cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictive controller for heterogeneous sensor network operation in dynamic environments

We discuss a novel control methodology for power management in heterogeneous distributed sensor networks. Many algorithms for resource management in sensor networks require complete knowledge of the external environment and the sensor network system, are rule-based and cannot handle rapidly changing environments; this restricts their use in real-world environments. We present an event based control optimization formulation of the resource management problem and discuss a method to adaptively change desired system performance of the sensor network in response to events. This functionality is critical in field-deployable sensor networks where the available energy is extremely limited. This limitation disallows continuous operation as a very expensive option and necessitates system adaptation as a means to extend operational lifetime in the face of dynamic external events. We show results on synthetic sensor networks where only partially accurate information about the external world and the sensing system is available and illustrate the efficacy of the control algorithm in handling dynamic events with guaranteed minimum system lifespan via efficient usage of energy resources. We show that the control algorithm makes effective control decisions about the use of energy resources with varying sensor reliabilities.
Continuous production of ethanol by yeast "immobilized" in a membrane-contained fermentor.

A dialysate-feed, immobilized-cell dialysis continuous fermentation system was investigated as a method of relieving product inhibition in the conversion of glucose to ethanol by cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126. The substrate was fed into a continuous dialysate circuit and then into a batch fermentor circuit via diffusion through the microporous membranes of an intermediate dialyzer. Simultaneously, product was withdrawn from the fermentor circuit through the dialyzer membranes into the dialysate circuit and out in the effluent. Since the fermentor was operated without an effluent, the cells essentially were immobilized and converted substrate to product by maintenance metabolism. Contrary to prior results with this novel system for the continuous fermentation of lactose to lactate by lactobacillus cells, a steady state of yeast cells in the fermentor did not occur initially but was obtained by the depletion of medium nitrogen and the prevention of cell breakage, although the substrate and product concentrations then became unsteady. The inherent advantages of the system was offset in the ethanol fermentation by relatively low productivity, which appeared to be limited by membrane permeability. (Refs. 15).
Global perspectives and key debates in sex and relationships education: addressing issues of gender, sexuality, plurality and power

This volume responds to current debates about sexual health and sexual rights in K-12 school programmes of sex and relationships education (SRE) with evidence from quantitative, qualitative, and mi...
Near-Infrared Emission from a Porous Silicon Device

Visible to near-infrared emission is produced from a porous silicon device under current injection. The porous silicon emitter is fabricated by selectively under-etching a p-n junction. The device is rectifying when biased across the junction, and exhibits a region of negative differential resistance (NDR) at the higher current levels. Bright red-orange emission is observed along the length of the junction in forward bias, but most of the light is emitted in the near-infrared with a peak near 1.3 μm at 30 mA. The intensity of the visible component has an exponential dependence on photon energy. The optical and electrical properties of this device are presented and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Research on Bug Prevention of Passenger train

Objective To understand the situation, passenger train bugs in the sleeping car to explore effective bug prevention combination method, in order to achieve effective prevention purposes. Methods Adopt special investigation and survey methods, the in-line monitoring inspections on a sleeper passenger train carriages, through the efficacy experiment, adopt different ways to combination control bedbugs. Results Group A(fenthion) and group B(deltamethrin), group C(cypermethrin. Propoxur) A killing rate is valid(χ2= 31.22, P0.05), the second killing rate is better than A killing rate effect(χ2= 3.14, P0.05), the depth of the killing the second killing effect is better(χ2= 13.45, P0.05), three groups of drugs the killing rate of killing effect of no difference(χ2= 2.13, P0.05). Conclusion Cypermethrin. Propoxur compound with tag, stomach poison, and fumigation triple effect, and low toxicity to human body, volatile better than the other two groups of drugs, homework of the vehicle can be quickly put into operation, and can effectively prevent secondary accident, the medicine is worth promoting.
MO-FG-BRA-03: A Novel Method for Characterizing Gating Response Time in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Low temporal latency between a gating ON/OFF signal and the LINAC beam ON/OFF during respiratory gating is critical for patient safety. Current film based methods to assess gating response have poor temporal resolution and are highly qualitative. We describe a novel method to precisely measure gating lag times at high temporal resolutions and use it to characterize the temporal response of several gating systems. Methods: A respiratory gating simulator with an oscillating platform was modified to include a linear potentiometer for position measurement. A photon diode was placed at linear accelerator isocenter for beam output measurement. The output signals of the potentiometer and diode were recorded simultaneously at 2500 Hz (0.4 millisecond (ms) sampling interval) with an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). The techniques was used on three commercial respiratory gating systems. The ON and OFF of the beam signal were located and compared to the expected gating window for both phase and position based gating and the temporal lag times extracted using a polynomial fit method. Results: A Varian RPM system with a monoscopic IR camera was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 98.2 ms and 89.6 ms, respectively. A Varian RPM system with a stereoscopic IR camera was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 86.0 ms and 44.0 ms, respectively. A Calypso magnetic fiducial tracking system was measured to have mean beam ON and OFF lag times of 209.0 ms and 60.0 ms, respectively. Conclusions: A novel method allowed for quantitative determination of gating timing accuracy for several clinically used gating systems. All gating systems met the 100 ms TG-142 criteria for mean beam OFF times. For beam ON response, the Calypso system exceeded the recommended response time.
Fulminant Colitis Following Rituximab Therapy.

