cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cranial Nerve Damage in Patients after α (Heavy)-Particle Radiation to the Pituitary

Abstract The records of 161 patients were reviewed to determine if radiation damage had occurred following cranial irradiation. All of these patients had received α-particle radiation to their pituitary glands during the period when this form of therapy was given for diabetic retinopathy. Extraocular muscle palsy developed in 11 of these patients, iridoplegia in six, and fifth nerve damage in six. All of the palsies developed within a short period following their irradiation, and a definite dose relationship was present. The dose rate was approximately 100 rads/min for all cases. Fractionation varied but it is known for all cases. The estimated doses to the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cranial nerves was calculated at a saggital plane 13 to 15 mm from the pituitary by using computer-drawn dosimetry charts for the respective aperture size. The energetic α particles were produced by the 184-in synchrocyclotron at Berkeley, Calif. A dose relationship for radiation palsies was apparent.
Parameter-free sufficient optimality conditions and duality models for minmax fractional subset programming problems with generalized(F ϱ, θ)-convex functions

Abstract In this paper, we present numerous sets of nonparametric sufficient optimality conditions and duality results under various generalized ( F ϱ, θ)-convexity assumptions for a minmax fractional subset programming problem.
Perceptions of Children and Teenagers on Community Policing: Implications for Law Enforcement Leadership, Training, and Citizen Evaluations:

The law enforcement community and the criminal justice system have embraced the emergence of the postbureaucratic era and its emphasis on more community responsibility. In particular, the organizat...
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in patients with spinal cord injury

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has been a problem in the Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center (RLAMC) since 1978. This study reviews the latest 2 years' use of a protocol to prevent the spread of MRSA while allowing spinal cord injured patients to continue to participate in the rehabilitation program. The protocol included management in a private room, bathing with hexachlorophene, monitoring positive sites and clearing patients after 3 weeks of negative cultures. Clusters of cases were investigated by obtaining nasal cultures from the personnel. Sixty-seven of 584 (11%) SCI patients were colonized from July 1989 to July 1991. The prevalence of MRSA colonization was significantly greater in the pressure ulcer management service (PMS) 49/184 (27%) than in the rehabilitation spinal injury service (SIS) 18/400 (5%). The body sites colonized were wounds (58/67), nares (37/67), throat (30/67), urine (27/67) and perineum (17/67). Oral therapy with combinations of sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (SXT) or Novobiocin with rifampin together with topical antibiotics (nares and wound sites), used in nine patients with healing wounds or recent flap surgery, resulted in clearing of the colonization in all cases. Identification and treatment of carriers in the personnel and use of preadmission screening cultures for MRSA in patients with pressure ulcers resulted in reduced inpatient admission.
Effective strategies for recruiting families ascertained through alcoholic probands.

: Background: Recruiting a large number of participants meeting strict inclusion criteria can be challenging, particularly when selecting for a condition associated with a social stigma such as alcoholism, when participation involves collection of medical specimens and sensitive information, and when the participation of family members or other collaterals is required. Developing and implementing a successful recruitment plan depends upon identifying the most effective recruitment strategies given the available resources. Methods: Several strategies for recruiting subjects for a large family study on the genetics of alcoholism were evaluated over a two-year period with regard to participant yield, time and cost expenditure. Results: Overall effectiveness of a recruitment strategy was determined based on a composite of yield, cost and time expenditure. The most effective recruitment strategies were direct mail, press release, the Internet and treatment center collaborations. Conclusion:: Results provide insight into successful strategies for recruiting large numbers of participants and their family members selected for a condition associated with a social stigma.
Genetics of Human Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease encompasses a range of conditions extending from myocardial infarction to congenital heart disease, most of which are heritable. Enormous effort has been invested in understanding the genes and specific DNA sequence variants that are responsible for this heritability. Here, we review the lessons learned for monogenic and common, complex forms of cardiovascular disease. We also discuss key challenges that remain for gene discovery and for moving from genomic localization to mechanistic insights, with an emphasis on the impact of next-generation sequencing and the use of pluripotent human cells to understand the mechanism by which genetic variation contributes to disease.
Clinical review: Rare causes of hypercalcemia.

