cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytology: Screening or diagnostic tool?

Previously used only as a screening tool, cytology now emerges as a powerful diagnostic technique, especially since the advent of the fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. This article highlights the use of ancillary techniques, primarily electron microscopy (EM), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). When coupled with routine cytological examination such as FNA and body cavity fluid cytology, EM and IHC can refine the diagnosis and make it more precise. The authors discuss how to solve common diagnostic dilemmas by the use of cytology along with IHC and EM. The following common diagnostic problems are addressed: mesothelioma versus adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine neoplasms and their mimickers, melanoma versus carcinoma versus sarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinomas of unknown primary.
Induction of Fos immunoreactivity by acute glucose deprivation in the rat caudal brainstem: relation to NADPH diaphorase localization.

Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase, a NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) enzyme, catalyzes formation of the free radical neurotransmitter, NO, and is distributed within several caudal brainstem structures. The following studies investigated whether these neuron populations express immunoreactivity for the inducible nuclear transcription factor, Fos, in response to acute glucose deprivation. Eight days after bilateral ovariectomy and subcutaneous implantation of silastic capsules containing 30 µg estradiol benzoate/ml, adult female rats were injected i.p. with the glucose antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG; 400 mg/kg), or the vehicle, saline, and killed by transcardial perfusion 2 h later. At 150-µm intervals through the midbrain, pons, and medulla 25-µm sections were taken and processed for dual cytoplasmic NADPH-d enzyme activity and nuclear Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir). Although NADPH-d-positive neurons were demonstrated in several neural structures, only those in the dorsal raphe nuclei, central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal vagal motor nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, reticular parvocellular nucleus, and medullary A5 noradrenergic cells were colabeled for nuclear Fos-ir following injection of 2DG. While NADPH-d neurons in the midbrain central gray and the latero- and posterodorsal tegmental, lateral parabrachial, motor trigeminal, and gigantocellular nuclei were not immunolabeled for Fos in the 2DG-treated animals, there was a close neuroanatomical proximity between neurons capable of generating NO and others expressing Fos-ir in these sites. These data reveal that only discrete populations of NADPH-d-containing neurons in the caudal brainstem are transcriptionally activated via the Fos stimulus-transcription cascade in response to glucose substrate imbalance, and suggest that NO and/or other neurotransmitters released by these neurons may function as neurochemical mediators of glucoprivic regulatory effects within this part of the brain.
A KINETIC STUDY OF THE DISPLACEMENT REACTION BETWEEN NICKEL(II) AND ZINC-ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE BY A RADIOMETRIC METHOD

A radiometric study of the kinetics of the displacement reaction between nickel(II) and65Zn-labeled zinc salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which was previously used by the authors for the analysis of trace quantities of nickel, has been carried out under varying conditions of temperature, pH etc. The above reaction was confirmed to be first order with respect to both Ni2+ and to*ZnEDTA. The overall reaction rate constant, kf, has been shown to be inversely proportional to the concentration of Zn2+ and directly proportional to the concentration of H+. From the dependence of the rate constant on the concentration of Zn2+ and H+ a three-step mechanism is proposed for the above reaction. The values for Ea, ΔH‡, ΔG‡ and ΔS‡ for the overall reaction have been computed from the experimental data.
How cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) modulate pectoralis power output across flight speeds.

The avian pectoralis muscle must produce a varying mechanical power output to achieve flight across a range of speeds (1-13 m s-1). We used the natural variation in the power requirements with flight speed to investigate the mechanisms employed by cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) to modulate muscle power output. We found that pectoralis contractile function in cockatiels was generally conserved across speed and over a wide range of aerodynamic power requirements. Despite the 2-fold range of variation in muscle power output, many aspects of muscle performance varied little: duration of muscle shortening was invariant, and overall wingbeat frequency and muscle strain varied to a lesser degree (1.2-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively) than muscle power or work. Power output was primarily modulated by muscle force (accounting for 65% of the variation) rather than by muscle strain, cycle frequency or changes in the timing of force production relative to muscle strain. Strain rate and electromyogram (EMG) results suggest that the additional force was provided via increasing pectoralis recruitment. Due to their effect on the transformation of muscle work into useful aerodynamic work, changes in wing position and orientation during the downstroke probably also affect the magnitude of muscle force developed for a given level of motor recruitment. Analysis of the variation in muscle force and airflow over the wing suggests that the coefficients of lift and drag of the wing vary 4-fold over the speed range examined in this study.
The integrity of anticipatory coarticulation in fluent and non-fluent tokens of adults who stutter

This article analysed the acoustic structure of voiced stop + vowel sequences in a group of persons who stutter (PWS). This phonetic unit was chosen because successful production is highly dependent on the differential tweaking of right-to-left anticipatory coarticulation as a function of stop place. Thus, essential elements of both speech motor planning and execution can be parsimoniously assessed. Five adult PWS read three passages 3 times in a randomised order. These passages contained an overabundance of words beginning with initial [bV], [dV] and [gV] sequences. Digital audio and visual recordings were analysed to first identify fluent and stuttered target words, which were then spectrally analysed to yield locus equation (LE) regression plots. The slope of the LE regression function directly indexes the coarticulatory extent of the vowel's influence on the preceding stop consonant. The PWS revealed LE parameters falling within the normal ranges based on previously documented data obtained from fluen...
Ethanol blockade of context change effects.

