cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orientation behavior of butterflyfishes (family Chaetodontidae) on coral reefs: spatial learning of route specific landmarks and cognitive maps

Foraging butterflyfishes follow predictable paths as they swim from one food patch to another within their territories and home ranges. The pattern is repeated throughout the day. The behavior is described in species belonging to the coral feeding guild. Habit formation and spatial learning are implicated. Foraging paths are based on learned locations of route specific landmarks. When a coral head is removed the fish look for it in its former location. If pairs of foraging fish are deflected from the path, they resume their routine pattern at the first landmark they encounter. Periodically, fish make excursions of 30 m or more to distant parts of the reef. Usually they follow different paths on the outbound and homeward legs of these excursions. The critical question is: Are the paths novel? If they are, it is evidence for the use of cognitive maps. Certainly fishes living in the highly structured coral reef environment are prime candidates to use cognitive maps in their orientation behavior.
Comparative analysis of spasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and surface-plasmon-emitting diodes

Theoretical analysis reveals that spasers do not differ fundamentally from conventional semiconductor lasers; differences are mainly technical and result from loss in the metal. Spasers are shown to have significantly inferior threshold currents and linewidths to those of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, but their speed can be slightly greater.
Identification of screwworm species by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in polymerase chain reaction amplified fragments (PCR-RFLP) of mitochondrial DNA were used to differentiate spe- cies of New World screwworms (Diptera : Calliphoridae) . Twenty-seven restriction en- zymes were screened on five regions of mtDNA . Eleven restriction fragment length patterns differentiated New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), from secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.). Five restriction fragment length patterns were polymorphic in C. hominivorax while all fragment patterns were fixed in Crestriction fragment length patterns were used for species di- agnosis, whereas intraspecific variable patterns were used to characterize field samples and laboratory strains . The PCR-RFLP technique is flexible with regard to developmen- tal stage of the sample and method of preservation . We were able to characterize speci- mens of all life stages from egg to adult including larvae preserved in alcohol and pinned adults . PCR-RFLP is rapid and inexpensive, enabling specimens to be characterized within 24 h for less than $2 .50.
Dose-Dependent Binding of ortho-Phenylphenol to Protein but Not DNA in the Urinary Bladder of Male F344 Rats

ortho-Phenylphenol (OPP) is a widely used fungicide and antibacterial agent that is also known to be highly effective in inducing bladder tumors in male F344 rats. At present, neither the role of the urinary bladder in the bioactivation of OPP metabolites nor the nature of the molecular target is understood. To address these issues, we investigated the relationship between OPP dosage and macromolecular adduct formation in the urinary bladder of male F344 rats. Male F344 rats were treated with 0, 15, 50, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg of OPP and its radiocarbon analogue via oral gavage. The dosed rats were euthanized after 24 h, and the proteins were extracted from the liver, kidney, and bladder. The amount of radioactivity associated with the extracted protein was quantified using highly sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry. Protein binding in liver and kidney exhibited a linear or modest curvilinear relationship over the dose range studied. In the urinary bladder, however, a pronounced nonlinear relationship between protein adduct levels and administered dose was observed. The measured protein adduct levels were in agreement with the predicted concentrations of phenylbenzoquinone based on a proposed mechanism involving free phenylhydroquinone autoxidation in the urine. Unlike protein binding, DNA adducts measured from the same bladder samples did not show a significant difference from the control group. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that OPP is an indirect acting carcinogen, and that regenerative hyperplasia due to OPP-metabolite cytotoxicity and/or binding of OPP metabolites to protein targets may play an important role in OPP-induced bladder carcinogenesis.
Fostering student involvement and collaboration in a non-majors' programming course

The ubiquitous lecture, using a slide show or the traditional blackboard, is, arguably, best used at the end of an introduction to a programming topic, not at the onset. This paper documents a technique which demonstrates that illustrating the programming construct and syntax is best delivered through an example, by showing students actual code samples, actual runs, demonstrations, and tests, before the syntax of the construct is introduced. Moreover, one student from the class is selected to act as the “typist” (rather than the instructor) to enter code into the IDE which is visible to the rest of the class. By introducing the student to a well-structured illustration and having students get first-hand experience on the subject matter, students are more involved in the classroom, participate and play a role towards attaining the lesson's goals. This is supported with empirical data that shows students' inclination toward the idea of partaking in an active, collaborative classroom.
Hyaluronic acid synthesis and turnover by myotubes in culture

