cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching evaluations and comments of pre-service music teachers regarding expert and novice choral conductors

The purpose of the present study was to determine if pre-service music educators could discriminate between novice and expert choral directors irrespective of the proficiency of the choral ensemble. A secondary purpose was to compare study results elicited in the USA with those from participants in Europe, South America and Asia. Previous research has indicated that teaching proficiency can be evaluated by people who are not speakers of the language of the lesson, but these evaluations have always occurred with participants in a natural environment, i.e., good teachers teaching students who perform well and deficient teachers in front of students who are struggling. This study was conducted to see if good teaching could still be identified, irrespective of student proficiency. Participants viewed videotapes of four different choral conductors from the USA. Two conductors were proficient and experienced, and two were novices. Participants viewed these conductors in the following counterbalanced settings: (...
Fluorescently-Labeled Estradiol Internalization and Membrane Trafficking in Live N-38 Neuronal Cells Visualized with Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy.

Estradiol is a steroid hormone that binds and activates estradiol receptors. Activation of these receptors is known to modulate neuronal physiology and provide neuroprotection, but it is not completely understood how estradiol mediates these actions on the nervous system. Activation of a sub-population of estradiol receptor-α (ERα), originally identified as a nuclear protein, localizes to the plasma membrane and appears to be a critical step in neuroprotection against brain injury and disease. Previously we showed that estradiol stimulates the rapid and transient trafficking of plasma membrane ERα in primary hypothalamic neurons, and internalization of membraneimpermeant estradiol (E6BSA-FITC) into cortical neuron endosomes in vitro. These findings support the concept that estradiol activates and down-regulates plasma membrane ERα by triggering endocytosis. Here, we use TIRFM (total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy) to image the trafficking of E6BSA-FITC, and GFP-labeled ERα, in live cells in real time. We show that activation of plasma membrane ERs by E6BSA-FITC result in internalization of the fluorescent ligand in live N-38 neurons, an immortalized hypothalamic cell line. Pretreatment with ER antagonist ICI 182,780 decreased the number of E6BSA-FITC labeled puncta observed. We also observed in live N-38 neurons that E6BSA-FITC co-localized with FM4-64 and LysoTracker fluorescent dyes that label endosomes and lysosomes. Our results provide further evidence that plasma membrane ERα activation results in endocytosis of the receptor.
Heat shock protein 70 gene expression in intact salamanders (Eurycea bislineata) in response to calibrated heat shocks and to high temperatures encountered in the field

Synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsps) is a universal response of cells to heat shock. Recent evidence suggests that hsps are involved in the repair of damage caused by heat or other protein-denaturing insults. We have determined kinetics of induction for the 70 kD heat shock protein (hsp 70) and hsp 70 mRNA in adult salamanders, Eyrycea bislineata. We demonstrate that the extent of expression of the hsp protein and mRNA is proportional to the heat dose but differs with respect to tissue. Hsp 70 synthesis was shown to be controlled primarily at the level of mRNA transcription. Hsp 70 mRNA accumulation is prolonged in the adult animal when compared to cultured cells from other vertebrate ectotherms given similar heat shocks. Additionally, we show that the hottest of four animals captured in the field on a hot summer day had synthesized hsp 70 mRNA in its tissues. These findings are discussed relative to the thermal biology of vertebrate ectotherms.
Electroweak breaking and the mu problem in supergravity models with an additional U(1)

We consider electroweak symmetry breaking in supersymmetric models with an extra nonanomalous U(1){sup {prime}} gauge symmetry and an extra standard-model singlet scalar S. For appropriate charges the U(1){sup {prime}} forbids an elementary {mu} term, but an effective {mu} is generated by the VEV of S, leading to a natural solution to the {mu} problem. There are a variety of scenarios leading to acceptably small Z-Z{sup {prime}} mixing and other phenomenological consequences, all of which involve some but not excessive fine-tuning. One class, driven by a large trilinear soft supersymmetry-breaking term, implies small mixing, a light Z{sup {prime}} (e.g., 200 GeV), and an electroweak phase transition that may be first order at the tree level. In another class, with m{sub S}{sup 2}{lt}0 (radiative breaking), the typical scale of dimensional parameters, including M{sub Z{sup {prime}}} and the effective {mu}, is {approximately}1TeV, but the electroweak scale is smaller due to cancellations. We relate the soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters at the electroweak scale to those at the string scale, choosing Yukawa couplings as determined within a class of string models. We find that one does not obtain either scenario for universal soft supersymmetry-breaking mass parameters at the string scale and no exotic multiplets contributing tomore » the renormalization group equations. However, either scenario is possible when the assumption of universal soft breaking is relaxed. Radiative breaking can also be generated by exotics, which are expected in most string models. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Topical spermine and putrescine stimulated DNA synthesis in the hairless mouse epidermis.

