cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Photometry of the Globular Cluster M5: Distance Estimates from White Dwarf and Main-Sequence Stars

We present deep VI photometry of stars in the globular cluster M5 (NGC 5904) based on images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope. The resulting color-magnitude diagram reaches below V ? 27 mag, revealing the upper 2-3 mag of the white dwarf cooling sequence and main-sequence stars 8 mag and more below the turnoff. We fit the main sequence to subdwarfs of known parallax to obtain a true distance modulus of (m - M)0 = 14.45 ? 0.11 mag. A second distance estimate based on fitting the cluster white dwarf sequence to field white dwarfs with known parallax yielded (m - M)0 = 14.67 ? 0.18 mag. We discuss the nature of the difference between the two distance estimates and suggest approaches for reducing the uncertainty in white dwarf fitting estimates for future studies. We couple our distance estimates with extensive photometry of the cluster's RR Lyrae variables to provide a calibration of the RR Lyrae absolute magnitude yielding MV(RR) = 0.42 ? 0.10 mag at [Fe/H] = -1.11 dex. We provide another luminosity calibration in the form of reddening-free Wasenheit functions. Comparison of our calibrations with predictions based on recent models combining stellar evolution and pulsation theories shows encouraging agreement, and the existing differences may provide useful feedback to the models.
A Decision Analysis Tool for Evaluating Fundraising Tiers

This paper presents a utility function model of donors who need to determine their donation to a charity organization that structures and publishes donations by tiers. By considering the prestige associated with each tier level, our analysis suggests that a tiered scheme generates an incentive for donors to raise their donation to the next tier when the originally intended donation is close to the minimum amount for the next tier level. In addition, we develop a decision analysis tool to illustrate how a charity can evaluate the effectiveness of different tier structures. Using publicly available federal tax return data and actual donations to a private high school, we present a method to estimate the model parameters. By taking other nonquantifiable factors into consideration, our tool can guide a charitable organization to determine an effective fundraising tier strategy.
Synthesis and aldose reductase inhibitory activity of N-1,N-4-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinone derivatives

Synthetic routes have been developed for the preparation of 4-acylated, 4-benzenesulfonylated, and 4-methylated 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinone-1-acetic acids. One example of the corresponding propionic acid has also been made. These compounds have been evaluated for their ability to inhibit bovine lens aldose reductase in vitro. Some members from this series also show weak activity in vivo, inhibiting sorbitol formation in sciatic nerves of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
Chaotic scattering and the n-bounce resonance in solitary-wave interactions.

We present a new and complete analysis of the $n$-bounce resonance and chaotic scattering in solitary-wave collisions. In these phenomena, the speed at which a wave exits a collision depends in a complicated fractal way on its input speed. We present a new asymptotic analysis of collective-coordinate ordinary differential equations (ODEs), reduced models that reproduce the dynamics of these systems. We reduce the ODEs to discrete-time iterated separatrix maps and obtain new quantitative results unraveling the fractal structure of the scattering behavior. These phenomena have been observed repeatedly in many solitary-wave systems over 25 years.
Clinical Trial Transparency — Antidote to Weaker Off-Label-Promotion Rules?

As the FDA's regulatory authority is weakened by challenges from drug companies claiming that restrictions on off-label promotion violate their First Amendment rights, the need for clinical trial transparency becomes more urgent.
801 storage: architecture and programming

Based on novel architecture, the 801 minicomputer project has developed a low-level storage manager that can significantly simplify storage programming in subsystems and applications. The storage manager embodies three ideas: (1) large virtual storage, to contain all temporary data and permanent files for the active programs; (2) the innovation of database storage, which has implicit properties of access serializability and atomic update, similar to those of database transaction systems; and (3) access to all storage, including files, by the usual operations and types of a high-level programming language.The IBM RT PC implements the hardware architecture necessary for these storage facilities in its storage controller (MMU). The storage manager and language elements required, as well as subsystems and applications that use them, have been implemented and studied in a prototype operating system called CPR, that runs on the RT PC. Low cost and good performance are achieved in both hardware and software. The design is intended to be extensible across a wide performance/cost spectrum.
Effects of CO2 Flooding on Wave Velocities in Rocks With Hydrocarbons

Compressional and shear-wave velocities were measured in the laboratory in seven sandstones (porosities ranging from 6 to 29%) and one unconsolidated sand (37% porosity) saturated with n-hexadecane (C/sub 16/H/sub 34/) both before and after CO/sub 2/ flooding. CO/sub 2/ flooding decreased compressional-wave velocities significantly, while shear-wave velocities were less affected. The magnitude of these effects was found to depend on confining and pore pressures, temperature, and porosities of the rocks. The experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the decreases in compressional-wave velocities caused by CO/sub 2/ flooding may be seismically resolvable in situ. Therefore, seismic--especially high-frequency, high-resolution seismic--methods may be useful in mapping and locating CO/sub 2/ zones, tracking movements of CO/sub 2/ fronts, and monitoring flooding processes in reservoirs undergoing CO/sub 2/ flooding.
Buyer Power and Industry Structure

