cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of the patient with renovascular hypertension

Summary Renal artery stenosis, either fibromuscular or atheromatous, is probably the most common cause of secondary hypertension in man. Both of these diseases are active, ongoing processes that may be ameliorated but not cured by medical or surgical treatment. The clinical history and examination of the patient with hypertension may help differentiate renovascular hypertension from essential hypertension. The presence of a systolic-diastolic or continuous bruit is often an indicator of severe renal artery stenosis. Systemic hypertension is the physiologic consequence of significant renal artery stenosis. Knowledge of the basic concepts of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as has evolved from experimental models of renovascular hypertension, forms the basis for understanding the process of evaluation and treatment of such patients. The treatment of choice for the patient with severe hypertension and a functionally significant renovascular lesion is surgical-both in terms of successful treatment of hypertension and improved long-term prognosis. Diligent periodic reevaluation of these patients as well as those with less severe hypertension who are receiving medical treatment enables the physician to select the proper management that offers optimal control of patient blood pressure and avoids target-organ damage to the kidneys, central nervous system, or cardiovascular system.
MAGNETO-TRANSPORT AND MAGNETO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FERROMAGNETIC (III,Mn)V SEMICONDUCTORS: A REVIEW

Rapid developments in material research of metallic ferromagnetic (III,Mn)V semiconductors over the past few years have brought a much better understanding of these complex materials. We review here some of the main developments and current understanding of the bulk properties of these systems within the metallic regime, focusing principally on the magneto-transport and magneto-optical properties. Although several theoretical approaches are reviewed, the bulk of the review uses the effective Hamiltonian approach, which has proven useful in describing many of these properties namely in (Ga,Mn)As and (In,Mn)As. The model assumes a ferromagnetic coupling between Mn d-shell local moments mediated by holes in the semiconductor valence band.
Characteristics of Texas Black Bass Fishing Tournaments

Abstract –We describe characteristics of Texas fishing tournaments for black bass Micropterus spp. based on voluntary reports for 2,418 tournaments held during 1993–1997. Most tournaments (99%) were 1–2 d in duration. An average of 35.1 anglers participated in each tournament, and most tournaments (84%) involved 20 or fewer boats. Ninety-seven percent of tournaments required live release of fish after weigh-in. Tournaments had a variety of formats and rules. The most common format (87.8% of tournaments) awarded prizes based on total weight, 26.9% awarded prizes based on team results, and 26.0% awarded prizes for big fish. Ten percent of events were paper tournaments, in which fish are captured, measured, and released immediately. In 23% of tournaments, the competition was held with self-imposed bag and minimum length limits that were more restrictive than those promulgated by the state. Comparison of our results with those from an earlier study suggests a compensatory relationship between tournament angle...
An Experiment on Optimization of Active Noise Control on a Three-Dimensional Extended Radiator

This paper details the experimental verification of the numerically predicted active source strengths using a box shaped acoustic radiator. The top and bottom of the radiator were thin steel plates which were driven in one of their structural modes by an electromagnetic shaker. The four corners of the top plate were removed to accommodate baffled loudspeakers, representing the active sources. To provide precise control of the experiment, the driving signals to the shakers and loudspeakers were generated and monitored by a control computer
Efficacy of electrolyzed water in the prevention and removal of fecal material attachment and its microbicidal effectiveness during simulated industrial poultry processing

This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed (EO) water in preventing and removing fecal contaminants and killing Campylobacter jejuni on poultry carcasses under simulated industrial processing conditions. New York dressed and defeathered chicken carcasses spot-inoculated with cecal material or C. jejuni were subjected to spraying treatment with alkaline EO or 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP) water or combinations of spraying and immersion treatments with acidic EO and chlorinated water, respectively. Prespraying chicken carcasses with alkaline EO water significantly lowered cecal material attachment scores (3.77) than tap water (4.07) and 10% TSP (4.08) upon treatment of the dorsal area. Combinations of pre- and postspraying were significantly more effective than postspraying only, especially when using alkaline EO water in removing fecal materials on the surface of chicken carcasses. Although treatment by immersion only in EO and chlorinated water significantly reduced the initial population (4.92 log10 cfu/g) of C. jejuni by 2.33 and 2.05 log10 cfu/g, respectively, combinations of spraying and immersion treatment did not improve the bactericidal effect of sanitizers. The results indicated that alkaline EO water might provide an alternative to TSP in preventing attachment and removal of feces on the surface of chicken carcasses. The results also suggested that chicken carcasses containing pathogenic microorganisms may contribute to the cross-contamination of whole batches of chickens during processing in the chiller tank and afterward.
Solving distillation problems by Newton-like methods

Abstract Literature examples are used to show that failure of direct prediction Newton-like methods is always due to physical inconsistencies that arise during Based on these observations, a generic initialization procedure is presented that makes certain Newton-like methods very reliable. The thermodynamically consistent hybrid method is shown to be more efficient than Newton's method with analytical derivatives and conditions under whic The effect of machine precision on the solution of distillation problems involving pinch points is also illustrated. Finally, multiple solutions for an azeotropic distillation operating in a homogeneous regime are reconfirmed; two regular turning points are located wi Many numerical examples are presented.
When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues.

