cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The disruption of planetary satellites and the creation of planetary rings

Abstract The Voyager spacecraft discovered that small moons orbit within all four observed ring systems coincident with the discovery of narrow and dusty rings around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These moons can provide the source for new rings if they are catastrophically disrupted by a comet or large meteoroid impact. This hypothesis for ring origins provides a natural mechanism for the ongoing creation of planetary rings. While it relieves somewhat the problem of explaining the continued existence of rings with apparently short evolutionary lifetimes, it raises the problem of explaining the continued existence of small moons, and the coexistence of moons and rings at comparable locations within the Roche zones of the giant planets. This problem has been studied in some detail recently, and the present work is a review of our current understanding of the processes in satellite disruption that pertain to the creation of planetary rings and the collisional cascade of circumplanetary bodies. Significant progress has been made. Narrow rings are produced by disruption of small moons in numerical simulations, and a self-consistent model of the collisional cascade can explain present-day moon populations. Absolute timescales and initial moon populations remain uncertain due to our poor knowledge of the impactor population and uncertainties in the strength of planetary satellites. More pressing are the qualitative issues that remain to be resolved including the nature of reaccretion of the debris and the origin of Saturn's rings.
Morphological Transformations By Hybrid Optical-Electronic Methods

Morphological shape transformations on binary imagery can be performed by optically convolving the input image with the desired structuring element (e.g., a disk) and thresholding the output. Photographic film can be used for thresholding, but better results are obtained with electronic scanning and hard-limiting. Erosions, dilations, and median filtering can be performed directly. Openings and closings require an image store and feedback. Results of simple experiments are presented.
Tempo e direito na construção da saúde

De acordo com as tendencias atuais da dogmatica constitucionalista brasileira, a saude, no direito, resta centralizada nas discussoes de eficacia da norma e de suas consequencias interpretativas no interior do sistema juridico. O proposito deste estudo e o de verificar as relacoes entre tempo e direito na construcao da saude. Assim, seu foco esta relacionado a forma pela qual o direito pretende controlar o tempo, especificamente na questao sanitaria. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada esta alicercada e repousa no funcionalismo estrutural de Niklas Luhmann, na vertente autopoietica de sua teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoieticos. Os resultados demonstram que o sistema juridico atua de forma paradoxal em relacao a saude, seja procurando dirigir-se ao futuro, seja prendendo-se ao passado para, no presente, construir uma descricao sociojuridica das comunicacoes sanitarias.
Neuropilin-1 mediates collapsin-1/semaphorin III inhibition of endothelial cell motility: functional competition of collapsin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-165.

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a receptor for two unrelated ligands with disparate activities, vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165), an angiogenesis factor, and semaphorin/collapsins, mediators of neuronal guidance. To determine whether semaphorin/collapsins could interact with NRP1 in nonneuronal cells, the effects of recombinant collapsin-1 on endothelial cells (EC) were examined. Collapsin-1 inhibited the motility of porcine aortic EC (PAEC) expressing NRP1 alone; coexpressing KDR and NRP1 (PAEC/KDR/NRP1), but not parental PAEC; or PAEC expressing KDR alone. The motility of PAEC expressing NRP1 was inhibited by 65–75% and this inhibition was abrogated by anti-NRP1 antibody. In contrast, VEGF165 stimulated the motility of PAEC/KDR/NRP1. When VEGF165 and collapsin-1 were added simultaneously to PAEC/KDR/NRP1, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and COS-7/NRP1 cells, they competed with each other in EC motility, DRG collapse, and NRP1-binding assays, respectively, suggesting that the two ligands have overlapping NRP1 binding sites. Collapsin-1 rapidly disrupted the formation of lamellipodia and induced depolymerization of F-actin in an NRP1-dependent manner. In an in vitro angiogenesis assay, collapsin-1 inhibited the capillary sprouting of EC from rat aortic ring segments. These results suggest that collapsin-1 can inhibit EC motility as well as axon motility, that these inhibitory effects on motility are mediated by NRP1, and that VEGF165 and collapsin-1 compete for NRP1-binding sites.
Preparation of macrocyclic thioether-diester compounds of fourteen-seventeen ring members

A series of macrocyclic thioether diester compounds of fourteen-seventeen-membered rings have been prepared from oxalyl, malonyl, substituted malonyl, succinyl, and substituted succinyl, chlorides and various dithiaglycols (compounds 1–12). A twelve-membered macrocyclic thioetherdithiolester (compound 13) was also prepared from thiadiglycolyl chloride and 2-mercaptoethyl sulfide.
Fatigue and extended work hours among cardiovascular perfusionists: 2010 survey