SUMMARY Polyamines were applied topically to the skin of the hairless mouse. Putrescine stimulated the incorporation of thymidine after a 24-h application period. The effect of polyamines upon skin pretreated with a potent topical steroid was also examined; in this model thymidine incorporation was stimulated by both spermine and putrescine. Pretreatment was performed in order to reduce endogenous polyamine biosynthesis and increase the sensitivity of the epidermis to exogenous polyamines. Depletion of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, by topical steroids was confirmed in the hairless mouse following induction of the enzyme by UV-B. The results are consistent with those of in vitro studies suggesting a role for polyamines in the control of DNA synthesis; the effect of corticosteroids upon proliferative skin disorders may be mediated through this mechanism.
Acoustic neuroma: potential risk factors and audiometric surveillance in the aluminium industry

Objectives To look for an association between acoustic neuroma (AN) and participation in a hearing conservation programme (HCP) and also for an association between AN and possible occupational risk factors in the aluminium industry. Methods We conducted a case–control analysis of a population of US aluminium production workers in 8 smelters and 43 other plants. Using insurance claims data, 97 cases of AN were identified between 1996 and 2009. Each was matched with four controls. Covariates included participation in a HCP, working in an aluminium smelter, working in an electrical job and hearing loss. Results In the bivariate analyses, covariates associated with AN were participation in the HCP (OR=1.72; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.69) and smelter work (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.36). Electrical work was not significant (OR=1.60; 95% CI 0.65 to 3.94). Owing to high participation in the HCP in smelters, multivariate subanalyses were required. In the multivariate analyses, participation in the HCP was the only statistically significant risk factor for AN. In the multivariate analysis restricted to employees not working in a smelter, the OR was 1.81 (95% CI 1.04 to 3.17). Hearing loss, an indirect measure of in-ear noise dose, was not predictive of AN. Conclusions Our results suggest the incidental detection of previously undiagnosed tumours in workers who participated in the company-sponsored HCP. The increased medical surveillance among this population of workers most likely introduced detection bias, leading to the identification of AN cases that would have otherwise remained undetected.
Update on clinical trials for the prevention of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Abstract Background Effective therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery remain elusive despite the tremendous advances in surgical techniques, technology, and understanding of disease processes. Recent developments and their effect on the incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery are discussed. Data Sources Published clinical trials in PubMed, strength of evidence assessed by the guidelines of the American Family Physicians. Conclusions The definition of AKI has changed, and the focus of interventions has shifted from treatment to prevention to recovery from AKI. Antioxidants and biological agents have been added to classic armaments of hydration and diuretics in addition to tighter metabolic control to prevent AKI. Although the treatment options remain unsatisfactory, a lot of progress nevertheless continues to be made in the prevention and treatment of AKI.
BIST-PLA: A Built-In Self-Test Design of Large Programmable Logic Arrays

A new method for designing a Built-In Self-Test Programmable Logic Array (BIST-PLA) is presented. In the proposed design, the Test Pattern Generator and the Response Evaluator circuits are very simple. The design requires a rearrangement of the AND (OR) planes on the basis of number of crosspoints in the product (output) lines in the PLA. The BIST-PLA proposed in this paper is capable of detecting all single stuck-at and crosspoint faults and almost all multiple faults, thus offering fault coverage higher than any of the known BIST designs of PLAs. A program has been written which generates a BIST-PLA. The program was used to study 22 large PLAs from the list of 56 PLAs given in [18]. It was found that the silicon area overhead for almost all these PLAs was lower than those using methods reported in literature [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]. Furthermore, the delay performance degradation was found to be within acceptable limits. The program was developed in the unix environment (4.3beta BSD UNIX) and is integratable with the existing design automation tools.
Multimode transceiver for high-density interconnects: Measurement and validation

The demand for high-density links is increasing as the trend towards more cost-effective and high-throughput systems continues. Whereas the conventional single-ended and differential signaling schemes need a guaranteed interpair spacing which imposes certain bounds on maximum achievable signaling density, multimode signaling can be utilized to further increase it. In this paper, first, the exacerbated crosstalk caused by highly-coupled lines is illustrated to demonstrate the motivation for multimode signaling. A multimode signaling transceiver is then designed to prove the concept of multimode signaling. The measurement results of the decoded receiver output demonstrate that this scheme is able to reduce the effective crosstalk in a multi-wire link.
Exploitative male mating strategies: Personality, mating orientation, and relationship status

