cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tin incorporation in GaAs layers grown by low pressure MOVPE

Abstract The incorporation of tin in GaAs layers grown by low pressure MOVPE has been studied as a function of substrate temperature and reactant gas molar fractions. The variation of the carrier concentration has been analyzed to characterize the dominant mechanisms of tin incorporation. It is found that n-type doping can be achieved for 4.3 × 10 15 ⩽ n ⩽ 1 × 10 19 cm -3 without introducing measurable amounts of Sn acceptors and that the doping process is controlled by the decomposition rate of tetramethylin. High mobilities have been measured in layers with 5 × 10 16 ⩽ n ⩽ 10 19 cm -3 . At low n the mobility is limited by residual acceptors whereas above 10 19 cm -3 crystallographic defects and the incorporation of Sn atoms as acceptors reduce the mobility. Negligible Sn surface accumulation has been observed in layers grown under optimized condition even for n ⩾ 2 × 10 18 cm -3 .
A technique for transplantation of ovarian cortical strips to the forearm

Abstract Objective To describe a forearm heterotopic ovarian transplantation technique. Design Case study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) One patient with stage IIIB squamous cell cervical carcinoma and one patient with recurrent benign ovarian cysts. Intervention(s) Preparation of thin ovarian cortical slices and transplantation under the skin of the forearm. Main outcome measure(s) Follicular development and oocyte retrieval; cyclical estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) production; restoration of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels to reproductive age range. Result(s) Both patients were menopausal immediately after oophorectomy. The first patient developed a dominant follicle 10 weeks after transplantation, and her gonadotropin levels decreased to nonmenopausal levels. Percutaneous aspiration of ovarian follicles yielded a metaphase I (M-I) oocyte that was matured to metaphase II (M-II). The first patient's graft was functional for at least 21 months. In the second patient, ovarian follicle development was detected 6 months after transplantation, and periodic menstruation occurred thereafter. Spontaneous ovulation was confirmed by a midluteal increase in her P 4 levels. Menstruation and follicle development continued for more than 2 years after the transplant. Conclusion(s) Heterotopic transplantation of ovarian tissue to the forearm is a simple and promising technique to restore ovarian function in women who become menopausal due to chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation.
Somatomedin generation in response to activated and nonactivated isohormones of human growth hormone.

Abstract The plasmin-cleaved hGH isohormones D and E exhibit several-fold enhanced biological activity in the rat over the major form, isohormone B, but the mechanism of enhanced activity is unknown. The ability of plasmin-cleaved activated hGH isohormones D and E to generate somatomedin activity was compared to that of hGH-B. Hypophysectomized male rats were injected with hGH-E or hGH-B (dose range, 0-100 μg/day), and somatomedin activity in serum was measured by thymidine incorporation into cultured chick embryo fibroblasts. After optimization of the hGH injection schedule, a 7-day injection schedule with one daily dose was adopted. The potency ratio of hGH-E to hGH-B was 3.9 (95% confidence limits, 1.5-28) for somatomedin generation. The two isohormones had been shown to have a potency ratio of 3.2 (95% confidence limits, 2.7-3.9) in the tibial line assay. Neither hGH-E nor hGH-B showed direct somatomedin activity in vitro. It is concluded that activated isohormones exhibit enhanced potency to generate...
P‐81: Reduced‐Aberration Tunable‐Focus Liquid Crystal Lenses for 3D Displays

A three-dimensional display with eye accommodation is proposed. According to this design, by modifying the diopter of the display pixels using tunable-focus liquid crystal micro-lens array, eye accommodation information is provided. Potential applications for virtual reality and television are emphasized.
Childhood sexual abuse is associated with cortisol awakening response over pregnancy: preliminary findings.

Summary Introduction Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in non-pregnant samples. However, it is not yet known whether CSA is associated with HPA dysregulation over pregnancy. In the present study we assessed whether maternal cortisol levels across pregnancy differed in women with CSA histories compared to women with histories of non-sexual child abuse (CA) and no abuse (NA). Methods 135 pregnant mothers (CSA = 30, CA = 58, NA = 47) provided salivary cortisol samples at wakeup, wake +30 min, and bedtime for 3 consecutive days at 1–3 time points over second and third trimester. Cortisol awakening responses and slopes were computed. Results Women with CSA histories displayed increasing cortisol awakening response over pregnancy compared to women with CA and NA histories. Group differences were not observed for slope. Conclusions This is the first study to show that cortisol awakening responses increase over pregnancy in women with CSA histories compared to women with CA and NA histories.
Significance analysis of microarray for relative quantitation of LC/MS data in proteomics

