cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Antiplatelet Therapy in Carotid Stenting for Ischemic Stroke Prevention

Background and Purpose— Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is a minimally invasive revascularization procedure that has become a popular and acceptable treatment option in the United States for high surgical risk patients with internal carotid artery atherosclerosis. It is effective and has an acceptable risk profile, but ischemic complications caused by distal embolization and underlying atherothrombosis persist. Summary of Review— Atherothrombosis is the pathological process that is frequently implicated as the underlying cause of stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and most other ischemic vascular disease. Critical steps in the development of occlusive episodes are the disruption of atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent formation of a platelet-rich mural thrombus. Vascular injury as a result of CAS or any other percutaneous intervention triggers platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, resulting in the formation of a mural thrombosis. This risk, in addition to the potential risk of embolization to distal sites, provides a rationale for early antiplatelet therapy with CAS. The risk of late stent (>30 days after stenting) thrombosis in some patients, particularly those receiving drug-eluting stents, provides a rationale for prolonged antiplatelet prophylaxis as well as for prophylaxis against late atherothrombotic events. Because of the systemic and progressive nature of atherothrombosis, protection against ischemic vascular events in other arterial beds expands the benefits of long-term antiplatelet therapy. Conclusions— As clinical experience with CAS increases, it is likely that it will be used more frequently for patients with occlusive carotid disease. In addition, adjunct antiplatelet therapy will play a key role in the continued development of CAS.
Carbon effects in rapidly solidified Ni 3 Al

The effect of carbon on the mechanical properties of ordered, face-center-cubic Ni3Al has been studied. It has been found that carbon provides no ductihzation to the intermetallic compound, but exerts a large solid solution strengthening effect. The strengthening rate measured is Δσy/ΔC∼0.5G per atom percent carbon, where G is the Ni3Al shear modulus. Auger analysis and lattice parameter measurements were also carried out. The results are discussed with respect to the nature of carbon in grain boundary regions and in the bulk.
Automatic obstacle avoidance at high speeds via reflex control

A reflex control system is proposed for the realization of automatic collision avoidance in an environment that is compatible with arbitrary higher-level torque-based controllers. The system has the virtue of being failsafe without introducing unnecessary interference in the execution of higher-level controls. The reflex controller is useful for safely experimenting with new, possibly unstable control algorithms. Operation of the reflexes proposed here, although implemented as a decision-making process, is equivalent to the action of repulsive potential fields plus dissipative terms. The equivalent potential fields have a finite range of influences and combine through logic and set operations rather than linear superposition. Reflex control has been demonstrated to work effectively in the presence of moving, albeit quasi-static, obstacles. >
PHOTOADAPTATION, GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF BOTTOM ICE ALGAE IN THE ANTARCTIC1

Biomass, chemical composition, growth rates and the photosynthetic response of natural populations of sea ice algae in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica were followed over most of the spring bloom to examine temporal variability under a relatively constant incident irradiance (ca. 1500–1700 μE · m-2· s-1 at solar noon). Collection were restricted to bottom 20 cm of the ice sheet in an area with little or no snow (0–5 cm). At low temperature and irradiance these algae normally exhibited low assimilation numbers (ca. 0.1–0.4 mg C · mg Chl-1· h-1). Average growth rates (0.02–0.45 d-1), based on changes in standing stocks, were also low. Biomass, biochemical composition, growth rates, assimilation numbers and photosynthetic efficiencies (mg C · mg Chl-1· h-1 (μE · m-2· s-1)-1) displayed large fluctuations over periods of several days during the growth season. On the other hand, Ik which is an index of photoadaptation, and Im, the optimal irradiance for photosynthesis, were relatively constant with less than twofold variation throughout our study. Substantial nutrient fluxes (3.3–8.0 mmol Si or N · m-2· d-1) were necessary to satisfy the minimum nutrient demand for the observed biomass levels and population growth rates; over the 41 days of our study, integrated nutrient demand represented 69–150 mmol N or Si · m-2, Only 5–25% of this total demand could be met by all of the nutrients in the ice sheet, if they were readily available. However, adequate amounts were present in the top few meters of the water column. With small nutrient gradients in surface waters below the sea ice, vertical eddy diffusivities on the order of 3.8–9.3 cm2· s- should supply sufficient nutrients to meet algal demand.
Interfacial Reactions of Copper/Refractory Alloy and Bilayer Films on Si0 2

We studied interfacial phase formation between copper and copper-alloy films on SiO2 in order to understand how to improve adhesion. CuCr and CuTi alloy and bilayer films on SiO2 were annealed from 400-600°C for 30 min in an N2 + H2 (5%) ambient. The bilayer systems exhibited refractory metal migration from the interface to the surface where they oxidized. In the CuTi bilayer system, an oxidized interfacial Ti layer was observed. Both CuCr and CuTi alloy systems exhibited refractory metal segregation to the interface and surface. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy were used for elemental depth profiling.
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes in adolescents and young adults

The inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are a diverse group of genetic diseases associated with inadequate production of one or more blood cell lineages. Examples include Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, thrombocytopenia absent radii syndrome, severe congenital neutropenia, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. The management of these disorders was once the exclusive domain of pediatric subspecialists, but increasingly physicians who care for adults are being called upon to diagnose or treat these conditions. Through a series of patient vignettes, we highlight the clinical manifestations of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes in adolescents and young adults. The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by these diseases are discussed.
Relationships between leaf morphology and climate, Bolivia: implications for estimating paleoclimate from fossil floras

Fossil floras are an important source of quantitative terrestrial paleoclimate data. Many paleoclimate estimates are based on relationships observed in modern vegetation between leaf morphology and climate, such as the increase in the percentage of entire-margined species with increasing temperature and the increase in leaf size with increasing precipitation. An important question is whether these observed relationships are universal or regional; for example, recent stud- ies suggest that significant differences exist between floras from three domains: the Northern Hemi- sphere, New Zealand/Australia, and subalpine zones. Also, debate exists over which statistical models of modern data sets, univariate or multivariate, provide the most accurate estimates of pa- leoclimate. In this study, 12 foliage samples from living Bolivian forests are compared with data sets from different regions. Models based on data sets from North America and Japan, namely the Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) data set of J. A. Wolfe, and from east Asia produce reasonably accurate estimates of temperature and precipitation, suggesting that the cli- mate-leaf morphology relationships for Bolivian vegetation do not differ significantly from those for Northern Hemisphere vegetation. The mean leaf size for a given mean annual precipitation is smaller than for a data set from the Western Hemisphere and Africa, but this difference is most likely due to different sampling methods. As for estimating climate from fossil floras, these results, along with the analysis of four other regional data sets, imply that the most accurate climate es- timates will be produced by the predictor data set with the most similar climate-leaf morphology relationships. Unfortunately, our present lack of understanding of why climate-morphology rela- tionships vary between the North America/Japan, New Zealand/Australia, and subalpine domains makes it difficult to identify data sets similar to paleofloras. Until we learn more, it is probably best to compare fossil floras to predictor data sets from the same domain. The performance of the var- ious statistical methods depends on the nature of the predictor data set. Multiple regression anal- ysis tends to produce the most accurate estimates for small data sets with a narrow range of en- vironmental variation that have similar relationships to the flora, and linear regression or canonical correspondence analysis for the larger and more varied CLAMP data set. If a similar predictor data set is not available, then nearest-neighbor analysis can still produce accurate paleoclimate esti- mates.
Differential regulation of natriuretic peptide receptors on ciliary body epithelial cells

Atrionatriuretic peptide (ANP) lowers intraocular pressure in the eyes of humans and rabbits. We examined the effects of natriuretic peptides on cGMP formation and 125I-labelled-ANP binding to cultured cells derived from ciliary body epithelium, the site of aqueous humour formation in the eye. ANP, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) at 1 microM stimulated cGMP formation 8.2(+/-1.2)-fold, 4.8(+/-0.6)-fold and 87.3(+/-12.1)-fold respectively. 125I-ANP bound to intact cells at a single site, with a dissociation constant KD=0.30+/-0.01 nM. BNP was as effective as ANP in displacing 125I-ANP, whereas CNP displaced label with a slightly higher IC50. 125I-ANP binding was displaced >95% by c-ANP, a specific ligand for natriuretic peptide C receptors (NPR-C). Cross-linking of 125I-ANP to cells labelled predominantly a protein of Mr 62000. These data suggest that 125I-ANP binding was primarily to NPR-C, whereas cGMP stimulation occurred primarily via natriuretic peptide B receptors (NPR-B). Vasopressin and histamine, both activators of the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol phosphate pathway in non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, inhibited CNP stimulation of guanylate cyclase (NPR-B) and 125I-ANP binding (NPR-C) by 30-38%. Inhibition was mimicked by PMA, dioctanoylglycerol and phorbol didecanoate, whereas 4alpha phorbol didecanoate had no effect. Staurosporine and bisindolylmaleimide both blocked inhibition of 125I-ANP binding and cGMP formation by PMA. These results suggest that protein kinase C (PKC) down-regulates both NPR-B and NPR-C. PKC down-regulation of NPR-B varied inversely with CNP concentration. Inhibition by 1 microM PMA was 30.6(+/-4.0)% with 500 nM CNP, but 83.4(+/-8.8)% with 10 nM CNP, indicating that increasing CNP could partially overcome inhibition by PMA. Since extracellular CNP levels were not affected by PKC activation, the effect of PKC on NPR-B is best explained as a reduction in NPR-B affinity for CNP. NPR-C measured as 125I-ANP binding was likewise reduced 36.4(+/-5.1)% by exposure to PMA. In contrast with NPR-B inhibition, however, inhibition of NPR-C was due largely to a reduction in the number of receptor binding sites per cell rather than a reduction in receptor affinity for ligand. The data therefore suggest that both NPR-B and NPR-C are down-regulated by PKC, but that the mechanisms of down-regulation of the two receptors are different.
PATH ANALYSIS IN GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

