cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flavor and chemical comparison of pasteurized and fresh Valencia orange juices

Freshly extracted Florida Valencia orange juice was heated at 98C for 11 s to produce lightly heated juice, and for 37 s to produce heavily heated juice. Sensory panels detected a flavor difference between the fresh, unheated juice and the heavily heated juice. Analyses of these two juice samples by headspace gas chromatography (GC) showed no significant qualitative or quantitative differences. GC analyses of methylene chloride extracts of juices and of residues from distillation of the juices showed only one detectable difference in each case. Extracts of the whole juices showed one GC peak, which was significantly larger in the heavily heated juice, identified as the potential off flavor compound, octanoic acid. Extracts of the high-boiling distillation residue showed one unidentifed late-eluting GC peak which appeared only in the heavily heated juice. These findings supplement previous reports that more severe pasteurization conditions than required for juice processing cause detectable flavor changes in heated juice.
Multi-organizational distributed decision making in the power grid industry

This research focuses on the need for rapid and effective response to unknown, undefined, or unplanned system events that remain a core challenge for grid operators and their related power grid entities. This research analyzes the elements of inter-organizational communication and explores the impact of better inter-organizational communication and coordination among power grid entities on improving their distributed decision making under uncertainty. This poster discusses methods for obtaining and organizing communication methods and distributed decision making processes under uncertainty with an aim to support future decision support models allowing for rapid and adaptive power grid reliability decision making.
Cognitive processes in well‐defined and ill‐defined problem solving

We investigated the relationship between two kinds of problem solving using Kitchener's model of hierarchical cognitive processing. We predicted that performance on well-defined problems (i. e. those with a single, guaranteed solution) would be independent of ill-defined problems (i. e. those with multiple, non-guaranteed solutions). We also predicted that self-reported epistemic beliefs (i. e. assumptions about the nature and acquisition of knowledge) would be related to ill-defined, but not well-defined, solutions. Results confirmed these predictions. We concluded that well-defined and ill-defined problems require separate cognitive processes and that epistemic beliefs play an important role in ill-defined problem solving. These findings supported Kitchener's three-level model of problem solving.
Prophylactic contralateral surgery: current recommendations and techniques

The use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) from both invasive cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ is increasing in the United States [1], in spite of the fact that only 3% of breast cancer patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database developed a contralateral cancer at 5 years [2]. Endocrine therapy and trastuzumab, both widely used as adjuvant therapy, reduce the incidence of contralateral cancer by about 50%, suggesting that the risk of contralateral cancer in women treated today is quite low. Most guidelines for prophylactic mastectomy address women at high risk, not women with unilateral cancer. Known or suspected BRCA mutation carriers who develop unilateral cancer have a 40 to 60% risk of developing a contralateral cancer, and CPM is accepted as appropriate therapy in this circumstance. To address the issue of what kind of women undergo CPM, we identified 477 patients who had the procedure at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center within 1 year of a unilateral cancer diagnosis and compared them with 2,500 women undergoing unilateral mastectomy in the same period (1997 to 2005). CPM patients were younger (median 46 vs 53 years; P < 0.0001), had smaller tumors (1.2 vs 1.8 cm; P < 0.0001), and were less likely to have positive nodes (47 vs 57%; P < 0.0001). Hormone receptor and HER2 status did not differ between cases and controls. Although 68% of CPM patients reported a family history of breast cancer, only 2% underwent genetic testing. Of these, 34 (7%) were found to have a mutation. The pathology specimens of 6% of patients undergoing CPM were found to contain malignancy (eight invasive, 20 ductal carcinoma in situ). When CPM is performed, it should be done to the same anatomic limit as a therapeutic mastectomy. Skin sparing to facilitate reconstruction is appropriate, but flaps should be the same thickness as is used in a therapeutic mastectomy. The use of nipple sparing is controversial [3]. In order to maintain a blood supply to the nipple areolar complex, some breast tissue must be left behind. Most studies of local recurrence after nipple preservation have been limited to patients with breast cancer, and little is known about its use in the prophylactic setting, particularly regarding risks in BRCA carriers. However, local recurrence is uncommon after nipple sparing for cancer treatment, and improved body image and psychological adjustment after nipple sparing has been reported [3], making this option worthy of consideration in patients undergoing CPM.
A model for negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) in oxide and high /spl kappa/ pFETs 13/spl times/-C6D8C7F5F2

A model for the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is proposed. Unlike previous empirical models, this model is derived from physics principles. The model attributes NBTI to de-passivation of SiO/sub 2//Si interface and its two distinguishing features are: application of statistical mechanics to calculate depassivated site density increase and the assumption that the hydrogen diffusion is dispersive. The model is verified using new and published NBTI data for SiO/sub 2//poly, SiON/W and HfO/sub 2//W pFETs. A comparison between high /spl kappa/ and conventional oxide is made.
Vessel speed restrictions reduce risk of collision-related mortality for North Atlantic right whales

