cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Popular Ops: The Politics and Implementation of COIN on the Battlefield

Until the moment Lyndon B. Johnson announced his intention not to run for another term as President of the United States, civilian and military officials alike throughout the administration carefully considered the political consequences of every operation during the War in Vietnam. As a result, politically controversial bombing operations were highly restricted around areas where civilian casualties may have reached politically unacceptable levels, and military operations in the wake of the Tet Offensive of 1968 were almost entirely defensive in nature. Almost 6,000 U.S. Marines trapped under siege in northwestern South Vietnam at a base in Khe Sanh had been denied reinforcements for a counteroffensive due to concerns about creating domestic civil unrest.
Legal Education and the Legal Profession: Convergence or Divergence?

Legal education serves multiple functions in preparing graduates for the legal services market and in “sorting” graduates for jobs in the legal services market. In regard to preparation, law schools provide the context in which graduates acquire specialized knowledge and critical thinking skills, training in lawyering skills, and formation in professional identity - the three “apprenticeships” of the Carnegie Foundation’s study, Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Profession of Law. In regard to “sorting” graduates for the legal services market, students sort themselves by their choice of law school and then law schools and law students together accomplish a “sorting” of those within any given law school through the assessment of each student’s performance over three years. This essay looks at the training and sorting functions of law schools and asks whether legal education and the legal profession are on paths that are converging or on paths that are diverging, or both. Phrased differently, in fulfilling the training functions and sorting functions described above, do law schools (collectively “legal education”) support sufficiently the needs of their graduates as members of the legal profession in the twenty-first century and of society and the clients their graduates will serve?
Why narrative psychology can’t afford to ignore the body.

The narrative perspective emerging in psychology since the mid-1980s is threatened by a lingering Cartesianism in how theorists and clinicians approach human beings as storied selves. But, a deliberate effort to engage the narrative perspective in closer dialogue with biological understandings of human activities may challenge continuing Cartesian influences and offers advantageous points of departure for both stances. Areas of intersection may include: (a) biological constraints represented by working memory, speed of processing, and similar functions as they served to shape various cultural adaptations including narrative; (b) the interaction of physical gesture with narrative emplotment which underlies what Sarbin has termed “embodied emotion”; (c) physical and social worlds approached as ecological or environmental challenges which are met by the tactical and strategic use of narrative; and (d) evolutionary mechanisms shaping the form and function of narrative production.
Inclusive neoliberalism? Perspectives from Eastern Caribbean farmers

Banana farming in the Eastern Caribbean has gone from riches to rags since the 1990s, as the region’s economic and social mainstay has severely contracted. This article reports on interviews conducted at the grassroots level with about 150 current or former banana farmers in Dominica and St. Lucia, and at the administrative level with numerous government and banana sector officials and other stakeholders. The interviews sought to answer two interrelated questions: (a) How have farmers experienced and responded to this severe contraction in the banana export industry? and (b) To what extent does current development policy support farmers’ economic needs? Indeed, many of the stated goals of the current development paradigm, referred to as ‘inclusive neoliberalism’, align with the farmers’ stated needs. We seek to understand the extent to which this development policy manifests itself at the grassroots level in the form of support that small farmers can actually use to help sell their products. Our interview...
Synthetic Approaches to Bicyclic Diazenium Salts

Bicyclic diazenium salts have been prepared from α-chloroazo species via a Lewis acid-mediated intramolecular cycloaddition. An alternative, more direct, route to these salts by the reaction of hydrazones with dimethylsulfonium ditriflate is also described. Terminal olefins provided mixtures of fused and bridged bicyclic diazenium salts. The ratio of the fused and bridged species was observed to depend on the electronics of the N-aryl substituent, which is explained by considering a concerted asynchronous cycloaddition mechanism.
DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DROSOPHILA POLYMORPHA AND ITS COLOR ALLELES IN SOUTH AMERICA

