cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ENERGY AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF LOW-ENERGY He+ SCATTERED FROM Al(111)

Measurements of 500 eV4He+ scattered from Al(111) surfaces provide detailed information about the scattering process and surface crystallography. We report various observations concerning collision inelasticity, multiple scattering, and shadow-cone focusing effects. A large inelastic energy loss of the scattered He+ is observed, which causes multiple-scattering events at oblique incidence angles to have energies below the elastic single-scattering energy. Inelastic He+ scattering from clean, ordered Al(111) shows interesting intensity variations as a function of azimuthal orientation and incidence angle. At a critical incidence angle, where the top edge of a shadow cone intersects a nearest-neighbor Al surface atom, the scattered ion intensity exhibits 60° azimuthal periodicity. At a more glancing angle of incidence, a double-peaked structure appears. The scattered He+ intensity varies as a function of incidence angle, as expected from classical shadow cone calculations.
Treating tobacco dependence among African Americans: a meta-analytic review.

Objective: African Americans suffer disproportionately from smoking-related morbidity and mortality; yet it is unclear whether existing treatments benefit this population. The purposes of this meta-analysis were to evaluate the overall efficacy of smoking cessation interventions (SCIs) among African American adults and to examine specific study characteristics and methods that influence treatment outcome. Design: Twenty published and unpublished studies representing 32 hypothesis tests and 12,743 smokers compared SCIs to control conditions. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Smoking abstinence post-treatment; (2) abstinence at the first follow-up assessment; and (3) 11 potential moderators of treatment effects. Results: Overall, SCIs increased the odds of cessation by 40% at posttest and 30% at follow-up. Treatment type, setting, cultural specificity, unit of analysis, outcome measure, nature of control group, and biochemical verification moderated the overall treatment effect size. Conclusion: SCIs are efficacious among African Americans. Theoretical, clinical, and future research implications are discussed.
From clinical judgment to odds: a history of prognostication in anoxic-ischemic coma.

Abstract Persistent coma from a major anoxic-ischemic injury to the brain may indicate there is less chance for full recovery. The tools of prognostication to assess comatose survivors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation have developed over several decades. Physicians would initially base their judgment on experience and data on outcome in these patients in the early years were merely on awakening not on disability. In the late 1970s, a large multicenter prospective study was performed on outcome in nontraumatic coma. The impetus for this study was the result of Plum and Jennet's collaboration. In 1981 – for the first time – complex statistics were used to improve the accuracy of prognosis and became known as the “Levy algorithms.” These early seminal studies shaped the prediction models and implied that clinical information alone could assist physicians in making a prediction. Later, probabilistic methods became more commonplace.
Homology and evolution of the orbitotemporal venous sinuses of humans

The orbitotemporal venous sinuses accompany the intracranial branches of the stapedial artery. These sinuses are large in primitive primates and drain the extensive territories supplied by the stapedial artery as well as the brain. The orbit is drained by a wide cranio-orbital sinus which empties into the postglenoid emissary vein. Also emptying into the postglenoid vein is the petrosquamous sinus. The latter diverts cerebral blood from the transverse sinus and also drains the temporalis muscle. Emptying into both the cranio-orbital and petrosquamous sinuses are meningeal tributaries, which drain the cranial side wall and the dura mater. The relatively small sinus communicans runs in the angle between the petrosal bone and the cranial side wall. It commences at the postglenoid vein and connects the distal end of the petrosquamous sinus to the pterygoid venous plexus. In humans, the orbitotemporal sinus system is greatly modified. Its remnants persist for the most part as “middle meningeal veins.” The system no longer drains the orbit, the temporal fossa, or the brain. The petrosquamous sinus becomes attenuated or obliterated along part or all of its length. The postglenoid vein vanishes. The cranio-orbital sinus is reduced in diameter and its connection to the orbit is feeble or absent. During development, the posterior end of the cranio-orbital sinus migrates inferiorly along the sinus communicans. In most individuals, this migration ceases at the foramen spinosum, site of the emissary vein of the sinus communicans. Meningeal tributaries are relatively large in humans, and drain principally into the cranio-orbital sinus or sphenoparietal sinus. The sphenoparietal sinus is an evolutionary novelty restricted to hominoids and is frequently developed in only Homo and Pongo. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bounds for the disjoint unions theorem

Abstract We give a short self-contained proof of the disjoint unions theorem of Graham and Rothschild and of the non-repeating sums theorem of Rado, Folkman, and Sanders. The proof yields an iterated exponential upper bound for the functions involved in these results.
Another Skirmish in the Battle over Democracies and War

we argued that democra-cies are particularly likely to win their wars. Democratic political institutions provideincentives for elected leaders to launch only short, winnable, low-cost wars, so theymay avoid domestic political threats to their hold on power. Democracies tend to winthe wars they initiate because democratic leaders generally “select” themselves intowinnable wars, and they are more likely to win when they are targeted because their ar-mies aght with better initiative and leadership.Analyzing all interstate wars from 1816 to 1987, we found strong empirical supportfor our theory.
Rotational and translational dynamics of rhodamine 6G in a pyrrolidinium ionic liquid: a combined time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay and NMR study.

