cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and representing concepts with graded structure

The author presents a novel method for representing and learning concepts with graded structure. The method uses a hybrid concept representation that combines symbolic and numeric representations. In learning a concept, the method builds a general concept description for representing common cases of the concept. Such a description is in the form of decision rules, interpreted by a weighted distance measure, and numerical thresholds. The method has been implemented in the system FCLS (flexible concept learning system) and tested on a variety of problems. >
State controllability, output controllability and stabilizability of networks: A symmetry perspective

This paper explores the role of symmetry when establishing output controllability and stabilizability of LTI networked systems. Previous work, which examined graph symmetry through its signed fractional graph automorphisms, has been extended to output controllability and stabilizability. Conditions on input symmetry, output symmetry, and non-output symmetry over the network are proved to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for output controllability. Results pertaining to output stabilizability provide insight into stabilization of negatively weighted consensus dynamics. The approach also provides a semi-definite programming formulation of output controllability and stabilizability.
Impact of synthesis methods on the transport of single walled carbon nanotubes in the aquatic environment.

In this study, a systematic approach has been followed to investigate the fate and transport of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from synthesis to environmentally relevant conditions. Three widely used SWCNT synthesis methods have been investigated in this study including high pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco), SWeNT CoMoCat, and electric arc discharge technique (EA). This study relates the transport of three SWCNTs (HiPco-D, SG65-D, and P2-D) with different synthesis methods and residual catalyst content revealing their influence on the subsequent fate of the nanotubes. To minimize nanotube bundling and aggregation, the SWCNTs were dispersed using the biocompatible triblock copolymer Pluronic, which allowed the comparison in the transport trends among these SWCNTs. After purification, the residual metal catalyst between the SWCNTs follows the trend: HiPco-D > SG65-D > P2-D. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) and hydrodynamic diameter of SWCNTs remained insensitive to SWCNT type, pH, and presence of...
Dual mechanisms regulate the recruitment of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins to the budding yeast kinetochore

Recruitment of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins by an unattached kinetochore leads to SAC activation. This recruitment is licensed by the Mps1 kinase, which phosphorylates the kinetochore protein Spc105 at one or more of its six MELT repeats. Spc105 then recruits the Bub3-Bub1 and Mad1-Mad2 complexes, which produce the inhibitory signal that arrests cell division. The strength of this signal depends, in part, on the number of Bub3-Bub1 and Mad1-Mad2 molecules that Spc105 recruits. Therefore regulation of this recruitment will influence SAC signaling. To understand this regulation, we established the physiological binding curves that describe the binding of Bub3-Bub1 and Mad1-Mad2 to the budding yeast kinetochore. We find that the binding of both follows the mass action law. Mps1 likely phosphorylates all six MELT repeats of Spc105. However, two mechanisms prevent Spc105 from recruiting six Bub3-Bub1 molecules: low Bub1 abundance and hindrance in the binding of more than one Bub3-Bub1 molecule to the same Spc105. Surprisingly, the kinetochore recruits two Mad1-Mad2 heterotetramers for every Bub3-Bub1 molecule. Finally, at least three MELT repeats per Spc105 are needed for accurate chromosome segregation. These data reveal that kinetochore-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms influence the physiological operation of SAC signaling, potentially to maximize chromosome segregation accuracy.
To Evaluate the Results of Hepatitis B Vaccination Program in Zhongshan City

Objective To evaluate the hepatitis B vaccination program and find effective method to insure immunization quality. Method 2 495 healthy people were selected by radom-cluster-sampling method and assay for serum HBsAg/HBsAb by ELISA. Results HBsAb positive rate was 92.7% (141/152) in the group of newborn infants. HBsAb positive rate was 48.1% (1199/2495) and HBsAg positive rate was 10.4%(259/2496) in group over 1 year of age. HBsAg positive rate was 1.2% (10/844) in group from 1 to 18 years of age, and was 15.1% (249/1651) over 18 years of age. Conclusion The data suggests that vaccination against Hepatitis B timely and correctly of newborn infants could protect them against the disease. Improving the quantity and quality of immunization against Hepatitis B of the healthy people could increase the immunity against HBV and lower the infection rate of the high risk people. The low percentage of HBsAb positive rate in the infant of 1 year of age is a high risk of HBV infection in this population.
Parallel computation of RAM model on SMP cluster

In order to accelerate the sound field predication,the Range-dependent Acoustic Model(RAM) is parallelized based on OpenMP and MPI in this paper.The implementation platform is built on a symmetrical multiprocessing clus-ter,where multiple nodes and CPUs are included.The parallel computation is done both between nodes and within nodes.The experimental results indicate that the RAM can work well in parallel,and the proposed method has high parallel efficiency and can improve the sound field predication greatly.
Cytogenetics and molecular biology of soft tissue tumors.

