cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality, Affect and Emotion Taxonomy for Socially Intelligent Agents

In this article, we describe an Affective Knowledge Representation (AKR) scheme to represent emotion schemata to be used in the design a variety of socially intelligent artificial agents. Our approach in this article and in the applications of our AKR scheme, focusses on the notion of “social expertise” of socially intelligent agents in terms of their 1) external behavior and 2) internal motivational goal-based abilities. AKR is derived from combining multiple emotion theories in a useful hierarchical model of affective phenomena and includes a taxonomy of affect, mood, emotion, and personality, as well as a framework for emotional state dynamics. Our model is being applied to design and implement two systems: 1) EBA, an Emotion-Based Architecture for two autonomous robots, 2) MAUI, a Multimodal Affective User Interface agent.
Identification of several components of isochlorogenic acid

Abstract “Isochlorogenic acid” has been shown to be a complex mixture of closely related compounds. Three of the major fractions have been purified and shown by NMR spectroscopy to be 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. A fourth major fraction appears to be a mixture of the 3′-methyl ethers of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid.
Trends in lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations among American Indian/Alaska Native children and the general US child population.

Objective To describe trends in the rate of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children and the general US population of children aged Study design This was a retrospective analysis of trends and hospitalization rates for LRTI-associated hospitalizations in 1998-2008 among AI/AN children aged Results The 2006-2008 LRTI-associated hospitalization rate for AI/AN children aged Conclusion The LRTI-associated hospitalization rate is higher in AI/AN children, particularly infants from Alaska and the American Southwest, compared with the general US child population. Closing this gap will require addressing housing and sanitation inequities and ensuring high immunization rates and access to care.
Enhancement of Fluorescent Antibody Staining of Viral Antigens in Formalin-Fixed Tissues by Trypsin Digestion

The staining of viral antigens present in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by fluorescent antibodies is markedly enhanced by trypsin digestion. When the trypsin digestion method was used to detect viral antigens present in hamster brain following experimental infection with measles virus, the results were comparable to those obtained with acetone-fixed, freshly frozen tissues that had been sectioned with a cryostat. Measles antigens were readily identified in brain cells from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and in lung and liver tissue from a patient with acute giant cell pneumonia, following preparation of the tissues for routine histologic examination. Viral antigens were detected in brain tissue that had been taken from patients with herpes simplex encephalitis and stored in paraffin for up to 15 years. Cells containing antigen could be precisely identified without loss of histologic detail by restaining the same tissue sections with hematoxylin and eosin.
Identification of a critical period for motor development in neonatal rats

Manipulation of the developing nervous system has provided valuable insights into nervous system function. One important concept to arise from this type of study has been the identification of specific "critical periods" for the development of various functions. A critical period has been most clearly shown for the visual system where monocular eye closure for a few weeks led to functionally significant changes in visually guided behaviors and the connectivity of the visual cortex. Critical periods have also been defined for other sensory systems. Although studies of the effect of manipulating sensory systems during development are sometimes difficult to interpret (e.g. Ref. 7), this difficulty is compounded in the case of the motor system. Problems arise because manipulations of the postnatal motor system are difficult to implement and usually require invasive procedures such as tenotomy, neurotomy, and nerve crush (for review, see Ref. 17). We have approached the problem of manipulating the motor environment by adapting a paradigm widely used to study the experimental effects of simulated weightlessness in adult rats: namely, tail suspension. This method has several advantages for manipulating the motor system: (i) because it is noninvasive, it is less discomforting than neurotomy, tenotomy or nerve crush; (ii) it does not immobilize the animals, they move about the cage and extend and flex their hindlimbs; and (iii) it specifically examines the importance of load-bearing on the development of antigravity muscles and their neuronal circuits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
T-lymphocyte subsets in gut and blood of liver transplant recipients with and without cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis.

The effects of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastroenteritis on the type of mononuclear cells within the upper gastrointestinal tract were determined. Nineteen liver transplant recipients were studied both before and after transplantation. Each underwent a pan-upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy of the antrum and duodenum before and four weeks following liver transplantation. A panel of monoclonal antibodies prepared against HLA-DR, NK, IL-2R, T11, T4, T8, and B1 cell surface antigens was used to examine the tissues. Before OLTx, none of the 19 subjects studied had clinical or histologic evidence for CMV gastroenteritis. Following OLTx, five of the 19 subjects had CMV gastroenteritis. The number of HLA-DR positive staining lymphocytes present in biopsies obtained post-OLTx was significantly greater (P<0.005) than those present in biopsies obtained pre-OLTx regardless of the presence or absence of CMV gastroenteritis. No difference in the intensity of HLA-DR antigen expression between pre- and post-OLTx biopsies and those with and without CMV gatroenteritis was evident. No difference in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and the number of cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was evident between biopsies obtained pre- and post-OLTx. In contrast, the number of T lymphocytes bearing the T11, T4, and T8 markers and the calculated T4/T8 ratio differed between biopsies obtained pre- and post-OLTx and between those positive for CMV gastroenteritis post-OLTx and those without evidence for CMV gastroenteritis either before or after OLTx, although these changes were not consistent throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the process of OLTx and the presence of CMV infection alter the number and types of T cells present within the stomach and duodenum and the number of T lymphocytes that are activated as determined by the presence of HLA-DR antigen expression.
Replacement of Transparent Conductive Oxides by Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Cu(In,Ga)Se2-Based Solar Cells