PREVIEWLactose intolerance affects millions of people worldwide and should be suspected particularly when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms in ethnic populations in which it is prevalent. Fortunately, once a diagnosis is made, management is fairly straightforward. The authors discuss symptoms and methods of detection and offer their recommendations for helping patients with this common disorder.
Iterators, schedulers, and distributed-memory parallelism

In previous work, we demonstrated the advantages of encapsulating query evaluation algorithms as 'iterators' for sequential and parallel query evaluation. Unfortunately, those earlier models have a severe drawback with respect to resource allocation in distributed-memory systems. Since threads may be initiated long before they actually perform useful work, thread placement decisions may be suboptimal. In this paper, we briefly review the iterator model and then extend it to support bottom-up, just-in-time activation of appropriate query plan fragments as well as local and global synchronization and communication among sibling threads. Some of the algorithms described here may seem intricate ; however, the intricacy is encapsulated entirely in the parallelism or 'exchange' iterator, thus freeing developers of data manipulation iterators to focus on the specific algorithms at hand, instead of on mechanisms for parallelism. Moreoever, code fragments extracted from an operational prototype demonstrate the ease with which our suggestions can be implemented. Run-time overhead and performance of our techniques are identical to those of earlier, less extensible techniques for bottom-up activation ; the benefits of the presented techniques are their clean design, abstraction, extensibility, and the resulting ease of maintenance and enhancement.
Creative Leadership for Total Quality

Leadership is necessary in the organization. Without leadership, there can be no quality because leadership is directly related to quality. Organizations wishing to implement change and to compete effectively will immediately recognize the value of leadership at every level. Once leadership begins, it must cascade throughout the organization and help to create a culture in which quality is paramount and change is recognized as a necessary part of the competitive adventure.
Monte Carlo analysis of the effect of uncertainties on model-based HVAC fault detection and diagnostics

Faults in HVAC systems can have a significant negative impact on energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort, and air quality. Automatic fault detection and diagnosis tools can help commissioning providers, operators, and facility managers efficiently detect and diagnose faults. They also can help satisfy the increasing demand for commissioning. A model-based fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method was developed to detect faults by comparing model prediction and measurement, and to diagnose faults using a rule-based fuzzy inferencing system. The method includes Monte Carlo analysis to improve the robustness of the fault detection and diagnosis and reduce false alarms. The Monte Carlo analysis is employed not only to predict uncertainties in reference model outputs, based on estimates of uncertainty in each of the measured inputs, but also to determine the confidence levels of fault diagnosis by combining the effects of input uncertainties at different operating points. A simulated variable-air-volume (V...
Pancreatic cystic neoplasm: the role of cyst morphology, cyst fluid analysis, and expectant management.

Among pancreatic cysts, mucinous cystadenoma, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms have the potential for malignant transformation. Differentiation between benign and potentially malignant/malignant (PMM) cysts remains difficult. The purpose of this study was to: (1) identify the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound findings, serum, and cyst fluid tumor markers (CA19-9 and CEA), (2) determine the rate of subsequent surgical resection in patients initially managed conservatively, and (3) determine the role of cyst fluid viscosity “string sign” in differentiating pancreatic cysts. Patients with cytologic or pathologic diagnosis for pancreatic cystic neoplasms were analyzed. The study included 79 patients. Cyst fluid CEA had a median of 1.0 ng/mL in benign cysts and 471.1 ng/mL in PMM cysts (P < .0001). Cyst fluid CA 19-9 was not statistically significant (P = .22). Neither serum CA 19-9 nor CEA was useful (P = .68 and P = .31). Increased cyst fluid viscosity was associated with PMM cysts (P < .0001). Median string sign was 0 mm in benign cysts and 3.5 mm in PMM cysts. The presence of thick walls (5 of 5, 100%) or intracystic growth (6 of 6, 100%) were associated with PMM cysts. Of the 50 patients with PMM cysts, 19 were treated conservatively. In those patients followed for more than 6 months, 2 of 12 (16.7%) had surgical resection after a median of 29.5 months for worrisome changes on imaging. The presence of a thick cyst wall or intracystic growth, elevated cyst fluid CEA, and a long “string sign” were associated with PMM cysts. 16.7% of patients with a PMM cyst managed conservatively ultimately required surgical resection.
Predicting American Indian adolescent substance use trajectories following inpatient treatment

