cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal-triggered collagen peptide disk formation.

A collagen peptide was designed for metal-triggered, hierarchical assembly through a radial growth mechanism. To achieve radial assembly, H-(byp)2 containing Pro-Hyp-Gly repeating sequences and two staggered bipyridine ligands within the peptide was synthesized. Triple helix formation resulted in the placement of six bipyridine ligands along the triple helix, and the addition of metal ions resulted in the formation of nanometer-sized collagen peptide disks. These structures were found to disassemble upon the addition of EDTA, demonstrating that radial assembly of collagen peptide triple helices could be realized with the addition of metal ions.
REACTIVE SCATTERING OF O(1D) + H2

The angular and velocity distribution of OH product frorn the O(1 D) + H2 reaction at 2.7 kcalmole collision energy has been obtained in a crossed molecular beam study. The product is found to be forward-backward symmetric; most of the reaction occurs through insertion of the oxygen to form ground electronic state H2O.
Post Divorce Conflict and Avoidance of Intimacy

Abstract This study examined the potential relationship between post divorce parental conflict and adult children's intimate relation ships. One hundred twenty seven single, never married college students (60 male, 67 female) whose parents had been divorced only one time completed a demographic questionnaire, two conflict measures, and two intimacy measures. Multiple regression analysis revealed a moderate re lationship between the conflict scales and one intimacy measure. Higher levels of post divorce conflict correlated with higher levels of perceived risk in intimacy. In addition, gender and age at time of the divorce were as sociated with higher levels of perceived risk. This study lends support to the view that the quality of the coparental relationship is an important contributory factor to children's later adjustment.
Gastric tonometry: the hemodynamic monitor of choice (Pro).

Controversy exists as to the best means to monitor the critically ill patient and the appropriate end points of therapy. Use of global hemodynamic or metabolic parameters may be normal in the patient who has not been completely or adequately resuscitated. Decreased perfusion to the gut is not well tolerated and may contribute to the development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Gastric tonometry is a minimally invasive way to monitor splanchnic perfusion in the critically ill patient. Data suggest that tonometry is useful for outcome prognostication and for detection of early hypovolemia. In addition, use of gastric intramucosal pH or mucosal-arterial CO 2 gap as end points of resuscitation may be superior to other conventional whole-body parameters. For these reasons, gastric tonometry must be considered the hemodynamic monitor of choice.
Crystal structure of a copper stabilized hydrate of di-2-pyridyl ketone

Abstract The addition of a yellow ethanolic solution of di-2-pyridyl ketone to a blue–green aqueous solution of copper(II) bromide produces an exothermic reaction and a brilliant purple solution. Brilliant purple single crystals were obtained from the solution by solvent evaporation and were subjected to a crystal structure determination. The structure of the isolated gem-diol compound stabilized by a transition metal contains two di(2-pyridyl)methanediol ligands bonded to the central copper atom in a distorted octahedral arrangement providing four nitrogen atoms at relatively short bond distances and two oxygen atoms at longer bond distances. In the solid state, both oxygen atoms on each of the gem-diol ligands are protonated.
A Design Method for Failure-Proof Systems

A method for the failure detection, estimation, distinction and compensation of a linear discrete system is analyzed and discussed. The method is based on the application of Kalman filtering, multiple hypothesis testing and recursive estimation to build a failure-proof system.
Eocene plesiadapiform shows affinities with flying lemurs not primates

PLESIADAPIFORMES, of the North American and European Paleogene, is often identified as a sister group of primates. This hypothesis is based on several proposed anatomical synapo-morphies linking the best-known plesiadapiform families, Plesiadapidae, and Paromomyidae with Eocene primates1–5. The first well-preserved skull of Ignacius graybullianus, an early Eocene paromomyid plesiadapiform, clarifies and corrects previous cranial reconstruction based on more fragmentary material3,6,7. The new material indicates Plesiadapiformes are not Primates. Rather, several synapomorphies argue for a closer phylogenetic relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Cynocephalus, the extant flying lemur (order Dermoptera). In view of the finding that "archaic" primates are not cladistic Primates, the recently coined taxon "Euprimates" should be discarded. No support is lent by cranial anatomy to the hypothesis that Primates, tree shrews, bats and dermopterans form a clade Archonta.
POLARIZING MICROSCOPY OF ABNORMAL DENTINE PRODUCED BY INJECTIONS OF STRONTIUM OR FLUORIDE

Abstract Rats were injected with NaF or SrCl 2 , and sacrificed 5–7 days later. Transverse ground sections of incisors were prepared, radiographed, and photographed in a polarizing microscope. After demineralization, the same sections were again photographed in the polarizing microscope. In normal dentine the collagen fibrils were oriented perpendicular to the dentinal tubules. In the hypomineralized layers, fibrils were arranged at 45 ° to the fibrils of the normal dentine. This difference in orientation encourages a search for changes in collagen seeding sites for apatite. It could also result from an alteration in the ground substance surrounding developing fibrils.
Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: a comparative study

