cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of capital accumulation in the industrialization of a labor surplus economy: A formulation of the Fei–Ranis model

Abstract The process of the reallocation of labor from agriculture to industry, outlined by Fei and Ranis, is examined by formulating a disequilibrium adjustment model of a dual economy. The main result of the analysis shows that capital accumulation and technological progress in industry can play a role in extracting labor from agriculture, dependent on whether or not the price elasticity of the demand for food is zero. This result is interpreted as whether capital accumulation and technological progress in industry contribute to the creation of a growing agricultural surplus, which Jorgenson advocated as the condition for economic development.
How well do family practitioner committee and general practice records agree? Experience in a semi-rural practice.

Abstract General practice notes may be inaccurate for various reasons. A study was carried out in one semi-rural practice to investigate the agreement between records held by the family practitioner committee and those kept in the practice. Details on the practice notes and the family practitioner committee list were compared for 800 patients. The details examined included name, sex, date of birth, address and National Health Service number. While 58% of records agreed, discrepancies occurred in 339 records (42%). The most common discrepancies concerned the patient's address (30.6%), date of birth (9.4%) and NHS number (8.0%). Nearly 5% of the practice notes appeared to be for patients who were no longer on the practice list or dependent on its care. These findings have implications under the new general practitioner contract where screening programmes, target related payments, and increased capitation fees require accurate practice records.
Plasma Membrane Na+ Transport in a Salt-Tolerant Charophyte (Isotopic Fluxes, Electrophysiology, and Thermodynamics in Plants Adapted to Saltwater and Freshwater)

In salt-tolerant Chara longifolia, enhanced Na+ efflux plays an important role in maintaining low cytoplasmic Na+. When it is cultured in fresh water (FW), C. longifolia has a higher Na+ efflux than the obligate FW Chara corallina, although pH dependence and inhibitor profiles are similar for both species (J. Whittington and M.A. Bisson [1994] J Exp Bot 45: 657-665). When it is cultured in saltwater, C. longifolia has a Na+ efflux of 264 [plus or minus] 14 nmol m-2 s-1 at pH 7, 13 times higher than FW-adapted cultures and 31 times higher than C. corallina. As in FW-adapted plants, efflux is highest at pH 5, but pH dependence is less steep and more linear in cells adapted to saltwater. In plants of both species from FW cultures, Na+ efflux is inhibited by Li+ at pH 5 but not at pH 7 or 9, whereas in the salt-adapted C. longifolia, Li+ inhibits Na+ efflux at pH 7 and 9 but not at pH 5. Amiloride inhibits Na+ efflux in salt-adapted cells but not in FW cells. We conclude that a new type of Na+ efflux system is induced in salt-adapted plants, although both systems have characteristics suggestive of a Na+/H+ antiport. In all cases, a 1:1 Na+/H+ antiport would have sufficient energy to maintain the cytoplasmic Na+ activities measured at pH 5 and 7 but not at pH 9, which suggests that another efflux system must be operating at pH 9.
Zeroes of Dirichlet L -functions and irregularities in the distribution of primes

Seven widely spaced regions of integers with π4,3(x) < π4,1(x) have been discovered using conventional prime sieves. Assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, we modify a result of Davenport in a way suggested by the recent work of Rubinstein and Sarnak to prove a theorem which makes it possible to compute the entire distribution of π4,3(x) - π4,1(x) including the sign change (axis crossing) regions, in time linear in x, using zeroes of L(s,x),x the nonprincipal character modulo 4, generously provided to us by Robert Rumely. The accuracy with which the zeroes duplicate the distribution (Figure 1) is very satisfying. The program discovers all known axis crossing regions and finds probable regions up to 10 1000 Our result is applicable to a wide variety of problems in comparative prime number theory. For example, our theorem makes it possible in a few minutes of computer time to compute and plot a characteristic sample of the difference li(x)-π(x) with fine resolution out to and beyond the region in the vicinity of 6.658 x 10 370 discovered by te Riele. This region will be analyzed elsewhere in conjunction with a proof that there is an earlier sign change in the vicinity of 1.39822 × 10 316 .
BELIEF SYSTEMS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE WORKPLACE

Belief systems as discussed by Harvey and colleagues provide a summary description of individual differences across a variety of psychological characteristics in combination with people's assumptio...
Load Distribution on Multielement Deformed Airfoils with Gap Effects