This paper investigates the exercise of market power by a large buyer who emerges via growth, merger, or group purchasing. It explores the efficiency and redistributive effects of such an event when a competitive fringe of small buyers remains in the market. Terms of trade, including those for small buyers, depend on structural conditions on the supply side of the market and the nature of interactions between the newly emerged dominant buyer and suppliers. Predicted aggregate welfare effects have implications for antitrust.
Rearrangement of methylenecamphor during electrophilic bromination: remarkably clean access to the unnatural fenchyl (1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) system

Abstract Treatment of (+)-methylenecamphor ( 2 ) with NBS in the presence of pyridine resulted in a rapid and remarkably clean rearrangement to yield a brominated (+)-methylenefenchone ( 3 ) in high yield and purity (>96%). The structure of the product was established by X-ray crystallography and the stereochemistry confirmed by both polarimetric and chiral GC analyses. Two transformations of the product were also performed to elucidate the structure.
Storage space saving and error avoidance of passive delay variation measurement employing a hash‐based technique for IP networks

Delay variation of packets is a significant performance measure in IP networks. Both active and passive measurements can evaluate delay variation. Among these, passive measurement is more advantageous because it can monitor the performance experienced by users without disturbing network load. Meanwhile, a shortcoming of using passive measurement is an extremely large storage space required to record packets and timestamps. This problem is solved by feeding a portion of each packet to a hash function as its input and recording the output to identify the packet. Since the data length of the hash function output is very short, such an approach effectively decreases the storage space. However, this approach still needs a considerably large storage space to record time-stamps. Additionally, the collisions among hash output values may bring unacceptable measurement errors. This paper proposes a method to decrease the storage space required to record timestamps for hash-based delay variation measurement. This decrease is achieved by a variable length coding of timestamps. The paper also presents methods to avoid measurement errors brought by hash value collisions. Through experiments, it is shown that the proposed techniques correctly measure delay variation as well as effectively reduce the storage space. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 21–32, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20328
A unified proof of Brooks' theorem and Catlin's theorem

Brooks' theorem is a fundamental result in the theory of graph coloring. Catlin proved the following strengthening of Brooks' theorem: Let d be an integer at least 3, and let G be a graph with maximum degree d . If G does not contain K d + 1 as a subgraph, then G has a d -coloring in which one color class has size α ( G ) . Here α ( G ) denotes the independence number of G . We give a unified proof of Brooks' theorem and Catlin's theorem.
Does temporal integration of face parts reflect holistic processing

We examined whether temporal integration of face parts reflects holistic processing or response interference. Participants learned to name two faces “Fred” and two “Bob.” At test, the top and bottom halves of different faces formed composites and were presented briefly separated in time. Replicating prior findings (Singer & Sheinberg, Vision Research, 46, 1838–1847, 2006), naming of the target half for aligned composites was slowed when the irrelevant half was from a face with a different name rather than from the original face. However, no interference was observed when the irrelevant half had a name identical to the name of the target half but came from a different learned face, arguing against a true holistic effect. Instead, response interference was obtained when the target half briefly preceded the irrelevant half. Experiment 2 confirmed a double dissociation of holistic processing versus response interference for intact faces versus temporally separated face halves, suggesting that simultaneous presentation of facial information is critical for holistic processing.
Cyborg insects, neural dust and other things: Building interfaces between the synthetic and the multicellular

As the computation and communication circuits we build radically miniaturize (i.e. become so low power that 1 pJ is sufficient to bang out a bit of information over a wireless transceiver; become so small that 500 μm2 of thinned CMOS can hold a reasonable sensor front-end and digital engine), the barrier to introducing all sorts of interfaces and control loops into organisms will lower radically. Put another way, the rapid pace of computation and communication miniaturization is swiftly blurring the line between the technological base that created us and the technological based we've created. This talk will provide an overview of recent work in the Maharbiz lab that touches on this concern. Some of this will cover our ongoing exploration of the remote control of insects in free flight via implantable radio-equipped miniature neural stimulating systems and more recent work in next generation mammalian neural interfaces for brain machine interface (BMI) applications, including neural dust.
Curves of Genus 2 with (N, N) Decomposable Jacobians

