cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Northern Hemisphere glaciation and the evolution of Plio‐Pleistocene climate noise

[1] Deterministic orbital controls on climate variability are commonly inferred to dominate across timescales of 104–106 years, although some studies have suggested that stochastic processes may be of equal or greater importance. Here we explicitly quantify changes in deterministic orbital processes (forcing and/or pacing) versus stochastic climate processes during the Plio-Pleistocene, via time-frequency analysis of two prominent foraminifera oxygen isotopic stacks. Our results indicate that development of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet is paralleled by an overall amplification of both deterministic and stochastic climate energy, but their relative dominance is variable. The progression from a more stochastic early Pliocene to a strongly deterministic late Pleistocene is primarily accommodated during two transitory phases of Northern Hemisphere ice sheet growth. This long-term trend is punctuated by “stochastic events,” which we interpret as evidence for abrupt reorganization of the climate system at the initiation and termination of the mid-Pleistocene transition and at the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. In addition to highlighting a complex interplay between deterministic and stochastic climate change during the Plio-Pleistocene, our results support an early onset for Northern Hemisphere glaciation (between 3.5 and 3.7 Ma) and reveal some new characteristics of the orbital signal response, such as the puzzling emergence of 100 ka and 400 ka cyclic climate variability during theoretical eccentricity nodes.
Sirtuin to the rescue: SIRT2 extends life span of BubR1 mice

Why and how we age remains a topic that has kept molecular biologists busy for the past few decades. In recent years, several studies pointed to sirtuins as important players in lifespan regulation, yet, in vivo proof for most of the mammalian homologs was missing. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Sinclair and colleagues provide novel evidence that SIRT2 is indeed a critical modulator of aging in vivo.
SECRET: a scalable linear regression tree algorithm

Developing regression models for large datasets that are both accurate and easy to interpret is a very important data mining problem. Regression trees with linear models in the leaves satisfy both these requirements, but thus far, no truly scalable regression tree algorithm is known. This paper proposes a novel regression tree construction algorithm (SECRET) that produces trees of high quality and scales to very large datasets. At every node, SECRET uses the EM algorithm for Gaussian mixtures to find two clusters in the data and to locally transform the regression problem into a classification problem based on closeness to these clusters. Goodness of split measures, like the gini gain, can then be used to determine the split variable and the split point much like in classification tree construction. Scalability of the algorithm can be achieved by employing scalable versions of the EM and classification tree construction algorithms. An experimental evaluation on real and artificial data shows that SECRET has accuracy comparable to other linear regression tree algorithms but takes orders of magnitude less computation time for large datasets.
Single machine scheduling to minimize maximum lateness subject to release dates and precedence constraints

This paper considers the problem of finding a nonpreemptive schedule for a single machine to minimize the maximum lateness with release dates and precedence constraints. A branch and bound algorithm is developed. The algorithm uses four different heuristics to find upper bounds at the initial branch node: early release date heuristic, modified Schrage's heuristic, heuristic BLOCK, and a variable neighborhood descent procedure. At each branch node, two branches evolve from a schedule found by heuristic BLOCK using a binary branching rule based on bottleneck and critical jobs, and a lower bound is obtained by optimally solving the relaxed problem with preemption. The algorithm solves 14,984 out of the 15,000 systematically generated instances with up to 1,000 jobs within 1 minute of CPU time.
Evidence that phosphatidylserine and inorganic phosphate may mediate calcium transport during calcification.

Abstract Phosphatidylserine, a major acidic phospholipid of calcifying matrix vesicles, transports Ca 2+ across a lipid barrier via a mechanism that is stimulated by inorganic phosphate (Pi). This mechanism involves formation of phosphatidylserine-Ca and phosphatidylserine-Ca-Pi complexes. These complexes form aggregates with lipophilic exteriors in a non-polar environment. Complexes formed in this manner could serve to transport Ca 2+ and Pi across the membrane bilayer of matrix vesicles.
The impact of relationships on the association between sexual orientation and disordered eating in men

Objective: Robust evidence supports that bisexual and gay (BG) men have increased eating pathology compared to heterosexual men. BG men may be at greater risk due to pressure to attract a male partner; however, the related implication that relationships serve as protective factors for BG men remains untested. Method: BG (n 5 42) and heterosexual men (n 5 536) completed surveys to determine whether relationship status and satisfaction moderate sexual orientation’s effect on disordered eating. Results: Single BG men had increased restrictive disordered eating compared to single heterosexual men, while few differences were found between BG and heterosexual men in relationships. Relationship satisfaction was not related to restrictive disordered eating; however, low relationship satisfaction was associated with increased bulimic symptomatology in BG men compared to heterosexual men.
A New TASK for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-like Protein 6