A balanced polymorphic condition, perhaps more than any other type of variation in nature, demands equal attention from the ecological as well as the genetic viewpoints. The reasons for this are well known and have been attractively presented by Sheppard (1958). One of the inherent advantages in the study of a polymorphism is that the problem of mutation rate is a negligible one, permitting closer scrutiny into other phases of population dynamics that affect gene frequencies. The discovery of a new allele at the color locus in Drosophila polymorpha Dobzhansky and Pavan in South America (Heed and Blake, 1963) has led to the present report on the population structure of the species in its natural habitat. The chief difference throughout the distribution of polymorpha is that the populations in the extreme northeastern faunistic limit of South America (Trinidad) are monomorphic light, while in most of Brazil, three main abdominal phenotypes exist which are light and dark and one that is intermediate between these two (da Cunha, 1949). The second main difference is that the gene controlling the light abdomen in the north is usually not the same gene that controls the light abdomen in Brazil. This is apparent because the northern light allele is dominant, or nearly so, to the dark allele from the south, whereas the southern light allele, when heterozygous with the dark gene, produces an intermediate phenotype. Another area in South America that has been collected extensively for Drosophila is Colombia. Until the present report, only the two alleles for the light abdomen were known from the area. The first section of the Results is an analysis of a small number of polymorpha females and their descendants received in March, 1962, from El Colegio, Colombia. The data indicate that the population contains all three alleles, and it is the first to be so reported. Furthermore, it is very possible that the dominant light allele is present in many of the populations analyzed by da Cunha (1949) from southern Brazil, and his data are reviewed with this in mind. What ecological conditions correspond to .the change in gene frequencies and the change in phenotypic proportions? The information at hand allows two important aspects of the environment of polymorpha to be measured: its population density, and the relative abundance of closely related species. These observations are presented in the second and third sections of the Results, and indicate that correlations of a general nature may be made. In addition, information on the color variation in the cardini species group as a whole, of which polymorpha is a member, is reviewed and classified.
An Active Learning Framework for Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Hierarchical Segmentation

Augmenting spectral data with spatial information for image classification has recently gained significant attention, as classification accuracy can often be improved by extracting spatial information from neighboring pixels. In this paper, we propose a new framework in which active learning (AL) and hierarchical segmentation (HSeg) are combined for spectral–spatial classification of hyperspectral images. The spatial information is extracted from a best segmentation obtained by pruning the HSeg tree using a new supervised strategy. The best segmentation is updated at each iteration of the AL process, thus taking advantage of informative labeled samples provided by the user. The proposed strategy incorporates spatial information in two ways: 1) concatenating the extracted spatial features and the original spectral features into a stacked vector and 2) extending the training set using a self-learning-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) approach. Finally, the two strategies are combined within an AL framework. The proposed framework is validated with two benchmark hyperspectral datasets. Higher classification accuracies are obtained by the proposed framework with respect to five other state-of-the-art spectral–spatial classification approaches. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed pruning strategy is also demonstrated relative to the approaches based on a fixed segmentation.
Courtship as a Social Institution in the United States, 1930 to 1945

bliss, 'tis folly to be wise". Most of us believe that education in a well-rounded life offers much more chance of happiness to the individual than he could possibly achieve without it, for it is knowledge that sets one free. However, the human race has definitely reached the point where it is going to have to pay more attention to its physical education than it ever has before, because the health of the body is dependent upon a proper mixture of rest and exercise throughout the whole life span. For this reason we should establish in the sixth grade of every school in this country a proper physical education program which should be carried on through high school and college, and following college the people who have to do with the health of this nation should outline a program which could be carried on throughout the whole span of life. All these things which have been mentioned so far, and many others, should be done if we expect to carry these aging individuals into the home stretch healthy and mentally alert.
Defective ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation in uremia.

A test for platelet thromboplastic function measuring the activation of platelet factor 3 on incubation of ADP with citrated platelet-rich plasma has been standardized in terms of ADP and platelet concentrations, and amount of agitation, to give sensitive and reproducible results. Abnormal results have been found in patients with elevated blood urea nitrogen; the abnormality is due to a plasma inhibitor and is reversible on the addition of small amounts of calcium. Guanidinosuccinic acid, a newly described metabolite found in the urine of patients with azotemia, also inhibits ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation. The properties of guanidinosuccinic acid and the uremic inhibitor so far studied suggest that they may be identical.
Biology of deep-water octocorals.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology, and reproductive biology of deep-sea octocorals and also focuses on gorgonian octocorals because they are the predominant octocoral group in the deep sea. The most widely accepted taxonomic scheme for octocorals divides the subclass into four orders: (1) helioporacea, (2) alcyonacea, (3) gorgonacea, and (4) pennatulacea. The distinctions between most orders and suborders are blurred by intermediate taxa that resulted in a continuum of colonial organization and skeletal structure. The major areas of study of deep-sea gorgonians and sources of species descriptions are also summarized. Octocorals have been known from deep water in the North Atlantic, although the Challenger expedition showed that octocorals could be found in the depths of all oceans. Knowledge of deep-water octocorals of the Indo-West Pacific region is meagre and contrasts with the wealth of information on shallow-water taxa. The distribution of the three major deep-sea families' discussed are––chrysogorgiidae, isididae, and primnoidae. Deep-sea octocoral colonies are often large so it offers a wide range of biogenic habitats to other invertebrate species. The chapter also focuses on those invertebrate species that are found most frequently on the octocoral host. Reproduction, growth, age, food habits, and conservation issues are also considered.
Editorial Comments — 2

