cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contingent choice. Exploring the relationship between sweetened beverages and vegetable consumption

Abstract Adults and children are repeatedly exposed to the pairing of food and drink as found in meal deals and “combos”. There may arise from this indoctrination, a contingent relationship between drink context and food preference. Our multi-method research examines food and drink combining. A survey-based study examines the food and drink pairing preferences of adults ( N = 60), while a laboratory study with young children ( N = 75, aged three to five) examines the role of drink context on vegetable consumption. The adult survey finds strong food and drink combining preferences. The pairing of soft drinks with calorie dense foods is regarded favorably, while the pairing of soft drinks with vegetables is not. In child food trials, vegetable consumption is not influenced by the child’s fussiness but is influenced by the drink accompaniment . In limited contexts, these findings demonstrate the contingent relationship between drink context and food consumption. Both palate preference and associative learning may be mechanisms driving the effects of drink context on food consumption. The findings suggest simple consumer strategies that might be employed to change dietary patterns (e.g., drink water with meals), and hold straightforward policy implications (e.g., increase water as the default option in meal deals).
Influence of Surface Termination and Electronic Structure on the Photochemical Grafting of Alkenes to Carbon Surfaces

The ultraviolet-initiated photochemical grafting of n-alkenes to surfaces of amorphous carbon, diamond, and carbon nanofibers has recently emerged as a way to impart new surface properties to these materials. Recent studies have shown that grafting on these materials is initiated by a novel photoelectron ejection process, evidenced by a strong dependence of reaction efficiency on the electron affinity of the reactant molecules. Yet, the role of different surface functional groups and the resulting changes in valence band density of states and surface work function have not been determined previously. Understanding the influence of surface carbonyl groups is particularly significant because C═O groups increase the surface work function but are also known to catalyze certain electron-transfer processes at carbon surfaces. Here, we use infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to investigate how changes in surface termination (H-terminatio...
Quest for Universal Identification - A Commentary

AbstractThis short article is presented as a commentary on trying to understand the underlying impacts of social media and related technologies on privacy and security issues. The focus of this paper is particularly on the individuals and the concept of universal identity (UI) that indirectly results due to the participation in these incredibly pervasive technologies and communication platforms. The author discusses particular features on various sites, socialization and incorporates inputs from interviews and secondary data to support this premise. Finally, lists of key research questions are identified throughout the commentary for future research.
Practical approach to fractal-based image compression

Fractal techniques for image compression have recently attracted a great deal of attention. Unfortunately, little in the way of practical algorithms or techniques have been published. We present a technique for image compression that is based on a very simple type of iterative fractal. In our algorithm a wavelet transform (quadrature mirror filter pyramid) is used to decompose an image into bands containing information from different scales (spatial frequencies) and orientations. The conditional probabilities between these different scale bands are then determined, and used as the basis for a predictive coder. We find that the wavelet transform's various scale and orientation bands have a great deal of redundant, self-similar structure. This redundant structure is, however, in the form of multi-modal conditional probabilities, so that linear predictors perform poorly. Our algorithm uses a simple histogram method to determine the multi-modal conditional probabilities between scales. The resulting predictive coder is easily integrated into existing subband coding schemes. Comparison of this fractal-based scheme with our standard wavelet vector coder on 256 X 256 grey-level imagery shows up to a two-fold gain in coding efficiency with no loss in image quality, and up to a four-fold gain with small loss in image quality. Coding and decoding are implemented by small table lookups, making real-time application feasible.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the performance evaluation and prediction of encounter-based worm interactions based on node characteristics

An encounter-based network is a frequently-disconnected wireless ad-hoc network requiring nearby neighbors to store and forward data utilizing mobility and encounters over time. Using traditional approaches such as gateways or firewalls for deterring worm propagation in encounter-based networks is inappropriate. We propose models for the worm interaction approach that relies upon automated beneficial worm generation to alleviate problems of worm propagation in such networks. We study and analyze the impact of key mobile node characteristics including node cooperation, immunization, on-off behavior on the worm propagations and interactions. We validate our proposed model using extensive simulations. We also find that, in addition to immunization, cooperation can reduce the level of worm infection. Furthermore, on-off behavior linearly impacts only timing aspect but not the overall infection. Using realistic mobile network measurements, we find that encounters are non-uniform, the trends are consistent with the model but the magnitudes are drastically different. Immunization seems to be the most effective in such scenarios. These findings provide insight that we hope would aid to develop counter-worm protocols in future encounter-based networks.
Zinquin identifies subcellular compartmentalization of zinc in cortical neurons. Relation to the trafficking of zinc and the mitochondrial compartment

