cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Habsburg Monarchy and Balkan Revolution

The profound involvement of the Habsburg monarchy in various revolutionary manifestations in the Balkans since the subjugation of that peninsula by the Ottoman Turks has generally not been deemed worthy of investigation by historians. Only a handful of specialized articles and a few pages in the scant existing studies on Habsburg foreign policy have been devoted to the study of Austrian relations with actual or potential revolutionary elements. There has been a general neglect of Balkan studies by Austrian scholars and of Austrian studies by Balkan scholars.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus might increase the risk of colorectal cancer on the basis of chronic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. However, epidemiologic evidence for this association is inconclusive. We conducted a population-based study to clarify this association. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Cases included all patients with incident colorectal cancer diagnoses (n = 10,447). Up to 10 control subjects were selected for each case, matching on year of birth, enrollment date, and duration of database follow-up. The exposure of interest was type 2 diabetes mellitus. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by using conditional logistic regression. Results: A prior diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with a modestly increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–1.62). The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer was observed in both men (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.16–1.61) and women (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.14–1.67). The risk increase was observed in both colon (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.25–1.70) and rectal (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08–1.68) cancers. Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. The risk increase is present in both sexes, as well as in both colonic and rectal cancers.
A multi-institutional survey of internal medicine residents' learning habits.

Background: Resident physicians are expected to demonstrate medical knowledge. However, little is known about the residents' reading habits and learning preferences.Aim: To assess residents’ reading habits and preferred educational resources.Methods: Residents at five internal medicine training programs were surveyed regarding their reading and learning habits and preferences.Results: The majority (77.7%) of residents reported reading less than 7 h a week. Most residents (81.4%) read in response to patient care encounters. The preferred educational format was electronic; 94.6% of residents cited UpToDate® as the most effective resource for knowledge acquisition, and 88.9% of residents reported that UpToDate® was their first choice for answering clinical questions.Conclusions: Residents spent little time reading and sought knowledge primarily from electronic resources. Most residents read in the context of patient care. Future research should focus on strategies for helping resident physicians learn in the...
Experimental observations of gated field emitter failures

Intrinsic failure events in gated field emitters have been studied. The gate-emitter voltage, typically 140 V during operation, drops to 10-70 V at the onset of the failure. Measurements with a diagnostic probe indicate that plumes of ions and electrons are ejected into vacuum with the ion current typically 10% of the electron current. The arc voltage and the ion-to-electron current ratio are characteristic of a cathodic vacuum arc. For series resistors less than 1 k Omega , the arc is continuous, whereas for series resistors greater than 10 k Omega , the arc is intermittent. >
The duration of stimulation of the fowl's anterior pituitary for progesterone-induced LH release.

INVESTIGATIONS on the stimulation of the hypophysis of rabbits and rats have shown that in mammals species difference exists in regard to the duration of stimulation necessary to cause ovulation (Sawyer, Markee, and Hollinshead, 1947; Everett, 1952; and Everett and Saywer, 1953). Van Tienhoven et al. (1954) suggested in a recent study that in the hen stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland and release of LH from that gland might take place concurrently. In order to investigate this hypothesis further, progesterone was given on the day of lay of the terminal egg of a clutch, thus inducing premature ovulation of the first follicle of the next clutch (Fraps and Dury, 1943). This technique was very useful for controlling the time when stimulation started, because of the variation in the time of normal ovulation that existed in the groups of hens used in these experiments.
Variational approximations for gravity waves in water of variable depth

Eckart's (1952) second-order, self-adjoint partial differential equation for the free-surface displacement of monochromatic gravity waves in water of variable depth h is derived from a variational formulation by approximating the vertical variation of the velocity potential in the average Lagrangian by that for deep-water waves. It is compared with the ‘mild-slope equation’, which also is second order and self-adjoint and may be obtained by approximating the vertical variation in the average Lagrangian by that for uniform, finite depth. The errors in these approximations vanish for either κh ↓ 0 or κh ↑ ∞ (κ ≡ ω2/g). Both approximations are applied to slowly modulated wavetrains, following Whitham's (1974) formulation for uniform depth. Both conserve wave action; the mild-slope approximation conserves wave energy, but Eckart's approximation does not (except for uniform depth). The two approximations are compared through the calculation of reflection from a gently sloping beach and of edge-wave eigenvalues for a uniform slope (not necessarily small). Eckart's approximation is inferior to the mild-slope approximation for the amplitude in the reflection problem, but it is superior in the edge-wave problem, for which it provides an analytical approximation that is exact for the dominant mode and in error by less than 1.6% for all higher modes within the range of admissible slopes. In contrast, the mild-slope approximation requires numerical integration (Smith & Sprinks 1975) and differs significantly from the exact result for the dominant mode for large slopes.
Feedback Tether Deployment and Retrieval

