cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contexts and Discourses

In this chapter, Fewkes returns to the issue of the widespread perceived novelty of women’s mosques and contemplates the silences related to women’s mosques in global conversations about the histories of Muslim communities. To this end, she recognizes the role of the local—island and national—in Maldivian women’s mosques and goes on to deliberate upon the role of the global in two ways: first, in terms of how transnational processes such as the historical Indian Ocean trade and development agencies have contributed to the signification of women’s mosques in the Maldives, and second, how the concept of the global ummah, a shared notion of a worldwide Muslim community, relates to these places.
Evolutionary shifts in extant mustelid (Mustelidae: Carnivora) cranial shape, body size and body shape coincide with the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition.

Environmental changes can lead to evolutionary shifts in phenotypic traits, which in turn facilitate the exploitation of novel adaptive landscapes and lineage diversification. The global cooling, i...
There is no such thing as a crisis: A critique of and alterative to the dominant crisis management model

In this Forum piece, I propose an alternative conceptual model, one that replaces the crisis event with the claim of urgency made by a leader as the focal unit of analysis. The proposed crisis‐as‐claim model insists that no claim of urgency is legitimate per se. From the perspective of the researcher, the crisis‐asclaim model reverses cause‐and effect from the event to the claim as independent variable. Finally, the crisis‐as‐claim model elides the consideration of heroic leadership so common in the crisis‐as‐event model, positioning instead leaders as claims makers always intent on advancing interests and enhancing power.
Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the End of the Second MillenniumIV. Staphylinine Group (Part 1)Euaesthetinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Oxyporinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Steninae

This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published literature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or description are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or synonyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Distributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Ales Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies.
Evolution Ain’t Engineering: Animals, Robots, and the Messy Struggle for Existence

In the sixth edition (1872) of Origin of Species, Darwin lamented: “Great is the power of steady misinterpretation.” He added a hopeful note that misunderstandings in science don’t long endure. But to this day, those about natural selection, the engine of creative adaptation, persist. One abstract notion that dogs evolutionary thinking is “perfection.” In the Galapagos Islands or the robotics laboratory, we see that evolution in-the-flesh suffices, selecting the best-but-not-perfect solutions from among a finite set of options limited by the constraints and trade-offs of physics and genetics. While we can identify different evolutionary processes in retrospect, the randomness that is essential to evolution preordains that outcomes cannot be completely predicted. But even without perfect prediction, we can know that evolving life forms and machines have limits.
Self-directed learning and retrieval practice: building a bridge through functional contextualism

While retrieval practice has been studied for over a century, it has gained a significant body of research within the past fifteen years in cognitive psychology and the learning sciences. However, ...
Review of methods to determine hand surface area of children less than six years old: a case study

Various methods exist to determine the surface area of hands. The consistency of these methods is essential given that risk assessments utilize hand surface area (HSA) to quantify exposure to environmental contaminants. HSA is also utilized in the clinical setting to estimate size of burns, and to determine specific treatments and medication dosages. A reliable method of surface area measurement is important to guide these decisions, especially in children who are vulnerable to environmental contaminants and medication side effects. Despite this, fewer HSA-determining studies have been performed for children compared to adults. In this study, 122 children completed hand tracings, and the tracings were digitized using an ImageJ program to determine HSA. Six previously published methods of determining HSA were utilized based on the child’s height, weight, and length and width of hand. Children were analyzed by age group including 0–2, 3–4, and 5–6 years. The HSA measurements determined by five of the six methods were statistically different from HSA determined using direct hand tracings/Image J methodology (p < 0.001). The single remaining study that did not differ significantly from the hand tracing method provided a uniform hand to total body surface area (TBSA) ratio for children of all ages. Based on these results, we propose a novel age-group-specific ratio utilizing the HSA results from hand tracings and TBSA calculations. The percentages of TBSA that reflect HSA for children aged 0–2, 3–4 and 5–6 years were 0.91%, 0.90% and 0.87%, respectively. These percentages should be considered for use in risk assessments and the clinical setting to guide treatment and prognosis.
Differential Ser phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein regulates colon tumor formation and growth.

