cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temperature and pressure dependence of the elastic constants of thallium bromide ag

Abstract The temperature and pressure dependences of the elastic characteristics of TlBr have been investigated experimentally. The temperature dependence measurements cover the range from 4.2°K to 700°K. The room temperature pressure dependence measurements cover the pressure range below 5 kb. Over these ranges, the adiabatic elastic moduli and the adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities have been calculated from ultrasonic velocity measurements made in single crystals by the pulse-echo technique. The Debye temperature is found to be 132°K. The thermal expansion of TlBr between 78°K and 673°K has also been measured.
A note on stress strain relations of the linear theory of shells

Es wird gezeigt, wie man gewisse bekannte Elastizitatsgleichungen der linearen Schalentheorie [2] umschreiben kann mit Hilfe von verallgemeinerten Dehnungskomponenten und verallgemeinerten Energiefunktionen, welche von dem erstgenannten Verfasser [3] eingefuhrt worden sind.
Mutations Caused by γ-radiation-induced Double-strand Breaks in a Shuttle Plasmid Replicated in Human Lymphoblasts

The mutagenicity of open-circular DNA (containing base damage and single-strand breaks) and linear DNA (containing base damage, single-strand breaks, and one double-strand break) produced in vitro by gamma-irradiation of shuttle vector pZ189, was analysed after the plasmid's repair and replication in the human lymphoblast line, GM606. By comparing the survival, mutation frequency, and types of mutations in descendants from the two DNA forms, the effects of the double-strand break were determined. The percentage of viable plasmids from linear DNA was two-fold lower than that from open-circular DNA, 7.8 versus 14.0 (compared with unirradiated, control DNA). The mutation frequency in progenies of the open-circular plasmid was 4.2 +/- 1.7 x 10(-3), compared with 7.8 +/- 0.1 x 10(-3) in progenies of the linear DNA, again, nearly a two-fold difference. Approximately 59% of the mutations from the linear DNA were deletions and 34% were base substitutions. In contrast, only 13% of mutations from open-circular DNA were deletions, but 87% were base substitutions. All recoverable deletions were small, ranging from 1 to 205 base pairs, and the majority contained direct repeats at the deletion junctions, indicating non-homologous recombinations. Thus, mutations found among descendants from the linear and open-circular DNAs were qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. The data suggests that producing one double-strand break in DNA by ionizing radiation causes a two-fold increase in both lethality and mutation frequency.
Spectratype analysis of the T cell receptor δ CDR3 region of bovine γδ T cells responding to leptospira

Gamma delta T cells comprise the majority of blood T cells in ruminants at birth and remain at high levels for several years with most expressing the WC1 co-receptor. A subpopulation of Bos taurus WC1+ cells expressing a restricted set of WC1 molecules respond immediately by proliferation and interferon-γ production to leptospira following vaccination, preceding the response by CD4 T cells. Our goal is to define the γδ T cell recognition elements involved. Previously, we showed that the responding cells employed a variety of TRDV genes indicating that the CDR1 and CDR2 of TCRδ could vary and may not be principally involved in antigen specificity. Murine and human γδ T cells bind T22 and self lipids through their CDR3δ. Like mice, cattle use up to five TRDD genes in a single CDR3δ adding flexibility to length and configuration for antigen binding. Here, we used spectratyping to evaluate the CDR3δ of leptopsira-responsive cells. Little or no compartmentalization of CDR3δ was found for antigen-responsive cells that incorporated TRDV1, TRDV2, or TRDV3 even though they comprise the majority of the leptospira-responding population. Compartmentalization occurred for TRDV4-containing transcripts and was maintained over time and among cattle. However, no common amino acid motif was apparent in those CDR3δ sequences, although a bias in D gene usage occurred. We hypothesize that the restricted set of WC1 co-receptors expressed by the responding cells may lend specificity to the response through their ability to bind bacteria facilitating interaction of various TCRs with bacterial components resulting in cross-linking and activation.
Pharmaceutical applications of thin‐layer and paper chromatography. Edited by Karel Macek. American Elsevier, 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, Ny 10017, 1972 Xvi + 742 pp. 16 × 24.5 cm. Price $78.50

Abstract Macek and twelve cocontributors approached the enormous literature of TLC and paper chromatography (cumulatively called “flat-bed” as the lines of demarcation have dimmed in recent years) with a single objective: to produce a volume uniquely useful to the pharmaceutical milieu. This objective is a reasonable one and long overdue. They have succeeded through diligent coverage of the chosen field and unyielding exclusion of related information from activities in agriculture, dyes, synthetic organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
Women's Occupational Dermatologic Issues

With almost 65 million women in the workforce, their representation in various occupational sectors is crucial, as is their health and safety. Female-dominated occupations in health care and cosmetology along with their potential cutaneous exposures are reviewed. Proper evaluation and management are necessary to minimize the disability that can result from these illnesses.
Degradation and by-product formation of diazinon in water during UV and UV/H2O2 treatment

