cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution x-ray and light-scattering study of critical behavior associated with the nematic—smectic- A transition in 4-cyano-4′-octylbiphenyl

We have carried out a high-resolution x-ray study of the mass-density fluctuations and a light-scattering study of the bend-mode-director fluctuations associated with the nematic-smectic-$A$ phase transition in 4-cyano-4\ensuremath{'}-octylbiphenyl (8CB). This phase transition is found to be nearly second order with a first-order temperature jump of less than 10 mK. The peak scattering intensity, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{0})$, with ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{0}=(0, 0, \frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{d})$, where $d$ is the layer spacing, and the longitudinal correlation length, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, exhibit single power-law divergences for $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}l|1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}|l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ with critical exponents of $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, respectively. These exponents agree within the errors with the predicted $d=3$, $n=2$ values appropriate to de Gennes' superconductor analogue model. The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse correlation lengths, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$, increases gradually with decreasing reduced temperature, changing by a factor of 2.6 over the above temperature range. This corresponds to an effective exponent difference $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\surd}\mathit{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}=0.16$. The bend mode elastic constant ${K}_{3}$, which is predicted to have a divergent contribution ${(\frac{{k}_{B}T{q}_{o}^{2}}{24\ensuremath{\pi}})}^{2}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$, exhibits single power law behavior for ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\ensuremath{\le}1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}l{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, with ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ in reasonable agreement with the x-ray results. The predicted amplitude is, however, wrong by a factor of four. Measurements of $B$, the layer compressibility coefficient in the smectic-$A$ phase, yield $\frac{B}{{K}_{1}}\ensuremath{\sim}{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ with $\ensuremath{\varphi}=0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, in agreement with previous experiments in N-$p$-cyanobenzylidene-$p$-octyloxyanilene (CBOOA) and octyloxycyanobenzylidene (80CB), but in marked disagreement with the superconducting analogue model which predicts $\ensuremath{\varphi}={\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{1}=0.67$.
Role of Universities in Leadership Development

University doctoral programs play a significant role in preparing community college leaders. Criteria of successful programs are discussed, along with how they should relate to community college professionals entering the program.
Managing Heritage Volunteers: An Exploratory Study of Volunteer Programmes in Art Museums Worldwide

This study addresses the paucity of research on volunteer management in art museums and heritage attractions. Based on the results of surveys and interviews with volunteers and managers from international art museums, it identifies three sets of promising practices that appear to increase the performance of volunteer programmes: (1) building a community of volunteers; (2) enhancing volunteers' learning experiences; and (3) fostering the self-management of volunteers. Taken together, these practices offer evidence for the value of the ‘serious leisure’ concept in the theory and practice of volunteer management.
C-peptide and diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic complication of diabetes and affects Type 1 diabetic patients disproportionately. In the last two decades it has become increasingly evident that underlying metabolic, molecular and functional mechanisms and, ultimately, structural changes differ in DPN between the two major types of diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, impaired insulin/C-peptide action has emerged as a prominent pathogenetic factor. C-peptide was long considered to be biologically inactive. During the last number of years it has been shown to have a number of insulin-like effects but without affecting blood glucose levels. Preclinical studies have demonstrated effects on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, expression of neurotrophic factors and regulation of molecular species underlying the degeneration of the nodal apparatus in Type 1 diabetic nerves, as well as DNA binding of transcription factors and modulation of apoptotic phenomena. In animal studies, these effects have translated into protection and improvement of functional abnormalities, promotion of nerve fibre regeneration, protection of structural changes and amelioration of apoptotic phenomena targeting central and peripheral nerve cell constituents. Several small-scale clinical trials confirm these beneficial effects on autonomic and somatic nerve function and blood flow in a variety of tissues. Therefore, evidence to date indicating that replacement of C-peptide in patients with Type 1 diabetes will retard and prevent chronic complication is real and encouraging. Large-scale clinical trials necessary to bring this natural substance into the clinical arena should, therefore, be encouraged and accelerated.
Effects of Some Substances on Ergot Alkaloid Production

Literature reports do not agree with regard to the influence of aeration on the ergot alkaloid production, but in general, the results bring out the need of adequate aeration for substantial alkaloid production. The beneficial influence of aeration and the absolute requirement of molecular oxygen in the biosynthesis of the alkaloids pointed to the possibility that oxygenases may be participating in their biosynthesis. Certain substances which are known to affect oxygenases have been tested for their influence on the ergot alkaloid production in shake cultures of Claviceps, strain SD/58. The effects on alkaloid production range widely: sodium L-thyroxine produces inhibition; phenobarbital, hydrocortisone, and 3,4-benzpyrene cause marked increases. The results lend support to the concept that one or more oxygenases are involved in the biosynthesis of the ergot alkaloids.
Signalling cost analysis of SINEMO: seamless end-to-end network mobility