Abstract Aims Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) controls actin dynamics associated with the malignant phenotype of colorectal tumors. Oncogenic VASP function, in turn, is finely regulated by cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation of serine (Ser) residues 157 and 239, whose differential expression determines cell survival behavior in colon cancer. However, the role of differential VASP Ser phosphorylation in colorectal carcinogenesis remains unclear. Main methods Specific VASP phosphomutant constructs were employed to selectively silence Ser157 or Ser239 phosphorylation in human colon carcinoma cells. Cyclic nucleotide-dependent manipulation of VASP Ser phosphorylation was performed with 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) or 8-chlorophenylthio 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (8-CPT-cGMP). Tumorigenic and locomotory phenotypes were examined in vitro with clonogenic and wound healing assays, respectively. Finally, tumor formation and growth were investigated in vivo employing two distinct xenograft models of colorectal cancer. Key findings Disruption of VASP Ser157 phosphorylation weakened the clonogenic and migratory abilities of human colon cancer cells, effects mimicked by 8-CPT-cGMP-dependent regulation of VASP Ser239. In contrast, inhibition of VASP Ser239 phosphorylation enhanced cell clonogenicity and migration and was phenocopied by 8-Br-cAMP-dependent regulation of VASP Ser157. Importantly, cancer cells bearing the phosphomutant construct targeting VASP Ser157 decreased, while those with the phosphomutation at Ser239 improved their abilities to establish productive tumor colonies and grow in the peritoneal cavity or subcutaneous tissues of nude mice. Significance Together, present observations suggest differential VASP Ser phosphorylation is a relevant, targetable molecular event underlying tumor formation and progression in colon cancer.
Integrative Approaches for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Integrative cardiology is a patient-centered care model that focuses on body, mind, and spirit and aims to incorporate evidence-based healing modalities that focus on health and prevention. Utilizing a preventive, predictive, and personalized approach using advanced diagnostic testing which include assessment of underlying causes of a disease state, integrative cardiology aims to deliver whole-person interventions. Lifestyle modifications, including nutrition and physical activity, are pillars that are complemented by mind-body interventions, acupuncture, and appropriate use of nutraceuticals. Many integrative studies have demonstrated a decrease in blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose, and measures of stress that all impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Understanding personal risk and mitigating that risk are key tenets to promoting health and preventing disease. Here we discuss the evidence behind many integrative cardiology therapies as well as future directions.
Risk Management in the Emergency Department: Liabilities, Duties, and EMTALA

Behavioral emergencies pose a unique variety and concentration of medicolegal issues seldom seen in other clinical settings. In addition to the usual medicolegal issues of operating an emergency department (ED), psychiatric emergency services (PESs) face a unique collection of specialized topics including involuntary commitment, specialized rules relating to confidentiality and consent, and frequent issues relating to duties to third parties. In addition, psychiatric emergencies create a special set of circumstances fostering potentially elevated risks of malpractice. By understanding the legal rules and boundaries describing the terrain of emergency psychiatry, as well as the factors that drive and mitigate malpractice risk, providers will be better prepared to provide appropriate emergency care without facing inappropriate risks. Duties to third parties and the impact of HIPAA will be explored. Finally, the implications of the EMTALA rules on evaluation and management of psychiatric emergencies will be reviewed.
The Impact of Governmental Structure and Expenditures on the Quality of Life in Urban Areas

Despite the obvious complementarity in their objectives, public policy and quality of life or social indicators research have been done in mutual isolation. The integration of these streams of research offers policy analysts an alternate method for measuring impacts. Using this approach, the current study focuses on two questions: 1) Are variations in municipal structure related to policy outputs, i.e., municipal expenditures? 2) Are variations in municipal structures and overall targeted municipal expenditures related to the general quality of life in municipalities and the quality of specific services? The sample for this study includes the central cities of the sixty-five most populated SMSAs in the United States. Pearson Product Moment correlational and crosstabulational techniques were used to examine these relationships. The results indicate that council manager systems tend to spend less than mayor council systems, yet, in some ways, offer a better quality of life. Differences in size and regional ...
Effect of Postweaning Feed Restriction on Adipose Cellularity and Body Composition in Polygenic Obese Mice

The M16 line of mice, selected for rapid postweaning gain, exhibits polygenically controlled obesity and hyperphagia. The effect of limiting postweaning energy intake on the subsequent growth and development of obesity in M16 mice was investigated. Male mice from M16 and an unselected line (ICR) were provided either ad libitum or limited (congruent to 70% of ad libitum) feed during the rapid postweaning growth period from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Body weights (g) at 6 weeks of age were: ad libitum ICR (31.0 +/- 0.6), restricted ICR (23.8 +/- 0.7), ad libitum M16 (45.0 +/- 0.6) and restricted M16 (30.1 +/- 0.6). In both lines, restricted feed intake severely depressed body fat, lean, ash, and water at 6 weeks. In addition, percent triacylglycerol, fat cell size and number in the epididymal fat pads were lower. Restricted M16 and ICR mice showed a marked compensatory gain in all body components when subsequently fed ad libitum for 10 weeks. All measurements of adiposity at 16 weeks were similar for the restricted and ad libitum regimens within each line. The relative amounts of energy deposited as fat and lean between 4 and 16 weeks were not influenced by restricted feeding, but M16 mice deposited a larger proportion of energy as fat than as lean when compared with ICR mice. The results suggest that fat cell number is determined at a relatively early age in mice and is primarily under genetic control.
Distortion-limited vector quantization