Previous research suggests men are sexually attracted to women displaying cues to sexual exploitability. During human evolutionary history, men’s agreeableness, orientation towards casual sex, and relationship status may have been recurrently associated with greater net benefits of pursuing a sexually exploitative strategy. We hypothesized these three individual differences would predict men’s perceptions of women’s sexual exploitability. Seventy-two men viewed photographs of women and rated their sexual exploitability. Men’s agreeableness, sociosexual orientation, and current relationship status interacted to predict their perceptions of women’s sexual exploitability; among unmated men, the combination of low agreeableness and an orientation toward uncommitted sex was associated with higher perceptions of women’s sexual exploitability. This suggests mechanisms motivating sexually exploitative strategies may depend on an interaction between personality characteristics and situational variables.
Female perpetrated dyadic psychological aggression predicts relapse in a treatment sample of men with substance use disorders

This study examined whether female-to-male (FTM) psychological aggression predicted men’s relapse of substance use disorder (SUD) 6 months following substance use treatment. Men diagnosed with either a substance abuse or dependence disorder who had recently begun an SUD treatment program participated in the study with their female relationship partners (N = 173). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between baseline FTM psychological aggression and SUD relapse when controlling for baseline demographic, dyadic, substance abuse- and treatment-related variables, as well as frequencies of other male- and female-perpetrated aggressive dyadic behaviors. Higher frequencies of severe, but not minor, forms of FTM psychological aggression uniquely predicted an increased risk of relapse at 6 months follow-up. These data add to the developing research program highlighting the negative sequelae of female-perpetrated psychological aggression and also provide an empirical basis for targeting specific dyadic behaviors in the context of SUD treatment and relapse prevention.
Preschool Teachers' Views of Active Play.

This study surveyed 98 teachers of 4-year-olds about dramatic play in their classrooms and about their attitudes and practices about rough-and-tumble play. Gender differences emerged in the nature of dramatic play reported and in the ways in which teachers interacted with children engaged in different forms of dramatic play. Teachers also reported their coursework in early childhood education as the greatest influence on their beliefs and attitudes about rough-and-tumble play. The findings have implications for curriculum planning, school behavior policies, and teacher education programs.
A Time-Dependent Transport-Kinetics Model for Additive Interactions in Copper Interconnect Metallization

Electrodeposition of copper in the presence of additives mixture that is typically used in bottom-up fill of sub-micrometer vias and trenches on semiconductor wafers is analyzed. The time-dependent additives interactions, accounting for their transport and adsorption kinetics, are incorporated in a via-fill model. Transient polarization measurements provide the adsorption time constants for polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bis(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS). Experiments indicate that the fast PEG adsorption on the electrode is diffusion controlled, while the slow SPS adsorption is controlled by the adsorption kinetics. The results are applied to a transport-kinetics model that provides the additives distribution inside a via. It is noted that the PEG diffusion to the via bottom is extremely slow due to the PEG adsorption on the sidewalls. The role of SPS in the bottom-up fill is characterized by simulating the transport within the via through analogous transport to a flat rotating disk electrode. It is observed that SPS is essential for maintaining fast deposition at the via bottom by preventing PEG adsorption. The critical necessity for a three-additive system comprised of chloride ions, PEG, and SPS is explained, and process parameters essential for bottom-up fill are identified.
Effectiveness of the Career Path Binder Project for High School Students with Asperger Syndrome

Abstract The Career Path Binder Project process, outlined in Hurlbutt and Handler (2010), is a three-step process that integrates visual imagery with web-based research of potential careers for students on the autism spectrum. Students can come to a comprehensive understanding of a career, including its social, affective, and sensory demands. In this small study of the effectiveness of the Career Path Binder Project, 12 professionals employed the strategy with students with Asperger syndrome (AS), then reported on its use and perceived student benefit. Results indicated evidence of the effectiveness of the Career Path Binder Project as a strategy for transition planning, student participation in the individual education plan (IEP) process, and the development of self-advocacy and self-determination skills for high school students with AS.
Hyperbolic attractors of diffeomorphisms of orientable surfaces. Part 3. Classification algorithm

In this third part an algorithm is described that enables us to decide, in finitely many steps, whether two attractors of a given class are topologically conjugate or not, provided that at least one code of each is known.
Plant Protection in Latin America

Abstract The main phytosanitary problems affecting crop production in Latin America are reviewed. The use of pesticides, their availability and sources of supply in the region, demand, and major problems derived from their application are analysed. Excessive and/or indiscriminate use of insecticides is causing great concern in the region, and government agencies, universities and grower associations are developing new control strategies aimed at reducing the use of pesticides. Information is also presented on pesticide contamination of the environment, development of resistance in arthropod and non-arthropod pests and other secondary unwanted effects of chemical application. Alternative control methods, namely biological and integrated pest control, are discussed in the light of research and field programmes conducted. The major introduced pests and diseases which are spreading in the region are listed. It is concluded that Mediterranean fruitfly and coffee rust disease are the major pest problems of quar...
Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement

Mandatory uniform policies have been the focus of recent discourse on public school reform. Proponents of such reform measures emphasize the benefits of student uniforms on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. Tenth-grade data from The National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 was used to test empirically the claims made by uniform advocates. The findings indicate that student uniforms have no direct effect on substance use, behavioral problems, or attendance. Contrary to current discourse, the authors found a negative effect of uniforms on student academic achievement. Uniform policies may indirectly affect school environment and student outcomes by providing a visible and public symbol of commitment to school improvement and reform.
Preferred States, Predictability, Classicality and the Environment-Induced Decoherence

Selection of the preferred classical set of states in the process of decoherence is discussed with an emphasis on the role of correlations, information loss and entropy. Persistence of correlations between the observables of two systems (for instance, a record and a state of a system evolved from the initial conditions described by that record) in the presence of the environment is used to define classical behavior. From the viewpoint of an observer (or any system capable of maintaining records and utilising information) predictability is a measure of such persistence
Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature

Research on exposure to television and movie violence suggests that playing violent video games will increase aggressive behavior. A meta-analytic review of the video-game research literature reveals that violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children and young adults. Experimental and nonexperimental studies with males and females in laboratory and field settings support this conclusion. Analyses also reveal that exposure to violent video games increases physiological arousal and aggression-related thoughts and feelings. Playing violent video games also decreases prosocial behavior.
Modified Cardiac Transplantation

Cardiac transplantation has emerged as the therapeutic procedure of choice for patients with end-stage heart disease. Tremendous advancements in the fields of immunosuppression, rejection, and infection have transformed what was considered an experimental intervention a decade ago into a routine treatment readily available worldwide. The surgical technique for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHTx) initially described by Lower and Shumway has remained the gold standard for the past 30 years.’ Developed to reduce allograft ischemic time, generous cuffs of recipient right and left atrial tissue are left to facilitate implantation. Although relatively quick and simple, the resulting atrial anatomy is distorted and may predispose to unfavorable electrophysiological and hemodynamic abnormalities. Two alternative techniques for OHTx that better preserve the geometric integrity of the atrial chambers are gaining popularity. (1) Total heart transplantation involves complete excision of the recipient heart with caval end-to-end anastomoses and bilateral pulmonary venous a n a s t o m ~ s e s . ~ * ~ (2) The bicaval technique is performed in a similar fashion except the recipient left atrium is prepared as a single cuff incorporating all four pulmonary venous orifice^.^-^ Although these procedures are more technically demanding, proponents of the “more anatomical’’ variations in surgical technique report a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative sinoatrial conduction disturbances,7 supraventricular dysrhythmias,8 atrioventricular valvular incompetence,’ and right-sided heart dysfunction. lo
An appraisal of athlete development models through citation network analysis

Abstract Background and purpose A number of models have been proposed to help explain how athletes develop in sport. However, minimal research has attempted to examine the prominence and interconnectivity of the athlete development models in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to synthesize and evaluate the interconnectedness of the English-language literature that serve as the foundation for athlete developmental models in sport using a novel research synthesis approach to sport psychology –citation network analysis. Unlike other research synthesis techniques, citation network analysis reveals the cognitive structure and interconnectedness of a field of study [Moore, S., Shiell, P., Hawe, P., & Haines, V.A. (2005). The privileging of communicatarian ideas: citation practices and the translation of social capital into public health research. American Journal of Public Health, 95 , 1330–1337.]. Methods Based upon seven criteria, seven articles representing models of athlete development in sport were selected as the base of the article population. All peer-reviewed, English journal articles that cite at least one of these seven model articles were compiled, resulting in a total population of 75 articles. From this article population a network of inter-citations was created. Results and conclusions Analysis of the total network revealed the presence of two separate factions working in relative isolation from one another. Articles in the first faction were centered around the Stambulova [(1994). Developmental sports career investigations in Russia: a post-perestroika analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 8 , 221–237.] and Wylleman, Alfermann, and Lavallee [(2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5 , 7–20.] model articles while the second faction contained five other model articles [Abbott, A., & Collins, D. (2004). Eliminating the dichotomy between theory and practice in talent identification and development: considering the role of psychology. Journal of Sport Sciences, 22 , 395–408; Bailey, R., & Morley, D. (2006). Towards a model of talent development in physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 11, 211–230; Cote, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 395-417; Durand-Bush, N. & Salmela, J. H. (2002). The development and maintenance of expert athletic performance: perceptions of world and olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 154–171; Morgan, T. & Giacobbi, P. R., Jr. (2006). Toward two grounded theories of the talent development and social support process of highly successful collegiate athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 20 , 295–313.)]. The results offer a comprehensive representation of how researchers use existing models and articles to unravel the complexity of athlete development in sport.
RESEARCH: "Religious Framing by Individuals With PTSD When Writing About Traumatic Experiences"

