cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge workers: exploring the link among performance rating, pay and motivational aspects

Historically, performance appraisals were intended to focus on three areas: development, motivation, and recognition of achievement. One major purpose of performance appraisals is to determine individual merit, especially where pay for performance systems are employed. Based upon expectancy theory, high performance ratings should entail high merit increases while low performance ratings result in low merit increases. However, it appears that decoupling performance ratings and merit increases is common practice. This paper explores the effects of receiving a low performance rating and high merit increase or a high performance rating and a low merit increase and empirically investigate its impact on knowledge workers’ motivational and general morale.
Attitudes Toward Adult Education: An Empirically-Based Conceptualization:

The purpose of this research was to explore the conceptual organization of attitudes toward adult education and to determine whether the conceptualization could be used to identify groups of adults...
Enzymes of the human erythrocyte. III. Tripeptidase, purification and specific properties

Abstract Convenient procedures have been described for the preparation of a tripeptidase from human erythrocytes in excess of 1000-fold purification and in good yield. The purified preparation showed a calculated turnover of 3200 and 18,000 moles GGG and AGG, respectively, per minute and per 100,000 g. protein (based on initial rates). Appropriate procedures for protecting the enzyme against inactivation during dialysis were presented. The kinetic properties and stability characteristics of the purified enzyme were described.
Nuremberg and the issue of wartime experiments on US prisoners : The green committee

Defense attorneys at the Nuremberg Medical Trial argued that no ethical difference existed between experiments in Nazi concentration camps and research in US prisons. Investigations that had taken place in an Illinois prison became an early focus of this argument. Andrew C. Ivy, MD, whom the American Medical Association had selected as a consultant to the Nuremberg prosecutors, responded to courtroom criticism of research in his home state by encouraging the Illinois governor to establish a committee to evaluate prison research. The governor named a committee and accepted Ivy's offer to chair the panel. Late in the trial, Ivy testified—drawing on the authority of this committee—that research on US prisoners was ethically ideal. However, the governor's committee had never met. After the trial's conclusion, the committee report was published inJAMA, where it became a source of support for experimentation on prisoners.
Keynote: De novo sequencing of novel peptide antibiotics by tandem mass spectrometry

Proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria raises the challenge of searching for new, more efficient antibiotics. Most natural antibiotics represent cyclic nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) with nonstandard amino acids that are notoriously difficult to sequence. Moreover, the dominant technique for sequencing antibiotics (NMR) requires large amounts (milligrams) of highly purified materials that, for most compounds, are nearly impossible to obtain. Therefore, there is a need for NRPs sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry from picograms of material. Since nearly all NRPs are produced as related analogs by the same microorganism, we develop a mass spectrometry approach for sequencing all related peptides at once (in difference from the existing approach that analyzes individual peptides). We illustrate this approach by sequencing new variants of antibiotics from Bacillus brevis as well as sequencing a previously unknown family of NRPs (named Reginamides) isolated from a marine bacterial strain that produces natural products with anti-asthma activities.
Simulation of the Kolmogorov inertial subrange using an improved subgrid model

A subgrid model is developed and applied to a large-eddy simulation of the Kolmogorov inertial subrange. The subgrid model is based directly on a model of the Navier-Stokes equation. The improved subgrid model contains two terms: an eddy viscosity and a stochastic force. Use of the subgrid model in a forced large-eddy simulation results in an energy spectrum that exhibits a clear k exp -5/3 power-law subrange with an approximate value K(o) = 2.1 of the Kolmogorov constant.
Hormone receptor assays: clinical usefulness in the management of carcinoma of the breast.

AbstractIn 1896, Sir George Beatson1 provided the first evidence that removal of the ovaries from premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer could cause an improvement in their condition and control of their disease. The case reports presented by Beatson were supported by the paper published in 1900 by Stanley Boyd, a surgeon from Charing Cross Hospital in London. He reported the results of perhaps the first clinical trial of endocrine therapy for breast cancer.2 Boyd posed the question “How often does the improvement occur?” and found in the 46 cases of which he had personal knowledge and could accurately describe a response that 17 (37%) benefited from oophorectomy. Additional studies by Thompson3 and Lett4 demonstrated similar results, but it was impossible to predict which patients would benefit. Unfortunately, the beneficial effect of oophorectomy was transient (6 to 12 months), although a few patients had extended responses (3 to 5 years).
The yen and Japanese manufacturing employment

Abstract Using two-level industry-level data from 1975 to 1994, we estimate the effects of fluctuations of the yen, through movements in foreign prices, on Japanese manufacturing employment. First, we find that an exchange rate induced change in foreign industry-specific prices has a sizeable effect on Japanese employment in the long-run. Second, we cannot detect any difference between the high and low export sectors in their responsiveness to exchange rates. A by-product of our research is the construction of industry-specific real exchange rates for Japan that are probably the most careful to date, allowing us to examine the changing competitiveness of Japanese industries.
How to process radio occultation data: 1. From time series of frequency residuals to vertical profiles of atmospheric and ionospheric properties