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-like Protein 6 (DPP6) is widely expressed in the brain where it co-assembles with Kv4 channels and KChIP auxiliary subunits to regulate the amplitude and functional properties of the somatodendritic A-current, ISA. Here we show that in cerebellar granule (CG) cells DPP6 also regulates resting membrane potential and input resistance by increasing the amplitude of the IK(SO) resting membrane current. Pharmacological analysis shows that DPP6 acts through the control of a channel with properties matching the K2P channel TASK-3. Heterologous expression and co-immunoprecipitation shows that DPP6 co-expression with TASK-3 results in the formation of a protein complex that enhances resting membrane potassium conductance. The co-regulation of resting and voltage-gated channels by DPP6 produces coordinate shifts in resting membrane potential and A-current gating that optimize the sensitivity of ISA inactivation gating to subthreshold fluctuations in resting membrane potential.
Advancing the Pharmacy Practice Model: Survey of New Practitioner Attitudes and Opinions

PurposeAs members of the future pharmacy workforce, newly practicing pharmacists will be directly involved in key changes in practice. The purpose of this study is to (a) determine the desirability...
Microfabricated arrays of cylindrical wells facilitate single-molecule enzymology of α-chymotrypsin

Single-molecule enzymology allows scientists to examine the distributions of kinetic rates among members of a population. We describe a simple method for the analysis of single-molecule enzymatic kinetics and provide comparisons to ensemble-averaged kinetics. To isolate our model enzyme, α-chymotrypsin, into single molecules, we use an array of cylindrical poly(dimethylsiloxane) wells 2 μm in diameter and 1.35 μm in height. Inside the wells, a protease assay with a profluorescent substrate detects α-chymotrypsin activity. We hold the concentration of α-chymotrypsin at 0.39 nM in a given well with an enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 1:6,666 molecules. Fluorescence emitted by the substrate is proportional to enzyme activity and detectable by a charge-coupled device. This method allows for the simultaneous real-time characterization of hundreds of individual enzymes. We analyze single-molecule kinetics by recording and observing their intensity trajectories over time. By testing our method with our current instruments, we confirm that our methodology is useful for the analysis of single enzymes for extracting static inhomogeneity.
Computational Analysis of RNA Editing Sites in Plant Mitochondrial Genomes Reveals Similar Information Content and a Sporadic Distribution of Editing Sites

A computational analysis of RNA editing sites was performed on protein-coding sequences of plant mitochondrial genomes from Arabidopsis thaliana, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, and Oryza sativa. The distribution of nucleotides around edited and unedited cytidines was compared in 41 nucleotide segments and included 1481 edited cytidines and 21,390 unedited cytidines in the 4 genomes. The distribution of nucleotides was examined in 1, 2, and 3 nucleotide windows by comparison of nucleotide frequency ratios and relative entropy. The relative entropy analyses indicate that information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences in the 5 prime flank (-18 to -14, -13 to -10, -6 to -4, -2/-1) and the immediate 3 prime flanking nucleotide (+1), and these regions may be important in editing site recognition. The relative entropy was large when 2 or 3 nucleotide windows were analyzed, suggesting that several contiguous nucleotides may be involved in editing site recognition. RNA editing sites were frequently preceded by 2 pyrimidines or AU and followed by a guanidine (HYCG) in the monocot and dicot mitochondrial genomes, and rarely preceded by 2 purines. Analysis of chloroplast editing sites from a dicot, Nicotiana tabacum, and a monocot, Zea mays, revealed a similar distribution of nucleotides around editing sites (HYCA). The similarity of this motif around editing sites in monocots and dicots in both mitochondria and chloroplasts suggests that a mechanistic basis for this motif exists that is common in these different organelle and phylogenetic systems. The preferred sequence distribution around RNA editing sites may have an important impact on the acquisition of editing sites in evolution because the immediate sequence context of a cytidine residue may render a cytidine editable or uneditable, and consequently determine whether a T to C mutation at a specific position may be corrected by RNA editing. The distribution of editing sites in many protein-coding sequences is shown to be non-random with editing sites clustered in groups separated by regions with no editing sites. The sporadic distribution of editing sites could result from a mechanism of editing site loss by gene conversion utilizing edited sequence information, possibly through an edited cDNA intermediate.
Influence of gender on outcomes of medication-history interviewing

This study investigated the influence of patient and provider gender on the outcomes of medication-history interviewing. In a previous study, 112 pharmacy students conducted medication-history interviews with 2 simulated patients. A secondary analysis was accomplished using complete data from 85 of the original 112 pharmacy students. The other 27 students were eliminated because of missing data. Factor analysis and canonical correlation were used to assess associations between the prior study's set of predictor variables and measures of interview completeness and patient satisfaction with the interview. Female and male pharmacy students appear to use different expressive, interactive, and interrogative skills. Allergy-asking was more complete when female pharmacy students interviewed a male patient. Emotive patient satisfaction was found to be associated more positively with a female student and female patient while teleological patient satisfaction between a male student and male patient was nearly double the result of the female-female dyad. Medication-history interview outcomes appear to differ as a consequence of the use of different sets of skills during same-sex or opposite-sex interviews.
Indigenous North American Jurisprudence1

