cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements

WE are able to move visual attention away from the direction of gaze, fixating on one object while attending to something else at a different location, within the region of peripheral vision. It has been widely assumed that the attentional neural systems are separate from the motor systems, but some studies challenge this idea1–5. It has now been suggested that the attentional system is part of the premotor processing in the brain6. This model proposes that attentional processes evolved as part of the motor systems, with isolated attentional shifts representing an artificial separation of a natural linkage. Here we test how attentional shifts might be linked to the preparations for making saccadic eye movements. We studied the superior colli-culus in monkeys as they shifted their attention during different tasks, and found that each attentional shift is associated with eye-movement preparation.
Scintigraphy with positron-emitting compounds.--I. Carbon-11 labeled thymidine and thymidylate.

Abstract The in vivo distribution of 11 C in normal and VX2 carcinoma-tumored rabbits has been observed with a gamma camera after i.v. doses of [ 11 C]thymidine or [ 11 C]thymidylate. The heart was visible immediately after injection of 11 C; the image disappeared by 5 min, indicating a rapid redistribution from the blood stream. We observed a generalized distribution of 11 C label with some notably “hotter” spots: tumor, bone marrow, liver. The liver, spleen and bone marrow were also visualized by 99 Tcm sulfur colloid injected before the [ 11 C]TdR or [ 11 C]dTMP. Injection of [ 11 C]TdR diluted with 60 times more nonradioactive TdR, 97 μmoles in all, resulted in a rapid excretion of 11 C. With 4 mCi of 11 C at injection time scintiphotos could be obtained up to 120 min.
Who's Laughing now? The Postmodern Splatter Film

(1994). Who's Laughing now? The Postmodern Splatter Film. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 176-184.
Transfer pricing reconsidered

Abstract This paper revisits the transfer pricing scheme proposed by J. Ronen in 1974 ( Journal of Public Economics 3, 71–82) and the controversy it gave rise to (T. Groves and M. Loeb, Journal of Public Economics 5, 353–359). The latter suggested that through centralized decisions on commodity transfers, problems they point out in Ronen's decentralized scheme could be alleviated. I establish here that under the Ronen scheme, decentralized divisions within a firm or firms which exchange externalities within an economy will indeed communicate truthful information unless the divisions or the firms were to coordinate their messages. If coordination were to be ruled out, truth-telling would almost always prevail. Further, with a slight feasible modification of the scheme, efficient production and truth-telling become a unique equilibrium. This is accomplished without having to centralize decisions within the center.
Effects of stimulus alternations on extinguishing a discrimination

Rats were trained in a light ON vs light OFF discrimination in operant chambers with food reinforcement. Following acquisition, extinction under conditions of no alternations between S+ and S− and under conditions of numerous alternations between S+ and S− were examined. In Experiment I, extinction in S+ or S− alone produced less responding to S+ and more responding to S− than extinction with regular alternations between S+ and S−. In Experiment II, 9, 39, or 79 alternations in extinction between S+ and S− produced no differences in responding. These results indicate that during extinction of a discrimination there is (a) sharpening of differential performance, (b) a difference between multiple- and single-stimulus procedures, and (c) little effect of different numbers of alternations.
Expert testimony: Charles E. Perkins, senior principal engineer, Futurewei

Welcome to the Expert Testimony series, where we interview the leading researchers in mobile computing and wireless networking to get their perspectives on their work, and their thoughts on the evolution of the field.In this issue, we have an interview with Charles E. (Charlie) Perkins conducted by Shravan Rayanchu. Charles E. Perkins is a senior principal engineer at Futurewei, investigating mobile wireless networking and dynamic configuration protocols, in particular LTE and various IEEE and IETF efforts. He is serving as document editor for the 802.21 group of the IEEE, and is author or co-author of IETF standards-track documents in the dmm, mip4, mext, manet, dhc, and autoconf working groups. He is an editor for several journals in areas related to wireless networking. He has continued strong involvement with performance issues related to Internet access for billions of portable wireless devices as well as actitivies for ad hoc networking and scalability.Charles has authored and edited books on Mobile IP and Ad Hoc Networking, and has published a number of papers and award winning articles in the areas of mobile networking, ad-hoc networking, route optimization for mobile networking, resource discovery, and automatic configuration for mobile computers. Charles was also one of the creators of MobiHoc, the premier conference series that has provided the forum for many of the most important publications in the field of ad hoc networking; he remains on the steering committee for that conference. He has served as general chair and Program Committee chair for MobiHoc, MASS 2006, ICWUS 2010, and other conferences and workshops. Charles has served on the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) of the IETF and, at last count, has authored or co-authored at least 25 RFCs. He has made numerous inventions and been awarded dozens of patents; he was recently nominated for Inventor of the Year by the European Patent Office. He has served on various committees for the National Research Council, as well as numerous technical assessment boards for Army Research Lab and the Swiss MICS program. He has also served as associate editor for Mobile Communications and Computing Review, the official publication of ACM SIGMOBILE, and has served on the editorial staff for IEEE Internet Computing magazine.
Early Intervention for Developmental Functioning: A Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research

