cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New substrates for old enzymes. 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine and 5-hydroxy- 2'-deoxyuridine are substrates for Escherichia coli endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase, while 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine is a substrate for uracil DNA N-glycosylase

Abstract 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine (5-OHdC) and 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-OHdU) are major products of oxidative DNA damage with mutagenic potential. Until now, no enzymatic activity responsible for their removal has been identified. We report here that both 5-OHdC and 5-OHdU are substrates for Escherichia coli endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase (FPG). 5-OHdU is also a substrate for uracil DNA N-glycosylase. Consistent with their mechanisms of action on previously described substrates, endonuclease III removes 5-OHdC and 5-OHdU via a N-glycosylase/beta-elimination reaction, FPG follows a N-glycosylase/beta,delta-elimination reaction, and uracil N-glycosylase removes 5-OHdU by N-glycosylase action leaving behind an abasic site. Endonuclease III removes both lesions more efficiently than FPG, and both endonuclease III and FPG remove 5-OHdC slightly more efficiently than 5-OHdU. Uracil DNA N-glycosylase removes 5-OHdU more efficiently than the other two enzymes and has no activity on 5-OHdC even when present in great excess. Analysis of crude extracts obtained from wild type and endonuclease III deletion mutants of E. coli correlated well with data obtained with the purified enzymes.
Bridging Conversations: Discussing the Intra‐professional Relationship between Medical Family Therapy and Family Therapy

This article examines the conceptual and practice relationship between medical family therapy (MedFT) and its parent field, family therapy, with MedFT viewed as the extension of relational sense-making and understanding into a specific venue; that of medicine. The extension of this relational meaning system into medicine is typified by the ability of the therapist to negotiate and connect three main areas of conceptual difference that often account for conflictual relationships between mental and biomedical healthcare providers: (i) patient and provider conceptualizations of issues and goals, (ii) linear and circular understanding of issues and goals and (iii) consultative and expert positions on issues and goals. Two case examples are offered to describe how these three areas of tension are reconciled in practice.
Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and brain differentiation in heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals

Since 1964, we have found positive estrogen feedback to be a relatively sex-specific reaction of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system in rats as well as in human beings. It is dependent on the estrogen-convertible androgen level during sexual brain differentiation and also on estrogen priming in adulthood. The lower the estrogen-convertible androgen or primary estrogen level during brain differentiation, the higher the evocability of a positive estrogen action on LH secretion in later life. In clinical studies, we induced a positive estrogen feedback luteinizing hormone secretion in most intact homosexual men, in clear-cut contrast to intact heterosexual or bisexual men. In addition, the evocability of a positive estrogen feedback was also demonstrable in most homosexual male-to-female transsexuals in significant contrast to hetero-or bisexual male-to-female transsexuals. The following relations have been found between sex hormone levels during brain differentiation and sex-specific responses in adulthood: (i) Estrogens, which are mostly converted from androgens, are responsible for the sex-specific organization of gonadotropin secretion and hence the evocability of a positive estrogen feedback in later life; (ii) both estrogens and androgens, occurring during brain differentiation, predetermine sexual orientation, and (iii) androgens, without conversion to estrogens, are responsible for the sex-specific organization of gender role behavior. Furthermore, the organization periods for sex-specific gonadotropin secretion, sexual orientation, and gender role behavior are not identical but overlapping. Thus, combinations as well as dissociations between deviation of the neuroendocrine organization of sex-specific gonadotropin secretion, sexual orientation, and gender role behavior may occur.
The emergence of the duchy of Milan: language and the territorial state

Normal 0 14 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 The development of the duchy of Milan into a territorial state has long been a focus of interest. This paper, rather than examining of aspects of government, traces the duchy’s growing sense of identity through the terminology that was used to describe the duke’s lands. The original duchy, established by imperial diploma in 1395, had robust powers of endurance, based as it was on the long-established Milanese contado. What we now know as the duchy of Milan was created for Giangaleazzo in 1396 out of the numerous other lands and cities ruled by the Visconti. But it took many decades for this collection of separate centres to acquire a territorial identity. Contemporary writers as well as the dukes themselves were reluctant to refer to the area as a duchy. In reality it was not until the 1490s, with the aspirations of Ludovico il Moro and the French occcupation, that area began to be called a duchy. The vicissitudes of following decades, leading to frequent changes of regime, served to weld the duke’s possessions into a recognized territorial unit. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}
Americium separations from nitric acid process effluent streams

