cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenoameloblastoma: report of case.

A23-year-old woman had had a painless swelling in the left maxilla for a year. On radiographic examination, a radiolucent region that was associated with an unerupted tooth was seen. With the patient under general anesthesia, a well-encapsulated tumor was excised and the unerupted left canine, attached to the mass, was removed. The diagnosis made in the pathologist’s report was adenoameloblastoma, a benign lesion often having distinct clinical and radiographic features.
DUANE RETRACTION SYNDROME

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) consists of deficient horizontal eye movements, eyelid retraction, palpebral fissure narrowing, and abnormal vertical eye movements. Most cases are sporadic and unilateral (usually left side) with a slight female predominance. Several associated ocular and systemic conditions have been described in DRS patients. In most cases, the abducens nucleus and nerve are absent or hypoplastic, and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve. However, there may be contributing mechanical abnormalities. Type I DRS (primary gaze position esotropia with limitation of abduction) comprises the majority of cases. Approximately 50% of type I DRS patients are orthophoric in primary gaze. Esotropia is the most common type of strabismus encountered, and characteristic up shoots and down shoots occur in adduction. Surgical intervention has gradually become more popular in order to improve the primary gaze alignment and mitigate some of the associated abnormalities in ocular motility. However, patients are rarely rendered clinically normal, and limited expectations are appropriate.
The charged dumbbell model for dilute polyelectrolyte solutions in strong flows

A charged dumbbell model is used to investigate the behavior of dilute polyelectrolyte solutions in a general linear two-dimensional flow. The model studied has a nonlinear spring, conformation dependent friction and a Coulombic repulsive force due to an effective electrostatic charge on the two beads. The relative importance of the electrostatic charge is reflected by an effective charge density parameter,E. Equilibrium properties such as end-to-end distance and intrinsic viscosity are strongly dependent onE. In strong flows, which produce a dramatic increase in the dumbbell dimensions (a coil-stretch transition), the onset behavior is influenced byE. IncreasingE causes the onset velocity gradient to shift to much lower values. Large values ofE change the qualitative behavior to that of rigid (or slightly extensible) macromolecules or fibers. Results are presented for a charged dumbbell at equilibrium, in steady flows, and in transient flows.
Contribution of charged groups to the enthalpic stabilization of the folded states of globular proteins.

In this paper we use the results from all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of proteins and peptides to assess the individual contribution of charged atomic groups to the enthalpic stability of the native state of globular proteins and investigate how the distribution of charged atomic groups in terms of solvent accessibility relates to protein enthalpic stability. The contributions of charged groups is calculated using a comparison of nonbonded interaction energy terms from equilibrium simulations of charged amino acid dipeptides in water (the “unfolded state”) and charged amino acids in globular proteins (the “folded state”). Contrary to expectation, the analysis shows that many buried, charged atomic groups contribute favorably to protein enthalpic stability. The strongest enthalpic contributions favoring the folded state come from the carboxylate (COO-) groups of either Glu or Asp. The contributions from Arg guanidinium groups are generally somewhat stabilizing, while Ngroups from Lys contribut...
Divisions in Isolated Cells of Palisade Parenchyma of Arachis hypogaea

THE exclusive use, up to now, of isolated cells of angiosperms from mechanically separated callus of multicellular origin1–6 carries the inherent shortcoming that such cells and tissues are patently of artificial origin, environment, and physiology. From every botanical viewpoint, it behoves the investigator of cell morphogenesis to start his experiments with a normal cell. Theoretically, one of the very best starting materials is the mesophyll cell of the angiospermous leaf, the use of which was attempted, unsuccessfully, by Haberlandt7 more than 65 years ago. Though Haberlandt reported consistent failure in this early attempt, it is difficult to know the reasons for it, beyond the undeniable fact that axenic conditions were not attained, and indeed, were not considered essential by him. Bobilioff-Preisser8 attempted to repeat Haberlandt's trials, with modifications, but had the same failures. Schmucker9 reported that the very easily separated mesophyll cells of Macleaya cordata divided, yielding groups of a dozen cells in filter-sterilized grated sap of the same leaf. He published no further observations on it. His results, however, were confirmed by Fiedler10 (p. 382), who presented no photographs. Kandler11 doubted the foregoing reports and tried the same and other leaves without any success. Once again,, Kohlenbach12 reported the growth of these isolated mesophyll cells in White's medium with coconut water and 2,4-D. His photomicrograph shows a packet of 6–8 cells which he thought were produced by divisions from a single palisade cell. It appears to us that final proof of divisions in the single isolated mesophyll cell is possible only through a photographic record by time-lapse. This has been provided in the present communication.
Excitatory amino acid receptors in glial progenitor cells: Molecular and functional properties