Causal influences on complex phenotypes cannot always be directly observed, but familial influences can be inferred from patterns of interrelationships among a set of variables (i.e., phenotypes observed on different classes of relatives). Path analysis was developed as a method of using structural linear regression analysis to explain the observed interrelationships among variables in the context of a specified model and to determine the impact of hypothesized causal influences on the observed variable (Wright, 1921 1978;Li, 1975).
Do or die: competitive effects and Red Queen dynamics in the product survival race

This study explores the reciprocal relationship between the nature and duration of competition, and innovation outcomes. We propose that the perpetually driven, reciprocal sequence of competitive action and reaction known as the “Red Queen” in evolutionary biology is a cardinal force behind the success of innovations. We test our hypotheses applying a comprehensive data set of all automobile manufacturers known to compete in the US automobile market at any time between 1946 and 2008. Using data composed of 8203 model–year pairs, 1071 models from 148 different brands, we find that recent competitive experiences of models, rather than those in the distant past, make them more viable competitors. Additionally, superior reputation and market share are found to effectively shield models from the pernicious effects of Red Queen competition.
Understanding the Internationalization of the U.S. Venture Capital Industry: The Role of Experience, Reputation, and Networks

The development of breakthrough innovation in new nations, the emergence of entrepreneurial talent to new regional clusters, and the attendant need to participate in emerging growth markets have encouraged venture capital firms to develop global strategies and make offshore investments. While a growing collection of studies document the globalization of venture capital investment and its impact on portfolio firms, we know surprisingly little about the internationalization processes of venture capital firms themselves or the consequences for performance. This study departs from the conventional emphasis on venture capital as an inherently local business and draws upon the resource-based view and the capabilities literature to explain why some venture capital firms internationalize and others do not. We develop and test propositions using panel data over a twenty-eight year period containing 21,604 rounds of venture capital financing. Our results showcase the subtle interplay between venture capital firm experience, reputation, and network quality in the global market for the financing of high-growth new ventures.
Host-Vector Systems for Genetic Engineering of Higher Plant Cells

Methods for the insertion of exogenous genetic material into higher plants have been long sought, with the hope that some of those inserted genes will be able to cause genetic transformation. Earlier reports of successful incorporation of exogenously applied DNA and bacteriophages to intact plants were later shown to be the result of artifacts or the experiments remained irreproducible (1–4). Nevertheless, such reports have stimulated other workers to investigate the possibility of transforming plant cells. If plants could be manipulated and modified genetically by laboratory methods, then new genetic variations might be generated much faster than by classical sexual processes. More importantly, this technique might permit the broadening of the genetic pool.
Two electron processes in atomic collisions

Here we have considered various two electron processes in atomic collisions. We have suggested and used a definition of the few body concept of correlation where screening is not considered to be correlation, but a change of screening is considered to be a correlation. Two types of correlation have been distinguished: static and scattering correlation. A formulation to define these terms has been presented and simple expressions have been presented. Application to coupled channel calculations is illustrated in the Appendix. Analysis of various observations at high energies has been presented using the ideas of this formulation and suggestions for some further studies has been made. p]This work has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences.
A multisensor investigation of rime splintering in tropical maritime cumuli

AbstractThree flights from the Ice in Clouds Experiment–Tropical (ICE-T) field campaign examined the onset of ice near the ascending cloud tops of tropical maritime cumuli as they cooled from 0° to −14°C. Careful quantitative analysis of ice number concentrations included manual scrutiny of particle images and corrections for possible particle-shattering artifacts. The novel use of the Wyoming Cloud Radar documented the stage of cloud development and tops relative to the aircraft sampling, complemented the manual estimates of graupel concentrations, and provided new clear evidence of graupel movement through the rime-splintering zone. Measurements of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) provided an estimate of primary initiated ice.The data portray a dynamically complex picture of hydrometeor transport contributing to, and likely resulting from, the rime-splintering process. Hundreds per liter of supercooled raindrops ascended within the updrafts as the cloud tops reached 0°C and contributed in part to the 0.1...
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in Berberis thunbergii, an invasive and ornamental shrub in the eastern United States, to assess genetic diversity among populations and potentially identify horticultural cultivars. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 12 loci were identified for the species. Eight of the loci were polymorphic and were screened in 24 individuals from two native (Tochigi and Ibaraki prefectures, Japan) and one invasive (Connecticut, USA) population and 21 horticultural cultivars. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.048 to 0.636. CONCLUSIONS These new markers will provide tools for examining genetic relatedness of B. thunbergii plants in the native and invasive range, including phylogeographic studies and assessment of rapid evolution in the invasive range. These markers may also provide tools for examining hybridization with other related species in the invasive range.
Students and the Second Ghetto: Federal Legislation, Urban Politics, and Campus Planning at the University of Chicago