Thirty-four patients believed to have ectopic pregnancies were examined by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography. Twenty-five patients had tubal pregnancy confirmed operatively within 24 hours after ultrasonographic examination. In these cases adnexal findings highly suspicious for ectopic pregnancy were found in 68% of cases by transabdominal ultrasonography and in 84% by transvaginal ultrasonography. A distinct adnexal gestational sac was apparent in 32% of cases by transabdominal ultrasonography and in 64% of cases by transvaginal ultrasonography. Transvaginal ultrasonography was significantly more accurate ( p
Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry. A case-control analysis.

Abstract Some of the readjustment problems of Vietnam veterans have been attributed to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This case-control study compared demographic and military characteristics of 374 Vietnam veterans who had PTSD with 373 healthy Vietnam veterans. Veterans were chosen from the Agent Orange Registry, a Department of Veterans Affairs computerized database of approximately 200,000 Vietnam veterans who volunteered for a physical examination. Case patients and control subjects were frequently-matched by age, year of Registry examination, and race. Crude odds ratios (OR) were used to evaluate the risk of PTSD associated with certain characteristics of Vietnam service, as there was no apparent confounding by other military factors. Being wounded in Vietnam (OR, 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49–3.65) and having a combat job in Vietnam (OR, 1.54; 95% Cl, 1.15–2.06) were the only risk factors for PTSD. Those who had noncombat jobs but were wounded had the highest risk of PTSD (OR, 3.56; 95%, CI, 1.26–10.06).
From Particle Hopping Models to Traffic Flow Theory

Very simple models of particles hopping on a grid appear too simple to have much similarity to traffic. Yet, some of these models can be proved to generate, in the so-called fluid-dynamical limit, variations of the Lighthill-Whitham theory. For more realistic particle hopping models, the fluid-dynamical limit is not known, but insight can be obtained by observing traffic jam dynamics.
Gene structure and expression of the glutathione S‐transferase, SiGSTS1, from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

The structural organization and developmental expression of a previously described glutathione S-transferase cDNA from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, were elucidated. The gene was previously named Solenopsis invicta, glutathione S-transferase, sigma class no. 1 (SiGSTS1). Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences showed that the gene was comprised of 5 exons and 4 introns. All of the introns possessed the 5'GT and 3'AG splicing sites characteristic of eukaryotes. The comparative C(T) method of quantitative-polymerase chain reaction was employed to examine the developmental expression of the SiGSTS1 transcript in monogyne and polygyne S. invicta. Polygyne queen and late instars exhibited 3.5- and 4.7-fold increased expression of SiGSTS1, respectively, compared with pupae. Early instars (13.1-fold) and workers (9.6-fold) exhibited the highest, and statistically significant, levels of expression of all polygyne developmental stages examined. A similar pattern of expression was observed for the monogyne social form. However, the queen showed the lowest expression level, followed by pupae (1.2-fold), late larvae (5.8-fold), early larvae (9.4-fold), and workers (10.1-fold). No differences were observed in the SiGSTS1 gene sequences between fire ant social forms. Although obviously developmentally expressed, the function of SiGSTS1 in S. invicta is not known.
Incorporation of cystine into the proteins of regenerating wound tissue

Abstract A procedure to distinguish between cystine bound into protein by peptide bonds and that associated with the protein as prosthetic groups by disulfide bonds only has been devised. This distinction is achieved by reaction of the cysteine and cystine in the protein with sodium sulfite in alkaline medium and simultaneous separation of the resulting thiosulfate derivatives by dialysis. Of the total cystine in regenerating wound tissue proteins, 6.6% is bound by disulfide bonds only. This fraction of the half-cystine residues turns over very much more rapidly than do the cystine residues in the protein bound by peptide bonds. The formation and turnover of liver proteins, as indicated by cystine-S 35 incorporation, is much more rapid in wounded than in normal rats. Wounding also appears to have the effect of increasing the proportion of half-cystine residues linked to the liver proteins by disulfide bonds only.
Wide-range, permanent-magnet Compton spectrometer

We are using a Sm-Co based permanent magnet spectrometer to analyze Compton electrons ejected from a Be converter foil that is illuminated by a gamma-ray beam. The distance along the focal plane at which a mono-energetic electron beam entering the spectrometer will cross the focal plane is proportional to the square root of the electron momentum. This design achieves a very broad range of energies that are analyzed (from momentum of about 1 MeV/c up to 30 MeV/c) while maintaining good energy resolution (the electron momentum resolution is the larger of 0.1 MeV/c or 1% of the momentum). In addition this design has a fairly large acceptance. By restricting the angular acceptance of the spectrometer for the Compton electrons, incoming gamma ray energies and ejected electron momenta are simply related. The electron optical properties of this spectrometer are discussed as well as some aspects of the overall system design and testing.
Diurnal and semidiurnal internal tide energy flux at a continental slope in the South China Sea