We have analyzed the molecular and biophysical properties of glutamate-gated channels in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, using both the CG-4 primary cell line (Louis et al: J. Neurosci. Res. 31:193-204, 1992a) and oligodendrocyte progenitors purified from the rat cerebral cortex. CG-4 progenitor cells, as well as primary progenitors, were stained with a specific anti-GABA antibody. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, rapid perfusion of the agonists L-glutamate, kainate, and AMPA produced rapidly desensitizing currents in CG-4 cells. NMDA was ineffective. Both rapidly desensitizing and steady-state components of responses to kainate were inhibited by the kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX. Northern blot analysis of total mRNA isolated from CG-4 cells revealed co-expression of both AMPA- and kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunits. The activation of glutamate receptors in CG-4 cells caused a rapid and transient elevation of mRNAs for the immediate early gene NGFI-A.
Beyond extinction: Habituation eliminates conditioned skin conductance across contexts

A marked signature of fear extinction is its vulnerability for relapse. Here, we departed from the standard extinction principle and examined the ability of habituation to reduce conditioned fear reactions and prevent relapse. In a human fear conditioning paradigm, we first established one visual stimulus as a signal for an impending aversive electrical stimulation, while another visual stimulus was never followed by this stimulation. Next, the screen color changed and participants were exposed to either the visual stimuli without electrical stimulation (extinction treatment) or to the electrical stimulation without the visual stimuli (habituation treatment). Finally, the screen color changed back and the two visual stimuli were tested. Verbal ratings showed a return of conditioned shock-expectancy in the two groups, while skin conductance reactivity showed conditioned discrimination following exposures to the visual stimuli, but not following exposures to the electrical stimulation. We conclude that a habituation treatment outperforms an extinction treatment, and that shock-expectancy and skin conductance can dissociate under some conditions.
Flux Pinning Behavior in Twin Boundaries of Single Crystal YBa2Cu3O7-δ

We present magnetoresistance measurements up to H = 6 Tesla using a crossed magnetic field technique to demonstrate pinning by twin boundaries (TB) in YBa2Cu3O7-δ. We investigate geometries for H ‖ c ‖ TB, H ‖ ab ‖ TB and for H rotated within a twin boundary plane. We find the critical angle θ* for TB pinning to be field dependent and field independent for H ‖ c ‖ TB and H ‖ ab ‖ TB respectively in fields up to 6 Tesla and temperatures near Tc. In addition, we report on the full phase diagram for the onset of TB pinning. The TB pinning onset temperature coincides with the ‘shoulder’ feature observed in the resistive transition in magnetic fields in these crystals.
Secure transmission of static and dynamic images via chaotic encryption in acousto-optic hybrid feedback with profiled light beams

Secure information encryption via acousto-optic (AO) chaos with profiled optical beams indicates substantially better performance in terms of system robustness. This paper examines encryption of static and time-varying (video) images onto AO chaotic carriers using Gaussian-profile beams with diffracted data numerically generated using transfer functions. The use of profiled beams leads to considerable improvement in the encrypted signal. While static image encryption exhibits parameter tolerances within about ±10% for uniform optical beams, profiled beams reduce the tolerance to less than 1%, thereby vastly improving both the overall security of the transmitted information as well as the quality of the image retrieval.
Reversible and Irreversible Electrically-Induced Shape Changes in Cement-Basedmaterials

The electromechanical behavior of hardened portland cement paste has been investigated as a function of measurement frequency and DC electrical bias using an inductance technique. Large field-induced shape changes on the order of 10 4 A have been found in millimeter thick specimens exposed to moisture. Both reversible and irreversible contributions to the total electrically-induced strain were observed. In addition, strong hysteresis effects were found on cycling a large AC field. Dry samples were found to exhibit no field-induced deformations. The mechanism underlying this anomalous behavior is believed to be an electro-osmotically induced swelling of the gel-pore structures.
Detecting Swim Bladder Inflation in Fingerling Walleyes

Abstract The lack of swim bladder inflation has been recognized as a problem in intensively reared walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum) for many years. This phenomenon has also been recently observed in extensively reared walleye fingerlings. Four methods for detecting the presence of an inflated swim bladder – light table, anesthesia, saltwater float, and radiographic (X-ray) – were compared for accuracy, cost, and effect on survival. The light table method appeared to be fast and inexpensive, but was less accurate than the other three methods, probably because the fish were relatively large: the larger and more pigmented the fish, the more difficult the light table method is to use. The anesthesia method was accurate but time-consuming. The saltwater float method was accurate, simple, and cost-effective, but only dead fish were tested. The X-ray method is easy, accurate, and provides a permanent record, but it is expensive. Survival was not affected by handling or anesthesia in the light table or anesthesia ...
Productive and ineffective efforts: how student effort in high school mathematics relates to college calculus success

Relativizing the popular belief that student effort is the key to success, this article finds that effort in the most advanced mathematics course in US high schools is not consistently associated with college calculus performance. We distinguish two types of student effort: productive and ineffective efforts. Whereas the former carries the commonly expected benefits, the latter is associated with negative consequences. Time spent reading the course text in US high schools was negatively related to college calculus performance. Daily study time, however, was found to be either a productive or an ineffective effort, depending on the level of high school mathematics course and the student's performance in it.
Myosin heavy chain mRNA during the development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy

RNA synthesis increases during the development and decreases during the regression of pressure-overload induced myocardial hypertrophy. Until now, we have been unable to determine whether these events actually reflected changes in the messenger RNAs for the myosin heavy chain mRNA in the total RNA extracted from rat heart during the development and regression of hypertrophy. We found that the amount of MHC mRNA increased in proportion to the overall increase in total RNA during the development of hypertrophy. However, upon relief of pressure-overload, MHC mRNA decreased to a much greater degree than did total RNA. This is probably related to a sudden cessation of synthesis and the rapid degradation of mRNA. We conclude that the development and regression of myocardial hypertrophy is a function of changes in the mRNA for contractile proteins.
Effects of trimethyltin on homecage behavior of rats.

Abstract Diurnal patterns of feeding, drinking, locomotor activity, and rearing in male Fischer-344 rats were examined for 2 weeks after a single oral dose of trimethyltin chloride (TMT) at 0, 3, 5, or 7 mg/kg. Body weights and feeding and drinking efficiency ratios (ratios of amount of food or water consumed per unit effort) were also determined daily. TMT caused a dose- and time-related drop in body weight; two of five rats in the 7 mg/kg group were killed moribund on 15 days after dosing. Feed consumption fell to 25% of control within 5 days after 7 mg/kg TMT, and to 50% of control for Days 2 and 3 after 5 mg/kg TMT. Water consumption doubled within 2 days after 7 mg/kg TMT and remained elevated for 2 weeks. Feeding efficiency dropped to 40% of control after 7 mg/kg, but drinking efficiency was unchanged. The diurnal patterns of drinking and of rearing were disrupted at all doses of TMT: a normal peak in rearing activity, occurring immediately prior to light onset, was markedly attenuated after all doses on Day 3, and at 5 and 7 mg/kg on Days 5 and 7 post-TMT. These results suggest (1) that the regulation of feed and water intake is severely compromised after a high dose of TMT, and (2) that the rat's cyclical patterns of homecage behavior are sensitive to TMT doses as low as 3 mg/kg.
Occupational stress among professional local government managers: introspections and a prognosis

The area of stress research is broad and not well understood. Little is known about the ways in which workers cope with job related stress .This article explores this element of stress related behavior for local government managers. Among the most important findings are that local managers perceive their stress levels to be equal to or greater than many other professions often associated with high demand. It appears that local managers see other professional managers as facing increased levels of stress over the past decade. Managers also see their stress levels as equal to or greater than that of previous occupations or occupations they might wish to hold in th future. While age and length of experience appear to have little association with percieved levels of stress, increased education does appear to reduce such perceptions.
Mentoring in the career development of hospital staff nurses: Models and strategies

Mentoring in the career development of hospital staff nurses was explored using a qualitative, grounded-theory method in a descriptive study design. Verbatim audiotaped interviews of hospital staff nurses and their nurse managers from four hospitals in the northeast were used. Document analysis of key hospital and nursing organizational policy statements was included. Two models were identified from the study regarding the mentoring of hospital staff nurses, ie, a structural and a process model. Within the structural model, mentoring influentials were noted to be people, events, and environments. Peers and nurse managers proved to be the primary people influential in providing key mentoring strategies. Within the process model, four phases were identified leading to three separate career development outcomes toward which hospital staff nurses strive: the development of career-building relationships, facilitation of career transition points, and positive interaction within the organizational climate.
In vitro interactions between splenocytes and dansylamide dye-embedded nanoparticles detected by flow cytometry.

Abstract Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) possess a range of biological activity. In vitro methods for assessing toxicity and efficacy would be enhanced by simultaneous quantitative information on the behavior of NPs in culture systems and signals of cell response. We have developed a method for visualizing NPs within cells using standard flow-cytometric techniques and uniquely designed spherical siloxane NPs with an embedded (covalently bound) dansylamide dye. This method allowed NP visualization without obscuring detection of relevant biomarkers of cell subtype, activation state, and other events relevant to assessing bioactivity. We determined that NPs penetrated cells and induced a range of biological signals consistent with activation and costimulation. These results indicate that NPs may affect cell function at concentrations below those inducing cytotoxicity or apoptosis and demonstrate a novel method to image both localization of NPs and cell-level effects. From the Clinical Editor A method for visualizing NPs within cells using standard flow-cytometric techniques is reported in this paper. The novel method allowed NP visualization without obscuring detection of relevant biomarkers of cell subtype, activation state, and other events relevant to assessing bioactivity. NPs also induced a range of biological signals consistent with activation and costimulation.
The Immigrant Haitian Mother: Transcultural Nursing Perspective on Preventive Health Care for Children:

Thirty immigrant Haitian mothers in Southeast Florida were interviewed regarding their beliefs and practices about preventive health care (illness prevention and health maintenance measures) for infants and preschool children (up to age 5). All mothers used preventive health care measures from both the Western biomedical and traditional Haitian ethnomedical (folk) systems. Ninety-seven percent used magico-religious measures; 47% administered home remedies; 47% gave children over-the-counter drugs; and 35% utilized a variety of measures to ensure cold air did not enter neonates and cause illness or pain. The Haitian mothers considered the preventive health care measures effective because the children remained healthy and will likely use them again. They sought consultation from a variety of individuals who formed their health management groups and child caretaker networks. Infants and toddlers were considered at higher risk than newborns for illness due to "evil harm" inflicted by other people and/or voodoo spirits. Implications for transcultural nursing practice include developing community outreach programs, implementing nursing interventions that combine biomedical and ethnomedical preventive health care measures, and functioning as part of the health management group. The authors wish to thank Maude Vincent, R.N., for her assistance in data gathering and analysis.
Benign lymphoid aggregates in the bone marrow: distribution patterns of B and T lymphocytes

Benign lymphoid aggregates are seen in only a minority of bone marrow specimens, but their distinction from non-Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly B-cell lymphomas, can represent a diagnostic challenge. Although criteria have been proposed to help distinguish between benign and malignant aggregates, a detailed description of the distribution patterns of B and T lymphocytes within benign lymphoid aggregates has not been investigated. One hundred thirty-seven cases of bone marrow specimens containing benign aggregates were studied with a panel of immunostains. A subset of these cases was also examined for immunoglobulin gene rearrangements by polymerase chain reaction. The aggregates were categorized based on size, location (paratrabecular or random), presence of infiltrating edges, and distribution of lymphoid cell populations. In addition, we examined 40 cases of bone marrow biopsies with documented malignant lymphoid aggregates for comparison purposes. We report that the distribution of B and T lymphocytes within lymphoid aggregates may serve as a useful criterion to aid in the separation between benign and malignant aggregates. When aggregates exhibit a predominance of T cells, consist of a central core of T cells surrounded by a rim of B cells, or have a mixed distribution of B and T cells, they are more likely to be benign. On the other hand, an increased likelihood of malignancy occurs when aggregates exhibit a predominance of B cells or consist of a central core of B cells surrounded by a rim of T cells (excluding germinal center formation), and assessing other features worrisome of malignancy (large aggregate size, presence of infiltrative edges, cellular atypia, and paratrabecular location, among others) is warranted.
Vibration statistics of the Duffing oscillator

Abstract The stationary response of the Duffing oscillator excited by white noise is considered. Based on the associated Fokker-Planck equation, the joint moments, of all orders, of the displacement and velocity are obtained in closed-form, in terms of parabolic cylinder functions. An asymptotic expansion, valid for large values of a dimensionless parameter, is also presented. It is shown that all moments of the Duffing oscillator are bounded by the corresponding moments of the linear oscillator.
Fine structure physical map locations of alterations that affect cell fusion in herpes simplex virus type 1

Abstract Fine structure physical map locations were determined for syncytial mutants (MP, syn -20, syn -102, syn -103, and syn -105) of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1(HSV-1). All except MP were derived from the KOS strain. MP contains multiple mutations, including one that leads to the loss of accumulation of glycoprotein gC ( Ruyechan, 1979 ). Overlapping DNA subclones within the prototypic map coordinates 0.707 to 0.810 were constructed from a library of KOS fragments. These were used along with intact mutant DNA to rescue the syn marker. Mutations in all of the mutants were rescued by KOS DNA sequences between 0.732 and 0.745. This cell-dependent syn mutation is the only lesion in the KOS-derived mutants. A second syn mutation in MP was mapped at coordinates 0.745 to 0.753. This lesion produces less fusion and is also cell-type dependent for the fusion phenotype. Cell-type independent fusion requires the presence of both mutations. The locus determining glycoprotein C (gC) production in strain MP was also mapped, using indirect immunofluorescence, to coordinates 0.745 to 0.753. Nucleotide sequences for ICP-27, an immediate early or a protein of unknown function, are within these coordinates. Since gC production and the syn phenotype are separable by recombination, they must be caused by independent mutations.
Integrating reading and writing in a competency test for non-native speakers of English

Abstract This paper reports on a test that is being used to fulfill a university writing examination requirement for non-native speakers of English. The test, which requires students to read two passages, write short-answer comprehension and synthesis questions, and write an argument essay on a topic related to the passages, replaces a test that was based on a choice among several short prompts. In the paper, three aspects of test validation are considered. First, a comparison between the new test and the old test shows that rater reliability and consistency across test topics is substantially higher on the new test. Second, a review of transcripts of students who failed the new test three or more times reveals that these students are also having difficulty in English and History courses. Finally, an interview with a test preparation course instructor reveals that the new test is having positive washback: that is, the course to prepare students for the new course focuses on skills that are more easily transferable to other academic courses than the course preparing students for the old test. The costs of preparing a test of this nature are addressed, and the argument is put forward that if students are required to pass an examination as a condition of graduation the institution must be willing to provide sufficient resources to test students fairly.
The rapid spread of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) with observations on native crayfish declines in Wisconsin (U.S.A.) over the past 130 years

The rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, is one of America’s best-known non-indigenous crayfishes, having been identified as extirpating native crayfishes and disrupting local aquatic ecosystems. Over the past 40–50 years, rusty crayfish have spread from its historical range in the Ohio River drainage (U.S.A.), to waters throughout much of Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and parts of 11 other states, Ontario (Canada) and the Laurentian Great Lakes. Using a comprehensive dataset based on all known historical records and extensive present-day surveys (n = 2775) this study reports on the invasion history of rusty crayfish, with observations on concomitant declines of native crayfishes in Wisconsin over the past 130 years (1870–2004). We found that rusty crayfish occurrences have increased from 7% of all crayfish records collected during the first 20 years of their invasion (1965–1984) to 36% of all records during the last 20 years, and that rusty crayfish have replaced the northern clearwater crayfish (O. propinquus) and virile crayfish (O. virilis) as the most dominant member of the contemporary crayfish fauna. In light of our results we discuss the introduction, establishment and integration phases of the rusty crayfish invasion and provide preliminary predictions of the potential distribution of rusty crayfish in Wisconsin lakes based on critical environmental requirements.
Glucagon Deficiency Reduces Hepatic Glucose Production and Improves Glucose Tolerance In Adult Mice

The major role of glucagon is to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to raise blood glucose levels during hypoglycemic conditions. Several animal models have been established to examine the in vivo function of glucagon in the liver through attenuation of glucagon via glucagon receptor knockout animals and pharmacological interventions. To investigate the consequences of glucagon loss to hepatic glucose production and glucose homeostasis, we derived mice with a pancreas specific ablation of the α-cell transcription factor, Arx, resulting in a complete loss of the glucagon-producing pancreatic α-cell. Using this model, we found that glucagon is not required for the general health of mice but is essential for total hepatic glucose production. Our data clarifies the importance of glucagon during the regulation of fasting and postprandial glucose homeostasis.
Inhibition of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DP-IV) by Xaa-boroPro dipeptides and use of these inhibitors to examine the role of DP-IV in T-cell function.

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV; dipeptidyl-peptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.5) is a serine protease with a specificity for cleaving Xaa-Pro dipeptides from polypeptides and proteins. It is found in a variety of mammalian cells and tissues, including those of lymphoid origin where it is found specifically on the surface of CD4+ T cells. Although the functional significance of this enzyme has not been established, a role in T-cell activation and immune regulation has been proposed. Here we report that Ala-boroPro and Pro-boroPro, where boroPro is the alpha-amino boronic acid analog of proline, are potent and specific inhibitors of DP-IV, having Ki values in the nanomolar range. Blocking the N terminus of Ala-boroPro abolishes the affinity of this inhibitor for DP-IV, while removal of the N-terminal residue, to give boroPro, reduces the affinity for DP-IV by 5 orders of magnitude. The dipeptide boronic acids exhibit slow-binding kinetics, while boroPro does not. We also report here that low concentrations of Pro-boroPro inhibit antigen-induced proliferation and interleukin 2 production in murine T-cell lines but do not inhibit the response of these T cells to the mitogen concanavalin A. These results indicate that DP-IV plays a role in antigen-induced, but not mitogen-induced, activation of T lymphocytes.
Expression and Quantification of Degrees of Resistance by Rabbits to Infestation with Rhipicephalus Sanguineus (L), Dermacentor Variabilis (Say) and Amblyomma Maculatum Koch, (Acari, Ixodidae)

Several experiments were conducted with Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma maculatum during which degrees of resistance by rabbits to infestation were quantified. Manifestations of resistance were measured through estimations of “Decreased Tick-Weight Index”, “Decreased Engorgement Period Index” and “Reject Index”. Degree of resistance was evaluated through estimation of Tick Resistance Index. The degree of resistance of rabbits to infestation with each of the three tick species was found to increase with the number of reinfestations. Fully engorged ticks induce the same degree of resistance as partially engorged ones. Nymphal ticks induced higher resistance than larvae, but the resistance conferred by both immature stages was lower than that conferred by adults; previous exposure of rabbits to adults enhanced the degree of resistance against subsequent nymphal or larval infestation. There was cross-resistance between A. maculatum, D. variabilis and R. sanguineus. Resistance induced in rabbits waned with time; rabbits became non-resistant to ticks 12 weeks after the last infestation. Resistance to tick infestation was transferred to rabbits through passive transference of serum from resistant animals. The importance of these observations to the epidemiology of field infestation of animals with ticks is discussed.
Integrative genomic profiling of human prostate cancer

