cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure of noble-metal monoxides: PdO, PtO, and AgO.

The electronic structure and properties of the noble-metal monoxides, PdO, PtO, and AgO have been determined by the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) and full-potential linear-muffin-tin-orbital (FLMTO) methods. The calculated band structures show PdO and PtO to be poor metals with very low densities of states at the Fermi level. Thus, as in the 3[ital d] oxides, both methods used within the scope of the local-density approximation fail to produce the band gaps observed experimentally for PdO and PtO; they do, however, show that these band gaps are of the type that occur from crystal-field effects rather than being of the Mott-Hubbard or charge-transfer type. For AgO, the monoclinic crystal-field splitting of the [ital d] states is strong enough to induce a small direct band gap, which partially separates the electronic states of two nonequivalent silver atoms and results in Ag[sup 1+] and Ag[sup 2+] configurations rather than Ag[sup 1+] and Ag[sup 3+]. Thus, correlation effects appear to be important for the detailed description of electronic states near [ital E][sub [ital F]] not only for 3[ital d] metal monoxides, but for noble-metal oxides with much-less-localized metallic [ital d] states. Finally, the excellent agreement between the FLAPW and FLMTO results shows the more » possible advantage of using the much-less time-consuming FLMTO method in quantitative band-structure calculations of complex crystals. « less
Excitability changes in lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by non-noxious mechanical stimuli and by graded electrical stimuli applied to the face.

Abstract The changes in the excitability of lumbosacral spinothalamic neurons produced by activating afferents in the trigeminal nerve using electrical or mechanical stimuli was investigated in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. In most spinothalamic neurons, weak electrical stimuli or step identations of the skin of the face produced an increase followed by decrease in the excitability of these cells. In experiments in which the effect of activating specific groups of trigeminal afferent fibers on these excitability changes was evaluated, the suppression could be produced by activating only the fastest conducting cutaneous afferent fibers. Step indentations of the facial skin affected the excitability of spinothalamic neurons in a manner similar to electrical stimuli. The duration of the suppression phase appeared to be largely independent of the duration of the step identation of the facial skin. It was concluded that the descending system mediating the suppression phase is activated largely by cutaneous afferents from rapidly adapting receptors. The effects of subtotal spinal cord lesions on the excitation and suppression phases produced by facial stimulation indicate that the pathways mediating the suppression descend bilaterally in the dorsal part of the lateral fasciculus. The excitation phase appears to be mediated largely by pathways in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral lateral fasciculus.
Elevated Levels of Apoptosis Regulator Proteins P53 and BCL-2 are Independent Prognostic Biomarkers in Surgically Treated Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: The tumor suppressor gene (TSG) p53 and the proto-oncogene bcl-2 have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis and have been implicated in hormone refractory prostate cancer (PC) and poor prognosis. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical utility of the presence of p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemical (IHC) protein in the primary tumor as predictors of disease progression following radical prostatectomy (RP).Materials and Methods: The expression of p53 and bcl-2 was evaluated in archival paraffin-embedded RP specimens from 175 patients followed from 1 to 9 years (mean = 4.6 years) and correlated with stage, grade, race and serologic (PSA) recurrence following surgery.Results: Overexpression of bcl-2 was noted in 47 of 175 (26.9 percent) patients; these patients had a significantly higher 5-year failure rate than those who did not overexpress bcl-2 (67.0 percent versus 30.7 percent). Expression of p53 was noted in 114 of 175 (65.1 percent) patients...
From Research to Practice: Developing and Deliveringa Culturally Competent Trauma Curriculum for Child Welfare Practitioners After 9/11

This article presents the experiences of social work scholar-practitioners who developed and delivered a culturally competent trauma curriculum to child welfare practitioners in New York City in the aftermath of the World Trade Center terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It explores the challenges in teaching practitioners culturally competent, evidence-based practice in general and trauma-related content in particular, offering orienting principles for integrating research knowledge with practice dilemmas. The case example of the Federal Emergency Management Agency project illustrates these principles, highlighting the opportunities that arise when research meets practice.
Abortion and Assent

This paper presents the assentist account on the abortion debate. In general an assentist position holds that there are no natural moral obligations and no natural moral rights. All moral rights arise with the creation of obligation and all moral obligations arise from undertaking commitments. Hence in the context of abortion parents have the obligation to make decisions about their potential offspring. The moral choices would be either to reject parental duties and accept the responsibility for abortion or infanticide or to fully accept and fulfill the standard parental duties or the special duties of being a parent to a defective child. However considering the continuation of fetal and newborn lives as inevitable and therefore not subject to choice is an immoral act of avoiding responsibility. Overall the central feature of this paper is the account of the generation of the right to life in a fetus or neonate as a special obligation. This assentist abortion argument presents a dramatic challenge to natural rights theory by undercutting its paradigmatic example.
Robust ANCOVA: Some Small-sample Results when there are Multiple Groups and Multiple Covariates

