cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A MONTE CARLO CALCULATION OF THE DEPOSITION EFFICIENCY OF INHALED PARTICLES IN LOWER AIRWAYS

Steady airflow and particle transport in a straight cylindrical tube and in a three-dimensional model of a bifurcating airway were calculated. The model domains were based on human lung data. For simplicity, airways in the bifurcating model were assumed to have a rectangular cross-section with hydraulic diameters similar to those of generations 16 and 17 of the Weibel model. Steady flow with a Reynolds number of unity within this domain was solved numerically by a finite element method using a commercial software package. Parabolic inlet conditions were assumed. Using the calculated flow profile, individual particle trajectories within the air stream were simulated by numerically solving the fundamental differential equations of particle motion. The simulation included the effects of diffusion and sedimentation. Deposition efficiencies by individual mechanisms and the total deposition efficiency were obtained using a Monte Carlo method. For parabolic flow in a straight tube, the results compared very well with existing formulas in the literature. For both geometries, the sum of the efficiencies due to individual mechanisms was greater than the numerical prediction of total efficiency. The total deposition efficiency, ηtotal, was accurately expressed in terms of the efficiencies of sedimentation, ηs, and diffusion, ηd, using the empirical formula ηtotal = (ηdp + ηsp)1/p. The best value of p depended on the particular geometry.
The classic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both animals and humans. These diseases take part of their name from a striking and common neuropathological feature: spongiform ("sponge-like") degeneration of the brain. As the name also implies, TSEs can literally be transmitted from one host to another much like any other infectious disease. In these situations, however, symptoms may take months or years to appear in the recipient host. Otherwise, TSEs either develop spontaneously or rarely arise through genetic mutation and therefore occur as familial disorders. Regardless of their origin, all TSEs progress over a period of months inevitably leading to the death of the affected individual. From a neuropsychiatric perspective, it is notable that the newly identified variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) typically occurs in younger adults causing prominent psychiatric and/or behavioral abnormalities as important early manifestations of disease. This has forced a heightened awareness of vCJD among mental health professionals throughout the United Kingdom where the disorder occurs. Relevant features of both the classic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) will be reviewed.
MicroRNAs Shape the Neuronal Landscape

The nervous system equips us with capability to adapt to many conditions and circumstances. We rely on an armamentarium of intricately formed neural circuits for many of our adaptive strategies. However, this capability also depends on a well-conserved toolkit of different molecular mechanisms that offer not only compensatory responses to a changing world, but also provide plasticity to achieve changes in cellular state that underlie a broad range of processes from early developmental transitions to life-long memory. Among the molecular tools that mediate changes in cellular state, our understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression is expanding rapidly. Part of the "epigenetic landscape" that shapes the deployment and robust regulation of gene networks during the construction and the remodeling of the brain is the microRNA system controlling both levels and translation of messenger RNA. Here we consider recent advances in the study of microRNA-mediated regulation of synaptic form and function.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related disorders

The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is unclear. BDD has been proposed to be an OCD-spectrum disorder or even a type of OCD. However, few studies have directly compared these disorders' clinical features. We compared characteristics of subjects with OCD (n=210), BDD (n=45), and comorbid BDD/OCD (n=40). OCD and BDD did not significantly differ in terms of demographic features, age of OCD or BDD onset, illness duration, and many other variables. However, subjects with BDD had significantly poorer insight than those with OCD and were more likely to be delusional. Subjects with BDD were also significantly more likely than those with OCD to have lifetime suicidal ideation, as well as lifetime major depressive disorder and a lifetime substance use disorder. The comorbid BDD/OCD group evidenced greater morbidity than subjects with OCD or BDD in a number of domains, but differences between the comorbid BDD/OCD group and the BDD group were no longer significant after controlling for BDD severity. However, differences between the comorbid BDD/OCD group and the OCD group remained significant after controlling for OCD severity. In summary, OCD and BDD did not significantly differ on many variables but did have some clinically important differences. These findings have implications for clinicians and for the classification of these disorders.
Testicular ultrasound in the normal dog.

The testicles of ten dogs presented for routine castration were imaged with real time ultrasound. A scanning technique using multiple imaging planes (sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes) was developed to image the testicles and epididymi. The testes were characterized by a coarse medium echo pattern. The mediastinum testis was consistently seen as a 0.2 cm wide linear hyperechoic structure in the central long axis of the testis. The ability to identify and the appearance of the epididymis was variable. The tail was consistently seen as an anechoic to hypoechoic structure. Ultrasound images were compared for anatomical structure with frozen gross sections. Ultrasonic and gross measurements were made and analyzed. Individual gross and ultrasonic measurements compared favorably. Linear regression coefficients between body surface area versus testicular length and diameter were 0.73 and 0.58 respectively. A Wilcoxin signed rank test for similarity p = 0.33 value was found when comparing the right to the left testicle.
Electrical Behavior of Ferromagnetic BiMn-Codoped ZnO Bicrystal Nanobelts to Pt Contacts