In the years after World War II, the University of Chicago (U of C) enjoyed a position as a leader in higher education with the ability to help provide for national economic growth and global security through professional education and scientific research. It also faced a dramatically changing set of neighborhood conditions that threatened its leadership status. University administrators pursued an ambitious agenda of redevelopment and neighborhood management in South East Chicago in order to fight a wave of racial transition. In doing so, the university formed and led a coalition of top urban universities that shared real estate practices and helped create federal policy that made universities integral parts of urban renewal initiatives in the 1960s. This effort to create, manage, and redevelop housing, including student housing, provoked strident opposition from the student body and set the emerging New Left against the university in an early salvo of the student movement.
Design Solution for State Monitoring System of Transformation Equipment

According to the relevant technical standards and technical solutions,combined with years of experience in project implementation,a design solution for state monitoring system of transformation equipment is proposed in this paper.Based on the production management information system(PMS),a unified state monitoring system of transformation equipment is established of "two-level deployments,three-grade applications".As a result,the data processing,access and control of state monitoring device of transformation equipment are standardized,and the functions for status information display,warning,analysis,diagnosis,evaluation and forecasting of transformation equipment provided,achieving real-time monitoring of significant transformation equipment status and critical operating environmental information.
Distribution of complement receptors on human normal and malignant mononuclear cells

Mononuclear cells from normal human subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LCL), and hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were labeled with fluoresceinated, purified human C3b (FI-C3b) and analyzed using the fluorescence- activated cell sorter (FACS). FI-C3b labeled 17.6% +/- 6.0% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from 20 normal subjects, which, when separated by the FACS, consisted of B lymphocytes and approximately 5% monocytes. Analyses in which either monocytes or B lymphcoytes were excluded from consideration demonstrated that both these cell types were labeled by the FI-C3b with a heterogeneous distribution of fluorescence intensity, indicating either heterogeneity of CR density or variable avidity of individual CR for the FI-C3b. FACS profiles of PBM ( 60% of the cells being slightly more fluorescent than unlabeled controls. This low, homogeneous distribution of fluorescence is strikingly similar to profiles of CLL cells labeled with anti-Ig reagents and suggests homogeneity of low CR density and/or avidity. Similarly, CR+ mononuclear cells from five patients with HCL and three patients with LCL displayed more homogeneous FI-C3b labeling than normal CR+ PBM. Homogeneity of FI-C3b binding to CLL, LCL, and HCL cells further supports the concept for a clonal origin for these disorders.
Adaptive finite-time tracking control for joint position constrained robot manipulators with actuator faults

In this work, we propose a novel adaptive fault tolerant control scheme to address the finite-time position tracking control problem for a class of robot manipulators with joint position constraints and actuator faults. Backstepping design with a tan-type Barrier Lyapunov Function and a new structure of stabilizing function is presented. Through rigorous analysis, we show that despite the potential multiplicative and additive actuator faults, the position tracking error can converge into a small neighborhood of zero within finite time, while not violating the constraint requirement on the joint position vector. All closed loop signals are bounded during operation. A simulation study further demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Characterization of porcine milk oligosaccharides during early lactation and their relation to the fecal microbiome

The composition of porcine milk oligosaccharides (PMO) was analyzed during early lactation and their relation to piglet gut microbiome was investigated. Pigs are considered ideal intestinal models to simulate humans because of the striking similarity in intestinal physiopathology to humans. The evolution of PMO was investigated in the milk from 3 healthy sows at prefarrowing, farrowing, and d 7 and 14 postpartum by Nano-LC Chip Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Previously sequenced metagenome libraries were reanalyzed to examine changes with specific gut bacterial populations. Over 30 oligosaccharides (OS) were identified in the milk, with 3'-sialyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, α1-3,β1-4-d-galactotriose, 2'-fucosyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose being the most abundant species (accounting for ~70% of the total OS). Porcine milk had lower OS diversity (number of unique structures) than human milk, and appeared closer to bovine and caprine milk. In agreement with previous studies, only 3 fucosylated OS were identified. Surprisingly, their contribution to total OS abundance was greater than in bovine milk (9 vs. 1%). Indeed, fucosylated PMO increased during lactation, mirroring a similar trend observed for neutral and type I OS content during early lactation. Taken together, these results suggest that, in terms of abundance, PMO are closer to human milk than other domestic species, such as bovine and caprine milks. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that fucose-consuming bacterial taxa in the gut microbiota of piglets were qualitatively but not quantitatively different between nursing and weaning stages, suggesting that both the composition and structure of dietary glycans may play a critical role in shaping the distal gut microbiome. The similarity of both intestinal physiopathology and milk OS composition in human and porcine species suggests similar effects on gastrointestinal development of early nutrition, reinforcing the use of the pig intestinal model to simulate human intestinal models in the clinical setting.
Alternative Waste Forms — A Comparative Study