This article explores differences between indigenous North American and contemporary Western perspectives on jurisprudence. It examines the impact of state law arising from a paradigm of control and standardization of behavior and contrasts it with indigenous "law" which reflected an emphasis on nature, diversity, and freedom. The research here suggests that political organization is a central variable affecting particular types of punishment and forms of law. The study raises central issues regarding the roles of criminal and civil law as well as different forms of sanctioning. The article proposes an agenda for future research explicating indigenous civil law which can be examined in a variety of specific social contexts varying in scale, complexity, degree of formalization, and historical and comparative setting.
Magnetic Field of a Rotating Superconductor

The detection and measurement of the magnetic field generated by rotation of superconducting lead films and foils are discussed. (R.E.U.)
The Effect of Pore Fluid Flow on Extrusion

Etude des problemes non couples de la deformation du solide et description de la distribution de pression
Purification of hemopexin and its domain fragments by affinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography

A method is described for the preparation of apohemopexin from Cohn Fraction IV-4 of human serum by one-step affinity chromatography on a heme-agarose column and separation of its tryptic domain fragments by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Limited tryptic digestion cleaved human apohemopexin after Arg-216 into half molecules and the N-terminal half was degraded very rapidly, whereas heme-saturated hemopexin was cleaved after Lys-101. These results suggest that hemopexin is composed of two domains that are connected by an exposed histidine-rich hinge-like region in apohemopexin which becomes inaccessible to trypsin in heme-saturated hemopexin. Also described is the preparation of apohemopexin from whole rabbit serum in two steps, heme-affinity chromatography and ion-exchange HPLC, and separation of its tryptic domain fragments by HPLC. Limited tryptic digestion also cleaves rabbit apohemopexin into half-molecules but the N-terminal half is more stable than the C-terminal half in this case. This lends support to the idea of functional differences between domains.
Ecotoxicity of Pentachlorophenol in Contaminated Soil as Affected by Soil Type

Four uncontaminated soils were chosen with a wide range of pH, organic carbon, and clay content to allow us to determine the properties that were most influential on pentachlorophenol (PCP) toxicity. The soils were contaminated in the laboratory at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg and target organisms were exposed to the contaminated soil. Germination and emergence of lettuce seedlings was found to be dependent upon PCP concentration and soil type, and responses were highly correlated to extractable concentrations. Earthworms were sensitive to PCP, regardless of soil properties, and mortality was observed in most samples at the 100 mg/kg concentration. Toxic responses by the worms were not strongly related to soil properties or extractable concentrations. The importance of soil chemical and physical properties on toxicity and bioavailability depends upon the target organism. In the case of lettuce seedlings, PCP is acquired through the aqueous phase; therefore, the chemical interaction between PCP and soil controls toxicity. Since earthworms ingest soil and potentially can change the chemical environment of exposure, the impact of soil properties on PCP toxicity is less apparent.
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke.

I T HAS BEEN 2 decades since conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique successfully showed experimental cerebral ischemia of less than 2 hours of duration in animals. The ability to detect acute ischemic injury with MRI has expanded to humans. In the past 10 years, there has been a tremendous amount of research and progress that has changed our understanding of different neurologic disorders. Advances in cerebral vascular disease by far have been the most beneficial. Conventional MRI provides excellent structural information and is the base of new complementary techniques focused on cerebral physiology and pathophysiology. Acute cerebral ischemia is definitely the most interesting and focused phase of stroke conventional MRI; it depends on the following biophysical factors for the diagnosis: (1) absent or diminished intravascular flow voids, (2) gray matter shows development of edema, (3) decreased diffusion of water, (4) increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images and proton density (PD), and (5) changes in metabolites. MRI sequences were of limited use until 1995 when the National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke published results on the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) trial, which showed efficacy for treatment of acute cerebral ischemia. ~ The potential advantages of this technique with patients in acute cerebral ischemia are based on detection of viable cerebral tissue and vessel patency. A recent publication has also shown the usefulness of T2-weighted images in the detection of microbleeds or microhematomas as a predicting risk factor for hemorrhagic transformation after inrtra-artrterial trombolytic treatment. 2 Small cortical infarcts and infarcts of the posterior fossa are better detected on MRI than in computed tomography (CT)? The limitations of CT in the posterior fossa are because of beam
Power of tests of normality for detecting scale contaminated normal samples

