cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Press, Pulpit and Public Opinion: The Clergy's Conferral of Power and the Concomitant Call for a Journalism of Advocacy in an Age of Reform

This study of the discourse that appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in books, the newspaper trade journals, and periodicals—both secular and religious—reveals the pulpit's publicly stated conferral of its role of agent of education and moral uplift to the press as the moral agent for change in an age of reform and demographic upheaval. The pulpit's acknowledgment of the subsidence of the church's primacy in the area of public opinion and the enlargement of the perceived role of the press in society came with a call, however, for a journalism of advocacy that rejected the objective mode of journalism in order to battle for reform and moral uplift.
Effects of Carbon Monoxide Packaging on Color and Lipid Stability of Irradiated Ground Beef

: The effects of packaging atmosphere (aerobic, vacuum, or modified atmosphere with carbon monoxide) on ground beef treated with ionizing radiation were investigated. Measurements of color (CIE L*, a*, b*), lipid oxidation (TBA value), and sensory quality were conducted during 28 d of storage at refrigerated (0 to 2°C) temperatures. Irradiation significantly (p> 0.001) decreased color scores and increased TBA and off-odor scores. The MAP + CO treatments increased the L* and a* values (p < 0.001), regardless of irradiation dose. The TBA values for MAP + CO-packaged samples were well below the levels considered “rancid” (about 1.0). In addition, sensory scores indicated minimal production of irradiation off-odors with MAP + CO packaging.
POSITIVE RENT GRADIENTS AND ACCESSIBILITY IN THE DISPERSED TWO-DIMENSIONAL CITY

Abstract Empirical studies are reviewed which suggest the existence of a positive rent gradient in urban areas which is contrary to theoretical urban models. In order to measure general accessibility to a dispersed activity, the concept of potential is developed for a continuous density function, the negative exponential, and assuming travel speed in an urban area increases with distance from the core. It is shown that this general accessibility can increase with distance from the core and thus provides a more plausible explanation of observed land value functions than have previous theories which concentrate on core accessibility, or distance to the core.
n-type thermoelectric material Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25 for high power generation

Thermoelectric power generation is one of the most promising techniques to use the huge amount of waste heat and solar energy. Traditionally, high thermoelectric figure-of-merit, ZT, has been the only parameter pursued for high conversion efficiency. Here, we emphasize that a high power factor (PF) is equivalently important for high power generation, in addition to high efficiency. A new n-type Mg2Sn-based material, Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25, is a good example to meet the dual requirements in efficiency and output power. It was found that Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25 has an average ZT of 0.9 and PF of 52 μW⋅cm−1⋅K−2 over the temperature range of 25–450 °C, a peak ZT of 1.4 at 450 °C, and peak PF of 55 μW⋅cm−1⋅K−2 at 350 °C. By using the energy balance of one-dimensional heat flow equation, leg efficiency and output power were calculated with Th = 400 °C and Tc = 50 °C to be of 10.5% and 6.6 W⋅cm−2 under a temperature gradient of 150 °C⋅mm−1, respectively.
TANNIN HAZES IN DEPROTEINIZED APPLE JUICE

Haze development in deproteinized juices was followed during incubation at 50°C. Haze increased 15 times faster at pH 2.5 and 5 times faster at 3.0 than at pH 3.5. Salts enhanced haze formation, with their molar effectiveness in the order CaCl2 > MgCl2 > KCl > NaCl > Na2 SO4 > NaNO3. The rate of haze production in 0.7M NaCl was 16 times that found with no salt addition. The materials, presumably flavonoids, most readily precipitating with gelatin are the quickest to form hazes in deprotcinized systems, Juices from different cultivars varied in their tendency to form haze. Pectin and gum arabic (0.1%) retarded haze development.
Chromosome Malorientations after Meiosis II Arrest Cause Nondisjunction

This study investigated the basis of meiosis II nondisjunction. Cold arrest induced a fraction of meiosis II crane fly spermatocytes to form (n + 1) and (n - 1) daughters during recovery. Live-cell liquid crystal polarized light microscope imaging showed nondisjunction was caused by chromosome malorientation. Whereas amphitely (sister kinetochore fibers to opposite poles) is normal, cold recovery induced anaphase syntely (sister fibers to the same pole) and merotely (fibers to both poles from 1 kinetochore). Maloriented chromosomes had stable metaphase positions near the equator or between the equator and a pole. Syntelics were at the spindle periphery at metaphase; their sisters disconnected at anaphase and moved all the way to a centrosome, as their strongly birefringent kinetochore fibers shortened. The kinetochore fibers of merotelics shortened little if any during anaphase, making anaphase lag common. If one fiber of a merotelic was more birefringent than the other, the less birefringent fiber lengthened with anaphase spindle elongation, often permitting inclusion of merotelics in a daughter nucleus. Meroamphitely (near amphitely but with some merotely) caused sisters to move in opposite directions. In contrast, syntely and merosyntely (near syntely but with some merotely) resulted in nondisjunction. Anaphase malorientations were more frequent after longer arrests, with particularly long arrests required to induce syntely and merosyntely.
Habitat associations and diet of young-of-the-year Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) near Kodiak, Alaska

