cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistics of geostrophic turbulence in the southern ocean from satellite altimetry and numerical models

Abstract We have used satellite altimetry to measure the statistics of geostrophic turbulence in a 3 500 km segment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Southeast Pacific. The statistics were compared with comparable statistics of variability computed from a numerical model of the ocean circulation. We found that the distribution of eddies observed from space is very similar overall to the distribution calculated from the model. The two differ on small scales, especially near the crest of the East Pacific Ridge. The model output tends to be more patchy, with large variability just upstream of the ridge crest, while space data are less patchy with large variability just downstream of the crest. The flow further downstream of the ridge was similar to that of a free jet. Variance of topography seen from space was about 80% of the variance from the model; variance of current speed was about 120% of the variance from the model. Downstream of the ridge the typical size of eddies increased with distance downstream consistent with theories for two-dimensional turbulence. The decay rate of turbulence downstream of the ridge crest calculated from the model output was nearly the same as that observed from space. The similar decay of turbulence seen in the satellite and model data indicate that the overall influence of viscosity may be well modeled in the numerical calculations. The zonal mean velocity downstream of the ridge agrees well with hydrographic data relative to a depth of 3000 m collected from 1963 to 1968. The position of the current maximum agrees within 0.5° of latitude, and speed is 25% faster than that calculated from hydrographic data. The differences are consistent with interannual variability of the current.
X chromosome imprinting in fragile X syndrome.

Laird et al. (1987) hypothesized that there are at least four cis-acting alleles or ‘chromosome states’ at Xq27 that increasingly delay replication at this chromosomal area resulting in its increasing fragility in vitro. When on the inactive×chromosome, the proposed third (‘mutated’) allele can permanently block reactivation of its cis Xq27 area as the chromosome passes through female meiosis. Males and some females who inherit such an ‘imprinted’ fragile×chromosome (the fourth proposed allele) will be clinically affected due to impaired transcription of genes in the ‘imprinted’ Xq27 area. To test this hypothesis, late replication reverse banding patterns at Xq27 were evaluated in cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines from 25 subjects. Our data suggest that DNA replication of the presumed ‘imprinted’ Xq27 region in affected fragile×patients is indeed later relative to Xq27 on the active×chromosome in other subjects. These results support in part Laird's hypothesis of chromosomal imprinting in fragile×syndrome.
Georgia Aquarium Design Space Analysis and Optimization

Abstract The Ocean Voyager exhibit residing at the Georgia Aquarium Inc. (GAI) is one of the largest reef gallon aquariums in the world, with a capacity greater than 6.2 M gallons. Reef aquariums are closed systems and must compensate by ‘turning over’ their complete volume of water many times a day through biological, chemical, and mechanical filtration. Due to the Georgia Aquarium being a non-profit organization, GAI sought to investigate ways to maximize efficiency and lower operating costs. This paper will focus on using low-cost software solutions to perform trade space analyses and optimization directed towards the Ocean Voyager exhibit and related GA Aquarium life support and energy systems. The software solution herein demonstrates a top-down System of Systems (SoS) to subsystem modeling approach that provides decision makers with interdisciplinary dashboard-level tools to visualize system design. The goal of the analysis is to provide executive level decision-making support for designing or enhancing existing complex systems and SoS. The analysis was performed as a capstone project by Georgia Tech graduate students progressing from cradle to finish in just 9 weeks to show the benefits of systems engineering to Georgia Aquarium staff. Integrating software SE tools into a single, aggregate model enables project engineers and decision makers to direct design directions with confidence.
DCS-based alarms: Integrating traditional functions into modern technology

Abstract Alarms have always been critical to the safe operation of a process. When analog technology and panel board architectures were used, alarms were displayed on panel-mounted annunciators. The shift in control architecture to microprocessor-based distributed control systems (DCS) saw the alarm functions incorporated into the DCS. This change has introduced some problems. This paper discusses the problems of DCS-based alarm systems and the methods by which they can be overcome.
Underdosing of lesions resulting from lack of electronic equilibrium in upper respiratory air cavities irradiated by 10 mv X-ray beams

Abstract When a high energy photon beam, such as from a linear accelerator or cobalt unit, is used to treat lesions located in the upper respiratory air passages, the beam often must traverse an air cavity before it reaches the lesion. Because of this traversal of air, it is not clear that the surface layers of the lesion forming the air-tumor tissue interface will be in a state of near electronic equilibrium; if they are not, underdosing of these layers could result. This problem has been investigated for 10 MV X-ray beams which are becoming widely available for radiotherapy with linear accelerators. The build-up of ionization in a small parallel plate chamber was measured when the chamber was located in a phantom air cavity, the size of which could be varied in three dimensions over the anatomical range as the irradiating field was changed. A significant effect was measured and was determined to be very dependent on field size and on air cavity dimension. It was found that this non-electronic equilibrium effect at the surface of an air cavity is more severe for the higher energy photon beam than that previously measured for 60 Co radiation. This problem is of clinical concern when small fields are used to irradiate lesions through air cavities in the upper respiratory tract.
Theta-modulated input reduces intrinsic gamma oscillations in a hippocampal model

