cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Brief: International Year of Chemistry

[1] The United Nations has designated 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC). As part of IYC, chemical societies and institutions around the world are organizing various activities to promote chemistry and its ability to improve lives. IYC, timed to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Marie Curie's 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of radium, is an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In the United States, the American Chemical Society, in partnership with other organizations, is promoting educational and outreach programs to increase public appreciation of chemistry and increase interest in chemistry in young people. More information on IYC can be found at http://www.chemistry2011.org andhttp://iyc2011.acs.org/.
Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England

Believing Identity: Pentecostalism and the Mediation of Jamaican Ethnicity and Gender in England. Nicole Rodriguez Toulis. New York: New York University Press, 1997.304 pp.
Quasi-optical traveling wave amplifiers

Previously reported quasi-optical amplifier arrays have limited bandwidth and suffer from poor input/output isolation. These problems can be solved by using traveling wave antennas and distributed amplifier techniques. FDTD simulations of a linearly tapered slot array topology demonstrate very broadband quasi-optical transitions are feasible with small unit-cell aperture. Experiments using a single-element low frequency prototype exhibit a 50% fractional bandwidth at 3.5 GHz using Vivaldi-type slots and a hybrid microstrip MESFET TWA circuit.
Alcohol septal ablation after transaortic valve implantation: the dynamic nature of left outflow tract obstruction

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a less invasive and potentially high efficacious procedure for the treatment of high-risk patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis. Appropriate patient selection for TAVI is a key component to ultimate clinical success. Herein, we describe a patient with left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction that became apparent only following relief of aortic stenosis with TAVI. This report highlights the dynamic nature of LVOT obstruction, which was successfully treated in our patient with catheter-based alcohol septal ablation. The potential to unmask dynamic LVOT obstruction with TAVI should be an important consideration in patient selection for the procedure, and the postoperative assessment of these patients.
Field-Driven Topological Glass Transition in a Model Flux Line Lattice

We show that the flux line lattice in a model layered high temperature superconductor becomes unstable above a critical magnetic field with respect to a plastic deformation via penetration of pairs of point-like disclination defects. The instability is characterized by the competition between the elastic and the pinning energies and is essentially assisted by softening of the lattice induced by a dimensional crossover of the fluctuations as field increases. We propose that this mechanism provides a model of the low temperature field-driven disordering transition observed in neutron diffraction experiments on Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} single crystals. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Manduca sexta serpin-4 and serpin-5 inhibit the prophenol oxidase activation pathway: cDNA cloning, protein expression, and characterization.

Infection stimulates the innate immune responses of insects, including activation of prophenol oxidase (pro-PO) in plasma as the last step of a serine protease cascade. To investigate the roles of protease inhibitors in regulating this pathway, we cloned cDNAs for two new serpins (serpin-4 and serpin-5) from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Serpin-4 and serpin-5 mRNAs are constitutively expressed at a low level in larval hemocytes and fat body and increased dramatically upon bacterial challenge. These serpins are present in larval plasma at ∼3 (serpin-4) and ∼1 μg/ml (serpin-5) and increased 3–8-fold by 24 h after injection of bacteria or fungi. Recombinant serpin-4 and serpin-5 decreased pro-PO activation when added to plasma, but they did not directly inhibit the pro-PO-activating proteases. Instead, they apparently regulate the pathway by inhibiting one or more target proteases upstream of the pro-PO-activating proteases.
Maximum Energy that can be Harvested from a Dielectric Elastomer Generator

Mechanical energy can be converted to electrical energy using a dielectric elastomer generator (DEG). The maximum amount of energy that can be harvested from a DEG is constrained by various modes of failure and operational limits. Known limiting mechanisms include electrical breakdown, electromechanical instability, loss of tension and rupture by stretch. These limits define a cycle where maximum energy can be harvested. The cycle was represented on work-conjugate planes, which can be used as a guide for the design of practical cycles. The amount of energy harvested is larger when a DEG is subject to equal-biaxial stretching.
Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potential therapeutic agent for degenerative disorders of the central nervous system. In this report, we investigated the ability of BDNF to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BDNF was stable in blood up to 60 min after i.v. injection, with evidence for aggregation, and had an early, rapid influx into brain. By 10 min, most of the BDNF sequestered by the cerebral cortex was associated with the parenchyma rather than with the endothelial cells, demonstrating complete passage across the BBB. A small dose of unlabeled BDNF enhanced the entry of 125I-BDNF from blood to brain after an i.v. bolus injection, whereas larger doses had no effect. In contrast, a large dose of unlabeled BDNF inhibited the influx of 125I-BDNF during in situ brain perfusion. After intracerebroventricular injection, the efflux of BDNF from brain to blood occurred at a rate similar to that for reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid, and no evidence for self-inhibition was found. Therefore, we conclude that intact BDNF in the peripheral circulation crosses the BBB by a high-capacity, saturable transport system.
Nitrogen Requirements for Ethanol Production from Sweet and Photoperiod Sensitive Sorghums in the Southern High Plains

