cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ataractics and strain differences in audiogenic seizures in mice.

1. Chlorpromazine was active in antagonizing audiogenic seizures of the DBA-1 strain and nonprotective against seizures in an inbred Swiss strain (O'Grady). 2. Reserpine was found to be slightly more active against seizures in the DBA strain than in the Swiss strain. 3. Meprobamate was approximately 18 times more active against seizures in the DBA strain than in the Swiss strain. 4. It is suggested that strain differences be considered when neurotropic agents are evaluated against audiogenic seizures in mice.
Response of Brazos River Oxbow Fish Assemblages to Patterns of Hydrologic Connectivity and Environmental Variability

Abstract Three oxbow lakes with different connection frequencies and an adjacent reach of the middle Brazos River, Texas, were surveyed quarterly from summer 1993 to summer 1996 to examine the effects of hydrology and physicochemical attributes on fish assemblage structure. During flood events, oxbows usually were colonized by about 20 fish species from the river channel, and several fluvial specialists were rarely or never sampled from oxbows. Multivariate analyses of seine samples revealed divergent patterns of assemblage structure during periods of isolation that also were associated with a gradient of maximum water depth, temperature, and conductivity. In contrast, analysis of gill-net samples that targeted large fishes revealed low between-site and temporal variation in assemblage structure among oxbow lakes but significant differences in the structure of oxbow versus channel assemblages. The shallowest oxbow (which dried out with greatest frequency) had the most variable fish assemblage across seaso...
Foundations of the state-space theory of continuous systems. I

Foundations of the theory of continuous systems based on the concept of states are studied with rigorous definitions, using generalized functions. Both finite-and infinite-dimensional, linear, time-invariant systems are characterized; application to Cauchy problems and distribution semigroups is presented.
Impact of omeprazole on the plasma clearance of methotrexate

Omeprazole inhibits the gastric hydrogen pump and is an effective treatment for peptic ulcers. Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and is eliminated by a hydrogen-ion-dependent mechanism in the kidney. We present evidence that omeprazole inhibits methotrexate clearance and may result in potentially toxic methotrexate levels.
Establishing the Mental Health Baseline

This paper introduces a new organization, cognitive-web.org, whose goal is to make cognitive tests available on the internet, and thereby to provide users with a "mental health baseline" against which to assess their cognitive function over time. These tests will provide information about changes in cognitive function during normal aging and in dementia.
Over-simplification and error in public opinion surveys on capital punishment

Public opinion polls have shown a marked increase in support for capital punishment. Results of a recent poll, which resulted from collaboration between the author and Associated Press, further clarify published findings of public opinion polls and challenge the common wisdom that support for the death penalty is increasing. It was found that only 12 percent of those polled opposed the death penalty in all cases, that 57 percent advocated its use under some circumstances and that 27 percent supported the death penalty for all murder cases. These findings differ little from those reported by Louis Harris in 1973 (Bedau 1982).
A new gustometer for testing taste discrimination in the monkey

A fully automated, 10-channel gustometer for use with nonhuman primates is described. The system, constructed primarily from commercially available components, includes an intelligence panel (containing sample spout, reward spout, and two operant response keys) that attaches to the door of a standard primate cage. The novel feature of the gustometer is a sample delivery spout that can be flushed, rinsed, and refilled within a specially designed rinsing chamber. All wetted surfaces of the gustometer are either Teflon, glass, or stainless steel. Flame photometric analysis confirmed the absence of cross-contamination between trials. Behavioral data collected from one rhesus monkey using a shock-suppression procedure demonstrates the detection threshold for sodium chloride. Improvements to the design, including the addition of pressurized sample delivery triggered by a lickometer circuit, are discussed.
McCarthyism and our Asia policy

(1969). McCarthyism and our Asia policy. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 23-26.
Martensite crystallography and elastic-stiffness coefficients

We considered the effect of the elastic-stiffness coefficients on the martensite crystallographic features, especially the habit plane. We approached the problem with an elastic-energy-minimization inclusion model. As shown previously, this model agrees exactly with the WLR-BM invariant-plane-strain theories when elastic stiffness is neglected and strain energy equals zero. As a first example, we considered the large-strain Fe-31Ni (fcc to bcc) transformation. Second, we considered a small-strain example: In-23T1 (fcc to fct). Finally, we considered the A15 compound Nb 3 Sn (bcc to bct), which shows soft-mode behavior during cooling, where the C'=(C 11 -C 12 )/2 elastic stiffness essentially vanishes, leading to a near-zero shear modulus. All three cases yielded the same result: the habit plane shows no response to elastic softening or stiffening.
Cine magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler flow mapping displays of flow velocity, spatial acceleration, and jet formation: A comparative in vitro study