Fourteen studies were reviewed that had employed single-subject methodology to investigate the results of interventions to improve developmental functioning in handicapped preschoolers. Interventions included treatments intended to develop physical responsiveness, as well as treatments to increase feeding behavior and to decrease rumination or compulsive vomiting. Overall, these interventions were highly effective. The most consistent positive results were obtained from interventions on rumination, regardless of whether positive reinforcement or punishment had been employed. As with previous reviews of single-subject literature, generalization and maintenance were insufficiently studied. The conclusions of this investigation are reported within the context of three previous synthesis efforts that taken together constitute all known single-subject research in early intervention with handicapped children.
Oxyhalogen-Sulfur Chemistry: Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Amidinothiourea by Acidified Iodate1

The oxidation of guanylthiourea, GTU, by mildly acidic iodate and molecular iodine has been studied. Its reaction with iodate shows an oligooscillatory formation and consumption of iodine in batch ...
Solar Neutrinos and Variations in the Solar Luminosity

Recent study of solar models suggests that the solar luminosity could vary on a time scale shorter than the age of the earth. Two possible processes that could cause luminosity variation, the diffusion of heavy elements into the center of the Sun and a pulsational instability caused by the distribution of $sup 3$He, are discussed. None of the explanations for the lack of detectable neutrinos are satisfactory. 33 references. (BJG)
Decentralized state estimation in interconnected systems

Conditions guaranteeing stability of the optimal surely locally unbiased decentralized filter are derived and it is shown that the filter preserves the stabilizability of the system. It is also noted that the performance of the filter is bounded between that of the centralized filter and the decentralized filter obtained by regarding the interactions as known signals.
Deconstructing B cell tolerance to basement membranes

Basement membrane antigens are frequent targets of autoantibody attack in systemic and organ-restricted autoimmunity. These specialized and highly organized matrices are composed of multiple components with restricted tissue distributions and limited epitope exposure. To dissect mechanisms controlling humoral autoimmunity to nephritogenic basement membrane antigens, we developed autoantibody transgenic models. In mice bearing the LamH Ig transgene encoding B cell receptors specific for laminin, autoreactive B cells are readily generated but actively regulated in vivo. In this model, anti–laminin B cells are immunologically censored by mechanisms that include central deletion, κ light-chain editing, and anergy. Tolerance is maintained when the transgene is established in MRL and BXSB genetic backgrounds with inherited autoimmune susceptibility, and despite provocation with potent environmental stimulants. Collectively, these studies indicate that the pathogenic anti-laminin reactivity characteristic of systemic lupus is tightly regulated. A novel anti-collagen transgenic model is used to assess the tolerogenesis of a structurally distinct pathogenic basement membrane epitope and to determine if reactivity to putative cryptic epitopes targeted in organ-restricted disease is regulated. These studies should provide insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling basement membrane autoreactivity and ultimately facilitate the development of novel strategies to inactivate autoreactive cells and treat autoimmune disease.
The interrelation between void fraction fluctuations and flow patterns in two-phase flow

A fast response, linearized X-ray void measurement system has been used to obtain statistical measurements in normally fluctuating air-water flow in a rectangular channel. It is demonstrated that the probability density function (PDF) of the fluctuations in void fraction may be used as an objective and quantitative flow pattern discriminator for the three dominant patterns of bubbly, slug, and annular flow. This concept is applied to data over the range of 0.0 to 37 m/sec mixture velocities to show that slug flow is simply a transitional, periodic time combination of bubbly and annular flows. Film thicknesses calculated from the PDF data are similar in magnitude in both slug and annular flows. Calculation of slug length and residence time ratios along with bubble lengths in slug flow are also readily obtainable from the statistical measurements. Spectral density measurements showed bubbly flow to be stochastic while slug and annular flows showed periodicities correlatable in terms of the liquid volume flux.
Magnesium attenuates the neutrophil respiratory burst in adult asthmatic patients.

