cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automata with hierarchical control and evolutionary learning

We propose an automata-theoretical framework for structured hierarchical control, in terms of rules and meta-rules, for sequences of moves on a graph. This leads to a notion of a "universal" hierarchically structured automaton mu which can move on a given graph in such a way as to emulate any automaton which moves on that graph in response to inputs. This emulation is achieved via a mapping of the inputs in the given automaton to those of mu, and we think of such a mapping as an encoding of the given automaton. We see in several examples that efficient encodings of graph-search algorithms correspond to their natural hierarchical structure (in terms of rules and meta-rules), and this leads one to a precise notion of the "depth" of an automaton which moves on a given graph. By way of application, we discuss a proposed structure of a series of stochastic neural networks which can learn, by example, to encode a given sequence of moves on a graph, so that the encoding obtained is structurally the "natural" one for the given sequence of moves. Thus, such a learning system would perform both structural pattern recognition (in terms of "patterns" of moves), and encoding based on a desired outcome.
Solid-state 29Si, 113Cd, 119Sn, and 31P NMR studies of II-IV-P2 semiconductors.

Solid-state 29Si, 113Cd, 119Sn, and 31P MAS NMR spectra are reported on a series of II-IV-P2 compounds. In favorable cases (e.g., high degree of crystallinity, low concentration of unpaired electrons), well-defined spectra, with sharp lines for each specific nearest-neighbor configuration, are observed; in such cases, expected J coupling patterns are also seen. High-resolution solid-state NMR studies of this type provide useful information on structure (disorder), doping, and electron-mediated coupling in semiconductor systems.
Dynamic characterization of two-degree-of-freedom equipment-structure systems

A two‐degree‐of‐freedom equipment‐structure system is studied to find its intrinsic properties which are needed for analysis of more general secondary systems. Perturbation theory is used to find closed form expressions for the modal properties of the system in terms of the properties of the individual subsystems. Three important characteristics of the system are identified: tuning, interaction, and nonclassical damping. Mathematical expressions are defined for each of these characteristics and criteria are developed to measure their influences on the response of the equipment. The expressions for the modal properties and the criteria for tuning, interaction, and nonclassical damping are new results for the two‐degree‐of‐freedom system. These results form the bases for analysis of multiply supported multi‐degree‐of‐freedom secondary systems.
Vernixuria: Another Sign of Uterine Rupture

Uterine rupture complicates approximately 1% of trials of labor after cesarean. Classic signs and symptoms include loss of station, cessation of labor, vaginal bleeding, fetal distress, and abdominal pain. Other signs are also possible. We report a case of uterine rupture at VBAC trial that includes an unusual clinical sign of uterine rupture: vernix caseosa observed in the urine of the parturient. During labor, a bladder catheter was inserted to evaluate oliguria. Vernix caseosa and blood were found in the tubing. Prompt cesarean delivery followed. A tear extending from the original transverse scar into the bladder dome was found. Vernixuria is an additional sign of uterine rupture.
Double and triple contrast technics in examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract in problem cases.

Fifty-two patients with suggestive but inconclusive abnormalities on standard roentgenographic examinations and/or clinical suspicion of gastrointestinal disease were examined using barium spray. Pneumoperitoneum was induced in 19 of these patients. Double- and triple-contrast views of the gastrointestinal mucosa and gastric wall were produced. The evaluation of distensibility and the measurement of gastric-wall thickness improved the diagnostic accuracy in these patients. Thirty-two patients were considered normal despite suspicious clinical or roentgenographic findings. In 1 patient, a gastric ulcer escaped detection. In 19 patients, the barium spray and pneumoperitoneum confirmed that a lesion was present. Triple-contrast views of the gastric wall revealed infiltrating malignancies from primary and metastatic tumors that were not appreciated by standard roentgenographic studies.
Limits on the corrosion rate of Si surfaces in contact with CH3OH-ferrocene+/0 and CH3OH-1,1′-dimethylferrocene+/0 solutions

Although Si/CH^3OH contacts have been extensively investigated and reported to provide highly efficient photoelectrochemical energy conversion devices, a recent study using the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) has claimed that, in CH_3OH solutions, Si surfaces in contact with 4.57 mM ferrocenium (Fc^+) were etched in the dark at a mass-transport-limited rate. The reported etching rate constant of > 0.37 cm s^-1) at 4.57 mM ferrocenium corresponds to an equivalent corrosion current density of > 240 mA cm^(-2) and to a Si etch rate of > 75 nm s^(-1). The presence of such severe corrosion was inferred from an unexpectedly large feedback current in an SECM experiment. The present work describes a search for corrosion of Si in contact with CH_3OH-ferrocene^+/0) and CH_3OH-dimethylferrocene(Me2Fc)^(+/0) solutions through the use of very sensitive electrochemical, chemical, and physical methods. For CH_3OH - 1.0 M LiClO_4 - 100 mM Me_2Fc- 80 mM Me_2Fc^+ solutions, an upper limit on the etch rate of 6.6 x10^(-6) nm s^-1) has been established through direct experimental measurements; thus, a 400 pm thick Si photoelectrode in contact with the CH_3OH-Me_2-Fc^(+/0) electrolyte would require over 1500 years to corrode completely at room temperature. An alternative explanation for the SECM data, based on the documented existence of an inversion layer at the Si/liquid contact, is presented and shown to be consistent with the available data.
High performance work systems: the sum really is greater than its parts