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has high water use efficiency, and is therefore widely cultivated in the Southern High Plains (SHP). Interest in sorghums for biofuel feedstock has increased recently as ethanol demand expands. Unlike grain sorghum, little data are available on N fertilizer requirements for ethanol production from sweet or forage sorghum production. Our objective was to compare ethanol yields and determine optimal N fertilizer needs for ethanol production from sweet sorghum and photoperiod sensitive (PPS) sorghum with limited irrigation in the SHP. Nitrogen fertilizer rates from 0 to 168 N kg ha ―1 were tested on four sorghum cultivars (two sweet and two PPS) on Acuff sandy clay loam near Lubbock, TX in 2008 and 2009. Total dry matter (TDM) yields averaged 13 Mg ha ―1 across years, cultivars, and N rates. Nitrogen fertilizer response in TDM was observed only in 2009, but bagasse yields responded to N fertilizer in both years. Cellulosic ethanol yields were greater with PPS sorghums than with sweet sorghums in both years. However, total ethanol yields were greater with sweet sorghums than PPS sorghums. Cellulosic ethanol and total ethanol yields responded to N in 2009 only. High preplant soil NO 3 in 2008 apparently precluded TDM and ethanol yield response to N fertilizer. The optimum agronomic N fertilizer rate for ethanol and TDM across all four sorghums was 108 kg ha ―1 respectively in 2009. The optimum N fertilizer rate for maximum profit with $ 0.70 kg N ―1 and $0.50 L ―1 ethanol was 101 kg ha ―1 .
Antibiotic Use and Misuse during Pregnancy and Delivery: Benefits and Risks

Although pregnancy is considered as a physiological state, most pregnant women in developed countries receive multiple medications to prevent maternal or neonatal complications, with antibiotics among the most frequently prescribed. During pregnancy, antibiotics are often prescribed in the context of preterm labor, intrapartum fever, prevention of neonatal Group B Streptococcus fever, and cesarean section. Outside this period, they are commonly prescribed in the community setting for respiratory, urinary, and ear, nose and throat infection symptoms. Whereas some of the current indications have insightful reasons to justify their use, potential risks related to overuse and misuse may surpass the benefits. Of note, the recent 2014 World Health Assembly expressed serious concern regarding antibiotic resistance due to antibiotic overuse and misuse and urged immediate action to combat antibiotic resistance on a global scale. Most studies in the obstetrics field have focused on the benefits of antibiotics for short-term maternal and neonatal complications, but with very little (if any) interest in long-term consequences.
Pathway of galactitol catabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae: oxidation of L-galactitol-1-phosphate by a NAD-specific dehydrogenase.

Abstract The second reaction in the proposed pathway for galactitol catabolism in Klebsiella penumoniae , oxidation of l -galactitol-1-phosphate to d -tagatose-6-phosphate, is catalyzed by an l -galactitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. This enzyme was purified 25-fold to remove the other three enzymes of this pathway. Partially purified l -galactitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was specific for NAD and the apparent K m values for the substrates were as follows: l -galactitol-1-phosphate, 0.42 m m ; NAD + , 0.22 m m ; d -tagatose-6-phosphate, 0.10 m m ; and NADH, O.025 m m . The activity was unaffected by monovalent cations, whereas activity and stability exhibited a requirement for divalent cations. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration to be 86,000. The equilibrium constant of the reaction forming d -tagatose-6-phosphate from l -galactitol-1-phosphate was determined to be 8.0 × 10 −11 m . All data are consistent with this activity functioning during galactitol catabolism in vivo .
Do adjunctive flap-monitoring technologies impact clinical decision making? An analysis of microsurgeon preferences and behavior by body region.

Background:Multiple perfusion assessment technologies exist to identify compromised microvascular free flaps. The effectiveness, operability, and cost of each technology vary. The authors investigated surgeon preference and clinical behavior with several perfusion assessment technologies.Methods:A q
Calibrated Building Energy Models for Community-Scale Sustainability Analyses

