cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data and information architecture for a marine sensor network system

This paper discusses the architecture of a novel marine sensor network system which handles static, pseudo-static and other types of sensors. The architecture is also capable of handling historical datasets and other related models. The architecture includes a decision support system along with tools to support data integration, exploitation and overall management of the marine ecology. An important feature of this architecture is the use of a federated asset registry, which ensures all data, metadata and information can be stored and exported in a standardized manner.
Commentary: From fathering to parenting and back again

This commentary highlights a possible emerging consensus that there is more benefit in conceptualizing fathering as a form of parenting rather than in attempting to continue to distinguish it from mothering. This position may threaten inquiry into fathering as a specifically male enterprise, but it broadens our understanding of the functions that parents perform, the different ways these goals can be accomplished in the diverse configurations found in the families of the world, and the possible role that gender can play in the distribution of these tasks.
The Solution Structure of Ribosomal Protein L18 from Bacillus stearothermophilus

A medium resolution solution structure has been obtained for L18 from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BstL18), a ribosomal protein that stabilizes the tertiary structure of 5S rRNA and mediates its interaction with the rest of the large subunit. The N-terminal 22 amino acid residues of BstL18 are unstructured in solution. Its remaining 98 residues form a globular domain that has the same topology as the globular domains of other L18s, but the orientation of helices is different. This conformational peculiarity should not prevent BstL18 from functioning in the ribosome the same way as other L18s.
Relation of weights of intraaneurysmal thrombi to maximal right-to-left diameters of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

We determined the weight of operatively excised thrombi within abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in 42 patients aged 52 to 92 years (mean 73 ± 9). The thrombi in the 32 men ranged in weight from 12 to 586 g (mean 162 ± 135) and in the 10 women, from 12 to 351 g (mean 94 ± 102). The maximal right-to-left diameter of the AAA by computed tomography immediately preoperatively in the 32 men ranged from 5.0 to 11.0 cm (mean 7.6 ± 1.7), and in the 10 women from 4.0 to 10.5 cm (mean 6.7 ± 1.9). The relation of the weight of the intraaneurysmal thrombus to the maximal right-to-left diameter of the AAA preoperatively was highly significant in both men (r = 0.72, p <0.001) and women (r = 0.88, p <0.001). In conclusion, the intraaneurysmal thrombi consisted virtually entirely of fibrin, indicating no evidence of organization.
R-wave amplitude changes measured by electrocardiography during early transmural ischemia.

Abstract Background Changes in the amplitude of the R wave (RWA) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been described during acute myocardial ischemia and infarction. However, this has not been well studied in a controlled setting. We hypothesized that significant increase in RWA occurs during early transmural myocardial ischemia. Methods We prospectively evaluated changes in RWA in 50 patients during brief episodes of transmural ischemia induced by first balloon occlusion (mean, 38 seconds at 6-10 atmospheric pressures) during elective percutaneous coronary intervention. We recorded 12-lead ECGs at 20-second intervals before and during balloon inflation in 16 right coronary arteries, 14 left circumflex arteries, and 20 left anterior descending arteries. R wave amplitude was digitally measured in each of the 12 leads in every ECG using the ECG interval editor (General Electric HC, Menomonee Falls, WI). Intracoronary (IC) ECGs were also recorded in 4 patients. The mean of the RWA in each lead before balloon inflation was compared to the mean RWA during balloon inflation. Results R wave amplitude significantly increased during balloon inflation from baseline in limb leads I, II, aVL, and all the precordial leads with the exception of lead V 1 . The RWA increase did not reach statistical significance in leads III, aVF, and V 1 . Mean RWA increase was consistent in all leads except aVR during the brief episodes of ischemia during initial balloon inflation because of the inverse polarity of this lead. The increase in RWA was seen in most patients (mean, 75%) in whom transmural ischemia was induced by first balloon inflation. Besides, the RWA showed an increase from baseline in 3 patients who had IC-lead recordings. Conclusion R wave amplitude increases significantly in precordial leads (V 2 -V 6 ) and limb leads (I, II, aVL) of the surface ECG during brief episodes of transmural ischemia. The increase in RWA might be consistent with the expansion of the left ventricular cavity during ischemia and/or alterations in conduction that are intrinsic to the myocardium.
Using psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, and control mastery prototypes to predict change: A new look at an old paradigm for long-term single-case research.

