cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalencia y factores asociados al uso de drogas, fármacos y otras sustancias por estudiantes de medicina para aumentar el rendimiento académico.

Objetivo: Analizar el uso de drogas, farmacos, y otras sustancias para aumentar rendimiento academico en estudiantes de medicina. Diseno: Estudio de corte transversal. Lugar : Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile. Participantes: 120 estudiantes de medicina. Intervencion: Mediante la metodologia de cuestionario estructurado anonimo se evaluo consumo de drogas, farmacos y otras sustancias estimulantes y tranquilizantes. Principales medidas de resultados: Prueba de Chi cuadrado y estimacion mediante OR (IC95%). Resultados: Respecto al uso de sustancias, un 92,5% de todos los encuestados consumia al menos una sustancia para aumentar el rendimiento academico, y un 14,2% del total utilizaba sustancias ilicitas para estos fines. El consumo de estas ultimas aumentaba gradualmente a medida que se aumenta de curso, llegando a 47,6% en el ultimo ano (p=0,007). En terminos generales, la sustancia usada con mayor frecuencia fue el cafe (80%). De los farmacos, el mas usado fue modafinilo (29,2%), seguido por cafeina (6,7%), efedrina (3,3%) y anfetaminas (1,7%). Existio diferencia significativa al analizar consumo con religion (86,9% de catolicos, 100% de agnosticos/ateos, 100% de protestantes) (p=0,013). El vivir solo mostro un OR de 4.25 (IC95% 1,32-13,64) para el consumo. En cambio, el residir con familiares fue un factor protector, con un OR de 0,31 (IC95% 0,11-0,84). No se encontro asociacion con otras variables. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos muestran que existe consumo de sustancias para aumentar el rendimiento academico entre estudiantes de medicina, y que este sigue un patron definido, aumentando a medida que se avanza de curso, tendiendo cada vez mas al consumo de sustancias ilicitas. Palabras claves: estudiantes, medicina, estimulantes, desempeno academico.
A nanochannel fabrication technique using chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) and thermal oxidation

We have developed a new nanochannel fabrication technique using chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) and thermal oxidation. With this technique, it is possible to control the width, length, and depth of the nanochannels without the need for nanolithography. The use of sacrificial SiO/sub 2/ layers allows the fabrication of centimeter-long nanochannels. In addition, the fabrication process is CMOS compatible. We have successfully fabricated an array of extremely long and narrow nanochannels (i.e. 10 mm long, 25 nm wide and 100 nm deep) with smooth inner surfaces.
Use of Multiwaveband Polarization and Light Curves to Identify Sites of Gamma‐Ray Emission in Blazar Jets

We describe how the combination of VLBA and optical polarization monitoring identifies the site on the VLBA images where the variable optical emission occurs. Correlation between the optical and X‐ray and/or γ‐ray light curves then establishes an association of the emission across the electromagnetic spectrum with a particular feature on the images. Application of this technique to blazars monitored by GLAST will allow us to construct multiwaveband emission maps of their compact relativistic jets.
Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder. Proton pump inhibitors have profoundly revolutionized the treatment of GERD. However, several areas of unmet need persist despite marked improvements in the ther-apeutic management of GERD. These include the advanced grades of erosive esophagitis, nonerosive reflux disease, main-tenance treatment of erosive esophagitis, refractory GERD, postprandial heartburn, atypical and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, Barrett's esophagus, chronic protein pump inhibitor treatment, and post-bariatric surgery GERD. Consequently, any fu-ture development of novel therapeutic modalities for GERD (medical, endoscopic, or surgical), would likely focus on the afore-mentioned areas of unmet need.
Financial Assistance Patterns from Midlife Parents to Adult Children: A Test of the Cumulative Advantage Hypothesis

Young adults may receive financial assistance from midlife parents as they experience life course transitions often associated with establishing independent status, such as schooling, marriage or gaining full-time work. We used longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1992–2002) and hypothesized that adult children in the United States who received repeated financial transfers from midlife parents experienced cumulative advantages across time. We also examined the data using parental household characteristics to reinforce the importance of previous transfer behaviors. We found that the receipt of prior transfers, family structure and parental household income were the strongest determinants of the odds that parents gave financial assistance to adult children as both generations aged. The findings also supported the cumulative advantage theory due to the larger likelihood of continued transfers.
Retrospective analysis of non-correlating cervical smears and colposcopically directed biopsies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cause of discrepancies between non-correlating cytologic and histologic cervical samples. The biopsy results of 433 women examined colposcopically were compared to their referral cervical smears (RS). There was a discrepancy between the RS and the subsequent biopsy in 120 women (28%). One hundred of these 120 RS were available for review; and in each case, a reason for the discrepancy was established and classified as RS overcall, RS undercall, RS sampling error, or biopsy sampling error. Fifty-one discrepant RS were overcalled. They were reported initially as condyloma (19), mild dysplasia (22), and moderate dysplasia (10). One RS was undercalled. Nine RS were not diagnostic of the biopsy-proven lesion due to smear sampling error. The discrepancies in the remaining 39 cases were due to biopsy sampling error. Twenty-one of these 39 cases had additional biopsies or smears that confirmed the presence of condyloma/dysplasia, and 18 had negative follow-up. In summary, discrepancies were a result of pathologists' interpretative error, predominantly overcalls, in 52% of non-correlating cases, and smear or biopsy sampling error in the remaining 48%. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;11:343–347. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Mark III IR FEL: Improvements in performance and operation

