cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purine requirements for the expression of Cape buffalo serum trypanocidal activity.

Abstract Cape buffalo serum contains xanthine oxidase which generates trypanocidal H 2 O 2 during the catabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine. The present studies show that xanthine oxidase-dependent trypanocidal activity in Cape buffalo serum was also elicited by purine nucleotides, nucleosides, and bases even though xanthine oxidase did not catabolize those purines. The paradox was explained in part, by the presence in serum of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase, that, together with xanthine oxidase, catabolized adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine to uric acid yielding trypanocidal H 2 O 2 . In addition, purine catabolism by trypanosomes provided substrates for serum xanthine oxidase and was implicated in the triggering of xanthine oxidase-dependent trypanocidal activity by purines that were not directly catabolized to uric acid in Cape buffalo serum, namely guanosine, guanine, adenine monophosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine 3′:5-cyclic monophosphate, and 1-methylinosine. The concentrations of guanosine and guanine that elicited xanthine oxidase-dependent trypanocidal activity were 30–270-fold lower than those of other purines requiring trypanosome-processing which suggests differential processing by the parasites.
The Diabetes, Depression, and Alcohol Triad: Potential Impact on Community Development

Type 2 diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse exist in many populations as co-morbidities. These conditions contribute to worsened health status and lost productivity. Such diseases also contribute to high medical expenses and other societal costs. Diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse are individually associated with compromised financial status. Treating these combined conditions as a syndrome rather than as isolated disease states may result in improved quality of care, better health outcomes, and reduced costs to society. A conceptual model that could be used to address this triad is the Social Ecological Model in which intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and community factors as well as public policy are considered for their impact on outcomes. The triad of diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse may have common etiological factors such as social isolation and poverty, and such a holistic approach to the common determinants underlying all three conditions holds out the most hope to reduce both the prevalence of this unique disease triad and the associated costs to society.
Speech Motor Programming in Apraxia of Speech: Evidence From a Delayed Picture-Word Interference Task

Purpose Apraxia of speech (AOS) is considered a speech motor programming impairment, but the specific nature of the impairment remains a matter of debate. This study investigated 2 hypotheses about the underlying impairment in AOS framed within the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA; Guenther, Ghosh, & Tourville, 2006) model: The retrieval hypothesis states that access to the motor programs is impaired, and the damaged programs hypothesis states that the motor programs themselves are damaged. Method The experiment used a delayed picture-word interference paradigm in which participants prepare their response and auditory distracters are presented with the go signal. The overlap between target and distracter words was manipulated (i.e., shared sounds or no shared sounds), and participants' reaction times (RTs) were measured. Participants included 5 speakers with AOS (4 with concomitant aphasia), 2 speakers with aphasia without AOS, and 9 age-matched control speakers. Results The control speake...
The 55 MPH speed limit: costs, benefits, and implied trade-offs

This paper examines the societal effects of the 55 mph speed limit. Fuel, accident, trucking productivity, and travel time effects are estimated for each of several rural road systems, and are then converted to units of money, lives, and time. A graphical method is developed which permits the reader to compare trade-offs of money, lives, and time to one another and to decide whether his own values of life and time favor a given trade-off. When applied to the speed limit effects estimated here, this method suggests that the limit is less favorable on the rural interstate system than on other affected systems. Indeed, critics using certain plausible values of life and time could argue that the 55 mph limit is actually unfavorable to the users of the rural interstates.
The Theory of Objective Beauty in Soviet Aesthetics

Beauty, as an aesthetic category until roughly the ‘thaw’ period in Soviet aesthetics, was seldom treated epistemologically. While reading the pre-Stalinist works on beauty, one has a feeling that the nature and the validity of knowing beauty has been proscribed from Soviet aesthetics. One looks in vain for the psychological definition of beauty and for a theory construed from the standpoint of awareness of those qualities or relations of objects which impinge upon man’s sensory processes, or from the standpoint of ascription by an individual of his own experiences to an outside external reality. Beauty was simply recognized as existent, and no psychological probing or verification of man’s knowledge of beauty was attempted. Its objective existence was assumed to be confirmed by the classics of Marxist ideology and, therefore, all that Soviet aestheticians were to do was to illustrate the correctness of such confirmation. It was also assumed that the objective existence of beauty in reality was tantamount to the objective existence of physical reality, and hence any inclination to doubt one meant doubting the other.
Tolerance of juvenile lake trout exposed to gas supersaturation