Characteristic genetic aberrations have been identified in many soft tissue tumors, and it is likely that several of these aberrations, e.g., the translocation of chromosomes X and 18 in synovial sarcoma, will play an increasing diagnostic role. It is fascinating that most of the consistent soft tissue tumor translocations result in fusion genes, and these fusion genes encode proteins, which in turn regulate the expression of other genes. Thus, many soft tissue tumor translocations represent the first steps in complicated cascades of events contributing to deregulated tumor cell growth. Although a number of translocations appear to be useful in diagnosis, it should be emphasized that cytogenetic and molecular detection of chromosome translocations and gene fusions is not always straightforward. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses are perhaps best reserved for the subgroup of undifferentiated small round cell or spindle cell sarcomas, which remain unclassified after histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Tumor specimens frozen at -70 degrees C can be used subsequently for FISH and PCR studies, although the opportunity to karyotype such specimens is lost upon freezing.
Cost-Effectiveness of Primary HPV Testing, Cytology and Co-testing as Cervical Cancer Screening for Women Above Age 30 Years

Background Cervical cancer screening guidelines for women aged ≥30 years allow for co-testing or primary cytology testing. Our objective was to determine the test characteristics and costs associated with Cytology, HPV and Co-testing screening strategies.
Evidence for Stereoselective Production of Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) Arene Oxides in Man

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin, PHT), a widely-used antiepileptic drug, is metabolized via arene oxides (AO), which have been implicated in teratogenesis and idiosyncratic reactions associated with the drug (Martz et al., 1977; Speilberg et al., 1981; Gerson et al., 1983). PHT is a prochiral molecule and can be stereoselectively metabolized on either the pro-S- or pro-R- phenyl substituents to arene oxides, designated as (S)- or (R)-AO (Figure 1). As PHT arene oxides have not yet proved amenable to isolation and characterization, determination of stereochemistry of PHT AO’s has to be by indirect determination of the stereochemistry of the corresponding diastereomeric trans-dihydrodiols (5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-l-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin, DHD) or enantiomeric p-phenols (5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, p-HPPH). Enantiomeric content will reflect arene oxide isomeric content only if all p-HPPH is formed via arene oxides and if the non-enzymatic rates of phenol formation (KR and KS) from AO’s are the same. Previous studies had indicated that the majority of human stereoselective metabolism of PHT is via the pro-Sphenyl substituent (Butler, 1957; Butler et al., 1976; Maguire et al., 1980; Chang and Glazko, 1982). In order to investigate variations in stereoselective metabolism, HPLC methods were employed to determine diastereomeric content of DHD and enantiomeric content of p-HPPH. These methods were used to estimate stereoselective metabolite production in volunteers and in a patient population.
Precipitation and Institution: The Taiping Rises Up

The late 1840s utterly transformed the God Worshipers’ movement, from the arrival of its two founders with their odd religious ideas in 1844, to the proofs of God’s power in temple destruction and curing a few years later, and finally to the charismatic chaos at the end of the decade. In 1850 the movement suddenly crystallized into a rebellion waiting to rebel, with both new social patterns and a new self-identification as rebels settling out from the multiple possibilities that had flooded them the year before. Calling their scattered following together in the town of Jintian, the group encamped in the gender-segregated units that would characterize them for the next several years; they realized their communal economy through the creation of a Celestial Treasury; they created a full range of military and political titles; they developed official dress and ceremonies, including a yellow imperial robe for Hong Xiuquan; and by no means least important, they put a forceful end to uncontrolled possessions and recaptured control over interpretation. Only at this point did they dub themselves the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tianguo), a political entity for the first time. Within a year they were occupying their first city, publishing texts and perfecting their new state apparatus.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS

The Creation of a Republican Empire traces American foreign relations from the colonial era to the end of the Civil War, paying particular attention not only to the diplomatic controversies of the era but also to the origins and development of American thought regarding international relations. The primary purpose of the book is to describe and explain, in the diplomatic context, the process by which the United States was born, transformed into a republican nation, and extended into a continental empire. Central to the story are the events surrounding the American Revolution, the Constitutional Convention, the impact on the United States of the European wars touched off by the French Revolution, the Monroe Doctrine, the expansionism of the 1840s, and the ordeal of the Civil War.
Flyback micro-inverter with reactive power support capability

AC modules or micro-inverters (MIC) have increasing importance in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The flyback MIC with a pseudo-dc link (FMICpseudo-dc) is a well-studied topology, in which zero-crossing notching in the output current has been observed. One contribution of this paper is a theoretical analysis and experimental results to explain this zero-crossing distortion. It is argued that some distortion is inevitable in this topology's traditional configuration. A second contribution is a current decoupling circuit that is proposed to mitigate the zero crossing distortion issue, allowing the converter to effectively operate as a controlled reactive power source with acceptable total harmonic distortion (THD). This is supported by theoretical analysis and simulation results.
Eliminating Coverage Discrimination Through the Essential Health Benefit's Anti-Discrimination Provisions

