cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Exocervical Biopsy, Endocervical Curettage, and Colposcopic Grading in Diagnosing High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.

Objective To determine the utility of random biopsy and endocervical curettage (ECC) during colposcopy among women who ultimately underwent cervical excisional biopsy. Materials and methods In a retrospective observational study, the charts were reviewed of every patient who underwent cervical excisional procedure performed between June 2010 and August 2011, including the antecedent colposcopic examination and any pathological specimens. A random sample of 15% all pathologic specimens was reviewed. Practice of biopsy, use of ECC, demographic factors, referral cytology results, lesion distribution, and size were assessed for correlation with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or worse (CIN 2+). Results A total of 555 patients were included in our analysis. Of them, 333 (60%) had CIN 2+ on colposcopy or excision. CIN 2+ was most likely in younger women and those referred for high-grade cytology. Among 111 women with no visual lesion seen at colposcopy, 66 underwent ECC alone, 33 had ECC and random biopsy, 9 were referred straight to excision, and 3 underwent random biopsy alone. Of the 99 who underwent ECC, this was consistent with the highest-grade lesion in 68% of cases. Among the 36 with random biopsy, this was consistent with the highest-grade lesion in 72% of cases.At the time of colposcopy, there were 326 who had CIN 2+ diagnosed with satisfactory colposcopy. Biopsy and ECC were performed in 278 cases. In 235 cases, biopsy alone showed CIN 2+; in 43, the biopsy and ECC both showed CIN 2+. In the remaining 48 cases, CIN 2+ was diagnosed with ECC alone. Conclusions In those ultimately treated with excision, younger women and those whose referral cytology was high-grade both were at higher risk of high-grade histology. Random biopsy and ECC (even among satisfactory colposcopy) were significantly associated with disclosure of high-grade pathology.
Real Time Neutron Radiography Applications in Gas Turbine and Internal Combustion Engine Technology

Real Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR) is rapidly becoming a valuable tool for nondestructive testing and basic research with a wide variety of applications in the field of engine technology. The Phoenix Memorial Laboratory (PML) at the University of Michigan has developed a RTNR facility and has been using this facility to study several phenomena that have direct application to internal combustion and gas turbine engines. These phenomena include; 1) the study of coking and debris deposition in several gas turbine nozzles (including the JT8D), 2) the study of lubrication problems in operating standard internal combustion engines and in operating automatic transmissions (1, 2, 3), 3) the location of lubrication blockage and subsequent imaging of the improvement obtained from design changes, 4) the imaging of sprays inside metallic structures in both a two-dimensional, standard radiographic manner (4, 5) and in a computer reconstructed, three-dimensional, tomographic manner (2, 3), and 5) the imaging of the fuel spray from an injector in a single cylinder diesel engine while the engine is operating. This paper will show via slides and real time video, the above applications of RTNR as well as other applications not directly related to gas turbine engines.© 1988 ASME
Effects of cetyltrimethylammonium and dodecylnicotinamide halides on functional states of mitochondria.

SummaryCetyltrimethylammonium bromide and N-1-dodecylnicotinamide chloride were members of a group of 12 organic cations which were previously shown to depress mitochondrial respiratory control (2). In the present study, the influence of these two substances on high amplitude volume changes, latent ATPase and resting and active respiratory velocities of mitochondria were examined and compared with similar information obtained with a related lipophilic cation, tetrabutylammonium bromide. These data verified that cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was an uncoupling agent and N-1-dodecylnicotinamide chloride was an inhibitor of phosphorylating oxidation. At relatively high concentrations (above 30 μM) the pyridinium derivative also possessed uncoupling activity.The expert technical assistance of Wilson H. Friend, Mrs. Regina Foster and Brenda Dunlavey is gratefully acknowledged.
Partial-wave analysis of the deck amplitude for pi n ---> pi pi pi n

We present a straightforward method for calculating the amplitudes of the various $\mathrm{JMLS}$ states in the final $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ system of the reaction $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}N$, assuming a Deck-model form for the production process. This calculation allows us to study relative phases of different partial waves, and the nucleon spin structure of the production amplitudes, in an unambiguous fashion. We find that the magnitudes and phases of $3\ensuremath{\pi}$ partial waves obtained by this method agree reasonably well with those obtained by applying an experimental fitting program to Monte Carlo events generated using the Deck formula; this may be interpreted as a check on the assumptions of the fitting program. Likewise, the magnitudes and phases agree reasonably well with those obtained from the data, confirming the belief that the ${A}_{1}$ and ${A}_{3}$ effects are probably produced by the Deck mechanism. In the rest system of the three pions, only one nucleon helicity-amplitude combination is dominant. The method of analysis can be applied to similar models for other production reactions.
Management Model for Severe Mental Disorders Treatment in Dali Prefecture