This article illustrates a method of testing models of change in individual long-term psychotherapy cases. A depressed client was treated with 208 sessions of control mastery therapy (CMT), an unmanualized approach that integrates elements of psychodynamic therapy (PDT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Panels of experts developed prototypes of ideal PDT, CBT, and CMT process using the Psychotherapy Process Q-set (PQS; J. S. Ablon & E. E. Jones, 1999; E. E. Jones, L. A. Parke, & S. Pulos, 1992; E. E. Jones & S. M. Pulos, 1993). Independent observers rated every 4th session (N 53) with the PQS. Using correlations between ideal and actual PQS ratings followed by paired t tests, the authors compared adherence to the CMT prototype with adherence to plausible alternative models advocated by the PDT and CBT experts. Bivariate time series analyses determined whether prototype adherence predicted an estimated index of symptom change. Results showed that the therapist’s behavior was most consistent with the CMT prototype and that this aspect of the CMT prototype along with particular aspects of the other prototypes influenced estimated symptom change. The results, which replicate and extend earlier findings, support the validity of this approach to studying long-term therapies but also highlight its limitations.
Increased growth inhibition of human chronic myelogenous leukemic cells by a combination of c-myb antisense oligonucleotide and 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide in vitro

Human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a unique malignancy in its cellular and molecular phenotypes. High dose therapy followed by stem cell transplantation seems to be one of the most effective treatment modalities for CML. However, allogeneic stem cell transplantation, a curative treatment modality, is limited due to the availability of matched siblings. On the other hand, the autologous stem cell harvests are contaminated with leukemic cells, and therefore a significant reduction of leukemic cells is desired before using the harvest for transplantation. Therefore in the present study, effects of a combination of a suboptimal concentration of 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC) and an optimal concentration of c-myb antisense oligonucleotide on the growth of K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemic cells in vitro were determined. The combination significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the growth of K562 cells in vitro when compared to the effects of c-myb oligonucleotide or 4HC alone. The c-myb oligonucleotide alone or in combination with low dose 4HC decreased the expression of c-myb gene as determined by RT-PCR techniques. Cellular uptake and retention of fluoresceinated oligonucleotide in control and treated K562 cells was studied using plain field laser microscopy and flow cytometry. There was an increase in cellular uptake of c-myb oligonucleotide in K562 cells as measured by plain field laser microscopy in the presence of 4HC. The combination of oligonucleotides and 4HC did not significantly decrease the number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from normal hematopoietic stem cell harvests as determined by in vitro colony assays. The combination of low dose 4HC and c-myb antisense oligonucleotides can potentially be applied in CML patients, particularly for purging leukemic cells present in their hematopoietic stem cell harvests.
Grating fabrication through x-ray lithography

Blazed gratings have been fabricated using gray-scale X-ray lithography. The gratings have high efficiency, low parasitic light, and high groove quality. They can be generated over a considerable depth for use anywhere in the ultraviolet to middle infrared range. They can also be recorded on substrates of considerable curvature.
A Re-Examination of the Evidence for Agricultural Origins in the Nile Valley

Current belief ascribes the origins of agriculture in the Nile to diffusion in the fifth millennium B.C. from southwest Asia of plants and animals the domestication of which had first begun there in the eighth millennium or earlier. A growing body of evidence is now becoming available which shows the cultural pattern in the Nile Valley at the termination of the Pleistocene to have been appreciably more complex than was previously thought and necessitates a re-examination of the evidence on which the belief for the late appearance of domestication in Egypt is based. This pre-agricultural complexity, when examined in the light of the abundant historical and ethnographic evidence for distinctive man/animal, if not also man/plant relationships in north and northeast Africa, suggests that a process of pre-adaption using the local animal and plant resources is most likely to have preceded the introduction of the Asian domesticates. Many of the indigenous practices relating to local animals and plants persisted as late as Middle Kingdom times (2052–1786 B.C.). The appearance of the Asian food plants and animals in the fifth millennium may reflect, therefore, not the beginnings of domestication in Egypt, but the replacement of genetically less suitable local species by more satisfactory, exotic forms, a situation made possible by the beginnings of regular communication between the Nile and the Levant from that time onwards.
SCATTERING APPROACH TO THE N-BODY PROBLEM.

We propose a set of integral equations for the $N$-particle scattering amplitude. The kernal of these equations depends only upon the scattering amplitude for a lesser number of particles. The equations have a very compact form and reduce to the Faddeev equation in the case of three-particle scattering. Some applications to bound-state collisions and some approximations are discussed to indicate the relevance of these equations in the theory of nuclear reactions and the discussion of the independent-particle model.
Local and regional variations in Central American arc lavas controlled by variations in subducted sediment input

