cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pennsylvanian in Paris: James A. Logan, Jr., Unofficial Diplomat 1919-1925

During august 1924 a small delegation of American diplomats ttending the London Conference on repar tions played an important role in gaining French acceptance of the Dawes report which provided a temporary settlement to one of the most difficult economic controversies in the postwar period. One of the American negotiators was James A. Logan, Jr. of Philadelphia, a former aide to Herbert Hoover in the American Relief Administration and
Study of PVDF/Si-R hybrid hollow fiber membranes for removal of dissolved organics from produced water by membrane adsorption

Abstract Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and hydrophobic silica sol (Si-R) hybrid hollow fiber membranes were fabricated by dry-jet wet spinning. The morphology and surface roughness of the PVDF/Si-R hybrid membranes were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. FTIR and contact angle analysis were used to characterize hydrophobic Si-R particles in the hybrid membrane. The membrane adsorption efficiency for dissolved organics including BETX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) and two fatty acids: hexanoic acid and octanoic acid, as well as the membrane regeneration ability, were investigated by membrane adsorption experiments under different pressures, feed rates and temperatures. The results revealed that the hybrid hollow fiber membranes showed a microcellular structure rather than the typical asymmetrical structure of neat PVDF hollow fiber membranes. As the membrane collecting velocity increased, the hybrid hollow fiber membranes possessed enhanced surface roughness on both inner and outer surface. The adsorption efficiency of the PVDF/Si-R hybrid hollow fiber membrane was three times higher than that of the neat PVDF membrane. The adsorption efficiency of hybrid hollow fiber membranes increased with the increase of testing pressure; however, it decreased with the increase in feed rate, and was not influenced by temperature in the range of 0–80 °C. With membrane collecting velocity of 424 cm/min, the PVDF/Si-R hybrid membrane exhibited adsorption efficiency of 94.5% and 96.7% for benzene and octanoic acid, with membrane adsorption capacities of 208.1 mg/g and 173.9 mg/g. respectively. The hybrid membrane also showed high regeneration ability with 500 ppm benzene as feed solution. The PVDF/Si-R hollow fiber membrane offers an attractive possibility for the removal of dissolved organics in oilfield produced water.
Phase Behavior of Tapered Diblock Copolymers from Self-Consistent Field Theory

Tapered diblock copolymers are similar to AB diblock copolymers, but the sharp junction between the A and B blocks is replaced with a gradient region in which composition varies from mostly A to mostly B along its length. The A side of the taper can be attached to the A block (normal) or the B block (inverse). We demonstrate how taper length and direction affect the phase diagrams and density profiles using self-consistent field theory. Adding tapers shifts the order–disorder transition to lower temperature versus the diblock, and this effect is larger for longer tapers and for inverse tapers. However, tapered systems’ phase diagrams and interfacial profiles do not simply match those of diblocks at a shifted effective temperature. For instance, we find that normal tapering widens the bicontinuous gyroid region of the phase diagram, while inverse tapering narrows this region, apparently due to differences in polymer organization at the interfaces.
Trajectories of Health-Related Quality of Life Among Children With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy

OBJECTIVE To identify two-year trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children with newly diagnosed epilepsy, and evaluate key predictors of HRQOL trajectories. METHODS This study is part of a prospective study of adherence and HRQOL outcomes in children with epilepsy. Caregivers completed an HRQOL questionnaire at one month post diagnosis and every three months thereafter for two years. Chart review and additional questionnaires were used to collect medical variables and seizure outcomes. RESULTS Participants included 120 children with epilepsy and their caregiver. Unique trajectories for overall HRQOL and PedsQL™ subscales were identified and were predominantly stable. A total side effects score emerged as a consistent predictor of all HRQOL domains. Other variables (i.e., socioeconomic status, seizures, internalizing and externalizing problems) uniquely predicted HRQOL domains. CONCLUSIONS Medical and psychosocial interventions should be implemented soon after treatment initiation to target modifiable factors (e.g., side effects, anxiety symptoms), which could improve HRQOL.
Design of Property Management System Based on Arcserver

To aim at the disadvantage of traditional property management system is unable to display ground-objects in community graphically from geography angle,by means of importing GIS and GPS technique,The innovative property management system based on arcserver platform of release 9.2 was designed.The infrastructure and main functions of system were described in the paper.The results indicate that the system is enable to provide functions,such as visual query,management of maintained cases in real time on site ,inspection route showing,and so on.
Herpetic geometric glossitis: A distinctive pattern of lingual herpes simplex virus infection