Kinetics and degradation products resulting from the application of UV and UV/H(2)O(2) to the US EPA Contaminant Candidate List pesticide diazinon were studied. Batch experiments were conducted with both monochromatic (low pressure [LP] UV 253.7 nm) and polychromatic (medium pressure [MP] UV 200-300 nm) UV sources alone or in the presence of up to 50 mg l(-1) H(2)O(2), in a quasi-collimated beam apparatus. Degradation of diazinon by both UV and UV/H(2)O(2) exhibited pseudo first order reaction kinetics, and quantum yield of 8.6 x 10(-2) and 5.8 x 10(-2) mol E(-1) for LP and MP lamps respectively. Photolysis studies under MP UV lamp showed 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-ol (IMP) to be the main degradation product of diazinon at aqueous solution pH values of 4, 7 and 10. Trace levels up to 1.8 x 10(-3) microM of diazinon oxygen analogue diethyl 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphate (diazoxon) were detected only during the UV/H(2)O(2) reaction. Decay of both products was observed, as the UV/H(2)O(2) reaction prolonged, yet no mineralization was achieved over the UV fluence levels examined. Photolysis kinetics, quantum yield and UV/H(2)O(2) degradation of the reaction product IMP was determined using MP UV lamp at pH values of 4, 7 and 10.
Bypass conduit vessel wall biology substantially influences downstream myocardial contractile response to injury from ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Coronary vascular intraluminal release of endogenous endothelium-derived substances, such as prostacyclin, may affect downstream cardiac myocyte contractile function. With a "chronic" canine model of endothelialized and deendothelialized internal thoracic artery coronary grafts, we tested the hypothesis that higher basal release of endothelium-derived prostacyclin in internal thoracic artery bypass conduit effluent accelerates functional recovery of postischemic stunned myocardium in the intact circulation. Eleven dogs underwent left internal thoracic artery–left circumflex artery bypass, and the proximal circumflex artery was then ligated. Internal thoracic artery conduit endothelium was denuded by balloon catheter in five dogs before grafting and left intact in six dogs. After 7 days, awake dogs were studied to measure myocardial segment length in the circumflex region with ultrasonic dimension transducers, left ventricular pressure with micromanometers, and circumflex artery flow with an ultrasonic flow probe. Regional contractile function was quantified by the area beneath the linear preload recruitable stroke work relationship at baseline and at intervals after a 15-minute circumflex graft occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. Heart rate, left ventricular peak pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular peak first derivative of pressure (dP/dt), and circumflex flow were similar (all p not significant) in endothelialized and nonendothelialized dogs during ischemia and reperfusion. Ischemia reduced the preload recruitable stroke work relationship to 44% ± 35% of control values ( p p p not significant) initial degree of injury. During 3 hours of reperfusion, the preload recruitable stroke work relationship returned to 51% ± 17% of control values in endothelialized dogs but to only 35% ± 20% of control values in nonendothelialized dogs ( p
Multi-instance Metric Learning

Multi-instance learning, like other machine learning and data mining tasks, requires distance metrics. Although metric learning methods have been studied for many years, metric learners for multi-instance learning remain almost untouched. In this paper, we propose a framework called Multi-Instance MEtric Learning (MIMEL) to learn an appropriate distance under the multi-instance setting. The distance metric between two bags is defined using the Mahalanobis distance function. The problem is formulated by minimizing the KL divergence between two multivariate Gaussians under the constraints of maximizing the between-class bag distance and minimizing the within-class bag distance. To exploit the mechanism of how instances determine bag labels in multi-instance learning, we design a nonparametric density-estimation-based weighting scheme to assign higher âweightsâ to the instances that are more likely to be positive in positive bags. The weighting scheme itself has a small workload, which adds little extra computing costs to the proposed framework. Moreover, to further boost the classification accuracy, a kernel version of MIMEL is presented. We evaluate MIMEL, using not only several typical multi-instance tasks, but also two activity recognition datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that MIMEL achieves better classification accuracy than many state-of-the-art distance based algorithms or kernel methods for multi-instance learning.
Singing the Brain Disease Blues

Well over a decade ago, the National Institute on Drug Abuse began advancing the idea that addiction is a “brain disease.” Over the years, the concept has become orthodoxy—a dubious achievement tha...
The flow stress and dislocation structure of nickel deformed at very high pressure

Abstract The arrangement, density and average link-lengths of the dislocations in nickel specimens, severely deformed in shear under high normal pressures, were found to be largely independent of pressure, even while Riecker, Towle and Rooney had observed their flow stress to rise strongly with pressure. Moreover, the dislocations were not arranged into well-defined cell walls. Both of these findings strongly suggest that the frictional stress acting on the dislocations dominates the flow stress at high pressures and is responsible for its pressure dependence. A quantitative analysis of the measurements indicates a (near) proportionality between the frictional stress and pressure. When this effect is ascribed to the volume changes of the dislocation core in its motion over Peierls hills and valleys, the magnitude of the said volume changes is found to be near one-hundredth of an atomic volume per lattice plane, which appears to be a reasonable number when compared with a total volume expansion of about one atomic volume per dislocation and lattice plane.
Classes of Discrete Decreasing and Increasing Mean-Residual-Life Distributions

Discrete failure-time distributions can be appropriate to model lifetimes. This paper represents two well-known non-parametric families of discrete distributions: decreasing and increasing mean-residual-life. It provides two parametric families of discrete distributions which are suitable for fitting decreasing and increasing mean-residual-life models to discrete life-test data.
Musical learning and language development.

