cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interhospital variation of inpatient versus outpatient pediatric burn treatment after emergency department evaluation.

Abstract Background Approaches to burn care in the pediatric population are highly variable and can be targeted as a potential measure in cost-reduction. We hypothesized that institutions vary significantly in treatment allocation of nonsevere burns to either inpatient or outpatient care. Methods We queried the PHIS database for fiscal year 2017 to quantify small pediatric burn admissions and Emergency Department visits (ED). The ICD-10 code T31.0 was used to identify burns involving Results Inpatient versus outpatient management distribution was significantly different across the included pediatric children's hospitals (n = 34, p Conclusions Variability of inpatient versus outpatient pediatric burn management in small burns was significant. Compared to outpatient burn care, inpatient care is significantly more costly. Implementing protocols and personnel to provide adequate attention to small burns in the ED could be an important cost-saving measure. Type of study Retrospective analysis. Level of evidence Level III.
Associations of reproductive coercion and intimate partner violence with overt and covert family planning use among married adolescent girls in Niger.

Abstract Background In Niger the prevalence of girl child marriage and low female control over family planning (FP) has resulted in the world's highest adolescent fertility. Male control of FP is associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) and reproductive coercion (RC). We assessed associations of IPV and RC with FP use among married adolescent girls (ages 13–19 years) in Dosso, Niger (N = 1072). Methods Multivariable, cross-sectional regression models assessed associations between physical IPV, sexual IPV, and RC and any FP use, FP use with husband knowledge (overt use), and FP use without husband knowledge (covert use). Findings One in four married adolescent girls using FP reported doing so without husband's knowledge. Unadjusted and adjusted models indicated that physical IPV and RC were associated with covert FP use (vs. no use and vs. overt use), but not with overt use vs. no use. Only physical IPV remained significantly associated with covert use in models including all three forms of violence (AOR: 1.94 vs. any use; AOR: 3.63 vs. overt use). Interpretation Married adolescents experiencing physical IPV or RC were more likely that others to use FP without their husbands’ knowledge. No form of GBV affected odds of FP use with husbands’ knowledge. Current results suggest caution regarding promoting engagement of men in decisions to use FP in this context, as this may undermine the reproductive autonomy of girls and women who will choose to use FP without the knowledge of their male partners.
The State of Cognitive Assessment Training in School Psychology: an Analysis of Syllabi

The assessment of cognitive abilities has been the dominant activity performed by school psychologists since the implementation of the field. As such, the teaching of this skill to future psychologists is arguably the most important function of graduate education. Consequently, understanding graduate programs instruction in this area is extremely important. Given the fact that the last comprehensive survey of what is being taught in the cognitive assessment course in school psychology was approximately 20 years ago and the fact that laws governing the practice of psychology have changed (i.e., elimination of the discrepancy model mandate), there exists a need to understand current assessment teaching practices in the field of school psychology. As such, the purpose of this study was to understand the current state of the mandatory cognitive assessment course in school psychology programs. Results from our analysis of syllabi from APA- and NASP-accredited programs indicated that several aspects of training remain consistent with two-decade-old practices even in the face of changing legal options and practitioners’ assessment preferences. More specifically, the most commonly taught instrument was the Wechsler scale with the Sattler and Flanagan texts being the most prolific. This indicates that graduate training practices have remained relatively stable. Implications are discussed in terms of current and future practices in the training and education of psychologists.
Indie Games of No Nation: The Transnational Indie Imaginary and the Occlusion of National Markers

Vanderhoef argues that indie games from around the world often do not highlight the cultural context in which they are produced. The occlusion of national markers in many indie games stems from what Vanderhoef calls a “transnational indie imaginary,” a shared popular conception of indie games, including mechanics, aesthetics, and iconography, between developers from all over the world, shaped and reshaped by an ongoing and unfolding discourse of indie games produced through the global video game culture and industry. Through an examination of Polish indie games and their developers since the Polish industry’s formalization in the 1990s, Vanderhoef suggests what constitutes local specificity changes over time and fluctuates between specific expressions of localism and a larger shared transnational imaginary of indie games.
R&D Collaboration: Competitive & Non-competitive External Actors for Innovation Performance

This study examines how R&D collaboration with different external actors correlates in different magnitudes in terms of the focal firm’s probability for innovation performance. One stream of studie...
Continuous unital dilations of completely positive semigroups

Abstract Since it began in the 1970s, the study of completely positive semigroups has included among its central topics the dilation of a completely positive semigroup to an endomorphism semigroup. Several authors have proved the existence of dilations, but have usually only achieved unital dilations of specific examples, while general theorems have tended to produce non-unital dilations. A unique approach due to Jean-Luc Sauvageot leads to a unital dilation in a general setting, but leaves unclear the continuity of the dilation semigroup. The major purpose of this paper, therefore, is to further develop Sauvageot's theory in order to prove the existence of continuous unital dilations. The dilation is characterized by a combinatorial property akin to free independence. This property is implicit in some of Sauvageot's original calculations, but a secondary goal of this paper is to present it as its own object of study, which is done in Section 4 . This work is based on the author's Ph.D. thesis.
Ethics and Business: An Introduction

In this lively undergraduate textbook, Kevin Gibson explores the relationship between ethics and the world of business, and how we can serve the interests of both. He builds a philosophical groundwork that can be applied to a wide range of issues in ethics and business, and shows readers how to assess dilemmas critically and work to resolve them on a principled basis. Using case studies drawn from around the world, he examines topics including stakeholder responsibilities, sustainability, corporate social responsibility, and women and business. Because business can no longer be isolated from its effects on communities and the environment, these concerns are brought to the forefront. The book also captures the dynamic nature of business ethics in the era of globalization where jobs can be outsourced, products are made of components from scores of countries and sweatshops often provide the cheap goods the public demands.
Ionic permeability of isolated muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and liver endoplasmic reticulum vesicles.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes radioisotope flux-Millipore filtration, light scattering, and membrane potential-dye measurements used to determine the passive Ca 2+ , K + , Na + , H + , and Cl - permeability of isolated rabbit skeletal muscle SR, and rat liver ER vesicle fractions. Several permeation systems for ions and small solutes are present within the reticulum structures of cells. For example, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver, glucose 6-phosphate hydrolysis is mediated by a two-component system consisting of a glucose-6-phosphate permease, which transfers glucose-6-phosphate across the ER membrane and a phosphohydrolase-phosphotransferase, localized on the luminal side of the membrane. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is another specialized intracellular membrane system that controls muscle contraction and relaxation by rapidly releasing and sequestering Ca 2+ . Rapid Ca 2+ fluxes are possible, due to the presence of several high-capacity permeation systems for Ca 2+ and monovalent ions. The radioisotope flux-Millipore filtration technique is useful for determining the fraction of vesicles that contain a specific permeation system, as well as for measuring flux rates of relatively impermeable solutes and ions.
The impact of interprocedural class analysis on optimization

The runtime performance of object-oriented languages often suffers due to the overhead of dynamic dispatching. In order to make these languages competitive with traditional languages, optimizing compilers attempt to eliminate as many of the dynamic dispatches as possible. A variety of local and intraprocedural techniques have been developed to do this, but they can be ineffective when they are unable to statically bind and inline a message send. To enable better analysis across noninlined message sends, interprocedural analysis is required. In this paper we describe a simple algorithm for interprocedural class analysis and empirically evaluate its effectiveness as a tool for program optimization. We demonstrate that interprocedural class analysis can substantially decrease application execution times when compared to applications optimized with only intraprocedural techniques.
Cytochalasin A and B INHIBITION OF SUGAR UPTAKE IN CULTURED CELLS

Abstract A mold metabolite, cytochalasin B, inhibits uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucose in chick fibroblasts and cultured liver cells. This inhibition is rapid, reversible, and is achieved at very low concentrations of the metabolite. Cytochalasin A also inhibits sugar uptake, but the magnitude and reversibility of inhibition differs from that produced by cytochalasin B.
A Novel Method for Cortical Sulcal Fundi Extraction

Sulcal fundi are 3D curves along the bottom of sulcal regions of the human cerebral cortex. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic method for extraction of sulcal fundi from triangulated cortical surface. Compared to existing methods, the proposed method can find accurate sulcal fundi using curvatures and curvature derivatives without manual interaction. Given a triangulated cortical surface, our method is composed of four steps: estimating curvatures and curvature derivatives for each vertex, detecting the sulcal fundi segments in each triangle, linking the sulcal fundi segments and combining of adjacent sulcal fundi, and connecting breaking sulcal fundi and smoothing using the fast marching method on the cortical surface. The proposed sulcal fundi extraction method is applied to ten normal brain inner cortical surfaces. We quantitatively validated the proposed method of sulcal fundi extraction using manually labeled sulcal fundi by experts as the ground truth.
Reducing Average and Peak Test Power Through Scan Chain Modification

Parallel test application helps reduce the otherwise considerable test times in SOCss yet its applicability is limited by average and peak power considerations. The typical test vector loading techniques result in frequent transitions in the scan chain, which in turn reflect into significant levels of circuit switching unnecessarily. Judicious utilization of logic in the scan chain can help reduce transitions while loading the test vector needed. The transitions embedded in both test stimuli and the responses are handled through scan chain modifications consisting of logic gate insertion between scan cells as well as inversion of capture paths. No performance degradation ensues as these modifications have no impact on functional execution. To reduce average and peak power, we herein propose computationally efficient schemes that identify the location and the type of logic to be inserted. The experimental results confirm the significant reductions in test power possible under the proposed scheme.
ANTI-SWERVE MECHANICAL BRAKES

