cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trauma in the Preverbal Period: Symptoms, Memories, and Developmental Impact

In this paper, five children who experienced traumas during the preverbal period are described. The clinical presentations are oriented around three questions: (1) What are the expectable symptomatic reactions of preverbal infants to trauma? (2) To what extent and in what forms are preverbal traumatic experiences retained in memory? and (3) Does trauma in the preverbal period have enduring effects? In these five preverbal infants, symptomatology consistent with typical posttraumatic diagnostic criteria was observed. The clinical material also suggested that the capacity to encode and retain meaningful internal representations of the salient elements of a traumatic experience may be present as early as the second half of the first year of life. The developmental implications of early trauma, particularly if it is severe, appear to be significant.
ACTIVATION OF HER4 BY HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR STIMULATES CHEMOTAXIS BUT NOT PROLIFERATION

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a potent mitogen and chemotactic factor for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. It is demonstrated that HB-EGF is not only a ligand for HER1, as previously reported, but for HER4 as well. HB-EGF binds to NIH 3T3 cells overexpressing either HER1 or HER4 alone, but not HER2 or HER3 alone. Binding to HER4 is independent of HER1. The ability of HB-EGF to bind to two different receptors is in contrast to EGF which binds to HER1, but not to HER4, and heregulin-beta1 which binds to HER4, but not to HER1. Besides binding, HB-EGF activates HER4. For example (i) it induces tyrosine phosphorylation of HER4 in cells overexpressing this receptor and of endogenous HER4 in MDA-MB-453 cells and astrocytes; (ii) it induces association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) activity with HER4; and (iii) it is a potent chemotactic factor for cells overexpressing HER4. Chemotaxis is inhibited by wortmannin, a PI3-K inhibitor, suggesting a possible role for PI3-K in mediating HB-EGF-stimulated chemotaxis. On the other hand, HB-EGF is not a mitogen for cells expressing HER4, in contrast to its ability to stimulate both chemotaxis and proliferation in cells expressing HER1. It was concluded that HER4 is a newly described receptor for HB-EGF and that HB-EGF can activate two EGF receptor subtypes, HER1 and HER4, but with different biological responses.
Cost-Effectiveness of Initial Diagnostic Strategies for Pulmonary Nodules Presenting to Thoracic Surgeons

Background Patients presenting to thoracic surgeons with pulmonary nodules suggestive of lung cancer have varied diagnostic options including navigation bronchoscopy (NB), computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspiration (CT-FNA), 18 F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We studied the relative cost-effective initial diagnostic strategy for a 1.5- to 2-cm nodule suggestive of cancer. Methods A decision analysis model was developed to assess the costs and outcomes of four initial diagnostic strategies for diagnosis of a 1.5- to 2-cm nodule with either a 50% or 65% pretest probability of cancer. Medicare reimbursement rates were used for costs. Quality-adjusted life years were estimated using patient survival based on pathologic staging and utilities derived from the literature. Results When cancer prevalence was 65%, tissue acquisition strategies of NB and CT-FNA had higher quality-adjusted life years compared with either FDG-PET or VATS, and VATS was the most costly strategy. In sensitivity analyses, NB and CT-FNA were more cost-effective than FDG-PET when FDG-PET specificity was less than 72%. When cancer prevalence was 50%, NB, CT-FNA, and FDG-PET had similar cost-effectiveness. Conclusions Both NB and CT-FNA diagnostic strategies are more cost-effective than either VATS biopsy or FDG-PET scan to diagnose lung cancer in moderate- to high-risk nodules and resulted in fewer nontherapeutic operations when FDG-PET specificity was less than 72%. An FDG-PET scan for diagnosis of lung cancer may not be cost-effective in regions of the country where specificity is low.
Payment for Telephone Care: From Policy to Practice: In Reply

As Dr Sterkel correctly points out, the issue of payment for telephone care as addressed in a recently published American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement1 is of great importance to pediatricians. Although pediatric practice entails a great deal of telephone care, physicians in many other medical specialties also experience high demands for telephone care and are concerned that these services, which entail medical decision-making, practice expense, and malpractice risk, are rarely paid. Over the past several years, there has been increasing support from the AAP and other specialty societies …
Safety and Efficacy of Ultra-high-dose, Short-term Thrombolysis with rt-PA for Acute Lower Limb Ischemia

Objectives The evaluation of success and complication rates of ultra high-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administered over a short time frame in the treatment of acute lower limb ischemia. Methods This was a prospective single-center study. The outcome of treatment in 97 patients with acute limb ischemia ( Results Thrombolytic success was achieved in 83.5%. Overall clinical success was 88.7%. The 30-day amputation-free survival rate was 93.8%. Major bleeding complications occurred in 10 patients (10.3%). There were two deaths (2.1%) and four amputations (4.1%). Long-term amputation-free survival was 70%. Conclusions Administration of ultra-high doses of rt-PA over a short time period gives promising results. Such delivery improves patient tolerance by rapid restoration of limb perfusion; however further studies are required to confirm these results.
Tarski on the Necessity Reading of Convention T