The sedimentary section (at DSDP Site 495) on the subducting Cocos Plate has large stratigraphic changes in incompatible elements and element ratios, the result of early carbonate deposition followed by late hemipelagic deposition. Lavas from Central America define both local and regional geochemical trends that reflect the strong influence of the two Cocos Plate sediment units. Element ratios with large stratigraphic variations on the Cocos Plate (e.g. Ba/Th, U/La) define local variations within individual volcanic centers in Central America, indicating that marine stratigraphy controls some geochemical characteristics of the lavas. These local trends can be explained by changing the proportions of hemipelagic sediment input into the magma generation process. These local trends are observed in all the segments of the arc, regardless of the intensity of the slab signature. Regional variations are most clearly seen in element ratios that are nearly constant through the Cocos Plate sediment stratigraphy (e.g. Ba/La, U/Th), suggesting that regional variations reflect differences in the intensity of the flux from the subducting slab. The slab signal is strongest in Nicaragua and along the volcanic front. The signal decreases to the northwest and southeast of Nicaragua and toward the back arc. The large slab signature in the lavas from western Nicaragua occurs in the area with the thinnest continental crust and steepest dip of the slab. The mass flux of incompatible elements into the system is easily estimated, except for elements, like Pb, that have high and variable abundances in the basaltic oceanic crust section. The mass flux of elements out of the system depends on eruption rates, which are variable along the arc and only approximately known. Comparison of input and output fluxes for five different segments of the arc reveals that some elements (K, B, Cs, and Rb) are very efficiently delivered to the volcanoes from the subducted slab. Other elements (Sr, Ba, and U) are returned to the surface with moderate efficiency, whereas some elements (REEs) may come mostly from the mantle wedge with minor slab contribution. The relative order of recycling efficiencies of incompatible elements implies that a hydrous fluid dominates the transfer of material from the slab to mantle.
A rule-based decision support tool for architecting Earth observing missions

A decision support tool is presented that is especially tailored for architecting Earth observing missions and programs. The tool features both a cost model and a performance model. This paper focuses on the description of the performance model. Indeed, while considerable effort has been put into the development of cost estimating models, comparably much less effort has been put into the development of quantitative methods to assess how well Earth Observing Mission satisfy scientific and societal needs. A literature review revealed that existing methods include a commercial approach, a value-of-information approach, end-to-end simulation, assimilation in Observing System Simulation Experiments, and simple expert judgment. Limitations of these methods include limited applicability, computational complexity, low modeling fidelity (e.g. abstraction of synergies between measurements), and subjectivity. Our method uses a knowledge-based system to store and manage large quantities of expert knowledge in the form of rules-of-thumb that replace expensive computations. Scientific and societal measurement requirements and instrument capabilities are expressed in the form of logical rules and data structures. An efficient pattern matching algorithm performs the comparison of the measurement requirements and the measurement capabilities on the basis of 64 different measurement attributes. The system is demonstrated on the Earth Science Decadal Survey. While the system is still under development, it shows great potential to enhance traceability in the modeling of scientific and societal value of Earth observing missions. Furthermore, the recursive nature of rule-based systems shows potential to model synergies between instruments and measurements, at a sufficient level of fidelity for architectural trade studies, especially for the ones conducted in committees with experts such as Decadal Surveys.
The Bottom of the Pyramid Strategy for Reducing Poverty: A Failed Promise

The movement emphasizing free markets to reduce poverty has found strong expression in the 'bottom of the pyramid' approach in recent years. It views the poor as "resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers". This romanticized view of the poor harms the poor in two ways. First, it results in too little emphasis on legal, regulatory and social mechanisms to protect the poor who are vulnerable consumers. Second, it overemphasizes microcredit and underemphasizes fostering modern enterprises that would provide employment opportunities for the poor. More importantly, it grossly underemphasizes the critical role and responsibility of the state in poverty reduction. JEL categories: O10 General (Economic Development), I30 General (Welfare and Poverty)
High-Dose, Single-Fraction Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Metastatic Spinal Lesions

Purpose To report tumor control and toxicity for patients treated with image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (RT) for spinal metastases with high-dose single-fraction RT. Methods and Materials A total of 103 consecutive spinal metastases in 93 patients without high-grade epidural spinal cord compression were treated with image-guided intensity-modulated RT to doses of 18–24 Gy (median, 24 Gy) in a single fraction between 2003 and 2006. The spinal cord dose was limited to a 14-Gy maximal dose. The patients were prospectively examined every 3–4 months with clinical assessment and cross-sectional imaging. Results The overall actuarial local control rate was 90% (local failure developed in 7 patients) at a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 2–45 months). The median time to local failure was 9 months (range, 2–15 months) from the time of treatment. Of the 93 patients, 37 died. The median overall survival was 15 months. In all cases, death was from progression of systemic disease and not local failure. The histologic type was not a statistically significant predictor of survival or local control. The radiation dose was a significant predictor of local control (p = 0.03). All patients without local failure also reported durable symptom palliation. Acute toxicity was mild (Grade 1-2). No case of radiculopathy or myelopathy has developed. Conclusion High-dose, single-fraction image-guided intensity-modulated RT is a noninvasive intervention that appears to be safe and very effective palliation for patients with spinal metastases, with minimal negative effects on quality of life and a high probability of tumor control.
Child Development and Counseling

Elkind outlines three constructs, the assumptive reality of childhood and the imaginary audience and personal fable of adolescence, which help explain normal as well as problem behavior. In dealing with individuals operating under the premises of these constructs, counselors are asked to accept the young person's view of reality as valid for him or her, but not necessarily for the counselor or others. To structure a new reality, they should not be shown they are wrong, but helped to distinguish between personal and social reality.
The filled-duration illusion: limits of duration of interval and auditory fillers.