Context: Although hypercalcemia is usually caused by primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy, a number of other conditions can be important to consider. This review considers unusual causes of hypercalcemia that are generally not found in reviews on this subject. Evidence Acquisition: Articles describing rarely reported associations between hypercalcemia and unusual causes were identified through a computer search of the terms hypercalcemia/etiology and through the references listed in those articles. We grouped the 58 different reports into categories defined by a presumed etiology: increased levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or PTHrP, occult milk-alkali syndrome, and undefined mechanisms. Reports in infants and children are listed separately, as are reports of pseudohypercalcemia, situations that are not truly hypercalcemic because the ionized calcium is normal. Evidence Synthesis: In some situations, as this review points out, a number of unusual causes of hypercalcemia are important to consider. The...
An Efficient Technique for Leakage Current Estimation in Nanoscaled CMOS Circuits Incorporating Self-Loading Effects

With the scaling of CMOS technology, subthreshold, gate, and reverse biased junction band-to-band-tunneling leakage have increased dramatically. Together, they account for more than 25 percent of power consumption in the current generation of leading edge designs. Different sources of leakage can affect each other by interacting through resultant intermediate node voltages. This is called the loading effect. In this paper, we propose a pattern dependent steady-state leakage estimation technique that incorporates loading effect and accounts for all three major leakage components, namely the gate, band-to-band-tunneling, and subthreshold leakage and accounts for transistor stack effect. By observing a recursive relationship between gate leakage and loading effect, we further refine our leakage estimation technique by developing a compact leakage model that supports iteration over node voltages based on Newton-Raphson method. The proposed estimation technique based on the compact model improves performance and capacity over SPICE. We report a speedup of 18,000X over SPICE simulation on smaller circuits, where SPICE simulation is feasible. Results also show that loading effect is a significant factor in leakage and worsens with technology scaling.
Gender and the Development of the Regulatory State: The Controversy over Restricting Women's Night Work in the Depression-Era South

In late 1930, as the Great Depression deepened, the Cotton Textile Institute unveiled a plan for eliminating the employment of women and minors at night. The intent behind the national trade association's measure was to discourage cotton textile mills from operating at night, thereby breaking a cycle of overproduction and price-cutting that had beset the industry through the 1920s. Although this fact was not emphasized in public, the measure's particular target was southern mills, which, less restrained than northeastern mills by unions or state labor laws, comprised a disproportionate share of the industry's nightrunners. The Cotton Textile Institute (CTI) anticipated that ending night work for women would reduce night operation because mill tasks historically done by women were interdependent with men's tasks, and replacing women night workers with men would be expensive. Targeting women and children, rather than all employees, enabled the institute to publicize the measure as a “humanitarian” effort, rather than as a move to limit production. CTI leaders hoped that this approach would appeal to the public and—especially important—that it would head off antitrust prosecution by the Justice Department.
Note on high-energy neutrinos from active galactic nuclei cores

Taking account of new physics and astronomy developments I give a revised high-energy neutrino flux for the active galactic nuclei core model of Stecker, Done, Salamon and Sommers.
Assessing the Movement Toward, and Identifying the Impediments to, Standardized Print Advertising

Abstract This research investigates print advertisements in the United States and Germany to assess the degree of standardization of specific advertising elements. The results are compared to prior investigation by Mueller (1990), to learn whether print ads have become more or less standardized in the two countries. The results suggest that although nearly all elements of print advertisements have become substantially more standardized since the Mueller study, there are very few completely standardized ads. The authors discuss legal, image and cultural factors that contribute to the enduring differences in print ads from the two countries.
Crafting the Public Sphere in the Forests of West Bengal: Democracy, Development, and Political Action

Participatory conservation and development initiatives have proliferated all over the world as the 1990s became the decade for restructuring states and celebrating civil society. Examining one such major effort, called joint forest management, I propose several new directions for the anthropology of modernity, development, and environment. I scrutinize processes of local statemaking in the forests of southern West Bengal, India, to reveal key tensions between development and democratization through an ethnography of political action. [bureaucracy, democracy, development, ethnicity, forest conservation, identity politics, science and technology, the state, India]
Comment---Cross-Brand Pass-Through: Fact or Artifact?

Cross-brand pass-through implies that a retailer responds to wholesale promotional support from a target brand by changing the retail prices of competitive brands. Besanko et al. (2005) model a target brand's retail price as a function of its own and other brands' wholesale prices using 780 observations (15 price zones × 52 weeks) and take the many significant coefficients for other brands' wholesale prices that they find as evidence of cross-brand pass-through. Because price zones do not react independently to wholesale prices when they set a brand's retail price, Besanko et al.'s (2005) estimation overstates the number of independent observations by a factor of 15. When we correct for this overstatement of independent observations, we find that the number of stable, significant coefficients for other brands' wholesale prices is lower than one would expect by chance. We conclude that there is no evidence of cross-brand pass-through in the 11 categories analyzed by Besanko et al. (2005).
Foresters' perceptions of windthrow dynamics in northern Minnesota riparian management zones.