Two immunocompromised patients with herpetic geometric glossitis, a clinically distinctive form of lingual herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 infection, are described. The significant features of herpetic geometric glossitis are summarized, the clinical differential diagnosis of this form of HSV infection is reviewed, and the possible pathogenesis of these lingual lesions is discussed. Both of our patients, as well as all previously described patients with this condition, had extremely painful cross-hatched, branched, and/or linear fissures on the dorsal aspect of the tongue. Symptoms promptly resolved within 1 to 2 days, and the fissures subsequently healed within 3 to 12 days after systemic acyclovir therapy was initiated. In contrast to tongue lesions of herpetic geometric glossitis, similar-appearing lingual lesions of other conditions are usually asymptomatic. The similar morphology of corneal dendrites in herpetic epithelial keratitis and linear fissures in herpetic geometric glossitis suggest the possibility that these HSV mucosal lesions may have a common pathogenesis.
Brain Metastases in Melanoma: Moving Toward Curing the Incurable

Advanced melanoma has the highest percase rate of brain metastases but accounts for the third most frequent cause of death from brain metastases, because lung and breast cancers, with lower per-case rates, are far more common. Historically, solid tumor brainmetastases were treated based on retrospective reports of pooled tumors, predominantly lung, breast, and melanoma, but recent therapeutic advances in all three diseases now require separate approaches to therapy and scientific investigation. The review by Chukwueke et al discusses current therapies and the clinical basis for their use. Amore in-depth description of the science, the mechanisms of action, and approaches to overcome therapy resistance is beyond the scope of their review. It is critical, however, to learn more about when and how melanoma cells become capable of trafficking to and invading the brain, how they grow and resist apoptosis, and how they can evade therapies that may be active in the patient’s extracranial disease. The existing literature about risks and prognosis forbrainmetastases is composed of reports that range from basic molecular studies through genetically engineered animal models to purely clinical associations of brain metastases with other patient and tumor characteristics. In the present review, some of the authors’ conclusions require further explanation or alternative interpretations. For example, whole-brain radiotherapy in melanoma is waning because of its poor control of metastases rather than the risk of long-term neurocognitive decay, except perhaps in patients considered for prophylactic whole-brain radiotherapy after stereotactic radiosurgery for single or oligometastatic disease. Patients withmultiple metastases who are not candidates for stereotactic radiosurgery and are referred for whole-brain radiotherapy rarely survive long enough for late radiation toxicities—usually succumbing to extracranial and/or CNS progression, the latter potentially indistinguishable from neurotoxicity resulting from radiotherapy. Although agents used historically for metastatic melanoma probably failed to cross an intact blood-brain barrier, the principal reason for their poor results is low antitumor activity. Although temozolomide, a dacarbazine-like agent approved for primary brain malignancies, had high CNS penetrance, its low activity against melanoma with brain metastases confirmed thatmerelyenteringthebrain isnotsufficient for a drug to be effective there. Recent advances reflect changes in the treatment paradigm: ipilimumab, a human antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, and pembrolizumab, a humanized antibody targeting programmed death-1, have both shown single-agent activity against melanoma metastatic to the brain, and combinations targeting both immune checkpoints are under investigation. Because immunoglobulin molecules do not cross the blood-brain barrier but lymphocytes do, further testing of immune checkpoint blockade and potentially other immunomodulatory agents,
Lymphocyte transformation and alcoholic liver injury.

The influence of ethanol and acetaldehyde on transformation of lymphocytes from patients with liver disease was investigated. These substances had no effect on lymphocytes from subjects with normal liver, alcoholic fatty liver, acute viral hepatitis, or inactive Laennec's cirrhosis. They evoked a significant increase in the stimulation index of lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis and patients with chronic active hepatitis. Autologous liver homogenates produced an identical degree of stimulation. Neither ethanol nor autologous liver had any effect when hyaline necrosis was no longer evident in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, although a combination of these additives caused an increase in transformation. One such patient who continued to consume alcoholic beverages developed lobular distortion and cirrhosis. These observations indicate that there is altered cell-mediated immunity in alcoholic hepatitis which may contribute to development and/or perpetuation of chronic liver injury.
MicroRNA-375 as a biomarker for malignant transformation in oral lesions.