Annotation of prostate cancer genomes provides a foundation for discoveries that can impact disease understanding and treatment. Concordant assessment of DNA copy number, mRNA expression, and focused exon resequencing in 218 prostate cancer tumors identified the nuclear receptor coactivator NCOA2 as an oncogene in approximately 11% of tumors. Additionally, the androgen-driven TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was associated with a previously unrecognized, prostate-specific deletion at chromosome 3p14 that implicates FOXP1, RYBP, and SHQ1 as potential cooperative tumor suppressors. DNA copy-number data from primary tumors revealed that copy-number alterations robustly define clusters of low- and high-risk disease beyond that achieved by Gleason score. The genomic and clinical outcome data from these patients are now made available as a public resource.
Detection of Immunoglobulin M Antibody to Hepatitis A Virus in Alaska Residents without Other Evidence of Hepatitis

During a 38-month period, 13 of 41 persons with test results positive for IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus did not meet the case definition for hepatitis A or have a clear indication for testing, which suggests that test results were falsely positive. No single testing platform or kit was used. Health care providers should restrict serologic testing for hepatitis A to patients with clinical or epidemiologic indications.
PROBLEMS IN THE DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF STREAM LENGTH

Although stream length is a fundamental property of fluvially eroded landscapes, methods of obtaining this basic measure vary; therefore, data compiled from several sources are often not comparable. Not only are measurement methods inconsistent, but there is no standaid definition of stream length itself. Most measurements are taken directly from maps where accuracy may be questionable, and air photos have proven more reliable than topographic maps. Obtaining reliable stream-length data from published sources is perhaps the most perplexing problem of all. In investigations of stream length, therefore, it is imperative that data sources, measurement techniques, and methodology be clearly defined so that results may be studied in a meaningful context.
Impact of safety concerns and regulatory changes on the usage of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and RBC transfusions.

Purpose. Safety concerns raised in the recent oncology trials with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have led to regulatory restrictions on their use. We wished to determine the impact of these changes on the use of ESAs and RBC transfusions. Methods.In a retrospective observational study of patientstreatedatacomprehensivecancercenterin2006– 2008, data on all ESA doses dispensed, RBCs transfused, and hemoglobin levels on the days of transfusions and ESA initiations were analyzed. Results. Compared with 2006, the total patients treated was 14% higher (28,339 versus 24,806) in 2007 and 22% higher (30,254) in 2008. Patients receiving ESAs decreased by 26% and 61%, and ESA units dispensed decreased by 29% (from 30,206 units to 21,409 units) and 80% (6,102 units) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. However, RBC transfusions increased by only 2% (from 38,218 units to 38,948 units) in 2007 and by 8% (41,438) in 2008. The mean hemoglobin on the day of transfusion was the same for each year (8.4 g/dl); however, an increasing proportion of patients initiated ESAs at lower hemoglobin (<10 g/dl) levels. After adjusting for demographics and diagnostic variables for 3 years (n 83,399), a multivariate logistic regression showed a significant decline in ESA use (p < .0001) without an increase in RBC transfusions. Conclusions. Recent ESA safety concerns and regulatory restrictions have significantly decreased ESA use. The lack of a significant impact on transfusions may be related to a lower hemoglobin threshold used to initiate ESAs or treatment of patients less likely to respond.The Oncologist 2010;15:1359–1369
Myoid Hamartoma of the Breast

A myoid hamartoma is a rare benign breast lesion that is considered to be a variant of mammary hamartoma. This lesion has an uncertain origin, likely in blood vessel walls, muscularis mammillae of the areolae, and mainly in myoepithelium. The tumor is well defined, with variable radiodensity under mammographic examination. However, the sonographic characteristics of this tumor have rarely been described. This report describes the sonographic features of a myoid hamartoma in the breast of a 56-year-old female. The tumor was oval shaped and compressible. Additionally, the tumor had heterogeneous echotexture, smooth margin, a thin echogenic capsule, and enhanced through-transmission.
A Southern Critique of the Globalist Assumptions About Technology Transfer in Climate Change Treaty Negotiations

This article critically evaluates the process of tech nology transfer from developed to developing coun tries. It considers market-based policies contained in the United Nations Framework Convention on Cli mate Change, which are proposed as tools to promote the transfer of technologies that can abate greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change. It uses the case of India to exemplify the conditions that exist and issues that arise in a rapidly developing country that is a recipient of such investments. It contests the claim that such market-based strategies embodied in the present climate policy framework can facilitate the transfer of technologies that offer ecologically sustainable and socially equitable solutions for developing countries.
Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis.

