cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood and bone: two tissues whose fates are intertwined to create the hematopoietic stem-cell niche

The mechanisms of bone and blood formation have traditionally been viewed as distinct, unrelated processes, but compelling evidence suggests that they are intertwined. Based on observations that hematopoietic precursors reside close to endosteal surfaces, it was hypothesized that osteoblasts play a central role in hematopoiesis, and it has been shown that osteoblasts produce many factors essential for the survival, renewal, and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Preceding these observations are studies demonstrating that the disruption or perturbation of normal osteoblastic function has a profound and central role in defining the operational structure of the HSC niche. These observations provide a glimpse of the dimensions and ramifications of HSC-osteoblast interactions. Although more research is required to secure a broader grasp of the molecular mechanisms that govern blood and bone biology, the central role for osteoblasts in hematopoietic stem cell regulation is reviewed herein from the perspectives of (1) historical context; (2) the role of the osteoblast in supporting stem cell survival, proliferation, and maintenance; (3) the participation, if any, of osteoblasts in the creation of a stem cell niche; (4) the molecules that mediate HSC-osteoblast interactions; (5) the role of osteoblasts in stem cell transplantation; and (6) possible future directions for investigation.
Changes in the electrocardiogram during induction of anaesthesia and endotracheal inturation

The stimulation of respiratory epithelium seemingly plays a large role in causing a relative tachycardia and, in addition, the role of the premedication drugs and the anaesthetics used is of increasing interest as the source of preendotracheal intubation EGG changes.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Sialic Acid−Glutamic Acid Hybrid Foldamers as Conformational Surrogates of α-2,8-Linked Polysialic Acid

Surface expression of alpha-(2,8)-linked polymers of sialic acid in adult tissues has been correlated with metastasis of several human cancers. One approach to chemotherapeutic intervention against the spread of these cancers involves the development of immunogenic molecules that elicit an antibody response against alpha-(2,8)-linked polysialic acids. Naturally occurring polysialic acids are not viable candidates because they are present during embryonic development and are recognized as self by the immune system. These natural polymers also have poor pharmacokinetic properties because they are readily degraded by neuraminidase enzymes. We have been interested in developing structural surrogates of polysialic acids in an effort to overcome these limitations. Reported herein are microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide syntheses and structural characterization studies of a series of alpha/delta hybrid peptides derived from Fmoc-Neu2en and Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH. Conformational experiments including circular dichroism, NH/ND exchange, and ROESY in aqueous solution were performed to study the secondary structures of these hybrid foldamers. ROESY data were analyzed with the assistance of XPLOR-NIH that was modified to include parameter and topology files to accommodate unnatural amino acids and the delta amide linkages. The results indicate that stable secondary structure is dependent upon both the amino acid sequence and the configuration of Glu. The most stable foldamer was composed of a total of 6 residues beginning with L-Glu at the carboxy terminus and alternating Neu2en and L-Glu residues. In water, this foldamer adopts a right-handed helical conformation with 3.7 residues per turn, 7.4 A pitch, 5.8 A diameter, and a length of 18.5 A, which is stabilized by both classical C=O...H-N backbone interactions and by pyranose ring O and L-Glu HN H-bonding. These structural features orient the L-Glu carboxylates along the helical backbone with a periodicity that matches the carboxylate positions along the reported G2(+) left-handed helix of alpha-(2,8)-polysialic acid. However, the charge density of the foldamer is one-half that of the natural polymer. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the factors that influence stable secondary structure in hybrid Neu2en/Glu systems, and the tools we have developed establish a viable platform for the rational design of alpha-(2,8)-polysialic acid surrogates.
The Temple Translator's Workstation Project

The Temple project has developed an open multilingual architecture and software support for rapid development of extensible Machine Translation functionalities. The targeted languages are those for which Natural Language Processing and human resources are scarce or difficult to obtain. The goal is to support rapid development of machine translation functionalities in a very short time with limited resources.The Temple Translator's Workstation is incorporated into a Tipster document management architecture and it allows both translator/analysts and monolingual analysts to use the machine-translation function for assessing the relevance of a translated document or otherwise using its information in the performance of other types of information processing. Translators can also use its output as a rough draft from which to begin the process of producing a translation, following up with specific post-editing functions.
Direct investigation of silver photodissolution dynamics and reversibility in arsenic trisulphide thin films by atomic force microscopy.