The article focuses on the U.S. Affordable Care Act's (ACA) anti-discrimination provisions meant to eliminate coverage discrimination. It talks abut the three nondiscrimination provisions in the ACA which seek to prevent coverage discrimination and problems with those provisions. It recommends the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services strengthen nondiscrimination provisions under Essential Heath Benefits.
Getting the shot: Socially-aware viewpoints for autonomously observing tasks

In this work, we present an algorithm for autonomously determining the appropriate location from which to observe a human or robot agent (actor) while it completes a task in dynamic environments. We develop theory for selecting such a location using forward physical simulation of randomly-selected candidate viewpoints. The simulated points provide obstacle avoidance, and by incorporating a modified version of the Social Force Model, candidate viewpoints adjust themselves so that they do not encroach on the actor's personal space and/or safety region. The best observer position is chosen from these candidates to provide the most complete view of the task volume, taking into account the occlusion caused by the actor itself. We show that our algorithm works under a variety of task volume configurations, actor types (human and robot), and environmental constraints. Finally, the paper shows the results of hardware deployment on a two-robot system — one observer, and one actor. The paper concludes by examining the social impacts of deploying autonomous observation algorithms on real-world systems.
Cambodia in French Indochina, 1900–1945

The years between 1900 and World War II were momentous ones for Cambodia. In less than half a century, slavery was abolished, the power of the monarchy all but eradicated, and independence declared. Reforms implemented in the 1920s and 1930s gave more Cambodians than ever before access to education and health services. Yet these same policies allowed Cambodians to compare their lot with those of their Vietnamese neighbours, and ultimately to learn of alternatives to imperialism. The Japanese interregnum in 1945 provided a space in which these dissatisfactions could be aired. The fleeting period of self-rule between March and September 1945 forever changed the way that Cambodia engaged with the west—and, soon, the communist bloc.
Comparison of incidental versus palpable thyroid nodules presenting for fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Background Many attribute the rise in incidence of thyroid cancer to a deluge of radiologically identified incidental thyroid nodules. The clinical implications are unclear. Methods A review was performed of all patients who underwent fine-needle aspirations of thyroid nodules by our academic medical center's Endocrinology Division between 2006 and 2010. Medical records were reviewed to identify whether the thyroid nodule was discovered incidentally or by palpation. Results Of 1153 patients, 37.4% underwent a biopsy because of an incidental thyroid nodule. These patients were significantly more likely to be >45 years old, men, white race, and with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 . Of the 17.2% of incidentalomas that led to surgery, 8.5% were found to be thyroid cancer. Conclusion Thyroid nodules discovered incidentally are increasing the diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancers. Not investigated previously, our study found that the mode of detection was not related to malignancy or surgery.
Recombinant human thrombopoietin (Mpl ligand) enhances proliferation of erythroid progenitors

We have studied the effects of recombinant human thrombopoietin (TPO, Mpl ligand) on human hematopoiesis in vitro. TPO alone did not support erythroid burst formation but, in the presence of erythropoietin, it enhanced erythroid burst formation from CD34+ bone marrow and cord blood cells. The burst-promoting activity (BPA) was stronger under 5% serum than 30% serum conditions. The direct nature of BPA effects was documented by replating studies of early erythroid bursts. The BPA of TPO was less than that of interleukin-3 but was comparable with that of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and steel factor. The soluble form of Mpl receptor inhibited burst enhancing effects of TPO, suggesting that the BPA effects of TPO are mediated through the Mpl receptor. These results further delineate the physiologic roles of TPO and may aid in the determination of the clinical usages of TPO.
Leveling Down Gender Equality

The U.S. Supreme Court in Sessions v. Morales-Santana (2017) revived its decades old jurisprudence of "leveling down" -- that is, curing an equal protection violation by denying the requested benefit to all rather than extending the benefit to the excluded class. This article challenges that continuation of the conventional acceptance of leveling down or the "mean remedy" and the assumption that leveling down is an equally legitimate remedial option as leveling up for gender discrimination. Instead, it argues for the adoption of an alternative remedial calculus of a strong presumption of leveling up remedies, overcome only rarely by limited equitable considerations. Such a presumption better effectuates the substantive right of gender equality as well as the correlative due process right to a meaningful remedy.
Longer follow-up on clinical outcomes of weekly paclitaxel with trastuzumab and pertuzumab in patients with HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer.

e13005Background: Favorable progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) results were previously reported on a phase II trial of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ...
Reduced axonal surface expression and phosphoinositide sensitivity in K v 7 channels disrupts their function to inhibit neuronal excitability in Kcnq2 epileptic encephalopathy.

