cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal elimination of butalbital in acute aspirin-butalbital-caffeine-codeine (Fiorinal with Codeine) poisoning.

AbstractBackground: Butalbital is a small molecule (approximately 220 Da), with 26% protein binding, a 0.8 L/kg volume of distribution, and is eliminated nearly 80% unchanged in the urine. Although...
Electrical Control of Structural and Physical Properties via Strong Spin-Orbit Interactions in Sr 2 IrO 4

Strong spin-orbit coupling in an iridate compound causes anisotropic lattice expansion when a small current is applied.
Should the ECB Target Employment

Several european politicians have complained that the ECB does not pay enough attention to job creation in the euro area. In this paper, we examine the behavior of the ECB during its first ten years of existence. We review the ECB’s legal mandate, and study, using both informal evidence and regression methods, how the ECB reacts to economic conditions in the euro area. We find that despite its legal mandate, which assigns the ECB a primary objective of keeping inflation below 2 percent, the ECB has missed this target most of the time, and reacts to real activity indicators (the output gap and the unemployment rate) when setting the policy rate. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that the ECB has been hawkish on inflation in its first ten years of existence. Finally, we study what is the optimal monetary policy rule in a model with labor and product market rigidities, and conclude that given these, the ECB should have a dual mandate of price stability and maximum sustainable employment.
Principles of Business Conduct

The Chamber of Commerce of the United States has adopted principles of business conduct in May 1924 which since then have won unanimous acclaim nationally and internationally. These principles have also largely influenced the sciences concerned because it was understood that the highest authority established by the American business had touched the heart of the matter proclaiming basic truths upon which the future of business will rest forever in our system of free enterprise. Here are the main points of the document which is introduced as follows: “The function of business is to provide for the material needs of mankind, and to increase the wealth of the world and the value and happiness of life. In order to perform its function it must offer a sufficient opportunity for gain to compensate individuals who assume its risks, but the motives which lead individuals to engage in business are not to be confused with the function of business itself. When business enterprise is successfully carried on with constant and efficient endeavor to reduce the costs of production and distribution, to improve the quality of its products, and to give fair treatment to customers, capital, management, and labor, it renders public service of the highest value. We believe the expression of principles drawn from these fundamental truths will furnish practical guides for the conduct of business as a whole and for each individual enterprise.”
The Failed Jurisprudence of Managed Care, and How to Fix It: Reinterpreting ERISA Preemption

Most Americans receive their health care from a managed care organization (MCO), which makes state regulation of MCOs a significant policy issue. Most Americans also obtain their MCO membership through an employer-sponsored benefits plan subject to federal regulation. Consequently, courts must determine whether and to what extent federal law preempts state MCO regulation. Over the last quarter-century, two questions have been particularly troublesome for the courts: (1) may patients sue their MCOs for negligence and related state law claims?; and (2) may states regulate the benefits provided by MCOs to employment groups? Judicial attempts to address these issues have resulted in a confusing and doctrinally inconsistent jurisprudence of managed health care, in which like cases are treated differently and Congressional intent is all but forgotten. This state of affairs that has led to substantial scholarly criticism and calls for federal legislative reform. In two recent decisions concerning managed care, the Supreme Court missed opportunities to rationalize this body of law, reinforcing the failures of its jurisprudence. This Article contends that the flaws in the Court's managed care jurisprudence stem from a single mistake of statutory construction; specifically, the failure to recognize that medical benefits promised to patients by MCOs are not employment plan benefits, even when paid for by an employer. Were the Supreme Court to recognize this simple mistake, a new jurisprudence of managed care would emerge that eliminates confusion, avoids doctrinal conflict and inconsistency, and effectuates Congressional intent. The new jurisprudence would also obviate much of the need for federal "Patients' Bill of Rights" legislation.
Determining the impact of an interprofessional teaching clinic on patients' experience of care

Abstract Purpose To understand patients’ experience of care provided by a team of students in an interprofessional teaching clinic. Methods Patient satisfaction survey data was collected during a two-week period annually for three years. A sample of patients were interviewed to understand their experience of care. A mixed methods approach was used for data analysis. Results One-hundred-eighty-one patient satisfaction surveys and 13 interviews were analyzed. On average, 73.7% of patients agreed/strongly agreed that having a team of students improved their care and 99.3% would return to the clinic. Patients had both positive and constructive comments regarding the interprofessional model of care. Conclusion The interprofessional teaching clinic is associated with a positive experience of care for patients. Further research is needed to determine causality and to isolate the most impactful elements of the interprofessional model of care.
Sonographic Findings in Inflammatory Arthritis Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: A Case Series.

Objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are transforming the field of oncology, leading to tumor regression in multiple advanced cancers. With this case series, we review the ultrasound imaging findings in a series of patients with ICI-induced inflammatory arthritis (IA), a novel rheumatic disease that is caused by cancer immunotherapy. Methods We identified patients with rheumatologist-diagnosed, ICI-induced IA who had musculoskeletal ultrasound performed for clinical care. A retrospective chart review was done to obtain demographics, oncologic history, clinical presentation, imaging, and synovial fluid results. Ultrasound images were reviewed and scored for synovial and tendon pathology, presence of Doppler, and bony erosion. Results Nine patients were included in this study with a total of 18 joint regions assessed. The knees were the most commonly imaged joint followed by the hands, wrists, feet, and ankles. Synovitis was seen in 12 of the 18 joints with active Doppler in 50% of the cases. Tendon involvement was also frequently seen (13 of 18 joints) with tenosynovitis, tendinitis, and enthesophytes. Erosions were less frequent and seen in only three cases but were also an early finding. Conclusion Patients with ICI-induced IA had a wide range of pathology affecting the synovium, tendons, and bones on musculoskeletal ultrasound. Further systematic study with imaging is needed for this group of diseases.
Functional support and burden among out-of-home supporters of heart failure patients with and without depression.

OBJECTIVE Over 20% of patients with heart failure (HF) experience clinical depression, which is associated with higher rates of mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization. Support from family members or friends (whom we refer to as care partners [CPs]) can lower the risk of these outcomes. We examined whether HF patients with depression received assistance from CPs living outside of their homes. Further, we examined whether patient depression was associated with support-related strain among out-of-home CPs. METHOD We analyzed baseline survey data from 348 HF patients with reduced ejection fraction and their CPs. Patients with scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 (Kohout, Berkman, Evans, & Cornoni-Huntley, 1993) of ≥10 were classified as having clinically significant depressive symptoms (i.e., depression). Outcomes included CP-reported hr per week helping with health care and talking with patients via telephone and scores on the Modified Caregiver Strain Index. Negative binomial regression models examined differences in the amount of in-person and telephone support for patients with and without depression, controlling for patients' comorbidities, living alone, CP geographic distance, and CP emotional closeness to the patient. RESULTS CPs provided more in-person support to HF patients with depression (M = 3.64 hr) compared with those without depression (M = 2.60 hr per week, incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.40, p = .019). CPs provided more telephone support to patients with depression (M = 3.02 hr) compared with those without depression (M = 2.09 hr per week, IRR = 1.42, p < .001). Patient depression had no effect on caregiver burden (IRR = 1.00, p = .843). CONCLUSION Patients with clinically significant depressive symptoms receive more in-person assistance and telephonic support from CPs. Despite that additional contact, caregiver burden was not greater among the supporters of depressed patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
BRACKEN FERN (BF), A NATURAL URINARY BLADDER CARCINOGEN

Bracken fern (BF) is a food delicacy consumed by humans and serves as animal forage in many areas of the world. Cows exposed naturally or deliberately to BF develop bladder carcinoma (BC) within 2–5 years. Rats are equally susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of BF. Epithelial hyperplasia occurred within 3 weeks, followed by epithelial tumors at 13 weeks. Advanced lesions demonstrating bladder wall invasion and metastases were present in older rats. BF carcinogen is transmitted in cows' milk: 9/34 rats fed whole and 11/56 rats fed powdered milk obtained from cows fed BF developed small intestinal, renal pelvis, or urinary BC within 117 weeks, compared with 0/70 rats fed milk from cows not receiving BF. This suggests milk from contaminated cows as a source for BF carcinogen. A tannin oncogenic for bladder (pellet implantation) and subcutaneous tissues was isolated from BF. No tumors were present in rats fed BF tannin. Tannin may not be responsible for BC formation.
Observations and simulations of a wind farm modifying a thunderstorm outflow boundary

Abstract. On June 18, 2019, National Weather Service (NWS) radar reflectivity data indicated the presence of thunderstorm-generated outflow propagating east-southeast near Lubbock, Texas. A section of the outflow boundary encountered a wind farm, and then experienced a notable reduction in propagating speed, suggesting that interactions with the wind farm impacted the outflow boundary progression. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its Wind Farm Parameterization to address the extent to which wind farms can modify thunderstorm outflow boundaries. We conduct two simulations of the June 2019 outflow event, one containing the wind farm and one without. We specifically investigate the outflow propagation speed of the section of the boundary that encounters the wind farm and the associated impacts to near-surface wind speed, moisture, temperature, and changes to precipitation features as the storm and associated outflow pass over the wind farm domain. The NWS radar and nearby West Texas Mesonet surface stations provide observations for validation of the simulations. The presence of the wind farm in the simulation clearly slows the progress of the outflow boundary by over 20 km hr−1 similar to what was observed. Simulated perturbations of surface wind speed, temperature, and moisture associated with outflow passage were delayed by up to 6 minutes when the wind farm was present in the simulation compared to the simulation without the wind farm. However, impacts to precipitation were localized and transient, with no change to total accumulation across the domain.
Extravascular migration of a peripherally inserted central catheter into the retroperitoneum in a preterm infant