Due to the emergent unpredictable nature of cardiac surgery, perfusionists, potentially, are susceptible to extended work hours and acute sleep deprivation. While fatigue among other healthcare clinicians has been studied, there has been no research on this topic specifically in the perfusion community. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: (1) collect preliminary data on the prevalence of fatigue in perfusion and (2) identify if there were concerns regarding fatigue, performance and perfusion safety.In May 2010, a link to a 50-question survey (surveymonkey.com) was posted on Perflist and Perfmail. The survey was closed in July 2010. There were 445 respondents and data were analyzed and expressed as a response percent.Participants included 27% chief perfusionists/managers, 67% staff perfusionists, and 6.0% other (perfusion education faculty, retired perfusionists, locum tenens). Regarding extended work hours, 68.9% of surveyed perfusionists have worked at the hospital for greater than 23 hours stra...
Thermal expansion behavior of hollow glass particle/vinyl ester composites

Ceramic particle-reinforced composites have better dimensional stability than the matrix polymer at high temperatures. In hollow-particle filled composites (syntactic foams), the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) can be controlled by two parameters simultaneously: wall thickness and volume fraction of particles, which are explored in this study. The CTE was experimentally measured to be up to 60.4 % lower than the matrix material with the addition of glass microballoons for the twelve compositions of syntactic foams characterized using a thermomechanical analyzer. The CTE values have a stronger dependence on particle volume fraction than the wall thickness within the range of parameters explored. The experimental trends are analyzed by using Turner’s and Kerner’s models modified for syntactic foams. The results from the modified Turner’s model show close correlation with the experimental values with a maximum difference of ±15 %. Parametric studies show that syntactic foams of a wide range of densities can be tailored to obtain the same CTE value. The experimental and theoretical results are helpful in developing syntactic foams with desired properties for thermal applications.
Enhanced fingerprint identification using dynamic neural network and fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

The parallel processing capability and adaptive filtering features of dynamic neural networks offer highly efficient feature extraction and enhancement capability for fingerprint images. The most important aspect of the fingerprint enhancement is the extraction of relevant details with respect to distributed complex features. For this purpose, an efficient dynamic neural filtering technique has been proposed in this paper. After the enhancement process, fingerprint identification is/has been achieved using joint transform correlation (JTC) algorithm. Since the fringe-adjusted JTC algorithm has been found to yield significantly better correlation output compared to alternate JTCs, we used it in this study. The identification test results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed enhancement and identification algorithms.
Nylon affinity tubes. Modification of nylon for coupling nonprotein antigens and its use in affinity trapping of antibodies.

Des tubes de nylon sont modifies chimiquement par addition de groupe trinirobenzene, de groupement NH 2 ou de ficollamine, puis couples a des antigenes. Mis en presence d'anticorps monoclonaux diriges contre ces antigenes, seul le nylon modifie par la ficollamine s'avere etre un bon immunoadsorbant
Fine retinotopic organization of optic terminal arbors in the tectum of normal goldfish.

Although the retinotectal projection of goldfish has long been known to have a high degree of retinotopic order, the structural basis for this in terms of the precise positioning of axonal arbors from neighboring retinal ganglion cells has not been determined. In studying this, a small number of neighboring retinal ganglion cells was selectively labeled by a microinjection of DiI into the retina. Following axoplasmic transport for several days, the tectum was removed and flat-mounted for fluorescence microscopy. The injection labeled a small number of axons and their terminal arbors which ranged in size from 108 × 134 μm to 394 × 331 μm with a mean of 233 × 219 μm. This mean size corresponds to about 1/15 of the length of one tectal axis. Although individual arbors labeled from one small retinal injection were always observed near the same retinotopic position, they were almost never coextensive. Overlap between pairs of arbors along the lines of projection perpendicular to the tectal surface averaged 57% of the area of a single arbor. These results indicate that neighboring retinal ganglion cells do not converge onto the same locus but instead project as a continuous retinotopic array of partially overlapping terminal fields.
Directed Incremental Symbolic Execution

The last few years have seen a resurgence of interest in the use of symbolic execution—a program analysis technique developed more than three decades ago to analyze program execution paths. Scaling symbolic execution to real systems remains challenging despite recent algorithmic and technological advances. An effective approach to address scalability is to reduce the scope of the analysis. For example, in regression analysis, differences between two related program versions are used to guide the analysis. While such an approach is intuitive, finding efficient and precise ways to identify program differences, and characterize their impact on how the program executes has proved challenging in practice.In this article, we present Directed Incremental Symbolic Execution (DiSE), a novel technique for detecting and characterizing the impact of program changes to scale symbolic execution. The novelty of DiSE is to combine the efficiencies of static analysis techniques to compute program difference information with the precision of symbolic execution to explore program execution paths and generate path conditions affected by the differences. DiSE complements other reduction and bounding techniques for improving symbolic execution. Furthermore, DiSE does not require analysis results to be carried forward as the software evolves—only the source code for two related program versions is required. An experimental evaluation using our implementation of DiSE illustrates its effectiveness at detecting and characterizing the effects of program changes.
A new variety of galium arkansanum (Rubiaceae) endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas

A linear-leaved, unicostate phase ofGalium arkansanum Gray with pubescent corollas and the abaxial midvein of the leaves glabrous is segregated from the species as var.pubiflorum. It is presently known in the pure form only from the Ouachita Mountains in Montgomery County, Arkansas
Reproducibility of pain measurement and pain perception.