Let C be a curve of genus 2 and ?1: C ??E1 a map of degree n, from C to an elliptic curveE1 , both curves defined over C. This map induces a degree n map ?1:P1 ??P1 which we call a Frey?Kani covering. We determine all possible ramifications for ?1. If ?1:C ??E1 is maximal then there exists a maximal map ?2: C ??E2 , of degree n, to some elliptic curveE2 such that there is an isogeny of degree n2from the JacobianJC to E1×E2. We say thatJC is (n, n)-decomposable. If the degree n is odd the pair (?2, E2) is canonically determined. For n= 3, 5, and 7, we give arithmetic examples of curves whose Jacobians are (n, n)-decomposable.
Efficient output coupling of intracavity high-harmonic generation

We demonstrate a novel technique for coupling extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) harmonic radiation out of a femtosecond enhancement cavity. We use a small-period diffraction grating etched directly into the surface of a dielectric mirror. For the fundamental light, this element acts as a high reflector. For harmonic wavelengths, it acts as a diffraction grating, coupling XUV radiation out of the cavity. Using this method, we observed the third through twenty-first odd harmonics with a dramatic increase in usable power over previous results of high-harmonic generation at high repetition rates.
The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-forming Cores with Radiative Feedback

We present a set of three-dimensional, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic calculations of the gravitational collapse of massive (300 M ☉), star-forming molecular cloud cores. We show that the combined effects of magnetic fields and radiative feedback strongly suppress core fragmentation, leading to the production of single-star systems rather than small clusters. We find that the two processes are efficient at suppressing fragmentation in different regimes, with the feedback most effective in the dense, central region and the magnetic field most effective in more diffuse, outer regions. Thus, the combination of the two is much more effective at suppressing fragmentation than either one considered in isolation. Our work suggests that typical massive cores, which have mass-to-flux ratios of about 2 relative to critical, likely form a single-star system, but that cores with weaker fields may form a small star cluster. This result helps us understand why the observed relationship between the core mass function and the stellar initial mass function holds even for ~100 M ☉ cores with many thermal Jeans masses of material. We also demonstrate that a ~40 AU Keplerian disk is able to form in our simulations, despite the braking effect caused by the strong magnetic field.
Regional measures of capacity utilization in the 1980s

This paper presents a model to estimate the rate of capacity utilization (CU) in the manufacturing sector by state. Consistent measures of state-level CU rates have been unavailable since 1982. The lack of a capacity measure has hindered regional studies of capital formation, long-run output growth, and productivity growth. Our model employs a neoclassical approach to estimate CU. We estimate a model to determine the optimal level of production and compare it with the actual level in order to define our CU index. Our results show that states in the West North Central, South Atlantic, and Pacific census divisions tend to have a CU index consistently above the nation's average. On the other hand, states in the East North Central and West South Central census divisions tend to have a CU index below the nation's average.
Secure Estimation and Control for Cyber-Physical Systems Under Adversarial Attacks

The vast majority of today's critical infrastructure is supported by numerous feedback control loops and an attack on these control loops can have disastrous consequences. This is a major concern since modern control systems are becoming large and decentralized and thus more vulnerable to attacks. This paper is concerned with the estimation and control of linear systems when some of the sensors or actuators are corrupted by an attacker. We give a new simple characterization of the maximum number of attacks that can be detected and corrected as a function of the pair $(A,C)$ of the system and we show in particular that it is impossible to accurately reconstruct the state of a system if more than half the sensors are attacked. In addition, we show how the design of a secure local control loop can improve the resilience of the system. When the number of attacks is smaller than a threshold, we propose an efficient algorithm inspired from techniques in compressed sensing to estimate the state of the plant despite attacks. We give a theoretical characterization of the performance of this algorithm and we show on numerical simulations that the method is promising and allows to reconstruct the state accurately despite attacks. Finally, we consider the problem of designing output-feedback controllers that stabilize the system despite sensor attacks. We show that a principle of separation between estimation and control holds and that the design of resilient output feedback controllers can be reduced to the design of resilient state estimators.
The Effect of Mortgage Price and Default Risk on Mortgage Spreads

Variations over time in mortgage yield spreads should reflect changes in the underlying prepayment option value; moreover, the relationship between mortgage yield spreads and interest rate dynamics should weaken as the value of the borrower’s prepayment option declines. We verify this hypothesis through an empirical analysis of residential mortgage yield spread behavior, and we also present evidence that the strength of the relationship between mortgage spreads and interest rate dynamics weakens (strengthens) as the level of default risk increases (decreases). This result is consistent with the “competing risks” effect between a borrower’s option to prepay or default. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for mortgage price discount to par as well as default risk when developing time series of mortgage yields.
ALKENYL-SUBSTITUTED KETALS AS EFFICIENT PRECURSORS TO CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT SUBSTRATES

Abstract Alkenyl-substituted ketals 6 readily afford Claisen rearrangement substrates 7 upon treatment with TESOTf/DIPEA. Thermal rearrangement completes this efficient and general process for generation of functionally rich ϵ-oxy-γ,δ-enones 8.
Reproducing kernels, de Branges-Rovnyak spaces, and norms of weighted composition operators

We prove that the norm of a weighted composition operator on the Hardy space H 2 of the disk is controlled by the norm of the weight function in the de Branges-Rovnyak space as- sociated to the symbol of the composition operator. As a corollary we obtain a new proof of the boundedness of composition operators on H 2 , and recover the standard upper bound for the norm. Sim- ilar arguments apply to weighted Bergman spaces. We also show that the positivity of a generalized de Branges-Rovnyak kernel is sufficient for the boundedness of a given composition operator on the standard functions spaces on the unit ball.
Group selection on the boundary of a stable population.

