cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein Remodeling in Rat Liver : Vascular Response to Selective Cholangiocyte Proliferation

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the biliary tree, hepatic artery, and portal vein in normal rats and rats fed α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT), a compound that causes selective proliferation of epithelial cells (ie, cholangiocytes) that line the bile ducts, was performed. All hepatic structures in ANIT-fed rats branched 1.5 times more often than in normal rats, reflecting an increased number of segments, whereas the length of the biliary tree, hepatic artery, and portal vein remain unchanged. The length of the proximal vessel segments was uniform in both groups of rats whereas the length of distal segments decreased twofold in ANIT-fed rats, suggesting that small vessels preferentially undergo proliferation. In contrast, the length of all bile duct segments decreased twofold, suggesting that ANIT induced proliferation of all compartments of the biliary tree. The total volume of the biliary tree, hepatic artery, and portal vein was increased 18, 4, and 3 times, respectively, after ANIT feeding. The diameters of the bile ducts (range, 20 to 259 μm) and arterial (range, 21 to 276 μm) segments in ANIT-fed rats did not differ from normal rats (range, 21 to 245 μm and 20 to 265 μm, respectively). In contrast, the diameters of proximal venous segments in ANIT-fed rats were significantly less (316 ± 68 μm versus 488 ± 89 μm, P < 0.001). The data suggest that after experimentally induced cholangiocyte proliferation, the hepatic artery and portal vein also undergo marked proliferation, presumably to support the increased nutritional and functional demands of the proliferated bile ducts. The molecular mechanisms of these vascular changes remain to be determined.
Pathologic and cardiovascular characterization of pheochromocytoma-associated cardiomyopathy in dogs.

Pheochromocytoma-associated catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy is a well-known entity in man, nonhuman primates, and mice but has not been described in dogs. In this retrospective study, 9 dogs were identified with pheochromocytomas and concurrent cardiovascular pathology observed histologically (n = 6), echocardiographically (n = 4), and/or electrocardiographically (n = 5). Cardiac lesions included multifocal cardiomyocyte necrosis with contraction bands, cardiomyocyte degeneration, myocardial hemorrhage, lymphohistiocytic myocarditis, and interstitial fibrosis. Clinical procedures, including electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examinations, Doppler blood pressure measurement, and auscultation, were available for 5 dogs and consistently revealed concentric or mixed (eccentric and concentric) ventricular hypertrophy. Additional changes observed included arrhythmias, systemic hypertension, and heart murmurs. The myocardial lesions observed in this series of dogs are similar to those observed in hu...
Service Orientation in the Enterprise

A new trend gaining momentum in recent years is companies' use of mobile devices as an integral part of their IT infrastructure for both employees and customers. Although similar to early Web-based products, mobile services have technical and physical limitations. However, they also enjoy the advantage of location independence, whereas existing PC-based solutions can offer, at best, a nomadic context. Corporate employees as well as consumers can clearly perform tasks more efficiently when stationary, but they can execute a growing number of functions with acceptable or even superior efficiency using mobile devices. This capability usually evolves in a three-stage process. In the first stage, a given task cannot be performed using a general-purpose mobile device, although the desire exists and dedicated single-purpose mobile devices are available. In the second stage, general-purpose mobile devices start providing the ability to perform the task in mobile contexts, but this choice remains secondary to a stationary solution. In the third stage, users prefer to carry out the task with a mobile device even if a stationary option is available.
Measuring human queues using WiFi signals

We investigate using smartphone WiFi signals to track human queues, which are common in many business areas such as retail stores, airports, and theme parks. Real-time monitoring of such queues would enable a wealth of new applications, such as bottleneck analysis, shift assignments, and dynamic workflow scheduling. We take a minimum infrastructure approach and thus utilize a single monitor placed close to the service area along with transmitting phones. Our strategy extracts unique features embedded in the signal traces to infer the critical time points when a person reaches the head of the queue and finishes service, and from these inferences we derive a person's waiting and service times. We develop a feature driven approach in our system. Extensive experiments conducted both in the laboratory demonstrate that our system is robust to queues with different waiting time. We show that in spite of noisy signal readings, our methods can measure important time periods in queue (e.g., service and waiting times) to within a $10$ second resolution.
Surgical morbidity associated with administration of targeted molecular therapies before cytoreductive nephrectomy or resection of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose: Targeted molecular therapies such as bevacizumab, sunitinib and sorafenib before surgical resection hold promise as rational treatment paradigms for patients with metastatic or locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. To analyze the safety of this approach we evaluated surgical parameters and perioperative complications in patients treated with targeted molecular therapies before cytoreductive nephrectomy or resection of retroperitoneal renal cell carcinoma recurrence, and compared them to a matched patient cohort who underwent up-front surgical resection.Materials and Methods: We evaluated surgical parameters and perioperative complications in 44 patients treated with targeted molecular therapies before cytoreductive nephrectomy or resection of local renal cell carcinoma recurrence, and in a matched cohort of 58 patients who underwent up-front surgery.Results: Cohorts of patients treated with preoperative targeted molecular therapy and initial surgical resection were matched in terms of clinical ...
The Circumstances of Integrity