While the first session was not purely theoretical, there was emphasis on game theory and international trade theory for understanding the underlying concepts and objectives involved in improving the world economy. The second session, on the other hand, approached the common objectives of this conference in a different way—from the side of institutional arrangements, recent history, and statistical analysis.
Social Categories are Natural Kinds, not Objective Types (and Why it Matters Politically)

There is growing support for the view that social categories like men and women refer to "objective types." An objective type is a similarity class for which the axis of similarity is an objective rather than nominal or fictional prop- erty. Such types are independently real and causally relevant, yet their unity does not derive from an essential property. Given this tandem of features, it is not surprising why empirically-minded researchers interested in fighting oppression and marginalization have found this ontological category so attrac- tive: objective types have the ontological credentials to secure the reality (and thus political representation) of social categories, and yet they do not impose exclusionary essences that also naturalize and legitimize social inequalities. This essay argues that, from the perspective of these political goals of fight- ing oppression and marginalization, the category of objective types is in fact a Trojan horse; it looks like a gift, but it ends up creating trouble. I argue that objective type classifications often lack empirical adequacy, and as a result they lack political adequacy. I also provide, and in reference to the normative goals described above, several arguments for preferring a social ontology of natural kinds with historical essences.
Empowering R with High Performance Computing Resources for Big Data Analytics

The software package R is a free, powerful, open source software package with extensive statistical computing and graphics capabilities. Due to its high-level expressiveness and multitude of domain specific packages, R has become the lingua franca for many areas of data analysis, drawing power from its high-level expressiveness and its multitude of domain specific, community-developed packages. While R is clearly a “high productivity” language, it has not necessarily been a “high performance” language. Challenges still remain in developing methods to effectively scale R to the power of supercomputers, and in deploying support and enabling access for the end users. In this chapter, we focus on approaches that are available in R that can adopt high performance computing resources for providing solutions to Big Data problems. Here we first present an overview of current approaches and support in R that can enable parallel and distributed computations in order to improve computation scalability and performance. We categorize those approaches into two on the basis of the hardware requirement: single-node parallelism that requires multiple processing cores within a computer system and multi-node parallelism that requires access to computing cluster. We present a detail study on performance benefit of using Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessors (Xeon Phi) with R for improved performance in the case of single-node parallelism. The performance is also compared with using general-purpose graphic processing unit through HiPLAR package and other parallel packages enabling multi-node parallelism including SNOW and pbdR. The results show advantages and limitations of those approaches. We further provide two use cases to demonstrate parallel computations with R in practice. We also discuss a list of challenges in improving R performance for the end users. Nevertheless, the chapter shows the potential benefits of exploiting high performance computing with R and recommendations for end users of applying R to big data problems.
Directing the phase behavior of polyelectrolyte complexes using chiral patterned peptides

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) have a broad range of promising applications as soft materials due to their self-assembly and diversity of structure and chemical composition. Peptide polymer PECs are highly biocompatible and biodegradable, making them particularly useful for encapsulation of food additives and flavors, micellar drug delivery, medical and underwater adhesives, fetal membrane patches, and scaffolds for cell growth in tissue engineering. While parameters affecting PEC formation and stability in regards to charge effects are well researched, little is known about the effects of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, and secondary structure in these materials. Peptide chirality provides a unique opportunity to manipulate PEC phase to modulate the amount of solid-like (precipitate) or liquid-like (coacervate) character by influencing hydrogen bonding interactions among peptide chains. In previous work, we showed that chiral peptides form solid complexes, while complexes with even one racemic peptide were fluid. This raised the interesting question of how long a homochiral sequence must be to result in solid phase formation. In this work, we designed chiral patterned peptides of polyglutamic acid and polylysine ranging from 50 to 90% L-chiral residues with increasing numbers of sequential L-chiral residues before a chirality change. These polymers were mixed together to form PECs. We observed that 8 or more sequential L-chiral residues are necessary to achieve both the appearance of a precipitate phase and sustained β-sheets in the complex, as determined by optical imaging and FTIR Spectroscopy. Less homochiral content results in formation of a coacervate phase. Thus, we show that chiral sequence can be used to control the phase transition of PECs. Understanding how to manipulate PEC phase using chiral sequence as presented here may enable tuning of the material properties to achieve the desired mechanical strength for coatings and polymer brushes, or the most effective molecular release kinetics for drug delivery applications, for example.
Electron mobility in Al x Ga 1 − x N / G a N heterostructures

