cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MeV-Stealth: A CD46-specific oncolytic measles virus resistant to neutralization by measles-immune human serum

The frequent overexpression of CD46 in malignant tumors has provided a basis to use vaccine-lineage measles virus (MeV) as an oncolytic virotherapy platform. However, widespread measles seropositivity limits the systemic deployment of oncolytic MeV for the treatment of metastatic neoplasia. Here, we report the development of MeV-Stealth, a modified vaccine MeV strain that exhibits oncolytic properties and escapes antimeasles antibodies in vivo. We engineered this virus using homologous envelope glycoproteins from the closely-related but serologically non-cross reactive canine distemper virus (CDV). By fusing a high-affinity CD46 specific single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) to the CDV-Hemagglutinin (H), ablating its tropism for human nectin-4 and modifying the CDV-Fusion (F) signal peptide we achieved efficient retargeting to CD46. A receptor binding affinity of ~20 nM was required to trigger CD46-dependent intercellular fusion at levels comparable to the original MeV H/F complex and to achieve similar antitumor efficacy in myeloma and ovarian tumor-bearing mice models. In mice passively immunized with measles-immune serum, treatment of ovarian tumors with MeV-Stealth significantly increased overall survival compared with treatment with vaccine-lineage MeV. Our results show that MeV-Stealth effectively targets and lyses CD46-expressing cancer cells in mouse models of ovarian cancer and myeloma, and evades inhibition by human measles-immune serum. MeV-Stealth could therefore represent a strong alternative to current oncolytic MeV strains for treatment of measles-immune cancer patients.
Anonymous Dynamic Spectrum Access and Sharing Mechanisms for the CBRS Band

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has released the 3.5 GHz (3550-3700 MHz) band, termed Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS), for shared broadband use between incumbent federal and secondary users through dynamic and opportunistic spectrum access. FCC requires that this band be operated and managed through the use of spectrum access systems ( $\mathit {SAS}$ s), which are to be deployed specifically for this purpose. The challenge is that $\mathit {SAS}$ requires that secondary users provide some of their private operational data, such as their physical location, identity and spectrum usage, in order for them to acquire spectrum availability information. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving $\mathit {SAS}$ framework, $\mathit {TrustSAS}$ , that synergizes state-of-the-art cryptographic mechanisms with blockchain technology to enable anonymous access to $\mathit {SAS}$ by protecting users’ privacy while still complying with FCC’s regulatory design requirements and rules. We evaluate the performance of $\mathit {TrustSAS}$ through theoretic analysis, computer simulation and testbed experimentation, and show that it can offer high security guarantees, making it suitable for $\mathit {SAS}$ environments without needing to compromise private information of its secondary users.
A Simulation of the Legalization of Pre-Natal Genetic Engineering

Through this paper, we examine the likely outcomes that would occur given the development, legalisation, and implementation of pre-natal gene editing. Pre-natal gene editing is an operation wherein doctors edit the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) sequences of an embryo. With the advent of gene editing, a serious possibility which must be explored is the incentives it creates and how do those incentives affect players. We arrive at the conclusion of a mixed-strategy Nash Equilibrium. Society, as a whole, will experience positive utility in the legalization and implementation of pre-natal gene editing for the treatment of genetic diseases.
Pornography Use and Holistic Sexual Functioning: a Systematic Review of Recent Research

Pornography use is a common recreational activity in most developed nations with unrestricted internet access. As public awareness of pornography’s popularity has grown, so have concerns about potentially deleterious effects of pornography. One domain of particular concern has been the impact of pornography use and online sexual behaviors on sexual wellbeing. Over recent years, a number of studies have examined how pornography use relates to sexual wellbeing. The present work seeks to review such literature, with a particular focus on the effects of pornography on sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. To this end, a systematic review of recent research (within the past 5 years) was conducted. A total of 44 articles were included in the systematic review. In some situations, pornography use is associated with greater sexual functioning and greater sexual satisfaction, and in other cases it seems to be associated with lower sexual functioning and lower sexual satisfaction. Specifically, mere pornography use itself was most often not associated with sexual functioning in either direction, but self-reported problematic use of pornography was consistently associated with more sexual functioning problems. Collectively, results suggest a nuanced understanding of the effects of pornography on sexual wellbeing, with the context of and perceptions about pornography use being extremely important in predicting whether or not pornography has negative effects.
Intrinsic Characterization of Representation Functions and Generalizations

Given a set A of natural numbers, i.e., nonnegative integers, we establish an intrinsic characterization of the representation function of A, which to every natural number n associates the number \(r_A(n)\) of ordered pairs (a, b) of elements \(a, b \in A\) such that \(a+b=n\), thus answering an open problem stated many years ago by Mel Nathanson. We also establish similar characterizations of the characteristic function \(\chi _{A}(n)\), which is equal to 1 or 0 according as the natural number n lies or does not lie in A, and the counting function A(n), which gives the number of elements a of A satisfying \(a\le n\). We then generalize to representation functions as sums of more than two elements of A.
Mobilising Private Sector Climate Investment: Public–Private Financial Innovations