Purpose – This article seeks to highlight the importance of creating a systematic approach to work measurement and performance improvements. It is not the people or innovative practices that are most critical to success but rather how they are connected.Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at some of the components of high performance work systems and examples of organizations that are employing a systematic approach to performance improvement.Practical implications – The paper shows why consistency is more important than the tool or innovative practice one employs. If one wants long‐term performance improvements one must connect all the dots. One must make sure there is a consistent theme or thread that draws all the pieces together. Employing innovative work practices will not succeed unless one “bundles” one's work practices together under a cohesive theme.Originality/value – Everyone knows one has to approach problems systematically to be consistently successful. This article cites research a...
Direct spectroscopic measurements of 1Δg O2 production by thermodecomposition and UV (266 nm) photolysis of benzaldehyde hydrotrioxide

Abstract The 1 Δ g O 2 chemiluminescence expelled from thermodecomposition as well as 266 nm photolysis of an oxygen rich molecule, benzaldehyde hydrotrioxide, has been observed. The 1 Δ g O 2 production through the excited-state proton (or hydrogen atom) transfer reaction is intriguing in terms of the mechanism. The probable explanation is the increase of the basicity for the carbonyl oxygen upon the π→π* transition, resulting in a great driving force for the proton (hydrogen atom) migration in the excited state.
Resolution and display requirements for ultrasound Doppler/evaluation of the heart in children, infants and the unborn human fetus.

Technical considerations and the instrumentation used for pediatric two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler examination are reviewed. The configurations of sector scanners, the function of the mechanical versus phased array systems and considerations related to lateral, axial and azimuthal resolution requirements are discussed. The performance and requirements for echocardiographic scan converters and the requirements for pediatric display are reviewed. Methods of performing quantitative Doppler echocardiography are discussed because this technique provides new and important types of information for the evaluation of congenital heart disease. Considerations of Doppler velocity, Doppler spatial resolution and Doppler display requirements are presented. Characteristics of ultrasonic imaging devices for use in fetal echocardiography and fetal Doppler study are reviewed, and a brief overview of techniques for the extraction of information about the nature of ultrasound scatterers (that is, tissue signature) is presented. It is the purpose of this technically oriented discussion to present the capabilities, trade-offs and needs for future development relevant to pediatric echocardiography in 1983.
The EEG Disappearance Time with Untreated Ventricular Fibrillation

The EEG disappearance time was measured from the onset of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) in a study involving nine anesthetized swine, ranging in weight from 20 to 30 kg. The frequency of the VF waves was also measured to beyond the EEG disappearance time. At the onset of VF, the EEG frequency was 5–6 s−1; by 90 s, the EEG was isoelectric in all trials. The frequency of the VF waves at the onset of VF ranged from 6 to 15 s−1; the mean frequency was 10.1± 2.1 s−1. At 90 s it was 5.9± 1.0 s−1 and at 180 s it was 4.0± 0 s−1. Although the frequency of the VF waves decreased with the passage of time, the most marked decrease occurred within the first minute. It is concluded, in view of human and animal experience, that the EEG disappearance time is not a good predictor of the outcome following defibrillation because it became isoelectric at 90 s. Beyond 90 s., there was no transitional change in VF wave frequency that might be used as a predictor of the outcome following defibrillation.
Volume-based quantitative FDG PET/CT metrics and their association with optimal debulking and progression-free survival in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer undergoing secondary cytoreductive surgery

Our aim was to evaluate the associations between quantitative 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) uptake metrics, optimal debulking (OD) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer undergoing secondary cytoreductive surgery. Fifty-five patients with recurrent ovarian cancer underwent FDG-PET/CT within 90 days prior to surgery. Standardized uptake values (SUVmax), metabolically active tumour volumes (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were measured on PET. Exact logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to assess associations between imaging metrics, OD and PFS. MTV (p = 0.0025) and TLG (p = 0.0043) were associated with OD; however, there was no significant association between SUVmax and debulking status (p = 0.83). Patients with an MTV above 7.52 mL and/or a TLG above 35.94 g had significantly shorter PFS (p = 0.0191 for MTV and p = 0.0069 for TLG). SUVmax was not significantly related to PFS (p = 0.10). PFS estimates at 3.5 years after surgery were 0.42 for patients with an MTV ≤ 7.52 mL and 0.19 for patients with an MTV > 7.52 mL; 0.46 for patients with a TLG ≤ 35.94 g and 0.15 for patients with a TLG > 35.94 g. FDG-PET metrics that reflect metabolic tumour burden are associated with optimal secondary cytoreductive surgery and progression-free survival in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. • Both TLG and MTV were associated with optimal tumour debulking. • There was no significant association between SUVmax and tumour debulking status. • Patients with higher MTV and/or TLG had significantly shorter PFS. • SUVmax was not significantly related to PFS.
Subcutaneous Peritoneal Catheter: 2½Years Experience

