cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Location and molecular cloning of D1 dopamine receptor.

Abstract Recently, our laboratory has purified the D1 dopamine receptor 6600 fold to near homogeneity from digitonin solubilized rat striatal membranes using sequential affinity, ion exchange, lectin, and size exclusion chromatographies. The resulting receptor preparations still retained ligand binding activity (− 11,000 pmol [ 3 H]SCH 23390 bound per mg/protein) and appeared as a single band at 70–80 kDa on SDS-PAGE. In order to learn more about the sequence and structure of this protein, we recently cloned the gene for a human CNS D1 dopamine receptor. This gene has an open reading frame of 1388 nucleotides and encoded for a protein with a deduced amino acid sequence of 446 residues. When expressed in mammalian cells the cloned D1 receptor had all the ligand binding properties expected for a D1 receptor (SCH 23390 > cis flupenthixol > raclopride and SKF 38393 > apomorphine > dopamine > quinpirole). The cloned D1 receptor was found to stimulate adenylyl cyclase but not phospholipase C. The message for this D1 dopamine receptor was found in caudate, putamen, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, but not in substantia nigra, heart, or kidney. These accomplishments now will allow the pursuit of biochemical studies of the receptor protein as well as investigations into structure/function relationship of the receptor using a molecular biological techniques.
Social Work Licensing and the Evolving Home Care Setting

The home health care industry has recently undergone dramatic changes in Medicare reimbursement and the delivery of patient care services to the chronically ill elderly. One of the primary differences in the funding structure is that medical social services are no longer directly billable within the Medicare home health system. Many authors support the contention that social work field-educational experiences in health care are crucial in order to have a more prepared work force. Unfortunately, field practicum opportunities for social work students have been rare in the home health care industry because of the converging problems of licensing regulations and Medicare reimbursement. Although students must be supervised and monitored by a licensed social worker, there are many functions that they can perform in the home health care setting.
A prospective randomized blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery

Summary Background : Nausea and vomiting is a common postoperative complication that often necessitates the use of antiemetic agents. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, double blind trial, the effect of perioperative fluid administration on postoperative adverse outcomes following anesthesia was studied. One hundred children undergoing strabismus repair were randomly assigned to receive 10 ml·kg−1·h−1 (control group) or 30 ml·kg−1·h−1 (superhydration group) of lactated Ringer's solution during the operation. During the first 24 h postoperatively, nausea and vomiting, thirst, pain, and fever were evaluated. Results : Groups were similar with respect to demographic data, surgical procedures and baseline hemodynamic variables. In the first 24 h postoperatively, nausea and vomiting occurred in 27 patients (54%) of the control group and 11 (22%) of patients in the superhydration group (P = 0.001). Comparison of the superhydration group with the control group also showed a statistically significant benefit of superhydration on postoperative thirst (P = 0.0002) and fever (P = 0.02). The differences in nausea and vomiting, thirst, and fever remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, weight, and duration of surgery. There was no significant difference between the two groups in postoperative pain. Conclusions : Intravenous superhydration administration is an inexpensive and safe therapy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting and discomfort.
The Lake Huron pelagic fish community: persistent spatial pattern along biomass and species composition gradients

Spatial patterns in the biomass of pelagic fish in Lake Huron have persisted over 10 years even though biomass decreased 86% and the fish community shifted from dominance by non-native species (rai...
The use of batch tests as a screening tool for radionuclide sorption characterization studies, Hanford, Washington, U.S.A.

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy was studying the feasibility of locating a high-level radioactive waste repository in basalt at the Hanford site in south-central Washington. This is a saturated site where ground water transport of radionuclides away from a repository is the mechanism for release to the accessible environment. Sorption as defined herein is the predominant means by which the movement of radionuclides are retarded in a ground water flow system. This work presents preliminary laboratory batch testing results in the context of the entire site system sorption characterization strategy. An anoxic experimental approach was used with basalt flow top core samples recovered from depths of 915 m (3000 ft) below the earth surface. The kinetics of sorption were relatively slow and increased in the order U
Expert Psychological Testimony Regarding Disputed Confession Evidence in Federal Courts: United States v. Vallejo

ABSTRACT Disputed confession evidence is frequently the focus of both expert psychological testimony and psychological research. In United States v. Vallejo, relying on the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Ninth Circuit Court reversed the trial conviction in a drug importation case citing, among other things, the judge's exclusion of expert psychological testimony regarding the defendant's language deficits as revealed in his special education history. The Appellate Court ruled that this testimony was relevant to the dispute regarding the confession evidence and related to criminal intent in the alleged offense. This article discusses the Vallejo case in the context of research on competency to confess, the reliability of confession evidence and the relevance of language factors in the assessment of confession evidence. Contrary to the law enforcement allegation, Vallejo asserted that he did not confess at all.
Historical Development of Neural Transplantation

The techniques of neural transplantation are almost 100 years old. As these techniques begin to be used to treat human neurological disorders, it is important to remember the contributions of the many
Differential regulation of Na+/H+ exchange and H(+)-ATPase by pH and HCO3- in kidney proximal tubules.

