cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser-induced damage on single-crystal metal surfaces

Laser-induced damage morphologies and the accumulation dependence of damage on single-crystal metal surfaces have been observed under Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation at 10-nsec pulses. Several different damage morphologies were observed: slip-line formation, ripple patterns, flat melting, and boiling. Damage probability versus fluence curves and accumulation curves are plotted to investigate damage behavior as it correlates with morphology. Flat-melting damage was observed near the 50% damage fluence on chemically polished copper surfaces, and slip lines were found near the 50% damage fluence on electropolished aluminum surfaces. Surface defects produced during sample preparation greatly influenced the damage threshold of copper because of its high melting threshold. Accumulation curves showed different damage behavior for crystals of different orientation. Accumulation was the largest on (111) Cu and Al surfaces, and the single-shot damage threshold of these surfaces was less than the other crystal orientations for both Cu and Al. The threshold reduction in accumulation follows the equation FN = F1NS−1, where FN is the N-pulse damage threshold, N is the pulse number, and S is the slope of the accumulation curve. Accumulation appears to be the result of the storage cycle of thermal stress–strain energy induced by a laser pulse. The total strain energy induced by N laser pulses is proportional to N1/3 for the measured values of S, which is 0.92.
Some Recent Theory, Experiments, and Simulations on Rubberlike Elasticity

Some recent theory in the area of rubberlike elasticity is illustrated by the analysis of strain-induced crystallization, chain entanglements in networks through constraint models, junction fluctuations and neutron scattering, and phase separations in oriented gels. Experimental techniques for characterizing elastomers involve the usual mechanical property measurements but also include chain orientation by birefringence measurements and infrared spectroscopy, small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering studies, pulse-propagation measurements, and Brillouin scattering. Some unusual types of elastomers described include (i) networks having known structures (“model” elastomers), (ii) networks having bimodal distributions of network chain lengths, (iii) reversibly cross-linked materials (“thermoplastic elastomers”), and (iv) elastomers cross linked in solution. Some novel approaches to reinforcement include (i) sol-gel-generated ceramic phases, (ii) rubbery particles for toughening ceramics, (iii) zeolites and other porous fillers that can be penetrated by network chains, and (iv) exfoliated clays. Examples of simulations involve the gelation process leading to network structures, non-Gaussian distributions, crystallization of elastomers that are chemically or stereochemically copolymeric, and reinforcement from particulate fillers.
Photoactivatable mCherry for high-resolution two-color fluorescence microscopy

The reliance of modern microscopy techniques on photoactivatable fluorescent proteins prompted development of mCherry variants that are initially dark but become red fluorescent after violet-light irradiation. Using ensemble and single-molecule characteristics as selection criteria, we developed PAmCherry1 with excitation/emission maxima at 564/595 nm. Compared to other monomeric red photoactivatable proteins, it has faster maturation, better pH stability, faster photoactivation, higher photoactivation contrast and better photostability. Lack of green fluorescence and single-molecule behavior make monomeric PAmCherry1 a preferred tag for two-color diffraction-limited photoactivation imaging and for super-resolution techniques such as one- and two-color photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). We performed PALM imaging using PAmCherry1-tagged transferrin receptor expressed alone or with photoactivatable GFP-tagged clathrin light chain. Pair correlation and cluster analyses of the resulting PALM images identified < or =200 nm clusters of transferrin receptor and clathrin light chain at < or =25 nm resolution and confirmed the utility of PAmCherry1 as an intracellular probe.
Interstitial flow promotes vascular fibroblast, myofibroblast, and smooth muscle cell motility in 3-D collagen I via upregulation of MMP-1

Neointima formation often occurs in regions where the endothelium has been damaged and the transmural interstitial flow is elevated. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblas...
Defining a Molecularly Normal Colon

As techniques evolve that allow molecular characterization of disease processes such as cancer, definition of "normal" at a molecular level becomes increasingly important. Increasingly large numbers of mutations are found at the genomic level, but whether all of those mutations contribute to the malignant state of a carcinoma cell is not clear. Without knowledge of what constitutes normality on the proteomic level in an organ or cell, we cannot determine what genomic changes are physiologically important. Traditionally, colon cancer is identified and classified by histological criteria. Margins of the colon are defined as "grossly uninvolved" when the histology is indistinguishable from that of normal (free from disease) colon. By using molecular pathology techniques and working backward from colon adenocarcinoma to hypoplastic polyps to presumably normal mucosa, we defined some of those protein differences. Our results may provide a molecular basis for identifying tumor formation and progression in situ.(J Histochem Cytochem 49:667-668, 2001)
Axial displacement measurement of a single-crystal actuator using phase-shift interferometry