Abstract Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) 2.9–3.9 cm long that were exposed to five gas supersaturation levels ranging from ▵P 9 to ▵P 159 mm Hg above saturation for 30 d grew at the same rates. Survival was also virtually equal in all treatments, ranging from 93% at ▵P 42 to 99% at ▵P 126. After 30 d, signs of gas bubble disease were evident at ▵P 126; 3% of fish had exopthalmia and 12% had bubbles in the nares. At ▵P 159, 20% had bubbles inside the mouth or on the conjunctiva, or rim of the orbit, plus 3% had exopthalmia. There were no signs of gas bubbles on fish at ▵P 75 or less.
Evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p15 in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background The goal of this study was to identify chromosomal regions likely to contain susceptibility loci for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods We conducted a genome-wide linkage scan, with average marker spacing less than 10 centimorgans (cM), in 121 subjects from 26 families ascertained through probands with early-onset OCD. Best estimate lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were based on semistructured interviews and all other available sources of information. Parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses were conducted with GENEHUNTER+ and Allegro. Family-based association analyses were done using 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 10p15 region. Results The maximum nonparametric log of odds (NLOD) score was 2.43 on chromosome 10p15 at position 4.37. When data from our first genome scan were added to data from this scan, the maximum NLOD score in the 10p15 region was 1.79. Association was detected on 10p15 with three adjacent SNPs, including the amino acid variant rs2271275 in the 3’ region of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 3 (ADAR3) (p Conclusions The results provide suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 10p15. Evidence for association in the linkage region was found with three markers in the 3’ end of ADAR3. Limitations include the lack of significant linkage and association findings when corrected for multiple testing.
Powder synthesis, sintering, and characterization of Ba1+xZr6−2xSi2xO24 -A low thermal expansion system

Abstract HCF tests on polycrystalline alpha-iron with and without silver, chromium, yttrium, and aluminum ion implantation have been conducted. The stress-life curves obtained were best fit by using the power function. It was shown that the fatigue property had been improved to different extent after ion implantation. Enhanced strengthening of the implanted layer due to radiation induced defects, super solid solution, and formation of intermetallic compounds in implantation was the prominent mechanism for property improvement.
Immobilization of triazabicyclodecene in surfactant modified Mg/Al layered double hydroxides

In recent years, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have received much interest as host materials for the construction of organic–inorganic supramolecular structures by an anion exchange method. This study demonstrates the preparation of a series of solid base catalysts through attachment of triazabicyclodecene (TBD) to Mg/Al-LDH surfaces with different Mg/Al molar ratios (Mg/Al = 3, 4 and 5). A new three-stage approach was taken to obtain TBD-LDH materials: (i) an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was intercalated in parent LDH replacing nitrates from interlayer via anion exchange to widen the gallery of LDH, (ii) a silane coupling agent (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (3GPS) was used to attach TBD with the terminal glycidyl groups, and (iii) interlayer molecules from SDS-LDH gallery were replaced by the 3GPS moieties containing TBD. The surfactant modified Mg/Al LDH materials showed an increase in interlayer distance (maximum 44.8 A) as compared to unmodified Mg/Al LDH (8.8 A). Infrared and Raman spectroscopy results were in agreement with the proposed organic functionalized structure. Therefore, based on these observations, a schematic representation of the TBD functionalized LDH surface is also presented. The temperature programmed desorption (TPD) study on the different products showed approximately 3–5 times higher basic properties than those of pristine LDHs. Thermal decomposition was changed significantly after organic modification of LDHs. All TBD-LDHs are found to be effective catalysts for the transesterification of canola oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for biofuel production under mild conditions (atmospheric pressure and 70 °C).
Structural and Functional Interactions between the Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit and ERdj3/HEDJ, a Chaperone of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cholera toxin (CT) is endocytosed and transported by vesicle carriers to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The catalytic CTA1 subunit then crosses the ER membrane and enters the cytosol, where it interacts with its Gsα target. The CTA1 membrane transversal involves the ER chaperone BiP, but few other host proteins involved with CTA1 translocation are known. BiP function is regulated by ERdj3, an ER-localized Hsp40 chaperone also known as HEDJ. ERdj3 can also influence protein folding and translocation by direct substrate binding. In this work, structural and functional assays were used to examine the putative interaction between ERdj3 and CTA1. Cell-based assays demonstrated that expression of a dominant negative ERdj3 blocks CTA1 translocation into the cytosol and CT intoxication. Binding assays with surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that monomeric ERdj3 interacts directly with CTA1. This interaction involved the A12 subdomain of CTA1 and was further dependent upon the overall structure of CTA1: ERdj3 bound to unfolded but not folded conformations of the isolated CTA1 subunit. This was consistent with the chaperone function of ERdj3, as was the ability of ERdj3 to mask the solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues of CTA1. Our data identify ERdj3 as a host protein involved with the CT intoxication process and provide new molecular details regarding CTA1-chaperone interactions.
Dominance behavior in socially isolated rats

Male rats, socially isolated from 14–90 days of age, were found to be dominant over socially raised littermates when competing for food. The effect was attributed to the development of a response hierarchy during isolation which favored winning in the particular competition situation used in the present study.
A versatile model for interactive buckling of columns and beam-columns