This study examines the effects of acute in vitro acid-base disorders on Na+/H+ and H+-ATPase transporters in rabbit kidney proximal tubules (PT). PT suspensions were incubated in solutions with varying acid base conditions for 45 min and utilized for brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles preparation. BBM vesicles were studied for Na+/H+ exchange activity (assayed by 22Na+ influx) or abundance (using NHE-3 specific antibody) and H+-ATPase transporter abundance (using antibody against the 31 kDa subunit). The Na+/ H+ exchanger activity increased by 55% in metabolic acidosis (pH 6.5, HCO 3 − 3 mm) and decreased by 41% in metabolic alkalosis (pH 8.0, HCO 3 − 90 mm). The abundance of NHE-3 remained constant in acidic, control, and alkalotic groups. H+-ATPase abundance, however, decreased in metabolic acidosis and increased in metabolic alkalosis by 57% and 42%, respectively. In PT suspensions incubated in isohydric conditions (pH 7.4), Na+/H+ exchanger activity increased by 29% in high HCO 3 − group (HCO 3 − 96 mm) and decreased by 16% in the low HCO 3 − groups (HCO 3 − 7mm. The NHE-3 abundance remained constant in high, normal, and low [HCO 3 − ] tubules. The abundance of H+-ATPase, however, increased by 82% in high [HCO 3 − ] and decreased by 77% in the low [HCO 3 − ] tubules. In PT suspensions incubated in varying pCO2 and constant [HCO 3 − ], Na+/H+ exchanger activity increased by 35% in high pCO2 (20% pCO2, respiratory acidosis) and decreased by 32% in low pCO2 (1.5% pCO2, respiratory alkalosis) tubules. The NHE-3 abundance remained unchanged in high, normal, and low pCO2 tubules. However, the H+-ATPase abundance increased by 74% in high pCO2 and decreased by 69% in low pCO2 tubules.
The Lagrangian spectral relaxation model for differential diffusion in homogeneous turbulence

The Lagrangian spectral relaxation (LSR) model is extended to treat turbulent mixing of two passive scalars (φα and φβ) with different molecular diffusivity coefficients (i.e., differential-diffusion effects). Because of the multiscale description employed in the LSR model, the scale dependence of differential-diffusion effects is described explicitly, including the generation of scalar decorrelation at small scales and its backscatter to large scales. The model is validated against DNS data for differential diffusion of Gaussian scalars in forced, isotropic turbulence at four values of the turbulence Reynolds number (Rλ=38, 90, 160, and 230) with and without uniform mean scalar gradients. The explicit Reynolds and Schmidt number dependencies of the model parameters allows for the determination of the Re (integral-scale Reynolds number) and Sc (Schmidt number) scaling of the scalar difference z=φα−φβ. For example, its variance is shown to scale like 〈z2〉∼Re−0.3. The rate of backscatter (βD) from the diffu...
Cultural Metaphors: Their Use in Management Practice as a Method for Understanding Cultures

This paper describes cultural metaphors and how they can be used in business and related areas. A cultural metaphor is any activity, phenomenon, or institution with which members of a given culture emotionally and/or cognitively identify. As such, cultural metaphors reflect the underlying values of a culture. Examples of national cultural metaphors include the Japanese garden, the Chinese family altar, and American Football. Ordinarily business students and managers have only a limited amount of time for studying culture and the manner in which it interfaces with their work. Cultural metaphors provide a quick, efficient, and easily understandable way of responding to this challenge. They build upon the perspective of cross-cultural dimensions, arguably the most important advance in cross-cultural understanding in the past forty years.
The Long Way Home The Vicissitudes of Belonging and Otherness in Northeast India

The salience of home often comes into being in the wake of its loss. The loss of home for me was engendered by a physical departure from the place of my birth as well as the uncertainty of return posed by escalation of ethnic violence in the region. That loss became the impetus for my ethnographic journey engaging with issues of identity, belonging, conflict, and resistance in my home community—the Garo Hills region of Northeast India. In this article, I draw from my autoethnographic journeys to offer a more nuanced and discursively complex understanding of ethnic antagonisms in Northeast India. Challenging dominant security-driven perspectives, my article is foregrounded in the everyday experiences of ordinary citizens in the Northeastern borderlands. Dissolving strict boundaries between ethnography, oral history, testimonials, and storytelling, I open up discursive spaces to explore alternative framing of home and belonging for people located in Northeastern India.
A bipartite, differential I/sub DDQ/ testable static RAM design

