sulfates were found in blood from hamsters treated with endotoxin 1 h previously; these heparan sulfates did not bind to AT III. However, blood contained heparin-like activity. We conclude that endotoxin differentially alters the metabolism of each class of hamster lung glycosaminoglycans and that metabolic changes begin very rapidly after endotoxin exposure. The relation of pulmonary endothelial injury to the presence of heparin-like activity in blood is not yet clear.
Heuristics for resilience — A richer metric than reliability

This paper considers the use of resilience as a more encompassing measure of system reliability, availability and maintainability.
The Aspergillus nidulans Pbp1 homolog is required for normal sexual development and secondary metabolism

P bodies and stress granules are RNA-containing structures governing mRNA degradation and translational arrest, respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pbp1 protein localizes to stress granules and promotes their formation and is involved in proper polyadenylation, suppression of RNA-DNA hybrids, and preventing aberrant rDNA recombination. A genetic screen for Aspergillus nidulans mutants aberrant in secondary metabolism identified the Pbp1 homolog, PbpA. Using Dcp1 (mRNA decapping) as a marker for P-body formation and FabM (Pab1, poly-A binding protein) to track stress granule accumulation, we examine the dynamics of RNA granule formation in A. nidulans cells lacking pub1, edc3, and pbpA. Although PbpA acts as a functional homolog of yeast PBP1, PbpA had little impact on either P-body or stress granule formation in A. nidulans in contrast to Pub1 and Edc3. However, we find that PbpA is critical for sexual development and its loss increases the production of some secondary metabolites including the carcinogen sterigmatocystin.
Electron Donor-Acceptor Nature of the Ethanol-CO2 Dimer.

Supercritical CO2 is an appealing nontoxic, environmentally friendly solvent for the industrial extraction of many classes of compounds, from caffeine to natural product drug precursors to petrochemical impurities. Apolar in isolation, the ability of supercritical CO2 to dissolve polar species has been empirically shown to be greatly enhanced by the addition of a small molar percentage of a polar cosolvent, often ethanol. Computational work predicts that the isolated ethanol–CO2 complex can exist either in an electron-donor configuration or through a hydrogen-bonding one; yet, neither has been previously experimentally observed. Here, we demonstrate by rotational spectroscopy that the isolated, gas-phase ethanol–CO2 dimer is an electron donor–acceptor complex.
Narrative Theory: An Introduction and Overview

This chapter offers a review of the philosophical underpinnings and current state of narrative theory, as well as an introduction to social constructionism and its role in a narrative approach to clinical social work practice. An examination of the narrative structure of human experience leads to a discussion of the role of meaning making on individual, social, and cultural levels. The author presents a narrative perspective on social work practice as a particular way of listening to and engaging clients in the work of therapy.
Myocardial stress perfusion magnetic resonance in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BackgroundMicrovascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been associated with poor clinical outcome. Several studies have demonstrated a reduced perfusion reserve proportional to the magnitude of the hypertrophy. We investigated the utility of stress perfusion cardiac MRI to detect microvascular dysfunction in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.MethodsFrom January 2016 to January 2017, 13 patients, with a mean age of 15.3 years, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent regadenoson stress perfusion cardiac MRI (1.5-T Siemens Aera). A single-shot, T1-weighted saturation recovery gradient echo was used for first-pass perfusion in a multiple-slices group, including three short-axis slices and one four-chamber slice. Coronary vasodilatory stress was achieved using bolus injection of regadenoson (lexiscan 0.4 mg/5 ml) and dynamic perfusion during rest and stress performed by administering 0.05 mmol/kg of gadolinium contrast agent (gadoteridol) injected at a rate of 3.5 ml/s, followed by assessment of viability using two-dimensional phase-sensitive inversion recovery of the entire myocardium.ResultsAll patients completed protocols with no interruptions. In all, seven patients developed perfusion defects after the administration of regadenoson. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was the most common pattern of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n=4) in those with abnormal perfusion. A total of four patients with perfusion defects had a maximum wall thickness <30 mm. The finding of perfusion defects in areas without late gadolinium enhancement in some of our patients indicates that gadolinium enhancement by itself could underestimate the true extension of microvascular disease. Out of seven patients, five patients with positive stress cardiac MRI have undergone implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement based on current guidelines.ConclusionsRegadenoson stress cardiac MRI is feasible and clinically valuable in paediatric patients. It is particularly effective in unmasking abnormal myocardial perfusion in the presence of microvascular dysfunction in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
A prospective study of inflammatory biomarker levels and risk of early menopause.