Objective: To explore a new follow-up style management model in severe mental disorders treatment,establish control mechanisms and networks,improve cure rate and life quality of the patients and their families,reduce the incidences of risk behavior and promote social stability and harmony.Methods: Firstly we investigated mental illnesses on permanent residents in Dali City,then we went on a further survey according to the above clues.The data that met the diagnosed standard(ICD-10 and CCMD-3) were enrolled into the national severe mental disorders management network system.For those impoverished patients with third-class and the above risk behaviors were hospitalized and managed in group and were offerred both free treatment and drug after their dangerous behavior were assessed.Results: 2 828 pieces of mental anomaly information were obtained in the clue survey,and 1 856 cases with severe mental disorders met the diagnosis standards after preliminary screening.185 cases had third-class and the above risk behaviors after the assessment,and 73 cases were enrolled for free drug,45 cases were hospitalized for free.Conclusion: The new follow-up management model was worthy promoting for social and economical benefit.
Keep up to date or ... be swept away.

"... And What About You?" is a regular column in Advanced Practice Nursing Quarterly featuring multiple facets of personal and career development. This column will provide tools and strategies to support the continual learning that is vital for self management of one's personal growth and career development.
Tooth Stabilization for Orthodontic Retention

This article reviews stability and retention of the orthodontically treated dentition. Factors and conditions that influence post-treatment stability are discussed. Methods for stabilizing and retaining the occlusion are reviewed.
Chapter 31 – Antigen/Mitogen-Stimulated Lymphocyte Proliferation

This chapter focuses on antigen/mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. The flow cytometry-based proliferation assays have revolutionized approaches to measuring immunity in health and disease and have provided a novel and simpler way of quantifying antigen-specific responses, including proliferation at both the population and single-cell levels. A variety of fluorescent dyes are available that stain the cytoplasm or the cell membrane and can be used to quantitate the expansion of a cell population by flow cytometry. The principle of the method is that the amount of the dye taken up by a cell is equally partitioned between daughter cells during mitosis and, therefore, decreased by half at each cell division. The objective of the chapter is to introduce various methodologies, focusing largely on T cell responses, and to comment on their overall usefulness as tools for monitoring of patients with immune-mediated diseases and those treated with biologic therapies. Methods used for measuring nonspecific expansion of immune cells are described. The antigen-specific proliferation is considered in a greater depth, with priority given to flow cytometry-based techniques.
Frequency reference for crystal free radio

To reduce the cost of a sensor node, complete system integration implies zero external components. A system solution is therefore presented to calibrate the frequency of an on-chip relaxation oscillator to be used as a frequency reference for low power crystal free wireless communication.
Strain Measurements and Mapping

The concepts of strain and stress were introduced in Chap. 15. Direct measurements of strain and stress always rely on the measurement of deformation in a structure.
Insights into Cruciform Sample Design

Four different cruciform sample designs, based on the work of Abu-Farha et al. (JOM 61:48, 2009) were studied. Key features of these designs are a recessed pocket with fillet and re-entrant corners. These samples were shown via digital image correlation to achieve widely differing strain values inside and outside the pocket. From the results of these tests, there are two competing failure mechanisms in the sample. The pocket region is affected by stress concentrations caused by the fillet, and re-entrant notches lead to strain-limited constraints similar to diffuse and localized necks in uniaxial samples. Balancing these two constraints determines the success or premature failure of the sample.
Prevalence of Pediatric Asthma Risk in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Abstract Background Early detection and treatment of pediatric asthma could reduce morbidity and lessen burden on society. Currently there is no known research on the prevalence of pediatric asthma in the Dominican Republic (DR) and no known asthma risk assessment tool for one-time encounters in a fast-paced clinic. Objectives To pilot a streamlined version of previously validated screening tools to estimate the prevalence of pediatric asthma risk in Santo Domingo Norte, DR. Methods A combined asthma questionnaire and clinical assessment tool was developed and administered to patients aged 2-12 years. Findings We found that 25.7% of the 74 study participants were categorized as probable asthma, 21.6% were at high risk for asthma, 14.9% elevated risk, and 37.8% not at risk. Conclusion If the prevalence of 25.7% is representative of the DR as a whole, the DR would have one of the highest national rates in Latin America. The study assessment tool was convenient to use, but tool validation is needed.
Climates on the move: Implications of climate warming for species distributions in mountains of the northeastern United States