Abstract Neuronal Kv7/KCNQ channels are voltage-gated potassium channels composed of Kv7.2/KCNQ2 and Kv7.3/KCNQ3 subunits. Enriched at the axonal membrane, they potently suppress neuronal excitability. De novo and inherited dominant mutations in Kv7.2 cause early onset epileptic encephalopathy characterized by drug resistant seizures and profound psychomotor delay. However, their precise pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated selected epileptic encephalopathy causing mutations in calmodulin (CaM)-binding helices A and B of Kv7.2. We discovered that R333W, K526N, and R532W mutations located peripheral to CaM contact sites decreased axonal surface expression of heteromeric channels although only R333W mutation reduced CaM binding to Kv7.2. These mutations also altered gating modulation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), revealing novel PIP2 binding residues. While these mutations disrupted Kv7 function to suppress excitability, hyperexcitability was observed in neurons expressing Kv7.2-R532W that displayed severe impairment in voltage-dependent activation. The M518 V mutation at the CaM contact site in helix B caused most defects in Kv7 channels by severely reducing their CaM binding, K+ currents, and axonal surface expression. Interestingly, the M518 V mutation induced ubiquitination and accelerated proteasome-dependent degradation of Kv7.2, whereas the presence of Kv7.3 blocked this degradation. Furthermore, expression of Kv7.2-M518V increased neuronal death. Together, our results demonstrate that epileptic encephalopathy mutations in helices A and B of Kv7.2 cause abnormal Kv7 expression and function by disrupting Kv7.2 binding to CaM and/or modulation by PIP2. We propose that such multiple Kv7 channel defects could exert more severe impacts on neuronal excitability and health, and thus serve as pathogenic mechanisms underlying Kcnq2 epileptic encephalopathy.
How to Design Algorithms

Designing the right algorithm for a given application is a major creative act—that of taking a problem and pulling a solution out of the ether. The space of choices you can make in algorithm design is enormous, leaving you plenty of freedom to hang yourself.
Effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

e15634Background: HCV infection is a major cause of HCC in the United States. In previous published subset analysis of HCC subjects treated with sorafenib, HCV subjects had better outcome. To evalu...
Abstract WP325: A Travel Time and Efficiency Simulation for Patient Transport to Primary and Comprehensive Stroke Centers

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the conditions in which bypassing a near Primary Stroke Centers (PSC) to go straight to a further Comprehensive Stroke Centers (CSC) leads to...
Academic Hospitals Discharge Fewer Patients to Postacute Care Facilities After Colorectal Resection.

Background Discharge to a nonhome destination (ie, skilled nursing facility, subacute rehabilitation, or long-term care facility) after surgery is associated with increased mortality and higher costs and is less desirable to patients than discharge to home. Objective We sought to identify modifiable hospital-level factors that may reduce rates of nonhome discharge after colorectal resection. Design This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing colorectal resection in the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (July 2012 to June 2015). Patient- and hospital-level characteristics were tested for association with nonhome discharge patterns. Settings Patients were identified using prospectively collected data from the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative, a statewide collaborative encompassing 63 community, academic, and tertiary hospitals. Patients Patients undergoing colon and rectal resections were included. Main outcome measure The main outcome measure was hospital use patterns of nonhome discharge. Results Of the 9603 patients identified, 1104 (11.5%) were discharged to a nonhome destination. After adjustments for patient factors associated with nonhome discharge, we identified variability in hospital use patterns for nonhome discharge. Designation as a low utilizer hospital was associated with affiliation with a medical school (p = 0.020) and high outpatient volume (p = 0.028). After adjustments for all hospital factors, only academic affiliation maintained a statistically significant relationship (OR = 4.94; p = 0.045). Limitations This study had a retrospective cohort design with short-term follow-up of sampled cases. Additionally, by performing our analysis on the hospital level, there is a decreased sample size. Conclusions This population-based study shows that there is significant variation in hospital practices for nonhome discharge. Specifically, hospitals affiliated with a medical school are less likely to discharge patients to a facility, even after adjustment for patient and procedural risk factors. This study raises the concern that there may be overuse of subacute facility discharge in certain hospitals, and additional study is warranted. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A837.
mSEPT9 (Epi proColon) Blood Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening

Epi proColon is a blood test used for the detection of the methylated septin 9 (mSEPT9) gene. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for colorectal cancer screening in people at average risk who have declined first-line screening tests.
QIS: Automated Refactoring for Scratch