Introducing theta-modulated input into a minimal model of the CA3 region of the hippocampus has significant effects on gamma oscillations. In the absence of theta-modulated input, the gamma oscillations are robust across a range of parameters. Introducing theta-modulated input weakens the gamma oscillations to a power more consistent with power spectra acquired from laboratory animals. With these changes, simulations of the hippocampal model are able to reproduce hippocampal power spectra measured in awake mice.
A simple gait-stabilizing device reduces outdoor falls and nonserious injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter.

Objectives: To determine whether Yaktrax Walker (YW), a nonmedical gait-stabilizing device, prevents outdoor falls and injurious falls in fall-prone older people during the winter. Design: Prospective, randomized, interventional trial. Setting: Community-based, northern United States, winter, outdoors. Participants: Ambulatory, community-dwelling, fall-prone people aged 65 and older. Intervention: Participants were randomized to wear YW or their usual winter footwear (UWF) outdoors during the winter of 2003/2004. Measurements: The number of indoor and outdoor slips, falls, and injurious falls was recorded daily in a fall diary. Winter footwear satisfaction survey was completed after study completion. Results: One hundred nine subjects completed 10,724 diary days. Mean age was 74.2. There were 93 indoor slips, 13 indoor falls, 714 outdoor slips, and 62 outdoor falls. The tendency for both groups to slip/fall indoors was comparable. The relative risk (RR) of outdoor slip for YW was 0.50 (P<.04) for all diary days and 0.61 (P=.14) when only days walked on snow and ice was the exposure variable. The RR of outdoor fall for YW was 0.42 (P<.03) when only days walked on snow and ice was the exposure variable. RR of injurious falls per day walked on snow and ice for YW was 0.13 (P<.02). Twelve of 19 outdoor falls occurred when YW subjects were not wearing their assigned device. No serious injury or fracture occurred in either group. The number needed to treat for the YW to prevent one nonserious injurious fall in one winter was six. Conclusion: YW may reduce the risk of outdoor winter falls, and of nonserious injurious falls, in older community-dwelling people with a history of previous falls.
Prehospital factors associated with severe injury in older adults

Abstract Introduction Globally, injury is amongst the leading causes of death and disability in all age groups. Despite the use of prehospital trauma triage guidelines, identification of older persons with severe, potentially life-threatening injuries has been problematic. The purpose of this paper is to review prehospital factors associated with severe injuries amongst older adults. Search strategy MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched using key word searches of natural language and MeSH vocabulary. Criteria for final retention of the articles included: a focus on adults 50 years and older, single or multisystem injury and identification of prehospital (injury scene) factors associated with severe injury. Severe injury was defined as a maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS) ≥ 3 or an injury severity score ≥ 16, including fatal injury. Results The database searches yielded 469 unduplicated citations. Snowball searching yielded an additional 17 citations. Of these 486 citations, 19 research studies and 2 reviews with practice guidelines met the retention criteria. All of the research studies were secondary analyses, involving the use of hospital trauma registries, injury databases, patient medical records, and statewide hospital discharge data. These studies were conducted in the United States (US), Canada, and the United Kingdom (UK). Factors associated with severe injury included age, sex, systolic blood pressure, pulse, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, angle of impact, restraint systems, occupant mobility at the scene, and number of persons injured. Discussion and conclusions The literature has two significant limitations: the lack of prospective studies of older trauma patient triage indicators and a lack of clarity in many published discussions related to the cause of injury mortality, i.e., whether deaths resulted from the direct effects of the injury or from complications, the effect of comorbidities, or a combination of these. The strongest evidence available at this time consists of retrospective analyses. There might be additional unidentified prehospital factors associated with severe injury in this population that have greater sensitivity, specificity, and predictive validity than current indicators. Seeking and validating such factors and validating existing triage indicators must assume priority amongst investigators and funding agencies.
A Legacy of Forced Migration: The Removal of the Miami Tribe in 1846

In the first half of the nineteenth century, dozens of Indian tribes and tens of thousands of tribal members were forced to move and resettle hundreds of miles away from their traditional homes in the eastern and mid-western US. This process – which has come to be known as tribal or Indian removal – was initiated as white settlers encroached upon tribal resources, and was facilitated by the political and military actions of state and federal governments. After years of resistance, the Miami Tribe was brought into the removal programme and the Tribe was split between Indiana and Kansas. Removal also operated on an ideological level, infecting the political identity of the Miami Tribe and its members. This paper provides a detailed study of forced removal in order to provide insights into the complexity of colonialism within which the Miami Tribe, the State, and settlers were operating, as well as to provide an understanding of how political identity was – and continues to be – entangled with the processes, events and places associated with tribal removal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model for the reversible magnetization of high- kappa type-II superconductors: Application to high-Tc superconductors.

