cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral asymmetries in nucleon sum rules at finite density.

Apparent inconsistencies between different formulations of nucleon sum rules at finite density are resolved through a proper accounting of asymmetries in the spectral functions between positive- and negative-energy states.
A Climate of Doubt about Global Warming

According to numerical models of climate, the continued buildup of greenhouse gases will lead to a substantial rise in planetary temperature and many related changes to the climate system. Empiricists have noted that thermometer-based planetary temperatures have increased over the past century, thereby providing support for the theoretical predictions of the models. Many nations have called for action to combat the threat of global warming, and the Kyoto Protocol represents a major first step in the policy arena. However, many of the most fundamental global warming issues remain in a state of considerable debate in the scientific community. For example, in the most recent half decade, the atmospheric concentration of many greenhouse gases has slowed or even stabilized. The numerical models of the climate continue to have serious weaknesses including their representation of cloud processes and the coupling of the atmosphere and ocean. Thermometer records may show warming, but serious concerns remain about the true representativeness of their readings. In addition, increased output of the sun, lack of recent volcanism, and trends in El Nino/Southern Oscillation have certainly contributed to any observed warming. The entire issue is further complicated by the fact that satellite-based and balloon-based measurements of lower atmospheric temperatures show no warming whatsoever over the past few decades. Also, there appears to be no increase in tropical cyclone activity, severe weather events, or variability of climate. Finally, the evidence is overwhelming that the climate impact of a fully implemented Kyoto Protocol will be trivial over the next 50 years.
ADHD Symptomatology and Adjustment to College in China and the United States

This study examined ADHD symptomatology and college adjustment in 420 participants—147 from the United States and 273 from China. It was hypothesized that higher levels of ADHD symptoms in general and the inattentive symptom group in particular would be related to decreased academic and social adjustment, career decision-making self-efficacy, and poorer study skills in both countries. Results generally supported the hypotheses, indicating that the difficulties associated with inattention are cross-cultural and not specific to the United States.
Phase stability in rapidly cooled Ni-Nb alloys under Ni2+ Ion Irradiation

Abstract Alloy compositions of Ni60Nb40 and Ni85Nb15 were produced by rapidly quenching from the melt with the piston-anvil technique. Samples were irradiated with 4 MeV Ni2+ ions at temperatures from 700 to 900 K to dose levels of 2 and 20 displacements per atom. The Ni60Nb40, samples were irradiated in a metastable, partially crystalline state, and the Ni85Nb15 samples in a fully crystalline state. The resulting irradiation-induced microstructures were examined by transmission electron microscopy and compared with thermally aged samples. Under thermal aging conditions, the Ni60Nb40 samples evolved towards the equilibrium two phase microstructure of NiNb and Ni3Nb. Irradiation at 700 and 800 K arrested the thermal evolution and produced an increased crystalline aspect ratio. No irradiation-induced voids were observed. Aging of Ni85Nb15 for up to 1 h at 900 K produced no significant microstructural changes Aging for longer times or at higher temperatures produced a complicated precipitate structure composed of large plate- (or rod-) like Ni3Nb precipitates in a Ni matrix. Samples of Ni85Nb15 irradiated at 700–900 K showed an increase in stacking fault and dislocation densities, breakup of the grains into smaller collections of cells, dissolution and redistribution of the ordered Ni3Nb precipitates and formation of oriented dislocation tangles in the cell walls.
General concepts for use of markers in clinical trials

Abstract Both indirect and direct methods have been widely employed for measuring medication compliance. Indirect methods include therapeutic or preventive outcome, assessment by the physician, interview with the patient, whether or not the prescription was filled, and a count of remaining pills. In many situation,, direct methods may be feasible, including measurement of blood or serum levels or testing urine for excretion of the medication itself, a metabolic by-product, or a marker or tracer that has been added to the medication for detection purposes. For example, detection of penicillin or of salicylates can be used in measuring compliance, while in other circumstances, it may be necessary to add a detectable label to the medication. Ideally, such a marker should be nontoxic and pharmacologically and chemically inert [Porter AM: Br Med J 1:218–222, 1969]. The marker should be unaffected by physical and chemical properties of the urine, such as pH and temperature, quickly and freely excreted, and noncumulative. A simple, sensitive, and specific detection method should be available, and the marker should be such that the patient is unaware that it has been added. In direct measures of compliance, it is necessary to consider pharmacokinetic variations among individuals in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. In addition, temporal aspects of the sampling scheme assume great importance. Finally, the definition of compliance and noncompliance for a given study in relation to the specific question being tested in the investigation, as well as in regard to use of the marker itself, is an important issue for consideration. Since indirect methods are often insufficient for measuring compliance, direct measures of compliance are usually preferable in clinical trials.
Bio-potential neural activation of artificial muscles