Public financial resources alone will not be adequate to limit greenhouse gas emissions to safe levels and build resilience to the impacts of climate change. Recognising this financial gap, public actors, such as governments, development finance institutions, and aid agencies, are considering how best to harness and redirect private sector investment towards activities that address climate change.
Two-Photon Absorption and Applications to Biological Systems

Fluorescent ions and molecules are important probes for the investigation of biological systems. To initiate the fluorescence, such ions and molecules are usually excited by absorption of a single photon. It is often advantageous, however, to excite the molecule using two or more photons. In this article we examine the multiphoton absorption process, and discuss of the advantages and disadvantages it offers for the investigation of biological systems. The main point of this article is to review the basic physics of two-photon absorption process. We also define the two-photon absorption cross section and discuss how it is measured. Finally, the advantages of two photon absorption are discussed and some applications to biological systems are presented.
Rho-omega interference in pp → 4π at 1.6 – 2.2 GeV/c

Abstract The π + π − mass spectrum from over 3000 events of the reaction pp→ π + π + π − π − at 1.63–2.20 GeV/ c shows evidence for ρ−ω interference. If we allow for ρ-background interference the evidence is weak in our total data, but is strong when we make a particular cut on the momentum transfer, from the proton or antiproton to the π + π − . A fit to the data with this cut gives a lower limit on the branching ratio ω → π + π − to ω → π + π − π o of 1.9% (95% confidence level).
Helping the clinician make evidence-based implant selections. A systematic review and qualitative analysis of dental implant studies over a 20 year period.

Background With an emerging clinician demand for evidence-based decision making for implant therapy, there is a need for an assessment of the strength and quality of evidence available for different implant systems. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no such systematic review available which assesses studies over a wide time period. This current report thus seeks to fill this void. Methods A PubMed, Cochrane database, and hand search was conducted for Straumann, Nobel BioCare, 3i and Dentsply using the following limits- English language, RCT, Clinical Trials, Meta- analysis, Date range (Total of 20 years from 1 January 1988-1 January 2008), and using specific search words. Subsequently, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted using risk of bias as a surrogate variable for quality of a study. Results Although a large difference was found in the number of clinical trials for Nobel Biocare (higher) and Straumann (lower), there was a minimal difference in the number of randomised controlled trials between these companies. There was also a significant gap between the number of studies for both these companies, compared to the much lower number of relevant studies for 3i and Dentsply. The qualitative analysis revealed that Straumann and Nobel Biocare were closely tied behind 3i for the percentage of studies with the least risk of bias; though we need to keep in mind that 3i had far fewer relevant studies compared to both Nobel BioCare and Straumann. Conclusion This systematic review provides an assessment of the strength and quality of evidence for four leading implant companies. Clinicians should assess the strength of evidence before choosing an implant system. Following the guidelines from the CONSORT statement for future studies might enable standardisation and comparison across different implant systems.
Prediction of Mortality in Community‐Living Frail Elderly People with Long‐Term Care Needs

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a prognostic index for mortality in community-living, frail elderly people. DESIGN: Cohort study of Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) participants enrolled between 1988 and 1996. SETTING: Eleven PACE sites, a community-based long-term care program that cares for frail, chronically ill elderly people who meet criteria for nursing home placement. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand eight hundred ninety-nine PACE enrollees. The index was developed in 2,232 participants and validated in 1,667. MEASUREMENTS: Time to death was predicted using risk factors obtained from a geriatric assessment performed by the PACE interdisciplinary team at the time of enrollment. Risk factors included demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and functional status. RESULTS: The development cohort had a mean age of 79 (68% female, 40% white). The validation cohort had a mean age of 79 (76% female, 65% white). In the development cohort, eight independent risk factors of mortality were identified and weighted, using Cox regression, to create a risk score: male sex, 2 points; age (75–79, 2 points; 80–84, 2 points; ≥85, 3 points); dependence in toileting, 1 point; dependence in dressing (partial dependence, 1 point; full dependence, 3 points); malignant neoplasm, 2 points; congestive heart failure, 3 points; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1 point; and renal insufficiency, 3 points. In the development cohort, respective 1- and 3-year mortality rates were 6% and 21% in the lowest-risk group (0–3 points), 12% and 36% in the middle-risk group (4–5 points), and 21% and 54% in the highest-risk group (>5 points). In the validation cohort, respective 1- and 3-year mortality rates were 7% and 18% in the lowest-risk group, 11% and 36% in the middle-risk group, and 22% and 55% in the highest-risk group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the point score was 0.66 and 0.69 in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION: A multidimensional prognostic index was developed and validated using age, sex, functional status, and comorbidities that effectively stratifies frail, community-living elderly people into groups at varying risk of mortality.
Risk Processes: Overview†