This paper presents a vector quantization system that limits the maximum distortion introduced to a pre-selected threshold value. This system uses a recently introduced variation of the L/sub /spl infin// distortion measure that attempts to minimize the occurrences of quantization errors above a preselected threshold. The vectors are first coded using the new distortion measure. The quantization error vectors in which at least one entry is above the threshold are again coded using a residual vector quantizer. The pixels of the input image where the quantisation errors are still above the threshold are scalar quantized to force all the errors under the specified threshold. An experimental result is included in which all the error magnitudes are constrained to be below fifteen. This image was coded using 0.85 bits per pixel with a relatively simple multiplier-free vector quantizer and without entropy coding.
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN NURSING HOMES: CREATIVITY, LEADERSHIP AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, BY Julie Sahlins

Social workers employed in nursing home settings often find themselves in a conundrum that seems almost inherent in their roles in long-term care administrative teams. The tension experienced by mo...
Formulation of the Total Western Diet 2, a whole food-based rodent diet that emulates average American micro- and macronutrient intakes for colorectal cancer and gut microflora studies (816.6)

Previously, we used NHANES data to formulate the TWD, a rodent diet that emulates average American intake levels for macro and micronutrients using nutrient density. We have demonstrated that the T...
Endocrinology and Suicide.

The data accumulated so far suggest several tentative conclusions. First, thyroid and adrenal gland disease unquestionably can produce severe mental disturbances. Most of these are "organic" in nature, but depressive symptoms are common as well. A connection between these diseases and suicide has not been established, however. Research cannot really address this possibility adequately, since these studies are difficult, if not impossible, to do in the postmortem state at this time. Ways should continue to be sought to overcome this problem. Clinically, it seems advisable to treat all depressed, suicidal persons with the same caution, whether they have diseases of these endocrine systems or not. The differences in responsiveness of the thyroid and adrenocortical systems among depressed and perhaps truly suicidal persons are of greater theoretical as well as practical clinical interest. The TRH-TSH test and the DST may not be as specific as once thought. Nonetheless, the abnormalities do occur with regularity in specific subgroups of depressed patients. It is far too early to stop research on the DST or the TRH-TSH test. Clinically, however, it is premature to make important management decisions about suicidal patients based on these test results. At this time, we really have no means of pinpointing the persons who will eventually suicide. The hope that they may someday provide valid data for assessing real suicide potential is there, and clinicians should stay informed in this arena. Until that day comes, though, we must continue to exercise caution regarding our clinical judgments and to live with their uncertainties.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide regulate endothelial tissue factor expression in vivo in the sickle transgenic mouse

Activation of the coagulation system is a characteristic feature of sickle cell anemia, which also includes clinical thrombosis. The sickle transgenic mouse abnormally expresses tissue factor (TF) on the pulmonary vein endothelium. Knowing that this aberrancy is stimulated by inflammation, we sought to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to regulation of endothelial TF expression in the sickle mouse model. We used the NY1DD sickle mouse, which exhibits a low-TF to high-TF phenotype switch on exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Manipulations of NO biology, such as breathing NO or addition of arginine or L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester) to the diet, caused significant modulations of TF expression. This was also seen in hBERK1 sickle mice, which have a different genetic background and already have high-TF even at ambient air. Study of NY1DD animals bred to overexpress endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; eNOS-Tg) or to have an eNOS knockout state (one eNOS(-/-) animal and several eNOS(+/-) animals) demonstrated that eNOS modulates endothelial TF expression in vivo by down-regulating it. Thus, the biodeficiency of NO characteristic of patients with sickle cell anemia may heighten risk for activation of the coagulation system.
Predicting immunosuppressant dosing in the early postoperative period with noninvasive indocyanine green elimination following orthotopic liver transplantation

Twenty adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were enrolled in this study, with the noninvasive indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate (ICG-PDR) measured both during and after OLT to assess the relationship between ICG-PDR and the ability of patients to achieve therapeutic postoperative tacrolimus immunosuppressant blood levels. Liver function was determined at both 2 and 18 hours post reperfusion with the ICG-PDR k value (1/min). Postoperative standard serum measures of liver function as well as liver biopsies were also collected and analyzed. The median ICG-PDR k value for the study group at 2 hours post reperfusion was 0.20 (0.16, 0.27), whereas at 18 hours post reperfusion, it was 0.22 (0.18, 0.35). The median change in the k value between the two ICG-PDR measurements was 0.05 (−0.02, 0.07) with P = 0.02. There was an interaction between the postoperative day 1 (18 hours post reperfusion) ICG-PDR k value and the linear increase in the tacrolimus blood level, such that the greater the k value was, the more gradual the observed rise was in tacrolimus over time [that is, the longer it took to achieve a therapeutic blood level (>12 ng/mL), P = 0.003]. Of the 16 patients that received tacrolimus, comparable dosing on a per kilogram body weight basis was observed. Also, no significant association between ICG-PDR k values and postoperative liver biopsy results was seen. This study demonstrates that the ICG-PDR measurement is a modality with the potential to assist in achieving adequate blood levels of tacrolimus following OLT. Liver Transpl 14:46–52, 2008. © 2007 AASLD.
Misuse of Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