Introduction S tethers have been proposed for many important applications such as the study of planetary atmosphere, micro and variable-^ experiments, space construction, and energy transmission. One of the primary issues in tether utilization is fast deployment/retrieval of attached payloads. Much work has been done on developing models for studying tether dynamics during deployment and retrieval. These models include tether flexibility, atmospheric effects, orbital eccentricity, and planetary oblateness effects. Two basic methods for controlling tether deployment/retrieval have emerged to date: 1) tension control' (reeling in or out) and 2) crawler mechanism. The second method has been proposed due to concerns of slow retrieval rates in the terminal phases and violent tether oscillations during tension controlled retrieval. The disadvantage of this method is that if the tether is not retrieved it may have to be jettisoned. A comparison of the two aforementioned control schemes has been conducted by Glickman and Rybak. Overall, much physical insight can be obtained by using simple mathematical models. A Lyapunov (mission function) approach has been used for tether deployment and retrieval by Fujii and Ishijima. The proposed nonlinear tension control law has been designed for controlling deployment and retrieval in the orbital plane. It performs well, but terminal oscillations of the tether length and tension are encountered during deployment. Furthermore, the pitch angle seems to remain constant during the terminal phase of retrieval indicating that it cannot be controllable to the origin. In this Note, we consider a modified Lyapunov control law to eliminate the terminal oscillations observed by Fujii and Ishijima and show that rapid retrieval is possible if moderate pitch angle excursion of the tether is allowed during the intermediate phase of retrieval. In all cases, the pitch angle can be controlled to the desired equilibrium point.
Written language of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in public schools

We obtained data on the writing of 110 deaf or hard-of-hearing students attending public schools who completed the spontaneous writing portion of the Test of Written Language. The average written quotient for the sample was in the below-average range but within 1 standard deviation of the test mean. Forty-nine percent of the sample received written quotients within or above the average range. Mean scores for the three subtests of contextual conventions, contextual language, and story construction were within the low-average range; between 55% and 68% of students scored within the average or above-average range for the subtests. Predictors of writing quotients were eligibility for free lunch, grade, degree of hearing loss and gender; however, only 18% of the variance in total writing quotients was explained by these variables. The data indicate that attention needs to be paid to the writing ability and instruction of many public-school students regardless of degree of hearing loss.
1‐(p‐Methoxyphenyl)‐5‐Phenyl‐1,3,5‐Pentanetrione

1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrione product: 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrione reactant: benzoylacetone was obtained from Eastman Kodak (Eastman grade) product: 1-phenyl-1,3,5-hexanetrione product: 1,7-diphenyl-1,3,5,7-heptanetetraone product: 1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrione product: 1,5-di(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-pentanetrione Keywords: acylation; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, purification of; sodium hydride, handling of; sodium hydride, handling
Neighboring Suboptimal Control

The neighboring extremal feedback control law is developed for systems with a piecewise linear control for the case where the optimal control is obtained by nonlinear programming techniques. To develop the control perturbation for a given deviation from the nominal path, the second variation is minimized subject to the constraint that the final conditions be satisfied. This process leads to a feedback relationship between the control perturbation and the measured deviation from the nominal state.
Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging of radiation effects in normal-appearing brain tissue: changes in the first-pass and recirculation phases.

Purpose To identify radiation-induced changes in the cerebral vasculature of healthy tissue in the first four months following radiotherapy through the analysis of dynamic-susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging. Materials and Methods Dynamic gradient-echo imaging was performed on 22 patients during injection of a bolus of Gd-DTPA contrast. The relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), maximum ΔR2* of the first passage of the bolus, and a recirculation parameter were derived from gamma-variate fits of the dynamic data. The white matter (WM) rCBV and peak heights were estimated through correlation with segmented T1-weighted images. A percent recovery to baseline was also computed to further describe the recirculation phase. Results A significant elevation of the recirculation phase was observed at doses > 15 Gy at two months following radiotherapy. This was reflected in an increased recirculation parameter in the fitted curves in the 15–30, 30–45, and >45 Gy dose groups to 2.8%, 3.8%, and 2.4% above the <15 Gy voxels, as well as in a decline in percent recovery to baseline. A trend toward lower rCBV and peak heights was observed at that same time point. Conclusion The observed results suggest a dose-dependent decline in vessel density and increase in vascular permeability and/or tortuosity in irradiated normal-appearing brain tissue at two months following radiotherapy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:683–693. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Energy Consumption Model for a Broadband Shallow-Water Acoustic Communications Network