A survey was mailed to foresters in northern Minnesota to identify their perceptions of what conditions result in higher incidence of windthrow in riparian management zones (RMZ) where the upland has been clearcut. Results indicate that foresters think many variables impact windthrow, often interacting in complex ways. Foresters considered topographic exposure, species, soil moisture, and aspect as the more important factors to consider when trying to mitigate windthrow in RMZs. In general, perceptions and rankings of windthrow factors by foresters are in agreement with the published literature. Based on foresters' perceptions, recommendations are provided to assist forest resource managers in making decisions about retaining trees within streamside RMZs.
A Novel Lightweight Low-Power Dual-Beam Ozone Photometer Utilizing Solid-State Optoelectronics

Abstract Recent advances in semiconductor materials and fabrication techniques have allowed the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with wavelengths extending down into the UV-C region (λ < 280 nm). A new ozone photometer has been developed utilizing these novel light sources. The application of solid-state technology to the proven dual-beam UV absorption technique has improved instrument performance while reducing power consumption and weight compared to existing instrumentation. The newly developed instrument is expected to have an accuracy of 1% at surface level pressure, a resolution better than 1 ppb, and measurement rates up to 1 Hz over the range of ozone mixing ratios encountered from the earth’s surface to the middle stratosphere. Size, weight, and power consumption have also been significantly reduced, with a mass of 3 kg and a power consumption of less than 5 W. Initial development is focused on an instrument suitable for measurements from autonomous platforms and in harsh environments;...
Socioeconomics of Obesity

The past two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity in the US population. Although increasing obesity was observed in every sociodemographic group, at every point in time groups with lower education, African Americans and Native Americans, and women in lower income households had higher rates of obesity and related chronic conditions such as diabetes. Also noteworthy is the much faster increase of severe obesity compared with moderate obesity, which added further strain to the health care system and proved especially challenging to health care providers. We provide data on the populationwide trends in weight gain, economic consequences of health care cost growth and the socioeconomic disparities in obesity and diabetes. We further di scuss the socioeconomic and environmental changes that are likely underlying mechanisms for the obesity epidemic and related disparities. We conclude the chapter by discussing implications of these trends for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and challenges and opportunities faced by the health care system and providers.
Automated analysis of cryptographic protocols using Mur/spl phi/

A methodology is presented for using a general-purpose state enumeration tool, Mur/spl phi/, to analyze cryptographic and security-related protocols. We illustrate the feasibility of the approach by analyzing the Needham-Schroeder (1978) protocol, finding a known bug in a few seconds of computation time, and analyzing variants of Kerberos and the faulty TMN protocol used in another comparative study. The efficiency of Mur/spl phi/ also allows us to examine multiple terms of relatively short protocols, giving us the ability to detect replay attacks, or errors resulting from confusion between independent execution of a protocol by independent parties.
Characterization of Hsp70 binding and nucleotide exchange by the yeast Hsp110 chaperone Sse1.

SSE1 and SSE2 encode the essential yeast members of the Hsp70-related Hsp110 molecular chaperone family. Both mammalian Hsp110 and the Sse proteins functionally interact with cognate cytosolic Hsp7...
Major compliance joint modelling survey for automotive body structures

There are two distinct classes of vehicle body CAE abstractions that can be used to support vehicle body design and development, detailed models and concept models. A detailed finite element model achieves computational accuracy by precisely simulating component geometries and assembly interfaces. On the other hand, a concept model simulates stiffness behaviour of joints and major load-carrying members (e.g. pillars, rails, rockers, etc.) in a body structure. The main difference between various kinds of concept models is the representation of body joints. Joints are important components of the auto body because they affect significantly, and in some cases, they even dominate, the static and dynamic behaviour of a model. This paper reviews generic characteristics of two typical joint representation methods: a superelement elastic representation and tri-spring representation. The benefits of using a tri-spring representation over a superelement elastic representation are discussed.
Comparison of 6H-SiC, 3C-SiC, and Si for power devices

The drift region properties of 6H- and 3C-SiC-based Schottky rectifiers and power MOSFETs that result in breakdown voltages from 50 to 5000 V are defined. Using these values, the output characteristics of the devices are calculated and compared with those of Si devices. It is found that due to very low drift region resistance, 5000-V SiC Schottky rectifiers and power MOSFETs can deliver on-state current density of 100 A/cm/sup 2/ at room temperature with a forward drop of only 3.85 and 2.95 V, respectively. Both devices are expected to have excellent switching characteristics and ruggedness due to the absence of minority-carrier injection. A thermal analysis shows that 5000-V, 6H-, and 3C-SiC MOSFETs and Schottky rectifiers would be approximately 20 and 18 times smaller than corresponding Si devices, and that operation at higher temperatures and at higher breakdown voltages than conventional Si devices is possible. Also, a significant reduction in the die size is expected. >
Design of Ground Delay Programs to Consider the Stakeholder's Perspective