Electrical activation of non-biological artificial muscles, such as biocompatible polymeric synthetic artificial muscles, by means of action potential produced by a biological nerve, may become important for people with muscular atrophy or dystrophy or general muscular weakness and deficiency, in the near future. This short article reports on how to stimulate and activate a non-biological muscle such as an ionic polymeric metal composite (IPMC) electro-active artificial muscle with the biological action potential generated by a mammalian nerve such as a mouse sciatic nerve. The investigation further describes the settings to generate optimal movement and force in artificial muscle due to the application of a nerve action potential. The investigation uses the action potential produced by the sciatic nerve of a mouse to generate a voltage, which is subsequently amplified and applied to a sample of an electro-active ionic polymeric artificial muscle to cause it to bend, flex, and deform. The sciatic nerve, in this investigation, is stimulated by a separate signal to cause it to generate an action potential in the range of a few millivolts, which is captured by the platinum electrodes attached to the nerve. These electrodes carry the action potential voltage to an amplifier to amplify it to a few volts and subsequently are input to the ionic polymeric artificial muscle sample to cause it to flex and deform. Different frequencies of stimulation are tried to optimize the motion and force generated by the sciatic nerve action potential in the polymeric artificial muscles.
Multiple asset replacement analysis under variable utilization and stochastic demand

Abstract The economic life of an asset is dependent on a variety of factors, including deterioration and obsolescence. While obsolescence is generally a result of changes external to the asset, such as technological change, deterioration is generally a result of how the asset is utilized over its lifetime. If multiple assets are available to meet demand and the assets must not continually operate at maximum capacity, then a decision-maker may have some control over asset utilization patterns by allocating workload. These utilization patterns directly impact operating costs and salvage values and thus have a strong influence on the optimal replacement time of the assets. In this paper, we examine asset replacement decisions, based on age and cumulative utilization, under variable periodic utilization with multiple, parallel assets under various cost and demand assumptions. We provide an efficient optimal solution procedure through the use of stochastic dynamic programming, illustrate a threshold optimal policy under common cost assumptions and provide a method to easily examine solutions for the two-asset case. Extensions to the n -asset case are also discussed.
Interactions of the enantiomers of 3-O-methyldobutamine with α- and β-adrenoceptors in vitro

The enantiomers of 3-O-methyldobutamine, a metabolite of dobutamine, were evaluated for their α- and β-adrenoceptor mediated effects in vitro in a variety of isolated organs and in radioligand binding studies. Neither enantiomer of 3-O-methyldobutamine possessed α1-adrenoceptor agonist activity in isolated guinea pig aorta. However, both enantiomers of 3-O-methyldobutamine were competitive α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, with the (+)-enantiomer being approximately 10-fold more potent than the (-)-enantiomer as assessed either in guinea pig aorta or by displacement of 3H-prazosin binding from α1-adrenoceptors in rat cerebral cortex. The α1-adrenoceptor blocking activity of (+)-3-O-methyldobutamine was relatively potent and corresponded to a pA2 of 7.33 in guinea pig aorta and a-log Ki of 7.72 in radioligand binding studies. Neither enantiomer of 3-O-methyldobutamine possessed α2-adrenoceptor agonist activity in field-stimulated guinea pig ileum. Although (+)-3-O-methyldobutamine weakly inhibited the twitch response in field-stimulated guinea pig ileum, the response was not blocked by the selective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, and was found to result from weak anticholinergic activity (pA2=5.06). Neither enantiomer of 3-O-methyldobutamine possessed β1-adrenoceptor agonist activity in guinea pig atria, however the (+)-enantiomer was a weak noncompetitive antagonist at β1-adrenoceptors. In contrast, both enantiomers of 3-O-methyldobutamine were weak β2-adrenoceptor agonists in rat uterus, however these weak effects were not highly stereoselective, which was also confirmed in radioligand binding studies. The results of the present study indicate that 3-O-methyldobutamine is a potent and highly selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, with minimal activity at α2-, β1- and β2-adrenoceptors. It is hypothesized that the potent α1-adrenoceptor antagonist activity of 3-O-methyldobutamine, which resides predominantly in the (+)-enantiomer, may play a role in the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine, by contributing, in part, to the decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance observed following administration of dobutamine.
Chemical modification of macrophages enhances their response to human macrophage activation factor

Abstract Human monocyte-derived macrophages pretreated with the esterase inhibitors, antithrombin III and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) showed increased responsiveness to limiting concentrations of macrophage activation factor (MAF) as demonstrated by their enhanced cytotoxicity for tumor cells. Other proteins that are not esterase inhibitors did not enhance the effect of MAF on the macrophages. Enhancement of MAF activity was also obtained when macrophages were preincubated with the cell surface reactant diazotized sulfanilic acid (DSA). When MAF was preincubated with untreated, DSA-treated or STI-treated macrophages prior to testing on fresh macrophages, MAF preincubated with the untreated macrophages lost activity whereas the cytotoxicity induced by MAF preincubated with DSA-treated or STI-treated macrophages showed no decrease. These findings suggest that the enhanced responsiveness to MAF is the result of decreased destruction of MAF by macrophage-associated proteinases. Thus, the response of guinea pig and human macrophages to MAF appears to be regulated by similar mechanisms.
Thermoforming of Knitted Composite Structures: FEM Simulation and Experiments

