cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Aversion, Guilt, and Pandemic Behavior

We test whether laboratory measures of individual preferences for risk and guilt relate to risk-connected behaviors in a pandemic, such as socializing, dining in at restaurants, and hand washing. We also investigate how guilt and risk aversion relate to the impact of governmental shelter-in-place orders. We utilize a survey administrated to a nationally representative subject pool in the United States in April, 2020 - the month following the declaration of a national state of emergency in response to the global outbreak of a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). We find that higher levels of risk aversion and guilt are associated with risk-reducing behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also find evidence that state and local shelter-in-place orders influenced some behavior, but the response of risk averse and guilty individuals is independent of the timing of local executive orders.
Parental liability laws: rationale, theory, and effectiveness

Abstract We can identify three previous benchmark events in juvenile justice, and legislation enacted by numerous states between 1992–1995 represents a fourth. During those years, state legislatures took harsher stances toward juveniles and parents. By 1995, more than 40 states had enacted what usually are called “parental responsibility” laws. These statutes range from requiring parenting courses to fines and even imprisonment. This article distinguishes between parental liability and responsibility and questions the efficacy of applying social control theory in isolation. It questions if these laws simply are “quick-fixes” to satisfy a growing concern over delinquency; if they are more repressive for some parents; if parents should be judged by their children, and if society should share the blame.
We shared corporate data before we had computers

Abstract We have been sharing corporate data poorly for years. With computers, we can share more efficiently. But how do we really improve sharing corporate data? We share four things in making decisions: data, information, decision mechanisms, and data processors. Sharing data processing tools has a smaller effect than the others. If someone else reconfigures your terminal, library, typewriter, slide tray, or schedule book and you don't know it, you have problems. Sharing data, information, and decision mechanisms can have the greatest effect of all. If someone reviews your planning document and changes your intent, you have even greater problems. The lessons learned from manual sharing can help us reduce problems when we have the widespread sharing computers allow. Experiences with sharing data, information, decision mechanisms, and data processors without computers are used as the basis for defining and learning the variables to use for analyzing the conditions of sharing. After understanding the variables, we can apply them to sharing situations, such as using corporate databases involving computers. Variables involve personnel, procedures, and control. We must first understand what we do to share intelligently in manual systems before attempting automated ones. Let's clean up our sharing protocol before we automate mediocrity.
Chemical kinetic and combustion characteristics of transportation fuels

Abstract Internal combustion engines running on liquid fuels will remain the dominant prime movers for road and air transportation for decades, probably for most of this century. The world’s appetite for liquid transportation fuels derived from petroleum and other fossil resources is already immense, will grow, will at some future time become economically unsustainable, and will become infeasible only in the very long term. The ongoing process of augmenting and eventually replacing petroleum-derived fuels with liquid alternative fuels must necessarily involve approaches that result in comparatively much lower net carbon cycle emissions from the transportation sector, most likely through a combination of carbon sequestration and renewable fuel production. The successful growth and establishment of a sustainable, profitable alternative fuels industry will be best facilitated by approaches that integrate alternative products into petroleum-derived fuel streams (i.e., gasolines, diesel, and jet fuels) and consider synergistic evolution of and integration with prevailing refining and liquid fuel distribution infrastructures. The emergence of low temperature combustion strategies, particularly those implementing dual fuel methods to achieve Reaction Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI), offers the potential to significantly improve operating efficiency and reduce emissions with minimal aftertreatment. For all advanced combustion engine technologies, but especially for RCCI, a clear understanding of fuel property influences on combustion behaviors will be important to achieving projected engine performance and emissions. To achieve the benefits projected by emerging engine technologies, the properties of petroleum-derived fuels themselves must be modified over time, but the effects of blending candidate alternative fuels with these conventional fuels must also be understood. Predicting the coupled physical and chemical property effects of real fuels on energy conversion system performance and emissions is a daunting problem, even for petroleum-derived real fuels, since each is composed of several hundred to thousands of individual chemical species typically belonging to one of a few organic classes (e.g., n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, cyclo-paraffins, olefins, aromatics). For specific combustion applications, it is often the global combustion response to variations in the composition of fuel mixtures – inclusive of those occurring by blending petroleum-derived fuel with alternative fuel candidates – that is of interest for fuel property optimization. This paper presents an overview of tools used for evaluating and emulating combustion-relevant properties of real fuels and alternative fuel candidates. New analytical and statistical methods can provide important insights as to how the ensembles of distinct molecular structures found in a given fuel mixture contribute to the physical and chemical kinetic properties that govern its combustion in energy conversion processes. Such tools can in turn assist in screening candidate alternative fuels for more detailed study.
Solar Cycles in 150 Years of Global Sea Surface Temperature Data