Due to their superior piezoelectric coefficients, PZN-PT ((1-x)Pb(Zn/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-xPbTiO/sub 3/) and PMN-PT [(1-x)Pb(Mg/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-xPbTiO/sub 3/] are viewed as possible substitutes for conventional PZT in advanced piezodevices. This paper presents noncontact displacement measurements in small rectangular PZN-PT and PMN-PT crystal rods. We propose a new phase-shift-interferometry-based technique for static and dynamic axial displacement measurement. The measurement technique makes use of the fact that the sinusoidal intensity data from the same pixels in two interferograms with different phase shifts form an elliptic Lissajous curve. We can accurately estimate phase-shift steps by fitting the elliptic Lissajous curve by least squares. Actuator displacements are then calculated from the estimated phase-shift steps. In this paper, the proposed technique was integrated with a Mirau interferometeric microscope with a machine vision system. This optomechatronic measurement system was used to measure the piezoelectric coefficient d/sub 31/ of -poled PZN-PT and PMN-PT single crystals as well as hysteresis. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique is robust against the influence of intensity noise in interferograms.
Trends in Leadership Succession and Regime Change in African Politics Since Independence

It is the passion for equality which is at the root of sedition.… When one begins with an initial error it is inevitable that one should end badly. —Aristotle Leadership succession and regime change lie at the center of two perennial problems of governance: (1) how to ensure the political continuity of any regime without endangering the political stability of the political community; (2) how to protect both the regime and the political community against the natural disposition of those in power to manipulate their office so that they could extend their terms of office or succeed themselves against the provisions of written or unwritten rules of managing political power and succession rights. There can be little doubt, then, that the political acts that surround leadership succession and regime change constitute a most serious aspect of political life in any society. In all political systems in general, and in African politics in particular, such acts constitute an important index of the development or deterioration of politics. The renewed focus on Africa since the middle 1950s as a subject of political inquiry and theorizing has contributed greatly to the existing body of literature on political development, modernization and related subfields of Comparative Politics. Unfortunately, this rather extensive body of literature has not provided us with a definitive knowledge of the dynamics of social and political change. In this regard, major events in African politics have continued to cast doubts on the validity of many an earlier theoretical formulation and expectation.
Analysis of kinematic singularities for robot manipulators in Cartesian coordinate parameters

The authors analyze the singularity states of robot manipulators; only the manipulator inverse kinematic relationships are considered. In such relationships, three types of triangular equations arise for the kinematically general manipulator with the nominal decoupling conditions as found in conventional robots. These equations reveal the manipulator structural properties and the Cartesian configurations of the end effector in which the manipulator is singular; they may be used to determine the singularity states of a given trajectory. The method of singularity analysis presented is applicable to robots with six or less degrees of freedom. >
Web usage statistics and Web site evaluation: a case study of a government publications library Web site

Web usage statistics are often used as a tool for assessing a Web site, despite some of their drawbacks. This paper attempts to evaluate a government publications library Web site by studying its usage statistics. It examines organization, including access, searchability, and structure, of electronic government information in subject directory format. This study reveals that a subject directory Web site is an important tool for distributing electronic government information, but it requires continuous development. The usage statistics are useful in monitoring search engine ranking, improving display, structure, and searchability.
An injury prevention perspective on the childhood obesity epidemic.

Physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with many benefits, including decreased adiposity, improved cardiovascular health and fitness, reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety, greater global self-concept and esteem, and improved academic performance (1,2). Physical activity is also an essential component of a multifaceted approach to prevent or control obesity in children. Many studies have investigated barriers and facilitators of physical activity in children, but few mention injury prevention and control. Injury prevention is characterized by the use of multidisciplinary approaches (eg, epidemiology, policy, behavioral science) to create safer products and environments. Surprisingly, as interventions are developed to increase physical activity among children by promoting the use of playgrounds, bicycle use, walking, and participation in sports and recreation, information about preventing injuries during these activities is scarce. This lack of attention to injury prevention is a missed opportunity for advocates of physical activity to address parents' concerns about safety, which may be a barrier. The purpose of this paper is to initiate discourse on the value of including injury prevention and control as part of public health strategies to increase physical activity among youth. This article describes the connection between injury prevention and physical activity, proposes the benefits of using an injury prevention framework when developing physical activity interventions, and recommends that an injury prevention perspective on the childhood obesity epidemic be used to guide future research.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: A Panacea or Just an Obstacle Course for the Patient?

Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72:695-701, 2008 15. Olaussen K, Dunant A, Fouret P, et al: DNA repair by ERCC1 in non-smallcell lung cancer and cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 355:983-991, 2006 16. Le Chevalier T: Long-term results of the International Lung Cancer trial evaluation of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in resected non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:398s, 2008 (abstr 7507)
A NEW URANYL SULFATE CHAIN IN THE STRUCTURE OF URANOPILITE

The structure of uranopilite, ((UO 2)6(SO4)O2(OH)6(H2O)6)(H2O)8, space group Pa 8.896(2), b 14.029(3), c 14.339(3) A, 96.610(4), 98.472(4), 99.802(4)°, V 1726.1(4) A 3 , Z = 2, has been solved and refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique data collected with monochromatic MoK X-radiation and a CCD-based detector to an agreement factor ( R1) of 7.0%, calculated using 3907 unique observed reflections ( Fo ≥ 4F). The structure contains six symmetrically distinct U 6+ cations, each of which is part of an approximately linear (UO 2) 2+ uranyl ion (Ur). The uranyl ions are each coordinated by five ligands arranged at the equatorial vertices of Ur5 (: O 2- , (OH) - , H2O) pentagonal bipyramids that are capped by OUr atoms. The single symmetrically unique S 6+ cation is coordinated by four O atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The Ur5 pentagonal bipyramids share vertices and edges, resulting in a cluster of composition ((UO 2)6O6(OH)6(H2O)6) 6- . These clusters are linked through SO 4 tetrahedra, which share each of their vertices with different Ur5 pentagonal bipyramids, resulting in electroneutral uranyl sulfate chains of composition ((UO2)6(SO4)O2(OH)6(H2O)6) that extend along (100). The uranyl sulfate chains are linked to form the extended structure by hydrogen bonds bridging directly between the chains and to interstitial H 2O groups. The uranyl sulfate chain in uranopilite is novel in minerals and synthetic compounds.
Expanding Role of Potential Theory in Supersonic Aircraft Design

The application of linearized theory to the external aerodynamic design and analysis problem at supersonic speeds is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of a far field viewpoint since this concept makes it possible to treat thickness drag from a total system standpoint. For the lifting case, such an approach results in a decomposition of aircraft resistance into shock wave and vortex components. This decoupling allows an identification of the importance of such losses relative to one another and permits considerable latitude in modifications to reduce the drag in one mode without adversely interacting with the other. Representative comparisons of prediction with measurements are presented to illustrate the accuracy and limitations of the various procedures. Certain unresolved difficulties which arise in the application of potential theory to the aircraft design problem will be pointed out to identify areas requiring further development.
Nitrogen fertilization and elemental composition affects fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apples

Abstract In 1989 to 1995, five rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer were applied to ‘Fuji’ apple trees grafted on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ interstems and grown on M.26 rootstock to determine fruit quality and yield. Fruit weight was increased by N fertilizer rate, but fruit production was not influenced appreciably by rate of N fertilizer, for the one year (1994) it was observed. Highest fruit quality was achieved with the lowest N fertilizer rate of 25 lbs.A‐1 (28.4 kg.ha‐1). Fruit quality was negatively related to N in leaves and fruit peel and cortex as well as leaf boron (B), fruit peel copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and fruit cortex Mg, and manganese (Mn) for both interstems. Lower rates of N fertilizer were related to lower concentrations of leaf and fruit N, “redder”; fruit skin color, greater fruit firmness and soluble solids concentration, higher fructose levels, and a lower incidence of bitter pit and scald than the higher rates of 100 or 150 lbs N A‐1 (113.6 or 170.5 kg N ha‐1).
Avoiding mangrove destruction by avoiding carbon dioxide emissions.

Tens of millions of tons of CO2 emissions from mangrove deforestation may be avoided each year at an average cost of less than $10 per ton CO2, conclude Siikamaki et al. in their study (1) in PNAS. Avoiding CO2 emission from mangroves would have the beneficial side effect of protecting biodiversity. With careful selection of areas to be protected, increased protection of biodiversity could be obtained at relatively little additional cost. However, a major challenge to mangrove protection is the availability of good governance. It is one thing to pay for mangrove protection and another thing entirely for those mangroves to be protected in practice.
Is the Belief in Meritocracy Palliative for Members of Low Status Groups? Evidence for a Benefit for Self-Esteem and Physical Health via Perceived Control

Consensually held ideologies may serve as the cultural "glue" that justifies hierarchical status differences in society (e.g. Augustinos, 1998). Yet to be effective these beliefs need to be embraced by low-status groups. Why would members of low-status groups endorse beliefs that justify their relative disadvantage? We propose that members of low-status groups in the United States may benefit from some system-justifying beliefs (such as the belief in meritocracy) to the extent that these beliefs emphasize the perception of control over future outcomes. In 2 studies, among women, lower-SES women, and women of color, we found a positive relationship between the belief in meritocracy and well-being (self-esteem and physical health) that was mediated by perceived control. Members of low-status groups may benefit from some system-justifying beliefs to the extent that these beliefs, like the belief in meritocracy, emphasize the perception of control over future outcomes.
Entertainment as Pleasurable and Meaningful: Identifying Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motivations for Entertainment Consumption