Abstract This article presents a model of group selection via differential extinction acting on small boundary populations of a large, fixed population. We restrict consideration to extinction of populations at or near habitat carrying capacity, thus modeling the kind of situation envisioned by Wynne-Edwards (1962) . Under the assumption that the extinction rate is large relative to individual genetic parameters, we discuss the effect of differential extinction on the distribution of gene frequencies within boundary micropopulations. In these circumstances, it is shown that differential extinction is most likely to produce a bimodal distribution of the gene frequencies if the form of the extinction operator approximates a step function, with a critical allele frequency at which the extinction rate shifts from high to low. The need for a rather close approximation to such discontinuous behavior limits the possible conditions under which differential extinction might be important. We conclude with a comparison of our model with that of Levins (1970a) and suggest some technically feasible generalizations of our approach.
Catalytic enantioselective C-C bond forming conjugate additions with vinyl sulfones.

In this communication, we describe the development of the first highly enantioselective catalytic conjugate addition to vinyl sulfones. Promoted by readily accessible organocatalysts derived from C6‘−OH cinchona alkaloid derivatives and under mild, air- and moisture-tolerant conditions, conjugate additions of a wide range of α-cyanoacetates bearing either an α-aryl or an α-alkyl substituent to vinyl sulfones proceeded in excellent enantioselectivity and high yield. Consequently, this efficient and operationally simple enantioselective C−C bond forming conjugate addition provides a new and useful approach for the enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Adaptive robust control of a class of nonlinear systems in semi‐strict feedback form with non‐uniformly detectable unmeasured internal states

This paper proposes a novel control method for a special class of nonlinear systems in semi-strict feedback form. The main characteristic of this class of systems is that the unmeasured internal states are non-uniformly detectable, which means that no observer for these states can be designed to make the observation error exponentially converge to zero. In view of this, a projection-based adaptive robust control law is developed in this paper for this kind of system. This method uses a projection-type adaptation algorithm for the estimation of both the unknown parameters and the internal states. Robust feedback term is synthesized to make the system robust to uncertain nonlinearities and disturbances. Although the estimation error for both the unknown parameters and the internal states may not converge to zero, the tracking error of the closed-loop system is proved to converge to zero asymptotically if the system has only parametric uncertainties. Furthermore, it is theoretically proved that all the signals are bounded, and the control algorithm is robust to bounded disturbances and uncertain nonlinearities with guaranteed output tracking transient performance and steady-state accuracy in general. The class of system considered here has wide engineering applications, and a practical example—control of mechanical systems with dynamic friction—is used as a case study. Simulation results are obtained to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed control methodology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive signatures for new particles in e+e− annihilation and Z-decay

Abstract New particles and new interactions reveal themselves most clearly where standard model contributions are negligibly small. A prominent example with this advantage is the one-lepton inclusive longitudinal structure function (WL) in e+e− annihilation and Z-decay. We discuss general features of this approach and present structure functions for four types of new particles: heavy charged fermion (a new sequential lepton and the top quark), neutral heavy lepton (Dirac-a and Majorana-neutrino), supersymmetric scalar lepton (slepton), and Higgs particles. We also discuss the (small) standard model “background”, especially the QCD correction. The x-dependence of WL provides a distinct signature of the identity of the new particle, and it also distinguishes the background from the new particle signal. Extensions of this approach are discussed.
Comparison of synchronous PM machine types for wide constant‐power speed range operation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparison of synchronous permanent magnet machine types for wide constant power speed range operation.Design/methodology/approach – A combination of analytical models and finite element analysis is used to conduct this study.Findings – The paper has presented a detailed comparison between various types of synchronous PM machines for applications requiring a wide speed range of constant‐power operation. Key observations include: surface permanent magnet (SPM) and interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines can both be designed to achieve wide speed ranges of constant‐power operation. SPM machines with fractional‐slot concentrated windings offer opportunities to minimize machine volume and mass because of their short winding end turns and techniques for achieving high‐slot fill factors via stator pole segmentation. High back‐emf voltage at elevated speeds is a particular issue for SPM machines, but also poses problems for IPM machine designs when tight maxim...
Magnetic Helix Formation Driven by Keplerian Disk Rotation in an External Plasma Pressure: The Initial Expansion Stage