A ground delay program (GDP) is an initiative used by FAA to manage the arrival demand rate at a capacity-constrained airport. A key challenge regarding GDPs is to identify the stakeholders, those groups whose interests should be considered during the design process. A review of the existing literature shows that many conflicting definitions and methods for identifying GDP stakeholders exist. A new definition is proposed to resolve this conflict, which not only applies to GDPs but is also grounded in stakeholder theory. Subsequently, the key stakeholders are identified and classified by importance. The results show that FAA should give passengers and the federal government greater consideration. The conclusions offer suggestions for how FAA might address this disparity in the design of GDPs in practice.
Mibefradil potently blocks ATP-activated K(+) channels in adrenal cells.

Mibefradil is a novel Ca2+ channel antagonist that preferentially blocks T-type Ca2+ channels in many cells. Using whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recording, we found that mibefradil also potently blocked an ATP-activated K+channel (IAC) expressed by adrenal zona fasciculata cells. IAC channels were inhibited by mibefradil with an IC50 value of 0.50 μM, a concentration 2-fold lower than that required to inhibit T-type Ca2+ channels under similar conditions in the same cells. The inhibition of IAC by mibefradil was independent of the membrane potential. Mibefradil also reversibly blocked, with similar potency, unitary IACcurrents recorded in outside-out membrane patches. An analysis of dwell time histograms indicated the presence of two closed and one open state. Mibefradil (1 μM) increased the duration of the two closed time constants (τc1 and τc2) from 2.30 ± 0.18 and 27.9 ± 4.7 ms to 4.32 ± 0.61 and 62.5 ± 13.8 ms, respectively, but did not alter the open time constant (τo). Mibefradil also failed to reduce the size of the unitary IAC current. A voltage-gated A-type K+current was also inhibited by mibefradil at concentrations approximately 10-fold higher than those required to block IAC (IC50 = 4.65 μM). These results identify mibefradil as a potent inhibitor of ATP-activated K+ channels in adrenal zona fasciculata cells. It appears to function by stabilizing closed states of these channels. In contrast to its selective block of T-type Ca2+ channels, mibefradil may be a potent but less-selective K+ channel blocker. In this regard, the block of K+ channels may produce some of the toxicity associated with mibefradil in cardiovascular pharmacology.
Positive Matrix Factorization of PM2.5: Comparison and Implications of Using Different Speciation Data Sets

To evaluate the utility and consistency of different speciation data sets in source apportionment of PM2.5, positive matrix factorization (PMF) coupled with a bootstrap technique for uncertainty assessment was applied to four different 1-year data sets composed of bulk species, bulk species and water-soluble elements (WSE), bulk species and organic molecular markers (OMM), and all species. The five factors resolved by using only the bulk species best reproduced the observed concentrations of PM2.5 components. Combining WSE with bulk species as PMF inputs also produced five factors. Three of them were linked to soil, road dust, and processed dust, and together contributed 26.0% of reconstructed PM2.5 mass. A 7-factor PMF solution was identified using speciated OMM and bulk species. The EC/sterane and summertime/selective aliphatic factors had the highest contributions to EC (39.0%) and OC (53.8%), respectively. The nine factors resolved by including all species as input data are consistent with those from ...
Origin of Polytype Formation in VLS-Grown Ge Nanowires through Defect Generation and Nanowire Kinking

We propose layer-by-layer growth mechanisms to account for planar defect generation leading to kinked polytype nanowires. Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy enabled identification of stacking sequences of distinct polytype bands found in kinked nanowires, and Raman spectroscopy was used to distinguish polytype nanowires from twinned nanowires containing only the 3C diamond cubic phase. The faceting and atomic-scale defect structures of twinned 3C are compared with those of polytype nanowires to develop a common model linking nucleation pinning to nanowire morphology and phase.
Selected Analytical Methods Used At the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for Measuring Environmental Pollutants in Serum

Blood serum is one of the more viable matrices used in assessing exposure to persistent environmental contaminants or their metabolites, especially those that are lipophilic. Analytic methods currently in use for this matrix usually involve liquid/liquid extraction followed by adsorption chromatography as a cleanup step, and low- or high-resolution gas chromatography with either electron-capture or mass spectrometric detection. The traditional analytic methods are labor intensive, have low sample throughput, and use excessive amounts of solvents and reagents. Two analytic approaches that address the requirements of modern laboratories more effectively are: 1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), used to analyze serum for several classes of compounds of environmental concern (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], persistent pesticides, dioxins, furans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls [CPCBs]), and 2) fast chromatography with a two-dimensional gas chromatographic system, which can be used in the determina...
Effect of Using Dichloromethane to Desorb Benzene and Benzene Series From Activated Charcoal Tube