Abstract A new formulation has been developed to study the interactive buckling of thin-walled columns having arbitrary cross-sections. The emphasis in this paper is, however, on columns with a single axis of symmetry. The formulation is designed to take into account the simultaneous interaction of the purely flexural and flexural-torsional overall modes of buckling with local buckling. The local buckling deformations are described in terms of a primary local mode together with two secondary local modes of the same wavelength. The latter are triggered by the interaction of bending in two perpendicular planes with the primary local mode. The three eigenmodes and the six second-order in-plane displacement fields are all computed using a finite-strip technique. The modulation of the amplitudes of the local modes and the overall displacements are described in terms of a one-dimensional finite element model. Thus a new beam element which has embedded in it the local buckling information is developed. It appears that the present analytical model is very versatile being applicable to members of arbitrary cross-section and end conditions. For columns with a single axis of symmetry, it is seen that there exists a non-linear coupling between the purely flexural and the flexural-torsional modes of buckling via local buckling deformation. Typical examples of channel section columns are presented. It is shown that the channel section columns of commonly used proportions arc highly imperfection sensitive in the context of combined interaction of the enumerated modes of buckling. This sensitivity remains even for columns with well separated overall and local critical stresses—a feature which is in stark contrast with the behavior of the Tvergaard panel.
Effect of ozone on 86Rb-labeled potassium transport in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Abstract Ozone is thought to effect plant cell membranes adversely, causing water leakage, solute leakage, and the water logging appearance of smog injury. Potassium transport, measured with the use of 86Rb as a tracer, lends itself to investigations of membrane injury to leaf tissues of Phaseolus vulgaris L. At low potassium concentration (below 0.2 mM) in the light, ozone decreased potassium uptake of bean leaf discs mimicking the effect of dark and dinitrophenol. At high potassium concentration(from0.4mM to 0.1M) in the light, ozone caused a more marked uptake reduction than dark treatment. Thus, the reduced uptake did not parallel or mimick dark treatments at low potassium levels. Ozone possibly reduced the energy sources for uptake at low potassium concentration: however, at high potassium concentration a general potassium, and possibly a general cation leakage may be present. In general, low levels of ozone (0.5 ppm for 1 h which do not cause visible injury) result in reduced potassium uptake and accumulation in bean leaf discs.
Genetic regulation of phosphate transport system II in Neurospora.

Phosphate transport system II, previously shown to be responsible for highaffinity phosphate uptake under condition of phosphorus stavation, is regulated by at least three genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg, and nuc-1. nuc-1 and nuc-2 mutants cannot be depressed for phosphate transport system II, while pconc and pregc mutants are partially constitutive.
Paralytic brachial neuritis in Hodgkin's disease.

This report describes the development of paralytic brachial neuritis in two patients with Hodgkin's disease. The acute symptoms and neurologic deficits of this syndrome became manifest after the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease had been established and were initially attributed to progression of disease. Awareness of this entity by oncologists may lead to recognition of other instances of this confusing syndrome and aid in the evaluation and therapy of similar patients with lymphoma.
Nutrient budgets and river impoundments: Interannual variation and implications for detecting future changes

Abstract Temporal variability at monthly and annual scales was quantified at the inlets and outlets of 3 sequential impoundments for total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, colored dissolved organic matter, specific conductance, and pH over three years. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) was measured within the largest of the 3 impoundments; Secchi disk transparency depth was measured over 9 years. The data were analyzed to characterize “ordinary” temporal variability, and statistical models were constructed to evaluate the sampling effort that would be required to detect predicted changes in response to a municipal ordinance banning phosphorus in lawn fertilizers, as well as to possible removal of the dam forming the middle impoundment. Changes of 25% in monthly mean value would require weekly samples during the summer for only 1 or 2 years for TN and TP, but about 8 years for Chl-a to achieve statistical confidence that conditions had changed. Bioas...
Measurement of harmonic distortion in microwave photodetectors

The use of an offset phase-lock heterodyne system with a large dynamic range (>110 dB) for measuring photodetector (PD) harmonic distortion out to microwave frequencies is discussed. Up to 40 harmonics and second-harmonic levels only 17.8 dB below the fundamental were observed in high-speed PDs with only 1.7 mW incident. Measurements of harmonic power versus incident optical power are reported, along with associated PD bandwidth reduction. >
Psychoanalysis, History, and My Own Private Germany

Book reviewed in this article: My Own Private Germany: Daniel Paul Schreber's Secret History of Modernity, by Eric L. Santner
The Problem of Transformation: The Use of Medieval Sources in Fantasy Literature