: How do infant learners acquire structure, given complex environ-ments? In this chapter, we consider the role played by statistical learning—tracking patterns in the environment—in the acquisition of language and music. The results from a series of experiments suggest that similar learning mechanisms may operate in both domains, but that these mechanisms are also influenced by domain-specific perceptual biases and input structure.
Weldability Studies of High-Cr , Ni-Base filler metals for power generation applications

The solidification behaviour and weld solidification cracking susceptibility of high-Cr, Ni-base filler metals that are widely used, or proposed for use, in the nuclear power industry have been investigated. Two heats of ERNiCrFe-13 (filler metal 52MSS), one heat of ERNiCrFe-7A (filler metal 52M), and one heat of a modified ERNiCr-3 (filler metal 82 with higher Cr content, designated here as filler metal 52i) have been tested using both the Transvarestraint test and the Cast Pin Tear test (CPTT). The solidification behaviour in these alloys has been studied by a newly developed procedure that accurately replicates the solidification process in fusion welds of Ni-base alloys and is based on the patented technique for Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis (SS DTA™). Results of the solidification studies showed that filler metal 52i has the widest solidification range, followed by the two heats of filler metal 52MSS, and filler metal 52M. The filler metal 52i also has the widest eutectic temperature range. The interdendritic eutectic constituent formed in weld metal of this filler metal and filler metal 52MSS is enriched in Nb and results from the eutectic reaction of γ + L → γ + NbC at the end of solidification. Both the CPTT and the Transvarestraint test provided the same ranking of solidification cracking susceptibility among these filler metals. Both heats of 52MSS and the heat of 52i were found to be more susceptible to solidification cracking than filler metal 52M. The slightly higher resistance to solidification cracking of filler metal 52i relative to the 52MSS filler metals is attributed to crack “healing” during the final stages of solidification. This is the result of the higher fraction of eutectic liquid of filler metal 52i, as confirmed by metallographic studies. The results of this study confirm the higher solidification cracking susceptibility of high-Cr, Ni-base filler metals that contain higher Nb levels to counteract ductility-dip cracking, relative to filler metals that are Nb-free. This study has also shown that the CPTT can be used as an alternative, and reliable, tool for ranking the solidification cracking susceptibility of high-Cr, Ni-base filler metals proposed for use in nuclear power plants and other applications.
Register allocation for design of data format converters

The authors use life time analysis and propose systematic register allocation techniques to reuse the registers; register reuse leads to data format converter architectures with fewer registers. A simple forward-circulate allocation scheme is proposed to motivate the use of register allocation, and a more efficient forward-backward register allocation scheme is proposed. Examples of data converters presented include matrix transposer, serial-to-parallel, and parallel-to-serial converters. General m-to-n bit-parallel and bit-serial converters are also studied. It is shown that register allocation techniques can lead to up to 50% savings in hardware area, as compared with converter architectures designed in a straightforward manner. >
Dermatoscopy: An overview of subsurface morphology

Within the past two decades, an exponential number of publications have emerged on the topic of dermatoscopy, most, if not all, reporting the benefits of using a dermatoscope. Dermatoscopy has been promoted to be useful in diagnosing not only pigmented skin lesions but also a wide range of skin conditions that are infectious, hamartomatous, and inflammatory in nature. Whether or not dermatoscopy truly has a relevant diagnostic role in such a wide range of skin conditions remains to be proven. The diagnostic technique, however, has fundamentally changed the way pigmented lesions are evaluated by dermatologists, as it offers a more methodical and disciplined approach to evaluate them. This review highlights the contribution of dermatoscopy with respect to morphologic characterization and evaluation of pigmented skin lesions.
Magnetohydrodynamics in laser fusion: Fluid modeling of energy transport in laser targets

Fluid models for two-dimensional, electron energy transport are examined. It is shown that enhanced lateral transport due to particle drifts in self-generated magnetic fields occurs when certain transport terms are flux-limited by artificially enhancing collisions. With flux limiting, fluid models reproduce the essential features of numerical simulations of transport in CO2 laser target experiments.
Insertional inactivation of the mec gene in a transposon mutant of a methicillin-resistant clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus.

