cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Mechanisms of Action of Exercise in Psychiatric Disorders and Future Directions for Research

Abstract As discussed in previous chapters, evidence supporting the use of exercise in the treatment of psychiatric disorders continues to grow. This chapter summarizes some of the work done to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying the positive psychological effects of exercise, focusing on five neurobiological mechanisms: serotonin, dopamine, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, endocannabinoids, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the potential clinical implications of identifying the mechanisms by which exercise improves mental health. In understanding these mechanisms, it is hoped that clinicians will be able to identify patients most likely to benefit from exercise treatment while providing an alternative treatment for those unlikely to benefit. As evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on psychological disorders has accumulated, additional research has aimed to identify the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. Just as the mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders are wide-ranging (Nestler et al., 2002), the potential mechanisms by which exercise influences neurobiology are equally diverse. In a seminal review, Dishman et al. (2006) described the extensive neurobiological effects of exercise, highlighting neurotrophic mechanisms, attenuation of the negative effects of stress, and brain metabolism. This chapter will provide an overview of some of the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on mental health and discuss how these mechanisms can ultimately inform clinical decision-making to improve treatment outcomes in psychiatric disorders.
Not so gameful: A critical review of gamification in mobile energy applications

Abstract In order to help mitigate climate change and reduce the health-related consequences of air pollution, consumers need to be empowered to make better and more effective decisions regarding energy use. Utilities, government, and commercial entities offer numerous programs and consumer products to help individuals set or reach goals related to energy use. Many of these interventions and products have related apps that use gamification in some capacity in order to improve the user experience, offer motivation, and encourage behavior change. We identified 57 apps from nearly 2400 screened apps that both target direct energy use and employ at least one element of gamification. We evaluated these apps with specific focus on gamification components, game elements, and behavioral constructs. Our analysis shows that the average energy related app heavily underutilizes search engine optimization, gamification components, and game design elements, as well as the behavioral constructs known to impact energy-related decision-making and behavior. Our findings offer several insights for the design of more effective energy apps.
Non-invasive early detection of acute transplant rejection via nanosensors of granzyme B activity.

The early detection of the onset of transplant rejection is critical for the long-term survival of patients. The diagnostic gold standard for detecting transplant rejection involves a core biopsy, which is invasive, has limited predictive power and carries a morbidity risk. Here, we show that nanoparticles conjugated with a peptide substrate specific for the serine protease granzyme B, which is produced by recipient T cells during the onset of acute cellular rejection, can serve as a non-invasive biomarker of early rejection. When administered systemically in mouse models of skin graft rejection, these nanosensors preferentially accumulate in allograft tissue, where they are cleaved by granzyme B, releasing a fluorescent reporter that filters into the recipient’s urine. Urinalysis then discriminates the onset of rejection with high sensitivity and specificity before features of rejection are apparent in grafted tissues. Moreover, in mice treated with subtherapeutic levels of immunosuppressive drugs, the reporter signals in urine can be detected before graft failure. This method may enable routine monitoring of allograft status without the need for biopsies. Nanosensors of the activity of the protease granzyme B, which release a cleaved fluorescence reporter that filters into urine, enable the early diagnosis of acute transplant rejection in mice.
The incidence of microscopic adnexal metastatic disease in women with presumed early stage endometrial cancer.

e17128Background: The standard surgical staging for endometrial cancer has been established as a total laparoscopic hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy and lymphadenectomies. However, ovar...
Nondaily Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in a Large Online Survey of Primarily Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.

Background Event-driven dosing of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using a 2-1-1 regimen is efficacious for men who have sex with men (MSM). However, data are limited on the prevalence, correlates, and patterns of nondaily PrEP use in the United States. Setting Nationwide online survey. Methods We distributed a survey to assess experiences with PrEP, including nondaily use, in May 2019 on geosocial networking sites commonly used by MSM. Results Among 9697 respondents, the mean age was 43 years, 67% were non-Hispanic white, and 90% were MSM. Nearly all (91.0%) had heard of PrEP, 40.1% ever used PrEP, and 33.3% used PrEP in the past 6 months. Most (60.6%) were interested in nondaily PrEP. Those without health insurance and those with higher incomes were more likely to be interested in nondaily PrEP. Of the 3232 who used PrEP in the past 6 months, 176 (5.4%) reported nondaily use. Fewer sexual partners, frequent sex planning, and substance use were associated with nondaily use. Common reasons for nondaily use were inconsistent sexual activity (59%) and cost (49%). The most prevalent regimen was event driven (48.3%); of those, 64.7% used 2-1-1. Of nondaily users, 24.0% used PrEP on a regular schedule but not every day, including only on weekends or days starting with T or S. Conclusions Given substantial interest in nondaily PrEP, and use of nondaily strategies that have not been evaluated in clinical studies, there is a need for US public health authorities to provide guidance on safe and effective nondaily dosing for MSM.
Characterization of multiple wear mechanisms through entropy