b Bn Bp c c The aerodynamic loading for deformed wings with elevens in subsonic flow is considered. The solution procedure falls into the potential flow category with appropriate restrictions. Lifting surface Kernel function formulation is used in which the local pressure loading for both wing and elevon is determined simultaneously and written as a summation equation. The solution procedure allows closed-form results to be obtained for the elevon hinge moments. Cases under study include gaps between wing and elevon in addition to arbitrary wing- elevon deformations. Fuselage effects and leading-edge suction are also used to apply results to a general con- figuration. Results for all cases compare very well with experimental data. Experimental data taken in a low- speed wind tunnel are presented for a cropped delta wing and rectangular elevon in which the wing-elevon gap was the primary test variable. Nomenclature aspect ratio wing span wing loading coefficients elevon loading coefficients local wing chord mean aerodynamic chord of the configuration (excluding gap length), reference length root chord of elevon tip chord of elevon section lift section hinge moment coefficient lift coefficient pitching moment coefficient about wing root chord leading edge pressure coefficient (p-px) Iq^ integral of the chordwise term of the pressure loading function, see Eq. (12) lift force on the wing freestream Mach number freestream dynamic pressure wing-elevon planform area (excluding gap area), reference area nondimensional perturbation velocity parallel to z axis Cartesian coordinates angle of attack Mach flow parameter, Vl -M2* elevon angle relative to wing (trailing edge down is positive) gap width between wing trailing edge and elevon leading edge wing leading-edge sweep angle nondimensional spanwise variable nondimensional variables, see Eq. (2) Sijibscripts E = elevon H = hinge characteristics HL = hinge line LE = leading edge nm = points or constants associated with the wing pq = points or constants associated with the elevon T = total TE = trailing edge VLE — leading-edge vortex W = wing 0 = denotes wing coordinate variables oo = freestream conditions
Some resource allocation policies in a Multi Associative Processor

The Multi Associative Processor is a hypothetical machine composed of eight control units and an arbitrary number of processing elements. Each control unit executes a single-instruction-stream multiple-data-stream program in conjunction with a subset of the dynamically allocatable processing elements. In this machine, the data bus interconnecting control units and processing elements is partitioned in order to decrease the hardware cost of the interconnection. In previous work, the degree of partitioning was investigated, and it was found that the processing element allocation algorithm was very critical to the performance of the system, [5]. In this paper, a basic allocation algorithm is investigated under various job loads, and then the performance is compared to three distinct algorithms that compact processing elements into smaller subsets of the partitions under varying conditions.
Effects of target structure on the performance of laser time-of-flight velocimeter systems

The consequences of partially developed speckle and the effects giving rise to bias errors in velocity determination are discussed with respect to robustness of a classical laser time-of-flight velocimetry (LTV) system. It is demonstrated that surface regimes exist that define the degree of partially developed speckle. These regimes are explored both theoretically and experimentally; surface models are developed to predict the resulting cross covariance from which velocity estimations can be obtained. The surface models describe the behavior of the cross covariance caused by reflection structures and with disparate lateral-roughness scales. In particular, it is shown that it is possible to obtain a twin-Gaussian cross covariance as a result of the presence of partially developed speckle. All models described are compared with experimental observations of the cross covariance for differing surface regimes. The objects are solid targets having lateral spatial correlations in reflection amplitude, height, or both, generally giving rise to partially developed speckle. In almost all cases good agreement with the corresponding theoretical predictions are found. Decorrelation caused by velocity misalignment is shown to shift the peak of the cross covariance significantly, giving a velocity bias. A corresponding theoretical model is developed and verified experimentally. Cross-talk measurements have been performed and compared with a theory developed herein. Both measurements and theory indicate that only spot sizes comparable with or larger than their corresponding separation will lead to a measurable peak shift of the time lag for the maximum of the cross covariance. We conclude that LTV systems will provide accurate velocity estimates under a wide variety of practical conditions.
PROPERTIES OF SALTED YOLK SOLIDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITY IN MAYONNAISE 1

The apparent viscosity, emulsification capacity, and functionality in mayonnaise of plain, free-flow, and low viscosity yolk solids were studied. Liquid yolk was used for comparison. All three types of yolk solids had considerably higher apparent viscosities than liquid yolk and there was a siginficant (P > 0.05) difference in apparent viscosity between each yolk solids sample. Free-flow yolk solids had the highest apparent viscosity, followed by plain yolk solids and low viscosity yolk solids. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in emulsification capacity between plain and free-flow yolk solids. Low viscosity yolk solids had a significantly (P > 0.05) lower emulsification capacity. There was a significant (P > 0.05) difference in apparent viscosity mayonnaise made from each yolk solids sample. Mayonnaise made from liquid yolk had the highest apparent viscosity. Of the mayonnaise samples made from yolk solids, that made from low viscosity yolk solids had an apparent viscosity of 38,250 c.p.s., followed by plain yolk solids mayonnaise at 29,500 c.p.s. and free flow yolk solids mayonnaise at 23,000 c.p.s. Although mayonnaise made from liquid yolk had a slightly higher spread, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in spread among the mayonnaise samples made from the three types of yolk solids. Mayonnaise made from free flow yolk solids had the highest stability at 12 days. Mayonnaise samples made from plain and from low viscosity yolk solids had stabilities of 10 days.
IN SITU STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN INCLINED HOLES IN THE NORTH SEA: APPLICATION TO WATER FLOODING AND ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

