cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOME FACTORS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POLIOMYELITIS.

Notwithstanding the brilliant work of the last three years upon the experimental transmission of poliomyelitis, and the numerous painstaking epidemiologic studies of the disease, there remains, in the minds of practically all who have studied the subject, considerable doubt as to the means by which this infection is actually disseminated in nature. The explanation of this uncertainty is to be found, not in the incompleteness of the experimental work, nor altogether in the paucity of epidemiologic data, but rather in the seeming lack of harmony between experimental results and epidemiologic observations. Experimentally it has been shown that poliomyelitis is an infectious disease, due to a filterable virus, easily, almost constantly transmissible to monkeys. It has quite recently been shown that the virus which is the specific infective agent may be present in the discharges from the naso-pharynx, the trachea and the intestines of persons suffering from poliomyelitis. It has also been shown that monkeys may, though not constantly, be infected through the nasal mucous membrane, and under somewhat artificial conditions, through the mucous membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract. Lower animals other than the monkey have not been found susceptible to laboratory infection with poliomyelitis, with the exception of the rabbit, in which an atypical form of the infection may occasionally be produced. The virus of poliomyelitis has been found, in nature, only in the organs and discharges of persons suffering with or recently dead of the disease.* To this statement there is one exception, namely, the finding of the virus in the dust of a room occupied by a patient suffering with poliomyelitis. The dust was presumably contaminated with the discharges from the patient and attendants. The experiments showing the infectiousness of the discharges from patients and the possibility of infection taking place through mucous membranes not grossly injured, form a very convincing chain of evidence, if not actual proof that the disease is, in nature, transmissible directly from person to person. The doubt as to whether this is the real means of transmission in nature
Topics in Finance Part IV--Valuation.

This article looks at security valuation from the perspective of the financial manager, accenting the relationships to stockholder wealth maximization (SWM), risk and return, and potential agency problems. It also covers some of the pertinent literature related to how investors and creditors price the stocks and bonds of corporations.
Survey of Case Law Establishing Constitutional Minima for the Provision of Mental Health Services to Psychiatrically Impaired Inmates

Prison systems are required to offer inmates mental health services that include, at a minimum, an adequate screening and classification system and are required to maintain accurate records to promote continuity in treatment. Adequate psychological treatment is largely determined by the number and type of staff and appears to require at least sufficient procedures to address emergency needs and some access to a psychiatrist. Beyond this, courts vary widely as to what else, if anything, is required to achieve constitutional minima.The quality and quantity of services that correctional policy-makers choose to provide inmates over and above the “floor” continues to be open for debate. This article is a summary of the cases that create the starting point for that debate.
Reflection polariscope for photography of photoelastic coatings

A description is given of a reflection polariscope of simple design which is particularly well suited for photography of optical patterns in photoelastic coatings. Photographs obtained for a thick ring in diametral compression are presented and analyzed.
Universal Executive and PLEXIL: Engine and Language for Robust Spacecraft Control and Operations

This paper presents an execution engine and the associated execution language for spacecraft operations. The software tool highlighted is the Universal Executive execution system and the language is PLEXIL. PLEXIL is a lightweight, well-defined, predictable, and verifiable language capable of expressing spacecraft control concepts used by human operators and many high-level automated planners. The Universal Executive is a lightweight execution system that can autonomously execute PLEXIL plans on spacecraft, robots, instruments, and habitats. The Universal Executive and PLEXIL allow variable levels of autonomy and co-ordination with various other spacecraft systems, and human operators.
White and gray matter fiber pathways in autism spectrum disorder revealed by ex vivo diffusion MR tractography

Introduction The goal of this project was to study the white and gray matter brain pathways of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and investigate how ASD brains differ from those of typically developing children of the same age. Methods High angular resolution resolution diffusion imaging tractography and diffusion tensor imaging tractography were used to analyze the brains of two 3-year-old children with ASD and two age-matched controls. Results In the ASD brains, the callosal and corticopontine pathways were thinner overall and terminal areas in the cortical gray matter were significantly smaller. The ASD brains had more short-range u-fibers in the frontal lobe compared to the control brains. Gray matter pathways were found disorganized with less coherency in the ASD brain, specifically the lateral aspects of the middle part of the brain including motor areas, and both medial and lateral surfaces of the anterior frontal brain regions. Conclusion These findings show our tractography technique is useful for identifying differences in brain pathways between the ASD and control groups. Given that scanning the brain of 3-year-old children with or even without ASD is challenging, postmortem scanning may offer valuable insights into the connectivity in the brain of young children with ASD.
The effect of surgical consult in the treatment of abdominal pain in older adults in the ED

