cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depictions of Grandparents in Children's Literature.

Because of early marriages, earlier childbearing, and longer life expectancy our society is now seeing grandparenthood occurring during middle age. A total of 73 children's storybooks were reviewed to explore how grandmothers and grandfathers are depicted. The results demonstrated that grandmothers as well as grandfathers portrayed stereotypic roles. Not all older persons have gray hair, wear glasses, or sit in rocking chairs. Many of today's grandparents are working, dating, and actively engaged in recreational activities. The older‐age population is a diverse group, but this diversity was not reflected in the storybooks.
Small Bowel Volvulus in Dogs Clinical Observations

Small bowel volvulus was diagnosed in six dogs. Peracute onset, hematochezia, and lack of vomition were the most prominent clinical features. All affected dogs exceeded 23 kg in body weight. Five of the six dogs were males and two were German shepherd dogs. There were no diagnostic findings that were specific for intestinal volvulus. Abdominal radiographs in two dogs were interpreted as showing “pathologic” dilatation of bowel. However, it could not be determined whether the dilatation was caused by adynamic ileus or by mechanical obstruction. Results of hematological tests help to differentiate other causes of bloody diarrhea such as hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and parvovirus enteritis. Prognosis for dogs with intestinal volvulus was poor: all six of the dogs in our series died.
The action of testosterone on the adrenal cortex of the hypophysectomized, prepuberally castrated male mouse.

The adkenal cortex of the adult male and the parous female mouse consists of a connective tissue capsule surrounding the whole gland, an outer zona glomerulosa, a zona fasciculata and generally but not invariably a zona reticularis and a medullary connective tissue capsule. In young mice and in virgin females a further zone recognizable, namely, the X zone and this shows variations with sex and age. In those mice with an X zone a medullary connective tissue capsule is not present and a zona reticularis is not well-developed or is absent (Waring, 1935; Jones, 1948a). For convenience of description the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata (and the zona reticularis) are together termed the “permanent” cortex. In contradistinction to this term the X zone has been referred to as the “transitory” cortex (Whitehead, 1933) but the former term will be employed in this paper as it is now the name in common usage. The variations of the X zone in the female mouse adrenal are not dealt with in this paper. In the ...
A component-based framework for radio-astronomical imaging software systems

This paper describes a component-based framework for radio-astronomical imaging software systems. We consider optimal re-use strategies for packages of disparate architectures brought together within a modern component framework. In this practical case study, the legacy codes include both procedural and object-oriented architectures. We consider also the special requirements on scientific component middleware, with a specific focus on high-performance computing. We present an example application in this component architecture and outline future development planned for this project. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the effectiveness of probabilistic packet marking for IP traceback under denial of service attack

Effective mitigation of denial of service (DoS) attack is a pressing problem on the Internet. In many instances, DoS attacks can be prevented if the spoofed source IP address is traced back to its origin which allows assigning penalties to the offending party or isolating the compromised hosts and domains from the rest of the network. IP traceback mechanisms based on probabilistic packet marking (PPM) have been proposed for achieving traceback of DoS attacks. We show that probabilistic packet marking-of interest due to its efficiency and implementability vis-a-vis deterministic packet marking and logging or messaging based schemes-suffers under spoofing of the marking field in the IP header by the attacker which can impede traceback by the victim. We show that there is a trade-off between the ability of the victim to localize the attacker and the severity of the DoS attack, which is represented as a function of the marking probability, path length, and traffic volume. The optimal decision problem-the victim can choose the marking probability whereas the attacker can choose the spoofed marking value, source address, and attack volume-can be expressed as a constrained minimax optimization problem, where the victim chooses the marking probability such that the number of forgeable attack paths is minimized. We show that the attacker's ability to hide his location is curtailed by increasing the marking probability, however, the latter is upper-bounded due to sampling constraints. In typical IP internets, the attacker's address can be localized to within 2-5 equally likely sites which renders PPM effective against single source attacks. Under distributed DoS attacks, the uncertainty achievable by the attacker can be amplified, which diminishes the effectiveness of PPM.
Glucose and insulin levels during diuretic therapy in hypertensive men.

We investigated serum glucose and insulin levels resulting from thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic administration and determined whether they were associated with serum or intracellular potassium or magnesium values. We also explored the role of obesity both alone and with thiazides on serum insulin and glucose. Hypertensive men were withdrawn from diuretics and repleted with oral potassium and magnesium and then randomized to 2 months of treatment with (1) hydrochlorothiazide, (2) hydrochlorothiazide with oral potassium, (3) hydrochlorothiazide with oral potassium and magnesium (4) hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene, (5) chlorthalidone, or (6) placebo. Serum was available from 202 participants for insulin and glucose determinations. Mean fasting serum glucose and insulin did not change significantly after 2 months of randomized therapy with the exception of participants randomized to chlorthalidone, who had significant increases in both serum insulin and glucose (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). As body mass index increased, there was a corresponding increase in serum insulin and to a lesser degree in serum glucose. Also, as body mass index increased, participants taking hydrochlorothiazide had a corresponding increase of serum insulin (P < .05). After treatment, intracellular potassium and magnesium were both associated with higher serum insulin (P < .001 for each), and serum potassium was associated with higher and serum magnesium with lower serum glucose (P < .01 for each). In most hypertensive men, treatment with 50 mg chlorthalidone increases glucose and insulin levels, whereas administration of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide, with or without potassium and/or magnesium conserving strategies, does not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
“Accommodating” smoke-free policies: tobacco industry’s Courtesy of Choice programme in Latin America

Objective: To understand the implementation and effects of the Courtesy of Choice programme designed to “accommodate” smokers as an alternative to smoke-free polices developed by Philip Morris International (PMI) and supported by RJ Reynolds (RJR) and British American Tobacco (BAT) since the mid-1990s in Latin America. Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, BAT “social reports”, news reports and tobacco control legislation. Results: Since the mid-1990s, PMI, BAT and RJR promoted Accommodation Programs to maintain the social acceptability of smoking. As in other parts of the world, multinational tobacco companies partnered with third party allies from the hospitality industry in Latin America. The campaign was extended from the hospitality industry (bars, restaurants and hotels) to other venues such as workplaces and airport lounges. A local public relations agency, as well as a network of engineers and other experts in ventilation systems, was hired to promote the tobacco industry’s programme. The most important outcome of these campaigns in several countries was the prevention of meaningful smoke-free policies, both in public places and in workplaces. Conclusions: Courtesy of Choice remains an effective public relations campaign to undermine smoke-free policies in Latin America. The tobacco companies’ accommodation campaign undermines the implementation of measures to protect people from second-hand smoke called for by the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, perpetuating the exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor enclosed environments.
Type 4 Renal Tubular Acidosis (Sub-type 2) Associated with Idiopathic Interistitial Nephritis

An 18-month-old girl presenting with anorexia and failure to thrive, was referred for adenoidectomy. Arterial hypertension was discovered on physical examination. Laboratory results revealed hyperkalaemic, hyperchloraemic, metabolic acidosis, with slight azotemia. Urinary aldosterone excretion and plasma renin were decreased. Renal biopsy showed idiopathic interstitial nephritis. The diagnosis of type 4 renal tubular acidosis, sub-type 2, i.e. primary hyporeninaemic secondary hypoaldosteronism was proposed. According to our knowledge, this disease has not previously been reported in young children, but is well known in azotaemic adults. We therefore propose the inclusion of this uncommon renal disease in the differential diagnosis of failure to thrive in childhood.
Bright luminescence of Vibrio fischeri aconitase mutants reveals a connection between citrate and the Gac/Csr regulatory system.

Summary The Gac/Csr regulatory system is conserved throughout the γ-proteobacteria and controls key pathways in central carbon metabolism, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence in important plant and animal pathogens. Here we show that elevated intracellular citrate levels in a Vibrio fischeri aconitase mutant correlate with activation of the Gac/Csr cascade and induction of bright luminescence. Spontaneous or directed mutations in the gene that encodes citrate synthase reversed the bright luminescence of aconitase mutants, eliminated their citrate accumulation and reversed their elevated expression of CsrB. Our data elucidate a correlative link between central metabolic and regulatory pathways, and they suggest that the Gac system senses a blockage at the aconitase step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, either through elevated citrate levels or a secondary metabolic effect of citrate accumulation, and responds by modulating carbon flow and various functions associated with host colonization, including bioluminescence.
The nod gene inducer genistein alters the composition and molecular mass distribution of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Rhizobium fredii USDA193

The nodulation genes of Rhizobium fredii are located on large symbiosis plasmids and induced by flavonoid signals from the host plant. When cultured in the presence of the isoflavone nodulation gene inducer, genistein, R. fredii USDA193 produced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) with a lower average molecular mass and a reduced uronic acid content in comparison to controls. Genistein treatment also attenuated the yield of these compounds. These genistein-mediated changes are dependent on the presence of the symbiosis plasmid and were not apparent with the plasmid-cured, non-nodulating derivative, IA728. In addition, EPS yields from IA728 were higher than those from USDA193, indicating that the sym plasmid is involved in the regulation of EPS production, independent of the presence of genistein signals.
Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions

Since anthropogenic climate change first emerged on the public agenda in the mid-to-late 1980s, public communication of climate change and—more recently—the question of how to communicate it most effectively have witnessed a steep rise. This paper synthesizes what is known, presumed, and still unknown about how to effectively communicate this problem. An introductory historical overview of climate change communication is followed by a discussion of the challenges that communicators face in trying to convey the issue (invisibility of causes, distant impacts, lack of immediacy and direct experience of the impacts, lack of gratification for taking mitigative actions, disbelief in human's global influence, complexity and uncertainty, inadequate signals indicating the need for change, perceptual limits and self-interest). The core of the paper focuses on key aspects of the communication process (purpose and scope of the communication, audience, framing, messages, messengers, modes and channels of communication, and assessing the outcomes and effectiveness of a communication). These elements are placed in relationship to several contextual factors that affect the communication process. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on climate change communication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Decision fusion in a wireless sensor network with a random number of sensors

For a wireless sensor network (WSN) with a random number of sensors, a decision fusion rule that uses the total number of detections reported by local sensors for hypothesis testing, is proposed. It is assumed that the number of sensors follows a Poisson distribution and the locations of sensors follow a uniform distribution within the region of interest (ROI). Both analytical and simulation results for the system level detection performance are provided. This fusion rule can achieve a very good system level detection performance even at very low signal to noise ratio (SNR), if the average number of sensors is sufficiently large. In addition, the problem of choosing an optimum local sensor level threshold is investigated for various system parameters.
Training Head Start Teachers to Conduct Trial-Based Functional Analysis of Challenging Behavior.

Trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) is a procedure for experimentally identifying the function of challenging behavior within applied settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effec...
The extended partitioning problem: hardware/software mapping and implementation-bin selection

The extended partitioning problem is the joint problem of mapping nodes in a precedence graph to hardware or software, and within each mapping, selecting an appropriate implementation for each node. The end-goal is to minimize the hardware area, subject to architectural and performance constraints. This is an NP-complete problem; we present an efficient heuristic called MIBS to solve it. The MIBS (Mapping and Implementation-Bin Selection) algorithm solves the extended partitioning problem by decomposing it into an iterative process consisting of two steps: mapping and implementation-bin selection (IBS). The GCLP (Global Criticality/Local Phase-driven) algorithm computes a mapping by using an adaptive optimization objective at each iteration. This objective is selected on the basis of a global time criticality measure and local optimality measures. The IBS algorithm solves the implementation-bin selection problem. It uses a bin sensitivity measure which correlates the implementation bin motion with the overall hardware area reduction, to determine the implementation bin of a node for a given mapping. Experimental results indicate that the added dimension of design flexibility (offered by implementation bins) can be used effectively in partitioning to reduce the overall area. The MIBS algorithm has O(|N|/sup 3/) complexity, with a solution quality comparable to that of ILP (integer linear programming).
ARPES EVIDENCE FOR A QUASIPARTICLE LIQUID IN OVERDOPED Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

High resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of highly overdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ with Tc = 51 K indicates that the basic transport processes in this material are fundamentally different from both the lesser-doped cuprates and model metallic compounds. The overdoped sample has sharp ARPES peaks at the Fermi energy throughout the Brillouin zone even in the normal state, unlike the lesser-doped compounds. In particular, the spectra near the (π, 0) point show the presence of a sharp peak well above Tc. The ARPES line shapes, and thus the self-energy, at a given energy are almost independent of k. Further, the quasiparticle scattering rate at the Fermi energy seems to be closely tied to direct resistivity measurements. This leads us to the conclusion that overdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ is best described as a quasiparticle liquid. However, the energy dependence of the scattering rates is quite similar to that found in the lesser-doped compounds and quite different from that seen in a typical metal.
The Power of Speech