Results. The rate of survival to discharge was 17.5%; we found a trend towards increasing survival in more recent studies. Metastatic malignancy [odds ratio (OR) 3.9] or haematologic malignancy (OR 3.9), age over 70, 75 or 80 years (OR 1.5, 2.8 and 2.7, respectively), black race (OR 2.1), altered mental status (OR 2.2), dependency for activities of daily living (range OR 3.2–7.0 depending on specific activity), impaired renal function (OR 1.9), hypotension on admission (OR 1.8) and admission for pneumonia (OR 1.7), trauma (OR 1.7) or medical non-cardiac diagnosis (OR 2.2) were significantly associated with failure to survive to discharge; cardiovascular diagnoses and co-morbidities were associated with improved survival (range OR 0.23–0.53). Elevated CPR risk scores predicted failure to survive but have not been validated consistently in different populations. Conclusions. We identified several pre-arrest variables associated with failure to survive to discharge. This information should be shared with patients as part of a shared decision-making process regarding the use of do not resuscitate orders.
Test suite for evaluating performance of multithreaded MPI communication

As parallel systems are commonly being built out of increasingly large multicore chips, application programmers are exploring the use of hybrid programming models combining MPI across nodes and multithreading within a node. Many MPI implementations, however, are just starting to support multithreaded MPI communication, often focussing on correctness first and performance later. As a result, both users and implementers need some measure for evaluating the multithreaded performance of an MPI implementation. In this paper, we propose a number of performance tests that are motivated by typical application scenarios. These tests cover the overhead of providing the MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE level of thread safety for user programs, the amount of concurrency in different threads making MPI calls, the ability to overlap communication with computation, and other features. We present performance results with this test suite on several platforms (Linux cluster, Sun and IBM SMPs) and MPI implementations (MPICH2, Open MPI, IBM, and Sun).
Compound earthquakes on a bimaterial interface and implications for rupture mechanics

Earthquake ruptures on the San Andreas Fault are affected by the material contrast across the fault. Previous observations of microearthquakes at the northern end of the creeping section have found strong signals of asymmetry in both rupture directivity (preferential propagation to the SE), and aftershock asymmetry (many more to the NW, on timescales from 10 s to 9 hr). To understand the aftershock asymmetry, Rubin & Ampuero simulated slip-weakening ruptures on a bimaterial interface and observed differences in the timescales for the two edges to experience their peak stress after being slowed by barriers. This is suggestive of the possibility of asymmetry of subevents in compound earthquakes. A second possible source of subevent asymmetry is that when slowed by barriers, a significant tensile stress pulse is predicted to propagate in the SE but not the NW direction. To study the possible asymmetry of subevent distribution, we search for compound events using an empirical Green's function method. Three sections on the northern San Andreas and part of the Calaveras faults were selected where the events have high spatial density and similar focal mechanisms. About 677 candidate compound events were identified in a 28 869-event catalogue from 1984 to 2009. Most delays between the two subevents cluster around the shear wave transit time over the subevent separation, although with considerable scatter. For subevents on the San Andreas Fault separated by 0.7–2 times the estimated radius of the first subevent (the same spatial separation found to exhibit strong asymmetry of longer term aftershocks), nearly twice as many second subevents occurred to the SE of the first than to the NW. This asymmetry of second subevent distribution is not present on the Calaveras Fault, which does not have a significant across-fault contrast in wave speed in this region. One interpretation is that the extra SE subevents on the San Andreas Fault are representative of the events ‘missing 'from the ‘longer term’ (10 s–9 hr) aftershock population because they became part of the main shock.
Diagnosis and treatment of cluster headache

Cluster headache (CH) is a rare form of headache occurring in both episodic and chronic forms. The painful attacks are short-lived, occur unilaterally, and are associated with signs and symptoms of autonomic involvement. Attacks frequently occur at night and can be precipitated by ingestion of alcohol. In the episodic form, attacks occur daily for some weeks followed by a period of remission. In the chronic form, attacks can continue for years. Inheritance is not a factor in CH. Treatment can be symptomatic or prophylactic. Agents used to treat individual attacks include inhalation of oxygen, rapidly acting forms of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, and sumatriptan. Prophylactic treatment employs calcium-channel-blocking agents, methysergide, lithium, and corticosteroids. Surgical modalities, notably thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion, can provide relief in those who are resistant to medical management.
Assessment of the effects of cellular tissue properties on ADC measurements by numerical simulation of water diffusion.