Water flooding is typical for many North Sea reservoirs, and enhanced oil recovery projects are being considered for some reservoirs. A knowledge of the in situ stress state is important to reservoir engineers in designing water floods or enhanced recovery programmes. Eighteen in situ stress measurements have been made in two 3.6 km deep wells in a North Sea oil reservoir that were inclined at 60 and 65 deg from the vertical. The principal in situ stress directions and magnitudes were determined by the anelastic strain recovery method (which is described) using oriented core immediately after it was retrieved from the wellbore. The results are presented and discussed.
Generalized Analysis of the Dispersion of Modulated or Time-Varying Light

The dispersion of modulated or time-varying light is analyzed for an arbitrary disperser, general modulation, gaussian and incoherent illumination, and nonideal optical systems. The conditions for quasi-static response are examined in detail, and a stricter condition than that previously published is derived. The practical implications of this condition are discussed. The moments of the intensity distribution are derived for the general case. The analysis is related to specific dispersing elements.
A Nash algorithm for a class of non-zero sum differential games

An algorithm is proposed for solving a class of non-zero sum differential games. The ‘ping-pong’ algorithm assumes initial discrete control values, and then integrates a set of state equations forward and the corresponding set of co-state equations backward, alternately, until a stopping criterion is met. Cost calculation on each forward integration run provides a means of measure of cost improvement, and hence the stopping criterion based on convergence within some small value. This algorithm is tested on an appropriate nonzero sum differential game: the Apartment Heating Problem. In this problem, the conflict arises from the system equations. Each tenant desires to heat his apartment at a minimum cost. Each tenant is free to adjust his control such that his desires are met. But since these tenants share a common wall, their desires may not be achieved, as heat can flow through this wall. In addition, each tenant cannot measure the state, so the problem is ‘open loop’ in the sense of control theory. This...
Water movement and seasonal algal growth in Hawaii

The biomass distribution of frondose algae on a Hawaiian reef varied from a period of minimum biomass (635 g wet weight m-2) during July–September to a period of maximum biomass (1,554 g m-2) during February–May. The pattern of variation had no significant correlation with any of the 4 environmental parameters measured (light intensity, temperature, water movement and salinity), although the decrease in wet biomass in winter was observed at the time of maximum water movement. When the biomass distribution of individual species was correlated with environmental parameters, 4 groups of ecological species emerged. One group had positive correlations with light intensity and negative correlations with water movement, while a second group of species had the opposite trend. Species in a third group had an irregular pattern of distribution throughout the year. Those in the fourth group had a regular annual cycle which did not correlate with any physical parameters, but did correlate negatively with the biomass distribution of another species of the same genus. The horizontal distribution of all species studied changed throughout the year, expanding or retracting across the reef in a manner correlating with the horizontal changes of water movement in many cases.
Applying knowledge‐enabling methods in the classroom and in the workplace

There is a gradual shift away from traditional teaching and training methods based on academic research models to unstructured, learner‐centered programs designed to meet the specific needs of learners. Knowledge management processes and teaching methods used in three graduate courses in industrial/organizational psychology are presented in this paper. Learner‐enabled models, peer group teaching and mentoring, discussion groups, and experiential learning exercises were used in the classroom. Goals were to help learners acquire and develop a useful base of relevant explicit and tacit knowledge; to encourage learners to make better use of what they already know; and to more closely align classroom learning with specific job requirements. Practical applications were to prepare students to meet workplace demands; to create methods to transform information into useful classroom and work‐related knowledge; to tie employees’ learning goals to the mission, goals, objectives, and strategies of the organization; and to develop ways to recruit and retain highly talented workers.
Experimental determination of the 3π,π* energy level of benzophenone☆☆☆

Abstract A weak fluorescence was observed from benzophenone at 25650 cm −1 with a quantum yield of ≈10 −5 at 5°K. With the assumption that 1 n,π* → 3 π,π* intersystem crossing is more efficient than 1 n,π* → 3 n,π*, the temperature dependence of the quantum yield sets the 3 π,π* level ≲ 50 cm −1 above the 1 n,π* level: 3 E π,π = 26670 cm −1 .
Conformal fractal antenna and FSS for low-RCS applications

On many situations the reduction of radar cross section (RCS) is of continued strategic interest, especially with aircraft and missiles. Once the overall RCS of the vehicle is reduced, the reflections from the antennas can dominate. The commonly known approaches to RCS reduction may not be applicable for antennas, and hence special techniques are followed. These include configuring the antennas completely conformal, and using band pass frequency selective surfaces. The use fractal patterns have shown to result in such band pass characteristics. The overall RCS of a typical target body is experimentally found to be reduced when these screens are used. The paper presents the experimental result on the transmission and backscatter characteristics of a fractal FSS screen.
Police record-discretion as misconduct in South Korea