Building energy contributes approximately 40% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 75% of emissions in some urban areas. Evaluating modifications to existing building stocks is essential to a proper assessment of GHG reduction policy at various levels. With deeper penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources, supply and demand effects at a high resolution (e.g. hourly) will become more important as variations in grid emissions will become more significant. City-level hourly electricity load data is available; however, effects of building stock changes on usage profiles are not easily analyzed, and on-site fossil fuel usage — the dominant loads in many urban areas — are generally only available annually. Building energy models allow for detailed simulation of building systems, but existing building models must be calibrated to actual energy usage to predict the effects of energy conservation measures.Reference building models developed by the U.S. Department of Energy for the EnergyPlus software tool were used as the basis for a set of calibrated building energy models to perform community-scale energy conservation measures on the dominant building classes in NYC (i.e. residential and office buildings). A statistical analysis of zip code-level annual electricity and fuel usage data was performed to determine electricity, space heating fuel and domestic hot water (DHW) fuel usage intensities (EUIs) for three broad building categories encompassing these building types in New York City. Several parameters were adjusted for each model until simulations produced the EUIs from the statistical analysis: Thermal envelope characteristics, peak electric equipment and lighting loads, DHW flow requirements, cooling equipment coefficient of performance and heating equipment efficiency. Cooling energy demands were adjusted based on the electricity demand vs. temperature behavior during the cooling season. The hourly daily usage schedules of internal electric and lighting loads were then adjusted for all models, targeting the actual hourly electricity demands for NYC. Because hourly changes affect annual EUIs, the calibrations were performed iteratively until the model outputs, weighted by each building type’s total NYC square footage, equaled the annual EUIs for each building type and the hourly electricity demand data.This paper shows that this comprehensive calibration approach can achieve root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 7% from the average annual electricity demand for these building types, compared to a 31% RMSD for an approach using annual energy calibration only.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Gait-Related Brain Activity in People with Parkinson Disease with Freezing of Gait

Approximately 50% of people with Parkinson disease experience freezing of gait, described as a transient inability to produce effective stepping. Complex gait tasks such as turning typically elicit freezing more commonly than simple gait tasks, such as forward walking. Despite the frequency of this debilitating and dangerous symptom, the brain mechanisms underlying freezing remain unclear. Gait imagery during functional magnetic resonance imaging permits investigation of brain activity associated with locomotion. We used this approach to better understand neural function during gait-like tasks in people with Parkinson disease who experience freezing- “FoG+” and people who do not experience freezing- ”FoG−“. Nine FoG+ and nine FoG− imagined complex gait tasks (turning, backward walking), simple gait tasks (forward walking), and quiet standing during measurements of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal. Changes in BOLD signal (i.e. beta weights) during imagined walking and imagined standing were analyzed across FoG+ and FoG− groups in locomotor brain regions including supplementary motor area, globus pallidus, putamen, mesencephalic locomotor region, and cerebellar locomotor region. Beta weights in locomotor regions did not differ for complex tasks compared to simple tasks in either group. Across imagined gait tasks, FoG+ demonstrated significantly lower beta weights in the right globus pallidus with respect to FoG−. FoG+ also showed trends toward lower beta weights in other right-hemisphere locomotor regions (supplementary motor area, mesencephalic locomotor region). Finally, during imagined stand, FoG+ exhibited lower beta weights in the cerebellar locomotor region with respect to FoG−. These data support previous results suggesting FoG+ exhibit dysfunction in a number of cortical and subcortical regions, possibly with asymmetric dysfunction towards the right hemisphere.
Mössbauer and X-Ray Diffraction Investigations of a Series of B-Doped Ferrihydrites

X-ray diffraction and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy are used to characterize the influence of borate on two-line ferrihydrite’s structure and develop likely models for its attachment. Particle sizes were in the 2–4 nm range, and as borate sorption increased, the ferrihydrite particle size decreased. The d-spacings of two-line ferrihydrite increased with increased borate adsorption. Isomer shift and quadrupole splitting exhibit slight increasing trends as well. Also, the phase transformation temperature of ferrihydrite to hematite is significantly raised due to borate coating of the surface. We suggest borate is sorbed onto the surface by attachment to the oxygen corners of the iron octahedra that are on the surface of the nanoparticles, placing boron in a tetrahedral molecular geometry.
The Analyst and the Mystic: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Religion and Mysticism

In this original contribution to the psychology of religion, the Indian psychoanalyst Sudhir Kakar focuses on the phenomenon of ecstatic mysticism. Reviewing and revising traditional Freudian views of religion and drawing on the work of "relational" theorists such as Winnicott and Kohut, Kakar compares the mystical journey to the analytical process. In both he sees a creative immersion, with its potential risk of phases of chaos and disintegration. The centerpiece of The Analyst and the Mystic is the absorbing story of the nineteenth-century Bengali mystic and Hindu saint Sri Ramakrishna. Using Ramakrishna's life as a case study, Kakar discusses in depth three interacting factors that he feels may be essential in the making of an ecstatic mystic: particular life historical experiences, the presence of a specific artistic or creative gift, and a facilitating cultural environment. Kakar goes beyond the traditional psychoanalytic interpretation of Ramakrishna's mystical visions and practices. He clarifies their contribution to the psychic transformation of a mystic and offers fresh insight into the relation between sexuality and ecstatic mysticism. Through a comparison of the healing techniques of the mystical guru and those of the analyst, Kakar highlights the difference in their healing objectives and reveals the positive psychological aspects of the religious experience.
Genes expressed in Atoh1 neuronal lineages arising from the r1/isthmus rhombic lip

