cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) as an invasive species; history, ecology, and context

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) was introduced outside of Asia in the early 19th century and is now invasive to varying degrees on every continent, except Anarctica, and many archipelagos. The basic ecology and life history of Japanese honeysuckle are well known and described here; however, research needs on the underlying causes of the voracity and subsequent ecological impacts of this species are many. Virtually all ecological experimentation with Japanese honeysuckle has been conducted in the southeastern U.S., thus more data are needed in other regions, particularly South America and Africa. Although Japanese honeysuckle is naturalized in many areas where it has been introduced, there still may be hope for the control of local infestations and its further spread in areas that have a fairly recent introduction history. Japanese honeysuckle may be secure throughout much of its introduced range, but land management principles that discourage its use and public education to prevent further dispersal are recommended strongly.
Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry Determine the Interface and Dynamics of Apolipoprotein E Oligomerization

Apolipoprotein E, a 34 kDa protein, plays a key role in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Of the three common isoforms (ApoE2, -3, and -4), only ApoE4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. All three isoforms of wild-type ApoE self-associate to form oligomers, a process that may have functional consequences. Although the C-terminal domain, residues 216–299, of ApoE is believed to mediate self-association, the specific residues involved in this process are not known. Here we report the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/DX) coupled with enzymatic digestion to identify those regions in the sequence of full-length apoE involved in oligomerization. For this determination, we compared the results of H/DX of the wild-type proteins and those of monomeric forms obtained by modifying four residues in the C-terminal domain. The three wild-type and mutant isoforms show similar structures based on their similar H/DX kinetics and extents of exchange. Regions of the C-terminus (residues 230–270) of the Apo...
EFFECT OF SELF-WEIGHT AND VERTICAL ACCELERATION ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF TALL STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKE*

The effect of self-weight and vertical ground acceleration during earthquakes on vertical cantilevers has been studied. The input is taken to be a bivariate normal random process, digitally simulated on a computer. The tip deflection, base moment and shear force have been obtained numerically for three structures of different natural frequencies. It is found that the presence of self-weight and vertical ground excitation could alter these three quantities considerably. This leads to the conclusion that with tall structures a refined analysis, similar to the one presented here, is advisable.
Present fundamentals of some liver function tests.

1. No single liver function test exists but a series of partial tests. 2. A high grade icterus is usually not indicative of serious hepatic damage, whereas moderate icterus of long standing generally is. 3. Tests based on elimination of bromsulfalein and similar dye stuffs are of no use in parenchymatous affections unless obstructive jaundice can be eliminated. On the other hand cholecystography is dependent on a normal excretory power of the liver cells. 4. The direct and indirect diazo reaction of H. v. d. Bergh is without much value for the differentiation of icterus. 5. Every testing of liver function should include the galactose tolerance test. A practical modification of this test with simultaneous peroral administration of gelatine is outlined. 6. Supplemental information can be obtained from use of the bromsulfalein test, the hippuric acid test, the citric acid and phosphatase test, from the prothrombin level, the Takata test and some hematological findings. 7. As a routine procedure the galactose-gelatine test, the bromsulfalein test, icterus index, the Takata test, determination of the prothrombin level and a leukocyte and differential count are recommended. The other tests may be used if necessary.
Female genital tract immunity: distinct immunological challenges for vaccine development

The population explosion and unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases including human immunodeficiency virus, and cervical cancer, are major challenges to health worldwide. Their prevention might be achieved through vaccination-based approaches to activate specific immunity against pathogen- or fertility-associated antigens in the female genital tract (FGT). This article aims to review methodologies for enhancing adaptive immunity in the FGT to maximize the response to vaccination. Most components of the adaptive and innate mucosal immune system are present in the FGT and several features are common with the nasopharynx/bronchial and gastrointestinal tracts. In contrast to other mucosal sites, the FGT has minimal local lymphoid tissue. Other sites primarily produce IgA and IgM while in the FGT, especially the vaginocervix, IgG is the predominant immunoglobulin secreted. In rodents, data exist to substantiate a common mucosal immune system interconnecting the nasal/bronchial, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts. The intranasal route seems the most efficacious to induce an immunity in the FGT especially when combined with a systemic or parenteral route. In humans, for induction of secretory IgA and IgG antibodies in the FGT, immunization by the nasal or the vaginal route is effective. In vaginal immunization, a strong and consistent antibody response is best achieved following vaccination during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Antibodies administered systemically percolate into the FGT and can provide immunoprotection against target molecules or cells. Thus, as well as active immunization using selected routes, the passive immunization approach may provide a viable alternative to vaccinology for future development.
Diffusion inside microtubules