Analysis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis by high density and clonal cultures of chick myoblasts and fibroblasts, and by cultures enriched for myotubes, indicates that all culture types produce hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulfated polysaccharides (S-GAG). Of these cell types the myotube synthesizes the most HA-rich complement of polysaccharides and has the most HA-rich cell surface. It appears that this is the result of decreased S-GAG synthesis rather than increased HA synthesis. Myotube cell surface HA is qualitatively different from HA released to the medium; cell surface HA is predominantly a single high molecular weight species, whereas HA isolated from the medium comprises a heterogeneous mixture of lower molecular weight HA. Since HA molecules of similar size classes can be generated by treating high molecular weight HA with hyaluronidase, an endogenous hyaluronidase could be involved. Alternatively, myotube-enriched cultures may synthesize and secrete HA polymers of several intermediate lengths.
Fire decomposition effects on sandwich composite materials

Abstract An experimental study was performed to quantify the microscopic changes in composite construction materials to better understand the thermal and structural behavior of sandwich composites during fire. Real-time videos of microscopic response of resin, composite laminates, and balsa wood from an ESEM were used to understand changes in material morphology at elevated temperature. During decomposition of the resin, microscopic pores developed at 180–200 °C which is the same temperature range where facesheet debond has been observed in fire tests. This indicates that these pores may serve as crack initiation sites in the debond process. Microscopic changes in materials were linked with the trends in permeability and porosity measured at different levels of decomposition.
BREEDING AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE BLACK WHEATEAR OENANTHE LEUCURA IN SOUTHERN SPAIN

SUMMARY The breeding and feeding habits of the Black Wheatear O. leucura were studied in an arid, rocky canyon region near Almeria in southeastern Spain from October 1961 to May 1962. Strict territoriality appears to be absent in the species except around nesting sites and birds foraged in extensive and overlapping areas without intraspecific reactions. The rock-carrying habit of the species is its most unusual characteristic. Great numbers of rocks, each one often weighing over half the weight of the bird (the largest rocks found weighed 28 gm.; a male wheatear weighs about 38 gm.). are used in building a foundation for the nest usually placed in holes or cracks in caves or on cliffs. This habit has probably taken on the function of an advertising display and may be continued even at inappropriate nest-sites as a compulsive pattern of behaviour. Even thousands of rocks accumulate over the years under some nest-sites. Incubation was approximately 16–17 days, and only the female incubated. Attentive and inattentive periods of incubation were recorded. Fledging took 14–15 days. Most feeding by Black Wheatears was on the ground, but fairly frequent flights, sometimes rather long, were taken to catch insects in the air. Some feeding was done on bushes and in caves or dark rocky recesses. Sardinian and Dartford Warblers and Chiffchaffs were seen a number of times to follow and feed near wheatears for no apparent reason. Large body-size, relatively long beak, and bristly modifications of feathers in the beak region aid the Black Wheatear in successfully and safely handling large or poisonous insects and lizards and obtaining food in thorny bushes. Analyses of droppings and pellets showed that the most important food was beetles, of which eight families were identified, especially Chrysomelidae (Chrysomela affinis, the most common species), Scarabeidae, and Tenebrionidae. Ants of several species were also a frequent food in all months. Honeybees were an important item. Millepedes were occasionally taken, and Asparagus acutifolius fruits. Masses of insect exoskeletal parts are disgorged as well-formed pellets, presumably formed in the strong muscular gizzard. Such pellets are not strictly comparable to raptor pellets containing large indigestible parts.
High-pressure synthesis of yttrium-thorium sesquicarbide: A new high-temperature superconductor

Abstract A new, high-temperature superconductor, yttrium-thorium sesquicarbide, has been prepared by high-pressure-high-temperature techniques. The phase, crystallizing in the b.c.c., Pu2C3-type structure, exists over a wide ternary field. Lattice parameters are dependent on the Y Th metal and C M t carbon-total metal atomic ratios. The material is superconducting with a variable transition temperature, having a maximum at 17.0 °K. High-temperature ambient-pressure annealing results in the destruction of both the b.c.c. structure and the high-temperature superconductivity. A ternary b.c.t. phase, previously unreported, has been identified in a number of arc-melt preparations. This phase exists over a wide ternary field and is not superconducting down to 4 °K. Elements other than thorium have been incorporated in yttrium sesquicarbide with resultant enhancement of the superconducting temperature.
Technology as a Tool: Applying an Instructional Model to Teach Middle School Students to Use Technology as a Mediator of Learning

The science education community has been challenged to develop curricula that offer science educators and students a variety of experiences that highlight the advances of technologies. Although many approaches have been suggested for using technologies in school, there has been little research on its use as a tool with middle school students. Students’ use of data collection technologies transitioned from novelty to a tool capable of mediating understanding of scientific phenomena. A 9 week elective class, “Exploring Technologies,” was developed using a three-phase model of scaffolding taught to seventh and eighth grade students (n = 23). The interactions of the students throughout each of the phases of instruction were recorded and analyzed through audiotape and videotape transcriptions. A socio-constructivist frame was used in interpreting the findings of the study. Analysis of students’ interactions during the three phases of instruction indicated that the use of the scaffolding model for designing instruction allows for the effective infusion of technology into the curriculum.
Some Suggested Concepts for Improving Taxonomic Dialogue