To study the effects of flow acceleration and high-velocity jets on the display characteristics of cine magnetic resonance imaging compared with color Doppler flow mapping, a custom-designed in vitro flow model was developed. This model consisted of a funnel segment tapering to an orifice (0.78 cm2) that leads into a confined receiving chamber with a second, discrete orifice (0.78 cm2) at its distal end. Cine magnetic resonance images obtained at varying flow rates (1.5 to 27.2 L/min) demonstrated loss of signal intensity throughout the tapering zone of spatial acceleration and a small zone of more marked signal loss immediately proximal to the second orifice (always <50% of the signal intensity within the tapering funnel zone) associated with more rapid spatial acceleration. A formed jet was imaged distal to the first orifice, and the turbulence area surrounding the laminar central jet core correlated well with flow rate (r = 0.98), as did the distance from the orifice to the subsequent onset of flow relaminarization (r = 0.96). A turbulent spray area was always seen distal to the second, discrete orifice. Comparative observations with color Doppler flow mapping and continuous wave Doppler demonstrated that signal intensity on cine magnetic resonance imaging is reduced by both spatial acceleration, and the high-velocity and turbulent jets associated with obstructive and regurgitant lesions. In vitro evaluation of cine magnetic resonance imaging allows comparative observations to be made about the flow characteristics of cine magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler flow mapping and provides a more rational basis for the interpretation of cine magnetic resonance imaging in the clinical setting.
Highly reliable high-efficiency wavelength-stabilized 885 nm diode laser bars

We report on the progress of highly-reliable, high-efficiency 885-nm diode laser bar arrays. Conduction-cooled hardsoldered bars rated to 60W and 57% conversion efficiency demonstrate >30,000 device hours under 1-sec on, 1-sec off hard pulse conditions failure-free. Microchannel-cooled bars rated to 100W and 62% efficiency demonstrate >100,000 accelerated device hours failure-free. Integrated volume Bragg grating fast axis lenses provide wavelength stabilization at low cost. Vertically stacked arrays (seven bars each) of such configuration are demonstrated with a 0.8 nm FWHM spectral width and rated to 700W, 53% conversion efficiency.
A new approach to genetic alteration of soybean protein composition and quality

Although soybeans produce high-quality meal, modern animal and fish production systems often require synthetic essential amino acid supplements to fortify feed rations. However, biotechnology may enable development of soybeans with naturally adequate levels of certain essential amino acids for advanced feed formulations. One approach involves genetic manipulation of glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S) contents, the principal components of soybean storage proteins. Because 11S contains more cysteine and methionine than 7S protein, a higher 11S:7S ratio could lead to beneficial changes in the nutritional quality of soybean meal. Although genotypic variation for 11S:7S may be low among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, ratios ranging from 1.7–4.9 were observed among accessions of the wild ancestor of cultivated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb, and Zucc.). Thus, wild soybean germplasm was evaluated as a potential source of genes that govern protein synthesis that may have been lost during the domestication of G. max. Change in the amount of 11S protein accounts for a significant portion of the genotypic variation in protein concentration and composition among wild soybeans. Strong positive correlation exists between the 11S:7S ratio and methionine or cysteine concentration of total protein. Moderate positive associations were found for threonine or tyrosine. A moderate negative correlation was found between lysine and 11S:7S. No association was found for leucine and phenylalanine or for total essential amino acid concentration. Based on these data, G. soja may contain a different complement of genes that influence expression of 11S and 7S proteins than G. max germplasm. Thus, through interspecific hybridization, wild soybeans may be a useful genetic resource for the further improvement of protein quality in cultivated soybeans.
Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by dichloroacetate

Abstract Gluconeogenesis from lactate by isolated hepatocytes suspended in a low bicarbonate medium is effectively inhibited by the hypoglycemic agent dichloroacetate. With this medium dichloroacetate suppresses the accumulation of the components of the malateaspartate shuttle, limits mitochondrial utilization of cytoplasmic reducing equivalents, and makes the availability of pyruvate and/or oxaloacetate limiting for gluconeogenesis. Much less inhibition is observed with hepatocytes suspended in a medium (Krebs−Henseleit saline) containing physiological concentrations of bicarbonate. No inhibition is observed with Krebs-Henseleit saline supplemented with lysine as a source of amino groups for the malate-aspartate shuttle. Thus, dichloroacetate inhibition of gluconeogenesis is observed only when hepatocytes are incubated in a medium deficient in bicarbonate and amino acids. This means that the action of dichloroacetate as a hypoglycemi agent is best explained by stimulation of peripheral tissue utilization of glucose and potential precursors for hepati gluconeogenesis rather than by direct inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Differing effects of acid versus neutral phosphate therapy of hypercalciuria

