cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Constructions for Order-Theoretic Models of Concurrency

We give "tight" and "loose" constructions suitable for specifying processes represented as sets of pomsets (partially ordered multisets). The tight construction is suitable for specifying "primitive" processes; it introduces the dual notions of concurrence and orthocurrence. The loose construction specifies a process in terms of a net of communicating subprocesses; it introduces the notion of a utilization embedding a process in a net.
Does the Use of Colored Paper Improve Response Rate to Mail Surveys?: A Multivariate Experimental Evaluation

Although colored paper is frequently prescribed to enhance response rates of mail surveys, the results of previous evaluations of this technique have been mixed. We therefore, conducted a large-sca...
Transistor Design for Submicron CMOS Technology

In this chapter, the design of transistors for submicron CMOS technology will be presented. The advantages of, as well as issues involved in CMOS technology will first be discussed. Then the concerns for the design of n and p-channel MOSFETs with submicron channel lengths will be discussed. Using simulations, the values of the critical device parameters are determined which will minimize leakage problems in submicron transistors.
Summary of the 2015 National Shellfisheries Association Meeting

From left to right: Geoduck clams. Photo credit: P. Sean McDonald; Harvesting geoducks. Photo credit: P. Sean McDonald; Olympia oysters. Photo credit: Bonnie Becker; Brian Beal accepting his Bourne...
Effectiveness and biases of Winkler litter extraction and pitfall trapping for collecting ground-dwelling ants in northern temperate forests.

The sampling efficiency of pitfall traps and Winkler litter extraction in northern deciduous forests was compared using ants. Both techniques are among the most common methods used to measure the diversity of organisms active on the forest floor. During 2005–2006, 90 Winkler and 180 pitfall trap samples from urban forest fragments in northeastern Ohio obtained 9,203 ants representing 31 species. Winklers captured all 31 species, whereas pitfall traps collected a total of 24 species. Winkler samples accumulated species more rapidly than did pitfall traps and had greater total species richness and higher abundance of ants recorded. Consistent with other studies, Winkler sampling was found to catch a greater number of smaller ants, whereas pitfall trapping caught a greater number of large-bodied ants. According to estimates of expected species richness, the combination of the two sampling techniques allowed for the collection of ≈90% of the ants expected in the surveyed area. Site variation had little effect on the inherent differences in sampling efficacy between the two methods. Either technique adequately collected samples for broad comparisons and documentation of the more typical and representative ant fauna, but Winkler extraction exhibited the advantage of a more complete inventory. The application of both techniques should be considered if the aims of a study require estimation of community properties, such as relative abundance.
Evaluation of angler reporting accuracy in an off‐site survey to estimate statewide steelhead harvest

Accuracy of angler-reported data on steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), harvest in Idaho, USA, was quantified by comparing data recorded on angler harvest permits to the numbers that the same group of anglers reported in an off-site survey. Anglers could respond to the off-site survey using mail or Internet; if they did not respond using these methods, they were called on the telephone. A majority of anglers responded through the mail, and the probability of responding by Internet decreased with increasing age of the respondent. The actual number of steelhead harvested did not appear to influence the response type. Anglers in the autumn 2012 survey overreported harvest by 24%, whereas anglers in the spring 2013 survey under-reported steelhead harvest by 16%. The direction of reporting bias may have been a function of actual harvest, where anglers harvested on average 2.6 times more fish during the spring fishery than the autumn. Reporting bias that is a function of actual harvest can have substantial management and conservation implications because the fishery will be perceived to be performing better at lower harvest rates and worse when harvest rates are higher. Thus, these findings warrant consideration when designing surveys and evaluating management actions.
Magnitude of fixation effect as influenced by estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle

The relationship between fluctuations in estrogen level and magnitude of fixation effect was investigated using 14 normally menstruating females as the experimental group and 14 oral contraceptive users as the control. The experimental group was expected to show the greater magnitude of fixation effect. Overall, the magnitude of fixation effect was expected to be greater at the high estrogen level. The difference between the groups was expected to be greater at the high estrogen level than at the low. Stimuli were circles presented with a two-channel tachistoscope. Magnitude of fixation effect was calculated by subtracting the experimental trial point of subjective equality (PSE) from the baseline PSE. Data were analyzed using a one-between/one-within repeated measures design. The results generally confirmed our hypotheses and suggested that high estrogen levels enhance the magnitude of fixation effect. The findings support earlier speculations that male/female differences in magnitude of fixation effect might be due to female hormonal fluctuations.
Demonstration of terahertz water-vapor spectroscopy with a photomixer transceiver

Measurements are reported that demonstrate the first use of a photomixer-transceiver system for terahertz rotational spectroscopy of airborne molecules. The photomixer transmitter and receiver were coupled to free space with twin-slot antennas that were optimized for operation in the 1.1 - 1.7 THz range. Both atmospheric-pressure and low- pressure conditions were investigated.
Antidote application: an educational system for treatment of common toxin overdose

