cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Third stage of labor

T BAT time elap’sihg from the birth of the child until the extrusion of the placenta, or third stage of labor is probably the worst managed in the conduct of delivery. It is at the same time fraught with more danger to the mother than the first two stages, for it is at this time that hemorrhage occurs, and not only blood loss may threaten life, but mea.sures to combat it may introduce infection to a woman made susceptible by the bleeding. It is necessary to unlearn almost as much as we learn in medicine ; progress often requires the discard of firmly rooted ideas. The third stage of labor is no exception. The first to forget is the teaching that the length of the third stage is from fifteen to thirty minutes-simple observation will prove it to be much shorter than this, separation often occurring within a minute or two after the birth of the baby. The second to forget’is that the attendant should wait at least thirty minutes before attempting to expel or express the placenta. Time is no factor in this determination. The third stage is divided into two parts : the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, and then its expulsion. Once the placenta is separated, it should be expressed. Spontaneous expulsion of the placenta today is not often seen, the use of analgesia and anesthesia prevents this. Expulsion of the placenta after its separation minimizes hemorrhage. What is the physiologic or normal blood loss? This is somewhat dependent upon the size and weight of the individual. The average amount measured by four authorities is 343 C.C.
Can Vaccines Trigger Autism

A link between vaccines and autism is increasingly suspected, because vaccines contain neurotoxins and immune suppressants as well as live viruses that could affect a susceptible population. I investigate the possible link by comparing the proportion of children classified with either autism (AUT) or speech or language impairment (SLI) and the proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by age two in each U.S. state from 2001 and 2005. I find the higher the proportion of children receiving vaccinations, the higher is the prevalence of children with autism or SLI. I also examine intra-state data for California and Pennsylvania and find a similar association. Finally, I find that states with a greater proportion of completely unvaccinated children also tend to have lower prevalence of autism. The results suggest that autism and speech or language impairments could be side effects of vaccination.
Boundaries, Tolerance Spaces, and Criteria for Conflict Resolutions:

Using the concepts of a “fuzzy set” and a “tolerance space,” arguments for the respecification of the formal languages associated with the terms “region” and “boundary” are presented. The selection of criteria for conflict resolution are then shown to be dependent on the properties of the language
Real-time implementation of MUSIC for wideband acoustic detection and tracking

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been developing advanced acoustic array signal processing algorithms using small baseline arrays for detecting, performing direction finding, tracking, and classifying ground targets. In this paper, we discuss the wideband MUSIC algorithms and the real- time implementation of these algorithms in the ARL sensor testbed. Computational complexity issues and CPU platforms pertaining to the testbed are discussed. In addition, we present experimental results for multiple targets test runs showing the relative performance of the delay-sum and the incoherent wideband MUSIC algorithms versus ground truth.
Anodic passivity of nickel in hydrogen fluoride

Abstract The anodic behaviour of nickel in liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF) containing small water concentrations has been investigated. Anodic polarisation studies, anode dissolution measurements, chronopotentiograms, and differential capacitance measurements were made. Potential-decay measurements were also made to determine the reversible fluorine potential, found to be 2·62 V vs Hg/Hg 2 F 2 at −20°C. Trace amounts of water in HF result in the formation of a passivating film on anodically polarized nickel electrodes. In pure HF nickel electrodes are attacked at a high rate to form NiF 2 , which adheres to the electrode. The porous NiF 2 film strongly sorbs large quantities of F 2 at fluorine-evolution potentials; thus no potential dependence of electrochemical fluorinations can be expected under these conditions.
Fast contrast enhanced imaging with projection reconstruction

The use of contrast agents has lead to great advances in magnetic resonanceangiography (MRA). Here we present the first application of projection reconstruction (PR) to contrast-enhanced MRA. In this research the limited angle projection reconstruction trajectory is implemented to acquire higher resolution images per unit time than with conventional Fourier transform (FT) imaging. It is well known that as the field of view (FOV) is reduced in conventional FT imaging, higher resolution per unit time can be obtained, but aliasing may appear as a replication of outside material within the FOV. The limited angle PR acquisition also produces aliasing artifacts. This method produced artifacts that were unacceptable in x-ray CT but that appear to be tolerable in MRangiography. Resolution throughout the FOV is determined by the projection readout resolution and not by the number of projections. As the number of projections is reduced, the resolution is unchanged, but low-intensity artifacts appear. This thesis presents the outcome of using limited angle PR for contrast-enhanced angiography. 3-D volume images of the renal arteries, carotic arteries and pulmonary vessels were obtained with 512 readout resolution, about 128 projections and 32 slice encodings. This provided in-plane resolution of 0.5×0.5 mm in a 24 s scan for the carotic arteries; resolution of 0.8×0.8 mm in a 17 s breath-hold for the pulmonary vessels; and resolution of 0.8×0.8 mm in a 24 s breath-hold for the renal arteries. These images have about four times greater resolution than conventional FT images acquired in equal scan time.
Crystal growth of high Tc cuprate superconductors

Abstract In the first part, the critical factors in the growth of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x (123) crystals are addressed. We emphasize the advantages of nucleation on gold surfaces and the subsequent flow of the flux away from the crystals to leave well formed isolated free crystals. The second part describes the crystal growth of layered bismuth cuprates, stressing the influence of composition on the occurrence of superconductivity in Bi 2 Sr 2−x CuO x . Finally, we describe a simple ac susceptibility measurement to be used as a standard for comparison of T c for crystals grown under different conditions.
Characteristics of electron and high-energy proton flares.