Rituximab (RTX; Rituxan, Genentech) is the clinical formulation of a murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody and is widely used in the initial treatment of CD20-positive hematologic malignancies and a variety of autoimmune disorders. Rarely, fulminant colitis has been reported with the use of RTX (Table).1-7 We report a patient who developed 2 episodes of fulminant colitis after 2 infusions with RTX for the treatment of disseminated B-cell marginal lymphoma. The first episode of colitis required subtotal colectomy, and the second episode required completion proctectomy. Table. Cases of RTX and Colitis A 62-year-old woman presented in October 2002 with a left lower abdominal wall mass. The patient’s peripheral blood smear showed atypical lymphocytes. After an excisional biopsy and histologic and flow cytometry, the patient was diagnosed with marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. The patient was offered a combination treatment of CHOP chemotherapy with RTX or RTX alone. The patient decided to undergo therapy with RTX alone. After receiving several cycles of RTX therapy from 2002 to 2005 and another 4 doses in September 2005, the patient developed severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. Her stool studies were negative for an infectious etiology. A computed tomography scan showed diffuse wall thickening and distention of the entire colon with areas of pneumatosis. The patient’s condition deteriorated and required a subtotal colectomy with ileostomy. Three months later, the ileostomy was closed. In September 2010, after receiving a second course of 4 cycles of RTX therapy for recurrent lymphoma, the patient developed severe abdominal pain and diarrhea. Her stool studies were again negative for an infectious source. Diffuse severe colitis was noted on a sigmoidoscopy. The biopsies revealed severely inflamed tissue (Figure). The patient’s clinical course worsened later, requiring a proctectomy. Figure. Colonic mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria on the left show the lateral edge of an ulcer on the right that undermines residual mucosa and submucosa. Ulceration extends to the level of the muscularis propria with partial penetration of the ulcer ...
THE WAY I SEE IT: Neither Pandora nor Cassandra: Library services and distance education in the next decade

Role pedagogique que les bibliotheques et des bibliothecaires pourront jouer dans l'enseignement a distance (quelle que soit la discipline envisagee) pendant les 10 prochaines annees
Urban Spatial Economies on Networks

In the "Self-Organizing Economy" P. Krugman proposed an urban economics model to explain the emergence of polycentric urban areas, or edge cities. This model was continuous in space and time - a partial differential equation governing the time and spatial evolution of the density of businesses. In this study we propose a discrete version of the Krugman model on spatial networks. We study the role of the network on the model’s qualitative behavior and the equilibrium (the long term) distribution.The rate of change of the fraction of all businesses at given location n is given by:(1) where Δt is the time interval and the corresponding market potential of location x at time t is:(2) The spatial average of the market potential for the entire region at a particular time is:(3) The matrix q describes the interaction between businesses at locations x and y.In a first study we applied the discretized Krugman model to Cuyahoga County, Ohio data. The underlying network is an Erdos-Renyi graph with 60 vertices (municipalities); each pair of vertices is connected to others by a bond of strength (as in the original Krugman model)(4) Dxy is the actual distance between municipalities. We estimated the the four model parameters using a portion of the data, and predicted the balance of data with a rather satisfying degree of accuracy, which lends support to this model. In the graph below we show the model’s prediction of a maximum for the Renyi-Shannon entropies evolution in time. This means the economy self-organizes in time, thus lowering its entropy.FIGUREWe propose to study the role of the network, by considering a one-dimensional lattice with equally spaced sites and interactions matrix that includes closest neighbor repulsion and next neighbor attraction. The effect of specific spatial configurations on predictions is interesting for a number of real-world situations, only one of which is edge cities formation. For example, we could explore social networks formation around actions such as environmental protection, and ask which configurations are more likely to endure in time. Another application is studying the effect of different transportation networks on the location of businesses in a metropolitan space.
The effect of sediment characteristics on bioturbation-mediated transfer of lead, in freshwater laboratory microcosms with Lumbriculus variegatus.