Several alternative process and waste form options exist for the immobilization of nuclear wastes. These options can be categorized into seven groups (1) including the reference monolithic glass process: glass, sintered ceramic, glass ceramics, hot-pressed ceramics, coatings, concrete and metal matrix. Although data exists on the characterization of these alternatives, it is difficult to conduct comparisons due to lack of standard testing procedures.
Cloudiness and Precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere

The total cloudiness over all or part of the Southern Hemisphere has been discussed by Brooks (1927), Landsberg (1945), Vowinckel and van Loon (1957), Clapp (1964) and Sadler (1969), and is shown in the marine climatological atlases of Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Figs. 6.1–6.3, which result from a subjective fusion of these sources, probably give a reasonable picture of the total cloudiness.
ICD‐10–based expanded code set for use in cleft lip/palate research and surveillance

Background On October 1, 2015, the United States required use of the Clinical Modification of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) for diagnostic coding. The ICD-10-CM code set is limited to gross categories for cleft lip and/or cleft palate (using only four of a possible seven characters). Methods Herein, a clinically useful expansion of the ICD-10-CM code set is proposed to improve the diagnostic accuracy necessary for individual clinical, research, and statistical projects that require it. (This is similar to how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/British Paediatric Association Code served to extend the ICD-9 code base.) Results Our proposed expansion does not replace the required use of ICD-10-CM for clinical, administrative, or financial transactions. Rather, it is offered as an optional set of cleft codes that could be used in parallel to document true classification-level data with phenotypic accuracy. Conclusion The expanded set is “collapsible” into the official ICD-10-CM codes; this improves compatibility of the expanded codes that would be contained in research and epidemiologic databases with the standard codes from hospital electronic medical record systems and administrative billing data. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:905–914, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lean beef production systems for a growing world population

Anabolic implants are used routinely in U.S. beef finishing systems with over 95% of all cattle finished for beef meat production being implanted at least once during the finishing period. Anabolic implants increase average daily gain (ADG) by 16 to 20% over the non-implanted control for an¬abolic implants. This translates to 0.21 to 0.26 kg/d increase in gain over non-implanted controls. Feed efficiency, reported as feed to gain, is also improved with implanting by 9 to 14% over non-implanted controls. These improve¬ments in feed efficiency translate to a reduction in the amount of feed required per unit gain of 0.19-0.42 kg. Anabolic implants are one of the most cost ef¬fective technologies that can be utilized in beef cattle finishing systems. Estimates are that the use of anabolic implants, on average, returns $143 (US dollars) per steer depending on beef and grain prices. Utilization of two combination implants during the finishing phase can return up to $233 per steer. The elimination of growth-promoting technologies would significant¬ly reduce beef production and increase the number of cattle required to produce equivalent amounts of beef. This would equate to greater feedstuffs and land mass required to feed an increased number of cattle with greater methane output and reduced efficiency.
Preface to the Special Issue on Cannabis

Despite centuries of evidence that cannabis has a number of beneficial uses, research and improvement of the plant itself, especially in the United States, have been virtually nonexistent. Througho...
The management of open tibial fractures in children: a retrospective case series of eight years' experience of 61 cases at a paediatric specialist centre.