[1] Barotropic (surface) and baroclinic (internal) tides were measured at four mooring sites during a field investigation of acoustic propagation characteristics and physical oceanography in the northern South China Sea. The mooring positions were in a line moving up the shallow portion of a continental slope at water depths between 350 and 85 m. Using time series of temperature and velocity, at several depths, 1-month series of semidiurnal and diurnal species internal tidal energy flux vectors were computed for three sites, with a 14-day series computed for the fourth (shallow) site. The internal tides had a temporal signature that was not in complete accord with the barotropic tides, showing an enhancement of diurnal internal tides with respect to semidiurnal. Bathymetric slope, barotropic tidal fluid particle trajectories, and scale of generation site versus internal tide wavelength are investigated as possible causes of the differing response of the species.
Labour Taxation in Poland Compared to the Other OECD Countries

The aim of the study is to identify the level and diversity of labour taxation, expressed by the so-called tax wedge, in Poland compared to the other OECD countries. The identification is based on an analysis of statistical data collected in the OECD database for the years 2000-2012. The study interprets key terms such as labour taxation, tax wedge, and non-wage costs of labour. The further section synthetically discusses theoretical findings and the results of empirical research concerning effects of labour taxation on the functioning of the labour market and, in particular, its impact on employment and unemployment. The author’s own research includes a comparative analysis of tax wedge sizes in different household types in Poland and the other OECD countries in the years 2000-2012. The major conclusion of the analysis is that labour taxation in Poland insufficiently takes into account the financial situation of low-earning individuals and those providing for children (i.e. children within households). The results of the conducted research form the basis for drawing synthetic conclusions and making recommendations for Poland. The main suggestion is that a selective reduction in the non-wage costs of labour of low-earning individuals and those burdened with family responsibilities should be considered.
Why Water Reorientation Slows without Iceberg Formation around Hydrophobic Solutes

The dynamics of water molecules next to hydrophobic solutes is investigated, specifically addressing the recent controversy raised by the first time-resolved observations, which concluded that some water molecules are immobilized by hydrophobic groups, in strong contrast to previous NMR conclusions. Through molecular dynamics simulations and an analytic jump reorientation model, we identify the water reorientation mechanism next to a hydrophobic solute and provide evidence that no water molecules are immobilized by hydrophobic solutes. Their moderate rotational slowdown compared to bulk water (e.g., by a factor of less than 2 at low solute concentration) is mainly due to slower hydrogen-bond exchange. The slowdown is quantitatively described by a solute excluded volume effect at the transition state for the key hydrogen-bond exchange in the reorientation mechanism. We show that this picture is consistent with both ultrafast anisotropy and NMR experimental results and that the transition state excluded vol...
Metal argide (MAr+) ions are lost during ion extraction in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Abstract The abundance of metal argide (MAr + ) ions during laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is measured during ablation of pure samples of transition metals. As expected, the relative abundance of MAr + ions to M + ions for various elements increases as the dissociation energy (D 0 ) of the ion increases. Gas kinetic temperatures (T gas ) are determined from the calculated MAr + /M + ratios and are used to indicate the origins of MAr + ions. The determined T gas values are very high, 8000 K to ≥ 20,000 K, which indicate that MAr + ions are much less abundant in the mass spectrum than expected based upon plasma conditions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) during the ion extraction process is suggested to be responsible for removal of MAr + ions. Factors responsible for these collisions are discussed.
Testing Quantum Chromodynamics in the Hadroproduction of Real and Virtual Photons

We examine tests of quantum chromodynamics in the production of lepton pairs in hadronic collisions. We emphasize the need for detailed experimental studies of the transverse spectra of lepton pairs. As a further test, we calculate the production of real photons at high transverse momentum. $\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ ratios at the 10% level are predicted for ${p}_{T}=4\ensuremath{-}6$ GeV, with $(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}X)\ensuremath{\simeq}(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}X)$ at ${p}_{T}\ensuremath{\simeq}10$ GeV.
Law Enforcement’s Response to Crime Reporting by People with Disabilities

One hundred and thirty three US law enforcement departments completed a survey about protocols used to serve crime victims with disabilities, such as asking about and providing accommodations and recording disability and accommodation information. Most departments did not have these protocols and service and community based barriers were indicated. Cross-training and co-advocacy between law enforcement and disability agencies were supported. Two recommendations are offered: provide disability awareness training to law enforcement and ask all victims if they need accommodation and supports. Finally, systematic use of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) definition of disability is also recommended.
An example of an unstable neutral differential equation

An example is given of an unstable neutral differential-difference equation whoae spectrum lies in the left half-plane.
A bike-wheel microcell for measurement of thin-film forces