Plutonium recovery operations offer several points at which americium removal may be attempted, and we are evaluating two classes of materials targeted at different steps in the process. Extraction chromatography resin materials loaded with three different alkylcarbamoyl phosphinates and phosphine oxides are assessed for Am removal efficiency and Am/Fe selectivity from 1–7M nitric acid solutions. Commercial and experimental anion exchange resins are evaluated for total alpha-activity removal from post-evaporator solutions whose composition, relative to the original nitric acid effluent, is reduced in acid and greatly increased in total salt content. With both classes of materials, americium and/or total-alpha reduction is sufficient to meet regulatory requirements even under sub-optimal conditions. Batch distribution coefficients and column performance data are presented.
One-dimensional transient device simulation using a direct method circuit simulator

A novel approach is presented for incorporating the transient solution of one-dimensional semiconductor drift-diffusion equations within a general circuit simulation tool. This approach allows simple representation of localized carrier transport models of simulated devices through equivalent circuit elements such as voltage-controlled current sources and capacitors. As the device-level simulation is carried out by the circuit simulator using an equivalent circuit representation, this approach also lends itself to mixed-mode simulation of devices and circuits. It has been shown that one-dimensional device structures can be simulated with an acceptable computational cost. The device simulation model described here has been implemented in the general-purpose direct method circuit simulation program iSMILE. The applications of the proposed device simulation approach are demonstrated by simulation examples, including the drift and diffusion of excess carriers generated by a localized light pulse in a GaAs p-i-n diode structure. >
The National Library of Medicine's strategy for assessing the impacts of health information Web Sites

La strategie de la National Library of Medicine pour evaluer l'impact de ses services d'information de sante sur le Web comporte cinq dimensions : test d'utilisabilite, reactions des utilisateurs, donnees d'usage, donnees de performance technique du site Web, projets speciaux destines notamment a la formation des utilisateurs et a la promotion du site. Cette approche multidimensionnelle permet de rassembler differentes perspectives qui viennent s'integrer dans le contexte d'evaluation globale des programmes du gouvernement electronique.
Phenolphthalein Monophosphate as a Substrate for Serum Alkaline Phosphatase An Appraisal

The procedure for serum alkaline phosphatase determination employing phenolphthalein monophosphate as substrate was evaluated under routine clinical laboratory conditions. A straight-line response to increasing serum concentration was observed, and the reaction was shown to be Mg++ dependent. The method proved to be extremely simple, and the results obtained correlated well with those given by a standard routine procedure involving determination of the liberated inorganic phosphate.
Isolation and Characterization of a Galactosamine Wall from Spores and Spherules of Physarum polycephalum

The myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum, can be induced under laboratory conditions to form two different hard-walled forms, spores and spherules. Characterization of both types of walls revealed only a single sugar, galactosamine. It was identified after acid hydrolysis of the isolated walls by chromatography in three solvent systems, by its positive reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate, ninhydrin, Galactostat, and the Elson-Morgan test, and by ninhydrin degradation to lyxose. Galactosamine was present as a polymer with solubility characteristics the same as the β1-4–linked glucosamine polymer (chitosan). The walls were also found to contain about 2% protein. Spherule walls revealed a single glycoprotein on gel electrophoresis. Spore walls contained a similar protein component. The phosphate content of isolated spherule walls was 9.8%, and that of spore walls was 1.4%. Spore walls also contained about 15% melanin which was shown to be similar to fungal melanin. A novel method was used to measure the rate of mature spherule formation based on the loss of extractability of P. polycephalum natural pigment. The presence of a rare galactosamine polymer in P. polycephalum spore and spherule walls as the only carbohydrate suggests that the myxomycetes are not closely related to the fungi or the protozoa.
Application of nuclear permutation inversion group theory to the benzenium ion

Abstract Nuclear permutation-inversion (PI) group theory and the linear combination of localized wavefunctions (LCLW) method are applied to the proton “ring-walk” tunneling problem in C6D6H+ and the benzenium ion ( C 6 H 7 + ) . For C6D6H+ and C 6 H 7 + , the rigid and non-rigid MS groups are developed, and their corresponding correlation tables constructed. The reverse correlation relationship is combined with spin statistical restrictions to determine the number of allowed tunneling split levels for both ions. Through the use of the LCLW method and the WKB approximation, the qualitative pattern of the tunneling splitting is presented for C6D6H+. Application of the LCLW problem for the benzenium ion is presented, but the complete treatment to obtain the structure of the tunneling split levels is limited by the computational expense of obtaining the eigenvectors from the diagonalization of the 15 120 × 15 120 connectivity matrix.
Polyploidy and body size variation in a natural population of the rotifer Euchlanis dilatata