The dynamics and reversibility of Ag nanoparticle photodissolution into As2S3 chalcogenide thin films have uniquely been directly measured by continuous AFM imaging during patterned optical illumination. The surface morphology, roughness and particle size distribution have thus been spatially and statistically monitored as a function of time, both during and following optical exposure. Photodissolution was observed to proceed via two mechanisms. In one case, nanoparticles abruptly and nearly completely disappeared along a sharp dissolution front traveling laterally at ∼0.19 μm s−1. Following illumination, similarly sized nanoparticles uniformly reformed on the surface. A more inhomogeneous photodissolution process was separately recorded, clearing irregular ∼1–2 μm patches that grew with time until most of the surface was free of nanoparticles. Post-illumination, surface nanoparticle development and coverage were similarly inhomogeneous, with larger but 50% fewer particles in the final distribution. In every experiment, an initial roughening was detected before the nanoparticle surface coverage visually diminished, indicating the onset of photodissolution at widely distributed energetically and kinetically favored sites which temporarily enhances nanoscale roughness. Such direct studies of surface dynamics are crucial to understanding and ultimately optimizing chalcogenide film applications such as photomasks, optoelectronics media and bio-chemical sensors.
A high density two-dimensional electron gas in an oxide heterostructure on Si (001)

We present the growth and characterization of layered heterostructures comprised of LaTiO3 and SrTiO3 epitaxially grown on Si (001). Magnetotransport measurements show that the sheet carrier densities of the heterostructures scale with the number of LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces, consistent with the presence of an interfacial 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at each interface. Sheet carrier densities of 8.9 × 1014 cm−2 per interface are observed. Integration of such high density oxide 2DEGs on silicon provides a bridge between the exceptional properties and functionalities of oxide 2DEGs and microelectronic technologies.
Alternative Modernities: Statecraft and Religious Imagination in the Valley of the Dawn

Many new religions promote the emblems and institutions of modern nation-states. In this article, I consider an example from Brazil, analyzing the mimetic relations between its modernist capital, Brasilia, and a millenarian and ecstatic religion called the Valley of the Dawn located on the city's outskirts. I focus on the project of salvation that each sponsors and on a religious ritual that stages a judicial event associated with the state. Arguing against compensatory explanations, I suggest that both state and religion are performances, mutually critical, of the same paradigm of modernity. [Brazil, modernity, millenarian religion, spirit possession, ritual, nation-state, bureaucracy, law]
Surface plasmon polariton enhanced ultrathin nano-structured CdTe solar cell.

We demonstrate numerically that two-dimensional arrays of ultrathin CdTe nano-cylinders on Ag can serve as an effective broadband anti-reflection structure for solar cell applications. Such devices exhibit strong absorption properties, mainly in the CdTe semiconductor regions, and can produce short-circuit current densities of 23.4 mA/cm2, a remarkable number in the context of solar cells given the ultrathin dimensions of our nano-cylinders. The strong absorption is enabled via excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) under plane wave incidence. In particular, we identified the key absorption mechanism as enhanced fields of the SPP standing waves residing at the interface of CdTe nano-cylinders and Ag. We compare the performance of Ag, Au, and Al substrates, and observe significant improvement when using Ag, highlighting the importance of using low-loss metals. Although we use CdTe here, the proposed approach is applicable to other solar cell materials with similar absorption properties.
Multi-generation gas-phase oxidation, equilibrium partitioning, and the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol

Abstract. A new model of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is developed that explicitly takes into account multi-generational oxidation as well as fragmentation of gas-phase compounds, and assumes equilibrium gas-particle partitioning. The model framework requires specification of a limited number of tunable parameters to describe the kinetic evolution of SOA mass, the average oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio and the mean particle volatility as oxidation proceeds. These parameters describe (1) the relationship between oxygen content and volatility, (2) the probability of fragmentation and (3) the amount of oxygen added per reaction. The time-evolution and absolute value of the simulated SOA mass depends sensitively on all tunable parameters. Of the tunable parameters, the mean O : C is most sensitive to the oxygen/volatility relationship, exhibiting only a weak dependence on the other relationships. The model mean particle O : C produced from a given compound is primarily controlled by the number of carbon atoms comprising the SOA precursor, with some sensitivity to the specified oxygen/volatility relationship. The model is tested against laboratory measurements of time-dependent SOA formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene and n-pentadecane and performs well (after tuning). The model can also accurately simulate the carbon-number dependence of aerosol yields previously observed for oxidation of straight-chain alkanes. This model may provide a generalized framework for the interpretation of laboratory SOA formation experiments in which explicit consideration of multiple-generations of products is required, which is true for all photo-oxidation experiments.
In reply to Improving the prognostic evaluation of patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes by Kuendgen et al

In reply to ‘Improving the prognostic evaluation of patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes’ by Kuendgen et al.
The transplacental passage of prednisone and prednisolone in pregnancy near term