The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate that a solar cycle response exists in surface temperature using the longest global dataset available, which is in the form of 1854‐2007 sea surface temperature (SST), with an emphasis on methods and procedures, data quality, and statistical tests and the removal of deterministic signals, such as volcano aerosol forcing and greenhouse gas warming. Using the method of compositemean difference (CMD) projection, signals of warming during solar maximum and cooling during solar minimum years are found in the global SST over the 14 cycles, dispelling previous claims that the solar cycle response before 1920 is opposite to that of the modern era. The magnitude of the solar cycle response averaged over the oceans between 608S and 608N is about 0.18C of warming for each W m 22 variation of the solar constant (but is slightly lower, at ;0.0858C, when periods of suspected bad data are averaged in, which is consistent with previous work). The signal is robust provided that the years near the Second World War are excluded, during which transitions from British ships to U.S. ships introduced warm bias in the SST, as recently pointed out by D. Thompson and his colleagues. Monte Carlo tests show that the extracted signal has less than 0.02% chance of being a random occurrence. This establishes the existence of a solar cycle response at the earth’s surface at high statistical confidence. Contamination of the signal by volcano aerosols is estimated using the multiple CMD inversion method and found to be small over this long record, although ENSO contamination varies depending on the period chosen but is also small. The multidecadal trend of response to solar forcing is found to account for no more than a quarter of the observed warming in SST during the past 150 yr, under a reasonable but unproven assumption that the climate response to secular solar forcing and to solar cycle forcing has the same spatial pattern.
The use of constraints to eliminate artifacts in maximum-likelihood image estimation for emission tomography

Images produced in emission tomography with unconstrained maximum-likelihood estimation techniques exhibit two artifacts as the likelihood hill is climbed and the images converge toward one with maximum likelihood. The first artifact is a speckled appearance on the image, a noise artifact. The second is an estimation error near edges of the underlying radioactivity concentration. However, if mathematical constraints are used that blur the estimated image and the image being estimated, these artifacts are eliminated. The authors review the nature of these constraints, demonstrate them, and measure the performance of the modified algorithm relative to the classical linear image-estimation algorithm. >
Factors influential in making an injury severity difference to older drivers involved in fixed object–passenger car crashes

To identify factors influencing severity of injury to older drivers in fixed object-passenger car crashes, two sets of sequential binary logistic regression models were developed. The dependent variable in one set of models was driver injury severity, whereas for the other it was the crash severity (most severe injury in the crash). For each set of models, crash or injury severity was varied from the least severity level (no injury) to the highest severity level (fatality) and vice versa. The source of data was police crash reports from the state of Florida. The model with the best fitting and highest predictive capability was used to identify the influence of roadway, environmental, vehicle, and driver related factors on severity. Travel speed, restraint device usage, point of impact, use of alcohol and drugs, personal condition, gender, whether the driver is at fault, urban/rural nature and grade/curve existence at the crash location were identified as the important factors for making an injury severity difference to older drivers involved in single vehicle crashes.
Assessment of left ventricular diastolic filling: Comparison of fixed and varying region of interest approaches

Abnormalities in scintigraphic measurements of diastolic filling were assessed with respect to detection, reproducibility and sensitivity by means of fixed and varying left ventricular region-of-interest (ROI) approaches. Equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy was carrled out in 11 control subjects, 15 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and 13 patients with hypertension. Results of these studies were analyzed for ejection fraction (EF), peak filling rate (PFR), time to PFR (TPFR), and filling fraction in the first third of diastole corrected for cycle length (FF 13). With the fixed ROI technique, patients with CAD differed from the control subjects because they had lower EF (p < 0.05), PFR (p < 0.001), and FF 13 (p < 0.05) levels; patients with hypertension showed only a reduced FF13 (p < 0.01). When the varying ROI method was employed, patients with CAD differed from normal subjects in their PFR (p < 0.05) results; patients with hypertension and normal subjects differed in their FF13 (p < 0.001) results. Although the ability to discriminate between patients and normal subjects was similar with the two techniques, interobserver variability was smaller and single observer reproducibility was greater with the fixed ROI method. We conclude that the fixed and varying ROI techniques are comparable in detecting diastolic filling abnormalities but that the fixed ROI method is superior in reducing measurement varlability and may be the preferable method for analyzing serial studies and the response to therapeutic interventions.
Laser Deposited and Annealed ta‐C Films on Different Types of Steel Substrates

High laser pulse energy fluence as well as substrate temperatures below 100 °C were found to be necessary for the formation of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films with high sp3 content and high hardness. In order to reduce the compressive stress in such ta-C films, both thermal and laser annealing were applied. Both methods allow the manufacturing of diamond like carbon (DLC) films with a thickness of several micrometers and a good adhesion to Si substrates. The nanohardness of those films was measured to be 55–60 GPa whereas the density was 3.0–3.1 g · cm−3. To improve the adhesion of ta-C on steel, different materials were tested as intermediate layers. Excellent adhesion properties were found using a WC interlayer. Ball-on-disc tests show outstanding wear resistance of these ta-C coatings on a variety of different steel substrates.
First integrals for time-independent Yang-Mills equations