I/sub DDQ/ (Defect Detection by Quiescent power supply current measurement), or current testing, has emerged in the last few years as an effective technique for detecting certain classes of faults in high-density ICs. In this paper, a testable design that enhances the I/sub DDQ/ testability of static random access memories (SRAMs) for off-line testing as proposed. To achieve high accuracy and a test speed approaching the system operational speed, the memory is partitioned for comparison of I/sub DDQ/ values. Parallel write/read operations are used to activate possible faults, while quiescent power supply currents from two blocks are compared.
Room Temperature-Curable VARTM Epoxy Resins: Promising Alternative to Vinyl Ester Resins

The objective of this investigation is to characterize various room temperature (RT)-curable epoxies for vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) of large structure manufacturing. Six epoxy candidate resins: X-40, 780-33, 780-35, 8601/8602, 8602, 8603, and two vinyl ester resins (VE), 411-350 and 411-510A, are physically and thermochemically characterized. All the resins are cured at RT with extended period of time. The degree of cure for 24-h RT-cured samples ranges from 70 to 85% for epoxies and is comparable with the baseline VE systems (75%). After 1 year at RT, the degree of cure increases from 90 to 98%. Most of the epoxies show a single transition in dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. However, two heterogeneous transitions are observed for the VE systems. The glass transition temperature increases monotonically with exposure time, except X-40, that rapidly achieves a plateau and remains constant. The degree of cure for the majority of the systems increases logarithmically with RT curing time with excellent fitting (R2 varies from 0.92 to 1). Consistent with the increase in degree of cure, the storage modulus increases and (tan δ)max decreases with time of exposure. A negative correlation between the curing temperature range and the total heat of reaction is observed among the epoxy systems. However, the VE systems show the reverse trend. RT curing epoxy resin (X-40) shows promising overall result to VE system and can be a viable alternative to VE for VARTM processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Phase Equilibrium Studies in the System Iron Oxide-Al2O3-Cr2O3

Subsolidus phase relations in the system iron oride-Al2O2-Cr2O3 in air and at 1 atm. O2 pressure have been studied in the. temperature interval 1250° to 1500°C. At temperatures below 1318° C. only sesquioxides with hexagonal corundum structure are present as equilibrium phases. In the temperature interval 1318° to 1410°C. in air and 1318° to 1495° C. at 1 atm. O2, pressure the monoclinic phase Fe2O3. Al2O3 with some Cr2O3 in solid solution is present in the phase assemblage of certain mixtures. At temperatures above 1380°C. in air and above 1445°C. at 1 atm. O2 pressure a complex spinel solid solution is one of the phases present in appropriate composition areas of the system. X-ray data relating d-spacing to composition of solid solution phases are given.
Perioperative teaching and counseling

Background. Patients who undergo surgery for colorectal cancer resulting in an abdominal stoma need extensive teaching and counseling to fully recover and enjoy a satisfactory quality of life. Methods. The economics of health care, changes in length of hospital stay, what and how patients are taught, and ways in which adults learn were reviewed. Each of these influences of acquisition of self-care skills and knowledge were considered as they apply to the specific needs of stoma patients
A Practical Reading Method

Author's summary.— Foreign languages are under fire. Let us convince our critics that they have “practical” service value for all. Concentrate on reading. Encourage independent work for undergraduates. Let students choose much of their own reading. Notes on the Reed College plan.
Location and binding in visual working memory

Visual working memory (VWM) was explored separately for features and for their binding. Features were better recognized when the probes retained the same binding as in the original display, but changing the locations had little effect overall. However, there were strong interactions of location with binding and with matching or new features, suggesting that, when objects are attended, features and locations are spontaneously integrated in VWM. Despite this, when the locations are changed, features can also be accessed with little decrement, perhaps from separate feature maps. Bindings, on the other hand, are more vulnerable to location changes, suggesting that locations play a central role in the early maintenance and retrieval of bound objects as well as in their initial encoding, at least when verbal coding is prevented. The results qualify past claims about the separation of locations and objects in VWM.
Critical care issues in cervical cancer management

Radical pelvic surgery in gynecologic oncology patients poses a challenge to the surgeon and the ancillary team in charge of the peri-operative care. The high frequency of medical problems observed in this patient population, in conjunction with the stresses of radical surgery, necessitates careful monitoring of patients' medical status. A comprehensive team approach in the peri-operative period is critical to patient care. Early intervention and anticipation of potential problems for the patient at risk in the postoperative period minimizes morbidity and mortality. This article will review the essentials of critical care as it relates to patients undergoing radical pelvic operations. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 16:267–274, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Storage in the power PC

