cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alpha wave phase and alpha attenuation

Abstract 1. 1. Previous reports indicated that phase of the occipital alpha wave and cortical excitability are related. Habituation of the alpha attenuation response (AAR) to both visual and auditory stimuli was examined with a view to determining whether different degrees of habituation would be demonstrated when stimuli are presented at different phases of the alpha wave. In addition, contingent alpha attenuation in a paired click-flash sequence was examined. 2. 2. Subjects with abundant, fairly high amplitude alpha activity were assigned randomly to one of five groups determined by the point on the alpha wave at which they were stimulated. The groups were further divided into four subgroups, each of which had the procedure repeated with stimuli presented at one of the other points on the alpha wave. Stimuli were delivered by an automatic alpha recognition device using zero crossing detection. Forty presentations of single and paired stimuli were presented during runs of alpha activity with at least 5 sec and one unstimulated train of alpha waves between successive stimuli. 3. 3. The duration of the AAR decreased with successive blocks of trials to the least extent and most slowly for subjects stimulated randomly. Duration decreased most rapidly for the group stimulated at the peak of alpha wave with clicks and for the group stimulated midway on the up-going portion of the wave with flashes. In the paired condition, there was a tendency for those subjects stimulated at the trough of the wave to reach criterion in the fewest number of trials. 4. 4. The results of the present study suggest that phase of the alpha wave is associated with cortical excitability. When phase is corrected for conduction time, most rapid habituation to the flash and click stimuli occurs when the alpha cycle is moving toward surface positivity. However, the trend toward most rapid contingent AAR occurs when the contingent stimulus is presented as the alpha phase is moving toward surface negativity.
Nitric oxide synthase activity in placentae from women with pre-eclampsia.

Abstract The syncytiotrophoblast (S T) cell layer of the human villous placenta expresses nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Because NO is a potent relaxant of vascular smooth muscle and inhibitor of platelet activity, we postulated that exaggerated intervillous aggregation of platelets and reduced fetoplacental blood flow in pre-eclampsia result from reduced expression of NO synthase (and production of NO) by the ST. Conversion of [ 3 H]arginine to [ 3 H]citrulline and Lineweaver-Burk transformation were used to derive the V max and K M of NO synthase. Contrary to our expectations, the V max was not significantly different between villous placenta obtained from nulliparous normal and pre-eclamptic women ( n =11 each). The V max and K M were 22.3 ± 2.3 pmol/mg per min and 1.3 ± 0.1 μm, and 22.0 ± 2.7 pmol/mg per min and 1.4 ± 0.1 μm, for villous placenta from the nulliparous normal and pre-eclamptic women, respectively. The V max and K M of placental NO synthase were also comparable among multiparous normal and pre-eclamptic women, as well as women with gestational hypertension. When compared with the enzyme activity of the villous, that of the basal plate was reduced by approximately one-half in all placentae. The calcium-independent activity was consistently 40 fold less than the calcium-dependent activity, and it was similar between villous and basal plate, and between placentae from normal and hypertensive women. We suggest that expression of NO synthase is not different in placentae obtained from normal and pre-eclamptic women.
Automated Sentence Analysis for Language Instruction

Our principle intention has been to show how a general-purpose pattern-matching procedure can serve as the basis for a simple automated system for the grammatical analysis of sentences produced by students. From a pedagogical point of view, the design of instructional modules in terms of simple phrase-structure grammars appears to be feasible and general, at least for elementary topics in grammar and usage. A virtue of the system is that it requires the student to perform a task which is very much like that for which he is being trained, i.e., the creation of grammatical and at least minimally effective sentences. It also provides rapid feedback. An efficient large-scale system for processing student interaction with modules which are restricted to fairly simple grammars would be adequate for a considerable body of instructional material.
Auditory and Visual Training on Mandarin Tones: A Pilot Study on Phrases and Sentences

Beginning level Mandarin learners with different L1 backgrounds received six hours of Mandarin tone training using phrases and sentences produced by multiple native Mandarin speakers. Using Kay Elementric's Sona Speech II software with real time display of pitch contours along with speech output on a PC computer, the trainees had both auditory and visual input when they recorded and compared their own productions with the training stimuli during the training. The trainees' productions of Mandarin tones were judged by native Mandarin listeners to be significantly better at post test than at pretest. Such improvement was not matched by a control group that received the same classroom instruction but did not take the training. The trainees also reported very positive experience with the training. The findings suggest that the training is effective for learning Mandarin tones in a larger linguistic context beyond isolated syllables.
A new audit technique for EPA Method 25.

