cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptic organization of the inner plexiform layer in the retina of the tiger salamander

The synaptic morphology and organization of the inner plexiform layer of the salamander retina was examined in serial sections with the electron microscope. Processes were traced, whenever possible, from their cells of origin, and synapses were classified as ribbon or regular (non-ribbon, conventional). Amacrine processes always make regular synapses, while bipolar processes make both ribbon and regular synapses. For this reason, new and decisive criteria based on the differential morphology of synaptic vesicles and junctional membranes were sought to distinguish between the amacrine and bipolar processes in single sections. Amacrine processes contain a relatively uniform population of small round vesicles and they make regular symmetrical synapses. Bipolar processes contain vesicles that are generally larger and more pleomorphic than those of the amacrine processes, and they make ribbon synapses (monads, dyads and triads) and regular synapses of the asymmetrical type. Amacrine processes synapse upon other amacrine processes, bipolar axons, ganglion cell dendrites, and the perikarya of these three types of cells. Amacrine cells also give rise to somatodendritic synapses. Bipolar processes synapse upon amacrine processes, ganglion cell dendrites and other bipolar processes, but they have not been seen to synapse upon the somata of any cell. Both amacrine and bipolar processes engage in serial synapses, and these two groups often make reciprocal synapses with each other. Gap junctions have been found between two bipolar processes, between two amacrine processes, and less frequently, between a bipolar and an amacrine process.
Maternal anxiety: course and antecedents during the early postpartum period

The early course and antecedents of postpartum anxiety are unknown. This study sought to determine the course and antecedents of maternal anxiety during the first month postpartum and to develop a model to predict 1-month anxiety using information obtainable before perinatal hospital discharge. Two hundred and ninety-six mothers were screened before discharge with the State (SS) and Trait (TS) Scales of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Demographic characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and medical record review, and psychiatric history, measures of perinatal stress, and resilient factors were determined by focused questions and formal instruments. At 1-month postpartum, the SS was repeated. Scores on the SS were significantly higher at 1 month than immediately postpartum (35.30+/-0.68 versus 33.38+/-0.60, mean+/-standard error, P=.004), but only 58.6% of mothers with high pre-discharge anxiety had high anxiety at 1 month. One-month anxiety correlated with pre-discharge SS and TS scores, a history of psychiatric problems including depressed mood, medical and negative social life events, lack of pregnancy planning and prenatal class attendance, perceived peripartum stress, and duration of postpartum hospital stay. Inverse correlations were observed with education, household income, and resiliency factors. In multivariate modeling, anxiety trait, education, history >or=2 years of depression, and perception of peripartum stress accounted for 50% of the variance in the 1-month SS score. Maternal anxiety increases during the first postpartum month. Women with high trait anxiety, low education, a history of depressed mood, and a perception of high peripartum stress are at risk for experiencing anxiety at this time.
The Price of Insisting that Quantum Mechanics is Complete

The Bare Theory was offered by David Albert as a way of standing by the completeness of quantum mechanics in the face of the measurement problem. This paper surveys objections to the Bare Theory that recur in the literature: what will here be called the oddity objection, the coherence objection, and the context-of-the-universe objection. Critics usually take the Bare Theory to have unacceptably bizarre consequences, but to be free from internal contradiction. Bizarre consequences need not be decisive against the Bare Theory, but a further objection--dubbed here the calibration objection-has been underestimated. This paper argues that the Bare Theory is not only odd but also inconsistent. We can imagine a successor to the Bare Theory-the Stripped Theorywhich avoids the objections and fulfills the original promise of the Bare Theory, but at the cost of amplifying the bizarre consequences. The Stripped Theory is either a stunning development in our understanding of the world or a reductio disproving the completeness of quantum mechanics.
Methyltransferase activity of the insect orbivirus JKT-7400: photoaffinity labeling of a minor virion protein, VP4, with S-adenosylmethionine.

Abstract JKT-7400 virus is an orbivirus originally isolated from Culex mosquitoes. In earlier work we had described the viral structural proteins and presented evidence suggesting that a minor protein, VP6, located in the viral core was the viral guanylyltransferase. We now show that gradient-purified JKT-7400 virions possess a methyltransferase (MTase) activity which can use GTP or GDP as the methyl acceptor. The apparent K m of the MTase for S -adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) was 25 μ M. Photoaffinity labeling experiments in which 3 H-[methyl]-AdoMet was incubated with virions or viral cores demonstrated labeling of VP4, a minor protein present in the viral core, suggesting that this protein is the viral MTase. Labeling of VP4 was inhibited by addition of unlabeled AdoMet or S -adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy).
An Analysis of Some of the Principal Legal Questions Relating to U.N. Weapons Inspections in Iraq