Abstract A thin-film balance employing either a Sheludko capillary or a Mysels-inspired porous-medium film holder provides a direct measurement of disjoining-pressure isotherms in free, liquid thin films. However, each film holder suffers its own distinct disadvantages spanning non-uniform and slow liquid exchange, a limited range of measurable disjoining pressures, an inability for reuse, and a requirement for significant chemical amounts. In an attempt to alleviate these disadvantages, we have designed and constructed a miniaturized and microfabricated ‘bike-wheel’ cell as a replacement film holder. Essentially, an inner hole holding the thin film (the hub) is connected radially by 24 small channels (the spokes) to an outer, larger size annulus (the wheel). This design provides a hybrid of the Sheludko capillary and the Exerowa–Sheludko porous-plate film holders and eliminates the undesirable features of each. Moreover, due to its miniaturized dimensions and concomitant fast drainage rates, the bike-wheel film holder is particularly suited for investigation of polymer and/or protein-based systems where thin-film force laws depend on the degree of aging at the interface. The new bike-wheel microcell is validated quantitatively by reproducing a known disjoining-pressure isotherm for 0.1 M aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) foam films, including dynamic stratification, and reversible and oscillatory isotherm branches. Finally, application of the new bike-wheel film holder is made to thin-film forces in aqueous protein-stabilized foam films of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at the isoelectric point. Here we find a repulsive, steric stabilized disjoining-pressure isotherm for fresh protein films, but surface aggregation and non-equilibrium forces for aged films. The new bike-wheel microcell incorporated into the thin-film balance provides a useful tool for studying thin-film forces, especially for larger molecular weight stabilizing species.
Ribonucleotide reductase: evidence for specific association with HeLa cell mitochondria.

Abstract Mammalian mitochondria contain pools of deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates that behave differently from the much larger whole-cell pools. To investigate the origins of these pools, we analyzed HeLa cell mitochondria for ribonucleotide reductase activity. Three findings suggest specific association of a reductase with mitochondria: (1) enzyme activity in extracts of washed mitochondria, (2) stimulation of that activity by dATP at levels inhibitory to the major cellular activity, and (3) association of immunoreactive material with washed and fractionated mitochondria.
Private counsels and public defenders: A look at weak cases, prior records, and leniency in plea bargaining

Abstract A survey of 166 city and county prosecutors from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia was conducted, including thirty follow-up interviews. For the years 1981–1984, these prosecutors obtained 18,493 convictions. Of these, 15,522 or eighty-four percent were obtained through plea bargaining, whereas 2,971 (16 percent) resulted from trials. Plea bargaining conditions were found to be in part a function of a defendant's socioeconomic status, prior record, crime seriousness, strength of government evidence, whether the defendant had a private attorney or used a public defender, and the reputation of the defense attorney. Ninety-three percent of the cases dropped involved private defense attorneys, whereas only seven percent of the cases dropped involved public defenders. Of the total number of convictions secured through plea bargaining, forty-one percent were of defendants using private attorneys, whereas fifty-nine percent involved public defenders.
Femtosecond deep UV pulse by high gain harmonic generation from a chirped seed

Abstract In this work we show that the techniques of high gain harmonic generation and chirped pulse amplification (CPA) can be combined to generate deep-uv radiation with peak power of order of 100 GW and pulse width of 5 fs. The resulting pulse would have wide range of applications.
Industrial workplace layout design. An application of engineering anthropometry.

Workplace layout design parameters or dimensions were determined mathematically by using the existing anthropometric data, for performing industrial tasks in sitting, standing and a combination of sitting and standing positions for the general male, female and a combination of male and female operators and the individual male and female operators for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. The data were duly adjusted to account for the clothing, shoe and posture allowances. The reach dimensions were based on the most commonly used industrial operations which require a grasping movement. Appropriate allowances were provided to adjust the reach dimensions for other types of operations. The horizontal and vertical clearance dimensions and reference points for the horizontal and vertical clearances were established. For the determination of the normal working area in the horizontal plane, Squires' concept was recommended in preference to Farley's concept.
High vascular delivery of EGF, but low receptor binding rate is observed in AsPC-1 tumors as compared to normal pancreas.

Purpose Cellular receptor targeted imaging agents present the potential to target extracellular molecular expression in cancerous lesions; however, the image contrast in vivo does not reflect the magnitude of overexpression expected from in vitro data. Here, the in vivo delivery and binding kinetics of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was determined for normal pancreas and AsPC-1 orthotopic pancreatic tumors known to overexpress EGFR.
Field-activated sintering of blended elemental γ-TiAl powder compacts: Porosity analysis and growth kinetics of Al3Ti

Various powder compacts with targeted compositions of TiAl and Ti3Al were consolidated by field-activated sintering, specifically spark plasma sintering (SPS) at various temperatures, to examine phase growth under a superimposed electric field. While compacts with a composition of TiAl showed significant porosity after sintering, Ti3Al compacts showed no porosity. The porosity is attributed principally to volume changes associated with the formation of Al3Ti and the Kirkendall effect. The kinetics underlying Al3Ti growth during SPS are also explained.
Musculoskeletal: what's different in children? Run over by a golf cart and my leg hurts.