Power PC memory is innovative because it incorporates leading-edge approaches to hiding the latency of memory accesses. Although features like access reordering have long been the subject of academic research, such improvements are only now coming into widespread commercial use. Using these features requires a shift in thinking, but designers and programmers can achieve significant performance advantages. We also compare the Power PC memory to the DEC Alpha and Mips R4000 storage architectures. >
Theory of the intermediate stage of crystal growth with applications to protein crystallization

Abstract A theory for the intermediate stage of crystal growth, where two defining equations one for population continuity and another for mass-balance, is used to study the kinetics of the supersaturation decay, the homogeneous nucleation rate, the linear growth rate and the final distribution of crystal sizes for the crystallization of bovine and porcine insulin from solution. The cited experimental reports suggest that the crystal linear growth rate is directly proportional to the square of the insulin concentration in solution for bovine insulin and to the cube of concentration for porcine. In a previous work, it was shown that the above mentioned system could be solved for the case where the growth rate is directly proportional to the normalized supersaturation. Here a more general solution is presented valid for cases where the growth rate is directly proportional to the normalized supersaturation raised to the power of any positive integer. The resulting expressions for the time dependent normalized supersaturation and crystal size distribution are compared with experimental reports for insulin crystallization. An approximation for the maximum crystal size at the end of the intermediate stage is derived. The results suggest that the largest crystal size in the distribution at the end of the intermediate stage is maximized when nucleation is restricted to be only homogeneous. Further, the largest size in the final distribution depends only weakly upon the initial supersaturation.
Functional comparison of the effects of TARPs and cornichons on AMPA receptor trafficking and gating

Glutamate receptors of the AMPA subtype (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission in the brain. These ionotropic receptors rely on auxiliary subunits known as transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) for both trafficking and gating. Recently, a second family of AMPAR binding proteins, referred to as cornichons, were identified and also proposed to function as auxiliary subunits. Cornichons are transmembrane proteins that modulate AMPAR function in expression systems much like TARPs. In the present study we compare the role of cornichons in controlling AMPA receptor function in neurons and HEK cells to that of TARPs. Cornichons mimic some, but not all, of the actions of TARPs in HEK cells; their role in neurons, however, is more limited. Although expressed cornichons can affect the trafficking of AMPARs, they were not detected on the surface of neurons and failed to alter the kinetics of endogenous AMPARs. This neuronal role is more consistent with that of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone rather than a bona fide auxiliary subunit.
Long-horizon regressions: theoretical results and applications

Abstract I use asymptotic arguments to show that the t-statistics in long-horizon regressions do not converge to well-defined distributions. In some cases, moreover, the ordinary least squares estimator is not consistent and the R2 is an inadequate measure of the goodness of fit. These findings can partially explain the tendency of long-horizon regressions to find “significant” results where previous short-term approaches find none. I propose a rescaled t-statistic, whose asymptotic distribution is easy to simulate, and revisit some of the long-horizon evidence on return predictability and of the Fisher effect.
Category-exemplar dynamics and stereotype change

Abstract Research relevant to Rothbart and John's (1985) [Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81–104] model of stereotype change is examined. Contrary to predictions from the contact hypothesis, the attributes of category members frequently fail to generalize to the category as a whole. To account for this lack of generalization, Rothbart and John proposed that judgments about the attributes of a category are based, in part, on the attributes of the members most strongly activated by the category label. Embedded in this simple assumption, however, is the idea that as a category member becomes increasingly disconfirming of the stereotype, it decreases in its likelihood of being activated by the category. Category members who are too strongly disconfirming of the category are, in effect, not thought of as category members — a view that is consistent with prototype models of category structure. Current evidence for two critical assumptions is examined: (a) at the level of judgment, greater weight will he given to the attributes of good-than poor-fitting members of the category, and (b) typical category members are retrieved from memory more easily than atypical category members. In addition, evidence relevant to two implications of the model is also examined: (a) moderately disconfirming exemplars are more likely to change the stereotype than are strongly disconfirming exemplars, and (b) stereotypes should show considerable stability over time, given the tendency to “functionally isolate” highly disconfirming exemplars. The cultural images of groups tend to be both more extreme and more homogeneous than is warranted by reality. The implications of this discrepancy for understanding resistance to change through contact with group members are discussed.
Scenario for electron cooling of antiprotons in the Recycler

Abstract A system of electron cooling of antiprotons in the Recycler must satisfy certain conditions. Analytic and numeric calculations of the cooling process allow to specify these requirements.
Temporary inactivation of dorsal hippocampus attenuates explicitly nonspatial, unimodal, contextual fear conditioning.