This paper examines the ways that contemporary authors have transformed medieval source materials in fantasy literature. Three types of transformations can be identified: Type 1, in which authors transform medieval material without noting or acknowledging it in their text, but without making any efforts to disguise the source; Type 2, in which authors point out their sources and discuss their modification; and Type 3, in which the sources are either disguised or not recognized by the author. Examples of Type 1 include the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and Susan Cooper's The Dark is Rising books; Type 2 includes T. H. White's The Once and Future King; Ursula Le Guin's Earthsea books are an example of Type 3. Each type of transformation creates a slightly different kind of irony: readers of the story have more information than the characters inside the story. This irony can be used deliberately by the author, and it can also be an unintended by-product of the use of medieval sources. The use of different types of transformations may explain the aesthetic success of works like those of Tolkien, Le Guin, and White. Transformation of medieval sources is also worth studying because many readers only encounter medieval materials through their transformation in fantasy literature.
THE CULTURE AND KARYOTYPE OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES STIMULATED WITH PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ.

A simple method leading to growth and mitosis in over 95% of shortterm cultures of lymphocytes from the blood, lymph or thymus of the rat is described. The method which is modified from Moorhead's original technique (′60) employs standard tissue culture medium (Eagles MEM or TC no. 199), 20% fresh rat serum, washed lymphocytes, penicillin, and phytohemagglutinin-P (0.01 cm3/cm3 of culture of a 1:5 dilution of stock solution). Details of culture technique and factors contributing to growth failures are discussed. The chromosomes of male and female Lewis rats were studied in metaphase spreads of cultured cells. The karyotypes of these rats are presented and found to be in agreement with those recently reported by Hungerford and Nowell (′63).
Evidence for a reactive (alkene)peroxoiridium(III) intermediate in the oxidation of an alkene complex with O2

An (alkene)peroxoiridium(III) complex, [Ir(L)(cod)(O2)] [where LH = PhNC(NMe2)NHPh and cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene], was identified as an intermediate in the reaction of the IrI precursor [Ir(L)(cod)] with O2 and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Decay of the intermediate and further reaction with 1,5-cyclooctadiene produced 4-cycloocten-1-one.
Satellite-based modeling of transpiration from the grasslands in the Southern Great Plains, USA

article i nfo Data from the 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP_2002), which was conducted during May and June 2002 in the Southern Great Plains of the United States, was used to validate a remote sensing-based Vegetation Transpiration Model (VTM). The VTM is based on the linkage between transpiration and photosynthesis, and has been successfully tested over forest landscapes. This study is the first evaluation of the VTM model over grasslands. Since grasslands represent a significant proportion of the Earth's terrestrial surface, this research marks an important step toward applying a satellite-based transpiration model over a landscape that plays a critical role in numerous biogeochemical cycles on both regional and global scales. Comparison of the model output with observer transpiration showed the VTM tended to overestimate transpiration under sparely- vegetated conditions and overestimate transpiration when the vegetation was full. These results indicate that explicitly incorporating the effects of LAI into the VTM could improve model estimates of transpiration; they also underscore the importance of soil evaporation in grassland environments and consequently the need for a companion soil evaporation model that works with the VTM.
Dissipative dynamical systems Part II: Linear systems with quadratic supply rates

This paper presents the theory of dissipative systems in the context of finite dimensional stationary linear systems with quadratic supply rates. A necessary and sufficient frequency domain condition for dissipativeness is derived. This is followed by the evaluation of the available storage and the required supply and of a time-domain criterion for dissipativeness involving certain matrix inequalities. The quadratic storage functions and the dissipation functions are then examined. The discussion then turns to reciprocal systems and it is shown that external reciprocity and dissipativeness imply the existence of a state space realization which is also internally reciprocal and dissipative. The paper proceeds with an examination of reversible systems and of relaxation systems. In particular, it is shown how a unique internal storage function may be defined for relaxation systems. These results are applied to the synthesis of electrical networks and the theory of linear viscoelastic materials.
Set theoretic autoregressive spectral estimation

Presents the set theoretic approach in autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation. Conventional AR estimates, which are based on some criterion of optimality, may violate a priori constraints on the problem. In the framework of set theoretic estimation, one produces an estimate of the regression vector which has the property of being consistent with all the available a priori knowledge. Each known property being associated with a set in the regression space, the problem is then to find a common point of these sets. >
Proximate Analyses, Selected Vitamins and Minerals and Cholesterol Content of Mechanically deboned and Hand‐deboned Broiler Parts

Samples of commercial mechanically deboned broiler product derived from necks, with and without skin, backs and rib cages, separately and combined into blended mixture were analyzed. Moisture content ranged from 62.7–73.4%, fat from 13.2–25.2%, protein from 10.3–11.9% and ash from 0.74–0.94%. Vitamin analyses (mg/100g wet weight) included: thiamin 0.051–0.068, riboflavin 0.128–0.211, niacin 2.50–3.39, vitamin B6 0.094–0.149, and pantothenic acid 0.581–0.700. Cholesterol content was 94.2–129.1 mg/100g wet weight. Mineral content (mg/100g) was K 123–151, Na 48–62, Ca 53–91, Mg 13–15, Zn 1.13–1.78, Fe 1.45–1.86, Mn 0.019–0.026, and Cu 0.029–0.034. One batch each of necks with and without skin, and backs was hand deboned and analyzed. Calcium and cholesterol contents were 350 and 14% higher, respectively, in mechanically deboned products as compared to the hand-deboned counterparts. There were differences in vitamin levels due to source of material, but not due to method of deboning.
Using housing vouchers to move to the suburbs: How do families fare?