Aims Following the introduction of national standards in 2009, most major paediatric trauma is now triaged to specialist units offering combined orthopaedic and plastic surgical expertise. We investigated the management of open tibia fractures at a paediatric trauma centre, primarily reporting the risk of infection and rate of union. Patients and Methods A retrospective review was performed on 61 children who between 2007 and 2015 presented with an open tibia fracture. Their mean age was nine years (2 to 16) and the median follow-up was ten months (interquartile range 5 to 18). Management involved IV antibiotics, early debridement and combined treatment of the skeletal and soft-tissue injuries in line with standards proposed by the British Orthopaedic Association. Results There were 36 diaphyseal fractures and 25 distal tibial fractures. Of the distal fractures, eight involved the physis. Motor vehicle collisions accounted for two thirds of the injuries and 38 patients (62%) arrived outside of normal working hours. The initial method of stabilisation comprised: casting in nine cases (15%); elastic nailing in 19 (31%); Kirschner (K)-wiring in 13 (21%); intramedullary nailing in one (2%); open reduction and plate fixation in four (7%); and external fixation in 15 (25%). Wound management comprised: primary wound closure in 24 (39%), delayed primary closure in 11 (18%), split skin graft (SSG) in eight (13%), local flap with SSG in 17 (28%) and a free flap in one. A total of 43 fractures (70%) were Gustilo-Anderson grade III. There were four superficial (6.6%) and three (4.9%) deep infections. Two deep infections occurred following open reduction and plate fixation and the third after K-wire fixation of a distal fracture. No patient who underwent primary wound closure developed an infection. All the fractures united, although nine patients required revision of a mono-lateral to circular frame for delayed union (two) or for altered alignment or length (seven). The mean time to union was two weeks longer in diaphyseal fractures than in distal fractures (13 weeks versus 10.8 weeks, p = 0.016). Children aged > 12 years had a significantly longer time to union than those aged < 12 years (16.3 weeks versus 11.4 weeks, p = 0.045). The length of stay in hospital for patients with a Gustilo-Anderson grade IIIB fracture was twice as long as for less severe injuries. Conclusion Fractures in children heal better than those in adults. Based on our experience of deep infection we discourage the use of internal fixation with a plate for open tibial fractures in children. We advocate aggressive initial wound debridement in theatre with early definitive combined orthopaedic and plastic surgery in order to obtain skeletal stabilisation and soft-tissue cover. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:544–53.
Character sketches: The curious propaganda careers of Mary, Jane, and Willie

ABSTRACTThis article draws on the concepts of narrative interactivity and closure to investigate three World War II-era print media characters. The analysis details how Al Parker’s Mary & Jane and Norman Rockwell’s Willie Gillis developed a perceived authenticity that invited fans to envision the propaganda drawings as having lives beyond their artistic origins. The essay concludes that the narrative arcs of these characters prefigured the imagined relationships that subsequent generations developed with televised characters.
Impact of intraoperative factor concentrates on blood product transfusions during orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND Major bleeding in orthotopic liver transplantation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Limited literature exists regarding comparative effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate and fibrinogen concentrate during orthotopic liver transplantation on blood product utilization. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective, single-institution study evaluated the impact of prothrombin complex concentrate and fibrinogen concentrate on blood product utilization during orthotopic liver transplantation from December 2013 to April 2016. This study included patients age 18 years or older and excluded patients who received simultaneous heart or lung transplantation or did not meet documentation criteria. A propensity score matching technique was used to match patients who were exposed to prothrombin complex concentrate with unexposed patients, at a 2 to 1 ratio, to control for selection bias. RESULTS During this study, 212 patients received orthotopic liver transplantation with 39 prothrombin complex concentrate exposures. The matched study population included 39 patients who were exposed to prothrombin complex concentrate and 78 unexposed patients. Overall, 84.6% of patients who were exposed to prothrombin complex concentrate also received concomitant fibrinogen concentrate, whereas only 2% of patients in the control group received fibrinogen concentrate. After propensity score matching, no other factors that were included in the model differed significantly or had a standardized mean difference of 0.11 or greater. There was no statistical difference in the utilization of red blood cells or fresh frozen plasma for the exposed group versus the unexposed group after matching (mean ± standard deviation: red blood cell units, 12.4 ± 8.0 units vs. 9.7 ± 5.6 units [p = 0.058]; fresh-frozen plasma units, 10.0 ± 6.3 vs. 12.7 ± 9.7 units [p = 0.119], respectively). CONCLUSION The intraoperative use of prothrombin complex concentrate and fibrinogen concentrate during orthotopic liver transplantation did not reduce intraoperative blood product requirements at a single institution.
Wave Propagation Along Spiny Dendrites

Chapter 3 presents two different models of traveling waves along spiny dendrites: a spike–diffuse–spike model of propagating voltage spikes mediated by active dendritic spines and a reaction–diffusion model of Ca2+–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) translocation waves. The former model introduces methods that are later used to analyze solitary waves propagating in spiking neural networks. The latter model turns out to be identical in form to the diffusive susceptible–infected (SI) model of the spread of epidemics, which is a generalization of the scalar Fisher–KPP equation of population genetics. One characteristic feature of such equations is that they support traveling fronts propagating into an unstable steady state, in which the wave speed and longtime asymptotics are determined by the dynamics in the leading edge of the wave—so-called pulled fronts. In particular, a sufficiently localized initial perturbation will asymptotically approach the traveling front solution that has the minimum possible wave speed. Hence, pulled fronts have very different properties from propagating action potentials. Homogenization methods are also presented, which allow one to approximate the discrete distribution of spines by a smooth distribution.
A Sandrizona Retrospective: From the Desert to the Ocean and Back Again