Abstract The reproducibility of both the conscious experience of pain and the reproducibility of psychophysical assessments of pain remain critical, yet poorly characterized factors in pain research and treatment. To assess the reproducibility of both the pain experience and two methods of pain assessment, 15 subjects evaluated experimental heat pain during four weekly sessions. In each session, both brief (5 s) and prolonged (90 s) heat stimuli were utilized to determine effects of stimulus duration on reproducibility. Multiple presentations of the brief heat stimuli in each session were used to evaluate effects of response averaging. Both visual analog scales (VAS) and randomized verbal descriptor scales (VDS) were employed to better distinguish variations in the pain experience from variations in pain scale usage. Subjects also rated the intensity of visual stimuli in order to provide an independent assessment of the session-to-session variation in the use of both types of scales. Within-subjects analyses revealed that ratings of visual stimuli exhibited significantly less session-to-session variation than ratings of heat pain. Thus, pain perceptions were more variable than perceptions of visual stimuli after controlling for session-to-session variations in scale usage. Comparisons between scales indicated that intensity ratings acquired with the VAS had significantly smaller session-to-session variation than those acquired with the VDS, although VDS ratings were spread across a larger range of the scale. For both scales, analyses of the effects of stimulus averaging and stimulus duration revealed that averaging multiple assessments of the same stimulus substantially reduces session-to-session variation and that multiple assessments of brief stimuli produce responses which are more reproducible than a single presentation of a prolonged stimulus. However, the VAS was significantly more sensitive to small differences in perceived pain intensity and pain unpleasantness, and did not exhibit some of the order effects present with the VDS. Taken together, these results indicate that the reproducibility of psychophysical ratings of pain can be maximized: (1) by averaging responses to multiple, brief stimuli; (2) by providing subjects with a training period distinct from the study period; and (3) by ensuring that interpretation of scale parameters remains constant over time. Thus, although the experiences of both experimental and clinical pain are highly variable, pain assessment procedures can be structured to minimize session-to-session variability.
High-density expansion of the electron-gas correlation function

A high-density expansion of the electron-gas correlation function $g(r)$ is carried out in powers of the coupling constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}{r}_{s}$. It is found that at zero interparticle separation, $g(0)=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}{r}_{s}\frac{({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}+6\mathrm{ln}2\ensuremath{-}3)}{5\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{3\ensuremath{\alpha}{r}_{s}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{2}\mathrm{ln}({r}_{s})(3\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}{4})+O({r}_{s}^{2})$. For large interelectronic separation, the zero-order correction to $g(r)$ is obtained and the correction linear in ${r}_{s}$ is estimated.
Differential responses of body shape to local and reach scale stream flow in two freshwater fish species

Stream flow is recognised as an important influence on the physical traits, distribution and diversity of stream fishes. However, measures of ‘stream flow’ are not consistent among studies and can refer to variables characterising microhabitat (e.g. flow velocity) or reach-level (e.g. discharge) parameters. Because of the ambiguity associated with the term ‘stream flow’, the differential effect of these two aspects of local stream hydrology on freshwater fishes is unclear. Using two frequently sympatric freshwater fish species, Etheostoma nigrum and Pimephales notatus, we tested for correlations between population-level body shape and two measures of stream flow, microhabitat flow velocity (m/s) and reach-level discharge (m3·s−1). Etheostoma nigrum body shape was correlated with flow velocity, while P. notatus body shape was correlated with mean annual discharge. The respective correlations are potentially manifestations of behavioural differences among the two species. Etheostoma nigrum is a benthic specialist rarely venturing far from its associated microhabitats. Pimephales notatus is a habitat generalist and uses many different microhabitats but is unable to escape the overall discharge pressures of a particular stream. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the spatial scale of variables when predicting phenotype–environment associations.
Tazarotene in combination with phototherapy