The article presents stochastic processes, which may lead to catastrophic events, like ruin of an insurance company or failure of systems due to cumulative damage. We focus attention on compound renewal processes, and in particular on compound Poisson processes. Distribution of stopping times associated with these risk processes are derived. Keywords: compound renewal processes; compound Poisson processes; ruin probability; cumulative damage; system failures; risk processes
Pretreatment and routine echocardiogram monitoring during chemotherapy for anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity rarely identifies significant cardiac dysfunction or alters treatment decisions

BACKGROUND: The widespread use of anthracycline chemotherapy has contributed to improved outcomes in children with cancer. The most feared complication of the anthracyclines is cardiotoxicity. Routine echocardiographic monitoring typically is used before, during, and after treatment to minimize cardiotoxicity. The ideal use of screening before and during chemotherapy remains uncertain. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of children who were treated at a single cancer treatment center over 5 years. The results of all echocardiograms and related clinical decisions were reviewed. RESULTS: In 356 patients who were identified for review (age range, 3 months to 22 years; mean age, 10 years; median age, 11 years), 991 echocardiograms were reviewed (average, 2.78 echocardiograms per patient; median, 2 echocardiograms per patient; mode, 1; maximum, 11 echocardiograms per patient). Nine abnormal echocardiograms were identified (2.5% of patients and 0.9% of echocardiograms performed). Four echocardiograms were performed during episodes of septic shock, 2 echocardiograms represented false-positive studies after repeat evaluation, and 1 echocardiogram demonstrated mild abnormality of function on the day of surgical resection of a large Wilms tumor. None of the 356 pretreatment echocardiograms altered treatment decisions. In 635 follow-up echocardiograms during treatment, cardiac defects were detected in 2 patients (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of echocardiograms to screen for anthracycline-induced cardiac damage before and during chemotherapy rarely identified significant cardiac damage to impact treatment decisions. Improved screening techniques with better discrimination and predictability are needed. Pediatric Oncology cooperative groups should consider a revision of standard monitoring protocols before and during treatment. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Lo que buscamos es lo que encontramos

The purpose of this paper is to examine epistemological connections between the words used by psychologists, the way words influence what methodology we use, and how methods influence our beliefs about causality and construct phenomena regarded as psychological "facts." These processes are considered in terms of a personal and historical perspective gained from nearly forty years of studying the psychology of women and gender. This paper focuses the history of the distinction between "sex" and "gender" and the continued attention of researchers to the question of whether sex/gender differences exist. It argues that the issue continues to be researched because of the relative absence of socio-structural variables such as status and power from most psychological discourse and the current empirical focus of many feminist psychologists in the United States. I also argue that lack of attention to epistemology and to the connection between politics and scholarship has led to a definition of the psychology of women and/or gender that no longer attends to feminist theory and to a decline in socially activist scholarship. Women and men cannot be studied in isolation from other social constructions such as race/ethnicity, social class, sexual diversity, and cultural difference. Such synthesis will be difficult without a return to concerns about epistemology and question generation that are rarely addressed in U. S. feminist psychology today.
Growth and Variability in Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed Mustard in Nagaland

This study is an attempt to examine the trends and variability in the growth of rapeseed mustard as oilseed crop in Nagaland. For the analysis purpose, the relevant secondary data from 1985-86 to 2010-2011 have been examined. The compound growth rates have been estimated with the help of exponential function and variability by using the technique of co-efficient of variation for the convenient of comparison over the period, so it is subdivided into three periods. The study concludes that a moderate to high significant growth has been observed in case of area, production and yield of rapeseed mustard as a whole covering the study period. Concerning the variability, the study concludes that there persist wide fluctuations in the growth of area, production and yield of rapeseed mustard over the study period.
Endothelin signaling activates Mef2c expression in the neural crest through a MEF2C-dependent positive-feedback transcriptional pathway

Endothelin signaling is essential for neural crest development, and dysregulated Endothelin signaling is associated with several neural crest-related disorders, including Waardenburg and other syndromes. However, despite the crucial roles of this pathway in neural crest development and disease, the transcriptional effectors directly activated by Endothelin signaling during neural crest development remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we establish that the MADS box transcription factor MEF2C is an immediate downstream transcriptional target and effector of Endothelin signaling in the neural crest. We show that Endothelin signaling activates Mef2c expression in the neural crest through a conserved enhancer in the Mef2c locus and that CRISPR-mediated deletion of this Mef2c neural crest enhancer from the mouse genome abolishes Endothelin induction of Mef2c expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that Endothelin signaling activates neural crest expression of Mef2c by de-repressing MEF2C activity through a Calmodulin-CamKII-histone deacetylase signaling cascade. Thus, these findings identify a MEF2C-dependent, positive-feedback mechanism for Endothelin induction and establish MEF2C as an immediate transcriptional effector and target of Endothelin signaling in the neural crest.
Effect of Monensin and Lasalocid-Sodium on the Growth of Methanogenic and Rumen Saccharolytic Bacteria