During embryogenesis, the rhombic lip of the fourth ventricle is the germinal origin of a diverse collection of neuronal populations that ultimately reside in the brainstem and cerebellum. Rhombic lip neurogenesis requires the bHLH transcription factor Atoh1 (Math1), and commences shortly after neural tube closure (E9.5). Within the rhombomere 1 – isthmus region, the rhombic lip first produces brainstem and deep cerebellar neurons (E9.5–E12), followed by granule cell precursors after E12. While Atoh1 function is essential for all of these populations to be specified, the downstream genetic programs that confer specific properties to early and late born Atoh1 lineages are not well characterized. We have performed a comparative microarray analysis of gene expression within early and later born cohorts of Atoh1 expressing neural precursors purified from E14.5 embryos using a transgenic labeling strategy. We identify novel transcription factors, cell surface molecules, and cell cycle regulators within each pool of Atoh1 lineages that likely contribute to their distinct developmental trajectories and cell fates. In particular, our analysis reveals new insights into the genetic programs that regulate the specification and proliferation of granule cell precursors, the putative cell of origin for the majority of medulloblastomas.
Thermal destruction of hazardous waste — a state-of-the-art review

Abstract The treatment and destruction of organic hazardous waste streams through use of incinerators and other thermal processes is and will continue to be an important waste management option in the U.S., Canada, and other industrial countries. In this paper, the authors discuss incineration, pyrolysis systems, boilers, and industrial processes, and various innovative systems. In addition to containing various process descriptions, the paper also contains relevant regulations and the results/environmental assessments carried out by the EPA. The overall purpose of the paper is to provide a review of those thermal options currently of interest to the waste management community.
Properties of a NADH-dependent N-hydroxy amine reductase isolated from pig liver microsomes.

Abstract A multicomponent enzyme system that catalyzes the reduction of hydroxylamine and a number of its mono- and disubstituted derivatives by NADH has been isolated from microsomes. Three protein fractions isolated from pig liver microsomes are required to reconstitute NADH-hydroxylamine reductase activity. Two of the proteins appear identical with detergent-extracted cytochrome b 5 , and its flavoprotein reductase. The third protein fraction required for activity differs from previously isolated microsomal proteins. This fraction is free from detectable chromophores that absorb in the visible region of the spectrum and also appears free from metals. The properties of the NADH-hydroxylamine reductase reconstituted with the three components isolated from microsomes appears similar to the particle-bound system with respect to nucleotide and N -hydroxylamine substrate specificity.
Estimates of the Jewish Old Old Population in the United States

The well-known aging of the American Jewish population has continued during the 1980s, and at a more rapid rate than that described by recent projections. Data for Medicare enrollees, in combination with a surname technique, are used to construct estimates that reveal a substantially higher proportion of America's Jews were 75 years or older in 1990 than was true for the general population. The methodology developed for this study also permits the construction of estimates of the old old in state and local areas.
Cardiac myxoma: preoperative diagnosis using a multimodal imaging approach and surgical outcome in a large contemporary series

Diagnosis of cardiac myxoma is typically suggested in the presence of symptoms and echocardiographic findings of an intracardiac mass and confirmed histologically. Coronary angiography (CA) and cardiac magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) may provide specific additional information which could lead to a precise preoperative diagnosis. Herein we report a series of 28 patients who underwent excision of myxoma between 1998 and 2005. Data analysis included patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging modalities, and operative outcome. Echocardiography revealed an intra-atrial mass in all patients but did not differentiate between myxoma and other formations such as thrombi. CA showed neovascularization suggestive of cardiac tumor in 12 (53%) patients. MRI demonstrated specific characteristics of myxomatous tissue in all cases. Surgical removal was performed with no hospital mortality or major complications. Mid-term survival was similar to that of the general population. In patients with a cardiac mass, echocardiography remains the first diagnostic imaging modality but does not allow definite discrimination between cardiac tumors and thrombi. CA shows neovascularization in 50% and has, therefore, a low sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing the nature of the mass. MRI shows specific tissue characteristics facilitating the diagnosis of myxoma preoperatively. Surgery should be performed promptly and this can provide excellent early and mid-term results.
LAUREL, TONGUE AND GLORY (CICERO, DE CONSVLATV SVO FR. 6 SOUBIRAN)*

Cedant arma togae, ‘let arms yield to the toga’. Thus begins the famous verse from Cicero's poem on his consulship that highlights the protagonist's suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy by favourably contrasting this political achievement with success on the battlefield. But how does the line continue? Its conclusion is transmitted in two different versions, concedat laurea laudi and concedat laurea linguae, and scholars have long been divided over which one is Cicero's original text. In this paper, we revisit the issue and not only (1) propose an answer to the question of what Cicero actually wrote, but also (2) examine those attestations of the verse that date to the author's own lifetime, elucidating the contexts that account for the quotation of one variant rather than the other.
Anthropocentrism and computers