Abstract Despite the vast array of available therapies for treating psoriasis, there remains a need for safer, more effective treatments. Topical tazarotene has been shown to be effective in treating mild-to-moderate psoriasis without causing the adverse effects, such as mucocutaneous toxicity, hyperostosis, and elevation in serum lipids, often associated with orally administered retinoids. A 2-week pretreatment with tazarotene 0.1% gel once daily, followed by tazarotene plus UVB therapy (tazarotene-UVB) 3 times per week for 10 weeks, was more effective than UVB therapy alone or in combination with vehicle gel in reducing plaque elevation, scaling, and erythema. The tazarotene-UVB treatment was well tolerated, and no phototoxicity was observed. Treatment success, defined as a moderate response or better in psoriatic lesions (ie, ≥ 50% improvement in psoriatic lesions compared with baseline), was achieved within 32 days with the tazarotene-UVB treatment, compared with 67 days with UVB alone or UVB plus vehicle gel. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:S144-8.)
Rhythmic finger tapping to cosine-wave modulated metronome sequences: Evidence of subliminal entrainment

Abstract Rhythmic finger tapping was examined during synchronization to metronome sequences whose base intervals were slightly perturbed by a cosine-wave function with the period of four samples. Data were collected under perturbation levels of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% in conjunction with base intervals of 400, 500, and 600 ms. Statistical analysis examined the relationship between the inter-response interval (IRI), inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and synchronization error (SE). It was observed that IRI and SE entrain to the periodicity of the ISI patterns even at perturbation levels close to and below the conscious auditory perception threshold. Furthermore, the similarity between the IRI and ISI increased in proportion to the perturbation level. It was also found that the relative perturbation level had more influence on the synchronization behavior than the absolute level. Finally, the observed rhythmic tracking data were modeled mathematically to examine the likelihood of three possible synchronization strategies. PsycINFO classification: 2330
Analysis of a microbial electrochemical cell using the proton condition in biofilm (PCBIOFILM) model

Abstract Common to all microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs) are the anode-respiring bacteria (ARB), which transfer electrons to an anode and release protons that must transport out of the biofilm. Here, we develop a novel modeling platform, Proton Condition in BIOFILM (PCBIOFILM), with a structure geared towards mechanistically explaining: (1) how the ARB half reaction produces enough acid to inhibit the ARB by low pH; (2) how the diffusion of alkalinity carriers (phosphates and carbonates) control the pH gradients in the biofilm anode; (3) how increasing alkalinity attenuates pH gradients and increases current; and (4) why carbonates enable higher current density than phosphates. Analysis of literature data using PCBIOFILM supports the hypothesis that alkalinity limits the maximum current density for MXCs. An alkalinity criterion for eliminating low-pH limitation – 12 mg CaCO3/mg BOD – implies that a practical MXC can achieve a maximum current density with an effluent quality comparable to anaerobic digestion.
GPUSCAN: GPU-Based Parallel Structural Clustering Algorithm for Networks

This paper presents a massively parallel implementation of a prominent network clustering algorithm, the structural clustering algorithm for networks (SCAN), on a graphical processing unit (GPU). SCAN is a fast and efficient clustering technique for finding hidden communities and isolating hubs/outliers within a network. However, for very large networks, it still takes considerable amount of time. With the introduction of massively parallel Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) by Nvidia, applications properly employing GPUs are demonstrating high speed up. In current study, GPUSCAN, a CUDA based parallel implementation of SCAN, is presented. SCAN's computation steps have been carefully redesigned to run very efficiently on the GPU by transforming SCAN into a series of highly regular and independent concurrent operations. All intermediate data structures are created in the GPU to efficiently benefit from GPU's memory hierarchy. How these structures reformed and represented in the GPU memory hierarchy are illustrated. Now, through GPUSCAN, a large network or a batch of disjoint networks can be offloaded to the GPU for very fast and equivalent structural clustering. The performance of the GPU accelerated structural clustering has been shown to be much faster than the sequential CPU implementation. Both GPUSCAN and SCAN are tested on different size artificial and real-world networks. Results indicate that network becomes larger GPUSCAN significantly over performs SCAN. In tested datasets, speed-up of over 500-fold is achieved. For instance, calculating structural similarity and clustering of 5.5 million edges of the California road network in GPUSCAN is 513-fold faster than the serial version of SCAN.
Synthesis and characterization of authentic standards for the reductive-cleavage method. The positional isomers of partially methylated and acetylated or benzoylated 1,4-anhydro-l-fucitol

Abstract Described herein is the synthesis of all positional isomers of methylated and acetylated or benzoylated 1,4-anhydro- l -fucitol. The benzoates are generated simultaneously from 1,4-anhydro- l -fucitol by sequential partial methylation and benzoylation or sequential partial benzoylation and methylation. The individual isomers are obtained in pure form by high-performance liquid chromatography. Debenzoylation and acetylation provided the corresponding acetates. The 1 H NMR spectra of the benzoates and the electron-ionization mass spectra of the acetates and the tri- O -methyl derivative are reported herein as are the linear temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography retention indices of the acetates and the tri- O -methyl derivative on three different capillary columns.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of Through-Space Electrostatic Stabilization of the Incipient Oxocarbenium Ion by an Axially Oriented Electronegative Substituent During Glycopyranoside Acetolysis