The multi-year U.N. weapons inspection program in Iraq has encountered numerous difficulties. Its basic objectives have been to ascertain the extent of Iraq's atomic, biological, and chemical weapons, and ballistic missile systems, and then to undertake efforts designed to eliminate such and complicate that nation's ability to reconstruct that arsenal. A wide variety of legal issues surround the operation of the inspection program. Some of these arise from the seminal U.N. resolutions on the subject, and associated operational documents drafted by the Secretary-General, while others arise from the February 23, 1998, Memorandum of Understanding between Secretary Kofi Annan and the Iraqi government. In this article, six of the principal legal issues are subjected to analysis. It is suggested that ambiguity affects some, but not all of the issues. Nevertheless, the ambiguity that is extant, though presenting the potential for complex and unsettling difficulties, has permitted the development of an inspection regime unprecedented in international law.
Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Reactivity and Structure of Polyaniline

The structure and oxidation state of emeraldine base polyaniline (PANI) in N-methyl- pyrrolidinone solutions that have been heated to 120-190 °C have been characterized by solid-state NMR, UV/vis, FTIR, and GPC. The spectroscopic studies reveal that the polymer is completely converted to its fully reduced leucoemeraldine form after heating at 175-190 °C for only 2 h, and bubbling oxygen gas through the solutions after heating results in partial reoxidation of the polymer. Cross-links, consisting of phenazine structures, have been identified in PANI films cast from heated NMP solutions by 15N interrupted decoupling solid-state NMR. After heating, the polymer is partially cross-linked with the cross-link density increasing with annealing temperature, and the non-cross-linked regions are the reoxidizable portions of the polymer. A mechanism by which the cross-linking reaction of PANI leads to the polymer reduction is discussed.
Training with Technology: How Information Technology Enhanced the RDA Training Experience at the University of Pittsburgh

To prepare for the nationwide adoption of RDA cataloging rules, the task was taken at the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh to provide RDA training to librarians and staff with cataloging duties. This article discusses the trainers’ experience, particularly in regards to the role information technology played in the training. It also recounts the experience of teaching a library school RDA class that included both in-person and online participants. Throughout these training and teaching opportunities, facilitating online participation and creating a web site for training documentation put into focus the importance of technical support and ensuring long-term access to online materials. While using information technology to teach and train has become commonplace to the point of necessity, it is important to not lose sight of the objectives of education that precede the latest technological innovations.
Computerized measurement of allergen-induced skin reactions

The areas of 50 randomly chosen skin-test reactions were measured with a graphics tablet interfaced to a microcomputer. The computer-determined areas were compared with the sums and products of orthogonal diameters, the maximum diameter, and the actual areas of the reactions. The areas measured by the computer were highly correlated with the actual areas (r = 0.999). Both the sums and products of orthogonal diameters were also highly correlated with the actual areas (r = 0.953 and r = 0.988, respectively) and added little to the correlation of the maximum diameter (r = 0.923). The average coefficient of variation for repeated computer area measurements was 5.3%. Area and maximum diameter measurements were then compared in a study designed to evaluate the variation of prick tests applied by different persons. Area measurements revealed significant differences between the testers, which were not found when maximum diameter measurements were compared. Computerized area determination is a rapid, accurate means for quantitating skin-test reactions. The precision offered by this method is of potential importance for studies involving quantitative skin testing.
Sampling intensity and species richness: Effects on delineating southwestern riparian plant communities

Abstract Riparian communities in the southwestern United States often occur in patches and isolated pockets along stream corridors, making classifications of community types highly dependent on sampling design and methodology. We investigated the relationship between sampling intensity and species richness at five sites having differing species richness. Riparian tree species were sampled at 40 plots, each 5 × 25 m iize, at each site. Using bootstrap subsampling techniques, we determined the relationships between number of plots and tree species richness in estimating density, basal area, and species ranks. Variability in species density ranks for the most frequent species stabilized, with about 10–20 plots. As species richness increased, so did the variability associated with estimating ranks. Studies based on only a few arbitrarily selected sample plots may not produce reliable results.
Caveolin in Bilayers: Can the Intramembrane U-Shaped Conformation Really Exist

Caveolin induces membrane curvature and drives the formation of caveolae that participate in many crucial cell functions such as endocytosis. The central portion of caveolin-1 contains two helices (H1 and H2) connected by a three-residue break with both N- and C-termini exposed to the cytoplasm. Although a U-shaped configuration is assumed based on its inaccessibility by extracellular matrix probes, caveolin structure in a bilayer remains elusive. This work aims to characterize the structure and dynamics of caveolin-1 (D82 to S136; Cav182-136) in a DMPC bilayer using NMR, fluorescence emission measurements, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The secondary structure of Cav182-136 from NMR chemical shift indexing analysis serves as guideline for generating initial structural models. 50 independent MD simulations (80 ns each) are performed to identify its favorable conformation and orientation in the bilayer. Using the short simulations as a guideline, a representative configuration was chosen and simulated for 1 μs to further explore its stability and dynamics. The results of these simulations mirror those from the tryptophan fluorescence measurements (i.e., Cav182-136 insertion depth in the bilayer), and corroborate that Cav182-136 inserts in the membrane with a U-shaped conformation. The angle between H1 and H2 ranges from 35° to 69°, and the tilt angle of Cav182-136 is 27° ± 6°. The simulations also show that specific faces of H1 and H2 prefer to interact with each other and with lipid molecules, and these interactions stabilize the U-shaped conformation.
Preference and Profitability: Theory and Experiment