Anderson, Sydniey (Department of Mammalogy, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. 10024) 1974. Some suggested concepts for improving taxonomic dialogue. Syst. Zool., 23:58-70.-Art and science are inextricably mingled in taxonomy as in other disciplines. The process of improving science is not equivalent to a process of reducing or eliminating art. Semantics, theory, and practice should be distinguished in discussions of taxonomic problems. Distinctions should also be drawn carefully between the real universe, the models we construct, and the classifications or sets of formal names we use. Comparisons are made between the three principal strands in taxonomy, the phenetic, cladistic, and eclectic. Different values, for example nomenclatorial stability and fidelity of classification and model in taxonomy, cannot be simultaneously maximized; this makes compromise necessary. Two cladistic models and related classifications are compared. [Phylogeny; classification; cladism.] IS TAXONOMY ART, OR SCIENCE, OR BOTH? A number of recent authors have at least alluded to the question here posed. A brief examination of some of these statements reveals some criteria used to decide what is "science" or what is more or less "scientific." "The practice of taxonomy has remained intuitive and commonly inarticulate, an art rather than a science" (Sokal and Sneath, 1963:vii). This was an undesirable condition the numerical taxonomists hoped to help correct. "Choice among [four different approaches to classification] is not a matter of right and wrong but of artistic judgment in each individual case" (Simpson, 1961:122). The dichotomy here is between epistemology and aesthetics rather than between ethics and aesthetics, in spite of the ethical connotation of the words right and wrong. "Taxonomists are more like artists than art critics; they practice their trade and don't discuss it" (Anderson, 1952:210). "But systematics is science and not art, and in every science there comes a time [for discussion and analysis as well as practice]" (IHennig, 1966:28, in referring to Anderson's
A fractional dialysate collection method to estimate solute removal in continuous venovenous hemodialysis.

A fractional dialysate collection method to estimate solute removal in continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Technical Note. Background Fractional direct dialysis quantification (fDDQ), whereby a known proportion of dialysate effluent is sampled, can reliably estimate total solute removal in intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). Our study aimed to develop and test the technique in continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). Methods Twenty dialysate collections (mean duration 23.5 hours, range 17.25 to 26.6) were performed in 12 patients on CVVHD. An infusion pump diverted 10% of the total effluent volume to the fractional collection (fc), the remainder being channeled into the bulk collection (bc). Both fc and bc were collected on ice and assayed for urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine (Cr). Actual solute removal (ASR) was calculated from the measured effluent volume and solute concentrations of the fc and bc. Estimated solute removal (ESR) was calculated from the product of the fc solute concentration and effluent volume. All fc/bc samples in 15 out of 20 collections underwent gram stain and aerobic/anaerobic culture. Results Bland–Altman analyses suggested good agreement between ASR and ESR [absolute values of percentage differences: 95% CI=1.73, 5.17% (UN); 1.88, 4.31% (Cr)]. Favorable concordance correlation coefficients confirmed this [r c = 0.995 (UN), 0.997 (Cr)] and were apparently unaffected by heavy pseudomonal growths in 4 out of 7 culture positive collections [r c = 0.997 (UN), 0.997 (Cr); culture negative ( N = 8), r c = 0.996 (UN), 0.997 Cr)]. Conclusion fDDQ, using 24-hour, pump-assisted, cooled fractional dialysate sampling reliably estimates total solute removal and provides a practical alternative to total dialysate collection in assessing delivered dialysis dose.
Philosophy, rhetoric, and cultural memory: Rereading Plato's Menexenus and Isocrates’ Panegyricus

Abstract The rivalry between Plato and Isocrates has begun to receive scholarly attention, primarily because both Plato and Isocrates used the term philosophia to describe their occupation. However, the efforts to distinguish their respective uses and definitions of the term typically ignore the performative dimension of both Plato's and Isocrates’ writings and their relationship with other discourses of Athenian public culture. This essay argues that both Plato and Isocrates constructed the domain of philosophy by performing the speech genres constitutive of Greek cultural memory. To support this claim, I offer a reading of Plato's Menexenus and Isocrates’ Panegyricus, both of which were crafted in response to the same historical event, the Peace of Antalkidas. The essay demonstrates the distinct ways in which Plato and Isocrates appropriated generic conventions of the Athenian funeral oration and panegyric in order to construct the identity of a “philosopher” vis‐a‐vis his polis and to model the relatio...
Association of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci with Residence in a Pediatric Chronic Care Facility