We study the evolution of a magnetic arcade that is anchored to an accretion disk and is sheared by the differential rotation of a Keplerian disk. By including an extremely low external plasma pressure at large distances, we obtain a sequence of axisymmetric magnetostatic equilibria and show that there is a fundamental difference between field lines that are affected by the plasma pressure and those that are not (i.e., force free). Force-free fields, while being twisted by the differential rotation of the disk, expand outward at an angle of ~60° away from the rotation axis, consistent with the previous studies. These force-free field lines, however, are enclosed by the outer field lines, which originate from small disk radii and come back to the disk at large radii. These outer fields experience most of the twist, and they are also affected most by the external plasma pressure. At large cylindrical radial distances, magnetic pressure and plasma pressure are comparable so that any further radial expansion of magnetic fields is prevented or slowed down greatly by this pressure. This hindrance to cylindrical radial expansion causes most of the added twist to be distributed on the ascending portion of the field lines, close to the rotation axis. Since these field lines are twisted most, the increasing ratio of the toroidal B component to the poloidal component BR,z eventually results in the collimation of magnetic energy and flux around the rotation axis. We discuss the difficulty with adding a large number of twists within the limitations of the magnetostatic approximation.
Variable-Gravity Effects on a Single-Phase Partially-Confined Spray Cooling System

This paper discusses the testing of a single-phase spray cooling system that was flown on the NASA KC-135 Reduced-Gravity Research Aircraft. An experimental package, consisting of a spray chamber coupled to a fluid delivery loop system, was fabricated for variable gravity flight tests. The spray chamber contains two opposing nozzles spraying on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) heaters. These heaters are mounted on glass posts, which are part of a sump system to remove unconstrained liquid from the test chamber. Thermocouples mounted in and around the posts were used to determine both the heat loss through the underside of the ITO heater and the heat extracted by the spray. During flight tests, for Weber numbers of We = 771 ± 19 and 757 ± 15, the non-dimensional heat input was varied from G∆ = 30 to 110 for the non-dimensional grouping (Fr 1/2 Ga) 1/2 = 20 to 66. Flight test data and terrestrial data were compared to analytical and numerical solutions in order to evaluate the heat transfer in the heater and support structure. In general, the Nusselt number at the heater surface was found to decrease with increasing (Fr 1/2 Ga) 1/2 .
Steady and transient flow of a non-Newtonian chemically reactive fluid in a twin-screw extruder

The flow of chemically reactive non-Newtonian materials, such as bio-polymers and acrylates, in a fully intermeshing, co-rotating twin-screw extruder is numerically investigated. A detailed study of the system transient behavior is carried out. The main transient aspects, including response time, variation of system variables, and instability of operation, are studied for both single- and twin-screw extruders, since single-screw extruder modeling closely approximates the region away from the intermeshing zone in a twin-screw extruder. The effect of a time-dependent variation in the boundary conditions is studied. The coupling due to conduction heat transfer in the screw barrel is found to be very important and is taken into account for single-screw extruders. In the absence of this conjugate coupling, the response time is much shorter. Several other interesting trends are obtained with respect to the dependence of the transient response on the materials and operating conditions. Steady state results are obtained at large time. The calculated velocity distributions in the screw channel are compared with experimental results in the literature for steady state flow and good agreement has been obtained. The calculated results for transient transport agree with the few experimental observations available on this system. Chemical reaction, leading to chemical conversion of the material, is also considered and the resulting effects on the flow and transport determined. These results will be useful in the design, control and optimization of polymer extrusion processes.
Staggered fermions and chiral-symmetry breaking in transverse lattice regulated QED

Staggered fermions are constructed for the transverse lattice regularization scheme. The weak perturbation theory of transverse lattice non-compact QED is developed in light-cone gauge, and we argue that for fixed lattice spacing this theory is ultraviolet finite, order by order in perturbation theory. However, by calculating the anomalous scaling dimension of the link fields, we find that the interaction Hamiltonian becomes non-renormalizable for g{sup 2}(a) > 4{pi}, where g(a) is the bare (lattice) QED coupling constant. We conjecture that this is the critical point of the chiral symmetry breaking phase transition in QED. Non-perturbative chiral symmetry breaking is then studied in the strong coupling limit. The discrete remnant of chiral symmetry that remains on the lattice is spontaneously broken, and the ground state to lowest order in the strong coupling expansion corresponds to the classical ground state of the two-dimensional spin one-half Heisenberg antiferromagnet.
Performance Of A 3.7 Meter Cylindrical Concentrator