All clinical strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) examined so far contain the mec gene and its product, the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2A. Yet the same strains show tremendous variation in the phenotypic expression of antibiotic resistance (MIC), which is under the control of a set of additional, auxiliary genes. Thus, the quantitative contribution of the mec gene to the resistance phenotype of MRSA is not known, and no mutants with the lesion located within the mec gene have been described. We subjected a highly resistant MRSA strain to transposon mutagenesis with the erythromycin resistance transposon Tn551, and a mutant expressing greatly decreased methicillin resistance (RUSA4) was selected to characterize the transposon insertion site. The results indicate that the Tn551 insertion site in mutant RUSA4 is between base pairs 1000 and 1400 of the sequence encoding PBP 2A. Thus, the uniform and greater than 200-fold drop in the methicillin MIC (4 micrograms/ml) for this mutant relative to that for the parent strain (MIC greater than or equal to 800 micrograms/ml) must be related to the inactivation of the PBP 2A gene. The results provide the first unequivocal evidence for the importance of PBP 2A as a quantitative contributor to the MIC for MRSA. Images
The microtubule-associated protein EB1 maintains cell polarity through activation of protein kinase C

Abstract The plus-ends of microtubules target the cell cortex to modulate actin protrusion dynamics and polarity, but little is known of the molecular mechanism that couples the interaction. EB1 protein associates with the plus-ends of microtubules, placing EB1 in an ideal spatial position to mediate microtubule–actin cross talk. The objective of the current study was to further understand intracellular signaling involved in EB1-dependent cell polarity and motility. B16F10 mouse melanoma cells were depleted of EB1 protein using short hair-pin RNA interference. Correlative live cell-immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine localization of WAVE2 and IQGAP1 to protruding versus retracting edges. EB1 knock down caused poor subcellular separation of WAVE2 and IQGAP1, and overall decreased localization. Activation of PKC corrected defects in WAVE2 and IQGAP1 localization, cell spreading and cell shape to levels observed in control cells, but did not correct defects in cell migration. Consistent with these findings, decreased PKC phosphorylation was observed in EB1 knock down cells. These findings support a model where EB1 protein links microtubules to actin protrusion and cell polarity through signaling pathways involving PKC.
Historical and Current Factors Discriminating Sexually Functional from Sexually Dysfunctional Married Couples.

Clinical literature has noted numerous past and current psychosocial factors characteristicof sexually dysfunctional individuals. However, there is almost no empirical documentation of factorsdiscriminating sexually functional from dysfunctional couples. The present study compared the responses of 94 clinical couples accepted for sex therapy with 110 nonclinical couples, selected from the same community. The couples were in their mid-30s, married an average of 12 years, middle income, rather well educated, and over 75% had at least one child. Individuals completed a 517-question Personal History Questionnaire (PHQ), and sex and marital defensiveness scales. The PHQ wasclinically and empirically developed, resulting in 54 internally consistent scales. Major analyses tested the discriminating power of past and current PHQ scales. The best discriminators were sexual functioning scales, historical and affective scales for women, and current and fantasy scales for men. Several surprising results appeared, including the importance of first coitus and the lack of importance of marital satisfaction, communication and sexual history scales. Four conclusionswere discussed relevant to the separation of sex and relationship satisfaction, the separation of sexualfunctioning and sexual satisfaction, and the differential impact of sexual problems on men and women.
Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Multiple Flow Regimes in the Southern Hemisphere Winter

A new empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of winter 500 mb geopotential height anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere is presented. An earlier EOF analysis prefiltered the anomalies to exclude wavenumbers 5 and higher; the present analysis does not. The different preprocessing of data affects the results. All three distinct planetary flow regimes identified in the winter circulation of the Southern Hemisphere by a pattern correlation method are captured by the new set of EOFs; only two of those regimes were captured by the earlier set. The new results, therefore, lend further support to the idea that EOFs point to distinct planetary flow regimes.
Long-term results of intestinal transplantation for pseudo-obstruction in children

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine long-term results of intestinal transplantation in children with pseudo-obstruction, particularly when stomach and colon are not part of the allograft. Methods: The authors conducted a case-record review of all children who underwent transplantation at our center for a primary diagnosis of pseudo-obstruction. Supplementary information was obtained from outpatient charts, computerized database, and telephone survey of parents. Results: Six small bowel and 3 liver-small bowel transplants were carried out in 8 patients between 1993 and 1999. Median follow-up is 40 months (range, 13 to 73 months). Median age at transplantation was 2.7 years (range, 0.7 to 12.8 years). Median graft survival in this series is 15 months (range, 1 day to 71 months). Stomach and colon were excluded from all allografts. Two children died 5 and 368 days after transplant and 2 graft losses occurred in 1 patient. Two children had lymphoproliferative disease; both are alive with functioning grafts. Five survivors with functioning grafts receive full enteral feedings at home. Four of the 5 have had ileostomies closed, and 3 have normal bowel movements. Conclusions: Intestinal transplantation without stomach or colon provides children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction with a good quality of life. The underlying disease poses special challenges in management. J Pediatr Surg 36:174-177. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Biologically active carbazole alkaloids from Murraya koenigii