Polyploidy has been reported in many plant species and in some animal species (reviewed by Lewis, 1980 and Suomalainen et al., 1987, respectively). A common consequence of polyploidy in plants is an increase in size (Lewis, 1980; Tal, 1980; Levin, 1983). In animals, most of the studies supporting this generalization are based on comparisons of body sizes of individuals from different populations. In this case, body size variation may reflect environmental differences to which populations of different ploidy are adapted. Very few comparisons of sympatric diploid and polyploid individuals are available either to support or counter this generalization. In Artemia parthenogenetica, pentaploids are larger than sympatric diploids (Wang, 1988). However. in the unisexual fish Poeciliopsis monachu-lucida triploids usually grow more slowly and have a smaller body size than sympatric diploids (Schultz, 1982). In rotifers, interpopulation variation in body size among geographically or temporally separated populations may have a genetic basis (King and Serra, 1980; Yufera, 1982; Serra and Miracle, 1983; She11 and Carrillo, 1984). Morales ( 1987) surveyed lakes in the Sierra Nevada, Spain, and found considerable body size variation in Euchlunis dilatata among the lakes. Morales-Baquero (1988) quantified this variation morphometrically for E. d&tutu from 70 populations. He reported body sizes ranging from 177 pm-340 pm in length and from 125 pm-270 pm in width. He concluded that interlake variation was a more important determinant of body size than intralake factors and hypothesized that these differences might have a genetic basis. The genetic basis underlying body size variation has not previously been investigated in any rotifer. One of us (EJW) noted substantial intrapopulational body size variation in E. dilatata collected from Devils Lake (Lincoln County, Oregon), with animals of two distinct body sizes found during 12 months of intensive sampling. Animals with the
Low energy antiproton-nucleus interactions

The interaction of 175-MeV antiprotons with nuclei is examined within the intranuclear cascade model. The experimental characteristics of nucleon-antinucleon annihilation and scattering are used as input, and the propagation of the resultant pions thru the nucleus is treated realistically. The effect of the antiproton-nucleus strong attraction is also included. Overall characteristics of antiproton annihilation within nuclei, particularly the large, well-defined energy deposition, indicate that such collisions constitute a unique laboratory for the study of nuclei at very high excitations. The calculations also identify promising experimental observables and triggers.
Repeatable synthesis of (Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub 5/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 4/ superlattices using modulated elemental reactants

Reliable synthesis techniques are essential for industrial thermoelectric applications. The modulated elemental reactant (MER) method was used to make a set of seven (Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub 5/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 4/ superlattices, with a superlattice period reproducible to within 0.6%. The electrical properties of these samples were controlled by the distribution and densities of defects. Annealing at 270/spl deg/C changed the Seebeck coefficient from -60 /spl mu/V/K to -200 /spl mu/V/K after 111 hours annealing at 270/spl deg/C.
Seasonality and paleodiet in the Chiribaya polity of southern Peru

Abstract In the Andes, the complex Chiribaya polity, or senorio , was composed of economically specialized groups. Previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of archaeological human bone from Chiribaya-affiliated sites have effectively demonstrated socioeconomic specialization and variability in paleodiet among different Chiribaya-affiliated sites. The present study complements earlier paleodietary analyses of Chiribaya populations by supplementing them with carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of archaeological human hair from the two Chiribaya-affiliated sites of Chiribaya Alta and El Yaral. These new data demonstrate that seasonal variability in the consumption of marine products and C 4 plants such as maize was quite high for some individuals buried at Chiribaya-affiliated sites. In addition to elucidating the complex patterns of Chiribaya seasonality, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge of archaeological analyses of human hair for paleodiet.
High precision integer multiplication with a graphics processing unit

In this paper we evaluate the potential for using an NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate high precision integer multiplication. The reported peak vector performance for a typical GPU appears to offer considerable potential for accelerating such a regular computation. Because of limitations in the on-chip memory, the high cost of kernel launches, and the particular nature of the architecture's support for parallelism, we found it necessary to use a hybrid algorithmic approach to obtain good performance. On the GPU itself we use an adaptation of the Strassen FFT algorithm to multiply 32KB chunks, while on the CPU we adapt the Karatsuba divide-and-conquer approach to optimize the application of the GPU's partial multiplies, which are viewed as “digits” by our implementation of Karatsuba. Even with this approach, the result is at best a modest increase in performance, compared with executing the same multiplication using the GMP package on a CPU at a comparable technology node. We identify the sources of this lackluster performance and discuss the likely impact of planned advances in GPU architecture.
Elemental analysis of raw and stabilized coal waste materials

Abstract Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), involving two different acid digestions, and x‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA) were used in an intercalibration scheme for elemental analyses of several raw and stabilized coal wastes. Accuracy and precision were evaluated using NBS fly ash. In general, the results obtained by hydrofluoric/boric acid digestion and AAS agreed well with those obtained by XRFA. Yields using nitric acid digestion and AAS were low and variable. The paper also briefly describes production methodology for stabilized coal waste blocks.
RHEED and optical characterization of ordered multilayers of phthalocyanine⧸C60 and phthalocyanine/perylene-tetracarboxylicdianhydride (PTCDA)