Risk factors for the acquisition of penicillin-resistant pneumococci (PRP) were analyzed at a university hospital in New York City. Patients with PRP and control patients with penicillin-sensitive pneumococcal infections were compared. In 1994, 24 (21%) of 113 patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae infections had PRP; 13 PRP isolates were from children and 11 from adults. Only white race (P < .05) and residence in a pediatric chronic care facility (P < .05) were significantly associated with penicillin resistance. An investigation at one chronic care facility revealed that 33% of children (17/52) had PRP colonization. Fourteen of the 17 PRP isolates were also resistant to ceftriaxone. Prior antibiotic use and specifically beta-lactam use were associated with penicillin resistance. All typeable PRP isolates were multidrug-resistant serotype 23. Pediatric residents in chronic care facilities may be an important reservoir of PRP and may serve as a source of PRP transmission when they are transferred to acute care hospitals.
Wave-mixing properties in commercially available semi-insulator grade GaAs crystals

We have been successful in procuring commercial semi-insulator grade GaAs crystals from Sumitomo that exhibit in our laboratory a gain coefficient of 6.4 cm-1, a phase-conjugate beam reflectivity of 6, and a grating build-up time of less than 10 ms at a wavelength of 1.06 µm. Electrical and optical properties of these crystals in two- and four-wave-mixing experiments are described for both dc electric field and moving-grating biases on the crystal. Oscillator experiments have also been performed with a retromodulator as the retroreflective mirror in the feedback loop of the resonator cavity.
Measurement of infant tongue thickness using ultrasound: a technical note.

Novel uses of ultrasound include obtaining images of intra-oral structures to further research in speech production and feeding. In this technical note we describe a noninvasive, cost-effective, and reliable method for measuring infant tongue muscle thickness. The current pilot study demonstrates high reliability of a trained ultrasonographer to obtain adequate images of the infant tongue and the ability to measure reliably between two anatomic landmarks to determine tongue thickness and investigate a potential relationship between tongue size and tongue force. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2012
Balance Without Equality: Just World Beliefs, the Gay Affluence Myth, and Support for Gay Rights

The harmfulness of negative stereotypes toward gay and lesbian people has been established, but the effect of positive stereotypes has not been thoroughly examined. Gay and lesbian Americans continue to struggle against interpersonal and institutionalized discrimination, yet many people do not see them as a politically disadvantaged group, and voter support for gay rights has been inconsistent and somewhat unpredictable. Drawing on previous research regarding reactions to disadvantaged and advantaged targets, we examined the social cognitive underpinnings of support for gay rights. After accounting for general anti-gay attitudes and degree of religious affiliation, we found that global endorsement of just world beliefs negatively predicted support for gay rights, and that this effect was mediated by an inclination to perceive discrimination against gay and lesbian people as less of an issue in American society. Additionally, we found that endorsement of the ‘gay affluence’ stereotype also negatively predicted support of gay rights, particularly among non-student adults, and that this effect was moderated by character beliefs about gay and lesbian people pertaining to wealth-deservingness.
Evolution of dispersal in density regulated populations: A haploid model

The evolution of dispersal is explored in a density-dependent framework. Attention is restricted to haploid populations in which the genotypic fitnesses at a single diallelic locus are decreasing functions of the changing number of individuals in the population. It is shown that migration between two populations in which the genotypic response to density is reversed can maintain both alleles when the intermigration rates are constant or nondecreasing functions of the population densities. There is always a unique symmetric interior equilibrium with equal numbers but opposite gene frequencies in the two populations, provided the system is not degenerate. Numerical examples with exponential and hyperbolic fitnesses suggest that this is the only stable equilibrium state under constant positive migration rates (m) less than 12. Practically speaking, however, there is only convergence after a reasonable number of generations for relatively small migration rates (m < 14). A migration-modifying mutant at a second, neutral locus, can successfully enter two populations at a stable migration-selection balance if and only if it reduces the intermigration rates of its carriers at the original equilibrium population size. Moreover, migration modification will always result in a higher equilibrium population size, provided the system approaches another symmetric interior equilibrium. The new equilibrium migration rate will be lower than that at the original equilibrium, even when the modified migration rate is a nondecreasing function of the population sizes. Therefore, as in constant viability models, evolution will lead to reduced dispersal.
LENS EFFECT OF THE EARTH'S IONOSPHERE ON RADIO WAVES REACHING THE MOON.

Abstract Radio waves from a distant source at grazing incidence on the Earth's atmosphere are focused at the Moon. The intensity distribution at the Moon's distance is calculated. The outer ionosphere focuses most strongly radio waves of a wavelength λ ≳ 1 m, giving a maximum increase in intensity of about 20. The E and F-layers give a smaller focusing effect.
Endothelial Cell Seeding onto Various Biomaterials Causes Superoxide-induced Cell Death:

The seeding and/or in-growth of endothelial cells on a number of blood-contacting implants are a concern for both biomaterials and tissue engineering. While endothelialization has been viewed positively, owing to their ability to regulate both smooth muscle and blood, there is evidence which suggests that endothelial cells on a nonoptimized surface may be counterproductive. The present study describes the experimentation designed to elucidate the effect of culture substrate on intracellular superoxide (SO) levels, a marker for endothelial cell dysfunction. The adaptation of the use of dihydroethidium under physiologically relevant shearing conditions is also reported. The present study describes a standardized method for the use of dihydroethidium as a marker for intracellular oxidative stress under physiologic shear. Levels of hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress producing agent) are optimized to a minimum of 60 microM (under static conditions) to allow for the detection of SO within the free radical scavenging environment. A flow rate of 24.4 mL/min is applied and found to produce physiologically relevant shear stress (8.2 dynes/cm(2)) within the system under study. Dihydroethidium is a useful marker for assessing intracellular oxidative stress in studies that require shear.
The Optimal Temperature for Preservation of the Myocardium during Global Ischemia

Abstract To determine the myocardial temperature that provides maximal preservation of the heart during global ischemic arrest, five groups of dogs were studied (6 per group). In all animals, the aorta was cross-clamped for 120 minutes. Serial biopsies were done for determination of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate, and study by electron microscopy. Starling curves were derived prior to cardiopulmonary bypass and 60 minutes after bypass. Mitochondrial changes were graded on a scale of 0 to 4. In the control group (Group 1), the aorta was clamped when the rectal temperature reached 25°C (myocardial temperature, 18° to 22°C). In Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5, myocardial temperature was maintained at 6°C, 10°C, 14°C, and 18°C (all ± 2°C), respectively, by the use of systemic and topical hypothermia and repeated injections of cold cardioplegia solution into the aortic root. All groups showed a depression of left ventricular stroke work index, particularly Group 1 (no survivors), Group 2, and Group 3. The high-energy phosphate stores were well preserved in all groups except Group 1. The mitochondrial ultrastructure showed significant changes in all groups, especially Groups 1 and 5. These data indicate that satisfactory preservation of mitochondrial ultrastructure and high-energy phosphates was achieved at myocardial temperatures lower than 18°C. Extreme hypothermia (Groups 2 and 3) was associated with significant reduction in ventricular function under the experimental conditions employed.
Association Between Experienced Teachers' NOS Implementation and Reform-Based Practices

The assertion that general reform-based science teaching practices (GRBSTPs) can facilitate nature of science (NOS) instruction has been mentioned in the literature, but rigorous and transparent empirical substantiation for this claim has not been made. This investigation empirically demonstrates an association between thirteen experienced teachers’ NOS implementation practices and their GRBSTPs. While effectively implementing GRBSTPs does not ensure the NOS will be taught, the findings show that these practices are associated with high levels of NOS instruction. In this study, teachers who implemented higher levels of reform-based practices were also observed to enact more instances of planned and spontaneous effective NOS instruction. Furthermore, these teachers were more likely to recognize and capitalize on NOS teaching opportunities when they unexpectedly arose in the context of their GRBSTPs. Just as NOS understanding must be assessed when determining factors associated with teachers’ NOS implementation, teachers’ GRBSTPs should also be empirically and transparently established to ensure they do not mask or confound other factors associated with NOS implementation.
Liver levels of vitamin a and cellular retinol-binding protein for patients wth biliary atresia

We have examined whether the amount of cellular retinol-binding protein in human liver is related to the amount of vitamin A stored in the liver. Levels of vitamin A, as retinol and retinol esters, and of cellular retinol-binding protein have been determined in liver samples from 6 normal adults and 11 children with biliary atresia, with and without vitamin A treatment. The level of cellular retinol-binding protein in the liver was not related to the liver vitamin A concentration examined over a 300-fold range of vitamin A levels. Also, biliary atresia did not appear to interfere with storage of vitamin A, and the level of cellular retinol-binding protein was comparable to that observed in the liver of normal adults. The demonstration of proper vitamin A storage in treated children as well as normal levels of cellular retinol-binding protein suggest the vitamin A deficiency frequently observed in children with biliary atresia may be due primarily to faulty absorption rather than a combination of poor absorption and impaired hepatic vitamin A metabolism.
An optical up-conversion light gate with picosecond resolution

Abstract Up-conversion (or optical mixing) of light was used to measure the duration of subnanosecond optical pulses.
Synoptic-Scale Deformation and Tropical Cloud Bands.