Abstract Numerous methods have been proposed for dealing with the serious practical problems associated with the conventional analysis of covariance method, with an emphasis on comparing two groups when there is a single covariate. Recently, Wilcox (2005a: section 11.8.2) outlined a method for handling multiple covariates that allows nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity. The method is readily extended to multiple groups, but nothing is known about its small-sample properties. This paper compares three variations of the method, each method based on one of three measures of location: means, medians and 20% trimmed means. The methods based on a 20% trimmed mean or median are found to avoid Type I error probabilities well above the nominal level, but the method based on medians can be too conservative in various situations; using a 20% trimmed mean gave the best results in terms of Type I errors. The methods are based in part on a running interval smoother approximation of the regression surface. Included are ...
Pediatric rheumatology in adult rheumatology practices in Washington state.

Objective. To determine both the extent to which adult rheumatologists treat children and their level of comfort in doing so. Methods. A questionnaire was sent to all 77 physicians in the state of Washington who were listed as adult rheumatologists in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) directory. Results. Sixty-six questionnaires (86%) were returned; 50 were identified as being from privatepracticing adult rheumatologists and were the focus of this study. Sixty-two percent of the respondents reported that they care for children; predictors included increased exposure to pediatric rheumatology during fellowship (P = 0.003), increased distance from Seattle (P = 0.001), and listing oneself in the ACR directory as treating children (P = 0.03). Most respondents reported feeling discomfort in treating children younger than 6 years of age, treating Kawasaki disease, and treating polyarteritis nodosa, but most reported feeling comfortable treating children with chronic arthritides. Impediments to referring to a pediatric rheumatologist included distance (median distance 35 miles), convenience for the family, personal preference, and experience in caring for children. Twenty-nine percent reported difficulties referring to a pediatric rheumatologist outside of one's managed care plan. Adult rheumatologists expressed interest in continuing medical education dealing with pediatric rheumatology, preferably with a lecture format in their home communities. Conclusion. A significant number of adult rheumatologists care for children. Pediatric rheumatologists should provide both educational and consultative support for these adult rheumatologist colleagues.
On the use of graph search techniques for the analysis of extreme-scale combustion simulation data

With the continuous increase in high performance computing capabilities, simulations are becoming ever larger and more complex, using bigger domains, tracking more variables, and producing more time steps. This increase in the ranges of spatial and temporal simulation scales results in data that presents significant challenges to as well as new opportunities for the visualization and data analysis community. For example, highly-localized, intermittent events (such as the formation of ignition kernels in turbulent combustion) may be caused by interactions between multiple variables across a series of time steps, making both their definition and their extraction difficult, particularly at scale. This paper introduces an intuitive framework to support the identification, characterization, and tracking of such complex, multivariate, temporally evolving events in large-scale simulations. In a pre-processing step, we use topological techniques to create a hierarchical family of feature definitions for each variable of interest. Subsequently, we select a particular set of features for analysis and, using overlap-based metrics, we generate an attributed relational graph (ARG) capturing the relationships between different variables both within one and across multiple time steps. Finally, we leverage subgraph-isomorphism search heuristics to identify patterns in the ARG that characterize interesting events. We demonstrate the power of this approach by analyzing a large-scale turbulent combustion simulation.
Implementing Solar Energy in the Colorado Production Home Market

A standardized deployment of solar electric systems in the Colorado production home market is crucial to the success of the renewable portfolio standard recently adopted by Colorado voters. This research uses the Built Green® program as a context for investigating energy conservation measures (ECMs), viable within the production home market, for their efficacy in curtailing new home annual energy consumption and peak electrical demand loads. The research examines the cost effectiveness and impact of residential solar systems compared to the energy conservation measures. Colorado is a state with good solar resources and considerable production-scale residential development. However, most production homes built in the state today are not highly energy efficient. It is generally believed that improvements to energy efficiency — more insulation, better windows, more efficient appliances — are more cost-effective than solar production systems given current costs. In other words, most production homes in Colorado are not ready to don a solar home system (SHS). The analysis uses extensive energy simulation to determine energy savings of selected energy-saving home features relative to the baseline Building America Benchmark for Denver, CO. This optimization process seeks to identify the least-cost combinations of improvements, assuming present day component costs, with the greatest annual energy savings, with the ultimate goal of implementing solar energy in the Colorado production home market. The results of the analysis suggest that optimal characteristics of production home, designed to minimize total costs, are readily achievable in today’s market. Moreover, when these optimal ECMs are implemented, the marginal cost of a SHS is found to be less than additional energy efficiency. With further energy efficiency improvements, site-based solar electric systems can compete economically given current state and federal incentive programs. The results also indicate that a solar system oriented west of due south can offer significant reductions in peak demand relative to both the household and utility load profiles.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α orchestrates expression of cell adhesion proteins during the epithelial transformation of the developing liver