This study examined the effects of psychopathological, peer, family, and cultural predictors of American Indian adolescents' drug use following inpatient treatment. Data regarding lifetime, 90 days prior to treatment, and 1-year posttreatment substance use were collected using interviews, questionnaires, and observations of 57 American Indian adolescents and their families. Trajectories of days-used measures were subjected to semiparametric trajectory analysis. Trajectories were then compared on baseline measures by using both univariate and multivariate logit regression techniques. The study sought to identify prerelease predictors of membership in post-inpatient treatment substance use trajectory groups. Findings provide insight into the unique and shared risk and protective factors relevant to American Indian adolescents' substance use outcomes. In particular, this study suggests that a combination of family management and American Indian traditional cultural practices in families serves as a potential...
Traders, Teachers, and Tyrants: Democracy, Globalization, and Public Investment in Education

This article develops a model of the redistributive political economy of education spending, focusing on the role of democracy and economic openness in determining the provision of education. I argue that democratization should be associated with higher levels of public education spending, lower private education spending, and a shift from tertiary education spending toward primary education spending. Furthermore, I argue that integration with the international economy should lead to higher public education spending, conditioned on regime type and income, and should push the balance between tertiary and primary education toward states' particular comparative advantages. These propositions are tested on a data set of more than one hundred states from 1960 to 2000, using a variety of panel data techniques, including instruments for democracy. The logic of the causal mechanism developed in the formal model is also tested on a number of case histories, including the Philippines, which shows great variation in democracy and openness, and India and Malaysia, which constitute unusual cases that lie “off the diagonal” of open democracies and autarkic autocracies.The author would like to thank Beth Simmons, Torben Iversen, Michael Hiscox, Jeffry Frieden, Jim Alt, Teri Caraway, John Freeman, Jane Gingrich, David Samuels, W. Phillips Shively, Mark Kayser, John Ahlquist, and Michael Kellerman for highly useful comments and criticisms. In addition, I thank the current and past editors, Lou Pauly, Emanuel Adler, David Stasavage, and Lisa Martin, and three anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.
Glucocorticoid receptors: from development to aging. A Review

Glucocorticoid responses are known to be altered during development and aging in many tissues. Therefore, in the past several years considerable attention has been given to determining if glucocorticoid receptors are altered with age. In this review, studies concerning glucocorticoid receptor ontogenic and age-dependent changes in number, affinity and physicochemical properties are summarized. In addition, possible mechanisms of age-related changes in the receptor are discussed along with future goals and approaches which may be of great importance in this area of research.
A Catheter-Based Suture-Free Approach to Bilioenteric Anastomosis A Pilot Study

Bilioenteric anastomoses are commonly performed during liver transplantation, reconstruction following tumor resection, and repair of bile duct injury. Ischemia plays an important role in both short- and long-term complications related to biliary anastomoses. The authors describe a catheter-based, suture-free approach to bilioenteric anastomosis that aims to reduce or eliminate tissue trauma and foreign material that contribute to anastomotic ischemia. The device uses a novel “umbrella” anchoring mechanism to approximate bowel to the transected bile duct over a percutaneously placed transhepatic catheter. The authors performed an open choledochojejunostomy using the device in 7 pigs. The anastomosis was assessed with cholangiography, gross inspection, and histology at the time of necropsy. The procedure was well tolerated, with no evidence of anastomotic leak in any of the study animals. This alternative catheter-based approach to bilioenteric anastomoses is safe and effective, offers potential advantages...
A game theoretic approach to robust controller synthesis

Abstract This paper presents a novel game theoretic approach to robust controller synthesis. The main advantage of this problem formulation is that it provides simultaneous controller synthesis and process model selection. The approach is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Excessive mechanical stress increases HMGB1 expression in human lung microvascular endothelial cells via STAT3

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) occurs when the lung parenchyma and vasculature are exposed to repetitive and excessive mechanical stress via mechanical ventilation utilized as supportive care for the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). VILI induces gene expression and systemic release of inflammatory mediators that contribute to the multi-organ dysfunction and morbidity and mortality of ARDS. HMGB1, an intracellular transcription factor with cytokine properties, is a late mediator in sepsis and ARDS pathobiology, however, the role of HMGB1 in VILI remains poorly described. We now report HMGB1 expression in human lung microvessel endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to excessive, equibiaxial mechanical stress, an in vitro correlate of VILI. We determined that high amplitude cyclic stretch (18% CS) increased HMGB1 expression (2-4-fold) via a signaling pathway with critical involvement of the transcription factor, STAT3. Concomitant exposure to 18% CS and oxidative stress (H₂O₂) augmented HMGB1 expression (~13 fold increase) whereas lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge increased HMGB1 expression in static EC, but not in 18% CS-challenged EC. In contrast, physiologic, low amplitude cyclic stretch (5% CS) attenuated both oxidative H₂O₂- and LPS-induced increases in HMGB1 expression, suggesting that physiologic mechanical stress is protective. These results indicate that HMGB1 gene expression is markedly responsive to VILI-mediated mechanical stress, an effect that is augmented by oxidative stress. We speculate that VILI-induced HMGB1 expression acts locally to increase vascular permeability and alveolar flooding, thereby exacerbating systemic inflammatory responses and increasing the likelihood of multi-organ dysfunction.
Double-cropping annual ryegrass and bermudagrass to reduce phosphorus levels in soil with history of poultry litter application