Design and construction considerations are given for a 1.8 x 3.7 m cylindrical parabolic focusing collector having a concentration ratio = 28. Built of commonly available materials, this tracking collector is intended to feed, by the exchange medium of oil, an Abbot-type solar oven. At 80°C the collection efficiency is .33, declining to .05 at 260°C (500°F). The dependence of black coatings on receiver pipe efficiency is studied. The reflectivity of vacuum deposited aluminum, buffed aluminum plate and shiny aluminum foil are compared. The greatest improvement in performance has come about by placing the collector on a shade free roof. Abbot's mirror was shaded past 1 o'clock.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synchrotron Radio Emission from a Fast Halo Coronal Mass Ejection

An interplanetary (IP) type II-like radio burst is analyzed. It occurred on 2003 June 17-18 in association with a fast halo coronal mass ejection (CME), an M6.8 soft-X-ray (SXR) flare, and it produced a solar proton event. Unlike coronal type II bursts and the majority of IP type II radio emissions, the IP type-II-like event associated with the fast halo CME on June 17-18 varies smoothly in time and frequency and has a frequency bandwidth that is several times larger than is typical for coronal and IP type II emissions. Moreover, the frequency change with time is inconsistent with that expected from plasma radiation associated with a CME-driven shock. I suggest that this IP type-II-like event, referred to here as an IP type II-S event, is not due to plasma radiation, but instead to incoherent synchrotron radiation from near-relativistic electrons entrained in the CME magnetic field or in the sheath region between the shock and the CME driver. This event may be an example of a new and distinct class of interplanetary radio phenomenon.
Extracting TMDs from CLAS12 data

We present studies of double longitudinal spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering using a new dedicated Monte Carlo generator, which includes quark intrinsic transverse momentum within the generalized parton model based on the fully differential cross section for the process. Additionally we employ Bessel-weighting to the MC events to extract transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions and also discuss possible uncertainties due to kinematic correlation effects.
Rapid isothermal processing of strained GeSi layers

A cold-wall rapid thermal processor was used to study the oxidation and annealing properties of Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ strained layers. The dry oxidation rate of Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ was found to be the same as that of Si, while the wet oxidation rate was found to be higher than that of Si, and the oxidation rate increases with the Ge concentration (up to 20% in this study). A high fixed oxide charge density (>5*10/sup 11//cm/sup 2/) and interface trap level density (>10/sup 12//cm/sup 2/-eV) at the oxide interface have been determined from capacitance-voltage measurements. Using techniques such as X-ray rocking curve analysis and I-V and C-V measurements of the p-n heterojunction it was found that the degradation of electronic properties of metastable Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ strained layers during rapid thermal annealing are related to the formation of structural defects at the heterointerfaces. >
On a theorem of Friedlander and Iwaniec

Abstract In [3] , Friedlander and Iwaniec (2009) studied the so-called Hyperbolic Prime Number Theorem, which asks for an infinitude of elements γ = ( a b c d ) ∈ SL ( 2 , Z ) such that the norm squared ‖ γ ‖ 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = p , is a prime. Under the Elliott–Halberstam conjecture, they proved the existence of such, as well as a formula for their count, off by a constant from the conjectured asymptotic. In this Note, we study the analogous question replacing the integers with the Gaussian integers. We prove unconditionally that for every odd n ⩾ 3 , there is a γ ∈ SL ( 2 , Z [ i ] ) such that ‖ γ ‖ 2 = n . In particular, every prime is represented. The proof is an application of Siegel's mass formula.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Intra- and Intermolecular [5 + 2] Cycloaddition of 3-Acyloxy-1,4-enyne and Alkyne with Concomitant 1,2-Acyloxy Migration

A new type of rhodium-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloaddition was developed for the synthesis of seven-membered rings with diverse functionalities. The ring formation was accompanied by a 1,2-acyloxy migration event. The five- and two-carbon components of the cycloaddition are 3-acyloxy-1,4-enynes (ACEs) and alkynes, respectively. Cationic rhodium(I) catalysts worked most efficiently for the intramolecular cycloaddition, while only neutral rhodium(I) complexes could facilitate the intermolecular reaction. In both cases, electron-poor phosphite or phosphine ligands often improved the efficiency of the cycloadditions. The scope of ACEs and alkynes was investigated in both the intra- and intermolecular reactions. The resulting seven-membered-ring products have three double bonds that could be selectively functionalized.
Minimax optimization over the class of stack filters

