cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A universal steady state I-V relationship for membrane current

A purely electrical mechanism for the gating of membrane ionic channel gives rise to a simple I-V relationship for membrane current. The authors' approach is based on the known presence of gating charge, which is an established property of the membrane channel gating. The gating charge is systematically treated as a polarization of the channel protein which varies with the external electric field and modifies the effective potential through which the ions migrate in the channel. Two polarization effects have been considered: 1) the up or down shift of the whole potential function; and 2) the change in the effective electric field inside the channel which is due to familiar effect of the effective reduction of the electric field inside a dielectric body because of the presence of surface charges on its surface. Both effects are linear in the channel polarization. The ionic current is described by a steady state solution of the Nernst-Planck equation with the potential directly controlled by the gating charge system. The solution describes reasonably well the steady state and peak-current I-V relationships for different channels, and when applied adiabatically, explains the time lag between the gating charge current and the rise of the ionic current. The approach developed can be useful as an effective way to model the ionic currents in axons, cardiac cells and other excitable tissues.
Heterogeneously-Licensed System Requirements, Acquisition and Governance

Increasingly, software-intensive systems are being constructed from components subject to different licenses. As software reuse, component-based software development, and open source software components come into more widespread use during system development, developers and consumers are faced with a complex array of legal rights and obligations that they have difficulty tracking, yet alone comprehending. We outline aspects of this problem and an approach for managing it from the points of view of architects, analysts, acquisition managers, and regulators.
Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by glycine and zinc in cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons

The monosynaptic EPSP between cultured hippocampal neurons is mediated by activation of 2 classes of excitatory amino acid receptors. Kainate or quisqualate receptors generate a fast conventional EPSP, while NMDA receptors mediate a slow, voltage-sensitive EPSP. Recently, 2 substances have been shown to modulate the activity of the NMDA receptor-channel complex: glycine increases the probability of channel opening, while zinc acts as a noncompetitive antagonist. Since these substances are present in the CNS and thus may function as neuromodulators, we have examined their role in excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal cultures using the whole-cell-patch- recording technique. The slow, NMDA-receptor-mediated EPSP was strikingly dependent on the presence of a conditioning substance that gradually accumulated in the extracellular fluid during a 30 min incubation in physiological saline. Washout of the conditioned medium eliminated the slow EPSP, and perfusion with physiological saline containing 1 microM glycine restored the slow EPSP to control levels. Furthermore, conditioned medium collected from astroglial-only cultures also potentiated the response to NMDA. Zinc (20–50 microM) overcame the potentiation of the response by glycine and resulted in a reversible block of the slow EPSP, providing the first evidence for a direct action of zinc on excitatory synaptic transmission. Our results show that the expression of the slow EPSP may be subject to regulation by several endogenous substances: positive modulation by glycine (or a glycine-like substance), which can be released from astroglial cells, and negative modulation by physiological levels of zinc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Variable-scale smoothing and edge detection guided by stereoscopy

It is typical in edge detection applications to examine a single scale or to consider some space of scales in the image without knowing which scale is appropriate for each location in the image. However, many images contain a wide variation in the distance to the scene points, and thus objects of the same size can appear at greatly differing scales in the image. We present a method where the scale of the smoothing and edge detection is varied locally according to the distance to the scene point, which we estimate through stereoscopy. The edges that are detected are thus at the same scale in the world, rather than at the same scale in the image. This method has been implemented efficiently by smoothing the image at a discrete set of scales and performing interpolation to estimate the response at the correct scale for each pixel. The application of this technique to an ordnance recognition problem has resulted in a considerable improvement in performance.
Paleolithic Nutrition: Twenty-Five Years Later

A quarter century has passed since the first publication of the evolutionary discordance hypothesis, according to which departures from the nutrition and activity patterns of our hunter-gatherer ancestors have contributed greatly and in specifically definable ways to the endemic chronic diseases of modern civilization. Refinements of the model have changed it in some respects, but anthropological evidence continues to indicate that ancestral human diets prevalent during our evolution were characterized by much lower levels of refined carbohydrates and sodium, much higher levels of fiber and protein, and comparable levels of fat (primarily unsaturated fat) and cholesterol. Physical activity levels were also much higher than current levels, resulting in higher energy throughput. We said at the outset that such evidence could only suggest testable hypotheses and that recommendations must ultimately rest on more conventional epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies. Such studies have multiplied and have supported many aspects of our model, to the extent that in some respects, official recommendations today have targets closer to those prevalent among hunter-gatherers than did comparable recommendations 25 years ago. Furthermore, doubts have been raised about the necessity for very low levels of protein, fat, and cholesterol intake common in official recommendations. Most impressively, randomized controlled trials have begun to confirm the value of hunter-gatherer diets in some high-risk groups, even as compared with routinely recommended diets. Much more research needs to be done, but the past quarter century has proven the interest and heuristic value, if not yet the ultimate validity, of the model.
An efficient implementation of the network simplex method