A subcutaneous peritoneal catheter (SCPC) developed at the University of Utah has been used for chronic peritoneal dialysis in this center during the last 2% years. Fifty-six SCPC's were implanted in 48 patients for a total of 11, 260 days (30.8 patient years). The SCPC's were used for peritoneal dialysis for 7831 days (21.4 patient years) for 3356 peritoneal dialyses, the longest for 778 days (2.1 years). The SCPC remained functioning in ten patients during periods of nonuse, e. g., successful renal transplant, for 1908 days (5.2 patient years). The functional status of the SCPC was unknown in five patients lost to follow-up for 809 days. Functional outflow obstruction episodes occurred 39 times during peritoneal dialysis (1 per 6.6 patient months); 29 of these episodes were corrected by either bedside maneuvers or minor surgical procedures. Five out of ten SCPC's removed for obstruction were successfully replaced. Twenty-nine infections occurred (0.80% of peritoneal dialyses), resulting in nine SCPC removals (three successfully replaced). In spite of the necessary insertion of a 14-g needle for each peritoneal dialysis, the SCPC was well accepted by the patients, mostly because of the reduced care required and the increased personal freedom gained during the interdialytic interval. The long periods of patency during nonuse (up to 397 days) further indicated the possible usefulness of the SCPC as a back-up device for hemodialysis patients. This could greatly reduce the problems associated with temporary loss of blood access in patients on hemodialysis.
Review of training and evaluation studies in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries

Paule, MS Studies of delegation of expanded functions to dental assistants and dental hygienists are reviewed. A review of the literature on research in expanded functions for dental auxiliaries is presented. Summaries of each of the training and evaluation studies sponsored by both private and government agencies are given. Wide variation in research methods of these studies and the failure to report important details make it difficult to interpret and use the research findings. Results from all studies indicate that dental auxiliaries can, with the proper training, perform selected reversible and irreversible dental procedures at an acceptable level of quality. Future research should be conducted in private practice settings and in new oral health care delivery systems with various configurations of expanded function dental auxiliaries.
Shape of the dilated aorta in children with bicuspid aortic valve.

Background: The dilated aorta in adults with bicuspid aortic valve has been shown to have different shapes, but it is not known if this occurs in children. This observational study was performed to determine if there are different shapes of the dilated aorta in children with bicuspid aortic valve and their association with age, gender, hemodynamic alterations, and degree of aortic enlargement. Methods: One hundred and eighty-seven echocardiograms done on pediatric patients (0 - 18 years) for bicuspid aortic valve, during 2008, were reviewed. Aortic valve morphology, shape/size of the aorta, and pertinent hemodynamic alterations were documented. Aortic dilation was felt to be present when at least one aortic segment had a z-score > 2.0; global aortic enlargement was determined by summing the aortic segment z-scores. The aortic shape was assessed by age, gender, valve morphology, and hemodynamic alterations. Results: Aortic dilation was present in 104/187 patients. The aorta had six different shapes designated from S1 through S6. There was no association between the aortic shape and gender, aortic valve morphology, or hemodynamic abnormalities. S3 was the most common after the age of six years and was associated with the most significant degree of global aortic enlargement. Conclusions: The shape of the dilated aorta in children with bicuspid aortic valve does not occur in a uniform manner and multiple shapes are seen. S2 and S3 are most commonly seen. As aortic dilation becomes more significant, a single shape (S3) becomes the dominant pattern.
Tobacco Sales in Community Pharmacies: Remote Decisions and Demographic Targets.