Writing about traumatic events can produce physical and psychological health benefits, especially when individuals use language to transform emotionally laden events into meaningful narratives. Because religion often facilitates the search for meaning, we predicted that the use of religious themes in writing would moderate mood-related outcomes. Fifteen individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) wrote in each of 3 sessions about their PTSD-triggering events. Religious themes were evident in essays written by 80 percent of participants. Relative to participants who did not frame their traumas in religious terms, those who used religious framing reported a greater shift toward negative mood after the first writing session than those without such framing. By the third session, however, religious framing was associated with more positive mood after writing, whereas nonreligious framing was still associated with more negative mood. The nature of religious references was important. Positive reference...
Supporting Quality of Service in High-Performance Servers

This paper describes issues that we have analyzed and technology that we have developed in supporting quality of service in high-performance servers. More specifically, we target on-chip cache resource allocation and efficiency needed for guaranteeing certain performance levels on chip multi-processor (CMP) architectures. Both prior and ongoing work are summarized in this paper.
Valuing Environmental Goods: A Critical Appraisal of the State of the Art

This chapter develops a contingent valuation method for estimating nonmarket, typically environmental goods. Economists usually ignore critically important issues in the application of the methods. These issues define a research agenda to be developed here for the application of the method for deriving meaningful value estimates for recreation, environmental, and other nonmarket goods.
American Federalism and the American Civil Liberties Union

The ACLU is both an example of and a consumer of federalism. The federated structure of the ACLU itself allows the organization to coordinate both horizontally, across states, as well as vertically, with the national office providing back-up for state-based affiliates and setting national policies and priorities. This essay discusses how the ACLU has handled internal federalism issues that have arisen, concerning sharing of funds, representation, and affiliate autonomy. At the same time, the ACLU uses state or federal law in its work, depending on circumstances, and does not have a uniform national policy on the kinds of federalism questions that routinely surface in litigation, like those regarding preemption, believing that federalism-based limits do not have a political valence. Because one cannot assume acontextually that either national or state law will better secure civil liberties, the ACLU has avoided broad pronouncements on federalist principles that would embody an ex ante preference for federal or state lawmaking, leaving room for experimentation, in a federalist spirit.
Globalization in rural Mexico: three decades of change

Globalization in rural Mexico: three decades of change, by Frances Abrahamer Rothenstein, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2007, 193 pp. In Globalization in Rural Mexico: Three Decades of ...
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AGE AND ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST SCALE SCORES

Summary.-This study investigated the relationships between age and performance on scale scores for the Adjective Check List for a group of 206 nursing personnel. An analysis of within scale score differences showed statistically significant relationships between age and Self-control, Lability, Heterosexuality, Change, and Counseling Readiness. Differences between the directionality of 5 of the 10 correlation pairs formed by the matching of these scales and those reported by Gough and Heilbrun (1965) suggested that the latter intercorrelations may be sample and/or situationally specific. Finally, age had only a negligible influence on the intercorrelations examined, thus implying that age has a direct rather than a moderating influence on performance. Use of the Adjective Check List in personality assessment research is well documented (Gough, 1960). This list has 300 adjectives (comprising 24 experimental scales) rep resenting a broad range of attributes commonly used to describe oneself or a selected other. Subjects are requested to check as many adjectives as they consider applicable. Scores obtained from the checklist are generally used for counseling or research purposes. The checklist has been repeatedly shown to possess both adequate validicy and reliability. Test-retest reliabilities for the entire list range up to .86, with a mean of .54 for testing intervals of G mo. (Gough & Heilbrun, 1365, p. 14). Variot?s validity studies have shown the checklist to be correlated in the expected direction with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965, p. 28). Despite this extensive documentation, virtually no information is available detailing the relationship between age and performance on the various' scales. The purpose of the present study was to fill this void by investigating the association of age and scale scores. Data were collected under controlled conditions as part of a larger study conducted
Ni-Base Intermetallics for High Temperature Alloy Design