IETF has proposed Mobile IPv6-based Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support protocol (BSP) to support network mobility. NEMO BSP inherits all the drawbacks of Mobile IPv6, such as inefficient routing path, single point of failure, high handover latency and packet loss, and high packet overhead. To address these drawbacks, we proposed an IP diversity-based network mobility management scheme called Seamless IP-diversity based NEtwork MObility (SINEMO). In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze and compare the signalling costs of SINEMO and and NEMO BSP. Our analysis shows that SINEMO reduces the signalling cost by a factor of two when compared to NEMO BSP.
Side-reactions in chemical vapor transport: Growth of Pt and Co2SiO4 crystals

Crystals of Pt and Co2SiO4 up to 2.5 mm long were grown during chemical vapor transport of Co-Mn oxides with TeCl4, using a Pt capsule in a silica tube. Growth temperatures were 1200980K. Thermochemical conditions of growth are discussed. Co2SiO4 was probably formed by reaction of CoCl2 with the silica tube walls in the growth zone.
A sustained viral response is associated with reduced liver-related morbidity and mortality in patients with hepatitis C virus.

Background & Aims The incidences of decompensated cirrhosis (defined by ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, or bleeding esophageal varices), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver-related mortality among patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who achieve a sustained viral response (SVR), compared with patients who fail treatment (treatment failure), are unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the incidences of these outcomes. Methods This meta-analysis included observational cohort studies that followed HCV treatment failure patients; data were collected regarding the incidence of decompensated cirrhosis, HCC, or liver-related mortality and stratified by SVR status. Two investigators independently extracted data on patient populations, study methods, and results by using standardized forms. The agreement between investigators in data extraction was greater than 95%. Data analysis was performed separately for studies that enrolled only HCV patients with advanced fibrosis. Results We identified 26 appropriate studies for meta-analysis. Among treatment failure patients with advanced fibrosis, rates of liver-related mortality (2.73%/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38–4.080), HCC (3.22%/year, 95% CI, 2.02–4.42), and hepatic decompensation (2.92%/year; 95% CI, 1.61–4.22) were substantial. Patients with SVR are significantly less likely than patients who experienced treatment failure to develop liver-related mortality (relative risk [RR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10–0.52), HCC (RR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.16–0.27), or hepatic decompensation (RR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04–0.59). Conclusions HCV patients with advanced fibrosis who do not undergo an SVR have substantial liver-related morbidity and mortality. Achieving SVR is associated with substantially lower liver-related morbidity and mortality.
CIM: getting set for implementation

Presents cases in which US firms successfully applied CIM and capitalized on the advantages of such an advanced technology. Addresses barriers to factory automation and steps for successful implementation. Finally, examines technologies that enhance CIM implementation.
Frontal Cortex Contributes to Human Memory Formation

The contribution of medial temporal lobe structures to memory is well established. However recent brain-imaging studies have indicated that frontal cortex may also be involved in human memory formation. Specific frontal areas are recruited during a variety of procedures that promote memory formation, and the laterality of these areas is influenced by the type of information contained in the memory. Imaging methods that capture momentary changes in brain activity have further shown that the likelihood of memory formation correlates with the level of activity in these areas. These results, taken in the context of other studies, suggest that memory formation depends on joint participation of frontal and medial temporal lobe structures.
The CbiB Protein of Salmonella enterica Is an Integral Membrane Protein Involved in the Last Step of the De Novo Corrin Ring Biosynthetic Pathway

We report results of studies of the conversion of adenosylcobyric acid (AdoCby) to adenosylcobinamide-phosphate, the last step of the de novo corrin ring biosynthetic branch of the adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12) pathway of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Previous reports have implicated the CbiB protein in this step of the pathway. Hydropathy analysis predicted that CbiB would be an integral membrane protein. We used a computer-generated topology model of the primary sequence of CbiB to guide the construction of CbiB-LacZ and CbiB-PhoA protein fusions, which were used to explore the general topology of CbiB in the cell membrane. A refined model of CbiB as an integral membrane protein is presented. In vivo analyses of the effect of single-amino-acid changes showed that periplasm- and cytosol-exposed residues are critical for CbiB function. Results of in vivo studies also show that ethanolamine-phosphate (EA-P) is a substrate of CbiB, but l-Thr-P is not, and that CbiB likely activates AdoCby by phosphorylation. The latter observation leads us to suggest that CbiB is a synthetase not a synthase enzyme. Results from mass spectrometry and bioassay experiments indicate that serovar Typhimurium synthesizes norcobalamin (cobalamin lacking the methyl group at C176) when EA-P is the substrate of CbiB.
Two-dimensional arrays for medical ultrasound using multilayer flexible circuit interconnection