This study applied multilevel modeling procedures with data from 678 community pharmacies and 382 residential census tracts in a Midwestern U.S. state to determine if two sets of variables: retail type (e.g., remotely owned, independently owned) and population demographics of the tracts in which outlets were located were associated with retail tobacco availability in community pharmacies. Data were derived from three archival sources: listings of all retailers in Iowa who obtained tobacco licenses in year 2003; all pharmacies registered with the Iowa Board of Pharmacy in 2003; and year 2000 census data. Refuting previous research, multilevel logistic regression results of this study demonstrate that population demographics, as well as retail type, significantly predict whether a community pharmacy sold tobacco. Pharmacies selling tobacco were more likely to be remotely owned outlets and located in areas with higher percentages of African American residents and higher median income. Implications for environmentally focused prevention interventions are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analytic Theory on How Friction Affects Free Internal Waves in the Equatorial Waveguide

Abstract We study theoretically the effects of linear (Rayleigh) friction on free internal waves in the equatorial wayeguide. The waves may be vertically propagating or in standing vertical modes. Analytic solutions on a beta-plane show that the meridional scale of the wayeguide becomes significantly larger than the inviscid value only when the frequency is much less than the friction coefficient. In the limit of zero frequency, the meridional scale grows without bound. The amount of zonal damping depends on the wave type. Kelvin, high-frequency Yanai (mixed Rossby-gravity), inertial-gravity and low-wavenumber (non-dispersive) Rossby waves decay relatively slowly while low-frequency Yanai and high-wavenumber (short) Rossby waves are much more strongly attenuated. With friction, transitions to evanescence are spread over frequency bands; waves that had zero group velocity without friction are zonally evanescent with friction. Off the equator, friction changes amplitude nodes into non-zero minima and smooth...
Optimal allocation of effort in studies using the size-frequency method of estimating secondary production

Secondary production estimates based on the size-frequency method can be improved through the use of optimal sample allocation without increasing the total sampling effort. We advocate a two-step procedure. First, sampling dates should be chosen to minimize bias. Then, sample sizes on each date should be allocated in such a way as to minimize variance. Calculating the optimal sample allocation requires some prior variance information, but even rather imperfect information will usually result in improved estimates. An example is presented using published data on the mayfly Ephemerella dorothea.
Detection of electrophile-sensitive proteins.

Abstract Background Redox signaling is an important emerging mechanism of cellular function. Dysfunctional redox signaling is increasingly implicated in numerous pathologies, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. The molecular messengers in this type of signaling are reactive species which can mediate the post-translational modification of specific groups of proteins, thereby effecting functional changes in the modified proteins. Electrophilic compounds comprise one class of reactive species which can participate in redox signaling. Electrophiles modulate cell function via formation of covalent adducts with proteins, particularly cysteine residues. Scope of review This review will discuss the commonly used methods of detection for electrophile-sensitive proteins, and will highlight the importance of identifying these proteins for studying redox signaling and developing novel therapeutics. Major conclusions There are several methods which can be used to detect electrophile-sensitive proteins. These include the use of tagged model electrophiles, as well as derivatization of endogenous electrophile–protein adducts. General significance In order to understand the mechanisms by which electrophiles mediate redox signaling, it is necessary to identify electrophile-sensitive proteins and quantitatively assess adduct formation. Strengths and limitations of these methods will be discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
Overcoming ambivalence through the use of values analysis

Abstract Prolonged ambivalence is described as nonproductive or destructive to relationships. Values Analysis is presented as a theoretical construct and a tool of inquiry which offers the therapist and client(s) a structured way of facilitating the exploration and explanation of current behavior and the obstacles to changing it. As such, it is viewed as a helpful intervention strategy for overcoming ambivalence. Specific suggestions are given for the therapist to use to enhance the likelihood that the conditions necessary for the client to achieve his/her values will be met. A detailed clinical case presentation demonstrates the applicability of the Values Analysis approach to marital therapy.
Kinetics of the IO Radical. 2. Reaction of IO with BrO

The rate coefficient for the IO + BrO → products (1) reaction was measured using pulsed laser photolysis with a discharge flow tube for radical production and pulsed laser-induced fluorescence and UV absorption for detection of IO and BrO radicals, respectively. Reaction 1 was studied under pseudo-first-order conditions in IO with an excess of BrO between 204 and 388 K at total pressures of 6−15 Torr. The Arrhenius expression obtained for non-iodine atom producing channels is k1a(T) = (2.5 ± 1.0) × 10-11 exp[(260 ± 100)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 independent of pressure. The rate coefficient for the reaction BrO + BrO → products (2) and the UV absorption cross sections of BrO as a function of temperature were also determined as part of this study. The implications of these results to the loss rate of stratospheric ozone are discussed.
Dynamic emergency response communication: The Intelligent Deployable Augmented Wireless Gateway (iDAWG)

