cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Teaching: Three urban teachers make a case for teacher education 3.0

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present evidence as to the efficacy of teacher education 3.0 aligned teacher preparation. This paper shares narratives of three urban teachers who attended a preservice program that did not emphasize practice-based teacher preparation. These programs placed a greater emphasis on providing their graduates with theoretical frameworks and context for schools in the United States. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, these data underscore both the importance of providing preservice teachers with an understanding of educational history and context, especially as it relates to sustainability and satisfaction in the profession and its limitations.
Cefazolin and rifampin: A coagulopathy-inducing combination.

Purpose To identify risk factors that may predispose patients to rifampin- and cefazolin-induced coagulopathy. Summary An 86-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis on chronic prednisone and stage 3 chronic kidney disease, notably not on warfarin, presented to the hospital with a 10-day history of right hip pain, swelling, and drainage after a recent right total-hip arthroplasty. The patient underwent a combination of surgical intervention and medication therapy with rifampin and ceftriaxone. After discharge and at postoperative day 9, ceftriaxone was changed to cefazolin due to increasing alkaline phosphatase levels. Four weeks after the initial debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention, the patient underwent a second irrigation and debridement due to persistent infection. Cefazolin and rifampin therapy was extended. Three days later, the patient presented to the emergency room with significant bleeding at the surgical site and a profoundly elevated prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR). No potential contributors were identified. The Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale identified cefazolin and rifampin as the probable cause of elevated INR. The Liverpool adverse drug reaction avoidability assessment tool classified this adverse event as "definitely avoidable." Conclusion Rifampin-containing regimens are often recommended to treat staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections when the implant is retained. In methicillin-susceptible staphylococcal infections, cefazolin is routinely employed as the β-lactam backbone of definitive antimicrobial regimens. Although rifampin- and cefazolin-induced hypoprothrombinemia seems to be rare, adverse consequences of its occurrence may be prevented with appropriate monitoring.
Tool-workpiece stick-slip conditions and their effects on torque and heat generation rate in the friction stir welding

Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) has found increased applications in automotive and aerospace industries due to its advantages of solid-state bonding, no fusion and melting, and versatility in various working conditions and material combinations. However, the relationship among processing parameters, material properties, and bonding extent and fidelity remains largely empirical, primarily because of the lack of the mechanistic understanding of the tool-workpiece frictional behavior that affects our subsequent understanding of microstructural evolution and interface bonding formation. While the tool-workpiece stick-slip condition is believed to dictate the resulting torque and heat generation rate during the welding process, it remains rare and elusive to conduct a quantitative experimental measurement of such interfacial field. On the other hand, numerical simulations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) rely on ad hoc assumptions of interfacial pressure and shear-stress conditions, but predictions can only be validated via the medium- and far-range temperature field which is known to be insensitive to the interfacial frictional behavior. This work first presents a comparison among two CFD-based simulation methodologies and the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) model in finite element method, the last of which uses the Coulomb friction so that the stick-slip is naturally developed. Based on the Hill-Bower similarity relationship in the contact analysis, an analytical model is developed here to prove why a constant stick-slip fraction will be developed in the steady state, to correlate the stick-slip fraction to processing parameters such as the tool spin rate, and further to derive dimensionless functions for torque and heat-generation-rate predictions. Pros and cons of various numerical approaches in predicting stick-slip are discussed, and our analytical model has been found to agree well with our numerical simulation and literature experimental results. These analyses provide the critical strain-rate and temperature fields that are needed for the bonding analysis in our future work.
DOTMIX-Pro: faster and more efficient variants of DOTMIX for dynamic-multithreading platforms

Many concurrency platforms offer a processor oblivious model of computation, where the scheduler dynamically distributes work across threads. While this is convenient, it introduces non-determinism at runtime, which complicates debugging, because a program may have different outputs after each run. Leiserson et. al. [PPoPP ’12] persuaded Intel to modify its C/C++ compiler, which provided the Cilk Plus concurrency platform, to include a feature called pedigrees, which enables determinism by uniquely identifying strands with low overhead. They used pedigrees to design a DPRNG called DOTMIX, which hashes a pedigree, then mixes the result into a random number for a given strand. Improving the efficiency of DOTMIX by using a faster hash function is an open problem put forth by Leiserson et al. [PPoPP ’12]. We address this problem by introducing DOTMIX-Pro, which replaces the compression function used in DOTMIX with a faster universal hash function family called Square Hash due to Etzel et al. [CRYPTO ’99] and some of its variants, as well as other optimizations, which can be up to $$31\%$$ faster. Additionally, we introduce a generalization of Square Hash which works with arbitrary moduli.
Histopathologic Features of Antibody Mediated Rejection: The Banff Classification and Beyond

