cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associative links between discrete memories in early infancy

Abstract The specificity and independence of two successively established memories were assessed in two studies with 6-month-olds. On different days, infants learned two paired-associate tasks, each involving a specific cue-response pair, in a common distinctive context. Retention of each pair was tested either 3 days later, when both memories were still highly accessible (Experiment 1), or 22 days later, when a reminder was necessary to reactivate them (Experiment 2). In both instances, infants produced only the response associated with the test cue; neither retroactive nor proactive interference occurred. Surprisingly, the cue from one task indirectly reactivated the forgotten memory of the other task, revealing that they were linked in an associative network.
Fracture parameters for interfacial cracks: an experimental-finite element study of crack tip fields and crack initiation toughness

Crack tip measurements and analysis of interfacial parameters for PMMA-aluminum bimaterial system are presented. A variety of crack tip mode-mixities are obtained by subjecting asymmetric four-point-bend specimens to different boundary loads. The crack tip fields are mapped using the optical method of Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS). The complex stress intensity factors and the associated crack tip mixities (ψ) are measured from CGS fringe patterns. The asymptotic expansion field for interface cracks is used for extracting fracture parameters by accounting for higher order contributions to the experimental data. The measurements are compared with complementary finite element computations. A linear relationship between crack tip mixity and the applied load mixity is experimentally demonstrated in this large elastic mismatch system. The fracture load and hence the energy release rate G cr (ψ) at crack initiation is measured as applied load mixities are varied. Limited discussion on the influence of surface roughness prior to bonding on the fracture toughness is included. Positive and negative shear on the crack plane produce different failure responses in this bimaterial system and the observed asymmetry is akin to the one predicted by the T&H model that includes crack tip nonlinearty.
Capacitors for High-Frequency Induction-Heating Circuits

Increased military production has accelerated the application of high-frequency heating where accurate control of temperature for short intervals is fundamentally important. The heating of metals by induction has been widely applied. The present paper describes the development of a new type of dielectric liquid called Lectronol. Capacitors containing this liquid are particularly well adapted for use in the tank circuit of electronic heaters used in induction heating. The capacitor is water-cooled and is housed in a hermetically sealed completely filled nonmagnetic container so constructed as to provide sufficient flexibility to take care of the liquid expansion due to thermal changes. The capacitor is noteworthy because of the absence of cellulose sheet insulation, satisfactory operation being entirely dependent on the superior insulating properties of the Lectronol. Capacitors containing this liquid are characterized by low dielectric loss and high dielectric strength over the frequency range utilized in power oscillators. The capacity per unit volume is approximately twice that obtained with mineral oil. The electrical characteristics of the capacitor are stable under severe conditions of use.
LINEAR INSTABILITY OF THE ANNULAR HAGEN-POISEUILLE FLOW WITH SMALL INNER RADIUS BY A CHEBYSHEV PSEUDOSPECTRAL METHOD

Abstract A new eigenvalue search procedure using the Chebyshev pseudospectral technique has been developed for the solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld equations. It can deal accurately and flexibly with various velocity profiles. The axisymmetric linear instability characteristics oflhe annular Hagen-Poiseuille Bow have been studied with this procedure. Neutral curves were obtained for 1 > R = R1/R0 > 0.06 where Rl is the inner radius and R0 is the outer radius. When R = 1 which is the plane Poiseuille flow, the corresponding critical Reynolds number is 5772.22 αr; = 1.0209. As R decreases to 0.06, the critical Reynolds number increases to 2.6 × 106 and the wave speed decreases to 0.0573. The wavenumber first decreases gradually from a, = 1.0209 at R = 1.0 to α r, = 0.90 at R = 0.3. and then it increases rapidly to α r, = 1.73 at R = 0.06.
Optical stability of coatings exposed to four years space environment on OSO-III.

The Thermal Control Coatings Experiment flown on OSO 3 in the near-earth space environment was designed to measure changes in the solar absorptance and IR emittance of selected test coatings. The present work describes results obtained from four years in orbit. Changes in solar absorptance of the coatings are illustrated as a function of equivalent sun hours, and it is seen that five of eleven coatings considered exhibit no change in solar absorptance over four years or 7500 equivalent sun hours. The effects of micrometeoroids on polished metal surfaces are judged to be negligible for a near-earth mission of four years.
Bioplastics from waste glycerol derived from biodiesel industry