Twenty-seven tests of normality or goodness of fit were evaluated for power at detecting a scale contaminated normal sampleo This study used 1,000 replications each of samples of size 12, 17, 25, 33, 50, and 100 from six different contaminated normal distributions. Moment-type tests (e.g., kurtosis) were the most powerful over all sample sizes and contaminations. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-squared, Anderson-Darling, and Cramer-von-Mises tests had very low power at detecting contaminated normal random variables. Tables of the power of the tests and the power curves of certain tests are given.
Verification of diagnosis in a 17-year-old boy with clinical glycogen storage disease type Ia by mutation screening

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia ; Von Gierke disease ; McKusick 232200) is caused by deficient activity of the catalytic subunit of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase ; EC 3.1.3.9). Catalysing the last step in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, this enzyme plays a pivotal role in both metabolic pathways. Thus, its deficiency leads to hepatomegaly, short stature and hypotrophic muscles. Characteristic laboratory findings of GSD Ia include recurrent hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricaemia, and hypertriglyceridaemia (Chen and Burchell 1995). Without adequate treatment with frequent feedings of a diet rich in complex carbohydrates and allopurinol, complications such as osteoporosis, nephropathy, liver adenoma and pancreatitis may develop. The demonstration of reduced G-6-Pase activity measured in a fresh liver biopsy specimen is still the 'gold standard' for verification of the clinical diagnosis. However, in 1993 the gene spanning 12.5 kb on chromosome 17 and consisting of 5 exons coding for the enzyme was cloned (Lei et al 1993) and mutations which lead to impaired enzyme activity were detected. We report a 17-year-old male patient who was first diagnosed as having GSD Ia solely on the basis of the clinical symptoms and G-6-Pase gene analysis.
Comparison of Four Death Anxiety Measures

Four measures of death anxiety were compared to examine accuracy in classifying 87 subjects who would tour a funeral home (low death anxiety) or 74 subjects who would not tour a funeral home (high ...
Differential leaching of nutrients from soluble vs. controlled-release fertilizers

Extremely sandy soils and poorly distributed high annual rainfall in the state of Florida contribute to significant leaching losses of nutrients from routine fertilization practices. A leaching column experiment was conducted to evaluate the leaching losses of nutrients when using currently available N, P, K blend fertilizers for young citrus tree fertilization. Fertilizer blends included NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, IBDU, IBDU plus Escote, Nutralene, Osmocote, and Meister. Following leaching of 1000 ml of water through soil columns, which simulates leaching conditions with 26 cm of rainfall, the amount of NO3 and NH4 recovered in the leachate from soil columns amended with an NH4NO3 blend accounted for 37% and 88% of the respective nutrients contained in the quantity of blend per column. The corresponding values for soil columns amended with a Ca(NO3)2 blend were 48% and 100%. Leraching losses of both NO3 (<3%) and NH4 (<4%) were drastically decreased when using controlled-release fertilizers. The recoveries of P and K in 1000 ml of leachate were 1.3% and 8%, respectively, of the nutrients added as Osmocote, which contained coated P and K sources. In the case of the rest of fertilizer blends, the recoveries of P and K in 1000 ml of leachate were as high as 52%–100% and 28%–100%, respectively. Therefore, controlled-release technology offers an important capability for minimizing leaching losses of nutrients.
863 DETECTION OF GENE DELETIONS IN THE HUMAN TYPE II PROCOLLAGEN GENE IN 8 PATIENTS WITH ACHONDROPLASIA USING GENE DOSAGE ANALYSIS

Type II collagen is the major collagen of cartilage. This study analyzed type II procollagen gene dosage in 34 patients with achondroplasia. Human genomic DNA was digested with BamHI, EcoRI and HindIII, and Southern filters prepared. Experiments using simultaneous hybridizations with pgHCol(II)A (Strom and Upholt, Nuc. Acids Res. 12:1025) and pG44 (an X-linked probe) demonstrated that, when normalized for the amount of X-linked hybridization, the DNA from 8 patients with sporadic achondroplasia exhibited half the procollagen hybridization as compared to the DNA of normal controls. The DNA of 2 of the achondroplasts exhibited a deletion of at least 20 kb from the 3' end of the gene as demonstrated by analogous experiments using pgHCol(II)E and F. The DNA from the other 6 achondroplasts with deletions have only been analyzed using pgHCol(II)A. The observations were confirmed using densitometric analysis. Incubations with varying restriction enzyme concentrations revealed that incomplete digestion was not responsible for the observations. The ends of the deletions have yet to be found. A genetic defect involving the type II procollagen gene is implicated in the etiology of achondroplasia. (Supported by March of Dimes, AM-33910 and HD-04583).
Horse (Equus caballus) T-cell receptor alpha, gamma, and delta chain genes: nucleotide sequences and tissue-specific gene expression