While it has been well established that sediment bioturbators can affect the fate of metals in aquatic systems and that the fate of metals there can depend on sediment characteristics, the interaction between these influences is not well known. The present study therefore investigated whether the influence of a sediment bioturbator on the fate of metals is affected by sediment characteristics. This was investigated using two laboratory microcosm experiments with lead-contaminated sediment and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. The first experiment used sediment collected from five Toledo Bend reservoir sites that differed in sediment characteristics, and analyses looked at the influence of sediment organic matter, sediment silt/clay content, sediment pH, and pore-water pH. In the second experiment, organic matter and silt/clay content of Toledo Bend reservoir sediment were varied experimentally using alpha-cellulose and clay, and Pb transfer to the water column and bioaccumulation were again quantified. Both experiments were conducted with sediment spiked with Pb to a concentration of 100 µg/g, at an oligochaete density of 6279 ind./m². In the first experiment, the Pb concentrations in the water column and those in the worms at the end of the 14-day experiment differed among sediment-collection sites. Silt/clay content and sediment pH were the two most important variables influencing Pb transfer from sediment to the water column. A multiple regression model with these variables explained 58% of the variability in this lead transfer. For Pb accumulation by the worms, sediment organic matter and pore-water pH were the two most important variables. This regression model explained 85% of the variability in tissue Pb levels. In the second experiment, where the individual effects of the organic matter and silt/clay content on Pb transport and distribution were assessed, the use of sediment with more organic matter resulted in a reduction in both the Pb transfer to the water column and the accumulation in worms. The increase in the sediment’s silt/clay content resulted in a reduction in Pb bioaccumulation only. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate that sediment pH, pore-water pH, organic matter, and silt/clay content influence the bioturbation-mediated transfer and the environmental distribution of Pb.
Varicella-Zoster Virus: General Features

Varicella-zoster virus, an alphaherpesvirus, is the etiologic agent of both chickenpox and shingles. The virus can be propagated in cell culture, but little or no virus is released into the culture media. During primary infection, the virus disseminates in T lymphocytes throughout the body and establishes latency in the nervous system for the lifetime of the individual. Viral DNA and selected viral transcripts can be detected in cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, or autonomic ganglia. The virus can reactivate later in life to cause shingles when cellular immunity declines due to immunosuppression or old age. Persistent pain, lasting more than 1 month after the rash of shingles resolves, is termed postherpetic neuralgia. A live, attenuated vaccine is licensed in the USA to prevent varicella, and a high-dose formulation of the same vaccine can reduce the risk of zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Antivirals, such as acyclovir, have a modest effect on chickenpox and shingles in healthy persons, but can be lifesaving in immunocompromised persons.
Capital Fundamentalism, Economic Development, and Economic Growth