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters that can be biologically synthesized by many microorganisms and engi- neered plants that have been investigated by microbiologists, biochemists, polymer scientists, material engineers, and medical researchers for several decades. Research on microbial production of PHAs has been extensively focused on using pure carbon sour- ces, such as sugars and fatty acids. Practical considerations of production costs of PHAs have resulted in research efforts to use alter- native renewable and inexpensive feedstocks. One potential feedstock for the production of PHA polymers is the glycerol waste byproduct of biodiesel production. The major focus of this review is the production of PHA polymers from glycerol. A review of bio- synthetic pathways for PHAs production from glycerol, current production of waste glycerol in biodiesel industry, physical and me- chanical properties of PHAs, and applications of PHAs in the areas of packaging industry, implant materials, drug carrier, biofuels, are covered. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 000: 000-000, 2013 Scl-PHAs are highly crystalline and mcl-PHAs are elastomeric in nature. 3,4 PHA homopolymers, such as poly-3-hydroxybu- tyrate (P(3HB)), 5 poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (P(3HV)), 6 poly-4- hydroxybutyrate (P(4HB)), 7 poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate (P(3H Hx)), 8 poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate (P(3HO)), 9 poly-3-hydroxy- decanoate (P(3HD)), 9 and poly-3-hydroxydodecanoate (P(3HDD)), 9 have different physical properties, range from brittle and rigid to flexible and tough. PHA copolymers, such as P(3HB-co-3HV), 10 P(3HB-co-mcl-PHAs), 11 P(3HB-co- 3HHx), 12 and P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB), 13 exhibit improved and favorable mechanical properties, conferred from the ratio of individual monomer units (Table I). The large number of potential monomeric subunits that can be incorporated into PHA polymers represents a valuable library of PHA polymers and expands their potential commercial applications based on their diverse properties. More than 150 different monomeric constituents that can be incorporated into PHA polymers are known. 19,20
Time-dependent discrete variable representations for quantum wave packet propagation

We present an efficient method for exact wave function propagation with several degrees of freedom based on time‐dependent discrete variable representations (TD‐DVR) of the evolution operator. The key idea is to use basis sets that evolve in time according to appropriate reference Hamiltonians to construct TD‐DVR grids. The initial finite basis representation is chosen to include the initial wavefunction and thus the evolution under the bare zeroth order Hamiltonian is described at each time by a single DVR point. For this reason TD‐DVR grids offer optimal representations in time‐dependent calculations, allowing significant reduction of grid size and large time steps while requiring numerical effort that (for systems with several degrees of freedom) scales almost linearly with the total grid size. The method is readily applicable to systems described by time‐dependent Hamiltonians. TD‐DVR grids based on the time‐dependent self‐consistent field approximation are shown to be very useful in the study of intramolecular or collision dynamics.
Graphs on which a dihedral group acts edge-transitively

Abstract In the present paper we find all the graphs on which a dihedral group acts edge-transitively. First we explicitly build the permissible permutation representations of the dihedral group. Then we use this knowledge to find all the graphs on which a dihedral group acts edge-transitively. These graphs fall into nine types, most of which are not vertex-transitive. The graphs which are both vertex-transitive and edge-transitive belong to a previously studied family of graphs — the well-known circulant graphs. The nonvertex-transitive graphs fall into two broad classes — disjoint copies of complete bipartite graphs and ‘pseudo-cycles’ which are related to the tensor product of a complete bipartite graph and an even cycle.
Reflection-mode micro-spherical fiber-optic probes for in vitro real-time and single-cell level pH sensing

pH sensing at the single-cell level without negatively affecting living cells is very important but still a remaining issue in the biomedical studies. A 70 μm reflection-mode fiber-optic micro-pH sensor was designed and fabricated by dip-coating thin layer of organically modified aerogel onto a tapered spherical probe head. A pH sensitive fluorescent dye 2', 7'-Bis (2-carbonylethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) was employed and covalently bonded within the aerogel networks. By tuning the alkoxide mixing ratio and adjusting hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) priming procedure, the sensor can be optimized to have high stability and pH sensing ability. The in vitro real-time sensing capability was then demonstrated in a simple spectroscopic way, and showed linear measurement responses with a pH resolution up to an average of 0.049 pH unit within a narrow, but biological meaningful pH range of 6.12-7.81. Its novel characterizations of high spatial resolution, reflection mode operation, fast response and high stability, great linear response within biological meaningful pH range and high pH resolutions, make this novel pH probe a very cost-effective tool for chemical/biological sensing, especially within the single cell level research field.
Optical properties of C60- and C70-based solid films

Abstract We review results obtained from our laboratory regarding the optical properties of C 60 - and C 70 -based thin solid films, including alkali metal (M) doped compounds. The films were deposited on various substrates (e.g. KBr, Si(100), quartz, Cu) by vacuum sublimation. First- and higher-order IR and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine values for most of the 46 intra-molecular vibrational modes of the pristine solid, and the results are compared with theory. Doping (M)-induced shifts and splittings of these mode frequencies are also discussed. Finally, results of UV-visible-IR reflection-transmission spectroscopies and ellipsometry are presented which reveal structure in the dielectric function due to electronic absorption. For pristine C 60 , the Clausius-Mossotti relation is used to extract the frequency-dependent molecular polarizability. Results from these studies of the electronic contribution to the optical dielectric function are discussed in connection with recent calculations.
Continents as a Chemical Boundary Layer