It is thought that monensin increases the efficiency of feed utilization by cattle by altering the rumen fermentation. We studied the effect of monensin and the related ionophore antibiotic lasalocid-sodium (Hoffman-LaRoche) on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria in a complex medium containing rumen fluid. Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were inhibited by 2.5 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Growth of Bacteroides succinogenes and Bacteroides ruminicola was delayed by 2.5 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Populations of B. succinogenes and B. ruminicola that were resistant to 20 μg of either drug per ml were rapidly selected by growth in the presence of each drug at 5.0 μg/ml. Selenomonas ruminantium was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Either antibiotic (10 μg/ml) inhibited Methanobacterium MOH, Methanobacterium formicicum, and Methanosarcina barkeri MS. Methanobacterium ruminantium PS was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin or 20 μg of lasalocid per ml. The methanogenic strain 442 was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin but sensitive to 10 μg of lasalocid per ml. The results suggest that monensin or lasalocid acts in the rumen by selecting for succinate-forming Bacteroides and for S. ruminantium, a propionate producer that decarboxylates succinate to propionate. The selection could lead to an increase in rumen propionate formation. Selection against H2 and formate producers, e.g. R. albus, R. flavefaciens, and B. fibrisolvens, could lead to a depression of methane production in the rumen.
Two Antigenically Distinct Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Viral Genotype Predicts Neutralization Serotype

At least five distinct genetic subtypes (genotypes) of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-l) have been identified by DNA sequencing. Current vaccine candidates are based on virus strains from North America and Europe that represent only one subtype. The extent to which distinct genotypes of HIV-l correspond to antigenically distinguishable serotypes is largely unknown and may be critically important to vaccine design. Cross-neutralization studies were done with viruses and plasma from two different genotypes. Based on neutralization susceptibility, 10 primary HIV-l isolates from Thailand and the United States were classified into one of two antigenic subtypes that correlated with viral genotype. The existence of serotypes of HIV-l suggests that a broadly effective vaccine may have to include strains from multiple subtypes. Neutralization of these primary HIV-I isolates differed substantially from results with laboratory strains. Future neutralization studies using primary isolates and multiple genotypes may be important for assessment of HIV-I antigenic diversity.
Quasicontinuum simulation of fracture at the atomic scale

We study the problem of atomic scale fracture using the recently developed quasicontinuum method in which there is a systematic thinning of the atomic-level degrees of freedom in regions where they are not needed. Fracture is considered in two distinct settings. First, a study is made of cracks in single crystals, and second, we consider a crack advancing towards a grain boundary (GB) in its path. In the investigation of single crystal fracture, we evaluate the competition between simple cleavage and crack-tip dislocation emission. In addition, we examine the ability of analytic models to correctly predict fracture behaviour, and find that the existing analytical treatments are too restrictive in their treatment of nonlinearity near the crack tip. In the study of GB-crack interactions, we have found a number of interesting deformation mechanisms which attend the advance of the crack. These include the migration of the GB, the emission of dislocations from the GB, and deflection of the crack front along the GB itself. In each case, these mechanisms are rationalized on the basis of continuum mechanics arguments.
Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T‐dependent antigens

Previously, we demonstrated an enhancement of in vitro antibody (Ab) production in response to T-dependent antigens (TD-Ag) by astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity. The effects of beta-carotene, a carotenoid with vitamin A activity, and lutein, another carotenoid without vitamin A activity, on in vitro Ab production were examined with spleen cells from young and old B6 mice. In addition, the in vivo effects of lutein, astaxanthin, and beta-carotene on Ab production were studied in young and old B6 mice. Lutein, but not beta-carotene, enhanced in vitro Ab production in response to TD-Ags. The depletion of T-helper cells prevented the enhancement of Ab production by lutein and astaxanthin. In vivo Ab production in response to TD-Ag was significantly enhanced by lutein, astaxanthin, and beta-carotene. The numbers of immunoglobulin M- and G-secreting cells also increased in vivo with the administration of these carotenoids when mice were primed with TD-Ags. Antibody production in response to TD-Ags in vivo and in vitro was significantly lower in old than in young B6 mice. Astaxanthin supplements partially restored decreased in vivo Ab production in response to TD-Ags in old B6 mice. Lutein and beta-carotene also enhanced in vivo Ab production in response to TD-Ags in old B6 mice, although to a lesser extent than did astaxanthin. However, none of the carotenoids had an effect on in vivo or in vitro Ab production in response to T-independent antigen. These results indicate significant immunomodulating actions of carotenoids for humoral immune responses to TD-Ags and suggest that carotenoid supplementation may be beneficial in restoring humoral immune responses in older animals.
Northern range expansion of the Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in western North America

The kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), a native of Japan, northern China, and Korea, is now established at multiple locations throughout the world, including the west coast of the United States and Mexico. In 2000, U. pinnatifida was first reported in the United States from Los Angeles Harbor, California. Within a year, it had also been found 500 km to the north, in Monterey Harbor, California. In 2002, this alga was reported from Ensenada, Mexico to Monterey, California, and no subsequent spread has been reported since this time. In May 2009, we discovered U. pinnatifida to the north, at two marinas in San Francisco Bay and the outer coastal harbor at Pillar Point, San Mateo County. All observed individuals were removed and measured. Based on size and reproductive status, it appears that multiple cohorts were present. Transfer on the hulls of recreational boats is suggested as the source of this recent range expansion in California. Given the large flux of both recreational and commercial boat traffic in San Francisco Bay, this may become an important source for further spread both along the coast and to other biogeographic regions.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSES OF TWO MIXED CATIONIC LANTHANIDE POTASSIUM HEXACYANOFERRATE(II) TETRAHYDRATES

Abstract The crystal structural investigations of 1 : 1 (La/Nd)KFe(CN)6 4H2O (I) and 1:1 (Pr/Nd) KFe(CN)6·4H2O (II) have been determined using three-dimensional, single-crystal, X-ray diffraction data and refined by least-squares to yield final reliability (R) factors of 0.0180 and 0.020 based on 358 and 343 unique reflections, respectively. I and II crystallize in the hexagonal space group P63/m (No. 176) with a = 7.371(1), c= 13.833(3)A for I and a = 7.362(1), c= 13.799(3) A for II. For Z = 2, the respective calculated densities are 2.371 and 2.388 mgm−3 [exp., 2.369(4) and 2.382(4)mgm−3]. The coordination about the lanthanide central ions in both I and II is nine, and the geometric polyhedra are tricapped trigonal prisms (TTP). Cyanide bridging links the octahedral FeC6 groups to the nine-coordinated (Ln/Nd)N6(H2O)3 groups. The noncoordinated water molecule and the potassium ion occupy holes in the lattice along the three-fold axis above and below the lanthanide ions. Selected bond distances and angles...
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the pituitary. New insights into the mechanism of stimulated secretion and clinical usage

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic tripeptide, has become a useful pharmacologic tool in clinical medicine. Evidence supporting a role for thyrotropin-releasing hormone as a physiologic regulator of thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) but not prolactin secretion is reviewed. Data from animal studies employing thyrotropin- and prolactin-secreting cells that demonstrate that thyrotropin-releasing hormone elevates the concentration of calcium ion free in the cell cytoplasm are presented. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that calcium ion couples stimulation by thyrotropin-releasing hormone to secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. A molecular mechanism for thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration and hormone secretion is proposed. The clinical utility of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in endocrine disorders is discussed. It is recommended that the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test be used to aid in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism when other tests show equivocal results, to determine the adequacy of thyroid hormone suppression therapy, to distinguish the two forms of thyrotropin-induced hyperthyroidism, and to assess pituitary reserve of thyrotropin and prolactin.
EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTORY PHRASES AND TONAL-FACIAL SUGGESTION UPON QUESTION-ELICITED RESPONSES

18 variously-biased phrasings of 2 questions were administered by 20 interviewers pretending to endorse the given phrasing to 1164 college students. Random telephone interviews and quota personal interviews indicated that substantial ‘changes' in ‘opinion’ (on the order of about 13%) could be effected.
DIAGNOSING MASS FLOWS AROUND HERBIG Ae/Be STARS USING THE HE I λ10830 LINE

We examine He I λ10830 profile morphologies for a sample of 56 Herbig Ae/Be stars (HAEBES). We find significant differences between HAEBES and classical T-Tauri stars (CTTS) in the statistics of both blueshifted absorption (i.e., mass outflows) and redshifted absorption features (i.e., mass infall or accretion). Our results suggest that, in general, Herbig Be (HBe) stars do not accrete material from their inner disks in the same manner as CTTS, which are believed to accrete material via magnetospheric accretion, whereas Herbig Ae (HAe) stars generally show evidence for magnetospheric accretion. We find no evidence in our sample of narrow blueshifted absorption features, which are typical indicators of inner disk winds and are common in He I λ10830 profiles of CTTS. The lack of inner-disk-wind signatures in HAEBES, combined with the paucity of detected magnetic fields on these objects, suggests that accretion through large magnetospheres that truncate the disk several stellar radii above the surface is not as common for HAe and late-type HBe stars as it is for CTTS. Instead, evidence is found for smaller magnetospheres in the maximum redshifted absorption velocities in our HAEBE sample. These velocities are, on average, a smaller fraction of the system escape velocity than is found for CTTS, suggesting accretion is taking place closer to the star. Smaller magnetospheres, and evidence for boundary layer accretion in HBe stars, may explain the less common occurrence of redshifted absorption in HAEBES. Evidence is found that smaller magnetospheres may be less efficient at driving outflows compared to CTTS magnetospheres.
Polymer electrolyte complexes of LiCIO4 and comb polymers of siloxane with oligo‐oxyethylene side chains

