cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association of Fever and Antipyretic Medication With Outcomes in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Fever is common in mechanically ventilated patients and may be uniquely detrimental in those with lung injury because of its injurious effects on pulmonary vascular permeability and alveolar epithelium. We evaluated the association of fever and antipyretic medication with mortality in mechanically ventilated emergency department (ED) patients. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of 1,264 patients requiring mechanical ventilation initiated in the ED with subsequent admission to an intensive care unit. Maximum body temperature was recorded for the first 24 h after ED admission and categorized into four categories: <37°C, 37°C to 38.2°C, 38.3°C to 39.4°C, and ≥39.5°C. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. We conducted a planned subgroup analysis of patients with sepsis at the time of intubation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) were used to assess the relationship between temperature, antipyretics, and mortality. RESULTS Multivariable Cox proportional HRs demonstrated that a maximum temperature ≥39.5°C was associated with increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.59 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.05-2.39]). In the subgroup of patients with sepsis, a maximum temperature of 38.3°C to 39.4°C was associated with survival (aHR 0.61 [95% CI, 0.39-0.99]). There was no difference in 28-day mortality between patients who did and did not receive antipyretic medication in either the overall cohort or the septic subgroup. CONCLUSION High fever (≥39.5°C) was associated with increased risk for mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. However, in patients with sepsis, moderate fever (38.3°C-39.4°C) was protective. Antipyretic medication was not associated with changes in outcome. This suggests that fever may have different implications in septic versus nonseptic mechanically ventilated patients.
Viscoelastic properties of shock wave exposed brain tissue subjected to unconfined compression experiments.

Abstract Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) affect millions of people each year. While research has been dedicated to determining the mechanical properties of the uninjured brain, there has been a lack of investigation on the mechanical properties of the brain after experiencing a primary blast-induced TBI. In this paper, whole porcine brains were exposed to a shock wave to simulate blast-induced TBI. First, ten (10) brains were subjected to unconfined compression experiments immediately following shock wave exposure. In addition, 22 brains exposed to a shock wave were placed in saline solution and refrigerated between 30 minutes and 6.0 hours before undergoing unconfined compression experiments. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a time delay on the viscoelastic properties in the event that an experiment cannot be completed immediately. Samples from both soaked and freshly extracted brains were subjected to compressive rates of 5, 50, and 500 mm/min during the unconfined compression experiments. The fractional Zener (FZ) viscoelastic model was applied to obtain the brain's material properties. The length of time in the solution statistically influenced three of the four FZ coefficients, E 0 (instantaneous elastic response), τ 0 (relaxation time), and α (fractional order). Further, the compressive rate statistically influenced τ 0 and α.
Mechanism and Scope of Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Borylation of Carboxylic Acid Fluorides.

This Article describes the development of a base-free, nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative coupling of carboxylic acid fluorides with diboron reagents to selectively afford aryl boronate ester product...
Impact of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets on Near-Surface Turbulence Kinetic Energy

We report on the role of low-level jets (LLJs) on the modulation of near-surface turbulence in the stable boundary layer, focusing on the behaviour of the transport terms of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget. We also examine the applicability of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) in light of these terms. Using coincident near-surface turbulence and LLJ data collected over a three-month period in South Carolina, USA, we found that turbulence during LLJ periods was typically stronger and more well-developed in comparison with periods without a LLJ. We found a local imbalance in the near-surface TKE budget, in which the imbalance (residual) term was typically positive (i.e., energy gain) and nearly in equilibrium with buoyant consumption. Based on a comparison with previous studies, we assume that this residual term represents mostly pressure transport. We found the behaviour of the residual term to be better delineated in the presence of LLJs. We found shear production to adhere to MOST remarkably well during LLJs, except under very stable conditions. Gain of non-local TKE via pressure transport, likely consisting of large-scale fluctuations, could be the cause of the observed deviation from the MOST $$z$$ -less prediction. The fact that this deviation was observed for periods with well-developed turbulence with an inertial subrange slope close to $$-5/3$$ indicates that such Kolmogorov turbulence is not a sufficient condition to guarantee the applicability of the MOST $$z$$ -less concept, as recently suggested in the literature. The implications of these results are discussed.
Trajectory Type Prediction and Multi-Target Tracking