Ordered monolayers → multilayers of trivalent metal phthalocyanines, C60, and the perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) have been formed by molecular beam epitaxy processes on both single crystal MoS2 and SnS2, and on MBE-deposited SnS2 thin films. The bulk packing structures for the trivalent metal chloride phthalocyanines lend themselves to layered growth during deposition, as do the structures for C60 and PTCDA. RHEED data collected during the formation of [(InPc-Cl)1−4 ML/(C60)1−4 ML]1−20/SnS2/mica multilayers suggests that the structures observed during the formation of single component thin films can be sustained during multilayer formation, up to several lattice periods. Absorbance spectra of Pc/C60 and Pc/PTCDA multilayers show Pc Q-bands with maxima and full widths consistent with the formation of ordered Pc layers, provided that the Pc layer thickness is kept at 1–2 monolayers throughout the formation of the multilayer assembly.
Heat-killed Trypanosoma cruzi induces acute cardiac damage and polyantigenic autoimmunity

Chagas heart disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially fatal cardiomyopathy often associated with cardiac autoimmunity. T. cruzi infection induces the development of autoimmunity to a number of antigens via molecular mimicry and other mechanisms, but the genesis and pathogenic potential of this autoimmune response has not been fully elucidated. To determine whether exposure to T. cruzi antigens alone in the absence of active infection is sufficient to induce autoimmunity, we immunized A/J mice with heat-killed T. cruzi (HKTC) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, and compared the resulting immune response to that induced by infection with live T. cruzi. We found that HKTC immunization is capable of inducing acute cardiac damage, as evidenced by elevated serum cardiac troponin I, and that this damage is associated with the generation of polyantigenic humoral and cell-mediated autoimmunity with similar antigen specificity to that induced by infection with T. cruzi. However, while significant and preferential production of Th1 and Th17-associated cytokines, accompanied by myocarditis, develops in T. cruzi-infected mice, HKTC-immunized mice produce lower levels of these cytokines, do not develop Th1-skewed immunity, and lack tissue inflammation. These results demonstrate that exposure to parasite antigen alone is sufficient to induce autoimmunity and cardiac damage, yet additional immune factors, including a dominant Th1/Th17 immune response, are likely required to induce cardiac inflammation.
Breeding rootstocks for tree fruit crops

Abstract Identification of problems and prioritising breeding objectives based on those problems are essential first steps in a rootstock improvement program. For all tree fruits, incorporating resistances to critical diseases and pests will facilitate fruit production in a social environment demanding reduction in pesticide usage. Diseases caused by various Phytophthora species are important and can be catastrophic for all major tree fruit crops; breeding for resistance to Phytophthora has generally been successful. Very large initial seedling populations are required to permit suitably rigorous early screening; the breeding team should anticipate odds of l:104to 1:106 that any given seedling will be commercially successful. In preliminary orchard tests, positive selection for dwarfing and precocity induction can be made by the fifth year. More rigorous second tests should be made with a number of commercial varieties in several locations. Although almost all rootstock improvement programs now rely on co...
Stimulation of murine lymphocyte proliferation by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with antisense activity for herpes simplex virus

To investigate further the immunological properties of nucleic acids, the mitogenicity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (S-oligo 1082) with antisense activity for herpes simplex virus was tested. This compound stimulated proliferation and antibody production by murine lymphocytes in in vitro cultures. Proliferation was dose-dependent and unaffected by T cell depletion. Furthermore, inclusion of a non-mitogenic DNA in the medium did not block stimulation. Since 1082 does not have homology to a known gene involved in lymphocyte activation, these observations suggest that S-oligo antisense compounds may display non-specific activating effects, at least on murine B cells.
Spatial Patterns in PCB Concentrations of Lake Michigan Lake Trout

Most of the PCB body burden in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes is from their food. PCB concentrations were determined in lake trout from three different locations in Lake Michigan during 1994–1995, and lake trout diets were analyzed at all three locations. The PCB concentrations were also determined in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), bloater (Coregonus hoyi), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), five species of prey fish eaten by lake trout in Lake Michigan, at three nearshore sites in the lake. Despite the lack of significant differences in the PCB concentrations of alewife, rainbow smelt, bloater, slimy sculpin, and deepwater sculpin from the southeastern nearshore site near Saugatuck (Michigan) compared with the corresponding PCB concentrations from the northwestern nearshore site near Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), PCB concentrations in lake trout at Saugatuck were significantly higher than those at Sturgeon Bay. The difference in the lake trout PCB concentrations between Saugatuck and Sturgeon Bay could be explained by diet differences. The diet of lake trout at Saugatuck was more concentrated in PCBs than the diet of Sturgeon Bay lake trout, and therefore lake trout at Saugatuck were more contaminated in PCBs than Sturgeon Bay lake trout. These findings were useful in interpreting the long-term monitoring series for contaminants in lake trout at both Saugatuck and the Wisconsin side of the lake.
Correlation of a dyke swarn in southeastern Botswana with the Pilanesberg dyke swarm, South Africa