Further development of Ni-base superalloys based on γ–γ′ structures offers little hope of substantial improvements in properties for gas turbine applications. However because of the substantial technology base which exists for nickel base alloys there are considerable advantages, in research time and money, in developing new nickel base alloys. Interest in the 1970's in directionally solidified composites indicated some possible new systems to replace γ–γ′ alloys. More recently there has been renewed interest in aluminides such as FeAl, CoAl and NiAl. These materials exhibit melting points which are substantially greater than for current γ–γ′ alloys. Problems of lack of ductility for these alloys may be resolved by alloying and novel processing routes such as rapid solidification. In addition to NiAl there are a number of other nickel intermetallics which from limited experimental data are worth considering at least as second phases. Some of these compounds are Ni 7 Hf 2 , Ni 7 Zr 2 , Ni 5 Zr, Ni 6 A1Ta and Heusler alloys of the type NiAlx where x is a transition element. The solubilities and phase relationships and where available the mechanical property data in a number of nickel ternary systems will be reviewed in terms of their potential for development of new high temperature alloys.
Associations between adiposity, family history of CHD and blood pressure in 3–8 year-old children

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between overall and central adiposity, a family history of coronary heart disease (FHCHD), and blood pressure (BP) in young children. We were specifically interested in determining whether the relationship between adiposity and BP was modified by a FHCHD. Subjects were 130 (68 males, 62 females) young children (mean age 6.0 years). Indicators of adiposity included the body mass index, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, and body composition determined by dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DXA). BP was measured by standard procedures. FHCHD was reported by the parent on a questionnaire. Approximately 19% of the total sample was classified as overweight and almost 50% were classified as prehypertensive (22.4%) or hypertensive (24.8%). In the total sample, 21 of 27 correlations were significant and ranged from 0.03 to 0.52. Correlations for systolic blood pressure appeared to be stronger in female subjects. Most of the correlations for diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were significant in both sexes and, in general, ranged between 0.30 and 0.50. Overweight status was significantly associated with high BP (crude odds ratio=3.65, 95% confidence intervals 1.40-9.49). There were no significant associations between a positive FHCHD and BP, and the correlations between BMI, WC, and BP were similar in magnitude in subjects with and without a FHCHD. In conclusion, both overall and central adiposity are important determinants of resting BP in young children. A FHCHD was not associated with BP and nor were the associations between adiposity and BP modified by a FHCHD.
Seroepidemiological investigation on influenza A(H1N1) in population of Guiyang

Objective:To understand the infection status of influenza A(H1N1) virus and its epidemic trend in the post-peak phase of the pandemic among the population in Guizhou province in 2009.Methods:Serum specimens were collected from outpatients in hospitals and volunteers in blood donation center from January 2010 to March 2010 in Guiyang city,and tested with hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) assays.Results:The results showed that the positive rates of HI antibody were 27.17%,14.99%,23.65% and 12.59% at different periods respectively.There was no significant difference in the levels of HI antibody between males and females(P0.05).For the second batch,the positive rate of HI antibody of group aged 6~17 years old was lower than that of group aged 0~5 years old.But for the other batches,6~17-year-old group showed the largest increments among 4 different age groups.And the positive rate of antibody in the subjects received H1N1 vaccination was 48%,which was significantly higher than that in the subjects without vaccination(18.75%)(P0.05).Conclusion:The data revealed the lower levels of HI antibody in Guiyang.So the prevention and control of influenza A(H1N1) should be strengthened.Vaccination is the most effective way to obtain protective antibodies of influenza A(H1N1).
Cyclophosphamide Hemorrhagic Cystitis Requiring Urinary Diversion

Hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide is a well recognized and unique urologic complication of this widely used agent. Cessation of the drug and supportive care are usually sufficient for management but refractory cases are difficult to treat and potentially life-threatening. A review of the pathology and treatment of this disorder is presented with specific reference to a patient requiring urinary diversion.
The History and Potential of Trade between Cuba and the US

This survey reviews the history of trade and investment between Cuba and the US. Aside from the embargo years, US trade and investment have been critical for Cuba. Short of protection for US sugar beet farmers, Cuba would have become a state of the US following the Spanish American War. Lifting the embargo promises re-emergence of the strong economic ties and a substantial boost to the regional economy including the Caribbean and the US Southeast.
Repeated exposure to hypobaria in U2 pilots is associated with reduced aggregate cortical thickness. (P4.161)

