cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of tissue via coherent-to-Compton scattering ratio: Sensitivity considerations

It is known that the ratio (R) of the detected coherent and Compton scattered photons from bone can be used in order to determine its mineral density. This technique utilizes the dependence of the coherent scattering on the effective atomic number (Z) of the scattering medium. It is generally accepted that a small scatter angle is preferred in order to ensure adequate counting statistics by favoring the detection of more coherent photons. Moreover, it has been assumed that a change in the scatter angle does not affect the sensitivity of the measurement. Our theoretical calculations for 60-keV photons and for the range of Z that corresponds to trabecular bone, indicate that increasing the scatter angle results in a stronger power dependence of the measured ratio on Z. This implies that by increasing the scatter angle, smaller changes in the mineral density can be detected, thus improving the sensitivity of the measurement. This effect was investigated experimentally by using a collimated beam of 59.54-keV photons from Am-241 (44.4 GBq) and a collimated intrinsic germanium detector. Solutions of K2HPO4 with different concentrations were used in order to simulate trabecular bone. The scatter spectra were recorded for all solutions at six scatter angles between 37 degrees and 98 degrees and the value of R was computed for each spectrum. The sensitivity of the measurement, evaluated from these experiments increased, with the increase of the scatter angle.
Ion scattering spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry in the surface characterization of smut on stainless steel

Abstract Chemical treatments such as the acid pickling of stainless steels frequently leave behind more contamination than was originally present. This contamination can adversely affect the use of stainless steels in such applications as adhesive bonding. The chemical residue that is left behind after treatments such as acid pickling is usually called “smut”. In this work smut was produced on 304 stainless steel by treatment in sulfuric acid. The smut formed on the stainless steel was characterized primarily by ion scattering spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry and also by other methods such as Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the majority of the smut formed on 304 stainless steel was neither carbon nor graphite but was silicon in an oxidized form. This silicon-rich smut was effectively removed by further chemical treatment with sulfuric acid and chromic acid, a similar mixture to that often used for cleaning glass. This cleaning procedure is shown by the surface chemical analysis methods to produce a clean surface comparable with that obtained by abrasion.
How we developed and piloted an electronic key features examination for the internal medicine clerkship based on a US national curriculum

AbstractBackground: Key features examinations (KFEs) have been used to assess clinical decision making in medical education, yet there are no reports of an online KFE-based on a national curriculum for the internal medicine clerkship.What we did: The authors developed and pilot tested an electronic KFE based on the US Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine core curriculum. Teams, with expert oversight and peer review, developed key features (KFs) and cases.Evaluation: The exam was pilot tested at eight medical schools with 162 third and fourth year medical students, of whom 96 (59.3%) responded to a survey. While most students reported that the exam was more difficult than a multiple choice question exam, 61 (83.3%) students agreed that it reflected problems seen in clinical practice and 51 (69.9%) students reported that it more accurately assessed the ability to make clinical decisions.Conclusions: The development of an electronic KFs exam is a time-intensive process. A team approach offers built-in pe...
Scale modeling of inert pressurant distribution

Pressurization with inert gas, typically nitrogen, has been proposed for fire suppression in pressurizable enclosures. Implementation requires assurance of sufficiently uniform presurant distribution. A convenient procedure for scale modeling pressurant distribution is described and applied to a 1/6-scale model of an uncluttered 5-m3 enclosure. Two inexpensive methods for determining local pressurant fraction history are indicated, temperature and continuous gas analysis.
Estimation of the trend rate of growth of productivity

(1983). Estimation of the trend rate of growth of productivity. Applied Economics: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 807-814.
Sounding rocket measurement of the absolute solar EUV flux utilizing a silicon photodiode

A newly developed stable and high quantum efficiency silicon photodiode was used to obtain an accurate measurement of the integrated absolute magnitude of the solar extreme UV photon flux in the spectral region between 50 and 800 A. The adjusted daily 10.7-cm solar radio flux and sunspot number were 168.4 and 121, respectively. The unattenuated absolute value of the solar EUV flux at 1 AU in the specified wavelength region was 6.81 x 10 to the 10th photons/sq cm per s. Based on a nominal probable error of 7 percent for National Institute of Standards and Technology detector efficiency measurements in the 50- to 500-A region (5 percent on longer wavelength measurements between 500 and 1216 A), and based on experimental errors associated with the present rocket instrumentation and analysis, a conservative total error estimate of about 14 percent is assigned to the absolute integral solar flux obtained.
Factors Associated with Workers' Inclination to Participate in an Employee Involvement Program:

Understanding factors associated with workers' inclination to participate in employee involvement programs can contribute to program success. The results of this study support hypotheses that predi...
Localized Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reproductive Effort of Florida Bass