Rats were trained to run to four baited arms of an eight-arm radial maze. Half the subjects were trained in one context, half in another. Additionally, half of each of these groups received alcohol (1.5 g/kg ethanol) pretreatment while the rest were given saline. Following attainment of criterion, the context conditions were reversed for all subjects, but the drug assignment remained in force. Saline-injected rats were strongly disrupted by the train—test context shift. Alcohol-injected subjects were unaffected by the change in setting. Alcohol seems either to diminish the contextual composition of memories or to block the reaction to environmental mismatch during testing.
A Decomposition Strategy Based on Thermoeconomic Isolation Applied to the Optimal Synthesis/Design and Operation of a Fuel Cell Based Total Energy System

A decomposition methodology based on the concept of “thermoeconomic isolation” applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of a stationary cogeneration proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based total energy system (TES) for residential/commercial applications is the focus of this paper. A number of different configurations for the FC based TES were considered. The most promising set based on an energy integration analysis of candidate configurations was developed and detailed thermodynamic, kinetic, geometric, and economic models at both design and off-design were formulated and implemented. An original decomposition strategy called Iterative Local-Global Optimization (ILGO) developed in earlier work by two of the authors was then applied to the synthesis/design and operational optimization of the FC based TES. This decomposition strategy is the first to successfully closely approach the theoretical condition of “thermoeconomic isolation” when applied to highly complex, nonlinear systems. This contrasts with past attempts to approach this condition, all of which were applied to very simple systems under very special and restricted conditions such as those requiring linearity in the models and strictly local decision variables. This is a major advance in decomposition and has now been successfully applied to a number of highly complex, highly non-linear, and dynamic transportation and stationary systems. This paper presents the detailed results from one such application.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Examination of the Factors that Influence Teleworkers' Willingness to Comply with Information Security Guidelines

With the increased use of teleworkers, it is important to understand how teleworker attitudes are related to the willingness to accept and follow guidelines that maintain data security in the telework environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the idea of subjective norms as a means of explaining teleworker compliance in using information security guidelines in a telework environment. A sample of 150 respondents who considered themselves formal and informal teleworkers and were eligible for membership in The Telework Exchange completed a Teleworker Security Survey. Descriptive and linear regression analyses were used to determine relationships existing between willingness to follow organizational teleworker data information security guidelines and practices. The findings of the analyses demonstrated that personal attitude, social pressure, and sense of control, and sense of responsibility represented a weak to moderate model for explaining teleworker willingness to follow an organization's security guidelines. This study is significant to organizations with teleworkers by identifying insight on attitudes of teleworkers regarding data security, sense of control teleworkers have regarding the confidentiality and integrity of data, and the intent of teleworkers to follow security protocols in a telework environment.
Generating fixed concentration arrays in a microfluidic device

Abstract We have designed and built a laminar microfluidic diffusion diluter (μDD) to obtain fixed concentration gradients inside lithographically patterned lab-on-a-chip architectures. The driving force for this investigation was the desire to minimize the amount of precious analyte consumed in high throughput measurements performed as a function of concentration. This was achieved by engineering a microfluidic system capable of delivering minute volumes of analyte by very slow pressure-driven flow. The μDD consists of a Y-junction that allows inflow of two different streams into a main channel, which eventually splits into a linear array of independent microchannels. The arraying technique is based on convective/diffusive transport of nanoliter quantities of an analyte from one fluid stream into the other. The μDD design allows output channels to exhibit predetermined analyte concentration values, which can be controlled by regulating the flow rate. Experiments were performed for flow rates ranging from 500 to 50 nl/min. Theoretical studies of convective/diffusive transport in the main channel have been performed as a function of the Peclet number and the normalized channel dimensions. These results were validated using fluorescence microscopy experiments as well as two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations. The computational results compared well with the experimental measurements, validating the μDD design.
Pericardial tamponade from stab wound of the heart and pericardial effusion or empyema; a study utilizing the method of right heart catheterization.