We attempt to integrate the related problems of patch choice and prey choice within patches. Two models of prey choice within patches are discussed. One based on momentary rate maximizing (the take-the-most-profitable rule) has been presented previously. We develop an alternative long-term rate-maximizing rule, the discrete-marginal-value theorem. We present an experimental test of these two alternatives using honeybee flower-choice behavior. These empirical results strongly favor the discrete-marginal-value theorem. The relative values of flowers affect honeybee flower choice as both models predict, but the overall richness of the habitat also affects flower choice as the discrete-marginal-value theorem predicts. Our experimental result is consistent with existing data on the so-called "problem of self-control" in animal psychology. We consider the generality of momentary rate maximizing versus long-term rate maximizing, and attempt to clarify some of the literature's confusion about when the diet and pa...
TGFβ and BMP-2 Activation of the OPN Promoter: Roles of Smad- and Hox-Binding Elements

Members of the transforming growth factor superfamily are known to transduce signals via the activation of Smad proteins. Ligand binding to transmembrane cell surface receptors triggers the phosphorylation of pathway-specific Smads. These Smads then complex with Smad 4 and are translocated to the nucleus where they effect gene transcription. Smads 1 and 4 were recently demonstrated to mediate BMP activation of the OPN promoter by inhibiting the interaction of Hoxc-8 protein with a Hox-binding element. While previous studies have indicated that specific DNA sequences are recognized by Smad complexes in several promoters, the role of Smad-binding elements (SBEs) in activation of the OPN promoter by members of the TGFbeta superfamily has not been previously evaluated. In this study we tested the hypothesis that a putative Smad-binding region containing the sequence AGACTGTCTGGAC is involved in the activation of the OPN promoter by members of the TGFbeta superfamily. Functional analyses demonstrated that the both the HBE- and Smad-binding region were involved in BMP-2-induced activation of the promoter, whereas, the HBE appeared to be the primary region involved in activation by TGFbeta. Deletion of the first 9 bases in the Smad-binding region substantially reduced BMP-2-mediated activation of the promoter. These results strongly suggest that both the Hox- and the Smad-binding regions play a role in BMP-2-induced activation of the OPN promoter.
Improved Antimicrobial Potency through Synergistic Action of Chitosan Microparticles and Low Electric Field

Techniques to inhibit gram-negative bacteria such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are valuable as the prevalence of large-scale industrial food preparation increases the likelihood of contamination. Chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, has been demonstrated to inhibit bacteria growth in acidic environments, but is significantly less effective in preventing bacteria grown at pH >7.0. Pulsed electric fields, constituting another method of bacteria inhibition, are difficult to generate at sufficient strength due to the high electric potentials required. This study utilizes adsorption of particulate chitosan in a very low electric field for an increased inhibition of gram-negative bacteria in neutral or alkaline pH conditions. Chitosan microparticles are demonstrated to flocculate E. coli, inhibit growth, and exhibit increased efficacy when combined with a low voltage electric field applied over 2-min intervals. Using sustained pulses of approximately 100 V/cm, it is demonstrated that bacteria viability is reduced by several orders of magnitude. The degree of bacterial inhibition is increased when chitosan microparticles are introduced to the system prior to imposing a small electric field.
The Relative Importance of Information Sources in Consumers' Choice of Hospitals

The research presented focuses on an examination of the relative importance of word-of-mouth, expert opinion, external communication, and past experience in the context of hospital choice. Past research has examined the effect of each individually and various combinations of the four sources, but not all four simultaneously. Results of the present study suggest that past experience plays a greater role in hospital choice than other information sources, including expert opinion. The strength of word-of-mouth as a source of information is also verified. The implications of this research include the following: (1) health care researchers need to incorporate word-of-mouth when investigating informations sources, and (2) local hospitals need to be aware of "negative perceptions" and strive for consumer satisfaction. Health care delivery systems incorporating consumer-based choice render these findings especially valuable as researchers and practitioners address the challenges that these evolving systems will bring.
[(2-Methoxy­anilino)­methyl­ene]­malono­nitrile

In the structure of the title compound, C11H9N3O, the mol­ecule is almost planar; the dihedral angle between the o-methoxy­aniline and di­cyano­ethyl­ene fragments is 4.8 (1)°. There is a weak conjugation between these fragments of the mol­ecule. An intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond forms a planar five-membered ring. Molecules form stacks with head-to-head orientations in the crystal. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers.
Two morphotypes of lacustrine threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus , in Benka Lake, Alaska