AbstractFew studies have explored annual reproductive effort of fish populations, yet factors such as skipped spawning could influence recruitment processes. We estimated the number of broods produced annually as an index of reproductive effort for Florida Bass Micropterus floridanus across four lakes in north-central Florida. Snorkel surveys were used to estimate reproductive effort in the lakes from 2010 to 2012. Mark–recapture methods were used to estimate the abundance of Florida Bass in each lake during each year. All four lakes contained high-density Florida Bass populations that showed evidence of relatively slow growth. Average relative weight in all populations was low, ranging from 65.4 to 68.8 for adults (≥25.0 cm TL). Annual reproductive effort (estimated number of broods) varied among lakes and across years. We found evidence for multiple spawning events per adult and for skipped spawning. Devils Hole Lake produced the highest number of broods in all 3 years, ranging from 1.62 broods/spawner ...
Evaporative Cooling of Helium Nanodroplets with Angular Momentum Conservation

Evaporative cooling of helium nanodroplets is studied with a statistical rate model that includes, for the first time, angular momentum conservation. While the final temperature of the droplets is almost identical to that previously predicted and later observed, the distribution of total droplet energy and angular momentum states is vastly more excited than a canonical distribution at the same temperature. It is found that the final angular momentum of the droplets is highly correlated with the initial direction, and that a significant fraction of the alignment of the total angular momentum should be transferred to the rotational angular momentum of an embedded molecule.
Did the character of subduction change at the end of the Archean? Constraints from convergent-margin granitoids

Large ion lithophile and high field strength element distributions in juvenile upper continental crust are controlled chiefly by the abundance of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) in the Archean shifting to a combination of TTG, calc-alkaline granitoid, and graywacke control thereafter. Geochemical differences between TTG and high-silica adakites do not require production of most TTG magmas in descending slabs. Changes in the ratio of TTG to calc-alkaline granitoids after 2.5 Ga indicate that Archean subduction zones must have differed from younger subduction zones in two very important ways: (1) a deep mafic crust served as a TTG magma source (either as thickened crust or in descending slabs), and (2) they did not give rise to significant volumes of calc-alkaline magma. Thickened mafic crust in the Late Archean may have resulted from plate jams in subduction zones caused by thicker oceanic crust and oceanic plateaus produced during Late Archean mantle thermal events.
Length dependent resolved pseudo-Raman spectra of PGA's

Abstract The resolved pseudo-Raman spectra of Poly-L-Glutamic acid, long chain polymers, are directly related to the chain length.
Teaching about and for Family Diversity in Nursing

Because of global and national demographic changes and the increased diversity of clients and nursing students, nursing educators need to strengthen the incorporation of cultural diversity, particularly of family diversity in nursing curricula. Greater commitment to a transcultural, multicultural orientation in nursing education is advocated in this article. Transcultural nursing education about and for family diversity needs to promote an understanding of both similarities and differences amongfamilies and how to adapt health care and family nursing practice so that they are culturally relevant. Definition of key terms, theoretical perspectives, content areas, and teaching methods appropriate for teaching aboutfamily diversity are discussed.
Arrested Lung Morphogenesis in Transgenic Mice Bearing an SP-C–TGF-β1 Chimeric Gene

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) influences the morphogenesis of many organs, regulating cell growth, differentiation, gene expression, extracellular matrix deposition, and angiogenesis. In order to assess the effects of TGF-β1 on lung developmentin vivo,transgenic mice were generated bearing a chimeric gene composed of human surfactant protein C (SP-C) gene promoter and the porcine TGF-β1 cDNA mutated to ensure constitutive activation of the TGF-β1 peptide. Because of the perinatal loss related to the SP-C–TGF-β1 transgene, embryos bearing the transgene were obtained on Days 16 and 18.5 of gestation. TGF-β1 was selectively expressed in respiratory epithelial cells of the transgenic embryos. Body weight, length, and lung size were not altered in the transgenic embryos; however, lung morphogenesis of Day 18.5 transgenic mice was arrested in a late pseudoglandular stage of development, while that of their nontransgenic littermates was typical of the saccular stage. Lungs of transgenic mice on Day 16 contained fewer acinar buds than those of nontransgenic littermates. At both ages, epithelial cell differentiation, assessed by the expression of Clara cell secretory protein2and pro-SP-C, was inhibited. While collagen III deposition was not affected by the transgene, collagen I expression was persistent in terminal airways of fd 18.5 transgenic lungs. The distribution of α-smooth muscle actin was markedly altered, being detected in the mesenchyme surrounding the distal leading edges of epithelial tubules in the SP-C–TGF-β1 transgenic mice. Expression of TGF-β1 in the developing respiratory epithelium of transgenic mice arrested lung sacculation and epithelial cell differentiationin vivo,supporting the role of TGF-β family members in lung morphogenesis and differentiation.
Underlining religious sidelining: Islamic Feminism and Marxism in Mohammed Umar's Amina