Tectospheric structure can be described in terms of three basic types of surficial boundary layers: chemical (c.b.l.), mechanical (m.b.l.) and thermal (t.b.l.). Beneath old ocean basins the thickness of the c.b.l. ( ca . 40 km) is less than that of either the m.b.l. ( ca . 100 km) or the t.b.l. ( ca . 150 km), but the hypothesis that a similar structure underlies the old continental cratons is difficult to reconcile with seismic observations. We therefore examine an alternate model which postulates a much thicker c.b.l. beneath the cratons whose mantle component consists of a low-density peridotite depleted in its basaltic constituents. On the basis of seismological and petrological data it is inferred that this augmented c.b.l. extends below the m.b.l. to depths exceeding 150 km and acts to stabilize a thick ( > 200 km) t.b.l. against convective disruption. Because of its refractory nature the sub-m.b.l. portion of the c.b.l. constitutes a stable geochemical reservoir which has evidently been impregnated by large-ion lithophile elements fluxing from the deep mantle or from descending slabs. Consequently, its heat production is high ( ca . 0.1 μW/m 3 ) and it contributes significantly to the surface heat flux. The evolutionary history and dynamics of the continental c.b.l. are not well understood, especially the role of double-diffusive instabilities, but the fusion of the continental masses into ‘supercontinents’ and the orogenic compression that this entails are thought to be important processes in c.b.l. formation.
To Stabilize a k Real Parameter Affine Family of Plants it Suffices to Simultaneously Stabilize 4 k Polynomials

A controller stabilizes an entire family of plants with affine uncertainty, if it simultaneously stabilizes a finite number of polynomials. An upper bound for this number is 4k.
Designing Service Learning Projects for Freshman Engineering Students

Abstract —Within the Department of Freshman Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh, a study was conducted to assess the value of a service learning course for freshman honor’s engineering students. This venture was based on the success of using service learning as an educational tool for undergraduate engineering students at many universities world wide. At the University of Pittsburgh, all students entering the school of engineering are required to enroll in a two-semester course in introductory engineering analysis and programming. The student population chosen for the service learning course experience included the honors’ students. A different freshman experience was created that included a fall course which covered the material contained in the traditional two-semester introductory course at an accelerated rate, and then a spring semester service learning course. This paper will focus on the challenges in developing a service learning specifically for freshman engineering students.
Agricultural ethics: then and now

This paper was written to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the University of Nottingham’s Easter School on “Issues in Agricultural Bioethics,” organized by Ben Mepham in 1993. At that time, agricultural ethics was being envisioned as an interdisciplinary sub-discipline comparable to that of medical ethics. Agricultural ethicists would co-operate with other agricultural faculty to produce careful articulation, analysis and critique (or defense) of norms and values being implicitly assumed by agricultural researchers, practitioners and policy makers. Roughly two factors have conspired to substantially limit the realization of that vision in the intervening 20 years. First, the institutional environment within agricultural universities was far less conducive to such an activity than medical schools. Second, while the rise of a food-oriented social movement might have provided new opportunities for food ethics, the social movement orientation has actually constrained the kind of philosophical work typically undertaken by bioethicists. The paper ends with a brief note calling for a renewal of the original vision.
Breast cancer in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Background Schizophrenia has a powerful impact on the outcomes of treatment for physical disorders. This study sought to estimate how the presence of schizophrenia disrupts the course of diagnosis and initial treatment of breast cancer. Methods We searched the Patient Treatment File, a comprehensive computer-based system for inpatient data in the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) medical system, to identify patients with codes for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who later developed breast cancer. These data were augmented with chart-based clinical data. Results There were 56 evaluable patients from 34 DVA facilities; 37 (66%) were female. Delay in diagnosis was common. The mean size of the primary tumor was 4 cm in those for whom these data were recorded. Delay in diagnosis was common and many never received the indicated surgery. Distant metastases were present on diagnosis in 12 (21%) and developed after diagnosis in 14 (25%) others, including 7 who inappropriately delayed or refused indicated surgery and 4 who inappropriately delayed or refused indicated neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Twelve verbally abused or physically attacked caregivers. Conclusions Patients with schizophrenia who later develop breast cancer often deny they have cancer. They often have high-stage disease at diagnosis and often delay or refuse therapy. Breast-conserving multimodality therapy is often not feasible.
Social Inequality in Education: A Constraint on an American High-Skills Future

