cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Ca2+ Dependent Inactivation Of CRAC Channels Requires A Cytosolic Region Of STIM1

The distinguishing biophysical features of mammalian Ca2+-release activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels include high Ca2+ selectivity, small unitary conductance, and fast Ca2+-dependent inactivation on a millisecond time scale. Our previous studies of fast inactivation in Jurkat T cells suggested that Ca2+ binds to sites several nanometers from the intracellular mouth of the CRAC channel pore, possibly on the channel itself. The identification of STIM1 as the ER Ca2+ sensor and Orai1 as the pore-forming subunit of the CRAC channel has enabled studies of the molecular basis of activation and inactivation. We have recently identified a 107-residue cytosolic STIM1 fragment corresponding to the minimal STIM1 domain required for activation of the CRAC channel. The CRAC activation domain, or CAD, binds directly to Orai1 to activate CRAC current to the same mean level as wild-type STIM1, but while bypassing store depletion. CRAC currents were measured by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in HEK 293 cells coexpressing human Orai1 with a range of constructs derived from the cytosolic region of human STIM1. CAD-induced CRAC currents retain high Ca2+ selectivity, but surprisingly lack fast Ca2+-dependent inactivation, revealing a critical role for STIM1 in the inactivation gating process. Truncating STIM1 at the C-terminal end of CAD also yielded currents without fast inactivation in store-depleted cells. Extending CAD in the C-terminal direction partially reconstituted fast inactivation, but full reconstitution required both C- and N-terminal extensions of CAD. We conclude that a domain of STIM1 C-terminal to CAD is absolutely required for fast Ca2+-dependent inactivation of the CRAC channel. Elements of STIM1 N-terminal to CAD may enhance fast inactivation, possibly by increasing the local density of CRAC channels and Ca2+ influx, or by concentrating critical STIM1 domains near the inner pore mouth.
Comparison Of InP Grown By The Chloride And Hydride Techniques

It is shown that the steady state chloride growth process is thermodynamically similar to the hydride growth process. The observed growth rate dependence on the input PC13 pressure at lower PC13 pressures and on the downstream PC13 pressure can be explained for the chloride system using thermodynamics. The shape of the growth rate curves as functions of the input HCl and PH3 pressures can be described thermodynamically at lower pressures. The background carrier concentration in chloride grown films as a function of the input PC13 concentration can be explained thermodynamically, but the effects of downstream PCl3 cannot.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Survival of diamond at 2200 °C in hydrogen

Abstract A modified strip furnace was used to heat diamond crystals of various sizes (1–10 μm) to 2200 °C in a hydrogen atmospheres (1 atm total pressure), and their thermal stability and growth were investigated. Graphite fibers coated with 1, 5 and 10 μm diamond seeds were used as the resistive element in the modified strip furnace and heated in the hydrogen atmosphere. It was found that diamond seeds of these sizes survive in a hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures as high as 2200 °C. Considerably smaller crystals (compared with the original diamond seeds) are also observed on the surface of the graphite fibers, suggesting new diamond growth under these conditins.
A Survey for Tachinid Parasitoids of the Gypsy Moth on Cape Cod, Massachusetts

During the summers of 1970 and 1971 gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), larvae in the 3rd through 6th stadia were collected in 5 one-acre plots on Cape Cod, Mass. The collections served 2 purposes: (1) to attempt to demonstrate the establishment of 2 exotic parasitoid species and (2) to ascertain which tachinid species were successfully parasitizing the gypsy moth on Cape Cod.
The phase diagram of the mercury-indium alloy system

Abstract The mercury-indium phase diagram has been investigated over the whole composition range from −78°C to the melting point of indium, using thermal analysis, X-ray and superconductivity techniques. This is believed to be the first application of superconductivity measurements to phase diagram investigations. A compound, HgIn, of very limited range of composition, melts congruently at −19.3°C; and gives rise to eutectics at 61.5 at. % indium and −31°C, and at 34.7% indium and −37.2°C. The β phase extends from 2.5 to 19.1 % indium and has a maximum melting point of −14.2°C at 14.2% indium. It forms a peritectic or eutectic at a temperature indistinguishable from the melting point of pure mercury with a solid solution in mercury containing some, but less than 0.3%, indium. A transition from face-centred tetragonal to face-centred cubic in the indium-rich solid solutions at about 93% indium gives rise to a peritectic at 108°C. The solubility of mercury in this face-centred cubic phase falls from about 22% at−31°C to 13% at −78°C.
Acute fulminant toxoplasma meningoencephalitis in a homosexual man