Epithelial formation is a central facet of organogenesis that relies on intercellular junction assembly to create functionally distinct apical and basal cell surfaces. How this process is regulated during embryonic development remains obscure. Previous studies using conditional knockout mice have shown that loss of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) blocks the epithelial transformation of the fetal liver, suggesting that HNF4α is a central regulator of epithelial morphogenesis. Although HNF4α-null hepatocytes do not express E-cadherin (also called CDH1), we show here that E-cadherin is dispensable for liver development, implying that HNF4α regulates additional aspects of epithelial formation. Microarray and molecular analyses reveal that HNF4α regulates the developmental expression of a myriad of proteins required for cell junction assembly and adhesion. Our findings define a fundamental mechanism through which generation of tissue epithelia during development is coordinated with the onset of organ function.
Is gait normal after total knee arthroplasty? Systematic review of the literature

Development or retention of abnormal gait patterns after total knee arthroplasty may be related to the predictable pattern of further deterioration of other lower extremity joints. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gait mechanics are abnormal after total knee arthroplasty by conducting a systematic review of the literature. Articles were identified by searching the following electronic databases: PubMed, Cinahl, Web of Science: 221 references were retrieved. The titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify studies that potentially met the inclusion criteria. These articles were retrieved for further assessment. Ten articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. There was a lack of common variables across the studies. Studies indicated smaller peak knee flexion during weight acceptance and less knee flexion excursion in total knee arthroplasty subjects compared to controls. Knee angle at foot strike was generally similar in arthroplasty groups compared to controls. Maximum external knee flexion moment was generally lower in arthroplasty groups compared to controls. Conflicting results were found for other knee moments. Several other stance phase variables were reported by individual studies only. Peak knee flexion and knee flexion excursion during weight acceptance are smaller in the operated knee following total knee arthroplasty compared to healthy controls. There may also be a smaller peak knee flexion moment after arthroplasty compared to controls. Knee mechanics in the operated knee are not normal after total knee arthroplasty. Abnormal gait mechanics may predispose the individual to further joint degeneration, particularly in the nonoperated knee. Further research should focus on the effects of unilateral total knee arthroplasty on the nonoperated knee.
Sympathy and its discontents: ‘Greatest happiness’ versus the ‘general good’

The paper explicates the utilitarian principle of sympathy in terms of the shape of what has been called the ‘sympathetic gradient’, which determines the allocation of goods to those close by and afar. It examines challenges to the utilitarian impartial weighting scheme that emerged in the literary community, and from evolutionary biology. As sympathy came to be seen as an impediment to evolutionary perfection, voices urged that sympathy be suppressed. Darwin's Descent of Man explicitly countenanced the suppression of sympathy in a trade-off of happiness for the perfection of the race. A post-Darwinian argument concerning a different capacity for pleasure accompanied the demise of sympathy in utilitarian economic analysis. Utilitarians then moved from the early presumption of ‘everyone to count for one’ to counting ‘every equal increment of pleasure’ equally.
Some interesting aspects of oribatid ecology (Acarina).

Food habits and habitat preferences of these mites are summarized, and their means of dispersal discussed.
Status of gallium-67 in tumor detection.

The efficacy of gallium-67 citrate in detecting specific tumors is discussed. Tumors in which gallium-67 imaging is useful as a diagnostic tool include Hodgkin's disease, histiocystic lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, hepatoma melanoma, and leukemia. It has not been found to be effective in diagnosing head and neck tumors, gastrointestinal tumors, genitourinary tract tumors, breast tumors, and pediatric tumors. Gallium may be useful in the evaluation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular carcinoma, mesothelioma, and carcinoma of the lung. It may also be useful for determining response to treatment and prognosis in some neoplasms.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CHANGES OF LIMN0.5NI0.5O2 CATHODE MATERIALS DURING CHARGE AND DISCHARGE STUDIED BY SYNCHROTRON BASED IN SITU XRD