Diagnostic tests and procedures serve many purposes. They screen for the presence of occult disease. They help to confirm some diagnoses and reject others. Occasionally, they uncover diagnostic possibilities that would explain elusive symptoms. Once clinical problems have been defined they assist in treatment. They often provide helpful prognostic information. Beyond these explicit purposes, they have reassurance value both for the patient and the physician. They also generate income. That the use of diagnostic tests and procedures is excessive has been shown in numerous studies.1 2 3 Excessive use can have a number of undesirable effects. It contributes to inflation of hospital . . .
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Peroxide Formation in Aqueous Phase Pulsed Corona Electrical Discharge

High voltage electrical discharges in water are of increasing interest for the degradation of organic compounds and destruction of biological species. The present study reports measurements of the rates of molecular hydrogen, molecular oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide formation in a pulsed positive needle-plane corona-like electrical discharge in water. In experiments for various solution conductivities, applied voltages, and discharge powers, the ratio of the molar rate of production of hydrogen:hydrogen peroxide:oxygen was approximately 4:2:1. The highest observed rate of hydrogen production was 1.3 μmol/s at discharge power of 37 W (or 0.25 g of H2/kW·h) at solution conductivity 50 μS/cm. The G-value for hydrogen production was 0.17 molecule of H2/100 eV, falling in the range of that found in the radiation chemistry literature (∼0−0.5 molecule of H2/100 eV, depending on scavenger concentration). A global reaction is proposed to add to existing kinetic models for the simulation of reactive species producti...
Candida Bloodstream Infection in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Purpose Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are being increasingly used as bridge-to-transplant and destination therapy for end-stage heart failure that is refractory to medical management. Fungal infections, especially due to Candida species, are uncommon in LVAD recipients but require special consideration in regards to management interventions. There is limited data on clinical presentation and outcome of infections due to Candida species in LVAD recipients. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed hospital records of 247 patients who underwent LVAD implantation at Mayo Clinic campuses in Minnesota, Arizona and Florida, from January 2005 to December 2011. Demographic and clinical data of patients that developed infection due to Candida species were extracted. Results Of the 247 patients with LVADs, 7 (2.83%) developed infection with Candida species. The median age of seven patients was 68 years (range, 53-75 years). All patients presented with Candida blood stream infection (BSI). The causative Candida species included C. albicans (5) and C. glabrata (2). One patient underwent LVAD exchange and two patients underwent heart transplantation. Five of the seven BSI were non-LVAD-related, one was LVAD-related, and one was associated with LVAD pump/cannula infection. Patients received intravenous fluconazole (1), caspofungin (2), amphotericin (1), anidulafungin (1) and a combination of caspofungin and fluconazole (2). The average duration of anti-fungal therapy was 4.16 weeks (range, 1wk to 8.5 wks.). Two patients received lifelong antifungal suppression with oral fluconazole. Only two of the patients were alive (both had undergone orthotopic heart transplant). Average survival in this cohort of LVAD recipients with Candida BSI was 6 months (0.3 –10.5 months) from the time of candidemia. Conclusions Despite non-LVAD source of BSI in majority of cases, candidemia in LVAD recipients portends poor long-term survival. Only patients who had undergone heart transplantation survived beyond 6 months.
The S6 Point Group Conformers of the Hexamethylchalcogens: Me6S, Me6Se, Me6Te

The synthesis of Me6Te in 1990 stimulated the exploration of hexamethylchalcogen potential energy surfaces. This earlier ab initio work focused only on the D3 conformers, but it has been noted that the pseudooctahedral X(CH3)6 compounds show either D3 or S6 symmetry. Here are reported the results of an ab initio molecular orbital study of the hexamethylchalcogens confined to S6 symmetry. Stationary points were found for each of the three hexamethylchalcogens studied and were shown to be minima for the two larger hexamethylchalcogens. Each of the S6 stationary points found was energetically higher lying than the earlier reported D3 counterpart. These energy differences are discussed in terms of nuclear repulsion and molecular orbital bonding considerations.
Transformation for Health: A Framework for Conceptualizing Health Behaviors in Vulnerable Populations

