cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
53: Are we guessing glyburide dosage in the treatment of gestational diabetes (GDM)? The pharmacological evidence for better clinical practice

DIABETES (GDM)? THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR BETTER CLINICAL PRACTICE MARY F. HEBERT, SURESH BABU NARAHARISETTI, XIAOSU MA, KEVIN M. KRUDYS, JASON UMANS, GARY D.V. HANKINS, STEVE CARITIS, MENACHEM MIODOVNIK, DONALD R. MATTISON, JASHVANT UNADKAT, THOMAS R. EASTERLING, PAOLO VICINI, University of Washington, Pharmacy and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seattle, Washington, University of Washington, Pharmaceutics, Seattle, Washington, University of Washington, BioEngineering, Seattle, Washington, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center and Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galveston, Texas, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, National Institutes of Health (NIH), For the OPRU, Bethesda, Maryland, University of Washington, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seattle, Washington OBJECTIVE: Glyburide is used to treat GDM, but its optimal dosage and impact on glucose metabolism has not been determined. Glyburide=s fetal exposure has been reported to be limited. Our objectives were to evaluate glyburide disposition and pancreatic response to a glucose load (mixed meal) in GDM vs. non-pregnant Type 2 diabetics (T2D) and to quantify fetal exposure. STUDY DESIGN: 40 GDMs (3rd-Trimester) and 6 T2Ds were studied. Each subject received their usual dose followed by a standardized meal. Blood and urine samples were collected over a dosing interval. Glyburide (LC-MS assay), glucose, insulin and c-peptide were measured. Glyburide dose-normalized area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), glyburide clearance-oral (CL/F), insulin sensitivity (I-Sen), insulin secretion (I-Sec) and their product, disposition index (DI) were calculated. Maternal and umbilical samples were collected at delivery (n 20). Results are reported as mean SD. RESULTS: Glyburide AUC was significantly lower in GDM while glyburide clearance and insulin secretion were significantly greater in GDMs than in nonpregnant T2Ds. Glyburide crosses the placenta. Ratios of umbilical cord to maternal plasma concentration were 0.58 0.24 (venous) and 0.57 0.21 (arterial). CONCLUSION: Increased glyburide clearance in pregnancy results in drug concentrations in GDM 50% of those in T2D. Treatment failure in some patients may be explained by inadequate dosing. In contrast to prior reports, we have shown that glyburide crosses the placenta with umbilical cord concentrations about 50% of maternal. As expected, pregnancy was associated with insulin resistance. Glyburide increased insulin secretion significantly more in pregnant women with GDM than in women with T2D.
Demonstration of add/drop multiplexer for 100-Gbit/s RZ-QPSK channels over spatially multiplexed orbital angular momentum modes

We experimentally demonstrate the add/drop multiplexer for two orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes carrying 100-Gbit/s RZ-QPSK channels. An OSNR penalty of &#60; 1.6 dB for added and dropped channels is observed.
High-rate conditioning pulse trains in cochlear implants: Dynamic range measures with sinusoidal stimuli

The addition of a continuous, unmodulated, high-rate pulse train to the electrical signals of cochlear implant recipients results in statistically significant increases in psychophysical dynamic range (41 out of 46 electrode pairs tested). The observed increases in dynamic range are thought to result from nerve conditioning by appropriate levels of high-rate pulse train. Five dynamic range profiles are characterized, defining the different responses of dynamic range observed with increasing levels of the conditioner. Four of the five profiles demonstrate increases in dynamic range, with three showing behavior consistent with stochastic resonance. One profile depicts evidence of adaptation in response to higher levels of the conditioner, with a recovery period lasting throughout the duration (on the scale of tens of minutes) of experimentation. Dynamic range profiles are shown to be similar across sinusoidal frequencies (202, 515, and 1031 Hz) but potentially different across electrode pairs (electrodes 1-2, 7-8, and 15-16). Correlation analysis does not reveal any predictors of optimal conditioner level or amount of dynamic range increase with the conditioner.
Complex structures and composite models — An essay on methodology

Abstract A principal desideratum of a methodology adequate for the task of constructing models of complex military, socio-political phenomena, typified in C 3 + I systems as found in theories of command and control, is that such a methodology be capable of capturing both the quantitative and qualitative features that such phenomena exhibit in real-world occurrences. It is our contention that current state-of-the-art tools are deficient in this regard. Which is to say, that while real-world occurrences of complex phenomena clearly exhibit both quantitative and qualitative features, most models concentrate on one aspect, to the exclusion of the other. An approach to the above-mentioned deficiency is outlined in this paper. A program is set forth that treats models of complex phenomena as formal symbolic entities in a first-order language, which in turn is comprised of both logical and proper sets of axioms. Such entities, termed composite structures, permit the distinct, but interrelated, portrayal of the quantitative and qualitative features of a given model within a unified framework of discourse.
Constitutional Conceits: The WTO's 'Constitution' and the Discipline of International Law