NMR spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay (TRFAD) are two of the most commonly used methods to study solute–solvent interactions. However, only a few studies have been reported to date using a combined NMR and TRFAD approach to systematically investigate the overall picture of diffusional and rotational dynamics of both the solute and solvent. In this paper, we combined NMR and TRFAD to probe fluorescent rhodamine dye in a pyrrolidinium-based room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), an emergent environmentally friendly solvent type used in several energy-related applications. A specific interaction of the R6G cation and [Tf2N] anion was identified, resulting in near-stick boundary condition rotation of R6G in this RTIL. The diffusional rates of the R6G solute and [C4mpyr][Tf2N] solvent derived from 1H NMR suggest the rates are proportional to their corresponding hydrodynamic radii. The 1H and 13C NMR studies of self-rotational dynamics of [C4mpyr][Tf2N] showed that the self-rotational ...
Timing of surgery in aortic stenosis.

In adults with valvular stenosis, the importance of prompt aortic valve replacement once symptoms occur is well known. The operative mortality for aortic valve replacement has improved dramatically over the past 4 decades and remains the only effective therapy for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Aortic valve replacement in patients with left ventricular dysfunction has a high operative mortality, although those patients who do not undergo surgery at all have an even worse outcome. While issues to consider include the presence or absence of coronary artery disease and expected hemodynamics of the prosthetic valve compared with the native valve, when in doubt, one should err on the side of surgical intervention. Elderly age is not a contraindication to aortic valve replacement for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, although there is a higher prevalence of comorbid disease and higher operative mortality. Life expectancy is significantly prolonged and quality of life is significantly improved in the elderly who survive surgery. Indications for surgery in asymptomatic patients are controversial. We do not recommend valve replacement in asymptomatic patients at this time due to the known risks of surgery and a prosthetic valve and the lack of evidence for benefit of early surgery. Patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery should be considered for concomitant aortic valve surgery for moderate aortic stenosis that is expected to progress to severe stenosis in less than 5 years.
A Neurophysiological Analysis of Inhibitive Casting

Inhibitive casting is an adjunct to therapeutic intervention in cerebral palsy that has been used extensively in the past ten years. The literature has implied that the casts have a neurophysiologi...
Strophanthidin and force regulation by intracellular sodium activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Abstract The role of intracellular sodium activity (a Na i ) in the inotropy of a low concentration of strophanthidin (5 × 10 −8 M) was studied in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers by recording contractil force, a Na i and transmembrane potentials under conditions that vary a Na i . High [Na] 0 , strophanthidin and tetrodotoxin (TTX) changed force and a Na i in a closely related manner: on logarithmic coordinates, the data were well fitted by a single line obtained through the regression equation F = b (a Na i ) s where b represents the intercept and s the slope of the relation. With low strophanthidin, force increases as a linear function of (a Na i ) −5 ) and with high [Na] 0 as a linear function of (a Na i ) −6 ). However, the combined administration of high [Na] 0 and strophanthidin results in a potentiated inotropic effect as force becomes a linear function of (a Na i ) −14 ). This potentiation and its abolition by TTX suggest that factors other than a Na i powerfully modify the inotropy of a low strophanthidin concentration.
An individual-based model for the analysis of Prochlorococcus diel cycle behavior

Abstract Prochlorococcus spp. are the smallest and most numerous phytoplankton in the ocean. The tightly-phased diel dynamics of cellular growth and division can be used to estimate population growth and mortality rates of Prochlorococcus in the field. However, traditional approaches for making these estimates involve deconvolving cell cycle phases from DNA distributions, a potential source of error. In this study, we used an individual-based model (IBM) to capture the cell size patterns, DNA content, and cell cycle phase distributions of Prochlorococcus. Model parameters were estimated from cell cycle data of field populations in the North Atlantic Ocean and then optimized using the Nelder–Mead algorithm. The model reproduced observed field diel growth and cell cycle dynamics well. Model optimization can be used to estimate population growth rates and other cell cycle parameters directly from DNA distributions, independent of cell cycle phase deconvolution.
Technically communicating with the unknown: the challenge of the 1990s