Shedding light on the factors and circumstances that operate to bring about marginalization of groups can facilitate appropriate responses to the issue of health disparities among vulnerable groups in society. This is showing to be a seemingly intractable problem; however, it may well be that the approaches currently used to respond to the issues are not appropriate because we overlook the "realties" that really matter: those emanating from the people being visited by these circumstances themselves. Under normal conditions, human behavior can only be controlled by the individual. Facilitating an environment in which an individual can comprehend his or her internal and external realities is the first step toward transformative behavior.
The core in an oligopoly market with indivisibility

This paper studies the core in an oligopoly market with indivisibility. It provides necessary and sufficient conditions for core existence in a general m-buyer n-seller market with indivisibility. When costs are dominated by opportunity costs (i.e., a firm's variable costs are sufficiently small), the core condition can be characterized by the primitive market parameters. In a 3-2 market with opportunity cost, the core is non-empty if and only if the larger seller's opportunity cost is either sufficiently large or sufficiently small.
Symptomatic thoracic vertebral hemangioma: A case report and literature review

Vertebral hemangiomas are relatively common, but those causing spinal cord compression are rare. A man in his early sixties with back pain that had not resolved with conservative treatment was seen in an outpatient physiatrist office. Subsequent workup with computed tomography scan showed a large hemangioma in the T5 vertebra extending to the posterior elements where his pain was located. Three weeks later, the patient had progressive weakness and numbness in his lower extremity. He subsequently underwent a T3-5 laminectomy, with a subtotal resection of the mass. He reported improvement in lower-extremity strength and sensation and completed a course of inpatient rehabilitation. Recognizing when to expect neurologic symptoms and the proper time to intervene can be very critical. From this case study and other similar instances, one can conclude that vertebral hemangiomas are not always benign and are capable of causing cord compression. Proper diagnosis and treatment may prevent the development of neurologic symptoms.
Dendritic Ca2+ transients evoked by action potentials in rat dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal and cartwheel neurons.

Simultaneous fluorescence imaging and electrophysiologic recordings were used to investigate the Ca2+ influx initiated by action potentials (APs) into dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) pyramidal cell (...
sd) 2 States or Superclusters in 10 Be

A set of states in ${}^{10}$Be have very large \ensuremath{\alpha} widths and very small neutron strengths. We review the data and investigate whether they are ($sd$)${}^{2}$ states and/or \ensuremath{\alpha} clusters.
Impact of fever-range thermal stress on lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion and lymphocyte trafficking

The evolutionarily conserved febrile response has been associated with improved survival during infection in endothermic and ectothermic species although its protective mechanism of action is not fully understood. Temperatures within the range of physiologic fever influence multiple parameters of the immune response including lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity, neutrophil and dendritic cell migration, and production or bioactivity of proinflammatory cytokines. This review focuses on the emerging role of fever-range thermal stress in promoting lymphocyte trafficking to secondary lymphoid organs that are major sites for launching effective immune responses during infection or inflammation. Specific emphasis will be on the molecular basis of thermal control of lymphocyte-endothelial adhesion, a critical checkpoint controlling lymphocyte extravasation, as well as the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling to thermal activities. New results are presented indicating that thermal stimulation of lymphocyte homing potential is evident in evolutionarily distant endothermic vertebrate species. These observations support the view that the evolutionarily conserved febrile response contributes to immune protection and host survival by amplifying lymphocyte access to peripheral lymphoid organs.
Sexual aspects of headache. How sexual function relates to headaches and their causes and treatment.

Coital cephalgia represents one of the mysterious headaches primary care physicians might encounter in day-to-day medical practice. Another is the sexual stimulant (Viagra) headache. AIDS patients ...
THE EFFECTS OF SPONSOR RELEVANCE ON CONSUMER REACTIONS TO INTERNET SPONSORSHIPS

This study reports the results of two experiments that were conducted to examine the effects of Internet sponsorships and the role of sponsor relevance in these effects. Experiment 1 used a group of college students and Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment using a group of nonstudent adults. Both experiments examined sponsorship linkage as a means of structuring Internet sponsorships that impacts sponsor recall, attitude toward the sponsor, and purchase intentions. Findings revealed that relevant Internet sponsors were more persuasive than irrelevant Internet sponsors for the three dependent variables. Two context variables, Web site credibility and intent to return to the site, moderated the linkage factor on sponsor evaluations in that higher levels of the context variables translated to more positive evaluations for relevant sponsors.
Adrenalectomy attenuates stimulation-produced analgesia.