Synopsis Having received scant critical attention, primarily due to the tendency to be read as an ideological manifesto rather than as a well developed piece of literature, Nigerian novelist Mohammed Umar's novel Amina (2005) is considered by critics to be representative of Marxist overtones, comprising references to literary and political works also closely associated with Marxist thought on the conception of an equitable society. Nevertheless, as this study shows, it is possible to delineate an ostensibly Islamic framework within which the novel and its characters emphatically operate, prompting the novel's main protagonist Amina to take up the cause of women's rights, social justice and economic welfare in her society. As this analysis will demonstrate, the obvious Islamic influence on Amina's mission for women's socio-economic justice and equity are evident in the explicit references to and reproductions of Islamic texts in the narrative—the Qur'an, the hadith and more particularly the Prophet Muhammad's farewell sermon. Read within an Islamic feminist framework of feminist political action as found in the Qur'an and Islamic literature, proposed by notable feminist thinkers Margot Badran, Miriam Cooke and Hiba Rauf, among others, this paper will posit Umar's re-examination of concepts that are typically associated with Marx's ideology, and that are eagerly labeled as Socialist, resulting in a conceptual and theoretical imbalance that accounts for the marginalization of religion in postcolonial literatures.
Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: Real options and international business

Volume 40.3 consists of eight articles accepted for publication by former JIBS Editor-in-Chief Arie Y. Lewin, together with a Letter from the Editors and a Research Note accepted under my watch. The Letter from the Editors, ‘‘Student Samples in International Business Research,’’ by Bello, Leung, Radebaugh, Tung, and van Witteloostuijn, discusses the pros and cons of student samples in international business (IB) research. The JIBS Statement of Editorial Policy states that ‘‘Empirical submissions utilizing undergraduate student samples are usually discouraged.’’ This editorial is designed to provide IB researchers with guidelines as to when and what types of student samples are appropriate in IB research. While each of the pieces in this issue makes important contributions to our knowledge of IB studies, the articles using real options theory to analyze multinational enterprise (MNE) decision-making under uncertainty may be of particular interest to IB researchers.
Fractures of nose

Abstract Simple fractures of the nasal bones if corrected early should not show any evidence of deformity. Occasionally, however, it may be necessary to refracture the nasal bones in order to reduce the displacement and hold them in position by an external splint. Moderately severe fractures, complicated by displacement of the septum, may require an operation for submucous resection if they are seen two weeks or more following injury. In comminuted fractures of the nasal arch it is very necessary that the cases be handled carefully, because if the injury is a severe one and proper reduction of the fracture is not effected, and the fragments are not held in position long enough, they will undoubtedly come to a secondary operation requiring a transplant of cartilage, or cartilage and bone, for the relief of the deformity. In closing I would like to say that in order to understand the fractures and displacement that may occur in the nasal bones it is necessary to keep in mind the anatomy of the external nose, the position of the nasal bones, and their relationship to the nasal processes of the superior maxillary bones and also the position and shape of the upper and lower lateral cartilages and the septal cartilage.
Reactions Between Metallic Iron and Cobalt Oxide-Bearing Sodium Disilicate Glass

Electrochemical reactions are initiated at a glass-metal interface if thermodynamic equilibrium, represented by saturation of the glass with the low-valent oxide of the substrate metal, is not present at the interface. On heating the system iron-sodium disilicate glass (with or without cobalt oxide) in platinum crucibles, the metal oxidized with the addition of atmospheric oxygen to the glass. Such weight gains did not occur on heating the system in alumina crucibles. With glasses containing cobalt ions, whose potential for oxidation is lower than that of iron, electrochemical reactions resulted in oxidation of iron at the interface and reduction of metallic ions in the glass with the formation of dendrites. The composition of a precipitating dendrite in all cases was in thermodynamic equilibrium with the adjoining glass. A galvanic cell of iron | glass | glass with cobalt oxide | cobalt illustrated the electrochemical nature of the reactions by oxidation of iron at the iron-glass interface and reduction of cobalt ions at the cobalt-glass interface to form dendrites. In all cases fulfillment of local electroneutrality was largely satisfied by movement of the highly mobile sodium ions, which generally resulted in an uphill composition gradient for sodium because of the establishment of an electrochemical potential gradient.
Khatri-Rao space-time codes

Space-time (ST) coding techniques exploit the spatial diversity afforded by multiple transmit and receive antennas to achieve reliable transmission in scattering-rich environments. ST block codes are capable of realizing full diversity and spatial coding gains at relatively low rates; ST trellis codes can achieve better rate-diversity tradeoffs at the cost of high complexity. On the other hand, V-BLAST supports high rates but has no built-in spatial coding and does not work well with fewer receive than transmit antennas. We propose a novel linear block coding scheme based on the Khatri-Rao matrix product. The proposed scheme offers flexibility for achieving full-rate or full-diversity, or a desired rate-diversity tradeoff, and it can handle any transmit/receive antenna configuration or signal constellation. The proposed codes are shown to have numerous desirable properties, including guaranteed unique linear decodability, built-in blind channel identifiability, and efficient near-maximum likelihood decoding.
Direct observations of the comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 fragment G impact by Galileo UVS

The Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) team has detected the Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragment G impact on Jupiter in data recently played back from the spacecraft tape recorder. A 20% brightening of the disc-integrated signal of Jupiter was detected at 292 nm during a swath across Jupiter that lasted 1.6 sec and was centered at 1994-July 18 (day 199)/07:33:31 UT (all times in this paper are corrected to be the time of the event as seen from Earth). The emission brightness, when combined with simultaneous Photopolarimeter Radiometer (PPR) measurements at 945 nm, is consistent with thermal radiation at a temperature of 7800 (+500, −600) K emitted over an area of 40 (+60, −25) km². No excess signal was seen during swaths 5 1/3 sec before and after the detection swath.
Toxicities of Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium Mixtures to Juvenile Chinook Salmon

Abstract Continual-flow toxicity tests were conducted to determine the acute toxic effects of copper, zinc, and cadmium mixtures on juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Median lethal concentrations during 4 days (96-hour LC50 values) were most variable for zinc (39 to 122 μg/liter), less so for cadmium (0.6 to 1.6μg/liter), and least variable for copper (26 to 34μg/liter). Sensitivities of fish to metal mixtures also were variable. No synergism occurred among various mixtures of metals; two- and three-metal combinations had additive or antagonistic toxic effects. A decrease in the copper:zinc (from 1:3 to 1:12) and copper:cadmium (from 1:0.028 to 1:0.083) ratios decreased the toxicity of mixtures. Water-quality criteria for the protection of fish against mixtures of metals probably need to be developed on a site-specific and ratio-specific basis with repetitive toxicity tests.
Dimensional interaction in hyperactive children: Classification of computer-displayed stimuli

Selective attention was assessed in three groups of three hyperactive boys, aged 5–7, 7–9, and 9–11 years, from their performance on a classification task using dimensions that are separable for adults. Stimuli were presented by cathode-ray tube display. The type of dimensional interaction found in the two younger groups of hyperactive boys was similar to the type found by Shepp in about 33% of unselected 6-year-old children: interference with orthogonal dimensions, relative to single dimensions, and interference with correlated dimensions only for the easier single dimensions. This type of dimensional interaction is not among the types considered perceptually meaningful in Garner’s classification system. These results suggest that the younger boys processed the stimuli dimensionally but with a failure of selective attention.
Pore drag and pore-boundary separation in alumina

Microdesigned interfacial pore structures were used to study pore drag and pore-boundary separation in Al2O3. This approach allows the creation of pore arrays containing pores of controlled size and spacing at well-defined singlecrystal seed/polycrystalline matrix interfaces, and enables experimental determination of the peak pore velocity. From the peak pore velocity, values of the surface diffusion coefficient pertinent to sintering can be extracted. At 1600°C, the surface diffusion coefficient is ∼1 × 10−7 cm2/s for undoped Al2O3 and ∼4 × 10−7 cm2/s for MgO-doped Al2O3. The values appear to be insensitive to the seed orientation for the two seed orientations studied. The results suggest a strong influence of pore spacing on the separation condition in undoped Al2O3, and a diminished influence in MgO-doped Al2O3. Quantitative agreement between theoretically predicted and experimentally observed separation/attachment conditions was obtained.
Spider orb webs rely on radial threads to absorb prey kinetic energy

The kinetic energy of flying insect prey is a formidable challenge for orb-weaving spiders. These spiders construct two-dimensional, round webs from a combination of stiff, strong radial silk and highly elastic, glue-coated capture spirals. Orb webs must first stop the flight of insect prey and then retain those insects long enough to be subdued by the spiders. Consequently, spider silks rank among the toughest known biomaterials. The large number of silk threads composing a web suggests that aerodynamic dissipation may also play an important role in stopping prey. Here, we quantify energy dissipation in orb webs spun by diverse species of spiders using data derived from high-speed videos of web deformation under prey impact. By integrating video data with material testing of silks, we compare the relative contributions of radial silk, the capture spiral and aerodynamic dissipation. Radial silk dominated energy absorption in all webs, with the potential to account for approximately 100 per cent of the work of stopping prey in larger webs. The most generous estimates for the roles of capture spirals and aerodynamic dissipation show that they rarely contribute more than 30 per cent and 10 per cent of the total work of stopping prey, respectively, and then only for smaller orb webs. The reliance of spider orb webs upon internal energy absorption by radial threads for prey capture suggests that the material properties of the capture spirals are largely unconstrained by the selective pressures of stopping prey and can instead evolve freely in response to alternative functional constraints such as adhering to prey.
Local awareness of and attitudes towards the pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis in the Moa River Island Complex, Sierra Leone

The pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis is an Endangered species found only in the Upper Guinea rainforests of West Africa. Using a two-phase approach, with initial semi-structured interviews followed by more extensive questionnaires, we examined local residents' awareness of and attitudes towards the pygmy hippopotamus along the Moa River near Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Sierra Leone. The interviews and questionnaires addressed human–hippopotamus interactions, local knowledge and awareness of pygmy hippopotamus ecology and behaviour, and public attitudes towards hippopotamus conservation. Overall, 22% of questionnaire respondents acknowledged benefits related to hippopotamus conservation; factors affecting the perception of benefits included age, livestock ownership, distance from Tiwai Island and exposure to conservation programmes. The results of this study could be used to inform the conservation of the pygmy hippopotamus and highlight the critical role of local support in the management of threatened species in biodiversity hotspots.
Interannual variability and extreme-value characteristics of several stochastic daily precipitation models

Abstract The effects of different formulations for the occurrence- and amounts-components of stochastic daily precipitation (i.e., `weather generator') models are investigated with respect to overall goodness of fit, and their capacity to represent observed interannual precipitation variability, extreme daily precipitation amounts, and long runs of consecutive wet and dry days. Daily precipitation data from 30 locations across the US, representing a wide range of precipitation climates, are considered. The conventional first-order Markov model for daily precipitation occurrence is found to be generally adequate for the central- and eastern US stations investigated, but is inferior to a number of more complex alternatives for the western stations. The commonly used Gamma distribution model for nonzero daily precipitation amounts is clearly inferior to the Mixed Exponential distribution for all locations. Practical implications of these findings for choosing a weather generator formulation are discussed.
Correlation of Nasopharyngeal and Conjunctival Cultures with Middle Ear Fluid Cultures in Otitis Media A Prospective Study

Eighty children with acute otitis media (AOM) were prospectively studied to determine the correlation and clinical usefulness of nasopharyngeal (NP), conjunctival (CONJ), and middle ear fluid (MEF) cultures. NP cultures correlated more accurately with MEF (p < 0.01) than did CONJ cultures (p < 0.05) for both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (H. flu).The positive predictive value of NP cultures for positive MEF was only 47%, but the negative predictive value was 87 percent. NP cultures, therefore, appear to have significant predictive clinical value only when negative in identifying children likely to have sterile MEF.High correlation of NP, CONJ, and MEF in children with H. flu conjunctivitis (p < 0.01) suggests that early systemic rather than topical antibiotic treatment for H. flu conjunctivitis in small children may avert subsequent occurrence of the "conjunctivitis-otitis" syndrome.
On modeling electric fields for microscale cell manipulation

Abstract-Strongly-coupled finite element analysis is applied to modeling micromachined devices designed for biological cell manipulation. Nonuniform, fringing three-dimensional electric fields in heterogeneous media are accurately represented by finite element models. Cell manipulation by dielectrophoresis and direct contact and is discussed in detail. Two design cases are studied using the developed finite element methodology: a DEP cell sorter and a micro stage device for cell stretching. Results of the simulation agree with the experimental observations reported in the literature.
A review of iniparib in ovarian cancer

Introduction: Patients with metastatic ovarian cancer continue to experience high recurrence rates and significant morbidity from standard treatments. There is a great need for efficacious tumor-specific agents in ovarian cancer. Iniparib (BSI-201) is a targeted drug currently under investigation. Areas covered: The authors identified the mechanistic and clinical data available on the role of iniparib in ovarian cancer. Iniparib was initially thought to act via the poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) pathway, but recent studies have shown only nonspecific interactions between the drug and PARP proteins. Although iniparib is only active in cancer cells, the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. Iniparib was well tolerated at all dose levels in Phase I studies of solid organ malignancies. Preliminary data from Phase II studies of iniparib for the treatment of platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer show improvement in survival compared to historic controls. There are curren...
Growth factors and the mesangium.

Growth factors are prime candidates to mediate and modulate the functions ofthe mesangium. Mesangial cells are effector cells producing a number of growth factors that act in an autocrine manner to regulate their own function. Mesangial cells are also targets for growth factors released from neighboring gbmerular cells or infiltrating cells and platelets. Growth factors may promote hypertrophy, proliferation, matrix metabolism, and immune-inflammatory and vasoactive properties of mesangial cells. These peptides represent important mediators of mesangial cell responses to injury. Platelet-derived growth factor mediates predominantly cell proliferation, whereas transforming growth factor beta mediates mesangial cell matrix expansion. Mesangial cells may also modulate some of the hemodynamic effects of growth factors, such as the increased renal vascular resistance in response to platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor or the increased RBF and GFR in response to insulin-like growth factor- I . Changes in the expression of growth factors or their receptors during the course of gbmerubar injury point to a potential role in mediating some of the pathologic changes in vivo. Several agents appear to antagonize the mitogenic and perhaps other effects of growth factors in mesangial cells. Such agents include adenylate cyclase as well as guanylate cycbase agonists. Recent studies also suggestthat some traditional vasoactive agents may activate metabolic processes in mesangial cells simlIar to peptide growth factors. Collectively, these studies pointto the interaction of both hemodynamic and metabolic factors in the response and contri
Continuités et discontinuités dans l'histoire du prescriptivisme français