The bioassay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of the fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii resulted in the isolation of three bioactive carbazole alkaloids, mahanimbine (1), murrayanol (2), and mahanine (3), as confirmed from their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data. Compound 2 showed an IC(50) of 109 microg/mL against hPGHS-1 and an IC(50) of 218 microg/mL against hPGHS-2 in antiinflammatory assays, while compound 1 displayed antioxidant activity at 33.1 microg/mL. All three compounds were mosquitocidal and antimicrobial and exhibited topoisomerase I and II inhibition activities.
Multiphase CFD-based models for chemical looping combustion process: Fuel reactor modeling

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a flameless two-step fuel combustion that produces a pure CO2 stream, ready for compression and sequestration. The process is composed of two interconnected fluidized bed reactors. The air reactor which is a conventional circulating fluidized bed and the fuel reactor which is a bubbling fluidized bed. The basic principle is to avoid the direct contact of air and fuel during the combustion by introducing a highly-reactive metal particle, referred to as oxygen carrier, to transport oxygen from the air to the fuel. In the process, the products from combustion are kept separated from the rest of the flue gases namely nitrogen and excess oxygen. This process eliminates the energy intensive step to separate the CO2 from nitrogen-rich flue gas that reduce the thermal efficiency. Fundamental knowledge of multiphase reactive fluid dynamic behavior of the gas–solid flow is essential for the optimization and operation of a chemical looping combustor. Our recent thorough literature review shows that multiphase CFD-based models have not been adapted to chemical looping combustion processes in the open literature. In this study, we have developed the reaction kinetics model of the fuel reactor and implemented the kinetic model into a multiphase hydrodynamic model, MFIX, developed earlier at the National Energy Technology Laboratory. Simulated fuel reactor flows revealed high weight fraction of unburned methane fuel in the flue gas along with CO2 and H2O. This behavior implies high fuel loss at the exit of the reactor and indicates the necessity to increase the residence time, say by decreasing the fuel flow rate, or to recirculate the unburned methane after condensing and removing CO2.
Computer-assisted extrapolation method for absorption correction in quantitative X-ray microanalysis

Abstract This letter presents results of rapid processing for X-ray absorption correction in quantitative X-ray microanalysis using an analytical electron microscope. A computer-based system developed for analytical electron microscopy is used to assist in the extrapolation method, which does not require thickness measurement but only the recording of characteristic X-rays for absorption correction.
Intracellular electrical potentials in the rabbit corneal epithelium.

A microelectrode technique was used to measure the potential difference across the plasma membranes of epithelial cells in rabbit cornea. This potential was found to be negative with respect to the reference electrode in the corneal bathing media. As the microelectrode was advanced through the cell layers of the epithelium, the potential progressively became more negative reaching a maximum value of −59·0±3·6 mv in the basal epithelial cells. Upon penetration of the stroma, the potential became positive with respect to the basal epithelial cell potential but remained negative with respect to the reference electrode (−29·5±0·7 mv). Potassium concentration in a Krebs-Hensleit bicarbonate Ringer's solution was altered from 5·6 to 150 m m by replacing potassium with sodium. In similar experiments, the sodium and chloride concentrations were altered from 140 to 20 m m . Penetration of the epithelial cells with microelectrodes using these bathing media indicated that the measured epithelial potential of the cornea is predominantly a potassium potential inversely related to the concentration of bathing media potassium. The addition of ouabain to the bathing media decreased the magnitude of the epithelial potential; in contrast, the addition of tetrodotoxin to the bathing media did not alter the epithelial potential.
Overshoot Graded Layers for Mismatched Heteroepitaxial Devices

We have studied the use of overshoot graded layers for the control of the dislocation density in mismatched heteroepitaxial layers. Graded ZnS y Se1–y structures were grown on GaAs (001) by photoassisted metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD). All samples had a uniform top layer of ZnS0.014Se0.986, and various graded layers were incorporated between the substrate and the uniform top layer; these included forward-graded (FG) and reverse-graded (RG) buffers. Some structures incorporated overshoot at the interface with the uniform top layer (FGO and RGO buffers). Among the FG samples, those with overshoot exhibited better crystal quality and lower dislocation densities than those without. This is expected because the mismatched interface between the graded layer and the top ZnS0.014Se0.986 can affect the bending over of threading dislocations for the production of misfit dislocations, indirectly promoting annihilation and coalescence reactions. An overshoot interface with 0.1% mismatch was found to remove 2 × 108 cm−2 dislocations from the top device layer. Overshoot did not reduce the dislocation density in RG structures, but this may be because the sign of the overshoot caused the generation of new dislocations rather than interactions between existing ones. For growing a high-quality device layer with minimal defect density, it appears that steep forward-graded layers with overshoot may be best in this material system.
Prevention of de novo hepatitis B with adefovir dipivoxil in recipients of liver grafts from hepatitis B core antibody–positive donors