Abstract Objective The objective was to determine whether need for surgical consult contributes to delayed or reduced analgesic administration in older adults presenting to the emergency department with abdominal pain. Methods Secondary data analyses from a prospective cohort study consisting of adults ≥65 years in age presenting to the emergency department with a chief concern of abdominal pain from November 1, 2012, through October 31, 2014, were performed. Measurements included administration of analgesics, time to administration, type given, and pain score reduction. Covariates for adjusted analyses included age, sex, race/ethnicity, and Emergency Severity Index. Results A total of 3522 patients were included, of which 281 (8.7%) received any consult. Consult patients were less likely to receive any analgesic medication (53.0%) compared with nonconsult patients (62.5%) (relative risk=0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.91). However, among those patients receiving analgesic medications, there were no differences in likelihood of receiving an opioid, time to administration, or pain score reduction. When analyzing patients who received a surgical consult (n = 154, 4.4%), these associations were notably stronger. Surgical consult patients had a lower rate of analgesic administration (46.8%) compared with nonconsult patients (62.4%) (relative risk=0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.63- 0.89). Again, no differences were found in likelihood of receiving any opioid, time to administration, or pain score reduction. Conclusion Need for abdominal surgical consult is associated with decreased administration of analgesics in older patients, possibly indicating a continued need to improve management in this setting. This difference, however, did not impact pain score reductions.
Results of aortic valvotomy in infants with isolated aortic valvular stenosis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate and long-term benefit of valvotomy in infants with isolated aortic valvular stenosis. In the past 21 years at Texas Children’s Hospital and The Texas Heart Institute, 52 infants underwent aortic valvotomy. Thirteen patients were excluded from the study because of associated defects. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 32 of the 39 infants preoperatively. The peak systolic pressure gradient (PSG) across the aortic valve ranged from 60 to 125 mm Hg (mean 90.0 mm Hg). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was calculated from the angiogram in 14 patients and ranged from 9.2 to 45.0 cc. Each infant had congestive heart failure (CHF) prior to valvotomy. and the operation was performed at an average age of 10.7 weeks (range 2 days to 10 months). There were 13 (33%) early deaths with 11 occurring in the 21 infants less than 2 months of age. The size of the LVEDV also was important: The mean LVEDV was 31.6 cc ± 2.5 SEM in seven survivors compared to 17.9 ± 3.4 in seven nonsurvivors (p
Chapter 7 – Uranium Sorption onto Natural Sands as a Function of Sediment Characteristics and Solution pH

Uranium sorption studies were conducted on twenty-five sandy sediments obtained from Virginia`s Easter Shore Peninsula using batch contact methods. Distribution coefficient (Kd) and sorption isotherms have been determined as function of solution pH. All sediment samples strongly sorbed dissolved uranium species at pH values above 5. Sediments characterized by high iron, aluminum, and surface area, possessed the highest sorption characteristics. Both, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich equations were able to describe the sorption behavior. From the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, the solution-component-solid surface bounding energy and the sorption capacities, were estimated. Least square regression utilizing sediment characteristics provided an effective statistical method for Kd prediction. Predictions with relative errors of about 30% were obtained using only two sediment variables, such as, iron or aluminum content and surface area. In conclusion, the results support that ion exchange and surface complexation reactions with the ferric and aluminum oxide/oxyhydroxides groups are the predominant sorption mechanisms.
The House of Keeping

Sjowall and Wahloo’s Martin Beck series and McClure’s Kramer and Zondi procedurals attempt, with varying degrees of success, to confront the social structures within which their detectives must work. Nicolas Freeling’s Van der Valk series, too, deals consciously with its own Dutch environment, anatomizing facets of Holland’s social system in the context of a wider European community,1 but it has another, formal mission to accomplish. Earlier sub-genres of detective fiction seem inadequate vehicles to foreground the sorts of questions Freeling wishes to ask about contemporary society. He recognizes that Golden Age and hard-boiled detective fiction practiced their own “strategies of containment,” and that such texts were “staged … as an interference between levels” which prevented the reader from seeing the underlying contradictions in socioeconomic reality (Jameson, The Political Unconscious 53–56). On the one hand, Golden Age novels suppressed historical continuity; on the other hand, hard-boiled fiction allowed the return of history but romanticized a single investigator who was finally incapable of coping with his complex world. The police procedural, as Freeling envisions it, will insist upon those very contradictions, focusing specifically on the period of transition inaugurated by World War II.
Alkaline activation of ClC-K2 chloride channels switches renal cells from reabsorbing to secreting.