Anthropology is a practice of learning from context, of being a student of circumstance with an eye for meaningful patterns. Linguistic anthropologists often point to how language is central to such meaning making and therefore to the anthropological enterprise—the subfield’s minoritarian status notwithstanding. The challenges involved in learning the craft of linguistic anthropology continue to expand as different schools of thought intertwine, from a well recognized grounding in semiotics to variationist and sociocultural linguistics, conversation and discourse analysis, ethnomethodology, gesture and kinesics, visual analysis, and dynamic traditions in language documentation and revitalization. These frameworks provide tools for contextualizing language use and elucidating the powerful social and political work it does in people’s everyday lives. As graduate students at the University of Arizona (Stinnett and Taha) and the University of California, San Diego (Peacock), we wanted to create a forum that would allow us to openly explore this complexity and hone skills related to fieldwork, data collection and analysis, and public presentation of results. Beginning in the spring semester of 2009, we established an event to do just that. Under the portmanteau of "Sandrizona," this workshop-conference continued through ten iterations over the course of eight years, as it alternated between the UCSD and UA campuses and drew students from a variety of language-focused disciplines. The purpose of this essay is to reflect on the founding, organization, and history of Sandrizona as a student-centered initiative. Its development over the years also offers a window onto the changing contours and priorities of linguistic anthropology itself.
Retrospective comparison of measured stone size and posterior acoustic shadow width in clinical ultrasound images.

Posterior acoustic shadow width has been proposed as a more accurate measure of kidney stone size compared to direct measurement of stone width on ultrasound (US). Published data in humans to date have been based on a research using US system. Herein, we compared these two measurements in clinical US images. Thirty patient image sets where computed tomography (CT) and US images were captured less than 1 day apart were retrospectively reviewed. Five blinded reviewers independently assessed the largest stone in each image set for shadow presence and size. Shadow size was compared to US and CT stone sizes. Eighty percent of included stones demonstrated an acoustic shadow; 83% of stones without a shadow were ≤ 5 mm on CT. Average stone size was 6.5 ± 4.0 mm on CT, 10.3 ± 4.1 mm on US, and 7.5 ± 4.2 mm by shadow width. On average, US overestimated stone size by 3.8 ± 2.4 mm based on stone width (p 10 mm), and by 50% for stones ≤ 5 mm. US overestimates stone size compared to CT. Retrospective measurement of the acoustic shadow from the same clinical US images is a more accurate reflection of true stone size than direct stone measurement. Most stones without a posterior shadow are ≤ 5 mm.
Evaluation of trust management approaches in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network monitors various events occurring in the surrounding environment. Its major application is in border protection, disaster monitoring and in security surveillance. Sensor networks have sensitive data and work in open and unprotected environment. In such networks nodes need to communicate with each other and security is the major concern in nodes communication. For this purpose many trust management approaches are proposed so far. Trust management helps to improve the security of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, various trust approaches that are used for wireless sensor networks have been reviewed and evaluated on the basis of defined parameters and limitations of each technique has been identified Moreover best approach amongst them has also been proposed.
Sustainable Hydrogels Based on Lignin-Methacrylate Copolymers with Enhanced Water Retention and Tunable Material Properties.

Synthesizing lignin-based copolymers would valorize a major coproduct stream from pulp and paper mills and biorefineries as well as reduce the dependence on petrochemical-based consumer goods. In this study, we used organosolv lignin isolated from hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides) to generate lignin-containing methacrylate hydrogels. The copolymer hydrogels were synthesized by first grafting 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto lignin (OSLH) via esterification and then by free radical polymerization of OSLH with excess HEMA. The copolymer hydrogels were prepared with different stoichiometric ratios of OSLH (e.g., 0, 10, 20, and 40 wt %) with respect to HEMA. Copolymerization with OSLH led to an increase in cross-linking density, which in turn enhanced the hydrogel’s material properties; we report up to 39% improvement in water retention, 20% increase in thermostability, and up to a 3 order increase in magnitude of the storage modulus (G′). The copolymer’s properties, such as water rete...
Auto-Start Mechanism of a Polarization-Multiplexed Dual-Frequency Femtosecond Fiber Laser

Mechanism of dual-frequency-combs coexistence in a polarization-multiplexed all-PM femtosecond fiber laser is presented. Balance between mode-locking conditions of the two combs is essential to minimize differential phase change caused by pump power variation.
A scoping review of opioid misuse in the rural United States.