It is known that rear–wheel lock–up during braking, before the front wheels lock, results in vehicle instability. Such a condition is referred to as rear–wheel skid. A rear–wheel skid elicits a lateral and angular deviation of the vehicle and can be a contributing factor in rollovers and many fatal accidents. The problem of rear–wheel skid has been studied for decades. Efforts have been made to remedy the 'rear–wheel skid' by preventing the rear wheels from locking before the front wheels. This led to the design of sophisticated electromechanical anti–lock systems. However, high cost, low reliability and maintenance problems limit the use of such systems. This paper presents some background information and a new. All mechanical emergency brake system that will provide a solution to this problem. The proposed system would drastically minimise the chances of swerving of road vehicles under emergency braking conditions and provide safe braking in cases of complete hydraulic brake fluid loss/failure, irrespective of the skill of the driver.
Lake Morphometry and Light in the Surface Layer

Mean irradiance in the surface layer was calculated as a percent of incident irradiance using Secchi depths and thermocline depths for two sets of lakes: (1) 20 nearly circular lakes in northwest Minnesota, USA, sampled at a similar season, and (2) 1140 lakes of heterogeneous shapes in Ontario, Canada, sampled throughout the ice-free season. For both, as lake area increased, the thickness of the surface layer increased. Consequently, lakes larger in area had lower mean irradiance in their surface layer. Lake depth had less influence, but in the Ontario lakes, as depth increased, attenuation decreased, and mean irradiance increased. Lake area (log transformed) explained ca. one-half of the variation in mean irradiance in the homogeneous sampling of Minnesota lakes, while area and depth together explained less of the variation in the heterogeneous sampling of Ontario lakes. Shape, i.e. shoreline development, was unimportant compared with the gross measures of size, area and depth. Mean irradiance is complex...
Anomalous evolution of quantum systems in the ultrastrong coupling regime

Analysis of complex quantum systems having many partitions is a very complicated numerical task. As the number of entities increase, the computational burden blows up and at the same time accuracy is lost due to integration in timedomain. Here, we present a systematic and rigorous methodology to deal with the multi-partite quantum systems comprised of many quantum dots with arbitrary transition oscillator strengths as well as dipole-dipole interaction. No limit is imposed on the number of radiation modes in the interacting reservoir. We present an exact solution to this system and also a general self-generating automated code which is capable of solving the system in time-domain with full accuracy and maximal computational efficiency. The code is also able to compute the exact concurrency as the measure of entanglement. Various coupling regimes ranging from the weak to ultrastrong are analyzed and discussed.
Vascular cognitive impairment

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of dementia in patients older than 65. Dementia is a disease with major implications in society given high costs of health care and burden for the families as primary caregivers. VCI can manifest in a wide variety of symptoms depending on the localization of the brain damage and the size and number of lesions, as well as the presence of comorbid conditions that can affect cognition including depression and Alzheimer's disease. Prevention and aggressive treatment of vascular and metabolic risk factors starting early in life have been proposed as major factors in the prevention of cerebral vascular injury later in life and the development of VCI. Major diagnostic modalities include a thorough clinical evaluation that shows cognitive impairment and neuroimaging that demonstrates cerebral vascular damage based on structural MRI as the most sensitive and specific measure of vascular brain injury. To date, the FDA has not approved any therapies for the treatment of VCI. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine have shown some mild improvement in cognition but not in global endpoints.
Genetic Algorithms, Operators, and DNA Fragment Assembly

We study different genetic algorithm operators for one permutation problem associated with the Human Genome Project—the assembly of DNA sequence fragments from a parent clone whose sequence is unknown into a consensus sequence corresponding to the parent sequence. The sorted-order representation, which does not require specialized operators, is compared with a more traditional permutation representation, which does require specialized operators. The two representations and their associated operators are compared on problems ranging from 2K to 34K base pairs (KB). Edge-recombination crossover used in conjunction with several specialized operators is found to perform best in these experimentss these operators solved a 10KB sequence, consisting of 177 fragments, with no manual intervention. Natural building blocks in the problem are exploited at progressively higher levels through “macro-operators.” This significantly improves performance.
The effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonists on melanogenesis and cellular proliferation in melanoma cells in culture

Abstract B16-C3 murine melanoma, A375P human melanotic melanoma, and C32 human amelanotic melanoma cells were incubated in the presence of (0–4mM) H2-antagonists, ranitidine and cimetidine. Cell proliferation, tyrosinase activity and melanin content were monitored. H2-antagonists stimulated tyrosinase activity and melanin accumulation in B16-C3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Stimulation of enzyme activity and pigment production was accompanied by inhibition of cellular proliferation in B16-C3 cells. The inhibitory concentration of cimetidine was approximately 2-fold higher than that of ranitidine. H2-antagonists failed to stimulate melanogenesis in A375P or C32 cells, but inhibited cellular proliferation in both cell lines. These results are the first demonstration of H2-antagonist induced phenotypic changes in malignant melanoma cells in vitro, and represent a novel mechanism for the previously described in vivo antitumor effects of these agents.
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity in bovine adrenocortical cells in culture: Lack of response to ACTH treatment

Abstract Primary cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells (BAC) were used to determine whether the adrenal microsomal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase complex (3β-HSD), like the 17α-hydroxylase (17-OHase), responded to ACTH treatment with an increase in activity. Both enzymes influence the steroidogenic path leading to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone formation and thus could affect adrenal androgen biosynthesis. 3β-HSD Activity in postmitochondrial supernatant fluid, homogenates or cell monolayers remained unchanged after cells had been maintained in 1 μM ACTH up to 48 h. Since ACTH exposure led to a marked increase in 17-OHase activity over the same time period, it is concluded that, under the conditions used, the 3β-HSD-isomerase complex in BAC is nonresponsive to tropic hormone treatment.
Mesenchymal stem cells in progression and treatment of cancers

Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow or local tissues are recruited to stroma of almost all types of cancers during initiation and/or progression of cancer. The recruited MSCs and their derivative cancer-associated fibroblasts interact with cancer cells to promote stemness, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Targeting these cancer-recruited MSCs and/or the interaction between MSCs and cancer cells are promising strategies to improve cancer therapy. On the other hand, the unique tumor-homing capacity of MSCs makes them a promising vehicle to deliver various anti-cancer agents. This review summarized the recent advancement of our understanding on the interaction between MSCs and cancer cells, as well as the potential of MSCs for cancer therapy.
Intramolecular Nucleophilic Substitution on Coordinated Borabenzenes: A New Entry into Boratabenzene Complexes

Electrophilic complexes containing boratabenzene ligands are finding applications in olefin polymerization and oligomerization reactions. Most significant is the ability to control the reactivity of boratabenzene catalysts by adjusting the degree of orbital overlap between boron and its exocyclic substituent. Boratabenzene catalysts have appeared with reactivities that complement those observed with standard group 4 metallocenes. Furthermore, while both cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and boratabenzene are formally monoanionic 6{pi} electron donors, boratabenzene is a weaker donor. Isostructural complexes containing boratabenzene instead of Cp therefore have a greater tendency for lower oxidation states and offer altered mechanistic pathways for elementary reactions. One of the main difficulties in advancing a broader use of boratabenzene complexes in industry and in noncatalytic reactions useful for organic chemistry is the multistep synthesis of the boratabenzene complexes in industry and in noncatalytic reactions useful for organic chemistry is the multistep synthesis of the boratabenzene framework. Methods for coordination typically make direct analogy to Cp chemistry, namely, salt metathesis by addition of ligand salts to metal halides. In this paper the authors report a new type of reaction that gives transition metal-boratabenzene complexes directly from neutral borabenzene-base adducts.
Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of pitch perception: auditory cortex.

We present original results and review literature from the past fifty years that address the role of primate auditory cortex in the following percep- tual capacities: (1) the ability to perceive small differences between the pitches of two successive tones; (2) the ability to perceive the sign (i.e., direction) of the pitch difference (higher () vs. lower ()); and (3) the ability to abstract pitch constancy across changes in stimulus acoustics. Cortical mechanisms mediat- ing pitch perception are discussed with respect to (1) gross and microanatomi- cal distribution; and (2) candidate neural coding schemes. Observations by us and others suggest that (1) frequency-selective neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) and surrounding fields play a critical role in fine-grained pitch dis- crimination at the perceptual level; (2) cortical mechanisms that detect pitch differences are neuroanatomically dissociable from those mediating pitch di- rection discrimination; (3) cortical mechanisms mediating perception of the "missing fundamental frequency (F0)" are neuroanatomically dissociable from those mediating pitch perception when F0 is present; (4) frequency-selective neurons in both right and left A1 contribute to pitch change detection and pitch direction discrimination; (5) frequency-selective neurons in right A1 are neces- sary for normal pitch direction discrimination; (6) simple codes for pitch that are based on single- and multiunit firing rates of frequency-selective neurons face both a "hyperacuity problem" and a "pitch constancy problem"—that is, frequency discrimination thresholds for pitch change direction and pitch direc- tion discrimination are much smaller than neural tuning curves predict, and firing rate patterns change dramatically under conditions in which pitch per- cepts remain invariant; (7) cochleotopic organization of frequency-selective neurons bears little if any relevance to perceptual acuity and pitch constancy;
Syntactic Recognition of Handwritten Numerals

