cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tighter Control by Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) Explains Lack of Association between Human Anionic Trypsinogen and Hereditary Pancreatitis

The human pancreas expresses two major trypsinogen isoforms, cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) and anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2). Mutations in PRSS1 cause hereditary pancreatitis by altering cleavage of regulatory nick sites by chymotrypsin C (CTRC) resulting in reduced trypsinogen degradation and increased autoactivation. Despite 90% identity with PRSS1 and a strong propensity for autoactivation, mutations in PRSS2 are not found in hereditary pancreatitis suggesting that activation of this isoform is more tightly regulated. Here, we demonstrated that CTRC promoted degradation and thereby markedly suppressed autoactivation of human anionic trypsinogen more effectively than previously observed with cationic trypsinogen. Increased sensitivity of anionic trypsinogen to CTRC-mediated degradation was due to an additional cleavage site at Leu-148 in the autolysis loop and the lack of the conserved Cys-139-Cys-206 disulfide bond. Significant stabilization of anionic trypsinogen against degradation was achieved by simultaneous mutations of CTRC cleavage sites Leu-81 and Leu-148, autolytic cleavage site Arg-122, and restoration of the missing disulfide bridge. This stands in stark contrast to cationic trypsinogen where single mutations of either Leu-81 or Arg-122 resulted in almost complete resistance to CTRC-mediated degradation. Finally, processing of the trypsinogen activation peptide at Phe-18 by CTRC inhibited autoactivation of anionic trypsinogen, although cationic trypsinogen was strongly stimulated. Taken together, the observations indicate that human anionic trypsinogen is controlled by CTRC in a manner that individual natural mutations are unlikely to increase stability enough to promote intra-pancreatic activation. This unique biochemical property of anionic trypsinogen explains the lack of association of PRSS2 mutations with hereditary pancreatitis.
Tradition, still remains: sustainability through ruin in Vietnamese music for diversion

ABSTRACTPerforming traditional music in Vietnam presents for many a decisive way to establish oneself as part of history, part of the present and a strategist of future cultural function. In this article, I describe how musicians in southern Vietnam deploy the musical ruin, a sound object that has undergone devastating and alienating alteration against which a musician reacts in order to perform innovative music and educate others, in order to limit the development of and better sustain đờn ca tai tử, a genre of traditional music. The invocation of the musical ruin is not specific to the Vietnamese case but emerges as a creative impetus at particular historical moments to maintain one’s voice in increasingly crowded spheres of musical practice.
Comparison of Coal-saving Effect and National Economic Indices of Three Feasible Curtailed Wind Power Accommodating Strategies

Heat storage,space heating by wind power and pumped storage are three feasible solutions to accommodate curtailed wind power.In order to evaluate the coal-saving effect and national economic indices of three methods,relevant models are developed,and numerical examples are also given to confirm the theoretical analysis.The results show that the national economic indices of three solutions are all satisfactory under the condition where wind power is so seriously curtailed in the "three Northern regions"in China.Numerical examples show that the heat storage method requires the least investment when offering 1MW accommodating space for wind power and is capable to achieve the best coal-saving effect when accommodating 1MW·h wind power.It thus has the best national economic indices and risk-taking ability for the uncertainty of wind power.
Homogeneity and Inequality: School Discipline Inequality and the Role of Racial Composition

Research consistently demonstrates that black students are disproportionately subject to behavioral sanctions, yet little is known about contextual variation. This paper explores the relationship between school racial composition and racial inequality in discipline. Prior work suggests that demographic composition predicts harsh punishment of minorities. Accordingly, a threat framework suggests that increases in black student enrollment correspond to increases in punitive school policies. Results from this paper find some support for this hypothesis, finding that the percent of black students in a school is related to increased odds of suspension/expulsion, and differential effects of behavior partially mediate these relationships. However, I also find that a traditional threat narrative may be insufficient. Black students may be most likely to experience unequal sanctions on their behavior in racially homogeneous contexts—whether homogeneously black or white. These results suggest that more research is needed to understand how the social organization of schools contributes to discipline inequality.
An Iterative Method for Verifying Systematic Nonuniformities in Refillable Flood Sources

Accurate tomographic reconstruction of data acquired from rotating scintillation cameras requires strict control of camera field uniformity. Commercially available refillable flood phantoms may develop significant bulging, producing substantial uniformity deviations that may be mistaken for camera nonuniformities, and result in artifacts on reconstructed images. We have developed an iterative method for determining the correct volume of the source, and we have studied the effects of overfilling and underfilling the flood source.
Applying Fuzzy Set Theory to Comparative Politics

In contrast to the discipline of economics - which adopted formal, deductive approaches grounded in rational choice assumptions more than a century ago - political science remained largely normative and inductive until the 1950s. Not surprisingly, many of the first works analyzing politics using mathematical models were written by economists (for example, Downs, 1957; Olson, 1965; Buchanan and Tullock, 1962) Since then the discipline has made significant progress in the application of mathematics to a wide number of questions as growing numbers of political scientists have embraced formal approaches. This has been particularly so in the sub-fields of American government, public policy, and international relations where rational choice models have been particularly popular. In contrast, the application of formal modeling to comparative politics has not had as much traction. Owing to an area studies tradition that emphasizes description and interpretive approaches over theory building and hypothesis testing, scholars analyzing the political systems of nation-states have largely eschewed cross-regional comparisons, let alone formal, deductive models.
Communication and the thesis of intentionality in Husserl, Sartre, and Levinas

ABSTRACTReview and discussion of the thesis of the intentionality of consciousness are relevant to inquiry into the experience of human communication. Development of the thesis of intentional consciousness is traced from the work of Edmund Husserl (transcendental phenomenology) to Jean-Paul Sartre (existential phenomenology), to Emmanuel Levinas (phenomenology of communication ethics). Insight is offered into the relevance of the thesis of intentionality to the phenomenological roots of three thematics in human communication inquiry: (1) conscious awareness; (2) self-understanding; and (3) the communicative foundation of self–other relating.
Factor XIII Associates with the Guanine Exchange Factors Cool-1 and Cool-2 in Human Platelets.

Abstract Abstract 4015 Poster Board III-951 A major signaling pathway that regulates platelet shape change and reorganization of the cytoskeleton involves the Rho family of GTPases; CDC42, Rac1 and RhoA. These GTPases are converted from their inactive or GDP-loaded state to the active or GTP-loaded state by a class of enzymes called Guanine Exchange Factors (GEFs). GEFs are a family of multi-domain proteins that contain a GDP-GTP exchange domain (DH-PH) as well as other protein interacting domains that are regulated by the activation of receptors present on the platelet surface. We previously identified the presence of two homologous GEFs, Cool-1 and Cool-2, in human platelets. In nucleated cells, the activities and substrate specificities of the Cool GEFs are regulated by complex interactions with p21-activated kinases (PAK), Gb/g heterodimers, focal adhesion kinase, and the scaffolding proteins GIT-1 and GIT-2. The Cool GEFs are found at the sites of focal adhesions during spreading and migration in nucleated cells, however, little is known about the regulation or activity of Cool-1 or Cool-2 in platelets. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed with Cool-1 and Cool-2 antibodies using lysates from resting and thrombin stimulated human platelets. We analyzed the precipitated proteins by Mass Spectroscopy and found a number of structural and scaffold proteins bound to the Cool GEFs in the thrombin activated lysates. These cytoskeletal proteins include talin, multimerin, tubulin, filamin A, actin and fibrinogen. Interestingly, a large number of Factor XIII also co-immunoprecipitated with Cool-1 and Cool-2 in the thrombin activated platelet lysates. Western analysis of the co-immunoprecipated platelet proteins from thrombin, TRAP1 and TRAP4 demonstrated that the association of factor XIII with the Cool GEFs is calcium dependent. Inhibition of transglutaminase activity and presence of RGD peptide did not affect the association of Factor XIII with Cool-1 or Cool-2. Factor XIII deficiency is commonly thought to result in bleeding due to the impaired crosslinking of fibrin. However, platelet factor XIII may also play an important role in cross linking platelet cytoskeleletal proteins such as actin and myosin. Consistent with that hypothesis is a recent report showing that platelet factor XIII deficiency results in decreased lamellapodia formation under static adhesive conditions. The association of Factor XIII with the Cool GEFs further supports investigating the potential for the transglutaminase to crosslink platelet cytoskeletal proteins. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Depressive Symptoms and the Anticipation and Experience of Uplifting Events in Everyday Life.

Objective Despite proliferation of laboratory-based studies examining reward functioning in depression, few studies have examined these processes in everyday life. We addressed this shortcoming by exploring experience and anticipation of uplifting experiences under ecologically valid conditions Method One hundred fifty-seven young adults, oversampled for depressive symptoms, completed a 14-day diary tracking mood in relation to recent and anticipated positive events Results Consistent with studies supporting “mood-brightening” effects in depression, participants with greater baseline dysphoria showed stronger associations between elevated daily uplifts and lower daily depressive symptoms, particularly when events were interpersonal in nature. Baseline dysphoria was associated with lower daily anticipation of positive next-day experiences; however, when dysphoric individuals did anticipate positive experiences, they experienced greater reductions in depressed mood Conclusion Results suggest that despite reward processing deficits found in laboratory studies, dysphoric individuals show improvements in mood in conjunction with anticipation and consumption of uplifting events in daily life.
Pricing under the Generalized Extreme Value Models with Homogeneous Price Sensitivity Parameters

We consider pricing problems when customers choose according to the generalized extreme value (GEV) models and the products have the same price sensitivity parameter. First, we consider the static pricing problem, where we maximize the expected profit obtained from each customer. We show that the optimal prices of the different products have a constant markup over their unit costs. We provide an explicit formula for the optimal markup in terms of the Lambert-W function. This result holds for any arbitrary GEV model. Second, we consider single-resource dynamic pricing problems. We show that as we have more resource inventory or as we have fewer time periods left until the end of the selling horizon, the prices charged by the optimal policy decrease. Third, we consider dynamic pricing problems over a network of resources. We focus on a price-based deterministic approximation with prices as the decision variables, but this deterministic approximation fails to be a convex program. We transform the price-based deterministic approximation to an equivalent market-share-based deterministic approximation, with purchase probabilities as the decision variables. Surprisingly, the transformed problem is a convex program, and the gradient of its objective function can be computed efficiently. Computational experiments show that the market-share-based formulation provides substantial advantages over the original price-based formulation.
Combined Heat & Power: CHP Present & Future

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is an efficient way to generate electricity and heat by utilizing the waste heat from the electric generator in place of heat from a separate boiler. Currently, most electricity is purchased from a central utility company that generates power at 35% efficiency; the balance of fuel input energy is lost as heat. With CHP some of the electricity is generated onsite and the waste heat from the generator (water jacket and exhaust) is used for space and water heating and other industrial processes that require heat. This reduces the fuel requirements to the boiler which also reduces emissions of Green House Gases (GHG) and other pollutants. Overall CHP efficiencies can make upwards to 85%. CHP is also known as Buildings Cooling, Heating & Power (BCHP), CHP for buildings (CHPB), Integrated Energy Systems (IES), Total Energy System (TES), Tri-generation (Trigen) and Cogeneration. CHP is best fit where there is demand for heat (or cooling load) and electricity is simultaneous e.g. hospitals, the hotel industry, educational institutes. Exhaust heat can be applied to support cooling loads with absorption chillers.
Resident responses to after-hours otolaryngology patient phone calls: An overlooked aspect of residency training?

Objectives/hypothesis Otolaryngology residents are often responsible for triaging after-hours patient calls. However, residents receive little training on this topic. Data are limited on the clinical content, reporting, and management of otolaryngology patient calls. This study aimed to characterize the patient concerns residents handle by phone and their subsequent management and reporting. Study design Retrospective review. Methods Five hundred consecutive after-hours patient calls in a tertiary pediatric hospital were reviewed. Data collected included patient and caller demographics, clinical concerns, surgical history, recommendations, and subsequent emergency department (ED) visits. Results On average, 3.7 calls occurred per shift, 2.8 on weekday and 5.9 on weekend shifts. Mean patient age was 6.6 years. Mothers (71%) called most frequently. The majority of calls were postoperative (64.2%). Of postoperative calls, most occurred within 3 days of surgery (52.3%). Most calls were for surgical site bleeding (19.9%). Residents recommended ED evaluation for 17.2% of calls, of which 20.9% returned to the primary institution ED. ED evaluation was recommended more frequently for postoperative patients (P = .040), particularly following adenotonsillectomy (51.2%) or surgical site bleeding (18.6%). With respect to documentation, 32.8% of medical record numbers were absent, 11.8% had name errors, and 2.2% of patients could not be identified. Conclusions This is the first study to analyze the management and reporting of patient calls by otolaryngology residents. A wide array of clinical concerns are triaged by phone conversations. The study has implications for both resident and patient education. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 128:E163-E170, 2018.
Fostering self-efficacy in higher education students. By Laura Ritchie. Pp 159. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. £32.99 (pbk). ISBN: 978-1-137-46377-7

For those not familiar with the concept of self-efficacy, Fostering Self-Efficacy in Higher Education Students, by Laura Ritchie, provides an excellent introduction, while still proving immensely v...
CONCEPTUAL DEPENDENCY THEORY

The problem of how one knows what is a correct conceptual dependency diagram for a given sentence is not entirely straightforward. The chapter explains by means of examples and discussion to demonstrate how one can know what the best representation for a sentence is. The representation problem depends to a large extent on the intent of the representor. If it is desired, as it is in conceptual dependency theory as practiced by the authors, to account for the meaning, focus, and intent of sentences that are heard in the way that they were intended by the speaker, then what follows should reveal the procedures for doing that. The first basic principle in conceptual dependency is that an act is something that is done by an actor to an object. Once natural language sentences can be reduced to the conceptualizations underlying them with the use of primitive actions, the inference process is simplified. The problem of inference is by no means solved by the use of these primitives.
Directed Evolution of an Influenza Reporter Virus To Restore Replication and Virulence and Enhance Noninvasive Bioluminescence Imaging in Mice

Reporter viruses provide a powerful tool to study infection, yet incorporating a nonessential gene often results in virus attenuation and genetic instability. Here, we used directed evolution of a luciferase-expressing pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) 2009 influenza A virus in mice to restore replication kinetics and virulence, increase the bioluminescence signal, and maintain reporter gene expression. An unadapted pH1N1 virus with NanoLuc luciferase inserted into the 5' end of the PA gene segment grew to titers 10-fold less than those of the wild type in MDCK cells and in DBA/2 mice and was less virulent. For 12 rounds, we propagated DBA/2 lung samples with the highest bioluminescence-to-titer ratios. Every three rounds, we compared in vivo replication, weight loss, mortality, and bioluminescence. Mouse-adapted virus after 9 rounds (MA-9) had the highest relative bioluminescence signal and had wild-type-like fitness and virulence in DBA/2 mice. Using reverse genetics, we discovered fitness was restored in virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N by a combination of PA-D479N and PB2-E158G amino acid mutations and PB2 noncoding mutations C1161T and C1977T. rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N has increased mRNA transcription, which helps restore wild-type-like phenotypes in DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Overall, the results demonstrate that directed evolution that maximizes foreign-gene expression while maintaining genetic stability is an effective method to restore wild-type-like in vivo fitness of a reporter virus. Virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N is expected to be a useful tool for noninvasive imaging of pH1N1 influenza virus infection and clearance while analyzing virus-host interactions and developing new therapeutics and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses contribute to 290,000 to 650,000 deaths globally each year. Infection is studied in mice to learn how the virus causes sickness and to develop new drugs and vaccines. During experiments, scientists have needed to euthanize groups of mice at different times to measure the amount of infectious virus in mouse tissues. By inserting a foreign gene that causes infected cells to light up, scientists could see infection spread in living mice. Unfortunately, adding an extra gene not needed by the virus slowed it down and made it weaker. Here, we used a new strategy to restore the fitness and lethality of an influenza reporter virus; we adapted it to mouse lungs and selected for variants that had the greatest light signal. The adapted virus can be used to study influenza virus infection, immunology, and disease in living mice. The strategy can also be used to adapt other viruses.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome on the Female Heart

Over 12.6 million of women over the age of 20 in the United States have either diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The overwhelming majority (>90 %) of these cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus, related to overall insulin resistance and eventual abnormal insulin secretion. In comparison, type 1 diabetes mellitus affects only 5 % of diabetic [1]. Surprisingly, women with the diagnosis of diabetes bear higher mortality when afflicted with coronary artery disease than their male counterparts, negating the premise that female gender offers cardio-protection [2–4]. The metabolic syndrome also confers worse outcomes for women with increased morbidity and cardiovascular mortality in those affected, even after controlling for other risk factors. This chapter will review the epidemiological impact of both the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in women’s heart disease and review important aspects of early diagnosis, medical and life-style modifying, goal-directed therapy to avoid increased morbidity.
John Hopcroft: Thinking out of the Box

Hopcroft is hailed not only for his seminal work on algorithms and the foundations of complexity theory, but also for new ways of getting subfields to talk with each other. The chapter tells the story of Lipton’s involvement with Hopcroft in creating and supporting national federated conferences.
SMI 2013: Towards building smart self-folding structures

We report our initial progress on synthesizing complex structures from programmable self-folding active materials, which we call Smart Multi-Use Reconfigurable Forms. We have developed a method to unfold a given convex polygonal mesh into a one-piece planar surface. We analyze the behavior of this surface as if it were constructed from realistic active materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs), in which sharp creases and folds are not feasible. These active materials can change their shapes when they are heated and have been applied to medical, aerospace, and automotive applications in the engineering realm. We demonstrate via material constitutive modeling and utilization of finite element analysis (FEA) that by appropriately heating the unfolded planar surface it is possible to recover the 3D shape of the original polygonal mesh. We have simulated the process and our finite element analysis simulations demonstrate that these active materials can be raised against gravity, formed, and reconfigured automatically in three dimensions with appropriate heating in a manner that extends previous work in the area of programmable matter. Based on our results, we believe that it is possible to use active materials to develop reprogrammable self-folding complex structures.
Embryogenesis As a Model System to Dissect the Genetic and Developmental Regulation of Cell-to-Cell Transport Via Plasmodesmata

The Arabidopsis embryo is a single symplast where all its cells allow intercellular communication via plasmodesmata (PD). However, PD apertures are dynamic and alter during embryonic development, both in terms of their general transport capacity within the entire embryo, and in mediating intercellular transport capacity between different regions of the embryo. Endogenous expression of 1X, 2X, and 3XGFP tracers illustrates that early embryos (up to the heart stage) traffic very large molecules such as 2XGFP (54 kDa). The embryo remains a single symplast for even 1XGFP (27 kDa) until the late-torpedo stage. Sub-division of the embryo into different symplastic sub-domains as a function of PD aperture is revealed at the mid-torpedo stage by more restricted movement of larger tracers; 2XGFP cannot move into the cotyledons, and 3XGFP cannot move down into the root tip. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein, P30, moves cell-to-cell via PD in embryos. P30-GFP targets to PD and forms puncta, just as it has been shown to do in older leaf tissues, and P30-GFP (57 kDa) exhibits more movement than similarly sized 2XGFP (54 kDa). As the embryo predominantly contains simple PD (∼90% of embryonic PD are simple) these data demonstrate that P30 also targets to simple (unbranched) PD. Two mutants allowed increased movement of exogenously added 10 kDa F-dextrans, called increased size exclusion limit 1 and ise2, and result in the increased formation of twinned and branched PD. Gene silencing of ISE1 and ISE2 leads to de novo production of secondary PD in young leaves, and concomitant increased cell-to-cell transport. ise1 and ise2 null mutants are lethal attesting to their essential function. ISE1 localizes to mitochondria and ISE2 localizes to chloroplasts. Thus, cellular homeostasis as mediated by organelle function, dramatically affects PD formation and function.
Vapor-Phase Plotting of Organosilane Chemical Gradients.

Vapor-phase plotting of organosilane-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gradients is demonstrated for the first time. Patterned SAMs are formed by delivering gas-phase organotrichlorosilane precursors to a reactive silica surface using a heated glass capillary. The capillary is attached via a short flexible tube to a reservoir containing the precursor dissolved in toluene. The proximal end of the capillary is positioned at an experimentally optimized distance of 30 μm above the substrate during film deposition. The capillary is mounted to a stepper-motor-driven X,Y plotter for raster scanning above the surface. Two different organotrichlorosilane precursors are employed in this initial demonstration: n-octyltrichlorosilane and 3-cyanopropyltrichlorosilane. The dependence of SAM deposition on ambient relative humidity, capillary–substrate separation, raster-scanning speed, and solvent viscosity and volatility is explored and optimum deposition conditions are identified. The optimized procedures are used ...
Lidocaine-induced potentiation of thermal damage in skin and carcinoma cells.

Objective Lidocaine acts as a local anesthetic by blocking transmembrane sodium channel permeability, but also induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins and sensitizes cells to hyperthermia. A previous study reported two cases of deep focal skin ulceration at points corresponding to depot local lidocaine injection sites after treatment with non-ablative fractional resurfacing and it was hypothesized that lidocaine had focally sensitized keratinocytes to the thermal damage of laser treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate whether lidocaine potentiates hyperthermia damage to both normal and cancerous skin cells using an in vitro model. Methods Normal skin cell lines (fibroblasts, keratinocytes), skin cancer cell lines (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma), and a mucosal cancer cell line (cervical carcinoma) were exposed to various concentrations of lidocaine (0-0.3%) with or without hyperthermia (37°C, 42°C). Results Compared to normal skin cells, we demonstrate that cancer cell lines show significantly increased cell toxicity when a moderate temperature (42°C) and low lidocaine concentrations (0.1-0.2%) are combined. The toxicity directly correlates with a higher percentage of cells in S-phase (28-57%) in the cancer cell lines compared to normal skin cell lines (13-19%; R-square 0.6752). Conclusion These results suggest that lidocaine potentiates thermal sensitivity of cell cycle active skin cells. The direct correlation between cell toxicity and S-phase cells could be harnessed to selectively treat skin and mucosal cancer cells while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Additional research pre-clinically and clinically using several different heat sources (e.g., lasers, ultrasound, etc.) and lidocaine concentrations is needed to confirm and optimize these results. Lidocaine-enhanced hyperthermia may provide a non-invasive, alterative treatment option for highly proliferating, superficial skin, and mucosal lesions such as cancer or warts. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:88-94, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathways among sleep onset latency, relationship functioning, and negative affect differentiate patients with suicide attempt history from patients with suicidal ideation.

Abstract Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and poor relationship functioning often co-occur with the confluence of these factors contributing to greater suicide risk. This study investigated whether the pathways between depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and relationship functioning differentiated patients with suicide attempt history from those with suicidal ideation history. Patients seeking partial hospital treatment for severe psychiatric symptoms (N = 180) completed interviews assessing psychiatric and suicidal symptom histories, and self-report measures of sleep behaviors, anxiety, depression, and relationship functioning. Multiple sleep behaviors were examined: duration, sleep onset latency, and bedtime. Bias-corrected bootstrap mediation and moderated mediation analyses with suicide attempt as the moderator were used to evaluate pathways between variables. Among patients with ideation and attempt history, (1) sleep onset latency significantly mediated the association between depression and relationship functioning and that between anxiety and relationship functioning; (2) relationship functioning significantly mediated the association between depression and sleep onset latency and that between anxiety and sleep onset latency. These pathways were not significant among patients with suicidal ideation only. No other sleep behaviors were related to study variables. The reciprocal relationship between disrupted sleep onset latency and poor relationship functioning was specifically linked to more severe psychiatric symptoms among acute patients with suicide attempt histories.
Large-scale path modeling of remixing to computational thinking

ABSTRACTPrevious research has invested much effort in understanding how programming can contribute to the development of young learners’ computational thinking (CT) in traditional K-12 classroom se...
Comparison of schizophrenia outpatients in residential care facilities with those living with someone: Study of mental and physical health, cognitive functioning, and biomarkers of aging.

This paper aims to compare mental and physical health, cognitive functioning, and selected biomarkers of aging reflecting metabolic pathology and inflammation, in outpatients with schizophrenia from two residential settings: residential care facilities (RCFs) and living with someone in a house/apartment. This cross-sectional study examined community-dwelling adults with schizophrenia either in RCFs (N = 100) or in a house/apartment with someone (N = 76), recruited for two NIH-funded studies in San Diego. Assessments included measures of mental/physical health, cognitive function, and metabolic (glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol) and inflammatory (C-Reactive Protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6) biomarkers of aging. General logistic models were used to analyze factors associated with residential status. RCF residents had several indicators of worse prognosis (never being married, higher daily antipsychotic dosages, increased comorbidities and higher Framingham risk for coronary heart disease) than individuals living with someone. However, RCF residents had better mental well-being and lower BMI, as well as comparable biomarkers of aging as those living with someone. While the cross-sectional nature of the study does not allow us to infer causality, it is possible that the supportive environment of RCFs may have a positive impact on mental and physical health of persons with schizophrenia. Longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
Determining Species and Sex of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Based on Pupae Weight Difference

In both the medical and forensic fields, blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) play an important role as decomposers of carrion. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) have both been known to be some of the first insects present in the wild on carrion and can be used to determine the Post Mortem Interval (PMI) in certain cases. The two blow flies are similar in life style and appearance; however a certain size difference in pupae of females and males was noted. Being able to determine the sex and species from the weight of the larvae would allow for scientists to tell early on and not have to wait for them to emerge as adults for this information. This experiment set to test that there was a difference in the weight of the blow fly pupae based on sex and species. Maggots were collected from the wild and the second generation of those flies was used to weigh each species. There was found to be a significant difference (P value < 0.0001) in the weight of Chrysomya rufifacies male (0.043339 grams) and females (0.061941 grams) when compared to those of Cochliomyia macellaria male (0.006990366 grams) and females (0.042606 grams).Key words: Sex, Maggots, carrion, weight, pupae
Effect of ComAlong Toddler program on the communication of toddlers at 18 months

Q (1) Will the Infant-Toddler Checklist (ITC) reliably identify children with communication delay at 18 months of age?(2) Does the ComAlong Toddler intervention assist parents in improving their ch...
Auxiliary Statements and Proofs of Technical Lemmas

Here we collect a variety of technical auxiliary considerations and results used in, or related to the content of the main chapters of the book.
A $t$-test based synthetic controls

We propose a practical and robust method for making inferences on average treatment effects estimated by synthetic controls. We develop a $K$-fold cross-fitting procedure for bias-correction. To avoid the difficult estimation of the long-run variance, inference is based on a self-normalized $t$-statistic, which has an asymptotically pivotal $t$-distribution. Our $t$-test is easy to implement, provably robust against misspecification, valid with non-stationary data, and demonstrates an excellent small sample performance. Compared to difference-in-differences, our method often yields more than 50% shorter confidence intervals and is robust to violations of parallel trends assumptions. An R-package for implementing our methods is available.
Ballistic protection using snow

Abstract Small (5.56 mm, 7.62 mm and 9 mm) and medium (12.7 mm) arms rounds were fired at snow-filled 1.5m cubic gabions in a mid-winter condition in Fairbanks, Alaska. The rounds were excavated and penetration by each ammunition type was measured. A distribution and average of penetration depth was determined. All 320 rounds fired were captured within 1.5m after entering the snow barrier. Comparison with published models of ballistics penetration of snow showed mixed results with several matching our data within 10% and all but one within 32%. However, most of these models are simplistic in that they accommodate limited variables and therefore may not be expected to perform well in all settings. We conclude that snow-based ballistics protection structures can be quickly and efficiently erected in suitable environments and with minimal size, can provide reliable protection against small and medium arms fire.
Oral and Written Language Abilities of School-Age Internationally Adopted Children from Eastern Europe.

Abstract Purpose : Children adopted from Eastern Europe were assessed at ages 6 to 7 years and results were compared to the same children when they were 8 years. Patterns of relative strengths and weaknesses in language, verbal memory and literacy were analyzed. Variables that predicted reading and writing were determined. Method : Children adopted from Eastern Europe between 1;0 and 4;11 years of age were assessed at ages 6 to 7 years and age 8 years on a variety of tests that measured language, verbal memory and literacy. Results were compared across ages, and language, verbal memory and literacy domains. Results : Group means for all measures fell within the average range at both ages. The children's scores were not significantly different from test norms except for measures of rapid naming and number repetition. However, a larger than expected percentage of children scored -1SD below the mean on decontextualized measures of verbal working memory and reading fluency. At age 8 years 24% of children received speech language therapy services and 26% had repeated a grade level. Vocabulary, expressive syntax, verbal short-term memory and writing were areas of relative strength. Higher level vocabulary knowledge was strongly correlated with all literacy measures. Conclusion : As a group, Eastern European adoptees scored average on measures of language and literacy at 6 or 7 years and again at age 8 years. However, 26% of the children had repeated a grade and 24% were still receiving speech and language services. Vocabulary was an area of strength reflecting the children's enriched adopted home environments. In-depth knowledge of vocabulary was the best predictor of reading and writing. Some aspects of working memory were a strength but others were not. Rapid naming was also a weakness.
Endoscopic Repair of Type 1 Laryngeal Clefts and Deep Interarytenoid Notches: Cold Steel Versus Laser.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Endoscopic repair is the preferred surgical treatment for type 1 laryngeal clefts (T1LCs) and deep interarytenoid notches (DINs). No studies exist showing differences in repair rates using laser and cold steel. Our objective is to assess overall success and revision rate for endoscopic cleft repair and determine whether there is any difference in surgical outcomes between cold steel and laser techniques. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review, cohort study. METHODS Retrospective review at a quaternary care pediatric hospital. Included all patients who underwent endoscopic repair for T1LCs and DINs between January 2010 and December 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical data, outcomes, and revision status were collected and analyzed. We excluded patients who did not have a follow-up at our institution. RESULTS A total of 194 patients were identified, 14 were excluded for lack of follow-up data so 180 were analyzed. Of these, 127 had cold steel repair and 53 had laser repair. There is no significant difference in demographics or comorbidities. In the cold steel group, 4 of 127 (3.1%) had breakdown and in the laser group, 10 of 53 (18.9%) had breakdown. Patients who failed after a cold steel repair tended to break down later (median 12.7 months) when compared to laser repairs (median 2.1 months). Nine of the 10 patients with breakdown after laser repair were noted on initial postoperative evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic cleft repair is a well-described and effective method for repair of T1LCs and DINs. Both cold steel and laser have high success rates; however, higher failure rates were noted in the laser repair group. Failure after laser repair may occur earlier than failure after cold steel repair. But this did not reach significance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2805-2810, 2021.
The tax and accounting point of view in agricultural activities as regard smaller farms and ecology farming

The agricultural activities accounting as to in the EU countries so especially in USA is in a way segregated from the context common general rules of accounting. Every country itself put into effect of its tax policy having respect to this sector economy. Nevertheless all CAP plus market conditions they are practically similar. So get farmers the comparative advantage or disadvantage compared to the competition in a other country. Within the frame of existing possibilities it is necessary to identify these moments and to offer the stimuli to their solving. As a preferred need is the survey simplification useful for a farmers orientation, and to get a material for reasoned foundation to compensate unused possibilities concerning of existing tax influence, or to choose a way of income and expenditure presenting, contributing to optimal tax liability.
The Allergy Epidemics: 1870–2010

Before the first description of hay fever in 1870, there was very little awareness of allergic disease, which is actually similar to the situation in prehygiene villages in Africa today. The best explanation for the appearance and subsequent increase in hay fever at that time is the combination of hygiene and increased pollen secondary to changes in agriculture. However, it is important to remember that the major changes in hygiene in Northern Europe and the United States were complete by 1920. Asthma in children did not start to increase until 1960, but by 1990, it had clearly increased to epidemic numbers in all countries where children had adopted an indoor lifestyle. There are many features of the move indoors that could have played a role; these include increased sensitization to indoor allergens, diet, and decreased physical activity, as well as the effects of prolonged periods of shallow breathing. Since 1990, there has been a remarkable increase in food allergy, which has now reached epidemic numbers. Peanut has played a major role in the food epidemic, and there is increasing evidence that sensitization to peanut can occur through the skin. This suggests the possibility that changes in lifestyle in the last 20 years could have influenced the permeability of the skin. Overall, the important conclusion is that sequential changes in lifestyle have led to increases in different forms of allergic disease. Equally, it is clear that the consequences of hygiene, indoor entertainment, and changes in diet or physical activity have never been predicted.
The Role of Food Safety in Food Security/Defense

Modern approaches to food safety management significantly help address food security/defense challenges. Whether a contamination of the food supply is accidental or intentional, food safety related strategies to isolate, identify, and eliminate food hazard(s) will prove helpful. The historical development of preventive, process-oriented food control approaches includes the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) food safety system, which incidentally can help food professionals ensure food security. As one situation- and commodity-specific example further illustrates, food safety systems can contribute to broader food security/defense goals in the agricultural and food industry. Keywords: food safety; food defense; food security; CARVER + Shock
Rulemaking and the American Constitution

A Constitution that strongly separates legislative from executive activity makes it difficult to reconcile executive adoption of regulations (that is, departmentally adopted texts resembling statutes and having the force of law, if valid) with the proposition that the President is not ‘to be a lawmaker’. Such activity is, of course, an essential of government in the era of the regulatory state. United States courts readily accept the delegation to responsible agencies of authority to engage in it, what we call ‘rulemaking’, so long as it occurs in a framework that permits them to assess the legality of any particular exercise. As is well known, rulemaking employs distinct public procedures, and judicial review of the validity of the resulting regulations is considerably more intense than would occur of the validity of legislation. The working assumption, however, is that rulemaking decisions are made by particular agencies responsible for the precise matters at issue, on the basis of what they expertly know and of the information and views they have received in the course of the public process. In recent decades, presidential oversight of this process has steadily intensified. Former President Bush strongly claimed a right not just of oversight, but of decision as the single politically elected official of our executive branch. The result has been both to concentrate considerable power in one place, in tension with American ‘checks and balances’ ideas, and to render rulemaking an increasingly political rather than ‘expert’ activity. The paper explores these trends and conflicts.
Comparative Cardiac Anatomy

Anatomy is one of the oldest branches of medicine, with historical records dating back at least as far as the 3rd century bc; animal research dates back equally as far. Aristotle (384–322 bc) studied comparative animal anatomy and physiology, and Erasistratus of Ceos (304–258 bc) studied live animal anatomy and physiology (1). Galen of Pergamum (129–199 ad) is probably the most notable early anatomist who used animals in research to attempt to understand the normal structure and function of the body (2). He continuously stressed the centrality of anatomy and made an attempt to dissect every day because he felt it was critical to learning (3). His most notable work was De Anatomicis Administrationibus (On Anatomical Procedures), which when rediscovered in the 16th century, renewed interest in anatomy and scientific methods (2).
Social work and the environment: An ecosocial approach

Norton CL. Social work and the environment: An ecosocial approach This article draws on insights from social work, ecopsychology and ecofeminism to inform an ecosocial approach honouring humans' interconnectedness with nature. It re-examines social work's ecosystems perspective and redefines its central ‘person-in-environment’ configuration to embrace a broadened emphasis on the natural world. It identifies insights from ecofeminism on the parallels between the oppression of women and domination of nature, and presents feminist ways of relating that may enhance connection with the planet as a whole. It introduces the concepts of empathy and empowerment from relational cultural theory as important ideas to integrate with social work's ecosystems perspective to promote deeper awareness of this connection. Finally, the ecosocial approach thus derived is examined as a means of promoting environmental sustainability at all levels of social work practice.
Coexistence of superconductivity and a spin-density wave in pnictide superconductors: Gap symmetry and nodal lines

We investigate the effect of a spin-density wave (SDW) on ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ superconductivity in Fe-based superconductors. We show that, contrary to the common wisdom, no nodes open at the new, reconnected Fermi surfaces when the hole and electron pockets fold down in the SDW state, despite the fact that the ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ gap changes sign between the two pockets. Instead, the order parameter preserves its sign along the newly formed Fermi surfaces. The familiar experimental signatures of an ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ symmetry are still preserved, although they appear in a mathematically different way. For a regular $s$ case $({s}_{++})$ the nodes do appear in the SDW state. This distinction suggests a specific way to experimentally separate an ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ state from a regular $s$ in the pnictides. We argue that recently published thermal-conductivity data in the coexisting state are consistent with the ${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, but not the ${s}_{++}$ state.