The influence of environmental variables and habitat on growth and survival of juvenile gadoid species in the Atlantic has been clearly demonstrated; conversely, in the North Pacific little is known about the habitat and ecology of juvenile Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius). The hypothesis that density of young-of-the-year (YOY) Pacific cod in nearshore habitats is predicted by shallow depth and the presence of eelgrass and macroalgae was tested in a variety of nearshore habitats adjacent to commercial fishing grounds near Kodiak Island, AK. From 10 to 22 Au- gust 2002, a beach seine and small-meshed beam trawl were used to capture YOY Pacific cod (n = 254) ranging from 42 to 110 mm fork length. Depth, water temperature, salinity, sediment grain size, and percent cover by emergent structure (i.e. tube-dwelling poly- chaetes, sea cucumber mounds, macroalgae) were measured prior to fishing. Density of YOY Pacific cod was highest in areas of moderate depth (15-20 m) and positively and linearly related to percent cover by sea cucumber mounds and to salinity. No previous studies have documented fish utilizing sea cucumber mounds as habitat. Furthermore, eelgrass and macroalgae were inconsequential to cod distribution. Diets consisted mainly of small calanoid copepods, mysids, and gammarid amphipods and were significantly related to cod length and depth. This work provides important information on previously undocumented factors that affect distribution and feeding of YOY Pacific cod, which ultimately influence growth and survival in this species.
Modal disparity enhancement through optimal insertion of nonstructural masses

Stiffness variation can be generated in a structure by the systematic application and removal of tension in cables connecting points in the structure. This strategy has been shown to result in modal disparity, a property of the combined structure and cable system that allows vibration energy to flow from one set of modes to another. This facilitates the design of simplified strategies for modal control of flexible structures using only a few selected modes. For some structures, however, cable tension switching may not result in sufficient modal disparity, and, in such cases, the rate of energy transfer across modes may not be sufficient to ensure rapid vibration suppression. Here, it is shown that such difficulty can be alleviated by the insertion of a few nonstructural masses. A procedure is outlined for determining the optimal location of these masses. Simulation results are presented to illustrate vibration control in a 3-D frame.
Local rigidity for certain groups of toral automorphisms

Let F ---- SL(n, 7.) or any subgroup of finite index, n > 4. We show that the standard action of F on T n is locally rigid, i.e., every action of F on T n by C °o diffeomorphisms which is sufficiently close to the standard action is conjugate to the standard action by a Coo diffeomorphism. In the course of the proof, we obtain a global rigidity result (Theorem 4.12) for actions of free abelian subgroups of maximal rank in SL(n, Z).
Micromachined Probes for Submillimeter-Wave On-Wafer Measurements—Part I: Mechanical Design and Characterization

The electromagnetic design and characterization of a micromachined submillimeter-wave on-wafer probe is presented. The mechanical design and fabrication of the probe is presented in the companion paper (Part I). Finite element simulations are applied to design an integrated probe chip to couple between rectangular waveguide and the ground-signal-ground (GSG) probe. Two designs based on different transmission line topologies are implemented and their performance assessed. The insertion loss of the probes over the WR-1.5 band measures between 6-10 dB and return loss measures from 10 to 15 dB. Offset short measurements are used to verify the performance of the probes and that they can be employed for calibrated on-wafer measurements.
Cognitive Structure Variables in Prose Learning

Four experiments were performed to determine the relationship between knowledge of meanings for key terms and the acquisition of information from prose. In Experiment I knowledge of meanings significantly influenced prose learning. Control group performance indicated that meaning knowledge did not independently influence test performance. In Experiment II with different materials the same factor, knowledge of meaning, did not facilitate learning from prose as measured by a verbatim-type test. A conceptual measure, however, revealed a facilitative effect attributed to meaning knowledge. Differences in the results of the two experiments are discussed. Experiments III and IV were designed to investigate the discrepancies from the first experiments. Neither the number of unfamiliar key terms nor the ratio of terms to prose, but the ratio of terms to related discussion was a factor which interacted with knowledge of meanings in its effect on learning from prose.
Predictors of the rise in vWF after ST elevation myocardial infarction: implications for treatment strategies and clinical outcome: An ENTIRE-TIMI 23 substudy.

