cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon footprint of water conveyance versus desalination as alternatives to expand water supply.

Abstract This research compares the cost and the carbon footprint of two potential water supply options: seawater desalination and water conveyance from remote locations. System dynamic modeling is used to simulate the water system and future water needs of the arid Las Vegas Valley (LVV), located in Nevada, US as an example case. Since, LVV is not a coastal city, the seawater desalination supply option is actually a paper-transfer agreement between Nevada and California or Mexico in which Nevada will build a desalination plant in the Pacific Ocean of California or Mexico and in turn withdraw an equivalent amount of Colorado River water from Lake Mead. The conveyance option involves pumping water from a remote location, located 421 km away. The analysis showed that the energy requirement for the seawater desalination (0.53 million MW h/year) is 96% higher as compared to the water conveyance (0.27 million MW h/year). Similarly, associated CO2 emissions for seawater desalination (0.25 million metric tons/year) is 47.5% higher than that for water conveyance (0.17 million metric tons/year). However, the unit cost of water for seawater desalination is lower ($0.56/m3) compared to the water conveyance ($0.68/m3).
The effect of prostaglandins on 11-β hydroxylase activity in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria☆

Abstract The effects of prostaglandins of the E, F, and A series on 11-β hydroxylase activity was examined by monitoring the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol. PGA1 and PGA2 were found to significantly increase steroid 11-β hydroxylation at the three doses tested. In general, prostaglandins of the E and F series inhibit cortisol formation when compared with untreated controls. These findings suggest that prostaglandin-induced alterations in adrenal steroidogenesis are in part the result of a direct interaction between prostaglandins and enzymes of the steroid biosynthetic pathway.
Before New Jerusalem: Patriarch Nikon’s Iverskii and Krestnyi Monasteries

This essay analyzes the ideas, events and processes leading to the establishment of Patriarch Nikon’s Iverskii (1653) and Krestnyi (1656) monasteries and their endowment by Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, highlighting the explanations supplied in the patriarch’s Gramota o Krestnom monastyre (1656) and Rai Myslennyi (1658). The article offers a more complex picture of Nikon’s patriarchate (1652-1666) by locating his monastery building program within the context of the concurrent reforms church texts and rituals and his efforts to help promote the reimaging of Russian dynastic and “national” myths through the use of print, iconography and symbolic replications. Iverskii and Krestnyi monasteries were part of a lager “scenarios” designed to (re)establish Russia’s claimed inheritance of the Byzantine legacy and fulfill its potential as “New Jerusalem,” while simultaneously enhancing Nikon’s and the Romanov dynasty’s image and legitimacy. Nikon developed an updated version of the “ancient” past, connected it directly with the reign of Aleksei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), embedded it in the reforms of the Russian Church, and employed it to support his vision of Russia’s future as a new Israel, represented concretely in his monastic foundations. By reinforcing Aleksei Mikhailovich’s image as the “new Constantine,” Nikon offered the tsar a premier role in the construction of a Russian “New Jerusalem” and produced opportunities for he and his family to endow it. Thus, the construction of Nikon’s monasteries offered the Romanovs perfect forums to actively build their own image as the legitimate heirs to the Byzantine imperial legacy and as the ultimate champions of Orthodoxy.
Mitral valve annular velocity measurements derived from cine MRI: validation against Doppler echocardiography

Summary Assessment of mitral annular tissue velocity plays an essential role in the evaluation of diastolic dysfunction. We have previously shown that mitral annular velocities can be derived from standard four-chamber cine SSFP images by automatically detecting and tracking the mitral valve insertion points [1]. However, this method has not been validated against tissue Doppler echocardiography, the standard clinical method for evaluating diastolic function. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of early and late diastolic (e’ and a’) mitral annular velocities derived from high temporal resolution SSFP cine by correlating with tissue Doppler echocardiography.
Numerical study of air-jet vortex generators in a turbulent boundary layer

The air-jet vortex generator has been proposed as a credible alternative to the more conventional vane vortex generator. Numerical models of the flow in the neighbourhood of these devices have been constructed to evaluate their potential benefits. The objective of this paper is to consider the sensitivity of a numerical model of a single air-jet vortex generator to the way in which the jet is modelled. The flows were assumed fully turbulent and were solved using the finite volume, Navier–Stokes Code CFX 4 (CFDS, AEA Technology, Harwell) on a non-orthogonal, body-fitted, grid using the k–e turbulence model and standard wall functions. Streamwise and cross-stream velocity profiles are presented to describe the vortex strength and position. Predicted results were also compared with experimental data. A reasonably good match was observed between the predicted and the experimental streamwise velocity data. However, the magnitudes of the predicted cross flow velocity components were rather weak compared to those of the experiments. The results indicate that the downstream behaviour of the predicted vortex is largely unaffected by the shape of the velocity profile of the incoming jet.
Modeling allocative inefficiency in a translog cost function and cost share equations: An exact relationship

Abstract Previous studies using translog cost function used ad hoc specifications to model allocative inefficiency in the cost function and the cost share equations. This paper uses a translog cost function and establishes an exact relationship between allocative inefficiency in the cost share equations and in the cost function. Such an exact relationship was believed to be possible only for self dual production functions.
Reducing venipuncture and intravenous insertion pain with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic: a meta-analysis.