Abstract This paper introduces the multi-dimensional concept of anthropocentrism with respect to computers, the tendency to believe that (1) computers do not possess human physical and psychological capabilities; and (2) it is not acceptable for computers to fill routinized (e.g., auto mechanic), interpretive (e.g., newspaper reporter), and persona) (e.g., baby sitter) roles traditionally held only by people. A mail survey (n = 133) of individuals in Northern California focuses on individual differences rather than differences between technologies. As suggested by the literature on ethnocentrism, experience with other cultures and education are strong predictors of the dimensions of anthropocentrism; surprisingly, experience with computers fails as a predictor.
Competencies for international nursing research in a wikinomics future

Conducting nursing research in the international arena provides unique challenges previously unseen in the pre-Web 2.0 world. Facilitated by the combined use of cloud and tablet computing, the means to address such challenges are identified by the authors, based on their experiences as international consultants in informatics, multinational research, and strategy in China and Southeast Asia. Using a framework on Wikinomics by Tapscott and Williams, the authors discuss how a new approach to research is made possible using the “weapons of mass collaboration” modeled by Wikipedia®, Facebook®, and YouTube. Research tools such as Skype®, Tape-a-Talk®, Google Cloud® and voice-to-text applications are described.
Cason's Polychrome Stain for Celloidin Embedded Material

Casonrecently reported a rapid one-step modification of the Mallory-Heidenhaim connective tissue stain which has proven excellent for routine work because of its simplicityy and uniformity. However, the Cason modification was described for paraffin-embedded material. With celloidin blocks, used widely in neuropathology, there are two problems to be overcome in using a single polychrome stain: first, a selection of a differentiating fluid which acts uniformly; second, a method of dehydration and clearing which will not affect the clarity of the stain or produce cracking in the tissue.
Enthusiasm and the Metaphor of Revolution

This article explores the metaphoric content latent in modern conceptions of revolution. Originary theories of modern revolutions relied explicitly on Copernicus’ rethinking of the movements of cel...
Advances in our understanding of vortex dynamics in bluff body wakes

Abstract There has been a strong impetus over the last decade to understand vortex dynamics in wake flows, which are important not only for our understanding of fundamental flow physics, but also for the many applications of bluff body flows in technology. A particular emphasis of the recent surge of activity concerns three-dimensional aspects of wake flows behind bodies which are nominally two-dimensional. Such effects are important when one considers the integrated unsteady forces on a structure, especially in the context of vortex-induced vibrations, which itself is experiencing an upsurge of activity at this time. In this short and selected review, we shall discuss briefly many of the new vortex dynamics phenomena which have been recently discovered, over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, but with some focus on low Reynolds number regimes. It is particularly exciting presently that direct numerical simulations are contributing immensely to our careful understanding of these wake flows, and are being combined with stability analysis and experiment. Another fruitful area of research concerns the analysis of wake patterns using amplitude equations, which has proven exceedingly rich in phemonena, and models the experimental patterns surprisingly well. Finally, amid the general excitement of recent work, we return briefly in this paper to selected early experiments of Gerrard, Hama, Roshko, Berger and others, who provided several of the key pieces of the “jigsaw” that makes up our modern understanding of wake vortex dynamics.
Depth-Gradient Analysis and Biotic Succession in Colony Creek Cycle (Late Pennsylvanian) of North Texas: ABSTRACT

The Colony Creek Shale (Canyon Group) in north Texas contains a vertical succession of lithologies and biotas deposited during regression from deep water to shallow water and strandline deposition. Stratigraphic successions in the Colorado River valley and the Brazos River valley of the outcrop belt are similar, showing that regression was of regional extent. A thin layer of platy, phosphatic black shale containing an ammonoid fauna occurs at the base of the Colony Creek and is diagnostic of deep-water deposition. This unit is similar to deposits of maximum transgression (stillstand) of many Pennsylvanian cycles. The overlying shoaling-upward portions of the Colony Creek are characterized by upward increase in sand content, increasing numbers and thicknesses of sand beds, and culmination in a horizon of subaerial exposure. Statistical analysis reveals a continuum of communities in the shales of the Colony Creek. These communities represent the continuing response of organisms to shoaling but are partly the result of an increase in sand content within the shales. The basal phosphatic black shale contains a community distinguished by its ammonoids. The overlying gray shales contain a diverse pleurotomariid community, which grades upward into a Neospirifer-productid community. In shoal-water deposits a distinct Neospirifer-myalinid community appears. The top of the sequence contains a molluscan community in sand substrates, which is characterized by Permophorus. The brachiopod Crurithyris is dominant in most shales in the succession and is not depth controlled. This succession of lithologies and biotas is ypical of cyclothem deposits in other regions of North America and in Europe. End_of_Article - Last_Page 146------------
African‐American women making themselves: Notes on the role of black feminist research