Lamivudine has been shown to prevent de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in liver transplantation (LT) patients receiving hepatitis B core antibody-positive (HBcAb(+)) grafts, but it may produce long-term resistance. Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) might be effective in preventing de novo hepatitis and resistance. A single-center, prospective trial was conducted with 16 adults (10 men and 6 women, mean age = 54 ± 11 years) who underwent LT with HBcAb(+) grafts between September 2007 and October 2009. After LT, patients were given ADV [10 mg daily (adjusted for renal function)]. No hepatitis B immune globulin was administered. At LT, all graft recipients were hepatitis B surface antigen-negative (HBsAg(-)), 38% were surface antibody-positive (HBsAb(+)), and 50% were HBcAb(+). The median follow-up after LT was 1.8 years (range = 1.0-2.6 years). All recipients had undetectable HBV DNA (<40 IU/mL) after LT until the end of follow-up. One recipient (6%) who was HBsAb(-) and HBcAb(-) before LT became HBsAg(+) after 52 weeks. One recipient was switched from ADV to entecavir for chronic renal insufficiency, and 19% of the patients had renal dose adjustments. There was a nonsignificant trend of increasing creatinine levels over time (1.2 mg/dL at LT, 1.3 mg/dL 1 year after LT, and 2.0 mg/dL 2 years after LT, P = 0.27). A comparison with a control cohort of LT recipients with hepatitis C virus who did not receive ADV showed no difference in the creatinine levels at LT or 1 year after LT. In conclusion, ADV prophylaxis prevents HBV replication in recipients of HBcAb(+) livers but does not fully protect recipients from de novo HBV. Long-term follow-up is needed to better determine the risk of de novo infection.
Wind turbine aerodynamics: analysis and design

In this paper, the classical work on wind turbine is reviewed, starting from the ground work of Rankine and Froude, then revisiting the minimum energy condition of Betz, and applying modern computing techniques to build codes, based on the vortex model of Goldstein that are both fast and reliable. Such numerical simulations can be used to help analyse and design modern wind turbines in regimes where the flow is attached. Much of the work has been developed under the impulsion of General Electric whose support is gratefully acknowledged. The vortex model has reached a mature state which includes capabilities to model unsteady flows due to yaw, tower interference and earth boundary layer as well as flows past rotors with advanced blade tips that have sweep and/or winglets. When separation occurs on the blades, a higher fidelity model is presented, called the hybrid method, which consists in coupling a Navier-Stokes solver with the vortex model, the Navier-Stokes code solving the near blade flow whereas the vortex model convects the circulation to the far field without dissipation and allows for accurate representation of the induced velocities. Further development of the vortex model includes its coupling with a blade structural model to perform aeroelasticity studies.
Connexin43 carboxyl-terminal peptides reduce scar progenitor and promote regenerative healing following skin wounding

Aim: Gap-junctional connexin43 (Cx43) has roles in multiple aspects of skin wound healing – including scarring. The aim here was to study the effects of a cell-permeant peptide from the Cx43 carboxyl-terminus (CT) on scarring and regeneration following cutaneous injury. Materials & methods: The effects of Cx43 CT peptide were studied in mouse and pig models of cutaneous injury. The parameters assessed included neutrophil density, wound closure, granulation, regeneration and skin tensile properties. Results: Cx43 CT-peptide prompted decreases in area of scar progenitor tissue and promoted restoration of dermal histoarchitecture and mechanical strength following wounding of skin. These changes in healing were preceded by peptide-induced reduction in inflammatory neutrophil infiltration and alterations in the organization of epidermal Cx43, including increased connexon aggregation. Conclusion: Cx43 CT peptide promotes regenerative healing of cutaneous wounds and may have applications in tissues other than sk...
Hypophagic effects of propionic acid are not attenuated during a 3-day infusion in the early postpartum period in Holstein cows1

We previously showed that propionic acid was more hypophagic than acetic acid when infused intraruminally in cows in the postpartum period and that the degree of hypophagia from short-term propionic acid infusion (18 h) was related to the acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) concentration in the liver. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate adaptation over time with longer-term infusions over 3 d. Twelve multiparous cows (2–13 d postpartum) were blocked by calving date and assigned randomly to treatment sequence in a crossover design experiment. The experiment was 12 d long with covariate periods preceding each 3-d infusion period. Treatments were 1.0 M propionic acid or 1.0 M acetic acid, infused intraruminally at 0.5 mol of volatile fatty acids/h beginning 6 h before feeding and continuing for 78 h with 3 d between infusions. Propionic acid decreased dry matter intake (DMI) relative to acetic acid (15.9 vs. 17.0 kg/d). However, a period-by- treatment interaction was detected for DMI. During period 1, propionic acid decreased DMI relative to acetic acid (14.3 vs. 17.5 kg/d) because of a reduction in meal size (1.30 vs. 1.65 kg), with no effect on intermeal interval. Propionic acid decreased DMI over the first 4 h following feeding (5.86 vs. 8.23 kg) but did not affect DMI 4 to 24 h after feeding. The depression in DMI in period 1 was positively related to hepatic acetyl-CoA concentration during the covariate period. Propionic acid was increasingly more hypophagic than acetic acid as hepatic acetyl-CoA concentration was elevated. No treatment-by-day interaction for DMI was observed, suggesting little or no measurable adaptation to treatment over the 3-d infusion period. These results suggest that hypophagia from propionic acid is enhanced when hepatic acetyl-CoA concentrations are elevated, such as when cows are in a lipolytic state.
Reply to McKeever and Huling