A method is described for the recognition of free-form (unconstrained) handwritten numerals. At first the tracings of the input characters are converted into polygons, and then they are processed by a general syntactic parser whose output is a high-level representation in terms of strokes, quadratic arcs, corners, etc., in much the same way as a human observer might. Next a number of regular expressions are defined which characterize each class of symbols, and the final recognition is performed by a finite automaton. The method was tested on IEEE Data Base 1.2.2 with a success rate of about 95 percent.
Unna and elastic postoperative dressings: Comparison of their effects on function of adults with amputation and vascular disease

Abstract Wong CK, Edelstein JE. Unna and elastic postoperative dressings: comparison of their effects on function of adults with amputation and vascular disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1191-8. Objectives: To compare the functional outcome associated with the use of Unna semirigid dressings (SRD) and elastic bandage soft dressings (ED) for adults with lower limb amputation. Design: Experimental design. Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation unit of an urban academic medical center. Participants: A successive series of adults with vascular disease who had lower limb amputation surgery. Subjects were randomly assigned to the SRD (12 patients with 12 recent amputations) or the ED (9 patients with 10 recent amputations) group. Subjects in each group were not significantly different except for age; those in the SRD group were somewhat older. Intervention: Subjects in the SRD group had Unna dressings applied to the amputation limb by physical therapists trained in the technique. Those in the ED group had elastic bandaging by therapists, nurses, family, and themselves, all of whom were trained in the technique. Results: Sixty-seven percent of the SRD group and 20% of those in the ED group were discharged from the rehabilitation unit ambulating with prostheses. Of those who received prostheses, time from admission to the rehabilitation unit to readiness for fitting averaged 20.8 days for the SRD group and 28.7 days for the ED group. Comparison of survival curves shows that the time from surgery to fitting in the SRD group was almost half that of the ED group; 30% of the SRD group was fitted within 34 days, whereas it took 64 days for the same percentage of the ED group to be fitted. Conclusions: Unna semirigid dressings are more effective in fostering amputation limb wound healing and preparing the amputation limb for prosthetic fitting. Subjects treated with SRDs were more likely to be fitted with prostheses and to return home walking with a prosthesis. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Illumination effect on switching performance of a triangular-barrier resonant-tunnelling diode

The illumination effect on switching performance is presented for a triangular-barrier resonant-tunnelling diode (TBRDT). A /spl delta/-doped quantum well is inserted into the centre of the TBRTD. Owing to the resonant tunnelling through the miniband in the quantum well, an N-shaped negative-differential-resistance phenomenon is observed in the current-voltage characteristics. The device shows a flexible optical function related to the cap-layer conductivity and a potential barrier height which can be changed by incident light.
Contribution to the structure of granular chloroplasts.

Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die an Chloroplasten zu beobachtenden Quellungserscheinungen auf keine wohldefinierte Chloroplastenmembran schliessen lassen. Durch Herstellung dunner Schnitte und durch Ultraschallbehandlung OsO4-fixierter Chloroplasten kann gezeigt werden, dass die Granen aus Schichten aufgebaut sind.
Thermodynamic analysis of dissociative volatilization of silicon carbide

We made a thermodynamic analysis of the dissociative evaporation or volatilization of silicon carbide in the range 2500–3150°K. Up to 2540°K dissociation of silicon carbide occurs only in the gaseous phase. Above 2540°K silicon carbide dissociates in the gaseous and condensed phases. At a temperature above 3150°K silicon carbide does not exist in the condensed phase. On the basis of the results of our thermodynamic analysis, we established the composition of the equilibrium gaseous phase over silicon carbide and the degree of the progress of reactions of dissociation and volatilization of SiC.
The effect of banning affirmative action on human capital accumulation prior to college entry

This paper examines how banning affirmative action in university admissions affects both overall academic achievement and the racial gap in academic achievement prior to college entry. Focusing on college-bound high school students, we use a difference-in-difference methodology to analyze the impact of the end of race-based affirmative action at the University of California in 1998 on both the overall level of SAT scores and high school GPA, and the racial gap in SAT scores and high school GPA. We find little evidence of either a decline in academic achievement or a widening of the racial gap in academic achievement after the ban. I21; I24
Humean and Anti-Humean Internalism About Moral Judgements

Motivational internalism about moral judgements is the plausible view that accepting a moral judgement is necessarily connected to motivation motivation. However, it conflicts with the Humean theory that motives must be constituted by desires. Simple versions of internalism run into problems with people who do not desire to do what they believe right. This has long been urged by David Brink. Hence, many internalists have adopted more subtle defeasible views, on which only rational agents will have a desire to act. I will argue that more complex versions run into problems with self-effacing values of the sort Parfit highlights in another context. Such values can only be attained indirectly. After proposing a general account of motivation suited to the internalist thesis, I argue that Anti-Humeanism is better suited to accommodating the internalist insight.
Non-stationarity and stage-of-the-business-cycle effects in consumption-based asset pricing relations☆

Abstract Empirical tests of Euler equations relating security returns and consumption usually appear to reject the model. Using a common specification of aggregate preferences and instrumental variables, this paper examines some potential reasons for rejections. The evidence indicates that maintained stationarity assumptions of previous tests fail for post-war U.S. quarterly and monthly data. Shifts in model parameters are found across policy regimes (pre-1951 and post-1979) and across stages of the business cycle (recession versus non-recession). Controlling for some of these factors, less evidence is found against a simple consumption-based asset pricing model in non-recession periods.
Simulation of hadronic showers and calorimeters

Abstract A variety of codes to simulate the evolution of hadronic showers have been developed for applications in experimental high energy physics. This review summarizes the important physics basis for these codes, presents a sampling of typical applications, and describes the differences and relationship between the codes. Particular emphasis is placed on issues relevant to hadronic calorimetry, including the physics of compensation
Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how Buddhist philosophy can be applied in the treatment of individuals with substance abuse problems (alcohol, smoking, and illicit drug use) and other addictive behaviors (e.g., compulsive eating and gambling). First I describe the background of my own interest in meditation and Buddhist psychology, followed by a brief summary of my prior research on the effects of meditation on alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers. In the second section, I outline some of the basic principles of Buddhist philosophy that provide a theoretical underpinning for defining addiction, how it develops, and how it can be alleviated. The third and final section presents four principles within Buddhist psychology that have direct implications for the cognitive-behavioral treatment of addictive behavior: mindfulness meditation, the Middle Way philosophy, the Doctrine of Impermanence, and compassion and the Eightfold Noble Path. Clinical interventions and case examples are described for each of these four principles based on my research and clinical practice with clients seeking help for resolving addictive behavior problems.
Synthesis, stereochemistry, bonding and fluxionality of 2-(inden-3-yl)phenols and their cyclopentadienyl titanium derivatives

The phenolic reagents 2-(inden-3-yl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol (1) and its 2-methyl (2), 1,2-dimethyl (3), 2,4,7-trimethyl (4) and 1,2,4,7-tetramethyl (5) derivatives have been obtained. The solid-state structures of 2, 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray diffraction and torsion angles (between the vinyl group and phenoxy ring) of 57, 61 and 79° measured. Both the (aR) and (aS) forms of the ligands are present in the solid state. Solution 1H NMR spectra show that rotation about the indenyl–phenoxy bond is facile for 1 but introduction of the 2-methyl substituent leads to restricted rotation on the NMR timescale. In the crystals of 3 analyzed, only the (aS,S) and (aR,R) forms were present, with the 1-methyl group pointing away from the OH group. In the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 3 and 5 there are two, equal intensity sets of signals. Hence, both diastereoisomeric forms are present in equal concentrations in solution and two sharp OH singlets are observed for 3 even at 130 °C in p-xylene-d10. Reaction of the phenols 1–4 with [CpTiCl3] in the presence of pyridine has previously generated the corresponding mono-aryloxides 7–10 with no evidence of the de-protonation of the indenyl ring in these reactions. In all four compounds both the (aR) and (aS) forms are present within the unit cells. Variable temperature NMR studies of 7 allow the barrier to inden-3-yl rotation (enantiomer interconversion) to be estimated at 13.9(5) kcal mol−1 (at 20 °C). In solution only one major set of 1H and 13C NMR resonances were observed for 1,2-dimethyl derivative 9. Hence, it appears that replacement of the phenolic proton by the much bulkier [CpTiCl2] unit destabilizes the (aS,R) and (aR,S) forms in solution. Attempted de-protonation of the inden-3-yl ring in 7 by treatment with n-BuLi or MeLi did not lead to the formation of chelate rings. Instead formation of a Ti(III) dinuclear compound 11 and dimethyl derivative 12 occurred. The barrier to indenyl rotation in 12 can be estimated to be 13.4(5) kcal mol−1 at −5 °C, slightly lower than that measured for the dichloride 7. Reaction of [CpTiCl3] with the di-lithio (doubly deprotonated ligand) did lead to the formation of a chelated indenyl-phenoxide derivative 13. In the solid state only the (pS,R) and (pR,S) forms were observed (indenyl oriented towards the Cp group, and in solution only one set of 1H and 13C NMR signals were observed indicating the presence of this single diastereoisomer. The bonding of the indenyl group and Cp ligands in 13 have been compared.
Continuous wave dual rod Nd:YLF laser with dynamic lensing compensation

A cw pumped dual rod Nd:YLF laser with a dynamic compensation of the thermally induced lensing effects is described. Compared with a conventional Nd:YLF laser, this system generates twice as much power with an increased stability and superior beam quality.
Heterogeneity of Cultures of Escherichia coli B/r

A LARGE amount of the recent literature in radiation bacteriology and allied fields is concerned with the detailed behaviour of cultures labelled Escherichia coli B and Escherichia coli B/r. E. coli B is a bacterial strain that has been maintained for many years, mainly in laboratories concerned with bacteriophage synthesis and behaviour. It is characterized by its unusual sensitivity to several deleterious agents, including the T series of coli bacteriophages. E. coli B/r is one of a large group of mutants selected from E. coli B after irradiation with ultra-violet light. Witkin carefully defined B/r and distinguished it from B and other ultra-violet-selected mutants of B 1,2. E. coli B/r was characterized by, among other things, its enhanced resistance to ultra-violet light, X-rays, penicillin, and sodium sulphathiazole. Furthermore, the snake-like forms found with very high frequency in B cultures irradiated with ultra-violet were found only occasionally in B/r.
Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio Measurements With a Gas Density Meter.

(A method is presented for measuring CI3/CI2 isotope ratio of organic compounds by burning the material in a stream of normal CO2, separating the ccmbustion products by gas chromatography and sequentially measuring the density of the enri ched CO2 peak with a gas density meter. Data are pre· sented for the analysis of enri c hed ethyl acetate from 15 to I percent enrichment. The method is applicable for other stab le isotope a na lysis.
How important is nonlinear piezoelectricity in wurtzite GaN/InN/GaN quantum disk-in-nanowire LED structures?

Numerical investigation is carried out to compare the effects of linear and nonlinear piezoelectric fields on the electronic and optical properties of recently-proposed wurtzite GaN/InN/GaN quantum disk-in-wire LED structures. The computational framework employs a combination of fully atomistic valence force-field molecular mechanics and 10-band $$sp^{3}s$$ *-SO tight-binding electronic band-structure models, and accurately captures the interplay between the long-range electro-mechanical fields and the quantum atomicity in the device. In particular, to model piezoelectricity in the wurtzite lattice, four different polarization models (based on the experimental and ab initio coefficients) have been considered in increased order of accuracy. In contrast to recent studies on thin-film quantum well structures, simulation results obtained in this work show that the nonlinear (second-order) piezoelectric contribution has insignificant effects on the overall electronic and optical properties in reduced-dimensionality (nanoscale) disk-in-wire LED structures.
Symmetric photography: exploiting data-sparseness in reflectance fields

We present a novel technique called symmetric photography to capture real world reflectance fields. The technique models the 8D reflectance field as a transport matrix between the 4D incident light field and the 4D exitant light field. It is a challenging task to acquire this transport matrix due to its large size. Fortunately, the transport matrix is symmetric and often data-sparse. Symmetry enables us to measure the light transport from two sides simultaneously, from the illumination directions and the view directions. Data-sparseness refers to the fact that sub-blocks of the matrix can be well approximated using low-rank representations. We introduce the use of hierarchical tensors as the underlying data structure to capture this data-sparseness, specifically through local rank-1 factorizations of the transport matrix. Besides providing an efficient representation for storage, it enables fast acquisition of the approximated transport matrix and fast rendering of images from the captured matrix. Our prototype acquisition system consists of an array of mirrors and a pair of coaxial projector and camera. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system with scenes rendered from reflectance fields that were captured by our system. In these renderings we can change the viewpoint as well as relight using arbitrary incident light fields.
INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION AND HYALINE-MEMBRANE DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN

Abstract It is suggested that in hyaline-membrane disease the underlying cause is disseminated intravascular coagulation. Maternal events such as toxaemia, cxsarian section, and diabetes, especially where clotting is involved, can prove lethal to the infant. This hypothesis leads to a number of riders involving clotting factors and the prevention of hyaline-membrane disease in the at-risk infant by treatment with heparin.
An Input–Output Analysis of the Nonprofit Sector in the USA and Germany

This paper presents an exploratory input–output analysis of the nonprofit sectors in former West Germany and the USA based on the conceptual and data structure provided by the System of National Accounts. When compared with the USA, the West German nonprofit sector catered more to government demands. A higher proportion of West German nonprofit services went to government and a smaller proportion went to households. In terms of the multiplier effect of nonprofit output, we find that an additional dollar of nonprofit services delivered to households and/or government induced indirectly an additional 83 cents of business output in the USA. By comparison, West Germany’s nonprofit sector had a lower multiplier effect, with 43 Pfennig per DM1. We also find that businesses have a much larger stake in nonprofit production as intermediate suppliers when compared to their role as intermediate consumers. The economic position the nonprofit sector occupies in both countries is that of a producing sector, taking inputs from businesses and providing outputs for households and governments. This general structural characteristic suggests that the nonprofit sector is particularly sensitive to changes in government policies as well as to shifts in private household incomes, yet relatively insensitive to demand changes in other industries.
Limited-Entry Licensing: Insights from a Duration Model

Limited entry is used to manage many fisheries. Effectiveness depends on a program's ability to control aggregate fishing power, which fleet size and composition both affect. This article analyzes fleet composition and attrition in a limited-entry fishery, the California red sea urchin fishery. It explores the dynamics of heterogeneity in catch and revenue and applies duration analysis to study individual fisherman attrition using both individual-level and time-varying covariates. The results show that the fleet is becoming more homogenous but also more potent and spatially mobile. Regulations such as size limits and season restrictions tend to increase attrition.
Surface behavior of blends of SBR with ultrasonically devulcanized silicone rubber

The application of silicone polymers as additives in commercial polymers for improving their surface properties is an attractive method. Use of reclaimed silicone rubber for blending with commercial organic polymers is an equally attractive possibility. Ultrasonically devulcanized silicone rubber was mixed with virgin and ultrasonically devulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The surface and bulk mechanical properties and curing behavior of the blends of SBR with ultrasonically devulcanized silicone rubber were investigated. Contact angles of these blends were measured, and the concentration of silicone rubber on the surface was calculated. It was shown that the soluble part of devulcanized silicone rubber migrates to the surface. The addition of 5 phr of devulcanized silicone rubber led to the formation of continuous surface layer containing 100% silicone rubber. In general, the mechanical properties of the blends remain intact and, in some cases, are even better than those of SBR. Curing behavior shows that the blends have the similar cure kinetics as virgin or devulcanized SBR, but a lower final torque.
Technology and design challenges for mobile communication and computing products

Between 1970 and 2005, MOS feature size shrunk by 70/spl times/, transistor density increased by 5000/spl times/ and transistors per chip increased by 200,000/spl times/. The question is often asked whether such scaling will continue, and, if so, for how long. There is general consensus in the industry that Moore's Law scaling will continue for another 6 generations beyond 90 nm to 10 nm in the latter part of the next decade. But the scaling will require increasingly innovative solutions to the many challenging problems. This talk discusses the grand challenges of continued Moore's Law scaling for low power mobile communication and computing products: failure of gate insulator capacitance to scale with feature size; increase in power: static leakage power and active power; increase in variation of transistor and interconnect parameters, requiring increased design margin; performance degradation due to interconnect capacitance & resistance; embedded, low power memory and SOC integration of analog and RF functions.
Update on the American College of Rheumatology/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network/Spondylitis Association of America axial spondyloarhtritis treatment guidelines project

The American College of Rheumatology, the Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network, and the Spondylitis Association of America have begun collaborating on a project to develop treatment guidelines for axial spondyloarthritis. The project will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method, which is based on systematic literature reviews and quantitative evidence summaries, to develop treatment recommendations for the use of pharmacological interventions, rehabilitation, surgery, preventive care, and disease monitoring in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis.
Surrogate gradient algorithm for Lagrangian relaxation

The subgradient method is used frequently to optimize dual functions in Lagrangian relaxation for separable integer programming problems. In the method, all subproblems must be solved optimally to obtain a subgradient direction. In this paper, the surrogate subgradient method is developed, where a proper direction can be obtained without solving optimally all the subproblems. In fact, only an approximate optimization of one subproblem is needed to get a proper surrogate subgradient direction, and the directions are smooth for problems of large size. The convergence of the algorithm is proved. Compared with methods that take effort to find better directions, this method can obtain good directions with much less effort and provides a new approach that is especially powerful for problems of very large size.
A quantitative Western Blot method for protein measurement

A radioimmunologic assay method for the quantitation of small amounts of protein in recombinant vaccines at the level of 20-150 ng is evaluated which uses the techniques of SDS-PAGE and electrophoretic protein transfer ("Western Blot'). Known amounts of the protein being determined are included on the same gel as the unknown. After protein blotting, the nitrocellulose membrane is treated with antibody specific for the protein being determined and subsequently with [125I] Protein A. An autoradiogram is produced which corresponds directly to the nitrocellulose blot. It can, therefore, serve as a template to locate the labeled protein which is excised from the blot and measured in a gamma counter. The technique is found especially useful for evaluating cell lysates of recombinant bacteria and yeast for the percentage of the recombinant protein in the total protein mixture.