cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the counting statistics on RAR-2497 and DEF x-ray film

X-ray film is commonly used to diagnose high temperature plasmas. Quantitative analysis of the recorded film exposure requires knowledge of the counting statistics inherent to each particular film type. To address this issue, RAR-2497 and DEF film were exposed on a Manson x-ray source for multiple fluence values and photon energies. The fluctuations in the measured intensity were found by determining the statistical distribution of the recorded photon intensity using Henke’s calibration tables to relate the net film density to the incident intensity. The resulting measurements of the statistical fluctuations in photon intensity are presented for each film type.
Challenges in the successful transfer of formal methods technology into industrial applications

The primary objective of this article is to discuss a number of challenges (presented in terms of 'guidelines') that must be addressed in a pragmatic manner in order to transfer formal methods technology into the actual workplace and to ensure that formal methods are actually used on an industrial scale.
Mortality among workers at two triazine herbicide manufacturing plants

Triazine herbicides, used extensively in the United States, have not been assessed adequately for carcinogenicity in humans. This study evaluated the mortality experience during the period 1960–1986 of 2,683 men with definite or probable manufacturing exposure to triazine herbicides and 2,234 men with possible exposure to triazines. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed as the observed numbers of deaths among study subjects divided by the numbers expected on the basis of general population mortality rates. Subjects with definite or probable exposure to triazines had a favorable mortality experience, compared with U.S. men [all causes, SMR = 72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 58-89; all cancer, SMR = 85, CI = 46-142]. This group had an increase in deaths from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (3 observed/0.78 expected, SMR = 385, CI = 79-1,124). Two of the decedents with NHL had worked for less than 1 year in triazine-related jobs. Among the 2,234 subjects with possible triazine-related work, the mortality rate for all causes combined was similar to the rates of U.S. men. There was only one confirmed death from NHL. On balance, the results were consistent with previous investigations, which have found no convincing evidence of a causal link between triazines and cancer. However, the exposed cohorts were relatively young and had, on average, only 18 years of follow-up. In particular, results were imprecise for subjects having both a long duration of exposure and long potential induction periods. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self‐Help Books Used by Religious Practitioners

Self-help books are frequently used by mental health professionals as adjuncts to the counseling process. This was the first study to assess self-help book utilization practices among explicitly religious practitioners. All practitioner members of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies (N = 784) were mailed a copy of the Self-Help Book Survey. Ninety-two percent of the 243 respondents used self-help books with clients at least some of the time. There were differences between master's and doctoral level respondents with respect to how self-help books were used and the criteria used in selecting self-help books for clients. Most books recommended were explicitly Christian in nature. Those self-help books most frequently recommended are listed and may be useful to practitioners who counsel Christian clients.
Rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with CH2C(CH3)C(O)OONO2 (MPAN)

Abstract The rate coefficient for reaction of OH with CH2C(CH3)C(O)OONO2 (MPAN, peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride), k3, has been determined using a relative rate technique. Consistent results were obtained with ethene and propene as the reference compound, and a rate coefficient of k3=(3.2±0.8)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 is reported at 275±3 K. This value is about a factor of eight larger than the only previous report. A brief investigation of the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MPAN and methacrylic acid (CH2C(CH3)COOH, an impurity in the MPAN sample but also a structural analog of MPAN) is also reported. Major products obtained in the case of methacrylic acid were CH2O and pyruvic acid (CH3C(O)C(O)OH), while CH2O, CO2, and possibly hydroxyacetone are observed in the case of MPAN. The atmospheric implications of the results are briefly discussed.
Designing an Energy-Efficient Cloud Messaging Service for Smartphones

This article compares two rate-control approaches that a cloud messaging service can use to deliver notifications for a variety of applications. The author reviews the pros and cons of the two approaches in terms of metrics such as latency, fairness, and overhead related to carrier network signaling and battery life of the user device.
Seasonal Variation in Home Range Size and Habitat Use of Flathead Catfish in Buffalo Springs Lake, Texas

Abstract Ultrasonic telemetry was used to determine the seasonal variation in the home range size of and habitat use by adult flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris in a 93-ha reservoir in West Texas. Home ranges were significantly smaller in winter than during summer for both males and females combined. Neither fish size or sex influenced home range size. Flathead catfish used substrates with a hard bottom, such as gravel, rocks, and large boulders, during all seasons and woody cover, such as standing timber and artificial structures, during all seasons except winter. Flathead catfish were found at shallower depths in spring and summer (1.0–4.9 m) than during late fall and winter (>5.0 m). Flathead catfish moved to deeper water in late fall when mean surface temperatures were between 14.0 and 22.0°C. Our results suggest that flathead catfish movement decreased during winter and that hard substrates are important habitat for this species.
Climate Variation and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Processes in a Northern Hardwood Forest