Recent studies have demonstrated that the code quality of Scratch projects impacts this learning environment’s educational effectiveness. For example, novice programmers are less willing to remix and continue modifying those projects whose code quality is low. This showpiece demonstrates QIS (pronounced as /chēz/), a novice-friendly refactoring tool for Scratch 3.0. Integrated with the latest Scratch environment, QIS analyzes on-the-fly the code quality of an edited project, displaying the refactorable quality problems as actionable improvement hints. Programmers can then decide to act by carrying out the suggested refactoring to improve the quality of the project’s code. QIS not only empowers novice programmers to easily and effectively improve their code, but also educates them about the benefits and importance of code quality and its improvement practices.
A Queryable Graph Representation of Vascular Connectivity in the Whole Mouse Brain

We construct a graph representation for the topology and geometry of the vasculature presenting across the whole mouse brain (dataset: Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope Brain Atlas India Ink). We use our graph representation to calculate preliminary estimates of the average radius as 4:8 µm, total vascular volume as 1:1000 mm3, total vascular surface area as 6:5511 cm2, and total vascular length of 2866:6567 cm. We then isolate a posterior cerebral region, derive its graph representation, and then import that representation to a Neo4j graph database. We then detail how researchers can query this database online to isolate specific vascular networks for further analysis and reconstruction.
Youth suicide: examining pediatric OT practitioner knowledge, comfort, and training needs

Date Presented 04/04/19 Suicide is the second-leading cause of death among youth ages 10 to 24 in the US, and youth who receive OT services may be at risk. Yet, little is known about OT provider capabilities to identify and reduce suicide risk in pediatric clients. In this study, we surveyed pediatric OT providers about their knowledge, comfort, and training needs related to youth suicide. This information is necessary to inform steps to enhance the impact OT can make on the reduction of youth suicide. Primary Author and Speaker: Anne Kirby Contributing Authors: Alexandra Terrill, Jarrett Henderson
After the fire: Perceptions of land use planning to reduce wildfire risk in eight communities across the United States

Abstract Wildfire losses are increasing across the United States, and yet land use planning to reduce wildfire risk is not federally mandated and is rarely used by local jurisdictions. We examined local government staff and leaders’ perceptions of land use planning and regulations to reduce wildfire risk, in a range of communities, after wildfire risk had been made evident with the loss of homes due to wildfire. Although policy after fire was largely unchanged we found local leaders had devoted substantial attention to the subject of land use planning. Communities were dealing with a number of internal concerns, including staff perceptions of wildfire risk, staff opinions of planning and regulations, policy coordination challenges, other governmental priorities, and a lack of public support for land use planning and regulations to reduce wildfire risk. Many of these considerations were present across study sites, and thus not easily linked to characteristics of the study site (rural/urban, type of housing lost to wildfire, presence of amenity growth). The scale and scope of local government, the diversity of residents and development, and the social fit between policies and local settings all combine to determine the efficacy and use of land use planning and regulations to reduce wildfire risk. Wildfire is unique among hazards in that the threat continues to evolve along with development, requiring local communities to adapt strategies over time. Successful examples of using land use planning and regulations, in a range of settings, will be increasingly valuable in disseminating the concept of fire adapted communities.
The Role of Calcification in Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects over 200 million people worldwide, and is associated with significant rates of morbidity, limb loss, and mortality (Shu and Santulli, Atherosclerosis. 275:379–81, 2018; Norgren et al., J Vasc Surg. 45 Suppl S:S5–67, 2007). Arterial calcification has emerged as a key predictor of poor outcomes in patients with PAD. The medial calcification most commonly identified in lower extremity arteries represents a pathologic process distinct from the primarily intimal calcific disease seen in coronary arteries. Because of this, its consequences are thought to be mediated through its effects on hemodynamics and injury-induced remodeling (Ho and Shanahan, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 36(8):1475–82, 2016). Peripheral artery calcification is more prevalent in those with increased age, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and diabetes (Guzman, J Vasc Surg. 45 Suppl A:A57–63, 2007). It is readily detected with imaging, and its presence and severity are independently associated with limb loss and mortality (Zettervall et al., J Vasc Surg. 67(2):507–13, 2018; Guzman et al., J Am Coll Cardiol. 51(20):1967–74, 2008). However, the role of peripheral artery calcification is complex and only partially understood. A better understanding of these processes will be critical in efforts aimed at improving outcomes for patients with PAD.
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis among newly arrived unaccompanied minors living in reception centers in Rome.