Long-term application of poultry litter may result in excessively high soil phosphorus (P). This field study determined the potential of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass overseeded with ‘Marshall’ annual ryegrass and harvested for hay to reduce the level of Mehlich-3 extractable P (M3-P) that had accumulated in a Savannah soil due to a 30-year history of broiler litter application to bermudagrass, as well as antecedent litter rates of 0, 4.48, 8.96, 17.9, and 35.8 Mg ha−1 in 1999–2001. Following the cessation of litter, the plots were overseeded in fall 2001–2003 and fertilized in summer with 268 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. Applying 8.96 Mg ha−1 litter significantly elevated M3-P in surface soil (0–15 cm depth) from about 183 to 263 mg kg−1. Annual dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake generally increased as litter rate increased up to 17.9 Mg ha−1. Analysis of M3-P at four sampling dates from October 2002 to April 2004 found no significant effect of forage system or its interaction with litter rate, and levels in both systems decreased by about 25, 27, 22, 26, and 29% at the five litter rates, respectively. Ryegrass–bermudagrass significantly increased DM yield and P uptake, but did not translate to reductions in M3-P, as compared to bermudagrass winter fallow. With no further litter additions and five harvests per year, both forage systems removed about 49 kg ha−1 P with a DM yield of 15 Mg ha−1 and reduced M3-P by about 26 mg kg−1 annually. Bermudagrass performance is important in the remediation of high soil P.
Active Learning in the Experimental Study of Food

: The objective of this paper was to describe some major changes made in an experimental foods course by incorporating active and cooperative learning techniques and a student research project. An interactive learning environment for dietetics, food science, and nutritional science students was designed in Project LEA/RN (Learning Enhancement Action/Resource Network). Group activities and 15-min lectures replaced 50-min lectures. Quizzes and out-of-class assignments replaced written examinations. A group laboratory project replaced individual reports. The average class score (85.6%) was better than previous semesters (81.5%). Increased interaction improved students' abilities to solve problems in food science and to articulate oral and written critiques of research results.
Adolescent antecedents of cigarette smoking: Data from the Oakland growth study

Abstract This report of data from a follow-up, at roughly age 40, of subjects who had been intensively studied in adolescence supports three general propositions: (1) the antecedents and correlates of adult smoking are markedly different for men and women; (2) there were substantial differences in personality as manifest in adolescence associated with different levels of smoking; and (3) some, but by no means all of these differences persisted two decades later.
Kinetic Investigation of Haemoglobin Bohr Effect by Flash Photolysis

THE Bohr effect, perhaps the first of the important linked functions of haemoglobin to be noted1, describes the relationship between pH and the ligand affinity of haemoglobin and the converse effect of percentage saturation on the affinity of the protein molecule for protons. The nature of the amino-acid residues responsible for the Bohr effect has been the subject of some speculation2,3. Recently they were identified by Kilmartin and Rossi-Bernardi4 and by Perutz et al.5, who presented convincing evidence that at least 75 per cent of the alkaline Bohr effect arises because of pK shifts induced by the interaction between the ammo termini and the carboxyl terminal arginines of complementary α-chains as well as between aspartic acid β94 and histidine β146 of the same chain.
SU-E-T-307: Susceptibility of SBRT to Delivery Uncertainties Using RapidArc Or Dynamic IMRT.

Purpose: To determine if SBRT is more susceptible to delivery uncertainties when using either RapidArc or dynamic IMRT. Methods: Systematic or random uncertainties in MLC leaf positions, gantry position and dose rate were incorporated into RapidArc (RA) and sliding-window IMRT (SW) treatment plans for retrospective SBRT lung and liver cases, which also included the use of FFF or SRS energies and therefore higher dose rates. Initial plan comparisons included homogeneity and conformity indices. Dose distributions and dose-value histograms of original and modified plans were compared using Gamma analysis and dose indices of planned treatment volumes (PTV) and organs at risk (OAR). Results: SBRT lung PTVs using RA were more susceptible to systematic MLC delivery errors than SW (∼6%/mm vs. ∼4%/mm), in contrast to a previous study examining hyperfractionated prostate and head-and-neck treatments; esophagus and cord Dmin and Dmax values changed proportionately for both techniques; RA plans were superior globally but not locally (PTV) using Gamma analyses. Uniformly distributed random variations of 2 mm for active MLC leaves had a negligible effect on all PTV dose distributions (Dmin, Dmax < 0.4%). PTV coverage was affected equally when incorporating systematic gantry errors. Conclusion: RapidArc deliveries were found to be more sensitive to systematic errors in MLC leaf positions, in contrast to a previous study on hyperfractionated treatments. However, this is reasonable as both studies correlate average segmental field size or mean leaf gap with adverse dosimetric effects due to such uncertainties; mean leaf gaps for either technique in this study were similar. Gantry angle variations had similar effects on both techniques.
Defect handling in medium and large open source projects

