cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosphere reserve management in theory and practice: Case of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve, Western Himalaya, India

Abstract The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in the western Himalayas is one of the important protected areas in India. In recognition of its conservation value, it was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. The Nanda Devi west peak (7817 m), the second highest in the country, attracted a large number of mountaineers and nature enthusiasts from all over the world until 1982. However, these activities were banned in 1982 because of the serious damage these activities caused to the biological and cultural diversity of the region. In 1988, an area of 2236 km2 was designated as NDBR. The ecological and socio‐economic studies conducted after the ban revealed that there has been substantial improvement in the biodiversity of the region, while from a socio‐economic point of view the ban proved to be disastrous due to loss of employment associated with mountaineering activities. Additionally, the ban on mountaineering activities, and an absence of alternative employment opportunities, forced l...
Porcine circovirus: transcription and DNA replication.

This review summarizes the molecular studies pertaining to porcine circovirus (PCV) transcription and DNA replication. The genome of PCV is circular, single-stranded DNA and contains 1759–1768 nucleotides. Both the genome-strand (packaged in the virus particle) and the complementary-strand (synthesized in the new host) encode viral proteins. Among a multitude of RNAs synthesized by alternate splicing, only rep and rep′ are essential for virus DNA replication via the rolling-circle replication (RCR) mechanism. In contrast to other RCR biological systems which utilize only one multi-functional protein, Rep, to replicate their respective genomes, PCV requires two proteins, Rep and Rep′. During DNA synthesis, the PCV origin of DNA replication (Ori), which contains a pair of inverted repeats (palindrome), exists in a destabilized four-stranded configuration (the melting-pot model) and permits both the palindromic-strand and the complementary-strand to serve as templates simultaneously for initiation and termination. Inherent in the “melting-pot” model is the template-strand-switching mechanism. This mechanism is the basis for the “correction or conversion” of any mutated nucleotide sequences engineered into either arm of the palindrome and the incorporation of “illegitimate recombination” (addition or deletion of nucleotides) events that are commonly observed at the Ori of other RCR biological systems during DNA replication.
Beyond the Specific Plaque Hypothesis: Are Highly Leukotoxic Strains of Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans a Paradigm for Periodontal Pathogenesis?

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobe implicated in a variety of periodontal diseases. Its presence is most closely associated with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), although the exact role of the organism in this and other periodontal diseases is not entirely clear. While A. actinomycetemcomitans produces several different putative virulence factors, the most widely studied is the leukotoxin. The leukotoxin selectively kills polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in vitro, constituting the host's first line of defense. Interestingly, even though all strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans have the genes encoding the leukotoxin, there is variability in leukotoxin expression. Differences in the structure of the promoter region of the leukotoxin gene operon were shown to correlate directly with levels of leukotoxin production. Highly leukotoxic forms appear to exhibit increased pathogenic potential, as evidenced by recent studies that have shown a significant association bet...
Case Study: Phototherapy of Seasonal Affective Disorder in an Adolescent Female

Abstract Seasonal affective disorder and its response to phototherapy has not been extensively studied in children and adolescents. In this case study, a 16-year-old girl with a 3-year history of seasonal affective disorder sought treatment. An A-B-A′-B study design demonstrates the remission of symptoms with phototherapy.
The ultrastructure of membrane alterations of enzymatically dissociated cardiac myocytes.

Enzymic dissociation of cardiac myocytes results in a homogeneous population of cylindrical cells, if the Ca2+ concentration in the medium is rigorously controlled. In the presence of 0.5 to 1 μ m Ca2+ the myocytes undergo cyclic contraction, even though no resting or action potentials can be recorded. The automatic behavior of the myocytes is highly sensitive to the Ca2+ concentration in the medium, but is not affected by tetrodotoxin or changes in K+ and Na+ concentrations. Structural studies by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on whole cells, sections, and freeze-fracture preparations reveal a loss of basement membrane, but a normal continuity of the plasma membrane over the entire surface of cylindrical myocytes, consistent with the exclusion of dyes of approximately 900 MW. The dissociation results in separation of the intercalated discs with either uncoupling or tearing of gap junctions. Tearing results in both membranes of the gap junction remaining with one of the cells and resealing of the torn membranes appears to occur readily. Twenty to 30% of gap junctions, however, are left with one cytoplasmic face exposed to the medium, likely providing channels for entry of electrolytes. This is consistent with the observed electrochemical shunt, the permeability to Ca2+ and the pattern of contractile activation originating at the polar ends of the myocytes where the exposed gap junctions are located. Freeze-fracture studies reveal normal ultrastructure detail, with the exception of lower and altered distribution of protein particles in the plane of nonjunctional myolemma. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcomeres appear intact in all details, consistent with a normal involvement of these structures in contractile activation of dissociated myocytes.
Design and fitting of neural network transfer functions

An algorithm is presented which (a) allows construction of mathematical models involving arbitrary combinations of linear cascades, parallel pathways, and feedback loops, (b) computes a total transfer function of the system, (c) performs a least-squares optimization of model parameters to best fit the model to experimental data, and (d) provides a measure of goodness-of-fit to the data. The technique has been employed to construct and test models of neural networks which mimic a class of responses observed in the cat vestibular nuclei in response to tilt, namely responses which show both a gain increase and progressive phase lag as the stimulation frequency goes from 0.01 to 2 Hz. A network consisting of a simple gain element in parallel with an inhibitiory high-pass filtered version of the input provided a satisfactory fit to these data.
The rotation period of Jupiter

The period with which radio bursts recur on Jupiter (the System III period) is defined by the IAU to be 9h 55m 29.71s based on early radio astronomical data, and is generally assumed to represent the period of rotation of the Jovian interior. A recent estimate of the System III period from radio burst data is 0.025s shorter than the IAU value. In apparent contradiction to the radio observations, in situ measurements of the rotation period of Jupiter using the orientation of the dipole moment are consistent with the original rotation period defined by the IAU and inconsistent with the suggested period decrease. Thus, the present IAU period should be retained as the best estimate of the rotation rate of the Jovian interior. Since the radio bursts are generated near the base of the Io field line while the dipole field is measured by Galileo near the equatorial plane, the difference between the two rotation periods could be explained if Jupiter's magnetic field is undergoing perceptible secular variation.
Hβ line width and the UV–X-ray spectra of luminous AGN

Abstract The width of the broad H β emission line is the primary defining characteristic of the NLS1 class. This parameter is also an important component of Boroson and Green’s optical “Eigenvector 1” (EV1), which links steeper soft X-ray spectra with narrower H β emission, stronger H β blue wing, stronger optical Fe II emission, and weaker [O III] λ 5007. Potentially, EV1 represents a fundamental physical process linking the dynamics of fueling and outflow with the accretion rate. We attempted to understand these relationships by extending the optical spectra into the UV for a sample of 22 QSOs with high quality soft-X-ray spectra, and discovered a whole new set of UV relationships that suggest that high accretion rates are linked to dense gas and perhaps nuclear starbursts. While it has been argued that narrow (BLR) H β means low Black Hole mass in luminous NLS1s, the C IV λ 1549 and Ly α emission lines are broader, perhaps the result of outflows driven by their high Eddington accretion rates. We present some new trends of optical-UV with X-ray spectral energy distributions. Steeper X-ray spectra appear associated with stronger UV relative to optical continua, but the presence of strong UV absorption lines is associated with depressed soft X-rays and redder optical–UV continua.
STRENGTH VERSUS ENERGY DEBONDING CRITERIA AT FIBER/MATRIX INTERFACES

Abstract The condition of interfacial debonding at a fiber/matrix interface has been defined by two criteria: the strength criterion, and the critical energy release rate criterion. The applied stresses required to initiate interfacial debonding during fiber pull-out or push-out are analyzed by using an improved shear-lag model, in which both Poisson's effect and the radial dependence of the axial stress in the matrix are included. Both the strength and the energy criteria are considered. The bonded fiber length dependences of the debond stresses are obtained for both criteria. For the energy criterion, the asymptote of the debon stress obtained in the present study and the length-independent debond stress derived elsewhere are in excellent agreement. The effects of the properties of the fiber and of the matrix on the debond stress are also shown for both criteria which provide a basis for experimental verification of these two creteria.
Ultrafast x-ray science

X-ray science and ultrafast science are beginning to come together due to several recent innovations in lasers and in electron accelerators. The new frontier field of ultrafast x-rays holds out the promise of eventually reaching unprecedented simultaneous space and time resolution, as well as high intensity x-ray lasers. I will describe some of the plans for research projects that utilize these tools. Some of these are under current investigation at the Stanford Sub-Picosecond Photon Source (SPPS).
Secure and survivable software systems

With malicious computer and network attacks reaching epidemic proportions, issues of security and survivability of software systems have surfaced in a variety of application domains. Of real concern is the increasing reliance of critical applications on networked computer systems. Failure or compromises of such systems could cause threats to national infrastructures or lead to catastrophe ( e.g., loss of life, damage to the environment, or unacceptable financial losses). Driven by market speed and feature demand, commercial software developers have high pressures to deliver products rapidly, usually at the expense of quality and security. Given these market pressures and the increasing complexity of today’s software, it is unrealistic to assume total security and robustness. Hence, the research area of secure and survivable systems has addressed the ability of systems to fulfill their missions even in the presence of failures, accidents or malicious attacks. Whereas resilience to failures and accidents has been the focus of research in fault-tolerant systems design, resilience to malicious attacks has become a challenge in the field of system survivability. Principally, essential services must be designed to withstand attacks. This requirement goes beyond the scope of computer and network security, which has been traditionally addressing detection and resistance to attacks.
Pulsed beam measurement of the gyromagnetic ratio of the 100 keV 2+ state in tungsten 182

Abstract The gyromagnetic ratio of the 100 keV 2+ rotational state in tungsten 182 has been measured using the pulsed-beam technique. The precession of the Coulomb excited nuclei in an external magnetic field has been detected by observing the de-excitation gamma radiation as a function of time. The value g = 0.239±0.020 was found. The timing techniques which make possible an evaluation of the effect of target perturbations on the measurement are discussed. The mean life of the state was measured to be τ = 1.98±0.02 nsec, which is in agreement with other measurements.
Infrared Transmission of Synthetic Atmospheres.* II. Absorption by Carbon Dioxide

The total absorption ∫Aνdν has been determined for the CO2 bands at 15, 5.2, 4.8, 4.3, 2.7, 2.0, 1.6, and 1.4μ under stimulated atmospheric conditions. The absorber concentrations w ranged from 1 to 1000 atmos cm of CO2 for the strong bands and from 100 to 8600 atmos cm for the weak bands. Nitrogen was added to give total pressures ranging up to atmospheric; the pressure effects of oxygen were found to be similar to those of nitrogen. The observed data can be satisfactorily represented by two types of empirical relations.(1)For small values of total absorption,∫Aνdν=cw12(P+p)k;(2)For large values of total absorption,∫Aνdν=C+D Logw+K Log(P+p),where w is the CO2 absorber concentration, p is the CO2 partial pressure, and P is the total pressure. Values of the constants c, k, C, D, and K are given for each region of characteristic absorption. The present results are compared with those obtained in earlier studies. The use of the empirical relations in calculating atmospheric absorption is discussed.
iReal b App for Android

The iReal b, a fake book app for iOS and Android devices aimed at music professionals and students, achieves great success as an improvisation tool in a portable format. It comes with 50 general ex...
The 2006–2007 immigration mobilizations and community capacity: The experience of Chicago

This article examines the 2006–2007 phase of the immigration movement in Chicago with a particular focus on the capacity of Latinos to advance initiatives of this magnitude. It studies the factors and forces involved and the ways in which they combined in opposition to federal immigration bill HR 4437. The experience points to a multifaceted movement initially carried out by community-based organizations but ultimately advanced by direct community action. Analysis reveals tremendous advances in the community's ability to pursue such initiatives, especially through the combination of mass action and organizational work. It also suggests that community capacity as manifested in the movement cannot be contained in fixed variables: much is acquired sobre la marcha, each moment requires different combinations and actions, and the ability to advance often depends on forces beyond the community's control.
"Open" minimally invasive surgery in pediatric urology.

Abstract Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) offers alternative operative approaches to standard open surgical techniques. However, MIS has been defined primarily as substituting laparoendoscopic alternatives for the traditional open surgical approach. The concept of MIS methodology may also be applied to open surgery in an effort to decrease incision size, potentially reduce morbidity and enhance convalescence, without compromising ‘gold standard’ outcomes. Pediatric urological applications of open MIS include pediatric renal surgery, ureteral reimplantation, ureteral surgery, inguinal-scrotal and genital surgery. A thorough review of the pediatric urology literature was performed and studies were identified describing open MIS, including outcomes and complications.
A remark on uniform spaces with invariant nonstandard hulls

Let (X , Γ) be a uniform space with its uniformity generated by a set of pseudo-metrics Γ. Let the symbol ≃ denote the usual infinitesimal relation on *X , and define a new infinitesimal relation ≈ on *X by writing x ≈ y whenever *ϱ (x, p ) ≃ *ϱ (y, p ) for each ϱ ∈ Γ and each p ∈ X . We call (X , Γ) an S-space if the relations ≃ and ≈ coincide on fin(*X ). S -spaces are interesting because their nonstandard hulls have representations within Nelson's internal set theory (IST, [5]). This was shown in [1], where it was also observed that the class of uniform spaces that have invariant nonstandard hulls is contained in the class of S -spaces. The question of whether there are S -spaces that do not have invariant nonstandard hulls was left open in [1]. In this note we show that when the uniformity of an S -space is given by a single pseudometric, the space has invariant nonstandard hulls. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mitral Commissurotomy in the Older Aged Patient An Analysis of Twenty Patients Over the Age of Fifty

An analysis of 20 consecutive cases of mitral stenosis (from a total of 400 cases) in patients between the ages of 50 and 61 treated by mitral commissurotomy from May 1951, to October 1952, is presented. The data suggests that the patient over 50 with symptomatic mitral stenosis can have a functionally satisfactory commissurotomy performed without undue operative risk and with essentially the same ultimate degree of improvement enjoyed by patients requiring treatment at an earlier age.
An unprecedented cation radical chain Diels–Alder polymerization leading to novel carbazole polymers

The polymerization of 3,6-bis(trans-1′-propenyl)-N-phenylcarbazole in the presence of tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate (1+) leads to soluble, high molecular weight, thermally stable cycloaddition polymers containing carbazole units in the main polymer chain. The reaction appears to proceed via a highly efficient cation radical chain mechanism which circumvents the usual hole transfer step of the propagation cycle. This polymerization represents the first observation of direct cation radical Diels–Alder cycloaddition polymerization.
Potential Use of Population Viability Analysis in Assessing Invasive Species Control

A significant proportion of effort in wildlife management and ecology is focused on assessing the future size, health, and risk of extinction for various populations of wild organisms (Menges 1990, Nantel et al. 1996, Haines et al. 2006). Although many methods have been developed to aid ecologists in this undertaking, one of the most powerful and pervasive of these has been population viability analysis (PVA; Possingham et al. 1993). Although commonly used to signify a specific analytical tool, the term “population viability analysis” actually refers to a wide variety of quantitative methods used to assess the likelihood that a population will become extinct within a certain amount of time under a specific set of conditions (Morris et al. 1999). These PVA methods have almost exclusively been employed by ecologists to assess the recovery of threatened populations of plants and animals by evaluating their risk of extinction under current and proposed management prescriptions.
Comment on the Tool-Narayanaswamy model parameters derived by Huang and Gupta

Abstract Computations of Huang and Gupta of enthalpy relaxation in thin soda-lime-silicate glass fibers are revised to correct an error in their formula for the configurational entropy. New sets of parameters for the Tool-Narayanaswamy model for a rapidly cooled 10 μm diameter fiber are given. The conclusions of Huang and Gupta regarding the failure of the Tool-Narayanaswamy model remain valid.
Managing Commodity Booms in Botswana

Abstract Many countries have experienced difficulties managing commodity export booms. Botswana has been an exception. By adopting appropriate macroeconomic policies in response to variable diamond receipts. Botswana has avoided balance-of-payments crises and associated adjustment costs. The policies adopted have included avoiding excessive increases in government expenditure during boom periods, instead building up international reserves and government balances at the central bank to be used when the boom ended. In addition, through management of the nominal exchange rate, real exchange rate appreciation has been avoided. The benefits of the policies adopted, as well as their opportunity costs, are discussed.
The behavior of congressional tenure over time: 1953–1991

This paper studies the behavior of average length of tenure for cohorts of U.S. representatives who entered office from 1953–1989. Using a new methodology, it addresses the following questions. How much longer do representatives stay in office now compared to, say, twenty years ago? If an increase in tenure has occurred, when did it begin? Are reelection outcomes or voluntary departures the primary determinants of changes in congressional tenure over time? The results of this study are then applied to a number of hypotheses concerning possible causes of longer congressional stays.
Have quasinuclear NN-bar bound states been discovered?

It is suggested that a broad structure ${X}^{0}(1480)$ recently observed in the reaction $\overline{p}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{X}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ may be interpretable in terms of an unstable quasinuclear bound state of the (complex) nucleon-antinucleon ($N\overline{N}$) potential. The observed mass, production branching ratio, and preference for the ${X}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ rather than ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay mode are consistent with a quantum-number assignment ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}({I}^{G})={2}^{++}({0}^{+})$. Prospects for finding the lower-lying ${0}^{++}$(${0}^{+}$) and ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$(${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) members of the expected natural-parity quasinuclear band are discussed.
Differential spatial and temporal neural response patterns for own- and other-race faces

 neural response to Asian and Caucasian faces discriminable with pattern classification methods  high-level visual and face-selective areas in VT cortex  importance of own-race face localizer  time-course differences in neural activation for own-race vs. other-race efficient own-race face processing  dedication of additional resources for other-race face processing  use of areas beyond the FFA for categorization of faces by race PATTERN-BASED CLASSIFICATION
Addressing mental health issues in primary care: an initial curriculum for medical residents.

A B S T R A C T Objective: Many express concern that modern medicine fails to provide adequate psychosocial and mental health care. Our educational system has not trained the primary care providers who care for most of these patients. Our objective here is to propose a quantum change: prepare residents and students during all years of training so that they are as effective in treating psychosocial and mental health issues as they are medical problems. Method: We operationalize this objective, following Kern, by developing an intensive 3-year curriculum in psychosocial and mental health care for medical residents based on models with a strong evidence-base. Results: We report an intensive curriculum that can guide others with similar training interests and also initiate the conversation about how best to prepare residency graduates to provide effective mental health and psychosocial care. Conclusion: Identifying specific curricula informs education policy-makers of the specific requirements they will need to meet if psychosocial and mental health training are to improve. Practice Implications: Training residents in mental health will lead to improved care for this very prevalent primary care population.
Decision Making and Leadership

The contributions address the leadership decision-making process at various levels of social reality, from global problems of foreign policy, via analyses of what happens in business organizations, to research findings and theories that operate at the level of individuals and small social groups.
Asymptotic Distribution of Restricted Canonical Correlations and Relevant Resampling Methods

As restricted canonical correlation with a nonnegativity condition on the coefficients depend only on the covariance matrix, their sample counterparts can be obtained from the sample covariance matrix. For such estimators, asymptotic normality results are established, and the role of resampling methods in this context is critically examined. The effectiveness of the usual jackknife and bootstrap methods is studied analytically, and the findings are supplemented by numerical studies.
Maize Silage Utilization of Fertilizer and Soil Nitrogen on a Hill-land Ultisol Relative to Tillage Method

Few studies have compared N utilization by maize (Zea mays L.) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) in the Appalachian region. Silage production (TDM) and fertilizer N and soil N uptake, were investigated in a 3-yr study on a Gilpin silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic typic Hapludult) in West Virginia previously cropped to pasture. 15 N-depleted N fertilizer was band-applied, within-row, at 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha -1 , 4 wk after planting. Tillage method did not affect silage production, N concentration or total N uptake at any N rate. Maximal silage production under NT (13.2 Mg ha -1 ) was calculated to require just 24 kg ha -1 more fertilizer N than under CT (12.6 Mg ha -1 ). Ferlilizer N uptake (kg ha -1 ) was similarly unaffected by tillage method, with annual fertilizer N use efficiencies (% recovery) of 55, 54, and 49% under NT, and 57, 57, and 48% under CT, at application rates of 56, 112, and 224 kg h -1 , respectively. Similar percentages for cumulative fertilizer N use efficiencies, which account for any labeled N carried over from year to year, suggest that there was little residuum available to the crop, particularly at near-optimal N rates. Soil N uptake decreased by 17% with N additions below (56 kg ha -1 ) or above (224 kg ha -1 ) the optimum, but was generally unaffected by tillage method. These similarities between NT and CT for maize silage production and N use, despite using a management system contrived to show differences, emphasize the importance of edaphic and climatological factors in predictting N responses under various tillage methods. Nonetheless, these results show that reasonably high levels of silage can be produced without excessive fertilizer N requirements (170 kg N ha -1 ) or losses (<50%) when pastures are converted to NT maize.
The Wulff Shape of Alumina: I, Modeling the Kinetics of Morphological Evolution

The rate at which fully facetted nonequilibrium shaped particles and pores approach their equilibrium (Wulff) shape via surface diffusion was modeled, and calculations relevant to alumina were performed to guide experimental studies. The modeling focuses on 2-D features, and considers initial particle/pore shape, size, surface energy anisotropy, and temperature (surface diffusivity) as variables. The chemical potential differences driving the shape change are expressed in terms of facet-to-facet differences in weighted mean curvature. Two approaches to modeling the surface flux are taken. One linearizes the difference in the mean chemical potential of adjacent facets, and assumes the flux is proportional to this difference. The other approach treats the surface chemical potential as a continuous function of position, and relates the displacement rate of the surface to the divergence of the surface flux. When consistent values for the relevant materials parameters are used, the predictions of these two modeling approaches agree to within a factor of 1.5. As expected, the most important parameters affecting the evolution times are the cross-sectional area (volume in 3-D) and the temperature through its effect on the surface diffusivity. Pores of micrometer size are predicted to reach near-equilibrium shapes in reasonable times at temperatures as low as 1600°C. The detailed geometry of the initial nonequilibrium shape and the Wulff shape appear to have relatively minor effects on the times required to reach a near-equilibrium shape.
Apomorphine-induced conditioned aversion to a novel food

Rats were permitted to ingest both a novel and a familiar substance prior to injection with apomorphine hydrochloride (a nausea-producing drug) or isotonic saline. Subsequent 2-choice preference tests showed that apomorphine produced a conditioned aversion to the novel substance, but only with the more palatable of the two novel substances employed.
Cardiac overexpression of Mammalian enabled (Mena) exacerbates heart failure in mice.

Mammalian enabled (Mena) is a key regulator of cytoskeletal actin dynamics, which has been implicated in heart failure (HF). We have previously demonstrated that cardiac Mena deletion produced card...
An on-line study of fuel cell behavior by thermal neutrons

Abstract Generating electricity via electrochemical conversion of chemical energy within a fuel cell is a very promising approach, which is investigated in many laboratories worldwide. Although the fuel cell principle has been known since many years, dedicated studies are needed to make this technology competing and cost efficient. Especially, low-temperature fuel cells have gained interest as high-efficiency converters for mobile and portable applications. These polymer electrolyte fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells operate in the temperature regime below 100 °C at—or slightly above—ambient pressure. Therefore, the coexistence of a liquid aqueous phase and a gaseous phase inside the fuel cell is possible. The operation under two-phase flow conditions is believed to seriously impede the electrochemical performance due to mass transport limitations. Hence, an experimental method to study these two-phase flow phenomena in situ is highly desirable. It is possible to investigate the water distribution inside an operating fuel cell by means of neutron imaging methods. This way, dedicated performance parameters can be applied to the fuel cell and the two-phase flow phenomena are studied in situ, with reasonable spatial and time resolution. Appropriate post-processing allows quantitative evaluation, which is essential for the understanding of the relation between flow characteristics and electrochemical behavior of the cell. For this paper, the investigation of the two-phase flow inside the anodic compartment of a direct methanol fuel cell has been chosen in order to quantitatively demonstrate the suitability of neutron imaging with thermal neutrons.
Intracellular adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentrations in rat small and large bowel following single and multiple exposures to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.

Abstract The adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels were determined in the small and large intestinal tissue of rats that had been exposed to single and chronic administration of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A single subcutaneous injection of DMH resulted in a decrease in the intracellular concentration of cAMP and increase in cGMP beyond the levels which had been measured in the unexposed intestinal tissue and DMH induced intestinal adenocarcinomas. Recovery to normal concentrations of the cyclic nucleotides occurred within 30 days. Multiple exposures resulted in maintaining reduced levels of cAMP while cGMP was also found to be lowered upon the chronic administration. A possible explanation for these observations is the expansion of the crypt cell population consisting of replicating intestinal cells that occurs upon exposure to the carcinogen. These findings suggest that cyclic nucleotide alterations may represent a characteristic of the precancerous state of intestinal tissue and indicates further studies are warranted to determine whether these changes may serve as a useful marker in a screening program for colon cancer.
Fixed-Wavelength Laser Ionization/Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Mixture Analysis in the Quadrupole Ion Trap

The analytical potential of fixed-wavelength laser photoionization/tandem mass spectrometry in the quadrupole ion trap is investigated. The technique is illustrated by using mass-selective CID of laser-generated molecular ions from a mixture of ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, and the isomers N,N-dimethylanilline and N-ethylanilline
The Executive in the Year 2000 A Reinvented Role

It is the assertion of this article that the role of the executive needs to change in response to the environment. The basic function of the executive-melding of individual diversities into a unified effort toward meaningful organizational ends-should remain constant. However, the role of executives-the part they play in the melding process-should move toward establishing and maintaining a decision-making process that ensures fairness and procedural justice as the open debate continues over the meaningful organizational ends and the effectual means to achieve them. The article argues that this new executive role is the natural outgrowth of greater accessibility to information, flattened structures, outsourced functions, and the inevitable expansion of empowerment that flows from these organizational and environmental changes. The article concludes by boldly predicting that emerging environmental changes may soon drive the role of the executive from the realm of organization theory to that of political theory.
Operational experience with compressed geometry acceleration tubes in the Oak Ridge 25URC tandem accelerator

Abstract Installation of compressed geometry acceleration tubes and other associated modifications have increased the effective voltage capability of the Oak Ridge 25URC tandem accelerator by about 3 MV. Since mid-September 1988, the accelerator has been operated routinely at terminal potentials up to 24 MV and occasionally near 25 MV. In 3500 h of full-column operation, including 1100 h at potentials above 22 MV, no significant spark-induced damage was observed. Some considerations related to further improvements in voltage performance are discussed.
The Television Situation Comedy and Children's Prosocial Behavior

The moral lessons of television situation comedies were explored as possible contributors to children's prosocial development. In order to determine if children comprehend the moral lessons of adult sitcoms, children in small groups watched sitcoms and then were individually interviewed to determine if they comprehended the moral lesson. An over-whelming majority of 1st, 3rd, and 5th graders understood moral lessons contained in an episode of The Cosby Show. Similarly, one third of the 1st graders and half of the 3rd graders were able to identify an overarching moral lesson in an episode of Full House. Finally, a correlational analysis was undertaken between the frequency with which the children viewed prosocial sitcoms and the frequency of their prosocial behavior. As anticipated, viewing emerged as a predictor variable, particularly for those subjects who evidenced understanding of the moral lessons of sitcoms.
Introduction: Representing Felicia Hemans 1

This conversation began at the first Modern Language Association convention after 9/11, in New Orleans, December 28, 2001, and it appears after the disaster that struck New Orleans in August 2005. ...
Identification and distribution of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the ewe.

The final common pathway controlling reproductive function in vertebrates is the GnRH neuron and its projection to the median eminence (ME), site of peptide release into the pituitary portal system. GnRH neurons are widely distributed; therefore we sought to test the hypothesis that those projecting to the ME are located in specific regions. We used as a model the sheep, a species in which a great deal of information regarding the physiology of GnRH secretion is known. To identify cells projecting to the ME (i.e., neuroendocrine neurons), ewes (n = 10) received injections into the ME of neuronal tract-tracing compounds: cholera toxin-beta subunit (CT-beta) or one of two fluorescent compounds (rhodamine isothiocyanate or fluorescein-conjugated dextran). Forty-eight h later, animals were perfused intracranially and their brains were processed for immunocytochemical localization of GnRH and CT-beta using a dual-immunofluorescent procedure or by single-label immunofluorescent visualization of GnRH combined with direct visualization of fluorescent tracers. Small, well-circumscribed injections into the ME were made successfully in 6 of 10 animals, and these overlapped the location of GnRH terminals and fibers. Neuroendocrine GnRH neurons (those GnRH neurons containing retrogradely transported tracer) were identified throughout their previously reported range: within the diagonal band of the Broca/medial septal region, medial preoptic area (MPOA), anterior hypothalamic area, and medial basal hypothalamus. Although the absolute number of neuroendocrine GnRH neurons varied by region, the percentage of the total GnRH population within each of these areas that was retrogradely labeled did not differ (p > 0.05). Injections placed unilaterally within the ME labeled a similar proportion of GnRH cells both ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site in all areas except the MPOA, where ipsilaterally labeled cells were approximately twice as numerous as those labeled contralaterally. Injections that missed the ME and were placed either into the third ventricle or into the arcuate nucleus labeled only 0.5% and 4-11% of GnRH neurons, respectively. These results do not support the hypothesis that in the ewe, GnRH neurons projecting to the ME are localized to specific regions. Thus, we postulate that GnRH release into the hypophyseal portal system reflects the output of GnRH neurons located in multiple areas.
Yielding in nickel as a function of grain or cell size

Abstract Yielding in pure Ni was studied in specimens with grain sizes ranging from 0.12 to 130 μm. Behavior could be divided into two groups of grain sizes. Grain sizes larger than about 1 μm exhibited a Hall-Petch relationship which was generally in accord with previous work. The consensus values of Hall-Petch constants for a least-squares fit to data of this and four previous investigations were σ0 = 21.8 MN/m2 and k = 0.158 MN/m 3 2 . Below 1 μm, a very weak dependence of yield strength on grain size was found. This behavior was compared to yielding in a structure of comparable-size dislocation cells. Cell structures were much stronger, in accord with a proposal that the size of dislocation sources relative to the microstructural size controlled yielding. The relatively short sources in cell walls, observed by transmission electron microscopy, caused higher yield strengths than the long sources in normal grain boundaries.
Hybrid ferromagnetic-semiconductor structures

Ultrahigh-vacuum growth techniques are now being used to grow single-crystal films of magnetic materials. These growth procedures, carried out in the same molecular beam epitaxy systems commonly used for the growth of semiconductor films, have yielded a variety of new materials and structures that may prove useful for integrated electronics and integrated optical device applications. Examples are given for growth on GaAs and ZnSe, including magnetic sandwiches and patterned structures.
Antibacterial Effects associated with Changes in Bacterial Cytology produced by Cationic Polypeptides.

The antibacterial action of cationic polypeptides has been found to be correlated with changes which they produce in the cytochemical reactions of the bacterial cells. Bacterial cells ordinarily stain with cationic dyes at pH values above 7. Treatment with cationic polypeptides rendered them stainable with the anionic dye fast green at pH 8.1. This change occurred parallel to loss of bacterial viability. An anionic, biological substance, mucin, was found to inhibit the usual conversion of bacterial cells from strong basophilia to strong acidophilia in the presence of cationic polypeptide. This inhibitory action was paralleled by inhibition of the toxicity of the cationic polypeptides for the bacterial cells. It was found that the basic protein, globin, which has a lesser pK than total calf thymus histone, was less toxic for E. coli and less effective in causing the bacterial cells to become stainable with the anionic dye at high pH. Staining with fast green at pH 8.1 appeared to provide presumptive evidence of lethal interaction between certain bacterial cells and cationic polypeptides such as total histones. It is suggested that the method may prove to be useful in the detection of lethal interaction between cationic polypeptides of the host and bacteria residing in host tissues.
Analysis on the residual timing jitter of actively harmonic mode-locked lasers incorporated with high-finesse Fabry-Perot filters

By employing the standard frequency-domain eigenfunction expansion technique, we present an analysis on the residual timing jitter of actively harmonic mode-locked lasers incorporated with high-finesse Fabry-Perot filters. Simple formulas that directly relate the pulse train residual timing jitter performance to several experimentally measurable qualities, such as the Fabry-Perot filter finesse and the residual phase-modulation noise knee frequency, are given and discussed.
Principal discriminants analysis for small-sample-size problems: application to chemical sensing

Two dimensionality reduction techniques are widely used to analyze data from chemical sensor arrays: Fisher's linear discriminants analysis (LDA) and principal components analysis (PCA). LDA finds the directions of maximum discrimination in classification problems, but has a tendency to overfit when the ratio of training samples to dimensionality is low, as is commonly the case in chemical sensor array problems. PCA is more robust to overfitting but, being a variance model, fails to capture discriminatory information in low-variance sensors. In this article we propose a hybrid model, termed principal discriminants analysis (PDA), which incorporates both LDA and PCA criteria by means of a regularization parameter. The model is characterized on a synthetic dataset and validated with experimental data from an array of 15 metal-oxide sensors exposed to five varieties of roasted coffee beans. Our results show that PDA provides higher predictive accuracy than LDA or PCA alone. In addition, the model is able to find a trade-off between discriminant- and variance-based projections according to where information is located in the distribution of the data.
Fostering Scientific Curiosity and Professional Behaviors in a Basic Science Curriculum

This communication addresses two elements: how to improve the learning of science and how to foster professional behaviors within a pre-clinical curriculum. These seemingly disparate aspects are related at the core, because they address a key facet: student-faculty interactions. My contention is that an appropriate climate must be created that encourages inquiry. Students must feel safe to put forth ideas or suggestions in class discussions that may turn out to be wrong, because the emphasis should be on hypothesis testing and discerning thought processes. Further, we must restore a culture of scientific curiosity by inviting student queries that go beyond the standard curriculum. Lastly, I advocate a new role for faculty who teach science, which is to participate in the professional development of students through educational interventions that improve professional behaviors by fostering self-awareness and mutual respect.
Mobile satellite communications - Vehicle antenna technology update

This paper discusses options for vehicle antennas to be used in mobile satellite communications systems. Two types of antennas are identified. A non-steerable, azimuthally omnidirectional antenna with a modest gain of 3 to 5 dBi is suggested when a low cost is desired. Alternatively, mechanically or electronically steerable antennas with a higher gain of 10 to 12 dBi are suggested to alleviate power and spectrum scarcity associated with mobile satellite communications. For steerable antennas, both open-loop and closed-loop pointing schemes are discussed. Monopulse and sequential lobing are proposed for the mechanically steered and electronically steered antennas, respectively. This paper suggests a hybrid open-loop/closed-loop pointing technique as the best performer in the mobile satellite environment.
Ovine luteinizing hormone. III. Relationships between the charge heterogeneity of partially purified subunits and the native hormone.

Extracts of anterior pituitaries from wethers were prepared by homogenization and centrifugation at 100,000 x g. When chromatofocused on pH 10.5-7.0 gradients, eight peaks of immunoreactive ovine luteinizing hormone (0LH) were observed: six exhibited apparent pls in the range of 9.3 3-8.83, one eluted unbound (apparent p1 >9.8), and one was bound to the column (apparent p1 � 7.0). A portion of the same extracts was subjected to gel filtration on Sep bad ex G-100 Superfine to resolve native 0LH and its uncombined subunits. oLH, oLHa, and oLH13 were present at concentrations of 0.907 ± 0.127, 0.089 ± 0.020, and 0.010 ± 0.023 .zg/mg tissue, respectively, which translated to oLHa/oLH and oLH13/oLH molar ratios of “0.19 and �0.02. Fractions containing immunoreactive oLH or uncombined subunits (oLHcv and oLHf3) were pooled, lyophilized, and chromatofocused. Native oLH resolved from uncombined subunits by gel filtration displayed a similar pattern of isohormones to those in crude extracts. In contrast, three purified oLH preparations exhibited distinct chromatofocusing patterns. Uncombined oLHa in pituitary extracts resolved from native oLH by gel filtration exhibited a higher percentage (�37%) of acidic components when cbromatofocused, while more than 97% of purified oLHa focused as basic forms having pis greater than 8.9. When uncombined oLHI3 in pituitary extracts was chromatofocused, more than half of the immunoreactivity was bound to the column (apparent pi � 7.0); purified o LHI3 displayed a nearly identical pattern. These results suggest that 1) native o LH resolved from uncombined subunits by gel filtration displays a similar chro mat ofocusing profile to that of oLH in crude pituitary extracts; 2) uncombined oLHa and oLH13 in pituitary extracts separated from native oLH by gel filtration focus predominantly as acidic forms; 3) uncombined LH subunits in pituitary extracts minimally contribute to the observed pattern of immunoreactive oLH isobormones; and 4) the charge characteristics of native oLH appear to reflect those of the alpha subunit, assuming that the acidic nature of uncombined alpha in pituitary extracts could be due to a high percentage of 0-glycosylated forms.