cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Anterior Segment Inflammation in a Rat Model of Uveitis Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE To develop anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and quantitative image analysis for use in experimental uveitis in rats. METHODS Acute anterior uveitis was generated in Lewis rats. A spectral domain anterior segment OCT system was used to image the anterior chamber (AC) and ciliary body at baseline and during peak inflammation 2 days later. Customized MatLab image analysis algorithms were developed to segment the AC, count AC cells, calculate central corneal thickness (CCT), segment the ciliary body and zonules, and quantify the level of ciliary body inflammation with the ciliary body index (CBI). Images obtained at baseline and during peak inflammation were compared. Finally, longitudinal imaging and image analysis was performed over the 2-week course of inflammation. RESULTS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography identifies structural features of inflammation. Anterior chamber cell counts at peak inflammation obtained by automated image analysis and human grading were highly correlated (r = 0.961), and correlated well with the histologic score of inflammation (r = 0.895). Inflamed eyes showed a significant increase in average CCT (27 μm, P = 0.02) and an increase in average CBI (P < 0.0001). Longitudinal imaging and quantitative image analysis identified a significant change in AC cell and CBI on day 2 with spontaneous resolution of inflammation by day 14. CONCLUSIONS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution images of the structural changes associated with anterior uveitis in rats. Anterior chamber cell count and CBI determined by semi-automated image analysis strongly correlates with inflammation, and can be used to quantify inflammation longitudinally in single animals.
Resonant multiphoton Ionization of noble gases by intense picosecond UV laser radiation

Resonant enhancement in the ion yield from multiphoton ionization of noble gas atoms by well-characterized high-intensity (3 × 1012–3 × 1014-W/cm–2) W/cm–2) picosecond tunable UV laser beams has been observed.2 Detailed three-photon Kr resonance profiles for 4p–4d, 4p–4d1, and 4p–5d are presented as a function of peak laser intensity. The profiles, after convolution with the spatiotemporal intensity profile of the laser beam, are well fitted by a simple model incorporating line shifts and widths scaling linearly with intensity. An absolute intensity scale is established by recording the energy spectra of photonionized electrons, which is directly related to the intensity at which they were ejected for short-pulse irradiation.3
Nearly Flat-Lying Sedimentary Layers

The dominant structural style across a vast area of the United States is that of nearly flat-lying sedimentary layers in the form of broad folds, monoclines, and tilted layers. The two primary landscape styles produced in nearly flat-lying sedimentary layers are erosional mountains and the bench-and-slope landscape. This style of landscape characterizes the Great Plains; the Central Lowlands; the Appalachian, Interior Low, and Ozark Plateaus; the Coastal Plain; the Colorado Plateau, and the Wyoming Basin. Bench-and-slope landscape results from sequential removal (horizontal stripping) of layers via undercutting, wearing away, and slope retreat. Erosional mountains represent an extreme form of bench-and-slope landscape in which streams continually cut downward rather than strip layers horizontally. Erosional mountains characterize the Appalachian Plateau.
Helping Students Understand Intersectionality: Reflections from a Dialogue Project in Residential Life

In this chapter, the authors share insights from a dialogue project focused on intersectionality within a residential life setting and discuss additional strategies for helping students understand intersectionality.
Enzymatic synthesis of ribo- and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides from glycofuranosyl phosphates: An approach to facilitate isotopic labeling.

Abstract Milligram quantities of α-D-ribofuranosyl 1-phosphate (sodium salt) (αR1P) were prepared by the phosphorolysis of inosine, catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase). The αR1P was isolated by chromatography in >95% purity and characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Aqueous solutions of αR1P were stable at pH 6.4 and 4 °C for several months. The isolated αR1P was N -glycosylated with different nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine and uracil) using PNPase or uridine phosphorylase (UPase) to give the corresponding ribonucleosides in high yield based on the glycosyl phosphate. This methodology is attractive for the preparation of stable isotopically labeled ribo- and 2′-deoxyribonucleosides because of the ease of product purification and convenient use and recycling of nitrogen bases. The approach eliminates the need for separate reactions to prepare individual furanose-labeled ribonucleosides, since only one ribonucleoside (inosine) needs to be labeled, if desired, in the furanose ring, the latter achieved by a high-yield chemical N -glycosylation. 2′-Deoxyribonucleosides were prepared from 2′-deoxyinosine using the same methodology with minor modifications.
Pribnow Box Recognition and Melting by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase

The core RNA polymerases from bacterial and eukaryotic cells, which are homologous in structure and function (Allison et al. 1985; Biggs et al. 1985; Ahearn et al. 1987; Sweetser et al. 1987; Darst et al. 1989, 1991; Schultz et al. 1993; Polyakov et al. 1995), are catalytically active in RNA chain elongation but are incapable of promoter recognition and specific initiation. Promoter-specific transcription initiation requires additional protein factors. In bacteria, specific initiation by RNA polymerase (RNAP) requires a single polypeptide known as a σ factor, which binds to core RNAP to form the holoenzyme (Burgess et al. 1969; Travers and Burgess 1969). One primary σ factor directs the bulk of transcription during exponential growth. Specialized, alternative σ factors direct transcription of specific regulons during unusual physiological or developmental conditions (reviewed in Helmann and Chamberlin 1988; Gross et al. 1992). The primary and most of the alternative σ factors comprise a highly homologous family of proteins (Stragier et al. 1985; Gribskov and Burgess 1986) with four regions of highly conserved amino acid sequence (Fig. 1; reviewed in Lonetto et al. 1992). Based on the results of genetic and biochemical experiments, specific functions have been assigned to some of the conserved regions(summarized in Fig. 1).
Framing Asian Studies. Geopolitics and Institutions

Area studies in the US and US-influenced area studies elsewhere – including Asian studies – are deeply enmeshed in an intellectual conversation with Edward Said’s characterisation of Orientalism an...
Being’s Mindfulness: The Noema of Transcendental Idealism

This paper wishes to suggest that Husserl’s transcendental idealism is indeed metaphysical (cf. n. 15) but in a way which is yet to be determined. Further, I propose that acknowledgement of the metaphysical side of Husserl’s thought can serve as a determining factor in the proper interpretation of the discussions of the noema, especially as it appears in Ideas I.
State Court International Human Rights Litigation: A Concerning Trend?

Introduction 25 I. The Move to State Court Human Rights Litigation 27 A. Early Beginnings: Treaties and International Lawmaking 28 B. An Alternative Approach: Federal Litigation and Alien Tort Claims 30 C. The Move to State Court Litigation 33 II. Placing in Context: Similar Strategies 35 A. A Recent Parallel: International Environmental Law and State Law ..... 35 B. Another Parallel: The State Constitutionalism Movement 38 III. The Limits of State Court Strategies 39 Conclusion 43
Sex-Chromatin Formation and RNA and Protein Synthesis During Preimplantation Development of the Rabbit

Summary This is a review of experiments which attempt to explore mechanisms of gene regulation during preimplantation development in mammals. The time of appearance and rate of formation of sex chromatin are compared with the patterns of RNA and protein synthesis in somatic cells of female rabbit embryos recovered prior to implantation. In vivo, sex-chromatin formation starts in the rabbit about 84 hours after fertilization (70 - to 800-cell stage). The frequency of sex-chromatin-positive nuclei reaches values of 85 % to 90 % at about 135 hours after fertilization, which is shortly before implantation. Sex-chromatin formation also occurs if washed embryos are allowed to develop in vitro, suggesting that the mechanism initiating sex-chromatin formation is primarily under embryonic and not maternal control. The frequency of sex-chromatin in cultured pieces of dissected embryos depends on the embryonic age (total of hours in vivo between fertilization and recovery plus hours in culture) rather than the number of cells in the embryonic segment, which may vary considerably for different pieces of the same embryo. Other experiments also indicated that the age from fertilization is more consistently associated with sex-chromatin formation than any other variable. Rates of 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine incorporation were determined by autoradiography of single embryos to establish the patterns of RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. RNA synthesis is very active at 60 to 100 hours after fertilization, which precedes the period when most sex-chromatin formation occurs. The pattern of protein synthesis lags behind the pattern of RNA synthesis by about 20 hours, with substantial amounts of protein also being synthesized before most sex-chromatin formation has occured. These observations indicate that neither X chromosome of the female mammalian cell is condensed (and both are presumably active genetically) during the very early stages of development. Since transcription and translation are apparently active at these stages, the genetic information present on both X chromosomes could contribute to the regulation of determination, if this occurs early. Alternately, the information could be transcribed and stored in the form of stable RNA, which would regulate determination and differentiation at a later developmental stage. All this is in accord with expectations based on the Lyon hypothesis and may help explain why some humans with sex-chromosome anomalies have phenotypic abnormalities even though their mature somatic cells have only one genetically active X chromosome, like the cells of chromosomally normal individuals.
Reification and the birth of totalities