Two experiments were conducted to explore parameters of the filled-duration illusion, i.e., intervals filled with stimuli are perceived as longer than empty intervals of equal physical duration. It was hypothesized that the illusion would be found only for intervals of short duration, i.e., a few seconds, and that filled intervals would vary in perceived duration as a function of the type of "filler." Auditory tones were used as boundary and filler stimuli in a counterbalanced (Exp. I) and randomized (Exp. II) design that covered 9 intervals ranging from 1 to 60 sec. A psychophysical method of verbal estimation with single stimuli was employed. The first hypothesis was supported in that only with the short intervals (1 and 3 sec.) was there any evidence of a filled-duration illusion. The type of filler stimulus was important only in the 1-sec. intervals. Results are interpreted in terms of information-processing models for time perception.
Myocyte Redistribution of GRK2 and GRK5 in Hypertensive, Heart-Failure–Prone Rats

Gprotein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are known to be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Their exact role and subcellular distribution during cardiac hypertrophy and failure remain to be elucidated. We examined expression and subcellular distribution of GRK2 and GRK5 in the left ventricle of female spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats at 6 months of age using Western blots and fluorescent confocal microscopy. GRK2 was expressed mainly in the Triton X-100 soluble fraction in the left ventricle with similar expression levels between SHHF and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. GRK2 had a striated pattern which colocalized with sarcomeric alpha-actinin and G protein in both SHHF and WKY rat myocytes and specifically accumulated in the intercalated disks of myocytes from SHHF but not WKY rats. GRK5 was expressed in both the Triton X-100 soluble fraction and Triton X-100 insoluble fraction in the left ventricle with similar expression levels between SHHF and WKY rats. GRK5 distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm in both SHHF and WKY rat myocytes and specifically accumulated in the nucleus of myocytes from SHHF but not WKY rats. GRK5 colocalized with coilin, the major component of the nuclear substructure involved in RNA synthesis and processing. The results suggest different roles for GRK2 and GRK5 in G-protein signaling and RNA biogenesis. Subcellular redistribution of GRK2 and GRK5 may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy resulting from chronic hypertension.
Compounding and Derivational Morphology in a Finite-State Setting

This paper proposes the application of finite-state approximation techniques on a unification-based grammar of word formation for a language like German. A refinement of an RTN-based approximation algorithm is proposed, which extends the state space of the automaton by selectively adding distinctions based on the parsing history at the point of entering a context-free rule. The selection of history items exploits the specific linguistic nature of word formation. As experiments show, this algorithm avoids an explosion of the size of the automaton in the approximation construction.
FAST AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN MAMMALIAN NERVE IN VITRO AFTER BLOCK OF GLYCOLYSIS WITH IODOACETIC ACID

— Fast axoplasmic transport of components incorporating L-[3H]leucine in cat sciatic nerve occurred in vitro at a rate of 407 ± 21 (S.D.) mm/day. Although fast transport had earlier been shown to be blocked within 10 to 15 min by asphyxiation with nitrogen or by agents such as NaCN or dinitrophenol that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation, interruption of glycolysis by application of iodoacetate resulted in a gradually diminishing transport with a complete block in about 2 h. This block characteristically showed a sloping front instead of the usual crest of activity found in the nerve after the 3 h period usually allowed for in vitro downflow. The declining slope of radioactivity in the nerve seen after exposure to iodoacetate was not the result of a delayed entry of iodoacetate into the nerve fibres. We consider it to be the consequence of a limited and diminishing supply of endogenous metabolites entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle below the site of glycolytic block by iodoacetate. When either pyruvate or L-lactate was supplied to the iodoacetate-blocked nerve, recovery of the normal pattern and distance of flow was effected. Pyruvate partially reversed the iodoacetate block at concentrations as low as 2 mM, with almost complete recovery at approximately 25 mM. A concentration of L-lactate approx. 20 times that of pyruvate was required for a comparable degree of reversal of iodoacetate block.
Dynamics of mixed cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium shermanii

The mixed culture of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium shermanii grown anaerobically in glucose minimal medium exhibits features typical of a commensal interaction even though a number of complicating factors, such as a large maintenance requirement of L. plantarum and inhibition of growth of P. shermanii at low pH, are present. A simple mathematical model of the system is presented and is shown to reproduce rather well some of the features of the continuous mixed culture system in both steady-state and transient situations.
Virtue and the Common Good in Liberal Theory