Within freshwater fishes, a common pattern of diversification of body form and trophic structure has recently been recognized. Two different suites of co-occurring characters appear to allow fish to efficiently forage on either benthic invertebrates or plankton. For threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus, these suites of characters have been labeled ‘benthic’ and “limnetic’. The forms differ in several morpholoical traits, with the limnetic having a more fusiform shape, larger eyes, longer and more numerous gill rakers, and a smaller more tubular mouth. Benthic and limnetic threespine stickleback are usually found in allopatry or parapatry, and less frequently in sympatry. Within the range of the threespine stickleback, which comprises perhaps tens of thousands of lacustrine populations, the sympatric occurrence of the benthic and limnetic forms has only been established for six lakes within a small region of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. We present the first evidence for the presence of sympatric morphotypes of threespine stickleback outside of British Columbia. We examine the nature and extent of this diversification, and present possible explanations for the sympatric occurrence of these morphotypes. We also explore possible reasons for the small number of documented sympatric benthic and limnetic forms of threespine stickleback despite the existence of thousands of apparently suitable lakes.
Experiences and Perspectives of Pregnancy in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Research on pregnancy for women with multiple sclerosis (MS) primarily focuses on medical aspects of pregnancy, and personal perspectives are often ignored. This paper explores pregnancy in women with MS by reporting on fertility, pregnancies, family planning, and identifying where they get information about pregnancy and MS. Data from 391 women with MS who responded to a paper and pencil survey are presented using descriptive statistics. Over half of the sample had children, and 14.2 % of the sample became pregnant after their MS diagnosis. Many of these women did not discuss pregnancy or breastfeeding with their physicians or healthcare providers. One-third of women reported that their first pregnancy after their MS diagnosis changed their attitude about future pregnancies. Finally, the most common source of information about MS and pregnancy was specialists (i.e. neurologists or MS physicians). The results of this study can inform individuals who work with women with MS on how to improve services and communication with their patients of childbearing age who may be concerned about pregnancy.
Do treatment effects vary among differing baseline depression criteria in depression in Alzheimer's disease study ± 2 (DIADS-2)?

Objective To determine if the effect of sertraline in the depression in Alzheimer's disease study – 2 (DIADS-2) differed in subgroups of patients defined by baseline depression criteria. Methods DIADS-2 was a randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sertraline (target dose of 100 mg/day) for the treatment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease. DIADS-2 enrolled 131 patients who met criteria for the depression of Alzheimer's disease (dAD). Analyses reported here examined if the effect of sertraline differed in various subgroups, including those meeting criteria for major depressive episode (MaD), minor depressive episode (MiD), and Alzheimer's-associated affective disorder (AAAD) at baseline. Results At baseline, 52 of 131 participants (39.7%) met criteria for MaD, 54 (41.2%) for MiD, and 90 (68.7%) for AAAD. For the primary outcome of modified Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Clinical Global Impression of Change (mADCS-CGIC) scores at 12 weeks of follow-up, the odds of being at or better than a given mADCS-CGIC category did not significantly differ between the two treatment groups for those patients with MaD at baseline (ORsertraline = 0.66 [95% CI: 0.24, 1.82], p = 0.42); tests for interactions between treatment group and baseline depression diagnostic subgroup were not significant for MaD versus MiD versus neither (χ2 = 1.05 (2df), p = 0.59) or AAAD versus no AAAD (χ2 = 0.06 (1df), p = 0.81). Conclusions There was no evidence that sertraline treatment was more efficacious in those patients meeting baseline criteria for MaD compared to MiD or to neither. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of SAR on water infiltration under a sequential rain–irrigation management system

Abstract Existing irrigation water quality criteria related to sodium and salinity are based primarily on short-term laboratory column studies. These earlier studies measured infiltration or hydraulic conductivity of disturbed soil under continuously saturated conditions. Application of these standards to field conditions is uncertain, as it does not account for wetting and drying conditions, formation of crusts and impact of rain events, etc. In this study we examine water infiltration into loam and clay soils irrigated at EC = 1.0 and 2.0 dS m−1 at SAR of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 in a management system with alternating (simulated) rain and irrigation and drying between irrigations. For the loam soil the adverse impacts of sodium on infiltration were evident above SAR 2, while for the clay soil adverse impacts occurred above SAR 4. In both soils the SAR behavior was similar for both EC values, 1.0 and 2.0 dS m−1, indicating that in this range, EC did not affect infiltration. Reductions in infiltration were evident during both the irrigation and rain events, with lower infiltration, as expected during the rain simulations. These results show a greater sensitivity to SAR than indicated in laboratory column studies and existing water quality criteria.
IBM Solves a Mixed-Integer Program to Optimize Its Semiconductor Supply Chain