Objective Malignant transformation of oral premalignant lesions is the key process in the progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Previously, we identified miR-7 and miR-21 as candidate oncogenes and miR-375 and miR-494 as candidate tumor suppressors in OSCC. We aim to evaluate these microRNAs as biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral premalignant lesions. Study Design Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from progressive premalignant lesions and paired sequential OSCC tumors at the same site were obtained from same patients (n = 31). Total RNA was extracted and analyzed for microRNA levels using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results MiR-375 expression in progressive lesions was clearly lower than in nonprogressive control lesions (average eightfold difference, P = .0004). Furthermore, the expression of miR-375 decreased significantly after the progression from premalignant lesion to OSCC (P Conclusions MiR-375 downregulation in oral premalignant lesions is associated with a higher risk of malignant transformation.
53 Magnesium sulfate affords neuroprotection in an eclampsia-like model induced in pregnant rats by ameliorating brain edema and neuroinflammation

Introduction Eclampsia is defined as the onset of grand mal seizures on the basis of preeclampsia. Presently, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is the most effective drug in treating elcamptic seizure, but the mechanism how (MgSO4) prevents eclampsia is still unclear. Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of (MgSO4) on an eclampsia-like seizure model and explore the related mechanism. Methods We investigated the effects of (MgSO4) on brain edema, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation following pentylenetetrazol-induced eclampsia-like seizure in a rat model of preeclampsia. Brain water content was measured for assessing brain edema; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detecting the cerebrospinal fluid levels of S100-B and Ferritin which are associated with neuroinflammation; nissl staining was used for detecting neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1), immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 and GFAP was used for detecting the density of microglia and astrocytes in the CA1 area. Results Our results revealed that (MgSO4) effectively attenuated brain edema, and significantly decreased the cerebrospinal fluid levels of S100-B and Ferritin; Furthermore, MgSO4 statistically ameliorated neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 area and inhibited the increase of microglia and astrocytes following eclampsia-like seizure. Conclusions Magnesium sulfate administration prevented neuronal loss in our rat model of eclampsia possiblely by causing a reduction in brain edema and neuroinflammation.
Reprint of "Adolescent cortical thickness pre- and post marijuana and alcohol initiation".

Cortical thickness abnormalities have been identified in youth using both alcohol and marijuana. However, limited studies have followed individuals pre- and post initiation of alcohol and marijuana use to help identify to what extent discrepancies in structural brain integrity are pre-existing or substance-related. Adolescents (N=69) were followed from ages 13 (pre-initiation of substance use, baseline) to ages 19 (post-initiation, follow-up). Three subgroups were identified, participants that initiated alcohol use (ALC, n=23, >20 alcohol use episodes), those that initiated both alcohol and marijuana use (ALC+MJ, n=23, >50 marijuana use episodes) and individuals that did not initiate either substance regularly by follow-up (CON, n=23, ALC+MJ). Minimal neurocognitive differences were observed in this sample. Findings suggest pre-existing neural differences prior to marijuana use may contribute to initiation of use and observed neural outcomes. Marijuana use may also interfere with thinning trajectories that contribute to morphological differences in young adulthood that are often observed in cross-sectional studies of heavy marijuana users.
South Carolina's Political and Educational Discourse: Social Media Encounters Elite Stability

South Carolina's persistent resistance to a federal, centralized national government is noteworthy throughout U.S. history, particularly given its roles in the Civil War and the Civil Rights eras (...
Models and Computational Strategies for Multistage Stochastic Programming under Endogenous and Exogenous Uncertainties

Abstract In this work, we address the modeling and solution of mixed-integer linear multistage stochastic programming problems involving both endogenous and exogenous uncertain parameters. We first propose a composite scenario tree that captures both types of uncertainty, and we exploit its unique structure to derive new theoretical properties that can drastically reduce the number of non-anticipativity constraints (NACs). Since the reduced model is often still intractable, we discuss two special solution approaches. The first is a sequential scenario decomposition heuristic in which we sequentially solve endogenous MILP subproblems to determine the binary investment decisions, fix these decisions to satisfy the first-period and exogenous NACs, and then solve the resulting model to obtain a feasible solution. The second is Lagrangean decomposition. We present numerical results for a process network and an oilfield development planning problem. The results clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the special solution methods over solving the reduced model directly.
Architectural Documentation Through Thick Description

Architectural documentation focuses on deconstructing the built environment in the form of two-dimensional measured drawings. Documentation activities, therefore, seem to be purely technical exercises that afford documenters the ability to collect metric data from architectural surfaces and then to transform field data into graphical representations. However, architectural documentation involves more than just the technical reproduction of a context as it involves an intellectual effort to thickly describe the socio-cultural heritage setting. During the process, documenters conduct an informed survey and bring all the knowledge with them in order to decode the cultural signifiers embedded in the architectural heritage. Discussing measured drawings as an interpretive account of the built environment and surveying practices as a means to acquire heritage information, this article examines architectural documentation through the lens of thick description.
1989/91 as a Caesura in the Study of History: A Personal Retrospective