A multistatic active sonar system with several widely distributed sensors must share information between the sensors. If acoustic communication is the means used to share information, it can consume a significant fraction of the system's total energy budget. In this communication, an energy consumption model is developed for a shallow-water acoustic communications network. The model includes the environmental factors like the sound-speed profile in the water column and the composition of the seabed. The model uses the waveguide invariant concept to incorporate efficiently the broadband nature of the communications signals. Numerical results demonstrate how relaying messages between intermediate sensors can save substantial energy compared to direct communications. The calculations also show that energy consumption can vary by more than an order of magnitude depending on the seabed composition.
Evaluation of soil CO2 production and transport in Duke Forest using a process-based modeling approach

[1] Soil surface CO2 efflux is an important component of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. However, our understanding of mechanistic controls of soil CO2 production and transport is greatly limited. A multilayer process-based soil CO2 efflux model (PATCIS) was used to evaluate soil CO2 production and transport in the Duke Forest. CO2 production in the soil is the sum of root respiration and soil microbial respiration, and CO2 transport in the soil mainly simulates gaseous diffusion. Simulated soil CO2 efflux in the Duke Forest ranged from 5 g CO2 m−2 d−1 in the winter to 25 g CO2 m−2 d−1 in summer. Annual soil CO2 efflux was 997 and 1211 g C m−2 yr−1 in 1997 and 1998, respectively. These simulations were consistent with the observed soil CO2 efflux. Simulated root respiration contributed 53% to total soil respiration. Soil temperature had the dominant influence on soil CO2 production and CO2 efflux while soil moisture only regulated soil CO2 efflux in the summer when soil moisture was very low. Soil CO2 efflux was sensitive to the specific fine root respiratory rate and live fine root biomass. Elevated CO2 increased annual soil CO2 efflux by 26% in 1997 and 18% in 1998, due mainly to the enhanced live fine root biomass and litterfall. On a daily to yearly basis, CO2 production is almost identical to CO2 efflux, suggesting that CO2 transport is not a critical process regulating daily and long-term soil surface CO2 effluxes in the Duke Forest. We also developed a statistical model of soil CO2 efflux with soil temperature and moisture. Daily soil CO2 efflux estimation by the statistical model showed a similar pattern to the simulated soil CO2 efflux, but the total annual CO2 efflux was slightly lower. While the statistical model is simple, yet powerful, in simulating seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux, the process-based model has the potential to advance our mechanistic understanding of soil CO2 efflux variations in the current and future worlds.
Cherokee Independent Press Act of 2000

Prior to the 1997 constitutional crisis of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, journalists working for the tribe’s Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate, then called the Cherokee Advocate, did not have any press freedoms similar to the First Amendment. However, the 2-year crisis led to a revision of the tribe’s constitution, out of which sprang the first Independent Press Act for a Native American nation. Although about 65 tribes in the United States have provisions for a free press in their constitutions, many are prohibited from acting on this provision due to tribal politics or other issues. The Cherokee Independent Press Act of 2000 for the first time guarantees journalists working for the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper the same rights and privileges that their non-Native journalist counterparts have who work under the freedoms granted by the First Amendment. This study examines the conditions that led to both the crisis and the new Act, summarizes the history of federal law restricting Native media, and expl...
Tomographic reconstruction of 3-D vector fields using inner product probes

Inner product probe measurements are defined for tomographic reconstruction of 3-D vector fields. It is shown that one set of measurements is required to reconstruct an irrotational field, two are required to reconstruct a solenoidal field and special probes are required to reconstruct the components of an arbitrary field. >
Turkish Associations in the United States: Towards Building a Transnational Identity

Abstract Migrant associations have always been an important feature of migrant communities, assuming a significant role towards identity formation and integration in the host society. Such organizations also create an important transnational link between countries of origin and settlement. Using the example of Turkish associations in the United States and their institutionalization process, this essay argues that organizational dynamics of immigrants are greatly affected by the general attitude towards immigrants in the host country and homeland policies regarding emigrants (macro level), their relations with other ethnic groups already resident in the host country (meso level), and the status of immigrants and some of their pre‐migration characteristics (micro level).
Crime, Race, and the Transition to Marriage:

Although it has been suggested that engaging in criminal behavior diminishes young adults’ marriageability, few studies have examined the effect of criminal offending on marital timing. This analysis uses longitudinal data from 1,641 respondents to the National Youth Survey to examine this relationship. Discrete-time event-history models show that, among young men, criminal behavior is inversely associated with the risk of marriage, net of established determinants of marital timing. However, rather than reflecting criminal offenders’ reduced value as marriage partners, much of this association is because of offenders’ lesser desire to marry. No association between criminal behavior and marital timing is observed for young women, and racial differences in criminal offending cannot account for the pronounced racial difference in marital timing.
Population transcriptomics of cactus host shifts in Drosophila mojavensis

In the presence of environmental change, natural selection can shape the transcriptome. Under a scenario of environmental change, genotypes that are better able to modulate gene expression to maximize fitness will tend to be favoured. Therefore, it is important to examine gene expression at the population level to distinguish random or neutral gene expression variation from the pattern produced by natural selection. This study investigates the natural variation in transcriptional response to a cactus host shift utilizing the mainland Sonora population of Drosophila mojavensis. Drosophila mojavensis is a cactophilic species composed of four cactus host populations endemic to the deserts of North America. Overall, the change in cactus host was associated with a significant reduction in larval viability as well as the differential expression of 21% of the genome (3109 genes). Among the genes identified were a set of genes previously known to be involved in xenobiotic metabolism, as well as genes involved in cellular energy production, oxidoreductase/carbohydrate metabolism, structural components and mRNA binding. Interestingly, of the 3109 genes whose expression was affected by host use, there was a significant overrepresentation of genes that lacked an orthologous call to the D. melanogaster genome, suggesting the possibility of an accelerated rate of evolution in these genes. Of the genes with a significant cactus effect, the majority, 2264 genes, did not exhibit a significant cactus-by-line interaction. This population-level approach facilitated the identification of genes involved in past cactus host shifts.
What do I tell patients about saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Saw palmetto is widely used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although there is passionate support for herbal and complementary therapies for LUTS, clinical evidence is mixed. Because there is a well-recognized, profound placebo effect in tests of efficacy for agents treating LUTS, it is imperative that all therapies be tested in placebo-controlled trials. This article reviews evidence of the efficacy and safety of saw palmetto for men with LUTS caused by BPH, with particular emphasis on published randomized clinical trials and the upcoming Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Urologic Symptoms (CAMUS) trial.
Land restitution, traditional leadership and belonging: defining Barokologadi identity

How do government policies and practices affect struggles over collective identity and struggles over land? Examining the interconnections among collective identity struggles, land struggles and state policies and practices in post-apartheid South Africa, this paper argues that the government's contradictory policies and ambivalent practices have aggravated collective struggles over the boundaries of belonging. Specifically, the differing definitions of community set forth in traditional leadership, land tenure and land restitution policies exacerbate existing divisions among ‘communities’ concurrently subject to these policies and create practical policy dilemmas for decision-makers. This paper illustrates the interplay between public policies and collective identity struggles through close examination of struggles among the Barokologadi ba ga Maotwe, a so-called traditional community. The Barokologadi case underscores the necessity of attending to these interactions.
Global expression analysis of ECL cells in Mastomys natalensis gastric mucosa identifies alterations in the AP-1 pathway induced by gastrin-mediated transformation.

Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and then irreversible neoplasia can be generated in the African rodent Mastomys natalensis using the H2 receptor blocker, loxtidine, for 8–16 wk. We use...
Support for Europe among Europe’s Ethnic, Religious, and Immigrant Minorities

The defeat of the Reform treaty in the June 2008 Irish referendum, after the French and Dutch rejections of the Constitutional Treaty in 2005, made public support for European integration a central concern among those interested in the fate of the project. We examine the attitudes of individuals who belong to minority groups within EU countries toward European integration, relying on the 2006 European Social Survey in 21 countries. We find that minority populations, defined in terms of language, self-identification, religion, and immigrant status, are nearly universally more likely to favor further integration of Europe. Minority group members have come to see the EU as a potential ally in promoting their rights and welfare.
Characteristics of refractory vs. medically controlled epilepsy patients with obstructive sleep apnea and their response to CPAP treatment

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) commonly coexists with epilepsy, and treatment of OSA may decrease seizure frequency. However, it is unclear whether patients with medically refractory epilepsy have a higher incidence of OSA compared with well-controlled epilepsy patients and whether the two groups carry different risk factors. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the presence of OSA in patients with refractory vs. well-controlled epilepsy and their associated risk factors. We also assessed the benefits of treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in refractory epilepsy patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed data from patients who presented to the Jacobs Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center of University at Buffalo from 2007 to 2010. Results There is a tendency for much higher incidence of OSA in our epilepsy population compared with the general population (15.2% vs. 4.41%). For patients with well-controlled epilepsy, older age, male gender, and higher seizure frequency were predictors of a diagnosis of OSA. However, in medically refractory epilepsy patients, diabetes and snoring predicted a diagnosis of OSA. Treatment of OSA with CPAP in refractory epilepsy patients improved their seizure control ( p Conclusion This study confirms that OSA is common in epilepsy patients and treatment of OSA can improve seizure control in medically refractory cases. Patients with refractory epilepsy who have diabetes are more likely to have OSA.
Dynamics and simulation of a space robot in a gravitational field