Situation management has traditionally been based on iterative planning activities that call for a high level of coordination between multiple stakeholders: first responders, citizens, volunteers, subject matter experts, scientists, technicians and managers with different yet important responsibilities. In a crisis event existing systems and communications infrastructures may not provide necessary information in a timely fashion due to damage, incompatible media, geographically limited coverage, fragmented technology or social and policy issues. The effective coordination of multiple response units/resources is stymied by incompatible communication technologies and social/policy incongruences. Crisis events are characterized by initial and ongoing uncertainty with regard to scale, location, direction and magnitude. More and better information sharing and cooperation is needed. The Intelligent Deployable Augmented Wireless Gateway (iDAWG) technology creates direct communication networks between remote coordinators, local response teams, volunteers and others on location by using or replacing existing communication or network infrastructures. Remotely sensed information and communications can be shared in real time via iDAWG-enabled devices that can be configured on the fly using edgeware (a new class of software developed for the wireless grid) applications. Existing web, cellular and radio communications network devices are bridged to build dynamically scalable heterogeneous wireless grids. Technical, social, governance and policy issues are addressed to facilitate this paradigm change in emergency response.
Volatile organic compound emissions from terrestrial ecosystems: A primary biological control over atmospheric chemistry

Plants produce a variety of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) that react with photochemical components of the atmosphere and influence the production of atmospheric oxidants. In this review, the case is made that biogenic NMVOC emissions exert one of the primary controls over regional and global atmospheric chemistry. The diversity of biogenic, reactive organic compounds capable of fueling atmospheric chemistry is immense, including terpe- nes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Considerable effort has been devoted to the design of models capable of predicting NMVOC emission rates, and thus driving atmospheric chemistry models. Over the past decade, however, what once seemed like promising conceptual connections of NMVOC emissions to fundamental biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, have not been realized; this has delayed the development of mechanistic NMVOC emissions models. Future progress in this area will require new subcellular experimental systems, and the biochemical insight that will accompany these investigations. The past use of existing coupled biogenic emission-photochemistry models at the global scale, even with their mechanistic limitations, has revealed the potential for NMVOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems to cause reductions in tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration and increases in the concentration and lifetime of radiatively important trace gases such as methane and ozone.
Age differences in primary and secondary memory

Fifteen high-frequency words were presented to children (ages 8–12), young adults (ages 20–32), and old adults (ages 60–79) for immediate free recall. Estimations of primary and secondary memory showed that children and old adults had lower primary memory than did young adults and that old adults had lower secondary memory than did children and young adults. Suggestions for dealing with lower primary and secondary memory are made, and future research is suggested.
Light scattering by an infinite circular cylinder immersed in an absorbing medium.

Analytic solutions are developed for the single-scattering properties of an infinite dielectric cylinder embedded in an absorbing medium with normal incidence, which include extinction, scattering and absorption efficiencies, the scattering phase function, and the asymmetry factor. The extinction and scattering efficiencies are derived by the near-field solutions at the surface of the particle. The normalized scattering phase function is obtained by use of the far-field approximation. Computational results show that while the absorbing medium significantly reduces the scattering efficiency, it has little effect on absorption efficiency. The absorbing medium can significantly change the conventional phase function. The absorbing medium also strongly affects the polarization of the scattered light. However, for large absorbing particles the degrees of polarization change little with the medium s absorption. This implies that if the transmitting lights are strongly weakened inside the particle the scattered polarized lights can be used to identify objects even when the absorption property of the host medium is unknown, which is very important for both active and passive remote sensing.
An Islamic Language of Toleration: Rumi’s Criticism of Religious Persecution:

Persian Sufi and poet Muhammad Jalal al-Din Balkhi, 1207—73 (also known as Rumi) presents one of the most extensive and vigorous Islamic theories of toleration.1 This article examines Rumi’s theory by placing it in its historical context, and examining its various arguments. It suggests that toleration, not only as a policy but also as a language, preceded liberalism. It also provides evidence that Rumi’s defense is by far more inclusive than most early modern theories of toleration.
Prolonged infusion of arabinosyl cytosine in childhood leukemia

Arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to children with acute leukemia refractory to conventional chemotherapy. The dosage was 150 mg to 200 mg/M2 of body surface area per 24 hours for 5 days, repeated every 2 weeks. Forty-six children were admitted to this study. Thirty-four had acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 12 had acute myelocytic leukemia. Of the 34 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, one achieved complete hematologic remission, 3 achieved good partial remission, 9 had inadequate trials of the agent, and 21 failed to show any response to this agent. Of the 12 children with acute myelocytic leukemia, 2 had complete remission, one achieved good partial remission, 5 had inadequate trials of the agent, and 4 failed to show any response. Myelosuppression was the limiting toxicity. Prolonged infusion of ara-C probably offers no advantage over rapid intravenous injections for the induction of remissions in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Larval supply and juvenile recruitment of coral reef fishes to marine reserves and non-reserves of the upper Florida Keys, USA