Abstract Ablation of the adrenal glands potentiates analgesia induced by morphine and attenuates an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia. The adrenal cortex has been implicated in analgesia induced by morphine and enkephalin-like peptides in the adrenal medulla have been suggested to modulate stress-induced analgesia. The effect of adrenalectomy upon analgesia produced by stimulation of the brain has not been investigated. The present investigations demonstrated that antinociception (measured with the tail-flick test) from focal stimulation of the periaqueductal grey was attenuated or abolished after adrenal ablation. These results implicate adrenal hormones in the regulation of the endogenous pain inhibitory system in the brain.
Can late effects of neutron irradiation in man be estimated from early responses

Abstract Slowly-developing tissue changes after neutron irradiation should be more easily predicted from acutely-developing injury than is the case with X rays. The difference between tissue responses to neutrons and X rays is that cell survival in both rapidly and slowly responding tissues is a direct logarithmic function of neutron dose, at least up to about 3 Gy, whereas the X-ray dose-survival relationship differs between the two types of tissue: the target cells for late injury are more susceptible to killing from accumulation of sublethal X-ray injury and hence the survival curve diverges from its initial essentially linear region more rapidly than does that for the target cells for acute injury.
ULF magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake

Abstract Anomalous measurements of the ultra-low frequency (ULF) magnetic field fluctuations prior to the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989, have been studied. For the past few years we have been monitoring fluctuations of the magnetic field of the Earth in the ULF range at Corralitos, California; our instruments were located 7 km from the epicenter of the earthquake. We have observed four anomalies in our data which may turn out to be precursors to the earthquake. First we observe narrowband noise fluctuations centered at 0.1 Hz and estimated to have a bandwidth of 0.00143–0.00167 Hz, i.e. a Q value of 60–70. The narrowband fluctuations appear to have a maximum equivalent amplitude of over 1400 pT/√Hz which is roughly 31 dB higher than the typical quiet average amplitude background levels. These fluctuations begin around September 12 and last until October 5. Next we observe the appearance of additive wideband noise fluctuations beginning around October 5 and continuing until the occurrence of the earthquake. These wideband fluctuations, which cover almost the entire 0.01–10 Hz frequency range of the system, have an average amplitude that is approximately 19 dB larger than typical levels in the 0.01–0.02 Hz band. Thirdly, we observe an atypical decrease in noise levels in the 0.2–5 Hz band throughout the day prior to the earthquake. The fourth anomaly is a jump in the power of magnetic field fluctuations, mostly in the 0.01–0.5 Hz band, in the three hours preceding the earthquake. This activity reached its highest level in the lowest 0.01–0.02 Hz band, and had a magnitude of roughly 60000 pT/√Hz, which is about 40 dB larger than typical background noise levels in the band. Our anomalous measurements do not appear to be the result of any magnetic field fluctuations generated in the upper atmosphere or to movement of our sensor caused by shocks preceding the quake. In describing these anomalous magnetic field fluctuations, both electrokinetic and piezoelectric theories of the generation of magnetic field fluctuations prior to earthquakes suggest wideband fluctuations. In our measurements, we have observed both wideband and narrowband fluctuations, so that our narrowband measurements do not seem to be easily explicable by the above theories. However, the wideband fluctuations could turn out to be attributable to the above mechanisms, since at the monitored frequencies, the skin depths of electromagnetic waves are comparable with the distances from our sensors to the earthquake focus, and therefore our measurements would not be unexpected.
The synaptic features of horseradish peroxidase-labelled recurrent collaterals in the ganglionic plexus of the cat cerebeliar cortex

Subsequent to intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase, the Purkinje cell axon collateral plexus in the cat has been examined in order to identify the cytological features of the axon terminals and their postsynaptic relationships. The collateral branches were drawn prior to thin sectioning and examination with a transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructural analysis of horseradish peroxidase-labelled processes revealed that: 1. axon collaterals of Purkinje cells synapse with the cell body and dendrites of adjacent Purkinje cells, granule cells and interneurons in the lower molecular layer; 2. collaterals from more than one Purkinje cell converge on Purkinje cells and granule cells; 3. collaterals make multiple contacts on the dendritic shafts of cerebellar interneurons; and 4. Purkinje cells form synaptic complexes with their own dendrites. These results provide the first descriptive account of the synaptic features of Purkinje cell axon collaterals based on an experimental method.
Elastic Scattering of 17-Mev Protons by Nuclei