Abstract Despite a substantial number of police corruption studies founded on Klockars and colleagues' scenario-based vignette survey (2004), little attention has been paid to record-discretion as a type of police misconduct. Goldstein (1977) notes that police corruption is sometimes manifested in insidious forms. Record-discretion is worth investigating because despite its low visibility it potentially affects public confidence in the entire criminal justice system. Using data from South Korean police officers with investigative assignments, we examine the etiology of record-discretion among detectives by focusing on both individual officer characteristics and his/her perceptions of organizational correlates. Significant predictors included investigators' levels of expertise and prior injury experience, prosecutor supervision, media attention, and rule effectiveness. These relationships, however, vary across types of assignment, supporting evidence for the existence of two cultures in policing.
Polyphosphoprotein from the adhesive pads of Mytilus edulis.

Achieving a satisfactory biochemical explanation for the opportunistic underwater adhesion of marine invertebrates such as mussels and barnacles requires a detailed characterization of proteins extracted from holdfast structures produced by these organisms. Mefp-5 is an adhesive protein derived from the foot of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis, and deposited into the byssal attachment pads. Purification and primary structure of mefp-5 was determined by peptide mapping and cDNA sequencing. The protein is 74 residues long and has a mass of about 9500 Da. Mefp-5 composition shows a strong amino acid bias: aromatic amino acids, lysine, and glycine represent 65 mol % of the composition. More than a third of all the residues in the protein are posttranslationally modified by hydroxylation or phosphorylation. The conversion of tyrosine to 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (DOPA) and serine to O-phosphoserine accounts for the hydroxylation and phosphorylation, respectively. Neither modification is complete since variations in the extent of phosphorylation and hydroxylation can be detected by mass spectrometry. More than 75% of the DOPA is adjacent to basic residues, e.g., Lys-DOPA and DOPA-Lys. Phosphoserine occurs in sequences strikingly reminiscent of acidic mineral-binding motifs that appear in statherin, osteopontin, and others. This may be an adaptation for adhesion to the most common substrata for mussels, i.e., calcareous materials.
Multilevel measurement of acetabular version using 3-D CT-generated models: implications for hip preservation surgery.

Background Numerous structural deformities of the acetabulum are associated with hip osteoarthritis (OA). Acetabular retroversion has been implicated in the development of femoroacetabular impingement. However, it is unknown if retroversion occurs from isolated excessive bone in the superior acetabulum or a torsional phenomenon of the entire pelvic segment.
Cryptic Links in the Ocean

Oxygen depletion in the ocean water column, in stratified basins such as the Santa Barbara and Cariaco basins, and in enclosed anoxic oceans such as the Black Sea provide vivid examples of a type of marine habitat where multicellular life gradually disappears with depth as oxygen is consumed by respiration and not replenished. Only bacteria and archaea with anaerobic metabolisms persist, controlling the microbial cycling of nitrogen, sulfur, metals, and carbon. Genuine fondness for these environments and their anaerobic microbial inhabitants, although possibly an acquired taste, is widespread among marine microbiologists and geochemists who are tracing the path of key elements and the role of microbes in the ocean's biogeochemical economy. On page 1375 of this issue, Canfield et al. ( 1 ) analyze the microbial cycling of nitrogen and sulfur in the oxygen minimum zone offshore of northern Chile. They show that our working hypotheses on microbial interactions and processes of stratified marine water columns have overlooked a critical component: the contribution of the “cryptic” microbial sulfur cycle.
The Effect of Time of Oviposition in Relation to Insemination on Fertility of Chicken Hens

Abstract Previous investigations have shown that the percentage of fertile eggs laid following artificial insemination of chicken hens in the morning is lower than that from hens inseminated in the afternoon (Parker, 1945; Bornstein et al., 1960). A generally accepted explanation is that more hens have hard-shelled eggs in their uteri in the morning. Several investigators have reported that fertility of hens with hard-shelled eggs in their uteri at the time of insemination is lower than that from other hens (Moore and Byerly, 1942; Malmstrom, 1943; Parker, 1945; Bornstein et al., 1960). However, more recent results (Parker and Arscott, 1965) showing that fertility from hens inseminated at 9 p.m. was comparable to that of hens inseminated at mid-afternoon are not in accord with the above explanation since most of the hens inseminated at 9 p.m. had eggs in their uteri at the time of insemination—many with hard shells. This suggests…
Periumbilical Purpura Prior to Gastrointestinal Involvement in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic vasculitis involving the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. While HSP is traditionally considered a disease of children, it also occurs in adults. In both populations, acute gastrointestinal complications and chronic renal involvement are major predictors of mortality. While it has been previously demonstrated that truncal lesions in HSP are associated with underlying renal involvement, a significant proportion of cases with gastrointestinal involvement also have associated truncal lesions. It is unclear at this time whether or not the association of truncal involvement with visceral disease is related to an increased burden of circulating immune complexes or a more specific mechanism. We describe a report of periumbilical purpura antecedent to gastrointestinal involvement in an adult with HSP.
NMR STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE OF GLASS