IBM Systems and Technology Group uses operations research models and methods extensively for solving large-scale supply chain optimization (SCO) problems for planning its extended enterprise semiconductor supply chain. The large-scale nature of these problems necessitates the use of computationally efficient solution methods. However, the complexity of the models makes developing robust solution methods a challenge. We developed a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model and supporting heuristics for optimizing IBM's semiconductor supply chain. We designed three heuristics, driven by practical applications, for capturing the discrete aspects of the MIP. We leverage the model structure to overcome computational hurdles resulting from the large-scale problem. IBM uses the model and method daily for operational and strategic planning decisions and has saved substantial costs.
Recovery of airway structure and function after hyperoxic exposure in immature rats

We have previously demonstrated that hyperoxic exposure (> 95% O2 for 8 d) induces airway cholinergic hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in 21-d-old rats. To examine the potential relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in these animals, we exposed rats to air or hyperoxia for 8 d, returned them to air-breathing, and measured airway responsiveness to inhaled acetylcholine (ACh) and layer thicknesses immediately after or 16 or 48 d after cessation of air or O2 exposure. The ACh concentration required to increase resistance by 100% (EC200ACh) was calculated by linear interpolation. Small airway (circumference < 1,000 microns) and medium-sized, conducting airway (1,000 to 3,000 microns) epithelial and smooth muscle layer mean thicknesses and fractional areas (layer area/luminal cross-sectional area) were determined from lung sections by contour tracing using a digitizing pad and computer. As we reported previously, after 8 d of O2 exposure, group mean log EC200ACh was significantly reduced relative to that in control animals (p < 0.001). Similarly, hyperoxic exposure was associated with significant increases in all parameters of airway layer thickness assessed (p < 0.05). However, by 16 d after cessation of O2 exposure, there were no longer statistically significant differences in log EC200ACh, airway layer thickness, or fractional area between control and O2-exposed animals. Further studies, in a second cohort of animals killed 0, 3, 6, 8, or 13 d after cessation of O2 exposure, demonstrated progressive reductions in small airway epithelial and smooth muscle layer thicknesses, confirming that hyperoxia-induced airway remodeling resolves by approximately 2 wk after termination of O2 exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The cost effectiveness of occupational health interventions: prevention of silicosis.

Background The failure to recognize occupational health as an economic phenomenon limits the effectiveness of interventions ostensibly designed to prevent disease and injury. Hence, consideration of economic efficiency is essential in the evaluations of interventions to reduce hazardous working conditions. In this paper, we present an analysis of the cost effectiveness of alternative means of preventing silicosis. Method To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of specific interventions for the prevention of occupationally induced silicosis, we have used the simulation models based on the generalized cost effectiveness analysis (GCEA) developed by the WHO-CHOICE initiative for two representative subregions – namely AMROA (Canada, United States of America), and WPROB1(China, Korea, Mongolia). Results In both of the two subregions, engineering controls are the most cost-effective with ratios varying from $105.89 per healthy year or disability adjusted life year saved in AMROA to approximately $109 in WPROB1. In the two subregions, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of Engineering Controls (EC) looks most attractive. Although Dust Masks (DM) looks attractive in terms of cost, the total efficacy is extremely limited. Conclusion To the extent that this analysis can be generalized across other subregions, it suggests that engineering control programs would be cost-effective in both developed and developing countries for reducing silica
PharmDock: A Pharmacophore-Based Docking Program

Protein-based pharmacophore models are enriched with the information of potential interactions between ligands and the protein target. We have shown in a previous study that protein-based pharmacophore models can be applied for ligand pose prediction and pose ranking. In this publication, we present a new pharmacophore-based docking program PharmDock that combines pose sampling and ranking based on optimized protein-based pharmacophore models with local optimization using an empirical scoring function. Tests of PharmDock on ligand pose prediction, binding affinity estimation, compound ranking and virtual screening yielded comparable or better performance to existing and widely used docking programs. The docking program comes with an easy-to-use GUI within PyMOL. Two features have been incorporated in the program suite that allow for user-defined guidance of the docking process based on previous experimental data. Docking with those features demonstrated superior performance compared to unbiased docking. A protein pharmacophore-based docking program, PharmDock, has been made available with a PyMOL plugin. PharmDock and the PyMOL plugin are freely available from http://people.pharmacy.purdue.edu/~mlill/software/pharmdock .
Asymptotics for Sobolev orthogonal polynomials for exponential weights