Rights-oriented liberal theory faces a dilemma. In a well-ordered society, citizens must share virtues that are generated in nonpolitical groups, but the liberal state cannot prescribe a way of life without violating liberal principles. Communitarians who are committed to freedom offer little help in confronting this dilemma because they lack a theory of the state. Liberalism can overcome its dilemma by reformulating the idea of the common good and by distinguishing it from both the right and the good. As predispositions that help to attain the common good, nonpolitical virtues may receive government support, provided people may reject these virtues in their own life plans.
Computer simulation of fetal baroreceptor function.

Abstract A mathematical model of the fetal cardiovascular system has been developed, which includes parameter representations of left and right atria, unidirectional foramen ovale shunt, the great vessels, bidirectional ductus arteriosus shunt, the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds, the carotid sinus circulation (as a collateral network of the systemic circuit), and the placental circulation, as a network parallel to the systemic circuit. The model was applied to analysis of observations made during animal experiments in order to substantiate the existence of active baroreceptor reflexes in the fetal lamb and to test specifically the influence on fetal vascular response to carotid occlusion of (a) hydrodynamic effects of eliminating carotid circuits, (b) placental circulation, and (c) the ductus arteriosus circulation. Results substantiate those of animal experiments in demonstrating active baroreceptor reflexes in the fetus somewhat damped by the low vascular resistance of the placenta. Carotid circuit conductance played a minor role in fetal systemic vascular response to carotid occlusion.
Chicana and Black Feminisms: Testimonios of Theory, Identity, and Multiculturalism

In this article, we examine our own testimonios inspired by Chicana and Black feminisms that have not only informed our research and teaching but have also helped us to make sense of our lives. We offer our testimonios related to theory, identity negotiations, and pedagogical concerns with teaching multiculturalism as a way to recognize and acknowledge that as academics, researchers, and teachers, we must continue to learn language from, and create new language for, our theoretical spaces that help us to express and navigate the complexity and multiple locations of struggles and resistance. Collectively, testimonios facilitate crucial lessons for examining the interconnectedness between Chicana and Black feminisms through the lived experiences of those living in or on the margins. They also provide critical self-reflection that is needed to unlearn oppression that exists within each of us.
Imperial Russia at the Turn of the Century: the Cultural Slope and the Revolution from Without

The expansion of Europe has been a much-discussed process. Unfortunately the publicists' and historians' interest has commonly been limited to surface aspects of power, to political, economic, and intellectual penetration. Yet a closer acquaintance reveals the existence of a yet deeper layer of hostile infiltration, a subtler and more subversive onslaught on native values and traditions. The “underground” portions of western expansion have hitherto rather escaped notice, let alone analysis, although among their victims their force was felt deeply if confusedly. Thus an anonymous journalist writing in Russia late in 1896 pointed to that melting away of native guideposts under the western impact when he lamented that “under the influence of historical conditions and progress many phenomena which distinguished Russian nationality are now changing and therefore prove no longer to be genuine and unchangeable…” No hallowed custom, no authority remained unimpaired, even though the surface structure of society and government was preserved and the sovereignty of the state untouched. The termites of western influence were eating away the substance and left only facades. And the invisible portion of western power, its ability to serve as a universal model, proved in the long run even more devastating than armies, battleships, or stocks and bonds.
Exploring the Social Roots of Smart Growth Policy Adoption by Cities

Objective. This study identifies: (1) the smart growth policies adopted in a sample of U.S. cities; and (2) the relative impact of four social factors—education, local environmental activism, race, and homeownership on policy adoption. Method. A survey was sent to planning and development officials in a sample of 340 cities. Results. On average, the cities have 4.96 smart growth policies on their books. Adoption of such policies is more associated with two indicators of the new political culture (NPC)—the presence of environmental activist groups at the local level and the percent of college-educated residents—than with the percent of residents who are white or the percent who are homeowners. Conclusion. The smart growth movement at the local level is a product of the environmental concerns associated with the NPC and is more likely to influence the adoption of land-preserving policies than land-use-intensifying policies.
Technical Note—On Traveling Salesman Games with Asymmetric Costs

We consider cooperative traveling salesman games with nonnegative asymmetric costs satisfying the triangle inequality. We construct a stable cost allocation with budget balance guarantee equal to the Held-Karp integrality gap for the asymmetric traveling salesman problem, using the parsimonious property and a previously unknown connection to linear production games. We also show that our techniques extend to larger classes of network design games. We then provide a simple example showing that our cost allocation does not necessarily achieve the best possible budget balance guarantee, even among cost allocations stable for the game defined by the Held-Karp relaxation, and discuss its implications on future work on traveling salesman games.
Synthesis and characterization of oxorhenium(V) diamido pyridine complexes that catalyze oxygen atom transfer reactions

