cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution adaptive optics retinal imaging of cellular structure in choroideremia.

PURPOSE We characterized retinal structure in patients and carriers of choroideremia using adaptive optics and other high resolution modalities. METHODS A total of 57 patients and 18 carriers of choroideremia were imaged using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), autofluorescence (AF), and scanning light ophthalmoscopy (SLO). Cone density was measured in 59 eyes of 34 patients where the full cone mosaic was observed. RESULTS The SLO imaging revealed scalloped edges of RPE atrophy and large choroidal vessels. The AF imaging showed hypo-AF in areas of degeneration, while central AF remained present. OCT images showed outer retinal tubulations and thinned RPE/interdigitation layers. The AOSLO imaging revealed the cone mosaic in central relatively intact retina, and cone density was either reduced or normal at 0.5 mm eccentricity. The border of RPE atrophy showed abrupt loss of the cone mosaic at the same location. The AF imaging in comparison with AOSLO showed RPE health may be compromised before cone degeneration. Other disease features, including visualization of choroidal vessels, hyper-reflective clumps of cones, and unique retinal findings, were tabulated to show the frequency of occurrence and model disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The data support the RPE being one primary site of degeneration in patients with choroideremia. Photoreceptors also may degenerate independently. High resolution imaging, particularly AOSLO in combination with OCT, allows single cell analysis of disease in choroideremia. These modalities promise to be useful in monitoring disease progression, and in documenting the efficacy of gene and cell-based therapies for choroideremia and other diseases as these therapies emerge. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01866371.).
Religion and Reform: A Case Study of Henry A. Wallace and Ezra Taft Benson

in contrasting eras. Opposites in many ways, although alike in others, Wallace and Benson each held the office of agriculture secretary and each regarded himself as a rural reformer. Both of these strong-willed men held religiously oriented socio economic philosophies and each attempted to alter the mode of rural thought. In addition to being self-styled agrarians, both were outstanding agriculturalists and possessed expertise in the field of farm economics. Yet despite these similarities, they ad vocated divergent policies and worked for the achievement of disparate social goals. A third-generation scion of the Iowa Wallaces, Wallace took over the Department of Agriculture in the 1930s when the nation was in the throes of a paralyzing economic depression. Nurtured by the religious teachings of his grandfather, a former clergyman and founder of Wallaces' Farmer, and introduced to the machina tions of farm politics by his father, who held the post of secretary of agriculture in the days of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, the third Henry Wallace of this trio joined Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in 1933 with specific goals in mind.1 EDWARD L. SCHAPSMEIER (B.S., Concordia Teachers College; M.S., Uni versity of Nebraska ; Ph.D., University of Southern California) is Professor of History, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois; and FREDERICK H. SCHAPSMEIER (B.S., Concordia Teachers College; M.S., University of Nebraska; Ph.D., University of Southern California) is Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. They have co-authored Henry A. Wallace of Iowa: The Agrarian Years, 1910-1940 (1968), Walter Lippmann: Philosopher-Jo-urnatist (1969), Prophet in Politics: Henry A. Wallace and the War Years, 1940-1965 (1970), Ezra Taft Benson and the Politics of Agriculture : The Eisenhower Years, 1953-1961 (1975), and Encyclopedia of American Agricultural History (1976) ; have co-contributed to William F. Donnelley, ed., Readings in History (1973) and Dorothy Schwieder, ed., Patterns and Perspectives in Iowa History (1973) ; and their co authored articles have appeared in Agricultural History, Annals of Iowa, The Historian, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Journal of the West, Journalism Quarterly, Ohio History, Social Science, and Social Studies. Their scholarly interests center upon political biography and agricultural history. 1. Henry Wallace (1836-1916) was a Presbyterian pastor and renowned agricul turalist. Uncle Henry, the affectionate name by which he was known in Iowa, founded the Wallaces' Farmer and once served on Theodore Roosevelt's Country Life Com mission. His son, Henry Cantwell Wallace (1866-1924), who became editor of the family farm journal, worked for Woodrow Wilson's Food Administration and served as secretary of agriculture from 1921-1924. His son, Henry Agard Wallace (1888
Fourier Ptychography - Towards Perfect Microscope

We illustrate the principle of Fourier ptychography, a super-resolution imaging scheme, and demonstrated its capability to achieve high resolution, large field-of-view, aberration free, magnitude and quantitative phase images using LED matrix and conventional microscope.
Anomalous left pulmonary artery: successful management.

