cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Report Section: Cardiac Dysfunction in Severe Hyperkalemia

The clinical manifestations of hyperpotassemia are well described in the current literature, and the electrocardiogram is one of the most important diagnostic aids in establishing this syndrome. This paper is primarily concerned with the management of the often dramatic electrocardiographic abnormalities seen in patients with hyperkalemia. The electrocardiograph was first used to demonstrate the effects of abnormal serum levels of potassium in the animal laboratory in 1938 by Winkler1 and again by Chamberlain2 in 1939. Since that time many in� have described similar alterations in the electrocardiograms of human beings with hyperpotassernia. The progressive electrocardiographic changes seen with rising serum potassium have been summarized by Burch and Windsor8 as follows: 1. Increased magnitude of T waves. 2. Depression of the ST segment.
Justice Holmes: A New Path for American Jurisprudence

In 1897 a prominent Boston lawyer and judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court—soon to begin a brilliant career as Justice of the United States Supreme Court—addressed Boston University law students. In this address, he stated his themes in such fresh and provocative language that later readers of the published text took it to mark a revolutionary break from nineteenth century thinking about the nature of law and legal reasoning. This language would decisively shape and direct American legal theory in the twentieth century. “The Path of Law” quickly acquired the status of a classic, one of the most influential pieces of jurisprudential writing in English in the twentieth century; yet its rhetoric and reputation do not match its reality.
G-CSF Receptor Mutations Found in Patients with Severe Congenital Neutropenia Confer a Strong Competitive Growth Advantage at the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Level That Is Mediated by STAT5 Activation.

Patients with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) have a markedly increased risk of developing myelodysplasia (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Though the genetic basis for this increased susceptibility is unknown, gain-of-function mutations of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) have been found in the great majority of patients with SCN who develop MDS/AML. These mutations are somatic and produce a truncated G-CSFR that, though remaining ligand-dependent, transmits a hyperproliferative signal. We and others have shown that targeted transgenic mice expressing a representative G-CSFR mutation (d715) have markedly exaggerated neutrophil responses to G-CSF treatment. Based on these observations, it has been suggested that these gain-of-function G-CSFR mutations contribute to leukemogenesis. However, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is scant. Moreover, it is unclear how hematopoietic cells expressing the mutant G-CSFR gain clonal dominance. We previously showed that expression of the d715 G-CSFR results in a strong competitive advantage at the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) level, but only in the presence of an increased concentration of G-CSF. Herein, we describe studies to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the clonal dominance of HSC expressing the d715 G-CSFR. At baseline, the percentage of cycling c-Kit + lineage − Sca + (KLS) cells was similar in WT (8.9±2.0%) and d715 G-CSFR mice (10±3.0%). However, 24 hours after a single injection of G-CSF, a significantly greater percentage of cycling KLS was observed in d715 G-CSFR compared with WT mice (34.4±2.4% versus 20±3.8%; p
Improving fire station turn-out-time using discrete-event simulation

Fire station turn-out-time is vitally important to firefighters' ability to provide lifesaving services. Turn-out-time consists of two phases: first, dispatch by a controller in a 911 call center; second, turn-out, in which controllers notify the responders, and responders prepare for the emergency by donning their personal protective equipment and boarding their emergency vehicle. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) suggests a two-minute turn-out-time, yet fire stations do not always meet this goal due to several factors. This case study considered configuration, procedural, environmental, and behavioral factors at a single fire station using discrete-event simulation with the aim to decrease turn-out-time. Implementing a procedural and behavioral change allowing phase two to commence before phase one was completed decreasing the simulated turn-out-time by 24.3%. This change increases the ability for the case study fire station to provide lifesaving services and meet the NFPA goal.
Accelerating the semisynthesis of alkaloid-based drugs through metabolic engineering

Alkaloid-derived pharmaceuticals are commonly semisynthesized from plant-extracted starting materials, which often limits their availability and final price. Recent advances in synthetic biology have enabled the introduction of complete plant pathways into microbes for the production of plant alkaloids. Microbial production of modified alkaloids has the potential to accelerate the semisynthesis of alkaloid-derived drugs by providing advanced intermediates that are structurally closer to the final pharmaceuticals and could be used as advanced intermediates for the synthesis of novel drugs. Here, we analyze the scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcome to generate microbes to produce modified plant alkaloids that can provide more suitable intermediates to US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmaceuticals. We highlight modified alkaloids that currently could be produced by leveraging existing alkaloid microbial platforms with minor variations to accelerate the semisynthesis of seven pharmaceuticals on the market.
Comparative effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for weight loss and safety outcomes in older adults

