cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome and medical management in dogs with lower motor neuron disease undergoing mechanical ventilation: 14 cases (2003–2009)

Objective To describe the application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IIPV) in dogs with lower motor neuron disease (LMND). Design Multi-institutional, retrospective study (2003–2009). Setting Intensive care units at multiple university teaching hospitals. Animals Fourteen dogs with LMND that underwent IIPV. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The ventilatory logs of 4 teaching hospitals were searched for dogs undergoing IIPV in association with a diagnosis of acute LMND. The medical records were evaluated for signalment, specific LMND, ventilatory management and duration, complications associated with ventilation, duration of hospitalization, and outcome. Descriptive statistics were used as indicated. Fifteen records were evaluated, 1 dog was excluded since it experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) before commencement of IIPV. The median age was 7.0 years (range 10 mo to 12 y). There were 5 Labrador retrievers, 4 mixed breeds, and 5 other breeds were each represented once. Five dogs were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, 4 dogs with polyradiculoneuritis, and 5 dogs had an undetermined LMND. Clinical signs of weakness before ventilation were present for a median of 36 hours (range 6 h to 14 d). Dogs were ventilated for a median of 109 hours (range 5–261 h). Nine dogs had temporary tracheostomies performed, and 8 dogs received nutritional support. Five dogs developed ventilator associated pneumonia. Six dogs were successfully weaned from the ventilator with a median ventilatory time of 49 hours (range 25–192 h). Three dogs survived to discharge. No single LMND was associated with a better outcome. Conclusions High euthanasia rates and iatrogenic complications limit the ability to accurately prognosticate for affected dogs in this retrospective study, but in dogs with LMND that is severe enough to require IIPV, support may be required days to weeks.
Voluntary Weight Reduction in Older Men Increases Hip Bone Loss: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study

To test the hypothesis that weight loss in older men is associated with increased rates of hip bone loss regardless of adiposity and intention to lose weight, we measured body weight, body composition, hip bone mineral density (BMD), and intention to lose weight in a cohort of 1342 older men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study and followed them prospectively for an average of 1.8 yr for changes in weight and BMD. The adjusted average rate of change in total hip BMD was 0.1%/yr in men with weight gain, -0.3%/yr in men with stable weight, and -1.4%/yr in men with weight loss (test for trend, P or =30 kg/m2) men trying to lose weight, those with documented voluntary weight reduction experienced an increase in hip bone loss (average rate of change in total hip BMD, 0.5%/yr in those with weight gain, -0.1%/yr in those with stable weight, and -1.7%/yr in those with weight loss; test for trend, P < 0.001). Older men who experience weight loss have increased rates of hip bone loss, even among overweight and obese men undergoing voluntary weight reduction.
Creating a Research Agenda for Department Chairs

Abstract Limited research exists related to departmental administration of health education professional preparation programs. Initiating and maintaining a research agenda that addresses administrative issues is a possible area of scholarship for department chairs. In this article a rationale is presented for the involvement of department chairs in such research along with suggestions for specific research topics and ideas for actions to support the development of a research agenda.
Citizenship and The State

This study surveys debates on citizenship, the state, and the bases of political stability. The survey begins by presenting the primary sense of ‘citizenship’ as a legal status and the question of the sorts of political communities people can belong to as citizens. (Multi)nation-states are suggested as the main site of citizenship in the contemporary world, without ignoring the existence of alternative possibilities. Turning to discussions of citizen identity, the study shows that some of the discussion is motivated by a perceived need for citizens to have a sense of political belonging, on the assumption that such a sense promotes political activity and has other personal and social benefits. But there are serious problems with the strategy of understanding the relevant sense of belonging in terms of identification with the nation-state. The study explores a more promising way to generate this sense of belonging. First, societies should function, to a sufficiently high degree, in accord with political principles of justice and democratic decision making. Second, there should be a general consensus on political principles among citizens, as well as high levels of engagement in democratic deliberation.
Estimating degradation in real time and accelerated stability tests with random lot-to-lot variation: a simulation study.

