cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EP448 New diagnositc device for cervical dysplasia using electrical impedence imaging

Introduction/Background To develop a new conceptual diagnostic tool that detects the extent, area, and depth of cervical dysplasia and early cervical cancer using noninvasive electrical property measurement and electrical property distribution imaging method and provides clinical diagnostic information. Methodology The electrical properties of biomaterials are measured through the development of electrical property measurement probes and measurement systems using multi-channel electrodes. And then anomaly detection algorithm is made by analyzing the electrical property measurement values after measuring 10 normal cervical tissues and 37 cervical dysplasia tissues (Calculation system). Results There was a large difference in the change of the electrical property according to the frequency between the electrophysiological spectrum of the cervical tissue in normal and dysplasia (figure 2). Conclusion There was a large difference in the change of the electrical property according to the frequency between the electrophysiological spectrum of the cervical tissue in normal and dysplasia. Using this electrophysiological spectrum may be useful in diagnosis and prediction algorit. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Interactive analysis of the structure and organization of a large set of neuron models

Working with a large set of models developed by Astrid Prinz in the Marder Lab at Brandeis, we developed several data analysis solutions. The set contains models constructed by independently varying the eight input conductances to produce almost 2 million models that represent the dynamic range of the neuron's behavior. Our first challenge was to replicate the database in a compressed format that we could interact with in realtime and store on an average desktop computer. We constructed smaller libraries focused at predetermined areas of interest in the larger coarsely sampled database by varying only two conductance parameters on a finer resolution. We developed an algorithm for the compression of voltage traces to reduce storage space and load times of individual models.
Managing digital business platforms: A continued exercise in balancing renewal and refinement

Abstract Central to the evolution of a digital business platform is the organization’s ability to balance exploration (renewal) and exploitation (refinement) simultaneously. Drawing on prior research—including digital platforms, contradictory tensions, and organizational ambidexterity—and our own experience investigating digital business platforms in organizations, this article provides insights into how executives can manage this evolution successfully. More specifically, we present a framework recognizing three pairs of organizational capabilities (i.e., identifying-nourishing, expanding-legitimating, and augmenting-embedding) that enable balancing renewal and refinement of the platform over time. We close by providing critical managerial practices that executives can use in anticipating, adjusting, and evaluating the evolution of a digital business platform over time, including its initiation, development, and growth.
A Fifth of the Protein World: Rossmann-like Proteins as an Evolutionarily Successful Structural unit

The Rossmann-like fold is the most prevalent and diversified doubly-wound superfold of ancient evolutionary origin. Rossmann-like domains are present in a variety of metabolic enzymes and are capable of binding diverse ligands. Discerning evolutionary relationships among these domains is challenging because of their diverse functions and ancient origin. We defined a minimal Rossmann-like structural motif (RLM), identified RLM-containing domains among known 3D structures (20%) and classified them according to their homologous relationships. New classifications were incorporated into our Evolutionary Classification of protein Domains (ECOD) database. We defined 156 homology groups (H-groups), which were further clustered into 123 possible homology groups (X-groups). Our analysis revealed that RLM-containing proteins constitute approximately 15% of the human proteome. We found that disease-causing mutations are more frequent within RLM domains than within non-RLM domains of these proteins, highlighting the importance of RLM-containing proteins for human health.
The Evolution and Use of Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) in Health Sciences Education at The Ohio State University College of Medicine

The Ohio State University College of Medicine has evolved as a leader in the field of computer applications in health sciences education. As noted in the most recent index of Kamp and Brigham (1976), the largest single collection of available computer-assisted instruction (CAI) courseware in medicine and health-related areas resides at The Ohio State University College of Medicine.
Buckling of a piezoelectric plate

Equations for the buckling of a thin piezoelectric plate are obtained from an existing set of equations for the extension and flexure of piezoelectric plates. The equations for buckling are specialized for piezoelectric ceramic plates poled in the thickness direction. Solutions for the buckling of a ceramic plate into cylindrical shape and the buckling of a rectangular ceramic plate are obtained. The effect of piezoelectricity on the critical load for buckling of a ceramic plate is examined. Results show that the effect of piezoelectricity is not negligible.
Composing real-time systems

We present a method to construct real-time systems using as components anytime algorithms whose quality of results degrades gracefully as computation time decreases. Introducing computation time as a degree of freedom defines a scheduling problem involving the activation and interruption of the anytime components. This scheduling problem is especially complicated when trying to construct interruptible algorithms, whose total run-time is unknown in advance. We introduce a framework to measure the performance of anytime algorithms and solve the problem of constructing interruptible algorithms by a mathematical reduction to the problem of constructing contract algorithms, which require the determination of the total run-time when activated. We show how the composition of anytime algorithms can be mechanized as part of a compiler for a LISP-like programming language for real-time systems. The result is a new approach to the construction of complex real-time systems that separates the arrangement of the performance components from the optimization of their scheduling, and automates the latter task.
A Computational Model of Goal Appraisal