Let $\lambda >0,\alpha >1$, and let $W( x) =\exp ( -\vert x\vert ^{\alpha }) $, $x\in \mbox{\smallbf R}$. Let $\psi \in L_{\infty }(\mbox{\smallbf R}) $ be positive on a set of positive measure. For $n\geq 1$, one may form Sobolev orthonormal polynomials $( q_{n}) $, associated with the Sobolev inner product \[ ( f,g) =\int_{\mbox{\scriptsize\bf R}}fg( \psi W) ^{2}+\lambda \int_{\mbox{\scriptsize\bf R}}f^{\prime }g^{\prime }W^{2}. \] We establish strong asymptotics for the $( q_{n}) $ in terms of the ordinary orthonormal polynomials $( p_{n}) $ for the weight $W^{2}$, on and off the real line. More generally, we establish a close asymptotic relationship between $( p_{n}) $ and $( q_{n}) $ for exponential weights $W=\exp ( -Q) $ on a real interval $I$, under mild conditions on $Q$. The method is new and will apply to many situations beyond that treated in this paper.
Three‐Dimensional Compressional Attenuation Model (QP) for the Salton Trough, Southern California

Abstract I present a frequency‐independent 3D seismic attenuation model (indicated by ) for the crust of the Salton trough and the adjacent regions in southeastern southern California. The simul2000 tomographic algorithm was used to invert the frequency‐independent attenuation operator t * values measured from amplitude spectra of 23,378 P ‐wave arrivals of 1203 events through a recently developed 3D velocity model. The Q P model has a uniform horizontal grid spacing of 5 km, and the vertical‐node intervals range between 2 and 5 km down to 27 km depth. In general, the Q P values increase with depth and agree with the surface geology in the shallow depth layers. Low Q P values are observed in the Imperial Valley, California, which are consistent with the sedimentary deposits and may also reflect the presence of pore fluid in the active fault zones, whereas greatly elevated Q P values are shown in the surrounding crystalline ranges. The new Q P model provides an important complement to the existing velocity models for interpreting structural heterogeneity and fluid saturation of rocks in the study area. Online Material: Figures of checkerboard resolution tests, Q P versus V P , and Q P versus heat flow.
Towards a Science of Alzheimer's Disease Management: A Model Based Upon Current Knowledge of Retrogenesis

Background: General relationships between dotage and infancy and childhood have been acknowledged for more than two millennia. Recent findings indicate precise relationships between functional, praxic, and feeding changes in the course of the degenerative dementia of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and inverse corresponding developmental sequences. Similar inverse relationships between AD and human development can be described for cognition and language skills; for physiologic measures of electroencephalographic activity, brain glucose metabolism, and developmental neurologic reflex changes; and for the neuropathologic and neuroanatomic progression of these processes. In AD, these processes may be termed “retrogenesis.” The relevance of the retrogenesis model for AD management is explored. Method: The functional stages of AD can be translated into developmental age equivalents that can be utilized to explicate observed changes in the disease. Results: The retrogenesis-based developmental age model can usefully inform an understanding of the general care needs, emotional and behavioral changes, and activity needs of the AD patient. This model must be amended by necessary caveats regarding physical differences, variations in age-associated pathology, differences in social and societal reactions, and differences in background between AD patients and their developmental age “peers.” Conclusions: Knowledge of retrogenesis and the developmental age of the AD patients can form a nidus for the development of a nascent science of disease management. Such a science must ultimately incorporate not only appropriate caveats but also relevant universal human needs, such as those for dignity, love, and movement.
Effect of distal positional isomerism on peptide fragmentation. A comparison of dimethylaminobenzylidene and benzoyl derivatives

The electron-impact-induced fragmentation patterns of the positional isomers of N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and their Schiff base derivatives of valylisoleucylalanine and leucyltryptophylleucine ethyl esters were determined. The electron-impact-induced fragmentation patterns of the positional isomers of N-hydroxysuccinimido N′,N′-dimethylaminobenzoate and of the corresponding N,N-dimethylaminobenzoyl ethyl esters of the above peptides were compared. Significant differences among the isomers were noted between the Schiff base set and the substituted benzoyl set. The N-blocking groups m- and p-dimethylaminobenzylidene and m-dimethylaminobenzoyl gave the most useful sets of sequence peaks of relatively uniform intensity with intense molecular ions. Positional isomerism was found to influence cleavage of both proximal and distal bonds.
Trends in work hours and vacation time among radiologists in the United States.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe recent trends in weekly work hours and annual vacation days among full-time radiologists in the United States with separate data for academic radiologists, radiologists in multispecialty groups, and radiologists in private practice.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We tabulated non–individually identified responses from the American College of Radiology 1995, 2003, and 2007 surveys of radiologists. These stratified random sample surveys had, respectively, 2,025, 1,924, and 487 responses and response rates of 75%, 63%, and 20%. Responses were weighted to make them representative of all U.S. radiologists. Respondents were assured of confidentiality.RESULTS. Mean weekly hours worked increased from 1995 to 2003 and from 2003 to 2007. The total increase was approximately 5 hours, or 10%. Mean vacation days also increased in both subperiods, from 27 in 1995 to 39 in 2007, yielding an approximately 5% decrease in days worked per year. The overall result was a mean increa...
CO 2 enrichment reduces reproductive dominance in competing stands of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)