The structural changes of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2, used as a cathode material in a lithium half-cell, have been studied during charge–discharge using synchrotron based in situ X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. A phase transition from a hexagonal structure (H1) to another hexagonal structure (H2) was observed during a C/17 charge to 4.7 V. The new H2 unit cell has a shorter “a” axis and a longer “c” axis, as was observed in the LiNiO2 cathode material during charge. However, the second phase transition that occurs in LixNiO2 at voltages higher than 4.3 V, to a third hexagonal structure, H3, with much shorter “c” axis, was not observed. During discharge, the LixMn0.5Ni0.5O2 structure reversibly changed back from H2 to H1. After that, another hexagonal structure H0 with a slightly larger “a” parameter was formed following further discharging. Extended discharge at a voltage near 1 V resulted in an amorphous structure.
Differential buffers for telecommunications

Low voltage differential signalling (LVDS) has become a popular choice for system intra/interconnect several chip manufacturers now sell repeaters that allow LVDS signals to go farther and faster than before. LVDS repeaters are important and versatile components of high speed intra/interconnect. Repeaters are able to maintain strong LVDS signals throughout systems. This feature is useful at board outputs, where signals can be buffered from "stub" effects and board inputs, where signals must be boosted back to normal LVDS levels. Repeaters have also proven to be very useful for protecting expensive components from harmful ESD and translating signals from numerous other differential standards to LVDS.
Disparity tuning of the stereoscopic (Cyclopean) motion aftereffect

Across five experiments this study investigated the disparity tuning of the stereoscopic motion aftereffect (adaptation from moving retinal disparity). Adapting and test stimuli were moving and stationary stereoscopic grating patterns, respectively, created from dynamic random-dot stereograms. Observers adapted to moving stereoscopic grating patterns presented with a given disparity and viewed stationary test patterns presented with the same or differing disparity to examine whether the motion aftereffect is disparity contingent. Across experiments aftereffect duration was greatest when adapting motion and test pattern both were presented with zero disparity and in the plane of fixation. Aftereffect declined as disparity of adapting motion and/or test pattern increased away from fixation, even under conditions in which depth position of adapt and test was equal. This argues against a relative depth separation explanation of the decline, and instead suggests that the amount of adaptable substrate decreases away from fixation.
Mapping eight new polymorphisms in 11q13 in the vicinity of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: identification of a new distal recombinant.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes affected individuals to neoplasms of the parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas, anterior pituitary, and carcinoids. The MEN1 locus has been localized by family studies to 11q13, flanked by markers PGA and D11S97. Eight new polymorphisms located in three separate radiation-reduced somatic cell hybrid segregation groups were developed. The order of the new markers, within the context of previously described loci, was determined by linkage analysis on the Venezuelan reference pedigree. Four independent MEN1 families, consisting of 57 affected individuals, and 70 individuals at-risk for the disease were genotyped. Sixteen people inherited a chromosome that shows recombination between a linked marker and the disease. The nearest proximal and distal markers that show recombination with the disease are D11S822 and GSTP1, respectively, thereby narrowing the candidate region for MEN1 by 50% on the distal side. Using these loci in haplotype analysis, an accurate presymptomatic molecular diagnostic test has been developed. These new markers in 11q13 linked to MEN1 also facilitate the genetic and physical characterization of this very gene-rich region.
Inactivation strategy for Clostridium perfringens spores adhered to food contact surfaces.

The contamination of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens spores on food contact surfaces posses a serious concern to food industry due to their high resistance to various preservation methods typically applied to control foodborne pathogens. In this study, we aimed to develop an strategy to inactivate C. perfringens spores on stainless steel (SS) surfaces by inducing spore germination and killing of germinated spores with commonly used disinfectants. The mixture of l-Asparagine and KCl (AK) induced maximum spore germination for all tested C. perfringens food poisoning (FP) and non-foodborne (NFB) isolates. Incubation temperature had a major impact on C. perfringens spore germination, with 40 °C induced higher germination than room temperature (RT) (20 ± 2 °C). In spore suspension, the implementation of AK-induced germination step prior to treatment with disinfectants significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the inactivation of spores of FP strain SM101. However, under similar conditions, no significant spore inactivation was observed with NFB strain NB16. Interestingly, while the spores of FP isolates were able to germinate with AK upon their adhesion to SS chips, no significant germination was observed with spores of NFB isolates. Consequently, the incorporation of AK-induced germination step prior to decontamination of SS chips with disinfectants significantly (p < 0.05) inactivated the spores of FP isolates. Collectively, our current results showed that triggering spore germination considerably increased sporicidal activity of the commonly used disinfectants against C. perfringens FP spores attached to SS chips. These findings should help in developing an effective strategy to inactivate C. perfringens spores adhered to food contact surfaces.
Factors Affecting the Collagen Binding Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus

To determine whether the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to bind collagen involves an adhesin other than the collagen adhesin encoded by cna, we examined the collagen binding capacity (CBC) of 32 strains of S. aureus. With only two exceptions, a high CBC corresponded with the presence of cna. Both exceptions involved cna-positive strains with a low CBC. The first was a single strain (ACH5) that encoded but did not express cna. The second were the mucoid strains Smith diffuse and M, both of which encoded and expressed cna but bound only minimal amounts of collagen. Analysis of capsule mutants suggests that the reduced CBC observed in the mucoid strains was due to masking of the collagen adhesin on the cell surface and that this masking effect is restricted to heavily encapsulated strains. Differences in the CBC of the remaining cna-positive strains were correlated to variations in the level of cna transcription and were independent of the number of B domain repeats in the cna gene. In all cna-positive strains other than ACH5, cna transcription was temporally regulated, with cna mRNA levels being highest in cells taken from exponentially growing cultures and falling to almost undetectable levels as cultures entered the post-exponential growth phase. The CBC was also highest with cells taken from exponentially growing cultures. Mutation of agr resulted in a slight increase in cna transcription and a corresponding increase in CBC during the exponential growth phase but did not affect the temporal pattern of cna transcription. Mutation of sar resulted in a more dramatic increase in CBC and a delay in the post-exponential-phase repression of cna transcription. Mutation of both sar and agr had an additive effect on both CBC and cna transcription. We conclude that (i) cna encodes the primary collagen-binding adhesin in S. aureus, (ii) sar is the primary regulatory element controlling expression of cna, and (iii) the regulatory effects of sar and agr on cna transcription are independent of the interaction between sar and agr.
Defining and Managing Reputational Capital in Global Markets

This study proposes a contingency view of reputational capital (RC), highlighting the importance of global stakeholders and publics in world markets. Based on a review of the literature, we present and discuss two new managerial frameworks. These will help global company managers to plan for more effective strategic RC management. Our overall conclusion is that CEOs of global companies need to envision the synthesis of numerous fields of activity within their companies, if they are to achieve the ambitious types and levels of integration that are desirable for effective RC management.
The anisotropic network model web server at 2015 (ANM 2.0)

Summary: The anisotropic network model (ANM) is one of the simplest yet powerful tools for exploring protein dynamics. Its main utility is to predict and visualize the collective motions of large complexes and assemblies near their equilibrium structures. The ANM server, introduced by us in 2006 helped making this tool more accessible to non-sophisticated users. We now provide a new version (ANM 2.0), which allows inclusion of nucleic acids and ligands in the network model and thus enables the investigation of the collective motions of protein–DNA/RNA and –ligand systems. The new version offers the flexibility of defining the system nodes and the interaction types and cutoffs. It also includes extensive improvements in hardware, software and graphical interfaces. Availability and implementation: ANM 2.0 is available at http://anm.csb.pitt.edu Contact: li.vog.htlaeh.abehs@laye.nare, moc.liamg@nare.laye
Identifying susceptibility genes by using joint tests of association and linkage and accounting for epistasis

Simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop14 data were analyzed by jointly testing linkage and association and by accounting for epistasis using a candidate gene approach. Our group was unblinded to the "answers." The 48 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the six disease loci were analyzed in addition to five SNPs from each of two non-disease-related loci. Affected sib-parent data was extracted from the first 10 replicates for populations Aipotu, Kaarangar, and Danacaa, and analyzed separately for each replicate. We developed a likelihood for testing association and/or linkage using data from affected sib pairs and their parents. Identical-by-descent (IBD) allele sharing between sibs was explicitly modeled using a conditional logistic regression approach and incorporating a covariate that represents expected IBD allele sharing given the genotypes of the sibs and their parents. Interactions were accounted for by performing likelihood ratio tests in stages determined by the highest order interaction term in the model. In the first stage, main effects were tested independently, and in subsequent stages, multilocus effects were tested conditional on significant marginal effects. A reduction in the number of tests performed was achieved by prescreening gene combinations with a goodness-of-fit chi square statistic that depended on mating-type frequencies. SNP-specific joint effects of linkage and association were identified for loci D1, D2, D3, and D4 in multiple replicates. The strongest effect was for SNP B03T3056, which had a median p-value of 1.98 × 10-34. No two- or three-locus effects were found in more than one replicate.
Communicating a Green Corporate Perspective: Ideological Persuasion in the Corporate Environmental Report

This study examines the corporate environmental reports of 100 companies listed in the 2009 Fortune 1000 in order to illustrate how this type of genre communicates a green corporate ethos to audience members who are trying to distinguish between greenwashing tactics and true environmental concerns. The authors analyze how corporate environmental reports are constructed at macro and micro discursive levels to promote a socially responsible image to in-group (e.g., employees and stockholders) and out-group (e.g., consumers) members. The results of the analysis show how these reports use ideological persuasion to influence or change audience members’ opinions about corporate environmental sustainability.
In-Flight Skin Friction Measurements Using Oil Film Interferometry