Specially designed knitted fabric reinforcements are proposed as a control mechanism for improving the thermoforming process for a broad class of thermoplastic composites. Benefits include improving the non-uniform thickness distribution on the final part and reducing undesirable sensitivity to changing thermal conditions. A hierarchical FEM in micro and macro scales is developed for the simulation of thermoforming with knitted fabrics and a practical example of stretch and thickness control is presented. Experimental validation is also given for uniaxial loaded knitted fabrics.
Autocracies and International Cooperation

Scholarly work on the impact of domestic politics on international cooperation has grown significantly over time. Unfortunately, there is a democratic bias to much of this literature as scholars typically focus on the relative advantage of democracies at cooperation. Our paper seeks to shed more light on the cooperation potential of autocracies by distinguishing different types of autocratic regimes. We argue that autocracies that more closely resemble democracies in the institutional characteristics that have been found to be important for cooperation (that is, greater leader accountability, limited policy flexibility, and greater transparency) should be more successful at cooperation and thus more likely to cooperate with one another and with democracies. Specifically, we expect single-party and military regimes to be advantaged at international cooperation compared to personalist systems. We test our theoretical expectations using the 10 Million International Dyadic Events data (1990–2004) and find support for our theoretical argument.
Intra-raphe benzodiazepines enhance rat locomotor activity: interactions with GABA.

Abstract Intracranial dose response relationships for the water-soluble benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam and midazolam, were performed injecting the drugs through cannulae chronically indwelling in the median raphe nucleus of male albino rats. Drugs were administered in doses of 0.0, 0.22, 0.44, 0.88 and 1.75 nmole in 0.5 μl saline. Both midazolam and flurazepam produced hyperactivity which was most prominent within the first 30 minutes post-injection. Flurazepam, furthermore, proved twice as potent as midazolam. Chlordiazepoxide, in contrast, was without effect at any of the doses tested. This observation supports the view that chlordiazepoxide is a pro-drug which must be metabolized to form an active metabolite. In another experiment, animals received either saline or a sub-effective dose (0.22 nmole) of flurazepam or midazolam into the median raphe nucleus 5 minutes prior to either a subeffective dose of muscimol (0.22 nmole) or saline. Only the combinations of a benzodiazepine plus muscimol produced hyperactivity. These combinations, moreover, produced effects as robust as those of a 4-fold higher dose of muscimol alone (0.88 nmole). Other animals received either saline or bicuculline methiodide (0.88 nmole). Bicuculline did not affect activity level, but completely blocked the hyperkinetic effects of muscimol. These data suggest that the hyperactivity effect of intra-raphe muscimol is due to activation of GABA receptors within tthe midbrain raphe, rather than at distant sites. In addition, the data suggest that the intra-raphe administration of certain benzodiazepines produces hyperactivity by facilitating GABA transmission.
Challenges in Teaching Ethics in Medical Schools

Modern medical ethics has effected dramatic changes in medicine. Yet teaching medical ethics still presents many challenges. The main teaching methods used--inpatient ethics consultations, courses, and case conferences--have notable weaknesses. In addition, the attitudes and knowledge gaps of some learners may hamper these methods further. To encourage open discussion of the challenges, we outline our current approach to teaching medical ethics. We teach with the conviction that ethics instruction gives physicians vital knowledge not available from science. Our teaching addresses ethical issues directly relevant to residents and students, emphasizes a few important concepts, and nurtures learners' critical reasoning skills. Our teaching also tries to use scarce faculty time efficiently. However, we believe successful medical ethics teaching requires medical schools to commit significant material and moral support. We hope the discussion here encourages medical ethics teachers everywhere to describe the challenges they face and to collaborate on finding solutions.
The effect of lung volume on nodule size on CT.

