cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Race on Microsatellite Instability and CD8 + T Cell Infiltration in Colon Cancer

African American patients with colorectal cancer show higher mortality than their Caucasian counterparts. Biology might play a partial role, and prior studies suggest a higher prevalence for microsatellite instability (MSI) among cancers from African Americans, albeit patients with MSI cancers have improved survival over patients with non-MSI cancers, counter to the outcome observed for African American patients. CD8+ T cell infiltration of colon cancer is postively correlated with MSI tumors, and is also related to improved outcome. Here, we utilized a 503-person, population-based colon cancer cohort comprising 45% African Americans to determine, under blinded conditions from all epidemiological data, the prevalence of MSI and associated CD8+ T cell infiltration within the cancers. Among Caucasian cancers, 14% were MSI, whereas African American cancers demonstrated 7% MSI (P = 0.009). Clinically, MSI cancers between races were similar; among microsatellite stable cancers, African American patients were younger, female, and with proximal cancers. CD8+ T cells were higher in MSI cancers (88.0 vs 30.4/hpf, P<0.0001), but was not different between races. Utilizing this population-based cohort, African American cancers show half the MSI prevalence of Caucasians without change in CD8+ T cell infiltration which may contribute towards their higher mortality from colon cancer.
CCD photoresponse calibration and contrast adjustment for reliable material discrimination in the inspection of electronic packages

Inspection of complex electronic packages requires discrimination between the various materials used in such packages. Variations in the appearance of these materials and in the equipment''s illumination complicates the segmentation process. In addition, some materials have similar reflectance and absorption characteristics. As a result, the segmentation process is sensitive to small variations in the illumination settings, photoresponse nonuniformity, and contrast fluctuations. In this paper, we present two techniques that reduce these variations: (1) a new method to calibrate and correct the photoresponse characteristics of optical inspection systems, and (2) a method to automatically correct for contrast variations between the inspected packages. This results in a more repetitive appearance of the used packaging materials, which in turn results in improved segmentation performance. The photoresponse correction procedure, models the output of each photosite as a linear function of input illumination and the parameters of the model are measured. The response is corrected using image processing hardware. Experimental results show that the nonuniformity is corrected to within +/- 1 of the A/D dynamic range which agrees with the error analysis. The contrast adjustment method adjusts the image contrast based on histogram features and is adjusted using vendor and custom developed hardware. The relationship between the two techniques is also discussed.
Wear striation direction on primate teeth: A scanning electron microscope examination

Two experimental methods were used to produce wear stria-tions in one direction on unworn teeth. These include: (1) sliding 22 American Indian (Juntunen site, Michigan; Late Woodland) newly erupted incisors, by hand, across a flat glass surface covered with fine loose sand; and (2) using a unidirectional motor driven mechanical wear machine to draw 56 modern human dental extractions across a flat glass surface covered with silicon carbide powder of different grit sizes. A scanning electron microscope examination of individual wear striation morphology indicates that these wear striations begin with broad pits and have extending grooves that become narrower; characteristics that indicate the motion of wear. Patterns of wear striations on the worn dentitions of American Indians (Juntunen site) and the paleocene primate Phenacolemur pagei show similar characteristics and correspond to the buccal phase of mastication when the mandible is drawn upward, forward and slightly medially into centric occlusion. The data provided by this study can be used to test competing hypotheses concerning the direction of mandibular movement during mastication and food preparation.
Incest and its meaning: The perspectives of fathers and daughters

This article describes incestuous events and the structure of meaning surrounding the events by biologic fathers and stepfathers and biologic daughters and stepdaughters. Using a symbolic interaction framework the study is guided by the thesis that the meanings people attach to incestuous events are central to understanding the phenomena of incest. Data were obtained from indepth interviews with 40 men (14 natural fathers and 26 stepfathers) and 44 children (18 biologic daughters and 26 stepdaughters). The interviews emphasized fathers' and daughters' recollection of events and their thoughts and interpretations of the incestuous activity while it was occurring. Both fathers and daughters reported that the sexual activity grew out of already existing family interactions. However, fathers and daughters' cognitions surrounding the events differed dramatically. Many of the fathers said their thoughts were dominated by themes of sexual gratification, control, power and anger, and rights and responsibilities vis-a-vis their role as father or stepfather. Daughters reported disbelief, confusion, guilt, and anger. According to fathers, they completely misread their child's reaction to what was happening. Although fathers said that they knew what they were doing was wrong, few reported that they were concerned with possible legal consequences.
Freeze-thaw parameters in successful renal cryopreservation.