Aims Prior studies suggest that acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are associated with endothelial activation and that this is of prognostic significance. We hypothesized that endothelial activation, as measured by a rise in von Willebrand Factor (ΔvWF), was influenced by the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade (TFG), the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) and the choice of anticoagulant therapy after fibrinolysis in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results Data were drawn from the enoxaparin and tenecteplase tissue plasminogen activator (TNK-tpa) with or without GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor as the reperfusion strategy in the STEMI trial (ENTIRE-TIMI 23). Three hundred and fourteen patients had serial measurements of vWF (baseline and 48–72 h) and angiographic data available. TFG<3 ( P =0.0042) or CTFC≥40 at 60 min ( P =0.0035) were associated with a higher ΔvWF. ΔvWF ≥75th percentile was associated with a higher incidence of death or myocardial infarction (MI) at 30 days, compared with <75th percentile (11.2 vs. 4.1%, P =0.027). Enoxaparin independently reduced the ΔvWF ( P =0.019) and also the composite of death or MI (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12–0.91, P =0.03) compared with unfractionated heparin. Conclusion In STEMI treated by fibrinolysis, coronary flow at 60 min and choice of adjunctive anticoagulant appear to be independent determinants of ΔvWF. Enoxaparin is independently associated with a reduction in ΔvWF and a reduction in death or MI. The clinical benefits of enoxaparin as an adjunctive treatment in STEMI may be mediated in part by a reduction in vWF release.
Diet of Adult Olympic Mudminnow, Novumbra hubbsi

Abstract Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi) is a small species endemic to western Washington State that inhabits marshy, wetland-type areas with abundant aquatic macrophytes. Because they can be locally abundant and may be the only fish species present, they may have important effects on the aquatic community. However, little is known about their diet under natural conditions. To get a detailed account of their feeding ecology, Olympic mudminnow were sampled from six sites. Three sites were sampled monthly from February to August 2012 and the other three sites were sampled once in June 2012. Gastric lavage was used to collect stomach samples from fish ≥ 40 mm total length (TL). Stomach samples were collected from 477 fish (40–75 mm TL). Olympic mudminnow diet was comprised primarily of aquatic invertebrates. By weight, oligochaetes and chironomid larvae were the predominant prey types but by number, copepods were the predominant prey type. Of the three monthly sample sites, diet overlap between seasons w...
We’ve Seen This Coming’: Resident Activists Shaping Neighborhood Redevelopment in Washington, D.C.

The North Capitol area of Washington, D.C, is entering a time of reassembly. Federal planners and private developers have answered the question, "Space for what?" with futuristic descriptions of a tree-lined gateway into the monumental core, a vision fast becoming reality. Residents are offering competing answers to the question, "Space for whom?" Activists in Northwest One would prefer that their area remain as housing for current residents, but they recognize the fruitlessness of using urban renewal-style protesting to halt current development efforts. Their efforts toward homeownership and job readiness have allowed some area residents to gain ownership of public housing, and others to purchase homes in surrounding neighborhoods. As the North Capitol area becomes more important in federal urban plans, as a new convention center and other private development continue, and as urban renewal controls expire, its space will be increasingly squeezed for growth. Two local community projects, Sursum Corda and the Perry School, demonstrate activists' intent to stay in the area and to use social services to prepare residents for economic opportunities in a changing climate. Activists see change coming and are preparing their neighbors and their buildings to harness development for their good.
Control of a multilevel converter using resultant theory

In this work, a method is given to compute the switching angles in a multilevel converter to produce the required fundamental voltage while at the same time cancel out specified higher order harmonics. Specifically, a complete analysis is given for a seven-level converter (three dc sources), where it is shown that for a range of the modulation index m/sub I/, the switching angles can be chosen to produce the desired fundamental V/sub 1/=m/sub I/(s4V/sub dc///spl pi/) while making the fifth and seventh harmonics identically zero.
A care pathway to boost influenza vaccination rates among inpatients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.

Background Although influenza-related morbidity and mortality is high, and influenza can be a trigger for recurrent stroke, only about half of stroke survivors receive yearly influenza vaccination. Identifying new avenues through which to optimize influenza vaccination among stroke survivors is a public health need. We assessed the feasibility of integrating influenza vaccination into routine inpatient stroke care. Methods We designed a quality improvement project incorporating influenza vaccination into care administered to hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack that included a standardized order and discharge checklist. Data were then prospectively collected on consecutively encountered patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack admitted to a university hospital stroke service during the influenza season of October 2007 to February 2008. Successful influenza treatment use was based on optimal rather than actual treatment, with credit for optimal treatment given if an acceptable reason for nonadministration of the vaccine was documented. Results Of 103 patients admitted during the study period, 75 (73%) were eligible for influenza vaccination (mean age 72.8 years; 51% women). Among vaccination-eligible patients, 65 (87%) received optimal influenza vaccination treatment, whereas 14 (21%) actually received the vaccination during hospitalization. Leading reason (90%) for suboptimal influenza vaccination treatment among eligible patients was that the vaccination was inadvertently not ordered on admission or at discharge. Conclusions Influenza vaccination can be systematically incorporated into stroke hospitalization and may be a viable avenue for promptly enhancing short-term clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with stroke during peak influenza season.
Three counterexamples concerning ω-chain completeness and fixed point properties