Although fold change is a commonly used criterion in quantitative proteomics for differentiating regulated proteins, it does not provide an estimation of false positive and false negative rates that is often desirable in a large-scale quantitative proteomic analysis. We explore the possibility of applying the Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) method (PNAS 98:5116-5121) to a differential proteomics problem of two samples with replicates. The quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out with nanoliquid chromatography/linear iron trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The biological sample model included two Mycobacterium smegmatis unlabeled cell cultures grown at pH 5 and pH 7. The objective was to compare the protein relative abundance between the two unlabeled cell cultures, with an emphasis on significance analysis of protein differential expression using the SAM method. Results using the SAM method are compared with those obtained by fold change and the conventional t-test. We have applied the SAM method to solve the two-sample significance analysis problem in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) based quantitative proteomics. We grew the pH5 and pH7 unlabelled cell cultures in triplicate resulting in 6 biological replicates. Each biological replicate was mixed with a common 15N-labeled reference culture cells for normalization prior to SDS/PAGE fractionation and LC/MS analysis. For each biological replicate, one center SDS/PAGE gel fraction was selected for triplicate LC/MS analysis. There were 121 proteins quantified in at least 5 of the 6 biological replicates. Of these 121 proteins, 106 were significant in differential expression by the t-test (p < 0.05) based on peptide-level replicates, 54 were significant in differential expression by SAM with Δ = 0.68 cutoff and false positive rate at 5%, and 29 were significant in differential expression by the t-test (p < 0.05) based on protein-level replicates. The results indicate that SAM appears to overcome the false positives one encounters using the peptide-based t-test while allowing for identification of a greater number of differentially expressed proteins than the protein-based t-test. We demonstrate that the SAM method can be adapted for effective significance analysis of proteomic data. It provides much richer information about the protein differential expression profiles and is particularly useful in the estimation of false discovery rates and miss rates.
An interpretive description of chemotherapy-induced premature menopause among Latinas with breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the experience of chemotherapy-induced premature menopause (CIPM) among Latinas, explore how CIPM was assimilated into the breast cancer experience, and relate measured acculturation levels to the CIPM experience. RESEARCH APPROACH Interpretive descriptive method from a feminist inquiry lens. SETTING Telephone interviews with participants from 12 states in the United States. PARTICIPANTS 20 Latinas who experienced CIPM after treatment for breast cancer. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH In-depth interviews and the Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics were used to elicit data, with interpreter assistance as needed. FINDINGS One overarching theme, Bigger Than Menopause, and three subthemes, Experiencing Menopause, Ever-Changing Landscape, and Working Through the Experience, were found. PARTICIPANTS' ability to assimilate CIPM into the breast cancer experience was affected by the magnitude of physiologic and psychosocial effects, access to health care, information and support, sense of control, and acculturation level. CONCLUSIONS The CIPM experience for Latinas with breast cancer is multifaceted, with less acculturated Latinas facing multiple barriers in accessing health care, treatment, information, and support. INTERPRETATION PARTICIPANTS described CIPM as part of a larger context that included physiologic and psychosocial effects and affected participants' ability to assimilate CIPM into the breast cancer experience. The impact of low acculturation and barriers experienced were elucidated as factors associated with assimilating CIPM into the breast cancer experience.
Physician - Engineering collaboration

The collaboration between physician and engineer is critical for the effective development of new devices and systems for the medical environment. There are a number of methods of collaborative practice in industry, and most physician/engineering collaboration is between structurally different organizations in which there are a variety of economic, social, and behavioral barriers to effective communication. Mayo Clinic has embedded engineers in patient care, research, medicine, and surgery, in order to create new devices and systems which are tailored directly to the needs of medical care and patients. The organization has electrical, mechanical, biomedical, software and chemical engineers as well as technologists, machinists and a glassblower combined in a Division of Engineering that concentrates on novel developments. The Mayo engineering staff collaborates with over sixty departments and divisions and hundreds of physicians, creating devices and instrumentation sometimes with additional collaboration with companies and research institutions around the world. Protecting intellectual property is critical so that the innovations can be brought to market for the ultimate benefit of the patient.
On the consistency of earthquake moment rates, geological fault data, and space geodetic strain: the United States