Open source projects have resulted in numerous high-quality, widely used products. Understanding the defect-handling strategies such projects employ can help us use the publicly accessible defect data from these projects to provide valuable quality-improvement feedback and to better understand the defect characteristics for a wider variety of software products. We conducted a survey to understand defect handling in selected open source projects and compared the particular approaches taken in different projects. We focused on defect handling instead of the broader quality assurance activities other researchers have previously reported. Our results provided quantitative evidence about the current practice of defect handling in an important subset of open source projects.
The Measurement of Temperature of Sound Fields

The requirements of a thermocouple for use in measuring alternating temperatures in air due to a sound wave are discussed. Such a thermocouple has been built and used up to 5000 cycles per second. It is believed that the range can be extended to 300 kilocycles per second. The thermocouple offers an absolute means of measuring sound intensities at supersonic frequencies.
Hyperspherical phase synchrony for quantifying multivariate phase synchronization

Time-varying phase synchrony is an important bivariate measure that quantifies both linear and nonlinear dynamics between non-stationary signals. Recently, multivariate phase synchronization has been proposed to investigate the interactions within a group of oscillators. However, current approaches are limited to either averaging all pairwise synchrony values, which causes a loss of information, or forming a matrix of bivariate synchronization indices, where the distribution of the eigenvalues is exploited to estimate the multivariate synchrony. None of these methods is a direct way to quantify the multivariate synchrony since they use bivariate synchrony values to estimate the group dynamics. Therefore, the reliability of these measures is affected by the accuracy of the bivariate synchrony estimates. In this paper, a novel and direct method of computing the multivariate phase synchrony is proposed. The performance of the new estimator is evaluated through simulations showing the effectiveness of the new measure compared to existing methods.
Haspin-like proteins: A new family of evolutionarily conserved putative eukaryotic protein kinases

Haspin (haploid germ cell-specific nuclear protein kinase) is reported to be a serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in cell-cycle cessation and differentiation of haploid germ cells. In addition, Haspin mRNA can be detected in diploid cell lines and tissues. Here, Haspin-like proteins are identified in several major eukaryotic phyla-including yeasts, plants, flies, fish, and mammals-and an extended group in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Haspin-like proteins have a complete but divergent eukaryotic protein kinase domain sequence. Although clearly related to one another and to other eukaryotic protein kinases, the Haspin-related proteins lack conservation of a subset of residues that are almost invariant in known kinases and possess distinctive inserted regions. In fact, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the Haspin-like proteins form a novel eukaryotic protein kinase family distinct from those previously defined. The identification of related proteins in model organisms provides some initial insight into their functional properties and will provide new experimental avenues by which to determine the function of the Haspin proteins in mammalian cells.
The Effect of Diphenylhydantoin on Fibroblasts In Vitro

It was found that 0.02 mM was the higher concentration of drug which is not toxic and is compatible with normal cell morphology and growth over a period of a week. Using this concentration of drug there was no consistent stimulation of cell growth. A small increase in cell number was noted, however, in some cultures during the first 24 hours of culture. DpH at a concentration of 0.02 mM in the presence of ascorbic acid decreased collagen prolyl hydroxylation in "old" W1-38 cultures but a concentration of 0.1 mM was required to decrease the values to a similar extent in "young" cultures. A concentration of 0.02 mM DpH had no effect on hydroxylation in an "old" HGF culture. It is speculated that in a responsive individual a reduction of collagen prolyl hydroxylation may play a role in the etiology of DpH-induced gingival enlargement and congenital malformations.
Finite segment method for dislocation mechanics