Four children with proved anomalous left pulmonary artery have been seen at Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh over the past 20 years. Two of these died early in life because of respiratory obstructive problems, and the diagnosis was made at autopsy. A third infant with symptoms of bronchial obstruction had relief when the left pulmonary artery was divided and reanastomosed anterior to the trachea. At cardiac catheterization 16 years later, no left pulmonary artery could be demonstrated but right pulmonary artery pressures were normal. The fourth patient, who had no respiratory complaints, had a small ventricular septal defect in addition to anomalous left pulmonary artery. An operation for both defects was performed at 8 years of age. Since it is important to determine patency of the left pulmonary artery after the operation, she had cardiac catheterization 18 months later which showed normal flow through the artery.
Mapping Microbial Response Metabolomes for Induced Natural Product Discovery.

Intergeneric microbial interactions may originate a significant fraction of secondary metabolic gene regulation in nature. Herein, we expose a genomically characterized Nocardiopsis strain, with untapped polyketide biosynthetic potential, to intergeneric interactions via coculture with low inoculum exposure to Escherichia, Bacillus, Tsukamurella, and Rhodococcus. The challenge-induced responses of extracted metabolites were characterized via multivariate statistical and self-organizing map (SOM) analyses, revealing the magnitude and selectivity engendered by the limiting case of low inoculum exposure. The collected inventory of cocultures revealed substantial metabolomic expansion in comparison to monocultures with nearly 14% of metabolomic features in cocultures undetectable in monoculture conditions and many features unique to coculture genera. One set of SOM-identified responding features was isolated, structurally characterized by multidimensional NMR, and revealed to comprise previously unreported po...
Activating and Attenuating the Amicoumacin Antibiotics

The amicoumacins belong to a class of dihydroisocoumarin natural products and display antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Amicoumacins are the pro-drug activation products of a bacterial nonribosomal peptide-polyketide hybrid biosynthetic pathway and have been isolated from Gram-positive Bacillus and Nocardia species. Here, we report the stimulation of a “cryptic” amicoumacin pathway in the entomopathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii, a strain not previously known to produce amicoumacins. X. bovienii participates in a multi-lateral symbiosis where it is pathogenic to insects and mutualistic to its Steinernema nematode host. Waxmoth larvae are common prey of the X. bovienii-Steinernema pair. Employing a medium designed to mimic the amino acid content of the waxmoth circulatory fluid led to the detection and characterization of amicoumacins in X. bovienii. The chemical structures of the amicoumacins were supported by 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-QTOF-MS, tandem MS, and polarimeter spectral data. A comparative gene cluster analysis of the identified X. bovienii amicoumacin pathway to that of the Bacillus subtilis amicoumacin pathway and the structurally-related Xenorhabdus nematophila xenocoumacin pathway is presented. The X. bovienii pathway encodes an acetyltransferase not found in the other reported pathways, which leads to a series of N-acetyl-amicoumacins that lack antibacterial activity. N-acetylation of amicoumacin was validated through in vitro protein biochemical studies, and the impact of N-acylation on amicoumacin’s mode of action was examined through ribosomal structural analyses.
The Socratic Method: Empirical Assessment of a Psychology Capstone Course

Although students make some epistemological progress during college, most graduate without developing meaning-making strategies that reflect an understanding that knowledge is socially constructed....
High‐resolution photography of clouds from the surface: Retrieval of optical depth of thin clouds down to centimeter scales

This paper describes the approach and presents initial results, for a period of several minutes in north central Oklahoma, of an examination of clouds by high-resolution digital photography from the surface looking vertically upward. A commercially available camera having 35 mm equivalent focal length up to 1200 mm (nominal resolution as fine as 6 µrad, which corresponds to 9 mm for cloud height 1.5 km) is used to obtain a measure of zenith radiance of a 30 m × 30 m domain as a two-dimensional image consisting of 3456 × 3456 pixels (12 million pixels). Downwelling zenith radiance varies substantially within single images and between successive images obtained at 4 s intervals. Variation in zenith radiance found on scales down to about 10 cm is attributed to variation in cloud optical depth (COD). Attention here is directed primarily to optically thin clouds; COD less than about 2. A radiation transfer model used to relate downwelling zenith radiance to COD and to relate the counts in the camera image to zenith radiance permits determination of COD on a pixel-by-pixel basis. COD for thin clouds determined in this way exhibits considerable variation, for example, an order of magnitude within 15 m, a factor of 2 within 4 m, and 25% (0.12 to 0.15) over 14 cm. This approach, which examines cloud structure on scales 3 to 5 orders of magnitude finer than satellite products, opens new avenues for examination of cloud structure and evolution.
Comb-assisted real-time Discrete Fourier Transform processor

We present a high-speed flexible photonic-assisted Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processor based on a dual, phase-locked optical parametric combs. A 25-point DFT at 500 Million-DFT-point per second throughput is achieved relying on slow, 20 MS/s Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
Boda: A Holistic Approach for Implementing Neural Network Computations

