cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial identification by mass cataloging

The public availability of over 180,000 bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences has facilitated microbial identification and classification using hybridization and other molecular approaches. In their usual format, such assays are based on the presence of unique subsequences in the target RNA and require a prior knowledge of what organisms are likely to be in a sample. They are thus limited in generality when analyzing an unknown sample. Herein, we demonstrate the utility of catalogs of masses to characterize the bacterial 16S rRNA(s) in any sample. Sample nucleic acids are digested with a nuclease of known specificity and the products characterized using mass spectrometry. The resulting catalogs of masses can subsequently be compared to the masses known to occur in previously-sequenced 16S rRNAs allowing organism identification. Alternatively, if the organism is not in the existing database, it will still be possible to determine its genetic affinity relative to the known organisms. Ribonuclease T1 and ribonuclease A digestion patterns were calculated for 1,921 complete 16S rRNAs. Oligoribonucleotides generated by RNase T1 of length 9 and longer produce sufficient diversity of masses to be informative. In addition, individual fragments or combinations thereof can be used to recognize the presence of specific organisms in a complex sample. In this regard, 140 strains out of 1,921 organisms (7.3%) could be identified by the presence of a unique RNase T1-generated oligoribonucleotide mass. Combinations of just two and three oligoribonucleotide masses allowed 54% and 72% of the specific strains to be identified, respectively. An initial algorithm for recovering likely organisms present in complex samples is also described. The use of catalogs of compositions (masses) of characteristic oligoribonucleotides for microbial identification appears extremely promising. RNase T1 is more useful than ribonuclease A in generating characteristic masses, though RNase A produces oligomers which are more readily distinguished due to the large mass difference between A and G. Identification of multiple species in mixtures is also feasible. Practical applicability of the method depends on high performance mass spectrometric determination, and/or use of methods that increase the one dalton (Da) mass difference between uracil and cytosine.
The NASA quiet engine

Application of noise reduction technology to design of propulsion system for subsonic civil transport aircraft
FPGA Based Implementation of Power Optimization of 32 Bit RISC Core Using DLX Architecture

The aim of the work is to design and reduce the power consumption of low power 32 bits RISC core processor. The design is based on 5-stage pipelined DLX architecture. This paper proposes the design for the low power RISC processor. The DLX architecture with pipelined control in a RISC core consists of Fetch, Decode, Execute, Pipeline Control and Memory. The reduction in the power is achieved using HDL modification technique. Leakage power i.e Quiescent power which is also a static power in the processor cannot be reduced. Algorithm modification in the execute block of the RISC core will reduce the power consumed by the processor. 13.33% is the total power reduction between a normal processor and the low power version of the processor.
Direct esterification of the protein amino acids gas-liquid chromatography of N-TFA n-butyl esters

Gas-liquid chromatography studies of direct esterification of protein amino acids to n-butyl esters
Rank deficiency of impedance matrix blocks for layered media

The development of fast and robust layered-medium integral-equation solvers continues to lag behind that of their free-space counterparts. For example, in the last decade, accelerated direct solution algorithms (P. G. Martinsson and V. Rokhlin, J. Comput. Phys., 205, 1–25, 2005) have flourished almost exclusively for free-space integral equations. Such algorithms generally involve the computation of a low-rank matrix representation of sub-matrices (blocks) of the method-of-moments impedance matrix Z. Typically, an (often accelerated) algebraic rank-revealing procedure is used to analyze the blocks of Z, which represent interactions between different source and observer subdomains of the structure of interest, and to compute their low-rank representations. This representation of Z via low-rank blocks enables the rapid computation of its compressed inverse form, which can in turn be rapidly applied to multiple right-hand-side vectors that correspond to different excitations. The expected ranks of the blocks must be taken into account when designing these algorithms, specifically when selecting (i) a favorable strategy for partitioning Z into blocks (structure into subdomains) and (ii) an efficient rank revealing procedure (Y. Brick and A. Boag, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 58, 2405–2417, 2011). A block's rank is dictated by the form of the integral kernel, the size of the corresponding source and observer subdomains, and, for some solution techniques, the distance between them. For structures residing in homogenous backgrounds, due to the form of the free-space Green's function, the rank can be estimated well given the sizes and separation of the source and observer subdomains. For structures residing in planar layered media, however, the rank is more difficult to estimate because it can also depend on the thickness and material properties of the layers and the subdomains' positions relative to the interfaces; i.e., typical interaction and loss mechanisms in layered media, such as reflection, refraction, surface waves, and guided modes, can affect the rank. Such effects can become particularly pronounced for media with significant contrast in the layers' permittivity and/or conductivity and should be properly accounted for in the design of an accelerated direct solver.
Carolyn Ellis and Art Bochner: Building Connections in Qualitative Research