Equilibrating dislocation arrays in a static stress field is a fundamental operation in analyzing the plastic deformation of metal crystals and polycrystals. The problem is compounded when the individual dislocation is allowed to adopt an equilibrated shape, rather than relying on two-dimensional analyses based on straight dislocation geometries. In the three-dimensional problem, the Peach-Koehler formula may be used to compute the force at any point on a dislocation of arbitrary shape, but the result depends on the shape via the dislocation self-stress. Equilibrating within this framework is necessarily an iterative process of approximating the dislocation shape, assessing the unbalanced forces, and reducing these forces by reshaping the dislocation line. The idea of approximating a curved dislocation by a series of finite straight segments is fundamental, and has been explored by researchers. The dislocation problem described above may be formulated analogously to standard finite element formulations for solid mechanics problems. In this approach, which the authors call the Finite Segment Method (FSM), an arbitrary dislocation is discretized into a series of straight line segments joined at nodes. For simplicity, they only consider a linear, isotropic infinite continuum here. The system potential energy is derived, and forces are obtained by differentiation. Equilibriummore » is found identifying a stationary energy state via numerical iteration. This approach is applied to example problems including the Orowan Bypass mechanism and dislocation generation and equilibrium at crack tips and misfitting particles.« less
Continuous cell movements rearrange anatomical structures in intact sponges

Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to record the active movements of cells in living intact sponges. Each of the three main cell types (pinacocytes, mesohyl cells, and choanocytes) continuously moved and rearranged themselves so that the internal anatomy of the sponge was continuously remodeled. The shape and appearance of the sponges anatomical structures often changed substantially within a few hours. The most motile were the mesohyl cells, with many moving as fast as one cell-length per minute (15 microns/min). Mesohyl cell locomotion was often accompanied by displacements of spicules, canals, and choanocyte chambers; the patterns of these displacements suggested that the mesohyl cells were providing the motive forces for these rearrangements. The locomotion of the pinacocytes varied according to position: those along the outer sponge margins were most active, whereas those in other parts of the surface moved relatively little. Choanocytes were never observed to undergo independent locomotion but were always found grouped together in choanocyte chambers. These choanocyte chambers interacted with pinacocytes and mesohyl cells to form excurrent canals, which continuously moved, fused with, and branched from one another. These observations suggest that the experimental phenomenon of sponge cell-reaggregation and reconstitution, discovered by H. V. Wilson, represents an extreme version of morphogenetic processes that normally go on continuously within intact sponges. The results from the present study also suggest that these cellular rearrangements are controlled by active cell movements and behavioral responses that include but are not limited to selective cell adhesion.
Anthropologists in the Federal Government

We are dealing here with the individual anthropologist in central offices of the United States Government, not in colonial administration, especially not that out in the dependent areas themselves. The articles by Macgregor and Kennard in Anthropology Today and by Macgregor alone in the Anthropology Yearbook—1955 have surveyed the units of anthropologists in the federal government, the nature of their work, and something on their contributions and shortcomings. We need not plow the same furrow. Let us consider, instead, the individuals who are making careers in government and, it appears, are doing work valuable to their agencies.
Oxidized lipoprotein (a) induces cell adhesion molecule Mac-1 (CD 11b) and enhances adhesion of the monocytic cell line U937 to cultured endothelial cells

Because of structural similarities between low density lipoproteins (LDL) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), we have investigated the properties and the functional activities of oxidized Lp(a) and focused on whether oxidized Lp(a), like oxidized LDL, can induce monocyte differentiation and adhesion of monocytic cells to endothelial cells grown in culture. Oxidized Lp(a), prepared in vitro by cupric ion oxidation, gave absorption curves of conjugated dienes with a lag-phase of 61.7 ± 6.6 min (mean ± S.D.) as compared to 85.2 ± 7.2 min (n = 6, P 0.05), respectively, of the effect produced by phorbol esters (PMA) (P < 0.01). U937 cells incubated with oxidized Lp(a) and LDL, showed an adherence to cultured endothelial cells at 42 ± 5.2% and 34 ± 4.8%, respectively (P < 0.05), of the adherence shown by the same cells activated by PMA (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that oxidized Lp(a) like oxidized LDL plays an important role in the development of atherogenesis by inducing adhesion of monocytes to the arterial intimal and by stimulating intimal monocytes to differentiate into macrophages.
Evaluation of dry silver hard copies in digital radiography

Diagnostic images produced by digital technologies are viewed on video terminals. Hard copies are subsequently made on film for use by radiologists and referring physicians. An alternative is to make prints on paper using "dry silver" technology. These prints are made by a camera that uses silver-coated paper. The paper is developed as it exits the camera and passes over a heating element. Thus dry silver paper is processed "dry," whereas standard film or print paper is processed in a chemical bath. The prints are viewed by reflected rather than transmitted light. We compared the diagnostic quality of the dry silver prints with that of conventional multiformat, transmitted-light images. Radiologists were asked to make diagnoses from both types of images. The results showed that the diagnoses made from the prints were identical to those made from the films. Furthermore, when the images were labeled with the diagnosis, there was no difference between the two formats in the information conveyed to the referr...
Keynote II: Building Distributed, Wide-Area Applications with WheelFS