Abstract Expertise in processing radio occultation observations, which provide vertical profiles of atmospheric and ionospheric properties from measurements of the frequency of radio signals, is not widespread amongst the planetary science community. In order to increase the population of radio occultation processing experts, which will have positive consequences for this field, here we provide detailed instructions for one critical aspect of radio occultation data processing: how to obtain a series of bending angles as a function of the ray impact parameter from a time series of frequency residuals. As developed, this tool is valid only for one-way, single frequency occultations at spherically symmetric objects, and is thus not immediately applicable to either two-way occultations, such as those of Mars Express, or occultations at oblate objects, such as Jupiter or Saturn. This tool is demonstrated successfully on frequency residuals from a Mars Global Surveyor occultation at Mars, and the resultant set of bending angles and impact parameters are used to obtain vertical profiles of ionospheric electron density, neutral atmospheric number density, mass density, pressure, and temperature via the usual Abel transform. The root-mean-square difference between electron densities in the ionospheric profile derived herein and archived electron densities is 7×108 m−3. At the lowest altitudes, temperatures in the neutral atmospheric profile derived herein differ from archived neutral temperatures by less than 0.1 K. Software programs that implement these procedures accompany this paper and may be used to extract scientifically useful data products from lower-level data sets.
Efflux of enzymes from chicken muscle.

Summary The rates of exit of 7 cytoplasmic enzymes from chicken muscle under controlled conditions have been measured; the rates were all very similar. Phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) left the muscle the fastest, while fructose diphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) left the slowest. Prior freezing and thawing markedly increased the rate of enzyme loss, and the degree of increase was dependent on the rate of freezing of the muscle. Dimethyl sulfoxide protected the muscle from this damage. Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) and sodium dodecylsulfate slightly increased the rate of enzyme loss. Sodium deoxy-cholate was without effect, as were ouabain, puromycin, and electrical stimulation of the muscle. The rates of synthesis of the different enzymes were seen to be markedly different in the muscle studied, but neither the rate of enzyme synthesis nor the tissue concentration affected the rate of enzyme efflux. It seems likely that the observed efflux of these enzymes in vitro is many times the normal rate in vivo, and reflects damage to the muscle membrane. It is likely that the loss of enzyme from muscle is very slow in vivo, and is to be sharply distinguished from transport phenomena such as apply to solutes and ions.
A new reagent for the histochemical demonstration of active carbonyl groups; the preparation of 2-hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic and sulfonic acid hydrazides.

In order to develop a histochemical method for active carbonyl groups, which would result in the production of intensely colored, insoluble dyes, acid hydrazides of several naphthols were prepared. It was expected that coupling of a suitable diazonium compound into the naphthol, after reaction of the hydrazide group with carbonyl, would yield azo dyes of suitable intensity for microscopic delineation. The hydrazides of three hydroxy naphthoic acids and 2-hydroxy-6 naphthalene sulfonic acid were prepared. The sulfone hydrazide failed to react with ketosteroid in adrenal cortex under conditions in which the carboxylic acid hydrazides did react (Ashbel and Seligman, 1949). The pigment produced on coupling with diazotized diorthoanisidine, after reaction of the three naphthoic acid hydrazides with ketonic material, was blue (2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid hydrazide), brownish purple (l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide), and violet (2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acidhydrazide). The first pigment was most suitable for hi...
Tristetraprolin mediates radiation-induced TNF-α production in lung macrophages.

The efficacy of radiation therapy for lung cancer is limited by radiation-induced lung toxicity (RILT). Although tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) signaling plays a critical role in RILT, the molecular regulators of radiation-induced TNF-α production remain unknown. We investigated the role of a major TNF-α regulator, Tristetraprolin (TTP), in radiation-induced TNF-α production by macrophages. For in vitro studies we irradiated (4 Gy) either a mouse lung macrophage cell line, MH-S or macrophages isolated from TTP knockout mice, and studied the effects of radiation on TTP and TNF-α levels. To study the in vivo relevance, mouse lungs were irradiated with a single dose (15 Gy) and assessed at varying times for TTP alterations. Irradiation of MH-S cells caused TTP to undergo an inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser-178 and proteasome-mediated degradation, which resulted in increased TNF-α mRNA stabilization and secretion. Similarly, MH-S cells treated with TTP siRNA or macrophages isolated from ttp (−/−) mice had higher basal levels of TNF-α, which was increased minimally after irradiation. Conversely, cells overexpressing TTP mutants defective in undergoing phosphorylation released significantly lower levels of TNF-α. Inhibition of p38, a known kinase for TTP, by either siRNA or a small molecule inhibitor abrogated radiation-induced TNF-α release by MH-S cells. Lung irradiation induced TTPSer178 phosphorylation and protein degradation and a simultaneous increase in TNF-α production in C57BL/6 mice starting 24 h post-radiation. In conclusion, irradiation of lung macrophages causes TTP inactivation via p38-mediated phosphorylation and proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to TNF-α production. These findings suggest that agents capable of blocking TTP phosphorylation or stabilizing TTP after irradiation could decrease RILT.
Land Snails from St. Elzear Cave, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec: Antiquity of Cepaea Hortensis in North America

ABSTRACT The presence of the European land snail, Cepaea hortensis (Muller, 1774), in archaeological deposits indicates its existence in North America before the arrival of post-Columbus European settlers. We address whether this species arrived in North America before Viking explorers. Evidence from cave deposits in St. Elzear de Bonaventura Cave on the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, suggests that C. hortensis appeared in North America prior to arrival of the Vikings about 1000 YBP and possibly more than 7850 YBP. The presence of the larger snail species Anguispira alternata (Say, 1816) and Neohelix albolabris (Say, 1817) in cave levels representing tundra to taiga conditions, coupled with their absence as far north as modern taiga, suggests that some large snails may not disperse quickly enough to occupy all favorable habitat made available by warming climates.
CONTROL OF FLUTTER IN BRIDGES

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the application of modern control theory to the problem of vibration suppression in civil structures. The loads on such structures can depend on the environment. For example, the motion of a flexible suspension bridge, such as the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge [Ref. 1], can include unsteady aerodynamic forces. The motion can be described by two partial differential equations for bending and torsional vibration [Ref. 2], with the airstream velocity V as a parameter. The stability of motion is governed by the real part of the system eigenvalues, where the eigenvalues depend on V. For V = 0, the system is self-adjoint [Ref. 3] and the eigenvlaues consist of pairs of mere imaginary complex conjugates. For small V, the eigenvalues have negative real parts, so that the motion is asymptotically stable. As V increases, some real parts can turn positive, rendering the system unstable. The air speed corresponding to zero real part is known as the critical speed V er. If the critical speed corresponds to a value for which the imaginary part of an eigenvalue is different from zero, the structure is said to be in flutter condition [Ref. 3].
An adjustment for a post‐randomization variable in the comparison of two treatments for survival

A method is proposed to infer the randomized treatment effect on survival after an adjustment for a post-randomization variable. The post-randomization variable is made independent of the treatment assignment and is considered a surrogate for baseline prognostic factors. The relationship between the post-randomization surrogate and baseline prognostic factors for survival is considered smooth, but otherwise unknown. The effect of these factors on survival is modelled using the Cox proportional hazards model with a semi-parametric relative risk function. Likelihood based estimates and tests for the treatment effect are demonstrated. An example from a randomized clinical trial in cancer illustrates the methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of the DNA from Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

Abstract The DNA isolated from occluded Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus consisted of double-stranded linear, open circular, and covalently closed molecules. The DNA had a guanosine plus cytosine content (G + C) of 59–62% as estimated from both thermal denaturation and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. The L. dispar host DNA had a G + C content of 38–39%. Comparisons of molecular weight estimations for viral DNA by sedimentation on neutral sucrose gradients, electron microscopy, and reassociation kinetics gave values of 91–106 × 10 6 , 94–102 × 10 6 , and 78–93 × 10 6 , respectively. Preliminary analysis of restriction endonuclease profiles indicated a molecular weight of approximately 88 × 10 6 for the sum of the fragments.
Letter by Jones et al Regarding Article, “Elevated Remnant Cholesterol Causes Both Low-Grade Inflammation and Ischemic Heart Disease, Whereas Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Causes Ischemic Heart Disease Without Inflammation”

Two recent studies published by Varbo et al1,2 report causal associations of remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) with cardiovascular outcomes. The most recent report shows the effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) acting directly to promote ischemic heart disease and suggests a causal relationship of RLP-C with low-grade systemic inflammation. We applaud the authors for these contributions supporting the importance and causal role of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins in atherogenesis and subsequent atherothrombotic risk. However, …
Faunal and oxygen isotopic paleotemperatures and the amplitude of glacial/interglacial temperature changes in the Equatorial Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico

The amplitude of glacial/interglacial temperature changes in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Equatorial Atlantic, and a generalized faunal paleotemperature curve for the Caribbean Sea for the last 125,000 yr have been determined by using a quantitative micropaleontological model. This model is based on a direct comparison of Pleistocene foraminiferal assemblages with Recent ones whose geographic distribution have been correlated with modern ocean surface temperatures. The results of such an analysis indicate a glacial/interglacial surface temperature variation of 5°C for the Caribbean Sen, 3–4°C for the Gulf of Mexico, and 5–6°C for equatorial waters off the west coast of Africa. Generalized paleotemperature curves derived from faunal and isotope data for the Caribbean indicate nearly identical temperature oscillations during the last 125,000 yr.
The distribution of histaminergic axons in the superior colliculus of the cat

The histaminergic projection from the hypothalamus to the superior colliculus was examined immunohistochemically in the cat brain using an antibody to histamine. The source of histaminergic fibers in the brain is a group of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus, located primarily in ventrolateral and periventricular regions and collectively referred to as the tuberomammillary nucleus. All laminae of the superior colliculus--including the superficial, intermediate, and deep layers, as well as the central gray--were blanketed with histamine-immunoreactive axonal fibers. Overall, labeling in the superior colliculus was moderately dense compared to other locations in the cat brain, with some variation in fiber density. Individual labeled fibers resembled histaminergic fibers described previously in the brain. Labeled axonal fibers showed infrequent branching and were beaded with numerous en passant varicosities that were typically 1 micron or smaller, but as large as 2.5 micron in diameter. Varicosity size differed significantly at different depths in the colliculus. The histaminergic projection appears to be separate from a previously reported, apparently non-histaminergic projection from neurons in the dorsal hypothalamic area to discrete regions of intermediate and deep colliculus. These results indicate that the histaminergic projection from the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus projects extensively throughout the superior colliculus. Histamine, which is believed to act as a neuromodulator in the brain, is in a position to influence sensory and motor-related processes in every layer of the cat superior colliculus.
Cohesion Failure as a Source of Memory Illusions

Abstract One source of “false” memories may be that often only memory fragments are retained. This would then result in a person being unable to distinquish a false conjunction, constructed of memory components, from what had been actually experienced. Experiment 1, employing two-syllable words in a continuous recognition paradigm, found that patients with left hippocampal damage classified more new verbal conjunctions as “old” than did normal subjects or patients with only right hippocampal damage. Experiment 2, employing simple face drawings in a study-test paradigm, found that patients with damage to either side of their hippocampal formation made more conjunction errors with pictorial stimuli than did normal subjects. The results are seen as supporting the hypothesis that binding is an important early step in the consolidation process and that the hippocampal system is a critical component of the neural system involved in the appropriate binding of memory components.
Photoinduced Currents in PZT Thin Films

The photoinduced currents in a 0.5-μm thick PZT films have been measured as a function of wavelength and poling direction for films on a platinum base electrode and with either aluminum or gold semitransparent top electrodes. Photocurrents display an Urbachlike, exponential dependence on photon energy with additional features relating to interference effects within the film. Transport of the photoexcited carriers is dominated by traps, resulting in a small overall collection efficiency.
Three-dimensional imaging in measuring facial aesthetic outcomes.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Medical imaging techniques have continually improved. However, measuring esthetic outcomes using conventional two-dimensional photography has inherent limitations visualizing in three dimensions such as the face. Study Design: This study used three-dimensional imaging to visualize facial images preoperatively and postoperatively in patients undergoing Contour threadlift procedures. Methods: In patients undergoing Contour threadlift placement for midfacial rejuvenation, we prospectively imaged and photographed patients preoperatively and postoperatively. From three-dimensional images, we measured three-axis vector movement of the facial soft tissue in millimeters. Three control subjects (n = 6, bilateral sides) who had not undergone any procedure were a control group to confirm stability of the images over time. Patients also completed a questionnaire regarding their results and overall experience. Results: We studied 6 (n = 12, bilateral procedures) undergoing Contour thread placement. Analyzed images revealed a trend of midface soft tissue flattening of nasolabial contour over 3 months. Average nasolabial flattening or tightening was 2.3 mm (P > .05) in the Contour patient group. The flattening of the midfacial region returned to baseline postprocedure at 90 days. Three-dimensional imaging for the control subjects demonstrate less than 0.2 mm change (P < .05) in the nasolabial region weekly over a period of 3 weeks. Conclusions: After 3 months, patients undergoing Contour thread placement had three-dimensional imaging measurements suggesting a return to baseline values. Three-dimensional imaging may increase accuracy in quantifying change after surgery specifically with contour differences; film and digital photography capture in only two dimensions. The use of three-dimensional imaging may be applicable to numerous clinical settings.
Nonlinear pulse propagation in birefringent optical fibers

Equations describing nonlinear pulse propagation in birefringent, single-mode fibers are derived. The physical meaning and technical implications of these equations are then discussed in detail. Finally, the modulational instability is studied.
Arthroscopic meniscal repair with fibrin clot of complete radial tears of the lateral meniscus in the avascular zone

Peripheral lateral meniscal tears are amenable to arthroscopic meniscal repair. However, the posterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus adjacent to the popliteus tendon is devoid of penetrating peripheral vessels and therefore difficult to heal. A complete radial split at this site is usually treated with total meniscectomy. We report five cases of a tear of the posterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus anterior to the popliteus fossa. All patients had a radial split that extended to the popliteus tendon. In all cases, the repair was enhanced with a fibrin clot. Second-look arthroscopy showed that healing of the periphery occurred in all of the cases. All patients returned to their initial level of sports activity. Three of five patients were available for follow-up at an average of 71 months, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed at that time to assess the previously repaired meniscus. All menisci were fully healed and showed no further signs of degeneration. The ability of an exogenous fibrin clot to stimulate and support a reparative response in the avascular portion of the meniscus may represent a potential method of repair. Awareness of the relatively low healing potential of this zone and enhancement of healing opportunities should improve outcome.
Differences in corticosterone and dexamethasone binding to rat brain and pituitary

In an attempt to relate binding of 3H-corticosterone and 3H-dexamethasone to their respective potencies in blocking pituitary-adrenal activity, cytosol binding in vitro and cell nuclear binding both in vivo and in tissue slices in vitro were studied in hippocampus, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary of adrenalectomized rats. It was found that the extremely potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone has a different pattern of binding than corticosterone in the brain and in the anterior pituitary. 1) In cytosol, differences in the estimated binding capacities in a particular tissue for 3H-corticosterone and 3H-dexamethasone and different rates of inactivation in the ability to bind the two steroids are observed. 2) For 3H-corticosterone, cytosol binding in hippocampus is higher than that in hypothalamus, and cell nuclear binding follows the same pattern. For 3H-dexamethasone, cytosol binding is again higher in the hippocampus than in hypothalamus but cell nuclear binding in the two structures is not significantly different. With respect to the anterior pituitary, binding to cell nuclei is higher for 3H-dexamethasone, while the binding to cytosol macromolecules is higher for 3H-corticosterone. 3) In vivo and in vitro cell nuclear binding for both steroids showed the same pattern among the three tissues, but in vivo data showed more distinctly the preference of 3H-dexamethasone for the anterior pituitary and the preference of 3H-corticosterone for the hippocampus. 4) When labeled in tissue slices, cell nuclear radioactivity appears to be bound to macromolecules. 5) Steroid metabolism does not occur in slices during 60 min in vitro at 25 C and cannot account for the observed tissue differences in binding. The existence of more than one population of corticosteroid-binding sites in brain and in anterior pituitary is suggested. The results are consistent with the view that the dexamethasone blockade of stress-induced ACTH release is mediated by the anterior pituitary, while the high specificity of cotricosterone binding in the hippocampus implies a specific but as yet undetermined effect of the hormone in this brain area, an effect which may not be directly related to regulation of ACTH secretion.
Test of a Model Linking Cognitive Motivation, Assessment of Alternatives, Decision Quality, and Group Process Satisfaction:

The proposed model links cognitive motivation to the assessment of alternatives, decision quality, and group satisfaction in Ventana Corporation's GroupSystemsm environment. The proposed model hypothesized a direct link between cognitive motivation, as operationalized by Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) Need for Cognition (NFC) construct, and assessment of alternatives. This link was confirmed. Group assessment of alternatives was hypothesized to have a direct effect upon the quality of decision and satisfaction with group process. These links were confirmed. The hypothesized link between quality of decision and satisfaction with group process was, however, not supported. The finding that higher quality decisions result from greater member input concerning the value of alternative choices bolsters the importance of establishing a comprehensive survey of the options. Group composition issues are discussed.
The microwave spectrum of vinyl azide

Abstract Vinyl azide has been shown to exist in both cis and trans conformations with the cis more stable by 460 cal/mole. The rotational constants in Megahertz are: cis, A = 14 698.23, B = 4088.44, C = 3195.64; trans, A = 46 761.19, B = 2751.40, C = 2598.83. The dipole moment components (in debye) are: cis, μa = 1.337, μb = 0.326, μtotal = 1.376; trans, μa = 1.156, μb = 0.900, μtotal = 1.465.
SU‐GG‐J‐62: Use Winston‐Lutz Test to Check Cone Beam CT Isocenter Accuracy for Imaging Guided Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Objectives: Cone beam CT(CBCT) opens the era of three dimensional (3D) imaging guided stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS). The CBCT isocenter accuracy is critical for imaging guided SRS guidance. This study analyzes the daily quality assurance (QA) results of using Wiston‐Lutz test to verify CBCT isocenter accuracy. Methods: A Winston‐Lutz phantom (Brainlab AG, Germany) is set up daily to lign up with the isocenter (Novalis TX, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). After the isocenter is verified with Winston‐Lutz ball‐shot films, the couch position is recorded. The couch is then moved away from the isocenter. CBCT of the Winston‐Lutz phantom is then acquired and matched to the planning CT to shift the target ball back to the isocenter. The displacement between the ball‐shot film verified isocenter position and the CBCT determined isocenter position is calculated along anterior‐posterior (AP), cranial‐caudal (CC) and medial‐lateral (ML) directions. This test is performed daily for SRS treatment. The results for the last half a year daily QA since we started this test are analyzed. The 3D vector of the isocenter displacement is also calculated. Results: The mean values and standard deviations of the differences between the Winston‐Lutz ball‐shot film verified isocenter and the CBCT determined isocenter are 0.013 ± 0.044 cm, 0.078 ± 0.061 cm, and 0.016 ± 0.049 cm along AP, CC, and ML direction respectively. The histogram distribution of the difference along three orthogonal directions is shown in Figure 1. The histogram distribution of the 3D vector for the isocenter displacement is shown in Figure 2. The mean value and standard deviation of the 3D vector are 0.11 ± 0.04 cm. Conclusion: Winston‐Lutz test could be used for isocenter checks of both machine and kV imaging system. With proper QA tests, CBCT can provide accurate localization for intracranial SRS treatments.
A Practical Model for Ethical Decision Making in Issues Management and Public Relations