Carolyn ELLIS und Art BOCHNER berichten uber ihre Ausbildung, ihre Interessen und ihr Engagement innerhalb der qualitativen Forschung als Ausdruck ihrer Bemuhung, zu Verstehen in personlichen Beziehungen und durch personliche Beziehungen beizutragen. Ihr Wunsch ist es, an der Etablierung einer Gemeinschaft narrativer und autoethnographischer Wissenschaftler(innen) mitzuwirken, die sie eher als Erganzung – denn als Ersatz – fur Wissen und Wissensformen verstehen, die aus traditionelleren qualitativen und quantitativen Forschungsansatzen erwachsen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0403284
Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease

Resistin, originally described as an adipocyte-specific hormone, has been suggested to be an important link between obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. Although its expression was initially defined in adipocytes, significant levels of resistin expression in humans are mainly found in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen and bone marrow cells. Increasing evidence indicates that resistin plays important regulatory roles apart from its role in insulin resistance and diabetes in a variety of biological processes: atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune disease, malignancy, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney disease. As CVD accounts for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes and without diabetes, it is important to understand the role that adipokines such as resistin play in the cardiovascular system. Evidence suggests that resistin is involved in pathological processes leading to CVD including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, angiogenesis and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. The modes of action and signalling pathways whereby resistin interacts with its target cells are beginning to be understood. In this review, the current knowledge about the functions and pathophysiological implications of resistin in CVD development is summarized; clinical translations, therapeutic considerations and future directions in the field of resistin research are discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3
The Energy of the γ -Rays from the Disintegration of Fluorine by Protons and Deuterons

The maximum energy of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays from the disintegration of a thick target of fluorine by protons has been determined at 0.90 Mev and 1.7 Mev. The energy of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays was found to be the same at both bombarding voltages. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays from the disintegration of fluorine by deuterons have been studied with 1.3-Mev deuterons. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays were found to be complex and to have a maximum energy of 6.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 Mev. This indicates that the highly excited states of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ at 9.0 and 10.1 Mev, which were found in the reaction ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}(d,n){\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$, break up into ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ instead of emitting $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays.
The Sensitivity of Numerical Forecasts to Convective Parameterization: A Case Study of the 17 February 2004 East Coast Cyclone

Abstract The sensitivity of numerical model forecasts of coastal cyclogenesis and frontogenesis to the choice of model cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme is examined for the 17 February 2004 southeastern U.S. winter weather event. This event featured a complex synoptic and mesoscale environment, as the presence of cold-air damming, a developing coastal surface cyclone, and an upper-level trough combined to present a daunting winter weather forecast scenario. The operational forecast challenge was further complicated by erratic numerical model predictions. The most poignant area of disagreement between model runs was the treatment of a coastal cyclone and an associated coastal front, features that would affect the location and timing of precipitation and influence the precipitation type. At the time of the event, it was hypothesized that the Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ) CP scheme was dictating the location and intensity of the initial coastal cyclone center in operational Eta Model forecasts. For this reaso...
Assessing the interaction of irradiation with etoposide or idarubicin.

Objective To compare the interactions of two topoisomerase II inhibitors, etoposide and idarubicin, with irradiation. Design Two mathematical modeling systems were used to assess the interactions. Methods and Results Hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79) were exposed to etoposide or idarubicin for 24 hours before or immediately after irradiation. Postradiation treatment with etoposide or idarubicin resulted in radiosensitization, as demonstrated by a decrease in the mean inactivation dose. Exposure to either drug before irradiation resulted in no radiosensitization. The first mathematical modeling system used was isobologram analysis. This analysis revealed a synergistic interaction if etoposide exposure followed irradiation. The interaction from the combination of irradiation and preradiation etoposide was within the envelope of additivity. Irradiation and postradiation idarubicin exposure also resulted in an interaction within the envelope of additivity, whereas preradiation idarubicin exposure resulted in a slightly less than additive interaction. Next, analyses were performed by the median effect principle. Synergistic interactions were demonstrated for combinations of etoposide and irradiation as well as idarubicin and irradiation. Synergistic interactions were more likely when drug exposure (either idarubicin or etoposide) followed irradiation. Experiments at various ratios of radiation dose to drug concentration showed that the likelihood of a synergistic interaction increased as the drug concentration increased relative to the radiation dose. Conclusion The interaction of irradiation with topoisomerase II-reactive agents should be further explored in human tumor cell lines.
Field Theoretic Approach for the Energetics of Stalk Formation