For marine organisms, decoupling between the planktonic larval stage and the benthic-associated juvenile stage can lead to variable patterns of population replenishment, which have the potential to influence the effectiveness of marine reserves. We measured spatial and temporal variability in larval supply and recruitment of fishes to coral reefs of different protection levels and tested whether protection level influenced the relationship between supply and recruitment. We sampled pre-settlement larvae and newly settled recruits from four reefs (two reserves and two non-reserves) in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, USA. Replicate point measures of larval supply over 14 months and 17 monthly measurements of recruitment varied significantly among months and sites. Sites with the same protection level had significantly different patterns of larval supply as well as larval and recruit diversity, but recruitment magnitude differed only by protection level, where densities were greater at reserves. Differences in larval supply among sites included two particularly large peaks in larval abundance at one site, possibly associated with the observed passage of small-scale oceanographic features. To examine whether relationships between larval supply and recruitment varied by protection level, we selected one species that was present in both the light trap samples and the monthly recruitment surveys. Recruitment of the bicolor damselfish Stegastes partitus was significantly and positively related to larval supply at three of the four sites thus, protection level did not influence this linkage. Since local variability among sites can lead to spatial differences in population replenishment, characterization of larval supply and recruitment to potential marine reserve sites may help to identify optimal locations in a region and contribute to more effective reserve design.
Sequence-based molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) with support from DNA barcoding

The classification of the American box turtles (Terrapene spp.) has remained enigmatic to systematists. Previous comprehensive phylogenetic studies focused primarily on morphology. The goal of this study was to re-assess the classification of Terrapene spp. by obtaining DNA sequence data from a broad geographic range and from all four recognized species and 11 subspecies within the genus. Tissue samples were obtained for all taxa except for Terrapene nelsoni klauberi. DNA was extracted, and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cytb) and nuclear DNA (nucDNA) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPD) genes were amplified via polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. In addition, the mtDNA gene commonly used for DNA barcoding (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I; COI) was amplified and sequenced to calculate pairwise percent DNA sequence divergence comparisons for each Terrapene taxon. The sequence data were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference, a molecular clock, AMOVAs, SAMOVAs, haplotype networks, and pairwise percent sequence divergence comparisons. Terrapene carolina mexicana and T. c. yucatana formed a monophyletic clade with T. c. triunguis, and this clade was paraphyletic to the rest of T. carolina. Terrapene ornata ornata and T. o. luteola lacked distinction phylogenetically, and Terrapene nelsoni was confirmed to be the sister taxon of T. ornata. Terrapene c. major, T. c. bauri, and Terrapene coahuila were not well resolved for some of the analyses. The DNA barcoding results indicated that all taxa were different species (>2% sequence divergence) except for T. c. triunguis - T. c. mexicana and T. o. ornata - T. o. luteola. The results suggest that T. c. triunguis should be elevated to species status (Terrapene mexicana), and mexicana and yucatana should be included in this group as subspecies. In addition, T. o. ornata and T. o. luteola should not be considered separate subspecies. The DNA barcoding data support these recommended taxonomic revisions. Because conservation efforts are typically species-based, these results will be important for facilitating successful conservation management strategies.
KPP type flame fronts in porous media

In this paper we study the model of pressure-driven flames in porous media proposed by Brailovsky et al (1997 Combust. Sci. Technol. 124 145–65). We show that, under the assumption of first order reaction with linear reaction kinetics (quadratic nonlinearity), the model admits a family of positive travelling wave solutions. Moreover, under the same assumption, we prove that propagation of disturbances in the system is fully determined by the rate of decay of the initial data at infinity. We also give an upper bound of the burning rate in the case of arbitrary chemical kinetics bounded by linear function.
The Calorimetric Study of the Arc

The present paper describes an attempt to determine the distribution of energy in the electric arc by the calorimetric method. The total energy input to the arc was measured by a specially calibrated watthour meter. The energy dissipated at the anode and at the cathode was estimated by the temperature rise of the electrodes, which was measured by mercury thermometers. In experiments with the iron, copper, and carbon arcs, the anode and cathode were of the same weight and shape and were provided with an identical heat insulation. Since the ratio between the energies dissipated at the anode and at the cathode was made independent of the losses by radiation and the absolute values of energies involved, its determination was made with sufficient accuracy. In the case of iron or copper arcs in air this ratio was found to be practically unity. The presence of different fluxes alters the distribution of energy between the anode and cathode. In the case of an arc maintained between graphite electrodes, the energy at the anode was much higher than that at the cathode.
Sex differences in heat shock protein 72 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to acute exercise in the heat.