The rate of acetolysis of methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-α-d-galacto- and -glucopyranosides depends strongly on the electronegativity of the C4 substituent. Thus, of the three derivatives studied (4-methoxy, 4-acetoxy, and 4-acetamido-4-deoxy derivatives of d-galacto- and d-glucopyranosides), the glycopyranosides bearing the most electronegative C4 substituent (methoxy group) acetolyze at the fastest rate, whereas those having the least electronegative C4 substituent (N-acetamido group) acetolyze at the slowest rate. Furthermore, whereas the influence of the electronegativity of the C4 substituent upon the acetolysis rate in the d-gluco series is relatively moderate (kmax/kmin = 2.9−3.5), this influence is very large in the d-galacto series (kmax/kmin = 44.4−58.6). We propose that this observation can only be explained by the existence of an electron donation process from the axially oriented electronegative substituent at the C4 carbon atom of the galactopyranoside ring to the forming oxocarbenium ion. Such a...
Effects of 17α-trenbolone and melengestrol acetate on Xenopus laevis growth, development, and survival

The synthetic growth-promoting hormones trenbolone and melengestrol acetate have been detected in the environment near beef cattle feedlots and are reportedly transported via wind-borne particulate matter. Therefore, movement of synthetic hormones from beef cattle feedlots to water bodies via particulate matter is possible. Our objective was to evaluate potential effects of 17α-trenbolone (17α-TB), melengestrol acetate (MGA), and combinations of both on growth, development, and survival of Xenopus laevis larvae. On post-hatch day 2 (stage 33/34), X. laevis larvae were exposed to three nominal concentrations of 17α-TB (10, 100, and 500 ng/L), MGA (1, 10, and 100 ng/L), a combination of both (1/10, 10/100, and 100/500 ng/L MGA/17α-TB), frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus medium, or a solvent control. Significant increases in all X. laevis growth metrics were observed among larvae in the 1 ng/L MGA + 10 ng/L 17α-TB and 10 ng/L MGA + 100 ng/L 17α-TB treatments. Stage of development was increased among larvae in the 1 ng/L MGA + 10 ng/L 17α-TB treatment group and significantly decreased among those in the 500 ng/L 17α-TB treatment. Total body mass and snout–vent length of X. laevis larvae were significantly reduced in the 100 ng/L MGA and 100 ng/L MGA + 500 ng/L 17α-TB treatment groups. Larvae exposed to 500 ng/L 17α-TB had decreased total body mass, snout–vent length, and total length. In general, growth measurements decreased with increasing concentration of MGA, 17α-TB, or a combination of both. Survival among all treatments was not significantly different from controls. Amphibians exposed to MGA and 17α-TB in the environment may experience alterations in growth and development.
On the instability of high order backward-difference multistep methods

It is shown that the backward difference multistep method $$\mathop \Sigma \limits_{m = 1}^q \frac{1}{m}\nabla ^m y_p = hf_p$$ for the numerical integration ofy′(x)=f(x, y) is stable in the sense of Dahlquist iff 1≦q≦6.
Synthesis, characterization, and biological affinity of a near-infrared-emitting conjugated oligoelectrolyte.

A near-IR-emitting conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE), ZCOE, was synthesized, and its photophysical features were characterized. The biological affinity of ZCOE is compared to that of an established lipid-membrane-intercalating COE, DSSN+, which has blue-shifted optical properties making it compatible for tracking preferential sites of accumulation. ZCOE exhibits diffuse staining of E. coli cells, whereas it displays internal staining of select yeast cells which also show propidium iodide staining, indicating ZCOE is a “dead” stain for this organism. Staining of mammalian cells reveals complete internalization of ZCOE through endocytosis, as supported by colocalization with LysoTracker and late endosome markers. In all cases DSSN+ persists in the outer membranes, most likely due to its chemical structure more closely resembling a lipid bilayer.
Measures of free recall of 900 English nouns: Correlations with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, and frequency

Forty groups of subjects were given six lists of 25 nouns each for immediate free written recall. A measure of free recall was thereby obtained for each of 900 nouns in the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms, each noun’s measure based on the recall of 32 subjects. First-order correlations showed recall to be correlated with imagery, concreteness, meaningfulness, Thorndike-Lorge frequency, and Kuěra-Francis frequency. Partial correlations showed meaningfulness to be essentially unrelated to recall and concreteness only moderately related. In contrast to previous comparisons, which were based on smaller ranges of frequency and were more susceptible to list-specific effects, imagery and frequency were found to be approximately equal in their influence on free recall.
A Lumped Parameter Vibration Model Developed Based on a Realistic Kinematic Description of the Hand-Arm System