Large channel length field effect transistors (FETs) based on Pt contacts to ferromagnetic BiMn-codoped ZnO bicrystal nanobelts have been fabricated using dielectrophoresis and a focused ion beam. Electrical transport studies show n-type behavior of the ferromagnetic ZnO nanobelts. The current−voltage characteristics of the FETs exhibit Schottky barrier behavior. The contact resistances and the Pt diffusion are responsible for the reduction of the conductance and the threshold shift. The reduction of the mobility can be attributed to the enhanced interface scattering at Pt electrodes/nanobelt contact regions after Pt deposition. The devices are also found to be strongly dependent on the channel length.
Bias and angular dependence of spin-transfer torque in magnetic tunnel junctions

We use spin-transfer-driven ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) to measure the spin-transfer torque vector $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions as a function of the offset angle between the magnetic moments of the electrodes and as a function of bias, $V$. We explain the conflicting conclusions of two previous experiments by accounting for additional terms that contribute to the ST-FMR signal at large $|V|$. Including the additional terms gives us improved precision in the determination of $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\tau}}(V)$, allowing us to distinguish among competing predictions. We determine that the in-plane component of $d\mathbit{\ensuremath{\tau}}/dV$ has a weak but nonzero dependence on bias, varying by 30%--35% over the bias range where the measurements are accurate, and that the perpendicular component can be large enough to be technologically significant. We also make comparisons to other experimental techniques that have been used to try to measure $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\tau}}(V)$.
Model Estimates of M2 Internal Tide Generation over Mid-Atlantic Ridge Topography

Abstract The conversion of barotropic to baroclinic M2 tidal energy is examined for a section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Brazil Basin using a primitive equation model. Model runs are made with different horizontal smoothing (1.5, 6, and 15 km) applied to a 192 km × 183 km section of multibeam bathymetry to characterize the influence of topographic resolution on the model conversion rates. In all model simulations, barotropic to baroclinic conversion is highest over near- and supercritical slopes on the flanks of abyssal hills and discordant zones. From these generation sites, internal tides propagate upward and downward as tidal beams. The most energetic internal tide mode generated is mode 2, consistent with the dominant length scales of the topographic slope spectrum (50 km). The topographic smoothing significantly affects the model conversion amplitudes, with the domain-averaged conversion rate from the 1.5-km run (15.1 mW m−2) 4% and 19% higher than for the 6-km (14.5 mW m−2) and 15-km runs (12....
Modeling Nickel Hydrogenases: Synthesis and Structure of a Distorted Octahedral Complex with an Unprecedented [NiS4H2] Core

The homoleptic nickel(II) bis(mercaptoimidazolyl)borate complex Ni(BmMe)2 has been readily synthesized in good yield and characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Its X-ray structure confirmed the presence of a novel [NiS4H2] species having two cis Ni···H−B interactions and an overall distorted octahedral geometry, thereby providing an unprecedented structural model compound for the active form of the nickel center in NiFe hydrogenases.
Sintering behavior of bi-modal powder compacts

Abstract Time dependent sintering of a bi-modal powder compact, consisting of two regions which sinter at different rates, is analyzed in detail. Complete solutions are obtained for the internal stress and for the densification rate. The important feature of the analysis is that it combines densification with deviatoric creep, since creep serves to relax the stress concentration produced by incompatible densification. The structure of the bi-modal compact is assumed to consist of a sphere of one type of material embedded in a matrix of the other material. Two cases are considered. In one case the matrix, and in the other the sphere, is assumed to sinter faster. The maximum tensile stress generated by incompatible sintering is found to be sensitive to a parameter, β, which is the ratio of the rate constant for creep, and the rate constant for densification. A large value of β reduces the magnitude of the stress. The generation of flaws as a result of this stress is considered. The influence of inhomogeneous sintering on the overall rate of shrinkage is calculated; we find that unless β is large the densification rate of the composite will deviate significantly from the simple rule-of-mixtures.
Accentuation and empty vowels in Ondarroa Basque: Against the concept of phonological derivation

In Ondarroa Basque there is a lexical distinction between accented and unaccented morphemes. Words containing accented morphemes receive word-penultimate prominence. Other words are unaccented and, in medial position, surface without prominence on any syllable. Phrase-finally, lexically unaccented words receive phrase-penultimate prominence. Interestingly, certain empty vowels are counted for the assignment of phrasal prominence to lexically unaccented words, but not for the placement of lexical accents on the penultimate syllable of the word. This situation is incompatible with the traditional concept of phonological derivation. On the other hand, the facts receive a straightforward account in terms of constraints operating on surface patterns.
INACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN WITH A PHOTOSENSITIVE PROBE

The photosensitive inactivation of trypsin and chymotrypsin by 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide (FNPA) is described. A dark inhibition was observed at elevated probe concentrations, and was reversible. The enzymes were stable to photolysis in the absence of probe. Photolytic inactivation of trypsin and chymotrypsin with FNPA was found to be irreversible, and occurs in minutes at concentrations of FNPA where dark inhibition is negligible. The photoprobe was equally effective at pH 3 or pH 8. Nonspecific inactivation appears to be low, as evidenced by the stability of glucose oxidase and peroxidase to photolysis with FNPA.
Processing of sequential tactile patterns: effects of a neutral stimulus.

