cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes mellitus in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas is associated with high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma.

Abstract Background While the association between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is well recognized, its importance in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN) is not well-defined. We sought to examine the associations of DM with degree of dysplasia and morphological subtypes in IPMN. Methods In 454 patients with resected IPMN, we evaluated associations of DM with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), invasive carcinoma, precursor epithelial subtype (gastric, intestinal, oncocytic, pancreatobiliary), and histological type of invasive carcinomas (tubular, colloid, oncocytic) using logistic regression. We performed multivariate analyses adjusting for worrisome features and high-risk stigmata of malignancy in a subset of 289 patients with annotated radiological characteristics. Results The prevalence of DM in our study was 34%. DM was significantly associated with HGD (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.02–4.01, P = 0.045) and invasive carcinoma (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.08–3.87, P = 0.027) after adjusting for worrisome features. Compared to patients without DM, those with recent-onset DM (≤5 years before surgery) had 6.9-fold (95% CI 2.38–19.92, P Conclusion Preoperative DM was associated with significantly higher risk of HGD and invasive carcinoma in resected IPMN, and risk of invasive carcinoma was highest in patients with recent-onset DM. Patients with DM were more likely to harbor intestinal-type IPMN and colloid carcinomas. Our findings suggest that a diagnosis of DM in patients with IPMN may warrant more aggressive surveillance.
Processing Intonationally Implicated Contrast versus Negation in American English.

Certain English intonational contours facilitate a conversational implicature that a relevant alternative to the stated proposition does not hold true. We evaluated how frequently and how quickly naive participants achieved such pragmatically enriched meanings when their attention had not already been drawn to a set of alternatives. Sentences with L+H* L-H% intonational contours, along with broad focus affirmative and negative counterparts, were tested in a pair of experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that most interpretations of the L+H* L-H% sentences evidenced the expected implicature, but a substantial number did not. Experiment 2 mapped the activation levels across time for the asserted state and a contradictory/implicated alternative for the same three sentence types, using a picture-naming paradigm. The results revealed that lexical negation produced a contrast in activation levels between the two alternatives at an earlier time point than the L+H* L-H% contour, and that the relative activation of the two states shifted over time for L+H* L-H% sentences, such that an intonationally implicated alternative was highly activated at a time point when the activation for the asserted meaning had declined. These results further our understanding of the pragmatic processes involved in the interpretation of negation and intonation.
Progress towards a vaccine against Ebola to meet emergency medical countermeasure needs

The Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa proved to be the largest in the history of filovirus outbreaks, causing the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern in August of 2014. In collaboration with domestic and international partners, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) initiated several vaccine development projects in support of the overall response efforts. The urgency associated with the epidemic triggered the clinical evaluation of lead vaccine candidates starting in late 2014. Here we will discuss development of the lead vaccine candidates for Ebola virus, specifically Zaire ebolavirus.
Advanced Locoregional Breast Cancer

A 63-year-old woman lived for 24 months with cancer of the breast. She presented with a mass involving the entire left breast, tethering but not ulcerating the skin and multiple 2–3 cm axillary nodes in association with widespread asymptomatic bone metastases. Biopsy of the breast mass was adenocarcinoma estrogen receptor (ER) positive and progesterone receptor (PR) negative. She underwent chemotherapy with 50% shrinkage of the left breast mass. She then underwent a mastectomy after 6 months of chemotherapy. Treatment with doxorubicin (Adriamycin) was continued postoperatively, and she was placed on mitomycin. After 10 months of Adriamycin she entered the hospital with left ventricular failure, pulmonary edema and a low ejection fraction. Four months before her death, the patient began losing weight and had shortness of breath (SOB) with minor exertion. Her death was thought to be due to a pulmonary embolus.
Motion Tolerant Unfocused Imaging of Physiological Waveforms for Blood Pressure Waveform Estimation Using Ultrasound

This paper details unfocused imaging using single-element ultrasound transducers for motion tolerant arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform estimation. The ABP waveform is estimated based on pulse wave velocity and arterial pulsation through Doppler and M-mode ultrasound. This paper discusses approaches to mitigate the effect of increased clutter due to unfocused imaging on blood flow and diameter waveform estimation. An intensity reduction model (IRM) estimator is described to track the change of diameter, which outperforms a complex cross-correlation model (C3M) estimator in low contrast environments. An adaptive clutter filtering approach is also presented, which reduces the increased Doppler angle estimation error due to unfocused imaging. Experimental results in a flow phantom demonstrate that flow velocity and diameter waveforms can be reliably measured with wide lateral offsets of the transducer position. The distension waveform estimated from human carotid M-mode imaging using the IRM estimator shows physiological baseline fluctuations and 0.6-mm pulsatile diameter change on average, which is within the expected physiological range. These results show the feasibility of this low cost and portable ABP waveform estimation device.
Effects of ex vivo aging and storage temperature on blood viscosity.