Horse (Equus caballus) T-cell receptor alpha (TCRA), gamma (TCRG), and delta (TCRD) chain genes were isolated from a cDNA library and characterized. Five unique TCRAV families, including four full-length sequences, five distinct TCRAJ genes, and a single TCRAC gene were identified. TCRAV genes had closest homology with human sequences and least similarity to rat genes. Among eight horse TCRG genes, two distinct constant region genes with considerable variation in the connecting region were identified, but hybridization confirmed the presence of at least two TCRGC genes and indicated that the vast majority of horse αβ T cells rearrange either one or both TCRG alleles. Analysis of horse TCRD genes revealed the presence of eight unique TCRDV genes representing seven families, each having closest nucleotide homology with sheep sequences. Six unique TCRDJ genes were isolated; however, four of these sequences differed by only one base pair and thus likely represented allelles of a single gene. One horse TCRDC gene was present among fifteen clones analyzed and, based on Southern blot hybridizations, was deleted in polyclonal αβ T-cell populations, indicating that the TCRD locus is probably locatd within the TCRA locus as in other species. Polymerase chain reaction using horse-specific primers for the detection of TCRAC and TCRDC gene expression indicated that γδ T cells are located at numerous sites throughout the body, and with the exception of bone marrow where only TCRAC transcripts were detected, are closely associated with αβ T-cells. This finding indicates that these two T-cell populations may be functionally interactive.
Stem cells: bone-marrow-derived cells and heart failure--the debate goes on.

The therapeutic efficacy of bone-marrow-derived cells in patients with acute or chronic myocardial infarction has been a matter of intense debate. Three new clinical trials—the Swiss-AMI, CELLWAVE, and C-CURE studies—unfortunately do not resolve the controversy in the field of cell therapy for the damaged heart.
Classifying adoptors and nonadoptors of four technologies using political activity, media use and demographic variables

Abstract This article explores the media, demographic, and political activity and knowledge relations to adoption of four technologies: cable television, videotex, personal computers and video casette recorders. In a search for a more generalizable model of adoption, especially for later adoptors, this paper assesses the usefulness of four models: Roger's early adoptor expectations, Robinson's leisure time model, Baldwin, et al.'s media environment model, and Krugman's disruption model. The findings suggest that expectations about early adoptors cannot be uniformly applied to all technologies. Each model, however, has some validity when approached at a very general level. Except for videotex, there was no relation between the adoption of the technology and political activity and knowledge.
Capacity-achieving multiple coding for MIMO Rayleigh fading systems

This paper presents the study of transmit power adaption and capacity-approaching coding/decoding in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh fading channels under the assumption that perfect channel state information (CSI) is known at both the transmitter and the receiver. We propose three different simple, but powerful, methods for transforming the MIMO fading channel into a set of additive white noise Gaussian (AWGN) channels. We show that the channel capacity can be closely approached by using only a small number of different codes designed for the Gaussian channel.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MACRODEROIDIDAE, AND OTHER DIGENEANS FROM FISHES OF LAKE MALAWI, AFRICA

Malawitrema staufferi n. gen., n. sp., an unusual digenean, is described from Clarias mossambicus (type host) and Bagrus meridionalis from Lake Malawi. It has a small, pyriform body, with a spinous tegument. The ceca are relative short, not reaching to the testes. The 2 testes are symmetrical in the middle hind body. The cirrus sac is long and narrow, reaching into hind body. The genital pore is median, immediately anterior to the ventral sucker. The ovary is pretesticular, and a canalicular seminal vesicle and Laurer's canal are present. The uterus usually reaches distinctly posteriorly to testes. The eggs are small. The follicular vitellarium is in 2 small fields just anterior to testes. The ventrally subterminal excretory pore leads to a claviform vesicle. This species does not fit clearly into any known family of digeneans and is placed in the Macroderoididae as a temporary measure. Other digeneans reported from Lake Malawi include Haplorchoides cahirinus (Looss, 1896) in C. mossambicus and B. meridio...
Measuring contact points from displacements with a compliant, articulated robot hand

Manipulators with compliant actuation exhibit passive joint displacements when exposed to external forces or collisions. This paper demonstrates that this displacement information is sufficient to infer a coarse estimate of the location of an incidental collision. Three techniques for contact point detection are compared: a closed-form inference model based on a serial chain with joint springs, a variation on Self Posture Changeability, and an empirical memory-based model of joint trajectories. The methods were experimentally tested using a Shadow Hand on an industrial Motoman SDA10 arm to quantify localization performance, actively discover and avoid a thin obstacle and localize and grasp a cup.
Attention, Intention, and Priority in the Parietal Lobe

For many years there has been a debate about the role of the parietal lobe in the generation of behavior. Does it generate movement plans (intention) or choose objects in the environment for further processing? To answer this, we focus on the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), an area that has been shown to play independent roles in target selection for saccades and the generation of visual attention. Based on results from a variety of tasks, we propose that LIP acts as a priority map in which objects are represented by activity proportional to their behavioral priority. We present evidence to show that the priority map combines bottom-up inputs like a rapid visual response with an array of top-down signals like a saccade plan. The spatial location representing the peak of the map is used by the oculomotor system to target saccades and by the visual system to guide visual attention.
Case Study Instrument Development for Studying Collaborative Design