Abstract Extravasation or vascular erosion into the retroperitoneum is a rare complication of central venous lines in the neonate. We present a case of a premature infant with a history of stage III necrotizing enterocolitis and deep vein thrombus who experienced an acute deterioration while advancing on enteral nutrition post-operatively. Imaging revealed a large retroperitoneal fluid collection accompanied by hydronephrosis. The underlying cause was extravasation of parenteral nutrition from a lower extremity peripherally inserted central catheter. Lower extremity venous catheters, including peripherally inserted central cathers, carry a risk of complications. Whether abdominal surgery and venous thrombosis increases the risk of vascular erosion is an area for future investigation.
Performance Is Not Everything: Audio Feedback Preferred Over Visual Feedback for Grasping Task in Virtual Reality

In this work, we investigate the influence that audio and visual feedback have on a manipulation task in virtual reality (VR). Without the tactile feedback of a controller, grasping virtual objects using one’s hands can result in slower interactions because it may be unclear to the user that a grasp has occurred. Providing alternative feedback, such as visual or audio cues, may lead to faster and more precise interactions, but might also affect user preference and perceived ownership of the virtual hands. In this study, we test four feedback conditions for virtual grasping. Three of the conditions provide feedback for when a grasp or release occurs, either visual, audio, or both, and one provides no feedback for these occurrences. We analyze the effect each feedback condition has on interaction performance, measure their effect on the perceived ownership of the virtual hands, and gauge user preference. In an experiment, users perform a pick-and-place task with each feedback condition. We found that audio feedback for grasping is preferred over visual feedback even though it seems to decrease grasping performance, and found that there were little to no differences in ownership between our conditions.
726 Relationships Between Sleep and Psychological Adjustment During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Disruption of daily routines (employment, social interaction, health behaviors) during the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to psychological distress (worry, rumination), likely impacting sleep-related behaviors. This study evaluated change in psychological adjustment and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample included 192 adults from Utah who completed three data collection cycles across 9 consecutive months to assess self-reported depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8). Insomnia was measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Data were analyzed using mixed-effect modeling and adjusted for anxiety and depression to determine their independent effects on insomnia symptoms. Spaghetti plots examined mean changes over time and significance was set at p<0.05. Average anxiety, depression, and insomnia severity scores were aggregated for each month. Results: As participants' symptoms of anxiety and depression increased in severity, insomnia symptoms increased similarly. Over half of participants reported clinically significant ISI scores (59.38%). In both the random intercept and random slope models, there were significant independent effects of anxiety on insomnia severity (F=20.69;p<0.0001) and significant effects of depression on insomnia severity (F=87.44, p<0.0001). While the change in insomnia severity over time was on the boundary of statistical significance (F=3.54;p=0.0618), dropping from 15.17 (April) to 12.58 (December), our longitudinal analyses revealed no significant difference for the effect of anxiety or depression in predicting insomnia severity over time. Participants' monthly averages varied for sleep and psychological scores (ISI) from 12.58 to 16.07 (SD=3.76 to 6.34 for December and September, respectively), (GAD-7) from 3.47 to 6.39 (SD=3.36 to 5.26 for December and June, respectively), and (PHQ-8) 4.47 to 6.10 (SD=4.65 to 4.39 for December and June, respectively). Conclusion: Results demonstrate high prevalence of insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and underscore the importance of examining mental health functioning and psychological resiliency on sleep in order to enhance prevention efforts in response to a significant stressor.
Introduction to this special section: Surface-wave applications

Abstract The use of surface waves can be found at all levels of seismology, from the near surface to exploration to earthquakes. Once the scourge of reflection processing, the need to remove this c...
Erythrocytosis and thromboembolic events in transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming testosterone.