Abstract In general, degradation of a tribo-pair involves multiple degradation processes. Yet existing wear models assume that only a single wear mechanism is present and thus fail to properly characterize the wear behavior. The present work applies the degradation entropy generation (DEG) theorem to arrive at a viable procedure for assessing wear involving multiple mechanisms. This theorem correlates the degradation forces and the entropy generation through a so-called degradation coefficient. To validate the hypothesis, laboratory experiments are performed on steel-brass tribo-pairs that experience transition from initially adhesive wear to the abrasive regime. Using the principles of thermodynamics, a simplified procedure is proposed that takes the existence of different regimes into account. The validation of the proposed method is also demonstrated using independent test results published in the literature.
Know the unknowns: addressing disturbances and uncertainties in autonomous systems

Future autonomous systems will employ complex sensing, computation, and communication components for their perception, planning, control, and coordination, and could operate in highly dynamic and uncertain environment with safety and security assurance. To realize this vision, we have to better understand and address the challenges from the "unknowns" - the unexpected disturbances from component faults, environmental interference, and malicious attacks, as well as the inherent uncertainties in system inputs, model inaccuracies, and machine learning techniques (particularly those based on neural networks). In this work, we will discuss these challenges, propose our approaches in addressing them, and present some of the initial results. In particular, we will introduce a cross-layer framework for modeling and mitigating execution uncertainties (e.g., timing violations, soft errors) with weakly-hard paradigm, quantitative and formal methods for ensuring safe and time-predictable application of neural networks in both perception and decision making, and safety-assured adaptation strategies in dynamic environment.
Drusen segmentation with sparse volumetric SD-OCT sampling

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease characterized by the build-up of drusen, small deposits of extracellular materials in the macula. Early detection of drusen is key to understanding the progression of AMD. Therefore, accurate and robust segmentation of drusen during AMD progression is important for automated detection, classification, diagnosis, and prognosis tasks. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a popular macular imaging modality used for these tasks. However, because of the trade-off between resolution and speed, often clinical OCT scans will contain far fewer images per volume than the 100-200 images the drusen segmentation literature generally utilizes. To address this disparity, we develop a novel drusen segmentation algorithm for SD-OCT volumes with low volumetric resolution. We achieve comparable results to similar work, while using on average 16% of the volumetric information. We evaluate our segmentation approach on manually segmented images by two graders, and achieve median Dice coefficient scores of 0.75 and 0.66, respectively, which are close to our median inter-reader variability score of 0.75.
Who Holds the UN Responsible for its Human Rights Breaches? An Open Inquiry in the Haitian Case

The United Nations (“UN”) has been the strongest supporter of Human Rights since its invention. The term “human rights” appeared seven times in the UN’s founding Charter. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) reaffirmed that human rights obligations have become an inseparable part of international law. Since that time, the UN has “diligently” worked on promoting and protecting human rights through legal instruments and on ground activities. However, the UN engages in human rights breaches when it conducts on-ground activities through peacekeeping missions. The question in this paper is: who holds the UN accountable for its human rights breaches? This short paper aims to emphasize the importance of the question and provide a preliminary discussion of the factual matrix necessary to answer the question.
Insulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions.

The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic insulin-sensitive t...
Periprosthetic joint infection after primary TKA in the medicare population: How frequently are patients revised at a different hospital?

Abstract Background Periprosthetic infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) places a significant burden on hospitals. We sought to describe the proportion of patients undergoing revision for PJI at a different hospital within one year of primary TKA and whether patient characteristics or hospital volume were associated with this change. Methods Medicare data from 2005 to 2014 was retrospectively reviewed using PearlDiver. All patients over 64 years undergoing revision for PJI within one year of primary TKA were stratified by the revision occurring within 90 days. Hospitals were grouped by annual TKA volume as Low ( 200). Associations of patient characteristics and hospital volume with revision at a different hospital were assessed using Chi-squared tests and Somers' D. Results Of 8,337 patients undergoing revision within 90 days of TKA, 1,370 (16%) were revised at a different hospital. Changing hospitals was associated with having primary TKA at a lower volume hospital (24% for low, 15% medium, 12% high, and 12% very high; P Conclusion Patients frequently undergo revision for PJI at a different hospital, even within 90 days of TKA. Further research is needed to understand these implications of this care pathway shift.
A Pedagogical Approach to Usability in Serious Games

Why do people learn after playing a serious game versus a game for entertainment? Serious games impart knowledge because there is a pedagogy driving the learning process. Serious games must successfully employ pedagogical methods and theories to increase the likelihood that knowledge is. The process of learning is hindered when an unusable interface demands cognitive resources that should be allocated to learning. Despite the creation of a usable system, if the player’s interaction with the model is hindered, can real transfer of knowledge occur? Within the context of serious games that make use of model-based training, we suggest that a measure of pedagogical usability is warranted. The authors provide a conceptual basis for measuring pedagogical usability, specifically targeting serious games that employ modeling as the mechanism of action.
Ulcerative colitis arising during corticosteroid therapy: report of a case.