Antibody mediated rejection (ABMR) in the kidney can show a wide range of clinical presentations and histopathologic patterns. The Banff 2019 classification currently recognizes four diagnostic categories: 1. Active ABMR, 2. Chronic active ABMR, 3. Chronic (inactive) ABMR, and 4. C4d staining without evidence of rejection. This categorization is limited in that it does not adequately represent the spectrum of antibody associated injury in allograft, it is based on biopsy findings without incorporating clinical features (e.g., time post-transplant, de novo versus preformed DSA, protocol versus indication biopsy, complement inhibitor drugs), the scoring is not adequately reproducible, and the terminology is confusing. These limitations are particularly relevant in patients undergoing desensitization or positive crossmatch kidney transplantation. In this article, I discuss Banff criteria for these ABMR categories, with a focus on patients with pre-transplant DSA, and offer a framework for considering the continuum of allograft injury associated with donor specific antibody in these patients.
Latent Pattern Extraction Across Multi-Dataset Shared Mobility Data: Correspondence Finding Using Multi-Tensor Decomposition

Shared mobility services (such as electric scooters and ride shares) and the data they generate give us a unique opportunity to understand human mobility by combining trips with contextual data. Between-datasest correspondences shed light on the connections between groups of elements (such as people, places, or weather conditions) present in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and related data. The prevalence of scooters and scooter datasets in multiple cities combined with their importance in today's urban life make scooter trips one such ITS example. One way between-dataset understanding can be achieved is with tensors, or multi-dimensional arrays, which provide a framework for simultaneously examining multiple datasets, such as subway traffic, scooter trips, demography, or weather data. Starting with a multi-tensor framework, we propose to use multi-tensor decomposition to extract latent patterns. These latent patterns are in turn used to cluster similar elements within data types and find correspondences between clusters in different datasets. We test Multi-Dataset Correspondence Finding (MDCF) on both synthetic data and empirical datasets of dockless vehicle trips in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Louisville, Kentucky. On the empirical data, MDCF reveals connections between neighborhoods and their times of peak activity across both cities, both supporting prior research and offering new insights.
Properties of Superlattices Made of High Tc Superconductors

A number of experiments1–3 have reported measurements of the transition temperature and other properties of superlattices made from high Tc superconductors. These superlattices consist of M layers of YBaCu3O7 (Tc = 90 K), separated by N layers of PrBaCu3O7, which is a semiconductor. They find3 that Tc(M,N) for small M decreases with N and then saturates to an N independent value. It increases with increasing M for all N. For large N, when the superconducting layers can be considered independent, the transition temperature Tc(M) increases linearly with M and saturates to the bulk Tc.
MicroRNA-345 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through potentiation of caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.

MicroRNA-345 induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through potentiation of caspase-dependent and -independent pathways
TU‐F‐CAMPUS‐I‐02: Validation of a CT X‐Ray Source Characterization Technique for Dose Computation Using An Anthropomorphic Thorax Phantom

Purpose: To experimentally validate a rotational kV x-ray source characterization technique by computing CT dose in an anthropomorphic thorax phantom using an in-house dose computation algorithm (kVDoseCalc). Methods: The lateral variation in incident energy spectra of a GE Optima big bore CT scanner was found by measuring the HVL along the internal, full bow-tie filter axis. The HVL and kVp were used to generate the x-ray spectra using Spektr software, while beam fluence was derived by dividing the integral product of the spectra and in-air mass-energy absorption coefficients by in-air dose measurements along the bow-tie filter axis. Beams produced by the GE Optima scanner were modeled at 80 and 140 kVp tube settings. kVDoseCalc calculates dose by solving the linear Boltzmann transport equation using a combination of deterministic and stochastic methods. Relative doses in an anthropomorphic thorax phantom (E2E SBRT Phantom) irradiated by the GE Optima scanner were measured using a (0.015 cc) PTW Freiburg ionization chamber, and compared to computations from kVDoseCalc. Results: The agreement in relative dose between dose computation and measurement for points of interest (POIs) within the primary path of the beam was within experimental uncertainty for both energies, however points outside the primary beam were not. The average absolute percent difference for POIs within the primary path of the beam was 1.37% and 5.16% for 80 and 140 kVp, respectively. The minimum and maximum absolute percent difference for both energies and all POIs within the primary path of the beam was 0.151% and 6.41%, respectively. Conclusion: The CT x-ray source characterization technique based on HVL measurements and kVp can be used to accurately compute CT dose in an anthropomorphic thorax phantom.
Combination Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative brain disease. The mainstay of current management of patients with AD involves drugs that provide symptomatic therapy. Two classes of medications have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of AD: the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), which include galantamine and rivastigmine (both approved for use in mild to moderate AD) and donepezil (approved for use in mild to severe AD); and the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist memantine (approved for use in moderate to severe AD). The European and Asian regulatory bodies have also approved ChEIs as monotherapy in mild to moderate AD. Future research directions are mostly focusing on disease modification and prevention. This review covers key studies of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of combination therapy in AD, defined as a combination of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine with any of the ChEIs (donepezil, galantamine or rivastigmine) for the treatment of AD. Relevant studies were identified via a PubMed search. This review shows that combination therapy for AD seems to be safe, well tolerated and may represent the current gold standard for treatment of moderate to severe AD and possibly mild to moderate AD as well.
Further Studies on Ethylene Formation from α-Keto-γmethylthiobutyric Acid or β-Methylthiopropionaldehyde by Peroxidase in the Presence of Sulfite and Oxygen