Abstract Erythrocytosis is a well-recognized consequence of exogenous testosterone, however its prevalence and contributions to thrombosis remain unknown in the context of gender-affirming hormonal therapy. We undertook a retrospective study of transgender and non-binary (TGNB) adults receiving exogenous testosterone. In the retrospective sample, 923 transgender individuals receiving testosterone were identified with 519 having documented pre- and post-testosterone hemoglobin and hematocrit (Hgb/Hct). The mean peak Hgb/Hct was 15.7 g/dL, and 47.0%. Mean time-to-peak Hgb/Hct was 31.2 months; 7.8% developed a hemoglobin >17.5 g/dL, whereas 20% developed a hematocrit of >50%. Testosterone dose reduction occurred in 42% of patients with erythrocytosis and 4.8% underwent phlebotomy. Thromboembolic events occurred in 0.9%, of which 80% had developed erythrocytosis by either Hgb or Hct, including two cases each of superficial and calf vein thrombosis as well as one ischemic stroke. We then performed an analysis of 14,294,784 hospitalizations from the 2016–17 US National Inpatient Sample (NIS), which identified 4141 admissions involving transgender individuals. Of those, seven had erythrocytosis with one concurrent venous thromboembolic event. Hematocrit >50% occurs in up to 20% of transgender individuals receiving testosterone. Despite the high incidence of erythrocytosis, thromboembolic events and hospitalizations involving erythrocytosis were uncommon.
Progestins influence performance on cognitive tasks independent of changes in affective behavior

In this study, the effects of progestins on various cognitive and affective tasks were investigated. Ovariectomized rats (N = 72) received subcutaneously 0.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg of progesterone (P), dihydroprogesterone (DHP), or 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP) suspended in 10% ethanol/sesame oil v/v. For the cognitive tasks (Y-maze, inhibitory avoidance, and object recognition), the subjects were injected after habituation and training trials and were tested 24 h later. For the nociception and affective tasks (open field, elevated plus-maze, and tailflick), the subjects were injected 1 or 24 h before testing. P reduced latencies to the goal arm in the Y-maze, enhanced latencies to the shock-associated side of the inhibitory avoidance chamber, and increased the percentage of time with a novel object. DHP reduced latencies to the goal arm, increased the percentage of correct choices in the Y-maze, and increased crossover latencies in the inhibitory avoidance task. 3α,5α-THP administration enhanced performance in the inhibitory avoidance task. P, DHP, and 3α,5α-THP increased the number of entries into the central squares of a brightly lit open field, open arm time in the elevated plus-maze, and tailflick latencies, when administered 1 h, but not 24 h, prior to testing. These data suggest that some progestins, when administered following habituation and training and 24 h prior to testing, produce changes in cognitive performance that do not coincide with overt changes in the affective behaviors examined.
Alkaloid Production from Cinchona Cell and Organ Systems

Alkaloids from members of the genus Cinchona are important because they are used for antimalarial and antiarrhythmic therapy, and as a beverage bitter. In vitro cultures of species such as Cinchona ledgeriana and C. pubescens are being studied in various laboratories for their production of indole alkaloids, quinoline alkaloids, and anthraquinones, and for use as a micropropagation system. The extent to which cell and organ systems express the quinoline alkaloids quinine and quinidine and how their production is affected by growth regulators, differentiation and morphology, and alkaloid intermediates will be discussed. Examples of alkaloid intermediates to be considered are tryptophan, secologanin, strictosidine (isovincoside), 10-methoxystrictosidine, vincoside, and 10-methoxyvincoside.
What constructs underlie measures of honesty or integrity

The problem of assessing peoples’ honesty or integrity, predicting their trustworthiness and dependability, detecting their efforts to deceive others, etc. has long been the focus of research, speculation, and debate (Ekman, 1975; Ekman & O’Sullivan, 1991; Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984; Lykken, 1981; Murphy, 1993). Methods of addressing this problem run the gamut from those used in criminal investigations (e.g., forensic science, interrogation methods) to those used by most of us in everyday life (e.g., using nonverbal behaviors as clues that a person might be insincere when giving a compliment). Assessments of honesty, integrity, and dependability are of particular interest to organizations, for a number of reasons. In particular, there is evidence that workplace dishonesty, including theft, fraud, embezzlement, etc. is both widespread and costly.
SIMULATION AND DESIGN OF EVACUATED TUBULAR SOLAR RESIDENTIAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND COMPARISON WITH ACTUAL PERFORMANCE

Solar air conditioning systems have been viewed as having a lesser potential for widespread use than solar space heating or service hot water systems. One reason for this situation has been the inability conventional solar collectors to supply significant quantities of energy at the high generator temperatures required for absorption air conditioner operation. The availability of absorption air conditioners designed specifically for solar applications which have lower generator temperature requirements has alleviated this problem to some extent. Evacuated tubular collectors, with operating efficiencies of 2 to 10 times that of double glazed flat-plate collectors in the higher air conditioner operating temperature ranges, promise to alleviate this problem to a greater extent. This paper reports on a simulation and system design investigation of these considerations and a comparison of the simulation results with actual operating data.
Enantiomeric selectivity of carbovir transport.