Over the past 25 years, wide-line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques have been used successfully to study the structure of glasses on an atomic scale [1]. Analysis of the quadrupolar structure in NMR spectra of borate glasses has yielded quantitative determinations of the relative numbers of boron atoms in various oxygen environments. After a brief discussion of the relevant as ects of NMR theory, this paper will present some of the most recent studies : B11 NMR in sodium borosilicate glasses of high soda content, B10 NMR in lithium borate glasses, and Be9 NMR in sodium fluoride-beryllium fluoride glasses.
Magnetic resonance imaging of a post-traumatic arteriovenous fistula in the lower extremity.

Abstract Currently, magnetic resonance (MR) is most useful as a means of providing distinet images of gross abnormalities in major blood vessels. While new advances and further refinements will continue, MR has proven its value as a convenient and effective diagnostic tool for the recognition and delineation of vascular abnormalities, such as acquired arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs). We report a case of a chronic, post-traumatic AVF, in which MR angiography provided excellent anatomic detail and angiographic correlation.
Murine typhus in a pregnant woman.

Background Murine typhus is a flea-borne disease caused by Rickettsia typhi. Although uncommon in most of the United States, it is endemic in Southern California. Most cases are unrecognized given its nonspecific viral symptoms and rare complications. Case A pregnant patient presented with complaints of fever and chills. Physical examination was benign. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated transaminases, proteinuria, and thrombocytopenia. The patient gave a history of exposure to cats and opossums in an area endemic for murine typhus. After empiric treatment with azithromycin, her clinical symptoms and laboratory abnormalities promptly improved. Serologies confirmed acute infection with R. typhi. Conclusion Although the signs and symptoms of murine typhus can mimic other pregnancy-related complications, a high index of suspicion in endemic areas can lead to the correct diagnosis and prompt treatment.
HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF DESMOPRESSIN ADMINISTRATION AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS

Desmopressin acetate is used to reduce blood loss after cardiac surgery. However, there have been reports that hypotension can occur with infusion of desmopressin and that postoperative blood loss is not reduced. In this randomized, double-blinded study, we investigated the effects of desmopressin on hemodynamics, coagulation, and postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing primary elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). After reversal of heparin effect, 20 patients received desmopressin 0.3 micrograms.kg-1, infused over 15 min, and 20 patients received a placebo. Desmopressin produced a small but significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure when compared with the placebo (50.8 mmHg vs. 57.6 mmHg for the desmopressin- and placebo-treated groups, respectively; P = 0.0372). A 20% or greater decrease in mean arterial pressure was observed in 7 of 20 patients receiving desmopressin, whereas only one patient in the placebo-treated group experienced a decrease of this magnitude (P = 0.0177). Reductions in arterial pressure were secondary to decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (mean SVR before and after the drug infusion, 1,006 and 766 dyn.s.cm-5, respectively, for the desmopressin-treated group; and 994 and 1,104 dyn.s.cm-5, respectively, for the placebo-treated group; P = 0.0078).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
What is Sport Education and How Does it Work

(1998). What is Sport Education and How Does it Work? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 18-20.
Knowledge transformations between frame systems and RDB systems

For decades, researchers in knowledge representation (KR) have argued for and against various choices in KR formalisms, such as Rules, Frames, Semantic nets, and Formal logic. In this paper, we present a set of transformations that can be used to move knowledge across two fundamentally different KR formalisms: Frame-based systems and Relational database systems (RDBs). We also describe partial implementations of these transformations for a specific pair of such systems: ProtTgT and the Postgres RDB system.
Prediction of response during interferon alfa 2b therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients using viral and biochemical characteristics: A comparison

Patients with chronic hepatitis C (n = 103) were treated for 24 weeks with interferon alfa 2b and followed up for 24 weeks after cessation of therapy (week 48). When hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at week 48 was used to assess interferon response, 15 (14.6%) were virological complete responders, and all have remained HCV RNA negative for a mean of 3 years. At week 48, 3 of 15 virological complete responders had elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) values. When serum ALT level was used at week 48 to determine response to interferon, 20 (19.4%) were biochemical complete responders. However, 8 of the 20 patients with normal ALT levels were HCV RNA positive at week 48, and 7 of these individuals have had a recurrence of elevated ALT levels within 3 years after cessation of treatment. These findings indicate that measurement of HCV RNA was more accurate than ALT in determining true responses to interferon therapy. Identification of nonresponders early during the course of interferon treatment showed that an elevated ALT level at week 12 was 92% predictive (odds ratio 3.7) but misidentified 33% (5 of 15) of the patients who were virological complete responders at week 48. In contrast, a positive HCV RNA at week 12 of treatment was 98% predictive (odds ratio 35.5) and misidentified only 6.7% (1 of 15) of the virological complete responders. Thus, positive HCV RNA at week 12 of therapy was more accurate in identifying eventual virological nonresponders than measurement of ALT at this time. Termination of interferon therapy in patients who were HCV RNA positive at week 12 would result in a 27% reduction in the direct medical costs and keep patients from undergoing unnecessary treatment. Therefore, testing for HCV RNA at week 12 to identify nonresponders and then discontinuing their treatment is practical, cost-efficient and beneficial both to patients and to third-party payers.
Look-ahead coordination of wind energy and electric vehicles: A market-based approach