Having stated the intent of this volume, to arrive at a bimodal theory of transcendence and its application to man’s search for wholeness, I will still insist, for sake of clarity and simplicity, to use Self-1 and Self-2 as the two terms of the self in conversation with itself. Self-1 is positive transcendence, quite reliable since the self has directional awareness and control of this awareness. Self-2 is negative transcendence, quite unreliable but free as a separate awareness having no attachments to Self-1. The self will manifest the unity of its being but it will be bimodal in its behavior. We assume, of course, that human awareness is broader than the ego’s control of transcendence. But it’s also true that a broadened self- awareness or even a total human awareness may not necessarily be a human awareness.
Depressive symptoms and fatigue as predictors of objective-subjective discrepancies in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Objective To examine the degree to which depressive symptoms and fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with discrepancies between subjective and objective cognitive impairment. Methods Ninety-nine adults with MS who were receiving care in a university-affiliated MS center completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), MS Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ), and Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS). Participants were classified as “Accurates,” “Underestimators,” or “Overestimators” based on discrepancies between their MSNQ (subjective) and BICAMS (objective) scores. Underestimators were individuals whose subjective scores were significantly worse than their objective scores. Overestimators exhibited the opposite profile. Results The PHQ-8 (r = 0.58) and FSS (r = 0.48) significantly correlated with the MSNQ, but not with the BICAMS (rs Conclusions In the presence of mild levels of depression or significant fatigue, subjective cognitive measures are unlikely to provide accurate estimates of objective cognitive functioning. Objective cognitive measures are required for accurate identification of cognitive impairment.
Stable isotopes of H, C and N in mice bone collagen as a reflection of isotopically controlled food and water intake*

2H/1H ratios in animal biomass reflect isotopic input from food and water. A 10-week controlled laboratory study raised 48 mice divided in two generations (8 mothers Mus musculus and their offspring). The mice were divided into four groups based on the combination of 2H, 13C, 15N-enriched and non-enriched food and water. Glycine, the most common amino acid in bone collagen, carried the 2H, 13C, 15N-isotopic spike in food. ANOVA data analysis indicated that hydrogen in food accounted for ∼81 % of the hydrogen isotope inventory in collagen whereas drinking water hydrogen contributed ∼17 %. Air humidity contributed an unspecified amount. Additionally, we monitored 13C and 15N-enrichment in bone collagen and found strong linear correlations with the 2H-enrichment. The experiments with food and water indicate two biosynthetic pathways, namely (i) de novo creation of non-essential amino acids using hydrogen from water, and (ii) the integration of essential and non-essential amino acids from food. The lower rate of isotope uptake in mothers' collagen relative to their offspring indicates incomplete bone collagen turnover after ten weeks. The variance of hydrogen stable isotope ratios within the same cohort may limit its usefulness as a single sample proxy for archaeological or palaeoenvironmental research.
Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microstructure using High-Resolution Extremity Cone-Beam CT with a CMOS Detector.

Purpose: A high-resolution cone-beam CT (CBCT) system for extremity imaging has been developed using a custom complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) x-ray detector. The system has spatial resolution capability beyond that of recently introduced clinical orthopedic CBCT. We evaluate performance of this new scanner in quantifying trabecular microstructure in subchondral bone of the knee. Methods: The high-resolution scanner uses the same mechanical platform as the commercially available Carestream OnSight 3D extremity CBCT, but replaces the conventional amorphous silicon flat-panel detector (a-Si:H FPD with 0.137 mm pixels and a ~0.7 mm thick scintillator) with a Dalsa Xineos3030 CMOS detector (0.1 mm pixels and a custom 0.4 mm scintillator). The CMOS system demonstrates ~40% improved spatial resolution (FWHM of a ~0.1 mm tungsten wire) and ~4x faster scan time than FPD-based extremity CBCT (FPD-CBCT). To investigate potential benefits of this enhanced spatial resolution in quantitative assessment of bone microstructure, 26 trabecular core samples were obtained from four cadaveric tibias and imaged using FPD-CBCT (75 μm voxels), CMOS-CBCT (75 μm voxels), and reference micro-CT (μCT, 15 μm voxels). CBCT bone segmentations were obtained using local Bernsen’s thresholding combined with global histogram-based pre-thresholding; μCT segmentation involved Otsu’s method. Measurements of trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), spacing (Tb.Sp), number (Tb.N) and bone volume (BV/TV) were performed in registered regions of interest in the segmented CBCT and μCT reconstructions. Results: CMOS-CBCT achieved noticeably improved delineation of trabecular detail compared to FPD-CBCT. Correlations with reference μCT for metrics of bone microstructure were better for CMOS-CBCT than FPD-CBCT, in particular for Tb.Th (increase in Pearson correlation from 0.84 with FPD-CBCT to 0.96 with CMOS-CBCT) and Tb.Sp (increase from 0.80 to 0.85). This improved quantitative performance of CMOS-CBCT is accompanied by a reduction in scan time, from ~60 sec for a clinical high resolution protocol on FPD-CBCT to ~17 sec for CMOS-CBCT. Conclusion: The CMOS-based extremity CBCT prototype achieves improved performance in quantification of bone microstructure, while retaining other diagnostic capabilities of its FPD-based precursor, including weight-bearing imaging. The new system offers a promising platform for quantitative imaging of skeletal health in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
Design and Development of In-Vehicle Lane Departure Warning System using Standard Global Positioning System Receiver:

A lane departure warning system is a critical element among advanced driver-assistance systems functions, which has significant potential to reduce crashes. Generally, lane departure warning system...
Almond Consumption and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Evidence suggests that eating nuts may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating almond consumption and risk factors for CVD. MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, and previous systematic reviews were searched from 1990 through June 2017 for RCTs of ≥3 wk duration that evaluated almond compared with no almond consumption in adults who were either healthy or at risk for CVD. The most appropriate stratum was selected with an almond dose closer to 42.5 g, with a control most closely matched for macronutrient composition, energy intake, and similar intervention duration. The outcomes included risk factors for CVD. Random-effects model meta-analyses and subgroup meta-analyses were performed. Fifteen eligible trials analyzed a total of 534 subjects. Almond intervention significantly decreased total cholesterol (summary net change: -10.69 mg/dL; 95% CI: -16.75, -4.63 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (summary net change: -5.83 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9.91, -1.75 mg/dL); body weight (summary net change: -1.39 kg; 95% CI: -2.49, -0.30 kg), HDL cholesterol (summary net change: -1.26 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.47, -0.05 mg/dL), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) (summary net change: -6.67 mg/dL; 95% CI: -12.63, -0.72 mg/dL). Triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, apolipoprotein A1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein (a) showed no difference between almond and control in the main and subgroup analyses. Fasting blood glucose, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index significantly decreased with almond consumption of >42.5 g compared with ≤42.5 g. Almond consumption may reduce the risk of CVD by improving blood lipids and by decreasing body weight and apoB. Substantial heterogeneity in eligible studies regarding almond interventions and dosages precludes firmer conclusions.
Stellate Ganglion Blockade and Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation With Left Stellate Ganglionectomy in a Patient With Refractory Electrical Storm: A Case Report.

Electrical storm (ES) is classified as at least three episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in any 24-hour period. Stellate ganglion blockade and left stellate ganglionectomy have shown benefit in terminating ES. A 64-year-old white male with a past medical history of atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease requiring previous cardiac bypass surgery in 1997, and coronary artery stents in 2003 presented with syncope and refractory ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. He eventually underwent both an ultrasound-guided left stellate ganglion block and left cardiac sympathetic denervation with left stellate ganglionectomy. In the setting of refractory ES, the left stellate ganglion block followed by left stellate ganglionectomy can be a lifesaving intervention.
Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Rates in a Multistate Sample of Skilled Nursing Facilities.

This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of asymptomatic and presymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in skilled nursing facilities.
JunB controls tissue-specific effector programs in regulatory T cells

Abstract Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators of immunological tolerance to both self and microbial antigens. Tregs activate context-dependent transcriptional programs to adapt effector function to specific tissues; however, the factors controlling tissue-specific gene expression in Tregs remain unclear. Here, we find that the AP-1 transcription factor JunB enables the environmental adaptation of Tregs by facilitating tissue-specific transcriptional programming. Treg-specific ablation of JunB results in immune dysregulation characterized by enhanced colonic T cell accumulation and cytokine production; however – in contrast to its classical binding-partner BATF – JunB is dispensable for both effector Tregs and the majority of Treg subsets. Rather, JunB activates a transcriptional program facilitating the maintenance of CD25- Tregs – including follicular Tregs – and a separate effector program in colonic Tregs that includes the cytolytic molecules Granzymes A and B. Therefore, JunB is a novel and essential regulator of tissue-specific Treg effector programming.
Earth-bound millicharge relics

Dark sector particles with small electric charge, or millicharge, (mCPs) may lead to a variety of diverse phenomena in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Assuming their possible existence, we investigate the accumulation and propagation of mCPs in matter, specifically inside the Earth. Even small values of millicharge lead to sizeable scattering cross sections on atoms, resulting in complete thermalization, and as a consequence, considerable build-up of number densities of mCPs, especially for the values of masses of GeV and higher when the evaporation becomes inhibited. Enhancement of mCP densities compared to their galactic abundance, that can be as big as ${10}^{14}$, leads to the possibility of new experimental probes for this model. The annihilation of pairs of mCPs will result in new signatures for the large volume detectors (such as Super-Kamiokande). Formation of bound states of negatively charged mCPs with nuclei can be observed by direct dark matter detection experiments. A unique probe of mCP can be developed using underground electrostatic accelerators that can directly accelerate mCPs above the experimental thresholds of direct dark matter detection experiments.
Non-global structure of the \mathcal{O}\left( {\alpha_s^2} \right) dijet soft function