Plants growing in dense stands may not equally acquire or utilize extra carbon gained in elevated CO2. As a result, reproductive differences between dominant and subordinate plants may be altered under rising CO2 conditions. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 would enhance the reproductive allocation of shaded, subor- dinate Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) individu- als more than that of light-saturated dominants. We grew stands of A. artemisiifolia at either 360 or 720 lL L 1 CO2 levels and measured the growth and repro- ductive responses of competing individuals. To test whether elevated CO2 altered size and reproductive inequalities within stands, we compared stand-level coefficients of variation (CV) in height growth and final shoot, root, and reproductive organ biomasses. Elevated CO2 enhanced biomass and reduced the CV for all as- pects of plant growth, especially reproductive biomass. Allocation to reproduction was higher in the elevated CO2 than in the ambient treatment, and this difference was more pronounced in small, rather than large plant positive relationships between the CV and total stand productivity declined under elevated CO2, indicating that growth enhancements to smaller plants diminished the relative biomass advantages of larger plants in increasingly crowded conditions. We conclude that ele- vated CO2 stimulates stand-level reproduction while CO2-induced growth gains of subordinate A. artemisii- folia plants minimize differences in the reproductive output of small and large plants. Thus, more individuals are likely to produce greater amounts of seeds and pollen in future populations of this allergenic weed.
An Annual Ring Antenna for UWB Communications

An ultrawideband (UWB) annual ring antenna is presented in this letter. The annual ring antenna has a return loss better than 10 dB from 2.8 to 12.3 GHz. It has an average gain of 2.93 dBi and has a maximum gain of 5 dBi at 7 GHz. The antenna radiation patterns are stable within its operation band. The parameters determining the antenna wideband characteristic are discussed and measured results are presented
Design and performance of a general-purpose software cache

This paper describes a General-Purpose Software cache (GPS cache) which can improve the performance of many applications including Web servers and databases. It can service several hundred thousand cache hits per second on a uniprocessor. When used to cache data for a Web server accelerator, the overhead due to the GPS cache was an insignificant factor in the overall performance of the system. The GPS cache can store objects in memory, on disk, or both. The cache uses a new algorithm for managing expiration times of cached objects which is more efficient than previous ones. The GPS cache uses Data Update Propagation (DUP) to invalidate complex objects which is crucial for caching and maintaining updated copies of dynamic Web pages. Transactions can be logged using different buffering mechanisms in order to provide a balance between efficiency and currency of transaction log files. The GPS cache provides API functions which allow applications to directly manipulate its contents.
Hand reconstruction in arthritis mutilans. A case report.

Dramatic functional and cosmetic improvement was achieved by phalangeal reconstruction and arthrodesis of the digital joints using iliac bone grafts in both hands of a fifty-nine-year-old woman with arthritis mutilans. Two years after the first bone graft there was no evidence of reabsorption except in the right ring finger where the graft had partially resorbed but rigidity was maintained by an intramedullary Kirschner wire. The rigidity of the fingers did not bother the patient.
Boundary Layer Height and Entrainment Zone Thickness Measured by Lidars and Wind-Profiling Radars

Abstract The authors examine measurements of boundary layer height zi and entrainment zone thickness observed with two lidars and with a radar wind profiler during the Flatland96 Lidars in Flat Terrain experiment. Lidar backscatter is proportional to aerosol content (and some molecular scatter) in the boundary layer, and wind profiler backscatter depends on the refractive index structure (moisture gradients and turbulence strength). Although these backscatter mechanisms are very different, good agreement is found in measurements of zi at 1-h resolution. When the dataset is limited to daytime convective conditions (times between 1000 and 1700 LT), correlation coefficients between the profiler and each lidar are 0.87 and 0.95. Correlation between the two lidars is 0.99. Comparisons of entrainment zone thickness show less agreement, with correlation coefficients of about 0.6 between the profiler and lidars and 0.8 between the two lidars. The lidar measurements of zi make use of coefficients of a Haar continu...
Testing symbiotic morphology in trilobites under dysoxic and oxic conditions from Cambrian to Early Ordovician Lagerstätten