A homosexual man with a history of sexually transmitted infections including recent giardiasis and high cytomegalovirus (CMV) titer was admitted with generalized weakness, headache, and depression. He rapidly became comatose and developed signs of increased intracranial pressure. CT scan revealed a right cerebral lesion. Pathologic examination disclosed an acute necrotizing granulomatous toxoplasmosis involving the cerebrum. This case represents an example of an opportunistic infection in a male homosexual associated with fulminant clinical course, probably on the basis of immune deficiency.
Near continuum boundary layer flows at a flat plate

Abstract The problem of boundary layer flows at a flat plate surface with velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions is analyzed. With the velocity slip conditions, there are multiple physical factors lumped together, and the boundary layer solutions significantly change their behaviors. The self-similarity in the solutions degenerates, however, the problem is still an ordinary differential equation which can be solved. Shooting methods are applied to solve the flowfield. The results include velocity and temperature for both the surface and flowfield. Unlike the traditional Blasius flat plate boundary layer solutions which are self-similar through all the plate boundary layer, the new solutions indicate that the front tip is actually a singularity point, especially at locations within one mean free path from the leading edge.
Delay time analysis for short gate-length GaAs MESFETs

GaAs MESFETs with gate lengths from 55 to 150 nm have been fabricated and characterized. By using selective etching for the gate recess, the channel thickness as well as the aspect ratio of the devices of each gate length are known accurately. A cutoff frequency as high as 112 GHz was obtained for a 100 nm × 150 μm device. To study the intrinsic characteristics of these devices, the effects of the pad and the substrate parasitics were first measured and corrected for. Two independent methods adopted to perform this correction have been compared with both resulting in the same intrinsic delay times. Delay time analysis was used to determine the transit time of the electrons in the channel, the channel charging delay, and the drain delay, all as functions of gate length. The results show that the high speed performance of devices with ultra-small gate lengths is limited by the pad parasitics and the intrinsic channel charging and drain delay.
A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, evaluation, and management of work disability.

Occupational musculoskeletal disorders represent a major challenge to the injured worker, his or her family, the various health care, health and safety, and human resource professionals that work in this area as well as employers and the workers' compensation system. The epidemiology of the occupational musculoskeletal disorders and work disability indicate the problem is growing. Given the multiple factors that contribute to work disability and the complexity in the return to work process, the need to address the varied factors that contribute to work disability has become increasingly clear. Following a review of the magnitude of the problem, a conceptual framework that considers the multivariate nature of work disability is proposed as a heuristic for research and practice. Such an integrated approach argues for a broader consideration of work disability from a biomedical, biomechanical, and psychosocial framework. Last, this paper summarizes efforts to date in the areas of prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation. The paper suggests that a number of factors have converged over the past 5–10 years that point to the need for a new approach to the problem of work disability, one that truly attempts to integrate the diverse groups and approaches of the past and seeks to develop new knowledge and strategies. It is expected that the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation will facilitate such an integration.
Beyond Explanation: A Methodological Note

In response to Michael Urban's article, "Bureaucratic Ideology in the United States and the Soviet Union: Some Empirical Dimensions," this commentary argues that three modes of knowledge acquisition: the explanatory, the interpretive, and the critical, may be employed by those seeking an explication of our general adherence to hierarchical principles. However, an understanding of the specific purposes to be served by each of these modes is a necessary prerequisite to their use in specific cases.
Generalized vibrotactile allodynia in a patient with temporomandibular disorder

This report presents the findings from a psychophysical study of vibrotactile responses in a patient diagnosed with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). This patient unexpectedly reported pain due to innocuous vibrotactile stimulation, and this allodynia appeared to have a component of temporal summation. The pain response occurred not only in the region of the clinical pain (the face), but also on the volar forearm, where the patient reported no clinical pain. Administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dextromethorphan (DM), but not vehicle, attenuated the vibration-induced pain at both sites.
The role of recombination in the formation of circular oligomers of the λdv1 plasmid

