cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pakistaniaat: A Five-Year Journey

In 2009, when I decided to launch a journal about Pakistan, I had high hopes and a vague idea of its eventual unfolding as a scholarly enterprise. I recall that in the first editorial for our very first issue, I had posed this question: “Why start a journal about Pakistan?” (Raja i). My answer, then, was more philosophical and the need for launching the journal was linked intimately to the issues of representation and production of knowledge. Now in the fifth year of its publication, I dare suggest that Pakistaniaat has lived up to our expectations. So far we have published (including this one) thirteen issues of the journal including two special issues: One on 1971 Indo-Pakistan War and another on Faiz Ahmed Faiz, one of the greatest Pakistani poets. As I have argued elsewhere about the general representations of Islam and the Islamic—whatever way one defines it—Islam is no longer beyond the horizon of Western academy but rather an “important raw material for literary representations” (Raja, “Democratic Criticism” 464) in the metropolitan. Similarly, as an Islamic republic and as the only Muslim nuclear power, Pakistan is also central to so many aspects of the current world order. It is, therefore, only proper to accord Pakistan the kind of importance it deserves. Over the past years, we at Pakistaniaat have tried our best to represent Pakistan in the best way possible. Our efforts have borne fruit, as Pakistani scholars have trusted us to publish their academic, creative, and critical works from the first issue onward. We acknowledge without reserve that while we may provide the space and the technical knowhow to publish the journal, its true value is deeply connected to the productivity, generosity, and professionalism of an international group of scholars and creative writers who have shared their work with us. Since our first issue, we have covered myriad of themes and topics about Pakistan. We have, for example, informed our readers about how the Pakistani journalists are also trying to emulate the “Sound-Bite culture” (Khan 35) of Western news reporting model; how the Pakistani writers have “portrayed the
THE EFFECT OF CYSTEINE ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF THE IRRADIATED RAT

A single injection of cysteine (950 mg. per Kg., I.V.) 5 minutes before total-body exposure of rats to x-rays (800 r) significantly modified the radiation-induced hematologic changes. Depression of the heterophils, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes was less severe and recovery more rapid. The hematologic observations are consistent with the thesis that cysteine reduces the biological effectiveness of the radiation.
Dependence of linear elasticity solutions on the elastic constants

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the displacement and/or the stress to be independent of Poisson's ratio or the shear modulus or the mass density in the standard boundary-initial-value problems of three-dimensional classical elastodynamics are determined.
The Disappearing Body

Abstract Although Chile was the first country in Latin America to report cases of anorexia nervosa in 1982, the issue had already gained notoriety during the 1970s, the decade when North American policies and the United States capitalist economy began to infiltrate Chilean society. The category of eating disorders, which may be manifested in a variety of diseases (such as anorexia, bulimia, and compulsory overeating), has only recently become the focus of Chilean literature and, in turn, literary criticism, which has primarily focused on the metaphorical interpretations of these illnesses. One novel that treats the multifaceted manifestations of eating disorders, not merely the metaphorical representations, is Marcela Serrano's Antigua vida mia (1995). The societal demands of unhealthy body images have been the concern of feminist criticism such as Susan Bordo's Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (1993). In Marcela Serrano's novel the treatment of eating disorders reflects the evol...
Children's discrimination learning based on identity or difference.

Publisher Summary Discrimination learning with identity and difference as relevant cues is a clear example of relational learning. Correctness of choice depends not upon absolute stimulus values but upon the relation between a stimulus and others of the display. To demonstrate successful solution of the problem, a subject must continue to respond correctly when specific elements of the display are replaced or their reward values reversed. An extensive literature on how children learn such problems is now available. Thus, this chapter evaluates this evidence with respect to the developmental theories.
Clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the murine genital mucosa does not require perforin-mediated cytolysis or Fas-mediated apoptosis.

The molecular mechanisms of resistance to genital infection with the mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) strain of Chlamydia trachomatis are unknown. A role for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted, interleukin-12-dependent CD4+ T cells has been established, but the functional activity of these cells does not depend on secretion of gamma interferon. Here we examined the potential contribution of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis to mucosal clearance of MoPn by using mice deficient in the molecular mediators of target cell lysis. Animals lacking perforin, Fas, Fas ligand, or both perforin and Fas ligand were infected genitally with C. trachomatis MoPn and monitored for expression of immunity to chlamydial antigens and clearance of MoPn from the genital mucosa. In each case, the profile of spleen cytokine production, the magnitude of the host antibody response, and the kinetics of chlamydial clearance were similar to those of genetically intact controls. Compensatory overproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, an alternate mediator of apoptosis in certain cell types, did not appear to account for the ability of mutant mice to resolve Chlamydia infections. These results fail to support CD4+ T-cell-mediated apoptosis or CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity as being critical to the clearance of C. trachomatis MoPn urogenital infections.
SELECTION EFFECTS OF REPEATABILITY CRITERIA APPLIED TO LUNG SPIROMETRY