We exploited the natural climate gradient in the northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) to evaluate the effects of climate variation similar to what is predicted to occur with global warming over the next 50–100 years for northeastern North America on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycle processes. Our objectives were to (1) characterize differences in soil temperature, moisture and frost associated with elevation at the HBEF and (2) evaluate variation in total soil (TSR) and microbial respiration, N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrous oxide (N2O) flux, and methane (CH4) uptake along this gradient. Low elevation sites were consistently warmer (1.5–2.5°C) and drier than high elevation sites. Despite higher temperatures, low elevation plots had less snow and more soil frost than high elevation plots. Net N mineralization and nitrification were slower in warmer, low elevation plots, in both summer and winter. In summer, this pattern was driven by lower soil moisture in warmer soils and in winter the pattern was linked to less snow and more soil freezing in warmer soils. These data suggest that N cycling and supply to plants in northern hardwood ecosystems will be reduced in a warmer climate due to changes in both winter and summer conditions. TSR was consistently faster in the warmer, low elevation plots. N cycling processes appeared to be more sensitive to variation in soil moisture induced by climate variation, whereas C cycling processes appeared to be more strongly influenced by temperature.
Precision measurement of half-life and specific activity of 236U

Abstract Using a method developed earlier [1], we have made a precision measurement of the specific activity of 236 U. Samples were prepared by molecular plating and counted in an intermediate geometry alpha proportional counter with a flat pulse height plateau. The small amount of residual non-plated uranium was corrected for by counting in a 2π-counter. A silicon junction detector was used for energy analysis to detect non- 236 U α-activity. The measured specific activity was 143604±84d/m/mg 236 , corresponding to a half-life of (2·3415±0.0014) × 10 7 yr.
Baseline predictors of physical activity in a sample of adults with arthritis participating in a self-directed exercise program

Abstract Objectives To examine baseline predictors of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) at the 12-week follow-up in a sample of adults with arthritis participating in a self-directed, multicomponent exercise program. Study design Pretest–posttest. Analyses were limited to those randomized to the exercise intervention. Methods Participants ( n = 152) completed a survey assessing demographic, health-related, and arthritis-related factors, and completed anthropometric and functional measurements at baseline. Self-reported MVPA was assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Participants were classified as engaging in ≥2.5 or Results At the 12-week follow-up, 66.5% ( n = 101) of participants engaged in ≥2.5 h/week of MVPA. Those with a higher body mass index, more days with poor physical health, a greater number of health conditions, self-reported hypertension, self-reported high cholesterol, and greater pain and stiffness were less likely to engage in ≥2.5 h of MVPA at the 12-week follow-up; those with greater arthritis self-efficacy and better performance on the 6 minute walk test were more likely. None of the other factors examined were associated with MVPA. Conclusions This study uncovered health-related, arthritis-related, and functional factors associated with MVPA that may help guide intervention strategies. Participants with less severe symptoms, better functional performance and fewer comorbidities at baseline were more likely to achieve the recommended MVPA level at 12 weeks; therefore self-directed PA interventions may be best suited for those with relatively good health status despite arthritis, while those with worse symptoms and health status may benefit more from other intervention delivery modalities such as structured, individualized programs where additional support for managing arthritis symptoms and comorbidity can be addressed.
Reduction of Lead Oxide (PbO2) by Iodide and Formation of Iodoform in the PbO2/I−/NOM System

Lead oxide (PbO2) can be an important form of lead mineral scale occurring in some water distribution systems. It is believed to be formed by the oxidation of lead-containing plumbing materials by free chlorine. Its reactivity in water, however, has not been well studied. Iodide is also found in source drinking waters, albeit at low concentrations. Consideration of thermodynamics suggests that iodide can be oxidized by PbO2. In this investigation, iodide ion was used as a probe compound to study the reduction of PbO2 and the formation of iodoform, which has been predicted to be a carcinogen, in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). The reduction of PbO2 by iodide can be expressed as PbO2 + 3I− + 4H+ → Pb2+ + I3− + 2H2O, and the reaction kinetics has been determined in this study. In the presence of NOM, I3− reacts with NOM to form iodoform and its concentration is proportional to the NOM concentration. Our results indicate that PbO2 is a very powerful oxidant and can possibly serve as an oxidant r...
Atmospheric measurements of pyruvic and formic acid

Pyruvic acid, a product of the atmospheric oxidation of cresols and probably of isoprene, has been determined together with formic acid in atmospheric aerosols and rain as well as in the vapor phase. Both acids are present predominantly as vapor; only about 10-20 percent of the total atmospheric pyruvate and 1-2 percent of the total formate are in the particulate phase. The concentrations of pyruvic and formic acid are highly correlated, with typical formic-to-pyruvic ratios of 10-30 in the gas phase, 20-30 in rain, and 2-10 in aerosols. The gas-phase and rain ratios are comparable to those predicted to result from isoprene oxidation. Pyruvic acid levels were similar in the eastern United States (during summer) and the Amazon Basin, suggesting that natural processes, particularly the photochemical oxidation of isoprene, could account for most of the pyruvic acid present in the atmosphere.
Analysts aren't machines: Inferring frustration through visualization interaction

