cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Daily patterns of the retinal pigment epithelium. Microperoxisomes and phagosomes

Retinal tissue was taken from adult albino rats maintained on a regular light-dark (14–10) cycle. Animals were killed at specific time intervals throughout the day. All tissues were incubated in an alkaline diaminobenzidine reagent for cytochemical demonstration of the peroxidatic activity of catalase. Enzymatic activity was seen in the retinal epithelium in microperoxisomes and in small phagosomes (secondary lysosomes). Microperoxisomes have membrane-limited coarsely granular contents and measure from 100 to 300 nm. Quantitative studies involved counting the numbers of microperoxisomes, large phagosomes, and small phagosomes in a given length of retinal epithelium. The numbers of large phagosomes reflect the synchronous burst of rod outer segment phagocytosis initiated with the onset of light. Microperoxisomes, having accumulated in the dark, show a precipitous drop with the onset of light, then rebound to a peak number three hours into the light period, then decline to a low level after four hours of the light period and remain at this low level for the balance of the light period. A small-scale repeat of this pattern is seen relative to the beginning of the dark period. Small phagosomes, or secondary lysosomes, accumulate slowly but progressively through the light period. With the end of the light period there is a sharp drop in the number of small phagosomes.
Orientational ordering and dynamics of the hydrate and exchangeable hydrogen atoms in crystalline crambin

Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance studies of crambin crystals grown from deuterated solvent (2H2O/CH3CH2O2H or H2O/C2H3CH2OH) are reported. The extent to which the hydrate and exchangeable hydrogen atoms are dynamically disordered are then determined from the size of the residual deuterium quadrupole couplings, qcc. Rapid molecular reorientation (tau c-1 greater than 10(5) s-1) reduces the magnitude of the quadrupole coupling from its static value (216 kHz for solid water). We find that the room temperature spectrum of crambin is dominated by two features: a sharp line with very small residual quadrupolar coupling less than 3 kHz, and a broad pattern with a quadrupolar coupling in the range 185 to 195 kHz. The former is indicative of very nearly isotropically reorienting deuterons, whereas the latter is somewhat narrower than that observed for the amide deuterons of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate and thus indicative of deuterons that are almost but not completely stationary. By considering the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum intensities along with the amino acid sequence, X-ray structure and the manner in which quadrupole couplings are reduced by dynamics, we conclude that the nuclear magnetic resonance signal from most of the water molecules of hydration are contained in the sharp line, i.e. reorient nearly isotropically in the crystalline protein. Unlike bulk water, which freezes abruptly in the manner of a phase transition, the water of hydration in crambin has a broad freezing range from 180 to 250K, as evidenced by the decreasing intensity of the sharp line that disappears at 180K. At temperatures between 150 and 200K, a typical hydrate molecule reorients at a rate comparable to the quadrupole coupling, 10(4) s-1 to 10(5) s-1, a process that occurs in hexagonal ice in the range of 240 to 270K. At 140K, the hydrate is stationary, tau c-1 less than 10(3) s-1. Studies of the protein crystallized from solvent deuterated only at the non-exchangeable methyl group of ethanol confirm that ethanol is in the lattice and show that this solvate behaves in much the same way as the hydrate. The refined X-ray structure has identified four ethanol solvate molecules. The deuterium spectrum at room temperature has a well-defined residual pattern with qcc = 2.2 kHz, i.e. a small-order parameter consistent with nearly isotropically reorienting molecules. The spectrum width broadens substantially only at temperatures below 200K and achieves the characteristic spectrum of a rotating methyl group with stationary C-C axis at 140K.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A combination of overgrowth-control antibiotics improves Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation efficiency for cultivated tomato (L. esculentum)

The transformation efficiency of cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. UC82) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens was improved from 14% in a previous report to 25% in the present study. Several variables potentially involved in the improvement of transformation efficiency were evaluated, including enhancements in the regeneration system, antibiotics used for Agrobacterium-overgrowth control, and method of applying kanamycin for selection. The most important variable identified was the influence of overgrowth-control antibiotics on both the regeneration response and transformation efficiency. The best transformant recovery and Agrobacterium-overgrowth control was obtained using 250 mg l−1 claforan and 250 mg l−1 ticareillin as the overgrowth-control antibiotics in the media. Selfed T1 progeny plants showed Mendelian inheritance ratios in 77% of the independently transformed lines according to phenotype expression [β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay results], and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the transgene in progeny.
The Water–Gas-Shift Reaction on Pd/Ceria–Praseodymia: The Effect of Redox Thermodynamics