Abstract It is shown that a natural gauge exists for considering time-independent solutions to SU(2) Yang-Mills field equations. Integral theorems are obtained which allow one to draw general conclusions about the energy, momentum and angular momentum in the field. One conclusion is that for any source function there could exist many solutions with an energy lower than the Coulomb energy.
Ventricular Septal Defect

Records of 273 cases of ventricular septal defect from five participating institutions were studied. Insignificant hemodynamic disturbance (Roger9s) was found in 11 per cent, moderate to large left-to-right shunts in 55 per cent, and severe pulmonary vascular disease ("Eisenmenger9s") in 8 per cent. Because of insufficient data, 26 per cent of the cases were not classified hemodynamically. Thus, a spectrum of severity ranging from mild to severe was noted. There was evidence of congestive heart failure in infancy in 78 cases and a significant mortality occurred in this group, whether treatment was medical (mortality, 27 per cent) or surgical (mortality, 46 per cent). Six patients had hemodynamic evidence of severe progressive pulmonary vascular disease, three when they were less than 8 years old. Correlations of hemodynamic severity with clinical symptoms, roentgenographic findings, and electrocardiographic changes were reasonably good at the extreme ends of the severity spectrum but only fair in the middle range. Over-all mortality was high (28 per cent) for the 163 patients treated surgically, but mortality was also high (18 per cent) for the 110 patients treated medically. Ten of the 20 deaths in the medical group occurred in patients who had had congestive heart failure in infancy. Further study of the natural history of ventricular septal defect is clearly indicated for establishment of improved criteria for selection of cases for operation.
A framework for event-based software integration

Although event-based software integration is one of the most prevalent approaches to loose integration, no consistent model for describing it exists. As a result, there is no uniform way to discuss event-based integration, compare approaches and implementations, specify new event-based approaches, or match user requirements with the capabilities of event-based integration systems. We attempt to address these shortcomings by specifying a generic framework for event-based integration, the EBI framework, that provides a flexible, object-oriented model for discussing and comparing event-based integration approaches. The EBI framework can model dynamic and static specification, composition, and decomposition and can be instantiated to describe the features of most common event-based integration approaches. We demonstrate how to use the framework as a reference model by comparing and contrasting three well-known integration systems: FIELD, Polylith, and CORBA.
Magnetic resonance imaging in minor head injury

Study objectives: To investigate the role of cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in evaluating patients discharged from the emergency department after minor head injury. Design: A prospective blinded cohort study. Setting: University hospital ED. Type of participants: Fifty-eight patients with minor head injury who were discharged from the ED with written head injury instructions. Patients admitted to the hospital were excluded. Interventions: Ultra-low-field cranial MR scans were performed on patients within 24 hours of discharge. Scans were read blindly by two radiologists. Measurements and main results: Fisher's exact test was used to compare symptoms in patients with abnormal and normal MR scans. There was no significant difference in symptoms between patients with abnormal and those with normal scans ( P > .10). The proportion of abnormal MR scans was analyzed using the binomial distribution. Six of the 58 patients (10.3%) had traumatic intracranial abnormalities (proportion, 0.103; SD, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.04 – 0.21). Three had cortical contusions, and three had small subdural hematomas. Two of the six patients with abnormal MR scans, both with small subdural hematomas, had normal computed tomography scans. Conclusion: Ten percent of patients discharged from the ED after minor head injury had abnormal ultra-low-field cranial MR scans. Additional research is needed to establish the clinical importance of this unexpected observation.
THERMAL DISSOCIATION IN THE QUADRUPOLE ION TRAP : IONS DERIVED FROM LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN

Abstract Rates of dissociation of protonated leucine enkephalin and the b 4 + fragment ion derived from protonated leucine enkephalin have been measured as a function of helium bath gas temperature in a quadrupole ion trap. Dissociation rates were observed to be insensitive to the amplitude of the trapping voltage over the range of values studied. This observation, along with theoretical arguments based on predicted levels of “rf heating,” indicates that any internal excitation of the ions due to ion trap storage is minimal. The bath gas temperature can therefore be used to characterize the internal temperatures of the ions. This approximation is expected to be most valid for high mass ions and low mass bath gases, such as helium. Activation parameters were obtained from Arrhenius plots of the rate data, and master equation modeling of the activation, deactivation, and dissociation processes was performed to provide an indication as to how closely these ions approached high-pressure limit behavior. Protonated leucine enkephalin more closely approached the high-pressure limit than the b 4 + ion due to its larger size and the fact that the activation parameters were derived from somewhat lower dissociation rates. These studies suggest that the quadrupole ion trap operated in the presence of a light, heated bath gas can be used to obtain Arrhenius activation parameters from the dissociation kinetics of relatively high mass ions.
Nationalism and reform in Australian architecture 1880–1920

(1979). Nationalism and reform in Australian architecture 1880–1920. Historical Studies: Vol. 18, No. 72, pp. 393-411.
A method for handling intensity inhomogenieties in fMRI sequences of moving anatomy of the early developing brain.