Poisonings account for almost 1% of emergency room visits each year. Time is a critical factor in dealing with a toxicologic emergency. Delay in dispensing the first antidote dose can lead to life-threatening sequelae. Current toxicological resources that support treatment decisions are broad in scope, time-consuming to read, or at times unavailable. Our review of current toxicological resources revealed a gap in their ability to provide expedient calculations and recommendations about appropriate course of treatment. To bridge the gap, we developed the Antidote Application (AA), a computational system that automatically provides patient-specific antidote treatment recommendations and individualized dose calculations. We implemented 27 algorithms that describe FDA (the US Food and Drug Administration) approved use and evidence-based practices found in primary literature for the treatment of common toxin exposure. The AA covers 29 antidotes recommended by Poison Control and toxicology experts, 19 poison classes and 31 poisons, which represent over 200 toxic entities. To the best of our knowledge, the AA is the first educational decision support system in toxicology that provides patient-specific treatment recommendations and drug dose calculations. The AA is publicly available at http://projects.met-hilab.org/antidote/.
127. B2-and B3-adrenergic receptors drive the development of COMT-dependent pain by increasing release of NO and innate immune cytokines

Decreased activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines, contributes to pain in humans and animals. Previously, we demonstrated that development of COMT-dependent pain is mediated by B2- and B3-adrenergic receptors (B2- and B3ARs). Here, we investigated molecules downstream of B2- and B3ARs driving pain in animals with decreased COMT activity. Based on evidence linking role in pain and synthesis downstream of B2- and B3AR stimulation, we hypothesized nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines drive COMT-dependent pain. To test this, we measured plasma NO derivatives and cytokines in rats receiving the COMT inhibitor OR486 with or without the B2AR antagonist, ICI118,551 and B3AR antagonist, SR59320A. We also assessed if NO synthase inhibition and cytokine neutralization block the development of COMT-dependent pain. Results showed that animals receiving OR486 exhibited higher levels of NO derivatives, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 in a B2- and B3AR-dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of NO synthases and neutralization of the innate immunity cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 blocked COMT-dependent pain development. Finally, we found that NO influences TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL2 levels, while TNFα and IL-6 influence NO levels. Altogether, these results demonstrate that B2- and B3ARs contribute to COMT-dependent pain, at least partly, by increasing NO and cytokines. Furthermore, they identify B2- and B3ARs, NO, and pro-inflammatory cytokines as potential therapeutic targets for pain patients with COMT physiology abnormalities.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) of multiple oral doses of desloratadine (DCL) and fexofenadine (FEX) in a population of healthy adults identified phenotypically as desloratadine slow metabolizers (DSMS)

Purpose To characterize the PK of DCL and FEX in adults identified as DSMs. Methods This was a randomized, double blind, crossover study with a 21-day washout between treatments. DSM subjects received DCL 5 mg or FEX HCI 180 mg QD for 7 days during each treatment period. Serial blood sampling was performed on days 1 and 7, trough samples were collected on Days 5 and 6 and samples were collected 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hrs after the Day 7 dose. Plasma was assayed for DCL, 3-OH-DCL, and FEX by LC/MS/MS. Results 18 subjects (15 M, 3 F) with a mean (SD) age of 32.2 (±7.33) years and BMI of 27.0 (±3.7) kg/m2 were enrolled. Exposure to DCL increased 5-fold on Day 7. Relatively low concentrations of 3-OH-DCL were quantifiable more often on Day 7 than Day 1. The disposition of FEX was consistent with previous reports in subjects and patients, with no significant accumulation after 7 days of dosing. Mean (SD) half-lives of 112±56.2 and 17.2±7.3 hrs were estimated for DCL and FEX, respectively, compared with 27 hrs reported for DCL normal metabolizers. Conclusions In DSMs substantial accumulation of DCL was observed; however, steady-state was not reached by Day 7, which suggests continued accumulation with treatment beyond 7 days. There was no apparent alteration of FEX PK in DSMs. The safety of prolonged increased DCL exposure in a variety of clinical settings has not been established. The metabolic pathway responsible for the DSM phenotype remains unknown. (see Table) Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P45–P45; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.066 Table 1. DCL Day 1 DCL Day 7 FEX Day 1 FEX Day 7 AUC(0–24) (ng · hr/mL) Mean ± SD 40.29 ± 12.62 196.80 ± 53.76 2096 ± 1002 2357 ± 909 Cmax (ng/mL) Mean ± SD 2.48 ± 0.95 9.84 ± 2.67 367 ± 222 384 ± 180 Tmax (hrs) Median (Min, Max) 7 (2.5, 12) 7 (6, 12) 2.5 (1, 6) 1.5 (1, 6) C24h (ng/mL) Mean ± SD 1.62 ± 0.48 7.57 ± 2.26 11.0 ± 3.1 18.4 ± 8.5
Intimacy and alterity: prophetic selves and spirit others in central Mozambique