Goal appraisalis formulated as a specific sub-problem of cognitive appraisal. A computational model of goal appraisal is built via a knowledge-based system. An empirical validation study compared model versus human performance by eliciting believability judgments from naive human raters. Results showed that computer model goal appraisals were, in most cases, as believable as human-generated appraisals.
A cross validation study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was designed to assess the frequency and intensity of perceived burnout among persons in the helping professions in general. This study examined the reliability ...
Infant and young child feeding in four departments in Haiti: mixed-method study on prevalence of recommended practices and related attitudes, beliefs, and other determinants

OBJECTIVE: To determine and describe the prevalence and patterns of three recommended practices for infant and young child feeding-exclusive breastfeeding (EB), continued breastfeeding (CB), and achievement of minimum dietary diversity-in four regions in Haiti, and to identify the attitudes and beliefs that inform these practices and any other factors that may facilitate or impede their implementation. METHODS: This study utilized a mixed-methods approach consisting of 1) a cross-sectional survey (n = 310) and 2) 12 focus group discussions among women ≥18 years old with children ≤ 2 years old. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with 1) EB during the first six months of life, 2) CB for children ≥ 2 years old, and 3) receipt of a diverse variety of complementary foods. Qualitative data were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for common themes. Data were collected in June and July 2013 in four departments in Haiti: Artibonite, Nippes, Ouest, and Sud-Est. RESULTS: Prevalence of EB, CB, and achievement of minimum dietary diversity was 57.0%, 11.9%, and 21.2% respectively. EB was statistically significantly associated with infant's age when controlling for annual household income, location of most recent birth, or receipt of CB counseling (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47-0.97)). CB was not statistically significantly associated with rural place of residence, receipt of CB counseling, parity, or infant's age. Meeting minimum dietary diversity was not significantly associated with parity, receipt of postnatal care, rural place of residence, location of most recent birth, receipt of infant and young child feeding counseling, or level of schooling. Beliefs surrounding the relationship between the mother's health and her diet on the quality of breast milk may prohibit EB and CB. Qualitative data revealed that dietary diversity may be low because 1) mothers often struggle to introduce complementary foods and 2) those that are traditionally introduced are not varied and primarily consist of grains and starches. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of the three recommended infant and young child feeding practices examined in this study is suboptimal, particularly CB and achievement of minimum dietary diversity. Future communication and programming efforts should address the misunderstandings and concerns identified through the qualitative methods used in this research.
Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development

The Search for the Codable Moment A Way of Seeing Developing Themes and Codes Deciding on Units of Analysis and Units of Coding as Issues of Sampling Developing Themes and a Code Using the Inductive Method An Example Using Life Stories Developing Themes Using the Theory-Driven and Prior-Research-Driven Method and Then Applying the Code An Example Using a Critical Incident Interview Scoring, Scaling and Clustering Themes Reliability Is Consistency of Judgment Don't Go Breaking My Heart Challenges in Using Thematic Analysis
Conjugate gradient algorithm for series cascade nonlinear adaptive filters

This paper considers series-cascade nonlinear filter architectures consisting of a linear FIR input filter, a memoryless polynomial nonlinearity, and a linear FIR/IIR output filter (LNL). Earlier publications reported on the development of the LMS and RLS backpropagation algorithms for training this same adaptive filter structure. In this paper the conjugate gradient backpropagation algorithm is derived for the joint adaptation of the LNL structure. An echo cancellation example is considered to study the algorithm in terms of its learning characteristics and computational complexity.
Design of LC input filter for multiphase DC choppers

The paper presents a simple approach to calculate the LC components of an input filter for the multiphase operation of DC choppers and compares the results with the more complex models. The design equations for these models are presented, and a design example is considered to illustrate the design procedures. The limitations of these models and the effects of the multiphase operation of choppers on the current and voltage ripples are discussed.
Mapping the deletion endpoints in individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome by droplet digital PCR