The ClC-K2 chloride channel has long been known to robustly express in the basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells lining the thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, and distal nephron (including the collecting duct system; [Stauber et al., 2012][1]; [Jentsch, 2015][2]). Our
Comparing Chinese and Indian Banks and their Socialist versus Capitalist Reforms

Chinese and Indian banks have developed unique characteristics due to their distinctive reform paths and political regimes, yet they share attributes in common with banks of other emerging nations. After decades of reforms, banking systems in both countries remain relatively isolated and protected due to severe governmental interventions and strict policy directives. These limitations and drawbacks are in sharp contrast to China and India’s present economic status, trade openness, and growth trajectories. This article describes the current status, strengths and weaknesses of Chinese and Indian banks; compares their commonalities and differences side-by-side; and traces banking developments and financial reforms to their particular socialist vs. capitalist political roots. Currently financial reforms are advancing in both countries with an aim to stimulate economic growth, yet their banks are burdened with rising bad debt and nonperforming loans. These article further addresses challenges of these banks and their policy implications. Keywords: Socialist Market Economy, Bank Reforms, Non-Performing Loans JEL Classifications: G21, P21
Time-Course Analysis of Gene Expression During the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Many cells experience hypoxia, or low oxygen, and respond by dramatically altering gene expression. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes that respond are required for many oxygen-dependent cellular processes, such as respiration, biosynthesis, and redox regulation. To more fully characterize the global response to hypoxia, we exposed yeast to hypoxic conditions, extracted RNA at different times, and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Time-course statistical analysis revealed hundreds of genes that changed expression by up to 550-fold. The genes responded with varying kinetics suggesting that multiple regulatory pathways are involved. We identified most known oxygen-regulated genes and also uncovered new regulated genes. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis confirmed that the lysine methyltransferase EFM6 and the recombinase DMC1, both conserved in humans, are indeed oxygen-responsive. Looking more broadly, oxygen-regulated genes participate in expected processes like respiration and lipid metabolism, but also in unexpected processes like amino acid and vitamin metabolism. Using principle component analysis, we discovered that the hypoxic response largely occurs during the first 2 hr and then a new steady-state expression state is achieved. Moreover, we show that the oxygen-dependent genes are not part of the previously described environmental stress response (ESR) consisting of genes that respond to diverse types of stress. While hypoxia appears to cause a transient stress, the hypoxic response is mostly characterized by a transition to a new state of gene expression. In summary, our results reveal that hypoxia causes widespread and complex changes in gene expression to prepare the cell to function with little or no oxygen.
Reproduction by Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs and Black-Footed Ferrets: Effects of Weather and Food Availability

Abstract. Food availability is one of the most important factors influencing reproduction in mammals. Reproductive success of some species can be negatively affected when body reserves are depleted during long periods of adverse weather conditions. We investigated the relationship of forage availability and weather variables on reproduction by black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and the effects of black-tailed prairie dog reproduction on reproduction by black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes), a prairie dog specialist predator. Prairie dogs draw on stored energy reserves to support reproduction (i.e., capital breeding), while ferrets likely rely on availability of prey during the reproductive period (i.e., income breeding). We expected that productivity of prairie dogs would positively correlate with precipitation during the previous summer and availability of spring forage and that harsh winter conditions would negatively affect reproduction. We also expected that productivity of ferrets wou...
Depression and race affect hospitalization costs of heart failure patients

Objective Depression and anxiety are frequently observed in heart failure (HF) patients; however, the effect of such factors on hospitalization costs of HF patients, and whether such costs vary by race and gender remain poorly understood. This analysis delineated the prevalence of depression/anxiety among HF patients and estimated the effect of race and gender on hospitalization costs. Methods We examined the 2008 files of the Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System (HDDS) on patients (≥20 years of age) with a primary diagnosis of HF (ICD-9 codes 402, 404, and 428) along with demographic data, depression/anxiety diagnoses, hospital costs, and comorbidities. Among the HF sample (n=16,889) 53% were female and 23% were black. Race and gender differences in hospital costs were evaluated for the following three groups: (1) HF patients with depression/anxiety (HF+D); (2) HF-only patients without depression/anxiety (HFO); and (3) HF patients with other mental diagnoses (HF+M). Results HF was significantly (p Conclusion Race and depression/anxiety are associated with increased hospitalization costs of HF patients. The higher costs among blacks reflect the higher burden of comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes, which calls for widespread dissemination, adoption, and implementation of proven interventions for the control of these comorbidities.
Superposition Principle in Auger Recombination of Charged and Neutral Multicarrier States in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Application of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in optical and optoelectronic devices is often complicated by unintentional generation of extra charges, which opens fast nonradiative Auger recombination pathways whereby the recombination energy of an exciton is quickly transferred to the extra carrier(s) and ultimately dissipated as heat. Previous studies of Auger recombination have primarily focused on neutral and, more recently, negatively charged multicarrier states. Auger dynamics of positively charged species remains more poorly explored due to difficulties in creating, stabilizing, and detecting excess holes in the QDs. Here we apply photochemical doping to prepare both negatively and positively charged CdSe/CdS QDs with two distinct core/shell interfacial profiles (“sharp” versus “smooth”). Using neutral and charged QD samples we evaluate Auger lifetimes of biexcitons, negative and positive trions (an exciton with an extra electron or a hole, respectively), and multiply negatively charged...
Beyond Cell–Cell Adhesion: Sensational Cadherins for Hearing and Balance