Recent high-resolution analysis of tubulin's structure has led to the prediction that the taxol binding site and a tubulin acetylation site are on the interior of microtubules, suggesting that diffusion inside microtubules is potentially a biologically and clinically important process. To assess the rates of transport inside microtubules, predictions of diffusion time scales and concentration profiles were made using a model for diffusion with parameters estimated from experiments reported in the literature. Three specific cases were considered: 1) diffusion of αβ-tubulin dimer, 2) diffusion/binding of taxol, and 3) diffusion/binding of an antibody specific for an epitope on the microtubule's interior surface. In the first case tubulin is predicted to require only ∼1 min to reach half the equilibrium concentration in the center of a 40 μm microtubule open at both ends. This relatively rapid transport occurs because of a lack of appreciable affinity between tubulin and the microtubule inner surface and occurs in spite of a three-fold reduction in diffusivity due to hindrance. By contrast the transport of taxol is much slower, requiring days (at nm concentrations) to reach half the equilibrium concentration in the center of a 40 μm microtubule having both ends open. This slow transport is the result of fast, reversible taxol binding to the microtubule's interior surface and the large capacity for taxol (∼12 mm based on interior volume of the microtubule). An antibody directed toward an epitope in the microtubule's interior is predicted to require years to approach equilibrium. These results are difficult to reconcile with previous experimental results where substantial taxol and antibody binding is achieved in minutes, suggesting that these binding sites are on the microtubule exterior. The slow transport rates also suggest that microtubules might be able to serve as vehicles for controlled-release of drugs.
Hot Band Spectroscopy of Acetylene after Intermolecular Vibrational Energy Transfer from Ethylene

Abstract A rotationally cooled hot band spectrum of acetylene in the 3300-cm−1 region has been recorded using an IR-IR double resonance technique on an argon-seeded supersonic jet containing two different molecular species, ethylene and acetylene. After excitation of ethylene by a cw CO2 laser, collisional energy transfer from ethylene to acetylene populates the low-lying modes (ν4, ν5, 2ν4, and 2ν5) in acetylene. Several hot bands starting from these vibrationally excited levels have been observed by applying an FCL laser as a probe. A high-resolution spectrum has been recorded from 3306 to 3268 cm−1 and from 3258 to 3256 cm−1, including six previously unresolved Q branches assigned to six different Π-Π and Δ-Δ hot band transitions. In total, more than 50 new lines have been assigned. Effective l-type doubling constants have been determined for the upper states of the hot bands. Separate linear least-squares fits have been applied to the transition wavenumbers for each sub-Q-branch, yielding rotational constants in good agreement with literature values, where available, derived from the P and R branches.
Comment on "Observation of superluminal behaviors in wave propagation".

Two Comments on the Letter by D. Mugnai, A. Ranfagni, and R. Ruggeri, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4830 (2000).
Ultraviolet visual sensitivity in desert iguanas: implications for pheromone detection

Abstract Behavioural tests comparing the responses of desert iguanas, Dipsosaurus dorsalis , to conspecific femoral gland secretions and to controls showed that the secretions are relatively non-volatile, but possess pheromonal activity at close range. Low volatility ensures that these secretions remain in the environment longer, but makes signal localization by airborne olfactory cues difficult. Spectroscopic analyses of desert iguana femoral gland secretions revealed that they strongly absorb longwave ultraviolet light. Behavioural bioassays in which lizards were presented with secretion-marked and blank control tiles under both ultraviolet and incandescent light conditions demonstrated the importance of an ultraviolet light source for successful detection of femoral gland deposits. Further tests measuring the lizards' success rate in localizing an ultraviolet-absorbing ink spot under ultraviolet and incandescent light conditions suggested desert iguanas have visual sensitivity in the near ultraviolet part of the light spectrum. The existence of an ultraviolet visual marker provides a possible mechanism for locating these low volatility pheromones.
Circumcision's place in the vicious cycle involving herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) have caused two overlapping epidemics that pose major public health problems worldwide. The two viruses are involved in a vicious circle, with HSV-2 enhancing HIV-1 acquisition, replication and shedding, and HIV, in turn, facilitating acquisition, reactivation and shedding of HSV-2 (1). A high proportion of HIV-infected persons are also infected with HSV-2 – 30 to 70% of those in Europe and 50 to 90% of those in Africa (2, 3). A meta-analysis of 19 prospective observational studies found that HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV-1 by 2.7 in men and 3.1 in women. (4). More recently, cohort studies in Uganda and Zimbabwe found HSV-2 infected persons to be 2.8 and 4.4 times more likely to acquire HIV-1, respectively (5). Plasma and genital HIV levels are increased during both symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV-2 reactivations (6–8). That HSV-2 infection enhances both HIV-1 replication and shedding is further supported by studies of HSV-2 suppressive therapy with valacyclovir. Administration of valacyclovir reduces rectal and plasma HIV-1 levels in HIV positive men who have sex with men by 33% and 53%, respectively (9), and it reduces the quantity of detectable HIV-1 in Peruvian women by 45% (10) and African women by 0.71 log10 copies/ml (11). Certain HSV-2 proteins may increase HIV-1 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during HSV-2 reactivation, likely increasing HIV-replication (1).
Compiler-Directed Functional Unit Shutdown for Microarchitecture Power Optimization