Abstract An aeromagnetically mapped, buried, dyke swarm in southeastern Botswana is collinear with the Pilanesberg Dyke Swarm of South Africa. Further correlation of the two swarms is established by their common magnetic signature of double-peaked reversed anomalies with subsidiary highs to the south. The double-peaked anomalies are explained in terms of a two-stage emplacement process. The Pilanesberg Dykes have been dated at 1310±60 million years. They intrude the arenaceous strata of the Waterberg Group in Botswana, thus setting an upper age limit for the Waterberg. Quantitative modelling of the entire magnetic profile showed that it is not possible to explain all of the anomalies in terms of reversely magnetized dykes alone. A normally magnetized dyke swarm occupies the same zone of weakness and may be contemporaneous with the East-Rand Dykes, dated at 1120±45 million years.
Almost all transmission grating self-pumped phase-conjugate mirrors are equivalent

The photorefractive transmission grating ring self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror is shown to be formally equivalent to a double phase-conjugate mirror with internal losses and equal-intensity input beams. These mirrors are also equivalent to a self-pumped phase conjugator consisting of a photorefractive crystal with one face highly reflecting. This result shows that all transmission grating self-pumped phase-conjugate mirrors, with the exception of the linear self-pumped phase conjugator, are topologically equivalent to a double phase-conjugate mirror. No similar equivalence can be shown for the reflection grating ring phase conjugator.
TURNOVER AND RETIREMENT: A COMPARISON OF THEIR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

This study sought to demonstrate that turnover and retirement intentions were distinct forms of organizational withdrawal and to empirically examine the similarities and differences between their antecedents. In a sample of 375 (126 men and 247 women) working adults, a confirmatory factor analysis supported the contention that items measuring turnover intent and retirement intent were related to 2 separate constructs. In addition, the correlation between the 2 measures was low and not significant. The influence of common and unique variables that influence turnover intent and retirement intent were then examined. The results suggested that there were significant differences between the predictors of turnover intentions and retirement intentions. These findings suggest that there are important differences between turnover and retirement and it is necessary to treat them separately for some purposes.
Chemiluminescence and laser photoluminescence of some diatomic metal halides

Abstract Several diatomic metal halides, BaBr, BaCl, BiBr, BiCl, CuBr, CuCl, PbBr, and PbCl, were produced by reacting metal vapor with Br 2 or Cl 2 . Molecules were identified from chemiluminescence and laser induced photoluminescence. Using a pulsed, tunable dye laser, the radiative lifetimes of the C 2 II state of BaBr and BaCl were found to be 8 and 22 nsec, respectively.
A Polyimide Nanocomposite from Octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane

Octaaminophenylsilsesquioxane (OAPS) can serve as a nanosized building block for the construction of materials with nanometer control of the periodicity of the organic and inorganic components and bonding between components. We describe here the synthesis of a prototypical three-dimensional polyimide by reaction of OAPS with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). Model studies with phthalic anhydride provided useful cure conditions. Thus, stoichiometrically correct OAPS/PMDA nanocomposites were obtained following curing of NMP and DMF reaction solutions at lower temperatures and then to >350 °C/N2 under vacuum. The resulting materials offer thermal stabilities in air and N2 of >500 °C (5% mass loss temperature) and char yields >75%/N2. X-ray powder patterns indicate that the resulting materials are completely amorphous, as might be expected from the extreme rigidity of the organic tethers linking cube vertexes that will prevent long-range ordering from occurring during curing. These materials hold promise for h...
Optoelectronic Tweezers for Manipulation of Cells and Nanowires

Optoelectronic tweezers (OET) is a new optical manipulation technique to trap individual particles with sizes ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers [1]. Using optically-controlled dielectrophoretic force, OET enables complex, dynamic manipulation functions using light intensities up to 100,000 times lower than that of conventional laser tweezers. This paper will review the principle of the OET, and highlight recent advances in manipulating semiconductor nanowires and biological cells in culture media.
Color perception within a chromatic context: changes in red/green equilibria caused by noncontiguous light.