The perception of a target pattern may be interfered with by the presentation of a nontarget pattern in close temporal and spatial proximity with it. The results from previous studies suggested that much of this interference is the result not of masking but of response competition, subjects responding with the nontarget instead of the target. Using a 4-to-2 paradigm in which four target patterns are mapped onto two responses, it was shown that neutral patterns (i.e., patterns with no responses associated with them) produce considerable interference. The amount of interference is less than that produced by patterns associated with incorrect responses but greater than that produced by patterns associated with correct responses. The amount of interference produced by neutral patterns did not vary as a function of the form of the neutral pattern (Experiments 1 and 2); however, the amount of interference did depend on the degree and nature of the similarity between the neutral and target patterns (Experiments 3 and 4). The results indicate that recent studies have underestimated the amount of interference due to masking and overestimated the amount due to response competition. Response competition may either hinder or help target categorization depending on the nontarget pattern.
Corneal sensitivity and neuro-histochemical studies of experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit.

Corneal sensitivity to mechanical stimulation following inoculation of the rabbit cornea with herpes simplex virus was measured with an ophthalmic esthesiometer. Mean corneal sensitivity had decreased by 50% by day 3 after infection. This was followed by an increase in sensitivity in some eyes on day 6, then a subsequent decline to nearly zero in all eyes by day 10. Although the corneas quickly recovered from the initial virus infection, the loss of corneal sensitivity persisted for at least 9 months. Corneal nerves were abundant in animals which did not exhibit a blink reflex to stimulation, at 27, 41, 56, and 270 days post-infection, as demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Thus, the loss of corneal sensitivity is not due to destruction of the corneal nerves by herpes simplex virus. Electron microscopy and electrophysiological studies will be necessary to determine the effect of the viral infection on nerve structure and function.
Something Old, Something New: A Longitudinal Study of Search Behavior and New Product Introduction

We examine how firms search, or solve problems, to create new products. According to organizational learning research, firms position themselves in a unidimensional search space that spans a spectrum from local to distant search. Our findings in the global robotics industry suggest that firms' search efforts actually vary across two distinct dimensions: search depth, or how frequently the firm reuses its existing knowledge, and search scope, or how widely the firm explores new knowledge.
Urinary Parameters as Predictors of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients With Nephrolithiasis

Purpose: Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels are the primary means of evaluating patients for hyperparathyroidism. Whether there are differences in urinary parameters between stone formers with and those without hyperparathyroidism is controversial. In this study we identify urinary parameters that predict primary hyperparathyroidism.Materials and Methods: From 2001 to 2010 a total of 1,190 adult, noncystine stone forming patients underwent urinary metabolic stone evaluation. Of these patients 34 (3%) underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Urinary parameters were evaluated as predictors of primary hyperparathyroidism. The most accurate combination of serum and urinary tests and their cutoffs were determined.Results: Stone forming patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were more likely to be women and had higher urinary calcium excretion. Hypercalciuria (aOR 4.38), supersaturation calcium oxalate greater than 10 (aOR 4.27), supersaturation calcium phosphate greater than 2 ...
Magnetospheric seismology using multiharmonic toroidal waves observed at geosynchronous orbit

[1] The frequencies of the harmonics of standing Alfven waves depend on the field line distribution of mass that sustains the waves. This fact is the basis of inversion techniques to estimate the plasma mass density variation along the magnetic field from the frequencies of observed ultra-low-frequency waves (normal mode magnetospheric seismology). However, the technique has not been used extensively because it is difficult to accurately determine the frequencies. Wave observations from geostationary satellites provide the best chance of a successful implementation of the technique because the satellites accumulate the spectral information of the harmonics with minimal variations in frequency. We have statistically studied the frequency of multiharmonic toroidal waves detected by the GOES 5 geostationary satellite. We quantify the relationships among the harmonics using the frequency ratio fn/f3, where fn is the frequency of the nth harmonic (n = 1 for the fundamental mode). The third harmonic is chosen for the reference frequency because it is the most ubiquitous mode at GOES 5. Using all data acquired in 1986, we find that f1/f3 changes from 0.25 in the early morning to 0.22 in the afternoon, whereas the other frequency ratios are more nearly constant: f2/f3, = 0.634–0.646, f4/f3 = 1.36–1.37, and f5/f3 = 1.73–1.74. The frequencies are in general inconsistent with the power law density model. When the frequencies are used in the density modeling technique developed by Denton et al. (2001, 2004), we find an equatorial mass density enhancement in the afternoon local time sector but not on the dawnside.
Acute Mania Associated With Levetiracetam Treatment