The development of 2-D array transducers has received much recent interest. Unfortunately, fabrication of high density 2-D arrays is difficult due to the large number of electrical interconnections which must be made to the back side of the elements. A typical array operating at 2.2 MHz may have 256 or more connections within a 16.4 mm circular footprint. Interconnection becomes even more challenging as operating frequencies increase. To solve this problem, we have developed a multilayer flexible (MLF) circuit interconnect consisting of a polyimide dielectric with inter-laminar vias routing signals vertically and etched metal traces routing signals horizontally. A transducer is fabricated from an MLF by bonding a PZT chip to its surface and dicing the chip into individual elements, with the saw kerf extending partially into the top polyimide layer to ensure physical and electrical isolation of the elements. The KLM model was used to compare the performance of an MLF 2-D array to a conventional hand wired 2-D array. MLF and wire guide transducers were fabricated, each with 256 active elements, 0.4 mm interelement spacing, and 2.2 MHz center frequency. Vector impedance, pulse length, bandwidth, angular response, and cross-coupling were found to be comparable in both types of arrays. Using the MLF, however, fabrication time was reduced dramatically. More importantly, MLF technology may be used to increase 2-D array connection density beyond the limitations of current of hand wired fabrication techniques. Thus MLF circuits provide a means for the interconnection of current and future high frequency 2-D arrays.
Vertical Structures of Anvil Clouds of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems Observed by CloudSat

A global study of the vertical structures of the clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has been carried out with data from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. Tropical MCSs are found to be dominated by cloud-top heights greater than 10 km. Secondary cloud layers sometimes occur in MCSs, but outside their primary raining cores. The secondary layers have tops at 6 8 and 1 3 km. High-topped clouds extend outward from raining cores of MCSs to form anvil clouds. Closest to the raining cores, the anvils tend to have broader distributions of reflectivity at all levels, with the modal values at higher reflectivity in their lower levels. Portions of anvil clouds far away from the raining core are thin and have narrow frequency distributions of reflectivity at all levels with overall weaker values. This difference likely reflects ice particle fallout and therefore cloud age. Reflectivity histograms of MCS anvil clouds vary little across the tropics, except that (i) in continental MCS anvils, broader distributions of reflectivity occur at the uppermost levels in the portions closest to active raining areas; (ii) the frequency of occurrence of stronger reflectivity in the upper part of anvils decreases faster with increasing distance in continental MCSs; and (iii) narrower-peaked ridges are prominent in reflectivity histograms of thick anvil clouds close to the raining areas of connected MCSs (superclusters). These global results are consistent with observations at ground sites and aircraft data. They present a comprehensive test dataset for models aiming to simulate process-based upper-level cloud structure around the tropics.
On Driver Anticipation, Two-Regime Flow, Fundamental Diagrams, and Kinematic-Wave Theory

The Cellular Automata (CA) Model CA-184a is introduced as a simplified traffic model that incorporates a rudimentary representation of driver anticipation. Simulations of single-loop and dual-loop acquisition of density-flow data upstream of a bottleneck are shown to display either a considerable similarity to density-flow data commonly so observed in vehicular traffic (i.e., two-regime flow, including an inverted-lambda shape), or a well-defined but clearly unrealistic density-flow relationship (fundamental diagram, FD), depending sensitively on the details of how the data are acquired. Simulation on a closed loop leads to stationary equilibria that provide a well-defined FD that is not manifestly unrealistic. The kinematic-wave model (KWM), employed with this closed-loop stationary equilibrium FD, provides results that agree arguably well, with some caveats, with the time-series data (upstream of the bottleneck) that generated the two-regime inverted-lambda FD. The source of the sensitivity of density-flow data to details of data acquisition is a strong correlation, in enqueued flow, between observed speeds and position relative to the bottleneck. This correlation, along with demand fluctuations near saturation, accounts for the departure from kinematic-wave predictions of simulated loop-based density-flow observations upstream of a bottleneck.
Aneuploidy: cancer's fatal flaw?

Aneuploidy is a characteristic of cancer, with greater than 90 percent of all solid tumors in humans carrying an aberrant karyotype. Yet whether and how this condition contributes to tumorigenesis is not understood. Here we summarize our recent findings on the effects of aneuploidy on cell physiology and proliferation. These studies suggest that aneuploidy puts significant stress on the cell, which responds to this condition in what can be viewed as an aneuploidy stress response. We will discuss how our results may bear on our understanding of the role of this condition in tumorigenesis and how they may provide new opportunities for treatment of the disease.
Mixed linear model approach adapted for genome-wide association studies.