Tarski’s Convention T is often taken to claim that it is both sufficient and necessary for adequacy in a definition of truth that it imply instances of the T-schema where the embedded sentence translates the mentioned sentence. However, arguments against the necessity claim have recently appeared, and, furthermore, the necessity claim is actually not required for the indefinability results for which Tarski is justly famous; indeed, Tarski’s own presentation of the results in the later Undecidable Theories makes no mention of an assumption to the effect that the definition of truth implies the biconditionals. This raises a question: was Tarski in fact committed to the necessity claim in the important papers of the 1930s and 40s? I argue that he was not. The discussion of this apparently esoteric interpretive issue in fact gets to the heart of many important questions about truth, and in the final sections of the paper I discuss the importance of the T-biconditionals in the theory of meaning and the relation of deflationary and inflationary theories of truth to the semantic paradoxes.
Application of a field-based method to spatially varying thermal transport problems in molecular dynamics

This paper derives a methodology to enable spatial and temporal control of thermally inhomogeneous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The primary goal is to perform non-equilibrium MD of thermal transport analogous to continuum solutions of heat flow which have complex initial and boundary conditions, moving MD beyond quasi-equilibrium simulations using periodic boundary conditions. In our paradigm, the entire spatial domain is filled with atoms and overlaid with a finite element (FE) mesh. The representation of continuous variables on this mesh allows fixed temperature and fixed heat flux boundary conditions to be applied, non-equilibrium initial conditions to be imposed and source terms to be added to the atomistic system. In effect, the FE mesh defines a large length scale over which atomic quantities can be locally averaged to derive continuous fields. Unlike coupling methods which require a surrogate model of thermal transport like Fourier's law, in this work the FE grid is only employed for its projection, averaging and interpolation properties. Inherent in this approach is the assumption that MD observables of interest, e.g. temperature, can be mapped to a continuous representation in a non-equilibrium setting. This assumption is taken advantage of to derive a single, unified set of control forces based on Gaussian isokinetic thermostats to regulate the temperature and heat flux locally in the MD. Example problems are used to illustrate potential applications. In addition to the physical results, data relevant to understanding the numerical effects of the method on these systems are also presented.
CFD study of section characteristics of Formula Mazda race car wings

A great deal of research has been done on the aerodynamic characteristics of race cars competing in major racing series through out the world. Because of the competitive nature of motor sport, this research is usually not published until after it is obsolete. The teams operating at the minor league levels of the sport do not have the funding resources of the major series to perform aerodynamic research. In an effort to provide some information for teams competing in the minor league Formula Mazda racecar class, this study was conducted using the Star-CD CFD code to perform a turbulent simulation (using a [email protected] model) of the airflow on the front and rear wings of a Formula Mazda car with different angles of attack and the effect of the ground on the front wing. Results are presented graphically, showing pressure and velocity distributions and lift (C"l) and drag coefficients (C"d) for the different cases. It was shown that the ground effect has a marked effect on the C"l and that the angle of attack has a significant effect on the lift and drag coefficients, and it was shown that an angle of 12^@? below the horizontal seems to indicate stalling conditions. It is suggested that this information, along with experimental validation, can be valuable for improving the optimum handling of these Formula Mazda race cars.
Actuating mood: design of the textile mirror

In his 1962 short story, "1000 Dreams of Bellavista," sci-fi author J. G Ballard describes a future in which "psychotropic" homes exist and are designed to "feel and react" to the emotions of their occupants [1]. Today with the rise of affective computing, and advancements in e-textiles, smart materials and sensor technologies, we must consider the ramifications of technology that could actively mirror, alter and transform our feelings through the materials that make up our buildings and environments. This work provides discussion and insight around the binding of material and sensor technologies with affect. We investigate how emotions could be mapped to our environment through textiles. We present two online surveys designed to enable people to map emotions to textiles. We then use the results of these surveys to inform and inspire the design of the Textile Mirror prototype, a 60x92 cm wall panel that is composed of industrial felt interlaced with Nitinol wire, and is designed to shift its textural structure upon receiving emotional signals from its viewer.
Value of intraoperative neck margin analysis during Whipple for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a multicenter analysis of 1399 patients.