This article discusses the place of integrity in Ronald Dworkin's legal and political philosophy. It presents integrity as a response to certain problems that arise in any society in which more than one contestant view about justice is allowed to determine public policy and legal principle. It also analyzes the relation between integrity and justice, arguing that although integrity requires citizens and officials sometimes to uphold policies or positions they take to be unjust, Dworkin is nevertheless wrong to present them as competing political virtues. Instead, integrity operates as a second-level concept, addressing situations that arise in a society where there is disagreement about justice (and where, therefore, there is no uncontroversial account of what justice requires to set against the requirements of integrity). The article concludes with some reflections on the role of individual convictions about justice in context of law and social action.
NOISE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION AS SIMULTANEOUS STRESSORS

This study investigated some of the combined effects of noise and stress of social interaction on group behavior and performance. Three independent groups of college students participated in the simulation game Starpower while exposed to different levels of noise. Intermittent white noise at 61 dB (A) and 75 dB (A) was used for the Noisy and Very Noisy conditions, respectively, and the ambient sound level of 51 dB (A) was used for Quiet. Tests were administered to each group several days prior to playing the game and again immediately after the game; changes in subject's scores were then calculated. The Self-evaluation Scale of Group Behavior, used as a measure of behavioral change, indicated that significant change had resulted from superimposing relatively low levels of noise on social interaction. Subjects in groups subjected to noisier environments perceived the behavior of others as more disagreeable, disorganized, and threatening. The combined stressors failed to produce decremental performance on t...
Preferential encoding of visual categories in parietal cortex compared with prefrontal cortex

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal cortex, including the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), can represent the category membership of stimuli. Category signals in LIP were thought to result from top-down feedback from the PFC. Here the authors show that category signals in the LIP are stronger, more reliable and occur earlier than those in the PFC. The ability to recognize the behavioral relevance, or category membership, of sensory stimuli is critical for interpreting the meaning of events in our environment. Neurophysiological studies of visual categorization have found categorical representations of stimuli in prefrontal cortex (PFC), an area that is closely associated with cognitive and executive functions. Recent studies have also identified neuronal category signals in parietal areas that are typically associated with visual-spatial processing. It has been proposed that category-related signals in parietal cortex and other visual areas may result from 'top-down' feedback from PFC. We directly compared neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area and PFC in monkeys performing a visual motion categorization task. We found that LIP showed stronger, more reliable and shorter latency category signals than PFC. These findings suggest that LIP is strongly involved in visual categorization and argue against the idea that parietal category signals arise as a result of feedback from PFC during this task.
Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra Satellite. Part II: Validation

Abstract Errors in top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument due to uncertainties in radiance-to-flux conversion from CERES Terra angular distribution models (ADMs) are evaluated through a series of consistency tests. These tests show that the overall bias in regional monthly mean shortwave (SW) TOA flux is less than 0.2 W m−2 and the regional RMS error ranges from 0.70 to 1.4 W m−2. In contrast, SW TOA fluxes inferred using theoretical ADMs that assume clouds are plane parallel are overestimated by 3–4 W m−2 and exhibit a strong latitudinal dependence. In the longwave (LW), the bias error ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 W m−2 and regional RMS errors remain smaller than 0.7 W m−2. Global mean albedos derived from ADMs developed during the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and applied to CERES measurements show a systematic increase with viewing zenith angle of 4%–8%, while albedos from the CERES Terra ADMs show a smaller increase of 1%–...
False‐negative Interpretations of Cranial Computed Tomography in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objectives Prior studies examining the sensitivity of cranial computed tomography (CT) for the detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have used the final radiology report as the reference standard. However, optimal sensitivity may have been underestimated due to misinterpretation of reportedly normal cranial CTs. This study aims to estimate the incidence of missed CT evidence of SAH among a cohort of patients with aneurysmal SAH (aSAH). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of emergency department (ED) encounters within an integrated health delivery system between January 2007 and June 2013 to identify patients diagnosed with aSAH. All initial noncontrast CTs from aSAH cases diagnosed by lumbar puncture (LP) and angiography following a reportedly normal noncontrast cranial CT (CT-negative aSAH) were then reviewed in a blinded, independent fashion by two board-certified neuroradiologists to assess for missed evidence of SAH. Reviewers rated the CT studies as having definite evidence of SAH, probable evidence of SAH, or no evidence of SAH. Control patients who underwent a negative evaluation for aSAH based on cranial CT and LP results were also included at random in the imaging review cohort. Results A total of 452 cases of aSAH were identified; 18 (4%) were cases of CT-negative aSAH. Of these, seven (39%) underwent cranial CT within 6 hours of headache onset, and two (11%) had their initial CTs formally interpreted by board-certified neuroradiologists. Blinded independent CT review revealed concordant agreement for either definite or probable evidence of SAH in nine of 18 (50%) cases overall and in five of the seven (71%) CTs performed within 6 hours of headache onset. Inter-rater agreement was 83% for definite SAH and 72% for either probable or definite SAH. Conclusions CT evidence of SAH was frequently present but unrecognized according to the final radiology report in cases of presumed CT-negative aSAH. This finding may help explain some of the discordance between prior studies examining the sensitivity of cranial CT for SAH.
Perioperative Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Events