Summary A case of acute fulminating ulcerative colitis necessitating total colectomy, in association with pemphigus, is presented. The interesting feature of the case is the clinical development of the disease shortly after the start of large doses of adrenal steroids for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. Possible explanations for this sequence of events have been discussed.
Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992-2008 and Beyond, Part 2.3: Some Commonalities in Approaches to Writing Ancient Israel's History

This series of articles covers scholarly works in English which can, at least potentially, be associated with a generally positive view of biblical historicity regarding periods preceding the Israelites' return from exile. Part 2 covers works that treat the methodological issues at the center of the maximalist–minimalist debate. Parts 2.1 and 2.2 selectively survey the works of 24 non-minimalist scholars during two decades. In the absence of consensus, this article analyzes the works in Parts 2.1 and 2.2, tracing elements of approach that are held in common, at least among pluralities of non-minimalists (possible majorities are not noted). The first commonality of approach is that history is provisional, not final. The second is that history should become fully multidisciplinary. The third commonality is that historians should receive all historical evidence on an equal footing before examination and cross-examination. The fourth and last is that historians should become increasingly sensitive to cultural...
CAP37, a Novel Inflammatory Mediator : Its Expression in Endothelial Cells and Localization to Atherosclerotic Lesions

Cationic antimicrobial protein of 37 kd (CAP37), originally isolated from human neutrophils, is an important multifunctional inflammatory mediator. Here we describe its localization within the vascular endothelium associated with atherosclerotic plaques. Evidence from in vitro immunocytochemical, Northern blot, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that CAP37 is induced in endothelial cells in response to inflammatory mediators. Endothelial-derived CAP37 shows sequence identity with an extensive region of neutrophil-derived CAP37. This is the first demonstration of endogenous endothelial CAP37, confirmed by sequence analysis. We suggest that, because of its induction and location in the endothelium and its known monocyte- and endothelial-activating capabilities, CAP37 has potential to modulate monocyte/endothelial dynamics at the vessel wall in inflammation.
DEFORMATION MECHANISMS COUPLED WITH PHASE FIELD AND CRYSTAL PLASTICITY MODELING IN A HIGH TEMPERATURE POLYCRYSTALLINE NI-BASED SUPERALLOY

Physics-based modeling of disk superalloys is inherently complex due to the strong influence of microstructure on properties, as well as the multitude of deformation mechanisms operative at elevated temperatures. The present contribution will focus on the effects of monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, and the underlying deformation mechanisms will be discussed. Detailed substructure analysis of deformed specimens was conducted with scanning transmission electron microscopy diffraction-contrast methods. These characterization efforts have led to a series of phase field simulations in which the interaction of various deformation modes with experimentally measured precipitate configurations can be explored and critical parameters quantified. Additionally, these results have been incorporated into a novel, dislocation-densitybased crystal plasticity model that has been calibrated based on a single crystal response, and enables the computationally efficient modeling of polycrystalline behavior.
aspps - An Implementation of Answer-Set Programming with Propositional Schemata

We present an implementation of an answer-set programming paradigm, called aspps (short for answer-set programming with propositional schemata). The system aspps is designed to process PS+- theories. It consists of two basic modules. The first module, psgrnd, grounds an PS+-theory. The second module, referred to as aspps, is a solver. It computes models of ground PS+-theories.
Giant Clouds and Star-Forming Regions as Spiral-Arm Tracers

A variety of observations suggest that clouds of 106–107 M⊙ and extended regions of star formation are the best tracers of spiral structure in the Milky Way.
Solving Influence Diagrams: Exact Algorithms

Influence diagrams were developed as a graphical representation for formulating a decision analysis model, facilitating communication between the decision maker and the analyst. We show several approaches for evaluating influence diagrams, determining the optimal strategy for the decision maker and the value or certain equivalent of the decision situation when that optimal strategy is applied. They can be converted into decision trees, evaluated directly as influence diagrams, or converted into another graphical model, a rooted cluster tree, for analysis. Keywords: influence diagrams; cluster trees; junction trees; exact algorithms; decision analysis
Common test-platform family for module, board, and sub-assembly level test