Zinquin (Zn(2+) selective fluorophore), when used to visualize intracellular Zn(2+), typically shows brightly fluorescent perinuclear endosome-like structures, presumably identifying Zn(2+) containing organelles. In this study, zinquin identified numerous and widespread sites of Zn(2+) compartmentalization in primary cultures of embryonic rat cortical neurons. Nuclear fluorescence, however, was absent. We labeled neuronal mitochondria with MitoTracker Green in the presence of zinquin and show that the fluorescent patterns of MitoTracker Green and zinquin were distinct and clearly different in both the perinuclear region and in processes. The mitochondrial compartment was much larger than the sum of the areas of zinquin fluorescence, as indicated by the small amount (<10% MitoTracker Green over zinquin) of overlap of MitoTracker Green on zinquin. Zinquin fluorescence was unaffected by carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) treatment. The zinquin fluorescent objects were generally spherical in shape with a average diameter of about 0.6 mum. Most fluorescent objects, nearly two thirds on average, appeared to be docked, but both anterograde and retrograde movements were observed by time lapse image analysis. Although some fluorescent objects moved as much as 1 mum in 5 min, typical movements were smaller, usually 0.5 mum or less. Colchicine treatment caused striking aggregation of MitoTracker Green most noticeable in the perinuclear region. Zinquin fluorescence similarly showed reduced distribution throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting that zinquin fluorescent structures were associated with microtubules. Treatment with cytochalasin D had little noticeable effect on either the pattern of zinquin and MitoTracker Green fluorescence or their coincidence. Thus, numerous Zn(2+) sequestering organelles/structures are present in perinuclear regions and processes of cultured neurons and are sometimes found coincident with mitochondria. We demonstrated real time trafficking of sequestered Zn(2+), using zinquin fluorescence, apparently associated with an endosome-like compartment or protein complexes in the cytosol.
Robustness: mechanisms and consequences.

Biological systems are robust to perturbation by mutations and environmental fluctuations. New data are shedding light on the biochemical and network-level mechanisms responsible for robustness. Robustness to mutation might have evolved as an adaptation to reduce the effect of mutations, as a congruent byproduct of adaptive robustness to environmental variation, or as an intrinsic property of biological systems selected for their primary functions. Whatever its mechanism or origin, robustness to mutation results in the accumulation of phenotypically cryptic genetic variation. Partial robustness can lead to pre-adaptation, and thereby might contribute to evolvability. The identification and characterization of phenotypic capacitors – which act as switches of the degree of robustness – are critical to understanding the mechanisms and consequences of robustness.
Phoenix Area Personnel Managers' Perceptions of the Importance of Writing Skills in Their Own Organizations

Phoenix area personnel managers regarded all of a selected list of topics representing different aspects of writing as important; however, physical layout was judged to be the least important relatively. The most important problems in written communication were related to organization, contents, and spelling. Physical layout, typing, and punctuation were rated as least important. Formal procedures for assessing writing skill of potential employees were regarded as only moderately important for the recent college graduate and the experienced manager. The managers suggested that writing skill (or a lack of it) as revealed in the application blank is important in the hiring process, and that the degree of such skill manifested by managers after employment is very significant in the promotion process. Writing skill is assessed during performance appraisal in some companies, and most supervisors encouraged the development of employee writing skill.
A 5-Year Comparison of EVAR for Large and Small Aortic Necks

Purpose:To compare the long-term outcomes of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) using the Talent endograft for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with large and small aortic necks.Methods:Data on 156 patients (142 men; mean age 74.1 years, range 41–89) with adequate preoperative imaging were obtained from the prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter Talent eLPS trial, which enrolled patients from February 2002 to April 2003. Subgroup analyses were performed for AAAs with a large aortic neck diameter (≥28 mm; n=53, group 1) and those with smaller necks (<28 mm; n = 103, group 2). Safety and effectiveness endpoints were evaluated at 30 days, 1 year, and 5 years post procedure.Results:Patients in both groups had similar gender and risk factor profiles. However, group 1 was significantly older (mean age 76.5 versus 72.9 years; p<0.01). Aside from neck diameter, the 2 groups had similar mean neck length and angulation. Group 1 also had a larger maximum aneurysm diameter (mean 58.2 versus 53.4 mm; p<0.01). At 1 ...
Statins and the vasculopathy of systemic sclerosis: potential therapeutic agents?