Background: The eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA), by producing dermal anesthesia through contact with intact skin, has become a major indication for the reduction of pain experienced during venipuncture (VE) and intravenous (IV) insertion. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the mean effect sizes and moderators of EMLA cream application in reducing VE and IV insertion pain. Method: A meta-analysis of 20 studies was conducted to determine the magnitude of the effect of EMLA cream on VE and IV insertion pain. Effect sizes were calculated three ways: weighted, unweighted, and weighted by quality index score. Potential moderating variables of sample age, premedication, therapist control, insertion site, application duration, research design, pain scale, and funding, were investigated for their influence on EMLA's effect. Results: EMLA cream had a large significant effect on VE pain (d = 1.05) with a 95% confidence interval from .92 to 1.34 and a large significant effect on IV insertion pain (d = 1.04) with a 95% confidence interval from .84 to 1.46. Subject age (child versus adult), type of pain scale, number of therapists, location of insertion site, premedication, funding, or study design did not appear to act as effect modifiers. Conclusions: EMLA cream can significantly decrease VE and IV insertion pain in 85% of the population.
Microautomation of semiconductor fabrication

Micro-automation is defined as the automatic control of processes that require that relative motions be achieved with micron or submicron accuracy. This article discusses micro- automation of mechanical processes in fabrication of semiconductor devices. We identify a few applications of micro-automation, elaborate on the general system requirements, and present a specific realization of a micro-automation system which uses optical sensing and magnetic actuation.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A low-contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations

Abstract A simple procedure for the decomposition of zircon and the extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations has been developed and tested ( Krogh , 1971a,b). Samples are decomposed at 220°C with 48 per cent HF in a Teflon® capsule confined by a self-sealing stainless steel jacket. Uranium and lead are isolated on a Teflon® anion exchange column using Dowex 1 resin. Measured lead contamination levels range from 0.5 to 5.0 ng. In contrast, lead blanks for the borax fusion technique used in all previous zircon analyses are typically 0.2 to 1.0 μg. Eight small samples weighing 0.3 to 7 mg contained 30 to 260 ng of Pb206. The average value for the total amount of common lead present in the lead isotopic composition analysis, contributed from both the sample and the chemical procedures, was 1.4 ng. The highest Pb 206 Pb 204 ratio measured to date (126,000) was obtained on a 0.1-g sample that contained 50 ppm of Pb206. An exact determination of the amount of common lead in zircons is now possible. A maximum value of 0.3 ppm was found for fourteen nonmagnetic zircon fractions from granites and rhyolites. Higher values reported in the literature suggest that lead contamination levels are often underestimated in the analysis of zircons by the borax fusion technique. The silica-gel loading technique for lead provides stable emission for small samples as well as limited isotopic fractionation in the mass spectrometer. These features, combined with the low levels of lead contamination and the high precision of mass spectrometric analyses, make possible an average reproducibility (for duplicate decompositions of the same finely ground sample) of 0.3 m.y. for lead 207 206 ages of 2750 m.y. The new method requires fewer reagents and is much easier than the borax fusion technique.
Prefrontal cortical and hippocampal modulation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors in the rat

Effects of prefrontal cortical or hippocampal excitotoxic lesions on behavioral parameters related to dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia were investigated in the rat. We examined haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors after ibotenic acid lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), dorsal (DH), or ventral hippocampus (VH) in adult rats. Haloperidol-induced (1 mg/kg) catalepsy was decreased in rats with either MPFC or VH but not DH lesions. While both DH and VH lesioned animals demonstrated a reduction in apomorphine-induced (0.75 mg/kg) stereotypic behaviors, the VH lesioned animals also showed an enhancement of locomotor activity. MPFC lesioned rats tended towards potentiation of stereotypic behaviors and reduced locomotion after apomorphine administration. These data indicate that loss of prefrontal cortical or hippocampal modulation leads to an enhancement of DA transmission within the basal ganglia, though the pattern of augmentation depends on the area lesioned.
Obstetrical complications in children at high risk for bipolar disorder