A numerical procedure was developed to calculate the minimum energy pathway for stalk formation between two flat and parallel lipid bilayer membranes. Bilayers were modeled as axially symmetric, freely deformable surfaces with lipid director fields. Energies were obtained by calculating the elastic energy--splay, tilt, and stretching--of each monolayer, along with undulation and hydration forces that repel membranes from each other. The topological transition between the planar and stalk phase was explicitly treated by allowing the bilayer to form a circular fissure along the axis of symmetry; the energy of fissure was approximated by the water-hydrocarbon surface and the area of exposed acyl chains. Generally, stalk formation is not spontaneous; it requires that external energy, such as provided by fusion proteins, be supplied to the bilayers. To quantify the energy required to surmount the transition barrier that separates a stalk and the original separate membranes, least energy paths were calculated by the string method. The string method finds a morphological transition between two energy basins_in this case the planar and stalk phases_that minimizes the height of the energy barrier. Sequences of images of bilayer shapes calculated by the string method show that opposing bilayers deform into cusped shapes that then form hydrophobic fissures in each membrane, which then promotes merger into a stalk shape. The energetics of stalk formation and morphologies of stalks were analyzed as a function of lipid composition and bilayer dimensions. The shapes of stalks were compared with shapes of stalks that form between stacks of planar bilayers, as obtained by x-ray diffraction: the theoretically calculated shapes are in agreement with those measured experimentally. Supported by NIH R01 GM101539.
A Censored Data Histogram

ABSTRACT A histogram is an important tool for exploratory data analysis. No matter what the ultimate analysis of a given set of data, it is always important to plot the data. However, when data are censored, this becomes problematic. This article presents a method for constructing a histogram for censored data using the Kaplan–Meier survivor function. The method is intended to be a practical, easy-to-use data analytic tool that provides a censored data histogram for the user. Program code for constructing such a censored data histogram is provided on the author's website. 1 www.stat.unm.edu/ aparna/cdh.html
The Laboratory Preparation of Normal Avian Embryos

Abstract SMALL numbers of living avian embryos at various stages of development are required in a wide variety of laboratory and teaching operations. For purposes of correlating results obtained at different laboratories and developing meaningful generalizations concerning developmental processes as a whole, as well as providing a clearcut basis for assessing causes of anomalous development, the methods used in preparing such material should be standardized. For the avian embryo, standardization may include the source of eggs, their subsequent treatment before incubation as well as incubation methods and equipment. Variability in developmental rate and the need for a standardized chick embryo series has been recognized by a number of embryologists including especially Hamburger and Hamilton (1951), whose series of stages in normal chick embryo development are used by the majority of workers today. Normal stages such as these provide a convenient means of describing the degree of development in any particular organ,…
Self-pumped phase conjugation, higher order diffraction and image correlation using barium titanate

Using barium titanate as the photorefractive material, we show self-pumped phase conjugation, beam coupling, higher non-Bragg order generation yielding forward phase conjugate, and image correlation using higher order diffraction. It is shown that 2 K gratings are primarily responsible for higher order diffraction.
SOCIAL-EVALUATIVE ANXIETY AND DEFENSIVE STYLE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Millimet's 1970 hypothesis that high anxiety and avoidant defensiveness are inversely related bipolar variables reflecting a unitary dimension of personality. Related hypotheses were deduced in accordance with the available research evidence both consistent with and contrary to Millimet's theory. Subjects were 99 college students (52 men and 47 women). In support of Millimet, small negative relationships were found between social anxiety scales and the defense scales Principalization and Reversal and a small positive relationship was found between social anxiety scales and the defense scale Turning Against Self. However, contrary to expectations, a positive correlation obtained between social anxiety scales and the defense scale Projection for women.
Suicidality in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

This article describes what is known about the epidemiology of suicidal ideation and behavior in pediatric bipolar disorder. Risk factors associated with suicidality in this population are reviewed in detail. Clinical recommendations for assessment, management and treatment are provided based on the literature to date.
Evaluation of previously patch-tested patients referred to a contact dermatitis clinic