INTRODUCTION IV magnesium (Mg2+) has been proposed as an emergent treatment for acute asthma exacerbations. Recent studies have focused on the effects of Mg2+ on bronchial smooth muscle, yet asthma is primarily an inflammatory disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of Mg2+ on the neutrophil respiratory burst of adult patients with asthma. METHODS A prospective, blind study of volunteer adult asthmatic patients was performed. The patients' polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were isolated, purified, and placed into phosphate-buffered saline with the following test conditions: concentrations of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) added: 0 mmol MgCl2, 1 mmol MgCl2 (low), and 10 mmol MgCl2 (high) both with and without the calcium (Ca2+) ionophore A23187 (0.1 mmol). PMNs were activated using N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) (10 mumol), and the production of superoxide (O2-) was measured by the spectrophotometric reduction of cytochrome c. RESULTS Mg2+ reduced activated PMN O2- production compared with that for no Mg2+ (1.0 +/- 0.1 nmol O2-/5 x 10(5) PMN/min) in both low (-0.52* +/- 0.3 nmol O2-/5 x 10(5) PMN/min) and high (-0.76* +/- 0.3 nmol O2-/5 x 10(5) PMN/min; *p < 0.05) concentrations. The addition of A23187 increased O2- production in both the high (0.53* +/- 0.02 nmol O2-/5 x 10(5) PMN/min) and the low (1.5* +/- 0.6 nmol O2-/5 x 10(5) x 10(5) PMN/min) Mg2+ groups, with no change in the control group (1.2 +/- 0.2 nmol O2-/10(5) PMN/min). CONCLUSIONS In clinically relevant concentrations, Mg2+ attenuates the neutrophil respiratory burst in adult asthmatic patients. Mg2+ appears to affect PMNs by interfering with extracellular Ca2+ influx. Mg2+ may have a beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in asthmatic individuals.
Retrocaval lymphadenopathy mimicking tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava

The preoperative assessment of many renal and adrenal tumors includes evaluation for tumor extension into the inferior vena cava. Computed tomography (CT) can allow the noninvasive diagnosis of tumor thrombus but specific pitfalls related to incomplete mixing of opacified and unopacified blood limit its utility. We report another pitfall, that of retrocaval lymphadenopathy mimicking tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava.
Thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in the assessment of coronary artery disease.

Abstract Of all currently available techniques, thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the most time-tested noninvasive method for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent pooled data show an overall sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 70% for thallium-201 SPECT. Of patients with single-vessel coronary disease, 83% are identified by SPECT. Nearly all patients with double- and triple-vessel coronary disease (93% and 95%, respectively) are also identified. Thallium-201 SPECT imaging is also very effective in diagnosing CAD using pharmacologic stress testing. In certain patient populations (e.g., in sedentary patients or those using anti-ischemic medications), pharmacologic stress testing with dipyridamole or adenosine may be a logical alternative to exercise testing. Moreover, many patients have physical disabilities that preclude appropriate exercise testing. Intravenous adenosine is a very potent direct coronary vasodilator, with the advantage of an ultrashort half-life, which eliminates the need to administer an antagonist in the majority of patients. In addition, the dosage of adenosine can be adjusted during the infusion, if necessary. The importance of thallium-201 SPECT during exercise or pharmacologic vasodilation transcends diagnosis, since it also plays an important role in the prognostic evaluation of patients with stable angina or postmyocardial infarction. Risk evaluation can be done with submaximal exercise electrocardiographic testing, but there is evidence that the addition of perfusion scintigraphy enhances the ability to predict future risk. In patients unable to exercise or to receive dipyridamole or adenosine stress, dobutamine has recently emerged as yet another alternative. Although the reported experience is small with dobutamine thallium perfusion imaging, the test appears safe, well-tolerated, and has good sensitivity and specificity for CAD detection.
When Criminal Coping is Likely: An Extension of General Strain Theory

General strain theory predicts that several variables influence or condition the effect of strains on crime. The research on such conditioning effects, however, has produced mixed results at best. The larger stress and coping literature suggests why this is the case: a given conditioning variable has a small to modest effect on the choice of coping strategy, since there are hundreds of strategies from which to choose and the choice of strategy is influenced by several factors. Drawing on this insight and several literatures, it is argued that certain factors must converge before criminal coping is likely: individuals must (a) possess a set of characteristics that together create a strong propensity for criminal coping, (b) experience crimiogenic strains, which are perceived as unjust and high in magnitude; and (c) be in circumstances conducive to criminal coping. Qualitative studies provide support for this argument, and guidelines for quantitative testing are provided.
Coarser connected topologies

Abstract We investigate which spaces have coarser connected topologies. If in a collectionwise normal space X, the density equals the extent, which is attained and at least c , then X has a coarser connected collectionwise normal topology. In the previous sentence, the separation property collectionwise normal can be replaced by other separation properties—for example, Hausdorff, Urysohn, regular, metrizable. A zero-dimensional metrizable space X of density at least c has a coarser connected metrizable topology. A non-H-closed Hausdorff space with a σ-locally finite base has a coarser connected Hausdorff topology. We give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for an ordinal to have a coarser connected Urysohn topology. In particular, every indecomposible ordinal of countable cofinality has a coarser connected topology. We present a nowhere locally compact Hausdorff space X with no coarser connected Hausdorff topology, yet X is dense in a connected Hausdorff space Y.
Retraining the modern civil engineer