Design and quality are forecasted to be deciding factors for gaining the industrial competitive edge during the 1990s. It is pointed out that usability and human factors testing are essential in determining how well these parameters are met. In order to excel during usability and human factors testing, equal attention must be paid to cultural differences and language barriers that exist in national as well as in international marketplaces. It is argued that, as cultural differences and language barriers are generally compensated for in a product's documentation, the inherent philosophy of separating documentation from product will not survive this decade. Better methods for transmitting product information will be one of the key challenges for remaining competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. >
Contribution of low-frequency acoustic information to Chinese speech recognition in cochlear implant simulations

Chinese sentence recognition strongly relates to the reception of tonal information. For cochlear implant (CI) users with residual acoustic hearing, tonal information may be enhanced by restoring low-frequency acoustic cues in the nonimplanted ear. The present study investigated the contribution of low-frequency acoustic information to Chinese speech recognition in Mandarin-speaking normal-hearing subjects listening to acoustic simulations of bilaterally combined electric and acoustic hearing. Subjects listened to a 6-channel CI simulation in one ear and low-pass filtered speech in the other ear. Chinese tone, phoneme, and sentence recognition were measured in steady-state, speech-shaped noise, as a function of the cutoff frequency for low-pass filtered speech. Results showed that low-frequency acoustic information below 500 Hz contributed most strongly to tone recognition, while low-frequency acoustic information above 500 Hz contributed most strongly to phoneme recognition. For Chinese sentences, speech reception thresholds (SRTs) improved with increasing amounts of low-frequency acoustic information, and significantly improved when low-frequency acoustic information above 500 Hz was preserved. SRTs were not significantly affected by the degree of spectral overlap between the CI simulation and low-pass filtered speech. These results suggest that, for CI patients with residual acoustic hearing, preserving low-frequency acoustic information can improve Chinese speech recognition in noise.
Song repertoire and mate choice in birds

Synopsis. In many species of birds, individual males possess "repertoires" of multiple versions ofthe species song. Females of several of these species have been shown to respond preferentially in courtship to larger song repertoires. The female preference for large rep? ertoires usually has little effect on female settlement, but is likely to affect mate choice in extra-pair copulations. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution ofthe female preference. Some of these posit a natural selective advantage for the preference, in securing for the female a better territory, better paternal care for the offspring, or a mate with good genes. Another hypothesis suggests the male trait and female preference have coevolved in a process of runaway sexual selection. Here I show that female common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) court preferentially for repertoires of four song types compared to equal numbers of repetitions of single song types. The female preference exists in common grackles despite the fact that males in this species sing only one song type each. None of the usual hypotheses, based on natural or sexual selection, can explain the occurrence of the female preference in a species in which males lack the preferred trait. Instead, the female preference may be a simple consequence of two properties of most response systems: habituation and stimulus specificity. If so, female preferences for repertoires may in general pre-date the evolution of male song repertoires, which evolve to exploit the pre-existing female response bias.
Effects of fungal N- and O-linked mannosylation on the immunogenicity of model vaccines.

Targeting dendritic cell mannose receptors by mannosylating antigens represents a promising vaccination strategy. Using the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) expressed recombinantly in bacterial and yeast vectors, we have previously demonstrated fungal mannosylation enhances antigen immunogenicity in the context of CD4+ T cell responses. However, because protection against many tumors and pathogens is thought to require MHC class I-restricted T cell responses, the capacity of differentially mannosylated OVA antigens to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation was determined. We found that mannosylated yeast-derived OVA antigens were more potent than their unmannosylated counterparts at inducing antigen-specific T cell proliferation. However, the type of mannosylation was critical as addition of extensive O-linked mannosylation increased lymphoproliferative responses while the presence of N-linked mannosylation was associated with decreased responses. Mannosylated OVA failed to stimulate TNF-α and IL-12 production from dendritic cells. These data suggest that vaccines incorporating mannosylation must take into account how the mannose groups are linked to the core antigen and may need to include an adjuvant to stimulate cytokine production.
The effect of applicant age, job level, and accountability on the evaluation of job applicants

Abstract Simulated videotaped employment interviews were utilized in assessing the effect of accountability on the evaluation of job applicants. One hundred-twenty undergraduates majoring in business and personnel related areas were informed that they would be participating in the pilot-testing of a new employee placement technique. The age of the job applicants (25, 40, or 55 years), the position for which they were being considered (assistant director or director), and the degree to which subjects were made to feel accountable for their evaluation of the applicant (low or high accountability) were manipulated, resulting in a 3 × 2 × 2 between-subjects design. Increasing subjects' accountability produced more positive evaluations for the 40- and 55-year-old applicants. The implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Isolation of Basal Cells and Submucosal Gland Duct Cells from Mouse Trachea