This paper outlines a research instrument developed to analyze the relationship between communication modes, leadership styles, and team composition. The instrument is a survey that captures this information from collaborative design team members. This information can be correlated with team success, and the productive characteristics can be encouraged in future groups. The survey was distributed and analyzed in small numbers, and first round recommendations and student feedback are gathered. The developed instrument gathers background information on the student, group, and project. The project itself was defined in four stages: Problem Definition, Concept Generation, Concept Selection, and Concept Expansion. The students were asked questions about the team leadership style based on the Vroom-Yetton Model. The students were then asked how often they used various communication modes (verbal, textual, and graphical) when communicating Peer-to-Peer, Peer-to-Group, and Group as a Whole. These questions were repeated for each of the design stages. The instrument was structured and refined in order to analyze the behavior of undergraduate design students. It is intended to provide researchers and educators a tool to evaluate and critique collaborative behavior in order to streamline the design process. However, the survey was formulated broadly enough to be used in an industrial setting with small changes in the format to accommodate more experienced designers. The analysis of the original distribution revealed that the survey should be broken down into four parts corresponding to the four design stages and administered longitudinally.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Moral development and behaviour under the spotlight of the neurobiological sciences

With the aid of techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, neuroscience is providing a new perspective on human behaviour. Many areas of psychology have recognised and embraced the new technologies, methodologies and relevant findings. But how do the tools of neuroscience affect the fields of moral development and moral education? This paper reviews neuroscience research germane to moral development using as an organisational framework Rest's Four Component Model of moral functioning, which proposes that moral behaviour requires moral sensitivity, moral judgement, moral motivation/focus and moral action skills. Issues such as the importance of early brain development and attachment are addressed. The authors conclude with a brief description of an integrative theory, Triune Ethics Theory, which provides an example of how moral development and neuroscience can be integrated.
The art and science of conducting economic impact studies

As the awareness and interest in sport tourism as an economic catalyst increases, so do the number of related economic impact studies. These studies have been commissioned by organising bodies as well as supportive governmental and sponsoring officials for differing purposes. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of economic impact research, the broad scope of sport tourism and the involvement of numerous variables, many such previous studies were flawed in design, resulting in fallacious conclusions pertaining to the amount of economic impact brought to a community. The authors of this paper, through reviewing more than 50 economic impact studies, attempted to unveil the art and science of economic impact research, the goal being to help sport tourism managers obtain a better understanding of economic impact research in the light of how to conduct, interpret and evaluate such studies. The scope of an economic impact study; that is, the economic region to be studied, is the first issue that needs to be addr...
ADAR1 Interacts with NF90 through Double-Stranded RNA and Regulates NF90-Mediated Gene Expression Independently of RNA Editing

The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 modifies adenosines by deamination and produces A-to-I mutations in mRNA. ADAR1 was recently demonstrated to function in host defense and in embryonic erythropoiesis during fetal liver development. The mechanisms for these phenotypic effects are not yet known. Here we report a novel function of ADAR1 in the regulation of gene expression by interacting with the nuclear factor 90 (NF90) proteins, known regulators that bind the antigen response recognition element (ARRE-2) and have been demonstrated to stimulate transcription and translation. ADAR1 upregulates NF90-mediated gene expression by interacting with the NF90 proteins, including NF110, NF90, and NF45. A knockdown of NF90 with small interfering RNA suppresses this function of ADAR1. Coimmunoprecipitation and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) digestion demonstrate that ADAR1 is associated with NF110, NF90, and NF45 through the bridge of cellular dsRNA. Studies with ADAR1 deletions demonstrate that the dsRNA binding domain and a region covering the Z-DNA binding domain and the nuclear export signal comprise the complete function of ADAR1 in upregulating NF90-mediated gene expression. These data suggest that ADAR1 has the potential both to change information content through editing of mRNA and to regulate gene expression through interacting with the NF90 family proteins.
Problems of Industrial Sociology

"The world over, we are greatly in need of an administrative dlite who can assess and handle the concrete difficulties of human collaboration." (13) So spoke Elton Mayo in 1933, as he reflected upon the Western Electric research program and upon his earlier work in industry. Troubled by the conflicts that seemed to be tearing society apart, Mayo hoped that research in hunan relations in industry would provide the knowledge needed to train industrial managers in a leadership which would resolve social conflicts. In the 23 years that have followed, human relations research and training have enjoyed an enormous growth of popularity in the universities and in industry. Nevertheless, we seem today hardly closer to Mayo's goal than we were in 1933. To be sure, important changes in human relations have taken place in industry, but there is little reason to believe that they have come, to any considerable degree, through research and through training that has been based upon such research. There have been hundreds of thou-
Desirable Characteristics of Learning Companions