Neural networks (NNs) are currently a very popular topic in machine learning for both research and practice. GPUs are the dominant computing platform for research efforts and are also gaining popularity as a deployment platform for applications such as autonomous vehicles. As a result, GPU vendors such as NVIDIA have spent enormous effort to write special-purpose NN libraries. On other hardware targets, especially mobile GPUs, such vendor libraries are not generally available. Thus, the development of portable, open, high-performance, energy-efficient GPU code for NN operations would enable broader deployment of NN-based algorithms. A root problem is that high efficiency GPU programming suffers from high complexity, low productivity, and low portability. To address this, this work presents a framework to enable productive, high-efficiency GPU programming for NN computations across hardware platforms and programming models. In particular, the framework provides specific support for metaprogramming and autotuning of operations over ND-Arrays. To show the correctness and value of our framework and approach, we implement a selection of NN operations, covering the core operations needed for deploying three common image-processing neural networks. We target three different hardware platforms: NVIDIA, AMD, and Qualcomm GPUs. On NVIDIA GPUs, we show both portability between OpenCL and CUDA as well competitive performance compared to the vendor library. On Qualcomm GPUs, we show that our framework enables productive development of target-specific optimizations, and achieves reasonable absolute performance. Finally, On AMD GPUs, we show initial results that indicate our framework can yield reasonable performance on a new platform with minimal effort.
Marijuana Use at Early Midlife and the Trajectories of Social Bonds

Marijuana is popular among younger people, but who smoke it into their early midlife? Do these smokers have a different trajectory of social bonds? Current studies on social control and substance use measure social bonds either retrospectively or concurrently with marijuana use, but I argue that marijuana use is determined not only by social bonds at specific time points, but by a lifelong trajectory of them. With panel data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, I constructed the trajectories of different social bonds, then conducted zero-inflated negative binomial regressions to predict marijuana use in early midlife by these trajectories. Baseline marijuana use as well as individual and family backgrounds were controlled for. People with constant and high-level attachment to religious, educational, marital, familial, and civic institutions smoke less marijuana and are more likely to quit smoking at early midlife. Furthermore, except for religious bond, people with weaker initial bonds are more likely to smoke than those with stronger initial bonds, even if their proximal bonds are at the same level. This reinforces the argument that early-life social bonds have a lasting and cascading effect. As a popular substance among the youth, marijuana use at early midlife is a continuing legacy of the trajectories, rather than the cumulative or concurrent impact, of social bonds. Given the significance of early bonds, policy makers should consider building integrative educational, familial, and social services for adolescents.
Preliminary evidence for differential olfactory and trigeminal processing in combat veterans with and without PTSD.

Structural and functional changes in the olfactory system are increasingly implicated in the expression of PTSD. Still, very little is known about the neurobiological networks of trauma-related odor sensitivity or how they relate to other objective and subjective measures of olfaction and PTSD. The purpose of this study was to replicate prior findings and further characterize olfactory function in trauma-exposed combat veterans with and without PTSD. We also sought to extend this area of research by exploring the effects of time since the combat-related index trauma (TST) on post-trauma olfactory function, as well as by correlating odor-elicited brain activity to general olfactory ability and odor-elicited PTSD symptoms. Participants included combat veterans with PTSD (CV+PTSD; n = 21) or without any psychiatric disorder (CV-PTSD; n = 27). TST was coded as greater (n = 24) or less (n = 24) than 5 years. There were main effects and/or interaction for PTSD-status and TST across several parameters of olfactory function: odor detection, odor identification, ratings for trauma-related odor intensity and triggered PTSD symptoms, and trauma odor-elicited brain activation. Overall, results suggest olfactory impairment in chronic PTSD, but not necessarily in the earlier stages of the disorder, although some early-stage olfactory findings may be predictive of later olfactory impairment. Results also suggest that trauma-exposed individuals who never develop PTSD may demonstrate olfactory resiliency. Finally, results highlight a potentially unique role of trigeminal odor properties in the olfactory-PTSD relationship.
An in situ Dynamic Continuum of Supramolecular Phosphoglycopeptides Enables Formation of 3D Cell Spheroids.

Higher-order assemblies of proteins, with a structural and dynamic continuum, is a new paradigm in biology, but these insights have yet to be applied in designing biomaterials. Dynamic assemblies of supramolecular phosphoglycopeptides (sPGPs) transform a 2D cell sheet to 3D cell spheroids. A ligand-receptor interaction between a glycopeptide and a phosphopeptide produces sPGPs that form nanoparticles, which transform to nanofibrils upon partially enzymatic dephosphorylation. The assemblies form dynamically and hierarchically in situ on the cell surface, and interact with extracellular matrix molecules and effectively abolish contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) of the cells. Integrating molecular recognition, catalysis, and assembly, these active assemblies act as a dynamic continuum to disrupt CIL, thus illustrating a new kind of biomaterials for regulating cell behavior.
Facies, Stratigraphic Architecture, and Lake Evolution of the Oil Shale Bearing Green River Formation, Eastern Uinta Basin, Utah