Theoretical electron mobility limits of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confined near the interface of a ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{N}$ heterostructure are computed. The electronic structure of the 2DEG is calculated self-consistently to obtain the best analytic solution for the wave functions, and the results are used to compute the mobilities. All standard scattering mechanisms, including scattering by acoustic and optical phonons, remote and background impurities, and alloy disorder have been included in our calculations. Depending on the exact composition of the heterostructure, the low-temperature mobility may be limited by either Coulomb or alloy disorder scattering. Strategies for optimizing the mobility for various remote doping concentrations and spacer widths are discussed. Intrinsic mobilities in excess of ${10}^{6}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}$ are predicted for optimized heterostructures at low temperatures.
Simultaneous Occurrence of Leptomeningitis, Basilar Meningitis and Cauda Equina Syndrome Due to Varicella Zoster Virus in an HIV Patient (P1.295)

Objective/Background: VZV leptomeningitis is a common condition in immunocompromised patients. It is usually accompanied by a vesicular rash. We describe a highly unusual case of VZV leptomeningitis, complicated by a cauda equina syndrome and multiple cranial neuropathies due to basilar meningitis. Case Presentation: A 44-year-old African American female with HIV (CD4 count of 268) presented with a 4-day history of headache, nausea, vomiting, fever and neck stiffness. On examination, she had meningeal irritation and dermatomal vesicular rash. She was started on intravenous ampicillin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin and acyclovir. CSF showed high protein (>600mg/dl) and 658 WBC/μl with atypical cells. She was discharged home on oral acyclovir as her symptoms improved dramatically. Three weeks post discharge, she returned to the emergency room with headache, left facial numbness and weakness, perineal numbness, constipation and urinary urgency. On examination, she had left facial and trigeminal nerve palsy, left S1 radiculopathy, saddle anesthesia with an absent anal wink. There were no signs of meningeal irritation. MRIs showed nodular leptomeningeal enhancement in the posterior fossa and the conus medullaris. She was restarted on IV acyclovir. Repeat lumbar puncture showed increased protein (311 mg/dl) and lymphocytic pleocytosis (294 cells/l). VZV PCR and antibody was positive. CSF cytology was negative. Tuberculosis PCR in CSF was negative. Extensive work up for sarcoidosis including lacrimal gland biopsy was negative. Her symptoms improved significantly with intravenous acyclovir and oral prednisone. She was discharged home on valgancyclovir. Discussion: Although both cranial neuropathies and radiculitis due to VZV have been reported, we present a highly unusual case in which these entities occurred simultaneously, preceded by a VZV leptomeningitis. The pathophysiology of these entities is unclear; symptoms could be caused by inflammation of the nerve due to viral reactivation or by infarction of the nerve due to small vessel vasculitis. Disclosure: Dr. Anadani has nothing to disclose. Dr. El-Ghanem has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nuoman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hidalgo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hillen has nothing to disclose.
Aira Kemiläinen, Auffassungen über die Sendung des deutschen Volkes um die Wende des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts: Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Toimituksia (Annales Scientiarum Fennicae), Ser. B, Vol. CI. Helsinki, 1956. Pp. 301.

(1958). Aira Kemilainen, Auffassungen uber die Sendung des deutschen Volkes um die Wende des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 62-63.
Myelopathy due to Cladosporium trichoides or Cladophialophora bantiana

Cladosporium trichoides is also known as Cladophialophora bantiana. C. bantiana is a rare dematiaceous fungus, which is distributed worldwide (see McGinnis et al., for further details about the fungus).
Enhancing Dissociative Adsorption of Water on Cu(111) via Chemisorbed Oxygen

We have used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the dehydrogenation of H2O molecules on the clean and oxygenated Cu(111) surfaces. The clean surface does not show reactivity toward H2O dehydrogenation. By contrast, H2O molecules on the oxygenated Cu(111) dissociate into OH species by reacting with chemisorbed oxygen until the complete consumption of the chemisorbed oxygen at which the surface loses its reactivity toward H2O dehydrogenation. Increasing the temperature to 200 °C and above decreases molecularly adsorbed H2O for dehydrogenation, thereby resulting in less loss of chemisorbed O. In conjunction with density-functional theory calculations, a three-step reaction pathway is proposed to account for the chemisorbed O assisted dehydrogenation of H2O molecules and the net loss of surface oxygen. These results provide insight into understanding the elemental steps of the dehydrogenation of H2O molecules and the controllable conditions for tuning H2O dissociation on metal surfaces.
Quantization of anomalous abelian gauge field theories

It is shown that by introducing a gauge group parameter in the path integral formulation of an abelian gauge theory, the preservation of gauge invariance of the effective action is allowed, and at the same time, can be made to preserve current conservation. The procedure introduced here is shown to yield a theory in which there is no anomaly.
Abstract 16159: Targeted Delivery of a Dual Cathepsin G and Chymase Inhibitor by Immunoliposomes Augments Cardioprotection in Mice

Introduction: Neutrophil- and mast-cell-mediated inflammation accounts for a substantial fraction of the myocardial injury occurring after ischemia reperfusion (IR). However, no standard anti-infla...
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a common cause of anterior knee pain. It often affects females more frequently than males, with the most common complaint being pain posterior to the patella when ascending or descending stairs. It can be caused due to patellar maltracking, chondral injury, or early osteoarthritis. The patella is a large sesamoid bone, which transmits a great deal of force from the quadriceps across the knee and through the lower extremity. Repetitive loading of this joint can lead to micro trauma and injury in the form of chondromalacia. The primary treatment for this condition is nonoperative, with a focus on lower extremity strengthening, and symptomatic management (Crossley et al. BMJ 351:h3939, 2015).
Speciation of HDL.

There is considerable inferential evidence that the high density lipoproteins (HDL) of mammalian plasma should have greater structural and functional heterogeneity than has been so far established. It is likely that at least transitory progenitors of HDL originating from hepatic and intestinal cells will differ from one another, perhaps forming discrete series of particles. The diverse metabolic processes in which HDL participate in plasma are likely to require still further determinative speciation. Some speciation will no doubt reflect low free energy combination states determined by the interactive energetics and stereochemistry of their constitutive elements. However, kinetic speciation is likely to account for accumulation of some particle species, that is, in concatenated processes, intermediaries with the lowest rate constants of removal tend to accumulate. An accurate assessment of particle populations in plasma must take into account the fact that chemical processes will tend to move toward thermodynamic equilibrium after sampling, thus altering the distribution of species. Approaches to the study of lipoprotein speciation must therefore include the use of techniques which allow for the isolation of transitory or thermodynamically unstable particles and which do not introduce perturbations of structure. In the following we will discuss the plurality of roles for HDL and evidence that these lipoproteins comprise a number of discrete subpopulations.
Review of Statistical Concepts

This text is written for those who have already had an intermediate level, noncalculus course in statistics. In this chapter we will review certain basic concepts and cover some fine points that may have been overlooked in earlier study. This chapter will also introduce the special notation used in the book, and my own statistical biases.
High Aspect Ratio Carboxycellulose Nanofibers Prepared by Nitro-Oxidation Method and Their Nanopaper Properties

High aspect ratio carboxycellulose nanofibers (NOCNF), having typical length over 1000 nm, width ∼4.6 nm, thickness ∼1.3 nm, and carboxylate content of 0.42 mmol/g, were extracted from jute fibers using a modified nitro-oxidation method. The extracted nanofiber was found to possess crystallinity of 69% (measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD), relatively higher than that of raw jute fibers (crystallinity ∼61%). Gelation of NOCNF in aqueous suspensions was observed due to the high aspect ratio of the fiber even at a relatively low concentration. Rheological studies on the NOCNF suspensions at different concentrations (0.01–1 wt %) revealed the shear-thinning behavior with increasing shear rate. The corresponding viscoelastic moduli (G′ and G′′) results indicated that the NOCNF suspension at concentration between 0.1 and 0.2 wt % possessed a liquid–gel transition. The rheological data near the gelation point could be fitted by the Winter–Chambon model, where the results confirmed the formation of a ...
Version Control Systems: An Information Foraging Perspective

Version Control Systems (VCS) are an important source of information for developers. This calls for a principled understanding of developers’ information seeking in VCS—both for improving existing tools and for understanding requirements for new tools. Our prior work investigated empirically how and why developers seek information in VCS: in this paper, we complement and enrich our prior findings by reanalyzing the data via a theory's lens. Using the lens of Information Foraging Theory (IFT), we present new insights not revealed by the prior empirical work. First, while looking for specific information, participants' foraging behaviors were consistent with other foraging situations in SE; therefore, prior research on IFT-based SE tool design can be leveraged for VCS. Second, in change awareness foraging, participants consumed similar diets, but in subtly different ways than in other situations; this calls for further investigations into change awareness foraging. Third, while committing changes, participants attempted to enable future foragers, but the competing needs of different foraging situations led to tensions that participants failed to balance: this opens up a new avenue for research at the intersection of IFT and SE, namely, creating forageable information. Finally, the results of using an IFT lens on these data provides some evidence as to IFT's scoping and utility for the version control domain.
Reciprocal Influences and Effects of Viral NWOM Campaigns in Social Media

Negative perceptions of United Airlines’ corporate reputation increased 500% after an event regarding the forcible removal of a ticketed passenger in April 2017, a video that became viral and trave...
Offspring dispersal ability covaries with nest-site choice

Nesting strategy shifts with offspring dispersal ability. In snapping turtles, larger offspring have higher survival than smaller offspring when dispersing long distances. Mothers that produce better dispersing offspring nest farther from water where nest predation risk is lower. Mothers that produce poorer dispersing offspring are constrained to nest closer to water so offspring can successfully disperse if they aren’t eaten first. Thus, accounting for offspring dispersal ability increases offspring survival and maternal fitness.
The antiepileptics: Drug choice in newly diagnosed epilepsy