The major subject of this paper is the analysis and simulation of market-based coordination of variable resources with storage systems such as aggregated Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Starting from our recent work on modeling and model predictive scheduling of conventional generation, variable generation, and battery storage systems, we further develop in this paper a look-ahead multi-layered simulation platform which (1) takes into account of the transmission congestion; and (2) co-optimizes individual participants' profits from both energy and regulation services markets. In contrast with today's operation software, the proposed scheduling framework could improve the overall system efficiency while observing the transmission network constraints. We illustrate the improved operational efficiency in a modified IEEE 14-bus system.
A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children.

ContextPhysical abuse is a leading cause of serious head injury and death in children aged 2 years or younger. The incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury (TBI) in US children is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of serious or fatal inflicted TBI in a defined US population of approximately 230 000 children aged 2 years or younger.Design, Setting, and SubjectsAll North Carolina children aged 2 years or younger who were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit or who died with a TBI in 2000 and 2001 were identified prospectively. Injuries were considered inflicted if accompanied by a confession or a medical and social service agency determination of abuse.Main Outcome MeasureIncidence of inflicted TBI. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to compare children with inflicted injuries with those with noninflicted injuries and with the general state population aged 2 years or younger.ResultsA total of 152 cases of serious or fatal TBI were identified, with 80 (53%) incurring inflicted TBI. The incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in the first 2 years of life was 17.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.3-20.7) per 100 000 person-years. Infants had a higher incidence than children in the second year of life (29.7 [95% CI, 22.9-36.7] vs 3.8 [95% CI, 1.3-6.4] per 100 000 person-years). Boys had a higher incidence than girls (21.0 [95% CI, 15.1-26.6] vs 13.0 [95% CI, 8.4-17.7] per 100 000 person-years). Relative to the general population, children who incurred an increased risk of inflicted injury were born to young mothers (≤21 years), non–European American, or products of multiple births.ConclusionsIn this population of North Carolina children, the incidence of inflicted TBI varied by characteristics of the injured children and their mothers. These data may be helpful for informing preventive interventions.
Infra-His Bundle Origin of Bidirectional Tachycardia

A case of bidirectional tachycardia is presented in a patient with cardiomyopathy, pulmonary emboli, and digitalis toxicity. The arrhythmia has usually been considered ventricular in origin. A supraventricular origin has also been suggested. Simultaneous recordings of standard electrocardiographic leads and His bundle potentials demonstrated that the abnormal rhythm originated in the left ventricle and indeed was a bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Enhanced phase 4 depolarization in the divisions of the left bundle branch is advanced as a theoretic underlying mechanism in some instances of this arrhythmia.
ANDREEV REFLECTION IN BSCCO/Pb TUNNELING JUNCTIONS

Abstract We have studied the zero bias conductance peak (ZBCP) due to Andreev reflection in BSCCO/Pb and BSCCO/Ag tunneling junctions. According to the conventional BTK theory, the normalized peak height is always less than 2. Surprisingly, the ZBCP in our junctions can be as high as 5. Even more interesting, the ZBCP exhibits unexpected behavior as the normal electrode (Pb) becomes superconducting. We find that the ZBCP will split if the peak is broad, otherwise it will decrease in height. None of these phenomena is observed in BSCCO/Ag junctions, for which Ag remains normal in the whole temperature range.
Circulating Antibodies in Vitamin Deficiency States: II. Thiamin and Biotin Deficiencies

Summary(1) Hemagglutinin production in response to inoculation with human erythrocytes has been investigated in thiamin- and biotin-deficient rats. (2) A moderate impairment of antibody response was observed in both deficiencies.
Testing discrete quantum mechanics using neutron interferometry and the superposition principle—A gedanken experiment

Using a neutron interferometer and the phase difference calculated from spatial discrete quantum mechanics, a test for discrete quantum theory may implemented by measuring the X spin polarization and its variation with position.
Impact of an antimicrobial allergy label in the medical record on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients.