In this paper, three dynamical models of a two link space robot are developed. One model treats the gravitational field as constant over the volume of the robot and another model uses 0th order Taylor series expansions of a continuous gravitational field over the volume of the robot. A third model neglects the effects of gravity. The three models are then simulated in a free-fall condition. The simulations show that the gravitational forces on a space robot are significant enough such that they should not be neglected from the dynamical model.
Hybrid vigor for clonal growth in Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) in coastal California

One of the consequences of the human-caused movement of plant species around the globe is hybridization between previously allopatric species. Introgressive hybridization between the non-native, invasive perennial succulent Carpobrotus edulis and the putative native, non-invasive C. chilensis is occurring throughout coastal California, leading to a high abundance of aggressive hybrid morphotypes and the loss of open space for native species establishment and growth. We test the hypothesis that hybrid vigor for vegetative growth and resistance to herbivory contributes to successful invasion by hybrid morphotypes. We compared survival and vegetative growth of transplanted cuttings of three morphotypes (parental species and hybrids) in three habitats in a factorial watering and caging experiment. Overall Carpobrotus growth was both water and herbivore limited. Hybrids displayed higher growth than either parental species. Hybrids always had higher survival in response to herbivory than C. chilensis, but survi...
Big data and data science: what should we teach?

The era of big data has arrived. Big data bring us the data-driven paradigm and enlighten us to challenge new classes of problems we were not able to solve in the past. We are beginning to see the impacts of big data in every aspect of our lives and society. We need a science that can address these big data problems. Data science is a new emerging discipline that was termed to address challenges that we are facing and going to face in the big data era. Thus, education in data science is the key to success, and we need concrete strategies and approaches to better educate future data scientists. In this paper, we discuss general concepts on big data, data science, and data scientists and show the results of an extensive survey on current data science education in United States. Finally, we propose various approaches that data science education should aim to accomplish.
Genocide as predation

Abstract Donald Black (1983) distinguishes between moralistic violence, which occurs in response to conflict, and predatory violence, which enables exploitation. Genocide, I have argued in previous work (Campbell, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013), is moralistic. It is a form of social control that occurs in response to ethnic conflicts. But as I argue here, genocide is partly predatory. The perpetrators of genocide kill in response to grievances, but they may also rob and rape their targets, take their land, or force them to labor. Pure sociological theories of social control and predation can explain both aspects of genocide. The social conditions conducive to extreme moralism and extreme predation are similar, and so the targets of genocide are treated both as enemies to be eliminated and resources to be plundered.
Biology of Bipolar Disorder

This chapter will discuss biological studies of bipolar disorder from two points of view. The first is that of direct or indirect studies of brain function, generally cross-sectional, in patients with bipolar disorder. This is not intended to be an exhaustive review, but will focus on recent evidence distinguishing the phases of bipolar disorder, or differentiating patients with bipolar disorder from unipolar depressed and healthy subjects. Results will be discussed in larger contexts of physiology, models, and treatment.
Genetically Diverse Pig Models in Nutrition Research Related to Lipoprotein and Cholesterol Metabolism

The pig is a widely accepted animal model for nutrition research related to growth and development, atherogenesis, obesity, and lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism. We review current knowledge of lipoprotein metabolism in pigs and describe research in populations of genetically diverse swine. Specifically, we report the results of experiments showing that dietary cholesterol during neonatal life affects atherogenesis and indices of central nervous system development and lipid metabolism differentially in genetically obese and lean pigs and in pigs selected genetically for low or high plasma total cholesterol.
Review: Bleak Houses: Disappointment and Failure in Architecture, by Timothy Brittain-Catlin