C ase Presentation: A 75-year-old man with hypertension and a history of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) presents to your office 1 month before an elective total knee replacement. He states that he underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a drug-eluting stent (DES) to his left anterior descending coronary artery 2 years ago. His medication regimen includes daily aspirin 81, clopidogrel 75 mg, amlodipine 10 mg, lisinopril 5 mg, and atorvastatin 40 mg. He does not smoke cigarettes. Recent laboratory data reveal normal renal function. He asks what he can do to reduce the cardiovascular risks of noncardiac surgery. Perioperative cardiovascular complications are a source of morbidity and mortality for >200 million patients worldwide who undergo noncardiac surgery each year. In large cohorts and randomized trials, perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) occurs in up to 6.2% of surgeries.1–4 The pathogenesis of cardiovascular events in the postoperative period is complex (Figure). Induction of anesthesia, surgical trauma, bleeding, anemia, hypoxia, and postoperative pain lead to surges in catecholamines, cortisol production, and a hypercoaguable state. Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein, rise in the postoperative period. Increased platelet activation contributes to the thrombotic milieu.5 Tachycardia and elevations in blood pressure increase coronary artery sheer stress and can precipitate coronary plaque destabilization, plaque rupture, coronary thrombosis, and type 1 MI. Postoperative myocardial necrosis and infarction may also be caused by imbalances in myocardial oxygen supply and demand from tachycardia, hypotension, hypoxia, or anemia in the setting of stable CAD (type 2 MI). Microvascular coronary disease, endothelial dysfunction, and excess activation of inflammatory pathways may be contributing mechanisms but require further study. Figure. Pathogenesis of perioperative cardiovascular events. Multiple perioperative events and cardiovascular factors may contribute to the development of myocardial necrosis and infarction. CAD indicates coronary artery …
Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge

Part I. The Methodology of Epistemology: 1. Using moral theory in epistemology 2. Difficulties in contemporary epistemology 3. More reasons to try a virtue approach: the relations between believing and feeling 4. An objection to modeling evaluation in epistemology on ethics: the dispute over the voluntariness of belief 5. Conclusion to Part 1: why center epistemology on the virtues Part II. A Theory of Virtue and Vice: 1. Types of virtue theories 2. The nature of a virtue 3. Intellectual and moral virtue 4. The two components of intellectual virtue 5. The importance of phronesis 6. The definition of deontic concepts 7. Conclusion to Part 2: the scope of the moral Part III. The Nature of Knowledge: 1. Knowledge and the ethics of belief 2. Defining knowledge 3. Gettier problems 4. Reliabilism 5. Plantinga's theory of proper function 6. Harmonizing internal and external aspects of knowing 7. Conclusion to Part 3: ethics, epistemology, and psychology Bibliography Index.
Characterization of the Phase Transformations in the Shape Memory Alloy Ni-36 at.% Al

A survey by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and recovery during heating of indentations on a series of nickel-aluminum alloys showed that the Ni-36 at.% Al composition has the best potential for a recoverable shape memory effect at temperatures above 100°C. The phase transformations were studied by high temperature transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by high temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD). Quenching from 1200°C resulted in a single phase, fully martensitic structure. The initial quenched-in martensites were found by both TEM and X-ray diffraction to consist of primarily a body centered tetragonal (bct) phase with some body centered orthorhombic (bco) phase present. On the first heating cycle, DSC showed an endothermic peak at 121°C and an exothermic peak at 289°C, and upon cooling a martensite exothermic peak at 115°C. Upon subsequent cycles the 289°C peak disappeared. High temperature X-ray diffraction, with a heating rate of 2°C/min, showed the expected transformation of bct phase to B2 between 100 and 200°C, however the bco phase remained intact. At 400 to 450°C the B2 phase transformed to Ni2Al and Ni5Al3. During TEM heating experiments a dislocation-free martensite transformed reversibly to B2 at temperatures less than 150°C. At higher temperatures (nearly 600°C) 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 reflections from an ω-like phase formed. Upon cooling, the 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 reflections disappeared and a more complicated martensite resulted. Boron additions suppressed intergranular fracture and, as expected, resulted in no ductility improvements. Boron additions and/or hot extrusion encouraged the formation of a superordered bct structure with 1/2, 1/2, 0 reflections.
An Incidence Analysis of Recent Child Health and Education Improvements in Africa