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common human microdeletion syndrome and is associated with many cognitive, neurological and psychiatric disorders. The majority of individuals have a 3 Mb deletion while others have a nested 1.5 Mb deletion, but rare atypical deletions have also been described. To date, a study using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has not been conducted to systematically map the chromosomal breakpoints in individuals with 22q11DS, which would provide important genotypic insight into the various phenotypes observed in this syndrome. This study uses ddPCR to assess copy number (CN) changes within the chromosome 22q11 deletion region and allows the mapping of the deletion endpoints. We used eight TaqMan assays interspersed throughout the deleted region of 22q11.2 to characterize the deleted region of chromosome 22 in 80 individuals known to have 22q11DS by FISH. Ten EvaGreen assays were used for finer mapping of the six identified individuals with 22q11DS atypical deletions and covering different regions of chromosome 22. ddPCR provided non-ambiguous CN measurements across the region, confirmed the presence of the deletion in the individuals screened, and led to the identification of five differently sized and located deletions. The majority of the participants (n = 74) had the large 3 Mb deletions, whereas three had the smaller 1.5 Mb deletions, and the remaining three had an interstitial deletion of different size. The lower cost, rapid execution and high reliability and specificity provided by ddPCR for CN measurements in the 22q11 region constitutes a significant improvement over the variable CN values generated by other technologies. The ability of the ddPCR approach, to provide a high resolution mapping of deletion endpoints may result in the identification of genes that are haplo-insufficient and play a role in the pathogenesis of 22q11DS. Finally, this methodology can be applied to the characterization of other microdeletions throughout the genome.
Use of ICP and XAS to determine the enhancement of gold phytoextraction by Chilopsis linearis using thiocyanate as a complexing agent

Under natural conditions gold has low solubility that reduces its bioavailability, a critical factor for phytoextraction. Researchers have found that phytoextraction can be improved by using synthetic chelating agents. Preliminary studies have shown that desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), a common inhabitant of the Chihuahuan Desert, is able to extract gold from a gold-enriched medium. The objective of the present study was to determine the ability of thiocyanate to enhance the gold-uptake capacity of C. linearis. Seedlings of this plant were exposed to the following hydroponics treatment: (1) 5 mg Au L−1 (2.5×10−5 mol L−1), (2) 5 mg Au L−1+10−5 mol L−1 NH4SCN, (3) 5 mg Au L−1+5×10−5 mol L−1 NH4SCN, and (4) 5 mg Au L−1+10−4 mol L−1 NH4SCN. Each treatment had its respective control. After 2 weeks we determined the effect of the treatment on plant growth and gold content by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES). No signs of shoot-growth inhibition were observed at any NH4SCN treatment level. The ICP–OES analysis showed that addition of 10−4 mol L−1 NH4SCN increased the concentration of gold by about 595, 396, and 467% in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies showed that the oxidation state of gold was Au(0) and that gold nanoparticles were formed inside the plants.
Effect of geogrid in granular base strength – An experimental investigation

Abstract An attempt is made to investigate the change in strength characteristics of different granular base materials reinforced with geogrid. The samples tested were both soaked and unsoaked, with and without geogrid to simulate both the best and worse case scenarios. The present investigations focuses only an experimental investigation, but this can set a stage for the development of proper mechanistic design of geogrid reinforced granular base material. The results of the experiment provide guidance for what type of granular material can benefit from reinforcing it with geogrid.
Evaluating CALL use across multiple contexts

Abstract For an audience of teachers, materials developers, students, and other applied linguists, three key issues in materials evaluation are establishing a means of drawing on professional knowledge about language learning in the evaluation process; recognizing the tension between the utility of robust evaluation results and the inherent context-specific nature of evaluation; and articulating the need for a procedure that produces stable, defensible results. This study explored one approach to addressing these issues when evaluating computer-assisted language learning (CALL) materials. A survey was developed and used in a multiple case study in twelve different English language classes in four countries. Results on six different criteria indicated generally good internal consistency. Findings from classes both inside and outside the USA suggest that the survey approach combined with multiple case studies had the sensitivity to reveal some differences both within and across classroom contexts. This study illustrates an additional method that can easily complement the more traditional process- and outcomes-based approaches for CALL evaluators.
Students' Lecture Notes and Their Relation to Test Performance:

(1985). Students' Lecture Notes and Their Relation to Test Performance. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 28-32.
A Strategy for Systematic Component Analysis of Instructional Programs

A strategy for systematic analysis of the contribution of each component of an instructional program to a prescribed outcome is described. The strategy is based upon a multiple baseline experimenta...
Synthesis of Cellulose-Fatty Acid Esters for Use as Biodegradable Plastics*

Long-chain fatty acid carbohydrate esters (FACE) were synthesized by the acid chloride-pyridine reaction to different degrees of substitution (DS). The hydrolyzed soybean oil was used as the source of unsaturated fatty acids. High molecular weight FACE polymers are insoluble in common solvents, such as benzene, toluene, THF, etc., and are highly water resistant. However, FACE polymers of hydrolyzed cellulose (MW 180 kD) are soluble/swellable in toluene and can be cast into tough, flexible films. FACE polymer properties of tensile strength and clasticity vary with degree of substitution and polymer size.
Influence of Gold Substrate Topography on the Voltammetry of Cytochrome c Adsorbed on Carboxylic Acid Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers

Interfacial investigations of a protein monolayer electrochemical system, equine cytochrome c (cyt c) adsorbed to carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayer (COOH SAM) modified gold electrodes, were performed. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and scanning probe microscopy techniques were utilized to explore the influence of gold topography in the cyt c/COOH SAM/gold system. COOH SAMs were prepared from 14-mercaptotetradecanoic acid and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid on a variety of substrates including evaporated, bulk, single crystal, and epitaxially grown gold on mica. These substrates encompassed a wide range of surface roughness. As the topography of the gold became smoother, SAMs exhibited an increased ability to block a solution probe molecule, indicative of a lower level of defectiveness. At the same time, after exposure to equine cyt c deposition solutions, the extent of adsorption and the magnitude of the electrochemical response of the adsorbed cyt c decreased significantly with increasingly...
Ethylene polymerization using silica-supported zirconocene dibromide/methylalumoxane catalysts

Abstract Functionalized metallocene precursors (BrMe 2 SiC 5 H 4 )CpZrBr 2 ( 1 ), (BrMe 2 SiC 5 H 4 ) 2 ZrBr 2 , ( 2 ) (Br 2 MeSiC 5 H 4 ) 2 ZrBr 2 ( 3 ), and [1,3-(BrMe 2 Si) 2 C 5 H 3 ] 2 ZrBr 2 ( 4 ) were immobilized on partially dehydroxylated silica (PDS) and screened for ethylene polymerization in slurry reactions conducted in toluene using methylalumoxane (MAO) as the cocatalyst. The effects of metallocene precursor structure, catalyst immobilization method, and catalyst loading are presented in terms of catalytic activity, polymer molecular weight distribution, and stability of the catalysts toward leaching.
Surgical Maxillomandibular Advancement Technique

Some of the most severe forms of obstructive sleep apnea are attributed to anatomic abnormalities in the facial skeleton. With the use of conventional orthognathic surgical techniques, it is possible to expand the posterior airway. In fact, there is strong evidence in the literature to support maxillomandibular advancement as one of the most efficacious surgical procedures for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There are complications associated with this procedure but these are minor when compared with the risk of inadequately treated OSA.
A Reduced Overhead OFDM Relay System with Clusterwise TMRC Beamforming

We consider a relay clustering system using decode and forward (DF) relaying, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and transmit maximal ratio combining beamforming (TMRC-BF) at the relays. We address channel estimation at the destination for the above system. A cluster pairing scheme with corresponding pilot designs is proposed. It reduces both necessary pilot overhead and computational complexity by half. Simulation results show that if the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of pilots for channel estimation for TMRC-BF at the relays is kept above a threshold (5 dB below the SNR of the pilots sent to the destination by the cluster pairing strategy), nearly optimal channel estimation performance can be achieved.
Selective oxidation of propylamine to propionitrile and propionaldehyde on oxygen-covered gold

Oxidative dehydrogenation of amines using heterogeneous gold catalysts has unanticipated potential; chemisorbed atomic oxygen is used to activate propylamine, producing propionitrile and/or propionaldehyde on a single-crystal Au(111) surface.
Tests for harmonic components in the spectra of categorical time series

A test for categorical time series is developed which is based on Fisher’s test for continuous-parameter time series. Instead of using a test based on the Fourier periodog ram for spectral analysis, we utilize the Walsh–Fourier periodogram for testing purposes. We briefly explain the theory behind Walsh–Fourier analysis and some of its recent applications. Asymptotic results for the distribution of the new test statistic for Walsh–Fourier spectra are presented and compared with a simulated distribution. We also perform power studies in order to assess the detection capability of the test. In the presence of multiple peaks in the spectrum, this test tends to lose power. Therefore, we also explore several alternatives to the test for Walsh–Fourier spectra and apply all of the alternative methods to a realization of geomagnetic reversals
Coupling of the biosynthesis of fatty acids and fatty alcohols.

Abstract A cell-free system for the biosynthesis of fatty alcohols in the pink portion of the rabbit harderian gland is described. The radiolabeled substrates for the fatty acid reductase were generated using soluble fatty acid synthase from the gland in the presence of acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH. Harderian gland microsomes, ATP, and Mg2+ were absolute requirements for the synthesis of fatty alcohols and if any of these components were deleted from the assay mixture, no alcohols were detected. We were also unable to detect formation of fatty alcohols if acyl-CoAs were substituted for fatty acid synthase with either NADPH or NADH as reducing agents. The reductase was localized in the microsomal fraction and appears to be on the cytosol-membrane interface of the vesicles, as indicated in experiments using detergents and trypsin. The fatty alcohols formed by the system had the same chain length distribution as the fatty acids made by the fatty acid synthase. The alkyl moieties of the ether lipids in the harderian gland are exclusively saturated and the properties of the alcohol-synthesizing system described in this report can account for the observed exclusion of unsaturated alkyl moieties from the ether lipids of this gland.
Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and dose-response models in environmental health policy analysis -- methodological considerations.