The article begins by addressing the questions, “Why Modern Engineering Requires Social Science?” and “What is Planning?”. After these conceptual discussions the article reviews twelve practical tools which social science brings to the engineer. Having laid this practical and conceptual foundation, the article then describes a tested approach to training engineers in these tools.
Natural-convection boundary-layer flow over a heated plate with arbitrary inclination

The natural-convection boundary-layer flow over a semi-infinite heated plate of arbitrary inclination is studied by first identifying a set of combined boundary-layer variables and then casting the governing equations into a universal form. The generalized problem yields the existing similarity solutions for the limiting cases of horizontal and vertical plates, and describes the gradual transition of the flow pattern between these two limits at distances from the leading edge which depend on the inclination angle. Near the leading edge the buoyancy force acting normal to the plate causes an ‘impulsive’ driving force to the fluid motion along the plate, while the ‘regular’ driving force exerted by the tangential buoyancy force becomes dominating downstream. Both the exact and the locally-similar solutions are obtained and are found to agree well with each other.
Increased parenteral amino acid infusion has only a transient effect on whole body rate of proteolysis and de novo glutamine synthesis in lbw infants: 190

Early administration of parenteral nutrition to LBW infants has been advocated in order to (a) meet the nutrient needs and (b) achieve intrauterine growth velocity. We have examined the impact of high parenteral amino acids on whole body protein/nitrogen turnover in low birth weight infants (<1500g, <32 weeks gestation) at <48 h and at 3–5 d after birth.
Whole farm analysis of automatic section control for agricultural machinery

Automatic section control was analyzed in a whole farm decision-making framework when implemented on an agricultural sprayer and/or planter. In addition, various field types and navigational scenarios were examined to determine their impact on profitability. It was determined that automatic section control increased net returns under all scenarios; up to $36/ha. This investigation highlighted the importance of considering field size in addition to field shape as well as initial navigational scenarios when determining the profitability of automatic section control.
Gender differences in TNF- α levels among obese vs nonobese Latino children

Objective: To examine the relationships between TNF-α, obesity, and insulin resistance among prepubescent children. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting and subjects: Data were collected from 112 nondiabetic Latino schoolchildren from public schools in three South Florida communities. Of the enrolled participants, 43.8% were obese (BMI 95th percentile) and 51.8% presented with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). With one exception, all demonstrated normal glucose tolerance. Interventions: Plasma TNF-α levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbance assay (ELISA). Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated as an index of insulin resistance. Mean levels of TNF-α among obese vs nonobese children were compared with a one-way analysis of variance with two groups, and the association between TNF-α and HOMA-IR was assessed with a Pearson's correlation. Results: Higher circulating TNF-α levels were revealed among nonobese vs obese children. Nonobese girls demonstrated higher TNF-α levels than obese girls, whereas there were no significant differences for boys. There were no significant differences after stratifying for family history of T2DM. There was a modest relationship between increased TNF-α levels and decreased insulin resistance. Conclusions: The observed elevated circulating TNF-α concentrations among leaner participants may reflect an inflammatory process that has been associated with higher levels of physical fitness in both adults and prepubescent children. This effect may remain stronger for prepubescent girls, and the mechanism may be attenuated by the hormonal changes that occur with the onset of puberty. Sponsorship: This research was supported, in part, by a clinical research grant from the American Diabetes Association, as well as NIMH NRSA # 5T32 MH18917-09.
Two Crinivirus-specific proteins of Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), P26 and P9, are self-interacting.

Abstract Interactions of Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV)-encoded proteins were tested by yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. LIYV-encoded P34, Hsp70h, P59, CP, CPm, and P26 were tested in all possible pairwise combinations. Interaction was detected only for the P26–P26 combination. P26 self-interaction domains were mapped using a series of N- and C-terminal truncations. Orthologous P26 proteins from the criniviruses Beet pseudoyellows virus (BPYV), Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), and Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) were also tested, and each exhibited strong self-interaction but no interaction with orthologous proteins. Two small putative proteins encoded by LIYV RNA2, P5 and P9, were also tested for interactions with the six aforementioned LIYV proteins and each other. No interactions were detected for P5, but P9–P9 self-interaction was detected. P26- and P9-encoding genes are present in all described members of the genus Crinivirus , but are not present in other members of the family Closteroviridae . LIYV P26 has previously been demonstrated to induce a unique LIYV cytopathology, plasmalemma deposits (PLDs), but no role is yet known for P9.
Analysis of signaling pathways using functional proteomics.