Multiple target tracking is well known computer vision problem due to its wide range of application in industrial and biomedical domains. Significant amount of research has been done to tackle the problem, but still it is challenging to design robust tracking system that can provide solutions for many real-world tracking applications. In this paper, we present two-stage approach for tracking multiple target trajectories in video sequences. In the first stage, machine learning is utilized to predict the type of the trajectory on which a target is travelling. We selected Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network to classify trajectories generated by the targets. The network is beneficial for learning bidirectional long-term dependencies between time steps of sequential data. In the second stage, polynomial curve (arc) of 2nd degree is being fit to the location data of previous six video frames and polynomial curve (arc) of 3rd degree is being fit to the velocity curve computed from the six previous frames. This information helps to extrapolate the future velocity of the target and its future location. We demonstrate the tracking abilities of our new approach and estimate the error of prediction on simulated trajectory data and on real-world videos.
RECURRENT THROMBOTIC EVENTS WHILE ON RIVAROXABAN IN A PATIENT WITH ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder associated with venous or arterial thrombosis and with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The disorder is confirmed by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Diagnosis of APS has important treatment implications insofar as newer direct
Current enhancement of CdTe-based solar cells

We report on the realization of current enhancement for CdTe-based solar cells grown on commercial SnO2/SnO2:F coated soda-lime glass substrates. We used sputtered CdSe window layer to facilitate the formation of CdSexTe1−x alloys during high temperature CSS CdTe deposition. The reduced band gap leads to current enhancement in the long wavelength region. We optimize the thickness of CdSe to enhance the blue response and current enhancement in the short wavelength region. The application of CdSe window layer leads to lower open-circuit voltage (VOC). We have applied combined CdS/CdSe window layers to maintain both short-circuit current (JSC) and VOC. With optimized synthesis, a small area cell with CdS/CdSe window layer showed an efficiency of 15.1% with a VOC of 830 mV, a short-circuit current of 26.3 mA/cm2 and a fill-factor of 69.1%, measured under an AM1.5 illumination. Further improvement on cell performance is expected when the interfaces are further optimized.
Polen in der deutschen Geschichtsforschung 1850–1933. Bemerkungen zum Polenbild in der Historischen Zeitschrift

Poland in German Historical Research in the Years 1850–1933: Comments on the Image of Poland in the Journal Historische Zeitschrift This analysis of the articles about Poland in the journal Historische Zeitschrift published from the beginning of the journal to around 1933 reveals facts which are important for the assessment of the achievements and shortages of German historical science. In general, the elite of historians hardly took Poland into consideration. In the years 1850–1860 to 1880, they presented Poland as a culturally handicapped country, entangled in Catholicism, completely incapable of ordering and forming power, as a country which would beneﬁt from further colonization by the Germans. In the years 1880–1918, this pejorative image was selectively improved as some assessments became more varied, and Polish historical science gained some recognition. After 1918, the main criterion in presenting Polish history - the ability or inability to create a state – somewhat receded, but new racist content appeared. Eventually, the fate of Poland ceased to attract the authors’ attention as their interest shifted to Russia. Translated by Agnieszka Chabros
Managing Modern Social Conflict through Mixed Ethical Foundations: Deontology, Consequentialism, and Virtue Ethics as Pillars of Salvador Giner’s Republicanism

Abstract: A few years before his death in 2019, Salvador Giner noted the extreme difficulty of durably realizing the “estado precario” of social concord and the relative ease with which societies experience “un estado natural” of discord. So he recalled his decades-long intellectual project of developing a republican political theory that seeks optimal social relations while pessimistically assuming the inevitability of discord. This article argues that Giner’s pessimistic, tragic outlook is evinced through the heterogeneous ethical philosophical theories—deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics—he proposes as guiding principles of republican democracy, theories that must necessarily coexist, though they are ultimately incompatible.
A Novel Dipole-Moment-Based Formulation for Efficient Analysis of Scattering from Finite Periodic Structures with Inhomogeneous Elements

This work presents a novel formulation, based on the dipole moment (DM) method, to efficiently analyze scattering from finite periodic structures, where the unit-cell elements of these structures are arbitrarily shaped and are inhomogeneous objects in general. The key point of using the dipole moment method is that the scattered fields are obtained in closed-forms for arbitrarily shaped metallic as well as dielectric objects, which facilitates efficient computation of the MoM matrix in comparison to the conventional approach for matrix generation which utilizes RWG basis functions. Numerical results obtained by using the proposed approach show good agreement with those obtained using a commercial MoM software package.
Quick overview of diagnostic kits and smartphone apps for urologists during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review

The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented event that has caused incredible challenges in all areas of society. However, unlike previous global pandemics, modern advancements in technology and medicine have made it possible to respond much more rapidly. Within months, countries around the world developed diagnostic kits and smartphone applications to tackle the virus. Many of these diagnostic kits vary in what they target and have different uses. Smartphone applications have been developed to provide real-time information to users regarding potential exposure, statistics, updated news, etc. Depending on the country, resources and government policies have created a wide range of products and applications. This narrative review paper focuses on providing a general overview of diagnostic kits and smartphone applications in three major countries, the U.S., South Korea, and China. Smartphone applications were used for tracing person-to-person contact and preventing the spread of COVID-19. These tools allowed public health officials to quickly identify people who may have had exposure to COVID-19 and allows them to act accordingly. In addition to discussing the mechanisms behind diagnostic kits, topics in legislation and policy for contact tracing will also be discussed. As nations enter into the next phase of the pandemic, there are serious considerations to be made about how technology can be integrated into handling future healthcare crises.
New Discoveries in Cattle Health

The well-being and productivity of cattle are closely linked to cattle health. Moreover, disease is costly. In 2005, the estimated cost of cattle death due to all disease was $2 billion;5 this does not include the costs of treatment or production loss due to disease. Preservation of cattle health requires that veterinarians understand the causes of disease and the methods to prevent disease. Because animal production systems and infectious agents are always evolving, new causes of disease are always developing. Thus, ongoing research is necessary to determine the causes of new and emerging diseases, to determine the true impact of disease on well-being and productivity, and to develop evidence-based methods to treat and prevent disease.
Perception and Income: The Behavioral Economics of the Realization Doctrine

The requirement that gains be realized before they are subject to income tax is one of the most fundamental doctrines in tax law as well as being one of the most controversial. The common assumption in the academic literature is that this requirement leads to significant inefficiencies and inequities. This article argues that requiring a realization event is generally the best way to measure taxable income because it is consistent with how individuals actually perceive income. This perspective helps us to understand the development of the realization doctrine as well as suggest ways in which the current tax system can be improved, such as exempting some of the amounts reinvested in mutual funds from income taxation.
Effects of Temporal Variations in Optical Depth on the Determination of the Optical Depth and Solar Constant from Solar Photometry

The Langley plot technique is a useful and well-known method for estimating atmospheric spectral extinction and/or the exoatmospheric solar spectral irradiance from ground-based spectroradiometer observations. This paper addresses the problem of detecting and assessing the bias of temporal optical depth variations with regard to retrieving the spectral solar constant (zero-airmass spectral solar irradiance) and instantaneous optical depth via the Langley method. The results of data simulations reveal that a number of possible forms of temporal optical depth variations can severely bias Langley plot estimates of optical depth and zero-airmass solar irradiance while yielding nearly straight Langley plots. Analyses of many spectroradiometer data sets reveal that the error in the determination of the zero-airmass solar irradiance is almost always significantly greater than the statistical uncertainty obtained from the Langley plot fit. This error can be estimated if the magnitude of the optical depth variation over the observation period is known.
HIV Rapid Testing in a VA Emergency Department Setting: Cost Analysis at 5 Years

Abstract Objectives To conduct a comprehensive cost-minimization analysis to comprehend the financial attributes of the first 5 years of an implementation wherein emergency department (ED) registered nurses administered HIV oral rapid tests to patients. Methods A health science research implementation team coordinated with ED stakeholders and staff to provide training, implementation guidelines, and support to launch ED registered nurse–administered HIV oral rapid testing. Deidentified quantitative data were gathered from the electronic medical records detailing quarterly HIV rapid test rates in the ED setting spanning the first 5 years. Comprehensive cost analyses were conducted to evaluate the financial impact of this implementation. Results At 5 years, a total of 2,620 tests were conducted with a quarterly mean of 131 ± 81. Despite quarterly variability in testing rates, regression analysis revealed an average increase of 3.58 tests per quarter. Over the course of this implementation, Veterans Health Administration policy transitioned from written to verbal consent for HIV testing, serving to reduce the time and cost(s) associated with the testing process. Conclusions Our data indicated salient health outcome benefits for patients with respect to the potential for earlier detection, and associated long-run cost savings.
The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor tepoxalin induces oxidative damage and altered PTEN status prior to apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cell lines

The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor tepoxalin has been shown to slow canine osteosarcoma (OSA) tumour xenografts growth, yet the mechanisms are poorly elucidated. Further examination of tepoxalin in canine OSA cell lines shows that tepoxalin treated cells undergo apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and annexin staining. Interestingly, apoptosis is superseded by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), as measured by activation of dihydrorhodamine 123 and mitosox. This increase in ROS appears to be related to the 5-LOX inhibitor regardless of cellular 5-LOX status, and was not observed after treatment with the tepoxalin metabolite RWJ20142. Additionally, 5-LOX inhibition by tepoxalin appears to increase phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) homolog activity by preventing its alkylation or oxidation. PTEN modification or inhibition allows phosphoinositide-3 (PI3) kinase activity thereby heightening activation of protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation. Our data suggest that off target oxidation and LOX inhibition play roles in the apoptotic response.
Modeling of long-wave and net radiation energy distribution within a homogeneous plant canopy via multiple scattering processes

Received 13 September 2005; revised 20 April 2006; accepted 28 April 2006; published 30 August 2006. [1] This paper presents a newly developed multiple-layer, long-wave radiation scattering model for use in homogeneous vegetation canopies. The model is able to simulate the radiation distribution within and the outgoing radiation above the canopy. This model differs from the shortwave model developed earlier by the authors owing to the complexity introduced by the fact that leaves within and soil below the canopy emit long-wave radiation in accordance with their surface temperature. Combined, the short- and long-wave models are able to simulate net radiation distribution above and within the canopy sublayers and at the soil surface. The model represents multiple scatterings of radiation reflected, transmitted, and emitted from leaf surfaces and penetrating through gaps as infinite series equations, which are reduced analytically to simple forms. In stand-alone mode this model has the limitation that it requires canopy temperature profile data as input in order to simulate outgoing long-wave radiation and net radiation. However, once we or other users couple this model to a turbulent transfer model, canopy temperature profiles will be produced as model output, making this a useful tool for remote sensing data assimilation. The model was tested against measurements collected in a wheat field in 2002. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the modeled outgoing long-wave radiation above a wheat canopy and observed long-wave radiation measured with an Eppley precision infrared radiometer (PIR), both for daily total values and diurnal variation of 20-min averages. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of daily total values of outgoing long-wave radiation, with respect to measurements, was only 1.1% of the mean of the measurements. Comparison of the modeled net radiation with two independent measurements produced RMSE values equal to 3.7% of the mean measured daily total net radiation.
The Cold War, the US Bureau of Reclamation, and the technopolitics of river basin development, 1950–1970

Abstract This paper examines the links between Cold War geopolitics and economic development to explain the relatively rapid proliferation of the concept of river basin development throughout so-called “developing areas” of Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America during the latter half of the twentieth century. The research focuses on the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the most significant water resource development agency of the US government, and its engagement in what it termed “foreign activities” beginning in the aftermath of World War II. Grounded in recent work on technopolitics, the constructed scales of water resource development, and histories of the “global” Cold War, this research examines the advancement of water resource development in the Litani River basin in Lebanon—as guided by staff of the US Bureau of Reclamation—during the period from 1950 to 1970. The Bureau operated as a geopolitical agent attempting to implement a universalized model of river basin development, but encountered continuous difficulties in the form of political and biophysical contingencies. The Bureau’s efforts, centred on the basin as the most appropriate unit of development, were consistently undercut by scale-making projects related to global and regional geopolitical concerns. The research concludes that understandings of the technopolitics of development interventions would benefit from a closer engagement with recent discussions regarding the construction of spatial scale within political geography and related fields. River basin development and its material transformation of multiple locales remains one of the largely neglected, but vitally important, legacies of Cold War geopolitics.
Current and rate equation for resonant tunneling.

We have used nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics to derive an exact expression for the current and a rate equation for a simple model of a resonant tunneling diode including scattering within the resonant state. The rate equation is identical to the classical rate equation for resonant tunneling provided that two conditions are met. First, the driving frequency must be slow compared with the Fermi energy of incoming electrons; the lifetime of the resonance does not set a scale. Second, the resonance must be narrow compared with the range of incoming energies and on a scale set by the variation in energy of the tunneling rates of the individual barriers. Our derivation shows that the rate equation holds both in the coherent limit, in which transport can be described by elementary wave mechanics alone, and in the limit where scattering within the resonant state makes a classical ``sequential'' picture more appropriate; all information about coherence is lost in the averaging required to deduce the rate equation. The current through the resonant state is independent of scattering provided that the rate equation holds. We also examine the current when the rate equation does not hold, and show how strongly inelastic processes enter the quantum kinetic description through scattering-out and scattering-in processes at different energies.
Adolescent Sexual Risk and Multiple Contexts Interpersonal Violence, Parenting, and Poverty

In this study we estimated the combined effects of violence experiences, parenting processes, and community poverty on sexual onset, alcohol or other drug (AOD) use at last sex, multiple sex partners, and prior pregnancy in a sample of 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade adolescents (n = 7,891), and the subsample of sexually experienced adolescents (n = 2,108). Multilevel multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that having experienced any interpersonal violence, and low levels of perceived parental warmth and parental knowledge predicted sexual onset. Adult sexual abuse or peer sexual coercion increased the odds for AOD use at last sex and having multiple sexual partners. When demographic, violence experiences and parenting behaviors were accounted for, poverty was not associated with sexual onset, AOD use at last sex, or multiple sex partners. Results suggest prevention efforts to reduce teen dating violence may be especially important to diminish sexually risky behaviors among adolescents.
Unusually stable β-sheet formation in an ionic self-complementary oligopeptide

A 16-residue amphiphilic oligopeptide (EAK16) with every other residue alanine and also containing glutamic acid and lysine (Ac-NH-AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK-CONH2) is able to form an unusually stable beta-sheet structure. The beta-sheet structure is stable at very low concentrations in water and at high temperatures. Various pH changes at 1.5, 3, 7, and 11 had little effect on the stability of the beta-sheet structure. The beta-sheet structure was not altered significantly even in the presence of 0.1% SDS, 7 molar guanidine hydrochloride, or 8 molar urea. One of the structural characteristics of the EAK16 is its ionic self-complementarity in that ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds between Glu and Lys can form readily between two oligopeptide beta-sheet structures. This structural feature is probably one of the factors that promotes its extreme stability. This is the first example of such an extended ionic self-complementarity in a protein structure. EAK16 and its related peptides may have applications as useful biomaterials. It also offers a good model for studying the mechanism of beta-sheet formation. Because the oligopeptide can self-assemble to form a membranous structure, it may have relevance to origin of life research.
Brine volume and salt dissolution rates in Orca Basin, northeast Gulf of Mexico

The Orca Basin, on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope, is unique among the many intraslope basins of the area, in that it contains a large brine lake at the base of the water column. The brine lake is of scientific significance on many levels: as an unusual hypersaline marine habitat; a laboratory for study of the preservation of organic and inorganic matter in anoxic environments; an anomalous geophysical phenomenon; and a closed system where the dissolution of rock salt in the submarine environment can be investigated. The latter two subjects are the focus of this article. The brine lake occupies an area of approximately 123 km 2 (47.5 mi 2 ) in the base of the Orca Basin and is up to 220 m (721 ft) deep in places. High-resolution multifold three-dimensional seismic reflection data enable this unique feature to be mapped and described quantitatively for the first time. An updated physiographic description of the Orca Basin and a calculation of the volume of the brine lake is presented. At 13.3 km 3 (3.2 mi 3 ), the volume of brine represents the dissolution of about 3.62 billion t of Jurassic Louann Salt in seawater. We calculate the time-averaged addition of salt to the Orca Basin through the dissolution of exposed salt at nearly 0.5 million t/yr.
Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice chronically treated from birth with anti-IgM antibodies.

Abstract The role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice is well established while the role of B lymphocytes is unclear. Mice with thyroid lesions have thyroglobulin antibodies whereas these antibodies can occur in mice immunized with Tg that do not develop thyroid lesions. To determine whether thyroglobulin antibodies are necessary for the development of the thyroid infiltrates with mononuclear cells, which are characteristic for experimental autoimmune thyroiditis, AKR mice chronically treated from birth with goat anti-mouse IgM antibodies were immunized with mouse thyroglobulin in Freund's complete adjuvant when they were 7 weeks old. Control mice, similarly immunized, were chronically injected from birth with normal goat γ-globulin. Three weeks after immunization, all mice were sacrificed, thyroglobulin antibodies in the serum were measured by hemagglutination assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and thyroid pathology was assessed. The serum concentration of IgG and IgM, the percentage of B and T lymphocytes in the spleen (flow cytometry), and the in vitro proliferative response of spleen lymphocytes to stimulation by PHA, LPS, and Tg were also measured. All mice treated with anti-IgM antibodies did not have detectable thyroglobulin antibodies but 63% of these mice and 88% of control mice (all of which had thyroglobulin antibodies) had thyroid lesions. Mice treated with anti-IgM antibodies that did not have thyroid lesions had a more pronounced depression of B lymphocytes than similarly treated mice that had thyroid lesions. These experiments suggest that thyroglobulin antibodies are not necessary for the development of thyroid infiltrates with mononuclear cells. B lymphocytes could still participate in the production of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by presenting thyroglobulin to helper T lymphocytes.
BONDING MODES OF ARENES IN PHOTOGENERATED(ARENE)CR(CO)5 COMPLEXES

Abstract Detailed kinetics studies of arene displacement by 1-hexene from the ten (arene)Cr(CO) 5 complexes (arene=C 6 H 6− n (CH 3 ) n ; n =2−5) generated by pulsed laser flash photolysis have been conducted. The data indicate that all reactions obey a reversible dissociation-competition for the [Cr(CO) 5 ] intermediate mechanism. The systematic variations in rate constants for unimolecular dissociation of arenes in the presence of 1-hexene ‘trap’ strongly support ‘edge-on’ bonding of the arene to Cr for the methyl-substituted benzene compounds in which there is a CC ‘ring-edge’ unsubstituted by methyls. Where no such ring-edge is present, i.e., for mesitylene, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene and pentamethylbenze, the kinetics data suggest that a rapid equilibrium is e stablished two binding modes, the second possibly through the ring center.
Iatrogenic Disease in Hospitalized Elderly Veterans

To help determine whether or not the elderly are at unusually high risk for hospital-related complications, a study was made of consecutive admissions involving 48 patients less than 65 years old (mean 50.3 years) and 174 patients more than 65 years old (mean 73.1 years). They were prospectively followed during their hospital stays, and were monitored daily. According to admission data, they were classified as : Group 1, likely to die soon after admission; Group II, likely to die within a year; Group III, likely to live longer than a year. Complications were listed under the causal factors: trauma, infection, hospital procedures, drugs, and miscellaneous. About 90 per cent of all 222 patients in both age categories were in Group III. The overall complication rates were 29 per cent for patients under 65, and 45 per cent for those over 65 (P less than 0.05). For the under-65 Group III patients, the rates were 17 per cent and 42 per cent for medical and surgical patients, respectively; for the over-65 patients, the rates were 40 per cent (medical) and 43 per cent (surgical). This indicated a major increase in complications among medical patients more than 65 years old. Procedure-related problems were most common among surgical patients under 65. For over-65 patients, the complication rates for procedure-related, trauma, miscellaneous, infection, and drug toxicity categories were fairly evenly distributed within the range of 16.8-12.8 per cent, in that order. Major psychiatric deterioration was observed in 10.7 per cent of patients over 65, but in none of the younger subjects. Drug toxicity and traumatic complications were also more common in the older patients. These data confirm the disproportionately high incidence of iatrogenic diseases in hospital patients over the age of 65. Several of these complications are amenable to control.
Mass Spectrometry of Low Molecular Mass Solids by Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS) was used for the analysis of low molecular mass compounds. Three classes of molecules were studied: organic acids, salts of oxyanions and amine-based chelating compounds. Mass spectra from samples of citric, propionic, butyric, oxalic and stearic acid; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), ethylenediamineN,N′-diacetic acid (EDDA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA); and sulfate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate salts were obtained. These species were analyzed alone and as mixtures in both the positive and negative ion modes. The organic acids and oxyanion salts displayed much stronger signals in the negative ion detection mode whereas chelating compounds, which contain basic amine functional groups, yielded stronger signals in the positive ion mode. This implies that detection sensitivity is often better for a particular ion mode in the analysis of small molecules containing limited classes of functional groups. In all analyses, the presence of high concentrations of sodium was found to quench the MALDI signals. To increase the detection sensitivity, some samples were processed through an ion-exchange column to remove sodium ions. This step was found to enhance the signal by two orders of magnitude over untreated samples. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IP fast rerouting for single-link/node failure recovery

Failure recovery in IP networks is critical to high quality service provisioning. The main challenge is how to achieve fast recovery without introducing high complexity and resource usage. Today’s networks mainly use route recalculation and lower layer protection. However, route recalculation could take as long as seconds to complete; while lower layer protection usually requires considerable bandwidth redundancy. We present two fast rerouting algorithms to achieve recovery from single-link and single-node failures, respectively. The idea is to calculated backup paths in advance. When a failure is detected, the affected packets are immediately forwarded through backup paths to shorten the service disruption. This paper answers the following questions: 1. How to find backup paths? 2. How to coordinate routers during the rerouting without explicit signaling? 3. How to realize distributed implementation? The schemes react to failures very fast because there are no calculations on the fly. They are also cost efficient because no bandwidth reservation is required. Our schemes guarantee 100% failure recovery without any assumption on the primary paths. Simulations show that our schemes yield comparable performance to shortest path route recalculation. This work illuminates the possibility of using pure IP layer solutions to build highly survivable yet cost-efficient networks.
Elizabeth, Edification, and the Latin Prayer Book of 1560

Over the past few years a spate of books and articles have forced scholars to reject the idea that the Anglican church was created as a compromise between Queen Elizabeth, who would have preferred to return to Henrician Catholicism, and radical Protestants, who wished to create in England a godly society modeled on the Swiss Reformation. This historiographic revolution has been led by historians who have challenged J. E. Neale's tale of a Puritan opposition party which was born in 1559 and bedeviled the queen for her entire reign. Demonstrating that the queen achieved the religious settlement she desired in 1559, they have forced us to question anew Elizabeth's attitude toward her church and to challenge some of the assumptions upon which ecclesiastical historians, following Neale, have built their histories of the Elizabethan church.
Manipulation of molecular aggregation and supramolecular structure using self-assembled lithium mixed-anion complexes

A set of zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional materials have been synthesized by systematically varying the stoichiometry of the two components 2,4,6-Me3-C6H2OLi (ArOLi) and Me2N(CH2)2OLi (ROLi) within single aggregates, while using 1,4-dioxane (diox) as a ditopic linker. The homoleptic complex [{(ArOLi)4·(diox)2}⊃3(diox)]∞1 forms a 3D diamondoid extended structure, where Li4O4 cubanes act as tetrahedral nodes. Attempts to rationally alter the dimensionality of the network through the sequential replacement of ArOLi vertices by potentially chelating ROLi units have succeeded. The mixed-anion complexes [{(ROLi)(ArOLi)3·(diox)1.5}⊃1/2(C6H14)]∞2 and [(ROLi)4(ArOLi)2·(diox)]∞4, adopt 2D hexagonal net and 1D chain structures respectively. Furthermore, the two complexes [{(ROLi)3(ArOLi)3·(diox)0.5}(C6H14)]∞3 and [(ROLi)5(ArOLi)·(diox)0.5]∞5 both form unusual 0D molecular dumbbell structures in the solid state. Incorporation of multiple ROLi units in the mixed-anion complexes not only results in reducing the number of possible sites for polymer extension through chelation, but also changes the aggregation state of the building block from tetrametallic Li4O4 units to hexametallic Li6O6 units.
Silver nitrate molecular species and coordination polymers with divergent supramolecular morphology constructed from hydrogen-bonding capable dipyridyl ligands

Abstract Solution phase reaction of silver nitrate with various hydrogen-bonding capable dipyridyl ligands has resulted in three 1-D coordination polymers and one discrete cationic species with diverse silver coordination spheres. [Ag(NO3)(4,4′-dpk)]n (1, 4,4′-dpk = 4,4′-dipyridylketone), {[Ag(4-bpmp)](NO3) · 6H2O} (2, 4-bpmp = bis(4-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) and {[Ag2(NO3)(3-bpmp)(H2O)2]NO3}n (3, 3-bpmp = bis(3-pyridylmethyl)piperazine) all display 1-D coordination polymer chain or ribbon motifs. Long-range Ag⋯O interactions and/or hydrogen-bonding promote the formation of different supramolecular aggregations such as a 2-D double layer slab in 1, a threefold interpenetrated 3-D diamondoid network in 2, and a 2-D single layer in 3. Compound 2 manifests “infinite” 1-D T(5)2 water molecule tapes within its incipient voids. {[Ag(2,4′-pmpp)2](NO3) · H2O} (4, 2,4′-pmpp = 2-pyridyl(4′-methylpyridyl)piperazine) contains discrete cationic species connected by nitrate-mediated Ag⋯O interactions into a supramolecular 1-D zig-zag chain. Complexes 1 and 4 undergo weak blue–violet luminescence upon irradiation with ultraviolet light.
Enhancing student learning in self-care: The zombie apocalypse activity

Abstract The objective of the article was to develop an in-class practical activity that will maximally engage professional pharmacy students of different learning styles. Psychological-type theory was used to inform practical activity development. The practical itself was assessed in a post-survey and compared to a pre-activity survey that identified motivating factors and desired characteristics of a practical activity that were stratified by Myers–Briggs Type Inventory ® Sensing or Intuition preference. The practical also underwent faculty peer review by the volunteer faculty graders. Students' clinical knowledge was assessed with scenario-specific rubrics. Surveys reported that this activity was more engaging and a more effective assessment of learning and knowledge than practical activities students had previously encountered. Both students and faculty peers reported enjoyment in this unique approach.
Ultrashort Segment Hirschsprung's Disease. A Case Report

Hirschsprung's disease (HD) or congenital aganglionosis usually presents with involvement of the rectosigmoid, except for a small percentage of the ultrashort segment cases in which dysfunction is limited, to the area of the anal sphincter. However, the diagnostic criteria for ultrashort segment HD are the subject of some controversy. The reported case illustrates the gross and. microscopic anatomy of a documented case of ultrashort segment HD and helps define the proper biopsy technique and confirm previously established criteria for accurate diagnosis. It is suggested, that modification of criteria to allow up to a 4-cm segment of aganglionosis for the diagnosis of ultrashort segment HD would, eliminate some of the current ambiguity. Functional disorders of the anal sphincter should be considered separately.
Failure of hypophysectomy to alter brain content of opioid peptides (endorphins).

Abstract Opioid peptides (endorphins) were extracted from brains of hypophysectomized rats and sham-operated controls on the 34th post-operative day. There were no significant differences in endorphin content between groups. Evidently, the brain endorphins do not come from the pituitary, but are probably synthesized in the brain.
Antiviral neutralizing antibody to Hantaan virus as determined by plaque reduction technique.

The 76–118 strain of Hantaan virus was titrated in E6 (Vero) cells by the plaque method using agarose overlay medium. Visible plaques, formed 10 days post-infection, were uniformly 2–3 mm in diameter. Dose-response experiments showed that a single infectious particle initiated the formation of a plaque. Infectivity titers by the plaque method were equivalent to those obtained by the endpoint method (TCID50) using the immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFA) for antigen detection. The single-cycle growth pattern of the virus showed an eclipse phase of 7 to 9 hours, with production of cell-free infectious virus 18 hours post-infection. Plaque reduction neutralization tests suggested that complement enhanced the neutralizing activity of sera; rat sera were particularly complement-dependent. The plaque reduction neutralization test was about 10 times more sensitive than the TCID50 neutralization test. Convalescent phase sera from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) having higher IF antibody titers to Hantaan virus than to nephropathia epidemica (NE) virus were capable of neutralizing Hantaan virus, while sera from patients with higher IF antibody titers to NE virus than Hantaan virus did not contain neutralizing antibody to Hantaan virus.
Rate of detection of unsuspected pregnancies after implementation of mandatory point-of-care urine pregnancy testing prior to hysterosalpingography.

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the rate of detection of unsuspected pregnancies after the implementation of mandatory point-of-care urine pregnancy testing before hysterosalpingography (HSG). Methods At the authors' institution, HSGs are scheduled to occur during days 8 to 12 of the menstrual cycle. Upon arrival in the radiology department, all women undergo point-of-care urine pregnancy testing before HSG (at a cost of $1.25 per test). Urine pregnancy test results were retrospectively reviewed. Results Four hundred ten women (mean age, 25.9 years; range, 22-50 years) underwent point-of-care urine pregnancy testing before HSG between October 2010 and July 2012. Study indications were infertility evaluation (90.7% [372 of 410]) and tubal patency assessment after placement of tubal occlusive devices (9.3% [38 of 410]). Two positive urine pregnancy test results (0.5%) were recorded. One positive result was deemed a false-positive because the patient had received an intramuscular injection of β–human chorionic gonadotropin before the scheduled HSG, and follow-up laboratory testing showed declining β–human chorionic gonadotropin levels. The second positive result was a true-positive, and the patient was determined to be 4.5 weeks pregnant on the date of the scheduled HSG. Conclusions One of 410 women presenting for HSG was found to have an unsuspected early pregnancy, which was detected with a point-of-care urine pregnancy test. Consideration should be given to routine pregnancy testing of women before HSG because scheduling on the basis of menstrual cycle dates can be unreliable.
Heterogeneous Gas Core Reactor For Space Nuclear Power

Heterogeneous gas core reactor for space nuclear powerEdward T. Dugan and Nils J. DiazDepartment of Nuclear Engineering SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611ABSTRACTThe Heterogeneous Gas Core Reactor (HGCR) departs significantly from most other gas corereactor concepts in that the majority of the system moderation occurs within the corerather than in an external reflector. This leads to significant advantages over other gascore reactor concepts operating at comparable gas temperatures and neutron flux levels.Particularly important for space nuclear power systems is the improved neutron economywhich leads to very compact, high power reactors. Calculations show that cylindricalHGCR's less than one meter in diameter by one meter in height can yield power densities of1000 w /cc and power levels of hundreds of MWt for reactor specific powers of a few hundred
Gas permeability of high-temperature-resistant silicone polymer-vycor glass membrane

Abstract A high-temperature-resistant heterogeneous poly (dimethyl siloxane) membrane was prepared in situ by using monomer gas-phase polymerization in microporous media without employing prepolymerization. The permeation rates for various gases were measured at penetrant pressure up to 233 cmHg and at temperatures between 20°C and 200°C. The permeation rates for low-soluble gases, such as He, H 2 , N 2 , CO, O 2 , and Ar, increased with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the permeation rates for highly soluble gases, such as C 2 H 4 and CO 2 , decreased with increasing temperature. For all gases, the permeation rate increases or decreases linearly with the increase of temperature. The turning points were observed for all gases in the temperature range of 140-160°C. Permeation rates of most gases decreased with the increase of temperature above the turning point, excepting those of helium and hydrogen.
Of minds and media: Teaching critical citizenship to the plugged‐in generation

College campuses in America have become buzzing media centers. Rozana Carducci and Robert Rhoads ponder the consequences for higher education's efforts to prepare an effective citizenry and offer recommendations for educating today's media-saturated students.
Selective bonding and encapsulation for wafer-level vacuum packaging of MEMS and related micro systems

Abstract A laser-assisted bonding technique is demonstrated for low temperature region selective processing. A continuous wave carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (λ=10.6 μm) is used for solder (Pb37/Sn63) bonding of metallized silicon substrates (chips or wafers) for MEMS applications. Laser-assisted selective heating of silicon led to the reflow of an electroplated, or screen-printed, intermediate solder layer which produced silicon–solder–silicon joints. The bonding process was performed on fixtures in a vacuum chamber at an air pressure of 10−3 Torr to achieve fluxless soldering and vacuum encapsulation. The bonding temperature at the sealing ring was controlled to be close to the reflow temperature of the solder. Pull test results showed that the joint was sufficiently strong. Helium leak testing showed that the leak rate of the package met the requirements of MIL-STD-883E under optimized bonding conditions and bonded packages survived thermal shock testing. The testing, based on a design of experiments method, indicated that both laser incident power and scribe velocity significantly influenced bonding results. This novel method is especially suitable for encapsulation and vacuum packaging of chips or wafers containing MEMS and other micro devices with low temperature budgets, where managing stress distribution is important. Further, released and encapsulated devices on the sealed wafers can be diced without damaging the MEMS devices at wafer level.