cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Washington Irving in Muslim Translation: Revising the American Mahomet

Washington Irving's ‘sketch of the life of the founder of the Islam Faith’, Mahomet (1849), was one of the first works by an American dedicated to explaining Muslim history and its prophetic heritage to Western readers. For its time it was an enlightened work, recognizing many virtues within Islamic belief and practice alike, but nevertheless Irving's presentation frequently challenges Muslim orthodoxy, and has the potential to offend Muslim sensibilities. This article considers the tactics of its first Arabic translator in 1960, the prominent Muslim scholar ‘Alī Husnī al-Kharbūtlī. The translation encourages readers to understand Irving's work as a ‘meeting’ between ‘Western Christian thought and Arab Islamic thought’. It does so through a revisionary procedure commencing with minor shifts in diction, and culminating in comprehensive inversions. Through radical changes to his source, al-Kharbūtlī depicts Irving as Islamic advocate, rather than the Islamic critic he intended to be.
Energies and intensities of thermal neutron capture γ rays from Cl, Al and Fe relative to N

Abstract A precise comparison has been made of the spectra of γ rays from chlorine and nitrogen. Chlorine has a 33 b thermal capture cross section and produces many intense γ rays between 1.5 and 8.6 MeV. These properties make it a convenient standard for energy and intensity calibrations. These results were used to calibrate the spectra from Fe and Al. With the improved chlorine energies derived from the present results, consistency is obtained with recent high precision measurements of the iron doublet.
Precision of Shutdown Margin Measurements Using the Two-Frequency Reactor Noise Technique in an LMFBR

The precision of reactor noise techniques for measuring subcritical reactivity can be related to detector efficiency and parameters of the measuring instrumentation. Using a two-detector cross-correlation technique, we have determined that such measurements can be made in a certain fast reactor (the FFTF) to -3 to -5 dollars with acceptable statistics and measurement times.
The importance of 2-aminofluorene in the mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract The mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its derivatives N -hydroxy-AAF and 2-aminofluorene (AF) by pulmonary and hepatic microsomal fractions from untreated rabbits was investigated using Salmonella strain TA98. The mutagenicity of AAF in the presence of hepatic microsomes followed typical saturation kinetics. However, in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, the mutagenic activity increased linearly with increasing substrate concentration and approximated that obtained with low concentrations of AF. N -Hydroxy-AAF was 1/10th as mutagenic as AF in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, but 2–2.5 times more mutagenic than AF in the presence of hepatic microsomes. The activation of AAF by both fractions was completely inhibited by the deacetylase inhibitor paraoxon. Although AAF does not appear to be a substrate for cytochrome P450 form 5, antibodies to this form inhibited the activation of AAF by pulmonary and hepatic microsomes by 90% and 60%, respectively. These results indicate that the mutagenic activation of AAF by these fractions primarily involves deacetylation to AF, followed by cytochrome P450 form 5-mediated activation of AF.
A further link(s) with inequivalent representations in quantum field theory

In recent years it has become more apparent how useful inequivalent representations of the CCR and CAR in quantum field theory may be in describing and explaining physical phenomena, and several properties and concepts have been stated, referred to, and/or developed in the literature on these ideas. In this paper, some of these are reviewed, and some further properties and concepts are developed as further links in understanding these inequivalent representations in quantum field theory. One of these is a statement as to what actually breaks down in some field theories in the transformation between representations which are unitarily inequivalent. This is developed using the language and ideas of point quantum mechanical invariance, since this should be more familiar to a much larger number of physicists. Also, a statement on state expectation values is developed which can be used as a criterion for the occurrence of inequivalent representations of the CCR and CAR in field theories.
Effects of Team Gender and Racial Composition on Perceptions of Team Performance in Cross-Functional Teams

Research on team gender and racial composition with respect to team effectiveness is reviewed. Published literature shows a dearth of studies on this issue in work organizations. The studies published suggest that teams with even slight variability on gender and race will be less positively evaluated. These suggestions are tested in a field setting, using 31 teams in a medium-sized state regulatory agency that were rated by team members and outside raters. Results showed that members of cross-functional project teams that vary with respect to gender or racial composition rate their team as less effective than members of homogeneous (all-male or all-White) teams. Ratings of external evaluators show no differences based on team composition. Antecedents and effects of these evaluations on female and minority team members are discussed.
Self-induced stochastic resonance for Brownian ratchets under load

We consider a Brownian ratchet model where the particle on the ratchet is coupled to a cargo. We show that in a distinguished limit where the diffusion coefficient of the cargo is small, and the amplitude of thermal fluctuations is small, the system becomes completely coherent: the times at which the particle jumps across the teeth of the ratchet become deterministic. We also show that the dynamics of the ratchet-cargo system do not depend on the fine structure of the Brownian ratchet. These results are relevant in the context of molecular motors transporting a load, which are often modeled as a ratchet-cargo compound. They explain the regularity of the motor gait that has been observed in numerical experiments, as well as justify the coarsening into Markov jump processes which is commonly done in the literature.
Effect of heart rate and preload on index of myocardial performance in the normal and abnormal left ventricle