: Advances in analytical methods for protein analysis by mass spectrometry provide new tools for global analysis of the expressed protein profile of cells (referred to as proteomics). Currently, available methodology samples only part of the proteome. This is sufficient for analysis of signal transduction, because signaling pathways contain enzymes, which modify high-abundance proteins other than those of the pathway. Thus, modulation of the signaling through a pathway will produce a “footprint” in the proteome that is characteristic of a specific cell phenotype. Comparison of different samples to identify these differences in posttranslational modification or protein expression is referred to as functional proteomics. This review surveys the methods in widest use in functional proteomics, as well as a few promising new ones. Although proteomic analyses were first conducted 26 years ago, a renewed interest is fueled by several recent advances. Most important are the availability of public genome and protein databases and the development of high-sensitivity, easy-to-use mass spectrometers and database search engines capable of exploiting these databases. Other important advances include improved two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), computer programs for analysis of the 2D-PAGE gel images, protocols for proteolytic digestion of proteins in excised gel pieces, and low-flow chromatography methods. Despite the limitations of these methods, they can distinguish subtle changes in the phenotype of cells, providing the basis for future studies in regulation of the phenotype.
Functional relevance of D,L-sulforaphane-mediated induction of vimentin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human prostate cancer cells.

Purpose d,l-Sulforaphane (SFN) is a promising chemopreventive agent with in vivo efficacy against prostate cancer in experimental rodents. This study was undertaken to determine the role of vimentin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in anticancer effects of SFN.
The Electrical Conductivity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A series of experiments on chloroform and chlorobenzene of unusual purity have shown that the d-c conductance of liquid semi-insulators depends in a complicated way upon the impurities present (including air) and upon the material of the cell electrodes. Effects at the electrodes are split into ohmic, concentration, and activation polarizations, and these three parts are separated experimentally. The final conductances obtained with four different electrode metals were: chlorobenzene, 1.1 × 10-11 ohm-1-cm-1 (centimeter); chloroform, 1.0×10-11 ohm-1-cm-1. These low values were achieved in an evacuated circulating still with no pre-electrolysis; even lower conductances are possible.
Molecular constitution of the methyl polyborates and polyboron oxychlorides in the liquid phase

Abstract Various proportions of a highly-reactive boron oxide made by vacuum dehydration of boric acid at 200° were dissolved in either trimethylborate or boron trichloride to give the two systems: B(OCH 3 ) 3 −B 2 O 3 and BCl 3 −B 2 O 3 . 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) was used to study the first system and 11 B n.m.r. the second; and the resulting data were interpreted in terms of equilibria between trimethyl borate and end, middle, and branch structure-building units making up polyborate molecules. In the case of the methyl polyborate equilibria (the system: B(OCH 3 ) 3 −B 2 O 3 ), there were hardly any end groups and the middle groups predominated, being present to a much larger amount than expected for random sorting of methoxyl groups and bridging oxygens about the boron atoms. From the improved resolution of the n.m.r. resonance peaks as the temperature was lowered, it was estimated that the half life for exchange of methoxyl groups is ca. 0·04 sec at room temperature and that the exchange process has an activation energy of ca. 4·4 kcal/mole. Since the 11 B n.m.r. peaks overlapped considerably and could not be appreciably sharpened by reduction of temperature or addition of solvent, determination of the equilibria between structure-building units could not be carried out with precision in the system BCl 3 −B 2 O 3 . However, it appeared that the end groups were again present in lesser amounts than would be expected from random sorting of the chlorine and bridging oxygen atoms.
Power consumption in a mixer

L'etude porte sur deux types d'agitateur a turbine a pales plate ou inclinee. On suit la consommation d'energie dans le moteur et dans la boite de vitesse en fonction de la vitesse de rotation et du nombre de Reynolds
Wordsworth's Perplexed Punctuation in ‘Michael’ and ‘Resolution and Independence’

‘All punctuation’, observes Christopher Ricks, ‘is at once a uniting and a separating. Like mortar, it holds bricks together and holds them apart.’ As the non-verbal marks and spaces constituting punctuation separate words on a page, they also help us conceive of how those words are joined together by bestowing additional order upon them. On some occasions, our sense that punctuation unites may be much stronger than our awareness that it divides, while on others the opposite may be true. In reading modernist poetry of the twentieth century, critics are accustomed to seeing punctuation idiosyncratically and unconventionally deployed by poets in order to establish or register often particularly strong continuities and discontinuities, with obvious bearing on a work’s central concerns and preoccupations; critics of such works readily accept punctuation as a means of poetic expression. In nineteenth-century poetry, where punctuation is usually deployed within conventions, it is easier to neglect the significance of the continuities and discontinuities it establishes on the page, and the possibility of viewing punctuation as a distinct means of poetic expression is often overlooked by critics. Granted, there have been critics who have closely scrutinised the punctuation of nineteenth-century poets. First and foremost, there is Christopher Ricks. There is also John Lennard, whose vigorous study of punctuation in English poetry includes sections on Coleridge, Byron, Browning and Hopkins, though his study focuses only on parentheses, or ‘lunulae’. But few critics have followed the lead of Ricks and Lennard, and most who have done so have attended to Tennyson and his Victorian contemporaries, and have remarked on punctuation only in passing. By and large, punctuation in major nineteenth-century poets remains a matter for textual scholars and editors, rather than literary critics. Yet thanks to the recent work done by textual scholars and editors, literary critics at the start of the twenty-first century are in a position to understand how punctuation might have been a non-verbal tool of poetic expression for even those nineteenth-century poets who did operate within convention. The recent completion of the Cornell Wordsworth has provided critics with an unusually well-situated vantage point for appreciating the significance of Wordsworth’s punctuation. With its abundance of textual evidence and exhaustive and meticulously presented editorial work, the Cornell edition allows critics to attend carefully to
The efferent cochlear bundle in the caiman and pigeon