Abstract The Mark III has been improved both by the installation of a new thermionic microwave gun and added capabilities. The new electron gun yields a reduced emittance and allows operation at a higher repetition rate and an increased electron macropulse length. We have added the capability to tailor the input microwave pulse by adding a ramp or a step onto the macropulse. Phased-locked operation has been used to produce tunable optical radiation with filtered spectral widths of 200 MHz. Both phase-locking and hole-coupling have been used to increase the outcoupling efficiency. The RF system of the Mark III is now phase-locked to the RF system of the adjacent storage ring driver for the short-wavelength FEL sources of the laboratory, making possible two-color UV-IR pump-probe experiments.
Skill and Physical Activity: A Central Dogma for Kinesiology

Kinesiology has a long and storied tradition and history. The growth of our discipline and what might be called our subdisciplines has been the shining achievement of the 1970–2006 era, spurred on by Henry's (1964) call for an academic discipline. In this short thought paper, we argue that we have lost sight of the discipline in a quest to become socially relevant. This social relevance has been to get on the exercise as prescription bandwagon, which has produced a wide chasm between our undergraduate curriculum and our research endeavors. The reason for this chasm is that kinesiology does not have an agreed upon central theme, what we call a dogma. We argue that we need to return to make skill and physical activity the central dogma of kinesiology and to make a new coherent curriculum for undergraduate kinesiology.
Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as an in vitro or in vivo marker for virus entry and replication.

Abstract Glycoprotein K (gK) is involved in membrane fusion phenomena during infectious virus production and egress and is an important determinant for neurovirulence. To assess better the in vitro and in vivo roles of gK in virus replication, a recombinant virus was constructed expressing an engineered enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter (HCMV-IEP) inserted in place of the gK gene. The EGFP gene insertion was confirmed by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the presence of the EGFP protein was detected by western immunoblot analysis using anti-GFP monoclonal antibody. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that virus infected cells emitted bright fluorescence when examined using filters for fluorescein. Fluorescence emission was detected as early as 4 h post-infection. Fluorescence intensity increased over time and was stable at late times after infection at which point viral plaques continued to emit bright green fluorescence. The amount of fluorescence emitted by virus infected Vero cells was monitored by fluorescence cytometry using a FACS cytometer. At an MOI of 3, all infected cells emitted strong green fluorescence as quantified by cytometry at 48 h post-infection. The ΔgK-EGFP expressing recombinant virus will enable the determination of the role of gK in virus entry and egress as well as the role of gK in the molecular pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
GPMX: a portable general purpose macro processor adapted for preprocessing FORTRAN

GPMX is an extension of GPM, a simple, elegant yet powerful language independent macro processor described by Strachey. Unextended, GPM is not suited for preprocessing languages which use column position and end of record to delimit statements. Examples are FORTRAN and many assembly languages. Many programmers are constrained to work in such limited languages and GPMX is a simple yet powerful tool for extending and modifying these languages. Others have developed preprocessors dedicated to a particular language. This has advantages for the implementor, but requires the user to learn a different preprocessor for each language he uses. GPMX is designed to work on any language so that the (non-trivial) effort of learning to use it need not be repeated later. Extensions in GPMX include macro control over: files, record input and output, spacing, conditional macro processing and compilation, access to input and output buffers, and dynamic changing of the macro flag characters. Most of the extensions are accomplished simply by putting the control information on the macro stack where the processor has access to it (ala von Neumann). GPMX has been implemented in ANS FORTRAN for portability. Several applications are shown, including GO-TO free control structures for FORTRAN. Source is available.
Axillary Vein Thrombosis as a Manifestation of Rapidly Progressive Neuropathic Arthropathy of the Shoulder Associated With Syringomyelia