Differing effects of acid versus neutral phosphate therapy in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Studies were performed on 12 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria to evaluate the hypothesis that the acid load accompanying potassium acid phosphate would adversely affect renal calcium reabsorption and citrate excretion compared to the neutral form of the phosphate salt. During acute clearance studies, neutral phosphate (NP) led to a fall in FE Ca (2.2 ± 0.6% to 0.8 ± 0.1%, P Ca acutely, and led to a rise in TA (22 ± 4 to 62 ± 6 µEq/min, P Effets differents du traitement de l'hypercalciurie par les formes acide ou neutre du phosphate. Douze malades atteints d'hypercalciurie idiopathique ont ete etudies pour evaluer l'hypothese selon laquelle la charge acide incluse dans le phosphate acide de potassium pourrait defavorablement influencer la reabsorption renale de calcium et l'excretion urinaire de citrate par comparaison avec la forme neutre du phosphate. Au cours d'etudes aigues, le phosphate neutre (NP) a determine une chute de FE Ca (2,2 ± 0,6% a 0,8 ± 0,1%; P Ca et determine une augmentation de TA (22 ± 4 a 62 ± 6 µEq/min; P
The Arithmetic Element of the IBM Type 701 Computer

The arithmetic element of the IBM Type 701 Computer contains a number of innovations, both in circuits and in logic, which distinguish it from that used in other high-speed, parallel, binary computers. The most significant of these is the storage element used in the arithmetic registers, in place of the more usual flip-flop or trigger circuit. Use of this new element enables a number of simplifications to be introduced in the methods of executing instructions.
Surface core level shifts and the termination at the (001) surface of equi-atomic CuAuI

Abstract We have measured the binding energy shift of the Au-4f core levels at the (001) surface of equi-atomic CuAuI. We show that this result enables us to make a definitive determination of the termination at the surface.
Persistent Cutaneous Cellular Immune Responsiveness in a Nursing Home Population

Mantoux-type skin tests were applied to 29 elderly residents of an intermediate care floor of a nursing home. Eight antigens were used with each resident, and the size of the reactions was measured at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. All but one resident had at least one response greater than or equal to 3 mm at 48 or 72 hours, and most had more than one response of that size. At 48 compared with 72 hours, there was one more responder and the mean size of the reactions to each antigen was greatest. However, there were two responders at 72 hours who did not react at 48 hours, and the total number of reactions in the group was greater at the later reading. Only one resident did not produce any response at either 48 or 74 hours. The minimum number of antigens needed to identify all responsive subjects was five (PPD-Avian, coccidioidin, histoplasmin, streptokinase-streptodornase, and trychophytin). The purified protein derivative of tuberculin skin test was repeated on subjects who had an initial response less than 10 mm, and one increase of more than 6 mm was observed in a resident who was initially unresponsive to that antigen.
A Visit to the Mughal Harem: Lives of Royal Women

The foundation of the Mughal Empire in India was laid by Zahiruddin Babur in 1526 but it was the political innovations and experiments of his grandson, Mohammad Jalaluddin Akbar (1556–1605) that ga...
Toward single-shot measurement of a broadband ultrafast continuum

We discuss the problem of measuring the intensity and phase of a broadband continuum in a single shot, considering three possible methods, and perform preliminary measurements using one of them. Our measurements use transient-grating cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating (TG XFROG) with a third-order nonlinear medium, which currently can phase match over 300 nm simultaneously. We demonstrate this technique for a continuum generated in bulk fused silica that is 12.5 mm thick. Due to limited reference-pulse energy, we do not achieve a true single-shot measurement, instead averaging over approximately five shots. The retrieved trace and spectrum contain fine structure, and the retrieved temporal phase is mainly quadratic.
Function emulation using radial basis function networks

Abstract While learning an unknown input-output task, humans first strive to understand the qualitative structure of the function. Accuracy of performance is then improved with practice. In contrast, existing neural network function approximators do not have an explicit means for abstracting the qualitative structure of a target function. To fill this gap, we introduce the concept of function emulation, according to which the central goal of training is to “emulate” the qualitative structure of the target function. The framework of catastrophe or singularity theory is used to characterize the qualitative structure of a smooth function, which is organized by the critical points of the function. The proposed scheme of function emulation uses the radial basis function network to realize a modular architecture wherein each module emulates the target function in the neighborhood of a critical point. The network size required to emulate the target in the neighborhood of a critical point is shown to be related to a certain complexity measure of the critical point. For a large class of smooth functions, the present scheme produces a graph-like abstraction of the target, thereby providing a qualitative representation of a quantitative input-output relation. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Intravenous gamma globulin in the management of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia

Abstract The safety and efficacy of plasmin-treated gamma globulin (PT-GG), an intravenous preparation with low anticomplementary activity, was assessed as an antibody replacement therapy in 14 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Seven patients were studied in 2 treatment periods of 6 and 15 mo on PT-GG with an intervening control period of intramuscular gamma globulin (IM-ISG). Frequency of infusions ranged from 2 to 4 wk to maintain a serum IgG concentration of
Photolyase activities of Elysia tuca, Bursatella leachii, and Haminaea antillarum (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia)