Abstract Mountains contain steep but constricted climate gradients that can provide climate warming refugia often overlooked in coarse-scale models of species migrations. With continued climate warming, the potentially important role of mountains in maintaining suitable climate for migrating species is still not clear. To determine if mountains in the northeastern U.S. can continue to serve as refugia for species in high-elevation spruce-fir forests under warming climate, we studied climate and climate-vegetation relations along elevational gradients across 76 sites on 11 mountains in four states of this region. We calculated (a) fine-scale temperature lapse rates using in situ climate loggers on each mountain, and (b) regional long-term temperature trends using 36 meteorological stations, in order to determine (c) recent and expected future shifts in species temperature envelopes along elevational gradients by linking lapse rates with regional temperature trends and climate warming scenarios for 2100 (+1, 3, and 5 °C). Since 1960, temperature regimes have shifted upslope on average by 377 m and 133 m for the monthly mean of daily minimum (T min ) and maximum (T max ) temperatures, respectively, although climate did not warm equally for all months. By 2100, mid-range warming of 3 °C may shift monthly temperature regimes upslope relative to their 1960s locations on average by 986 m for T min (580 m for 1 °C, and 1393 m for 5 °C scenario) and 588 m for T max (285 m for 1 °C, and 891 m for 5 °C scenario). We confirmed that spruce-fir forest distribution in the northeastern U.S. is strongly related to temperature, particularly October T max that has surprisingly differed from the overall warming trend as it cooled slightly since the 1960s and thus possibly contributed to the recent downslope shifts in some species ranges documented across the region in other studies. However, the vast majority of monthly temperature variables suggest considerable climate warming since the 1960s, and, given the expected future warming, the temperature regimes characteristic of the lower range margin of spruce-fir forests are unlikely to be present on many mountains in the region by 2100. Consequently, mountains in the northeastern U.S. may not provide long-term climate refugia for species dependent on the climate currently found in spruce-fir forests unless they can adapt to warmer temperatures.
Free trade in pharmaceuticals.

○ Provisions in the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) may threaten the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), the gold standard of such programs worldwide. ○ If Australia postpones passing of the US Free Trade Agreement Implementation Bill in the Senate, there will be opportunity for broader interests in both the United States and Australia to carefully study the agreement. ○ The provisions of AUSFTA relating to the PBS are supposed to promote transparency, but the pharmaceutical manufacturers themselves (who are demanding transparency) do not reveal the content of their submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, or disclose all their financial relationships with researchers and policymakers. ○ In AUSFTA, the public health language of affordable prescription drugs is missing and is replaced by language supporting pharmaceutical innovation. ○ Debate as to whether AUSFTA will force significant changes to the PBS, including higher drug prices, is currently under way in Australia. Perhaps the appropriate target of reforms should be the excessive US drug prices, and not the economically efficient Australian drug prices.
Rapid exhumation of Cretaceous arc-rocks along the Blue Mountains restraining bend of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, Jamaica, using thermochronometry from multiple closure systems

Abstract The effect of rapid erosion on kinematic partitioning along transpressional plate margins is not well understood, particularly in highly erosive climates. The Blue Mountains restraining bend (BMRB) of eastern Jamaica, bound to the south by the left-lateral Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault (EPGF), offers an opportunity to test the effects of highly erosive climatic conditions on a 30-km-wide restraining bend system. No previous thermochronometric data exists in Jamaica to describe the spatial or temporal pattern of rock uplift and how oblique (> 20°) plate motion is partitioned into vertical strain. To define the exhumation history, we measured apatite (n = 10) and zircon (n = 6) (U-Th)/He ages, 40Ar/39Ar (n = 2; amphibole and K-spar) ages, and U/Pb zircon (n = 2) crystallization ages. Late Cretaceous U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages (74–68 Ma) indicate rapid cooling following shallow emplacement of plutons during north-south subduction along the Great Caribbean Arc. Early to middle Miocene zircon helium ages (19–14 Ma) along a vertical transect suggest exhumation and island emergence at ~ 0.2 mm/yr. Older zircon ages 10–15 km to the north (44–35 Ma) imply less rock uplift. Apatite helium ages are young (6–1 Ma) across the entire orogen, suggesting rapid exhumation of the BMRB since the late Miocene. These constraints are consistent with previous reports of restraining bend formation and early emergence of eastern Jamaica. An age-elevation relationship from a vertical transect implies an exhumation rate of 0.8 mm/yr, while calculated closure depths and thermal modeling suggests exhumation as rapid as 2 mm/yr. The rapid rock uplift rates in Jamaica are comparable to the most intense transpressive zones worldwide, despite the relatively slow (5–7 mm/yr) strike-slip rate. We hypothesize highly erosive conditions in Jamaica enable a higher fraction of plate motion to be accommodated by vertical deformation. Thus, strike-slip restraining bends may evolve differently depending on erosivity and local climate.
Morphological Instability in Topologically Complex, Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Nanostructures