The deontological philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) provides a powerful framework for the analysis of ethical dilemmas. Kant's philosophy is discussed and applied to what this research poses as the "practical model for ethical decision making" (see Figure 1). This Kantian model establishes an ethical consideration triangle and incorporates symmetrical communication. The issues management of 2 global organizations was used as an empirical test of the model and to refine it for practical implementation. I argue that rigorous analysis of ethical decisions and symmetrical communication result in ethical issues management.
Application of pedagogical fundamentals for the holistic development of cybersecurity professionals

Nowhere is the problem of lack of human capital more keenly felt than in the field of cybersecurity where the numbers and quality of well-trained graduates are woefully lacking [10]. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences indicted the US education system as the culprit contributing to deficiencies in our technical workforce, sounding the alarm that we are at risk of losing our competitive edge [14]. While the government has made cybersecurity education a national priority, seeking to stimulate university and community college production of information assurance (IA) expertise, they still have thousands of IA jobs going unfilled. The big question for the last decade [17] has been 'where will we find the talent we need?' In this article, we describe one university's approach to begin addressing this problem and discuss an innovative curricular model that holistically develops future cybersecurity professionals.
Solving Large Nonlinear Systems of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations With Hierarchical Structure Using Multi-GPGPUs and an Adaptive Runge Kutta ODE Solver

The adaptive Runge-Kutta (ARK) method on multi-general-purpose graphical processing units (GPUs) is used for solving large nonlinear systems of first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with over ~ 10 000 variables describing a large genetic network in systems biology for the biological clock. To carry out the computation of the trajectory of the system, a hierarchical structure of the ODEs is exploited, and an ARK solver is implemented in compute unified device architecture/C++ (CUDA/C++) on GPUs. The result is a 75-fold speedup for calculations of 2436 independent modules within the genetic network describing clock function relative to a comparable CPU architecture. These 2436 modules span one-quarter of the entire genome of a model fungal system, Neurospora crassa. The power of a GPU can in principle be harnessed by using warp-level parallelism, instruction level parallelism or both of them. Since the ARK ODE solver is entirely sequential, we propose a new parallel processing algorithm using warp-level parallelism for solving ~ 10 000 ODEs that belong to a large genetic network describing clock genome-level dynamics. A video is attached illustrating the general idea of the method on GPUs that can be used to provide new insights into the biological clock through single cell measurements on the clock.
Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit-renal-adipose tissue and its comparison with the skeletal-muscle enzyme.

Cytoplasmic NAD-linked l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was isolated from rabbit renal adipose tissue in a preparation that was apparently homogeneous by preparative isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. The adipose tissue and skeletal muscle enzymes were indistinguishable by disc-gel electrophoresis, immunological comparisons, apparent Km, values for substrates and coenzymes, isoelectric point in preparative isoelectric-focusing runs, and apparent molecular weight and Stokes radius on polyacrylamide-gel-filtration columns. The ultraviolet spectrum of the adipose tissue enzyme was identical to that of the muscle enzyme including the broad maximum at 275 nm indicative of the non-protein component characteristic of the muscle enzyme. Crude homogenates of rabbit adipose tissue and muscle electro-focused in polyacrylamide gels and stained for glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase activity showed four major zones present in slightly different proportions in the two homogenates, but fully superimposable in runs on mixed tissue homogenates. Comparison of amino acid composition of the adipose tissue enzyme with analyses of the muscle done in five different laboratories showed that the adipose tissue enzyme cannot be distinguished from the muscle enzyme by this criterion. Similar comparison of the adipose tissue and muscle enzymes with the liver enzyme suggests that the liver enzyme is not identical to the muscle-adipose form of the enzyme. Possible similarity in physiological role for the muscle-adipose form of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase in these two tissues and a rationale for their absence in rapidly growing cancer cells is suggested.
A testbed for research on manipulator-coupled active spacecraft

This paper describes a testbed developed to study control of manipulator-coupled spacecraft with active attitude control systems. Pre-design simulation studies are described that were used to size and design the experimental facility and plan testing programs. Results on the dynamics and control of this testbed are presented that were obtained from both simulations and experiments. Initial experimental results have been used to refine the simulators using output matching system identification. Results from this system identification are included in the form of comparisons between simulation and experiment time histories for various model parameter values. These show that the testbed is inherently nonlinear and that parameters, harmonic gear effectiveness, in particular, have appreciable effects on the dynamics.
The longitudinal association between homelessness, injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior among persons with a history of injection drug use in Baltimore, MD.

Background Few studies have assessed the temporal association between homelessness and injection drug use, and injection-related risk behavior.
G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinases Phosphorylate LRP6 in the Wnt Pathway *

Wnt ligands conduct their functions in canonical Wnt signaling by binding to two receptors, the single transmembrane low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) and seven transmembrane (7TM) Frizzled receptors. Subsequently, phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues within five repeating signature PPPSP motifs on LRP6 is responsible for LRP6 activation. GSK3β, a cytosolic kinase for phosphorylation of a downstream effector β-catenin, was proposed to participate in such LRP6 phosphorylation. Here, we report a new class of membrane-associated kinases for LRP6 phosphorylation. We found that G protein-coupled receptor kinases 5 and 6 (GRK5/6), traditionally known to phosphorylate and desensitize 7TM G protein-coupled receptors, directly phosphorylate the PPPSP motifs on single transmembrane LRP6 and regulate Wnt/LRP6 signaling. GRK5/6-induced LRP6 activation is inhibited by the LRP6 antagonist Dickkopf. Depletion of GRK5 markedly reduces Wnt3A-stimulated LRP6 phosphorylation in cells. In zebrafish, functional knock-down of GRK5 results in reduced Wnt signaling, analogous to LRP6 knock-down, as assessed by decreased abundance of β-catenin and lowered expression of the Wnt target genes cdx4, vent, and axin2. Expression of GRK5 rescues the diminished β-catenin and axin2 response caused by GRK5 depletion. Thus, our findings identify GRK5/6 as novel kinases for the single transmembrane receptor LRP6 during Wnt signaling.
NMDA receptors lose their inhibitions.

A new study suggests that interactions between dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter pathways are important in regulating the inhibitory effects of alcohol on brain function.
Routing Protocol Performance over Intermittent Links

Communications among mobile, tactical nodes presents a major military challenge. The use of MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) protocols provides a possible solution for military nodes, including those in an airborne network. However MANET research has primarily focused on ground-based studies, using vehicular speeds and in many cases random mobility patterns. Nodes of an airborne network travel at speeds significantly faster than ground vehicles, and fly in coordinated paths not modeled by random mobility. In addition, the quality of the radio links for airborne nodes varies with time, due to interference, range, or antenna occlusion when banking. These characteristics make it impossible to extrapolate existing MANET research results to the airborne network. In this paper we present a simulation evaluation of MANET protocol performance for an airborne environment, with the intent to identify a routing protocol that can best deal with the dynamics of an airborne network. A scenario involving widebody aircraft trajectories was modeled in OPNET. Intermittent link outages due to aircraft banking were modeled by use of a notional radio link, antenna model, and modified OPNET source code that reflects positional antenna gain, including antenna occlusion when an aircraft banks. Within this scenario environment, four MANET protocols (AODV, TORA, OLSR, OSPFv3-MANET) were run on the airborne nodes with metric collection of protocol overhead, packet delivery ratio, and packet delay. Simulation results and analysis of the protocol performance for an airborne network are presented here. Additional issues and future areas of research are also identified.
Uptake of labeled glucose by root tips from etiolated wheat seedlings

Abstract Wheat root tips from germinatyed seedlings were incubated in labeled D -glucose-U- L - 14 C for periods up to 30 min. Uptake of activity into glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, sucrose and UDP-glucose was monitored. Extremely low, but significant, activities were found in ADP-glucose and GDP-glucose. A Golgi fraction was isolated. Activity was found in a particulate form but it could be solubilized in mild base or acid. Sephadex chromatography of the base solubilized material demonstrated that it had high mol. wt. Acid hydrolysis yielded mainly radioactive xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, with lesser quantities of mannose and uronic acids.
Middle Turbinate Medialization With Bovine Serum Albumin Tissue Adhesive (BioGlue)

Middle turbinate (MT) medialization without resection is an approach designed to both preserve the MT and prevent lateralization, which may cause obstruction of the outflow of the ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal sinuses after endoscopic sinus surgery. Many techniques for medialization have been described. We present a quick and easy technique that involves using the microdebrider to create small areas of denuded mucosa on opposite surfaces of the MT and the nasal septum followed by an application of a bovine serum albumin tissue adhesive to promote the formation of controlled synechiae without the need for nasal packing.
Particle Characteristics and Analysis Using the Laser-Based Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) and Statistical Method

Particle characterization is an important component in product research and development, manufacturing, and quality control of particulate materials. In this article a laser-based phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) was used to measure particle size and velocity. Two different particles, humid particles and fog particles, were tested using the PDPA. Several tests were conducted under different conditions and all data were analyzed using the statistical method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to see which factor affects particle performance. The humid particle flow rate has a significant effect on both the particle mean diameter and the particle mean velocity with 90% confidence. The type of oil particle has a significant effect on the particle mean velocity with 90% confidence.
A 6-m mesh reflector antenna for SMAP: Modeling the RF performance of a challenging Earth-orbiting instrument

A complete and accurate RF model of the SMAP observatory has been presented in this paper. Extreme care has been used in modeling all the important parts of the spacecraft to provide reliable information about the performance of the instrument under various conditions. An ongoing work of RF model refinement based on the constant development of the spacecraft and instrument is also being carried on to keep the model up to date. Field of view studies have been performed and mechanical and thermal deformations are also being considered. Since radiation pattern measurements of the actual antenna are not planned, the development of this RF model represents a very important milestone for the mission.
Total weak acid concentration and effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma.

The strong ion approach provides a quantitative physicochemical method for describing the mechanism for an acid-base disturbance. The approach requires species-specific values for the total concent...
Preliminary evolutionary relationships within the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae): combined analysis of four genes

. The braconid wasp genus Cotesia Cameron (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) is one of the largest genera of parasitoid wasps, and its species are employed frequently as biological control agents against pest insects. Several Cotesia species are also used as model organisms in physiology, ecology and population genetics studies. The genus thus has considerable importance from both applied and basic science perspectives. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of twenty-five species of Cotesia commonly used in field and laboratory research, using the genes 16S, ND1, 28S and LW opsin and employing a range of phylogeny estimation methods including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, minimum evolution and Bayesian inference. Phylogenetic estimates differed little among methods, especially for the combined data analysis. The combined analysis of four genes identified four well-supported clades within Cotesia: the melanoscela group (containing C. melanoscela, the C. flavipes species complex and probably also C. ruficrus), the kariyai group (containing C. kariyai, C. kazak, C. cyaniridis, C. flaviconchae and probably also C. anisotae and C. griffini), the rubecula group (containing C. congregata, C.electrae, C.euchaetis, C. marginiventris, C. obsuricornis and C. schizurae), and the glomerata group (consisting of C. glomerata, C. melitaearum and C. plutellae), plus a basal unresolved complex including C. hyphantriae, C. diacrisiae and C. empretiae. These groups correspond poorly with previous broad subgroups of Cotesia defined by Papp based on morphology. The current work constitutes the first real framework for comparative studies in systematics, ecology, physiology and population genetics of Cotesia. A preliminary analysis of the evolution of gregarious development from solitary is presented, in which it is apparent that solitary development is ancestral, and gregariousness has arisen several times independently within separate groups.
Operation and Control of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Realized Using Cascaded H-Bridge Converters

The dynamic voltage restorer as a means of series compensation for mitigating the effect of voltage sags has become established as a preferred approach for improving power quality at sensitive load locations. Meanwhile, the cascaded multilevel type of power converter topology has also become a workhorse topology in high power applications. This paper presents the detailed design of a closed loop regulator to maintain the load voltage within acceptable levels in a DVR using cascaded multilevel converters. The paper presents system operation and controller design approaches, verified using computer simulations and a laboratory scale experimental prototype
Auto-catalysed progression of aneuploidy explains the Hayflick limit of cultured cells, carcinogen-induced tumours in mice, and the age distribution of human cancer

Evidence continues to accumulate that aneuploidy, an imbalance in the number of chromosomes, is responsible for the characteristic phenotypes of cancer, including the abnormal cellular size and morphology of cancer cells, the appearance of tumour-associated antigens, as well as the high levels of membrane-bound and secreted proteins responsible for invasiveness and loss of contact inhibition. Aneuploidy has also been demonstrated to be the self-perpetuating source of the karyotypic instability of cancer cells. Here it is shown that the auto-catalysed progression of aneuploidy explains the kinetics of the finite lifetime of diploid cells in culture, the time course of the appearance of papillomas and carcinomas in benzo[a]pyrene-treated mice, and the age-dependence of human cancers. Modelling studies indicate that the ease of spontaneous transformation of mouse cells in culture may be due to a chaotic progression of aneuploidy. Conversely, the strong preference towards senescence and resistance to transformation of human cells in culture may be the result of a non-chaotic progression of aneuploidy. Finally, a method is proposed for quantifying the aneuploidogenic potencies of carcinogens.