The transplacental passage of prednisone and prednisolone was studied in late pregnancy during a constant infusion of the radioactive steroids to mothers at the time of elective cesarean section. The metabolic clearance rates, conversion ratios, and transfer constants of prednisone and prednisolone of the mothers were compared with those of normal women and women receiving contraceptives. It was found that irrespective of whether 3 H-prednisone or 3 H-prednisolone was infused, the concentration of 3 H-prednisolone in the maternal plasma was significantly higher than that of 3 H-prednisone. The maternal 3 H-prednisone concentration was similar to the fetal 3 H-prednisone concentration. The fetal 3 H-prednisone concentration was not significantly different from the fetal 3 H-prednisolone concentration which was, however, about 8-to 10-fold less than the maternal 3 H-prednisolone concentration. Pregnancy and contraceptive-medication had no effect on the metabolic clearance rates of prednisone or the conversion ratio of prednisone to prednisolone. The metabolic clearance rate of prednisolone was significantly lower than that of prednisone in both pregnant and nonpregnant women.
Fracture detection and quantitative measure of displacement in pelvic CT images

Traumatic pelvic injury is a severe and common injury in the United States. The automatic detection of fractures in pelvic CT images is a significant contribution for assisting physicians in making faster and more accurate patient diagnostic decisions and treatment planning. However, due to the low resolution and quality of the original images, the complexity of pelvic structures, and the difference in visual characteristics of fracture by their location, it is difficult to detect and accurately locate the pelvic fractures and determine the severity of the injury. In this paper, an automatic hierarchical algorithm for detecting pelvic bone fractures in CT scans is proposed. The algorithm utilizes symmetric comparison, adaptive windowing, boundary tracing, wavelet transform. Also, the quantitative measure of fracture severity in pelvic CT scans is defined. The results are promising, demonstrating that the proposed method is capable of automatically detecting both major and minor fractures accurately, shows potential for clinical application. Statistical results also indicate the superiority of the proposed method.
A robust semi-supervised boosting method using linear programming

We propose a novel semi-supervised boosting algorithm using linear programming, which explicitly maximizes the margin over both labeled and unlabeled data. Experiments conducted on a number of UCI datasets and synthetic data show that, the algorithm we propose performs better than the state-of-the-art supervised and semi-supervised boosting algorithms, and it is more robust with noisy data.
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling genes in decapod crustaceans: Cloning and tissue expression of mTOR, Akt, Rheb, and p70 S6 kinase in the green crab, Carcinus maenas, and blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls global translation of mRNA into protein by phosphorylating p70 S6 kinase (S6K) and eIF4E-binding protein-1. Akt and Rheb, a GTP-binding protein, regulate mTOR protein kinase activity. Molting in crustaceans is regulated by ecdysteroids synthesized by a pair of molting glands, or Y-organs (YOs), located in the cephalothorax. During premolt, the YOs hypertrophy and increase production of ecdysteroids. Rapamycin (1μM) inhibited ecdysteroid secretion in Carcinus maenas and Gecarcinus lateralis YOs in vitro, indicating that ecdysteroidogenesis requires mTOR-dependent protein synthesis. The effects of molting on the expression of four key mTOR signaling genes (mTOR, Akt, Rheb, and S6K) in the YO was investigated. Partial cDNAs encoding green crab (C. maenas) mTOR (4031bp), Akt (855bp), and S6K (918bp) were obtained from expressed sequence tags. Identity/similarity of the deduced amino acid sequence of the C. maenas cDNAs to human orthologs were 72%/81% for Cm-mTOR, 58%/73% for Cm-Akt, and 77%/88% for Cm-S6K. mTOR, Akt, S6K, and elongation factor 2 (EF2) in C. maenas and blackback land crab (G. lateralis) were expressed in all tissues examined. The two species differed in the effects of molting on gene expression in the YO. In G. lateralis, Gl-mTOR, Gl-Akt, and Gl-EF2 mRNA levels were increased during premolt. By contrast, molting had no effect on the expression of Cm-mTOR, Cm-Akt, Cm-S6K, Cm-Rheb, and Cm-EF2. These data suggest that YO activation during premolt involves up regulation of mTOR signaling genes in G. lateralis, but is not required in C. maenas.
Effect of mutagenesis on the stereochemistry of enoyl-CoA hydratase.

Enoyl-CoA hydratase catalyzes the hydration of trans-2-crotonyl-CoA to 3(S)-HB-CoA, 3(S)-hydroxybutyryl-CoA with a stereospecificity (kS/kR) of 400000 to 1 [Wu, W. J., Feng, Y., He, X., Hofstein, H. S., Raleigh, D. P., and Tonge, P. J. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 3987−3994]. Replacement of E164, one of the catalytic glutamates in the active site, with either aspartate or glutamine reduces the rate of formation of the 3(S) product enantiomer (kS) without affecting the rate of formation of the 3(R) product (kR). Consequently, kS/kR is 1000 and 0.33 for E164D and E164Q, respectively. In contrast, mutagenesis of E144, the second catalytic glutamate, reduces the rate of formation of both product enantiomers. Thus, only E144 is required for the formation of 3(R)-HB-CoA, 3(R)-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. Modeling studies together with analysis of α-proton exchange rates and experiments with crotonyl-oxyCoA, a substrate analogue in which the α-proton acidity has been reduced 10000-fold, support a mechanism of 3(R)-hydro...
Plasma corticosterone response to elevated environmental temperature (34°C) and related physiological activities as influenced by age