Abstract Ethylene is readily produced aerobically from α-keto-γmethylthiobutyric acid as well as from β-methylthiopropionaldehyde (methional) by peroxidase in the presence of Mn2+, SO32-, and phenol. Tracer studies indicate that carbons 1, 2, 3 plus 4, and the methyl carbon of α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid gives rise to carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and methyldisulfide, respectively. Carbons 1, 2 plus 3, and the methyl carbon of methional give rise to formic acid, ethylene, and methyldisulfide, respectively. A chemical mechanism accounting for the production of these products is described in which the peroxidase functions as 1-electron oxidizing agent.
Once and Future Financial Crises: How the Hellhound of Wall Street Sniffed Out Five Forgotten Factors Guaranteed to Produce Fiascos

This article revisits the role of the Pecora hearings in exposing the practices that captured national attention at the height of the Depression and links those practices to the emerging literature that describes the role of financial complexity and outsized compensation packages in creating today’s criminogenic environments. It will begin with an examination of the now classic accounts of the savings and loan crisis, examine the findings of the Pecora hearings in explaining the stock market bubble of the twenties, and then consider the extent to which the same factors are present in the FCIC Report. It will conclude that today’s inquiry lacks the things that made Pecora’s efforts so successful — a compelling narrative with a villain to focus attention, new revelations to command publicity, and a story of betrayal comprehensible to the financially unsophisticated — but that the factors that touched off the Great Depression are very similar to those underlying today’s financial crisis.
Mechanical Aspects of Cell Division

The basic strategy of bacteria is to be small enough so that they can acquire needed materials from the external environment and also avoid the need for very sophisticated and expensive mechanisms that distribute materials internally. Because bacteria are small, they have a high surface area for transporting substances to service only a small cytoplasmic volume. Additionally, the cell’s small volume permits diffusion to distribute metabolites from where they are made in the cell to where they are needed. Larger cells need a plumbing system like the endoplasmic reticulum, and multicellular organisms need hearts and blood vessels for internal distribution and need apparatuses, such as appendages for motility and for capturing prey. How small and how big a single-cell organism can be is discussed in much more detail in Koch (1995cd).
Open and Endovascular Surgery for Diseases of the Abdominal Aorta

Abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms are life-threatening diseases that are a frequent cause of death throughout the world. The etiology, risk factors, and indications for treatment are discussed. The history and outstanding results achieved with open surgical treatment utilizing modern practices are reviewed. The indications, techniques, outcomes, and complications of endovascular therapy, which has radically transformed the treatment approach to aortic disease, are evaluated in detail. Finally, novel approaches, including combined hybrid surgical and endovascular treatment, and new technologies, including branched and fenestrated stent grafts for the treatment of complex aortic pathology, are examined.
Engineering principles of clinical cell-based tissue engineering.

➤ Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving discipline that seeks to repair, replace, or regenerate specific tissues or organs by translating fundamental knowledge in physics, chemistry, and biology into practical and effective materials, devices, systems, and clinical strategies.➤ Stem cells and pro
Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors

SYNOPSIS: While the internal audit function (IAF) plays a critical role in organizations, it faces challenges in finding sufficient numbers of high-quality job applicants to fill its ranks. The results of two experiments suggest that practicing external auditors are twice as likely to apply for positions that are labeled as accounting positions rather than either in-house or outsourced internal audit positions. The results also suggest that external auditors have negative perceptions of the profession and work environment of internal auditors—especially in-house internal auditors relative to outsourced internal auditors—and are more likely to recommend that mediocre rather than top students apply to work in internal auditing. We also provide survey results from experienced external auditors about aspects of internal auditing that may be improved to make it a more attractive career option. Taken together, the results suggest internal auditing faces significant hiring challenges, but also offer ways to miti...
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Probe into the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): A Review