Objective Early menopause, the cessation of ovarian function before age 45, has consequences for fertility and cardiovascular health. Evidence from studies of women with autoimmune conditions and genetic studies supports a role for inflammation in early menopause, but the association of inflammatory markers and risk has not been directly evaluated. Methods We assessed the relation of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (sTNFR2), C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL6) levels with incident early menopause among Nurses' Health Study II participants who provided a premenopausal blood sample in 1996 to 1999. Cases (n = 328) were women reporting natural menopause between blood collection and age 45.Controls (n = 492) included (1) 328 women with menopause after age 47, matched 1:1 with cases on age at blood collection and other factors; and (2) 164 additional women with menopause after age 45. Results In multivariable models comparing cases and n = 492 controls, we observed a significant association of sTNFR2 levels and risk of early menopause (P = 0.002). Compared with women with the lowest sTNFR2 levels, odds ratios (95% CIs) for quartiles 2 to 4 were 0.60 (0.38-0.95), 0.93 (0.61-1.43), and 1.40 (0.93-2.11). Results further adjusting for antimullerian hormone levels were similar in magnitude, as were results from sensitivity analyses of matched cases and controls (n = 328 pairs), nonsmokers, and leaner women. C-reactive protein and IL6 levels were unrelated to risk. Conclusions The observation of lower risk of early menopause among women with moderate sTNFR2 levels compared with women with lower and higher levels warrants further prospective study.
Well-Being, Adjustment, and Health

Inevitably, discussions about desire for control get around to the question of whether people with a high desire for control or people with a low desire for control are better adjusted and happier. Not surprisingly, I typically find that high desire for control people say that they are better off psychologically, while low desire for control people maintain the opposite. Although a case can be made for both of these positions, the research reviewed in this chapter indicates that a simple answer to the question probably is not possible. As I will discuss at the end of the chapter, most likely both high desire for control people and low desire for control people can be well-adjusted and happy, depending upon many other factors.
Measuring Ocular Counter Roll: THEIA Device

A novel prototype of a medical instrument for clinical diagnosis and research applications has been developed and tested. The device measures the ocular counter roll of an eyeball with a high level of precision using a mechanical measurement method (for head roll), and employs machine vision analysis to measure eye roll with respect to facial features. The prototype was 3D printed using an Objet 260 Polyjet 3D printer and tested in laboratory conditions.
Implementing nurse telephone follow-up clinics for monitoring parenteral osteoporosis treatment – a service evaluation

Parenteral osteoporosis treatments including yearly intravenous zoledronate infusions and 6-monthly denosumab subcutaneous injections are increasingly used in patients unable to tolerate oral bisphosphonates.[1][1] These treatments are generally delivered and monitored in a secondary care setting.
Hydrothermal synthesis and structure of a two-dimensional Fe(III)-organodiphosphonate compound, [Fe(O3PCH2C6H4CH2PO3H)(H2O)], and an Expansion of the Harris Notation

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of FeCl2·4H2O, 1,2-[phenelyenebis(methylene)]bis-phosphonic acid (o-C8H8P2O6H4), and triethylamine produced [Fe(o-C8H8P2O6H)(H2O)] as a yellow crystalline solid. The structure consists of two-dimensional networks of Fe(III)O6 octahedra linked through RPO3 tetrahedra. The xylyl groups project above and below these layers into the interlamellar domain. The iron coordination consists of five oxygen donors from five different phosphonate tetrahedra and an aqua ligand. The diphosphonate ligand adopts the [3.111213/2.11140] bonding mode, according to a modified Harris notation.
A Qualitative Reckoning

In this article, I use tenets of autoethnography in the form of narrative inquiry to mark my journey through grief and hope within a Qualitative Research Certificate Program. Incorporating echoes of Anzalduan thought and “stop moments.” I seek to demonstrate, from a doctoral student perspective, but also a human perspective, how QR classrooms can become spaces that move beyond methodologies and subjectivities to become safe spaces to confront challenges, create growth, incite healing, and most importantly, to move beyond our current understanding of what constitutes knowledge.
Characterizing Adsorption Sites on Ag/SSZ-13 Zeolites: Experimental Observations and Bayesian Inference

Three potential adsorption sites within the Ag/SSZ-13 zeolite are compared for their ethylene and water adsorption capacity. Ethylene acts as a model hydrocarbon molecule in this work to stand in f...
Low Temperature SoIC™ Bonding and Stacking Technology for 12/16-Hi High Bandwidth Memory (HBM)

A 12-high (12-Hi) die stack using low temperature SoIC bonding and stacking technology is presented and demonstrated for the application of HBM. The daisy chains in the 12-Hi structure incorporating over ten thousand TSVs and bonds are tested. Liner I-V curves are obtained to demonstrate the good bonding and stacking quality. The electrical link from a base logic die to top DRAM is built up to study the bandwidth and power consumption. Compared to $\mu \mathrm{bump}$ technology, the bandwidth for 12-Hi and 16-Hi structure using the SoIC technology shows the improvement of 18% and 20%, respectively and the power efficiency demonstrates the improvement of 8% and 15%, respectively. Also, the thermal performance for the 12-Hi and 16-Hi SoIC-bond structures are improved by 7% and 8%, respectively. Based on the proposed technologies, the scalability of bond pitch to sub-ten $\mu\mathrm{m}$ and die thickness to be thinner is prospected.
Flower development in Fedia graciliflora and Valerianella locusta (Valerianaceae)

Abstract Valerianaceae provides a model clade for examining diversification in floral shape, especially involving size, bilateral symmetry, asymmetry, and handedness. Fedia species have pink, strongly bilaterally symmetrical corollas while Valerianella species generally have white, near-radially symmetrical corollas. In this study we examine the early floral ontogeny of Valerianella locusta and Fedia graciliflora to compare early growth and developmental traits that may lead to the difference in their mature flowers. Fedia graciliflora and V. locusta inflorescences at varying stages of development were collected and dissected to remove subtending bracts and bracteoles. Images of floral development were taken using a stereomicroscope and a Scanning Electron Microscope. The inflorescence primordium appears to continuously bifurcate as it grows, resulting in an inflorescence with densely packed flowers of varying ages. Flowers of both F. graciliflora and V. locusta initiate petals and stamens simultaneously on a ring-like common primordium. We demonstrate that stamen primordia arise in a spiral pattern, grow faster than other organs, and dominate growth until they are nearly mature. Five petal primordia and two stamens arise in F. graciliflora. In contrast, in V. locusta which has three stamens, four petal primordia initiate, which appear as an open ring-like or U-shaped primordium with a furrow on one side. This likely provides the space for the additional large stamen. Sepal development is not evident and lobes are lacking. The gynoecium does not begin to develop until the flower bud is nearing maturity. These data provide a framework for future developmental genetic work in these species.
Smart Internet Probing: Scanning Using Adaptive Machine Learning