Abstract It has been postulated that endothelial cell injury is the initiating event in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis, causing attraction, attachment, migration and infiltration of activated T-cells and subsequent production of cytokines and growth factors. As a result of the action of these cytokines and growth factors, chemoattraction of fibroblasts into the vessel wall and transdifferentiation of resident fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells into myofibroblasts occur leading to fibrosis and exaggerated collagen deposition in the vessel wall. To date, the therapeutic options for the vasculopathy of systemic sclerosis have been limited to drugs that cause vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation and only a few agents have shown vascular remodeling effects. Therapeutic agents that could potentially modify the course of this vasculopathy may have a disease-modifying effect, particularly, if instituted in the early stages of the disease. Extensive recent studies have shown that statins display numerous effects independent of their well-established lipid-lowering effect that may be of potential benefit in preventing vascular injury and ischemic vascular events. Here, we review the current literature, which suggests that statins may have a modifying effect on the vasculopathy of systemic sclerosis.
Recoil in electromagnetic railguns

Gun designers have long accepted and understood the fact that guns experience recoil when fired, and many ingenious mechanisms have been devised to cope with the problem. But hope springs eternal, and when confronted with a revolutionary new technique for accelerating projectiles, where the accelerating mechanism may be somewhat mysterious, the gun designer hopefully asks, "Does it recoil?"; knowing in his heart that it does. The more difficult question with regard to the electromagnetic (EM) railgun is "Where and how do these recoil forces appear and can their location and distribution be controlled?" That is the topic of this paper.
SU-E-T-11: LINAC Dose Profiling Using Cherenkov Emission Imaging.

Purpose: To demonstrate the potential for fast 3D dose profile imaging of a LINAC beam using images of the induced Cherenkov radiation in a water tank. A specialized time‐gated imaging system was developed as a prototype to quantify and compare with Monte Carlo, to illustrate the concept. Methods: Images were acquired from a water tank during irradiation from a 6 MV Varian‐2100C linear accelerator beam using a time‐gated CCD‐based imaging system. The camera was placed normal to the tank wall to minimize parallax reflections, and resultant images were produced by evaluating the median of each pixel in a stack of 2000 images taken at a rate of 60 Hz with an exposure time of 10 ms. Experimental data was compared to images obtained from GEANT4 simulations of the optical setup. Results: Examination of the scored quantities for dose and generated Cherenkov photons indicates that there is a strong similarity, which can be explained by considering the electron energy losses per unit path length. However, due to the complex convolution of the Cherenkov emission directionality and camera lens angular field of view, this relationship is distorted. These errors can be calibrated using the GEANT4 simulations to more accurately reflect the intrinsic dose in the water volume. Conclusions: This work demonstrates dose profiling using the induced Cherenkov radiation signal for the first time. These preliminary results serve as a proof of concept of imaging at one azimuthal angle. Analogous to SPECT, the technique could easily be translated to multiple angles yielding full dose reconstructions following filtered back projection. Further refinement of this technology could be the first step in a paradigm shift towards an alternative method for fast radiation field analysis. Advantages would include increased speed, as well as the ability to profile dynamic beam shapes within transparent solid anthropomorphic phantoms. This work has been financially supported by NIH grant R01CA109558.
Neonatal Intrahypothalamic Androgen Administration: The Influence of Dose and Age on Androgenization of Female Rats1

In order to investigate the relatively abrupt decline in the ability of androgen to induce permanent anovulatory sterility in adult females following subcutaneous injection after 5 days of age, moderate doses of testosterone propionate (TP) were implanted directly into various brain regions of female rats aged 7–20 days. Age at vaginal opening was noted as was ovarian morphology at 45 and 95 days of age. A high incidence of anovulatory sterility was observed in adult females following the implantation of a total of 60 pg at the level of the anterior commissure in the dorsal preoptic-anterior hypothalamus as late as postnatal day 11. Implantation of lower doses of TP (30 μg, 10 μg) were less effective. Intrahypothalamic pellets of TP were significantly more effective in inducing sterility than the same amount administered systemically. Cortical implants were also effective, but implants of TP into the lateral amygdala were completely ineffective in producing sterility. Vaginal opening was markedly accelera...
Patterns for real-world-aware and real-time solutions

We apply pattern language methodology to describe design and integration patterns for real-world-aware and real-time solutions, i.e., software solutions that integrate business information processing with sensor and actuator manipulations of the external world. Efficient engineering of such solutions depends on the definition and reuse of components whose real-time characteristics can be specified. Other nonfunctional characteristics, such as throughput and reliability, may also be constrained and critical for correct behavior of a design element. We present a pattern language comprising a basic catalog of design patterns for component-based real-time solutions.
A conservative box-scheme for the Euler equations

The work presented in this paper shows that the mixed-type scheme of Murman and Cole, originally developed for a scalar equation, can be extended to systems of conservation laws. A characteristic scheme for the equations of gas dynamics is introduced that has a close connection to a four operator scheme for the Burgers-Hopf equation. The results indicate that the scheme performs well on the classical test cases. The scheme has no tuning parameters and can be interpreted as the projection of an L∞-stable scheme. At steady state second order accuracy is obtained as a by-product of the box-scheme feature
Managerial Communication: A Finger on the Pulse

The article reviews the book “Managerial Communication: A Finger on the Pulse,” by Paul R. Timm.
Incidence of second neoplasm in childhood cancer survivors treated with GH: an analysis of GeNeSIS and HypoCCS.