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS) is a safe, noninvasive way of quantifying in vivo biochemical and metabolite concentration levels in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Findings to date suggest ASD is associated with widespread reduction in N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate plus glutamine plus gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (Glx); however, variable findings, and even substantial increases, are not uncommon depending on the study and/or region-of-interest. Widespread reduction of NAA, Cr, Cho, mI, and Glx in ASD likely reflects impaired neuronal function and/or metabolism related to abnormal neurodevelopmental processes. Future studies should attempt to relate (1) H-MRS findings to histological findings and control for variability in subject age and functioning level; this would assist in evaluating the relationship between (1) H-MRS metabolic levels and neuronal and glial cell densities, as well as neurodevelopmental process associated with ASD. Furthermore, more longitudinal (1) H-MRS studies are needed in both control and ASD subjects to attempt to standardize metabolite levels across different developmental periods in well-defined endophenotypes. This will provide for a standard rubric for which metabolic aberrations (as well as treatment responses) can be measured. With higher magnetic field strengths and spectral-editing techniques capable of quantifying less-concentrated metabolites, (1) H-MRS will continue to be an important tool in ASD research.
Outer membrane and porin characteristics of Serratia marcescens grown in vitro and in rat intraperitoneal diffusion chambers.

The composition and antibiotic permeability barrier of the outer membrane of Serratia marcescens were assessed in cells grown in vivo and in vitro. Intraperitoneal diffusion chambers implanted in rats were used for the in vivo cultivation of bacteria. Outer membranes isolated from log-phase bacterial cells recovered from these chambers were compared with membranes isolated from cells grown in vitro. Analysis revealed that the suspected 41-kilodalton porin and the OmpA protein were recovered on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels in equal quantities. Several high-molecular-weight proteins, thought to be iron starvation induced, appeared in the diffusion chamber-grown cells. The outer membrane permeability barriers to cephaloridine were similar in in vivo- and in vitro-grown cells based on permeability coefficient calculations. The permeability coefficient of cephaloridine in S. marcescens cells (30.3 x 10(-5) to 38.9 x 10(-5) cm s-1) was greater than that obtained for an Escherichia coli strain expressing only porin OmpC but smaller than those obtained for the E. coli wild type and a strain expressing only porin OmpF. Functional characterization of the suspected porin was performed by using the planar lipid bilayer technology. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-0.4 M NaCl-soluble porin from both in vitro- and in vivo-grown cells showed an average single-channel conductance in 1 M KCl of 1.6. A partial amino acid sequence (19 residues) was obtained for the S. marcescens porin. The sequence showed a very high homology to the E. coli OmpC porin. These data identified the S. marcescens outer membrane 41-kilodalton protein as a porin by both functional and amino acid analyses. Also, the methodology used allowed for efficient growth and recovery of diffusion chamber-grown bacterial cells and permitted identification of specific in vivo-induced changes in bacterial cell membrane composition. Images
Natural Environments, Obesity, and Physical Activity in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the United States

Purpose: To assess the associations of the natural environment with obesity and physical activity in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States among representative samples by using 2 indices of outdoor activity potential (OAP) at the county level. Methods: We used the data from 457,820 and 473,296 noninstitutionalized adults aged over 18 years for obesity and physical activity, respectively, from the 2000-2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The OAP indices were (1) a recreational opportunity index based on 24 variables related to outdoor physical activity, such as the number of facilities available for walking, biking, hiking, and swimming derived from the 1997 National Outdoor Recreation Supply Information System; and (2) a natural amenities index which was based on physical and social environmental characteristics, such as climate, topographic relief, land cover, and tourism. We fitted logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to control for county level intracorrelation and tested each index separately to assess its relationship with obesity and physical activity. Findings: Recreational opportunities were higher in areas with greater natural amenities. After controlling for individual-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, the prevalence of obesity decreased and propensity for physical activity increased with increasing levels of both recreational opportunities and natural amenities. Conclusions: Multiple indices of OAP based on characteristics of the built, natural and social environments were associated with decreased obesity and increased physical activity in nonmetropolitan areas. Public health interventions should consider the opportunities and limitations offered by the natural environment for promoting physical activity and reducing obesity in rural areas. Language: en
Priming with rocuronium accelerates the onset of neuromuscular blockade.