(2000). African‐American women making themselves: Notes on the role of black feminist research. Souls: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 18-29.
Phase-mixing and molecular dynamics in poly(urethane urea) elastomers by solid-state NMR

Abstract The dynamical heterogeneity in a series of 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate-diethyltoluenediamine-poly(tetramethylene oxide) based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) elastomers was studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Extensive phase mixing was evidenced by the 1 H wideline signal, which can be approximately fitted by a single exponential model. 13 C T 1 relaxation time measurements indicate that the hard segments (HS) exhibit some small-amplitude mobility, likely “activated” by neighboring soft segments (SS). Fitting of the time-domain wideline separation (TD-WISE) data was employed to characterize the extent of phase mixing, which revealed that a PUU elastomer contains four fractions: rigid-HS, mobile-HS, rigid-SS, and mobile-SS regions. For a variety of SS MWs, the dynamics and relative portions of rigid vs. mobile fractions among HS were substantially similar, while those for the SS exhibit large contrast. Furthermore, the dynamics in the rigid-SS fraction is at least an order of magnitude slower than that in mobile-SS for all PUUs. Greater phase-mixing substantially lowers the SS mobility, facilitating SS to undergo glass transition at high strain rates, thus can be key to enhancing dynamic mechanical strengthening.
Is There a Role for Routine Use of MRI in Selection of Patients for Breast-Conserving Cancer Therapy?

Background The role of preoperative bilateral breast MRI in breast cancer patients being considered for breast-conserving therapy has been controversial. We hypothesized that preoperative MRI, along with an active program in MRI-directed biopsies, would lead to a change in multidisciplinary treatment planning for patients being considered for breast-conserving cancer therapy, and it would be associated with reduced rates of margin-positive partial mastectomies. Study Design A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients who were treated for breast cancer at a single center between January 2005 and July 2007 was conducted. Patients in the study were candidates for breast-conserving cancer therapy based on physical examination, mammography, and ultrasonography. All patients were evaluated by a preoperative breast MRI. Analysis included number and result of MRI-directed biopsies, impact of MRI on treatment planning, and incidence of margin-positive partial mastectomy within the series of patients. Results Seventy-nine female patients were analyzed. Median age was 57 years. MRI led to the performance of 25 MRI-directed biopsies for previously unrecognized suspicious lesions in 21 patients. Forty-four percent of MRI-directed biopsies were positive for cancer. MRI was associated with a change in management in 15 patients (19%) for multicentric ipsilateral cancer (n = 7), a more extensive primary lesion size (n = 6), or contralateral breast cancer (n = 2). Incidence of margin-positive partial mastectomy requiring additional resective operation was very low in this series (10%). Conclusions Bilateral breast MRI, when used in conjunction with MRI-directed biopsy procedures, can be helpful in planning multidisciplinary treatment of candidates for breast-conserving cancer therapy. By allowing more accurate local staging of tumors, MRI is a tool that can be used to help reduce high reexcision rates for margin-positive partial mastectomies.
Solid State Coextrusion of High Density Polyethylene. II. Effect of Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution.

The recently developed technique of solid-state coextrusion for ultradrawing semicrystalline thermoplastics has been applied in the preparation of self-reinforced high-density polyethylene extrudates. The extrudates consist of definite core and sheath phases composed of different molecular weights (Mw) in the range of 60,000–250,000 and different molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 3.0–20). Concentric billets of two different phases were prepared for extrusion by in serting a polyethylene rod within a tubular billet of a different high-density polyethylene followed by melting the two phases to obtain bonding between them. The billet was then split longitudinally to increase extrusion speed and extruded at 120°C, 0.23 GPa through a conical die of extrusion draw ratio 25. Extrudates of high tensile modulus (38 GPa) and strength (0.50 GPa) could be produced in a steady state process at a rate near 0.25 cm/min. The tensile properties of the extrudates from either the single or concentric billets increased with average molecular weight and were insensitive to the molecular weight distribution of the constituent phases. Thermal analysis indicated a high deformation efficiency for the sheath and core phases of the extrudates by the coextrusion technique.
MEVBench: A mobile computer vision benchmarking suite

The growth in mobile vision applications, coupled with the performance limitations of mobile platforms, has led to a growing need to understand computer vision applications. Computationally intensive mobile vision applications, such as augmented reality or object recognition, place significant performance and power demands on existing embedded platforms, often leading to degraded application quality. With a better understanding of this growing application space, it will be possible to more effectively optimize future embedded platforms. In this work, we introduce and evaluate a custom benchmark suite for mobile embedded vision applications named MEVBench. MEVBench provides a wide range of mobile vision applications such as face detection, feature classification, object tracking and feature extraction. To better understand mobile vision processing characteristics at the architectural level, we analyze single and multithread implementations of many algorithms to evaluate performance, scalability, and memory characteristics. We provide insights into the major areas where architecture can improve the performance of these applications in embedded systems.
Pitfalls in atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery: how should aerosol optical properties be computed?