Abstract The current study examined the effects of temporary inactivation of the DH on freezing, rearing, ambulating, grooming, and whisking behavior in an explicitly nonspatial contextual fear conditioning paradigm in which olfactory stimuli served as temporally and spatially diffuse contexts. Prior either to training, testing, or both, male Sprague–Dawley rats received bilateral microinfusions of saline or the GABAA agonist muscimol into the DH. Results indicate that temporary inactivation of DH produced both anterograde and retrograde deficits in contextually conditioned freezing, while sparing the acquisition and expression of freezing to a discrete auditory or olfactory CS. These data suggest that there is a decidedly nonspatial component to the role of DH in contextual conditioning, and that olfactory contextual conditioning is a fruitful means of further exploring this function.
The high resolution GBA + CBA-banded karyotype in cattle (Bos taurus L.)

SUMMARYPeripheral blood cultures were set up to obtain high resolution GBA + CBA banding in cattle prometaphase chromosomes of normal karyotypes and rob (1; 29) carrying karyotypes by using early BrdU incorporation simultaneous to MTX-block, Fifty-nine karyotypes were strictly arranged according to the Reading Conference standard. Chromosome pairs from 24 to 29 were also shown in their RBA- banding paterns to further support the GBA + CBA banding in the same chromosomes, including the most disputed ones (chromosomes 25, 27, 28 and 29), and the inconsistencies in the two international cattle chromosome nomenclatures. Comparisons with cattle and river buffalo standard nomenclatures are reported. This study is our contribution to the construction of a GBA + CBA standard karyotype in cattle.
Drag on a sphere accelerating rectilinearly in a maxwell fluid

Abstract The exact solution for the drag on a sphere moving in an arbitrary manner along a rectilinear path in an otherwise still Maxwell fluid of infinite extent is presented. The method of solution is that used by Landau and Lifshitz. This technique is based on the fact that drag on an accelerating body can be obtained by integrating the drag on an oscillating body over all possible frequencies. The solutions for the drag for some particular type of accelerating motions are also presented. Discussion on the limits of applicability of the solution is also presented.
The effect of vocabulary knowledge on novel word identification

The study investigated the relationship between vocabulary knowledge and novel word reading. Fourth-grade students were assessed on standardized measures of word identification, decoding, and receptive vocabulary, as well as on an experimental word identification measure using words that students in the fourth grade are unlikely to have seen before in print. In the experimental measure, pairs of words were matched on printed frequency and orthographic pattern (with a variety of spelling patterns represented), but differed in terms of the frequency of expected oral exposure for children (i.e., higher vs. lower). Results showed that students' receptive vocabulary knowledge was significantly related to performance on both the standardized and experimental measures of word identification, even after accounting for the substantial amount of variance explained by decoding ability. Students performed better reading the words with higher expected oral frequencies on the experimental task than on those items with lower expected oral frequencies. The results point to the benefits, albeit modest, of oral word familiarity for reading words when they are first encountered in print and suggest that this top-down effect is not limited to exception words, as has been suggested, but has a wider scope.
A computational model of adipose tissue metabolism: evidence for intracellular compartmentation and differential activation of lipases.

Regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue is critical to whole body fuel homeostasis and to the development of insulin resistance. Due to the challenging nature of laboratory investigations of regulatory mechanisms in adipose tissue, mathematical models could provide a valuable adjunct to such experimental work. We have developed a computational model to analyze key components of adipose tissue metabolism in vivo in human in the fasting state. The various key components included triglyceride-fatty acid cycling, regulation of lipolytic reactions, and glyceroneogenesis. The model, consisting of spatially lumped blood and cellular compartments, included essential transport processes and biochemical reactions. Concentration dynamics for major substrates were described by mass balance equations. Model equations were solved numerically to simulate dynamic responses to intravenous epinephrine infusion. Model simulations were compared with the corresponding experimental measurements of the arteriovenous difference across the abdominal subcutaneous fat bed in humans. The model can simulate physiological responses arising from the different expression levels of lipases. Key findings of this study are as follows: (1) Distinguishing the active metabolic subdomain (∼3% of total tissue volume) is critical for simulating data. (2) During epinephrine infusion, lipases are differentially activated such that diglyceride breakdown is approximately four times faster than triglyceride breakdown. (3) Glyceroneogenesis contributes more to glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis during epinephrine infusion when pyruvate oxidation is inhibited by a high acetyl-CoA/free-CoA ratio.
Ocular distribution and toxicity of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide in normal equine eyes

Objective To determine ocular distribution and toxicity of a single injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in normal horses. Animals studied Six adult horses, donated to North Carolina State University. Procedures Six horses were injected intravitreally with either 10, 20, or 40 mg (n = 2 each) of TA. The opposite eye of each horse was injected with balanced salt solution (BSS). Ocular toxicity was assessed by biomicroscopy, tonometry, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinogram. Aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), and plasma samples were collected. Horses were euthanized 7 or 21 days after injection and eyes enucleated for histopathology. TA concentrations in AH, VH, and plasma were measured by HPLC. Results Three control eyes and one TA eye developed inflammation after injection or collection of AH. Positive bacterial cultures (Corynebacterium spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp.) were obtained from three of these eyes. Other than transient corneal edema in TA injected eyes, which resolved by 7 days after injection, no other changes were observed. TA crystals were visible within the vitreous body. No evidence of TA toxic effect was noted on histopathology. TA was detected in all AH and VH samples from treated eyes following injection. Drug was not detected in the plasma. Conclusions There was no evidence of overt toxicity from intravitreal TA in normal horses and a single intravitreal injection resulted in TA ocular levels for 21 days. However, the risk for bacterial infections with intravitreal injection or anterior chamber aspirations in horses is high. Use of topical and systemic antibiotics after injection is recommended.
Oxygen Toxicity to the Developing Lung of the Mouse: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species