Prolonged exposure of hand to vibration causes vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal abnormalities, which are collectively known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). A significant number of construction workers, miners and even dentists are affected by HAVS. The precise mechanism or pathogenesis of the syndrome is still not clearly understood. Accurate analysis of hand-arm vibration response is very difficult due to the complexity of the hand-arm structure such as redundancy of the musculo-tendon unit, active participation from central nervous system, inherent non-linearity and heavy damping effect. Various types of lumped parameter models have been developed, typically by matching response characteristics of the model with the measurement. Not being based on the actual physics of the hand-arm, such a model has limited applications such as qualitative, relative analysis of the hand-arm response. A new lumped parameter model is developed in this work retaining as much actual kinematic characteristics of the hand and arm system as possible. The model includes descriptions of relevant musculo-tendon systems and the effect of the gripping force to enable calculation of the forces transmitted through the musculo-tendon system and joints.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Mono(adenosine diphosphate ribosyl) transferase in Xenopus tissues. Direct demonstration by a zymographic localization in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A semiquantitative method to measure mono(adenosine diphosphate ribosyl) transferase activity [mADPRT] in tissue extracts is described. After electrophoretic separation in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels, renatured enzymatic activity is demonstrated in situ by incubation of the slab gels with radiolabeled NAD+ and histones. Precipitation of the radiolabeled product in the gel allows localization of the enzyme by autoradiography. This method is suitable for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, whereby proteins are electrofocused in the presence of 9 m urea and subsequently subjected to electrophoresis in SDS. A single major band showing mADPRT activity of Mr approximately 30 Kda was observed in all crude extracts of Xenopus tissues examined. Accumulation of acid-insoluble radiolabeled products was dependent on added histones and was specifically inhibited by agmatine. The ADPRT activity of cholera toxin A fragment could also be demonstrated by this technique. Reducing agents stimulated the activity of cholera toxin A fragment while depressing that of Xenopus mADPRT.
Micro-Raman depth analysis of residual stress in machined germanium

Abstract Raman spectroscopy has proved to be a useful nondestructive technique for measuring residual stresses in semicondutors. The Raman microprobe is used to investigate the effects of machine parameters on residual stresses in single point diamond turned germanium (Ge). A profiling technique that provides a method of obtaining the residual stress information as a function of depth with depth resolutions of 10.0 nm is discussed. This method is used to analyze the asymmetrically broadened and shifted spectral features in the machined samples. Residual stresses are sampled across ductile feed cuts in (100) Ge wafers, which were single point diamond turned using various feed rates (12.5, 25 nm/rev), rake angles (0°, −10°, −30°), and clearance angles (6°, 16°). In general a region of plastically deformed material that shows slight compressive stresses exist near the surface of the diamond turned sample. The compressive surface stress increases to a maximum at a depth of ≈ 50 nm beneath the surface at which point the stress rapidly changes sign. The rapid sign change is indicative of the transition from plastic to elastic deformation. Deeper probe regions exhibit increasing tensile stresses, which reach a maximum and then relax to zero at greater depths in the sample. A related study of the stress field occurring around Vicker's hardness indents provides a link between theoretical and experimental stress profiles and demonstrates the accuracy of the micro-Raman profiling technique.
Separations of corticosteroids using electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography : Selectivity enhancements at a porous graphitic carbon stationary phase

Electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography has been applied to the separation of a mixture of structurally similar corticosteroids (i.e., prednisone, prednisolone, cortisone, and hydrocortisone) using a porous graphitic carbon stationary phase. Changes in the voltage applied to the column markedly affected the efficiency as well as the elution order of the separation, with the mixture fully resolved at large negative values of applied potential. Mechanistic aspects in terms of the influence of changes in the applied voltage on the extent of the interactions between these analytes and the stationary phase are briefly discussed.
Magnitude of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Leak

To fully understand the environmental and ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, an accurate estimate of the total oil released is required. We used optical plume velocimetry to estimate the velocity of fluids issuing from the damaged well both before and after the collapsed riser pipe was removed. We then calculated the volumetric flow rate under a range of assumptions. With a liquid oil fraction of 0.4, we estimated that the average flow rate from 22 April 2010 to 3 June 2010 was 5.6 × 10(4) ± 21% barrels/day (1.0 × 10(-1) meter(3)/second), excluding secondary leaks. After the riser was removed, the flow was 6.8 × 10(4) ± 19% barrels/day (1.2 × 10(-1) meters(3)/second). Taking into account the oil collected at the seafloor, this suggests that 4.4 × 10(6) ± 20% barrels of oil (7.0 × 10(5) meters(3)) was released into the ocean.
Hyperfine-Shifted 13C and 15N NMR Signals from Clostridium pasteurianum Rubredoxin: Extensive Assignments and Quantum Chemical Verification