Abstract Objective To examine obstetrical complications as a risk factor for developing bipolar disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that children with a bipolar parent would be at greater risk for obstetrical complications than demographically matched children of healthy adults. Additionally, within this “at-risk” (AR) sample, we hypothesized that obstetrical complications would be associated with the development of psychiatric disorders. Methods The Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U KSADS) was administered to children (AR) who had at least one parent with BPD ( N = 36) and children of healthy parents (HC) ( N = 27), by raters who were blind to diagnostic category. To assess obstetrical risk history, the Rochester Research Obstetrical Scale (ROS) was administered to parents of AR and HC children. Results Children at familial risk for BPD had greater total ( p = 0.02) and prenatal ( p = 0.006) obstetrical complication scores than children of healthy parents. However, obstetrical complications were not associated with the development of affective, anxiety, or disruptive behavioral disorders within the at-risk group. Conclusion Our data suggest that compared with children of families without BPD, children of parents with BPD may be at greater risk for obstetrical complications, particularly those that occur during the prenatal period; however, at this early follow-up period factors other than obstetrical complications appear to contribute to the differences in rates of psychiatric disorders between these groups.
Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin—I. Methane sediment-water exchange processes

Methane produced in anoxic organic-rich sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, enters the water column via two seasonally dependent mechanisms: diffusion and bubble ebullition. Diffusive transport measured in situ with benthic chambers averages 49 and 163 μmol · m −2 · hr −1 during November–May and June–October respectively. High summer sediment methane production causes saturation concentrations and formation of bubbles near the sediment-water interface. Subsequent bubble ebullition is triggered by low-tide hydrostatic pressure release. June–October sediment-water gas fluxes at the surface average 411 ml (377 ml STP: 16.8 mmol) · m−2 per low tide. Bubbling maintains open bubble tubes which apparently enhance diffusive transport. When tubes are present, apparent sediment diffusivities are 1.2–3.1-fold higher than theoretical molecular values reaching a peak value of 5.2 × 10−5 cm2 · sec−1. Dissolution of 15% of the rising bubble flux containing 86% methane supplies 170μmol · m−2 · hr−1 of methane to the bight water column during summer months; the remainder is lost to the troposphere. Bottom water methane concentration increases observed during bubbling can be predicted using a 5–15 μm stagnant boundary layer dissolution model. Advective transport to surrounding waters is the major dissolved methane sink: aerobic oxidation and diffusive atmospheric evasion losses are minor within the bight.
Chronological changes in electrolyte levels in arterial blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice after exposure to an edemagenic gas.

Detection of acute lung injury is important if therapeutic medical countermeasures are to be used to reduce toxicity in a timely manner. Indicators of injury may aid in the eventual treatment course and enhance the odds of a positive outcome following a toxic exposure. This study was designed to investigate the effects of a toxic exposure to the industrial irritant gas phosgene on the electrolyte levels in arterial blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Phosgene is a well-known chemical intermediate capable of producing life-threatening pulmonary edema within hours after exposure. Four groups of 40 Crl:CD-1(ICR)BR male mice were exposed whole-body to either air or phosgene at a concentration × time (c × t) amount of 32-42 mg/m 3 (8-11 ppm) phosgene for 20 min (640-840 mg·min/m 3) . BALF from air- or phosgene-exposed mice was taken at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h postexposure. After euthanasia, the trachea was excised, and 800 µl saline was instilled into the lungs. The lungs were washed 5 ×. Eight...
Anisotropy in the ab plane of a detwinned YBa2Cu3O7−y single crystal

Abstract The orientation dependence of the magnetically modulated microwave absorption response in the ab plane of a detwinned single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7−y has been obtained. An ab anistropy is clearly observed with a value of (dHc2/dT)a/(dHc2/dT)b = 1.26 which in turn implies that the effective mass ratio m b m a = 1.58 .
In vitro evaluation of electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation onto 4 mm interior diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.

Abstract Purpose: To perform an in vitro evaluation of electrostatic endothelial cell transplantation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) onto segments of 4 mm internal diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular prostheses. Methods: This evaluation consisted of exposing vascular graft segments that had been subjected to either electrostatic or gravitation transplantation with HUVEC to a physiologic shear stress (15 dynes/cm 2 ) under steady flow conditions within a flow loop system. Biochemical assays were performed on freshly transplanted grafts by means of radioimmunoassay for prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 . Results: There was a 30% loss of HUVEC after 30 minutes of shear stress exposure from the grafts subjected to gravitational transplantation with no additional significant (α = 0.05) loss after 120 minutes. Grafts subjected to electrostatic transplantation had no significant (α = 0.05) loss of HUVEC during exposure to physiologic shear stress. Furthermore, after 120 minutes of shear-stress exposure, the grafts subjected to electrostatic transplantation (78,420 ± 6274 HUVEC/cm 2 ) retained 2.3 times more HUVEC than the counterparts subjected to gravitational transplantation (34,427 ± 4637 HUVEC/cm 2 ). The biochemical assay results indicated no significant (α = 0.05) production of prostacyclin or thromboxane A 2 regardless of the method of cell transplantation. Conclusions: (1) The electrostatic transplantation technique was superior to the gravitational transplantation technique in terms of cellular retention when the ePTFE grafts were exposed to physiologic shear stress. (2) Production of prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 did not differ between transplanted HUVEC subjected to gravitational or electrostatic procedures. (J Vasc Surg 1998;27:504-11.)
Archaeal/Eukaryal RNase P: subunits, functions and RNA diversification