A partially ordered set, is ω-chain complete if, for every countable chain, or ω-chain, in P, the least upper bound of C, denoted by sup C, exists. Notice that C could be empty, so an ω-chain complete partially ordered set has a least element, denoted by 0.
Use of Software for Tablet Computers to Promote Engagement With Supported Employment: Results From an RCT

ObjectiveInformation technology is opening up new ways to engage people who may benefit from psychiatric services. This study examined an intervention to promote engagement in supported employment for use with a tablet computer.MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial, 45 clients at an urban community mental health agency received a software application for use with a computer tablet and a brochure to promote engagement with supported employment services (N=22) or only the brochure (N=23). Engagement was defined as requesting and attending an in-person meeting with an employment specialist within 30 days postintervention.ResultsEngagement was reported for 11 (50%) participants who received the tablet-based application and one participant (4%) who received only the brochure (odds ratio=22.95, 95% confidence interval=2.51–193.38).ConclusionsMobile computer–based engagement interventions can promote initial contact between clients and employment specialists.
Some approximate equilibria

Abstract It is by now well-known that there exists a system of prices at which decentralized, utility-maximizing behavior by a finite number of agents, each with convex preferences, leads to outcomes which ‘mesh’ in the aggregate. Technically, a competitive equilibrium is said to exist. The question arises as to what happens with non-convex preferences. Using Non-standard Analysis, we show that, provided the economy is ‘large’ enough, there exist various formulations of approximate competitive equilibria. We also relate our results to other work in this area.
Minimum energy per bit in wireless networks with correlated information

This paper develops a methodology for finding minimum energy per bit in networks with correlated information, without needing for find bounds on capacity. This is used to derive the minimum energy per bit for certain non-cooperative networks with common messages, and bounds on the minimum energy per bit in a MIMO broadcast channel with correlated information.
Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials

X-ray computed tomography, neutron computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are driving novel scientific advances by enabling rapid, non-destructive, three-dimensional examination and analysis of earth and planetary materials. Discoveries catalyzed by these approaches range across fields from environmental geology to petroleum geology, hydrology to soil science, paleontology to petrology, and geodynamics to meteoritics. They have impacted our understanding of hydrocarbon reservoirs, contaminant transport, climate change, CO2 sequestration, the evolution of life, crustal uplift, mantle metasomatism, planetary differentiation, and more. Three-dimensional imaging is likely soon to become an essential component of every investigator's toolkit, especially as instruments and facilities emerge that are optimized for increasingly sophisticated geological applications of these techniques, and as access to them expands.
Genome-wide analysis of small RNAs expressed by Yersinia pestis identifies a regulator of the Yop-Ysc type III secretion system

Small noncoding RNA (sRNA) molecules are integral components of the regulatory machinery for many bacterial species and are known to posttranscriptionally regulate metabolic and stress-response pathways, quorum sensing, virulence factors, and more. The Yop-Ysc type III secretion system (T3SS) is a critical virulence component for the pathogenic Yersinia species, and the regulation of this system is tightly controlled at each step from transcription to translocation of effectors into host cells. The contribution of sRNAs to the regulation of the T3SS in Yersinia has been largely unstudied, however. Previously, our lab identified a role for the sRNA chaperone protein Hfq in the regulation of components of the T3SS in the gastrointestinal pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Here we present data demonstrating a similar requirement for Hfq in the closely related species Yersinia pestis. Through deep sequencing analysis of the Y. pestis sRNA-ome, we found 63 previously unidentified putative sRNAs in this species. We identified a Yersinia-specific sRNA, Ysr141, carried by the T3SS plasmid pCD1 that is required for the production of multiple T3SS proteins. In addition, we show that Ysr141 targets an untranslated region upstream of yopJ to posttranscriptionally activate the synthesis of the YopJ protein. Furthermore, Ysr141 may be an unstable and/or processed sRNA, which could contribute to its function in the regulation of the T3SS. The discovery of an sRNA that influences the synthesis of the T3SS adds an additional layer of regulation to this tightly controlled virulence determinant of Y. pestis.
Fluidized Bed Biological Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Scale-Up on System Performance

The operation of a number of small and large scale biological fluidized bed pilot plants over the past ten years has resulted in the derivation of process and component information for design of commercial facilities. The General Motors (GM) Corporation represents the single, largest industrial user of the technology in the United States. Ten fluidized bed reactors are located at GM automotive manufacturing facilities. Nine of the reactors are designed to treat wastewaters originating from metalworking operations pretreated for removal of petroleum oils. The other reactor is designed for treatment of sanitary waste-water. In 1984 and 1985, GM completed extensive pilot plant studies and on the basis of the results selected the aerobic fluidized bed (AFB) process configuration for full scale implementation at various plant sites. The fluidized bed reactors located at the sites range in reactor volume from approximately 60 to 730 m3. The pilot plant results which formed the basis for process design of the full scale reactors involved operation of 77 l fluidized bed reactors. Operating information and performance results were derived from evaluation of full scale GM fluidized bed reactors located at the New Departure Hyatt (NDH) plant in Sandusky, Ohio and the Oldsmobile engine plant in Lansing, Michigan. The full scale results were compared to the pilot plant results with the objective of understanding the effects of scale-up on system operation and performance. A comparable level of reactor attached volatile solids (VS) was measured in the pilot and full scale reactors. Biomass net yield coefficients were higher in the full scale reactors, likely due to differences in the composition of the wastewater fed to the full scale versus the pilot scale units. Oxygen utilization coefficients were comparable. The full scale performance results compared favorably with results from the pilot plant studies on the basis of the relationship between effluent quality and reactor solids retention time (SRT).
The Role of Pre-stenting for Ureteroscopy