Abstract The λdv1 plasmid forms an extensive oligomeric series of circular DNA molecules in recombination-proficient (recsu+) Escherichia coli. These rec+ [λdv1]+ strains can be typed into the following four classes according to which member of the oligomeric series is most frequent: monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer strains. Each of these strains forms a set of circular λdv1 DNA molecules in which most members belong to the series l, 2l, 3l, 4l, where l is the length of the most frequent circular DNA that characterizes the strain—i.e. l equals the length of the most frequent oligomer in the respective strain. In a given strain, the frequency of a molecular species decreases as its length becomes a larger multiple of l. For example, the dimer strains produce dimers, tetramers, hexamers, octomers, etc., in decreasing frequencies, which reach the limits of detection at about the hexadecamer. When recA− mutations that are absolutely defective for host recombination are introduced into each of these four strains, l retains the same values as in the parent rec+ strain, but oligomers larger than 2l are not formed, and the frequency of the 2l oligomer is much reduced. The introduction of recB− or recC− mutations, which are only partially defective for host recombination, produces a much smaller perturbation of the rec+ distributions, and rec + recA − merodiploids exhibit the rec+ phenotype with respect to both oligomerization and host recombination. The effects of rec− mutations on the distribution of λdv1 oligomers and the nature of the oligomeric series produced in rec+ cells all indicate that an intermolecular reciprocal recombination between two circular λdv1 DNAs is the principal reaction responsible for oligomerization. It is suggested that the small residual oligomerization that yields 2l oligomers in recA−cells results from aberrant segregation of the DNA strands at the termination of the replication of l-sized molecules. The inactivation of recA, but not of recB or C, also results in a marked reduction in the frequency of spontaneous curing which in recA+ [λdv1+]hosts leads to the segregation of [λdv−]cells. However, spontaneous curing does not appear to be dependent upon the recombination reactions that yield the [λdv 1+]oligomers, since the frequency of oligomerization in recA+ hosts decreases with increasing l, whereas the frequency of curing increases with increasing l.
The Importance of Placebo Effects-Reply

In Reply. —We thank Drs Ernst and Resch for reemphasizing an important point: to distinguish a placebo response from the natural history of a condition, a clinical trial must include an untreated group as well as a placebo group. We made this point in the "Implications for Research Design" section of our article. The factors Dr Cleophas refers to as biases may well contribute to apparent patient improvement observed in clinical trials. As noted in our article, these include patient expectations of being helped and characteristics of the treatment situation that influence patients to report improvement. These factors can influence apparent patient improvement with an active treatment as well as with a placebo. Rather than viewing these as biases and trying to eliminate them in clinical trials, it may be more fruitful to identify and assess these processes and target them for systematic study.
On generalization of performance of classifiers for steganalysis

Due to the exponentially increasing multimedia traffic on the Internet, steganography, hiding messages within a seemingly normal cover object (e.g., an image), becomes potentially a serious national security threat as images and other media files can be exploited to communicate secret messages without even being noticed, a unique advantage of steganography over encryption. Therefore, steganalysis, the detection of the presence of steganographic embedding in media files, has become an active area of research. It appears that the most state of the art steganalysis routines are based on a learning strategy, where a classifier is first learned based on a training set with known cover and stego objects and then the learned classifier is used to detect the presence of new media files; among classifiers, support vector machines (SVMs) are the most commonly used due to their reported effectiveness. In this paper, based on the observation that a stego object file is typically very close to its cover object (so that it will not attract attention), we argue that the generalization performance of support vector machines and other classifiers are inherently limited, unless the steganographic routine has a detectable intrinsic signature. The claim is supported by systematic investigation on the effectiveness of detecting perturbed quantization (PQ), a method of minimal distortion steganography using JPEG images. Experimental results suggest interesting alternatives to the generic machine learning paradigm, which should lead to next generation steganalysis methods.
Assessing product family design from an end-of-life perspective

Product family design via component sharing is a widely practiced approach for offering sufficient variety to the market in an economical way. When discussing product family design, most previous research has focused on its benefits in the design and manufacturing stages. This article highlights another important aspect of product family design: the impact of component sharing on end-of-life management. This article presents a quantitative model for assessing product family design from an end-of-life perspective. Using mixed integer programming, the developed model identifies an optimal strategy for managing product take-back and end-of-life recovery, thereby assessing the product family design in terms of its profitability in end-of-life management. Especially, the model incorporates increased component interchangeability by component sharing. A design study of a smart phone family is presented, as an illustration, and the results show that the model can assess profitability of a family design and highli...
Interactive Effects of Mnemonic Techniques and Word-List Characteristics

The study investigated hypothesized interactive effects of two widely used mnemonic strategies, the First-letter and Descriptive-story techniques, with acquisition and recall of Concrete and Abstract words. Additionally, imagery level of peg words within the First-letter mnemonic technique was varied. Results indicated differential effects in early acquisition stages and in 24-hour recall. Specifically, the First-letter technique, with high imagery peg words, seems particularly effective for recall of Abstract words while Concrete word recall was facilitated by the Descriptive-story method. Mnemonic characteristics related to these effects were discussed.
Seven Devils terrane: Is it really a piece of Wrangellia?