This 11-year-old boy was on a golf cart when he fell off the cart and then it ran over his left leg. There was no open wound sustained and he had no other injuries. However, he experienced almost immediate pain over the lower leg and ankle region. The pain never abated, and in fact got worse. In addition, swelling over the lower left leg was increasing and so he was brought to our Emergency Room (ER). Upon examination everything was normal except the left lower extremity. There was mild edema from the left shin area to the left ankle. The pulses were normal, and the patient was able to wiggle the toes. However, there was decreased range of motion of the left ankle. Because of this radiographs of the left lower extremity and ankle were obtained. The ankle films were normal except for a little swelling but the lower extremity films were abnormal (Fig. 1). Do you see the problem?
Polysomnography: technical aspects in adolescents and adults.

Summary Polysomnography is a complex procedure that should be performed by a trained technologist. The routine clinical polysomnogram includes the monitoring of EEG. electro-oculography, electromyography, effort of breathing and airflow, oxygen saturation electrocardiography, and body position. Other more specialized studies may include parameters such as endoesophageal pressure. endoesophageal pH. or penile circumference change. Special considerations to keep in mind when studying adolescents include attention to psychological. social, and technical issues. Polysomnography is an essential tool in the formulation of diagnosis for sleep disorders patients and in the enhancement of our understanding of sleep and its disorders.
A qualitative study examining Latino functional health literacy levels and sources of health information

The purpose of this study was to determine the health information sources used by Latinos in southwest Ohio, identify individual Latino residents’ functional health literacy levels, and identify any access barriers to those sources of health information. Results show almost two-thirds had low acculturation levels to US culture. Overall, the major source of health information is a medical setting, followed by media technology (which included the Internet). However, when it comes to being ill, the primary source becomes a media choice, then medical. The barriers to accessing health information included language and lack of confidence/knowledge. Participants reported moderate satisfaction with the sources of health information available, and had an ‘adequate’ health literacy level in Spanish. This study was important because it filled an existing information gap for the Latino community, a racial ethnic minority population in the southwest Ohio area. With the results of this study, health educators and other health care practitioners might be better able to understand the health care needs of the Latino community and could essentially create improved and culturally competent health communications.
Influence of electronic and formulation variables on transdermal iontophoresis of tacrine hydrochloride.

AbstractFreshly excised rat skin and side-by-side permeation cells were used to study the effect of electronic and formulation variables on transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine. Current strength at 0.1–0.3 mA was observed to be the driving force resulting in tacrine permation flux of 30.3–366.6 μg/cm2/h. Depot formation of tacrine and altered skin permeability resulted in post iontophoretic flux even after termination of applied current. Increase in the duration of current application did not show significant difference in tacrine permeation flux upto 6 h. Tacrine permeation was directly proportional to tacrine concentration upto 10 mg/ml but further increase in concentration (upto 20 mg/ml) exhibited permeation flux plateau. Buffer molarity had an inverse relationship on permeation flux and the presence of co-ions in formulation exhibited reduced permeation flux. Permeation flux decreased when pH of formulation was successively increased from 7.0 to 10.0 suggesting electromigration of tacrine. A...
Beach Erosion and Recovery

AbstractOur capability for predicting beach and dune erosion has improved in the last three decades, but the recovery of an eroded beach above the mean sea level (MSL) cannot be predicted at present. The cycle of beach erosion and recovery will need to be predicted for the long-term maintenance of a sand beach with a dune for coastal flooding reduction. The cross-shore numerical model (CSHORE) is extended and evaluated using natural beach erosion and recovery data along 16 cross-shore lines spanning 5 km alongshore for the duration of 272 days. The CSHORE predicts beach and dune erosion fairly well, as has been shown in previous comparisons. The bed-load formula used in the CSHORE is adjusted to predict the accreted beach profile with a berm. The computed beach profile evolutions are shown to be affected little by the alongshore gradient of the longshore sediment transport rate along the straight beach. The extended CSHORE predicts both erosion and accretion above MSL within a factor of about 2.
Population genetic structure in brooding sea anemones ( Epiactis spp.) with contrasting reproductive modes

Effects of dispersal and mating systems on the genetic structure of populations were evaluated by comparing five sea anemones: four Epiactis species that brood their offspring to the juvenile stage and one Anthopleura species that broadcasts gametes and has pelagic, planktotrophic larvae. The anemones were sampled at sites ranging from British Columbia to southern California between 1988 and 1992 and were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis and by multilocus DNA-fingerprinting. Results were only partially consistent with expectations. While all four brooding species had lower observed heterozygosities than the broadcasting species, not all brooding species had greater population subdivision than the broadcasting species. The self-fertile E. prolifera had the expected evidence of intense local inbreeding ( f = 0.955); unexpectedly, the cross-fertile E. lisbethae and E. ritteri also had similar departures from random mating ( f = 0.957 and 0.831, respectively) probably due to biparental inbreeding among near neighbors in small, highly subdivided populations.
Absence of leptin triggers type 1 diabetes.