Developing the legal and regulatory framework, improving contract enforcement, and reducing administrative barriers in the business environment increases the amount of investment and improves the efficiency of resource allocation. Grigorian and Martinez empirically test the link between industrial growth and indicators of institutional quality. They find significant evidence that institutional quality affects industrial growth in 27 Asian and Latin American countries. Their results suggest that the development of the legal and regulatory framework works its way to industrial growth through both investment and total factor productivity. The implications for policymakers in transition economies: Institution building should complement privatization, public and private investment in education, research and development, and measures to promote foreign direct investment. Specifically, policymakers should try to reduce corruption, eliminate bureaucratic barriers, and improve the legal environment and contract enforcement. Special attention should also be given to measures to deepen financial intermediation, improve the financial sector infrastructure, and increase the efficiency of financial transactions. This paper - a product of the Private and Financial Sectors Development Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to study the determinants of private sector growth in transition economies. The authors may be contacted at dgrigorian@worldbank.org or amartinez2@worldbank.org.
Pollen Protein Diffusates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses proteins that are among the constituents that rapidly diffuse from germinating pollen. In a study, variations in total ultraviolet (UV) absorbing materials diffusing from different pollens within seconds after they are placed in solution were studied. Pine and palm pollen yielded the lowest amounts of materials in comparison with 20 other pollen species eluted 15 s with double-distilled water. It may be meaningful to compare amounts eluteable with both the rates of germination and nature of the pollen surface. The results suggest that pollens release protein and other chemical moieties to the solubilizing solutions of their environment at different rates and in different quantities, depending primarily upon the species and, to a lesser degree, upon the extracting solution. The growth reactions of pollen, the rate and type of allergic reaction of people to pollen, and the compatibility response of plants will presumably be influenced by such differences.
Ambient ultraviolet radiation exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most commonly occurring type of primary liver cancer, has been increasing in incidence worldwide. Vitamin D, acquired from sunlight exposure, diet, and dietary supplements, has been hypothesized to impact hepatocarcinogenesis. However, previous epidemiologic studies examining the associations between dietary and serum vitamin D reported mixed results. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and HCC risk in the U.S. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database provided information on HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 from 16 population-based cancer registries across the U.S. Ambient UV exposure was estimated by linking the SEER county with a spatiotemporal UV exposure model using a geographic information system. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between ambient UV exposure per interquartile range (IQR) increase (32.4 mW/m2) and HCC risk adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, race, year of diagnosis, SEER registry, and county-level information on prevalence of health conditions, lifestyle, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Higher levels of ambient UV exposure were associated with statistically significant lower HCC risk (n = 56,245 cases; adjusted IRR per IQR increase: 0.83, 95% CI 0.77, 0.90; p < 0.01). A statistically significant inverse association between ambient UV and HCC risk was observed among males (p for interaction = 0.01) and whites (p for interaction = 0.01). Higher ambient UV exposure was associated with a decreased risk of HCC in the U.S. UV exposure may be a potential modifiable risk factor for HCC that should be explored in future research.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in patients with advanced cancer: A theory-driven approach.

OBJECTIVE The diagnosis and treatment of depression are complicated by the presence of a serious medical illness, such as cancer. The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression remains unknown; however, the symptom cluster of sickness behavior is more clearly related to inflammation. Symptom clusters may provide the specificity needed to improve treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study is to use confirmatory factor analysis to examine the construct of sickness behavior in patients with advanced cancer using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). METHOD Patients (N = 167) were recruited from chemotherapy clinics and the Department of Psychiatry at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Symptoms were a priori delineated using the factor labels sickness behavior and negative affectivity (two-factor model), and affective, cognitive, and sickness behavior (three-factor model). These data were also fit for a more traditional model using affective, cognitive, and somatic factors. RESULTS The mean total BDI-II score was 14.74 (SD = 8.52; range = 1-46). Fit statistics for all models were good, but the novel three-factor model with sickness behavior provided the best fit: χ2(186) = 273.624; p < 0.001; root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.053; comparative fit index = 0.949. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Both the two- and three-factor models provide support for the unique construct of sickness behavior in patients with advanced cancer. High factor correlations with the BDI-II and other measures of distress were observed, which raises questions about theoretically distinct, but related, constructs.
Targeting the Correct Population When Designing Transitional Care Programs for Medicare Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure.

This study uses data from a large academic medical center to estimate the accuracy of the criteria used by Medicare to represent the burden of hospitalizations for heart failure.
Lagged Dependent Variables and Autocorrelation

One of the major purposes of the present chapter is to investigate the effects on ordinary least squares of, first, correlation between a linear model’s regressors and previous error terms and, second, the impact of contemporaneous correlation between the regressors and error term. In the instance of contemporaneous correlation, the sweeping results concerning two-step feasible generalized least squares established in Chapter 8 for the non-stochastic X-case are modified substantially. In particular, estimator efficiency is affected by the choice of \( \hat \Omega \) and the usual generalized least squares formula \(\mathop {{\sigma ^2}}\limits^ \approx {(X'{\hat \Omega ^{ - 1}}X)^{ - 1}} \) understates the variance of the two-step feasible generalized least squares estimator \( \mathop \beta \limits^ \approx = \left( {X'\hat \Omega ^{ - 1} X} \right)^{ - 1} X'\hat \Omega ^{ - 1} y \).
Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent one of the first amenable experimental models that enhanced our understanding of stem cell behavior. Features of the hematopoietic system facilitating the early development of this experimental model include the fact that the hematopoietic system is a naturally regenerative organ comprising cells that are migratory in nature. The fact that a few or even single cells could be demonstrated to regenerate the entire hematopoietic system in an irradiated recipient made it possible to perform retrospective identification of the engrafting cell and the fate of its progeny. In addition, clinical interests such as gene therapy and regenerative medicine have driven research to understand the pathways that maintain and modify stem cell behavior in vitro and in vivo. This chapter reviews a selection of cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling molecules, regulators of cell death and proliferation, and transcriptional regulators that are known to play an important role in maintaining HSCs in the adult. A large number of mouse knockout studies have been performed that provide a framework of pathways that are essential for the maintenance of steady-state hematopoiesis and for maintenance in conditions in which the hematopoietic system must regenerate. To understand how manipulating these pathways affects stem cell function, the phenotypic and functional characterization of murine and human HSCs has been refined over time to include different mouse strains and conditions, including specific knockout animals. In turn, the analysis of loss- and gain-of-function models has enriched our understanding of the stability of HSC identity.
Gastrin Releasing Peptide

Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is the naturally occurring mammalian homologue of bombesin. The highest concentrations of GRP are found in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells of the fetal lung, neurons in the central nervous system, and in the gut myenteric plexus …
Specification of Intel IA-32 Using an Architecture Description Language

Designing, testing, and producing a new computer processor is a complex and very expensive process. To reduce costly mistakes in hardware, the microarchitecture is usually designed and tested with the aid of a software simulator. The FAST System enables microarchitects to develop architecture simulators rapidly and is less error-prone than using a high level language such as C. In this paper, we describe how the FAST System's Architecture Description Language (ADL) has been extended to facilitate the description of complex instruction sets such as Intel's IA-32 instruction set architecture. In this respect, we demonstrate that the notion of inheritence, a key concept in object oriented programming languages can be extended for selective inheritence to enable the specification of complex instruction set architectures in architecture description languages.
E-cigarettes/electronic nicotine delivery systems: a word of caution on health and new product development

This paper describes the introduction, development, and proliferation of new electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The use of non-combustible tobacco products is considered a means for improving public health and reducing the mortality attributed to cigarette smoking. The effects and use of ENDS are described, with studies to date indicating that, despite differences in toxicity, there is insufficient evidence that ENDS leads to smoking cessation. Finally, research questions are proposed to address key unanswered questions about the effects of such systems.
Remote Laser Evaporative Molecular Absorption (R-LEMA) spectroscopy laboratory experiments

To probe the molecular composition of a remote target, a laser is directed at a spot on the target, where melting and evaporation occur. The heated spot serves as a high-temperature blackbody source, and the ejected substance creates a plume of surface materials in front of the spot. Bulk molecular composition of the surface material is investigated by using a spectrometer to view the heated spot through the ejected plume. The proposed method is distinct from current stand-off approaches to composition analysis, such as Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), which atomizes and ionizes target material and observes emission spectra to determine bulk atomic composition. Initial simulations of absorption profiles based on theoretical models show great promise for the proposed method. This paper compares simulated spectral profiles with results of preliminary laboratory experiments. A sample is placed in an evacuated space, which is situated within the beam line of a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. A laser beam is directed at the sample through an optical window in the front of the vacuum space. As the sample is heated, and evaporation begins, the FTIR beam passes through the molecular plume, via IR windows in the sidewalls of the evacuated space. Sample targets, such as basalt, are tested and compared to the theoretically predicted spectra.
The AO’s Many Achievements

The achievements of the AO Foundation drive the focus of this fourth, and final, section. When J& J’s acquisition of Synthes was completed in early January 2012, a major new chapter of the AO Foundation had to be navigated. The era from 1984 to 2011 was, at times, turbulent but as it came to an end it appeared to be the right moment to pause and reflect on what had already been accomplished over the course of AO’s history (in this chapter).
The Use of Screencasts with Embedded Whole-Slide Scans and Hyperlinks to Teach Anatomic Pathology in a Supervised Digital Environment.

Background: There is an increasing interest in using digitized whole-slide imaging (WSI) for routine surgical pathology diagnoses. Screencasts are digital recordings of computer screen output with advanced interactive features that allow for the preparation of videos. Screencasts that include hyperlinks to WSIs could help teach pathology residents how to become familiar with technologies that they are likely to use in their future career. Materials and Methods: Twenty screencasts were prepared with Camtasia 2.0 software (TechSmith, Okemos, MI, USA). They included clinical history, videos of chest X-rays and/or chest computed tomography images, links to WSI digitized with an Aperio Turbo AT scanner (Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA), pre- and posttests, and faculty-narrated videos of the WSI in a manner closely resembling a slide seminar and other educational materials. Screencasts were saved in a hospital network, Screencast.com, YouTube.com, and Vimeo.com. The screencasts were viewed by 12 pathology residents and fellows who made diagnoses, answered the quizzes, and took a survey with questions designed to evaluate their perception of the quality of this technology. Quiz results were automatically e-mailed to faculty. Pre- and posttest results were compared using a paired t-test. Results: Screencasts can be viewed with Windows PC and Mac operating systems and mobile devices; only videos saved in our network and screencast.com could be used to generate quizzes. Participants' feedback was very favorable with average scores ranging from 4.5 to 4.8 (on a scale of 5). Mean posttest scores (87.0% [±21.6%]) were significantly improved over those in the pretest quizzes (48.5% [±31.2%]) (P
Grasp invariance