This study investigated the desirable characteristics of anthropomorphized learning-companion agents for college students. First, interviews with six undergraduates explored their concepts of desirable learning companions. The interviews yielded agent competency, agent personality, and interaction control. Next, a controlled experiment examined whether learner competency (strong vs. weak) would relate directly to agent competency (high vs. low) and to interaction control (agent-control vs. learner-control). The dependent measures included learners' perceptions of agent functionality, their self-efficacy beliefs in the task, and their learning. The results indicated that academically strong students perceived the high-competent agent higher than the lowcompetent agent and showed higher self-efficacy beliefs in the task and recalled more after working with the high-competent agent. Academically weak students, by contrast, showed higher self-efficacy and recalled more after working with the low-competent agent. Also, academically strong students valued agent-control highly, but academically weak students valued learner-control. The strong students showed higher self-efficacy in agentcontrol but lower self-efficacy in learner-control than did the weak students. In general, the results indicated that the similarities of characteristics between an agent and a learner have positive impacts on learners' cognitive and affective attainments.
Isotope transport studies and shunt pressure measurements as a guide to shunt function.

Shunt function testing by radionuclide injection and shunt pressure measurement was performed in 312 patients with ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal shunts. After a single pressure measurement from the shunt chamber, Technetium 99 m Pertechnetate (80 megabequerals in 0.5 mis of saline) was injected. Depending on the shunt design, pressure measurement and injection were performed in the shunt chamber connected to the ventricular catheter while the distal chamber was occluded.
High-speed architectures for algorithms with quantizer loops

High-speed microelectronic implementation of adaptive equalizers, encoders, and other associated signal processing algorithms is difficult, since the recursive portion of these algorithms contains nonlinear quantization operations. Examples of such algorithms include differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), adaptive DPCM (ADPCM), and differential feedback equalizers (DFEs). In the past, look-ahead computation techniques were successfully applied to create necessary concurrency in linear recursive and some nonlinear recursive operations (such as the add-compare-select operation). Novel computation approaches are presented, and the look-ahead technique is extended to pipeline the feedback loops containing finite-level quantizers. Approaches to pipeline piecewise linear recursive systems are also presented. >
Expansion, Integration, and Omission: Some Thoughts on a New Agenda

Hooker and McAdams (2003) have expanded a structural personality model to include personality processes and the interactions among all six resulting foci. This explicit model can usefully enlarge the scope of research on aging and personality. Additional thought, however, is needed on the definition of processes and on the selection of phenomena to be studied at the level of characteristic adaptations.
Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Tests

Jose is very smart, but you would not know that by observing him in class. His first-grade teacher says he just sits in class with a lost look on his face. During instruction times, he seems to want to participate, but he quickly loses interest and then starts to misbehave. The teacher has to tell him things repeatedly, and he seems not to understand. So it was quite a surprise to find out that Jose scored 128 (97th percentile) on a nonverbal test of ability! How could that be? The answer is that Jose has both a problem with intermittent hearing loss and limited English-language skills. This has resulted in poor communication skills and failure to follow what is going on in the classroom—when he does hear. This case illustrates the real advantage of a nonverbal test of general ability—to identify children’s level of ability overcoming, in this case, the impediment of limited English-language skills and hearing problems that can pose a considerable obstacle to accurate assessment. In fact, nonverbal tests have been used to overcome limited English language since the early 1900s (Yoakum & Yerkes, 1920).
A plasma proteolysis pathway comprising blood coagulation proteases.

// Lu Yang 1,* , Yun Li 1,2,* , Arup Bhattacharya 1 and Yuesheng Zhang 1 1 Department of Chemoprevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA 2 Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA * These authors have contributed to the work equally Correspondence to: Yuesheng Zhang, email: // Keywords : amyloid β1-42, coagulation factor VII, coagulation factor XII, prolidase, proteolysis, Pathology Section Received : January 16, 2016 Accepted : January 29, 2016 Published : February 07, 2016 Abstract Coagulation factors are essential for hemostasis. Here, we show that these factors also team up to degrade plasma proteins that are unrelated to hemostasis. Prolidase, SRC and amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) are used as probes. Each probe, upon entering the blood circulation, binds and activates factor XII (FXII), triggering the intrinsic and common coagulation cascades, which in turn activate factor VII, a component of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Activated factor VII (FVIIa) rapidly degrades the circulating probes. Therefore, FXII and FVIIa serve as the sensor/initiator and executioner, respectively, for the proteolysis pathway. Moreover, activation of this pathway by one probe leads to the degradation of all three probes. Significant activation of this pathway follows tissue injury and may also occur in other disorders, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, of which Aβ1-42 is a key driver. However, enoxaparin, a clinically used anticoagulant, inhibits the proteolysis pathway and elevates plasma levels of the probes. Enoxaparin may also mitigate potential impact of activators of the proteolysis pathway on coagulation. Our results suggest that the proteolysis pathway is important for maintaining low levels of various plasma proteins. Our finding that enoxaparin inhibits this pathway provides a means to control it. Inhibition of this pathway may facilitate the development of disease biomarkers and protein therapeutics, e.g., plasma Aβ1-42 as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease or recombinant human prolidase as an antitumor agent.
Systemic absorption of intraperitoneal antimicrobials in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