The recent reduction in stratospheric ozone has led to speculation that marine organisms may be harmed by increased exposure to midultraviolet radiation (UVB). Elysia tuca Marcus, Bursatella leachii Rang and Haminaea antillarum d'Orbigny are opisthobranch slugs which dwell in shallow marine waters and are exposed to different amounts of biologically damaging solar UVB. As adults, E. tuca are exposed to the highest levels of solar UVB, B. leachii are exposed to moderate levels of solar UVB, and H. antillarum are exposed to low levels of solar UVB. As larvae, the planktotrophic B. leachii are probably exposed to the most solar UVB, followed by the lecithotrophic larvae of E. tuca and then the direct developing larvae of H. antillarum, which have no planktonic stage of development. In this study, the capacity of photolyase-mediated DNA repair for each species was determined to examine interspecific variation in the ability of these marine slugs to repair UV-induced DNA damage. A DNA repair assay involving incubation of a UV-damaged plasmid with slug extracts containing photoreactivating enzyme was used. Partially purified E. tuca photolyase extracts repaired 19.82 ± 7.15% (mean ± sd) of the damaged plasmid DNA; B. leachii photolyase extracts repaired 4.59 ± 1.92% of the damaged plasmid DNA; H. antillarum photolyase extracts repaired 20.32 ± 9.22% of the damaged plasmid DNA. The results of nonorthogonal planned comparisons tests between species showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the comparison between the photorepair capacities of B. leachii and E. tuca photolyase extracts, and in the comparison between the photorepair capacities of B. leachii and H. antillarum photolyase extracts, but no significance in the comparison between the photorepair capacities of E. tuca and H. antillarum photolyase extracts.
Cation-induced shifts in the proton NMR spectroscopy of dioxydiacetamide ionophores

Abstract Complexation of 1,2-disubstituted dioxydiacetamides with Group II cations in MeOH-d4 results in downfield 1H NMR shifts. These cation induced shifts (CATIS) can be used to estimate the stoichiometry of cation/ligand binding. The shifts decrease in the order: Ca2+>Mg2+>Sr2+>Ba2+ while the order of binding is Ca2+>Sr2+>Ba2+⪢Mg2+. The shifts are independent of the nature of the anion except for Mg2+ where the CATIS decreases in the order: I−>Br−>Cl−>ClO4−.
Physical Properties of Thin Metallic Films. III. Some Factors Affecting the Resistance of Sputtered Platinum Films

Resistance of sputtered platinum films; aging in vacuo and in various gases.---The rapid decrease of resistance which occurs if a film is kept in vacuo after sputtering, is doubtless due to coalescence or agglomeration of the particles making up the film. In air, oxygen and hydrogen, however, this aging practically stops, probably because the adsorption of gas around the particles prevents further coalescence until the gas is removed by re\"evacuation or by chemical means. This adsorption theory was tested in various ways and was found in accord with all the facts. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are only slightly adsorbed. The effect of heating is to accelerate and further the aging process but with prolonged heating the resistance reaches a minimum and then increases indefinitely. Temperature coefficients of resistance to 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C. were measured for films previously aged at a higher temperature and were found to depend, like the resistance itself, more on the physical condition, as determined by heat treatment, than on the thickness of the film. The highest coefficient measured was 0.002 which is about 4/7 of that of platinum in bulk. Very thin films have negative coefficients.Activation of platinum by sputtering.---Both the sputtered film and the cathode used in sputtering cause hydrogen and oxygen to combine at room temperature so rapidly that the film and the cathode may become very hot.
Assignment of six enzyme loci to multipoint linkage groups in fishes of the genus Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae): designation of linkage groups III-V.

Three new linkage groups of enzyme loci are described usingPoeciliopsis monacha × P. viriosa-derived interspecific backcross hybrids. Comparison to known linkage groups of the confamilial genusXiphophorus shows homology betweenXiphophorus linkage group I andPoeciliopsis linkage group III,Xiphophorus linkage group II andPoeciliopsis linkage group I, andXiphophorus linkage group IV andPoeciliopsis linkage group IV. Comparison of the gene content of other fish, amphibians, and mammal syntenic groups suggests retention of plesiomorphic vertebrate gene arrangements in at least two poeciliid linkage groups. Expansion of thePoeciliopsis gene map should be of utility in the identification of tumor regulatory genes through demonstration of linkage to biochemical markers.
Cooperative Leadership in Economic Education—Responsibility of All

(1961). Cooperative Leadership in Economic Education—Responsibility of All. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 146-147.
Causes and Prevention of Foodborne Illness

Foodborne illness is caused by eating or drinking contaminated foods or beverages. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA; 2006) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 2005), 76 million persons get sick, 325,000 are hospitalized, and 5,000 die annually from foodborne infection and illness in the United States. A century ago, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and cholera were the common foodborne diseases (CDC, 2005). As a result of improvements in food safety (pasteurization of milk, safe canning, and disinfection of water), the food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world; nevertheless, food and beverages are still sources of bacteria and viruses that can cause foodborne illnesses, sometimes also referred to as food poisoning (CDC, 2005). The most commonly recognized foodborne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and by a group of viruses called Noroviruses (and other calciviruses; CDC, 2005). See Table 1 for a list of the major pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses.
Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disorders.