The potential for introducing bias in studies of pulmonary function by the exclusion of subjects with nonrepeatable measurements was examined in a cohort of Vermont granite workers followed for five years. At each annual survey, a "test failure" was defined as a test in which the two largest forced expiratory volumes in one second (FEV1) differed by more than 200 ml. "Persistent test failure" was defined in terms of 1) the number of test failures for each worker over the six surveys and 2) the difference between the two best efforts at each survey, averaged over all surveys for each worker. The rate of FEV1 loss was estimated for each subject based only on repeatable measurements. It is widespread practice to exclude subjects from analysis who do not perform repeatable lung function tests. The authors found that subjects with persistent test failure were losing FEV1 at a faster rate than subjects without. The results suggest that the application of rigid repeatability criteria may bias epidemiologic findings by the exclusion of many subjects with accelerated loss of lung function.
The variance equity measure in locational decision theory

Classical location theories and models were initially developed for the private sector, so that the related operational research literature has emphasized performance measures of efficiency and effectiveness. For public sector applications, measures of equity become important, yet such measures have received little formal treatment. This paper suggests a locational equity measure, the variance measure, and investigates its properties for tree networks. A fast algorithm (O(M)) to locate the minimum variance point on a tree network is developed, and some numerical results illustrate the variance optimal location.
Aggressive children and effective communication

Testing a component of a theoretical model which postulates that low levels of communication effectiveness accompany the social and affective problems presented by aggressive children, the study compared the communication skills of a group of aggressive (n = 49) and nonaggressive (n = 49) elementary school children (selected on the basis of teacher ratings) in a structured and cooperative communication task. Based on direct observational measures of communication effectiveness and aggression, and on teacher, peer, and self-rating measures of peer rejection and depressive symptoms, results showed that (a) aggressive children exhibited less effective communication skills and more disruptive communication skills than nonaggressive peers; (b) aggressive children experienced higher levels of peer rejection and depressive symptoms than nonaggressive peers; and (c) group differences in communication effectiveness could not be accounted for by differences in observed aggression and remained significant, even after controlling for differences in peer status and affective functioning. These findings highlight the role that ineffective communication may play in the development and maintenance of aggression and have important theoretical and applied implications, which are briefly discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resolution of epoxyeicosatrienoate enantiomers by chiral phase chromatography

A chromatographic method is described for the direct enantiomeric characterization of all four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) metabolites generated by the cytochrome P450 arachidonate epoxygenase pathway. Following esterification, the individual methyl or pentafluorobenzyl esters are resolved by chiral phase HPLC utilizing a Chiralcel OB or OD column. This methodology will find analytical and preparative applications for chiral epoxides since it is convenient and efficient and does not destroy the epoxide functionality.
139 NEW SMALL VOLUME REBREATHING SYSTEM TO MEASURE CARDIO-PULMONARY FUNCTION

A new technique to measure effective pulmonary blood flow (QEP), lung tissue volume (analogous to lung water, VT) lung diffusing capacity (DL) and functional residual capacity (FRC) has been devised using a 2 cc dead space, non-flow or pressure restrictive valve interfaced with a mass spectrometer, pneumo-tachograph and computer for rapid data analysis, including O2 consumption, minute ventilation and CO2 production during regular breathing. To test sensitivity, 32 New Zealand rabbits (3-4 kg) were anesthesized, intubated and ventilated. QEP, VT, DL and FRC were obtained by rebreathing 0.5% acetylene, 0.3% carbon monoxide and 10% helium (balance O2 or room air) for up to 15 seconds avoiding recirculation and were consistent with coefficients of variation of 10% under varying hemodynamic conditions. In two rabbits with flow probes around pulmonary artery and aorta, QEP was 6.5% less than flow probe-derived total pulmonary or systemic flow. FRC varied less than 6% with known volumes as small as 20 cc. Infusion of 25 cc/kg saline to raise cardiac output and VT increased mean QEP from 330 to 355cc/min (p <.01) and mean VT from 23.33 to 39.87cc (p<.01), without changing DL or FRC. Addition of 5cm H2O PEEP increased mean FRC from 51.4 to 73.0cc (p<.01), without changing QEP (300 to 314cc/min), VT (23.33 to 20.79cc) or DL (0.880 to 0.952cc/min/mmHg). We anticipate that this non-invasive method will permit similar measurements at the bedside in critically ill neonates.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Bismuth Telluride

We report the first synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline Bi2Te3 with particle sizes less than 10 nm. The reaction of BiOClO4·xH2O with (Me3Si)2Te in a reverse micelle formed by sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate and water in hexane has produced good yields (71%) of a black powder that has been characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy.
Multifractal analysis of radiographic bone structure in osteoporosis