The purpose of this research is to broaden the conceptualization of entertainment selection to identify not only pleasure-seeking (hedonic concerns) as a motivator, but to also recognize that individuals may choose media as a means of ‘‘truth-seeking’’ (eudaimonic concerns). This article conceptualized and developed measures to illustrate that entertainment can be used as a means of experiencing not only enjoyment, but also as a means of grappling with questions such as life’s purpose and human meaningfulness. Four studies were conducted in the development of these measures, providing evidence for their validity in terms of entertainment preference and individual differences, and illustrating how these motivations predict preferences for entertainment that elicits unique affective experiences.
The total charm cross section

We assess the theoretical uncertainties on the total charm cross section. We discuss the importance of the quark mass, the scale choice and the parton densities on the estimate of the uncertainty. We conclude that due to the small charm quark mass, which amplifies the effect of varying the other parameters in the calculation, the uncertainty on the total charm cross section is difficult to quantify.
Morality and Its Applications

This article is an example of the collaboration that Dan Clouser and I have engaged in for several decades. Our views are so similar in so many ways that we often come up with the same conclusions independently of each other. We used to think that we could not remember who came up with the conclusion and told the other about it, but finally we realized that neither one had talked about it with the other. For the most part I have concentrated on a more general theoretical level and Dan has concentrated on applications, but we both think that theory and application are so closely connected that it is impossible for them to be done separately (Clouser, 1989). Not only can there be no application without a theory to apply, but applications have such an impact on theory, that it is not implausible to think of the theory as simply a generalization from the applications. This article is derived from our book, Bioethics: A Return to Fundamentals (1997), which we wrote together with Charles M. Culver. This book was just published by Oxford University Press, so it is the most recent example of our collaboration. Among other examples of this collaboration are our critiques of principlism (Clouser and Gert, 1990 and 1994).
Standing on the Wrong Foot: The Case for Equal Protection

Citizen standing to sue based on the case or controversy doctrine survived Massachusetts v EPA by a narrow margin. The arguments in the case illustrate, once again, the inherent difficulties of the doctrine and their faint relation to the issue at stake, which is better seen as equal protection under law. Environmental cases pit private against public values, and a doctrine of particularized harm disenfranchises public protection. This effect is pronounced in a field where virtually every significant decision winds up in court. While access to the courts is not a constitutional right in the first instance, it becomes one when access is automatically granted to the other side. Accepting equal protection analysis would free the courts from endless disputes over the nature, imminence and degree of individual harm, and allow them to accept standing, as a matter of constitutional law, by environmental organizations best able to present these issues in courts of law.
Evaluation of a clinically practical, ERP-based neurometric battery: Application to age-related changes in brain function.

Abstract Objective Event-related potentials (ERPs) show promise as markers of neurocognitive dysfunction, but conventional recording procedures render measurement of many ERP-based neurometrics clinically impractical. The purpose of this work was (a) to develop a brief neurometric battery capable of eliciting a broad profile of ERPs in a single, clinically practical recording session, and (b) to evaluate the sensitivity of this neurometric profile to age-related changes in brain function. Methods Nested auditory stimuli were interleaved with visual stimuli to create a 20-min battery designed to elicit at least eight ERP components representing multiple sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes (Frequency & Gap MMN, P50, P3, vMMN, C1, N2pc, and ERN). Data were recorded from 21 younger and 21 high-functioning older adults. Results Significant multivariate differences were observed between ERP profiles of younger and older adults. Metrics derived from ERP profiles could be used to classify individuals into age groups with a jackknifed classification accuracy of 78.6%. Conclusions Results support the utility of this design for neurometric profiling in clinical settings. Significance This study demonstrates a method for measuring a broad profile of ERP-based neurometrics in a single, brief recording session. These markers may be used individually or in combination to characterize/classify patterns of sensory and/or perceptual brain function in clinical populations.
(Re)framing sustainable development: an ecological posture and Praxis

AbstractSustainable development (SD) has become a catchall phrase for addressing gross economic inequality, environmental degradation, and systemic marginalization and oppression. Like all concepts, we understand the meaning and act according to the conceptual metaphors that illuminate and articulate the term SD. The attention given to the technical aspects of SD far outweighs the attention given to the way the concept has been constructed and organized as theory and practice are built. In this article, we examine the conceptual metaphors that form the foundation for SD theory and practice. We suggest that these conceptual metaphors reveal problematic understandings and assumptions. Through a conceptualization of paradigm, we describe the constituent elements as frame, worldview, and posture. We further suggest that the normative ethics found in the ecological paradigm provide a comparably superior foundation for the theory and practice of SD.
Technology-Dominant Service Interfaces: Challenges, CRM, and Key I.T. Capabilities