The detailed syntheses of complexes 1–4, Re(O)(X)(DAP) (X = Me, 1; Cl, 2; I, 3; OTf (triflate), 4) incorporating the diamido pyridine (DAP) ancillary ligand (2,6-bis((mesitylamino)methyl)pyridine) are described and shown to be effective catalysts for oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions of PyO to PPh3. The catalytic activities are as follows: 4 ≈ 3 > 2 > 1. The observed electronic trend is consistent with the turnover limiting reduction of the proposed Re(VII) dioxo intermediate, Re(O)2(X)(DAP), during the catalytic cycle. The catalytic activity of complexes 1–3 was compared to previously published diamido amine (DAAm) oxorhenium complexes of the type Re(O)(X)(DAAm) (X = Me, 5; Cl, 6; I, 7 and DAAm = N,N-bis(2-arylaminoethyl)methylamine) which exhibit hydrolytic degradation during the catalytic reaction. Complexes 1–3 displayed higher turnover frequencies compared to 5–7. This higher catalytic activity was attributed to the more rigid DAP ligand backbone, which makes the complexes less susceptible to decomposition. However, another decomposition pathway was proposed for this catalytic system due to the observation of Re(O)3((MesNCH2)(MesNCH)NC5H3) 8 in which one arm of the DAP ligand is oxidized.
A metrics suite for object oriented design

Given the central role that software development plays in the delivery and application of information technology, managers are increasingly focusing on process improvement in the software development area. This demand has spurred the provision of a number of new and/or improved approaches to software development, with perhaps the most prominent being object-orientation (OO). In addition, the focus on process improvement has increased the demand for software measures, or metrics with which to manage the process. The need for such metrics is particularly acute when an organization is adopting a new technology for which established practices have yet to be developed. This research addresses these needs through the development and implementation of a new suite of metrics for OO design. Metrics developed in previous research, while contributing to the field's understanding of software development processes, have generally been subject to serious criticisms, including the lack of a theoretical base. Following Wand and Weber (1989), the theoretical base chosen for the metrics was the ontology of Bunge (1977). Six design metrics are developed, and then analytically evaluated against Weyuker's (1988) proposed set of measurement principles. An automated data collection tool was then developed and implemented to collect an empirical sample of these metrics at two field sites in order to demonstrate their feasibility and suggest ways in which managers may use these metrics for process improvement. >
Simultaneous investigation of local and distributed functional brain connectivity from fMRI data

In this paper we propose a new method for simultaneous assessment of local and distributed functional brain connectivity from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Our method maps fMRI time series from brain voxels into a high dimensional feature space where in clustering and vector quantization are performed in order to aggregate voxels with similar temporal evolution and segregate those with low temporal correlation. An iterative algorithm is proposed based on the Eigen structure of the geodesic distance matrix of the high dimensional manifold for selecting the number of clusters. The choice is then verified by unfolding the manifold using ISOMAP. A combined connectivity index (CCI) is then defined for every brain region based on the percentage of its voxels connected to each other and to voxels from other regions. The CCI maps local and distributed connectivity on a continuum from 0 to 1. This method was applied to resting state fMRI data obtained from humans in one of the two states: normal awake state and a sedated state induced by propofol anesthesia. Our results demonstrate that propofol anesthesia makes the connectivity in the brain become more local and less distributed as compared to awake state. In addition, our results show that the distributed connectivity between the thalamus and the cortex is greatly impacted by anesthesia, lending support to the thalamo-cortical disconnection hypothesis. However, our results indicate the thalamus was still connected to the cortex via the amygdala, providing a pathway for sensory information to reach the cortex during sedation. In the cortex, the connectivity also tended to become more local than distributed, supporting the cortico-cortical disconnection hypothesis. Therefore, our conclusions reconcile both the hypotheses of anesthetic action and altered states of consciousness, and demonstrate the utility of our approach for addressing important neuroscientific questions.
Protein kinase A activates the Hippo pathway to modulate cell proliferation and differentiation

The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays an important role in tissue homeostasis that ensures development of functional organs at proper size. The YAP transcription coactivator is a major effector of the Hippo pathway and is phosphorylated and inactivated by the Hippo pathway kinases Lats1/2. It has recently been shown that YAP activity is regulated by G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. Here we demonstrate that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger downstream from Gαs-coupled receptors, acts through protein kinase A (PKA) and Rho GTPases to stimulate Lats kinases and YAP phosphorylation. We also show that inactivation of YAP is crucial for PKA-induced adipogenesis. In addition, PKA activation in Drosophila inhibits the expression of Yorki (Yki, a YAP ortholog) target genes involved in cell proliferation and death. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Hippo–YAP is a key signaling branch of cAMP and PKA and reveals new insight into mechanisms of PKA in regulating a broad range of cellular functions.
A Synoptic Climatology of the Elevated Mixed-Layer Inversion over the Southern Great Plains in Spring. Part I: Structure, Dynamics, and Seasonal Evolution

