cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arousal threshold determination in 1862: Kohlschütter´s Measurements on the Firmness of Sleep

Abstract A multitude of studies used external sensory stimuli to experimentally induce electroencephalographic, vegetative or behavioral reactions in the sleeping subject, either to gather information on the nature of sleep or to induce sleep fragmentation. But Ernst Otto Heinrich Kohlschutter was the first to systematically investigate the change of awakening thresholds across the night, generating a sleep depth curve for his 1862 dissertation “Measurements on the Firmness of Sleep” (“Messungen der Festigkeit des Schlafes”). For the time, his concepts of sleep and the design of his experiments were impressive. A re-analysis of his data with modern regression techniques and a comparison with a polysomnographic laboratory study on the effects of traffic noise on sleep shows that he correctly captured the typical evolution of awakening thresholds across the night, with only 74 measurements in a single subject. Nevertheless, Kohlschutter’s analyses were hypothesis driven, as he discarded almost 50% of the data points to derive what he called an “idealized curve of sleep”. This does not belittle his achievement of being the first to systematically investigate arousal thresholds across the night without the help of electrophysiologic measurement techniques.
Reduced-Instruction-Set, Writable-Instruction-Set and Very-Long-Instruction-Word Computers

Instruction sets and their addressing modes and functional classes may grow to be quite complicated. For example, the widely used minicomputer VAX 11/780 has 16 addressing modes and more than 300 unique instructions! Even microprocessors often have complicated instruction sets. The Motorola 68020 recognizes seven data types, employs 18 addressing modes, and uses instruction formats that may vary in length from 1 16-bit word up to 11 16-bit words.
Simulation anywhere any time: Web-based simulation implementation for evaluating order-to-delivery systems and processes

GM Enterprise Systems Laboratory (GMESL) has developed a standalone single user simulation program for evaluating and predicting order-to-delivery (OTD) systems and processes. In order for more people to be able to access this simulator, to share the simulation results, and to analyze simulation collaboratively, we have designed, developed and implemented an Internet-based three-tiered client/server framework, which consists of the three tiers: database, execution and user interface. The corresponding components are: database server, execution server, and Web based user interface. The relational database server enables users to interact with the persistent data sets for simulation study and maintains data integrity. The multi-agent based execution server guarantees stable user responsiveness by virtue of the multi-agent flexible architecture, accordingly achieving a high level of processing scalability. Finally the Web-based graphical user interface helps users to easily conduct the simulation study from anywhere at any time, and the visual simulation analysis tool helps users to make decisions effectively.
Ray Tracing in a Sectioned and Layered Atmosphere Using a Shifting Coordinate System

Acoustical ray tracing in a horizontally layered and vertically sectioned atmosphere is accomplished on a digital computer using a shifting Cartesian coordinate system. The atmosphere is divided into vertical layers. In each of these layers straight line approximations of the variation of the speed-of-sound curve with altitude are used, thereby generating a constant radius of curvature for the acoustic ray path in each layer. Sectioning of the atrnosphere is performed by allowing boundary lines to emanate outward from the earth's center through the atmosphere. Ray points are established whenever the ray path intersects either a layer boundary or a section boundary. The computer program, called RATRACE, prints the X, Y, and Z coordinates of each ray point referenced to a planar coordinate system with origin at the ray path's beginning as well as the time required for the ray to travel to each ray point. Range versus altitude and range versus drift plots are made of the ray path and the effects on these curves of variations of the initial elevation and azimuth angles of the ray are discussed.
Acquisition of CD4-dependence by CD4-independent SIV passaged in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Background Chemokine receptors (CKRs), the primordial receptors for primate lentiviruses, are sufficient to mediate virus-cell fusion. Several different fusogenic CKRs and related receptors provide a broad potential host cell range, presumably advantageous for viral spread within a given infected individual, and across species. By contrast, the additional constraint of obligatory CD4 binding, just prior to CKR engagement, radically restricts potential host cells within an individual (or lymph node microenvironment), and might also limit xenotransmission, as CD4 sequences vary among primates. In spite of these potential drawbacks, CD4 dependent entry for SIV and HIV is the rule rather than the exception, and is generally thought to have evolved by selection for 1) stabilization of virus–cell surface interactions, and 2) conformational shielding of readily neutralized CKR binding epitopes. CD4 binding residues of SIV and HIV envelope are recessed, (relatively hidden from immune detection) and may exhibit a strong degree of automimicry, thus benefitting from self tolerance. Documented evolution, within individual macaques, of neutralization-resistant CD4-dependent SIV, derived from CD4-independent inocula, supports these ideas, but does not explain CD4’s exclusive role as the penultimate receptor-even more striking, given the wide diversity of CKRs and other surface molecules that can serve as actual fusion receptors for SIV. We, therefore, explored the additional, non-exclusive, hypothesis that surface CD4 on leukocytes is a marker of a more favorable host cell environment, as compared to CD8, NK, or B cell surface markers.
Pseudovirions in Animals, Plants, and Bacteria

The term “pseudovirus” was used first by Michel et al. (1967) to describe a particle which is produced during the infection of cultured mouse cells by polyoma virus. This polyoma-related particle was found to contain fragments of mouse DNA encapsidated within the protein coat of polyoma virus. Since the discovery of polyoma pseudovirions by Michel et al. (1967) and independently by Winocour (1967a,b), pseudovirions have been discovered in preparations of simian virus 40 (SV40) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Although pseudovirions have been found only recently in animal cells and plant cells, they appear to be analogous in many ways to particles containing fragments of host-cell DNA, but no detectable virus-specific DNA, that are produced during the infection of bacterial cells by some bacterial viruses. Although these phagelike particles have not been called pseudovirions in the past, they fit the definition of pseudovirions and will be referred to as such in this chapter. Many of these bacterial pseudovirions have been shown to be capable of generalized transduction. However, generalized transduction has not been demonstrated, as yet, with any pseudovirions of animal- or plant-cell origin.
Has the U.S. Bond Market Lost its Edge to the Eurobond Market

The growth of the European financial markets, together with the new, stricter regulations on the U.S. financial system, has spurred a debate about the competitiveness of the U.S. financial markets. In this paper, we compare underwriting costs in the U.S. bond market and the Eurobond market over the last ten years and investigate whether recent changes in the U.S. bond market's relative competitiveness have affected U.S. firms' choice of bond issuing market. Our results show that ten years ago, it was less expensive to issue in the U.S. bond market than in the Eurobond market and that underwriting costs have declined continuously in the U.S. market over the last decade. Importantly, we also find that these costs decreased at an even faster rate in the Eurobond market to the point of eliminating the competitive wedge of the U.S. bond market. These findings are robust to bond-, firm-, and underwriter-specific characteristics and do not appear to be driven by sample selection, as they hold when we consider a sample of issuers that is both constant over time and common to both markets. Finally, we find that U.S. firms are increasingly opting to issue their bonds in the Eurobond market instead of the U.S. market, and that this relocation toward the Eurobond market is partly caused by the decline in the relative competitiveness of the U.S. bond market.
Generating Parameters of a Multi-Body Meniscus Model From Experimental Data

The meniscus is a crucial anatomical structure in the mechanics of vertebrate hind legs [3]. Menisci function primarily by distributing the tibio-femoral contact forces, and thereby reducing the stress in the articular cartilage of the knee joint. As the meniscus is a flexible body that undergoes large strains, it is typically ignored in rigid-body biomechanical simulations. One documented method of including this factor in the multi-body framework is to represent the menisci as discrete bodies connected by linear 6-axis spring and damper elements [2]. The difficulty arises in determining the stiffnesses and viscosities that correspond to the material properties of the real meniscus. Material properties have previously been determined by a design of experiments approach to match the force displacement behavior of a multi-body model to a linear finite element model. This study explores a method of determining the said properties from experimental data collected in a semi-physiological loading, where the force orientation is principally circumferential tension and compression in the other directions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
High spectral and spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery for quantifying Russian wheat aphid infestation in wheat using the constrained energy minimization classifier

The effects of insect infestation in agricultural crops are of major ecological and eco- nomic interest because of reduced yield, increased cost of pest control and increased risk of environmental contamination from insecticide application. The Russian wheat aphid (RWA, Diuraphis noxia) is an insect pest that causes damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We pro- posed that concentrated RWA feeding areas, referred to as "hot spots," could be identified and isolated from uninfested areas within a field for site specific aphid management using remotely sensed data. Our objectives were to (1) investigate the reflectance characteristics of infested and uninfested wheat by RWA and (2) evaluate utility of airborne hyperspectral imagery with 1-m spatial resolution for detecting, quantifying, and mapping RWA infested areas in commercial winter wheat fields using the constrained energy minimization classifier. Percent surface reflec- tance from uninfested wheat was lower in the visible and higher in the near infrared portions of the spectrum when compared with RWA-infested wheat. The overall classification accuracies of >89% for damage detection were achieved. These results indicate that hyperspectral imagery can be effectively used for accurate detection and quantification of RWA infestation in wheat for site-specific aphid management. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.8.083661)
Multimodality Treatment of Malignant Superior Vena Caval Syndrome