Objective Our study aimed at addressing the prevalence of infectious diseases in a population of unaccompanied immigrant minors living in reception centers of Rome, Italy. Methods The study was carried out from January 2013-January 2019. All unaccompanied immigrant minors were screened for hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), syphilis and latent tuberculosis infection. Results A total of 879 unaccompanied immigrant minors, 858 males and 21 females, aged 13-18 years old, were studied. Out of these, 615 were from Africa, 179 from Asia and 84 from Eastern Europe. We observed a low prevalence of HBsAg carriage (2.5%) and very low prevalence of HCV (0.72%), latent syphilis (0.4%), latent tuberculosis, defined as TST+ x-ray- case, was diagnosed in 102 (12%) minors. Conclusions Similarly to previous studies, our data demonstrate that migrant minors are generally healthy. However, given the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis B and latent TB, a systematic screening for these diseases among immigrant minors immigrants is highly recommended for early detection and treatment of potentially transmissible diseases.
The Impact of Default Options for Parent Participation in an Early Language Intervention

In this study we tested, via a randomized control study design, different enrollment options for a scaled city-wide text-based early learning program among 405 mothers who were receiving newborn home visiting services. We found that when automatically enrolled with a voluntary option to opt out, 88.7% of mothers in the experimental group stayed in the program and continued to receive the text-based content over the course of 26 weeks. In contrast, only 1% of mothers in the control group who heard about the text-based program through conventional recruitment flyers voluntarily enrolled in the program. Opt-out and opt-in patterns did not differ by characteristics typically considered as interfering with program participation: low income status, first-time motherhood status, total number of children, maternal language, flagging for depressive symptoms, and household residential instability. Findings suggest that automatic enrollment might be an effective engagement strategy for text- and similar digitally-based early childhood programs.
Safely Administering Potential QTc Prolonging Therapy Across a Large Health Care System in the COVID-19 Era.

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARs-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine±azithromycin have been widely used to treat coronavirus disease 20...
Numerical calculation of thermal noise‐voltage in a Josephson junction of finite capacitance

In the paper by the late J. Kurkijarvi and myself (KA) [1] a molecular dynamics method is used to simulate the thermal agitation of the phase variable in a current carrying Josephson junction. Since the method is general and may be useful in other contexts, it is briefly described with some new details added. Consider a classical particle of mass M , position X , and momentum P performing a onedimensional thermal Brownian motion in a potential U . The process may be described by the Langevin equations
Simultaneous Measurement of Lung Diffusing Capacity and Pulmonary Hemodynamics Reveals Exertional Alveolar-Capillary Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Background Hemodynamic perturbations in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may alter the distribution of blood in the lungs, impair gas transfer from the alveoli into the pulmon...
Consensus and Perspective on Rhizobium

The discussions on Rhizobium during the workshop provided us with a consensus on several important questions and pointed to new lines of research. However, it was clear that we lack fundamental knowledge of and tools in other central areas.
Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of Multicentric Origin

Multicentric neoplastic change must be anticipated when a common tissue, presumably endowed with a common susceptibility to malignant disease, is exposed to a common carcinogenic influence. Both of these criteria — a common tissue and exposure to common carcinogenic influence — must be met before true multicentric malignant change will take place. We will demonstrate in this section that multicentric carcinoma of the common squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx occurs quite frequently. However, it has been demonstrated in the previous section and will be amplified in this one that this tendency to multicentricity does not extend to the contiguous columnar epithelium of the trachea and bronchi, although both epithelial surfaces are exposed to the same presumably carcinogenic respiratory irritants. Similarly, multicentric epitheliomas of the skin are exceedingly common in the patient whose occupation requires prolonged exposure of the skin to sun and wind. These lesions, however, are distinctly limited to the exposed surfaces of the skin; the unexposed skin surfaces, although they are of the same type of tissue, are not exposed to the same carcinogenic influence.
Pro Forma Compensation: Useful Insight or Window Dressing?

In recent years, companies have begun to voluntarily disclose alternative measures of CEO compensation. These figures differ — sometimes significantly — from those reported in the summary compensation tables of the annual proxy. The motivation to report this information, however, is not entirely clear. A company might disclose adjusted compensation because it believes this measure to be more informative about executive incentives than SEC-designated calculations. Alternatively, it might do so to make its compensation practices and payouts appear more favorable than under SEC rules.We examine this practice in detail, and ask: Are alternative measures of compensation useful in assessing CEO compensation? Does their prevalence indicate shortcomings in SEC standards, or a desire to mislead investors? Are alternative pay calculations beneficial in helping investors understand the relationship between CEO pay and performance?The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance and executive leadership. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the books Corporate Governance Matters and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Reasoning in a reading context: Deductive inferences in basal reading series

This study examined three basal reading programs published by Heath (1989), Silver Burdett Ginn (1993) and Houghton Mifflin (1993), to determine how frequently logically necessary relationships are expressed in text used by basal readers, and whether direct instruction in making logically necessary inferences accompanies such expressions in basal reader series. The complete contents of the basal readers, from grades one through eight, and all teachers' instructions pertaining to content read by students, were examined for each series. Frequency counts made by independent raters indicated that readers of these three series have a steady and frequent rate of opportunities to make logically necessary inferences, and to observe such inferences being modeled by the text; no significant differences were found between any of the series in the number of such opportunities. We found that while children's reading materials clearly offer a natural context in which logical understanding may be constructed, instructions for teachers in the basal series we examined did not include directly teaching students to use this kind of reasoning in reading comprehension. Suggestions are offered for how such instruction might be integrated with current teaching strategies in inference-making.
Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Error-Correcting Codes

