cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on auditory, long-latency, event- related potentials in monkey

It has previously been demonstrated that monkeys exhibit certain event-related potential (ERP) components showing latency, polarity, and contingency similarities to those observed in humans. In the present study, monkey P300-like components were studied in order to evaluate the hypothesis that the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) system participates in their generation or modulation. ERPs were recorded from untrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) twice a week for 4 weeks before and after bilateral LC lesions and interruption of dorsal bundle (DB) fibers. Stimuli consisted of 2 and 6 kHz tone pips (40 msec duration, 60 dB above nHL) presented once a second in random order. In most sessions, one tone constituted 90% of the stimuli and the other tone 10%, while in some sessions tones were made equiprobable to test the effects of manipulating stimulus probability. LC and DB lesions were made by first localizing the nucleus and creating an electrolytic lesion. Then, the electrode was placed at the anterior pole of the nucleus and a knife cut effected. The extent of damage to LC perikarya and ascending axons was assessed by reconstructing lesions from Nissl-stained sagittal sections through the brain stems. The effect of lesions on cortical noradrenergic axons was immunohistochemically verified utilizing antisera directed against dopamine-B-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase to label noradrenergic and dopaminergic axons, respectively. The prelesion ERP results replicated previous findings of P300-like components recorded in response to low-probability tones. The postlesion ERP data indicated that following damage to LC cell bodies, combined with interruption of histochemically detectable ascending noradrenergic axons, monkey P300-like potentials exhibited decreased areas, altered brain-surface distribution, and reduced sensitivity to stimulus probability. The correlation between the extent of cell body lesions and percentage reduction in the magnitude of P300-like responses was significant. However, interruption of DB fibers alone did not have similar effects. Neither type of lesion had any effect on amplitudes, latencies, or brain-surface distributions of P52, P172, or N250-900. There was, however, a significant effect on N106. Stimulus probability effects on the frontally distributed P52 and N106 were not altered by the lesions. These data support the hypothesis that the integrity of the LC nucleus and its ascending fibers is important in the generation and modulation of surface-recorded P300-like activity.
Purification and characterization of the Myxococcus xanthus FrzE protein shows that it has autophosphorylation activity.

Myxococcus xanthus exhibits multicellular interactions during vegetative growth and fruiting body formation. Gliding motility is needed for these interactions. The frizzy (frz) genes are required to control directed motility. FrzE is homologous to both CheA and CheY from Salmonella typhimurium. We used polyclonal antiserum raised against a fusion protein to detect FrzE in M. xanthus extracts by Western immunoblot analysis. FrzE was clearly present during vegetative growth and at much lower levels during development. A recombinant FrzE protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli, purified from inclusion bodies, and renatured. FrzE was autophosphorylated when it was incubated in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and MnCl2. Chemical analyses of the phosphorylated FrzE protein indicated that it contained an acylphosphate; probably phosphoaspartate. FrzE was phosphorylated in an intramolecular reaction. Based on these observations, we propose a model of the mechanism of FrzE phosphorylation in which autophosphorylation initially occurs at a conserved histidine residue within the "CheA" domain and then, via an intramolecular transphosphorylation, is transferred to a conserved aspartate residue within the "CheY" domain. Images
Does the Quality of Stimulation and Support in the Home Environment Moderate the Effect of Early Education Programs

The current study was designed to investigate how the quality of stimulation and support available to children in the home interacts with participation in Early Head Start to determine children's development. Data were obtained as part of the national evaluation of Early Head Start (EHSRE), a randomized trial involving 3,001 children and families from 17 program sites. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine the interaction of EHS with (a) early maternal emotional warmth and (b) provision of a stimulating home environment on children's development at ages 3 and 5. Findings showed EHS sometimes differentially benefited children who came from households where the levels of warmth and stimulation were lowest. However, there was evidence of other forms of moderation as well.
Genome and transcriptome profiles of matched ovarian primary and metastasis sites in three patients

Metastasis to the peritoneum and lymph node is associated with poor survival in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). To better understand EOC metastasis, we carried out exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) studies on ovary, peritoneum and lymph node tumors from three patients. To analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from exome and RNA sequencing data, we use the ratio of reference allele reads to the total number of reads as a measure of a site's allele distribution. This approach is more appropriate for analyzing heterogeneous cancer samples than standard SNP calling methods. Analysis of significant SNP, CNV and gene expression shifts across tumor sites and patients reveals a large degree of heterogeneity between patients. The small number of shifting alleles and differentially expressed genes conserved across patients could be interesting genes for further study. In addition, using both the exome and RNA sequencing data, we identify specific alleles that are expressed at significantly higher and lower levels than expected from the genomic allele ratios. These differentially expressed alleles are very interesting candidates for further study as they may indicate tumor selection for particular alleles. Overall, our results indicate a remarkably heterogeneous landscape of ovarian cancer primary tumors and metastasis and suggest that a more patient-specific research and treatment approach is advisable to achieve better patient outcomes.
Dissolved zinc and copper retention from stormwater runoff in ordinary portland cement pervious concrete