Background The index of myocardial performance (IMP) has been used as a prognostic systolic-diastolic index for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and postmyocardial infarction. To date, systematic evaluation of the effect of heart rate and preload alteration on IMP has not been performed with normal or reduced left ventricular (LV) function. Methods We studied 14 mongrel dogs at baseline, after the induction of acute ischemic LV dysfunction, and with chronic LV dysfunction. Heart rate was altered by atrial pacing 10 and 20 beats above baseline, and volume loading was accomplished with 10 mL/kg of saline at a paced rate. Hemodynamics, and transmitral and transaortic pulsed Doppler, were obtained. Results With normal LV function, there were no changes in IMP with pacing. With acute LV dysfunction, IMP was also unchanged with pacing, although both LV ejection time (ET) (192 ± 23 vs 208 ± 25 milliseconds, P P P P P P P P Conclusion Heart rate incrementation does not change IMP. However, volume loading reduces IMP primarily as a result of LV ET lengthening with chronic LV dysfunction. Further systematic evaluation of IMP is needed if this index is to be useful as a prognostic indicator.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: flat surface vs. cavity structures

Cavity formation is a common phenomenon involved in solid-state analysis when repetitive laser pulses are applied to induce breakdown spectra. While previous LIBS investigations have been mostly focused on laser ablation on flat surfaces, the development of a laser-induced plasma inside cavity structures is of both fundamental and practical significance for quantitative chemical analysis using LIBS. In this paper, we attempt to answer the question, to what extent cavity formation would influence the temperature and electron density of laser-induced plasma. We found a significant effect of cavity aspect ratio on plasma characteristics, in particular, the measured high temperature and electron density of laser-induced plasma inside cavity structures.
pIJ101, a multi-copy broad host-range Streptomyces plasmid: Functional analysis and development of DNA cloning vectors

Streptomyces lividans ISP 5434 contains four small high copy number plasmids: pIJ101 (8.9 kb), pIJ102 (4.0 kb), pIJ103 (3.9 kb) and pIJ104 (4.9 kb). The three smaller species appear to be naturally occurring deletion variants of pIJ101. pIJ101 and its in vivo and in vitro derivatives were studied after transformation into S. lividans 66. pIJ101 was found to be self-transmissible by conjugation, to elicit “lethal zygosis” and to promote chromosomal recombination at high frequency in both S. lividans 66 and S. coelicolor A3(2). A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of pIJ101 was constructed for 11 endonucleases; sites for five others were lacking. Many variants of pIJ101 were constructed in vitro by inserting DNA fragments determining resistance to neomycin, thiostrepton or viomycin, and having BamHI termini, into MboI or BclI sites on the plasmid, sometimes with deletion of segments of plasmid DNA. The physical maps of these plasmids were related to their phenotypes in respect of lethal zygosis and transfer properties. In vivo recombination tests between pairs of variant plasmids were also done. These physical and genetic studies indicated that determinants of conjugal transfer occupy less than 2.1 kb of the plasmid. A second segment is required for spread of the plasmid within a plasmid-free culture to produce the normal lethal zygosis phenotype: insertion of foreign DNA in this region caused a marked reduction in the diameter of lethal zygosis zones. The minimum replicon was deduced to be 2.1 kb or less in size; adjacent to this region is a 0.5 kb segment which may be required for stable inheritance of the plasmid. The copy number of several derivatives of pIJ101 in S. lividans 66 was between 40 and 300 per chromosome and appeared to vary with the age or physiological state of the culture. pIJ101 derivatives have a wide host range within the genus Streptomyces: 13 out of 18 strains, of diverse species, were successfully transformed. Knowledge of dispensable DNA segments and the availability of restriction sites for the insertion of DNA, deduced from the properties of plasmids carrying the E. coli plasmid pACYC184 introduced at various sites, was used in the construction of several derivatives of pIJ101 suitable as DNA cloning vectors. These were mostly designed to be non-conjugative and to carry pairs of resistance genes for selection. They include a bifunctional shuttle vector for E. coli and Streptomyces; a Streptomyces viomycin resistance gene of this plasmid is expressed in both hosts.
Electron sources for 4th generation light sources

4th Generation Light Sources will have brilliance performances which will exceed those of the 3rd Generation Light Sources by 10 orders of magnitude in peak value. 3rd Generation Light Sources were based on storage ring. Those sources had improved the quality of the X-Ray produced with respect to the 2 nd generation of machines by reducing the emittance and by increasing the current of the stored beam. The great stability and small emittance were intrinsically obtained by the damping produced by the radiation emission itself. In 4th generation sources, the X-Ray source quality (brilliance, peak brilliance, coherence) will directly depend on the quality of the injected beam (emittance, peak current, average current). Also, its stability will primarily depend on that of their injector. 4 th generation sources include both X-Ray FELs and ERL based sources. The technological challenges of injectors for X-Ray FELs include small emittances, high peak current, high stability and reliability. ERL based sources aim at the same type of performances, but in addition average current as high as those of the 3 rd generation light sources is desired. The focus of this review will be on the technological challenges of X-Ray FELs sources but for solutions proposed by the ERL injector community which could benefit X-Ray FELs sources. Photoinjectors are the primary source choice for many of the X-Ray FELs under design and construction. Critical issues for this technology include optimum laser pulse shaping and high quality of emission from the photocathode. Beam performances obtained from photoInjectors up to date just fulfill the requirements of X-Ray FEL drivers, but adequate stability and reliability remain to be demonstrated. Alternate technologies to X-Ray FEL sources will also be briefly discussed.
Characterizing Correctness Properties of Parallel Programs Using Fixpoints

We have shown that correctness properties of parallel programs can be described using computation trees and that from these descriptions fixpoint characterizations can be generated. We have also given conditions on the form of computation tree descriptions to ensure that a correctness property can be characterized using continuous fixpoints. A consequence is that a correctness property such as inevitability under fair scheduling can be characterized as the least fixpoint of a monotonic, noncontinuous transformer, but cannot be characterized using fixpoints of continuous transformers (nor as the greatest fixpoint of a monotonic transformer of any degree of complexity lower than fair inevitability itself). Hence, currently known proof rules are not applicable (see however [FS80]). We are now investigating whether useful proof rules can exist for correctness properties having only a monotonic, noncontinuous least fixpoint characterization. In addition, we are examining alternate notions of fairness which do have continuous fixpoint characterizations.
The effects of asymmetric liking on the attribution of dominance in dyads

This study explored a feature of what might be called “implicit theories of interpersonal relations.” The question addressed concerns the nature of the interrelation that subjects placed on the violation of a salient schema which they held for dyadic affective relations. When presented with information concerning the degree of asymmetry of liking in a dyad, subjects inferred greater dominance on the part of the better liked person. This result is consistent with the view that subjects attend to structural characteristics of interpersonal relationships as cues in the interpretation of those relations.
Concordance of parent-child temperament ratings in a clinical sample of adolescent girls.

Fifty-six adolescents meeting DSM-III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and major depression, were asked to complete self-assessments of temperament using the Dimensions of Temperament Survey—Revised (DOTS-R). Parents independently rated their children using a parent version of this scale. We found that parents and patients agreed significantly on all nine subscales. This high correlation suggests that parents' perceptions of their adolescents' temperaments concur with the adolescents' self-perceptions. These findings suggest that the observation of temperament remains concordant even in parent/child dyads often characterized by significant conflict.
Plasmid formation in Streptomyces: Excision and integration of the SLP1 replicon at a specific chromosomal site

We present data showing that the SLP1 plasmids found in Streptomyces lividans after mating with S. coelicolor strain A3(2) orginate as deletion mutants of a 17 kb segment of the S. coelicolor chromosome. Excision of the entire 17 kb segment yields a transiently existing plasmid containing a site for integration into the chromosome of recipient SLP1-S. lividans strains at a unique locus that corresponds to the original chromosomal location of SLP1 in S. coelicolor. The deletion mutants of SLP1 lack the attachment site and/or other regions required for its integration, and thus persist in the recipient as autonomously replicating plasmids. Plasmids that contain the complete 17 kb sequence of the chromosomally integrated SLP1 segment were constructed in vitro by circularization of restriction endonuclease-generated fragements of chromosomal DNA carrying a tandemly-duplicated integrant of SLP1. Transformation of an SLP1-S. lividans strain with such plasmids results in chromosomal integration of the SLP1 sequence at the same site at which it is integrated in S. lividans cells that acquire the sequence by mating with S. coelicolor. A model for the site-specific excision and integration of SLP1 is presented.
The normal occurrence of octopamine in the central nervous system of the rat

Abstract An enzymatic assay for octopamine capable of detecting 50 pg of amine was developed and used to study the distribution of octopamine in regions of the rat central nervous system. The presence of octopamine in the rat pineal organ was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and of tyramine led to increases in CNS octopamine levels while the administration of reserpine intraperitoneally or 6-hydroxydopamine intraventricularly led to decreases in octopamine levels. The results suggest that in the mammalian CNS octopamine is present in neural structures where it may be involved in synaptic function.
CCL2 Increases X4-tropic HIV-1 Entry into Resting CD4+ T Cells *

During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, there is a strong positive correlation between CCL2 levels and HIV viral load. To determine whether CCL2 alters HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T cells, we infected purified resting CD4+ T cells after incubation with CCL2. We show that CCL2 up-regulates CXCR4 on resting CD4+ T cells in a CCR2-dependent mechanism, and that this augmentation of CXCR4 expression by CCL2 increases the ability of these cells to be chemoattracted to CXCR4 using gp120 and renders them more permissive to X4-tropic HIV-1 infection. Thus, CCL2 has the capacity to render a large population of lymphocytes more susceptible to HIV-1 late in the course of infection.
Engaging African Americans in Therapy: Integrating a Public Policy and Family Therapy Perspective

The field of marriage and family therapy faces a growing imperative to reach historically underserved populations. African Americans are a prime example of a minority group in the United States that continues to be underserved by the current mental health system. We integrate Andersen’s (1995, Journal of Health and Social behavior, 36, 1–10) public policy model of health service use with Fox et al. (1995, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 6, 434–468) revision of the rural de facto mental health services model (Regier and Goldberg, 1978, Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 685–693) to develop a more inclusive and culturally sensitive framework that captures salient factors influencing African Americans’ entry into and engagement in therapy. Recommendations for overcoming barriers and suggestions for future research are presented.
Relationships between the FMRFamide-related peptides and other peptide families.

The relationships between peptide families are recognized in terms of structural similarity and immunological and biological activity. Most of the currently known FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of molluscs were tested in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and in the two standard bioassays for FMRFamide: the radula protractor muscle of the whelk Busycon contrarium, and the isolated heart of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Some peptides were also tested on the heart of the snail Helix aspersa. The responses of the different assays to these peptides were generally similar, but substantial diversity precluded an absolute resolution of relationships, even among molluscan FaRPs. Nevertheless, this set of responses does constitute a standard against which to estimate the relative affinities of putative FaRPs from other animal groups. Many of the non-molluscan FaRPs (e.g., the pancreatic polypeptide-related peptides, gastrin/CCK, and the opioid peptides) are relatively inactive on the molluscan assays, but others (e.g., LPLRFamide, a peptide isolated from chicken brain; the opioid receptor-modulating peptides A18Fa and F8Fa; and gamma 1-MSH) were relatively potent. Several arthropod FaRPs have substantial FMRFamide-like sequence similarity and immunoreactivity, and they may be homologous members of the molluscan peptide family. However, those structural and functional aspects of peptide families that transcend phyletic lines probably reflect basic principles of binding between peptides and membrane proteins rather than homology.
Cellular-automata-based modeling of the electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) fabrication process

The electo-static self-assembly process (ESA) has proved to be extremely successful in creating multi-layer coatings with properties that can be tailored for particular applications. In this process, almost any surface with charged functional groups can be used as a substrate. Alternate dipping in solutions having ions of opposite charge builds up the layers through ionic bonding. One particular application of this process could be to form multi-functional bio-compatible coatings on MEMS devices intended for use in-vivo. In this paper, we describe two different models of the process based on cellular automata. The output of the models consists of three parameters as a function of layer: ionic coverage, film height and film roughness. The results of the models are compared to experimental data to determine which of them more accurately describes the ESA process.
THEMIS Observations of Mars Aerosol Optical Depth from 2002-2008

We use infrared images obtained by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) instrument on-board Mars Odyssey to retrieve the optical depth of dust and water ice aerosols over more than 3.5 martian years between February 2002 (MY 25, Ls=330 ) and December 2008 (MY 29, Ls=183). These data provide an important bridge between earlier TES observations and recent observations from Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. An improvement to our earlier retrieval to include atmospheric temperature information from THEMIS Band 10 observations leads to much improved retrievals during the largest dust storms. The new retrievals show moderate dust storm activity during Mars Years 26 and 27, although details of the strength and timing of dust storms is different from year to year. A planet-encircling dust storm event was observed during Mars Year 28 near Southern Hemisphere Summer solstice. A belt of low-latitude water ice clouds was observed during the aphelion season during each year, Mars Years 26 through 29. The optical depth of water ice clouds is somewhat higher in the THEMIS retrievals at approximately 5:00 PM local time than in the TES retrievals at approximately 2:00 PM, suggestive of possible local time variation of clouds.
Participation of Older Adults in Virtual Volunteering: A Qualitative Analysis

Virtual volunteering can be defined as a type of civic engagement where the volunteers perform their tasks using the Internet either from their home or other offsite locations. Although a comprehensive body of literature can be found concerning older adults’ involvement in traditional face-to-face volunteering, few studies exist on Internet-based volunteering. This study takes the initiative to generate new knowledge on how the Internet can play an active role in facilitating volunteerism among older people. It explores the demographic characteristics, motivation, and types of tasks performed by older adults while volunteering in a virtual environment. Given the emerging support infrastructure to facilitate virtual volunteering among older adults, this study sought to better comprehend the profiles and motivations of older virtual volunteers. In particular, the study wishes to understand if parallels could be drawn between on-site volunteering and online volunteering among older adults. Correspondingly, the study also explores whether participation in virtual volunteering by older adults increased their sense of belonging. A qualitative inquiry is performed to address these issues. This study is an attempt to gather baseline empirical descriptions of these phenomena so that future research has the scope to refine the relevant theories in this field.
Event shape / energy flow correlations

We introduce a set of correlations between energy flow and event shapes that are sensitive to the flow of color at short distances in jet events. These correlations are formulated for a general set of event shapes, which includes jet broadening and thrust as special cases. We illustrate the method for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ dijet events, and calculate the correlation at leading logarithm in the energy flow and at next-to-leading-logarithm in the event shape.
A Brief History of Inquiry: From Dewey to Standards

This paper describes how interpretations of inquiry have changed during the 20th Century. These multiple meanings have resulted in (a) confusion among K‐12 teachers of science and (b) various interpretations by science teacher educators. Suggestions are provided for preservice programs (both science and methods courses), professional development for new and veteran teachers of science, and science education community to reach consensus about what is inquiry.
Self-eating in the plaque: what macrophage autophagy reveals about atherosclerosis

Autophagy (or 'self-eating') is the process by which cellular contents are recycled to support downstream metabolism. An explosion in research in the past decade has implicated its role in both health and disease and established the importance of the autophagic response during periods of stress and nutrient deprivation. Atherosclerosis is a state where chronic exposure to cellular stressors promotes disease progression, and alterations in autophagy are predicted to be consequential. Recent reports linking macrophage autophagy to lipid metabolism, blunted inflammatory signaling, and an overall suppression of proatherogenic processes support this notion. We review these data and provide a framework for understanding the role of macrophage autophagy in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, one of the most formidable diseases of our time.
Recent progress and future prospects for advanced photonic network

This paper overviews the recent progress and future prospects for photonic transport network technologies from the viewpoints of ROADM (reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer) functional enhancement for improving the networking agility, expansion of the optical transparent domain, and advanced transmission technologies.
Cooperative multi-AUV tracking of phytoplankton blooms based on ocean model predictions

In recent years, ocean scientists have started to employ many new forms of technology as integral pieces in oceanographic data collection for the study and prediction of complex and dynamic ocean phenomena. One area of technological advancement in ocean sampling if the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) as mobile sensor platforms. Currently, most AUV deployments execute a lawnmower-type pattern or repeated transects for surveys and sampling missions. An advantage of these missions is that the regularity of the trajectory design generally makes it easier to extract the exact path of the vehicle via post-processing. However, if the deployment region for the pattern is poorly selected, the AUV can entirely miss collecting data during an event of specific interest. Here, we consider an innovative technology toolchain to assist in determining the deployment location and executed paths for AUVs to maximize scientific information gain about dynamically evolving ocean phenomena. In particular, we provide an assessment of computed paths based on ocean model predictions designed to put AUVs in the right place at the right time to gather data related to the understanding of algal and phytoplankton blooms.
Embryonal malignancies of unknown primary origin in children.

BACKGROUND Little is known about embryonal malignancies of unknown primary origin in children. All such cases referred to a pediatric cancer center over a 30-year period were reviewed to delineate their clinical and prognostic features and to develop recommendations for evaluation and therapy. METHODS Seventeen patients with embryonal malignancies of unknown primary origin were identified by reviewing the institutional solid tumor database. The medical records, imaging studies, laboratory records, and pathology reports for each patient were reviewed and tabulated. RESULTS Pathology review confirmed the original histologic diagnosis in 15 of the cases. Final diagnoses after review were rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 9), neuroblastoma (n = 7), and Ewing's sarcoma (n = 1). At initial evaluation, an extensive array of radiologic studies revealed multiple abnormalities in 16 cases. Bone marrow sampling and urinary catecholamine analysis were valuable diagnostic tools. A primary site of origin was identified in five patients: by interval assessments during treatment in two cases, and at autopsy in three. Although the median survival was only 6 months, 3 patients are alive at 12, 15 and 17 years after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS An exhaustive search for a primary lesion appears unwarranted in children with disseminated embryonal malignancies. Tumor sampling should be adequate for the pathologic work-up to determine the definitive diagnosis. Although the chances of cure are slight, tumor specific therapy may improve the interval of disease control, the quality of life, and the possibility of long term survival.
Acute sensitivity to interaural time differences in the inferior colliculus of a bat that relies on passive sound localization

Abstract Gleaning bats rely on passive hearing to detect and localize terrestrial prey, and display remarkable accuracy in their passive sound localization. This study examines binaural processing in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), a gleaner that attends to prey-generated noise transients to locate prey. The primary focus is to determine whether neurons in its lateral IC, a region that appears dedicated to passive localization, possess a level of sensitivity to interaural time difference (ITD) sensitivity sufficient to indicate the use of ITDs in sound localization. Such a sensitivity was suspected because the pallid bat is capable of very accurate passive sound localization at the lower end of its audible range, where interaural intensity differences (IIDs) are small and may not provide sufficient spatial information. Because the pallid bat's audible range is too high for neurons to phase-lock to carrier frequencies, neurons were tested with square-wave, amplitude-modulated tones and noise to determine their sensitivity to ITDs in the sound envelope. Their sensitivity to the bat's behaviorally relevant ITD range of ±70 μs, and their low average interaural time/intensity trading ratios (18 μs/dB) suggest that the pallid bat IC may have the greatest ITD sensitivity reported in a high-frequency mammalian auditory system.
Predator biomass determines the magnitude of non-consumptive effects (NCEs) in both laboratory and field environments

Predator body size often indicates predation risk, but its significance in non-consumptive effects (NCEs) and predator risk assessment has been largely understudied. Although studies often recognize that predator body size can cause differing cascading effects, few directly examine prey foraging behavior in response to individual predator sizes or investigate how predator size is discerned. These mechanisms are important since perception of the risk imposed by predators dictates behavioral responses to predators and subsequent NCEs. Here, we evaluate the role of predator body size and biomass on risk assessment and the magnitude of NCEs by investigating mud crab foraging behavior and oyster survival in response to differing biomasses of blue crab predators using both laboratory and field methods. Cues from high predator biomass treatments including large blue crab predators and multiple small blue crab predators decreased mud crab foraging and increased oyster survival, whereas mud crab foraging in response to a single small blue crab did not differ from controls. Mud crabs also increased refuge use in the presence of large and multiple small, but not single small, blue crab predators. Thus, both predator biomass and aggregation patterns may affect the expression of NCEs. Understanding the impact of predator biomass may therefore be necessary to successfully predict the role of NCEs in shaping community dynamics. Further, the results of our laboratory experiments were consistent with observed NCEs in the field, suggesting that data from mesocosm environments can provide insight into field situations where flow and turbulence levels are moderate.
Activity and phylogenetic diversity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in low-temperature subsurface fluids within the upper oceanic crust.

The basaltic ocean crust is the largest aquifer system on Earth, yet the rates of biological activity in this environment are unknown. Low-temperature (<100 °C) fluid samples were investigated from two borehole observatories in the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank, representing a range of upper oceanic basement thermal and geochemical properties. Microbial sulfate reduction rates were measured in laboratory incubations with 35S-sulfate over a range of temperatures, with microbial activity limited by the availability of organic electron donors. Thermodynamic calculations indicate energetic constraints for metabolism in the higher temperature, more altered and isolated fluids, which together with relatively higher cell-specific sulfate reduction rates reveal increased maintenance requirements, consistent with novel species-level dsrAB phylotypes of thermophilic sulfate-reducing microorganisms. Our estimates suggest that microbially-mediated sulfate reduction may account for the removal of organic matter in fluids within the upper oceanic crust and underscore the potential quantitative impact of microbial processes in deep subsurface marine crustal fluids on marine and global biogeochemical carbon cycling.
Cross-Cultural Teaching Apprehension: A Coidentity Approach Toward Minority Teachers

Teaching apprehension is used to frame the author's anxiety about being a young Asian female teacher in a four-year research-oriented university. The chapter explores how demographic characteristics influence teaching styles, the use of language, and self-efficacy beliefs.
Inhibitions of cotton seedling growth by volatile ketones emitted by cover crop residues

Low-input, sustainable agriculture (LISA) systems can include soil incorporation of residues of weeds and legume cover crop species. However, both seed germination and seedling growth of crops, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), are inhibited by volatile organic compounds emitted by these residues during decomposition. A cotton seedling-growth assay was used to demonstrate that C4 through C9 ketones released by decomposing legume residues significantly inhibited root and shoot elongation, root and shoot fresh and dry weight gain, and cotyledon expansion. Seedling root and shoot water relationships were relatively insensitive to those components of plant residue volatile emissions. Concentration (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0μM/cm3 sterile greenhouse soil mix) and root-zone temperature (20 or 30°C) altered the activity of the more inhibitory ketones. Molecular weight (carbon chain length), carbon chain branching, and position of the carbonyl group also influenced ketone inhibitory activity.
Gender differences in executive functions following traumatic brain injury

The present study used the National Institute on Disability Rehabilitation and Research (NIDRR) funded Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) database to examine the effect of gender on presentation of executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and variables that might impact the course and degree of recovery. The Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) was chosen as a measure of executive function which has good credentials without reports of gender effects. Female subjects performed significantly better on the WCST than male subjects as shown by analyses of variance on scores of 1,331 patients for Categories Achieved (means for females = 4.09, males = 3.67, p = .003) and Perseverative Responses (means for females = 32.17, males = 36.42, p = .003). Outperformance by females was also noted in additional ANOVAs examining the interaction of education and gender, and ethnicity and gender in relation to Categories Achieved (p < .01), and for ethnicity and gender in relation to Perseverative Responses (p < .01). A multiple logistic regression revealed that gender, minority status, education level, history of illicit drug use, cause of injury, and length of coma each contributed uniquely to predicting Categories Achieved on the WCST. Simple logistic regression analyses showed that, of these variables, gender and cause of injury (violent vs. non-violent) were the strongest predictors. In contrast, when examining Perseverative Responses, regression analyses found gender, minority status and length of coma predicted impairment. Simple logistic regression analyses showed that, of these three variables, gender and minority status were most robust in predicting impaired Perseverative Responses scores. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations for further research are offered.
Increased dielectric breakdown strengths of melt-extruded polypropylene films

Abstract Melt-extruded polypropylene resin containing 1% or 2% ceresine wax yielded thin films that had significantly increased dielectric breakdown strengths but with virtually identical bulk dielectric properties. Ceresine wax acts as a trapping centre for electrons and by minimizing ionization of host polypropylene molecules, dielectric breakdown strength is increased.
New Poly(ester amide)s from Alkyl 2-(carboethoxyhydroxymethyl)acrylates

The synthesis of alkyl 2-(carboethoxyhydroxymethyl)acrylates via the Bayllis-Hillmann reaction pathway is described. These compounds are found to be poor monomers when involved in free radical polymerizations but present an extremely high reactivity upon Michael addition with primary amines leading to a simple, mild and efficient route to the preparation of new multifunctional heterocycles and polymers with potential applications in biodegradable coatings. Real-time NMR spectroscopy permitted monitoring the extent of the reaction sequence and determining the conversion profile of reactants and Michael adduct intermediate. Poly(ester amide)s derived from diamine and hexane bis-2-(carboethoxyhydroxymethyl)acrylate were synthesized at room temperature by means of a very efficient Michael addition/cyclization polymerization. These polymers display excellent adhesion to metal, glass, and paper substrates and interesting hydrolytic susceptibility. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3182–3192, 2008
A stable explant culture of HER2/neu invasive carcinoma supported by alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin expressing stromal cells to evaluate therapeutic agents

To gain a better understanding of the effects of therapeutic agents on the tumor microenvironment in invasive cancers, we developed a co-culture model from an invasive lobular carcinoma. Tumor cells expressing HER2/neu organize in nests surrounded by alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) expressing tumor stroma to resemble the morphology of an invading tumor. This co-culture, Mammary Adenocarcinoma Model (MAM-1) maintains a 1:1 ratio of HER2/neu positive tumor cells to α-SMA-reactive stromal cells and renews this configuration for over 20 passages in vitro. We characterized the cellular elements of the MAM-1 model by microarray analysis, and immunocytochemistry. We developed flow cytometric assays to evaluate the relative responses of the tumor and stroma to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Iressa. The MAM-1 gene expression profile contains clusters that represent the ErbB-2 breast cancer signature and stroma-specific clusters associated with invasive breast cancers. The stability of this model and the ability to antigenically label the tumor and stromal fractions allowed us to determine the specificity of Iressa, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for targeting the tumor cell population. Treatment resulted in a selective dose-dependent reduction in phospho-pMEK1/2 and pp44/42MAPK in tumor cells. Within 24 h the tumor cell fraction was reduced 1.9-fold while the stromal cell fraction increased >3-fold, consistent with specific reductions in phospho-pp44/42 MAPK, MEK1/2 and PCNA in tumor cells and reciprocal increases in the stromal cells. Erosion of the tumor cell nests and augmented growth of the stromal cells resembled a fibrotic response. This model demonstrates the specificity of Iressa for HER2/neu expressing tumor cells versus the tumor associated myofibroblasts and is appropriate for delineating effects of therapy on signal transduction in the breast tumor microenvironment and improving strategies that can dually or differentially target the tumor and stromal elements in the microenvironment.
The phosphoglucomutase reaction: investigation of enzyme dephosphorylation during its reaction with substrate.

Abstract 1. 1.|The degree to which phosphoglucomutase (α- d -glucose-1,6-diphosphate:α- d -glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) is dephosphorylated when the phosphoenzyme is incubated with various levels of 32 P-labeled glucos e6-phosphate, was found to be considerably less than that predicted on the basis of previous reports concerning the equilibria involved in the enzyme mechanism. Measurements of the specific radioactivity of the protein precipitated by the addition of trichloroacetic acid to the incubation mixtures were used in evaluating the extent of dephosphorylation of the enzyme, and the results were comparable to those obtained by chromatographic separation of phosphoenzyme and dephosphoenzyme. That the relatively high specific radioactivity of the precipitated enzyme truly represented phosphoenzyme remaining after incubation, and not absorbed 32 P-labeled substrate, was confirmed (a) by repeated solution and precipitation of the enzyme and (b) by substituting 14 C-labeled glucose 6-phosphate for the 32 P-labeled compound, in which case essentially no radioactivity was associated with the precipitated protein. 2. 2.|Analysis of the non-protein portion of incubation mixtures revealed that glucose 1,6-diphosphate was present in concentrations much lower than would be consistent with the previously reported equilibria comprising the phosphoglucomutase reaction. Investigation of the transfer of radioactive phosphate from 32 P-labeled phosphoenzyme during short-term incubations with unlabeled glucose 6-phosphate resulted in labeling patterns which were consistent with the suggestion that phosphoglucomutase catalyzes the reversible transfer of phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate to form glucose 1-phosphate without the obligatory formation of free glucose 1,6-diphosphate.
The common and the distinctive features of the bulged‐G motif based on a 1.04 Å resolution RNA structure

Bulged-G motifs are ubiquitous internal RNA loops that provide specific recognition sites for proteins and RNAs. To establish the common and distinctive features of the motif we determined the structures of three variants and compared them with related structures. The variants are 27-nt mimics of the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) from Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA that is an essential part of the binding site for elongation factors (EFs). The wild-type SRL has now been determined at 1.04 Å resolution, supplementing data obtained before at 1.11 Å and allowing the first calculation of coordinate error for an RNA motif. The other two structures, having a viable (C2658U•G2663A) or a lethal mutation (C2658G• G2663C), were determined at 1.75 and 2.25 Å resolution, respectively. Comparisons reveal that bulged-G motifs have a common hydration and geometry, with flexible junctions at flanking structural elements. Six conserved nucleotides preserve the fold of the motif; the remaining seven to nine vary in sequence and alter contacts in both grooves. Differences between accessible functional groups of the lethal mutation and those of the viable mutation and wild-type SRL may account for the impaired elongation factor binding to ribosomes with the C2658G•G2663C mutation and may underlie the lethal phenotype.
Mortality trends in Philadelphia: Age- and cause-specific death rates 1870–1930

This article examines the decline in mortality which occurred in Philadelphia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Age- and cause-specific mortality rates accounting for the decline are isolated and the relative importance of several variables in explaining the reduction of overall mortality levels is assessed. By using small areas within the city we are able to establish the impact of particular innovations on specific causes of death.
The Location and Frequency of Intestinal Metaplasia at the Esophagogastric Junction in 223 Consecutive Autopsies: Implications for Patient Treatment and Preventive Strategies in Barrett's Esophagus

The frequency of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction is as high as 36% in endoscopy studies; the majority of cases (approximately 67%) occur in short segments of esophageal columnar mucosa. The validity of these studies has been questioned, however, because of heterogenous underlying diseases prompting endoscopy. To determine the frequency and origin of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction, we histologically evaluated the entire esophagogastric junction for the presence of intestinal metaplasia using Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff mucin stains in 223 consecutive autopsies. Precise localization of the Z line in relation to the esophagogastric junction and tongues of esophageal columnar-appearing mucosa were noted in each case. Mean patient age was 47 years; 69% of patients were male, and 63% were white. Twenty five of 223 cases (11%) had intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction. Only 2 of 25 cases (8%) had intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus; the remaining 23 cases (92%) had intestinal metaplasia in the gastric cardia. Male gender, advanced age, white ethnic origin, and short tongues of esophageal columnar mucosa were not associated with gastric cardia intestinal metaplasia. An association of distal gastric intestinal metaplasia (P < .01) and chronic gastritis (P < .01) with gastric cardia intestinal metaplasia suggests a role for Helicobacter pylori infection in this process. The frequency of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction in an unselected autopsy population is low (11%) even after exhaustive histologic evaluation using Alcian blue mucin stains. Furthermore, intestinal metaplasia is confined to the gastric cardia in more than 90% of cases with no association to male gender, white ethnic origin, advanced age, or the presence of short segments of esophageal columnar-appearing mucosa at endoscopy. These results demonstrate that caution is warranted when applying the findings of endoscopy studies to the development of preventive and screening strategies aimed at identifying Barrett's esophagus in an asymptomatic general population.
Epidemiology of early childhood caries: clinical application.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most communicable and preventable disease process in children younger than 5 years. Instead of moving in the direction epidemiologists would like to see, incidence rates of ECC are moving upward from the targeted 11%, as outlined by Healthy People 2010 . The nursing profession can address risk factors, treatment options, and the need to increase awareness of the transmission of ECC along with prevention efforts. Efforts made by nursing students in a service–learning project to increase awareness of ECC are outlined. In addition, intervention strategies disseminated by advanced nurse practitioners and nurse educators to augment these efforts are summarized.