A simple theoretical model is proposed for the reversible magnetization of type-II superconductors as a function of the applied field H for the entire field region between ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$ and ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$. For H\ensuremath{\simeq}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$, the theory reduces to a variational model, from which ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$ can be accurately computed in the Ginzburg-Landau regime. In calculating the free energy, we include, in addition to the supercurrent kinetic energy and the magnetic-field energy, the kinetic-energy and the condensation-energy terms arising from suppression of the order parameter in the vortex core. The model is further extended to include anisotropy by introducing an effective-mass tensor for the case when H is parallel to one of the principal axes. The theory is compared to reversible-magnetization data on a ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ single crystal. The method permits an accurate determination of ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$ versus temperature from measurements of the magnetization versus temperature at fixed magnetic field and explains why the measurements have different slopes in different fields, contrary to what might have been expected from the linear Abrikosov formula near ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$. The deduced ${\mathit{dH}}_{\mathit{c}2}$/dT is (-1.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.23) T/K for H parallel to the c axis near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, implying ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$(0)=(17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1) \AA{}.
Time-resolved Raman observation of the aqueous O3−

Abstract A Raman study of the O − +O 2 →O 3 − reaction in aqueous solution is reported. The reaction half-period was measured as ∼ 200 ns in oxygen saturated solution at room temperature. Spectroscopic evidence for the O 3 − -solvent coupled vibrations has been found. The harmonic frequency ( Ω e ) of the O 3 − symmetric stretch in aqueous solution, 1058 cm −1 , is 30–40 cm −1 higher, and the anharmonicity constant ( Ω e χ e ), 9 ± 2 cm −1 , about twice as large as compared to the O 3 −1 inbedded in crystalline matrices or bonded to a counter ion. The O 3 − →2O+O − dissociation energy is drastically lowered on hydration.
Arsenic trioxide and auranofin inhibit selenoprotein synthesis: implications for chemotherapy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia.

Background and purpose: Arsenicals have been used medicinally for decades to treat both infectious disease and cancer. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is effective for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), yet the mechanism of action of this drug is still widely debated. Recently, As2O3 was shown to inhibit the activity of the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). TrxR has been proposed to be required for selenium metabolism. The effect of inhibitors of TrxR on selenium metabolism has yet to be assessed. This study aims to determine whether chemotherapeutics that target selenocysteine within selenoenzymes may also affect the metabolism of selenium. Experimental approach: A lung cell line, A549, was used to assess the effect of TrxR inhibitors on selenium metabolism, using 75Se-selenite. The level of mRNA encoding cytosolic TrxR (TrxR1) was determined using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. TrxR activity was determined in whole-cell extracts. Key results: Exposure of cells to As2O3, arsenite or auranofin led to a concentration-dependent reduction of selenium metabolism into selenoproteins. Knockdown of TrxR1, using small inhibitory RNA, did not affect selenium metabolism. Exposure of cells to monomethylarsonic acid, a potent inhibitor of TrxR, did not alter selenium metabolism but did inhibit enzyme activity. Conclusions and implications: As2O3 and auranofin block the metabolism of selenium in A549 cells. Because As2O3 is used to treat APL, our findings may reveal the mechanism of this therapeutic action and lead to further research targeting selenium metabolism to find novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of APL. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 940–948; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.161; published online 21 April 2008
The new possibilities of telephone switching

Switching system architectures have evolved to be responsive to the needs of the user. Their design has been constrained by the existing environment which treats terminals, transmission channels, and switching entities as separate "black boxes." Telephone switching circuits have used relatively expensive discrete components, and hence, system designers used common control techniques to minimize the system cost. This was done by providing the circuits in common whenever this was possible. Such common circuits were associated with a switched path for the period of time for which the functions of the circuit were required. This was followed by "one at a time" operation and by the use of stored program controls. The advent of low-cost electronic circuit components has resulted in the application of digital techniques to switching systems. For the first time, the combination of switching and transmission is possible. This is the near-term objective. The long-term objective, made possible by forecasts of low-cost memory and electronic gate circuits, is the combination of switching, transmission, and the terminals. This will result in much more complex terminals.
HELIOLIB/MIDL: An example of code reuse over mission lifetime