Abstract Patients with penetrating wounds of the heart with pericardial tamponade often present the clinical picture of profound shock. Study of these patients demonstrates the presence of a significantly different hemodynamic situation from that occurring in patients with shock produced by hemorrhage or by stab wounds of the chest. Observations on the changes in the circulation in seven patients with pericardial tamponade from stab wounds of the heart or from infection of the pericardium form the basis for this report.
PRUDENT INVESTING? THE CREDIT CRISIS OF AUGUST 2007, MAINSAIL II SIV-LITE, AND THE STATE CASH INVESTMENT POOL

This paper reviews the period leading up to and inc luding the credit disruption of August 2007 and then examines one failed structured financ e issue and one investor in that issue. The investor was a financially conservative U.S. st ate treasury and the issue, Mainsail II, a little-known esoteric structure known as a SIV-Lite . The pairing of these two entities is part of the story of the financial crisis and tells us much about the excesses of the markets at that time and the lack of investment discipline. T he paper explains the structure of a SIV- Lite as well as a collateralized debt obligation (C DO), a structured investment vehicle (SIV), and an asset-backed commercial paper conduit. It explores the role of the broker and rating agencies in the investment decision.
Physics-based simulation of single-event effects

This paper reviews techniques for physics-based device-level simulation of single-event effects (SEEs) in Si microelectronic devices and integrated circuits. Issues for device modeling of SEE are discussed in the context of providing physical insight into mechanisms contributing to SEE as well as providing predictive capabilities for calculation of SEE rates. Recent advances in device simulation methodology are detailed, including full-cell simulations and cross-section calculations from first principles. Examples of the application of physics-based SEE simulations are presented, including scaling trends in soft error sensitivity as predicted by device simulation, single-event latchup (SEL) simulations in CMOS structures, and recent simulations of single-event transient (SET) production and propagation in digital logic circuits.
Putrescine enhances somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in upland cotton

Improvement in somatic embryogenesis has been achieved in several cotton lines (Gossypium hirsutumL.) from the Georgia and Pee Dee germplasm with culture media containing various Putrescine concentrations. The best results were obtained with the α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)-based treatments, S15 g.05 NAA and EMMS2, as compared to the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-based culture medium, EMMS4. Inclusion of 0.5 mg l−1 Putrescine improved somatic embryo (SE) induction for most treatments and lines tested. An 8-and 2-fold improvement was achieved in SE production on the EMMS2-0.5 Putrescine treatment as compared to EMMS2 alone for cotton lines PD 97019 and GA 98033, respectively. A significant increase in SE number (53-fold) was obtained with the addition of 0.5 mg l−1Putrescine to EMMS2 for PD 97021, which was essentially recalcitrant without Putrescine treatment. Conversion of SEs into plants was both genotype- and culture medium-dependent.
Evidence-based trust reasoning

Trust is a necessary component in cybersecurity. It is a common task for a system to make a decision about whether or not to trust the credential of an entity from another domain, issued by a third party. Generally, in the cyberspace, connected and interacting systems largely rely on each other with respect to security, privacy, and performance. In their interactions, one entity or system needs to trust others, and this "trust" frequently becomes a vulnerability of that system. Aiming at mitigating the vulnerability, we are developing a computational theory of trust, as a part of our efforts towards Science of Security. Previously, we developed a formal-semantics-based calculus of trust [3, 2], in which trust can be calculated based on a trustor's direct observation on the performance of the trustee, or based on a trust network. In this paper, we construct a framework for making trust reasoning based on the observed evidence. We take privacy in cloud computing as a driving application case [5].
Modeling The Effect of Diabetes Education on Glycemic Control

The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which diabetes education improves glycemic control. Study participants were 82 adult patients from a comprehensive outpatient diabetes education program who completed a research protocol at the outset of the program and again 6 to 12 months later. The research protocol included a glycosylated hemoglobin assay and self-reported frequency of two insulin administration events (shot skipping and dosage adjustment), self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and exercise. Those who did not improve any aspect of self-care reduced their mean glycohernoglobin frorn 9.7 to 9.0. Those who improved exercise or SMBG (but not both) reduced their glycohemoglobirt from 10.9 to 9.6. Those who improved both exercise and SMBG and those who improved insulin adntinistratiort had the lat-gest irttprovemertt in glycemic control, from 12.5 to 9.6. These findings suggest that if diabetes education can help patients improve self-care behanior, it cart bring about dramati...
A unified model for joint throughput-overhead analysis of random access mobile ad hoc networks

An analytical framework is developed to study the throughput and routing overhead for proactive and reactive routing strategies in random access mobile ad hoc networks. To characterize the coexistence of the routing control traffic and data traffic, the interaction is modeled as a multi-class queue at each node, where the aggregate control traffic and data traffic are two different classes of customers of the queue. With the proposed model, the scaling properties of the throughput, maximum mobility degree supported by the network and mobility-induced throughput deficiencies are investigated, under both classes of routing strategies. The proposed analytical model can be extended to evaluate various routing optimization techniques as well as to study routing/relaying strategies other than conventional proactive or reactive routing. The connection between the derived throughput result and some well-known network throughput capacity results in the literature is also established.
South American climate during the Last Glacial Maximum: Delayed onset of the South American monsoon

[1] The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) over South America is simulated using a regional climate model with 60-km resolution, providing a simulation that is superior to those available from global models that do not resolve the topography and regional-scale features of the South American climate realistically. LGM conditions on SST, insolation, vegetation, and reduced atmospheric CO2 on the South American climate are imposed together and individually. Remote influences are not included. Annual rainfall is 25–35% lower in the LGM than in the present day simulation throughout the Amazon basin. A primary cause is a 2–3 month delay in the onset of the rainy season, so that the dry season is about twice as long as in the present day. The delayed onset occurs because the low-level inflow from the tropical Atlantic onto the South American continent is drier than in the present day simulation due to reduced evaporation from cooler surface waters, and this slows the springtime buildup of moist static energy that is needed to initiate convection. Once the monsoon begins in the Southern Hemisphere, LGM rainfall rates are similar to those in the present day. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, rainfall is lower throughout the (shortened) rainy season. Regional-scale structure includes slight precipitation increases in the Nordeste region of Brazil and along the eastern foothills of the Andes, and a region in the center of the Amazon basin that does not experience annual drying. In the Andes Mountains, the signal is complicated, with regions of significant rainfall increases adjacent to regions with reduced precipitation.
Electron Beam Controlled, Neon Stabilized XeF Laser

High power and efficiency has been demonstrated for the long pulse electron beam pumped rare gas halide lasers [l–5]. However, in order to scale these laser systems limitations such as foil heating and inefficiencies of electron guns must be overcome. The electron beam controlled XeF laser is less constrained by these limitations and for this reason may be the system of choice in going to high average powers. In this paper we will discuss the operation of the electron beam controlled XeF laser and compare its performance with that of the electron beam pumped laser.
Alternate Therapies in the Treatment of Brain Injury and Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Practical Guide

Murrey GJ, ed. Binghamton, NY 13904, Haworth Press, 2006, paperback, 191 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7890-2135-8, $24.95. This book focuses on therapies for people with brain injury who have neurobehavioral disorders. The intent of the book is to improve the long-term outcomes for this patient population. Eight authors, along with the editor, contributed to this book. The editor is a clinical neuropsychologist who has directed the rehabilitation program at the Minnesota Neurorehabilitation Hospital in Brainerd, Minnesota. The first chapter provides an introduction and overview of executive dysfunction in brain injury. Horticulture therapy, art therapy, music therapy, melodic intonation therapy, recreational therapy, chemical-dependency treatment, electroencephalograph (EEG) feedback, and craniosacral therapy are each given a chapter, resulting in a total …
Compatibilization of poly(vinyl chloride) with polyamide and with polyolefin by using poly(lauryllactam-random-caprolactam-block-caprolactone)

The compatibilization of various poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends was investigated. The blend systems were PVC-polyamide 12 (PA12), PVC-polypropylene (PP), and PVC-ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) with a new compatibilizing agent, random-block terpolymer poly(ω-lauryllactam-random-ϵ-caprolactam-block-ϵ-caprolactone) or systems containing these copolymers. The results were compared to those obtained in previous studies using poly(ω-lauryllactam-block-ϵ-caprolactone) copolymer. The new block copolymer was specially synthesized by reactive extrusion. Observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that compatibilized blends had a finer morphology than the noncompatibilized blends. Addition of 10 weight percent (wt%) of block copolymer proved to be sufficient to give a significant improvement of the mechanical properties of the immiscible PVC blends at room temperature and at high temperatures that were above the glass transition temperature of PVC. For polyolefins, a three-component compatibilizing system including maleated polypropylene, polyamide 12, and block copolymer was used. It was found that poly(ω-lauryllactam-random-ϵ-caprolactam-block-ϵ-caprolactone) was the more efficient compatibilizing agent for the modification of PVC-polyamide 12, PVC-polypropylene, and PVC-ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:95–110, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mainstreaming Alternative Medicine: Doing Midwifery at the Intersection

Joining the discussion regarding the future of alternative and traditional medical practices and beliefs, the author explores how operating within the dominant sociopolitical system challenges alternative health care providers' definitions of themselves, their practices, and their systems of beliefs. Specifically, this case study articulates the experiences of one group of birth care providers (both certified nurse and nonlicensed, apprentice-trained midwives) as a web of paradox that simultaneously marginalizes parts of their occupational identity while allowing them to operate within the dominant sociopolitical system.
Recurrence after microwave ablation of liver malignancies: a single institution experience