Timothy Brittain-Catlin Bleak Houses: Disappointment and Failure in Architecture Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2014, 192 pp., 33 b/w illus. $24.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780262026697; $17.95 (e-book), ISBN 9780262321235 The argument of Bleak Houses is deceptively simple. Architecture past and present is divided into two categories: success and failure (or “winners” and “losers”). Architectural historians and critics have focused their violent attention on success at the expense of narrating failure in a sensitive and subtle way. They should now do the latter, because this will lead to a more nuanced architectural discourse accessible to a broad public and may therefore also lead to more humane, beautiful architecture in the future. On the surface of it, this seems an appealing, graciously liberal argument, and it would seem that Timothy Brittain-Catlin is in good company. Successive generations of architectural historians and critics, laboring under the burden of the narrow modernisms of their forefathers (and a few foremothers), have struggled in myriad ways to break open the somehow sharply defined boundaries of the canon of architectural history in search of a broader and more inclusive discourse.1 But Bleak Houses is a more complicated, and more frustrating, piece of writing than this. Brittain-Catlin pursues the argument sketched out above through a chaotic mash-up of genres of critical, biographical, and historical writing. One finds here not only moving pocket histories and biographies of “sad” buildings and their long-suffering architects but also passionately worded attacks on architectural historians and critics, first-person travelogues, and memoir. Amid this clutter, it is nonetheless clear that the subgenre of the “failure memoir” serves as the Trojan horse to deliver Brittain-Catlin’s liberal manifesto. Without an understanding of this move, there is no way to explain the deep flaws in his argument. As Giles Harvey, a journalist and editor at the New Yorker , has already diagnosed, the failure memoir is a publishing house–driven phenomenon in which misery and company are profitably connected on a mass …
An experimental investigation of roughness-induced microslip in metallic interfaces

This paper presents the results of an experiment performed to examine the presliding behavior of dry metallic interfaces. In particular, a hysteretic load-displacement behavior termed microslip is studied. These experiments identified several previously unrecorded microslip characteristics which are likely to impact the microdynamic stability and vibration of precision deployable structures. In particular, a significant and sometimes sudden transient behavior following initial loading of the interfaces is exhibited in the loaddisplacement response. This eventually diminishes to steady-state levels after perhaps dozens of cycles, but recurs after reassembling the interface. Extensive data was also gathered on the steady-state hysteretic behavior which is shown to decrease with additional normal stress across the interface. However, friction hysteresis was never observed to diminish to zero, even at nanometer levels of motion.
Designing a Sample of Cores to Estimate the Number of Features at a Site

Previous literature dealing with designing samples of points on a grid focuses on finding all the targets in a sample area, as would be the case when shovel-testing to discover features or sites within an impact zone. That goal will be achieved most efficiently using offset-square or hexagonal grid patterns. However, if the goal is to estimate the number of features based on a probability sample, the optimum design is actually a square grid with a grid interval greater than the target diameter. This surprising but welcome result is due to the interaction of several nonlinear relationships between the grid interval, the target size, the number of sample points, and the probability of intersecting a feature, combined with the fact that square grids can avoid edge-effect biases more efficiently than the other designs. The square also requires the lowest total travel time. Substantial additional cost-efficiency can be gained by using a cluster design with at least five clusters.
The International Criminal Court and the lawfare of judicial intervention

The contentious concept of ‘lawfare’ has proliferated to various foreign policy areas and permeated a discourse on the function and legitimacy of law in conflict. The concept seems particularly apt...
Anaerobic Infection as a Consequence of Transrectal Prostatic Biopsy

Abstract Reports on large series of prostatic needle biopsies have revealed many and varied complications but none has described anaerobic bacteremia as a complication. Herein are reported 2 such cases, with a discussionof theetiology, various altered host factors and therapeutic modalities important to anaerobic infections. The consideration of anaerobic infection in the febrile patient after transrectal prostatic biopsy is emphasized.
Synergistic, reconstruction and bonding effects during the adsorption of internal electron donors and TiCl 4 on MgCl 2 surface: A periodic-DFT investigation

Abstract In the present study, periodic-DFT approach has been employed to investigate the synergistic, reconstruction and bonding effects during the adsorption of different classes of internal electron donors (IDs) and TiCl4 on the MgCl2 (104) and (110) surfaces. The results indicate that the monoesters possess more than one binding mode and hence have different adsorption behavior compared to ketone in agreement with the experimental data. Chelate coordination of diesters on (104) surface reconstruct the Mg site, while on the (110) surface chelate coordination contributes to stable coordination. The results of monoesters and di-esters also suggest that the bulkiness of the groups can affect the adsorption energies. Adsorption of diether indicate higher stabilization on (110) surface compared to (104) surface. The results suggest that the adsorption energies of IDs increased in the presence of co-adsorbed TiCl4 compared to the absence of TiCl4. This is attributed to the strong bonding of ID with the surface as evident from the difference charge density analysis and attractive lateral interaction between the co-adsorbed IDs and TiCl4.
Effects of supplemental energy source and amount on forage intake and performance by steers and intake and diet digestibility by sheep.