Background Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is responsible for maintaining critical cellular function during heat stress. Hsp72 confers thermotolerance and may play a role in heat acclimation. Animal research suggests a difference between sexes in Hsp72 expression in response to exercise, however, human data is lacking. Objectives To determine sex differences in intracellular heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) following exercise in the heat. Patients and methods Nine non-heat acclimated women with normal menstrual cycles (VO2pk 58 ± 5 mL.kgFFM(-1).min(-1)) and nine non-heat acclimated men (VO2pk 60 ± 7 ml.kgFFM(-1).min(-1)) completed 2 treadmill bouts at 60% VO2pk for 60 min in a 42°C, 20% RH environment. Women were tested in follicular (fol) and luteal (lut) phases. The duplicate trials were separated by 12 days for men and women. Blood samples were drawn pre, immediately post, 1, and 4 hrs post-exercise. Results Men and women differed in their Hsp72 response after exercise (time X sex X trial interaction; P 0.05) and progesterone (r = 0.27, P > 0.05) concentrations were not correlated with Hsp72. Conclusion Our findings suggest that men and women differ in their cellular stress response. Men up-regulated Hsp72 after a single bout of exercise in the heat, which persists for 12 days, suggesting an accumulation of Hsp72 which may lead to acquired cellular thermotolerance.
Thyrotropin (TSH)-Releasing Hormone Regulation of TSH Subunit Biosynthesis and Glycosylation in Normal and Hypothyroid Rat Pituitaries*

The regulation of TSH apoprotein and carbohydrate biosynthesis by TRH was studied by incubating pituitaries from normal and hypothyroid (3 weeks postthyroidectomy) rats in medium containing varying doses of TRH, [14C] alanine or [35S]methionine, and [3H]glucosamine. Samples were sequentially treated with anti-TSH beta to precipitate TSH and free TSH beta, anti-LH beta to remove LH and free LH beta, and anti-LH alpha to precipitate free alpha-subunits. Total proteins were acid precipitated. All precipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In hypothyroid samples, acute TRH (6 h) stimulated [3H] glucosamine incorporation into secreted combined alpha-subunit to 204% and secreted combined beta-subunit to 227% of control values (P less than 0.01), and stimulated [14C]alanine incorporation into secreted combined alpha-subunit to 201% and secreted combined beta-subunit to 258% of control values (P less than 0.01); pituitary content was not altered by TRH. In hypothyroid incubates, the half-maximal response was 8 X 10(-10) M TRH for both labeled precursors. In contrast, in normal samples, acute TRH (6 H) did not stimulate TSH subunit carbohydrate and apoprotein synthesis, but after 24 h, TRH stimulated [3H]glucosamine incorporation into both subunits of TSH to 270% of control values (P less than 0.02), with no change in [14C]alanine incorporation. Free alpha-subunit synthesis was not altered by TRH in normal or hypothyroid incubates. The glucosamine to alanine ratio of total newly synthesized TSH, reflecting its relative glycosylation, was increased by TRH in both combined subunits in hypothyroid samples as early as 6 h (P less than 0.05) and in normal samples only at 24 h (P less than 0.01). In summary, 1) TRH in hypothyroid incubates stimulated apoprotein and carbohydrate synthesis in combined alpha- and beta-subunits, but not free alpha-subunits, at 6 and 24 h. 2) In normal pituitary incubates, TRH stimulated TSH subunit carbohydrate, but not apoprotein, synthesis only at 24 h. 3) TRH increased the relative glycosylation of TSH in hypothyroid and normal rat pituitary incubates. Such alterations in TSH glycosylation may be due to structural changes in the carbohydrate moiety and may be important for hormone release, biological activity, or clearance.
Statistical performance analysis of superresolution image reconstruction

Recently, there has been much work developing super-resolution algorithms for combining a set of low quality images to produce a set of higher quality images. In most cases, such algorithms must first register the collection of images to a common sampling grid and then reconstruct the high resolution image. While many such algorithms have been proposed to address each one of these subproblems, no work has addressed the overall performance limits for this joint estimation problem. In this paper, we analyze the performance limits from statistical first principles using the Cramer-Rao bound. We offer insight into the fundamental bottlenecks limiting the performance of multiframe image reconstruction algorithms and hence super-resolution.
Thermodynamics of (Zn,Fe)S sphalerite. A CVM approach with large basis clusters

We have developed a cluster variation method (CVM) model based on cuboctahedral and octahedral basis clusters containing 13 and 6 atoms, respectively, and applied it to the analysis of the thermodynamic mixing properties of (Zn,Fe)S solid solutions. The model, in which the internal energy of the lattice is approximated by next to nearest neighbour ( nnn ) pair interactions and many-body interactions associated with nearest neighbour ( nn ) equilateral triangles, describes the FeS contents of sphalerites equilibrated with pyrrhotite and pyrite, and with pyrrhotite and iron metal within experimental uncertainties. The model predicts moderate deviations from ideality; the mean values of the Lewis and Randall activity coefficient of FeS and ZnS are, 1.48 and 1.03, respectively. Predictions of the model are in qualitative agreement with cell-edge data. The model also predicts that sphalerites undergo long-range ordering to lower-symmetry structures at temperatures only slightly below those investigated experimentally, a result in agreement with inferences from an existing Mossbauer investigation of synthetic sphalerites. More realistic models in which interactions are ascribed to larger species ( nn triangular and centred square species) predict that such long-range ordering occurs at even higher temperatures and underscore the need for better characterization of the structures of (Zn,Fe)S minerals.
A Bayesian approach for modelling non-linear longitudinal/hierarchical data with random effects in forestry