High-energy proton (E p > 55 MeV) and electron (E e > 50 keV) events were observed by University of Iowa experiments on the satellites Explorer 33 and 35. The solar X-ray (2–12 A) flares associated with the energetic proton events were found to have in general higher peak fluxes, considerably longer decay times (Δt) and smaller rise to decay time ratios (r) than the X-ray flares associated with the electron events. The most common decay times and rise to decay time ratios are: 80⩽ Δt ⩽ 100 min, 0.1 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.2 for the proton X-ray flares and Δt ⩽ 20 min, 0.3 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.7 for the electron ones.
Inhibition of EcoRV Endonuclease by Deoxyribo-3'-S-phosphorothiolates: A High-Resolution X-ray Crystallographic Study

Three high-resolution structures of the restriction endonuclease EcoRV bound to a duplex DNA substrate analogue with deoxyribo-3‘-S-phosphorothiolate linkages at both scissile phosphates are presented. In each of these structures cocrystallized with Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ca2+ ions, the nonesterified pro-S oxygen of the scissile phosphate no longer directly ligates a divalent cation, as is observed for the unmodified complex. Instead, one metal ion in all three structures is shifted toward the adjacent 3‘-phosphate of the DNA, to occupy a position nearly identical to that previously observed in an EcoRV T93A/DNA/Ca2+ complex (N. C. Horton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95, 13489). A second divalent metal ion in each structure bridges the carboxylate groups of Asp74 and Glu45 (74/45 site), as also seen in both wild-type and T93A cocrystals. The uncleaved 3‘-S-phosphorothiolate DNAs in these complexes are only slightly distorted from the conformation of the unmodified duplex. Kinetic measurements show ...
ERK8 Down-regulates Transactivation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor through Hic-5

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 8 (ERK8) is the most recently identified member of the ERK subfamily of MAPKs. Although other members of the ERK subfamily are established regulators of signaling pathways involved in cell growth and/or differentiation, less is known about ERK8. To understand the cellular function of ERK8, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human lung library was performed to identify binding partners. One binding partner identified was Hic-5 (also known as ARA55), a multiple LIM domain containing protein implicated in focal adhesion signaling and the regulation of specific nuclear receptors, including the androgen receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells confirmed the interaction between Hic-5 and both ERK8 and its rodent ortholog ERK7. The C-terminal region of ERK8 was not required for the interaction. Although the LIM3 and LIM4 domains of Hic-5 were sufficient and required for this interaction, the specific zinc finger motifs in these domains were not. Transcriptional activation reporter assays revealed that ERK8 can negatively regulate transcriptional co-activation of androgen receptor and GRα by Hic-5 in a kinase-independent manner. Knockdown of endogenous ERK8 in human airway epithelial cells enhanced dexamethasone-stimulated transcriptional activity of endogenous GR. Transcriptional regulation of GRα and interaction with its ligand binding domain by ERK8 were dependent on the presence of Hic-5. These results provide the first physiological function for human ERK8 as a negative regulator of human GRα, acting through Hic-5, and suggest a broader role for ERK8 in the regulation of nuclear receptors beyond estrogen receptor α.
An anti-C3b(i) mAb enhances complement activation, C3b(i) deposition and killing of CD20+ cells by Rituximab

We investigated deposition of the complement protein fragment C3b and its breakdown products (collectively designated as C3b(i)) on CD20-positive cells treated with rituximab (RTX) in the presence of normal human serum (NHS). Radioimmunoassay (RIA) demonstrates that about 500 000 C3b(i) molecules deposit per cell, and fluorescence microscopy reveals that C3b(i) colocalizes with bound RTX. Use of mAb 3E7, specific for C3b(i) bound to substrates, enhances C3b(i) deposition; > 1 million C3b(i) deposit when cells are incubated with NHS, RTX and mAb 3E7. Treatment of Raji cells in NHS plus RTX leads to robust cell killing (95%) after 24 to 48 hours, and mAb 3E7 significantly enhances RTX-mediated killing of Raji and DB cells. A cynomolgus monkey model based on intravenous infusion of RTX followed by mAb 3E7 demonstrated that RTX rapidly binds to B cells and promotes complement activation and C3b(i) deposition; fluorescence microscopy analyses revealed the same pattern of colocalization of C3b(i) on cell-bound RTX in vivo as observed in vitro. Preliminary in vitro studies with blood samples from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia lead to similar findings. These experiments suggest that complement plays a key role in the mechanism of action of RTX; moreover, the in vivo molecular form of RTX (and possibly other antitumor mAbs) in the circulation or in tissues may include C3b(i) molecules covalently bound to the therapeutic mAb, thus allowing it to interact with cells containing both Fc and complement receptors.
Problems of Acyl Migration in Lipase-Catalyzed Enantioselecttve Transformation of Meso-1,3-Diol Systems