Rationale and Objectives We sought to determine how measures of nodule diameter and volume on computed tomography (CT) vary with changes in inspiratory level. Materials and Methods CT scans were performed with inspiration suspended at total lung capacity (TLC) and then at residual volume (RV) in 41 subjects, in whom 75 indeterminate lung nodules were detected. A fully automated contouring program was used to segment the lungs; followed by segmentation of all nodules and the corresponding lobe using semiautomated contouring in both TLC and RV scans. The percent changes in lung and lobar volumes between TLC and RV were correlated with percent changes in nodule diameters and volumes. Results Both nodule diameter and volume varied nonuniformly from TLC to RV—some nodules decreased in size, while others increased. There was a 16.8% mean change in absolute volume across all nodules. Stratified by size, the mean value of the absolute percent volume changes for nodules ≥5 mm and P = .26). Stratified by maximum attenuation, the mean value of the absolute percent volume changes between the TLC and RV series for noncalcified (17.7%, SD = 13.1) and completely calcified nodules (8.6% SD = 5.7) were significantly different ( P Conclusion Significant differences in nodule size were measured between TLC and RV scans. This has important implications for standardizing acquisition protocols in any setting where size and, more important, size change are being used for purposes of lung cancer staging, nodule characterization, or treatment response assessment.
Energy levels in modified quantum statistical potentials

We calculate one-electron energy levels in potentials derived from the solution of the atomic Thomas-Fermi-Dirac equation. A local exchange potential is used. Corrections are made to a previous theory, which joins a TFD density to a quantum mechanical electron density near the nucleus, where the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac density has an incorrect singularity. Use of a potential derived from this theory leads to improvement in inner-shell energies. Changes in the potential, suggested in the literature as being reasonable for valence electrons, do not always give the expected improvement. Nor does naively correcting for self-energy lead to improved one-electron energy levels in general.
IgA-mediated effector function of HL-60 cells following treatment with calcitriol.

Abstract When cells of the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia line are cultured with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (calcitriol) they acquire a more highly differentiated, myelomonocytic phenotype. It was observed that the ability to ingest IgA-coated erythrocytes and to bind soluble dimeric IgA accompanied this maturation. Phagocytosis of IgA-coated erythrocytes was greater than 50% inhibited by 0.8 mg/ml free IgA, and not by IgG or IgM. Similarly, binding of dimeric IgA was not blocked by a 100-fold excess of IgG, IgM or IgE. Both IgA-mediated phagocytosis and IgA binding became apparent after two days of culture with calcitriol and increased with time in culture. The induction of functional IgA receptors was evident with 10 −11 M calcitriol and maximal levels of IgA binding and of numbers of cells capable of IgA mediated phagocytosis were induced by 10 −8 –10 −9 M calcitriol. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 , which binds 100–1000-fold less avidly to the cytoplasmic D 3 receptor than calcitriol, did not induce functional IgA receptors unless concns of 10 −7 M were used. Other compounds which induce differentiation of HL-60 cells, including retinoic acid and DMSO, produced similar results to calcitriol, whereas cells treated with gamma interferon expressed lower levels of IgA binding and did not ingest IgA-coated targets, suggesting that a critical density of IgA receptors must be reached to enable phagocytosis and/or that other cell activational events are required for IgA receptors to mediate killing. This model may provide useful insight into the function and regulation of IgA receptors on cells of the myeloid series.
Nonlinear dynamic behavior of plastics

The dynamic behavior at low frequencies of Penton (chlorinated polyether) which displays nonlinear response is described in terms of a free energy function and a dissipated energy function. The variation of the energy functions with frequency and magnitude of stress is determined experimentally from hysteresis tests. The dynamic properties of the material are expressed in terms of storage and loss modulus functions. In addition the dynamic behavior of the material at low frequencies is predicted from uniaxial static creep properties, using a modified superposition principle.
Schooling and the Agricultural Minimum Wage

The papers of Gallasch, Gardner, and Lianos, among others, suggest that extension of the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1967 to cover hired farm workers increased farm wages and reduced employment. While the magnitudes of these effects are uncertain, the direction of impact seems clear. Studies of minimum wages in the general economy indicate that skills of workers are an important determinant of the impact of minimum wages, finding a disproportionate effect on young and unskilled workers (Welch). Schooling, as a measure of skills, was incorporated in an econometric model of the farm labor market by Gisser. He found that increased schooling had an output effect, attributed to an increase in the productivity of farm labor, but that this effect was outweighed by a migration effect which decreased farm labor supply. Consequently, schooling had a net effect of increasing farm wages and reducing farm employment. This paper considers the role of schooling in modifying the effect of the agricultural minimum wage on farm workers. We attempt to integrate the independent effect of schooling with its effect via interaction with the minimum wage. Following a brief discussion of the theoretical framework used, the data and empirical results are presented. Finally, some policy implications are suggested.
Fluid migration into lined pipelines