Background Microwave ablation (MWA) is increasingly used to achieve local control for liver tumours. This study sought to examine a monocentric experience with MWA, with a primary hypothesis that primary tumour histology was a significant predictor of early recurrence. Methods Retrospective single-institution review identified consecutive patients with liver tumours treated by MWA. Cox proportional hazards models assessed significance of prognostic variables. Results Seventy-two patients (43 female, 60%) underwent 83 MWA procedures for 157 tumours. Tumour histologies included hepatocellular cancer (10 operations), colorectal metastases (39), metastatic carcinoid (20) and other (14). The median tumour size was 2.0 cm. A concomitant liver resection was performed in 50 cases (60%). Crude peri-operative morbidity and mortality rates were 16% and 1%, respectively. The median follow-up was 16 months. Ablations were complete for 149 out of 157 tumours (95%). The median overall and recurrence-free survivals were 36 and 18 months, respectively. There was no difference in time to recurrence between the primary tumour types. In multivariable models, recurrence-free survival was independently associated with the use of neoadjuvant [hazard ratio (HR): 2.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–7.76, P = 0.034] and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15–0.82, P = 0.016). Conclusions MWA is a safe and feasible approach for local control of liver tumours. While chemotherapy administration was associated with time to recurrence after MWA, larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
Flux enhancement in hollow fiber ultrafiltration for the recovery of acid cheese whey precipitates

Ultrafiltration (UF) is commonly used to recover the soluble proteins from cheese whey. One major limitation of its application is concentration polarization resulting in flux reduction. We report on a strategy of using polyelectrolyte [(carboxymethyl)-cellulose (CMC)] precipitation to convert a portion of the polarizing macromolecules into potentially flux-enhancing particles. The polymer dosage used can affect the resultant slurry (both protein removal and particle size) and is the important determinant of the flux rates obtainable. Over the CMC dosage range studied, 0.25–3.5 kg/m3, the CMC-whey slurries have higher permeate flux than the corresponding supernatant, but both have similar permeate flux-CMC dosage relationships, indicating that the effects reported here are superimposed on membrane-fouling behavior. Permeate flux was doubled when CMC dosages ranging from 0.75 to 1.75 kg/m3 were added to the whey. The presence of particles was crucial for flux enhancement. The flux behavior of the resultant CMC-whey slurries showed that the mechanism of enhancement has some of the features of hydrodynamic shear-induced diffusion.
Modeling of Hysteresis and Backlash Within a Smart Fin With a Piezoelectric Actuator

This work presents a dynamic model of a smart fin, which is activated by a piezoelectric bimorph actuator that is made by bonding two Macro Fiber Composites (MFCs). The actuator is completely enclosed within the fin. Earlier research has indicated that the use of a linear model for the fin dynamics does not fully describe the fin. This work presents a more realistic approach to the problem by incorporating additional components into the model. Therefore, a proportional damping matrix is introduced. It was also observed that experimental results exhibit hysteresis and backlash. A Bouc-Wen hysteresis model is combined with two backlash operators to model the observed saturation and the non-symmetry of the response. Hybrid Fuzzy Simplex Genetic Algorithm (HFSGA) is used to identify the optimal set of parameters for the damping matrix constants, the Bouc-Wen model, and the backlash operators. The results show that proposed method can predict the hysteresis of the smart fin–actuator system under various operational conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Determination of Monoamine Turnover by Blockade of Their Synthesis or Metabolism

The neurotransmitter amines, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamme, 5-HT) are continuously released and destroyed at various rates, yet their content in neuronal tissue remains relatively constant. Thus, it is not possible to evaluate neuronal function solely from the content of the transmitter in a tissue. A better estimate of neuron function can be obtained from the rate of formation of the amines. The hypothesis is that there is increased amine formation and turnover when neurons are actively firing. Presently, there are two general techniques for estimating the rate of amine formation (see reviews by Costa and Neff, 1970: Neff, 1972; Costa et al., 1975, and Korf 1985). There are the steady-state methods where an isotope-labeled amine (radioactive or stable isotope) or a precursor is administered, and following uptake mto nerve endings, the decline of the specific radioactivity of the transmitter is followed with time. The rate of loss of radioactive amine under steady-state conditions is proportional to its turnover. The higher the neuronal firing rate, the faster the rate of decline of the specific radioactivity of the transmitter amme. Another, and perhaps simpler, procedure for estimating the rate of formation of amine transmitter 1s to block one of the enzymatic events required for their formation or metabolism with specific pharmacologic agents, and measure either the accumulation of a substrate or the decline of the product of the enzymatic event. For example, following the administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 5-HT increases with time, whereas 5hydroxymdoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) decreases with time (Neff and Tozer, 1968). The rate of conversion of 5-HT to 5-HIAA can be calculated from the slopes of the curves. A faster accumulation of an intermediate reactant or decline of a product indicates a more
Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain: Women's occupations