Features useful in distinguishing choldren with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) from those with autism or language disorder were developed from a retrospective chart review using groups of children with PDD-NOS and MA-and sex-matched autistic and language-disordered groups. Charts were reviewed using a list of 80 items compiled from various sources. Items that had adequate interrater reliability and significantly discriminated the PDD-NOS cases from the language-disordered or autistic cases were then evaluated using a second set of cases and signal detection methods. Fewer items significantly discriminated cases with autism from those with PDD-NOS as compared to cases with language disorder. Clinical implications are discussed.
Mercury concentrations in fish from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Excessive mercury concentrations ostensibly due to pollution have been widely reported in fish tissue. The concentrations of mercury occurring naturally in fish tissue have not been well defined. A collection for mercury analysis of 198 fish of five species was made in 1972 in three high altitude streams in the Great Smoky Mountains, 20–25 km from the nearest pollution source. Mercury concentrations were (means, p.p.m.): rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, 0.036; brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, 0.018 ; banded sculpin Cottus carolinae, 0.025; rosyside aceClinostomus funduloides, 0.044; stoneroller Campostoma anomalum, 0.039. There was no significant difference in mercury concentration among fish analyzed whole, with gastrointestinal tract removed, or a strip of axial musculature. There was a significant (P0.05) difference in mercury concentration among species in one stream and in three species from different streams. A second collection of fish of the same species in 1973 verified the 1972 results. Methylmercury constituted 93 ±2.6% of total mercury. These results indicate that all fish acquire about the same tissue concentrations of mercury at chronic exposure to very low levels.
Quantum statistics of a laser cooled ideal gas

We study the dynamics of a system of bosonic or fermionic atoms in a microscopic trap undergoing laser cooling. We show that the stationary state can be described by a Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac distribution, respectively. Fluorescence from the system reflects quantum statistical properties.
Induced inactivation of the potassium permeability of squid axon membranes.

IN one of their classic papers on the membrane currents of squid giant axons, Hodgkin and Huxley1 described the phenomenon called inactivation of the sodium permeability, which has the following properties, (i) After a step depolarization of the voltage clamped fibre, the sodium current increases and then spontaneously decreases even though the membrane potential is held constant. (ii) The magnitude of the sodium current elicited by a step depolarization to a fixed potential is a function of the membrane potential in the period preceding the step, and is large if the fibre is hyperpolarized in this period, small if it is depolarized. (iii) The rate at which inactivation develops depends on the membrane potential, and is more rapid for large depolarizations than for small ones. In the description by Hodgkin and Huxley, inactivation is confined to the sodium permeability. More recently a slow inactivation of the potassium permeability has been described2. I report here that, following the injection of pentyl triethyl ammonium iodide, the potassium permeability shows properties that are qualitatively indistinguishable from the sodium inactivation described above.
Expression of spectrin in nonerythroid cells.

spleen cells to the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutimin. The ,f3-endorphin effect was dose-dependent at concentrations similar to those found in rat plasma. ,&Endorphin had no effect on resting, unstimulated spleen cells. Recently, Schweigerer et al. (Nature 296, 572-574, 1982) reported specific nonopiate binding of &-endorphin to both terminal complexes of human complement: the cytolytic, membrane-derived C5b-9(m) complex, and the cytolytically inactive, serum-derived SC5b-9 complex. These observations suggest that ,L?-endorphin may play an important role in the immune system. For the last few years, more than 60 /I-endorphin analogs have been synthesized by the solid-phase method and characterized. Their biological activities have been assessed by opiate receptor binding, inhibition of electrically stimulated contraction of guinea pig ileum preparation and mouse tail-flick analgesic and radioimmunoreactivity assays. These data, recently reviewed (Li, Hormonal Proteins and Peptides 10, l-34, 19811, suggest the presence of three binding sites in the /I-endorphin molecule, as shown in Figure 2. The first site (15 receptors) is located in the Met-enkephalin segment, and the second site (p receptor) resides in the COOH-terminal segment. The middle segment is the antibody-binding site. Among the synthetic ,&endorphin analogs, /I-endorphin-(6-31) (an analog without the Met-enkephalin segment) exhibits interesting properties. It possesses minimal analgesic potency and ileal opiate activity. As mentioned above, P-endorphin-(6-31) binds to the opiate receptor in the neuroblastoma N18TG2 cells. When P-endorphin-(6-31) is injected together with P-endorphin, it inhibits ,&endorphin-induced analgesia. It may be recalled that a segment of human ACTH [a,,-ACTH-(6-3811 is an inhibitor of ACTH action (Li et al., PNAS 75, 4306-4309, 1978). The concept that a peptide segment inside the amino acid sequence of a hormone is an inhibitor of the hormone itself may turn out to be a general phenomenon in biologically active polypeptides.
Properties of DNA associated with raffinose-isolated pellicles of Paramecium aurelia.