RNase P, a catalytic ribonucleoprotein (RNP), is best known for its role in precursor tRNA processing. Recent discoveries have revealed that eukaryal RNase P is also required for transcription and processing of select non-coding RNAs, thus enmeshing RNase P in an intricate network of machineries required for gene expression. Moreover, the RNase P RNA seems to have been subject to gene duplication, selection and divergence to generate two new catalytic RNPs, RNase MRP and MRP-TERT, which perform novel functions encompassing cell cycle control and stem cell biology. We present new evidence and perspectives on the functional diversification of the RNase P RNA to highlight it as a paradigm for the evolutionary plasticity that underlies the extant broad repertoire of catalytic and unexpected regulatory roles played by RNA-driven RNPs.
THE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE AND ACTIVE SITE STRUCTURE OF TETRAHYDRODIPICOLINATE N-SUCCINYLTRANSFERASE

Tetrahydrodipicolinate (THDP) N-succinyltransferase catalyzes the conversion of tetrahydrodipicolinate and succinyl-CoA to L-2-(succinylamino)-6-oxopimelate and CoA. This reaction represents the committed step of the succinylase branch of the diaminopimelate/L-lysine biosynthetic pathway by which many bacteria synthesize meso-diaminopimelate, a component of peptidoglycan, and L-lysine from L-aspartate. The crystal structures of THDP succinyltransferase in complex with the substrate/cofactor pairs L-2-aminopimelate/coenzyme A and L-2-amino-6-oxopimelate/coenzyme A have been determined and refined to 2.0 A resolution. The active site of the enzyme is a long narrow groove located at the interface between two left-handed parallel beta-helix (LbetaH) structural domains of the trimeric enzyme. On binding the amino acid acceptor and cofactor, this groove is covered by residues from the C-terminus of one subunit and a flexible loop excluded from the LbetaH domain of an adjacent subunit to form a tunnel. This conformational change is directly related to interactions between the enzyme and the bound amino acid substrate and cofactor and serves to shield the ligands from bulk solvent and to orient the nucleophilic amino group of the amino acid acceptor toward the mercaptoethylamine group of the cofactor.
Privatizing Defense Support Operations: The Need to Improve DoD’s Oversight and Management

The Department of Defense (DoD) has contracted defense support operations to private U.S. and foreign firms in an ever-increasing manner in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Significant factors that have contributed to this outsourcing include the proliferation of military operations, the increased sophistication of U.S. weapons systems used in these operations, and a reduction in the size of the U.S. military after the breakup of the former Soviet Union. The concerns raised with this process have centered on contract management and oversight. Despite the fact that DoD has continually updated its written guidance to defense officials charged with oversight of contractor performance, DoD has faced continuing problems related to a lack of visibility over the totality of contractor support at deployed locations, a lack of adequate contract oversight personnel, and the failure to collect and share institutional knowledge on the use of certain contractors.
Analysis of the segmental stability of helical peptides by isotope-edited infrared spectroscopy.

Isotope-edited infrared spectroscopy has the ability to probe the segmental properties of long biopolymers. In this work, we have compared the infrared spectra of a model helical peptide ((12)C) Ac-W-(E-A-A-A-R)(6)-A-NH(2), described originally by Merutka et al. (Biochemistry 1991;30:4245-4248) and three derivatives that are (13)C labeled at the backbone carbonyl of alanines. The locations of six isotopically labeled alanines are at the N-terminal, C-terminal, and the middle two repeating units of the peptide. Variation in temperature from 1 degrees to 91 degrees C transformed the peptides from predominantly helical to predominantly disordered state. Amplitude and position of the infrared amide I' absorption bands from (12)C- and (13)C-labeled segments provided information about the helical content. Temperature dependence of infrared spectra was used to estimate segmental stability. As a control measure of overall peptide stability and helicity (independent of labeling), the temperature dependence of circular dichroism spectra in the far-UV range at identical conditions (temperature and solvent) as infrared spectra was measured. The results indicate that the central quarter of the 32 amino acids helix has the maximal helicity and stability. The midpoint of the melting curve of the central quarter of the helix is 5.4 +/- 0.8 degrees C higher than that of the termini. The N-terminal third of the helix is more helical and is 2.0 +/- 1.4 degrees C more stable than the C-terminus.
Nearest neighbor decoding for additive non-Gaussian noise channels

We study the performance of a transmission scheme employing random Gaussian codebooks and nearest neighbor decoding over a power limited additive non-Gaussian noise channel. We show that the achievable rates depend on the noise distribution only via its power and thus coincide with the capacity region of a white Gaussian noise channel with signal and noise power equal to those of the original channel. The results are presented for single-user channels as well as multiple-access channels, and are extended to fading channels with side information at the receiver.
Anomalous inferior vena cava