Abstract When families with Section 8 housing vouchers move from inner‐city communities to the suburbs, are they more likely to move to neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status and to perceive improvements in housing and neighborhood conditions than those who make local moves or those who first move to the suburbs but then return to the central city? Both crosstabular and logistic regression analysis are applied to a telephone interview sample of 300 Section 8 voucher recipients in Oakland and Berkeley, CA. As predicted, compared with the other two groups, suburban‐bound movers were more likely to move to neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status and to experience better residential conditions, even when relevant background characteristics were controlled. Furthermore, few suburban‐bound movers experienced adjustment problems with neighbors or landlords, and their children quickly and smoothly adjusted to their new schools. The implications of these results for the Section 8 housing voucher pro...
Cyclization of 6-bromo-1,2-epoxyhexane promoted by metal-halogen exchange: unexpected regioselectivity

Abstract Treatment of 6-bromo-1,2-epoxyhexane (1) with one quivalent of sec -butyllithium afforded a 95:5 mixture of cyclopentylmethanol (4): cyclohexanol in approximately 40% yield. An analogous tandem metal-halogen exchange/cycloalkylation process using the oxirane derivative (2) of 6-iodo-1-hexene gave virtually the same mixture of alcohols in >60% yield.
Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs: Immunologic studies on the two major myelin proteins

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to the two major myelin proteins, basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein, have been investigated during the course of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in guinea pigs with whole neural tissue. A positive proliferative response to MBP was observed at 10 and 13 days postimmunization, but was not detectable at subsequent stages. Serum antibodies to MBP first appeared during the chronic stages of the disease. A proliferative response to proteolipid apoprotein was not detected during any stage of chronic EAE. Guinea pigs immunized with proteolipid alone, however, showed a proliferative response. The data suggest that MBP is one of the antigens involved in the induction of the acute episode of chronic EAE, but its role in later stages and that of proteolipid protein remain unknown.
TGF-β signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development

Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the skeleton, and the associated bone destruction is mediated by the osteoclast. Growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), released from bone matrix by the action of osteoclasts, may foster metastatic growth. Because TGF-β inhibits growth of epithelial cells, and carcinoma cells are often defective in TGF-β responses, any role of TGF-β in metastasis is likely to be mediated by effects on the surrounding normal tissue. However, we present evidence that TGF-β promotes breast cancer metastasis by acting directly on the tumor cells. Expression of a dominant–negative mutant (TβRIIΔcyt) of the TGF-β type II receptor rendered the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 unresponsive to TGF-β. In a murine model of bone metastases, expression of TβRIIΔcyt by MDA-MB-231 resulted in less bone destruction, less tumor with fewer associated osteoclasts, and prolonged survival compared with controls. Reversal of the dominant–negative signaling blockade by expression of a constitutively active TGF-β type I receptor in the breast cancer cells increased tumor production of parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP), enhanced osteolytic bone metastasis, and decreased survival. Transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells that expressed the dominant–negative TβRIIΔcyt with the cDNA for PTHrP resulted in constitutive tumor PTHrP production and accelerated bone metastases. These data demonstrate an important role for TGF-β in the development of breast cancer metastasis to bone, via the TGF-β receptor–mediated signaling pathway in tumor cells, and suggest that the bone destruction is mediated by PTHrP.
The constrained via minimization problem for PCB and VLSI design

A novel via minimization approach is presented for two-layer routing of printed-circuit boards and VLSI chips. The authors have analyzed and characterized different aspects of the problem and derived an equivalent graph model for the problem from the linear-programming formulation. Based on the analysis of their unified formulation, the authors pose a practical heuristic algorithm. The algorithm can handle both grid-based and gridless routing. Also, an arbitrary number of wires is allowed to intersect at a via, and both Manhattan and knock-knee routings are allowed. >
Pharmacological dissociation of memory: Anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and leupeptin, a protease inhibitor, block different learning tasks

Inhibition of protein synthesis by anisomycin for a short duration impairs memory of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Memory of escape conditioning involving eight trials is disrupted only if the duration of protein synthesis is prolonged by repeated injections. In marked contrast, olfactory memory of rats trained on two odor discriminations is not affected by anisomycin even if the duration of inhibition is prolonged and the number of trials is reduced to a minimum. In previous work, leupeptin, a thiol proteinase inhibitor, was shown to impair olfactory discrimination learning, but left inhibitory and avoidance conditioning intact. Together, these results provide a pharmacological double dissociation of memory, and suggest that the same chemistries, or mixtures of chemistries, may not be involved in all types of memory.
Evolving role of MeCP2 in Rett syndrome and autism

Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism-spectrum disorder caused by mutations in MECP2, encoding methyl CpG-binding protein 2. Since the discovery of MECP2 mutations as the genetic cause of Rett syndrome, the understanding of MeCP2 function has evolved. Although MeCP2 was predicted to be a global transcriptional repressor of methylated promoters, large-scale combined epigenomic approaches of MeCP2 binding, methylation and gene expression have demonstrated that MeCP2 binds preferentially to intergenic and intronic regions, and sparsely methylated promoters of active genes. This review compares the evolution of thought within two ‘classic’ epigenetic mechanisms of parental imprinting and X chromosome inactivation to that of the MeCP2 field, and considers the future relevance of integrated epigenomic databases to understanding autism and Rett syndrome.
Circulations and density distributions in a deep, strongly stratified, two-layer estuary

The paper discusses a theoretical model of statistically steady flow in a strongly stratified estuary. A halocline is assumed to be present and the lower layer is taken to be deep and non-turbulent. The outflowing upper fluid mixes with the salty lower fluid and the flux of the brackish water increases with distance from the head of the estuary. The mixing is assumed to be similar to that in laboratory models of mixing across density interfaces.Two equations of mass conservation are used, one for the steady-state mass flux across a vertical section from top to bottom of the channel and one for the mass flux into a section of the upper fluid. A buoyancy conservation equation is used for the buoyancy flux across a vertical section. A final equation is obtained by integrating the horizontal equation of motion across a section of the upper fluid. The flow in this layer is assumed to be opposed by a frictional force proportional to the square of the velocity averaged over the layer. The pressure-gradient force arising from the slope of the free surface is solved for in terms of the thickness of the upper layer, the buoyancy difference across the interface, the slope of the interface and the horizontal density gradient in the upper layer. The derivation shows that the horizontal pressure-gradient force vanishes in the lower layer.The mathematical problem reduces to two ordinary differential equations for the flux in the upper layer and its thickness. Attention is confined to the solution for subcritical flow, in which the interface falls with distance from the head, reaching a maximum depth at a certain section of the estuary. Beyond this the interface rises. At the mouth, where, by definition, the width of the estuary increases rapidly, it is shown that there must be a transition from subcritical to supercritical flow. This condition, applied to the solution for uniform width, determines a remaining unknown related to the depth of the halocline at the head of the estuary and the complete solution is obtained as a function of the freshwater influx per unit width, the r.m.s. turbulent velocity, the estuary length and the buoyancy of sea water.The solution is complicated but has reasonable behaviour for variations of the given parameters of the problem. A basic feature for values of the constants appropriate to fjord-type estuaries is the dominance of friction, omitted in an earlier, incomplete investigation by Stommel. This is also revealed by the large drop in the free surface over the length of the estuary.A comparison with two estuaries, Oslofjord and Knight Inlet, British Columbia, indicates that the former is very different from the model of this paper but that the latter may have a similar nature.
Political Theory within Political Science

This article addresses Andrew Rehfeld's attempt to ensure a place for political theory within political science, which he does partly by showing how political theory fits into a defensible definition of political science and partly by excluding much political theory from the discipline in order to safeguard the rest. His account of what the discipline should comprehend is overly narrow, however, and does not serve the interests of the sorts of political theory he strongly believes are worth doing. I argue instead that political science must be defined by its subject matter alone, and that political theory's contribution to this subject matter must be defended.
Generating regression tests via model checking

During software maintenance, regression testing is an expensive but critical activity to ensure that modified versions of the system do not "regress". As software evolves, chances are that not only the implementation changes, but that the specification of the system changes too. We argue that guiding regression testing by the system specifications generated early in the software lifecycle will be more accurate than extracting specification from source code, and more cost effective. Model checking is used to reason about the truth of statements about the system specification. We use a model checker as part of a highly automated regression test generation tool, providing a practical approach to specification based regression testing. Features of our approach that support different specification description languages and different test coverage criteria are also presented.
Reduced-Length Scarfed-Nozzles for Thrust Vector Adjustment

The results of an investigation into the utilization of scarfed, truncated perfect-nozzles for thrust vector adjustment in tactical strap-on boosters is presented. The use of truncated perfect-nozzle expansion contours was evaluated as a means of achieving significant nozzle length reductions over conical nozzle designs without degrading axial thrust or thrust vector adjustment capability. Previously developed perfect-nozzle and scarfednozzle performance analysis computer codes were used to generate an extensive parametric study which characterized the influence of nozzle length and expansion ratio on axial thrust and thrust vector adjustment capability. Comparisons were made against the results obtained for scarfed-nozzles with conical expansion contours. The parametric study was utilized to develop a general scarfed truncated perfect-nozzle design methodology. This methodology was exercised to generate a specific reduced-length scarfed-nozzle design. The axial performance and thrust vector adjustment capability of the nozzle design was experimentally verified through solid rocket motor static firings.
Exposure to Radiocontrast Agents Induces Pancreatic Inflammation by Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB, Calcium Signaling, and Calcineurin