BACKGROUND Research on hemorheology is driven in part by its significance in blood diseases and the possible use of hemorheology as a diagnostic tool. However, existing data on blood rheology are limited largely to measurements of steady shear behavior often with varying measurement protocols and insufficient characterization of the physiology. OBJECTIVE The effects of ex vivo aging and environmental conditions on blood viscosity are investigated to improve standards for hemorheology measurements. METHODS Measurements on the viscosity of blood from nine healthy donors are obtained and the physiological state of the blood determined. Steady and transient shear measurements are reported as a function of time from withdrawal. The effect of transportation temperature is also assessed. RESULTS Blood transported at 4 °C may exhibit anomalous viscosity variations for short to intermediate times, as opposed to blood transported at room temperature. A time of approximately 3.0 hours was identified as the maximum time after the initial test that accurate rheological tests can be conducted on blood samples. CONCLUSIONS Measurement protocol and time limit guidelines are established for conducting accurate rheological measurements on blood.
Tissue and species specificity for phorbol ester receptors.

Tumor promoters are agents that, although not themselves carcinogenic, induce tumors in animals previously treated with a subthreshold dose of a carcinogen (1–3). Although tumor promotion has been characterized in greatest detail for mouse skin, it has also been demonstrated for the liver, bladder, colon, trachea, and mammary gland (4,5). The potential importance of tumor promotion in human cancer etiology is suggested by a growing body of epidemiological evidence (6–8).
Surface and depth-profile analysis using FTIR spectroscopy

The introduction of Fourier Transform techniques and the increasing use of computers in infrared spectroscopy has made new techniques of investigation available to the spectroscopist, such as photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and IR microscopy. These methods now complement the techniques of specular reflectance and attenuated total reflectance. Thin films on metals, sometimes with a thickness of much less than a micron, can be studied by various specular reflectance methods. The physical basis of the attenuated total reflectance technique (ATR) leads to a penetration of the radiation in the order of a few microns. It is, therefore, especially suitable for the investigation of surfaces and of layers close to the surface. By changing the modulation frequency of the IR radiation, i.e. the mirror velocity of the FTIR spectrometer, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) can be employed to study layers at various depths below the surface of a sample. Therefore, this technique allows depth-profile analysis, so that PAS reveals itself as a complementary method to attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy. Samples with inhomogeneous profiles, e.g. laminated polymer films, can often be prepared as microtome slices perpendicular to the layered structure. Using infrared microscopy it is now possible to investigate different regions of the cross-section easily. The size of the regions that can be studied in this way may be as small as a few microns.
Updating Negotiation Teaching Through the Use of Multimedia Tools

This paper shows how a relevant use of multimedia may help improve negotiation teaching, especially to better bridge the gaps between theory and practice, simulation and reality, and to deal with multiple perspectives which are needed, for example, in cross-cultural negotiations. The proposed approach calls for the use of different multimedia tools according to various pedagogical needs that are identified. In order to justify the use of multimedia, some of the limits of usual teaching approaches are presented. It is important to expose needs that are not met by the usual methods and how multimedia tools can fill this gap. In the first part of the paper, the teaching methods of "doing, showing and telling" are exposed. Simulations, discussions, and theory summaries are discussed. Some pitfalls of these methods are expounded. They call for complementary teaching methods, using, for example, the potential of multimedia innovation. In the second part, four cases pertaining to the use of multimedia tools are presented and some possible advantages are illustrated.
Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics

Chapters 2 through 4 of this text developed solution methods for physical problems that are governed by ordinary differential equations. The purpose of Chapters 7 through 9 is to extend these methods to problems that are governed by partial differential equations. Partial differential equations have been the subject of vigorous mathematical research for over 250 years and remain so today. A systematic and complete coverage of this subject is far beyond the scope of this text. Instead, the equations to be solved here will be introduced in the context of several explicit applications. This has the advantage of leading to both the differential equations and the auxiliary conditions (initial conditions, boundary conditions) that are needed to single out the unique solutions to specific physical problems. These ideas are developed in the present chapter. The actual solution procedures are presented in Chapters 8 and 9.
Abstract 11329: Effectiveness of HEALS Hypertension Control Program in African American Communities