We are developing noninvasive methods to evaluate bone structure in osteoporosis as demonstrated on conventional radiographs of the spine. One of these methods involves the estimation of fractal dimension of vertebral bodies in the spine of osteoporotic patients with fracture(s) elsewhere in the spin compared to patients without spine fracture. Fractal dimension was estimated using a surface 'area' method based on pixel gray level 'heights'. Analysis of the data by this method suggested a multifractal model of bone structure yielding two fractal dimensions for each case. The ability of these fractal dimensions to distinguish between cases with fracture elsewhere in the spine from those with no spine fracture was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. An Az value of 0.87 using one of these fractal dimensions was significantly better than the Az of 0.60 using bone mass measurements for the same patients. The results suggest a possible value of a method using fractal dimension method for the improved prediction of fracture risk in osteoporosis patients.
Oral Gossypol in the Treatment of Patients with Refractory Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Phase I/II Clinical Trial

Gossypol has demonstrated in vitro effects on cell cycle regulation and anti-tumor activity against mammary carcinoma cell lines. This Phase I/II study assesses both the effect of gossypol on cell cycle regulatory proteins in vivo and the clinical effect. Twenty women with refractory metastatic breast cancer received oral gossypol at daily doses between 30 and 50mg per day. Gossypol plasma levels were measured (n=8) and the modulation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene protein and Cyclin D1 was assessed by serial biopsies (n=4). Grade I–II toxicities with gossypol treatment included nausea in 30% of patients, fatigue 15%, emesis 15%, altered taste sensation 15% and diarrhea in 10% of patients. Two of the three patients receiving 50mg/day experienced dose limiting dermatologic toxicity (grade III). One patient had a minor response and two patients had stable disease with >50 decline in serial assessments of the serum tumor markers. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1 and Rb expression in serial biopsies of four patients revealed both a concurrent decrease in cyclin D1 expression and an increase in nuclear Rb expression in three patients. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of gossypol was 40mg/day. Gossypol appears to affect the expression of Rb protein and cyclin D1 in breast cancer metastases at doses achievable, yet had negligible antitumor activity against anthracycline and taxane refractory metastatic breast cancer. The cell cycle regulatory effects of gossypol suggest a potential role for gossypol as a modulating agent in conjunction with other cell cycle specific compounds.
Active space: embodied media in performance

The Active Space is an interactive physical environment designed for dance, theatre and music performance. It engages its inhabitants in a dialog of mutual influence involving movement, visuals and sound. A dynamic and flexible interactive performance system integrates video-based motion tracking, motion capture, real-time audio/video processing, high bandwidth networking, and multi-screen real-time computer graphics. The system continually senses, measures and responds to human movement, enabling dancers and participants to interact with responsive behaviors and “play the space” as an instrument.
Alternative specifications for environmental control costs in a general equilibrium framework

Abstract We use a computational general equilibrium model to demonstrate that commonly-used simplified specifications for environmental control costs do not yield results that are comparable to those obtained when environmental control costs are correctly specified. The results indicate that simplified specifications may perform well when the objective is to qualitatively identify sectors disproportionately affected by environmental regulation, but not when the goal is to estimate the magnitude of the effects.
The amplitude varying rate statistical approach for texture classification

Abstract The Amplitude Varying Rate Statistical Approach (AVRS) for texture analysis is based on estimating the distribution of the size of features given n intensity threshold. Experiments with Brodatz textures gave 92% accuracy with a nearest neighbor classifier and 85% accuracy with a minimum distance classifier.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Rosai-Dorfman disease of bone

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) is a rare, benign self-limiting condition of unknown etiology. Less than a quarter of cases have only extranodal involvement and a few cases of skeletal involvement of RosaiDorfman disease without associated lymphadenopathy have been reported in the literature. We herein report cytohistologic findings in a case of sole skeletal Rosai-Dorfman disease in a 51-year-old woman who presented with an expansile, heterogeneous lesion at T11 with cord compression and edema. A CT-guided fine-needle aspiration of T-11 lesion was performed and the sample was processed by ThinPrep technique. The ThinPrep smear showed characteristic features of Rosai-Dorfman disease including hypercellularity with moderate number of histiocytes in a background of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils. The histiocytes possessed abundant, pale and vacuolated cytoplasm, rounded nuclei with smooth nuclear membranes, fine chromatin, and distinct nucleoli. The histiocytes showed emperipolesis of lymphocytes and neutrophils. The diagnosis was confirmed by concurrent biopsy with immunhistochemical study. Our case highlighted the role of fine-needle aspiration with ThinPrep technique in the diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36: 516–518. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An amphiphilic poly(phenylene ethynylene) as the structure-directing agent for periodic nanoscale silica composite materials.