The effect of different lot-to-lot variability levels on the prediction of stability are studied based on two statistical models for estimating degradation in real time and accelerated stability tests. Lot-to-lot variability is considered as random in both models, and is attributed to two sources-variability at time zero, and variability of degradation rate. Real-time stability tests are modeled as a function of time while accelerated stability tests as a function of time and temperatures. Several data sets were simulated, and a maximum likelihood approach was used for estimation. The 95% confidence intervals for the degradation rate depend on the amount of lot-to-lot variability. When lot-to-lot degradation rate variability is relatively large (CV > or = 8%) the estimated confidence intervals do not represent the trend for individual lots. In such cases it is recommended to analyze each lot individually.
Severe Hemorrhagic Fever in Strain 13/N Guinea Pigs Infected with Lujo Virus

Lujo virus (LUJV) is a novel member of the Arenaviridae family that was first identified in 2008 after an outbreak of severe hemorrhagic fever (HF). In what was a small but rapidly progressing outbreak, this previously unknown virus was transmitted from the critically ill index patient to 4 attending healthcare workers. Four persons died during this outbreak, for a total case fatality of 80% (4/5). The suspected rodent source of the initial exposure to LUJV remains a mystery. Because of the ease of transmission, high case fatality, and novel nature of LUJV, we sought to establish an animal model of LUJV HF. Initial attempts in mice failed, but infection of inbred strain 13/N guinea pigs resulted in lethal disease. A total of 41 adult strain 13/N guinea pigs were infected with either wild-type LUJV or a full-length recombinant LUJV. Results demonstrated that strain 13/N guinea pigs provide an excellent model of severe and lethal LUJV HF that closely resembles what is known of the human disease. All infected animals experienced consistent weight loss (3–5% per day) and clinical illness characterized by ocular discharge, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and lethargy. Uniform lethality occurred by 11–16 days post-infection. All animals developed disseminated LUJV infection in various organs (liver, spleen, lung, and kidney), and leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and elevated transaminase levels. Serial euthanasia studies revealed a temporal pattern of virus dissemination and increasing severity of disease, primarily targeting the liver, spleen, lungs, and lower gastrointestinal tract. Establishing an animal LUJV model is an important first step towards understanding the high pathogenicity of LUJV and developing vaccines and antiviral therapeutic drugs for this highly transmissible and lethal emerging pathogen.
Real and Reactive Power Prices and Market Power

The exercise of market power is a major concern in deregulating the electric energy business in the U.S. Exploitation of market power can destroy any market efficiencies and award unwarranted profits based solely on the lack of competition rather than on economic merit. There have been several attempts to quantify market power with much of the work focused separately on either real power or reactive power. This paper addresses a new possibility for a market participant to exploit an opportunity to increase revenue by gaming both real and reactive markets.
The Power of Teaching Activities: Statistical and Methodological Recommendations.

Researchers rarely mention statistical power in Teaching of Psychology teaching activity studies. Insufficiently powered tests promote uncertainty in the decision to accept or reject the tested null hypothesis and influence the interpretation of results. We analyzed the a priori power of statistical tests from 197 teaching activity effectiveness studies published from 1974 through 2006. We found that two thirds of the studies were powerful enough to detect only large effects. We compared observed sample sizes with expert recommendations and found that studies typically used sample sizes that were too small. We discuss limitations of underpowered statistical tests in evaluating teaching activity effectiveness and make design-related recommendations for improving power.
Reliability growth test design — Connecting math to physics

This paper addresses the Physics of Failure approach as a complement to the traditional design of reliability growth tests to determine the test duration in view of the test items' cumulative damage model. This approach is to improve what was a pure mathematical model which does not address the life and use operational profile of the item subject to reliability growth. The paper emphasizes the Physics of Failure, PoF, rationale where the failure rates of the failure modes are a function of applied stress types, levels, and their durations. During its life, a product/item experiences cumulative damage introduced by the environmental and operational stresses in its actual use. This damage reduces its designed strength to a lower level and the comparison of that strength or the requirement to the actual stresses yields product reliability at the end of a specified time period. The goal of a reliability growth test is to, through product improvements during test, achieve this required reliability. The paper explains how the reliability growth test is de signed with regards to the product expected life, and how to best simulate the life environments in the test. Reliability data analysis is also addressed in this paper where failure occurrence times are mapped to the product life, a new approach to the data organization, which eliminates dependence of the test results on the test sequence or the initial test time. The methodology for the test duration and environments planning explained in this paper does not demand knowledge of initial product reliability. In that manner the PoF test design bridges the gap between the pure mathematics and the technical properties of the tested items and the underlying laws of the physics of failure.
Run-length-limited low-density Parity check codes based on deliberate error insertion

We propose a novel approach to modulation and error control coding. The idea is to completely eliminate a constrained encoder and, instead, impose the constraint by the deliberate introduction of bit errors before transmission. The redundancy that would have been used for imposing the constraint is used in our scheme to strengthen the error control code (ECC), in such a way that the ECC becomes capable of correcting both deliberate errors as well as channel errors that occur during the detection. Our ECC-modulation scheme is based on iterative decoding of low-density parity check codes and a run-length constraint.
Complex media microstrip ridge structures: formulation and basic characteristics of ferrite structures