Abstract Study Objective: To investigate the effects of priming rocuronium on the time course of neuromuscular blockade. Design: Prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: 42 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing peripheral surgery with general anesthesia. Interventions: Following a standardized propofol-fentanyl induction, patients in Group 1 (n = 21) received a priming dose of rocuronium 0.06 mg/kg followed two minutes later by an intubating dose of rocuronium 0.54 mg/kg. Patients in Group 2 (n = 21) received a saline placebo injection followed two minutes later by rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and nitrous oxide 60% in oxygen. Measurements and Main Results: Neuromuscular function was assessed at the wrist using mechanomyography with a single-twitch mode of stimulation at a frequency of 1 Hz until tracheal intubation and at 0.1 Hz thereafter. The times from injection of the intubating dose of rocuronium until 95% suppression of the twitch tension (onset time), recovery of twitch tension to 25% of control (clinical duration of action), and the time from 25% to 75% spontaneous recovery of twitch tension (recovery index) were recorded. The trachea was intubated at 95% depression of the twitch tension and the intubating conditions were graded using a 3-point scale. The onset times with priming rocuronium (34 ± 6 s) were significantly shorter ( p Conclusions: Priming rocuronium decreased the onset times and thus, the intubating times without increasing the clinical duration of action or recovery index.
Influence of In Vitro Experimental Conditions on Drug Diffusion in Cornea and Sclera

Diffusion of several chemical agents in rabbit cornea and sclera (dissected and in whole eyeballs) was studied using OCT technique. Demonstrated, that permeability coefficients for the same agents are significantly different in different experimental conditions.
Theory of magnetically coupled type-II superconducting films

The current-voltage characteristics of a magnetically coupled pair of infinite type-II superconducting films of finite thickness, separated by an insulating layer, are calculated. The main features of the time-averaged primary and secondary flux-flow voltages ${\overline{V}}_{p}$ and ${\overline{V}}_{s}$ versus the primary and secondary currents ${I}_{p}$ and ${I}_{s}$ are found to depend upon only five parameters: the primary and secondary critical depinning currents ${I}_{\mathrm{pc}}$ and ${I}_{\mathrm{sc}}$ the primary and secondary flux-flow resistances ${R}_{p}$ and ${R}_{s}$, and a coupling current ${I}_{0}$, which is proportional to the maximum coupling force exerted on a secondary fluxoid by the displaced primary-fluxoid lattice. Model calculations of the current-voltage characteristics are performed to illustrate predicted behavior under varying strengths of current, pinning, and coupling.
Determination of Danazol in Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract An HPLC method has been developed for the determination of danazol in human plasma. the chromatographic conditions consisted of an ODS column 80 × 7.0 mm, 3 μm; a mobile phase of 71:29, methanol:20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate. A UV-Visible detector was set at 288 nm to monitor the danazol peak. Danazol was extracted from plasma with acetonitrile which was salted out with potassium carbonate. Prior to salting out, cadmium sulfate was mixed with the acetonitrile-plasma mixture to remove any interfering constituents. the extracted acetonitrile layer was evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase before injection. the method was found to be reproducible with relative standard deviation (%rsd) from 2.3 to 7.2%. A number of clinically important drugs did not interfere with danazol determination.
Serum leptin levels and anthropometric correlates in Ache Amerindians of eastern Paraguay.

Leptin is a recently discovered peptide hor- mone secreted primarily from adipocytes in humans and other mammals; it is a reflection of fat stores, and has been associated with reproductive function. However, few leptin measurements are available from nonindustrialized popula- tions, including contemporary hunter/gatherer communities undergoing the transition to sedentary agriculture. This in- vestigation reports single-sample serum leptin measure- ments in healthy Ache Amerindian males (n 5 21; average age, 32.8 6 3.4 SE) and females (n 5 12; average age, 31.3 6 4.3) in eastern Paraguay. Ache leptin concentrations were much lower than in industrialized populations, although significant sexual dimorphism was evident (female 5.64 ng/ ml 6 0.91 SE vs. male 1.13 ng/ml 6 0.08; P , 0.0001). Indeed, female leptin levels were similar to those of anorexic women, despite apparently adequate adiposity. Controlling for fat percentage, no significant sex difference was evident, suggesting that adiposity was the primary source of leptin variation. Body fat percentage was highly correlated with leptin in females (r 2 5 0.72; P , 0.0005) but not males, who exhibited a modest negative correlation (r 2 5 0.25; P , 0.03). Weight (r 2 5 0.45; P 5 0.02) and BMI (kg/m 2 )( r 2 5 0.81; P , 0.0001) were also significantly correlated in females but not males. These results suggest that: 1) clinical leptin norms based on industrialized populations may represent the high- est range of human variation and may not be representative of most human populations; 2) hormonal priming may un- derlie population variation in leptin profiles; and 3) the rel- ative importance of leptin as a proximate mechanism regu-
Modeling behavioral considerations related to information security

The authors present experimental and simulation results of an outcome-based learning model for the identification of threats to security systems. This model integrates judgment, decision-making, and learning theories to provide a unified framework for the behavioral study of upcoming threats.
Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: Data and conceptual issues