Thin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes were used as the transparent top electrical contact in Cu(In,Ga)Se2- based solar cells. Specifically, we demonstrate that thin layers of carbon nanotubes in combination with insulating polymer layers can effectively replace the metal oxide layers typically used in polycrystalline thin-film solar cells. Replacing the standard n-type ZnO layer with a thin film of carbon nanotubes yielded energy conversion efficiencies up to 13%. The optical and electrical transport properties of the single-wall carbon nanotubes suggest that suitable applications for these materials include multiple-junction solar cells, thermophotovoltaics, and other applications benefiting from a p-type transparent conductor with high near-infrared transmission.
Rational Design of Particle Mesh Ewald Compatible Lennard-Jones Parameters for +2 Metal Cations in Explicit Solvent.

Metal ions play significant roles in biological systems. Accurate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on these systems require a validated set of parameters. Although there are more detailed ways to model metal ions, the nonbonded model, which employs a 12–6 Lennard-Jones (LJ) term plus an electrostatic potential, is still widely used in MD simulations today due to its simple form. However, LJ parameters have limited transferability due to different combining rules, various water models, and diverse simulation methods. Recently, simulations employing a Particle Mesh Ewald (PME) treatment for long-range electrostatics have become more and more popular owing to their speed and accuracy. In the present work, we have systematically designed LJ parameters for 24 +2 metal (M(II)) cations to reproduce different experimental properties appropriate for the Lorentz–Berthelot combining rules and PME simulations. We began by testing the transferability of currently available M(II) ion LJ parameters. The results showe...
Case Study: Fluoxetine in the Multimodal Treatment of a Preschool Child with Selective Mutism

Selective mutism is a rare disorder with poor treatment outcome. The current study describes the successful treatment of selective mutism in a preschool-age girl, using a comprehensive multifaceted therapeutic approach. The components of this intervention reflect a conceptualization of selective mutism that emphasizes anxiety as a core feature but also focuses on associated factors such as oppositional behaviors.
Gender differences in knowledge and attitudes toward modern and traditional methods of child spacing in Malawi

This paper examines male-female differences in knowledge and attitudes towards traditional and modern methods of child spacing in Malawi, based on the survey on traditional methods of child spacing in Malawi which was conducted in 1988. The results show that most people in Malawi are knowledgeable about both traditional and modern methods of child spacing. In general more men than women report knowledge and practice of traditional methods. For modern methods, however, females are more knowledgeable than males of all the specific methods, with the exception of condoms. The greater knowledge by women of female-based modern contraceptives appears to be a manifestation of the exclusion of males from the family planning program. The high rates of knowledge do not translate into equivalent high rates of utilization for both modern and traditional methods of contraception. The study further demonstrates that, while women are involved in making decisions to use contraception, the proportion of men initiating such decisions is greater than that of women. This finding calls for family planning planners to think seriously about revising their target population to include men.
Divergent immunological responses following glutaraldehyde exposure

Although Glutaraldehyde (Glut) has been demonstrated to be a moderate contact sensitizer, numerous cases of occupational asthma related to Glut exposure have been reported. The purpose of these studies was to examine the dose-response relationship between Glut exposure and the development of T cell-mediated vs. IgE- mediated responses. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.75% to 2.5%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with EC3 values of 0.072% and 0.089% in CBA and BALB/c mice, respectively. The mouse ear swelling test (MEST) was used to evaluate the potential for Glut to elicit IgE (1/2 h post challenge) and contact hypersensitivity (24 and 48 h post challenge) responses. An immediate response was observed in animals induced and challenged with 2.5% Glut, whereas animals induced with 0.1% or 0.75% and challenged with 2.5% exhibited a delayed response 48 h post challenge. IgE-inducing potential was evaluated by phenotypic analysis of draining lymph node cells and measurement of total serum IgE levels. Only the 2.5% exposed group demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the percentage of IgE(+)B220(+) cells and serum IgE. Following 3 days of dermal exposure, a significant increase in IL-4 mRNA in the draining lymph nodes was observed only in the 2.5% exposed group. These results indicate that the development of an immediate vs. a delayed hypersensitivity response following dermal exposure to Glut is at least in part mediated by the exposure concentration.
Interpenetration as a Mechanism for Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions

We study simple lattice systems to demonstrate the influence of interpenetrating bond networks on phase behavior. We promote interpenetration by using a Hamiltonian with a weakly repulsive interaction with nearest neighbors and an attractive interaction with second-nearest neighbors. In this way, bond networks will form between second-nearest neighbors, allowing for two (locally) distinct networks to form. We obtain the phase behavior from analytic solution in the mean-field approximation and exact solution on the Bethe lattice. We compare these results with exact numerical results for the phase behavior from grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations on square, cubic, and tetrahedral lattices. All results show that these simple systems exhibit rich phase diagrams with two fluid-fluid critical points and three thermodynamically distinct phases. We also consider including third-nearest-neighbor interactions, which give rise to a phase diagram with four critical points and five thermodynamically distinct phases. Thus the interpenetration mechanism provides a simple route to generate multiple liquid phases in single-component systems, such as hypothesized in water and observed in several model and experimental systems. Additionally, interpenetration of many such networks appears plausible in a recently considered material made from nanoparticles functionalized by single-strands of DNA.
Identification of the mammary tumor virus envelope glycoprotein (gp52) on mouse mammary epithelial cell surface.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase radioiodination of mammary epithelial cells cultured in monolayers followed by SDS-PAGE analysis revealed only a few distinct peaks. One of these, identified as major envelope glycoptrotein (gp 52) of MTV, is present on the surface of mammary epithelial cells (both tumor and normal) from chronically infected BALB/cfC3H mice but not on the surface of normal mammary epithelial cells from virus-free sol BALB c mice. Its presence on the cell surface is influenced by both hormones and cell density, the same factors which greatly control the production and release of intact MTV virions into culture media. This suggests a correlation between abundance of radioiodinatable gp 52 on the cell surface and MTV found in culture media.
Simulations of magnetic materials with MDGRAPE-2

The use of accelerator hardware for micromagnetics simulations is described, along with some initial results. The accelerator calculates the dipole interactions at 400 gigaflops, allowing large simulations to be performed with arbitrary geometries. Two research programs are highlighted, the simulation of a curved MRAM cell and the simulation of the write head in a computer disk drive.
Products of positive operators

Let H be a complex Hilbert space. Recall that a bounded linear operator A, on H, is positive if (Ax, x) ≥ 0 (x ∈ H) (so that A = A* necessarily) and positive definite if A is positive and invertible.
Using spatial interpolation to estimate stressor levels in unsampled streams.

Accurate estimates of stressor levels in unsampled streams would provide valuable information for managing these resources over large regions. Spatial interpolation of stream characteristics have rarely been attempted, partly because defining separation distances between distinct stream samples is not straightforward. That is, conventional Eulerian definitions of separation distance may not apply to stream networks where information flows along distinct paths. A two-stage model for estimating stressor levels in unsampled streams is presented. Mean characteristics within streams are predicted using a generalized additive model and residual variation is estimated using a conventional application of spatial statistics. The model is developed and tested using stream survey data collected in the state of Maryland, USA. Model efficiency is compared for three stream variables (nitrate concentration, sulfate concentration, and epifaunal substrate score) known to be associated with biological impairments in streams. Accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the residual variation improved model R2 from 0.71 to 0.81 for nitrate, from 0.29 to 0.63 for sulfate, and from 0.21 to 0.31 for epifaunal substrate score.
Thematic Continuities: Talking and Thinking about Adaptation in a Socially Complex Classroom.

In this study I rely on sociocultural views of learning and teaching to describe how fifth–sixth-grade students in a Fostering a Community of Learners (FCL) classroom gradually adopted scientific ideas and language in a socially complex classroom. Students practiced talking science together, using everyday, scientific, and hybrid discourses as they studied endangered species. Students' overarching content themes, or “thematic continuities,” acted as generative scaffolds for developing complex lines of inquiry, leading ultimately to the appropriation of aspects of the biological principle of adaptation. Thematic continuities provided an organizing framework for thinking and talking about previously disconnected science facts, and set the stage for the adaptationist stance. Mixed method data analyses relied on written assessments, in-depth guided clinical interviews, video and audiotaping of small and large group participant structures, in-class student work, and ethnographic notes. Data analysis included two discrete levels, the macro (whole and half class) and the intermediate (case study of one small group) to capture both holistic and detailed aspects of dialogue. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 1–30, 2008
Increasing patient safety using explanation-driven personalized content recommendation