The large airways are directly in contact with the environment and therefore susceptible to injury from toxins and infectious agents that we breath in 1. The large airways therefore require an efficient repair mechanism to protect our bodies. This repair process occurs from stem cells in the airways and isolating these stem cells from the airways is important for understanding the mechanisms of repair and regeneration. It is also important for understanding abnormal repair that can lead to airway diseases 2. The goal of this method is to isolate a novel stem cell population from the mouse tracheal submucosal gland ducts and to place these cells in in vitro and in vivo model systems to identify the mechanisms of repair and regeneration of the submucosal glands 3. This production shows methods that can be used to isolate and assay the duct and basal stem cells from the large airways 3.This will allow us to study diseases of the airway, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Currently, there are no methods for isolation of submucosal gland duct cells and there are no in vivo models to study the regeneration of submucosal glands.
Community Therapeutic Intervention for Women Healing from Trauma

This article investigates a community-based group therapy intervention designed to address specific needs of women in transition as compared to women also in transition, engaged in a traditional, nonclinical women's program. Both interventions were found to increase social network size, decrease social isolation, and decrease financial stress. The group therapy intervention participants also reported increased self-efficacy beliefs. These findings suggest a need to integrate a group therapy intervention into traditional social service facilities that serve women during times of major life transition.
Effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia following a higher calorie meal in Yucatan miniature swine

Exercise has been shown to attenuate the postprandial lipemic (PPL) response to a modest kcal high-fat meal in numerous human studies, but has not been fully examined in swine. In addition, the effects of exercise on a high-fat meal of larger magnitude have not been examined in humans or in swine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the PPL response to a single, high-fat/cholesterol (HFC) meal (∼3,000 kcal, 1,300 kcal from fat) and determine if exercise attenuates the PPL response. Sedentary, female Yucatan miniature swine (n = 10) completed 3 PPL trials: (1) pre diet (PRE); (2) post HFC diet (POST); and (3) post HFC diet plus exercise (EX, 45 minutes at 75% heart rate maximum). Blood samples were collected before (0 hour) and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the single HFC meal for PPL analysis. Postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was assessed at 8 hours. While fasting LPL activity was significantly increased with the HFC diet, the PPL response to the HFC meal did not differ depending on diet. Furthermore, the PPL response was not significantly altered with a single session of exercise, perhaps because of the severity of the HFC meal, the sedentary nature of the swine, or because LPL activity was not elevated after exercise. These findings suggest that administration of a HFC meal of this magnitude (∼3,000 kcal, 1,300 kcal from fat) will promote significant elevations in postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations, overwhelm the adaptive response to a HFC diet (elevated LPL activity), and attenuate the beneficial effects of a single exercise session on this system.
A life-span, life-space approach to career development

Abstract A career is defined as the combination and sequence of roles played by a person during the course of a lifetime. These roles include those of child, pupil or student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner, positions with associated expectations that are occupied at some time by most people, and other less common roles such as those of criminal, reformer, and lover. A Life-Career Rainbow is presented as a means of helping conceptualize multidimensional careers, the temporal involvement in, and the emotional commitment to, each role. Self-actualization in various roles, role conflicts, and the determinants of role selection and of role performance are discussed. The use of the Rainbow in career education and in counseling is briefly considered.
Modeling and analyzing SMIL documents in SAM

A composite multimedia object has specific timing relationships among the different types of component media. Coordinating the real-time presentation of information and maintaining time-ordered relations among the component media is vital for satisfying quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper proposes a formal approach to modeling and analyzing temporal aspects of SMIL documents using the Software Architecture Model (SAM), which is based on a dual formalism combining Petri nets and temporal logic. Synchronization elements of SMIL are systematically modeled by Petri nets. Useful QoS properties of SMIL documents are specified using temporal logic formulas and verified by automatic tools. Timelines of SMIL document presentation are analyzed using the reachability tree technique.
ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION-ACCELERATED LEAF CHLOROSIS: PREVENTION OF CHLOROSIS BY REMOVAL OF EPIDERMIS OR BY FLOATING LEAF DISCS ON WATER*

— Low doses (1800–7200 ergs/mm2) of ultraviolet (U V) radiation accelerated chlorosis in the mesophyll of Nicotiana glutinosa leaves when the lower epidermis of the leaves was irradiated. This occurred in either a subsequent light or dark incubation. However, within 12 h after irradiation, peeling of the lower epidermis prevented this accelerated chlorosis. The accelerated chlorosis was also prevented by floating irradiated leaf discs on water during the incubation period without removal of the epidermis. These results suggest that accelerated chlorosis in mesophyll tissue caused by low doses of UV is due to an indirect effect of the UV-damaged epidermis, possibly mediated by some toxic substance released from the epidermal cells. High UV doses (36,000–108,000 ergs/mm2) prevented normal yellowing of the leaf. The irradiated portion of the leaf remained green, while the nonirradiated area turned yellow upon dark incubation. However, if the irradiated leaf was incubated in continuous light, bleaching of the irradiated area took place, and the irradiated area became yellow faster than the nonirradiated area. Peeling of the epidermis did not affect the outcome of these experiments. These results suggest that high UV doses directly damage the mesophyll tissue.
Application of plane waves for accurate measurement of microwave scattering from geophysical surfaces