Data on illicit drug purity and prices are invaluable but challenging. Academic purists argue they are unsuitable for economic analysis [Manski, C.F., Pepper, J.V., Petrie, C.V., 2001. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. National Academy Press, Washington, DC], but in practice they are used frequently [ONDCP, 2001a. What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs. Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House, Washington, DC; ONDCP, 2001b. The Price of Illicit Drugs: 1981 Through the Second Quarter of 2000. Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House, Washington, DC; ONDCP, 2004. The Price and Purity of Illicit Drugs: 1981 Through the Second Quarter of 2003. Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House, Washington, DC; Grossman, M., 2004. Individual behaviors and substance use: the role of price. Plenary Address for the 24th Arne Ryde Symposium on Economics of Substance Abuse at Lund University, Lund, Sweden, August 13-14, 2004]. This paper reviews data and conceptual issues that people producing, analyzing, and consuming drug price and purity series should understand in order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation. It also identifies aspects of drug markets that are both poorly understood and relevant to some of these issues. They constitute a useful research agenda for health and law enforcement communities who would benefit from better data on the supply, availability, and use of illicit drugs.
Black and white and read all over: Race differences in reactions to recruitment Web sites

Based on signaling theory, this study examines the impact of Web-site design and content characteristics on applicants' intentions to pursue employment, the mediating effects of engagement with the Web site and attitude toward the organization, and the moderating effects of applicant race on these relationships. The design characteristics of ease of use and usefulness impact attraction indirectly through Web-site engagement and attitude toward the organization. Further, Web sites' parasocial interaction (allowance for two-way communication) predicts intentions to pursue both directly and indirectly through engagement and attitude toward the organization. Unexpectedly, diversity statements did not impact attraction in the full sample. Multigroup analyses revealed that many of the paths between the predictors of parasocial interaction and (to a lesser extent) diversity statements and the outcomes differed by race, with stronger effects observed for blacks than whites. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversification of oral and aboral mesodermal regulatory states in pregastrular sea urchin embryos

Specification of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling. Signal reception leads to expression of regulatory genes that later contribute to the aboral NSM regulatory state. In oral NSM, this is replaced by a distinct oral regulatory state in consequence of Nodal signaling. Through regulome wide analysis we identify the homeobox gene not as an immediate Nodal target. not expression in NSM causes extinction of the aboral regulatory state in the oral NSM, and expression of a new suite of regulatory genes. All NSM specific regulatory genes are henceforth expressed exclusively, in oral or aboral domains, presaging the mesodermal cell types that will emerge. We have analyzed the regulatory linkages within the aboral NSM gene regulatory network. A linchpin of this network is gataE which as we show is a direct Gcm target and part of a feedback loop locking down the aboral regulatory state.
Branch decomposition heuristics for linear matroids

Abstract This paper presents three new heuristics which utilize classification, max-flow, and matroid intersection algorithms respectively to derive near-optimal branch decompositions for linear matroids. In the literature, there are already excellent heuristics for graphs, however, no practical branch decomposition methods for general linear matroids have been addressed yet. Introducing a “measure” which compares the “similarity” of elements of a linear matroid, this work reforms the linear matroid into a similarity graph. Then, the classification method, the max-flow method, and the mat-flow method, all based on the similarity graph, are utilized on the similarity graph to derive separations for a near-optimal branch decomposition. Computational results using the methods on linear matroid instances are shown respectively.
Nitroglycerin and propranolol on myocardial O2 consumption during myocardial ischemia.

Abstract The effects of i.v. and intracoronary (i.c.) nitroglycerin, i.v. propranolol, and the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and lactate utilization were studied in in situ ischemic working dog hearts. I.v. nitroglycerin reduced MVO2 9% which was associated with the peripheral vasidilatory actions of the drug. I.c. nitroglycerin which had no detectable effects on the peripheral vasculature had no significant effect on MVO2. I.v. propranolol caused an 8% reduction in MVO2 and this action was associated with a negative chronotropic and a slight negative inotropic effect. However, the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin which was more effective than either drug alone, reduced MVO2 18% thereby indicating that the effects of the two drugs on oxygen consumption are additive. These results support the concept that the reduction of MVO2 seen with nitroglycerin is principally due to peripheral vasodilatory actions of the drug while that seen with propranolo is due to that drug's effect on the heart and the effects of the two agents are complementary.
Near-field probing of nanoscale nonlinear optical processes.