Collisions with vessels are a serious threat to a number of endangered large whale species, the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) in particular. In late 2008, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued mandatory time-area vessel speed restrictions along the U.S. eastern seaboard in an effort to mediate collision-related mortality of right whales. All vessels 65 feet and greater in length are restricted to speeds of 10 knots or less during seasonally implemented regulatory periods. We modeled mortality risk of North Atlantic right whale when the vessel restrictions were and were not in effect, including (1) estimation of the probability of lethal injury given a ship strike as a function of vessel speed, (2) estimation of the effect of transit speed on the instantaneous rate of ship strikes, and (3) a consideration of total risk reduction. Logistic regression and Bayesian probit analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between ship speed and the probability ...
Empowering software engineers in human-centered design

Usability is about to become the quality measure of today's interactive software including Web sites, and mobile appliances. User-centered design approach emerges from this need for developing more usable products. However, interactive systems are still designed and tested by software and computer engineers unfamiliar with UCD and the related usability engineering techniques. While most software developers may have been exposed with basic concepts such as GUI design guidelines, few developers are able to understand the human/user-centered design (UCD) toolbox at a level that allows them to incorporate it into the software development lifecycle. This paper describes an approach for skilling developers and students enrolled in an engineering program in critical user-centered design techniques and tools. The proposed approach starts from the analysis of the usability and software engineer's work context, identifies critical UCD skills and then associates relevant learning resources with each of the identified skills. Our approach suggests a list of patterns for facilitating the integration the UCD skills into the software engineering lifecycle.
Mechanisms of imagery-perception interaction

A number of different research findings have shown that mental imagery can affect the perceptual processing of stimuli. The present research was aimed at characterizing the representations and processes underlying imagery-perception interactions. In four experiments, subjects mentally projected images of letters into the visual field, and either detected or detected and localized point threshold stimuli that fell on or off the image. Stimuli falling on the image were detected more often than stimuli falling off the image, consistent with the hypothesis that the representations at the interface between imagery and perception have an array format. When the facilitation was analyzed in terms of signal detection theory, it was found to consist only of criterion lowering, and not of enhanced sensitivity. The local criterion-lowering effect of imaged letters was then compared with the effect of perceiving a letter and attending to a letter. Perceiving a letter had no discernible effect on stimulus detection, whereas attending to the letter caused the same local criterion lowering, without sensitivity changes, as imaging the letter. This is consistent with the claims of Neisser (1976) and others that imagery is an attentional state. Language: en
Longitudinal Development of Family Decision Making: Defining Healthy Behavioral Autonomy for Middle‐Class African American Adolescents

The development of decision-making autonomy was examined in 76 middle-class African American early adolescents (M = 13 years) and their mothers, who were followed longitudinally for 5 years. Adolescent decision-making autonomy over conventional, prudential, multifaceted, and personal issues increased over time but at different rates. Mothers viewed prudential and conventional issues as parent decisions, but adolescents increasingly viewed them as joint. Adolescents viewed multifaceted and personal issues as increasingly decided by adolescents (with parental input), whereas mothers viewed them as joint. Greater autonomy over multifaceted issues in early adolescence was associated with poorer adjustment. Controlling for background variables and earlier adjustment, increased autonomy over personal and multifaceted issues predicted less depression and better self-worth in late adolescence.
A Regulatory Role for MicroRNA 33* in Controlling Lipid Metabolism Gene Expression

hsa-miR-33a and hsa-miR-33b, intronic microRNAs (miRNAs) located within the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and 1 genes (Srebp-2 and -1), respectively, have recently been shown to regulate lipid homeostasis in concert with their host genes. Although the functional role of miR-33a and -b has been highly investigated, the role of their passenger strands, miR-33a* and -b*, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR-33a* and -b* accumulate to steady-state levels in human, mouse, and nonhuman primate tissues and share a similar lipid metabolism target gene network as their sister strands. Analogous to miR-33, miR-33* represses key enzymes involved in cholesterol efflux (ABCA1 and NPC1), fatty acid metabolism (CROT and CPT1a), and insulin signaling (IRS2). Moreover, miR-33* also targets key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism, including SRC1, SRC3, NFYC, and RIP140. Importantly, inhibition of either miR-33 or miR-33* rescues target gene expression in cells overexpressing pre-miR-33. Consistent with this, overexpression of miR-33* reduces fatty acid oxidation in human hepatic cells. Altogether, these data support a regulatory role for the miRNA* species and suggest that miR-33 regulates lipid metabolism through both arms of the miR-33/miR-33* duplex.
Association of Neisseria cinerea with ocular infections in paediatric patients