Polysiloxanes with oligo-oxyethylene side chains of the type —O(CH2CH2O)7CH3 and —(CH2)3O(CH2CH2O)nCH3 (average n ≈ 7 and 11) were synthesized from poly(hydrogenmethylsiloxane) and characterized by 1H n.m.r., 29Si n.m.r., i.r. and g.p.c. Cyclic analogues were used as model compounds and synthesized from tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane. Polymer electrolyte complexes were made from the comb polymers and LiClO4 by solvent-casting from THF, and their conductivities measured as a function of temperature and studied by differential scanning calorimetry and correlated with their conductivity behaviour. Maximum conductivities close to 10−4S cm−1 were achieved at room temperature and at ethylene oxide units to Li+ ratios of about 25. Cross-linking or blending with high molecular weight poly(oxyethylene) lowers the conductance somewhat but vastly improves the mechanical properties of the complexes, and the blends with PEO can be cast into thin, flexible and tough films with good conducting properties.
A Discontinuous Finite Volume Method for the Stokes Problems

We develop a new discontinuous finite volume method for solving the Stokes equations on both triangular and rectangular meshes. An optimal error estimate for the approximation of velocity is obtained in a mesh-dependent norm. First order $L^2$-error estimates are derived for the approximations of both velocity and pressure.
Three-generation family households in early childhood: Comparisons between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia

Background Shifting demographic trends in the United States (US) have resulted in increasing numbers of three-generation family households, where a child lives with a parent(s) and grandparent(s). Although similar demographic trends have been occurring in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, very little research has studied three-generation coresidence in these countries and no research has documented trends cross-nationally.
Using real data for a virtual crossmatch

Virtual crossmatches have been performed for more than 40 years under the guise of unacceptable antigens. Today, solid-phase assays provide the opportunity for more accurate identification and more precise measurement of the strength of donor-specific antibodies. The process of performing a virtual crossmatch begins with establishing a correlation between the antibody testing assay and the results of actual crossmatches. We provide here data indicating that the identity and strength of DSA defined with solid-phase phenotype panels correlates significantly with the outcome of both cytotoxic (CDC; r = 0.83) and flow cytometric (r = 0.85) crossmatches. Based on the threshold established from these correlations, we were able to correctly predict the results of CDC and flow cytometric crossmatches in 92.8 and 92.4% of cases, respectively. The correlations with single antigen panels were substantially lower (82.6-47.9%) and may be caused by a variety of factors, including variability in the amount and condition of different antigens and extremely high sensitivity, which may make the test less robust. We demonstrate that adding additional information to the solid-phase results can increase the frequency of correct crossmatch prediction. We also present data demonstrating an additional use of the virtual crossmatch in posttransplant monitoring.
Changed subject or wrong subject

Abstract In a provocative and an interesting article, Ogden (1995) argues that the focus of health psychology has changed. Early in the century, theorists regarded the individual as a passive responder to external events. Later, emphasis on the environment, made the individual a passive recipient of external events. Current theories emphasize individual control over the environment in an “intra-active” modality. Thus, as Ogden argues, theory has historical significance and the theory is data that describes thought at a particular point in time. Further, data are the product of methodology and the selection of methods must also be considered another piece of data.
Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave s-emissions

The relationship between metric noise continuum storms and the S-component of solar microwave emissions is examined by considering the properties of a solar active region and its relation to LF radio burst emissions observed by IMP 6. It is noted that the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric frequencies or less is usually preceded by the appearance of an S-emission source, which is formed in complex sunspot groups such as beta-gamma and gamma types. A model for the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies is proposed in which the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic-field lines above associated sunspot groups into complex configurations.
Clinical review 22: Therapeutic options in acromegaly.