Objective: To determine cerebral cortical thickness differences between high-altitude U2 pilots (U2P), altitude chamber technicians (PHY), and age-controlled and health-matched controls (DOC). Background: United States Air Force U2P have experienced increased episodes of neurologic decompression sickness (NDCS) thought to be secondary to longer and more frequent exposures to hypobaria. Recent studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an increased burden of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in U2P and PHY compared to DOC. Computer based neurocognitive testing revealed U2P performed significantly worse than age-matched pilots of other aircraft in certain cognitive domains such as memory and calculation. Research in neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and demyelinating diseases have consistently shown a relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral cortical thickness on MRI. The present study attempted to determine whether significant differences in cortical thickness exist between U2P, PHY, and DOC. Methods: 100 U2P, 83 PHY, and 162 DOC were studied using two Siemens 3-Tesla MRI scanners. The cortical thickness of the aggregate whole brain and predetermined subregions were measured with FreeSurfer software. The Kruskal rank sum test and the pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum tests (Bonferroni-corrected) were used to compare data among the three cohorts. Comparisons were performed both with raw and scaled U2P data. Results: Median aggregate whole brain cortical thicknesses for U2P and PHY were significantly reduced compared to DOC (U2P 2.592mm, PHY 2.587mm, DOC 2.609mm; U2P:DOC p<0.001; PHY:DOC p<0.001). U2P:PHY was not significantly different (p=1.0 raw data; p=0.58 scaled data). Conclusions: Repeat exposure to hypobaria among U2P and PHY is associated with reduced aggregate whole brain cortical thickness compared to DOC. Analysis of individual subregions is ongoing. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between cortical thickness, WMH, and neurocognitive performance. Disclosure: Dr. Simmons has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bursaw has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sherman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kochunov has nothing to disclose. Dr. McGuire has nothing to disclose.
Engaging schools and families in tobacco prevention and control

Cigarette smoking is a learned behaviour reinforced by nicotine addiction which begins at an early age. The influences that contribute to the formation of this behaviour include those of parents, siblings, peers and role models, the latter usually exerted through the mass media. Parents who are smokers have children who are more likely to smoke, and nicotine predisposes a foetus at the very beginning of life. Smokers’ children are likely to be influenced by their behaviour and become cigarette smokers as they grow up. Control and reduction of parental smoking is therefore crucial in the prevention of smoking by children (Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). Dr Gregory Tsang’s paper, ‘The family: The key to tobacco control’ (this volume) proposes that the family should be targeted to reduce the prevalence of smoking among young people in China. This is in line with Confucious’ teaching that one should correct one’s own behaviour before correcting family behaviour and righting the wrongs of the world. In order to put Dr Tsang’s proposal into effect, however, we need an effective method of stopping adults from smoking. Educating shildren at an early age to persuade their parents to stop smoking is clever and could work well in China, where there is a policy of one child per family and the health of that only child is highly valued by parents and other members of the family.
Philadelphia National Bank: Bad Economics, Bad Law, Good Riddance

In a series of five merger cases from 1962 through 1974, the Supreme Court turned the then-reigning Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm into the law of the land. The Court has not passed upon the substantive aspect of merger analysis since then. Thus, the legacy of these cases, in particular, Philadelphia National Bank (PNB), endures: The plaintiff, ordinarily the Government, satisfies its prima facie burden by showing the merged firm would account for 30 percent or more of the relevant market, which shifts to the merging parties the burden of showing competition in the market will not be diminished notwithstanding the increase in concentration. The practical effect of the PNB presumption is to shift the burden of proof from the plaintiff, where it rightfully resides, to the defendant, without requiring evidence – other than market shares – that the proposed merger is likely to harm competition. The problem for today’s courts in applying this semicentenary standard is that the field of industrial organization economics has long since moved beyond the structural presumption upon which the standard is based. That presumption is almost the last vestige of pre-modern economics still embedded in the antitrust law of the United States. Even the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines issued jointly by the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice have abandoned the 30 percent presumption, though the agencies certainly do not resist the temptation to rely upon the presumption when litigating a case. There is no doubt the 30 percent presumption of PNB is a convenient litigation tool for the enforcement agencies, but the mission of the enforcement agencies is consumer welfare, not cheap victories in litigation. The presumption ought to go the way of the agencies’ policy decision to drop reliance upon the discredited antitrust theories approved by the courts in such cases as Brown Shoe, Von’s Grocery, and Utah Pie. Otherwise, the agencies will ultimately have to deal with the tension between taking advantage of a favorable presumption in litigation and exerting a reformative influence on the direction of merger law.
New Observations in the A = 49 Decay Chain; Levels in Sc 49 and Ti 49

The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from 8.7-min $^{49}\mathrm{Ca}$ and from 57.4-min $^{49}\mathrm{Sc}$ have been measured with a 40-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ Ge(Li) detector. It is proposed that $^{49}\mathrm{Ca}$ decay populates levels in $^{49}\mathrm{Sc}$ at 2228.6, 2371.8, 3084.4, 3516.6, 4071.9, 4493.3, and 4738.2 keV. The $^{49}\mathrm{Sc}$ decay populates levels in $^{49}\mathrm{Ti}$ at 1622.6 and 1761.9 keV. Limits on probable spin and parity values for these levels have been established. Mixing ratios for the 1408.9-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray were obtained from angular-correlation measurements. Weak transitions observed in this study provide further insights into the structure of $^{49}\mathrm{Sc}$ levels, in particular, the ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{+}$ and ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ hole states.
Chitosan-Poly(caprolactone) Nanofibers for Skin Repair