Levetiracetamisanovelantiepilepticdrugusedfor the treatment of partial and generalized epilepsy. Its mechanism of action is unclear, though it is thought to bind to a presynaptic vesicle protein that ultimately reduces the synaptic release of glutamate, impeding conduction of epileptic action potentials across the synapse. 1 Levetiracetam is frequently used owing to its ease of oral administration, excellent bioavailability, and low rate of drug interactions as it is not metabolized by the liver or bound significantly to serum proteins. 2,3 Adverse cognitive effects are atypical; however, adverse effects in the central nervous system (CNS) are relatively common, with behavioral symptoms occurring in up to 16% of patients in randomized controlled trials. 4 Frequently reported behavioral symptoms include depression, hostility, agitation, emotional lability, anger, nervousness, and depersonalization. Nonbehavioral CNS effects include sedation,headache,andasthenia. 5 Psychosisisinfrequently associated with levetiracetam, occurring in approximately 1% of patients, but well described in multiple case reports. 6,7 Researchers have explored the use of levetiracetam as a mood stabilizer for treatment of both depressive and manic phases of bipolar disorder with mixed results. 8–10 Despite the known association between levetiracetam and aggression and irritability, there are no reported cases in the literature of levetiracetam precipitating manic symptoms. In the following case report, we describe the acute onset of mania after levetiracetam therapy in a woman with no history of mania or hypomania.
Structure of the leucine zipper

In the basic-region leucine-zipper domain, flexible DNA-binding arms are juxtaposed by a two-stranded, parallel coiled-coil motif called the leucine zipper. Genetic, physical and structural studies of the leucine zipper identify interactions that help determine the stability and specificity of dimerization and DNA binding.
Reinstatement of postresponse stimuli prior to reward in delayed-reward discrimination learning by pigeons

Delayed-reward learning in pigeons was examined using a simultaneous red-green visual discrimination task in which the conditions during the delay interval were varied between groups. The nondifferential group received training in which the stimulus present during the 1-min delay was the same following a peck on the correct and incorrect colors. The other three groups received 1-min delay training in which different stimuli occurred in the delay interval following correct and incorrect choices. The differential group received continuous, differential stimuli during the delay. The reinstatement group received the differential stimuli in the 10 sec immediately following the choice and during the last 10 sec of the delay. The reversedcue group was treated in the same way, except that the 10-sec delay stimulus immediately following an incorrect response was also presented for 10 sec prior to reward on correct choices, and the stimulus following a correct response also occurred 10 sec before nonreward on incorrect choices. Nondifferential birds failed to learn the discrimination, while differential and reinstatement birds learned it readily. The reversed-cue birds learned to choose the incorrect stimulus. Differential and reinstatement birds showed no decrement in performance when the delay was increased to 2 min. These findings suggest that similarity of prereward and postresponse delay stimuli controls choice responding in long-delay learning, a finding compatible with both memorial and conditioned reinforcement interpretations.
Versatile Aggressive Mimicry of Cicadas by an Australian Predatory Katydid

Background In aggressive mimicry, a predator or parasite imitates a signal of another species in order to exploit the recipient of the signal. Some of the most remarkable examples of aggressive mimicry involve exploitation of a complex signal-response system by an unrelated predator species. Methodology/Principal Findings We have found that predatory Chlorobalius leucoviridis katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) can attract male cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) by imitating the species-specific wing-flick replies of sexually receptive female cicadas. This aggressive mimicry is accomplished both acoustically, with tegminal clicks, and visually, with synchronized body jerks. Remarkably, the katydids respond effectively to a variety of complex, species-specific Cicadettini songs, including songs of many cicada species that the predator has never encountered. Conclusions/Significance We propose that the versatility of aggressive mimicry in C. leucoviridis is accomplished by exploiting general design elements common to the songs of many acoustically signaling insects that use duets in pair-formation. Consideration of the mechanism of versatile mimicry in C. leucoviridis may illuminate processes driving the evolution of insect acoustic signals, which play a central role in reproductive isolation of populations and the formation of species.
Fringe: defining borders by regulating the notch pathway.