It is a challenge to build applications that need to share data and are distributed across hundreds or thousands of computers in a wide-area network (e.g., PlanetLab or on a Grid). In order to cope with high latency, throughput bottlenecks, and temporary failures, such applications typically implement their own storage plan or use special-purpose storage solutions (e.g., DISC, Globus, Carbonite, etc.). Inspired by the success of the Google File System for cluster applications, this proposal investigates whether a general-purpose wide-area file system could simplify building distributed applications. In particular, this talk presents a preliminary design, called WheelFS. WheelFS’s goal is to ease the development of distributed applications such as cooperative Web caches, data-intensive Grid applications, and PlanetLab measurements, perhaps reducing the storage management code to a simple script around the application’s core logic. Towards this goal, WheelFS adopts many features from existing file systems, and adds two new ones: semantic cues, and write-locally-read-globally. This talk will also discuss several specific applications that can potentially benefit from using WheelFS. Joint work with: Jeremy Stribling (MIT), Emil Sit (MIT), Jinyang Li (NYU), and Robert Morris (MIT). About the speaker: M. Frans Kaashoek is a full professor in MIT’s EECS department and a member of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, where he coleads the parallel and distributed operating systems group (http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/). He received a PhD (1992) from the Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for his work on group communication in the Amoeba distributed operating system, under the supervision of A.S. Tanenbaum. Frans’s principal field of interest is designing and building computer systems. His past work includes the exokernel operating system, the Click modular router, the RON overlay, the self-certifying file system, the Chord distributed hash table, and the Asbestos secure operating system. Frans is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the recipient of several awards, including the inaugural ACM SIGOPS Mark Weiser award for demonstrating creativity and innovation in operating systems research.
"Selling" the Farm: New Frontier Conservation and the USDA Farm Recreation Policies of the 1960s.

In May 1962 leaders from a variety of federal agencies and independent organizations gathered to "exchange ideas about the future course of American conservation policy." Central to the agenda discussed were certain Kennedy administration agricultural conservation programs that sought to apply the ideology of multiple use, which formed the heart of public land conservation policy for private lands. Key policymakers, most notably Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman, used the conference and the subsequent years to argue that adjusting agricultural lands to new uses that still retained an agrarian foundation, such as on-farm recreation, would solve multiple societal problems, including rural poverty, the disappearance of the small farm, agricultural surplus, lack of outdoor recreational space for urban and suburban Americans, and urban blight. This article explains how and why federal policymakers during the 1960s attempted to transform private agricultural lands to meet these diverse, and at times competing, societal goals.
Neural networks' power

Neural networks (NNs) are effective systems for learning pattern discriminants from a body of examples. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been developed in a wide variety of configurations with some common underlying characteristics. All ANNs attempt to achieve good performance via massive interconnection of simple computational elements. Neural networks are characterized by the model of their neurons, the connections among them and the methods used to train them to do specific tasks. The author describes multi-layer neural networks and Kohonen neural networks. The author then discusses how they are used in electric load forecasting and power system security assessment.
Anterior endoderm is a specific effector of terminal cardiac myocyte differentiation of cells from the embryonic heart forming region

The ability of anterior lateral plate mesoderm cells in the heart-forming region (HFR) of stage 6 chicken embryos to respond to cardiogenic stimuli from cells in adjacent germ layers has been investigated using explants cul- tured under defined conditions. Two types of ex- plantation were evaluated: those in which two germ layers were explanted in contiguity, and those in which germ layers were isolated and co- cultured. Two parameters-contractility and ex- pression of sarcomeric alpha-actin-were moni- tored to evaluate the terminal differentiation of cardiac myocytes. Contiguously explanted ante- rior endoderm/mesoderm became multilayered and underwent terminal differentiation within 2 days. By contrast, although contiguous anterior ectoderm/mesoderm or posterior endoderm/meso- derm co-explants also became multilayered, these explants did not differentiate, up to 5 days. To as- certain the cardiogenic potential of cells from dif- ferent regions of the embryo, individual germ lay- ers were isolated and co-cultured by placing the explants in separate areas of the culture chamber. These determinations demonstrated that anterior, but not posterior, endoderm effected differentia- tion of anterior mesoderm. As before, mesoderm in both types of co-culture survived and became multilayered; by contrast, mesoderm did not sur- vive when cultured in isolation. These experi- ments provide evidence that anterior endoderm regulates the terminal differentiation, as opposed to growth, of presumptive cardiac myocytes in mesoderm cells from the anterior lateral plate. Fi- nally, anterior endoderm was co-cultured with mesoderm from the posterior half of the embryo, which does not contain an HFR. The failure of these co-cultured explants to differentiate infers that pre-cardiac myoblasts in stage 6 anterior me- soderm are previously specified to respond to the terminal cardiogenic effects of endoderm.
Linear algebra libraries for high-performance computers: a personal perspective