Neuropathic arthropathy is a destructive joint disease associated frequently with loss of proprioception. Syringomyelia (with or without Arnold-Chiari malformation) is characterized by slow progression over many years; the joints involved most frequently are the shoulders and elbows. Neuropathic arthropathy of the hand is rare, and clinical features are vasomotor problems, digital ulcers, thickening of the fingers, and painless subluxation of the finger joints. We report an unusual case of neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder and hands, associated with syringomyelia without Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder was rapidly progressive, and axillary vein thrombosis was the first manifestation; however, neuropathic arthropathy of the hands was unrecognized for 7 years, and painless ulceration of the fingers with spontaneous amputation of the terminal phalanx and Raynaud phenomenon were the initial manifestations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with this constellation of findings.
What do electron and neutrino experiments tell us about nuclear effects in the deuteron

We have performed an analysis of data from electron, neutrino and antineutrino scattering experiments on hydrogen and deuterium within the framework of the quark-parton model. The data indicate that the distortion of the structure functions of the neutrons and protons in the deuteron are small. This is in contrast with the observed distortion of the structure functions of nucleons bound in a heavy nucleus such as iron. These results support the hypothesis that the “EMC Effect” is related to the density of nucleons in a nucleus.
ELDERLY INTERESTS IN THE EXPRESSIVE DOMAIN

Several researchers have examined elderly learning preferences and involvement in terms of the instrumental (basic or skill mastery) and expressive (enjoyment or self‐fulfillment) dichotomy. An overall preference for instrumental types of learning usually is found; however, certain types of older individuals will report preferences for expressive types of activities. A factor analysis of data on expressive and instrumental choices resulted in ten factors with more than one item loading at 0.40 or higher. The first factor, Expressive Arts Interest, accounted for 31% of the variance. Five other factors were also expressive in nature. Some implications in terms of assessing needs, planning programs, teaching, and research are presented.
1/f-noise in metallic clusters

When the cluster excitation energy is such that the hopping between different isomers becomes energetically allowed, the power spectrum corresponding to the very long-time dynamics is dominated by the 1/f-noise. The emergence of 1/f-noise is indicative of the absence of any characteristic time scales in the structure/conformation cluster dynamics. The 1/f-noise portion of the power spectrum covers all frequencies below the characteristic cluster modes and is essentially temperature independent once the cluster has “melted”.
Studies of DNA packaging into the heads of bacteriophage lambda

Abstract During the assembly of bacteriophage λ heads, a head-like, DNA-free structure called petite λ, is first constructed. Into this, λ DNA is then packaged. In this paper we examine early interactions between λ DNA and petite λ in a cell-free system. The two major findings of this paper are: (1) when seen through the electron microscope, an early petite λ-λ DNA complex appears with the circular petite λ having the DNA crossing through its center. These resemble a bead on a string or the Greek letter φ (hence they are called φ structures). The λ A protein is required in the formation of φ structures. Also, φ structures can be found in bacteria infected with phage λ. (2) The polyamine putrescine is required for phage head assembly. An earlier reported requirement for spermidine can be replaced by the addition of putrescine. Polyamine is required in the DNA packaging reaction after the packaging has begun.
Semen analysis of military personnel associated with military duty assignments.

A collaborative study between the U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory (USABRDL) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was designed to assess fecundity of male artillery soldiers with potential exposures to airborne lead aerosols. Potential exposure assessment was based upon information provided in an interactive questionnaire. It became apparent from extensive questionnaire data that many soldiers in the initial control population had potentially experienced microwave exposure as radar equipment operators. As a result, a third group of soldiers without potential for lead or microwave exposures, but with similar environmental conditions, was selected as a comparison population. Blood hormone levels and semen analyses were conducted on artillerymen (n = 30), radar equipment operators (n = 20), and the comparison group (n = 31). Analysis of the questionnaire information revealed that concern about fertility problems motivated participation of some soldiers with potential artillery or microwave exposures. Although small study population size and the confounding variable of perceived infertility limit the reliability of the study, several statistically significant findings were identified. Artillerymen who perceived a possible fertility concern demonstrated lower sperm counts/ejaculate (P = 0.067) and lower sperm/mL (P = 0.014) than the comparison group. The group of men with potential microwave exposures demonstrated lower sperm counts/mL (P = 0.009) and sperm/ejaculate (P = 0.027) than the comparison group. Variables used to assess endocrine, accessory sex gland, and sperm cell function were not different than the comparison group. Additional studies, incorporating larger numbers of individuals, should be performed in order to more optimally characterize potential lead and microwave exposure effects on male fecundity.
A perspective on the high-voltage LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel cathode for lithium-ion batteries

The LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel is an attractive cathode candidate for next generation lithium-ion batteries as it offers high power capability with an operating voltage of ∼4.7 V and a capacity of ∼135 mA h g−1. However, its commercialization is plagued by severe capacity fade, particularly at elevated temperatures, in full cells employing a graphite anode. This perspective article provides an overview of the recent developments on understanding various factors that influence the electrochemical performance of the high-voltage spinel cathodes. The factors include the degree of cation ordering, Mn3+ content, morphology, and surface planes/compositions in contact with the electrolyte, which are influenced by synthesis and annealing conditions as well as cation doping. For example, samples with a {111} family of surface planes show superior performance. Recent magnetic measurements and examination of discharge profiles below 3 V have become valuable to get a more precise measure of the degree of cation ordering. Also, surface modifications and electrolyte additives have shown marginal gains. Although acceptable performances have been obtained in half-cells with a metallic lithium anode, capacity fade is seen in full cells with a graphite anode due to metal dissolution at the high operating voltage of 4.7 V and Li+ consumption by the steadily forming solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer promoted by Mn/Ni deposition on the graphite surface. Based on the current understanding, future directions are pointed out.
An experiment investigating the application of clustering procedures and similarity coefficients to the GT machine cell formation problem

This paper reports the development of a number of similarity-based coefficients designed for applying hierarchical cluster analysis to the group technology machine cell formation problem. The paper also discusses an experimental investigation applying these and other well-known similarity coefficients in conjunction with some well-known clustering algorithms. The mixture model experimental approach is used for the investigation. A number of problems were generated via simulation, randomly ‘mixed’ to hide the original cellular structure, and the clustering techniques applied. Extensions of prior research include the development of new similarity coefficients, their comparative evaluation, and the incorporation of the concept of part ‘weighting’ into the cluster analysis, and hence, cell formation
Methotrexate re-challenge for recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma

The prognosis of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) recurring after methotrexate is poor (objective response rates [ORR] = 26-53 %; 1-year overall survival [OS] = 35-57 %). Salvage PCNSL chemotherapies have been based on the use of different agents to avoid cross-resistance; however, methotrexate is the most active agent in PCNSL, and methotrexate re-challenge may be an effective strategy for recurrent disease. We report our experience with methotrexate re-challenge in PCNSL. We reviewed 39 patients with histologically confirmed PCNSL who responded to methotrexate at initial diagnosis, experienced disease relapse and received methotrexate re-challenge. At the time of re-challenge, median age was 66 and median Karnofsky performance score (KPS) was 70. Median time from initial diagnosis was 26 m. Twenty-six patients were at first relapse and 13 at second or later relapse. At re-challenge, methotrexate was given in combination with other agents to 33 patients and as a single agent to six. The objective response rate was 85 %, with a complete response in 29 (75 %) patients, partial response in four (10 %) and disease progression in six (15 %). At median follow-up of 26 m, the median progression-free survival was 16 m; 1-year OS was 79 % (95 % CI 63-89) and median OS was 41 m. KPS was a prognostic factor for progression free survival (p = 0.04). In this population selected by previous methotrexate response, methotrexate re-challenge was a safe and effective strategy, indicating chemosensitivity was retained. Efficacy compared favorably to other salvage treatments suggesting methotrexate re-challenge should be considered in recurrent PCNSL patients who previously responded to methotrexate.
Putting first things first: Outcome and process focus in knowledge work teams

This paper presents a new perspective on the management of outcomes and processes in a knowledge team's work. Knowledge teams frequently face complex, open-ended tasks for which the a priori specification of goals and work processes is not possible. Such teams must define these work elements themselves; emphasizing one over the other can lead a team to become either outcome-or process-focused, with implications for the level at which they identify their activities and the flexibility with which they conduct work. A survey study of student teams and a field study of organizational teams test the effects of outcome versus process focus on performance. Consistent with prior findings, the first study demonstrates that outcome focus is positively related to performance on complex, open-ended tasks and that team members' level of action identification mediates the effects of outcome and process focus on performance. Action research conducted as part of the second study demonstrates the importance of early events in a team's life cycle and the challenge for managers who hope to influence their teams to have a greater degree of focus on outcomes over process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulatory effect of foreign compounds on ascorbic acid biosynthesis and on drug-metabolizing enzymes.

PREVIOUS studies in rats have shown that drugs such as ‘Chloretone’, barbital, phenobarbital and amino-pyrine can stimulate the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from glucose through the glucuronic acid pathway1–3 as follows: Evidence for this has come from the observations that these drugs markedly increase the urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid and that they stimulate the conversion of glucose-1-14C to labelled D-glucuronic acid, L-gulonic acid and L-ascorbic acid3–5. In the present study the following compounds were also found to be potent in stimulating the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid: the antirheumatic drug: phenylbutazone, the muscular relaxant: orphenadrine (2-dimethylaminoethyl-2-methyl-benzhydryl ether), and the carcinogenic hydrocarbons: 3-methylcholanthrene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene and 3,4-benzpyrene. Phenylbutazone and orphenadrine in doses of 20–50 mgm./day for 4 days to adult rats produced about a 20-fold increase in L-ascorbic acid excretion. The striking effect of a single 10-mgm. dose of 3-methylcholanthrene on the urinary excretion of the vitamin is shown in Fig. 1. By 6 days after administration the urinary excretion was 50–75 times greater than the control value and in fact during the 19-day period about 140 mgm. of L-ascorbic acid was excreted. This represents a minimum value for the total L-ascorbic acid synthesized since the vitamin is extensively metabolized in the rat6.
Effect of bond thickness on fracture and fatigue strength of adhesively bonded composite joints