We have synthesized optically active nanostructured composite materials by using an amphiphilic semiconducting polymer, a poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE), and a conventional ammonium surfactant as the structure-directing agents. The PPE consists of phenylene units parasubstituted with an octyloxy chain and a charged trimethylammoniumethoxy group, resulting in a surfactant-like structure that can assemble into cylindrical micelles. The resulting silica/organic composite material has a hexagonal honeycomb structure with a repeat distance of 45.3 A, as confirmed by low-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the larger scale particle size is on the order of micrometers. The incorporation of the polymer into the composite was confirmed by elemental analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The polymer retains its photophysical properties in the composite, showing luminescence similar to polymers in the solution phase. The polymer displays a high degree of luminescence polarization anisotropy, indicating that the polymer chains are straight and isolated from each other in the composite.
One Hundred Years of Solitude in Moscow

… For a while, he is absorbed with new vistas, absorbed with building his own nest, with manufacturing his own reality. Then one day, when the new reality is mastered, when his own terms are implem...
Work in progress — The impact of integrating first-year students into the broader curriculum

Faculty working directly with first-year students in the Computer & Information Technology department at IUPUI wished to improve first-year student retention within the program. Initially the team focused on adjusting the flow of content in the program's foundational courses to ensure their relevance. One course in particular, an introduction to Problem Solving and Qualitative Analysis, was frequently criticized by students as they struggled with fairly abstract topics for which they did not see an immediate need. In addition to updating the course content, the faculty co-investigators designed two projects that integrated these first-year students into a sophomore-level course where problem-solving skills and systems analysis techniques were actively applied. These experimental projects were integrated into one section of the first-year course, as well as one section of the sophomore-level follow-up course. From a qualitative perspective, the project was well received by students. First-year students were actively engaged sophomore-level coursework, and higher-level students eagerly included them in projects. Buoyed by the initial success of the experiment, the investigators wish to apply similar techniques to all sections of the first-year course and quantitatively measure its impact on student outcomes in subsequent courses.
Strict isometries of arbitrary orders

Abstract We consider the elementary operator L , acting on the Hilbert–Schmidt class C 2 ( H ) , given by L ( T ) = ATB , with A and B bounded operators on a separable Hilbert space H . In this paper we establish results relating isometric properties of L with those of the defining symbols A and B. We also show that if A is a strict n -isometry on a Hilbert space H then { I , A ∗ A , ( A ∗ ) 2 A 2 , … , ( A ∗ ) n - 1 A n - 1 } is a linearly independent set of operators. This result allows to extend further the isometric interdependence of L and its symbols. In particular we show that if L is a p -isometry then A is a strict p - 1 - (or p - 2 -)isometry if and only if B ∗ is a strict 2 -(or 3 -)isometry.
Diagnosis of posttraumatic pulmonary embolism: is chest computed tomographic angiography acceptable?

Background: Pulmonary angiography (PA-gram) has long been the accepted criterion standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE). Computed tomographic angiography has recently been advocated as an equivalent alternative to PA-gram. CT angiography is known to be insensitive for peripheral (segmental and subsegmental) emboli. We have previously found that a significant number of posttraumatic PEs occur early. We therefore hypothesized that because of the fragmentation of these early (soft) clots, posttraumatic PEs would be found disproportionately in the lung periphery. Methods: Trauma patients with PE confirmed by PA-gram were identified from our trauma database and medical records. PA-grams and reports were rereviewed and the location of all emboli was documented. Results: We identified 45 patients, with an average age of 46 ± 19 years; two thirds of the patients were men and 82% had a blunt mechanism of injury. Patients had PE diagnosed between days 0 and 57. Overall, PE was confined to segmental or smaller vessels in 27 (60%) patients and to subsegmental vessels in 7 (16%) patients. Twelve patients (27%) had a PE within the first 4 days. Furthermore, 32 patients (71%) had unilateral clot and 22 patients (48.9%) had clot confined to one region. Conclusion: PE frequently occurs soon after injury. The majority of PEs after trauma are found peripherally (in segmental or subsegmental vessels). Right/ left pulmonary artery embolisms are likely to be found only later in a trauma patient's course. Any diagnostic study used to diagnose pulmonary embolism in trauma patients must have sufficient resolution capacity to reliably detect segmental and subsegmental clot. A diagnostic modality such as CT scanning that is insensitive to peripheral embolisms may miss a significant number of posttraumatic PEs.
Proteolytic Processing of HCN2 and Co-assembly with HCN4 in the Generation of Cardiac Pacemaker Channels

In sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodal cells, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) inward current carrying cationic channels, If, are expressed that contribute importantly to the diastolic depolarization critical for cardiac pacemaker activity. Although previous studies have demonstrated myocardial expression of both the HCN2 and HCN4 subunits, the specific roles of these subunits in the generation of functional myocardial If channels remain unclear. To explore the molecular compositions of functional cardiac If channels, antibodies targeted against specific C- and N-terminal sequences in HCN2 and HCN4 were exploited to examine HCN2 and HCN4 subunit expression in adult (mouse) heart and to immunoprecipitate endogenous HCN-encoded cardiac If channel complexes. Western blot experiments revealed that although the full-length HCN2 (105 kDa) and HCN4 (160 kDa) proteins are readily detected in transiently transfected HEK-293 cells and in adult (mouse) brain, the molecular mass of the HCN2 protein in the myocardium is ∼60 kDa. In addition, the myocardial 60-kDa HCN2 protein lacks the C terminus, which contains the cAMP binding domain. In heterologous cells, the C-terminal-truncated HCN2 protein co-assembles with HCN4 to form functional heteromeric HCN channels, which activate faster than homomeric HCN2 or homomeric HCN4 channels, and display properties similar to endogenous myocardial If channels Taken together, these results suggest that functional myocardial If channels reflect the heteromeric assembly of HCN2 and HCN4 subunits and further that the HCN4 subunit underlies the cAMP-mediated regulation of cardiac If channels.
Positron emission tomography (PET) has limited utility in the staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Positron emission tomography (PET) as an adjunct to conventional imaging in the staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is controversial. Herein, we assess the utility of PET in identifying metastatic disease and evaluate the prognostic potential of standard uptake value (SUV). Imaging and follow-up data for patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were reviewed retrospectively. Resectability was assessed based on established criteria, and sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET were compared to those of conventional imaging modalities. For 123 patients evaluated 2005–2011, PET and CT/MRI were concordant in 108 (88 %) cases; however, PET identified occult metastatic lesions in seven (5.6 %). False-positive PETs delayed surgery for three (8.3 %) patients. In a cohort free of metastatic disease in 78.9 % of cases, the sensitivity and specificity of PET for metastases were 89.3 and 85.1 %, respectively, compared with 62.5 and 93.5 % for CT and 61.5 and 100.0 % for MRI. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of PET were 64.1 and 96.4 %, respectively, compared with 75.0 and 88.9 % for CT and 100.0 and 91.9 % for MRI. Average difference in maximum SUV of resectable and unresectable lesions was not statistically significant (5.65 vs. 6.5, p = 0.224) nor was maximum SUV a statistically significant predictor of survival (p = 0.18). PET is more sensitive in identifying metastatic lesions than CT or MRI; however, it has a lower specificity, lower positive predictive value, and in some cases, can delay definitive surgical management. Therefore, PET has limited utility as an adjunctive modality in staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Genetic Variation for Biomass and Residue Production in Lentil: II. Factors Determining Seed and Straw Yield

Understanding the influence of vegetative and reproductive traits in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) on biomass production and seed yield would facilitate cultivar improvement. The objectives of this study were (i) identify and evaluate the morphological changes that have taken place during past cultivar improvement efforts, and (ii) quantify the effect of rainfall on seed and straw production. Seven breeding lines and three checks were evaluated at Pullman and Farmington, WA, and Genesee, ID, from 1993 to 1995 for vegetative growth period (VGP), generative growth period (GGP), crop growth rate (CGR), seed growth rate (Sd.GR), straw growth rate (St.GR), and partitioning coefficients for seed (p) and straw (q). Results indicated that past cultivar improvement efforts have achieved higher seed yields by (i) shorter generative and vegetative growth periods, (ii) greater rates of crop and seed growth, (iii) higher seed partitioning coefficients, and (iv) a moderate response to rainfall. Greater straw yields have been achieved by (i) longer generative and vegetative growth periods, (ii) greater crop and straw growth rates, (iii) a higher straw partitioning coefficient, and (iv) a greater response to rainfall. Simultaneous improvement of straw and seed yields is possible within existing lentil germplasm.
Exploiting time and user diversity in distributed medium access control for mobile ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we consider a distributed medium access control (MAC) for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). We propose an adaptive threshold-based medium contention scheme to exploit diversity gain in multiple dimensions, in particular, the time and user diversity. In our scheme, each node performs a carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) MAC protocol and access the channel only when the channel quality is above a threshold. We develop a practical solution to address node mobility and time varying fading channels in a general ad-hoc network model. Our solution consists of channel estimation and prediction, transmission rate selection, and threshold adaptation. We show that an efficient threshold-based solution will need to employ a dynamic load-based threshold adaptation. Moreover, we show that a distributed MAC algorithm requires additional overhead for time and user diversity control and thus need appropriate tradeoff design to maximize the system capacity. We conduct network simulations to evaluate the performance of our proposed protocol and demonstrate promising throughput increase via time and user diversity. We conclude that the achievable diversity gain in MANET highly depends on the network topology and heterogeneity of link quality and thus remains as a challenging task.
A Mechanistic Study of Wetting Superhydrophobic Porous 3D Meshes.