Abstract This paper presents a method for intensity inhomogeniety removal in fMRI studies of a moving subject. In such studies, subtle changes in signal as the subject moves in the presence of a bias field can be a significant confound for BOLD signal analysis. The proposed method avoids the need for a specific tissue model or assumptions about tissue homogeneity by making use of the multiple views of the underlying bias field provided by the subject’s motion. A parametric bias field model is assumed and a regression model is used to estimate the basis function weights of this model. Quantitative evaluation of the effects of motion and noise in motion estimates are performed using simulated data. Results demonstrate the strength and robustness of the new method compared to the state of the art 4D nonparametric bias estimator (N4ITK). We also qualitatively demonstrate the impact of the method on resting state neuroimage analysis of a moving adult brain with simulated motion and bias fields, as well as on in vivo moving fetal fMRI.
Evidence for differences in size and composition of the poliovirus-specific polypeptides in infected HeLa cells☆

Abstract The poliovirus specific capsid and noncapsid proteins have been shown by use of a radioisotopic method to have differences in amino acid composition. Differences in size were demonstrated by sucrose gradient analysis, molecular sieve chromatography and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weights of all the virus-specific polypeptides were also obtained by the latter method; the molecular weights ranged from 79,000 to 5000. The total combined molecular weights of the fourteen virus-specific proteins is approximately 500,000 daltons. This mass greatly exceeds the 200,000 daltons of total protein expected to be encoded in the poliovirus genome which supports our previous evidence for large precursor proteins.
Hydride-Phase Formation and its Influence on Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior in a Zircaloy-4 Alloy

The hydride-phase formation and its influence on the fatigue behavior of a Zircaloy-4 alloy charged with hydrogen gas are investigated. First, the microstructure and fatigue crack propagation rate of the alloy in the as-received condition are studied. Second, the formation and homogeneous distribution of the delta zirconium hydride in the bulk and its effect on the fatigue crack propagation rate are presented. The results show that in the presence of hydrides, the zirconium alloy exhibits reduced toughness and enhanced crack growth rates. Finally, the influence of a preexisting fatigue crack in the specimen and the subsequent hydride formation are examined. The residual lattice strain profile around the fatigue crack tip is measured using neutron diffraction. It is observed that the combined effects of residual strains and hydride precipitation on the fatigue behavior are more severe leading to propagation of the crack under near threshold loading.
Donor Intervention and Organ Preservation: Where Is the Science and What Are the Obstacles?

The organ shortage is widely acknowledged as the most critical factor hindering the full realization of success for solid organ transplantation. Innovation in the areas of donor management and organ preservation offers the most realistic hope to improve both the quality and size of the current organ supply. Although the basic science dissecting the complex processes of brain death and ischemia/reperfusion injury is replete with exciting discoveries, the clinical science investigating donor management and organ preservation is sparse in contrast. This review will survey the current landscape of trials to mitigate organ injury through interventions administered to donors in vivo or organs ex vivo. Consideration will then be given to the scientific, logistical and ethical obstacles that impede the transformation of laboratory breakthroughs into innovative treatments that simultaneously improve organ quality and supply.
Intimate Partner Violence in Older Women

Purpose: We describe the prevalence, types, duration, frequency, and severity of intimate partner violence (‘‘partner violence’’) in older women. Design and Methods: We randomly sampled a total of 370 English-speaking women (65 years of age and older) from a health care system to participate in a crosssectional telephone interview. Using 5 questions from theBehavioralRisk FactorSurveillanceSystem (BRFSS) and 10 questions from the Women’s Experience with Battering (WEB) Scale, we assessed a woman’s exposure to partner violence. We estimated lifetime partner violence prevalence using the BRFSS questions (physical, forced intercourse, forced sexual contact, verbal threats, and controlling behavior), and we estimated past-5-year and past-year prevalence using the BRFSS and the WEB Scale. We estimated violence frequency, duration, and severity using the BRFSS questions. Results: According to the BRFSS, lifetime partner violence prevalence was 26.5%; 18.4% of women experienced physical or sexual violence and 21.9% experienced nonphysical violence (threats or controlling behavior). According to the BRFSS and WEB Scale, past-5-year violence prevalence was 3.5%, and past-year violence prevalence was 2.2%. Many abused womenreported more than 20episodes of violence in their lifetime (from 18.1% for physical violence to 61.2% for controlling behavior). The median duration ranged from 3 years (forced sexual contact) to 10 years (controlling behavior). The proportion of abused women rating their abuse as severe ranged from 39.1% (forced sex or sexual contact) to 70.7% (threats). Implications: The high lifetime partner violence occurrence, frequency, duration, and severity, coupled with results from prior studies indicating long-term adverse health effects of partner violence, suggest a need for increased efforts to address partner violence in older women.
Seismic-Refraction Measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Three reversed seismic-refraction profiles were recorded in the Jackson Hole, Wyo-ming, area during July 1964. The seismic model which was developed consists of three layers with velocities of 2.4 km/sec for Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks above the Cleverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 3.8 km/sec for rocks from Lower Cretaceous down to lower Paleozoic, and 6.1 km/sec for lower Paleozoic (limestones and dolomites) and Precambrian rocks. The maximum thickness of sediments in Jackson Hole is 5 km, and the minimum throw of the Teton fault in the area covered by this survey is about 7 km.
Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor α expression in activated murine lymphocytes