New and dense space geodetic data can now map strain rates over continental-wide areas with a useful degree of precision. Stable strain indicators open the door for space geodesy to join with geology and seismology in formulating improved estimates of global earthquake recurrence. In this paper, 174 GPS/VLBI velocities map United States’ strain rates of 30.0 × 10−8 yr−1 with regional uncertainties of 5 to 50 per cent. Kostrov’s formula translates these strain values into regional geodetic moment rates. Two other moment rates M¯˙seismic and M¯˙geologic , extracted from historical earthquake and geological fault catalogues, contrast the geodetic rate. Because M¯˙geologic , M¯˙seismic and M¯˙geodetic derive from different views of the earthquake engine, each illuminates different features. In California, the ratio of M¯˙geodetic to M¯˙geologic is 1.20. The near-unit ratio points to the completeness of the region’s geological fault data and to the reliability of geodetic measurements there. In the Basin and Range, northwest and central United States, both M¯˙geodetic and M¯˙seismic greatly exceed M¯˙geologic. Of possible causes, high incidences of understated and unrecognized faults probably drive the inconsistency. The ratio of M¯˙seismic to M¯˙geodetic is everywhere less than one. The ratio runs systematically from 70–80 per cent in the fastest straining regions to 2 per cent in the slowest. Although aseismic deformation may contribute to this shortfall, I argue that the existing seismic catalogues fail to reflect the long-term situation. Impelled by the systematic variation of seismic to geodetic moment rates and by the uniform strain drop observed in all earthquakes regardless of magnitude, I propose that the completeness of any seismic catalogue hinges on the product of observation duration and regional strain rate. Slowly straining regions require a proportionally longer period of observation. Characterized by this product, gamma distributions model statistical properties of catalogue completeness as proxied by the ratio of observed seismic moment to geodetic moment. I find that adequate levels of completeness should exist in median catalogues of 200 to 300 year duration in regions straining 10−7 yr−1 (comparable to southern California). Similar levels of completeness will take more than 20 000 years of earthquake data in regions straining 10−9 yr−1 (comparable to the southeastern United States). Predictions from this completeness statistic closely mimic the observed M¯˙seismic to M¯˙godetic ratios and allow quantitative responses to previously unanswerable questions such as: ‘What is the likelihood that the seismic moment extracted from an earthquake catalogue of X years falls within Y per cent of the true long-term rate?’ The combination of historical seismicity, fault geology and space geodesy offers a powerful tripartite attack on earthquake hazard. Few obstacles block similar analyses in any region of the world.
Potential use of a blend of diesel, biodiesel, alcohols and vegetable oil in compression ignition engines

Abstract In this work, diesel fuel was mixed with biodiesel, biodiesel–alcohol, and biodiesel–alcohol–vegetable oil blends using the basic alcohols of ethanol, methanol and butanol. The exhaust gas emissions of a small diesel generator running on different fuel blends were compared and the combined effects of alcohol–vegetable oil fuel blends were studied. Blend ratios used in this study were diesel–biodiesel (70–30%), diesel–biodiesel–alcohol (70–20–10%) and diesel–biodiesel–alcohol–vegetable oil (70–20–5–5%). As compared to diesel–biodiesel blends, diesel–biodiesel–alcohol and diesel–biodiesel–alcohol–vegetable oil blends increase CO and HC emissions while reducing NOx emission. It was also shown that adding vegetable oil to diesel–biodiesel–alcohol blends improved emissions All the tested fuel blends produced the highest difference in CO and HC emissions at no-load and the smallest difference at full-load.
Enhanced Light-Activated RNA Interference Using Phosphorothioate-Based dsRNA Precursors of siRNA

Purpose To improve light-activated RNA interference by incorporating phosphorothioate linkages into the dsRNA used. The rationale behind this approach is that the groups have the potential to improve nuclease stability and therefore prevent cleavage of photolabile groups from the RNA termini prior to photolysis.
Adders for the patterned starter in nonabelian groups

Starters with adders, in abelian groups of odd order, have been used widely in recent combinatorial constructions, most notably in the study of Room squares. In this paper, constructions of adders for the so-called “patterned starter” are described, for a large class of nonabelian groups of odd order.
A Relay Mechanism in Rhomboid Intramembrane Protease

Intramembrane proteases are a family of highly conserved membrane proteins that cleave other transmembrane (TM) helical segments within the plane of the lipid membrane. GlpG rhomboid protease, the best characterized of these intramembrane proteases, has six helical segments and a unique loop lying in the plane of the membrane. TM5 acts as the lateral gate that opens to allow docking of the incoming substrate; the role of the L1 loop, which extends away from the active site, is uncertain. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have identified a triple serine L1 mutant (Y138S/F139S/L143S) with a significantly reduced catalytic activity, and a triple valine mutant of the TM5 gate (L229V/F232V/W236V) with enhanced activity relative to the wild-type protease (Baker et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 8257-8262, 2007). To dissect the roles of TM5 and L1, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the L1 and TM5 mutants in hydrated bilayers of 1-palmytoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE). The results reveal a relay mechanism that transmits structural and dynamical perturbations between the remote TM5/L1 structural elements of the protease. Perturbation of L1 is transmitted to the active site and TM5 via intra-protein hydrogen bonds to which conserved amino acid residues contribute. Likewise, perturbation of TM5 leads to changes in protein dynamics and local structural rearrangements of the remote L1 loop. In the (inactive) L1 triple serine mutant, but not in the (highly active) TM5 triple valine mutant, several intra-protein interactions become locked in a new geometry. The communication between L1 and the TM5 helical gate TM5 suggests a regulatory role for loop L1.This work was supported by research grants from the National Institute for General Medical Sciences and the NIH National Center for Research Resources.
FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF ACAs AND PHORIAS

: Fifteen measures of ACAs and phorias of 75 male students were factor analyzed to determine the independence and quantitative value of these measures. Results showed that four factors were extracted, indicating difference in distance and lens method of obtaining ACA by reflecting a phoria ACA, which has high leadings on sum-ACA, far phoria, and near phoria +1; a sub-phoria ACA, which has high loading on corrected difference-sum ACA and low moderate loading on far phoria; a −1 lens ACA, which has high loadings on ACA-1 and average ACA + −1f and a +1 lens ACA, which has high loading on ACA +1. The ACA paradox of stimulation of accommodation by near distance and minus lens to result in increasing and decreasing exophoric directions respectively was pointed out.
The relationship of gender to hemolytic disease of the newborn infant.