Abstract An efferent component to the reptilian and avian cochlear nerve is demonstrated by experimental anatomical methods and its central and peripheral course described. The efferent cochlear bundle decussates in the medulla oblongata dorsal to the medial longitudinal fasciculi at a level corresponding to the facial genua. This decussation was cut, in the caiman and pigeon, with a small knife fitted to a stereotaxic instrument. Following appropriate postoperative survival periods, serial sections of the brain stems and statoacustic nerves were stained for axonal and myelin degeneration by the Nauta-Gygax, Protargol silver, and Sudan black B methods. Cochlear efferent fibers of either side cross the raphe, pass laterad to traverse the motor root of the facial nerve and become dispersed among vestibular root fibers. Peripherally they traverse the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia and join the cochlear nerve via the vestibulocochlear anastomosis. The parent bundle extends throughout the length of the cochlear ganglion and distributes fibers which are traceable as far as the organ of Corti. Some efferent fibers continue beyond the cochlear ganglion to terminate in the macula lagenae. The cells of origin and the ultimate termination of these efferent fibers remain to be determined. The similarity of the central and peripheral topographic relationships of the efferent cochlear bundle in reptiles, birds, and mammals suggest that this bundle is homologous among those vertebrates which possess a cochlea. This structural constancy adds support to the contention that the efferent innervation of the cochlea may play an important role in audition and implies that the efferent cochlear bundle is a basic part of the neural apparatus involved in the hearing process.
Neonatal Stress Reactivity: Predictions to Later Emotional Temperament

To investigate the relations among popular measures of neonatal stress and their link to subsequent temperament, 50 full-term newborns from a normal care nursery were examined responding to a heelstick blood draw. Baseline and heelstick measures of behavioral state, heart period, vagal tone, and salivary cortisol were obtained. Recovery measures of behavioral and cardiac activity were also analyzed. Mothers completed Rothbart's Infant Behavior Questionnaire when their infants reached 6 months of age. Baseline vagal tone predicted cortisol in response to the heelstick, suggesting that baseline vagal tone reflects the infants' ability to react to stressors. Greater reactivity to the heelstick (more crying, shorter heart periods, lower vagal tone, and higher cortisol) was associated with lower scores on "Distress-to-Limitations" temperament at 6 months. This finding was consistent with the expectation that the capacity to react strongly to an aversive stimulus would reflect better neurobehavioral organization in the newborn. Recovery measures of cardiac activity approximated and were correlated with baseline measures indicating the strong self-righting properties of the healthy newborn. Finally, vagal tone and salivary cortisol measures were not significantly related, suggesting the importance of assessing both systems in studies of the ontogeny of stress-temperament relations.
Effects of catalytic hydrogenation on coal liquids which exhibit microbial mutagenic activity

An interdisciplinary strategy is outlined for characterizing the disposition of bioactive (toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic) materials in coal‐derived hydrocarbon liquids during upgrading processing. Engineering input is required to select representative PDU and pilot‐scale samples and appropriate processing schemes and conditions for upgrading experiments to ensure reliable extrapolation of results to demonstration and commercial scale. Biology expertise is required to perform and interpret short‐term in vitro cellular assays and whole‐animal toxicity and carcinogenesis testing on raw and upgraded samples. Chemical separation and identification of active classes and components in the samples aid in interpreting bioactivity results and in quantifying effects of various upgrading processes and conditions. The end result will be a data base for reliably assessing and addressing potential occupational and environmental safety and health concerns associated with upgraded coal‐derived liquids...
Factor structure analysis of the SCL-90-R in a community-based sample of African American women

Abstract The empirical literature pertaining to anxiety and related disorders in African Americans continues to be sparse, raising significant doubt upon the valid assessment of anxiety and related disorders in African American samples. The identification of culturally valid instruments that accurately identify the symptomatology associated with anxiety and related constructs as well as differentiating individuals who meet criteria for anxiety and related disorders would undoubtedly enhance our understanding of anxiety and related constructs in diverse populations while assisting researchers in identifying ingredients for culturally sensitive therapies (CSTs). The current study represents a major stride in this area through examination of the factor structure of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) in a community-based sample of African American women. Ninety-one African American women completed the SCL-90-R as part of a larger investigation of anxiety and related disorders in African American parent–child dyads. Results suggest that psychological distress, as measured by the SCL-90-R, adequately fits the current data. Implications and suggestions for future work in this area are discussed.
Kinetic Characterization and Allosteric Inhibition of the Yersinia pestis 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase (MEP Synthase)