The factors that influence drug movement across the peritoneum are presented, and the feasibility of administering antimicrobials intraperitoneally to treat systemic infections in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is explored. Antimicrobials are often administered intraperitoneally to treat peritonitis in patients undergoing CAPD. It would be advantageous to administer antimicrobials by the same route to treat systemic infections as well. Factors that determine the propensity of a drug to cross the peritoneal membrane include molecular weight, protein binding, volume of distribution, ionic charge, water or lipid solubility, the permeability and surface area of the peritoneum, blood flow rate, dialysate dwell time, and the concentration of dextrose in the dialysate. The bioavailability of i.p. drugs has been determined (1) by measuring the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of an i.p. dose and comparing it with the AUC of the same dose given i.v. and (2) by estimating the residual drug content in the dialysate after a specified dwell period. Pharmacokinetic studies show that the bioavailabilities of antimicrobials given intraperitoneally in patients undergoing CAPD range from 50% to 92%. Vancomycin has been the agent most widely studied. Serum antimicrobial concentrations achieved by this route of administration are in many cases similar to those accomplished by the i.v. route and within the therapeutic range. Dosage regimens based on the pharmacokinetic data have been suggested; however, their efficacy has not been formally documented. The intraperitoneal route may have a role in the treatment of systemic infections in peritoneal dialysis patients, but specific recommendations cannot be made until clinical studies have been performed.
Photorefractivity And Photoisomerization In Azo-Dye-Doped Polymers

The photorefractive properties of photoconducting polymers doped with nonlinear azo dyes are investigated by means of polarization and field-dependent four-wave mixing experiments. The nonlocal response of the photorefractive effect is shown by two-beam coupling experiments. High diffraction efficiencies (> 5%) and net coupling gain (6 cm−1) are demonstrated at low power with a semiconductor laser diode in 105 μm films. Under some conditions, gratings due to photoisomerization of the azo dye molecules are also present and their properties are discussed.
Motivational deficits differentially predict improvement in a randomized trial of self-system therapy for depression

Objective: A randomized trial compared the time course and differential predictors of symptom improvement in 2 treatments for depression. Method: Forty-nine adults (84% female) who were not taking antidepressant medications and met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymia were randomly assigned either to cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) or self-system therapy (SST), a treatment that targets problems in self-regulation, the ongoing process of evaluating progress toward personal goals. Self-regulatory variables (promotion and prevention focus and goal disengagement and reengagement) were assessed as potential moderators of efficacy. At intake, most participants reported depression in the moderate to severe range and had histories of recurrent episodes and previous treatment attempts. Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed at each therapy session. Multilevel modeling was used to examine (a) differences in change associated with the treatment conditions and (b) moderation of treatment efficacy by pretreatment measures of self-regulatory deficits. Results: Both treatments were effective and did not show differences in the magnitude or rate of symptom change or in dropout rates, suggesting that CBT and SST were equally effective in improving depression and anxiety. Patients with self-regulatory deficits, however, showed greater improvement in depressive symptoms with SST. Specifically, patients with low promotion focus and low goal reengagement responded better to SST, whereas patients with high prevention focus responded better to CBT. Conclusions: Overall, the results corroborate previous research suggesting that SST is a viable short-term treatment for depression that is particularly effective in helping patients compensate for self-regulatory deficits.
Culture of human fetal liver.

SummaryA method for the preparation of collagen-substrate cultures of human fetal liver is described. The growth and long-term maintenance of differentiated hepatic parenchymal cells in these cultures from liver tissue from human fetuses of 8 to 18 wk gestation is described. Satisfactory outgrowth of hepatic parenchymal cells was obtained from fetuses of 12 to 18 wk gestation, while outgrowth of cells from an 8 wk fetus was less satisfactory and the cells degenerated within 2 wk. Outgrowing cells demonstrated the typical morphology and arrangement of hepatic parenchymal cells and glycogen formation was readily demonstrated. Mitotic figures were observed during the first 2 wk of culture and foci of cells in the granulocytic and erythrocytic series were prominent during this period. Addition of hydrocortisone to the media resulted in a marked reduction of fibroblastic growth surrounding the colonies of hepatic parenchymal cells, even after prolonged culture. Culture of human fetal liver in Gelfoam-sponge or...