Summary Longitudinal or hierarchical data are often observed in forestry, which can pose both challenges and opportunities when performing statistical analyses. The current standard approach for analysing these types of data is mixed-effects models under the frequentist paradigm. Bayesian techniques have several advantages when compared with traditional approaches, but their use in forestry has been relatively limited. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian solution to nonlinear mixed-effects models for longitudinal data in forestry. We demonstrate the Bayesian modelling process using individual tree height–age data for balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.)) collected from eastern Maine. Due to its frequent utilization in modelling dominant tree height growth over time, we choose to examine models based on the Chapman– Richards function. We established four different model formulations, each having varying subject-specific parameters, which we estimated using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. We found the estimation results to be quite close between the two methods. In addition, an important feature of the Bayesian method is the unified manner in which estimation and prediction are handled. Specifically, local parameters can be predicted for a new dataset after setting the posterior distributions from the estimation stage as new priors in the prediction phase.
Eliciting reliable uncertainty estimates

: Knowledge engineers often find that experts’ estimates of uncertainty change from one day to the next and therefore often seem unreliable. This article explores the unreliability of probability estimates. Forty undergraduates answered 31 questions concerning the probability of daily events at two separate times. Three answer modalities were available: probability, chances and percent of the time. This paper finds that reliability decreases when answer modalities change from one time to the next. It is hypothesized that problem-solving approaches changed along with the modalities. The subjects represented a wide range in reliability, with the most reliable subjects changing answer modalities less than the unreliable subjects. These results suggest that knowledge engineers should endeavor to have experts express their uncertainty estimates using consistent modalities.
Employed Breastfeeding Mothers: Problems They Encounter

: A survey of 567 self-selected respondents who breastfed while employed outside the home was conducted to assess the legitimacy of the assumption that breastfeeding and maternal employment combine poorly. Eighty-six per cent of the respondents identified one or more difficulties, most of which were common to all parents. Breastfeeding problems were, with few exceptions, unrelated to employment. The respondents' most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of multiple demands to which they were responding. The results suggest that specific information about breastfeeding, encouragement in setting priorities, and involving the mother's partner and others in household and child care duties may reduce the level of stress of working mothers who breastfeed.
Pyraloidea and Their Known Hosts (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of Plummers Island, Maryland

ABSTRACT From 1902–2005, 75 species of Crambidae and 48 species of Pyralidae were collected on Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland. An annotated list of the two families is provided, along with photographs of all recorded species. The Pyraloidea of Plummers Island have wide distributions in eastern United States with some species occurring as far west as Texas and a few others ranging from coast to coast. Hosts recorded in the literature are given, but they are unknown for 36% of the species. The majority of Pyraloidea feed on vascular plants, but hosts are diverse including algae, scale insects, and immatures of wasps, and bagworms.
Reversal of Morphine Antinociceptive Tolerance and Dependence by the Acute Supraspinal Inhibition of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II

Previous studies have suggested that Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) can modulate opioid tolerance and dependence via its action on learning and memory. In this study, we examined whether CaMKII could directly regulate opioid tolerance and dependence. CaMKII activity was increased after the treatment with morphine (100 mg/kg s.c. or 75 mg s.c. of morphine/pellet/mouse); the effect exhibited a temporal correction with the development of opioid tolerance and dependence. In mice treated with morphine (100 mg/kg s.c.), morphine tolerance and dependence developed in 2 to 6 h. An acute supraspinal administration of KN93 [2-[ N -(2-hydroxyethyl)]- N -(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino- N -(4-chlorocinnamyl)- N -methylbenzylamine)], a CaMKII inhibitor, was able to dose-dependently reverse the already-established antinociceptive tolerance to morphine ( p N -(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino- N -(4-chlorocinnamyl)- N -methylbenzylamine] (30 nmol i.c.v.), a kinase-inactive analog of KN93, did not affect opioid tolerance. Neither KN92 nor KN93 affected basal nociception or acute morphine antinociception (1-10 nmol i.c.v.). Likewise, dependence on morphine was abolished by the acute administration of KN93, but not KN92, in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of mice with KN93 also prevented the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. The effect of acute CaMKII inhibition was not limited to the particular experimental model, because KN93 also acutely reversed the established opioid tolerance and dependence in mice treated with morphine (75 mg/pellet/mouse s.c.) for 6 days. Taken together, these data strongly support the hypothesis that CaMKII can act as a key and direct factor in promoting opioid tolerance and dependence. Identifying such a direct mechanism may be useful for designing pharmacological treatments for these conditions.