Objective To establish a method of desorbing benzene and benzene series from activated charcoal tube by using low toxicity organic solvent instead of carbon disulfide. Methods Organic solvents including chloroform,dichloromethane and 1,2- dichloroethane were adopted to desorb benzene series from activated charcoal tube and the adding standard recovery rate were calculated. Results Except 1,2- dichloroethane,the desorption rate of chloroform,methylene chloride on three benzene were all greater than 75%,and the precision was satisfactory. Conclusion Under this condition,chloroform and dichloromethane can replace carbon disulfide to desorb benzene series. Due to the low toxicity,it can be used for routine monitoring.
A Model for Major Intraplate Continental Earthquakes

Traditional paradigms of continental seismicity assert the stationarity of the earthquake process and a causal association of earthquakes with active faults, increasing levels of stress, and crustal structures, in a framework of Plate Tectonics. I propose, instead, that the seismicity associated with a magnitude six or greater intraplate continental earthquake is a transient phenomenon responding to a perturbation in crustal strength independent of existing faults and crustal structures. Regional plate stress may still provide the driving energy, but the causative stress is released by a perturbation in crustal strength in the vicinity of a major earthquake. The timing of a major earthquake and the characteristics of the associated seismicity may then be described by a sequence of five phases which are as follows: (1) Initiation. A major intraplate continental earthquake is initiated with a disturbance in the hydraulic or thermal properties of the crust below the epicenter. Such disturbances could be induced by the intrusion of a sill or by partial melting. (2) Strength corrosion. A corrosion in crustal strength follows the upward migration of fluids or heat from the area of recent disturbance. (3) Stress concentration. As a weakened central zone deforms in response to tectonic plate stress, stresses are concentrated in the surrounding rigid crust. (4) Failure. A major earthquake occurs when the stress surrounding the weakened core exceeds the crustal strength, either because the concentrated stresses are anomalously high or because the dispersing fluids have spread beyond the core. (5) Crustal healing. The final phase in the occurrence of a major intraplate continental earthquake is an extended aftershock sequence which is concentrated along the rupture zone of the main event. The occurrence of a major intraplate earthquake as described above releases the strain energy in a perturbed area. Additional major events would be unlikely until the strength has recovered sufficiently to equalize intraplate stress and permit a repeat of the cycle.
Students’ Understanding of Statistical Terms Having Lexical Ambiguity

The primary purpose of this research was to examine how students understand statistical terms having lexical ambiguity. Five statistical terms were chosen which have lexical ambiguity in Korean secondary school mathematics. The sample consisted of 21st year undergraduate students in the Department of Mathematics Education at Seoul National University. The data were collected by surveys and interviews. This chapter shows the meanings of statistical terms given by the subjects. The study also describes the sentences which students made using each term. Analysis of data revealed that the ratio of the daily meaning definitions had relevance to the classification of terms having lexical ambiguity. Analysis of data revealed that the answers of each term were problematic for respective reasons.
Optical Coherence Tomography with Applications in Cancer Imaging

Diagnostic trends in medicine are pushing biomedical imaging from the morphological level to the cellular and molecular levels. Optical imaging not only enables highresolution visualization, but also provides spectroscopic content for a wide variety of diagnostic detection and imaging methods. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), since its inception in the early 1990s, has enabled a wide range of investigations in medical, surgical, and biology applications. Still, limitations exist that have slowed OCT from evolving from a morphological imaging technique to one that images cellular and molecular components. This lecture will present an overview of the OCT technology and the elements in carcinogenesis and tumor cell biology that are amenable for OCT imaging, detection, and diagnosis. The latest advances in novel molecular and cellular imaging techniques using OCT and its many related methods will be presented. Recent research efforts have developed novel molecularly-targeted contrast agents based not on fluorescence, but on optical properties suitable for detection by OCT. By utilizing Spectroscopic OCT techniques and algorithms, the spectroscopic content of the OCT signal can be extracted to provide diagnostic information on the absorption and scattering properties of biological tissues in a depth-resolved, 3-D manner. In addition, a newly developed technique called Nonlinear Interferometric Vibrational Imaging (NIVI) will be introduced as a means to map the 3-D spatial distribution of Coherent Anti-Stoke Raman Scattering (CARS) signals by performing coherent ranging using interferometry, and taking advantage of heterodyne detection as in OCT. While these and other novel techniques are being applied broadly in medical and biological applications, focus areas in this lecture will be in cancer detection and imaging, and the real-time monitoring of 3D cell dynamics for the basic science investigation of tumor cell behavior. These advances are likely to further extend our basic understanding of tumor biology as well as the diagnostic imaging capabilities of OCT as a novel clinical imaging modality.
Indigenous Knowledge Approach to Successful Psychotherapies with Aboriginal Suicide Attempters.