Abstract Lining of a pipe with a polymeric liner is a viable trenchless technology for rehabilitating sewer pipelines. Polymeric liners are typically installed within the deteriorated segments of a sewer line, from one access hole to the next, to essentially create a new pipe within the old pipe without the need for excavation and removal. However, some concerns exist regarding the need to grout or seal the joints where the new liner connects with access holes and laterals. The purpose of this study is to provide some insight into the degree of fluid migration into, or from, the system at these connecting points under simulated field conditions. Four groups of three similar vitrified clay pipelines were lined with different types of deformed–reformed or fold-and-form (DR/FF) liners and cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) liners then tested to assess the conditions of the annular space between the liners and the host pipe. Fluid migration was detected around all liners and flow rates in the annular space increased with the head difference between the upstream and downstream ends of the test pipelines. No significant changes were observed in the flow rates within the annular space in the tested pipelines over the eight-week testing period.
913 PREVENTION OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (CY) INDUCED HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS: UPDATE ON THE USE OF ASCORBIC ACID (AA) TO REDUCE URINARY

913 PREVENTION OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE (CY) INDUCED HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS: UPDATE ON THE USE OF ASCORBIC ACID (AA) TO REDUCE URINARY
Density-Dependent Growth of Silver Hakes

Abstract The growth rate of the silver hake Merluccius bilinearis in the northern Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine stock appears to be highly density-dependent after fish reach the size at which they become piscivorous. The correlation between mean weight of age-2 through -5 fish and three estimates of relative stock density (catch per unit effort CPUE from commercial vessels, and virtual population analysis VPA of biomass and abundance) for the period 1962–1979 was analyzed by regression and Spearman rank correlation analyses. Mean weight at age was significantly and inversely correlated with estimates of stock density for all ages, although correlation coefficients were markedly lower for age-2 fish than for older age-groups. The lower correlation for age-2 fish may be due to reduced feeding competition with the adult stock, because silver hakes feed almost entirely upon invertebrates until becoming piscivorous after reaching 20–30-cm fork lengths between ages 1 and 2. Mean weight of age-2 fish was not correl...
Crystallins and their synthesis in human lens epithelial cells in tissue culture

Abstract Explants of epithelial cells from young human lenses of 5–12 months of age, obtained from patients who underwent surgery for retinopathy of prematurity, were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. Without exception, every piece of the anterior capsule explant showed cell outgrowth within 48–72 h and resulted in confluent monolayer culture within 2 weeks. From these monolayer cultures, two to three passages of subcultures were obtained by routinely seeding cells in a ratio of 1: 4. The doubling times for these human lens epithelium (HLE) cultures during the first 4 weeks of two passages were found to be 24–36 h. In a majority of cultures through the first three passages, more than 12 population doublings were attained. However, no lentoid bodies were formed during this period. These cells were studied for the presence of crystallins and their synthesis. Using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the presence of alpha- and beta-crystallins was demonstrated in HLE cells through three passages. The amount of alpha-crystallin in the first two passages amounted to nearly 13% of the total protein, but decreased significantly in the third passage. The presence of crystallins was corroborated by antibody reaction to the specific crystallins. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed the presence of actin and vimentin in these cell cultures. The synthesis of crystallins in HLE cultures was shown by the incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine which was time dependent. The crystallin synthesis was found to decrease in third passage when the cell growth slowed down without consistent formation of confluent monolayer. These studies have demonstrated that primary cultures of HLE cells can be successfully grown from young lenses through several passages which continue to express the characteristic crystallins of the epithelial cells.
Increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in spinal cord after traumatic injury

Opiate antagonists, at high doses, have been shown to improve physiological variables and outcome after experimental spinal injury. Dynorphin appears to be unique amongst opioids in producing hindlimb paralysis after intrathecal injection. Taken together, these findings suggest a possible pathophysiological role for endogenous opioids, particularly dynorphin, in spinal injury. In the present studies we examined the relationship between changes in dynorphin immunoreactivity (Dyn-ir) in rat spinal cord after traumatic injury and the subsequent motor dysfunction. Trauma was associated with significantly increased Dyn-ir at the injury site, but not distant from the lesion. Dyn-ir was found elevated as early as 2 h and as late as 2 weeks after trauma, and was significantly correlated with the degree of injury. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that dynorphin systems may be involved in the secondary injury that follows spinal trauma.
The effects of Polya’s heuristic and diary writing on children’s problem solving

This paper presents the results of a study that aimed at increasing students’ problem-solving skills. Polya’s (1985) heuristic for problem solving was used and students were required to articulate their thought processes through the use of a structured diary. The diary prompted students to answer questions designed to engage them in the phases of Polya’s (1985) heuristic. While it appeared as though most students did not internalise the diary questions, further analysis of students’ responses indicated that most students showed improvement in their solution strategies. These results indicate that having students write about their thinking may be beneficial for developing their problem-solving skills.
Hybrid Ia antigens: genetic, serologic, and biochemical analyses.