Abstract Background Most bariatric studies in older adult patients have focused on older operations with limited follow-up and equivocal results. Objectives To compare weight loss and safety in patients ages≥65 years undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Setting Nine different bariatric surgery centers with 23 surgeons serving over 30,000 bariatric patients. Methods Participants were≥65 years who had a SG or LRYGB between January 1, 2010, and March 15, 2015. Outcomes measured were change in weight up to 4 years after surgery; 30-, 90-, and 365-day mortality; and early (≤30 d) and late (31–365 d) complication rates. To control for nonrandom assignment, SG and LRYGB cases were propensity matched at the time of surgery for gender, race/ethnicity, procedure year, body mass index, presence of diabetes and/or hypertension, and overall co-morbidity burden. Results There were 177 LRYGB and 252 SG patients (n = 429). Patients were female (70%), 67 years old (range 65 to 79), non-Hispanic white (64%), and had a body mass index of 42.6±5.4 kg/m2. The year 4 follow-up rate was 75% (n = 322). LRYGB patients lost significantly more weight than SG after a median 4 years of follow-up (P Conclusions Elderly patients lost significantly more weight with LRYGB compared with SG. Further studies will be necessary to determine if the long-term effects of greater weight loss warrant the increased risk involved with LRYGB.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF CO2 LASER MACHINING ON POLYPROPYLENE-A Review

This Paper presents effect of CO2 laser machining on Polypropylene material. Polypropylene (pp), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including packaging and labelling, textiles etc. CO2 Laser machining is thermal energy based non-contact type advance machining. Currently, machine operators use “trial and error” approach to set-up laser cutting parameters in order to achieve the desired surface roughness. The setting up of laser cutting parameters is repetitive due to trial and error process. This report gives an effect of CO2 laser cutting parameters (laser power, cutting speed, stand-off distance etc.) on the cut quality parameters (heat affected zone, surface waviness, kerf taper ratio etc.). The Taguchi method has been used in order to obtain optimum machine parameters.
Evaluative feedback delivery and the factors that affect success.

Abstract This study examines the factors that can affect the credibility, influence, and utility of evaluative feedback. These factors include the delivery strategy, accuracy, and type (positive/negative) of feedback provided. In this study over 500 participants were asked to complete a task, and were then randomly assigned to different conditions with varied feedback delivery methods, feedback accuracy, and types of feedback (positive/negative). Then they were asked questions about the feedback’s credibility, influence, and utility.
Aggregate Emissions Intensity Targets: Applications to the Paris Agreement

We compare aggregate emission intensity, quantity, and price targets adopted at the national level but implemented cost eﬀectively at the firm level. We obtain simple ranking conditions that depend on the slope ratio of marginal emission damage and marginal abatement cost curves, and threshold parameters determined by the variance and covariance of GDP and business-as-usual emission. We apply the ranking conditions to the top 12 carbon dioxide emitters with specific greenhouse gas targets in the Paris Agreement, and obtain a robust result that intensity targets dominate quantity targets for most of these nations.
POOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION(HFPEF)

Adults with diabetes mellitus demonstrate increased levels of myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV), a measure of myocardial interstitial fibrosis. However, whether poor diabetes control is associated with ECV among diabetic patients with and without HFpEF is unknown. We studied 85 adults
Reframing the approach to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Longitudinal assessment with hazard associated with liver transplantation for HCC (HALTHCC) improves ablate and wait strategy.

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are screened at presentation for appropriateness of liver transplantation (LT) using morphometric criteria, which poorly specifies risk. Morphology is the crux of measuring tumor response to locoregional therapy (LRT) using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). This study investigated the utility of following a continuous risk score (hazard associated with liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma; HALTHCC) to longitudinally assess risk. This multicenter, retrospective study from 2002 to 2014 enrolled 419 patients listed for LT for HCC. One cohort had LRT while waiting (n = 351), compared to the control group (n = 68) without LRT. Imaging studies (n = 2,085) were collated to laboratory data to calculate HALTHCC, MORAL, Metroticket 2.0, and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) score longitudinally. Cox proportional hazards evaluated associations of HALTHCC and peri-LRT changes with intention-to-treat (ITT) survival (considering dropout or post-LT mortality), and utility was assessed with Harrell's C-index. HALTHCC better predicted ITT outcome (LT = 309; dropout = 110) when assessed closer to delisting (P < 0.0001), maximally just before delisting (C-index, 0.742 [0.643-0.790]). Delta-HALTHCC post-LRT was more sensitive to changes in risk than mRECIST. HALTHCC score and peri-LRT percentage change were independently associated with ITT mortality (hazard ratio = 1.105 [1.045-1.169] per point and 1.014 [1.004-1.024] per percent, respectively). CONCLUSIONS HALTHCC is superior in assessing tumor risk in candidates awaiting LT, and its utility increases over time. Peri-LRT relative change in HALTHCC outperforms mRECIST in stratifying risk of dropout, mortality, and recurrence post-LT. With improving estimates of post-LT outcomes, it is reasonable to consider allocation using HALTHCC and not just waiting time. Furthermore, this study supports a shift in perspective, from listing to allocation, to better utilize precious donor organs. (Hepatology 2018).
A Spatial Map of Onset and Sustained Responses to Speech in the Human Superior Temporal Gyrus