Dysoxic conditions were prevalent in Cambrian and Early Ordovician oceans. Adaptations of trilobites to these conditions yield insight into the selective forces driving their evolution and the potential for modern arthropods to adapt to anthropogenically-driven dysoxia. In the early Paleozoic, olenid trilobites may have adapted to dysoxia through olenimorphy, special morphologic adaptations facilitating symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Olenimorphy's link to symbiosis has never been tested and might instead be related to phylogeny. Here, we tested whether olenimorphy occurs predominately in dysoxic environments, as expected, or whether it occurs within certain trilobite groups regardless of environment. Trilobites were selected from nine fossil Lagerstatten representing the early-to-middle Cambrian prior to olenid evolution and the middle Cambrian–Early Ordovician Alum Shale with olenids, putative exemplars of symbiosis. Trilobite morphology was scored as ranked characters and reduced via non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to a single metric describing suitability for symbiosis. Results indicated that olenimorphy was significantly related to phylogeny and not environment. In the early-to-middle Cambrian, dysoxic corynexochids and oxic redlichiids were equally unsuitable for symbiosis, while ptychopariids from both oxic and dysoxic conditions were equally well suited for symbiosis. In the Alum Shale, asaphids and ptychopariids from both oxic and dysoxic conditions were equally well suited for symbiosis, and redlichiids from oxic conditions were poorly suited. Olenids were not the best-suited trilobites within their data set, nor even within their order. Secular trends in thoracic segmentation did not bias our results. Trilobite hard parts do not appear to provide evidence for symbiosis, which is consistent with modern arthropods that have few morphological adaptations for dysoxic conditions. In fact, arthropods are rare in persistently dysoxic conditions, raising concerns about the spread of anthropogenically-triggered benthic dysoxia in the future, particularly given the extinction of trilobites under similar conditions at the end of the Permian.
Disrupting global disability frameworks: settler-colonialism and the geopolitics of disability in Palestine/Israel

AbstractIn recent years, Israel has seen an increase in disability studies scholarship and disability rights activism. At the same time, critical disability studies scholars have begun calling attention to the role of colonization and neocolonial powers, too often obscured in disability studies work, in disabling oppressed nations. This article brings these critiques in conversation with disability studies scholarship regarding Occupied Palestine to argue that disability is inextricably intertwined with the settler-colonial project of the Israeli state. By highlighting the geopolitical production of disablement, this work suggests that social approaches to disability have largely effaced disability injustice rooted in geopolitical power imbalances.
CHAPTER 10 – Gallium Arsenide Radiation Detectors and Spectrometers

This chapter addresses the present status of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) as a radiation detector. Some discussion of the material characteristics are provided with ample references for further information. GaAs has shown promise as a room temperature operated radiation detector and spectrometer. Schottky barrier detectors fabricated from liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) GaAs have demonstrated good energy resolution for low energy gamma rays and x-rays indicating that GaAs in pure form is a viable candidate for room temperature gamma ray spectroscopy. Epitaxial detectors are restricted to thin films generally no thicker than 200 μm; therefore, their application is restricted to low energy gamma rays. Thicker spectrometers fabricated from bulk GaAs have shown good energy resolution at room temperature for charged particles. However, gamma ray resolution suffers due to short carrier lifetimes and poor charge carrier extraction from the devices.
Path error-aware RTO design for smart meter data traffic in IEEE 802.11s-based AMI networks

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) applications for Smart Grid (SG) typically employ wireless mesh based data collection approaches that collect smart meter data via multi-hop routing. One of the mesh-based solutions that is viable to use is the IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh standard. However, when TCP is employed in this standard for periodic smart meter data collection, the performance starts to degrade due to classical congestion mechanism of TCP which is falsely triggered due to the link failures. The main reason for frequent link failures is the occurring of collisions among beacons sent by the Peering Management Protocol (PMP) of IEEE 802.11s standard to maintain link connectivity among the smart meters (SMs). This in turn causes doubling of the retransmission timeout (RTO) of TCP assuming that there is congestion and thus introduces extra overhead and packet delay. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer approach to inform the transport layer about the link failures happening at the MAC layer. To this end, path error information from the routing protocol of IEEE 802.11s is exploited. The idea is to eliminate the unnecessary doubling of the RTO timer when there is a link failure. We evaluated the proposed mechanism through simulation using ns-3 simulator. The results indicate that significant network performance improvement in terms of end-to-end delay and collection time can be achieved by employing our approach. The simulation results also show that further improvement in collection time can be achieved when an upper bound limit is enforced for the RTO timer.
A implicit, discontinuous Galerkin Chimera solver using automatic differentiation

The development of a fully-implicit, discontinuous Galerkin solver based on Chimera, overset grids is presented. Newton’s method is used as a nonlinear solver for governing equation sets, enabled by an intrinsic automatic differentiation capability that computes the linearization of the spatial scheme. A GMRES matrix-solver is used to solve the linear system along with a block-ILU0 preconditioner. Results include solutions of the Euler equations for subsonic flow over a smooth bump as well as over a circular cylinder. The convergence rates for spatial orders of accuracy for the solver match the analytical rates. Up to 4th-order accuracy is shown for 3rd-order polynomials (P3). Additionally, quadratic convergence is demonstrated for the nonlinear solver; verifying that the automatic differentiation capability was implemented successfully. Solutions converged in 7 or fewer iterations. Results are presented utilizing the Chimera overset grid capability, demonstrating that quadratic convergence is maintained with the Chimera grid interfaces.