The Seven Devils terrane of eastern Oregon and western Idaho has been correlated with the Wrangellia terrane, which is best exposed on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska. However, geologic histories of these two terranes are different. The Triassic section of the Seven Devils terrane represents a volcanic arc of probable calc-alkalic affinity. It is characterized by abundant volcaniclastic lithologies, a complete suite of flow rocks, and fractionated rare-earth-element distribution patterns. The sequence of similar age in Wrangellia includes thick accumulations of tholeiitic pillow basalts, subaerial basalt flows, tuffs, and breccias. The tectonic environment in which these rocks were extruded is not known, but they are not an island-arc assemblage. Paleomagnetic and faunal evidence suggests that the Seven Devils terrane and Wrangellia could have formed close to one another. This evidence does not override the geologic arguments against correlation of these terranes. Lithologic, geochemical, and stratigraphic data all militate against consanguinity of the Seven Devils arc and Wrangellia.
One-Way and Two-Way Directional Heavy-Vehicle Simulator Loading: Effects on Rutting in Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements

Instability rutting generally occurs within the top 5 cm (2 in.) of the asphalt layer when the structural properties of the asphalt concrete are inadequate to resist the stresses imposed on it. It is generally believed that near-surface transverse shear stresses perpetuate instability rutting. Field observations of heavy-vehicle simulator testing noted greater rutting in one-way directional loading than with two-way directional loading, even at lower temperatures and with longer rest periods between load applications. An analysis of stress states in the asphalt pavement layer using the three-dimensional finite element commercial code ADINA showed that longitudinal stress path patterns varied between the different directional loadings. A hypothesis was developed that the differences in longitudinal plane stress path patterns between one-way and two-way directional loading could be attributed to the different levels of rutting. A viscoelastic model with load applications simulating the different directional loadings was constructed and used to test this hypothesis. The viscoelastic model results indicated qualitatively that even with greater relaxation times, one-way directional loading produces greater strains.
Cellular Imaging of Visual Cortex Reveals the Spatial and Functional Organization of Spontaneous Activity

The cerebral cortex is never silent; even in primary sensory areas there is ongoing neural activity in the absence of sensory input. Correlations in spontaneous activity can provide clues about network structure, but it has been difficult to record from enough nearby neurons to sample these correlations well. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate sparse patterns of correlated spontaneous activity among groups of ~150 simultaneously imaged cells. In cat visual cortex, correlations fell off sharply with distance, by 50% within ~240 micrometers, but in the rat there was little dependence on spatial separation up to 400 micrometers. In both species, cells that responded best to visual contours of a specific orientation were spontaneously co-active, suggesting that functionally related cells are organized into distinct subnetworks. Although these subnetworks are clustered in the cat, they are intermingled in the rodent, arguing for specific connections within the local cortical network.
Multidisciplinary Approach to Improve Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis Rates in Hospitalized Patients

Background:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a preventable disease in hospitalized patients; however, VTE prophylaxis is underutilized. Effective strategies for the assessment of individual patients'...
Electrical and optical properties of PbCu2O2

Abstract Undoped and 3% Na doped polycrystalline PbCu 2 O 2 pellets were prepared by solid state reaction and the electrical and optical properties were measured. Undoped pellets were electrical insulators ( σ ∼5×10 −11 S cm −1 ). The room temperature electrical conductivity increased by six orders of magnitude upon substitution of 3% Na + for Pb 2+ . The positive sign of the Seebeck coefficient demonstrated p-type conduction in the doped pellets. The diffuse reflectance spectrum revealed that optical absorption begins at ∼740 nm.
Plasminogen activator activity and thymidine incorporation in avian granulosa cells during follicular development and the periovulatory period.

The hormonal and second messenger regulation of plasminogen activator (PA) activities in avian granulosa and theca cells has been documented. However, the physiological role(s) of PAs in the avian ovary remains poorly understood. The present studies were designed to evaluate PA activity in hen granulosa cells collected from the most mature (F1) preovulatory follicle at three discrete time points relative to a spontaneous ovulation and from follicles collected at various stages of follicular development. Levels of PA activity in the granulosa layer of the F1 follicle declined by greater than 90% as follicles were collected closer to their anticipated time of ovulation (e.g., from 17-16 h to 0.75-0.15 h; p less than 0.05). Timing of tissue collection was confirmed by evaluation of serum progesterone levels, which peaked as expected at the 6-5-h time point. During follicular development, PA activity was several times greater in rapidly growing follicles (6-12 mm, 1-3 wk prior to ovulation) than in slowly growing (1-5 mm) or preovulatory (F3 and F1) follicles (p less than 0.05). Granulosa cells of these rapidly growing follicles also incorporated significantly higher levels of 3H-thymidine than did granulosa cells of mature follicles (p less than 0.05), suggesting a higher level of DNA synthesis. Similarly, granulosa cells of the mitotically active germinal disc region of the F1 granulosa layer were found to possess at least 3-fold higher (p less than 0.05) levels of PA activity and a 2-fold greater level of 3H-thymidine incorporation than the more mature granulosa cells isolated from the remaining F1 granulosa layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Work in progress — Development of a framework to Assess Sustainability Knowledge (ASK) in engineering undergraduate students