Abstract The Notch pathway mediates cell–cell interaction in many developmental processes. Multiple proteins regulate the Notch pathway, among these are the products of the fringe genes. The first fringe gene was identified in Drosophila , where it is involved in the formation of the dorsal/ventral border of the wing disc. It has now been found to be crucial for determining the dorsal/ventral border of the Drosophila eye. In vertebrates, fringe genes play roles in the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge, the dorsal/ventral border in the limb bud, and in the development of somitic borders. The roles of fringe in the neural tube or the eyes of vertebrate embryos are not clear, although it is unlikely that these roles are evolutionarily related to those in the same tissues in Drosophila . Genetic evidences suggest that Fringe protein functions by modulating the Notch signaling pathway, perhaps through differential regulation of Notch activation by different ligands; however, the mechanism underlying Fringe function remains to be investigated.
Coronary atherosclerosis can regress with very intensive statin therapy.

The ASTEROID trial (JAMA 2006; 295:1556–1565) showed that very intensive statin therapy with rosuvastatin 40 mg once daily results in highly significant regression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS). The mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level achieved with this regimen was 61 mg/dL, and the mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level increased by 15%. While the merits of concomitant LDL-C-lowering and HDL-C-raising therapies remain to be determined, the results of the ASTEROID and other recent trials suggest that the optimal strategy for lipid-lowering in patients with coronary artery disease is to try for the lowest LDL-C level that can be attained without adverse effects.
Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Recovery after Ischemic Injury

The brain inflammatory response induced by stroke contributes to cell death and impairs neurogenesis. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a coactivator of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and required for NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory responses. Here we evaluated PARP inhibition as a means of suppressing post-stroke inflammation and improving outcome after stroke. Rats were subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion-reperfusion, and treatment with the PARP inhibitor N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (PJ34) was begun 48 h later. PJ34 was found to rapidly suppress the ischemia-induced microglial activation and astrogliosis. Behavioral tests performed 6 to 8 weeks after ischemia showed deficits in spatial memory and learning that were lessened by the PJ34 treatment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of hippocampus at 8 weeks after ischemia showed increased neuronal density in CA1 layer of PJ34-treated animals relative to vehicle-treated animals. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling showed formation of new neurons in hippocampal CA1 area in PJ34-treated animals, but not in vehicle-treated animals. Together, these results suggest that treatment with a PARP inhibitor for several days after ischemia enhances long-term neuronal survival and neurogenesis by reducing inflammation.
Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: Abu Musa and the Tunbs in Strategic Perspective

Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: Abu Musa and the Tunbs in Strategic Perspective, Kourosh Ahmadi, Durham Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series, New York: Routledge, 200...
Optimization-based state estimation: Current status and some new results☆

This paper presents an overview of the fundamentals of moving horizon state estimation and full information estimation. The paper provides a new statement of robust global asymptotic stability (RGAS) for state estimation and establishes a new result using this definition, namely that full information is RGAS for the case of a nonlinear detectable system subject to β-convergent state and measurement disturbances. Two unsolved research problems are presented: (i) suboptimal moving horizon estimation and (ii) proving RGAS for the case of bounded rather than convergent disturbances.
Micromachined silicon cantilever beams for thin-film stress measurement

Abstract We present a technique for micromachining silicon cantilever beams for thin-film stress measurement. The silicon microbeams were fabricated using a two-step etch process with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the anisotropic etchant. The final beam geometry is optimized by using a 45% KOH solution and double-side polished silicon wafers as the starting material. We demonstrate a cleaning procedure that produces clean microbeam surfaces as verified by Auger electron spectroscopy. The effects of KOH concentration and temperature on the etch rate, etch rate sensitivity, and silicon surface roughness is discussed. We present results of compressive stress in boron nitride films grown by an ion-assisted process.
Effect of liver disease on dose optimization

Abstract Many narrow therapeutic index drugs are eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism. Selecting the proper dosing regimen for such drugs in the presence of liver disease is an important therapeutic problem. However, the effect of liver diseases on drug disposition is complex, and depends on the pathophysiology of the disease and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug itself. Hepatic clearance concepts provide a general framework for understanding and predicting the changes in pharmacokinetics of drugs with high and low intrinsic clearances, but this approach is not sufficiently robust for clinical use due to difficulties in measuring patient-specific hepatocellular function and hepatic blood flow. Further complicating the ability to predict hepatic clearance in the presence of liver disease is that hepatic enzymes may be differentially affected by the presence of liver disease-glucuronidation is well-preserved even in advanced liver disease, and mild to moderate liver disease has selective effects on the catalytic activity of specific cytochrome P 450 metabolizing enzymes, with CYP2C19 more sensitive to liver disease than CYP2D6. Despite considerable efforts to develop non-invasive probes of hepatic metabolic activity, there are still none that are useful clinically. Therapeutic drug monitoring may have some value, but is limited by changes in plasma protein binding that are common in liver disease. More studies are needed to develop better probes, and, in the drug development process, to provide better information on metabolic pathways and laboratory and clinical covariates that can be used to individualize dosing regimens in the presence of coexisting diseases and concurrent drug therapy.
Revascularization of the gastroepiploic artery in pancreas transplant.