Abstract Eight patients have been presented with a malformation of the inferior vena cava. The prerenal portion (the portion between the kidney and right atrium) of the inferior vena cava is absent and replaced by the enlarged azygos vein, which opens into the superior vena cava at its usual position. The hepatic venous blood drains directly into the right atrium. This anomaly is referred to in the literature as “absent” inferior vena cava. The embryological development has been described and seems to indicate that the postrenal (lumbar) portion of the inferior vena cava in this entity is more likely normal. Therefore, it is suggested to abandon the term “absent” inferior vena cava in favor of anomalous inferior vena cava with a description of the specific anomaly present. The frequency of this malformation in our laboratory was 1.3 per cent and is attributed to the fact that cardiac catheterization is performed by way of the long saphenous or superficial femoral veins. The diagnosis of an anomalous inferior vena cava might be suspected when the antero-posterior roentgenogram reveals a rounded density in the right superior mediastium representing the enlarged azygos vein as it enters the superior vena cava. When during cardiac catheterization the excursions of the catheter in the area of the right atrium are restricted, an anomalous inferior vena cava should be considered, especially if the oxygen saturations remain identical in what is thought to be the inferior vena cava, right atrium and superior vena cava. The path of the catheter will usually be diagnostic since it cannot enter the right atrium without first passing downward by way of the superior vena cava. Angiocardiography will definitely reveal the presence of this malformation. Open-heart surgery for other cardiac lesions that are usually present with diversion of the venous return to a pump and oxygenator may be extremely difficult. One additional patient has been described with a normal inferior vena cava and a patent azygos vein originating at the renal level and emptying into the superior vena cava at its usual place.
Mathematical modelling of the ligand exchange process

Modele utilisable pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de colonnes d'echange de ligands, utilisable dans le controle de la pollution (adsorption sur lit fixe)
Toward therapeutic cloning and regenerative biology research forum: To clone or not to clone

Creating exact copies (clones) of an individual has long been a made-to-believe story in various cultures throughout mankind history. However, the report of successfully creating a genetic clone of an adult animal from a differentiated somatic cell completely shocked the world. The cloning technology involves taking the nucleus from a somatic cell and then inserting that nucleus into an unfertilized egg that has had its own nucleus removed. The newly reconstructed embryo thus contains the entire genetic makeup of the donor somatic cell (except for mitochondria DNAs) and when transferred into the uterus of a surrogate mother can develop into an individual genetically identical to the nuclear donor. Cloning via nuclear transfer has succeeded in numerous mammalian species involving the use of various somatic cells as donors. These successes prove the principle that the nucleus of a differentiated somatic cell from a variety of adult tissues can be reprogrammed and converted to a pluripotent embryo cell capable of giving rise to all cell types, tissues and organs. While the technology of creating replacement cells, tissues or organs from our own body cells via nuclear transfer cloning (i.e., therapeutic cloning) is very promising, the possibility of cloning a human via this same technology (i.e., reproductive cloning) has created various ethical concerns and regulation debate. Little does the public realize that while the scientific community strongly supports cloning animals for purposes of agricultural improvement, biomedical research or saving endangered species, they are absolutely opposed to cloning a human being. The United Nations and all governments around the globe have called for a ban on reproductive cloning in humans.
A Preliminary Examination of Perceptions of Social Influence in Group Decision Making in the Workplace

Theory and research on social influence in groups indicate that normative influence can be detrimental to important group outcomes, whereas informational influence tends to have positive effects. However, much of the research providing these results consists of experimental studies conducted in laboratory settings. We examine how normative and informational influences are perceived in decision-making groups in the workplace. We find, in a survey of 197 individuals involved in group decision making in their workplaces, that the use of informational influence is viewed as enhancing group decision-making effectiveness and group cohesiveness. In contrast, normative influence has a negative effect on perceptions of decision-making effectiveness. Flirting as a form of idiosyncratic influence in the workplace is also considered and is found to have negative effects on perceptions of decision-making effectiveness and cohesiveness.
Micropatterning of costimulatory ligands enhances CD4+ T cell function