Abstract Background : One of the frustrations for clinicians who use patch testing is the patient in whom screening patch tests does not yield a relevant result that improves patient outcome. Is it allergic contact dermatitis? Was an allergen missed? Is the screening allergen relevant after all? Objective : The purpose of this study was to look at the subset of patients referred to a contact clinic who had previously undergone patch testing to seek answers to these questions for this population. Method : The charts of all 119 physician-referred patients seen in the contact clinic from February through August 1995 were reviewed. Information was gathered about the sites of dermatitis, previous patch testing results, current patch testing results (using the North American Contact Dermatitis Group series and supplemental allergens when indicated), and final diagnosis. Results>: Forty-three patients had previously undergone patch testing. Nineteen had been tested with the True Test and 24 with the screening series presumed to be Hermal. The sites of skin involvement were similar to the untested group (approximately 1 3 , hands , 1 3 , face/exposed sites, and , 1 3 , other ). Eighteen pretested patients (42%) had been reported to have one or more positive patch tests, with the most frequently reported allergens, including neomycin (4), quaternium 15 (3), Balsam of Peru (3), fragrance (2), and formaldehyde (2). On repeat testing, 77% of the previous positives were again positive, and many were thought to be relevant. Nine of the 18 had additional allergens deemed relevant. Twenty-five pretested patients had been negative on initial patch testing. Eighteen of the 25 (72%) had positive allergens on repeat testing, and most were thought to be relevant. There were 17 reactions to screening allergens and 16 reactions to additional allergens or products. Variations noted with initial negative testing included use of systemic corticosteroids, patient self-removal of tests, and single 48-hour readings. Overall, 27 of 43 pretested patients (63%) were found to have relevant additional allergens with contact clinic evaluation. Screening allergens were underrecognized as being relevant by clinicians in practice. Conclusions : Patients suspected of having an allergic component to their dermatitis should be patch tested with the screening series of allergens. Interpretation of the relevance of the allergens and appropriate avoidance is a challenge. If screening allergen patch testing is negative or believed to be not relevant in a patient with persistent dermatitis, there may be a high yield on further patch test evaluation.
Student Perceived Value of Anatomy Pedagogy, Part II: Clinical Practice and Assessment

We describe student beliefs of how anatomy education influenced their preparation for standardized clinical assessments and clinical skills. We conducted three annual surveys of students of the David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM) at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and students of the University of California, Riverside (UCR)/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences from 2010 to 2012. Students were asked, “What specific knowledge or skills did you learn from your gross anatomy experience that helped you prepare for USMLE board exams, third-year clerkships, and physical examination skills?” All students who responded to the survey viewed anatomy as a highly valued part of the medical curriculum. Almost all students felt that anatomy knowledge in general was useful for their success with United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) exams, how they perceived their physical exam skills, and how they perceived their preparation for third- or fourth-year clerkships. On the other hand, when asked about how the anatomy curriculum helped prepare students for fourth-year clerkships, there was a downward trend over a three-year period with each subsequent class. Although anatomy is a highly valued part of the medical school experience, students value integration of the anatomical and clinical sciences, as evidenced by a perceived diminishing value of anatomy pedagogy taught outside of clinical context with subsequent classes over the course of three years.
INFLUENCE OF SUCROSE, GLUCOSE AND LACTOSE ON LOSS OF WATER FROM SOLUTIONS

SUMMARY— Moisture losses from solution of 40, 50, and 60% lactose, sucrose, glucose, and combinations of these sugars were determined at 80°F and 27 in. vacuum. Differences in rate of water loss of 20–50% were observed depending on type of sugar and concentration. Rate of water loss from solution was in ascending order of sucrose, lactose, glucose, and pure water. In mixtures, the rate increased with increased proportion of lactose or glucose, and decreased with increased proportion of sucrose. In all cases, after lactose crystallization occurred, the water loss first increased and then decreased.
Circulating tumor cell assays for the prognosis of prostate and colon cancers.

Background: Diagnostic testing for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is making the transition from the research setting to clinical practice. Measurement of CTCs may assist clinicians in making important clinical decisions, such as adjuvant therapies, timing of chemotherapy and abandoning ineffective therapies. If sensitivity of the tests could increase, CTCs might be useful for screening and early disease. Objectives: To review clinical studies measuring CTCs in prostate and colorectal cancers, and to outline emerging CTC measurement techniques. Method: A Medline review of selected 2007 – 2008 articles focusing on CTC measurement in prostate and colorectal cancers. Results/conclusions: The CellSearch CTC test has been studied in several clinical settings and has shown useful sensitivity for advanced disease, and may become a surrogate marker for survival in advanced disease. At present, it is the only regulatory body-approved system for clinical CTC measurement in metastatic cancer. Reve...
GPU-Accelerated Rendering of Unbounded Nonlinear Iterated Function System Fixed Points

Nonlinear functions, including nonlinear iterated function systems, have interesting fixed points. We present a non-Lipschitz theoretical approach to nonlinear function system fixed points which generalizes to noncontractive functions, compare several methods for evaluating such fixed points on modern graphics hardware, and present a nonlinear generalization of Barnsley’s Deterministic Iteration Algorithm. Unlike the many existing randomized rendering algorithms, this deterministic method avoids noncoherent branching and memory access and takes advantage of programmable texture mapping hardware. Together with the performance potential of modern graphics hardware, this allows us to animate high-quality and high-definition fixed points in real time.
An Investigation of High Speed Grinding with Electroplated Diamond Wheels

Abstract We describe collaborative work between NIST and the University of Massachussetts to evaluate the effect of high wheel speeds for grinding of silicon nitride with electroplated diamond wheels. Straight surface grinding experiments were conducted at wheel speeds of 85 m/s and 149 m/s using the same removal rate. Measurements are reported for the grinding forces, radial wheel wear, and surface roughness throughout the useful wheel life, and for the flexure strength after grinding. Although the forces tended to be somewhat lower at the higher wheel speed, the grinding performance was not necessarily better when compared in terms of wheel wear, surface roughness, and strength degradation. Preliminary measurements of acoustic emission illustrate possibilities for process monitoring.
Monovalent ion stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from oat roots.