In this paper we describe a novel approach of increasing patients' safety using explanation-driven personalized content recommendation. In this approach, patients are exposed to relevant medical information that is continuously gathered from various web sources and timely delivered, educating patients toward better preventive medicine decision making. Personalized content recommendations are further accompanied with detailed explanations that disclose useful information about each recommendation, helping patients to better utilize the recommended content for improving their safety. As a motivation for this approach, we describe the application of personalized ADE alerts. We then describe the recommendation system that we implement for the BlueMedics smart health system, which instantiates this approach.
THE HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI DATA AND RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS

Reports collected by the Hiroshima city-wide tumorregistry indicate an increase in reported malignancies. Although the incidence of leukemia among survivors within 1500 m of the hypocenter is small, it is greatly increased in all age groups, the most significant increase being in the 0 to 9 age group. Relative radiosensitivities of fetus and adult are discussed. (H.M.G.)
La gets its wings

Two structural studies of the La lupus antigen reveal that the La motif adopts a winged-helix fold at the N terminus and associates with the central RNA-recognition motif to form a binding surface for precursor transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III.
Jules Aarons (1921–2008)

Jules Aarons, a pioneer in satellite radio beacon studies of the ionosphere, died peacefully at his home in Newton, Mass., on 21 November 2008 at age 87. When considering his college career, Jules was drawn toward the humanities, an interest subsequently redirected by his parents toward science as a more suitable way to earn a living, and then by the U.S. Army Air Corps toward radio technology as a more suitable way to win World War II. Both goals were readily accomplished, perhaps instilling in Jules the value of proper mentorship, that central aspect of his life that so dominates our recollections of him.
Lessons from the courtroom: Perspectives from child welfare attorneys and supervisors

Abstract Despite a history of child welfare worker performance difficulty in the courtroom, there has been little documentation regarding specific training needs for worker courtroom practice skills. This study expands the literature on child welfare courtroom practice skills by documenting child welfare worker conduct via perspectives from courtroom attorneys and child welfare supervisors. Separate focus groups with child welfare attorneys and supervisors were held to ascertain best and concerning practices for child welfare workers in the courtroom. Focus group participants identified themes related to preparation, adversarial nature of court proceedings, testimony, reasonable efforts, appearance and mannerisms, esteem of workers, duality of worker roles, and support. Study results have implications for focusing and improving training and supervision.
Evolutionary conservation and molecular cloning of the recombinase activating gene 1.

Abstract A 700-bp fragment of the recombinase activating gene 1 (RAG-1) was cloned from several evolutionarily distant (sandbar shark, paddlefish, goldfish, axolotl and pig) species using PCR. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed a highly conserved region that has remained essentially unaltered during 400 million years of evolution; e.g, shark and human sequences were 75% identical at the nucleic acid level and 87% as protein. The RAG-1 mRNA levels in the shark were analyzed using semi-quantitative PCR to reveal expression patterns contrary to normal mammalian expression. These results establish that the genetic mechisms for Ig gene rearrangement are present in all extant gnathanstomes.
Aerosol measurements in the IR: from limb to nadir?

Vertical profiles of aerosol concentration have been derived from the ATMOS solar occultation dataset. The EOS instrument TES has motivated studies of the feasibility of quantifying aerosols in nadir and limb emission measurements.
Mesoscale Vortices over the Great Lakes in Wintertime

Abstract The occasional occurrence of wintertime mesoscale lake vortices is documented. The vortices are readily discernible in satellite imagery, in which they take one of three forms: a miniature comma cloud, a swirl of cloud bands (resembling a miniature tropical storm) or a swirl of cloud streets. Despite their impressive appearance in satellite imagery, these vortices are usually relatively mild in comparison with other lake-effect storms and produce only gusty winds and brief snow squalls as they move onshore. The vortices are accompanied by a slightly lowered surface pressure and a weak cyclonic low-level wind circulation. Fourteen vortices were detected over the Great Lakes in the years 1978–82; they occurred under conditions of relatively weak surface pressure gradient, with a ridge of high pressure usually found over or west of the region. Convergence was generally detected in the surface winds prior to vortex development, apparently related to land breeze circulations. Comparisons are made betw...
Effect of different steroidogenic stimuli on protein phosphorylation and steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.

