cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening Agents for Preventive Efficacy in a Bladder Cancer Model: Study Design, End Points, and Gefitinib and Naproxen Efficacy

Purpose: We optimized agent testing in an in vivo bladder cancer model and determined the most sensitive, relevant protocol to test efficacy in clinical prevention trials.Materials and Methods: Female Fischer-344 rats (Harlan™) were treated with the bladder carcinogen OH-BBN (TCI America, Portland, Oregon) for 8 weeks. Rats were treated with naproxen (400 mg/kg diet), aspirin (Sigma®) (300 or 3,000 mg/kg diet), Iressa® (10 mg/kg gefitinib body weight daily) or resveratrol (1,000 mg/kg diet) using 1 of 3 protocols, including treatment beginning 1) 1 week after OH-BBN and continuing for 7 months, 2) 3 months after OH-BBN after microscopic lesions already existed and continuing for 3 months, and 3) 1 week after OH-BBN and continuing for 4 months. In protocols 1 and 2 bladder lesion weight and large tumors were primary end points, and in protocol 3 microscopic cancer was the end point.Results: Using protocol 1 naproxen, Iressa, resveratrol, and low and high dose aspirin altered the formation of large bladder ...
Adsorption of hydrocarbons by clay minerals from gasoline

Abstract Adsorption of six hydrocarbons (BTEXs - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene) from gasoline by three clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite) was studied using the batch equilibrium method. The clays were treated to remove orga- nic matter before use. Four concentrations of gasoline (10, 50, 100, 150 μ/l) in water were used to get a range in concentration of the BTEXs (0.22–10.65 μl/l). Freundlich adsorption coefficient (K) for each hydrocarbon was consistently higher with montmorillonite than with illite and kaolinite. The presence of competing species resulted in a decrease of K values for toluene from 2.42 from a single solute, to 0.81 for the hydrocarbons mixture (containing benzene + toluene + xylenes) and to 0.69 for gasoline.
Analysis of bokbunja products show they contain Rubus occidentalis L. fruit

This is the first report of species adulteration in a collection of commercially available bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) products (n = 17) sold in Korea and the US (all originated from Korea). Twelve samples contained R. occidentalis L. fruit; the two species are clearly distinguishable by their anthocyanin profiles. Seven of 17 products were labeled in English to contain R. coreanus fruit; five of these samples contained R. occidentalis and two contained black carrot anthocyanins. The ten other products described contents as “bokbunja.” For two of the 17 products, species classification could not be made due to low anthocyanin present, while three of the 17 were adulterated with black carrot anthocyanins and contained no fruit anthocyanins. Anthocyanins ranged from 0.8 to 56.9 mg/100 mL, a 71-fold difference, for all samples. We are hopeful that this research will aid bokbunja growers, processors, and researchers in creating, reporting, and marketing accurately labeled improved foods.
Cul4A is Essential for Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility

The mammalian Cul4 genes, Cul4A and Cul4B, encode the scaffold components of the cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases. The two Cul4 genes are functionally redundant. Recent study indicated that mice expressing a truncated CUL4A that fails to interact with its functional partner ROC1 exhibit no developmental phenotype. We generated a Cul4A−/− strain lacking exons 4–8 that does not express any detectable truncated protein. In this strain, the male mice are infertile and exhibit severe deficiencies in spermatogenesis. The primary spermatocytes are deficient in progression through late prophase I, a time point when expression of the X-linked Cul4B gene is silenced due to meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. Testes of the Cul4A−/− mice exhibit extensive apoptosis. Interestingly, the pachytene spermatocytes exhibit persistent double stranded breaks, suggesting a deficiency in homologous recombination. Also, we find that CUL4A localizes to the double stranded breaks generated in pre-pachytene spermatocytes. The observations identify a novel function of CUL4A in meiotic recombination and demonstrate an essential role of CUL4A in spermatogenesis.
Language Learning in the American Southwestern Borderlands: Navajo Speakers and Their Transition to Academic English Literacy

Abstract The premise of this paper is that teachers can gain insights by situating themselves as learners of the first and second languages of their students. The research for this paper was conducted at the University of New Mexico-Gallup, a campus committed to the development of literacy in both Navajo and English. The Navajo Nation would like to see a two-year Navajo language requirement for regional colleges; a language proficiency exam is required for the placement of teachers on the reservation. At the same time, a high level of English literacy is required for Navajo students who wish to enter the professions in which they are under-represented: the sciences, medicine, and law. This paper examines the situation of regional language learners through field studies and classroom practices. The author also draws on research on language attitudes, contrastive analysis of Navajo and English, and discourse strategies. This analysis is necessary for the development of authentic bilingualism in the Four Cor...
Structural Bases of PAS Domain-regulated Kinase (PASK) Activation in the Absence of Activation Loop Phosphorylation

Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain-containing protein kinase (PASK) is an evolutionary conserved protein kinase that coordinates cellular metabolism with metabolic demand in yeast and mammals. The molecular mechanisms underlying PASK regulation, however, remain unknown. Herein, we describe a crystal structure of the kinase domain of human PASK, which provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing catalysis. We show that the kinase domain adopts an active conformation and has catalytic activity in vivo and in vitro in the absence of activation loop phosphorylation. Using site-directed mutagenesis and structural comparison with active and inactive kinases, we identified several key structural features in PASK that enable activation loop phosphorylation-independent activity. Finally, we used combinatorial peptide library screening to determine that PASK prefers basic residues at the P-3 and P-5 positions in substrate peptides. Our results describe the key features of the PASK structure and how those features are important for PASK activity and substrate selection.
Scheduling for Reading and Writing Small-group Instruction using Learning Center Designs

ABSTRACT Organizing and designing Learning Center activities requires planning so that students are engaged in meaningful learning tasks and the tasks are differentiated for varied learning levels. In this article, suggestions for designing and managing Learning Centers, including a Center for small group instruction, are described. Finally, ideas for monitoring student performance on Learning Center tasks are provided.
Validation of the names Utrechtiaceae, Utrechtia, and Utrechtia floriniformis

Utrechtiafloriniformis Mapes & G. W. Rothwell is a primitive Palaeozoic conifer based on fossil specimens that were originally assigned under the illegitimate Lebachia Florin as L. piniformis Florin (Mapes & Rothwell, 1991). It was intended to establish the name Utrechtia floriniformis as a new genus and species of conifer plants based on specimens that previously were included in Lebachia piniformis, and the species was to be assigned to a new family to be called Utrechtiaceae (Mapes & Rothwell, 1991). Nomenclatural inadequacies in the original publication of U. floriniformis that resulted in none of these being validly published have recently come to our attention. This note is presented to validate the names by fulfilling the type citation requirements for valid publication. The holotype and paratypes designated for U. floriniformis were identified by Mapes & Rothwell (1991) by previously published plate and figure numbers in Florin (1938-1945), but the repository locations and other details for the specimens illustrated (the actual types-Art. 9.13) were not noted at that time. The specimen that we designated as the holotype is a young ovulate cone from Sudetengau (Ottendorf bei Braunau, Oberrotliegendes). Slides made from cuticular macerations of that specimen are deposited in the Geol.-Palaont. Inst. Univ., Mus. F. Naturk. Berlin. The ovulate cone that we designated as the holotype is illustrated as Tafel XIX-XX, Abb. 1 (Florin, 1938-1945). Macerations of this cone by Florin for cuticular information are mounted on microscope slides bearing the number 3322. The vegetative shoot that we designated as the paratype (incorrectly stated to be "paratypes" by Mapes & Rothwell, 1991) is illustrated as Tafel I-II, Abb. 6-22 (Florin, 1938-1945). This leafy branching system and slides made from cuticular macerations of the specimen are from Saar-Nahe-Gebiet: Nonnweiler bei BirkenfeldNahe, Lebacher Schichten, and are deposited in the Geol.-Palaont. Abteil. Naturhist. Mus. Wien as Coll. No.: 1899/0008/0041, Pb 04504. Utrechtiaceae Mapes & G. W. Rothwell, fam. nov. For the diagnosis, see Mapes & Rothwell, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaontol., Abh. 183: 280. 1991. Type: Utrechtia gen. nov.
End-User Programming of Time as an ‘Ordinary’ Dimension in Grid-Oriented Visual Programming Languages

Specifying varying speeds and temporal relationships is necessary when programming graphical animations, but support for temporal programming has usually been done by adding new language features to a VPL, and these features must be mastered over and above the other aspects of the VPL. However, some researchers have believed that time should be able to be treated like just another dimension. In this paper, we explore whether programming of temporal relationships can be supported usingexactly the same devices as in spatial programming in grid-oriented VPLs. Toward this end, we provide a continuum of models aimed at this goal, with their advantages and disadvantages, and identify core issues that help illuminate the essence of the problem. We also describe an empirical study comparing one of these models against a widely used traditional approach. The results were that end users were significantly more successful using the one model tested than with the traditional approach.
Shoreline variability via empirical orthogonal function analysis: Part I temporal and spatial characteristics

Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) or principal components were used to extract the significant modes of shoreline variability from several data sets collected at three very different locations. Although EOFs have proven to be a valuable tool in the analysis of nearshore data, most applications have focused on the ability of the technique to describe cross-shore or profile variability. Here however, EOFs were used to help identify the dominant modes of longshore shoreline variability at Duck, North Carolina, the Gold Coast, Australia, and at several locations within the Columbia River Littoral Cell in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. In part one of this analysis, characteristic patterns of shoreline variability identified by the EOF analysis are described in detail. At each site, the dominant modes consisting of the first four eigenfunctions were found to describe nearly 95% of the total shoreline variability. At both Duck and the Gold Coast, several interesting longshore periodic features suggestive of sand waves were identified, while boundary effects related to natural headlands and navigational structures/entrances dominated the Pacific Northwest data sets.
Ultrasound as a Tool to Assess Body Fat

Ultrasound has been used effectively to assess body fat for nearly 5 decades, yet this method is not known as well as many other body composition techniques. The purpose of this review is to explain the technical principles of the ultrasound method, explain the procedures for taking a measurement and interpreting the results, evaluate the reliability and validity of this method for measuring subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, highlight the advantages and limitations of ultrasound relative to other body composition methods, consider its utility to clinical populations, and introduce new body composition-specific ultrasound technology. The focus of this review is adipose, although various tissue thicknesses (e.g., muscle and bone) can be measured with ultrasound. Being a portable imaging device that is capable of making fast regional estimates of body composition, ultrasound is an attractive assessment tool in instances when other methods are limited. Furthermore, much of the research suggests that it is reliable, reproducible, and accurate. The biggest limitations appear to be a lack of standardization for the measurement technique and results that are highly dependent on operator proficiency. New ultrasound devices and accompanying software designed specifically for the purpose of body composition assessment might help to minimize these limitations.
Recent selection on synonymous codon usage in Drosophila.

Evidence from a variety of sources indicates that selection has influenced synonymous codon usage in Drosophila. It has generally been difficult, however, to distinguish selection that acted in the distant past from ongoing selection. However, under a neutral model, polymorphisms usually reflect more recent mutations than fixed differences between species and may, therefore, be useful for inferring recent selection. If the ancestral state is preferred, selection should shift the frequency distribution of derived states/site toward lower values; if the ancestral is unpreferred, selection should increase the number of derived states/site. Polymorphisms were classified as ancestrally preferred or unpreferred for several genes of D. simulans and D. melanogaster. A computer simulation of coalescence was employed to derive the expected frequency distributions of derived states/site under various modifications of the Wright–Fisher neutral model, and distributions of test statistics (t and Mann–Whitney U) were derived by appropriate sampling. One-tailed tests were applied to transformed frequency data to assess whether the two frequency distributions deviated from neutral expectations in the direction predicted by selection on codon usage. Several genes from D. simulans appear to be subject to recent selection on synonymous codons, including one gene with low codon bias, esterase-6. Selection may also be acting in D. melanogaster.
Soil Aggregates and their Associated Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Winter Annual Pastures

Winter annual pastures are traditionally established using traditional tillage (TT) on grazing areas that are steeply sloping and not suitable for row-crop production. This leads to increased erosion and rapid soil degradation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of tillage intensity on water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), their C and N content, and soil bulk density (BD). The study consisted of three tillage treatments; TT, disk tillage (DT), and no-tillage (NT). Total WSA was greater in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer than the 5- to 10-cm layer for the DT and NT treatments, but was similar in the TT treatment. Mean WSA in the four largest aggregate size classes was greatest in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer but similar for both sample depths in the smallest size class. As aggregate size decreased, relative aggregate content at the toeslope position increased. For all tillage treatments and soil depths, mean WSA decreased from the largest size class (>4 mm) to the next size class (4-2 mm), and increased thereafter as aggregate size decreased. Soil BD was unaffected by tillage treatment. Water-stable aggregate C and N content and weights were equivalent in the DT and NT treatments and greater than the TT treatment. Winter annual grass production using DT or NT practices is a viable means of maintaining or enhancing soil quality.
Reliability of self-report measures of drug use in prevention research: Evaluation of the Project SMART questionnaire via the test–retest reliability matrix.

The present article describes an evaluation of a self-report questionnaire administered to whole classrooms of 7th graders. Using the test-retest reliability matrix (based on concepts of Cronbach [1] and Campbell and Fiske [2]), eight of nine drug-use indices appeared to have acceptable to good reliability. The three measures included in the test-retest reliability matrix provide stronger evidence for good reliability than could any single measure.
Path flow estimator for planning applications in small communities