Abstract This research investigated whether pervious concrete is effective in removing dissolved zinc and copper contaminants from stormwater runoff. Pervious concrete cylinders were loaded in the laboratory with simulated runoff, and influent and effluent concentrations and volumes measured. In one set of tests, stormwater was dispensed at typical concentrations (100 μg/L Zn and 20 μg/L Cu) simulating ten consecutive storm events of 12 mm (0.5 in.) of rain to test initial removal performance. Another set of cylinders was loaded at forty times the typical concentration to simulate accelerated longterm metal loading indicative of several years of typical use. Cylinders were removed after 15 and 24 accelerated events respectively for further typical concentration performance testing. Performance for the typical concentration tests both pre and post accelerated loading were calculated as a percent metals retained and also as a percent decrease in effluent versus influent concentration. The pre accelerated metal loading results indicate averages of 93% and 91% retained, and 90% and 87% concentration decreases for Zn and Cu respectively. Similar percentages were retained post accelerated metal loadings with slightly lower averages for copper after 24 accelerated loading events, although this was probably due to a higher infiltration rate. Removals were seen to be effected by both physical (water trapping) and by chemical (sorption and complexation) processes.
Determination of sources using brain-evoked potential maps

Methods to localize the sources of Brain Evoked Potential Maps based on modeling of the sources as point dipoles have been widely used for more than twenty years. Such methods still lack a basic theory which can answer questions regarding the resolution and uniqueness of the results in the context of a realistic head model, with no a prior restrictions on the sources. In the first part of the paper we present simple physical models for the origin of far-field potentials associated with the auditory and somatosensory systems. An action potential travels along a straight axon can only produce a quadrupole field at far distances. We show that the far field potentials must originate when the action potential passes through a bent axon or through changes in the conductivities or in the external boundaries of the volume conductor surrounding the axon. We discuss the question of uniqueness of the solution for the 'inverse problem' of evoked potentials. This problem involved the reconstruction of the location and pattern of activity of the neuronal generators in the brain, given the map of the scalp electric potentials. We show that in a head shape with a realistic geometry spatially distinct points, line or open surface generators cannot create the same scalp potential map. The same applies to two non-overlapping generators occupying finite volumes.
Contact inhibition, polyribosomes, and cell surface membranes in cultured mammalian cells.

An “overlay” method for rapidly and synchronously inducing contact inhibition in normal cultured cells has been developed. Using this method, disaggregation of cytoplasmic polyribosomes has been observed to occur within a matter of hours after overlay, followed by a decrease in cellular ribosomal RNA. Polysome disaggregation was influenced by the extent of cell-cell interaction and was inhibited by pretreatment of overlay cells with cycloheximide. Treatment of underlay cells with cytosine arabinoside also induced polysome disaggregation, but only after an appreciable lag as compared to that observed in overlaid cultures. Disaggregation could be induced by this method in cultured cells derived from normal tissue but not in cells derived from cancerous tissue. Polysome synthesis in growing “normal” cells (as measured by incorporation of tracer uridine into RNA) was markedly decreased when a cell surface membrane preparation was added to cultures.
The calcium uptake of the rat heart sarcoplasmic reticulum is altered by dietary lipid

Small amounts of dietary n-3 fatty acids can have dramatic physiological effects, including the reduction of plasma triglycerides and an elevation of cellular eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic acids (DHA) at the expense of arachidonic acid (AA). We investigated the effects of alterations in the fatty acid compositions of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (CSR) produced by dietary manipulation on the calcium pump protein that is required for energy dependent calcium transport. CSR was isolated from rats fed menhaden oil, which is rich in n-3 fatty acids, and from control animals that were given corn oil. Relative to control membranes, those isolated from rats fed menhaden oil, had a lower content of saturated phospholipids, an increased DHA/AA ratio, and an increased ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids. These changes were associated with a 30% decrease in oxalate-facilitated, ATP-dependent calcium uptake and concomitant decreased Ca-ATPase activity in the membranes from the animals fed menhaden oil. In contrast, there was no alteration in active pump sites as measured by phosphoenzyme formation. Thus, the CSR Ca-ATPase function can be altered by dietary interventions that change the composition, and possibly structure, of the phospholipid membranes thereby affecting enzyme turnover.
From Killer Weed to Drop-out Drug: The changing ideology of marihuana