In recent years, service delivery and consumption have been profoundly impacted by technological advancements and resultant changes in the mindsets of both service providers and customers. Accordingly, to compete better and deliver enhanced value, contemporary service providers utilize a variety of interfaces to manage interactions and relationships with various customer segments. Such interfaces include those in which frontline employees are dominant (i.e., service delivery is facilitated entirely by employees), systems and devices are dominant (i.e., service delivery is facilitated entirely by technology), and/or hybrid interfaces where employees and systems are integrated (i.e., service delivery is facilitated by employees with technology at the back-end, or vice-versa) (Rayport and Jaworski 2005).
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

This article describes the Unites States' most prestigious scientific honorific society, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), and the role that it has played in assessing, evaluating, and seeking to improve forensic science. The principal focus of the article is on eight ‘consensus studies’ or ‘reports’ produced by the National Research Council (NRC), the operating arm of the NAS, that focused on forensic issues. The article describes the process by which such reports are produced and the measures taken to ensure that they are balanced, well informed, and responsive to the needs of their sponsors, the public, and science in general. The article briefly summarizes the impetus for, production of, and reception of the eight ‘forensic reports.’
Internal strain in elastically strained germanium and silicon

X-ray diffraction of “forbidden” reflections in elastically strained germanium and silicon shows that the four nearest neighbor bonds are not strained according to the strain tensor but rather keep their length almost unchanged because of the occurrence of an internal strain. Consequently the bond angles are changed. From the structure factor of the (600) reflection, this internal strain has been found to be in good quantitative agreement with theoretical calculations.
Effect of thymectomy in newborn rats infected with Moloney virus.

SummaryTwenty-five per cent of a group of Osborne-Mendel rats thymectomized within 24 hours of birth and injected with Moloney virus at 48 hours of age developed neoplasms, 8% malignant lymphoma, 17% reticulum cell sarcoma, while 95% of the intact group developed malignant lymphoma over the period of the study. All of the thymectomized rats tested, however, were producing virus. Similar deviations from normal were found in the serum protein patterns of both thymectomized and intact virus-inoculated rats.
Systematic review and meta-analysis: Gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis.

Abstract Background Controlled trials of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for gastroparesis reported no significant improvement in symptoms, while open label studies suggested substantial clinical benefits. Aim To determine if GES is effective in reducing symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for articles published in English (1990–2014) using “gastroparesis” as a search term restricted to “clinical trial”. We included studies describing repeated patient-based symptom ratings before and during standardized treatments of at least one week duration. Results Five studies randomly allocated patients to periods with or without GES. Total symptom severity (TSS) scores did not differ between these periods (0.17 [95% confidence interval: − 0.06 to 0.4]; P = 0.15). However, sixteen open label studies of GES showed a significant TSS decrease (2.68 [2.04–3.32]; Q = 39.0; P P P Conclusion Independent of the treatment modality, baseline symptom severity impacts treatment results in gastroparesis. Considering the skewed population with refractory symptoms, regression to the mean likely contributes to the substantial discrepancies between the reported results of controlled and open label GES studies, raising questions about the use of GES outside of defined clinical trials.
Screening for unmet psycho-social needs in cancer care

8633 Background: Persons receiving cancer care are at risk for undiagnosed depression, but the burden of anxiety symptoms and social work needs is not well described. The objectives of the clinical...
Union Versus Nonunion Construction in the U.S.

A major study of the construction industry was conducted by MIT Department of Civil Engineering, to compare and contrast wages and labor management practices in union and nonunion construction. Union firms were found to be larger and primarily engaged in commercial, industrial, or heavy construction; nonunion firms are smaller and primarily engaged in light constructtion. Nonunion wages, are, on average, considerably lower than union wages; however, the distribution of nonunion wages for any trade is large, with the top 10% exceeding the union journeyman's rate for that trade. Occupational structure was found to be a key determinant of relative efficiency; union journeymen are too narrowly specialized for small-scale light construction and too broadly skilled for very large-scale industrial projects. Consequently, nonunion firms dominate light construction and are rapidly gaining ground, using new training approaches, on the superprojects. Nonunion firms are attempting to penetrate the middle-size range by developing common benefit plans and job-referral programs to compete with union firms.
A PMU Measurement Based Stepwise Linear State Estimation Model