Abstract Analyses of competing risks are currently limited by the lack of empirically well-founded and generalizable quantitative methods. Specifically, quantitative methods for comparative risk analysis require the consideration of the population impacted, the duration of impact, the health endpoints at risk, and the impact on individual quality of life. Whereas risk analysis can be used to provide quantitative estimates of disease incidence, environmental health policy analyses do not often account for differences in health impact from alternative disease states. We discuss the methodological issues related to the use of quality adjusted life years (QALY) as a metric for normalizing expected disease incidence to account for health impact. Through a case study of the risks and benefits of fish consumption, we demonstrate the use of QALY weights with dose–response models for environmental health policy decision making. We suggest that, although this approach can be generalized for use in comparative risk and health policy analysis, it is informationally intensive and requires additional assumptions to those used in traditional safety/risk assessment.
Confirmation of Carboniferous clastic swamp communities

Tropical lowlands dominated by arborescent lycophytes are the principal foci for our understanding of Carboniferous peat and non-peat accumulating coastal swamps1,2. Suggested palaeoeco-logical interpretations of various lycophytes and accessory vegetation have been based on transported compression assemblages3,4 and palynomorphs5,6, or in situ permineralized peats7. Where transported macrodetritus, resulting in compression assemblages, is used to reconstruct past vegetational patterns, taphonomic factors tend to bias the preserved flora8–11. Taken alone, or out of depositional context, the heterogeneity of an assemblage most probably bears little or no relationship to that of the original contributing communities. Gastaldo9 suggests that reconstructions should be based on the autecology of erect in situ plants because, with peats permineralized in situ, precise resolution in time of laterally equivalent vegetation is difficult. Here I document an erect in situ Early Pennsylvanian lycophyte swamp which provides the first confirmatory evidence for previously hypothetical ecological amplitudes.
I Was Born ... (No You Were Not!): Birtherism and Political Challenges to Personal Self-Authorizations

While literary critics applaud Barack Obama’s memoir Dreams from My Father for its polyvocal self-authorizations, the book’s broader cultural context shows how politics and public performances cons...
Imaging spectrometer based on white-light interferometry

Many applications of imaging systems require information about the spectrum of light that forms the scene. One way of deriving spectral information from a source is by calculating the Fourier transform of the temporal coherence function, as measured by a Michelson interferometer. This is the basis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). With a phase-shifting spatial light modulator, it should be possible to construct a two-dimensional array of Michelson interferometers in order to derive independent spectral estimates for each pixel in a natural light image. Realistic constraints on the range of motion of mirror pixel elements will limit the spectral resolution of such a system, but these limits also allow the use of wide aperture imaging optics, and assure that the data processing burden is within the range of current digital technology.
Special optical fibers for sensors

This paper presents recent topics on special optical fibers for sensors, especially polarization- maintaining fibers, and also presents some special optical fiber based components for sensors.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamic buckling loads of imperfection- sensitive structures from perturbation procedures.

Mechanical model for dynamic buckling of elastic imperfection-sensitive structures under step loading, using perturbation method
Correlation of structure with function in Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts

Spinach chloroplasts, isolated in isotonic sucrose medium, were sonically ruptured and separated by differential centrifugation into three main fractions: a green precipitate, a colourless supernatant and a yellow, low density lipid-containing layer. These fractions were analyzed for their physical, chemical and biochemical properties. Comparison of a thin section of an isolated osmium-stained chloroplast with a thin section of osmium-stained green precipitate, by electron microscopy, shows that the particles in the green precipitate correspond both in thickness and lateral dimensions to the lamellar structure of the isolated chloroplast. Heavy metal shadowing of both air-dried and lyophilized green precipitate demonstrates the presence of lamellar structures from 10,000 to 20,000 A in diameter. The lamellar structure, totaling 160 A in thickness, is composed of two layers; each layer is made up of granular subunits 100 A thick. Chlorophyll to nitrogen weight ratios are fairly constant for green lamellar structures from 800 to 20,000 A in diameter, indicating that chlorophyll is uniformly distributed throughout the lamellar structure of the chloroplast. The similarity of relative photosynthetic pigment concentrations over the visible region, of the Hill reaction activity and of the carbon dioxide fixation capacities for the various sized particles in the green precipitate suggests that the smallest lamellar fragments used in these experiments are large in comparison with the smallest fragment which converts electromagnetic to chemical energy. A model for chloroplast lamellar structure is proposed on the basis of the results obtained. The supernatant, by electron microscopy, is seen to consist principally of oblately spherical particles, 100 A thick and 200 A in diameter. These particles are indistinguishable from the main water-soluble protein of the chloroplast with sedimentation coefficient 16 (Fraction I protein). About 90% of the total carboxydismutase activity is associated with the supernatant proteins. In addition, these proteins are able to convert fructose-6-phosphate into other photosynthetic carbon cycle intermediates. This supernatant must be added to the green precipitate in order to obtain maximum carbon dioxide fixation rates. Electron micrographs of unfractionated osmium-fixed chloroplast sonicate show large osmium-stained spherical objects corresponding in size and staining properties to the osmiophyllic granules observed in thin sections of osmiumstained chloroplast in the intact leaf. Similar granules, 500 to 1500 A in diameter, were obtained when the yellow, low density lipid layer was fixed with osmium and then shadowed.
Role of substrate microstructure on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of substrate microstructure (planar versus microtubular geometry) on the extent of osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem (BMS) cells. For laminated sheets, the BMS cell suspension was seeded on the sheets and cultured in complete osteogenic media. For laminated microtubes, the BMS cell suspension was injected in the tubes and allowed to incubate in osteogenic media. BMS cells cultured in osteon-mimetic microtubes had drastically higher ALPase activity and calcium content, compared to laminated sheets. The data demonstrate that the 3D environment of the microtubes profoundly affects osteogenic differentiation of the BMS cells, compared to the 2D laminated sheets.
Evaluation of the spatial dependence of the point spread function in 2D PET image reconstruction using LOR-OSEM.

Purpose: The use of positron emission tomography PET imaging has proved beneficial in the staging and diagnosis of several cancer disease sites. Additional applications of PET imaging in treatment planning and the evaluation of treatment response are limited by the relatively low spatial resolution of PET images. Including point spread function PSF information in the system matrix SM of iterative reconstruction techniques has been shown to produce improved spatial resolution in PET images. Methods: In this study, the authors sampled the spatially variant PSF at over 6000 locations in the field of view for a General Electric Discovery ST PET/CT General Electric Healthcare, Waukesha, WI scanner in 2D acquisition mode. The authors developed PSF blurred SMs based on different combinations of the radial, depth, and azimuthal spatial dependencies to test the overall spatial dependence of the PSF on image quality. The PSF blurred SMs were included in a LOR-OSEM reconstruction algorithm and used for image reconstruction of geometric phantoms. The authors also examined the effect of sampling density on PSF characterization to design a more efficient sampling scheme. Results: The authors found that depth dependent change in the amplitude of the detector response was the most important factor affecting image quality. A SM created from a PSF that introduced r perpendicular to the LOR, d parallel to the LOR ,o rr and d dependent blurring across the radial lines of response led to visually identifiable improvements in spatial resolution and contrast in reconstructed images compared to images reconstructed with a purely geometric SM with no PSF blurring. Images reconstructed using a SM with r and d dependent blurring across the radial lines of response showed improved spatial resolution and contrast-noise ratios compared to images reconstructed with a SM that had only r dependent blurring. Additionally, the authors determined that the PSF could be adequately characterized with roughly 85% fewer samples through the use of a better optimized sampling scheme. Conclusions: PET image reconstruction using a SM made from an accurately characterized PSF that accounts for r and d dependencies results in improved spatial resolution and contrast-noise relations, which may aid in lesion boundary detection for treatment planning or quantitative assessment of treatment response. © 2010 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.3310381
Psychiatry, authoritarianism, and revolution: the politics of mental illness during military dictatorships in Argentina, 1966-1983

From 1966 to 1983, Argentina underwent a period of political radicalization as fascist regimes used terror to control its citizens and leftist guerrillas resorted to violence to spark revolution. During this politically volatile period, psychiatry transformed from an apolitical clinical specialty into an ideological tool used for both leftist resistance and military oppression. The largest psychiatric organization at the time, the Federacion Argentina de Psiquiatras (FAP), became the center for a new politically committed brand of psychiatry in Argentina that united psychoanalysis and community psychiatry with Marxist theory. Though the military targeted and eventually dismantled the FAP and its leftist brand of psychoanalysis and community psychiatry, sectors of the government also paradoxically appropriated and reframed community-based psychiatric perspectives to pathologize leftist subversion and advance their own conservative ideology.
Early‐Stage Microstructure Development in Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O Glasses