In the context of Mozambican prophet healing, spirit-host relationships unfold between intimacy and alterity. The interweaving of spirits’ and hosts’ biographies in possession is enacted bodily in the form of pains, postures, and punishments, and often pits their wills and well-beings against one another. Spirit possession is an intimate exchange, a bodily and social confluence that invokes the most familiar of interpersonal relationships (spouses, parents and their children). On the other hand, the natures, motives, and agendas of the spirits often remain opaque. As prophets struggle to make sense and make use of the spirits who possess them, the power of the spirits reveals itself in their unknowability and contrariness, the elusiveness and partiality of their profiles. These intimate others both threaten and succor their hosts, to whom they are both kin and strangers, and it is through this dialectic that their special vantage on human suffering comes into view.
Making new scientists, one at a time

A teaching researcher assesses a program for increasing minority involvement in biological research
Antibody induced coagulopathy from bovine thrombin use during partial nephrectomy.

Topical bovine thrombin preparations are used to assist hemostasis in a variety of surgical procedures. We have routinely used bovine thrombin to form a “fibrin seal” during partial nephrectomy. Bovine thrombin has the potential to induce antibodies against coagulation factors, especially in patients with previous exposure, and some antibodies crossreact with human factors to cause life threatening bleeding.1‐3 We report coagulopathy following bovine thrombin use during partial nephrectomy in a patient previously exposed to bovine thrombin. CASE REPORT A 48-year-old man with von Hippel-Lindau disease manifesting as renal cysts and tumors, central nervous system hemangioblastomas and retinal angiomas presented for removal of several lesions in the right kidney. Prior surgical history included left radical nephrectomy 10 years earlier, 2 subsequent right partial nephrectomies and 2 neurosurgical hemangioblastoma resections. Preoperative laboratory evaluations were normal. At partial nephrectomy all renal tumors were enucleated, and bovine thrombin and absorbable gelatin sponge were used for hemostasis. Laboratory evaluation on postoperative day 1 revealed a mildly increased prothrombin time at 16.1 seconds (normal 11.8 to 14.7) and activated partial thromboplastin time at 37.2 seconds (normal 23.4 to 34.5). The prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time worsened to 25.1 and 73.3 seconds, respectively, by postoperative day 9 without any clinical evidence of bleeding. Mixing studies showed only partial correction of prothrombin time to 15.2 seconds and activated partial thromboplastin time to 35.4 seconds. Decreased amounts of factor II (normal 5% to 18%) and V (normal 42% to 104%) were noted in the serum, and specific inhibitors of factor II and factor V were found. At 4 weeks postoperatively the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time returned to normal. Operative notes from prior operations confirmed exposure to bovine thrombin at least once before, during partial nephrectomy in 1996. DISCUSSION
Comparative studies of the attack of pyrolytic and isotropic graphite by atomic and molecular oxygen at high temperatures.

Direct experimental determinations are reported of the kinetics of O-atom attack of pyrolytic graphite at surface temperatures up to 2100°K. Comparisons with data obtained under identical conditions for lower-density isotropic graphites reveal that in atomic oxygen pyrolytic graphite is not much more oxidation-resistant than less dense iso tropic graphites. For "basal-plane" pyrolytic graphite at 2000°K (3140°F) and 3 X 10~ torr oxygen pressure, dissociation causes a 50-fold enhancement in carbon atom removal per gas collision, with higher enhancements being indicated at higher oxygen pressures. It is concluded that nondiffusioncontrolled ablation rate predictions for re-entry vehicle nose caps, slender cones, and leading edges must account for an important O-atom contributon. Moreover, decisions on the relative reactivities of graphites or chars based on observations in undissociated air, or in the absence of accurate O-atom simulation, should be viewed with extreme caution.
Z-QUARK COUPLING MEASUREMENTS AT SLD

The SLD experiment at SLAC has performed several precise tests of the electroweak Standard Model. This paper summarizes the measurements of Z couplings to quarks. Most of these measurements are preliminary and many incorporate the full SLD dataset of 550,000 polarized Z decays.
Mechanical strength of hot-pressed Bi—Pb—Sr—Ca—Cu—O superconductor

Bi1.84Pb0.34Sr2.03Ca1.9Cu3.06Oy, bulk superconductors were prepared by hot press sintering at 800°C at a pressure range from 50 kgf/cm2 to 200 kgf/cm2 in air for 2 h. The relative density increased with increasing the hot-pressing pressure, and specimens with various relative densities of 70%–90% were prepared. The flexural strength (σ) at room temperature was related to the porosity (p) as follows: σ = 138 exp(−2.83 p) (MPa). The flexural strengths of the specimen with p = 0.1 were 103 MPa and 113 MPa at room temperature and at 83 K, respectively. The flexural strength tended to increase with decreasing temperature. Anisotropy in flexural strength was observed, which seemed to be due to the grain-oriented microstructure.
Hedge fund investing: Beware of special relationships: The remorse of Beacon Hill Asset Management Investors