Microstrip transmission lines residing on bianisotropic material ridges embedded in a multilayered environment are studied using a coupled set of integral equations (IE's). The full-wave IE formulation accounts for general linear media in the ridge region using equivalent polarization currents residing in a multilayered bianisotropic background. Numerical results showing basic propagation characteristics are presented for a variety of single and coupled ferrite ridge structures. It is shown that the use of finite width ferrite ridges as either substrates or superstrates can produce nonreciprocity while confining the ferrite material to a small area in the vicinity of the transmission line.
Controlling chaos in fast optical systems

We describe alternative implementations of the Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke (OGY) scheme that efficiently stabilize the unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) and unstable steady-states (USSs) of fast dynamical systems using small perturbations. The schemes are well suited for controlling instabilities in high-speed optical system such as diode lasers.
Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States

In this article, we use data from the American states from 1996 to 2008 to explore the effects of immigration on income inequality. Empirical evidence from both static and dynamic models shows that the foreign-born population has a strong positive effect on state-level income inequality, even when we control for a range of federal and state political and economic contextual variables. We also find that the positive relationship between immigration and state income inequality is driven primarily by low-skill immigrants (rather than high-skill immigrants), and we provide some evidence that high-skill immigrants lower income inequality for some segments of the income distribution. We conclude that immigration—particularly low-skilled immigration—has an important effect on income inequality in the American states.
Persistence of Indirect but Not Direct T Cell Xenoresponses in Baboon Recipients of Pig Cell and Organ Transplants

We investigated the contributions of direct and indirect T cell antigen recognition pathways to the immune response to porcine antigens in naive baboons and baboon recipients of pig xenografts. In naive baboons, in vitro culture of peripheral blood T cells with intact pig cells (direct xenorecognition pathway) or pig cell sonicates and baboon antigen-presenting cells (indirect xenorecognition pathway) induced the activation and expansion of xenoreactive T cells producing proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Primary indirect xenoresponses were mediated by preexisting memory T cells, whose presence is not typically observed in primary alloresponses. Next, baboons were conditioned with a nonmyeloablative regimen before short-term immunosuppression and transplantation of xenogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cells and a kidney, heart, or pancreatic islets from a miniature swine. All transplants were rejected acutely within 30 days after their placement. Posttransplantation, we observed an inhibition of the direct xenoresponse but a significant expansion of indirectly activated proinflammatory T cells. These results suggest that additional treatment to suppress indirect T cell immunity in primates may be required to achieve tolerance of pig xenografts through hematopoietic chimerism.
Competing C-Br and O-NO Photofission upon Excitation of BrCH2CH2ONO at 193 nm.

This study characterizes two of the primary photodissociation channels of 2-bromoethyl nitrite, BrCH2CH2ONO, at 193 nm and the subsequent unimolecular dissociation channels of the nascent vibrationally excited BrCH2CH2O radicals produced from the O–NO bond photofission. We use a crossed laser-molecular beam scattering apparatus with electron bombardment detection. Upon photodissociation of BrCH2CH2ONO at 193 nm, the measured branching ratio between primary O–NO photofission and C–Br photofission is 3.9:1 (O–NO/C–Br). The measured O–NO photofission recoil kinetic energy distribution (P(ET)) peaks near 30 kcal/mol and extends from 20 to 50 kcal/mol. We use the O–NO photofission P(ET) to characterize the internal energy distribution in the nascent ground-electronic-state BrCH2CH2O radicals. At 193 nm, all of the BrCH2CH2O radicals are formed with enough internal energy to unimolecularly dissociate to CH2Br + H2CO or to BrCH2CHO + H. We also investigated the possibility of the BrCH2CH2O → CH2CHO + HBr reactio...
A Sybil-Proof and Time-Sensitive Incentive Tree Mechanism for Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing incentive mechanism design has raised numerous interests from research communities in recent years. While most research focuses on contribution-based payment allocation, a solid crowdsourcing incentive mechanism should encourage users to both devote efforts to complete the task and refer other users to join into participation. In this paper, we adopt a data structure called incentive tree which has a unique advantage in incentivizing participants for solicitation. Furthermore, we consider the crowdsourcing scenario where the contribution model is submodular and time-sensitive, which is more realistic compared to the linear summation model adopted by previous works. Under this model, we design a reward mechanism based on the incentive tree, and prove that this mechanism satisfies several economic properties such as continuing contribution incentive, continuing solicitation incentive, θ-reward proportional to contribution, early contribution incentive, and sybil-proofness. We implemented our incentive mechanism and conducted extensive performance evaluations. The evaluation results confirm our theoretical analysis.
Long-term trends in applicants for maternal-fetal medicine fellowship positions.