The brief articles appearing in Psychonomic Science cannot possibly contain a full discussion or review of each subject introduced. In the present case the suggested addition would have left other dimensions of the problem uncovered. For those who do not know the history, it is as follows. Up until the mid-50s, the majority view in psychobiology was that the corpus callosum played little or no important role in integrating sensory or motor information across the cerebral hemispheres. This was in large part due to the seemingly exhaustive studies of Akelaitis (1941, 1943, 1944, 1942) at the University of Rochester who studied some 26 cases of partial and complete callosal section. His inability to demonstrate any reliable deficits undercut dozens of earlier studies—Poffenberger’s (1912) being but one. Lashley, after reviewing the literature at the time commented that the corpus callosum’s only function seemed to be to hold the cerebral hemispheres together.
Spatial analysis of linguistic data with GIS functions

Abstract During the 1980s techniques for analysis of geographical patterns have been refined to the point that they may be applied to data from many fields. Quantitative spatial analysis and existing functions available in geographical information systems (GIS) enable computerized implementations of these spatial analysis methods. This paper describes the application of quantitative spatial analysis and GIS functions to analysis of language data, using the extensive files of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS). A brief review of recent development of using quantitative and statistical methods for analysing linguistic data is also included.
IMPLICATIONS OF HARMFUL MICROALGAE AND HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATES IN MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE MARINE FISHERIES

Worldwide increases in the frequency and spatial extent of blooms of harmful marine microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates suggest that these species are becoming an increasingly important influence on year class strength of marine fishes through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Impacts on fish populations from harmful marine microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates have been considered primarily from the limited view of acute or lethal influences. Accumulating evidence indicates that insidious sublethal and chronic impacts to both fish and human health from these organisms, such as long-term behavior alteration, increased susceptibility to cancers and other diseases, depressed feeding, and impaired reproduction, may be substantial and pervasive. For some harmful species, significant indirect impacts that promote critical habitat loss or disrupt the microbial food web balance also have been documented. Because successful models to predict the behavior and growth of most of these species have not yet been developed, and because toxins for many are poorly characterized, a clear anthropocentric focus has guided management strategies for confronting their outbreaks. The extent to which management takes the fundamental step of acknowledging scientifically demonstrated linkages among harmful microalgae, shellfish contamination, fish kills, and human health impacts has also been seriously constrained by political dictates stemming from economic considerations. Without federal involvement, and without catastrophe of human death or widescale serious human illness, little progress historically has been realized in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate lethal impacts to fish or other organisms. Many long-known taxa such as certain "red tide" dinoflagellates apparently can increase independently of human influences other than physical transport. However, some newly discovered toxic or otherwise harmful taxa have been correlated with cultural eutrophication in poorly flushed fish nursery grounds such as estuaries and coastal waters. Outbreaks of certain warm-optimal species have coincided with El Ni (n) over tilde o events, suggesting that warming trends in global climate change may stimulate their growth and extend or shift their range. The available information points to a critical need for a more proactive, concerted effort to determine the full range of chronic/sublethal effects, as well as acute impacts, on marine fish populations by harmful marine microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, so that their increasingly important influence can be factored into reliable plans for sustainable fisheries management.
Conjugated low-saturation soybean oil thermosets: Free-radical copolymerization with dicyclopentadiene and divinylbenzene

The free-radical copolymerization of 40–85 wt % of conjugated low-saturation soybean oil (CLS), and a 9 :1 ratio of acrylonitrile (AN) and either divinylbenzene (DVB) or dicyclopentadiene (DCP) using AIBN as the initiator affords transparent yellow samples, which range from hard to slightly rubbery. DMA analysis indicates that the samples containing DCP have tan δ values ranging from 0.32 to 0.49, while the damping properties of the DVB samples are slightly lower. Extraction analysis shows that complete chemical incorporation of the CLS into the polymeric network is achieved when the original CLS content ranges from 40 to 65 wt %. Lower incorporation of the CLS into the polymer network occurs when the oil content exceeds 70 wt %. In this case, up to 30% of the CLS remains unreacted. These observations are supported by 1H NMR and solid-state NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates a just one important stage of degradation, implying that the polymer network is highly homogeneous in composition. The temperatures of 10% weight loss for the DCP system range from 402 to 428°C, and from 370 to 391°C for the DVB system. The temperature of maximum degradation ranges from 458 to 518°C for the DCP polymers, and 406 to 422°C for the DVB system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
An effective interaction for inelastic scattering derived from the Paris potential