Objective: Childhood cancer survivors are commonly treated with GH for GH deficiency that develops either as a result of primary malignancy or its treatment. One study ‐ the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) ‐ demonstrated increased risk of second neoplasm (SN) in GH-treated childhood cancer survivors compared with non-GH treated, after adjusting for key risk factors. We assessed the incidence of SN in GH-treated childhood cancer survivors in outpatient observational studies of GH replacement. Design: Retrospective analysis of two prospective cohort studies that collected data on safety of GH replacement as prescribed in clinical practice. Methods: Childhood cancer survivors enrolled in Eli Lilly and Company’s pediatric (Genetics and Neuroendocrinologyof Short Stature International Study (GeNeSIS)) and adult (Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study (HypoCCS)) observational studies of GH treatment were assessed for incidence of SN. Results: The percentage of childhood cancer survivors treated with GH who developed a SN was 3.8% in pediatric GeNeSIS participants and 6.0% in adult HypoCCS participants. The estimated cumulative incidence of SN at 5 years of follow-up in these studies was 6.2 and 4.8% respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of SN in GeNeSIS and HypoCCS GH-treated participants is similar to the published literature and is thus consistent with increased risk of SN in childhood cancer survivors treated with GH. As follow-up times were relatively short (!3 years), longer observation is recommended. Nevertheless, clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of increased risk of SN in childhood cancer survivors treated with GH and continue chronic surveillance.
Vesamicol, an inhibitor of vesicular acetylcholine transporter, causes apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinomas (151.3)

Clinical studies show that the development of lung adenocarcinomas (LACs) is correlated with smoking habits. Nicotine, the addictive component of cigarettes, accelerates human LAC proliferation thr...
Howell-Jolly body-like inclusions in neutrophils.

47-year-old white woman who had previously undergone lung transplant presented with a past medical history significant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and diabetes mellitus. The patient was on multiple medications related to her lung transplant. Her blood smear was referred for pathologist review based on the presence of atypical cytoplasmic inclusions in the neutrophils. The white blood cell count was 2.6 3 10 3 /mL, hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume 89 fL, and platelets 202 3 10 3 /mL. Review of the smear revealed mild poikilocytosis of the red blood cells with occasional elliptocytes, acanthocytes, and rare schistocytes with a white blood cell differential of 6% band neutrophils, 80% segmented neutrophils, 2% lymphocytes, 11% monocytes, and 1% basophils. The neutrophils demonstrated toxic granulation, Dohle bodies, and Howell-Jolly body‐like inclusions (Figures 1 and 2). Bain 1 in 1989 described detached nuclear fragments within the cytoplasm of neutrophils as a feature of dysplastic granulopoiesis secondary to immunosuppressive
Impacts of future climate change on California perennial crop yields: Model projections with climate and crop uncertainties

Most research on the agricultural impacts of climate change has focused on the major annual crops, yet perennial cropping systems are less adaptable and thus potentially more susceptible to damage. In regions where perennial crops are economically and culturally important, improved assessments of yield responses to future climate are needed to prioritize adaptation strategies. These impact assessments, in turn, must rely on climate and crop models that contain often poorly defined uncertainties. We evaluated the impact of climate change on six major perennial crops in California: wine grapes, almonds, table grapes, oranges, walnuts, and avocados. Outputs from multiple climate models were used to evaluate climate uncertainty, while multiple statistical crop models, derived by resampling historical databases, were used to address crop response uncertainties. We find that, despite these uncertainties, climate change in California is very likely to put downward pressure on yields of almonds, walnuts, avocados, and table grapes by 2050. Without CO2 fertilization or adaptation measures, projected losses range from 0 to >40% depending on the crop and the trajectory of climate change. Climate change uncertainty generally had a larger impact on projections than crop model uncertainty, although the latter was substantial for several crops. Opportunities for expansion into cooler regions were identified, but this adaptation would require substantial investments and may be limited by non-climatic constraints. Given the long time scales for growth and production of orchards and vineyards (� 30 years), climate change should be an important factor in selecting perennial varieties and deciding whether and where perennials should be planted. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mid- and long-term outcomes of carotid-cavernous fistula endovascular management with Onyx and n-BCA: experience of a single tertiary center