Ia specificities 22 and 23 were found to be determinants on hybrid Ia molecules, formed by the noncovalent binding of a 26,000--28,000 dalton beta polypeptide chain (Ae) coded by the I-A subregion and a 32,000--35,000 dalton alpha chain (E alpha) coded by the I-E subregion. For expression of Ia.23 the Ae chain, coded by the I-A subregion, must be derived from the H-2d haplotype, while Ab, As, or Ak can provide the complementing beta chain for the expression of Ia.22. For expression of Ia.22 and Ia.23, most Ia.7 positive strains can provide the complementing alpha chain (E alpha), with the one exception of B10.PL (Eu), which is Ia.7 positive but will not complement with Ad to express Ia.23. Antisera were also produced against hybrid Ia antigens by immunizing with F1 cells expressing Ia.22 or Ia.23 generated by generated by trans-complementation. These antisera detect the same specificities as conventional anti-Ia.22 and anti-Ia.23 sera produced against cis-complementing Ia antigens. It is postulated that hybrid Ia determinants are involved in recognition and generation of immune response to antigens under dual Ir gene control. It is also suggested that there are 2 types of Ia specificities: 1) allotypic Ia specificities expressed on the alpha or beta chains (for example, Ia.7 on the E alpha chain) and 2) hybrid Ia specificities, which are unique interaction determinants formed by the association of alpha and beta chains (for example, Ia.22 and Ia.23). These interaction gene products may be involved in antigen recognition and presentation.
Non-ionic PAG behavior under high energy exposure sources

A series of non-ionic PAGs were synthesized and their acid generation efficiency measured under deep ultraviolet and electron beam exposures. The acid generation efficiency was determined with an on-wafer method that uses spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the absorbance of an acid sensitive dye (Coumarin 6). Under DUV exposures, common ionic onium salt PAGs showed excellent photoacid generation efficiency, superior to most non-ionic PAGS tested in this work. In contrast, under 100 keV high energy e-beam exposures, almost all of the non-ionic PAGs showed significantly better acid generation performance than the ionic onium salt PAGs tested. In particular, one non-ionic PAG showed almost an order of magnitude improvement in the Dill C acid generation rate constant as compared to a triarylsulfonium PAG. The high energy acid generation efficiency was found to correlate well with the electron affinity of the PAGs, suggesting that improvements in PAG design can be predicted. Non-ionic PAGs merit further investigation as a means for producing higher sensitivity resists under high energy exposure sources.
Appointing or Electing the Boston School Committee: The Preferences of the African American Community.

In 1996, voters in Boston overwhelmingly supported maintaining an appointed school board. In the Black community, however, a majority supported a return to an elected board, which had been in place until 1992. This article focuses on why Blacks and Whites differed over the structure of the school board. Although the appointed board voted more favorably on issues of specific concern to the African American community, Blacks were disturbed by the loss of four elected positions, a loss that accompanied the disbanding of the elected board. Moreover, they were opposed to the appointed board’s firing of the Black superintendent. Another factor leading to Black voters’ rejection of the appointed board was the high level of mobilization in the Black community in favor of an elected board. This article examines how these various factors led to a racially polarized vote on the structure of the school board.
Comparison of finite-difference transport and diffusion calculations for photon migration in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissues

We analyse the limits of the diffusion approximation to the time-independent equation of radiative transfer for homogeneous and heterogeneous biological media. Analytical calculations and finite-difference simulations based on diffusion theory are compared with discrete-ordinate, finite-difference transport calculations. The influence of the ratio of absorption and transport scattering coefficient (mu(a)/mu'(s)) on the accuracy of the diffusion approximation are quantified and different definitions for the diffusion coefficient, D, are discussed. We also address effects caused by void-like heterogeneities in which absorption and scattering are very small compared with the surrounding medium. Based on results for simple homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, we analyse diffusion and transport calculation of light propagation in the human brain. For these simulations we convert density maps obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to optical-parameter maps (mu(a) and mu'(s)) of the brain. We show that diffusion theory fails to describe accurately light propagation in highly absorbing regions, such as haematoma, and void-like spaces, such as the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.
Increasing the solar cell power output by coating with transition metal-oxide nanorods

Photovoltaic cells produce electric current through interactions among photons from an ambient light source and electrons in the semiconductor layer of the cell. However, much of the light incident on the panel is reflected or absorbed without inducing the photovoltaic effect. Transition metal-oxide nanoparticles, an inexpensive product of a process called flame synthesis, can cause scattering of light. Scattering can redirect photon flux, increasing the fraction of light absorbed in the thin active layer of silicon solar cells. This research aims to demonstrate that the application of transition metal-oxide nanorods to the surface of silicon solar panels can enhance the power output of the panels. Several solar panels were coated with a nanoparticle-methanol suspension, and the power outputs of the panels before and after the treatment were compared. The results demonstrate an increase in power output of up to 5% after the treatment. The presence of metal-oxide nanorods on the surface of the coated solar cells is confirmed by electron microscopy.
Enhancement in Lipid Bilayer Partitioning of Lysolipids and Fatty Acids Induced by their Composition