As defense industry procurement budgets continue to decrease and contractor consolidation increases, the demand for cost effective and timely product testing and efficient test facility utilization increases. To reduce the product test cost and cycle-time and test-facility space requirements, the Raytheon Missile Systems Test-Systems-Design-Center (TSDC) developed and implemented the Standard Test Equipment Platform (STEP) family. The STEP family consists of the Analog STEP (ANSTEP), Analog/Digital STEP (ADSTEP), Radio Frequency (RF) STEP (RFSTEP), and Infra-red (IR) STEP (IRSTEP). The family is capable of testing electronic modules, boards, and sub-assemblies in the analog and low-level digital; digital simulation generation; intermediate frequency, RF, and microwave; and IR regimes. This paper presents: 1. The STEP approach to reducing product-test cost, cycle-time, and facility requirements, 2. The history and development of the STEP family, 3. A technical overview of each member of the STEP family, and 4. The implementation of the STEP family as if relates to reducing product-test, cost cycle-time, and facility requirements while meeting difficult test requirements; influencing standardized test requirements; providing extensive test-level capability; providing a wide stimulus, switching, and measurement capability; establishing an easily integrated common technical data package; and ensuring a clear expansion/evolution path.
Improving the stability of power factor correcting converters using a positive current feedforward compensator

A positive current feedforward compensator for a PFC converter is proposed and demonstrated. This compensator is applied to a converter with a boost topology operating in continuous conduction mode with average current control. The compensator adjusts the current reference in order to counteract the effects of the time-varying source impedance. Experimental measurements verify that the compensator improves the stability of a converter that is connected to a source with a time-varying impedance.
Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The exact etiology remains ...
Synthesis of equivalent circuits for inductive strips in homogeneous finline: W/b = 1

This article describes a procedure for synthesizing equivalent circuits for inductive strips in homogeneous finline with W/b = 1. Values of strip scattering coefficients predicted by the circuit model are shown to be in excellent agreement with the scattering coefficients predicted by a spectral domain electromagnetic model.
Pediatric Pathology: Diagnosis at the Intersection of Genetics, Embryology, and Histology.

Largely thanks to the genetic revolution, pediatric surgical pathology has been a rapidly evolving field in recent years. As a discipline, pediatric pathology can probably boast requiring the most arcane knowledge about the widest variety of lesions, necessitating a detailed knowledge of genetics and embryology as well as human anatomy and histology. These sciences intersect at the bench of the individual performing surgical pathology on childhood tissues. We have witnessed a gratifying growth in our knowledge of diverse lesions that create pediatric disease, many of which have been previously considered “idiopathic,” “syndromic,” or simply unexplained. However, with this growth has come a need for increasing knowledge of pediatric diseases for diagnosticians who interact with an increasingly savvy group of pediatric subspecialists. Sadly, a concurrent trend has been increasing shortages in manpower to meet these needs. Relatively few new residents decide on a career in pediatric pathology, as rotations typically come late in their training, after fellowship decisions have already been made, and most prefer more lucrative careers in general pathology or larger subspecialties. Our group is getting older and grayer, and the gap promises to widen in the coming years. As a result, more and more general pathologists will be asked to take up
Reduction of ryanodine binding and cytosolic Ca2+ levels in liver by the immunosuppressant FK506

Abstract The mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant FK506 in the liver was studied. The hypothesis was tested that FK506 exerts its effect in the liver by interacting with the ryanodine-binding Ca2+ release channel. Two types of experiments were carried out: (1) [3H]-ryanodine binding studies with isolated microsomal fractions, and (2) cytosolic-free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) measurements with the intracellular Ca2+-indicator fura-2. The inclusion of FK506 in the incubation medium significantly decreased the binding of [3H]-ryanodine to liver microsomes. The Bmax of binding in control experiments was 405 fmol/mg protein; the presence of FK506 decreased the Bmax to 157 fmol/mg protein. Measurements of [Ca2+]i in the presence and absence of FK506 showed a decrease in [Ca2+]i in the presence of FK506. The data support the notion that FK506 interacts with the ryanodine binding Ca2+ channel in the liver and suggest a critical role for the ryanodine-binding Ca2+ channel in the hepatic responses to FK506. The interaction between FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) and the ryanodine-binding Ca2+ channel may be an essential link in the chain of events by which FK506 alters Ca2+-dependent cellular processes.
Generalized Self-Efficacy, Coping, and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Psychological Adjustment Among Children With Disabilities or Chronic Illnesses