Introduction Endovascular therapy is the preferred treatment for most carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). Early reports have documented excellent initial clinical and radiographic outcomes after embolization of CCFs with Onyx or n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA), but little evidence is available about the long-term durability of this technique. Objective To characterize the long-term durability of CCF liquid embolization. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed a database of 24 CCFs in 21 consecutive patients who underwent Onyx or n-BCA embolization of a CCF from 2006 to 2013 at our institution. Results A total of 25 Onyx or n-BCA embolization procedures were attempted and 24 successfully completed during the study, resulting in complete or near-complete occlusion by the end of the study in all 24 CCFs (obliteration success, 100%). Attempted embolization in a single CCF failed initially, but was performed successfully at a later date by a different approach. None of the 24 CCFs recanalized, regrew, or required any further treatment subsequent to Onyx or n-BCA embolization throughout a mean 12.4 months of angiographic follow-up (range 1–36 months). Clinically significant complications were seen in three embolization procedures, including cranial nerve palsies (n=1), embolic infarct (n=1), and intraperitoneal hemorrhage (n=1). Conclusions Early evidence has indicated that endovascular embolization with Onyx is relatively safe and effective at achieving an initial angiographic cure for CCFs. Results of our series suggest that angiographic and clinical outcomes of Onyx and n-BCA embolization remain stable at mid- and long-term follow-up.
A place for every tool and every tool in its place: Performing collaborative tasks with interactive robotic drawers

In this study, we examined how participants (N=20) interacted and collaborated with a set of robotic drawers to accomplish an assembly task. The drawers' behavior varied along two dimensions — proactivity and expressivity of motions. The results of our study indicate that participants consider an expressive robot to be more involved and interested in the interaction. We also found that while proactive or expressive robots could dominate the interaction, proactivity might negatively affect the participants' perception of their social status relative to that of the robot's, while expressiveness did not. This shows the importance of utilizing expressive movements when designing socially appropriate robots that collaborate with human users.
An Analysis of Risk and Return in the Defense Market: Its Impact on Weapon System Competition

With growing austerity pressures from the Administration, Congress, and the general public, the Government's procurement policy has called for increased use of dual-source competition as a means of reducing acquisition costs. In practice, however, this policy has produced mixed results. The cause seems to be an inadequate understanding of the peculiarities of competition in the Government's market. This paper examines the risk and return available in the defense market, and relates it to the industry's propensity to compete. The results show that intelligent observation of the industry's capacity utilization rate would contribute to the development of a more efficient acquisition policy.
Statistical dependence in risk analysis for project networks using Monte Carlo methods

Monte Carlo simulation of project networks is increasingly used by engineering firms to analyze schedule/cost risk for bidding purposes. However, one serious methodological flaw of most Monte Carlo simulations is the assumption of statistical independence of activity durations in the network. In this paper, a method is proposed to model and quantify positive dependence between uncertainty distributions of activities. This method inherits the theoretically sound foundations of the rank correlation method, but provides a less cumbersome method to elicit dependency information from project engineers. Details of the methodology are described along with an example of project risk analysis in a manufacturing domain (shipbuilding).
Agrin Binds to the N-terminal Region of Lrp4 Protein and Stimulates Association between Lrp4 and the First Immunoglobulin-like Domain in Muscle-specific Kinase (MuSK)

Neuromuscular synapse formation depends upon coordinated interactions between motor neurons and muscle fibers, leading to the formation of a highly specialized postsynaptic membrane and a highly differentiated nerve terminal. Synapse formation begins as motor axons approach muscles that are prepatterned in the prospective synaptic region in a manner that depends upon Lrp4, a member of the LDL receptor family, and muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Motor axons supply Agrin, which binds Lrp4 and stimulates further MuSK phosphorylation, stabilizing nascent synapses. How Agrin binds Lrp4 and stimulates MuSK kinase activity is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Agrin binds to the N-terminal region of Lrp4, including a subset of the LDLa repeats and the first of four β-propeller domains, which promotes association between Lrp4 and MuSK and stimulates MuSK kinase activity. In addition, we show that Agrin stimulates the formation of a functional complex between Lrp4 and MuSK on the surface of myotubes in the absence of the transmembrane and intracellular domains of Lrp4. Further, we demonstrate that the first Ig-like domain in MuSK, which shares homology with the NGF-binding region in Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (TrKA), is required for MuSK to bind Lrp4. These findings suggest that Lrp4 is a cis-acting ligand for MuSK, whereas Agrin functions as an allosteric and paracrine regulator to promote association between Lrp4 and MuSK.
Topology, fermionic zero modes and flavor singlet correlators in finite temperature QCD

Among the non-perturbative properties of quarks, those associated with the topology of the gauge fields occupy a special place. This follows from the Atiyah-Singer index theorem which guarantees the existence of fermionic zero modes on configurations with non-trivial topology. As a result, non-perturbative issues related to the axial anomaly can generally be studied with enhanced control. In the context of finite temperature QCD, one such issue relates to the realization of the anomalous U(1) axial symmetry. If this symmetry were to be effectively restored at the critical temperature, the increased number of soft degrees of freedom would modify the nature of the phase transition. Needless to say, only the lattice can really hope to tackle this question, at this time. Unfortunately, the lattice formulation also introduces artifacts and there is for example no exact index theorem in this context. Instead, what is observed with the actions currently used is the zero mode shift phenomenon (i.e. modes with small but non-zero eigenvalue and which are not exactly chiral). What the authors would like to show here is that even in this case, enough is recognizable of the continuum behavior that meaningful conclusions can be drawn. They find that the U{sub A}(1) symmetry is not restored at the phase transition but only at somewhat higher temperatures. At the same time, it is clear that detailed quantitative questions could only be answered with the use of an improved action.
Cognitive Collaborations: Bidirectional Functional Connectivity Between the Cerebellum and the Hippocampus