In the enantioselective hydrolysis of the di-O-acetyl derivatives of meso-1,3-diol catalyzed by lipases, racemization of the monoacetate products occurs due to non-enzymatic general base-catalyzed acyl migration. The rate of acyl migration increases with increase of pH and buffer concentration. A mechanism of the migration has been proposed to proceed through a six-member ring transition that accounts for the experimental results. The acyl migration, however, was not observed in the enantioselective transesterification of meso-1,3-diols in neutral organic solvents.
Plug into the Supercloud

Cloud computing is often compared to the power utility model, but today's cloud providers don't simply supply raw computing resources as a commodity; they also act as distributors, dictating cloud services that aren't compatible across providers. A supercloud is a cloud service distribution layer that's completely decoupled from the provider. Leveraging a nested paravirtualization layer called the Xen-Blanket, the supercloud maintains the control necessary to implement hypervisor-level services and management. Using the Xen-Blanket to transform various cloud provider services into a unified offering, the authors have deployed a supercloud across the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, an enterprise cloud, and Cornell University.
Recursive linear smoothing for dissipative hyperbolic systems

Abstract This paper presents an efficient method of smoothing steady state, dissipative hyperbolic systems with one spatial dimension. The observations are from point sensors placed on the system. We show that under realistic stability there exists a family of finite-dimensional acausal linear systems that characterise the frequency domain behavior of the hyperbolic system. Using this characterisation, we develop a smoothing algorithm that is recursive with respect to the sensors, resulting in a significant decrease in computational complexity relative to other methods. We illustrate the algorithm's performance by studying the smoothing problem for sound waves in an air-filled pipe.
A Novel Approach to Delayed-Start Analyses for Demonstrating Disease-Modifying Effects in Alzheimer’s Disease

One method for demonstrating disease modification is a delayed-start design, consisting of a placebo-controlled period followed by a delayed-start period wherein all patients receive active treatment. To address methodological issues in previous delayed-start approaches, we propose a new method that is robust across conditions of drug effect, discontinuation rates, and missing data mechanisms. We propose a modeling approach and test procedure to test the hypothesis of noninferiority, comparing the treatment difference at the end of the delayed-start period with that at the end of the placebo-controlled period. We conducted simulations to identify the optimal noninferiority testing procedure to ensure the method was robust across scenarios and assumptions, and to evaluate the appropriate modeling approach for analyzing the delayed-start period. We then applied this methodology to Phase 3 solanezumab clinical trial data for mild Alzheimer’s disease patients. Simulation results showed a testing procedure using a proportional noninferiority margin was robust for detecting disease-modifying effects; conditions of high and moderate discontinuations; and with various missing data mechanisms. Using all data from all randomized patients in a single model over both the placebo-controlled and delayed-start study periods demonstrated good statistical performance. In analysis of solanezumab data using this methodology, the noninferiority criterion was met, indicating the treatment difference at the end of the placebo-controlled studies was preserved at the end of the delayed-start period within a pre-defined margin. The proposed noninferiority method for delayed-start analysis controls Type I error rate well and addresses many challenges posed by previous approaches. Delayed-start studies employing the proposed analysis approach could be used to provide evidence of a disease-modifying effect. This method has been communicated with FDA and has been successfully applied to actual clinical trial data accrued from the Phase 3 clinical trials of solanezumab.
Issue, Role, and Personality: The Kitchener-Curzon Dispute

In 1905 the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, was forced to resign as a result of a disagreement with his Commander-in-Chief, Lord Kitchener of Khartoum. What began as a mild bureaucratic affair soon escalated into a major power battle, and the scene of the struggle shifted in turn from the narrow confines of Indian bureaucracy to the exalted chambers of Imperial decision-makers to the public forum of two continents.
Fatigue life of compact bone--I. Effects of stress amplitude, temperature and density

Abstract Fatigue tests to failure of compact adult bovine bone specimens were conducted at five stress amplitudes (65–108 MN/m 2 ) and four temperature levels (21–45°C) which span the physiologic range of bone temperature in the human foot. After testing, determinations were made of specimen density and microstructure and fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The test results demonstrated highly significant ( P
Effects of postinatal stress on visual and auditory evoked potentials.