Abstract Freeze-thaw parameters defining successful renal cryopreservation have not been available previously. From this study of kidneys frozen solid to a renal core temperature of −22°C and thawed, which were capable of sustaining the dog's life after contralateral nephrectomy, the following freeze-thaw parameters have been noted. Freeze rates of less than 1°C/min are unsuccessful, success being achieved at rates of 1–2°C/min when using thaw rates exceeding 70°C/min achieved with a microwave unit. Thaw rates less than this were not successful even with the faster freeze rate.
Compact Derivations Relative to Semifinite von Neumann Algebras

Soit A⊂B(H) une algebre de Von Neumann. Soit δ une derivation de A dans B(H). On considere l'ideal norme clos des 2 cotes J(B) engendre par les projections finies d'une algebre de Von Neumann B. On etudie la sous algebre initiale A de B qui est une derivation de A dans J(B) implantee par un element de J(B)
Toxicity of Some n-Alkyl Bromides to Larvæ of the Citrus Nematode

THE toxicity of allylic and acetylenic halides to larvae of the citrus nematode has been shown to be related to their reactivities in the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) with potassium iodide in acetone1, which suggested that these compounds kill by combining irreversibly with essential nucleophilic centres, such as sulphydryl groups, in the nematode. Other factors which were also involved in the toxicity of these halides were their rates of hydrolysis in water and the toxicities of the resulting alcohols.
Arts Education Partnerships: Informing Policy through the Development of Culture and Creativity within a Collaborative Project Approach

Arts education partnerships have become an important means for developing and sustaining school arts programs that engage students, teachers, and communities. Tapping into additional perspectives, resources, and support from arts agencies and postsecondary institutions, arts education partnerships strengthen arts education infrastructure within schools and develop a web of sustainable relationships whereby stakeholders mutually benefit. This article provides a snapshot of an arts education partnership in action that develops creative and cultural competencies in middle school students through a theme-based collaborative project approach. This article informs policy by recommending support for arts education partnerships that develop social and creative capital among schools and postsecondary institutions and within the communities surrounding these institutions.
Polar wind outflow model: Saturn results

[1] The Saturnian system's configuration and dynamics are to a large extent controlled by the planet's rapid rotation and the plasma in the magnetosphere. Therefore characterizing the relative importance of the various plasma sources is crucial to understanding Saturn's magnetosphere. Most research in this area focuses on the addition of mass from the icy satellites, the rings, and Titan, while comparatively little attention has been paid to the ionospheric source. We investigate the ionospheric source at high latitude using multifluid numerical simulations of Saturn's polar wind and find that the magnitude of the particle source rate out of the polar cap is between 2.1 × 1026 and 7.5 × 1027 s−1. Our multifluid simulations are carried out using the Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM). This new model is capable of calculating the polar wind at Earth and Saturn by solving the gyrotropic transport equations. The polar wind at Saturn is modeled from below the peak ionospheric density to an altitude of one Saturn radius, yielding fluxes for H3+, H+, and electrons. Because the neutral temperature is ill constrained, we calculate source rates for various Saturnian atmospheric profiles corresponding to neutral temperatures of 420, 600, 800, 1000, 1500 K. We compare the results with those calculated from other models and measurements where appropriate.
GM1 ganglioside in Parkinson's disease: Results of a five year open study

Previous work demonstrated that short-term (i.e., 16 weeks) use of GM1 ganglioside resulted in significant symptom reduction in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. As GM1 use may have long-term benefit for PD patients, the present study was conducted to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of GM1 in PD patients. Twenty-six patients who concluded a previous randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of GM1 volunteered for this open-extension study. At the end of 5 years of GM1 use, patients generally had lower Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores (assessed during a practically defined "off" period) than at baseline prior to randomization into the original study. A similar result was found for UPDRS Activities of Daily Living scores. Performance of timed motor tests also remained mostly stable over the 5 year observation period. No consistent clinically significant changes in blood chemistry, hematologic indices or urine chemistry were noted over the course of this study. These results suggest that long-term GM1 use by PD patients is safe and may provide some clinical benefit for PD patients. Additional study is required to more completely assess the degree to which GM1 treatment may be a symptomatic and/or disease-modifying agent for treatment of PD.
Comparison of the Phoenix Mars Lander WCL soil analyses with Antarctic Dry Valley soils, Mars meteorite EETA79001 sawdust, and a Mars simulant

