cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine dialdehyde blocks the disappearance of two nerve growth factor-induced insoluble proteins

Two nonionic-detergent-insoluble proteins are induced early in the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. The pools of these two proteins then disappear from the insoluble fraction after a few days of continued exposure of the cells to NGF. The methylation-inhibiting drug adenosine dialdehyde blocks the disappearance of these insoluble proteins, implicating a methylation-dependent step in the pathway that regulates the fate of these proteins.
A simple structural feature is a major determinant of the identity of a transfer RNA

Analysis of a series of mutants of an Escherichia coli alanine transfer RNA shows that substitution of a single G-U base pair in the acceptor helix eliminates aminoacylation with alanine in vivo and in vitro. Introduction of that base pair into the analogous position of a cysteine and a phenylalanine transfer RNA confers upon each the ability to be aminoacylated with alanine. Thus, as little as a single base pair can direct an amino acid to a specific transfer RNA.
Either -Float and the Syntax of Co- or -dination

The syntax of either ... or ... treats the analyst to two main puzzles: the ‘either too high’ puzzle (either can be dissociated from the contrastive focus, surfacing in positions higher up the syntactic tree), and the ‘either too low’ puzzle (either is apparently too low in the tree, embedded inside the first disjunct). Covering data beyond the range of extant accounts, this paper presents an integrated solution to both puzzles. The paper’s central claim is that both either and or are phrasal categories. They originate in a position adjoined to their disjunct, to the contrastive focus or to a higher node on the ‘θ-path’ projected from the contrastive focus. Though either itself is immobile, its [+ NEG] counterpart, neither, can undergo phrasal movement from its base-generation site to a higher position in the tree, from which it triggers negative inversion; [+ WH] whether must move to SpecCP; and or and [+ NEG] nor must, if they are not base-generated there, front to the initial position in the second disjunct in order to be able to participate in a feature-checking relationship with the abstract head J(unction), the functional head that takes the second disjunct as its complement and the first disjunct as its specifier. The movement of whether, neither and (n)or will be diagnosed on the basis of the familiar restrictions on movement.
Ultrasound Characterization of Cavitation Microbubbles Produced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses

An ultrasound-based technique capable of detection and spatio-temporal characterization of microbubbles induced in water by femtosecond laser is reported. A highly focused single-element ultrasound transducer was used both to detect passive acoustic emission of the microbubbles and to probe the microbubbles at different stage of their evolution. The location of origin and wall of the microbubble was assessed from temporal characteristics of the passive acoustic emissions and of the pulse-echo signals. The radius of the microbubble was estimated as the distance between the origin of the bubble and its wall. The ultrasound characterization of microbubbles induced by femtosecond pulses agreed well with theoretical predictions based on the well-known Rayleigh-based model of bubble behavior in liquid. The results of this study demonstrate that femtosecond laser-induced microbubbles with typical sizes of several tens of micrometers can be characterized by the developed ultrasound technique.
The accuracy of wind‐speed estimates at sea

Most wind reports at sea come from merchant ships without anemometers. The Beaufortscale is used, the units of which are now denned principally in terms of sea disturbance. A study of 1315 pairs of measured and estimated winds made on U. S. weather ships shows that the estimated speeds corresponded to the measured within 1–3 knots (same Beaufort number) in 6pct of the cases; 2pct were underestimated and 1pct overestimated. The greater frequency of underestimates than of overestimates is apparently owing mainly to the fact that the anemometers (at 20–30 m) on the weather ships are higher than the (10 m) elevation for which the speed equivalents of the Beaufort scale were established, but partly also to the extra mileage of the anemometer owing to the rolling and pitching of the ship. Changes in wind speed occur so often that lag in the reaction of the sea is the most common cause of error in estimates. Another source of trouble is the sea—air temperature difference, a cold wind relative to the sea producing larger waves than a warm wind. Decreasing winds that are also cold are especially likely to be overestimated, and increasing ones that are warm, underestimated.
Comparison of River-Water Fouling Rates for Spirally Indented and Plain Tubes

Abstract This article presents river-water fouling rates at 12 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power plant condensers, nine of which were retubed with a commercially available enhanced tube. Four were located on the Cumberland River, six on the Ohio, and two on the Clinch River. The overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated from logged field data taken over periods extending from 1 to 10 years. The fouling resistances were next calculated with the separate resistance method and with a bundle correction factor to the condensing, single-tube Nusselt prediction. The bundle correction factor was determined for each condenser using the data taken within 1000 hours after each cleaning. With the use of this new bundle factor method, fouling rate data can be obtained even with variable operating conditions. The fouling rates with the enhanced tubes ranged from about the same as to about twice that of the plain tubes. However, the thermal performance with the enhanced tubes remained superior to that obta...
Time-Domain Modeling of a Phase-Domain All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop for RF Applications

A new all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) for RF wireless applications has recently been proposed and commercially demonstrated. It replaces conventional phase/frequency detector and charge pump with a time-to-digital converter (TDC). Analog frequency tuning of a VCO is replaced with an all-digital tuning of a digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO). In this paper, we present novel time-domain modeling and simulation techniques of the ADPLL phase detection mechanism as well as the frequency perturbation and phase noise characteristics of the DCO. The modeling principles are demonstrated for a GSM standard and validated through experimental results.
Interaction of grazing muzzle use and grass species on forage intake of horses

The impact of horse preference and grass morphology on grazing muzzle effectiveness has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of grazing muzzle use at reducing forage intake when horses grazed grasses with different morphology and preferences. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2013. Four horses were grazed in 2012, and three horses were grazed in 2013. Four species of perennial cool-season grasses were grazed in 2012 including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis Huds.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). In 2013, only Kentucky bluegrass and reed canarygrass were grazed because of winter kill of other species. Horses were allowed to graze a small pasture seeded with an individual species for 4 hours each day in June and August of 2012 and August and September of 2013. Horses grazed the same grass species for two consecutive days, one day with a muzzle and one day without. Before and after each grazing, a strip was mechanically harvested to determine initial and residual herbage mass. The difference was used to estimate forage intake. The effectiveness of a grazing muzzle was not affected by forage species (P ≥ .05). Use of a grazing muzzle decreased the amount of forage consumed by an average of 30% compared with not using a grazing muzzle (P < .0001). Results will aid horse owners and professionals in estimating forage intake of muzzled horses on pasture.
Memory and the everyday landscape of violence in post-genocide Cambodia

This paper addresses the politics of memory in post-genocide Cambodia. Since 1979 genocide has been selectively memorialized in the country, with two sites receiving official commemoration: the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide Crimes and the killing fields at Choeung Ek. However, the Cambodian genocide was not limited to these two sites. Through a case study of two unmarked sites—the Sre Lieu mass grave at Koh Sla Dam and the Kampong Chhnang Airfield—we highlight the salience, and significance, of taking seriously those sites of violence that have not received official commemoration. We argue that the history of Cambodia's genocide, as well as attempts to promote transitional justice, must remain cognizant of how memories and memorials become political resources. In particular, we contend that a focus on the unremarked sites of past violence provides critical insight into our contemporary understandings of the politics of remembering and of forgetting.
High dose rate brachytherapy of lung cancer: cure or palliation.

In this issue of the International Journal ofRadiation Oncology, Biology, Physics is the paper entitled “High Dose Rate Afterloading Intraluminal Brachytherapy in Malignant Airway Obstruction of Lung Cancer” by Chang et al. The purpose as stated in the abstract is a retrospective study to review the palliation rate, survival rate, and complications of high dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in the treatment of malignant obstruction of lung cancer. In 1993, estimated new cases of lung cancer in the United States totaled 170,000, with an estimated 149,000 deaths (5). Most of these deaths occured in the same year that lung cancer was diagnosed and translated into the crude mortality percentage of 87.6%. Compare this to 10 years ago when the estimated number of new cases was 135,000 and the estimated number of deaths 117,000 (4)
Comparison of known sodium-channel blockers in DFP toxicity

Research on potential therapeutic agents for organophosphate toxicity has traditionally been directed toward blocking the action of acetylcholine on its muscarinic receptors or on reactivating the inhibited catalytic enzyme. Here, we used a whole-animal lethality paradigm to study another potential antidotal mechanism: pharmacological disruption of the sodium channel conductance associated with agonist action on cholinergic receptors. Mice were injected with several drugs which have in common the ability to block sodium-channels. Drugs tested were ketamine, phenobarbital, lidocaine, morphine, prednisolone, and lithium. All mice were injected with DFP (7.6 mg/kg) plus atropine; the treatment groups were simultaneously injected with the test drug, while controls received an equal volume of physiological saline. All the test drugs, at one or more doses, revealed protection, not only in terms of prolonging symptom onset but also in terms of mortality. The reduction in mortality was quantitatively similar for each drug. Although the various drugs could have protected by many different, coincidental mechanisms, a more parsimonious explanation is that the effect could have been due to one property which all had in common; namely, sodium-channel blockade.
PI-Algebras Generated by Nilpotent Elements of Bounded Index

Abstract Let R be an associative algebra over a field F of positive characteristic p . We address the following problem: if R is generated by nilpotent elements with bounded index, under what conditions can we conclude that R itself is nil of bounded index? We prove that whenever R satisfies the Engel condition and p > 0, or R is Lie soluble and p > 2, then the conclusion holds. Along the way we prove that if R satisfies the Engel condition, then there exists a positive integer n such that the map x ↦ x p n is additive. The converse also holds when F is infinite or R is generated by nilpotent elements.
Advancing the Case for Creativity through Graduate Business Education.

Abstract We describe an MBA course focusing on creativity and innovation in organizations. Drawing on the creativity literature and experiential learning theory, the theoretical foundations of the course are discussed. Core aspects of the course include reading articles from academic journals and business periodicals, engaging a wide variety of experiential activities, keeping a personal journal, and completing two individual projects. We sought to understand the effect of the course on students’ perceptions of the importance of creativity for organizations, their own creativity and self-perceptions of creativity, as well as their perceptions of the utility of journaling. Data were collected at the beginning and end of the course to examine these issues. The results suggest that the course had a positive influence in each case. These results are discussed and thoughts for future research are provided.
NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE DURING DELAY EYEBLINK CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: ROLE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN CONSOLIDATION AND EFFECT OF AGE

Abstract Delay classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is an important model of associative, cerebellar-dependent learning. Norepinephrine (NE) plays a significant modulatory role in the acquisition of learning; however, other neurotransmitters are also involved. The goal was to determine whether NE, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (GLU) release are observed in cerebellar cortex during EBC, and whether such release was selectively associated with training. Further studies examined the role of the β-noradrenergic receptor in consolidation of the learned response by local infusion of propranolol at 5–120 min following training into the cerebellar cortex. In vivo microdialysis coupled to EBC was performed to examine neurotransmitter release. An increase in the extracellular level of NE was observed during EBC and was maximal on day 1 and diminished in amplitude with subsequent days of training. No changes in baseline NE release were observed in pseudoconditioning indicating that NE release is directly related to the associative learning process. The extracellular levels of GABA were also increased selectively during paired training however, the magnitude of GABA release increased over days of training. GLU release was observed to increase during both paired and unpaired training, suggesting that learning does not occur prior to the information arriving in the cerebellum. When propranolol was administered at either 5-, 60-, or 120-min post-training, there was an inhibition of conditioned responses, these data support the hypothesis that NE is important for consolidation of learning. In another set of experiments we demonstrate that the timing of release of NE, GABA and glutamate are significantly delayed in onset and lengthened in duration in the 22-month-old F344 rats. Over days of training the timing of release becomes closer to the timing of training and this is associated with increased learning of conditioned responses in the aged rats.
Immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the ground squirrel.

The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus) is a highly differentiated nucleus that is divisible into five major subdivisions on the basis of retinal projections and cytoarchitecture. To pursue the likelihood that these subdivisions (the dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, external magnocellular lamina, internal magnocellular lamina, and parvicellular segment) correlate with the functional diversity of this complex, the present study examined the neurochemical composition of the vLGN with regard to substances that have previously proved useful in distinguishing functionally distinct subregions within nuclei (i.e., neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), leucine and methionine enkephalins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and NADPH-diaphorase). The results showed a clear differential neurochemical distribution within the nucleus. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive perikarya were found predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and external magnocellular lamina, with only a few present in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, and none observed in the parvicellular segment. NPY+ fibers, however, were present in all divisions except the parvicellular segment. The highest concentration of SP immunoreactive cells was observed in the internal magnocellular lamina, and substantial numbers also were scattered in the external magnocellular lamina and parvicellular segment. SP+ fibers were seen predominantly in the intergeniculate leaflet and the magnocellular laminae. The heaviest concentration of enkephalinergic fibers occurred in the internal magnocellular lamina and dorsal cap, but fibers were also observed in the external magnocellular lamina and intergeniculate leaflet. GABA reactivity was widespread throughout the vLGN, with the dorsal cap and external magnocellular lamina most heavily labeled, followed by the intergeniculate leaflet and the internal magnocellular lamina. Cytochrome oxidase, AChE, and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry revealed rich reactivity within the dorsal cap, and external and internal magnocellular laminae and paler reactivity in the intergeniculate leaflet and parvicellular segment. The external magnocellular lamina was more reactive for CO and NADPH-diaphorase than AChE, while the internal magnocellular lamina showed the opposite pattern of reactivity. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase reactive cells were present in caudal intergeniculate leaflet and lateral external magnocellular lamina. These local differences in the neurochemical character of the vLGN support its parcellation into multiple subdivisions. Taken in conjunction with the differences in cytoarchitecture and retinal projections, these results suggest substantial functional diversity within the ventral lateral geniculate complex.
ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS OF MEXICAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY

Adjustment difficulties have serious impact on children's academic achievement. Using an anthropological approach to data collection and analysis, the nature of Mexican and Mexican-American children's adjustment problems in school was investigated based on the hypothesis that their maladjustment stems from their inability to communicate and understand the school as a cultural unit. The focus was on specific manifestations of adjustment problems and the mechanisms used by the subjects to cope. A total of 16 distinct characteristics of maladjustment were identified. Coping mechanisms generally fell in three categories: underparticipation, overparticipation, and selective participation in academic tasks under protest. However, students were found to modify their behavior in response to different interactional contexts. A major influence on the children's responses to stressful situations and demanding tasks was found to be home socialization. Implications of the findings are drawn for school practices and future research directions. Basic to the suggestions to school personnel is the need to create humane and appropriate learning environments for Hispanic and other minority students including shared decision-making and closer home-school ties. Educational recommendations also include more effective teacher training at both the preservice and the inservice level as well as increased availability of aides. Identified research needs center around effective learning environments, impact of home environment, and basic skills acquisition.
Effects of an Opal Termination Codon Preceding the nsP4 Gene Sequence in the O'Nyong-Nyong Virus Genome on Anopheles gambiae Infectivity

The genomic RNA of an alphavirus encodes four different nonstructural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4. The polyprotein P123 is produced when translation terminates at an opal termination codon between nsP3 and nsP4. The polyprotein P1234 is produced when translational readthrough occurs or when the opal termination codon has been replaced by a sense codon in the alphavirus genome. Evolutionary pressures appear to have maintained genomic sequences encoding both a stop codon (opal) and an open reading frame (arginine) as a general feature of the O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) genome, indicating that both are required at some point. Alternate replication of ONNVs in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts may determine predominance of a particular codon at this locus in the viral quasispecies. However, no systematic study has previously tested this hypothesis in whole animals. We report here the results of the first study to investigate in a natural mosquito host the functional significance of the opal stop codon in an alphavirus genome. We used a full-length cDNA clone of ONNV to construct a series of mutants in which the arginine between nsP3 and nsP4 was replaced with an opal, ochre, or amber stop codon. The presence of an opal stop codon upstream of nsP4 nearly doubled (75.5%) the infectivity of ONNV over that of virus possessing a codon for the amino acid arginine at the corresponding position (39.8%). Although the frequency with which the opal virus disseminated from the mosquito midgut did not differ significantly from that of the arginine virus on days 8 and 10, dissemination did began earlier in mosquitoes infected with the opal virus. Although a clear fitness advantage is provided to ONNV by the presence of an opal codon between nsP3 and nsP4 in Anopheles gambiae, sequence analysis of ONNV RNA extracted from mosquito bodies and heads indicated codon usage at this position corresponded with that of the virus administered in the blood meal. These results suggest that while selection of ONNV variants is occurring, de novo mutation at the position between nsP3 and nsP4 does not readily occur in the mosquito. Taken together, these results suggest that the primary fitness advantage provided to ONNV by the presence of an opal codon between nsP3 and nsP4 is related to mosquito infectivity.
Biased responding: a case series demonstrating a relationship between somatic symptoms and impaired recognition memory performance for traumatic brain injured individuals

Biased responding on the Sternberg Recognition Memory Test was observed in four patients with traumatic brain injury. None of these individuals met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual's (DSM-IV) criteria for malingering. Individual recognition memory scores were high shortly after injury, declined to chance or below at the 6- and 12-month evaluations, and then showed substantial recovery by the 24-month evaluation. Recall memory performance actually declined slightly across this same 2-year period. Recognition memory scores were related to the extent to which the patients endorsed somatic items on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Poor performance was associated with high somatic scores. The relationship between memory and somatic scores on the HAM-D in this case series suggests that unconscious processes can influence memory performance and, because of this, that clinicians should not use such performance as a primary indicator of malingering. More importantly, biased responding and actual memory deficits may coexist. This is indicated in the current cases by the failure of recall memory to improve during the 2 years these patients were followed.
High energy transitions in O16

Peaks in the inelastic electron scattering cross section for O/sup 16/ at 44.5 and 49 Mev have recently been reported and suggested to be overtones of the E1 transitions of the giant resonance. It was concluded by comparing the observed form factors with those predicted by the surface interaction model that both E1 and E2 transitions were contributing to the observed peaks. The shell model was used to calculate the form factors for the lowest group of even-parity electric transitions, and it was found that these alone are sufficient to explain the observed cross sections without postulating E1 transitions at this energy. (R.E.U.)
Of the May 7, 1986 Andreanof Islands Earthquake source parameters

Source characteristics of the May 7, 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake (51.412°N, 174.830°W, NEIC) are investigated from WWSSN, GDSN and IDA records. First motions from over 60 stations determine one steeply dipping nodal plane. We constrained this nodal plane and inverted long-period surface waves at a period of T=256 sec and determined the second nodal plane to be dip 18°, rake 116°, and strike 257°. This shallowly dipping thrust mechanism is consistent with plate motions in this region. Seismic moment from surface-wave inversion is 1.3×1028 dyne-cm corresponding to Mw=8.0. Amplitudes of body and surface waves from short-period instruments yield magnitudes of and Ms=7.7. The teleseismic average P-wave moment rate spectrum from 17 short- and intermediate-period instruments is slightly lower than that of an average Mw=8.0 subduction-zone event. We constrained the fault plane as determined above to deconvolve the first 90 secs of the long-period body wave at 11 teleseismic stations to determine the source time function and the spatial distribution of moment release. The source time function consists of 4 moment-releasing episodes which have a total moment release of 9.4×1027 dyne-cm. The fault ruptured bilaterally with the largest moment releasing subevent occurring between 30-45 sec. This subevent nucleates approximately 75-90 km west of the determined epicenter. This region corresponds to the epicentral area of the 1957 Great Aleutian earthquake which is one of the largest earthquakes in recorded history.
Bringing the ZPD into the equation: Capturing L2 development during Computerized Dynamic Assessment (C-DA):

Dynamic Assessment (DA) derives from Vygotsky’s (1987) insight that the use of mediation, attuned to learner needs, enables learners to perform beyond their current level of functioning, thereby providing insights into emerging capabilities. The instructional quality of mediation means that this process simultaneously creates possibilities for development, even over the course of a single session, a phenomenon referred to as ‘microgenesis’ (Wertsch, 1985). An important feature of DA is transfer, or transcendence: the process of tracking learner development as it unfolds not only with regard to control of tasks included in an assessment but also more complex and difficult tasks that build on those included in the original instrument (Campione, Brown, Ferrera, & Bryant, 1984; Feuerstein, Rand, & Hoffman, 1979; Poehner, 2007). The present study reports on the use of DA principles in tests of second language (L2) listening and reading comprehension delivered through an online format. The tests, which incorpor...
Idealism and Freedom: Essays on Kant's Theoretical and Practical Philosophy

Henry Allison is one of the foremost interpreters of the philosophy of Kant. This new volume collects all his recent essays on Kant's theoretical and practical philosophy. All the essays postdate Allison's two major books on Kant (Kant's Transcendental Idealism, 1983, and Kant's Theory of Freedom, 1990), and together they constitute an attempt to respond to critics and to clarify, develop and apply some of the central theses of those books. Two are published here for the first time. Special features of the collection are: a detailed defence of the author's interpretation of transcendental idealism; a consideration of the Transcendental Deduction and some other recent interpretations thereof; further elaborations of the tensions between various aspects of Kant's conception of freedom and of the complex role of this conception within Kant's moral philosophy.
Electron capture by ions at the ZnO/solution interface

Abstract The electron reactivity (electron capture rate) of one-equivalent oxidizing agents at the ZnO surface is determined by cathodic electrochemical reduction. Because in this system the Helmholtz potential is insensitive to the oxidizing agent used, the energy level of a particular species with respect to the ZnO conduction band is not considered a variable Thus the electron capture by (reduction of) the species can be interpreted according to surface state capture theory. The energy levels are estimated by analysis of the redox potential of the species. A maximum in electron reactivity is found for energy levels just below the conduction band minimum, the reactivity decreasing rapidly for higher energy levels. There is some indication that the electron reactivity decreases for very low energy levels, in accordance with expectations if the process is controlled by a multi-phonon electron capture model.
Processing, X-Ray, and TEM Studies of QS87 Series 56 KΩ/Square Thick Film Resistors

Thick film resistors are glass/metal oxide nanocomposites used in hybrid microcircuits. These components have a small temperature coefficient of resistance that is useful in systems that experience a wide range of service temperatures. Test samples were produced by printing, drying, and firing resistor pastes in a laboratory process that simulated production conditions. The process parameters of peak firing temperature, time at peak temperature, and probe current were factors in a 2 3 factorial experiment that measured in-situ resistance (resistance during processing), as-fired resistance, and the temperature coefficients of resistance. As-fired resistance is shown to increase with firing time and temperature. In-situ resistance exhibited a small decrease with increasing firing temperature due to thermally-activated glass conduction at firing temperatures. The temperature coefficient of resistance measurements show that R[T] curve flattens with increasing firing time and temperature. X-ray diffraction revealed Pb-ruthenate, alumina, and Zr-silicate phases to be dispersed in the glass. Transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy revealed that the conductive phases, Pb- and CuBi-ruthenate particles, increased in size with increasing firing time and temperature. Lattice parameter measurements revealed only a small increase in the ruthenate structure. Resistance changes are attributed to increased separation of the conductive ruthenate particles by coarsening.
Phase I and pharmacologic study of a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel followed by cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced solid tumors.

A Phase I and pharmacological study of paclitaxel administered as an outpatient, 3-h i.v. infusion just before a 5-day regimen of daily cisplatinum (CP) and a continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was performed in patients with advanced solid tumors. A secondary objective was to determine the objective response rate to this regimen. Forty-two patients were enrolled and were evaluable for toxicities. Eighteen patients were previously untreated, whereas the rest had received prior treatment with radiation (J. H. Schiller et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 12: 241-248, 1994), chemotherapy (M. J. Kennedy et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 4: 349-356, 1998), or both modalities (J. H. Schiller et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 12: 241-248, 1994). The paclitaxel dose was escalated from 100-135-170-200-225 to 250 mg/m2, whereas i.v. 5-FU and CP doses were fixed at 1.0 g/m2/day continuous infusion and 20 mg/m2/day, respectively, daily for 5 days. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 5 microg/kg/day) was administered s.c. from day 6, routinely after 250 mg/m2 dose of paclitaxel or after a lower dose of paclitaxel if ANC or =135 mg/m2. With increasing doses of paclitaxel, a disproportionate increase in the peak concentrations, as well as the area under plasma concentration time-curve, was seen. This nonlinearity was due to saturable total body clearance and volume of distribution of paclitaxel (P < 0.001). The apparent plasma elimination half-life was unaffected by the dose of paclitaxel. CP and 5-FU had no apparent effect on the metabolism of paclitaxel. Among 32 patients evaluable for response, 22 demonstrated an objective response, including five complete remissions. Therefore, a regimen of 3-h infusion of 250 mg/m2 paclitaxel before CP and FU is tolerable with G-CSF (as above) support in previously untreated patients. The regimen also seems to be highly active against breast and esophageal cancers.
Joint Noise Level Estimation from Personal Photo Collections

Personal photo albums are heavily biased towards faces of people, but most state-of-the-art algorithms for image denoising and noise estimation do not exploit facial information. We propose a novel technique for jointly estimating noise levels of all face images in a photo collection. Photos in a personal album are likely to contain several faces of the same people. While some of these photos would be clean and high quality, others may be corrupted by noise. Our key idea is to estimate noise levels by comparing multiple images of the same content that differ predominantly in their noise content. Specifically, we compare geometrically and photo metrically aligned face images of the same person. Our estimation algorithm is based on a probabilistic formulation that seeks to maximize the joint probability of estimated noise levels across all images. We propose an approximate solution that decomposes this joint maximization into a two-stage optimization. The first stage determines the relative noise between pairs of images by pooling estimates from corresponding patch pairs in a probabilistic fashion. The second stage then jointly optimizes for all absolute noise parameters by conditioning them upon relative noise levels, which allows for a pair wise factorization of the probability distribution. We evaluate our noise estimation method using quantitative experiments to measure accuracy on synthetic data. Additionally, we employ the estimated noise levels for automatic denoising using "BM3D", and evaluate the quality of denoising on real-world photos through a user study.
Fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240) distribution in canine prostatic tissue and fluids.

The distributiou of Oeroxacin (Ro 23–6240) in canine prostatic tissue and Ouids was investigated under steady-state conditions during intravenous infusion. Mean ratios of Oeroxocin concentration in tissue and Ouids over concentration in plasma were 1.57 ± 0.25 for prostatic tissue, 1.12 ± 0.28 for prostatic secretion, and 0.93 ± 0.14 for prostatic interstitial Ouid. These levels and concentrations in urine were several times higher than the MlC for most pathogens that cause chrouic bacterial prostatitis and urinary tract infection. The MlCs for several isolates of Escherichia coli were only slightly affected by canine prostatic secretion, human prostatic tissue extract, and human urine. Clinical trials with Oeroxacin appear justified for chronic bacterial prostatitis and urinary tract infection,
Measurement-based characterization and classification of QoS-enhanced systems

Quality-of-service mechanisms and differentiated service classes are increasingly available in networks and Web servers. While network and Web server clients can assess their service by measuring basic performance parameters such as packet loss and delay, such measurements do not expose the system's core QoS functionality such as multiclass service discipline. In this paper, we develop a framework and methodology for enabling network and Web server clients to assess system's multiclass mechanisms and parameters. Using hypothesis testing, maximum likelihood estimation, and empirical arrival and service rates measured across multiple time scales, we devise techniques for clients to: 1) determine the most likely service discipline among earliest deadline first, class-based weighted fair queuing, and strict priority; 2) estimate the system's parameters with high confidence; and (3) detect and parameterize non work-conserving elements such as rate limiters. We describe the important role of time scales in such a framework and identify the conditions necessary for obtaining accurate and high confidence inferences.
The Viscosity of Newtonian, Pseudoplastic, and Dilatant Liquids Use in the Measurement of the D.P. of High Polymers

An equation, for the calculation of the counterpart of viscosity for a pseudoplastic (or dilatant) liquid exists from the relationship existing between 1/t and ΔP. Evaluation of ζ and Z defines the liquid property as completely as does η alone for a Newtonian liquid.The counterpart of viscosity-ratio, which is independent of the rate of shear and viscometer dimensions, can be used to determine the intrinsic viscosity, [η].The general character of the change in Z with the concentration is indicated.
Foscarnet alters antidiuretic hormone-mediated transport.

Therapy with foscarnet is associated with acute renal failure. Prior studies have emphasized foscarnet9s proximal tubular toxicity, but there have been isolated reports of foscarnet-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. As a phosphate analog, foscarnet is a competitive inhibitor of NaPO4 cotransport. However, foscarnet9s effect on antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced transport has not been previously investigated. We studied foscarnet9s modulation of transport in the toad urinary bladder. Foscarnet at 10 microM to 10 mM did not alter basal water or urea flux. Urea transport induced by a maximal dose of ADH (24 mIU/ml) was inhibited by 0.1 to 5.0 mM foscarnet. In tissues challenged with 0.5 to 1.0 mIU of ADH per ml, 1.0 to 10 mM foscarnet increased water flow but did not alter urea flux. Foscarnet also increased water flow induced by 1.0 to 10 microM forskolin. In tissues pretreated with 10 microM naproxen, foscarnet did not alter water flow induced by 0.5 to 1.0 mIU of ADH per ml or forskolin. These results indicate that foscarnet stimulates water flow induced by 0.5 to 1.0 mIU of ADH per ml at a site proximal to that of the generation of cyclic AMP and inhibits urea flux induced by a maximal dose of ADH at a separate site. In humans, foscarnet nephrotoxicity is likely not limited to the proximal nephron, but extends to the collecting duct. Patients receiving foscarnet should be closely monitored for disorders of urinary concentration.
Single Nanoparticle Electrocatalysis: Effect of Monolayers on Particle and Electrode on Electron Transfer

The electrocatalytic properties of individual single Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be studied electrochemically by measuring the current−time (i−t) responses during single NP collisions with a noncata...
Analog MOS integrated circuits-certain new ideas, trends, and obstacles

Possible directions for analog MOS IC research and development are discussed. Although many references to recent work are provided, no comprehensive review of the state of the art is attempted. Rather, the emphasis is selectively on certain current trends, as well as ideas that, in the opinion of the author, show promise for the future. A number of applications are considered, including artificial intelligence.
The 6 Micron Feature in Protostars: Evidence for Organic Refractory Material

Data from the Infrared Space ObservatoryShort Wavelength Spectrometer have allowed abundances of many species present in interstellar ices to be determined. However, that of H 2O, the commonest of all ices, has proved controversial because of inconsistencies between results from different vibrational modes: the 6.0 mm bending mode predicts column densities systematically higher than the stretching, combination, and libration modes in several lines of sight. We show that this discrepancy can be explained by excess absorption arising in a previously unrecognized blended feature, which we attribute to organic refractory matter (ORM). The strength of the excess absorption at 6.0 mm is correlated with that of the 4.62 mm “XCN” feature, the carrier of which is thought to form when interstellar ices undergo UV photolysis or ion bombardment. Our results are thus consistent with an origin for the ORM by energetic processing of simple ices. Subject headings: infrared: ISM — ISM: abundances — ISM: molecules — line: profiles
Spectroscopy of /sup 68/Ga with /sup 69/Ga(d, t) and /sup 70/Ge(d,. cap alpha. )

$^{68}\mathrm{Ga}$ has been studied with the $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}(d, t)$ and $^{70}\mathrm{Ge}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha})$ reactions at 17.0 and 14.5 MeV, respectively. Magnetic spectrograph analysis yielded resolutions of 7-10 keV. 20 of 45 states resolved below 2.2 MeV excitation were previously unknown. $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}(d, t)^{68}\mathrm{Ga}$ angular distributions were taken in 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps from 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. ${l}_{n}$ transfers, spectroscopic factors, and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ limits for levels below 1.4 MeV were deduced from comparison with zero range distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ values and dominant configurations for some low-lying states could be assigned.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{69}\mathrm{Ga}(d, t)$, ${E}_{d}=17$ MeV, measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{t}, \ensuremath{\theta})$. $^{70}\mathrm{Ge}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha})$, ${E}_{d}=14.5$ MeV, measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}})$. Resolution 7-10 keV. DWBA analysis, deduced $l$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $J$, spectroscopic factors.
Development of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on a Laboratory Diet

Survival of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), to the adult stage was > 90% when reared on a new formulated diet. Rearing procedures and a new ovipositional cage were developed. Head-capsule widths, developmental. times for each instar, and peak egg-laying periods for adult females were determmed. An inverse relationship between number of larvae in the diet and weight and number surviving to the pupal stage was found. The method was used to mass rear insects for quarantine research.
Partial remission of diabetes mellitus after oral antidiabetic therapy.

The course of diabetes after withdrawal of antidiabetic therapy was studied in diabetics with maturity-onset disease who had been unsuccessfully treated with diet alone. Therapy with oral antidiabetic drugs was given for 21 to 45 months. All patients were followed at regular intervals until diabetic relapse. The average time of relapse ranged from 3.8 months to 15.6 months.
Visualization of Direct T-B Cell Interaction

The concept that an antigen-specific helper T cell directly binds to a B cell stimulated by the same antigen and that this direct interaction is essential for B cell antibody production is well accepted. The most convincing evidence until recently that such cell-cell contact was necessary came from studies of Mitchison (1971) and his colleagues, subsequently repeated in numerous permutations, which showed that the epitopes recognized by both the T cell and B cell must be present on the same molecule. The current picture we have of the events in this interaction is that the specific immunoglobulin on the B cell binds determinants on the antigen, that the antigen is internalized and processed into fragments, and that these fragments are somehow presented on the B cell surface in association with class II. A helper T cell then recognizes the antigen fragment-class II complex by virtue of its specific receptor and thus a direct interaction of the two cells occurs. The recognition of antigen/class II activates the T cells and stimulates the T cell to synthesize and secrete lymphokines. Both the direct interaction of the T cell with the B cell and the soluble lymphokines secreted by the helper T cell are considered essential for B cell activation and subsequent proliferation and differentiation to antibody secretion. Despite the wide acceptance of this scenario actual T-B cell interactions have not been directly visualized until recently, and the details of the interaction and its consequences are largely unknown. In this report, I will review several recent studies we have done in collaboration with our colleagues, Dr. Abraham Kupfer, Dr. Charles Janeway and Dr. Jonanthan Singer. These studies reveal several striking events which occur during specific T cell-B cell interaction.
Squamous Carcinoma of the Prostate

AbstractKeratinizing squamous carcinoma is an extremely rare form of prostatic cancer that seems to arise in periurethral prostatic ducts. The aggressive nature of the tumor caused the death of our patient approximately 1 year after onset of symptoms, despite radical surgical therapy.
Evaluation of effective elastic properties of 3D printable interpenetrating phase composites using the meshfree radial point interpolation method

ABSTRACTInterpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) have recently been fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) printing methods. In a two-phase IPC, the two phases are topologically interconnected and mutually reinforced in the three dimensions. As a result, such IPCs exhibit higher stiffness, strength, and toughness than particle- or fiber-reinforced composites. In the current study, three unit cell models for the IPCs with the simple cubic (SC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and body-centered cubic (BCC) microstructures are developed using the meshfree radial point interpolation method. Radial basis functions with polynomial reproduction are applied to construct shape functions, and the Galerkin method is employed to formulate discretized equations. These unit cell-based meshfree models are used to evaluate effective elastic properties of 3D printable IPCs. The simulation results are compared with those based on the finite element (FE) method and various analytical bounding techniques in micromechanics, inclu...
FUNDRAISING INTERMEDIARIES INHIBIT QUALITY‐DRIVEN CHARITABLE DONATIONS

Charitable donations are frequently raised by an intermediary, which accepts donations and subsequently sends the proceeds to the chairty—for example, a workplace campaign for United Way, a 5-km walk for Susan G. Komen, or buying cookies from a local troop for the Girl Scouts. These fundraisers can greatly increase donations received by a given charity, but how do they affect what types of charities we support? This article shows intermediary fundraisers can make donors insensitive to differences in charity quality: Unattractive charities can receive the same financial support as an attractive charity. In a series of across-subject experiments, when donations are framed as going directly to the charity, unattractive charities receive fewer and smaller contributions relative to attractive charities; however, when donations for the same charities are collected by (meaningless) intermediary fundraising campaigns, donations become indistinguishable across charities. The fundraising campaign does not affect donor recall of charity identity or evaluation of charity quality; it simply precludes donors from using these data in the donation decision. Follow-up experiments suggest the results are driven by information overload. (JEL A13, C91, C93, D61, D64, H41)
Overlapping Chronic Pain Conditions: Implications for Diagnosis and Classification.

Abstract There is increasing recognition that many if not most common chronic pain conditions are heterogeneous with a high degree of overlap or coprevalence of other common pain conditions along with influences from biopsychosocial factors. At present, very little attention is given to the high degree of overlap of many common pain conditions when recruiting for clinical trials. As such, many if not most patients enrolled into clinical studies are not representative of most chronic pain patients. The failure to account for the heterogeneous and overlapping nature of most common pain conditions may result in treatment responses of small effect size when these treatments are administered to patients with chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) represented in the general population. In this brief review we describe the concept of COPCs and the putative mechanisms underlying COPCs. Finally, we present a series of recommendations that will advance our understanding of COPCs. Perspective This brief review describes the concept of COPCs. A mechanism-based heuristic model is presented and current knowledge and evidence for COPCs are presented. Finally, a set of recommendations is provided to advance our understanding of COPCs.