Current engineering students will practice in a world of global climate change with reduced resources, in the context of an increasing global population and a desire to achieve social equity. In short, they will work in a world where sustainability is key to engineering practice. However, there is neither consensus on a set of sus-tainability concepts on which to base an engineering curriculum nor a standardized mechanism for assessing student learning. Engineering educators lack rigorous assessment tools to judge the success of sustainability education. Development of an assessment-oriented knowledge framework can help engineering faculty identify and structure sustainability-related content, develop methods to incorporate these concepts into the curriculum, and assess students' learning of sustainability concepts. This paper discusses preliminary results of a project designed to develop a research-derived model for curricu-lar development on a critical topic for future engineers' education.
Fibonacci Powers and a Fascinating Triangle

(1997). Fibonacci Powers and a Fascinating Triangle. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 124-128.
Redesigning Primary Care Processes to Improve the Offering of Mammography. The use of Clinic Protocols by Nonphysicians.

OBJECTIVE: To develop, within the framework of continuous quality improvement, new processes for offering mammography and determine whether protocols executed completely by nonphysicians would increase mammography utilization. DESIGN: A prospective follow-up study with patients from an intervention clinic and two control clinics. SETTING: Three general internal medicine clinics in a large, urban teaching hospital in Detroit, Michigan. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5,934 women, aged 40 through 75 years, making 16,546 visits to one of the clinics during the study period (September 1, 1992, through November 31, 1993). INTERVENTION: Medical assistants and licensed practical nurses in the intervention clinic were trained to identify women due for screening mammography, and to directly offer and order a mammogram if patients agreed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were considered up-to-date with screening if they had a mammogram within 1 year (if age 50-75) or 2 years (if age 40-49) prior to the visit or a mammogram within 60 days after the visit. The proportion of visits each month in which a woman was up-to-date with mammography was calculated using computerized billing records. Prior to the intervention, the proportion of visits in which women were up-to-date was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63%, 73%) in the intervention clinic and 66% (95% CI 61%, 71%) in each of the control clinics. At the end of the evaluation, there was an absolute increase of 9% (95% CI 2%, 16%) in the intervention clinic, and a difference of 1% (95% CI -5%, 7%) in one of the control clinics and -2% (95% CI -3%, 5%) in the other. In the intervention clinic, the proportion of visits in which women were up-to-date with mammography increased over time and was consistent with a linear trend (p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Redesigning clinic processes to make offering of mammography by medical assistants and licensed practical nurses a routine part of the clinic encounter can lead to mammography rates that are superior to those seen in physicians' usual practice, even when screening levels are already fairly high. Physicians need not be considered the sole, or even the primary, member of the health care team who can effectively deliver some preventive health measures.
Aid and stability in Pakistan: lessons from the 2005 earthquake response

United States foreign assistance to Pakistan has always been driven by security considerations. By 2010, US counter-terrorism and stabilisation objectives resulted in Pakistan becoming the second largest recipient of US foreign aid globally. Given the policy impact of the assumption that aid promotes US security objectives in Pakistan, there is surprisingly little analysis or evidence of its effectiveness in this regard. This paper helps to address this gap by first reviewing the history and assumptions underpinning current US aid and stabilisation policies. It then uses field research on the 2005 earthquake relief efforts in northern Pakistan to assess the impact of the 'War on Terror' on the humanitarian response. In particular, it examines the assumption of influential US policymakers that humanitarian aid following the earthquake was an effective way to promote US security objectives by 'winning hearts and minds'-an assumption that has been used to justify all subsequent major US foreign aid commitments to Pakistan.
Assessment of Failure Modeling With Thinning Strain Criterion in LS-DYNA

Element deletion based on various failure criteria has been implemented in commercial finite element analysis packages, e.g. LS-DYNA. However, due to the localized and nonlinear nature of the material failure, especially for the ductile materials, a good failure criterion needs to be robust for different mesh definitions and loading conditions. In the present work, the material model with enhanced failure criterion in LS-DYNA, material type 123 (MAT123), is investigated. The equations for determining the parameter of the thinning strain failure criterion are derived based on the assumptions that Yeh et al. [7] proposed. Simulations of different tests using MAT123 with the thinning strain at failure calculated show better correlation with the experimental results than the other material models examined.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A simple electrodynamic model of a dust devil