We measured changes in the color appearance of one light caused by another light presented in a well-separated region. Observers viewed a 1 degrees test field superimposed on a 3 degrees, 540 or 660 nm adapting field (32 or 320 td). The change in appearance due to noncontiguous light was determined by surrounding the 3 degrees adapting field with a continguous 3 degrees i.d., 5 degrees o.d. ring of either 32 or 320 td. The ring was 540, 660 nm or achromatic (tungsten-halogen "white"). The test was an admixture of 549 and 660 nm light, and varied from 6 to 1000 td. The observer adjusted the ratio of 549 to 660 nm test light so the test appeared neither reddish nor greenish. A 540 or 660 nm ring had a chromatic inducing effect on the small test that mimicked a simple surround contiguous with the test. Results with an achromatic ring were more complex: an isolated achromatic ring (no adapting field present) had virtually no effect on the color appearance of the test, but the same achromatic ring surrounding a chromatic adapting field shifted the test toward the color appearance of the adapting light (e.g. introducing a "white" ring surrounding a "green" adapting field shifted the test toward greenness). A thin pencil-width band of "white" light superimposed on a larger 5 degrees adapting field had an effect similar to a "white" 3-5 degrees ring. These results demonstrate (1) strong effects of the remote noncontiguous lights and (2) that the change in color appearance they cause is not a simple function of only the light in the noncontinguous region. The change depends on other lights in view. The visual processes revealed in these experiments are considered in terms of inferred illumination and surface reflectances of objects in natural scenes.
Assessing the Potential Impacts to Riparian Ecosystems Resulting from Hemlock Mortality in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is spreading across forests in eastern North America, causing mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.). The loss of hemlock from riparian forests in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) may result in significant physical, chemical, and biological alterations to stream environments. To assess the influence of riparian hemlock stands on stream conditions and estimate possible impacts from hemlock loss in GSMNP, we paired hardwood- and hemlock-dominated streams to examine differences in water temperature, nitrate concentrations, pH, discharge, and available photosynthetic light. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify stream pairs that were similar in topography, geology, land use, and disturbance history in order to isolate forest type as a variable. Differences between hemlock- and hardwood-dominated streams could not be explained by dominant forest type alone as forest type yields no consistent signal on measured conditions of headwater streams in GSMNP. The variability in the results indicate that other landscape variables, such as the influence of understory Rhododendron species, may exert more control on stream conditions than canopy composition. The results of this study suggest that the replacement of hemlock overstory with hardwood species will have minimal impact on long-term stream conditions, however disturbance during the transition is likely to have significant impacts. Management of riparian forests undergoing hemlock decline should, therefore, focus on facilitating a faster transition to hardwood-dominated stands to minimize long-term effects on water quality.
Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of sediment in the Snake River arm of the Dillon Reservoir, Summit County, Colorado, USA

Mineralogical and chemical analyses of sediment in the Snake River arm of the Dillon Reservoir provided insight into the transport and fate of trace metals in this system, which provides potable water to the city of Denver in Colorado. The sediments contain metal hydroxide precipitates and sorbed trace metals that formed upstream in the Snake River and in Deer Creek, Peru Creek and other tributaries. Iron and trace metal concentrations in the sediments reach a maximum about halfway down the 3.3 km arm, with their distribution probably controlled by physical processes acting on the settling of precipitates entering the arm from the mouth of the Snake River. The concentration of molybdenum is at background concentration near the mouth of the Snake River, increasing towards the centre of the reservoir, where values are 10 times greater, owing to contamination from the Ten Mile Creek and Blue River arms of the reservoir. The results of a sediment-leaching experiment demonstrated that the relative ease of extraction with a decreasing pH value in the sediments is zinc > cobalt > copper > nickel > lead. Although most of the trace metals are low in concentration, or are strongly sorbed in the sediments, the relatively high concentration of zinc and its relatively high mobility make it a metal of potential concern in the reservoir.
455 ONTOGENY AND THYROID DEPENDENT MATURATION OF β-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS AND ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN RAT LUNG

Catecholamines mediate surfactant release and smooth muscle tone in the lung by interaction with β-adrenergic receptors (BAR) and adenylate cyclase (AC). This study describes the ontogeny of BAR and AC in rat lung membrane and the role of thyroid hormone in the postnatal increase in BAR. BAR were identified with [3H] dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). Bmax increased from 46±4.9 fmole mg−1 protein to 491 ±39 m±SE from d 18 of gestation to adult levels postnatal d 28. Increases in lung BAR occurred between postnatal d 14 and 28, coincident with the known increase in T3 in the rat; we determined lung BAR in hypothyroidism (Hypo) induced with propylthiouracil prior to and after birth, normal age-matched control pups, and euthyroid pups (Euth) maintained on PTU but treated with T4. Euth pups grew normally and by d 28, lung weight, DNA, protein and BAR were identical to controls. Hypo pups grew normally to d 14 but grew poorly thereafter; by d 28 lung weight, DNA, and protein were decreased in Hypo pups. Lung BAR's were similar to controls up to d 14, but were decreased in Hypo at d 28, 290±15, n=13 vs. 489±31 fmoles·mg−1, n=8 in Euth, m±SE, p<0.001. Treatment of Hypo pups with T4 on days 25-27 doubled lung BAR by day 28. Finally, maximal catecholamine sensitive adenylate cyclase activity was also thyroid hormone dependent on d 28. We conclude that thyroid hormone dependent factors are required for the postnatal maturation of the β-adrenergic system in the rat lung.
Gouldner twenty years later

