cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Undulatory locomotion of flexible foils as biomimetic models for understanding fish propulsion

Abstract An undulatory pattern of body bending in which waves pass along the body from head to tail is a major means of creating thrust in many fish species during steady locomotion. Analyses of live fish swimming have provided the foundation of our current understanding of undulatory locomotion, but our inability to experimentally manipulate key variables such as body length, flexural stiffness, and tailbeat frequency in freely-swimming fish has limited our ability to investigate a number of important features of undulatory propulsion. In this paper we use a robotic apparatus to create an undulatory wave in swimming passive flexible foils by creating a heave motion at their leading edge, and compare this motion to body bending patterns of bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and clown knifefish ( Notopterus chitala ). We found similar swimming speeds, Reynolds and Strouhal numbers, and patterns of curvature and shape between these fish and foils suggesting that passive flexible foils provide a useful model for understanding fish undulatory locomotion. We swam foils with different lengths, stiffnesses, and heave frequencies while measuring forces, torques, and hydrodynamics. From measured forces and torques we calculated thrust and power coefficients, work, and cost of transport for each foil. We found that increasing frequency and stiffness produced faster swimming speeds and more thrust. Increasing length had minimal impact on swimming speed, but had a large impact on Strouhal number, cost of transport, and thrust coefficient. Foils that were both stiff and long had the lowest cost of transport (in mJ m-1 g-1) at low cycle frequencies, and the ability to reach the highest speed at high cycle frequencies.
Thermodynamic characterization of ferric and ferrous haem binding to a designed four-α-helix protein

The thermodynamics of ferric and ferrous haem affinity of a de novo designed four-α-helix bundle protein and the associated haem electrochemistry is described.
Drinking behaviour and readiness to change in a trauma population and feasibility of Computerised Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (CASI)

Background Half of severely injured trauma patients screen positive for alcohol use. Barriers for screening include language and administration time. We developed Computerised Alcohol Screening and brief Intervention (CASI) to address these barriers. Objectives To assess drinking patterns in trauma patients using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), examine self-reported readiness-to-change scores after brief intervention, and to evaluate the CASI feasibility in a trauma population. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital, level I trauma centre. CASI was administered to adult trauma patients (age ≥18), using a bilingual (English/Spanish) tablet. We analysed data using the χ 2 test for independence and descriptive statistics. Results Out of 1145 trauma patients, 286 (25%) patients drank more than recommended (AUDIT score ≥8) and 92 (4%) patients were dependent. More Spanish-speaking males compared to English-speaking males drank above recommendation and were dependent. Half of patients reporting an AUDIT ≥8 rated themselves eight or higher on a 10-point readiness-to-change scale. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in readiness-to-change score was found among age, gender, and language. Trauma patients found CASI easy (92%) and a comfort in use (87%). Median length of implementation time ranged from 3–9 min. Significance CASI identified and provided personalised feedback to trauma patients who drank above recommendation. Half of trauma patients with an AUDIT score ≥8 were ready to change their drinking behaviour after CASI administration. Bilingual CASI improved alcohol screening and feasibility by reducing the language barrier and administrative time.
When a Fly Has to Fly to Reproduce: Selection against Conditional Recessive Lethals in Drosophila

We propose an experimental model suitable for demonstrating allele frequency change in Drosophila melanogaster populations caused by selection against an easily scorable conditional lethal, namely recessive flightless alleles such as apterous and vestigial. Homozygotes for these alleles are excluded from reproduction because the food source used to establish each generation is accessible only by flight. The observed dynamics of flightless-allele frequencies generally follows the theoretically predicted pattern, with slight deviation toward less intense selection. We also suggest observing selection against flight-independent visible marker alleles in the same population as a meaningful comparison. The proposed experiments can easily be scheduled within one semester, and the expected data provide ample opportunities for discussion of quantitative evolutionary patterns.
No gene flow across the Eastern Pacific Barrier in the reef‐building coral Porites lobata

The expanse of deep water between the central Pacific islands and the continental shelf of the Eastern Tropical Pacific is regarded as the world's most potent marine biogeographic barrier. During recurrent climatic fluctuations (ENSO, El Nino Southern Oscillation), however, changes in water temperature and the speed and direction of currents become favourable for trans-oceanic dispersal of larvae from central Pacific to marginal eastern Pacific reefs. Here, we investigate the population connectivity of the reef-building coral Porites lobata across the Eastern Pacific Barrier (EPB). Patterns of recent gene flow in samples ( n= 1173) from the central Pacific and the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) were analysed with 12 microsatellite loci. Results indicated that P. lobata from the ETP are strongly isolated from those in the central Pacific and Hawaii (F 0 = 0.509; P < 0.001). However, samples from Clipperton Atoll, an oceanic island on the eastern side of the EPB, grouped with the central Pacific. Within the cen- tral Pacific, Hawaiian populations were strongly isolated from three co-occurring clus- ters found throughout the remainder of the central Pacific. No further substructure was evident in the ETP. Changes in oceanographic conditions during ENSO over the past several thousand years thus appear insufficient to support larval deliveries from the central Pacific to the ETP or strong postsettlement selection acts on ETP settlers from the central Pacific. Recovery of P. lobata populations in the frequently disturbed ETP thus must depend on local larval sources.
Satellite passive microwave remote sensing for monitoring global land surface phenology

Abstract Vegetation phenology characterizes seasonal life-cycle events that influence the carbon cycle and land–atmosphere water and energy exchange. We analyzed global phenology cycles over a six year record (2003–2008) using satellite passive microwave remote sensing based Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) retrievals derived from daily time series brightness temperature (Tb) measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on EOS (AMSR-E) and other ancillary data inputs. The VOD parameter derives vegetation canopy attenuation at a given microwave frequency (18.7 GHz) and varies with canopy height, density, structure and water content. An error sensitivity analysis indicates that the retrieval algorithm can resolve the VOD seasonal cycle over a majority of global vegetated land areas. The VOD results corresponded favorably (p
Should we be sympathetic to angiotensin II infusion

Hypertension, or abnormally elevated blood pressure, remains a disorder affecting almost a billion people worldwide. It is found across Western society and is increasing in developing communities. A significant factor in the development of hypertension is ageing, with some two-thirds of people exhibiting elevated blood pressure by the age of 60 years, increasing to ∼80% at 80 years. Furthermore, an association with obesity and type 2 diabetes is likely, and there is an increase in its incidence at younger ages as well as in its overall prevalence. Importantly, the long-term consequences of hypertension lie in it being a significant risk factor in a number of common cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack, stroke, atrial fibrillation and heart failure, as well as renal failure. As such, hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, as well as being a considerable economic burden to health systems.
Large-area Metrology of CVD-grown Graphene Layers on Copper Foil Substrates

Fluorescence Quenching Microscopy has been shown to be an effective means of characterizing graphene on the macroscale. Centimeter-scale CVD-grown pristine and doped graphene were manufactured in a high temperature (1000°C) furnace on pristine copper substrates. The copper was then etched away in a FeCl3solution and the graphene was coated with DCM-based fluorescent dye before being imaged in a fluorescence microscope. The fluorescence image was then image-processed using modified Matlab software. The resulting image showed clear contrast between the pristine graphene sheet and defects on the graphene surface, which revealed that fluorescence microscopy could determine the quality of a large region of graphene. Also, significant contrast was identified between single-layer and multi-layer regions, showing that this technique is also effective at determining the degree of uniformity within a graphene sample. Lastly, the fluorescence images showed contrast between doped and undoped regions of graphene.
Early Floating Marsh Establishment and Growth Dynamics in a Nutrient Amended Wetland in the Lower Mississippi Delta

Abstract Nutrient dynamics and seasonal vegetation growth were examined in a newly formed floating marsh dominated by Panicum virgatum in the Mississippi River delta. The floating marsh formed in a shallow aquatic environment receiving secondarily treated municipal effluent. Net Areal Primary Productivity (NAPP), total belowground biomass, NO3, and plant-tissue δ15N ratios varied significantly (P < 0.05) along a 75-m marsh transect, while mean plant-tissue δ13C values differed between the dominant species. The area nearest the effluent discharge had the highest NAPP (3876 g m−2 y−1), total belowground biomass (4079.0 ± 298.5 g m−2), and mean NO3 (5.4 ± 2.9 mg l−1). The mean δ15N of Hydrocotyle umbellata floating marsh was less enriched at 0–75 m (9.7 ± 1.9‰) compared to 100–200 m (21.0 ± 3.8‰). The δ13C of the belowground peat mat of the floating marsh was similar to P. virgatum but not H. umbellata, indicating that P. virgatum was forming the mat. Nutrient availability affected NAPP and δ15N. NAPP was gr...
Calculating Cumulative Operational Time Distributions of Repairable Computer Systems

We consider repairable computer systems, those for which repair can be performed to put the system back in operation. The behavior of the system is assumed to be modeled as a homogeneous Markov process. We calculate numerically the distribution of cumulative operational time, which is the distribution of the total time during which the system was in operation over a finite observation period. The method is based on the randomization technique. The main advantages include the ability to specify error tolerances in advance, numerical stability, and simplicity of implementation. We also show that other quantities of interest can be calculated as a byproduct of the method without any significant extra computational effort.
The Importance of Antibody Detection and Identification in the Chronically Transfused Patient

### Patient: A 44-year-old, African-American female with sickle cell disease (SCD) presented for evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. ### Past Medical History: Sickle cell disease, pulmonary hypertension, hepatitis C (genotype 2), iron overload secondary to transfusion, hypothyroidism, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-alloimmunization due to multiple blood product transfusions for a simple transfusion every 3 weeks. ### Past Immunohematology History: Patient’s RBCs phenotyped as group A, Rh positive, C-E+c+e+, K:-1, Fy(a−b−), Jk(a+b−), and S-s+. Red blood units transfused were ABO-compatible and negative for C and K antigens as per hospital policy to transfuse Rh- and K-matched RBC to patients with SCD. One month later, anti-Swain-Langley (Sla) was identified (Figure 1). This antibody is considered clinically insignificant and reactivity was observed when testing with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and low ionic-strength saline (LISS) showed <1+ reactivity with all cells tested except for the Sla antigen negative red cell. Sla is an antigen in the Knops blood group system and is destroyed by 0.2 M dithiothreitol (DTT). This technique was used, and the chemically-treated cells were used to rule out additional antibodies. Care must be taken when performing rule outs using 0.2 M DTT-treated cells because antigens other than Sla are destroyed. Antigens usually denatured or altered include Yta, JMH, Knops, LW, Kell, Lutheran, Dombrock, and Cromer blood group antigens.1 The patient remained on C and K antigen negative restrictions and received units that were crossmatch-incompatible due to the anti-Sla. Approximately 3 years later, an antibody screen was performed (Figure 2), and anti-S was suspected. Additional testing confirmed the new antibody. After the identification of anti-S the patient was restricted to receive phenotypically-matched (ABO/Rh-compatible, C, K1, Fya, Jkb, and S negative) RBC units. It was decided not to give units negative for the Fyb antigen since it is common …
Darrow red, a new basic dye.

A new red basic dye, which has specificities similar to blue basic dyes and which exhibits metachromasia, has been named Darrow red, and is now commercially available. In a staining solution, prepared as indicated, it is stable for about 1 mo. Procedure: Dissolve 50 mg of Darrow red in 200 ml of 0.2 M acetic acid. Boil gently for 10 min; cool and filter. Stain frozen sections or decerated and hydrated mounted paraffin sections 20-30 min. Differentiate and dehydrate rapidly in 50, 70 and 95% ethyl alcohols followed by n-butyl alcohol, xylene and covering in synthetic resin.
The computer science pipeline in urban high schools: access to what? For whom?

Our research was conceived out of a desire to understand why so few underrepresented students of color are learning computer science at the high school level. High school is a critical time for pre-college preparation and for getting on the right "track" for college and future career opportunities. Yet, by college the number of students of color obtaining bachelors degrees in computer science is remarkably small. In this article, we discuss our research on the high school "computer science pipeline." We define the "computer science pipeline" as the curriculum and opportunities available to students to learn computer science within their schools. Considering the tremendous economic and educational advantages, and the professional opportunities, that are available to students who understand computer science, this is a critical time to understand what factors are influencing African-American and Latino/a students' enrollment decisions.
Disk-and-Washer Linac Structure with Biperiodic T Supports

The disk-and-washer (DAW) linac structure with particular biperiodic washer-support geometries promises to be an excellent structure for B > 0.5 accelerator applications. Outstanding features of this structure include high efficiency, high stability, good vacuum properties, and ease of fabrication.
Controlling Porosity in Lignin‐Derived Nanoporous Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications

Low-cost renewable lignin has been used as a precursor to produce porous carbons. However, to date, it has not been easy to obtain high surface area porous carbon without activation processes or templating agents. Here, we demonstrate that low molecular weight lignin yields highly porous carbon with more graphitization through direct carbonization without additional activation processes or templating agents. We found that molecular weight and oxygen consumption during carbonization are critical factors to obtain high surface area, graphitized porous carbons. This highly porous carbon from low-cost renewable lignin sources is a good candidate for supercapacitor electrode materials.
Inflamed Conjunctival Nevi: Histopathological Criteria

Inflamed conjunctival nevi (ICN) may suggest malignancy because of their rapid growth and atypical histology. The objective of this study was to characterize the diagnostic features of ICN. A retrospective, nonrandomized study of 13 patients with ICN was conducted. A scoring method was developed based on histology and immunopathological parameters. The presence of epithelial solid or cystic inclusions and the preservation of goblet cells are consistent with a benign melanocytic lesion. Periodic acid–Schiff stain and immunohistochemistry to identify the epithelial component prove helpful in the differential diagnosis for melanoma. Polyclonal lymphoid infiltrate and benign cytological features of ICN exclude a diagnosis of lymphoma. Despite the presence of immunoglobulin 4–positive plasma cells in the lesions, ICN does not meet the diagnostic criteria for immunoglobulin 4–related disease. Most patients with ICN are young. The treatment for ICN is complete excision, and the prognosis is excellent.
Titan, Mars and Earth : Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport

Temperature contrasts between warm tropics and cool high latitudes depends on how eciently heat is transported by the atmosphere (and oceans) from the trop- ics. This heat transport is generally assumed to be pro- portional to atmospheric pressure, but we show with a sim- ple model that this prediction fails by orders of magnitude for Mars and Titan. However, a basic principle, previously postulated for the Earth, does successfully predict the heat flows and zonal temperatures of Mars and Titan. The cir- culation predicted by this Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) principle is consistent with Titan's observed zonal structure and the winds and CO2 frost cycle on Mars. The principle makes powerful predictions where detailed infor- mationislacking,suchasontheearlyEarthandonpossibly habitable extrasolar planets.
Efficacy of Point-of-View Video Modeling A Meta-Analysis

Point-of-view video modeling (POV), a variation of video-based modeling interventions, involves creating a video exemplar from a first-person perspective. The advantage is a significant reduction in extraneous stimuli, as well as increased efficiency in production. However, the lack of systematic analysis to evaluate differential impact on targeted outcomes for individuals with disabilities limits the identification of the population for whom POV is most appropriate, as well as the most efficacious implementation procedure. Through meta-analysis of single-subject studies using POV to improve targeted outcomes, this study identifies differential effects of participant characteristics, implementation procedures, and targeted outcomes. Results of the systematic search reveal that POV has only been implemented with individuals with developmental disabilities or an autism spectrum disorder. Analysis yielded an overall improvement rate difference (IRD) effect size of .78 (83.4% confidence interval [CI] = [.76, ...
Creating Opportunities to Guide Efficient and Cost-Effective Echocardiography in the Era of Value-Based Cardiac Imaging

Cardiovascular imaging procedures have consistently ranked among the most costly of Medicare services. Although reimbursement for an echocardiographic examination is decidedly lower than that for other cardiovascular imaging services, nearly 7 million cardiac ultrasound procedures were performed in 2012, and billing codes associated with its use have consistently ranked among the top 200 in Medicare expenditures. To this extent, even minor reductions in utilization costs for echocardiography could have a tremendous impact in lowering the overall economic burden of cardiovascular imaging services. Accordingly, opportunities remain for effective alternatives that could provide substantial cost savings to the health care system. Of recent note, the development of handheld cardiac ultrasound has prompted interest in assessing its potential to provide point-of-care imaging as a replacement for traditional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), but at a decidedly reduced cost of services. In this issue of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, Kini et al. examine the potential for a limited imaging examination using expert focused cardiac ultrasound (eFCU) with a handheld scanner performed by level 2 echocardiographers as ameans to reduce the costs associated with repeat or follow-up echocardiography. These results are relevant in that nearly one third of echocardiographic studies ordered are for repeat scanning. In this study, 105 hospitalized patients underwent both eFCU and TTE, predominantly for serial assessment of either pericardial effusion or left ventricular (LV) function. Concordance measures were relatively high between eFCU and TTE, with k statistics of about 0.80 (P < .001). Importantly, there was uniform categorization of markedly depressed versus preserved LV function for eFCU and transthoracic echocardiographic measures. These results are intriguing in that not only were themeasurements of the pericardium and LV function by eFCU congruent with those made by TTE, but also the use of eFCU was associated with substantial cost savings at this single center. The report by Kini et al. summed the labor and overhead costs for TTE and eFCU, noting a 56% cost savings. Guided by American Society of Echocardiography recommendations, it is essential to note that the relative value inputs for practice expenses for eFCU compared with TTE are markedly different, and it is inappropriate to apply the limited echocardiography code for eFCU. Given the prevalence of patients requiring serial echocardiography, it may be postulated that the use of focused imaging could exert sizable savings when extrapolated across the US health care system, affecting the economics of echocardiography-guided strategies and the lives of millions of Americans.
Tryptophan Transport in Neurospora crassa: a Tryptophan-Binding Protein Released by Cold Osmotic Shock

Osmotic shock treatment of germinated conidia of Neurospora reduced the capacity for tryptophan transport in these cells approximately 90% without an appreciable loss of cell viability. Tryptophan-binding proteins and alkaline phosphatase were consistently released into the osmotic shock fluid by this treatment. Four lines of evidence suggest that the binding protein may be related to the tryptophan transport system. (i) It appears to be located on or near the cell surface. (ii) a decreased capacity for binding tryptophan was observed in shock fluids from cells repressed for tryptophan uptake; reduced or altered binding capacity was released from a transport-negative mutant. (iii) The specificity of tryptophan binding was similar to that observed in the in vivo transport system. (iv) The dissociation constant for binding, as measured by equilibrium dialysis, was approximately the same as the Km for tryptophan transport.
Strontium Leachability of Hydrofracture Grouts for Sludge-Slurries

This paper summarizes a series of experiments to determine the strontium leachability of cement-based sludge-slurry hydrofracture grouts. The hydrofracture process has been used at ORNL since 1966 for the routine disposal of intermediate-level waste (ILW) solutions. In this process, cement and other additives are mixed with a waste stream to form grout, which is then injected into a shale bed at a pressure sufficient to cause fracturing along the horizontal bedding planes. This injected grout soon hardens, fixing the radionuclides between layers of the massive Conasauga shale formation. Modified IAEA dynamic leach tests on hydrofracture grout specimens showed improved leach resistance (by a factor of 3 to 5) as the curing time increased from 28 d to 91 d. A weak trend toward lower leachability with increased amounts of dry solids was observed. The moving boundary-plus-diffusion leach model fits the dynamic leach data successfully in most cases. An apparent diffusion coefficient of 5 × 10−12 cm2/s and a moving boundary coefficent of 1 × 10−7 s−1 were obtained when one of the best grout compositions was leached in distilled water.
The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism the Transition to Democracy; Women and Social Change in Latin America

The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to Democracy. Jane Jaquette (editor). Boulder: Westview Press, 1989. 224 pp. $17.95 (paper). ISBN 0–8.133–1293–0. Women and Social Change in Latin America. Elizabeth Jelin (editor). London: Zed Books, 1990. 256 pp. $15.00 (paper). ISBN 0–86232–871–3.
Reaction dynamics of Cl + butanol isomers by crossed-beam sliced ion imaging

Butanol is now prominent among the prototype renewable biofuels. We have studied oxidation of a variety of butanol isomers under single collision conditions using chlorine atom as the oxidizing agent to gain detailed insight into the energetics and dynamics of these reactions. The interaction of chlorine atom radicals with butanol isomers: n-butanol, iso-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol have been studied by crossed-beam dc slice ion imaging techniques. The hydroxybutyl radicals generated from the H-abstraction processes were probed by single photon ionization using an F2 excimer laser. After background subtraction and density-to-flux correction of the raw images, translational energy distribution and product angular distributions were generated. At low collision energy, the hydroxyalkyl products are backscattered with respect to the alcohol beam and the scattering shifts to the forward direction as the collision energy is increased. The translational energy distributions are reminiscent to that of Cl + pentane reactions we studied earlier, i.e. a sharp forward peak ∼80% of the collision energy appears at the high collision energy. Isomer-specific details of the reactions will be discussed.
Keeping in touch: maintaining biconnected structure by homogeneous robots

For many distributed autonomous robotic systems, it is important to maintain communication connectivity among the robots. That is, each robot must be able to communicate with each other robot, perhaps through a series of other robots. Ideally, this property should be robust to the removal of any single robot from the system. In (Ahmadi & Stone 2006a) we define a property of a team's communication graph that ensures this property, called biconnectivity. In that paper, a distributed algorithm to check if a team of robots is biconnected and its correctness proof are also presented. In this paper we provide distributed algorithms to add and remove robots to/from a multi-robot team while maintaining the biconnected property. These two algorithms are implemented and tested in the Player/Stage simulator.
Streaming XPath processing with forward and backward axes

We present a streaming algorithm for evaluating XPath expressions that use backward axes (parent and ancestor) and forward axes in a single document-order traversal of an XML document. Other streaming XPath processors handle only forward axes. We show through experiments that our algorithm significantly outperforms (by more than a factor of two) a traditional nonstreaming XPath engine. Furthermore, our algorithm scales better because it retains only the relevant portions of the input document in memory. Our engine successfully processes documents over 1GB in size, whereas the traditional XPath engine degrades considerably in performance for documents over 100 MB in size and fails to complete for documents of size over 200 MB.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Mediates Neuronal Aβ42 Uptake and Lysosomal Trafficking

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of early intraneuronal deposits of amyloid-b 42 (Ab42) that precede extracellular amyloid deposition in vulnerable brain regions. It has been hypothesized that endosomal/ lysosomal dysfunction might be associated with the pathological accumulation of intracellular Ab42 in the brain. Our previous findings suggest that the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), a major receptor for apolipoprotein E, facilitates intraneuronal Ab42 accumulation in mouse brain. However, direct evidence of neuronal endocytosis of Ab42 through LRP1 is lacking. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that LRP1 endocytic function is required for neuronal Ab42 uptake. Overexpression of a functional LRP1 minireceptor, mLRP4, increases Ab42 uptake and accumulation in neuronal lysosomes. Conversely, knockdown of LRP1 expression significantly decreases neuronal Ab42 uptake. Disruptions of LRP1 endocytic function by either clathrin knockdown or by removal of its cytoplasmic tail decreased both uptake and accumulation of Ab42 in neurons. Finally, we show that LRP1-mediated neuronal accumulation of Ab42 is associated with increased cellular toxicity. Conclusions/Significance: These results demonstrate that LRP1 endocytic function plays an important role in the uptake and accumulation of Ab42 in neuronal lysosomes. These findings emphasize the central function of LRP1 in neuronal Ab metabolism.
Linking Consumers to Sustainability: Incorporating Science into Eco-friendly Certification

Abstract Efforts to counter ecological and socio-economic degradation have put coffee at the forefront of a new sustainability movement to reform negative globalization trends. This paper focuses on the possibilities of and challenges to sustainable certification efforts with particular focus on biodiversity conservation concerns. It presents the potential contributions from scientists in the certification processes, particularly to ensure that concern actually translates into measurable progress toward conservation goals. The benefits of unifying the three main certifications (organic, Fair Trade, and eco-friendly or shade grown), or triple-certified coffee, are explored. In general, benefits for biodiversity conservation and social justice from sustainable coffee certification can only be enhanced by greater cooperation among the current market-based efforts and scientists researching this unique response to globalization. 1A Chinese version of this article's abstract is available online at: www.informa...
Fine-Structure Mapping of Meiosis-Specific Double-Strand DNA Breaks at a Recombination Hotspot Associated With an Insertion of Telomeric Sequences Upstream of the HIS4 Locus in Yeast

Meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is initiated by double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Using two approaches, we mapped the position of DSBs associated with a recombination hotspot created by insertion of telomeric sequences into the region upstream of HIS4. We found that the breaks have no obvious sequence specificity and localize to a region of ~50 bp adjacent to the telomeric insertion. By mapping the breaks and by studies of the exonuclease III sensitivity of the broken ends, we conclude that most of the broken DNA molecules have blunt ends with 3'-hydroxyl groups.
Lattice vibrations boost demagnetization entropy in a shape-memory alloy

Magnetocaloric (MC) materials present an avenue for chemical-free, solid-state refrigeration through cooling via adiabatic demagnetization. We have used inelastic neutron scattering to measure the lattice dynamics in the MC material $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{45}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{5}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{36.6}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{13.4}$. Upon heating across the Curie temperature $({T}_{C})$, the material exhibits an anomalous increase in phonon entropy of $0.22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{k}_{B}/\mathrm{atom}$, which is ten times larger than expected from conventional thermal expansion. This transition is accompanied by an abrupt softening of the transverse optic phonon. We present first-principles calculations showing a strong coupling between lattice distortions and magnetic excitations.
Location and optimization analysis of capillary tube network embedded in active tuning building wall

In this study, a building wall with a thermal tuning function is further investigated. This design turns the building wall from a passive thermal system to an active system. A capillary tube network is installed inside the wall to manipulate the thermodynamics and realize more flexibility and potentials of the wall. This novel building wall structure performs efficiently in terms of building load reduction and supplementary heating and cooling, and the structure is convenient for applying low grade or natural energy with a wider temperature range. The capillary tube network's location inside the wall greatly impacts the thermal and energy performance of the building wall. The effects of three locations including external, middle and internal side are analyzed. The results indicate that the internal wall surface temperature can be neutralized from the ambient environment when the embedded tubes are fed with thermal water. The wall can work with a wide range of water temperature and the optimal location of the tube network is relatively constant in different modes. Power benefit with the wall changes from 2 W to 39 W when the outdoor air temperature changes, higher in summer than in winter.
Exploring, refining, and validating the paradynamics QM/MM sampling.

The performance of the paradynamics (PD) reference potential approach in QM/MM calculations is examined. It is also clarified that, in contrast to some possible misunderstandings, this approach pro...
AIDS prevention: Myths, misinformation and health policy perceptions

This research assesses the degree and type of prevailing misinformation about AIDS transmission, as well as the relationship between misinformation, prior information exposure, and perceptions of health policy issues related to AIDS. It also identifies pockets of misinformation to provide a basis for targeting health policy and AIDS education campaigns.
Fast Live Migration Method of Virtual Machine in Cloud Computing Environment

A fast live migration method of virtual machine is brought up for problem of long total migration time of live virtual machine migration in cloud data center.Through the formal definition and the performance analysis of the pre-copy model,a bitmap page which marked those frequently updated pages is added in the pre-copy approach.By judge in the iteration process,those frequently updated pages are put into the page bitmap,and transmitted in the last round of the iteration process only.A contrast between the pre-copy approach and the fast pre-copy approach is given.The fast pre-copy approach can distinctly reduce the total migration time of live migration,and achieve the purpose of fast live virtual machine migration.
Management of endobronchial hemorrhage during cardiopulmonary bypass

Massive endobronchial bleeding during cardiopulmonary bypass was encountered in one patient following pulmonary embolectomy and in another following an elective aorta-coronary bypass procedure. Successful management of this complication necessitates control of ventilation by prolonging cardiopulmonary bypass to ensure adequate oxygenation, suctioning the airway to clear blood from the major tracheobronchial tree, and immediately instituting 20 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to control endobronchial bleeding.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Nasal Symmetry following Primary Correction of Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity:

Objective: To evaluate nasal symmetry using three-dimensional photogrammetry following primary tip rhinoplasty with or without an internal splint in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip/palate. Design: We captured three-dimensional images of patients with unilateral complete cleft lip/palate who underwent nasolabial repair by rotation-advancement of the lip and primary tip rhinoplasty, either with or without an internal resorbable splint, and normal control subjects. We assessed nasal symmetry by identifying the plane of maximum symmetry and the root-mean-square deviation between native and reflected surfaces. Patients/Participants: We imaged 38 controls and 38 subjects with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip/palate (20 with, 18 without an internal splint). Results: Nasal asymmetry root-mean-square deviation clustered between 0.19 and 0.50 mm (median = 0.24 ± 0.08 mm) for controls; whereas, those with repaired unilateral complete cleft lip/palate ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 mm (median = 0.75 ± 0...
A framework to facilitate reusable, modular widget design for real-time interactive systems

Game engines have become popular development platforms for real-time interactive systems. Contemporary game engines, such as Unity and Unreal, feature component-based architectures, in which an object's appearance and behavior is determined by a collection of component scripts added to that object. This design pattern allows common functionality to be contained within component scripts and shared among different types of objects. In this paper, we describe a flexible framework that enables programmers to design modular, reusable widgets for real-time interactive systems using a collection of component scripts. We provide a reference implementation written in C# for the Unity game engine. Making an object, or a group of objects, part of our managed widget framework can be accomplished with just a few drag-and-drop operations in the Unity Editor. While our framework provides hooks and default implementations for common widget behavior (e.g., initialization, refresh, and toggling visibility), programmers can also define custom behavior for a particular widget or combine simple widgets into a hierarchy and build arbitrarily rich ones. Finally, we provide an overview of an accompanying library of scripts that support functionality for testing and networking.
Challenges Faced and Support Received: Older Adults' Perceptions of Hurricane Sandy.

Objective Individuals exposed to natural disasters are at risk for negative physical and psychological outcomes. Older adults may be particularly vulnerable; however, social support can act as a resource to help individuals respond to severe stressors. This study explored the challenges older people faced before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 and the people they turned to for support. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 older adults in New Jersey drawn from the ORANJ BOWL (Ongoing Research on Aging in New Jersey - Bettering Opportunities for Wellness in Life) research panel, who experienced high levels of primary home damage during Hurricane Sandy. Content analysis of interview transcripts classified older adults' perceptions on how they "made it" through-the challenges they faced and the support they received. Results The findings suggested that older adults experienced emotional, instrumental, social, and financial challenges before, during, and after the storm. However, by relying on family and friends, as well as neighbors and community networks, older people were able to respond to stressors. Conclusions Our findings carry implications for ensuring that older adults are connected to social networks before, during, and after disasters. The role of neighbors is particularly important when disasters strike. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:39-47).
Higher insulin and higher body fat via leptin are associated with disadvantageous decisions in the Iowa gambling task

Elevated body mass index and post-prandial state are associated with disadvantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Whether physiological factors including percent body fat, and peripheral glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations, are associated with IGT performance is unknown. In196 healthy adults without diabetes, we measured body fat by DXA scan, glucose, insulin and leptin (n=138) concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test and IGT performance after a standardized meal. Glucose was not associated with IGT performance. Disadvantageous IGT performance was associated with higher percent body fat (r=-0.16, p=0.03), 30-min insulin concentrations (insulin30, r=-0.27, p<0.001), and 30-min leptin concentrations (leptin30, r=-0.23, p=0.008). Mediation analysis demonstrated that leptin30 was almost completely responsible for the percent body fat effect on IGT performance. Even adjusted for age, sex, race, and education, insulin30 (b=-46.5, p=0.03) and leptin30 (b=-50.9, p=0.03) concentrations remained independently associated with IGT performance and interacted together such that higher leptin30 blunted effects of higher insulin30 (b=23.8, p=0.048). These findings may indicate an internal metabolic signature of energy availability (higher body fat, insulin, and leptin levels) associated with disadvantageous IGT performance.
An Ultra-low Power System On Chip Enabling DVS with SR Level Shifting Latches

This paper presents an ultra-low power flexible on-chip bus with SR level shifting latches to enable fine grained dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) in self-powered systems. This approach allows Ultra-low Power (ULP) systems-on-chip (SoC) to operate in three modes depending on the available energy and harvesting conditions. The proposed SR latch overcomes the area and power limitations of conventional level shifters to allow each block in the system to operate at either its minimum energy or minimum power point. The proposed latch can also level shift up or down allowing users to tune the voltage of each block post fabrication. A test SoC with the proposed SR latches was fabricated in commercial 130nm technology and measured results are reported. The proposed approach allows an average of 45.2% reduction in active power compared to a reference state-of-the-art ULP SoC when operated at 32KHz. An additional 87% savings can be achieved when operating each sub-block at its minimum voltage.
Factors Associated With Patient Involvement in Emergency Care Decisions: A Secondary Analysis of the Chest Pain Choice Multicenter Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND Shared decision making in the emergency department (ED) can increase patient engagement for patients presenting with chest pain. However, little is known regarding which factors are associated with actual patient involvement in decision making or patients' desired involvement in emergency care decisions. We examined which factors were associated with patients' actual and desired involvement in decision making among ED chest pain patients. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of a shared decision-making intervention in ED patients with low-risk chest pain. We evaluated the degree to which patients were involved in decision making using the OPTION-12 (observing patient involvement) scale and patients' reported desire for involvement in decision making using the Control Preferences Scale (CPS). We measured the associations of patient factors with OPTION-12 and CPS scores using multivariable regression. RESULTS Of the 898 patients enrolled, mean (±SD) age was 51.5 (±11.4) years and 59% were female. Multivariable analysis revealed that only two factors were significantly associated with OPTION-12 scores: study site and use of the decision aid. OPTION-12 scores were 10.3 (standard error = 0.6) points higher for patients randomized to the decision aid compared to usual care (p < 0.001). Higher health literacy was associated with lower scores on the CPS, indicating greater desire for involvement (odds ratio = 0.91, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients' reported desire for involvement in decision making was higher among those with higher health literacy. After study site and other potential confounding factors were adjusted for, only use of the decision aid was associated with observed patient involvement in decision making. As the science and practice of shared decision making in the ED moves toward implementation, high-fidelity integration of the decision aid into the flow of care will be necessary to realize desired outcomes.
Anal neoplasia. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.

There is a clear association between immunodeficiency and the development of various forms of neoplasia. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a common occurrence in congenital immunodeficiency states such as the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency, and ataxia-telangiectasia. Organ transplant recipients treated with immunosuppressive therapies to prevent graft rejection are at high risk for the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and anal and cervical malignancies. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma also occur with unusual frequency in persons with immunodeficiency caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, numerous observations have suggested that HIV-induced immunodeficiency may also be associated with the development of neoplasia in the cervical and anal mucosa. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia, squamous intraepithelial lesion) and detectable human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been shown to be more common and intractable in HIV-infected women then in non–HIV-infected women with similar demographic characteristics. Invasive cervical cancer in HIV-infected women appears to be a more aggressive disease, less likely to be successfully treated by standard therapies, and it is consequently associated with poorer prognosis than in comparable non–HIV-infected women. Similarly, anal intraepithelial neoplasia and HPV infection are also more common and severe in HIV-infected men than in similar non–HIV-infected persons. Anecdotal observations suggest that anal cancer in HIV-infected persons may also be more difficult to treat successfully than anal cancer in the non–HIV-infected. Anal neoplasia is therefore likely to become a more common cause of serious morbidity in HIV disease as patients with profound immunodeficiency, who would have succumbed to opportunistic infections earlier in the epidemic, survive for extended periods because of increasingly effective antiretroviral, prophylactic, and antimicrobial therapies. The resulting state of prolonged, severe immunodeficiency provides the necessary milieu for the emergence of diseases, such as anal carcinoma, that develop after relatively longer periods of latency. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the role of HPV infection in the pathogenesis of anal neoplasia and considers the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of HPV infection and anal neoplasia in persons with HIV infection. Finally, strategies for diagnosis and treatment of anal neoplasia in HIV-infected persons will be discussed.
Vascular Access in a Child with Acute Kidney Injury

A 7-year-old male was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after suffering internal injuries after a motor vehicle accident. Specifically, he sustained a liver laceration, from which he hemorrhaged, requiring multiple blood transfusions. His urine output has progressively decreased over the past 4 days, and now, on hospital day 5, his urine output has been less than 5 mL/h. He remains intubated and sedated, requiring ventilator support. You have been involved with his care since hospital day 2, and you have obtained a renal ultrasound which showed normal-sized kidneys with increased echogenicity and poor corticomedullary differentiation, consistent with medical renal disease. His serum creatinine on admission was 0.7 mg/dL and has progressively increased to 4.8 mg/dL at the present time. His serum chemistries at the present time are presented below.
CO2 Reduction to CO with 19% Efficiency in a Solar-Driven Gas Diffusion Electrode Flow Cell under Outdoor Solar Illumination

Solar-driven reduction of carbon dioxide represents a carbon-neutral pathway for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. We report here results for solar-driven CO2 reduction using a gas diffusion el...