Objective To examine long-term trends in applicants for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (MFM) fellowship positions specifically following the prolongation of fellowship training in 1997 from 2 to 3 years. Study Design We conducted a review of the data from the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) from 1992 to 2013 in order to compare the numbers of total applicants with those who matched. Results There was a significant decline in the number of applicants per year between 1997 and 2001. In the subsequent 12 years, the number of applicants exceeded the number of positions with nearly all programs being filled per year. After reaching a nadir of 60 fellowship positions in 2000, the numbers of programs and positions increased gradually to levels now equal to before prolongation of training. Conclusions These findings should be helpful as pursuit of fellowship training is being considered earlier in residency and as the balance between generalists and subspecialists in obstetrics and gynecology is being more closely evaluated.
An Online Nonlinear Optimal Controller Synthesis for Aircraft with Model Uncertainties

In this paper, a new neural network approach/architecture, called the ―Cost Function Based Single Network Adaptive Critic (J-SNAC)‖ is presented to solve difficult nonlinear control problems. This approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems where the optimal control equation can be explicitly expressed in terms of the state and cost variables. After the training‘, the output of the neural network represents the optimal cost for a quadratic cost function. This neural network is synthesized by solving the equations associated with an optimal control problem for a control-affine nonlinear system. Optimal control is obtained by finding the derivatives of the output of the network with respect to its input and using it in the expression for optimal control. Development of this algorithm is presented in paper with an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) formulation. Synthesis of an optimal neurocontroller for the nominal system is described first. The optimal controller synthesis includes an approximated system‘ which contains with an estimate of the uncertainties. The cost network is updated at every step to account for the uncertainties and help provide optimal control for the changed plant. An aircraft control problem has been solved with the J-SNAC approach in this paper. Flight control of an F-16 short-period mode is synthesized in which the dynamic nonlinearities are dependent not only on the states of the system, but also on the control inputs.
Consumer Willingness to Pay for Local Designations: Brand Effects and Heterogeneity at the Retail Level

This study examines consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for packaged ice cream with local, private label, and national brands at the retail level. Data were collected through in-person surveys conducted at retail grocery outlets in Utah in 2012. Study results suggest that shoppers are willing to pay significantly more for the national and local brands over the retailer’s private label brand. In fact, the local brand with the state-sponsored designation (Utah’s Own) had a WTP equal to that of the national brand. The use of local designations or labels is important as shoppers were not willing to pay a premium for the local brands in absence of the locally produced or state-sponsored designation label. Additionally, consumer WTP for different brands and the degree of response to local designations varies substantially by consumer attributes. These differences suggest that locally designated products do not compete directly with private label products in the market. This study provides clear evidence of the va...
Shaoxing Yellow Rice Wine Pots Sealed by Lotus Leaf Be Worthy of Reconsideration and Further Research

During the storage of Shaoxing yellow rice wine, small white worm appeared in wine. And with the extension of storage period, more and more worm appeared. Such phenomenon had necessary relation with lotus leaf (used for wine pot seal) through scientific analysis. There was worm ovum on lotus leaf, however, Shaoxing yellow rice wine pots always sealed by lotus leaf, when temperature rose or inadequate storage happened, worm ovum hatched and worm finally appeared in the wine. Such problem was worthy of high watchfulness. (Tran. by YUE Yang)
Work Function Analysis of Vegetarian Entree Production

Data on labor time for food production can be used as an effective management tool. It is essential for foodservice managers to know how labor time is being used (1). A continuous time study was conducted to determine total labor time for the production of eight vegetarian entrees in a hospital foodservice system. Two work areas were observed: the ingredient assembly area and the cooks' production area. Times were recorded by work function to identify how labor time was distributed. Results showed (a) observed frequency for each work function, (b) time expended in seconds per portion for each work function, (c) percentage distribution of labor time by work function, (d) total time for each employee involved in entree production, and (e) percentage of total time in which each employee was involved in the production of each entree. Total labor time varied by type of entree, ranging from 39.97 to 19.33 seconds per portion. Entrees with the highest labor time required the largest amount of hand labor. A one-way analysis of variance indicated significant differences in mean labor time among the eight vegetarian entrees for direct labor time (p = .0009), and total labor' time (p = .0018). No significant differences were found among entrees for indirect labor or delay time.
The Mechanization of Mail Processing

Creation of the postal corporation extended the authority of postal managers to engineer jobs and scientifically manage employee performance. Mail processing technology has progressed from predominantly unit output by manual laboring clerks to large batch and mass production with 900 multiple position letter sorting machines (MPLSMs), and automated continuous processing with computers and optical character reader (OCR) technology. The current mail processing system also incorporates high-speed culling, facing, and sorting of the mail. Postal managers and bargaining unit employees all envision the day when the work involved in mail processing will consist primarily of the feeding, sweeping, and maintenance of machines.
Recovery of Midcycle Human Follicular Oocytes: Correlation of Their Morphology with Endometrial and Follicular Histology