Introduction:Suicide is disproportionately common among Aboriginal people in Canada.Methods:Life stories were collected from 54 Aboriginal suicide attempters in northern Saskatchewan. Constant comparison techniques and modified grounded theory identified common themes expressed.Results:Three common plots/themes preceded suicide attempts: 1) relationship breakup, usually sudden, unanticipated, involving a third person; 2) being publicly humiliated by another person(s), accompanied by high levels of shame; and 3) high levels of unremitting, chronic life stress (including poverty) with relative isolation. We found 5 common purposes for suicide attempts: 1) to “show” someone how badly they had hurt the attempter, 2) to stop the pain, 3) to save face in a difficult social situation, 4) to get revenge, and 5) don’t know/don’t remember/made sense at the time, all stated by people who were under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs at the time of their suicide attempt. We found 5 common beliefs about death: 1) y...
Springer fibers and Schubert points

Abstract Springer fibers are subvarieties of the flag variety parametrized by partitions; they are central objects of study in geometric representation theory. Schubert varieties are subvarieties of the flag variety that induce a well-known basis for the cohomology of the flag variety. This paper relates these two varieties combinatorially. We prove that the Betti numbers of the Springer fiber associated to a partition with at most three rows or two columns are equal to the Betti numbers of a specific union of Schubert varieties.
Optimal control of complex networks: Balancing accuracy and energy of the control action

Recently, it has been shown that the control energy required to control a large dynamical complex network is prohibitively large when there are only a few control inputs. Most methods to reduce the control energy have focused on where, in the network, to place additional control inputs. We also have seen that by controlling the states of a subset of the nodes of a network, rather than the state of every node, the required energy to control a portion of the network can be reduced substantially. The energy requirements exponentially decay with the number of target nodes, suggesting that large networks can be controlled by a relatively small number of inputs as long as the target set is appropriately sized. Here, we see that the control energy can be reduced even more if the prescribed final states are not satisfied strictly. We introduce a new control strategy called balanced control for which we set our objective function as a convex combination of two competitive terms: (i) the distance between the output final states at a given final time and given prescribed states and (ii) the total control energy expenditure over the given time period. We also see that the required energy for the optimal balanced control problem approximates the required energy for the optimal target control problem when the coefficient of the second term is very small. We validate our conclusions in model and real networks regardless of system size, energy restrictions, state restrictions, input node choices, and target node choices.
Marcus Tullius Cicero

Background: Cicero was a statesman, philosopher and orator in the final years of the Roman republic. During periods of enforced retirement from public office he was a prolific writer. He promoted the ideal of the statesman-philosopher who uses knowledge to guide human affairs. The best preparation for this role he saw as a liberal education in which the art of persuasion was developed through the study of philosophy and rhetoric. Memory training was an integral part of rhetoric.
Early Complex Society on the North and Central Peruvian Coast: New Archaeological Discoveries and New Insights

Archaeological data from the north and central Peruvian coast are presented here as a means to explore key themes relating to social complexity, including complex society and its origins, newly resolved chronological issues, the relationship between iconography and society, and the definition of a new culture. Focusing on an early time span, from ca. 3000 to 200 cal BC, we identify key questions about the trajectory through which early Andean complexity developed, and we discuss new ideas about the chronological placement of Cerro Sechin and Chavin de Huantar. We also use an intertextual approach to study the iconography of the complex Sechin Alto polity and as a means to demonstrate duality, social hierarchy, and the origin of symbols within the society’s iconography. Finally, we highlight a newly described polity, centered in the Nepena Valley, that is important because its urban traits presage later cultural complexity and because the recognition of this polity demonstrates the potential for similar discoveries of comparable small polities.
Blended tube feeding prevalence, efficacy, and safety: What does the literature say?

Background and purpose For most of human history, physicians used blended whole foods for patients who are unable to eat by mouth. However, by the 1960s and 1970s, advances in enteral nutrition resulted in the gradual displacement of blenderized tube feedings (BTFs) with commercial formulas. There are advantages and disadvantages to commercial formulas and BTFs. The purpose of this article was to review the literature for the incidence of blended tube feeding use and its safety, efficacy, and implications for clinical practice. Methods A search of the scientific literature in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Ovid was conducted using the keywords "blenderized tube feeding" and "blended tube feeding." Articles were divided into two categories: 1) frequency of use and experiences of BTF in patients or caregivers and health care providers and 2) safety/efficacy studies. Conclusions The literature review shows a rising interest in BTF, with more research on efficacy indicated. Implications for practice The use of BTF is primarily patient or caregiver driven. Blenderized tube feeding requires oversight by health care providers just as commercial formulas. Health care providers should be aware of the use of BTF and the effect it can have on different patient populations regarding content, cost, safety, and efficacy in the clinical and home settings.
Rates of convergence for adaptive Newton methods

We consider Newton-type methods for constrained optimization problems in infinite-dimensional spaces, where at each iteration the first and second derivatives and the feasible set are approximated. The approximations can change at each iteration and conditions are given under which linear and superlinear rates of convergence of the iterates to the optimal point hold. Several applications are discussed.
Caregiver-Based Interventions to Optimize Medication Safety in Vulnerable Elderly Adults: A Systematic Evidence-Based Review

Objectives To study the effect of caregiver‐focused interventions to support medication safety in older adults with chronic disease. Design Systematic review. Setting Studies published before January 31, 2017, searched using Ovid Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Participants Caregivers with or without a care recipient. Measurements Inclusion criteria: interventions focused on caregivers aiming to improve medication safety. Studies not focusing on older adults, not evaluating medication safety, failing to include caregivers, or without a comparison group were excluded. Results The initial search revealed 1,311 titles. Eight studies met inclusion criteria. The strategies used in randomized trials were a home‐based medication review and adherence assessment by a clinical pharmacist (2 home visits 6–8 weeks apart, with pharmacist and physician meeting independently) that found no difference in nonelective hospital admissions (p=.8) but fewer medications (p=.03); a 19‐minute educational DVD and an hour‐long medication education and training that improved caregiver satisfaction (p<.04); a medication education and adherence intervention (2–3 home visits per care recipient and caregiver dyad over 8 weeks) that found no difference in knowledge, administration, or accessibility of medications (p=.29); and a collaborative case management program (16‐month program of assessment, meeting, and monthly follow‐up telephone calls) that reduced perceived caregiver burden (p=.03). Quasi‐experimental trials included collaborative care transitional coaches, an outpatient collaborative care model, and education and training programs. Of these, educational interventions showed improvements in self‐efficacy, confidence, and preparedness. The collaborative care intervention reduced rehospitalizations (p=.04) and improved quality‐of‐care outcomes. Conclusion Although some interventions improved caregiver medication knowledge and self‐efficacy, effects on clinical outcomes and healthcare use were insufficiently studied. Two studies implementing collaborative care models with medication management components showed potential for improvement in quality of clinical care and reductions in healthcare visits and warrant further study with respect to medication safety. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2128–2135, 2018.
Phylogenetic inference in section Archerythroxylum informs taxonomy, biogeography, and the domestication of coca (Erythroxylum species).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY This investigation establishes the first DNA-sequence-based phylogenetic hypothesis of species relationships in the coca family (Erythroxylaceae) and presents its implications for the intrageneric taxonomy and neotropical biogeography of Erythroxylum. We also identify the closest wild relatives and evolutionary relationships of the cultivated coca taxa. METHODS We focused our phylogenomic inference on the largest taxonomic section in the genus Erythroxylum (Archerythroxylum O.E.Schulz) using concatenation and gene tree reconciliation methods from hybridization-based target capture of 427 genes. KEY RESULTS We show that neotropical Erythroxylum are monophyletic within the paleotropical lineages, yet Archerythroxylum and all of the other taxonomic sections from which we sampled multiple species lack monophyly. We mapped phytogeographic states onto the tree and found some concordance between these regions and clades. The wild species E. gracilipes and E. cataractarum are most closely related to the cultivated E. coca and E. novogranatense, but relationships within this "coca" clade remain equivocal. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to the difficulty of morphology-based intrageneric classification in this clade and highlight the importance of integrative taxonomy in future systematic revisions. We can confidently identify E. gracilipes and E. cataractarum as the closest wild relatives of the coca taxa, but understanding the domestication history of this crop will require more thorough phylogeographic analysis.
Primary thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized children: A multi-center retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background/objectives Hospital acquired venous thromboembolism in children is associated with significant morbidity/mortality. Prevention strategies include sequential compression devices and prophylactic anticoagulation but these interventions carry risk and are poorly studied in children. Objectives were to evaluate primary thromboprophylaxis use in hospitalized children over time and the associated bleeding risk. Materials and methods Retrospective study of hospitalized patients aged 10–18 years within the Pediatric Health Information System administrative database from January 2008–September 2015. Factors associated with thromboprophylaxis receipt and bleeding were identified using generalized linear mixed effects models. Results Of 1,075,383 hospitalizations, 10,544 (1%) received prophylactic enoxaparin and 58,768 (5%) received mechanical compression. Mechanical thromboprophylaxis increased slightly over time (4.3% in 2008, 6.2% in 2015), enoxaparin use did not (0.8% in 2008, 1.2% in 2015). Patients aged 16–18 were more likely than younger children (10−12) to receive pharmacologic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–3.3) or mechanical thromboprophylaxis (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.9–3). Patients on rehabilitation medical service were more likely to receive prophylactic enoxaparin (aOR 53, 95% CI 44.1–64.5). 5.6% (589/10,544) of patients receiving enoxaparin prophylaxis had bleeding. Thromboprophylaxis use by hospital varied with a range of 0.25–3.3% for enoxaparin and 2–26.2% for mechanical compression. Conclusion Thromboprophylaxis is infrequently utilized in hospitalized children. Pharmacologic prophylaxis with enoxaparin remains low and has not substantially increased over time. Significant variability exists across hospitals and services in the administration of both mechanical and pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis highlighting the need for further evidence to standardize practice.
Perceptions of School Shooters Depend on Prior Criminal Record but Not Targeted Age Group.