The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), as measured by diffusion-weighted MRI has proven useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of ischemic stroke. The ADC of tissue water is reduced by 30-50% following ischemia and provides excellent contrast between normal and affected tissue. Despite its clinical utility, there is no consensus on the biophysical mechanism underlying the reduction in ADC. In this work, a numerical simulation of water diffusion is used to predict the effects of cellular tissue properties on experimentally measured ADC. The model shows that the biophysical mechanisms responsible for changes in ADC post-ischemia depend upon the time over which diffusion is measured. At short diffusion times, the ADC is dependent upon the intrinsic diffusivity, while at longer, clinically relevant diffusion times, the ADC is highly dependent upon the cell volume fraction. The model also predicts that at clinically relevant diffusion times, the 30-50% drop in ADC after ischemia can be accounted for by cell swelling alone when intracellular T2 is allowed to be shorter than extracellular T2.
Carrier based PWM scheme for a three-level diode-clamped five-phase voltage source inverter ensuring capacitor voltage balancing

A carrier-based modulation scheme for a three-level diode-clamped five-phase voltage source inverter is presented. This technique employs the generation of three average modulation signals for each inverter leg. These signals are compared with the same high frequency triangular carrier signal to produce the composite switching functions for each respective pair of the switching devices. It introduces natural balancing of the capacitor voltage and significantly reduces the harmonic content in both capacitor and output inverter voltages. The technique also ensures zero-neutral-point (NP) potential in the three-level voltage source inverter. Simulation results being compared to the phase disposition (PD) method as well as experimental results on a 10 kVA, three-level diode-clamped five-phase voltage source inverter are included in this paper to validate the presented approach.
TGF-ß Sma/Mab Signaling Mutations Uncouple Reproductive Aging from Somatic Aging

Female reproductive cessation is one of the earliest age-related declines humans experience, occurring in mid-adulthood. Similarly, Caenorhabditis elegans' reproductive span is short relative to its total life span, with reproduction ceasing about a third into its 15–20 day adulthood. All of the known mutations and treatments that extend C. elegans' reproductive period also regulate longevity, suggesting that reproductive span is normally linked to life span. C. elegans has two canonical TGF-s signaling pathways. We recently found that the TGF-s Dauer pathway regulates longevity through the Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS) pathway; here we show that this pathway has a moderate effect on reproductive span. By contrast, TGF-s Sma/Mab signaling mutants exhibit a substantially extended reproductive period, more than doubling reproductive span in some cases. Sma/Mab mutations extend reproductive span disproportionately to life span and act independently of known regulators of somatic aging, such as Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling and Dietary Restriction. This is the first discovery of a pathway that regulates reproductive span independently of longevity and the first identification of the TGF-s Sma/Mab pathway as a regulator of reproductive aging. Our results suggest that longevity and reproductive span regulation can be uncoupled, although they appear to normally be linked through regulatory pathways.
Volcanic History of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, as Indicated by Potassium–Argon Dating

Volcanic rocks in the San Juan Mountains constitute the largest erosional remnant of a once nearly continuous volcanic field that extended over much of the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas in Oligocene and later time. Recent regional studies have shown that the gross petrologic evolution throughout the San Juan remnant of this field was relatively simple, with initial intermediate lavas and breccias, followed closely in time by more silicic ash-flow tuffs, and ending with a bimodal association of basalt and rhyolite. More limited data from other remnants of the original field indicate a similar evolution. In the San Juan field, voluminous early lavas and breccias—mainly alkali andesite, rhyodacite, and mafic quartz latite—were erupted from numerous scattered central volcanoes onto an eroded tectonically stable terrane. They formed mostly during the interval 35 to 30 m.y. ago, but some probably were erupted earlier and others up to several million years later. About 30 m.y. ago, major volcanic activity changed to explosive ash-flow eruptions of quartz latite and low-silica rhyolite that persisted until about 26 m.y. ago. Source areas for the ash flows are marked by large calderas in the central and western San Juan Mountains. Two groups of lavas and associated rocks of intermediate composition intertongue with the ash-flow sequence: (1) quartz latitic lavas that were erupted in and adjacent to caldera structures and are genetically related to the ash-flow activity; and (2) other, generally more mafic lavas and related rocks that are widely distributed without evident structural relation to the ash-flow eruptive centers. The second group apparently represents a continuation of the early intermediate activity into the period of major ash-flow eruption. In the early Miocene the character of volcanism changed notably. Whereas the Oligocene volcanics are predominantly intermediate lavas and related silicic differentiates, the younger rocks are largely a bimodal association of basalt and high-silica alkali rhyolite. Basalt and minor rhyolite were erupted intermittently through the Miocene and Pliocene, and at one time formed a widespread thin veneer over the older volcanic terrane. The marked contrast between the Oligocene intermediate to low-silica rhyolitic magmas and the later basaltic and rhyolitic magmas implies either different conditions of magma generation or processes of differentiation for the two suites. This petrologic change coincides approximately in time with nearby development of the Rio Grande depression, a major rift that is the local expression of widespread late Cenozoic crustal extension. Whatever the cause of the petrologic change, the progression from predominantly intermediate to bimodal basalt-rhyolite volcanism, approximately concurrent with initiation of late Tertiary crustal extension, appears characteristic of Cenozoic volcanism for much of the western interior United States.
THE RELATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF PITUTARY GONADOTROPHS AND ACIDOPHILS TO SECRETORY ACTIVITY IN THE RAT1

The acid phosphatase activity of rat pituitary gonadotrophs and acidophils was studied histochemically in various phases of secretory activity, and noted to parallel hormone secretion.