Twenty-two strains of Neisseria cinerea were recovered from paediatric patients over a 7-year period and forwarded to the Microbial Diseases Laboratory for biochemical identification and/or confirmation. Eighteen of these 22 strains (82%) were recovered from the eyes of very young children (≤1 year), >50% occurring during the neonatal period. The majority of eye isolates were involved in a variety of ocular infections including orbital cellulitis, conjunctivitis, and eye discharge (most common); in four of the 13 instances (31%) where laboratory data was available, Neisseria cinerea was recovered in pure culture. Neisseria cinerea isolates were often submitted to the Microbial Diseases Laboratory as possible ‘ N. gonorrhoeae ' or ‘ Neisseria species ' due to problems resulting from the use of commercial assays or unfamiliarity with the organism. These observations indicate that N. cinerea can produce eye infections in very young children, who presumably acquire this organism vertically from the mother during birth. Accurate identification of N. cinerea in such infants can preclude the social trauma and possible legal ramifications which can initially result from its misidentification as N. gonorrhoeae .
A Numerical Study of Pulsatile Flow Through a Hollow Fiber Cartridge: Growth Factor-Receptor Binding and Dissociation Analysis

This paper presents a numerical solution to describe growth factor-receptor binding under flow through hollow fibers of a bioreactor. The multi-physics of fluid flow, the kinetics of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) binding to its receptor (FGFR) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and FGF-2 mass transport is modeled by a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A finite volume method is used to discretize the PDEs. The ODEs are solved by a stiff ODE solver CVODE. Overall, second order accuracy in time and space is achieved with the second order implicit Euler scheme. In order to obtain a reasonable accuracy of the binding and dissociation from cells, a uniform mesh is used. To handle pulsatile flow, several assumptions are made including neglecting any entrance effects and an analytical solution for axial velocity within the fibers is obtained. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented. Computational results and experimental measurements are compared and observed to agree quite well, indicating that the simulation model and methods could be used as a complementary and even predictable tool for the study of biochemical reactions in a similar flow environment.
Detection of Mouse Cytomegalovirus Nucleic Acid in Latently Infected Mice by In Vitro Enzymatic Amplification

Transmission of human and murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) with transfusions and organ transplantation suggests that the latent virus is located in multiple organs and perhaps multiple cell types. The direct identification and localization of the latent virus in the normal host has been difficult using standard culture and hybridization techniques. In vitro amplification using the polymerase chain reaction followed by oligonucleotide hybridization can be used to detect murine CMV DNA. When this method was applied to DNA extracted from latently infected mice, it allowed detection of viral nucleic acid not detected by standard Southern hybridization. The results of these studies support the presence of latent murine CMV in multiple organs including the salivary gland, spleen, and kidney. Amplification and detection of viral DNA in purified renal tubule preparations suggest that this may be a site of viral latency and potential source of the virus during renal transplantation.
Nutrition and Politics in Prehistory

▪ Abstract The interaction of nutritional status with political structure in prehistoric New World societies is examined through bioarchaeological analysis. Overall, a general correlation is seen between political complexity and patterns of morbidity among various subsegments of the population. This relationship is strongest among egalitarian societies, in which few differences exist, and state-level societies, in which differences are readily apparent and appear to widen over time. At intermediate levels of political complexity, a less consistent picture emerges; various explanations are considered as to why the dietary differences predicted by the ethnohistorical and archaeological records are not reflected in the osteological record. Also addressed are patterns of differences in access to nutritional resources by gender at the various levels of political organization, as well as patterns of access between rural and urban centers. Future directions of study are suggested.
Experiences from a Transportation Security Sensor Network Field Trial

Cargo shipments are subject to hijack, theft, or tampering. Furthermore, cargo shipments are at risk of being used to transport contraband, potentially resulting in fines to shippers. The Transportation Security Sensor Network (TSSN), which is based on open software systems and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles, has been developed to mitigate these risks. Using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware, the TSSN is able to detect events and report those relevant to appropriate decision makers. Prior to deploying the TSSN it should be determined if the system can provide timely event notification. A field experiment was conducted to assess the TSSN's suitability for monitoring rail-borne cargo. Log files were collected from this experiment and postprocessed. In this paper we present empirical results on the time taken to report events using the TSSN. These results show that the TSSN can be used to monitor rail-borne cargo. Index Terms—Service oriented architecture, Mobile Rail Net- work, Trade Data Exchange, Virtual Network Operations Center
Regulation of Virus Release by the Macrophage-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 AD8 Isolate Is Redundant and Can Be Controlled by either Vpu or Env

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu and Env proteins are expressed from a bicistronic mRNA. To address the biological significance of the coordinated expression of vpu and env, we compared the relative effects on particle release of HIV-1 isolates containing an intact vpu gene or carrying point mutations in its initiation codon or internal deletions, respectively. We found that the primary AD8 isolate, which is unable to express vpu due to a mutation in its translation initiation codon, was able to replicate in primary macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells with efficiency similar to that of an isogenic variant expressing Vpu. Interestingly, AD8 lacking a vpu initiation codon produced higher levels of Env protein than its Vpu-expressing isogenic variant. In contrast, disabling Vpu without removing the vpu initiation codon did not alter Env expression but significantly reduced virus production. AD8 Env when provided in trans was capable of enhancing release not only of AD8 particles but also of viruses of the T-cell-tropic NL4-3 isolate. We conclude that AD8 Env encodes a Vpu-like activity similar to that previously reported for HIV-2 Env proteins and is thus able to augment virus secretion. When expressed at elevated levels, i.e., following mutation of the vpu initiation codon, AD8 Env was able to compensate for the lack of Vpu and thereby ensure efficient virus release. Thus, the ability to regulate virus release is redundant in AD8 and can be controlled by either Vpu or Env. Since Vpu controls several independent functions, including CD4 degradation, our results suggest that some HIV-1 isolates may have evolved a mechanism to regulate Vpu activity without compromising their ability to efficiently replicate in the host cells.
Bacterial Acrobatics on a Surface: Swirling Packs, Collisions, and Reversals during Swarming

Swarming is a particular type of motility that is promoted by flagella and allows bacteria to move rapidly over and between surfaces and through viscous environments. Swarming must confer considerable survival benefit, as a heterogeneous group of bacteria exhibit this form of motility, including
Lattice and electronic effects in rutile TiO 2 containing charged oxygen defects from ab initio calculations

We performed first-principle simulation for the study of oxygen vacancy defect in rutile TiO2 based on density functional theory. The effects of a vacancy on the electronic structure of rutile TiO2 were studied. Here we have employed neutral and charged oxygen vacancy in the supercell to address the resistance switching mechanism. Neutral vacancy induces the band gap states at deep level, ∼0.7 eV below the conduction band minimum, which is occupied by highly localized electrons. The calculation results of positively charged oxygen vacancy show that larger atomic relaxation surrounding oxygen vacancy results in the stretching of Ti-O bond around vacancy, thus band gap states are formed near the conduction band minimum.
Feminism and Imperialism, 1890–1920: Our Anti‐Imperialist Sisters—Missing in Action from American Feminist Sociology*

This article retrieves part of our historical past to address two omissions in American feminist sociology on the subject of global imperialism. The first section addresses the inadequate attention feminist sociologists have paid to how major leaders of the women's movement responded to U.S. overseas expansion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It documents how these early feminists had both progressive and reactionary responses to the anti-imperialist struggles of their era. Particular emphasis is given to how issues of race, class, and gender were interwoven in their discourses on imperialism. The second section focuses on how the writings of the most famous woman theorist and critic of imperialism during this era—Rosa Luxemburg—are virtually ignored in U.S. portrayals of feminist sociology and women founders of sociology. To address this omission, Luxemburg's theory of imperialism is examined, as well as how it has influenced contemporary global feminist works. A critical analysis of these Luxemburg-inspired works considers their implications for understanding global imperialism today. In this way, the past is used to clarify the present.
Recruitment and Retention of Minority Participants in the Health and Retirement Study

Purpose: Minority oversamples of African Americans and Hispanics have been a key feature of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) design from its origins in 1992. The objective of this article was to assess the quality of the HRS with respect to the recruitment and retention of minority respondents. Design and Methods: To evaluate minority recruitment efforts, we examine baseline response rates for the early baby boom cohort that was added in the 2004 wave and the representativeness of this cohort with regard to demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics. To evaluate retention, we focus on minority differentials in 2008 interview, nonresponse and mortality outcomes for the full HRS sample. We also examine minority differentials in participation in supplemental components of the HRS. Results: Minority response rates at baseline and in longitudinal follow-ups for the main HRS interview have been equal to or better than that of majority Whites. Conversely, response rates to some specific supplemental components have been lower for minority sample members. Implications: The oversample strategies that the HRS has employed have been successful at identifying and recruiting minority participants at response rates very comparable with that of Whites and others. Minority differentials in participation in supplemental components have been overcome to some extent through interviewer training and targeted follow-up strategies. The HRS experience suggests that well-trained interviewers can overcome most if not all of whatever race and ethnic differentials exist in willingness to participate in surveys, including those involving biological data collection.
Study of microwave signatures of soils with various rough surface spectra based on 3-D numerical simulations of Maxwell equations

The backscattering coefficients of wet soil surface are studied with the 3-dimensional numerical simulations of Maxwell equations. To improve the accuracy of the simulations, we have recently used the RWG basis functions. Using the simulation results, we study the angular, frequency, and polarimetric dependence of the scattering from different rough surface spectra. The simulation results are compared with the backscattering coefficients at L and C frequency bands and at the multi-incidence angles. The fairly good agreements are observed for the fixed physical surface roughness parameters at two frequency bands.
Possible Orientationally Ordered States of Bucky-Cubane

For temperatures above $T^*=130$K C$_{60} \cdot$C$_8$H$_8$ forms a cubic crystal consisting of two interpenetrating fcc sublattices, one of freely rotating Buckys C$_{60}$ and the other of orientationally ordered cubane C$_8$H$_8$. The crystal structure below a discontinuous transition is found to be orthorhombic, but the nature of the ordering of the Buckys has not yet been determined. Here possible orderings of the Buckys consistent with the size and symmetry of the orthorhombic unit cell are analyzed. Most likely inversion symmetry is preserved at the transition, in which case the small number of possible orderings are described. If inversion symmetry is removed, the point group can be C$_{2v}$ which supports ferroelectricity or D$_2$ which can be confirmed by proton NMR measurements.
Phosphorylation of the SRC epithelial substrate Trask is tightly regulated in normal epithelia but widespread in many human epithelial cancers.

Purpose: The frequently elevated activities of the c-src and c-yes products in human epithelial tumors suggest that these activated tyrosine kinases have tumorigenic functions analogous to the v-src and v-yes oncogene products. Studies of v-src –transformed fibroblasts have identified many of the effectors of this potent oncogene; however, because c-src and c-yes lack the mutational and promiscuous activities of their retroviral oncogene homologues, their presumptive tumorigenic functions in human epithelial tumors are more subtle, less well-defined, and await identification of possible effectors more directly relevant to epithelial cells. Experimental Design: We recently identified a transmembrane glycoprotein named Trask that is expressed in epithelial tissues but not fibroblasts and is phosphorylated by SRC kinases in mitotic epithelial cells. In this study, we have surveyed the expression and phosphorylation of Trask in many human epithelial cancer cell lines and surgical tissues and tumors. Results: Trask is widely expressed in human epithelial tissues, but its phosphorylation is tightly regulated and restricted to detached mitotic cells or cells undergoing physiologic shedding. However, abberant Trask phosphorylation is seen in many epithelial tumors from all stages including preinvasive, invasive, and metastatic tumors. Trask phosphorylation requires SRC kinases, and is also aberrantly hyperphosphorylated in the SRC-activated PyMT mouse epithelial tumors and dephosphorylated by the SRC inhibitor treatment of these tumors. Conclusions: The widespread phosphorylation of Trask in many human epithlelial cancers identifies a new potential effector of SRC kinases in human epithelial tumorigenesis.
Analytic Model for Web Anomalies Classification

In this paper, an analytic technique is proposed to improve the dynamic Web application quality and reliability. The technique integrates orthogonal defect classification (ODC), and Markov chain to classify as well as analyze the collective view of Web errors. The error collective view will be built from access logs and defect data. This classification technique will enable viewing the Web errors in page, path, and application contexts. This technique will help in developing reliable Web applications that benefit from the understanding of Web anomalies and past issues. The preliminary results of applying this approach to a case study from telecommunications industry are included to demonstrate its' viability.
Loop C and the mechanism of acetylcholine receptor-channel gating.

Agonist molecules at the two neuromuscular acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (AChR) transmitter-binding sites increase the probability of channel opening. In one hypothesis for AChR activation (“priming”), the capping of loop C at each binding site transfers energy independently to the distant gate over a discrete structural pathway. We used single-channel analyses to examine the experimental support for this proposal with regard to brief unliganded openings, the effects of loop-C modifications, the effects of mutations to residues either on or off the putative pathway, and state models for describing currents at low [ACh]. The results show that (a) diliganded and brief unliganded openings are generated by the same essential, global transition; (b) the radical manipulation of loop C does not prevent channel opening but impairs agonist binding; (c) both on- and off-pathway mutations alter gating by changing the relative stability of the open-channel conformation by local interactions rather than by perturbing a specific site–gate communication link; and (d) it is possible to estimate directly the rate constants for agonist dissociation from and association to both the low and high affinity forms of the AChR-binding site by using a cyclic kinetic model. We conclude that the mechanism of energy transfer between the binding sites and the gate remains an open question.
Magnetic resonance imaging and transesophageal echocardiography—a comparative study in patients with congenital heart disease

Transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging have proved useful as noninvasive imaging modalities in postoperative patients with congenital heart disease, or patients with suboptimal transthoracic echocardiograms. Each modality has specific advantages. When both are of equal efficacy, magnetic resonance imaging is recommended because it is less invasive and more comfortable for the patient.
Gene Rearrangements in the vsa Locus of Mycoplasma pulmonis

The vsa genes of Mycoplasma pulmonis encode the V-1 lipoproteins. Most V-1 proteins contain repetitive domains and are thought to be involved in mycoplasma-host cell interactions. Previously, we have reported the isolation and characterization of six vsa genes comprising a 10-kb region of the genome of M. pulmonis strain KD735-15. In the current study, vsa-specific probes were used to clone several fragments from a genomic library of KD735-15 DNA and assemble a single 20-kb contig containing 11 vsa genes. The middle region of the vsa locus contains a large open reading frame (ORF) that is not a vsa gene and has undergone an internal deletion in some strains. The ORF is predicted to encode a membrane protein that may have a role in disease pathogenesis. To examine vsa genes in a strain of M. pulmonis that is unrelated to KD735-15, strain CT was studied. Through Southern hybridization and genomic cloning analyses, CT was found to possess homologs of the KD735-15 vsaA, -C, -E, and -F genes and two unique genes (vsaG and vsaH) that were not found in KD735-15. High-frequency, site-specific DNA inversions serve to regulate the phase-variable production of individual V-1 proteins. As a result of the sequence analysis of vsa recombination products, a model in which DNA inversion arises from strand exchange involving at least six nucleotides of the vrs box is proposed.
The Impact of REOCs and Public Mortgage Finance Companies on the Performance and Volatility of U.S. REITs

Executive Summary. This paper extends the evidence on the financial performance of real estate investment trusts (REITs) by analyzing whether U.S. REIT index returns are impacted by other domestic firms that primarily engage in real estate activities but are not structured as REITs such as real estate operating companies (REOCs) and mortgage finance companies (MFCs). There is strong evidence that U.S. REITs are impacted by these other firms engaged in mortgage financing activities; thus underscoring the linkages between the overall capital markets and real estate performance. These results can be attributed to the changing dynamics of the real estate sector and its significant interrelationships. The findings have strong implications for constructing mixed-asset investment portfolios.
COMPULSORY INCOME REDISTRIBUTION AND SOCIAL CONFLICT

The social-order argument for compulsory income redistribution claims that redistribution is necessary in order to mitigate social conflict generated by excessive income disparity. This argument may have some validity in underdeveloped nations, but its accuracy is dubious for modern, market-based democracies with a rule of law. Indeed, strong reasoning and evidence is developed in this paper to show that, by the most appropriate measure, income redistribution in late 20th century America generated more, not less, social conflict and disorder.
Effects of solvent hydrogen bonding, viscosity, and polarity on the dispersion and alignment of nanofluids containing Fe2O3 nanoparticles

It has been shown that the alignment of Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles in water (H2O) can enhance the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. To better understand solvent effects such as hydrogen bonding, viscosity, and polarity, nanofluids were prepared by mixing Fe2O3 nanoparticles and various solvents (water, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 2-propanone, hexane, cyclohexane, ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc.), and the dispersions and alignments of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles in these solvents with and without an applied magnetic field were investigated using an optical microscope. The microscope images indicated that inter-molecule hydrogen bonding of the solvents with one OH group (water, ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropanol) could help to disperse and align the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The intra-molecular hydrogen bonding causes a dramatic increase in viscosity for fluids with multiple OH groups, such as ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and glycerol (C3H8O3), and makes the Fe2O3 nanoparticles dispersion and align...
Processing Parameters and the Rate of Resorption

There are number of factors that affect the rate of resorption of polymers. These factors can be broadly classified under mechanical properties, fabrication process parameters, and in vivo environmental conditions. Though all these factors are important for successful in vivo performance of these polymers, factors such as spinning parameters, processing conditions, sterilization techniques, and packaging are important from the manufacturer's stand point. Effect of these parameters on the resorption rate has been discussed in this chapter.
Assessment of Substance Abuse and Dependence in Anxiety Disorders

Substance abuse is a common comorbid problem in anxiety disorders. This chapter describes situational determinants associated with the presence of substance use disorders in anxiety, methods of assessment, and the impact of different substances of abuse on anxiety disorders. These include cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Level of analysis approaches to assessment, and integrating into treatment planning, is described.
Dependency on intercellular adhesion molecule recognition and local interleukin-2 provision in generation of an in vivo CD8+ T-cell immune response to murine myeloid leukemia

The immune response to a murine myeloid leukemia (cell line C1498) was studied in vitro and in vivo. Natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were shown to lyse C1498 in vitro through the binding of leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) on effectors and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 on C1498 target cells. However, the ability of nonimmunized mice to resist an in vivo challenge of a low dose (10(4)) of C1498 was NK-cell, but not T-cell dependent. The failure of T cells to participate in the immune surveillance of a low leukemia burden appeared, in part, because of a lack of expansion of leukemia reactive CTL precursors (CTLp). Leukemia reactive CTLp frequency estimations in naive and leukemia bearing mice were not significantly different (range, 1:20,600 to 1:74,000) in contrast to immunized mice (range, 1:1,400 to 1:4,400). Leukemia reactive CTLp could be expanded to a level that could apparently mediate in vivo immune surveillance of 10(5) leukemia cells by injection of irradiated leukemia cells intraperitoneally (IP) or subcutaneously (SC), but not intravenously (IV). However, IV injection of 10(5) live leukemia cells engineered to secrete interleukin-2 (IL-2) resulted in systemic immunity mediated primarily by CD8+ T cells. We conclude that NK cells can mediate immune surveillance of a low leukemia burden. CD8+ CTL-mediated immune surveillance can eliminate a higher leukemia burden than NK cells, but requires T-cell help, which can be delivered by local IL-2. Both NK and CTL-mediated immune surveillance of C1498 murine myeloid leukemia is dependent on recognition through the LFA-1:ICAM adhesion pathway.
The Diet for Galactosemia

Classical galactosemia can result in life-threatening complications including failure to thrive, hepatocellular damage, and E. coli sepsis in untreated infants. Initiation of a soy formula or a lactose-free medical food within the first few days of life can mitigate these complications. Patients with classical galactosemia are at increased risk for developmental delay, speech problems, and neurological complications, even with lifelong dietary treatment. Dairy products are the primary source of dietary galactose. Galactose is produced endogenously and accounts for a greater contribution to the total galactose pool than the small amounts of galactose found in plant-based foods.
Five Reasons History Professors Suck at Assessment

Anne Hyde was the William R. Hochman Professor of History at Colorado College and is now a professor of history at the University of Oklahoma. I would like to thank Dan McInerny of Utah State University, Lendol Calder of Augustana College, Leah Shopkow of Indiana University, and Julia Brookins of the American Historical Association for help in thinking this article through. Readers may contact Hyde at anne.hyde@ou.edu.
Growth of Ba(Ti1-xZrx)O3 single crystals by the laser heated pedestal growth technique

Abstract Single crystals of the ferroelectric Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 (x=0.05 and 0.08) were grown by the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. The perovskite structure of the crystals was identified by the X-ray diffraction technique. Crystals were examined by Laue patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated that the single crystals were of good crystallinity and compositional homogeneity. The anisotropic dielectric and piezoelectric behavior was characterized. The Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3 single crystals possessed a high-level hysteresis-free electromechanical strain and are promising lead-free ferroelectric crystals for the piezoelectric transducer applications.
Who quits? An overview of quitters in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction Using the Global Adult Tobacco Surveys from 14 primarily low- and middle-income countries, we describe the association between the probability of being a recent quitter and a number of demographic and policy-relevant factors such as exposure to warning labels, work-site smoking bans, antismoking media messaging, tobacco marketing, and current cigarette and bidi prices. Methods Logistic regressions were used to examine the potential correlates of recent quitting and recent quit attempts. Results After accounting for country-specific attributes in pooled analyses, we found that higher rates of exposure to work-site smoking bans are associated with higher odds of being a quitter (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]). Exposure to antismoking media messaging (OR with 95% CI = 1.08 [1.00, 1.17]), work-site smoking bans (OR with 95% CI = 1.11 [0.99, 1.26]), and warning labels (OR with 95% CI = 1.03 [1.01, 1.05]); cigarette prices (OR with 95% CI = 1.01 [1.00, 1.02]), and bidi prices (OR with 95% CI =1.17 [1.11, 1.22]) are factors associated with higher odds of recent quit attempts in the pooled analysis. These effects vary by country. Exposure to warning labels is found to be associated with greater likelihood of recent quitting in Egypt (OR with 95% CI = 3.20 [1.53, 6.68]), and the positive association between exposure to work-site smoking bans and quitting is particularly strong for Southeast Asia (OR with 95% CI = 1.20 [1.06, 1.35]) and Asia Pacific countries (OR with 95% CI = 1.85 [0.93, 3.68]). Additionally, exposure to tobacco industry marketing is significantly associated with smaller odds of quitting in Asia Pacific (OR with 95% CI = 0.83 [0.79, 0.87]) and Latin American countries (OR with 95% CI = 0.78 [0.74, 0.82]). Conclusions Although our results vary by country, they generally suggest that greater exposure to tobacco control polices is significantly associated with quitting.
Vibration Control of Thin Plates with Periodically Distributer Shunted Arrays

Periodic arrays of shunted piezoelectric patches are used to passively suppress the vibration level of a thin flexible plate. Commonly, resistor/inductor (RL) shunt circuits are used for single-or multiple-mode narrowband vibration control. In this work, a periodic lay-out of RL-piezo shunts is designed to achieve broadband vibration reduction over frequency bands selected by tuning the electrical parameters of the shunting circuit. A coupled piezostructural finite element model is developed for the analysis and design of the considered configurations. In addition, Bloch theorem is used to compute the dispersion properties of the plate-piezo patch system, thereby predicting band gaps resulting from the periodic pattern. Numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Dependence of Critical Current Density on Granular Arrangement in Ceramic Superconductors

The critical current density Jc of bulk ceramic superconductors is often several orders of magnitude lower than that of a single crystal or oriented film of the same material due to the weak links residing at the boundaries between single crystals within the ceramic sample. Assuming that the rate of electron transport within each single crystal is much faster than the average rate of electron transport between adjacent single crystals, a working hypothesis of Jc enhancement by granular reorientation is formulated which includes the "brickwall" model and melt-texturing as special cases with long-range granular alignment which usually leads to rigid and brittle bulk samples. Simple geometric considerations show that only short-range local granular alignment is necessary for high Jc. For mis reason, it should be possible to make flexible superconducting wires and tapes for commercial applications at or above 77K.
Abstract 1629: Restoration of the wild type function to mutant p53 by chemopreventive agent phenethyl isothiocyanate

p53 mutations occur in more than 50% of all human tumor. Mutant p53 is incapable of activating downstream target genes necessary for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a cruciferous vegetable-derived compound, has been shown to possess anti-cancer property by causing cell growth arrest or apoptosis in tumor cell lines and animal models. Recently, we have found that PEITC can selectively reduce mutant p53, but not wild type protein levels in a variety of tumor cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that PEITC can increase sequence specific DNA binding of p53 in NSCLC H596 cells expressing mutant p53 and induce the expression of p53-dependent target proteins, such as p21 and Noxa. Similar effects were observed in human glioblastoma T98G cells which also express mutant p53. H596 cells incubated with sulforaphane (SFN), another widely studied ITC compound with much weaker cytotoxicity, showed no increased specific DNA binding of p53. In addition, PEITC induced p53-responsive p21 and Noxa promoter luciferase activity. Blocking mutant p53 protein expression with shRNA in T98G cells entirely prevented p21 protein induction triggered by PEITC. Immunoprecipitation studies with conformation-specific p53 antibodies (Pab1620 and Pab240) show that treatment with PEITC alters mutant p53 to wild type conformation in H596 cells. Currently, we are investigating the significance of function restoration to mutant p53 by phenethyl isothiocyanate in the regulation of apoptosis by PEITC or other conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1629.
Genetic and Ecological Structure of a Population of Peromyscus leucopus

An extensive live-trapping system, consisting of 700 trap stations over 16 ha indicated that a demographic unit or demographically distinct subpopulation of Peromyscus leucopus can occupy an area as large as 13.5 ha or as small as 2.4 ha. The 2.4 ha demographic unit was located in a successional habitat and was characterized by consistently lower densities, winter extinction in four consecutive years, and a large number of immigrants relative to emigrants. Significant heterogeneity in allelic frequency and significant F st values indicated that genetic structure occurred on the same scale. However, the units of genetic heterogeneity did not correspond to the demographic units.
Assessment of Power and False Discovery Rate in Genome-Wide Association Studies using the BarleyCAP Germplasm

Success in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is dependent on the power to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) with a minimal rate of false discovery. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for GWAS within barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by evaluating several linear models that varied in the way they accounted for population structure (model-based STRUCTURE or principle component analysis [PCA]) and familial relatedness. Using genotype data from the Barley Coordinated Agricultural Project (BarleyCAP), phenotypic effects were simulated for different numbers of QTL with three heritability levels. Under each scenario, power and false discovery rate were calculated for sample sizes of 100 or 300 individuals. A mixed model that accounted for familial relatedness but not population structure performed as well as or better than all other models across all heritability levels, QTL numbers, and sample sizes tested. Simulations with 100 lines performed poorly for QTL detection but simulations with 300 lines performed adequately, suggesting that the BarleyCAP data can be used successfully for GWAS if sample sizes are adequate.