Recent work in visual analytics has explored the extent to which information regarding analyst action and reasoning can be inferred from interaction. However, these methods typically rely on humans instead of automatic extraction techniques. Futhermore, there is little discussion regarding the role of user frustration when interacting with a visual interface. We demonstrate that automatic extraction of user frustration is possible given action-level visualization interaction logs. An experiment is described which collects data that accurately reflects user emotion transitions and corresponding interaction sequences. This data is then used in building HiddenMarkov Models (HMMs) which statistically connect interaction events with frustration. The capabilities of HMMs in predicting user frustration are tested using standard machine learning evaluation methods. The resulting classifer serves as a suitable predictor of user frustration that performs similarly across different users and datasets.
Elder mistreatment: dental assessment and intervention

Elder mistreatment has increasingly been recognized as a serious and complex health issue affecting large numbers of elders each year. Dependent elder populations are often at heightened risk for mistreatment by those individuals and institutions that care for them. Health professionals have been found to lack knowledge regarding assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and reporting criteria of elder mistreatment. This article reviews the types and prevalence of elder mistreatment, risk factors, signs and symptoms, preventive interventions, and ethical considerations.
“Inform, Experience, Implement” — Teaching an intensive high school summer course

During the summer of 2011, twenty-four high school students participated in an intense, three-week computer science course at the University of Virginia. The course met for twenty-one three-hour sessions, thus encompassing more contact time than a standard college-level course. The course was structured in an “Inform, Experience, Implement” active-learning format: students were exposed to the history of a particular problem in context and participated in an active learning lesson regarding the topic before learning how to address the examined problem through programming. This structure helped integrate into the course best practices from experiential learning, kinesthetic outreach activities, and active learning pedagogy. Utilizing this three-part rotation curriculum achieved some important goals, including holding the interest of students during the summer for six hours a day and successfully motivating students who had no programming background.
Conventional wisdom—traditional form—the presidents message of November 3, 1969

A neo‐Aristotelian critique that corn‐pares the means of persuasion Nixon used with the inventory given in the Rhetoric reveals that he exploited premises of prediction and value likely to be held by members of his target audience and set them in a structure and a framework of states of feeling favorable to acceptance of Vietnamization. Neo‐Aristotelianism limits a critic in a desirable way from‐ making further judgments.
Octahedral metal carbonyls—XXIII Metal-carbon stretching spectra for disubstituted derivatives of the group VI-B metal carbonyls☆

Abstract The i.r. spectra in solution in the region 700-300 cm−1 for 26 complexes of the type cis-(bidentate)M(CO)4 (bidentate = bidentate chelating ligand bonding through N, P, As or S donor atoms; M = Cr, Mo, W) have been obtained. The metal-carbon stretching absorptions have been identified, where possible. A strong, low energy absorption has been assigned as the antisymmetric stretch of the two axial carbonyls, of B1 symmetry. The positions of these bands have been considered with respect to the observed reactivities of the cis-(bidentate)M(CO)4 complexes via a path involving rate-determining dissociation of CO, and with respect to the positions of other assigned metal-carbon stretching modes for derivatives of the types LM(CO)5 and trans-L2M(CO)4. Relationships among bonding, spectra and reactivity in these complexes are discussed.
Monitoring the properties of natural organic matter through UV spectroscopy: A consistent theory

UV spectra of natural organic matter (NOM) can be represented by three bands, each a Gaussian function of energy. The bands, referred to as the local-excitation (LE), benzenoid (Bz) and electron-transfer (ET) bands, can be ascribed to three types of electronic transitions typical in aromatic compounds. At wavelengths from 200 to 400 nm, an adequate fit to the spectrum can be obtained by consideration of only the Bz and ET bands. The parameters of these two bands are sensitive to the composition of NOM and to alterations in NOM caused by coagulation and chlorination. Removal of NOM fractions with higher-than-average concentrations of carboxyl-, hydroxyl- and ester-substituted aromatic rings or oxidation of those fractions by chlorine decreases the intensity and width of the ET and Bz bands. The ratio of absorbances at the band maxima is an indicator of the average degree of activation of the aromatic rings and permits prediction of the reactivity of the aromatic moiety in chlorination reactions. In addition, measurements of absorbance changes induced by chlorination permit one to monitor certain aspects of chlorination reactions in situ and to evaluate the formation of disinfection by-products.
Evidence for a conformational change in human fibronectin which occurs between 4 and 37°C