Summary Thrombosis accounted for 52.0% of all transplant failures in one recent large series and is felt to result from devascularization of the pancreas during organ procurement. A technique to revascularize the pancreas is described. The operative notes and angiograms of 110 consecutive pancreas transplants were reviewed. Eight pancreata were found deprived of blood supply to the head and the neck of the pancreas on indigocarmine-renograffin table angiograms. During back table reconstruction a distal branch of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was dissected and anastomosed end to end to the gastroepiploic artery using 8–0 monofilament suture. Repeated table angiogram showed excellent blood supply to the head of the pancreas, the duodenum and the body and tail of the pancreas. The pancreas transplantation proceeded with iliac artery graft inflow, portal venous outflow and enteric drainage. Simultaneous quadruple therapy with thymoglobulin, CNI, MMF and a 4-day course of steroids was used. All patients became insulin independent and euglycemic. No duodenal leak was observed in the entire series. In summary, 1-ligation of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is not a safe procedure, especially when arterial blood supply from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is poor or inexistent, 2-table angiogram helps delineate the high risk hypo-perfused pancreas, 3-preservation of the right gastroepiploic artery and the branches of the SMA allows an easy revascularization of the pancreatic graft.
CROSSING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIPLOID SPECIES OF THE SOLANUM NIGRUM COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA

Crosses were made in all combinations of the six diploid species of the Solanum nigrum complex that occur in North America. Some interspecific pollinations failed to yield viable seed; successful crosses gave rise to moderately to highly sterile F1 hybrids. Results of interspecific crosses suggested phylogenetic relationships that were not completely in accord with those suggested by morphology. Interspecific crosses also gave varied results. All interpopulational crosses within S. interius and S. sarachoides produced fully fertile hybrids. In contrast, hybrids within S. americanum and S. douglasii varied from fully fertile to almost completely sterile. Populations of S. pseudogracile could be divided into two groups which are geographically separated but not morphologically differentiated. Fully fertile hybrids resulted from crosses within a group, whereas crosses between groups gave hybrids with reduced fertility. Four crossing groups were observed within S. nodiflorum; three of the parental groups are sympatric and are morphologically differentiated. Although hybrid sterility in interspecific crosses is sometimes used to support delimitation of species, the presence of sterility in intraspecific crosses suggests that such an interpretation is unwarranted for the S. nigrum complex. Hybrid sterility, therefore, is not considered to have special taxonomic significance in this complex.
The mechanism of alkylation of DNA by 5-(3-methyl-l-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (MIC), a metabolite of dic (NSC-45388) non-involvement of diazomethane

Abstract Comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of chemically synthesized methyl- d 1 -methanol with the methanol produced in the solvolytic decompostion of 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MIC) in D 2 O under acidic, basic or neutral conditions indicated that no deuterium was exchanged for the hydrogens on the methyl group. Diazomethane can therefore be ruled out as an intermediate in this reaction. The methyl- d 3 -guanine isolated after incubation of methyl- d 3 -MIC with calfthymus DNA in vitro displayed, on chemical ionization mass spectrometry, a quasimolecular ion (MH + ) at m/e 169, which was 3 mass units higher than the quasimolecular ion for an undeuterated 7-methylguanine standard. The major fragment ions for 7-methyl- d 3 -guanine on electron impact mass spectrometry likewise were situated at positions 3 mass units higher than the fragment ions for 7-methylguanine itself. These data indicate that the methylation of biological macromolecules by MIC must involve the transfer of an intact methyl group.
The Casson invariant of surgered, sewn link exteriors

Abstract One method of producing 3-manifolds is the sewing up construction of W.R. Brakes. This involves identifying the boundary components of the exterior of a 2-component link. Under certain assumptions this process yields homology handles which can be surgered to obtain homology spheres. The main result is a formula for the Casson invariant of homology spheres obtained by this construction when the link has linking number zero. The main ingredient is a lemma which relates some information from the Conway polynomial of the band connect sum of two knots before and after surgery.
La Connaissance Orientale Et Le Feminin Chez Marguerite Yourcenar

(2006). La Connaissance Orientale Et Le Feminin Chez Marguerite Yourcenar. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 81-92.
Regulation and structure of aspartokinase in the genusBacillus

The aspartate pathway of amino acid biosynthesis in bacteria serves as paradigm for the evolution of patterns of enzyme regulation in response to specific physiological requirements. InBacillus species, the first step in the pathway is catalyzed by multiple forms of aspartokinase, which differ in their structure and feedback regulation. One form of aspartokinase (V-type) functions primarily during cell growth, another form (S-type) during sporulation. The V-type aspartokinase fromBacillus subtilis andBacillus polymyxa is discussed in some detail on account of its complex pattern of regulation by the pathway endproducts lysine and threonine and its unusual subunit structure. The enzyme is composed of two dissimilar subunits, the smaller of which corresponds to the carboxyl-terminal domain of the larger subunit. The coding sequence for the subunits ofBacillus subtilis aspartokinase has recently been cloned inEscherichia coli. The study of its structure and mode of expression has revealed that the two aspartokinase subunits are encoded by in-phase overlapping genes. These unusual features of aspartokinase suggest that important aspects of the regulation of the aspartate pathway are yet to be discovered.
Antibody-mediated immunodeficiency in short-limbed dwarfism.