Introduction:During pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for ductal adenocarcinoma, a frozen section (FS) neck margin is typically assessed, and if positive, additional pancreas is removed to achieve an R0 margin. We analyzed the association of this practice with improved overall survival (OS).Methods:Patie
An integrated energy–emergy approach to building form optimization: Use of EnergyPlus, emergy analysis and Taguchi-regression method

Abstract This research presents a new methodology of environmental building design with an integrated energy–e m ergy (spelled with an “ m ”) approach to study building form optimization in the schematic phases. In architecture, selection of sustainability assessment methods critically affects design goals, favoring or restricting choices designers can make. A building subsumes matter and energy to support human lives, but current building performance indicators are still hard to equate technical sides and human dominant sides of various scales in a synthetic metric. Moreover, in order to achieve global sustainability in a building, as a part of the whole built environment, it is necessary to integrate energy and environmental impacts at the highest scope of analysis. Emergy analysis coupled with building energy simulation can be suggested as a holistic indicator for architectural design process. To test the proposed method, a pilot study with a mid-size office building evaluates the consequences of early design decisions such as basic geometry, aspect ratio, window-wall ratio, construction types, etc. The integrated energy–emergy approach to building form optimization consists of three modules namely, Building Energy Simulation (BES) module, Building EMergy Analysis (BEMA) module, and (iii) MetaModel Development (MMD) module. The BES module uses the EnergyPlus tool for whole building energy analysis, while the BEMA module employs analytical methods to estimate emergy quantities, and the MMD module employs the Taguchi method to develop a metamodel for faster and easier whole building emergy simulation. The metamodel developed using Taguchi-ANOVA method for building form optimization was validated with analytical test results to accelerate environmental design decision-making. This study demonstrates possibility of wider applications of emergy synthesis to building energy research and facilitates practical use of emergy simulation in the environmental design process.
Secondary plant succession and vegetation recovery in two western Great Basin Desert ghost towns

Secondary succession and vegetation recovery patterns are examined in two abandoned mining camps in the western Great Basin Desert. Results from ANOVA and Tukey comparison tests indicate that, after approximately 70 years of recovery, significant differences remain in total cover, therophyte cover and species richness between disturbed sites and control plots. The outstanding difference is the dominance of the introduced annual Bromus tectorum in the disturbed areas. Because the presence of B. tectorum changes the fire, grazing and competition dynamics of the desert vegetation assemblages, complete recovery or convergence of the disturbed vegetation to that of the ambient control plots is considered improbable. The dominance of B. tectorum at the expense of the other, native, species is viewed as a permanent change.
β-carotene and vitamin A effects on bovine phagocyte function in vitro during the peripartum period

The effects of in vitro supplementation of beta-carotene, retinol, and retinoic acid on phagocyte function during the peripartum period were assessed. Blood was collected at wk -4, -1, 0 (calving), 1, and 4; mammary secretions were collected at wk -1, 0, 1, and 4 from 14 Holstein cows for the isolation of phagocytic cells. Blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mammary macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (phagocytic cells) were assayed for phagocytic and intracellular kill abilities of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of beta-carotene and retinol at 10(-8) and 10(-7) M and retinoic acid at 10(-9) and 10(-8) M. Phagocytosis by blood or milk phagocytic cells was not influenced by beta-carotene. However, beta-carotene enhanced kill by blood and milk phagocytic cells during certain prepartum and post-partum periods. In contrast to beta-carotene, retinol and retinoic acid either had no effect or suppressed phagocytosis and kill. These results are interpreted to suggest a mechanism by which beta-carotene affords the mammary gland protection against infection, i.e., through enhanced intracellular kill by phagocytes.
Estimation of the critical velocity in pipeline flow of slurries

Abstract A detailed examination of the critical velocity in pipeline flow of non-colloidal slurries was carried out. Published critical velocity correlations were collected and were recast into a standard form so that they could be compared with each other, and they were also tested against a broad collection of experimental critical velocity data. Altogether, a total collection of 864 experimental critical velocity data, representing a broad variety of solid materials and pertaining to wide ranges of the variables involved, were used in these tests. This rather substantial body of experimental data was also used as the basis for developing a set of improved critical velocity correlations, which were established by fitting the data to various forms of the standard equation. Among the principal results of this work are the following: The dependence of the critical velocity on pipe diameter is very nearly equal to D 1 2 , while its dependence on particle size, for slurries of non-colloidal particles, is very nearly equal to d0. The analytical result due to Oroskar and Turian indicates that υc depends on pipe diameter as D0.6, and on particle size as d0, while the best empirical fits to the data suggest that the dependence on pipe diameter is approximately D0.5, and that on particle size is at most d0.06. In addition, both the newly established empirical correlations and the analytical correlation due to Oroskar and Turian predict a maximum in the υc vs. C curve, the maximum occurring at solids volume concentration of 0.25 to 0.30. The comparisons with experimental data further established that the analytical result by Oroskar and Turian, and the empirical correlations developed in this work, do a superior overall job of predicting the data than other published correlations.
Differential measurement of the ultracold Cs radiative escape and fine structure changing collision rates

We present direct measurements of the overall trap loss rate and the fine structure changing collision rate for ultracold cesium atom confined in a magneto-optical trap over an intensity range of 5 mW/cm 2 to 200 mW/cm 2 . This set of simultaneous measurements allows the accurate extraction and separation of the fine structure changing rate and the radiative escape rate as these two processes compete with one another to determine the overall trap loss rate.
The clinical relevance of alloantibody in liver transplantation

The transplanted liver appears resistant to antibody-mediated injury compared to other transplanted organs such as kidney or heart. However, a growing number of reports suggest that alloantibody to the liver is associated with poorer outcomes. The data surrounding this field are unclear, and their interpretation remains controversial. Mechanistically, there is not a clear explanation for the liver's resistance to antibody-mediated injury, and the pathological criteria for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) remain ill-defined. Furthermore, treatment of AMR is non-uniform. The field would benefit from better outcome data based on measurement of antibody at the time of transplantation and at the time of rejection. Consensus opinion regarding antibody and the liver might emerge with better standardization of antibody measurement and pathological definition of AMR.
Openness vs. secrecy in nanotechnology

Previous research appearing in R&D Management, International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning and other journals has examined issues regarding openness vs. secrecy with scientific information for corporations, and found that openness was quite important in the US pharmaceutical industry. Extending those previous studies, I employ data obtained from Nanobank on the nanotechnology field to examine whether openness is important in that arena also. My results are that openness (i.e., publications) is a very significant predictor of research and development (R&D) performance (patenting) for corporations. The implication is that it is likely prudent for firms to adopt a more open policy toward publication, somewhat similar to that of universities and research institutes, to further their R&D efforts and results.
Feeding ecology of the earliest vertebrates

Based on protochordates and extant fish, the earliest Palaeozoic vertebrates were microphagous suspension-feeding animals that pumped food-carrying water very slowly and thus required highly concentrated suspensions. Such conditions exist in benthic (not open water) aquatic environments. Feeding modes which on the basis of extant fish are closely related to benthic microphagous suspension feeding include deposit feeding, epilithic algal scraping, and macrophagous suspension feeding; early jawless vertebrates are predicted to have included all these feeding types. The gnathostome condition is predicted to have followed an initial switch from feeding on suspensions to taking tiny individual food particles (microphagous suspension-feeding → microphagous particulate-feeding → macrophagous particulate-feeding).
Patient dropouts before completion of optimal dose, multiple allergen immunotherapy

Background Many patients don't complete the recommended 3 to 5-year course of immunotherapy. Why? Objective Determine the percentage of our patients receiving optimal dose, multiple-allergen immunotherapy from 1982 to 1996 who discontinued their immunotherapy prior to completion of the recommended 3 to 5-year immunotherapy protocol. Second, assess the reasons for these premature dropouts. Third, determine any differences related to the clinic location where injections are given. Design and Methods The medical records of patients who dropped out of our immunotherapy program before 3 years were analyzed by the author. Summary of Results Our dropout rate before 3 years was 12%. The five commonest reasons for early dropout were concurrent medical problems, noncompliance, change of residence, inconvenience, and allergic reactions. The systemic reaction rate for the 3-year dropout group was 1.00% compared with 0.9% for our overall study group. Eighty-eight percent of the systemic reactions were mild. About 1% of our immunotherapy patients quit early due to allergic reactions secondary to immunotherapy. Conclusions The dropout rate for our optimal-dose patients is similar to that reported previously by Tinkelman who apparently used a lower than optimal maintenance dose. (2) Many of our dropouts were predictable and avoidable. Few patients quit early due to allergic reactions secondary to our immunotherapy program.
Ventilator autocycling and delayed recognition of brain death.

Background Improvements in technology play an important role in caring for critically ill patients. One example is the advance in ventilator design to facilitate triggering of mechanical breaths. Minimal changes in circuit flow unrelated to respiratory effort can trigger a ventilator breath and may mislead caregivers in recognizing brain death.
Phototaxis: isolation of mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with reversed sign of response.

SYNOPSIS Three mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardi were isolated which are negatively phototactic under all conditions tested. Tetrad analysis indicated that these represent three separate, nuclear mutations. Two mutant genes are linked; the third is on a separate chromosome. At least two of the loci appear relatively far from their centromere(s).
A New Basal Caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and Remarks on the Phylogeny of Early Carnivorans

Background Despite a long history of research, the phylogenetic origin and initial diversification of the mammalian crown-group Carnivora remain elusive. Well-preserved fossil materials of basal carnivorans are essential for resolving these issues, and for constraining the timing of the carnivoran origin, which constitutes an important time-calibration point in mammalian phylogenetics.
Management of the uncontrollable pulmonary air leak with cyanoacrylate glue

Massive pulmonary air leak from a ruptured bleb in a patient with emphysema may be uncontrollable by the usual methods. A technique is illustrated where fibrin glue, cyanoacrylate glue, and a bovine pericardial patch are used in combination to seal the leak.
Diethyl acetylphosphonate complexes with 3d metal perchlorates[1]