A major change occurred in the dangers attributed to marihuana use in the mid-1960s in the United States: What had once been regarded as a "Killer Weed" became seen as a "Drop-out Drug." Lost amid the loud debates over the legality and morality of marihuana use, this change has rarely been noticed or studied; nonetheless, it is important, for it involves a major shift in how the public discussion of marihuana was framed a shift that was symptomatic of other important social changes of the time. From the 1930s to the mid-1960s, marihuana was primarily characterized as a "Killer Weed," a drug that made its users violent, criminal, and aggressive. Writing shortly after the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, anti-drug crusaders Earle and Robert Rowell put it this way: "While opium kills ambition and deadens initiative, marihuana incites to immorality and crime" [ 1 ]. In the turbulent debate over marihuana beginning in the 1960s, the Killer Weed claim was abruptly replaced by the virtually opposite assertion that marihuana induced passivity and destroyed motivation. What the Rowells had once said about opium in the 1930s in contrast to marihuana now was said about marihuana itself: it killed ambition and deadened initiative; it created an "amotivational syndrome"; it was a "Drop-out Drug." Thus, in summarizing the drug's effects, Time Magazine argued in 1965 that marihuana "affects users' judgment and if used daily will dull a student's initiative"; and Benjamin Spock, the pediatrician and political activist, noted that "a small percentage of users, the 'potheads, ' make its frequent use the focus of their existence and lose some of their ambition and aim" [2]. The shift from Killer Weed to Drop-out Drug involved a change not only in the specific dangers attributed to marihuana use but also (and more importantly) in the general image of the drug and its users. It thus entails nothing less than a transformation of the assumptions underlying public discussion of marihuana. In what follows, I shall document and explain this radical shift in the image of marihuana. I shall show that a Killer Weed image came to dominate
The Compound Caregiver: A Case Study of Multiple Caregiving Roles

Many parental caregivers of an adult with intellectual/developmental disabilities often undertake the role for their entire lifetime. However, there is a lack of recognition of the increasing likelihood that they may become caregivers to their own parents or other family members. A case study highlighting this scenario is presented. Three themes emerge for these unique “compound caregivers” that may result in adverse outcomes in well-being; reduction in social network/support, difficulty of prioritizing caregiving demands, and a reduction in stress resiliency. More research of compound caregivers is warranted. Interventions aimed at reducing the burden felt by compound caregivers could be particularly beneficial during the compound caregiving episode, and could ensure the continuance of the primary caregiving role.
Search costs and prices

Abstract This paper examines the effect of consumer search costs on the level of prices and price dispersion. We show that as search costs decrease, prices may increase and price dispersion may also increase.
Social Work Knowledge of Facts on Aging: Influence of Field and Classroom Education

Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ) was used to measure aging knowledge outcomes of 323 practicum students engaged in aging-focused practica at pre- and posttest across 11 universities. Significant improvement in knowledge scores (p = .0001) was found for graduates of the enhanced field education programs. Taking aging course work was a significant (p = .0001) influence on knowledge outcomes. Combined with coursework, the practicum students experienced increased knowledge of aging. When experiential and didactic learning is combined, increased knowledge about facts of aging occurs.
Mesoscale Convective Complexes in the Americas

Enhanced infrared satellite imagery and conventional surface and sounding data are used to document the existence and climatological characteristics of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) over midlatitude South America (south of 20°S) and in the tropical region (20°N to 20°S) between North and South America. The implications of the results, with regard to the structure and dynamics of MCCs, are discussed. It is found that MCCs occur with approximately the same frequency in mid-latitude South America as they do in mid-latitude North America. For the most part the characteristics of mid-latitude South American MCCs are similar to those of MCCs in the United States. The most notable difference between North and South American MCCs is that the South American systems are, on the average, about 60% larger than MCCs in the United States. In addition to the large population of mid-latitude South American MCCs, an even larger number of low-latitude (tropical) systems were found. In general, both the mid-latitude and tropical populations of MCCs are nocturnal and continental; i.e., the great majority of systems occur at night over land. Of the systems that do occur over water, a significant fraction develop into tropical storms. Large populations of MCCs occur in each of the physiographically similar mid-latitude areas of North and South America where low-level nocturnal jets frequently develop. Very few MCCs occur over the Amazon River Basin or over the southeastern United States, even though both of these areas exhibit large amounts of deep convective activity. All of the various MCC population centers occur in latitudinal zones of westerlies or easterlies and are concentrated immediately downwind of major mountain ranges. One of the 2 years of data that was investigated was an El Nino year. During the El Nino period the number of mid-latitude South American systems was more than double the number in the non-El Nino year. Moreover, several MCCs formed over the anomalously warm water that appeared along the Peruvian coast. Thus on the basis of this very small sample, there may be a direct connection between MCC activity and El Nino.
Mantel statistics to correlate gene expression levels from microarrays with clinical covariates.