International legal scholarship, particularly trade scholarship, is preoccupied with questions of constitutionalism. However, neither WTO texts nor practice suggest that the WTO is a constitutional entity. The disjunction between scholarship and practice is puzzling: Why would scholars debate the WTO's (non-existent) constitutional features? Although the term is used in different ways, leading accounts of constitutionalism at the WTO share an impulse to channel or minimize world trade politics. Paradoxically, however, the call for constitutionalism triggers precisely the contestation and politics that it seeks to pre-empt. This creates an even larger puzzle: If constitutional discourse sparks the very politics it seeks to avoid, why do scholars continue to use this discourse? This paper explores the conditions that give rise to debates over constitutionalism, and explores whether the timing and prominence of constitutional debates reflect disciplinary anxieties that have been heightened by recent geopolitical developments. Might international lawyers use constitutional discourse as a rhetorical strategy designed to invest international law with the power and authority that domestic constitutional structures and norms possess? If so, this strategy may be self-defeating. Critical evaluation of constitutional claims may highlight the lack of constitutional structure or legitimating foundations of the WTO, and international law more generally. The paper closes by suggesting that other forms of constitutionalism may be
Intracavitary cisplatin therapy for pediatric malignancies.

Background Local control is essential for the successful treatment of pediatric solid tumors. Complete excision is often not possible and local control therapies are limited. Intracavitary cisplatin (IC-CDDP) may be utilized to supplement local control. The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity and efficacy of locally instilled intracavitary cisplatin in patients with recurrent tumors in closed body cavities. Procedure From 2001 to 2009, 12 patients (1–20 years) with recurrent or unresectable malignant tumors were treated with IC-CDDP. Nine had pulmonary lesions. Three patients had abdominal tumors. CDDP (200 mg/m2) was instilled by chest tube or Tenckhoff catheter. Patients were shifted every 15–30 min to allow distribution. After 4 hr, residual was drained by gravity. In 10/13 courses, sodium thiosulfate (STS) was administered to prevent nephrotoxicity. Three other patients received amifostine. Results Malignant pleural effusions resolved in 5/7 patients. This response was temporary in three patients. No patients had ascites prior to treatment. Three patients are alive and disease-free, 18 months, 4 years, and 6 years from treatment. They also had surgery and chemotherapy. Transient renal toxicity was noted in most patients. One patient, treated with amifostine, had persistent renal dysfunction. Conclusions IC-CDDP was effective in treating malignant pleural effusions and may be a palliative option for refractory disease. Long-term survival was achieved in two patients, treated at first diagnosis. The benefit of IC-CDDP in these patients is difficult to assess. Renal dysfunction is usually mild, and typically resolves, but warrants preventive measures with IC-CDDP therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:452–456. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduction to condensed form for the Eigenvalue problem on distributed memory architectures

In this paper, we describe a parallel implementation for the reduction of general and symmetric matrices to Hessenberg and tridiagonal form, respectively. The methods are based on LAPACK sequential codes and use a panel-wrapped mapping of matrices to nodes. Results from experiments on the Intel Touchstone Delta are given.
The circulatory behavior of isolated and preserved canine kidneys

Summary Renal recirculation experiments have been conducted to determine the circulatory behavior of autologous kidneys immediately following removal from the body as well as after 24 hour periods of preservation by means of hypothermia (4° C.) alone and hypothermia (4° C.) combined with oxygen under increased pressure (3 atmospheres absolute). These findings are compared to similar observations on kidneys remaining at room temperature for identical periods of time (essentially dead kidneys). Data have been presented to indicate that the phenomenon of outflow block consistently observed in kidneys recirculated immediately following removal was usually transient and was primarily due to vascular spasm. This is contrasted to essentially dead kidneys in which all evidence of autoregulation was missing and persistent outflow block was associated with vascular dilatation and increased trapping of blood and fluid within the kidney. The circulatory behavior of kidneys preserved for 24 hours by hypothermia (4° C.) alone and by hypothermia (4° C.) and hyperbaric oxygen was intermediate to the above extremes, with the best performance occurring in the group exposed to oxygen under increased pressure. Both groups of preserved kidneys showed cortical arterial and venous dilatation by injection studies, suggesting that the decrease in blood flow observed during recirculation of these kidneys related more to abnormal vascular dilatation than vascular spasm.
The genus Symploce Hebard. V. Species from mainland Asia (China, India, Iran, Laos, Thailand, South Vietnam, West Malaysia). (Dictyoptera: Blattaria, Blattellidae)

Twelve species of Symploce are treated in this paper, of which the following 4 are new: bipinnacula (South Vietnam), perakensis (West Malaysia), singaporensis (West Malaysia), and unistyla (Laos, Thailand). The following species are redescribed: forficula Bey-Bienko (China, Thailand), indica (Brunner) (West Malaysia), ligulata (Bey-Bienko) (China, Thailand), nigroalba (Hanitsch) (South Vietnam), and quadripunctata (Hanitsch) (South Vietnam, Sumatra, West Malaysia). Three species, namely, marginata (Bey-Bienko) (China), popovi (Bey-Bienko) (China), and zarudniana Bey-Bienko (Iran), were not seen but brief descriptions are given from the literature. A key is given for males.
Some Significant Contributions to the History of Rhetoric: 1970––1982

he inauguration of Rhetorica is both a recognition of and a response to a burgeoning interest among scholars in the history of rhetoric. This growth of interest may have something to do with the publication and widespread impact of works by scholars like Chaim Perelman and Wayne Booth. Or perhaps we are entering that phase in the history of ideas in which, as Richard McKeon once observed, there is a resurgence of interest in rhetoric consequent on consensus among thinking men and women that dominant philosophical and scientific methods and principles have become outmoded, exhausted, or bankrupt. Whatever the reasons for it, the increase in scholarly production over the past dozen years is remarkable.' In the following, I intend to discuss some recent contributions to the history of rhetoric which I consider particularly noteworthy. I have in mind those works which have either significantly improved our access to the central texts in the history of the discipline or which represent pioneer explorations of what has been for the most part terra incognita. Scholars who work with bad texts and unexamined assumptions cannot get very far.
Who's interacting? And what are they talking about?—intercultural contact and interaction among multicultural university students

Abstract This study analyzes the interactional frequencies and patterns of intercultural contact among racially/ethnically different students at a multicultural university. Specifically, the authors examine the amount of intercultural interactions individuals have within a given time period as well as the nature of such contact (e.g., topic of discussion, location, duration, relationship context). A memory-recall survey instrument is used to analyze the contact patterns that occur among various racial/ethnic groups—Latino/as, Blacks/African Americans, Whites/European Americans, and Asian Americans—in the same context. The findings reveal that most of the groups (Blacks/African Americans, Whites/European Americans, and Asian Americans) engage in narrow interaction patterns with only one other major racial/ethnic group and that most intercultural interaction occurs on-campus in class or off-campus at workplace locations. The findings are also patterned based on (a) the specific racial/ethnic groups involved in the contact, (b) the location of the contact, (c) the topic of interaction, and (d) socioeconomic class. Lastly, this study argues that individuals define intercultural contact in different and often contradictory ways, which informs and shapes future intercultural contact research.
eEF1A binding to aminoacylated viral RNA represses minus strand synthesis by TYMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

The genomic RNA of Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) has an 82-nucleotide-long tRNA-like structure at its 3'-end that can be valylated and then form a stable complex with translation elongation factor eEF1A.GTP. Transcription of this RNA by TYMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to yield minus strands has previously been shown to initiate within the 3'-CCA sequence. We have now demonstrated that minus strand synthesis is strongly repressed upon the binding of eEF1A.GTP to the valylated viral RNA. eEF1A.GTP had no effect on RNA synthesis templated by non-aminoacylated RNA. Higher eEF1A.GTP levels were needed to repress minus strand synthesis templated by valyl-EMV TLS RNA, which binds eEF1A.GTP with lower affinity than does valyl-TYMV RNA. Repression by eEF1A.GTP was also observed with a methionylated variant of TYMV RNA and with aminoacylated tRNAHis, tRNAAla, and tRNAPhe transcripts. It is proposed that minus strand repression by eEF1A.GTP binding occurs early during infection to help coordinate the competing translation and replication functions of the genomic RNA.
The Influence of Dosage Form on Papaverine Bioavailability

The bioavailability of sustained-release papaverine HCl dosage forms were compared to equivalent doses of the drug administered as an elixir and conventional compressed tablets to 12 healthy human subjects. Papaverine plasma levels were determined using a gas-chromatographic procedure. The drug was absorbed more rapidly and completely from the two nonsustained-release formulations. There was a large intersubject variability, and the plasma half-life of the drug was esstimated to be 1 hour. The area under the plasma level-time curve for the nine sustained-release products ranged from 18 to 64% relative to the area achieved by the papaverine elixir. It was concluded that the sustained-release dosage forms of papaverine included in each study group could be considered bioequivalent, but they exhibited inadequate bioavailability relative to either the elixir or the compressed tablet dosage form.
Passaged adult chondrocytes can form engineered cartilage with functional mechanical properties: a canine model.

It was hypothesized that previously optimized serum-free culture conditions for juvenile bovine chondrocytes could be adapted to generate engineered cartilage with physiologic mechanical properties in a preclinical, adult canine model. Primary or passaged (using growth factors) adult chondrocytes from three adult dogs were encapsulated in agarose, and cultured in serum-free media with transforming growth factor-β3. After 28 days in culture, engineered cartilage formed by primary chondrocytes exhibited only small increases in glycosaminoglycan content. However, all passaged chondrocytes on day 28 elaborated a cartilage matrix with compressive properties and glycosaminoglycan content in the range of native adult canine cartilage values. A preliminary biocompatibility study utilizing chondral and osteochondral constructs showed no gross or histological signs of rejection, with all implanted constructs showing excellent integration with surrounding cartilage and subchondral bone. This study demonstrates that adult canine chondrocytes can form a mechanically functional, biocompatible engineered cartilage tissue under optimized culture conditions. The encouraging findings of this work highlight the potential for tissue engineering strategies using adult chondrocytes in the clinical treatment of cartilage defects.
Studies of a wind mechanism influencing the recruitment of blue crabs in the Middle Atlantic Bight

Abstract This report forms part of an on-going effort to understand the large yearly variations in blue crab harvest of Chesapeake Bay. Recent sampling programs have indicated that the larvae are transported out of the bay immediately after being spawned, and spend their first month offshore at the sea surface. Although it is well established that a mid and outer shelf southward flow occurs during all seasons in the Middle Atlantic Bight, very little is known of the nearshore currents. This study constitutes an effort to determine if the characteristically light, but northward, wind stress during the critical summer months is sufficient to drive northward counter flow at the surface and, hence, to reduce the chances that the larvae are being advected south and lost from the area of Chesapeake Bay. We investigate a local model of wind-driven currents on the continental shelf with vertical decoupling at the pycnocline. Additional driving forces include an alongshore sea surface slope and horizontal pressure gradients. With characteristic forcing values, it is found that the wind stress is indeed sufficient to drive a light northward flow within 25 to 50 km of the shoreline. We expect, then, that blue crab larval recruitment back to Chesapeake Bay may be partially dependent on summer wind stress. A comparison between a wind index time series and harvest several years later is strongly suggestive of such a dependency.
Bridging the Two Cultures of Risk Analysis1,2

During the past 15 years, risk analysis has come of age as an interdisciplinary field of remarkable breadth, nurturing connections among fields as diverse as mathematics, biostatistics, toxicology, and engineering on one hand, and law, psychology, sociology, and economics on the other hand. In this editorial, the author addresses the question: What has the presence of social scientists in the network meant to the substantive development of the field of risk analysis The answers offered here discuss the substantial progress in bridging the two cultures of risk analysis. Emphasis is made of the continual need for monitoring risk analysis. Topics include: the micro-worlds of risk assessment; constraining assumptions; and exchange programs. 14 refs.
The Magellan Venus mapping mission: Aerobraking operations☆☆☆

Abstract The orbit of the Magellan spacecraft was circularized during a 70-day aerobraking phase, which ended on 3 August 1993. Shrinking the orbit apoapsis from 8467 km down to 541 km was required to obtain meaningful gravity science data at high and moderate latitudes. Aerobraking was the only way to reach this nearly-circular orbit, since the amount of propellant on board Magellan was at least an order of magnitude too small to circularize propulsively. This paper will describe the steps taken by the Magellan flight team to successfully aerobrake the Magellan spacecraft into the nearly-circular orbit. Magellan is currently in a 541 by 197 km altitude orbit around the planet Venus. This paper will briefly describe the Magellan mission history and hardware, the goals of the continuing Magellan mission, the exciting aerobraking phase, and other science objectives beyond the primary continuing mission goal of producing a high-resolution global-gravity map of Venus.
Beyond drugs: can Tai Chi mind–body exercise be an alternative treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Tai Chi, as an original Chinese martial art, has been practiced in China for many centuries. It is considered a complex, multicomponent therapy integrating physical, psychosocial, emotional, spiritual and behavioral elements, and promot �
P.18.4 Physical activity profile and barriers to physical activity in individuals with myotonic dystrophy

Individuals with myotonic dystrophy (DM) type 1 are less active than healthy individuals, which may result in secondary complications and decreased functional abilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to document the physical activity profile and barriers to physical activity in persons with DM. Individuals with DM were recruited during the Empower 2011 patient and family conference sponsored by the Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation. Participants were asked to complete a survey that included a Demographic/Clinical profile, the Barriers to Physical Activity and Disability Survey and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical activity in terms of number of days and time (in 10 min increments) over the past 7 days was reported. A multiple regression model including age, number of current clinical problems, and the number of barriers reported was used to predict the amount of sedentary time (sitting time). 107 (53% male) participants with DM (65% DM1) reported finger and hand weakness, fatigue, day time sleepiness, gastrointestinal issues, and leg weakness as the most common clinical problems. Participation in at least 1 day of activity was reported by 15% of the participants for gardening, 69% for household activities, 42% for leisure time walking, and 22% for moderate intensity level leisure time activities. Lack of energy and motivation were the most common barriers to physical activity reported. Number of barriers was a significant predictor of the amount of time spent sitting. Persons with DM have decreased physical activity and spend a significant time sedentary and are limited by a lack of energy and motivation. Administration of this survey at the conference may have influenced the report of physical activity as it may have been modified due to travel and conference participation. Further investigation is needed to better understand additional factors that contribute to inactivity.
Oxidation of compounds metabolized through folate coenzyme pathways in vitamin B12-deficient rats.

Abstract The effects of vitamin B 12 deficiency in rats and dietary supplementation with vitamin B 12 and/or l -methionine plus folate on the oxidation of compounds metabolized through folate coenzyme pathways were investigated. Rats fed a vitamin B 12 -deficient diet oxidized significantly lower amounts in 60 min of l -histidine, glycine, sarcosine, formate, and l -serine to CO 2 than vitamin B 12 -supplemented controls. Supplementation of the deficient diet with l -methionine plus folate restored the ability to oxidize the ring-2-carbon of l -histidine, the methyl group of sarcosine, and formate to the same level as that observed in animals receiving vitamin B 12 . In contrast, oxidation of the 1-carbon of glycine and the 3-carbon of l -serine was not restored to control levels by addition of methionine plus folate to the vitamin B 12 -deficient diet. Inhibition of the metabolism of the 2-carbon of glycine to CO 2 was partially overcome by additional dietary methionine and folate. Glycine synthase activity in homogenates paralleled the in vivo pattern of oxidation of the 1-carbon of glycine to CO 2 , whereas sarcosine dehydrogenase activity appeared to increase 2-fold in vitamin B 12 deficiency.
A fracture mechanics approach to wear

Abstract The stress intensity associated with a subsurface crack is calculated. The crack is driven by shear stresses associated with an asperity contact but is retarded by the friction between its opposing faces. It is suggested that this latter factor is important in determining the ease of debris formation.
Appearance of Dentin γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid-containing Proteins in Developing Rat Molars in vitro

An in vitro model of mineralization was devised in order to study the developmental appearance of dentin γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins (DGPs) in relation to the onset of mineralization. Maxillary third molars from 11-day-old rats were cultured with or without fetal calf serum (FCS) as modified from Navia et al. (1984).- Molars were incubated without radiolabel, or with either 45CaCl2 (5 μCi/ml) for 24 hr at various stages of a ten-day culture period or [3H]-leucine (10 μCi/ml) for 24 hr at the eighth day of culture. Molars were lyophilized and extracted with 10% formic acid overnight at 4°C. DGPs in extracts were detected by immunologic and chromatographic techniques; DGPs in molar sections were detected by immunolocalization using indirect immunofluorescence. Molar development was evaluated histologically using the Von Kossa staining technique.Molars cultured with FCS showed histologic evidence for mineralized dentin and enamel and a significant increase in 45Ca uptake after the sixth day in...
Role of dopamine2-receptors in mediating renal vascular response to low dose dopamine infusion in the rat.

Role of dopamine2-receptors in mediating renal vascular response to low dose dopamine infusion in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand130, 563–569. Received 6 November 1986, accepted 15 March 1987. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Developmental Physiology, Karolinska Institute, St Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The effects of the interaction of dopamine (DA) and the DA2-receptors on regional blood flows and cardiac output have been studied in the rat. By means of the microsphere technique the blood flow (BF) and vascular resistance (VR) were determined in the kidney, duodenum, spleen, liver, and lung during infusion of DA in the absence and presence of selective DA2-receptor blockade with S-Sulpiride (S-SP), and during infusion of a selective DA2-receptor agonist (LY-171555, LY). In order to evaluate the role of the presynaptic DA2-receptor, the experiments were performed without α- and β-adrenergic blockade. Dopamine was given in such low doses that stimulation of the adrenergic receptors should be negligible. Dopamine, LY and DA + S-SP did not significantly influence BF and VR in the spleen, liver and lung. Dopamine significantly increased BF and decreased VR in the kidney and the duodenum; LY significantly increased BF in the the kidney but not in the duodenum and decreased VR in both the kidney and the duodenum. In the presence of selective DA,-receptor blockade, DA did not significantly influence BF or VR in the kidney but in the duodenum BF increased and VR decreased to the same extent as in the absence of blockade. In conclusion; the kidney and the intestine are more abundantly supplied with vascular DA-receptors than other organs. In the kidney the interaction between DA and the DA2-receptors significantly contributes the the DA-induced vasodilation. The interaction between DA and the DA2-receptors is of less importance for the DA-induced vasodilatation in the intestine.
Race Matters: Orientalism and Religion, India and Beyond c. 1770–1880

In tracing the history of the concept of race, this article revises the conventional view that race acquired significance only after the mid-nineteenth century in colonial India. Instead, it situates the history of race in the connected realms of enlightenment science in both the metropolitan and colonial worlds and in the public sphere of Indian print culture. From the 1770s onwards the emerging ‘science’ of race was intimately related to orientalism and was salient for civilisational concepts, above all, religion. Precisely because it was a capacious concept that encompassed both cultural and biological ideas, race became an inescapable category for world-comparative distinctions between human types and religions, but it also held implications for the role of empire. Phrenology was a popular dimension of this set of ideas and found votaries among both imperial and also Indian literati of radical, conservative and liberal political opinions. The Calcutta Phrenological Society became an active site of debate on these issues. Yet in the popular realm of vernacular print culture analogous notions of physical typology and distinction (particularly samudrikvidya) remained distant from such concerns. As a form of ‘insurgent knowledge’ samudrikvidya was part of the techniques for the reconstitution of an Indian selfhood. Race then was not only a powerful concept, but also one that was remarkably mutable in its meanings and uses from the eighteenth century onwards.
A 14b 23MS/s 48mW resetting ΣΔ ADC with 87dB SFDR 11.7b ENOB & 0.5mm 2 area

A 14 b 23 MS/s ADC that pipelines a 2nd order resetting SigmaDelta modulator with a 10 b cyclic ADC and requires no front-end S/H is presented. The architecture uses a resetting SigmaDelta modulator at the front-end for accuracy and a cyclic ADC at the back-end for residual error quantization. This calibration-free ADC achieves no missing codes, 87 dB SFDR and 11.7 b ENOB. Fabricated in 0.18 mum CMOS with a core area of 0.5 mm2, it consumes 48 mW from a 2 V supply.
Volatile compounds from the integument of White Leghorn Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L.): Candidate attractants of ornithophilic mosquito species*

Candidate kairomones of ornithophilic mosquito species are reported from GC/MS analysis of compounds from the skin on the back, the feet, and feathers from the back of White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Hexane and ether extracts of chicken feathers differ significantly in attractiveness of Culex spp. mosquitoes. The active (hexane) extracts contained an abundance of alcohols, ketones, and diones. The inactive (ether) extracts contained aldehydes, which also were in the hexane extracts. Analysis of hexane extracts from chicken feet, skin, and feathers demonstrated the qualitative similarity in the compounds collected with subtle differences observed in the quantitative amounts of these compounds. Aldehydes and carboxylic acids were detected in a concentrated ether extract of feathers in quantitatively similar ratios within each compound class for the corresponding series of C6–C9 aldehydes and acids.
Nongray Soot and Gas-Phase Radiation Modeling in Luminous Turbulent Nonpremixed Jet Flames

Much progress has been made in radiative heat transfer modeling with respect to treatment of nongray radiation from both gas species and soot particles, while radiation modeling in turbulent ame simulations is still in its infancy. Aiming at reducing this gap, this paper introduces sophisticated models of soot and gas-phase radiation to turbulent ame simulations. The full-spectrum k-distribution method is implemented into a threedimensional unstructured CFD code for nongray radiation modeling. The mixture full-spectrum k-distributions including nongray absorbing soot particles are constructed from a narrow-band k-distribution database created for individual gas-phase species, and an efcient scheme is employed for the construction in complex CFD simulations. A detailed reaction mechanism including NOx and soot kinetics is used to predict ame structure. A detailed soot model with method of moments is employed to determine soot particle size distributions. An oxygen-enriched, turbulent, nonpremixed jet ame is simulated, which features large concentrations of gas-phase radiating species and soot particles. Nongray soot modeling is shown to be of greater importance than nongray gas modeling in sooty ame simulations, with gray soot models producing large errors. The nongray treatment of soot strongly inuences ame temperatures in the upstream and the ame tip region and is essential for accurate predictions of NO formation in sooty ames. The nongray treatment of gases, however, weakly inuences upstream ame temperatures and, therefore, has only a small effect on NOx predictions. The effect of nongray soot radiation on ame temperature is also substantial in downstream regions where the soot concentration is small.
A Demonstration of Approach and Avoidance Conflicts

Choosing between 2 unpleasant alternatives (Would you rather be less intelligent or less attractive?) is more difficult than choosing between two desirable options (Would you rather be more intelligent or more attractive?). Here I describe a classroom demonstration of avoidance–avoidance conflicts. Students make a series of approach–approach and avoidance–avoidance choices. The avoidance choices take longer to make than the approach decisions. The students also rate the avoidance choices as less satisfactory, more difficult to make, and subject to change. Avoidance conflicts are relevant to contemporary ideas of loss aversion, decision making, and negative self-evaluation.
Thin aluminum filters for use on the Apollo Telescope Mount XUV spectrographs.

Thin, unbacked, aluminum film filters were used on two extreme ultraviolet (XUV) instruments flown on the Apollo Telescope Mount of Skylab by the Naval Research Laboratory to transmit the XUV radiation while blocking the longer wavelength radiation that would saturate the detector. The requirements placed on these filters - large size, resistance to degradation by high acoustic and vibration fields, and low pinhole transmittances - were far more severe than those placed on any filters previously flown. Special techniques were developed for vacuum evaporation of the aluminum, removal of the films from the substrates, supporting the films and mounting them to obtain finished filters, and storing them so that no degradation took place. A description of these techniques will be given.
Time Course of Individual Ca2+ Sparks in Frog Skeletal Muscle Recorded at High Time Resolution

Discrete Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ “sparks”) were recorded in cut segments of single frog skeletal muscle fibers using a video-rate laser-scanning confocal microscope operating in line-scan mode (63 μs per line). Fibers loaded with the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 were voltage clamped at a holding potential of 0 mV, briefly reprimed at −90 mV, and then strongly depolarized with a large test pulse to activate any reprimed voltage sensors. Using this high time resolution system, it was possible to record individual Ca2+ sparks at ∼30-fold higher time resolution than previously attained. The resulting new experimental data provides a means of characterizing the time course of fluorescence during the brief (a few milliseconds) rising phase of a spark, which was not possible with the previously used 1.5–2 ms per line confocal systems. Analysis of the time course of individual identified events indicates that fluorescence begins to rise rather abruptly at the start of the spark, continues to rise at a slightly decreasing rate to a relatively sharp peak, and then declines along a quasi-exponential time course. The mean rise time of 198 sparks was 4.7 ± 0.1 ms, and there was no correlation between rise time and peak amplitude. Average sparks constructed by temporally and spatially superimposing and summing groups of individual sparks having similar rise times gave a lower noise representation of the sparks, consistent with the time course of individual events. In theory, the rising phase of a spark provides a lower bound estimation of the time that Ca2+ ions are being released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel(s) generating the spark. The observed time course of fluorescence suggests that the Ca2+ release underlying a spark could continue at a fairly constant rate throughout the rising phase of the spark, and then stop rather abruptly at the time of the peak.
Heat shock protein gene expression and survival in critical illness.

The advent of recombinant DNA technologies has created unprecedented opportunities for significantly improving the treatment and prevention of human disease. Recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to study the molecular factors that modulate cellular responses to various metabolic and environmental stresses. Incorporating molecular biology techniques into the research arsenal of the physician will provide the opportunity to dissect and define the reversible and irreversible intracellular processes that give rise to acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock, and multiple system organ failure (ie the major causes of mortality in most respiratory and multidisciplinary intensive care units). Primarily, this short review discusses a specific example of gene expression that has been studied over the past 20 years, and its relevance to acute lung injury and sepsis, two of the most common causes of critical illness. Acute lung injury is defined as a phenomenon of acute diffuse lung inflammation. When inflammatory cells are sequestered and activated in the lung, they release potentially toxic metabolites, proteolytic enzymes, and an array of cytokines. Survival of patients who have acute respiratory failure after acute lung injury depends on prompt alveolar repair. Even when the original inciting factor is controlled, outcome varies from complete recovery to death. The survival rate approximates 50% in all major series [1] and the major determinant of outcome is the failure of other vital organ systems. Approximately 90% of all deaths occur within 2–3 weeks of the onset of the syndrome.
G163(P) Recurrent Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) in Children with Repaired Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TOF)

Aim To identify if patients with repaired TOF have increased risk of recurrent LRTI. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all children who had repaired TOF over the last 20 years (1990–2011) in our centre. We identified the children who presented with recurrent LRTI. We reviewed their medical records and radiological tests and findings. Results 82 children had repaired TOF over 20 years period. Age range from 1 – 20 years old post repair period. 18 children (22%) had recurrent LRTI and needed regular courses of antibiotics. 10 out of 18 children had high resolution CT scan (HRCT) of the chest and 3 of them (4%) had confirmed bronchectasis. Conclusion While tracheomalacia is a well recognised complication of TOF repair, there is paucity of data regarding the increased risk of LRTI. One recent study demonstrated increased cough with sputum production and chronic bronchitis in repaired TOF. (Acta Paediatr. 2011 Sep; 100(9):1222–5). In our study we found increased risk of recurrent LRTI in children with repaired TOF (one fifth of the patients). The incidence of bronchectasis was 4%. These findings highlights the importance of awareness of the long-term respiratory complications in children with repaired TOF.
When is a cluster not a cluster

L'A. presente les resultats d'une etude visant a evaluer, dans le cadre de l'acquisition du langage, la these de J. Archibald (1998) selon laquelle la presence d'un ensemble constitue d'une consonne et d'une liquide implique la presence d'un contraste sous-jacent entre /l/ et /r/. Ceci permet certaines predictions concernant les liquides et les types d'ensemble que les apprenants sont susceptibles de produire
Simultaneous use of bilateral caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps for wound closure in a dog

A neutered male German shorthaired pointer sustained severe bite wounds to the left caudal flank and thigh area. Thorough wound lavage and debridement was performed immediately and also three days after presentation. Daily wound dressing resulted in the production of a mature granulation tissue bed. Prior to wound closure, colour flow Doppler ultrasonography was used to confirm blood flow through the right and left caudal superficial epigastric arteries and veins. Sixteen days after presentation, right and left caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps were simultaneously elevated to cover the defect. The right flap was elevated as an island flap, rotated 120 degrees and used to cover the caudodorsal aspect of the defect. The left flap was elevated and rotated dorsally to cover the cranioventral aspect of the defect. Ninety per cent wound coverage was achieved and flap survival was total. The donor site defect was closed primarily and no dehiscence occurred. Three months postsurgery, the entire defect was closed and limb function was normal.
Designing ethical organizations for spiritual growth and superior performance: an organization systems approach

The emerging field of spirituality at work provides new energy to the well‐established field of business ethics and social responsibility by directing organizational leaders to achieve superior financial performance and productivity in harmony with ethical behavior and spiritual transcendence. This article provides a systematic model organizational leaders can implement to infuse ethics and spirituality throughout operations. The model recognizes that all employees are morally imperfect, and offers processes, practices, and structures that reinforce ethical behaviors and allow personal spirituality to flourish. The organization systems approach embraces the best practices for determining the ethics of job candidates, codes of ethics, ethical decision‐making, ethics and diversity training, ethics officers and hotlines, ethical leadership, ethical work goals and performance appraisals, environmental management, and community outreach. World peace and social justice requires the existence of ethical organiza...
Failure analysis of oil and gas transmission pipelines

Abstract While pipelines offer a safe, cost-effective way to move natural gas and hazardous liquids, pipeline leaks and ruptures can result in disastrous consequences. Pipelines can be susceptible to different metallurgical failure mechanisms including but not limited to manufacturing defects, third party damage, and corrosion. This chapter outlines common pipeline failure mechanisms and provides selected case studies, which highlight typical issues that can result in pipeline leaks and ruptures. Understanding these failure mechanisms is critical to mitigating risk of future incidents and managing the future integrity of the pipeline.
Risk Management in College Fraternities: Guidance from Two Faculty Advisors.

Students who become members of fraternities and sororities avail themselves of significant opportunities that enrich their college life. Faculty advisors play an important role in assisting fraternities and sororities in shaping students’ leadership, scholastic, and personal development. Given the risks such as alcohol use and hazing that continue to be associated with Greek life, faculty advisors also need to be actively involved in enforcing various policies to ensure student safety. In this paper, the authors review some of the problems that cause a liability risk to Greek life and they offer examples from their own experience as faculty advisors to two fraternities to help manage the risk.
Antidote for Factor Xa Anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulant options have exploded. Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, was approved for use in the United States in 2010 for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation; this was rapidly followed by approval of the direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban within 5 years. The drive for the development of these drugs stemmed from the burdens associated with the use of the anticoagulants that had previously been available for outpatient treatment — subcutaneous heparins and oral vitamin K antagonists. Although these new drugs represent an important advance in anticoagulation therapy, concern over the lack of . . .
Features of pressure-drop ratio of hydrocyclone

The relationship between pressure-drop ratio and flow rate, split ratio, overflow outlet diameter, bigger cone, and smaller cone in the liquid-liquid hydrocyclone separation are discussed in the paper. The pressure-drop ratio becomes greater with split ratio increase and also boosts its value when the overflow outlet diameter is enlarging or the small cone becomes smaller. At the same time, the values of pressure-drop ratio changes very little when bigger cone varies, and different inlet diameter only changes the start-point in the pressure-drop ratio and split ratio diagram.
Moral Teaching How to Cultivate Creativity in Our Students

The changing concepts,and enhance the moral and professional qualities of teachers,bold reform attempts,is to train students and key premise of innovation;to encourage students to develop thinking and carrying out various practical activities,training creative ability is an important way.
The Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rodents is one of the most widely utilized models in experimental stroke studies on focal cerebral ischemia. tMCAO can be modeled in different ways, all aimed at mimicking the clinical scenario of early reperfusion after an ischemic infarct. Some models utilize mechanical occlusion to transiently occlude blood flow with an intraluminal suture, others use "humanized" clot with adjunctive thrombolytic use. This chapter will focus on these two models; the intraluminal suture and thromboembolic MCAO, as they are widely used in stroke research. In addition, several methods of cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitoring during a tMCAO procedure including laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), laser speckle flowmetry (LSF), and carbon-14 Iodoantipyrine Autoradiography ((14)C-IAP) will be described.
Combination Immunotherapy: An Emerging Paradigm in Cancer Therapeutics.

In view of the potential for durable responses with immunotherapy, it will be important to identify the most effective and least toxic regimens for individual patients.
The Death of Nietzsche's Zarathustra: The laughing lions

The title of Nietzsche's book, as well as the signature line in nearly every chapter, emphasize Zarathustra's speeches above all. But, as commentators have long pointed out, the book is not a mere collection of didactic speeches. Instead, these speeches are set into a story that from the very start details Zarathustra's search for their appropriate audience. This means that Nietzsche intends us to pay close attention, not only to the content of Zarathustra's speeches, but also to his interactions with his listeners. There are many such listeners, of many different kinds: the sun, his animals, town people, dancing girls, a tarantula, cripples, sailors, a dwarf, the sea, higher men, and even Zarathustra's own heart and soul. Following Plato and the Gospels, however, Nietzsche designs his narrative so as to draw our attention especially to those who listen to the majority of Zarathustra's speeches and who call themselves his “disciples” ( Junger ) (I.22:1).