Study Objective. To determine the impact of having an antimicrobial allergy label in the medical record on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Urban academic teaching hospital. Patients. A total of 11,872 adults admitted to nonsurgical patient care wards who received at least one antimicrobial between August 1, 2007, and July 31, 2008; of these patients, 1324 (11.2%) had an antimicrobial allergy label and 10,548 (88.8%) did not have an allergy label documented in the medical record. Measurements and Main Results. The following clinical outcomes were compared in patients with allergy labels versus patients without allergy labels: length of stay, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), number of antimicrobials received during hospitalization, readmission within 4 weeks of hospital discharge, and death during hospitalization. Presence of an allergy label in the medical record was associated with increased length of stay, a higher ICU admission rate, receipt of more than one antimicrobial, and a higher mortality rate during the hospitalization. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of allergy label with these outcomes while adjusting for covariates (age group, sex, surgery during hospitalization, and season of admission); multiple regression was used to model the association of allergy label with length of stay. On average, length of stay was 1.21 days (unadjusted) and 1.16 days (adjusted for covariates) longer in patients with allergy labels. The likelihood of an ICU admission were 1.4 times (adjusted odds ratio [OR 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI 1.21–1.67) higher in patients with allergy labels. Presence of an allergy label was also associated with receipt of more than one antibiotic during the hospitalization (crude OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.43–1.81) and a 1.6fold higher risk of dying during the hospitalization (crude OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.20–2.04). Presence of an allergy label was not associated with an increased risk of readmission within 4 weeks of discharge (adjusted OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.63–0.80). Conclusion. Presence of an allergy label in the medical record was associated with increased length of hospital stay and worse clinical outcomes compared with no allergy label in hospitalized patients treated with antimicrobials.
A novel symbiosis between a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., an aplastidic protist, Solenicola setigera, and a diatom, Leptocylindrus mediterraneus, in the open ocean

The abundance, biomass and distribution of Solenicola setigera, a colonial heterotrophic protist found only with the centric chain-forming diatom Leptocylindusmediterraneus, are reported for four major ocean basins. The distribution is cosmopolitan, and abundances and biomass are usually low ( <500 colonies l−1); however, in the summer of 1993, we observed a major biomass component (range = 5 to 31 μg C l−1) in the surface waters of the North Atlantic attributable to S. setigera. These colonies of S. setigera were exceptionally large, and unusual in possessing high abundances of Synechococcus sp., a normally solitary cyanobacterium, embedded in the matrix covering the cells. We hypothesize that this relationship was mutually beneficial for both Solenicola setigera and Synechococcus sp.
Approach to modeling specificity determinants in receptor-ligand complexes: congeners of serotonin

Abstract Crystallographic data has been used to analyse a receptor/protein binding pocket. Molecules in a series of crystallographically described local environments are compared. Comparisons of these environments reveal similarities in the manner in which a ligand interacts with its local environment. Two related systems have been examined; serotonin in a complex of serotonin: picrate: water; and bufotenine a methylated congener of serotonin.
Obesity is Associated With Poor Surgical Outcome in Crohn's Disease.

Background: Published data suggest a link between obesity and adverse outcomes in Crohn ’ s disease (CD). We aimed to test the hypothesis that obese CD patients would be more likely than non-obese CD patients to have poor surgical outcome when undergoing surgery for a complication of CD. Methods: We designed a retrospective cohort study to test our hypothesis. The population comprised of adult CD patients who underwent CD related surgery at a tertiary referral center. The exposed and unexposed cohorts were represented by patients who were obese vs. non-obese at the pre-op visit respectively. Outcome was represented by successful vs. unsuccessful surgical outcome as deemed by the treating clinician. Results: Ninety CD patients were eligible for inclusion into this cohort study of which 36 were obese (exposed cohort) and 54 were non-obese (unexposed cohort). Among obese CD patients, 64% had an unsuccessful surgical outcome vs. 41% with unsuccessful surgical outcome among the non-obese. Based on unadjusted bivariate analysis, potential confounders identified included age and type of surgery. Gender distribution, disease duration, ethnicity, tobacco use, steroid use, traditional and biological immune modulator use and clinical disease activity were similar between the two groups. Logistic regression adjusted for age and type of surgery revealed that obese CD patients were approximately 2.5 times more likely to have a poor surgical outcome than patients with CD who were not obese (P = 0.05 OR 2.53 95% CI 0.99 - 6.52). BMI as a continuous variable (adjusted for age and type of surgery) appeared to be associated with poor surgical outcome (P = 0.06 OR 1.07 95% CI 0.99 - 1.15). Conclusions: Obesity may be associated with poor surgical outcome in CD patients. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/gr553w
Toward general principles of managerial fairness