A new optimization theory for stack filters is presented in this paper. This new theory is based on the minimax error criterion rather than the mean absolute error (MAE) criterion used in [8]. In the binary case a methodology will be designed to find the stack filter that minimizes the maximum absolute error between the input and the output signals. The most interesting feature of this optimization procedure is the fact that it can be solved using a linear program (LP) just like in the MAE case [8]. One drawback of this procedure is the problem of randomization due to the lost of structure in the constraint matrix of the LP. Several sub-optimal solutions will be discussed and an algorithm to find an optimal integer solution (still using a LP) under certain conditions will be provided. When generalizing to multiple-level inputs complexity problems will arise and two alternatives will be suggested. One of these approaches assumes a parameterized stochastic model for the noise process and the LP is to pick the stack filter which minimizes the worst effect of the noise on the input signal.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Semibullvalenes and Related Molecules: Ever Closer Approaches to Neutral Homoaromaticity

Since the first synthesis of semibullvalene by Zimmerman et al. more than three decades ago, this molecular system has been the focus of extensive study. A major factor in the continuing fascination with semibullvalenes is the potential for realizing a neutral homoaromatic ground state species. Dewar-Hoffmann electronic stabilization of the transition state of barbaralanes and semibullvalenes has been very successfully applied, principally by Quast, to yield negligible barriers to their Cope rearrangement. In our work we are attempting to “eliminate” the barrier to the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalenes through strain mediated destabilization of the localized forms. We predict, from the results of high level quantum mechanical calculations, that small ring annelation of the semibullvalene nucleus will result in homoaromatic ground state species. Experimentally, our small series of bisannelated semibullvalenes have proved to be localized Cope systems with exceptionally low activation barriers to the Cope rearrangement in the condensed phases.
TRESPASSING ON THE RAILROAD

Greater than half of all the fatal injuries on the United States railroads are sustained by trespassers. The paper provides a statistical analysis of the demographics of trespassers, the activities they were engaged in, and the causes of injury. It also analyzes trends over time. The paper finds that the risks of injury and death are particularly acute for males in their 20s and 30s. The annual casualty count has remained relatively stable in recent decades because growing affluence, which tends to reduce risk-taking behavior, has been balanced by increases in railroad activity and the size of the population.
Universal investment in markets with transaction costs

In this paper we formulate and solve the problem of universal growth optimal investment in two-asset discrete time markets with proportional transaction costs. We do not make any distributional assumptions on the market return sequences and construct a policy with growth rate at least as large as any interval policy. Since interval policies are †-optimal for independent identically distributed (IID) markets (Iyengar, 2002), it follows that our policy when used in an IID market is able to \learn" the optimal interval policy and achieve growth optimality, i.e. it is a universal growth optimal policy for IID markets.
Closed surfaces and character varieties

The powerful character variety techniques of Culler and Shalen can be used to nd essential surfaces in knot manifolds. We show that module structures on the coordinate ring of the character variety can be used to identify detected boundary slopes as well as when closed surfaces are detected. This approach also yields new number theoretic invariants for the character varieties of knot manifolds.
Cosmology on a Brane in Minkowski Bulk

Abstract We discuss the cosmology of a 3-brane embedded in a 5D bulk space–time with a cosmological constant when an intrinsic curvature Ricci scalar is included in the brane action. After deriving the ‘brane-Friedmann’ equations for a Z 2 symmetrical metric, we focus on the case of a Minkowski bulk. We show that there exist two classes of solutions, close to the usual Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker cosmology for small enough Hubble radii. When the Hubble radius gets larger one either has a transition to a fully 5D regime or to a self-inflationary solution which produces a late accelerated expansion. We also compare our results with a perturbative approach and eventually discuss the embedding of the brane into the Minkowski space–time. This latter part of our discussion also applies when no intrinsic curvature term is included.
Ion Thruster Charge-Exchange Plasma Flow

The electron bombardment ion thruster has been under development for a number of years and during this time, studies of the plasmas produced by the thrusters and their interactions with spacecraft have been evaluated, based on available data. Due to diagnostic techniques used and facility effects, there is uncertainty as to the reliability of data from these early studies. This paper presents data on the flow of the charge-exchange plasma produced just downstream of the thruster's ion optics. The 'end-effect' of a cylindrical Langmuir probe is used to determine ion density and directed ion velocity. Results are compared with data obtained from a retarding potential analyzer-Faraday cup.
Soft leptogenesis in warped extra dimensions

We implement soft leptogenesis in a warped five dimensional scenario with two branes on the orbifold boundaries coming from an S1/Z2 symmetry, and supersymmetry broken on the IR brane. The SM hypermultiplet fields (fermions and Higgs) live in the UV brane and we allow the vector supermultiplets corresponding to the gauge bosons and a hypermultiplet corresponding to the right handed neutrino to live in the bulk. We assume that there are Majorana mass terms for the right handed neutrino superfield fixed on each brane and that there is a Yukawa term involving the right handed neutrino, the left handed neutrino and the Higgs fixed on the UV brane. Supersymmetry is broken by a constant ``superpotential'' on the IR brane, which induces an F-term for the radion hypermultiplet. This F-term leads to a B-term for the right handed sneutrinos as well as a soft SUSY breaking gaugino mass in the 4D theory for the zero modes. The gaugino mass naturally induces an A-term for the right handed sneutrino, left handed sneutrino and the Higgs to be formed through gaugino mediation with a non-trivial CP violating phase. Moreover, we show that within the context of extra dimensions, the condition of out-of-equilibrium decay and the phenomenological constraints on the neutrino mass are both satisfied in a natural way, for UV Majorana masses of the order of the fundamental scale of the theory. Thus all necessary elements for soft leptogenesis are at hand and we are able to predict a correct value for the baryon asymmetry.
Pain Management and Provider Liability: No More Excuses