[1] We present an electrodynamic model of a dust devil applying a similar methodology as performed previously for charging in terrestrial thunderstorms. While thunderstorm processes focus on inductive charging between large graupel and smaller ice and water droplets, we tailor the model to focus on the electric charge transfer between dust grains of different sizes and compositions. We specifically compare and contrast the triboelectric dust charging processes presented previously in Melnik and Parrot [1998] and Desch and Cuzzi [2000] in the development of macroscopic dust devil electric fields. We find that large vertical E-fields (∼20 kV/m) can develop in the devil.
Anger Control and Acceptance of Violence as Mediators in the Relationship between Exposure to Interparental Conflict and Dating Violence Perpetration in Mexican Adolescents

Dating violence is a prevalent problem in high school students. Previous research has found that anger expression styles and acceptance of violence beliefs mediate the relationship between experiencing family violence and dating violence perpetration. Few studies have examined the intergenerational transmission of violence theory in predicting dating violence in Mexican teens. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among exposure to interparental violence, anger expression, acceptance of violence beliefs, and perpetration of teen dating violence in Mexican teens. Surveys were administered to 204 high school students (aged 15 to 17) from Monterrey, Mexico. Regression analyses revealed that anger control and acceptance of violence beliefs, mediated the relationship between interparental conflict and dating violence perpetration. These results support the use of family-based interventions that challenge acceptance of violence beliefs and teach anger control techniques in Mexican teens.
Silent Epidemic, Environmental Injustice, or Exaggerated Concern? Competing Frames in the Media Definition of Childhood Lead Poisoning as a Public Health Problem

This article examines media characterizations of childhood lead poisoning as a window to the framing of an environmental health problem. The authors sampled newspaper coverage of childhood lead poisoning between 1991 and 1995 and used the data to describe how childhood lead poisoning is framed as a public health issue in news media, to explain how the framing has changed over time, and to discuss what is at stake in the contest to define childhood lead poisoning as a widespread public health problem. The analysis pays particular attention to the role of the environmental justice movement in this process. The authors show why an environmental injustice frame (some children are more at risk for lead poisoning than others), which is increasingly available in the culture, is unlikely to displace the dominant "silent epidemic" frame (all children are at risk) used in media coverage of childhood lead poisoning in the United States.
Practical Solutions for Executive Function Challenges Created by the Unique Learning Styles of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Effective executive functioning skills are essential for students to thrive in an academic setting. Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have documented weaknesses in executive function, ma...
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 modified with copper as an efficient NO2 adsorbent at ambient conditions

Abstract Copper oxide particles were synthesized by precipitation in sodium hydroxide and dispersed simultaneously in mesoporous SBA-15 silica. The materials were then submitted to thermal treatment under nitrogen at different temperatures. They were tested as novel NO 2 adsorbents in dynamic condition at room temperature. The surface of the initial and exhausted materials was characterized using N 2 adsorption, XRD, TEM, thermal analysis and FT-IR. The addition of Cu 2 O particles leads to a significant increase in the NO 2 adsorption capacity. However, no trend between the NO 2 capacity and the temperature of the thermal treatment of the materials has been observed. The amount of NO released during the NO 2 adsorption was found to be lower on the materials submitted to a low temperature treatment. On these materials, the formation of copper nitrites is favored, whereas on materials treated at higher temperature, copper nitrates are formed as a predominant species. The results suggest that silanol groups of the silica matrix play an important role in NO 2 adsorption and NO retention at room temperature.
Trauma and Openness to Legal and Illegal Activism Among Somali Refugees

This article examines key setting events and personal factors that are associated with support for either non-violent activism or violent activism among Somali refugee young adults in the United States. Specifically, this article examines the associations of trauma, stress, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), strength of social bonds, and attitudes towards legal and non-violent vs. illegal and violent activism. Structured interviews were conducted with a sample of Somali refugee males ages 18–25 living in the northeastern United States (N = 79). Data were analyzed using multiple linear regressions and path analysis. Greater exposure to personal trauma was associated with greater openness to illegal and violent activism. PTSD symptoms mediated this association. Strong social bonds to both community and society moderated this association, with trauma being more strongly associated with openness to illegal and violent activism among those who reported weaker social b...
The Subjective Well-being Construct: A Test of its Convergent, Discriminant, and Factorial Validity

Using structural equation modeling, we found empirical support for the prevailing theory that subjective well-being consists of three domains: (1) cognitive evaluations of one’s life (i.e., life satisfaction or happiness); (2) positive affect; and (3) negative affect. Multiple indicators of satisfaction/happiness were shown to have strong convergent validity as well as discriminant validity from positive and negative affect. Positive and negative affect likewise exhibited discriminant validity from one another. At both the item and scale levels of analysis, we obtained an intercorrelated three-factor solution corresponding to the three proposed subjective well-being domains.
Heat transmission to longitudinal and side surfaces of kiln settings

We investigated heat transmission on the side and front surfaces of the setting during turbulent flow cycles. The calculated relationships (20)and (27) clarify the existing formulas and make it possible to take into account the effect on heat transmission in the setting (in addition to the criterion Re) of the length of the setting and the magnitude of the longitudinal gaps between the settings.
Continuous reactors in free radical polymerization with branching I.Theoretical aspects and preliminary considerations.

Abstract Molecular weight distribution in free radical polymerization has been investigated under conditions that promote branching. Calculations were performed for one particular well-established kinetic scheme in three reactor systems: batch, segregated continuous, and micro-mixed continuous. Structural complexity and distribution breadth were found to increase rapidly with conversion in all reactor types. Distributions in the continuous systems were much broader than those obtained in batch polymerizations. Based on these calculations, conditions were selected for the continuous polymerization of vinyl acetate to demonstrate the predicted differences.
On the development of a new non-rigid image registration using deformation based grid generation

In this paper, we present the latest results of the development of a novel non-rigid image registration method (NiRuDeGG) using a well-established mathematical framework known as the deformation based grid generation. The deformation based grid generation method is able to generate a grid with desired grid density distribution which is free from grid folding. This is achieved by devising a positive monitor function describing the anticipated grid density in the computational domain. Based on it, we have successfully developed a new non-rigid image registration method, which has many advantages. Firstly, the functional to be optimized consists of only one term, a similarity measure. Thus, no regularization functional is required in this method. In particular, there is no weight to balance the regularization functional and the similarity functional as commonly required in many non-rigid image registration methods. Nevertheless, the regularity (no mesh folding) of the resultant deformation is theoretically guaranteed by controlling the Jacobian determinant of the transformation. Secondly, since no regularization term is introduced in the functional to be optimized, the resultant deformation field is highly flexible that large deformation frequently experienced in inter-patient or image-atlas registration tasks can be accurately estimated. Detailed description of the deformation based grid generation, a least square finite element (LSFEM) solver for the underlying div-curl system, and a fast div-curl solver approximating the LSFEM solution using inverse filtering, along with several 2D and 3D experimental results are presented.
Benton et al: Computer calculations of effect of space charge computer calculations of effect of space charge on longitudinal beam dynamics in proton linear accelerators

A machine program for calculating the effect of space charge on the longitudinal motion in a proton linac was presented at the 1966 Los Alamos Linear Accelerator Conference. This program assumes a uniformly charged ellipsoidal bunch of constant transverse semi-axes throughout the calculation. Since then, numerical results for transmitted current and longitudinal beam quality have been obtained with this program. These results showed that with increasing current, the assumption of a uniformly charged ellipsoidal bunch becomes less and less justified. It was, therefore, decided to also try other space charge force models which would allow for any longitudinal charge distribution. Three additional models, assuming cylindrical symmetry and a fixed transverse beam radius, were programmed. In all of these, the charge density is assumed to vary only longitudinally and the bunch can, therefore, be represented by a succession of thin disks, each uniformly charged. In the point-disk (PD) program, the contributions of the individual disks to the force at a point on the axis are summed the point-diskimage (PDI) (model used by Morton ) is obtained in the same way but includes the effects of image charges induced on drift tubes and the influence of neighboring bunches; the disk-disk (DD) calculation starts from the force between two coaxial charged disks and sums the contribution from all other disks to the force on any one of them. All computations were done on the CDC 6600 computer at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Integrating a school-based health intervention in times of high-stakes testing: lessons learned from Full Court Press.

Because of the growing focus on the production of favorable academic standardized test scores, schools have become increasingly resistant to sponsoring nonacademic programming, such as tobacco cessation services for students. Nevertheless, the need for such programs has not diminished. The purpose of this article is to provide descriptive information about the logistics of establishing and delivering a health intervention in schools that are resistant to nonacademic programming. The data were collected as part of a qualitative retrospective process evaluation of Full Court Press, a 5-year youth tobacco demonstration project funded by the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation and implemented in Tucson, Arizona. Lessons learned about recruiting schools, integrating programs, and managing facilitators are presented.
BIRIS: A Simple 3-D Sensor

A geometry based on the use of a pattern projected on the scene and a mask in the aperture of an objective lens is used for the acquisition of objects shape. A standard CCD camera produces an image containing all the necessary information to measure the three spatial coordinates. A review of the sensor geometry is given. The algorithms used to extract the information and to remove the erroneous measurements are shown together with a practical hardware implementation.
Morphogenesis Is Not Required for Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus Intra-Abdominal Infection-Mediated Dissemination and Lethal Sepsis