Many authors have investigated the role of ureteric stents after ureteroscopy. However, only few studies have evaluated the use of pre-stenting. This is defined as the insertion of a ureteral stent, by a separate procedure, prior to undertaking a planned ureteroscopy. This chapter discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and technical aspects of placing a stent before ureteroscopy.
Design Pattern Compositions in UML

Design patterns [15,19,5,14,6] document good solutions to recurring problems in a particular context. A design pattern systematically names, explains, and evaluates important and recurring design. The composition of design patterns [23,17,2,9,7,10,25,8] enables a higher level of reuse than individual design patterns and objects. The modeling and visualization of design patterns and their compositions are usually based on object-oriented modeling techniques that use graphical notations such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) [4,22,16]. UML is a general-purpose language for specifying, constructing, visualizing, and documenting artifacts of software-intensive systems. It provides a collection of notations to capture different aspects of the system under development.
Behavioral/Nonpharmacological Approaches to Addressing Cognitive-Linguistic Symptoms in Individuals With Dementia

Despite current barriers to developing and implementing nonpharmacological or behavioral cognitive-linguistic treatments for dementia, a growing evidence base indicates that individuals with dement...
High Precision Analog Multiplexers Enable Multi-Channel Data Acquisition in High Temperature Environments

Abstract A growing number of industries are calling for low power electronics that operate reliably at temperatures of 175C and higher. Many of these applications require a precision data acquisition signal chain in order to digitize analog data so that it can be collected and processed. We previously presented a characterized signal chain for a single channel of analog to digital conversion designed around a 600ks ps SAR ADC. However, many systems have a multitude of sensor signals that must be acquired at varying sample rates. In this work we discuss two new analog multiplexers rated for 175°C/210°C that allow multiple analog signals to be connected to the ADC input, enabling the design of a precision multi-channel data acquisition system. One multiplexer is designed on a robust dielectrically isolated process for high performance and low leakage over temperature, and one multiplexer is optimized for low power, low voltage applications. We will examine the architecture of these two integrated circuits, ...
Intraoperative Autotransfusion_A Means of Reducing Demand on Blood Bank Stores

This retrospective study of 94 patients who received intraoperative autotransfusion indicates that this procedure is a safe, fast method of procuring a compatible blood supply in emergency situations. Intraoperative autotransfusion is a means of reinfusing autologous blood during surgery. The patient's blood is collected from the surgical site, filtered and reinfused. The technique is performed by highly trained, certified perfusionists using a modified Bentley® system. Patient charts were studied to determine if any adverse side-effects were caused by the procedure. Patients received from 500 ml to 22,000 ml of blood during surgery, with autologous blood constituting from 1% to 100% of the blood received. Use of intraoperative autotransfusion resulted in a net average savings of 3.4 units of banked blood per patient.
The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in Pediatric Trauma.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the management of blunt and penetrating pediatric trauma has evolved in the past 30 years. Laparoscopy and thoracoscopy possess high levels of diagnostic accuracy with low associated missed injury rates. Currently available data advocate limiting the use of MIS to blunt or penetrating injuries in the hemodynamically stable child. In the pediatric trauma population, MIS offers both diagnostic and therapeutic potential, as well as reduced postoperative pain, a decreased rate of postoperative complications, shortened hospital stay, and potentially reduced cost.
Cerebrovascular Remodeling and Neuroinflammation is a Late Effect of Radiation-Induced Brain Injury in Non-Human Primates

Fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI) is a mainstay of treatment for patients with intracranial neoplasia; however late-delayed radiation-induced normal tissue injury remains a major adverse consequence of treatment, with deleterious effects on quality of life for affected patients. We hypothesize that cerebrovascular injury and remodeling after fWBI results in ischemic injury to dependent white matter, which contributes to the observed cognitive dysfunction. To evaluate molecular effectors of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, Brodmann area 46), hippocampus and temporal white matter of 4 male Rhesus macaques (age 6–11 years), which had received 40 Gray (Gy) fWBI (8 fractions of 5 Gy each, twice per week), and 3 control comparators. All fWBI animals developed neurologic impairment; humane euthanasia was elected at a median of 6 months. Radiation-induced brain injury was confirme...
1,2-Diazocines,1,3-Diazocines,Triazocines,and Tetrazocines