High energy scattering processes involving jets generically involve matrix elements of light-like Wilson lines, known as soft functions. These describe the structure of soft contributions to observables and encode color and kinematic correlations between jets. We compute the dijet soft function to $ \mathcal{O}\left( {\alpha_s^2} \right) $ as a function of the two jet invariant masses, focusing on terms that have a non-separable dependence on these masses and are not determined by the renormalization group evolution of the soft function. Our results include non-global single and double logarithms, and analytic results for the full set of non-logarithmic contributions as well. Using a recent result for the thrust constant, we present the complete $ \mathcal{O}\left( {\alpha_s^2} \right) $ soft function for dijet production in both position and momentum space.
Geostatistically Simulating Subglacial Topography with Synthetic Training Data

The topography beneath ice sheets is an important parameter in numerous ice sheet analyses including sea level rise prediction. Subglacial topography is measured with airborne ice-penetrating radar. Radar coverage of ice sheets is incomplete so gaps must be interpolated. However, traditional interpolation techniques such as kriging create unrealistically smooth surfaces. Alternatively, topography can be geostatistically simulated such that the interpolated topography has similar spatial statistics to the data. The direct sampling technique simulates topography by sampling from a training dataset, or exposed topography. However, bed measurements are often hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from exposed topography, so selecting a representative training dataset is difficult. Therefore, we propose a technique that uses radar bed measurements to generate synthetic training data. This approach uses a Fourier transform to simulate topography based on the frequency content of the available bed measurements. The simulated training data can then be used to perform a direct sampling simulation. We demonstrate this concept for exposed bed topography in Greenland.
Pandemic meets race: An added layer of complexity

Race-specific trauma is long established and persistent in the workplace, but its implications are especially important to acknowledge in the context of COVID-19. [...]as I-O psychologists, we have a responsibility to be particularly aware and intentional about diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) work during this unique period of working during a pandemic, specifically regarding racial dynamics. [...]knowledge is constructed, reconstructed, distributed, and reproduced by Whites, shutting out voices of color (Baffoe etal., 2014). According to 2020 censuses, Fortune 100 C-Suite positions consist of 84% White employees (Larcker & Tayan, 2020), and studies show that women and people of color often get less prestigious work assignments that lack potential for advancement (Williams, & Multhaup, 2018). A reason for this could be SIOP’s requirement of a Ph.D. or master’s degree to be a member or associate. Because doctorate degrees are so normalized in the field, people of color are disadvantaged due to significant racial disparities in higher education.
There's Feminism in Those Judgments

This Essay enlists the other contributions to this Symposium to honor the extraordinary transnational phenomenon of Feminist Judgments, a growing set of multi-authored volumes that find progressive potential in decisional law. Although The Common Law Inside the Female Body is a very different work, this Essay identifies common ground between this book and Feminist Judgments. The modus operandi of Feminist Judgments is to rewrite published judicial decisions to steer their results or their rationales in a feminist direction; The Common Law Inside the Female Body celebrates judge-made law as it is, in an unaltered state. That difference noted, the Feminist Judgments movement and my paean to the common law agree on where to go and what to take on the journey. Both share a commitment to reason, precedent, narrative, judge-written primary materials, grievances articulated and heard in court, fidelity to the rule of law, and undoing the subordination of women.
Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Tumors of the Breast

The mesenchymal neoplasms discussed in this chapter are generally rare and can be encountered either as a breast primary or occur in the chest wall, the soft tissue of the axilla, or the skin overlying the breast. With rare exceptions, when arising in the vicinity of the breast, these tumors share the same morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic features as their somatic soft tissue counterparts; accordingly, for a comprehensive review of these tumors, the reader is referred to the respective chapters of dedicated soft tissue textbooks. However, select tumors are briefly discussed here from the perspective of a breast pathologist, due to their close mimicry of common breast tumors such as myofibroblastoma, metaplastic carcinoma, or malignant phyllodes tumor. Primary breast sarcomas with fibroblastic/myofibroblastic differentiation are also described in other chapters.
Tests for Nonreciprocal Optical Effects in High-Temperature Superconductors

The existance of spontanous polar Kerr effect and Faraday effect in High-Tc films and crystals was tested using a Sagnac interferometer. Observation of these effects would be a strong evidence that the superconductivity in the cuprates is described by a theory that predicts broken time-reversal symmetry. No evidense of either polar Kerr rotation or Faraday effects were found when the data was analyzed for both a spatially fluctuating component (anticipating domains) and an absolute offset. The measurements were done with averaged sensitivity of less than 3μrad.
Integration of Behavioral, Structural, Functional, and Genetic Data for the Study of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Pursuant to its commitment to cultivating a greater understanding of mental illness, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have created the National Database for Clinical Trials, where data from a wide variety of NIH-funded studies are deposited in the hope that as many qualified researchers as possible can examine these data. As the designated Data Coordinating Center in the Autism Center of Excellence (ACE) network, the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI) is faced with the task of efficiently organizing data from behavioral assessments, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), electroencephalography (EEG), and whole-genome analysis. To encourage fusion of data across modalities, we have integrated a direct National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) data sharing capability into the LONI Pipeline processing environment, which allows users to create workflows by mixing and matching analytic tools from a library of common neuroimaging, genetics, and statistical software packages.
Cloud Privacy: Normative Standards Needed to Foster Innovation