Monovalent ion stimulated ATPase activity from oat (Avena sativa) roots has been found to be associated with various membrane fractions (cell wall, mitochondrial and microsomal) of oat roots. The ATPase requires Mg(2+) (or Mn(+2)) but is further stimulated by K(+) and other monovalent ions. The monovalent ions are ineffective in the absence of the divalent activating cation. The ATPase has been described with respect to monovalent ion specificity, temperature, pH, substrate specificity, and Mg(2+) and K(+) concentrations. It was further shown that oligomycin inhibits a part of the total ATPase activity and on the basis of the oligomycin sensitivity it appears that at least 2 membrane associated ATPases are being measured. The mitochondrial fraction is most sensitive to oligomycin and the microsomal fraction is least sensitive to oligomycin. The oligomycin insensitive ATPase appears to be stimulated more by K(+) than the oligomycin sensitive ATPase.It was further shown that per gram fresh weight of roots, approximately 0.7 to 0.8 mumoles of K(+) were absorbed per mumole of K(+) stimulated ATP hydrolysis. This result was obtained for a variety of K(+) concentrations and was taken to mean that sufficient membrane associated ATPase exists to account for K(+) transport in the oat roots.
The New Urbanism: An Assessment of the Core Commercial Areas, with Perspectives from (Retail) Location and Land-Use Theories, and the Conventional Wisdom:

Transit-oriented development (TOD) and (neo)traditional neighborhood development (TND) are variants of the recently emerging models of ‘new urbanism’. The compact pattern of the new urbanist models...
Observations on the (Ca2+−Mg2+)-ATPAse activator found in various mammalian erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. A soluble activator of membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase is present in hemolysates of the newborn calf and cow, the newborn and adult pig as well as human erythrocytes. 2. 2. The activator is also found in reticulocytes of the adult pig. 3. 3. The activator obtained from any of the above species is capable of stimulating the membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPases of the other species, regardless of the age of the animals. 4. 4. The results obtained from density fractionation of human erythrocytes revealed that the soluble factor has little stimulatory effect on membranes of young erythrocytes from which it is derived but caused a marked stimulation on (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the intermediate aged and old erythrocyte membranes. 5. 5. The above observations support the following conclusion: (a) the extremely low levels of (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase in cow erythrocytes is not due to the lack of a (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase activator: (b) the distribution of (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase activator is not species specific and the differences in the level of membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase activity in various species of cells is an inherent property of that particular membrane; (c) the (Ca2+−Mg2+)-ATPase activator is present at least from the time of reticulocyte formation and remain during the life span of the erythrocyte.
Ammonia removal by selective ion exchange, a backup system for microbiological filters in closed-system aquaculture

Abstract Nitrification by biological filters in closed-system aquaculture is the primary method for removing ammonia from the culture water. This paper examines experimentally the process of selective ion exchange as an alternative to biological oxidation of ammonia. We propose that an inexpensive ion exchange column would be useful as a backup system to the microbiological filters, or as an alternate system used while treating diseased animals in culture so as not to harm the nitrifying bacteria of the main biological filters.
Dimensional stability during post-processing of selective laser sintered ceramic preforms

Silicon infiltrated silicon carbide parts have been manufactured using selective laser sintering (SLS). The processing route has been defined, including post-processing steps: formation of a green part from silicon carbide powder using a phenolic binder, infiltration with a transient epoxy binder, dissociation of the binders thermally to create a brown part, heating the brown part to the infiltration temperature and infiltrating with molten silicon. Following a review of infiltration in freeform fabrication with emphasis on SLS, a dimensional analysis study was performed. Cubes 25.4 mm on each side were selective laser sintered and measured after each processing step. The largest dilatation (volume strain), 7.3%, was associated with creation of the green part relative to the computer solid model. The smallest dilatation, −6%, was associated with binder dissociation shrinkage. These volume strains nominally offset, resulting in creation of non-metallic parts with small dimensional errors relative to the co...
Hydrographs and Estimates of Scour Depth Excess for Pier Scour Prediction: Use for Ungauged Streams with Scour Rate in Cohesive Soils Method

A practical procedure for using the Scour Rate in Cohesive Soils (SRICOS) method to predict bridge pier scour depth in ungauged streams is presented. The procedure is illustrated by the Interstate 90 westbound bridge over Split Rock Creek in South Dakota. Instead of generating a continuous hydrograph for the design service life of a bridge, the simplified approach considered a series of maximum annual floods. The parameters of peak flow distribution were calculated with estimates of peak flow magnitude obtained from regional regression equations. Flood duration was estimated with a rainfall atlas and a Soil Conservation Service runoff curve number based on a design storm. A set of equally probable future hydrographs was generated and used with the SRICOS method to compute the final scour depth. The predicted final scour depth followed the normal distribution. The risk values associated with different design scour depths were calculated with the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution. The s...
Turning by asymmetric actin.