There is a growing recognition that the utility of the cerebellum is not limited to motor control. This review focuses on the particularly novel area of hippocampal-cerebellar interactions. Recent work has illustrated that the hippocampus and cerebellum are functionally connected in a bidirectional manner such that the cerebellum can influence hippocampal activity and vice versa. This functional connectivity has important implications for physiology, including spatial navigation and timing-dependent tasks, as well as pathophysiology, including seizures. Moving forward, an improved understanding of the critical biological underpinnings of these cognitive collaborations may improve interventions for neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
The Effect of Vitamin B12 on the Tolerance of Chicks for High Levels of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate

Three experiments were conducted with White Leghorn chicks hatched from hens fed diets varying in levels of protein, fat, and vitamin B12. Adding animal fat at a level of 10% in the chick diet caused growth depression of vitamin B12 deficient chicks, regardless of protein or energy level of hen or chick diet. Increasing the level of fat to 20% in the chick diet caused further growth depression and increased mortality. Feed efficiency of vitamin B12 deficient chicks was severely depressed by each additional increment in the fat level. Increasing protein content from 20 to 30% in the chick diet resulted in severe growth depression and poor feed efficiency. Although the added fat in the 30% protein chick diet depressed growth of chicks hatched from hens fed the 16 and 32% protein with added fat, it improved growth of those hatched from hens fed the similar diets with no added fat. Added fat in the 30% protein chick diet also improved feed efficiency of all chicks regardless of breeder diet treatments. Chicks hatched with an adequate carry-over of vitamin B12 from hens or chicks fed a diet with 10 micrograms of added vitamin B12/kg of feed did not show the growth depression caused by the high level of fat in the 20 and 30% protein chick diets. Feed efficiency was greatly improved by the addition of vitamin B12 to all chick diets. In a 22% protein vitamin B12 deficient diet, isocaloric substitution of glucose for fat depressed chick growth significantly and this growth depression was counteracted by supplementing the diet with 10 or 100 micrograms of vitamin B12/kg of feed. The vitamin B12 requirement was not increased by such substitution in the 22% protein diet. In contrast, isocaloric substitution of fat for glucose in the 32% protein chick diet increased the vitamin B12 need for optimum growth.
Understanding gravity gradiometry processing and interpretation through the Kauring test site data

The Kauring Gravity Gradiometry Test site offers a unique opportunity to understand the information content of various types of gravity gradient measurements and the required processing and interpretation techniques. In this paper, we utilize the measured ground vertical gravity data to simulate realistic airborne gravity gradiometry data from several current and future systems using an equivalent-source technique. We then invert these simulated data for the underlying density contrast and evaluate the performance of these inversions. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of equivalent-source based method for data conversion in the presence of scattered observations. The major density features recovered from the optimally converted gradient data are highly consistent with those from the original ground gravity.
The anticandidal properties of chlorinated 8-quinolinols

The in vitro anticandidal properties of six chlorinated 8-quinolinols (3-chloro-, 5-chloro-, 6- chloro-, 7-chloro-, 3,6-dichloro-, and 5,7-dichloro-8- quinolinols) were evaluated. Various concentrations of these compounds were added to cultures of Can- dida albicans and C. tropicalis grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth with and without bovine serum. The 5-chloro- and 6-chloro-8-quinolinols proved to be most effective at inhibiting the growth of C. albicans while 3,6-dichloro-8-quinolinol was most effective at controlling the growth of C. tropicalis. Cytotoxicity tests on baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, however, demonstrated that the compounds tested were cyto- toxic at their minimum inhibitory concentrations ex- cept for 3,6-dichloro-8-quinolinol which proved effec- tive at inhibiting the growth of C. tropicalis at about one half the cytotoxic dose. Because this compound showed antifungal properties at concentrations that
Tumescent analgesia in plastic surgery.

BACKGROUND Tumescent analgesia (TA) is commonly used for liposuction without needing sedation or general anesthesia. METHODS A literature review of current use of TA in plastic surgery was done to determine other procedures where TA can be useful and present a standard protocol for use. RESULTS TA is used for breast, body, face, and extremity procedures, both with and without supplemental anesthesia. The TA fluid commonly contains lidocaine as the anesthetic agent, but there is more recent experience with using bupivacaine. Despite concerns of high doses of local anesthetics, TA seems to be safe and effective. CONCLUSIONS TA can be implemented into practice to provide improved pain control and decrease anesthesia requirements.
CORTISONE AND ANTIMALARIAL DRUG ACTIVITY AGAINST PLASMODIUM BERGHEI.

The interaction of chemotherapy and adrenal cortical hormones has been the subject of a number of investigations which were reviewed by Kass and Finland (1957). The object of the present studies was to measure the joint effect of drugs showing opposite activities in many experimental infections. Generally it has been found that adrenal cortical hormones produce an antitherapeutic effect which can be overcome by an increase in the dose of chemotherapeutic agent. In malaria this matter is complicated by inconsistent results obtained in experiments designed to measure the effect of cortisone alone. Schneider (1953) reported no effect in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, although Findlay and Howard (1952) had reported that parasitemia was hastened and intensified and deaths occurred sooner in mice
Release of Gypsy Moth Populations from Innocuous Levels

Prior studies led to the premise that gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations tend to increase numerically from innocuous levels in environments where abundant, sheltered resting and pupation locations reduce the probability that the growing insects will be eaten by vertebrates. Although such locations may be found anywhere within the environment, and may either occur naturally or be introduced by man, they are usually above the forest floor, close to or part of a suitable host tree, and dark, dry, and rough. Test results described herein both supported this premise and led to the conclusion that environmental conditions that tend to produce or represent abundant sheltered locations for this pest also tend to produce or represent potential outbreak foci. Such environmental conditions include dry, rocky ridges, excessively drained sands, remnant “wolf-trees”, and ice storms. Other environmental conditions that may contribute to the release of gypsy moth populations from innocuous levels include changes in habitat or food sources of predators, tree age, nutrient and moisture deficiencies, air pollution, land abuse, and climate. Qualitative differences between individual insects may also contribute to population release from innocuous levels.
Expanding a measure of mental health literacy: Development and validation of a multicomponent mental health literacy measure

Mental health literacy (MHL) is an important factor in mental health care. However, few measures are available that assess multiple components of MHL and that are applicable to lay community people. A valid, comprehensive measure is needed to adequately identify the level of MHL and need for mental health education. This study presents the development of a multicomponent MHL measure and its psychometric properties. Participants (n=211) were recruited from a local public housing authority in Texas. A series of an exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, an independent sample t-test, and a correlation analysis were used to assess construct, known-groups, and concurrent validity. Internal consistency reliability was examined by Kuder-Richardson Formula 20. The result suggested a second-order factor model by three first-order factors: knowledge-oriented MHL; beliefs-oriented MHL; resource-oriented MHL. This measure was a valid tool to assess MHL among public housing staff. This measure can be useful in examining lay community members' levels of MHL.
Exploratory learning with Alice: experiences leading a computer science workshop for girl scouts

When the authors prepared an hour long Alice workshop for a local chapter of the Society of Women in Engineering (SWE) STEM-based event for Girl Scouts, we started with the assumption that we would have to outline each step, demonstrate the array of available techniques and tools in Alice, and, in general, provide lots of direction (as we do for our lectures and labs with college students). As is often the case for adults not experienced with teaching K-12 students, we quickly realized that we weren't able to hold the girls' attention when we tried to provide "instruction". Fortunately, we also discovered that the girls didn't need much instruction; once they were shown Alice examples, they were off and running trying to create their own scenes. Thus, the process of "teaching" evolved into exploratory (active) self-directed, just-in-time learning. This did not mean that the girls did not, at times, need individual guidance from the workshop leaders; anticipating and being prepared to answer the complete array of possible questions was our primary challenge. This paper outlines our experience planning, presenting and evaluating the Alice workshop, hopefully providing insights that could be valuable for other STEM faculty looking to attract the next generation to their disciplines.
c-MYC Is a Major Downstream Target of NOTCH in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Abstract We recently reported that activating mutations in the NOTCH1 receptor occur in a high percentage of primary human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). Withdrawal of NOTCH signals by treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) or by transduction with a dominant-negative Mastermind-like-1 polypeptide (a specific NOTCH pathway inhibitor) induces growth arrest of many T-ALL cell lines, suggesting that NOTCH supplies signals that are needed for maintenance of growth of T-ALL cells. In order to identify downstream targets of NOTCH that mediate these effects, we performed gene expression profiling on NOTCH signaling-dependent T-ALL cell lines before and after NOTCH inhibition. Among a number of identified candidate genes was c-MYC, which was of particular interest given its importance in promoting cellular growth and its known dysregulation in a number of hematolymphoid neoplasms. c-MYC was down-regulated following NOTCH inhibition, and rapidly up-regulated following release of NOTCH inhibition, even in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that it is a direct NOTCH transcriptional target. Further, a subset of murine and human T-ALL cell lines were rescued from GSI-mediated growth arrest by c-MYC-expressing retroviruses. The failure of c-MYC to rescue some NOTCH-dependent cell lines likely stems from differences in cellular context, such as collaborating oncogenic lesions and/or the stage of T cell development the cell lines recapitulate. Nevertheless, these data implicate c-MYC as a major downstream target of NOTCH in T-ALL.
Challenges in neurologic prognostication after neonatal brain injury