This chapter addresses the “surprise” that 1989–1991 presented for the author himself and a wide range of social actors, and the challenges for the transformation of curricula and educational programmes in the unified German academic institutions. Apart from the evaluating the surprise factor and replying to the question what was new and what was old from a historical distance, Kocka assesses the role of history and political science in the “German unification crisis”. In addition, the chapter illuminates the most important shifts and boundaries in historiographical thought in the light of historical breaks and discusses the limits to prognosis for historians in any exceptional event.
Obesity and Coercion

We apply the concept of informed consent discussed in the previous chapter to demonstrate that individuals often cannot autonomously make choices when it comes to their eating behavior. We argue that choices about food and diet are not truly autonomous. The second element of exploitation, therefore, obtains. Further given that the activities of agribusiness and food retailers that have contributed to the obesity crisis have also resulted in the generation of a great deal of wealth for firms operating within those two sectors, the first element of exploitation also obtains.
Modelling the Creation of Cognitive Maps

The ability to navigate successfully and find locations within a familiar environment requires that one possess a cognitive representation of that environment in addition to the information directly available to the perceptual system. The importance of cognitive representations, often referred to as cognitive maps, has long been recognized (Towbridge, 1913), but it was not until Lynch’s study of the Image of the City (1960) that psychologists and geographers began to study such representations with the tools of experimental psychology. Lynch asked residents of Boston and other cities to sketch maps to capture the most salient features of their city; such features included landmarks, local districts, roads, rivers and so forth. Lynch’s statistical analysis and theoretical statements were mostly qualitative, but highly provocative and stimulating to the emerging field of environmental psychology.
Verification of Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

AbstractNorth Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts from four ensemble prediction systems (EPSs) are verified using the National Hurricane Center’s (NHC) best tracks for the 2008–15 seasons. The 1–5-day forecasts are evaluated for the 21-member National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), the 23-member UKMO ensemble (UKMET), and the 51-member European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble, as well as a combination of these ensembles [Multimodel Global (MMG)]. Several deterministic models are also evaluated, such as the Global Forecast System (GFSdet), Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF), the deterministic ECMWF model (ECdet), and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamical Laboratory model (GFDL).The ECdet track errors are the smallest on average at all lead times, but are not significantly different from the GEFS and ECMWF ensemble means. All models have a slow bias (90–240 km) in the along-track direction by 120 h, while the...
Metric mapping: A color coded atlas for guiding rapid development of novel cermets and its application to “green” WC binder

Abstract Mathematical models in process engineering are becoming an essential part of accelerated materials by design, drastically shortening time to discovery by minimizing the vast experimental matrix. In this paper a combination of thermodynamic and analytical models have been used to develop an algorithm for visually guiding the rapid design of a nontoxic (cobalt free) liquid metal binder for WC based cermets. A method based on rapid screening method of key processing parameters is developed that significantly reduces the design space (here, to 27% of the initial alloy composition space). The parameters included represent heretofore unexamined considerations such as chemistry effects on capillary flow, viscosity, surface tension, and melting point which are less computationally intensive than the traditional thermodynamic modeling used in this problem to date. The results are presented in a series of easy to interpret atlases that enable quick identification of systems of interest for further study.
Intestinal Bypass Surgery for Obese Patients: Behavioral and Metabolic Considerations

Jejunoileal bypass is an effective means of treating massive obesity but is associated with troublesome side effects. These effects may be avoided by utilizing gastric bypass, a new approach which also appears effective.
7 Longitudinal Research Designs for Studying Criminal and Antisocial Behavior Development: Lessons from Past and Present Studies

There is a long history of longitudinal research in the social and behavioral sciences, beginning with censuses, other national statistics, and later national and local level sample survey research. Over the past 30 years, the use of longitudinal research data and methods has greatly expanded in the study of developmental criminology, the development of criminal and antisocial behavior over the life course. This chapter examines the reasons for using longitudinal research, particularly the study of intraindividual change and causal relationships; longitudinal research designs, including designs for aggregate data but focusing on designs involving repeated measurement of individuals over time; issues that may arise in longitudinal research, including panel conditioning, attrition and missing data, and changes in measurement over time; and longitudinal data analysis, with an emphasis on techniques used in developmental criminology. The chapter concludes with a brief description of relatively recent developments in longitudinal research on criminal and antisocial behavior, and suggestions for future directions for research in this area. Special attention is paid to research from the American National Youth Survey Family Study and the Canadian Montreal Two Samples Longitudinal Study.
The pinealocyte nucleolus. Ultrastructural and stereological analysis of twenty-four-hour changes.