Abstract The influence of age on plasma corticosterone concentration, rectal temperature, body weight and feed intake demonstrated: (a) that the early (24 hour) adrenal cortical response to heat (34°C) was greater in young growing rats than in mature animals; (b) that the plasma corticosterone concentration at 34°C depended on the length of exposure; it reached its maximal level at 24 hours, receded to normal level by three weeks and continued within a normal range through the remaining 9 weeks of exposure; (c) that the physiological recovery from the influence of heat was a fast process which took place within 24 hours after the removal of the heat stimulus, as manifested by depressed plasma corticosterone concentration and rectal temperature; and (d) that age had a definite influence on the physiological responses (body temperature and body weight changes) of animals to heat (34°C) exposure.
Becoming (Hetero) Sexual? The Hetero-Spectacle of Idollators and their Real Dolls

Guys and Dolls, a BBC documentary premiering in 2007 sketches out the lives of four men in relationships with silicone-fleshed, anatomically correct Real Dolls (RDs). The men in the documentary treat their RDs as if they are alive—they dress their dolls, rub their feet, and discuss what sex and the relationship with their dolls is like. In relating with their RDs, the men respond to concerns of having “no female company” at all. In this essay, combining Stein’s (Sexualities and society: a reader, Polity Press, Oxford, pp 132–142, 2003) notion of “be-coming out,” with Deleuze and Guattari’s (A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1987) theory of becoming, we contend that the documentary actively represents the men’s pasts in order to make sense of, justify, and construct the dynamics of their current sexual selves. Because the idollator’s be-coming narratives illuminate their heteronormative shortcomings, these sexual origin stories take a confessional tone. Although confessions regarding sexuality are not soul cleansing acts but are approval seeking performances that reify normative social boundaries, we argue for a queer reading of the Guys and Dolls text which subverts the dominant logic of heteronormativity.
Interrater reliability of teacher rating scales for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Interrater reliability of eight teacher rating scales designed to assess characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was investigated. Coteachers of 46 students completed the rating scales. The students, ages 8–17, were designated as having a Serious Emotional Disturbance. The resulting interrater reliability correlation coefficients ranged from .62 to .87. The percentage of variance shared between raters ranged from a low of 38.4% (the ACTeRS Oppositional factor and the CBCL-TRF Attention Problems factor) to 75.7% (ADHD Rating Scale). The percent of shared variance was higher for younger children. Kappa scores evaluating rater agreement were highest at the two standard deviations above the mean cutoff. The reliability coefficients were consistent with those reported in prior research.
Preliminary study of genetic variation in Hawaiian isolates of Beauveria bassiana [Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae].

Abstract There have been no previous surveys documenting genetic diversity in Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in Hawaii. We used PCR primers and DNA sequencing to genetically characterize 14 isolates of B. bassiana collected from insects in east Hawaii island (the largest Hawaiian island, known as the ‘Big Island’) and compared these with the ‘GHA’ strain found in the commercial product BotaniGard®. Twelve of the 14 Hawaiian isolates were unique and the GHA strain was not among those isolated from the wild. Our data provides evidence that genetic diversity of B. bassiana in Hawaii is high over small spatial scales.
P-wave dispersive contribution to low-energy elastic. pi. /sup +/ /sup 2/H scattering

The P-wave dispersive contribution to the elastic scattering of low-energy positive pions (T/sup lab/+ approx. 50 MeV) by deuterons is studied in a simple model with pion and rho-meson rescattering via isobar excitation. For S-state deuterons it is found that only the tensor part of the effective potential for one-boson exchange contributes, and the resulting interference with the single scattering is a sensitive function of the rho parameter, kappa.
Glamour as an Aesthetic Property of Persons

Since the pre-Socratics, philosophers have been intrigued by the nature of attraction, both in nature and in the human sphere. What makes a piece of iron irresistible to a magnet? What draws Ariadne to Theseus? Similarly, aestheticians question the source of our attraction to or interest in certain artworks or things in our environment. As for human relationships, people are attracted by various qualities in others, for example, intellectual agility, ethical integrity, sexual magnetism, beauty, charisma, and glamour. Some types of attraction involve a more inclusive appreciation of the individual as a complex, unique being, especially when the attractive quality is more than superficial, that is, when the human exterior--behavior and appearance-seems to manifest a complex subjective state. In such cases, our attraction may have an aesthetic component. Glamour, I argue here, is this sort of personal quality. This article has two aims. First, it offers a philosophical analysis of glamour, an aspect of human experience largely ignored or, at best, disparaged, by philosophers. Second, it explores some uncharted terrain of how we apply aesthetic qualities to persons.' Generally, we attribute aesthetic properties to artworks, nature, and various artifacts (including bodily embellishments, such as tattoos or decorative fingernails). But aesthetic properties, I argue, can also be instantiated by persons, not only by their physical selves qua perceptual entities. One might hesitate to call a feature like glamour an aesthetic property of a person, let alone a potentially positive one, for glamour seems to exist only on the surface of the bodily self. If, as some believe, glamour is merely a masquerade, then glamour could not add value to a person qua person. If anything, glamour, on this construal, would devalue a person, for it would seem to stem from excessive attention to one's own appearance, a morally bankrupt pursuit, especially if done for the sake of deception. But to level such a criticism would be to ignore the real, widely overlooked, first-person component of glamour. Most people, though, associate glamour with the third-person aspects of it. In this article, I argue that these impressions of glamour are misleading. Glamour has a crucial first person, subjective aspect. Moreover, it is neither ethically negative nor perverse, nor is it pragmatically maladaptive. In fact, the appreciation of glamour may add aesthetic interest to the human experience, both for those who observe it and the self that possesses it.
Fear-potentiated startle during extinction is associated with white matter microstructure and functional connectivity.