Abstract Satellite-observed tropical and extratropical cloud bands often look alike. It is hypothesized that synoptic-scale deformation and tropical cloud band orientation are related, since the axis of dilatation associated with the former is related to extratropical frontal cloud band orientation. This study finds the following evidence for the hypothesis: The orientations of climatological bands of cloudiness in tropical oceanic areas are for the most part well-correlated with the respective climatological, gradient-level, axis-of-dilatation orientations. Significant correlations were found between the cloud-band and axis-of-dilatation orientations of the objectively analyzed nondivergent wind at 950, 850 and 700 mb during BOMEX Phase IV. The objective analyses made use of synchronous and asynchronous data. The significance decreased with height, and was very small at 450 mb. On days when cloud bands were zonally oriented, the average axis-dilatation orientation was zonal; when cloud bands were nonzona...
Geological structure of the Paradox Valley Region, Colorado, and relationship to seismicity induced by deep well injection

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) operates a deep injection well at Paradox Valley in western Colorado. Seismicity has been recorded since 1985, with more than 5900 likely induced earthquakes detected since injection operations began in 1991, making this project a unique and valuable case study in the long-term development of injection-induced seismicity. Likely induced earthquakes occur in a complex pattern with clusters separated by aseismic gaps of 2 km or more, and have been observed up to 16 km from the injection well. To evaluate how the subsurface geologic structure may control the occurrence of induced seismicity, we compare the earthquake locations to a set of geologic models that Reclamation commissioned prior to drilling the injection well. Our analysis indicates that many aspects of the observed seismicity pattern can be attributed to the complex geologic structure. The earthquake depths and locations are generally consistent with the structural trends of the primary injection target formation, within the uncertainty of the models, and some of the mapped basement faults appear to serve as boundaries in the earthquake locations, suggesting that they are barriers to flow. Additionally, the majority of events follow the predicted fluid flow pattern, which trends northwest–southeast and wraps around Paradox Valley. Some features of the seismicity pattern, such as the early onset of seismicity to the northwest of the injection well and the distinct clustering, are not explained by the current geologic models and may be related to unmapped geologic features or local variations in the stress field.
Effect of electropulsing on the tensile flow stress of ultrafine-grained 3Y-TZP at 1400°C

Abstract Short DC pulses (∼10– 4 s duration with a maximum electric field strength of 2.0 – 9.3 kV cm– 1) applied continuously at a frequency of 10 Hz reduced the tensile flow stress of ultrafine-grained 3Y-TZP at 1400 °C. The decrease in flow stress was attributed to a retardation of dynamic grain growth by the average electric field. The degree of retardation decreased with strain, which correlated with the calculated reduction in electric field strength due to the change in dimensions of the specimen as it elongates. Considering the present electropulsing results along with those obtained previously employing DC and 60 Hz AC fields, it was found that the ratio of the decrease in grain size with field to the grain size without field, was proportional to the average effective electric field strength, relatively independent of test temperature in the range of 1400 – 1500 °C. The proportionality constant increased in the order DC, AC, EP, indicating that a varying field has a greater effect on retarding dy...
In vivo studies on rhodanese encapsulation in mouse carrier erythrocytes

Abstract Resealed erythrocytes containing sodium thiosulfate and rhodanese (CRBC) are being employed as a new approach in the antagonism of cyanide intoxication. In earlier in vitro studies, the behavior of red blood cells containing rhodanese and sodium thiosulfate was investigated with regard to their properties and their capability of metabolizing cyanide to thiocyanate. The present studies are concerned with the properties of these rhodanese-containing carrier erythrocytes in the intact animal. These carrier erythrocytes were administered intravenously and the survival of the encapsulated enzyme was compared with the administration (iv) of free exogenous enzyme. Also, the amount of leakage of the encapsulated rhodanese from the red blood cell was determined. The survival of the carrier red blood cell, prepared by hypotonic dialysis, was found to be characterized by a biphasic curve. There was an initial rapid loss of approximately 40 to 50% of the carrier cells with a t ½ = 2.5 hr. Subsequently the remaining resealed annealed carrier erythrocytes persisted in the vascular system with a t ½ = 8.5 days. When free exogenous rhodanese was administered directly into the vascular system, it was rapidly eliminated with a t ½ = 53 min. Red blood cells containing sodium thiosulfate and rhodanese apparently are effective in vivo in the biotransformation of cyanide. In animals pretreated with encapsulated rhodanese and sodium thiosulfate, blood cyanide concentrations are appreciably decreased with a concomitant increase in thiocyanate ion, a metabolite of cyanide. When erythrocytes, which contained no rhodanese or sodium thiosulfate, were subjected to hypotonic dialysis, cyanide was not metabolized to any appreciable extent. Furthermore, carrier erythrocytes containing rhodanese and sodium thiosulfate were found to increase the protection against the lethal effects of cyanide by approximately twofold. The ability of these carrier erythrocytes alone to metabolize cyanide and to antagonize the lethal effects of cyanide reflects the potential of this new antidotal approach in the antagonism of chemical toxicants.
The effects of a contingent light-flash on stuttering and attention to stuttering

The hypothesis that a light-flash made contingent on stuttering would reduce stuttering to the extent that it called subjects' attention to their stuttering responses was investigated with two adult female stutterers. Attention to stuttering was measured by asking subjects to depress a switch each time they detected a stuttering in their speech. For one subject, the contingent light produced a marked reduction in stuttering but had no effect on switch-pressing. For the other subject, the light had little effect on stuttering but resulted in an increase in switch-pressing. For both subjects, reductions in stuttering occurred when they were asked to note their stutterings by pressing the switch. The results suggested that the effect of the light on stuttering was not due to its role in calling attention to stuttering.
Composable thread coloring