Axon guidance requires local protein synthesis at the growth cone. Two new studies show that guidance cues induce asymmetric targeting and translation of β-actin (Actb) mRNA. Such asymmetry may be the mechanism that underlies growth cone turning.
PAUL'S ARGUMENTS AS EVIDENCE OF THE CHRISTIANITY FROM WHICH HE DIVERGED

While the topic of this paper is familiar, I believe that one source of information has been generally neglected: the arguments that Paul does not use. Since Bishop Stendahl has done so much to illuminate Paul's words, it seems appropriate to dedicate to him this brief sketch of things to be learned from Paul's silence. First Corinthians is the epistle with which to start; it tells us most about the community to which Paul was writing, and shows him in closest dialogue with its members. Paul claims to have founded the community ("I planted, Apollos watered," 3:6; there is a suggestion that Kephas came third, 1:12), but we cannot assume that when Corinthian practices differed from Paul's wishes the differences were merely distortions of Paul's teachings. His converts may not have been forgetting his lessons, but learning from others'. Later missionaries may have brought earlier practices. Kephas certainly could have-Paul claims to have made his first friendly contact with the Jerusalem church by going to see him (Gal 1:18). Again, if Acts 18:25 truly reports that Apollos at first "taught accurately the things about Jesus, understanding only the baptism of John," he would seem to have come from a circle of Jesus' followers that antedated or, at least, preserved a tradition independent of that of the Jerusalem group. Against the supposition that the Corinthians' misbehavior resulted only from misunderstandings of Paul, there is also the fact that Paul has no hesitation about pointing out a misunderstanding when he thinks one has occurred (as in 5:9-10). Thus when he does not allege misunderstanding we should not suppose it, though it cannot always be ruled out. On other matters, however, Paul is far more reticent. For instance, when making attacks he does not usually name names. Thus his attack on worldly wisdom and especially on rhetoric, in 1:17-2:16, is generally
Aggression and productiveness in emotionally disturbed children in competitive and non-competitive recreation

Twelve emotionally disturbed children housed together in one dorm area of a residential treatment center were observed during recreation and discussions. Aggressive behavior was noted during competitive, semi-competitive and non-competitive recreation. The recreation was followed by discussions which were designed to help children express their feelings about the prior recreation. During the discussions the interactions of the children were observed and the frequencies of productive behaviors were recorded. More aggression was found during competitive recreation than during the other two types. There was also more productive behavior after non-competitive recreation than after semi-competitive recreation. These findings suggest that non-competitive recreation may enhance cooperative behavior in emotionally disturbed children. There was also a sex by type of aggression interaction with the girls expressing more verbal than physical aggression, and the boys showing no difference in the two types.
Determination of the Lithium Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Graphite

A complex impedance model for spherical particles was used to determine the lithium ion diffusion coefficient in graphite as a function of the state of charge (SOC) and temperature. The values obtained range from 1.12 {times} 10{sup {minus}10} to 6.51 {times} 10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup 2}/s at 25 C for 0 and 30% SOC, respectively, and for 0% SOC, the value at 55 C was 1.35 {times} 10{sup {minus}10} cm{sup 2}/s. The conventional potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) and Warburg impedance approaches were also evaluated, and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were exposed.
Radiating in a river: systematics, molecular genetics and morphological differentiation of viviparous freshwater gastropods endemic to the Kaek River, central Thailand (Cerithioidea, Pachychilidae)