Background Extinction of conditioned fear is an associative learning process that involves communication among the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Strength of connectivity between the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), may influence fear-potentiated startle (FPS) responses during extinction. Specific white matter tracts, the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus (UF), serve as primary routes of communication for these areas. Our objective was to investigate associations between FPS during extinction and cingulum and UF connectivity.
X-ray determination of strain and texture in sputtered molybdenum and titanium films on silicon

Abstract Molybdenum and titanium films prepared with a rotating r.f. diode system were examined by X-ray diffraction for strain and texture. Both films were deposited onto (111)-oriented silicon crystal substrates. Molybdenum films 1.13 μm thick sputtered with a target voltage of -2.7 kV, a zero substrate bias and an average temperature of 180°C were in compression on cooling to room temperature. Pole density plots for the (200), (211), (220), (222), (301) and (321) planes gave relatively sharp peaks. The (220) plane showed a strong peak parallel to the (111) plane on silicon. In contrast, a 1.25 μm titanium film was found to be in tension after sputtering at -2.7 kV, a substrate bias of -50 V and an average temperature of 180°C. Relatively broad pole density plots were found for the (002) and (110) planes. The (100) and (110) planes gave peaks parallel to (111) Si. Intrinsic strains from embedded argon were determined from χ scan X-ray data.
Microdensitometric analysis of denervation effects on newt limb blastema cells

This report examines the fate of cycling cells in normal and denervated blastemas of adult newts. Cells are found to accumulate in G1 in blastemas which are nerve independent. No stage specific accumulation different from controls is found in limbs with nerve-dependent blastemas.
Magnetically created instability in a collisionless plasma

Abstract In the Vlasov–Maxwell theory we prove that there are homogeneous equilibria that are monotone decreasing in every direction and are arbitrarily close to a Maxwellian. They are unstable under certain electromagnetic perturbations, but are stable under purely electric perturbations as well as under electromagnetic perturbations of sufficiently short period. These statements are valid both in the linear and nonlinear senses.
The use of nonrational functions to represent steep front solutions to partial differential equations

It is shown, by calculated examples, that it is possible to follow successfully the development and evolution of steep fronts (almost to but not including actual discontinuities) in the solution of time-dependent partial differential equations by means of global non-rational representations. A characteristic steplike shape forms the basis for the representations; the hyperbolic tangent and a function involving a square root, both having this characteristic shape, gave similar results. The Method of Lines, specifically as formulated by Gelinas, Doss and Miller (J. Comput. Phys.40 (1981), 202–249) was used to form a system of ordinary differential equations governing the time-variation of the parameters in the representation. A fixed-shape moving solution of the wave equation, and developing steep fronts in solutions of Burgers' equation and of the Buckley-Leverett equation were successfully computed. The results are all displayed in the form of plotted profiles, and are compared with the corresponding results in the literature.
One Model for Creating a Career Ladder for Library Support Staff

ABSTRACT This article describes a unique career ladder model for library support staff. Major components include a promotion in place opportunity based on specified achievement levels, competencies, cross training, and measurable evaluation. The authors discuss the background, development, and program description of the career ladder model. INTRODUCTION New trends such as the move to a single service point, institutional repositories, evidence based medicine, the digital library, and social networking challenge libraries to remain relevant to their users. These trends have a common theme: change. Business as usual for most libraries is a thing of the past. 1 Such trends also affect the role that librarians and support staff play. At a recent Medical Library Association conference, for example, participants spent considerable time discussing how library professionals must become more in touch with the needs of their institutions and become integrated into their education, research and service missions.
Personal sensors for the diagnosis and management of metabolic disorders

Luminescence-based analysis that facilitates the measurement of multiple metabolites from small sample volumes for use in point-of-care or in-home environments. Part of our interest in this project is in patient empowerment-getting patients to assume responsibility and control of their own diseases. Our goal is a Chem-Chip system that is analogous to the present generation of glucose dipsticks and glucometers in terms of ease of use, quality of data, and low cost. If the potential of the Chem-Chip is realized, practically all relevant disease markers over a wide range of molecular weights and concentrations could be quantitatively and specifically measured for disease diagnosis and management.
A NEW VIRUS DISEASE OF PIGEONS : I. RECOVERY OF THE VIRUS.