The principal thesis of this comment is that the free flow of personal information that respects privacy can fuel and cultivate innovation. The growth of cloud computing has led to a corresponding growth of user data stored on third party servers. While technology has advanced, privacy protection has been slow to evolve. U.S. privacy law has significant limitations in the protection of aggregated data — precisely the type of a substantial amount of cloud computing data. Privacy laws, regulations, and policies will have to be modernized and improved to instill trust in cloud computing, thus providing a foundation to support its growth and innovation.Portions of this comment are based on a paper presented at the 2010 Intelligent Information Privacy Management Symposium, Stanford University.
The California Recall Punch Card Litigation: Why Bush V. Gore Does Not Suck

The unprecedented California recall election of 2003 also spawned an unprecedented amount of litigation over the rules for the recall itself. Much of that litigation was patently frivolous, an attempt to throw up as much as possible against the recall to see what would stick in the interest of delaying or scuttling the recall. The recall litigation became part of what I have termed election law as political strategy.But some of the litigation had merit. This paper focuses on one of the meritorious cases, litigation over the use of punch card ballots in Los Angeles and a handful of other California counties in the recall election. Plaintiffs' argument was that the selective use of punch card voting technology, with its extraordinarily high error rates, violated the equal protection rights of voters under the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore (2000). Bush v. Gore was the case that ended the recount of votes in Florida following the November 2000 presidential election.A federal district court judge rejected the argument, but a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit accepted it, ordering a delay in the election until the counties could replace their punch card machines with other technology. A larger (en banc) panel of the Ninth Circuit quickly reversed the panel ruling, and the recall election took place as scheduled.In a recent California Law Review article, Professor Vikram Amar was very critical of the original Ninth Circuit panel's decision to delay the recall, and even more critical of the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore. Indeed, in a recent roundup of the top ten lessons of the recall, Amar lists "Bush v. Gore sucks" as his number one lesson about the recall: the Supreme Court senselessly chose not to be explicit about things in Bush v. Gore, thereby allowing courts such as the Ninth Circuit panel to dubiously interpret the decision as a reason to delay the recall election.In this paper, I take issue with Amar. Far from sucking, the Bush v. Gore opinion had the salutary purpose of focusing the attention of the public, elections officials, and - as in the case of the recall - the courts, on some important yet neglected issues of the nuts-and-bolts of democracy. The debate the case has spawned, and the reforms it has started in motion, have thus far had a salutary effect on the Nation's democracy, even if that may not have been the intent of the Supreme Court Justices who decided the case. In Part I, I describe the California punch card litigation in the context of the Bush v. Gore precedent. In Part II, I defend the original three-judge panel's opinion as a permissible application of Bush v. Gore, and I explore more generally how Bush v. Gore has affected the debate over the nuts and bolts of our democratic process.
Are Other Government Policies More Important than Taxation in Attracting FDI

This paper attempts to broaden the existing empirical literature on foreign direct investment by incorporating government expenditures (both investment in infrastructure and consumption) as well as tax, classical location factors, institutional factors that may hinder business investment (such as corruption), and agglomeration effects. We investigate the determinants of FDI inflows in two unbalanced panel data sets of 47 countries from 1995-2002 and 37 countries from 1996-2002. We use fixed country and year effects and examine different infrastructure measures. The evidence indicates that lower taxes, lower corruption, and better infrastructure attract FDI. Government consumption expenditures negatively impact FDI inflows. The magnitude of the response of FDI to our investment in infrastructure is similar to that of corruption and taxes in elasticity terms.
Anomie’s Eastern origins The Buddha’s indirect influence on Durkheim’s understanding of desire and suffering

Durkheim’s claim in Suicide that humanity’s ‘inextinguishable thirst’ (soif inextinguible) causes suffering was adopted from Arthur Schopenhauer’s argument that the will-to-live’s ‘unquenchable thi...
The relation between the type A behavior pattern, pacing, and subjective workload under single- and dual-task conditions.