This paper describes an efficient implementation of the network simplex method for solving large sparse minimum-cost network flow problems. This is a single-phase implementation which employs an initial spanning tree of all artificial edges, a gradual penalty method for reducing infeasibilities and a sample pricing strategy which does not require adjacency-ordered edge lists. Data structures, algorithmic details and computational experience with a set of generated problems are presented. For the problems tested, the present implementation is found to be more efficient than other available implementations of the network simplex and primal-dual methods.
Why Bright Kanizsa Squares Look Closer: Consistency of Segmentations and Surfaces in 3-D Vision

When a human observer views a Kanizsa square under appropriate viewing conditions, the bright square appears to be closer than its inducing pac man wedges (Figure 1). Much experimental evidence suggests that the square’s apparent brightness and depth covary relative to those of the picture background (Bradley and Dumais, 1984; Kanizsa, 1955, 1974; Purghe and Coren, 1992). This interaction between the illusory contours that frame the square, the brightness percept that fills it in, and the depthful pop-out of the square from its background illustrate in a dramatic way how fundamentally different are biological vision processes from those of traditional machine vision algorithms. The present article sketches an explanation of this percept as part of a larger theory of biological vision that develops a solution of the classical figure-ground problem (Grossberg, 1993, 1994).
The Potential for Unreported Artificial Reefs to Serve as Refuges from Fishing Mortality for Reef Fishes

AbstractThis study tested the potential for 27 artificial reefs, which were deployed in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) but not reported to the public, to serve as refuges from fishing mortality for reef fishes. Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus (n = 2,114) and Gray Triggerfish Balistes capriscus (n = 267) were tagged at a subset (n = 9) of the study reefs from winter 2005 to fall 2007 to estimate their site fidelity and mortality rates. Mortality was also estimated from catch curves fit to Red Snapper and Gray Triggerfish age distributions that were estimated at the study reefs both before (2005–2007) and after (2007–2008) the GPS coordinates of the above subset were advertised to the public. Red Snapper site fidelity (f), estimated by fitting Burnham's (1993) joint encounter model to tagging data, was 12.8% per year; while estimated instantaneous total mortality (Z) of Red Snapper ranged from 0.08 per year during the closed recreational fishing seasons to 1.31 per year during the open seasons. Sim...
Central Market Quotations and Country Buying

ENTRAL market quotations provide a basis for settling C trades at country points in cotton, cheese, poultry and eggs, butter, and sometimes other products.1 There are important differences in the way quotations are used in these industries, and in market reporting for them. I shall discuss some of the problems in the use of central market quotations for pricing at country points, with particular reference to butter. I use the term "quotations" to include any wholesale price employed as a basis of settlement, whether U.S.D.A. daily price reports or prices from private reporting agencies. The term originally referred to prices reflected by Exchanges. The major central markets for butter are New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, where the principal Exchanges are located. Seattle and Philadelphia are sometimes included in this group. The two quotations most often used for settlement in Wisconsin are the Chicago Price Current, and the Dairy and Poultry Market News report for Chicago. My primary data come from the preliminary tabulation of a survey of butter pricing at country points in Wisconsin, carried out as part of a cooperative project with the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the North Central region and the U. S. Department of Agriculture.2 The objective of the regional study was to examine the methods by which prices were established for butter at country points and central markets, to appraise their adequacy, and to suggest ways of improving them. The problem grew out of the effects of decentralization in the butter industry, noticeable even before the turn of the century. It became important as an increasingly large proportion of butter was bought from factories and traded throughout the marketing process on the basis of contracts naming a central market wholesale quotation as a basis for settlement. Meanwhile, the growth of
Interactions between malaria (Plasmodium yoelii) and leishmaniasis (Leishmania mexicana amazonensis): effect of concomitant infection on host activity, host body temperature, and vector engorgement success.