Cadherins form a large family of proteins often involved in calcium-dependent cellular adhesion. Although classical members of the family can provide a physical bond between cells, a subset of special cadherins use their extracellular domains to interlink apical specializations of single epithelial sensory cells. Two of these cadherins, cadherin-23 (CDH23) and protocadherin-15 (PCDH15), form extracellular "tip link" filaments that connect apical bundles of stereocilia on hair cells essential for inner-ear mechanotransduction. As these bundles deflect in response to mechanical stimuli from sound or head movements, tip links gate hair-cell mechanosensitive channels to initiate sensory perception. Here, we review the unusual and diverse structural properties of these tip-link cadherins and the functional significance of their deafness-related missense mutations. Based on the structural features of CDH23 and PCDH15, we discuss the elasticity of tip links and models that bridge the gap between the nanomechanics of cadherins and the micromechanics of hair-cell bundles during inner-ear mechanotransduction.
Climatology and Variability of Tropical Cyclones Affecting Charleston, South Carolina

ABSTRACT Lindner, B.L. and Neuhauser, A., 2018. Climatology and variability of tropical cyclones affecting Charleston, South Carolina. Communities benefit from site-specific examinations of tropical cyclone climatology. The impact data from a tropical cyclone climatology are useful for planning purposes for emergency managers, medical facilities, building and infrastructure codes, utility and communications design, insurance, and wildlife and resource management. To that end, per an analysis of National Hurricane Center data for the years 1851 to 2015, a chronological list of tropical cyclones that passed within 139 km (75 nautical miles) of Charleston, South Carolina was compiled. Date, intensity, approach angle, and translational velocity were catalogued for each system upon closest approach. The return period is approximately 1.5 years for tropical storms and hurricanes, 3.8 years for hurricanes, and 28 years for major hurricanes. The frequency of zero-strike and multistrike seasons is well reproduced ...
General Aviation Weather Alerting: The Effectiveness of Different Visual and Tactile Display Characteristics in Supporting Weather-Related Decision Making

Objective: This research analyzed the effects of weather technology interface characteristics on the quality and timeliness of weather-related decision making via mental workload and situational aw...
The effects of varying the substituent and DNA sequence on the stability of 4-substituted DNA-naphthalimide complexes.

Abstract DNA duplexes are stabilized by many interactions, one of which is stacking interactions between the nucleic acid bases. These interactions are useful for designing small molecules that bind to DNA. Naphthalimide intercalators have been shown to be valuable anti-cancer agents that stack between the DNA bases and exhibit stabilizing effects. There is a continued need to design intercalators that will exhibit these stabilizing effects while being more selective toward DNA binding. This work investigates 4-substituted naphthalimides with varying functional groups and their interactions with nucleic acid duplexes. Mode of binding was determined via wavelength scans, circular dichroism, and viscosity measurements. Optical melting experiments were used to measure the absorbance of the sample as a function of temperature. The Tm values derived from the DNA duplexes were subtracted from the Tm values derived from the DNA-intercalator complexes, resulting in ΔTm values. The ΔTm values demonstrated that the substituents on the intercalator affect the stability of the DNA-intercalator complex. From the results of this study and comparison to results from previous work, we conclude that the substituent type and position on the core intercalator molecule affect the stability of the complex it forms with DNA.
Storage stability of sorghum phenolic extracts' flavones luteolin and apigenin

Abstract Sorghum is an important crop with reported health-promoting properties. The objective was to determine the stability of two major flavones in sorghum phenolic extract as affected by pH and temperature. Luteolin and apigenin were quantified every two weeks in the extracts stored at 4, 22 and 32 °C. Their degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics and stability was dependent on temperature and pH. Flavones were more stable in pH 2 as shown by lower energy of activation, lower reaction rate constants and longer half-lives. This study reported for the first time the storage stability of luteolin and apigenin from sorghum which may help in the design of functional food and beverage utilizing sorghum bioactive components.
Differential Susceptibility of Six Euonymus Species and Cultivars to Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)

Abstract The susceptibility of Euonymus species and cultivars to infestation by euonymus scale was studied in both field-grown and container plants. Significantly lower levels of euonymus scale were observed on Euonymus kiautschovicus ‘Manhattan’, E. japonicus, and E. fortunei in the field studies. In contrast, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ and E. japonicus ‘Microphyllus’ had the highest infestation levels, indicating greatersusceptibility to euonymus scale. In container studies, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ was the most susceptible of the species and cultivars; however, none of the remaining 5 differed significantly from one another
La articulación cinematográfica de la memoria en El edificio de los chilenos (2010) de Macarena Aguiló.