Abstract A synoptic climatology of the atmospheric conditions associated with the creation of the elevated mixed-layer inversion, or lid, over the southern Great Plains of the U.S. (defined as Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and portions of the surrounding states) during four spring (April, May, June) seasons from 1983 through 1986 is presented. The lid sounding, also known as a type 1 tornado sounding, is created through the superposition of a potentially warm, nearly dry-adiabatic elevated mixed layer (EML) over a moist, potentially unstable layer. This study examines the situations which are favorable and unfavorable for creation of the lid stratification, using EML and lid occurrence statistics and analyses of various parameters associated with the EML and lid. In addition, we define a set of synoptic types that prevail in this region during the three-month period. The synoptic types are categorized by simultaneously examining the surface isobaric patterns and the predominant 500-mb flow direction over the s...
Stress is in the eye of the beholder

Despite a long history and a large volume of affective research, measuring affective states is still a non-trivial task that is complicated by numerous conceptual and methodological decisions that the researcher has to make. We suggest that inconsistent results reported in some areas of research can be partially explained by the choice of measurements that capture different manifestations of affective phenomena, or focus on different elements of affective processes. In the present study we examine one of such topics — a relationship between stress and individual's work role. In a 2-week, multi-method in situ study we collected affective information from 40 subjects. All participants provided continuous physiological (cardiovascular) data for the entire duration of the study, submitted multiple daily self-reports of momentary affect, and filled out a onetime assessment of the global perceived stress. We found that individuals' job role (specifically, decision-making workload) was not related to the cumulative measures of momentary affect, but was negatively correlated with the overall level of perceived stress. We further found that this negative relationship was partially mediated by individuals' coping behaviors. Our results emphasize the important difference between fleeting and global (appraised) affective states, and remind about intervening variables that can significantly modify affective processes. We suggest directions for future research and discuss practical applications for stress management.
A New Signaling Pathway for HCV Inhibition by Estrogen: GPR30 Activation Leads to Cleavage of Occludin by MMP-9

Poor outcome in response to hepatitis C virus, including higher viral load, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis, is more associated with men and postmenopausal women than with premenopausal women and women receiving hormone replacement therapy, suggesting that β-estradiol plays an innate role in preventing viral infection and liver disease. Consequently, most research in the field has concluded that estrogen affects HCV replication through viral interactions with estrogen receptor-α. Previously, estrogen-like antagonists, including Tamoxifen, were shown to reduce HCV RNA production and prevent viral entry, although the authors did not identify host factors involved. Estrogen can act alternatively through the membrane-bound G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPR30. Here, human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells were infected with HCV J6/JFH-1 and treated with estrogen or Tamoxifen, resulting in a marked decrease in detectable virus. The effect was mimicked by G1, a GPR30-specific agonist, and was reversed by the GPR30-specific antagonist, G15. While previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen down-regulated occludin in cervical cancer cells, its action on liver cells was unknown. Occludin is a tight junction protein and HCV receptor and here we report that activation and cellular export of MMP-9 led to the cleavage of occludin upon estrogen treatment of liver cells. This is the first report of the cleavage of an HCV receptor in response to estrogen. We also identify the occludin cleavage site in extracellular Domain D; the motif required for HCV entry and spread. This pathway gives new insight into a novel innate antiviral pathway and the suboptimal environment that estrogen provides for the proliferation of the virus. It may also explain the disparate host-virus responses to HCV demonstrated by the two sexes. Moreover, these data suggest that hormone replacement therapy may have beneficial antiviral enhancement properties for HCV-infected postmenopausal women and show promise for new antiviral treatments for both men and women.
Convergent patterns of sex chromosome dosage compensation between lepidopteran species (WZ/ZZ) and eutherian mammals (XX/XY): insights from a moth neo-Z chromosome