African Americans (AAs) living in the “Stroke Belt” (Southeastern US including northern Florida) are at elevated risk for stroke. Our long-term goal is to eliminate these ethnic/regional health disparities by targeting a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, hypertension (HTN). Here we present the results of HEALS (Healthy Eating And Living Spiritually) - a faith-based, socio-culturally tailored HTN control intervention, adopted and modified from PREMIER (including DASH program) for AA churches. Methods: After providing one-day training to four church members (called church health advisors-CHAs) on 12- months HEALS program sessions as program leaders, eligible members were recruited from the Central Metropolitan CME Baptist church. AA Church members of 25-75 yrs. of age with known or newly diagnosed HTN (including pre-HTN as per JNC-VII) were recruited, who received three months intensive HEALS program followed by 9- month booster sessions (Maintenance). Results: Among 31 total eligible members, 84% were known HTN and 16% as newly diagnosed HTN. Majority (80%) were on anti-HTN drugs. At the baseline, only three (8%) had HTN controlled ( Conclusion: the study provides evidence on HEALS program feasibility delivered by the trained church members. The next step is to implement HEALS program widely within Jacksonville, Florida region to assess its effectiveness and sustainability in AA church settings, which represent the most influential institution in the community lives of AAs.
Implementation of Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy: Feasible but Not Without Obstacles.

See Article by Lee et al Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor is a cornerstone for prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although clopidogrel remains the most commonly used P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and is generally effective, a large body of retrospective evidence suggests that a subset of patients do not respond adequately to this medication resulting in increased on-treatment platelet reactivity and rates of atherothrombotic events. A major determinant of variable clopidogrel efficacy includes loss-of-function (LOF) genetic variation in the CYP2C19 gene, most notably CYP2C19 *2 and *3. CYP2C19 is responsible, in part, for converting the clopidogrel prodrug into a biologically active thiol metabolite that irreversibly binds to the P2Y12 receptor thus inhibiting ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In recent years, alternative P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (ie, prasugrel and ticagrelor) have been developed and are approved for use for most clinical indications in which clopidogrel is prescribed. Although large-scale trials have shown that these agents are superior to clopidogrel in terms of platelet inhibition and reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events, clopidogrel continues to be the most widely used agent because of its cost and lower propensity to cause pathological bleeding.1,2 Importantly, however, genetic variation in CYP2C19 does not alter the pharmacokinetics or antiplatelet potential of prasugrel and ticagrelor thereby providing a modality for more personalized antiplatelet therapy approaches. Indeed, the US Food and Drug Administration updated the clopidogrel label in 2010 advising clinicians to be aware that poor metabolizers of clopidogrel (eg, those that carry CYP2C19 LOF alleles) exhibit high cardiovascular event rates and that alternative therapy should be considered in these individuals. In addition, current American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association PCI guidelines state that genetic testing and …
Steven Weinberg, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science. HarperCollins, 2015, xiv + 416 pages, 28.99

Steven Weinberg occupies a remarkable place in contemporary physics as well as being one of its most prominent public voices. He cofounded and named the Standard Model of particle physics, which synthesized the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions into a powerful theory amply confirmed by experiment. He is also a skillful and prolific writer not only of magisterial (and innovative) texts on general relativity and field theory but also of a number of very successful popular books. A regular contributor to the New York Review of Books, he is one of the most visible and widely respected physicists of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, both among his peers and the general public; in these respects, one might compare him to Freeman Dyson. An eminent professor at the University of Texas (and many other places before that), Weinberg has in recent years given a course on the history of physics and astronomy, from which grew his new book, To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science. Normally, this journal does not review essentially popular accounts, but Weinberg’s seems a special case because of its author’s eminence and influence and because his book raises important questions about the history of physics, how it is told by physicists and historians, how it is understood by the general public. Weinberg considers that, as a physicist, he can address history with the same vividness that he would bring to a physical problem, starting from first principles to give an account of some complex phenomenon. Indeed, this spirit served him well as he put together the theory that won him fame; he applied the same intellectual independence and freshness to his books on field theory and gravitation, which offered clear and sometimes new syntheses that have taught many physicists a great deal. He applied the same independent judgment to various conceptual issues that emerge from physics. For instance, in a number of writings for the general public he famously championed reductionism over the seductive charms of holism. Blunt and frank, he revels in polemic where he can bring to bear his formidable knowledge of physics, a certain love of contrarian positions, and his skill with words. Thus, his presentation of the history of physics is an event that merits close attention because it presumably will be taken by his peers and the general public as the considered judgment of this eminent physicist about the history of science. Indeed, his interest in history is long-standing; readers of his earlier books will notice how often and how keenly he devotes close attention to the history of the point in question, at times delving into the primary sources and wishing to go beyond often-recounted stories or summary accounts. In that sense, there is much to admire in To Explain the World. Weinberg sets out to explain in some detail the salient history and controversies that formed physics as we now know it, indeed the whole of science. By comparison with many works that stint or even
Future Developments in the EU Food Sector