Background & Aims Radiocontrast agents are required for radiographic procedures, but these agents can injure tissues by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether exposure of pancreatic tissues to radiocontrast agents during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) causes pancreatic inflammation, and studied the effects of these agents on human cell lines and in mice. Methods We exposed mouse and human acinar cells to the radiocontrast agent iohexol (Omnipaque; GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) and measured intracellular release of Ca 2+ , calcineurin activation (using a luciferase reporter), activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB, using a luciferase reporter), and cell necrosis (via propidium iodide uptake). We infused the radiocontrast agent into the pancreatic ducts of wild-type mice (C57BL/6) to create a mouse model of post-ERCP pancreatitis; some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 before and after infusion of the radiocontrast agent. CnAβ -/- mice also were used. This experiment also was performed in mice given infusions of adeno-associated virus 6–NF-κB–luciferase, to assess activation of this transcription factor in vivo. Results Incubation of mouse and human acinar cells, but not HEK293 or COS7 cells, with iohexol led to a peak and then plateau in Ca 2+ signaling, along with activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Suppressing Ca 2+ signaling or calcineurin with BAPTA, cyclosporine A, or FK506 prevented activation of NF-κB and acinar cell injury. Calcineurin Aβ–deficient mice were protected against induction of pancreatic inflammation by iohexol. The calcineurin inhibitor FK506 prevented contrast-induced activation of NF-κB in pancreata of mice, this was observed by live imaging of mice given infusions of adeno-associated virus 6–NF-κB–luciferase. Conclusions Radiocontrast agents cause pancreatic inflammation in mice, via activation of NF-κB, Ca 2+ signaling, and calcineurin. Calcineurin inhibitors might be developed to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis in patients.
Functional Coupling between Replication and Packaging of Poliovirus Replicon RNA

Poliovirus RNA genomes that contained deletions in the capsid-coding regions were synthesized in monkey kidney cells that constitutively expressed T7 RNA polymerase. These replication-competent subgenomic RNAs, or replicons (G. Kaplan and V. R. Racaniello, J. Virol. 62:1687‐1696, 1988), were encapsidated in trans by superinfecting polioviruses. When superinfecting poliovirus resistant to the antiviral compound guanidine was used, the RNA replication of the replicon RNAs could be inhibited independently of the RNA replication of the guanidine-resistant helper virus. Inhibiting the replication of the replicon RNA also profoundly inhibited its trans-encapsidation, even though the capsid proteins present in the cells could efficiently encapsidate the helper virus. The observed coupling between RNA replication and RNA packaging could account for the specificity of poliovirus RNA packaging in infected cells and the observed effects of mutations in the coding regions of nonstructural proteins on virion morphogenesis. It is suggested that this coupling results from direct interactions between the RNA replication machinery and the capsid proteins. The coupling of RNA packaging to RNA replication and of RNA replication to translation (J. E. Novak and K. Kirkegaard, Genes Dev. 8:1726‐ 1737, 1994) could serve as mechanisms for late proofreading of poliovirus RNA, allowing only those RNA genomes capable of translating a full complement of functional RNA replication proteins to be propagated. The mechanism of packaging of picornavirus RNA has not been determined, and simple questions such as whether a packaging signal or sequence that confers specificity to the RNA packaging reaction have not been answered. Poliovirus positive-sense RNAs are specifically packaged in infected cells:
Don't Blame Primary Voters for Polarization

In recent years, a number of media commentators and scholars have blamed primary voters for the rise of polarization in American politics. According to this argument, primary electorates are dominated by strong partisans whose views are more extreme than those of rank-and-file party supporters. This article uses data from recent exit polls of primary and general election voters as well as the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study to test the primary election polarization theory. The evidence does not support the theory. In fact there appears to be very little difference between the ideologies of each party’s primary voters and the ideologies of its general election voters. These findings suggest that the polarized state of American politics today reflects the polarized state of the overall American electorate rather than any peculiar characteristics of primary voters. The findings also suggest that even after they secure their party’s nomination, it may be risky for candidates to adopt more moderate policy positions in order to appeal to swing voters, because any such move toward the center would risk alienating a large proportion of their party’s electoral base.
The Werner Syndrome Protein Suppresses Telomeric Instability Caused by Chromium (VI) Induced DNA Replication Stress