The absolute differential cross section for the elastic scattering of 17.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 Mev (center of mass energy) protons has been measured for twelve elements: Be, C, Al, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rh, Ag, Pt, and Au. Between 31 and 39 angles were taken for each element with a five-degree (or less) interval ranging from 15 to 172 degrees. The estimated standard deviation of each point is 2.5%. The scattered protons are detected by a NaI(Tl) crystal whose energy resolution is about 2.5%, with the result that in the majority of cases all inelastically scattered protons are rejected.
Effect of a laxative with and without tegaserod in adolescents with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Summary Aim To determine the effect of a laxative alone and in combination with tegaserod in alleviating pain and improving stool frequency in adolescents with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Patients Forty-eight postpubertal adolescents of both sexes with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome, as defined by Rome II criteria, were randomly allocated to Group A (n = 27) for treatment with a laxative (polyethylene glycol 3350 oral solution) only or Group B (n = 21) for combination therapy with the laxative and tegaserod. Symptoms of abdominal pain (scale 0–10) and frequency of bowel movements were recorded daily in the pre-treatment phase and the post-treatment phase after a 7-day ‘washout’ period. Patients served as their own controls. Results Treatment with the laxative alone (Group A) resulted in significant increase in frequency of bowel movements (P 0.05). Treatment with the combination of the laxative and tegaserod (Group B) led to significant increase in the frequency of bowel movements and also significant reduction in pain (P < 0.05). Conclusions The laxative alone improved stooling but not pain in adolescents with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Addition of tegaserod resulted in alleviation of pain as well.
Demonstration of the tumorigenicity of transformed rat kidney cell‐lines by intravenous allotransplantation in the neonate

The tumorigenic potential of allogeneic rat kidney cell-lines transformed in vivo by a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was investigated by intravenous injection of single cell suspensions into neonatal outbred rats within 24 h of birth. The cell-lines tested included mesenchymal populations obtained from DMN-induced renal mesenchymal tumors (RRMT-2,-8,-9) and transformed mesenchymal (TRKM-5,-7,-8) and epithelial (TRKE-1) cell-lines derived from the kidneys of rats treated only hours previously with the carcinogen. Additionally, spontaneous nephroblastoma-derived embryonal cell-lines (REN-1,-2) were included in the study to extend the potential of the neonatal rat system over a range of differentiation lineages. The transplantation system proved to be a rapid and efficacious assay for demonstrating the malignancy of the mesenchymal and embryonal cell-lines. The major sites for tumor growth were the lungs, heart and eye, but differences in organ predilection were observed for individual cell-lines. The transformed epithelial cell-line (TRKE-1) proved refractory to the single intravenous inoculation but was transplantation-positive when a follow-up subcutaneous dose was administered several days later. The resultant growths produced by the diverse differentiation lineages were histologically characteristic for the tumor tissue affiliate of each cell-line. The results demonstrate the utility of this transplantation system for testing the malignant potential of morphologically transformed cells across the allogeneic barrier as well as proving that DMN is capable of inducing malignant transformation in both mesenchymal and epithelial cell types of the rat kidney after a very short period of exposure in vivo.
Comments on the Brenner–Wood Exchange on the Low Countries

The exchange between Brenner and Wood on the Low Countries in the early modern period raises a number of theoretical and historical issues relating to the conditions for the emergence of capitalist social-property relations and their unique historical laws of motion. This contribution focuses on three issues raised in the Brenner-Wood exchange: the conditions under which rural house-hold producers become subject to ‘market coercion’, the potential for ecological crisis to restructure agricultural production, and the relative role of foreign trade and the transformation of domestic, rural class relations to capitalist industrialization.
Referral to Transplant Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation is a complex and highly specialized medical procedure offered by selected centers with the requisite expertise and resources. Timely referral to a transplant center is among the most important determinants of successful outcomes. Patients, providers, and payors consider several factors in selecting a transplant center, such as center outcomes and accreditation, patient health insurance coverage, geographic location and accessibility, availability of ancillary and support services, and coordination of care after discharge from the transplant center. Ongoing evaluation and research is needed to advise optimal care models for timely referral to a transplant center and transition of care from the transplant center back to the referring physician.
On the Adequacy of Certain Experimental Observables as Measurements of Flame Burning Rate

Abstract This work presents detailed chemical kinetic computations and experimental measurements of a premixed stoichiometric N2-diluted methane-air flame in two-dimensional unsteady vortical flow, which are used to investigate the utility of several experimental observables as measurements of local burning and heat release rates. The computed mole fraction of HCO is found to have excellent correlation with flame heat release rate over the whole range of unsteady curvature and strain-rate investigated, for the flame under consideration. HCO planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging is discussed and demonstrated in a V-flame experiment. On the other hand, we find the utility of peak dilatation rate as an indicator of heat release rate to be dependent on the unsteady strain-rate and flame curvature environment, and the associated modification in diffusional thermal fluxes within the flame. The integrated dilatation rate is found to be more robust under unsteady strain-rate, but still questionable in regions of high flame curvature. We also study the utility of a particular formulation for CO∗2 chemiluminescence, OH, and CH PLIF imaging, as well as OH∗, C∗2, and CH∗ chemiluminescence, as measurements of flame burning and heat release rates. We generally find these measures to be inferior to HCO. Experimental results suggest that CH, OH∗, C∗2, and CH∗ are not adequate indicators of local extinction; rather they provide signals of subtle shifts of hydrocarbon consumption among different chemical pathways. Moreover, numerical results suggest that both OH mole fraction and an existing CO∗2 chemiluminescence model do not correlate with burning or heat release rate variations in regions of high unsteady flame curvature. The present numerical investigation uses a single flame/vortex condition and a specific 46-step C(1) chemical mechanism. The conclusions reached herein may be generalized with further studies using more detailed mechanisms over ranges of stoichiometry, dilution, and flow time and spatial scales.
Lysosomal enzyme can bypass the blood–brain barrier and reach the CNS following intranasal administration