We develop the theory of entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes (EAQECCs), a generalization of the stabilizer formalism to the setting in which the sender and receiver have access to pre-shared entanglement. Conventional stabilizer codes are equivalent to self-orthogonal symplectic codes. In contrast, EAQECCs do not require self-orthogonality, which greatly simplifies their construction. We show how any classical quaternary block code can be made into a EAQECC. Furthermore, the error-correcting power of the quantum codes follows directly from the power of the classical codes.
Detection of CrO42- Using a Hydrogel Swelling Microcantilever Sensor

Hydrogels containing various mounts of tetraalkylammonium salts were used to modify microcantilevers for measurements of the concentration of CrO42- in aqueous solutions. These microcantilevers undergo bending deflection upon exposure to solutions containing various CrO42- concentrations as a result of swelling or shrinking of the hydrogels. The microcantilever deflection as a function of the concentration of CrO42- ions is nearly linear in most concentration ranges. It was found that a concentration of 10-11 M CrO42- can be detected using this technology in a fluid cell. Other ions, such as Br-, HPO42-, and NO3-, have minimal effect on the deflection of this cantilever. The anions SO42- and CO32- could interfere with the CrO42- detection, but only at high concentrations (>10-5 M). Such hydrogel-coated microcantilevers could potentially be used to prepare microcantilever-based chemical and biological sensors when molecular recognition agents are immobilized in the hydrogel.
Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions

Little is known about the effects of a merger or an acquisition on an acquired company's management team. This research follows the employment status of target companies' top managers for 5 years from the date of acquisition. Results indicate that turnover rates in acquired top management teams are significantly higher than ‘normal’ turnover rates, and that visible, very senior executives are likely to turn over sooner than their less-visible colleagues. Variations in top management turnover rates, however, are not accounted for by type of acquisition (i.e. related or unrelated).
Boundary layer stability calculations

In this paper numerical calculation of the spatial stability of disturbances in the parallel and nonparallel Blasius boundary layers is considered. Chebyshev polynomials are used for discretization. The problem with the boundary condition at infinity is overcome, and the resulting nonlinear matrix eigenvalue problem is attacked directly. The secondary eigenvalue problem for three‐dimensional disturbances is shown to be uniformly stable, and particular solutions of this problem generated by the Orr–Sommerfeld equation are shown. A numerical solution of the nonparallel problem is considered using Chebyshev polynomials. The matrix equations are analyzed directly and the problem of uniqueness of the nonparallel correction is settled by careful application of the Fredholm alternative. Nonparallel corrections to the streamwise eigenfunction are shown.
Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis Following Alveolar Proteinosis

Whether permanent structural lung changes follow pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is not known. A patient with PAP, but with no evidence of lung fibrosis, became asymptomatic spontaneously. However, 13 years after the onset of his illness he died from pulmonary insufficiency due to lung fibrosis. This suggests that the typical histologic picture of PAP is only a stage of a disease in which the end stage is fibrosis.
A rapid and sensitive assay for DNA–protein covalent complexes in living cells

A number of proteins form covalent bonds with DNA as obligatory transient intermediates in normal nuclear transactions. Drugs that trap these complexes have proven to be potent therapeutics in both cancer and infectious disease. Nonetheless, current assays for DNA-protein adducts are cumbersome, limiting both mechanistic studies and translational applications. We have developed a rapid and sensitive assay that enables quantitative immunodetection of protein-DNA adducts. This new 'RADAR' (rapid approach to DNA adduct recovery) assay accelerates processing time 4-fold, increases sample throughput 20-fold and requires 50-fold less starting material than the current standard. It can be used to detect topoisomerase 1-DNA adducts in as little as 60 ng of DNA, corresponding to 10 000 human cells. We apply the RADAR assay to demonstrate that expression of SLFN11 does not increase camptothecin sensitivity by promoting accumulation of topoisomerase 1-DNA adducts. The RADAR assay will be useful for analysis of the mechanisms of formation and resolution of DNA-protein adducts in living cells, and identification and characterization of reactions in which covalent DNA adducts are transient intermediates. The assay also has potential application to drug discovery and individualized medicine.
Rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia Microplate

This article summarizes the available data that can be used to date the rotation of the small Corsica–Sardinia plate and points out the types of investigation that could clarify the problem further.
Bose fluids above T(c): incompressible vortex fluids and "supersolidity".