Abstract The effects of temperatures between 4 and 37°C on the structure of human fibronectin (Fn) using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with specificity for Fn have been studied. Three MAb bound to Fn in solution better at 4 than at 37°C, assessed by both ELISA and immunoprecipitation. These MAb detected temp-dependent conformational changes in Fn which were not associated with a major refolding of the Fn molecule, since the S 20,w of Fn and the binding of Fn to polyclonal anti-Fn were unchanged by temp shifts from 4 to 37°C. Fn also was adhered directly to ELISA plates at 4 and at 37°C, and then probed with MAb, with detergents, and with trypsin. One MAb bound better to surface adherent Fn when the Fn had bound to the surface at 4 rather than 37°C. Both SDS and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20) caused the release of more adherent Fn from surfaces to which it had adhered at 4°C. Finally, trypsin released Fn fragments more rapidly and more completely from surfaces coated at 4 than at 37°C. It is concluded that Fn has different conformations at 4 and at 37°C in solution and after adherence to surfaces, as reflected by MAb binding, detergent sensitivity and protease susceptibility. This conformational difference is not associated with alterations in the physiochemical properties of the molecule and is thus a result of a less extensive intramolecular rearrangement than the conformational changes resulting from manipulations of ionic strength or pH, and from binding to collagen or hydrophobic surfaces. Nonetheless, the more subtle conformational change demonstrated here may be important for the biological properties of Fn.
Nascent polypeptide sequences that influence ribosome function

Ribosomes catalyze protein synthesis using transfer RNAs and auxiliary proteins. Historically, ribosomes have been considered nonspecific translational machines, having no regulatory functions. However, a new class of regulatory mechanisms has been discovered that is based on interactions occurring within the ribosomal peptide exit tunnel that result in ribosome stalling during translation of an appropriate mRNA segment. These discoveries reveal an unexpectedly dynamic role ribosomes play in regulating their own activity. By using nascent leader peptides in combination with bound specific amino acids or antibiotics, ribosome functions can be altered significantly resulting in regulated expression of downstream coding regions. This review summarizes relevant findings in recent articles and outlines our current understanding of nascent peptide-induced ribosome stalling in regulating gene expression.
Monitoring the Slopes of Linear Profiles

A Shewhart-type control chart is proposed for monitoring slopes of linear profiles. The performance of the chart in Phase I is demonstrated using both real-life and simulated data. In Phase II application, the proposed chart has an advantage over a T² c..
Image noise removal approach based on subpixel anisotropic diffusion

Image noise removal is the first step in image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision. A novel algorithm is proposed to remove noise on images based on anisotropic diffusion and subpixel approaches. Firstly, the subpixel difference of an image is defined and the Euler-Lagrange equation is solved. Then, the diffusion equation is solved numerically using an iterative approach. Finally, the noise is removed after the diffusion procedure is finished. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm yields better signal-to-noise ratio and has no blocky effect and less generated speckle noise in the results than the other methods do. In addition, it is easy to implement, takes less iterations, and has low computational complexity.
Conversational Discourse in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

While there are numerous studies examining brain mechanisms of phonological, syntactic, and lexicosemantic processing, there has been little research directed toward examining the organic basis of sociolinguistic behavior. This may in part result from differences in the philosophical traditions associated with sociolinguistics and neurolinguistics. We compared discourse production in five patients with mild to moderate probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and their five spouses, during open-ended interviews. We found that DAT patients produced significantly more turns and topic shifts but produced fewer total words, words per turn, unique words, narratives, direct quotes, and figures of speech than did their healthy spouses. Examination of DAT speech samples showed that they were characterized both by a lack of propositional content and illocutionary force, illustrating deterioration in communicative competence. This research is part of an emerging focus in which conversational interaction is considered a window into human brain contingencies.
Configurational Diffusion on a Locally Connected Correlated Energy Landscape; Application to Finite, Random Heteropolymers

We study the time scale for diffusion on a correlated energy landscape using models based on the generalized random energy model (GREM) studied earlier in the context of spin glasses (Derrida B. and Gardner E., J. Phys. C 19 (1986) 2253) with kinetically local connections. The escape barrier and mean escape time are significantly reduced from the uncorrelated landscape (REM) values. Results for the mean escape time from a kinetic trap are obtained for two models approximating random heteropolymers in different regimes, with linear and bi-linear approximations to the configurational entropy versus similarity q with a given state. In both cases, a correlated landscape results in a shorter escape time from a meta-stable state than in the uncorrelated model (Bryngelson J.D. and Wolynes P.G., J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 6902). Results are compared to simulations of the diffusion constant for 27-mers. In general, there is a second transition temperature above the thermodynamic glass temperature, at and above which kinetics becomes non-activated. In the special case of an entropy linear in q, there is no escape barrier for a model preserving ultrametricity. However, in real heteropolymers a barrier can result from the breaking of ultrametricity, as seen in our non-ultrametric model. The distribution of escape times for a model preserving microscopic ultrametricity is also obtained, and found to reduce to the uncorrelated landscape in well-defined limits.
Top-down, constraint-driven design methodology based generation of n-bit interpolative current source D/A converters