An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis was made of the nucleolar components in pinealocytes of 40 male Fischer rats sampled at eight times in an LD 12∶12 photoperiod cycle. Comparisons of results from the eight times showed variation in estimated mean volume of the granular component of ±29%, and of the fibrillar component ±11%, in relation to daily means. Peaks in mean volume of total nucleolus and its granular component occurred at 1 h of light. Near maximal and minimal mean volumes of the fibrillar component both occurred during both light and dark. Fibrillar centers (nucleolar organizer regions) of different sizes were found at all sampling times. It is concluded that temporal patterns in 24-h changes in the nucleolar components are most prominent in the granular component, and are more complex than suggested by changes in total nucleolar size or mean dimensions, and than represented by a simple biphasic circadian rhythm. Examples of different stages in the migration of the granular component, and of possible sites of nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of nucleolar material, are described.
Attributed network representation learning approaches for link prediction

Network representation learning algorithms seek to embed the nodes of a network into a lower-dimensional feature space such that nodes that are in close proximity to each other share a similar representation. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of using network representation learning algorithms for link prediction problems. Specifically, we demonstrate the limitations of existing algorithms in terms of their ability to accurately predict links between nodes that are in the same or different communities and nodes that have low degrees. We also show that incorporating node attribute information can help alleviate this problem and compare three different approaches to integrate this information with network representation learning for link prediction problems. Using five real-world network datasets, we demonstrate the efficacy of one such approach, called SPIN, that can effectively combine the link structure with node attribute information and predict links between nodes in the same and different communities without favoring high degree nodes.
Solar Cookers in the Physics Classroom

Project-based learning has been shown to be an effective pedagogical strategy that motivates students and thus promotes learning. In this article we describe a project-based unit centered on the physics of solar cookers (Fig. 1 and 3). Our goal was to elevate the solar cooker from a summer camp activity to a college-level project that could be used to teach thermodynamics in a more engaging way. Solar cookers are used by people in developing countries as an alternative to wood fires and dangerous kerosene stoves, which motivates students to study the thermodynamics of solar cookers. In this unit, students engage in the engineering design process by designing, building, and testing a solar cooker. To do this, the students learn about the physics necessary to understand how the solar cookers absorb and lose energy, including heat transfer mechanisms, blackbody radiation, reflection, and the greenhouse effect.
Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting for Unilateral Branch Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Improve Exertional Performance.

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine whether pulmonary artery intervention in patients with unilateral proximal pulmonary artery stenosis (PAS) improves exercise capacity, abnormal ventilatory response to exercise, and symptoms. Background Stenosis of the branch pulmonary arteries results in pulmonary blood flow maldistribution (PBFM). The resulting ventilation–perfusion mismatch is associated with an increased ventilatory response to exercise and decreased exercise capacity. It is unclear if technical success in relieving branch PAS translates to clinical improvement in exercise capacity and ventilatory response. Methods Twenty patients with biventricular circulation and a minimum 10% PBFM who underwent transcatheter relief of PAS were enrolled in a multi-institutional prospective cohort study. Pre- and post-procedure assessment of the degree of PBFM, exercise capacity, ventilatory response to exercise, and subjective assessment of breathlessness were collected and analyzed. Results Technical success was achieved in all patients with significant angiographic improvement in minimal lumen diameter (p = 0.001) and peak gradient (p = 0.001). Median PBFM improved (19.5% [range 12.0% to 31.0%] before vs. 7.0% [range 0% to 33.0%] after; p = 0.003). Exercise capacity was low at baseline and improved significantly post-intervention; percent predicted peak oxygen consumption improved from 70% (range 45% to 96%) to 83% (range 47% to 121%) (p = 0.02). Percent predicted oxygen pulse improved (p = 0.02). Ventilatory response to exercise improved; ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide slope post-intervention decreased to 29.3 versus 32.5 pre-intervention (p = 0.01). Subjective assessment of dyspnea improved. Five patients with minimal improvement in PBFM also showed minimal improvement in exercise parameters. Conclusions Successful relief of unilateral branch PAS results in significant improvements in exercise capacity, ventilatory efficiency, and symptoms.
Innovative street design in a city without freeways: the case of Vancouver

Vancouver has no freeways and is considered highly walkable. To move traffic on streets but retain pedestrian friendliness, the city uses pedestrian activated half signals where minor streets inter...
Effects of the Climatic Conditions on the Behaviour of a Slow Landslide in Clay

This report contains the results of some numerical simulations performed in order to furnish a methodological approach aimed to understand the influence of the climatic conditions on the behaviour of a slow earthflow. The analyses have been performed using the numerical model adopted by the FEM code VADOSE/W (Krahn, 2004), which allows to assess the interaction existing between the ground surface of a soil deposit and the atmosphere due to the alternating climatic conditions. Moreover, a scenario of the long-time future behaviour has been estimated thanks to the results coming from the analyses performed by the COSMO-CLM climatic model.
Complete photonic bandgaps in supercell photonic crystals