Spatial organization of signaling complexes is a defining characteristic of the immunological synapse (IS), but its impact on cell communication is unclear. In T cell–APC pairs, more IL-2 is produced when CD28 clusters are segregated from central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC)-localized CD3 and into the IS periphery. However, it is not clear in these cellular experiments whether the increased IL-2 is driven by the pattern itself or by upstream events that precipitate the patterns. In this article, we recapitulate key features of physiological synapses using planar costimulation arrays containing antibodies against CD3 and CD28, surrounded by ICAM-1, created by combining multiple rounds of microcontact printing on a single surface. Naive T cells traverse these arrays, stopping at features of anti-CD3 antibodies and forming a stable synapse. We directly demonstrate that presenting anti-CD28 in the cell periphery, surrounding an anti-CD3 feature, enhances IL-2 secretion by naive CD4+ T cells compared with having these signals combined in the center of the IS. This increased cytokine production correlates with NF-κB translocation and requires PKB/Akt signaling. The ability to arbitrarily and independently control the locations of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 offered the opportunity to examine patterns not precisely attainable in cell–cell interfaces. With these patterns, we show that the peripheral presentation of CD28 has a larger impact on IL-2 secretion than CD3 colocalization/segregation.
Smoking Rates and Topography Predict Adolescent Smoking Cessation Following Treatment with Nicotine Replacement Therapy

Establishing measurement invariance of tobacco addiction among adolescents remains challenging. In adult smoking cessation trials, poor outcome is predicted by high cigarette consumption and large puff volume at baseline. We examined the predictive value of pretreatment smoking rates and topography variables for abstinence outcomes among 66 adolescents enrolled in a 3-month smoking cessation trial using nicotine replacement and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pretreatment variables included cigarettes per day (CPD), puff volume, puff duration, and several youth-adapted Fagerstrom-derived questionnaire scores. Outcome measures included prolonged abstinence at end of treatment and point-prevalent abstinence 3 months after the end of the trial. Logistic regression controlling for treatment group showed that increases in baseline CPD (odds ratio, 1.438; 95% confidence interval, 1.051-1.967) and average puff volume (odds ratio, 1.168; 95% confidence interval, 1.030-1.326) predicted continued smoking at the end of treatment. Puff volume ( P = 0.013), but not CPD, predicted abstinence at the 3-month follow-up. None of the youth-adapted Fagerstrom questionnaires predicted outcome on either abstinence measure. If confirmed in a larger sample, our findings suggest that puff topography, and possibly CPD, might predict cessation outcome better than Fagerstrom scores in adolescent smokers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;(15)1:154–7)
Analysis of Variance in Experimental Design

This is an introductory text on the analysis of variance and also a reference tool for the researcher into variance analysis. It stresses application rather than theory, covers major techniques including post hoc testing and discriminates between different research designs. The book is intended for graduate students in any field where statistics is used.
An Empirical Investigation of Goodness-of-Fit Statistics for Sparse Multinomials

Abstract Traditional discussions of goodness-of-fit tests for multinomial data consider asymptotic chi-squared properties under the assumption that all expected cell frequencies become large. This condition is not always satisfied, however, and another asymptotic theory must be considered. For testing a specified simple hypothesis, Morris (1975) and Hoist (1972) gave conditions for the asymptotic normality of the Pearson and likelihood ratio statistics when both the sample size and number of cells become large (even if the expected cell frequencies remain small). Monte Carlo techniques are used to examine the applicability of the normal approximations for moderate sample sizes with moderate numbers of cells.
Advanced Spectroscopic Coherence Tomography

Spectroscopic analysis of the signals generated in optical coherence tomography and microscopy can provide a wealth of additional biological information on the spatial distribution of endogenous spectral absorbers, spectral scatterers, and exogenous contrast agents.
Illusory Causation: Why It Occurs

Considerable evidence indicates that people overattribute causality to a given stimulus when it is salient or the focus of their attention—the so-called illusory-causation phenomenon. Although illusory causation has proved to be quite robust and generalizable, a compelling explanation for it has not been empirically documented. Four social-attribution studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that illusory causation occurs because salient information is initially registered, or perceptually organized, differently than nonsalient information. The results provide considerable support for the notion that people's literal point of view affects how they initially perceive, or extract, information from an observed interaction, which in turn affects their judgments regarding the causal influence exerted by each interactant.
The placing reaction in the first year of life.