AbstractCountries everywhere are turning to education in the quest for competitive edge in the global economy. How to attain the high skills needed in new reformed workplaces is a preoccupation that can be observed across developed countries. In this widening discourse of high skills and competitiveness, the U.S. skills production model is being seen as undesirable because it is perceived to be premised upon educational inequality and skills polarization. This article agrees with such characterization of the U.S educational condition. It examines skill tendencies in new reformed workplaces and conceptions of how schools must respond, then interrogates assumptions underpinning college-bound/non-college–bound formulations that would have low socioeconomic status (SES) children pursuing watered-down academic fare, or vocational education, while high SES children are set on college pathways. I contend that curricula approaches that are premised on alternative post-school destinations leave the children of und...
Follow-up compliance after emergency department evaluation

Study objective: To identify factors associated with outpatient follow-up of emergency department visits. Design: A retrospective review of 587 ED charts meeting strict criteria was performed. The following variables were identified: method used to arrange follow-up, age, sex, consultant contacts, distance from patient's residence to hospital, previous physician, recommended time to clinic return, and funding source. Compliance was assessed using the outpatient registration computer data base. Setting: ED and outpatient clinics of an urban university teaching hospital. Participants: Inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 75 years, patient released to outpatient care, and instructions specifying a university hospital clinic or ED follow-up and a time period within which this appointment was to occur. Follow-up options included patients being asked to return to the ED on a specific day (group 1), being given a specific clinic appointment (group 2), or being given the clinic telephone number and instructed to call for an appointment (group 3). Results: Compliance rates, defined as follow-up within seven days of the recommended date, were group 1, 51%; group 2, 65%; and group 3, 46%. Significant confounding factors adversely affecting follow-up as determined by multiple logistic regression analysis were decreasing age ( P P P P Conclusion: Compliance with follow-up is multifactorial. Consultant contact at the time of initial patient evaluation and provision of a return visit appointment at the time of ED release should improve compliance in a university hospital setting.
Reduction in Renal Vascular Responses to Angiotensin and Norepinephrine during Carotid Sinus Stimulation

In dogs anesthetized with morphine and chloralose, the renal vascular responses to angiotensin and norepinephrine were studied under conditions of altered sympathetic nervous activity. The kidneys and one or both carotid sinuses were perfused at a constant rate of flow. Sympathetic activity was altered by changing the mean carotid sinus perfusion pressure from approximately 30 to 200 mm Hg. During maximal carotid sinus pressure, the renal vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin and norepinephrine were reduced by an average of 52% and 47%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in innervated, chronically denervated, and excised kidneys perfused with the dogs' own blood. Increasing carotid sinus pressure alters the responsiveness of the renal vasculature to angiotensin and norepinephrine by some mechanism that is not dependent on the renal sympathetic nerves or on norepinephrine. It is proposed that raising mean carotid sinus pressure alters the concentration of some bloodborne substance and so reduces the vasoconstrictor responses to these vasoactive agents in the renal vascular bed.
Amygdaloid Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Targets Locus Coeruleus Dendrites: Substrate for the Co-ordination of Emotional and Cognitive Limbs of the Stress Response

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the neurohormone that initiates the endocrine limb of the stress response via its actions on the anterior pituitary, also acts as a neurotransmitter in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) to activate this system during stress. Because the central nucleus of the amygdala contains numerous CRF-immunoreactive neurones, the present study examined whether CRF projections from the central nucleus of the amygdala target LC dendrites, thereby providing a mechanism for limbic-CRF modulation of brain noradrenergic activity. Retrograde tracers injected into the rostrolateral pericoerulear region, where CRF-immunoreactive fibres are dense, labelled numerous CRF-immunoreactive neurones in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Consistent with this, ultrastructural analysis of the rostrolateral pericoerulear region in sections that were dually labelled for an anterograde tracer (biotinylated dextran amine, BDA) injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala and CRF immunoreactivity revealed that a substantial percentage (35%) of amygdaloid axon terminals were CRF-immunoreactive. These terminals formed synaptic specializations with unlabelled dendrites that were more often of the asymmetric (excitatory) type. Additionally, ultrastructural analysis of sections that were dually labelled to visualize CRF-and tyrosine hydroxlase-immunoreactivity demonstrated synaptic specializations between CRF-immunoreactive terminals and LC dendrites in the rostrolateral peri-LC, which were also frequently asymmetric. Taken together with previous ultrastructural findings that LC dendrites in the rostrolateral pericoerulear region are targeted by anterogradely labelled terminals from the central nucleus of the amygdala, the present results implicate this nucleus as a source of CRF that can impact on LC activity via effects on dendrites in the rostrolateral pericoerulear region. This cellular substrate for amygdaloid-CRF modulation of brain noradrenergic activity may serve as a mechanism for the integration of emotional and cognitive responses to stress.
Reduced contextual effects on visual contrast perception in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder

Background. The salience of a visual stimulus is often reduced by nearby stimuli, an effect known as surround suppression of perceived contrast, which may help in locating the borders of an object. Weaker surround suppression has been observed in schizophrenia but it is unclear whether this abnormality is present in other mental disorders with similar symptomatology, or is evident in people with genetic liability for schizophrenia. Method. By examining surround suppression among subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, their unaffected biological relatives and healthy controls we sought to determine whether diminished surround suppression was specific to schizophrenia, and if subjects with a genetic risk for either disorder would show similar deficits. Measuring perceived contrast in different surround conditions also allowed us to investigate how this suppression depends on the similarity of target and surrounding stimuli. Results. Surround suppression was weaker among schizophrenia patients regardless of surround configuration. Subjects with bipolar affective disorder showed an intermediate deficit, with stronger suppression than in schizophrenia but weaker than control subjects. Surround suppression was normal in relatives of both patient groups. Findings support a deficit in broadly tuned (rather than sharply orientation- or direction-selective) suppression mechanisms. Conclusions. Weak broadly tuned suppression during visual perception is evident in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, consistent with impaired gain control related to the clinical expression of these conditions.
Research on gait planning of artificial leg based on central pattern generator

Biped robot with heterogeneous legs (BRHL) is a novel robot model, which consists of an artificial leg and an intelligent bionic leg. The artificial leg is used to simulate the amputeepsilas healthy leg and the bionic leg works as the intelligent artificial limb. To describe the present gait of the healthy leg and make intelligent bionic leg follow the walking of artificial leg in all phases is the target of BRHLpsilas research. So gait planning of artificial leg is the emphasis of BRHLpsilas research. This paper uses the model of central pattern generator (CPG) in the research of artificial legpsilas gait planning from the point of biology. To obtain natural and robust walking pattern, genetic algorithm is used to optimize parameters of the CPG network model and the fitness function is formulated based on zero moment point (ZMP). Simulation results testify the feasibility of this method.
Biomedical Term Disambiguation: An Application to Gene-Protein Name Disambiguation

The huge volumes of biomedical texts available online drives the increasing need for automated techniques to analyze and extract knowledge from these repositories of information. Resolving the ambiguity in biological terms in these texts is an important step for developing efficient knowledge discovery techniques. In this paper, we present a new method for biomedical term disambiguation in biomedical texts. The method is based on machine learning and can be viewed as a word classification task. We evaluated the method on gene-protein name disambiguation using Medline abstracts from years 1999-2003 containing about 3000 to 6000 gene and protein names. The technique is effective in disambiguating gene and protein names, achieving impressive accuracy, precision, and recall, with accuracy approaching about 90%, and outperforming the recently published results on this problem. Our technique is also applicable for the general problem of named entity disambiguation
Diagnostic Utility of the Bannatyne WISC‐III Pattern

Regrouping Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) subtests into Bannatyne's spatial, conceptual, and sequential patterns has been thought by many to identify children with learning disabilities (LD). This study investigated the prevalence and diagnostic utility of WISC-III Bannatyne patterns by comparing 1,302 children with LD to 2,158 children in the WISC-III normative sample. Further analysis was conducted on a subsample of students with specific reading disabilities. Results indicated that the presence of the Bannatyne WISC-III pattern would not lead to decisions that are useful in differentiating children with LD from children without LD. For example, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, measured by the area under the curve (AUC), indicated that the Bannatyne WISC-III pattern exhibited low diagnostic utility (AUC = 0.54–0.55). Due to its inaccuracy, use of the Bannatyne WISC-III pattern is not recommended.
Milk Fat Synthesis from Acetate in Mammary Gland of the Cow

Summary1. 2-C14 labeled acetate was injected into the milk cistern of the right front quarter of a lactating cow. This quarter was subsequently milked separately from the other 3 quarters and radioactivities of milk fat constituents from each were determined. 2. The data confirm that there is a delay of several hours between synthesis and secretion of milk fat. 3. A surprisingly small amount of the injected acetate diffused into the other 3 quarters or into the rest of the body. This can be accounted for by its rapid utilization for milk synthesis near the site of injection. 4. Fatty acids of all chain lengths and glycerol seem to be synthesized from acetate in the mammary gland itself. The glycerol synthesis, however, is on a smaller scale.
Treatment of trauma with lithium to forestall the development of posttraumatic stress disorder by pharmacological induction of a mild transient amnesia