Individuals with a prior criminal record are viewed more negatively than those with a clean record, which is often exemplified in harsher sentencing, higher risk assessment ratings, and higher psyc...
How Can a Faculty Community of Practice Change Classroom Practices

We describe the organization and outcomes of faculty communities of practice over four semesters in which participants learned about research-based instructional strategies. In each semester, a com...
Chimpanzee fibroblasts exhibit greater adherence and migratory phenotypes than human fibroblasts

Background and objectives: Intercellular signaling facilitated by cell adhesion is vital for many biological processes, such as embryonic development as well as disease states (e.g. metastasis of cancerous cells) and consequently represents a potential mechanism by which functional differences among primates may have evolved. Methodology: Previous work has identified that gene expression differences in cell adhesion pathways exist between humans and chimpanzees. Here, we used a comparative cell biology approach to assay interspecies differences in cell adhesion phenotypes in order to better understand the basic biological differences between species epithelial cells that may underly the organism-level differences we see in wound healing and cancer. We used skin fibroblast cell lines from humans and chimpanzees (two individuals per species) to assay cell adhesion and migration. We then utilized published RNA-Seq data from the same cell lines exposed to a cancer / wound-healing mimic to determine what gene expression changes may be corresponding to altered cellular adhesion dynamics between species. Results: The functional adhesion and migration assays revealed that chimpanzee fibroblasts adhered sooner and remained adherent for significantly longer and move into a wound at faster rate than human fibroblasts. The gene expression data suggest that the enhanced adhesive properties of chimpanzee fibroblasts may be due to chimpanzee fibroblasts exhibiting significantly higher expression of cell and focal adhesion molecule genes than human cells, both during a wound healing assay and at rest. Conclusions and implications: Chimpanzee fibroblasts exhibit stronger adhesion and greater cell migration than human fibroblasts. This may be due to divergent gene expression of focal adhesion and cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, laminins, and cadherins, as well as ECM proteins like collagens. This is one of few studies demonstrating that these divergences in gene expression between closely related species can manifest in fundamental differences in cell biology. Our results provide better insight into species-specific cell biology phenotypes and how they may influence more complex traits, such as cancer metastasis and wound healing.
Rare Atmospheric River Caused Record Floods across the Middle East

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for some of the hydroclimatic extremes around the world. Their mechanisms and contribution to flooding in the Middle East are relatively poorly unde...
Intron and gene size expansion during nervous system evolution.

The evolutionary radiation of animals was accompanied by extensive expansion of gene and genome sizes, increased isoform diversity, and complexity of regulation. Here we show that the longest genes are enriched for expression in neuronal tissues of diverse vertebrates and of invertebrates. Additionally, we show that neuronal gene size expansion occurred predominantly through net gains in intron size, with a positional bias toward the 5′ end of each gene. We find that intron and gene size expansion is a feature of many genes whose expression is enriched in nervous systems. We speculate that unique attributes of neurons may subject neuronal genes to evolutionary forces favoring net size expansion. This process could be associated with tissue-specific constraints on gene function and/or the evolution of increasingly complex gene regulation in nervous systems.