Conclusions We show that the function of the spreadsheet can be extended to CFD by using the iteration function and the circular reference. The present results demonstrate that the cells of the spreadsheet can be used as natural grids for CFD; in addition, we were able to see the computational domain during calculation by coloring the boundary cells. SFD requires discretized governing equations and boundary conditions and these are reproduced in each cell in a spreadsheet by the copy-and-paste procedure. We then begin iteration and the computation is completed by SFD solution reaching either the specie ed number of iterations or the specie ed maximum error tolerance. The procedure was demonstrated for the potential e ow over a step using Laplace’ s equation. The SFD technique was extended to an inlet e ow in a twodimensional channel, where the Navier ‐Stokes equations were solved by the spreadsheet and the temperature e eld also was calculated. The results were compared with those from the laminar inlet e ow calculation in order to examine the validity and the usefulness of the method. The present SFD technique also was applied to a natural convection problem, i.e., to the Rayleigh ‐Benard instability. The detailed e owand temperaturepattern oftheBenard cellinan enclosed space with an aspect ratio of 3.2 between two parallel plates were reproduced by means of the spreadsheet computation. The heat transfer estimationwasalsosatisfactoryat Ra D2500(about5%difference ) as compared to the existing experimental correlation. Although spreadsheets are used widely in science and engineering, this paper represents the e rst application for CFD equations. The computational domain is variable in spreadsheets and the practicalengineering,i.e.,aeronauticalandmechanical,problemscanbe handled. Our SFD technique has the following features: 1 ) no prior knowledge of the computer language, 2 ) no program lines (e.g., Fortran coding ), 3) built-in cells (grids), 4) visible computational domain during problem setup as well as computation, 5 )interactive computation, and 6 ) computational results easily presented using the inherent graphics software.
STABILITY OF A PIVOTING STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION

Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting achieved by adding the pivot row to the kth row at step k, was introduced by Onaga and Takechi in 1986 as a means for reducing communications in parallel implementations. In this paper it is shown that the growth factor of this partial pivoting algorithm is bounded above by µn < 3 n−1 ,a s compared to 2 n−1 for the standard partial pivoting. This bound µn ,c lose to 3 n−2 , is attainable for a class of near-singular matrices. Moreover, for the same matrices the growth factor is small under partial pivoting. AMS subject classification: 65F05, 65G05.
Cross-Border Securitization

Cross-border securitization represents an example of a financial innovation to which the law responds with its own brand of innovation. This chapter describes the structure and nature of securitization, and the process by which legal change strives for a balance between flexibility and experimentation, and uniformity and predictability. The chapter explains why the balance in the law governing securitization and its spreading cross-border activities is tilted towards flexibility at the price of predictability.
Diagnosis and Surgical Management of the Caudal Excess Nasal Deformity

Surgical correction of the overgrown columella-labial junction remains a controversial and neglected aspect of cosmetic rhinoplasty. Failure to reduce an obtuse nasolabial angle resulting from overgrowth of the septum and/or nasal spine may adversely affect the otherwise satisfactory cosmetic result. I review the historical considerations regarding caudal overgrowth and discuss its relevance to contemporary rhinoplasty. Case studies are presented to illustrate surgical treatment options for various overgrowth deformities.
Functional analysis of TV viewing for older adults

(1976). Functional analysis of TV viewing for older adults. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 77-88.
Network-Level Falling Weight Deflectometer Testing: Statistical Determination of Minimum Testing Intervals and Number of Drop Levels on Virginia’s Interstate System

A project was initiated to collect network-level falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data along Virginia's Interstate system. The FWD data collection aims to build a comprehensive database of deflection data and associated structural analysis to be used for future implementation of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Virginia's current network-level evaluation protocol requires that pavements be tested every tenth of a mile at four drop levels, with three deflection basins (repetitions) collected at each drop level. To test the more than 2,000 lane miles of Interstate system, it was necessary to determine if the number of test points per mile and the number of load levels used could be reduced to increase the testing production rate and reduce the high cost of testing and traffic control. FWD testing was initiated on the entire length of I-77 and on portions of I-64 and I-81 by using the current testing protocol with only two deflection basins collected at each drop level. A comprehensive stat...
Fast and Robust

Robots to date lack the robustness and performance of even the simplest animals when operating in unstructured environments. This observation has prompted an interest in biomimetic robots that take design inspiration from biology. However, even biomimetic designs are compromised by the complexity and fragility that result from using traditional engineering materials and manufacturing methods. We argue that biomimetic design must be combined with structures that mimic the way biological structures are composed, with embedded actuators and sensors and spatially-varied materials. This proposition is made possible by a layered-manufacturing technology called shape deposition manufacturing SDM. We present a family of hexapedal robots whose functional biomimetic design is made possible by SDM's unique capabilities and whose fast over four body-lengths per second and robust traversal over hip-height obstacles performance begins to compare to that seen in nature. We describe the design and fabrication of the robots and we present the results of experiments that focus on their performance and locomotion dynamics.
The influence of device selection on the performance of a simple BiCMOS operational amplifier

BiCMOS technology offers both the analog and digital designer a wide range of transistor selections which can be utilized to improve the performance of integrated circuits. The tradeoffs which occur when BiCMOS is applied to analog circuits are examined. While general guidelines are proposed the individual applications will make the tradeoffs more complex. This is illustrated by using a simple op amp to analyze the performance for various selections of transistors. It is shown that the correct selection of transistor types depends on the desired performance. This performance comparison is based on simulation results. This investigation illustrates important considerations which must be given to BiCMOS analog circuit design. >
Topics on measuring real power usage on high performance computing platforms

Power has recently been recognized as one of the major obstacles in fielding a Peta-FLOPs class system. To reach Exa-FLOPs, the challenge will certainly be compounded. In this paper we will discuss a number of High Performance Computing power related topics. We first describe our implementation of a scalable power measurement framework that has enabled us to examine real power use (current draw). [Using this framework, samples were obtained at a per-node (socket) granularity, at frequencies of up to 100 samples per second.] Additionally, we describe how we applied this capability to implement power conserving measures on our Catamount Light Weight Kernel, where we achieved an 80% improvement. This ability has enabled us to quantify the amount of energy used by applications and to contrast application energy use between a Light Weight and General Purpose operating system. Finally, we show application energy use increases proportionally with the increase in run-time due to operating system noise. Areas of future interest will also be discussed.
Development of an Artificial-Antigen-Presenting-Cell-Based Assay for the Detection of Low-Frequency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Whole Blood, with Application for Measles Virus

Evaluation of the immune responses induced by childhood vaccines requires measurement of T-cell, as well as antibody, responses. However, cellular immune responses are often not analyzed because of technical hurdles and the volume of blood required. Therefore, a sensitive and specific assay for antigen-specific T cells that utilizes a small volume of blood would facilitate new vaccine evaluation. We developed a novel assay for quantifying virus-specific CD8+ T cells that combines the use of HLA-A2 immunoglobulin-based artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) for stimulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in whole blood with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA. This assay was optimized using a well-established cytomegalovirus (CMV) CD8+ T-cell system. The aAPC-qRT-PCR assay had comparable sensitivity to intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) in detecting CMV-specific CD8+ T cells with a detection limit of less than 0.004%. The assay was applied to the detection of low-frequency measles virus (MV)-specific CD8+ T cells by stimulating blood from five MV-immune HLA-A*0201 donors with four different MV-specific peptides (MV peptide aAPCs). Stimulation with three of the MV peptide aAPCs resulted in significant increases in IFN-γ mRNA ranging from 3.3- to 13.5-fold. Our results show that the aAPC-qRT-PCR assay is highly sensitive and specific and can be standardized for screening MV-specific CD8+ T cells in vaccine trials. The technology should be transferable to analysis of CD8+ T-cell responses to other antigens.
Encrypted Packet Forwarding in Virtualized Networks

Virtualized networks provide a shared infrastructure platform for hosting multiple independent networks with different protocol stacks. The infrastructure and the virtual networks are operated by different entities who may not trust each other. In our work, we address one of the arising security issues by providing data confidentiality for forwarding network traffic. We propose an encrypted representation of IP addresses and forwarding data structures that hides the operations of the virtual network from the infrastructure provider. We describe the cryptographic computations and data structures that forwards network traffic and discuss their space requirements.
Power Islands: A High-Level Technique for Counteracting Leakage in Deep Sub-Micron

With the migration to Deep Sub-Micron (DSM) process technologies, the static power (leakage) has become the major contributor to the design's overall power consumption. In this work, we will show experiments that illustrate the significant increase in the ratio of the leakage to the total power as the DSM process nodes shrink. We will also present a novel high-level design/synthesis method, called Power Islands, that minimizes the leakage in the circuit by partitioning it into islands. Each island is a cluster of logic whose power can be controlled independent from the rest of the circuit, and hence can be completely powered down when all the logic contained within it is idling. The partitioning is done in such a way that the components with maximally overlapping lifetimes are placed on the same island. A main benefit of Power Islands is the elimination of leakage in inactive components during the power down cycles of the islands, and hence a decrease in circuit's power consumption.The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through several examples implemented with 4 different feature sizes: 180 nm, 130 nm, 100 nm and 70 nm. These experiments showed improvements in leakage ranging from 41% to 80% at 70 nm due to Power Islands.
On Revealed Preference Analysis