Two levels of concentrate supplements containing different types of carbohydrates (corn-soybean meal, CSBM; wheat middlings, WM; and soybean hulls, SBH) were evaluated for effects on forage intake and performance in growing steers and total diet digestibility in sheep. In Exp. 1, 63 crossbred yearling cattle (298 and 377 kg initial BW for yr 1 and 2, respectively) were given ad libitum access to chopped bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.]) hay with no supplementation (CONTROL) or with 25 or 50% of projected total TDN intake from CSBM, WM, or SBH. In Exp. 2, digestibilities of organic matter (OMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were determined with sheep fed levels of hay and concentrates similar to those used in the growth trials. Hay intake was 1.99% of BW for steers fed hay alone and averaged 1.93% of BW in steers fed supplements at the low level. At the high level of concentrate supplementation, hay intake was depressed (P < .001) to a similar extent (1.63% of BW) in steers supplemented with CSBM, WM, or SBH. AT the low concentrate level, shrunk ADG was similar (.63 kg/d) among supplements, but at the high concentrate level steers fed SBH had higher (P = .06) shrunk ADG (.95 kg/d) than steers fed CSBM (.76 kg/d). Body condition score (BCS) increased more (P = .06) for CSBM- and SBH- than for WM-supplemented steers. Total tract OMD was lower (P < .001) in sheep fed WM (54.8% for low and 56.9% for high supplementation levels) than in sheep fed CSBM (57.4 and 62.6%) or SBH (57.2 and 62.5%). Total tract NDFD was higher (P < .001) for the SBH (58.9% for low and 63.3% for high levels) diets than for CSBM (54.6 and 51.0%) or WM (54.6 and 51.8%) diets. Supplements containing highly digestible fiber (SBH) produced less negative associative effects than high-starch supplements (CSBM) when fed with bermudagrass hay at the high level (.8 to 1% of BW), but no differences were found at the low feeding level (.4 to .5% of BW).
City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World's Steelmaking Capital During the Carnegie Era by Ken Kobus

So much of Pittsburgh’s steel history, from corporate records and machinery to production processes and the factories themselves, has been lost. Over time, the inter-relationships among labor, capital, finance, immigration, technology, and raw materials that gave rise to the Pittsburgh steel industry in the Gilded Age have unraveled. City of Steel seeks to recover this past and explain the initial growth and development of steelmaking in Pittsburgh by focusing on the Carnegie Steel Company.
E-005 A case report and literature review: a novel approach using balloon thrombectomy for acute treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis with an atypical headache presentation

Cerebral venous thrombosis [CVT] ranges in the population from an overall adult incidence of 1.32 per 1 00 000 population, with an annual incidence higher in women than men.1 Often CVT symptoms can present with comorbid headache [HA] and severe pain in isolation of other signs and symptoms, which further substantiates the necessity of addressing a robust differential for HA and a quick response with treatment. Furthermore, use of balloon intravascular thrombectomy has been considered in some cases of CVT, however evidence based outcomes comparing best medical practices versus emergent endovascular treatment is limited to case studies and anecdotical clinical judgment. Accordingly, this case reflects upon the unusual slow and insidious presentation of HA, despite severe CVT and an otherwise uncommon subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH], as well as the successful emergent delivery of a relatively novel endovascular treatment. Disclosures A. Alvarado-Ortiz: None. M. Evans: None. J. Nazar: None. R. Kaushal: None.
Commodifying Trust: Trusted Commerce Policy Intersecting Blockchain and Internet of Things

Blockchain or distributed ledger technology is the key innovation inside Bitcoin, the virtual currency, or distributed database commodity. Regulators in different states and nations have viewed and now regulate Bitcoin variously. For example, Bitcoin is property (IRS), a virtual currency (New York State Department of Financial Services and its BitLicense), and an unregulated technology (California, Texas). This regulatory divergence has not prevented the emergence of an $18 billion Bitcoin global market. It has however led some of its early enthusiasts to prison for crossing the line from trusted blockchain anonymity to money laundering. Distributed ledger applications are presently in experimental and early commercial use in applications and for industry sectors now extending far beyond Bitcoin, and far beyond fintech (financial technology.) This paper evaluates blockchain technology and the role of regulators and policymakers in shaping the evolution and commercialization of this disruptive innovation particularly for the Internet of Things. As blockchain is increasingly used to establish a secure trust relationship and permanent record in a wide array of networked markets, will the diverse regulatory treatments of –essentially the same – innovation create new policy barriers to its wide application? Are there information policy measures, which can help industry and users, avoid the inevitable pitfalls of a novel technology? If so, is there a new alignment of distribution of authority among regulators, which these innovations will spark? Presently for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission and IRS. This original research will be among the first to deconstruct blockchain for a wide array of industrial sectors and Internet of Things markets. Most prior work has focused on blockchain applications for financial markets, and specifically the cybercurrency Bitcoin, and in particular its cryptographically driven consensus process to establish and maintain trust. While it is important to understand how blockchain technology utilization can increase technical efficiency and reduce transaction costs with an immutable, auditable record of all transactions, that only explains why this technology innovation has sparked such interest. Most important is the ability of blockchain to combine trust and privacy with transparency in new way. The research methods for evaluation of blockchaining the Internet of Things include socio-technical field tests and multi-method pilot studies currently being planned. Preliminary results and insights from industry and policymaker interviews and will be shared in this paper. Suggestions for further blockchain Internet of Things policy research will conclude the paper.
Portulaca oleracea: An Untapped Bioactive Repository for Health Amelioration