Superhydrophobic, porous, 3D materials composed of poly( e -caprolactone) (PCL) and the hydrophobic polymer dopant poly(glycerol monostearate- co- e -caprolactone) (PGC-C18) are fabricated using the electrospinning technique. These 3D materials are distinct from 2D superhydrophobic surfaces, with maintenance of air at the surface as well as within the bulk of the material. These superhydrophobic materials float in water, and when held underwater and pressed, an air bubble is released and will rise to the surface. By changing the PGC-C18 doping concentration in the meshes and/or the fiber size from the micro- to nanoscale, the long-term stability of the entrapped air layer is controlled. The rate of water infiltration into the meshes, and the resulting displacement of the entrapped air, is quantitatively measured using X-ray computed tomography. The properties of the meshes are further probed using surfactants and solvents of different surface tensions. Finally, the application of hydraulic pressure is used to quantify the breakthrough pressure to wet the meshes. The tools for fabrication and analysis of these superhydrophobic materials as well as the ability to control the robustness of the entrapped air layer are highly desirable for a number of existing and emerging applications.
A novel titanate-based oxygen ion conductor: Gd2Ti2O7

Abstract Electrical conductivity measurements are reported on the rare-earth pyrochlore compound Gd2Ti2O7 as a function of temperature, oxygen partial pressure and aliovalent dopant concentration. Doping experiments were performed on both the Gd and Ti cation sublattices with doping levels of 0.0 to 15.0 mol% cation substitution. For Ca doped (Gd1 − x Cax)2Ti2O7, the ionic conductivity, σi, was observed to increase over 2 orders of magnitude with increasing x reaching a maximum value of 5 × 10−2 S/cm at 1000 °C and x = 0.10. This value represents the highest ionic conductivity reported to date for a titanate based material. Accompanying the increase in σi was a corresponding decrease in ionic activation energy Ei which dropped from 0.94 to 0.63 eV in the composition range of x = 0.00 to x = 0.02. Similar increases in σi and decreases in Ei were evident for “B” site Al doping in Gd2(Ti1 − yAly)2Ti2O7 but valid only up to a doping level of y = 0.01. At higher dopant levels, σi dropped sharply when the solubility limit was exceeded, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction lattice parameter measurements. The composition dependence of the ionic conductivity for both “A” and “B” site acceptor dopants are discussed in terms of defect interactions leading to favorable transport paths.
In what sense is turbulence an unsolved problem

Turbulence can be narrowly defined as a property of incompressible fluid flow at very high Reynolds number, and thus an attempt can be made to specify what is and what is not understood about it. The applicability of the Navier-Stokes equations of hydrodynamics to real turbulent flows and the successes and limitations of direct numerical simulation are considered. A discussion is presented of universality, and mention is made of the remarkable success of Kolmogorov's 1941 scaling ideas despite uncertainties about basic underlying assumptions such as local isotropy. Extensions of this scaling to the multifractal picture of dissipation fluctuations are discussed, but this picture remains phenomenological. Turbulence as defined above remains "unsolved" in the sense that a clear physical understanding of the observed phenomena does not exist.
The effects of residential real-time pricing contracts on transco loads, pricing, and profitability: Simulations using the N-ABLE™ agent-based model

An agent-based model is constructed in which a demand aggregator sells both uniform-price and real-time price (RTP) contracts to households as means for adding price elasticity in residential power use sectors, particularly during peak-price hours of the day. Simulations suggest that RTP contracts help a demand aggregator (1) shift its long-term contracts toward off-peak hours, thereby reducing its cost of power and (2) increase its short-run profits if it is one of the first aggregators to have large numbers of RTP contracts; but (3) create susceptibilities to short-term market demand and price volatilities.
FREEZING INJURY OF MAIZE SEED

Maturity of the crop is the primary factor determining the damage done by frost. Freezing temperatures kill the foliage and stalk of immature plants, thus stopping translocation to the partially developed grain. The grain itself may be damaged with lowered keeping qualities and viability. Injury is especially serious to the hybrid seed corn industry where expensively produced seed may be reduced to low grade feed. Freezing injury to plants has been divided into sudden killing by intracellular crystal formation, and slow desiccation and precipitation of the protoplasm when moisture is withdrawn by intercellular ice formation. Levitt (3) and Luyet and Gehenio (5) have published extensive reviews of the theories of cold injury. Kiesselbach and Ratcliff (2) conducted a study of freezing injury to open-pollinated seed corn from 1913 to 1920, but open-pollinated varieties have been replaced by hybrid corn for which there are few data on frost injury. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of temperature, moisture content of the seed, length of freezing period, variety of seed, physiological maturity, rate of freezing and thawing, repeated freezing and thawing, and rate of drying on freezing damage to hybrid maize seed. Yields of corn grown from frozen and unfrozen seed were compared. Materials and Methods Experiments with soaked seed
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis in Hirudo medicinalis

Neurosecretion in the brain of annelids has attracted considerable attention since its first recognition in the supraesophageal ganglion of Nereis by Berta Scharrer in 1936; in the polychetes and oligochetes it has been implicated in the control of reproduction, amongst other functions (see Bern and Hagadorn, 1965 for references). In the Hirudinea, the histology and cytology of the neurosecretory system has been examined by a number of workers, including B. Scharrer, 1937 ; Hagadorn, 1958, 1962, 1966; Hagadorn et al., 1963; Nambudiri and Vijayakrishnan, 1958; Legendre, 1959; Czechowicz, 1963, and von Tumpling, 1965. Two principal cell types been reported: α-cells, which stain with paraldehyde fuchsin or chrome alum hematoxylin, and β-cells, which stain with orange G or phloxin (Hagadorn, 1958, 1966a). On these, the α-cells are the more prominent, and are consistently present in Theromyzon rude (Rhynchobdellida) and Hirudo medicinalis (Gnathobdellida). Their secretions have been found to be rich in disulfide groups (Bianchi, 1964a, b; Hagadorn, 1964, 1966a).
SERTII1979-1981 Tests: Plasma Thrust and Neutralizer Measurements

The SERT II (Space Electric Rocket Test II) spacecraft, launched in 1970 for a one-year mission as a test bed for an ion thruster system, continued to function as a working spacecraft through May 1981. As a result, an opportunity existed to obtain extensive thruster system test data over a period of more than a decade. This paper presents results obtained in the last 2Vi years of this test period. A new mode of thrusting, using only the plasma of the main discharge chamber, was discovered and its thrust performance documented. This paper, in addition, presents results of unique neutralizer tests using, first, a distant neutralizer electron source; second, electrons from the main discharge chamber of a distant thrust; and, finally, no neutralizer whatever.
Courtship among males due to a male-sterile mutation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster males carrying the fruitless mutation have been studied in their interactions with males and females. Mutant males—expressing a single recessive factor on the third chromosome—court mutant or wild-type males about 7 times more frequently than wild-type males court each other. Courtship by a fruitless male of a wild-type male is sustained and takes up an amount of time almost 100 times greater than the courtship interactions recorded between two normal males. While the mutant males do court females in a sustained manner, they attempt to copulate in less than 1% of the trials, never do copulate, and are thus behaviorally sterile. Fruitless males, when interacting with other males, are deficient in their degree of rejection responses, but this defect is not sufficient to explain the abnormal male-male interactions. The mutants stimulate wild-type males to court them with a frequency which is about 5 times higher than that observed between normal males. Fruitless males can stimulate other males to court them even when the former have been etherized or cut into pieces.
The Normal and Pathologic Roles of the Alzheimer's β-secretase, BACE1

As the most common neurodegenerative disease, therapeutic avenues for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's Disease are highly sought after. The aspartic protease BACE1 is the initiator enzyme for the formation of Aβ, a major constituent of amyloid plaques that represent one of the hallmark pathological features of this disorder. Thus, targeting BACE1 for disease-modifying AD therapies represents a rationale approach. The collective knowledge acquired from investigations of BACE1 deletion mutants and characterization of BACE1 substrates has downstream significance not only for the discovery of AD drug therapies but also for predicting side effects of BACE1 inhibition. Here we discuss the identification and validation of BACE1 as the β-secretase implicated in AD, in addition to information regarding BACE1 cell biology, localization, substrates and potential physiological functions derived from BACE1 knockout models.
MOBILIZATION OF SLUDGE IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS WITH SUBMERGED NOZZLES

Over 378,000 m3 (100 million gal) of radioactive waste is being stored in hundreds of tanks at several U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites. The environment within the tanks is highly radioactive and chemically harsh. The waste typically consists of a heterogeneous sludge layer covered by a layer of supernatant. A few of the tanks have leaked to the environment, while others are corroding. Removing the waste from the tanks and processing it to a stable final form are desired to prevent any additional contamination of the environment. The tanks vary in size and geometric shape and do not have systems for removing the sludge waste. Mobilization and mixing studies were conducted with a surrogate sludge (e.g., kaolin clay) using submerged jets in two sizes of horizontal tanks with nominal capacities of 0.87 m3 (230 gal) and 95 m3 (25,000 gal). Mobilization efficiencies and mixing times were determined for single and bidirectional jets in both tanks with the discharge nozzles positioned at various locations i...
How Should We Introduce Integration

(1992). How Should We Introduce Integration? The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 296-298.
Routing permutations on hypercube machines with half-duplex links

Abstract Algorithms are presented for realizing permutations on a less restrictive hypercube model called the S-MIMD (synchronous MIMD), which allows at most one data transfer on a given communication link at a given time instant, and where data movements are not restricted to a single dimension at a given time. First, an optimal algorithm for bit-permute permutations is developed from a very simple realization of the shuffle on a 3-cube; this algorithm needs 2⌊n/2⌋ routing steps on an n-dimensional hypercube. The technique is then extended to an optimal algorithm for bit-permute-complement permutations, one that needs n routing steps. Also, algorithms are sketched for routing permutations in the classes Ω and Ω−1 in 3⌈n/2⌉ routing steps, yielding an off-line algorithm for routing arbitrary permutations in 3n steps.
Relaxation techniques for strictly convex network problems