Linpack software, which was released in 1979, for solving linear algebra problems on high-performance computers is reviewed. The Linpack benchmark and standards development are discussed. Lapack, a linear algebra library that embodies ideas of locality of reference and data reuse, is described. The algorithms design in Lapack and the advantages and future developments of Lapack are also discussed. >
Production of argon L X-rays in Cl+→ Ar collisions

Abstract High resolution L X-ray spectral measurements of Cl + → Ar collisions are used to determine the argon L X-ray production cross sections.
133. Effects of the bacterial T cell superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A on learning and memory

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is known as a T cell superantigen, with well-characterized neurobiological and endocrine effects. Using a spatial navigation form of Morris water maze (MWM) training, we previously showed that SEA had no effect on initial MWM learning, but one month later, SEA treated mice showed improved reconsolidation of MWM learning (Woodruff et al., 2010). We have tested whether this reconsolidation effect is specific to a prior learning task, or generalizes to a new task. Male C57BL/6J mice were given 5 μg SEA (N = 8) or Saline (N = 8) and then subjected to MWM hidden platform training. Two weeks after the final MWM training, mice were subjected to 8 days of water-based radial arm maze (wRAM) training. The results showed no major SEA effect on initial MWM learning. Further, wRAM learning was not improved in SEA-treated mice. Additional experiments demonstrated that operant-based impulsivity testing was modified by SEA treatment (N = 8), showing that beginning at four days after injection with SEA, correct responding for a signal-associated food reward was impaired, when compared to saline-treated mice (N = 8). This may be due to the onset of impulsivity and/or cognitive disruption of rule parameters. Collectively, the neurobiological effects of SEA, which affect limbic brain areas, produce a variety of different learning and memory outcomes, which depend on the type of behavioral paradigm utilized.
OCCURRENCE OF SURFACE IgM, IgD, AND FREE LIGHT CHAINS ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

An analysis was made of the immunoglobulin surface markers of the cells of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) in view of previous evidence of their monoclonal B-cell character. The simultaneous presence of IgM and IgD on the surface of the majority of lymphocytes was demonstrated by both immunofluorescence and hemagglutination inhibition in most cases. However, cases were observed with surface IgM without IgD as well as cases with IgD without IgM. IgG and IgA were absent. Studies of the light chains indicated only a single class in a given case. In addition to bound light chains, free light chains were readily demonstrated in most cases through the use of antisera specific for "free chain" determinants. It thus appeared that there are three major types of surface Ig on CLL lymphocytes, IgM, IgD, and free light chains.
Preparation for global introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine: safety evidence from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 2000–12

Summary Background Safety data from countries with experience in the use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) are important for the global polio eradication strategy to introduce IPV into the immunisation schedules of all countries. In the USA, IPV has been included in the routine immunisation schedule since 1997. We aimed to analyse adverse events after IPV administration reported to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Methods We analysed all VAERS data associated with IPV submitted between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2012, either as individual or as combination vaccines, for all age and sex groups. We analysed the number and event type (non-serious, non-fatal serious, and death reports) of individual reports, and explored the most commonly coded event terms to describe the adverse event. We classified death reports according to previously published body-system categories (respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, other infectious, and other non-infectious) and reviewed death reports to identify the cause of death. We classified sudden infant death syndrome as a separate cause of death considering previous concerns about sudden infant syndrome after vaccines. We used empirical Bayesian data mining methods to identify disproportionate reporting of adverse events for IPV compared with other vaccines. Additional VAERS data from 1991 to 2000 were analysed to compare the safety profiles of IPV and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Findings Of the 41 792 adverse event reports submitted, 39 568 (95%) were for children younger than 7 years. 38 381 of the reports for children in this age group (97%) were for simultaneous vaccination with IPV and other vaccines (most commonly pneumococcal and acellular pertussis vaccines), whereas standalone IPV vaccines accounted for 0·5% of all reports. 34 880 reports were for non-serious events (88%), 3905 reports were for non-fatal serious events (10%), and 783 reports were death reports (2%). Injection-site erythema was the most commonly coded term for non-serious events (29%), and pyrexia for non-fatal serious events (38%). Most deaths (96%) were in children aged 12 months or younger; most (52%) had sudden infant death syndrome as the reported cause of death. The safely profiles of combined IPV and whole-cell pertussis vaccines, OPV and whole-cell pertussis vaccines, and OPV and acellular pertussis vaccines were similar. We noted no indication of disproportionate reporting of adverse events after immunisation with IPV-containing vaccines compared with other vaccines between 1990 and 2013. Interpretation Fairly few adverse events were reported for the more than 250 million IPV doses distributed between 2000 and 2012. Sudden infant death syndrome reports after IPV were consistent with reporting patterns for other vaccines. No new or unexpected vaccine safety problems were identified for fatal, non-fatal serious, and non-serious reports in this assessment of adverse events after IPV. Funding None.