Abstract Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) suppress interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and impair T-lymphocyte proliferation. To determine the mechanism of action, mice were fed diets containing either safflower oil (control diet enriched in linoleic acid, 18:2n-6), EPA, DHA or arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Splenic lymphocytes were isolated and concanavalin A-induced kinetics of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor α mRNA expression were determined by relative competitive-PCR. EPA and DHA did not affect IL-2 mRNA expression but suppressed IL-2 receptor α mRNA levels. These data show, for the first time, the selective effects of dietary EPA and DHA on T-lymphocyte gene expression.
Resting state inter and intra hemispheric human brain functional connectivity

Resting-state functional connectivity between neuroanatomical regions has attracted significant attention in recent years. In the process of obtaining the resting-state functional connectivity map of the human brain from blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI signals, it is common to average the signals from left and right hemispheres. This averaging can introduce unappreciated complexities and unintended consequences not related to the research question of interest. In this paper, we mathematically demonstrate that measures of functional connectivity obtained by averaging homologous regions from the both hemispheres become undesirably dependent on four inter-hemispheric connectivity measures. We explore this finding in real-world fMRI data from 25 healthy young participants. We show that inter-hemispheric averaging has a mixed effect on the results and may introduce correlation artifacts to the connectivity map. Furthermore, we show mathematically and demonstrate with Monte Carlo simulations of null data that inter-hemispheric averaging will not alter human brain connectivity map at rest only and if only there are no inter-hemispheric correlations.
Equivalence among stochastic logic circuits and its application

Stochastic computing (SC) uses standard logic to process pseudo-random bit-streams denoting probabilities. It implements arithmetic operations by extremely simple and low-power hardware. Despite major new applications, SC's theory and design requirements are poorly understood. We observe that the Boolean functions used in SC take the form f(X) = f(X V ;X C ), where X V and X C are inputs with variable and constant probabilities, respectively. Different functions can be equivalent in the sense of implying the same stochastic behavior. We define stochastic equivalence classes (SECs), and investigate their properties and applications. Suitably interpreted, SECs describe all realizable arithmetic functions of interest. While conventional synthesis focuses on finding the best circuit to implement a known function, stochastic circuit optimization first requires finding the best function. We present an SEC-based approach to this problem, which demonstrates the computational richness of SC and leads to significant cost reductions compared to prior designs.
Magnetostriction in MnF2

Abstract Magnetostriction (λ) measurements in the [011] direction of a crystal of MnF 2 have been made as a function of magnetic field (up to 15 kOe), field direction and temperature (between 4.2 and 77 K). It is observed that λ [011] varies nearly as sin 2θ H where θ H is the angle H makes with the [001] axis. Between T N and 4.2 K λ [011] increases by an order of magnitude.
Studies of mist deposition for the formation of quantum dot CdSe films

Films of CdSe(ZnS) colloidal nanocrystalline quantum dots (NQDs) were deposited on bare silicon, glass and polymer coated silicon using mist deposition. This effort is a part of an exploratory investigation in which this deposition technique is studied for the first time as a method to form semiconductor NQD films. The process parameters, including deposition time, solution concentration and electric field, were varied to change the thickness of the deposited film. Blanket films and films deposited through a shadow mask were created to investigate the method's ability to pattern films during the deposition process. The differences between these deposition modes in terms of film morphology were observed. Overall, the results show that mist deposition of quantum dots is a viable method for creating thin, patterned quantum dot films using colloidal solution as the precursor. It is concluded that this technique shows very good promise for quantum dot (light emitting diode, LED) fabrication.
On the algebraic criteria for local Pareto optima. II