Numerous anti-epileptic drugs now exist worldwide for the treatment of epilepsy. With the availability of second- and third-generation antiepileptic medications, many factors may need to be considered in choosing the most appropriate treatment for an individual based on the tolerability, efficacy, and cost. This review highlights the treatment options and provides insights into how to choose among the various medications available.
Red Wine Dryness Perception Related to Physicochemistry

The responsibility of condensed tannins in the astringency sensation is well-known, even though the physical mechanism is unclear. The aims of the study are to go deeper into the relationships between the tannin structure and red wine dryness as well as evaluate the influence of the wine matrix and tannin concentration on the interaction with proteins and dryness perception. Condensed tannins were extracted from two red wines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir) and added back to them and to a model wine at 0.5 g/L, prior to chemical characterization of their composition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as well as their viscosity. The physical consequences of interactions between mucin, poly-l-proline, saliva, and wines were evaluated by turbidimetry. Descriptive analysis and time-intensity evaluations of dryness were carried out by a trained panel on all wines and model solutions. The mean degree of polymerization of Cabernet Sauvignon wine with or without tannins added was higher than that of Pinot Noir wine conditions. The turbidity of saliva and poly-l-proline with tannins added to Cabernet Sauvignon was higher than of tannins added to Pinot Noir wine. Cabernet Sauvignon wines were perceived dryer than Pinot Noir by panelists, and the dryness intensity of Cabernet Sauvignon wine conditions last longer than that of Pinot Noir or model wine conditions. The dryness of red wines was related to larger tannins, higher tannin concentration, and a greater turbidity with saliva. The dryness was not affected by the addition of tannins into wine probably as a result of the aroma/taste suppression effects and the presence of other components.
Super-resolution ultrasound imaging for in vivo microvasculature assessment in acute kidney injury mouse model

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with a high mortality rate and increasing incidence. It also generates a high risk of developing into chronic kidney disease (CKD). The deterioration from AKI to CKD is associated with rarefaction of microvasculature in renal cortex. However, there is lack of well-established diagnostic method that can evaluate the microvasculature changes noninvasively and conveniently with a high spatial resolution during the progression from AKI to CKD. Ultrasound super-solution imaging is an emerging technology that can achieve a high spatial resolution of the vasculature beyond the acoustic diffraction limit by localizing the center of the signals from microbubbles. In this study, deconvolution based super-resolution ultrasound imaging is used to noninvasively assess the microvasculature changes in mouse kidney after AKI. Ultrasound scans on mouse kidneys at 3 weeks and 6 weeks post ischemia-reperfusion injury are compared with control mouse kidneys. Obvious microvasculature reduction due to AKI is identified, which is evidenced by histology. The feasibility of ultrasound super-resolution imaging as a potential diagnostic method for progressive renal disease after AKI is demonstrated in the AKI mouse model.
Inhibition of glycogen catabolism induces intrinsic apoptosis and augments multikinase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cancers in the world in incidence and mortality. Current pharmacotherapy of HCC is limited in the number and efficacy of anticancer agents. Metabolic reprogramming is a prominent feature of many cancers and has rekindled interest in targeting metabolic proteins for cancer therapy. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose, and the levels of glycogen have been found to correlate with biological processes in reprogrammed cancer cells. However, the contribution of glycogen metabolism to carcinogenesis, cancer cell growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance is poorly understood. Thus, we studied the processes involved in the inhibition of glycogen metabolism in HCC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen catabolism, by CP-91149 led to a decrease in HCC cell viability. GP inhibition induced cancer cell death through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic adaptations accompanied this apoptosis process whereas endoplasmic reticulum stress, necrosis, and necroptosis were not major components of the cell death. In addition, GP inhibition potentiated the effects of multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and regorafenib, which are key drugs in advanced-stage HCC therapy. Our study provides mechanistic insights into cell death by perturbation of glycogen metabolism and identifies GP inhibition as a potential HCC pharmacotherapy target.
Characterization of Service Use for Alcohol Problems Across Generations and Sex in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder

Background There are gaps in the literature on service use (help-seeking and treatment utilization) for alcohol problems among those with alcohol use disorder (AUD). First, policy changes and cultural shifts (e.g., insurance) related to AUD have occurred over the last few decades, making it important to study generational differences. Second, multiple studies have found that females receive fewer services than males, and exploring whether these sex differences persist across generations can inform public health and research endeavors. The current study examined service use for alcohol problems among individuals with AUD. The aims were as follows: (i) to describe service use for alcohol problems; (ii) to assess generational differences (silent [b. 1928 to 1945], boomer [b. 1946 to 1964], generation X [b. 1965 to 1980], millennial [b. 1981 to 1996]) in help-seeking and treatment utilization; and (iii) to examine sex differences across generations. Methods Data were from affected family members of probands who participated in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (N = 4,405). First, frequencies for service use variables were calculated across generations. Pearson chi-square and ANOVA were used to test for differences in rates and types of service use across generations, taking familial clustering into account. Next, Cox survival modeling was used to assess associations of generation and sex with time to first help-seeking and first treatment for AUD, and time from first onset of AUD to first help-seeking and first treatment. Interactions between generation and sex were tested within each Cox regression. Results Significant hazards were found in all 4 transitions. Overall, younger generations used services earlier than older generations, which translated into higher likelihoods of these behaviors. Regardless of generation, younger females were less likely to use services than males. Conclusions There are generational and sex differences in service use for alcohol problems among individuals with AUD. Policy and clinical implications are discussed.
Argatroban dosing requirements in extracorporeal life support and other critically ill populations

Abstract Argatroban is a parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor that requires close monitoring to ensure safety and efficacy. Limited data exist to describe its effect in critically ill patients. This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study that aimed to compare argatroban dosing requirements in those receiving extracorporeal life support (ECLS), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), or neither. Organ dysfunction was assessed using a modified version of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (modSOFA) that incorporated the use of extracorporeal support systems. Eighty patients were included in the study (n = 20, 20, 40 in the ECLS, CRRT, and support-free groups, respectively). The majority of patients were Child-Pugh classification B (73%). Median modSOFA scores were higher in the ECLS (16.5) and CRRT (15.5) groups than in the support-free group (7.5) (P
Perinatal urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations and glucose levels among women from a fertility clinic

Subfertile women have higher risk of glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Studies suggest associations between several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pregnancy glucose levels. However, the association between benzophenone-3 (BP-3), an EDC widely found in sunscreen, and pregnancy glucose levels remains unclear. We aimed to assess the association between perinatal exposures to BP-3 and pregnancy glucose levels in subfertile women. We evaluated 217 women from a prospective cohort based at a fertility clinic who had urinary BP-3 concentrations measured during 3-month preconception, first and/or second trimesters, and blood glucose measured at glucose load tests (GLTs) during late pregnancy. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between time-specific BP-3 in quartiles (Q1 – Q4) and mean glucose levels, as well as odds of abnormal GLT (glucose level ≥ 140 mg/dL), adjusting for potential confounders. Effect modification was assessed by age, season, BMI, infertility diagnosis, sex of fetus (es) and physical activity. Women with higher first trimester BP-3 concentrations had lower mean glucose levels [mean glucose (95% CI) for Q4 vs Q1 = 103.4 (95.0, 112.5) vs. 114.6 (105.8, 124.2) mg/dL]. Women with higher second trimester BP-3 concentrations had lower odds of abnormal GLT [OR (95% CI) for Q3 vs. Q1 = 0.12 (0.01, 0.94)]. The associations between BP-3 and glucose levels were modified by several factors: women with female-factor infertility, urine collected during summer, older age, lower BMI, or carried female fetus (es) had the strongest inverse associations between BP-3 and glucose levels, while no associations were observed in the remaining subgroups. Time-specific inverse associations between BP-3 and pregnancy glucose levels existed in subfertile women, and especially among certain subgroups of this high-risk-population.
Congenital Absence of Tibial Sesamoids, With Alternate Insertions of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis Tendon.

ABSTRACT There have been a dozen case reports of congenital absence of pedal sesamoid absence. We present the first documented case of congenital bilateral absence of tibial sesamoids with use of magnetic resonance imaging to identify a naturally occurring compensatory aberration of the flexor hallucis brevis. The right foot had bifurcation of the flexor hallucis brevis with one slip blending into the abductor hallucis tendon and capsule and the other slip traversing laterally and attaching to lateral flexor hallucis brevis tendon and fibular sesamoid. On the left foot, the entire flexor hallucis brevis traversed laterally and attached onto the fibular sesamoid and lateral flexor hallucis brevis. The present findings of this patient's anatomical variation could help provide valuable information to prevent known deformities that are the sequalae of a tibial sesamoidectomy.
Outcomes of a novel ED observation pathway for mild traumatic brain injury and associated intracranial hemorrhage.