Leptin deficiency, which is associated with type 1 diabetes, is a critical factor in the pathophysiology of this disease, a new study in rats shows. The lack of this hormone triggers a cascade of neuroendocrine events that affect adipose tissue and the liver, resulting in hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis (pages 759–763).
C 2 F , BN, and C nanoshell elasticity from ab initio computations

Two-dimensional lattices of carbon, boron-nitride, and fluorine-carbon compositions are treated with ab initio methods in order to evaluate and compare their mechanical properties in a uniform fashion. The demonstrated robustness of continuum elasticity up to very small length-scale allows one to define and compute the in-plane stiffness and flexural rigidity moduli of the representative nanoshells of C, BN, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{x}\mathrm{F}$ $(xl~2).$ While only small deviations from linear elasticity are observed for C and BN, fluorination causes significant spontaneous shell folding. We discover that spontaneous curvature in fluorinated nanotubes shifts the energy minimum from a plane sheet towards the very small diameter tubes of (4,4) and even (3,3) indexes. Moreover, their equilibrium cross sections are distinctly polygonal, due to curvature self-localization, with an equilibrium angle of $71\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at each fluorine row attachment. Our analysis yields a simple physical model coupling the mechanical strain with chemical transformation energies.
The Logic of Terrorism: Existential Anxiety, the Search for Meaning, and Terrorist Ideologies

Drawing from the work of political theorists, theologians, anthropologists, journalists, philosophers, and contemporary psychologists studying Terror Management Theory (TMT), it becomes possible to see that the concepts of existentialism and ideology may be useful for modern thinkers attempting to understand a problem such as terrorism. Integrating work from these fields makes it possible to see that terrorism may be driven by an existential-terroristic feedback loop: a cycle in which people support or engage in terrorism to alleviate existential anxiety but ultimately find this anxiety exacerbated in the wake of the violence they create or sanction. The loop is closed when this exacerbated anxiety compels them to reaffirm their support of, or participation in, terrorist violence. If this model is valid, then effectively addressing the problem of terrorism requires joining existing U.S. policies with policies that address ideologies. Specifically, policies must aspire to a) mitigate existential anxiety, b...
Acidic ATP activates lymphocyte outwardly rectifying chloride channels via a novel pathway.

Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques we found that ATP activated an outwardly rectifying current in Daudi human B lymphoma cells under acidic conditions. The substitution of Cl− for gluconate− shifted the reversal potential, while Cl− channel blockers, 4,4’-diisothiocyanostibene-2,2’-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and 9-anthracene carboxylic acid (9-AC), blocked the current, indicating that ATP induces this current by activating the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC). The effect of ATP on ORCC was mimicked by ADP, but not by other P2 receptor agonists such as ATPγS (a poorly hydrolyzable analog of ATP), 2’,3’-O-benzoyl-4-benzoyl-ATP (BzATP), and UTP. The ATP-induced ORCC current was completely blocked by 100 μM suramin (a P2 receptor antagonist), and was partially blocked by 100 μM pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2’,4’-disulfonic acid tetrasodium (PPADS), which is another P2 receptor antagonist. Neither inactivation of G proteins nor elimination of extracellular Ca2+ affected the ATP-induced current, indicating that G protein-coupled P2Y receptors and Ca2+-permeable P2X receptors are not involved. Based on the pharmacological profile and the fact that acidic conditions are required for ATP to activate the ORCC, we suggest that acidic ATP activates the lymphocyte ORCC via a novel pathway, which is not associated with any previously described purinergic receptors.
Deterioration or recovery of selective cognitive function can reveal the role of focal areas within networks of the brain.

This double special issue of Behavioural Neurology is devoted to two topics that have traditionally captured the most interest of behavioural neurologists – aphasia and hemispatial neglect. In recent years, more time and literature of behavioural neurologists has been devoted to more generalized dementia such as Alzheimer’s Disease, perhaps because that is “where the money is” or because aphasia and neglect are typically associated with stroke, and stroke neurology has become a somewhat independent field of neurology (or medicine) focused on recanalization of vessels rather than behaviour or localization of deficits. Some of us have investigated how restoration of blood flow in acute stroke in particular areas of brain affects aphasia or neglect [1–3, 5], but there has not been a great deal of overlap in the acute stroke and behavioural neurology literature in the last few decades [but see 6–9 for notable examples of overlap]. The special issue on aphasia includes a number of papers that compare post-stroke aphasia with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA), a relatively recently described focal degeneration syndrome in which the predominant deficit is language (with or without apraxia) for the first two years [15]. Three variants have been described that are fairly regularly associated with dis-
The Gendered Politics of Untranslated Language and Aporia in Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Petals of Blood

Petals of Blood, the fourth and the last novel that Ngugi wa Thiong'o wrote in English and published in 1977, contains numerous moments of untranslated African expressions that presage his 1986 abandonment of English as a literary medium. The untranslated expressions are intensely gendered and argue for scrutiny because of their prominence and obtrusiveness in an Anglophone text. In figuring the untranslated desire from colonialism to independence, the novel also enacts narrative contradictions and silences that are equally sexualized. This essay attempts to analyze the gendered implications of these choices to show that Ngugi conflates untranslated language and women's status to concretize the narrative's frustration with the post-independence condition without transcending the patriarchal and colonial hegemonies that the text seeks to overthrow. Turning to Gikuyu in the text and in his later writing does not resolve the contradiction.
Social Control in a Sexually Deviant Cybercommunity: A Cappers' Code of Conduct

This study examines a cybercommunity dedicated to recording live webcam feeds that are sexually charged. Those who record these feeds are known as “cappers.” Cappers post these “caps” on message boards designed to disseminate, share, and evaluate their aesthetic qualities. Following the insights of Durkin, Forsyth, Quinn, and others, this article identifies and elaborates the means of social control that promotes deviant ends among a capping community by extending Anderson's “code of the street.” The capping code's basic rules, strategies, tactics, and motives are analyzed in relation to reputation. The article concludes with considerations for future research.
Isolation and Measurement of Colloids in Human Plasma by Membrane-Selective Flow Field-Flow Fractionation: Lipoproteins and Pharmaceutical Colloids

Using a modified flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) technique termed membrane-selective flow FFF, a capability is developed to isolate various colloidal constituents that are naturally present in or may be introduced into blood plasma. Once isolated, the colloids may be subject to quantitative measurement to provide relative amounts of the different constituents and the size distribution curve of each. The potential of the technique has been demonstrated by isolating and measuring (a) the lipoprotein fractions found in human blood plasma, (b) liposyn II pharmaceutical emulsion added at 2 mg/mL of plasma, and (c) amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (a drug delivery agent) added to plasma at 0.5 mg/mL.
Self-Assessment as a Specific Strategy for Teaching the Gifted Learning Disabled:

Self-assessment is described as an important element in teaching gifted students who have learning disabilities. Literature on “metacognitive” (“learning strategies”) approaches, and on self-assessment as a component of that, is reviewed with its application to students with specific learning disabilities. Two examples are given showing the way self-assessment can be used in teaching students who are gifted yet who also have learning disabilities.
Experience with active messages on the Meiko CS-2

Active messages provide a low latency communication architecture which on modern parallel machines achieves more than an order of magnitude performance improvement over more traditional communication libraries. This paper discusses the experience we gained while implementing active messages on the Meiko CS-2, and discusses implementations for similar architectures. During our work we have identified that architectures which only support efficient remote write operations (or DMA transfers as in the case of the CS-2) make it difficult to transfer both data and control as required by active messages. Traditional network interfaces avoid this problem because they have a single point of entry which essentially acts as a queue. To efficiently support active messages on modern network communication co-processors, hardware primitives are required which support this queue behavior The overcame this problem by producing specialized code which runs on the communications co-processor and supports the active messages protocol. Our implementation of active messages results in a one-way latency of 12.3 /spl mu/s and achieves up to 39 MB/s for bulk transfers. Both numbers are close to optimal for the current Meiko hardware and are competitive with performance of active messages on other hardware platforms. >
Estimating the Per-Base-Pair Mutation Rate in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although mutation rates are a key determinant of the rate of evolution they are difficult to measure precisely and global mutations rates (mutations per genome per generation) are often extrapolated from the per-base-pair mutation rate assuming that mutation rate is uniform across the genome. Using budding yeast, we describe an improved method for the accurate calculation of mutation rates based on the fluctuation assay. Our analysis suggests that the per-base-pair mutation rates at two genes differ significantly (3.80 × 10−10 at URA3 and 6.44 × 10−10 at CAN1) and we propose a definition for the effective target size of genes (the probability that a mutation inactivates the gene) that acknowledges that the mutation rate is nonuniform across the genome.
Spatial hole burning in erbium fiber lasers using Faraday rotator mirrors