ACROMEGALY was first described by Marie more than 100 yr ago and is the consequence of GH hypersecretion. It is the second most common type of pituitary hypersecretory syndrome and isalmost always caused by a somatotroph adenoma. Recent epidemiologic studies have indicated anincidence rate 3.3 per million/yr and a prevalence rate of 66 per million (1). From both clinical and histopathologic criteria, GH secreting pituitary tumors are heterogeneous. The majority of tumors store relatively small quantities of GH, exhibit a moderate growth rate, and often exhibit extrasellar extension when initially diagnosed. In contrast, a smaller number of tumors exhibit a very slow growth rate, contain high concentrations of GH, and usually remain intrasellar even after a decade or more of clinical manifestations of GH overproduction. Using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and ultrastructural microscopy, GH-secreting pituitary tumors have been shown to be heterogeneous (2). They vary in cell size, granule size...
Ferroelectric Space Charge Non-Destructive Read-Out memory

Abstract The Ferroelectric Space Charge (FESC) Memory is a technique to achieve Non-Destructive Read-Out (NDRO) of a ferroelectric memory that employs standard metal-ferroelectric-metal memory capacitors. The NDRO technique allows the polarization state of the capacitor to be read without altering the polarization. This provides the advantage that the memory capacitor is not subjected to the destructive read/rewrite cycle commonly employed in ferroelectric memories, so the lifetime of the device is limited only by the number of times the memory is written. In addition, the NDRO avoids the period of data volatility in the time interval between the read pulse and the subsequent rewrite of the data. The FESC NDRO approach utilizes changes in the dielectric response of the ferroelectric due to interactions between the internal space charges, the spontaneous polarization, and internal and external electrical potentials. The NDRO is implemented entirely in circuitry and does not require specialized ferroelectri...
Developing and evaluating rapid field methods to estimate peat carbon

Many international protocols (e.g., REDD+) are developing inventories of ecosystem carbon stocks and fluxes at country and regional scales, which can include peatlands. As the only nationally implemented field inventory and re- measurement of forest soils in the US, the USDA Forest ServiceForestInventoryandAnalysisProgram(FIA)samples the top 20 cm of organic soils, but there is a large unsampled fraction of soil carbon stored in America' sp eatland forests. Improved methods could allow the FIA program to more comprehensivelyestimatesoilcarbonstocksandstockchange in forested peatlands. We evaluated six rapid peat sampling methods in northern peatlands: 1) general probing of peat thickness, 2) general probing of peat thickness by general vegetation type, 3) partial profile coring #1, 0-20 cm, 4) partial profile coring #2, 25-75 cm, 5) partial profile coring #3, 50-100 cm, 6) intermittent profile coring and compared them to 7) measurements derived from whole profile sam- pling. We also tested our methods against an independent database of 85 peat cores collected from Manitoba, Canada. Overall,wefoundthatthe0-20cmpartialprofilecoremethod was the least accurate method and should not be used (64-67 % accurate). The remaining rapid peat sampling methods all provided accuracies >85 % compared to whole profile sampling. In conclusion, we found that there are sev- eral good options for rapidly sampling peat C stocks that if incorporated, could greatly increase our estimates of carbon stored in peat.
ALVEOLAR CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY PUERPERIUM

THE persistence of an elevation of the basal body temperature during the early months of pregnancy is a classic example of the continuation of a systemic response, which, in the nonpregnant state, is characterized by a cyclic ebb and flow of temperature changes during the menstrual cycle. The typical hyperthermia, which becomes apparent at about midcycle and which is maintained almost until the time of the next menstruation, is attributed to the action of progesterone (1, 2). In the normally menstruating woman the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is depressed during the postovulatory phase of the cycle (3–6). The administration of progesterone lowers the alveolar CO2 tension (7–9), and the cyclic fluctuations of this gas are also correlated with those of progesterone production. In the event of pregnancy, as is illustrated in this presentation, the suppression of carbon dioxide tension is continued. Cyclic variations in serum sodium and chloride levels during the normal menstrual cycle have ...
A Principled, Complete, and Efficient Representation of C++

We present a systematic representation of C++, called IPR, for complete semantic analysis and semantics-based program transformations. We describe the ideas and design principles that shaped the IPR. In particular, we describe how general type-based unification is key to minimal compact representation, fast type-safe traversal, and scalability. For example, the representation of a fairly typical non-trivial C++ program in GCC 3.4.2 was 32 times larger than its IPR representation; this led to significant improvements to GCC. IPR is general enough to handle real-world programs involving many translation units, archaic programming styles, and generic programming using C++0x extensions that affect the type system. The difficult issue of how to represent irregular (ad hoc) features in a systematic (non-ad hoc) manner is among the key contributions of this paper. The IPR data structure can represent all of C++ with just 157 simple node types; to compare the ISO C++ grammar has over 700 productions. The IPR is used for a variety of program analysis and transformation tasks, such as visualization, loop simplification, and concept extraction. Finally, we report impacts of this work on existing C++ compilers.
Research Retreat IV: ACL injuries--the gender bias: April 3-5, 2008 Greensboro, NC.