Current methods for the atmospheric correction of ocean-color imagery rely on the computation of optical properties of a mixture of chemically different aerosol particles through combination of the mixture with it into an effective, single-particle component that has an average refractive index. However, a multi-component approach in which each particle type independently grows and changes its refractive index with increasing humidity is more realistic. Computations based on Mie theory and radiative transfer are used to show that the two approaches result in top-of-the-atmosphere radiances that differ more than the water-leaving radiance. Thus, proper atmospheric correction requires a multicomponent approach for the computation of realistic aerosol optical properties.
The Impact of Communication, Attitudes, and Acculturation on Advance Directives Decision-Making

ABSTRACT This study explores differences in communication about advance directives between European-Americans and Latinos. To highlight potential issues when communicating with patients about advance directives, we identify differences in communication and attitudes, and examine the role of acculturation in decisions about advance directives. Results reveal that Latinos were less likely than European-Americans to communicate about advance directives with providers and family members, and less likely to complete an advance directive.
Psychopathy, repression-sensitization, and anxiety.

-This study investigated the hypothesis that psychopathic prisoners classified on the basis of M i i I profiles should have lower scores on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) scale than prisoners manifesting psychiatric disturbance or normal prisoners. MMPIs were administered to 177 male prisoners, and all records (N = 144) not grossly invalid were scored for the R-S and Taylor Manifest Anxiety (MAS) scales. Analyses of variance indicated that prisoners manifesting psychiau~c disrurbance had higher R-S and MAS scores than normal prisoners or psychopathic prisoners. There was no difference between normal prisoners and psychopathic prisoners. In view of an r of .84 between R-S and MAS scores, it was concluded that the two scales apparently measure the same thing. Implications of :he findings for the diagnostic classification and prediction of response to treatment of prisoners were also discussed.
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Hip: A Rare Disorder in the Aged (Case Report)

Osteochondritis dessicans of the hip is rare in comparison with occurrence of the disease in other joints. Only about 50 cases have been reported. The literature is reviewed, and a new case is presented. The patient was a 94-year-old Spanish American War veteran who was unusually active and in good health until the onset of osteochondritis dissecans in the right hip (classic clinical and roentgenologic findings). Despite his advanced age and the severe arthritic changes, under conservative therapy he gradually regained a surprising degree of mobility in the affected hip.
Economics of short-rotation intensive culture for the production of wood energy feedstocks

Abstract We review research and evaluate the economics of short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) for the production of wood energy feedstocks in six regions of the U.S. The economics of SRIC are evaluated for present conditions under two sets of assumptions about anticipated advances in technology. The results show that delivered SRIC feedstock costs using available technology are likely to range between $3.00 and $4.10/GJ. Based on estimates of technological advances in tree breeding and selection, cultural management, and harvesting, delivered costs could be lowered to under $2.00/GJ. Advances in genetics, cultural management, and harvesting needed to reduce SRIC costs are technically attainable by the year 2000.
Local control of retinomotor activity in the fish retina.

Abstract Small circular spots of light were focussed on otherwise unilluminated retinas of paralyzed fish.Cichlasoma biocellatum. The retinas were subsequently examined histologically, and a small circular region was found within which the cones and pigmented retinal epithelium were photomechanically light adapted; rods could not be resolved. The same result was obtained with the optic nerve cut. The region was circular and about the same size as the adapting spot. There existed a transition zone between light- and dark-adapted regions within which the photomechanical state was intermediate. These results exclude the hypothesis that light-induced retinomotor phenomena are systemically controlled, and favor local control. An analysis of the transition zone favors the view that photomechanical light adaptation of a given cell may be caused by light caught by that cell or its neighbors.
The polyol pathway and glucose 6-phosphate in human endothelial cells cultured in high glucose concentrations