Pain is undertreated in the American health-care system at all levels: physician offices, hospitals, long-term care facilities. The result is needless suffering for patients, complications that cause further injury or death, and added costs in treatment overall. The health-care system's failure to respond to patient pain needs corrective action. Excuses for such shortcomings are simply not acceptable any longer. Physicians have long been accused of poor pain management for their patient. The term “opiophobia” has been coined to describe this remarkable clinical aversion to the proper use of opioids to control pain. If the professional mandate of the health-care professional is to relieve suffering, then physicians are falling far short of their obligations by accepting myths about the use of opioids in the face of evidence to the contrary.
A natural encoding scheme proved probabilistic polynomial complete

Abstract We prove a natural encoding scheme to be intractable (by showing it UR-complete, a technique which may be used when a problem does not yield to a proof of NP-completeness). This is the first non number-theoretic problem that is UR-complete but not known to be NP-complete. We also redefine UR-completeness (henceforth referred to as PR-completeness) in probabilistic terms thus making the notion conceptually simpler. Our result suggests that PR-completeness may be a more widely applicable technique than was previously believed.
Three - point statistics from a new perspective

The multipole expansion of spatial three-point statistics is introduced as a tool for investigating and displaying configuration dependence. The novel parameterization renders the relation between bispectrum and three-point correlation function especially transparent as a set of two-dimensional Hankel transforms. It is expected on theoretical grounds that three-point statistics can be described accurately with only a few multipoles. In particular, we show that in the weakly nonlinear regime, the multipoles of the reduced bispectrum, Ql, are significant only up to quadrupole. Moreover, the nonlinear bias in the weakly nonlinear regime only affects the monopole order of these statistics. As a consequence, a simple, novel set of estimators can be constructed to constrain galaxy bias. In addition, the quadrupole to dipole ratio is independent of the bias; thus, it becomes a novel diagnostic of the underlying theoretical assumptions: weakly nonlinear gravity and perturbative local bias. To illustrate the use of our approach, we present predictions based on both power-law and cold dark matter models. We show that the presently favored Sloan Digital Sky Survey/Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe concordance model displays strong "baryon bumps" in the Ql's. Finally, we sketch out three practical techniques to estimate these novel quantities: they amount to new, and for the first time edge-corrected, estimators for the bispectrum.
Parallel implementation of the phoenix generalized stellar atmosphere program. III. A parallel algorithm for direct opacity sampling

We describe two parallel algorithms for line opacity calculations based on a local file and on a global file approach. The performance and scalability of both approaches is discussed for different test cases and very different parallel computing systems. The results show that a global file approach is more efficient on high-performance parallel supercomputers with dedicated parallel I/O subsystem, whereas the local file approach is very useful on farms of workstations, e.g., cheap PC clusters.
TAG's as a Grammatical Formalism for Generation

Tree Adjoining Grammars, or "TAG's", (Joshi, Levy & Takahashi 1975; Joshi 1983; Kroch & Joshi 1985) were developed as an alternative to the standard syntactic formalisms that are used in theoretical analyses of language. They are attractive because they may provide just the aspects of context sensitive expressive power that actually appear in human languages while otherwise remaining context free.This paper describes how we have applied the theory of Tree Adjoining Grammars to natural language generation. We have been attracted to TAG's because their central operation---the extension of an "initial" phrase structure tree through the inclusion, at very specifically constrained locations, of one or more "auxiliary" trees---corresponds directly to certain central operations of our own, performance-oriented theory.We begin by briefly describing TAG's as a formalism for phrase structure in a competence theory, and summarize the points in the theory of TAG's that are germaine to our own theory. We then consider generally the position of a grammar within the generation process, introducing our use of TAG's through a contrast with how others have used systemic grammars. This takes us to the core results of our paper: using examples from our research with weil-written texts from newspapers, we walk through our TAG inspired treatments of raising and wh-movement, and show the correspondence of the TAG "adjunction" operation and our "attachment" process.In the final section we discuss extensions to the theory, motivated by the way we use the operation corresponding to TAG's adjunction in performance. This suggests that the competence theory of TAG's can be profitably projected to structures at the morphological level as well as the present syntactic level.