In the multimedia world of future communications, speech will play an increasingly important role. From speaker verification to automatic speech recognition and the understanding of key phrases by computers, the spoken word will replace keyboards and pointing devices like the mouse. In his Perspective, [Rabiner][1] discusses recent advances and remaining challenges in the processing of speech by communication devices. The key challenge is to make the user interface for 21st-century services and devices as easy to learn and use as a telephone is today for voice conversations. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5639/1494
Winnowing in Environmental Policy: Jurisdictional Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract While scholars developed an understanding of the processes moving issues from the systemic to theinstitutional agenda, we know little about the inner workings of the institutional agenda. Winnowingtheory addresses this gap by examining the leadership, bill sponsor, and contextual factors helping billsmove through the institutional agenda. By expanding winnowing theory to incorporate a fragmentedpolicy domain, the environment, we ﬁnd that multiple referral status actually helps a bill’s chances ofreceiving attention and passing through the committee. KEY WORDS: winnowing, environment, agenda setting, committee jurisdictions, fragmentation, mul-tiple referral Introduction N ot all positions on the institutional agenda are created equal. The plethora ofliterature concerned with issue movement from the systemic to the institutionalagenda has come at the cost of uncovering internal institutional agenda change.Winnowing theory (Krutz, 2005) ﬁlls this void by consolidating variables in thelegislative politics literature, asking why some bills receive attention and passthrough the committee while others do not. While insinuating that individualactivity and institutional structure affect the lawmaking process, winnowing theoryhas failed to account for fragmented institutional agenda settings (Krutz, 2005,p. 323).The legislative and institutional agenda activities in environmental policy makingrepresent a critical test of winnowing theory. In the 1990s, 14 standing committeesin the House of Representatives and eleven in the Senate had environmentaljurisdiction, and infamously, 70 congressional committees and subcommittees sharein the water policy domain (Rosenbaum, 1998, pp. 69–73). These institutionalconditions allow environmental bills to be multiply referred to various committees,which may curb congressional attention on the environment. Applying winnowingtheory to environmental policy making expands the scope of the theory, addressesa gap in the agenda-setting literature, and develops an understanding of therelationship between institutional fragmentation and agenda setting in the environ-mental domain.
Neighborhood smoking norms modify the relation between collective efficacy and smoking behavior

Background: Although neighborhoods with more collective efficacy have better health in general, recent work suggests that social norms and collective efficacy may in combination influence health behaviors such as smoking. Methods: Using data from the New York Social Environment Study (conducted in 2005; n = 4000), we examined the separate and combined associations of neighborhood collective efficacy and anti-smoking norms with individual smoking. The outcome was current smoking, assessed using the World Mental Health Comprehensive International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) tobacco module. Exposures of interest were neighborhood collective efficacy, measured as the average neighborhood response on a wellestablished scale, and neighborhood anti-smoking norms, measured as the proportion of residents who believed regular smoking was unacceptable. All analyses adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as history of smoking prior to residence in the current neighborhood, individual perception of smoking level in the neighborhood, individual perception of collective efficacy, and individual smoking norms. Results: In separate generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, neighborhood collective efficacy was not associated with smoking (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84–1.34) but permissive neighborhood smoking norms were associated with more smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03–1.74), particularly among residents with no prior history of smoking (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.92–4.30). When considered in combination, where smoking norms were permissive, higher collective efficacy was associated with more smoking; in contrast, where norms were strongly anti-smoking, higher collective efficacy was associated with less smoking. Conclusions: Features of the neighborhood social environment may need to be considered in combinations
Evaluation of MOSFETs and IGBTs for pulsed power applications

Summary form only given as follows. Single solid-state devices or arrays of solid-state devices are being incorporated into many pulsed power applications as a means of generating fast, high-power, high repetition-rate pulses and ultimately replacing hard tubes and thyratrons. While vendors' data sheets provide a starting point for selecting solid-state devices, most data sheets do not have sufficient information to determine performance in a pulsed application. To obtain this relevant information, MOSFETs and IGBTs from a number of vendors have been tested to determine rise times, fall times and current handling capabilities. The emphasis is on the evaluation of devices that can perform in the range of 100 ns pulse widths and the test devices must be capable of switching 1000 volts or greater at a pulsed current of at least 25 amperes. Additionally, some devices were retested with a series magnetic switch to evaluate the effects on switching parameters and specifically rise times. All devices were evaluated under identical conditions and the complete test results are presented.
Deacclimation and reacclimation of cold-hardy plants: Current understanding and emerging concepts

The abilities of cold-hardy plants to resist deacclimation during transient warm spells and to reacclimate when cold temperatures return are significant for winter survival. Yet compared to the volume of research on the biology of cold acclimation, relatively little is known about how plants maintain and/or reacquire cold hardiness in late winter and spring. This review summarizes the past 40 years of research into deacclimation and reacclimation in herbaceous and woody plants and suggests questions that should be addressed with multi-disciplinary approaches to more comprehensively understand the biology of winter-survival in plants. Deacclimation and reacclimation are highly dependent on exogenous and endogenous factors such as the ambient temperatures, water availability, photoperiod, energy budget and metabolism, growth and development, and the dormancy status of plants. Putative mechanisms of these hardiness transitions are discussed based on the published accounts of changes in carbohydrates (e.g., compatible solutes), membrane lipids, proteins (e.g., dehydrins), antioxidants, photosynthesis, and gene expression. In conclusion, the relationships between environmental determinants, gene expression and regulation, cellular and organismal structure and function, and the consequent cold hardiness transitions in plants are discussed and debated.
Understanding atrophy trajectories in alzheimer's disease using association rules on MRI images

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive cognitive decline leading to dementia. The atrophy/loss of brain structure as seen on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is strongly correlated with the severity of the cognitive impairment in AD. In this paper, we set out to find associations between predefined regions of the brain (regions of interest; ROIs) and the severity of the disease. Specifically, we use these associations to address two important issues in AD: (i) typical versus atypical atrophy patterns and (ii) the origin and direction of progression of atrophy, which is currently under debate.We observed that each AD-related ROI is associated with a wide range of severity and that the difference between ROIs is merely a difference in severity distribution. To model differences between the severity distribution of a subpopulation (with significant atrophy in certain ROIs) and the severity distribution of the entire population, we developed the concept of Distributional Association Rules. Using the Distributional Association Rules, we clustered ROIs into disease subsystems. We define a disease subsystem as a contiguous set of ROIs that are collectively implicated in AD. AD is known to be heterogeneous in the sense that multiple sets of ROIs may be related to the disease in a population. We proposed an enhancement to the association rule mining where the algorithm only discovers association rules with ROIs that form an approximately contiguous volume. Next, we applied these association rules to infer the direction of disease progression based on the support measures of the association rules. We also developed a novel statistical test to determine the statistical significance of the discovered direction.We evaluated the proposed method on the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) prospective patient cohorts. The key achievements of the methodology is that it accurately identified larger disease subsystems implicated in typical and atypical AD and it successfully mapped the directions of disease progression.The wealth of data available in Radiology gives rise to opportunities for applying this methodology to map out the trajectory of several other diseases, e.g. other neuro-degenerative diseases and cancers, most notably, breast cancer. The applicability of this method is not limited to image data, as associating predictors with severity provides valuable information in most areas of medicine as well as other industries.
Hybrid symbolic control for robot motion planning

This paper addresses the symbolic motion planning and control of robots to meet high level specifications through hybrid supervisory control. The basic idea is to partition the motion space of robots into logically equivalent regions, based on which a bisimulation quotient transition system is derived and supervisor is synthesized. The bisimulation relation between the abstracted model and the original continuous dynamics is formally proved, which guarantees the existence of feasible continuous control signals and closed-loop trajectories for robots to satisfy the high level specifications as well. The main contribution of the paper lies in the development of a unified hybrid hierarchical control framework whose top layer is a discrete supervisor that is responsible for decision making to satisfy the assigned specification. This discrete supervisor is connected to the low level continuous dynamics of the system via an interface layer. The interface layer is responsible for translating discrete commands of the supervisor to a continuous control signals implementable by the continuous plant and vice versa.
Performance evaluation of MPEG-2 codec with accurate motion estimation

Conventional motion estimation algorithms that rely on displacement motion vectors do not take into account potential object transformations such as scaling, rotations and deformations in a video scene. Our prior work in isolated test environment where motion is estimated and compensated using original reference frames has demonstrated that transformation estimation algorithms based on Lie operators can significantly improve the motion estimation accuracy achievable by using only the conventional translation estimation. In this paper, we evaluate the improvement of the prediction performance after our transformation estimation algorithms are integrated into an MPEG-2 codec, where prediction errors tend to propagate to succeeding frames. The results show that transformation estimation can lead to higher PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio) values for predicted MPEG-2 frames in two standard test sequences.
What China Will Want: The Future Intentions of a Rising Power

China's national power is growing rapidly, but what China will do with its newfound capabilities remains an issue of contentious debate among scholars and policymakers. At the heart of the problem is the difficulty of divining future intentions. Two arguments have dominated the debate. One focuses on power and likely Chinese revisionism. The other highlights China's growing interdependence and likely future satisfaction. Both are problematic in terms of logic and evidence. They offer linear projections that ignore the way that China's future is likely to be contingent—especially on the interaction of foreign policy ideas and events. Relative power and interdependence are important but their impact is mediated through the doctrines leaders use to justify action and establish authority: those ideas are prone to change in regular ways—and with them China's intentions. If this argument is right, policy prescriptions that advocate containing, engaging, or some mix of the two (i.e., hedging) in relations with China need to be reconfigured.Jeffrey W. Legro is Professor and Chair in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics and Co-Director of the Governing America in a Global Age Program at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia (legro@virginia.edu). The author thanks Robert Ross, Tang Shiping, Brantly Womack, and Zhu Feng for helpful comments and Daniel Aaron Weir for excellent research assistance.
Preoperative Measurements in Upper Blepharoplasty: Patient Selection

When examining the patient preoperatively, special attention should be paid to the brows. The MRD obtained with eyebrows manually raised (refered to as MRDb) is highly predictive of the postblepharoplasty MRD. While the brows are manually raised, the superior sulcus is examined for evidence of herniating nasal and preaponeurotic fat pads and to search for lacrimal gland prolapse. Ballottement the globe while examining the superior sulcus helps determine which fat pads should be resected. Any preexisting eyebrow ptosis, eyelid ptosis, or nasal webbing should be both documented and emphasized to the patient. Finally, the extent of lateral hooding and retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) should be noted. Examine for lagophthalmos by having the patient passively close his or her eyelids as if sleeping.
The Effects of Circuit Integration on a Feature Map Vector Quantizer

The effects of parameter modifications imposed by hardware constraints on a self-organizing feature map algorithm were examined. Performance was measured by the error rate of a speech recognition system which included this algorithm as part of the front-end processing. System parameters which were varied included weight (connection strength) quantization, adaptation quantization, distance measures and circuit approximations which include device characteristics and process variability. Experiments using the TI isolated word database for 16 speakers demonstrated degradation in performance when weight quantization fell below 8 bits. The competitive nature of the algorithm relaxes constraints on uniformity and linearity which makes it an excellent candidate for a fully analog circuit implementation. Prototype circuits have been fabricated and characterized following the constraints established through the simulation efforts.
La Frontera del Gótico: James Fergusson y la arquitectura española

The surveys of art history written by anglophone scholars picture a map of the Gothic architecture that leaves Spain out. This paper inquiries into when, how and why this marginalization begun, tracing it back to the Victorian historian of architecture James Fergusson. On the one hand, Fergusson argued that the Spanish monuments were imperfect imitations of European models. On the other hand, he claimed that the Spaniards were a semitic race, lacking artistic genius and unable to create any architecture of worth. These formal and ethnological arguments led him to conclude that the southern border of the map of Gothic architecture should end at the Pyrenees and exclude Spain. At a deeper level, however, what was really at stake was not the extension of the map of the gothic, but of Western Europe, and whether Spain deserved to be included in it.
El crecimiento de la literatura sobre la ley de Bradford

Se analiza la literatura producida sobre la ley de Bradford desde 1934 hasta junio del 2012. Se encontraron 936 documentos producidos por 1 123 autores diferentes. Estos autores utilizaron 16 idiomas para comunicar los resultados de sus investigaciones; el ingles fue el idioma dominante, seguido del chino, espanol y portugues. Se identifico tambien a 15 autores como los mas productivos, quienes publican sus investigaciones en ingles, en la forma de articulos en revistas academicas, y las presentan en congresos del area. Esta literatura crece de forma exponencial (R2 = 0.974), a una tasa de 5.4 % al ano y duplica su tamano cada 13.2 anos. Abstract This paper analyzes the literature produced on Bradford’ Law from 1934 to June 2012. The study compiled 936 documents produced by 1,123 authors, working in sixteen languages to communicate the results of their research, with English the leading language, followed by Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese. The study reveals the fifteen most productive authors, all of which work in English in both academic journals and conference settings. This literature is growing exponentially (R2 = 0.974), at a rate of 5.4% per year and doubling in size every 13.2 years.
Investigation of automatically detected high frequency oscillations (HFOs) as an early predictor of seizure onset zone

High frequency oscillations (HFOs) during inter-ictal state have been considered as a potential biomarker of epileptogenic regions in brain. The purpose of the current study is to improve and automatize the detection of HFOs basing on HFO distinguishing features followed by unsupervised clustering method, and to predict seizure onset zone (SOZ) using the clustered HFOs. The algorithm successfully separated HFOs of different sub-categories from noise, artifacts, and inter-ictal spikes. We tested this technique on two subjects, and assessed the performance of SOZ prediction by computing the overlapping rate of HFO generative channels and seizure onset channels. In both subjects, we were able to localize the seizure onset area 3 to 4 days before the actual onset of the seizure, with high specificity over 95%. The algorithm showed significant improvement comparing to another existing technique.
The Spaeth/Richman contrast sensitivity test (SPARCS): design, reproducibility and ability to identify patients with glaucoma

Aims (1) To determine the ability of a novel, internet-based contrast sensitivity test titled the Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity Test (SPARCS) to identify patients with glaucoma. (2) To determine the test-retest reliability of SPARCS. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional study of patients with glaucoma and controls was performed. Subjects were assessed by SPARCS and the Pelli-Robson chart. Reliability of each test was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of repeatability. Sensitivity and specificity for identifying glaucoma was also evaluated. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient for SPARCS was 0.97 and 0.98 for Pelli-Robson. The coefficient of repeatability for SPARCS was ±6.7% and ±6.4% for Pelli-Robson. SPARCS identified patients with glaucoma with 79% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Conclusions SPARCS has high test-retest reliability. It is easily accessible via the internet and identifies patients with glaucoma well. Trial Registration: NCT01300949.
Effect of ablation of neocortex on ability of pituitary to secrete thyrotropin in the rat.

SummaryRemoval of the neocortex in female rats did not greatly affect the goitrogenic response to propylthiouracil administration nor the weights of the adrenals, ovaries or uteri.
Hip-Hop/Scotch: "Sounding Francophone" in French and United States Cultures

L'A. se penche sur la relation entre la francophonie et les differentes formes de dissensions ethniques en France et aux Etats Unis. Elle nous presente les premiers textes francophones en Afrique et le premier livre publie en francais a New Orleans en 1845. En plus, elle souleve le probleme des immigres noirs francophones aux Etats Unis et examine les chansons des rappeurs francais et leur usage des textes interculturels ou l'on distingue multilinguisme et l'existence des differentes traditions et pratiques linguistiques
Radiosynthesis of 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐[18F]Fluoro‐5‐Methyl‐1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosyluracil ([18F]FMAU)

[18F]FMAU is an established PET probe used to monitor cellular proliferation. For clinical applications, a fully automated cGMP-compliant radiosynthesis would be preferred. However, the current synthesis of [18F]FMAU requires HBr activation of the sugar prior to the coupling with silylated uracil. This multiple step procedure makes the development of an automated protocol difficult and complicated. In this study, we report the use of Friedel-Crafts catalysts for an improved synthesis of [18F]FMAU, which also includes a significantly simplified one-pot reaction condition.
Integration and Improvement of Two Upper Bound Formulason Ramsey Numbers

This article integrates the two upper bound formul as on Ramsey numbers on the basis of introduction parameter, and makes some improvement on one of them.
Stem cell factor amplifies newborn and sickle erythropoiesis in liquid cultures

A two-phase liquid-culture system was used to substantially amplify and differentiate erythroblasts, starting with mononuclear cells from the blood of normal adults, newborn infants, and patients with sickle cell anemia. After the first 7 days (phase 1), in medium plus fetal bovine serum (FBS) alone, or in combination with stem cell factor (SCF) or conditioned medium (CM), the cell number was unchanged, and the cells all looked like lymphocytes. These cells were then diluted into medium with erythropoietin (Ep) alone, with Ep and either SCF or CM, or in methylcellulose with the same factors (phase 2). After 14 days in liquid phase 2 with SCF and Ep, the cell numbers increased an average of 30-fold in the sickle, 24-fold in the newborn, and 4-fold in the normal adult cultures; almost all the cells were erythroblasts and erythrocytes. SCF in phase 1 increased the number of late progenitors (CFU-E) assayed in methylcellulose, with the largest number in sickle, followed by newborn cultures and then adult cultures. We conclude that erythroid progenitor cells survive for at least 7 days without Ep (but with FBS). Progenitor cells are amplified, particularly with SCF. Later in culture, SCF with Ep increases the final number of differentiated erythroid cells. Both the early and the late effects of SCF are most effective in sickle, followed by newborn cultures and then adult cultures.
Abstract ED05-02: Targeting estrogen receptors for breast cancer prevention

Before “targeted” therapy was part of the oncology lexicon, the estrogen receptor (ER) was already a much touted target of drug development for breast cancer treatment and prevention. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) were developed for the purpose of binding to the ER. Tamoxifen, the first SERM studied for breast cancer treatment and prevention, inhibits the action of the ER in the breast. In the 1980s it elicited improvements in overall and disease-free survival in women with breast cancer and was subsequently tested with a primary endpoint of breast cancer prevention in high-risk women. The Breast Cancer Prevention Trial demonstrated a 49% reduction in new breast cancers in high-risk women, leading to FDA approval of tamoxifen for this purpose in 1998. The was the first FDA approval of an agent for a cancer prevention indication. Subsequently a series of SERMs have been developed for osteoporosis, most notably raloxifene. The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene showed the two SERMs to be equivalent in terms of their ability to target the ER and prevent ER-positive breast cancer, with raloxifene exhibiting overall less toxicity. This agent, already approved for osteoporosis treatment and prevention, was approved for breast cancer prevention in postmenopausal women in 2007. More recently, meta-analyses of these and other studies comparing SERMs to placebo in a variety of disease settings have consistently shown benefits for breast cancer prevention in the SERM arm. The latest approach to targeting the estrogenic effect on breast cancer development involves inhibition of estrogen production, as opposed to estrogen action. The aromatase inhibitors (AIs) prevent the enzyme, aromatase, from converting androgens to estrogens. In postmenopausal women, in whom the majority of AI studies have been carried out, the inhibition of estrogen production is almost complete. The Mammary Prevention 3 trial showed that the AI exemestane decreased the incidence of breast cancer by up to 70% compared to placebo, with different toxicities than tamoxifen. The International Breast Cancer Intervention Study II, which is comparing the AI anastrozole to placebo in high-risk postmenopausal women, is still ongoing. Both the SERM and AI classes of targeted breast cancer prevention agents are effective in preventing ER-positive breast cancers, leaving an urgent need to develop drugs to prevent ER-negative breast cancers. Citation Format: Leslie G. Ford, Barbara K. Dunn. Targeting estrogen receptors for breast cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr ED05-02.
Introduction: The Essay—That Heretical Genre

The emergence of the essay at a time of tremendous civil, religious, scientific, and social upheaval suggests that new times demanded new discursive and narrative modes to cope with the changes. Two modern critics, Theodor Adorno and Karlheinz Stierle, have each demonstrated—Adorno with the essay, Stierle with the exemplum— how Montaigne as well as other practitioners write against the myth of reaching permanent truths and principles unclouded by difference and temporal fragmentation. In “The Essay as Form I,” Adorno comments on the radical, heretical nature of the essay: “[The essay] is radical in its non-radicalism, in refraining from any reduction to a principle, in its accentuation of the partial against the total, in its fragmentary character” (Adorno 9). In a similar fashion, Stierle shows how the essay, as practiced by Montaigne, “wanders from one exemplum to another,” emphasizing plurality, variety, difference, so as, in the multitude of examples, to keep “the discourse of reflection going” (Stierle 585).1 The plurality of examples in Montaigne’s work reinforces the notion of nature’s diversity coming back from the New World: animals, plants, customs, diseases previously unknown, many of which will find their way into the Essais.
Preferences for Long-Acting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), Daily Oral PrEP, or Condoms for HIV Prevention Among U.S. Men Who Have Sex with Men.

HIV prevention method preferences were evaluated among 512 U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM; median age: 22 years). Approximately 90 % consistently preferred one option across pairwise comparisons of condoms, daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and long-acting PrEP delivered via either an injectable or one of two types of PrEP implants differing in visibility. Condoms were most frequently preferred (33.8 %), followed by non-visible implants (21.5 %), and oral PrEP (17.0 %); HIV risk was reported by more choosing implants. In a follow-up question comparing the four PrEP options only, daily oral pills and non-visible implants were most frequently preferred (35.5 and 34.3 %, respectively), followed by injections (25.2 %) and visible implants (4.3 %). An inductive, open-coding approach determined that convenience, duration of protection, and privacy were the most commonly cited reasons for a PrEP method choice, and associated with self-report of HIV risk. Tailoring PrEP product development to privacy and other concerns important to those at highest HIV risk may improve HIV prevention.
Chapter 3 Structure: The Strategy You Choose

Recently, more than 200 participants heard a lunch-time speaker at a National Science Foundation conference. Because the conference was for those who had won grants that concerned educating engineers, most of the participants were engineering faculty. Before the guest speaker, who was from an outside agency, took the stage, the energy level in the room was high. Most of the participants were presenting their projects in posters that afternoon, and many conversations at the round tables around the room involved participants sharing results. When the speaker took the stage, those conversations quieted.
Effects of social experience on pair bonding in a monogamous fish (Amatitlania nigrofasciata)

For species in which individuals spend at least some time in groups, dominance relationships and various social cues are often important for mate assessment and choice. For pair bonding species, social experiences may affect reproductive decisions in both sexes. We tested whether prior experience in a mixed-sex group and having a higher dominance status coincides with faster pair formation or spawning in a monogamous fish. Individuals having prior experience in mixed-sex groups paired with a novel fish more frequently than fish from same-sex groups. Fish in mixed-sex groups performed more bites and lateral displays. Although spawning occurred infrequently across pairs, dominant fish from mixed-sex groups spawned more than dominant fish from same-sex groups. Otherwise, there were no clear behavioural relationships between treatment group and subsequent pair formation or spawning, nor were behaviours of the paired fishes related to their prior treatment group. We do not know how mixed-sex social experience may have affected the physiology of those individuals, although our results support a reproductive priming effect.
Reflections from a computational service learning trip to Haiti

This paper describes the experiences from two week-long service learning trips to Cap-Haitien, Haiti where a small group of computing students, faculty, and volunteers engaged young women from nearby underprivileged villages in computational thinking. Students recognized some of the barriers that must be overcome for a technological transformation of schools and communities in Haiti. Overall, these participating students reported an increased inspiration for computing and higher levels of leadership, communication, and collaboration skills.
Crafting the Social Dynamics: Staffing, Operating Regulations, and Advertising

This chapter describes how Hock and his staff crafted a few key social dynamics at three levels of the system: the central organization’s staff; the overall NBI association; and the cardholding public. I introduce a number of key employees who appear throughout the narrative, analyze the role of the operating regulations, and discuss NBI’s early national advertising campaigns.