Advances in electrocatalyst functionality have resulted from the evolution of complex nanostructured materials with increasing degrees of compositional and morphological complexity. Focused almost entirely on pushing the boundaries of intrinsic activity, electrocatalytic material development often overlooks stability. Operating in parallel to the typical mechanisms of electrochemical material degradation, three-dimensional nanomaterials are susceptible to an additional degradation process known as coarsening. Driven by the reduction of surface free energy, surface diffusion evolves the nanoporous morphology toward a solid spherical particle. Here, using nanoporous NiPt alloy nanoparticles (np-NiPt/C) as a representative three-dimensional electrocatalytic material, we demonstrate that coarsening is the dominant mechanism of degradation as observed during accelerated durability testing (ADT). The upper potential limit (UPL) of the ADT protocol is found to have a significant impact on coarsening, with the ra...
A novel coupling factor independent highly efficient resonant based wireless power transfer

This paper presents a novel design methodology to address range and misalignment intolerance in strongly coupled magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. A nonlinear resonator circuit is developed to compensate for the effect of coupling factor (k) variation between the transmit and receive coils and thereby maintaining high efficiency of WPT system. Such a method is implemented with an all passive circuit configuration without altering the operating frequency. The method is experimentally verified using a WPT circuit designed at 3.65 MHz. A near-constant wireless power transfer efficiency higher than 75% is achieved over 18 cm of transfer distance, exhibiting significant improvement as compared to a conventional linear WPT circuit operating under the same conditions.
The Connection of Life with Respiration: Edmund Goodwyn's unexplored treasure of cardiopulmonary physiology.

The advent of artificial ventilation was largely sparked by the popular belief that drowning and other causes of asphyxia could induce death-like states known as suspended animation. While the myst...
Recent advances in colorectal cancer screening.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.1 In the United States, 135,430 new cases of CRC were diagnosed in 2017, with 50,260 CRC-related deaths.2 In the Asia-Pacific region, the incidence varies between regions, with an increasing trend among countries that have undergone rapid development and industrialization. In China, for example, age-standardized incidence of CRC increased from 12.8 in 2003 to 16.8 in 2011 per 100,000 individuals.3 Timely screening for CRC is critical to reducing CRC-related mortality by detecting the tumor at the early, curable stage. In the United States, large-scale screening programs have led to a significant decrease in CRC morality, highlighting the importance of primary prevention, early detection and treatment.2, 4 Formulating an optimal screening strategy relies upon several important factors, such as local healthcare infrastructure and the availability of medical resources, CRC incidence, the quality of each screening method, and other context-related factors. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of CRC pathogenesis and new development in CRC screening.
Timing of adjuvant chemotherapy administration for early breast cancer.

62Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment has contributed to the reduction in cause-specific mortality from early stage breast cancer by reducing the risk of recurrence and metastasis. The initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy is typically started within 4-8 weeks following surgery. Although earlier treatment does not necessarily render a better prognosis, treatment delayed beyond 12 weeks may result in an unfavorable decrease in disease-free survival. In order to explore quality data for each of our 5 cancer centers and their breast surgeons, we conducted a quality outcomes project to examine our data and factors which could result in delay. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review evaluating all cases of patients diagnosed with stage 1 and 2 breast cancer at all of our cancer centers during the 2015 and 2016 calendar years, utilizing patient lists obtained from our cancer registries. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or who had inadequate data were excluded. Variables included stage a...
Using Fractional Factorial Conjoint Analysis Methodology in Organizational Behavior Studies

Organizational behavior research would be enhanced by more frequently using a conjoint analysis methodology to enable more robust multi-attribute analyses of decision making processess. While many ...
Identification of Urinary CD44 and Prosaposin as Specific Biomarkers of Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Neurogenic Bladders.

Purpose:Distinguishing urinary tract infection (UTI) from urinary tract colonization (UTC) in children with neurogenic bladders who require clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is challenging. ...
Towards high efficiency, dynamically tunable metaholograms

We propose a method for determination of nanoantenna transmitted phase for coupled, resonant nanoantennas in a heterogeneous array, necessary for design of metaholograms with ~90% optical efficiency. Progress toward fabrication of V02 nanoantennas is demonstrated. © 2019 The Author(s)
Ketorolac Infusion Therapy

Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been readily used for many clinical conditions including acute migraines, renal colic, and postoperative pain management. The multiple routes of administration, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties make it a preferred agent in the acute setting; however, its side-effect profile needs to considered before initiating therapy.
High-dose prednisone therapy for infantile spasms and late-onset epileptic spasms in China: The addition of topiramate provides no benefit.

Abstract Purpose To compare the clinical efficacy of high-dose prednisone monotherapy and the combination of hormone and moderate-dose topiramate (TPM) therapy in children with infantile spasms (IS) and late-onset epileptic spasms (ES), and to evaluate whether the addition of TPM would provide more benefits for patients. Methods All patients were assigned to receive either high-dose prednisone alone (the maximum doses was 60 mg a day) or high-dose prednisone with TPM (the moderate doses was 5 mg/kg/day). The primary outcome was the proportion of children who achieved cessation of spasms at day-49 or day-56 after initial treatment (the minimum duration of treatment were 49 days). Results 77 patients were randomly divided into two groups. The control rate of spasms on day-14 in hormone monotherapy was similar to combination therapy (71.8% vs 76.3%, p = 0.796). The cessation of spasms rate of patients on day-49 or day-56 was also similar between the two groups (71.8% vs 65.8%, p = 0.569). After 4 months, the cessation of spasms rate of patients in the group of hormone monotherapy was higher than the group of combination therapy, but there was no significant difference (61.5% vs 50.0%, p = 0.308). Conclusion The efficacy of the combination therapy was not better than that of the monotherapy in achieving spasm freedom at 14-days, 49-days or 56-days and day-120 in the patients. Adding-on moderate-dose TPM did not help more children achieve spasm freedom and provided no benefit for prevention of IS and late-onset ES in short term. Higher-dose regimens of TPM might be more effective.
Along-the-channel modeling and analysis of PEFCs at low stoichiometry: Development of a 1+2D model

Abstract Water management remains a key challenge in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. In this work, a pseudo 3-D (1+2D) model is developed to account better for changes of water management along the channel, as well as verify the possibilities of using differential cells for data capture and translation to integral cell performance. An accurate 2-D membrane-electrode-assembly model is developed for differential cell modeling, which is combined with an along-the-channel stepping algorithm to account for down the channel changes in pressure, temperature, reactant concentration, and relative humidity. Variations in cell performance along the channel due to changes in operating conditions are characterized quantitatively and optimized, where drier feed conditions demonstratively require such an approach. Overall, the study identifies gaps between differential and integral cells including those related to flow velocity and highlights the need for better models to understand and link integral cell performance and water management.
An Introduction to the Special Issue: Firearms Homicide and Perceptions of Safety in American Schools Post-Columbine

ABSTRACTThere have been numerous public discussions and debates on school shootings and what measures are needed to protect students in schools with little empirical support. The aim of the special...
Circumventing California's Proposition 13 for the Public Collection of Rent

Prior to the passage of Proposition 13, local governments in California set their own property tax rates and received the revenues. California's Proposition 13, enacted in June 1978, severely limits the state's ad valorem real property tax. The measure limits the real property tax to one percent of the purchase price, and also limits the annual increase to two percent until the title is transferred. The proposition also shifted the allocation of the revenues from the counties to the state.However, state laws and local initiatives have enabled cities and counties to circumvent the limitations of Proposition 13 to extract revenue from real estate with parcel taxes, special assessment districts, developer charges, and other charges. Real estate is also tapped privately to by homeowner association assessments, which play an increasingly important role in providing civic services. This paper analyzes the impact of Proposition 13 and examines these statewide and local measures to get around the tax limitation.While the initial impact of Proposition 13 was a reduction in the state's fisc, increases in the sales and other taxes as well as local revenue sources have now restored the tax burden of Californians to slightly above the national average. Thus, the proposition has been largely an exercise in futility, centralizing government, greatly increasing the complexity of its public finances, and ultimately failing to constrain the size of government.
Epsilon-Near-Zero ITO Metafilm and Near-IR Photonic Application

We are reporting micro-scale-thick ITO metafilm in the ENZ regime which permits the design of new ENZ photonic devices. Optical properties have been studied, as well as their potential application for the near-IR photonic devices.
A Data-Integration Analysis on Road Emissions and Traffic Patterns

Understanding human activities and urban mobility patterns is key to solving many urban issues such as congestion and emissions. With the abundant data sets available at different levels of fidelity, one of the main challenges is the sparsity and heterogeneity of data sources. The integration of such data sources is essential to better inform system design and community-level strategies. In this paper, we incorporate a variety of data sources including land use, vehicle emissions and building footprint to comprehensively visualize and analyze traffic patterns in the Chicago Loop area. We first implement and compare three different nearest-neighbor-search algorithms to determine building occupancy assignment, and then perform a spatial-temporal correlation analysis of vehicle emissions focusing on factors such as land use, public transit and demographic. Lastly, we discuss the traffic characteristics from data analysis, such as traffic congestion formation and rush hours etc.
Why culture matters most: by David C. Rose, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2019, 197 pp., $35 (hardcover), ISBN 9780199330720

In this recent book, David C. Rose, a Professor of Economics at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, goes into the importance of culture in the modern world. The main idea of the book is that cult...
Mistranslation as disinformation: COVID-19, global imaginaries, and self-serving cosmopolitanism

This article delves into the politics of the U.S.-China blame-game regarding COVID-19’s origin, particularly Chinese disinformation narratives attributing the virus’s root to the United States. The...
Electrically fueled active supramolecular materials