This Letter emphasizes that nonlinear rotational or diamagnetic susceptibility is characteristic of Bose fluids above their superfluid ${T}_{C}$'s. For sufficiently slow rotation or, for superconductors, weak $B$ fields, this amounts to an incompressible response to vorticity. The cause is that there are terms missing in the conventionally accepted model Hamiltonian for quantized vortices in the Bose fluid. The resulting susceptibility can account for recent observations of Chan et al. [Nature (London) 427, 225 (2004); Science 305, 1941 (2004)] on solid He and Ong et al. [Europhys. Lett. 72, 451 (2005)] on cuprate superconductors.
Electronic Structure of Magnetic Impurities in Copper

A model is presented for dilute iron-series magnetic impurities in copper, which is a generalization of the work of Anderson and the work of Wolff taking into consideration the band structure of copper. The impurity virtual states are treated as bound states pushed out of the $3d$ bands of copper and broadened into virtual states by admixture with the conduction band. The copper energy bands are represented by an interpolation scheme developed by Hodges and Ehrenreich fit to the energy-band calculation done by Burdick. The equations of motion for the single-particle Green's function of the perturbed lattice are solved in the Hartree-Fock approximation using the Koster-Slater method, and from this Green's function the charge density is calculated and used to solve the equations of motion self-consistently. The bound states at or above the Fermi energy are found to be better than 95% localized to the impurity site, and therefore simplifications result from treating the problem in a hole formalism (i.e., the localized moment is attributed to unoccupied bound states at the impurity site). The effects of crystal-field splitting and spin-orbit coupling on the bound states are discussed. Bohr magneton numbers are calculated and found to be in agreement with experiment in most cases. The net polarization of the conduction bands is also discussed and found to agree semiquantitatively with experiment.
To Achieve Stable Spherical Clusters: General Principles and Experimental Confirmations

General principles for designing stable highly symmetrical clusters are proposed. This approach takes advantage of both the extra stability of cage aromaticity and the good geometrical balance between the outer cage and the endohedral atom. The applicability of these design principles was confirmed by gas-phase experimental observations on group 14 element cages with endohedral Al's and also is illustrated by many literature examples of diverse systems.
Optimizing continuous powder mixing processes using periodic section modeling

Abstract While continuous powder mixing has been an area of active research in recent years, effects of operating conditions on the mixing performance has not been well understood yet. Based on our previously developed periodic section modeling ( Gao et al., 2012 ), this paper examines the effects of operating conditions on two significant parameters of the continuous blending processes: axial velocity and local mixing rate of the mixture. Four mixing cases differing in particle size, density and cohesiveness are simulated. Results show that when the local mixing rate improves at low fill levels and high blade speed, particles also move faster in the axial direction and reside for a shorter time inside the mixer. This trade-off between ascending local mixing rate and descending residence time indicates a non-optimal overall blending performance even when the best operating condition is applied. Based on these results, strategies that can further improve the blending performance are performed, which are proposed by increasing the blade speed while keeping a constant axial velocity. These strategies guarantee that the variance decay rate along the mixing axis is proportional to the blade speed in continuous blending processes. Dramatic improvements are observed when these strategies are applied, which shows the merit of this work on design and optimization of continuous power blending processes.
Electrostatic persistence length.

The persistence length is calculated for polyelectrolyte chains with fixed bond lengths and bond angles (pi-theta), and a potential energy consisting of the screened Coulomb interaction between beads, potential wells alpha phi(i)2 for the dihedral angles phi(i), and coupling terms beta phi(i) phi(i+/-1). This model defines a librating chain that reduces in appropriate limits to the freely rotating or wormlike chains, it can accommodate local crumpling or extreme stiffness, and it is easy to simulate. A planar-quadratic (pq), analytic approximation is based on an expansion of the electrostatic energy in eigenfunctions of the quadratic form that describes the backbone energy, and on the assumption that the quadratic form not only is positive but also adequately confines the chain in an infinite phase space of dihedral angles to the physically unique part with all |phi(i)| infinity with fixed theta, the other as theta --> 0 with fixed alpha, are quantitatively similar in behavior, both giving a persistence length P = P0 + aD2 for stiff chains, where D is the Debye length. However, the coefficient apq is about twice the value of aOSF. Under other conditions the simulations show that P may or not be linear in D2 at small or moderate D, depending on the magnitudes of alpha, beta, theta, and the charge density but always becomes linear at large D. Even at a moderately low charge density, corresponding to fewer than 20% of the beads being charged, and with strong crumpling induced by large beta, increasing D dissolves blobs and recovers a linear dependence of P on D2, although a lower power of D gives an adequate fit at moderate D. For the class of models considered, it is concluded that the only universal feature is the asymptotic linearity of P in D2, regardless of flexibility or stiffness.