Pellicular fractions, rich in basal bodies, have been obtained from Paramecium aurelia after the animals were homogenized in the presence of buffered raffinose. DNA was extracted from these fractions. This DNA was examined with respect to density and to its susceptibility to digestion by DNase while still associated with pellicles, and was found to be of two kinds: (a) Most resembles nuclear DNA in density, is completely removed from pellicles by pancreatic DNase and forms a broad band when centrifuged to equilibrium in cesium chloride. This DNA may be of nuclear origin, although a pellicular source cannot be ruled out. (b) Several minor species of DNA with densities of 1698, 1.703-1.704 and 1.717-1.718 g/cm3 (1.698 x 103, 1.703-1.704 x 103 and 1.717-1.718 x 103 kg m-3, respectively) are also present. These species were not digested when pellicles were treated with DNase. None of these DNA species occurs consistently in all preparations of pellicular DNA and the results indicate that they are probably attributable to bacteria present during culture of the animals in non-axenic medium. To test the ability of pellicles to become associated with exogenous DNA during isolation, DNA of Escherichia coli , labelled with [3H]thymidine, was added to whole cell homogenate before isolation of pellicles. Comparison of the specific activities of DNA extracted from the homogenate with that from isolated pellicles provided evidence that exogenous E. coli DNA can bind to pellicles. These observations suggest that pellicles or basal bodies may become contaminated with nuclear DNA during isolation. This would create a serious problem, which must be rigorously dealt with in experiments designed to demonstrate the existence of basal-body DNA in isolated pellicles by cytochemical, biochemical or autoradiographic methods. The results indicate that it has not been established beyond reasonable doubt that basal bodies or centrioles contain DNA. In addition, the results suggest that further verification of existing evidence for basalbody DNA may require further sophistication of existing analyses or a novel approach, involving different biological material or new techniques.
Elucidating the role of copper in CHO cell energy metabolism using 13C metabolic flux analysis

(13)C-metabolic flux analysis was used to understand copper deficiency-related restructuring of energy metabolism, which leads to excessive lactate production in recombinant protein-producing CHO cells. Stationary-phase labeling experiments with U-(13)C glucose were conducted on CHO cells grown under high and limiting copper in 3 L fed-batch bioreactors. The resultant labeling patterns of soluble metabolites were measured by GC-MS and used to estimate metabolic fluxes in the central carbon metabolism pathways using OpenFlux. Fluxes were evaluated 300 times from stoichiometrically feasible random guess values and their confidence intervals calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. Results from metabolic flux analysis exhibited significant carbon redistribution throughout the metabolic network in cells under Cu deficiency. Specifically, glycolytic fluxes increased (25%-79% relative to glucose uptake) whereas fluxes through the TCA and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were lower (15%-23% and 74%, respectively) compared with the Cu-containing condition. Furthermore, under Cu deficiency, 33% of the flux entering TCA via the pyruvate node was redirected to lactate and malate production. Based on these results, we hypothesize that Cu deficiency disrupts the electron transport chain causing ATP deficiency, redox imbalance, and oxidative stress, which in turn drive copper-deficient CHO cells to produce energy via aerobic glycolysis, which is associated with excessive lactate production, rather than the more efficient route of oxidative phosphorylation.
FPGA-based front-end electronics for positron emission tomography

Modern Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are capable of performing complex discrete signal processing algorithms with clock rates above 100MHz. This combined with FPGA's low expense, ease of use, and selected dedicated hardware make them an ideal technology for a data acquisition system for positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Our laboratory is producing a high-resolution, small-animal PET scanner that utilizes FPGAs as the core of the front-end electronics. For this next generation scanner, functions that are typically performed in dedicated circuits, or offline, are being migrated to the FPGA. This will not only simplify the electronics, but the features of modern FPGAs can be utilizes to add significant signal processing power to produce higher resolution images. In this paper two such processes, sub-clock rate pulse timing and event localization, will be discussed in detail. We show that timing performed in the FPGA can achieve a resolution that is suitable for small-animal scanners, and will outperform the analog version given a low enough sampling period for the ADC. We will also show that the position of events in the scanner can be determined in real time using a statistical positioning based algorithm.
Traversable wormholes: Some simple examples

Building on the work of Morris, Thorne, and Yurtsever, some particularly simple examples of traversable wormholes are exhibited. These examples are notable both because the analysis is not limited to spherically symmetric cases, and because it is possible to in some sense minimize the use of exotic matter. In particular, it is possible for a traveller to traverse such a wormhole without passing through a region of exotic matter. As in previous analyses, the weak energy condition is violated in these traversable wormholes.
Microwave imaging utilizing a soft prior constraint

Microwave imaging for breast cancer detection is becoming a promising alternative technique to current imaging modalities. The significant contrast between dielectric properties of normal and malignant breast tissues makes microwave imaging a useful technique to provide important functional information for diagnoses. However, one of its limitations is that it intrinsically cannot produce high resolution images as other conventional techniques such as MRI or X-ray CT do. Those modalities are capable of producing high quality anatomical images, but unlike microwave imaging, they often cannot provide the necessary functional information about tissue health. In order to refine the resolution of the microwave images while also preserving the functional information, we have recently developed a new strategy, called soft prior regularization. In this new approach, the prior anatomical information of the tissue from either x-ray, MR or other sources is incorporated into our microwave imaging reconstruction algorithm through the following steps: First, the anatomical information is used to create a reconstruction mesh which defines the boundaries of different internal regions. Second, based on location of each mesh node, an associated weighting matrix is defined, such that all nodes within each region are grouped with each other. Finally, the soft prior matrix is used as a regularizing term for our original GaussNewton reconstruction algorithm. Results from initial phantom experiments show a significant improvement in the recovered dielectric properties.
Exercise and physical activity in persons aging with a physical disability

The relationship between physical functioning and physical activity isa reciprocal one; physical functioning provides the individual with the capability to engage in physical activities, and physical activity helps to maintain and in some cases improve physical functioning. This reciprocal relationship, coupled with the high prevalence of physical inactivity among persons aging with a disability, has profound implications for rehabilitation practice, especially in evaluating intermediate and long-term outcomes of clinical practice. For rehabilitation to play a role in the long-term maintenance and enhancement of physical functioning among persons with disabilities, increasing participation in various types of physical activity in the community must be part of the recovery and maintenance continuum. There is also a critical need to identify specific doses of physical activity for specific disabilities and secondary conditions. HMOs and other health insurers will require evidence-based outcomes before establishing reimbursement procedures for physical activity programs for persons aging with a physical disability.
An automated dosimetry data‐acquisition and analysis system at the LAMPF pion therapy facility

An automated data-acquisition and analysis system has been developed for dosimetry measurements on the pion therapy beam at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility Biomedical Channel in Los Alamos using a PDP-11/45 computer and CAMAC interface. Initialization, test, and monitor programs allow the user to set the physical limits of scanner travel, test the data lines, calibrate the analog signals for the scanner position, and monitor the analog versus digital values of the scanner position during operation. Data-acquisition programs scan beams in one, two, and three dimensions. Many options are available to the user in selecting the scan parameters and in changing some of these parameters during scanning. Data-analysis programs provide reproduction of stored data, comparison of linear scans, beam profiles along any line of a planar or volume scan, and isodose distributions from any planar scan or from any planar scan or from any plane of a volume scan. Other programs summarize stored data files and search for specific data according to the user's instruments.
Simultaneous geometry and color texture acquisition using a single-chip color camera

Capturing 3-D geometry and the perfectly aligned color texture simultaneously is crucial for diverse fields including entertainment, target recognition, and computer graphics. However, it is very challenging for a conventional technique because of a number of problems related to color. Previous researchers rely heavily on using two cameras: a black-and-white(B/W) camera to measure the geometry, and a color camera to capture the color texture. However, aligning the color image with the 3-D geometry point by point remains difficult. In this research, we propose a novel technique that uses a single-chip color camera to capture both geometry and color texture simultaneously. A projector projects B/W fringe patterns onto the object, and a color camera captures the raw fringe images with Bayer mosaic patterns. A phase-shifting algorithm is used for our system because of one of its merits: retrieving phase pixel-by-pixel. Therefore, the intensity variations between neighboring pixels do not significantly affect the measurement. Moreover, the same set of fringe images is also used to calculate the B/W texture image, which is further converted into a color image using a demosaicing algorithm. Therefore, the same set of fringe images are used to generate the 3-D geometry as well as the color texture image simultaneously. A hardware system was developed to verify the performance of the proposed technique. Experiments demonstrated that this technique can successfully measure both geometry and color texture of the color objects.
Protein kinase regulation of a cloned epithelial Na+ channel

We examined the regulation of a cloned epithelial Na+ channel (alpha beta gamma-rENaC) by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). Experiments were performed in Xenopus oocytes and in planar lipid bilayers. At a holding potential of -100 mV, amiloride-sensitive current averaged -1,279 +/- 111 nA (n = 7) in alpha beta gamma-rENaC-expressing oocytes. Currents in water-injected oocytes were essentially unresponsive to 10 microM amiloride. A 1-h stimulation of PKC with 100 nM of PMA inhibited whole-cell currents in Xenopus oocytes to 17.1 +/- 1.8, and 22.1 +/- 2.6% of control (n = 7), at holding potentials of -100 and +40 mV, respectively. Direct injection of purified PKC resulted in similar inhibition to that observed with PMA. Additionally, the inactive phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, 4-O-methyl, was without effect on alpha beta gamma-rENaC currents. Pretreatment with the microtubule inhibitor colchicine (100 microM) did not modify the inhibitory effect of PMA; however, pretreatment with 20 microM cytochalasin B decreased the inhibitory action of PMA to < 20% of that previously observed. In vitro-synthesized alpha beta gamma-rENaC formed an amiloride-sensitive Na(+)-selective channel when incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. Addition of PKC, diacyl-glycerol, and Mg-ATP to the side opposite that which amiloride blocked, decreased the channel's open probability (Po) from 0.44 +/- 0.06 to 0.13 +/- 0.03 (n = 9). To study the effects of PKA on alpha beta gamma-rENaC expressed in Xenopus oocytes, cAMP levels were elevated with 10 microM forskolin and 1 mM isobutyl-methyl-xanthine. This cAMP-elevating cocktail did not cause any stimulation of alpha beta gamma-rENaC currents in either the inward or outward directions. This lack of activation was also observed in oocytes preinhibited with PMA and in oocytes pretreated with cytochalasin B and PMA. Neither alpha-rENaC nor alpha beta gamma-rENaC incorporated into planar lipid bilayers could be activated with PKA and Mg-ATP added to either side of the membrane, as Po remained at 0.63 +/- 0.06 (n = 7) and 0.45 +/- 0.05 (n = 9), respectively. We conclude that: alpha beta gamma-rENaC is inhibited by PKC, and that alpha beta gamma-rENaC is not activated by PKA.
Forensic carving of network packets and associated data structures

Using validated carving techniques, we show that popular operating systems (e.g. Windows, Linux, and OSX) frequently have residual IP packets, Ethernet frames, and associated data structures present in system memory from long-terminated network traffic. Such information is useful for many forensic purposes including establishment of prior connection activity and services used; identification of other systems present on the system's LAN or WLAN; geolocation of the host computer system; and cross-drive analysis. We show that network structures can also be recovered from memory that is persisted onto a mass storage medium during the course of system swapping or hibernation. We present our network carving techniques, algorithms and tools, and validate these against both purpose-built memory images and a readily available forensic corpora. These techniques are valuable to both forensics tasks, particularly in analyzing mobile devices, and to cyber-security objectives such as malware analysis.
Low-Temperature Magnetothermal Transport Investigation of a Ni-Based Superconductor BaNi 2 As 2 : Evidence for Fully Gapped Superconductivity

We have performed low-temperature specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements of the Ni-based superconductor ${\mathrm{BaNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ (${T}_{\mathrm{c}}=0.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$) in a magnetic field. In a zero field, thermal conductivity shows $T$-linear behavior in the normal state and exhibits a BCS-like exponential decrease below ${T}_{c}$. The field dependence of the residual thermal conductivity extrapolated to zero temperature is indicative of a fully gapped superconductor. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of the specific heat data, which are well fit by the BCS temperature dependence from ${T}_{c}$ down to the lowest temperature of 0.1 K.
Efficient regression testing of ontology-driven systems

To manage and integrate information gathered from heterogeneous databases, an ontology is often used. Like all systems, ontology-driven systems evolve over time and must be regression tested to gain confidence in the behavior of the modified system. Because rerunning all existing tests can be extremely expensive, researchers have developed regression-test-selection (RTS) techniques that select a subset of the available tests that are affected by the changes, and use this subset to test the modified system. Existing RTS techniques have been shown to be effective, but they operate on the code and are unable to handle changes that involve ontologies. To address this limitation, we developed and present in this paper a novel RTS technique that targets ontology-driven systems. Our technique creates representations of the old and new ontologies, compares them to identify entities affected by the changes, and uses this information to select the subset of tests to rerun. We also describe in this paper OntoRetest, a tool that implements our technique and that we used to empirically evaluate our approach on two biomedical ontology-driven database systems. The results of our evaluation show that our technique is both efficient and effective in selecting tests to rerun and in reducing the overall time required to perform regression testing.
An Electro-Optical Test System

This paper describes how a host of sensors sensitive to X rays, ultraviolet and infrared, and to other electric or magnetic fields are distributed throughout a complex electronic system in such a manner that the system is continuously monitored to determine its condition of operability. The large quantity of data derived from these sensors are scanned by television techniques in order to meet the needs of rapid and automatic test. The test results are displayed on a cathode-ray tube in cyclogram fashion so that departures from normal operation may be easily and rapidly detected.
Investigating the Validity of Stereotypes About Overweight Employees The Relationship Between Body Weight and Normal Personality Traits

Research indicates that overweight job applicants and employees are stereo-typically viewed as being less conscientiousness, less agreeable, less emotionally stable, and less extraverted than their “normal-weight” counterparts. Together, the two reported studies investigate the validity of those stereotypes by examining the relationship between body weight and four relevant personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability, extraversion) using three measures of body weight (body mass index [BMI] based on self-reported height and weight, BMI based on clinically assessed height and weight, percentage body fat assessed by bio-impedance technology) in a diverse group of 3,496 adults from the United States. There is substantial convergence between the two studies, with findings tending to refute commonly held stereotypes about the personality traits of overweight employees.