The ovarian follicles of 23 of 33 women undergoing elective pelvic laparotomy during menstrual cycle days 11 to 17 were aspirated by a low-vacuum device. The study compared the ovulatory status of women in midcycle with the health of the oocytes obtained, and determined the frequency of recovery of mature oocytes without the preadministration of exogenous hormones. Maturing or mature oocytes were obtained from 22% and nonmature oocytes from 48% of the 23 women. Sixty per cent of the women in each of the maturing or mature and nonmature groups were postovulatory as judged by evaluation of the endometrial and ovarian tissue recovered. Furthermore, 20% of the maturing or mature oocytes and 65% of the nonmature oocytes showed a moderately heavy amount of cytoplasmic degeneration, which was independent of ovulatory status. Therefore, it is concluded that, because of the relatively low rate of return of oocytes, the frequent postovulatory status of patients in midcycle, and uncertainty about the viability of the oocytes so obtained, women not stimulated by exogenous hormones are ill-suited for recovery of maturing or mature follicular oocytes for in vitro fertilization studies.
Joan of Arc, Margaret of Anjou, and the Instability of Gender

Saint Paul writes to the Galatians of a world where all difference has been erased: Tor as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus’ (Gal. 3.27–8). As we will see below, Paul provides the theological justification for the transvestism of such religious figures as Joan of Arc. But if religion or some force erases all differences, what happens to the distinctions that cultures typically make? In the Henry VI trilogy, Shakespeare confronts this troubling question in his exploration of the clash between English and French medieval societies. As in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Two Noble Kinsmen, Shakespeare again focuses on the violation of gender boundaries between male and female as a metaphor for cross-cultural differentiation, but in the history plays French gender instability becomes an urgent threat to English national and cultural identity.
Dialogic Rhetoric, Coauthorship, and Moments of Meeting

Distinguishing three concepts of dialogue, we describe a dialogic approach to rhetoric that conceives rhetoric as coexperiential, collaborative, constitutive, open, expansive, and both traditional and radical. Further, we offer an emergent approach to studying dialogic rhetoric that draws on both rhetorical criticism and discourse analysis. We then review briefly four empirical projects in which we have studied conversational dialogue or dialogic rhetoric, including a series of studies of the 1957 dialogue between Martin Buber and Carl Rogers, as well as other conversations involving Gregory Bateson, B. F. Skinner, and Rush Limbaugh. We conclude by identifying the implications of our work to scholarship related to the conversations we have studied, to communication theory and practice, to the facilitation of public dialogue, and to the study of dialogic conversations.
Genetically Distinct Parallel Pathways in the Entopeduncular Nucleus for Limbic and Sensorimotor Output of the Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia (BG) integrate inputs from diverse sensorimotor, limbic, and associative regions to guide action-selection and goal-directed behaviors. The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major BG output nucleus and has been suggested to channel signals from distinct BG nuclei to target regions involved in diverse functions. Here we use single-cell transcriptional and molecular analyses to demonstrate that the EP contains at least three classes of projection neurons-glutamate/GABA co-releasing somatostatin neurons, glutamatergic parvalbumin neurons, and GABAergic parvalbumin neurons. These classes comprise functionally and anatomically distinct output pathways that differentially affect EP target regions, such as the lateral habenula (LHb) and thalamus. Furthermore, LHb- and thalamic-projecting EP neurons are differentially innervated by subclasses of striatal and pallidal neurons. Therefore, we identify previously unknown subdivisions within the EP and reveal the existence of cascading, molecularly distinct projections through striatum and globus pallidus to EP targets within epithalamus and thalamus.
3D printing functional materials and devices (Conference Presentation)

The development of methods for interfacing high performance functional devices with biology could impact regenerative medicine, smart prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. Indeed, the ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological and functional materials could enable the creation of devices possessing unique geometries, properties, and functionalities. Yet, most high quality functional materials are two dimensional, hard and brittle, and require high crystallization temperatures for maximal performance. These properties render the corresponding devices incompatible with biology, which is three-dimensional, soft, stretchable, and temperature sensitive. We overcome these dichotomies by: 1) using 3D printing and scanning for customized, interwoven, anatomically accurate device architectures; 2) employing nanotechnology as an enabling route for overcoming mechanical discrepancies while retaining high performance; and 3) 3D printing a range of soft and nanoscale materials to enable the integration of a diverse palette of high quality functional nanomaterials with biology. 3D printing is a multi-scale platform, allowing for the incorporation of functional nanoscale inks, the printing of microscale features, and ultimately the creation of macroscale devices. This three-dimensional blending of functional materials and ‘living’ platforms may enable next-generation 3D printed devices.
Exploring the social effect of outstanding scholars on future research accomplishments

Outstanding scholars have generally been regarded as having special influence that enables them to publish articles in top-tier journals and obtain higher levels of research funding. This study proposes that the social effect of an outstanding scholar, which is derived from the halo effect and the Matthew effect, is favorable for the expansion of the scholar's personal research network and will improve that scholar's future research accomplishments. Data for a total of 101 outstanding information systems scholars and 36 ordinary scholars were collected. The definition of an outstanding scholar is based on the quality and quantity of their publications. The results show that the social effect of the outstanding scholars is beneficial for the development of a research network, including 3 types of network structures. In addition, being highly connected with colleagues leads to higher research accomplishments in terms of quantity, while being connected with colleagues from different sub-fields leads to higher research accomplishments in terms of novelty. Additionally, this study found that the social effect of outstanding scholars is a double-edged sword, with both positive and negative impacts on research accomplishments. The findings contribute several theoretical and practical implications for future research.
Te Layer to Reduce the CdTe Back-Contact Barrier

The CdTe valence-band maximum (VBM) at 5.8 eV below the vacuum level is mismatched with potential contacting metals such as Ni (work function ∼5.2 eV) for the p-type CdTe commonly used in solar cells. Consequently, downward band bending in the CdTe forms both a hole barrier and a reverse field for electrons. Simulations reported here explain that a Te layer, which has been shown experimentally to enhance CdTe cell performance, is effective because it divides the larger CdTe barrier into two smaller ones. Comparison of simulations with experimental data implies a Te VBM of 5.40–5.45 eV, which is intermediate between the CdTe VBM and the Ni work function. An important consequence is a major reduction in the need for copper (Cu) at the back contact; with the Te layer, Cu in smaller amounts can be used for doping bulk CdTe instead of the larger concentration needed to reduce the band bending. The minimum thickness for the Te layer to enhance performance is calculated to be ∼20 nm, which is consistent with experimental variations in thickness and is also near the depletion width for the 1018 cm−3 Hall density of Te in those experiments. It also predicts that a Te layer used in combination with CdMgTe (CMT), whose conduction-band expansion can reflect electrons away from back interface, can further enhance cell performance by mitigating CMT's small valence-band expansion.
Employee work-to-family role boundary management in the family business

ABSTRACTFamily-owned organizations present a unique opportunity to study work-to-family boundary management. Boundary theory suggests that work-to-family boundary dynamics may be different in family businesses, and that family businesses are not a neutral ground for individual employees’ segmentation preferences. The present study draws on the sociocognitive processes underlying boundary theory to explain how the family business context may affect family and nonfamily employees’ work-to-family role management differently. The study examines the work-to-family role boundary configurations of 149 family and non-family employees in family businesses. Results suggest that family employee status buffers against undesirable effects of segmentation preferences in the family business context. For family employees, segmentation preferences were associated with lower work-to-family conflict and unassociated with turnover intentions. For non-family employees, segmentation preferences were associated with higher work...
Phosphatidylserine transport in Rhnull erythrocytes

Phosphatidylserine transport in normal and Rhnull red blood cells was determined by measuring characteristic morphologic changes induced by synthetic phospholipids. Treating normal A+ cells with commercial anti- A antisera, anti-Rho(D) antisera, or with saturating concentrations of purified Rho(D) antibodies had no effect on phosphatidylserine transport. Normal B- cells treated with purified anti-B antibodies transported phosphatidylserine at rates equal to those of cells not treated with antibody. Rhnull cells, deficient in the protein bearing the Rho(D) antigen, incorporated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylserine at rates and to extents similar to normal cells. Furthermore, incorporated phosphatidylserine, but not phosphatidylcholine, was rapidly transported across the membrane bilayer. Energy depletion or treatment with sulfhydryl reagents inhibited phosphatidylserine transport equally in normal and Rhnull cells. These results indicate that, although Rhnull cells have numerous membrane defects, they are capable of adenosine triphosphate-dependent transport of exogenously added dimyristoylphosphatidylserine. Normal phosphatidylserine transport in the presence of anti-Rho(D) antibodies or in cells deficient in the Rho(D) polypeptide indicates that this protein is not the aminophospholipid transporter.
LASER DRIVEN SHOCK INSTABILITIES IN MULTIMATERIAL, LAYERED, SOLID TARGETS

The ability of recently developed laser smoothing techniques to produce nearly uniform pressures on the target surface is strongly contingent on the degree of thermal smoothing. Thermal smoothing is not effective during the low intensity portion of a laser pulse, and the resultant shock structure mirrors the residual laser asymmetries. We present simulation results of the interaction of uniform/nonuniform laser generated shocks on planar, layered targets.
Evaluation of the microbial contamination rate of compounded radiopharmaceuticals prepared in commercial nuclear pharmacy settings