Twenty Type A and 20 Type B subjects performed two discrete tasks alone and together. Half of the subjects performed paced versions of both tasks; half, unpaced versions. Workload ratings were obtained for all subjects under single- and dual-task conditions using eight bipolar adjective scales. Under single-task conditions there was a significant interaction between behavior pattern and pacing on one of the tasks. This interaction indicated that Type A subjects responded more rapidly under unpaced conditions than did Type B subjects, although there was little difference between the groups under paced conditions. Under dual-task conditions, Type A subjects responded more rapidly than did Type B subjects regardless of pacing. There was one significant interaction between behavior pattern and task on one of the workload scales.
The Interdependence of Municipal and County Police Forces

— In our politically fragmented urban areas, sheriff's police services, like all municipal services, are distributed free of any direct charge. This study attempts to determine the optimal quantities of county police activity each political district should receive as well as their matching tax bills. The outcome of the analysis is pronouncedly influenced by the peculiar nature of externalities that occur in the provision of urban law enforcement services. Achievement of optimality conditions indicates an inverse relationship between sheriff's per capita expenditures and per capita tax base values of the participating political units.
Emerging diamond technology and the science of extreme conditions

Summary form only given. Diamond is a singularly important material for exploring matter under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Static compression techniques made possible by using diamond as a window and anvil provide the ability to investigate materials from ambient conditions to >3 Mbar (300 GPa) and at variable temperatures from cryogenic to many thousands of degrees. The increasing array of measurements that can be performed with these high-pressure techniques have resulted in new findings in structure, bonding, and dynamics in solids, liquids, and fluids, as well as allowing the creation and recovery of new materials. To address the need for larger, stronger, and more versatile diamond for these experiments, microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition techniques have been developed to fabricate large single-crystal diamond at very high growth rates (to >100 m/h). Single crystals >1 cm in thickness and >10 carats in size can now be produced having a range of optical and mechanical properties. This diamond can be tailored to possess high fracture toughness, and high P-T annealing can significantly increase its hardness. The process has also been optimized to produce diamond with improved optical properties in the ultraviolet to infrared range. This material will also be important in dynamic compression experiments, including gas gun, laser, and magnetically driven shock compression experiments. There are also prospects for additional scientific and technological applications
Expression of interferon-gamma from hybrid yeast GPD promoters containing upstream regulatory sequences from the GAL1-GAL10 intergenic region

Abstract The expression of human immune interferon (IFN-y) is toxic to yeast, resulting in low plasmid stability and copy number. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GPD) promoter [Bitter and Egan, Gene 32 (1984) 263–274] has been modified by introduction of upstream regulatory sequences from the yeast GAL1-GAL10 intergenic region [UASG; Guarente et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 7410–7414] and utilized to express IFN-y. In contrast to the native GPD promoter, the GPD(G) hybrid promoters are regulated by the carbon source. With glucose as the carbon source, a level of expression is observed which is much lower than that obtained with the native GPD promoter. Expression of the hybrid promoters is induced approx. 150- to 200-fold in shaker flask cultures by growth in galactose and similar levels of expression are observed after growth in lactate plus galactose. However, full galactose induction is not observed in the presence of glucose.? Utilization of these regulated promoters has allowed maintenance of plasmids at high copy number with glucose as the carbon source and, after induction with galactose, production of IFN-γ mRNA at levels more than ten times higher than the native yeast PGK gene transcript. In contrast, the native GPD promoter directs comparable levels of expression when grown in either glucose or galactose resulting in low plasmid copy number and a correspondingly lower IFN-γ transcript abundance. It is demonstrated that nucleotide sequences more than 240 bp upstream from the TATA box are required for optimal activity of the native GPD promoter. When UASG is present upstream from the 5′ deleted GPD promoter, the transcriptional activity, under induced conditions, is enhanced to a level equivalent to the native GPD promoter.
Coculture of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) hairy roots with Rhizobium spp.

We have established an in vitro system for the induction and study of nodulation in Pachyrhizus erosus (jicama) via a hairy root-Rhizobium coculture. In vitro-grown P. erosus plantlets were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC No. 15834) and two hairy root lines were established. Hairy roots were grown in a split-plate system in which compartment I (CI) contained MS medium with nitrogen and different sucrose levels (0–6%), while CII held MS medium without nitrogen and sucrose. Nodule-like structures developed in transformed roots grown in CI with 2–3% surcose, inoculated with Rhizobium sp. and transferred to CII. Nodule-like structures that developed from hairy roots lacked the rigid protective cover observed in nodules from plants grown in soil. Western blot analysis of nodules from hairy roots and untransformed roots (of greenhouse-grown jicama) showed expression of glutamine synthetase leghemoglobin and nodulins. Leghemoglobin was expressed at low levels in hairy root nodules.
Hypnotizability and the maudsley personality inventory

Abstract The Maudsley Personality Inventory was administered to 349 male college students. 9 male Ss were chosen to represent each of the 4 possible combinations (total N = 36) of extreme high and low extraversion and introversion scores. An attempt was made to hypnotize each S by means of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. Analysis of variance indicated no significant relationship between either extraversion or neuroticism and hypnotizability, although the relationship between extraversion and hypnotizability approached significance.
Identification of DNA binding proteins from human cells