Reaction rates for the water–gas-shift (WGS) reaction were measured on catalysts with 1-wt% Pd supported on CeO2, Ce0.5Pr0.5O2−x and PrO x in order to determine whether the weakly bound oxygen associated with Pr could enhance reaction rates. However, differential rates in 25 Torr of both CO and H2O showed that the activity of Pr-containing catalysts were much lower. Measurements of the oxygen content of these samples after reduction in dry H2 at 873 K, after reoxidation in steam at 873 K, and following exposure of the catalysts to WGS conditions at 873 K demonstrate that ceria is easily reoxidized by steam and remains oxidized under WGS conditions, while the loosely bound oxygen associated with praseodymia or ceria–praseodymia is lost under WGS conditions and cannot be restored by oxidation in steam. These results can be understood by comparing the equilibrium redox properties of the support materials to the typical P(O2) experienced under WGS conditions.
Detection of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test: the effects of water depth

A new scoring technique is described that measures active behaviors of rats in the forced swimming test, a test that predicts antidepressant drug effects. The technique distinguishes the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which reduce immobility and increase swimming behavior, from selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which reduce immobility and increase climbing behavior. The magnitude of behavioral effects described for each drug (i.e., reduced immobility for both drugs, increased swimming for fluoxetine, increased climbing for desipramine) was greater when testing was conducted at the deeper 30-cm rather than the shallow 15-cm water depth. Results obtained with the technique demonstrate that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are not false negatives in the rat forced swimming test, as previously thought.
Separation of Serum Antibody Activities by Anion-Exchange Cellulose Chromatography

Mumps, Histoplasma capsulatum. thyroglobulin, and typhoid H antibodies were found in fraction 1, which contained only gamma globulins with ultracentrifugal sedimentation coefficients of 6.6 Svedberg units (S). Typhoid O antibodies and rheumatoid factor were only in fraction 5, composed principally of gamma macroglobulins with ultracentrifugal sedimentation coefficients of 18 S. In contrast isohemagglutinins, Rh antibodies, and anti-human liver nucleoprotein activities were found in two chromatogram fractions (1 and 5) with different physicochemical properties.
Crystal structure of the PRC1 ubiquitylation module bound to the nucleosome

The Polycomb group of epigenetic enzymes represses expression of developmentally regulated genes in many eukaryotes. This group includes the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), which ubiquitylates nucleosomal histone H2A Lys 119 using its E3 ubiquitin ligase subunits, Ring1B and Bmi1, together with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UbcH5c. However, the molecular mechanism of nucleosome substrate recognition by PRC1 or other chromatin enzymes is unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of the human Ring1B-Bmi1-UbcH5c E3-E2 complex (the PRC1 ubiquitylation module) bound to its nucleosome core particle substrate. The structure shows how a chromatin enzyme achieves substrate specificity by interacting with several nucleosome surfaces spatially distinct from the site of catalysis. Our structure further reveals an unexpected role for the ubiquitin E2 enzyme in substrate recognition, and provides insight into how the related histone H2A E3 ligase, BRCA1, interacts with and ubiquitylates the nucleosome.
Quantitative measurement of estrogen-induced ERK 1 and 2 activation via multiple membrane-initiated signaling pathways

Estradiol (E2) and other steroids have recently been shown to initiate various intracellular signaling cascades from the plasma membrane, including those stimulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and particularly extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs). In this study we demonstrated the ability of E2 to activate ERKs in the GH3/B6/F10 pituitary tumor cell line, originally selected for its enhanced expression of membrane estrogen receptor-α (mERα). We compared E2 to its cell-impermeable analog (E2 conjugated to peroxidase, E2–P), and to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). Time-dependent ERK activation was quantified with a novel fixed cell-based immunoassay developed to efficiently determine activation by multiple compounds over multiple parameters. Both E2 and DES produced bimodal responses, but with distinctly different time courses of enzyme phosphorylation (activation) and inactivation; E2–P induced a monophasic ERK activation. E2 also phosphorylated ERKs in concentration-dependent manner with two concentration optima (10−14 and 10−8 M). Inhibitors were employed to determine pathway (ER, EGFR, membrane organization, PI3 kinase, Src kinase, Ca2+) involvement and timing of pathway activations; all affected ERK activation as early as 3–6 min, suggesting simultaneous, not sequential, activation. Therefore, E2 and other estrogenic compounds can produce rapid ERK phosphorylations via nongenomic pathways, using more than one pathway for signal generation.
Large scale scenario analysis of future low carbon energy options

Abstract In this study, we use a multi-model framework to examine a set of possible future energy scenarios resulting from RD and portfolios lacking CCS and Nuclear tend to be stochastically dominated by others. We find that the dominance of CCS becomes even stronger as uncertainty in climate damages increases. Finally, we show that there is significant value in carefully choosing a portfolio, as relatively small portfolios can dominate large portfolios.
Thermal conductivity models for carbon/liquid crystal polymer composites

Thermally conductive resins are needed for bipolar plates in fuel cells. Currently, the materials used for these bipolar plates often contain a single type of graphite in a thermosetting resin. In this study, varying amounts of four different types of polyacrylonitrile carbon fillers (Ketjenblack carbon black, Thermocarb synthetic graphite, Fortafil 243 carbon fiber, and Panex 30 carbon fiber) were added to a thermoplastic matrix (Vectra A950RX Liquid Crystal Polymer), with the resulting resins tested for through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivity. There are two unique contributions of this work. The first contribution is the use of the Nielsen model for the through-plane thermal conductivity as a function of the single filler volume fraction. The model fits the data for all composites well. The second contribution is the development of a new, accurate, empirical model to predict the in-plane thermal conductivity for all resins containing synthetic graphite or carbon fiber. Both of these models will form the basis for the development of new thermal conductivity models for composites with multiple fillers for fuel cell bipolar plate applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Special Assessment District's Ability to Fund Transit Lessons from Project-Level Analysis

This paper reviews four transit projects funded by using special assessment districts (SADs) across the United States. The paper examines the SAD revenue yield and stability and focuses on the actions taken by public agencies to enhance them; this examination results in three important findings. First, SAD revenues are highly stable and can be expected to generate large sums of money. However, as a proportion of project cost, such revenues might fund a small portion of capital-intensive transit projects such as heavy rail. Second, SAD revenues typically do not accrue up front because property owners have the option to pay the fee over time. Therefore, public agencies must rely on other funding sources (usually assessment fee-backed bonds) to address this revenue-expenditure mismatch. Finally, to ensure that assessment revenues do not decline in real dollars when paid over time, public agencies charge property owners interest, usually on the basis of the interest paid to service the assessment-backed bonds...
Development of a Novel Wear Testing Device for the Investigation of Articular Cartilage and Compliant Polymers for Use in Biomedical Implants

Development of new biomaterials for use on the articulating surfaces of total-joint implants is essential to the improvement of implant design and implant lifetimes. Currently, rigid ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is the most commonly used material for implant wear surfaces because of its high wear resistance. However, UHMWPE does not mimic the properties of native articular cartilage, nor does it exploit the full potential of ambient synovial fluid for joint lubrication. Furthermore, implant loosening due to the body’s reaction to UHMWPE particulate is a leading reason for the limited lifetimes of such implants [1]. A new approach is needed in order to increase the pain-free lifetime for those persons requiring total-joint arthroplasty. Such an approach will likely involve synthetic or natural materials with properties that more closely resemble natural articular cartilage.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Abdominal surgery activates nesfatin-1 immunoreactive brain nuclei in rats

Abdominal surgery-induced postoperative gastric ileus is well established to induce Fos expression in specific brain nuclei in rats within 2-h after surgery. However, the phenotype of activated neurons has not been thoroughly characterized. Nesfatin-1 was recently discovered in the rat hypothalamus as a new anorexigenic peptide that also inhibits gastric emptying and is widely distributed in rat brain autonomic nuclei suggesting an involvement in stress responses. Therefore, we investigated whether abdominal surgery activates nesfatin-1-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the rat brain. Two hours after abdominal surgery with cecal palpation under short isoflurane anesthesia or anesthesia alone, rats were transcardially perfused and brains processed for double immunohistochemical labeling of Fos and nesfatin-1. Abdominal surgery, compared to anesthesia alone, induced Fos expression in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), rostral raphe pallidus (rRPa), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Double Fos/nesfatin-1 labeling showed that of the activated cells, 99% were nesfatin-1-immunoreactive in the SON, 91% in the LC, 82% in the rRPa, 74% in the EW and VLM, 71% in the anterior parvicellular PVN, 47% in the lateral magnocellular PVN, 41% in the medial magnocellular PVN, 14% in the NTS and 9% in the medial parvicellular PVN. These data established nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and brainstem as part of the neuronal response to abdominal surgery and suggest a possible implication of nesfatin-1 in the alterations of food intake and gastric transit associated with such a stressor.
Wind tunnel tests for mean drag and lift coefficients on multiple circular cylinders arranged in-line

Abstract Mean drag and lift coefficients were studied for groups of two, three, and four circular cylinders arranged in-line, in both smooth and turbulent flow conditions. Effects of varying surface roughness and cylinder size were also investigated. Reynolds numbers for the tests ranged from 2.7×104 to 8.6×104. The majority of the tests were conducted with cylinder arrays sequentially arranged, with their tops aligned on a plane parallel to the incoming free stream. The tested arrays also included combinations with unequal-diameter cylinders. Drag and lift force were measured separately on each cylinder. In many cases, results from smooth and turbulent flow experiments differed significantly. The critical spacing of three to four diameters reported in the literature for two cylinders in tandem in smooth flow was observed to occur in this study for the two-cylinder case as well as in three- and four-cylinder cases. This feature weakened or disappeared in turbulent flow. The force ratio F* was introduced as a measure of the net effects of shielding and interference on the mean drag of the entire cylinder group, which was found to be closely related to the number of cylinders in the group, turbulence and spacing.
Early initiation of peritoneal dialysis after surgical repair of congenital heart disease

The mortality rate of infants who require renal replacement therapy after surgical repair of congenital heart disease has been reported to be 30%-79%. We report our experience with early initiation of continuous manual peritoneal dialysis (CPD) to treat fluid overload in 20 consecutive critically ill children who underwent CPD post cardiotomy. CPD catheters were inserted at the discretion of the cardiothoracic surgeon. CPD was started for evidence of total body fluid overload with inadequate urine output, and stopped when negative fluid balance was achieved and urine output improved. Median age was 10 days (range 3-186 days), mean time to start CPD post-operatively was 22 h (range 5-40 h), and mean duration of CPD was 50 h (range 13-92 h). CPD resulted in mean ultrafiltration of 93 ml/kg per day (range 43-233 ml/kg per day). Net negative fluid balance was 106 ml/kg per day (range 49-273 ml/kg per day). During CPD, the mean number of inotropes decreased from 2.2 to 1.6 (P<0.05) and urine output increased from 2.2 to 3.9 ml/kg per hour (P<0.01). No patient died during CPD or had CPD discontinued due to adverse hemodynamic effects. The overall mortality rate was 20%. We conclude that early initiation of CPD can safely and effectively promote fluid removal in infants after repair of congenital heart disease, with a lower mortality rate than has previously been reported.
GLUT1: A newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas

Juvenile hemangiomas are common, benign vascular tumors of infancy. These lesions enlarge rapidly through cellular hyperplasia during the first year of life and then involute over several years. Distinctive histopathologic features of hemangiomas diminish during this evolution, and differentiation from vascular malformations becomes increasingly difficult. This distinction has important therapeutic implications, as juvenile hemangiomas differ from malformations in natural history and in potential for recurrence. We report here that high endothelial immunoreactivity for the erythrocyte-type glucose transporter protein GLUT1 is a specific feature of juvenile hemangiomas during all phases of these lesions. In a retrospective study, we found intense endothelial GLUT1 immunoreactivity, involving more than 50% of lesional microvessels, in 97% (139 of 143) of juvenile hemangiomas from patients aged 1 month to 11 years. No endothelial GLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in any of 66 vascular malformations (17 arteriovenous, 33 venous, 11 lymphatic, and 5 port-wine) from patients aged 5 days to 75 years, or in any of 20 pyogenic granulomas or 7 granulation tissue specimens. Abundant Ki-67 positivity in these latter lesions established that GLUT1 expression does not simply reflect mitotically active endothelium. Focal GLUT1 immunoreactivity was found in 3 of 12 angiosarcomas, but not in any of 5 hemangioendotheliomas (epithelioid or infantile kaposiform). These findings establish GLUT1 immunoreactivity as a highly selective and diagnostically useful marker for juvenile hemangiomas. Because high levels of endothelial GLUT1 expression in normal tissue are restricted to microvessels with blood-tissue barrier function, these findings also have implications for the molecular and developmental pathogenic mechanisms of juvenile hemangiomas.
Late Stylin’ in an Ill-Fitting Suit: Donald Capps’ Artistic Approach to the Hopeful Self and its Implications for Unacknowledged African American Young Men

Donald Capps stands among a number of pastoral theologians and psychologists of religion who in recent decades have examined the nature of Christian hope. His sustained research on this topic over the entire decade of the 1990s has made his a primary pastoral theological voice on the subject. This article examines how Capps, without declaring a formal method, uses an “artistic approach” to construct a Christian perspective of the hopeful self. Consideration is given to how this understanding of the hopeful self relates to African American young men who feel muted and invisible.
Safeguards for nuclear material transparency monitoring

The US and the Russian Federation are currently engaged in negotiating or implementing several nuclear arms and nuclear material control agreements. These involve placing nuclear material in specially designed containers within controlled facilities. Some of the agreements require the removal of nuclear components from stockpile weapons. These components are placed in steel containers that are then sealed and tagged. Current strategies for monitoring the agreements involve taking neutron and gamma radiation measurements of components in their containers to monitor the presence, mass, and composition of plutonium or highly enriched uranium, as well as other attributes that indicate the use of the material in a weapon. If accurate enough to be useful, these measurements will yield data containing information about the design of the weapon being monitored. In each case, the design data are considered sensitive by one or both parties to the agreement. To prevent the disclosure of this information in a bilateral or trilateral inspection scenario, so-called information barriers have evolved. These barriers combine hardware, software, and procedural safeguards to contain the sensitive data within a protected volume, presenting to the inspector only the processed results needed for verification. Interlocks and volatile memory guard against disclosure in case of failure. Implementing these safeguards requires innovation in radiation measurement instruments and data security. Demonstrating their reliability requires independent testing to uncover any flaws in design. This study discusses the general problem and gives a proposed solution for a high resolution gamma ray detection system. It uses historical examples to illustrate the evolution of other successful systems.
Reactive site polymorphism in the murine protease inhibitor gene family is delineated using a modification of the PCR reaction (PCR + 1)

Murine protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) proteins are encoded by a multigene family which has undergone recent duplication. It has been suggested that the evolution of diversity within this gene family may be driven by unusual selection for novel function at the reactive site of the duplicated members (1,2,3). In an attempt to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate and sequence clones spanning the polymorphic reactive site region, a PCR artifact was identified and determined to result from heteroduplex formation during the co-amplification of the related sequences in this multigene system. This artifact results in sequences which are combinatorial mosaics of the template sequences. We present a simple and general method (PCR + 1) for overcoming this artifact and demonstrate its application in delineating five distinct alpha 1-PI reactive site sequences in C57BL/6 mice, thus providing sequence information to generate gene-specific probes. The significance of the reactive site diversity in this protease inhibitor gene family is discussed as well as the general applications and limitations of the PCR + 1 technique.
The emerging role of GABAB receptors as regulators of network dynamics: fast actions from a 'slow' receptor?

Convention holds that ionotropic receptors mediate fast neurotransmission and that ‘slow’ G-protein coupled metabotropic receptors have a secondary, modulatory role in the control of neuronal networks. Here, we discuss recent evidence showing that activation of metabotropic GABAB receptors in cortical layer 1 can powerfully inhibit principal cell activity and that their activation can rapidly halt ongoing network activity. Inputs from both within and outwith the cortex converge upon layer 1 where they target various populations of interneurons, including neurogliaform cells. We argue that neurogliaform cells are the main effector of a powerful inhibitory circuit that, acting through GABAB receptors, can be differentially recruited by long-range connections to serve in roles as diverse as conscious perception and memory consolidation.
On the resistance of rank correlation

Stochastic independence between random measurements is one of the important aspects of many statistical investigations. In this case, Pearson's product moment correlation is the most commonly used test. Since Pearson's correlation is well-known to be quite sensitive to errors in measurements, rank correlations have been recommended as alternatives. Based on numerical evidence, several rank correlations introduced lately have been claimed more resistant than others. In this paper, we address the analytical quantification of this concept. Finally, five rank correlations are compared according to their resistance properties.
Hematologic effects of stem cell factor (SCF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in vivo : LIF-induced thrombocytosis in SCF-primed mice

Stem cell factor (SCF) administered as daily bolus injections in dose-response experiments in mice causes a progressive and dramatic dose-dependent panleukocytosis characterized by neutrophilia, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and lymphocytosis. SCF causes circulating platelet numbers to be dose-dependently increased after 2 weeks of daily injections. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) administered as daily bolus injections in mice causes a peripheral leukopenia that is largely due to peripheral lymphopenia. LIF causes thrombocytosis peaking after approximately 1 w. Coinjection of SCF and LIF for 1 to 2 wk in mice does not cause a much greater thrombocytosis than the maximum thrombocytosis achievable with SCF or LIF alone. On the other hand, daily injection of SCF for 5 days followed by daily injection of LIF for 5 to 6 d in mice causes a very substantial increase in platelets that was lineage-specific in terms of not being accompanied by a generalized leukocytosis. In contrast, only a very modest thrombocytosis was noted in SCF-primed LIF-treated rats. LIF causes a large increase in the cytoplasmic volume of splenic megakaryocytes in mice, but not in rats. In conclusion, SCF-induced priming followed by LIF-induced maturation of megakaryocytes causes a substantial selective increase in the numbers of circulating platelets in mice.
The efficacy of resin-compatible cavity varnishes in reducing dentin permeability to free monomer

The effectiveness of three resin-compatible cavity varnishes in reducing the dentin permeability to free monomer liquid was evaluated by means of a dentin disk mounted within a pressurized split-chamber diffusion device filled with low-viscosity aliphatic dimethacrylate. Substantial reduction in dentin permeability was obtained with all of the products tested (Microjoin, Cavi-Line, and Universal). This study suggests their likely effectiveness as a protective barrier against permeation of free monomer into the dental pulp.
Performance of Mexican Agriculture: Discussion

The importance of macroeconomic events and policy in influencing the incentives to agriculture has become one of the stylized facts of modem agricultural economics. Schuh's papers, beginning in 1974 on the relation between exchange rates and agriculture, are one of the major contributions in establishing this fact for North American agriculture. The recent World Bank studies guided by Krueger, Schiff, and Valdes provide additional evidence for developing countries by showing that indirect taxation of agriculture through maroeconomic policy has overwhelmed the positive protection given import-substituting agriculture through direct interventions on pricing and trade. The papers presented in this session reaffirm this growing evidence of the importance of macroeconomic phenomena in determining the incentives to agriculture. In particular, Villa-Issa's paper outlines how changes in government policy in Mexico affected agriculture in particular from the postwar period. He implicitly hypothesizes that these linkages occurred through import-substituting protection and macroeconomic policy as reflected by changes in the real exchange rate and the internal terms of trade between agriculture and industry. In this note, I will elaborate on this linkage in the case of Mexico from 1965 to the present.
Spatially resolved imaging of inhomogeneous charge transfer behavior in polymorphous molybdenum oxide. II. Correlation of localized coloration/insertion properties using spectroelectrochemical microscopy.

A newly developed spectroelectrochemical imaging approach for directly assessing lithium ion insertion energetics and kinetics in mixed-phase, polymorphous MoO3 is reported. Two variants of spectro...
Exploration, play, and cognitive functioning related to infant-mother attachment

Forty infant-mother dyads participated in a short-term longitudinal study relating security of attachment at 12 months of age to exploratory behavior, social behavior, cognitive development, and language at 21 months. Bayley Mental Scale performance favored the securely attached toddlers. Securely-attached toddlers had a larger observed vocabulary than insecurely-attached toddlers, and many more of the securely-attached toddlers issued spontaneous verbal self-directions. Securely-attached toddlers were more playful with both the adult playmate and the Bayley examiner, while insecure toddlers tended to actively avoid the playmate. Secure toddlers took more spontaneous pleasure in their play with objects, and paid more attention to the features of a puzzle toy. During free play securely-attached toddlers were more intensely involved in their bouts of exploration and play than were insecurely-attached toddlers. Insecurely-attached toddlers had shorter attention spans.
Soil Temperature Model for CERES and Similar Crop Models

Frequently the soil heat transfer is considered as a one-dimensional (vertical) process which may be described by the differential equation (DE) of soil heat flow. Regarding the upper boundary, equations for bare and cropped fields are developed by means of data of Kiel and Michigan. For the lower boundary a theoretical and an empirical equation are given. The soil heat conductivity was estimated by the formulas of McInnes (1981). Equations are proposed for estimating the clay and quartz contents which are needed in these formulas. The convective term in the differential equation (DE) may be omitted without significant loss of precision. For the SALUS model in which the two upper layers are 2 resp. 5 cm thick a simple approximative solution for these two layers is given. The temperatures of the deeper layers are calculated by the DE for which in this case only two time steps per day are necessary. This yields short computing times.
A Rigorous Simulation Study of Water Coning and Edge Water Encroachment Using A Sector Model

A simulation study was conducted in a shaly sandstone reservoir to study field observed coning behavior of a single well and recommend an optimum production rate for its sustained operation. The simulation model covers a 13 km by 5 km area to enable simultaneous simulation of individual well coning and regional edge water encroachment. The effect of areal grid size on matching the observed coning behavior was investigated using Local Refined Grid (LRG). A 20-meter LRG model was chosen to perform various prediction cases to determine the optimum production rate for the coning well. The model was also used to investigate development options to accelerate the recovery of downdip oil, where a 50 feet shallower oil-water contact is observed. This study shows the utility of sector models to study individual well coning behavior and optimize production rate restrictions due to coning, where the regional oil-water contact is dynamic. Conventional single well radial models are considered inappropriate in such cases.
Coherence and bidirectional reasoning in complex and risky decision-making tasks

The facts matter, but the story matters more. (David R. Dow, author of The autobiography of an execution, as cited in Lithwick, 2010, p. 10) The process of making sense of and making decisions in complex and risky task settings is illustrated via detailed examination of decision tasks given to professional external auditors making a going concern judgment and to non-experts serving as mock jurors. Consistent with coherence and constraint satisfaction theory, the assessments of the evidence do diverge and the correlations between the decision and the aspects, as well as those between the various aspects, become stronger as the decision-making process progresses. An examination of adjustments made to individual aspects illustrates how coherence is generated and highlights the role of relative aspect mutability. Neural network models are built of the various decisions and their outputs related to the decision-makers' stated confidence in their decisions. The findings shed further light on the workings of inf...
Narrating selfhood and personality in South Korea: women and social mobility

In this article I analyze the constitution of selfhood by exploring those narratives about personality that are at the heart of middle-aged South Korean women's social mobility stories. In this project I consider agency as a discursive phenomenon: it is not an asset but is instead a particular narrative convention. Thus selfhoods are variously fortified by agency or overdetermined by larger social and historical forces. This article thereby contributes to a narrative understanding of social transformation and the rendering of social justice over periods of rapid social change such as the recent past in post-Korean War South Korea.
Evaluation of decoquinate or lasalocid against coccidiosis from natural exposure in neonatal dairy calves.

Forty-one Holstein and Brown Swiss calves were raised as herd replacements under conditions in which they were allowed natural exposure to sporulated coccidial oocysts at a very early age. Two compounds previously shown to have anticoccidial efficacies, decoquinate and lasalocid, were used for this study. Calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of the treatments: decoquinate (approximately .5 mg/kg of BW) or lasalocid (approximately 1.0 mg/kg of BW) or to remain as unmedicated controls through 16 or 24 wk of age. Counts of fecal oocysts were reduced in the calves fed decoquinate for wk 4 to 8 and for both treated groups for wk 9 to 24. Calves fed decoquinate had increased BW, heart girth, and height at withers during wk 5 to 8. Both treated groups had higher gains than untreated calves during wk 12 to 16 with the decoquinate group larger than the lasalocid group. Feeding an anticoccidial compound to newborn calves reduced severity of coccidiosis when early natural exposure occurred.
Numerical simulations of helicopter aerodynamics and acoustics

This paper demonstrates several new methods for computing acoustic signals from helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight. Aerodynamic and acoustic solutions in the near field are computed with two different finite-volume flow solvers for the Euler equations. A solution-adaptive unstructured-grid Euler solver models a rotor in hover while a more conventional structured-grid solver is used for forward flight calculations. A nonrotating cylindrical surface is then placed around the entire rotor system. This surface moves subsonically with the rotor hub in forward flight. The finite-volume solution is interpolated onto this cylindrical surface at every time step and a Kirchhoff integration propagates the acoustic signal to the far field. Computed values for high-speed impulsive noise in hover and forward flight show excellent agreement with experimental data. Results from the combined finite-volume/Kirchhoff method offer high accuracy with reasonable computer resource requirements.
Chapter 14: Role of Triage Testing in Cervical Cancer Screening

The classic model of cervical cancer prevention-primary screening with cytology, followed by diagnostic colposcopically directed biopsy, and finally treatment of cancer precursors-is undergoing dynamic change. The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and other new modalities provides more options but increases complexity in the sequence of screening, triage, diagnosis, and patient management. This chapter will focus on the role of triage and risk stratification in management. The utility of HPV testing has been established for triage of cytologic findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance but not for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or worse. Countries without established cytology services may consider alternative screening, triage, and treatment programs that may be more readily implemented than a resource-rich "cytology followed by colposcopy" paradigm requiring an infrastructure of highly trained personnel. The diagnostic step of colposcopy and directed biopsy is not completely sensitive in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 as is sometimes assumed. The partial insensitivity of this diagnostic step results in a population of women with negative colposcopically directed-biopsy findings but at increased risk for missed prevalent disease: these women may require additional triage rather than resumption of routine screening. As more efficient screening, triage, and diagnosis increase the sensitivity of detection of even very small CIN2 or CIN3, overtreatment of lesions that might otherwise regress becomes a concern and highlights the need to identify accurate markers of risk of progression to cancer. Markers of molecular events further along the pathway from HPV infection to development of cancer may ultimately provide more specificity in triage and diagnosis.
Measurement of Radon, Thoron, Isotopic Uranium and Thorium to Determine Occupational and Environmental Exposure and Risk at Fernald Feed Material Production Center

To develop a new and novel area and personal radon/thoron detector for both radon isotopes to better measure the exposure to low airborne concentrations of these gases at Fernald. These measurements are to be used to determine atmospheric dispersion and exposure to radon and thoron prior to and during retrieval and removal of the 4000 Ci of radium in the two silos at Fernald.
Domains, integration and ‘positive analysis’

This article surveys a variety of approaches to integration theory that have arisen in the context of continuous domain theory. The presentation is set in a broader context of ‘positive’ analysis, analysis where order-theoretic notions and notions of positivity play a key role.
Answering questions about the unquestionable in Korean conversation

Abstract Conversation analytic studies have shown many dynamic ways of answering and resisting questions across languages. This study identifies a routine practice in Korean with which recipients indicate problems with questions, and it explains the role of the delimiter particle ya ‘of course’ in displaying resistance. Examinations of the sequential environments in which ya occurs demonstrate that traditional accounts of ya as an emphatic marker fail to capture its interactional import. In responses to questions, recipients commonly use ya to overtly stress the evident nature of a matter, and thus display resistance toward questions that (a) inquire about unquestionable matters that the questioner should not have asked about or doubted; (b) raise an obvious thus pointless matter that is ancillary or off the sequential track; or (c) inquire about referents that are obviously irrelevant. As a delimiter particle, ya can be attached to any of several specific linguistic elements to pick out particular aspects of a matter; this feature allows the recipients to problematize those aspects of a question rather than the whole question itself. With a simple attachment of ya, recipients walk a fine line between addressing problems in questions and answering them. This study sheds new light on the interactional import of delimiter particles.
Reconfigurable CMOS Tuners for Software-Defined Radio

A reconfigurable tuner is demonstrated by using a low-loss shielded coplanar waveguide transmission line periodically loaded with CMOS transistor switches in series with capacitors. The switch-capacitor combination is used to change the local impedance of the transmission line in a binary fashion. It achieves a higher capacitance ratio (by 60%), less transmission loss (by 40%), higher quality factor (by 100%), and subsequently wider bandwidth and better Smith impedance chart coverage compared to optimized CMOS varactors realized in the same technology. The 5-16 GHz tuner demonstrated here is implemented in a standard 0.13-mum CMOS technology and can be configured to 220 different impedances through an integrated 20-bit shift register.
Margins of Safety Provided by COSHH Essentials and the ILO Chemical Control Toolkit

COSHH Essentials, developed by the UK Health and Safety Executive, and the Chemical Control Toolkit (Toolkit) proposed by the International Labor Organization, are 'control banding' approaches to workplace risk management intended for use by proprietors of small and medium-sized businesses. Both systems group chemical substances into hazard bands based on toxicological endpoint and potency. COSSH Essentials uses the European Union's Risk-phrases (R-phrases), whereas the Toolkit uses R-phrases and the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals. Each hazard band is associated with a range of airborne concentrations, termed exposure bands, which are to be attained by the implementation of recommended control technologies. Here we analyze the margin of safety afforded by the systems and, for each hazard band, define the minimal margin as the ratio of the minimum airborne concentration that produced the toxicological endpoint of interest in experimental animals to the maximum concentration in workplace air permitted by the exposure band. We found that the minimal margins were always <100, with some ranging to <1, and inversely related to molecular weight. The Toolkit-GHS system generally produced margins equal to or larger than COSHH Essentials, suggesting that the Toolkit-GHS system is more protective of worker health. Although, these systems predict exposures comparable with current occupational exposure limits, we argue that the minimal margins are better indicators of health protection. Further, given the small margins observed, we feel it is important that revisions of these systems provide the exposure bands to users, so as to permit evaluation of control technology capture efficiency.
Reducing test application time in scan design schemes

We present new methods to reduce test times in sequential circuits using scan. The problem of reducing test application time is shown to be computationally intractable. We discuss heuristic techniques to reduce test times. Fault simulation and correlation between test vectors are used to reduce test times, without affecting fault coverage. Our methods can be used to process a test set after test generation is complete. They lead to a substantial reduction in test times.
Kinetics of the Degradation and Regeneration of Betanine

The degradation and regeneration kinetics of betanine in solution at pH 5.0 under nitrogen and oxygen were studied at 65, 75, 85 and 90°C. HPLC was used to monitor the concentration changes of betanine and its degradation products, betalamic acid and cyclodopa-S-0-glycoside. Betanine is partially regenerated. Rate constants for the degradation reaction were calculated and the activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions were determined to be 17.6 and 0.64 Kcal/mole, respectively. The enthalpy change (ΔH) was calculated as 16.8 Kcal. The presence of betalamic acid and cyclodopa-5-0-glycoside favor regeneration of the pigment. A kinetic reaction model which accounts for the reversibility of the degradation reaction was adopted and can predict the amount of betanine remaining before and after regeneration of the pigment.
Competitive polymerase chain reaction quantitation of c-erbA beta 1, c-erbA alpha 1, and c-erbA alpha 2 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in normal, heterozygous, and homozygous fibroblasts of kindred S with thyroid hormone resistance.

Mutations in the T3-binding domain of the thyroid hormone receptor gene c-erbA beta result in dominant negative proteins and thyroid hormone resistance syndromes. Variable clinical manifestations of resistance to thyroid hormones have been reported, including short stature and neuropsychological abnormalities. The molecular bases for heterogeneity of phenotype among and within kindreds have not been fully elucidated. Recent investigations have considered differential expression of mutant and wild-type beta 1-receptor alleles and the regulation thereof as a mechanism to explain differential sensitivity to thyroid hormones. We used reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure c-erbA beta 1, c-erbA alpha 1, and c-erbA alpha 2 mRNAs in skin fibroblasts cultured from normal subjects, heterozygotes, and a severely affected homozygous mutant of kindred S. The homozygous mutant of kindred S had severe growth and mental retardation. After reverse transcription with primers specific ...