In this paper we shall be concerned with the theory of revealed preference understood in its original sense (Samuelson [19]), namely, as a theory of rational consumer's behaviour in competitive market situations; (see Richter [18] for the formulation and development of a general, abstract theory). As with practically all previous work in the field we will focus on the relationship between the theory of demand derived from revealed preference analysis and the one based on preference maximization; we denote the latter theory as the preference hypothesis. In 1938 Samuelson proposed as a new foundation for consumer theory the weak axiom of revealed preference (WA); the WA asserts that if a commodity bundle y is affordable, given a budget at which x is chosen (for short, if x is revealed preferred to y), then y cannot be revealed preferred to x. Although it has turned out that the demand theory implied by the WA is broader than the one generated by the preference hypothesis (Gale [6]; see also, Kihlstrom, Mas-Colell, Sonnenschein [14]) it is clear that they are conceptually close and their relationships were in need of clarification. The decisive step was given in 1951 by Houthakker [10]. He introduced the strong axiom of revealed preference (SA) and convincingly argued its equivalences with the preference hypothesis. Roughly speaking, the SA postulates the cyclical consistence of the WA. Since Houthakker's contribution the main line of research (see, for example, Uzawa [22], Stigum [21], etc.) has concentrated in finding sufficient conditions on demand functions guaranteeing that the consumer acts as a preference maximizer and his preferences are completely " determined " by his choice behaviour. This programme calls for both the existence of preferences underlying choice and their uniqueness in some class (usually the class defined by the property of continuity) and it is clear that, to successfully complete it, conditions on demand functions (besides, of course, the SA) will have to be imposed. So far, positive results have been obtained by combining a substantive requirement, the well definiteness of indirect demand functions, with a quite weak regularity one, the income Lipschitz property (this term will be defined later on).
Effect of magnetite particle size on adsorption and desorption of arsenite and arsenate

Numerous studies have examined arsenic adsorption on varying adsorbents including iron oxides, aluminum hydroxides, alumina, and carbon as a means of arsenic removal in drinking water treatments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of magnetite particle size on the adsorption and desorption behavior of arsenite and arsenate, and to investigate the competitive adsorption between natural organic matter (NOM) and arsenic. Increases in adsorption maximum capacities for arsenite and arsenate were observed with decreasing magnetite particle size. Arsenic desorption is hysteretic, more so with the smaller nanoparticles. Such desorption hysteresis might result from a higher arsenic affinity for magnetite nanoparticles. In the presence of NOM, substantial decrease in arsenic sorption to magnetite nanoparticles was observed. It would be beneficial to thoroughly investigate adsorption and desorption of arsenic on magnetite nanoparticles for further practical purposes.
Critical Word Factor in Texts for Beginning Readers

The Critical Word Factor, based on word recognition demands of texts, is a measure of text difficulty designed specifically for texts used by beginning readers. The measure is a function of the number of new, unique words per 100 running words of text that fall outside a designated curriculum. The authors investigated the validity of the Critical Word Factor from data on beginning readers' speed, accuracy, and comprehension after students read texts with different numbers of critical words. Analyses of variance indicated significant main effects for the Critical Word Factor on reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension. Mean differences on the 3 variables were in the predicted direction; results for speed and accuracy were stronger than were those for comprehension. Additional analyses showed that words predicted by the model to be hard were hard, and those predicted to be easy were easy.
On Ethnographic Sincerity

This essay posits sincerity and humor as linked ways of politicizing the interactions that underpin all ethnographic encounters. This politicization is contrasted with conventional anthropological preoccupations with authenticity (and fetishizations of ethnographic writing), and it demands attention to the human bodies that constitute ethnographic intersubjectivity. Combining a discussion of Habermas’s public sphere with the exploits of a nineteenth‐century African American mesmerist and protoanthropologist, Paschal Randolph, I argue against one kind of “occulted anthropology” (the disembodied version attributed to Habermas) for an agential variety exemplified by Randolph’s differently framed investments in the political powers of occultist possibility. Instead of being seduced by would‐be objective attempts to access a disembodied (i.e., universal) subjectivity, I argue for a Paschal‐like reclamation of the vulnerable ethnographic body (in all of its contingent particularity), a reclamation that fuses ra...