Gauss—Seidel type relaxation techniques are applied in the context of strictly convex pure networks with separable cost functions. The algorithm is an extension of the Bertsekas—Tseng approach for solving the linear network problem and its dual as a pair of monotropic programming problems. The method is extended to cover the class of generalized network problems. Alternative internal tactics for the dual problem are examined. Computational experiments —aimed at the improved efficiency of the algorithm — are presented.
Application of Onsager’s Reciprocity Relations to Alloy Solidification

A requirement of any theory for the kinetics of interface motion during a phase transformation is that the force law which relates fluxes to thermodynamic forces satisfies Onsager’s reciprocity relations. In this paper we show how to apply Onsager’s relations to a phase transformation mediated by a moving interface in a two-component system. We use the result to evaluate two proposed models for interface motion during alloy solidification.
Characteristics of the rat cardiac sphingolipid pool in two mitochondrial subpopulations

Mitochondrial sphingolipids play a diverse role in normal cardiac function and diseases, yet a precise quantification of cardiac mitochondrial sphingolipids has never been performed. Therefore, rat heart interfibrillary mitochondria (IFM) and subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) were isolated, lipids extracted, and sphingolipids quantified by LC-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that sphingomyelin (approximately 10,000 pmol/mg protein) was the predominant sphingolipid regardless of mitochondrial subpopulation, and measurable amounts of ceramide (approximately 70 pmol/mg protein) sphingosine, and sphinganine were also found in IFM and SSM. Both mitochondrial populations contained similar quantities of sphingolipids except for ceramide which was much higher in SSM. Analysis of sphingolipid isoforms revealed ten different sphingomyelins and six ceramides that differed from 16- to 24-carbon units in their acyl side chains. Sub-fractionation experiments further showed that sphingolipids are a constituent part of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, inner membrane ceramide levels were 32% lower versus whole mitochondria (45 pmol/mg protein). Three ceramide isotypes (C20-, C22-, and C24-ceramide) accounted for the lower amounts. The concentrations of the ceramides present in the inner membranes of SSM and IFM differed greatly. Overall, mitochondrial sphingolipid content reflected levels seen in cardiac tissue, but the specific ceramide distribution distinguished IFM and SSM from each other.
CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling coordinates survival and motility of breast cancer cells through Smad3 protein- and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanisms

Increased cell motility and survival are important hallmarks of metastatic tumor cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate the interplay between these cellular processes remain poorly understood. In these studies, we demonstrate that CCL2, a chemokine well known for regulating immune cell migration, plays an important role in signaling to breast cancer cells. We report that in a panel of mouse and human breast cancer cell lines CCL2 enhanced cell migration and survival associated with increased phosphorylation of Smad3 and p42/44MAPK proteins. The G protein-coupled receptor CCR2 was found to be elevated in breast cancers, correlating with CCL2 expression. RNA interference of CCR2 expression in breast cancer cells significantly inhibited CCL2-induced migration, survival, and phosphorylation of Smad3 and p42/44MAPK proteins. Disruption of Smad3 expression in mammary carcinoma cells blocked CCL2-induced cell survival and migration and partially reduced p42/44MAPK phosphorylation. Ablation of MAPK phosphorylation in Smad3-deficient cells with the MEK inhibitor U0126 further reduced cell survival but not migration. These data indicate that Smad3 signaling through MEK-p42/44MAPK regulates CCL2-induced cell motility and survival, whereas CCL2 induction of MEK-p42/44MAPK signaling independent of Smad3 functions as an alternative mechanism for cell survival. Furthermore, we show that CCL2-induced Smad3 signaling through MEK-p42/44MAPK regulates expression and activity of Rho GTPase to mediate CCL2-induced breast cancer cell motility and survival. With these studies, we characterize an important role for CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling in regulating the intrinsic relationships between breast cancer cell motility and survival with implications on the metastatic process.
Development of interest and enjoyment in adolescence. Part II. Boredom and psychopathology.

Significant changes in both the capacity and the content of attention emerge during adolescence. Part II of this two-part article argues that a central task of adolescence is to utilize increased information-processing capacities in order to develop attentional habits which shape interests, provide enjoyment, and avoid boredom. Reports of chronic boredom or of extreme efforts to escape from boredom during adolescence may signify substantial difficulty in forming the attentional habits required for developing a separate identity. When adolescents are bored, they may resort to habits of attention and enjoyment which have deleterious personal, social, and ecological consequences. Further study of attention in adolescence may help to explore preventive educational approaches to the problem of boredom and of “pathological” solutions to boredom.
Cognitive science and decision making research in accounting

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of cognitive science to decision-making research in accounting. First, the context into which it interfaces the field of accounting is reviewed. Next, the cognitive science applications to accounting are presented and evaluated as they relate to four levels of investigation. The paper concludes with implications for future research as well as a discussion of methodological issues which must be addressed.