In April 2008, more than 80 attendees from across the United States and Canada participated in the fourth research retreat focused on the gender bias in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The retreat was cofounded by Irene Davis, PhD, PT, and Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD, who hosted the 3 previous research retreats in Lexington, Kentucky, in April of 2001, 2003, and 2006. In the first year (2001), a consensus document of what we know, don't know, and still need to know related to this problem was developed.1 Each subsequent retreat has revisited and updated the previous consensus statement as new evidence has emerged.2,3 Over the past 6 years, the number of attendees has grown, and the retreats have attracted some of the foremost nationally and internationally known clinicians and scientists with a common interest in ACL injury. We were pleased to continue this important work by hosting Research Retreat IV in Greensboro, North Carolina.The meeting featured an opening presentation from ACL Retreat cofounder Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD; invited keynote presentations by Scott McLean, PhD, and Bruce Beynnon, PhD — expert scientists well known for their research into factors associated with the gender bias in ACL injury; and 31 fifteen-minute podium presentations of recently completed research relating to the gender bias in ACL injuries. The opening presentation set the stage for the meeting by providing a historical perspective of what research has taught us about the ACL injury gender bias over the past 20 years, and the keynote presentations focused on the current knowledge and theories associated with neuromuscular, biomechanical, anatomical, and hormonal risk factors. The podium presentations were organized into thematic sessions centered on sagittal-plane landing mechanics, sex comparisons in landing and cutting, fatigue and perturbation studies in landing and cutting, anatomical and hormonal factors, and risk factor screening and prevention. Significant time was provided for group discussion after each keynote and each group of podium presentations. At the conclusion of the meeting, participants revisited and updated the consensus statement from the 2006 retreat.2 Following are the consensus statement, keynote presentation summaries, and abstracts organized by topic and presentation order.
1167 RECURRENT BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

Seventeen patients with 2 or more episodes of meningitis and no clinically apparent anatomic defect have been referred during the previous 3 years. Predisposing abnormalities were demonstrated in 10 of these cases, 4 anatomic defects and 6 immune deficiencies. One had a fracture of the petrous bone, apparent on routine CT scan. Three other patients had previously been examined with skull and sinus radiographs, routine cranial computed tomography, intrathecal radioisotope tracer studies, and immunologic evaluation. δ11 of these studies were non-diagnostic. Pneumococcal vaccine and prophylactic penicillin therapy were ineffective in preventing recurrent episodes in two cases. We therefore employed a unique method for examining intracranial anatomy, i.e. thin section (2mm) coronal cranial computed tomography which demonstrated anatomic defects in all three patients. The use of metrizamide cisternography was not necessary to diagnose the defects., All had fronto-ethmoidal encephaloceles which were repaired surgically. Direct coronal computed tomography therefore offered a relatively easy noninvasive method for delineating anatomic abnormalities in these patients with recurrent meningitis. Six others had immunologic abnormalities, two with absent C2, one lacked C6, two had common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and one, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. The evaluation of recurrent meningitis should include Ig, CH100, and a CT scan, using coronal plane thin sections.
Partonic collectivity in high-energy nuclear collisions

After a brief introduction to the physics of high-energy nuclear collisions, we will present recent experimental results that are closely connected to the properties of the matter produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. Collective motion with parton degrees of freedom is called partonic collectivity. We will focus on collective observables such as transverse radial flow and elliptic flow. With experimental observations, we will demonstrate that, at RHIC, collectivity has already been developed prior to the hadronic stage. Finally, we will develop a plan for future measurements that are needed for characterization of the partonic Equation of State in high-energy nuclear collisions.
Updating the 2001 National Land Cover Database Impervious Surface Products to 2006 using Landsat Imagery Change Detection Methods

A prototype method was developed to update the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 to a nominal date of 2006. NLCD 2001 is widely used as a baseline for national land cover and impervious cover conditions. To enable the updating of this database in an optimal manner, methods are designed to be accomplished by individual Landsat scene. Using conservative change thresholds based on land cover classes, areas of change and no-change were segregated from change vectors calculated from normalized Landsat scenes from 2001 and 2006. By sampling from NLCD 2001 impervious surface in unchanged areas, impervious surface predictions were estimated for changed areas within an urban extent defined by a companion land cover classification. Methods were developed and tested for national application across six study sites containing a variety of urban impervious surface. Results show the vast majority of impervious surface change associated with urban development was captured, with overall RMSE from 6.86 to 13.12% for these areas. Changes of urban development density were also evaluated by characterizing the categories of change by percentile for impervious surface. This prototype method provides a relatively low cost, flexible approach to generate updated impervious surface using NLCD 2001 as the baseline.
Benefits and Detriments of African American Male Athletes' Participation in a Big-Time College Football Program

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the nature and status of four African American male athletes' educational experiences as participants in a big-time college football program at a predominantly white institution of higher education (PWIHE) in the United States of America. A focus group and individual interviews revealed that although these African American males felt that they derived certain tangible and intangible benefits from being participants in this football program, the term `student-athlete' was an inaccurate description of who they are, especially given the expectations and tremendous time demands their participation in football related activities placed on them. These general findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research in college sport.