Abstract Carbovir (9-[4 alpha-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-ene-1 alpha-yl]guanine) (CBV) is a carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine that exhibits potent and selective in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral activity is associated with only the (-)-enantiomer. The transport characteristics of both (-)-CBV and (+)-CBV were investigated in human erythrocytes at 37 degrees C using a papaverine-stop assay. The influx of both enantiomers appeared saturable and was inhibited greater than 90% by a combination of adenine (a low Km permeant of the nucleobase carrier) and dilazep (a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport). The influx of (-)-CBV and (+)-CBV proceeded primarily via the nucleobase carrier with Vmax (picomoles/second/5 microliters of cells)/Km (millimolar) values of 17/0.12 and 140/1.9, respectively. To a lesser extent, the influx of (-)-CBV and (+)-CBV also occurred via the nucleoside transporter. Although both compounds exhibited a similar low affinity for this latter carrier (Km approximately 2 mM), the Vmax for (-)-CBV influx was approximately 4-fold higher than the Vmax for (+)-CBV influx. We conclude that both CBV enantiomers enter human erythrocytes by two transporters that are enantiomerically selective.
Inflammatory bowel disease in Ashkenazi Jews: implications for familial colorectal cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a multifactorial etiology and includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Powerful epidemiologic and genetic studies have provided ample evidence that a subset of both CD and UC are attributable to a likely primary genetic etiology. This is evidenced by the recent identification of the IBD1 gene (NOD2) mutations which show an association with susceptibility to CD. The IBD complex shows a significant increased frequency in Jews when compared to non-Jews. While there is an increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with IBD, it nevertheless is important to realize that IBD likely accounts for no more than 1–3% of all cases of CRC in Ashkenazi Jews. Importantly, however, awareness of the increased CRC risk in IBD may aid immeasurably in preventive interventions. The molecular pathway leading to CRC in IBD appears to differ from the well-known adenoma-to-CRC sequence, given the fact that these cancers appear to arise from either flat, dysplastic tissue or dysplasia-associated lesions or masses (DALMs). An important model, but by no means an absolute one, for colon carcinogenesis in IBD follows progression from an absence of dysplasia, to indefinite dysplasia, to low-grade dysplasia, on to high-grade dysplasia, and ultimately to invasive CRC. This carcinogenic process relates to the disease duration with respect to the extent of colonic involvement and may also involve primary sclerosing cholangitis. Given this knowledge of an increased risk for CRC in UC and CD, surveillance colonoscopy should initially be performed 8–10 years after onset of symptoms as opposed to diagnosis, and it should be performed 1–2 years after 8 years of disease in patients with pancolitis or after 15 years in those with left-sided colitis. A search for dysplasia of colonic mucosa with biopsies performed in all four quadrants every 10 cm throughout the colon is exceedingly important. Additional biopsies should be taken of any flat lesions, masses, or strictures. Prophylactic colectomy may then be indicated when severe dysplasia is confirmed by knowledgeable pathologists.
Flight test data for light aircraft spoiler roll control systems

The results of flight tests to determine the characteristics of spoiler roll control systems on three different light aircraft are summarized. Comparisons are made with wind tunnel data where available. Flight tests indicate that excellent roll characteristics can be achieved with spoilers. Yaw coupling with roll control inputs is virtually eliminated. Roll rates remain high when flaps are deployed at low speed. Very mild nonlinearities in control effectiveness exist, and there was no deadband or lag detected.
PRIMUS: Effect of Galaxy Environment on the Quiescent Fraction Evolution at z < 0.8

We investigate the effects of galaxy environment on the evolution of the quiescent fraction ($f_\mathrm{Q}$) from z =0.8 to 0.0 using spectroscopic redshifts and multi-wavelength imaging data from the PRIsm MUlti-object Survey (PRIMUS) and the Sloan Digitial Sky Survey (SDSS). Our stellar mass limited galaxy sample consists of ~14,000 PRIMUS galaxies within z = 0.2-0.8 and ~64,000 SDSS galaxies within z = 0.05-0.12. We classify the galaxies as quiescent or star-forming based on an evolving specific star formation cut, and as low or high density environments based on fixed cylindrical aperture environment measurements on a volume-limited environment defining population. For quiescent and star-forming galaxies in low or high density environments, we examine the evolution of their stellar mass function (SMF). Then using the SMFs we compute $f_\mathrm{Q}(M_{*})$ and quantify its evolution within our redshift range. We find that the quiescent fraction is higher at higher masses and in denser environments. The quiescent fraction rises with cosmic time for all masses and environments. At a fiducial mass of $10^{10.5}M_\odot$, from z~0.7 to 0.1, the quiescent fraction rises by 15% at the lowest environments and by 25% at the highest environments we measure. These results suggest that for a minority of galaxies their cessation of star formation is due to external influences on them. However, in the recent Universe a substantial fraction of the galaxies that cease forming stars do so due to internal processes.
Voices from Behind Prison Walls