Fuel-driven dissipative supramolecular assemblies in biology, such as actin filaments and microtubules contribute to the formation of complex, dynamic structures in living organisms and give rise to emergent functions such as motility, homeostasis, self-healing, and camouflage. Several synthetic dissipative supramolecular materials have been created using chemicals or light as fuel, with the goal of furthering our understanding of biological systems and creating synthetic materials that have life-like dynamic properties. However, electrical energy, one of the most common energy sources, has remained mostly unexplored for such purposes. Here we demonstrate the use of electrically fueled dissipative assembly as a new platform for creating active supramolecular materials. Through an electrochemical redox reaction network operating in mild aqueous buffers, a transient and highly active supramolecular assembly based on a redox-sensitive cysteine derivative is achieved by applying an electric potential. The dissipative self-assembly as well as its emergent properties can be spatiotemporally controlled by modulation of electrical signals on patterned microelectrodes. Using electrical energy as a readily available and clean fuel, we are able to create dissipative supramolecular materials rapidly (in seconds to minutes) and repetitively under mild conditions with directional and spatiotemporal control. As electronic signals are the default information carriers in modern technology, the described approach offers a promising opportunity to integrate active materials into electronic devices for bioelectronics applications.
Anomie and Adult Crime

The field of life course and developmental criminology has advanced our knowledge with research on several topics, including age of onset, persistence and continuity, desistance, trajectories of delinquency and crime, correlates of delinquency and crime at different ages and stages of the life course, and correlates of these phenomena, but it has not done extensive, full theory tests of theories for different stages of the life course. The present study tests anomie/strain theory for adult crime and compares the results to previous results for anomie theory in adolescence and early adulthood using longitudinal data on a national probability sample that follows respondents from early adolescence to middle adulthood. Although anomie theory appears to have originally been a theory intended to explain adult crime, the findings indicate that it does better at explaining middle adolescent and young adult illicit substance use and other criminal or delinquent behaviors. These results suggest that testing full theories, not just individual hypotheses about correlates, may improve our understanding of the evolving etiology of illegal behavior over the life course.
Generalizability of Trial Data to Real-World Practice: An Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs Database.

ABSTRACT Background While the current wide-scale adoption of the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can be attributed to favorable clinical trial outcomes, restrictive clinical trial eligibility criteria may result in lack of generalizability to real-world populations. We assessed the generalizability of LVAD clinical trial outcomes and evaluated the prognostic value of specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Methods MOMENTUM 3 (Multicenter Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Therapy with HeartMate 3) eligibility criteria were applied to patients identified in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support who underwent HeartMate 3 implantation [n=4610] between August 2017–March 2020. Patients were categorized as trial-eligible or trial-ineligible and by number of ineligibility criteria. The effect of trial eligibility on mortality was estimated using Cox models. Results Indications for HeartMate 3 implant included destination therapy (n=2827, 61%), bridge-to-candidacy (n=969, 21%), and bridge-to-transplant (n=702, 15%). A total of 1941 (42%) recipients were trial-ineligible, with 1245 (27%) meeting 1 ineligibility criterion, 470 (10%) meeting 2, and 226 (5%) meeting ≥3. Estimated 1-year mortality for trial-ineligible recipients was higher than for trial-eligible recipients (17±1% vs. 10±1%, p Conclusions Despite differences in mortality, both trial-eligible and trial-ineligible HeartMate 3 recipients had excellent outcomes in real-world practice, suggesting future trial eligibility criteria could be expanded.
Mapping active strain using terahertz metamaterial laminates

The ability to image strain fields in composite materials is an indispensable necessity for structural health monitoring. Embedded electromagnetic metamaterials sensitive to applied stresses and operating in the terahertz regime have been proposed as a solution, but they have traditionally relied on slight amplitude or frequency shifts of their terahertz spectral resonance relative to a presumably unchanging, unstrained reference spectral map. Here, we demonstrate a facile, reference-free imaging technique to map the currently active local strain throughout a composite structure using a reversible passive terahertz metamaterial laminate with a tailored polarimetric signature. Only two orthogonal polarizations and a few frequencies are required to measure this strong terahertz response, from which the local strain environment may be rapidly and quantitatively mapped over large areas.
Nonlinear dynamic transfer characteristics of cells in the peripheral visual pathway of flies

White noise modulated stimuli were employed for studying the transfer characteristics of the intracellularly measured retinula cell responses of the chalky mutant of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. Average depolarization levels varied between 6 and 20 mV. Response modulation depths of up to ±44 % could be achieved. The analysis of the stimulus-response relationship, which takes into account nonlinear properties of the receptor cell response, reveals, that this system is essentially linear for an intermediate frequency range between approximately 5 and 30 Hz. For higher as well as lower frequencies the system becomes increasingly nonlincar.
Poverty and Low Earnings in the Developing World