We report a study of two nonlinear optical processes at the nanoscale level, using a near-field probe:?(i) two-photon-pumped upconversion from ZnS:Mn nanoparticles encapsulated with 2???2?4?ethylsulfonylphenyl?1?ethenylmethylanilino?1?ethanethiol and (ii) second-harmonic generation (SHG) from N-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-prolinol crystallites. The use of highly efficient nonlinear organic chromophores together with special processing on the nanometer scale made it possible to observe and characterize what are believed to be the smallest topographically distinguishable objects reported so far, using nonlinear optical techniques. Issues pertaining to the study of two-photon-excited emission and SHG by use of a near-field probe are discussed.
Preventing Heart Disease: Who Needs to be Concerned and What to Do

Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent health challenge to the global health care industry. The goal of prevention is compression of morbidity and enhancement of quality of life through modification of lifestyle and environmental risk factors. Treatment of established cardiovascular disease is expensive and inefficient relative to disease prevention. This article discusses some of the more common nonpharmacologic methods of preventing heart disease.
Mechanisms of action of CO2 on the visual response of Galleria mellonella

Abstract Carbon dioxide modifies the visual response recorded from the compound eye of the moth Galleria mellonella . Changes brought about include an increase in latency and time course, as well as the loss of a phasic negativegoing transient. Treating the preparation with either organic or inorganic acid vapours affects the time course of the tonic negative receptor potential, initially by increasing it and then decreasing it. Acids have no effect on the latency of the response, but there is a marked increase in amplitude of the phasic negative component. The resting potential in the eye is also sensitive to acids and CO 2 . Changes in resting level, however, do not appear to effect the response significantly. Acids and bases have reciprocal effects on the time course of the response. Acids and CO 2 have different effects on the phasic negative transient and CO 2 can reverse amplitude increases caused by acid. We consider the changes in the visual response brought about by the addition of CO 2 of two kinds. Changes in time course are probably due to a shifting of pH in the eye, while the abolition of the phasic negative component is probably due to a CO 2 -specific reaction.
Dynamical phase transitions in the two-dimensional ANNNI model

We study the phase diagram of the two-dimensional anisotropic next-nearest neighbor Ising (ANNNI) model by comparing the time evolution of two distinct spin configurations submitted to the same thermal noise. We clearly see several dynamical transitions between ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, antiphase, and floating phases. These dynamical transitions seem to occur rather close to the transition lines determined previously in the literature.
An in vitro method for testing synergistic action of parasiticides using malachite green and formalin as a model system

. An in vitro technique was developed to screen drugs for toxicity to laboratory cultured protozoans. Drugs were diluted using standard microtitration equipment. An easily cultured protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis, was added to the dilutions of drugs and viability was checked daily for 10 days. Drugs used as a model system to test the technique were formalin and malachite green. Effective concentrations of formalin determined by this in vitro technique were close to recommended therapeutic treatment levels for Ichthyophthirius. Malachite green was effective at concentrations in excess of recommended therapeutic treatment levels for Ichthyophthirius. The synergistic effect of formalin and malachite green was demonstrated. This technique can he of use in determining effectiveness of new drugs as parasiticides.
The Evaluation of a Special Educational Opportunities Program for Disadvantaged College Students.

This paper analyzes the early academic achievement of disadvantaged, mainly black, students admitted to the Special Educational Opportunities Program (the SEOP) at the Urbana-Champaign campus of the University of Illinois in the fall of 1968 and 1969.
Antigenic properties of keratan sulfate: influence of antigen structure, monoclonal antibodies, and antibody valency.

The influence of (a) antigen structure, (b) type of monoclonal antibody, and (c) antibody bivalency on the immunochemical detection and quantification of keratan sulfate (KS) from aggrecan has been studied. Apparent KS epitope levels were determined by immunoglobulin G (IgG)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in preparations of human aggrecan and in a defined series of lower molecular weight proteoglycan preparations generated by proteolytic and alkali treatment of aggrecan. Gel filtration chromatography showed KS epitope to be preferentially detected in the higher molecular weight fragments of the preparations. In single KS chains the epitope was detected in the chains of higher Mr. The ability of the proteoglycan to inhibit in the IgG-ELISA decreased with a reduction in proteoglycan fragment size, ranging between 6- and 260-fold, depending on the antibody used. This was considered to be a cooperative binding, effect. With most antibodies, the sensitivity of the IgG-ELISA (represented by the steepness of the inhibition slope) was also reduced with smaller inhibitor sizes. The lowest limit of detectability (the amount of KS required to generate 20% inhibition) varied by up to 60-fold depending on the antibody used. The use of monovalent Fab fragments instead of the whole IgG anti-KS antibody in the ELISA showed that the bivalency of the antibody also affected the quantitation of the assay. In the Fab-ELISA the assay was found to have an increased detectability (by 9.5-fold with aggrecan as the inhibitor), and the proteoglycan fragments and aggrecan all generated parallel inhibition curves. Although the Fab-ELISA was somewhat influenced by the structural presentation of the KS, this was not apparent for small fragments and single chains. Thus the effects of cooperative binding and antibody valency could be overcome and quantitative data could be obtained for all samples, using papain-digested samples and the Fab-ELISA. Application of this assay to analysis of body fluids showed the KS-containing fragments in synovial fluid, serum, and urine were of different sizes and could be quantified.
Copper-Tape-Wound Edge-Cooled Solenoid

Construction details and tests of a 10-cm-ID and 26.35-cm-long copper-tape-wound solenoid are described. Magnet measurements at 35 kW indicate an axial-field line integral of 193 kG-cm and a transverse-field line integral, measured on the geometric axis, of less than 0.1% of the axialfield integral.
Analysis of multiple pesticides in urban storm water using solid-phase extraction.