In contrast to XX/XY species, Z-linked expression is overall reduced in female WZ/ZZ species compared to males or the autosomal expression. This pattern (Z<ZZ≈AA) has been consistently reported in all the WZ/ZZ taxa examined so far, with the singular exception of the insect order of Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). However, conflicting results linger in this taxon due to discrepancies in data analyses and tissues sampled. To address this issue, we analyzed dosage compensation in the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae) using tissues that represent different levels of sexual divergence. C. pomonella is the most basal lepidopteran species yet examined for dosage compensation and has a neo-Z chromosome resulting from an ancient Z:autosome translocation. We based our analyses on RNAseq and de novo transcriptome data from C. pomonella, as well as scrutiny into investigations of other lepidopteran species. Our evidence supports that the lepidopterans share a pattern (Z≈ZZ<AA) of dosage compensation that mirrors the eutherian mammals (X≈XX<AA). In particular, reproductive tissues appear to be exempt from dosage compensation, which helps explain the incongruence in prior reports. Furthermore, C. pomonella ancestral-Z segment exhibited a greater expression reduction than genes on the neo-Z segment, which intriguingly also reflects the differential up-regulation between the ancestral and newly-acquired X-linked genes in mammals. The insect order of Lepidoptera challenges both the classic theories regarding evolution of sex chromosome dosage compensation and the emerging view on association of dosage compensation with sexual heterogamety.
The Sovereign Translation: Mediation and Hölderlin's "Das Höchste"

This article uncovers the distinctive relationship between sovereignty and translation that is embedded in Holderlin’s “Das Hochste” (a translation of and commentary to Pindar’s fragment “Nomos Basileus”). “Das Hochste” asserts that sovereign power is always a mediation of the foundational principles of justice, which it can access only indirectly when enacting law. Translation corresponds to this figuration of sovereignty to the extent that it always mediation rather than a direct conveyance of language, text, and context. As this article demonstrates by juxtaposing “Das Hochste,” Holderlin’s letter to Casimir Bohlendorff on modernity’s relationship to Greek antiquity, and his sketch “Urtheil und Seyn,” Holderlin understands both sovereignty and translation in terms of problems of knowledge. The concept of discipline (Zucht) as raised in “Das Hochste” indicates how the sovereign/translation might proceed in strict awareness of the fundamental divide between antiquity and the present, text and translation...
On realization graphs of degree sequences

Given the degree sequence d of a graph, the realization graph of d is the graph having as its vertices the labeled realizations of d , with two vertices adjacent if one realization may be obtained from the other via an edge-switching operation. We describe a connection between Cartesian products in realization graphs and the canonical decomposition of degree sequences described by R.I.?Tyshkevich and others. As applications, we characterize the degree sequences whose realization graphs are triangle-free graphs or hypercubes.
Short-Term Medical Costs of a VHA Health Information Exchange: A CHEERS-Compliant Article.

The Virtual Lifetime Electronic Record (VLER) Health program provides the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) a framework whereby VHA providers can access the veterans' electronic health record information to coordinate healthcare across multiple sites of care. As an early adopter of VLER, the Indianapolis VHA and Regenstrief Institute implemented a regional demonstration program involving bi-directional health information exchange (HIE) between VHA and non-VHA providers.The aim of the study is to determine whether implementation of VLER HIE reduces 1 year VHA medical costs.A cohort evaluation with a concurrent control group compared VHA healthcare costs using propensity score adjustment. A CHEERs compliant checklist was used to conduct the cost evaluation.Patients were enrolled in the VLER program onsite at the Indianapolis VHA in outpatient clinics or through the release-of-information office.VHA cost data (in 2014 dollars) were obtained for both enrolled and nonenrolled (control) patients for 1 year prior to, and 1 year after, the index date of patient enrollment.There were 6104 patients enrolled in VLER and 45,700 patients in the control group. The annual adjusted total cost difference per patient was associated with a higher cost for VLER enrollees $1152 (95% CI: $807-1433) (P < 0.01) (in 2014 dollars) than VLER nonenrollees.Short-term evaluation of this demonstration project did not show immediate reductions in healthcare cost as might be expected if HIE decreased redundant medical tests and treatments. Cost reductions from shared health information may be realized with longer time horizons.
Mentoring Profession Part II: Mentoring as a Paradigm for Teaching Medicine

Professionalism is the basis of medicine’s contract with society, demanding that physicians focus on patient welfare, respect for autonomy, and social justice while meeting standards of competency and integrity in service provision. Medical students are frequently confronted with conflicting ideas regarding the profession of medicine that stem from inconsistencies between didactic lessons and clinical observations of mentors and practitioners. Teachers and mentors bear the most significant responsibility for the character traits infused in students and residents in their charge. However, a multidisciplinary approach is vital to shape student intellect and skill in such a way that humanistic ideals dominate interactions with future patients. There have been broad efforts over the last several years to ensure that professionalism remains the core of medical training and education. Institutions and national professional organizations alike are responding to the separation of medical practice from its core virtues of compassion, humility, honesty, and courage.
Colorectal Cancer on the Decline — Why Screening Can’t Explain It All

U.S. colorectal-cancer incidence has dropped by more than 45% since its peak in the mid-1980s, and related mortality has fallen by more than half. But though screening is often credited for these trends, it cannot explain such large decreases.