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown that the majority of non-anticoagulated patients with small subdural or subarachnoid intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in the setting of mild traumatic brain injury do not experience clinical deterioration or require neurosurgical intervention. We implemented a novel ED observation pathway to reduce unnecessary admissions among patients with ICH in the setting of mild TBI (complicated mild TBI, cmTBI). Methods Prospective, single-center study of ED patients presenting to a Level-1 Trauma Center, 4/2016–12/2018. Inclusion criteria: head injury with GCS ≥ 14, minor positive CT findings (i.e. subdural hematoma Results 138 patients met all pathway criteria and were included in analysis. 113/138 (81.9%) patients were discharged home after observation with mean ED LOS of 17.3 h (median 15.4 h, SD +/− 10.5) including 91/111 (81.9%) patients transferred from outside hospitals (median 18.1 h, SD +/− 11.0). Increased age and aspirin use were correlated with pathway non-completion requiring admission, but not due to hematoma expansion. Among admitted patients, none required neurosurgical intervention. Seven (5.1%) 7-day return visits occurred, 3 (2%) related to initial cmTBI; 1 (0.9%) was admitted for neurologic monitoring. Conclusions ED observation for patients with cmTBI resulted in an 82% pathway completion rate, including outside hospital transfers. These results suggest that patients with cmTBI may be safely discharged from the ED after a brief period of observation. Our pathway protocol and implementation involved neurosurgical consultation and the ability to perform repeat neurologic exams in the ED. Future studies should examine the feasibility of non-transfer protocols for appropriately selected patients and access to neurosurgical expertise in the community setting.
Cultural Competence and Disaster Mental Health

The urgent need for disaster behavioral health services commonly brings together service providers from locations around the world to care for disaster-affected populations. Additionally, providers working in the United States are encountering more ethnically and culturally diverse clients. Now and in the future, relief workers should anticipate the need to provide culturally sensitive services to people from diverse backgrounds. Disaster survivors’ interpretation of and response to disasters are highly influenced by their culture. It is evident that cultural competence is crucial in providing effective disaster behavioral health services. In this chapter, we describe guiding principles and resources needed to optimally support providers in effectively planning and delivering trauma-informed and culturally competent mental health services. Behavioral health providers can utilize and adapt these guidelines as needed to address the unique needs of culturally diverse communities. Cultural competence is complex and contextual. Perhaps it is not a goal to be achieved, but rather an ongoing, evolving process. We invite the reader to think beyond the frameworks provided in this chapter and continue to remain open and curious toward the various intersections of social identities.
Client Retention or Reputation? An Analysis of Audit Fees and Material Misstatements

Corporate fraud imposes a large social cost, estimated at 22 cents per dollar invested in the fraud firm, yet misreporting firms have a low likelihood of being detected (Dyck, Morse and Zingales, 2013). Auditors, who are expected to be at the forefront of fraud detection, lag behind other stakeholders in uncovering misstatements. We investigate auditors’ poor record in detecting fraud using a new measure of financial statement manipulation that, unlike previous measures, is an ex-ante measure of misstatement and is not commingled with a firm’s business and economic risks. We posit that auditors balance their client retention motive with reputational costs when auditing a firm. Since investors can infer audit effort from the publicly disclosed audit fee, the reputational impact of misstatements may be contingent on the perceived effort. Thus, despite having reputational incentives to prevent misstatements, the expected rents to the auditor of retaining a potentially misstating client may outweigh the reputational cost when the audit fee is low. Consistent with the retention effect, we find a negative relation between the likelihood of material misstatement and audit fees. This effect is economically significant as a one standard deviation increase in misstatement risk associates with an 8.5% fee reduction. In additional testing, we find no evidence that auditors signal investors to the reduced financial statement quality through alternate channels. Furthermore, although a strong audit committee is related to fewer misstatements, it does not mitigate the negative relation between material misstatements and audit fees.
Competence region estimation for black-box surrogate models

With advances in edge applications for industry andhealthcare, machine learning models are increasinglytrained on the edge. However, storage and memory in-frastructure at the edge are often primitive, due to costand real-estate constraints. A simple, effective methodis to learn machine learning models from quantized datastored with low arithmetic precision (1-8 bits). In thiswork, we introduce two stochastic quantization meth-ods, dithering and stochastic rounding. In dithering, ad-ditive noise from a uniform distribution is added tothe sample before quantization. In stochastic rounding,each sample is quantized to the upper level with prob-ability p and to a lower level with probability 1-p. Thekey contributions of the paper are For 3 standard machine learning models, Support Vec-tor Machines, Decision Trees and Linear (Logistic)Regression, we compare the performance loss for astandard static quantization and stochastic quantiza-tion for 55 classification and 30 regression datasetswith 1-8 bits quantization. We showcase that for 4- and 8-bit quantization overregression datasets, stochastic quantization demon-strates statistically significant improvement. We investigate the performance loss as a function ofdataset attributes viz. number of features, standard de-viation, skewness. This helps create a transfer functionwhich will recommend the best quantizer for a givendataset. We propose 2 future research areas, a) dynamic quan-tizer update where the model is trained using stream-ing data and the quantizer is updated after each batchand b) precision re-allocation under budget constraintswhere different precision is used for different features.