Network scanning is widely used to assess security postures of hosts/networks, discover vulnerabilities, and study Internet trends. However, scans can generate large amounts of traffic, and efficient probing of IPv6 hosts (where global scans are infeasible) is an outstanding problem. In this chapter, we develop a framework for efficient Internet scans using machine learning, by preemptively detecting and avoiding the scanning of inactive hosts. We evaluate this framework over global scans of the IPv4 space over 20 ports, and show that using location and ownership information we can reduce the bandwidth of scans by 26.7–72.0%, while discovering 90–99% of active hosts. We then evaluate a sequential method by gradually adding information obtained from scanned ports to adaptively predict the remaining port responses, yielding 47.4–83.5% of bandwidth savings at the same true positive rates. Our framework can be used to lower the bandwidth consumption of scans and increase their hit rate, thereby reducing their intrusive nature and enabling efficient discovery of active devices.
A novel mouse model for hedgehog signaling-mediated carcinogenesis

3886 The hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a critical role in embryonic development and tissue polarity. Activation of Hh signaling, usually due to loss-of-function somatic mutations of PTCH1 and less often to activating mutations of SMO, is the pivotal abnormality in sporadic basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). A natural product, cyclopamine, can specifically inhibit Hh signaling and is shown to be effective in prevention and treatment of BCCs in animal models. There are several mouse models for Hh signaling-mediated BCC formation, with Ptch1+/- mice as one of the best models. However, about 30% of Ptch1+/- mice die from medulloblastoma and a long-term UV irradiation is required for BCC formation in this model, which prevents widely use of this mouse model for drug testing. To establish more efficient mouse models, we have generated mice with skin-specific activation of Hh signaling using K14 promoter. In this model, activation of hedgehog signaling was achieved by either skin-specific knockout of Ptch1 or skin-specific knockin of activated SMO. We found that these mice develop skin cancers in the first week. By day 28, most mice develop alopecia. These mice only have one third of the weight of the wild type mice. Skin of these mice is filled with BCC-like tumors. Further analysis of these tumors indicated that Hh signaling is activated. In summary, we have established novel mouse models for Hh signaling-mediated skin cancers. These mice can be readily used for testing therapeutic drugs for BCCs.
Bottlebrush polymers with flexible enantiomeric side chains display differential biological properties.

Chirality and molecular conformation are central components of life: biological systems rely on stereospecific interactions between discrete (macro)molecular conformers, and the impacts of stereochemistry and rigidity on the properties of small molecules and biomacromolecules have been intensively studied. Nevertheless, how these features affect the properties of synthetic macromolecules has received comparably little attention. Here we leverage iterative exponential growth and ring-opening metathesis polymerization to produce water-soluble, chiral bottlebrush polymers (CBPs) from two enantiomeric pairs of macromonomers of differing rigidity. Remarkably, CBPs with conformationally flexible, mirror image side chains show several-fold differences in cytotoxicity, cell uptake, blood pharmacokinetics and liver clearance; CBPs with comparably rigid, mirror image side chains show no differences. These observations are rationalized with a simple model that correlates greater conformational freedom with enhanced chiral recognition. Altogether, this work provides routes to the synthesis of chiral nanostructured polymers and suggests key roles for stereochemistry and conformational rigidity in the design of future biomaterials. The contributions of chirality and conformation as contributing factors to the biological properties of synthetic nanomaterials remain underexplored. A synthesis of bottlebrush polymers with mirror-image side chains has now been developed and it has been revealed that an interplay between side-chain absolute configuration and flexibility influences the biological properties of these polymers both in vitro and in vivo.
A data-driven model of pedestrian movement

We present a method for simulating individual pedestrian motion based on empirical data. Our model keeps track of the pedestrian’s position and body configuration (pose) and uses motion capture data to produce plausible motion. While our ultimate goal is creating 3D animations of crowds, our initial efforts focus on 2D simulations. In this paper, we present a 2D model for an able-bodied male. Using our approach, we could also capture data and build models for a heterogeneous population, including children, the elderly, pedestrians in wheelchairs, and people on crutches. We demonstrate the realism of our model with a small-scale test case and a larger crowd evacuation simulation.
Bayesian Computation with R

There has been a dramatic growth in the development and application of Bayesian inferential methods. Some of this growth is due to the availability of powerful simulation-based algorithms to summarize posterior distributions. There has been also a growing interest in the use of the system R for statistical analyses. R's open source nature, free availability, and large number of contributor packages have made R the software of choice for many statisticians in education and industry. Bayesian Computation with R introduces Bayesian modeling by the use of computation using the R language. The early chapters present the basic tenets of Bayesian thinking by use of familiar one and two-parameter inferential problems. Bayesian computational methods such as Laplace's method, rejection sampling, and the SIR algorithm are illustrated in the context of a random effects model. The construction and implementation of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is introduced. These simulation-based algorithms are implemented for a variety of Bayesian applications such as normal and binary response regression, hierarchical modeling, order-restricted inference, and robust modeling. Algorithms written in R are used to develop Bayesian tests and assess Bayesian models by use of the posterior predictive distribution. The use of R to interface with WinBUGS, a popular MCMC computing language, is described with several illustrative examples. This book is a suitable companion book for an introductory course on Bayesian methods and is valuable to the statistical practitioner who wishes to learn more about the R language and Bayesian methodology. The LearnBayes package, written by the author and available from the CRAN website, contains all of the R functions described in the book. The second edition contains several new topics such as the use of mixtures of conjugate priors and the use of Zellners g priors to choose between models in linear regression. There are more illustrations of the construction of informative prior distributions, such as the use of conditional means priors and multivariate normal priors in binary regressions. The new edition contains changes in the R code illustrations according to the latest edition of the LearnBayes package.
Information requirements for improving hydropower

A method of analysis is described with the objective of determining how (and whether) aerospace derived information system technology can effectively increase hydropower production. The increase in annual hydropower benefits is derived from more accurate reservoir inflow forecasting based upon the use of new or improved sensors and satellite data relay systems. Sensitivity analyses are presented for watershed parameters imbedded in conceptual watershed models. Results are related to hydropower production and sensor requirements via a reservoir optimization model to establish information system requirements. A numerical example is presented using a typical multiple purpose reservoir system located in northern California.
Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization

Karen Horney was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1885 and studied at the University of Berlin, receiving her medical degree in 1913. From 1914 to 1918 she studied psychiatry at Berlin-Lankwitz, Germany, and from 1918 to 1932 taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. She participated in many international congresses, among them the historic discussion of lay analysis, chaired by Sigmund Freud. Dr. Horney came to the United States in 1932 and for two years was Associate Director of the Psychoanalytic Institute, Chicago. In 1934 she came to New York and was a member of the teaching staff of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute until 1941, when she became one of the founders of the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis and the American Institute for Psychoanalysis. In Neurosis and Human Growth, Dr. Horney discusses the neurotic process as a special form of the human development, the antithesis of healthy growth. She unfolds the different stages of this situation, describing neurotic claims, the tyranny or inner dictates and the neurotic's solutions for relieving the tensions of conflict in such emotional attitudes as domination, self-effacement, dependency, or resignation. Throughout, she outlines with penetrating insight the forces that work for and against the person's realization of his or her potentialities. This 40th Anniversary Edition includes a new preface by Stephanie Steinfeld, Ph.D., and Jeffrey Rubin, M.D., of the American Institute for Psychoanalysis.
Nutritional Regulation of Lignin Degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Previous studies have shown that a lignin-degrading system appears in cultures of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium in response to nitrogen starvation, apparently as part of secondary metabolism. We examined the influence of limiting carbohydrate, sulfur, or phosphorus and the effect of varying the concentrations of four trace metals, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Limitation of carbohydrate or sulfur but not limitation of phosphorus triggered ligninolytic activity. When only carbohydrate was limiting, supplementary carbohydrate caused a transient repression of activity. In carbohydrate-limited cultures, ligninolytic activity appeared when the supplied carbohydrate was depleted, and this activity was associated with a decrease in mycelial dry weight. The amount of lignin degraded depended on the amount of carbohydrate provided, which determined the amount of mycelium produced during primary growth. Carbohydrate-limited cultures synthesized only small amounts of the secondary metabolite veratryl alcohol compared with nitrogen-limited cultures. l-Glutamate sharply repressed ligninolytic activity in carbohydrate-starved cultures, but NH4+ did not. Ligninolytic activity was also triggered in cultures supplied with 37 μM sulfur as the only limiting nutrient. The balance of trace metals, Mg2+, and Ca2+ was important for lignin degradation.
Are Consumers Vulnerable to Low Knowledge of Long‐Term Care?

This study contributes empirical evidence about who is most vulnerable to low knowledge of long-term care (LTC). A random sample of public employees (n = 760) in Minnesota facing decisions about managing the risk of LTC was utilized to examine levels of LTC financial knowledge using written survey methods. Employees scored an average of 69% correct (9 of 13 items) on the true/false quiz designed to measure LTC financial knowledge. Average scores indicated employees were most knowledgeable about concepts related to risk followed by financing alternatives, and least knowledgeable about costs. Multiple regression analyses indicated that employees who had lower incomes, were married, and without living children were more vulnerable to lower overall knowledge. Individual characteristics were significant when examining differences in knowledge about LTC with regard to risk, costs, and financing alternatives. This study has implications for policymakers and practitioners being asked to identify and implement appropriate strategies to improve LTC financial literacy.
Recent Advances in the Mechanics of Boundary Layer Flow

Publisher Summary The concept of a boundary layer was proposed near the surface of a body moving through a fluid, a region of comparatively small thickness within which the viscous forces are comparable to the inertial forces and within which the relative speed between the body and the fluid decreases rapidly to zero is discuss in this chapter. The equations of flow is derived in the boundary layer from the Navier-Stokes equations to obtain solution for the special case of flow along a thin flat plate parallel to the direction of flow in an airstream of uniform speed. The theory gives both the skin friction and the velocity distribution within the layer. Comparisons of skin friction data soon showed certain discrepancies and it became clear that the boundary layer flow did not always conform to the Prandtl equations. This concept of Prandtl has been extraordinarily fruitful in the development of fluid mechanics. Many puzzling phenomena have been clarified by a study of the nature of the flow within the boundary layer and its effect on the general flow around the body.
Historical perspectives on health: assessment of national progress in public health in England, 1832-1911.

The health of society is the sum of recent public policy and the heritage of public health and welfare. The degree of improvement in the health of young males in the nineteenth century may be gauged by scrutinising changes in the ratio of weight to height 2 (W/H2). The two variables summate the developmental history of individuals, and so are an index of biosocial circumstances for a set of people. Such data are uncommon, and this essay formulates the ratio for the years 1832 to 1911. The conclusion is that, according to the W/H 2 criterion, innovations in public policy produced improvement in the health of young males.
High-speed gas chromatography-multiplex coherent Raman analysis of BTEX.

Gas chromatography–multiplex coherent Raman (GC-MCR) is a new tandem technique that can be used for the high-speed analysis of volatile mixtures. BTEX serves as a useful and challenging test sample because of the similarity in boiling point and spectroscopic properties of its constituents. The ability to spectroscopically resolve isomers (e.g., m-xylene and p-xylene) allows GC-MCR to sacrifice chromatographic resolution for speed. The result is the analysis of BTEX in less than 5 min, which is relatively fast compared with other tandem GC techniques.
Molecular bond effects in the fusion of halo nuclei

Abstract We consider the effect of the long tail of the neutron distribution in the fusion of halo nuclei. We show that for relative separations on the order of the halo size, the exchange of the valence neutrons between the two nuclei is responsible for an effective attractive potential which decreases the Coulomb barrier and increases the fusion cross sections dramatically.