To derive meaning from speech, we must extract multiple dimensions of concurrent information from incoming speech signals. That is, equally important to processing phonetic features is the detection of acoustic cues that give structure and context to the information we hear. How the brain organizes this information is unknown. Using data-driven computational methods on high-density intracranial recordings from 27 human participants, we reveal the functional distinction of neural responses to speech in the posterior superior temporal gyrus according to either onset or sustained response profiles. Though similar response types have been observed throughout the auditory system, we found novel evidence for a major spatial parcellation in which a distinct caudal zone detects acoustic onsets and a rostral-surround zone shows sustained, relatively delayed responses to ongoing speech stimuli. While posterior onset and anterior sustained responses are used substantially during natural speech perception, they are not limited to speech stimuli and are seen even for reversed or spectrally rotated speech. Single-electrode encoding of phonetic features in each zone depended upon whether the sound occurred at sentence onset, suggesting joint encoding of phonetic features and their temporal context. Onset responses in the caudal zone could accurately decode sentence and phrase onset boundaries, providing a potentially important internal mechanism for detecting temporal landmarks in speech and other natural sounds. These findings suggest that onset and sustained responses not only define the basic spatial organization of high-order auditory cortex but also have direct implications for how speech information is parsed in the cortex. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Willingness to use instant home HIV tests: data from the California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey.

Abstract Objective Although home collection HIV tests are available in the United States, home HIV tests providing instant results are not available. The objective of this study was to examine willingness to use instant home HIV tests and what test characteristics are most important to individuals. Methods Six questions were added to the 1999 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) ( n =2964). This state-representative survey is part of the ongoing, 50-state BRFSS sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to examine willingness to use instant home HIV tests and preferences for HIV test characteristics. Results Over one third (37%) of respondents would consider using an instant home HIV test. Respondents willing to use instant home tests were more likely to be Hispanic (odds ratio [OR]=1.55; confidence interval [CI]=1.03–2.34); to have not previously been tested for HIV (OR=1.72; CI=1.20–2.45); to be more likely to plan to be tested in the next 12 months (OR=1.17; CI=1.00–1.37); and to prefer urine sample collection (OR=1.56; CI=1.03–2.37). Conclusion Over one third of respondents in a large, state-representative sample would consider using an instant home HIV test. Hispanics, individuals who planned to be tested in the next 12 months, and individuals who had never been tested were more willing to use instant home tests.
The Influence of the Photoreceptor -RPE Complex on the Inner Retina An Explanation for the Beneficial Effects of Photocoagulation

We have measured oxygen consumption in the various retinal layers and have found that the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) complex accounts for two thirds of total oxygen consumption. Hence, this complex substantially influences oxygen transport between the choroid and the inner retina. This finding has significant implications in explaining the beneficial effects of panretinal photocoagulation as well as retinal vasculature changes in outer retinal degenerations.
Knowledge Transfer Between Embedded Controllers

Although many Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) have similarities among themselves, their control systems are often designed from the scratch. As a result, the knowledge of one expert control system does not come into use in designing and improving other types of control systems. In this paper, we explore the problem of knowledge transfer between two embedded control systems—which enables us to design effective and accurate control systems efficiently and at a large scale. To realize this idea, we formally define the problem of transferring knowledge between two linear time-variant systems. We derive necessary conditions for transferring parameters between two scalar systems as well as two high-order systems. We describe the transfer process which constitutes of a parameter update procedure, a convergence test, and a stability test. We derive a closed-form expression to quantify the performance benefit of the proposed technique in terms of the speed of convergence of system parameter adaptation process. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed technique, we conduct experiments with a real robotic arm as well as a mobile robot simulator. Our results show that the robotic arm learns its system dynamics 3--5 times faster when it uses transferred knowledge from a well-adapted robotic hand. Similarly, with transferred knowledge, the mobile robot navigates successfully to its target location while making 10 times less learning errors.
Volumetric absolute blood flow measurement with fully connected vasculature network using Doppler optical coherence tomography

Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) is a promising functional imaging modality for quantitative blood flow measurement. A major limitation of DOCT is that only the axial component of flow can be measured, which is strongly influenced by the geometry of the vasculature. To overcome this challenge, we proposed a new method to retrieve absolute blood flow velocity of the vascular networks with fully restored topology. The application of open active snake can detect the skeleton of vasculature network without the need of vasculature segmentation, allowing Doppler angle to be calculated. The discontinuity of vasculature induced by Doppler angle and the limited dynamic range is corrected by a tensor voting based method, enabling the measurement of absolute blood flow velocity along each fully connected vessel branch. We present the results of in vivo cerebral blood flow (CBF) networks to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
A Clinician’s Primer for Idiographic Research: Considerations and Recommendations.

Theorists and clinicians have long noted the need for idiographic (i.e., individual-level) designs within clinical psychology. Results from idiographic work may provide a possible resolution of the therapist's dilemma-the problem of treating an individual using information gathered via group-level research. Due to advances in data collection and time series methodology, there has been increasing interest in using idiographic designs to answer clinical questions. Although time series methods have been well-studied outside the field of clinical psychology, there is limited direction on how clinicians can use such models to inform their clinical practice. In this primer, we collate decades of published and word-of-mouth information on idiographic designs, measurement, and modeling. We aim to provide an initial guide on the theoretical and practical considerations that we urge interested clinicians to consider before conducting idiographic work of their own.
Pain Outcomes Following Microvascular Decompression for Drug-Resistant Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a potentially curative surgery for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Predictors of pain freedom after MVD are not fully understood. Objective To describe rates and predictors for pain freedom following MVD. Methods Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were queried for primary studies examining pain outcomes after MVD for TN published between 1988 and March 2018. Potential biases were assessed for included studies. Pain freedom (ie, Barrow Neurological Institute score of 1) at last follow-up was the primary outcome measure. Variables associated with pain freedom on preliminary analysis underwent formal meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for possible predictors. Results Outcome data were analyzed for 3897 patients from 46 studies (7 prospective, 39 retrospective). Overall, 76.0% of patients achieved pain freedom after MVD with a mean follow-up of 1.7 ± 1.3 (standard deviation) yr. Predictors of pain freedom on meta-analysis using random effects models included (1) disease duration ≤5 yr (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.08-3.95); (2) arterial compression over venous or other (OR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.91-5.88); (3) superior cerebellar artery involvement (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.02-4.03), and (4) type 1 Burchiel classification (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.32-4.67). Conclusion Approximately three-quarters of patients with drug-resistant TN achieve pain freedom after MVD. Shorter disease duration, arterial compression, and type 1 Burchiel classification may predict more favorable outcome. These results may improve patient selection and provider expectations.
Normalized field autocorrelation function-based optical coherence tomography three-dimensional angiography.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has been widely used for en face visualization of the microvasculature, but is challenged for real three-dimensional (3-D) topologic imaging due to the “tail” artifacts that appear below large vessels. Further, OCTA is generally incapable of differentiating descending arterioles from ascending venules. We introduce a normalized field autocorrelation function-based OCTA (g1-OCTA), which minimizes the tail artifacts and is capable of distinguishing penetrating arterioles from venules in the 3-D image. g1 ( τ ) is calculated from repeated optical coherence tomography (OCT) acquisitions for each spatial location. The decay amplitude of g1 ( τ ) is retrieved to represent the dynamics for each voxel. To account for the small g1 ( τ ) decay in capillaries where red blood cells are flowing slowly and discontinuously, Intralipid is injected to enhance the OCT signal. We demonstrate that the proposed technique realizes 3-D OCTA with negligible tail projections and the penetrating arteries are readily identified. In addition, compared to regular OCTA, the proposed g1-OCTA largely increased the depth-of-field. This technique provides a more accurate rendering of the vascular 3-D anatomy and has the potential for more quantitative characterization of vascular networks.
Abstract 5110: An online tool for summarizing and searching human cancer-genomic publications

PubMed catalogs over 33,000 articles published with the keywords “cancer” and “gene” in the past year alone. The large volume of cancer genomic publications necessitates the development of text-mining tools to help cancer researchers navigate and summarize articles efficiently. Here we present a Cancer Publication Portal (CPP) that allows a researcher to search and summarize cancer genomic literature based on a gene of interest. CPP integrates data from several sources, including PubTator, which uses robust text-mining tools to identify associations between articles and biological concepts; the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database; the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee human gene name database; PubMed, a database of biomedical literature citations; and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus. To begin a search, a user selects a gene of interest. CPP then summarizes the relevant cancer-related publications mentioning this gene through tabular and graphical summaries showing the frequency of articles stratified by references to any (1) cancer type, (2) pharmacological agent, (3) genomic mutation, and (4) additional human gene. Additionally, CPP catalogs and summarizes articles based on mentions of >30 additional cancer-related terms, based on an analysis of terms that are significantly more likely to occur in cancer-related abstracts. CPP allows users to quickly obtain statistics, e.g., to find the frequency of articles mentioning EGFR and Erlotinib across cancer types. Interactive summaries allow users to narrow in on a topic of interest by applying additional filters, in which case the summaries are updated and the process can be repeated. At any point, the user can browse through the current set of article abstracts and citation information to get more information about an article. Finally, we introduce a Citation Analysis module for helping users identify “important” articles. This module identifies articles which cite articles in a provided list. The module then generates an edge list that can be imported into network analysis tools such as Gephi for visualization and analysis. CPP currently includes information for ~1.1 million cancer-related publications associated with >19,000 human genes. The underlying data is stored in an MySQL database while R/Shiny is used to implement the web interface. CPP is available from the following link: https://gdancik.github.io/bioinformatics/CPP/ Citation Format: Kevin Williams, Myron Zhang, Anayancy Ramos, Andrew Johnson, Stefanos Stravoravdis, Megan Heenehan, Garrett M. Dancik. An online tool for summarizing and searching human cancer-genomic publications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5110.
Segmentation and tracking of electrokinetic particles in microscopic video

The paper considers a fundamental particle separation problem in microfluidic devices,e.g.,microchannels. It is expected that particles with different electric characteristics flow into the different microchannels to achieve the separation purpose. The movement of the particles inside the microchannels is recorded in video as data. The objective of the research is to obtain the trajectories of the particles, and eventually establish the relationship between the particles dynamic characteristics and their electric characteristics. This paper proposes a framework that consists of raw image segmentation and multiple target trackers(multiple hypothesis tracker or Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density tracker) to obtain the tracks of the particles.
Whose is the voice of the American public? Latinx speech and the standard language ideology of public radio

When National Public Radio (NPR) was originally founded, the network was designed to represent the diverse population of the United States. In recent years, Latinxs have become a growing part of th...
On the Axiomatics of Resource Allocation: Classifying Axioms and Mapping Out Promising Directions

The purpose of this note is to propose a two-way classification of the axioms of the theory of economic design, and to map out directions for future research that we perceive as particularly promising.
Relationship of Corneal Hysteresis and Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Displacement in Glaucoma.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between corneal hysteresis (CH) and anterior lamina cribrosa surface (ALCS) displacement over time in a cohort of patients with glaucoma. Design Prospective observational case series. Methods In this study, 147 eyes from 96 glaucoma or glaucoma suspect patients were followed for a mean of 3.5 years and 7.9 visits. Baseline CH measurements were obtained using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments Inc, Depew, New York, USA). The mean anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) and choroidal thickness were by automated segmentation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans. The rate of change of ALCSD was calculated using linear mixed effects models. Relationship between baseline CH and follow-up ALCSD rate of change was adjusted for confounding factors, including age, intraocular pressure (IOP), and choroidal thickness. Results The mean baseline CH was 9.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.1-9.7). Overall, the ALCS was displaced posteriorly at a rate of 0.78 μm/y (95% CI −1.82, 0.26). Seventeen eyes (11.5%) showed a significant posterior displacement of ALCS, whereas 22 eyes (15.0%) showed a significant anterior displacement of ALCS. The choroidal thickness thinned at a rate of −1.09 μm/y during the follow-up (P = .001). Multivariable mixed modeling showed that choroidal thinning, lower IOP change, and lower corneal hysteresis were significantly associated with posterior ALCS displacement over time (P = .034, P = .037, and P = .048). Each 1 mm lower CH was associated with 0.66 μm/y posterior displacement of the ALCS. Conclusions Lower corneal hysteresis was significantly associated with posterior displacement of the anterior lamina cribrosa over time. These data provide additional support for lower corneal hysteresis being a risk factor for glaucoma progression.
Against Fiduciary Constitutionalism

A growing body of scholarship draws connections between fiduciary law and the Constitution. In much of this literature, the Constitution is described as a fiduciary instrument that establishes fiduciary duties, not least for the President of the United States. This Article examines and critiques the claims of fiduciary constitutionalism. Although a range of arguments are made in this literature, there are common failings. Some of these involve a literalistic misreading of the works of leading political philosophers (e.g., Plato and Locke). Other failings involve fiduciary law—mistakes about how to identify fiduciary relationships, about the content and enforcement of fiduciary duties, and about the relationship of fiduciary status to good faith. Still other failings sound in constitutional law—linguistic confusions and an impossible attempt to locate the genre of the Constitution in the categories of private fiduciary law. These criticisms suggest fundamental weaknesses in the new and increasingly influential attempt to develop fiduciary constitutionalism.
A Hermetically-Sealed 2.9MHz $\mathrm{N}=3$ Disk BAW Gyroscope with Sub-Degree-Per-Hour Bias Instability

This paper reports on a wafer-level-packaged (WLP) capacitive bulk-acoustic-wave (BAW) gyroscope using a near-solid disk resonator with a bias instability (BI) of 0.85°/h and angle random walk (ARW) of 0.06°/√h, demonstrating the highest performance reported to-date for a megahertz-frequency resonator gyroscope. The design is acoustically decoupled from the substrate with $Q_{Anchor}> 100\mathrm{M}$ and high translational stiffness for high robustness against linear vibrations and substrate stress variations. High frequency of the gyroscope reduces air damping, allowing for a thermoelastic damping (TED) limited high $Q$ of 165,000 in 1-10Torr package created by getter-free wafer bonding. Stable mode-matched operation is achieved using DC voltages below 15V with optimized electrode designs, offering an open-loop bandwidth of ∼10Hz and low uncompensated bias of ∼1.4°/s. A regular $925\mu \mathrm{m}$ -thick and a thinned-down $450\mu \mathrm{m}$ -thick die created by substrate grinding are characterized across temperature, showing the same behaviors where frequencies and $Q\mathrm{s}$ of the $n=3$ modes remain closely matched, verifying the temperature robustness and stress immunity of the design.
Viral infection can reduce the net nitrogen inputs of legume break crops and cover crops

Legumes are used in crop rotations by both large-scale and smallholder farmers alike to increase soil fertility, especially before high-nitrogen-demanding crops such as corn (maize). Legume crop residues and green manures are rich in nitrogen due to mutualistic rhizobia, bacteria that live in their roots and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a biologically available form. Growers can obtain recommendations from local extension offices about how much less inorganic nitrogen fertilizer needs to be added to a subsequent crop following different legume break crops for the predominant soil type (the nitrogen fertilizer replacement value, or NFRV). Due to the intimate relationship between legumes and rhizobia, conditions that affect plant health can also affect the rhizobia and how much nitrogen they provide. We use a combination of empirical data and previously published values to estimate reductions in nitrogen inputs under outbreaks of plant viruses of varying severity. We also use historical fertilizer prices to examine the economic impacts of this lost fertilizer for farmers. We find that fertilizer losses are greatest for crops that fix large amounts of nitrogen, such as clover and alfalfa as opposed to common bean. The economic impact on farmers is controlled by the proportion of plants with viral infections and the price of synthetic fertilizer. In a year of high disease prevalence, attention is normally focused on the yield of the diseased crops. We suggest that farmers growing legumes as break crops should be concerned about yields of subsequent crops as well. Viral diseases can be difficult to diagnose in the field, so the easiest way for farmers to prevent unexpected yield losses in subsequent crops is to test their soil when it is feasible to do so.
Cultivating Teachers When the School Doors Are Shut: Two Teacher-Educators Reflect on Supervision, Instruction, Change and Opportunity During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Seven weeks into our Spring 2020 semester, the Covid-19 pandemic was wreaking havoc on the world The pandemic caused immediate shutdowns to schools and universities fundamentally changing how we plan for, teach, guide, and work with students This paper explores how two first-year Assistant Professors navigated the challenges we faced and the learning opportunities we embraced while continuing our work as teacher educators amid a pandemic-induced shutdown We employed collective self-study to examine our experiences while transitioning to remote learning with pre-service teachers using Moore’s (2012, 1993, 1989) transactional distance theory as an analytical framework to review our work as teachers in an online setting We found that educators need to be open to continuous enhancements of instructional practices, there is a need to develop ways to equalize positions between the instructor and students, and we need to be conscious of opportunities students have to demonstrate creativity in their work As part of this review, we developed and used a Four R’s Professional Inquiry Model (Recognition, Reflection, Reaction, Results) based on Moore’s work to help make meaning of our findings and recommendations for other practitioners © Copyright © 2020 Loose and Ryan
Characterizing Available Tools for Synchronous Virtual Assessment of Toddlers with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Report.

The COVID-19 pandemic, and associated social distancing mandates, has placed significant limitations on in-person health services, requiring creative solutions for supporting clinicians engaged in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This report describes the five virtual instruments available at the time of manuscript development for use by experienced clinicians making diagnostic determinations of ASD for toddlers across the 12- to 36-months age range. We focus on synchronous virtual assessments in which clinicians guide the child's caregiver through a range of assessment activities and observe spontaneous and elicited behaviors. Assessments are compared on dimensions of targeted behavioral domains, specific activities and presses employed, scoring approaches, and other key logistical considerations to guide instrument selection for use in varied clinical and research contexts.
Super achromatic wide-angle quarter-wave plates using multi-twist retarders

The achromaticity and wide-angle property of quarter-wave plates (QWPs) are crucial for the color uniformity and image resolution of the future displays such as virtual reality (VR) pancake lens and augmented reality (AR) waveguide/focusing systems. However, most reported achromatic wide-angle QWPs designs composed by stacks of different birefringent plates are too complicated with limited achromaticity and wide-angle performance. The multi-twist retarders (MTR) QWPs presented in previous work already showed its potential to achieve high achromaticity in RGB using one monolithic film in normal incidence, but the incompetent polarization control in blue-violet limits its application in LED-based polarization-sensitive AR/VR headsets. In this work, we theoretically investigate a new type of MTR QWPs achieving super achromaticity from violet to red with average ellipticity 43° and simultaneously maintaining wide-viewing angle up to ±45°, which enables a precise polarization control within the field-of-view (FOV) of current AV/VR headset. The new proposed MTR QWP is also reported to obtain average reflection luminance leakage 0.15~% and maximum leakage 0.23~%, making it a promising element to reduce polarization leakage and enhance image resolution in the next-generation displays.
Engineered ECM models: Opportunities to advance understanding of tumor heterogeneity

Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity is a negative prognostic factor for cancer and commonly attributed to microenvironment-driven genetic mutations and/or the emergence of cancer stem-like cells. How aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling regulates the phenotypic diversity of tumor cells, however, remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of model systems that allow isolating the physicochemical heterogeneity of malignancy-associated ECM for mechanistic studies. Here, we review the compositional, microarchitectural, and mechanical hallmarks of cancer-associated ECM and highlight biomaterials and engineering approaches to recapitulate these properties for in vitro and in vivo studies. Subsequently, we describe how such engineered platforms may be explored to define the spatiotemporal dynamics through which cancer-associated ECM remodeling regulates intratumoral heterogeneity and the cancer stem-like cell phenotype. Finally, we highlight future opportunities and technological advances to further elucidate the relationship between tumor-associated ECM dynamics and intratumoral heterogeneity.
Design of Optimal Control Systems with Stable Feedback

The problem of stabilizing a single-input single-output system using stable feedback is considered. The performance index that is minimized is the weighted sensitivity of the closed-loop system to external disturbances. However, the resulting feedback associated with the minimum value of the optimality criterion turns out to be irrational. A design algorithm has been developed to find an approximation whose deviation from a sub-optimal system lies within a pre-specified error bound.
The use of subset selection in combined-array experiments to determine optimal product or process designs

In the quality control literature, a number of authors have advocated the use of combined-arrays in screening experiments to identify robust product designs or robust process designs [Shoemaker, Tsui and Wu (1991); Nair et al. (1992); Myers, Khuri and Vining (1992), among others]. This paper considers product design and process design applications in which there are one or more “control” factors that can be modified by the manufacturer, and one or more “environmental” (or “noise”) factors that vary under field or manufacturing conditions. We show how Gupta’s subset selection philosophy can be implemented in such a setting to identify optimal combinations of the levels of the control factors [Gupta (1956, 1965)]. By optimal, we mean those settings of the control factors that yield product designs whose performance is the most robust to variations in environmental factors. For process designs, the optimal settings of the control factors yield a fabrication method whose product quality is as nearly independent as possible to variations in the uncontrollable manufacturing factors, for example, to daily temperature fluctuations.
A Study of the Interstellar Diffuse Absorption Features

At a resolution of 0.17 A, the profile of λλ 5780, 5797 were found to be asymmetric and steeper to the blue. The FWHM of λ 5780 and λ 5797 are respectively 2.7 A and 1.1 A. There is also a broad, shallow feature shortward of λ 5780. Equivalent widths of λλ 5780, 5797 were measured at a resolution of 0.26 A, and they present a very tight correlation. Therefore, it is highly likely that these two diffuse lines have a common origin. The correlation between the equivalent width of λ 5780, EW(λ 5780), and E(B — V) is good for normal field stars. But there is a systematic weakening of λ 5780 in the spectra of Be stars, and the reverse is true for stars in the Scorpius-Ophiucus region. Excluding Be stars, a least square fit gives EW(λ 5780) = 0.75E(B — V) A mag.−1. From the profiles and structures of the diffuse features, and the correlations with various parameters of the interstellar medium, it is suggested that: (1) the diffuse band λ 4430 may be produced by the preionization of H− and, (2) λλ 5780, 5797 may be due to the pure electronic transitions of the impurity centers in solid grains.
Sharing visualization experiences among remote virtual environments

Virtual reality has become an increasingly familiar part of the science of visualization and communication of information. This, combined with the increase in connectivity of remote sites via high-speed networks, allows for the development of a collaborative distributed virtual environ­ment. Such an environment enables the development of supercomputer simulations with virtual reality visualizations that can be displayed at multiple sites, with each site interacting, viewing, and communicating about the results being discovered.
Informal science institutions and learning to teach: An examination of identity, agency, and affordances

Informal science education institutions play an important in the public understanding of science and, because of this are well-positioned to positively impact science teacher education. Informal science institutions (ISIs) have a range of affordances that could contribute to learner-centered science teacher identity development. This article describes research from a clinical experience in a museum where teacher candidates engaged visitors in learning dialogs around objects on a moveable cart in an exhibit. We describe how working in informal settings and learning to use the affordances of that setting supports aspiring teachers to connect theory to practice in ways that developed Spielraum in that is student-centered, responsive to the needs of learners, and allows for the imagination future selves and classrooms that are conducive to maintaining these identities. This research supports the critical role that ISIs could play in teacher education, especially during the clinical phase where teacher candidates are forming initial notions about their identities, about the self who teaches. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 9999:1–19, 2015.
Survival of human pathogens in composted sewage.

Studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of an aerobic composter in destroying pathogens that may possibly be present in raw sewage sludge. Experiments conducted in this study were designed to determine whether or not selected indicator organisms (i.e., Salmonella newport, poliovirus type 1, Ascaris lumbricoides ova, and Candida albicans) could survive the composting process. The results of the assay showed that after 43 hr of composting, no viable indicator organisms could be detected. The poliovirus type I was the most sensitive, being inactivated within the first hour, whereas C. albicans was the most resistant, requiring more than 28 hr of composting for its inactivation. The data from this study indicated that aerobic composting of sewage sludge would destroy the indicator pathogens when a temperature of 60 to 70 C is maintained for a period of 3 days.
Pooled analysis of brain activity in irritable bowel syndrome and controls during rectal balloon distension.

Background Brain-imaging literature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) suggests an abnormal brain–gut communication. We analyzed the literature to evaluate and compare the aspects of brain activity in individuals with IBS and control subjects experiencing controlled rectal stimulation. Methods PubMed was searched until September 2010. Data from 16 articles reporting brain activity during rectal balloon distensions in IBS compared to control groups was analyzed. Prevalence rates and pairwise activations were assessed using binomial distributions for 11 selected regions of interest. The data were aggregated to adjust for center effect. Key Results There was considerable variability in the literature regarding regions and their activity patterns in controls and individuals with IBS. There was no significant difference found in the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex, however, results show limited evidence of consensus for the anterior insula (AI) (P = 0.22). Pairwise activity results suggest that pairs involving the AI tend to have more consistent activity together than pairs which do not involve the AI (posterior insula and AI, P = 0.08; posterior cingulate cortex and AI, P = 0.16), however, no pairwise evaluation reached significance. Conclusions & Inferences Our pooled analysis demonstrates that the literature reports are quite heterogeneous but there is some evidence that there may be patterns of higher activity more common in individuals with IBS than in controls. A consensus, though, regarding study designs, analysis approach and reporting could create a clearer understanding of brain involvement in IBS pathophysiology.