Two siblings short-limbed dwarfism and immunodeficiency are reported. Deficient antibodymediated immunity was documented in both children. Cell-mediated immunity was found to be intact in the surviving male child except for response in mixed lymphocyte culture. Cell-mediated immunity was not evaluated in the female sibling, who died before complete immunologic evaluation. Based on observations in this report and other reported cases, the following classification of short-limbed dwarfism associated with immunodeficiency is proposed: Type 1: short-limbed dwarfism with combined antibody-and cell-mediated immunodeficiency: Type 2: short-limbed dwarfism with cell-mediated immunodeficiency; Type 3: short-limbed dwarfism with antibody-mediated immunodeficiency.
Contaminated sediments from tributaries of the Great Lakes: chemical characterization and carcinogenic effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Sediments from four inshore industrial sites and a reference site in the Great Lakes were extracted with organic solvents to produce a crude extract, which was separated on alumina into two fractions: predominantly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and predominantly nitrogencontaining polycyclic aromatic compounds. Crude extracts were redissolved in acetone and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acetone-redissolved crude extracts from the four industrialized sites contained 5.6–313.3 μg total polycyclic aromatic compounds/g sediment and 3.0–36.4 μg other compounds/g sediment. In addition to the typical EPA priority pollutants, a substantial amount (228.7 μg/g sediment) of alkyl-polycyclic-aromatic compounds was detected in sediments from one of the industrialized sites. Extracts from the reference site contained 1.55 μg total polycyclic aromatic compounds/ g sediment. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to multiple pulse doses of acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions. Medaka were also exposed to a known carcinogen, methylazoxymethanol acetate, to verify that chemicals produced tumors in the test fish. Acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions from contaminated sediments were toxic to medaka. Fin erosion and non-neoplastic liver abnormalities were more prevalent in medaka after exposure to acetoneredissolved extracts and fractions from contaminated sediments. Neoplasms previously associated with chemical exposure in wild fishes were induced in medaka exposed to acetone-redissolved extracts and fractions from two of the contaminated sites, but not from the reference site or controls. These findings further support the hypothesis that chemical contaminants in sediments are involved in epizootics of neoplasms in wild fishes at contaminated sites.
Fronto-parietal hypo-activation during working memory independent of structural abnormalities: conjoint fMRI and sMRI analyses in adolescent offspring of schizophrenia patients.

Abstract Adolescent offspring of schizophrenia patients (HR-S) are an important group in whom to study impaired brain function and structure, particularly of the frontal cortices. Studies of working memory have suggested behavioral deficits and fMRI-measured hypoactivity in fronto-parietal regions in these subjects. Independent structural MRI (sMRI) studies have suggested exaggerated frontal gray matter decline. Therefore the emergent view is that fronto-parietal deficits in function and structure characterize HR-S. However, it is unknown if fronto-parietal sub-regions in which fMRI-measured hypo-activity might be observed are precisely those regions of the cortex in which gray matter deficits are also observed. To investigate this question we conducted conjoint analyses of fronto-parietal function and structure in HR-S (n = 19) and controls (n = 24) with no family history of psychoses using fMRI data during a continuous working memory task (2 back), and sMRI collected in the same session. HR-S demonstrated significantly reduced BOLD activation in left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9/46) and bilateral parietal cortex (BA 7/40). Sub-regions of interest were created from the significant fronto-parietal functional clusters. Analyses of gray matter volume from volume-modulated gray matter segments in these clusters did not reveal significant gray matter differences between groups. The results suggest that functional impairments in adolescent HR-S can be independent of impairments in structure, suggesting that the relationship between impaired function and structure is complex. Further studies will be needed to more closely assess whether impairments in function and structure provide independent or interacting pathways of vulnerability in this population.
Estimating the Cluster Tree of a Density by Analyzing the Minimal Spanning Tree of a Sample

, a new clustering method that attempts to find modes of a density by analyzing the minimal spanning tree of a sample. The method exploits the connection between the minimal spanning tree and nearest neighbor density (e.g. normal mixture) or about the geometric shapes of the clusters, and is computationally feasible for large data sets.
Cholesterol accumulation regulates expression of macrophage proteins implicated in proteolysis and complement activation