Numerous studies have indicated that treatment of Leydig cells with gonadotropin results in increased levels of intracellular cAMP, binding of cAMP to and activation of protein kinase A, phosphorylation of proteins, synthesis of new proteins and eventually, stimulation of steroidogenesis. In addition, recent studies have indicated that protein phosphorylation is an indispensable event in the production of steroids in response to hormone stimulation in adrenal cells. Because of the important role of phosphorylation in steroidogenic regulation, we investigated the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP), forskolin and the phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on protein phosphorylation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Cells were stimulated with different steroidogenic compounds in the presence of [32P]orthophosphoric acid for 2 h and phosphoproteins analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (PAGE). Results demonstrated an increase in the phosphorylation of four proteins (22 kDa, pI 5.9; 24 kDa, pI 6.7 and 30 kDa, pI 6.3 and 6.5) in response to 34 ng/ml hCG, 1 mM dbcAMP and 100 μM forskolin. Conversely, treatment of cells with PMA increased the phosphorylation of only one of these proteins (30 kDa, pI 6.3). At least two of these proteins (30 kDa, pI 6.5 and 6.3) appear to be identical to proteins which we and others have shown to be synthesized in response to trophic hormone stimulation in adrenal, luteal and Leydig cells. In addition, they also appear to be identical to adrenal cell mitochondrial proteins demonstrated to be phosphorylated in response to ACTH. These data indicate that proteins similar to those phosphorylated in adrenal cells in response to ACTH are phosphorylated in hormone stimulated testicular Leydig cells and that these proteins may be involved in steroidogenic regulation.
Simplified Integral Equation for the Multiperipheral Bootstrap

An integral equation for the two-body absorptive amplitude based on the multiperipheral model is proposed. The general property and the bootstrap potentiality of the equation are discussed.
Sensitivity of flutter response of a wing to shape and modal parameters

The flutter speeds for a wing are obtained using lifting surface unsteady aerodynamics using modules form a system of programs called the flutter analysis system (FAST). Flutter speeds are obtained using a V-g type of solution. The derivatives of the flutter speed with respect to shape parameters of the wing are calculated using ADIFOR
Synthetic receptors for phospholipid headgroups

Abstract Small molecules that can selectively recognize phospholipids would likely be useful as tools for chemical biology and may have application as pharmaceuticals. Inspired by the phospholipid binding and transport systems found in nature, researchers have begun to develop synthetic receptors for phospholipid headgroups. These molecules range from ‘simple’ phosphate binders to more complex multi-topic receptors. This review provides an overview of the best characterized biological phospholipid receptors, as well as a comprehensive summary of the synthetic receptors reported thus far.
Walk the talk: Connecting critical pedagogy and practice in teacher education

Under the principles of critical pedagogy, this article examines the process and experiences of 22 pre‐service teachers enrolled in a required teacher education course, Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice, who collaboratively developed and taught the course syllabus to one another. Through surveys, observations, and informal meetings, students discussed their student‐teacher roles in the classroom and their fears, anxieties, and joys of being co‐developers of the curriculum. Although students acclimated to the course structure and assumed responsibility for their own learning, results indicated that students preferred deeper, richer dialogues on the social issues they chose to study.
Oscillatory channel flow in a rotating system

Oscillatory channel flow in a rotating system is considered. The Navier–Stokes equations reduce to the Ekman equations that are solved exactly. The results show the interaction between oscillation frequency and rotation rate. Resonance occurs when the oscillation frequency is twice the rotation rate.
Two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of a pivoted cylinder below critical mass ratio

In this study, we investigated two-degree-of-freedom (2d.f.) vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a circular cylinder with a pinned attachment at its base; it had identical mass ratios and natural frequencies in both streamwise and transverse directions. The cylinder had a mass ratio, mof 0.45, and a mass damping, (mCCA)z, equal to 0.0841. Laser- induced fluorescence flow visualization and digital particle image velocimetry experiments were conducted over a Reynolds number range, 820%Re%6050 (corresponding to the reduced velocity range, 1.1%U � %8.3). Measurements and visualization studies were made in a fixed plane at the cylinder mid-height, providing a two-dimensional picture of a highly three-dimensional system. However, significant insights can be gained from these experiments and form the basis of this paper. A large transverse amplitude response, Aw2 (or four diameters peak-to-peak), in the upper branch was observed. The streamwise amplitude response exhibits an even higher peak amplitude, Aw2:5, which is approximately 125% of peak A � . Results show that there is no lower branch for this system and the transverse upper branch exhibits asymptotic behaviour, i.e. a wide regime of resonance. For ReO3000, the Strouhal number for the vortex shedding was 0.16 (G9%). Both the transverse cylinder oscillation and vortex-shedding frequencies, fOS,Y and fVS, respectively, were virtually identical throughout this range. While the streamwise oscillation frequency is typically twice the transverse oscillation frequency for a 2d.f. system, this is not the case at the lowest reduced velocities where oscillations first occur. Under these conditions the streamwise and transverse oscillation frequencies were identical. Finally, we observed that the cylinder wake exhibits both the PCS vortex-shedding mode and a desynchronized vortex pattern, which are uncommon for flow past a cylinder experiment. Very interestingly, the wide Urange over which resonance occurs is dominated by a desynchronized vortex pattern. These results clearly demonstrate the differences that arise in 2d.f. VIV occurring below the critical mass ratio.
Development Life Cycle for Semantically Coherent Data Exchange Specification