This paper presents an alternative planning framework to model and forecast network traffic for planning applications in small communities, where limited resources debilitate the development and applications of the conventional four-step travel demand forecasting model. The core idea is to use the Path Flow Estimator (PFE) to estimate current and forecast future traffic demand while taking into account of various field and planning data as modeling constraints. Specifically, two versions of PFE are developed: a base year PFE for estimating the current network traffic conditions using field data and planning data, if available, and a future year PFE for predicting future network traffic conditions using forecast planning data and the estimated base year origin–destination trip table as constraints. In the absence of travel survey data, the proposed method uses similar data (traffic counts and land use data) as a four-step model for model development and calibration. Since the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates and Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are both utilized in the modeling process, the analysis scope and results are consistent with those of common traffic impact studies and other short-range, localized transportation improvement programs. Solution algorithms are also developed to solve the two PFE models and integrated into a GIS-based software called Visual PFE. For proof of concept, two case studies in northern California are performed to demonstrate how the tool can be used in practice. The first case study is a small community of St. Helena, where the city’s planning department has neither an existing travel demand model nor the budget for developing a full four-step model. The second case study is in the city of Eureka, where there is a four-step model developed for the Humboldt County that can be used for comparison. The results show that the proposed approach is applicable for small communities with limited resources.
Genomic mining for complex disease traits with random chemistry

Our rapidly growing knowledge regarding genetic variation in the human genome offers great potential for understanding the genetic etiology of disease. This, in turn, could revolutionize detection, treatment, and in some cases prevention of disease. While genes for most of the rare monogenic diseases have already been discovered, most common diseases are complex traits, resulting from multiple gene---gene and gene-environment interactions. Detecting epistatic genetic interactions that predispose for disease is an important, but computationally daunting, task currently facing bioinformaticists. Here, we propose a new evolutionary approach that attempts to hill-climb from large sets of candidate epistatic genetic features to smaller sets, inspired by Kauffman's "random chemistry" approach to detecting small auto-catalytic sets of molecules from within large sets. Although the algorithm is conceptually straightforward, its success hinges upon the creation of a fitness function able to discriminate large sets that contain subsets of interacting genetic features from those that don't. Here, we employ an approximate and noisy fitness function based on the ReliefF data mining algorithm. We establish proof-of-concept using synthetic data sets, where individual features have no marginal effects. We show that the resulting algorithm can successfully detect epistatic pairs from up to 1,000 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms in time that is linear in the size of the initial set, although success rate degrades as heritability declines. Research continues into seeking a more accurate fitness approximator for large sets and other algorithmic improvements that will enable us to extend the approach to larger data sets and to lower heritabilities.
g-Tensor anisotropy of DPPH in DPPH2

The ESR spectra of polycrystalline samples of the free radical 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl in dilute concentration in the hydrazine are studied to determine the anisotropy of the g-tensor and the orientation of its symmetry axis. A satisfactory fit to the experimental spectrum is obtained with the hyperfine tensors as given by Holmberg, Livingston, and Smith, but not with the tensors obtained by Gamo, Masuda, Yamaguchi, and Kakitani.
D-C drives for multisection machines

The advantages of the individual generator system for most applications of adjustable-speed drives has caused it to be used increasingly for sectional drives. As a result, “packaged” drives for individual sections of machines have become more popular and have increased machine flexibility and simplicity. Several of these typical drives are discussed here.
Proteomic identification of palmitoylated proteins

A proteomic method that purifies and identifies palmitoylated proteins from complex protein extracts is described. Using the fatty acid exchange labeling chemistry (described in the preceding report), palmitoyl modifications are exchanged for biotinylated compounds, allowing the subset of palmitoyl-proteins to be affinity-purified and then identified by mass spectroscopic protein identification technologies. The advantages and pitfalls of this new technology are discussed within the context of the recent application of this method in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Persistence and Intermittent Reinforcement

Summary.-The effects of prior experienced or instructed reinforcement schedule of success were invesrigared in a subsequent persistent situation. Rotter and Feather predict greatcr persistence or resistance to extinction, the higher the probability of previous sxcess, while rhe extinction model would predict the greater resistance to extinction, the lower the previous probability of success. The results supported the extinction model. A persistence situation has been defined as one in which ". . . a person is confronted with a very difficult or insoluble task and is unrestricted in either the time or number of attempts he can work at it. He is unsuccessful ac each of these attempts at the task but can turn to an alternative activity whenever he wishes. Persistence may be measured by the total time or total trials which the person works at before he turns to the alternative activity" (Feather, 1962). Although the similarity of a persistence situation, so defined, to an extinction situation is apparent, Feather suggests that persistent behavior cannot be entirely explained by the traditional variables known to affect resistance to extinction. Thus, knowledge of the schedule of reinforcement during acquisition would not be sufficient to predict its effect on exticction since the direction of the effect is reported to be dependent upon S's perception of the task (James 8: Rotter, 1958; Rotter, 1966). According to Rotter, learning under skill conditions is different from learning under chance conditions. In the skill condition, where reinforcement is perceived as under S's control, intermittent reinforcement may decrease resistance to extinction while in the chance condition, where the control of the reinforcement is perceived as external to S. intermittent reinforcement may increase resistance to extinction. If research on persistence has tended to use skill tasks, then the effects of intermittent schedc~les of reinforcement on persistent behavior should be in the opposite direction to the typical effects of resistance to extinction employing chance tasks. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of various degrees of instructed success and acn~ally experienced prior success on persistence. Rotter and Feather would predict greater persistence among those Ss who had previously experienced a high degree of success or among those Ss who were led to expect a high degree of success on the test task. Since Feather (1963) speaks of "actual experience" as the "dominant" influence shaping an S's expectations, then the effects of the variables might be more clear cut for Ss having actually experienced prior success than for those who are simply instructed by means of fictitious
Intrinsic Nonlinear Optical Signatures of Neuronal Activity

Using novel femtosecond laser pulse shaping techniques and a virtually background-free detection strategy we demonstrate strong self-phase modulation signatures of neuronal activity in hippocampal brain slices without the use of exogenous contrast agents.
Separation technologies for the recovery and dehydration of alcohols from fermentation broths

Multi-column distillation followed by molecular sieve adsorption is currently the standard method for producing fuel-grade ethanol from dilute fermentation broths in modern corn-to-ethanol facilities. As the liquid biofuels industry transitions to lignocellulosic feedstocks, expands the end-product portfolio to include other alcohols, and encounters more dilute alcohol concentrations, alternative separation technologies which are more energy efficient than the conventional approach will be in demand. In this review, alcohol recovery technology options and alcohol dehydration technology options for the production of ethanol and 1-butanol are reviewed and compared, with an emphasis on the energy footprint of each approach. Select hybrid technologies are also described. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Position of the labrum in agnostid trilobites

Specimens of Peronopsis and Ptychagnostus from the House Range of western Utah provide new information on the location of the labrum (hypostoma) of agnostid trilobites. A labral position as that described here, beneath the second glabellar lobe, has two implications: (1) anomalous cephalic muscle scars described by previous workers may be interpreted as attachment areas for labral muscles; and (2) the mouth probably migrated posteriorly in agnostids. Posterior displacement of the mouth was probably one of several feeding modifications associated with a pelagic mode of life.
Evaluation of segmentation techniques for inventory management in large scale multi-item inventory systems

This paper evaluates methodologies for the grouping of items and the setting of inventory policies in a large-scale multi-item inventory system. Conventional inventory segmentation techniques such as ABC analysis are often limited to using demand and cost when segmenting the inventory into groups for easier management. Two segmentation methodologies, (Multi-Item Group Policies (MIGP) and Grouped Multi-Item Individual Policies (GMIIP), that use statistical clustering were developed and compared to ABC analysis. An evaluation of these techniques via a set of experiments was performed. The analysis indicates that these techniques can improve inventory management for large-scale systems when compared to ABC analysis.
Simplified motional heating rate measurements of trapped ions

We have measured motional heating rates of trapped atomic ions, a factor that can influence multi-ion quantum logic gate fidelities. Two simplified techniques were developed for this purpose: one relies on Raman sideband detection implemented with a single laser source, while the second is even simpler and is based on time-resolved fluorescence detection during Doppler recooling. We applied these methods to determine heating rates in a microfrabricated surface-electrode trap made of gold on fused quartz, which traps ions $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ above its surface. Heating rates obtained from the two techniques were found to be in reasonable agreement. In addition, the trap gives rise to a heating rate of $300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a motional frequency of $5.25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, substantially below the trend observed in other traps.
Women with Voiding Dysfunction Secondary to Bladder Outlet Dyssynergia in the Setting of Multiple Sclerosis Do Not Demonstrate Significantly Elevated Intravesical Pressures

Objectives Elevated intravesical pressures secondary to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia result in an increased risk of renal deterioration in patients with cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury, although the risk is less clear in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to study the impact of a closed bladder outlet on intravesical pressures in patients with MS. Methods The data from all patients with MS referred for urologic evaluation were prospectively entered into a urodynamic database. Patients were advised to undergo full multichannel urodynamic studies. Among the patients with detrusor overactivity, the detrusor pressures were compared between the patients with and without bladder outlet dyssynergia (BOD). Results Of the 143 patients referred for evaluation and entered into the database, 127 were women. Of the 127 women, 108 completed the urodynamic studies. Overall, 62 (57%) of the 108 women had detrusor overactivity, 30 of whom had coexisting BOD. The detrusor pressures during bladder contractions were greater in patients with BOD, although not significantly. For example, the maximal detrusor pressure (49.9 ± 19.5 cm H 2 O versus 43.7 ± 23.0 cm H 2 O, P = 0.25) and detrusor pressure at maximal flow (37.9 ± 15.7 cm H 2 O versus 33.5 ± 16.3 cm H 2 O, P = 0.93) were both only slightly greater in patients with BOD. Conclusions Nonsignificant elevations in detrusor pressures were noted in patients with MS and BOD. The lack of significant elevations in detrusor pressure among the patients with MS, detrusor overactivity, and BOD could account for the relatively low incidence of upper tract damage in women with MS.
Spiral drift and core properties