A virus has been isolated from the tissues of a pigeon with visceral lesions that were characterized by focal necrosis of parenchymatous tissue, by the presence in affected cells of intranuclear inclusions of the herpetic type, and by secondary inflammatory reaction. This newly recognized virus, which has been tentatively called the I.N.I. agent is pathogenic for pigeons and embryonated eggs but is avirulent for rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. The virus is smaller than the agent of psittacosis and is immunologically different from it. The I.N.I. agent and psittacosis virus were both of etiological importance in an epizootic among pigeons. Some birds were infected simultaneously with the two agents while others were infected with only one.
The Validity of Using Administrative Claims Data in Total Joint Arthroplasty Outcomes Research

The purpose of this study was to evaluate concordance between administrative and clinical diagnosis and procedure codes for revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Concordance between administrative and clinical records was determined for 764 consecutive revision TJA procedures from 4 hospitals. For revision total hip arthroplasty, concordance between clinical diagnoses and administrative claims was very good for dislocation, mechanical loosening, and periprosthetic joint infection (all kappa > 0.6), but considerably lower for prosthetic implant failure/breakage and other mechanical complication (both kappa 0.60), but much lower for implant failure/breakage and other mechanical complication (both kappa < 0.24). Concordance for TJA-specific procedure codes was very good only for revision total knee arthroplasty patellar component revisions and tibial insert exchange procedures. Total (all-component) revisions were overcoded for hips (00.70) and undercoded for knees (00.80). Improved clinical documentation and continued education are needed to enhance the value of these codes.
Steps to Success in Producing an Educational Videotape

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Estimate resources and plan procedures necessary for production of high quality videographic educational aids. In site-based observations of students in quantity food preparation laboratories, hand washing was found to be the leading sanitation deficiency (average rating 3.1 on 5-point scale). Resources available to produce a training videotape targeted specifically for hand washing included the videographic unit of a state cooperative extension service. Steps involved in production were: script development, review and editing; review of file tapes for usable footage; securing permission to use selected sites; selecting and rehearsing student actors prior to filming each scene; reading the script on to a master tape; preparing text and graphics to be integrated with visual images; selecting and editing visual images and matching them with spoken text; adding title, logo, credits; selecting background music; duplicating the master tape. Total time involved was 300 labor hours to produce a 10-minute finished tape. Total cost was $9980.00. To date, approximately 900 tapes have been distributed free of charge. A survey of viewers (n=50) resulted in a mean satisfaction rating of 4.2 (1=not helpful to 5=very helpful). We concluded that successful video training tapes must be professionally produced, but this undertaking requires knowledge of the procedures, attention to detail and abundant resources.
Iwasawa invariants of CM fields

Abstract Let K be a CM field with K+ its maximal real subfield. Let λ, λ+ be the Iwasawa λ-invariants for the cyclotomic Z p-extension of K, K+, respectively. We set λ− = λ − λ+. We show that under certain conditions, λ+ ≤ λ− − 1. We use this inequality to give criteria which imply that λ+ = 0.
Ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of coal pillar sub-strata

This paper develops a rational approach for design of coal pillars under weak floor strata conditions considering ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) as well as pillar settlement. An approximate solution is presented for estimation of UBC for a shallow foundation on a two-layered rock system with consideration of both cohesion (c) and (o) for both layers. Similarly, deformability underneath a full-size pillar is estimated from deformability calculated from plate loading tests. The effect of adjacent pillars on UBC and deformability of coal pillars in a panel is considered using foundation engineering analysis techniques. The design of pillars based on limiting settlements considers both differential settlements as well as mean settlement of pillar in a panel. An attempt is made to validate the proposed design approach based on field data and observations at an Illinois mine.
Protein kinase C mediates up‐regulation of urokinase and its receptor in the migrating keratinocytes of wounded cultures, but urokinase is not required for movement across a substratum in vitro

Both in cell culture and in vivo, keratinocytes that are migrating in response to a wound express enhanced levels of both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA cell surface receptor (uPA-R). To explore the mechanism of this up-regulation, keratinocyte cultures were treated proir to wounding with a variety of metabolic and growth factor inhibitors in order to evaluate their effect on uPA and uPA-R expression. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibited the up-regulation of both uPA and uPA-R, as determined by immunohistochemistry, indicating that RNA and protein syntheses are required for their induction in migrating keratinocytes. Neither removal of protein growth factors from the medium nor addition of inhibitory antibodies to a number of growth factors depressed uPA or uPA-R induction; these findings suggest that a variety of exogenous or endogenous growth factors [i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), amphiregulin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) do not have a critical role in the induction of uPA or uPA-R. In contrast, when protein kinase C (PKC) was either down-regulated with bryostatin 5 or inhibited with Ro31-8220 or staurosporine, the expression of both uPA and uPA-R was greatly decreased in migrating keratinocytes. Furthermore, pharmacologic activation of PKC enhanced uPA levels in non-wounded cultures. These data suggest that the enhanced expression of uPA and uPA-R in migrating keratinocytes is mediated by selective activation of PKC in these cells, perhaps secondary to alterations in the cytoskeleton induced by wounding. To test the requirement for uPA during keratinocyte migration in vitro, the extent of migration was quantified in the presence and absence of a variety of inhibitors in the wounded culture model. Migration was not altered by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, any of the above growth factor inhibitors, anti-uPA antibodies, a variety of inhibitors of uPA or plasmin enzymatic activity, or exogenous uPA. The independence of keratinocyte migration in vitro from uPA was further suggested by experiments which combined the phagokinetic assay of migration and the zymographic assay for pericellular uPA activity; no relationship was observed between pericellular uPA activity and the motility of individual cells.
Kepone-induced scoliosis and its histological consequences in fish

Scoliosis in fish is caused by several diverse agents that possibly act on the central nervous system, neuromuscular junctions, or ionic metabolism. The organochlorine pesticide Kepone induces scoliosis in the sheepshead minnow. Some effects associated with Kepone-induced scoliosis in these fish are disruption of myotomal patterns, inter- and intramuscular hemorrhage, fractured centra of vertebrae, and death. The histological syndrome of Kepone poisoning in fish and the clinical syndrome in humans suggest that the nervous system is a primary target for Kepone and that scoliosis is a secondary effect of Kepone poisoning in fish.
Experimental evaluation of acute occlusion of the right coronary artery.

Summary The survival rate and the development of intercoronary collateral anastomoses after acute occlusion of the right coronary artery in the dog are described. Seventeen of twenty dogs (85 per cent) were considered chronic survivors. In no instance was there evidence of cardiac decompensation. Injection studies of the left coronary artery performed between one and six months demonstrated extensive development of collateral anastomoses between the left and right coronary arteries in all chronic survivors.
Instabilities in modulation doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) at 77 K

The DC characteristics of AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs MODFETs at 77 K have been investigated. At 77 K the MODFETs typically showed a threshold voltage shift of ≃0.2 V with respect to room temperature. In devices with x = 0.24 large drain biases sometimes resulted in a semipersistent distortion of the drain I/V characteristics. Illuminating the devices removed both the distortion and threshold voltage shift. By using a mole fraction of x = 0.33 and optimising the growth temperature the maximum threshold shift could be reduced to about 0.05 V.
Synthesis and anti-breast cancer activities of substituted quinolines.

Promising anti-breast cancer agents derived from substituted quinolines were discovered. The quinolines were readily synthesized in large scale from a sequence of reactions starting from 4acetamidoanisole. The Michael addition product was isolated as the reaction intermediate in the ring closing reaction of 4-amino-5-nitro-2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)anisole with methyl vinyl ketone leading to 6-methoxy-4-methyl-8-nitro-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)quinoline (14). The amino function of 8-amino-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)quinoline, prepared from 14, was connected to various side chains via alkylation with N-(3-iodopropyl)phthalimide, Michael addition with acrylonitrile, and reductive amination with various heterocycle carboxaldehydes, such as imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde, thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, and 2-furaldehyde. Effects of the substituted quinolines on cell viability of T47D breast cancer cells using trypan blue exclusion assay were examined. The results showed that the IC50 value of 6-methoxy-8-[(2-furanylmethyl)amino]-4methyl-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)quinoline is 16 ± 3 nM, the lowest IC50 out of all the quinolines tested. IC50 values of three other quinolines are in the nanomolar range, a desirable range for pharmacological testing.
Primary immunodeficiency diseases: Practice among primary care providers and awareness among the general public, United States, 2008

Purpose: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) represent a class of genetic diseases of the immune system. Delayed primary immunodeficiency disorder diagnosis leads to increased morbidity and mortality. This study assessed current primary immunodeficiency disorder practice among physicians and awareness among the public. Methods: Primary immunodeficiency disorder practice and awareness data were collected using national surveys of physicians (DocStyles) and the public (HealthStyles). Results: Physician respondents (n = 1250) were family practitioners (41%), internists (39%), and pediatricians (20%). Overall, 32% of physicians had diagnosed, treated, or referred a patient with primary immunodeficiency disorder in the last 5 years. Physician specialty was the only significant predictor of having a patient with primary immunodeficiency disorder in unconditional logistic modeling (pediatrician odds ratio = 4.4; internist odds ratio = 1.5; and family practitioner odds ratio = referent). When a possible primary immunodeficiency disorder case presented, 81% of physicians performed laboratory testing and 77% referred the patient to a specialist. Of the general population surveyed (n = 5399), 40% were aware of primary immunodeficiency disorder. Those respondents were more likely to be older, female, white, married (ever), more highly educated, with a higher income level. Most people learned about primary immunodeficiency disorder from media outlets (64% television/radio and 41% magazine/newspaper). Conclusion: Additional primary immunodeficiency disorder educational efforts, which target both physicians and the public, may be needed because increased primary immunodeficiency disorder awareness may lead to earlier diagnosis and less morbidity and mortality.
Water availability strongly impacts population genetic patterns of an imperiled Great Plains endemic fish