This paper presents an overview of using a single semantic data model (HELIOLIB) and science data analysis code base (MIDL) throughout all phases of a spacecraft mission from integration and testing to archive submission. By using a single code base to create both ground support software and analysis software, we reduce costs and increase the integrity of the final science data product. The detailed, error-prone task of decoding telemetry is coded only once, and is tested early in the instrument development cycle. Not only does this result in better science telemetry processing later on, but can also reveal instrument or data design issues while the instrument is still on the ground. The telemetry processing code is then encapsulated within a data model that allows the code to be used as a pluggable reader module within science analysis tools. The daily use of these tools (MIDL) by instrument scientists helps validate the code. Final archive products can then be created with the same code base (same jar file even), ensuring that the quality of the archive products is as good as the data used routinely by the instrument team.
Imaging the Distal Radioulnar Joint

Imaging the DRUJ requires knowledge of the complex bony, muscular, and ligamentous anatomy that contribute to this unique joint. Standard well-positioned radiography is always the appropriate first step in any imaging evaluation of the wrist. High-resolution MRI of the wrist, preferably performed at 3T, helps to delineate the important ligamentous structures relevant to the DRUJ and ulnar wrist, whether the joint is unstable or not. The presence of instability on physical examination is an indication for dynamic CT evaluation. Close attention to technique, no matter what the modality of choice, offers the best chance for success in providing added value with imaging. Finally, communication between the radiologist and hand surgeon allows the advanced imaging examinations to be tailored to the specific clinical problem for the most effective use of resources for each individual patient.
Calcite (1 0 4)–water interface structure, revisited

Abstract The structure of the calcite (1 0 4)–water interface is reassessed using a new set of high-precision specular X-ray reflectivity measurements. In situ measurements of the specular reflectivity signal to a vertical structural resolution of 0.45 A are used to define the interfacial structure, including vertical displacement patterns of the Ca and CO 3 groups as well as the nature of interfacial water. These new data show two organized interfacial water layers, consistent with previous results, and distortion of the interfacial calcite structure to a depth of four to six unit cells, at least two deeper than previously reported. These results are in reasonable agreement with recent computational studies, at least in terms of the locations of the first and second water layers. The difference between the interfacial structure derived from previous X-ray reflectivity results and that presented here emphasizes the need for high-precision measurements to provide a robust understanding of the interfacial structures of reactive minerals in aqueous environments.
Structure and Strategies: Two Faces of Civic Activism in India

This paper explains the success of civic actors in achieving their aims by reference to their organizational structure. Based on a comparison of a religious nationalist movement and a women's movement in South Asia, I argue that organizational structure is closely linked to the success of a social movement. The lack of coordination and collaboration among women's groups in terms of mission and strategy has led to a perception of the overall movement as weak and marginal. The superior coordination of strategy and mission within the religious nationalist movement have allowed it to effectively use its resources to cause great changes in Indian society.
Clinical update on the use of moxifloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired complicated intraabdominal infections.

Abstract Background: Community-acquired complicated intraabdominal infections (cIAIs) present problems for clinicians and have substantial impact on hospital resources. Because of the polymicrobial nature of these infections, successful management of cIAIs depends on timely and appropriate use of antisepsis and antiinfective strategies. Methods: The literature pertinent to this article was reviewed. Results: The Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines recommend a variety of single and combined antimicrobial therapies, including fluoroquinolone therapy, for prophylactic and definitive treatment of cIAIs with different severities. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, demonstrates a broad spectrum of antimicrobial (including anaerobic) activity, good tissue penetration into the gastrointestinal tract, and a good tolerability profile. Clinical data also have demonstrated that moxifloxacin is effective as monotherapy for patients with cIAIs. This review identifies the cl...
Specificity of natural resistance to trematode infections in Biomphalaria glabrata

Abstract The 10-R2 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata was strongly resistant to various strains of Schistosoma mansoni in its laboratory of origin (NIH) and to three strains of S. mansoni we tested against it. However, subsequent development of three inbred lines of B. glabrata 10-R2 snails, separately maintained in our San Francisco laboratory, showed slight loss of resistance in one colony, very much less resistance (or partial susceptibility) in another, and retention of the original resistance in a third to the Puerto Rico (PR-1) strain of S. mansoni. No selection for resistance to infection was involved in the breeding protocol for these 10-R2 lines, so the changes were apparently random ones that became established in the separate inbred substrains. In spite of their changed response to the PR-1 strain of S. mansoni, all three 10-R2 substrains retained only slightly diminished resistance to S. mansoni Lc-1 strain and an essentially undiminished resistance to irradiated Echinostoma lindoense, E. paraensei and E. liei sporocysts. This suggests that natural resistance to S. mansoni PR-1 in B. glabrata is specific, a response that differs from the host response to either S. mansoni Lc-1 or to the echinostomes.
Chlorophyll fluorescence transients as indicators of changes in the redox state of plastoquinone in intact Bryopsis chloroplasts