A power grid state estimation method based on wide area measurement system(WAMS) and supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA) is proposed.Making full use of the feature of phasor measurement units(PMU) that its measurement equation is a linear equation,the proposed method decomposes the measurement equation of SCADA into two stepwise linear equations and adds the square value of voltage amplitude,the square value of current amplitude and current amplitude and the value of phase angle measured by PMU into the two stepwise linear equations to implement the non-iterative computation of the state estimation based on hybrid measurement by WAMS and SCADA,thus the computational efficiency can be improved.The effectiveness of the proposed state estimation method is verified by simulation results of IEEE14-bus system,IEEE 57-bus system,IEEE 118-bus system,IEEE300-bus system and Wp 2383-bus system.
Adolescent life experiences of physicians in primary care compared with other specialties.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The perceived need for more primary care physicians has stimulated several studies of specialty choice. One study that used a cross-sectional design found that life-history experiences differentiated between generalist and specialist physicians. The present study assessed whether life history experiences reported during college could differentiate between physicians currently in primary care versus other specialties. METHODS We tracked students who completed a 118-item inventory of life history experiences (biodata) during their freshman orientation at a large, public university and who subsequently graduated from the state's largest medical school. We compared biodata responses of those currently practicing in primary care with those in other specialties. RESULTS Biodata and medical specialty information were available for 169 physicians, of which 145 were men (27 primary care, 118 other specialties), and 24 women (three primary care, 21 other specialties). Women were excluded from further analyses. Using 13 biodata factors identified in prior studies, primary care physicians had lower scores on "orientation toward academics," and higher scores on "personal and social adjustment." Biodata accounted for 19% of the variance in specialty choice. CONCLUSIONS Biodata can help identify medical school applicants who will have a greater likelihood of selecting a primary care specialty.
A Study of Middle Cranial Fossa Anatomy and Anatomic Variations

We conducted a study to establish standardized measurements of the common anatomic landmarks used during surgery via the middle cranial fossa approach. Results were based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) images of 98 temporal bones in 54 consecutively presenting patients. Measurements were obtained with the assistance of the standard PACS (picture archiving and communication system) software. We found that the superior semicircular canal (SSC) dome was not the highest point on the temporal bone (i.e., the arcuate eminence) in 78 of the temporal bone images (79.6%). Pneumatization above the SSC and above the internal auditory canal (IAC) was found in 27 (27.6%) and 39 (39.8%) temporal bone images, respectively. The anterior wall of the external auditory canal was always anterior to the anterior wall of the IAC. The mean angles between the SSC and the posterior and anterior walls of the IAC were 42.3 degrees and 60.8 degrees, respectively. We also measured other distances, and we compared our findings with those published by others. We hope that the results of our study will help surgeons safely and rapidly locate anatomic landmarks when performing surgery via the middle cranial fossa approach.
Quantitative Analysis of F 2 Isoprostanes

The discoveries by Jack Roberts and Jason Morrow of the nonenzymatic oxidation of cell membrane phospholipids to form isoprostanes has revolutionized the field of eicosanoids (1). Prior to their discoveries, it was dogma that the important biologically active eicosanoids were formed by enzymes acting on arachidonic acid that had been cleaved from phospholipids by the action of phospholipases. Their research has clearly shown that important biologically active fatty acid metabolites are formed in a variety of inflammatory conditions from the action of oxygen radicals on arachidonic acid, while it is still present in complex phospholipids. These oxidized compounds may alter cell structure and signaling, and when released by the action of phospholipases, are immediately available to bind to receptors to modulate cell activity. The free radical attack on arachidonate yields an endoperoxide which can then be transformed nonenzymatically to F, D, E ring prostaglandins. Thus, each enzymatically formed eicosanoid appears to have its own class of isoprostanes, including isothromboxanes (2,3). Likewise, the isoleukotrienes have been described. In addition, compounds such as the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) can also be formed in this fashion (4,5). The biologic activity of these compounds is only now being examined.
We Are Coming Home: Repatriation and the Restoration of Blackfoot Cultural Confidence, edited by Gerald T. Conaty. 280 pp. Athabasca University Press, Edmonton, AB. 2015. ISBN-13: 978-1771990172.

The debate over whether Indigenous sacred objects held by museums should or should not be returned is at times contentious. However, the relationship described in We Are Coming Home, Repatriation a...
Communicating mixed messages about religion through internet memes

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the dominant messages Internet memes communicate about religion. Internet memes about religion are defined as, ‘memes circulated on the Internet whose images and texts focus on a variety of religious themes and/or religious traditions’ (Bellar et al., 2013). By drawing on meme genres identified by Shifman (2012) and analyzing techniques used to frame ideas concerning religion in memes, this study identifies common genres found amongst religious Internet meme and core frames used to present messages and assumptions about religion online. This article further draws attention to the importance of studying religion in digital contexts, as it highlights trends, recognized by scholars toward ‘Lived Religion’ within digital culture (Campbell, 2012). Lived Religion argues that contemporary media and digital culture provide important resources for presenting popular beliefs about religion. This study also suggests that studying Internet memes about religion provides a useful lens ...
SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF A MACULAR HOLE AFTER FOUR FAILED VITRECTOMIES IN THE SETTING OF NF-1

Purpose:To present the case of a patient who developed spontaneous closure of an idiopathic macular hole after four failed attempts at surgical closure.Methods:This is a retrospective case review of the medical record of a single patient. No statistical analysis was performed. The patient is a 71-ye
Evolution of a mating preference for a dual‐utility trait used in intrasexual competition in genetically monogamous populations

The selection pressures by which mating preferences for ornamental traits can evolve in genetically monogamous mating systems remain understudied. Empirical evidence from several taxa supports the prevalence of dual-utility traits, defined as traits used both as armaments in intersexual selection and ornaments in intrasexual selection, as well as the importance of intrasexual resource competition for the evolution of female ornamentation. Here, we study whether mating preferences for traits used in intrasexual resource competition can evolve under genetic monogamy. We find that a mating preference for a competitive trait can evolve and affect the evolution of the trait. The preference is more likely to persist when the fecundity benefit for mates of successful competitors is large and the aversion to unornamented potential mates is strong. The preference can persist for long periods or potentially permanently even when it incurs slight costs. Our results suggest that, when females use ornaments as signals in intrasexual resource competition, males can evolve mating preferences for those ornaments, illuminating both the evolution of female ornamentation and the evolution of male preferences for female ornaments in monogamous species.
Radiation-induced direct bandgap transition in few-layer MoS2

We report photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of air-suspended and substrate-supported molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) taken before and after exposure to proton radiation. For 2-, 3-, and 4-layer MoS2, the radiation causes a substantial (>10×) suppression of the indirect bandgap emission, likely due to a radiation-induced decoupling of the layers. For all samples measured (including the monolayer), we see the emergence of a defect-induced shoulder peak at around 1.7 eV, which is redshifted from the main direct bandgap emission at 1.85 eV. Here, defects induced by the radiation trap the excitons and cause them to be redshifted from the main direct band emission. After annealing, the defect-induced sideband disappears, but the indirect band emission remains suppressed, indicating a permanent transition into a direct bandgap material. While suspended 2-, 3-, and 4-layer MoS2 show no change in the intensity of the direct band emission after radiation exposure, substrate-supported MoS2 exhibits an approximately 2-...
Elastomeric bearing sizing analysis Part 1: Spherical bearing

Abstract This analysis covers rigorous development of theoretical equations (based on linear elasticity and the assumption of rigid shims) used in the following bearing sizing computer programs for general three-dimensional loading. Part 1: Spherical Single Pad, Spherical Multilayer. Part 2: Flat (and circular) Single Pad, Flat Multilayer, Partial Cylinder (single and multilayer), Complete Cylinder (single and multilayer). Essentially the same methodology is used for spherical, flat and cylindrical bearings, and thus the theory is very detailed for only the spherical bearing. For the two others the analysis is less detailed and differences in the theory, if any, are noted. These equations have been programmed using Mathcad embedded in Excel for ease of use by the designer. The accuracy of the predictions has been extensively checked by linear finite elements. After preliminary designs are established by using Mathcad or other programs based on the theory, final design may be done with finite elements, accounting for rubber nonlinearity and shim deformation. Lastly, some comparisons of all five basic spring constants from Mathcad are made using linear finite element predictions (all as a function of shape factor), followed by examples of the effect of shape factor on shear strain and mean stress. A third paper, Spherical Shim Analysis for Elastomeric Bearings, has been submitted.
Beyond the Bridge: Transforming Conflict Research, Education, and Practice by Transcending Barriers—Honoring the Contributions of Tricia S. Jones

In this tribute to the 2004 recipient of the International Association for Conflict Management's Jeffrey Z. Rubin Theory‐to‐Practice Award, we honor the work of Tricia S. Jones. Having worked with Trish as grad students, research and practice collaborators, and journal editors, we highlight her unique contributions to conflict resolution education, the role of emotion in conflict, and conflict coaching. We also celebrate her ability to transcend both disciplinary and academic–practitioner barriers as she elevates the importance of communication research.
Transnationalizing bureaucracies through investment promotion: The case of Informest:

This paper uses Bourdieu’s notion of field to discuss the historical process of transnationalization in national and local-level bureaucracies, due to the promotion of firms’ internationalization a...
Essential Average Mutual Information

Consider two dependent random variables (S, C) and suppose that \(\hat{\chi }\) is the optimal estimate of C when only S is known. I(S; C) is a measure of how much S tells us about C, and \(I(\hat{\chi } ; C)\) is a measure of how much our optimal estimate \(\hat{\chi }\) tells us about C. What can we say about \(I(\hat{\chi } ; C)\) if we know that I(S; C) = 3 bits, for example? The optimality of \(\hat{\chi }\) suggests that \(I(\hat{\chi } ; C)\) should also be close to 3 bits. This is what we address in this problem. Let (S, C) be jointly distributed ~p(s,c), where S = {0,..., N−1}, and C = {0,..., M−1}. Let \(\hat{\chi }:\{ 0, \ldots ,N - 1\} \to \{ 0, \ldots ,M - 1\}\) denote an arbitrary function of the outcomes of S. The problem is to estimate the numbers α(N, M) defined by $$\alpha (N,M) = \mathop{{\inf }}\limits_{{p:I(S;C) > 0}} \mathop{{\max }}\limits_{{\hat{\chi } = \hat{C}(S)}} \left( {\frac{{I(\hat{\chi };C)}}{{I(S;C)}}} \right)$$ Since \(I(\hat{\chi };C) \leqslant I(S;C)\) (data processing inequality), α(N, M) ≤ 1 . In fact, α(N, M) < 1 for N, M as shown in the following example for α(3, 2).
Becoming a Leader in the Hospitality Industry