As one who learned to think as a Parsonsian in graduate school in the 1950s, and who has continued to be guided by an "action frame of reference" ever since, I saw Gouldner's The Coming Crisis at the time of its publication as yet another Marxist diatribe against Parsons. Gouldner depicted Parsons's theory as a conser vative response to world-wide changes that were increasingly threatening middle class interests and he claimed that Parsons's abstract categories and functionalist concern with "social order" were devices to maintain that threatened world. He brushed aside Parsons's publications on evolution as not representing a serious interest of Parsons. He argued that Parsons couldn't be concerned with evolution because functionaUsm was "fundamentally conservative", wanting more, "but more of the same" (p. 157). To complicate matters, Gouldner also claimed that Parsons had not always been conservative. He argued that Parsons's early stress on voluntarism made him like the young Marx and hypothesized that Parsons abandoned his "voluntaristic" theory when the welfare state began to threaten his class interests. In fact volun tarism for Parsons never meant free will or indeterminacy, and it neither stressed, nor precluded striving for change. Rather voluntarism was Parsons's way of saying that human action was motivated, but his point from the very beginning was that human motivation is never simply raw (or even rational) self-interest but is guided by shared values or conceptions of the desirable. Indeed Parsons's con ception of "mature theory," which he presented in the Structure of Social Action is more deterministic than his later works in which he developed a more sophis ticated interest in the motivational aspects of action. (For a discussion of these matters see Turner and Beeghley 1974; B. Johnson 1975; and Alexander 1978). While Gouldner is wrong about "voluntarism, " it is true that Parsons spoke more of dysfunction and strain in his early essays than in his later works. But Gouldner's dismissal of Parsons's evolutionary work is misleading.
Defining the outcomes of risk stratification studies of ED patients with chest pain: the marginal value of adding revascularization to the composite end point.

Abstract Objectives Cardiovascular risk stratification studies use various end points, sometimes including revascularization. We assessed whether adding revascularization to a strictly defined composite end point of death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and unstable angina (UA) impacts the likelihood of patients attaining the composite end point. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospectively collected data set of emergency department patients who received an electrocardiogram for chest pain. Patients were followed daily; discharged patients had 30-day telephone follow-up. The main outcome was a 30-day composite end point of death, AMI, and UA compared with death, AMI, UA, and revascularization. Results There were 4492 patients enrolled (mean age, 52 ± 16 years; men, 41%; African American, 68%). One hundred seventy patients were revascularized (158 had AMI or UA). Overall, the incidence of death/AMI/UA was 20.1% (95% confidence interval, 18.9%-21.2%). With revascularization included, the incidence of the composite end point was 20.3% (95% confidence interval, 19.1%-21.5%). Conclusion When both AMI and UA are strictly defined, there appears to be a limited role for adding revascularization to a composite end point of death, AMI, and UA because most revascularized patients have a diagnosis of AMI or UA.
Modeling Social Network Relationships via t-Cherry Junction Trees

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Evaluation of portion size estimation aids used for meat in dietary surveys

Abstract In three studies, individuals used various PSEAs (bean bag, peg board, ruler, sausage diagram, and size grid) to estimate portion sizes for three different categories of meat (intact cuts of meat, ribs, and link-type sausages). For intact cuts of meat, individuals generally were able to estimate length and width accurately, but had more difficulty estimating thickness regardless of the PSEA used. For ribs, while no PSEA provided an average estimation error less than +40%, a correlation existed between the portion size and average perceived size category (r = +0.89). For link-type sausage portions, a sausage diagram provided average estimations within 15%, decreased the variability of individual errors when compared to a ruler, and was used more frequently than any other PSEA. Results indicate that using PSEAs in conjunction with other estimation strategies for portion estimation is likely to be an effective way to collect consumption data for meats in large-scale dietary surveys.
Chloride channel blockers promote relaxation of TEA-induced contraction in airway smooth muscle