To better understand the evolution of Utah’s Eocene Lake Uinta and to help facilitate prudent and economic development of its unconventional oil shale resource, a predictive genetic model of the basin’s lacustrine strata has been refined here. This model provides a better understanding of facies distribution, stratigraphic architecture, and a precise history of depositional evolution of Lake Uinta in eastern Utah.
Wear and corrosion studies of Fe–B–Cr alloy coating on en 24 steel by HVOF thermal spray method

This work investigate the wear behavior of Fe–B–Cr coatings on medium carbon steel (EN24) substrate is used for several automotive parts. The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method was used to create the new crystalline coating of Fe–B–Cr (composition of 59%Fe–26%B–15%Cr in wt %) on a medium carbon steel substrate (AISI 4340). The characteristics of powder and coating are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) merged with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), optical microscopy (OM) and thermogravmentric analysis (TGA) which were undertaken in the partial characterization of the coating. The phase contents of both powder and coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The coatings consist of melted and un-melted particles identified in the coatings. Moreover, oxides and micro-cracks were observed at the surface. The mechanical property of the coatings was characterized using a microhardness test. The hardness value increased three times more than the substrate. The coated surface showed lower levels of porosity. Moreover, the electrochemical investigation found Fe–B–Cr coating on medium carbon steel. The corrosion test was carried out in an environment with 0.5 M of NaCl, which showed that the corrosion resistance improved by coating.
Antiretroviral therapy potentiates high-fat diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance

Abstract Objective Breakthroughs in HIV treatment, especially combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), have massively reduced AIDS-associated mortality. However, ART administration amplifies the risk of non-AIDS defining illnesses including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, collectively known as metabolic syndrome. Initial reports suggest that ART-associated risk of metabolic syndrome correlates with socioeconomic status, a multifaceted finding that encompasses income, race, education, and diet. Therefore, determination of causal relationships is extremely challenging due to the complex interplay between viral infection, ART, and the many environmental factors. Methods In the current study, we employed a mouse model to specifically examine interactions between ART and diet that impacts energy balance and glucose metabolism. Previous studies have shown that high-fat feeding induces persistent low-grade systemic and adipose tissue inflammation contributing to insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation via adipose-infiltrating macrophages. Studies herein test the hypothesis that ART potentiates the inflammatory effects of a high-fat diet (HFD). C57Bl/6J mice on a HFD or standard chow containing ART or vehicle, were subjected to functional metabolic testing, RNA-sequencing of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), and array-based kinomic analysis of eWAT-infiltrating macrophages. Results ART-treated mice on a HFD displayed increased fat mass accumulation, impaired glucose tolerance, and potentiated insulin resistance. Gene set enrichment and kinomic array analyses revealed a pro-inflammatory transcriptional signature depicting granulocyte migration and activation. Conclusion The current study reveals a HFD-ART interaction that increases inflammatory transcriptional pathways and impairs glucose metabolism, energy balance, and metabolic dysfunction.
Factors affecting normal and malignant B lymphocyte precursors.

There is a large scale daily production of B lymphocytes within bone marrow of mammals, however until recently, little has been known about cellular interactions or humoral factors which normally regulate this process. Monoclonal antibodies to B lineage antigens of mice and humans now permit the detection and manipulation of B cell precursors which lack surface immunoglobulin. We have been using these with several culture techniques to identify factors which may be important in this process and have been particularly aided in our studies by materials from genetically defective animals and patients. The properties and possible target cells of two newly discovered cytokines will be summarized in this communication. An established tumor cell line is responsive to at least some of the factors which influence normal B cell precursors and it seems likely that a better understanding of such mechanisms will be instructive with respect to malignant cell proliferation and differentiation.
Central Sites of Adenosine Action and Their Interaction with Various Drugs

Adenosine receptors and adenosine uptake sites constitute interesting targets for the development of pharmacologic agents having sedative, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive and, possibly, anxiolytic properties. Specific probes now exist for both the receptor and the uptake site in brain. The available evidence indicates that either multiple populations or conformations of the receptor and uptake site are found in brain. Adenosine agonists bind to the receptor in a biphasic manner, suggesting the presence of two receptor subtypes, while antagonists apparently recognize a population of receptors that is only partially inhibited by various metal ions. We have recently tritium-labeled the adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole (DPR) and show that it labels more adenosine uptake sites than [3H] nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBI), suggesting the existence of multiple subtypes of adenosine uptake sites. This is supported by the observation that NBI displaces [3H]DPR binding in a markedly biphasic manner. Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]DPR binding in guinea pig brain shows a heterogeneous distribution of sites, with areas such as the molecular layer of the cerebellum, superior colliculus, striatum, and cerebral cortex having high levels of both the receptor and uptake site. We suggest that those brain areas having high levels of both the adenosine receptor and uptake site may be sites of functionally relevant adenosinergic neuromodulation.
Beispiele und Sonderprobleme

Einige schwierigere Zahnradprobleme, die in allgemeiner Form bereits in einem der vorstehenden Kapitel behandelt wurden, sollen hier an Hand praktischer Beispiele erlautert werden. — Ferner wollen wir uns mit einigen Sonderproblemen beschaftigen, die uber den bisher behandelten Stoff hinausgehen.
Practice into Theory versus Theory into Practice

Those who labor in the field of applied linguistics have long held the belief that what we do is to apply linguistic theory, knowledge, and research to the everyday needs of life, but particularly to various educational concerns. This puts us at a disadvantage of sorts, because it implies that others, the theoreticians in particular, do the thinking, and that all we do is apply their thinking to specific situations. A second disadvantage is that the theoreticians often develop their theories outside of the real problems that applied linguists face daily and, therefore, when we try to apply their knowledge to our problems, the theories do not always fit. The first disadvantage, that we are seen as simply applying theory developed by others, leads to serious social consequences for applied linguists, who often have only second-class citizenship in the field and become regarded more as mechanics than as scientists. The second disadvantage, that previously developed theories do not apply to the problems we face, is serious in a different way. Although both disadvantages are addressed in this paper, the primary focus will be on the second one, for if applied linguists succeed here, the first disadvantage will be easily removed.
Phase I Study of the Combination of Bendamustine, Rituximab, and Pixantrone in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Abstract Background For patients with aggressive lymphomas who relapse after initial therapy, a durable response is rarely achieved with standard salvage therapies. Significant efforts have focused on the development of novel treatments with reduced toxicity. We conducted a phase I prospective single arm clinical trial of the novel combination of BuRP (bendamustine, rituximab, and pixantrone) in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods Eligible patients included adults with biopsy-proven R/R B-cell NHL who met the criteria for treatment. Patients received bendamustine 120 mg/m2, rituximab 375 mg/m2, and pixantrone, per cohort dose, on day 1 for up to 6 cycles. Dose escalation used a 3 + 3 design, from a starting dose level of pixantrone 55 mg/m2 to 115 mg/m at dose level 3. Results Twenty-two patients were enrolled onto the study with a median follow-up of 7.9 months. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached, but the highest dose level of pixantrone of 115 mg/m2 was well-tolerated. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (27%) and thrombocytopenia (23%). The mean change in left ventricular ejection fraction was 2.5% (standard deviation, 5.51%; 95% confidence interval, 0.0%-4.9%). The overall response rate for the entire cohort was 37.5% (95% confidence interval, 15%-65%), but at the highest pixantrone dose, the overall response rate was 63%, with a complete response rate of 25%. Conclusion The BuRP regimen was found to be safe in patients with R/R B-cell NHL. The favorable toxicity profile plus the encouraging response rates seen suggest that continued investigation of the highest dose level is warranted.
Image processing methods for exoplanets detection and characterization in starshade observations

A starshade is a promising instrument for the direct imaging and characterization of exoplanets. However, even with a starshade, exoplanets are difficult to detect because detector noise, starshade defects, and misalignment (dynamics of the starshade system) degrade the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast. No image processing methods have been specialized for images produced by a starshade system (simply referred as starshade images later). In this paper, we present a method, based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), to detect and characterize planets from a single starshade image or multiple starshade images. This paper describes the GLRT model and its preliminary results for simulated images with starshade shape error, dynamics, detector noise and starshade rotation considered. The planets are detected with low false alarm rate, and planet positions are accurately estimated, and planet intensities are reasonably estimated. Thus, it demonstrates great potential as an acute and robust detection method for starshade images
Necrotizing fasciitis with pulmonary septic emboli following an infected insect bite.

Abstract Although systemic infections originating from skin infections caused by insect bites are uncommon, it is imperative to maintain a broad differential diagnosis should patients develop systemic symptoms. Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare diagnosis, and progression to septic pulmonary emboli is even less common. Emergent identification and aggressive treatment of these two disease processes are imperative as both carry high rates of morbidity and mortality.
A Simulator-based Approach to Training In Aeronautical Decision Making

The effectiveness of a simulator-based approach to training pilot skills in risk assessment and decision making was evaluated in a sample of pilots enrolled in a university aviation science program. The 16 experimental group subj ects received four hours of classroom instruction designed to enhance pilot judgment skills. followed by four simulated cross-country flights during which several critical inflight events occurred. Subjects in the control group received classroom instruction in basic instrument flying. followed by simulator sessions emphasizing instrument flight. Measures of pilot judgment were obtained on all subjects before and after the training and subjects in the experimental judgment-trained group performed significantly better on the post-training simulation than did control group subjects. The findings suggest that significant gains in pilot decision-making skill can be obtained through the use of the judgment training materials along with simulator practice. The implications of Air Force undergraduate pilot training are discussed.
Multimode Rayleigh Sensor Enabled by Holographic Demodulation

We propose and demonstrate a multimode fiber based Rayleigh sensor that uses holographic detection to record the time-varying backscattered speckle field. The sensor exhibits a minimum phase noise of −80dB [rel. rad2/Hz] and 50kHz bandwidth.
Protein circuits reprogram cells.

Two protein circuit systems, split-protease-cleavable orthogonal coiled-coil logic (SPOC logic) and circuits of hacked orthogonal modular proteases (CHOMP), have been developed to permit rapid and logic function-based control of mammalian cellular signaling.
Printed circuit heat exchanger performance analysis using non-uniform segmental design method

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) is currently being studied as the working fluid in power producing Brayton cycles due to its excellent physical and thermodynamic properties, especially near the critical point. Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) are being considered for use as condensers and recuperators for this purpose due to their high strength and compact designs. The entire average data reduction method has traditionally been the means by which to evaluate the Nusselt number, Colburn factor, and Fanning friction factor for these heat exchangers. Then the segmental design method of data reduction was proposed which greatly improved the accuracy of these analyses. This paper examines, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the design and operating factors which influence the size of data sampling interval that must be used to accurately apply the segmental design method to zigzag-channel and straight-channel PCHEs. Then a non-uniform segmental design method is used and evaluated against several test cases. Data indicates that the interval size required for PCHEs data analysis is primarily driven by channel bend angle for zigzag-channel designs and by mass flow rate for straight-channel designs. The non-uniform segmental design method was of limited use for zigzag-channel heat exchangers operating near the critical point. The method was quite useful for reducing the number of required data sampling points for straight-channel PCHEs with low mass flow rates operating near the critical point.
Forecasting campground demand in US national parks

Abstract Camping has grown from a recreational activity to an emerging tourism sector. In America's national parks, this growth is amplified by increasing visitation and an occupancy limited by a mission to preserve the nation's natural wonders. Forecasting future demand for campsites can not only aid administrators' resource allocation, efficient management, and effective communication, but also provide valuable information to campers as they plan their vacations. This manuscript explores the unique nature of campground administration and tests a variety of forecasting methods to identify which best lends itself to the distinctive behavior of camping tourists and the unique nature of campsites. An in-depth study of five popular campgrounds finds an ensemble model most accurate prediction model. This article also launches the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on Tourism Demand Forecasting, a special selection of research in this field.
Advancing social justice and affirming humanity in developmental science research with African American boys and young men

This commentary engages the three elements of a social justice framework in the study of African American Boys and Men’s (AABM) positive development, proposed by Barbarin, Tolan, and Gaylord-Harden...
COOLING PIPELINE COMPONENTS TO OPERATING TEMPERATURES WITH LNG

Stresses in warm pipeline components during cooling with a flow of LNG are calculated. The heat-transfer rate is the sum of pool boiling and forced convection effects. Two maximum stress limits are defined, and corresponding maximum cooldown flow rate limits are calculated for several component geometries and materials. The flow rate limits vary from zero to arbitrarily large depending on the stress limit chosen and the components details. ASA flanges of 9% nickel steel have finite maximum flow rate limits.
Longitudinal Study to Evaluate Reliability, Repeatability, and Reproducibility of Infrared Led Scene Projectors

As Infrared LED (IRLED) scene projector (IRSP) technology advances, the need to test for consistency and longevity also becomes more crucial. This paper characterizes the tests used to measure the reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility (R3) of an IRLED scene projector and the outcomes.
Racial Disparities in Stroke Recovery Persistence in the Post-Acute Stroke Recovery Phase: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study.

Background and Purpose: Blacks have a higher burden of post-stroke disability. Factors associated with racial differences in long-term post-stroke disability are not well-understood. Our aim was to assess the long-term racial differences in risk factors associated with stroke recovery. Methods: We examined Health and Retire­ment Study (HRS) longitudinal interview data collected from adults living with stroke who were aged >50 years during 2000- 2014. Analysis of 1,002 first-time, non- Hispanic, Black (210) or White (792) stroke survivors with data on activities of daily liv­ing (ADL), fine motor skills (FMS) and gross motor skills (GMS) was conducted. Ordinal regression analysis was used to assess the impact of sex, race, household residents, household income, comorbidities, and the time since having a stroke on functional outcomes. Results: Black stroke survivors were young­er compared with Whites (69 ± 10.4 vs 75 ± 11.9). The majority (~65%) of Black stroke survivors were female compared with about 54% White female stroke survivors (P=.007). Black stroke survivors had more household residents (P<.001) and comor­bidities (P<.001). Aging, being female, being Black and a longer time since stroke were associated with a higher odds of hav­ing increased difficulty in ADL, FMS and/or GMS. Comorbidities were associated with increased difficulty with GMS. Black race increased the impact of comorbidities on ADL and FMS in comparison with Whites. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the effects of aging, sex and unique factors associated with race should be taken into consideration for future studies of post-stroke recovery and therapy. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(2):339-348; doi:10.18865/ ed.30.2.339
Solid-phase micro extraction of food irradiation marker 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) from chicken jerky treated with glycerol

The food irradiation marker, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), assayed by SPME provides a fast and simple method to estimate the irradiation history of fat-containing food products. The SPME conditions were optimized to maximize the extraction of 2-DCB from chicken jerky treats (CJT) irradiated at low (5 kGy) and high (50 kGy) doses. The extracted 2-DCB was measured using GC-MS in selected ion mode (m/z 98, and 112). Water dilution (1:5) was needed to mobilize 2-DCB and allow partition to the headspace form the CJT matrix. Increasing the incubation temperature to 80 °C resulted in higher response. Spiking control jerky samples with 2-DCB from 10 to 150 ng/g CJT compared with spiking water revealed a significant food matrix effect. This method provides a fast, simple, and environmental friendly alternative for the existing solvent extraction methods.
Performance of the New 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children and Young Adults.

OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic usefulness of the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to that of the 1997 ACR classification criteria for SLE when applied to youths (age ≤21 years) with SLE. METHODS Data were extracted from electronic health records of patients followed at a large academic pediatric hospital. The treating rheumatologist's diagnosis of SLE served as the standard criterion for identifying SLE patients (cases). Controls were patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), juvenile scleroderma, or juvenile systemic sclerosis (SSc). The 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria and the 1997 ACR criteria were tested against the standard criterion. RESULTS A total of 112 SLE patients ages 2-21 years and 105 controls ages 1-19 years (66% juvenile DM, 34% juvenile scleroderma or juvenile SSc) were available for analysis. The 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria had significantly higher sensitivity (85% versus 72%; P = 0.023) and similar specificity (83% versus 87%; P = 0.456) than the 1997 ACR criteria. The mean ± SD 2019 EULAR/ACR classification summary scores were significantly higher among non-White than White patients (22.41 ± 10.04 versus 17.59 ± 9.19; P < 0.01). The sensitivity of the 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria in non-White/White patients was 92%/80% (P = 0.08) versus 83%/64% (P < 0.02) for the 1997 ACR criteria. The sensitivity of the 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria was not affected by age or sex. CONCLUSION The 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria efficiently classify youths with SLE, irrespective of age, sex, and race. Compared to the 1997 ACR criteria, the new criteria are significantly more sensitive and similarly specific in youths with SLE.
High-pressure balloon dilatation in children: our results in 30 patients with POM and the implications of the cystoscopic evaluation

Primary Obstructive Megaureter (POM) is a common cause of hydronephrosis in children with spontaneous resolution in most cases. High-Pressure Balloon Dilatation (HPBD) has been proposed as a minimally invasive procedure for POM correction in selected patients. The aim of the paper is to review our experience with HPBD in patients with POM. We performed a retrospective study in a single Centre collecting data on patients' demographics, diagnostic modalities, surgical details, results and follow-up. In particular, the endoscopic aspect of the orifice permitted the identification of 3 patterns: adynamic ureteral segment, stenotic ureteric ring and pseudoureterocelic orifice. We performed HPBD in 30 patients over 6 years. We had 23 patients with adynamic distal ureteral segment (type 1), 4 with stenotic ring (type 2) and 3 with ureterocelic orifice (type 3). In 3 patients (10%) the guidewire did not easily pass into the ureter requiring ureteral stenting or papillotomy. Post-operative course was uneventful. Five patients (3 pseudoureterocelic) required open surgery during follow-up. HPBD for the treatment of POM is a safe and feasible procedure and it can be a definitive treatment of POM. Complications are mainly due to double J stent and none of our patients had symptoms related to vescico-ureteral reflux. The aspect of the orifice, identified during cystoscopy, seems to correlate with the efficacy of the dilatation: type 1 and 2 are associated with good and excellent results respectively; type 3 do not permit dilatation in almost all cases requiring papillotomy. HPBD can be performed in selected patients of all paediatric ages as first therapeutic line. The presence of a pseudoureterocelic orifice or long stenosis might interfere with the ureteral stenting and seems associated with worse outcomes.
Long-range mechanical signaling in biological systems