Three main trends in the EU food sector are discussed in this chapter: changing consumer preferences, the continuing focus on food safety and the adoption of digital technologies in the food supply chain. Next, the chapter discusses the main policy developments that will continue to affect the competitiveness of the EU food sector. The focus in this section will be on the EU’s regional trade agreements and the prominent role that trade in agricultural and food products takes in the negotiations. A second major policy domain that is discussed relates to innovations in the food sector. The last section gives attention to the concept of the circular economy and the EU’s focus on preventing food waste as part of its circular economy package.
Набоков и советская литература («Приглашение на казнь») [Nabokov And The Soviet Literature: Invitation To A Beheading]

This article explores a multifaceted dialogue with the Soviet Literature in Vladimir Nabokov’s writings of the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the Russian original of Invitation to a Beheading (1935–36). As the draft of the novel shows, Nabokov initially thought of alluding to the nascent cult of heroic aviators in Stalin’s USSR and to the odious collective work of Soviet writers, headed by Maxim Gorky, glorifying the use of forced prison labor during the construction of Belomorkanal. Though Nabokov eventually rejected the idea, he continued his polemic against the Soviet literature by taking issue with Yuri Tynianov’s historical novel Kiukhlia (1925) about Wilhelm Kuchelbecker. While Tynianov portrayed the latter’s imprisonment and exile as a spiritual death, Nabokov allowed his imprisoned protagonist to develop his creative imagination and poetic vision when awaiting his execution in solitary confinement. The article argues that the historic Kuchelbeker resembled Nabokov’s “poet in prison” more closely than Tynianov’s one-sided representation. Keywords: 20th-Century Russian Literature, Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977), Yuri Tynianov (1894–1943), Prihlashenie na kazn’ (1935–36), Kiukhlia (1925), Emulation, History of Literature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22601/SR.2019.06.01
Chapter 9 – Manufacturing systems

Publisher Summary A manufacturing system is specified in terms of a collection of stations (machines, processes, or work centers) that are required to produce the product. The equipment needed to manufacture the product comprises the machine or process level of manufacturing hierarchy. The production level consists of the cell/line level that contains groups of machines, processes, or workstations, and the factory floor level that contains the complete production facility. A key aspect of production is the movement or routing of materials, parts, or assemblies through the manufacturing facility and the processing of jobs at the individual stations. Performance measures are very useful in characterizing the behavior of a manufacturing system. They are particularly important in determining control requirements on both the machine/process level and the production level. The manufacturing lead time (MLT) is the amount of time required to manufacture the batch of Q quantities, where Q is called the lot size or the batch size. The MLT specifies when the manufacturing process should be started in order to be able to meet the delivery date specified by the customer.
Gender Differences in Patient Experience Across Medicare Advantage Plans.

Abstract Background Medicare beneficiaries annually select fee-for-service Medicare or a private Medicare insurance (managed care) plan; information about plan performance on quality measures can inform their decisions. Although there is drill-down information available regarding quality variation by race and ethnicity, there remains a dearth of evidence regarding the extent to which care varies by other key beneficiary characteristics, such as gender. We measured gender differences for six patient experience measures and how gender gaps differ across Medicare plans. Methods We used data from 300,979 respondents to the 2015–2016 Medicare Advantage Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems surveys. We fit case mix–adjusted linear mixed-effects models to estimate gender differences and evaluate heterogeneity in differences across health plans. Results Nationally, women's experiences were better than men's (p Conclusions Although the average national differences in patient experience by gender were generally small, gender gaps were larger in some health plans and for specific measures. This finding indicates opportunities for health plans with larger gender gaps to implement quality improvement efforts.
Practicing Parental Involvement: Heterogeneity in Parent Involvement Structures in Charter and Traditional Public Schools:

Purpose: This study examines differences in the mechanisms that charter schools and traditional public schools use to facilitate parental school involvement and the degree to which these difference...
Yield strength of thin-film parylene-C

For the first time, the yield strength of thin-film parylene-C is measured from membrane load-deflection experiments and surface profile analysis. To do so, the onset pressure which causes plastic deformation of the membrane is first experimentally measured. Then a new 2-step displacement model, together with the energy minimization technique [1], is developed to convert the onset pressure to the yield strength on the pre-stressed parylene membrane under a uniform pressure loading. The results depict a Yield Strength of 59 MPa (or 0.012 of strain) for thin-film parylene-C in comparison to 55 MPa reported by parylene vendor (measured from large samples) [2]. To double check with the result, the balloon model [3] is further used to compare with the stress value from our model at the center of parylene membranes and good agreements are obtained.
What Is the Best Maintenance Therapy for ANCA Vasculitis