Genetic, demographic, and environmental pro- cesses affect natural populations synergistically, and understanding their interplay is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Stream fishes in metapopulations are par- ticularly sensitive to habitat fragmentation because per- sistence depends on dispersal and colonization of new habitat but dispersal is constrained to stream networks. Great Plains streams are increasingly fragmented by water diversion and climate change, threatening connectivity of fish populations in this ecosystem. We used seven micro- satellite loci to describe population and landscape genetic patterns across 614 individuals from 12 remaining popu- lations of Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) in Colo- rado, a candidate species for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We found small effective popu- lation sizes, low levels of genetic diversity within popu- lations, and high levels of genetic structure, especially among basins. Both at- and between-site landscape features were associated with genetic diversity and connectivity, respectively. Available stream habitat and amount of con- tinuous wetted area were positively associated with genetic diversity within a site, while stream distance and inter- mittency were the best predictors of genetic divergence among sites. We found little genetic contribution from historic supplementation efforts, and we provide a set of management recommendations for this species that incor- porate a conservation genetics perspective.
End-of-Life Issues in United States Veterinary Medicine Schools

The purpose of this research endeavor was to determine the status of dying, death, and bereavement as topics within the curricula of the 28 veterinary medicine schools in the United States. Data were obtained via a mailed questionnaire (100% return rate). Results revealed that over 96% of the schools have offerings related to end-of-life issues, with 80% of students exposed to these offerings. The average number of hours students devote to end-of-life issues is 14.64, about the same as for U.S. medical and baccalaureate nursing schools. Topics covered most often are “euthanasia” and “communication with owners of dying animals.” Veterinary schools over-whelmingly note that dying, death, and bereavement are important topics. It might be helpful to veterinary medicine students if their own feelings regarding dying and death were addressed early in the curriculum and throughout class activities and clinical work. Veterinarians would likely relate better to animal guardians and to nonhuman animals themselves if they felt more comfortable with dying and death.
Detection of dissolved TNT and DNT in soil with a MEMS explosive particle detector

MEMS technology was used to fabricate bimetallic cantilever sensor for detecting the TNT and DNT residue found in mien fields. A number of experiments yielded reproducible result for the detection of pure 2,4-Dinitrotoluene nanogram particles. A few experiments were performed unsuccessfully to detect explosives directly from soil by placing it on the cantilevers. Alternatively, DNT and TNT were extracted from the soil using acetone and subsequently letting acetone to leave DNT and TNT as a residue. This residue has been placed on the cantilever for detection that yielded very uncertain result. This residua contains a number of other materials, which changes the physical properties of the residue considerable making it unfit for detection using microcantilevers. T
Ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer to the skin using replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vectors

The skin has the potential for a variety of gene therapy applications. In addition to local delivery, it is the largest organ of the body, and highly vascular, and thus is an ideal site for systemic delivery of gene products. To evaluate the potential for adenovirus-mediated skin gene transfer, the replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vectors Ad.RSV beta gal (coding for Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase) and Ad alpha 1AT (coding for human alpha 1-antitrypsin) were used in both ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Following in vitro infection with Ad.RSV beta gal, murine keratinocytes expressed beta-galactosidase. Parallel in vitro studies with Ad alpha 1AT documented de novo synthesis and secretion of human alpha 1AT as shown by [35S]methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation. Quantification of human alpha 1AT in the culture supernatants demonstrated 0.1-0.3 microgram human alpha 1AT secreted/ml-24 h. Evaluation of the serum of mice receiving transplants (10(5) cells/mouse) of Ad alpha 1AT-infected syngeneic keratinocytes demonstrated human alpha 1AT for at least 14 d with maximum levels of 41 ng/ml. To demonstrate the feasibility of direct adenovirus-mediated in vivo transfer of genes to the skin, Ad.RSV beta gal or Ad alpha 1AT were administered subcutaneously to mice. Histologic evaluation after 4 d demonstrated expression of beta-galactosidase in various types of skin cells. Quantification of human alpha 1AT in serum of animals infected subcutaneously with Ad alpha 1AT showed levels of 53 ng/ml at day 4, with human alpha 1AT detectable for at least 14 d. These observations support the feasibility of ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer to the skin mediated by replication-deficient adenovirus vectors.