Dermal wounds, both acute and chronic, represent a significant clinical challenge and therefore the development of novel biomaterial-based skin substitutes to promote skin repair is essential. Nanofibers have garnered attention as materials to promote skin regeneration due to the similarities in morphology and dimensionality between nanofibers and native extracellular matrix proteins, which are critical in guiding cutaneous wound healing. Electrospun chitosan-poly(caprolactone) (CPCL) nanofiber scaffolds, which combine the important intrinsic biological properties of chitosan and the mechanical integrity and stability of PCL, were evaluated as skin tissue engineering scaffolds using a mouse cutaneous excisional skin defect model. Gross assessment of wound size and measurement of defect recovery over time as well as histological evaluation of wound healing showed that CPCL nanofiber scaffolds increased wound healing rate and promoted more complete wound closure as compared with Tegaderm, a commercially available occlusive dressing. CPCL nanofiber scaffolds represent a biomimetic approach to skin repair by serving as an immediately available provisional matrix to promote wound closure. These nanofiber scaffolds may have significant potential as a skin substitute or as the basis for more complex skin tissue engineering constructs involving integration with biologics.
Insights into a Chemoselective Cobalt Catalyst for the Hydroboration of Alkenes and Nitriles

A chemoselective hydroboration protocol with terminal alkene substrates is reported using an electron-rich, low-valent cobalt pincer compound. The process is catalytic and leads to exclusive formation of anti-Markovnikov products, tolerating amino groups, esters, epoxides, ketones, and other functionalities. The protocol was successfully extended toward the hydroboration of nitriles, generating the corresponding amines in moderate to good yields. Labeling studies with deuterated pinacolborane gave insights into the mechanism, establishing the intermediacy of a cobalt hydride, as well as an insertion, β-hydride elimination, and alkene isomerization pathway. These insights provide a rationale for the observed regioselectivity and allow us to propose a catalytic mechanism.
Detection of microRNA by Electrocatalytic Amplification: A General Approach for Single-Particle Biosensing

Here we report a sensing scheme for detection of microRNA (miRNA) using electrocatalytic amplification (ECA). ECA is a method in which nanoparticles (NPs) that are catalytic for a specific electrochemical reaction collide with an inert electrode surface. Each collision results in a detectable current transient. In the present article, we show that this general approach can be extended to detection of miRNA. Specifically, PtNPs are modified with a single-strand DNA (ssDNA) shell that is complementary to the miRNA target. Next, the ssDNA:miRNA conjugate is formed, which passivates the PtNP surface. In the presence of an enzyme called duplex specific nuclease (DSN), however, a fraction of the surface-bound DNA is removed thereby exposing some of the PtNP surface. In other words, the electrocatalytic properties of the PtNPs are reactivated only if miRNA complementary to ssDNA is present. This methodology resolves a number of problems that have rendered ECA ineffective for biosensing applications. Moreover, th...
Cost-Effectiveness of Risk Score-Stratified Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening in Patients with Cirrhosis.

Cost-Effectiveness of Risk Score–Stratified Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening in Patients with Cirrhosis
“I’m On My Long Journey Home”: Rhetorical Identification in the Bluegrass Gospel Singing of Ralph Stanley and the Stanley Brothers

The gospel songs of Ralph Stanley offer solace by means of identifi cation with the singer’s losses and struggles, but they also offer a metaphoric framework of journey and homecoming found in many folk and country songs. The framework gives shape and meaning to the troubled aspects of life that make up much of the content of bluegrass songs, sacred and secular. Referencing Kenneth Burke’s early theories of rhetorical identifi cation and symbolic appeal, this study reads the inclusion of gospel songs in stage and recorded performance as a secularized means of self-definition: singers and listeners are linked as people with common origins and destinations. While expected themes of repentance and faith run throughout these gospel songs, the progressive form of home that is lost and then recovered sets up a secular analogy to the story of sin and redemption so common in American Protestant Evangelicalism. By scattering these songs throughout a bluegrass performance, the journey toward home becomes the pathway by which all the troubles of betrayal, heartbreak, conflict, and hard times are borne and transformed. In place of creed or practices of piety, all are invited to find common purpose in the experiences of disappointment, regret, and loss in the knowledge that they are on the “Long Journey Home.”