Distribution of the solutes: lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (LPPC), Palmitic acid (PA) and their 1:1 mixtures between water and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer were determined using a fluorescence probe that selectively detects these solutes in water. Membrane phase as well as solute concentration itself affects partitioning. Water solute concentrations were obtained at each of several bilayer lipid concentrations between 10 and 400 μM, from slopes of the linear variation of probe fluorescence properties with total solute concentrations of up to 10 % of the solvent lipid concentration. Dynamic Light Scattering experiments confirmed that the lipid/solute aggregates were vesicles in this range. Lipid concentration dependence of the solute component in water was fit to a thermodynamic model of solute distribution between two coexisting solvents. Water/bilayer partition coefficient and the solute transfer free energy were determined from the fit. Main findings are: (1) Water to bilayer transfer free energy of solute is lower for 0 to 2 % solute mole fraction than for 2 to 10 %, signaling composition induced bilayer relaxation that increases bilayer solubility, beginning at 2 % solute mole fraction. (2) Partition coefficients are in the order LPPC>PA> LPPC+PA at 37 °C. The enhanced partition coefficient of LPPC+PA signifies synergism toward increased solubility in the bilayer-gel phase. Enhancement effects were not present, where the DPPC bilayer is in the liquid phase, The observed order in the partition coefficients, at 50 °C, was LPPC≈LPPC+PA>PA. The behavior of the partition coefficients in the gel and liquid phase is similar in character to the observed presence of synergism in the transmembrane permeabilityin the bilayer gel phase and lack of it in the liquid phase. The present results provide experimental evidence that increased presence of solutes in the membrane also enhance transmembrane permeability.
De-Judaizing a Class, Hellenizing a City: Jewish Merchants and the Future of Salonica in Greek Public Discourse, 1913–1914

Current historiography approaches the passage of Salonican Jewry from the Ottoman Empire to the Greek nation-state from a macroscopic perspective. Concentrating on state-minority relations, it focuses exclusively on external forces, treating Salonican Jews as a homogenized community and ignoring the role of the city’s non-Jews. To reassess the importance of the local dynamic, this article examines processes within Salonica itself. Through a close reading of a debate over the city’s commercial future, it considers the shifts in Greco-Jewish relations and the swift reversal of ethnic hierarchies within the city’s entrepreneurial elite that took place at a time when Greek government circles still included the Jews in their vision of a commercially prosperous Greek Salonica. In 1913–14, the Salonican Chamber of Commerce’s proposal to establish a free port generated a heated discussion that transcended the boundaries of professional deliberations and entered the local public sphere. The Greek New Club, an organization whose members were drawn from Salonica’s still small and economically weak Greek entrepreneurial class, became heavily involved in the debate, broadening the field of entrepreneurial politics, marginalizing the existing multiethnic Ottoman commercial institutions, and ultimately elevating itself as the rightful representative of a class and a city’s broader interests. At the same time, the Greek press identified the proposal’s advocates as Jewish businessmen and discursively constructed them as un-Greek. Before the aggressive policies of a nationalizing state led to the complete marginalization of Salonica’s Jews during the interwar period, this historically particular local interplay of class and ethnicity was instrumental in laying the groundwork for the de-Judaization of the city.
Herbaceous Layer and Soil Response to Experimental Acidification in a Central Appalachian Hardwood Forest

The herbaceous layer is an important component of forest ecosystems and a potentially sensitive vegetation stratum in response to acid deposition. This study tested several hypotheses concerning soil and herbaceous layer response to experimental acidification at the Fernow Experimental Forest in north-central West Virginia. Fifteen circular sample plots (0.04 ha) were established in each of three watersheds: WS3 (an {approx} 20-yr-old watershed receiving acidification treatment with (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}SO{sub 4}), WS4 (>80-yr-old control), and WS7 ({approx} 20-yr-old control). The herb layer was sampled intensively in 10 1-m{sup 2} subplots within each sample plot, including determination of species composition, cover, and random biomass harvests. Few differences among watersheds for virtually all measured soil variables indicated minimal response of soil fertility to the acidification treatment. The herbaceous layer was also quite similar among watersheds with respect to cover-biomass and species diversity; WS7, however, had {approx} 70% higher herb layer cover that both Ws3 and WS4, a result of the predominance of a few high-cover fern species and attributable to the north-facing aspect of WS7 vs. south-facing aspects of WS3/WS4. There was a high degree of species similarity among watersheds, suggesting no shift in species composition in response to acidification. There was alsomore » minimal response of element concentrations to acidification, although Fe and Al exhibited evidence of increased uptake in WS3. We conclude that, contrary to our expectations, there has been little substantive response of the soil and herb layer to acidification, but hypothesize that herbaceous layer species may experience toxicity problems with increased mobility of Al and micronutrients in the future. 47 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.« less
Peroxisome Structure, Function, and Biogenesis—Human Patients and Yeast Mutants Show Strikingly Similar Defects in Peroxisome Biogenesis