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to trauma. Symptoms include persistent reexperiencing, persistent avoidance, persistent numbing, and persistent hyperarousal. Subsequent to trauma exposure, the onset of symptoms of an acute stress reaction can typically develop over varying amounts of time from days to months. Current pharmacotherapies for PTSD are available after symptoms manifest, and primarily consist of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. There are currently no FDA approved pharmacological interventions available for the treatment of acutely traumatized individuals to forestall the development of PTSD after trauma and prior to the onset of symptoms. A prominent model of PTSD developed by Roger Pitman attributes the pathogenesis of PTSD to over-consolidated traumatic memories that are mediated by endogenous stress hormones released with trauma and after trauma. The molecular processes of memory consolidation in neurons are mediated by intracellular signaling pathways. One secondary messenger signaling pathway with a putative role in long-term potentiation (LTP) is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) secondary messenger system. Lithium, a treatment for bipolar disorder, and a pharmacotherapy that is associated with inducing transient impairments in cognition, memory, and learning, is an inhibitor of inositol monophosphatase (IMP), an enzyme in the IP3 and DAG secondary messenger pathway. I am advancing the hypothesis that the administration of lithium for a brief interval to traumatized individuals at risk for PTSD within the time period after trauma and prior to the onset of symptoms could potentially forestall the development of PTSD by disrupting LTP. I am proposing that this treatment will reduce the incidence of PTSD and reduce the severity of symptoms in those who eventually develop PTSD.
Failure of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy pipes in oil fields

Abstract The use of glass fiber-reinforced polymers pipes (FRP) has been explored by petroleum operators as an alternative to stainless steel, duplex/super duplex, and chrome alloys mainly due to the resistance of FRP to electrochemical corrosion. Moreover, their relative light weight allows handling and installation that is particularly beneficial for retrofit applications. Mature reservoirs are characterized by increased water cut (i.e., increased produced water) and reservoir depletion which requires water injection to maintain reservoir pressure. The produced and injected water is highly corrosive, resulting in premature failure of traditional materials. As a result, the use of FRP based on epoxy seems to be an alternative for applications in those corrosive environments. Despite the advantages of FRP pipes, their application is still limited mainly due to inadequate knowledge of failure mechanism and unsatisfactory methods of evaluating the deterioration. Long-term durability of glass-epoxy composite pipeline in service is an industrial important issue mainly because the consequences of failure are severe in oil and gas applications; it is also a scientific challenge because it includes many variables (resins, fibers, design, manufacturing, and environment). It is important to determine how the resin, fiber, and interface are affected in terms of long-term property degradation by chemicals and downhole thermal conditions. In addition, the effect of hydrodynamic and complex multiaxial loads on degradation needs to be addressed.
Giving Life to LIFO: Adoption of the LIFO Method of Inventory Valuation by the Income Tax Code

This paper examines the circumstances that led to the incorporation of the LIFO method of inventory valuation into the tax law in 1938 and 1939. An understanding of why the LIFO method was adopted after decades of initial opposition by revenue officials may lend perspective to the current policy debate about the method. The LIFO issue also presents a case study of the way in which interest groups, professionals, and state actors within government combine to make tax policy. Part I of this paper looks at the two decades prior to adoption of the LIFO method, defining the environment that prompted and enabled Congress to act on the issue. The roles played by business, the press, and the accounting profession are examined. Part II analyzes the legislative process during the period of 1936 through 1939, which culminated in the adoption of the LIFO method into the tax law. The importance of unique actors and the influence of economic and political events, particularly in the context of the undistributed profits tax supported by Franklin Roosevelt's administration, are explored. Part III discusses the factors contributing to the Treasury Department's reversal of its initial opposition to the LIFO method, the interplay of the LIFO method and the undistributed profits tax, and the important role played by the accounting profession in the accommodation process. Finally, Part IV highlights the expanding use of LIFO over the past 70 years.
Packet-switching with little or no buffers (Abstract only)

All-optical networks are a pipedream, so said the networking community. An Internet router needs big buffers to hold packets during times of congestion (conventional wisdom said we needed to buffer a million packets for a 10 Gb/s link) and there is no way you can build optical buffers that big. QED. It turns out the conventional wisdom was wrong: Reduce the buffering by two orders of magnitude, and both delay and jitter go down. The user is better off, and the operator doesn't lose any throughput. Nowadays, backbone traffic is so aggregated and smooth that you could reduce buffers to just a few dozen packets. Does this mean we could deploy all-optical routers after all? (1 page)
Commissioning of Horizontal-Bend Superconducting Magnet for Jefferson Lab's 11-GeV Super High Momentum Spectrometer

Commissioning characteristics of the Superconducting High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) Horizontal Bend (HB) magnet was presented. Pre-commissioning peer review of the magnet uncovered issues with eddy currents in the thermal shield, resulting in additional testing and modeling of the magnet. A three-stage test plan was discussed. A solution of using a small dump resistor and a warm thermal shield was presented. Analyses illustrated that it was safe to run the magnet to full test current. As a result, the HB magnet was successfully cooled to 4 K and reached its maximum test current of 4000 A.
Water relations and xylem anatomy of ferns