Here we provide the first evidence that therapeutic levels of a lysosomal enzyme can bypass the blood-brain barrier following intranasal administration. α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) activity was detected throughout the brains of IDUA-deficient mice following a single intranasal treatment with concentrated Aldurazyme® (laronidase) and was also detected after intranasal treatment with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing human IDUA. These results suggest that intranasal routes of delivery may be efficacious in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
A marketing paradox

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain and discuss a paradoxical tension in the practice of marketing and the consequent dilemmas posed for practitioners in general and planners in particular.Design/methodology/approach – A “Viewpoint” contribution, with implicit permission to “think aloud.” Informed opinion and logical argument are in this case founded on but not exclusively derived from the existing research‐based marketing literature, plus selected transfer of principles from other disciplines.Findings – The paradox is that, by concentrating on the contribution of accepted theory and principles to practice, in fact intellectual and conceptual progress might be hindered. A way out of this dilemma is to shift the focus from marketing‐as‐content (doing) to marketing‐as‐questioning (thinking). A new working definition emphasizes the value of this focus and the benefits of equal participation in the process by both academics and practitioners.Practical implications – A route map is offered for pr...
Nonlinear analysis of renal autoregulation under broadband forcing conditions

Linear analysis of renal blood flow fluctuations, induced experimentally in rats by broad-band (pseudorandom) arterial blood pressure forcing at various power levels, has been unable to explain fully the dynamics of renal autoregulation at low frequencies (1). This observation has suggested the possibility of nonlinear mechanisms subserving renal autoregulation at frequencies below 0.2 Hz. This paper presents results of 3rd-order Volterra-Wiener analysis that appear to explain adequately the nonlinearities in the pressure-flow relation below 0.2 Hz in rats. The contribution of the 3rd-order kernel in describing the dynamic pressure-flow relation is found to be important. Furthermore, the dependence of 1st-order kernel waveforms on the power level of broadband pressure forcing indicates the presence of nonlinear feedback (of sigmoid type) based on previously reported analysis of a class of nonlinear feedback systems (11).
A note on data monitoring, incomplete data and curtailed testing.

Abstract A question often asked in a fixed sample size clinical trial is whether the final outcome has been determined before the data has been completely collected. Recent papers in this journal and elsewhere have considered this question from the viewpoint of curtailed testing. In this paper, a related concept, “the probability of reversal” of a test procedure, is described and associated least upper bounds are given that are pertinent to the issue. The results are also of relevance in assessing, at the end of the trial, whether missing data are of consequence in the test of significance.
Are the Effects of the Macroeconomy and Social Policies on Poverty Different in Nonmetro Areas in the United States

The macroeconomy and social policies can have substantial influences on poverty in the United States. In this paper, I investigate whether these influences differ across metro and nonmetro areas. To do so, using a 16-year panel of state-level data, I estimate state and year fixed effects models separately for metro and nonmetro areas to see if the effects of the macroeconomy and social policies differ between these two areas. These models are estimated using two measures-the poverty rate and the squared poverty gap-and by family type. I find that cyclical forces have a much stronger effect on the poverty rate in nonmetro areas in comparison to metro areas, but the effects are similar for the squared poverty gap; wage growth has a pronounced effect on poverty in metro areas but no effect in nonmetro areas; and state-level social policies have slightly larger effects in nonmetro areas, but the effects are small.
Magnesium Pyroxenes at High Temperature: Inversion in Clinoenstatite

THE true phase relations of Mg-rich pyroxenes1–3 are obscure partly because most measurements were made on cooled specimens which underwent a crystallographic transformation on cooling. This communication reinterprets the phase transformation occurring in clinoenstatite4, thereby providing a general interpretation for all Mg-rich pyroxenes and, by implication, for other rock-forming silicates. Magnesium-bearing pyroxenes typically occur in basic rocks and meteorites and the crystallization history can be partly deduced from crystallographic relics consequent on phase inversion. The mechanical stability of some pressed ceramics depends on the extent of volume change occurring on the phase inversion of Mg-pyroxene.