Enhanced airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction is an important component in the pathophysiology of asthma. We have shown that ligand gated chloride channels modulate ASM contractile tone during the maintenance phase of an induced contraction, however the role of chloride flux in depolarization-induced contraction remains incompletely understood. To better understand the role of chloride flux under these conditions, muscle force (human ASM, guinea pig ASM), peripheral small airway luminal area (rat ASM) and airway smooth muscle plasma membrane electrical potentials (human cultured ASM) were measured. We found ex vivo guinea pig airway rings, human ASM strips and small peripheral airways in rat lungs slices relaxed in response to niflumic acid following depolarization-induced contraction induced by K(+) channel blockade with tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA). In isolated human airway smooth muscle cells TEA induce depolarization as measured by a fluorescent indicator or whole cell patch clamp and this depolarization was reversed by niflumic acid. These findings demonstrate that ASM depolarization induced contraction is dependent on chloride channel activity. Targeting of chloride channels may be a novel approach to relax hypercontractile airway smooth muscle in bronchoconstrictive disorders.
Changing user motivations for social networking site usage: implications for internet advertisers

Why do people use social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook? Researchers have examined motivations for SNS usage from a uses and gratifications perspective, either by looking at text-based bulletin boards or online communities, or by focusing on a small group of total users (e.g., college students). Both streams of research show individuals can have more than one motivation for using these sites. However, contemporary research has generally failed to examine how user motivations evolve over time. This study builds on existing research by examining both initial and subsequent motivations to join SNSs, specifically Facebook. The results indicated that users initially joined Facebook for a variety of social, information-seeking, and bandwagon reasons. As users spent more time on Facebook, it became apparent that use of the site was primarily motivated by a need to belong and interpersonal communication motivations. These results are placed into the advertising context and implications for both advertisers and advertising researchers are discussed.
Market-oriented ethnography revisited

ABSTRACT This article discusses and illustrates the benefits of an approach to market-oriented ethnographic research that leads to insights somewhat different than those provided by two dominant approaches in applied ethnography. Our approach privileges relationships and participation in relatedness as the object of analysis. This contrasts with the macro-level approach of trying to “get inside the consumer9s head” and also contrasts with micro-level approaches that narrowly focus on “the consumer9s feelings about my brand.” The insights our meso-level approach provides are enhanced understanding of the place of firm-provided resources (products, services, symbols, slogans, environments, etc.) in the conduct of everyday consumers9 lives in consumer centric marketspaces. We illustrate our meso-level approach drawing on an empirical illustration of homemade food preparation and related managerial opportunities.
A rapid quantitative method for routine determination of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides from plants by paper chromatography.

Abstract A simple quantitative procedure for sugar analysis of plant materials by paper chromatography with good reproducibility is described. The alcoholic extract was partially purified by a tertiary solvent system and ion exchange resins and then paper chromatography with the following solvent: water-saturated n -butanol, 95% ethanol and trichloroethylene (6:2:2, v/v). The sugars were selected by a guide strip technique, and eluted from the “cut-out squares” of paper with 3 ml distilled water by a micro-elution tube, here described. Theyb were determined by a micro-colorimetric method. The method permitted 72 determinations to be done at one time.
On perturbations of differentiable semigroups

LetX be a Banach space and letA be the infinitesimal generator of a differentiable semigroup {T(t) |t ≥ 0}, i.e. aC0-semigroup such thatt ↦T(t)x is differentiable on (0, ∞) for everyx eX. LetB be a bounded linear operator onX and let {S(t) |t ≥ 0} be the semigroup generated byA +B. Renardy recently gave an example which shows that {S(t) |t ≥ 0} need not be differentiable. In this paper we give a condition on the growth of ‖T′(t)‖ ast ↓ 0 which is sufficient to ensure that {S(t) |t ≥ 0} is differentiable. Moreover, we use Renardy’s example to study the optimality of our growth condition. Our results can be summarized roughly as follows: (i) If lim supt→0+t log‖T′(t)‖/log(1/2) = 0 then {S(t) |t ≥ 0} is differentiable. (ii) If 0<L=lim supt→0+t log‖T′(t)‖/log(1/2)<∞ thent ↦S(t ) is differentiable on (L, ∞) in the uniform operator topology, but need not be differentiable near zero (iii) For each function α: (0, 1) → (0, ∞) with α(t)/log(1/t) → ∞ ast ↓ 0, Renardy’s example can be adjusted so that limsupt→0+t log‖T′(t)‖/α(t) = 0 andt →S(t) is nowhere differentiable on (0, ∞).
Managing Scientific and Technical Personnel

This article begins by explaining the importance to managers of nurturing better work environments and interprofessional relations among scientific and technical personnel. Next, general personality traits of scientific and technical staff are culled from the literature. Third, the various literatures about how scientific and technical personnel say they want to be managed are highlighted. Then, this analysis is supplemented with findings gleaned from 21 in-depth interviews with environmental managers, scientists, and technicians who similarly assess this relationship. The discrepancy between conventional managerial principles and these perceptions is emphasized and its implications evaluated. Finally, general lessons learned from the analyses are presented, and proactive guidelines for managers are provided.