The authors utilized the concept of a compact antenna range to obtain plane-wave illumination to accurately measure scattering properties of simulated sea ice. They also made simultaneous measurements using conventional antennas. Measured scattering coefficients obtained with the plane-wave system at 10 GHz decreased by about 35 dB when the incidence angle increased from 0/spl deg/ to 10/spl deg/. Scattering coefficients derived from data collected with the radar system at 13.5 GHz using conventional far-field antennas decreased by about 20 dB over the same angular region. This demonstrates that the far-field properties of a widebeam antenna are inadequate for measuring the angular scattering response of smooth surfaces. They believe that application of the compact antenna range concept for scattering measurements has a wide range of applications and is the solution to the long-standing problem of how to directly measure scattering consisting of coherent and incoherent components. >
Strategy-based Adaptive Instruction in Content-area Classes: Social Validity of Six Options

The differences of 13 content-area teachers' perceptions of familiarity, value, use, assistance needed to routinely implement, and reasonableness of being expected to routfnely implement six cognitive strategy-based adaptive teaching procedures for facilitating mastery of content subject-matter were investigated using quantitative and qualitative methods. Subjects were systematically trained in each procedure, and they implemented each procedure in their content-area classrooms. Quantitative data were collected using a forced-choice Likert instrument and analyzed using a series of repeated measures one-way analyses of variance and Duncan's multiple range a posteriori contrasts. Teachers were significantly more familiar with procedures for strategically enhancing material via organizational and mnemonic devices than with metacognitive-oriented instructional techniques (p < .02), but they valued the metacognitive-oriented techniques significantly more than mnemonic devices. No differences were found among t...
Behavioural adjustment and parental stress associated with closed head injury in children

Parental stress and parental perception of children's behavioural problems were determined for 25 caretakers of children with closed head injury. Compared to normative samples a greater proportion of parents in this study were more stressed, and thought that their children were more behaviourally impaired. In contrast to previous studies, injury severity was not related to behavioural impairment. Parental stress was related to perceived behavioural impairment for the brain-injured sample. When compared to low-stressed parents (n =14), high-stressed parents (n =11) described their children as more aggressive and with more thought disorders and attention problems. Time since injury, age at injury, number of siblings, and mother's age were not different between the high- and low-stressed groups. Low income and less education were associated with the high stress levels in these parents. Test-retest data showed that, over time, parents perceived their brain-injured children as less behaviourally impaired.
Current Developments in Intraspinal Agents for Cancer and Noncancer Pain

Since the late 1980s, intrathecal (IT) analgesic therapy has improved, and implantable IT drug delivery devices have become increasingly sophisticated. Physicians and patients now have myriad more options for agents and their combination, as well as for refining their delivery. As recently as 2007, The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference of expert panelists updated its algorithm for drug selection in IT polyanalgesia. We review this algorithm and the emerging therapy included. This article provides an update on newly approved as well as emerging IT agents and the advances in technology for their delivery.
L-Arginine uptake affects nitric oxide production and blood flow in the renal medulla.

Experiments were performed to determine whether l-arginine transport regulates nitric oxide (NO) production and hemodynamics in the renal medulla. The effects of renal medullary interstitial infusi...
Research Note: Cholesterol Content of Commercially Produced Eggs in Georgia

Abstract A survey of the cholesterol content of eggs obtained from commercial sources in Georgia was conducted. Data on flock age, egg-production rate, strain, molting status, as well as dietary protein, fat, ME, and the content of animal by-products were obtained from producers via a questionnaire. Mean egg cholesterol level, determined by an HPLC procedure, was 195 mg/egg, which is substantially lower than that commonly included in tables of egg composition. The total cholesterol content correlated positively with egg weight and yolk weight and negatively with egg production and dietary protein levels, but no significant (P
Use and Abuse of Atherectomy: Where Should it be Used?

Surgical bypass has long been considered the "gold standard" for treatment of peripheral arterial disease. Endovascular therapy with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and adjunctive stenting has recently become a primary treatment of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. However, there has been concern regarding the long-term patency of percutaneous interventions and the increased need for reintervention. An alternative to standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent is the excision of the obstructing arterial plaque using atherectomy devices. There are several different types of atherectomy devices including directional atherectomy devices, such as the SilverHawk Atherectomy (EV3, Minneapolis, MN) device, orbital atherectomy devices, such as the CSI DiamondBack 360 (CSI, Minneapolis, MN) rotational atherectomy device, such as the Pathway Jetstream (Pathway Medical Technologies, Inc., Kirkland, WA), the Rotablator device (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA), and laser atherectomy devices, including the Spectranetics Excimer Laser (Spectranetics, Colorado Springs, CO). All of these devices will be reviewed. Multiple series, including our experience with atherectomy devices, will be discussed. Overall, atherectomy devices have an important emerging role for complex lesions, especially those extending into tibial vessels. Atherectomy devices have the distinct advantage of removing the obstructing atherosclerotic or intimal hyperplastic lesions without the disadvantage of a foreign body such as a stent in the artery. If reintervention is required after atherectomy, this can be generally accomplished at the same site with low risk of complications or discomfort to the patient. Finally, atherectomy also does not preclude use of bypass for the treatment of peripheral arterial disease nor, in most cases, change the anastomotic sites if surgical bypass is required, in contrast to stenting.
Polymers and copolymers of N‐1,1‐dihydroperfluoroalkyl acrylamides

A series of six new fluorinated acrylamide monomers has been studied. These included the N-1,1-dihydrotrifluoroethyl acrylamide, the N-1,1-dihydroheptafluorobutyl acrylamide and the N-methyl, -ethyl, -n-butyl and -isobutyl derivatives of the latter. Homopolymerization of the fluoroacrylamide monomers with benzoyl peroxide readily proceeded both in bulk and solution. Both liquid and crystalline fluorinated acrylamide monomers polymerized in emulsion with persulfate initiators. All homopolymers were thermoplastics which could be cast to yield clear transparent films. Specific evaluation was made of the electrical properties of polymeric N-n-butyl-N-1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylamide before and after exposure to gamma radiation. A time—conversion polymerization curve was determined for the N-ethyl-N-1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylamide. The rapid polymerization found for this monomer characterizes the behavior of all the fluorinated acrylamide monomers. Copolymerization proceeded with a number of comonomers which included alkyl acrylates, fluoroalkyl acrylates, vinyl ethers, and several dienes. Reactivity ratios were evaluated for the copolymerization of N-ethyl-N-1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylamide (N-EFBAm) with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Values determined were r1 = 0.89 (N-EFBAm) and r2 = 0.77 (MMA). The fractionations of two copolymers are discussed in relation to compositional and structural variations present in the copolymers. Indication that these copolymers were essentially linear was provided by a determination of the Huggins empirical slope constants.
A configurable membership service

A membership service is used to maintain information about which sites are functioning in a distributed system at any given time. Many such services have been defined, with each implementing a unique combination of properties that simplify the construction of higher levels of the system. Despite this wealth of possibilities, however, any given service typically realizes only one set of properties, which makes it difficult to tailor the service provided to the specific needs of the application. Here, a configurable membership service that addresses this problem is described. This service is based on decomposing membership into its constituent abstract properties and then implementing these properties as separate software modules called micro-protocols that can be configured together to produce a customized membership service. A prototype C++ implementation of the membership service for a simulated distributed environment is also described.
Giant Cystic Arteriovenous Malformation of the Mesentery and the Role of Cross-Sectional Imaging in Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A 29-year-old woman presented with profound iron-deficiency anemia. Cross-sectional imaging identified a mass in the ileal mesentery. Surgical resection was curative and revealed a giant cystic arteriovenous malformation. Our report highlights the role of cross-sectional imaging in the evaluation and management of iron-deficiency anemia and obscure gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Thermal conductivity decomposition and analysis using molecular dynamics simulations Part II. Complex silica structures

Using molecular dynamics simulations, the thermal conductivity of silica-based crystals is found to be a result of two independent thermal transport mechanisms associated with atomic structure. The first mechanism is temperature independent, produces a thermal conductivity on the order of 1 W/m K, and is related to short length scale behavior. It is governed by the silicon coordination, which is unique to a given structure. The second mechanism is temperature dependent and is related to long length scale behavior. At a temperature of 300 K, the associated thermal conductivity ranges from 9 W/m K for the c-direction of quartz to 0.4 W/m K for zeolite-A. This mechanism is controlled by the atomic bond lengths and angles. Complex unit cells, notably cage structures, can distort the SiO4 tetrahedra, leading to a shortening of the phonon mean free path and a spatial localization of energy. The results suggest that an alternative to the available minimum thermal conductivity model for amorphous materials is needed for the crystalline state.
Mostly about Statistics

Different statistical techniques are appropriate depending on whether the variables of interest are discrete or continuous. We will first consider the case of discrete variables and present the chi-square test and then we will discuss methods applicable to continuous variables.
Infant Cortical Development and the Prospective Control of Saccadic Eye Movements

Babies, like everyone else in this world, need to learn how to coordinate their actions with events that are not under their direct control. Response latency is an obstacle in this process, and the primary goal of sensorimotor development is to overcome it through the application of foresight (Piaget, 1937/1954). Visual exploration is where the infant first seriously confronts the problem of response latency. The infant moves his or her eye to inspect something in the periphery, only to find that when his or her eye has rotated to its final position, the object of interest may no longer be there. To solve this problem, he or she must learn to make good guesses about the future and be ready to act when, or even before, the future arrives. In other words, the baby will need to organize his or her behavior in a prospective manner. Rather than simply reacting to what happens to him or her, the baby needs to start thinking ahead. Eventually, the baby will be guided by plans, goals, anticipatory schemata, expectations, and memories of the future. By developing prospective sensorimotor control, not only will the baby become the master of his or her domain, he or she will be building a foundation INFANCY, 2(2), 197–211 Copyright © 2001, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Longer-term growth prediction using GAUSS

Abstract In several areas of biomedicine, one needs to predict future measurements for a growing individual on the basis of longitudinal data. Here we consider the problem of estimating the values of a given measurement for a particular individual at T-T ∗ points in time, given T ∗ observations on that individual, and all T values for a sample of N “similar” individuals. This extends our previous discussion [Schneiderman et al., Comput. Biol. Med. 22, 181–188 (1992)], which was limited to the case T ∗ = T − 1 , to longer-term predictions. We again make a user-friendly GAUSS program available to perform the associated computations. Examples illustrating the use of the program and the accuracy of the predictions it provides are included.
Molecular imaging of small animals with a triple-head SPECT system using pinhole collimation

Pinhole collimation yields high sensitivity when the distance from the object to the aperture is small, as in the case of imaging small animals. Fine-resolution images may be obtained when the magnification is large since this mitigates the effect of detector resolution. Large magnifications in pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be obtained by using a collimator whose focal length is many times the radius of rotation. This may be achieved without truncation if the gamma camera is large. We describe a commercially available clinical scanner mated with pinhole collimation and an external linear stage. The pinhole collimation gives high magnification. The linear stage allows for helical pinhole SPECT. We have used the system to image radiolabeled molecules in phantoms and small animals.
ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

The phenomenology of bipolar disorder in the pediatric population is different from that seen in adults. This can present a major obstacle in the accurate diagnosis of the illness and may also hinder the initiation of appropriate treatment. Historically, the mood stabilizers lithium, divalproex, and carbamazepine have been studied in the pediatric population with varying degrees of methodologic rigor. Recently, a body of literature has grown regarding the use of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. Atypical antipsychotics have shown promise in the treatment of young people who present with symptoms of mania, but long-term adverse effects such as weight gain and tardive dyskinesia might be a concern with these agents and may be particularly worrisome. Children and adolescents tend to be more susceptible to antipsychotic-related adverse effects than adults; therefore, the risk of adverse effects must be balanced against the potential benefits associated with these agents. (Adv Stud Med. 2004;4(10F):S974-S981)
The CMS-TOTEM Precision Proton Spectrometer: CT-PPS

The CMS-TOTEM Precison Proton Spectrometer, CT-PPS, is an approved project to add 3D silicon tracking and quartz Cherenkov timing detectors in Roman pots at z = ±204-215 m from the CMS collision point to study final states p+X + p. The central state X can be aW-pair from a photon-photon interaction, high ET jets from gluon collisions, etc., with M(X) obtained directly as well as from the two outgoing protons. The project is designed to operate at high luminosity, with up to about 50 interactions per 25 ns bunch crossing, and to be fully operational for physics in 2016.
What Is Histocompatibility Testing and How Is It Done

The purpose of immunogenetic testing in kidney transplantation is to minimize post-transplant acute rejection episodes and to decrease the intensity of chronic rejection. To the degree that the kidney donor is mismatched with the recipient there will be an increased number of targets for both the cellular and humoral immune responses. To the degree that the recipient has been sensitized against donor antigens, there will be greater risk for rejection episodes. This chapter is an exposition of what histocompatibility testing is and how it is done.
Abstract C28: An exploratory study of co-occurrence of breast cancer and diabetes in medically underserved Latinas