Economic growth in Africa has accelerated over the past 10-15 years, welcome news that is widely discussed, including in the popular press. As economies grow, however, some analysts have expressed concerns that such growth is not adequately pro-poor, shared, or inclusive. Less noticed, but equally important, is the fact that improvements in children’s health in Africa are accelerating, too. This chapter examines the extent to which these health improvements are equitably shared or inclusive. We use a descriptive method, which builds upon Klasen (2008) for this analysis that is analogous to growth incidence curves, and apply it to four African countries over the past two decades. We draw two principal conclusions. First, within countries, health improvements often have a more pro-poor distribution than income/expenditure growth. Second, we have yet to see clear patterns across countries in the relationship between growth incidence curves and health improvement incidence curves.
CREG prevents human umbilical vein endothelial cells from apoptosis by inhibiting p38 MAPK activation

AIM: To study the effect of cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes(CREG) and its mechanism on apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) induced by etoposide(VP-16).METHODS: Primary HUVECs were cultured.RetroviraI eukaryotic expression vectors pLNCX-CREG and pLXSN-shRNA-CREG were transfected into HUVECs.The stable cell clone was selected and obtained by screening with G418(800 mg/L) and the puromycin(2.5 mg/L),respectively.CREG expression was detected by Western blotting.The cells with overexpression of CREG(H-C) and those with CREG down-regulation(H-S) were pretreated with apoptotic inducer VP-16 at 100 μmol/L for 6 h.The apoptotic rates of the 3 kinds of cells were analyzed by TUNEL and flow cytometry with annexin V/PI dualstaining.Furthermore,the protein levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p-p38 MAPK) in the 3 kinds of cells were analyzed by Western blotting.The p38-specific inhibitor SB203580(20 μmol/L)was used to investigate the effects of p-p38 expression on apoptosis.RESULTS: Western blotting showed that CREG expression was obviously increased up to 160% in H-C compared to HUVECs.However,CREG expression in H-S cells was identified to be down-regulated to 70% compared with HUVECs.TUNEL assay and annexin V/PI dual-color FACS showed that the apoptotic rate was dramatically increased in H-S cells,but decreased in H-C cells.Subsequently,Western blotting exhibited that p-p38 expression was increased in H-S cells compared to HUVECs and H-C cells.When the H-S was pretreated with SB203580,the apoptotic rate was decreased.CONCLUSION: CREG overexpression might prevent HUVECs from apoptosis by inhibiting p38 MAPK activition.
Anuria Secondary to Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of a Transplant Kidney: A Case Report

AbstractUnexplained deterioration of renal function after renal transplantation is often an indication for percutaneous needle biopsy of the allograft. This procedure, even when supplemented by modern radiographic techniques, is not without complications. We report a case of anuria secondary to subcapsular hematoma following an ultrasound-guided needle biopsy. Diagnosis, operative management and postoperative care are discussed.
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis and Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease

This article provides an overview of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH), two disorders that challenge clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists because they often mimic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The article reviews the features that differentiate PVOD and PCH from PAH. The article also describes the overlap of PVOD and PCH, highlighted by recent reports of families diagnosed with PVOD or PCH caused by EIF2AK4 mutations. In addition, the article outlines current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of PVOD and PCH.
What's Wrong with Speciesism?

Peter Singer famously argued in Animal Liberation that almost all of us are speciesists, unjustifiably favoring the interests of humans over the similar interests of other animals. Although I long found that charge compelling, I now find myself having doubts. This article starts by trying to get clear about the nature of speciesism, and then argues that Singer's attempt to show that speciesism is a mere prejudice is unsuccessful. I also argue that most of us are not actually speciesists at all, but rather accept a view I call modal personism. Although I am not confident that modal personism can be adequately defended, it is, at the very least, a philosophical view worthy of further consideration.
Mortality following augmentation cystoplasty: A transitional urologist's viewpoint