In enterprise integration, a data-exchange specification is an architectural artifact that evolves along with the business. Maintaining a coherent, data-exchange, semantic model is an important, yet nontrivial task. A coherent, semantic model of data — exchange specifications supports reuse, promotes interoperability, and, consequently, reduces integration costs. Components of data-exchange specifications must be consistent and valid in terms of agreed upon standards and guidelines. In this article, we propose an activity model for the creation, test, and maintenance of a shared semantic model that is coherent and supports scalable standards-based enterprise integration. While it frames our research and the development of tools to support those activities for semantic models implemented using XML (Extensible Markup Language) Schema, the activity model presented in this article is independent of the data-exchange technology.
Reaction of Al with Ti3SiC2 in the 800–1000°C temperature range

Abstract In this work, we report on the reaction of molten aluminum with Ti3SiC2 in the 800–1000°C temperature range. The reaction kinetics are linear and follow the relation: Kx (m s−1)=7.16 exp−(207 kJ/RT). The reaction layer consists of two interconnected or interpenetrating networks of TiC0.67 and molten Al. The samples preserve their original shape and dimensions after the reaction. Some TiC particles, as well as TiAl3 platelets are sometimes observed in the Al bath. The rate-limiting step is believed to be the dissolution of the Si from the Ti3SiC2 into the molten Al.
Textual Analysis and Linking of Narratives (TALON)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a methodology for parsing free-text narratives in an expert decision system for law enforcement. The problem arises from local law enforcement agencies' inability to effectively utilize criminal incident data for crime prevention. The paper proposes previously unsupported functionality in criminal incident data association expert decision systems - the automated ability of incorporating information from narrative fields from a criminal incident record management system into the analysis. A software module called TALON, the Textual Analysis and Linking of Narratives implements the methodology. Performance evaluation utilizes precision and recall metrics from information retrieval in a controlled experiment. This experiment uses the methodology on a set of documents wherein the relevance of every document is known for every possible selection of a target search document. The work presented provides a strong basis for measuring the utility of implementing alternative forms of narrative parsing for similar analyses.
Use of a surgeon-modified branched thoracic endograft to preserve an aortorenal bypass during treatment of an intercostal patch aneurysm

A 72-year-old man presented with thoracic pain. Nine years earlier, a descending aortic dissection with aneurysmal degeneration had been treated by thoracoabdominal aortic graft placement with reimplantation of a visceral patch and an intercostal patch. A separate left aortorenal bypass had also been performed with the bypass originating from the thoracic portion of the graft. He now presents with a 7.2-cm intercostal patch aneurysm in the aortic segment containing the origin of the patent aortorenal bypass. We present the use of a surgeon-modified branched thoracic endograft to salvage an aortorenal bypass originating in a thoracic aneurysm after previous open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
Synthesis and crystal structure of the dimer bis{[bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)arsino]diphenylgallane}

Abstract The dimer [(Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 2 AsGaPh 2 ] 2 , obtained from the reaction of (Me 3 SiCH 2 ) 2 AsH with Ph 3 Ga, has been characterized by partial elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, cryoscopic molecular weight determination, and complete single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystals of the dimer are triclinic, space group P 1 , with a 10.541(1), b 11.939(1), c 10.539(1) A, α 99.72(1), β 83.00(1), γ 114.55(1)°, U 1187.1 A 3 and Z = 1. The bond lenghts (GaAs 2.518(1) and GaAs′ 2.530(1) A) and bond angles (AsGaAs′ 85.08(2) and GaAsGa′ 94.92(2)°) in the centrosymmetric, and consequently planar, four-membered ring indicate a significant degree of strain.
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate triggers platelet aggregation by activating Ca2+ influx.

Exogenous phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] stimulates the aggregation of washed rabbit platelets in a Ca2+- and dose-dependent manner. This aggregation is reversible at low PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels, but becomes irreversible when the concentration exceeds a threshold of about 20 μM. Other D-3 and D-4 phosphoinositides examined, including phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4)P2], phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], and phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate [PtdIns(3)P], fail to exert appreciable platelet activation at comparable concentrations. In addition, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 can reverse the inhibitory effect of wortmannin on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Taken together with the observation that PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is readily incorporated into cell membranes, these findings reaffirm the second messenger role of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in thrombin receptor activation. The existence of a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Ca2+ entry system on platelet membranes is suppo...
Intracellular pH vs MgATP2− concentration: relative importance as determinants of Ca2+-activated force generation of disrupted rabbit cardiac cells