Parents often ask neonatologists and neurologists to determine neurologic prognosis in the preterm and term infant after neonatal brain injury. Prognostication in these populations remains rather full of uncertainties. Knowledge of available diagnostic tests and their limitations allows the clinician to synthesize the most likely outcomes after neurologic injury. In this review, we describe the diagnostic tools available to the clinician, active areas of research, and challenges in neurologic prognostication of the neonate.
Fractional Burgers equation with nonlinear non-locality

We consider the viscous Burgers equation with a fractional nonlinear term as a model involving non-local nonlinearities in conservation laws, which, surprisingly, has an analytical solution obtained by a fractional extension of the HopfCole transformation. We use this model and its inviscid limit to develop stable spectral and discontinuous Galerkin spectral element methods by employing the concept of spectral vanishing viscosity (SVV). For the global spectral method, SVV is very effective and the computational cost is O(N2), which is essentially the same as for the standard Burgers equation. We also develop a local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) spectral element method to improve the accuracy around discontinuities, and we again stabilize the LDG method with the SVV operator. Finally, we solve numerically the inviscid fractional Burgers equation both with the spectral and the spectral element LDG methods. We study systematically the stability and convergence of both methods and determine the effectiveness of each method for different parameters.
Effects of detector blur and correlated noise on digital breast tomosynthesis reconstruction

To improve digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) image quality, we are developing model-based iterative reconstruction methods. We developed the SQS-DBCN algorithm, which incorporated detector blur into the system model and correlation into the noise model under some simplifying assumptions. In this paper, we further improved the regularization in the SQS-DBCN method by incorporating neighbors along the diagonal directions. To further understand the role of the different components in the system model of the SQS-DBCN method, we reconstructed DBT images without modeling either the detector blur or noise correlation for comparison. Visual comparison of the reconstructed images showed that regularizing with diagonal directions reduced artifacts and the noise level. The SQS-DBCN reconstructed images had better image quality than reconstructions without models for detector blur or correlated noise, as indicated by the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) of MCs and textural artifacts. These results indicated that regularized DBT reconstruction with detector blur and correlated noise modeling, even with simplifying assumptions, can improve DBT image quality compared to that without system modeling.
Metabolism of the plant hormone jasmonate: a sentinel for tissue damage and master regulator of stress response

Despite being the major dietary source for countless insects, plants have not only survived but thrived on earth and represent arguably the largest terrestrial biomass. This is because plants, instead of falling passive victims to the insects, have come to possess numerous defense strategies including production of insect poisons, deterrents, and other anti-nutritive compounds. A significant part of these built-in defenses are inducible and tactfully coordinated with plant growth in a manner that maximizes return on investment. The lipid-derived signal jasmonate (JA) orchestrates many of these inducible defense responses. JA has a similar evolutionary origin as eicosanoids which play critical roles in mammalian wound and inflammatory responses indicating cross-kingdom adoption of lipid-derived signals for use against tissue injuries. The molecular perception and signaling mechanism of JA indicates that the intracellular concentration of a derivative, jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is the major determinant factor for the dynamic regulation of the JA signaling system. Interdisciplinary methods including recombinant enzyme assays, mass spectrometry based hormone profiling, genetics, genomics, and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have assisted in elucidating metabolic pathways controlling JA-Ile homeostasis. Along with the relatively well established biosynthetic enzymes, more recently discovered catabolic pathways as well as areas that need new discoveries are discussed herein. Knowledge obtained from the JA-dependent stress adaptive responses are expected to have agricultural and industrial impact in the future toward the development of environmentally friendly ways of managing pests and tapping into a largely unexplored treasure trove of plant-derived specialized metabolites for human use.
Beyond the Wounded Archive: Partition’s Hauntings and Bombay Cinema

This paper explores gendered violence of India’s Partition in by examining Bombay cinema’s first ghost story in 1949. The archive of India’s independence and Partition into two new states is wounded by the lack of testimony about the atrocities of 1947. Retrieving historical subjectivity means having to read texts that are not included within an official archive. I argue that research about Partition must move beyond a fixation on state-centric, English-language colonial and national archives, as well as literary narratives by elites that are often used to “fill in the gaps”. If one is to retrieve some sense of collective recognition of sexual violence, the task before the historian is to grapple with the fragments left behind at the level of popular cultural imagination.