A simple, inexpensive, and accurate technique for evaluating or auditing the sampling, recovery, and analytical phases of EPA Source Reference Method 25 has been developed. The technique involves spiking a U-shaped stainless steel cartridge containing Tenax® with known quantities of selected organic compounds and thermally desorbing them at temperatures from 160°C to 180°C to generate organic vapors quantitatively. The major advantages of this technique are that no other measurement methods can be used to determine the generated organic concentrations in lieu of Method 25; and that the cartridge can easily be taken to the field for evaluation. The organic compounds generated in test runs are collected and analyzed using the Method 25 procedure. The generation of organics is quantitative and recoveries were found to be 100 ± 10%. The time required for desorption of the majority of organics is generally less than forty-five minutes at a flow rate of 100 mL/min; however, based on laboratory experience the re...
Investigation of Copper Segregation to the Σ5(310)/[001] Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundary in Aluminum

The {Sigma}5 (310)/[001] symmetric tilt grain boundary (STGB) in the face centered cubic (FCC) metal aluminum with 1at% copper has been studied. The model grain boundary has been fabricated by ultra-high vacuum diffusion bonding of alloy single crystals. The segregation of the copper has been encouraged by annealing the sample after bonding at 200 C. TEM samples of this FCC-material were prepared with a new low voltage ion mill under very low angles. The atomic structure of the {Sigma}5 (310)/[001] STGB for this system was modeled with electronic structure calculations. These theoretical calculations of this interface structure indicate that the Cu atoms segregate to distinct sites at the interface. High resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and analytical electron microscopy including electron energy spectroscopic imaging and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry have been used to explore the segregation to the grain boundary. The HRTEM images and the analytical measurements were performed using different kinds of microscopes, including a Philips CM300 FEG equipped with an imaging energy filter. The amount of the segregated species at the interface was quantified in a preliminary way. To determine the atomic positions of the segregated atoms at the interface, HRTEM coupled with image simulation and a first attemptmore » of a holographic reconstruction from a through-focal series have been used.« less
Asymmetric synthesis of structural analogues of (+)-clusianone via enantioselective ACC alkylation

Abstract The asymmetric total synthesis of four structural analogues of (+)-clusianone from a common advanced intermediate is described. Asymmetric induction is achieved through the use of enantioselective ACC alkylation, providing the common advanced intermediate with an er of 99:1.
Visual Assessment of Angular Response in Medical Liquid Crystal Displays

In spite of having non-Lambertian emission, displays based on liquid crystal technology are becoming popular for medical diagnostic work stations. For all liquid crystal displays (LCDs), the contrast performance varies with viewing direction. Accurate measurements of the angular distribution of light emission require expensive instrumentation and extensive expertise. We investigated the possibility of using a test pattern to visually assess the angular response performance of LCDs. We found that this procedure offers the end user of displays a simple, fast, and relatively consistent technique to verify that the viewing angle performance of the display device is within certain acceptable limits.
Mass flow sensing with heat waves: the effect of gas pressure

Abstract Two conceptual examples are given of mass flow sensors based on heat waves that have exact gas pressure self-compensation in uniform flow: one with a plane heat source through which the flow passes, and one with a line source. Both sensors ratio the heat wave amplitudes detected at equal distances upstream and downstream from the source. Heat wave fronts from either source expand symmetrically upstream and downstream. An automotive air flow sensor based on heat waves is also described and modeled. It is a microelectronic device on silicon. This sensor is approximately, but not exactly, selfcompensated for pressure change.
Interaction between diel vertical migration of a mysidacean shrimp and two-layered estuarine flow

Neomysis mercedis (Holmes) has a diel vertical migration pattern that interacts with two-layered estuarine flow and a turbid entrapment zone to keep the population from being swept out of the upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary. In the entrapment zone mysids are found near surface on all night tides but are present at that level during day only on flood tides. In the clearer water downstream from the entrapment zone mysids are not found near surface during day. In both locations a higher percentage of juveniles than adults are near surface. Individuals swept downstream from the entrapment zone in the seaward moving surface layer are apparently transported back upstream via the bottom density current. Thus, the population circulates both vertically and longitudinally but there is no net seaward movement except in response to changes in location of the entrapment zone. Due to their greater near surface abundance on flood tides which move them upstream, neonates are less abundant than adults seaward of the entrapment zone.
Parallel public spheres: distance and discourse in letters to the editor.

This article examines letters to the editor as one of the ways citizens seek to enact a public sphere using technological mediation. Using a sample of all letters received by a metropolitan newspaper during a three‐month period (N = 1,113), the authors demonstrate that the tone and argumentative styles of letters differ with the scope of the issues the letters address. Local issues evoke more reasoned, conciliatory tones, while issues beyond the local context evoke more emotional, confrontational tones, even after controlling for individual writers' characteristics and anger as a motivation to write.
Anomalous thermal boundary resistance of superfluid 3He-B.