Concurrent infection with Plasmodium yoelii Landau and Killick-Kendrick and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis Lainson and Shaw affected the health of BALB/c mice as indicated by core body temperature, daily activity patterns, and Aedes aegypti (L.) engorgement success. Mice infected with both P. yoelii and L. m. amazonensis developed more severe malaria than did control animals. P. yoelii parasitemia in these mice peaked at 35% of red blood cells infected, compared with 15% in mice infected only with P. yoelii . Dually infected mice were less active than control animals, developed severe hypothermia, and were unable to prevent Ae. aegypti from engorging. The implications of these results toward pathogen transmission is discussed.
An Ultrastructural Comparison of the Aecial and Telial Haustoria of the Autoecious Rust Puccinia Podophylli

This study demonstrates that the aecial and telial haustoria of the autoecious rust Puccinia podophylli produced in spongy-mesophyll leaf cells of Podophyllum peltatum are morphologically different...
Fire test of tunnel with openings on roof

In order to research the fire properties in the tunnel with openings on roof,full-scale tests of tunnel fire were designed and conducted.The variation laws of smoke temperature and smoke propagation are gained,for example,the temperature at different distance from the fire source varies with time. Those tests data were analyzed with MatLab software and the laws of smoke were gained,such as the temperature under the ceiling of different distance from the fire source varying with longitudinal distance,temperature at the safety height varying with longitudinal distance from the fire source,as well as smoke longitudinal propagation laws and sedimentation laws.Bases on the theoretical analysis of the tests data,the security of the natural ventilation in tunnel fire was evaluated and the corresponding solutions were presented.Scientific gist was offered for future tunnel construction with natural ventilation.
Choosing attentional control settings in a dynamically changing environment.

Goal-directed attentional control supports efficient visual search by prioritizing relevant stimuli in the environment. Previous research has shown that goal-directed control can be configured in many ways, and often multiple control settings can be used to achieve the same goal. However, little is known about how control settings are selected. We explored the extent to which the configuration of goal-directed control is driven by performance maximization (optimally configuring settings to maximize speed and accuracy) and effort minimization (selecting the least effortful settings). We used a new paradigm, adaptive choice visual search, which allows participants to choose one of two available targets (a red or a blue square) on each trial. Distractor colors vary predictively across trials, such that the optimal target switches back and forth throughout the experiment. Results (N = 43) show that participants chose the optimal target most often, updating to the new target when the environment changed, supporting performance maximization. However, individuals were sluggish to update to the optimal color, consistent with effort minimization. Additionally, we found a surprisingly high rate of nonoptimal choices and switching between targets, which could not be explained by either factor. Analysis of participants’ self-reported search strategy revealed substantial individual differences in the control strategies used. In sum, the adaptive choice visual search enables a fresh approach to studying goal-directed control. The results contribute new evidence that control is partly determined by both performance maximization and effort minimization, as well as at least one additional factor, which we speculate to include novelty seeking.
Distribution of renin mRNA and its protein in the developing kidney.

The intrarenal distribution of renin changes markedly during maturation. To determine whether renin gene expression changes along the developing renal vasculature, renin mRNA distribution was asses...
Juvenile Diabetes and the Heart

This article reviews the clinical features of heart disease in the diabetic in three categories: (1) coronary atherosclerosis (CAD), (2) autonomic neuropathy, and (3) cardiomyopathy. Particular attention is given to current methods of noninvasive assessment of cardiac function in juvenile diabetics.
‘Coming of Age’ of artificial intelligence: evolution of survivorship care through information technology

‘Coming of Age’ of artificial intelligence: evolution of survivorship care through information technology
A State of Change: District Creation in Kenya after the Beginning of Multi-party Elections

Many developing countries have recently increased the number of their sub-national administrative units. Existing literature explains this phenomenon by suggesting that because new units serve as p...
Quantum Partitioning Methods for Few-Atom and Many-Atom Dynamics

Abstract The subject of this contribution is how projection operators can be constructed to treat a variety of time-dependent phenomena involving interacting molecules, and to treat the dissipative dynamics of a localized subsystem in a large environment. It develops partitioning methods in a functional space of wavefunctions introduced to construct molecular effective potentials and long-lived states from distortion, adiabatic, and fast motion states. It also gives a treatment starting from the statistical density operator, for partitioning in a many-atom system undergoing dissipative dynamics, and shows how to construct contracted density operators with selected total system states, or reduced density operators for localized phenomena in a primary region. The presentation displays related mathematical procedures useful for partitioning of both wavefunctions and density operators and for derivation of their equations of motion.
Mortality, Transmitter Retention, Growth, and Wound Healing in Juvenile Salmon Injected with Micro Acoustic Transmitters

AbstractA cylindrical micro acoustic transmitter (AT; weight in air = 0.2 g) has been developed for injection into the peritoneal cavity of fish. Laboratory studies can provide tagging guidelines to minimize the effects of implantation techniques and transmitter burden (transmitter weight expressed as a proportion of fish weight) before use of the AT in field studies. To establish guidelines for minimizing tagging effects, we examined response variables (mortality, transmitter expulsion, growth, and wound healing) for micro AT-injected juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha over a wide range of sizes (65–104 mm FL). The overarching goal was to determine a minimum size threshold at which the adverse effects of micro AT injection on fish are minimized. Juveniles (n = 700) were separated into four treatments: (1) AT injection, (2) injection of an AT and a PIT tag (AT+PIT), (3) injection of visible implant elastomer (marked control), and (4) unmarked (true) control. Fish were evaluated once per week...
Stress Tensor Fluctuations and Stochastic Spacetimes

The physics of the quantum stress tensor operator is discussed. Although theproblem of defining the expectation values of this operator is reasonably wellunderstood, the fluctuations around the mean value are not so well understood.It is shown that the stress tensor correlation function can be decomposed intothree parts, one of which is finite and state dependent, one which is infinite inthe coincidence limit but state independent, and a cross term which is both statedependent and infinite in the coincidence limit. Possible physical interpretationsof each part are discussed. The fluctuations of the stress tensor in turn inducefluctuations of the spacetime geometry. The terms in the correlation functionwhich are singular in the coincidence limit seem to produce drastic fluctuationsof the geometry, leading to a stochastic spacetime. Whether these fluctuationsare observable is an unanswered question.
Assessment of Labile Organic Carbon in Soil Using Sequential Fumigation Incubation Procedures

Management practices and environmental changes can alter soil nutrient and carbon cycling. Soil labile organic carbon, a readily decomposable C pool, is highly sensitive to disturbance. It is also the primary substrate for soil microorganisms, which is fundamental to nutrient cycling. Due to these attributes, labile organic carbon (LOC) has been identified as an indicator parameter for soil health. Quantifying the turnover rate of LOC also aids in understanding changes in soil nutrient cycling processes. A sequential fumigation incubation method has been developed to estimate soil LOC and potential C turnover rate. The method requires fumigating soil samples and quantifying CO2-C respired during a 10 day incubation period over a series of fumigation-incubation cycles. Labile organic C and potential C turnover rate are then extrapolated from accumulated CO2 with a negative exponential model. Procedures for conducting this method are described.
Stage 2: From Employment to Labor Intermediation Services

With developing country examples from around the globe, Chapter 4 moves countries into Stage 2 – how to grow progressively from functioning core employment services into a more diverse set of labor intermediation services adapted to developing economies. It lays out three big-picture changes as part of Stage 2: creating new and linked services; improving coverage, management and performance; and expanding the national intermediation “market” of public, private and non-profit providers.
Education in Urban Spaces: False Notions About Solutions and Little Attention to Social Justice

In this critical essay, we explore how overriding media and political frames have constructed education in urban spaces as a "problem" in ways that make possible the framing of neoliberal education reforms as solutions. We juxtapose neoliberalism with theories of social justice to show how social justice theories would lead to deeper understandings of education in urban spaces and different possible solutions. To push back against the current lack historical understandings of schools and people in urban spaces through neoliberal frameworks and discourses, we explore how the "right to the city" (LeFebvre, 1996) has been denied to those living in urban spaces centering the case and history of Chicago. In the end, we argue that social justice has been neglected in the discourses, policies and practices of education in urban spaces.
Comparison of bias-voltage and reflection-coefficient based reconfiguration of a tunable-varactor matching network for adaptive amplifiers

For future adaptive radio and radar transmission in a dynamic spectrum access environment, the radio-frequency circuitry will be need to be reconfigurable to allow adjustment of the operating frequency and the transmission spectrum in a congested environment. A prototype tunable amplifier matching network was implemented using varactors as the tunable elements. A method in which the control bias voltages of the varactors are directly tuned is compared with a previously demonstrated algorithm that tunes based on the reflection coefficient through a nonlinear characterization of the varactor matching network. The algorithms are both designed to optimize the power-added efficiency of the amplifier while keeping the adjacent-channel power ratio below a pre-specified constraint value. Lower average time per measurement is achieved for the voltage-based search, but the total search time is lower for the reflection-coefficient based search. This comparison of algorithms is useful in developing a reconfigurable transmitter amplifier that can adapt on the fly to meet changing spectral requirements.
Strength Determination of Mechanical Fastened Joints

Joining by mechanical fasteners is one of the common practices in the assembly of structural components. However, mechanical fasteners introduce complicated stress field near the bolt hole area in the structures. As a consequence, mechanical fastened joints are frequent sources of failure in aircraft and spacecraft structures. It is well known that they can severely reduce the load carrying capability of the components by more than fifty percent [1]. Optimal design of joints improves not only structural integrity and performance, but more importantly, it considerably minimizes the weight of the structures and hence, can increase the load-carrying capability.
Role of digit placement control in sensorimotor transformations for dexterous manipulation

Dexterous manipulation relies on the ability to modulate grasp forces to variable digit position. However, the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying such critical ability are not well understood. The present study addressed whether digit force-to-position modulation relies entirely on feedback of digit placement and force, or on the integration of such feedback with motor commands responsible for digit positioning. In two experiments, we asked 25 subjects to estimate the index fingertip position relative to the thumb (perception test) or to grasp and lift an object with an asymmetrical mass distribution while preventing object roll (action test). Both tests were performed after subjects' digits were placed actively or passively at different distances (active and passive condition, respectively) and without visual feedback. Because motor commands for digit positioning would be integrated with position and force feedback in the active condition, we hypothesized this condition to be characterized by greater accuracy of digit position estimation and digit force-to-position modulation. Surprisingly, discrimination of digit position and force-to-position modulation was statistically indistinguishable in the active and passive conditions. We conclude that voluntary commands for digit positioning are not essential for accurate estimation of finger position or modulation of digit forces to variable digit position. Thus digit force-to-position modulation can be implemented by integrating sensory feedback of digit position and voluntary commands of digit force production following contact.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study was designed to understand the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying digit force-to-position modulation required for manipulation. Surprisingly, estimation of relative digit position and force-to-position modulation was accurate regardless of whether the digits were passively or actively positioned. Therefore, accurate estimation of digit position does not require an efference copy of active digit positioning, and the hypothesized advantage of active over passive movement on estimation of end-point position appears to be task and effector dependent.
Systems of Care: A Global Perspective

There are few places in the world and virtually no country that can claim to have a comprehensive “system of care” for children and adolescents with mental disorders. There are excellent comprehensive programs in some jurisdictions and very well-meaning efforts in many, but a “system of care” implying a continuum in which there are services with a set of definable elements that facilitate access to appropriate levels of care and reduce the dependence on ineffective, excessive, or antiquated modes of care are rare. Understanding the current status of the care for children and adolescents with mental disorders and understanding the potential for the development of “systems of care” can serve to provide an impetus for the development of responsive, modern means for the needed care of children worldwide.
Pathologic Findings and Pathogenesis of Racetrack Injuries

Many lesions of the musculoskeletal system of racing horses are either acute traumatic lesions or are chronic biomechanically induced lesions that become suddenly unstable and provoke acute clinical signs. The latter lesions along with those of DJD are much more common and are of much greater overall economic importance to the racing industry than are the acute traumatic injuries. Chronic biomechanical lesions occur at predictable sites and are the result of an imbalance between repetitive microtrauma sustained in athletic performance and adaptive repair mechanisms of skeletal tissues. The distribution of these lesions in the limbs reflects the patterns of biomechanical forces placed on the skeleton during work at racing speeds and, therefore, reflects the type of racing activity for which the horse was bred. Lesions result when there is a failure of the stressed skeletal structures to adapt to the biomechanical forces placed upon them. Rest or a reduction in the level of training activity permit the healing of many asymptomatic and presumably some symptomatic lesions of the bony tissues. Articular cartilage, tendons, and ligaments have a lower capacity to resolve the damage and return to normal structure and function.
Mobility is a fundamental human right: Factors predicting attitudes toward self-directed mobility.

Abstract Background Emergent disability studies research is interested in the community's views on how disability, including self-directed mobility, influences social and environmental policies. We anticipate that individuals' alignment with disability models, or sets of assumptions about the cause, nature, and treatment of disability, will influence attitudes about self-directed mobility. Self-directed mobility is defined as mobility that is controlled by an individual and may include walking or assisted ambulation through the use of mobility technology such as prosthetics, walking aids, manual wheelchairs, or motorized wheelchairs. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore how demographic factors, contact with people with disabilities, attitudes toward people with disabilities, and alignment with social or medical models of disability predict attitudes toward self-directed mobility. Methods 1545 students at a public university completed demographic questions, and measures of disability attitudes, disability model orientation, and self-directed mobility. Results The predictors explained 16.60% of the variance in participants' attitudes toward self-directed mobility (R2 = 0.166, F(7,1537) = 43.9, p Conclusions Participants who more strongly agreed with disability as a social construct (social model) were in stronger agreement that self-directed mobility is a fundamental right. Future research extending to rehabilitation professionals is warranted.
Induction of Cecropin-Like and Attacin-Like Antibacterial but Not Antiviral Activity in Heliothis virescens Larvae

Inducible cecropin-like and attacin-like proteins were isolated from immune hemolymph obtained from vaccinated Heliothis virescens larvae. The attacin-like protein had a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons and was not dialyzable. The cecropin-like peptide had an estimated molecular weight of 6,000-7,000 daltons and was dialyzable, heat-stable and sensitive to trypsin digestion. The cecropin-like peptide showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae, and the attacin-like protein showed bactericidal activity against E. coli. The immune hemolymph was bactericidal against E. coli, E. cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ultrastructural cell envelope damage to E. coli, produced by the immune hemolymph, was observed by scanning electron microscopy. No antiviral activity by the inducible cecropin-like and attacin-like proteins was detected against herpes simplex virus-1 and the vesicular stomatitis virus.
Advancing Leadership Skills: A Multiyear Examination of LEND Trainee Self-Efficacy Growth

Purpose The current healthcare system requires Maternal and Child Health (MCH) professionals with strong interdisciplinary leadership competence. MCH training programs utilize a conceptual framework for leadership and 12 validated MCH Leadership Competencies. Examining Trainee Perceived Leadership Competence (TPLC) through the competencies has the potential to inform our understanding of leadership development. Description Five cohorts of NH-ME leadership education in neurodevelopmental disabilities trainees (n = 102) completed the MCH Leadership Competencies Self-Assessment at three time points. Paired-sample t tests examined TPLC scores. A one-way analysis of variance tested for statistically significant differences in mean difference scores. A General Linear Model was used to examine the extent to which TPLC scores changed when controlling for specific variables. Assessment Statistically significant differences in mean scores between Time 1 and Time 3 were found. Cohen's d effect sizes fell in the moderate range. A one-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences between groups in the spheres of self and others. TPLC mean scores between Time 1 and Time 3 in the sphere of wider community had the highest increases in four out of five cohorts. Age, discipline, experience, and relationship to disability did not contribute to the model. Conclusion On average, cohorts began the year with very different evaluations of their leadership competence but finished the year with similar scores. This suggests participation in the NH-ME LEND Program consistently supported the development of leadership self-identity. Small sample sizes limit the ability to draw definitive conclusions from these results. Further study with a larger sample may reveal relationships between cohort characteristics and change scores.
Emerging and Enduring Issues in Primate Conservation Genetics

Conservation genetics is a branch of conservation biology that uses molecular data to assist in the conservation and management of imperiled populations, subspecies, and species. In this review, I ...
The ‘Chosisme’ of Étienne Gilson and Marie-Dominique Chenu

Francesca Murphy reads Etienne Gilson’s and Marie-Dominique Chenu’s approach to the thought of Thomas Aquinas as a kind of ‘chosisme’, or ‘thingism’—a predilection for facts rather than philosophical abstraction or knowledge of essences as the basis for realism. The basis of philosophical realism, for Gilson, is the ‘fact’ of existence, which cannot be derived from knowledge of essences. In any event, the order of Thomas’ thought did not derive from an ideal logical or essential order, but from the historical fact of the incarnation. For that reason, Thomas’ Summa theologiae does not begin with logic and metaphysics, but with theology, the facts of salvation history. Neither did Thomas regard Aristotelian philosophy, or Aristotle’s notion of ‘nature’, as a static ideal system, but as a still-living act of thinking capable of undergoing creative evolution once inside the mind of a Christian theologian. The philosophy of Saint Thomas, then, is not a once-and-for-all catalogue of propositions about essences, but an expression of a spirituality, a response to the fact of the incarnation. This approach on Thomas’s thought both drew inspiration from, and exerted significant influence upon, the just-emerging discipline of scientific study of medieval texts. Professor Murphy narrates the confrontation of Gilson’s and Chenu’s retrieval of Thomas with neo-Thomism in compelling historical detail by drawing widely from Chenu and Gilson’s letters and texts.
Exploring Teens as Robot Operators, Users and Witnesses in the Wild.

As social robots continue to show promise as assistive technologies, the exploration of appropriate and impactful robot behaviors is key to their eventual success. Teens are a unique population given their vulnerability to stress leading to both mental and physical illness. Much of teen stress stems from school, making the school environment an ideal location for a stress reducing technology. Our mixed-methods study \hl{was an attempt to understand teens' operation of, and responsiveness to, a robot only capable of movement compared to a robot only capable of speech.} Stemming from a human-centered approach, we introduce a Participatory Wizard of Oz (PWoz) interaction method that engaged teens as \hl{operators, users, and witnesses} in a uniquely transparent interaction. In this paper we illustrate the use of the PWoz interaction method as well as how it helps \hl{identify engaging robot interactions}. Using this technique, we present results from a study with 62 teens that includes details of the complexity of teen stress and a significant reduction in negative attitudes toward robots after interactions. \hl{We also analyzed the teens interactions with both the verbal and non-verbal robots} and identified strong themes of (1) authenticity, (2) empathy, (3) emotional engagement, and (4) imperfection creates connection. Finally, we reflect on the benefits and limitations of the PWoz method and our study to identify next steps toward the design and development of our social robot.
Western diet-induced obesity disrupts the diurnal rhythmicity of hippocampal core clock gene expression in a mouse model

Abstract Western diet (WD) feeding disrupts core clock gene expression in peripheral tissues and contributes to WD-induced metabolic disease. The hippocampus, the mammalian center for memory, is also sensitive to WD feeding, but whether the WD disrupts its core clock is unknown. To this end, male mice were maintained on a WD for 16 weeks and diurnal metabolism, gene expression and memory were assessed. WD-induced obesity disrupted the diurnal rhythms of whole-body metabolism, markers of inflammation and hepatic gene expression, but did not disrupt diurnal expression of hypothalamic Bmal1, Npas2 and Per2. However, all measured core clock genes were disrupted in the hippocampus after WD feeding and the expression pattern of genes implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and synaptic function were altered. Finally, WD feeding disrupted hippocampal memory in a task- and time-dependent fashion. Our results implicate WD-induced alterations in the rhythmicity of hippocampal gene expression in the etiology of diet-induced memory deficits.
Analysis of the monitoring results of iodized salt consumed by residents in Chenzhou city of Hunan province from 2008 to 2011

Objective To understand and master the situation of residents consumption of iodized salt in Chenzhou city of Hunan province,to identify problems and take appropriate interventions to ensure the residents consumption of qualified iodized salt,and to provide a scientific basis for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).Methods According to the "National Iodized Salt Monitoring Program (Amendment) "and the "Evaluation Scheme for Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders at the County Level",the monitoring counties,towns and villages were selected in Chenzhou city from 2008 to 2011,the content of iodine in salt was detected using direct titration.The data was analyzed by SPSS 17.0 and Excel 2003.Results A total of 12700 salt samples were tested from 2008 to 2011.The iodized salt coverage rate,the qualified rate of iodized salt,the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt and the rate of non-iodized salt was 99.19％ (12597/12700),96.33％ (12135/12597),95.55％(12135/12700) and 0.81％ (103/12700),respectively.There were significant differences between each year from 2008 to 2011 (x2 =13.99、42.35、48.45、13.99,P all ＜ 0.01).The coefficient of variation was 21.19％.The median and average of iodine content in salt samples was 32.2 mg/kg and 31.9 mg/kg,respectively.Compared with the median and average of iodized salt content,there was no significant difference between each year from 2008 to 2011 (t =2.941,P ＞ 0.05),while there was significant difference among the 11 counties(t =2.983,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The goal of eliminating IDD has realized in the city of Chenzhou since 2010.To consolidate the IDD control results,surveillance should be strengthened in future. Key words: Iodine; Salts; Deficiency diseases; Data collection; Result evluation
Efficacy of antimicrobial interventions in reducing Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli biotype I surrogates on non-chilled and chilled, skin-on and skinless pork.

Effect of various antimicrobial interventions on pork carcass cuts - skin-on and skinless, non-chilled and chilled - was studied. Carcass pieces were inoculated with Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Escherichia coli pathogen surrogates or Campylobacter spp. Inoculated pieces were assigned to one of the following antimicrobial treatments: 2.5% and 5.0% room temperature lactic acid, 2.5% and 5.0% warm (55 °C) lactic acid, 400 ppm (0.4 mg/mL) room temperature peroxyacetic acid (PAA) or warm (55 °C) water. Treated pieces were sampled before antimicrobial treatment of non-chilled pork tissue, then at 30 m and 24 h post-treatment. For chilled pork, samples were collected after 24 h chilling and 30 m post-treatment. Lactic acid and PAA treatments reduced (P < 0.05) pathogenic and surrogate bacteria; warm water did not produce similar results. Objective and sensory color evaluations on treated pork indicated minimal negative impacts on pork color. Various antimicrobial interventions were effective in reducing surrogates on pork without diminishing quality.
The Potential Causal Effect of Hukou on Health Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China

A number of economic studies have shown a strong positive correlation between urban household registration status (hukou) and better health outcomes in China. The question at the center is whether the correlation implies causation. Change in the hukou system, in 1964, is used to test the causality between hukou and health. The regression-discontinuity (RD) design estimates suggest that urban hukou citizens have a much better chance of being in good health. The deleterious effects of rural hukou on health possibly work through mechanisms of income disparity, variations in educational attainment, and availability of health insurance.
Analytical Modeling of the Acoustic Field during a Direct Field Acoustic Test

The acoustic field generated during a Direct Field Acoustic Test (DFAT) has been analytically modeled in two space dimensions using a properly phased distribution of propagating plane waves. Both the pure-tone and broadband acoustic field were qualitatively and quantitatively compared to a diffuse acoustic field. The modeling indicates significant non-uniformity of sound pressure level for an empty (no test article) DFAT, specifically a center peak and concentric maxima/minima rings. This spatial variation is due to the equivalent phase among all propagating plane waves at each frequency. The excitation of a simply supported slender beam immersed within the acoustic fields was also analytically modeled. Results indicate that mid-span response is dependent upon location and orientation of the beam relative to the center of the DFAT acoustic field. For a diffuse acoustic field, due to its spatial uniformity, mid-span response sensitivity to location and orientation is nonexistent.
Fraud in wine and other alcoholic beverages

Abstract Wine and other alcoholic beverages are susceptible to fraud and adulteration due to their complex nature, high values, and extensive global supply chains. Fraud can take place at several points in the production process as well as throughout the supply chain. In addition to wine, other alcoholic beverages that are susceptible to fraud include vodka, rum, and whiskey. There are several methods of fraud that are commonly committed with alcoholic beverages, including dilution with water, addition of ingredients, and mislabeling. For example, diethylene glycol has been illegally added to wine to improve sweetness, but this compound is harmful to consumers’ health. There are multiple methods available for the detection of fraud in alcoholic beverages, including stable isotope analysis, chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. This chapter provides an overview of fraud associated with wine and other alcoholic beverages, including case studies, detection methods, and future trends.
Power Side-Channel Attacks on BNN Accelerators in Remote FPGAs.

To lower cost and increase the utilization of Cloud Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), researchers have recently been exploring the concept of multi-tenant FPGAs, where multiple independent users simultaneously share the same remote FPGA. Despite its benefits, multi-tenancy opens up the possibility of malicious users co-locating on the same FPGA as a victim user, and extracting sensitive information. This issue becomes especially serious when the user is running a machine learning algorithm that is processing sensitive or private information. To demonstrate the dangers, this paper presents a remote, power-based side-channel attack on a deep neural network accelerator running in a variety of Xilinx FPGAs and also on Cloud FPGAs using Amazon Web Services (AWS) F1 instances. This work in particular shows how to remotely obtain voltage estimates as a deep neural network inference circuit executes, and how the information can be used to recover the inputs to the neural network. The attack is demonstrated with a binarized convolutional neural network used to recognize handwriting images from the MNIST handwritten digit database. With the use of precise time-to-digital converters for remote voltage estimation, the MNIST inputs can be successfully recovered with a maximum normalized cross-correlation of 79% between the input image and the recovered image on local FPGA boards and 72% on AWS F1 instances. The attack requires no physical access nor modifications to the FPGA hardware.
Summertime Clean-Background Ozone Concentrations Derived from Ozone Precursor Relationships are Lower than Previous Estimates in the Southeast United States.

Background ozone in this study is defined as the amount of ozone that is not affected by the emissions of ozone precursors in the region of study and is transported from the distant troposphere or the stratosphere. It is one of the factors that must be considered in regional ozone control strategies. Different methods have been applied to define the background ozone level. We develop a new method based on the O3-CO-HCHO relationships, which can be applied to both observation and modeling data for regions with high isoprene emission ozone, such as the Southeast United States. We make use of the extensive aircraft and surface observations in the Southeast in the summer of 2013. Compared to the diagnostic results using the relationship of O3-NOz (total reactive nitrogen excluding nitrogen oxides), zero-emission (model-only), and 5th percentile methods, the new method is most consistent using observation or model data and the resulting background ozone concentrations are 4-50% lower than the other methods for field campaigns. Using this method, we find that the summertime background ozone at the surface is in the range of 10-15 ppbv in the inland areas of the Southeast, which is lower than that reported in previous studies. This background ozone tends to increase from urban centers to rural regions and from the surface to higher altitude due to changing ozone lifetime driven by anthropogenic emissions and dry deposition to the surface. The better quantification of background ozone using the new method highlights the importance of the contributions by natural emissions to ozone and the necessity to control anthropogenic emissions in ozone nonattainment areas of the Southeast.