An effective interaction for inelastic scattering of nucleons from nuclei is derived by fitting oscillator G-matrix elements of the Paris nucleon-nucleon potential to the matrix elements of a sum of Yukawa terms. Except for the singlet-odd channel, these G-matrix elements do not differ in any significant respect from those obtained from the Reid soft-core potential, and give similar results for inelastic proton scattering.
Experimental investigation of workhardening effects in wedge flattening with relation to nonhardening theory

Abstract To understand the effect of workhardening in large plastic flow and how it relates to nonhardening theory, an experimental program of wedge flattening has been performed. Wedges of 20°, 30°, 45° and 60° semi-angle were prepared from copper with five levels of prestrain and from two aluminum alloys. Testing was undertaken with care to insure meaningful quantitative data and to permit geometric similarity to occur. Systematic and large effects occurred in the behavior of the specimens as a result of workhardening. For instance, it was found that the width of the deformed top could be less than the truncated wedge value, constraint factors could be twice those predicted by nonhardening analysis, and the anvil pressure could decrease with increasing angle whereas nonhardening theory predicts an increase. An existing nonhardening slip-line solution which contains strain discontinuities produced by velocity discontinuities was verified by extrapolating the experimentally obtained results to zero workhardening. This suggests that workhardening solutions may reveal strain discontinuities at the limiting case of zero workhardening and that perturbation techniques based on nonhardening solutions may be useful in solving workhardening problems.
Thermal decarboxylation of acetate. Part II. Boundary conditions for the role of acetate in the primary migration of natural gas and the transportation of metals in hydrothermal systems

Acetate can mediate the primary migration of natural gas from tight, water-laden source rocks by acting as a mobile precursor that is expelled during compaction to resevoir rocks where subsequent decarboxylation yields methane. The viability of this mechanism is demonstrated by integrating, via a computer model, the experimental kinetic rate data for acetate decarboxylation that are presented in Part I with the thermal-temporal-spatial relationships of sediment and fluid in the upper portions of actively forming sedimentary basins. Specifically, this analysis indicates that when the enthalpy of activation is between 32 and 42 kcal · mol−1, and the temperature is between 80 and 130°C, acetate can survive the thermal regime of a typical sedimentary basin long enough to migrate out of the source rocks and yet decarboxylate to form a natural gas deposit within the time frame imposed by the age of the basin sediments. The results suggest that this migration mechanism for natural gas may be predominant within a significant geological and chemical window. A similar analysis has shown that acetate can survive moderate hydrothermal temperatures (<300°C) long enough to promote the mobility of metals as acetate complexes. Ongoing experimental studies now show that metal-acetate complexes are stronger than the analogous chloro-complexes and may account for a large proportion of the metal in hydrothermal solutions with access to organic material.
Glutamatergic Control of Dopamine Release During Stress in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex

In vivo microdialysis was used to assess the hypothesis that the stress-induced increase in dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex is mediated by stress-activated glutamate neurotransmission in this region. Local perfusion of an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, blocked the stress-induced increase in dopamine levels, whereas an NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, at the dose tested, was not able to alter this response significantly. These data indicate that the effect of stress on dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex is mediated locally by activation of AMPA/kainate receptors, which modulate the release of dopamine in this region.
Variations of the KRb ratio in migmatitic paragneisses of the Northwest Adirondacks

Abstract Data for the migmatitic paragneisses of the Northwest Adirondacks indicate fractionation of potassium and rubidium during metamorphism and migmatization; total rock K Rb ratios are controlled to a significant degree by modal composition. Biotite-poor granitic veins and lenses show K Rb ratios averaging 431 in contrast to the host gneisses which have an average K Rb ratio of 271. Paragneisses from the zone of granulite facies metamorphism show significantly higher (mean 307) K Rb ratios than those from the amphibolite facies (231), indicating the possibility of regional depletion in Rb relative to K under intensive metamorphic conditions.
Mobility fluctuations and electrophoretic light scattering from macromolecular solutions

We discuss the origins and the effects of mobility fluctuations of rigid, globular macromolecules on a solution's electrophoretic light scattering spectrum. Assuming a dilute solution, a modified van Hove self-correlation function is calculated via van Kampen's time-ordered cumulant method and the results are compared with less rigorous approaches. The consequences of generalizing to dynamic external fields are briefly considered.
Strong reciprocity and accountability: behavioural analysis of patients’ legal responses to medical injury

There is a remarkable resonance between recent findings about medical malpractice litigation and theories about the evolution of co-operation and reciprocity among humans. This should not be altogether surprising: theories of reciprocity seek to explain the behaviours we exhibit when we interact to punish or confer benefits on each other; while civil liability litigation may be just one of modern society’s ways of compelling otherwise unrequited reciprocity. The link between the two fields of study is worth exploring nonetheless. Just as behavioural economics and evolutionary theory offer useful insights for those of us who study legal phenomena, data about the behaviour of people accessing legal institutions may be useful to those who build behavioral theories. This essay is therefore, in a way, a lawyer’s effort to return the favour.