Abstract Complexes of diethyl acetylphosphonate(deap) with 3 d metal perchlorates were synthesized and characterized by means of IR and electronic spectral, magnetic susceptibility and conductance studies. The final solid products obtained during interaction of deap and metal salt in triethyl orthoformate are of the general type [M(deap) 3 ](ClO 4 ) n ·H 2 O (MMn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ ; n = 2 o 3), involving a tris-chelate complex cation, in which deap coordinates as a bidentate ligand through the PO and CO oxygens; these metal chelates contain also exclusively ionic perchlorate and lattice water. In some cases (MMn 2+ , Co 2+ ) the preceding chelates are precipitated directly from the ligand-salt reaction mixture in triethyl orthoformate. In other cases (MFe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ ), however, viscous oily precipitates of the type [M(deap) 3 (OH 2 ) 3 ](ClO 4 ) n · x H 2 O ( n = 2 or 3; x = 1–3) are initially obtained. These oily products, in which deap functions as unidentate, coordinating only through the PO oxygen, are then converted to solid [M(deap) 3 ](ClO 4 ) n ·H 2 O tris-chelates, by treatment with additional triethyl orthoformate (and diethyl ether). The competition between deap and aqua ligands for the inner coordination sphere of the metal ion is due to the fact that deap is a relatively weak ligand, giving rise to a ligand field of about equal strength to that generated by the aqua group.
Effect of molecular structure upon concentration of hydrocarbons in 'painted' mouse skin.

ALTHOUGH several hypotheses have related molecular structure to carcinogenicity of polynuclear hydrocarbons1, little has been done to correlate structure with specific steps in the overall process. We have studied one important step, the uptake and retention of hydrocarbons by exposed tissue.
The maximum number of complementary facets of a simplicial polytope

Abstract Let P be an ( n −1)-dimensional simplicial polytype with 2 n vertices labelled s 1 ,…, s n , t 1 ,…, t n . Call a face of P complementary if the vertices it contains all have different subscripts. We study the maximum number of complementary faces that P can have. This problem arose in the determination of the maximum possible degree of an LCP mapping. We give examples of polytopes achieving a conjectured bound, and give some results supporting the conjecture.
Human insulin — Medical progress?

Human insulin is now produced in commercial scale by semisynthesis from porcine insulin or by recombinant DNA techniques. Comparative studies in non-diabetic or diabetic subjects on the hypoglycaemic effect of human insulin after intravenous or subcutaneous administration do not indicate that human insulin has advantage over highly purified pork insulin. In two of the three studies in which plasma insulin levels were examined after subcutaneous injection the results suggest that absorption of biosynthetic human insulin may be more rapid than that of purified porcine insulin. The amount of insulin needed to maintain normoglycemia in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes, studied with a glucose controlled insulin infusion system was generally the same with human and pork insulin. Studies concerning subcutaneous absorption of NPH insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes are needed. Long-term studies on the tendency of human insulin to induce antibody production are still lacking. Scientifically, the production of human insulin by recombinant DNA methods is a great advance. It remains, however, to be shown that human insulin has any clinical advantages over porcine insulin.
Temperature Dependence of the Resonance Frequency of Ferrimagnets and Antiferromagnets

A spin-wave calculation of the temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of a two-sublattice ferrimagnet leads to a modification of the macroscopic result at low temperatures which may be conveniently represented by a temperature-dependent Weiss field parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{W}{\left(\frac{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}{M}_{1}(0)+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}{M}_{2}(0)}{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}{M}_{1}(T)+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}{M}_{2}(T)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}.$ The analysis for the antiferromagnet is consistent with the Kanamori-Tachiki semiphenomeno-logical spin-wave theory. The complete Nagamiya-Keffer-Kittel formula is recovered provided that ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ takes the value predicted by linear spin-wave theory rather than molecular field theory.
Inherited 13/14 translocation and meta-centric microchromosome associated with trisomy 21: Report of 2 cases

Inherited chromosome abnormalities were found in two unrelated boys with Down syndrome. One patient showed trisomy 21 and a 13/14 translocation which was also present in his mother and three other family members. The other boy had a bisatellited metacentric microchromosome in addition to trisomy 21. The small marker chromosome was found in three generations in the family. In both cases, the carriers had a normal phenotype. The significance of aneuploidy and the presence of inherited karyotypic changes is discussed.
Helping parents to help their children comply with treatment regimens for chronic diseases.

Compliance with regimens for chronic childhood diseases is often less than optimal. Parental involvement in treatment programs is necessary to insure adequate compliance. However, specific advice to parents about how to help their children comply with treatments is rarely given. This review offers suggestions to practitioners about advising parents how to help their children follow prescribed treatments. These suggestions include helping parents to understand rationales for recommended treatments, providing cues or reminders and behavioral strategies to modify compliance (or noncompliance) behaviors.
Modeling the impacts of calcite precipitation on the epilimnion of an ultraoligotrophic, hard-water lake

Abstract A mass-balance model of calcite precipitation was developed to investigate the interactions of the varied processes governing the generation and fate of calcite in lakes. The model was used in conjunction with data to assess the evolution and impact of calcite precipitation for calcareous, ultraoligotrophic Torch Lake, Michigan (USA). This lake is an ideal setting for implementation of a baseline modeling study of calcite precipitation where the physical drivers could be evaluated without being dominated, as in many systems, by biological processes. The model provides a representation of calcite precipitation with particulate surface area changing over time, and demonstrates that it is possible for the change in water clarity to be explained by calcite precipitation employing standard optical models. Using the mass balance model to quantify the roles of the various chemical, biological and physical processes interacting in the lake's epilimnion, it was shown that the seasonal temperature rise and air–water CO2 exchange drive calcite precipitation much more than primary production for this ultraoligotrophic system.
Scattering from dipoles loaded with diodes

The problem of scattering from dipoles arbitrarily loaded with passive and active diodes is solved by the method of moments. Results are presented for the tumble average scattering radar cross section of dipoles loaded with p-i-n diodes and negative resistance diodes such as tunnel and Gunn diodes. Single as well as multiple loadings are considered. >
The basilar pontine gray in the adult monkey (Macaca mulatta): a Golgi study.

In Golgi preparations of the adult monkey (Macaca mulatta) two types of neurons are distinguished in the pontine gray: (1) larger neurons which impregnate most frequently and (2) smaller neurons which impregnate rarely. The former are judged to be projection neurons with myelinated axons because only the initial segments of their axons impregnate, while the latter are judged to be intrinsic neurons since they appear to participate only in the local circuitry of the pontine gray. The projection neurons show a variety of sizes and shapes and are the equivalent of the large, medium and small neurons that Ramon y Cajal ('09) illustrated in the pons of the 5-day-old infant. Their cell bodies are rounded, polygonal, triangular, egg-, pear-, and spindle-shaped. Some have somatic spines. Usually four to seven dendrites issue from the cell body and as they branch they attentuate. The dendrites have knobby, nodular protuberances which give them a gnarled appearance. Also the dendrites have a few scattered spines. In most instances the dendrites have a wavy recurring pattern. Neurons pressed against the corticospinal, corticopontine fiber bundles frequently have elongated cell bodies and the dendrites sprouting from them form, tight, brush-like arrays. The intrinsic neurons have small ellipssoid or pear-shaped cell bodies and two or three long dendrites, which do not taper. In some impregnations short axons issuing from the cell body were found and in other impregnations several widely separated, shor axon-like processes were found on dendrites. A striking feature of the intrinsic neurons is the presence of stalked dendritic appendages bearing one or more bulbous bodies, 1 to 3 microns in diameter. The intrinsic neurons in no way resemble the hairy or mossy cells with short axis cylinders that Ramon y Cajal (09) described in the pons of the 5-day-old infant. The latter were not found in the present material.
Evaluation of new therapy: Extracorporeal CO2 removal, protocol control of intensive care unit care, and the human laboratory

The evaluation of new therapy poses a formidable challenge in ICU medicine. When therapy evaluation cannot be blinded, as in the evaluation of extracorporeal support, the problem becomes more difficult. The result of the LFPPV-ECCO2R clinical trial, like that of the ECMO trial in the 1970s, is a potent reminder of the importance of controls in such evaluations. Without a control group, we would only have observed a survival rate of LFPPV-ECCO2R patients similar to that reported from Europe, and would have been unaware of the comparable survival of control patients. Ethical objections to controlled trials of therapies that are not supported by credible data should be viewed with caution. A stronger ethical argument frequently may be mounted in favor of a randomized controlled clinical trial. This is particularly pertinent in the high-technology ICU environment, where information overload is intense. The establishment of ICU human laboratories should enable the medical community to make much-needed progress and help us identify the useful elements in our therapeutic armamentarium.
Inhibition of Flap Endonuclease 1 by Flap Secondary Structure and Relevance to Repeat Sequence Expansion

Recent genetic evidence indicates that null mutants of the 5′-flap endonuclease (FEN1) result in an expansion of repetitive sequences. The substrate for FEN1 is a flap formed by natural 5′-end displacement of the short intermediates of lagging strand replication. FEN1 binds the 5′-end of the flap, tracks to the point of annealing at the base of the flap, and then cleaves. Here we examine mechanisms by which foldback structures within the flap could contribute to repeat expansions. Cleavage by FEN1 was reduced with increased length of the foldback. However, even the longest foldbacks were cleaved at a low rate. Substrates containing the repetitive sequence CTG also were cleaved at a reduced rate. Bubble substrates, likely intermediates in repeat expansions, were inhibitory. Neither replication protein A nor proliferating cell nuclear antigen were able to assist in the removal of secondary structure within a flap. We propose that FEN1 cleaves natural foldbacks at a reduced rate. However, although the cleavage delay is not likely to influence the overall process of chromosomal replication, specific foldbacks could inhibit cleavage sufficiently to result in duplication of the foldback sequence.
In vitro gynogenesis in cotton (Gossypium sp.).

The effects of genotype, pollen or growth regulator-pretreatment of pistils, developmental stage of the ovule (embryo sac) and culture media on induction of gynogenesis, and subsequent plantlet regeneration in vitro were assessed in interspecific Gossypium barbadense × G. hirsutum cotton hybrids. Gynogenesis occurred in all genotypes used when the pistils had been pre-treated with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus and ovaries were harvested 5 or 10 days after anthesis. The use of culture media, SH and MS, showed no significant differences in responding ovules, embryogenic ovules or embryo germination frequency. Recovered progeny were characterized cytogenetically and microscopically to help documenting their reproductive basis. Root tip chromosome counts of 17 plants established from ovule culture revealed that chromosome numbers ranged from 27 to 44. Although the reproductive mechanisms need to be characterized more extensively by cytological and molecular means, the observations suggest that gynogenesis in cotton involves some unusual reproductive events. Aneuploids could be useful for functional genomic characterization of genome shock, deletion mapping, and germplasm introgression.
Reciprocal carrier collection in organic photovoltaics

Buffer layers between the acceptor and cathode can perform several functions in organic photovoltaic devices, such as providing exciton blocking, protection of active layers against damage from cathode deposition, and optical spacing to maximize the electric field in the active device region. Here, we study electron collection by replacing the common buffer layer, bathocuproine, with a series of six, substituted tris(\ensuremath{\beta}-diketonato)Ru(III) analogues in the structure: indium-tin-oxide/copper phthalocyanine/C${}_{60}$/buffer/Ag. These buffer layers enable collection of photogenerated electrons by transporting holes from the cathode to the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$/buffer interface, followed by recombination with photogenerated electrons in the acceptor. We use a model for free-polaron and polaron-pair dynamics to describe device operation and the observed inflection in the current-voltage characteristics. The device characteristics are understood in terms of hole transfer from the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of several Ru-complexes to the acceptor.
Material nonlinear analysis of composite plate bending using a new finite element formulation

Abstract An analysis model was developed for the material nonlinear analysis of continuous fiber-reinforced composite plates subject to bending loads. The respective yield criterion and flow rule of each constituent, namely fiber or matrix, can be used in the model instead of those for the globally smeared anisotropic material. The respective stresses occurring on each constituent can also be obtained directly from the present model. The finite element formulation was developed for the analysis model. Some examples of composite plate bending were solved using the present formulation.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents: do negative emotions and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function play a role?

Purpose of reviewNegative emotions such as depression and hostility/anger are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults, but are often neglected in treatment or prevention programs. Adolescence is a stage of life when negative emotions often first become problematic and is also a t
A conceptual framework for interpretation of MMC fatigue

A previously developed conceptual framework for interpretation of fatigue of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) is revisited for the purpose of the interpretation of fatigue in metal matrix composites (MMCs). With appropriate modifications, the basic features in the mechanisms based fatigue life diagrams of PMCs are found to hold for MMCs as well. Fatigue data for different MMC systems are examined with the interpretative framework and some observed trends are clarified. Approaches to fatigue life modeling are discussed for the different regions of behavior interpreted by the fatigue life diagram concept.
First Report of Bot Canker Caused by Diplodia corticola on Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) in California

Sharp decline and mortality of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) has been observed in San Diego County, CA since 2002. Much of this decline has been attributed to a new pest in California, the goldspotted oak borer (GSOB, Agrilus coxalis) (1). Symptoms include crown thinning, bark cracking and/or peeling, patches of stain (1 to 10 cm in diameter), bleeding on the bole, and tree death and are most often observed on trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >30 cm. In 2008, a Botryosphaeria sp. was recovered from necrotic tissue of bleeding bole cankers from GSOB-affected trees in Jamul, CA. Zone lines separated dead and live tissue in affected phloem and xylem. Pycnidia were observed on the bark surface of the infected host. Fifty conidia averaging 32 × 18 μm, one-septate with age, and morphologically similar to conidia described by Urbez-Torres et al. were observed (4). Oak stands with tree mortality were surveyed in GSOB-infested and -uninfested sites over eight locations throughout San Diego and Riv...
Married Women's Labor Supply and the Marriage Penalty

This article examines the effect of the marriage penalty on the hours worked by Abstract married women. Although the Tax Reform Act of 1986 eliminated the marriage penalty for some couples, many wi...
One- and Two-Component Diffusive Saturation of Titanium With Interstitial Elements

The depth of the gas-saturated layer of titanium in the process of one-component thermodiffusion saturation with interstitial elements (nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon) is analytically estimated. The kinetic specific features of the two-component diffusion saturation of titanium from rarefied nitrogen-and-oxygen-containing atmospheres are determined. These features are explained by the influence of oxygen on the solubility and diffusivity of nitrogen. It is shown that, for certain temperature and time parameters, the curve of nitrogen distribution is not monotonic and the maximum concentration is recorded not on the surface of titanium but in a region located at a certain distance from the surface.
Structural characterization of monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and dihydroxy- and trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by ESI-FTICR.

The fragmentation characteristics of monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and dihydroxy- and trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids were investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry using sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). The fragmentation patterns of these compounds were associated with the number and positions of the hydroxyl substituents. The fragmentation is more complicated with increasing number of the hydroxyl groups of the compounds. In general, the major carbon-carbon cleavage of [M−H]− ions occurred at the α-position to the hydroxyl group, and the carbon-carbon cleavage occurred when there was a double-bond at the β-position to the hydroxyl group. SORI-CID and IRMPD produced some common fragmentation patterns; however, each technique provided some unique patterns that are useful for structural identification of these compounds. This study demonstrated the application of FTICR via the identification of regioisomers of trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids in rabbit aorta samples.
Effect of vehicle on intrauterine absorption of gentamicin in cattle

Abstract An intrauterine (IU) infusion of 4 ml gentamicin solution (G) was administered in a water vehicle to 4 normal cycling and healthy cows and in a saline vehicle to 4 other cows during the diestrous phase (days 7–14) of the cycle. Infusion solution (IS) and blood samples were collected periodically postinfusion. G concentration was determined in plasma and IS by radioimmunoassay. Eighty-three and 18% of the infused G disappeared from the uterine lumen by 6 hours postinfusion on using water and saline vehicles, respectively. Total amounts of G reaching the blood stream were nearly the same during the 6 hours postinfusion period using water and saline vehicles. This suggested the possibility of retention of drug in uterine tissue using the distilled water vehicle.
The Emergence of the Macroworld: A Study of Intertheory Relations in Classical and Quantum Mechanics

Classical mechanics is empirically successful because the probabilistic mean values of quantum mechanical observables follow the classical equations of motion to a good approximation (Messiah 1970, 215). We examine this claim for the one‐dimensional motion of a particle in a box, and extend the idea by deriving a special case of the ideal gas law in terms of the mean value of a generalized force used to define “pressure.” The examples illustrate the importance of probabilistic averaging as a method of abstracting away from the messy details of microphenomena, not only in physics, but in other sciences as well.
Mercury emissions from Mount St Helens during September 1980

Mercury emissions from active volcanoes are of interest for monitoring and forecasting volcanic activity, and for estimating the volcanogenic contribution of Hg to the atmosphere. We collected Hg from air samples during the first two weeks of September 1980, while Mt St Helens was in a non-eruptive phase. Mercury concentrations in the plume varied between 750 and 1,800 ng m−3. With these analyses we calculated that the daily Hg output from the Mt St Helens system ranged from 200 to 1,700 kg. Rough estimates of yearly Hg release from volcanic sources worldwide suggest that volcanoes may be important contributors of Hg to the atmosphere.
Nitric oxide-mediated tumor cell killing of cisplatin-based interferon-γ gene therapy in murine ovarian carcinoma

We have determined the role of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated tumor cell killing in the treatment of an animal model of murine ovarian carcinoma grown in the peritoneum with a combination of cisplatin and cationic liposomes containing an expression vector for interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The approach was to determine whether the therapy was effective in mice homozygous for a disrupted inducible NO synthase (iNOS) allele; these mice were unable to produce NO in response to IFN-γ. iNOS (−/−) mice treated with both cisplatin and liposomal IFN-γ gene did not produce a significant amount of NO in ascites (12.1 ± 4.5 μM), although they expressed a high level of IFN-γ (9002 ± 723 U/mL of ascitic fluid). As a result, mice died of tumors within 11–62 days. However, wild-type mice treated with both cisplatin and liposomal IFN-γ gene produced a significant amount of NO in ascites (113.7 ± 17.9 μM) with a high level of IFN-γ gene expression (9350 ± 1254 U/mL of ascitic fluid) and were free of tumors for at least 80 days. This result confirmed that NO was a direct mediator of IFN-γ cytotoxicity.
Biodegradation of Congo red by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract The azo dye Congo Red, was degraded extensively by the wood rotting basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium in agitated liquid cultures and in solid malt agar cultures. Upon addition of Congo Red to agitated liquid cultures, the dye was adsorbed to the mycelial pellets in both ligninolytic and non-ligninolytic cultures followed by extensive degradation only in the ligninolytic cultures. This fungus, grown from conidiospores, readily degraded up to 718 μM (500 mg/l) Congo Red in 2.0% malt agar. Decolorization of Congo Red in malt agar plates was suppressed by the addition of supplemental nutrient nitrogen indicating that the lignin degrading system of P. chrysosporium may be important in the biodegradation of this dye. This is supported by the observation that Congo Red is a substrate for purified lignin peroxidase H8. These results are of interest because it had been previously reported that Congo Red was not a substrate for lignin peroxidase nor was it extensively degraded by this fungus.