Peroxisomes are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Two major functions of the organelle are in lipid metabolism: peroxisomes catalyze the initial steps in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens, which are phospholipids that are present in large amounts in myelin. Peroxisomes also catalyze the beta-oxidation of fatty acids; this pathway is essential for the catabolism of a variety of substrates that are not oxidized by mitochondria. A third important function is in cellular respiration, involving the metabolism of H2O2, for which the peroxisome is named. Peroxisomes increase in size by the post-translational import of newly synthesized proteins from the cytosol; these pre-existing peroxisomes divide to form new peroxisomes. Proteins are targeted to peroxisomes by three different types of topogenic sequences, and it is hypothesized that a receptor exists for each type. The newly made proteins are translocated through the peroxisomal membrane into the interior by a machinery that is energized by ATP hydrolysis. Human patients and yeast mutants have remarkably similar defects in peroxisome biogenesis. Some such mutants are defective in the import of a subset of peroxisomal proteins that share a topogenic sequence type; other mutants fail to import all newly made proteins into peroxisomes, regardless of the type of targeting sequence they possess. These mutants might be defective in receptors and in translocation machinery components, respectively. Cloned genes that are essential for peroxisome biogenesis encode diverse proteins: some likely receptors, some transmembrane proteins possibly involved in translocation, and others hydrophilic proteins that may play other roles in peroxisome assembly.
Eimeria tenella: infection with a single sporocyst gives a clonal population

Two genetically defined parents of Eimeria tenella, each characterized by a selectable phenotype, were mated to provide ‘recombinant’ oocysts for an analysis of the inheritance of DNA markers into the sporocyst stage of the life-cycle. A total of 23 populations was established from infection with a putative single sporocyst and their inheritance of DNA markers provided compelling evidence that the 2 sporozoites within each sporocyst are genetically identical. Each of the 5 polymorphic DNA markers used segregated independently within the ‘recombinant’ parasites and only 1 of the parental forms was inherited in 22 of the populations aimed to have been established from a single sporocyst.
Early central nervous system lesions in experimental hypercholesterolemia in normal and subdiabetic rabbits.

Biochemical and morphologic studies were carried out on the early effect of hypercholesterolemia on the central nervous system in both metabolically normal and subdiabetic rabbits. Major biochemical difference was the elevation of non-esterified cholesterol in the subdiabetic animals. Histologically, Alzheimer type II astrocytosis was noted in the basal ganglia of the subdiabetic rabbits during the 4th week. The astrocytosis extended into the entire protion of the cerebrum and cerebellum during 2 to 4 months. In the metabolically normal rabbits on the cholesterol diet, on the other hand, similar astrocytic changes were noted after 2 months. Despite the fact that cholesterol crystals had frequently been noted in the capillary walls of the viscera after the 2nd week, similar changes were not observed in the blood vessels of the brains of both the subdiabetic and the metabolically normal rabbits during the 4 months of cholesterol feeding. These observations suggest that cholesterol deposits in the vascular walls are determined by the different rates of lipid metabolism in each individual organ.
The Spatial Concentration of Affluence and Poverty during the 1970s

In this article, the authors use a special data set compiled for 60 U.S. metropolitan areas to examine 1970-1980 trends in the distribution of family income and shifts in the degree of segregation between income groups. They document how these changes contributed to increases in the spatial concentration of affluence and poverty during the 1970s and estimate simple descriptive models that connect these outcomes to broader socioeconomic trends in U.S. urban areas.
Airway Complications from Free-Basing Cocaine

The majority of the deaths due to fires result from smoke inhalation, hypoxia, and systemic toxicity. Lower airway injury from chemical byproducts carried in the smoke is less frequent and thermal injury to the lower airways is a rare occurrence. We report a case of severe thermal injury to the conducting airways due to either inhalational injury or to intratracheal ignition of the ether vehicle used in free-basing cocaine resulting in severe reactive airways disease and tracheal stenosis requiring reconstructive surgery. (Chest 1989; 95:476-77)
High Speed Strength Testing of Optical Fiber

Optical fiber models for mechanical reliability require that the initial strength and crack growth parameters be measured. High speed testing allows one to investigate and model common high-speed processing events during fiber processing such as proof testing, coloring and cabling. In this study stressing rates ranging from 7×10−6 GPa/s to 1.5 TPa/s were accomplished using a universal testing machine, belt slide and pneumatic piston. When plotted in typical dynamic fatigue fashion the data shows curvature at the faster stressing rates. The presence of region II type crack growth is suggested as a possible explanation for this curvature. A multi-region crack growth model is used to extract crack growth parameters that are used to make comparisons with crack velocity results on bulk glass.