Stable isotope-labeling methods, coupled with novel techniques for detecting fast-relaxing NMR signals, now permit detailed investigations of paramagnetic centers of metalloproteins. We have utilized these advances to carry out comprehensive assignments of the hyperfine-shifted 13C and 15N signals of the rubredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (CpRd) in both its oxidized and reduced states. We used residue-specific labeling (by chemical synthesis) and residue-type-selective labeling (by biosynthesis) to assign signals detected by one-dimensional 15N NMR spectroscopy, to nitrogen atoms near the iron center. We refined and extended these 15N assignments to the adjacent carbonyl carbons by means of one-dimensional 13C[15N] decoupling difference experiments. We collected paramagnetic-optimized SuperWEFT 13C[13C] constant time COSY (SW-CT-COSY) data to complete the assignment of 13C signals of reduced CpRd. By following these 13C signals as the protein was gradually oxidized, we transferred these assignments ...
Experimental Study of Thickness Gradient Formation in the VARTM Process

ABSTRACT Although the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process has been the focus of much attention in the past several years, it is only recently that research tools have been developed to investigate fundamental process mechanisms associated with it. One area of concern for composites manufacturers is the ability to maintain dimensional tolerances throughout the process cycle. It has been well known that a thickness gradient forms during VARTM, leading to corresponding gradients in fiber volume fraction and the associated mechanical properties. In this work, the formation of these thickness gradients is investigated using an array of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) to monitor surface displacements during infusion. SMARTweave sensors are used to correlate resin flow with the surface displacements for infusions, using either a line resin source or point resin source. Software is used to display the surface displacements as a three-dimensional plot so that the entire part su...
Naturally occurring masked antibodies in murine sera recognize a component of the mitotic spindle apparatus.

Antibody activities previously masked in autoimmune MRL and normal Balb/c mice were expressed by briefly subjecting their sera to acidic (pH 2.0) or alkaline (pH 12.0) environments. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that these pH-expressable immunoglobulins reacted with specific nucleotide-BSA antigens (primarily 5'-AMP, -GMP, -TMP) but not with single (ss)- or double (ds)-stranded DNAs or with unconjugated BSA. ELISA analysis of pH-expressed antibodies purified via GMP-BSA/Sepharose indicated that they bound not only to the homologous hapten (GMP) but to AMP and TMP as well, i.e., anti-pAGT antibodies. Further, indirect immunofluorescent assays (IIF) with fixed HEp-2 cells demonstrated that purified anti-pAGT antibodies recognized an epitope within the mitotic spindle apparatus. These results document the existence of a previously undefined masked antibody population in murine sera with specificities directed toward certain nucleotides and a component of the mitotic spindle apparatus. Last, these anti-pAGT (or anti-mitotic spindle) antibodies are not restricted to murine systems inasmuch as they have been detected in every human serum (greater than 100 samples) examined thus far.
Coexistence of testicular carcinomaand hairy cell leukemia

The coexistence of two relatively rare disorders in 1 patient often induces speculation about possible cause and effect of these disorders. The suitable therapeutic regimen for both diseases and roentgenologic manifestations are described.
Time-dependent radiative transfer for multi-level atoms using accelerated Lambda iteration

We present a general formalism for computing self-consistent, numerical solutions to the time-dependent radiative transfer equation in low velocity, multi-level ions undergoing radiative interactions. Recent studies of time-dependent radiative transfer have focused on radiation hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects without lines, or have solved time-independent equations for the radiation field simultaneously with time-dependent equations for the state of the medium. In this paper, we provide a fully time-dependent numerical solution to the radiative transfer and atomic rate equations for a medium irradiated by an external source of photons. We use Accelerated Lambda Iteration to achieve convergence of the radiation field and atomic states. We perform calculations for a three-level atomic model that illustrates important time-dependent effects. We demonstrate that our method provides an efficient, accurate solution to the time-dependent radiative transfer problem. Finally, we characterize astrophysical scenarios in which we expect our solutions to be important.
Robotic partial nephrectomy for clinical stage T1b tumors: intermediate oncologic and functional outcomes.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine our intermediate oncologic and functional outcomes of robotic partial nephrectomy for clinical T1b tumors. Partial nephrectomy has become the gold standard of treatment for small renal masses. Recently, indications for minimally invasive partial nephrectomy have extended to larger and more complicated renal masses in some centers. Materials and Methods Between July 2008 and September 2013, 241 robotic partial nephrectomies were performed at our institution, including 46 for clinical ≥ T1b tumors. We reviewed the intermediate-term functional and oncologic outcomes of this cohort of patients. Results Of the 46 patients, the median age was 55.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 51-68 years) with a median body mass index of 31.6 (IQR, 27.4-38.9), tumor diameter of 5.0 cm (IQR, 4.1-5.2 cm), and RENAL nephrometry score of 7.1 (range, 5-11). Renal cell carcinoma was confirmed in 35 patients, and 11 patients had benign pathology. There was 1 patient with an established positive margin and 2 patients had a focal positive margin. At a median follow-up of 24.3 months (range, 2.3-61.1 months), the overall, recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival was 97.1%, 97.1%, and 100%, respectively. No patient progressed to dialysis postoperatively and there was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Conclusion Because of the many adverse medical effects of chronic renal insufficiency, the indications for partial nephrectomy are expanding at many institutions. We demonstrated that robotic partial nephrectomy is a safe and efficacious procedure for the treatment of T1b renal tumors with excellent intermediate oncologic and functional outcomes.
Second-order correction to the Bloch-Nordsieck sum rule

As shown many years ago by Bloch and Nordsieck [Phys. Rev. 52, 54 (1937)] and Nordsieck [Phys. Rev. 52, 59 (1937)], the cross section for scattering with the emission of an arbitrary number of soft photons is finite and can be expressed in terms of the cross section for scattering in the absence of the radiation field. The model used by Bloch and Nordsieck included only soft-photon modes of the field, with maximum frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{s}}$. They argued that corrections to their sum rule would be expressed in terms of two small parameters, ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/c and \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/\ensuremath{\nu}, where ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$ is the classical electron radius and \ensuremath{\nu} is the scattering energy. Corrections of first order were obtained previously by the author [Phys. Rev. A 21, 1939 (1980)], in the context of a nonrelativistic formulation of the scattering problem. Here all corrections of second order are derived. As in the earlier versions, the corrected cross section for scattering in the radiation field, summed over final states of the field, is determined from a knowledge of the field-free cross section. Use of the unitarity property (the optical theorem) is found to be a simplifying technical device for this calculation, as indicated by the cancellation of divergences in the scattering amplitude in the forward direction. It is shown that in the dipole approximation the term in the electron-field interaction that is quadratic in the vector potential, while contributing to an energy-level shift, has no effect, to second order, on the final form of the sum rule.
Reasoning with conjunctive knowledge

Abstract We carefully distinguish between variables whose value is the disjunction of a set of elements and those whose values are the conjunction of a set of elements. We extend the theory of approximate reasoning from its initial setting of reasoning with disjunctive variables to include conjunctive type variables.
Vibration isolation of precision equipment

Abstract Isolation of precision equipment from environmental vibrations frequently is critical for assuring their adequate performance. In many cases, vibration isolation is obtained by using expensive and not very reliable active isolation systems. The paper provides a systematic analysis of vibratory environments as well as principles and criteria of vibration isolation. The results of this analysis are applied to determine requirements for vibration isolation of four high-precision pieces of apparatus for electronic production and numerous precision machine tools. It is demonstrated that in most of the cases, the isolation requirements can be satisfied by properly selected passive isolators having high damping. It was found that only in exceptional cases, the active isolation systems are required. Issues of the influence of isolators on the rigidity of isolated objects as well as on their stability (rocking) are addressed.
Scopability and sluicing

This paper analyzes sluicing as anaphora to an anti-constituent (a continuation), that is, to the semantic remnant of a clause from which a subconstituent has been removed. For instance, in Mary said that [John saw someone yesterday], but she didn’t say who, the antecedent clause is John saw someone yesterday, the subconstituent targeted for removal is someone, and the ellipsis site following who is anaphoric to the scope remnant John saw ___ yesterday. I provide a compositional syntax and semantics on which the relationship between the targeted subconstituent and the rest of the antecedent clause is one of scopability, not movement or binding. This correctly predicts that sluicing should be sensitive to scope islands, but not to syntactic islands. Unlike the currently dominant approaches to sluicing, there is no need to posit syntactic structure internal to the ellipsis site, nor is there any need for a semantic mutual-entailment requirement. Nevertheless, the fragment handles phenomena usually taken to suggest a close syntactic correspondence between the antecedent and the sluice, including case matching, voice matching, and verbal argument structure matching. In addition, the analysis handles phenomena exhibiting antecedent/sluice mismatches, including examples such as John remembers meeting someone, but he doesn’t remember who, Open image in new window, and especially so-called sprouting examples such as John left, but I don’t know when, in which there is no overt subconstituent to target for removal. In Sect. 5, I show how the analysis accounts for Andrews Amalgams such as Sally ate [I don’t know what] today, in which the antecedent surrounds the sluiced clause. Finally, in Sect. 6, I propose a new semantic constraint on sluicing: the Answer Ban, which says that the antecedent clause must not resolve, or even partially resolve, the issue raised by the sluiced interrogative.
Combination of hidden Markov models with dynamic time warping for speech recognition

We combine hidden Markov models of various topologies and nearest neighbor classification techniques in an exponential modeling framework with a model selection algorithm to obtain significant error rate reductions on an isolated word digit recognition task. This work is a preliminary investigation of large scale modeling techniques to be applied to large vocabulary continuous speech recognition.