Summary In ABO blood group incompatibility, significantly more female infants have a positive direct Coombs test, are affected with significant hemolytic disease of the newborn infant, and require exchange transfusion. In D incompatibility, more male infants require exchange transfusions.
Synthesis of 4-amino-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazole-5-carboxarnidc via ring fission of formycin derivatives and purification using high pressure liquid chromatography†

Two methods have been established for the synthesis of 4-amino-3-(β- D-ribofuranosyl )-pyrazole-5-carboxamide. This nucleoside ean be viewed as a potentially versatile intermediate for the synthesis of various bieyelic C-nueleosides. The use of HPLC for the final purification of “pure” samples on the basis of elemental analysis is described.
The fluorination of neptunium(IV) fluoride and neptunium(IV) oxide

Abstract Rates of formation of NpF 6 by the reactions at 250–400°C of NpF 4 with fluorine, with BrF 3 , and with BrF 5 can be represented by a rate law that assumes the reaction site to be a continuously diminishing spherical interface. The rates of reaction of NpF 4 at 350°C lie in the order fluorine (100 mole%) > BrF 3 (6–13 mole%) > BrF 5 (33–35 mole%). Correlation of the derived rate constants by the Arrhenius equation yielded activation energies of 20 kcal/mole for the reaction of NpF 4 with fluorine and 26 kcal/mole for the reaction of NpF 4 with BrF 5 . The solid residues from the reactions of NpF 4 with either BrF 5 or fluorine contained no species other than NpF 4 . The fluorination of NpO 2 by either BrF 5 or fluorine proceeds through the intermediate compound NpF 4 . Thus, the fluorination of NpO 2 is analogous to that of PuO 2 , which proceeds through the intermediate compound PuF 4 , but differs from the fluorination of UO 2 , which proceeds through the intermediate compound UO 2 F 2 .
An improved method for the measurement of renin release from coronal, vibratome-cut kidney slices.

Abstract Our studies were designed to optimize a system for studying renin release in vitro. Our rat kidney slices (400 μm) were cut coronally on a vibratome, and the medullary tissue was dissected from each slice. Previous investigators obtained kidney slices by slicing sagittally, parallel to the cortical surface, with a hand-held microtome. Slicing on a vibratome and removal of the medulla ensured that the slices were of uniform thickness, weight (18.3 ± 0.52 mg; n = 24), and renin content. Furthermore, one kidney can provide approximately 30 renal slices whereas the previous methods provided only two slices per kidney. The slices were placed in siliconized vials containing a Krebs-Ringer solution (pH 7.4) at 37°C for 30 min. The Krebs-Ringer solution was decanted and replaced with fresh Krebs-Ringer solution for a 30-minute preincubation period. At the end of the 30-min preincubation period, a 0.2-ml sample was taken for the determination of renin release, and the remaining medium was decanted. Fresh Krebs-Ringer solution and the test substances were subsequently added for the incubation period. Throughout the experiment, the vials were maintained at 37°C, and each vial received a gas mixture of 95% O 2 -5% CO 2 via plastic tubing connected to a needle that was inserted into the snap-cap of each vial but did not bubble the medium. The old (bubbling) method for the bioassay of renin yielded values for renin release that were low and had large interexperimental variation (0.23 ± 0.04 to 1.9 ± 0.3 ng angiotensin l (Al)/mg kidney/hr; n = 24). Interexperimental values for renin release using the new (nonbubbling) method had little variability, with values ranging from 5.0 ± 0.58 ng Al/mg kidney/hr ( n = 24) to 7.5 ± 0.52 ng AI/mg kidney/hr ( n = 24). The intraexperimental value for the pH of the medium was 7.45 ± 0.01 ( n = 24), and the intraexperimental variability for renin release was small (SD = 1.8 was only 30% of the mean, and the SEM = 0.37 was only 6.2% of the mean). Addition of the beta agonist isoproterenol (10 −7 M) to the slices during the incubation period resulted in a significant 2.5–3-fold increase in renin release. These studies show that this technique for studying renin release in vitro can yield results that are consistent and reproducible.
Urban Crime: Its Big City Dimensions

Crime is one of the most pressing problems facing America’s largest cities. With one-fifth of the nation’s population, the largest cities account for forty-seven percent of serious violent offenses...
Performance analysis of large-scale cosmology application on three cluster systems

A typical cosmological simulation requires a large amount of compute power, which is hard to satisfy with a single machine. Cluster systems provide the opportunity to execute such large-scale applications. In this paper, we investigate and analyze the performance of a large-scale production cosmology application, the ENZO code, on different cluster environments. Three cluster systems, each of them representing a widely-used cluster environment in the area of scientific computing, are used in this work: an IBM SP2 system at SDSC, an IA-64 Linux cluster at NCSA, and a SUN cluster at IIT. The performance is evaluated from three aspects: overall performance, communication characteristics, and load balancing characteristics. The experimental data shows that the cosmology performance on these clusters depends on the system performance and the application characteristics. The application performance on these clusters does not totally match the NPB measurement. Further, it seems that the IA-64 Linux cluster does not scale past 32 CPUs for this application.
A Cautious Patriotism: The American Churches and the Second World War

World War II was a turning point in twentieth-century American history, and its effects on American society have been studied from virtually every conceivable historical angle. Until now, though, the role of religion--an important aspect of life on the home front--has essentially been overlooked. In A Cautious Patriotism, Gerald Sittser addresses this omission. He examines the issues raised by World War II in light of the reactions they provoked among Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Unitarians, and members of other Christian denominations. In the process, he enriches our understanding of the relationships between church and society, religion and democracy. In deliberate contrast to the zealous, even jingoistic support they displayed during World War I, American churches met the events of the Second World War with ambivalence. Though devoted to the nation, Sittser argues, they were cautious in their patriotic commitments and careful to maintain loyalty to ideals of peace, justice, and humanitarianism. Religious concerns played a role in the debate over American entry into the war and continued to resurface over issues of mobilization, military chaplaincy, civil rights, the internment of Japanese Americans, Jewish suffering, the dropping of the atomic bomb, and postwar planning. Originally published in 1997. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value. |Explores the cultural aspirations of Nazi leaders by examining both their formulation of a national aesthetic policy and the content of their private collections.
Globalization and gametes: reproductive 'tourism,' Islamic bioethics, and Middle Eastern modernity.

‘Reproductive tourism’ has been defined as the search for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and human gametes (eggs, sperm, embryos) across national and international borders. This article conceptualizes reproductive tourism within ‘global reproscapes,’ which involve the circulation of actors, technologies, money, media, ideas, and human gametes, all moving in complicated manners across geographical landscapes. Focusing on the Muslim countries of the Middle East, the article explores the Islamic ‘local moral worlds’ informing the movements of Middle Eastern infertile couples. The ban on third-party gamete donation in Sunni Muslim-majority countries and the recent allowance of donor technologies in the Shia Muslim-majority countries of Iran and Lebanon have led to significant movements of infertile couples across Middle Eastern national borders. In the new millennium, Iran is leading the way into this ‘brave new world’ of high-tech, third-party assisted conception, with Islamic bioethical discourse...
Clinical effects of two different levels of protein intake on low-birth-weight infants

A controlled clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of two different levels of protein intake on 304 infants with birth weights below 2,000 grams; the diets contained either 3.0 to 3.6 or 6.0 to 7.2 Gm. per kilogram per day of protein. The infants fed the higher intake had more fever, lethargy, and poor nipple feeding, but they had higher plasma protein levels and less edema than infants fed the lower intake.
Predictors of macrovascular disease in Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To assess the importance of classic and nonclassic risk factors in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients and Methods In this community-based, prospective cohort study, quantitative measurements for cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), glucose, and lipoprotein(a) detected as a sinking pre–β-lipoprotein band on electrophoresis were obtained from 1968 through 1982 from 449 patients who were free of CAD and CVD but had type 2 DM. Demographic data and covariables obtained were age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, sex, smoking, and hypertension. The relationship of individual continuous factors to the development of CAD and CVD as well as multivariate models were evaluated with use of the Cox proportional hazards model. The primary outcome was to determine which risk factors are associated with development of CAD or CVD in patients with type 2 DM. Results After a mean follow-up of 13 years, 216 CAD and 115 CVD events had developed. The hazard ratio estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CAD after multivariate analysis were significant for age, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.27-1.67); fasting glucose levels at enrollment, 1.63 (95% CI, 1.17-2.25); smoking, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.10-1.91); and TGs, 1.49 (95% CI, 1.15-1.92). The hazard ratio estimates for CVD were significant for age, 1.95 (95% CI, 1.59-2.38); hypertension, 1.89 (95% CI, 1.30-2.74); fasting glucose levels at enrollment, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.06-2.70); and smoking, 1.57 (95% CI, 1.07-2.30). Conclusion In diabetic patients, age, fasting glucose levels, smoking, and TG levels are independent risk factors for development of CAD events. Age, hypertension, glucose, and smoking predicted development of CVD events.
Mirrors in the sky: Status, sustainability, and some supporting materials experiments

Abstract This paper critically reviews the state of the art of an approach to supply energy to earth from space mirrors that would be placed in orbit with angle control to reflect solar radiation to specific sites on earth for illumination, and also presents our (i) optical and mechanical tests to examine the property changes at a cryogenic temperature of thin film mirror that we manufactured, (ii) economic analysis related to several applications, and (iii) leading issues that must be taken into account in the sustainability analysis of the concept. The space mirrors were proposed to be of the order of a square kilometer or more each, planned to be made of thin plastic reflective films, which are launched to some optimal orbit around the Earth. One could, for example, thereby provide night or emergency illumination to cities and other locations, or illuminate agricultural production areas to lengthen the growing season, or to illuminate photovoltaic or thermal collectors on earth for producing electricity or heat. Proposals were also made for using such mirrors for weather modification, and we added here the possibility of using the space mirrors for shading the earth to reduce global warming. Experiments with space mirrors were conducted in the past by the former Soviet Union. Without (yet) consideration of environmental and social impact externalities, our economic analysis agrees with past studies that if transportation costs to mirror orbit are reduced to a few hundred $/kg, as planned, the use of orbiting space mirrors for providing energy to earth is an investment with a good rate of return and a cost effective alternative to other power sources. This energy concept is very appealing relative to other options for addressing the severe energy and global warming problems that we face, and deserves much and urgent R&D attention.
Comparison of automated and human assignment of MeSH terms on publicly-available molecular datasets

Publicly available molecular datasets can be used for independent verification or investigative repurposing, but depends on the presence, consistency and quality of descriptive annotations. Annotation and indexing of molecular datasets using well-defined controlled vocabularies or ontologies enables accurate and systematic data discovery, yet the majority of molecular datasets available through public data repositories lack such annotations. A number of automated annotation methods have been developed; however few systematic evaluations of the quality of annotations supplied by application of these methods have been performed using annotations from standing public data repositories. Here, we compared manually-assigned Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) annotations associated with experiments by data submitters in the PRoteomics IDEntification (PRIDE) proteomics data repository to automated MeSH annotations derived through the National Center for Biomedical Ontology Annotator and National Library of Medicine MetaMap programs. These programs were applied to free-text annotations for experiments in PRIDE. As many submitted datasets were referenced in publications, we used the manually curated MeSH annotations of those linked publications in MEDLINE as "gold standard". Annotator and MetaMap exhibited recall performance 3-fold greater than that of the manual annotations. We connected PRIDE experiments in a network topology according to shared MeSH annotations and found 373 distinct clusters, many of which were found to be biologically coherent by network analysis. The results of this study suggest that both Annotator and MetaMap are capable of annotating public molecular datasets with a quality comparable, and often exceeding, that of the actual data submitters, highlighting a continuous need to improve and apply automated methods to molecular datasets in public data repositories to maximize their value and utility.
The Influence of Female and Male Risk on the Occurrence of Sexual Intercourse Within Adolescent Relationships

This study uses the characteristics of male and female partners within adolescent relationship pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to predict the occurrence of intercourse within relationships. Most analyses are based on a sample of 724 relationship pairs. The sample was ethnically diverse: 56% White, 20% Black, 14% Hispanic, and 10% Asian, Pacific Islander, or Other. Male partners on average were 17.5 years in age and females were 17.0. Predictors of intercourse included virginity status when entering the relationships, desire to have sex early in relationships, family- and school-related risk indicators, attitudes regarding the pros and cons of having sex, and other risk indicators, such as delinquency and drinking. Findings demonstrate that the characteristics of both sexes influence intercourse occurrence within relationships.
A scalable wide area monitoring system using cellular neural networks

Synchrophasor systems make power grids more observable by collecting data from various locations, time-align and process them as a coherent data set. Better observability results in better control actions. A limiting factor to this approach is communication delays. Power system wide area communication delays range from several milliseconds to several seconds depending on the communication media and distance. One way to deal with this is to have an intelligent system which can predict state values for one or more time steps ahead of time. A novel four dimensional scalable multirate cellular neural network (CNN) architecture for use as wide area monitoring system (WAMS) is proposed. Recurrent neural network (RNN) is used as computational engine for each cell as RNNs have dynamic memory. By using information from phasor measurement units (PMUs) that are optimally located in a power system, each layer predicts a state variable for one or more time steps. Data from remote PMUs are replaced by the respective CNN cells' time delayed predicted state values for next time step. This enables local controllers to take real-time control action with system wide information. A 12-bus test power system is used to develop and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CNN framework for WAMS.
The use of puppets in play therapy

As puppets are found in most every playroom, their relevance to play therapy is often taken for granted. This paper reviews the therapeutic value of puppets, detailing the psychological functions they can serve. Clinical technique—how to choose and use puppets—is addressed in both theoretical and practical terms.
Mild phenotype due to tandem duplication of l7p11.2.

We present a mildly affected girl with de novo dup(17)(p11.2p11.2). The patient was evaluated because of minor anomalies noted during a hospitalization for nonrecurrent tonic-clonic seizures associated with transient hypoglycemia. She also had unilateral renal hypoplasia and relative short stature, but at 2 years of age, she scored within the low normal range on neurodevelopmental examinations. Compared with other similar duplications, this patient represents the milder range of the spectrum for this karyotypic abnormality. Am. J. Med. Genet. 94:296-299, 2000.
Insight to impact: Strategies for interpersonal and organizational change

This article presents a review of the book “Insight to Impact: Strategies for Interpersonal and Organizational Change,” by William G. Dyer.
A herpes simplex virus transcript abundant in latently infected neurons is dispensable for establishment of the latent state.