This study investigated the effects that training service dogs had on women in a multi-level security prison in California. Through semi-structured interviews, the inmates discussed the challenges and benefits of involvement in this program. The findings suggested that participation in training service dogs had positive effects on the women in the areas of emotional and or physical health, self-concept, goal-directed behaviors, empathy and self-control; and it resulted in an increase in positive interactions with other inmates and officers. The greatest challenge for the women was interacting with inmates and officers who were not supportive of the program.
A framework for teaching the timeless way of mapmaking

There are now many opportunities to learn how to make maps through technical training with mapmaking tools, including geographic information systems and web-based mapping services. In cartographic education, two challenges with teaching through practice stem from the disruptive nature of mapmaking tools and the tradition of teaching cartographic principles by rule or convention. This article outlines a framework for a pattern language to organize and share practical information about principles for making maps. The article provides an example pattern for mapmaking and discusses how this framework addresses recurring problems with teaching through practice.
Organizational Control in Secondary Schools.

In educational research and policy, there are two viewpoints on organizational control in secondary schools: one, that schools are highly decentralized organizations in which teachers have workplace autonomy and discretion; two, that schools are top-down bureaucracies in which teachers have little influence over school operations. Both of these perspectives who substantial empirical support, but there has been little effort to explain the simultaneous presence of these contradictory images. Richard Ingersoll argues in this article that these two images derive from implicit differences in their emphases and in their assumptions concerning how to assess organizational control in schools. In order to empirically ground the debate and offer a more elaborated and refined view of the issues, Ingersoll presents an analysis of data from the 1987-1988 Schools and Staffing Survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. He examines who controls key social, sorting, and behavioral activities and de...
Sustained-Release Hormonal Preparations XV: Release of Progesterone from Cholesterol Pellets In Vivo

Progesterone-sterol pellets were made that porvided a zero-order release of progesterone for 80 days. 4-(14)C-Progesterone was used to measure the release in vitro and in vivo. The dissolution rate in vitro (distilled water as the desorbing medium) for progesterone-cholesterol (59:41 w/w) and the progesterone-beta-sitosterol (47:53 w/w) pellets was 72 microng/100 mm2/24 hr. The average in vivo absorption from subcutaneously implanted pellets in rabbits was 2 +/- 0.1 microng/ml of plasma/cm2 of surface area. Of this amount, 20-25% was progesterone; the remainder was progesterone metabolites and conjugates. Zero-order release (plasma levels) was obtained for approximately 80 days or until about 70% of the available progesterone was exhausted. During this time, the level of excreted radioactivity in urine continuously decreased, indicating that monitoring only this parameter would lead to erroneous conclusions. A long-term effect and increased effectiveness were obtained with a 5-20-mg progesterone equivalent dose, using gel prepared from 2% methylcellulose as the suspending medium.
Effects of environmental conditions on point-of-care cardiac biomarker test performance during a simulated rescue: implications for emergency and disaster response.

Objective: To characterize the effects of environmental stress on point-of-care (POC) cardiac biomarker testing during a simulated rescue. Design: Multiplex test cassettes for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), CKMB, myoglobin, and D-dimer were exposed to environmental stresses simulating a 24-hour rescue from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands and back. We used Tenney environmental chambers (T2RC and BTRC) to simulate flight conditions (20°C, 10 percent relative humidity) and ground conditions (22.3-33.9°C, 73-77 percent). We obtained paired measurements using stressed versus control (room temperature) cassettes at seven time points (T1-7 with T1,2,6,7 during flight and T3-5 on ground). We analyzed paired differences (stressed minus control) with Wilcoxon signed rank test. We assessed the impact on decision-making at clinical thresholds. Results: cTnI results from stressed test cassettes (n = 10) at T4 (p 100 ng/L. With sample median concentration of 108 pg/mL, BNP results from stressed test cassettes differed significantly from controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite modest, short-term temperature elevation, environmental stresses led to erroneous results. False negative cTnI and BNP results potentially could miss acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, confounded treatment, and increased mortality and morbidity. Therefore, rescuers should protect POC reagents from temperature extremes.
HOPPING TRANSPORT AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT: ABSORPTION OF SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES

New theory of the width of the peaks of the diagonal conductivity in the quantum Hall effect suggested recently by Polyakov and Shklovskii is extended to describe the peak widths of attenuation of the surface acoustic waves (SAW). In contrast to electromagnetic waves, wavelength of SAW can be smaller than the relevant localization length. This leads to a drastic increase of the peaks widths. The latter are shown to grow as (Ts(ω)/T1)0.4 where the effective temperature Ts is about 400ħω for GaAs.
Shattuck Lecture. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in cell signaling and drug development.