Early decline of cardiac contractility during ischaemia and hypoxia may be related in part to lowered concentrations of MgATP2− (magnesium salt of adenosine triphosphate) limiting the ability of the contractile proteins to generate force in response to Ca2+-activation. These experiments were designed to determine the relative importance of altered pH vs MgATP2− depletion on Ca2+-activated isometric force generation of mammalian cardiac fibres. The cardiac contractile apparatus was functionally isolated by disrupting cell membranes; small bundles of rabbit left ventricular cells with disrupted sarcolemmas were prepared by homogenisation and continuous exposure to 7 mmol·litre−1 EGTA (ethyleneglycolbis-(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N-N'-tetra-acetic acid). Removal of the major barrier to diffusion into the cells allowed control and alteration of the fluid surrounding the contractile proteins. Bathing solutions approximated intracellular conditions in important constituents and concentrations while providing adequate buffering of Ca2+ (EGTA buffer), H+ (imidazole buffer) and MgATP2− (creatine phosphate, creatine phosphokinase regenerating system). The magnitude of Ca2+-activated steady-state isometric forces were determined using a photodiode transducer. At each Ca2+ concentration, self-paired comparisons of force were made for selected combinations of bathing solution pH and MgATP2− concentration. In comparison to forces at normal conditions (2 mmol·litre−1 MgATP2−, pH 7.0) maximum forces and Ca2+-sensitivity were greatly depressed by acidosis (pH 6.5) alone. Combining lowered MgATP2− concentration (0.1 or 0.03 mmol·litre1) with pH 6.5 caused no additional change in Ca2+-sensitivity and force except that maximum force at 0.03 mmol·litre1 MgATP2− was enhanced rather than depressed. Thus, within the pH and MgATP2− concentration ranges thought to be characteristic of ischaemic intracellular conditions, only acidosis caused depression of contractile protein-Ca2+-activated force generating ability.
Low-energy electron diffraction study of surfaces of antimony and bismuth

Abstract The {0001}, {0112} and {1120} (respectively, the pseudo-cubic {111}, {100} and {110}) surface of Sb and Bi in the atomically clean state have been studied by low-energy electron diffraction. The {0001} and the {0112} surfaces have the ideal structure expected from simple termination of the bulk. The {1120} surfaces undergo reconstruction of the structure into superlattices which are different for Sb and for Bi. Oxygen adsorption experiments indicate that the {0001} surface is very inert and the {0112} noticeably more reactive, while the {1120} surface requires incubation before chemisorption occurs. Once started, the reaction proceeds very rapidly. These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the “dangling” bond picture of ideal surfaces. The problem of structural reconstruction is discussed.
Strain partitioning in the mid-crust of a transpressional shear zone system: Insights from the Homestake and Slide Lake shear zones, central Colorado

Abstract Kinematic analysis and field mapping of the Homestake shear zone (HSZ) and Slide Lake shear zone (SLSZ) in central Colorado may provide insight into the interaction between subvertical and low-angle shear zones in the middle crust. The northeast-striking, steeply dipping HSZ comprises a ∼10-km-wide set of anastomosing ductile shear zones and pseudotachylyte-bearing faults. Approximately 4 km south of the HSZ, north–northeast-striking, shallowly dipping mylonites of the SLSZ form three 1–10-m-thick splays. Oblique stretching lineations and shear sense in both shear zones record components of dip-slip (top-up-to-the-northwest and top-down-to-the-southeast) and dextral strike-slip movement during mylonite development. Quartz and feldspar deformation mechanisms and quartz [c] axis lattice preferred orientation (LPO) patterns suggest deformation temperatures ranging from ∼280–500 °C in the HSZ to ∼280–600 °C in the SLSZ. Quartz [c] axis LPOs suggest plane strain general shear across the shear system. Based on the relative timing of fabric development, compatible kinematics and similar deformation temperatures in the SLSZ and the HSZ, we propose that both shear zones formed during strain localization and partitioning within a transpressional shear zone system that involved subvertical shuffling in the mid-crust at 1.4 Ga.
Electron microscopic observations of tobacco mosaic virus structure.

Abstract The structure of tobacco mosaic virus as deduced from X-ray diffraction studies is briefly reviewed and compared with pertinent and often conflicting electron microscopic observations of apparent structure on the surface of this virus. Additional electron micrographs are presented which appear to show longitudinal ridges and grooves and a large transverse periodicity, both of which, at first sight, appear to be incompatible with the X-ray diffraction model. Difficulties inherent in the interpretation of the micrographs are discussed and several hypotheses are considered in an attempt to reconcile the results obtained by the two disciplines.
Analysis of Strand Slippage in DNA Polymerase Expansions of CAG/CTG Triplet Repeats Associated with Neurodegenerative Disease