Beacon Hill Asset Management (BHAM) is a hedge fund that specializes in investing and trading mortgage-backed securities (MBS). The fund exploits arbitrage opportunities in the MBS market and does not take interest rate risk. The background of the fund management team is excellent, and its performance is stellar. Assets under management exceed US$2.0 billion. The investors include the top financial institutions. What could go wrong? The pressure to honor the commitment in a symbiotic relationship with the major investor in the fund advisory firm coerces the fund managers into committing fraudulent activities that they may not have committed otherwise. Asset Alliance Corp., a New York-based investment firm, payed $40 million for a 50 per cent ownership stake in BHAM in 1998. The purchase agreement included a claw-back provision. The provision stipulated that should BHAM fail to deliver the performance, BHAM must return up to half of the prior earnout fees to Asset Alliance. The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) complaint alleged that the BHAM misrepresented the valuation of the securities in order to show steady and positive returns. The partners concealed the magnitude of the actual losses in order to save the operation of BHAM. The absence of a compliance officer and/or independent board facilitated the fraudulent activities, and investors' losses exceeded $400 million. In late 2004 the SEC settled the case and expected the disgorgement, prejudgment interest and penalties to be distributed to the fund investors. Investors in hedge funds and industry stakeholders should demand some form of independent oversight and investigate any special relationship the fund has with a third party, through the due diligence process.
Motivating university faculty to participate in continuing educa‐cation of health professionals

Continuing professional education, like all segments of the educational continuum, derives its quality from the expertise and pedagogical capabilities of its instructors. In most universities, the continuing education faculty who provide the instruction for its programs is a population drawn from the ranks of the institutions curricular units. Faculty involvement may he consistent or occasional but it is almost always voluntary. The undefined relationship between the faculty member's institutional teaching role and the institutions continuing professional education commitment too often relegates continuing education instruction to the lowest end of a faculty member's spectrum of academic priorities. Instructional resources are vital to the academic efficacy of post-professional courses, but although numerous studies have been completed to identify factors that motivate individual health professionals to attend continuing education programs, little or no research has been done to assess the factors that motivate instructors to teach. This study, conducted in a major midwestern university among a resident health sciences center population with an established continuing education teaching commitment, analyzes previously-documented attendance motivating factors as instructional motivators by using frequency of rankings to assess relative importance of those factors within and across definable segments of four selected health disciplines.
Ontogeny of behavioral and hormonal responses to stress in prenatally stressed male rat pups

Effects of prenatal stress on stress-induced behavioral and hormonal responses were investigated in preweanling rats at two ages. Prenatal stress treatments involved the application of uncontrollable electric shocks to pregnant rats every other day throughout gestation. Offspring of undisturbed rats in home cages served as controls. When male pups were 14 and 21 days old, ultrasonic vocalizations and freezing were recorded in 10-min tests involving isolation, and isolation with the application of electric foot shocks at either 0.5- or 2.0-mA intensity. Immediately before and after each test, tail-flick latencies were measured in order to assess alterations in stress-induced analgesia. Stress-induced secretion of ACTH was measured in plasma obtained after the second tail-flick test. Results indicated that 14-day-old prenatally stressed pups emitted significantly fewer ultrasonic vocalizations and exhibited significantly lower percent increases in tail-flick latencies than control pups. Plasma ACTH, however, was significantly elevated in prenatally stressed rats, suggesting that exposure to different tests was a stress-inducing event. At 21 days of age, prenatally stressed rats no longer differed significantly from control males in the exhibition of ultrasonic vocalizations, defensive freezing, and tail-flick latencies. Plasma ACTH content, however, was significantly lower in prenatally stressed than control males after exposure to the isolation with 2.0-mA shock test. The involvement of motivational, maturational, and mediational factors is examined in order to account for these age-dependent and stressor-dependent differences in behavioral and hormonal responses occurring between prenatally stressed and control pups.
On Fourier's algorithm for linear arithmetic constraints

In the 1820s Fourier provided the first algorithm for solving linear arithmetic constraints. In other words, this algorithm determines whether or not the polyhedral set associated with the constraints is empty. We show here that Fourier's algorithm has an important hidden property: in effect it also computes the affine hull of the polyhedral set. This result is established by making use of a recent theorem on the independence of negative constraints.
Housing Vouchers and Certificates as a Vehicle for Deconcentrating the Poor: Evidence from the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area

The authors analyze the census tract location of over 11,000 certificate and voucher households in Washington, D.C., and its suburbs, and compare those to the distribution of public housing and various other project-based subsidized housing developments such as Section 236. They find evidence that household mobility programs may be succeeding in the goal of dispersing affordable housing opportunities beyond the central-city boundary, but they also find evidence that market forces and personal choices may lead toward reconcentration of suburban voucher and certificate holders in neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status and higher proportions of minorities.
Modeling cloud effects on hydrogen peroxide and methylhydroperoxide in the marine atmosphere