Abstract We have previously reported that a novel herpes simplex virus RNA transcript partially overlapping the gene encoding ICPO and expressed from the opposite DNA strand is abundant in sensory neurons of mice harboring a latent infection [J. G. Stevens, E. K. Wagner, G. B. Devi-Rao, M. L. Cook, and L. T. Feldman, Science 235, 1056–1059 (1987)]. This finding suggested that this transcript might be involved in establishment, maintenance, or reactivation of latent virus. To determine the function of this latency-associated transcript (LAT), we have examined the latency characteristics of a deletion mutant which is unable to express the LAT gene. Although no viral transcripts could be found in the lumbosacral ganglia of mice surviving rear footpad infection with this deletion virus, a latent infection had been established since infectious virus could be induced and detected after explantation and cocultivation of ganglia with permissive cells in culture. These results indicate that HSV-1 LAT expression is not an absolute requirement for establishment of the latent state.
Radiographic evaluation of therapeutic response in bony metastases of breast cancer

Response to chemotherapy was evaluated in 50 previously untreated patients with bony metastases of breast cancer. Lytic metastases respond in a definite sequence: sclerotic rim, filling-in, uniformly blastic, uniform fading. Increase in size of lytic areas of destruction in previously responding areas signals worsening. Mixed metastases are considered as beginning with a sclerotic rim. Response is otherwise similar. Particular attention is paid to the lytic areas. Blastic metastases are considered as beginning at the uniformly blastic stage. Progression is marked by a volumetric increase in blastic change or destruction in blastic regions. Change occurs slowly. Review of multiple studies is often necessary to reach the correct conclusion and clinical history is necessary.
Plant growth regulatory metabolites from novel actinomycetes

Metabolites from 796 isolates of aerobic actinomycetes were screened for plant growth regulatory properties using an algal bioassay. These included 266 isolates ofStreptomyces, 28 unidentified actinomycetes, and 502 isolates of “novel” actinomycetes represented by 18 genera. Algal growth inhibition of ⩾30% was observed with 60 isolates, 37 of which belonged to the genusStreptomyces. Among other inhibitors were 8 isolates ofActinomadura, 6 ofActinoplanes, 2 each of the generaThermomonospora, Streptoverticillium, andPromicromonospora, and 3 unidentified. Metabolites from 70 isolates promoted algal growth by ⩾20%. These included 13 isolates ofMicromonospora, 11 ofStreptomyces, 6 ofNocardia, 5 ofActinomadura, and 4 each ofRhodococcus andThermomonospora. Sixteen unidentified isolates; 3 isolates ofPromicromonospora; 2 isolates each ofActinoplanes, Streptosporangium, andOerskovia; and 1 of “Thermoactinomyces peptonophilus-like” organism andSaccharomonospora viridis also promoted the algal growth by ⩾20%. The plant growth inhibitory properties of 9 actinomycetes and the growth promoting properties of 6 were demonstrable during the secondary screening on higher plants using chemicals extracted from the culture broth. The metabolites fromMicromonospora, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptosporangium, andOerskovia isolates were associated with plant growth promotion only; those fromStreptomyces were most frequently involved with the growth inhibition.
Suslin's hypothesis does not imply stationary antichains

Abstract Schlindwein, C., Suslin's hypothesis does not imply stationary antichains, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 64 (1992) 153–167. Shelah has shown that Suslin's hypothesis does not imply every Aronszajn tree is special. We improve this result by constructing a model of Suslin's hypothesis in which some Aronszajn tree has no antichain whose levels constitute a stationary set. The main point is a new preservation theorem, the proof of which illustrates the usefulness of certain ideas in [8, Section 1].
Broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus predicts lumbar and femoral neck density in Caucasian women: a preliminary study.

Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of ultrasound techniques to differentiate normal and osteoporotic women. To define the ability of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcaneus to predict axial bone mass, the ultrasound value was correlated with lumbar vertebral and femoral neck density in 22 Caucasian women. The three measures of bone mass inversely correlated with age: lumbar density (r=0.54), femoral neck density (r=0.65), and BUA (r=0.73). BUA correlated with lumbar (r=0.83) and femoral neck (r=0.87) density. Lumbar vertebral density predicted femoral neck density with a standard error of estimate (SEE) of 0.07 g/cm2, and femoral neck density predicted lumbar density with a SEE of 0.09 g/ cm2. BUA of the calcaneus was as effective as either axial bone mass measure in predicting the other value: the SEE for lumbar density was 0.09 g/cm2 while that for femoral neck density was only 0.06 g/cm2. The results of this preliminary study indicate that this rapid, radiation-free technique can accurately predict axial bone mass, and may be of value as an initial procedure to discriminate those women warranting more extensive radiologic evaluations.
A modified melting law at high pressures