Before we can discuss the causes of occupational segregation, we must first have an accurate understanding of what work women did. While this may seem to be a simple task, it presents some challenges to the historian. Measures of occupational distribution are less than perfect, and occupational patterns were changing rapidly during the Industrial Revolution. Census data on individuals begins only in 1841, and when it does exist it is not an accurate measure of women's employment. This leaves us without any aggregate measures of employment, so a glance at the statistical abstract will not suffice; instead, we must build a picture of women's employment from numerous incomplete sources. This chapter will examine the evidence and determine what work women did during the Industrial Revolution. Section I will discuss the limited statistical evidence available on the pattern of occupational sorting by gender, and Section II will examine the anecdotal evidence on women's occupations. Though the evidence is neither comprehensive nor perfectly reliable, it is clear that men and women tended to work in different occupations. However, it is also clear that the sorting was not perfect, and that women were frequently found in occupations not generally considered to be “women's work.” When examining women's employment, we must keep in mind that many of women's productive contributions remain invisible to the historian. Women at all levels of the labor market assisted their husbands but received no official recognition for their productive contributions.
Abstract WP126: Utility of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Guiding Secondary Stroke Prevention

Background and Purpose Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) has long played a role in determining mechanism of, and ultimately secondary prevention for, acute ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that,...
'A way of struggle': reformations and affirmations of E. P. Thompson's class analysis in the light of postmodern theories of language.

This paper is an analysis of the role of language in historical class formation in light of the recent developments in postmodern social theory and historiography. Revisionists from within this perspective have questioned if not abandoned E. P. Thompson's class struggle analysis, arguing that he fails to account for the constitutive character of language in the construction of collective identities. They oppose his account of the making of the English working class with alternative histories emphasizing populist and other non-class identities. Drawing on the Bakhtin Circle of literary studies, and returning to Thompson's own writings, the author argues that we can incorporate language into class struggle analysis as a critical mediating force. He maintains that class struggle occurs largely within a hegemonic discursive formation, and that class consciousness and identity thus in part are formed through counter-hegemonic strategies of resistance to ideological domination. To illustrate this theory he analyses the role of language in the class struggles of the silk weavers of the Spitalfields district in London in the 1820s. He analyses how the silk weavers articulated a class consciousness through their counter-hegemonic struggles with the large capitalists and the language of political economy
Pressure-sensitive paint measurements on aeroelastic wings in transonic flow

This paper reports an experiment in which pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) was used to measure pressures on simple, flat-plate, clipped delta wings that were undergoing damped aeroelastic oscillations in transonic flow. The experiment was conducted in High Reynolds Number Channel 2 (HRC-2) at Ames Research Center and was designed to explore the potential of PSP to generate unsteady aerodynamic data needed to validate numerical methods for simulating aeroelastic responses. The experiment demonstrated all the procedures needed to use PSP for aeroelastic testing. The semispan models were imaged by three synchronized black and white video cameras. Image transformations were applied to correct for model movement between the wind-on and wind-off conditions. The uncertainty of the measurements was large because of uncertainties in the paint calibration and in the correction for model movement, and because the unsteady component of the PSP signal was highly attenuated due to inadequate frequency response of the paint. (Author)
A model of effective health policy: the 1983 Orphan Drug Act.

Abstract There was a new pharmaceutical policy enacted in 1983 known as the Orphan Drug Act. It was designed to increase the availability of drugs used to treat rare diseases. In the decade prior to 1983, only ten orphan drugs had been marketed. Since 1983, over 200 orphan drugs have been marketed and over 800 have entered the regulatory pipeline. This paper examines a case of government regulation that industry, patients and politicians view as a resounding success. This policy should serve as a model of how to encourage innovation in other under-served areas.
I need you to finish Evan's quilt.