We develop a class of supercell photonic crystals supporting complete photonic bandgaps based on breaking spatial symmetries. One member of this class supports a complete bandgap for n high /n low = 2.1 the lowest known index-contrast ratio in 2D.
Adolescents in Criminal Court Systems

Criminal justice processes involve a balance between liberty and order. That balance means that the fundamental concern for addressing the rights of adolescents in criminal courts centers on how their status figures in efforts to preserve their basic rights against state encroachment while, at the same time, accommodating to the need for legitimate state encroachment to protect individuals and fetter crime. Remarkably, once adolescents are in the adult criminal justice system, their rights become essentially the same as those of adults. The reason for the similarity is that adolescents tried in criminal courts essentially are deemed adults. Yet, two major constitutional issues typically arise when criminal courts process adolescents. The first set of issues involves the nature of their right not to be in the adult system. These issues raise procedural concerns, such as what kind of protections adolescents do have from being erroneously tried in adult courts and from being denied the benefits of juvenile court adjudications. The second set of issues involves the nature of punishments that criminal courts can impose. This set of rights is something particularly important in that the legal system typically assumes that certain capacities are needed for specific punishments and, equally importantly, the legal system concerns itself with ensuring that specific individuals properly receive punishments. As a result, this set of issues raises procedural due process protections, such as those ensuring that adolescents receive appropriate punishments relative to their capacities. In addition, this set of issues raises 8th Amendment concerns, such as those regarding the nature of punishments themselves and whether adolescents should even be eligible to receive specific punishments. This area of law reveals important aspects of the period of adolescence that matters most to constitutional law. In doing so, it provides the groundwork for guiding developments in other areas because adolescents in the criminal justice system have direct control over their rights, something different from other systems that often need to consider parental rights.
Changing College Student Perceptions of Individuals with Disabilities Using Contact Theory and Community-Based Recreation Activities

The purpose of this article is to explore how intergroup contact theory and inclusive recreation curriculum may influence undergraduate students’ perceptions of individuals with disabilities. Attit...
The social function of rationalization: An identity perspective

In this commentary, we offer an additional function of rationalization. Namely, in certain social contexts, the proximal and ultimate function of beliefs and desires is social inclusion. In such contexts, rationalization often facilitates distortion of rather than approximation to truth. Understanding the role of social identity is not only timely and important, but also critical to fully understand the function(s) of rationalization.
Hazardous substances as the dominant non-methane volatile organic compounds with potential emissions from liquid storage tanks during well fracturing: A modeling approach.

Abstract Chemical additives used in hydraulic fracturing fluids (HFFs) are made up of various organic compounds that are potential human carcinogens. To estimate the emissions from these organic constituents in on-site liquid storage tanks, studies were performed using the AP-42 model on data collected from 72,023 wells put into production using hydraulic fracturing between 2008 and 2014 in the United States. Results show that a total of 8.11 × 105 kg volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were potentially emitted from liquid storage tanks during fracturing operations, which was relatively low compared to other sources/activities in well fracturing. The median well emission roughly increased from 0.110 to 0.786 kg per well in 2008 and 2014, respectively, and was primarily due to the increase in the volume of chemical additives for fracturing one well. Of NMVOC emissions, 95.1% was contributed by 60 compounds listed on the priority list of hazardous substances defined by the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR), while 16.7% was caused by 15 carcinogenic compounds. Specially, methanol, formaldehyde, 2-propanol, and ethanol accounted for 55.5%, 16.6%, 11.7%, and 8.31% of NMVOC emissions. Our study highlights methanol, formaldehyde, 2-propanol, and ethanol as the targeted compounds for reducing organic emissions and occupational inhalation exposures related to storage tank operations.
Cyber-Physical Systems-Based Component Tracking and Operation

The proliferation of technology in the architecture, engineering and construction industry has triggered a paradigm shift towards the exploration of automated approaches to tracking and operating construction components. Emerging technologies have also provided opportunities for increased monitoring and control of these components by enabling mechanisms for tightly integrating physical construction components with their corresponding virtual representations. This has implications for real-time consistency checking between virtual models and the physical construction/constructed facility so that changes in one environment are automatically reflected in the other. This is termed component-based cyber-physical systems approach. To illustrate the potential of component-based cyber-physical systems, this chapter presents five scenarios. The scenarios illustrate how component-based cyber-physical systems approach can be used to enhance the steel erection process, tracking and documentation of as-built of architectural and engineered components, tracking and control of bulk components during a facility lifecycle, and site layout management. A system architecture that illustrates the key technologies and sub-systems needed for facilitating component-based cyber-physical systems is presented. In conclusion, the authors present challenges and perceived barriers to the uptake of component-based cyber-physical systems in the construction industry.
Ultrafast Charge Transfer in a CVD-Grown Graphene/MoS 2 Heterostructure

We characterize the dynamics of inter-layer charge transfer in a CVD-grown monolayer graphene-MoS 2 heterostructure via ultrafast differential pump-probe reflectivity. Stretched exponential dynamics are observed, indicating that the interlayer transfer is dominated by disorder in layered structure.
PICS2: Next-generation fine mapping via probabilistic identification of causal SNPs.

The Probabilistic Identification of Causal SNPs (PICS) algorithm and web application was developed as a fine-mapping tool to determine the likelihood that each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in LD with a reported index SNP is a true causal polymorphism. PICS is notable for its ability to identify candidate causal SNPs within a locus using only the index SNP, which are widely available from published GWAS, whereas other methods require full summary statistics or full genotype data. However, the original PICS web application operates on a single SNP at a time, with slow performance, severely limiting its usability. We have developed a next-generation PICS tool, PICS2, which enables performance of PICS analyses of large batches of index SNPs with much faster performance. Additional updates and extensions include use of LD reference data generated from 1000 Genomes phase 3; annotation of variant consequences; annotation of GTEx eQTL genes and downloadable PICS SNPs from GTEx eQTLs; the option of generating PICS probabilities from experimental summary statistics; and generation of PICS SNPs from all SNPs of the GWAS catalog, automatically updated weekly. These free and easy-to-use resources will enable efficient determination of candidate loci for biological studies to investigate the true causal variants underlying disease processes. AVAILABILITY PICS2 is available at https://pics2.ucsf.edu. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Bioelectromagnetic Platform for Cell, Tissue, and In Vivo Stimulation

Magnetogenetics is a new field that utilizes electromagnetic fields to remotely control cellular activity. In addition to the development of the biological genetic tools, this approach requires designing hardware with a specific set of demands for the electromagnets used to provide the desired stimulation for electrophysiology and imaging experiments. Here, we present a universal stimulus delivery system comprising four magnet designs compatible with electrophysiology, fluorescence and luminescence imaging, microscopy, and freely behaving animal experiments. The overall system includes a low-cost stimulation controller that enables rapid switching between active and sham stimulation trials as well as precise control of stimulation delivery thereby enabling repeatable and reproducible measurements.
Renal cell markers: lighthouses for managing renal diseases.

Kidneys, one of the vital organs in our body, are responsible for maintaining whole body homeostasis. The complexity of renal function (e.g., filtration, reabsorption, fluid and electrolyte regulat...
Punishment and Accountability: Understanding and Reforming Criminal Sanctions in America

The vast majority of Americans favor sanctions that require offenders to engage in responsible behavior - to work, pay restitution, or support dependents; to participate in a mandatory job training, literacy, or drug treatment program; or to meet some other prosocial obligation. While this intuitive preference crosses political and ideological divides, nothing in our classical theories of punishment properly accounts for or develops this intuition. In this Article, Donald Braman explores the popular preference for and the benefits that attach to these accountability-reinforcing sanctions. Reviewing existing and original ethnographic, interview, and survey data, he describes why these sanctions have such broad appeal, and he advances a theory that suggests a number of benefits that are generally ignored when evaluating sanctions in terms of deterrence and rehabilitation. He concludes by reviewing and suggesting ways to reform existing punishment practices in light of accountability concerns.
Carbon Dating Prehistoric Soot from Salts Cave

The interiors of two large Kentucky caves — Mammoth Cave and nearby Salts Cave, both within Mammoth Cave National Park — were much visited and utilized by prehistoric Indians. Large quantities of artifacts and numerous other evidences of human activity are still present in both caves, especially in undisturbed portions of Salts Cave. Most of the remains comprise perishable materials of vegetable fiber and wood, and plants or plant parts carried into the caves by the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. Several collections of artifacts gathered 40 or 50 years ago from the surface in the Mammoth Cave area have recently been examined by D. W. Schwartz of the University of Kentucky. One such collection hints at a village site of the late Archaic-Early Woodland time range somewhere near the entrance to Salts Cave. In 1961, specimens of the black-brown ceiling and wall deposits which are quite extensive in parts of both Salts and Mammoth caves were collected and analyzed. The deposits were found to be soot, presumably from aboriginal torches and hearths whose remains occur plentifully in some areas of the caves. A sample of soot from Salts Cave was submitted for radiocarbon determination; the resulting date is 3075 ± 140 B.P. Two dates had been previously obtained by the National Park Service from artifacts in Mammoth Cave: 2230 ± 40 B.P. and 2370 ± 60 B.P. These three dates support the suggestion of a late Archaic-Early Woodland placement for the prehistoric activity in Salts and Mammoth caves.
Dronedarone for Atrial Fibrillation: Have We Expanded the Antiarrhythmic Armamentarium?

Dronedarone is a new antiarrhythmic agent that was recently approved for the prevention of cardiovascular hospitalization driven by atrial fibrillation/flutter. Its approval was based largely on the results of the ATHENA (A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel Arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dronedarone 400 mg bid for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death From Any Cause in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter) trial, which demonstrated a significant 24% reduction in the combined end point of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization, primarily driven by the latter. However, several other clinical trials have evaluated the impact of dronedarone on various cardiovascular end points and yielded mixed results. In this article, we summarize the available evidence concerning dronedarone, and offer practical recommendations to health care providers regarding its use in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. We conclude that the available data support the use of dronedarone in select patient populations as a second- or third-line agent.
Distribution, behavior, and condition of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs track algal resources

Herbivore distribution can impact community structure and ecosystem function. On coral reefs, herbivores are thought to play an important role in promoting coral dominance, but how they are distributed relative to algae is not well known. Here, we evaluated whether the distribution, behavior, and condition of herbivorous fishes correlated with algal resource availability at six sites in the back reef environment of Moorea, French Polynesia. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that increased algal turf availability would coincide with (1) increased biomass, (2) altered foraging behavior, and (3) increased energy reserves of herbivorous fishes. Fish biomass and algal cover were visually estimated along underwater transects; behavior of herbivorous fishes was quantified by observations of focal individuals; fish were collected to assess their condition; and algal turf production rates were measured on standardized tiles. The best predictor of herbivorous fish biomass was algal turf production, with fish biomass increasing with algal production. Biomass of herbivorous fishes was also negatively related to sea urchin density, suggesting competition for limited resources. Regression models including both algal turf production and urchin density explained 94 % of the variation in herbivorous fish biomass among sites spread over ~20 km. Behavioral observations of the parrotfish Chlorurus sordidus revealed that foraging area increased as algal turf cover decreased. Additionally, energy reserves increased with algal turf production, but declined with herbivorous fish density, implying that algal turf is a limited resource for this species. Our findings support the hypothesis that herbivorous fishes can spatially track algal resources on coral reefs.
Effects of patterned electrical activity on neurite outgrowth from mouse sensory neurons

A noninvasive method of electric stimulation was used in cell culture preparations to determine the effects of patterned electrical activity on the morphology and motility of mammalian central nervous system growth cones. Neurites from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of fetal mice were allowed to grow under the barrier of an insert placed in culture dishes. The insert confined the cell bodies within separate experimental and control compartments, and provided a means of exciting action potentials in the growing neurites by extracellular current pulses delivered across the barrier. A phasic pattern of stimulation caused immediate retraction of the filopodia and lamellipodium. Further outgrowth was halted and in many cases retraction of the neurite ensued. No changes in morphology or growth cone motility were evoked by electric stimulation when action potentials were blocked with 1 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX). These effects depended on the rate, pattern, and duration of stimulation. Phasic stimulation was more effective than stimulation with the same number of impulses delivered at a constant frequency. An important new observation was that cultures exposed to phasic stimulation for several hours contained actively growing neurites with normal growth cones which were insensitive to the stimulus. This apparent accommodation in neurites exposed to chronic stimulation may involve processes that regulate calcium conductance or buffering. Cessation of neurite outgrowth by action potentials could represent one mechanism linking morphological and functional characteristics in the developing CNS of mammals, by stabilizing the outgrowth of neurites forming appropriate synaptic contacts and leading to the retraction of growth cones from collaterals that have not formed appropriate contacts at the time the neuron enters into a functionally active circuit.
Multivariate Normal Distribution

Biometric data typically entail observations on multiple characteristics for each experimental subject. Multivariate normal distributions are often central to the modeling and analysis of such data. Empirical evidence often points towards the normality of multivariate data. Biometric measurements, especially, may emerge as the result of many small increments due to heredity and environment, so that the approximate multivariate normality of such data rests on multidimensional central limit theory. In addition, many normal-theory procedures, both univariate and multivariate, remain exact for many nonnormal multivariate distributions exhibiting suitable symmetries. Keywords: multinormal distributions; bivariate correlation analysis; multiple correlation coefficient