368 Objectives: To establish a microbial contamination and pyrogenicity rate for radiopharmaceutical preparations compounded in USP low risk level aseptic compounding environments within commercial nuclear pharmacy operations. Methods: Radiopharmaceutical samples were obtained between November 2006 and December 2007 from seven commercial nuclear pharmacies. Products were compounded per the compounding protocols of each radiopharmacy and each kit was used for unit dose dispensing of patient specific doses. Samples for testing were withdrawn after unit doses were dispensed. Sterility testing was performed on each radiopharmaceutical sample and incubated at appropriate temperatures for 14 days. Limulus amebocyte lysate-based pyrogen testing was also performed on the radiopharmaceutical samples. Results: Six hundred eighty six samples were tested from 14 different types of radiopharmaceutical kits and eluates from two types of radionuclide generators. Eleven of the samples exhibited growth in at least one of the testing media within the 14-day incubation period resulting in a contamination rate of 1.6%. The results of pyrogen testing on 668 of the samples were evaluated, with two samples that failed pyrogen testing (0.3%). Conclusions: The microbial contamination and pyrogenicity rate of aseptically prepared radiopharmaceutical kits in this study is low. Further analysis is necessary to identify the root causes that led to specific incidences of microbial contamination and/or sample pyrogenicity. Research Support: This project was funded by a grant from United Pharmacy Partners, Incorporated (UPPI).
Optical projection lithography

Abstract: Optical projection lithography has been the predominant method of micro- and nano-patterning for most semiconductor and nanotechnology applications. This chapter addresses the approaches, systems, and materials that have been used, as optical lithography has enabled patterning from the micrometer scale down to the nanometer scale. The technology involved with the development of optical systems and imaging methods is discussed, including the optics, sources, photomasks, illumination, and techniques for resolution enhancement.
Abstract 3190: DFMO preferentially drives cancer stem cells in neuroblastoma towards senescence

Background: High-risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) is an aggressive form of the most common extracranial solid tumor cancer in children, often characterized by amplified levels of MYCN. HRNB patients in remission have a high relapse rate, resulting in poor survival. Recent studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a role in the progression, chemoresistance, and relapse of many cancers. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is being evaluated to prevent relapse in clinical trials. Our current study examines the in vitro and in vivo effects of DFMO on tumor-initiating cells through evaluating CSC viability, CSC markers and senescence. Methods: BE(2)-C and SMS-KCNR established HRNB cell lines were injected subcutaneously at limiting cell dilutions into nude mice. DFMO was administered in the drinking water (2%, by volume) for 50 and 75 days for BE(2)-C and SMS-KCNR, respectively. Tumor formation was monitored, and LDA was performed. In a second xenograft model BE(2)-C cells were injected into nude mice, once tumors were palpable, the mice were given either normal drinking water (vehicle) or DFMO (2%)-containing water. Following 7 days of treatment, the tumors were resected and measured for volumes/weights as well as the harvested for Western blot analysis of CSC markers (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4). BE(2)-C cells were cultured for 48 and 72h with or without 5mM DFMO and stained for SA-βGal activity as a marker of senescence. NB cell lines treated for 48 and 72h with a range of DFMO concentrations (0, 10μM, 50μM, 100μM, 1mM, 2.5mM, and 5mM) were harvested and labeled with cell surface antibodies for CSCs (CD133, CD114), senescence (CD148), differentiation (CD24), and NB (CD56) for 30min in the dark, and cell viability was determined by 7AAD staining immediately before flow cytometric analysis. Results: Limiting dilution analysis (LDA) on xenograft mice receiving DFMO showed both prevention of tumor formation (p value Conclusions: Our results show the preferential induction of senescence and overall decrease in the CSC population at very low doses of DFMO. This may expose a novel treatment mechanism to inhibit CSC function and prevent relapse in HRNB patients. Citation Format: Tracey Avequin, Austin Goodyke, Joseph Zagorski, Tyler Maser, Giselle L. Saulnier Sholler. DFMO preferentially drives cancer stem cells in neuroblastoma towards senescence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3190.
Eustachian Tube Function in Adults with Ventilation Tubes Inserted for Otitis Media with Effusion