To accelerate the design cycle for analog circuits and mixed-signal systems, we have proposed a top-down, constraint-driven design methodology. In this paper we present a design which demonstrates the two principal advantages that this methodology provides- a high probability for first silicon which meets all specifications and fast design times. We examine the design of three different 10-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) converters beginning from their performance and functional specifications and ending with the testing of the fabricated parts. Critical technology mismatch information gathered from the testing phase is provided. >
Roles of Rev1, Pol ζ, Pol32 and Pol η in the bypass of chromosomal abasic sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Translesion synthesis (TLS) on DNA is a process by which potentially cytotoxic replication-blocking lesions are bypassed, but at the risk of increased mutagenesis. The exact in vivo role of the individual TLS enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been difficult to determine from previous studies due to differing results from the variety of systems used. We have generated a series of S.cerevisiae strains in which each of the TLS-related genes REV1, REV3, REV7, RAD30 and POL32 was deleted, and in which chromosomal apyrimidinic sites were generated during normal cell growth by the activity of altered forms of human uracil-DNA glycosylase that remove undamaged cytosines or thymines. Deletion of REV1, REV3 or REV7 resulted in slower growth dependent on (rev3Δ and rev7Δ) or enhanced by (rev1Δ) expression of the mutator glycosylases and a nearly complete abolition of glycosylase-induced mutagenesis. Deletion of POL32 resulted in cell death when the mutator glycosylases were expressed and, in their absence, diminished spontaneous mutagenesis. RAD30 appeared to be unnecessary for mutagenesis in response to abasic sites, as deleting this gene caused no significant change in either the mutation rates or the mutational spectra due to glycosylase expression.
Translational nanomedicine: status assessment and opportunities.

Abstract Nano-enabled technologies hold great promise for medicine and health. The rapid progress by the physical sciences/engineering communities in synthesizing nanostructures and characterizing their properties must be rapidly exploited in medicine and health toward reducing mortality rate, morbidity an illness imposes on a patient, disease prevalence, and general societal burden. A National Science Foundation–funded workshop, “Re-Engineering Basic and Clinical Research to Catalyze Translational Nanoscience,” was held 16–19 March 2008 at the University of Southern California. Based on that workshop and literature review, this article briefly explores scientific, economic, and societal drivers for nanomedicine initiatives; examines the science, engineering, and medical research needs; succinctly reviews the US federal investment directly germane to medicine and health, with brief mention of the European Union (EU) effort; and presents recommendations to accelerate the translation of nano-enabled technologies from laboratory discovery into clinical practice. From the Clinical Editor An excellent review paper based on the NSF funded workshop “Re-Engineering Basic and Clinical Research to Catalyze Translational Nanoscience” (16-19 March 2008) and extensive literature search, this paper briefly explores the current state and future perspectives of nanomedicine.
Why linguistics needs the cognitive scientist.

(2001). Why Linguistics Needs the Cognitive Scientist. Psychiatry: Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 11-13.
Apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis ♀ X Morone chrysops ♂)

Abstract Hybrid striped bass were fed a reference diet or one of nine test diets containing selected protein and energy supplements: menhaden fish meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain, wheat flour, wheat middlings, and rice bran. Test diets contained 70% reference diet mixture and 30% test ingredient. All diets contained 1 % chromic oxide indicator. Fecal samples were manually stripped from anaesthetized fish to prevent contact with water. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and energy in the reference and test diets were determined, and digestibility coefficients for the test ingredients were calculated based on differences in the digestibility of test diets relative to the reference diet. Apparent crude protein digestibility was high (71–93%) for all ingredients tested. Apparent energy digestibility (AED) was significantly higher for ingredients of animal origin (fish meal and meat and bone meal; 80–95%) than for those of plant origin (soybean meal, corn, wheat flour, wheat middlings, and rice bran; 41–73%) with one exception—AED of meat and bone meal and cottonseed meal did not differ. Apparent dry matter digestibility (27–84%) varied significantly among ingredients of both plant and animal origin and appeared to be negatively related to fiber and starch content of the ingredient. Results indicated that hybrid striped bass utilized high-protein and high-lipid feedstuffs better than high-carbohydrate or high-fiber feedstuffs.
The Use of Optical Fiber in Safety-System Design