Cells can respond to signals generated by other cells that are remarkably far away. Studies from at least the 1920's showed that cells move toward each other when the distance between them is on the order of a millimeter, which is many times the cell diameter. Chemical signals generated by molecules diffusing from the cell surface would move too slowly and dissipate too fast to account for these effects, suggesting that they might be physical rather than biochemical. The non-linear elastic responses of sparsely connected networks of stiff or semiflexible filament such as those that form the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton have unusual properties that suggest multiple mechanisms for long-range signaling in biological tissues. These include not only direct force transmission, but also highly non-uniform local deformations, and force-generated changes in fiber alignment and density. Defining how fibrous networks respond to cell-generated forces can help design new methods to characterize abnormal tissues and can guide development of improved biomimetic materials.
Carbon-Enhanced Metal-poor Stars, the Cosmic Microwave Background, and the Stellar Initial Mass Function in the Early Universe

The characteristic mass of stars at early times may have been higher than today's, owing to the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This study proposes that (1) the testable predictions of this "CMB-IMF" hypothesis are an increase in the fraction of carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars with declining metallicity and an increase from younger to older populations at a single metallicity (e.g., disk to halo), and (2) these signatures are already seen in recent samples of CEMP stars and can be better tested with anticipated data. The expected spatial variation may explain discrepancies of CEMP frequency among published surveys. The ubiquity and time dependence of the CMB will substantially alter the reconstruction of star formation histories in the Local Group and early universe.
2 n transfer and E 2 strengths in Sm 154

Two separate analyses of $E2$ strengths among the first two bands in $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ are consistent. They indicate that mixing is small and decreases with increasing $J$.
When the loss of positives feels negative: Exploring the loss of positive experiences in committed couples.

Abstract Despite romantic relationships being characterized by high positives (e.g., enjoyable activities, positive feelings) early in commitment, many couples experience a loss of positives over time. However, interventions are typically not as effective at enhancing positives as they are at reducing negatives (e.g., hostile conflict). Thus, it is important to understand why positives decrease and how to use interventions to enhance positives optimally. In this article, we present how the field has evolved to (a) heighten focus on positives independent of negatives, (b) identify trajectories of positives over time, and (c) clarify major factors which predict loss of positives. From a cognitive-behavioral couple therapy perspective, we offer therapeutic strategies that may hold promise for enhancing positives in relationships.
Effect of Aircraft Datablock Complexity and Exposure Time on Performance of Change Detection Task

Air traffic controllers constantly perform tasks of monitoring traffic situation and searching for conflict between aircrafts. One requirement for these tasks is being able to detect any changes in the aircraft status presented by aircraft datablock. In this study, we investigated the effects of aircraft datablock complexity and exposure time on the change detection task performance. Two types of datablock, six field datablock (6F-DB) and nine field datablock (9F-DB), were artificially designed. Ten participants learned the change detection taskwith aircraft datablocks for four days. Our results showed that datablock complexity and exposure time in the change detection task had direct impacts on task performance. In particular, participants had higher detection accuracy with the less complex 6F-DB than the more complex 9F-DB. The longer DB exposure time of 1 second and 3 second also led to higher detection accuracy than 0.5 second. The pattern fields in the datablock were associated with better detection performance than the alphanumeric fields. To optimize the performance of change detection task in air traffic control system, we need to consider both factors of datablock complexity and exposure time. For the more complex datablock, longer exposure time should be provided.
The importance of taste and palatability in carbohydrate-induced overeating in rats

Rats offered a carbohydrate solution (sugar or polysaccharide) in addition to chow typically overeat and gain excessive weight. The present study sought to determine if the palatable taste of these solutions contributes to the overeating response. Adult female rats were fitted with chronic intragastric catheters and given ad libitum access to chow and a drinking fluid that was paired with intragastric infusions. For one group (P + S), the flavored solution was a highly preferred mixture of 2% Polycose and 0.2% saccharin paired with intragastric infusions of 30% Polycose. For a second group (SOA), the flavored solution (0.03% sucrose octaacetate) had unpreferred bitter taste and was paired with intragastric infusions of 32% Polycose. Thus both groups were effectively exposed to the postingestive effects of 32% Polycose but paired with a palatable (P + S) or unpalatable (SOA) flavor. A control group had water to drink paired with intragastric water infusions. During the 4-wk experimental period, the P + S group consumed 34% more total energy (chow + Polycose) and gained more weight than did the SOA and control groups. The P + S group also consumed substantially more flavored solution and more energy as Polycose compared with the SOA group. The SOA group did not gain reliably more weight than the control group, although their total energy intake was 13% higher than that of the controls. In a choice test conducted at the end of the experiment, the P + S group displayed a strong preference (98%) for the Polycose + saccharin solution over water. In contrast to the control group, which avoided the SOA solution relative to water, the SOA group preferred the SOA solution (71%) confirming prior reports of Polycose-conditioned SOA preferences. These results demonstrate that palatability has a major effect on the overeating and obesity produced by carbohydrate solutions. In the absence of a highly preferred taste, the postingestive actions of Polycose produce only a small hyperphagic effect and no excess weight gain.