In the 116th Shattuck Lecture, Nobel laureate Ferid Murad explains how nitric oxide was discovered to be a biologically important molecule and outlines its multiple roles.
Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture.

Abstract Habitat loss and exposure to pesticides are likely primary factors contributing to amphibian decline in agricultural landscapes. Conservation efforts have attempted to restore wetlands lost through landscape modifications to reduce contaminant loads in surface waters and providing quality habitat to wildlife. The benefits of this increased wetland area, perhaps especially for amphibians, may be negated if habitat quality is insufficient to support persistent populations. We examined the presence of pesticides and nutrients in water and sediment as indicators of habitat quality and assessed the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the tissue of two native amphibian species Pseudacris maculata (chorus frogs) and Lithobates pipiens (leopard frogs) at six wetlands (3 restored and 3 reference) in Iowa, USA. Restored wetlands are positioned on the landscape to receive subsurface tile drainage water while reference wetlands receive water from overland run-off and shallow groundwater sources. Concentrations of the pesticides frequently detected in water and sediment samples were not different between wetland types. The median concentration of atrazine in surface water was 0.2 μg/L. Reproductive abnormalities in leopard frogs have been observed in other studies at these concentrations. Nutrient concentrations were higher in the restored wetlands but lower than concentrations thought lethal to frogs. Complex mixtures of pesticides including up to 8 fungicides, some previously unreported in tissue, were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1500 μg/kg wet weight. No significant differences in pesticide concentrations were observed between species, although concentrations tended to be higher in leopard frogs compared to chorus frogs, possibly because of differences in life histories. Our results provide information on habitat quality in restored wetlands that will assist state and federal agencies, landowners, and resource managers in identifying and implementing conservation and management actions for these and similar wetlands in agriculturally dominated landscapes.
Centrally-administered AMPA antagonists increase locomotion in parkinsonian rats

It was shown in the present study that three antagonists of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor, including 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466) and 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3-(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione (YM90K), caused marked reversal of akinesia when administered into the entopeduncular nucleus of rats rendered parkinsonian by bilateral substantia nigra pars compacta lesion. These data suggest that centrally active AMPA antagonists may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
(n,m) Abundance evaluation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy.

A methodology that takes into account the (n,m) structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), through an exciton−exciton resonance model and an electron−phonon interaction model, was employed in order to evaluate the semiconducting (n,m) abundance of two SWNT samples (i.e., Co−MCM-41 and HiPco). This was based on photoluminescence and near-infrared absorption data obtained on aqueous suspensions of individually dispersed SWNTs. In the absence of known (n,m) abundance SWNT samples, we resorted to determining the diameter distribution curves for both samples, which were found to obey an unsymmetrical log-normal distribution, typical for vapor-phase particle growth. Using this log-normal function, we reconstructed the near-infrared E S11 absorption spectrum of the narrow diameter distribution Co−MCM-41 SWNT sample, which in turn enabled us to assess the predictions of these two theoretical models. High spectral reconstruction accuracy was obtained from the electron−phonon interaction model when consid...
Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited

[1] Frequent, high-precision geodetic data have temporally correlated errors. Temporal correlations directly affect both the estimate of rate and its standard error; the rate of deformation is a key product from geodetic measurements made in tectonically active areas. Various models of temporally correlated errors are developed and these provide relations between the power spectral density and the data covariance matrix. These relations are applied to two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements made frequently in California over the past 15-20 years. Previous analysis indicated that these data have significant random walk error. Analysis using the noise models developed here indicates that the random walk model is valid for about 30% of the data. A second 30% of the data can be better modeled with power law noise with a spectral index between 1 and 2, while another 30% of the data can be modeled with a combination of band-pass-filtered plus random walk noise. The remaining 10% of the data can be best modeled as a combination of band-pass-filtered plus power law noise. This band-pass-filtered noise is a product of an annual cycle that leaks into adjacent frequency bands. For time spans of more than 1 year these more complex noise models indicate that the precision in rate estimates is better than that inferred by just the simpler, random walk model of noise.
Oxygen Effects on Carbon, Polyphenols, and Nitrogen Mineralization Potential in Soil