Objective To investigate the eustachian tube (ET) function (ETF) in adults with ventilation tube (VT) inserted for the treatment of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). Materials and methods A total of 17 subjects with at least one VT were enrolled. A detailed history was obtained, and risk factors were assessed with questionnaires. Examination including nasopharyngeal video endoscopy and ETF tests, the forced response test (FRT), inflation-deflation test (IDT), and nasal/nasopharyngeal maneuvers (such as sniffing and Valsalva, Toynbee, and the diver's maneuvers) were performed. Results Averages for FRT were 580±333 daPa, 382±251 daPa, and 138±192 daPa for opening pressure, steady-state pressure, and closing pressure, respectively. Most subjects demonstrated minimal or weak active function during the FRT and IDT. While nasopharyngeal maneuvers changed the nasal/nasopharyngeal pressures, they did not significantly change the middle-ear pressures. These results indicated that most subjects had severe obstructive ET dysfunction (ETD) with an ET lumen that required high pressure differences to open and poor active muscular function inadequate for luminal dilation. These results imply that while any treatment to widen the ET, such as balloon dilation of the ET, is not expected to change the voluntary active muscular function, it may reduce the tissue pressures and resistance, thus facilitating luminal opening both passively and actively. Conclusion Most patients with VT inserted for the treatment of COME appear to have an abnormal ETF with difficulty in passively opening the ET and weak active muscular function. Management of such patients addressing only passive properties may not be sufficient for the resolution of ETD.
II.A – Exact Methods for ODEs*

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews exact methods for ordinary differential equations. It discusses the use of the adjoint equation. The adjoint equations are applicable to linear differential equations to yield a linear differential equation of a lower order. Bernoulli equation is applicable to ordinary differential equations of the form y' + P(x)y = Q(x)yn. By a change of dependent variable, a Bernoulli equation (which is a nonlinear equation of the form y' + P(x)y = Q(x)yn, where n is not equal to 1) can be transformed to a first order linear equation. This linear equation can be solved by the use of integrating factors.
Reassessing the 1930s South. Edited by Karen L. Cox & Sarah E. Gardner. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. 261. $45.00.)

Several years ago, Karen Cox and Sarah Gardner organized a panel on the South during the 1930s at a Southern Historical Association conference. Surprised by the enthusiastic reception their panel r...
Standing Lattice Wave Patterns of a Boussinesq System

We prove the existence of a large family of two-dimensional standing waves that are triple periodic for a Boussinesq system which describes two-way propagation of water waves in a channel. Our proof uses the Lyapunov–Schmidt method to find the bifurcation standing waves.
Direct numerical simulation and statistical analysis of stress-driven turbulent Couette flow with a free-slip boundary

The effects of free-slip boundary on shear turbulence are studied numerically using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach. The flow considered in this study is a stress-driven turbulent Couette flow between two flat boundaries. The top boundary has an imposed shear stress in the streamwise direction and a free-slip condition for the streamwise velocity fluctuation and the spanwise velocity, and the bottom boundary satisfies the no-slip condition. This type of flow has a mean flow pattern similar to the turbulent plane Couette flow between a stationary flat plate and a moving flat plate but exhibits considerable differences in turbulence statistics due to the effects of the free-slip boundary. Statistical analysis based on the DNS data and theoretical derivation based on Taylor series expansion show that near the free-slip surface the turbulence variances of the three velocity components vary as quadratic functions of the vertical distance from the boundary while the Reynolds shear stress exhibits a linear behavior, which are very different from the counterparts near the no-slip boundary. The free-slip surface condition also leads to zero horizontal vorticities at the surface but allows nonzero vertical vorticity in the meantime, leading to considerable differences in the near-boundary statistics of vorticities and coherent vortex structures. Comparison of three DNS runs with different grid resolutions shows that smoothly resolving the more energetic turbulent flow structures near the free-slip boundary requires a higher horizontal grid resolution than that used for resolving the structures near the no-slip boundary.
The procedure in the classroom setting by which nursing faculty construct academic accommodations for undergraduate nursing students with learning disabilities: A scoping review

Background and objective: A scoping review was conducted to determine what is currently known about the procedure in the classroom setting by which nursing faculty construct academic accommodations for undergraduate nursing students with learning disabilities. The number of nursing students with disabilities is growing, and nursing students with identified learning disabilities require academic accommodations to facilitate their success. Effective understanding of the academic accommodation procedure by faculty is necessary to promote student success and inclusive learning environments within nursing education. Methods: The framework from Arksey and O’Malley was used to identify gaps in the literature related to the procedure in the classroom setting by which nursing faculty construct academic accommodations for students with learning disabilities. Results: The themes of faculty attitude, previously used accommodations, and lack of understanding of the procedure of accommodation implementation were derived from the literature. Conclusions: Current research fails to adequately answer the research question related to the procedure by which nursing faculty in the classroom setting construct academic accommodations for students with learning disabilities. Further research into the procedure by which faculty make academic accommodations in the nursing education classroom is needed.