Mixed linear model (MLM) methods have proven useful in controlling for population structure and relatedness within genome-wide association studies. However, MLM-based methods can be computationally challenging for large datasets. We report a compression approach, called ‘compressed MLM’, that decreases the effective sample size of such datasets by clustering individuals into groups. We also present a complementary approach, ‘population parameters previously determined’ (P3D), that eliminates the need to re-compute variance components. We applied these two methods both independently and combined in selected genetic association datasets from human, dog and maize. The joint implementation of these two methods markedly reduced computing time and either maintained or improved statistical power. We used simulations to demonstrate the usefulness in controlling for substructure in genetic association datasets for a range of species and genetic architectures. We have made these methods available within an implementation of the software program TASSEL.
ON THE ISS PROPERTY FOR RECEDING HORIZON CONTROL OF CONSTRAINED LINEAR SYSTEMS

Recent results on receding horizon control of linear systems with state and input constraints have shown that the optimal receding horizon controller is piecewise affine and continuous, with the resulting value function being piecewise quadratic and continuously differentiable. The purpose of this note is to exploit these results to show that the controller renders the closed-loop system globally input-to-state stable (ISS) when the open-loop system is stable, and locally input-to-state stable when the open-loop plant is unstable. While the result is simple in nature, it has interesting implications in utilizing constrained receding horizon scheme in a switching based supervisory control framework.
Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. II. Physiology

We investigated how the primate visual system solves the difficult problem of representing multiple motion vectors in the same part of the visual space--the problem of motion transparency. In the preceding companion article we reported that displays with locally well-balanced motion signals in opposite directions are perceptually nontransparent (i.e., one does not see two coherent moving surfaces) and that transparent displays always contain locally unbalanced motion signals. This is exemplified by our paired and unpaired dot patterns. Although both types of stimuli contain two sets of dots moving in opposite directions, the former is locally well balanced and appears like flicker while the latter gives a perception of two transparent surfaces. In this article we report our physiological recordings from areas V1 and MT of behaving monkeys, comparing single-cell responses to the paired and the unpaired dot patterns. Although a small proportion of directionally selective V1 cells responded differently to the two types of patterns, the average V1 responses could not reliably distinguish between the paired and the unpaired stimuli. A large fraction of MT cells, on the other hand, responded significantly better to the unpaired dot patterns than to the paired ones. Furthermore, the average response of all MT cells to the unpaired dot patterns was significantly higher than that to the paired dot patterns. These results demonstrate a neural correlate of the perceptual transparency at the level of MT. On the other hand, V1 cells do not generally discriminate between the transparent and nontransparent stimuli, indicating that V1 activity is not well correlated with the perception of motion transparency. Our results are consistent with a two-stage model for motion processing: the first stage measures local motion and the second stage introduces suppression if different directions of motion are present at a local region of the visual field. The first stage is located primarily in V1 and the second stage primarily in MT. Finally, we found a strong and negative correlation between the degree of the opponent-direction suppression of MT cells and their responses to flicker noise stimuli. This result suggests that one of the fundamental roles of the opponent-direction suppression in MT is noise reduction.
Mathematics Education in the United States and Canada

By the early nineteenth century, public education was expanding as the United States and Canada developed westward and mathematics entered the curriculum. Schools taught arithmetic as a basic skill, and colleges and universities began to require algebra and geometry, as well as arithmetic, for admission. During the next two centuries, teacher preparation moved into higher education institutions, and mathematics education became a field of practice and an academic subject. Progressivism, the new math movement, and the standards movement affected school mathematics somewhat, but their primary influence was in helping to establish the community of mathematics educators in both countries.
Regulation of mouse egg activation: presence of ryanodine receptors and effects of microinjected ryanodine and cyclic ADP ribose on uninseminated and inseminated eggs