Abstract A modification of the empirical melting law of Kraut and Kennedy (1966) is proposed. It is shown that the empirical constants in their equations can be calculated from simple thermodynamic considerations. If ΔT m P and ΔV/V0)P are the change in melting temperature and the room-temperature compression respectively at a pressure P then the proposed law is: where T m 0, ΔV fΔHf, Ω and × are the melting temperatures at ordinary pressure, volume change on fusion, latent heat of fusion, atomic volume and isothermal compressibility respectively.
A 4-year prospective study of eating disorder NOS compared with full eating disorder syndromes.

Objective: To examine the course of Eating Disorder NOS (EDNOS) compared with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Method: Prospective study of 385 participants meeting DSM-IV criteria for AN, BN, BED, and EDNOS at three sites. Recruitment was from the community and specialty clinics. Participants were followed at 6-month intervals during a 4-year period using the Eating Disorder Examination as the primary assessment. Results: EDNOS remitted significantly more quickly that AN or BN but not BED. There were no differences between EDNOS and full ED syndromes, or the subtypes of EDNOS, in time to relapse following first remission. Only 18% of the EDNOS group had never had or did not develop another ED diagnosis during the study; however, this group did not differ from the remaining EDNOS group. Discussion: EDNOS appears to be a way station between full ED syndromes and recovery, and to a lesser extent from recovery or EDNOS status to a full ED. Implications for DSM-V are examined. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Release of the Transverse Carpal Ligament Alone Is Associated With Elevated Pressure Beneath the Distal Volar Forearm Fascia in a Cadaver Model of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether release of the distal volar forearm fascia (DVFF) is necessary at the time of median nerve decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods Five fresh-frozen cadaver specimens were mounted vertically with the hand dependent and a 2.27-kg weight suspended from the fingers. A pressure sensor wire was used to measure pressures starting just distal to the transverse carpal ligament (TCL). The wire was withdrawn proximally in 5-mm increments and into the forearm until pressure was below 10 mm Hg. An incision in the forearm was extended distally until the pressure sensor was found. The distance from this point to the distal volar wrist crease was measured. The TCL was released, keeping the DVFF intact, and the experiment was repeated. Paired t -tests determined whether there were statistically significant differences between measurements before and after TCL release. Results Average peak pressure under the intact TCL was 57.8 ± 10.1 mm Hg. Average peak pressure under the DVFF with the TCL intact was 61.2 ± 43.6 mm Hg. Following release of the TCL, average peak pressure beneath the TCL significantly decreased to 14.0 ± 9.0 mm Hg, whereas average peak pressure at the intact DVFF increased to 64.8 ± 48.7 mm Hg. Average locations where DVFF pressure became less than 10 mm Hg with an intact TCL and with released TCL were 4.30 ± 1.8 cm and 4.00 ± 1.8 cm proximal to the distal volar wrist crease, respectively. There was no significant difference between DVFF pressures before or after TCL release. Conclusions In a cadaver model of carpal tunnel syndrome, release of the TCL alone is associated with persistent pressures >30 mm Hg in the region of the DVFF. Release of the TCL did not significantly change the location of the pressure drop-off under the DVFF.
Neutron irradiation-induced dimensional changes in a cesium-highly oriented pyrolytic graphite intercalation compound

Abstract Direct observations of Cs-intercalated, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) exposed to neutron irradiation show that the presence of Cs dramatically enhances the radiation-induced dimensional changes. A qualitative explanation of this behavior employs an island domain or “pleated layer” model of the graphite intercalation compound (GIC) structure. The inferences from this model are consistent with earlier data for neutron-induced dimensional changes in oriented pure graphite as a function of crystallite size.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in toxicity testing

(1982). Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Toxicity Testing. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 983-1007.
A unified analysis for a class of long-step primal-dual path-following interior-point algorithms for semidefinite programming

We present a unified analysis for a class of long-step primal-dual path-following algorithms for semidefinite programming whose search directions are obtained through linearization of the symmetrized equation of the central path Hp(XS) -- [PXSP -~ + (PXSP 1)TI/2 = #I, introduced by Zhang. At an iterate (X, S), we choose a scaling matrix P from the class of nonsingular matrices P such that PXSP -~ is symmetric. This class of matrices includes the three well-known choices, namely: P = S ~/2 and P - X -~/2 proposed by Monteiro, and the matrix P corresponding to the Nesterov Todd direction. We show that within the class of algorithms studied in this paper, the one based on the Nesterov-Todd direction has the lowest possible iteration-complexity bound that can provably be derived from our analysis. More specifically, its iteration-complexity bound is of the same order as that of the corresponding long-step primal-dual path-following algorithm for linear programming introduced by Kojima, Mizuno and Yoshise. © 1998 The Mathematical Programming Society, Inc. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.