Abstract The effects of preillumination of chloroplasts at room temperature on the intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K were studied. The fluorescence intensity at 77 K changed upon varying the preillumination and showed two peaks. Effects of methyl viologen and carbonylcyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) showed that these two peaks corresponded to the peaks P and M 1 in the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence at room temperature. Effects of electron transport inhibitors and an electron donor to photosystem I showed that variations in the fluorescence intensity at 77 K reflected the redox changes of plastoquinone induced by preillumination of the chloroplasts at room temperature. Changes in ion concentration or pH around the thylakoid membranes specifically affected system II fluorescence, whereas, system I and II fluorescence was affected equally by the preillumination treatment of the chloroplasts. These data suggest that quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence is not related to the changes in energy distribution between pigment system I and II and that the redox transient of plastoquinone (and therefore, also that of Q) is the main and direct cause of the D to S 2 transient in the fluorescence induction at room temperature in Bryopsis chloroplasts. The maximum quenching observed reached about 25% of the maximum extent of fluorescence at 77 K.
Imitation as a consequence for children's behavior: Two experimental case studies

The purpose of the case studies was to illustrate the novel use of imitation as aconsequence and the varied effects of such consequating events. An adult's imitation of two retarded children's inappropriate classroom behavior was used as a consequence. In the case of a child whose eating behavior was inappropriate, imitation served as an aversive stimulus, dramatically reducing inappropriate behavior. For a child who made animal-like yelps during language instruction, imitation served as a positive reinforcer (i.e., accelerated yelping). The results are discussed with regard to person variables and future research.
A kinetic study of the initial oxidation of Ni (111) and (211) surfaces by rheed and X-ray emission

Abstract Ni (111) and (211) surfaces, prepared by a combination of high temperature oxidation, argon ion bombardment and hydrogen reduction, were oxidized between 40 and 300°C in low oxygen pressures. The oxidation processes were studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). electron excited X-ray emission spectroscopy (XRE) and work function (Δφ) measurements. The oxidation up to ~0.3 ∼g of oxygen per cm 2 was observed to proceed in three stages. Stage 1 : Initial chemisorption associated with the formation of two-dimensional structures (oxygen uptake between 0 and ~0.5 monolayers); on (111) Ni the sequence observed was a >p(2 × 2) followed by a ( 3 × 3 ) R 30° , whereas only a p(2 × 2) structure was produced on (211) Ni. Stage 2: The formation of NiO nuclei and spreading of these nuclei to cover the surface (oxygen uptake between 0.5 and 2.5 monolayers); on (111) Ni whether anti-parallel (111) NiO or polycrystalline NiO nuclei formed depended upon the oxidation pressure and temperature. Stage 3: Logarithmic thickening of the oxide film produced from Stage 2 (oxygen uptake > 2.5 monolayers).
Fluctuation effects on critical behavior of Josephson-junction arrays.

This paper investigates the effects of fluctuations on critical behavior of two-dimensional periodic arrays of coupled Josephson junctions. Both random fluctuations of the external magnetic field and quantum fluctuations are considered. The standard replica method is used to deal with fluctuations of the magnetic field, and it is shown that weak fluctuations are irrelevant whereas strong fluctuations destroy superconductivity. In the case of medium fluctuations, strong dependence on the lattice structure is found: They are irrelevant on a square lattice while they destroy the effect of the magnetic field on a triangular lattice. Quantum fluctuations are treated with use of a variational method. It is shown that they affect the renormalization-group equation in a significant way and lead to a low-temperature reentrant transition into a normal phase. Also shown is that sufficiently strong quantum fluctuations destroy superconductivity at all temperatures. Limitation of this analysis and relevance to experiments are discussed.
Use of CO2 laser in treatment of molluscum contagiosum: Reports of four cases

Abstract Study Objective: To assess the use of the CO 2 laser in the management of ano-genital molluscum contagiosum. Design: Case series. Setting: Ambulatory surgical unit in a large pediatric hospital. Participants: Three girls and one boy who were seen for management of extensive ano-genital molluscum contagiosum between 1988 and 1992 were included in this study. Interventions: The CO 2 laser was used to ablate all lesions in each patient. Main Outcome Measures: Resolution, persistence, recurrence of lesions, and scarring of the surgical sites. Results: All patients were noted to have good healing of the surgical sites without scarring or deformities. No recurrences were noted. Conclusion: The CO 2 laser is yet another instrument at the disposal of the gynecologist for the treatment of extensive ano-genital molluscum contagiosum in the pediatric age group.
A method to test concurrent systems using architectural specification

In this paper, we discuss a testing method for integration testing of complex and concurrent systems. Integration testing is considered the least well understood and hence is the most problematic level of testing related to concurrent system development. This is so, because integration testing is not completely unit (or code) neither testing nor it is completely system testing. To achieve this goal of improving integration testing, our proposed method exploits architectural specification of concurrent and distributed systems defined in the high level Petri nets, known as Hierarchical Predicate Transition Nets (HPrTNs). More specifically, our testing method implements the separation of concerns strategy to handle both the essential complexity associated with the front-end software development of inherently concurrent and distributed systems, i.e. architectural specification, and the difficulty and cost associated with the back-end development of these systems, namely, software testing.
B-cell responses to lipopolysaccharide epitopes: Who sees what first - does it matter?

Problem Cholera is the paradigm for waterborne bacterial diseases. For over a 100 years, scientists have tried to develop a universally effective vaccine for cholera. We are hampered in our efforts because we do not know the details of the basic immune response to Vibrio cholerae antigens. What are the most proactive antigens? What special needs for immunization are engendered by previous exposure to cholera or the age of the individual? How long does immunity last, and is this immunity a classic immunologic memory or re-exposure and continual boosting? Method of study Immunization with synthetic derivatives of the carbohydrate moieties of V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coupled to different carrier proteins (neoglycoconjugates, NGC) has allowed dissection of the response to the disaccharide array of perosamine that represent either the Inaba or the Ogawa serotype. Studying serum anti-LPS endpoint titers and the serum vibriocidal response to NGC provides insight into the importance of LPS serotype-specific B-cell epitopes and how antibody response are influenced by the form of the LPS immunogen. Results We found that murine serum antibody responses to V. cholerae LPS are dynamic. The magnitude of serum anti-LPS antibody titers and the capacity to induced vibriocidal antibodies (immunoglobulin M) are influenced by the initial immunizing serotype of LPS, the structure of the LPS immunogen (native LPS versus NGC), and the order of serotype immunization in a prime boost immunization strategy. The dynamic of the immune response to LPS immunogens is typified by the fact that the host species can affect the immunization response. We found mice do not make vibriocidal antibody to Inaba NGC but rabbits do. This is in contrast to the Ogawa NGC that induced vibriocidal antibody in mice. Conclusion The results suggest that the host's B-cell repertoire can influence the immunization efficacy; therefore, the development of the new generation of NGC V. cholerae vaccines should focus on human volunteers and their ability to mount protective responses.
ANALYSIS OF FEELING OF SECURITY ON PUBLIC TRANSIT AMONG RESIDENTS OF SMALL URBAN AREA

Magnitude estimation for assessing personal security is introduced. Magnitude estimates were obtained and used to compute security indexes. The advantage of magnitude estimate-based indexes over summated scales is that they are ratio rather than ordinal data. Residents of Greensboro, North Carolina, were surveyed regarding crime in the vicinity of bus stops. Responses were analyzed, and violent crime around bus areas was rated 2.5 times more serious than nonviolent crime (e.g., panhandling). In a model of the index, the gender of residents, an interaction term denoting crime victimization and taking precautionary measures, and the crime rate were significant predictors; race and age were not.
Electron transfer-induced blinking in Ag nanodot fluorescence

Various single-stranded DNA-encapsulated Ag nanoclusters (nanodots) exhibit strong, discrete fluorescence with solvent polarity-dependent absorption and emission throughout the visible and near-IR....
Role of environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis

Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown. The high morbidity associated with these defects demands that we continue to elucidate the mechanisms of axial skeletal teratogens. Advances in cell and molecular biology with respect to normal development and somitogenesis and the pathogenesis and mechanisms of teratogenesis are occurring at a tremendous rate. This allows teratologists and developmental toxicologists the opportunity to revisit old problems with new tools to elucidate common mechanisms between various environmental insults and discover novel targets that aid in the understanding of normal and pathogenic development of the spine.
Heidegger on presence: A reply

Taylor Carman has argued that the passages I submitted to him as proof that Heidegger identifies being with presence are really just his characterizations of a metaphysical conception of being that he repudiates. I show that he has misread these passages and has misunderstood the nature of the continuity that Heidegger himself recognizes between the views of Kant which are under discussion in the texts from which these passages are drawn and his own (Heidegger's) position which finds expression in them. I then cite other passages from another work by Heidegger that make the same point about being and presence just as emphatically and quite independently of any account of any other philosopher's views. Finally, I explain the difference between the ways Heidegger uses the word Anwesenheit ‐ his word for presence. One of these is as a translation of the Greek ousia which he interprets as a concept of being as presence sans temporality; the other is the radicalized concept of being as presence toward which He...
Engineering Decisions under Risk Averseness

AbstractEngineering decisions are invariably made under substantial uncertainty about current and future system cost and response, including cost and response associated with low-probability, high-consequence events. A risk-neutral decision maker would rely on expected values when comparing designs, while a risk-averse decision maker might adopt nonlinear utility functions or failure probability criteria. The paper shows that these models for making decisions are related to a framework of risk measures that includes many possibilities. The authors describe how risk measures provide an expanded set of models for handling risk-averse decision makers. General recommendations for selecting risk measures lead to decision models for risk-averse decision making that comprehensively represent risks in engineering systems, avoid paradoxes, and accrue substantial benefits in subsequent risk, reliability, and cost optimization. The paper provides an overview of the framework of decision making based on risk measures.
Clinicopathological and ultrasonographic features of cats with eosinophilic enteritis.

Eosinophilic enteritis (EE) in cats is poorly characterized. The aim of the current study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in cats with histologic evidence of eosinophilic inflammation on gastrointestinal biopsy. Twenty-five cats with tissue eosinophilia on surgical (10) or endoscopic (15) biopsy of the gastrointestinal tract, having an abdominal ultrasound performed within 48 h of biopsy acquisition, were enrolled. History, clinical presentation, clinical pathology and abdominal ultrasound findings were reviewed. Intestinal biopsies were evaluated by a single pathologist and separated into two groups based on the degree of eosinophilic infiltrate: mild ( 10 eosinophils/HPF, 14/25 cats). The former were considered primary lymphoplasmacytic or lymphocytic inflammatory bowel disease (LPE) with subtle eosinophilic infiltrates, and the latter to have EE. Signalment, history and clinical signs were similar in all cats. Only cats with EE (6/14) had palpably thickened intestines. The only distinguishing clinicopathological feature of cats with EE was the presence of peripheral eosinophilia (6/14). On ultrasound, when compared with cats with LPE, cats with EE had a greater mean jejunal wall thickness (3.34 mm ± 0.72 mm vs 4.07 mm ± 0.58 mm, respectively) and an increased incidence of thickening of the muscularis layer (1/11 and 11/14, respectively). In conclusion, ultrasonographic evidence of a prominent intestinal muscularis layer, palpably thickened intestines and peripheral eosinophilia can serve as biomarkers for the presence of EE in cats with chronic intestinal signs.
Sites of transcription of the Müllerian inhibiting substance gene in mouse testis

We have examined the transcription of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in testis by the sensitive technique of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). A developmental study of testis by this nonquantitative technique showed expression at all postnatal stages, including adults while liver and kidney provided negative controls. Cell separation studies indicated that highly purified interstitial cells, as well as less homogeneous Sertoli cell-enriched and germ cell-enriched fractions, contained RNA for MIS. The transcription of MIS in an interstitial cell type was confirmed by finding MIS mRNA in purified Leydig cells. Inasmuch as the germ cell-enriched fraction contains some Sertoli cells, and XX,Sxra and XX,Sxrb which have germ cell-depleted testes, contain MIS mRNA, a Sertoli cell source remains likely for the seminiferous tubule compartment.
Automatic synthesis of 3D asynchronous state machines

We describe a new automatic synthesis tool (3D) for designing asynchronous controllers from burst-mode specifications, a class of specifications allowing multiple input change fundamental mode operation. We present an algorithm for constructing a three-dimensional next-state table, a heuristic for encoding states, and a procedure for generating necessary constraints for exact logic minimization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the 3D implementation and the synthesis procedure on numerous designs including a large realistic example (Asynchronous Data Transfer Protocol of the SCSI Bus Controller). We estimate the latency (input to output delay) and the cycle time (time required for the circuit to stabilize after the excitation) for all benchmark designs using a 0.8pm CMOS standard cell library.
Vacuolar Deposition of Ascorbate-derived Oxalic Acid in Barley.

l-[1-14C]Ascorbic acid was supplied to detached barley seedlings to determine the subcellular location of oxalic acid, one of its metabolic products. Intact vacuoles isolated from protoplasts of labeled leaves contained [14C]oxalic acid which accounted for about 70% of the intraprotoplast soluble oxalic acid. Tracer-labeled oxalate accounted for 36 and 72% of the 14C associated with leaf vacuoles of seedlings labeled for 22 and 96 hours, respectively.
PRODUCTION OF THE ALARM REACTION IN YOUNG RATS BY TRANSECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

THE TERM ‘alarm reaction1’ was introduced by Selye (1) to refer to certain changes observed in the organs of immature animals, chiefly rats, in response to a wide variety of noxious stimuli. The most striking and constant changes seen toward the close of the acute stage of the reaction, about 48 hours after presentation of the harmful stimulus, were loss in weight of the thymus and other lymphoid tissues, and gain in weight of the adrenals. Hemorrhages into the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and bladder also frequently appeared (2). Among the stimuli regularly producing these changes was transection of the spinal cord. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the production of the alarm reaction by this means, in order to cast light on the role played by the central nervous system. One hundred and fifty–two young rats of both sexes were used. Laminectomy was performed and the spinal cord transected just below the vertebra prominens under ether anesthesia.
The Impact of Science on Precollege Education A Glancing Blow

Education is one of the most important domains of the knowledge system. Science impacts the domain of education by affecting the content of educational programs and the processes by which the educational enterprise is conducted. Specific indicators of the impact of science on precollege education, when grouped in these two categories, suggest that schools have not been greatly affected by the findings of the social, behavioral, educational, and organizational sciences. Education does not display the high level of science intensity characteristic of some domains of the knowledge system (e.g., parts of industry), notwithstanding deliberate efforts by government agencies (e.g., the National Institute of Education and the National Science Foundation) to create new mediating structures expressly designed to link science to the content and conduct of education.
The Contribution of Insulin-Dependent and Insulin-Independent Glucose Uptake to Intravenous Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Human Subjects

Glucose disposal occurs by both insulin-independent and insulin-dependent mechanisms, the latter being determined by the interaction of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. To determine the role of insulin-independent and insulin-dependent factors in glucose tolerance, we performed intravenous glucose tolerance tests on 93 young healthy subjects (55 male, 38 female; 18-44 years of age; body mass index, 19.5-52.2 kg/m2). From these tests, we determined glucose tolerance as the glucose disappearance constant (Kg), calculated beta-cell function as the incremental insulin response to glucose for 19 min after an intravenous glucose bolus (IIR0-19), and derived an insulin sensitivity index (SI) and glucose effectiveness at basal insulin (SG) using the minimal model of glucose kinetics. To eliminate the effect of basal insulin on SG and estimate insulin-independent glucose uptake, we calculated glucose effectiveness at zero insulin (GEZI = SG - [SI x basal insulin]). Insulin-dependent glucose uptake was estimated as SI x IIR0-19, because the relationship between SI and beta-cell function has been shown to be hyperbolic. Using linear regression to determine the influence of these factors on glucose tolerance, we found that GEZI was significantly related to Kg (r = 0.70; P 0.08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development and validation of a leaf wetness duration model using a fuzzy logic system.

A model to estimate leaf wetness duration (LWD) based on fuzzy logic was developed and validated using hourly weather measurements at 15 sites in the midwestern U.S. from 1997–1999. The Fuzzy model, which required relatively few input variables and simplified calculations compared with physical models, was comparable to sensor measurements in overall accuracy of LWD estimation (<1 h/day error). The Fuzzy model was also more portable than the CART/SLD/Wind model, an empirical model that used the same weather variables, in that the Fuzzy model classified presence or absence of wetness more accurately than the CART/SLD/Wind model at most sites. This suggests that incorporating energy balance principles and empirical computation methods in a fuzzy logic system makes it possible to accurately estimate LWD with a relatively small number of input variables. The accuracy of the Fuzzy model may be improved using correction factors when additional relevant inputs, e.g., solar radiation, become available. Therefore, the Fuzzy model may merit further study to verify this adaptability.
SUPPORTING CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN THE CATHOLIC SCHOOLS

Many children with disabilities attend Catholic schools, but the resources to serve these children adequately are limited. Teacher assistants are increasingly being used to meet this need by assisting students with disabilities in regular classrooms. The authors maintain that such assistants can be effectively used in Catholic schools for this purpose, and others, if appropriately prepared. This article identifies the education needed to enable urban teacher assistants to work effectively with students with special needs in regular classrooms in Catholic schools. The article also examines a preparation program at The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC.
Polarographic Oxygen, the Epicardial Electrocardiogram and Muscle Contraction in Experimental Acute Regional Ischemia of the Left Ventricle

This study is the first attempt to correlate myocardial oxygen availability by the polaro-graphic method with direct electrocardiographic leads and cinematographic records of muscle contraction during experimental acute coronary branch occlusion and narrowing. The comparative insensitivity and slowness of the epicardial electrocardiogram as an index of acute regional ischemia is demonstrated. Special attention is given to the rates of myocardial oxygen change immediately following attainment of a significant degree of coronary obstruction, the effects of pure oxygen inhalation on the experimental situations, and alterations in coronary vein color following release of arterial occlusion.
Off-detector electronics for a high-rate CSC detector

Data acquisition (DAQ) electronics are described for a system of high-rate cathode strip chambers (CSC) in the forward region of A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS) muon spectrometer. The system provides serial streams of control signals for switched capacitor array analog memories on the chambers and accepts a total of nearly 294 Gbit/s in serial raw data streams from 64 chambers in the design configuration. Processing of the data is done in two stages, leading to an output bandwidth of 2.56 Gbit/s. The architecture of the system is described, as are some important signal processing algorithms and hardware implementation details. Although designed for a specific application, the architecture is sufficiently general to be used in other contexts.