We consider the drift of a stable, nonmeandering rotating spiral wave in a singly diffusive FitzHugh-Nagumo medium with generic reaction functions; the drift is assumed to be caused by a weak time-independent diffusivity gradient or convection term in the fast-variable equation. We address, to first order in the perturbation, the standard problem whose statement reads, ``Given the unperturbed solution, as well as the model's parameters, predict the speed and direction of the drift in terms of the strength and direction of the perturbation.'' Our main results are as follows: First, we establish a mathematical equivalence between true gradients and convective perturbations; second, a variety of numerical examples, taken from computer simulations, are presented as a reference base for testing drift theories; and third, we propose a semiempirical solution to the drift problem, requiring only two quantities to be measured off the unperturbed spiral, namely, its period of rotation and the value of the fast variable at its center; good agreement with numerical simulations is found for moderately sparse spirals.
Distance, ambiguity and appropriation: Structures affording impression management in a collocated organization

Communication and collaboration technologies have recently given rise to unprecedented flexibility in work arrangements, including telecommuting and virtual teams with geographically distributed participants. Much research has consisted of comparing distant and collocated teams, arguing that distance constrains communication opportunities, but this effect can be countered somewhat with communication media. In an ''always connected'' world, however, traditional conceptualizations of distance may be less useful in that communication opportunities are virtually constant for both distant and collocated teams. Working from an adaptive structuration perspective, we argue for a more nuanced treatment of distance, looking at its more specific effects, such as regulating the probability of unexpected face-to-face encounters, and affecting individuals' control over the release of information. We show that even in a collocated setting, members of the organization we studied enacted structures that reflected the effects of distance on their behavior, but also reflected social constraints that enabled control over information flow, and the use of language to explain their behavior and maintain positive impressions.
Ventricular Tachycardia in the Era of Ventricular Assist Devices

Ventricular Tachycardia in the Era of Ventricular Assist Devices. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with advanced cardiomyopathy is a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. Newer treatment strategies have evolved that combine the use of catheter ablation to target the substrate for VT and ventricular assist devices (VADs) to hemodynamically support the failing ventricle. This editorial is targeted to the practicing clinician caring for these difficult patients. The current article reviews the use of percutaneous VADs to support catheter ablation of VT, the use of durable VADs to support the failing heart in patients with recurrent VT, ventricular arrhythmias in patients with durable VADs, and the use of catheter ablation to treat VT in patients with durable VADs. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 359-363, March 2011)
Most Possible Estimates and Maximum Likelihood Estimates

Testing for independence in two-way contingency tables [ILLEGIBLE][ILLEGIBLE] using a chi-square test that measures the goodness of fit between the observed data and the expected values. This article examines the expected values normally employed in such analyses. It first notes that the usually derived expected values are based on assumptions about the distributional form of an underlying probability density function that may not always be well-founded. Then the article presents an alternative method of estimating expected values, the most possible estimate approach, that does not rely on a priori assumptions about the distributional form. Finally, by establishing that the most possible estimates approximate maximum likelihood estimates, the robustness of the standard maximum likelihood estimator is demonstrated and the researcher is thereby assured of safety in using it without attending to distributional assumptions. The analysis is applied to 3 × 3 tables in this article.
Outage Probability and Assignment Protocols in Cooperative Diversity

There has been widespread interest recently in cooperative relaying protocols for wireless networking, in which other terminals cooperate to send messages to an intended recipient node. Cooperation in the standard three-terminal model achieves diversity two in independently-faded channels, thus extending reach for a given outage probability, or allowing reduction in transmitter power relative to that necessary for direct transmission at the same outage probability. The performance of cooperating nodes in realistic wireless networks is the subject of this paper. We formulate a probabilistic model for outage probability in two relay-assignment scenarios for single-relay cooperative diversity. The model incorporates flexibility in choice of RF parameters, fading models, and network geometry. Illustrations are provided for square networks with varying number of nodes and path loss exponent to indicate impact of assignment protocol, and gains relative to direct transmission.
A prospective cohort study of treatment decision-making for prostate cancer following participation in a multidisciplinary clinic.

Abstract Background Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) are presented with several treatment options of similar efficacy but varying side effects. Understanding how and why patients make their treatment decisions, as well as the effect of treatment choice on long-term outcomes, is critical to ensuring effective, patient-centered care. This study examined treatment decision-making in a racially diverse, equal-access, contemporary cohort of patients with PCa counseled on treatment options at a multidisciplinary clinic. Methods A prospective cohort study was initiated at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (formerly Walter Reed Army Medical Center) in 2006. Newly diagnosed patients with PCa were enrolled before attending a multidisciplinary clinic. Patients completed surveys preclinic and postclinic to assess treatment preferences, reasons for treatment choice, and decisional regret. Results As of January 2014, 925 patients with PCa enrolled in this study. Surgery (54%), external radiation (20%), and active surveillance (12%) were the most common primary treatments for patients with low- and intermediate-risk PCa, whereas patients with high-risk PCa chose surgery (34%) or external radiation with neoadjuvant hormones (57%). Treatment choice differed by age at diagnosis, race, comorbidity status, and calendar year in both univariable and multivariable analyses. Patients preferred to play an active role in the decision-making process and cited doctors at the clinic as the most helpful source of treatment-related information. Almost all patients reported satisfaction with their decision. Conclusions This is one of the first prospective cohort studies to examine treatment decision-making in an equal-access, multidisciplinary clinic setting. Studies of this cohort would aid in understanding and improving the PCa decision-making process.
High-performance Mach-Zehnder modulators in multiple quantum well GaAs/AlGaAs

We demonstrate Mach-Zehnder interferometric waveguide intensity modulators which employ electrorefraction due to the quantum-confined Stark effect in multiple quantum well (MQW) GaAs/AlGaAs. These devices exhibit average half-wave voltage-length products as low as 3.0 V/spl middot/mm and extinction ratios greater than 23.8 dB, which are superior to any MQW devices of this type. An effective index based model is developed to extract linear and quadratic electro-optic coefficients from the modulation data. Also, the power handling limitations of MQW modulators are discussed in terms of device performance and catastrophic electrical failure. >
The development of a selective cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that shows antitumor activity.

Normal progression through the cell cycle requires the sequential action of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. Direct or indirect deregulation of CDK activity is a feature of almost all cancers and has led to the development of CDK inhibitors as anticancer agents. The CDK-activating kinase (CAK) plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle by mediating the activating phosphorylation of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. As such, CDK7, which also regulates transcription as part of the TFIIH basal transcription factor, is an attractive target for the development of anticancer drugs. Computer modeling of the CDK7 structure was used to design potential potent CDK7 inhibitors. Here, we show that a pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidine–derived compound, BS-181, inhibited CAK activity with an IC 50 of 21 nmol/L. Testing of other CDKs as well as another 69 kinases showed that BS-181 only inhibited CDK2 at concentrations lower than 1 μmol/L, with CDK2 being inhibited 35-fold less potently (IC 50 880 nmol/L) than CDK7. In MCF-7 cells, BS-181 inhibited the phosphorylation of CDK7 substrates, promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, and showed antitumor effects in vivo . The drug was stable in vivo with a plasma elimination half-life in mice of 405 minutes after i.p. administration of 10 mg/kg. The same dose of drug inhibited the growth of MCF-7 human xenografts in nude mice. BS-181 therefore provides the first example of a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor with potential as an anticancer agent. [Cancer Res 2009;69(15):6208–15]
Stability and Change in Counseling Psychologists' Identities, Roles, Functions, and Career Satisfaction Across 15 Years

The authors examined changes in the profession of counseling psychology by comparing results of similar surveys of Society of Counseling Psychology (SCP) members administered 15 years apart (in 1985 and 2000). The authors found the roles and settings of SCP members were relatively stable across this period but observed that notably fewer respondents were engaged in vocational counseling or vocational assessment and that the proportion of women SCP members nearly doubled over this time period. Year 2000 data also included the responses of counseling psychologists who were not SCP members. Numerous differences emerged from a comparison of SCP members and nonmembers. For example, members were more likely than nonmembers to (a) be employed in university settings, (b) identify as academics, (c) be either an American Psychological Association (APA) fellow or an American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) diplomate, and (d) publish in professional outlets.
Improving existing tools for Mycobacterium xenopi treatment: assessment of drug combinations and characterization of mouse models of infection and chemotherapy

Results: Two-drug combinations of ethambutol with rifampicin, rifapentine or moxifloxacin, and of clarithromycin with moxifloxacin were bactericidal in vitro, and the combination of ethambutol and rifampicin with either clarithromycin or moxifloxacin showed significant bactericidal activity ex vivo. Nude mice were the most susceptible strain to M. xenopi infection, and in this model amikacin-containing regimens were the most effective against M. xenopi. No difference in activity was found between regimens containing clarithromycin and moxifloxacin in vivo. Conclusion: The ethambutol/rifampicin combination with clarithromycin or moxifloxacin had significant bactericidal activity against M. xenopi. The nude mouse, being highly susceptible to M. xenopi, can be utilized for in vivo chemotherapy studies for this infection.
Organocatalytic Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Formyl-α-hydroxyphosphonates

The cross-aldol reaction between enolizable aldehydes and α-ketophosphonates was achieved for the first time by using 9-amino-9-deoxy-epi-quinine as the catalyst. β-Formyl-α-hydroxyphosphonates were obtained in high to excellent enantioselectivities. The reaction works especially well with acetaldehyde, which is a tough substrate for organocatalyzed cross-aldol reactions. The products were demonstrated to have anticancer activities.
Amorphous silicon-coated CNT forest for energy storage applications

This work is based on developing an amorphous silicon-coated, vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forest for energy storage applications. The architecture of the electrode has three valuable features: (1) enhanced charge transfer via aligned CNTs to the substrate, (2) excellent charge storage capability via amorphous silicon, and (3) the preservation of high surface area and porosity with enhanced energy storage capacity. As such, this work could offer a new type of nanomaterial for energy storage applications. A supercapacitor electrode is used in this work for the energy storage demonstration.
Development and Use of English Evaluative Expressions in Narratives of Chinese-English Bilinguals.

This study compares the development and use of evaluative expressions in the English narratives elicited from 80 Chinese–English bilinguals and 80 American monolingual peers at four ages – five, eight, ten, and young adults – using the wordless picture book Frog, where are you? (Mayer, 1969). Results revealed both similarities and differences between monolingual and bilingual groups. On the one hand, regardless of bilingual status, there is a clear age-related growth in the development and use of evaluative expressions. On the other hand, bilingual children in our study differed from monolingual children in the quantity and quality of evaluative clauses used. The results are discussed with respect to linguistic and cultural differences between English and Chinese.
Ethnicity and mass media behavior: A study of blacks and Latinos

(1980). Ethnicity and mass media behavior: A study of blacks and Latinos. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 23-34.
Effects of Social Cognitive Impairment on Speech Disorder in Schizophrenia

Disordered speech in schizophrenia impairs social functioning because it impedes communication with others. Treatment approaches targeting this symptom have been limited by an incomplete understanding of its causes. This study examined the process underpinnings of speech disorder, assessed in terms of communication failure. Contributions of impairments in 2 social cognitive abilities, emotion perception and theory of mind (ToM), to speech disorder were assessed in 63 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 21 nonpsychiatric participants, after controlling for the effects of verbal intelligence and impairments in basic language-related neurocognitive abilities. After removal of the effects of the neurocognitive variables, impairments in emotion perception and ToM each explained additional variance in speech disorder in the patients but not the controls. The neurocognitive and social cognitive variables, taken together, explained 51% of the variance in speech disorder in the patients. Schizophrenic disordered speech may be less a concomitant of "positive" psychotic process than of illness-related limitations in neurocognitive and social cognitive functioning.
A simplified analytical flux model of switched reluctance motor

This paper develops a simplified analytical SRM flux model, which can be used where model accuracy can be traded for speed of computation. The magnetization curve is modeled by two piecewise linear curves. The piecewise analytical formula for flux linkage and instantaneous torque are obtained using the basic electromagnetic theories. Because of the mathematical simplicity, the model provides rapid computation for a real time controller or state estimator. This simplified model doesn't need any experimental parameters from the motor. It only needs the geometrical dimensions and magnetic parameters of the iron. The paper compares the results from the simplified SRM model with the results from a detailed analytical model, and shows the simulation results for a system that uses the simplified model in rotor position state estimator
Real-time MR fluoroscopic data acquisition and image reconstruction.

We describe an experimental system for performing high-speed reconstruction of MR image data acquired with a GRASS sequence. System characteristics are an image acquisition time of 627 ms, continuous image reconstruction at a rate of 6 images/s, and an image reconstruction time of 120 ms. The result is a system for performing MR imaging in real time. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Robust PI observer design for linear time-delay systems

A method for H ∞ Proportional-Integral (PI) observer design for linear time-delay systems is proposed in this paper. The design method involves attenuating of the disturbance to a pre-specified level while estimating the states of the delay system. The PI observer design requires solving certain algebraic Riccati equation. Although the PI observer for time delay system is used for disturbance attenuation in this paper, it has the advantage of using it in estimating the disturbance or fault as well as other scenarios in robust control applications. The main result of the paper is the derivation of PI observer for system with one delay; however, its generalization for two delays is also outlined. Illustrative examples are included to support the theoretical results.
Overview of anneal technology for advanced logic CMOS

This paper presents an overview of the anneal technology for advanced Logic CMOS technology nodes including Hk/MG stack. Junction engineering by ms-anneal has been studied, showing significant benefit in device scaling and fulfilling the stringent junction leakage requirement for low power applications. In addition, we highlight the implication of the metal gate integration flow (“Gate-First” / “Gate-Last”) on junction design and also on eWF where we have proved that Vth is easily achievable with anneal sequence optimization. Finally we have reviewed the new applications of ms-anneal in logic CMOS process flow