Un principe de la linguistique moderne est la distinction entre la linguistique descriptive et la linguistique prescriptive. Cependant, la linguistique descriptive est beaucoup plus sujette aux mouvements culturels qu’elle ne l’admet, et le prescriptivisme est tellement universel qu’il merite une etude scientifique. Dans un premier temps nous tracons l’histore du prescriptivisme en France, l’etablissement de la liste de shibboleth du bon usage, et l’evolution du genre ‘Remarques sur la langue francaise’. Ensuite, nous regardons un exemple concret, la reaction a l’expression malgre que dans les textes prescriptifs du XIXe et du XXe siecle. En offrant cette nouvelle perspective de la prescription – un fait de nature, une partie de la psychologie sociale du langage – nous cherchons a mieux comprendre nos ancetres en grammaire, et a etablir une meilleure base de notre science actuelle.
Endometrial balloon ablation as a therapy for intractable uterine bleeding in an adolescent.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the use of a minimally invasive global endometrial ablation technique in the management of life-threatening bleeding unresponsive to hormonal treatment. Results: Immediate cessation of bleeding with recovery of normal hematologic profile. Conclusions: Endometrial ablation by global balloon ablation may be considered an alternative to hysterectomy in life-threatening hemorrhage in the adolescent patient who is unresponsive to hormonal therapy.
The triage dilemma: opening Pandora's box... ever so slowly.

I applaud the eff orts by Michael Christian and colleagues [1] in taking on the diffi cult dilemmas surrounding triage management and training tied to surge capacity and resource allocation within intensive care settings during pandemics. Studies on triage protocols arose primarily from critical care professionals awakened to those respon sibilities during severe acute respiratory syndrome and then re-challenged during the current H1N1 pandemic [2-4]. In reality, intensive care units with their professional staff and high-tech equipment represent a major limiting factor for most communities. Th e most plausible scenario for a viral pathogen of greater severity and lethality is that emergency departments and hospital wards will be deluged with critical care patients, the challenge being how to provide ‘opportunities for survival’ by transferring some semblance of critical care services and expertise to these ‘non-critical care’ settings. Discipline-directed triage management protocols will only be as important as the manner in which these tertiary level algorithms can be integrated into a larger system-wide triage scheme that begins at the primary triage care level and ends with whatever additional resources a regional support system can mobilize. Many ‘uncomfortable but real’ decisions that have not, to date, been operationalized at the local level will be made. Triage management requires an infrastructure, such as health emergency operations centers (HEOCs), where central triage committees, operationalized ethical resources, palliative care guidance, data collection and analysis, and communication capacities provide high-level situational awareness for simultaneously initiating triage and modifying protocols at all health facilities and their individual triage teams [5]. While attempts to provide independent hospital-centric plans are noble, they do not solve what ultimately requires an integrated populationbased system-wide solution [6]. Triage is an imperfect but necessary ‘art and science’ whether based on good clinical judgment or informed by protocols that attempt to direct resources to those most likely to benefi t. Critical care studies opened Pandora’s box. What follows requires much more input from other disciplines and society itself. Although it may fi rst seem like one is trespassing professional boundaries, the investment in integrated preparedness and eff ective surge strategies, including system-wide triage, is crucial to minimize the need for rationing at all levels of care.
Structural and thermodynamic properties of nanocrystalline fcc metals prepared by mechanical attrition

Nanocrystalline fcc metals have been synthesized by mechanical attrition. The crystal refinement and the development of the microstructure have been investigated in detail by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The deformation process causes a decrease of the grain size of the fcc metals to 6–22 nm for the different elements. The final grain size scales with the melting point and the bulk modulus of the respective metal: the higher the melting point and the bulk modulus, the smaller the final grain size of the powder. Thus, the ultimate grain size achievable by this technique is determined by the competition between the heavy mechanical deformation introduced during milling and the recovery behavior of the metal. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis of the nanocrystalline powders reveal that the crystal size refinement is accompanied by an increase in atomic-level strain and in the mechanically stored enthalpy in comparison to the undeformed state. The excess stored enthalpies of 10–40% of the heat of fusion exceed by far the values known for conventional deformation processes. The contributions of the atomic-level strain and the excess enthalpy of the grain boundaries to the stored enthalpies are critically assessed. The kinetics of grain growth in the nanocrystalline fcc metals are investigated by thermal analysis. The activation energy for grain boundary migration is derived from a modified Kissinger analysis, and estimates of the grain boundary enthalpy are given.
Pathogenicity and real-time PCR detection of Fusarium spp. in wheat and barley roots