“I have something for you to do while you are here, dear,” Mimi said with a tired look of finality. “Sure, I am here and will do whatever you want. I came to spend time with you and help in any way I can.” A small smile appeared on her coralcolored lips. Last summer Mimi flew to see me and announced that she wanted permanent makeup on her lips. “They are so thin now I can’t keep lipstick on,” she had said. “Who knows? With good lips, a girl could get lucky!” Now, her lips added color to her face—a face with love in her eyes and sadness that her life was drawing quickly to a close. “I want you to pack my sewing room. I don’t want my daughter, Nancy, to have to deal with that. I want you to do it.” I sighed with trepidation. Now I really knew the end was close. “What do you want me to do with the things? You will have to tell me what to do.” She waved her hand dismissively. “You will know what to do. I need you to do this.” Then she paused and looked directly at me. “But, what I really need you to do is finish Evan’s quilt! It’s hanging on the design wall.” It was just 2 years ago when Mimi was getting settled into her new place in Long Island that her handyman put up the design wall panels in her lovely new sewing room. That fall, several of us, her close friends, visited her new home near her daughter’s family. The move came after Mimi’s husband died in their Chicago home of more than 30 years. “I have made each grandchild a quilt,” Mimi said. “Evan’s is the last. I have backing on each of the large blocks made from his soccer T-shirts. But I never got the quilt put together. I need you to do this. The batting is in the sewing room along with the fabric I bought for the backing. Have it quilted in Stover, you know, that wonderful quilting place.” Stover is about 80 miles from my home in mid-Missouri. Mimi and I had often visited the women there who transformed the quilt tops we made into amazing works of art. “Send the bill for the quilting to Nancy. She handles my bills, and I want to pay for the quilting.” Mimi sighed, then continued: “You will need to get boxes. Diane has other things on her list today. You go with her. I will rest and get cleaned up while you are both gone.” Diane is another close friend who had been staying with Mimi to help direct caregivers, run errands, and offer support. Ph ot o co ur te sy o f M ar ily n Ra nt z, P hD , R N, F AA N
A New Pattern of Reproduction in Pyronema Domesticum

The majority of the ascogonia which produced ascogenous hyphae did so after the trichogyne failed to complete plasmogamy in cultures of two isolates of Pyronema domesticum, a discomycete. Most of the ascogonia reproducing in this manner bore a trichogyne which failed to unite with a fertilizing element. Some of the trichogyne tips fused and established cytoplasmic continuity with an antheridium, sterile hypha, or the ascogonium which produced it, but cytoplasmic continuity was not established between the trichogyne base and ascogonium. Ascogenous hyphae were subsequently produced by these unfertilized ascogonia. Infrequently, plasmogamy involving an antheridium, sterile hypha, or ascogonium was completed. Further development of the apothecium followed the pattern established for an isolate of P. domesticum in which plasmogamy regularly occurred.
Beyond Laryngoscopy: Current Objective Diagnostic Testing and Interpretation for LPR

Diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has traditionally been based on clinical symptoms and laryngoscopy findings. More recent applications of dual pH multichannel intraluminal monitoring (dual pH-MII), high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM), and salivary pepsin testing may allow for a more comprehensive assessment of patients with suspected LPR. The limitations of empiric proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trials to establish a diagnosis of laryngeal symptoms due to LPR are evolving, and objective diagnostic testing may be warranted in patients who fail to respond to PPI. Dual pH-MII, HRM, and salivary pepsin testing are currently under active study for improved diagnosis of reflux contributions to laryngeal symptoms. The clinical application of these diagnostic testing modalities has been validated in the literature, though more normative data in healthy controls and improved symptom association prediction algorithms are warranted.
Biomechanical and organisational stressors and associations with employment withdrawal among pregnant workers: evidence and implications

The distribution of exposure to biomechanical and organisational job stressors (BOJS) and associations with employment withdrawal (antenatal leave, unemployment) was examined in a case-control study of 1114 pregnant workers in California. We performed descriptive and multivariate logistic and multinomial regression analyses. At pregnancy onset, 57% were exposed to one or more biomechanical stressors, including frequent bending, heavy lifting and prolonged standing. One-third were simultaneously exposed to BOJS. Exposure to biomechanical stressors declined as pregnancy progressed and cessation often (41%) coincided with employment withdrawal (antenatal leave and unemployment). In multivariate modelling, whether we adjusted for or considered organisational stressors as coincident exposures, results showed that pregnant workers exposed to biomechanical stressors had increased employment withdrawal compared to the unexposed. Work schedule accommodations moderate this association. Paid antenatal leave, available to few US women, was an important strategy for mitigating exposure to BOJS. Implications for science and policy are discussed. Practitioner Summary: This case-control study showed that exposure to biomechanical stressors decline throughout pregnancy. Antenatal leave was an important strategy used for mitigating exposure among sampled California women with access to paid benefits. Employment withdrawal among workers exposed to BJOS may be reduced by proactive administrative and engineering efforts applied early in pregnancy.
Tm/Ho co-doped pulsed fiber laser with low spectral and temporal noise

A Tm/Ho co-doped mode-locked soliton fiber laser design is presented with stable and low noise single-pulsing operation at a repetition rate of 135.2 MHz and a transform limited pulse duration of 375 fs. The fiber laser is directly core pumped at a wavelength of 790 nm. In single-pulsing operation, the fiber laser is centered at a wavelength of 1983 nm and can be continuously tuned over an 8 nm bandwidth. The fiber laser consists of a linear cavity which allows scaling of the repetition rate further by reducing the cavity length and utilizing the high pump absorption at 790 nm and efficient absorption/emission dynamics without photodarkening. In addition, co-doping with Tm/Ho increases the efficiency of the lasing with enhanced cross-relaxation rates. Stable mode-locked operation with reduced ripples in the optical spectrum and high signal-to-background ratios in the RF spectrum is observed. A low relative intensity noise with an rms fluctuation level of 0.13 % (frequency interval of 10 Hz to 1 MHz) and a low phase noise with a timing jitter of 20 fs (frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz) characterizes the mode-locked laser.
Pickless Event Detection and Location: The Waveform Correlation Event‐Detection System (WCEDS) Revisited

The standard seismic explosion‐monitoring paradigm is based on a sparse, spatially aliased network of stations to monitor either the whole Earth or a region of interest. Under this paradigm, state‐of‐the‐art event‐detection methods are based on seismic phase picks, which are associated at multiple stations and located using 3D Earth models. Here, we revisit a concept for event‐detection that does not require phase picks or 3D models and fuses detection and association into a single algorithm. Our pickless event detector exploits existing catalog and waveform data to build an empirical stack of the full regional seismic wavefield, which is subsequently used to detect and locate events at a network level using correlation techniques. We apply our detector to seismic data from Utah and evaluate our results by comparing them with the earthquake catalog published by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations. The results demonstrate that our pickless detector is a viable alternative technique for detecting events that likely requires less analyst overhead than do the existing methods.
Sleep-Related Enuresis

Sleep-related enuresis is defined as an involuntary discharge of urine during sleep. Although biologic sequelae are unusual, psychological and emotional consequences are significant. The most important aspect of successful treatment is accurate diagnosis. Treatment is based on a rational approach to management of any underlying organic pathologic conditions, if present, and systematic development of a multidimensional treatment regimen.
Kinematic Structure of Mesovortices in the Eyewall of Hurricane Ike (2008) Derived from Ground-Based Dual-Doppler Analysis

AbstractPrevious work has shown that vorticity mixing in the tropical cyclone (TC) inner core can promote mesovortex (MV) formation and impact storm intensity. Observations of MVs have largely been serendipitous but are necessary to improve understanding of these features and their role in TC dynamics. This study presents nearly 10 h of ground-based dual-Doppler analysis of MVs in the eyewall of Hurricane Ike (2008) near and during landfall. Derived 3D winds, vertical vorticity, horizontal divergence, and perturbation pressures are analyzed. Results indicate persistent kinematic field arrangements and evolving vertical structures. Perturbation pressure retrievals suggest local pressure minima associated with the MVs. Preferential updraft locations appear to transition cyclonically about the local vorticity maximum as the MVs progress around the eye. Based on published observational datasets, the dual-Doppler updraft magnitudes in Ike’s MVs are within the top 5%–10% of TC vertical velocities. The MVs are m...
Sparse polynomials in FLINT

We have implemented a high-performance C library for sparse polynomials, which is provided as an add-on module to the open-source computation library FLINT [7]. Our implementation incorporates a number of recent theoretical advances in supersparse polynomial arithmetic, most notably recent algorithms for sparse interpolation and multiplication. We provide a summary of the provided functionality, a selection of key implementation decisions, and some preliminary timing data.
Sharing for Health: A Study of Chinese Adolescents' Experiences and Perspectives on Using Social Network Sites to Share Health Information.

Purpose: This exploratory qualitative study examines Chinese adolescents’ health information sharing habits on social network sites. Method: Ten focus group meetings with 76 adolescents, ages 12 to...
Semi-hypothesis guided exploratory analysis for biomedical applications

Medical research and clinical trials are often based on hypotheses that were observed from clinical practice with noticeable evidence. Forming clinically significant hypotheses will greatly benefit the success of clinical research and ensure both external and internal validity of the trial. In this talk, I will introduce a knowledge discovery approach to automatically identify populations of subjects with commonly occurred comorbidities, genotypes, and phenotypes that present statistically high contract between populations. To focus on a confined set of medical problems as most of medical researchers would like to target (hypertension and diabetes versus all chronic diseases), this approach is able to take a set of selected attributes of interest and expand knowledge discoveries from the initial set. The computational approach consists of a forward floating search method for population selection, a hierarchical frequent pattern mining tree to efficiently handle dense associations, contrast mining for identifying actionable plans, and accumulated contrast (ac-)index for ranking mining results for biomedical researchers. I will present exploratory analysis process and results from the Simon's Simplex Collection (SSC) by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) which comprises data representing 11,560 individuals from 2,591 families. Putative autism subtypes were explored by partitioning families based on demographics and autism phenotypes. An extended contrast mining procedure identified genetic combinations showing preferential association for one of the contrasted subgroups, emphasizing combinations novel to the autistic proband within each family tree. Potentials for other biomedical applications will also be discussed.