This paper introduces a principle to guide the design of finger form: invariance of contact geometry over some continuum of varying shape and/or pose of the grasped object in the plane. Specific applications of this principle include scale-invariant and pose-invariant grasps. Under specific conditions, the principle gives rise to spiral shaped fingers, including logarithmic spirals and straight lines as special cases. The paper presents a general technique to solve for finger form, given a continuum of shape or pose variation and a property to be held invariant. We apply the technique to derive scale-invariant and pose-invariant grasps for disks, and we also explore the principle's application to many common devices from jar wrenches to rock-climbing cams.
A Review of Epigenetics of PTSD in Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an acquired psychiatric disorder with functionally impairing physiological and psychological symptoms following a traumatic exposure. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors act together to determine both an individual’s susceptibility to PTSD and its clinical phenotype. In this literature review, we briefly review the candidate genes that have been implicated in the development and severity of the PTSD phenotype. We discuss the importance of the epigenetic regulation of these candidate genes. We review the general epigenetic mechanisms that are currently understood, with examples of each in the PTSD phenotype. Our focus then turns to studies that have examined PTSD in the context of comorbid psychiatric disorders or associated social and behavioral stressors. We examine the epigenetic variation in cases or models of PTSD with comorbid depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders. We reviewed the literature that has explored epigenetic regulation in PTSD in adverse childhood experiences and suicide phenotypes. Finally, we review some of the information available from studies of the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic variation in maternal cases of PTSD. We discuss areas pertinent for future study to further elucidate the complex interactions between epigenetic modifications and this complex psychiatric disorder.
Overview of Thermal Ablation Devices: Microwave

Microwave ablation utilizes dielectric hysteresis to produce heat within tissue. Dielectric hysteresis occurs when polar molecules in tissue (primarily H 2 O) are forced to continuously realign with an applied, oscillating electromagnetic fi eld. The polar molecules will realign billions of times per second, thus increasing their kinetic energy and temperature by friction. Tissues with a high percentage of water (as in solid organs and tumors) are most conducive to this type of heating and readily absorb microwave energy. Tissue destruction, via coagulation, occurs when tissues are heated to a lethal temperature by the applied electromagnetic frequency of either 915 MHz or 2.45 GHz, which are the only ISM (industrial, scienti fi c, and medical) approved frequencies.
Responding to Crisis of Aging People in Prison: Global Promising Practices and Initiatives

The “aging prisoner” crisis continues to gain international attention. The high human, social, and economic costs of warehousing older adults with complex physical, mental health, social, and spiritual care needs in prison continue to rapidly increase at a disproportionate rate compared to the general prison population. Over the past two decades, there has been some national and international movement in corrections and the community for programs, initiatives, and policies that foster the physical, mental, social, spiritual, and economic well-being of older adults. These promising practices often included comprehensive case management services for medical, mental health, substance abuse, family, social services, housing, education, or vocational programs. Program-specific aspects include one or more of the following: “age” and “cognitive capacity” sensitive environmental modifications, interdisciplinary staff and volunteers trained in geriatric-specific correctional care, complimentary medicine, specialized case coordination, the use of family and inmate peer supports and volunteers, mentoring, and self-help advocacy group efforts.
Infectious and Inflammatory Chorioretinopathies

Many conditions, both infectious and noninfectious, may lead to inflammation of the retina and choroid. The entities discussed in this chapter are presented to provide a broad survey of conditions encountered by the uveitis and retinal specialist, but this list is by no means comprehensive. A nuanced approach that considers medical and ocular history, constitutional symptoms, ocular manifestations, and targeted ancillary testing is required to provide patients with appropriate therapies and follow-up. Close collaboration with infectious disease specialists, rheumatologists, and other medical professionals is usually a critical aspect of care in these often complicated cases.
Effect of non-normality and low count variants on cross-phenotype association tests in GWAS.