The entire soil-plant-atmosphere continuum must be analysed to elucidate how xylem anatomy relates to water flow in plants. Measurements of water potential gradients and volume of water flow per unit time are needed to obtain values of hydraulic conductance per unit length. By comparing values of hydraulic conductance per unit length along the plant, the regions where xylem structure restricts water flow can be determined. Previous studies of fern water relations demonstrated that very large water potential gradients occurring in stipes of certain ferns were closely correlated with reduced conducting area of stipe xylem. A new study on Cyrtomium falcatum showed that the water potential gradient was relatively small and constant along the stipe and rachis; however, a much larger gradient occurred from the rachies into the pinnae. Hydraulic conductance per unit length varied with the leaf area to be supplied, leading to the fairly constant water potential gradient along the rachis.. The measured hydraulic conductance per unit length was only half the value predicted from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Although the Hagen-Poiseuille equation overestimated the measured value by a factor of 2, it did support the assumption that conduit number and lumen diameter are the principal determinants of water conductance in the xylem.
Technical and Anatomic Factors Influencing the Success of Inferior Vena Caval Stent Placement for Malignant Obstruction.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of inferior vena cava (IVC) stent placement for malignant obstruction and to identify anatomic and procedural factors influencing technical and clinical success. Materials and Methods A total of 57 patients (37 male, 20 female; age range, 22–86 y) underwent 62 IVC stent placement procedures using 97 stents (47 Wallstents, 15 S.M.A.R.T. stents, 18 Wallflex stents, 17 others) from 2005 to 2016 for malignant IVC obstruction caused by hepatic metastases (n = 22; 39%), primary hepatic malignancy (n = 16; 28%), retroperitoneal metastases (n = 16; 28%), or other primary malignancy (n = 5; 9%). Presenting symptoms included lower-extremity edema (n = 54; 95%), ascites (n = 28; 50%), and perineal edema (n = 14; 25%). Sixteen percent (n = 10) and 10% (n = 6) of the procedures involved tumor and bland thrombus, respectively. Results Stent placements resulted in 100% venographic patency and significantly decreased pressure gradients ( P Conclusions Stent placement is reliable, rapid, and durable in improving malignant IVC syndrome. Understanding of technical and anatomic factors can improve accuracy and avoid complications of stent misplacement.
Another Politics (book review)

What are the main political articulations of today's radical movements in North America? In a review of Chris Dixon's Another Politics these questions are addressed in terms of the influence of anti-racist, feminism, anarchism, and prison abolition movements, and how a new form of radical leftists politics is emerging across the continent.
Geometric Parameters of Winglet for the Effect on Characteristics of the Basic Wing

The research analyges the effect on the characteristics of the basic wing by the geometric parameters of winglets.The program takes regards the wing of airliner as the basic wing and installs fusion winglet.The research which uses the Panel method is accomplished by minimizing the induced drag.By solving RANS equations,the analysis,which contrasts the aerodynamic characteristics between the basic wing and the wing with fusion winglet and indicates the mechanism of reducing drag by winglet,provides the evidence of the design of winglet for the design of large transport aircraf.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Part III

This article is the final section of a three-part clinical practice guideline on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Drug- and cell-based therapies for targeting neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury

TBI pathology: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force to the head, resulting in trauma to the brain. Approximately 1.7 million Americans suffer from TBI every year. Out of the 1.7 million suffering from TBI, an estimated 52,000 injuries result in death, leaving a mass amount of people with symptoms that could last a few days, a few years, or their entire life (Faul et al., 2010). TBI can be classified as mild, moderate and severe. Depending on the classification and the extent of the injury, TBI can cause both physical symptoms and cognitive disorders (Lozano et al., 2015). The most common physical symptoms include headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, sleep disruption, hearing problems and visual disturbances. Cognitive disorders include attention deficit, memory and executive functioning problems. Brain damage occurs following TBI as a result of direct neural cell loss. Within minutes following the initial injury, secondary cell death occurs, exacerbating the damage and worsening the symptoms (Campolo et al., 2013). Neuroinflammation is one of many factors that can lead to neurodegeneration and cause secondary cell death, indicating that TBI presents with equally debilitating symptoms as a chronic disease in addition to the widely accepted pathological manifestations acutely after injury (DelaPena et al., 2014).
Asymmetric Petasis Borono-Mannich Allylation Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Biphenols.