This study tested the hypothesis that more use of acceptance coping and less use of avoidance, emotional reaction, and wishful thinking coping would predict higher generalized self-efficacy (GSE) and self-esteem, and that higher GSE and self-esteem would, in turn, predict better psychological adjustment, operationalized as lower anxiety and higher life satisfaction. The alternative hypothesis that GSE and self-esteem would serve as psychological resources that predict coping, and that coping would, in turn, directly predict psychological adjustment, also was tested. Children (n = 42) enrolled at a camp for children with disabilities were administered instruments that assessed coping styles, GSE, self-esteem, anxiety, and life satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression and bootstrapping tested the mediational hypotheses. Emotion-oriented coping and self-esteem predicted life satisfaction; distance coping, self-efficacy, and self-esteem predicted anxiety; and self-esteem mediated the relation between se...
The influence of religiosity on positive and negative outcomes associated with stress among college students

This study presents the impact of religious coping on promoting positive outcomes and minimizing negative outcomes associated with stress among college students. Analyses are based on 742 college students at a large, church-sponsored school in the Western United States who completed a cross-sectional survey. Religiosity had a beneficial influence on both positive and negative outcomes associated with stress among college students. Among the negative outcomes associated with stress, religiosity had the greatest influence on lowering feelings of anger when things happen outside of one's control or minimizing upset feelings because of an unexpected event. Among the positive outcomes associated with stress, religiosity had the greatest effect on promoting feelings of confidence in one's ability to handle personal problems. Thus, higher levels of religiosity have the potential to prevent negative outcomes but promote positive outcomes associated with stress.
Molecular Modeling and Simulations of DNA at Graphene-Water Interfaces towards Developing Biosensors and Drug Delivery Vehicles

The biocompatibility of Graphene oxide (GO) surfaces and their preferential affinity to single stranded DNA (ssDNA) over double stranded DNA (dsDNA) make GO-ssDNA complexes an attractive target for drug delivery applications. GO-ssDNA complexes also hold promise as biosensors: fluorescence can be achieved by desorption of fluorescently tagged ssDNA from GO surfaces by their complementary strands or DNA-binding proteins in solution. To tune nucleic acid sequences for targeting specific molecules, and to achieve high sensing abilities, it is important to quantify the interaction of individual nucleobases (A, T, G & C) and small oligonucleotides with GO or graphene surfaces, and understand the molecular mechanisms involved. Although experimental studies in the past (ITC, AFM) have focused on graphene-nucleobase interaction in water, and a few theoretical studies have focused on the same interaction in vacuum, a quantitative understanding of graphene-nucleic acid interaction still remains elusive. To this end, we performed molecular dynamics simulations, guided by dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) and ITC experiments, to accurately quantify and understand the molecular mechanism of nucleobases and nucleosides binding to graphene surfaces in water. As part of this work, we modified the AMBER-99 all-atom molecular dynamics force-field parameters to accurately capture the van der Waals interaction between the atoms of the nucleobases and graphene. We rescaled the size of the graphene carbon and nucleobase atoms to match the graphene-nucleobase interaction energy profile in vacuum obtained using DFT calculations, and further rescaled the interaction energies to reproduce the binding free-energies in water obtained through ITC experiments. Our results provide a quantitative understanding of nucleobase-graphene interactions, and also build a platform to understand ssDNA binding to graphene surfaces, duplex formation at the graphene-water interface and their subsequent release to the bulk.
Increased susceptibility to oxidation of vitamin E in mitochondrial fractions compared with synaptosomal fractions from rat brains

The in vitro oxidation of vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) in rat brain synaptosomes and mitochondria by 2,2'-azo-bis-(2'-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAPH), a free radical generator, was studied. Subcellular fractions (300 micrograms total protein) were suspended in different buffers at pH 7.4 and incubated at 37 degrees C. In the presence of 0.5 mM ABAPH the mitochondrial alpha tocopherol began to get oxidized after a lag time or induction time of 15 min compared with a lag time of 30 min for the synaptosomal fraction. Thus the reserve of reducing compounds that are responsible for delaying tocopherol oxidation is less in mitochondria than in synaptosomes. More tocopherolquinone was produced during incubations without ABAPH compared with incubations in the presence of ABAPH suggesting that the mechanism of oxidation of tocopherol differs under these two conditions. When mitochondria were incubated in buffer without oxidants the production of tocopherolquinone preceded that of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an indicator of peroxidation of fatty acids. Therefore, alpha tocopherol is active as an anti-oxidant in mitochondrial membranes and the production of alpha tocopherolquinone could be a monitor of mild membrane oxidation under in vitro conditions. The ease of oxidation of mitochondrial tocopherol suggests a general vulnerability of the mitochondrial membranes to oxidation. Adding vitamin E or its water soluble analogs during in vitro experiments may improve the stability and viability of mitochondria. Furthermore, antioxidant protection by vitamin E may be crucial for the maintenance of tissues, such as brain, whose function is critically dependent upon the availability of high energy phosphates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of a putative substrate recognition site in human cytochrome P450 3A4. Role of residues 210 and 211 in flavonoid activation and substrate specificity

Alanine-scanning mutagenesis was performed on amino acid residues 210-216 of cytochrome P450 3A4, the major drug-metabolizing enzyme of human liver. Mutagenesis of this region, which has been proposed to align with the C-terminal ends of F-helices from cytochromes P450BM-3, P450terp, and P450cam, served as a test of the applicability of the substrate recognition site model of Gotoh (Gotoh, O. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 83-90) to P450 3A4. The results, using two steroid substrates, indicated that substitution of Ala for Leu210 altered the responsiveness to the effector alpha-naphthoflavone and the regioselectivity of testosterone hydroxylation. Replacement of Leu211 by Ala also decreased the stimulation by alpha-naphthoflavone, whereas mutations at residues 212-216 had little effect. The diminished flavonoid responses of the 210 and 211 mutants were observed over a wide range of progesterone and alpha-naphthoflavone concentrations. Further characterization was performed with the additional effectors beta-naphthoflavone, flavone, and 4-chromanone. The finding that P450 3A4 with one altered residue, Leu210 --> Ala, can have both an altered testosterone hydroxylation profile and response to flavonoid stimulation provides evidence that the substrate binding and effector sites are at least partially overlapping.
Relationship between antidepressant medication possession and treatment response

Abstract Objective To estimate the correlation between antidepressant medication possession ratios (MPR) measured from administrative pharmacy data and changes in self-reported depression symptoms. Methods The sample includes 360 primary care patients enrolled in a randomized trial of collaborative care in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Treatment response at 6 months was defined as a 50% improvement in symptoms as measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-20). MPRs were calculated from administrative pharmacy data. Logistic regression analysis (controlling for intervention status and casemix) was used to test the hypothesis that MPR was significantly associated with treatment response. Results Seventy percent of the patients filled an antidepressant prescription and the average MPR was 0.46. A fifth (19.2%) of the patients responded to treatment. Having an MPR≥0.9 was significantly correlated with treatment response (OR=2.43, CI 95 =1.29–4.57, P =.006). Conclusions If the predictive validity of antidepressant MPR measured from administrative pharmacy data is validated in other patient populations, it could be used to estimate treatment response rates whenever it is not feasible to collect symptom data directly from patients. Thus, the effectiveness of quality improvement programs designed to increase rates of antidepressant initiation and adherence could potentially be evaluated routinely at the population or system level.
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Meta-Analytic Findings

Numerous clinical trials have supported the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Accordingly, CBT has been formally recognized as an empirically supported treatment for anxiety-related conditions. This article reviews the evidence supporting the efficacy of CBT for anxiety disorders. Specifically, contemporary meta-analytic studies on the treatment of anxiety disorders are reviewed and the efficacy of CBT is examined. Although the specific components of CBT differ depending on the study design and the anxiety disorder treated, meta-analyses suggest that CBT procedures (particularly exposure-based approaches) are highly efficacious. CBT generally outperforms wait-list and placebo controls. Thus, CBT provides incremental efficacy above and beyond nonspecific factors. For some anxiety disorders, CBT also tends to outperform other psychosocial treatment modalities. The implications of available meta-analytic findings in further delineating the efficacy and dissemination of CBT for anxiety disorders are discussed.
A new classification scheme for treating blunt aortic injury.

Background There are numerous questions about the treatment of blunt aortic injury (BAI), including the management of small intimal tears, what injury characteristics are predictive of death from rupture, and which patients actually need intervention. We used our experience in treating BAI during the past decade to create a classification scheme based on radiographic and clinical data and to provide clear treatment guidelines. Methods The records of patients admitted with BAI from 1999 to 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a radiographically or operatively confirmed diagnosis (echocardiogram, computed tomography, or angiography) of BAI were included. We created a classification system based on the presence or absence of an aortic external contour abnormality, defined as an alteration in the symmetric, round shape of the aorta: (1) intimal tear (IT)—absence of aortic external contour abnormality and intimal defect and/or thrombus of Results We identified 140 patients with BAI. Most injuries were pseudoaneurysm (71%) at the isthmus (70%), 16.4% had an IT, 5.7% had a LIF, and 6.4% had a rupture. Survival rates by classification were IT, 87%; LIF, 100%; pseudoaneurysm, 76%; and rupture, 11% (one patient). Of the ITs, LIFs, and pseudoaneurysms treated nonoperatively, none worsened, and 65% completely healed. No patient with an IT or LIF died. Most patients with ruptures lost vital signs before presentation or in the emergency department and did not survive. Hypotension before or at hospital presentation and size of the periaortic hematoma at the level of the aortic arch predicted likelihood of death from BAI. Conclusions As a result of this new classification scheme, no patient without an external aortic contour abnormality died of their BAI. ITs can be managed nonoperatively. BAI patients with rupture will die, and resources could be prioritized elsewhere. Those with LIFs do well, and currently, most at our institution are treated with a stent graft. If a pseudoaneurysm is going to rupture, it does so early. Hematoma at the arch on computed tomography scan and hypotension before or at arrival help to predict which pseudoaneurysms need urgent repair.
Policy implications of alternative levels of soil detail for economic analysis of agricultural production potential in the Dominican Republic

Resource economists involved in regional analysis of supply and demand relationships are concerned with the cost, reliability, and relevance of alternative levels of data detail. While analyses based on much data detail and model complexity may avoid many of the model specification and data measurement errors found in less detailed, aggregate approaches, they are relatively costly and time-consuming. Unfortunately, error is also incurred when detailed data are aggregated for analytical purposes. In this case study, a linear programming model designed to analyze an area's agricultural production potential is constructed and run at three different levels of soils detail. Policy implications of model solutions at each level of detail and trade-offs between error levels, study costs, and needs of planning officials are discussed. It is concluded that the proper level of detail ultimately depends upon the shape of the users' demand function for information.
Role of leukotriene B4 in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat.

A common feature to most models of ischemia-reperfusion injury is the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the post-ischemic tissue during the reperfusion period. Interventions that lead to decreased PMN infiltration protect against tissue injury and therefore a knowledge of the chemotactic mediators leading to PMN accumulation is essential to understanding the pathogenesis of the injury and to the development of successful therapeutic strategies. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a metabolite formed via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid, is one of the most potent chemotactic mediators known. We have investigated the formation of LTB4 in a well characterized model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat and made use of a specific leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor, L663,536, to determine the importance of LTB4 in the pathogenesis of the injury. LTB4 concentrations were measured with a specific and sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method previously developed in our laboratory. In liver tissue LTB4 levels were below the detection limit of 20 pg/g before 45 min ischemia and did not increase during the first 6 h of reperfusion. However, at 15 h and 24 h reperfusion LTB4 concentrations had increased to levels 50-fold those in control liver (867 ± 267 pg/g). The increase of plasma alanine amminotransferase (ALT) activities indicated two phases of injury, an initial phase during the first few hours of reperfusion, and a second more severe injury phase between 6 h and 24 h reperfusion. PMNs accumulated in tissue throughout the reflow period reaching 700 ± 49 per 50 high power fields (HPF) at 24 h. Treatment with L663,536 inhibited LTB4 formation by 90% in 24 h post-ischemic liver but had no effect on liver injury, as indicated by plasma ALT activities and liver necrosis. Inhibition of LTB4 biosynthesis also had no effect on PMN accumulation in the liver (782 ± 28 per 50 HPF). These results support the conclusion that LTB4 is not a chemotactic mediator in this rat model and appears to play no relevant role in the pathogenesis of the injury.
Totality and representation: a history of knowledge management through European documentation, critical, modernity, and Post-Fordism

This article presents European documentalist, critical modernist, and Autonomous Marxist influenced post-Fordist views regarding the management of knowledge in mid- and late twentieth century Western modernity and postmodernity, and the complex theoretical and ideological debates, especially concerning issues of language and community. The introduction and use for corporate, governmental, and social purposes of powerful information and communication technologies created conceptual and political tensions and theoretical debates. In this article, knowledge management, including the specific recent approach known as “Knowledge Management,” is discussed as a social, cultural, political, and organizational issue, including the problematic feasibility of capturing and representing knowledge that is “tacit,” “invisible,” and is imperfectly representable. “Social capital” and “affective labor” are discussed as elements of “tacit” knowledge. Views of writers in the European documentalist, critical modernist, and Italian Autonomous Marxist influenced post-Fordist traditions, such as Otlet, Briet, Heidegger, Benjamin, Marazzi, and Negri, are discussed.1
Temporal clause comprehension in fluent and nonfluent aphasics.

Ten fluent and ten nonfluent aphasics participated in this study. Their ability to comprehend before and after clauses which mirrored the order of occurrence and those which did not mirror the order of events was investigated. Results indicate that type of aphasia was not a significant variable related to comprehension but that sentence type was a significant variable. Aphasics' comprehendbefore clauses better thanafter clauses. Nonfluent aphasics were able to comprehend those temporal clauses that mirror the order of occurrence better than those that do not. Order of mention was not a significant factor related to comprehension in the fluent group.
Evaluation of procedures for sampling Heliothis zea and Keiferia lycopersicella on tomatoes.

Techniques for sampling 2 pests of tomatoes, Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Keiferia lycopsicella (Walsingham) were tested for accuracy and efficiency. Samples of leaves from the upper half of the plant were most effective for sampling H. zea eggs and larvae. A nondestructive cluster sampling technique was developed for detecting fruit damage by H. zea . This cluster method compared favorably with destructive sampling (picking) of individual fruit. Relationships between detection levels and surface area of fruit sampled were established for use in current treatment thresholds and for further studies of H. zea . The lower leaf and large fruit sampling methods were best for detecting presence of and damage, respectively, by K. lycopersicella larvae.
Minimally invasive Heller's myotomy in children: safe and effective.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to review a single institution experience of minimally invasive Heller's myotomy in pediatric patients with achalasia. Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective review from 1999 to 2005 identified patients 18 years old and younger who underwent a minimally invasive Heller's myotomy for achalasia. Results Twenty-six patients were identified with a mean age of 15 (range, 4-18 years). There were 11 female and 15 male patients. There were 3 intraoperative complications (2 esophageal mucosal injuries and 1 aspiration). There was no mortality. All 26 surgeries were completed laparoscopically. Two patients had Dor fundoplication, whereas 23 patients had Toupet fundoplication. Average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days (range, 1-4 days) excluding the 3 patients with intraoperative complications and 3.5 days for all patients (range, 1-17 days). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 0 to 75 months (mean, 20 months). Postoperatively, one patient developed reflux symptoms (incidence 4%). Seven patients (27%) had recurrence of symptoms at a mean of 13 months (range, 1-66 months) after their operation. Conclusions Laparoscopic Heller's myotomy with fundoplication is a safe and effective treatment of symptomatic achalasia in the pediatric population. Complications were low in this group of patients and comparable to other published reports in the literature.
Inhibition of Pyridine Nucleotide Transhydro-genase by Dicumarol

WE have recently described the hormonal sensitivity of a transhydrogenase reaction in mitochondria (reaction I)1. Reaction I is stimulated by diethylstilbœstrol and œstradiol and thus differs from the transhydrogenase of Kaplan2. This may reflect a difference in the method of preparation which preserves its hormonal sensitivity3. In further studies of this reaction, the reverse direction (reaction II) has been examined. In this report, the inhibitory effect of dicumarol on reactions I and II will be described.
A novel laser-assisted truing and dressing technique for vitrified CBN wheels

The preparation of vitrified CBN or diamond wheels by truing and dressing has a large influence on the grinding performance. A worn diamond dresser cannot produce sufficient protrusion of cutting grain edges. To reduce the wear of diamond dressers and hence guarantee a desired wheel surface, a novel truing and dressing method, namely, laser-assisted truing and dressing, is proposed and tested to achieve good dressing quality and efficiency. A systematical experimental feasibility study on this newly proposed laser-assisted truing and dressing technique is conducted by investigating truing efficiency, truing accuracy, dresser wear, dressed wheel profiles, and specific forces in comparison with those of the conventional single diamond methods. Experimental results show that the new laser-assisted truing and dressing technique offers a number of advantages over the conventional single-tip diamond dressing and truing method. In addition, the underlying mechanism of the laser truing and dressing process is investigated through the careful analysis of the properties of chips and the microscopic structural characteristics of wheels.
Post‐transfusion purpura: response to steroids and association with red blood cell and lymphocytotoxic antibodies

An unusual patient with post-transfusion purpura is described who had a rapidly rising platelet count with high dose steroid treatment in the presence of an increasing anti-PlA1 antibody titre. A platelet autoantibody could not be detected by a radioactive platelet antiglobulin test, but autologous platelet survival data indicated a compensated thrombolytic state in the recovery period. Thus in spite of the failure to demonstrate a platelet autoantibody, the rapid response to steroids in association with a reduced platelet survival is compatible with an autoimmune platelet destructive process. In addition to PIA1 platelet antibodies, this patient had an associated anamnestic recall of multispecific red cell and lymphocytotoxic antibodies.
All-solid-state diode-pumped multi harmonic laser system for timing fiducial

An all-solid-state, diode-pumped Nd:YLF laser system that produces fiducial timing signals at three wavelengths (fundamental, second, and fourth harmonics) has been developed and tested. It will be used as a primary timing reference for the OMEGA facility diagnostics. Performance results of the new OMEGA fiducial laser are reported here.
The Status of the Status Quo

The status quo plays a central role in both the positive and normative analysis associated with the constitutionalist and contractarian perspective. This paper reviews the status of the status quo in this context by identifying and addressing a series of questions relating to the definition, emergence and value of the status quo.