Speciation in the context of adaptive radiation is regarded as a key process in the creation of biodiversity. While several lacustrine species flocks provide ideal models for elucidating the underlying evolutionary mechanisms, riverine radiations are both rarely known and studied. The Kaek River, a third-order tributary of the Nan River and Chao Praya drainage in central Thailand, harbours an exceptional endemic species assemblage of morphologically distinct, viviparous pachychilid gastropods. Our systematic revision, combining a morphological and molecular genetics approach, reveals the sympatric existence of at least seven species of the genus Brotia that is widespread in rivers of South-east Asia where usually only two species at the most coexist. At eight locations along a 100-kilometre stretch of the Kaek River, we found the syntopic occurrence of two to three species that are separated by specific habitat preferences and exhibit trophic specialization in their radula morphology. Phylogenetic analyses (using MP, NJ, ML and Bayesian inference statistics) of partial COI and 16S sequence data of 17 samples from six species occurring sympatrically and parapatrically, respectively, in the Kaek River drainage (plus the type species B. pagodula as outgroup) indicate monophyly of all these endemic species. Brotia solemiana, which also occurs in the Loei River, a tributary of the Mekong drainage system, was found to be sister to all other Kaek River pachychilids. The distinctive morphotypes, proposed here to represent biospecies, do not show high levels of genetic variation consistent with long periods of reproductive isolation. This suggests a relatively recent origin of this intrariverine radiation and rapid morphological divergence in the Kaek River Brotia. Recent diversification combined with ecological separation and trophic specialization parallels conditions found, albeit on a more specious level, in the lacustrine species flock of the closely related pachychilid genus Tylomelania, which is endemic to ancient lakes on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. We discuss and compare the allopatric and ecological aspects of speciation in this unique riverine radiation and outline a putative historical biogeography of the Kaek River species, employing the most recent geological and palaeohydrological data for Thailand. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 82, 275‐311.
Fabrication of charged nanopore channels using pulsed plasma deposition of methacrylic acid

Solid-state nanopore systems have emerged as novel platforms for DNA, RNA and protein analysis. In the state of the art, the nanopores are made using electron beam induced shrinking of larger pores, drilling in thin membranes or deposition of material on fabricated nanopores. These processes have slow deposition rates, provide poor control of surface composition of deposited layers and the membrane thickness defines whether a pore shrinks or expands. This paper reports a novel technique of pulsed plasma assisted polymer film deposition that offers a direct way to control shrinking of the nanopores and to impart defined surface properties to the nanopore walls.
Blending Assessment into Instruction: Practical Applications and Meaningful Results

Abstract Afraid of losing teaching time by conducting frequent assessments? Here's a way to teach and assess at the same time.
The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen

Abstract In traditional electrochemistry, the pressure in cavities in equilibrium with surfaces on which H 2 is being evolved is ( f H 2 ) int = exp (−2η F / RT ), (1) where η is the hydrogen overpotential, a negative quantity. The problem of the internal fugacity-f is examined in terms of electrochemical kinetics. It is shown here that (1) is not generally applicable. Depending upon the mechanism of hydrogen evolution, the situation may be less embrittling, ie ( f H 2 ) int set up by a given η is less than given by (1). Relations analogous to (1) (different for each mechanism) are tabulated. The values derived are fugacities and may be very high (10 6 atm). They are related to the pressure of H 2 (the relevant quantity for embrittlement), but p H 2 f H 2 .
Atresia of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys is detected within 24 hours of estradiol treatment.

Following treatment with estradiol-17β (E2) on day 6 of the menstrual cycle, degenerative alterations in the microenvironment of the dominant follicle (DF) (follicular fluid [FF], granulosa cells [GC], and oocyte) are readily apparent on day 10, or 96 h after E2 administration. The present study was designed to determine how early such changes could be detected and which indices of atresia were observed first. The DF was identified during laparoscopy on day 5 or 6 of the cycle, and four capsules containing crystalline E2 were inserted s.c. for 24 h. Contents of the DF were aspirated at 24, 48, and 72 h following initiation of E2 treatment. General size and appearance of the DF did not change distinctly with E2 treatment; however, by 48 h FF viscosity was increased markedly. GC viability was not altered with treatment. FF concentrations of estrogen (E) were dramatically reduced at 24 h. These differences were maintained at 48 h and at 72 h. E accumulation by cultured GC was significantly reduced by > eightfold. There appeared a similar trend for reduced progesterone (P) in FF and decreased P production by GC in vitro. These results demonstrate that degenerative alterations in the DF indicative of atresia can be detected as early as 24 h after initiation of E2 treatment; the index of atresia appearing earliest is a reduction in FF concentrations of E, and the first morphological changes in the DF can be observed 24 h later. This study indicates that biochemical alterations precede morphologic changes with E2-induced atresia, and should allow us to begin to determine the earliest events and putative initiation sites of atresia.
Metabolizable Energy and Absorbed Protein Requirements for Milk Component Production