The pathogenicity of five Fusarium spp. frequently isolated from wheat and barley roots in southern Idaho was investigated during four growth-chamber experiments and two field studies. A real-time PCR assay for quantifying the presence of F. culmorum from infected root tissue was also developed based on nucleotide sequence for the tri5 gene. Fusarium culmorum, followed by F. acuminatum and F. reticulatum, resulted in the largest root lesions and percent infected root area. However, F. semitectum, followed by F. acuminatum and F. equiseti, had the greatest impact on total root length. The TaqMan-based real-time assay was able to quantify F. culmorum in root tissue from both growth-chamber and field studies down to 61 pg. The assay also detected F. pseudograminearum and F. graminearum but could not distinguish among these three Fusarium spp.
The optimal power system and its impact on the overall system cost

Power system cost, performance, functions, integration, reliability, packaging and efficiency are being challenged by the user community as newer, higher performance and lower cost systems are being introduced by major OEMs. The authors provide verified data to illustrate where the power system designer can reduce overall cost by generating realistic specifications for the application. This value analysis should provide confidence to the power supply specifier whereby a no frills specification can be created that meets, but does not exceed, the actual system requirements. This will lead to lower unit cost and smaller size power system that will enable the OEM to remain competitive in selling future systems.
Effects of ethanol exposure in utero on Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing cortex.

Exposure to ethanol in utero may result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), hallmarked by varying degrees of cognitive deficits, many of which are associated with abnormalities in processing within the cortical circuitry (Sadrian et al., 2013; Shawa et al., 2013). Developmentally, the formation of cortical circuits is a tightly regulated sequel of events involving genesis, migration, and integration of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Cajal–Retzius cells, as the transient and first-born neurons of the embryonic rodent cortex, arise from pallial and subpallial origins and migrate tangentially below the pial surface to cover the entire neocortex (Bielle et al., 2005; Garcia-Moreno et al., 2007). They release the glycoprotein reelin (D'Arcangelo et al., 1995; Hirotsune et al., 1995; Ogawa et al., 1995), implicated in regulating neuronal migration, layering, and neurogenesis in the developing cortex (Franco et al., 2011; Frotscher, 1998; Gil-Sanz et al., 2013; Gupta et al., 2003; Jossin and Cooper, 2011; Lakoma et al., 2011; Olson et al., 2006; Sekine et al., 2011). Thus, Cajal–Retzius cells are in a favorable position to orchestrate early aspects of corticogenesis, cortical patterning, and the establishment of nascent cortical circuits (Schwartz et al., 1998; Soriano and Del Rio, 2005). While the importance of Cajal–Retzius cells in corticogenesis is well-documented (Super et al., 2000), whether they are susceptible to ethanol exposure in utero is unexplored. In this study, pregnant mice were administered ethanol in a liquid diet that yielded moderate levels of blood alcohol (x = 20 mg/dl). The adolescent offspring exposed in utero to ethanol displayed altered open-field activity, indicating a relevant neurobehavioral consequence of our in utero ethanol exposure paradigm. We started the maternal consumption regimen on embryonic day (E)9, the time of closure of the neural tube, to span the entire period of cortical development. In this light, beyond regulating migration and neuronal integration during corticogenesis, Cajal–Retzius cells have also been postulated to play a functional role within the developing cortical circuit (Aguilo et al., 1999; Radnikow et al., 2002; Soda et al., 2003). We show for the first time that they receive GABAergic synaptic input as early as E13.5 in the mouse neocortex. In addition, we report that ethanol exposure in utero early on in cortical development alters the genesis, distribution, and GABAergic synaptic input of Cajal–Retzius cells.
In vitro activities of five oral cephalosporins against aerobic pathogenic bacteria.

The in vitro inhibitory activities of cefaclor and cefatrizine, two new orally absorbed cephalosporin antibiotics, against 44 isolates of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria were measured using the agar dilution procedure of the World Health OrganizationInternational Collaborative Study. Tests also were performed with cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephadrine, as well as with the parenteral cephamycin antibiotic cefoxitin. Cefoxitin was the most active antibiotic and inhibited the majority of isolates at a concentration of '4 pg/ml. None of the oral cephalosporins was clearly superior against all of the anaerobic isolates; only cephadrine and cefatrizine appeared to have any potential clinical value. Cefaclor (3-chloro-7-D-[2-phenyl-glycemanido]-3cepham-4-carboxylic acid) is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria [1]. Metabolic studies in animals have shown that this drug is readily absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract [2]. Cefatrizine (7-[D-a,-amino-a- (hydroxylphenyl)acetamido]-3- (1 H,2,3-triazol-5-yl) thio]methyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) is another semisynthetic cephalosporin with a similar spectrum of activity and also is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of rodents [3, 4]. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro activities of these two new orally absorbed cephalosporins with those of other orally absorbed cephalosporins against clinical isolates of anaerobic pathogenic bacteria. The other oral cephalosporins studied, now in clinical use, included cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cephadrine. Because of its previously demonstrated activity against certain anaerobes [5], cefoxitin, a parenteral cephamycin antibiotic, was included for comparison.
An in-situ photocathode loading system for the SLC Polarized Electron Gun

An ultra-high vacuum loadlock system capable of operating at high voltage has been added to the SLC Polarized Electron Gun. The unit incorporates facilities for heat cleaning, activating and measuring the quantum efficiency of photocathodes. A tray of up to four photocathodes can be exchanged without bringing the activation unit or gun up to atmosphere. Low voltage quantum efficiencies of 20% have been obtained for bulk GaAs at 633 nm and 6% for a 0.3 micron GaAs layer at 755 nm. Results for other cathodes as well as operational characteristics are discussed. >
Analysis of the risk factors for the development of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma

In order to identify the risk factors and the incidence of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma, we analysed the records of 14 932 patients undergoing spinal surgery between 1984 and 2002. Of these, 32 (0.2%) required re-operation within one week of the initial procedure and had an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code for haematoma complicating a procedure (998.12). As controls, we selected those who had undergone a procedure of equal complexity by the same surgeon but who had not developed this complication. Risks identified before operation were older than 60 years of age, the use of pre-operative non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and Rh-positive blood type. Those during the procedure were involvement of more than five operative levels, a haemoglobin 1 L, and after operation an international normalised ratio > 2.0 within the first 48 hours. All these were identified as significant (p < 0.03). Well-controlled anticoagulation and the use of drains were not associated with an increased risk of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE NITROGEN-FIXING ACTINORHIZA OF MYRICA PENSYLVANICA L.(BAYBERRY)*

SUMMARY The nitrogen-fixing root nodules of Myrica pensylvanica L. (bayberry) were shown to be inhabited by a filamentous micro-organism typical of non-leguminous root nodules (actinorhizal nodules) by scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.). The micro-organism was hyphal in young nodule areas and host cell infection was accomplished by cell wall penetration with subsequent proliferation of the micro-organism. The penetration was often massive with hyphal entries recorded less than 1 jtm apart. The smooth transition between host cell wall and endophyte hypha indicated some homology between their surfaces. The second stage of development of the endophyte was vesicular; club-shaped vesicles arose as extensions of hyphal tips. The vesicles resembled similar structures from other non-leguminous nitrogen-fixing plants. X-ray microanalysis of the nodules revealed the presence of crystalline deposits containing substantial calcium content packed within randomly distributed cortical cells. The crystals were typical of calcium oxalate, a common constituent in plant tissue.
Loss characterization in micro-cavities using the thermal bistability effect

We investigate the role of absorption and scattering losses in limiting the quality factor of toroidal micro-cavities by monitoring the threshold power for thermal bistability in these structures.
PROMIS fatigue, pain intensity, pain interference, pain behavior, physical function, depression, anxiety, and anger scales demonstrate ecological validity.

Abstract Objectives Ecological validity refers to the degree to which instruments faithfully capture information in respondents' natural environments. We examined the ecological validity of eight instruments from the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), most of which use 7-day reporting periods, by comparing PROMIS scores with daily diary data as a standard. Study Design and Setting Five groups of approximately 100 respondents each completed daily diaries and weekly PROMIS instruments for 4 consecutive weeks: community residents; osteoarthritis patients; women experiencing premenstrual syndrome; men undergoing hernia surgery; and breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The last three groups experienced events (menses, surgery, or chemotherapy, respectively) at standardized times in the protocol to examine symptom changes attributable to these events. Results We examined the ability of the PROMIS scales to replicate between-group differences in diaries, to replicate week-to-week changes in diaries, and the correlation between diary and PROMIS scales. As a secondary aim, we examined known-group differences with the PROMIS measures. All three types of ecological validity were strongly confirmed, as was known-group validity for the PROMIS recall scales. Conclusion This study adds to the growing literature supporting the reliability and validity of the family of PROMIS instruments.
Vertebrate Paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), II: Paleoecology

ABSTRACTVertebrate microfossil assemblages in terrestrial formations are a promising source of data on the structure of fossil metacommunities. However, the degree to which these deposits capture true, metacommunity-level samples is unknown. Individual deposits may be biased in ways that limit their utility for intra- and inter-formation comparisons. This study describes the composition of ten vertebrate microfossil assemblages collected from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation in Montana and Wyoming, U.S.A., and evaluates whether the assemblages are sufficiently similar to suggest the presence of a single Cloverly metacommunity, or ‘paleocommunity type.’ The assemblages appear to be biased by factors related to the preferential incorporation and preservation of different taxa and skeletal element types, which compound with decreasing locality sample size. Less productive localities lack whole taxonomic groups, especially small, fully terrestrial vertebrates. Only the two vertebrate microfossil bonebe...