cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance and Oxygen Consumption of Snake River Cutthroat Trout Reared at Four Densities with Supplemental Oxygen

Abstract Snake River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) of the Bar BC strain were reared at four densities in triplicate for 18 weeks. Supplemental oxygen was required in the rearing units holding the three highest densities to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 6–7 ppm (61–71% of saturation) after the last feeding in the afternoon. Density indices (lb!ft3 per inch of fish length) achieved for each treatment averaged 0.48, 1.40, 2.12, and 2.30, and fish density averaged 3.43, 10.56, 15.56, and 15.42 lb/ft3, respectively, at the conclusion of the study. Survival, weight gain, feed conversion, and fish health were adversely effected by increased density; however, dorsal and pectoral fin condition, total length, length variation, and water quality were not adversely effected. Neither un-ionized ammonia (maximum, 0.0051 ppm) nor total carbon dioxide (maximum, 24.2 ppm, pH 7.5) concentrations reached detrimental levels. Over a 24-h period at the end of the study, daily DO consumption averaged...
On Turing's Turing test and why the matter matters

L'A. montre que le Test Turing mis au point en 1948 par Turing lui-meme, afin de mesurer l'intelligence des machines, a ete mal interprete par les savants de biologie developpementale (N. Block, J. Searle): il ne peut en effet s'appliquer a des organismes vivants comme l'homme, pour repondre a la question qu'est-ce que l'esprit?. Le Test Turing ne concerne que ce que nous appelons aujourd'hui les reseaux connexionnistes, et repond a la question qu'est-ce que l'intelligence artificielle?
The standard laboratory module: an integrated approach to standardization in the analytical laboratory

Abstract Certainly one of the biggest challenges and needs facing the analytical laboratory of the '90s is that of integration and standardization. The US Department of Energy, through its immense environmental program, has launched a program aimed at standardizing the technologies used in the laboratory. This program, led by Los Alamos National Laboratory, has developed the concept of the standard laboratory module (SLM), which forms the building block for methods and laboratories. An SLM is a hardware and/or software module which performs a complete subtask in an analytical protocol. This paper will describe the program to date with emphasis on the SLM and illustrate its integration into methods and, ultimately, the laboratory.
Allying with donors to link health and medical information with stem cell lines can advance disease modeling while enhancing data access.

A fundamental concern in disease modeling with stem-cell-derived cells is the need to connect information about cellular and tissue dysfunction in the lab with the manifestation of pathologies in individuals. To do this precisely necessitates linking personally identifiable information about individual patients, including medical records, biosensor data, and other potentially sensitive personal health information (PHI), to stem cell lines made from their donated tissue. Linking rich phenotypic data with stem cell lines, however, comes with a risk of informational harm, should donor anonymity be breached.
Growth in children after renal transplantation: An update

Improving general health, sense of well-being, and quality of life are the primary objectives of renal transplanta-tion in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Final adult height achieved has a significant impact on medical, psychological, and social aspects of these patients. Growth is an important indicator of health in children with CKD. It seems intuitive then to expect improvement in growth after renal transplantation. Unfortunately, even with a functioning renal allograft, optimal growth remains elusive at times. Optimizing growth prior to transplant, early identification of growth delay, and timely intervention are essential in achieving optimal final adult height. Multiple factors lead to stunted growth in children after renal transplant.
Influence of Augmented Feedback on Coordination Strategies

The authors examined the influence of knowledge of results (KR) and concurrent feedback (ConFB) on coordination strategies in learning a 2-finger discrete force-production task. In Experiment 1, 4 groups learned the task under the following feedback regimes: ConFB, ConFB with knowledge of no-KR test (ConFB test information), KR after every trial (100% KR), and KR after every alternate trial (50% KR). Results show that the ConFB group had lower errors during acquisition but the highest errors in the no-KR transfer test. An uncontrolled manifold analysis showed that participants in the ConFB group adopted a strategy that tended to use multiple solutions to achieve the goal during acquisition, but they could not retain this strategy in the no-KR test. Both KR groups retained the same coordination strategy from acquisition into the transfer test, even though this strategy was not conducive to producing a constant force. In Experiment 2, the authors observed these differences even when the time-to-peak force b...
Cross-Validation, the Jackknife, and the Bootstrap: Excess Error Estimation in Forward Logistic Regression

Abstract Given a prediction rule based on a set of patients, what is the probability of incorrectly predicting the outcome of a new patient? Call this probability the true error. An optimistic estimate is the apparent error, or the proportion of incorrect predictions on the original set of patients, and it is the goal of this article to study estimates of the excess error, or the difference between the true and apparent errors. I consider three estimates of the excess error: cross-validation, the jackknife, and the bootstrap. Using simulations and real data, the three estimates for a specific prediction rule are compared. When the prediction rule is allowed to be complicated, overfitting becomes a real danger, and excess error estimation becomes important. The prediction rule chosen here is moderately complicated, involving a variable-selection procedure based on forward logistic regression.
The Electrocardiogram in Congenital Heart Disease A Preliminary Report

Adequate unipolar electrocardiograms have been recorded on 101 patients with congenital heart disease and the findings analyzed. It has been found that the chief value of such tracings rests in the determination of ventricular preponderance, the evidence being obtained from study of the QRS complexes in unipolar limb and multiple precordial leads, with relatively little help from the RS-T segments and T waves. Auricular hypertrophy, encountered chiefly in association with pulmonic stenosis and tricuspid valve disease, could be best detected by analysis of P waves seen in the right precordial leads rather than in the limb leads. Intraventricular block was observed both with auricular and with ventricular septal defects, and was also found in Ebstein's disease and with coarctation of the aorta. Auriculoventricular block and arrhythmias were rare.
Catastrophe and community empowerment: The group formulations of aberfan's survivors

The residents of Aberfan, a coal-mining village in South Wales, endured a terrible catastrophe which took the lives of 144 residents, 104 of them schoolchildren between the ages of 8 and 10. Twenty years after the catastrophe, there are group formulations, expressing the grief of the community and asserting its values in a manner inspired by the catastrophe, that resemble forms and stages of empowerment. This examination of them extends our knowledge of the process of empowerment. First, group formulations of a catastrophe are described as a mechanism of empowerment, resembling much of what we know about the stages of empowerment. Second, interviews with community leaders are described that indicate the limits of empowerment; specifically, that the assertion of community values is, in part, a protest of the political and economic factors which contributed to the catastrophe and continued to impede the well-being of the community. The group formulations to deal with these factors and to establish a different set of political and economic factors demonstrate the important constraints on empowerment as a process.
The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Older Children: The effects of age versus clinical status on test performance.

A meta‐analysis of reference group data for the Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Older Children (HRB‐OC), 9 to 14 years of age, is presented, using the effect size statistic described by Glass (1978). The distance from a pooled normal mean is calculated for published reference data from two groups of normal 9‐year‐old children and six groups of children with compromised neuropsychological status. Results indicate that using age‐referenced normative data may significantly enhance interpretive accuracy with the HRB‐OC, especially for children at the ends of the HRB‐OC age spectrum. The ability of the HRB‐OC tests to separate children by age and by clinical status varies across tests and across samples.
The Minima of Regular Reflection

In the first part of the paper typical quotations are given to show how inadequately the theoretical side of the problem has been treated by earlier writers. The main body of the paper is devoted to the derivation of new, unexpectedly simple functions of the index of refraction which give directly the minimum value of the reflecting power and the associated values of the angles of incidence and refraction when the index is either less than 2−31/2 or greater than 2+31/2. This is followed by paragraphs which present, without detailed proofs, new formulae for the index of refraction and the angle of incidence in terms of the minimum value of the reflecting power, and for the index and reflecting power with the angle of incidence as independent variable. The closing paragraphs make the account complete by dealing with the behavior of the minimum of reflecting power corresponding to normal incidence, that is, to values of the index of refraction falling within the interval 2−31/2 to 2+31/2.
Using Goal Orientation to Enhance College Retention and Graduation Rates

In this study goal orientation theory, a model used to explore achievement motivation that is commonly covered in introductory psychology textbooks, is used to improve student success. Some variant...
Sexual behavior in women with bipolar disorder

Abstract Introduction There is a lack of studies regarding sexuality and sexual behavior in women with bipolar disorder. The aim of this study is to investigate sexual behavior in women affected by bipolar disorder in order to stimulate interest and debate in this area of care. Methods Sixty women (30 BD I and 30 BD II) consent to participate in the study and were included in the sample. Moreover, sixty female healthy subjects without histories of psychiatric disorders were recruited as normal controls. Patients and healthy subjects were given the Sexual Interest and Sexual Performance Questionnaire, a questionnaire devised to explore various aspects of sexual behavior. Results The results of the present study suggest an increase of sexual interest in patients with BD I as compared both with BD II patients and healthy controls. In women with BD I such increase of interest was detected on some items of section I of the Sexual Interest and Sexual Performance Questionnaire, in particular “Actual Value of Sexuality” and “Implicit Sexual Interest”, which implicitly explore sexual interest without overtly focusing upon sexual problems. Moreover, we observed a higher desired frequency of intercourse in women with BD I than BD II and a higher occurrence of repeated sexual intercourse in women with BD I than BD II. Conclusions The main finding of the present study was an increase of sexual interest in BD I as compared with BD II female patients and normal controls. This result was detected when sexual interest was explored implicitly. Our study is limited by the small size of our subject groups. Further investigations on larger subject samples are needed to better clarify particular aspects of sexual behavior of BD patients.
Lower confidence bounds for time to cure

SUMMARY Clinicians often wish to know if and when patients with cancer or other life-threatening diseases can be considered cured. Although some parametric approaches are available, no nonparametric methods exist for treating this question. Here, a nonparametric procedure based on the definition that cure occurs when the hazard for death among patients is no longer greater than the hazard among subjects in the general population with similar age and demographic characteristics is developed. It is argued that the use of a fully nonparametric approach cannot lead to a nontrivial upper confidence bound for time to cure, and an approach to computing lower confidence bounds for time to cure is developed and applied to data from a clinical trial in colorectal cancer.
Fabrication of extremely thin silicon on insulator for fully-depleted CMOS applications

A technique to produce extremely thin (<1000 A) silicon on insulator (SOI) films for fully-depleted CMOS fabrication is described. The worst-case film thickness uniformity is ±200 A across a 125 mm wafer for a given area factor. This technique utilizes a low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of Si3N4 acting as a chemical-mechanical polish-stop layer. The nitride film thickness is translated into the SOI by chemical-mechanical polishing.
Interviews Embedded in Social Worlds: A Review of Interviewing for Qualitative Inquiry: A Relational Approach

Interviewing for Qualitative Inquiry: A Relational Approach, by Ruthellen Josselson. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2013. 206 pp. ISBN 978-1-4625-1000-9 $28.00, paperback. INTENT ON OUR CURIOSIT...
Rigorously defined hemicrania continua presenting bilaterally

Background: Hemicrania continua (HC) is a headache syndrome characterized by continuous, unilateral head pain, autonomic features, and a complete therapeutic response to indomethacin. Although HC is classified as a unique entity among primary headache disorders, it clearly shares features with other primary headaches, including trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and chronic daily headaches, such as chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache. In addition, the diagnosis is often delayed secondary to a relatively low incidence and the occurrence of some phenotypic variability as found in previous case series.Case: A 62-year-old woman presented with 5 months of unremitting, bilateral headache with significant autonomic symptoms during exacerbations of pain. Neurological examination and imaging studies were normal. After failure to respond to numerous previous therapeutic medicines and interventions, she experienced complete resolution following administration of indomethacin and eventual remission on ...
Selective Reduction of Cr(VI) in Chromium, Copper and Arsenic (CCA) Mixed Waste Streams Using UV/TiO2 Photocatalysis

The highly toxic Cr(VI) is a critical component in the Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) formulations extensively employed as wood preservatives. Remediation of CCA mixed waste and discarded treated wood products is a significant challenge. We demonstrate that UV/TiO2 photocatalysis effectively reduces Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) in the presence of arsenate, As(V), and copper, Cu(II). The rapid conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) during UV/TiO2 photocatalysis occurs over a range of concentrations, solution pH and at different Cr:As:Cu ratios. The reduction follows pseudo-first order kinetics and increases with decreasing solution pH. Saturation of the reaction solution with argon during UV/TiO2 photocatalysis had no significant effect on the Cr(VI) reduction demonstrating the reduction of Cr(VI) is independent of dissolved oxygen. Reduction of Cu(II) and As(V) does not occur under the photocatalytic conditions employed herein and the presence of these two in the tertiary mixtures had a minimal effect on Cr(VI) reduction. The Cr(VI) reduction was however, significantly enhanced by the addition of formic acid, which can act as a hole scavenger and enhance the reduction processes initiated by the conduction band electron. Our results demonstrate UV/TiO2 photocatalysis effectively reduces Cr(VI) in mixed waste streams under a variety of conditions.
Treatment of Experimental Cryptococcal Meningitis with Amphotericin B, 5-Fluorocytosine, and Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole, amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and combinations of these drugs were compared as therapy for chronic cryptococcal meningitis in steroid-treated rabbits. Two hours after treatment of rabbits with meningitis with single drugs the mean cerebrospinal fluid concentration of 5-fluorocytosine was 4.4 microgram/ml, that of amphotericin B was less than 0.3 microgram/ml, and that of ketoconazole ranged from less than 0.2 to 0.8 microgram/ml. Serial quantitative cultures indicated that amphotericin B was the best single-drug regimen. Ketoconazole provided little or no additive effect when used in combination with fluorocytosine or therapeutic doses of amphotericin for two weeks. However, the combination of ketoconazole plus amphotericin B was at least as effective as amphotericin B plus 5-fluorocytosine over a two-week treatment regimen. The addition of ketoconazole to subtherapeutic dose of amphotericin B significantly increased the killing of cryptococci in cerebrospinal fluid.
Defibrillation success is associated with myocardial organization

The relationship between the degree of electrical organization of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and defibrillation success was investigated in this study using a new technique to quantify organization—spatial coherence. This technique employs the use of the magnitude-squared coherence spectrum to analyze multichannel electrograms obtained during a cardiac mapping study. Magnitude-squared coherence values for all possible pairs of electrograms recorded from an epicardial plaque consisting of 112 electrodes were computed. Average coherence was plotted versus electrode separation distance, and the data were fit with an exponentially decaying curve. Two parameters indicative of myocardial organization were extracted from the curve. The coherence length (d) was defined as the distance (mm) at which the average coherence dropped to a given level, and the coherence strength was defined as the average coherence value at a given distance. Higher values for these parameters were hypothesized to indicate higher levels of organization. The spatial coherence technique was tested previously in a canine study of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and normal sinus rhythm, and the results suggested that spatial coherence parameters may be used to compare cardiac rhythms in terms of their organization. To test the hypothesis that organization is related to defibrillation success, 164 mapping sessions recorded during repeated VF induction and defibrillation trials using a monophasic waveform were performed in a close-chested canine study (n = 9) using a fixed energy and VF duration (10 seconds). Three coherence lengths and five coherence strengths were calculated for each VF episode. Results using a two-way analysis of variance with blocking between dogs showed that all of the coherence length and three of the coherence strength parameters were higher for those VF episodes that were successfully defibrillated than for those that were not (P < .05). Energy delivered and transmyocardial impedance were not significantly different between the groups. The authors conclude (1) the organization of a VF episode, as reflected in the spatial coherence parameters, is related to defibrillation success and may be partially responsible for the probabilistic nature of defibrillation and (2) the spatial coherence technique provides a means of quantifying myocardial electrical organization and is an important experimental tool that may be used to obtain a better understanding of VF and its termination.
Xenopus Vocalizations Are Controlled by a Sexually Differentiated Hindbrain Central Pattern Generator

Male and female African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) produce rhythmic, sexually distinct vocalizations as part of courtship and mating. We found that Xenopus vocal behavior is governed by a sexually dimorphic central pattern generator (CPG) and that fictive vocalizations can be elicited from an in vitro brain preparation by application of serotonin or by electrical stimulation of a premotor nucleus. Male brains produced fictive vocal patterns representing two calls commonly produced by males in vivo (advertisement and amplectant call), as well as one call pattern (release call) that is common for juvenile males and females in vivo but rare for adult males. Female brains also produced fictive release call. The production of male calls is androgen dependent in Xenopus; to test the effects of androgens on the CPG, we examined fictive calling in the brains of testosterone-treated females. Both fictive male advertisement call and release call were produced. This suggests that all Xenopus possess a sexually undifferentiated pattern generator for release call. Androgen exposure leads to a gain-of-function, allowing the production of male-specific call types without prohibiting the production of the undifferentiated call pattern. We also demonstrate that the CPG is located in the brainstem and seems to rely on the same nuclei in both males and females. Finally, we identified endogenous serotonergic inputs to both the premotor and motor nuclei in the brainstem that may regulate vocal activity in vivo.
Abdominal extension-evoking interneurons in crayfish: Characteristics of the ganglionic driving networks

Several different paradigms of extension-evoking command fiber (CF) stimulation were used in order to characterize functional properties of the networks controlling abdominal posture in the crayfish. The types of connections between CFs and abdominal postural driving networks were first studied by stimulating several extension CFs from the same preparation at different frequencies. Differences in the recruitment order of extensor motoneurons imply that each CF makes unique synaptic connections with the abdominal ganglionic driving interneurons and/or the postural efferents. Furthermore, the ability of an extension CF to activate excitatory efferents after another extension CF has been driven to fatigue suggests that each CF has functionally distinct pathways to the extensor motoneuron pool. The second main objective of this paper was to determine if direct extension CF stimulation would produce integrative properties of the driving networks similar to those seen previously in the reflexively extending animal. As in reflex-evoked behavior, the ganglionic driving networks are capable of spatially summating the input from two co-activated CFs. In particular, low frequency co-activation of two CFs recruited motoneurons which were inactive when single CFs were stimulated alone at the same frequency. Co-stimulation of an extension CF with strong flexor-biasing sensory input suppressed the flexors and resulted in a nearly pure extension motor program similar to that seen during reflex-evoked extensions. Thus, overriding of antagonistic reflexes by CF activity argues for synaptic systems in each ganglion which rejects or reduces the gain of opposing relflexes, including those due to reafference during the commanded movements. These results strongly suggest a causal role for CFs in the generation of reflexive behavior in the freely behaving animal.
Latin square analysis of variance using summary statistics.

Sz/mmary.-The method for computing a Latin square analysis OF variance using summary statisucs is presented. Methods using only group means, standard deviations (SD), sample sizes, and number of factors to compute analysis of variance F ratios and summary tables have been provided for the one-way (Gordon, 1973), twoway factorial (Huck & Malgady, 19781, three-way and higher factorial (Charter, 1995a) which require formulas from Winer, Brown, and Michels (19911, and the two-way unweighted means (Charter, 1995b) which require formulas from Winer, et al, analysis of variance designs. This paper extends these methods to include a simple Latin square design. The Latin square design presented here is called PLAN 1 by Winer, et al. (1991, pp. 687-6911 and has equal cell sizes (n), no repeated measures, and two factors: a and 6. Winer, et al. provide the formulas, using summary statistics, for the necessary sums of squares (SS) except for SS,, ,&, which is found by
Ultrashort Pulses From Excimer Lasers

The generation of high power, ultrashort pulses in the UV wavelength region has important implications for nonlinear optics, photochemistry, plasma X-ray sources and dye laser pumping. Excimer lasers have sufficient bandwidth for the amplification of pulses having a duration in the picosecond range and a significant effort has been devoted to the development of short pulse sources based on these devices. The application of conventional mode-locking techniques has been investigated by several groups but has not been particularly successful in exploiting the wide spectral bandwidths available in the laser media. This has been due in large part to the limited number of cavity round-trips permitted by the relatively short duration of the gain provided by discharge-excited lasers. Thus rare gas halide lasers have been used to amplify picosecond pulses to power levels of tens of gigawatts but have depended on fairly sophisticated external sources to generate the initial ultrashort pulse. Recent experiments on stimulated Brillouin scattering from liquids have demonstrated that subnanosecond pulses can be generated from a narrow linewidth XeC1* source, and the use of this pulse shortening process may permit the development of less complex ultrashort pulse excimer systems in the future.
POLYISOBUTYLENE-CONTAINING BLOCK POLYMERS BY SEQUENTIAL MONOMER ADDITION. I, THE LIVING CARBOCATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE

The living carbocationic polymerisation of styrene (St) has been investigated by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCI)/TiCl4 initiating system in the presence of various additives such as electron pair donors (EDs) and the proton trap 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) by the use of the mixed solvent CH3Cl/methyl-cyclohexane (MCHx) (40/60 v/v) at −80°C under conventional laboratory conditions. The TMPCl/TiCl4 system in the absence of additives produces ill-defined bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) polymers. Much better defined polystyrenes (PSt) can be obtained in the presence of EDs, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Monomer depletion should be avoided to prevent intra- or intermolecular alkylation yielding indanyl end groups or branched polymers, respectively. In the combined presence of an ED and the proton trap, i.e., DMA + DtBP, the living polymerization of St has been achieved and thus the foundations for the carbocationic synthesis of PSt block polymers by sequential monomer addition have been laid.
Reducing the Energy Consumption of Ethernet with Adaptive Link Rate (ALR)

The rapidly increasing energy consumption by computing and communications equipment is a significant economic and environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Ethernet network interface controllers (NICs) in the US alone consume hundreds of millions of US dollars in electricity per year. Most Ethernet links are underutilized and link energy consumption can be reduced by operating at a lower data rate. In this paper, we investigate adaptive link rate (ALR) as a means of reducing the energy consumption of a typical Ethernet link by adaptively varying the link data rate in response to utilization. Policies to determine when to change the link data rate are studied. Simple policies that use output buffer queue length thresholds and fine-grain utilization monitoring are shown to be effective. A Markov model of a state-dependent service rate queue with rate transitions only at service completion is used to evaluate the performance of ALR with respect to the mean packet delay, the time spent in an energy-saving low link data rate, and the oscillation of link data rates. Simulation experiments using actual and synthetic traffic traces show that an Ethernet link with ALR can operate at a lower data rate for over 80 percent of the time, yielding significant energy savings with only a very small increase in packet delay.
Nursing in a Global Community: A Study Abroad Program:

Nursing in a global community is a study abroad program at Georgia Southern University School of Nursing. The program hosted at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana, West Africa, provides opportunity for undergraduate and graduate health profession students to experience nursing, health care service and delivery in a developing country. Description of the program and benefits of study abroad programs are discussed as well as a student perspective on the transcutural experience in Ghana.
Re‐Examining the General Positivity Model of Subjective Well‐Being: The Discrepancy Between Specific and Global Domain Satisfaction

Three studies were conducted to examine the role of global life satisfaction in the discrepancy between specific and global domain satisfaction. Participants rated both global (e.g., education) and the corresponding, specific domain (e.g., professors, textbooks) satisfactions. In three studies, we found that individuals with higher life satisfaction evaluated global domain as a whole as more satisfying than those with lower life satisfaction, given the same level of satisfaction with specific domains. In Study 3, we also found that, given the same level of satisfaction during the previous two weeks, individuals with higher life satisfaction rated the global domains in general as more satisfying than those with lower life satisfaction. Overall, the association between global life satisfaction and evaluative enhancement of global domains was most consistent in “self” and “social relationships.” Finally, the effect of global life satisfaction on evaluative enhancement remained significant, controlling for extraversion and neuroticism.
THE EXCRETION OF 11-OXYCORTICOSTEROIDLIKE SUBSTANCES BY NORMAL AND ABNORMAL SUBJECTS*

INTRODUCTION THE present paper reports approximately 300 measurements of the urinary output of 11-oxycorticosteroid-like substances (11-OCS) by a group of normal subjects and by selected patients with various conditions. The purpose of these studies has been to clarify the significance of the urinary content of these substances with particular reference to variations in adrenal cortical function in health and disease. It is the 11-oxycorticosteroids which have been found to promote sugar formation from protein (i.e., protein catabolism) and to play a role in the resistance of the organism to the stresses and strains of various traumatic experiences (1, 6). Because of their action on sugar metabolism, they are called the “S-hormones.” They are to be distinguished from other corticoadrenal hormones certain of which are androgenic and prompt protein anabolism (N hormone) and others of which act chiefly to cause retention of water, sodium and chloride and excretion of potassium (H2O and electrolyte hormone). ...
Social Order And Political Authority

The first of these papers carried a warning against conceiving social order in an absolute sense. It does not mean suppression of all forms of competition and defeat, but only the protection of selected human interests at the expense of others. Even taking order in this limited sense, it was found that custom and voluntary adjustment furnishan incomplete apparatus for its furtherance. The effectiveness of custom was seen to be connected with the auxiliary activity of an organ of leadership to serve as a focus for the radiation of custom, and a pivot for change. Voluntary adjustment, while capable of resolving many interest-conflicts beyond the reach of custom, was also found to rely largely on the initiatory activity of an organ of mediation. Finally, we have thus far considered social order primarily from the point of view of the prevention or adjustment of direct conflicts of interests between individuals.The functioning of a social group requires more than that its members should refrain from what other members resent as invasions of their interests. If the advantages of group life are to be reaped, it is necessary that at many points the group should, aswe say, act as a unit, which means that each member should so shape his conduct with reference to the conduct of others that the acts of all, when thus geared together, will produce an aggregate or group result. This gearing together of the acts of separate individuals is what is commonly called “cooperation.” Cooperation has value only as it furthers interests which belong to individuals.
Inhibition of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin-domain containing 3 inflammasome reduces the severity of experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in obese mice

Acute pancreatitis (AP), although most often a mild and self-limiting inflammatory disease, worsens to a characteristically necrotic severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in about 20% of cases. Obesity, affecting more than one-third of American adults, is a risk factor for the development of SAP, but the exact mechanism of this association has not been identified. Coincidental with chronic low-grade inflammation, activation of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin-domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome increases with obesity. Lean mice genetically deficient in specific components of the NLRP3 inflammasome are protected from experimentally induced AP, indicating a direct involvement of this pathway in AP pathophysiology. We hypothesized that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the sulfonylurea drug glyburide would reduce disease severity in obese mice with cerulein-induced SAP. Treatment with glyburide led to significantly reduced relative pancreatic mass and water content and less pancreatic damage and cell death in genetically obese ob/ob mice with SAP compared with vehicle-treated obese SAP mice. Glyburide administration in ob/ob mice with cerulein-induced SAP also resulted in significantly reduced serum levels of interleukin 6, lipase, and amylase and led to lower production of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin 1β release in cultured peritoneal cells, compared with vehicle-treated ob/ob mice with SAP. Together, these data indicate involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in obesity-associated SAP and expose the possible utility of its inhibition in prevention or treatment of SAP in obese individuals.
Photochemical mapping of the active site of myosin.

The active sites of myosin from skeletal, smooth and scallop muscle have been partly characterized by use of a series of photoreactive analogues of ATP. Specific labelling was attained by trapping these analogues in their diphosphate forms at the active sites by either cross-linking two reactive thiols (skeletal myosin) or by formation of stable vanadate-metal ion transition state-like complexes (smooth muscle and scallop myosin). By use of this approach combined with appropriate chemistry, several key residues in all three myosins have been identified which bind at or near the adenine ring, the ribose ring and to the $\gamma $ -phosphate of ATP. This information should aid in the solution of the crystal structure of the heads of myosin and in defining a detailed structure of the ATP binding site.
Operative approaches for total hip replacement

This review describes the most popular surgical approaches used for total hip arthroplasty. The surgical anatomy of each approach is explored in depth and the neurovascular structures that are at risk are noted. Particular attention is directed to comparison of heterotopic ossification, dislocation rates, and abductor weakness, common complications that vary with surgical approach. The authors provide technical pearls for extending surgical exposure of the hip joint and optimizing visualization to greatly aid the surgeon performing total hip arthroplasty.
Looking Forward, Looking Back: Women's Experience with Waning Fertility during Midlife:

This was a phenomenological investigation undertaken to understand the experience of waning fertility. Twenty-five women were interviewed. They ranged in age from 40 to 50 years and represented diverse socioeconomic, educational, ethnic, and fertility backgrounds. A synthesis of the interviews lead to calling the central process of the study Looking Forward, Looking Back. These words were chosen because of the temporal references that pervaded the interviews. Although our initial question "Do you think you are still fertile?" positioned the women in the present, they quickly answered with "Yes, but...." Then, the participants went on to extend their answers by sharing both their past experiences regarding their fertility and also their future plans. These extended answers gave us the remaining main themes of the study: Reflecting on Childbearing Years, Doing a Midlife Review, and Anticipating Getting Older.
A Family Approach to Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Results from The San Diego Family Health Project:

The effectiveness of a family-based cardiovascular disease risk reduction intervention was evaluated in two ethnic groups. Participants were 206 healthy, volunteer low-to-middle-income Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white (Anglo-American) families (623 individuals), each with a fifth or a sixth-grade child. Families were recruited through elementary schools. Half of the families were randomized to a year-long educational intervention designed to decrease the whole family's intake of high salt, high fat foods, and to increase their regular physical activity. Eighty-nine percent of the enrolled families were measured at the 24-month follow-up. Both Mexican- and Anglo-American families in the experimental groups gained significantly more knowledge of the skills required to change dietary and exercise habits than did those in the control groups. Experimental families in both ethnic groups reported improved eating habits on a food frequency index. Anglo families reported lower total fat and sodium intake. There were no significant group differences in reported physical activity or in tested cardiovascular fitness levels. Significant differences for Anglo-American experimental vs. control adult subjects were found for LDL cholesterol. Significant intervention-control differences ranging from 2.2 to 3.4 mmHg systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure were found in all subgroups. Direct observation of diet and physical activity behaviors in a structured environment suggested generalization of behavior changes. There was evidence that behavior change persisted one year beyond the completion of the intervention program. It is concluded that involvement of families utilizing school based resources is feasible and effective. Future studies should focus on the most cost-effective methods of family involvement, and the potential for additive effects when family strategies are combined with other school health education programs.
Prenatal Yoga in Late Pregnancy and Optimism, Power, and Well-Being:

The study reported here explored changes in optimism, power, and well-being over time in women who participated in a six-week prenatal yoga program during their second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The study was conceptualized from the perspective of Rogers' science of unitary human beings. A correlational, one-group, pre-post-assessment survey design with a convenience sample was conducted. Increases in mean scores for optimism, power, and well-being were statistically significant from baseline to completion of the prenatal yoga program. Findings from this study suggested that yoga as a self-care practice that nurses might recommend to promote well-being in pregnant women.
Outcomes of posterior wall fractures of the acetabulum treated nonoperatively after diagnostic screening with dynamic stress examination under anesthesia.

This article was updated on December 23, 2010, because of a previous error. The sentence: “The widening of the joint space evident on this image was secondary to distraction by traction applied to the lower extremity during the examination”, which incorrectly appeared in the legend to [Fig. 1-D][1], now appears in the legend to [Fig. 1-C][2]. Background: Dynamic stress fluoroscopy with the patient under general anesthesia has been advocated as a clinical measure of hip stability and congruity in patients with a posterior wall acetabular fracture. The purpose of this study was to establish the predictive value of the dynamic stress fluoroscopic examination for these fractures by evaluating clinical and radiographic outcomes after nonoperative treatment of fractures found to be stable with this examination. Methods: Twenty-one consecutive patients with an acute posterior wall fracture of the acetabulum who were shown to have a stable hip joint by dynamic stress fluoroscopy while they were under general anesthesia were treated nonoperatively. At the time of follow-up, the patients underwent clinical and/or radiographic evaluation. Results: Clinical follow-up was performed for eighteen patients at a minimum of two years after injury, at which time the average modified Merle d’Aubigne score was very good, with no one having less than a good clinical outcome. Fifteen of these eighteen patients had radiographic evaluation at a minimum of two years, and all were found to have a congruent joint with a normal joint space and no evidence of posttraumatic arthritis. Conclusions: Hip joint stability determined with dynamic stress fluoroscopy with the patient under general anesthesia after a posterior wall acetabular fracture is predictive of hip joint congruity, an excellent radiographic outcome, and a good-to-excellent early clinical outcome after nonoperative treatment. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [1]: #F4 [2]: #F3
Optical Measurement of the Plastic Strain Concentration at a Crack Tip in a Ductile Steel Plate

The shadow spot method has been established as a valuable experimental procedure for measuring elastic stress intensity factors in planar fracture specimens. It is noted here that if the crack-tip deformation field in specimens of ductile materials can be characterized by means of a single plastic intensity factor, analogous to the stress intensity factor in linear elastic fracture mechanics, then the shadow spot method has potential for use in measuring this intensity factor. The value of the J-integral is adopted as the plastic strain intensity factor, and the lateral contraction of an elastic-ideally plastic planar specimen is calculated in terms of J from the nonhardening limit of the HRR asymptotic field of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. The theoretical caustic curve which would be generated by geometrical reflection of normally incident parallel light from points of the deformed specimen surface lying well within the plastic zone is determined, and it is shown that the value of J is proportional to the maximum transverse diameter of the shadow spot to the third power. Results of preliminary experiments, in which values of J for a given single edge notched steel plate specimen are inferred from measurements peformed separately from the elastically and plastically deforming parts of the specimen, are also reported.
Proteogenomic convergence for understanding cancer pathways and networks

During the past several decades, the understanding of cancer at the molecular level has been primarily focused on mechanisms on how signaling molecules transform homeostatically balanced cells into malignant ones within an individual pathway. However, it is becoming more apparent that pathways are dynamic and crosstalk at different control points of the signaling cascades, making the traditional linear signaling models inadequate to interpret complex biological systems. Recent technological advances in high throughput, deep sequencing for the human genomes and proteomic technologies to comprehensively characterize the human proteomes in conjunction with multiplexed targeted proteomic assays to measure panels of proteins involved in biologically relevant pathways have made significant progress in understanding cancer at the molecular level. It is undeniable that proteomic profiling of differentially expressed proteins under many perturbation conditions, or between normal and “diseased” states is important to capture a first glance at the overall proteomic landscape, which has been a main focus of proteomics research during the past 15-20 years. However, the research community is gradually shifting its heavy focus from that initial discovery step to protein target verification using multiplexed quantitative proteomic assays, capable of measuring changes in proteins and their interacting partners, isoforms, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in response to stimuli in the context of signaling pathways and protein networks. With a critical link to genotypes (i.e., high throughput genomics and transcriptomics data), new and complementary information can be gleaned from multi-dimensional omics data to (1) assess the effect of genomic and transcriptomic aberrations on such complex molecular machinery in the context of cell signaling architectures associated with pathological diseases such as cancer (i.e., from genotype to proteotype to phenotype); and (2) target pathway- and network-driven changes and map the fluctuations of these functional units (proteins) responsible for cellular activities in response to perturbation in a spatiotemporal fashion to better understand cancer biology as a whole system.
Late Cenozoic displacement transfer in the eastern Sylvania Mountain fault system and Lida Valley pull-apart basin, southwestern Nevada, based on three-dimensional gravity depth inversion and forward models

The Sylvania Mountain fault system is a major left-oblique structure that extends east from the Furnace Creek–Fish Lake Valley fault in southwestern Nevada (USA). The system interacts with a series of north-northeast–striking structures that bound a rectilinear pull-apart basin, Lida Valley, and serve as part of a displacement transfer system relaying slip from the eastern California shear zone to the Walker Lane. On the basis of gravity analysis, the Lida Valley basin is internally dissected by a complex system of faults. The subsurface basin morphology differs from north to south. Major extensional faults localized displacement in the north and formed deep basins, but in the south, displacement was distributed on widely spaced structures with modest displacement. Localized extension in the north is separated from the southern domain of distributed deformation by a west-northwest oblique-slip fault. The subsurface geometry of the basin was determined from a gravity survey with measurements depth inverted in three dimensions. Geologic cross sections were constructed and their gravity signatures forward modeled for compatibility with observations. Projections of mapped faults together with structures determined from gravity modeling were combined to construct the subsurface geometry of the Lida Valley fault system and to evaluate a fault displacement budget. By conserving fault slip on the array of structures, restoration of the pre-Neogene basement to a reference datum indicates a cumulative vertical displacement of 2.3–2.5 km since the onset of basin formation. Vertical displacement estimates were used to compute the horizontal component of extension, which ranges from 1.3 to 1.4 km.