Crop residue decomposition is affected by environmental factors and residue biochemical properties. These factors may contribute to management protocols that enhance soil organic matter accumulation in hot climates, which have characteristically high oxidation rates. The purpose of this experiment was to determine O 2 effects on soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO), water-soluble polyphenolics (WEP), arginine ammonification (ARG), and water-extractable C (WEC). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] residues in soil were incubated with headspace O 2 concentrations of 0.5, 10, or 21% (ambient) for up to 110 d. The PPO and PO were negatively related to WEP and WEC, mostly at 10 and 21% (P < 0.05). The WEP and WEC were significantly (P < 0.05) and negatively related to O 2 concentration. The WEP ranged from 0.5 mg kg -1 soil at 0.5% O 2 to near 0 at 10 and 21% O 2 . The WEC ranged from about 350 mg C kg -1 soil at 0.5% O 2 to <25 mg C kg - soil at 10 and 21% O 2 . The ARG rates were also negatively related to O 2 level with cowpea, but not as strongly as with sorghum. The ARG and WEC were negatively correlated. The ARG ranged from 6 mg N kg -1 soil at 0.5% O 2 to <0.5 mg N kg -1 soil at 21% O 2 through 110 d. The WEC and WEP varied independently during incubation. Our results suggest that soil organic C accumulation may be stimulated by (i) using cover crops with higher polyphenolic content, which could slow C mineralization, and (ii) restricting soil O 2 availability via reduced tillage.
Finite Element Analysis and Empirical Solution for Flexible Substrates Undergoing Large Equibiaxial Strains

Studies of cellular mechanobiology have depended heavily on the use of in vitro experiments. Many devices have been developed to probe those basic physical mechanisms responsible for cell culture mechanostimulus. The work reported here uses a system that imparts equibiaxial loading on a flexible substrate, similar to the Bioflex in Flexcell [1] family of products, to study cell response to mechanical load. The objective of this study is to incorporate an adaptive loading algorithm (ALA) in a finite element analysis (FEA) to update loading conditions, to obtain an accurate correlation between the substrate stain and applied pressure in the culture system. There is a good agreement between the strain predicted from the analysis and that from the direct measurement. Also, based on the mechanistic condition of physical constrains and a regression analysis of finite element results, we have developed an empirical formula to predict the pressure-strain relationship for large substrate strain levels (up to 15 %) to circumvent experimental measurement or FEA for the substrate strain. The results from this study can be used to validate experimental observations and provide a framework for advancing the apparatus to next level involving other loading cases and geometries.
Fabrication and characterization of poly-(ε)-caprolactone and bioactive glass composites for tissue engineering applications.

Much work has focused on developing synthetic materials that have tailored degradation profiles and physical properties that may prove useful in developing biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. In the present study, three different composite sheets consisting of biodegradable poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) and varying types of bioactive glass were investigated. The three composites were composed of 50wt.% PCL and (1) 50wt.% 13-93 B3 borate glass particles, (2) 50wt.% 45S5 silicate glass particles, or (3) a blend of 25wt.% 13-93 B3 and 25wt.% 45S5 glass particles. Degradation profiles determined for each composite showed the composite that contained only 13-93 B3 borate glass had a higher degradation rate compared to the composite containing only 45S5 silicate glass. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on the composites to determine the effect of adding glass to the polymer on mechanical properties. The peak stress of all of the composites was lower than that of PCL alone, but 100% PCL had a higher stiffness when pre-reacted in cell media for 6weeks, whereas composite sheets did not. Finally, to determine whether the composite sheets would maintain neuronal growth, dorsal root ganglia isolated from embryonic chicks were cultured on composite sheets, and neurite outgrowth was measured. The bioactive glass particles added to the composites showed no negative effects on neurite extension, and neurite extension increased on PCL:45S5 PCL:13-93 B3 when pre-reacted in media for 24h. This work shows that composite sheets of PCL and bioactive glass particles provide a flexible biomaterial for neural tissue engineering applications.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an update on current pharmacotherapy and future perspectives.

Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in childhood. Therapeutic advances in the treatment of JIA are occurring at a rapid rate, resulting in more ambitious therapeutic goals and increasing numbers of children experiencing complete clinical remission. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to summarize the available treatments for the management of arthritis and systemic features in children with JIA, including current evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of biologic agents and future therapeutic approaches. Expert opinion: With advances in pharmacotherapy, physical and functional outcomes in children with JIA have improved immensely. The establishment of research consortia among the pediatric rheumatology community has allowed for large controlled studies and enabled a better understanding of the safety and efficacy of these therapeutic agents in children. Long-term safety data remain limited and thus longer, larger safety studies are w...
Pyridine ligands as promoters in Pd(II/0)-catalyzed C-H olefination reactions.

Commercially available pyridine ligands can significantly enhance the rate, yield, substrate scope, and site selectivity of arene C–H olefination (Fujiwara–Moritani) reactions. The use of a 1:1 ratio of Pd/pyridine proved critical to maximize reaction rates and yields.
Low cancer incidence rates in Ohio Amish.

Background The Amish have not been previously studied for cancer incidence, yet they have the potential to help in the understanding of its environmental and genetic contributions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of cancer among the largest Amish population.