Summary Introduction Three complications have been hypothesized to increase patient mortality following enterocystoplasty: spontaneous bladder perforation, bladder neoplasia, and chronic renal failure (CRF). The present study examined risk of their occurrence and discussed ways to improve the quality of care. Materials and methods The present transitional clinic followed 385 patients with a history of bladder augmentation using either ileal, sigmoid, or ascending colon. The median age was 37 years (range 16–71). Median follow-up interval after augmentation was 26 years (range 2–59). Discussion Spontaneous rupture of the bladder occurred in 3% (13/385), with one associated death (0.25%, 1/385). Spontaneous bladder rupture significantly correlated with substance abuse, non-compliance with catheterization, and mental/physical disabilities that required the use of surrogates to perform and monitor intermittent catheterization (P Of the 203 patients that were followed for ≥10 years, 4% (8/203) developed a bladder tumor. In comparison, 2.5% (5/203) of an age-matched control population, managed by anticholinergics and intermittent catheterization, developed a bladder tumor. Therefore, enterocystoplasty cannot be associated with an increased risk of cancer development (P = 0.397). Chronic renal failure ≥ Stage 3 arose in 15% (58/385), and 1% (4/385) of the patients died as a result of this complication. Obese patients (BMI ≥30) catheterizing per urethra were more likely to be non-compliant with catheterization and develop CRF compared with obese patients with a continent catheterizable stoma (P > 0.001). These findings suggest that compliance with intermittent catheterization and renal preservation are enhanced by the presence of a catheterizable abdominal stoma. Conclusion The individual's intellectual and physical capability to obey medical directives, refrain from high-risk habits, maintain a healthy weight, and comply with long-term follow-up visits were all critical to the enduring success of bladder augmentation.
Evaluation of the Reliability, Validity, and Predictive Validity of the Subscales of the Perceived Stress Scale in Older Adults.

Background The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is made up of two subscales but is typically used as a single summary measure. However, research has shown that the two subscales may have differential properties in older adults. Objective To evaluate the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and the concurrent and predictive validity for development of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) of the positively-worded (PSS-PW) and negatively-worded (PSS-NW) subscale scores of the PSS in older adults. Methods We recruited community residing older adults free of dementia from the Einstein Aging Study. Reliability of the PSS-PW and PSS-NW was assessed using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency and intraclass correlation for one year test-retest reliability. Concurrent validity was evaluated by examining the relationship between the PSS subscales and depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and positive and negative affect. Predictive validity was assessed using multivariate Cox regression analyses to examine the relationship between baseline PSS-PW and PSS-NW score and subsequent onset of aMCI. Results Both PSS-PW and PSS-NW showed adequate internal consistency and retest reliabilities. Both the PSS-PW and PSS-NW were associated with depression, neuroticism, and negative affect. The PSS-NW was uniquely associated with anxiety while the PSS-PW was uniquely associated with positive affect. Only the PSS-PW was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of incident aMCI (HR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06-1.51 for every 5-point increase in PSS-PW). Conclusions Evaluating the separate effects of the two PSS subscales may reveal more information than simply using a single summation score. Future research should investigate the PSS-PW and PSS-NW as separate subscales.
Ruled by Autonomy: Women’s Evolving Marital Choices from the Doctor’s Dilemma (1906) to Pygmalion (1914)

Ellen Ecker Dolgin examines four plays from the decade before World War I: The Doctor’s Dilemma , Androcles and the Lion , Pygmalion, and Overruled . In the first three plays, she finds that Shaw warns his audiences and readers of the danger of misalliances that result from the pressure of obligatory matches, when marriage was often the only career choice a woman had for economic survival. Shaw proposed instead a life of hard work and self-fulfillment, which involved much the same choices faced by men. In so doing, Shaw was turning his back on the accepted notions of a woman’s place in marriage. Even in Overruled , a one-act play set in a conventional drawing room, he features wives reflecting the empowerment of the New Woman .
Voracious Science & Vulnerable Animals: A Primate Scientist’s Ethical Journey. John P. Gluck. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016, 313 pp

John Gluck provides a riveting memoir as a research scientist performing interventional experiments on rhesus monkeys, with growing awareness of his feelings for nonhuman animals across his lifetim...
1954–1962. “The Unity of Knowledge”: New Harmonies

Bohr’s ultimate interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics, discussed in Chap. 9, was, I argue, essentially in place by the late 1930s. His 1949 “Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics” reprised this interpretation, via his exchanges with Einstein, although without reflecting on changes in his thinking, in part under the impact of these exchanges. Instead, as also explained in Chap. 9, Bohr’s earlier arguments are presented there through the optics of his later views. Einstein, too, had not proposed significantly new arguments after his 1936 “Physics and Reality,” which refined EPR’s argument, although he continued to offer analogous arguments concerning the EPR-type experiments into the 1940s. As explained in Chap. 8, his 1949 commentary on Bohr in the Schilpp volume essentially refers to Bohr’s 1935 reply to EPR, which, as I noted, Einstein misread (Einstein 1949b, pp. 681–682). Nothing of substance was said there on Bohr’s subsequent thinking, especially Bohr’s ultimate epistemology presented in “Discussion with Einstein,” published in the same volume. Thus, while continuing to shape a broader debate concerning quantum mechanics (this is still the case), substantively the Bohr–Einstein debate was over by around 1950 and in its essential features even earlier, and Bohr’s and Einstein’s views themselves were pretty much settled.
Optimal sizing of battery storage systems for microgrid expansion applications

One challenge in designing a microgrid system is determining the optimal size of energy storage system (ESS). Sizing of ESS has become more complex due to the independent power and energy ratings inherent in battery storage systems (BSS). Sizing a BSS for both required power output and energy storage capacity requires an in depth analysis to produce both optimal scheduling capabilities and minimum investment costs. This paper proposes a framework to determine the optimal ratings of BSS based on an optimal scheduling analysis and cost-benefit analysis for both islanded and grid-connected microgrid expansion applications. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated by numerical simulations.
Identifying How Patient Portals Impact Communication in Oncology.