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the algebraic criteria for local Pareto optima. It presents the problem of optimizing several functions at once. It discusses f = (f 1 , …, f p ) a C μ mapping from a given manifold M n into R p . The chapter presents the condition for a point x ∈ M n to be called a local Pareto optimum for f. The first-order conditions for a local Pareto optimum are known. The best second-order conditions are still insufficient for the characterization of local Pareto optima for any generic class of mappings from M n into R p with n ≥ p ≥ 3. The chapter discusses whether it is possible to find certain high-order sufficient conditions for local Pareto optima that are also necessary for some generic class of mappings from M n into R p . The chapter also discusses the notion of jets to handle high order criteria.
Measuring OH and HO2 in the Troposphere by Laser-Induced Fluorescence at Low Pressure

Abstract The hydroxyl radical OH oxidizes many lime gases in the atmosphere. It initiates and then participates in chemical reactions that lead to such phenomena as photochemical smog, acid rain, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Because OH is so reactive, its volume mixing ratio is less than 1 part per trillion volume (pptv) throughout the troposphere. Its close chemical cousin, the hydroperoxyl radical HO2, participates in many reactions as well. The authors have developed an instrument capable of measuring OH and HO2 by laser-induced fluorescence in a detection chamber at low pressure. This prototype instrument is able to detect about 1.4 × 105 molecules cm−3 (0.005 pptv) of OH at the ground in a signal integration time of 30 s with negligible interferences. The absolute uncertainty is a factor of 1.5. This instrument is now being adapted to aircraft use for measurements throughout the troposphere.
Comparison of the effects of voltage-sensitive calcium channel antagonism on the electrically stimulated release of dopamine and norepinephrine in vivo

Abstract In vivo electrochemistry was used to monitor the effects of several voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) antagonists (e.g. divalent metal ions, diltiazem and ω-conotoxin GVIA (ω-CT) on the electrically evoked release of dopamine (DA) in the striatum and norepinephrine (NE) in the thalamus of the anesthetized rat. The results suggest that the N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel is the primary VSCC involved in the electrically stimulated release of DA in the striatum, whereas stimulated release of NE in the thalamus was only partially dependent on N-type VSCC. In addition, DA release appears to be more sensitive to VSCC antagonism than does NE release with the in vivo application used in this study.
Flood history in the karst environment of Castellana-Grotte (Apulia, southern Italy)

Abstract. Karst environments are characterized by peculiar hydrologic features, and in particular by a very limited, if not absent, surface hydrography. Water tends to infiltrate rapidly underground through the complex network of fractures and karstic conduits in the rock mass. However, on the occasion of concentrated rainfall, as well as in case of prolonged precipitation, such network might not be able to allow flowing of large amounts of water, which causes the occurrence of floods. This contribution illustrates the flood history in a classical karst area of Southern Italy, the town of Castellana-Grotte, in Apulia. The oldest part of the town lies at the bottom of a karst valley, which was hit by many flood events in the last centuries. More than twenty of these are here documented, starting from critical analysis of existing publications and documents, integrated with additional historical researches. Aimed at reconstructing the flood history at Castellana-Grotte, the best-documented events are described, together with the main factors, which played a role in distribution and gravity of the related damage. Eventually some engineering works realized during the first decades of the last century, in order to avoid further damage on the occasion of catastrophic floods, are also described.
Disposal of radioactive waste on land

Two years' consideration of the disposal problem by the National Research Council Committee on Waste Disposal has led to certain conclusions which are presented. Waste may be safely disposed of at many sites in the United States but conversely there are many large areas in which it is unlikely that disposal sites can be found as, for example, the Atlantic seaboard. The research to ascertain feasibility of disposal hss for the most part not yet been done. The most practical immediate solution of the problem suggests disposal in cavities mined in salt beds or domes. Disposal could be greatly simplified if the waste could be gotten into solid form of relatively insoluble character. Disposal in porous beds underground has capabilities of taking large volumes but will require considerable research to mske the waste compatible with such an environment. The main difficulty with this method at present is to prevent clogging of pore space as waste is pumped in. (auth)
Energy and Volume: A Proof of the Positivity of ADM Energy Using the Yamabe Invariant of Three-Manifolds

We give a new proof of the positivity (non-negativity) of ADM energy1 using the Yamabe invariant of three-manifolds. From a physical point of view, the new proof is motivated by a formula (explicitly non-negative) for the total ADM energy of emerging (asymptotically flat) stationary solutions on maximally expanding compact cosmologies. Mathematically, the proof is an application of the Thurston Geometrization of three-manifolds.
MIP-3alpha/CCL20 expression is highly induced in respiratory epithelium and in human subjects infected with rhinoviruses

Abstract Rationale Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3alpha (MIP-3a) is a chemokine that binds specifically to CCR6 on naive dendritic cells and memory lymphocytes, and has been shown to increase in animal models of allergic and virus-induced pulmonary inflammation. It is our hypothesis that viral respiratory infections in humans will also cause an increase in MIP-3a. Methods To evaluate this possibility, the effects of RV1A infection on respiratory epithelial cell mRNA expression were analyzed using Affymetrix Human Focus GeneChips. In addition, nasal lavage samples obtained from subjects inoculated with RV16 were analyzed for MIP-3a by ELISA. Results The GeneChip analysis demonstrated that RV1A infection induced MIP-3a mRNA expression in bronchial epithelial cells starting at 4 hours and peaking (14-fold induction) at 16 hours. In the nasal samples from virus-infected subjects, baseline levels of MIP-3a protein were low (median 23 pg/ml), but significantly increased during the acute RV16 cold (p=0.019). On day 4 of infection, a 30-fold increase in MIP-3a (median 690 pg/mL) was seen compared to baseline ( p Conclusions Rhinovirus infection in humans is a potent inducer of MIP-3a in vitro and in vivo. Known effects of MIP-3a on dendritic cells suggest that it could be an important contributor to the early antiviral and/or pro-inflammatory immune responses. Additional studies are needed to explore a potential link to the generation of respiratory symptoms and airway dysfunction during RV infections.
Geometric morphometrics of vole (Microtus californicus) dentition as a new paleoclimate proxy: Shape change along geographic and climatic clines

Quaternary small-mammal fossils are widespread and have served as valuable paleoclimatic proxies through niche-modeling or otherwise relating presence-absence data to climatic data. This paper examines the potential for a new, more resolved type of paleoclimate proxy in the form of Microtus tooth shape, using an abundant California species, Microtus californicus. Geometric morphometrics and partial least squares analyses are used to find geographic signals in the shape of the first lower molar (m1) of this species. M. californicus m1s are relatively straight in the northwest, cooler, moister portion of California and more curved in the southeast, hotter, drier portion of the state. These tooth shape changes may be a result of selection related to different vegetation ultimately controlled by climate, and therefore diet, within the species' range. The pattern in m1 shape persists when phylogeographic hypotheses are taken into account, indicating that the climate signal is significant independent of intraspecific groupings. This method adds an important new tool to the suite of proxies available to reconstruct past climates at fine spatiotemporal scales and reveals a geographic/climatic signal that correlates with morphological variation across the range of M. californicus.
Evaluation of gate oxide breakdown effect on cascode class E power amplifier performance

Abstract A CMOS cascode class E power amplifier has been designed at 5.2 GHz. Its RF performances such as output and power-added efficiency have been examined in ADS simulation. The layout parasitic is accounted for in the post-layout simulation. Time-dependent drain–source voltage waveforms indicate that the drain of cascode transistor is subject to much higher voltage stress than that of main transistor. Analytical equation of output power including impact of gate-oxide breakdown is developed and compared with RF simulation results. Good agreement between the model predictions and ADS simulation is obtained. The gate–drain breakdown of the cascode transistor decreases the output power and power-added efficiency of the power amplifier significantly when the breakdown resistance is below 1 kΩ.
Magnetic characteristics of lanthanide zinc (LnZn2) inter-metallic compounds☆

Abstract The magnetic characteristics of LnZn2, with Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, and Yb, have been studied from 4° to 300 °K. LaZn2 is a Pauli paramagnet. All the other compounds except SmZn2, EuZn2 and YbZn2 exhibit Curie-Weiss behavior from 100 ° to 300 °K, with paramagnetic moments in close agreement with those expected for free tripositive ions. The behavior of SmZn2 is due to the closeness of the multiplet spacing for the Sm3+ ion. The non-linearity of χ with T for EuZn2 and YbZn2 is ascribed to the variable valency of the lanthanide. Magnetic ordering is observed for all compounds except LaZn2, PrZn2 and YbZn2 at temperatures ranging from 7 °K (CeZn2) to 68 °K (GdZn2). NdZn2 and GdZn2 order ferromagnetically; the other six compounds order antiferromagnetically. PrZn2 becomes a Van Vleck paramagnet at low temperatures. The moment of Nd3+ is partially quenched by the crystal field. The magnetic behavior of the LnZn2 compounds can be understood in terms of the RKKY interaction. The effective s-f exchange interaction for GdZn2 is evaluated as 0.15 eV as compared with 0.09 eV obtained from esr (g-shift) measurements.
Treatment of periprosthetic femur fractures around a well-fixed hip arthroplasty implant: span the whole bone.

Introduction Periprosthetic femur fractures are a growing problem in the geriatric population. This study examines Vancouver B1 periprosthetic femur fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation using a laterally based plate. Outcomes using plates which spanned the length of the femur to the level of the femoral condyles were compared to those which did not. The hypothesis was that spanning internal fixation would result in a decreased rate of refracture and subsequent reoperation.
The analysis of some commercial dyes and Romamowsky stains by high-performance liquid chromatography.