An experimental investigation of composite to composite bonded joints was undertaken to study the effect of bond thickness on debond growth rate under cyclic loading and critical strain energy release rate under static loading. Double cantilever beam specimens of graphite/epoxy adherends bonded with EC 3445 were tested under mode I loading. A different behavior of fracture and fatigue strength was observed with variation of bondline thickness.
Geodesign meets curriculum design: integrating geodesign approaches into undergraduate programs

The recent emergence of geodesign elicits broad questions about what to teach our students, and how to teach it. Geodesign bridges the geospatial sciences and geographical information system (GIS)-related techniques with the design professions to inform better land-use decisions. With its emphasis on real-world applications, information technologies, and cross-disciplinary problem-solving, geodesign lends itself to a variety of experiential, active learning strategies collectively known as learner-centered education (LCE). This paper explores how LCE, outcomes assessment, and curriculum design can together support geodesign-oriented undergraduate programs. Looking specifically at a new degree program at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, the authors view geodesign education as a platform for promoting learner-centered approaches that at once transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries and are becoming increasingly important for employment opportunities. The example discussed herein illustrates ho...
Facile sonochemical synthesis of nanosized InP and GaP.

A novel sonochemical method for the preparation of MP (M = Ga, In) nanocrystalline materials has been developed. The procedure consists of the in situ synthesis of sodium phosphide and its subsequent reaction with the appropriate metal chloride using ultrasound. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The choice of solvent and the use of high-power ultrasound are both important in the formation of the products.
Ultraterminal sprouting in innervated and partially denervated adult and aged rat muscle.

Abstract End plates from the extensor digitorum longus, soleus and diaphragm muscles of adult (10-month-old) and aged (25-month-old) rats were examined to determine whether aging affects the frequency of occurrence of ultraterminal sprouting, a form of terminal sprouting commonly associated with muscle denervation. There was a significant increase in the fraction of end plates exhibiting ultraterminal sprouts in the extensor digitorum longus muscle only; the number increased from 5.5% in 10-month-old animals to 23.0% in 25-month-old animals. To see whether age also influences the sprouting response to denervation, extensor digitorum longus muscles from 10- and 25-month-old animals were partially denervated by severing spinal nerve L5, and end plates were examined 4–7 and 10–14 days following denervation. Denervation induced a more profound increase in the percentage of end plates exhibiting ultraterminal sprouting in the 10- compared with 25-month-old animals. However, sprouting remained significantly greater in the 25- compared with the 10-month-old animals. Furthermore, following denervation the average ultraterminal sprout length was significantly greater in the 25- compared with the 10-month-old animals. There was no correlation between the extent of muscle denervation and the percentage of end plates exhibiting ultraterminal sprouts. End plates with ultraterminal sprouts had larger areas and contained fewer nerve terminal branches than end plates without these sprouts. It is suggested that the limited response to partial denervation in the 25-month-old extensor digitorum longus muscles may indicate that the aged extensor digitorum longus has already approached the maximum capacity for sprouting.
A traits-based model of species diversity

a b s t r a c t Models which use species-specific trade-offs of life-history traits have been widely used to simulate stable, diverse communities of sessile organisms. However, the precise estimation of trade-off parameters required by many models cannot be easily realized for multiple species living within rapidly changing environments. We developed a spatially-explicit model, MCAP, that uses empirically estimated parameters to define species-specific life-history functions. This approach did not require trade-offs to be explicitly stated, but rather intrinsically represented trade-offs within the data structure defining each species life-history functions (e.g., age or size dependent changes in reproduction, dispersal, establishment, mortality and growth). The use of species-specific functions with empirically estimated parameters allowed each species to be uniquely characterized with subsequent estimation of model sensitivities due to changing functional forms or parameter errors. Empirical data was obtained from field observations and experiments for 16 species within tidal freshwater marsh communities of the Chesapeake Bay. Model results compared with these data showed that MCAP realistically represented processes structuring these tidal marsh communities. Model experiments varying weather and the range of habitat conditions accessible to each species showed that patterns of abundance and diversity were most affected by local habitat conditions and neighborhood interactions among competing species. The simulation approach used in MCAP was effective and efficient, providing a comprehensive tool for assessing the simultaneous effects of changing environmental drivers and species composition on the persistence and biodiversity of marsh communities.
SREBP-2 regulates gut peptide secretion through intestinal bitter taste receptor signaling in mice

Bitter taste–sensing G protein–coupled receptors (type 2 taste receptors [T2Rs]) are expressed in taste receptor cells of the tongue, where they play an important role in limiting ingestion of bitter-tasting, potentially toxic compounds. T2Rs are also expressed in gut-derived enteroendocrine cells, where they have also been hypothesized to play a role in limiting toxin absorption. In this study, we have shown that T2R gene expression in both cultured mouse enteroendocrine cells and mouse intestine is regulated by the cholesterol-sensitive SREBP-2. In addition, T2R stimulation of cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion was enhanced directly by SREBP-2 in cultured cells and in mice fed chow supplemented with lovastatin and ezetimibe (L/E) to decrease dietary sterol absorption and increase nuclear activity of SREBP-2. Low-cholesterol diets are naturally composed of high amounts of plant matter that is likely to contain dietary toxins, and CCK is known to improve dietary absorption of fats, slow gastric emptying, and decrease food intake. Thus, these studies suggest that SREBP-2 activation of bitter signaling receptors in the intestine may sensitize the gut to a low-fat diet and to potential accompanying food-borne toxins that make it past the initial aversive response in the mouth.
Hydrodynamic Transport Properties of Concentrated Suspensions

A method of estimating the dependency of the relative viscosities and average sedimentation velocities of particle dispersions on the particle packing behavior, which is related to the shape (sphericity or aspect ratio) of the particle and the ruggedness of the particle surface is proposed. For each ensemble of microstructures, as determined by the flow system in which measurements are made (such as steady shear flow, high-frequency dynamic shear flow, or sedimentation in a static fluid), a single master curve is obtained. These curves allow direct estimates of the relative viscosities or sedimentation velocities to be made if the maximum packing fraction is known.
Duodenal and retroperitoneal hematoma after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: First presentation of a child with Hemophilia B

Abstract Duodenal hematoma is an uncommon complication after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Most reported cases resolve with conservative management for 3–4 weeks. The authors report a case of a 7 year-old child who developed duodenal and retroperitoneal hematomas, as well as intra-peritoneal hemorrhage after a diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Surprisingly, this was the patient's first presentation of his later-diagnosed Hemophilia B. This is the first Case report of duodenal hematoma after upper endoscopy as the only first presentation of a coagulation disorder. The case report also describes successful management of such complication.
The new competitors: they think in terms of ‘speed-to-market’

Executive Overview Time-to-market is becoming a highly competitive issue for manufacturing companies, and in the 1990s it may be the single most critical factor for success across all markets. A new group of accelerating competitors is emerging that thinks in terms of speed-to-market. These business units are using shorter product life cycles and have a propensity for change which is winning market share and increasing profits. Key to their success is concurrent engineering which gives manufacturing managers a say in designing the production and ensuring that flexibility and efficiency are available in the product phase of product development. Technological advances in information processing provide the tools used in concurrent engineering.
Special Section: Safety in EMS.

The prehospital setting is an unpredictable and often hazardous environment for providers and patients. Recent research shows that emergency medical services (EMS) personnel often work multiple job...
Theoretical calculations on μ− +12C →12B + ν

Theoretical calculations of the capture rate and possible observations on the recoiling nucleus have been made for the process μ− +12C →12B + ν. The basic interaction for μ-meson capture is assumed to be the same as that in β-decay. Virtual pion effects which are included with and without the assumption of a conserved vector current, are difficult to observe because of the theoretical uncertainty as to the magnitude of the second forbidden contributions.
Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit extract and its anthocyanidins: delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin.

Antioxidant activities of freeze-dried preparations of a 70% acetone extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and its three major anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin) were evaluated. Free radical scavenging activities were examined using an ESR technique with spin trapping; DMPO for hydroxyl (.OH) and superoxide (O(2)(.-) ) radicals; and [(MGD)(2)Fe(2+)] for nitric oxide (NO). Inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation were estimated by the levels of malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals in rat brain homogenates. Pomegranate extract exhibited scavenging activity against.OH and O(2)(.-). Anthocyanidins inhibited a Fenton reagent.OH generating system possibly by chelating with ferrous ion. Anthocyanidins scavenged O(2)(.)- in a dose-dependent manner. The ID(50) values of delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin were 2.4, 22, and 456 microM, respectively. In contrast, anthocyanidins did not effectively scavenge NO. Anthocyanidins inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain homogenates. The ID(50) values of delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin for them were 0.7, 3.5, and 85 microM, respectively. These findings suggest that the above anthocyanidins contribute to the antioxidant activity of pomegranate fruits.
Dissecting the Molecular Mechanism of Kinesin with Single Molecule Imaging

Single molecule assays on kinesin bipedal-motor showed that it moves by alternating movement of its two motor-domains. Such coordination is mediated by intramolecular tension generated by the neck-linkers, mechanical elements that span between the motor-domains.
Developing a framework for applying disassembly planning and demanufacturing modeling to organic processing waste streams

Alternative disposal methods for food and other organic manufacturing waste streams are increasingly being investigated. Direct shipping, blending, extrusion, pelleting, and drying are commonly used to produce finished human food, animal feed, industrial products, and components ready for further manufacture. This paper discusses a new initiative whose goal is to develop a computer model based on analytical methods used for disassembly planning and demanufacturing modeling, but applied to organic processing waste streams. Upon completion, the simulation model discussed here will be used to analyze various liquid, sludge, and solid byproduct streams in order to determine optimal reprocessing avenues for specific manufacturing firms.
Laryngeal muscle surface receptors identified using random phage library.