Amorphous rumples of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O x were produced by quenching from the melt. The early-stage microstructure development in these rumples was monitored using XRD, DTA, and hot-stage TEM. It was observed that the molten glass undergoes phase separation during initial quenching and that subsequent refinement of these features generates the initial DTA exotherm during heating. This exotherm has been found for many related compositions, and has been shown not to correspond to crystallization. This initial phase separation strongly impacts the final microstructure by providing copious nucleation sites for the R-phase that ultimately crystallizes first
THE USE OF PIVALOYL CHLORIDE IN THE SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 3-(T-BUTYL)-4-METHOXYPHENOL – A BHA ISOMER

(1978). THE USE OF PIVALOYL CHLORIDE IN THE SELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 3-(T-BUTYL)-4-METHOXYPHENOL – A BHA ISOMER. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 79-82.
Patellar mechanics during simulated kneeling in the natural and implanted knee

Kneeling is required during daily living for many patients after total knee replacement (TKR), yet many patients have reported that they cannot kneel due to pain, or avoid kneeling due to discomfort, which critically impacts quality of life and perceived success of the TKR procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of component design on patellofemoral (PF) mechanics during a kneeling activity. A computational model to predict natural and implanted PF kinematics and bone strains after kneeling was developed and kinematics were validated with experimental cadaveric studies. PF joint kinematics and patellar bone strains were compared for implants with dome, medialized dome, and anatomic components. Due to the less conforming nature of the designs, change in sagittal plane tilt as a result of kneeling at 90° knee flexion was approximately twice as large for the medialized-dome and dome implants as the natural case or anatomic implant, which may result in additional stretching of the quadriceps. All implanted cases resulted in substantial increases in bone strains compared with the natural knee, but increased strains in different regions. The anatomic patella demonstrated increased strains inferiorly, while the dome and medialized dome showed increases centrally. An understanding of the effect of implant design on patellar mechanics during kneeling may ultimately provide guidance to component designs that reduces the likelihood of knee pain and patellar fracture during kneeling.
Feasibility of combining capecitabine and temozolomide with yttrium 90 radioembolization (CapTemY90) for intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors

No. 355 Feasibility of combining capecitabine and temozolomide with yttrium 90 radioembolization (CapTemY90) for intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors M.C. Soulen, G. Deitrick, D. van Houten, S. W. Stavropoulos, U. Teitelbaum, B. Giantonio; Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Medical Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Purpose: Grade 2 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have an intermediate proliferative rate and progress more aggressively than low-grade NETs. The combination of capecitabine and temozolomide (CapTem) has been shown to achieve response rates of 61% in well-differentiated NETs (ref). Capecitabine is synergistic with radiation. We investigated the safety and tolerability of combining CapTem with Y90 radioembolization for progressive Grade 2 NETs with liver-dominant metastases. Materials and Methods: We retrospective analysed patients treated with capecitabine 600 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days, temozolomide 150-200 mg/m2 in two divided doses on days 1014, and yttrium 90 radioembolization. Angiography and MAA scan for Y90 planning were performed during the first cycle of chemotherapy. During the second cycle, Y90 radioembolization with resin microspheres was performed to one lobe on Day 7. The other lobe was treated if needed on Day 7 of the 4th cycle. CapTem was continued in monthly cycles. Toxicities were assessed monthly. Imaging was performed very 3 months after the first radioembolization. Results: 8 patients have been treated. Primary NETs were pancreatic (3), bronchial (2), rectal (2), and duodenal. Prior therapy included Sandostatin (7), systemic chemotherapy(4), surgery (4), ablation (1), chemoembolization (1), and radioembolization (1). 7/8 patients completed the prescribed course of chemotherapy and radioembolization. One previously radioembolized patient developed Grade 2 hyperbilirubinemia after the first radioembolization of the current cycle and did not have the other lobe treated. 3 patients had dose interruptions for Grade 2-3 thrombocytopenia or fatigue. There were no Grade 4 toxicities. 4 patients have had 3-month imaging, all with partial response in the treated liver. Conclusion: This novel integration of systemic therapy with liver radioembolization is safe and tolerable, with toxicities similar to those reported for CapTem alone. Early responses are encouraging and supports further evaluation. Reference 1. Fine RL, et al. Capecitabine and temozolomide (CAPTEM) for metastatic, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: The Pancreas Center at Columbia University experience. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:663–670.
A Synthetic Intermediate for Trichothecane Phytotoxic Sesquiterpenoids

Abstract A number of sesquiterpenoid mold metabolites have been isolated and characterized recently. One important class of these naturally occurring substances, the trichothecane group, possesses an eminent degree of phytotoxic activity against certain pathogenic fungi.1 The least structurally complicated member of this important class of mold metabolites is (-)-trichodermin (1). The structure and absolute stereochemistry of this unique phytotoxic metabolite was determined from chemical, spectroscopic, and X-ray diffraction data.2,3,4 Recently Colvin, Raphael, and Roberts reported an elegant total synthesis of racemic trichodermin via (±)-lactone 2b (R[dbnd]CH3).5 We wish to report, herein, a synthesis of optically active (+)-lactone 2b (R[dbnd]CH3).6
Professional and Personal Factors Associated with Gerontological Practice: Implications for Training and Education.