Many complex human diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, are characterized by multiple underlying traits/phenotypes that have substantially shared genetic architecture. Multivariate analysis of correlated traits has the potential to increase the power of detecting underlying common genetic loci. Several cross-phenotype association methods have been proposed—some require individual-level data on traits and genotypes, while the others require only summary-level data. In this article, we explore whether non-normality of multivariate trait distribution affects the inference from some of the existing multi-trait methods and how that effect is dependent on the allele count of the genetic variant being tested. We find that most of these tests are susceptible to biases that lead to spurious association signals. Even after controlling for confounders that may contribute to non-normality and then applying inverse normal transformation on the residuals of each trait, these tests may have inflated type I errors for variants with low minor allele counts (MACs). A likelihood ratio test of association based on the ordinal regression of individual-level genotype conditional on the traits seems to be the least biased and can maintain type I error when the MAC is reasonably large (e.g., MAC > 30). Application of these methods to publicly available summary statistics of eight amino acid traits on European samples seem to exhibit systematic inflation (especially for variants with low MAC), which is consistent with our findings from simulation experiments.
Beam Steering Using Active Superstrate Antenna for WLAN Applications

This paper presents an active FSS superstrate antenna operating at 5.25 GHz for beam steering applications. The superstrate antenna consists of metallic patches on its one side and metallic grids on its other side. The variation in the reflection phase is created by gradating the mesh grid array, which results in the phase delay of the radiated fields. The tilted radiation beam is produced due to the phase delay of the radiated fields. The proposed structure also helps in making the antenna more directive which enhances the gain while maintaining the cavity height of λ/4.
Errata Erratum to “A 128-Gb/s 1.3-pJ/b PAM-4 Transmitter With Reconfigurable 3-Tap FFE in 14-nm CMOS”

In [1] , the photograph that appeared next to the author, Herschel A. Ainspan, was not an image of this author and was published in error. No photo should have accompanied his name.
log(x+1)* and log(1+x)*

Single-cell RNA-seq technologies have been successfully employed over the past decade to generate many high resolution cell atlases. These have proved invaluable in recent efforts aimed at understanding the cell type specificity of host genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infections. While single-cell atlases are based on well-sampled highly-expressed genes, many of the genes of interest for understanding SARS-CoV-2 can be expressed at very low levels. Common assumptions underlying standard single-cell analyses don't hold when examining low-expressed genes, with the result that standard workflows can produce misleading results.
Auditor Information Spillovers and Company Operating Performance: Evidence from Targeted Auditor Switches

This study examines whether companies realize operational benefits from making “targeted auditor switches” (i.e., engaging a new auditor recently dismissed by a competitor company). While prior work provides evidence consistent with companies perceiving that auditor information spillovers are costly, there is sparse extant evidence as to whether auditors actually do transfer operational information across companies. Using a novel setting, I find that companies that switch to a competitor’s former auditor realize significant subsequent improvements in operating performance and that this association varies predictably with several cross-sectional factors. My findings suggest that operational information can be transferred across companies via external auditors and that companies’ concerns over sharing an auditor with a competitor are based on real information spillover costs. More broadly, my findings suggest that the value of an audit (auditor) is associated with the auditor’s informational capital and extends beyond that which is traditionally considered by capital market participants.
Quantitative morphometrics reveals glomerular changes in patients with infrequent segmentally sclerosed glomeruli.

Aims Detection of one segmentally sclerosed glomerulus (SSG) identifies patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) but rare SSGs may be missed in kidney biopsies. It is unknown whether alterations of unaffected glomeruli in patients with infrequent SSG can be detected by quantitative morphometrics. Methods We determined SSG frequency and obtained quantitative morphometrics in glomeruli without a pathologic phenotype in large kidney sections of non-involved kidney tissue from 137 patients undergoing total nephrectomy. We used multivariate modelling to identify morphometrics independently associated with increasing frequency of SSG and Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) analysis to determine the ability of quantitative morphometrics to identify patients with FSGS. We used the geometric distribution to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of a needle biopsy to identify patients with FSGS. Results In seventy-one patients (51.8%), at least one SSG was observed, and of those, 39 (54.9%) had an SSG lesion in less than 2% of all glomeruli (mean of 249 glomeruli per specimen). Increasing percent of SSG was independently associated with decreasing podocyte density and increasing mesangial index in multivariate modelling. For infrequent SSG lesions ( Conclusions More than half of patients had FSGS, although 30% had infrequent SSG. Quantitative morphometrics in glomeruli without pathology, such as podocyte density and mesangial index, identified patients with infrequent SSG and may serve as clinical markers to identify patients with FSGS.
Comparison of models for (∞,n)–categories, I