Sperm-induced activation of mammalian eggs is associated with a transient increase in Ca2+ concentrations thought to be derived from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive and -insensitive intracellular stores. Whereas the importance of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ stores has been evaluated, the identity and role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-insensitive stores are poorly understood. To explore the role of the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ store, we first used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to identify transcripts of the ryanodine receptor in eggs and determined that transcripts for the type 2 and 3 receptor were present. Immunoprecipitation of radioiodinated egg extracts with an antibody that recognizes both type 2 and 3 receptors detected specifically a band of Mr = 520,000. Immunolocalization of the receptor(s) using laser-scanning confocal microscopy revealed that the receptor(s) was uniformly distributed in the cortex of the germinal vesicle-intact oocyte, but became asymmetrically localized to the cortex in a region apposed to the meiotic spindle in the metaphase II-arrested egg; this asymmetrical localization developed by metaphase I. The role of the ryanodine receptor in mouse egg activation was examined by determining the effects of microinjected ryanodine or cyclic ADP ribose on endpoints of egg activation in either uninseminated or inseminated eggs. Ryanodine induced the conversion of the zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP2 to its postfertilization form ZP2f in a biphasic concentration-dependent manner; nanomolar concentrations stimulated this conversion, whereas micromolar concentrations had no stimulatory effect. Cyclic ADP ribose also promoted the ZP2 conversion, but with a hyperbolic concentration dependence. Neither of these compounds induced cell cycle resumption. Inhibiting the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ store did not inhibit the ryanodine-induced ZP2 conversion and, reciprocally, inhibiting the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ store did not inhibit the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced ZP2 conversion. Last, treatment of eggs under conditions that would block the release of Ca2+ from the ryanodine-sensitive store had no effect on any event of egg activation following fertilization. Results of these experiments suggest that although ryanodine receptors are present and functional, release of Ca2+ from this store is not essential for sperm-induced egg activation.
Short Communication: The Broad-Spectrum Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Vorinostat and Panobinostat Activate Latent HIV in CD4+ T Cells In Part Through Phosphorylation of the T-Loop of the CDK9 Subunit of P-TEFb

Abstract Cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected individual leads to a rebound of viral replication due to reactivation of a viral reservoir composed largely of latently infected memory CD4+ T cells. Efforts to deplete this reservoir have focused on reactivation of transcriptionally silent latent proviruses. HIV provirus transcription depends critically on the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), whose core components are cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and cyclin T1. In resting CD4+ cells, the functional levels of P-TEFb are extremely low. Cellular activation upregulates cyclin T1 protein levels and CDK9 T-loop (T186) phosphorylation. The broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) vorinostat and panobinostat have been shown to reactivate latent virus in vivo in HAART-treated individuals. In this study, we have found that vorinostat and panobinostat activate P-TEFb in resting primary CD4+ T cells through induction of CDK9 T-loop phosphorylatio...
Capillary Electrophoresis for Quantitative Genetic Analysis

Electrophoresis was introduced by Tiselius in 1937. He received the Nobel Prize for his work that demonstrated that protein solutions migrate in a direction and at a rate determined by their charge and mobility when an electrical current is applied. Slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) is an adaptation of this technique and has been used for decades as the primary tool for purification and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. Gels are typically made of cross—linked polyacrylamide or agarose, and the separations are carried out in low electric fields. While many slab gel techniques are well established and effective in the analysis of nucleic acids, accurate quantitation and ease of automation remain obstacles.
One step forward or eight needles back: A retro(grade) approach to femoral hemostasis for TAVR

Percutaneous approach rather than surgical cutdown is the procedure of choice for TAVR patients to minimize morbidity and procedure time. ProGlide has been shown to have noninferior outcomes versus surgical cutdown with shorter procedure time and less pain; noninferiority was not demonstrated by single Prostar XL in a randomized trial of "preclosure" for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. The current study did not include a ProGlide arm. As the size of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement devices continues to decrease, the need for large bulky 4-needle devices like the Prostar XL is likely to become obsolete.
Potential Effects of Disturbance Types and Environmental Variability on Sagebrush-Steppe Community Dynamics

While fire is widely recognized as an important factor shaping sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems, little is known about the role other natural events play in these systems. Using a state-and-transition modeling framework in conjunction with the scientific literature and data for climate (temperature, precipitation, and snow), soils (soil surveys and ecological site descriptions), and modern fire occurrence records, we explored how fire and various other natural events might shape sagebrush ecosystems in eastern Oregon, USA, and whether those events could affect fire rotation. Model results suggested other disturbance events were important in shaping all but the most productive sagebrush communities and influenced fire rotation in drier sagebrush communities. Insects and pronghorn browsing may have been as important as fire in shaping sagebrush-steppe landscapes with freezekill and snow mold locally important. Our study also demonstrated the use of climate, soils, ecological site, and fire occurrence data to derive probabilities of several natural events, providing a more objective approach to estimating reference conditions.
86 Fast click-slow release strategy towards HPLC-free synthesis of RNA strands

A general strategy for the purification of bio-polymeric materials, such as RNA strands, synthesized by solid phase synthesis will be described. It is based on a recently developed concept involvin...
Babesiosis in man. Sixth documented case.