Summary.-Maturation of visual and auditory evoked potentials (mainly the Ps wave) of 10 controls and of 10 infants exposed to recurrent pstaaml stressful events (crying spells lacking organic basis) have been compared. The course of maturation of P3 waves may serve as indicator of growth and nature of cognitive processes (including perception). Recurrent crying spells seemed to delay appearance of visual P3 wave, prolonged its latency, and delayed appearance of visible differences in the shape of visual Pa wave upon exposure of the subjects to different visual experiences. A compensatory increase of maturation of the auditory Ps wave appeared. The results suggest that recurrent exposure to stressful events during the early postnatal period may delay the ability of the infant to use visual perception to register exogenous events and may create memory banks of auditory engrams with unusual contents (including memory traces of stresses), a potential basis for future auditory hallucinations. According to current concepts infants depend heavily on hearing for perception of environmental stimuli during the first three postnatal months ( 12). Perception through a sensory modality requires presence of a minimum memory bank of engrams of the same sensory modality, and intrauterine life permits only accumulation of auditory, not visual, engrams (16). Accumulation of the minimum sufficient memory bank of visual engrams seems to require about 3 mo. in infants under optimum conditions and coincides with substitution of an adult-type of REM sleep for the neonatal type (12). Present work attempted to ascertain whether substitution of visual perception for audicory is fully dependent on a preprogrammed genetic process engrammed at birth or also depends on postnaral processes that require mechanisms of intact and undisturbed cerebral functions, e.g., peace of mind, energy, etc. The process of maturation of visual and auditory cognitive processes (including perception) may be assayed by measurements of the latency and amplitude of the Ps wave of audicory and visual evoked potentials (3,7, 16, 19). T he auditory and visual evoked potentials undergo an engrarnmed, species-dependent mat~uation consisting of decreased latency of the various peaks and changes (increase in amplitude and complexity) of wave forms ( 1, 9, 11 ). The latency of the P3 waves averages 300 msec. (Fig. 3) in the adult. The auditory Pa peak usually becomes first detectable during the second postnatal week with a latency of over 800 msec. and the visual P3 peak becomes first measurable during the
Realistic hofstadter energy spectrum and ensemble dependent de haas-van alphen effect in α-(ET)2KHg(SCN)4*

Abstract We investigate the magnetic breakdown effect(MB) in a quasi 2 dimensional organic conductor, α-(ET)2KHg(SCN)4 with a full quantum mechanical tight binding model. The realistic Hofstadter type energy spectrum vs magnetic field is obtained and thermodynamic quantities are calculated using energy eigenvalues. Our ensemble dependent de Haas van Alphen (dHvA) results indicate combination frequencies, especially β-α and β+a orbits, in both canonical and grand canonical ensembles.
Elevation of a serum glycoprotein in periodontosis

In patients who show diffuse or general­ ized loss o f alveolar bone, constitutional disease is often suspected. Painstaking in­ vestigations, which have included chemi­ cal and metabolic studies o f blood, urine and tissues1-6 have failed, however, to es­ tablish a strong case for a systemic back­ ground in periodontosis. Since the tissues which are involved— bone, periodontal membrane and cementum— are connec­ tive tissues, this study was made in the be­ lief that the disease might be related to some general process in connective tissue. There is mounting evidence that varia­ tions in the level o f at least one o f the serum glycoprotein fractions, seromucoid, may reflect changes in connective tissue ground substance, representing the dif­ fusible components o f the carbohydrateprotein complexes.7-12 Therefore, sero­ mucoid levels, measured as the bound hexose, were determined in a group of normal persons and in a corresponding group o f patients exhibiting general loss o f alveolar bone. T he blood level o f this glycoprotein was shown to be elevated in over 40 per cent o f the patients with peri­ odontosis.
Bose-Hubbard model on a kagome lattice with sextic ring-exchange terms

High-order ring-exchange interactions are crucial for the study of quantum fluctuations on many highly frustrated systems. A versatile and efficient quantum Monte Carlo method, which can handle finite and essentially zero temperature and canonical and grand-canonical ensembles, has long been sought. In this paper, we present an exact quantum Monte Carlo study of a model of hard-core bosons with sixth-order ring-exchange interactions on a two-dimensional kagome lattice. By using the stochastic Green function algorithm with global space-time update, we show that the system becomes unstable in the limit of large ring-exchange interactions. It undergoes a phase separation at all fillings, except at $\frac{1}{3}$ and $\frac{2}{3}$ fillings for which the superfluid density vanishes and an unusual mixed valence bond and charge density ordered solid is formed. This explains the universal features seen in previous studies on various different models, such as the transverse-field Ising models, on a kagome lattice near the classical limit.
Potentiation of IL-19 expression in airway epithelia by IL-17A and IL-4/IL-13: Important implications in asthma