Professional practice with older adults is performed in a variety of settings and across a broad range of areas. Planning for care throughout the end of life represents an increasingly important aspect of work with older adults as a result of the nation's aging demographic and concomitant health care needs. Community-based geriatric case managers represent a growing cadre of professionals encountering frail older adults with future care needs that can be anticipated in advance; however, little is known regarding specific professional and personal factors associated with greater practice in this area. This article presents the findings from a study of 148 community-based case managers' advance care planning practices, conducted in the Southeastern United States. Correlational analyses revealed specific gerontological skills, educational activities, and personal experiences in advance care planning that was highly correlated with practice. Implications for training are discussed.
Cholinesterase levels in uremic man and renal allografted man.

A micromethod of serum cholinesterase activity determination is presented. The changes in activity levels in uremic patients requiring hemodialysis are presented in relation to blood transfusions, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels, as well as hematocrit percentages. The levels were low in uremic patients and were further affected by hemodialysis. The values of serum cholinesterase in patients with renal allografts as well as the renal vein effluent of isolated perfused canine kidneys have been determined. These levels were near a normal range. It is suggested that anesthesia in uremic patients necessitating muscle relaxation with an agent that hydrolyzes cholinesterase should be deferred for 24 hr after hemodialysis.
Differential impact of chronotype on weekday and weekend sleep timing and duration

Most recommendations are that adults should obtain 7–8 hours of sleep per night, although there are individual differences in self-reported sleep need. Chronotype (preference for early or late sleep timing), in combination with social demands, may affect the ability to obtain adequate sleep. This questionnaire study assessed perceived sleep need and self-reported sleep timing and duration during the week and on the weekend with respect to chronotype in visitors to the Museum of Science in Boston. Increasing age was associated with greater morningness. After adjusting for age, we found no significant association between chronotype and self-reported sleep need, or between chronotype and weekday sleep duration. However, we did find that greater eveningness was associated with a larger gap between self-reported sleep need and weekday sleep duration. On weekends, greater eveningness was associated with a longer sleep duration and greater extension of sleep, with the sleep extension achieved by later wake times. Together, these findings suggest that evening types accumulate a sleep debt during the week, despite reporting a similar sleep need and duration as morning types, and evening types then attempt to make up for that lost weekday sleep on the weekends. Studies of sleep need and sleep duration should take chronotype into account, and studies of chronotype may be confounded by the association between age and morningness, and must account for this potential confound in selection criteria and/or analysis.
DPIV/T-driven convective heat transfer simulation

We present a new approach to simulating unsteady heat transfer, with only very few degrees of freedom, by employing directly eigenmodes extracted from DPIV/DPIT experimental data. In particular, we formulate Galerkin low-dimensional systems of the coupled Navier–Stokes and energy equations using hierarchical empirical eigenfunctions extracted from an ensemble of velocity and temperature snapshots. We demonstrate that even severely truncated Galerkin representations (two velocity modes and four temperature modes) produce simulations capable of capturing the dynamics of the flow and heat transfer. This finding is documented by applying proper orthogonal decomposition to water flow past a heated circular cylinder at Reynolds number 610.
Pharmaceutical Therapy for Osteoarthritis

Abstract There are a variety of oral and topical pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of osteoarthritis. To date there is no pharmacologic agent proved to prevent disease progression. This article focuses primarily on the medications used for symptomatic relief and palliation of pain. The article reviews the medications' mechanisms of action and the available efficacy literature, as well as indications, contraindications, and common adverse effects.
Reciprocity in groups : Information-seeking in a public goods game

Questions remain about the details of the reciprocal strategies people use in the context of group cooperation. Here we report an experiment in which participants in public goods games could access information about the lowest, median, or highest contribution to the public good before making their own contribution decisions. Results suggest that people have clear preferences for particular pieces of information and that information preferences vary systematically across individuals as a function of their contribution strategies. Specifically, participants playing reciprocal strategies sought information about the median contribution, free riders preferred to view the highest contribution, and altruists had inconsistent preferences. By including a treatment in which people could pay to see information rather than obtaining it for free, we found that people were willing to incur costs to acquire information, particularly those using a reciprocal strategy. Further, adding a cost to view information decreased aggregate contributions, possibly because the motivation to induce others' reciprocal contributions diminished under these conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.