[1] Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylhydroperoxide (CH3OOH) are studied with a coupled gas phase and aqueous phase chemical model representing a remote nonprecipitating cloudy boundary layer. Cloud interactions may deplete or enhance H2O2 but have a minor effect on CH3OOH. Therefore two primary questions are addressed: (1) do nonprecipitating clouds perturb the ratio of H2O2/CH3OOH, and if so, (2) what is the rate of reestablishment of this ratio to clear-sky levels following cloud contact. The results show that the rate of recovery of the ratio of H2O2 to Ch3OOH after perturbation by cloud interactions depends on NOx (=NO + NO2) mixing ratios and on the time of day that cloud is encountered. When cloud contact is followed by a significant period of daylight, recovery to precloud values is rapid; however, when cloud contact occurs during the late afternoon or night, recovery can take up to 24 hours under high NOx conditions. Sensitivity tests show that in-cloud heterogeneous conversion of HNO3 to aerosol has a small but detectable effect (∼10%) on the recovery of the ratio. Neglecting dry deposition of H2O2 and HNO3 increases the predicted ratio H2O2/CH3OOH in clear air prior to cloud contact, and has a small effect on the relative recovery rate of the ratio. In-cloud consumption of H2O2 by SO2 suppresses the postcloud ratio by ∼40% relative to that in the base case for low levels of SO2 (∼200 ppt), with a more pronounced effect on the ratio and its rate of recovery for [SO2] ∼1 ppb. Because of the uncertainties associated with measurement of peroxides, and the dependence of the recovery of the ratio on the time of cloud contact, it is suggested that measurements of the ratio be considered judiciously and that they may not be of broad utility in predicting recent cloud contact.
Multi-aspect target detection for SAR imagery using hidden Markov models and two-dimensional matching pursuits

Radar scattering from an illuminated object is often dependent on target-sensor orientation. In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, the aspect dependence of the target over the aperture is lost during image formation. To recover this directional dependence, we post-processes the SAR imagery to generate a sequence of images over a corresponding sequence of subapertures. Features are extracted from the sequence of subaperture images using a two-dimensional matching pursuits algorithm. The feature statistic associated with geometrically distinct target-sensor orientations are then used to design a hidden Markov model (HMM) for the target class. This approach explicitly incorporates the sensor motion into the model and accounts for the fact that the orientation of the target is assumed to be unknown. Performance is quantified by considering the detection of tactical targets concealed in foliage.
Effect of dipyridamole on serum and urinary phosphate in X-linked hypophosphatemia.

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized clinically by rickets, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia. Conventional treatment of XLH with oral phosphate and vitamin D is associated with hypercalcuria and nephrocalcinosis. Recently, intravenous and oral dipyridamole has been reported to decrease fractional excretion of phosphate in adults with idiopathic hyperphosphaturia. Our objective was to determine whether oral dipyridamole therapy reduces urinary phosphate excretion and increases serum phosphate concentration in children with XLH. A prospective study was performed in six children with XLH. The average age of the patients at the start of the study was 12.5±1.0 years. The effects of 12 weeks of oral dipyridamole therapy, at 4.4±0.4 mg/kg body weight per day, on serum phosphorous, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D, osteocalcin, tubular maximum for phosphate reabsorption (TmP/GFR), urinary calcium excretion, and cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate (cAMP) excretion, were compared to baseline levels. Our results show that there was no change in serum phosphorous concentration or TmP/GFR after 12 weeks of dipyridamole therapy. Dipyridamole therapy also had no effect on serum PTH, serum 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin levels, urinary calcium or cAMP excretion. We therefore concluded that in children with XLH, a 12-week course of dipyridamole had no effect on serum phosphorous or its urinary excretion. Dipyridamole therapy is unlikely to improve the bone disease in children with XLH.
Anomalous pulmonary venous return in the staged palliation of functional univentricular heart defects

Abstract Background . Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and Fontan repair are now commonly performed in patients with a variety of forms of complex single ventricle, including those with anomalies of systemic, pulmonary, or systemic and pulmonary venous return. These anomalies are ideally dealt with during bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, thereby minimizing the complexity of the eventual Fontan procedure. Methods and Results . Between March 1990 and March 1997, 32 patients with functional single ventricle and anomalous pulmonary venous return underwent operation at our institution. Five of 25 patients who underwent neonatal palliation died in the early postoperative period, all of whom had obstructed anomalous pulmonary venous return. Twenty-one patients have undergone bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt, including 7 in whom this was the primary palliative procedure. There was one early and two late deaths after the bidirectional Glenn procedure, two in patients with asplenia syndrome and none in patients with previously obstructed pulmonary venous return. Seven patients have undergone Fontan completion, 5 with an extracardiac conduit. There was one early death and one take-down to a classic Glenn shunt, both in patients who did not undergo the extracardiac conduit Fontan operation. Conclusions . Anomalous pulmonary venous return can significantly complicate the management of the single-ventricle patient, with the major impact on survival coming in the neonatal period. Palliation with the aim of performing an extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure allows greater latitude and more streamlined management in this group of patients.
QUALIFICATION TEST METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF TENDENCY OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES TO FORM COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS

A qualification test method has been developed for the determination of the tendency of high octane gasolines to form combustion chamber deposits. The formulated requirements for this test are specified for type of engine, conditions, and procedure. Data on the influence of engine speed and load on the rate of deposit formation in the combustion chamber is given. A comparative evaluation of the tendency of gasolines to form combustion chamber deposits in the water-cooled and air-cooled engines was made using five blends of a reformer naptha with reference isooctane. These results are presented. The effect of the quality of the motor oil, especially its viscosity and the content of metal organic additives, is studied. Engine tests showed that the combustion chamber deposit formation is directly proportional to the ash content. A low-ash M10V oil is recommended for use in this procedure. This test method has undergone metrological examination and has been approved as a qualification test method.
Molecular biology and the prolonged QT syndromes

The prolonged QT syndromes are characterized by prolongation of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) on the surface electrocardiogram associated with T-wave abnormalities, relative bradycardia, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, including polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes. These patients tend to present with episodes of syncope, seizures, or sudden death typically triggered by exercise, emotion, noise, or, in some cases, sleep. These disorders of cardiac repolarization are commonly inherited, with the autosomal dominant form, Romano-Ward syndrome, most common. A rare autosomal recessive form associated with sensorineural deafness, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, in which the cardiac disorder is autosomal dominant and deafness is a recessive trait, also occurs. The underlying genetic causes of these forms of prolonged QT interval syndromes are heterogeneous, with at least seven genes responsible for the clinical syndromes. All of the five genes identified to date encode ion channel proteins, suggesting this to be an ion channelopathy. In this review, the genetic basis of the prolonged QT interval syndromes will be discussed, genotype-phenotype correlations identified, and the approaches to genetic testing and treatments will be outlined.
CELLULAR MECHANISM OF RENAL PHOSPHATE (Pi) TRANSPORT BY THE NEWBORN

We have provided evidence that the enhanced renal reabsorption of Pi in growing animals is due to a large extent to an increase in the fractional reabsorption of Pi by the proximal tubule. This prompted us to explore the cellular mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. Vesicles of proximal tubule brush border membranes obtained from guinea pigs of either 1-7 or > 30 days of age were used to assess the kinetics of the Na+ -Pi cotransporter. No significant differences were found between these two age groups either in the Km (0.61 vs 0.75 mM, p > .4) or in the Vmax (1282 vs 1960 pmole/mg protein at 12 sec, p >.2). The Ki, measured in the presence of arsenate in the incubation media, was also found to be similar (3.0 vs. 2.3 mM, p > .2). To assess the Pi concentration gradient across the luminal membrane, we measured intracellular concentration of Pi by spectrophotometry (SP) and by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and found it to be ≃ 3-fold lower in the newborn than in the adult. The exchangeable Pi, measured by NMR, was found to represent only ≃ 25% of the total intracellular Pi, measured by SP (.25 ±.6 vs 1.0±0.10 mM, p <.001 in the newborn and .60 ± .07 vs 2.06 ± .09 mM in the adult, p<.005). In addition, the Na+-independent uptake of Pi by brush border microvesicles was significantly higher in the newborn than in the adult (p<0.05) at concentrations of Pi in the media varying between 0.1 and 4.0 mM. We surmise that, contrary to previous assumptions, a steep downhill Pi concentration gradient exists across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule and that passive diffusion along this concentration gradient may contribute to the enhanced renal reabsorption of Pi observed in growing animals.
ON THE LESIONS PRODUCED IN THE APPENDIX BY OXYURIS VERMICULARIS AND TRICHOCEPHALUS TRICHIURA

1. In a study of 129 cases of appendicitis in children, we have found that in nineteen of them (15 per cent.) the appendix contained Oxyuris vermicularis or Trichocephalus trichiura. 2. The oxyuris is much the commoner of the two parasites, occurring seventeen times, while the trichocephalus was found only twice. 3. In fifteen out of the nineteen cases, the parasites were associated with a non-suppurative catarrhal type of appendicitis. If the four cases of catarrhal oxyuris appendicitis of adults be also included, it may be said that 83 per cent. of the cases of appendicitis associated with parasites have been of the catarrhal type. In the four remaining cases, the appendix was gangrenous. The cellular changes noted in the catarrhal cases have been distension of the crypts with mucus, hyperplasia of the lymph follicles, and in some cases, the presence of a few leukocytes in the muscularis and serosa. 4. In thirteen of the nineteen cases (70 per cent.), there have been noted, in addition to the cellular changes, certain lesions in the mucosa, unquestionably produced by the parasite. Of the six cases in which no specific lesions were demonstrated, the extensive gangrene in three of them might have obliterated specific lesions had they been present. Specific lesions were not demonstrated in any one of the four adult cases. 5. The oxyuris injures the mucosa by breaking through the lining epithelium and burrowing into the lymph follicles for a greater or less distance. Its invasion is usually accompanied by extravasation of blood into the surrounding lymphoid tissue, and its escape through the ruptured mucosa. In some cases, the oxyuris produces hemorrhagic ulcers in the mucous membrane, the edges of which are undermined and the bases formed by the submucosa. A characteristic feature of the oxyuris lesions is the absence of inflammatory reaction about them, except in those cases where there is secondary bacterial infection. 6. In some instances, the oxyuris may become encapsulated in the mucosa with fibrous tissue, and itself undergo hyaline degeneration. Such a process constitutes a healed oxyuris lesion. 7. The trichocephalus attacks the mucous membrane of the appendix in a manner similar to that described for the oxyuris, and there is the same absence of inflammation about the invading parasite. The trichocephalus, however, instead of invading a lymph follicle, shows a tendency to burrow along just beneath the columnar epithelium. 8. The conclusion to be drawn from these facts is that oxyuris and trichocephalus, when they occur in a diseased appendix, are, in most cases, the existing cause of the pathological changes found.
Hemi-constriction of the Heart in Uremic Pericarditis