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) seem to be promising candidates for constructing rapidly tunable, widely tunable, single-frequency, single-polarization 1.55 /spl mu/m sources. However, simultaneously attaining all these characteristics has proved to be difficult. Much work has avoided using polarization-maintaining (PM) EDF to enhance affordability, availability, and flexibility. The observation that the Faraday rotator mirrors (FRM) can compensate for the effects of fiber birefringence suggests that the state of polarization (SOP) is orthogonal to the input SOP everywhere in the fiber (referred to as "orthoconjugate"). This led many to conclude that spatial hole burning could be eliminated by using a FRM in an EDFA. Unfortunately, the orthogonality of so-called "orthoconjugate" waves are based on a change of coordinate system. To analyze spatial hole burning a fixed coordinate system is required to properly add any coincident electromagnetic fields. To show the effects attributed to interference of counterpropagating waves within a gain fiber are not eliminated by using an FRM, two single-polarization ring laser configurations are compared.
The diffusion of hydrogen through palladium-titanium and palladium-vanadium solid solutions

Abstract An electrolytic method has been used to measure the diffusivity of hydrogen through substitutional Pd-alloys containing Ti and V in atomic fractions up to about 10 At.% in the temperature range 273–350K. In all cases the diffusivities obeyed the Arrhenius relation. Both Ti and V atoms create trapping sites for hydrogen and the mobility of hydrogen decreases as the concentration of substitutional solute increases. However, the trapping sites are shallow in comparison to trapping sites created by dislocations and the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the system can be described adequately by using classical Boltzmann statistics.
Resection for lung cancer in the elderly patient

Age is sometimes used as an excuse not to resect lung cancer. Nugent et al [10] noted that, although only 6% of patients younger than 45 years had stage I or II disease, 33% underwent surgical resection. In contrast, of the 33% of elderly patients who had stage I or II disease, only 6% underwent surgical resection. The elderly patients who are carefully selected for lung resection are undoubtedly stronger physiologically than others their same age. Patients with adequate predicted postoperative lung function, no contraindications from other medical problems, good performance status, and social support should be offered standard resection for early-stage NSCLC. Lung cancer resection in elderly patients is justified and has decreasing morbidity and mortality rates. Careful patient selection and operative planning are necessary, however. It is wise to have a diagnosis and staging done before the patient arrives in the operating suite. The surgeon should avoid extended resections when possible. In addition, elderly patients should be ambulated as soon as possible and adequate pain control should be ensured. Finally, the stage of the cancer and occurrence of cardiopulmonary complications are the main determinants of outcome.
On a first passage problem in general queueing systems with multiple vacations

The author studies a generalized sngle-server queueng system wth bulk arrivals and batch service, where the server takes vacations each time the queue level falls below r (>_ I) n accordance wth the multiple vacation dscpIine. The nput to the system is assumed to be a compound Poisson process modulated by the system and the service s assumed to be state dependent. One of the essential part n the analyss of the system s the employment of new techniques related to the first excess level processes. A prefiminary analyss of such processes and recent results of the author on modulated processes enabled the author to obtain all major characteristics for the queueng process expficitly. Various examples and applications are dscussed.
Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy: towards clinically significant gene transfer efficiency.

Early clinical gene therapy and gene marking trials using retroviral vectors to transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) revealed two major shortcomings of this new treatment modality. One was insufficient expression or even silencing of the integrated vector sequences, and the second was the low gene transfer efficiency achieved to in vivo repopulating cells. It became clear that neither rodent models nor human in vitro surrogate assays for stem cells were predictive of in vivo transgene levels in human target cells. Using the rhesus monkey model we have focused on improving gene transfer efficiency into HSC. Immune rejection of trans duced cells has been shown to occur in mature peripheral target cells such as lymphocytes or myocytes. Our studies and those from other investiga tors suggest that transgenes introduced via HSC induces immunologic tolerance towards the foreign product. In vivo priming of target cells, i.e. mobilization of HSC into the circulation with granulocyte colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor, as well as optimization of the in vitro transduction conditions, now allow a stable in vivo gene transfer efficiency of up to 10-15% in both lymphoid and myeloid circulating cells in non-human primates, levels that would be adequate for many clinical applications.
Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism? Experimental Evidence from Benin

This paper provides experimental evidence on the effect of "informed" town hall meetings on electoral support for programmatic, non-clientelist platforms. The experiment takes place in Benin and involves real candidates running in the first round of the 2006 presidential elections. The treatment is a campaign strategy based exclusively on town hall meetings during which policy proposals made by candidates are "specific" and informed by empirical research. The control is the "standard" strategy based on campaign rallies followed by targeted or clientelist electoral promises. We find that the treatment has a positive effect on self-perceived knowledge about policies and candidates. The data also suggests a positive effect of the treatment on turnout and electoral support for the candidates participating in the experiment. The results suggest that new democracies may contain electoral clientelism by institutionalizing the use of both town hall meetings in electoral campaigns and policy expertise in the design of electoral platforms.