Abstract Introduction This study is a scoping review of the original research literature on the misuse of opioids in the rural United States (US) and maps the literature of interest to address the question: What does the original research evidence reveal about the misuse of opioids in rural US communities? Methods This study used a modified preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) approach which is organized by five distinct elements or steps: beginning with a clearly formulated question, using the question to develop clear inclusion criteria to identify relevant studies, using an approach to appraise the studies or a subset of the studies, summarizing the evidence using an explicit methodology, and interpreting the findings of the review. Results The initial search yielded 119 peer reviewed articles and after coding, 41 papers met the inclusion criteria. Researcher generated surveys constituted the most frequent source of data. Most studies had a significant quantitative dimension to them. All the studies were observational or cross-sectional by design. Conclusions This analysis found an emerging research literature that has generated evidence supporting the claim that rural US residents and communities suffer a disproportionate burden from the misuse of opioids compared to their urban or metropolitan counterparts.
CHAPTER 23 – Structure and Function of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Lessons from the Crystal Structure of Rhodopsin

The crystal structure of rhodopsin was recently solved at 2.8- resolution. As a prototypical seven-helical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), rhodopsin has provided significant insights toward defining structure-activity relationships among other related receptors. In particular, many advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of receptor activation and how an active receptor catalyzes the exchange of guanine nucleotides on heterotrimeric G proteins have been suggested from biochemical and biophysical studies of rhodopsin and expressed rhodopsin mutants. The report of a high-resultion crystal structure of rhodopsin now provides new opportunities to understand how GPCRs work. For example, the ligand-binding pocket of rhodopsin is remarkably compact, and several apparent chromophore-protein interactions were not predicted from extensive mutagenesis or spectroscopic studies. The transmembrane helices are interrupted or kinked at multiple sites. An extensive network of interhelical interactions stabilizes the ground state of the receptor. The helix movement model of receptor activation, which might apply to all GPCRs in the rhodopsin family, is supported by several structural elements that suggest how light-induced conformational changes in the ligand-binding pocket are transmitted to the cytoplasmic surface. Future high-resolution structural studies of rhodopsin and other GPCRs will form a basis to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated signal transduction.
My Perspective on Psychotherapy Integration: An Outsider Who's Out of It

My rejoinder is a response to two commentaries on my SEPI keynote in 1997: commentaries written by Goldfried and Cullari. Instead of grappling with the ideas I presented, both respondents were distracted by my satirical beginning. In my talk I proposed a method for studying psychotherapy integration. I am not pessimistic about the potential for integration, nor am I pessimistic about psychotherapy. But I am a skeptic, and science is driven—and indeed advance—by skepticism. In fact, psychotherapy integration requires that its advocates be skeptics. I still do not know what psychotherapy integration is, and remain confused. I can only conclude that I am not only an outsider, but out of it.
Femoral head ostectomy as a treatment for craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in an 18-month-old Shorthorn heifer

An 18-month-old, 402-kg, Shorthorn heifer was presented to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine for a chronic craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation. The patient was treated with a femoral head ostectomy of the right hindlimb. Aftercare was provided at the teaching hospital and consisted of pain management to maintain comfort, electrical stimulation to build up the gluteal and femoral musculature, and forced movement. The patient was discharged and is ambulating comfortably at home.
A spin glass state in Ba 3 TiRu 2 O 9

Abstract The magnetic properties of Ba3TiRu2O9, whose crystal structure is based on stacked triangular planar lattices of M2O9 dimers and single MO6 octahedra, are reported. The system is magnetically disturbed by a substantial amount of Ti/Ru chemical disorder. The Weiss temperature and effective magnetic moment were found to be −29.5 K and 1.82 μB/f.u. respectively, and a bifurcation in the zero field cooled and field cooled magnetic susceptibility is observed below 4.7 K, suggesting that this is a compositionally-disordered spin-glass system. The material is a semiconductor with an activation energy for charge transport of approximately 0.14 eV.
Presumption in Non-Policy Debate: In Search of a Paradigm

This essay argues that presumption is not a monolithic concept, but rather a multidimensional one. Presumption is both a natural phenomenon—describing the existing state of mind of an audience—and ...
IMPEDANCE PROFILING OF HUMAN TISSUES

Fluctuations in acoustic characteristic impedance are probably the dominant component of the reflectivity profile which generates the backscattered echoes used for medical ultrasound imaging and tissue characterisation. The attempt to quantitatively display the impedance, rather than the reflectivity parameter, is termed ‘impediography’, and variants of the original technique have recently appeared in the literature. An assessment of the problems associated with impediography is made, and it is demonstrated how they may be overcome, albeit at the cost of somewhat more complicated data acquisition and processing procedures.