Metabolic pathways of milk component synthesis were used to estimate metabolizable energy and absorbed protein requirements for lactation. Amounts of ATP and AA used for synthesis of each component from absorbed substrates were determined. Coefficients were adjusted to account for additional inefficiencies and to define requirements in terms of dietary supply based on NRC energy requirements and N balance data. Assuming that 10% of glucose required was derived from AA, metabolizable energy and absorbed protein requirements were 6.02 Mcal and .136 kg/kg of lactose, 13.43 Mcal and .127 kg/kg of fat, and 7.57 Mcal and 1.069 kg/kg of protein, respectively; an additional .144 Mcal/kg of milk was required for milk volume. For production of milk containing 4.8% lactose, 3.5% fat, and 3.3% protein, absorbed protein required for lactose and fat may account for 14.1 and 9.6%, respectively, of total absorbed protein required for milk production. Efficiency of protein utilization for milk protein synthesis may be as high as 90% when 10% of glucose requirements must be supplied by AA. Expressing nutrient requirements for lactation on a component basis enables calculation of requirements for milk production of any composition and does not rely on correlations between major milk components.
A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems

A major problem worldwide is the potential loss of fisheries, forests, and water resources. Understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resources is limited, because scientific disciplines use different concepts and languages to describe and explain complex social-ecological systems (SESs). Without a common framework to organize findings, isolated knowledge does not cumulate. Until recently, accepted theory has assumed that resource users will never self-organize to maintain their resources and that governments must impose solutions. Research in multiple disciplines, however, has found that some government policies accelerate resource destruction, whereas some resource users have invested their time and energy to achieve sustainability. A general framework is used to identify 10 subsystem variables that affect the likelihood of self-organization in efforts to achieve a sustainable SES.
Differential risk for neonatal surgical airway intervention in prenatally diagnosed neck masses

Abstract Purpose We aimed to identify risk factors for neonatal surgical airway intervention among fetuses with prenatally diagnosed cervical masses. Methods An 8-year retrospective review identified 23 consecutive patients with a prenatal diagnosis of a neck mass, managed at a single tertiary center. Variables analyzed included anticipated diagnosis, extent of the mass, need for any surgical airway intervention in the neonatal period, final histopathology data, and survival. Statistical analysis was based on the Fisher and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests (significance set at P ≤ .05) and exact 95% confidence intervals for risk differences. Results Eight patients underwent termination of pregnancy or were lost to follow-up. The imaging-based prenatal diagnosis was confirmed postnatally in 93% (14/15) of the remaining patients. Final diagnoses included lymphatic malformation (8), teratoma (6), and esophageal duplication (1). Teratomas were associated with a significantly higher risk for neonatal airway intervention than lymphatic malformations (67% vs 11%, P = .02). The majority of such procedures were performed under ex utero intrapartum treatment. Survival was 93% (14/15). Conclusions Cervical teratomas are significantly more likely to demand surgical airway intervention in the neonate, typically under ex utero intrapartum treatment, than cervical lymphatic malformations. These findings should be considered in the prenatal counseling for fetal cervical masses.
Two-Person Cooperative Games

In this paper, the autor extends his previous treatment of «The Bargaining Problem» to a wider class of situations in which threats can play a role/ A new approach is introduced involving the elaboration of the threat concept.
Action principle for spin-1/2 wave equations

An action principle is presented whose variation yields both Dirac's spin-1/2 equation and Staunton's positive-energy spin-1/2 equation. The Lagrangian used is a function not only of the matter, electromagnetic, and gravitational fields, but also of the structure constants of the internal group. Variation with respect to the matter field gives the dynamical equations of motion. Variation with respect to the electromagnetic and gravitational fields yields Maxwell's and Einstein's equations, respectively. These equations include source terms that are the electromagnetic current and the stress-energy tensors for the matter and electromagnetic fields. Variation with respect to the structure constants determines the internal group, thereby projecting out either Dirac's or Staunton's equation. The matter stress-energy tensor herein determined is used to construct the energy operator for the second-quantized free fields. The results obtained in the case of Dirac's equation are the standard ones. In the case of Staunton's equation, the matter stress-energy tensor and energy operator are found for the first time. (AIP)
Wear mechanism of tungsten carbide dies during wet drawing of steel tyre cords

Abstract Wet drawing of brass coated steel wires, used for tyre reinforcement, is realised with tungsten carbide (WC) dies sintered with a cobalt binder. Die wear represents an important limitation to the production process and cost savings. Mechanical models of drawing are not sufficient to explain the phenomenon experimentally observed. Experiments were carried out on an analytical drawing machine and coupled with SEM/EDX observations on cut half dies. Wear scars observed, correspond to brittle fractures and removal of grain clusters. Evidence of the existence of a metal transfer is given. It is composed of brass and iron whose presence is associated with die wear. Welding between iron and cobalt at high temperature modifies the binder, weakens the structure and leads to decohesion of grains and grain clusters. Two parameters play a major role on this mechanism. The iron transferred on the die surface and the thermal conditions, generated by both friction and plastic deformation, which accelerate wear. To prevent this decohesion wear, the lubricant must generate thick films to avoid asperity contacts, or extreme-pressure films to provide against iron/cobalt adhesion. Solutions like new die materials also represent an interesting option.