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the eight-membered heterocycles containing (a) two nitrogens, (b) three nitrogens, and (c) four nitrogens. In this chapter, all the compounds are classified according to the actual relationship of the eight-membered ring nitrogens to each other, regardless of formal nomenclature. The 1,4,5 benzotriazocine is covered in the section on 1,2,5-triazocines. The chapter discusses the preparative methods, the structural aspects, and the chemical reaction of l,2-diazocines, 1,3-diazocines, triazocines, and tetrazocines. The formation of a 1,2-diazocine by cyclization or ring closure is accomplished by the formation of the N=N or N-N bond by the coupling of open-chain dinitro or diamino compounds. The three methods are reported for the syntheses of 1,2-diazocines by means of ring-expansive cycloaddition reactions. The applications of each compound are also discussed.
Methods to Evaluate Cell Growth, Viability, and Response to Treatment in a Tissue Engineered Breast Cancer Model

The use of in vitro, engineered surrogates in the field of cancer research is of interest for studies involving mechanisms of growth and metastasis, and response to therapeutic intervention. While biomimetic surrogates better model human disease, their complex composition and dimensionality make them challenging to evaluate in a real-time manner. This feature has hindered the broad implementation of these models, particularly in drug discovery. Herein, several methods and approaches for the real-time, non-invasive analysis of cell growth and response to treatment in tissue-engineered, three-dimensional models of breast cancer are presented. The tissue-engineered surrogates used to demonstrate these methods consist of breast cancer epithelial cells and fibroblasts within a three dimensional volume of extracellular matrix and are continuously perfused with nutrients via a bioreactor system. Growth of the surrogates over time was measured using optical in vivo (IVIS) imaging. Morphologic changes in specific cell populations were evaluated by multi-photon confocal microscopy. Response of the surrogates to treatment with paclitaxel was measured by optical imaging and by analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 in the perfused medium. Each method described can be repeatedly performed during culture, allowing for real-time, longitudinal analysis of cell populations within engineered tumor models.
Insulin binding and glucose transport.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the insulin binding and glucose transport. The insulin binding is explained with the help of recent data on cellular localization, cooperativity, regulation of receptors and receptors in normal and transformed cells. The action of insulin starts with the binding of the hormone to specific receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells. Studies of insulin receptors require a satisfactory reagent probe, one with the same biological properties as the native insulin. The monoiodinated insulin has a biological activity similar to native insulin, based on stimulation of glucose oxidation by fat cells. For glucose transport, the chapter reviews various regulatory aspects, such as cell growth, adaptation, and hormonal influences in normal and neoplastic cells. The chapter focuses on the mechanism and regulation of glucose transport in cells where glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion. This process is mediated by a specific glucose carrier but does not require energy; therefore, the direction of glucose flux is in accordance with its concentration gradient. The most common experimental design for measuring rates of substrate transport is the zero-trans influx procedure.
Verteporfin-Loaded Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(beta-amino ester)-Poly(ethylene glycol) Triblock Micelles for Cancer Therapy

Amphiphilic polymers can be used to form micelles to deliver water-insoluble drugs. A biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE)-PEG triblock copolymer was developed that is useful for drug delivery. It was shown to successfully encapsulate and pH-dependently release a water-insoluble, small molecule anticancer drug, verteporfin. PEG-PBAE-PEG micelle morphology was also controlled through variations to the hydrophobicity of the central PBAE block of the copolymer in order to evade macrophage uptake. Spherical micelles were 50 nm in diameter, while filamentous micelles were 31 nm in width with an average aspect ratio of 20. When delivered to RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, filamentous micelles exhibited a 89% drop in cellular uptake percentage and a 5.6-fold drop in normalized geometric mean cellular uptake compared to spherical micelles. This demonstrates the potential of high-aspect-ratio, anisotropically shaped PEG-PBAE-PEG micelles to evade macrophage-mediated clearance. Both ...
The Role of Percutaneous Nephrostomy in the Management of Obstructing Candidiasis of the Urinary Tract in Infants

AbstractWe report on 5 neonates with obstructive urinary tract candidiasis in whom percutaneous nephrostomy had a major role in management. The advantages of percutaneous nephrostomy in this setting include prompt drainage of the obstructed renal pelvis or ureter, direct access to obtain specimens from the renal pelvis to confirm the diagnosis, direct irrigation of the fungus balls with amphotericin B and an access route for fragmentation of fungus balls by guide wire manipulation. In 3 cases percutaneous placement of the nephrostomy tube was successful in obtaining and maintaining access to the renal pelvis, while in 2 surgical intervention was required because of problems maintaining placement of the percutaneous catheters. Percutaneous nephrostomy with antegrade amphotericin B irrigation, coupled with systemic antifungal therapy, is the mainstay of treatment. The usefulness of ultrasonography in the early diagnosis of renal candidiasis also is emphasized.
The Role of Complexed Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Cancer Screening