Constrictive pericarditis involving the right side of the heart only, occurred in a uremic patient undergoing hemodialysis. In addition, a large thrombus in the pericardial space impaired right ventricular filling. There was a favorable response to pericardiectomy.
Gravitational recoil from binary black hole mergers: The close-limit approximation

a maximum recoil velocity of � 64 km/s for a symmetric mass ratio � = M1M2/(M1 +M2) 2 � 0.19 and an initial proper separation of 4M, where M is the total ADM mass of the system. This separation is the maximum at which the close-limit approximation is expected to provide accurate results. Therefore, it cannot account for the contributions due to inspiral and initial merger. If we supplement this estimate with PN calculations up to the innermost stable circular orbit, we obtain a lower bound for the recoil velocity, with a maximum around 84 km/s. This is a lower bound because it neglects the initial merger phase. We can however obtain a rough estimate by using PN methods or the close-limit approximation. Since both methods are known to overestimate the amount of radiation, we obtain in this way an upper bound for the recoil with maxima in the range of 220 265 km/s. We also provide non-linear fits to these estimated upper and lower bounds. These estimates are subject to uncertainties related to issues such as the choice of initial data and higher effects in perturbation theory. Nonetheless, our estimates are consistent with previous results in the literature and suggest a narrower range of possible recoil velocities.
Solution of three-body Coulomb problems for J=0.

The Schroedinger equation for the {ital S} state of the three-body system with arbitrary charge and mass has been solved directly using finite-element analysis. In this analysis, the wave function is approximated piecewise using polynomial interpolation functions. The energy and wave function converge to their exact values as the number of elements is increased. In contrast to standard variational calculations, the error in the expectation value of physical observables is comparable to the error in the energy. Results are reported here for the helium atom and the muonic molecular ion {ital dd}{mu}{sup +}.
Behavior of a Captive Population of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs

(I) A colony of black-tailed prairie dogs in the Philadelphia zoo is being used for long term studies of various aspects of social behavior including pattern of social organization, stylized means of communicating, and the effects of individual behavioral differences on communication and social structure. (2) This report deals with the annual cycle of social behavior manifested by the colony during the first three years of study. In gross outline an annual cycle can be described as follows: during the summer most individuals have "friendly" inter-relationships, and little organization is apparent. During autumn the animals gradually band into coterie groups and each group begins to defend a common territory, primarily through a highly ritualized procedure of "challenging" neighbors across a common boundary. By midwinter the adult males are very aggressive. With the advent of the winter breeding season, the females too become aggressive, and some establish territories that may subdivide coterie territories. In spring males and then females gradually become less aggressive, so that by about the time the pups emerge onto the surface the relaxed social relationships typical of summer are developing generally. (3) The shifting pattern of social organization is based on the division of individuals into classes on the basis of sex, age, dominance, and coterie and other bonds, and modified by the considerable inter-individual differencees in what may loosely be called "temperament." (4) Comparisons of the patterns of social organization shown by the zoo prairie dogs with those thus far described in the literature for wild populations show fundamental similarities, although the very high density and lack of opportunity for emigration in the zoo colony have lead to some modifications which are described and discussed. (5) The complexity of the social; organization of the black-tailed prairie dog is unusual for a rodent, and a model is proposed to account for its evolution from more widespread patterns of rodent social behavior. As the model emphasizes the role of the very open grassland habitat of the species in intensifying the natural selection potentially responsible for the evolution of this socal complexity, it suggests that habitat similarities may underlie evolutionary convergences in the social systems of black-tailed prairie dogs and savanna-dwelling primates.
Non-random subcellular distribution of variant EKLF in erythroid cells

EKLF protein plays a prominent role during erythroid development as a nuclear transcription factor. Not surprisingly, exogenous EKLF quickly localizes to the nucleus. However, using two different assays we have unexpectedly found that a substantial proportion of endogenous EKLF resides in the cytoplasm at steady state in all erythroid cells examined. While EKLF localization does not appear to change during either erythroid development or terminal differentiation, we find that the protein displays subtle yet distinct biochemical and functional differences depending on which subcellular compartment it is isolated from, with PEST sequences possibly playing a role in these differences. Localization is unaffected by inhibition of CRM1 activity and the two populations are not differentiated by stability. Heterokaryon assays demonstrate that EKLF is able to shuttle out of the nucleus although its nuclear re-entry is rapid. These studies suggest there is an unexplored role for EKLF in the cytoplasm that is separate from its well-characterized nuclear function.
The modulation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preferences by alcohol: effects of cocaine dose.

Abstract Busse and Riley [Biol. Psychiatry 26 (2002) 1373] have recently reported that alcohol dose dependently attenuated cocaine-induced place preferences. Although the mechanism for this effect is not known, it is possible that it is due to alcohol potentiating the aversive properties of cocaine, a potentiation that masks or abates cocaine's rewarding effects in this preparation. Given that the affective properties of cocaine (both aversive and rewarding) have been reported to be dose dependent, it might be expected that alcohol's ability to affect cocaine-induced place preferences would be influenced by changes in cocaine dose. To address this possibility, the following experiments assessed the effects of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) on place preferences induced by high (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg: Experiment 1) and low (2.5 and 5 mg/kg; Experiment 2) doses of cocaine. Specifically, every other day for four cycles male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with cocaine, alcohol or one of several cocaine/alcohol combinations immediately before being placed on one side of a two-compartment place preference chamber. On alternate days, they were placed on the other side of the chamber after being injected with the drug vehicle(s). In Experiment 1, all doses of cocaine (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg) produced a significant preference for the drug-paired compartment, whereas alcohol alone produced no effect. When given in combination, alcohol attenuated the cocaine-induced place preference (at 30 and 40 mg/kg cocaine). In Experiment 2, neither cocaine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg) nor alcohol produced a significant effect when given alone. However, animals receiving the combination of alcohol and cocaine (5 mg/kg) displayed a significant place preference. These findings indicate that alcohol can both weaken and strengthen cocaine-induced place preferences, possibly via its effects on the rewarding and aversive properties of cocaine. The effect of alcohol is dependent on the dose of cocaine.
Comparative Sequence Analysis of cDNA Clones Encoding I-A Molecules of the CH12 B Cell Lymphoma: Nucleotide Differences do not Account for their ‘Defective’ Function in B Cell Stimulation

The CH12 B cell lymphoma can be stimulated to secrete antibody by helper T cells that interact with I-EK but not I-AK molecules expressed on its membrane. Both molecules present antigen to the appropriate T cells. We have analyzed the mRNA by Northern blot analysis and obtained partial sequences of cDNA clones encoding Aα and Aβ of the I-A molecule to determine if deletions or mutations in the cytoplasmic or transmembrane domains account for the “defect” in triggering following interaction with I-A restricted helper T cells. The results provide no evidence for structural alterations in either Aα or Aβ which could account for these observations. The implications of these findings on the role of class II molecules in B cell activation is discussed.
Secondary flow in the neighborhood of a cylinder oscillating in a viscoelastic fluid

Abstract Measurements were made of the steady secondary flow which is caused by a cylinder executing small-amplitude oscillations perpendicular to the cylinder generators. Test fluids were a water-glycerine mixture and two non-Newtonian fluids: aqueous solutions of Separan AP-30 and PolyHall 295 polyacrylamide polymers. The fluids were contained in a cylinder whose center coincides with the rest position of the oscillating cylinder. Experimental results are consistent with a theoretical analysis for a three-constant Oldroyd fluid model in its simplified convected-Maxwell form. Both experiment and theory show that at an oscillation frequency of 40 Hz the secondary flow of the dilute polymer solutions is, essentially, in a sense opposite from that of a Newtonian fluid.
Improved channel access protocol for cooperative ad hoc networks

Efficient utilisation of bandwidth and high data rates have a great impact on the performance of ad hoc wireless networks. The use of cooperative diversity, where neighbouring stations may act as relay nodes to transfer the source data to the desired destination node through an independent relay channel, has shown to provide diversity gain and consequently improve the achievable bit rate. However, this is usually attained at the expense of loosing some wireless resources such as bandwidth. On the other hand, the use of directional antennas has shown to offer an effective way for efficient bandwidth utilisation. Here, the authors propose a new channel access protocol for transmission over cooperative ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol, which aims at minimising the number of blocked nodes and consequently improving the system throughput, employs directional antennas at both the source and relay stations. The network performance under the proposed settings is modelled using continuous Markov chains. The steady-state transmission blocking probability and the average network throughput are obtained by analysing the derived Markov model. The analytical results, which are validated through simulations, show the improvement in performance compared to the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance protocol that employs omnidirectional antennas.