En el documental El edificio de los chilenos (2010), Macarena Aguilo plantea un trabajo de investigacion emocional que le permita una reflexion sobre los mecanismos de la memoria y el olvido a traves de las experiencias fragmentadas de los ninos participantes en el proyecto Hogares. Creado por miembros del MIR (Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria) en el exilio, el proyecto Hogares fue concebido como un espacio utopico para criar a 60 ninos mientras sus padres luchaban clandestinamente contra la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet. Este articulo analiza la articulacion cinematografica de las memorias de dos generaciones, la de padres e hijos, y las contradicciones a la hora de articular una memoria colectiva como reconstruccion del pasado. A traves de las cartografia de diferentes memorias, el documental cuestiona el acceso al pasado institucionalizado por una politica nacional de la memoria que marginaliza las experiencias de la llamada generacion de la “post-dictadura”. Sin embargo, Aguilo no concibe su documental como una mirada colectiva y generacional al pasado sino que El edificio de los chilenos nos plantea una dolorosa busqueda de la identidad a traves de la mirada infantil y de la ficcionlizacion de las experiencias de sus protagonistas. En este sentido, El edificio de los chilenos comparte con otros documentales Mi vida con Carlos (2009) de German Berger, El eco de las canciones (2010) de Antonia Rossi la articulacion del olvido desde un relato autobiografico infantil. A traves de estas memorias estos documentales reivindican la participacion social y etica que articule tanto el ambito de lo politico como el ambito familiar e intimo.
Immune-Related Oral, Otologic, and Ocular Adverse Events

Emerging immunotherapy agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, have shown remarkable promise in the treatment of various malignancies. These drugs selectively target different steps in the immune response cascade to upregulate the body's normal response to cancer. Due to the novelty of these therapeutic agents, their toxicity profile is less well understood.Meta-analysis results reveal that the overall prevalence of oral mucositis, stomatitis, and xerostomia is lower with checkpoint inhibitors compared to conventional chemotherapy, and head and neck radiation therapy. However, the widespread use of immunotherapy reveals new oral mucosal barrier adverse events, including bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and lichenoid mucositis. Audiovestibular dysfunction can occur from autoimmune-mediated pathways of immunotherapy (adoptive cell) with limited treatment options. Such auditory complications can lead to speech recognition deficits and sensorineural hearing loss. Ocular toxicities are among the most common adverse events resulting from the use of these agents. The majority of ocular immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are mild, low-grade, non-sight threatening, such as blurred vision, conjunctivitis, and ocular surface disease. Serious and sight-threatening events, including corneal perforation, optic neuropathy, and retinal vascular occlusion, can occur but are infrequent. In this chapter, we review the current evidence on the clinical manifestations of oral, audiovestibular, and ocular immune-related adverse events (i.e., irAEs).
Coordinating non‐established disaster relief groups: a case study of Hurricane Irma in Florida, United States

This study examines the role of non-established relief groups (NERGs) and their involvement in the response to Hurricane Irma after it struck the state of Florida, United States, in September 2017. Its principal goal is to discover more about the engagement of NERGs in disaster response, as well as their motivations and their coordination with other emergency management agencies. The findings of a review of after-action reports and the outcomes of interviews with NERGs and other established organisations suggest that these groups often work with previously established networks. Many of the emergent type of NERGs have not worked with any established organisations prior to a disaster; frequently, therefore, they reach out to other emergent groups to acquire information and coordinate relief efforts. Given that emergent actors tend to lack a strict hierarchical structure for decision-making and coordination, there is a need to enhance communication between NERGs and established response bodies.
Weed identification and removal using machine learning techniques and unmanned ground vehicles

This paper presents the use of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) and machine learning techniques for the identification removal of weeds in lettuce crop. In recent years, breakthroughs in deep learning, computer vision, and miniaturization of electronic devices have paved the way for use of unmanned systems and machine learning techniques for applications that are dull, dirty, and dangerous for humans including agricultural applications. Unmanned systems and machine learning techniques have potential to transform and modernize how the crops are grown and cared. One of the problems every farmer encounters is invasive weeds that can kill or hinder the growth of crops by stealing water, nutrients, and sunlight from the plants. Herbicides are used to kill and stop the growth of weeds. However, use of herbicides increases the cost of production, is labor intensive, and exposes human to dangerous chemicals. Manually removing the weeds is also very labor intensive. Using machine learning techniques and UGVs for the identification and removal of weeds will reduce the cost of production, human exposure to dangerous chemicals, and dependence on human labor. Models were trained using YOLO, Faster R-CNN, and SSD Mobile object detection techniques. For the training of machine learning models, images of the weeds in an experimental lettuce plot was collected throughout the growing season. Validation of the developed models was performed using different data sets than the training data sets in the same plot as well as a different plot. The identified weeds were then removed using the UGV through teleoperation.
Specificity in Ubiquitination Triggered by Virus Infection