A 48-year-old woman was bitten by a tick on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, and developed a fever. Babesia microti were recognized in her erythrocytes. Transmission to rodents confirmed the diagnosis of babesiosis. This is the sixth reported example of this malaria-like, tick-transmitted disease and the second to occur on Nantucket. The patient had not received transfusions or traveled to an endemic malaria area. Hemolytic anemia, present in this case, was the cause of death in three previously reported cases. Chloroquine therapy was successful in eradicating the parasites in this patient, the third survivor.
Pressure on the Lining of Circular Tunnels in Plastic Soils

No attempt to develop a mathematical theory of pressure on the circular tunnel lining in plastic soils is made in this paper. Available field data are interpreted, using simple statics, arithmetic,...
Abstract 5145: Y-27632 inhibits Myc-induced apoptosis and cooperates with Myc to immortalize human keratinocytes

The high-risk HPV E6 and E7 genes are sufficient to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) through activation of telomerase and inactivation of the RB/p16 pathway, respectively. Our previous work has shown that Myc (via induction of hTERT) may substitute for E6 and immortalize HFKs when combined with HPV E7. When expressed alone, however, Myc induced p53 expression and apoptosis. In the current study we found that Myc, in combination with the ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632), led immortalization of human foreskin keratinocytes. Our data confirmed that Myc induced apoptosis and blebbing of human keratinocytes when cultured in serum free synthetic medium (KGM) and that Y-27632 rapidly inhibits this process. Thus, our data demonstrate that Myc is capable of independently immortalizing HFKs when apoptosis pathways are blocked. Citation Format: Aleksandra Dakic, Kyle Divito, Shuang Fang, Nancy Palechor-Ceron, Vera Simic, Sujata Choudhury, Songtao Yu, Cynthia M. Simbulan-Rosenthal, Dean Rosenthal, Richard Schlegel, Xuefeng Liu. Y-27632 inhibits Myc-induced apoptosis and cooperates with Myc to immortalize human keratinocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5145. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5145
Immigrants: Identity Development and Counseling Issues

Worldwide immigration has increased significantly, partially due to globalization of economies, and partially due to the desire for a better life. Immigrant identity development as a counseling issue is explored in this chapter. The issues immigrants face in developing a new identity due to migration are presented, specifically, one key variable, i.e., the development of a strong ethnic (or personal and social identity) is explored, along with how racism, exclusion, and lack of support and services, can negatively affect the process of adaptation to host culture. Models of adaptation, along with counseling interventions from the literature are explored. Additionally, overlooked subpopulations within immigrants are reviewed, along with actions needed for social justice interventions for immigrants.
Evaluation of Pitfall Traps for Sampling Lesser Cornstalk Borer Larvae in Peanuts

When pitfall traps were tested in peanuts in Alabama for sampling larvae of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) they more accurately sampled larger forms (r2 = 0.65*) than smaller ones (r2 = 0.26*). The percentage of traps infested with large larvae indicated field density of large larvae as accurately as the current Alabama manual sampling plan. Traps decreased sampling time 33–50% and enabled sampling under some wet soil conditions. Trap catch of large larvae was not appreciably influenced by the number of days since previous rainfall of > 0.25cm (r2/x = 0.07) but was more affected by maximal temperature (r2/x = 0.26). The correlation between field density and trap catch of large larvae decreased when the sampling interval was increased from biweekly to weekly (r2 = 0.51*).
Host-parasite ecology of keds (Melophagus ovinus (L.)) relative to sheep breed and age on Wyoming rangeland

Abstract Sheep keds ( Melophagus ovinus (L.)), an obligate external parasite of economic concern, are a continual problem in high-elevation grazing situations in most temperate sheep production areas of the world. The influence of sheep breed, age, and the interaction of breed*age on host-parasite ecology, could inform integrated keds management strategies. We measured ked density and presence/absence on Rambouillet, Hampshire, and Suffolk ewes in Wyoming, USA to determine the role of breed, ewe age, and breed*age interaction on ked parasitism. Eighteen ewes per breed group were examined for ked presence and ked density with sub-groups within each breed of 1, 2, and 3+ years of age. We used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to analyze the effect of breed, age, and the interaction of breed and age, on a stacked response variable ‘ked infestation’ that is a function of both ked presence and density. Ked infestations differed by ewe age ( p =0.0153; F =4.55) and by ewe breed ( p =0.0178; F =3.30). Ked infestation increased with ewe age, as 29% of yearling ewes had keds and 63% of three-year old ewes had keds. Ked infestation was the greatest on the fine-wool Rambouillet ewes (72% presence; 1.4 keds per ewe), and was lower on the medium-wool breeds (Hampshire ewes had 39% presence and 1.0 keds per ewe and Suffolk ewes had 22% presence and 0.3 keds per ewe). The breed*age interaction did not significantly influence ked infestation in our joint model of the stacked bivariate ked infestation response outcome ( p =0.1292; F =1.75). The lack of a significant interaction is attributed to the relatively large variance around the mean for such small breed-age sub-groups and warrants additional study. Our results have implications for parasite management as 100% of three-year old Rambouillet ewes had keds present, but none of the yearling Suffolk ewes had any keds and only 29% of three-year old Suffolk ewes had keds present. The results from our study indicate keds do discriminate by breed perhaps due to an ecological adaptation for a wool-environment that is dense and comprised of a long staple – features characteristic of the Rambouillet ewes in our study. Integrated ked management strategies could manipulate this host-parasite ecology by selecting resistant breeds and/or strategically treating the most susceptible ewes. For example, this could be all Rambouillet ewe ages or only Suffolk ewes >2 years of age.
Heroes or thieves? The ethical grounds for lingering concerns about new conservation

After several years of intense debate surrounding so-called new conservation, there has been a general trend toward reconciliation among previously dissenting voices in the conservation community, a “more is more” mentality premised upon the belief that a greater diversity of conservation approaches will yield greater conservation benefits. However, there seems good reason to remain uneasy about the new conservation platform. We seek to clarify the reasons behind this lingering unease, which we suspect is shared by others in the conservation community, by re-examining new conservation through an ethical lens. The debates around new conservation have focused predominantly on the outcomes it promises to produce, reasoning by way of a consequentialist ethical framework. We introduce an alternative ethical framework, deontology, suggesting it provides novel insights that an exclusively consequentialist perspective fails to appreciate. A deontological ethic is concerned not with effects and outcomes, but with intentions, and whether those intentions align with moral principles and duties. From a deontological perspective, a strategy such as new conservation, which is exclusively focused on outcomes, appears highly suspect, especially when it endorses what is arguably an indefensible ethical orientation, anthropocentrism. We therefore suggest lingering concerns over new conservation are well-founded, and that, at least from a deontological perspective, the conservation community has a moral obligation to act on the express principle that non-human species possess intrinsic value, which should be protected.
Key Point and Methods of Designing Spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting System Form of Chinese Medicine

Adverse Drug Reaction(ADR)form has been used as an important tool to report the reaction of post-market pharmacovigilance and security monitoring.The current ADR form can not satisfactorily meet the needs of the ADR report after Chinese Medicine going on the market.Based on the foreign management of herbal medicine and on the conformations of foreign ADR forms,we defined the reasons and the characteristics of ADR of Chinese medicine,and then designed the spontaneous ADR reporting system form of Chinese Medicine.Finally we verified the feasibility of the scientific highlights of the spontaneous ADR reporting system form of Chinese Medicine.The construction of the spontaneous ADR reporting system form of Chinese Medicine will have great significance to the post-marketing Chinese medicine pharmacovigilance and security monitoring.
Eliminating metabolic abnormalities of portacaval shunting by restoring normal liver blood flow

Portacaval shunting causes a variety of anatomic, metabolic, and physiological changes. However, it has not been determined whether, and to what degree, these changes are permanent after a sustained period of shunting. We prepared three groups of rats for study of the recovery process. One group had side-to-side shunts for 3 wk, one group had side-to-side shunts for 2 wk followed by the restoration of normal liver circulation for 1 wk, and one group (control) had sham operations. Side-to-side shunting causes liver atrophy, increased plasma ammonia, altered plasma and brain amino acid spectra, decreased plasma glucose, and increased transport of neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier. After restoration of the normal pattern of liver circulation by shunt repair, the liver regained its normal size within 1 day. All abnormalities associated with liver dysfunction disappeared with the exception of plasma glucose, which remained approximately 15% lower than control values.
Die Lehre von der Wärme. (Kalorik.)

Da Arbeit und lebendige Energie in Warme uberzugehen vermogen und durch Warme Arbeit geleistet werden kann, so kann die Warme nicht, wie man fruher annahm, ein unwagbar feiner Stoff, sondern sie mufs eine Form der Energie sein. Name dieser Energieform: Warmeenergie.
Laser-Based Micro–Additive Manufacturing Technologies

Abstract Direct-write processes have evolved into viable techniques for printing functional materials over diverse types of surfaces for the digital fabrication of microelectronic devices. These simple, relatively fast, low-cost, and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional photolithographic processes have the potential to completely change the way microelectronics are presently fabricated. Direct-write by definition refers to any technique or process capable of depositing, dispensing, or processing different types of materials over arbitrary surfaces following a preset pattern or layout. Numerous direct-write techniques have been developed and among them those that rely on the interaction of a laser pulse with a material offer the greatest versatility for microfabrication of 2D and 3D structures. These laser-based direct-write (LDW) techniques can be subtractive, modifying or additive in nature depending on how they are implemented. Furthermore, since the source of energy is decoupled from the material to be processed, LDW can be applied to virtually any type of material without considerations such as contamination or clogging of the dispensing head as with other direct-write techniques. As highlighted in this chapter, LDW’s flexibility combined with its numerous implementations, such as laser-induced forward transfer or LIFT, makes these techniques highly suitable for microfabrication applications.
Free Radicals in the Catalytic Chemistry of Hemoproteins

The monooxygenases and peroxidases, two of the major types of catalytic hemoproteins, are catalytically distinguished in that cytochrome P-450 enzymes transfer an oxygen atom to their substrates whereas peroxidases abstract one electron from theirs. In general, diffusible free radicals are produced by the peroxidases but not monooxygenases. Solid evidence nevertheless suggests that cytochrome P450-catalyzed reactions proceed via free radical intermediates that are trapped before they diffuse away from the enzymatically generated ferryl oxygen species.
SWaP tradeoffs in the solution space of a hybrid radial-axial achromatic GRIN singlet

A radial-axial hybrid GRIN theory is developed in order to explore the solution space of an achromatic GRIN singlet. With the achromatic hybrid GRIN theory in hand, the tradeoffs between thickness, curvature, and GRIN type can be directly studied in the context of SWaP (size, weight, and power) reduction. Finally, the achromatic solution space of a Silicon-Germanium based material system is explored.
“In the public interest”: The privacy implications of international business-to-business sharing of cyber-threat intelligence

Abstract This article reports on preliminary findings and recommendations of a cross-discipline project to accelerate international business-to-business automated sharing of cyber-threat intelligence, particularly IP addresses. The article outlines the project and its objectives and the importance of determining whether IP addresses can be lawfully shared as cyber threat intelligence. The goal of the project is to enhance cyber-threat intelligence sharing throughout the cyber ecosystem. The findings and recommendations from this project enable businesses to navigate the international legal environment and develop their policy and procedures to enable timely, effective and legal sharing of cyber-threat information. The project is the first of its kind in the world. It is unique in both focus and scope. Unlike the cyber-threat information sharing reviews and initiatives being developed at country and regional levels, the focus of this project and this article is on business-to-business sharing. The scope of this project in terms of the 34 jurisdictions reviewed as to their data protection requirements is more comprehensive than any similar study to date. This article focuses on the sharing of IP addresses as cyber threat intelligence in the context of the new European Union (EU) data protection initiatives agreed in December 2015 and formally adopted by the European Council and Parliament in April 2016. The new EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies to EU member countries, a major focus of the international cyber threat sharing project. The research also reveals that EU data protection requirements, particularly the currently applicable law of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC (1995 Directive) (the rules of which the GDPR will replace in practice in 2018), generally form the basis of current data protection requirements in countries outside Europe. It is expected that this influence will continue and that the GDPR will shape the development of data protection internationally. In this article, the authors examine whether static and dynamic IP addresses are “personal data” as defined in the GDPR and its predecessor the 1995 Directive that is currently the model for data protection in many jurisdictions outside Europe. The authors then consider whether sharing of that data by a business without the consent of the data subject, can be justified in the public interest so as to override individual rights under Articles 7 and 8(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which underpin EU data protection. The analysis shows that the sharing of cyber threat intelligence is in the public interest so as to override the rights of a data subject, as long as it is carried out in ways that are strictly necessary in order to achieve security objectives. The article concludes by summarizing the project findings to date, and how they inform international sharing of cyber-threat intelligence within the private sector.
Insights for HIV Prevention from Industrialized Countries’ Experiences

Developing countries have minimal resources for HIV prevention. Thus it is imperative that research hone in on the processes that have affected behavior change. This paper reviews the literature on "what works" in industrialized countries speculates on some likely "universals" concerning factors affecting HIV acquisition and identifies important variations in culture settings and resources available in order to modify the outcomes of HIV interventions or to force adaptations of intervention strategies. Overall several universals suggest focusing on these themes: 1) effective interventions are grounded in behavioral theory; 2) effective interventions are often multi-method and multi-level; and 3) methodological rigor is necessary. The experience of industrialized countries implies the need for the designers of prevention programs to know the target population and the limits of the prevention infrastructure. This approach requires national surveillance systems tailored prevention programs based on formative research and recognition of logistical limitations in program implementation. Barriers to the success of interventions should be overcome mobilization of finances to support programs is especially crucial for developing countries and intervention programs for youth and women are also needed.