Lengthy expansions of trinucleotide repeats are found in DNA of patients suffering severe neurodegenerative age-related diseases. Using a synthetic self-priming DNA, containing CAG and CTG repeats implicated in Huntington's disease and several other neurological disorders, we measure the equilibrium distribution of hairpin folding and generate triplet repeat expansions by polymerase-catalyzed extensions of the hairpin folds. Expansions occur by slippage in steps of two CAG triplets when the self-priming sequence (CTG)16(CAG)4 is extended with proofreading-defective Klenow fragment (KF exo−) fromEscherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Slippage by two triplets is 20 times more frequent than by one triplet, in accordance with our finding that hairpin loops with even numbers of triplets are 1–2 kcal/mol more stable than their odd-numbered counterparts. By measuring triplet repeat expansions as they evolve over time, individual rate constants for expansion from 4 to 18 CAG repeats are obtained. An empirical expression is derived from the data, enabling the prediction of slippage rates from the ratio of hairpin CTG/CTG interactions to CAG/CTG interactions. Slippage is initiated internally in the hairpin folds in preference to melting inward from the 3′ terminus. The same triplet expansions are obtained using proofreading-proficient KF exo+, provided 10–100-fold higher dNTP concentrations are present to counteract the effect of 3′-exonucleolytic proofreading.
Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the southwestern Gulf of Maine: testing hypotheses of physical control using historical data

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Lebour have been nearly annual features along the coasts of southern Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, USA, since 1972. In 1990 two hypotheses which have been used to explain the initiation of these blooms in the southwestern portion of the Gulf of Maine were tested using historical records of shellfish toxicity, wind, and river flow. The first hypothesis states that the blooms were initiated or advected to shore by wind-driven coastal upwelling. The second states that established blooms were advected from north to south alongshore in a coastally trapped buoyant plume of water. Of the eleven years examined (1979 to 1989), we found seven cases inconsistent with the wind-driven upwelling hypothesis, and only one case (1985) which contradicts the plume-advection hypothesis. 1985 was an unusual year in many respects, and we suggest that some other mechanism was responsible for the toxic outbreaks. In addition, the wind-driven upwelling hypothesis could not explain the observed north-to-south temporal progression of toxicity each year. The plume-advection hypothesis was found to best explain the datails of the timing and spread of shellfish toxicity in Gulf of Maine waters to the south of Penobscot Bay, Maine. These include the variable north-to-south progression with time, the presence of a toxin-free zone south of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, the sporadic nature of toxic outbreaks south of Massachusetts Bay, and the apparently rare occurrence of high toxicity levels well offshore on Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank.
Combining systemic retinoids with biologic agents for moderate to severe psoriasis

Background Moderate to severe psoriasis, which is defined as psoriasis affecting more than 20% of the body surface area, often requires a combination of therapies to achieve remission. Although numerous data exist regarding the use of acitretin and biologic agent therapy alone for psoriasis, little is known about the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of acitretin combined with biologic agents. Methods Fifteen patients with psoriasis treated with concomitant acitretin and a biologic agent were identified, and their charts were reviewed for response to therapy, additional therapy necessary for disease management, side-effects, and laboratory abnormalities whilst on combination therapy. The Institutional Review Board did not require approval for this chart review. Results Twenty-nine per cent of patients showed clearance of psoriasis, 43% of patients showed an improvement of 90%, 14% showed an improvement of 75%, and 7.1% showed no change. During treatment with acitretin and biologic agent, five patients required no adjunctive treatment. Three patients were able to stop narrow-band ultraviolet-B (UV-B) therapy after an average of 2.33 months of combination therapy. Only one patient continued to require phototherapy (UV-B) in addition to the biologic agent. Three patients developed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) whilst on combination therapy, but all patients had a previous history of SCC. One patient developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after 3 years of etanercept and acitretin, and the etanercept was discontinued. Conclusions Acitretin combined with biologic agents offers a promising method of managing refractory psoriasis. More research is needed to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of this combination.
TOURIST WORLDS: TOURIST ADVERTISING, RITUAL, AND AMERICAN CULTURE

Previous work on tourist advertising typically explains promotional imagery in terms of the economic interests of advertising or the social psychology of consumption. The symbolism and meaning of s...
Spine-Density Dependence of the Qualitative Behavior of a Model of a Nerve Fiber with Excitable Spines

Abstract The qualitative behaviour of solutions to a nerve fiber model with spines, which are small protrusions on the membrane, is analyzed with particular interest in conditions imposed on the spine-density function which gives nondecay of the response to a point current stimulus. The comparison principle for the initial-boundary value problem is proved. This principle implies that if a point current stimulus lifts the dendritic membrane potential then the dendritic and spine head potentials over the whole fiber will be increased. It is also shown that if the point current stimulus rests after any finite period of time then the potentials over the whole fiber will be pulled back to the rest state asymptotically.
Corrigendum to “Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies” [Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (2011) 1387–1397]

Corrigendum to “Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies” [Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (2011) 1387e1397] Donovan P. German *, Michael N. Weintraub , A. Stuart Grandy , Christian L. Lauber , Zachary L. Rinkes , Steven D. Allison a,e Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 3300, Biological Sciences III Univers, City of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Department of Environmental Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA