cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The efflux of potassium from electroplaques of electric eels.

1. The movement of labeled potassium ions has been measured across the innervated membranes of single isolated electroplaques, obtained from the organ of Sachs of Electrophorus electricus, mounted in an apparatus which allowed a separate washing of the two membranes. 2. Equations have been derived for a 3 compartment system in series in which tracer from a large pool in one outer compartment is collected in the other outer compartment. The amount of unlabeled ion in the middle compartment may be calculated and also the fluxes across the two membranes. 3. The flux of potassium across the innervated membranes of resting cells in a steady state was between 700 to 1000 µµmoles/cm.2/sec. and was unaffected by d-tubocurarine. 4. Direct stimulation of electroplaques with external electrodes caused an increase in the efflux of potassium from the innervated membrane of 5 to 8 µµmoles/cm.2/impulse, which was unaffected by d-tubocurarine; no change occurred in the efflux across the non-innervated membrane. 5. It is concluded that the discharge of electroplaques is accompanied by a small outward movement of potassium ions across the innervated membrane of the same order of magnitude as that found on excitation of squid giant axons. The data show a basic similarity of potassium movements across these two entirely different types of conducting membranes and suggest that this phenomenon may be a general feature of bioelectric currents propagating an action potential.
Verbal and Spatial Loading Effects on Eye Movements in Driving Simulators: A Comparison to Real World Driving

Driving simulators and eye tracking technology are increasingly being used to evaluate advanced telematics. Many such evaluations are easily generalizable only if drivers' scanning in the virtual environment is similar to their scanning behavior in real world environments. In this study we developed a virtual driving environment designed to replicate the environmental conditions of a previous, real world experiment (Recarte & Nunes, 2000). Our motive was to compare the data collected under three different cognitive loading conditions in an advanced, fixed-base driving simulator with that collected in the real world. In the study that we report, a head mounted eye tracker recorded eye movement data while participants drove the virtual highway in half-mile segments. There were three loading conditions: no loading, verbal loading and spatial loading. Each of the 24 subjects drove in all three conditions. We found that the patterns that characterized eye movement data collected in the simulator were virtually...
Phase-Shift Analysis of Proton-Proton Scattering Experiments below 40 Mev

A phase-shift analysis has been made of $p\ensuremath{-}p$ angular distribution measurements at 1.855, 4.203, 9.68, 9.73, 18.2, 19.8, 31.8, and 39.4 Mev. At 1.855 Mev, Coulomb effects plus the nuclear $S$-wave phase shift are sufficient to give agreement within experimental errors. At 10 Mev, $S$-, $P$-, and $D$-wave effects are apparent. At 40 Mev, $F$-wave components are also necessary. With the aid of the Clementel-Villi parametrization method, it has been possible to determine all of the least-squares fits to the angular distribution data in the $S$, $P$, $D$ approximation. Polarization measurements and potential model calculations can be used to further restrict the allowable phase-shift sets. It is shown that angular distribution measurements with an accuracy of 0.1% would not lead to a unique set of phase shifts. Both double- and triple-scattering experiments are necessary in order to remove the ambiguity.
Laparoscopic splenectomy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Background and Objectives The spleen is frequently involved in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The indications for splenectomy in this disease include amelioration of symptoms from splenomegaly, correction of cytopenias, and the need to establish the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of laparoscopic splenectomy for patients with splenomegaly and NHL. Methods Retrospective review was made of patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for suspected NHL. Results A total of 57 laparoscopic splenectomies have been performed in the lateral position; 9 of these patients had NHL. All patients had splenomegaly with a mean craniocaudal length of 17.8 cm and mean morcellated splenic weight of 765 gm. The mean operating-room time was 185 min, with a mean blood loss of 108 cc. None were converted to open splenectomy, and there was no mortality. The mean postoperative stay was 2–4 days. At a mean follow-up of 6.7 months, there have been no major complications or sepsis. Conclusions Laparoscopic splenectomy is indicated in the setting of splenomegaly and suspected lymphoma. The operation is best performed in the lateral position, which is successful in patients with massive splenomegaly. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;70:116–121. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spacecraft Relative Attitude Determination

A method to determine the relative attitudes between three spacecraft is developed. 1 2 The method requires four direction measurements between the three spacecraft. The simulation results and covariance analysis show that the method's error falls within a three sigma boundary without exhibiting any singularity issues. A study of the accuracy of the proposed method with respect to the shape of the spacecraft formation is also presented.
A Study in Constitutional Development: The Effect of Political and Social Institutions on the Campaign for a Written Constitution in Connecticut

The study of constitutionalism, and in particular of constitutional development, represents a significant recent turn in the field of public law. Constitutional development occurs, of course, through formal adoption and amendment. And the study of courts has established that judicial declarations contribute to this process. A growing body of scholarship also shows that the overtly political actors of society – legislatures, executive officers, political partisans, and even the people – continually engage in the informal creation, maintenance, and transformation of constitutional meaning.The growth in the study of constitutionalism and consti- tutional development in the last decade is reflected in a recent collection, Sotirios A. Barber and Robert P. George, ed., Constitutional Politics: Essays on Constitution Making, Maintenance, and Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), as well as the following notable works: Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Stephen M. Griffin, American Constitutionalism: From Theory to Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Wayne D. Moore, Constitutional Rights and Powers of the People (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Keith E. Whittington, Constitutional Construction: Divided Powers and Constitutional Meaning (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1999). While recent work illuminates instances of this latter type of constitutional development, there remain questions about the processes by which development occurs. Political actors create, maintain, and transform constitutional meaning, but the recent studies suggest that institutional contexts play an important role in shaping the consequent constitutional development. The very constitution that is subject to the forces of political actors, for example, also establishes an important, if not necessarily determinative, context that shapes the path of its continued development – consider that a government of separated powers, with its competing legislative, executive, and judicial branches, will facilitate conflicting efforts both to maintain existing and to construct new constitutional meaning.Ackerman, We the People; Whittington, Constitutional Construction. The works by Ackerman and Whittington demonstrate as well that the same effects follow from other features of constitutional design, such as Congress's bicameralism and the vertical separation of powers between national and state governments. Other institutions affect constitutional development as well. For example, social institutions exist alongside of and interact with political institutions. Through interactions, the former can enhance or undermine the stability of the latter. In this article, I argue that the study of constitutionalism must consider the full range of political and social institutions that shape constitutional development.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptors and IGF-I Actions in Neuronal Cultures from the Brain

Neurons in primary culture have been used to study IGF-I receptors and IGF-I-induced cellular actions in the brain. Intact neurons in culture specifically bind [125I]IGF with high affinity. The potency for the competition of [125I]IGF-I binding was IGF-I > IGF-II > insulin. A curvilinear Scatchard plot represented high-affinity (0.15 nM) and low-affinity (3 nM) binding sites with a Bmax of 142 fmol and 618 fmol/mg protein, respectively. These binding sites are predominantly localized on neurites with relatively few sites on the cell soma. IGF-I induced synthesis of protein(s) in the M(r) range of 48,000-50,000 with pI values of 6.1-6.4. These observations show that IGF-I receptor mediates induction of specific proteins and suggest that these proteins may be involved in the neurotrophic activity of IGF-I in the brain.
Real-time Task Assignment with Replication on Multiprocessor Platforms

Fault tolerance is a very important aspect in critical real-time task scheduling. On multiprocessor systems, executing tasks with replication provides an additional reliability to resist potential processor failures and computing faults. For assigning real-time tasks on such systems, there must be requirements that all tasks assigned on the system meet their timing constraints, and all replicas of the same task are assigned to distinct processors. Obviously, such a reliability requirement could overload the system. In these situations, how to assign the tasks on processors to achieve the highest benefit poses a challenge. In this paper, we consider the problem of maximizing the number of successfully assigned tasks on a homogeneous distributed multiprocessor system, while satisfying the real-time constraint and system reliability requirement. Exact, greedy approximation and polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) algorithms are developed for the problem. Theoretical analysis, necessary proofs and experimental results that support our claims are all given.
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) first servicing mission and observatory recommissioning

HST is unique among NASA missions in the level of preparation that has been performed for on-orbit servicing. Planning and training for HST servicing has been an important element HST development leading to an observatory that is uniquely designed with servicing in mind. An overview of the components of the first Servicing Mission are described along with a walkthrough of several of the planned extravehicular activities (EVAs) including replacing solar arrays, swapping out the WF/PC and HSP for WFPC2 and COSTAR, replacing the gyros and installing the GHRS repair kit. An integral part of preparing for HST's first servicing mission is determining how to recommission the observatory for science operations. The recommissioning period is referred to as the Servicing Mission Observatory Verification (SMOV) program and is a composite of the HST deployment Orbital Verification (OV) and Science Verification (SV) programs. We will examine how the lessons learned from the deployment commissioning have been addressed in development of the SMOV plans.
Pitfalls in paediatric appendicitis: Highlighting common clinical features of missed cases.

Objective Missed cases of paediatric appendicitis lead to a delay in diagnosis and increased complications during the subsequent surgery. We aim to identify the common clinical features of such cases at the time of first hospital attendance. Methods Case records of patients with a missed diagnosis were reviewed retrospectively, documenting the presentation, preliminary investigations, initial diagnosis and eventual outcome. Results Thirty-nine patients fitted our criteria over a 2-year and 5-month period. The rate of "missed appendicitis" was 7%. The commonest symptoms and signs were that of nausea and vomiting (74.4%), abdominal pain (74.4%) and fever (61.5%). The site of abdominal pain was rarely in the right iliac fossa (5.1%). The two commonest diagnoses made at first presentation was that of gastroenteritis (51.3%) and constipation (25.6%). Twenty patients (51.3%) were initially discharged home. Compared to those initially admitted, more of those initially discharged home underwent surgery delayed beyond 24 hours from first presentation. Conclusion The paucity of symptoms and signs in the right lower quadrant does not exclude appendicitis. Gastroenteritis and colic constipation are the greatest masqueraders of paediatric appendicitis. A high index of suspicion, therefore, is necessary to avoid wrongful discharge altogether.
Vibration analysis of laminated composite thin-walled beams using finite elements

A two-noded, 10 degree of freedom per node, laminated composite thin-walled beam finite element was developed. The element presented here is suitable for either open-section or closed-section beams of any shape. Natural frequencies of several thin-walled composite structures were calculated.
Rating Consistency on Successive Statewide Assessments of Disability Concerns

The Disabled Citizens' Concerns Report Method is a survey research strategy designed to assess community strengths and problems from the perspective of people with disabilities. The present study examines the consistency of ratings obtained using the instrument in two successive statewide applications. Results suggest that survey responses, which were collected from the same 405 people at eighteen-month intervals, produced highly consistent scores. Thus, information obtained may be viewed as a reliable measure of these consumers' concerns and an efficient way of generating consumer involvement in policy development and planning for rehabilitation services.
Sperm Precedence in Overwintered Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Its Implications for Insecticide Resistance Management

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most important insect defoliator of potatoes and is infamous for its ability to develop insecticide resistance. Sperm precedence is an important consideration in developing resistance management plans. We determined the precedence of sperm from a postdiapause spring mating by using irradiated sterile males. We also investigated whether spring mating (with or without fertilization) affects reproduction of overwintered females. Precedence of sperm from spring matings versus overwintered sperm from fall matings was almost complete. Some fertilization from fall matings did take place in this experiment, but it exceeded 10% in only one of the 22 pairings. Females mated only the previous fall laid fewer eggs than spring-mated females, but spring mating did not seem to improve the hatch rate of deposited eggs. On average, mated females started laying 1.6 d sooner than fall-mated females, but this difference was not significant. Hatch rate did not change with time. Precedence of spring matings over stored sperm can help compensate for assortative summer mating among resistant individuals due to differences in developmental time between refuges and treated areas.
Habitat fragmentation reduces occupancy of nest boxes by an open-country raptor

Despite the recent rapid decline of many grassland bird species, the relative importance of habitat configuration to population persistence is unclear. We used Southeastern American Kestrels Falco sparverius paulus in north-central Florida as a model system to explore the relative influence of landscape structure components on site occupancy patterns at two spatial scales, and for two different time periods. We focused on the dynamic processes of site-level population expansion or contraction. We modelled the occupancy of 131 American Kestrel nest boxes with Bayesian state-space dynamic occupancy models that considered both the partially observed process of true occupancy and the probability of detection of occupancy. We used reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithms to identify variables that described the continued occupancy of nest boxes, or ϕ, and the probability of colonisation of nest boxes between time periods, or γ3. Changes in open habitat patch isolation at a fine scale, as estimated by the variability of nearest neighbour distance, predicted site colonisation between decades, and patch shape variability was related to ϕ during the early time period (1992–93). We found no strong effects of landscape structure on ϕ during the later time period (2008–2010). We also found no evidence for effects of loss of open habitat on box occupancy or colonization. Our results indicate that continued habitat fragmentation would be deleterious for this threatened subspecies. Additionally, certain land cover management practices recommended for the Florida sandhills, such as frequent low-intensity controlled burns, will likely help conservation attempts.
GeoChip-based analysis of functional microbial communities during the reoxidation of a bioreduced uranium-contaminated aquifer

A pilot-scale system was established for in situ biostimulation of U(VI) reduction by ethanol addition at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Field Research Center (Oak Ridge, TN). After achieving U(VI) reduction, stability of the bioreduced U(IV) was evaluated under conditions of (i) resting (no ethanol injection), (ii) reoxidation by introducing dissolved oxygen (DO), and (iii) reinjection of ethanol. GeoChip, a functional gene array with probes for N, S and C cycling, metal resistance and contaminant degradation genes, was used for monitoring groundwater microbial communities. High diversity of all major functional groups was observed during all experimental phases. The microbial community was extremely responsive to ethanol, showing a substantial change in community structure with increased gene number and diversity after ethanol injections resumed. While gene numbers showed considerable variations, the relative abundance (i.e. percentage of each gene category) of most gene groups changed little. During the reoxidation period, U(VI) increased, suggesting reoxidation of reduced U(IV). However, when introduction of DO was stopped, U(VI) reduction resumed and returned to pre-reoxidation levels. These findings suggest that the community in this system can be stimulated and that the ability to reduce U(VI) can be maintained by the addition of electron donors. This biostimulationmore » approach may potentially offer an effective means for the bioremediation of U(VI)-contaminated sites.« less
Antigenic Diversity and Gene Polymorphisms in Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative bacillus that lives symbiotically in the upper respiratory tracts of humans. With the occasional exception of the human genital tract, the human nasopharynx is the sole ecologic niche occupied by this organism; H. influenzae is not found in the environment
A 7 Watt C-Band FET Amplifier Using Serial Power Combining Techniques

This paper describes the development of a 7 watt FET amplifier operated in the satellite communication band (3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz) using serial power combining techniques. This three-stage MIC power amplifier provides 16.6 dB power gain, 33.1% power added efficiency, and over 500 MHz 1 dB bandwidth. The FET power amplifier features good efficiency, low noise figure, and excellent linearity. It is an ideal solid state replacement for the traveling wave tube amplifier in future communication systems.
Structural Design of Railway Trackbeds: Relative Effects of Various Factors

Layer-elastic, finite-element computer programs are available for performance-based structural design and analysis of railway trackbeds. This paper utilizes the KENTRACK design program. It is possible to consider the fatigue lives of the various layers relative to the imposed wheel loads, tonnages, environmental conditions and other factors. The service lives of the individual components of the trackbed are predicted by damage analysis for various combinations of traffic loadings, accumulated tonnages, subgrade support, and component layer properties and thicknesses. The results are presented graphically. The latest version, KENTRACK 3.0, is utilized. It is coded in C#.NET a popular computer language for achieving accuracy and efficiency. The graphical user interface in the KENTRACK 3.0 provides a technique to analyze trackbeds as structures. It is possible with KENTRACK 3.0 to select individual trackbed layers and associated thicknesses to satisfy roadbed and trackbed performance requirements. In addition, it is possible to performance-rank different track sectional designs based on the relative importance of the particular track section and track type. The types of roadbed and trackbed configurations are selected to meet each of the various performance ranks.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Representation of three-dimensionally reconstructed objects in electron microscopy by surfaces of equal density.

SUMMARY A surface representation algorithm has been developed to visualize the results of three-dimensional reconstructions from projections in electron microscopy. It produces an easily recognizable image of the reconstructed particle and facilitates comprehension of the three-dimensional structure. Thus building of physical models can be avoided in many cases. If such a model is needed the algorithm can be used to establish the correct particle boundary in advance. Some further effort has been made to represent long fibres and visualize inner structures of objects, which are obscured by outer high-density regions. Shading may be used to enhance the depth perception from single views.
Increased ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate in depressed adolescents

Background Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly examined as a potential pathogenic event in psychiatric disorders, although its role early in the course of major depressive disorder (MDD) is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in medication-free adolescents with MDD through in vivo measurements of neurometabolites using high-spatial resolution multislice/multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Robustness studies of sensor faults and noises for semi-active control strategies using large-scale magnetorheological dampers:

This paper presents comparative studies for various sensor faults and noise effects on the performance of several recently proposed semi-active control algorithms for the control of large-scale magnetorheological dampers. Sensor faults or noises due to various environmental factors and long-term deteriorations may cause degradations in the performance of the control system. In this paper, the authors have carried out an in-depth literature review of the sensor fault or malfunction and noise problems, diagnostic methods and compensation approaches applicable to semi-active control algorithms. For three recently developed semi-active controllers, namely clipped optimal control, decentralized output feedback polynomial control and Lyapunov controller, an extensive study has been carried out on the robustness of these controllers during sensor faults and noise effects. Based on this research, a new real-time qualitative model-based sensor fault detection and diagnosis (RMSFDD) method has been proposed. This n...
Detection of macular retina contrast sensitivity in normal eyes

Objective To investigate the macular retina contrast sensitivity and central fixation in normal eyes. MethodsScanning laser ophthalmoscope(SLO) was employed to perform the microperimetry examinations in 61 eyes of 61 subjects.The macular retina contrast sensitivity and central fixation of 40 locations within 10°of the macular region were detected.The correlations of different locations of retina,age and visual sensitivity were analysed. Results There was no significant difference in retina contrast sensitivity among the test points with same distance and different directions to fovea.The distance to fovea and age were negatively related to the local retina contrast sensitivity.There was a decrease of retina contrast sensitivity by 0.34 dB for an increase of distance to fovea by 1°,and a decrease of retina contrast sensitivity by 0.40 dB for an increase of age by ten years old.Central fixation in normal human eyes was stable and foveal.Generalized sample variance(|s|) revealed that 95% fixation points ranged from 0 to 0.12 degree4. Conclusion Within 10°of the macular region,retina contrast sensitivity significantly differs with age and the distance of test points to fovea.The measurements of retina contrast sensitivity and actual fixation are of values in evaluation of central visual function in the follow up of macular diseases and in avoiding damages to fixation point due to medical malpractice.
SELECTING THE ANTIBIOTIC

Variations in antibiotic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics allow therapy to be readily adapted to the outpatient setting. Factors to be taken into account when designing an outpatient parenteral regimen include minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, post-antibiotic effect, half-life, protein binding, drug stability, IM versus i.v. administration, and continuous versus intermittent infusion.
The grass is not as green as you think: Affect evaluation in people with internalizing disorders

Abstract Background Affect evaluation — how people evaluate their emotion experiences — has important implications for mental health. Methods We examined how 70 adults diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder or no psychiatric disorders (control group) believe they should feel in the moment (should affect). We repeatedly assessed participants' current affect and should affect over one week using experience sampling. To examine the psychometric properties of should affect, participants rated their level of rumination at each survey and completed trait measures of brooding and ideal affect at the lab. Results and conclusions Independent of group status, participants reported that they should be feeling more positive affect and less negative affect. Even after accounting for mean affect, the clinical groups' reports were generally more extreme than were those of the control group. We documented good convergent and discriminant validity of should affect. Finally, we describe clinical implications and directions for future research.
Effect of methionine addition to a urea-grain supplement on intake and digestibility of mature, dormant grasses and performance of cows grazing winter range.

A digestibility trial involving 20 Hampshire ram lambs and a 2-yr grazing study using 103 mature crossbred cows were conducted to determine the effects of methionine addition to a urea-grain supplement on intake and digestibility of dormant range grasses and on cow performance. In each trial, four treatment groups were supplemented with either a urea-grain control (CON), urea-grain plus methionine (MET, 3.3% DL-methionine), urea-grain plus inorganic sulfur (SUL, 3.0% sodium sulfate), or soybean meal (SBM). Supplements were designed to provide 45 and 360 g of CP.animal-1.d-1 (lambs and cows, respectively) and were balanced for ME, Ca, P, and K. Lambs had ad libitum access to mature prairie hay, whereas cows grazed dormant winter range from mid-November until mid-February. For the grazing study, forage OM intake (OMI) was determined in late November and in late January by the fecal output/indigestibility ratio technique. Controlled-release chromic oxide boluses were used as an external marker to estimate fecal output, and acid insoluble ash was used as an internal marker to predict OM digestibility (OMD). Mean daily DMI of mature prairie hay was 1,057 g/lamb and was not affected by supplementation. Apparent DM, NDF, and ADF digestibilities and N biological value did not differ (P > .10) among treatments. Nitrogen digestibility was increased (P = .06) for lambs fed the MET or SUL compared with CON.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Enculturation Experience of Three Chinese American Adolescents: A Multiple Case Study

The authors designed a qualitative, multiple case study that employed the photovoice method to explore how enculturation is experienced by three Chinese adolescents living with their families in a nonethnically dense cultural community. A total of 18 one-on-one interviews were conducted with three youth and their parents. Photos were also used as elicitation tools to understand the meaning of enculturation for each individual. Case descriptions of each adolescent are presented, followed by five cross-case themes: (a) Self-Identifying as Chinese, (b) Parental Strictness, (c) Multiple Groups of Comparison, (d) (Not) Having a Chinese Community, and (e) Messages to Excel. The findings provide a descriptive understanding of how adolescent enculturation is shaped by the family, community, and their intersections. Implications for research and practice, such as the continued need to understand enculturation as a dynamic phenomenon and process, are presented.
A proposed evidence-based shoulder special testing examination algorithm: clinical utility based on a systematic review of the literature.