Telomeres protect the chromosome ends and consist of guanine-rich repeats coated by specialized proteins. Critically short telomeres are associated with disease, aging and cancer. Defects in telomere replication can lead to telomere loss, which can be prevented by telomerase-mediated telomere elongation or activities of the Werner syndrome helicase/exonuclease protein (WRN). Both telomerase and WRN attenuate cytotoxicity induced by the environmental carcinogen hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), which promotes replication stress and DNA polymerase arrest. However, it is not known whether Cr(VI)-induced replication stress impacts telomere integrity. Here we report that Cr(VI) exposure of human fibroblasts induced telomeric damage as indicated by phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) at telomeric foci. The induced γH2AX foci occurred in S-phase cells, which is indicative of replication fork stalling or collapse. Telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of metaphase chromosomes revealed that Cr(VI) exposure induced an increase in telomere loss and sister chromatid fusions that were rescued by telomerase activity. Human cells depleted for WRN protein exhibited a delayed reduction in telomeric and non-telomeric damage, indicated by γH2AX foci, during recovery from Cr(VI) exposure, consistent with WRN roles in repairing damaged replication forks. Telomere FISH of chromosome spreads revealed that WRN protects against Cr(VI)-induced telomere loss and downstream chromosome fusions, but does not prevent chromosome fusions that retain telomere sequence at the fusion point. Our studies indicate that environmentally induced replication stress leads to telomere loss and aberrations that are suppressed by telomerase-mediated telomere elongation or WRN functions in replication fork restoration.
Profilin-1 mutations are rare in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.

AbstractMutations in profilin-1 (PFN1) have recently been identified in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Because of the considerable overlap between ALS and the common subtype of frontotemporal dementia, which is characterized by transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 pathology (FTLD-TDP), we tested cohorts of ALS and FTLD-TDP patients for PFN1 mutations. DNA was obtained from 342 ALS patients and 141 FTLD-TDP patients at our outpatient clinic and brain bank for neurodegenerative diseases at the Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, USA. We screened these patients for mutations in coding regions of PFN1 by Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, we used TaqMan genotyping assays to investigate the identified variant in 1167 control subjects. From the results, one variant, p.E117G, was detected in one ALS patient, one FTLD-TDP patient, and two control subjects. The mutation frequency of patients versus control subjects was not significantly different (p-value = 0.36). Moreover, PFN1 and TDP-43 ...
Role of cholesterol in the structure and function of gastric microsomal vesicles

Digitonin was used as a tool to investigate the organization and function of cholesterol in gastric microsomes. Microsomal vesicles were treated with digitonin for different time at 0-4 degrees C under isotonic conditions. The effects of digitonin treatment of the vesicles on removal of cholesterol, ultrastructural changes, (H+ + K+)-ATPase activity, and gastric ATPase-dependent H+ uptake ability were investigated. Microsomal cholesterol was extracted in an exponential manner with a t1/2 of 32 min. There was no release of microsomal phospholipids by digitonin treatment during the same period. Digitonin treatment (30 min) produced visible "holes" in the vesicles; at the same time (H+ + K+)-ATPase-dependent H+ uptake was abolished. Under the same conditions the K+-stimulated ATPase activity, however, was moderately (about 35%) reduced, although the response of K+ stimulation to valinomycin was obliterated. Longer digitonin treatment resulted in gradual diffusion and eventual disappearance of the "holes" with the generation of distorted cup-shaped microsomes. The data strongly suggest that membrane lipids are freely mobile and that there is a certain degree of specialization in the organization of gastric microsomal cholesterol for the proper maintenance of the membrane structure and function.
Unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluids

Theoretical solutions for unsteady flow of a three constant Oldroyd fluid and a second order fluid under several different flow conditions of practical interest are obtained. The response of these fluids to suddenly applied external force is investigated in each case. Without using the stick-slip boundary condition at the wall, it is possible to show that pressure oscillation occurs with both fluids under a certain case.
Cohort Effects or Period Effects? Fertility Decline in South Korea in the Twentieth Century

This study examines if the Korean fertility decline is driven by long-term cohort changes or by fluctuating period changes. By using a classic age–period–cohort model, a moment decomposition method, and a new summary fertility measure—‘cross-sectional average fertility’—I show that the Korean fertility decline is primarily driven by period changes and that delayed childbearing has important consequences for the onset of fertility decline. These findings are in line with the existing literature in fertility changes such as theories of fertility transitions and sociological accounts of fertility changes in Western countries in the twentieth century. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
A balanced injection-locked, phase-locked loop array for spectrum analysis

A balanced ILPLL array is demonstrated to provide an orthogonal basis to estimate the frequency and power of an unknown in-band signal. The opposite loop gains cause the VCOs to be tuned in opposite directions around the injected frequency. The injection frequency is then the average of the two detuned frequencies and the injected amplitude is proportional to the difference in tuning voltages. Low power consumption can be achieved by integrating the balanced ILPLL array on chip.