The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway found in many bacteria governs the synthesis of isoprenoids, which are crucial lipid precursors for vital cell components such as ubiquinone. Because mammals synthesize isoprenoids via an alternate pathway, the bacterial MEP pathway is an attractive target for novel antibiotic development, necessitated by emerging antibiotic resistance as well as biodefense concerns. The first committed step in the MEP pathway is the reduction and isomerization of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), catalyzed by MEP synthase. To facilitate drug development, we cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized MEP synthase from Yersinia pestis. Enzyme assays indicate apparent kinetic constants of KMDXP = 252 µM and KMNADPH = 13 µM, IC50 values for fosmidomycin and FR900098 of 710 nM and 231 nM respectively, and Ki values for fosmidomycin and FR900098 of 251 nM and 101 nM respectively. To ascertain if the Y. pestis MEP synthase was amenable to a high-throughput screening campaign, the Z-factor was determined (0.9) then the purified enzyme was screened against a pilot scale library containing rationally designed fosmidomycin analogs and natural product extracts. Several hit molecules were obtained, most notably a natural product allosteric affector of MEP synthase and a rationally designed bisubstrate derivative of FR900098 (able to associate with both the NADPH and DXP binding sites in MEP synthase). It is particularly noteworthy that allosteric regulation of MEP synthase has not been described previously. Thus, our discovery implicates an alternative site (and new chemical space) for rational drug development.
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase amino acid sequence required for 3'----5' exonuclease activity.

Abstract We have identified an amino-proximal sequence motif, Phe-Asp-Ile-Glu-Thr, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase II that is almost identical to a sequence comprising part of the 3'----5' exonuclease active site of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Similar motifs were identified by amino acid sequence alignment in related, aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerases possessing 3'----5' proofreading exonuclease activity. Substitution of Ala for the Asp and Glu residues in the motif reduced the exonuclease activity of partially purified DNA polymerase II at least 100-fold while preserving the polymerase activity. Yeast strains expressing the exonuclease-deficient DNA polymerase II had on average about a 22-fold increase in spontaneous mutation rate, consistent with a presumed proofreading role in vivo. In multiple amino acid sequence alignments of this and two other conserved motifs described previously, five residues of the 3'----5' exonuclease active site of E. coli DNA polymerase I appeared to be invariant in aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerases known to possess 3'----5' proofreading exonuclease activity. None of these residues, however, appeared to be identifiable in the catalytic subunits of human, yeast, or Drosophila alpha DNA polymerases.
Nonlinear analysis of voltage dynamics in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell due to two-phase channel flow

Abstract More efficient water management techniques are required to decrease the cost of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems while maintaining robust performance. In this study, we use nonlinear statistical analysis of experimental data to characterize PEFC dynamics under conditions where water accumulation in the cathode air-delivery microchannels causes decreases in performance accompanied by chaotic fluctuations. Using experimental PEFC voltage signals, we estimate chaotic invariants indicative of the degrees of freedom of the dynamics (the correlation dimension) and the instability of the dynamics (the Kolmogorov entropy). We find that these invariants decrease with increasing gas flow commensurate with greater fuel cell current and air stoichiometric ratio, and that they are indicative of the channel two-phase flow regime. We correlate the Lyapunov exponents of the one-dimensional voltage return map and the Hurst exponents of the voltage time series with the chaotic invariants for use in future PEFC water management and control strategies. In addition, we examine the relationships between the invariants estimated from the voltage signal and the two-phase friction multiplier calculated from measured cathode pressure drop in order to distinguish the distinct dynamics of two-phase channel flow.
Rationale for beta-adrenergic blocking drugs in cardiomyopathy

Abstract Activation of the sympathetic nervous system has traditionally been regarded as an important compensatory mechanism that helps to maintain myocardial contractility in severe heart failure. Recent findings suggest that increased catecholamine levels are linked to decreased β-adrenergic receptor density and myocardial damage. Thus, rather than aiding the failing heart, increased myocardial exposure to catecholamines may actually contribute to further deterioration in myocardial function. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs may ameliorate these harmful effects and paradoxically result in improved ventricular performance.
Small-scale extracts for the study of nucleotide excision repair and non-homologous end joining.

The repair of DNA by nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is essential for maintenance of genomic integrity and cell viability. Examination of NHEJ and NER in vitro using cell-free extracts has led to a deeper understanding of the biochemical mechanisms that underlie these processes. Current methods for production of whole-cell extracts (WCEs) to investigate NER and NHEJ start with one or more liters of culture containing 1–5 × 109 cells. Here, we describe a small-scale method for production of WCE that can be used to study NER. We also describe a rapid, small-scale method for the preparation of WCE that can be used in the study of NHEJ. These methods require less time, 20- to 1000-fold fewer cells than large-scale extracts, facilitate examination of numerous samples and are ideal for such applications as the study of host–virus interactions and analysis of mutant cell lines.
Partitioning a distribution

Suppose it is desired to partition a distribution into k groups (classes) using squared error or absolute error as the mea¬sure of information retained. An algorithm to obtain the optimal boundaries (or class probabilities) is giTen. For the case of squared error optimal class probabilities were obtained for k = 2 to 15 for beta (for various values of the parameters), chi-square (12 d.f.) exponential, normals and uniform distributions. Results obtained are compared and analysed in light of existing papers, Special attention is given to the case k =5, corresponding to the assignment of the letter grades A, B, C, D9 P in courses, and to the case k = 9 corresponding to stanines.
Cerebral blood flow determinations using fluorescent microspheres: variations on the sedimentation method validated

We validate a modification of the sedimentation method for measuring fluorescent microspheres (FM) that improves the determination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Our FM method for rCBF determination is compared to the radioactive microspheres (RM) method for rCBF measurement by simultaneous injection of one radioactive and two fluorescent labeled doses, at two separate time points, into the left ventricle of a pig. The pig was killed, the brain and spinal cord removed, and divided into 92 pieces averaging 0.83 g. Our modifications to FM analysis by sedimentation includes: 2 instead of 1 week of autolysis, pellet washing with 1% Triton X-100 instead of 0.25% Tween 80, phosphate buffer addition during rinse, fluorescent dye extraction using 2-ethoxyethylacetate instead of 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate and polypropylene instead of glass tubes. Comparing rCBF using Sc46 RM, to yellow-green and orange FM, yielded mean differences of 0.026 and 0.021 ml/min per piece, respectively. Sn113 RM compared to blue-green and scarlet FM gave mean differences of −0.010 and 0.137 ml/min per piece, respectively. All RM–FM differences, except those for scarlet FM, are within acceptable limits. This assay provides a reliable method for determining rCBF.
Incremental analysis of real programming languages

A major research goal for compilers and environments is the automatic derivation of tools from formal specifications. However, the formal model of the language is often inadequate; in particular, LR(k) grammars are unable to describe the natural syntax of many languages, such as C++ and Fortran, which are inherently non-deterministic. Designers of batch compilers work around such limitations by combining generated components with ad hoc techniques (for instance, performing partial type and scope analysis in tandem with parsing). Unfortunately, the complexity of incremental systems precludes the use of batch solutions. The inability to generate incremental tools for important languages inhibits the widespread use of language-rich interactive environments.We address this problem by extending the language model itself, introducing a program representation based on parse dags that is suitable for both batch and incremental analysis. Ambiguities unresolved by one stage are retained in this representation until further stages can complete the analysis, even if the reaolution depends on further actions by the user. Representing ambiguity explicitly increases the number and variety of languages that can be analyzed incrementally using existing methods.To create this representation, we have developed an efficient incremental parser for general context-free grammars. Our algorithm combines Tomita's generalized LR parser with reuse of entire subtrees via state-matching. Disambiguation can occur statically, during or after parsing, or during semantic analysis (using existing incremental techniques); program errors that preclude disambiguation retsin multiple interpretations indefinitely. Our representation and analyses gain efficiency by exploiting the local nature of ambiguities: for the SPEC95 C programs, the explicit representation of ambiguity requires only 0.5% additional space and less than 1% additional time during reconstruction.
Comparative kinetics of collagen biosynthesis in various bones

Abstract The data indicate that the highest rate of collagen synthesis in rats occurs in the proximal end of the tibia, followed by mandibles, tibial shaft and the calvaria, in decreasing order.
StarD4-mediated translocation of 7-hydroperoxycholesterol to isolated mitochondria: deleterious effects and implications for steroidogenesis under oxidative stress conditions.

StAR family proteins, including StarD4, play a key role in steroidogenesis by transporting cholesterol (Ch) into mitochondria for conversion to pregnenolone. Using a model system consisting of peroxidized cholesterol (7α-OOH)-containing liposomes as donors, we showed that human recombinant StarD4 accelerates 7α-OOH transfer to isolated liver mitochondria, and to a greater extent than Ch transfer. StarD4 had no effect on transfer of non-oxidized or peroxidized phosphatidylcholine, consistent with sterol ring specificity. StarD4-accelerated 7α-OOH transfer to mitochondria resulted in greater susceptibility to free radical lipid peroxidation and loss of membrane potential than in a non-StarD4 control. The novel implication of these findings is that in oxidative stress states, inappropriate StAR-mediated trafficking of peroxidized Ch in steroidogenic tissues could result in damage and dysfunction selectively targeted to mitochondria.