Chiral biphenols catalyze the asymmetric Petasis borono-Mannich allylation of aldehydes and amines through the use of a bench-stable allyldioxaborolane. The reaction proceeds via a two-step, one-pot process and requires 2–8 mole % of 3,3′-Ph2-BINOL as the optimal catalyst. Under microwave heating the reaction affords chiral homoallylic amines in excellent yields (up to 99 %) and high enantioselectivies (er up to 99:1). The catalytic reaction is a true multicomponent condensation reaction whereas both the aldehyde and the amine can possess a wide range of structural and electronic properties. Use of crotyldioxaborolane in the reaction results in stereodivergent products with anti- and syn-diastereomers both in good diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities from the corresponding E- and Z-borolane stereoisomers.
Target-present guessing as a function of target prevalence and accumulated information in visual search

Target prevalence influences visual search behavior. At low target prevalence, miss rates are high and false alarms are low, while the opposite is true at high prevalence. Several models of search aim to describe search behavior, one of which has been specifically intended to model search at varying prevalence levels. The multiple decision model (Wolfe & Van Wert, Current Biology, 20(2), 121--124, 2010) posits that all searches that end before the observer detects a target result in a target-absent response. However, researchers have found very high false alarms in high-prevalence searches, suggesting that prevalence rates may be used as a source of information to make "educated guesses" after search termination. Here, we further examine the ability for prevalence level and knowledge gained during visual search to influence guessing rates. We manipulate target prevalence and the amount of information that an observer accumulates about a search display prior to making a response to test if these sources of evidence are used to inform target present guess rates. We find that observers use both information about target prevalence rates and information about the proportion of the array inspected prior to making a response allowing them to make an informed and statistically driven guess about the target's presence.
Determination of carbon dioxide production rates for mammalian cells in 24-well plates

In this report, we describe a method for the quantitative determination of carbon dioxide production rates of mammalian cells. Custom-made, reusable, optically clear plugs are used to seal the wells of a 24-well plate. These plugs prevent the loss of CO2 produced by the mammalian cells cultured in bicarbonate-free medium. Measurements of pH, total liquid phase CO2, and viable cell density are used to estimate the average CO2 production rate during a 6-h incubation period. Using this method, four chemicals well-characterized in regards to toxicity, 2,4-dinitrophenol, antimycin A, rotenone, and cyanide, were found to elicit significant changes in CO2 production for given concentrations within 6 h, without inducing a decline in culture viability. Over longer exposure times, similar concentrations caused growth inhibition but not cell death. An assay based on metabolic change corresponding to growth inhibition that is more sensitive than traditional measures of cell death is a feasible complement to existing methods in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
Temperature extrapolation of multicomponent grand canonical free energy landscapes

We derive a method for extrapolating the grand canonical free energy landscape of a multicomponent fluid system from one temperature to another. Previously, we introduced this statistical mechanical framework for the case where kinetic energy contributions to the classical partition function were neglected for simplicity [N. A. Mahynski et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 074101 (2017)]. Here, we generalize the derivation to admit these contributions in order to explicitly illustrate the differences that result. Specifically, we show how factoring out kinetic energy effects a priori, in order to consider only the configurational partition function, leads to simpler mathematical expressions that tend to produce more accurate extrapolations than when these effects are included. We demonstrate this by comparing and contrasting these two approaches for the simple cases of an ideal gas and a non-ideal, square-well fluid.
Headache Professional Societies: Ethical Challenges and Suggested Solutions

Codes of professional conduct continue to be an essential component of maintaining the integrity of individuals, academic institutions, and medical societies. We review ethical issues of professional conduct focusing on conflicts of interest (COI). We explain how to manage or mitigate COI in the context of professionals involved in headache medicine and its medical specialty societies. We identify the roles of institutional, medical society, and governmental regulation in the protection of patients and maintaining the integrity of physicians and others involved in patient care.
GenPIM: Generalized processing in-memory to accelerate data intensive applications

Big data has become a serious problem as data volumes have been skyrocketing for the past few years. Storage and CPU technologies are overwhelmed by the amount of data they have to handle. Traditional computer architectures show poor performance when processing such huge data. Processing inmemory is a promising technique to address data movement issue by locally processing data inside memory. However, there are two main issues with stand-alone PIM designs: (i) PIM is not always computationally faster than CMOS logic, (ii) PIM cannot process all operations in many applications. Thus, not many applications can benefit from PIM. To generalize the use of PIM, we designed GenPIM, a general processing in-memory architecture consisting of the conventional processor as well as the PIM accelerators. GenPIM supports basic PIM functionalities in specialized nonvolatile memory including: bitwise operations, search operation, addition and multiplication. For each application, GenPIM identifies the part which uses PIM operations, and processes the rest of non-PIM operations or not data intensive part of applications in general purpose cores. GenPIM also enables configurable PIM approximation by relaxing in-memory computation. We test the efficiency of proposed design over two learning applications. Our experimental evaluation shows that our design can achieve 10.9 χ improvement in energy efficiency and 6.4 χ speedup as compared to processing data in conventional cores.