Ubiquitination is a prominent posttranslational modification, in which the ubiquitin moiety is covalently attached to a target protein to influence protein stability, interaction partner and biological function. All seven lysine residues of ubiquitin, along with the N-terminal methionine, can each serve as a substrate for further ubiquitination, which effectuates a diverse combination of mono- or poly-ubiquitinated proteins with linear or branched ubiquitin chains. The intricately composed ubiquitin codes are then recognized by a large variety of ubiquitin binding domain (UBD)-containing proteins to participate in the regulation of various pathways to modulate the cell behavior. Viruses, as obligate parasites, involve many aspects of the cell pathways to overcome host defenses and subjugate cellular machineries. In the virus-host interactions, both the virus and the host tap into the rich source of versatile ubiquitination code in order to compete, combat, and co-evolve. Here, we review the recent literature to discuss the role of ubiquitin system as the infection progresses in virus life cycle and the importance of ubiquitin specificity in the regulation of virus-host relation.
Hospitalized Infections in Lupus: A Nationwide Study of Types of Infections, Time Trends, Health Care Utilization, and In-Hospital Mortality.

Objective To examine the time trends in hospitalized infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the factors associated with health care utilization and in-hospital mortality. Methods US National Inpatient Sample data from 1998-2016 were used to examine the epidemiology, time trends, and outcomes of 5 common hospitalized infections in patients with SLE, namely, pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, urinary tract infection (UTI), skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and opportunistic infections (OIs). Time trends were compared using the Cochran-Armitage test. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the factors associated with health care utilization (hospital stay >3 days, hospital charges above the median, or discharge to a nonhome setting) and in-hospital mortality. Results Hospitalization rates per 100,000 claims among SLE patients in 1998-2000 versus in 2015-2016 were as follows: for OIs, 1.13 versus 1.61 (1.2-fold increase); for SSTIs, 4.78 versus 12.2 (2.5-fold increase); for UTI, 1.94 versus 6.12 (3.2-fold increase); for pneumonia, 15.09 versus 17.05 (1.1-fold increase); and for sepsis, 6.31 versus 39.64 (6.3-fold increase). In 2011-2012, sepsis surpassed pneumonia as the most common hospitalized infection in patients with SLE. In multivariable-adjusted models, a diagnosis of sepsis, older age, a Deyo-Charlson common comorbidities score of ≥2, having Medicare or Medicaid insurance, and urban hospital location were significantly associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality and with all health care utilization outcomes. African American race was significantly associated with increased odds of health care utilization. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the rates of hospitalized infections increased over time in patients with SLE, and that pneumonia was surpassed by sepsis as the most common hospitalized infection. In addition, associations of risk factors with poorer outcomes were identified. These findings may help inform patients, providers, and policy makers with regard to the burden of infection in SLE, and could lead to interventions/pathways to improve outcomes.
Fermions and loops on graphs: II. A monomer–dimer model as a series of determinants

We continue the discussion of the fermion models on graphs that started in the first paper of the series. Here we introduce a graphical gauge model (GGM) and show that: (a) it can be stated as an average/sum of a determinant defined on the graph over a (binary) gauge field; (b) it is equivalent to the monomer–dimer (MD) model on the graph; (c) the partition function of the model allows an explicit expression in terms of a series over disjoint directed cycles, where each term is a product of local contributions along the cycle and the determinant of a matrix defined on the remainder of the graph (excluding the cycle). We also establish a relation between the MD model on the graph and the determinant series, discussed in the first paper—however, considered using simple non-belief propagation choice of the gauge. We conclude with a discussion of possible analytic and algorithmic consequences of these results, as well as related questions and challenges.
Virtual Absorption/Gain through Time Modulation

Virtual perfect absorption is the effect in which the reflection from a reactive loss-less load is canceled due to appropriate shaping of the impinging signal or time-modulation of the load, resulting in transfer of the signal to the load in the form of stored energy. As a result, the load appears lossy, although it does not contain any lossy elements. Here, we present a simple circuit based on a time-modulated inductor and capacitor that exhibits a real effective impedance, either positive or negative, thereby providing virtual loss or gain. We also show how the same circuit can also realize time-varying positive/negative effective impedances. Quite importantly, the required modulation is adiabatic, making it easier to realize than other approaches. We expect that these results will be useful in the design of parity-time symmetric systems and photonics topological insulators.
Prediction of histone post-translational modifications using deep learning

MOTIVATION Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in a variety of essential regulatory processes in the cell, including transcription control. Recent studies have shown that histone PTMs can be accurately predicted from the knowledge of transcription factor binding or DNase hypersensitivity data. Similarly, it has been shown that one can predict PTMs from the underlying DNA primary sequence. RESULTS In this study, we introduce a deep learning architecture called DeepPTM for predicting histone PTMs from transcription factor binding data and the primary DNA sequence. Extensive experimental results show that our deep learning model outperforms the prediction accuracy of the model proposed in Benveniste et al. (PNAS 2014) and DeepHistone (BMC Genomics 2019). The competitive advantage of our framework lies in the synergistic use of deep learning combined with an effective pre-processing step. Our classification framework has also enabled the discovery that the knowledge of a small subset of transcription factors (which are histone-PTM and cell-type specific) can provide almost the same prediction accuracy that can be obtained using all the transcription factors data. AVAILABILITY https://github.com/dDipankar/DeepPTM.
Parallel Dilated CNN for Detecting and Classifying Defects in Surface Steel Strips in Real-Time.