More than three billion people are poor by international standards, and essentially all are to be found in the lowand middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The issues for understanding poverty in the developing world among them, self-employment and household enterprises, agricultural work, casual employment, and informal work – differ from those in the developed world. Different policy issues predominate: stimulating economic growth, harnessing the energies of the private sector, increasing paid employment, and raising the returns to self-employment. This chapter details how the poorer half of the world’s people work and gives an overview of lessons from around the world on what has helped improve their earning opportunities. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
A Cross-Country Empirical Investigation of the Aggregate Production Function Specification

Many growth models assume that aggregate output is generated by a Cobb-Douglas production function. In this article we question the empirical relevance of this specification. We use a panel of 82 countries over a 28-year period to estimate a general constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) production function specification. We find that for the entire sample of countries we can reject the Cobb-Douglas specification. When we divide our sample of countries up into several subsamples, we find that physical capital and human capital adjusted labor are more substitutable in the richest group of countries and are less substitutable in the poorest group of countries than would be implied by a Cobb-Douglas specification.
Demographic and economic factors of labour supply: Long-term projections and policy options for France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom

The paper presents labour supply scenarios in France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom for the years 2025 and 2050. These projections were based on the examination of the dynamics of the major contributing factors to the labour supply (LS), i.e. working-age population (WAP), labour force participation rate (LFPR), employment rate (ER) and labour utilisation (LU; defined as time worked per worker per year). The assumptions underlying the scenarios varied from plausible to 'best case scenario' to unrealistic. In France and in the United Kingdom, the demographic factors coupled with continuing immigration at the current levels will shape only a marginal decrease of the size of WAP. By contrast, the size of Germany's and Italy's WAP will shrink significantly by 2025 and, barring a tremendous surge in immigration, greatly by mid-century. In order to sustain the supply of labour, Italy has to eliminate unemployment. This assumes the sustainability of such factors as the recent increase in LFPR (especially of women) and relatively large immigration. By contrast, Germany has a large potential for increasing labour utilisation. Unless, however, immigration is increased dramatically, this will not suffice to balance the impact of the WAP decrease on LS. Within varying degrees, governments are able to affect the components of labour supply and capitalise on eventual synergies. The analysis relies on data from the United Nations Population Division, OECD, ILO and the European Union.
Distributed active clock network

A distributed clock network can alleviate problems of skew and jitter in GHz-clock-speed microprocessors. A proof-of-concept chip fabricated in a 0.6µm process achieves 354MHz operation of 4 phase-locked oscillators. Supply noise insensitive, current controlled oscillators; nonlinear, modelock-resistant phase detectors; and the loop filters needed for multiple interconnected PLLs are integrated on chip, with a total area per PLL of less than 0.02mm2.
Multi-dimensional interleaving for time-and-memory design optimization

This paper presents a novel optimization technique for the design of application specific integrated circuits dedicated to perform iterative or recursive time-critical sections of multi-dimensional problems, such as image processing applications. These sections are modeled as cyclic multi-dimensional data flow graphs (MDFGs). This new technique, called multi-dimensional interleaving consists of an expansion and compression of the iteration space while considering memory requirements. It guarantees that all functional elements of a circuitry can be executed simultaneously, and no additional memory queues proportional to the problem size are required. The algorithm runs in O(|E|) time, where E is the set of edges of the MDFG representing the circuit.
Repeated therapeutic dosing selects macrolide‐resistant Campylobacter spp. in a turkey facility

Aims: This study assessed the effects of the therapeutic use of Tylan® in a large-scale turkey production facility on the selection of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter. Methods and Results: A flock of production turkeys (c. 30 000 birds) was followed from brooding to slaughter, and the effects of macrolide application was assessed in one half of the flock from finishing stage to final product and compared against the control barn where no macrolide was used. Overall, Campylobacter prevalence in turkeys was almost 100% by 4 weeks of age. When Campylobacter prevalence was assessed in relation to treatment, high levels of macrolide resistance were evident in this group following treatment, with Campylobacter coli becoming the dominant strain type. Over time, and in the absence of a selection agent, the population of resistant strains decreased suggesting that there was a fitness cost associated with macrolide resistance carriage and persistence. Macrolide resistance was detected in the control barn at a very low level (four isolates recovered during the study), suggesting that the creation or selection of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter was correlated with the treatment regime used. Molecular analysis of a selection of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter recovered was assessed using PCR, RFLP and sequence analysis of the 23S rRNA. The majority of isolates displaying high-level macrolide resistance (>256 μg ml−1) possessed an A2075G transition mutation in the 23S rRNA and the CmeABC efflux pump. Conclusions: These studies suggest that macrolide resistance can be promoted through the application of treatment during the grow-out phase and once established in a production facility has the potential to persist and be transferred to final product. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study highlights the prudent use of antimicrobials in treatment of disease in poultry. Of significance is the presence of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter in poultry production and finished product as a consequence of macrolide usage.
Association of Type 2 Diabetes Cognitive Impairment is Mediated by Brain Atrophy (S58.005)

Objective: We used imaging markers of neuronal injury and ischemic damage to investigate associations of diabetes and hypertension with imaging biomarkers and cognition in a non-demented, population-based cohort. Background: The mechanisms underlying the association of diabetes and hypertension with cognitive impairment are not completely understood. Methods: Participants (n= 1,437, median age 80 years) were evaluated by a nurse and physician, and underwent neuropsychological testing. A diagnosis of cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia was made by an expert panel. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine cortical and subcortical infarctions, white matter hyperintensity (WMH), hippocampal (HV), and whole brain (WBV) volumes. The medical records were reviewed for diabetes and hypertension in mid-life or later. Results: Mid-life diabetes was associated with subcortical infarctions (odds ratio, 1.85 [95% confidence interval, 1.09, 3.15]; p = 0.02), reduced HV (-4%, [-7, -1.0]; p = 0.01), reduced WBV (-2.9% [-4.1, -1.6]), and with prevalent MCI (OR, 2.08, p = 0.01). The association between diabetes and MCI persisted with adjustment for infarctions and WMH volume, but was attenuated after adjustment for WBV (1.60, [0.87, 2.95]; p = 0.13) and HV (1.82, [1.00, 3.32]; p = 0.05). Mid-life hypertension was associated with infarctions, WMH volume, and marginally associated with reduced performance in executive function. Effects of late-life onset were few. Conclusions: Mid-life onset of diabetes may impact late-life cognition through loss of brain volume. Mid-life hypertension may impact executive function through ischemic pathology. Late-life onset of these conditions had fewer effects on brain pathology and cognition. Disclosure: Dr. Roberts has received research support from Abbott Laboratories and the Driskill Foundation. Dr. Knopman has received personal compensation for activities with Eli Lilly & Company and TauRx Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Knopman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology. Dr. Knopman has received research support from Janssen and Baxter. Dr. Przybelski has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mielke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kantarci has received research support from Pfizer Inc., Jannsen Alzheimer immunotherapy, and Takeda Global Research & Development Center. Dr. Pankratz has received research support from Abbott Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Geda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boeve has received research support from Cephalon, Inc., Allon Therapeutics, and GE Healthcare. Dr. Rocca has nothing to disclose. Dr. Petersen has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Inc., and Janssen Alzheimer9s Immunotherapy. Dr. Petersen has received royalty payments from Oxford University Press. Dr. Jack has received personal compensation for activities with Janssen, Eisai Inc., General Electric, Johnson & Johnson, and Eli Lilly & Co. Dr. Jack has received research support from Pfizer Inc., Allon, and Baxter.
Experimental Cholera in Chinchillas: the Immune Response in Serum and Intestinal Secretions to Vibrio cholerae and Cholera Toxin.

The immune response to Vibrio cholerae and cholera toxin was studied in chinchillas inoculated intra-intestinally with 108 viable V. cholerae 596B. Sera and intestinal fluids were collected from animals on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 30, and 60 postinoculation, and antibodies were quantified by various methods. When radiovibriolytic and radiotoxin precipitin tests were used, a significant (fourfold) rise in both antibacterial and antitoxic titers was detected in intestinal fluids on the 2nd day of infection. In contrast, a significant rise in serum antibodies occurred between days 3 and 5. Since the acute phase of the chinchilla disease lasts 1 to 3 days, recovery coincided with rise in intestinal antibody but not with rise in serum antibody. Our results indicate that both antibacterial and antitoxic mechanisms are operative in chinchilla cholera and that the initial and crucial immune response is local in nature.
Analysis of emitter degenerated LC oscillators using bipolar technologies

The effects of emitter degeneration on the oscillation frequency, output noise and tuning range of an emitter degenerated LC oscillator designed using bipolar transistors (BJT) is analyzed. Simulation results show increased oscillation frequency, tuning range and carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR). Design guidelines for emitter degenerated LC oscillators are also given.
Lung NKT cell commotion takes your breath away.

Infectious agents can induce inflammatory lung disease akin to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Work in a new mouse model provides mechanistic insight into this process and uncovers a key role for invariant natural killer T cells ( pages 633–640 ).
Electoral Continuity and Change, 1868-1996

Abstract This article examines theoretical and historical issues raised by Donald Stokes's classic 1960s articles on “Party Loyalty and the Likelihood of Deviating Elections,” “On the Existence of Forces Restoring Party Competition,” and “Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces.” I use presidential election returns from 1868 to 1996 and a simple regression model to measure partisan, national, and sub-national forces in each election. My analysis suggests that the contemporary American electoral system is significantly more nationalized than the electoral system of a century ago, but no less partisan, no more volatile, and no less subject to competitive reequilibration.