While many different models for (∞, 1)-categories are currently being used, it is known that they are Quillen equivalent to one another. Several higher-order analogues of them are being developed as models for (∞, n)categories. In this paper, we establish model structures for some naturally arising categories of objects which should be thought of as (∞, n)-categories. Furthermore, we establish Quillen equivalences between them.
Ethics in integrated health care: social workers’ perspective

The proliferation of integrated health care in which a holistic approach of physical and behavioral health is addressed by multiple providers is quickly evolving to be the standard of care in the U...
An analysis of theoretical and empirical relationships between two asphalt binder cracking parameters

Since the adoption of the Performance Grading criteria, researchers and agencies have dedicated efforts toward supplementing the existing parameters with better indicators of asphalt binder crackin...
Recognition memory for pictures in children with ADHD: an event-related potential study.

Objective Children with ADHD are reported to accompany by various degrees of recognition memory cognitive deficits. We aimed to investigate age-related changes of the amplitude in event-related potential recordings on recognition memory in Chinese children with ADHD and to provide theoretical basis of neuro-electrophysiology for the cognition development of children. Method ERP and behavioral data of 6- to -10-year-old children with ADHD (n = 94) and typically developing controls (TD, n = 96) were collected while the children performed a classical visual study-test paradigm task. Results Children with ADHD have defects in pictures recognition and showed a significantly smaller P2 component than that of TD children. The development of P2 and P3 component were different between the two groups. Moreover, the TD children showed the frontal old/new effect (N2) taken as a correlate of familiarity at 6 years old, and a parietal old/new effect (P3) taken as a correlate of recollection at 9 years old, while children with ADHD showed a parietal old/new effect (P3) only at 6 years old. Conclusion Our study provided the novel evidence that recognition memory follow different developmental trajectories at the age of 6-10 between TD and ADHD.
Adapting a Human Physiology Teaching Laboratory to the At-Home Education Setting

Teaching labs at the undergraduate level poses unique challenges to a school system forced online by COVID-19. We adapted physiology laboratories typically taught in-person to an online-only format, allowing students to measure personal health data alone. Students used available technology and low-cost devices for measuring respiratory and cardiovascular parameters and analyzed the data for differences in testing conditions such as posture and exertion. Students did not physically interact, which encouraged self-directed learning but disallowed peer-to-peer education. Pre-recorded data was utilized for ECG measurements, which streamlined the process but precluded the interactive act of experimentation. The use of low-cost devices empowered and encouraged students to take ownership of their health and form important connections between their own lives and theoretical physiology. Facilitating communication and TA preparedness is key to smoothly running the virtual lab. It will be important for future virtual labs to be designed to facilitate student interaction, include hands-on experimentation, and encourage personal investigation.
Local Translation Across Neural Development: A Focus on Radial Glial Cells, Axons, and Synaptogenesis

In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mRNA localization and translation at distal sites in axons and dendrites. The existing literature shows that local translation is regulated in a temporally and spatially restricted manner and is critical throughout embryonic and post-embryonic life. Here, recent key findings about mRNA localization and local translation across the various stages of neural development, including neurogenesis, axon development, and synaptogenesis, are reviewed. In the early stages of development, mRNAs are localized and locally translated in the endfeet of radial glial cells, but much is still unexplored about their functional significance. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided new information about the specific mechanisms regulating local translation during axon development, including growth cone guidance and axon branching. Later in development, localization and translation of mRNAs help mediate the major structural and functional changes that occur in the axon during synaptogenesis. Clinically, changes in local translation across all stages of neural development have important implications for understanding the etiology of several neurological disorders. Herein, local translation and mechanisms regulating this process across developmental stages are compared and discussed in the context of function and dysfunction.
Incorporating Observability via Control Barrier Functions with Application to Range-based Target Tracking

In nonlinear systems, the control input often directly impacts observability of the system. In this paper, we investigate the use of control barrier functions (CBFs) for enforcing observability of a mobile robot in target tracking, when only the distance to the target is measured. The problem is motivated by practical applications for autonomous robots when operating in GPS-denied environments. To address the tradeoffs between localization accuracy and tracking performance, a tracking controller is augmented by a control barrier function based on an observability metric. Two examples are used to show the efficacy of the approach, one with unicycle dynamics on a plane, and the other based on gliding robotic fish with complex 3D dynamics. The approach taken in this work is compared to a model predictive controller that optimizes a joint cost function of tracking error and observability metric. While both approaches are shown to maintain observability and enable tracking, the CBF-based approach is shown to have several advantages