To improve the quality of steel industry, automatic defects inspection and classification is of great importance. This paper proposed and developed DSTEELNet convolution neural network (CNN) architecture to improve detection accuracy and the required time to detect defects in surface steel strips. DSTEELNet includes three parallel stacks of convolution blocks. Each convolution block used dilated convolution that expands the receptive fields and increase the feature resolutions. The experimental results indicate significant improvements in accuracy and illustrate that the DSTEELNet achieves 97% mAP to detect defects in surface steel strips on NEU dataset and able to detect defect in single image in 22 ms.
Estrous detection and timed AI protocols

The goal of this brief review is to evaluate whether reproductive programs for lactating dairy cows may be solely dependent on timed AI protocols or AI on detected estrus. A few examples of dairies that have attempted to eliminate one or the other will be given, but I caution that some of these examples are merely data extracted from on farm software and not the result of controlled studies.
Summary of Symposium on Supersonic Air Transport

Results of 14th IATA Technical Conference held in Montreal, Apr 1961; design and operation of these planes and method of handling them at airports; aspects of aircraft design and potential limitati...
NF-κB and Innate Immunity

Members of the NF-κB transcription factor family play a critical role in the development of innate immunity. Upon recognition of pathogen infections or tissue damage, the NF-κB pathway is strongly activated by cellular pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and multiple cytosolic receptors such as RIG-I-like helicases and NOD family proteins. NF-κB is required not only for the expression, but also for subsequent signal transduction of numerous downstream cytokines. NF-κB-responsive genes affect a diverse array of cellular processes including apoptosis and cell survival, and often directly control the course of a pathogen infection. In this review, we will examine signaling pathways leading to NF-κB activation during the innate immune response and mechanisms of pathogen-modulation of these pathways; the specifics of NF-κB-dependent gene programs, and the physiological consequences for the immune system caused by the absence of individual NF-κB subunits.
Design and construction of a second generation high-resolution MPI field free line scanner

There are two classes MPI selection fields: Field Free Point (FFP) magnets and Field Free Line (FFL) magnets [1, 2, 3]. A FFL selection field has three distinct benefits over a FFP selection field, namely (a) improved spatial resolution, (b) improved speed, and (c) improved SNR which scales with the number of projections [4]. Spatial resolution improves because the FFL is isotropic and hence uses the saturation magnetization of the pole material more efficiently. For example, a high strength small animal selection field magnet built with NdFeB permanent magnets or iron would be 10 T/m × 5 T/m × 5 T/m in a FFP magnet versus 10 T/m × 10 T/m in a FFL magnet. Imaging speed for the FFL is improved because the signal is integrated along the FFL axis, allowing for acquisition of projection images more than 100-times faster. This increase in imaging speed can also be traded for sensitivity through averaging, giving the FFL an order of magnitude sensitivity improvement for a given scan time. Three-dimensional imaging can be done using projection reconstruction [4] or iterative reconstruction techniques [3].
Agricultural Biotechnology, Social Ethics, and Family Farms

After nearly a century of neglect, agriculture is receiving increased attention from intellectuals concerned with social ethics. Along with the ethical dimensions of agriculture's impact on the environment and nonhuman animals, one fundamental ethical concern is the plight of the family farm, the traditional farming unit around the globe. The family farm is considered by many ethicists to have special moral, cultural, or political-economic significance, and various social and economic forces—especially new agricultural technologies—appear to threaten to drive the family farm to extinction. The increased reliance on high technology approaches to farming, and the increasing dependence of agriculture on other sectors of the economy, especially manufacturing and petrochemical refining, is referred to as the industrialization of agriculture. While the industrialization of agriculture has been a century-long trend, the emergence of agricultural biotechnology in the 1970s heightened concerns that the family farm was becoming even more threatened. This is because agricultural biotechnology was thought to benefit primarily (or exclusively) large, already industrialized farms. If, as some people argue, society has some ethical obligation to protect or save family farms, then industrialization overall, and the new agricultural biotechnologies in particular, are cause for serious ethical concern. Independent of religious or environmental objections to biotechnology, there are three “family farm critiques” of agricultural biotechnology. These are based on the potential damage biotechnology might inflict on (1) an important political-economic entity, (2) a cherished symbol if not the embodiment of basic moral values, and (3) the solution to long-term natural resource problems. Keywords: agrarianism; agricultural biotechnology; ethics; family farms; industrial agriculture
Hierarchical Bayes multiple-breed inference with an application to genetic evaluation of a Nelore-Hereford population.

The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a hierarchical Bayes implementation of a multiple-breed animal model (MBAM) to estimate breed composition means and additive genetic variances as well as on variances due to the segregation between breeds. The MBAM and a conventional animal model (AM) were both applied to five simulated data sets derived from each of two different populations. Population I consisted of crosses between two breeds having a twofold difference in genetic variance and a nonzero segregation variance. Population II had the same population structure as Population I, except that the two breeds had the same genetic variance with no segregation variance; that is, Population II was essentially single breed in its genetic architecture. For Population I, posterior means of all variance components obtained by MBAM were unbiased, with 95% posterior probability intervals (PPI) having the expected coverage based on five replicates. The MBAM showed a slightly superior performance over the AM for genetic predictions in Population I, although there was no evidence that the use of the MBAM translated into greater genetic gains relative to the use of the AM. Nevertheless, the MBAM was clearly demonstrated to have superior fit to the data using pseudo-Bayes factors (PBF) as the basis for model choice. As expected, the MBAM and AM performed equally well in Population II. A data set consisting of 22,717 postweaning gain (PWG) records of a Nelore-Hereford population (40,082 animals in the pedigree) also was analyzed. The MBAM inference on Nelore and Hereford additive heritabilities (h 2 A) substantially differed. Herefords had a posterior mean h 2 A of 0.20 with a 95% PPI of 0.15 to 0.25, whereas the corresponding values for the Nelores were 0.07 and 0.04 to 0.11, respectively. The posterior mean genetic variance due to the segregation between these breeds was 8.4 kg2, with a 95% PPI of 2.3 to 24.8 kg2, and represented 35.4% of the Nelore but only 9.9% of the Hereford posterior mean genetic variance. The posterior mean h 2 A using the AM was 0.15, presumed common across the two breeds, with a 95% PPI of 0.11 to 0.19. The PBF heavily favored the MBAM over the AM for the PWG data. Accordingly, the MBAM represents a viable alternative to AM for multiple-breed genetic evaluations, providing the necessary flexibility in modeling heteroskedastic genetic variances of breed composition groups.
Case Study of Burr Truss Covered Bridge

Despite considerable popular interest, an understanding of the structural behavior of such bridges is singularly lacking. Such an evaluation is attempted in this paper for the Burr Truss using the Barrackville Bridge as an outstanding example of this system. From the analysis it is clear that the most important structural characteristic of the Burr arch-truss system compared to a multiple King post truss is the stiffness and associated deflections. For long-span timber bridges, such as the Barrackville Bridge, the arch provides a necessary stiffening of the truss so that deflections resulting from live and dead loads and the effects of creep and shrinkage would be controlled to acceptable limits. This additional stiffening is achieved economically with only a 12% increase in dead load. The analytical results confirm the engineering merits of the Barrackville Bridge, whereas the structure itself testifies to the superb craftmanship employed in its construction. The bridge is an outstanding monument to both Theodore Burr and Lemuel Chenoweth, its builders.
An efficient repair procedure for quick transcriptions.

We describe an efficient procedure for automatic repair of quickly transcribed (QT) speech. QT speech, typically closed captioned data from television broadcasts, usually has a significant number of deletions and misspellings, and has a characteristic absence of disfluencies such as filled pauses (for example, um, uh). Errors of these kinds often throw an acoustic model training program out of alignment and make it hard for it to resynchronize. At best the erroneous utterance is discarded and does not benefit the training procedure. At worst, it could misalign and end up sabotaging the training data. The procedure we propose in this paper aims to cleanse such quick transcriptions so that they align better with the acoustic evidence and thus provide for better acoustic models for automatic speech recognition (ASR). Results from comparing our transcripts with those from careful transcriptions on the same corpus, and from comparable state-of-the-art methods are also presented and discussed.
Twin-boundary effects on flux entry and lower critical fields in single-crystal YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

We report measurements of the field of first magnetic flux entry and the derived values of the lower critical field {ital H}{sub {ital c}1} for different orientations of the applied field with respect to the twin boundaries. For a field orientation perpendicular to the twin boundaries, increased values of {ital H}{sub {ital c}1} are found. The results are interpreted in terms of an increased vortex creation energy when the vortex intersects a twin boundary. In an untwinned crystal, {ital H}{sub {ital c}1} saturates at low temperatures in agreement with measurements of penetration depths from other experiments. We find no significant {ital a}-{ital b} anisotropy in {ital H}{sub {ital c}1} in the untwinned crystal.