An analytical method was developed using C18 solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography—nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) to determine the presence and quantity of 12 contemporary pesticides in storm water runoff from an urban environment. The method was validated, using deionized water and water collected from a local pond, for two concentration levels and four holding time regimes. The method was then utilized in a study examining nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in Wichita, KS. Accuracy and precision were demonstrated in each test for each analyte except diazinon, which degraded rapidly during holding times in aqueous solution. For all matrices, concentration levels, and holding times, mean recoveries for the remaining 11 pesticides ranged from 50% to 105% with percent relative standard deviations less than 25%.
Multipole Lines in Spectra of Elements from the Fifth Group

The excitation of lines forbidden by the Laporte rule and corresponding to transitions between levels, all belonging to the ground configuration, was studied for the elements of the fifth group. The short-wave experimental technique developed permits the recognition of these multipole lines without any knowledge of the spectra investigated, from their behavior at the changeover point of the discharge. Neutral multipole spectra of Bi, Sb, As, and P (s2p3 configuration) were obtained with decreasing intensity in the order listed as well as singly ionized spectra of Bi and Sb (s2p2 configuration). Interesting changes in relative intensities of lines, in particular of the pair 2P3/2,1/2 → 4S3/2 were noted, and an anomalous effect for lines originating from the 2P3/20 level in bismuth observed. A high resolution study of lines in Sb and As gave previously unknown hf separations of levels 3P1 of Sb ii, 2P1/20 of As i and upper limits for those of the levels 2P3/20 and 4S3/20 of As i.
Biomimetic Mineralization in and on Polymers

Biological mineralization leads to the development of finely scaled, highly controlled inorganic precipitates in organic matrixes. It was initially thought that this control was mainly exercised through lattice-matching epitaxy between the protein or polysaccharide matrix and the mineral. We discuss the importance of such heterogeneous nucleation versus other forms of kinetic control of mineralization. We review progress in synthetic systems for mineralization from solution at Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir−Blodgett films, at surface-adsorbed monolayers and in polymer films.
Host endothelial S1PR1 regulation of vascular permeability modulates tumor growth

Understanding vascular growth and maturation in developing tumors has important implications for tumor progression, spread, and ultimately host survival. Modulating the signaling of endothelial G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in blood and lymphatic vessels can enhance or limit tumor progression. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) is a GPCR for circulating lysophospholipid S1P that is highly expressed in blood and lymphatic vessels. Using the S1PR1- enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mouse model in combination with intravital imaging and pharmacologic modulation of S1PR1 signaling, we show that boundary conditions of high and low S1PR1 signaling retard tumor progression by enhancing or destabilizing neovasculature integrity, respectively. In contrast, midrange S1PR1 signaling, achieved by receptor antagonist titration, promotes abundant growth of small, organized vessels and thereby enhances tumor progression. Furthermore, in vivo S1PR1 antagonism supports lung colonization by circulating tumor cells. Regulation of endothelial S1PR1 dynamically controls vascular integrity and maturation and thus modulates angiogenesis, tumor growth, and hematogenous metastasis.
Microgravity coring: A self-contained anchor and drill for consolidated rock

The Microspine Drill, a self-contained anchor and rotary percussive drill, is presented. The Microspine Drill can core in an inverted orientation into consolidated rock, a harder-than-zero-g proof of concept. The anchor extends the use of mi-crospines to microgravity environments. Microspines, originally developed for climbing robots, use arrays of hooks with passive suspension structures to opportunistically grasp rough surfaces and share loads across many contacts. Utilizing radial arrays and hierarchical compliance, this new system creates omnidirectional anchors. Prototypes have demonstrated anchoring strengths of >155 N tangent to, >150 N at 45° to, and >180 N normal to the rock surface. Using a weight-on-bit of ∼60N, 20 mm diameter boreholes were drilled 83 mm deep into vesicular basalt and a'a samples while retaining 12 mm diameter cores. The anchor-drill combination can be used to acquire samples and set up rope networks during future manned missions to near earth objects. The instrument also enables gravity independent sample acquisition from rock surfaces for science missions to asteroids, comets, or the walls and ceilings of lava tubes, craters, caves, and other extreme planetary terrains.