Objectives: Attaining the highest possible level of diagnostic statistical probability assists the practitioner in making an optimal differential diagnosis between or among pathological conditions. The purpose of this manuscript is to accomplish two things. The first is to identify orthopedic shoulder physical examination special tests with the best clinical utility statistics to ease the diagnostic process through usage of an examination algorithm. The second is to expedite the diagnostic process by guiding the practitioner to select only the special tests that are necessary based on pattern recognition of common pathological conditions.
Immunoglobulin E and Homocytotropic Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the immunoglobulin E and homocytotropic properties. Homocytotropic antibodies that are similar to human reaginic antibodies were detected in experimental animals such as the monkey, rabbit, dog, guinea pig mouse, and rat. IgE antibodies sensitize human skin for P-K reactions. Assuming that avidity and valency of IgE antibodies are comparable to those of IgG antibodies in hyperimmunized rabbit antiserum, the concentration of antiragweed IgE antibodies in the sera from atopic patients was calculated. This experiment gave the minimal concentration of IgE antibody required for giving a positive P-K reaction. The concentration obtained in six different sera was in the same order of magnitude with an average of 0.04 mgg of N/ml. Sensitization of human skin by IgE, but not by the other four immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD, was supported by reversed type P-K reactions. An intracutaneous injection of the antibody specific for IgE into normal individuals resulted in induction of erythema-wheal reaction.
Timing measurements from a TOF-PET scanner using local PMT triggering

The development of high light output scintillation crystals with fast decay times has made clinical whole body TOF-PET scanners possible. Current clinical systems based on LYSO have timing resolutions near 600 ps (FWHM), but considerably better resolution is possible with faster scintillators. Bench top measurements have indicated that the LaBr3 modules used in a proto-type TOF PET scanner should allow for a resolution of 315-330 ps. To achieve the best system timing resolution a new "local" triggering scheme has been developed, in which the seven PMTs used for energy and positioning determination are also used to produce a trigger. The electronics use fast components, and have been found to introduce a timing jitter of less than 50 ps. The local triggering design reduces the effects of pulse pileup and dark current noise, greatly reducing the degradation of the timing resolution at higher rates. With these new electronics we have achieved a system time resolution of 420 ps with little degradation at the rates expected for clinical FDG studies. The combination of the continuous design of our scanner and the local triggering scheme makes this design concept scalable to any configuration of PMTs in a full PET scanner.
Multicore SoC for embedded systems

Multicore SoC is one of the most promising approaches to realize high-performance. A SuperHtrade (SH) embedded processor core, SH-X3, implemented in a 90-nm CMOS process, achieved 1080 Dhrystone MIPS, and 4.2 GFLOPS, and is ready for multicore SoCs. Its power performance ratio reaches to as high as 3000 MIPS/W. Some multicore SoCs for embedded systems are developed, and we still have issues to solve for future multicore systems.
Triblock near-infrared fluorescent polymer semiconductor nanoparticles for targeted imaging

Polymer semiconductors have attracted significant attention as fluorescent probes due to their high extinction coefficients, high fluorescence quantum yields, and excellent photostability. However, semiconducting polymers that exhibit emission in near-infrared (NIR) with high quantum yields and narrow bandwidth remain scarce. Furthermore, functionalization and bioconjugation of polymer semiconductors usually rely on physical encapsulation or surface modification. Here, we report an approach that utilizes robust covalent functionalization of semiconducting polymers with multiple components including biomolecules for targeted delivery and a hydrogel while maintaining a degree of independent tuning of the optical properties. The multiblock copolymers consist of an ABA architecture, where the core block consists of a NIR-emitting polymer semiconductor, and the shell block is composed of oligo(ethylene glycol) and folic acid pendant groups to provide water solubility and specificity for cell recognition. The synthesis, photophysics, self-assembly and cell studies of a series of polymer semiconductors as NIR-emitting fluorescent probes and triblock copolymer nanoparticles are presented. We demonstrate that the polymer semiconductors can exhibit emission that spans the NIR spectrum while maintaining a high fluorescent quantum yield and narrow emission. This design of block copolymers results in stable core–shell nanoparticles with the ability to specifically target and label folate-receptor positive cancer cells.
Sexual Violence Response and Prevention: Studies of Campus Policies and Practices

This special issue under the guest editorship of Bonnie Fisher and Pam Wilcox is the second in a two-issue sequence devoted to examining recent research on sexual victimization on college campuses....
A Socially Just Leadership Approach to Community-Partnered Research for Reducing Health Disparities:

Significant health disparities continue to plague many groups of people who have been systematically oppressed and largely unrepresented in health research. Community-based participatory research (...
Design Issues in E-Consent:

Electronic informed consent represents an opportunity to redesign the way that participants understand and elect to enroll in clinical research studies. However, electronic consent faces certain barriers common to all informed consent processes and other barriers specific to the technical environment. At Sage Bionetworks, we designed an electronic consent process as a software product and released it as an open source tool. We believe that using contemporary design processes to intentionally create cognitive friction, where potential study participants are confronted with interfaces that require them to slow down and contemplate study concepts, offers a significant opportunity for ethical design as research increasingly uses smartphones and digital methodologies.
Do religious experiences shape religious beliefs or religious concepts

The Interactive Religious Experience Model (IREM), proposed by Van Leeuwen and van Elk, uses agency detection to explain how general religious ideas, like “God answers prayers,” become personal bel...
Empowering Marginalized Parents: An Emerging Parent Empowerment Model for School Counselors

We describe a parent empowerment model focused on how school counselors facilitate empowerment of parents, especially marginalized parents, to support and advocate for their children. Based on Youn...
Modeling Oceanic Transport of Dissolved Constituents

The development of geochemical cycling models for the oceans requires a consideration of the physical as well as chemical and biological processes affecting the constituent of interest. The subject of this chapter is how one deals with the physical processes. The approach is to focus on the process of building ocean models by going through a hierarchy of models, from simple to complex; and thinking, along the way, through a series of examples, about the assumptions that are being made and how these assumptions determine the results that one obtains.
Appealing to the Brooding Spirit of the Law: Good and Evil in Landmark Judicial Dissents

An examination of Harlan's Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Holmes's Lochner v. New York (1905), Brandeis's Olmstead v. United States (1928), Murphy's Korematsu v. United States (1944), and Blackmun's Bo...
Antithrombotic Strategy in Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network) Registry

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the use of and outcomes associated with antithrombotic strategies in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background A variety of antithrombotic strategies have been tested in clinical trials for NSTEMI patients treated with PCI. Methods Antithrombotic strategies for NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI at 217 ACTION (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network) hospitals from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2007, (n = 11,085) were classified into commonly observed antithrombotic groups: heparin alone (Hep alone; low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin), bivalirudin alone (Bival alone), heparin with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (Hep/GPI), and bivalirudin with GPI (Bival/GPI). Baseline characteristics are shown across treatment groups. In addition, unadjusted and adjusted rates of in-hospital major bleeding and death are shown. Results The standard strategy used was Hep/GPI (64%), followed by Hep or Bival alone (28%), and Bival/GPI (8%). Patients who received Hep or Bival alone were older with more comorbidities, higher baseline bleeding and mortality risk, and lower peak troponin. Compared with patients who received Hep/GPI , those who received Hep alone and Bival alone had lower rates of major bleeding (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 0.65; adjusted OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.60; respectively), yet only patients who received Bival alone had lower mortality (adjusted OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.71). Conclusions NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI are more likely to receive Bival or Hep alone when at higher baseline bleeding risk than when at lower baseline bleeding risk. Despite higher baseline risk, those receiving Bival or Hep alone had less bleeding.
HPPAC 2018 Keynote

Historically, high-performance computing has focused on solving tightly coupled computations with high efficiency. This task-oriented perspective is being supplemented more recently by a data-oriented perspective. The cloud computing paradigm leverages the ability to provision computational resources elastically to address data-oriented use cases in machine learning, optimization, and other similar areas. Often, these use cases involve streaming data from sources such as distributed sensor networks or Internet of Things devices that require increasingly sophisticated techniques for ensuring that data is processed in a timely manner. To that end, data has objective value and often may have time-value, and these notions of value represent constraints that must be addressed. As the field of high-performance computing receives more influence from data-oriented use cases, resource management techniques used in supercomputing must adapt to managing resources in relation to new constraints such as the time-value of data while remaining aligned with traditional constraints related to managing resources such as nodes, processors, and I/O. This talk will discuss techniques for effectively managing these constraints in high-performance computing and cloud computing environments.
Biology Teacher Preparation and PCK: Perspectives from the Discipline

This chapter examines the integration of pedagogical content knowledge in graduate-level biology courses in a secondary teacher preparation program. Given the residency format of the program, expertise from college faculty in biological sciences and education, science educators from a science museum, and educators working with a high school network combined to review, redesign, implement, and assess PCK infused biology courses. Using the lens of action research, we examine the effectiveness of the course modifications, the context of the residents’ clinical experience on this process, and the outcomes for the content course and work with high school students. Lessons learned and suggestions for the future are offered.
Asynchronous Microgrid Power Conditioning System Enabled by Series Connection of Gen-3 SiC 10 kV MOSFETs

Asynchronous interconnection of grids has advantage over synchronous interconnection in terms of fault clearance time, islanding operation and disturbance propagation. Presently, asynchronous interconnection of medium voltage microgrids is realized using AC-DC and DC-AC power converters with the galvanic isolation provided by the power frequency transformers connected to the grids. The converters are typically implemented using 3.3 kV–6.5 kV silicon IGBTs. In this paper, a novel topology is proposed for asynchronous interconnection of 13.8 kV grids enabled by series connection of latest Gen-3 10 kV, 15 A SiC MOSFETs. The asynchronous microgrid power conditioning system (AMPCS) uses three level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) legs in AC-DC, DC-DC and DC-AC power stages. The DC-DC stage provides the galvanic isolation between the grids, and is realized by three phase dual active bridge (DAB). Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of the AMPCS in bidirectional power flow, low voltage ride through condition and interconnection of grids with different frequencies. The 3- L NPC leg is designed, fabricated and demonstrated experimentally at 2.5 kV dc bus and 10 kHz switching frequency in sine-triangle inverter mode.
Thermal Analysis of Paper Board Packaging with Phase Change Material: A Numerical Study

Phase change materials (PCM) absorb, store, and release thermal energy by changing phase, usually between solid and liquid, to maintain a regulated temperature. Compared with conventional sensible heat storage materials, PCMs can absorb or release large amount of heat without a significant change in temperature until the phase change process is complete. There are many potential applications of PCMs, including energy storage system, electronic/battery cooling, thermal management in buildings, and temperature controlled packaging. This study fundamentally explores the effect of the presence of PCMs on the heat transfer characteristics of packaging wall. The presence of PCM is studied in two different configurations: a layer of PCM embedded in the center of a paper board, and uniformly distributed PCM particles within a paper board. The numerical results presented here are based on a transient conjugate heat transfer analysis with natural convection present on the both sides of the packaging wall. A parametric study is performed on the PCM layer thickness to determine the impact of PCM on isolating the package interior temperature from ambient conditions over an extended time. The numerical results show significant reduction in the transfer of heat from the exterior to the interior of the packaging wall in the presence of PCM. This extends the time for the interior temperature to equalize with the exterior temperature under the operating conditions considered in this study.
A Road Map for the Advanced Manufacturing of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels

Advanced manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive manufacturing process often referred to as “the next industrial revolution” because of its ability to fabricate components with complex geometries and si...
Relationships Between Sexual Orientation and Coping Styles of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents from a Community High School

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) adolescents have been reported to be at increased risk for a variety of physical and emotional illnesses compared to heterosexual youths. Coping styles have been associated with health risks in a variety of physical and emotional illnesses. We report on the coping style of 106 self-identified GLB high school students from a total 1769 high school students who completed an anonymous health risk questionnaire that included specific questions related to coping style. We found that there was an overall significant effect of sexual orientation on coping style. In addition, both approach and avoidant styles of coping were significantly greater in those who self-identified as GLB. We conclude that when compared to a community sample of self-identified heterosexual youth, GLB youth overall demonstrate high levels of coping behaviors in order to assist them with the stresses and difficulties associated with GLB status.
Daidzein and genistein have differential effects in decreasing whole body bone mineral density but had no effect on hip and spine density in premenopausal women: A 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Abstract Soy isoflavones are potentially beneficial phytoestrogens, but their tissue-selective effects in women are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that soy isoflavones affect bone mineral density (BMD), which may be influenced by individual differences in isoflavone metabolism and serum calcium levels. Ninety-nine healthy premenopausal women were randomized to isoflavones (136.6 mg aglycone equivalence) and 98 to placebo for 5 days per week for up to 2 years. BMD, serum calcium, and urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein were measured before and during treatment. In 129 adherent subjects, we found that isoflavone exposure, determined by urinary excretion levels, but not by dose assignment, interacted with serum calcium in affecting whole body BMD, but not hip and spine BMD. The regression coefficient was −0.042 for genistein excretion (GE) and 0.091 for the interaction between GE and serum calcium (all P
The intensity and spectrum of artificial light at night alters crayfish interactions

Ecological light pollution (ELP) is quickly becoming a worldwide concern and can negatively affect aquatic ecosystems. The given intensity and spectrum of a light source can influence how organisms...
An Optimistic Take on Avoiding Liberal (and Other Sources) of Bias

Clark and Winegard (this issue) argue that humans have evolved to be particularly tribal, something that fosters ingroup and ideological biases, including tendencies to engage in selective exposure...