Purpose: Cancer and diabetes are two severe chronic illnesses that often co-occur. The presence of diabetes in cancer patients is associated with increased risk for poor health outcomes and decreased overall survival. Lack of access to care and under-diagnosis of diabetes makes this co-occurrence particularly troubling among the Latino population. This preliminary study explored the association of diabetes with functioning and physical health outcomes among underserved Latina breast cancer survivors (BCS). Methods: In total, 137 low income Latina BCS were recruited from the California Cancer Registry, hospital cancer registries, and community agencies. Latina BCS completed a self-report questionnaire that assessed demographic and cancer-related medial characteristics, the co-occurrence of diabetes, and functional and physical outcomes. Results: Among Latina BCS, 98 (72%) were non-diabetic and 39 (28 %) were diabetic. Latina BCS with diabetes were more likely to report less than a high school education, being uninsured, and unemployed (p Conclusions: This preliminary investigation sheds new light on emerging evidence documenting the negative associations of comorbid chronic conditions such as diabetes on patients9 outcomes. More attention to the co-occurrence of cancer and chronic disease is warranted for addressing cancer health disparities. Our descriptive analysis offers support for additional inquiry and attention to the co-occurrence of cancer and chronic disease as a target for action in improvements in quality, patient-centered care and in the reduction of persistent health disparities. Citation Format: Kimlin T. Ashing, Monica Rosales, Raynald Samoa, Lily Lai, Roberto Vargas, Courtney Vito, Arti Hurria, Mayra Serrano. An exploratory study of co-occurrence of breast cancer and diabetes in medically underserved Latinas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C28. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C28
Atrioventricular block during slow pathway ablation: entirely preventable?

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. Slow pathway (SP) modification has evolved as the first-line treatment,1,2 with acute success rates of 95% to 98%. A sensitive sign for success of the procedure is observation of accelerated junctional rhythm (JR) during ablation.3 The serious complication of AV block (AVB) can occur, and affects ≈1% to 2.3% of patients during or after catheter ablation procedures.2,4 Some studies have demonstrated that loss of VA conduction during radiofrequency application predicts impending AVB during ablation.5,6 From this illustrative series of cases assembled from 4 large tertiary care centers during a period of 3 years, we analyze some possible reasons for occurrence of AVB, and suggest methods to prevent this complication during SP modification procedures. Editor’s Perspective see p 745 A 58-year-old woman with a history of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was refractory to medical therapy and referred for ablation. The baseline AH and HV intervals were 80 and 50 ms, respectively. Atrial pacing at 600 ms demonstrated fast pathway conduction and jump to SP conduction with a single echo beat (Figure 1A, left). A narrow QRS tachycardia with the same retrograde conduction sequence was induced during isoproterenol infusion, by atrial programmed stimulation (Figure 1A, right), which was diagnosed as AVNRT with cycle length (CL) of 380 ms, AH of 280 ms, HV of 50 ms, and VA of 50ms. No further pacing maneuvers were performed during tachycardia and SP modification was performed guided by fluoroscopy with a power setting of 30 W, temperature 60°C and total duration of 35 s. During radiofrequency delivery, JR with 1:1 retrograde conduction was observed during radiofrequency application with a CL between 500 and 600 ms, and 4 beats of sinus rhythm with …
Simultaneous quantification of 3 H-collagen loss and 1 H-collagen replacement during healing of rat tendon grafts.

Tail or Achilles tendons were taken from rats that were repeatedly prelabeled with 3H-proline so as to be in an isotopic steady state. Fresh and frozen isografts and allografts, plus frozen xenografts were implanted as functional Achilles grafts into rats and guinea pigs. At one month of implantation isografts showed a one to one replacement of resorbed old collagen with non-radioactive new collagen without a change in total collagen mass. Allografts had almost complete replacement with a small loss of collagen mass. After three months of implantation, isografts showed continued maintenance of collagen mass while allografts showed a continued decrease in replacement and total mass. The major effect of the immune response on collagen turnover in tendon allografts was to partially inhibit the production of new collagen with a resultant atrophy in collagen mass. Scar formation in tendon isografts or allografts was minimum although 50 to 64 per cent of the grafted tendon collagen turned over in three months time. The xenograft showed an almost complete loss of pre-existing collagen of tendon within a period of one month. The loss of morphological integrity of tendon occurred only in the xenograft. In tendon xenografts there was a marked increase in collagen destruction with almost complete inhibition of collagen synthesis. The grafting of a known amount of radioactive tendon to non-radioactive animals and its precise removal has permitted the simultaneous quantification of mature collagen destruction, new collagen replacement and change in collagen mass. Any loss in collagen mass as a result of grafting was due chiefly to insufficient or no replacement of the destroyed collagen with new collagen.
Substitution in Use and the Role of Usage Context in Product Category Structures

The relationship between the substitution in use approach to product-market structure and cognitive accounts of product category structures is investigated in terms of the role of product usage con...