SUMMARY A series of 350 children under one year seen in the outpatient department of a children's hospital have been tested for the placing reaction. In normal babies this reaction was usually present in the legs during the whole first year of life; in the arms the placing reaction was rarely present in the first few months, but constantly present after the fifth month. Observations in the wards have shown that acute infections, such as severe gastroenteritis, may temporarily abolish the placing reaction. This remained absent for a longer time in some cases of severe brain damage. RESUME La reaction d'enjambement pendant la premiere annee On a recherche la reaction d'enjambement chez une serie de 350 enfants de moins d'un an a la consultation externe d'un hopital d'enfants. Chez les bebes normaux cette reaction etait habituellement presente dans les jambes pendant toute la duree de la premiere annee, dans les bras la reaction d'enjambement etait rarement presente pendant les premiers mois, ct constammant presente apres le cinquieme mois. Eine Serie von 350 Kindern im Alter von unter einem Jahr, ambulant behandelt in einem Kinderkrankenhaus, sind auf die Plazierungs-Reaktion hin getestet worden. Bei normalen Babies war diese Reaktion meistens vorhanden in den Beinen, warend des ganzen ersten Lebensjahres; in den Armen war die Plazierungs-Reaktion nur selten vorhanden warend der ersten Monate, und stets vorhanden nach dem fuften Monat. Des observations faites dans les salles de l'hopital ont montre que les maladies aigues telles qu'une gastroenterite severe, pouvaient abolir temporairement la reaction d'enjambement. Elle etait absente pendant plus longtemps dans cereains cas d'atteinte cerebrale severe. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Plazierungs-Reaktion warend dps erst en Lebensjahres In den Abteilungen erhaltene Beobachtungen haben erwiesen dass akute Konditionen, wie etwa schwere Gastroenteritis, die Plazierungs-Reaktion temporar ausloschen. In einigen Fallen von schwerem Gehirnschaden ging die Reaktion auf eine langere Zeit verloren. RESUMEN La reaccion de colocacion en el primer ano de vida Se ha investigado la reaccion de colocaci6n en una serie de 350 ninos menores del ano vistos en el departamento de externos en un hospital dc ninos. En los ninos normales esta reaccion se vio por to comun en las piernas durante todo el primer ano de vida; en los brazos se encontro rara vez en los primeros meses pero constantemcnte despues del quinto nics. Observaciones hechas en las salas del hospital han revelado que estados agudos, por ejemplo la gastroenteritis grave, pueden suprimir por algun tiempo la reaccion de colocacion. Esta reaccion no se encontro durante un periodo mas largo en algunos casos de dano cerebral grave.
Facile retrograde cardioplegia: Transatrial cannulation of the coronary sinus

Abstract The benefits of coronary sinus (CS) cardioplegia are well known, yet CS cardioplegia is not used widely owing to the need for bicaval cannulation, snares, and an atriotomy. We designed and used in 225 consecutive patients a catheter containing a flexible removable stylet that, when shaped into a hockey-stick configuration, enabled blind intubation of the CS through a small pursestring in the right atrium, guided easily into the CS using a finger on the atrioventricular groove at the inferior vena cava. The CS was intubated in all patients; a pressure-limited balloon at the catheter tip was inflated after cross-clamping. An integral distal pressure line measured CS pressure. Catheters were placed distally within the great cardiac vein beyond the posterior interventricular vein; the position did not alter cooling: right ventricular free wall, septum, and left ventricular free wall temperatures were 7 ° ± 2 °, 8 ° ± 2 °, and 7 ° ± 2 °C, respectively, after an initial 10 mL/kg of blood cardioplegia. Transatrial CS cardioplegia was used in 45 aortic valve replacements, 22 mitral valve replacements, 4 triple-valve replacements, 6 congenital lesions, and 148 coronary revascularizations, including 40 redo operations. Atheromatous material was routinely flushed retrogradely from cut old vein grafts during revascularization; 70 revascularizations (47%) were performed urgently for acute infarction or jeopardized myocardium. No heart block or CS injury occurred, and inotrope use dropped to 10% of patients (from 38% in the previous 256 patients with antegrade blood cardioplegia). We conclude that the CS can be cannulated transatrially and that CS cardioplegia is more facile than antegrade cardioplegia. Transatrial CS cardioplegia appears to be the cardioplegic method of choice.
Intercomparison of observed cloud radiative forcing - A zonal and global perspective

Cloud radiative forcing determined by the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scene identification method and two regression methods is compared using identical data sources and the same analysis periods. Results confirm that from the global perspective the increased reflection of SW radiation induced by clouds is greater than outgoing longwave energy trapped by clouds. The estimates of net effect obtained from the three methods are found to be in good agreement (within 3.5 W/sq m). It is concluded that differences in published global mean values of net cloud radiative forcing are mainly due to different data sources and analysis periods. The best estimated annual mean among all previous estimates is considered to be the ERBE measurement (-17.3 W/sq m).
Retail electricity tariff and mechanism design to incentivize distributed renewable generation

Abstract This paper examines the question of how to incentivize the adoption and use of renewable energy resources, with particular attention on distributed renewable energy (DRE). Prior experience suggests that price and quantity-based programs, such as feed-in tariffs, provide more efficient renewable adoption and use and lower program costs than programs that set quantity targets only. We also examine some cost-allocation issues raised by the use of DRE systems and fixed time-invariant retail pricing. This combination can result in customers with DRE systems paying a disproportionately small portion of system capacity costs. We suggest two retail-pricing schemes, real-time pricing and a two-part tariff with demand charges, to address these issues.
Neighborhood Social Fabric

Previous chapters have shown that different groups of people create their own social fabric and that actions and attitudes become a part of it. The structure of the social fabric of a neighborhood is therefore a useful starting point for understanding the less visible strengths and weaknesses of that area as a residential community. Social fabric in previous chapters has been discussed in broad terms to include dimensions of interpersonal relationships, participation in neighborhood organizations, and the uses made of neighborhood-based institutions. All of these factors were assumed to work together to create the intangible substance labeled social fabric. However, the discussion in the earlier chapters showed that the strength of different elements of the social fabric varied depending upon the characteristics of the residents. For instance, higher-income residents—those with the greatest potential economic mobility—neighbor more frequently and participate in neighborhood organizations at higher rates than the rest of the population.
Reliability, failure modes, and degradation mechanisms in high power single- and multi-mode InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers

High power single-mode (SM) and multi-mode (MM) InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers are critical components for both telecommunications and potential space satellite communications systems. However, little has been reported on failure modes of state-of-the-art SM InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers although it is crucial to understand failure modes and underlying degradation mechanisms in developing these lasers that meet lifetime requirements for space satellite systems, where extremely high reliability of these lasers is required. Our present study addresses the aforementioned issues by performing long-term life tests under different test conditions followed by failure mode analysis (FMA) and physics of failure investigation. We performed long-term accelerated life-tests on state-of-the-art SM and MM InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers under ACC (automatic current control) mode. Our life-tests have accumulated over 25,000 test hours for SM lasers and over 35,000 test hours for MM lasers. FMA was performed on failed SM lasers using electron beam induced current (EBIC). This technique allowed us to identify failure types by observing dark line defects. All the SM failures we studied showed catastrophic and sudden degradation and all of these failures were bulk failures. Our group previously reported that bulk failure or COBD (catastrophic optical bulk damage) is the dominant failure mode of MM InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that the dominant failure mode of both SM and MM InGaAs-AlGaAs strained QW lasers is the bulk failure. Since degradation mechanisms responsible for COBD are still not well understood, we also employed other techniques including focused ion beam (FIB) processing and high-resolution TEM to further study dark line defects and dislocations in post-aged SM and MM lasers. Our long-term life test results and FMA results are reported.
Denervation of the Eustachian Tube and Hearing Loss Following Trigeminal Schwannoma Resection

Objectives To discuss eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) as a cause of hearing loss and to discuss its pathogenesis following resection of trigeminal schwannomas. Methods Presented herein are two cases of trigeminal schwannoma that were resected surgically with sacrifice of the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve. Neither of the cases had evidence of extracranial extension nor preoperative ETD. Both patients developed ETD and have been followed without evidence of schwannoma recurrence. Conclusions Trigeminal schwannomas are rare tumors that typically require surgical resection. Hearing loss is a potential postsurgical deficit and warrants evaluation by an otolaryngologist with consideration given to a preoperative audiogram. ETD as a result of trigeminal motor branch sacrifice should be included in the differential diagnosis of postoperative hearing loss in this patient subset as it may be reversed with placement of a tympanostomy tube.
The Quinin Treatment of Rabies

three cases of hydrophobia in the human subject. As there were insufficient laboratory experiments on the quinin treatment for hydrophobia, and as this treatment was an almost universal failure when tried on human subjects, the following experiments are reported. It was found that the dose of quinin tolerated by a full-grown rabbit was approximately 1 grain. Larger doses repeated daily were usually fatal, and even the 1-grain dose daily was fatal in several cases. For guinea-pigs the daily dose was 0.5 grain. The quinin treatment was tested against not only the fixed virus, but also against street virus. The former was a six-day virus, while the latter killed rabbits in about ten days, and guinea-pigs in eight days. The virus was given intracranially; the bisulphate of quinin was used in all experiments, the injections being intraperitoneal.
Surgical Alternatives for Ulcerative Colitis

There is no medical cure of ulcerative colitis except for the removal of the entire large intestine, or at least its mucosa. It is unknown as to what percentage of patients with ulcerative colitis present for surgical correction, and the potential for surgery in turn usually is related to the extent of large intestine involved. This article explores new alternatives that are available so that proctocolectomy and ileostomy are no longer the sole option for patients with ulcerative colitis.
Entering Night Country: Reflections on Self-Disclosure and Vulnerability

The author explores the impact of a medical event on her life as an analyst and, through the use of clinical vignettes, considers the powerful shifts that occur within the analyst, between the analyst and her patients, and between the analyst and her professional community. Although this was a forced disclosure, the facts symbolically serve as an opportunity to address the question that is raised: Is nondisclosure by the analyst a realistic goal, or an artifact of an idealized and archaic analytic identification that should be reconsidered.
Energy Applications for an Energy Box

Changes in the electric utility will necessitate new needs and opportunities for monitoring and controlling electric power consumption and generation. Technical solutions exploiting these opportunities and answering these needs would ideally preserve best practices like reliability, privacy, efficiency, and flexibility. A nonintrusive load monitor (NILM) can serve as an ideal platform for constructing an “energy box” capable of sophisticated monitoring and control. This paper introduces a data processing and analysis framework, NILM manager. NILM manager creates a business model for handling power data by minimizing network bandwidth and placing intelligence and feature expansion in easily transmitted “energy apps.”