Portulaca oleracea (puslane) belonging to family Portulacaceae is often vilified as an agricultural weed. However, foraging and impetus on food innovation has highlighted its nutritional aspects. It has been recognized as an excellent source of bioactive phytochemicals, ranging from alkaloids, ω-3 fatty acids, coumarins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, protein, α-linolenic acid and β-carotene, mono terpene glycoside, N-trans-feruloyltyramine to vitamin C. So far, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, gynaecological, neuroprotective and antiviral properties have been validated. This chapter is compiled with recently published papers of high relevance, with emphasis on mechanisms of action. Given due research attention, it can be developed into an wholesome food source and effective CAM for many ailments afflicting mankind.
Intervening through Social Support Networks

Individuals with alcohol and drug disorders are notorious for being unmotivated as far as addressing their substance abuse problems (Institute of Medicine, 1990). Researchers estimate that more than 80% of people with addictions are not ready to take preliminary steps to change (Snow, Prochaska, & Rossi, 1992). Fortunately there are now specific interventions that can successfully work with people’s ambivalent feelings about modifying their addictive behavior, such as motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 1991). Once these individuals are willing to question their problem behaviors, a host of empirically-backed treatments are available; none of which can be utilized though if the substance-abusing individual never presents for treatment.
The Gauge Group of a Principal Bundle

The gauge group of a principal bundle is simply its automorphism group with a topology coming from the mapping space topology. The mapping space topology (called the compact open topology) will not be considered in detail but will be outlined in the first section.
Deep Venous Thrombosis–Pulmonary Embolism

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are in reality one and the same disease, known as thromboembolic disease, as a large proportion of patients with DVT have “asymptomatic” PE and about 40% of patients with PE have “asymptomatic DVT.” Critically ill ICU patients have many of the risk factors which increase the risk of DVT, including the following:
The Contemporary Tavern

The modern social science literature on bars and taverns is not especially large, but it is quite diverse. Our primary concern in this review will be with what is known about the behavior of bar and tavern patrons while they are in these places, but some material on what sorts of people are and are not patrons will also be included. In particular, the perspective in this paper is that of researchers in the field of alcohol studies, and thus we have an interest in differentiating between tavern patrons and nonpatrons in terms of sociocultural characteristics, drinking patterns, problems due to drinking, and the like. The writers of the materials to be reviewed here quite often had very different goals in mind, as we will note in passing.
Multi-Robot Routing Algorithms for Robots Operating in Vineyards

In this paper we consider the problem of multi-robot routing in vineyards, a task motivated by our ongoing project aiming at creating a co-robotic system to implement precision irrigation on large scale commercial vineyards. The problem is related to a combinatorial optimization problem on graphs known as the “team orienteering problem”. Team orienteering is known to be NP-hard, thus motivating the development of heuristic solutions that can scale to large problem instances. We propose three different approaches informed by the domain we consider, and compare them against a general purpose heuristic formerly developed and widely used. In various benchmarks derived from data gathered in a commercial vineyard, we demonstrate that our solutions outperform the general purpose heuristic and are scalable, thus allowing us to solve instances with hundred of thousands of vertices in the graphs.
Pathways to Sustainable Cities

The chapter explains why it is difficult to define sustainable cities. It then examines the evolution of a planning framework for managing water for achieving and sustaining sustainable cities. It also discusses actions that water suppliers and municipal leaders are initiating for achieving and supporting sustainable cities.
Assessment of the Potential for Salt Damage to Asphalt Surfacings when Chloride-Treated Unpaved Roads Are Upgraded to a Sealed Standard:

Experience gained during research into chemical dust control/fines preservation has indicated that the reduced maintenance on, and reduced gravel loss from, treated roads justifies the use of these...