In an attempt to identify the mechanisms underlying the ill effects of high glucose previously described in cultured human endothelial cells, we have investigated in these cells the activity of the polyol pathway and accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate, a powerful agent of non-enzymatic glycosylation. Sorbitol accumulation varied among different batches of cells (primary cultures). In presence of 5 mmol/l glucose the cellular sorbitol content ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 nmol/10(6) cells. When cells were exposed to 20 mmol/l glucose the sorbitol content increased by 2- to 3-fold to concentrations of 0.08-0.38 nmol/10(6) cells (p less than 0.01). Addition to the culture medium of 100 mumol/l Sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, resulted in a substantial inhibition of sorbitol accumulation throughout the 14 days in culture, but the degree of inhibition varied inversely with the duration of cell exposure to high glucose (70% inhibition in cells exposed to high glucose and Sorbinil for 1-3 days versus 14% inhibition in cells exposed for 14 days, p less than 0.01). Sorbinil treatment failed to improve even slightly the abnormalities in cellular replication induced by high glucose. The cellular content of glucose 6-phosphate was augmented 3-fold by exposure to 20 mmol/l glucose (p less than 0.001). In conjunction with other studies these results indicate that in this model the polyol pathway is not an osmotically or metabolically important mechanism of glucotoxicity, and that the inhibitory activity of Sorbinil on the polyol pathway of human tissues may be a function of their length of exposure to hyperglycaemia. The consequences of intracellular accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate await investigations.
The morphogenetic system in risk analysis

Modern uncertainty theories (fuzzy logic, information diffusion) provide a calculus to obtain a relationship through an observation pattern. With the relationship obtained, we can estimate the risk in different situations. We know that the information structure is essential to forecast the future risk in different situations. The main difficulty in forecasting the risk is in extracting the rules from a noncoherent set of data. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules are essential to detect the uncertainty, but are not sufficient to define in an optimal way the rules that describe the relationship among fuzzy variables. This paper presents the morphogenetic system, which projects the output samples of fuzzy sets to the input samples of the fuzzy sets. In the projection operator, we compute the best rules for the inferential or reasoning process.
Antipneumococcal Activities of Two Novel Macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, Compared with Those of Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, and Telithromycin

The MICs of GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin for 164 macrolide-susceptible and 161 macrolide-resistant pneumococci were low. The MICs of GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin for macrolide-resistant strains were similar, irrespective of the resistance genotypes of the strains. Clindamycin was active against all macrolide-resistant strains except those with erm(B) and one strain with a 23S rRNA mutation. GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin at two times their MICs were bactericidal after 24 h for 7 to 8 of 12 strains. Serial passages of 12 strains in the presence of sub-MICs yielded 54 mutants, 29 of which had changes in the L4 or L22 protein or the 23S rRNA sequence. Among the macrolide-susceptible strains, resistant mutants developed most rapidly after passage in the presence of clindamycin, GW 773546, erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin and slowest after passage in the presence of GW 708408 and telithromycin. Selection of strains for which MICs were >/=0.5 microg/ml from susceptible parents occurred only with erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin; 36 resistant clones from susceptible parent strains had changes in the sequences of the L4 or L22 protein or 23S rRNA. No mef(E) strains yielded resistant clones after passage in the presence of erythromycin and azithromycin. Selection with GW 773546, GW 708408, telithromycin, and clindamycin in two mef(E) strains did not raise the erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin MICs more than twofold. There were no change in the ribosomal protein (L4 or L22) or 23S rRNA sequences for 15 of 18 mutants selected for macrolide resistance; 3 mutants had changes in the L22-protein sequence. GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin selected clones for which MICs were 0.03 to >2.0 microg/ml. Single-step studies showed mutation frequencies 4.3 x 10(-3) for resistant strains. The postantibiotic effects of GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin were 2.4 to 9.8 h.
The Interaction between Consonant Types and Tone of the Chonnam Dialect of Korean

CINITIAL has the strongest effect on F0 among the four factors in cases of both pooled and individual data. Such an effect indicates that there is a strong correlation between the initial consonant type and tone: H following aspirated and tense consonants and LH following other consonants. Vowel has also an effect on F0 throughout the three temporal locations but its effect is much weaker than that of CINITIAL in size (Hz). However, the effect of Length and CFINAL on F0 is found to be almost negligible. Interactions between factors are found to be due to sporadic - presumably is linguistically unimportant - effects rather than to systematic difference.A more through phonetic study suggests that there is a strong correlation between consonant types and tone, confirming Jun's earlier observation. For the fact that consonant types correlated with tone, the phonological discussion of Jun's analysis and an alternative analysis is provided. Jun explains the consonant type-tone interaction in terms of the phonologization of laryngeal effect at an intonational level of Korean phonology. However, in Jun's analysis, it still remains clear why there is a correlation if the laryngeal effect is phonologized. Contrary to Jun, the consonant types-tone interaction is well accounted for in the alternative analysis in terms of the voice hypothesis that lax consonants are underlyingly voiced. This interpretation has potential implications for tonogenesis.
Ontologies and the Semantic Web

framework but a concrete, syntactic structure thatmodels the semantics of a domain – the conceptualframework – in a machine-understandable language.The most frequently quoted deﬁnition of anontology is from Tom Gruber. In “Ontologies as aspeciﬁcation mechanism” (www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html), Gruber describedan ontology as “an explicit speciﬁcation of a con-ceptualization.” This deﬁnition is short and sweetbut patently incomplete because it has been takenout of context. Gruber was careful to constrain hisuse of