Since the description of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants, the supplemental oxygen administered has been suspect in the etiology of BPD. This has prompted studies on the effect of hyperoxia on lung growth in neonatal animals. So far, these have not led to a treatment which either prevents or mitigates BPD. Another approach to investigate the effect of hyperoxia on the immature lung is to use lung explants from 12-d gestation mouse fetuses. Exposing explants to different concentrations of oxygen for 48 h, we found that exposures to oxygen both below (10%) and above (35% or greater) normoxia adversely affected branching morphogenesis and growth. The effect was irreversible at exposures of 50% oxygen and greater. To determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the effect of hyperoxia, antioxidants and inhibitors of ROS formation were added to the incubating explants, and their influence on reducing the adverse effect of 50% oxygen was assessed. The combination of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, manganese SOD, manganese-3-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphorin, a low molecular weight SOD mimetic, and to a lesser extent, deferoximine, an antioxidant and inhibitor of hydroxyl radical formation, were successful in reducing the effect of 50% oxygen on morphogenesis. Not successful wereN-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase); allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase);N-acetylcysteine and ebselen (a glutathione peroxidase mimetic); Trolox (a synthetic tocopherol); catalase, and CuZnSOD used alone. These results provide evidence that superoxide anion and possibly hydroxyl radical are the ROS most likely responsible for the growth effects of hyperoxia on mouse fetal lung morphogenesis.
Multifinger prehension: an overview.

The authors review the available experimental evidence on what people do when they grasp an object with several digits and then manipulate it. The article includes three parts, each addressing a specific aspect of multifinger prehension. In the first part, the authors discuss manipulation forces (i.e., the resultant force and moment of force exerted on the object) and the digits' contribution to such forces' production. The second part deals with internal forces defined as forces that cancel each other and do not disturb object equilibrium. The authors discuss the role of the internal forces in maintaining the object stability, with respect to such issues as slip prevention, tilt prevention, and resistance to perturbations. The third part is devoted to the motor control of prehension. It covers such topics as prehension synergies, chain effects, the principle of superposition, interfinger connection matrices and reconstruction of neural commands, mechanical advantage of the fingers, and the simultaneous d...
Subgroup analyses to determine cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and coxibs in specific patient groups.

Objective To explore the extent to which clinical characteristics influence the association between cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (coxibs) and/or nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in specific patient subgroups. There is substantial concern regarding the potential cardiovascular adverse effects of selective coxibs and nonselective NSAIDs, but many patients with arthritis experience important clinical benefits from these agents.
Cognitive Vulnerabilities and Depression Versus Other Psychopathology Symptoms and Diagnoses in Early Adolescence

We examined the concurrent associations between multiple cognitive vulnerabilities to depression featured in hopelessness theory, Beck's theory, and response styles theory and depressive symptoms and diagnoses in a sample of early adolescents. We also examined the specificity of these cognitive vulnerabilities to depression versus anxiety and externalizing psychopathology, controlling for co-occurring symptoms and diagnoses. Male and female, Caucasian and African American, 12- to 13-year-old adolescents were assessed in a cross-sectional design. Cognitive vulnerabilities of hopelessness, inferential style, rumination, and self-referent information processing were assessed with self-reports and behavioral tasks. Symptoms and diagnoses of depressive, anxiety, and externalizing disorders were assessed with self-report questionnaires and diagnostic interviews. Hopelessness exhibited the greatest specificity to depressive symptoms and diagnoses, whereas negative inferential styles, rumination, and negative self-referent information processing were associated with both depressive and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses and, in some cases, with externalizing disorders. Consistent with cognitive theories of depression, hopelessness, negative inferential styles, rumination, and negative self-referent information processing were associated with depressive symptoms and diagnoses. However, with the exception of hopelessness, most of the remaining cognitive vulnerabilities were not specific to depression. With further maturation of our sample, these cognitive vulnerabilities may become more specific to depression as cognitive styles further develop and consolidate, the rates of depression increase, and individuals' presentations of psychopathology become more differentiated.
Drug metabolism, danger signals, and drug-induced hypersensitivity