High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to quantitate batch variations in commercial samples of thiazine dyes, thiazine eosinates, and Romanowsky-type blood stains. It has been observed that of all the dyes and eosinates examined, only methylene blue chloride and thionin were reasonably free of their methylated, demethylated, or oxidized homologs. Large variations in composition were observed between most of the samples of each type examined. In several instances the labeled compound was a minority species. In one instance a dye was apparently mislabeled. Large compositional variation was found between various batches of Wright and Giemsa stains, whereas significant differences between the thiazine composition of these two stain types were minor. Very little compositional variation was observed between the lots of LARC™ stain examined. The thiazine composition of Ames stain was similar for the three lots examined. Ames stain, however, was found to contain several components of unknown composi...
The modulatory effects of rostral ventromedial medulla on air-puff evoked microarousals in rats.

This study tested whether the duration of microarousals from sleep evoked by innocuous air-puff is affected by intra-RVM administration of neurotensin and bicuculline, pharmacological manipulations that affect ON and OFF cell activity. Air-puff evoked microarousal duration was unaffected by 0.05 ng neurotensin, but decreased by 502 ng neurotensin, and 5 and 50 ng bicuculline. These results suggest a putative role for OFF cells in protecting sleep from interruption by non-noxious stimuli.
Book Review | The Politics of Medicaid by Laura Katz Olson

Medicaid is the word on everyone's lips, not only because of the budgetary crisis many states are suffering, but also because the Supreme Court will decide two major cases regarding Medicaid this t...
Squeezing of the square of the field amplitude in second harmonic generation

Abstract Squeezing of the square of the field amplitude is defined and shown to be a nonclassical effect. It is not equivalent to the higher-order squeezing defined recently by Hong and Mandel. Amplitude-squared squeezing occurs in the fundamental mode in second harmonic generation. It is also the case that the normal squeezing of the harmonic depends directly upon the amplitude-squared squeezing of the incident light in the fundamental mode. Second harmonic generation, therefore, converts a form of higher-order squeezing in the fundamental into squeezing in the harmonic.
The EPS Myopia Hypothesis and Post-Merger Market Performance of Acquiring Firms

This study examines the effect of EPS “myopia” on the abnormal returns of acquiring firms in mergers. Earnings per share myopia may be defined as a disproportionate emphasis or fixation on the immediate postmerger impact of a merger on earnings per share as opposed to a consideration of longer-term consequences. The near-term emphasis is on avoiding dilution at a minimum, and, more optimally, on creating earnings accretion. These outcomes are often accomplished through the use of P/E ratio differentials between the participating firms and the use of pooling of interests accounting. The results of this research indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between mergers that have a high immediate impact on EPS and the stock market performance of the acquiring firm 24 to 36 months after the merger.
Dialog generation for voice browsing

In this paper we present our voice browser system, HearSay, which provides efficient access to the World Wide Web to people with visual disabilities. HearSay includes content-based segmentation of Web pages and a speech-driven interface to the resulting content. In our latest version of HearSay, we focus on general-purpose browsing. In this paper we describe HearSay's new dialog interface, which includes several different browsing strategies, gives the user control over the amount of information read out, and contains several different methods for summarizing information in part of a Web page. HearSay selects from its collection of presentation strategies at run time using classifiers trained on human-labeled data.
Effects of ovariectomy during pregnancy and of prematurely induced parturition on progesterone, estrogens, and calving traits.

Abstract Seven cows and one heifer were ovariectomized bilaterally on day 218 of gestation. Twelve intact peers served as controls until day 266 when six were treated with 25mg of estradiol-17 β to induce birth prematurely. The objective was to compare profiles of ovarian steroids in blood plasma and urine under experimental conditions known to cause dystocia and retention of fetal membranes more than 12h. Ovariectomy caused an immediate decrease in progesterone of blood plasma to less than 1ng/ml in 4 days. Estrogens in plasma and urine were not changed significantly from controls at similar stages of gestation except for two ovariectomized cows that calved at 251 and 257 days of gestation. In the latter cows, urinary excretion of total estrogen increased to greater than controls coincident with decreased progesterone and about 5 days prior to any increase in estrogens of plasma. Among the remaining ovariectomized cows, two aborted on days 222 and 232 and four calved between days 269 and 278. Four of eight ovariectomized cows had dystocia, and all retained the fetal membranes as did the six peers induced to calve prematurely on day 268 of gestation or 42±2h after treatment with dexamethasone and estradiol-17 β . Progesterone increased gradually from .8ng/ml on day 222 of gestation to over 1.5ng/ml in ovariectomized cows that did not calve prior to day 251. Because both groups of treated cows calved earlier in gestation, they averaged lower in estrogens prepartum than control cows. Fetal membranes may be retained if the circulating estrogens, principally estradiol-17 β and estrone, remain low until at least 4 days prepartum. Additionally, if progesterone in plasma is chronically low for several weeks prepartum as in the ovariectomized cows, dystocia may occur.