Mantel statistics provide an additional step to standard approaches in the analysis of gene expression and covariate data, allow the calculation of standard statistics such as correlation, partial correlation, and regression coefficients, and, with permutation tests, provide P values for these statistics to relate the sample covariates to the expression levels. In this article we describe the Mantel statistics and illustrate their use and interpretation with data from a study of seven human oligodendrogliomas (brain tumors) where expression levels of 1013 genes and five covariates were previously analyzed using standard approaches. In the previous analysis of these data, qualitative relationships were found between gene expressions and two of the clinical covariates. We show in this article how the Mantel statistics are able to formally quantify and provide P values to determine statistical significance of these relationships. We also show how the Mantel statistics can be used to rank subsets of genes, found using standard clustering methods, in terms of differential expression across samples.
Transforming growth factor-βs and their receptors in aging rat prostate

Abstract We hypothesize that rat fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) can induce prostatic growth of growth quiescent adult rat prostate through modulations of TGFβs and their receptors. To test this hypothesis, prostatic ducts from aging rat prostate (4, 12, 17, 22, and 27 months) were combined with fetal rat UGM and grafted under renal capsule of athymic nude mice. At 1, 3, and 5 months the tissue recombinants were harvested from renal capsule and analyzed for their growth. The gene and protein expression of TGFβ1, 2, 3 and their receptors, TβR-I and TβR-II, were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results of these experiments demonstrate that prostate ducts when combined with rat UGM formed larger grafts as compared to control (prostatic ducts without UGM). The older rat prostate recombinants (17, 22, and 27 months) formed larger grafts (159 mg/graft) as compared to younger rat prostate (4 and 12 months) grafts (51 mg/graft). The mRNA and protein expression for TβR-I and TβR-II in 22 and 27 months rat prostate tissue recombinants were significantly lower than 4, 12, and 17 month tissue recombinants. However, mRNA expression for TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 did not change with aging rat tissue recombinants. The protein expression for TGFβ1 was significantly up-regulated whereas TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 were down-regulated with aging prostate tissue recombinants. The present study demonstrates for the first time that rat fetal UGM differentially induces growth of aging rat prostate in a tissue recombinant model. The mechanisms of induction may be through up-regulation of TGFβ1 and down-regulation of TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. However, the action of TGFβs may be through TβR-I and TβR-II independent pathways since these receptors were lacking or low in older rat prostate tissue recombinants. These findings are important in understanding the mechanisms of UGM mediated prostatic growth.
A Field Evaluation of a Mathematical Model to Predict Worker Exposure to Solvent Vapors

Abstract A mathematical model of exposure developed from simple conceptual ideas of air flow around a worker and dimensional analysis is evaluated with field data. The observed job was selected to match closely the assumptions used in the derivation of the model. Predicted mean exposure errors were −52 percent and +28 percent for the two individuals performing the same job. A total of approximately 190 8-hour time-weighted average samples were collected on two individuals to estimate mean exposures. The generation rate of contaminant, the proximity of the worker to the source of pollution, and the air flow field are critical variables. A successful modeling effort must address these factors in a comprehensive way. The higher exposure of the smaller worker is predicted by the model, but given considerable confounding with work practices, this size effect remains to be validated.
1684 ABNORMAL PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) METABOLISM AND PLATELET FUNCTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) PATIENTS

Our previous studies (Lemen, et al. Am.Rev.Resp.Dis., 117:639-46, 1978) reported abnormal plasma PG concentrations in CF patients; but, the physiologic significance of these observations is unknown. We correlated plasma PGs to ADP induced platelet aggregation (PA) in 8 normal and 11 CF subjects. Platelet proaggregators (e.g. thromboxane (Tx)A2 as TxB2 and PGE2) and antiaggregators (PGI2 as 6-keto-F1α) were measured by radioimmunoassay. With parallelism between standards and plasma and with the within-sample coefficient of variation <9%, 6-keto-F1α was significantly (p <0.05) reduced in CF patients (X±SE 408 ± 105 pg/ml) compared to normal subjects (X± SE 708 ± 196 pg/ml). PGF2α was significantly (p <0.05) elevated in CF patients (X±SE, 282 ± 106 pg/ml compared to normal subjects (X±SE, 173 ± 65). TxB2 and PGE2 were not different in CF patients (X±SE, 327 ± 84 and 793 ± 239 pg/ml, respectively) compared to normal subjects (X±SE, 318 ± 92 and 995 ± 495 pg/ml, respectively). ADP induced PA was inhibited in 13/18 studies in CF patients. Platelet electronmicrographs showed decreased dense bodies/platelet profile in 4/8 studies, and PA correlated with dense bodies in 4/8 studies. PA was not correlated with drug therapy including antibiotics or vitamin E. We conclude that abnormal PG metabolism may result in abnormal platelet function in CF patients. Supported in part by grant HL 23773 and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
The PHENIX quarkonia and open heavy flavor program

Abstract PHENIX has studied J / ψ production in s N N = 200 GeV collisions of p + p , d+Au, Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions. This systematic study was designed to allow the extraction of hot nuclear matter effects on J / ψ production in heavy ion collisions after accounting for the baseline production cross section using p + p data, and for cold nuclear matter effects using d+Au data. Cold nuclear matter effects, for example gluon shadowing, are the effects associated with production of J / ψ from a nuclear target. The large yields obtained in the RHIC 2008 d+Au run provide, for the first time, an opportunity to characterize cold nuclear matter effects at RHIC, and try to isolate hot nuclear matter effects in Au+Au collisions. Low statistics preliminary measurements of excited charmonium yields and ϒ ( 1 S + 2 § + 3 S ) yields exist so far for p + p collisions, and there are preliminary results for ϒ production in d+Au collisions.
The variability in radon decay product bronchial dose

Abstract The dose to cell nuclei in the bronchial airways from the inhalation of 222 Rn decay products was calculated using the most recent data for all biological and physical parameters. The major factors that influenced the bronchial dose were the median aerosol diameter, the breathing rate, the unattached fraction, and the depth of the cell nuclei in the airway. The best estimate of the basal cell dose was 6 mGy/WLM in both homes and mines, with a range of 3–15 mGy/WLM. The dose to mucous cell nuclei was about 40% greater.
Scattering of Microwaves by Dielectric Slabs and Hollow Dielectric Wedges

An experimental and theoretical description is given of the fields produced near dielectric slabs of finite width by nearly plane, linearly polarized, incident microwave fields. Calculations are given for semi-infinite slabs. Results are given also for a hollow wedge formed of two slabs. Calculations are based on an approximate, integral formulation, and the resulting integrals are evaluated with the method of stationary phase as well as with other approximate procedures. For a slab, the resulting fields are interpreted in terms of refracted rays and a wave originating near an edge. Transitions are described between the directly illuminated region and the region shadowed by the slab. Guided waves were found to propagate on a slab and the walls of a wedge, and empirical estimates are given of their amplitudes. The exponentially decreasing field outside a slab was obtained from the assumption that a guided wave existed in the slab; moreover, the guided wave in the slab gave additional waves, of free-space form, outside the slab.
Deformation enhanced photoemission from oriented aluminum single crystal surfaces

Abstract Plastic-deformation-enhanced UV photoemission from oriented single crystal surfaces of aluminum has been studied. Clean single crystals of aluminum oriented in [111] direction were flexurally fatigued under UHV conditions and for the first time photoelectron energy distribution curves were obtained as a function of fatigue life using the Hel (21.2 eV) and the HeII (40.8 eV) photon lines. The integrated photocurrent was measured as a function of fatigue life using the photon lines from helium and argon sources. A progressive decrease in work function was observed as the specimen was subjected to increasing number of fatigue cycles. At a strain amplitude of ±0.2%, a drop of 0.2 eV in the work function occurred after 3000 fatigue cycles. Further, significant changes in aluminum valence band emission as a result of fatigue have been observed along with the formation of slip-steps on the surface of the aluminum specimen as seen under the scanning electron microscope. This alteration in the surface microgeometry caused by fatigue is believed to be responsible for the observed changes in the work function and the electronic band structure. The change in the total integrated photoyield caused by fatigue is thus determined by work function and valence band changes.
Lamivudine treatment in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis due to replicating hepatitis B infection.

Abstract Background/Aims: Lamivudine is highly effective in suppressing hepatitis B viral replication and hepatic necroinflammatory activity. The potential for recovery of hepatic decompensation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection treated with lamivudine has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lamivudine treatment in severely decompensated cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, Child's-Pugh-Turcotte (CPT) score of ≥10 (median score=11) and detectable circulating hepatitis B DNA (range 15 to 9634 pg/ml) were included and treated with lamivudine 150 mg once daily. Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) was positive in 9 of 13 patients pre-treatment. Results: Two patients underwent liver transplantation at 4 and 6 weeks after starting lamivudine treatment. The remaining 11 patients were followed for a mean of 17.5 months without liver transplantation (range 3 to 39 months). Significant improvement of liver function, defined as a decrease in CPT score of ≥3, was observed in 9 of 13 patients (69%). In five patients, CPT score improved to Conclusion: Lamivudine appears highly effective in reversing severe hepatic decompensation due to replicating hepatitis B infection.
A sensitive new method of “ex vivo” platelet deposition

In 1978, an in vivo quantitative method of platelet aggregation based on the increment of weight of a rabbit tendon when superfused with flowing blood (3 ml/min) derived from a carotid artery of a cat and reentering the contralateral jugular vein was reported. TO increase the sensitivity of the method, researches labeled platelets with indium-111 and reinjected them after two hours; then, with a gamma counter, researches quantitated the /sup 111/In-labeled platelets deposited on the superfused rabbit tendon. Results of the radioactivity method and of the weight method were compared. Researchers found that the /sup 111/In-labeling of platelets was more precise and reproducible method, rendering possible the use of a small amount of blood without need for reentry into the venous system.
Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Interphase and Its Impact on Mechanical Properties

The structure of the interphase, a region between nanoparticle fillers and the bulk polymer matrix in a particle reinforced composite, was investigated using two different approaches. The polymer n...
Tolerance to the carbamate insecticide propoxur

Male mice were given the carbamate insecticide propoxur (2-isopropoxy phenyl methylcarbamate; Baygon) in the drinking water at weekly increasing concentrations (from 50 to 2000 ppm), for a period of 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment the LD50 for propoxur was significantly higher in the treated animals as compared with controls. Propoxur-treated animals were also resistant to the hypothermic effect of an acute administration of the same compound. Groups of mice were challenged with the cholinergic agonist carbachol at intervals during the drinking water dosing and at its end. No differences in sensitivity to carbachol acute toxicity were found between control and treated animals. Propoxur-tolerant animals were also not resistant to the hypothermic effect of oxotremorine, another cholinergic agonist. [3H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding (a measure of muscarinic receptor density and affinity) in forebrain, hindbrain and ileum never differed in control and treated mice. The possibility that repeated administrations of propoxur induced increased metabolic inactivation was tested by measuring hexobarbital sleeping time and carboxylesterase activity in treated and control mice. No changes in tissue carboxylesterase activities occurred but hexobarbital sleeping time was significantly reduced in propoxur treated animals suggesting an induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. These results suggest that tolerance to propoxur is not mediated by a decrease of cholinergic receptors, as reported for other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but possibly by an enhancement of its metabolism.
THE USE OF "TAGGED" DERIVATIVES IN THE FLUORIMETRIC ASSAY OF VITAMINS

In a study of the Konig reaction, it was found that nicotinic acid, on reacting with CNBr and certain substituted aromatic amines, yields glutaconic dialdehyde derivatives which fluoresce with a greenish-yellow light in visible violet light of about 440 millimicrons wave-length. A procedure was described which is applicable to 0.1 to 6 micrograms in 5 cc of solution or extract. It is suggested that the principle of preparing fluorescing "tagged" derivatives be applied to other vitamins of the B-complex.
Reduction of wave forces within bare patches in mussel beds

Wave forces on rocky shores can be an important agent structuring the ecology of inter- tidal communities. Proximity to nearby structures, such as those formed by mussel beds, may buffer organisms from the full danger of wave forces. This experiment measured the reduction of wave forces experienced by an object due to a surrounding artificial mussel bed. By being situated within a small (5 cm in radius) bare patch in this bed, a test object 1 cm in diameter experienced 30 to 62% reduction in wave forces compared to an unsheltered object. The effect drops off as bare patch size increases and is not noticeable in patches with radii of 15 cm or larger. This level of force reduction is relevant for a number of species living on rocky shores since measured, unmitigated wave forces exceed published tenacity values of many organisms. Thus, providing protection from wave forces offers a physical mechanism by which mussel beds help structure intertidal communities.
The Urinary C-Peptide Excretion in Normal Healthy Children

ABSTRACT. The 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion was determined in 137 normal healthy children, 52 girls and 85 boys, 3–15 years of age. No significant difference was found between boys and girls. Median value of urinary C-peptide for boys and girls was 0.24 nmol/kg/24 h with a range of 0.07-0.61 nmol/kg/24 h. Urinary C-peptide correlated positively and significantly with age, weight, height, body surface area and the 24 h urinary creatinine excretion. Since the values of C-peptide excretion were not normally distributed they were log transformed and plotted against body weight. The linear regression and the 95% confidence limits were then calculated. Girls at puberty, 11–15 years of age, had significantly higher C-peptide excretion per kg body weight and per body surface area than younger girls, 3–10 years of age. Boys 13–15 years of age had significantly higher C-peptide excretion per body surface area than younger boys, 5–12 years of age. This indicates that children during the maximal growth spurt have an increased insulin secretion as measured by urinary C-peptide per body surface area.
Nano‐Scale Tungsten Oxides for Metastable Intermolecular Composites

Tungsten oxides are of interest as an oxidant for metals in metastable intermolecular composites, a nano-scale powder useful for such applications as electric matches and gun primers. Smaller particles typically lead to faster reactions and we have synthesized nano-scale WO3 using wet chemistry. Ammonium paratungstate was dissolved in acid. Tungstic acid was precipitated by addition to distilled water and the resulting powder was dried. Analysis by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed hydrated WO3, having approximately 100 nm×7 nm platelet morphology. Thermal treatment in air at 200 °C or 400 °C removed water, forming cubic or monoclinic WO3, respectively. Tungsten forms other stable oxides and we accessed WO2 by reducing WO3 in dilute H2 at 650 °C. Reaction performance of these WOx-materials, mixed with nano-Al at various stoichiometries, is reported. Open-tray burn velocity reached 250 m/s. Pressure cell experiments found a maximum pressure of 1.45 MPa and maximum pressurization rate of 500 GPa/s. These maximum pressures and rates occurred very near a stoichiometric mixture of the Al and WO3.
Arthroscopic repair for anterior shoulder instability with a Bigliani type I glenoid rim fracture.

Abstract This case report describes arthroscopic repair for the treatment of an anterior glenoid rim fracture associated with traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 6 (July-August), 2002: pp E32
MicroRNA's role as biomarkers of lupus nephritis in children

There is a dire need of non-invasive biomarkers of lupus nephritis (LN) activity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs involved in the regulation of host genome expression at the post-transcriptional level. Previous miRNA expression profiling studies have generated some unique miRNA signatures (including miR-125a, miR-127, miR-146a,miR-150,miR-155) that are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their role as biomarkers of LN has not been well examined.
Impact of intertrigeminal region AMPA receptor blockade on respiratory responses in rats.

Abstract We hypothesized that functional glutamatergic AMPA receptors are expressed in the intertrigeminal region (ITR) of the lateral pons, and that blockade of these receptors by a specific AMPA receptor antagonist (NBQX) would alter respiratory responses both to ITR glutamate injections as well as to vagally mediated reflex apnea induced by intravenous infusion of serotonin. Non-selective blockade of ITR glutamate receptors using kynurenic acid previously was shown to alter both of these respiratory responses. Unilateral ITR injections in 19 anaesthetized spontaneously breathing adult Sprague–Dawley rats with the vagi intact demonstrated that NBQX (10 mM): (1) shortened glutamate-induced apnea duration ( p = 0.006), (2) reduced glutamate-induced apnea frequency ( p = 0.034) and (3) decreased glutamate-induced apnea density ( p = 0.006). The same dose of NBQX did not affect vagally mediated reflex apnea induced by intravenous infusion of serotonin. These results show that functional glutamate AMPA receptors are expressed in the ITR but fail to directly demonstrate any specific physiologic role for these receptors in respiratory control. In contrast to antagonism of NMDA receptors which completely blocked the central apnea evoked by glutamate, antagonism of AMPA receptors only partially blocked the effects of glutamate. In contrast to kynurenic acid, antagonists to NMDA and AMPA receptors given separately did not potentiate the duration of reflex apnea.
Correlation of Shyness and Self-Esteem for Elementary School Children:

98 children were identified as shy based on their self-perceptions and specific criteria related to shyness. These shy children were administered a self-esteem inventory and self-report measures of shyness. A significant correlation of .63 was found between shyness and self-esteem scores which indicated that shyness is related to low self-esteem.
A proposed VLSI pixel device for particle detection

Abstract A new form of silicon particle detector that has pixels composed of PIN diodes and readout circuits integrated on a common silicon substrate is described. Detected charge is isolated, and remains on a control gate during readout. Sparse field techniques permit the rapid readout of hit channels without the need for reading a large number of empty ones.
Characterizing Interfacial Friction Damping in Nano-Composite Materials

Purified multiwalled carbon nanotubes are dispersed in polycarbonate matrices using a novel solution mixing technique and dynamic load tests are performed to characterize the storage and loss modulus. Tests are also performed with pristine polycarbonate (no carbon fillers), to compare the response of the two materials. The test results indicate that as the strain amplitude is increased, the storage modulus decreases in conjunction with an increase in the loss modulus. This suggests that at large strain levels the adhesion between the nanotubes and polymer is not strong enough to prevent interfacial slip, resulting in frictional sliding at the tube-polymer interfaces. This debonding at the filler-matrix interface is responsible for the observed decrease in storage modulus and increase in loss modulus. The nanotube-polymer sliding energy dissipation mechanism shows potential to reliably and efficiently deliver high levels of structural damping to polymer structures.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Hosts and Habitats of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Implicated in Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

No parasitoids able to complete development on apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, were found in north-central Washington. However, several aphidiid species oviposited in A. pomi and developed to last instars before dying. Of these, Praon unicum Smith and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) were found attacking A. pomi in apple orchards. P. unicum was most active in spring and parasitized a high percentage of apple aphids in some orchards. L. testaceipes was more prevalent during summer and apparently contributed little to apple aphid control. Hosts and habitats of these and two other species, Praon occidentale (Baker) and Diaretiella rapae (M'Intosh), were investigated. Winter and spring generations of P. unicum were found on apple, peach, and hawthorne. The summer generation was found mainly on hawthorne, weeds, and grasses. Aphid hosts of P. unicum on apple included Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walker), and Nearctaphis bakeri (Cowen). Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the major host on peaches in winter and spring and on weeds during summer.
Evaluation of safe, effective intravenous sedation for utilization in endoscopic procedures

The prevention of anesthetic mishaps during endoscopic procedures is of great importance to physicians in training. With the large number of such procedures performed each year, even infrequent adverse anesthetic reactions may result in a significant number of problems. To establish the safety and efficacy of an anesthetic regimen using intravenous meperidine and diazepam, all endoscopic procedures performed at one teaching institution in a 4-month period were retrospectively analyzed with regard to: (1) type and dosage of sedation/anesthesia, (2) endoscopic procedure involved, (3) effect of any underlying disease state, (4) side effects, (5) endoscopic complications, and (6) overall patient acceptance. A total of 716 patients underwent 913 endoscopic procedures with 876 separate anesthetic/intravenous sedations. General anesthesia was utilized in 44% of the 155 pediatric procedures. In the adult patients, intravenous sedation was administered by a physician-in-training under supervision except in 9% of cases (66 patients) when intravenous sedation utilizing alternative agents was given by the anesthesia department. The dose of sedation used (per body weight) declined with increasing age in the pediatric group (0–19 years). The adult dose remained constant for the next eight decades of life (meperidine 0.76±0.33 mg/kg; diazepam 0.12±0.08 mg/kg). In the adult group, 758 procedures were performed: 371 patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 258 colonoscopy, 36 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 40 flexible sigmoidoscopy, and 51 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Anesthetic-related complications (transient apnea and itching), were noted in two patients, and naloxone was utilized to reverse oversedation in a further 17 (2.56%). Three perforations occurred [two colonic, one esophageal (0.42%)] and were recognized immediately. Overall, patient acceptance of intravenous sedation was good (86%). Thus, intravenous sedation utilizing meperidine and diazepam has been shown to be reproducible, safe, and very effective during endoscopic training.
Melting and Freezing of Gold Nanoclusters

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on series of gold nanoclusters comprised of 459, 1157, and 3943 atoms, to study their structures and properties during heating and cooling. The increased depression of melting point as particle size decreases has been interpreted in terms of Pawlow's triple point theory, the liquid shell model, and extensions of the two. The solid−liquid interfacial free energy σsl of ∼0.15 J/m2 inferred from the liquid shell model was close to the values predicted by several empirical relations. When molten particles in a given series were frozen, several different final structures were obtained even though conditions had been identical. Most of the frozen clusters attained an icosahedral structure, a structure found to be stable to mild annealing. Other structures observed were imperfect truncated decahedra, twinned truncated octahedra, and hexagonal close packed structures. The rate of crystal nucleation in liquid clusters was analyzed in terms of classical nucleation theor...
Lattice fermions in the Schwinger model.

We obtain exact solutions for the continuum limit of the lattice Schwinger model, using the Lagrangian formulations of the Wilson, ``naive,'' Kogut-Susskind, and Drell-Weinstein-Yankielowicz (DWY) lattice fermion derivatives. We examine the mass gap, the anomaly, and the chiral order parameter 〈\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}〉. As expected, our results for the Wilson formulation are consistent with those of the continuum theory and our results for the ``naive'' formulation exhibit spectrum doubling. In the Kogut-Susskind case, the U(1) anomaly is doubled, but 〈\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}〉 vanishes. In solving the DWY version of the model, we make use of a proposal for resumming perturbation theory due to Rabin. The Lagrangian formulation of the DWY Schwinger model displays spectrum doubling and a mass gap that is \ensuremath{\surd}2 times the continuum one. The U(1) anomaly graph is nonvanishing and noncovariant in the continuum limit, but has a vanishing divergence. The chiral order parameter 〈\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}〉 also vanishes.
New Anomalous Lieb-Robinson Bounds in Quasiperiodic XY Chains

We announce and sketch the rigorous proof of a new kind of anomalous (or sub-ballistic) Lieb-Robinson (LR) bound for an isotropic XY chain in a quasiperiodic transversal magnetic field. Instead of the usual effective light cone |x|≤v|t|, we obtain |x|≤v|t|α for some 0<α<1. We can characterize the allowed values of α exactly as those exceeding the upper transport exponent αu+ of a one-body Schrodinger operator. To our knowledge, this is the first rigorous derivation of anomalous quantum many-body transport. We also discuss anomalous LR bounds with power-law tails for a random dimer field.
Mission Statements of Christian Elementary Schools in the United States and the Netherlands

This study compares the mission statements of a small sample of Christian elementary schools in the United States and the Netherlands. In the United States, Christian schools are private schools, while in the Netherlands Christian schools receive state funding, just like public schools. Content analysis of mission statements revealed similarities and differences in the number and type of religious as well as non-religious themes. Results showed that the American schools in this study included more religious themes, such as God, Jesus Christ, scripture, and worship, in the mission statements than did the Dutch schools. In contrast, the Dutch schools that were studied included more themes that were not specifically religious, such as respect, safe, confidence, and whole child.