Great progress has been made in the last 2 decades in the treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis. Once associated with a very high mortality rate, current induction therapy with the combination of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide or rituximab results in remission
Investigation of bioluminescence-based assays for determination of kinetic parameters for the bifunctional Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W capsule polymerase

Objective Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes meningitis. N. meningitidis serogroup W (NmW) capsule polymerase synthesizes capsular polysaccharide of this serogroup. This enzyme could be a tool for meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine development. Our long-term goal is to control activity of the NmW capsule polymerase for production of defined carbohydrates for vaccines. The enzyme lacks a simple, high-throughput activity assay. Here, we describe the use of high-throughput bioluminescence assays (CMP-Glo and UDP-Glo by Promega) to investigate NmW capsule polymerase activity. These assays detect free nucleotides produced during transfer of sugar from UDP-Galactose and CMP-Sialic Acid to an acceptor. Kinetic studies using NmW hydrolyzed polysaccharide (PS) acceptor are described as well as preliminary work with a sialic acid trimer (DP3) acceptor. Results In CMP-Glo kinetic studies, with constant donor (80 µM) and varied NmW hydrolyzed polysaccharide (0-2000 µg/mL), a Km of 629.2 ± 101.4 µg/mL and a Vmax of 0.8965 ± 0.05823 µM/min was obtained. Using UDP-Glo, Km and Vmax values of 13.84 ± 9.675 µM and 0.6205 ± 0.1331 µM/min were obtained with varied CMP-NeuNAc (0-80 µM) and constant acceptor (400 µg/mL) and UDP-Gal (80 µM). This is the first report of using bioluminescence assays for NmW kinetics.
Wind‐Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States1

James Androwski, Abraham Springer, Thomas Acker, and Mark Manone, 2011. Wind-Powered Desalination: An Estimate of Saline Groundwater in the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):93-102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00493.x Abstract: Increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in many regions of the world is leading water resource managers to consider desalination as a potential alternative to traditional freshwater supplies. Desalination technologies are energy intensive and expensive to implement making desalination using renewable energy resources a potentially attractive option. Unfortunately, saline groundwater resources are not well characterized for many regions hindering consideration of such technologies. In this assessment, we estimate the saline groundwater resources of the principal aquifers of the United States using a geographic information system and correlate these resources to wind resources potentially sufficient to supply the energy demand of desalination equipment. We estimate that 3.1 × 1014 m3 saline groundwater, total volume, are contained in 28 of the country’s principal aquifers known to contain saline groundwater. Of this volume, 1.4 × 1014 m3 saline groundwater are co-located with wind resources sufficient for electrical generation to desalinate groundwater.
Variation in Lipid Content of Strains of Histoplasma capsulatum Exhibiting Different Virulence Properties for Mice.

Nielsen, H. S., Jr. (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.). Variation in lipid content of strains of Histoplasma capsulatum exhibiting different virulence properties for mice. J. Bacteriol. 91:273-277. 1966.-Lipid content and virulence were studied in six isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum in an attempt to determine whether or not the two factors could be correlated in this fungus. Virulence was evaluated by injecting dba line 1 male mice intracerebrally with 2.8 x 10(4) infective yeast-phase units and recording organ involvement and spontaneous deaths occurring in a 20-day period. Yeast cells were extracted with mixtures of ethyl alcohol-diethyl ether (3:1, v/v), and the total extractable lipid, as determined by solubility in petroleum ether, was separated into acetone-soluble and phospholipid fractions by acetone precipitation. Neutral lipids were measured directly by weighing, whereas total phospholipids were calculated after the colorimetric determination of phosphorus. The mixed phosphatides of two isolates, differing in virulence, were separated into five fractions by use of a column of silicic acid and Hyflo Super-Cel. In the six isolates studied, neither total extractable lipid, acetone-soluble lipid, nor phospholipid showed a quantitative correlation with virulence. Phosphatidylserine, cephalin, phosphoinositides, and sphingolipids were present in essentially the same amounts in the two strains investigated; however, a lecithin fraction was absent in the less virulent form. These data suggest that the quantity of phosphatidylcholine demonstrated for a given isolate of H. capsulatum may provide some insight as to its virulence, although such a relationship is lacking for total lipid, the acetone-soluble fraction, and the combined phospholipids of yeast-phase growth.
Targeting Mechanically-Activated NOS Signaling in Dystrophic Cardiomyopathy

Patients deficient in dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), exhibit muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and im...
Biogeography, changing climates, and niche evolution: Biogeography, changing climates, and niche evolution.

Modern concepts central to current studies of biogeography, changing climates and evolution of ecological niches were born approximately a hundred years ago. In 1908, the Regents of the University of California established the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, in accordance with the wishes of Annie M. Alexander (1867–1950). Alexander conceived the institution and selected its first Director, Joseph Grinnell (1877–1939), a well known naturalist who had received his Ph.D. at Stanford University and was then teaching at the Throop Institute in Pasadena (later the California Institute of Technology). Grinnell, who founded the Museum in late 1908, meticulously adhered to the principles laid down by Alexander (1). Alexander would provide the funding and inspiration and Grinnell would do the intellectual and practical work to establish the institution and set it on a trajectory. The Museum quickly became known for its studies of terrestrial vertebrates, conducted in the framework of what we would recognize today as ecology and evolution. The founders were self-conscious of their roles from the beginning. They had no illusions that the work they set out to do would be easy or soon accomplished, if ever. Grinnell (2) set the course: It will be observed, then, that our efforts are not merely to accumulate as great a mass of animal remains as possible. On the contrary, we are expending even more time than would be required for the collection of the specimens alone, in rendering what we do obtain as permanently valuable as we know how, to the ecologist as well as the systematist. It is quite probable that the facts of distribution, life history, and economic status may finally prove to be of more far-reaching … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wakelab{at}berkeley.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Enrollment management strategies: Effectiveness and usage at member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities

This exploratory study investigated the relationships between enrollment management strategies and enrollment growth or decline between 2005 and 2009 within member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU). The study employed a quantitative survey research design that identified usage of strategies in the areas of admissions, retention, curricular changes, marketing, external stakeholders, academic quality, commitment to mission, and strength of organizational leadership. The research focused on four questions: 1. What are the demographic characteristics among respondents within the sample? 2. What enrollment models are currently in place at CCCU member institutions? 3. What strategies and programs are currently in use at CCCU member institutions to influence enrollment objectives and performance? 4. What relationship can be determined between enrollment strategies and enrollment performance between 2005 and2009? Data were collected through an online survey of 108 CCCU institutions. The survey was completed by 45 chief enrollment administrators from 45 member institutions of the CCCU. The research findings suggest implications for the work of senior leadership teams within the CCCU, namely the need to be diligent in the examination of the various enrollment management strategies and the interdependency among these strategies toward the overall outcome of enrollment growth and/or decline. Future studies should include longitudinal study on specific institutions and reported strategies. In addition, examining additional independent, small liberal arts institutions and other enrollment management strategies may lead to a greater understanding of best practices to increase enrollment performance. Attention to these implications and recommendations will contribute to the enrollment management field and, ultimately, the viability of small independent colleges.
New Lamp Posts Allow for New Views of the Immunological Synapse

Using new rapid, super-resolution imaging methods, Ritter et al. (2015) define the early events of immunological synapse formation and granule release.
A General Multivariable Structure for Coordinated Control Applications

A multivariable system structure that is particularly well-suited for coordinated control applications is described here. The term "coordinated control" refers here to multivariable applications for which the objectives include the achievement and maintenance of specified functional relationships between the controlled variables as well as specified variation with time of each of the controlled variables. The proposed multivariable structure is applied to an example of coordinated multi-axial motion control. The resulting structure enables convenient application of available multivariable controller design techniques and indicates that coupled axis controllers Will result in better performance, in general. The proposed system structure also indicates very clearly which system features are critical for effective coordinated control.
Rational stability and characterization of stabilizability of nonlinear systems

We introduce a new notion of stability for nonlinear systems, called rational stability (RS). RS is defined for autonomous systems that are globally asymptotically stable as a property of the induced norm of a scaling operator that maps one solution of the system to another. We present an index, called rational stability Index (RSI), which is a positive number that quantifies the amount a uniform bound on the solution of a globally, asymptotically stable nonlinear system maximally changes with respect to scaling of the initial conditions over all possible initial conditions in a given set. We present a Lyapunov-type characterization of rational stability and give an analytical tool for calculating the RSI. We provide examples of linear and nonlinear systems and after computing the RSI for them show how rational stability quantitatively reveals inherent differences in stabilizability properties of nonlinear systems.
Focus Groups and Usability Testing in Redesigning an Academic Library's Web Site

ABSTRACT As the World Wide Web has advanced since its inception, librarians have endeavored to keep pace with this progress in the design of their library Web pages. User recommendations collected from focus groups and usability testing have indicated that the University of Scranton's Weinberg Memorial Library's Web site was not working as intended, and the library's home page, in particular, was cluttered. Focus groups indicated that the process of accessing the library's databases from off-campus took too many steps, key resources were not located in key areas of the page, links were too close together, and the font was too small. Library staff determined it was necessary to rethink and redesign its pages. Self-reports from focus groups were insufficient to get at the mechanics of Web page use. Through usability testing, librarians were able to observe students and faculty completing simple research and directional tasks. Before “going live” with the new page in January 2007, users who had participated ...
Decentralised nonlinear control with disturbance rejection for on-ramp metering in highways

The decentralised (localised) control of the traffic in a highway, which is treated as a series of subsystems with bounded interconnections, is considered. Using variable structures, a new nonlinear controller estimates the instantaneous magnitude of these interconnections and then generates a bounded continuous control law. The new controller offers the following two main advantages over previous solutions: (i) it addresses some phenomena that simpler models do not characterise and (ii) it takes into account the practical restrictions of the problem by, for example, complying with the boundedness constraint on the control effort.
Probation Officers' Views on Supervising Women Probationers

Abstract At the end of 2002, the number of women probationers was substantially higher than the number of women inmates. However, much less is known about women probationers than women inmates. We surveyed and interviewed probation officers to examine their perceptions about the special needs of women probationers and explored officers' experiences with women probationers. Probation officers believe women and men on probation have different needs and therefore require different supervision strategies. Results suggest that the multiple problems and challenges female clients present to their officers, and the greater emotionality they express in their interactions with officers, often place considerable demands on officers' time, energy and skills.
Xing: a visual XML query language

Abstract We present a visual language for querying and transforming XML data. The language is based on a visual document metaphor and the notion of document patterns and rules. It combines a dynamic form-based interface for defining queries and transformation rules with powerful pattern matching capabilities and offers thus a highly expressive visual language. The design of the visual language is specifically targeted at end users.
Storage of Lacewing Eggs: Post-storage Hatching and Quality of Subsequent Larvae and Adults

Abstract To facilitate short-term storage for the production, distribution, and release of subtropical or tropical lacewings, we evaluated the life-history consequences of exposing eggs to moderately low temperatures. We tested three Neotropical species: Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), C. smithi (Navas), and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). For each species we subjected eggs of four different age groups to five temperatures between 4.5 and 15.6°C for 3 weeks, and we recorded the timing and incidence of hatching, post-storage larval molts, cocoon spinning, pupal molts, the preoviposition period, imaginal survival for 30 days after emergence, the number of eggs laid during the first 15 days of oviposition, and egg fertility. The results show that the temperature range for successfully storing eggs of the two Ceraeochrysa spp. is narrow and relatively high (∼14 days at ∼15.6°C), whereas that for Chrysoperla externa is considerably broader (∼14 to 21 days at 10 to 15.6°C, respectively). For all three species, immatures (larvae and pupae) from stored eggs developed slightly but significantly slower (by 0.4–1.6 days) than those from unstored eggs, and for Chrysoperla externa stored at 10 and 12.8°C, survival of late instars was reduced by 30–40%. Storage of the two Ceraeochrysa spp. did not affect any of the measures of post-storage reproductive success. In contrast, C. externa showed a lengthening of the preoviposition period in adults reared from eggs stored at 10°C. The results indicate that newly laid eggs of the three species can be held without hatching for approximately 2 weeks at 15.6°C and that storage of C. externa eggs can be extended to 3 weeks at 12.8°C. These regimens offer short-term storage capability and relatively good post-storage quality.
Solvent and countercation effects on ambidentate bonding patterns in thiocyanato- and selenocyanatopentacyanocobaltate(III) complexes

Abstract The complexes [Co(NH 3 ) 5 NCS] 2+ and [Co(CN) 5 SCN] 3− have frequently been cited as classic examples of symbiotic bonding in terms of the Hard/Soft Acid/Base Principle. The results of infrared and electronic spectral studies in our laboratory have revealed that this comparison is appropriate only in protic solvents, for the [Co(CN) 5 SCN] 3− complex isomerizes to its N-bonded isomer in CH 2 Cl 2 , acetone, and nitrobenzene. In DMF, an equilibrium is established involving the N-bonded isomer and a species resulting from the dissociation of the SCN- group. Dissociation is essentially complete in CH 3 CN and DMSO. S-bonding prevails in the protic solvent ethylene glycol, emphasizing the importance of H-bonding in stabilizing the S-bonded isomer. We have succeeded in preparing the corresponding [Co(CN) 5 SeCN] 3− complex via an inner-sphere redox reaction between [Co(NH 3 ) 5 NCSe] 2+ and [Co(CN) 5 ] 3− and find that it follows the same bonding pattern as a function of solvent as its thiocyanate analog. Infrared data indicate that the [Co (CN) 5 XCN] 3− complexes isomerize via a dissociative mechanism, possibly involving the formation of an ion pair, in CH 2 Cl 2 , acetone, nitrobenzene, and DMF, the thiocyanate complex isomerizing at a faster rate. The rates of dissociation of the four [Co(CN) 5 CNX] 3− linkage isomers in CH3CN and DMSO vary in the order: CoSCN > CoSeCN > CoNCS ∼ CoNCSe. The size of the countercation can determine the bonding mode adopted by the complexes in the solid state. S-bonding prevails when K + , Cs + , and CH 3 NH 3 + are present, a mixture (25% N-bonded) is obtained with (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 + and (CH 3 ) 4 N + , like the previously reported (n-C 4 H 9 ) 4 N + , yields only the N-bonded isomer.
High‐order coils as transmitters for NMR imaging

High-order radiofrequency transmitter coils are described that permit, in the context of NMR imaging, a knowledgeable trade-off between coil complexity and the degree of inhomogeneity over a specified volume of space. A mathematical formulation of high-order coils is developed for an axially symmetric polarizing de field and transverse rf field. The field is created by a number of longitudinal current filaments with equal angular separations on the wall of a cylinder. In its most general form, each current can be independently specified. Circularly or linearly polarized fields can be created. Quadrature and saddleshaped coils emerge as special cases of the general formulation. The development has been tested experimentally and good agreement found. High-order coils can also be used as receivers, permitting more equal weighting of the sensitivities of each pixel. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
High-temperature fatigue life of type 316 stainless steel containing irradiation induced helium

Abstract Specimens of 20%-cold-worked AISI type 316 stainless steel were irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at 550°C to a maximum damage level of 15 dpa and a transmutation produced helium level of 820 at. ppm. Fully reversed strain controlled fatigue tests were performed in a vacuum at 550°C. No significant effect of the irradiation on low-cycle fatigue life was observed; however, the strain range of the 10 7 cycle endurance limit decreased from 0.35 to 0.30%. The relation between total strain range and number of cycles to failure was found to be ΔE t = 0.02 N f −0.12 + N f −0.6 for N f 7 cycles.
Proteolysis of Platelet Cortactin by Calpain

Cortactin, a substrate of pp60c- src and a potent filamentous actin binding and cross-linking protein, is abundant in circulating platelets. After stimulation of platelet aggregation with collagen, cortactin undergoes a dramatic increase in tyrosine phosphorylation followed by a rapid degradation. The cleavage of platelet cortactin was detected in lysates prepared using either Triton-containing buffer or SDS-sample buffer. However, the degradation of cortactin was not observed in platelets derived from a Glanzmann's patient, who lacked functional integrin αIIbβ3 (GPIIb-IIIa). In addition, the proteolysis of cortactin was abolished by treating platelets before but not after collagen stimulation with EGTA or calpeptin. Furthermore, recombinant cortactin was digested by μ-calpain in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that cortactin is a substrate for calpain. We also observed that the calpain-mediated digestion in vitro is dependent on the presence of a sequence containing a proline-rich region and multiple tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated by pp60c- src. Tyrosine phosphorylation by pp60c- src up-regulates the activity of calpain toward cortactin. Our data suggest that the calpain-mediated proteolysis of tyrosine-phosphorylated cortactin may provide a mechanism to remodel irreversibly the cytoskeleton in response to platelet agonists.
Near-Infrared Optical Imaging of B16 Melanoma Cells via Low-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Uptake and Delivery of High Emission Dipole Strength Tris[(porphinato)zinc(II)] Fluorophores

Meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged tris[(porphinato)zinc(II)] (PZn3) near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores (λemmax ∼800 nm) can be rendered sufficiently amphiphilic to enable their facile incorporation into the hydrophobic core of the apo form of low-density lipoprotein (apo-LDL). These NIR fluorophores are notable in that they manifest low energy excited states polarized exclusively along the long axis of the supermolecule, broad spectral coverage of the visible and high energy NIR spectral domains, intense S0→S1 transition moments, and comparably large S1→S0 emission dipole strengths. The reconstituted LDL(PZn3) proteins can be used to deliver rapidly hundreds of copies of PZn3 to a given murine B16 melanoma cell via LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis. PZn3-based NIRFs and their corresponding LDL(PZn3) proteins have been shown to display minimal cytotoxicity. Confocal NIR fluorescence microscopy evinces that B16 cells can be imaged at very low doses (∼nM) of NIRF. The highly attractive photophysical properties of PZ...