The present study identified the principles employees use for judging a broad range of managerial actions. A cross-sectional sample of 44 executives were asked to describe recent fair and unfair treatment in seven areas of management responsibility: planning, staff development, delegating, motivating, coordinating, daily activities, and representing the organization to the public. These responses were coded to yield 16 rules guiding judgments about perceived managerial fairness. Aggregation of these rules yielded six major clusters of fairness concerns. The paper describes these clusters in detail and highlights their potential usefulness to a broader understanding of the complex nature of procedural fairness judgments in organizations.
Comparison of single-shot echo-planar and line scan protocols for diffusion tensor imaging.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Both single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) and line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI) can be used to obtain magnetic resonance diffusion tensor data and to calculate directionally invariant diffusion anisotropy indices, ie, indirect measures of the organization and coherence of white matter fibers in the brain. To date, there has been no comparison of EPI and LSDI. Because EPI is the most commonly used technique for acquiring diffusion tensor data, it is important to understand the limitations and advantages of LSDI relative to EPI. Materials and methods Five healthy volunteers underwent EPI and LSDI diffusion on a 1.5 Tesla magnet (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). Four-mm thick coronal sections, covering the entire brain, were obtained. In addition, one subject was tested with both sequences over four sessions. For each image voxel, eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor were calculated, and fractional anisotropy (FA) was derived. Several regions of interest were delineated, and for each, mean FA and estimated mean standard deviation were calculated and compared. Results Results showed no significant differences between EPI and LSDI for mean FA for the five subjects. When intersession reproducibility for one subject was evaluated, there was a significant difference between EPI and LSDI in FA for the corpus callosum and the right uncinate fasciculus. Moreover, errors associated with each FA measure were larger for EPI than for LSDI. Conclusion Results indicate that both EPI- and LSDI-derived FA measures are sufficiently robust. However, when higher accuracy is needed, LSDI provides smaller error and smaller inter-subject and inter-session variability than EPI.
Assay of sodium nitrite

The official U.S.P. assay for sodium nitrite which employs standard permanganate and standard oxalate solutions is compared with a new method using standard ceric sulfate solution. The proposed method is shown to be more accurate than the official method by comparison of the results with the absolute purity of the sodium nitrite determined by phase solubility analysis. The official N.F. XI method for sodium nitrite tablets involving determination of chloride produced by reduction of potassium chlorate is shown to give unacceptable precision.
Religious epistemology : Naturalizing a point of view

The concerns of epistemology, within the Anglo-American tradition, and the concerns of the religious, or of philosophy of religion, might seem to have an obvious intersection. It might seem that one’s natural desire to establish an epistemic basis for the sort of belief as important to one’s sense of mental well-being as religious beliefs typically are would lead to a merging of these two concerns in some sort of direct line. A quick perusal of the literature reveals that this is not the case. Although contemporary analytic style has been employed in philosophy of religion, particularly with regard to arguments which might be deemed to be more metaphysical than not, seldom have epistemological questions within the framework of the religious been addressed in anything like standard epistemological mode. There can and should be, I argue, an epistemology of religious belief which is not divorced from or radically different from the epistemology of belief simpliciter. Providing such an epistemology, is of course, no easy task. And yet I think current theory offers us more than one way in which to construct such an epistemology, and the epistemology so concocted will have the virtue of being au courant and far from unsophisticated. The failure to establish such an epistemology thus far might be related, as I shall argue, to the stranglehold of normative theory on analytic epistemology as a whole until approximately the past decade or so. If it is difficult to establish an epistemic justification theory which supports my claim that Smith owns a Ford, it must be more than difficult to establish an epistemic justification theory which backs up a religious claim, assuming, of course, that a religious claim is not normally based on mere sensory evidence of the kind employed in mundane affairs. But religious claims, like other claims, are established within a framework and context, and failure to see this, I argue, is part and parcel of the reason that we do not have an adequate epistemology for religious belief. In the first part of this article I will briefly recapitulate the normative nature of analytic epistemology, and develop an explanation of why it is that such normative theories cannot really be helpful to us in religious
A Novel Annular Dorsal Skin Flap Chamber Freezing Apparatus

One of the challenges in using a dorsal skin flap chamber (DSFC) to study freeze injury in rodents is to achieve a controlled and well-characterized cryolesion within the ∼1 cm viewing area. A novel freezing device was designed that allowed optical access to the DSFC tissue, thus permitting the simultaneous use of various imaging methods (e.g. fluorescence, infrared) throughout a cryosurgery procedure. Stainless steel annuli were implemented with an internal 2.3 mm channel for circulation of cold nitrogen vapor. Inlet and outlet ports were manufactured from hypodermic needles. A machined external groove on the surface of these rings provided the point of attachment for interfacing with each side of the DSFC. Using thermocouples and numerical modeling, temperature gradients in the viewable tissue were estimated to be less than 1°C/mm and highly reproducible freezing rates between 3 and 9 °C/min were achieved in the tissue. At the fastest pump rates the apparatus was capable of producing temperatures as low as −110 °C on the inner surface of the chamber. When these rings were cooled to their lowest temperatures and placed in contact with the DSFC, tissue cooling rates of ∼75 °C/min could be achieved. Numerical modeling results demonstrated that the temperature gradient throughout the thickness of the tissue was minimal, suggesting that surface temperature measurements would be representative of the temperature throughout the thickness of the intravital preparation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME