cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zirconium(IV) tetramer/octamer hydrolysis equilibrium in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution

Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements were performed on zirconium acidic aqueous solutions to investigate the structure and the size of polynuclear species larger than the previously identified tetrameric species. Solutions with [H+]added and [OH-]added ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 M and 0.0 to 0.02 M, respectively, were analyzed. This study demonstrates that an octameric species, Zr8(OH)20(H2O)24Cl12, exists in equilibrium with the tetrameric species, Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16Cl62+, such that, for 0.05 M Zr(IV) in highly acidic solutions ([H+]added ≥ 0.6 M), the tetramer is the dominant species; and at conditions with [H+]added ≤ 0.05 M, the octameric species becomes predominant. The estimated value of the equilibrium quotient obtained for the tetramer/octamer equilibrium is 0.20 ± 0.05 M3. The tetramer and octamer have radii of gyration of 3.8 and 5.1 ± 0.2 A and a hydrolysis ratio of 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. The octamer forms by stacking two tetramers on top of each other. At conditions where small amounts of N...
The effect of bevacizumab (Avastin) on neuroimaging of brain metastases

Abstract Background Bevacizumab is FDA approved to treat colon cancer and is currently used off label for metastatic breast, kidney, and lung cancers. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to, and inactivates, VEGF and is believed to be antiangiogenic. Case Description The authors report the case of a 54-year-old woman with metastatic infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma who developed left occipital and right parietal intraaxial contrast-enhancing masses on surveillance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After surgical resection, she was placed on bevacizumab for control of systemic disease. Six months later, a nonenhancing right occipital lesion was detected on MRI. After stopping bevacizumab therapy, the patient underwent microsurgical resection of the lesion. Histopathologic examination was consistent with metastatic breast cancer indistinguishable from her previously resected enhancing brain metastasis. Six weeks after stopping bevacizumab therapy and 3 weeks after microsurgical resection, a new contrast-enhancing mass was noted on magnetic resonance in the right temporal lobe. Conclusion This case is unique in that we have neuroimaging on prebevacizumab, concurrent bevacizumab, and postbevacizumab brain metastases in the same patient with a single cancer primary, thus, assuring that alterations in neuroimaging characteristics are consistent with bevacizumab effect. As an internal control, it provides strong support for the premise that bevacizumab therapy can confound the diagnosis of brain metastases because of its effect on tumor enhancement.
The Role of Applicant Nonverbal Communication in the Employment Interview

This research examined the effects that the nonverbal behavior of job applicants had on subsequent hiring evaluations. Interviewees (n = 32) were instructed to use one of four styles of nonverbal behavior during the recording of short job interviews with a standard content. The videotaped interviews were watched by behavior raters (n = 22), who assessed nonverbal-cue usage, and by judges (n = 50), who evaluated the applicants as prospective employees. The applicants were also rated by judges (n = 30) for physical attractiveness. Results supported the hypothesis that nonverbal behavior in the job interview operates as subtle reinforcement. Implications for job-counseling programs are discussed.
Calculation of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients for Elastically Supported Gas Foil Bearings

The stiffness and damping coefficients of an elastically supported gas foil bearing are calculated. A perfect gas is used as the lubricant, and its behavior is described by the Reynolds equation. The structural model consists only of an elastic foundation. The fluid equations and the structural equations are coupled. A perturbation method is used to obtain the linearized dynamic coefficient equations. A finite difference formulation has been developed to solve for the four stiffness and the four damping coefficients. The effect of the bearing compliance on the dynamic coefficients is discussed in this paper.
Selective regulation of gene expression by an orthogonal estrogen receptor-ligand pair created by polar-group exchange.

Abstract Background: The nuclear and steroid hormone receptors function as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators in eukaryotes. Hormone receptors have been engineered to selectively respond to synthetic ligands and used as remote regulators of gene expression for the study of gene function and as potential regulators of gene therapies. Results: In this work, a new ligand–receptor engineering strategy called ‘polar-group exchange' is used to create a mutant form of the estrogen receptor, ER(Glu353→Ala), which lacks a carboxyl group critical for high-affinity binding of estradiol, but is able to transactivate in response to nanomolar concentrations of a carboxylate-functionalized estrogen analog, ES8. ES8 activates ER(Glu353→Ala) at concentrations that do not appreciably activate the ‘wild-type' receptor ER(wt). Two similar carboxylate-functionalized ligands, ES6 and ES7, do not induce transactivation function. Similar selectivities are observed in ligand-binding assays in vitro, which follow the trends predicted by molecular modeling. Conclusions: Polar-group exchange is an effective strategy for rationally engineering ligand–receptor pairs. The ER(E353A)/ES8 ligand–receptor pair should constitute a unique and functionally orthogonal ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator.
Clear acrylic resin T-bar used in denture identification

A preformed, T-shaped, clear acrylic resin bar can be utilized as a vehicle for identification of an existing removable dental prosthesis. A printed label attached to the T-bar makes a convenient vehicle for embedding the label in the prosthesis with light-cured acrylic resin. The resultant finished surface of the T-bar assembly provides a protective cover and an exceptionally clear window for viewing the label. The procedure is time-effective and relatively easy.
Polarization Imaging serves as a complimentary tool to NIR fluorescence guided colonoscopy

We developed complementary fluorescence and polarization reporting strategy combining the biochemical and physical properties of dysplasia and cancer for real time detection of lesions in clinically relevant colorectal cancer and inflammation models
The path to a sustainable economy: sustainable consumption, social identity and ecological citizenship

Green economists have argued for years about the need to develop sustainable economies. Given the central focus on consumption activity in post-industrial economies, a change in attitude towards ‘sustainable consumption’ will be needed in order for societies to engage on a sustainability path. Among three approaches to sustainable consumption, it is argued here that only the ecological citizenship approach is truly compatible with sustainability; however, it is also the approach that requires the most profound socio-cultural changes. Based on a critical realist notion of a relational society, this paper contends that significant changes may be needed to socio-cultural structures that currently legitimise consumption growth as an engine of progress. Because the goal of a sustainable economy is to improve and maintain human well-being, policies and institutions seeking to foster pro-sustainable behaviour, such as an ecological citizenship curriculum in education, may be necessary to avoid future environmental, economic and cultural crises.
Polymerized insoluble bee venom

Abstract Using a polymerization process previously used for ragweed allergens, honeybee venom was polymerized. Instead of soluble polymers, an insoluble precipitate, polymerized insoluble bee venom (PIBV), is the result. A major allergen of honeybee venom, 125 I phospholipase A (PL-A) incorporated into PIBV, was shown to have decreased dissemination from subcutaneous injection sites. After thorough mixing, samples of PIBV can be withdrawn from a vial with a syringe with no more than 10% error. Approximately 90% of PL-A was incorporated with PIBV. The soluble PL-A was removed during subsequent washing of the PIBV and this soluble PL-A was shown to be polymerized mainly to high-molecular weight PL-A. PIBV (20 mg) injected in each of six rabbits resulted information of precipitating antibody in all rabbits. The rabbit antisera bound 125 I PL-A and reacted with PL-A in whole bee venom. These physical and immunologic characteristics of PIBV suggest further study of its potential for human use.
Effect of Progesterone on Androgen or Estrogen-Induced Increases in Endogenous FSH in Immature Female Rats

A single injection of 100 μg testosterone propionate (TP) or 1 μg estradiol benzoate into 22-day-old female rats caused an increased output of pituitary FSH, as measured by ovarian weight changes following HCG aug-mentation. The major changes in endogenous FSH, which have a cyclic pattern, occur within 84 hr of the steroid injection. Progesterone (2 mg) did not increase FSH output, and when given 1 hr before the estrogen, completely abol-ished its effect on FSH. However, progesterone given 1 hr before TP only delayed the effect of the androgen: The usual cyclic increases did not occur during the first 84 hr, but essentially a complete response occurred between 84 and 156 hr. The results indicate that progesterone can inhibit the advancement of puberty, brought about by estrogen, by inhibiting its action on FSH controlling mechanisms, but not by inhibit-ing the effect of TP on these mechanisms. (Endocrinology 87: 418, 1970)
Urbanism and social psychological well‐being: A test of three theories

Determinist theory predicts that in urban areas there is a deterioration of primary relationships, which leads to a reduction in social psychological well‐being. Compositional theory argues that status variables, not urbanism, account for levels of well‐being. Subcultural theory holds that urbanism lowers well‐being, despite the presence of viable subcultures which sustain primary relationships. Using pooled data from national samples of the United States taken in the years 1974 through 1982, path analyses are conducted. Happiness and satisfaction with community, with family, and with friends are used as measures of well‐being. Urbanism involves a range of communities, from central cities of the 12 largest SMSA's to rural counties. Primary relationships include involvement with kin and with friends. The findings do not support determinist theory. Subcultural theory receives the most support, particularly when involvement with friends is in the path analyses. Levels of well‐being decrease with urbanism, de...
BGK equation solution of coagulation for large knudsen number aerosols with a singular attractive contact potential

Abstract Aerosol coagulation rate expressions in the presence of singular attractive contact potentials such as the van der Waals potential and the electrical image potential are obtained by integrating the characteristics of the BGK equation. The rate expression consists of two parts: (A) the free-molecule regime (Kn → ∝) enhancement, and (B) the first-order correction for a finite but large Knudsen number. For situations involving either the van der Waals or image potential, we present closed form best-fit equations for data calculated from the theory. The experimental data of ionic charging of Pui et al. (9) and data on ultrafine particle coagulation rate of Okuyama et al. (10, 11) are compared with the predictions from the present theory and the empirical Fuchs matching method. We have considered the situations of a combined van der Waals, coulombic, and image potential. The conditions where either coulombic, image, or van der Waals forces predominate are determined.
From the “Well‐Laid Table” to the “Market Place:” The Architectural Association Unit System

Abstract As chairman of the Architectural Association (AA) in London from 1971 to 1990, Alvin Boyarsky presided over a seminal moment in the history of the school. Launching a critical departure from the AA's postwar modernist professional training, during the early 1970s Boyarsky developed the “unit system” as the foundation of the school's educational program. A framework of vertical studio teaching, the unit system invited tutors to seize pedagogy as a medium for architectural experiment and critical inquiry.
Complexity reduction in context-dependent DNA substitution models

Motivation: The modeling of conservation patterns in genomic DNA has become increasingly popular for a number of bioinformatic applications. While several systems developed to date incorporate context-dependence in their substitution models, the impact on computational complexity and generalization ability of the resulting higher order models invites the question of whether simpler approaches to context modeling might permit appreciable reductions in model complexity and computational cost, without sacrificing prediction accuracy. Results: We formulate several alternative methods for context modeling based on windowed Bayesian networks, and compare their effects on both accuracy and computational complexity for the task of discriminating functionally distinct segments in vertebrate DNA. Our results show that substantial reductions in the complexity of both the model and the associated inference algorithm can be achieved without reducing predictive accuracy. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Exploration for Testicular Remnants: Implications of Residual Seminiferous Tubules and Crossed Testicular Ectopia

ABSTRACTPurpose: Testicular remnants identified during exploration for cryptorchidism contain vascularized fibrous nodules at the termination of the vas deferens, hemosiderin, calcification, a pampiniform plexus or occasionally residual seminiferous tubules that may contain germ cells. An absent testis lacks the features of testicular remnants. To our knowledge testicular remnants have not been described in a crossed ectopic location. We reviewed orchiectomy specimens obtained at exploration for a nonpalpable testis to characterize the features of testicular remnants, including the frequency of seminiferous tubules, germ cells and crossed ectopia, as well as to clarify the diagnostic criteria for testicular remnants.Materials and Methods: From 1990 to mid 2000 medical records and histological slides from 101 boys with nonpalpable testes who had undergone inguinal exploration and orchiectomy were reviewed.Results: Of the 71 testicular remnants identified 7 (9.8%) contained residual tubules, of which 4 (5.6...
Supporting Online Faculty through a Sense of Community and Collegiality

In this qualitative study, we examine the experiences of seven tenure-track and non-tenure track current/future online faculty through the conceptual lenses of sense of community (McMillan & Chavis, 1986) and collegiality (Gappa, Austin, & Trice, 2007). We found: (1) participants reported that their sense of community and collegiality around online course development and teaching was lacking, (2) participants’ communities for online teaching, if available, primarily focused on technical support, and (3) participants desired greater community and collegiality for philosophical and psychological concerns with the medium of online teaching. We conclude with recommendations for practice for online faculty professional growth.
Cigarette Smoking and Fear of Death: Explaining Conflicting Results in Death Anxiety Research

The purpose of these studies was to examine the relationship between death anxiety and smoking, and to explain the conflicting results of previous studies on this topic. In Study 1, students at a rural university were given a death anxiety scale and a measure of smoking behavior, counterbalanced for order. The same questionnaires were given to urban adolescents in Study 2. When college student smokers thought about their smoking behavior first, those who had smoked more recently showed higher death anxiety. Among high school students who had smoked, those with higher death anxiety reported smoking fewer cigarettes. In addition, mortality salience, induced by completing the death anxiety scale first, caused these high school students to report smoking less frequently. An integration of the results of the two studies with earlier research suggests that order effects and urban-rural differences can explain inconsistencies in the link between death anxiety and smoking.
Benefits of traffic engineering using QoS routing schemes and network controls

We demonstrate the benefits of traffic engineering by studying three realistic network models derived from an actual service provider network. We evaluate traffic engineering in the presence of QoS-based routing schemes compared with Destination-Based Routing, the default routing behavior for the Internet. We also simulate prioritization of important traffic flows by implementing priority in one or more of the path caching, path ordering, and actual route selection phases of the constraint-based routing framework. We observe that traffic engineering can provide 20-50% network capacity savings. We also observe that prioritization in more than one phase of constraint-based routing can provide even more significant benefits.
Scheduling strategies for multiprocessor real-time DSP

The authors explore the possibilities for automatic schedulers that result in low implementation cost and can target a broad class of DSP (digital signal processing) applications. They define four classes of scheduling strategies: (1) fully dynamic; (2) static assignment; (3) self-timed; and (4) fully static. Moving from (1) to (4), more scheduling activity is performed at compile time and less at run time. The authors argue that for most DSP applications, self-timed scheduling is the most attractive strategy. In this strategy, the assignment of actors to processors and the ordering of the firing of actors are determined by a compiler. Only the timing of the firing is determined at run time. The run-time cost of this determination is minimal. Furthermore, automatic scheduling techniques that fit this model are growing in generality and efficiency. >
The crystal and molecular structure of trimethyltin chloride at 135 K. A highly volatile organotin polymer

Abstract : Trimethyltin chloride is the key starting material in the laboratory synthesis of the trimethyltin derivatives most subject to study. It is an article of commerce, and has itself been extensively studied by a great variety of spectroscopic and physical methods. There in the literature starting in 1970 a trail of oft referenced private communications which describe a yet unpublished X-ray structure which is incorrect. In addition, the structure of the analogous triphenyltin chloride, which is monomeric at ambient temperature, is said to undergo a change on cooling to a chlorine bridged polymer, but this suggestion is based upon NQR data a 77K which cannot be reproduced. The structure of the homologous trimethyltin fluoride cannot be solved because of disorder, and thus the widely-quoted bridging halide structures for R3SnX compounds are being confirmed here in there case of the title compound for the first time. Solid trimethyltin chloride at 135K is associated through bent chlorine bridges into a one-dimensional polymer containing non-planer C3Sn moieties in a distorted, axially-most electronegative, trigonal bipyramid at tin. (Author)
Detection of Phencyclidine in Medical Examiner's Cases

Phencyclidine (PCP) was determined in blood, urine, and other biological specimens by gas-liquid chromatography using an OV-17 column after extraction with a n-butyl chloride:diethyl ether mixture. During the two-year-period 1976-1977, PCP was detected in 37 cases in the State of Maryland Medical Examiner's population. In two of those cases, death was directly attributable to acute intoxication from the drug (blood PCP concentrations--l.5 mglL and 25 mg/L). In the other 35 cases in which PCP was not the primary cause of death, blood concentrations showed a median value of 0.1 mg/L (range: 0.02 to 0.7 mglL). Phencyclidine is known to be capable of.eliclting psychological and physiologic changes in an individual. Such alterations in mood and physical ability appear to be an important contributing factor in the deaths of PCP-intoxicatod individuals.
Authentic Identities: Straightedge Subculture, Music, and the Internet

In this article, the author examines the relative roles of music and the internet for self-identifying members of the straightedge youth subculture. For nearly 30 years, subcultures have been conceptualized primarily in terms of music and style. Participation has therefore typically been characterized by the consumption of specific types of music and clothing and participation in local, face-to-face music scenes. However, with the recent growth of information and communication technologies like the internet, opportunities have emerged that enable individuals to participate in subcultures in which they otherwise might not participate. The author shows that a new type of subculturalist is emerging—one whose subcultural participation is limited to the internet. Using the concepts of authenticity and scene, the author explores how participants in a straightedge internet forum negotiate their affiliations with the subculture and how some members attempt to halt others’ claims to a straightedge identity. The st...
The cyclosporin A-sensitive nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) proteins are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells. Differential localization of NFAT isoforms and induction of NFAT-mediated transcription by phospholipase C-coupled cell surface receptors

Expression of the antigen-regulated, cyclosporin A-sensitive nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is not restricted to lymphoid cells, as thought initially, but the physiological inducers of NFAT-mediated transcription in non-lymphoid cells are unknown. Here, cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are shown to express two isoforms of the NFAT family endogenously, which are localized differentially in cells under resting conditions. Using a retroviral NFAT-specific luciferase reporter, we show that VSMC support previously unrecognized complexities in NFAT-mediated transcription, including evidence for negative regulation by Ca2+ signaling and positive regulation through co-activation of adenylyl cyclase and Ca2+ mobilization. The VSMC mitogen platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induces NFAT-mediated transcription in VSMC. Thrombin and angiotensin II, which activate Galphaq-coupled receptors, are significantly weaker inducers of NFAT-mediated luciferase expression than is PDGF-BB. However, co-stimulation studies show that Galphaq receptor agonists augment the NFAT-mediated transcriptional response to PDGF-BB. This synergy can be explained in part by augmented intracellular Ca2+ transients elicited by multiple agonist challenges. These data indicate that agonists for phospholipase C-coupled receptors stimulate NFAT-mediated transcription in VSMC differentially, and that NFAT can function to integrate co-activating signals in the extracellular environment.
Emergent properties of a neurobiological model of memory

The presence of accommodation in nerve cells prompted the creation of a new model for neural computation. From neuron accommodation data gathered using microelectrodes, it was inferred that neural responses exhibit hysteresis-like loops. The upper and lower halves of such hysteresis loops are described by two equations. Generalizing the two equations to two families of curves accounts for loops of various sizes. The authors demonstrate that this model is capable of memorizing the entire history of its neural excitations. >
Influence of copper on early development: Prenatal and postnatal considerations

Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
The Parvin-Brigham Mission to Spanish America, 1823–1826

Slowly during the years just preceding our War of 1812, and rapidly during the decade that followed the Peace of Ghent, the vast reaches of Latin America swam within the ken of the people of the United States. Of this “discovery” of our southern neighbors and of our relations with Latin America before 1830, we have learned much from a volume recently brought out by a distinguished historian of the United States, Professor Arthur P. Whitaker. Professor Whitaker's informing study was intended to be nothing less than a well-rounded history of the impact of Latin America upon the United States to 1830; and such it has proved to be—with one exception. Professor Whitaker completely overlooked the religious phase of the subject he otherwise treated so skillfully. Upon this neglected part of the history of our early relations with Latin America this paper will endeavor to throw some light.
Controls on soluble Pu concentrations in PuO2/magnetite suspensions.

Time-dependent reduction of PuO2(am) was studied over a range of pH values in the presence of aqueous Fe(II) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. At early time frames (up to 56 days) very little aqueous Pu was mobilized from PuO2(am), even though measured pH and redox potentials, coupled to equilibrium thermodynamic modeling, indicated the potential for significant reduction of PuO2(am) to relatively soluble Pu(III). Introduction of Eu(III) or Nd(III) to the suspensions as competitive cations to displace possible sorbed Pu(III) resulted in the release of significant concentrations of aqueous Pu. However, the similarity of aqueous Pu concentrations that resulted from the introduction of Eu(III)/Nd(III) to suspensions with and without magnetite indicated that the Pu was solubilized from PuO2(am), not from magnetite.
Non-Conformal Domain Decomposition Method With Mixed True Second Order Transmission Condition for Solving Large Finite Antenna Arrays

A non-overlapping and non-conformal domain decomposition method (DDM) is presented for modeling large finite antenna arrays. Two major benefits of the proposed DDM: (a) A mixed true second order transmission condition (SOTC) with corner edge penalty terms is developed to facilitate fast convergence in the DDM iterations. Numerical experiments indicate that the convergence of DDM with the aforementioned SOTC is insensitive to the sizes of arrays; and, (b) The non-conformal property of the proposed DDM permits the use of completely independent discretization for each of the sub-domains. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach through several large-scale problems.
System on chip: challenges and design for manufacturing

Advances in lithography, semiconductor processes and circuit design techniques have led to new opportunities to integrate most of the electronic functions encountered in systems. This single-chip solution (SoC) includes functions such as digital signal processing (DSP), memory, microcontrollers and wireless transceivers, enabling the system to communicate with other systems and the Internet. This multi-disciplinary approach calls for increasing design for manufacturing (DFM) synergy to enable all the functions without compromising functionality and performance of each function.
Modeling the electrophysiological activities of breast tumors with different morphologies

Recently, a diffusion-drift model was developed to simulate the biopotential signals and the electric current densities generated by single and few dividing MCF-7 cells, the most studied breast cancer cell line. In this work, the modeling is extended to simulate tumors containing hundreds of dividing MCF-7 cells. The dividing cells are assembled into realistic tumor patterns generated from a multiple-nutrient tumor growth model. Primarily, three tumor patterns are investigated: papillary, comedo and compact. The numerical results show that the tumor induced biopotentials vary significantly with the tumor pattern. In addition, complex tumor patterns can result in a shift of the point of maximum biopotential away from the center of the tumor. These observations can be utilized in the future advancement of the biopotential detection of breast cancer.
Union bound of space-time block codes and decomposable error patterns

This paper proposes a single performance index based on union bound analysis on SER at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for space-time modulation design. This union bound approach is extended to the low SNR scenario, where the union bound is expurgated via the use of indecomposable error matrices. Properties of the resultant code sets are summarized.
Automated assistance of system-control-related decision making in complex real-time environments: design and analysis problems

The author outlines some design and analysis problems posed by automated assistance of system-control-related decision-making in complex real-time environments. The process-structure-preserving approach to real-time decision support system analysis and development that is described implies the construction and use of a simulation-based development environment. The author presents the process architecture for a knowledgeable observation analysis-linked advisory system (KOALAS). In this architecture, decision making concerning overt actions of the plant is separated and distinctly supported from reasoning about the state of the plant or process. The author attempts to lend credence to the assertion that the entire structure of the formalization of intelligent control, including the problem of real-time automated decision support of a human in control of a system, is best structured around the notion of hypothesis-driven, rather than data-driven, systems. >
Characterizations of functionally compact spaces

This paper gives characterizations of functionally compact spaces in terms of filterbases and nets. Also, a topological property that is weaker than countable compactness but stronger than first countable minimality is investigated.
Long-Term Migration Effects on the Pullout Strength of a Silver Wire Embedded in an Adhesive Matrix

The substantial growth in electronics industry has created a need for environmental and user friendly alternatives to tin / lead (Sn/Pb) solders for attaching encapsulated surface mount components on rigid and flexible printed circuit boards. Electronically Conductive Adhesives (ECAs) have been explored in this manner to establish mechanical as well as electrical joints between printed circuit board and surface mount components. Applications of conductive adhesive are limited due to serious concerns associated with the long-term reliability data of current commercial ECAs. One critical concern in wire bonding applications is the significant decrease in the bond strength and consequent loss of the conducting properties of adhesive due to silver migration. In this study an effort is made to understand and model long-term silver migration phenomenon with respect to different parameters (duration of the migration, dry and wet conditions), and pull-out strength of silver wire embedded in an epoxy adhesive matrix. Morphology of embedded silver wire after migration and pull-out was also studied using scanning electron micrographs. Migration area increased with the duration of migration, and reduction in the pull-out strength was significant in wet condition as compared to dry condition. The increase in migration area was consistent with the reduction in pull-out strength in both wet and dry conditions.© 2003 ASME
A decade of transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to pluripotency

This year marks the tenth anniversary of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by transcription factor-mediated somatic cell reprogramming. Takahashi and Yamanaka portray the path towards this ground-breaking discovery and discuss how, since then, research has focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying iPSC generation and on translating such advances to the clinic.
Giant Magnetoresistance Phenomenon in Laser Ablated La0.6y0.07ca0.33mnox Thin Films

Microstructural and magnetoresistance properties of La0.6Y0.07Ca0.33MnOx (Y-doped LCMO) thin films grown in-situ by pulsed laser ablation have been studied. Transmission election microscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements have shown that the Y-doped LCMO thin films grow epitaxially on (100) LaAl03 substrates and are cubic with a lattice parameter of 3.849 ?. The as-deposited films exhibited a metal-insulator transition at 130 K and a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) at 125 K with a MR ratio (dR/RH) of 1500% in the presence of a magnetic field of 6 Tesla. Such a colossal value of MR ratio for as-deposited Y-doped LCMO films is quite promising keeping in view the fact that these films were unannealed and not optimized. We ascribe this magnetoresistance to spin-dependent electron scattering coupled with the presence of intervening O2. ions across Mn3+ and Mn4+ with suppressed separation between Mn-O layers caused by smaller sized Y-dopant. The effect of annealing on the positive-shift of metal-insulator transition temperature and the improvement in GMR ratio has also been discussed. We also report a non-ohmic response in the Y-doped LCMO films which is observed only in the region of the resistance peak and lends support to a conduction mechanism in these materials based on spin-dependent scattering of electrons.
The Domestic Sources of Regional Regimes: The Evolution of Nuclear Ambiguity in the Middle East

A major task of the literature on international regimes is the attempt to identify the conditions under which regimes are likely to emerge. The article evaluates the contribution of this literature to understanding the absence of a nuclear regime in the Middle East and the likely paths which may lead to one in the future. I identify four possible stylized outcomes: overt deterrence, regional “opaqueness,” controlled proliferation, and a nuclear-weapons-free-zone; only the last two fulfill the definitional requirements of a regime. I explore how the three major theoretical thrusts in regime theory—neorealism, neoliberal institutionalism, and reflectivism—explain why regional opaqueness—rather than overt deterrence or a regime—has been the outcome so far. I then suggest that analyzing the domestic consequences of each regional outcome appears more useful than its conceptual alternatives in explaining why opaqueness was maintained, and why it may be abandoned. The article ends with some lessons from this case for the study of regional and international regimes.
The Anatomy of the Diaspinine Scale Insect Epidiaspis Piricola (Del Guer.)

The anatomy of several species of scale insects (Coccidae) has been studied in the entomological laboratories of Stanford University, these species representing several different genera, such as Physokermes, Ceroputo and Icerya. All these, however, are of more or less generalized type and show but little marked divergence from a common form. Comparatively little work has been done in this laboratory or elsewhere on the anatomy of the more specialized Coccidae, the Diaspinae.
Comparison of filtered x-ray spectra and depth doses derived from a hybrid Monte Carlo model of an orthovoltage x-ray unit with experimental measurements

The Monte Carlo N-Particle Version 5 (MCNP5) code system was used to create an MC model of the head of a Philips RT-250 unit and a 30 × 30 × 30 cm3 water phantom. For the x-ray machine head, this MC model includes the vacuum region, beryllium window, collimators, inherent filters, and exterior steel housing. For increased computational efficiency of MC simulations, the primary x-ray spectrum from the target was pre-calculated using a well-validated analytical software package. The current hybrid MC model was tested for the three common kilovoltage x-ray beams available from the machine: 250 kVp (0.35 mm Cu), 125 kVp (0.1 mm Cu), and 75 kVp (0.1 mm Cu). Specifically, calculated percentage-depth-dose (PDD) values and x-ray spectra were compared with experimental data from film/ionization chamber and Compton-scatter spectrum measurements, respectively. A comparison between the calculated PDD and measured data for all three x-ray beams showed overall agreement within 3%. The measured x-ray spectra were also compared with the MC results showing reasonable agreement between the two, in terms of the spectral shapes (or effects of filtration on the final spectra). In conclusion, despite its simplicity, the current hybrid MC model was capable of predicting the dosimetric and spectral characteristics of each beam from the RT-250 orthovoltage unit, demonstrating its applicability as a convenient and efficient computational tool for various preclinical and clinical applications.
Design Mining Color Semantics

Unlike visual arts where the main goals may be abstract, visual design is conceptualized and created to convey a message and communicate with audiences [16, 17, 45, 64, 66, 78, 80, 114, 115, 167]. This is a key but subtle difference between visual arts and visual design. In fact, it is a critical measure of success in applied arts along with the visual appeal of the design. A design message has to be conveyed at first glance. Studies suggest that designers need to make a good first impression only in some few milliseconds [99, 100], and this impression deals with expressive aesthetics [156], which is a matter of visual appeal by itself.
Cosomys primus; a case for stasis

The first lower molar length, width, and posterior loop width were analyzed for ten Cosomys primus populations from horizontal deposits ranging in elevation from 3,000 to 3,295 feet. Sedimentation rates based on radiometric dates for two ashes and rates derived in previous studies suggest that these sediments span an interval of time that ranges from 45,000 to 164,000 years ago. Nonmetric data included the presence of enamel pits, prism folds, and crenulations; the number of triangles; and relative dentine tract heights. Coefficients of variation for the metrics were low, 4 to 7, and a one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between any of the populations. Changes in the mean phenotype were less than two phenotypic standard deviations and were not correlated with elevation. The presence of enamel pits, prism folds, and crenulations correlated only with less occlusal wear. Thus, these microtine rodent populations appear to exhibit stasis over a time period of at least 45,000 and possibly as much as 164,000 years, unless the deposits accumulated more rapidly than previously estimated.
The Elections in Uganda, February 2016:

On 18 February, Uganda conducted presidential and parliamentary elections. Incumbent president Yoweri Museveni of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) won the multiparty contest for a third consecutive time. If his reign as the NRM leader during Uganda’s stint as a one-party state is counted, the February elections marked the beginning of Museveni’s fifth overall term as president. The NRM continues to dominate parliament, having won a super-majority of the contested seats. Opposition members who competed for both the presidential seat and a seat in parliament contested the results of the election, and the primary opposition candidate Kizza Besigye was placed under house arrest. International observers questioned the integrity of the results, specifically in rural areas that were poorly monitored, and opposition strongholds in urban centres suffered logistical problems. The elections reconfirmed the strength of the NRM following years of political infighting.
Who's my little monkey? Effects of infant‐directed speech on visual retention in infant rhesus macaques

Both human and nonhuman primate adults use infant-directed facial and vocal expressions across many contexts when interacting with infants (e.g., feeding, playing). This infant-oriented style of communication, known as infant-directed speech (IDS), seems to benefit human infants in numerous ways, including facilitating language acquisition. Given the variety of contexts in which adults use IDS, we hypothesized that IDS supports learning beyond the linguistic domain and that these benefits may extend to nonhuman primates. We exposed 2.5-month-old rhesus macaque infants (N = 15) to IDS, adult-directed speech (ADS), and a non-social control (CTR) during a video presentation of unrelated stimuli. After a 5- or 60-minute delay, infants were shown the familiar video side-by-side with a novel video. Infants exhibited a novelty preference after the 5-minute delay, but not after the 60-minute delay, in the ADS and CTR conditions, and a novelty preference in the IDS condition only after the 60-minute delay. These results are the first to suggest that exposure to IDS affects infants' long-term memory, even in non-linguistic animals.
Implications of phase ratio for maximizing peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The relationship between the phase ratio, β, of the primary (1D) and secondary (2D) separation dimensions of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) separations, and the implications of β on realization of maximal 2D peak capacity, nc,2D, are examined. A GC×GC chromatographic system with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOFMS, was otherwise held constant for the separation of a multi-component test mixture spanning a range of chemical functionalities, while only the β of the two analytical columns were changed, 1β for 1D and 2β for 2D. Six column sets were studied using common, commercially available β values. The β ratio, βR=1β/2β, is defined as a quantitative metric to facilitate this study. It is demonstrated that βR plays a key role in maximizing nc,2D. Overall, βR substantially affected nc,2D by influencing retention factors on the 2D column, 2k, and thereby changing the modulation period, PM, necessary for proper 2D column separations. The necessary changes to PM modify the modulation ratio, MR, which affects the 1D column peak widths and 1nc due to the impact of undersampling. Through changes to 1β, the range of 2k can be controlled, with subsequent effects to both 2nc and 1nc. These effects were opposite in direction, such that improvements to 2nc may result in declines in 1nc. It is observed that due to the pseudo-isothermal nature of the 2D separation, there are diminishing returns to extending the 2nc at the cost of 1nc. In this particular study, column set 3 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.25μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=1.11) with a PM of 3s provided the highest theoretical nc,2D of ∼8200, though this was at a relatively low MR of ∼1.8. Column set 2 (1D: 20m length, 250μm i.d., 0.5μm film; 2D: 2m, 180μm i.d., 0.2μm film; βR=0.56) with a PM of 1.5s provided a high theoretical nc,2D of ∼5800, at a much higher MR of ∼3.7. Though column set 2 had a lesser total peak capacity than column set 3, its higher MR suggests that by improving the 1D column efficiency (i.e., narrowing the 1D column peak widths) to improve 1nc, can result in an increased theoretical nc,2D.
Integrating Interprofessional Education and Cultural Competency Training to Address Health Disparities.

Problem: Many U.S. medical schools have accreditation requirements for interprofessional education and training in cultural competency, yet few programs have developed programs to meet both of thes...
STRUCTURE-DEPENDENT INHIBITORY EFFECT OF GALANIN ON INSULIN, GASTRIC ACID AND PANCREATIC AMYLASE SECRETION IN RAT

Galanin was originally isolated as a 29-amino acid peptide from extracts of porcine small intestine on the basis of its amidated C-terminus (Sundstrom & Melander, 1988). Subsequently rat (Kaplan et al., 1988), bovine (Rokaeus & Carlquist, 1988), sheep (Sillard et al., 1991) and human (Bersani et al., 1991; Evans & Shine, 1991) galanin primary structures were determined to be:
Perspectives on Current Training Guidelines for Cardiac Imaging and Recommendations for the Future.

To summarize current training guidelines for cardiac imaging and provide recommendations for future guidelines. The current structure of training in cardiac imaging is largely dictated by modality-specific guidelines. While there has been debate on how to define the advanced cardiac imager for over a decade, a uniform consensus has not emerged. We report the perspectives of three key stakeholders in this debate: a senior faculty member—former fellowship program director, a cardiology fellow, and an academic junior faculty imaging expert. The observations of these stakeholders suggest that there is no consensus on the definition of advanced cardiac imaging, leading to ambiguity in training guidelines. This may have negative impact on recruitment of fellows into cardiac imaging careers. Based on the current status of training in cardiac imaging, the authors suggest that the relevant professional groups reconvene to form a consensus in defining advanced cardiac imaging, in order to guide future revisions of training guidelines.
Arabic SF: Definitions and Origins

Arabic literature has very different conceptions, implications, and conditions of production than mass-market Western literature. The understanding of the function of literature is quite different and the very language used in literature differs from its Western counterpart(s). This is not to say that the discourses are diametrically opposed; nevertheless, literature and its production and reception are significantly different, to the extent that scholars of Western SF will be well-served by information that may seem redundant or its presentation reductive to scholars of Arabic literature. Arabic SF has source texts and discourses within the discourse of Arabic literature in much the same way that different definitions of Western SF reveal source texts in the Classical and Renaissance periods and after the seventeenth century. Much of this chapter will use as a springboard for closer readings of a group of these source texts the work of Ada Barbaro, who enumerates these sources and provides context to indicate why they deserve inclusion as proto-SF. After considering the term used in Arabic for “science fiction,” the chapter examines ‘ajā’ib or mirabilia literature, cognitive estrangement in medieval philosophical texts, proto-SF elements in the 1001 Nights, utopian fiction in the Arabic literary tradition, and technological marvels.
Wackernagel affixes: evidence from Balto-Slavic

Affixes, as prototypical bound elements, are generally considered to occur in a relatively fixed position (or “slot”) within their host words, and in a fixed position with respect to other affixes. Zwicky and Pullum (1983), for instance, give this criterion as one of several that distinguish bound elements, i.e. affixes and clitics from free elements, i.e. words, and which differentiate affixes from nonaffixes, i.e. clitics and words.