The observation of a pressure dependence to the limiting temperatures attained in a liquid${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He sample implies an additional thermal boundary resistance for superfluid $^{3}\mathit{B}$. The measured time constants for thermal relaxation provide confirmation of this boundary resistance, which wxhibits an exponential temperature dependence.
Fractal-based image processing for mine detection

A fractal-based analysis algorithm has been developed to perform the task of automated recognition of minelike targets in side scan sonar images. Because naturally occurring surfaces, such as the sea bottom, are characterized by irregular textures they are well suited to modeling as fractal surfaces. Manmade structures, including mines, are composed of Euclidean shapes, which makes fractal-based analysis highly appropriate for discrimination of mines from a natural background. To that end, a set of fractal features, including fractal dimension, was developed to classify image areas as minelike targets, nonmine areas, or clutter. Four different methods of fractal dimension calculation were compared and the Weierstrass function was used to study the effect of various signal processing procedures on the fractal qualities of an image. The difference in fractal dimension between different images depends not only on the physical features extant in the images but in the underlying statistical characteristics of the processing procedures applied to the images and the underlying mathematical assumptions of the fractal dimension calculation methods. For the image set studied, fractal-based analysis achieved a classification rate similar to human operators, and was very successful in identifying areas of clutter. The analysis technique presented here is applicable to any type of signal that may be configured as an image, making this technique suitable for multisensor systems.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Water Adsorption Microcalorimetry Model: Deciphering Surface Energies and Water Chemical Potentials of Nanocrystalline Oxides

The surface energy of a nanomaterial is a primary characterization parameter that has important implications on the material’s properties and applications including: catalysis, prediction of polymorphic stability, optimization of consolidation processes, and general colloidal science issues. However, currently, there is a dearth of techniques and theory to accurately measure surface energies for nanocrystalline solids and oxides. Therefore, we present a water adsorption microcalorimetry model using a novel second order surface energy differential equation to calculate the surface energy of anhydrous and hydrated (at any given level) nanocrystalline oxides. The experimental setup, used to feed data to the model, uses a water adsorption apparatus to measure the adsorbed water content on the specimen’s surface as a function of pressure (∼2 μmol dose) coupled with a microcalorimeter that can measure changes in the differential heat of water adsorption during the dosing. Using the experimental data and derived...
Some effects of animal grazing and browsing on vegetation.

(1970). Some effects of animal grazing and browsing on vegetation. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 85-94.
Three-dimensional biological imaging by confocal and two-photon laser scanning microscopy

The commercial confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) has made 3D imaging with submicron resolution broadly available. CLSM combines focused illumination and spatially filtered detection to reject out-of-focus light, yielding images of thin optical sections within thick specimens. Images taken at different focal planes are combined to form a 3D reconstruction. Using this technique, fluorescent biological indicators are now quantified within volumes of approximately 0.1 micrometers 3. Live cell fluorescence imaging is limited by photodynamic properties of the fluorophores. Finite fluorophore excited state lifetimes limit imaging speed, and multiple spots in the specimen must be illuminated to increase temporal resolution. However, multiple illuminated spots decrease 3D image quality. The trade-off between imaging speed and quality is presented for several microscope designs. Fluorophore photobleaching limits the total signal available for 3D imaging, and photobleaching in out-of- focus planes limits the quality of 3D reconstructions. Femtosecond laser pulses focused to a diffraction limited spot can excite fluorophores by a 2-photon absorption that occurs only in the focal spot. Two-photon excitation limits photobleaching to the plane of focus and allows extended viewing of thick samples. Two-photon absorption can also locally release biologically active `caged' molecules and indicators.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Global Politics of Climate Change: Challenge for Political Science

doi:10.1017/S1049096514001541 © American Political Science Association, 2015 PS • January 2015 19 Robert O. Keohane is professor of international aff airs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Aff airs at Princeton University. In presenting the James Madison Award to Professor Keohane, the citation noted “Keohane is the complete scholar: he has written extensively in the fi eld of international politics, creating a fi eld around himself; he has educated and mentored generations of students, especially women; and he has served the discipline, both through his many years of departmental service but also through his long commitment to the association. Keohane is a scholar of international politics whose work focuses on the determinants of cooperation between nations and within international organizations. His most-cited work, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, asked whether and how nations can agree to solve common problems in a world lacking a leading power.” He can be reached at rkeohane@princeton.edu . THE 2014 JAMES MADISON LECTURE
Initiation of chick cell division by trypsin action at the cell surface

Trypsin immobilised on polystyrene beads causes initiation of cell division which cannot be accounted for by trypsin released into the medium or into the cells. Also, initiation by soluble trypsin is inhibited by immobilised soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results demonstrate that trypsin can initiate proliferation at the cell surface.
498 TREATMENT OF TRUE PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY (TPP) WITH AN INTRANASAL (IN) LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR (LRF) AGONIST (A)

Potent LRF Agonists administered subcutaneously (SC) or IN have proven useful in the treatment of TPP. We studied a new LRF-A, D Nal6 LRF (Nafarelin acetate (NA), Syntex) in 7 girls (age 2–7y) and 2 boys (age 8–9y) with TPP (treatment duration 1.5–6 months (M)). NA 2μg/kg was given SC OD for 2 weeks (W) and 400μg IN OD thereafter. Plasma NA was measured by RIA after the first SC and IN doses. Plasma delta LH (ΔLH) and FSH (ΔFSH) after LRF lOOμg IV, estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were measured at baseline, 6W and 3M intervals thereafter. Results are summarized below as mean ± SEM (paired t test): at 6W, ΔLH 2.3±0.6ng/ml (p 0.05ng/ml) 8h after SC NA (9/9 patients) and IN NA (7/9). 6/7 girls had menses in the first M on treatment; however, no further vaginal bleeding has occurred. Growth velocity decreased from 11.7cm/y before treatment to 6cm/y after 6M (n=3). Preliminary results suggest IN D Nal6 LRF is an effective treatment for TPP in children.
Effects of a competitive endurance training program on self-concept and peer approval.

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cardiovascular fitness program on the self-concept and peer approval of seventh grade boys. Thirty-seven low self-esteem Ss were randomly divided into a control group (participated in no formal physical education activity) and an experimental group (participated in a special running training program). At the end of an 18 week training program the two groups were significantly different in cardiovascular endurance, indicating the efficacy of the experimental treatment. There was an increase in self-concept from pretest to posttest for the experimental group only. Neither group had a significant change in peer approval.
A study of two limiting cases in convective and radiative heat transfer with nongray gases

Abstract A study is made for two optical limits in a convective and radiative heat-transfer process for nongray gases flowing in a circular tube having a constant uniform wall temperature. The governing energy equations which are valid for the optically thin and the large path length limits are obtained for fully developed laminar flow with a non-black wall. Numerical results for the temperature profiles, local conductive, radiative and total heat fluxes are obtained and the validity of these limiting cases is discussed.
Surface plasmons and the image force in metals

Abstract It is shown that the classical image potential acting between a point classical charge and a metal surface may be regarded as originating in the shifted zero point energy of the surface plasmon field. The retardation correction to the image potential is studied using the electron gas model.
Drosophila importin-7 functions upstream of the Elmo signaling module to mediate the formation and stability of muscle attachments

Establishment and maintenance of stable muscle attachments is essential for coordinated body movement. Studies in Drosophila have pioneered a molecular understanding of the morphological events in the conserved process of muscle attachment formation, including myofiber migration, muscle–tendon signaling, and stable junctional adhesion between muscle cells and their corresponding target insertion sites. In both Drosophila and vertebrate models, integrin complexes play a key role in the biogenesis and stability of muscle attachments through the interactions of integrins with extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands. We show that Drosophila importin-7 (Dim7) is an upstream regulator of the conserved Elmo–Mbc→Rac signaling pathway in the formation of embryonic muscle attachment sites (MASs). Dim7 is encoded by the moleskin (msk) locus and was identified as an Elmo-interacting protein. Both Dim7 and Elmo localize to the ends of myofibers coincident with the timing of muscle–tendon attachment in late myogenesis. Phenotypic analysis of elmo mutants reveal muscle attachment defects similar to those previously described for integrin mutants. Furthermore, Elmo and Dim7 interact both biochemically and genetically in the developing musculature. The muscle detachment phenotype resulting from mutations in the msk locus can be rescued by components in the Elmo signaling pathway, including the Elmo–Mbc complex, an activated Elmo variant, or a constitutively active form of Rac. In larval muscles, the localization of Dim7 and activated Elmo to the sites of muscle attachment is attenuated upon RNAi knockdown of integrin heterodimer complex components. Our results show that integrins function as upstream signals to mediate Dim7–Elmo enrichment to the MASs.
Flux enhancement by hydrophilization of thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract Protic acids, including hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and nitric acids, are studied as hydrophilizing agents for modifying the surfaces of thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis membranes. HR95PP and HR98PP membranes on exposure to various concentrations of these acids increase in flux up to an order of magnitude without any loss in ion-rejection. The flux enhancement is about an order of magnitude in HR98PP and a factor of two in high flux HR95PP membranes. Surface characterization with contact angle measurements indicate an increase in hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. At solvatable sites along the polymer chain, reactions causing partial hydrolysis may be responsible for the increase in hydrophilicity resulting in the observed flux increase. Exposure to mild solvents like ethanol and 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) also increases the flux with no loss in rejection; in fact a significant increase in rejection is obtained in some cases. Selective dissolution and elimination of defects probably are responsible for the increased rates of transport. Exposure to a mixture of acid and ethanol caused an increase in flux with no loss in rejection within experimental error. This method of treatment with protic acids and alcohols could be used as a viable post treatment method in developing high flux and high rejection membranes of the future.
Nursing beyond fordism

Currently, economic and social pressures have resulted in a dramatic restructuring of health care organizations. Hospitals under heavy pressure to contain prices are moving rapidly toward the deskilling of nursing duties as an immediate way to reduce their labor costs. This article discusses this movement and how, while at first glance it may appear acceptable, the change is nothing more than a movement from Taylorism to Fordism. Deskilling is a step backward for the industry and it has serious implications for patient care. The industry should instead be attempting to build on the flexibility that has always been inherent in nursing so as to create an adaptable workforce capable of going beyond Fordism. For this concept to come to fruition, however, nursing will need to be given more decision-making authority over its role in the health-care delivery system.
Biodegradation of lignocelluloses from cotton-gin trash by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus

-, T. Gong, J. Clark, and H.-C. Tang. 1983. Apomixis and heterothallism in Stemonitis flavogenita (Myxomycetes, Stemonitales). Mycologia 72: 614-622. Kerr, N., and J. Waxlax. 1968. A yellow variant ofthe Eumycetozoan Didymium nigripes which exhibits ageing. /. Exp. Zool. 168: 351-361. Lott, T., and J. Clark. 1980. Plasmodial senescence in the acellular slime mold Didymium iridis. Exp. CellRes. 128: 455-457. -, S. Gorman, and J. Clark. 1981. Superoxide dismutase in Didymium iridis; characterization and changes in activity during senescence and sporulation. Mech. Ageing Devel. 17: 119-130. Mulleavy, P. 1979. Genetic and cytological studies in heterothallic and non-heterothallic isolates of the myxomycete Didymium iridis. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley. Poulter, R. 1969. Senescence in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Leicester, United Kingdom. Therrien, C, W. Bell, and O. R. Collins. 1977. Nuclear DNA content of myxamoebae and plasmodia in six non-heterothallic isolates of a myxomycete, Didymium iridis. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 286-291.
Heuristics of Reasoning and Analogy in Children's Visual Perspective Taking

We propose that children's reasoning about others' visual perspectives is guided by simple heuristics based on a perceiver's line of sight and salient features of the object met by that line. In 3 experiments employing a 2-perceiver analogy task, children aged 3-6 were generally better able to reproduce a perceiver's perspective if a visual cue in the perceiver's line of sight sufficed to distinguish it from alternatives. Children had greater difficulty when the task hinged on attending to configural cues. Availability of distinctive cues affixed on the objects' sides facilitated solution of the symmetrical orientations. These and several other related findings reported in the literature are traced to children's reliance on heuristics of reasoning. Language: en
Acute respiratory failure in the United States: incidence and 31-day survival.

Study objectives: To estimate the incidence of acuterespiratory failure (ARF) in the United States and to analyze 31-dayhospital mortality among a cohort of patients with ARF. Design and setting: Retrospective cohort drawn from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of 6.4 million discharges from 904representative nonfederal hospitals during 1994. Patients: All 61,223 patients in the sample whose dischargerecords indicated all of the following: acute respiratory distress orfailure, mechanical ventilation, ≥ 24 h of hospitalization, and age≥5 years. Results: An estimated 329,766 patientsdischarged from nonfederal hospitals nationwide in 1994 met studycriteria for ARF. The incidence of ARF was 137.1 hospitalizations per100,000 US residents age ≥ 5 years. Incidence increasednearly exponentially each decade until age 85 years. Overall, 35.9% of patients with ARF did not survive to hospital discharge. At 31 days, hospital mortality was 31.4%. According to the proportional hazardsmodel, significant mortality hazards included age (≥ 80 years and≥30 years), multiorgan system failure (MOSF), HIV, chronic liverdisease, and cancer. Hospital admission for coronary artery bypass, drug overdose, or trauma other than head injury or burns was associatedwith a reduced mortality hazard. Interaction was present between ageand MOSF, trauma, and cancer. A point system derived from the hazardmodel classified patients into seven groups with distinct 31-daysurvival probabilities ranging from 24 to 99%. Conclusions: The incidence of ARF increases markedly withage and is especially high among persons ≥ 65 years of age. Nonpulmonary hazards explain short-term (31-day)survival.
Engaging students in software development course projects

This work seeks to contribute to software development education by motivating the use of engaging in-class and laboratory assignments. Ideally, these assignments should involve considerable student buy-in and should also evolve throughout the course to mimic real-world software development. Prior research is discussed, as well as several specific examples from two introductory programming classes. The ultimate contribution is a convincing argument to spend the extra effort to design better student projects.
Postoperative radiation therapy for pathologic stage C prostate cancer

Abstract From 1971 to 1981, 26 patients with pathologic Stage C prostate cancer were referred to this department for postoperative radiation therapy. During the same period 24 patients, undergoing radical prostatectomy at this institution, were found to have pathologic Stage C disease but did not receive adjuvant irradiation. Both groups of patients are compared at 5 years post surgery for disease-free survival, local control, and distant failure in an attempt to determine whether there is a demonstrable benefit of adjuvant irradiation in this setting. All irradiated patients started therapy 1 to 4 months post surgery. All were treated with megavoltage irradiation. The majority were treated to the pelvis by a 4-field technique to an absorbed dose of 46–50 Gy followed by a prostate boost via multiple fields to a total dose of 54–70 Gy. Three patients received 50–52 Gy to the pelvis only and 5 patients received 56–65 Gy to localized prostate fields only. Moderate complications in the irradiated group were 23% with no severe complications observed. This rate may be reduced with treatment of local prostate fields only. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival, 5-year disease-free survival, or distant metastases in patients treated with surgery only or surgery plus radiation. However, local recurrence at 5 years was significantly different ( p = 0.046), 16.6% in the surgery only group and 0 in the irradiated group. This difference was more pronounced in the subset of patients with seminal vesicle invasion: 30% local recurrence in the surgery only group versus 0 in the irradiated group. These data suggest that the addition of postoperative irradiation in pathologic Stage C prostate cancer yields an improvement in local control, and that for the subset of patients at significant risk of local relapse, those with seminal vesicle invasion, adjuvant prostate bed irradiation should be recommended.
Considerations for SOA Versioning

Service oriented architecture is a paradigm for bringing together needs and capabilities, where SOA services provide an effective means of connecting consumers and the means to realize desired real world effects. The resources accessed as part of SOA interactions are independently owned and evolved but must be unambiguously identifiable. In cases where the resources are changing, the consumer must be able to evaluate how those changes affect appropriateness for use, whether those are changes to the underlying capabilities, the service access, or the service description. This paper presents early discussions on versioning in the context of a SOA reference architecture.
Born to trade: A genetically evolved keyword bidder for sponsored search

In sponsored search auctions, advertisers choose a set of keywords based on products they wish to market. They bid for advertising slots that will be displayed on the search results page when a user submits a query containing the keywords that the advertiser selected. Deciding how much to bid is a real challenge: if the bid is too low with respect to the bids of other advertisers, the ad might not get displayed in a favorable position; a bid that is too high on the other hand might not be profitable either, since the attracted number of conversions might not be enough to compensate for the high cost per click. In this paper we propose a genetically evolved keyword bidding strategy that decides how much to bid for each query based on historical data such as the position obtained on the previous day. In light of the fact that our approach does not implement any particular expert knowledge on keyword auctions, it did remarkably well in the Trading Agent Competition at IJCAI2009.
Digital compensation of continuous-data feedback control systems

THE application of digital controllers or sampled-data processing units for stabilizing and compensating sampled-data feedback control systems has been a subject of considerable study in recent years.1,2,3 It is now known that this technique is an effective and useful means in the design of sampled-data feedback systems.
PGF2α synthesis in isolated cerebellar glomeruli: Effects of membrane depolarization, calcium availability and phospholipase activity

Abstract The controlling factors for PGF 2α production were assessed in isolated cerebellar glomeruli, since this prostaglandin has been shown to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters from the mossy fiber terminals associated with this synaptic preparation. The metabolism of PGE 2 was also examined, in order to determine the specificity of any treatment effects. It was observed that K + -dependent membrane depolarization or the activation of voltage-sensitive Na + channels with veratradine stimulated the production of PGF 2α . The syntheses of both prostanoids were dependent on available calcium and were blocked by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The lipoxygenase inhibitor NDGA also reduced the accumulation of PGE 2 and PGF 2α . In addition, PGF 2α synthesis was stimulated by the phospholipase A 2 activator melittin and was reduced due to phospholipase inhibition with dibucaine. These results are consistent with a role for PGF 2α in the evoked release of neurotransmitter from cerebellar mossy fiber terminals.
How mobile disrupts social as we know it

Every computer revolution changes our lives dramatically; so will mobile devices. Mobile devices enable billions of people to capture, share, interact, and consume real-time personal media in new and creative ways. In addition, being devices owned by individuals, they can form an autonomous computing fabric that frees us from the domination of existing centralized proprietary social networking servicesThis talk presents a system architecture called Musubi (Mobile, Social, and UBIquitous) that combines a novel and natural mobile social experience with a clean architecture that lets users choose different cloud backup services. In addition, Musubi is an app platform that makes it easy to create privacy-honoring social apps. This can open up new markets for social and collaborative apps in fields like education, health and businesses, where centralized proprietary services are inappropriate. A fully working prototype of Musubi is available on both the Android and iPhone app store.
Census-based education and its value in the national planning effort

In the near future, the questionnaire for the 1980 census of the U.S. population will be locked up until it is time to administer the twentieth decenial census of the United States. At that time the Census Bureau will once more distribute and administer this document aimed at counting the over two hundred million inhabitants of the United States of America. In this bicentennial year it is reasonable to reflect on the origin of the census as well as some important technological advances that have accompanied the processing of this data. Perhaps from an historical view of the U.S. census, we may gain some insight into how this data may be used to shape our future and how we as computer professionals might participate in this shaping.
Non-platinum oxygen reduction electrocatalysts based on pyrolyzed transition metal macrocycles

Abstract In this work pyrolyzed porphyrins were investigated for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. Pyrolysis of non-supported cobalt and iron tetraphenylporphyrins in the temperature range of 500–800 °C generates high surface area catalysts with high degree of exposure of active sites to the reacting species. This is achieved through templating porphyrins on fumed amorphous silica that is removed after pyrolysis by etching with concentrated KOH. Detailed material characterization of the pyrolyzed materials is presented here. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of cobalt and iron porphyrins was used to elucidate the transformations of nitrogen, carbon, cobalt and iron species resulting from the heat treatment. Partial decomposition of the precursor material and formation of polymer-like network decorated by metal oxide particles are identified. Differences in the chemical composition of products of pyrolysis of FeTPP, CoTPP and Co/FeTPP are discussed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging revealed the structure of the pyrolyzed porphyrins and was used to gain insight into the size of the metal crystals formed in the bulk. X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) provided information about the type of crystals formed in the different formulations of the precursor porphyrins. Further, steady state polarization curves were obtained utilizing gas diffusion type electrodes in 0.5 M sulfuric acid and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) configurations under working PEM fuel cell conditions. This work revealed the necessity of the metal phases for the oxygen reduction process.
Feeding status after pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction.

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) on postoperative feeding status and longitudinal weight gain after surgery. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary care pediatric hospital. Subjects and Methods We identified 30 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing LTR from November 2005 to October 2008. Demographics, stenosis grade, surgical procedure, decannulation status, preoperative feeding status and weight, discharge feeding status, and weights at follow-up were collected. Weights were plotted on standardized growth charts at surgery, during the early postoperative period (1-3 months), and during the late postoperative period (10-14 months). Growth percentiles were compared by the use of Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results Twenty-eight patients (97%) maintained or advanced their feeding status after LTR. Twenty-one patients (72%) were oral feeders at surgery. All of these patients continued the same oral diet postoperatively. Five patients (17%) were dependent on gastrostomy before and after surgery. Three patients (10%) were fed via naso- or orogastric tubes at surgery. Two of these patients were discharged on an oral diet, and one required a gastrostomy tube. The median growth percentiles at the time of surgery, early postoperative, and late postoperative periods were nine, 18, and 32, respectively. Differences between percentiles at the time of surgery compared with early ( P = 0.081) and late follow-up ( P = 0.074) were not significant. In patients who were not dependent on gastrostomy, there was a significant increase in growth percentile at early follow-up ( P = 0.026). Conclusion The performance of LTR does not influence feeding status. An early increase in median growth percentile is observed in oral feeders, but overall long-term median growth percentiles remain stable after LTR.
Evidence of a Scitovsky Stagflation Thesis

This paper empirically analyzes a recent stagflation thesis developed by Tibor Scitovsky. Scitovsky's theory is based on Hirsch's division of the economy into material and positional sectors and the supposition that the positional economy is growing relative to the material economy. Results of this paper indicate that Scitovsky's thesis is based on a sound foundation. That is, the evidence produced in this paper cannot reject the hypothesis that the positional sector is growing more quickly than the material sector.
A low-power accelerator for the SPHINX 3 speech recognition system

Accurate real-time speech recognition is not currently possible in the mobile embedded space where the need for natural voice interfaces is clearly important. The continuous nature of speech recognition coupled with an inherently large working set creates significant cache interference with other processes. Hence real-time recognition is problematic even on high-performance general-purpose platforms. This paper provides a detailed analysis of CMU's latest speech recognizer (Sphinx 3.2), identifies three distinct processing phases, and quantifies the architectural requirements for each phase. Several optimizations are then described which expose parallelism and drastically reduce the bandwidth and power requirements for real-time recognition. A special-purpose accelerator for the dominant Gaussiann probability phase is developed for a 0.25μ CMOS process which is then analyzed and compared with Sphinx's measured energy and performance on a 0.13μ 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 system. The results show an improvement in power consumption by a factor of 29 at equivalent processing throughput. However after normalizing for process, the special-purpose approach has twice the throughput, and consumes 104 times less energy than the general-purpose processor. The energy-delay product is a better comparison metric due to the inherent design trade-offs between energy consumption and performance. The energy-delay product of the special-purpose approach is 196 times better than the Pentium 4. These results provide strong evidence that real-time large vocabulary speech recognition can be done within a power budget commensurate with embedded processing using today's technology.
Effect of CaCl2 and KCl on Physiochemical Properties of Model Nutritional Beverages Based on Whey Protein Stabilized Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions

Calcium chloride (0 to 10 mM) and potassium chloride (0 to 600 mM) were added into model nutritional beverage emulsions containing 7% (w/w) soybean oil droplets and 0.35% (w/w) whey protein isolate (pH 6.7). The particle size, surface charge, viscosity, and creaming stability of the emulsions then were measured. The surface charge decreased with increasing mineral ion concentration. The particle size, viscosity, and creaming instability of the emulsions increased appreciably above critical CaCl 2 (3 mM) and KCl (200 mM) concentrations because of droplet flocculation. The origin of this effect was attributed to reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between droplets due to electrostatic screening and ion binding, CaCl 2 promoted emulsion instability more efficiently than KCl because Ca 2+ ions are more effective at reducing electrostatic repulsion than K + ions. Les boissons nutritionnelles sont souvent enrichies en mineraux qui peuvent interagir avec les proteines et alterer leurs proprietes. Cette etude evalue les effets du calcium et du potassium, les 2 principaux mineraux des boissons nutritionnelles, sur les proprietes physicochimiques et la stabilite d'emulsions huile-dans-l'eau de proteines de lactoserum ayant des compositions relatives aux formulations pour enfant.
Interactions of temperature and dietary protein concentration in growth and feeding of Manduca sexta caterpillars

.Temperature and the protein content of food affect rates of consumption and growth in herbivorous insects in different ways: reduced temperature typically reduces both consumption and growth rates, whereas reduced dietary protein typically increases consumption rate but either reduces or has no effect on growth rate. The interactions between temperature and dietary protein concentration in affecting consumption, growth and efficiency in fifth-instar caterpillars of Manduca sexta were studied, using both short-term (4 h) and long-term (duration of fifth stadium) experiments. The short-term experiments examined constant temperatures between 14 and 42°C, whereas the long-term experiments examined constant temperatures between 18 and 34°C; both experiments considered two levels of dietary protein. In both experiments, caterpillars had significantly higher consumption and frass production rates on low-protein compared with high-protein diets at each test temperature between 18 and 34°C, thereby compensating for the lower diet quality. In contrast, at more extreme temperatures (14 and 42°C) in the short-term studies, consumption and frass production rates were lower on low-protein compared with high-protein diets. As a result, there were substantial interactions between temperature and dietary protein for consumption and frass production rates in the short-term experiments, but not in the long-term experiments. These results suggest that interactions between temperature and dietary protein may emerge because of the failure of compensatory feeding responses at low and high temperatures. It is hypothesized that the failure of compensatory responses is more likely to occur under diurnally fluctuating temperatures than under a constant temperature with the same mean, and it is proposed that interactions between temperature and dietary protein for consumption are relevant to M. sexta and other caterpillars that experience wide diurnal fluctuations in temperature in the field.
Quasi Interpolation With Voronoi Splines

We present a quasi interpolation framework that attains the optimal approximation-order of Voronoi splines for reconstruction of volumetric data sampled on general lattices. The quasi interpolation framework of Voronoi splines provides an unbiased reconstruction method across various lattices. Therefore this framework allows us to analyze and contrast the sampling-theoretic performance of general lattices, using signal reconstruction, in an unbiased manner. Our quasi interpolation methodology is implemented as an efficient FIR filter that can be applied online or as a preprocessing step. We present visual and numerical experiments that demonstrate the improved accuracy of reconstruction across lattices, using the quasi interpolation framework.