Objective—Cholesterol accumulation by macrophages plays a key role in atherogenesis. To begin to develop a global picture of this process, we used proteomics and transcriptomics to analyze foam cells generated with acetyl-low-density lipoprotein, a classic ligand for scavenger receptors. Methods and Results—Tandem mass spectrometry and stringent statistical analysis revealed that foam cells differentially expressed 15 of 542 proteins (2.8%) detected in macrophage-conditioned medium. Apolipoprotein E was one of the most upregulated proteins, confirming that proteins involved in lipid metabolism are important targets for regulation by sterol accumulation. However, levels of proteins linked to complement activation and lysosomal proteolysis also changed markedly. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that 698 of 19 700 genes (3.5%) were regulated in foam cells, including many genes important in sterol metabolism. We also found that cholesterol accumulation regulated genes implicated in complement activation ...
Individual Differences and the Potential Tradeoffs Between the Values of a Participatory Economy

This paper argues that a closer attention to the variability of such subjective characteristics as preferences, life philosophies and attitudes towards work, individual talents, and levels of intelligence raises a number of issues of relevance to the literature on participatory economics (and, to a lesser extent, to that on market socialism). In particular, it is argued that a thoroughgoing integration of such subjective characteristics into the literature on participatory economics reveals a number of previously unrecognized tradeoffs between the values that a participatory economy would seek to promote.
An analysis of post‐booking jail diversion programming for persons with co‐occurring disorders

For persons with co-occurring disorders, interaction with criminal justice systems is a frequent occurrence. As a result, a variety of diversionary programs have been developed nationwide. In this study, a total of 248 individuals with co-occurring disorders of serious mental illness and substance use disorders who had been arrested and booked on misdemeanor charges participated in a post-booking jail diversion program in two urban communities. A quasi-experimental design was used with individuals assigned to diversion or non-diversion status based upon the decision processes of the mental health-criminal justice systems. The effectiveness of the jail diversion program was evaluated from a variety of sources, including structured interviews, behavioral health service utilization patterns, and criminal justice recidivism patterns. Analyses revealed general main effects for time on many of the outcome variables, with few main effects or interaction effects detected on the basis of diversion status (diverted versus non-diverted). Across all measures assessing mental health and substance abuse, study participants displayed improvements over time, irrespective of their diversion status or program location. Participants generally displayed no significant changes in their rates of accessibility to, or frequency of use of, the various mental health, substance abuse, and other services, and few changes for diversion status were detected with regard to service utilization. Although a number of indicators of criminality and violence were reduced over time, these reductions were statistically insignificant, with changes for diversionary status or time identified at follow-up. These results are discussed in light of their implications for jail diversion programming and future research in this area.
Moisture transfer in free and forced convection

The vertical transfer of moisture is examined under conditions where the Richardson number varies from − 2.5 to + 2.9. The use of a non-dimensional evaporative flux, similar to Priestley's (1959) non-dimensional sensible heat flux, and extensive data from the Davis lysimeter field show a smooth transition from forced to free convection. An equation for this transitional regime of mixed convection is derived by dimensional analysis and fitted to the data for different Richardson number ranges. A free convection interpretation of the data for −2.5 < Ri < −0.025 gives a proportionality constant of 1.40. In stable conditions, the turbulent transfers are shown to decrease rapidly with increasing + Ri and this behaviour is consistent with some estimates of the initiation of decay of turbulence.
Nonlinear ekman suction and ageostrophic effects in rapidly rotating flows

Abstract A model is formulated to study the underlying dynamics of observed asymmetries in laboratory experiments on sidewall boundary layer separation and vertical shear layer instability in rapidly rotating fluids. These experiments show differences in transition behavior depending on the nature, cyclonic or anticyclonic, of the gyre forcing. Such qualitative signatures cannot be explained by the standard f-plane quasi-geostrophic model that is unaffected, apart from a switching of the flow direction, under changes of the sign of the forcing. An important ingredient of the intermediate model derived here is a nonlinear Ekman suction condition, which includes products of the interior velocity and its derivatives. The potential vorticity equation is closed using this nonlinear suction condition and other ageostrophic advections. For the case of a cylindrical, f-plane, barotropic ocean bounded by a vertical wall at r = L, and with a weak bottom slope, the nonlinear Ekman layers inhibit sidewall boundary la...
Tools for implementing network protocols

This paper describes two software tools—a message manager and a map manager—used to implement network protocols. The tools are provided as part of the x-kernel, an operating system kernel designed to support the construction and composition of protocols. For each tool, we briefly motivate the network task that needs to be done, give a high-level specification of the tool, outline the algorithms and data structures used to implement the tool and give concrete examples of how the tool is used to implement real protocols. We also demonstrate how the tools, even though they are designed for general use, perform efficiently.