This paper summarizes the design, installation, and performance of an optical-fiber safety system installed for testing purposes on a production platform in the Gulf of Mexico. This system was installed on a chemelectric treater to monitor five end devices and to determine the feasibility of using fiber optics rather than pneumatics or an electrical system in a harsh environment. Included with a performance summary is a brief history of optical fiber and the potential for these types of safety systems in oilfield applications.
Naive causality: a mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning

This paper outlines a theory and computer implementation of causal meanings and reasoning. The meanings depend on possibilities, and there are four weak causal relations: A causes B, A prevents B, A allows B, and A allows not-B, and two stronger relations of cause and prevention. Thus, A causes B corresponds to three possibilities: A and B, not-A and B, and not-A and not-B, with the temporal constraint that B does not precede A; and the stronger relation conveys only the first and last of these possibilities. Individuals represent these relations in mental models of what is true in the various possibilities. The theory predicts a number of phenomena, and, contrary to many accounts, it implies that the meaning of causation is not probabilistic, differs from the meaning of enabling conditions, and does not depend on causal powers or mechanisms. The theory also implies that causal deductions do not depend on schemas or rules.
The CdSO4, rutile, cooperite and quartz dual nets: interpenetration and catenation

Abstract The CdSO4 and quartz nets are described as tilings of generalized tetrahedra [62·82]. The CdSO4 net shares with the diamond net the property of having the minimum number (2) of vertices in the topological repeat unit of a 4-coordinated net. It is self dual which explains its propensity to occur self-interpenetrating in crystalline frameworks. The rutile (TiO2) and cooperite (PtS) nets are closely related to that of CdSO4 which explains why they also often occur interpenetrating. The dual of the quartz net is a net formerly described as “dense net” and is carried by a tiling [74]. The quartz dual net cannot self-intergrow without degradation of symmetry. Two intergrown quartz nets have half their rings not catenated and the other half doubly catenated. Attention is called to some other simple nets that like that of cooperite have mixed tetrahedral and square coordination.
Aggregating processor free time for energy reduction

Even after carefully tuning the memory characteristics to the application properties and the processor speed, during the execution of real applications there are times when the processor stalls, waiting for data from the memory. Processor stall can be used to increase the throughput by temporarily switching to a different thread of execution, or reduce the power and energy consumption by temporarily switching the processor to low-power mode. However, any such technique has a performance overhead in terms of switching time. Even though over the execution of an application the processor is stalled for a considerable amount of time, each stall duration is too small to profitably perform any state switch. In this paper, we present code transformations to aggregate processor free time. Our experiments on the Intel XScale and Stream kernels show that up to 50,000 processor cycles can be aggregated, and used to profitably switch the processor to low-power mode. We further show that our code transformations can switch the processor to low-power mode for up to 75% of kernel runtime, achieving up to 18% of processor energy savings on multimedia applications. Our technique requires minimal architectural modifications and incurs negligible ( < 1%) performance loss.
EyeDraw: a system for drawing pictures with the eyes

This paper describes the development of EyeDraw, a software system that enables children with severe motor impairments to draw pictures by just moving their eyes. EyeDraw will help these children to have creative and developmental experiences currently missing from their lives. The project demonstrates how task analysis integrated at various levels of detail, including that of the unit task as well as that of visual-perceptual and oculomotor processing, can improve eye tracking for real-time input. The project introduces refined techniques for controlling a computer with the eyes. The paper discusses the motivation for the project, previous research on eye-control of computers, how EyeDraw works, and the results of user observation studies that are currently in progress.
Vascular endothelial growth factor restores delayed tumor progression in tumors depleted of macrophages

Genetic depletion of macrophages in Polyoma Middle T oncoprotein (PyMT)-induced mammary tumors in mice delayed the angiogenic switch and the progression to malignancy. To determine whether vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) produced by tumor-associated macrophages regulated the onset of the angiogenic switch, a genetic approach was used to restore expression of VEGF-A into tumors at the benign stages. This stimulated formation of a high-density vessel network and in macrophage-depleted mice, was followed by accelerated tumor progression. The expression of VEGF-A led to a massive infiltration into the tumor of leukocytes that were mostly macrophages. This study suggests that macrophage-produced VEGF regulates malignant progression through stimulating tumor angiogenesis, leukocytic infiltration and tumor cell invasion.
Linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids in human milk have opposite relationships with cognitive test performance in a sample of 28 countries

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids play critical roles in brain development and function, and their levels in human breast milk closely reflect the long-term diet. The fatty acid contents of human milk samples from 28 countries were used to predict averaged 2009 and 2012 test scores in mathematics, reading, and science from the Program for International Student Assessment. All test scores were positively related to milk docosahexaenoic acid ( r =0.48 to 0.55), and negatively related to linoleic acid ( r =−0.28 to −0.56). Together, these two human milk fatty acids explained 46% to 48% of the variance in scores, with no improvement in predictive power when socioeconomic variables were added to the regression. The (log) ratio of linoleic to arachidonic acid was negatively related to scores ( r =−0.45 to −0.48). Statistical effects were similar for the two sexes. In a separate US sample, estimated dietary linoleic was negatively related to the levels of all long-chain n-3 and n-6 plasma fatty acids. High levels of dietary linoleic may impair cognition by decreasing both docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in the brain.
A Nash Bargaining Model of the Salaries of Elite Free Agents

In this paper, we focus on how rents are divided between an elite free agent and a team in a Nash bargaining framework. In order to find the Nash bargaining solution, we identify the threat points of the player and the team as the best alternative bargains that the player and the team could reach with another team and another player, respectively. We then extend the analysis to include a consideration of multiple teams potentially bidding for the free agent’s services. In this section of the paper, we show that the player’s ultimate location and salary are determined by his marginal value over his replacement.
PLEKHA5: A Key to Unlock the Blood–Brain Barrier?

Brain metastases represent a devastating complication of melanoma. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving metastasis to the brain is limited. PLEKHA5 functions as a regulator of brain metastasis in melanoma, and further investigation is warranted to explore the use of PLEKHA5 as a potential therapeutic target.
Relationship of Dietary Ascorbic Acid to Broiler Breeder Performance

Abstract Supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) at 0, 50, and 100 ppm (mg/kg diet) was fed to broiler breeders throughout a complete production cycle. The effects of supplementation on egg production, fertility, hatchability, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and eggshell weight were determined. Ascorbic acid at both 50 and 100 ppm significantly increased hen-day egg production, hatch of fertile eggs, specific gravity, and mortality. Fertility was improved at 50 ppm. Body weight gain on similar limited feed intakes was higher in AA-supplemented birds. Much of the improvement in hatch of fertile eggs was due to a decrease in early embryonic mortality. It was concluded that supplemental AA improved nutrient utilization, which was favorable to the production of hatching eggs. Ascorbic acid at 50 ppm appeared adequate to achieve most beneficial effects in broiler breeders.
Total Ankle Replacement Infections

Total ankle replacements have some peculiarities in comparison to other artificial joints. The workout and the algorithm to evaluate a suspicion of an artificial ankle infection is presented and discussed in the chapter.
Endoscopic-assisted posterior interhemispheric retrocallosal transfalcine approach for microsurgical resection of a pineal region falcotentorial meningioma: operative video and technical nuances

Falcotentorial meningiomas are rare tumors of the pineal region that arise from the dural folds where the falx and tentorium meet and are often intimately related to the vein of Galen and straight sinus. These lesions often present with signs and symptoms related to hydrocephalus and brainstem compression. Surgical resection of falcotentorial meningiomas remains the definitive treatment, with a variety of surgical approaches used to resect these lesions. The choice of approach depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor relative to the vein of Galen complex. Falcotentorial meningiomas can be technically challenging to remove with significant risk of morbidity because of the close proximity to and occasional invasion of the vein of Galen and straight sinus. In this operative video, the authors demonstrate an illustrative step-by-step technique for endoscopic-assisted microsurgical resection of a falcotentorial meningioma using the posterior interhemispheric retrocallosal transfalcine approach for a superiorly positioned falcotentorial meningioma. The surgical nuances are discussed, including the surgical anatomy, gravity-assisted interhemispheric approach in the lateral position, retrocallosal dissection, transfalcine exposure, tumor removal, and preservation of the vein of Galen complex. In summary, the posterior interhemispheric retrocallosal transfalcine approach is a useful surgical strategy for select superiorly positioned falcotentorial meningiomas. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/d8mdunsRacs .
Dynamics and the free-energy landscape of proteins, explored with the Mössbauer effect and quasi-elastic neutron scattering.

The Mossbauer effect and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) from hydrated proteins yield sharp elastic lines that are accompanied by broad wings. Conventionally, the elastic line and the broad wings are treated as separate phenomena. We show that there is no separation; the entire spectrum consists of Lorentzians with the natural line width. In protein crystals, the shifts of the individual lines from the elastic center above about 150 K are caused by beta fluctuations in the hydration shell. Vibrations cause shifts in the entire temperature range but are best seen below about 150 K. We construct a microscopic model for the dynamics that is based on a random walk of the proteins in their free-energy landscape. The model yields approximate values for the steps in the energy landscape. Remarkably, the quantum electrodynamic concept of gamma rays is needed to justify the model.
Heterotopic Formation of Dentine and Enamel by Transplantation of Epithelium and Pulp Tissue

Epithelium surrounding the base of the permanent cuspid teeth, and pulp tissue in 18 young dogs were transplanted to the fascia of the abdominal wall as an autogenous graft, and after 9 to 31 days there was found newly formed enamel, dentine, cementum and bone.Method. The epithelium was obtained in the following way: Under ether anesthesia a cuneiform osteotomy of the mandible, including the deciduous cuspid tooth was made in dogs of between 3 and 6 weeks of age and this allowed access to the permanent cuspid tooth, which was removed. A circular incision was made equatorially allowing the dental epithelium and pulp to be removed en masse from the calcified tooth shell. The tooth shell itself was always discarded. The soft tissues were gently wiped with moist gauze, were X-rayed, and a section was removed for histological control. The calcium-free material was then transplanted to a pocket between the lateral abdominal muscles, with aseptic pre cautions, and the incision closed with silk.It was found easy ...
AN ESTIMATE OF THE PREVALENCE OF EPILEPSY IN A RURAL APPALACHIAN POPULATION

A descriptive study has documented what is felt to be a precise estimate of the prevalence of epilepsy in 1973 in the school-age population of Clay County, Kentucky, a rural Appalachian county. A 96% response rate was achieved from the target population of 5467. By utilizing an accepted definition of epilepsy, an experienced child neurologist and a carefully monitored survey method which required the cooperative efforts of school personnel, local public health nurses and community leaders, a prevalence significantly greater than that previously reported from other areas of this country was observed (p less than .05). The true prevalence of seizures in Clay County, Kentucky, children 6--16 years of age in 1973 is believed to have been between the observed rate of 27 cases per 1000 and the estimated rate of 35 cases per 1000. The prevalence rate of febrile seizures is believed to have been underestimated in the Clay County data. For comparative purposes, the authors are currently applying the same methodology to a non-Appalachian area.
Phospholipid-specific conformational changes in human prothrombin upon binding to procoagulant acidic lipid membranes

This paper provides evidence to demonstrate that human prothrombin undergoes conformational changes upon binding to procoagulant membranes specifically containing phosphatidylserine (PS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to show a slight increase in ordered (alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turns) secondary structure upon binding to PS-containing membranes. Thermograms representing prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1 denaturation were obtained using differential scanning calorimetry. These were analyzed and interpreted in terms of changes in prothrombin domain organization associated with binding to PS-containing membranes. Changes in either secondary structure or domain organization upon binding to negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol-containing membranes were, if they occurred at all, much less dramatic. The results paralleled results obtained previously with bovine prothrombin (1, 2). The implications of these results in terms of a possible molecular mechanism for the cofactor-like role of platelet membrane vesicles in prothrombin activation are discussed.
Ontogenetic changes in hemoglobin synthesis of two strains of Chironomus tentans

Differentiating cells can be characterized by the number and types of proteins they produce (Markert, 1963). In man and other organisms the diversity of hemoglobins has been correlated with ontogenetic changes which reflect the alterations of gene activity (Ingram, 1963). Furthermore, the types of proteins produced are generally specific for the species. The study of insect coelomic proteins has followed closely that of mammalian serum protein analysis; however, profound differences exist between human blood and insect coelomic fluids. For this reason, the term ‘hemolymph’, rather than blood, has been used to designate these fluids. Svedberg & Eriksson-Quensal (1934) first studied the ultracentrifuge properties of Chironomus plumosus hemoglobins and determined them to have a molecular weight of 34000. Braunitzer & Braun (1965) described the multiplicity of hemoglobins in Chironomus thummi and claimed two subunits per molecule. Manwell (1966) suggested the hemoglobins of Chironomus plumosus possessed a monomeric structure.
Laser-Assisted Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Dye Angiography in Breast Reconstruction

ICG imaging provides real-time vascular flap assessment allowing for reliable identification of perforator perfusion zones that help guide intraoperative decision-making. The authors discuss laser-assisted indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent dye angiography being used for free flap reconstruction and prosthetic breast reconstruction as well as for other indications such as assisting in determining vascular compromise and providing the opportunity for preemptive intervention to minimize postoperative complications.
ARM® Microcontroller Memory System

This chapter provides general information about the ARM ® Cortex ® -M4 microcontroller memory system. The discussion is mainly concentrated on the memory system used in the TM4C123GH6PM MCU system. The chapter includes the system memory map specially designed for the TM4C123GH6PM MCU, connections between the processor and memory, and the connection between the memory and peripherals, memory architecture and requirements, bit-band principle and operations, memory access attributes, memory endianness, memory access behaviors, and memory programming applications in TM4C123GH6PM MCU system. The memory devices discussed in the chapter includes Static random-access memory (SRAM) (32 KB), Flash Memory (256 KB), Internal ROM and Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) (2 KB). In order to access and control 4-GB memory space effectively and easily, the entire 4-GB memory space in the Cortex ® -M4 system is divided into the different regions for various predefined memory and peripheral devices uses.