Complexed prostate-specific antigen (cPSA) testing has been shown to have greater specificity in detecting prostate cancer than total PSA testing. Factors supporting the use of cPSA measurement in clinical screening include greater stability, longer half-life, less day-to-day variation, and less variation in the setting of confounding factors. Studies have found that cPSA offers comparable and perhaps superior performance to percent free PSA. cPSA may also have important predictive nomograms for pathologic staging of patients with localized prostate cancer. Investigation into the uses of cPSA testing has critical implications for the future of prostate cancer screening. The use of cPSA as a more specific method of detection for prostate cancer would reduce the number of biopsies performed and the overall cost of screening. To integrate cPSA testing into standard care, specific standards and guidelines are required.
PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA—A SANITATION PROBLEM1 2

The Weber and Black method for evaluating germicides was used to compare the efficiency of hypochlorite and quarternary ammonium compounds in the destruction of representative psychrophilic bacteria isolated from defective milk products. Under conditions of the test, hypochlorites displayed a more rapid germicide action than quaternary ammonium compounds against suspensions of the psychrophilic bacteria studied. The germicidal action of a quaternary ammonium compound was markedly stimulated by the addition of certain complex phosphate salts.
Comparing Alternative Breast Milk Feeding Questions to U.S. Breastfeeding Surveillance Questions.

Background: Most mothers in the United States express their milk, which is then bottle fed to their infants. The National Immunization Survey (NIS), used to report national breastfeeding prevalence, asks about infant breast milk consumption, regardless of whether it is consumed at the mother's breast or from a bottle. The NIS data are often erroneously interpreted, however, to mean prevalence of at-the-breast feeding. We hypothesized that over half of infants classified as breastfed at 3, 6, and 12 months by the NIS questions would also be consuming expressed breast milk. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 456 mothers of infants 19-35 months of age recruited through ResearchMatch.org completed an online infant-feeding questionnaire. The questionnaire included both the NIS questions and more-detailed questions about feeding mode, distinguishing between at-the-breast and bottle. Results: Based on responses of our sample to the NIS questions, it could be interpreted that 74%, 64%, and 39% of mother-infant dyads were at-the-breast feeding at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. However, at each time point, most infants consumed at least some breast milk from a bottle. As infants got older, the proportion of breast milk consumed from a bottle increased. Conclusions: In this U.S. sample, the predominant breast milk feeding style involves both at-the-breast and expressed breast milk feeding. Future research and national surveillance should consider including separate measures of maternal breast milk expression and infant consumption of expressed breast milk to enable meaningful exploration of maternal and infant outcomes associated with these asynchronous behaviors.
Modifying Reaction Diffusion: A Numerical Model for Turing Morphogenesis and Ben Jacob Patterns

Modeling the development of organisms and diseases has been of interest for decades. Often, complex systems of development or signaling pathways can be explained and modeled to a high degree of accuracy with only a few simplifying assumptions. Complex systems such as pattern development, bacterial growth, and tumor formation can be modeled numerically using a reaction diffusion model with relatively few factors and still give accurate results, allowing exploration of equilibrium and non-equilibrium solutions. Here, applications of numerical diffusion to morphogenesis and bacterial growth are presented for the test cases of leopard spots and Ben-Jacob bacterial fractals, with wide-reaching implications for biological modeling.
Flash in action: scalable spatial data analysis using Markov logic networks

The current explosion in spatial data raises the need for efficient spatial analysis tools to extract useful information from such data. However, existing tools are neither generic nor scalable when dealing with big spatial data. This demo presents Flash; a framework for generic and scalable spatial data analysis, with a special focus on spatial probabilistic graphical modelling (SPGM). Flash exploits Markov Logic Networks (MLN) to express SPGM as a set of declarative logical rules. In addition, it provides spatial variations of the scalable RDBMS-based learning and inference techniques of MLN to efficiently perform SPGM predictions. To show Flash effectiveness, we demonstrate three applications that use Flash in their SPGM: (1) Bird monitoring, (2) Safety analysis, and (3) Land use change tracking.
Police Professionalism: Another Look at the Issues

The concept of professionalism is frequently used as a frame of reference for evaluating the organizational status of the American police. Observers generally conclude that the police lack most of the essential features of professional status. This paper questions the utility of using such a standard for evaluating the police. The professions of medicine, law and education are themselves in a state of flux. In particular, the crucial concept of professional autonomy appears increasingly incompatible with the goal of public accountability. Rather than expect the police to strive toward the traditional forms of professionalism, we should think in terms of creating appropriate mechanisms for ensuring public accountability for all service occupations.
Heterogeneous Mixed-Signal Monolithic 3-D In-Memory Computing Using Resistive RAM

Resistive random access memory (RRAM)-based compute-in-memory architecture helps overcome the bottleneck caused by large memory transactions in the convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerators. However, their deployment using 2-D IC technology faces challenges, as today’s RRAM cells remain at legacy nodes above 20 nm due to high programming voltages. Besides, power-hungry analog-to-digital converter (ADC) units limit the throughput of RRAM accelerators. In this article, we present the first-ever heterogeneous (multiple technology nodes) mixed-signal monolithic 3-D IC designs of the RRAM CNN accelerator. Our RRAM remains at legacy 40-nm nodes in one tier, but CMOS periphery scales toward advanced 28/16 nm in another tier. Our 3-D designs overcome the bottleneck caused by ADCs and offer up to $4.9\times $ improvement in energy efficiency in TOPS/W and up to 50% reduction in footprint area over 40-nm 2-D IC designs. Compared with existing 2-D works, our 3-D architecture offers up to $28.6\times $ improvement in energy efficiency.
Strong relaxations for continuous nonlinear programs based on decision diagrams

Abstract Decision Diagrams (DDs) have arisen as a powerful tool to solve discrete optimization problems. The extension of this emerging concept to continuous problems, however, has remained a challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework that utilizes DDs to model continuous nonlinear programs. This framework, when combined with the array of techniques available for discrete problems, illuminates a new pathway to solving mixed integer nonlinear programs with the help of DDs.
Queer Politics, the Gay Bar, and Hapless Victimhood during COVID-19: A Brief Response to Burns (2021) Queerness as/and Political Attunement

This article offers a brief response to questions posed in Queerness as/and Political Attunement (Burns, 2021). Here we challenge the notion that discussions of queer oppression during, and beyond,...
COVID-19 Epidemic and Its Impact on Economy and Society

The COVID-19 epidemic has had a huge impact on nations particularly the nationwide lockdowns that have brought social and economic life to a standstill. An environment that has once buzzed with events has fallen silent and all the resources have been redirected to face the unprecedented crisis. Although lockdown and social distancing lead, on the one hand, to a loss of competitiveness, they lead, on the other hand, to a dramatic drop in consumer demand for products and services in the economy, leading to a fall in economic activity. However, the only cost-effective methods available for preventing the spread of COVID-19 are lockdown and social distancing. This research therefore aimed to examine the influence of COVID-19 on the life of the person as a whole. The key objectives of the research are as follows: 1. To study the impact on the economy of the COVID-19 epidemic 2. Identifying the effects on fishermen and migratory labour of the COVID-19 epidemic 3. To highlight the epidemic of COVID-19 and to influence society and family life 4. To evaluate the effect of epidemic preparations and preventive measures for COVID-19 in India. This research is focused on secondary information obtained from multiple sources such as journal articles, magazines, the internet, newspapers, books and studies published and unpublished by different governmental bodies, non-governmental organisations and the Commission. The Corona virus pandemic severely affects the lives of individuals as a whole. The serious effects of this condition are directly or indirectly faced by everyone in the world. Unprecedented lockdowns and emergencies have been declared by many nations. The government shuts down schools, colleges, universities, the market for pubs, the mall, the shopping centre, etc. In developed and emerging societies, an atmosphere of fear, anxiety and stress has been established. This disorder, however, causes many other problems due to its intense isolation and lockdown steps, including social anxiety, panic states due to instability, economic recessions and extreme mental stress. Coordinated measures are needed to contain this virus, and individuals need to make uncomfortable but important adjustments to their everyday routine in compliance with the government and WHO's advice and suggestions. This would provide medical personnel with more opportunities to intervene efficiently with the limited resources available to them and to purchase considerable time to position additional resources for the managed management of this current epidemic.
Effect of Severe Distal Tibia, Ankle, and Mid- to Hindfoot Trauma on Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines 18 Months After Injury

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of severe lower extremity trauma on meeting Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (PAGA) 18 months after injury and perform an exploratory analysis to identify demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with meeting PAGA. DESIGN Secondary analysis of observational cohort study. SETTING A total of 34 United States trauma centers PARTICIPANTS: A total of 328 adults with severe distal tibia, ankle and mid- to hindfoot injuries treated with limb reconstruction (N=328). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity levels 18 months after injury. Meeting PAGA was defined as combined moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity ≥150 minutes per week or vigorous-intensity activity ≥75 minutes per week. RESULTS Fewer patients engaged in moderate- or vigorous-intensity activity after injury compared with before injury (moderate: 44% vs 66%, P<.001; vigorous: 18% vs 29%; P<.001). Patients spent 404±565 minutes per week in combined moderate- to vigorous-intensity activity before injury compared with 224±453 minutes postinjury (difference: 180min per week; 95% confidence interval [CI], 103-256). The adjusted odds of meeting PAGA were lower for patients with depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.73), women (AOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35-1.00), and Black or Hispanic patients (AOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.85). Patients meeting PAGA prior to injury were more likely to meet PAGA after injury (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.20-3.31). CONCLUSIONS Patients spend significantly less time in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity after injury. Patients with depression are less likely to meet PAGA. Although the causal relationship is unclear, results highlight the importance of screening for depression.