One of the most difficult challenges for the practicing allergist/immunologist today is that of evaluating and managing patients who present with histories of drug-induced reactions. Adverse drug reactions are heterogenous, and a single drug can often cause a multitude of reactions. Because the mechanisms responsible for many of these reactions are not known, they can be, and often are, difficult to classify. Moreover, for those that have features consistent with immune-mediated mechanisms, our diagnostic tools remain limited, because little is known about the relevant immunogenic determinants of most drugs. Despite these challenges, management approaches must be devised for patients who present with histories of drug-induced disease. Simply telling such a patient to avoid all drugs that have been associated with previous adverse events leaves both the patient and the referring physician frustrated. The initial part of this review focuses on exciting current research that is furthering our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for drug-induced reactions. Because it will take time to translate this new information into clinical practice, the latter part of the review focuses on ways to evaluate and manage patients who present with drug-induced reactions using the tools and the knowledge that are currently available. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:475-88.)
Connected Identifying Codes

We consider the problem of generating a connected identifying code for an arbitrary graph. After a brief motivation, we show that the decision problem regarding the existence of such a code is NP-complete, and we propose a novel polynomial-time approximation ConnectID that transforms any identifying code into a connected version of at most twice the size, thus leading to an asymptotically optimal approximation bound. When the input identifying code to is robust to graph distortions, we show that the size of the resulting connected code is related to the best error-correcting code of a given minimum distance, permitting the use of known coding bounds. In addition, we show that the size of the input and output codes converge for increasing robustness, meaning that highly robust identifying codes are almost connected. Finally, we evaluate the performance ConnectID of on various random graphs. Simulations for Erdos-Renyi random graphs show that the connected codes generated are actually at most 25% larger than their unconnected counterparts, while simulations with robust input identifying codes confirm that robustness often provides connectivity for free.
Heterosis, combining ability, and maternal effects in mice

These data are in general agreement with those found with other mammalian species. Maternal effects for weights were demonstrated with these data and have also been reported in other work with mice and rats; however, maternal effects have been lacking in studies with swine.
Quantitative Assessment of Combination Bathing and Moisturizing Regimens on Skin Hydration in Atopic Dermatitis

Standard recommendations for skin care for patients with atopic dermatitis stress the importance of skin hydration and the application of moisturizers. However, objective data to guide recommendations regarding the optimal practice methods of bathing and emollient application are scarce. This study quantified cutaneous hydration status after various combination bathing and moisturizing regimens. Four bathing/moisturizer regimens were evaluated in 10 subjects, five pediatric subjects with atopic dermatitis and five subjects with healthy skin. The regimens consisted of bathing alone without emollient application, bathing and immediate emollient application, bathing and delayed application, and emollient application alone. Each regimen was evaluated in all subjects, utilizing a crossover design. Skin hydration was assessed with standard capacitance measurements. In atopic dermatitis subjects, emollient alone yielded a significantly (p < 0.05) greater mean hydration over 90 minutes (206.2% baseline hydration) than bathing with immediate emollient (141.6%), bathing and delayed emollient (141%), and bathing alone (91.4%). The combination bathing and emollient application regimens demonstrated hydration values at 90 minutes not significantly greater than baseline. Atopic dermatitis subjects had a decreased mean hydration benefit compared with normal skin subjects. Bathing without moisturizer may compromise skin hydration. Bathing followed by moisturizer application provides modest hydration benefits, though less than that of simply applying moisturizer alone.
A Model Analysis of the Structural and Pneumatic Contributions to Tire Behavior Under Vertical Loads

Abstract An inflated ring under compression between rigid, flat, parallel plates is used to provide a simple analysis for the structural and pneumatic contributions to the behavior of tires under vertical loading. The fundamental assumption is the additivity of the solutions for the limiting cases of pure bending and of pure membrane behavior, for which exact solutions in simple form are given. Bounding curves for contact width and pressure changes are given as functions of deflection. The computed force‐deflection relations exhibit linearity up to a high deflection.
Metastatic aortic intimal sarcoma: The use of PET/CT in diagnosing and staging

A 67-year-old woman presented with acute cold left foot. Her medical history was remarkable for intermittent bilateral leg pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and progressive weight loss. She underwent left superficial femoral artery embolectomy and fasciotomy. Histopathology of the emboli revealed sheets of necrosis with small foci of poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm consistent with intimal sarcoma (*areas of necrosis; black arrows are representative viable tumor cells) (Panel A). Thoracoabdominal CT angiography was performed to determine the source of the tumor emboli. CT angiography revealed a short segment of polypoid mass with amorphic calcifications in the distal descending thoracic aorta wall (Panel B-1, white arrow), focal wall thickening in the infrarenal aortic wall without significant enhancement on the arteriovenous phase, and could not be differentiated from mural thrombus or atherosclerotic plaques (Panel B-2, black arrow). The left renal artery was enlarged and did not enhance, which was suspicious for bland thrombosis and there were several hypodense (white open arrow), non-enhancing liver lesions (*) (Panel B-3). Whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) was performed, which showed intense FDG uptake in the thoracic aorta lesion (Panel B-4, white arrow), in the focal wall thickening in the infrarenal aorta (Panel B-5, black arrow), at the left renal artery ostium (Panel B-6, black open arrow) and in the liver lesions (Panel B-6, *). Vascular lesions thought to be multifocal intimal sarcoma or drop metastasis from thoracic aorta primary, and the liver lesions were considered as metastasis. Primary intimal sarcoma is an extremely rare vascular tumor with poor prognosis, and there are fewer than a hundred reported cases in the literature.1–3 In this case, we have demonstrated the clinical value of the FDG PET in the diagnosis and the staging of the intimal sarcoma in addition to CT angiography.
Simultaneous quantification of major phytohormones and related compounds in crude plant extracts by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple classes of phytohormones and some related metabolites in crude plant extracts without purification or derivatization. High-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring were used to quantify auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, and a number of related metabolites in crude plant extracts. The technology was applied to analyze biotic and abiotic stress-induced changes of phytohormones in Arabidopsis tissues, starting with 50-100mg fresh tissue. Biotic and/or abiotic stresses were shown to differentially affect levels of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and benzoic acid, in comparison to their methyl esters. Compared with previous methods, sample preparation time and amount of sample required for analysis of phytohormones are reduced, and more classes of hormones are quantitatively profiled. Structurally diverse compounds from complicated biological matrices are determined with high selectivity and sensitivity.
Freud’s civilization revisited in the nuclear age

The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the views of Freud in his Civilization and its Discontents and compare his idea of civilization with that of other scholars in order to determine if we will ever be able to create a society which will endure in these days of nuclear power. The dangers to humanity are great, the solution difficult to see. Freud emphasized self‐interest and aggressiveness as the failings in man which would lead to the collapse of civilization, summed up in the Latin tag: homo homine lupus. Freud rejected out of hand religion as a remedy for man’s aggressiveness. This view of civilization is compared with that of Albert Schweitzer in his The Philosophy of Civilization. Schweitzer sees the enduring society as one in which man has become ethical and thereby dedicated himself to the good of society and in so doing shows a reverence for life. This study then examines the view of Ortega y Gasset, who finds in The Revolt of the Masses the success of society to lie in the efforts of men of talent, select men who have dedicated themselves to the advancement of society in accordance with the old adage, noblesse oblige. Finally we examine the Civilisation of Kenneth Clark, which is concerned with man’s development in the arts as he removes himself farther and farther from the state of the savage. The views of Arnold Toynbee on civilization are examined. Toynbee finds that our civilization, Western Christendom, will play an ever decreasing role in the global society. Toynbee also fears the coming of a nuclear holocaust but is confident there will be survivors. The possibility of a nuclear war attests the aggressiveness of man. Finally, to illustrate the evil effects of nuclear power, a brief glance is taken at the horrors that overtook the citizens of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki when they were the targets of the atomic bomb in 1945. The only feasible solution to this grave problem appears to be a nuclear‐weapon‐free world. Even then the world is not safe from the aggressive nature of some rogue nation which seeks to take advantage of such a situation and dominate the world. This contingency is commonly referred to as the genie is out of the bottle. The number of genies increased when North Korea, India and Pakistan claimed the addition of nuclear weapons to their arsenal. Man has to control his fellow man’s urge to advance his self‐interest at any cost, if we are to endure. As Freud in his perspicacity put it: homo homine lupus.
Electrochemical studies of ferrocene in a lithium ion conducting organic carbonate electrolyte

We carried out a detailed study of the kinetics of oxidation of ferrocene (Fc) to ferrocenium ion (Fc+ )i n the non-aqueous lithium ion conducting electrolyte composed of a solution of 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 EC:EMC solvent mixture. This study using cyclic (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry showed that the Fc0/Fc+ redox couple is reversible in this highly concentrated electrolyte. The ferrocene and ferrocenium ion diffusion coefficients (D) were calculated from these results. In addition, the electron transfer rate constant (k0) and the exchange current density for the oxidation of ferrocene were determined. A comparison of the kinetic data obtained from the two electrochemical techniques appears to show that the data from the RDE experiments are more reliable because they are collected under strict mass transport control. A Tafel slope of c.a. 79 mV/decade and a transfer coefficient ˛ of 0.3 obtained from analysis of the RDE data for ferrocene oxidation suggest that the structure of the activated complex is closer to that of the oxidized specie due to strong interactions with the carbonate solvents. The experiments reported here are relevant to the study of redox reagents for the chemical overcharge protection of Li-ion batteries. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.