Abstract The results of the Mars Phoenix Lander’s Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) for the analyses of the soluble ionic species present in the soil at the northern polar plains of Mars are compared to soil from the Antarctic Dry Valleys (ADVs), martian meteorite EETA79001 sawdust, and a Mars simulant. The ADV soil was compared to the Phoenix site by averaging the samples at analogous 0–5 cm depths and also all the samples from the pavement to the ice-table. Results from each analysis reveal similar ion concentrations ranging plus or minus one order-of-magnitude for all ions except perchlorate ( ClO 4 - ) , which was three orders-of-magnitude greater in the Phoenix soil. The pH and solution electrical conductivity were also found to be similar for the ADV and Mars soils. The ADV profiles confirm that ClO 4 - gradients are sensitive indicators for the presence and form of liquid H2O on both Earth and Mars. The Phoenix and meteorite samples contained similar species and ratios but the meteorite concentrations were on average ∼4% of those for the Phoenix soil. The only exception was the ∼16% higher level of Ca2+ in the meteorite due to the CaCO3 druse. The ADV results imply that the Phoenix site is significantly more arid than University Valley, and has been for a greater period of time, as evidenced by the lack of salt gradients and the age of the soils. A Mars simulant was also formulated according to a MINEQL equilibrium model of the WCL results, and its analysis provides confidence that the soluble composition and parent salts at the Phoenix site are reasonably constrained. Overall, comparison of these samples of soil and sawdust indicates that not only does the martian meteorite EETA79001 contain similar soluble ionic species as the martian soil from the northern polar plains, but also that the soils from the ADV are similar to both, thus strengthening the argument for the ADV as a suitable terrestrial Mars analog environment.
Boundary-value solution to electromagnetic scattering by a rectangular groove in a ground plane

The diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a rectangular groove corrugated in a perfectly conducting ground plane is rigorously formulated in terms of a Fourier-type integral for two orthogonal polarizations. I successfully expand the angular spectrum of the diffracted field in a series of Bessel functions. Furthermore, the Watson transform is adopted to compute the far-zone diffracted field. Results indicate that the groove width is inversely related to the beamwidth, while the groove depth is responsible for the power distribution among the mainlobe and the sidelobes. The solution remains computationally stable for a wide range of the parameters.
Lotteries as Disguised, Regressive, and Counterproductive Taxes

Lotteries are now operated by most of the 50 United States of America. Because of recent decades of widespread tax revolts, state politicians have had to find disguises for—or new masked forms of—taxation. With determination and heavy promotion, they have succeeded in largely reversing the older American notion that gambling is sinful. In the elegant words of conservative South Carolina State Senator Robert Ford, reported by the Associated Press, “Gambling ain’t no blight on society.” Far from sinful, lottery ticket purchases have instead become socially approved ways of “supporting our state’s schools” and “enjoying very human fantasies” of quick wealth. States have generated significant new revenues by means of lotteries and anticipate more in the future even as other state tax revenues are decreasing. Nor is there yet much concern that the major buyers of lottery tickets are those at the lower end of the income distribution. As a means of raising states’ revenues, lotteries are regressive: the percentage of one’s income spent on them rises as one’s income falls. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2011) 9:136–139 DOI 10.1007/s11469-010-9269-2
Cervical spine bone mineral density as a function of vertebral level and anatomic location

Abstract Background context Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements acquired from quantitative computed tomography scans have been shown to correlate with bone mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and yield load. There are currently no reports of BMD as a function of anatomic location within each vertebra. Purpose The overall objective of this study was to characterize BMD in the cervical spine as a function of level and anatomic location. Study design Cervical spine BMD was evaluated in vivo using a clinically relevant age group. Patient sample Twenty-two subjects (13 women and 9 men) were included with an average age of 48±7 years (range, 35–61 years). Ten subjects were recently diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy (age 49±8 years; six women and four men; and two smokers and eight nonsmokers), and 12 subjects were asymptomatic controls (age 46±6 years; seven women and five men; and three smokers, three quit smoking, and six nonsmokers). Outcome measures Physiologic measures included overall BMD for C3–C7, average BMD within 11 anatomically defined regions of interest for each vertebra, and density distribution (by volume) within each anatomic region and vertebral level. Methods Subject-specific three-dimensional bone models were created from high-resolution computed tomography scans of the subaxial cervical spine (C3–C7). Custom software calculated the average BMD within 11 anatomically defined regions of interest for each three-dimensional bone model. Bone mineral density values for each voxel of bone tissue were binned into 50 mg/cc ranges to determine the density distribution by volume. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for differences within subjects by level (C3–C7) and anatomic location. The correlation between BMD in the central vertebral body and the pedicle and lateral mass regions was tested using Pearson correlation. Results Average BMDs by level were 476, 503, 507, 473, and 414 mg/cm 3 for C3–C7, respectively. C3 and C6 BMDs were significantly less than those of C4 and C5 (p Conclusions This study has characterized BMD in the cervical spine according to vertebral level and anatomic location within each vertebral level using live subjects from a clinically relevant age group. The results indicate significant differences in BMD according to vertebral level and among anatomical regions within each vertebra. The results suggest to the surgeon and device manufacturer that surgical procedures involving instrumentation attached to C7 may require a modification in instrumentation or in surgical technique to attain results equivalent to more superior levels. The results suggest to the basic scientist that computational models may be improved by taking into account the wide variation in BMD over different anatomical regions.
Modes of oscillation in a high pressure microplasma discharges

Atmospheric pressure microplasma devices, have been the subject of considerable research during the last decade. Most of the operation regime of the discharges studied fall in the ‘abnormal’, ‘normal’ and ‘corona’ modes - increasing and a ‘flat’ voltage current characteristics. However, the Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) regime at atmospheric and high pressures has been less studied and possesses the unique characteristics that can be employed for novel applications. The NDR regime has been studied for low pressure systems and has been characterized to be associated to relaxation oscillation only. In this work we report a detailed study on the different modes of self oscillation in high pressure micro plasma discharges. Detailed 2D numerical simulation has been conducted with a validated model. Predictions and experimental measurements are found to be in favorable agreement. The different self-pulsing modes of oscillation have been identified as, relaxation oscillation having medium to low frequency oscillation at low discharge current and high frequency free running oscillation at comparatively high current condition. In the relaxation oscillation, the discharge switches between a dark and glow like discharge, whereas in the free running mode the transition is observed to occur within glow like modes. These two modes of oscillation are found to be more prevalent at higher pressure. Depending on pressure, the frequency of relaxation and free running oscillations are in the kHz - MHz and MHz - GHz range respectively. External parameters influencing these self oscillations are studied.
Fault tolerant flight control

A fault tolerant flight control system is developed. The three-module controller consists of 1) a system identification module, 2) an adaptive parameter estimate smoother, and 3) a proportional and integral compensator for tracking control. Specifically, the classical Kalman filter for linear control systems is extended so that the control system's state and loop gain are jointly estimated online, and an adaptive smoother is developed to reduce automatically the fluctuations in the gain estimate and bursting. The output of the system identification and gain smoother modules is used to adjust continuously the tracking controller's gain to compensate for a possible reduction in the loop gain due to control surface area loss caused by failure or battle damage.
Placental transfer and fetal distribution of fluoxetine in the rat.

Abstract Previously conducted reproduction and teratology studies in rats (unpublished observations) exposed to fluoxetine have revealed no compound-related adverse effects on fertility and no teratogenic effects. In order to confirm embryonic/fetal exposure to fluoxetine and/or metabolites, dissection and whole-body autoradiographic techniques were utilized to determine the placental transfer and fetal distribution in 12- and 18-day-pregnant Wistar rats 1, 4, 8, and 24 hr following a single oral 12.5 mg/kg dose of [14C]fluoxetine. On gestation Days 12 (organogenesis) and 18 (postorganogenesis), peak concentrations of radiocarbon occurred 4–8 hr after dose administration in the placenta, embryo/fetus, amniotic fluid, and maternal kidney, brain, and lung, and declined slightly at 24 hr postdose. Maternal lung contained the highest tissue concentration of radiocarbon at all time points. Placenta and maternal brain, kidney, and liver contained moderate levels of radioactivity, while embryonic/fetal tissue, amniotic fluid, and maternal plasma contained low levels of radioactivity. Mean fetal concentrations of radiocarbon at 4, 8, and 24 hr on gestation Day 18 were higher than mean embryonic concentrations on Day 12 of gestation. Analytical characterization of radioactivity indicated that combined fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations accounted for 63–80% of the total radiocarbon concentrations in embryonic/fetal tissue. Results indicated that embryonic/fetal and maternal tissue levels of fluoxetine were greatest at early time points and declined with time, while norfluoxetine tissue levels were highest at the 24-hr time point. Whole-body autoradiographic techniques demonstrated that radioactivity associated with [14C]fluoxetine and/or its metabolites traversed the placenta and distributed throughout the 18-day fetus 4 hr following dose administration. Visual and quantitative evaluations of the autoradiograms indicated that the highest fetal concentrations of radiocarbon were associated with brain and thymus. Results from these studies indicate that fluoxetine and norfluoxetine traverse the placenta and distribute within the embryo/fetus during the periods of organogenesis and postorganogenesis and confirm embryonic/fetal exposure of parent and metabolite in previous negative rat teratology and reproductive studies.
First-principles prediction of high-capacity, thermodynamically reversible hydrogen storage reactions based on (NH 4 ) 2 B 12 H 12

We use a combination of first-principles density functional calculations along with the recently developed grand canonical linear programing method to predict a novel, high-capacity hydrogen storage reaction with thermodynamics suitable for near-ambient reversible storage. Unlike the vast majority of previously proposed complex hydrides, which typically rely on a hydrogen-containing anionic unit, our reaction is based on an ammonium-containing hydride, (NH${}_{4}$)${}_{2}$B${}_{12}$H${}_{12}$, which contains increased storage capacity due to both anionic and cationic hydrogen-containing complexes. The predicted decomposition of this hydride is a two-step reaction sequence: (NH${}_{4}$)${}_{2}$B${}_{12}$H${}_{12}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} 2BN $+$ \textonehalf{}B${}_{20}$H${}_{16}$ $+$ 6H${}_{2}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow}2BN $+$ 10B $+$ 10H${}_{2}$, which possesses a theoretical gravimetric capacity of 11.3 wt% ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, a single-crystal volumetric density of 52 g ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$/L, and $T=300$ K reaction enthalpies of 17 and 33 kJ/mol ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, respectively, which are well-suited for near-ambient reversible storage. The combination of these three attributes in a single material makes this decomposition reaction sequence highly promising.
IBM eServer z900 high-frequency microprocessor technology, circuits, and design methodology

The IBM eServer z900 microprocessor is a seventh-generation zSeries™ (formerly S/390®) CMOS design which has achieved 1.3-GHz operation. This paper describes the 0.18-µm bulk CMOS, seven-level copper metal process and the high-frequency circuit, integration, and design methodologies developed to achieve this operation. The microprocessor was floorplanned to closely mimic the flow of the microarchitecture pipeline and reduce the communication delay overhead between units. Novel circuit techniques were used in the implementation of the arrays and cache hit detection logic to save power and reduce circuit complexity without sacrificing performance. A four-dimensional gate library and novel synthesis algorithms were developed to yield synthesized control implementations with the performance characteristics of a fully custom circuit design.
Designing optimal water quality monitoring network for river systems and application to a hypothetical river

The problem of designing a water quality monitoring network for river systems is to find the optimal location of a finite number of monitoring devices that minimizes the expected detection time of a contaminant spill event with good detection reliability. We formulate this problem as an optimization problem with a stochastic constraint on a secondary performance measure where the primary performance measure is the expected detection time and the secondary performance measure is detection reliability. We propose a new objective function that integrates the stochastic constraint into the original objective function in a way that existing Optimization via Simulation (OvS) algorithms originally developed for an optimization problem without any stochastic constraint can be applicable to our problem. The performance of an OvS algorithm, namely the nested partitions method, with the new objective is tested on a hypothetical river.
Engineering excellence: Options to enhance firefighter compliance with standing orders for first-responder defibrillation

Study objective: To assess the quality of care delivered during first-responder defibrillation and to determine the potential efficacy of modifying existing automated external defibrillator designs to improve first-responder performance. Design: Prospective case series. Setting: An urban emergency medical services system providing first-responder defibrillation and paramedic care. Type of participants: Firefighters wh completed a four-hour (two-session) course in automated external defibrillator operation. Methods: Heartstart 2000® defibrillators (Laerdal Medical Corp, Armonk, New York) were used in 241 consecutive resuscitation attempts. Written reports and memory module printouts were abstracted to assess firefighter performance of 11 critical actions. The firefighter's response to each opportunity to perform a critical action was scored using explicit pass/fail criteria. Results: Records of 235 automated external defibrillator uses (97.5%) were submitted for analysis. Firefighters shocked within 15 seconds of a "shock indicated" message in 95% of opportunities and reanalyzed the rhythm within 90 seconds of the third consecutive shock (ie, after one minute of CPR) in 80% of cases. However, firefighters reanalyzed the patient's rhythm too soon in 75% of cases, thereby interfering with recommended intervals of CPR. Firefighters failed to reanalyze the patient's rhythm after device-initiated "check patient" prompts 62% of the time. Memory modules were left in the automated external defibrillator during practice sessions in 64 cases, decreasing available memory to monitor automated external defibrillator use in the field. Three instances of failure to withhold CPR during rhythm analysis resulted in a single inappropriate patient shock. No firefighter was shocked inadvertently. Conclusion: Current device algorithms result in effective delivery of the initial three shocks. However, firefighters often fail to interpose recommended intervals of CPR between further attempts at defibrillation. Modification of existing device algorithms to provide additional visual and auditory cues may be preferable to relying on the user to recall accurately all the steps in this infrequently performed procedure.
Sudden death in a child with an occult hindbrain malformation

Chiari type I malformation in previously asymptomatic children can contribute to sudden death. We report a case of a 3-year-old child with this syndrome who died 48 hours after an apparently mild head injury. The case illustrates that, in children with abnormal head size or shape, it may be important to obtain skull films after even minimal craniocerebral trauma.
Salvage of ischemic rabbit ear by BW-755C and steroids, but not by indomethacin

The effects of anti-inflammatory steroids and BW-755C (both of which inhibit the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes) were studied in ischemia-induced edema and necrosis of the rabbit ear utilizing an occlusion reperfusion model. The results were compared with cyclooxygenase inhibitors which selectively block the synthesis of prostaglandins without affecting leukotriene production. Significant inhibition of the progression of necrosis was observed with both methyl prednisolone and BW-755C. The cyclooxygenase inhibitors, naproxen and low-dose indomethacin had no effect on the progression of ear necrosis. By contrast, high-dose indomethacin significantly inhibited edema but accelerated the progression of necrosis.
Safety regulations for galleys in mid-fourteenth century Genoa: Some thoughts on medieval risk management

In the mid-fourteenth century, the trade council known as the Officium Gazarie regulated many aspects of Genoa's overseas trade. Their regulation of galleys and galley voyages is particularly revealing of their understanding of the dangers that Genoese shipping was likely to encounter on the most important long-distance routes. Through their regulation of the vessels, their crews, and the arms to be carried they have left evidence of their assessment of the relative degrees of hazard to be met from storm and hostile action. Changes in the statutes provide insight into the Officium Gazarie's ability to respond to changes in conditions. This paper will demonstrate that under the administration of the first government of Simone Boccanegra, this body was flexible and responsive in its regulation of Genoese shipping.
Investigation of the Influence of Acetylsalicylic Acid on the Steady State of Long-Term Therapy With Theophylline in Elderly Male Patients With Normal Renal Function

The risk inherent in the clinical control of patients with theophylline is widely recognized. Elderly patients may present an additional risk because of altered pharmacokinetics and the use of concomitant medication. Acetylsalicylic acid has been proposed for primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and possible strokes. This investigation was undertaken to determine if concomitant administration of acetylsalicylic acid in elderly patients would alter steady-state levels of theophylline. A population of smoking male patients older than 60 years of age under long-term control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with theophylline were evaluated for a baseline period of 3 days. Serum levels were measured at 6:00 am and 6:00 pm. An enteric-coated acetylsalicylic acid preparation, 650 mg by mouth, was added to the daily slow-release theophylline, 6:00 am hour dose regimen for 4 weeks. The serum levels of theophylline and salicylates were measured at 6:00 pm after dosing and at 6:00 am the following day, at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Urine specimens collected before administration of medication at 6:00 am were analyzed for salicylates to further confirm dosage compliance. All volunteers continued to be clinically controlled throughout the treatment period, and no symptoms of either overdose or underdose of either medication occurred. Plateau or trough theophylline serum levels did not change significantly during the salicylate treatment period. Salicylate serum levels did show during treatment self-induced metabolism. It is concluded that in elderly male patients, a daily concomitant therapeutic salicylate regimen does not alter steady-state serum theophylline levels and therefore does not per se necessitate the assay of theophylline blood levels in elderly patients.
Soft computing techniques for the design of mobile robot behaviors

Abstract This paper describes a soft computing approach to robot behavior design. Evolutionary algorithms adapt a wall following behavior implemented by means of fuzzy control rules. A messy coding scheme for fuzzy rules reduces the size and complexity of the rule base, with the result, that the fuzzy control design remains tractable for the genetic algorithm. An evolution strategy tunes the scaling factors for the controller’s input and output and optimizes the adjustment of the sensors on the robot. A neural network classifies the basic geometric features of the local environment based on previous perceptions of the sonar sensors.
Fiber-radio solutions for in-building high speed wireless networks

Fiber architecture solutions for providing wireless network coverage by radio-over fiber feeding in buildings are discussed. The focus is on very high wireless data rate applications (>>100 Mb/s) with short wireless distances (typ. <10m). Up to 20 Gb/s signal transmission at 60 GHz is demonstrated.
Methodologies for Removing/Desorbing and Transporting Particles from Surfaces to Instrumentation

Explosive trace detection (ETD) continues to be a key technology supporting the fight against terrorist bombing threats. Very selective and sensitive ETD instruments have been developed to detect explosive threats concealed on personnel, in vehicles, in luggage, and in cargo containers, as well as for forensic analysis (e.g. post blast inspection, bomb-maker identification, etc.) in a broad range of homeland security, law enforcement, and military applications. A number of recent studies have highlighted the fact that significant improvements in ETD systems’ capabilities will be achieved, not by increasing the selectivity/sensitivity of the sensors, but by improved techniques for particle/vapor sampling, pre-concentration, and transport to the sensors. This review article represents a compilation of studies focused on characterizing the adhesive properties of explosive particles, the methodologies for removing/desorbing these particles from a range of surfaces, and approaches for transporting them to the instrument. The objectives of this review are to summarize fundamental work in explosive particle characterization, to describe experimental work performed in harvesting and transport of these particles, and to highlight those approaches that indicate high potential for improving ETD capabilities.
The effect of solids conveyance on the stability of the single screw extrusion process

The flow of a polymer powder in the feed section of a single screw extruder has been experimentally investigated for its relationship to extruder stability. It is shown that the feeding and compaction process is inherently random, leading to random fluctuations in the position along the screw where melting begins. Such fluctuations are not considered serious under most circumstances, however. More severe fluctuations are generated when the taper of the compression zone causes the solid bed to re-form across the screw channel. This disrupts the melting process, and prevents the extrusion process from proceeding in a steady state manner. Such a phenomena, is by its nature periodic, leading to long-term fluctuations in the output of the extruder.
Characterization of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) cell suspension cultures

Cell suspension cultures of buffelgrass were established from two types of callus, a friable tan callus and a brown gelatinous callus, using Murashige and Skoog medium containing 13.6 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The friable callus formed a rapidly growing suspension culture, designated BG, which had a doubling time of 2.5 days. The gelatinous callus formed a very slow-growing suspension culture, designated BGG, which had a doubling time of 1 mo. During growth, the medium of the BGG line slowly increased in viscosity, becoming a thickened gel by the end of the subculture period. Both lines had high cell viability. Embryogenesis could be induced in both lines by culturing on charcoal-containing, 2,4-D-free medium. No embryos formed in the absence of charcoal.
The hemodynamic results of surgery for aortic stenosis

Abstract 1. 1. Nineteen patients with severe aortic stenosis have been studied by left heart catheterization before and after transaortic valvuloplasty. 2. 2. The cardiac index was normal in patients with pure aortic stenosis but tended to be reduced in the presence of associated aortic regurgitation, mitral or coronary disease. 3. 3. Severe aortic stenosis, as it progresses, may become associated with a reduced cardiac output and, therefore, a small systolic mean pressure difference across the aortic valve. 4. 4. There was a small but significant postoperative increase in calculated aortic valve area in 11 patients, associated with a marked fall of left ventricular systolic pressure, transvalvular pressure difference, and left ventricular work, while cardiac output remained unchanged. A residual pressure difference across the aortic valve persisted in all but one patient, who developed severe regurgitation. 5. 5. Eight patients showed no change in valve area. The left ventricular systolic pressure and transvalvular pressure difference in these was also decreased postoperatively, but this was found to be the result of reduced cardiac output. 6. 6. Associated mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, or coronary disease did not preclude successful surgery for aortic stenosis. 7. 7. Six of the 8 operative failures occurred among 7 patients with clinically “insignificant” preoperative aortic regurgitation as the only complicating lesion. Operation in this group either did not relieve the stenosis or increased the regurgitation in proportion to the relief of stenosis so that measurable benefit was not observed. 8. 8. The meaning of the term “insignificant” as it pertains to pure aortic regurgitation and to regurgitation associated with severe aortic stenosis is discussed. 9. 9. Indications and contraindications for surgery for aortic stenosis are discussed.
Acute effects of 6-hydroxyDOPA and its interaction with DOPA on brain amine levels.

Abstract The intravenous administration of 400 mg/kg of DL-6-hydroxydopa (6-OH-DOPA) to mice markedly depleted whole brain norepinephrine (NE). Whole brain levels of dopamine (DA) were not affected whereas 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels were slightly elevated. These findings show that even after a high dose of 6-OH-DOPA only brain NE appears to be markedly affected. This action might be mediated indirectly, through the endogenous formation of 6-hydroxydopamine. DL-DOPA (DOPA), 400 mg/kg given intraperitoneally, failed to alter the whole brain level of NE, but depleted brain 5-HT while elevating brain DA. The increase in DA and reduction in 5-HT caused by DOPA were greatly potentiated by prior treatment with 6-OH-DOPA. Although the mechanism of this interaction is unknown, the enhanced effectiveness of DOPA following 6-OH-DOPA administration provides in vivo evidence that DOPA-induced depletion of 5-HT may be mediated by endogenously formed DA.
Synroc Production using a Fluid Bed Calciner

Synroc is a titanate-based ceramic developed for immobilization of high-level nuclear reactor wastes in solid form. Fluid bed Synroc production permits slurry drying, calcining and redox to be carried out in a single unit. We present results of studies from two fluid beds; the Idaho Exxon internally-heated unit and the externally-heated unit constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Bed operation over a range of temperature, feed rate, fluidizing rate and redox conditions indicate that high density, uniform particle-size Synroc powders are produced which facilitate the densification step and give HUP parts with dense, well-developed phases and good leaching characteristics.
Psychosocial interventions for cancer: review and analysis using a three-tiered outcomes model.

This study describes a three-tiered measurement model for psychosocial interventions with cancer patients and compares this model to extant measurement strategies. Progress has been made toward demonstrating that psychosocial interventions reduce depression, anxiety, functional impairment, and symptoms. However, Chambless and Hollon (1998) note that the literature on psychosocial interventions for cancer fails to meet criteria for establishing treatment "efficacy" and does not address issues of cost-effectiveness. The lack of a timely model of clinical outcomes may be hindering demonstration of efficacy and wider implementation of these interventions. Outcomes assessed by 65 interventions were classified as Global Health Outcomes (medical endpoints, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), or resource utilization), Dimensions of HRQOL (distress, symptoms, functional ability, or interpersonal well-being), or Mechanisms of Action (evaluation of psychological or physiological processes). A total of 28% of reviewed studies assessed Global Outcomes, 82% assessed Dimensions of HRQOL, and 49% assessed Mechanisms of Action. While most studies assessed patients' symptoms and distress, measurements of resource utilization, HRQOL, and interpersonal HRQOL were under-reported. A greater emphasis on treatment costs, quality of life, and mediating/moderating processes associated with improvement in outcomes could inform decisions regarding allocation of health-care resources and lead to more widely available and efficient interventions for patients.
Isolation, Separation, and Detection of Enkephalins: A Review of Methods for High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis

High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) and Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) are valuable analytical techniques for the determination of neuropeptides in biological fluids. A crucial aspect of HPLC and CE analyses is the preparation of samples. This review outlines sample preparation protocols for HPLC and CE methods that have been used for this determination, with a focus on enkephalins. Sample preparation protocols have ranged from simple techniques of extraction and centrifugation to solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrafiltration. Additionally, this review also discusses the final determinant steps of HPLC and CE using various modes of detection. Detection modes for the HPLC methods included ultraviolet (UV), fluorometry, electrochemical and mass spectrometry (MS). Modes of detection when using CE for this determination have been more limited, focusing on UV and MS detection modes.
Identifying increased inputs of terrestrial phosphorus to sediments of the southwestern Everglades and Florida Bay

Abstract Increased inputs of terrestrial phosphorus are a key factor in enhanced coastal eutrophication. Yet, precise determination of increases in terrestrial phosphorus in the sedimentary record is complicated by a variety of post-depositional processes. A method that takes these complications into consideration and produces a better record is needed. In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of terrestrial total phosphorus (TP) were determined for both pre-development (1900–1920s) and post-development (>1990s) sediments from the southwestern (SW) Everglades and Florida Bay. A two-component model for sediment sources [(Al + TOC) and CaCO 3 ], coupled with the TOC/TOP ratios for TOP sources, was used to identify sediments containing mainly terrestrial TP. A strong spatial and temporal relationship between terrestrial TP and (Al + TOC) in pre- and post-development sediments from the more terrestrial sites suggests that aluminosilicates and organic matter play major roles in delivering terrestrial TP to area sediments. Terrestrial TP has been the predominant source of phosphorus to the sediments at the mouth of Shark River Slough (SRS), the west coast of the SW Everglades and western Florida Bay over the past century. Anthropogenic inputs of terrestrial TP, based on an enrichment factor calculated using [Terrestrial TP/(Al + TOC)] for pre- and post-development sediments, showed a 2- to 3-fold increase for sediments from the west coast of the SW Everglades and northwestern Florida Bay during the past century. In contrast, no such increases were found for the mouth of SRS. These findings suggest that anthropogenic inputs of terrestrial TP were most likely derived from freshwater runoff along the southwest coast of Florida. Our approach and results support and help focus current management efforts for the Everglades–Florida Bay as well as other coastal systems.
Accentuating the Queer: An Examination of How LGBT Websites Framed the 2012 Presidential Election

Much research has looked at the framing of political issues and events in the mainstream media. Little work, however, has focused on the framing of these issues in alternative media; and no study to date has examined political framing in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) publications. This study explores the framing of political content through a distinctively queer lens. A thematic analysis was conducted on articles from three online LGBT news outlets to investigate how the queer news media framed the 2012 presidential election. The following four distinctive themes emerged: the creation of a gay angle without obvious gay content, the idea of 2012 being a historic election year for LGBT people, a sense of community between journalist and readers, and a focus on marriage equality above all else. A uniquely queer frame was identified as being central to the coverage of the election, the candidates, and all things political.
Effect of reinforcement of sustainable β‐CaSiO3 nanoparticles in bio‐based epoxy resin system

The β-CaSiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using calcium carbonate from egg shells and silica as precursors. These NPs were incorporated (1–4 wt %) into bio-based epoxy resin to fabricate nanocomposites. Thermal and mechanical tests were carried out on these composites. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis showed significant improvement in the storage modulus of 1 and 2 wt % composites. The thermomechanical analysis data revealed ∼19 and 20% of reduction in coefficient of thermal expansion for 1 wt % of CaSiO3 before and after glass transition as compared to the neat epoxy system. Thermogravimetric analysis results also showed delayed thermal degradation of the composites by significant amounts (17–35°C) for 5% of decomposition, a proportional increase in residues corresponding to the loading concentrations. The flexure tests showed significant improvements in strength (17–36%), modulus (5–33%), and toughness for 1–4 wt % of reinforcement of β-CaSiO3 NPs. Theoretical calculations of the reinforcement effect on the flexure modulus of the composites agree well with the experimental values. The scanning electron micrograph of the fractured surfaces revealed better interfacial interactions in the composites and enhancements in crack path deflections over the neat specimen. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40867.