Abstract Eukaryotic DNA binding proteins have been observed indirectly by means of filter-binding assays, mobility shifts on nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, nucleolytic protection studies, and functional analyses. Transacting factors, presumably proteins, are implicated in regulation of gene expression at the promoter and enhancer. The identification of the polypeptide or polypeptides involved in DNA recognition and binding is an important, challenging problem. A general method is presented herein for the identification of proteins that bind DNA, based directly on the property of DNA binding. A nuclear protein extract, fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, is assayed across the column for binding activity using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples of column eluate that display binding activity are then subjected to nondenaturing gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of substrate DNA. The nondenaturing gel strips are cut out and run orthogonally on discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate gels for the identification of proteins. A protein that undergoes a first-dimension mobility shift to the position of DNA bound to protein is the protein that bound the DNA. We have identified a pair of polypeptides from leukemic human cells of apparent molecular weights 70 and 85 kd that bind DNA as a complex.
What Do Patients Think About Year-End Resident Continuity Clinic Handoffs?: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND Although Internal Medicine year-end resident clinic handoffs affect numerous patients, little research has described patients’ perspectives of the experience.
Metabolic parameters in patients treated with olanzapine or other atypical antipsychotics

The relative risk of changes in metabolic parameters during treatment with atypical antipsychotics has not been fully investigated. Baseline-to-endpoint mean and anytime-categorical changes in metabolic parameters were evaluated in Lilly active comparator-controlled clinical trials. Olanzapine-treated patients gained significantly more baseline-to-endpoint weight versus risperidone- (3.3 kg [N = 713; median exposure [ME, days] = 68] versus 1.8 kg [N = 697; ME = 65], p < 0.001), ziprasidone-(2.8 kg [N = 463; ME = 168] versus -1.3 kg [N = 443; ME = 89], p < 0.001), and aripiprazole-treated patients (3.7 kg [N = 273; ME = 104] versus 0.5 kg [N = 275; ME = 187], p < 0.001). Significantly more olanzapine-treated patients gained ≥ 7% of their baseline weight versus risperidone-(30.6% [N = 713; ME = 169] versus 20.2% [N = 697; ME = 140], p < 0.001), ziprasidone-(30.0% [N = 463; ME = 147] versus 6.5% [N = 443; ME = 165], p < 0.001), and aripiprazole-treated patients (40.3% [N = 273; ME = 170] versus 16.4% [N = 275; ME = 154], p < 0.001). Olanzapine-treated patients had significantly greater baseline-to-endpoint changes in fasting triglycerides compared with ziprasidone- (0.24 mmol/L [N = 365; ME = 168] versus -0.24 mmol/L [N = 316; ME = 140], p < 0.001) and aripiprazole-treated patients (0.28 mmol/L [N = 215; ME = 195] versus -0.19 mmol/L [N = 210; ME = 194], p < 0.001). Olanzapine-treated patients had significantly greater baseline-to-endpoint changes in fasting glucose than ziprasidone-(0.25 mmol/L [N = 379; ME = 168] versus -0.04 mmol/L [N = 333; ME = 133], p = 0.016) and aripiprazole-treated patients (0.27 mmol/L [N = 227; ME = 195] versus 0.04 mmol/L [N = 220; ME = 194], p = 0.048). The study concluded that there are changes with varying frequencies and magnitude in some metabolic parameters in patients treated with olanzapine compared with other atypical antipsychotics.
Stereotactic radiosurgery of angiographically occult vascular malformations: indications and preliminary experience.

Stereotactic radiosurgery has been shown to treat successfully angiographically demonstrated arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Angiographic obliteration has represented cure and eliminated the risk of future hemorrhage. The role of radiosurgery in the treatment of angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs) has been less well defined. In the initial 32 months of operation of the 201-source cobalt-60 gamma knife at the University of Pittsburgh, 24 patients meeting strict criteria for high-risk AOVMs were treated. Radiosurgery was used conservatively; each patient had sustained two or more hemorrhages and had a magnetic resonance imaging-defined AOVM located in a region of the brain where microsurgical removal was judged to pose an excessive risk. Venous angiomas were excluded by performance of high-resolution subtraction angiography in each patient. Fifteen malformations were in the medulla, pons, and/or mesencephalon, and 5 were located in the thalamus or basal ganglia. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 24 months. Nineteen patients either improved or remained clinically stable and did not hemorrhage again during the follow-up interval. One patient suffered another hemorrhage 7 months after radiosurgery. Five patients experienced temporary worsening of pre-existing neurological deficits that suggested delayed radiation injury. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated signal changes and edema surrounding the radiosurgical target.more » Dose-volume guidelines for avoiding complications were constructed. Our initial experience indicates that stereotactic radiosurgery can be performed safely in patients with small, well-circumscribed AOVMs located in deep, critical, or relatively inaccessible cerebral locations.« less