This paper introduces the language-independent concept of ``thread usage policy.'' Many multi-threaded software systems contain policies that regulate associations among threads, executable code, and potentially shared state. A system, for example, may constrain which threads are permitted to execute particular code segments, usually as a means to constrain those threads from accessing or writing particular elements of state. These policies ensure properties such as state confinement or reader/writer constraints, often without recourse to locking or transaction discipline.Our approach allows developers to concisely document their thread usage policies in a manner that enables the use of sound scalable analysis to assess consistency of policy and as-written code. This paper identifies the key semantic concepts of our thread coloring language and illustrates how to use its succinct source-level annotations to express models of thread usage policies, following established annotation conventions for Java.We have built a prototype static analysis tool, implemented as an integrated development environment plug-in (for the Eclipse IDE), that notifies developers of discrepancies between policy annotations and as-written code. Our analysis technique uses several underlying algorithms based on abstract interpretation, call-graphs, and type inference. The resulting overall analysis is both sound and composable. We have used this prototype analysis tool in case studies to model and analyze more than a million lines of code.Our validation process included field trials on a wide variety of complex large-scale production code selected by the host organizations. Our in-field experience led us to focus on potential adoptability by real-world developers. We have developed techniques that can reduce annotation density to less than one line per thousand lines of code (KLOC). In addition, the prototype analysis tool supports an incremental and iterative approach to modeling and analysis. This approach enabled field trial partners to directly target areas of greatest concern and to achieve useful results within a few hours.
Imaging of Primary Gastrointestinal Lymphoma

Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma most often arises from stomach, small bowel, or colon. The 2 most common subtypes of primary GI lymphoma include low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, and high-grade diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma. Primary GI lymphoma demonstrates a myriad of imaging manifestations that can commonly mimic other pathologies. Timely and accurate diagnosis remains important because treatment and prognosis of primary GI lymphoma differ significantly from other GI malignancies and even lymphoma of other primary sites.
Inhibition of Mitosis and Microtubule Function through Direct Tubulin Binding by a Novel Antiproliferative Naphthopyran LY290181

SUMMARY The mechanism of action of a novel antiproliferative compound LY290181 [2-amino-4-(3-pyridyl)-4H-naphtho(1,2-b)pyran-3carbonitrile] was characterized. LY290181 is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, producing 50% inhibition of vascular smooth muscle, endothelial, Chinese hamster ovary, HeLa, and human erythroleukemia cells at concentrations of 8 ‐ 40 nM. Cell cycle analysis showed that LY290181 caused accumulation of smooth muscle cells at the G2/M phase and induced mitotic arrest in Chinese hamster ovary cells and HeLa cells. At low concentrations (3‐30 nM), LY290181 blocked transition of cells from metaphase to anaphase and disrupted mitotic spindle organization. At high concentrations ($100 nM), LY290181 produced a concentration-dependent loss of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules. LY290181 inhibited the polymerization of purified bovine brain microtubule protein into microtubules, and it depolymerized preformed microtubules. Using tubulin-1-anilino-8naphthalene sulfonate complex fluorescence, we have shown that LY290181 directly interacted with tubulin in a unique manner. These studies show that LY290181 induces cell growth arrest in prometaphase/metaphase, and tubulin appears to be its molecular target.
A calorimetric titration of egg albumin with sodium dodecylsulfate.

Abstract Unreduced egg albumin was titrated at 0.025 and 0.20 ionic strength with sodium dodecylsulfate using a microcalorimeter to follow the reaction. Evidence was obtained for two classes of Na dodecylsulfate binding sites at the lower ionic strength, one saturating at 0.4 g of detergent per gram of protein, the other saturating at 1.4 g/g. Some additional Na dodecylsulfate was apparently bound at the higher ionic strength. The apparent average enthalpy per mole of Na dodecylsulfate bound was about 30% lower for the 0–0.4 g/g and 0.4–1.4 g/g classes of Na dodecylsulfate binding sites at 0.20 ionic strength. The Na dodecylsulfate binding appeared to be highly cooperative. The average overall enthalpies found were 1.1 kcal/mole of Na dodecylsulfate bound or less, indicating that the binding of Na dodecylsulfate to egg albumin is an entropy-driven reaction.
The Emerging Bio-Refinery Industry Needs to Refine Lignin Prior to Use

In a manner similar to crude oil, technical lignins need refining if their potential as reactive polyphenols of well-defined molecular weight polymers and oligomers is to be actualized. Our recent work has demonstrated that a continuum of narrow fractions can be isolated by the incremental addition of a non-polar solvent (hexanes) in a polar (acetone) solution of softwood wood kraft lignin
Hierarchical Discriminative Classification for Text-Based Geolocation