Background IL-17A and IL-19 are highly expressed in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and asthma. IL-19 plays a significant role in the enhancement of T H 2 cytokine secretion in allergic diseases, but its cellular source in asthmatic patients remains unknown. Objective Our aims were to determine whether the epithelium is a major source of airway mucosal IL-19 and to elucidate the mechanism of gene expression regulation. Methods Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine IL-19 protein expression in tracheal tissue sections of various airway diseases. Well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cultures and a corresponding cell line were used as in vitro models to study gene regulation. Results We found significantly higher IL-19 expression in airway epithelia of asthmatic patients than in epithelia of patients with other diseases. Using a cytokine panel, we demonstrated the upregulation of IL-19 expression in cultures by two T H 2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, in addition to the previously found T H 17 cytokine IL-17A. Moreover, cotreatment of IL-17A and IL-4/IL-13 synergistically upregulated IL-19 expression. Using siRNA and chemical inhibitor approaches, we demonstrated a transcriptional regulation of IL-19 by nuclear factor κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6. The addition of IL-13 to IL-17A stimulation triggers a shift from nuclear factor κB–dependent transcriptional regulation to one that is STAT6 based. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated the presence of STAT6-binding elements in the IL-19 promoter region. Conclusion We propose that an IL-17A– and IL-13–induced synergism in IL-19 stimulation in airway epithelia occurs through a STAT6-dependent pathway.
Incoherent Quasi-elastic Neutron Scattering from Fructose−Water Solutions

Quasi-elastic incoherent neutron scattering (QENS) was used to study the dynamics of 4, 29, and 60 wt % solutions of fructose in deionized water at 300 K. Both the jump−diffusion and stretched exponential models were used to analyze the data, enabling the determination of the structural relaxation rate 1/τ and the stretch exponent β as functions of fructose concentration. The analysis of the neutron scattering data based on the jump−diffusion model is consistent with a transition from continuous to “hopping” or jump diffusion at 29 wt % fructose concentration observed in recent simulations of this same system. The analysis based on the stretched exponential model suggests that this change occurs at a higher fructose concentration.
Moderate-intensity physical activity and fasting insulin levels in women: the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) and fasting insulin levels among African-American (n = 47), Native American (n = 46), and Caucasian women (n = 49), aged 40-83 years, enrolled in the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study. Associations by race/ethnicity, levels of central obesity, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also examined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Physical activity scores were obtained from detailed PA records that included all PA performed during two consecutive 4-day periods scheduled 1 month apart. Using MET intensity (the associated metabolic rate for a specific activity divided by a standard resting metabolic rate), PA was expressed as MET-min (the product of the minutes for each activity times the MET intensity level) per day of energy expended in moderate (3-6 METs) and moderate/vigorous (> or = 3 METs) PA. Fasting insulin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: After adjusting for race/ethnicity, age, educational attainment, and site, an increase of 30 min of moderate-intensity PA was associated with a 6.6% lower fasting insulin level (P
Comparative analysis of learning in honeybees

The performance of free-flying and harnessed honeybees has been studied in a variety of experiments patterned after those in which learning in vertebrates has been studied—among them experiments on amount, quality, and probability of reward; on compound conditioning and discrimination; and on spatial learning and memory. Despite the remoteness of the evolutionary relationship and the vast differences in brain size and structure, the results for honeybees are strikingly similar to those for vertebrates in many respects and different in only a few. The extent to which phenomena of learning common to honeybees and vertebrates can be understood in terms of common functional principles and mechanisms remains to be determined. None of the differences in the results for honeybees and vertebrates points unmistakably to a difference in their learning.
Haplotype block and superblock structures of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor genes reveal echoes from the chromosomal past

A significant proportion of the human genome is contained within haplotype blocks across which pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) is very high. However, LD is also often high between markers at more remote distances, and within different haplotype blocks. Here, we evaluate the origins of haplotype block structure in the three genes for alpha1 adrenergic receptors (alpha1-AR) in the human genome ( ADRA1A, ADRA1B and ADRA1D) by genotyping dense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker maps, and show that LD signals between distant markers are due to the presence of extended haplotype superblocks in individuals with ancient chromosomes which have escaped historic recombination. ARs mediate the physiological effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and are targets of many therapeutic drugs. This work has identified haplotype backgrounds of alpha1-AR missense variants, haplotype block structures in US Caucasians and African Americans, and haplotype tag SNPs for each block, and we present strong evidence for ancient haplotype block superstructure at these genes which has been partially disrupted by recombination, and evidence for reinstatement of linkage disequilibrium by subsequent recombination events. ADRA1A is comprised of four haplotype blocks in US Caucasians, while in African Americans Block 1 is split. ADRA1B has four blocks in US Caucasians, but in African Americans only the first two blocks are present. ADRA1D has two blocks in US Caucasians, and the first block is replaced by two smaller blocks in African Americans. For both ADRA1A and ADRA1B, haplotype superstructures may represent a novel, higher-level hierarchy in the human genome, which may reduce redundancy of testing by further aggregation of genotype data.
A Minimax Principle for Educational Research.

Educational research has lost considerable prestige in recent years. The optimism of the 1960's has not been fulfilled and educational research has been relegated to a defensive position. If the findings of educational research are to be more intuitively appealing, readily understood, and widely accepted, educational researchers should give better attention to the reduction of needless methodological complexity and to the improvement of conceptual clarity. To focus attention on this necessity, a minimax principle is suggested in which the educational researcher should seek to minimize the maximum methodological complexity that is necessary to produce a satisfactory degree of conceptual clarity
Tutorial: Static Analysis and Dynamic Testing of Computer Software

Computer programs can be checked for errors statically and dynamically. Static analysis looks for structural and semantic faults in programs. Dynamic analysis affirms proper operation—and helps identify errors.
An epidemic model with adaptive virus spread control for Wireless Sensor Networks

We present the analysis of virus spread in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) through Susceptible-Infective (SI) epidemic models. We analyse both the traditional SI model and the modified SI model. The traditional SI model does not provide any anti-virus protection for WSNs. The modified SI model can improve the network anti-virus capability without extra hardware effort and signaling overhead. We derive the explicit solutions for the epidemic models. Based on the modified SI model, we propose two adaptive network protection schemes for securing WSNs against virus attacks. Numerical results and simulations are provided for further understanding of the analysis.
Robotic-assisted resection of liver and diaphragm recurrent ovarian carcinoma: Description of technique

Abstract Goals To describe port placement and operative technique for resection of right hepatic and full-thickness diaphragm metastatic ovarian carcinoma in a patient with recurrent disease using the da Vinci® Surgical System. Case A 60-year-old female with recurrent platinum sensitive ovarian cancer presented with disease confined to the liver by PET-CT scan. The lesion measured 3.4cm on the dome of the right hepatic lobe. After two attempts at intra-hepatic arterial chemo-embolization the lesion remained stable. She subsequently agreed to robotic-assisted resection of the right lobe liver mass after refusing laparotomy for 9months. Procedure Pnuemoperitoneum was established in the left upper quadrant by directly inserting a 5-mm laparoscope. There were no midline adhesions. The 12-mm camera port was placed in the midclavicular line on the right 10cm off the costal margin with the right and left operative arms 10cm from the camera near the costal margin, and the third arm in the right flank. The robot was docked from the right shoulder. Resection was accomplished with a monopolar spatula in the right, fenestrated bipolar grasper in the left, and double fenestrated grasper in the third operative arm. Adhesions between diaphragm and liver were separated, the liver lesion was excised, the diaphragm lesion was resected full thickness, and diaphragm was closed with running prolene. Surgicel® was placed on the liver for hemostasis. Console time was 82min and the patient discharged on day-5 after drainage of a cytology negative pleural effusion day-4. Conclusions Robotic resection of liver and full-thickness diaphragm lesions is possible. The port placement used in this patient was efficient and without operative arm collisions. Patients with isolated upper-abdominal recurrence are candidates for robotic secondary cytoreduction.
Respective role of superoxide and hydroxyl radical in the activity of the reconstituted microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system

Abstract Superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of O − 2 . does not affect the rate of ethanol oxidation in a reconstituted system containing purified cytochrome P -450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and dilauroyl l -3-phosphatidyl choline. The same concentration of Superoxide dismutase (50 μg/ml) completely abolishes the oxidation of epinephrine in this reconstituted system and ethanol oxidation by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase. Ethanol is not oxidized by the reconstituted system when NADPH is replaced by H 2 O 2 but the addition of H 2 O 2 to this sytem containing NADPH accelerates ethanol oxidation. This increase is abolished by the addition of Superoxide dismutase. Hydroxyl radical scavengers (50 m m dimethylsulfoxide, 100 m m benzoate, 100 m m mannitol, 20 m m thiourea) diminish the oxidation of ethanol in the reconstituted system by 48 to 76%. Thus hydroxyl radical may participate in the activity of reconstituted ethanol-oxidizing system, whereas Superoxide is not involved.
Online banking applications and community bank performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of online banking intensity on the financial performance of community banks.Design/methodology/approach – This study estimates online banking intensity and bank performance indices using a combination of primary and secondary data. Online banking intensity is specified as a latent construct and estimated using web feature data collected from bank websites. An empirical profit function of a nonstandard Fourier flexible form is estimated using bank's financial data to derive a theoretically consistent performance measure. The actual impact of online banking on performance is measured by regressing the profit efficiency index against a number of correlates including online banking intensity measure.Findings – Study results indicate that the increasing use of internet as an additional channel of marketing banking services has significantly improved the financial performance of community banks.Practical implications – These results show that online b...
Systemic air embolism following penetrating trauma to the lung.

Systemic air embolism following penetrating injuries of the lung has not been widely recognized clinically. Experimental studies designed to reproduce the phenomenon in dogs have been at variance, although none has taken into consideration the often high intrabronchial pressures created during resuscitative efforts in such patients. Twelve patients with systemic air embolism following penetrating traumatic injuries to the lung have been seen at our hospital. Ventilatory pressures created during resuscitative thoracotomy in traumatized patients were monitored and found to be as high as 100 mm Hg. Penetrating injuries of the lung were created in mongrel dogs, and the animals were ventilated with pressures reaching 90 mm Hg. All dogs unequivocally developed systemic air embolism, with air visualized in the coronary arteries. It would appear that systemic air embolism following penetrating injury to the lung may result when increased intrabronchial pressure, such as found during manual ventilatory assistance, forces air through traumatic bronchovenous flstulae into the systemic circulation.
n-Fold Polarization Measures and Associated Thermodynamic Entropy of N Partially Coherent Pencils of Radiation

An n-fold (n=2,…,N) measure of the degree of polarization associated with an N×N coherency matrix characterizing N pencils of radiation is discussed. The measure is cast in terms of the N possible scalar invariants of the coherency matrix and automatically takes into account possible rank deficiency. When N = 2, the single polarization measure reduces to the usual expression for polarization as the fraction of the intensity contained in the polarized component. The N = 3 case is discussed as an illustrative example, with special reference to the rank deficiency of a plane wave arbitrarily oriented with respect to the given coordinate system. Finally, these results are used to redevelop von Laue's theory of the thermodynamic entropy of partially coherent pencils of radiation.
A new rice repetitive DNA shows sequence homology to both 5S RNA and tRNA

Abstract Moderately repetitive DNA sequences are found in the genomes of all eucaryotes that have been examined. We now report the discovery of a novel, transcribed, moderately repetitive DNA sequence in a higher plant which is different from any of the known repetitive DNA sequences from any organism. We isolated a rice cDNA clone which hybridizes to multiple bands on genomic blot analysis. The sequence of this 352 bp cDNA contains four regions of homology to the wheat phenylalanine tRNA, including the polymerase III-type promoter. Unexpectedly, two regions of the same 352 bp sequence also show homology to the wheat 5S RNA sequence. Using the cDNA as a probe, we have isolated six genomic clones which contain long tandem repeats of 355 bp sequence, and have sequenced nine repeat units. Our findings suggest that the rice repetitive sequence may be an amplified pseudogene with sequence homology to both 5S RNA and tRNA, but organized as long tandem repeats resembling 5S RNA genes. This is the first example showing homology between the sequences of a moderately repetitive DNA with unknown function and 5S RNA.
EFFECT OF ESTROGEN OR TESTOSTERONE ON INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN THE RAT.

Male rats were injected with estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate daily from birth. Groups of animals were sacrificed at time intervals coinciding with specific stages of development of germinal epithelium in untreated animals. The weight of testes from animals receiving estrogen for periods up up to 2 months did not increase above that found in normal prepuberal animals. However, the first wave of spermatogenesis commenced at the expected time, but proceeded only up to the stage of pachytene primary spermatocytes. In no case was completion of the miotic division observed. Weight of testes from testosterone-treated animals was depressed, but to a considerably lesser extent than that of estrogen-treated animals. Spermatogenesis commenced at the expected time and proceeded normally up to primary spermatocytes. Appearance of spermatids was significantly delayed; maturation beyond step 7-8 of spermiogenesis was interfered with, while complete maturation (step 18–19) did not occur even in animals 3 mo...
Thermodynamic Behavior of Type-II Superconductors with Small κ near the Lower Critical Field

The interaction between well-separated Abrikosov vortices is calculated with the Ginzburg-Landau theory for superconductors with $\ensuremath{\kappa}l\sqrt{2}$. For $\ensuremath{\kappa}g\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$, vortices repel each other while for $\ensuremath{\kappa}l\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ there is an attraction. Therefore, in the Ginzburg-Landau regime, all type-II superconductors exhibit a $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition gradually changing into a first-order transition as $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$. Slightly above ${H}_{c1}$ a transition from the triangular- to the square-flux-line lattice is found to take place. The variational method used admits more general applications.
Large scale structural synthesis

A general purpose optimization program is coupled to a large scale finite element program to provide an efficient tool for structural synthesis. The resulting interface program may be used to design structures for minimum weight, subject to constraints on stress, displacement, and vibration frequencies. A variety of state-of-the-art techniques are employed, including design variable linking, constraint deletion, reciprocal variables, and formal approximations. The capability is demonstrated with the design of a gear housing using 30 design variables and over 5000 nonlinear inequality constraints. The finite element model consists of over 1600 elements and 7000 displacement degrees of freedom. The design required six detailed finite element analyses and approximately one hour on a Cray-1s supercomputer. It is concluded that structures of practical size and complexity can be efficiently designed using numerical optimization.
Effects of Background Rotation on Turbulent Line Plumes

Abstract Polar ice cap cracks open sporadically to form thin, long, narrow channels of open water, which are referred to as “leads.” When the open water is exposed to ambient air in the winter, surface freezing occurs, thus rejecting dense salty water into the ocean interior. Using a laboratory experiment that models leads as line buoyant plumes, it is demonstrated that the lead-induced motions are affected by the background rotation after descending to a depth of 3.2 (q0/Ω3)1/3, where q0 is the surface buoyancy flux per unit length and Ω is the rate of background rotation. The width of the plume at this point is 1.1 (q0/Ω3)1/3. After some time, the plume becomes unstable at its transverse edges and deflects sideways, thereby producing a strongly three-dimensional cyclonic spiraling flow pattern.
Hypervelocity, minimum-radii, coordinated turns

An analytic solution is presented for the most basic powered-flight maneuver, consisting of a constant-altitude coordinated turn and expressions for minimum-turn radii; associated flight conditions are derived. It is shown that the formulation for hypervelocity turns differs from that for subsonic and hypersonic speeds. Illustrative calculations using approximate aerodynamics based on Newtonian theory are presented, and these demonstrate the differences of hypersonic flight conditions and their associated turning radii from those at lower speeds.
Predicting thermo-mechanical degradation of first-level thermal interface materials (TIMs) in flip-chip electronic packages

Ensuring adequate thermal performance is essential for the reliable operation of flip-chip electronic packages. Thermal interface materials (TIMs), applied between the die and a heat spreader form a crucial thermal junction between the first level package and external cooling mechanisms such as heat-sinks and cooling fans. Selection of a good TIM is dependent not only on its thermal properties but also on its ability to withstand mechanical stresses in an electronic package. In the past, FEM models have been applied to obtain the stresses and strains in the TIM using time-independent analysis. However, there has only been limited work in extending these models to predict the damage (both mechanical and thermal) in a TIM during thermo-cyclic loading. Our current work presents a technique to predict the thermal damage in TIMs over cyclic loading. Calibrated finite element analysis models have been created to predict accurate TIM strains in thermal test-vehicles. These predicted mechanical strains are then correlated with experimentally observed thermal degradation and finally, a phenomenological model is developed which predicts the thermal performance of an electronic package during cyclic loading.
Bioinspired Corrugated Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the flow behavior around a bioinspired corrugated airfoil compared with a traditional streamlined airfoil and a flat plate at the chord Reynolds number of Re 34; 000 to explore the potential application of such bioinspired corrugated airfoils for micro air vehicle applications. The experiments were conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel. A high-resolution particle image velocimetry system was used to conduct detailed flowfield measurements to quantify the transient behavior of vortex and turbulent flow structures around the studied airfoils. The particle image velocimetry measurement results demonstrated clearly that the corrugated airfoil has better performance over the streamlined airfoil and the flat plate in preventing largescale flow separation and airfoil stall at low Reynolds numbers. It was found that the protruding corners of the corrugated airfoil would act as turbulators to generate unsteady vortex structures to promote the transition of the separated boundary-layer flow from laminar to turbulent. The unsteady vortex structures trapped in the valleys of the corrugated cross section would pump high-speed fluid from outside to near-wall regions to provide sufficient kinetic energy for the boundary layer to overcome adverse pressure gradients, thus discouraging large-scale flow separations and airfoil stall. Aerodynamic force measurements further confirmed the possibility of using such bioinspired corrugated airfoils in micro air vehicle designs to improve their flight agility and maneuverability.
The impact of Quaternary climate oscillations on divergence times and historical population sizes in Thylamys opossums from the Andes

Climate oscillations during the Quaternary altered the distributions of terrestrial animals at a global scale. In mountainous regions, temperature fluctuations may have led to shifts in range size and population size as species tracked their shifting habitats upslope or downslope. This creates the potential for both allopatric speciation and population size fluctuations, as species are either constrained to smaller patches of habitat at higher elevations or able to expand into broader areas at higher latitudes. We considered the impact of climate oscillations on three pairs of marsupial species from the Andes (Thylamys opossums) by inferring divergence times and demographic changes. We compare four different divergence dating approaches, using anywhere from one to 26 loci. Each pair comprises a northern (tropical) lineage and a southern (subtropical to temperate) lineage. We predicted that divergences would have occurred during the last interglacial (LIG) period approximately 125 000 years ago and that population sizes for northern and southern lineages would either contract or expand, respectively. Our results suggest that all three north-south pairs diverged in the late Pleistocene during or slightly after the LIG. The three northern lineages showed no signs of population expansion, whereas two southern lineages exhibited dramatic, recent expansions. We attribute the difference in responses between tropical and subtropical lineages to the availability of 'montane-like' habitats at lower elevations in regions at higher latitudes. We conclude that climate oscillations of the late Quaternary had a powerful impact on the evolutionary history of some of these species, both promoting speciation and leading to significant population size shifts.
Mapping the Terrain: The State of Knowledge Regarding Low-Income Youth Access to Postsecondary Education

In the midst of the worst recession the nation has seen in many decades, it is not surprising that poverty is increasing at an alarming rate. Data from the 2008 U.S. Census show that one in seven i...