Intra-abdominal polymicrobial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. An established experimental mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus-Candida albicans intra-abdominal infection results in ∼60% mortality within 48 h postinoculation, concomitant with amplified local inflammatory responses, while monomicrobial infections are avirulent. The purpose of this study was to characterize early local and systemic innate responses during coinfection and determine the role of C. albicans morphogenesis in lethality, a trait involved in virulence and physical interaction with S. aureus. Local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated during coinfection at early time points (4 to 12 h) compared to those in monoinfection. In contrast, microbial burdens in the organs and peritoneal lavage fluid were similar between mono- and coinfected animals through 24 h, as was peritoneal neutrophil infiltration. After optimizing the model for 100% mortality within 48 h, using 3.5 × 10(7) C. albicans (5× increase), coinfection with C. albicans yeast-locked or hypha-locked mutants showed similar mortality, dissemination, and local and systemic inflammation to the isogenic control. However, coinfection with the yeast-locked C. albicans mutant given intravenously (i.v.) and S. aureus given intraperitoneally (i.p.) failed to induce mortality. These results suggest a unique intra-abdominal interaction between the host and C. albicans-S. aureus that results in strong inflammatory responses, dissemination, and lethal sepsis, independent of C. albicans morphogenesis.
Effect of void volume and prandtl modulus on heat transfer in tube banks and packed beds

A correlation is presented relating the heat transfer characteristics of cross-flow heat exchangers to the void-volume-and-tube-pitch ratio. A similar correlation is found to be applicable to heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds and through screens. A limited amount of data has been obtained on the effect of the Prandtl modulus at high Reynolds numbers. These data seem to indicate, as do those for flow through tubes, that the Prandtl number exponent is a function of Reynolds number.
Assessing divergence in children with intermittent exotropia.

Purpose: To report fusional divergence in children with intermittent exotropia (XT).Methods: We retrospectively studied 32 children with intermittent XT (aged 4 to 13 years) and 38 visually normal non-strabismic children. Fusional divergence break points were measured using a prism bar, starting from a naturally fused state. Distribution of divergence break points was evaluated. Subnormal fusional divergence was defined as below the 5th percentile in visually normal children. In children with intermittent XT, correlations were calculated between divergence break point and control score, angle of deviation, and convergence break point.Results: The distribution of fusional divergence break points in intermittent XT was normal at near but bimodal at distance. Nine percent had subnormal divergence (<10 prism diopters [pd]) at near, and 48% (<6 pd) at distance. There was a moderate correlation between divergence and convergence break points at near (r = 0.44; P=.01) but only weak inverse correlations between d...
Minimum Resource and Pivotal Power Theories A Competitive Test in Four-Person Coalitional Situations

This paper reports a competitive test of minimum resource and pivotal power theories in tetradic situations. Using resource distributions for which the theories make distinct predictions, the study obtained data on the formation of coalitions and the division of payoffs. Results indicate that minimum resource theory is superior to pivotal power theory in predicting coalition formation, especially for resource distributions where one member has veto capabilities. The theories perform equally well in predicting payoff division, with each able to explain a large proportion of the variation. Both theories are more accurate in predicting payoff division for nonveto situations than for veto situations
Aspergillus thromboembolism from a mycotic ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm

This case report describes an immune-competent patient with acute upper extremity ischemia caused by thromboembolism from an Aspergillus-infected ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm. Efforts to identify the source of an acute arterial thromboembolic occlusion should be made, and a high index of suspicion for mycotic infection should be maintained in patients with an atypical presentation, such as fevers of unknown origin. Additional measures, such as pathologic examination of thromboembolic debris, blood cultures, and positron emission tomography, should be performed to identify the etiology in these unexplained situations.
Radical mono- and dideoxygenations with the triethylsilane + benzoyl peroxide system.

Abstract Thionocarbonates and xanthates of primary and secondary alcohols, as well as dixanthates of vic-diols can easily be deoxygenated to the corresponding hydrocarbons or olefins with triethylsilane and benzoyl peroxide in high-yielding radical reactions.
Self-definitions of Gang Membership and Involvement in Delinquent Activities:

There is significant disagreement among researchers as to the appropriate conceptual and operational definitions of gang membership. One of the key issues involves the validity of allowing respondents to identify themselves as gang members. This research examines the construct validity of gang membership by examining the relationship between various methods of operationalizing gang membership and delinquent involvement. The results demonstrate that there are important consequences to the method utilized to measure gang membership. Individuals reporting membership in organized gangs were far more likely to report that their gangs possess the characteristics typically associated with traditional street gangs. Likewise, the respondent's self-identification had a strong impact on both the group's and the individual's criminal behavior. Overwhelmingly, persons who considered themselves to be members of an organized gang were more apt to engage in all types of delinquent activities.