Malignant superior vena caval (SVC) syndrome due to non-small cell lung cancer is invariably fatal, with most therapy directed toward palliating the manifestations of the disease. A cure, by means of any modality, is unusual. We report a patient with SVC syndrome secondary to documented ipsilateral peritracheal nodal involvement (stage IIIB disease) who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and resection. At surgery, his superior vena cava was not involved and his tumor had been downstaged to stage I (T1 nanoseconds). He remains alive and free of disease 60 months after surgery. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may be used to downstage malignant SVC syndrome to resectable lesions in good functional candidates.
The Role of Early Language Experience in the Development of Speech Perception and Phonological Processing Abilities: Evidence from 5-Year-Olds with Histories of Otitis Media with Effusion and Low Socioeconomic Status.

This study tested the hypothesis that early language experience facilitates the development of language-specific perceptual weighting strategies believed to be critical for accessing phonetic structure. In turn, that structure allows for efficient storage and retrieval of words in verbal working memory, which is necessary for sentence comprehension. Participants were forty-nine 5-year-olds, evenly distributed among four groups: those with chronic otitis media with effusion (OME), low socio-economic status (low-SES), both conditions (both), or neither condition (control). All children participated in tasks of speech perception and phonological awareness. Children in the control and OME groups participated in additional tasks examining verbal working memory, sentence comprehension, and temporal processing. The temporal-processing task tested the hypothesis that any deficits observed on the language-related tasks could be explained by temporal-processing deficits. Children in the three experimental groups demonstrated similar results to each other, but different from the control group for speech perception and phonological awareness. Children in the OME group differed from those in the control group on tasks involving verbal working memory and sentence comprehension, but not temporal processing. Overall these results supported the major hypothesis explored, but failed to support the hypothesis that language problems are explained to any extent by temporal-processing problems. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) Explain the relation between language experience and the development of mature speech perception strategies,
A new direct method for determining the heterojunction bipolar transistor equivalent circuit model

The authors propose a novel technique for determining the small-signal equivalent circuit of a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). With this technique, the parasitics are obtained independently from special test structures or measured from the transistor. Knowledge of these parasitic elements makes it possible to deembed the intrinsic HBT from the terminal measurements on the transistor and compute the intrinsic element values directly without any curve fitting. This procedure is applied to self-aligned base AlGaAs/GaAs, Npn HBTs with a base doping of 10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ and emitter dimensions of 2 mu m*8 mu m. The accurate determination of parameter values allows the device technology to be intelligently modified to optimize device performance. >
Oral Cancer Therapy may Influence Survival of Dental Implants

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Implant survival rate after oral cancer therapy: A review. Javed F, Al-Hazaimi K, Al-Rasheed A, Almas K, Romanos GE. Oral Oncol 2010;46:854-9. Reviewer Alan B. Carr, DMD, MS Purpose/Question Can dental implants osseointegrate and remain functionally stable in patients having undergone oral cancer treatment? Source of Funding None declared Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence
CR20P ANASTOMOTIC LEAKAGE AFTER RESECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER GENERATES PRODIGIOUS USE OF HOSPITAL RESOURCES

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the demand for hospital resources generated by anastomotic leakage, including surgical, medical, imaging, pathology, and other allied health consultations or services and length of postoperative hospital stay. Patients and Methods: Data were obtained from a comprehensive, prospective hospital registry of all resections for colorectal cancer from January 1995 to December 2004 and from retrospective review of patients’ notes. Results: Forty-one patients with a leak spent 92 days in intensive care, required 129 days of total parenteral nutrition, 69 days of enteric feeding and 41 days on ventilation and had a median postoperative hospital stay of 28 days (range 11–104). These patients required 24 re-operations and 2,273 separate medical consultations or allied services. Conclusion: Anastomotic leakage generates a very considerable demand for hospital resources and diverts these resources from the hospital population at large.
An Unbalanced Balancing Act: Blocked, Recovered, and False Memories in the Laboratory and Clinic

In their overview of relevant clinical and laboratory research, Cleaves et al. (this issue) downplay laboratory evidence concerning false memories and exaggerate laboratory support for blocked and recovered memories of trauma. They also exaggerate clinical evidence for blocked memories of trauma, while downplaying the very real possibility of false memories. The result is an unbalanced view of the literature on trauma and memory that, if left uncorrected, will deepen the split between science and practice and further undermine the status and autonomy of clinical psychology as a profession.
Relative and absolute abundance of trilobites and rhynchonelliform brachiopods across the Lower/Middle Ordovician boundary, eastern Basin and Range

Relative abundance data are of primary importance in paleoecology, but it is not always obvious how they should be interpreted. Because relative abundance is expressed as a proportion of the total sample, change in the abundance of one group necessarily changes the relative abun- dance of all groups in the sample. There are two possible interpretations for a trend in the relative abundance of a taxon: an ''active'' scenario in which the trend reflects change in the population density of the group itself, or a ''passive'' scenario in which the change is driven by population changes in other taxa. To discriminate between these scenarios it is necessary to collect absolute abundance data (abundance expressed as a function of sample area or volume). We examine both absolute and relative abundance trends through a major paleoecological tran- sition: the shift from trilobite-dominated to brachiopod-dominated paleocommunities in shallow marine carbonates spanning the Lower/Middle Ordovician boundary in western Utah and eastern Nevada. We sampled 61 carbonate mudstone and wackestone beds from the upper Ibex Series (Low- er Ordovician) and lower Whiterock Series (Middle Ordovician) at three sections that span the boundary. All samples come from the shallow subtidal Bathyurid trilobite biofacies. Samples were broken into small pieces, and all skeletal fragments .2 mm were identified to the finest possible taxonomic level. Consistent with previous work on this interval, the relative abundance of trilobites declines sharply across the boundary, while the relative abundance of brachiopods increases. Ab- solute abundance data indicate that the decline in trilobite abundance is genuine and not an artifact of normalization. The trend is not easily explained by sampling bias, facies distribution, tapho- nomic regime, or sedimentation style. The dramatic shift in abundance contrasts with relatively minor changes in relative genus rich- ness across the boundary. This is partly ascribable to differences in the relative abundance structure of trilobite faunas. Though comparable numbers of trilobite and brachiopod genera occur above and below the boundary, the trilobite fauna from the upper Ibex Series has lower evenness then the lower Whiterock Series fauna. Hence sampled trilobite richness is high in the lower Whiterock de- spite the small number of specimens. This highlights the importance of collecting abundance data. Although these data suggest that in at least some cases richness and abundance patterns are not closely coupled, more robust richness data are necessary to confirm this conclusion.
PRESENTATION OF THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY MEDAL TO ANDREW H. KNOLL

Ladies and Gentlemen, as everyone in this room knows, Andy Knoll has been an innovative and dedicated contributor to paleontology since his days as a graduate student with Elso Barghorn at Harvard. Andy began his research career as a paleobotanist with particular interest in the Proterozoic, but his bent has always been toward examining the evolutionary history of plants in their geological context. He has been an indefatigable field worker, with expeditions to Svalbard, Australia, Greenland, Siberia, Namibia, and a host of other regions to his credit. And I do mean expeditions. John Grotzinger of Cal Tech likes to tell a story about going down a river in northern Siberia. John went ahead with a video camera and filmed Andy coming through a rapid. A bit bedraggled after a few weeks in the bush, Andy evidently looked at the camera and intoned: “I am going theoretical.” But I do note that Andy's more recent field work does seem suspiciously clustered around such well-known wine-producing regions as South Africa, Australia, and Spain. Such field work has always been critical to Andy's contributions as a scientist. His insights into the interrelationships between environmental change and the history of life have been profound, ranging from the vicissitudes of Proterozoic acritarchs and the role of oxygen in the early divergence of Metazoa to entirely novel suggestions of how patterns of selective extinction among marine invertebrates at …
A new perspective on microbial landscapes within food production

High-throughput, 'next-generation' sequencing tools offer many exciting new possibilities for food research. From investigating microbial dynamics within food fermentations to the ecosystem of the food-processing built environment, amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and transcriptomics present novel applications for exploring microbial communities in, on, and around our foods. This review discusses the many uses of these tools for food-related and food facility-related research and highlights where they may yield nuanced insight into the microbial world of food production systems.
Structural Dynamics of International Trade and Material Consumption: A Cross-National Study of the Ecological Footprints of Less-Developed Countries

Many social scientists argue that more-developed countries externalize their environmental costs through the tapping of resources of less-developed countries, which reduces levels of consumption in the latter while increasing forms of environmental degradation within their borders. However, these assertions lack systematic empirical support. This study offers a new conceptualization of the structure of international trade that may help to partly resolve this issue: weighted export flows, which quantifies the relative extent to which exports are sent to higher-consuming, more-developed countries. Our hypothesis is that less-developed countries with higher levels of exports sent to more-developed countries exhibit lower domestic levels of resource consumption, measured as ecological footprints. In a series of regression models of per capita ecological footprints for less-developed countries in 2000, evidence is found supporting the hypothesis. The negative effect of weighted export flows on the per capita footprints of nations is robust, net of the often cited impacts of capital intensity, urbanization, domestic inequality, human capital, and other export-related characteristics. Results of this study provide empirical evidence of the environmental impacts of the structure of international trade and outline a new methodological approach to studying uneven ecological exchange.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization in the Intensive Care Unit: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization, and the incidence of subsequent clinical culture with P. aeruginosa among those colonized and not colonized. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of patients admitted to a medical or surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Patients had admission perirectal surveillance cultures performed. Risk factors analyzed included comorbidities at admission, age, sex, antibiotics received during current hospitalization before ICU admission, and type of ICU. RESULTS Of 1,840 patients, 213 (11.6%) were colonized with P. aeruginosa on ICU admission. Significant risk factors in the multivariable analysis for colonization were age (odds ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.03]), anemia (1.90 [1.05–3.42]), and neurologic disorder (1.80 [1.27–2.54]). Of the 213 patients colonized with P. aeruginosa on admission, 41 (19.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa on ICU admission and 60 (28.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa in the current hospitalization (ICU period and post-ICU period). Of these 60 patients, 49 (81.7%) had clinical infections. Of the 1,627 patients not colonized on admission, only 68 (4.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa in the current hospitalization. Patients colonized with P. aeruginosa were more likely to have a subsequent positive clinical culture than patients not colonized (incidence rate ratio, 6.74 [95% CI, 4.91–9.25]). CONCLUSIONS Prediction rules or rapid diagnostic testing will help clinicians more appropriately choose empirical antibiotic therapy for subsequent infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:544–548
Quasicrystalline and Crystalline Phonon Density of States: Neutron Scattering Measurement on Al4Mn

The recent discovery[1,2] of rapidly quenched AlMn alloys exhibiting diffraction patterns with five-fold symmetry has stimulated intense experimental and theoretical research interest. The icosahedral point group symmetry associated with these novel materials is not consistent with lattice translations and therefore provides a new challange to our understanding of the physical properties of solids. While detailed information on the structure is not yet complete, calculations of the electronic and phonon density of states for quasiperiodic structures have been carried out[3–5]. Characteristic of these results are the existence of localized states as well as the self-similarity exhibited in any slice of reciprocal space.
A hybrid approach to applying mathematical reasoning in computer science courses

Is it possible to excite students about learning the mathematical principles that underlie high-quality software? Can we teach them to apply these principles using modern, internet-based software tools? Can this be accomplished without displacing existing content? The purpose of this workshop is to explore these questions in the context of what our students need to know about mathematical reasoning. Those who attend will examine pedagogical principles, teaching tools, and classroom exercises that have been tried and shown to work in a variety of courses. We will take a hands-on approach to the preparation of materials to use at various levels of the curriculum in order to promote the application of mathematical reasoning to the design and creation of correct software. For beginning level courses we will look at exercises that encourage students to reason about what values the variables in their programs should have at various states. The exercises promote careful design and precise description of what programs are supposed to do so that it is possible to reason about whether those programs satisfy their requirements. We will use a collaborative approach to the application of mathematical reasoning so that students will participate first in a small group or pair and then at the class level thereby learning how to express their ideas and to understand those of others. For upper level courses we will stress modular design and development, showing the importance of being able to establish the correctness of individual components that can be combined to build larger programs. Most importantly, we use exercises to show that once a component has been certified correct, that component can be used in larger programs using only the specifications for that component and that the larger program can be reasoned about without the need to know implementation details for the smaller component(s). These modular reasoning principles are especially important in software engineering and for principles of programming languages. We will provide materials to be used as part of existing courses, rather than proposing a single new course. The workshop is not intended to simply deal with discrete math concepts, but rather to talk about how mathematical reasoning can be used throughout the CS curriculum. In particular we will see examples of how reasoning can be used in beginning programming courses, such as CS1, as well as intermediate CS2 classes. We have specific suggestions for Software Engineering and Theory of Programming Languages among upper level courses.
A Method to Allocate Camber, Thickness and Incidence on a Swept Wing

Numerous methods exist to choose the design of camber, incidence, and thickness ratio of an unswept infinite wing. Applying these methods to a swept, finite planform is more troublesome. While control-theory non-linear CFD based wing design algorithms can develop successful transonic lofts, the underlying non-linearity stems from effects beyond that of shock wave formation. A linear potential-flow analysis reveals inadequacies in the accepted methods developed and verified for infinite aspect ratio swept wings. Because seemingly universal principles, such as the Prandtl-Glauert Mach scaling effect, thin-airfoil pressure superposition theory and Simple Sweep Theory, behave unpredictably when applied to finite aspect ratio swept wings, we revisited the fundamental aerodynamic basis of sweep theory. From this, we suggest better design principles to translate 2D airfoil data for use lofting finite, swept wings.
Switched Control of Cadence During Stationary Cycling Induced by Functional Electrical Stimulation

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to activate the dysfunctional lower limb muscles of individuals with neurological disorders to produce cycling as a means of rehabilitation. However, previous literature suggests that poor muscle control and nonphysiological muscle fiber recruitment during FES-cycling causes lower efficiency and power output at the cycle crank than able-bodied cycling, thus motivating the investigation of improved control methods for FES-cycling. In this paper, a stimulation pattern is designed based on the kinematic effectiveness of the rider's hip and knee joints to produce a forward torque about the cycle crank. A robust controller is designed for the uncertain, nonlinear cycle-rider system with autonomous, state-dependent switching. Provided sufficient conditions are satisfied, the switched controller yields ultimately bounded tracking of a desired cadence. Experimental results on four able-bodied subjects demonstrate cadence tracking errors of 0.05 $\pm $ 1.59 and 5.27 $\pm $ 2.14 revolutions per minute during volitional and FES-induced cycling, respectively. To establish feasibility of FES-assisted cycling in subjects with Parkinson's disease, experimental results with one subject demonstrate tracking errors of 0.43 $\pm $ 4.06 and 0.17 $\pm $ 3.11 revolutions per minute during volitional and FES-induced cycling, respectively.
Feature Extraction and Selection of Tong Color and Fur Color in Digital TCM Tong Image

Objective: To explore the method of tong color and fur color's standard establishment in digital tong diagnosis.Methods: Turning clinical tong images from RGB color space into HSV color space and color quantized by the way which is narrated in literature,then to explore its quantitative relation with traditional tong diagnosis and its correlation with TCM pathogenesis through the cases.Results: Selected 7 features of tong color and fur color from analyzing 234 cases of tong image;222 cases of clinical cases of SPSS correlation analysis results can be seen,the selected 7 features and TCM pathogenesis of expression is the same.Conclusion: HSV color space is quite beneficial to convey the visual characteristics of the tong color and fur color in TCM.The 7 features are compatible with the content of TCM diagnosis.Moreover,it is feasible that we use the sum of pixel points which represent the area of tong color and fur color and we can use it to explore the quantitative expression of TCM pathogenesis attributes in digital tong diagnosis.
Glutamine transport by basolateral plasma-membrane vesicles prepared from rabbit intestine.

Abstract L-Glutamine, a major energy substrate for intestinal epithelial cells, can be extracted from intraluminal contents across the brush-border membrane and from arterial blood via the basolateral membrane. The purpose of the present study was to characterize glutamine transport by the basolateral membrane of rabbit epithelial cells. Transport of glutamine by isolated basolateral-membrane vesicles was mediated by both Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent carriers. Tests were performed to distinguish glutamine uptake by likely transport agencies, including Systems A, ASC, N, IMINO, NBB, L and asc. The Na(+)-dependent glutamine uptake was strongly inhibited by an excess of 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), and glutamine was equally effective in inhibiting MeAIB transport. The reciprocal inhibition analysis, as well as a sensitivity to increased H+ concentration, indicates that Na(+)-dependent glutamine transport across the basolateral membrane is mediated by System A. The saturable Na(+)-independent glutamine transport was markedly inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-[2,2,1]-heptane-2-carboxylic acid ('BCH') and insensitive to changes in assay pH, suggesting uptake via System L rather than System asc. The presence of a Na(+)-dependent carrier to mediate active transport of glutamine across the basolateral membrane is probably essential to ensure a continuous supply of this vital substrate to the enterocyte in the post-absorptive state.
E-068 transverse sinus configurations in pseudotumor cerebri patients without elevated pressure gradients

Background and purpose Venous Sinus Stenosis is found in up to 90% of patients who present with pseudotumor cerebri. Presently, most operators who perform venous sinus stenting in patients with pseudotumor cerebri use a gradient threshold of 8 mmHg to determine whether stenting is indicated, hypothesizing that such a gradient indicates a physiologically significant stenosis. This study assesses the anatomy of screened patients that have gradient negative pseudotumor cerebri; monitoring for degree of stenosis, co-dominance, and laterality. Methods Patients in the prospectively maintained pseudotumor cerebri database were assessed to ascertain which patients with clinically diagnosed medically refractory pseudotumor cerebri had undergone venous pressure monitoring. The anatomy was assessed looking at degree of co-dominance as well as minimal and maximal luminal diameter as assessed on post contrast SPGR MRI. Results 71 patients were screened yielding 13 patients who had undergone venous pressuring monitoring with gradients of 8 mmHg or less. 2 were patients that had undergone re-measurements post stent and excluded from this study. Of the 11 remaining patients, 9 were judged to be co-dominant, using the definition of a ratio of > 2:1 in diameter of the dominant vessel:non dominant. Average maximal luminal diameter of the aggregate transverse sinuses was 7.8 mm, and the mean degree of stenosis was 40%. Conclusions The degree of co-dominance in medically refractory, gradient negative pseudotumor cerebri, is higher than what is seen in historical gradient positive pseudotumor cerebri. Further research is needed to see whether endovascular therapy or diagnosis is worthwhile in such patients. Disclosures C. Chung: None. M. Luciano: None. S. John: None. G. Kosmorsky: None. L. Lystad: None. F. Hui: None.
Maternal behavior influences development of a reflexive action pattern in the newborn rat

This study examined the effect of maternal behavior on the expression and postnatal development of a reflexive behavior in rat pups. In neonatal rats, the leg extension response (LER) is a bilateral hyperextension of the hindlimbs in response to maternal anogenital licking (AGL). Past research has found that intranasal application of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 ) to the dam induces hyponosmia, thereby reducing the incidence of AGL. In this study, pregnant dams received intranasal application of air (control), distilled water (control), or ZnSO4 on the day before birth and every other day thereafter until postnatal day 9 (P9). The LER was experimentally evoked in pups, using a vibrotactile device, at P1, P5, or P10. Pups born to ZnSO4 -treated dams showed significantly shorter bilateral LER durations and significantly smaller ankle angles than pups born to control dams. Reduction of overall maternal AGL approached significance, and afternoon AGL was significantly reduced. These data suggest that maternal behavior influenced development of the LER in rat pups, demonstrating the influence of maternal care on behavioral development during the perinatal period.
Determining Gate Count Reliability in a Library Setting

Objective – Patron counts are a common form of measurement for library assessment. To develop accurate library statistics, it is necessary to determine any differences between various counting devices. A yearlong comparison between card reader turnstiles and laser gate counters in a university library sought to offer a standard percentage of variance and provide suggestions to increase the precision of counts. Methods – The collection of library exit counts identified the differences between turnstile and laser gate counter data. Statistical software helped to eliminate any inaccuracies in the collection of turnstile data, allowing this data set to be the base for comparison. Collection intervals were randomly determined and demonstrated periods of slow, average, and heavy traffic. Results – After analyzing 1,039,766 patron visits throughout a year, the final totals only showed a difference of .43% (.0043) between the two devices. The majority of collection periods did not exceed a difference of 3% between the counting instruments. Conclusion – Turnstiles card readers and laser gate counters provide similar levels of reliability when measuring patron activity. Each system has potential counting inaccuracies, but several methods exist to create more precise totals. Turnstile card readers are capable of offering greater detail involving patron identity, but their high cost makes them inaccessible for libraries with lower budgets. This makes laser gate counters an affordable alternative for reliable patron counting in an academic library.
Direction of arrival estimation with the received signal strength gradient at the lower VHF band

Direction of arrival (DoA) estimation has wideranging applications and is particularly challenging in complex propagation environments. Virtually all current approaches estimate the DoA based on the phase of the impinging signal on a sensor array. This approach has several challenges: for example, it requires tight synchronization amongst array elements, and the estimated DoA is very sensitive to the specification of the array geometry. We propose a Bayesian DoA estimation procedure based on the received signal strength (RSS) gradient. RSS is readily computed by most sensors, and the RSS gradient points towards the source when the received signal's dominant component is the direct path. Though non-uniform shadowing, small-scale fading, and multipath generally corrupt the accuracy of the RSS gradient as a DoA estimate, these effects are significantly less at lower VHF. We show through simulations and applications to actual datasets that our approach provides a simple and accurate method to estimate DoA and its associated uncertainty, even in cluttered environments.
Effects of foliar and systemic insecticides on whitefly transmission and incidence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus

BACKGROUND Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a cosmopolitan viral disease transmitted by Bemisia tabaci that infects cucurbit crops. Cantaloupe production in the southwestern USA has been confronted by epidemics of CYSDV since 2006 when it was first identified in Arizona and California. As a phloem-limited virus that is vectored in a semi-persistent manner by B. tabaci, CYSDV has transmission characteristics that may be suppressed by select insecticide applications. RESULTS Eight active ingredients formulated as foliar and/or soil-applied insecticides were tested to determine the suppressive effect on transmission and incidence of CYSDV in greenhouse and field studies. Many compounds limited virus transmission to <10% infected plants even when challenged by 30 viruliferous whiteflies. Foliar formulations had greater knockdown activity than their soil-applied analogs and resulted in lower virus transmission. Insecticides that had the greatest effect on reducing virus transmission in the greenhouse also showed the lowest incidence of CYSDV in field trials. CONCLUSIONS Select insecticides can significantly reduce transmission of CYSDV. However, insecticide management of CYSDV incidence in cantaloupes has limitations in chronically high infestation areas such as the southwestern USA, and is often only able to delay disease onset rather than prevent its occurrence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Marriage and Love in Africa in the Twentieth Century

The continent of Africa is home to a vastly culturally diverse population. This diversity can be seen in differences from country to country as well as from tribe to tribe within countries. It is not unlikely to see different cultural practices taking place in a close proximity. Through the help of ethnographic sources, this chapter highlights this diversity in terms of peoples’ conceptions and ideals regarding love. Particularly, these studies look at how people of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Kenya view the concept of love by distinguishing its different types and defining it in terms of marriage and sex.
Calibration of a speckle-based compressive sensing receiver

Optical speckle in a multimode waveguide has been proposed to perform the function of a compressive sensing (CS) measurement matrix (MM) in a receiver for GHz-band radio frequency (RF) signals. Unlike other devices used for the CS MM, e.g. the digital micromirror device (DMD) used in the single pixel camera, the elements of the speckle MM are not known before use and must be measured and calibrated. In our system, the RF signal is modulated on a repetitively pulsed chirped wavelength laser source, generated from mode-locked laser pulses that have been dispersed in time or from an electrically addressed distributed Bragg reflector laser. Next, the optical beam with RF propagates through a multimode fiber or waveguide, which applies different weights in wavelength (or equivalently time) and space and performs the function of the CS MM. The output of the guide is directed to or imaged on a bank of photodiodes with integration time set to the pulse length of the chirp waveform. The output of each photodiode is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and the data from these ADCs are used to form the CS measurement vector. Accurate recovery of the RF signal from CS measurements depends critically on knowledge of the weights in the MM. Here we present results using a stable wavelength laser source to probe the guide.
Compressive imaging for video representation and coding

Compressive Sensing is an emerging field based on the revelation that a small group of nonadaptive linear projections of a compressible signal contains enough information for reconstruction and processing. In this paper, we propose algorithms and hardware to support a new theory of Compressive Imaging. Our approach is based on a new digital image/video camera that directly acquires random projections of the light field without first collecting the pixels/voxels. Our camera architecture employs a digital micromirror array to perform optical calculations of linear projections of an image onto pseudorandom binary patterns. Its hallmarks include the ability to obtain an image with a single detection element while measuring the image/video fewer times than the number of pixels/voxels; this can significantly reduce the computation required for video acquisition/encoding. Since our system relies on a single photon detector, it can also be adapted to image at wavelengths that are currently impossible with conventional CCD and CMOS imagers. We are currently testing a prototype design for the camera and include experimental results.
Do Individuals Smile More in Diverse Social Company?: Studying Smiles and Diversity Via Social Media Photos

Photographs are one of the most fundamental ways for human beings to capture their social experiences and smiling is one of the most common actions associated with photo-taking. Photos, thus provide a unique opportunity to study the phenomena of mixing of different people and also the smiles expressed by individuals in these social settings. In this work, we study whether a social media-based computational framework can be employed to obtain smile and diversity scores at very fine, individual relationship resolution, and study their associations. We analyze two data sets from different social networks, Twitter and Instagram, over different time periods. Primarily looking at photographs, using computer vision APIs, we capture the diversity of social interactions in terms of age, gender, and race of those present, and smile levels. Analysis of both data sets suggest similar and significant findings: (a) people, in general, tend to smile more in the presence of others; and (b) people tend to smile more in a more diverse company. The results can help scale, test, and validate multiple theories related to affect and diversity in sociology, psychology, biology, and urban planning, and inform future mechanisms for encouraging people to smile more often in everyday settings
Nickel-Catalyzed Dearomative trans-1,2-Carboamination

We describe the development of an arenophile-mediated, nickel-catalyzed dearomative trans-1,2-carboamination protocol. A range of readily available aromatic compounds was converted to the corresponding dienes using Grignard reagents as nucleophiles. This strategy provided products with exclusive trans-selectivity and high enantioselectivity was observed in case of benzene and naphthalene. The utility of this methodology was showcased by controlled and stereoselective preparation of small, functionalized molecules.