Objectives: The ultimate goal of this study is to improve the efficiency of gene transfer in mammalian muscle by developing targeted adenoviral vectors. Altering the tropism of viral vectors to recognize tissue specific antigens is one method to achieve this goal. This approach requires identification of cell-surface receptors and the insertion of target peptide sequences into the adenoviral fiber protein. In this study, phage biopanning was performed on cultured rat skeletal and laryngeal muscle to identify cell-surface receptors. Study Design: In vitro cell culture and in vivo animal model. Methods: M-13 Phage biopanning was used for muscle cell-surface receptor analysis on cultured rat skeletal and laryngeal muscle. Nonbinding and binding phage to cultured skeletal and laryngeal muscle were screened for muscle specific surface peptides. In vivo studies were then performed using muscle specific phage. Results: Skeletal muscle specific binding by the YASTNPM phage was observed by in vivo immunostaining. Phage titering demonstrated a 109-fold increase in skeletal muscle binding compared with nontarget tissue. A peptide sequence (NPSQVKH) specific for laryngeal muscle yielded a 107-fold increase in laryngeal muscle phage titer compared with nontarget tissue. Conclusions: These results identify muscle cell-surface receptors that may be used as potential targets for genetic modification of adenovirus tropism. Moreover, phage specificity for skeletal and laryngeal muscle indicates specific muscle groups may be targeted.
The Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America

"Peretti explains how jazz was shaped by urbanization, the 'great migration' of southern blacks northward, and the 'jazz image' -- dress code, jargon, and use of drugs. Peretti places jazz in its rich social context." -- Library Journal
The varieties and the cohomology ring of a module

Let G be a finite group and let K be a field of characteristic p > 0. Recently several studies have focused on the homological invariants of finitely generated KG-modules. In [l] Alperin proposed the study of the complexity of a module. The complexity is related to the degree of the polynomial rate of growth of the terms in a projective resolution of the module (see Definition 2.4). In [2] Alperin and Evens proved that the complexity of a KG-module M is equal to the maximum of the complexities of the restrictions of M to elementary abelian p-subgroups of G. One of the roots of the Alperin-Evens Theorem is Quillen’s Dimension Theorem (see [21] or [22]), which with some difficulty can be interpreted as saying the same thing for the special case of the trivial KG-module. Alperin and Evens [3] and Avrunin [4] have further studied the annihilator in Ext&(K, K) of the cohomology of M, and have produced theorems of a similar nature. These are related to the work in [9] on the structure of the cohomology ring Ext&(M, M). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between these homological invariants and the structure of the module. We concentrate on the case in which G is an elementary abelian p-group. However, using such results as those mentioned above, we can apply the present work to more general groups. Even as the earlier results indicate that much of the structure and cohomology of a module is revealed in the restrictions to elementary abelian p-subgroups, we show here that, in the case of an elementary abelian group, much of this information can be found by looking at the restrictions to cyclic p-subgroups of the group of units of KG. Some of the results in this paper were announced in [S]. Let G = (xl ,..., xn) be an elementary abelian group of order p”. Suppose that K is algebraically closed. To any finitely generated KG-module M we
Whom Do We Serve? A Short Discussion of Freedom, Justice, and Power in Educational Research

As part of a continuing effort at liaison between the Council on Anthropology and Education and the 1800-member Division G of the American Educational Research Association, Frank Besag, Vice-President of Division G (Social Context of Education) was invited to attend the CAE Business Meeting in Washington, DC, on 6 December 1982 and to discuss issues of mutual concern to the two organizations. Subsequent to the meeting, Besag was invited to formalize his comments for publication here.
The indirect gaming contributions of cash and comped casino dining: Does providing complimentary meals pay off at the slots? ☆

Abstract This study examined the relationship between gaming volume and restaurant revenue for paid and comped diners; i.e., diners for whom the meal was provided free, using data from two hotel casinos in different markets. The results of time series regression analysis revealed a significant and positive relationship between restaurant revenue and gaming volume in both markets. However, the gaming contribution of comped diners in terms of estimated incremental gaming revenue was much higher than that of cash diners in both markets. These findings confirm the ability of casino restaurants to attract gaming patrons and suggest that providing complimentary meals may be an effective tool to stimulate visits and generate gaming revenue.
Learned helplessness is independent of levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus

Abstract Reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus have been implicated in human affective disorders and behavioral stress responses. The current studies examined the role of BDNF in the behavioral consequences of inescapable stress, or learned helplessness. Inescapable stress decreased BDNF mRNA and protein in the hippocampus of sedentary rats. Rats allowed voluntary access to running wheels for either 3 or 6 weeks prior to exposure to stress were protected against stress-induced reductions of hippocampal BDNF protein. The observed prevention of stress-induced deceases in BDNF, however, occurred in a time course inconsistent with the prevention of learned helplessness by wheel running, which is evident following 6 weeks, but not 3 weeks, of wheel running. BDNF suppression in physically active rats was produced by administering a single injection of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) just prior to stress. Despite reduced levels of hippocampal BDNF mRNA following stress, physically active rats given the combination of fluoxetine and stress remained resistant against learned helplessness. Sedentary rats given both fluoxetine and stress still demonstrated typical learned helplessness behaviors. Fluoxetine by itself reduced BDNF mRNA in sedentary rats only, but did not affect freezing or escape learning 24 h later. Finally, bilateral injections of BDNF (1 μg) into the dentate gyrus prior to stress prevented stress-induced reductions of hippocampal BDNF but did not prevent learned helplessness in sedentary rats. These data indicate that learned helplessness behaviors are independent of the presence or absence of hippocampal BDNF because blocking inescapable stress-induced BDNF suppression does not always prevent learned helplessness, and learned helplessness does not always occur in the presence of reduced BDNF. Results also suggest that the prevention of stress-induced hippocampal BDNF suppression is not necessary for the protective effect of wheel running against learned helplessness.
Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital coronary artery fistula

The purpose of this study was to examine the advantages of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital coronary artery fistula, specifically in depicting the origin, the course, and the drainage site. Seven consecutive patients ranging in age from 20 to 72 years with a suspected coronary artery fistula underwent conventional transthoracic and multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic studies between March 1993 and July 1994. When a coronary artery fistula was noted, the origin, the course, and the drainage site were carefully searched for. All patients then underwent a cardiac catheterization with the performance of coronary angiography. A large right coronary artery fistula was detected in three patients; one of them had a drainage to the posterior left ventricle, one to the lateral right ventricle, and the other to the medial aspect of the right ventricle just below the insertion of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. A small coronary artery fistula arising from the left coronary artery was noted in four patients, two from the left anterior descending artery and the other two from the left circumflex artery. Three of these four patients had a drainage to the main pulmonary artery and one to the left ventricle. The drainage site was clearly depicted in all seven patients, whereas the origin and the course were precisely defined in five patients by using multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic examination. The multiplane transesophageal echocardiography provides a panoramic view of the coronary artery and the fistulous vessel with a precise definition of the origin, the course, and the drainage site of the fistula. Therefore it is the noninvasive diagnostic mode of choice.
Odd parity and line nodes in nonsymmorphic superconductors

Group theory arguments have been invoked to argue that odd-parity order parameters cannot have line nodes in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. In this Rapid Communication we show that these arguments do not hold for certain nonsymmorphic superconductors. Specifically, we demonstrate that when the underlying crystal has a twofold screw axis, half of the odd-parity representations vanish on the Brillouin-zone face perpendicular to this axis. Many unconventional superconductors have nonsymmorphic space groups, and we discuss implications for several materials, including ${\text{UPt}}_{3}$, ${\text{UBe}}_{13}$, ${\text{Li}}_{2}{\text{Pt}}_{3}\text{B}$, and ${\text{Na}}_{4}{\text{Ir}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{8}$.
Guiding the Hands That Hold the Child: Supportive Strategies for Low-Income Depressed Mothers and Their Children

Working in a community setting with depressed low-income mothers and their children provides the psychiatric nurse with an ideal forum to promote mental health of both mother and child by creating ...
Tailor the longitudinal anaysis for nih longitudinal normal brain developmental study

There are imminent needs for longitudinal analysis to make physiological inferences on NIH MRI study of normal brain development. But up to date, two critical aspects for longitudinal analysis, namely the selections of mean and covariance structures have not been addressed by the neuroimaging community. For the mean structure, we employed a linear free-knot B-spline regression in combination with quasi-least square estimating equations to approximate a nonlinear growth trajectory with piecewise linear segments for a friendly physiological interpretation. For covariance structure selection, we have proposed a novel time varying correlation structure considering not only the time separation between the repeated measures but also when these acquisitions occurred. We have demonstrated that the proposed covariance structure has a lower Akaike information criterion value than the commonly used Markov correlation structure.