ABSTRACTPatient portals are becoming widespread throughout health-care systems. Initial research has demonstrated that they positively impact patient–provider communication and patients’ health kno...
Back to the Future: Product Lifecycle Management and the Virtualization of Product Information

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is new as both a term and an acronym, with their usage occurring only in this new century. Since PLM is new, it is necessary to have an understanding of how it is defined. PLM is based on the substitution of product information for wasted physical resources and using that information for the entire lifecycle of the product. One of the attractions of PLM is that it is a return to a concept as old as the concept of a product. That concept is a product-centric view of the product from creation to disposal. However, mass production and division of labor had made that concept unworkable. The ability to virtualize products allows a return to a product-centric view. The Information Mirror Model (IMM) is a conceptual framework that describes how this product-centric view will be operationalized and used through the four stages of the product’s life: create, build, support, and dispose.
A Bilateral Comparison of the Underlying Mechanics Contributing to the Seated Single-Arm Shot-Put Functional Performance Test.

Context Functional performance tests (FPTs) are tools used to assess dynamic muscle strength and power. In contrast to the lower extremity, fewer FPTs are available for the upper extremity. The sea...
The Effect of Complete Blood Count Timing on Lumbar Puncture Rates in Asymptomatic Infants Born to Mothers with Chorioamnionitis.

Background Maternal chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for sepsis but, often, these infants are asymptomatic at birth. Different markers for infections, such as the immature to total (I/T) white blood cell (WBC) ratio, are used to help determine which infants require lumbar punctures (LPs), in addition to blood cultures and antibiotics. The timing of when the complete blood count (CBC) is obtained may have some effect on the length of antibiotic treatment. Aims The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to assess if obtaining a CBC at greater than four hours of life as compared to less than four hours of life has an impact on the incidence of LPs performed in asymptomatic, full-term infants undergoing evaluation for sepsis secondary to maternal chorioamnionitis. Methods We performed a retrospective study of full-term, asymptomatic infants admitted for sepsis evaluation secondary to maternal chorioamnionitis. Subjects were grouped based upon the timing of their initial CBC (early = four hours of life). The incidence of LPs, duration of antibiotic treatment, and length of hospitalization were compared between the groups. Results A total of 230 subjects were included in the study (early group = 124, late group = 106). Subjects in the late group underwent significantly fewer LPs than subjects in the early group, 5.7% vs. 22.6% (p<0.001). There was no difference in length of treatment or hospitalization. Conclusions Asymptomatic full-term infants undergoing evaluation for sepsis secondary to maternal chorioamnionitis are less likely to undergo an LP if their initial CBC is obtained at greater than four hours of life.
Optical design of the Extreme Coronagraph for Living Planetary Systems instrument for the LUVOIR mission study

The large UV/optical/IR surveyor (LUVOIR) is a concept for a highly capable, multiwavelength space observatory with ambitious science goals. Finding and characterizing a wide range of exoplanets, including those that might be habitable, is a major goal of the study. The ambitious science goals drive the challenges of optical design. This paper will present how the optical design meets the unique challenges for coronagraphs on large telescopes to achieve high contrast for a wide wavelength range from 200 to 2000 nm. Some of these unique challenges include the position and size of occulter masks, deformable mirror placement and separation, tight tolerances on the optical system and each element, and finally, packaging all instruments in a limited space. Three types of modules are designed after the coronagraph to explore the exoplanets and analyze the spectrum of detected exoplanet signals: two imaging cameras, two integral field spectrographs, and one high-resolution spectrometer. All of them work together to provide information to meet scientific challenges in searching for habitable planets. The optical designs, unique challenges, and the solutions for all coronagraph and spectral modules are presented. Their specifications derived from science goals are also presented.
On par with the rest: first-generation college students and cultural intelligence

Attending a secondary education institution represents a substantial change in the social, learning and financial environments for most young adults, but for first-generation college students, the ...
Evaluating steady-state resting energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry in adults with overweight and obesity.

Summary Background Determining a period of steady state (SS) is recommended when estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) using a metabolic cart. However, this practice may be unnecessarily burdensome and time-consuming in the research setting. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of SS criteria, and compare it to alternative approaches in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods In this cross-sectional, ancillary analysis, participants enrolled in a bariatric (study 1; n = 13) and lifestyle (study 2; n = 51) weight loss intervention were included. Indirect calorimetry was performed during baseline measurements using a metabolic cart for 25 min, including a 5-min stabilization period at the start. SS was defined as the first 5-min period with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤10% for both VO2 and VCO2 (hereafter REE5–SS). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis in study 2 participants only. REE5–SS was compared against the lowest CV (REECV–lowest), 5-min time intervals (REE6–10, REE11–15, REE16–20, REE21–25), 4-min and 3-min SS intervals (REE4–SS and REE3–SS), and time intervals of 6–15, 6–20 and 6–25 min (REE6–15, REE6–20, and REE6–25) using repeated measures ANOVA and Bland–Altman analysis to test for bias, limits of agreement and accuracy (±6% measured REE). Results Participants were 54 ± 13 years old, mostly women (75%) and had a BMI of 35 ± 5 kg/m2. Overall, 54/63 (84%) of participants reached REE5–SS, often (47/54, 87%) within the first 10-min (6–15 min). Alternative approaches to estimating REE had a relatively low bias (−16 to 13 kcals), narrow limits of agreement and high accuracy (83–98%) when compared to REE5–SS, in particular, outperforming standard prediction equations (e.g., Mifflin St. Joer). Conclusion Indirect calorimetry measurements that utilize the 5-min SS approach to estimate REE are considered the gold-standard. Under circumstances of non-SS, it appears 4-min and 3-min SS periods, or fixed time intervals of atleast 5 min are accurate and practical alternatives for estimating REE in adults with overweight and obesity. However, future trials should validate alternative methods in similar populations to confirm these findings.
Primary dermal fibroblasts and pectoralis muscle show similar patterns of oxidative stress in tropical and temperate birds despite differing life‐histories

Tropical birds have a ‘slower pace of life’, with lower rates of whole‐animal metabolism, smaller metabolically active organs and lower cellular metabolic rates than their temperate counterparts. Oxidative stress is a physiological mechanism that may dictate differing life‐histories such as those found between tropical and temperate birds. Oxygen is required to make ATP, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If left unchecked, ROS can structurally alter proteins, induce mutations in DNA and damage structural lipids. To combat accumulating oxidative damage, organisms have evolved an elaborate and costly antioxidant system that serves to sequester ROS before they wreak cellular havoc. We examined whether oxidative stress would differ between tropical and temperate birds. We used isolated primary dermal fibroblasts and pectoralis muscle tissue for measurements. We measured four aspects of oxidative stress in primary fibroblasts – reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, ROS production, mitochondrial content and lipid peroxidation (LPO) damage. We found no significant differences in the four variables between temperate and tropical birds. In muscle tissue, we measured catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, peroxyl and hydroxyl scavenging capacity and LPO damage. We found that peroxyl scavenging capacity was significantly higher in tropical birds compared with temperate birds.
The Use (or Misuse) of Amendments to Contest Human Rights Norms at the UN Human Rights Council

The development of international human rights norms and law is an often-contentious process. Despite significant gains from recent research on the development and implementation of human rights law, little research has focused on strategies of contestation prior to final outcome documents like resolutions, declarations, or treaties. Amendments to UN Human Rights Council resolutions are a form of contestation, particularly validity contestation that happens prior to the passage of Council resolutions. This paper examines the use of amendments by states using descriptive statistics from Council proceedings from 2006 through 2018 as well as case studies on women’s rights and civil society space to illustrate how states use amendments to frame their positions. Amendments are increasingly being used by states from the Global South to contest the validity of potential human rights norms at the Council. The long-term impacts of the use of amendments are an often overlooked but important part of the Council’s ability to promote and protect rights.
Factors associated with PTSD symptom improvement among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans receiving evidenced-based psychotherapy.

Abstract Background Despite availability of evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), not all veterans who initiate EBPs experience benefit. Better understanding factors associated with clinically significant improvement can help ameliorate care. Methods A cohort of Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans who initiated an EBP was identified (N = 32,780) with ≥1 post-deployment psychotherapy visit at the Veterans Health Administration from 10/2001-6/2017, a post-deployment PTSD diagnosis, and ≥2 PTSD symptom measures. We used random-effects logistic regression to assess whether patient-level, diagnostic, and treatment factors were associated with achieving symptom improvement. Results Increased odds of PTSD symptom improvement were seen in women (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09--1.29), those who initiated EBP within a year of engaging in mental healthcare compared with the delayed EBP group (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.14--1.28), those who completed at least 8 EBP sessions in 16 weeks (OR = 1.23; 95% CI:1.11--1.36), those who received PE only (vs. CPT or both; OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.86--2.68) or CPT individual therapy only (vs. CPT group or both; OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.22--1.48), and those with a drug dependence diagnosis (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.11--1.39). Decreased odds of improvement were seen in Black veterans (OR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.69--0.81) and those with service-connected disability (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.52--0.71). Limitations Diagnoses were from medical charts and not confirmed with gold standard assessment tools; we only included veterans with at least two PTSD measurements, which may cause bias. Conclusion Modifiable factors associated with PTSD improvement (timing, dose, and modality) can be used to improve EBP outcomes.
Prospective evaluation of the lymph node proteome in dogs with multicentric lymphoma supplemented with sulforaphane.

BACKGROUND Lymphoma (LSA) is a common malignancy in dogs. Epigenetic changes are linked to LSA pathogenesis and poor prognosis in humans, and LSA pathogenesis in dogs. Sulforaphane (SFN), an epigenetic-targeting compound, has recently gained interest in relation to cancer prevention and therapy. OBJECTIVE Examine the impact of oral supplementation with SFN on the lymph node proteome of dogs with multicentric LSA. ANIMALS Seven client-owned dogs with multicentric LSA. METHODS Prospective, nonrandomized, noncontrolled study in treatment-naive dogs with intermediate or large cell multicentric LSA. Lymph node cell aspirates were obtained before and after 7 days of oral supplementation with SFN, and analyzed via label-free mass spectrometry, immunoblots, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS There was no clinical response and no adverse events attributed to SFN. For individual dogs, the expression of up to 650 proteins changed by at least 2-fold (range, 2-100) after supplementation with SFN. When all dogs where analyzed together, 14 proteins were significantly downregulated, and 10 proteins were significantly upregulated after supplementation with SFN (P < .05). Proteins and gene sets impacted by SFN were commonly involved in immunity, response to oxidative stress, gene transcription, apoptosis, protein transport, maturation and ubiquitination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Sulforaphane is associated with major changes in the proteome of neoplastic lymphocytes in dogs.
TIM-3 and TIGIT are possible immune checkpoint targets in patients with bladder cancer

The resurgence of immunotherapy as an effective anticancer strategy has been coupled with more mature understandings of the underlying immune pathways and the development of novel immune checkpoint targets. The clinical development of antibodies first directed against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, and later against program death 1, achieved durable disease control in a subset of patients across a large number of tumor types. Previous work demonstrates that targeting the programmed death 1 pathway alone does not result in complete restoration of T cell function and in some cancers, targeting this axis does not restore T cell function at all, suggesting a need to identify other molecules and inhibitory pathways that are involved in T cell exhaustion. In a comprehensive immune profiling study of patients with bladder cancer, we demonstrate T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule and T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain as possible targets as perhaps monotherapy or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Social Needs Screening and Referral Program at a Large US Public Hospital System, 2017

Many health care providers and systems are developing and implementing processes to screen patients for social determinants of health and to refer patients to appropriate nonclinical and community-...
Just: Positioned to Target Mainstream Tastes? (A)

Well suited for MBA and undergraduate marketing programs, this case uses product positioning and placement during the early growth stages of a start-up's brand in the food industry to unfold circumstances that allow for an analysis of the firm's positioning and food marketing decisions. All products are plant-based foods distributed nationally in the United States. Seeking to target mainstream tastes and low price, tensions among the three pillars of the brand's marketing strategy, which are quality, accessibility, and sustainability, leave the case open to explore uncertainty, positioning, marketing mix, and consumer behavior. The A case opens with Josh Tetrick, Just's founder and CEO, facing an obstacle to the brand around accessibility. Target delisted all Just products in its stores after receiving an unverified, anonymous letter claiming that some of the products were unsafe and mislabeled. Although it only accounted for a small percentage of sales, losing Target affected Just's ability to meet its distribution goal to reach price-conscious consumers where they shopped and its greater goal to build a food system where everyone could eat well. Excerpt UVA-M-0956 Rev. Aug. 20, 2019 Just: Positioned to Target Mainstream Tastes? (A) Just CEO Josh Tetrick founded his food innovation start-up in San Francisco in 2011. Six years later, he was running the multi-million-dollar company based on “things he knew to be true.” The truth that had set Tetrick in motion was that the the arconventional food system left billions of people eating poorly or not at all. Another truth that guided Just was that many mainstream consumers rejected veganism, which ran counter to their identities. As such, Tetrick and his team were dead set on positioning the Just brand in such a way that it would appeal to mainstream consumers—not because Just products happened to be plant based or because they aimed to cause no unnecessary harm to the planet or to animals—but because Just products were high quality, accessible, and affordable. Indeed, the three pillars of the brand's marketing strategy were quality, accessibility, and sustainability. Just's mantra was that humankind had a system problem, not a people problem: it was too easy for mainstream consumers to do the wrong thing. In Tetrick's estimation, “The only way the good thing wins is when the good thing is so radically better than the not-so-good thing that you cannot help but do it. If it's not affordable and delicious, it's completely irrelevant to solving the problem.” . . .