Excerpt] Leadership has been defined in many ways, but the essence of leadership involves influencing people toward a desired objective. Leaders do not push followers—they pull them. While management is often concerned about stability, efficiency, and control, leadership is focusing on innovation, adaptation, and employee development. Management focuses on coping with the day to day, while a true leader is looking into the future. A manager can develop a brilliant marketing campaign, create an innovative strategy for growth, and design the most efficient work processes, but if the followers don't engage effectively in the implementation of these initiatives, these efforts will fail. Leadership does not exist in a vacuum but emerges only with the consensus of followers. So, simply being in a leadership position does not automatically make you a leader. Instead, others decide whether you are a leader. In this chapter, I discuss how you can achieve this status.
The Characteristics and Prevalence of Agitation in an Urban County Emergency Department

Study objective We seek to determine the characteristics and prevalence of agitation among patients in an urban county emergency department (ED). Methods This was a prospective observational study of ED patients at an urban Level I trauma center. All ED patients were screened during daily randomized 8-hour enrollment periods. Adult agitated patients, defined as having an altered mental status score greater than 1, were included. Trained research volunteers collected demographics and baseline data, including the presenting altered mental status score, use and type of restraints, and whether any initial sedative was given. The altered mental status score, vital signs, and any medications or treatments given were recorded every 5 minutes thereafter until the patient had an altered mental status score less than 1. Providers were asked to describe clinical events resulting in an intervention occurring during the patient course, including hypotension, vomiting, increased monitoring, use of supplemental oxygen or airway adjunct, or intubation. The provider also completed a checklist to determine the presence of delirium symptoms. Results A total of 43,838 patients were screened (45.1% women; median age 33 years; range 0 to 102 years). The prevalence of agitation was 2.6% (1,146/43,838; median altered mental status score 2). Of these patients, 84% (969/1,146) required physical restraint and 72% (829/1,146) required sedation with an intramuscular injection. Sedative agents were olanzapine in 39% of patients (442/1,146), droperidol in 20% (224/1,146), haloperidol in 20% (226/1,146), a benzodiazepine in 6% (68/1,146), and ketamine in 5% (52/1,146). Delirium characteristics were observed in 0.6% of patients (260/43,838), representing 23% of agitated patients in the ED. Clinical events were observed in 13% of agitated patients (114/866) without delirium symptoms and 26% (68/260) with delirium symptoms. Characteristics associated with a clinical event included delirium symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 2.4), a cause related to a drug other than alcohol (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9), or a nondrug-induced cause of agitation (OR 3.5; 95% CI 2.3 to 5.6). Conclusion The prevalence of agitation in the ED was 2.6%. Agitated patients frequently required restraint and sedation, with significant rates of clinical events requiring intervention.
Mist1 Expression Is Required for Paneth Cell Maturation.

Background Paneth cells are professional secretory cells found within the small intestinal crypt epithelium. Although their role as part of the innate immune complex providing antimicrobial secretory products is well-known, the mechanisms that control secretory capacity are not well-understood. MIST1 is a scaling factor that is thought to control secretory capacity of exocrine cells. Methods Mist1+/+ and Mist1–/– mice were used to evaluate the function of MIST1 in small intestinal Paneth cells. We used histologic and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate small intestinal tissue for proliferation and lineage allocation. Total RNA was isolated to evaluate gene expression. Enteroid culture was used to evaluate the impact of the absence of MIST1 expression on intestinal stem cell function. Results Absence of MIST1 resulted in increased numbers of Paneth cells exhibiting an intermediate cell phenotype but otherwise did not alter overall epithelial cell lineage allocation. Muc2 and lysozyme staining confirmed the presence of intermediate cells at the crypt base of Mist1–/– mice. These changes were not associated with changes in mRNA expression of transcription factors associated with lineage allocation, and they were not abrogated by inhibition of Notch signaling. However, the absence of MIST1 expression was associated with alterations in Paneth cell morphology including decreased granule size and distended rough endoplasmic reticulum. Absence of MIST1 was associated with increased budding of enteroid cultures; however, there was no evidence of increased intestinal stem cell numbers in vivo. Conclusions MIST1 plays an important role in organization of the Paneth cell secretory apparatus and managing endoplasmic reticulum stress. This role occurs downstream of Paneth cell lineage allocation.