Text-based document geolocation is commonly rooted in language-based information retrieval techniques over geodesic grids. These methods ignore the natural hierarchy of cells in such grids and fall afoul of independence assumptions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using logistic regression models on a hierarchy of nodes in the grid, which improves upon the state of the art accuracy by several percent and reduces mean error distances by hundreds of kilometers on data from Twitter, Wikipedia, and Flickr. We also show that logistic regression performs feature selection effectively, assigning high weights to geocentric terms.
MODELING LEARNING CURVE AND LEARNING COMPLEMENTARITY FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULING

Research on learning effects in mathematical programming models for optimum resource allocation has called attention to the difficulty in solving such models in their original nonlinear form. In this paper, systematically varying sizes of linear segments are designed to approximate productivity changes along the learning curve, and a single separable linear programming model is developed. With production complementarity and learning transmission between products, a more realistic resource allocation and production scheduling problem emerges. Two cases of learning transmissions are considered, and the model design process, which defines a decision problem that can be solved by a simplex algorithm, is demonstrated.
Targeting glutamine metabolism rescues mice from late-stage cerebral malaria

The most deadly complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection is cerebral malaria (CM) with a case fatality rate of 15-25% in African children despite effective antimalarial chemotherapy. There are no adjunctive treatments for CM, so there is an urgent need to identify new targets for therapy. Here we show that the glutamine analog 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) rescues mice from CM when administered late in the infection a time at which mice already are suffering blood-brain barrier dysfunction, brain swelling, and hemorrhaging accompanied by accumulation of parasite-specific CD8(+) effector T cells and infected red blood cells in the brain. Remarkably, within hours of DON treatment mice showed blood-brain barrier integrity, reduced brain swelling, decreased function of activated effector CD8(+) T cells in the brain, and levels of brain metabolites that resembled those in uninfected mice. These results suggest DON as a strong candidate for an effective adjunctive therapy for CM in African children.
Robust Strategies for Diagnosing Manufacturing Defects

We describe a manufacturing screening task, the diagnosis of defects on a computer board. Then we describe several strategies used by expert troubleshooters performing the task. These strategies use "inexact models" of the components and connections on the board. A prototype expert system has been implemented that uses the strategies and models. The strategies and models are robust because they are applicable to a wide range of problems, including problems not previously encountered. Brittleness is a common problem with diagnostic systems. We propose the use of these types of strategies to increase the robustness of diagnostic systems.
A novel surface-mount RF delay filter for feedforward LPAs

A novel time-delay filter design is presented that uses a cascade of surface-mount coaxial ceramic delay lines. Quarter-wave microstrip lines are used as impedance inverters to extend the operating bandwidth of the ceramic delay lines. Ideally, no tuning is involved. A theoretical analysis is presented. Two different high-power low-loss delay filters are simulated, built and tested for the 869-894 MHz cellular band. Performance limitations due to circuit parasitics are discussed.
A methodology for image quality evaluation of advanced CT systems.

Purpose: This work involved the development of a phantom-based method to quantify the performance of tube current modulation and iterative reconstruction in modern computed tomography (CT) systems. The quantification included resolution, HU accuracy, noise, and noise texture accounting for the impact of contrast, prescribed dose, reconstruction algorithm, and body size. Methods: A 42-cm-long, 22.5-kg polyethylene phantom was designed to model four body sizes. Each size was represented by a uniform section, for the measurement of the noise-power spectrum (NPS), and a feature section containing various rods, for the measurement of HU and the task-based modulation transfer function (TTF). The phantom was scanned on a clinical CT system (GE, 750HD) using a range of tube current modulation settings (NI levels) and reconstruction methods (FBP and ASIR30). An image quality analysis program was developed to process the phantom data to calculate the targeted image quality metrics as a function of contrast, prescribed dose, and body size. Results: The phantom fabrication closely followed the design specifications. In terms of tube current modulation, the tube current and resulting image noise varied as a function of phantom size as expected based on the manufacturer specification: From the 16- to 37-cm section, the HU contrast for each rod was inversely related to phantom size, and noise was relatively constant (<5% change). With iterative reconstruction, the TTF exhibited a contrast dependency with better performance for higher contrast objects. At low noise levels, TTFs of iterative reconstruction were better than those of FBP, but at higher noise, that superiority was not maintained at all contrast levels. Relative to FBP, the NPS of iterative reconstruction exhibited an ∼30% decrease in magnitude and a 0.1 mm−1 shift in the peak frequency. Conclusions: Phantom and image quality analysis software were created for assessing CT image quality over a range of contrasts, doses, and body sizes. The testing platform enabled robust NPS, TTF, HU, and pixel noise measurements as a function of body size capable of characterizing the performance of reconstruction algorithms and tube current modulation techniques.