Leakage power is a major concern in current microarchitectures as it is increasing exponentially with decreasing transistor feature sizes. In this paper, we present a technique called functional unit shutdown to reduce the static leakage power consumption of a microprocessor by power gating functional units when not used. We use profile information to identify functional unit idle periods that is used by the compiler to issue corresponding OFF/ON instructions. The decision to power gate during idle periods is made based on the comparison between the energy consumed by leaving the units ON and the overhead and leakage energy involved in power cycling them. This comparison identifies short idle periods where less power is consumed if a functional unit is left ON rather than cycling the power during that period. The results show that this technique saves up to 18% of the total energy and between 4 and 11% on average with a performance degradation of 1%.
Nucleotide sequence, genome organization and phylogenetic analysis of pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus-2.

The genome of pineapple mealybug wilt-associated closterovirus-2 (PMWaV-2) was cloned from double-stranded RNA isolated from diseased pineapple and its sequence determined. The 3′-terminal 14861 nt of the single-stranded RNA genome contains ten open reading frames (ORFs) which, from 5′ to 3′, potentially encode a >204 kDa polyprotein containing papain-like protease, methyltransferase and helicase domains (ORF1a), a 65 kDa RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ORF1b), a 5 kDa hydrophobic protein (ORF2), a 59 kDa heat shock protein 70 homologue (ORF3), a 46 kDa protein (ORF4), a 34 kDa coat protein (ORF5), a 56 kDa diverged coat protein (ORF6), a 20 kDa protein (ORF7), a 22 kDa protein (ORF8) and a 6 kDa protein (ORF9). A 132 nt untranslated region was present at the 3′ terminus of the genome. This genome organization is typical of the monopartite closteroviruses, including the putative +1 ribosomal frameshift allowing expression of ORF1b. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that within the family Closteroviridae the mealybug-transmitted PMWaV-2 is more closely related to other mealybug-transmitted members than to those which are transmitted by aphids or whiteflies. Within this group, PMWaV-2 shares the greatest sequence identity with grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3, another mealybug-transmitted closterovirus.
N,N′-bis(3-iodophenyl)ethylenediimine

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C14H10I2N2, the mol­ecule lies on a crystallographic inversion center, and hence the two imine groups are mutually trans.
Imprecise probability and expert forecasting

Evidence is often insufficient to support the assessment of precise probabilities. Shifting to vaguer measures of uncertainty, such as upper and lower probabilities, does not deprive one of the key analytical tools of classical probability. Two approaches to the calculation of upper and lower expected values are described and contrasted in the case of forecasting production costs of an electric utility. Conditionalization of imprecise probabilities is also discussed. >
High-speed frequency synthesizer for spread spectrum communication systems

A high-speed direct digital frequency synthesizer has been designed for ultra-fast frequency-hopped spread spectrum applications. It is called the low-latency residue synthesizer (LLRS) and exhibits frequency switching times which are reduced by more than 50% below previously published designs. The switching speed advantage is made possible by the use of the residue number system and one-hot encoding of phase information. Pipeline lengths in the phase accumulator and other circuitry are thereby reduced significantly. >
An architectural framework for providing reliability and security support

This paper explores hardware-implemented error-detection and security mechanisms embedded as modules in a hardware-level framework called the reliability and security engine (RSE), which is implemented as an integral part of a modern microprocessor. The RSE interacts with the processor through an input/output interface. The CHECK instruction, a special extension of the instruction set architecture of the processor, is the interface of the application with the RSE. The detection mechanisms described here in detail are: (I) the memory layout randomization (MLR) module, which randomizes the memory layout of a process in order to foil attackers who assume a fixed system layout, (2) the data dependency tracking (DDT) module, which tracks the dependencies among threads of a process and maintains checkpoints of shared memory pages in order to rollback the threads when an offending (potentially malicious) thread is terminated, and (3) the instruction checker module (ICM), which checks an instruction for its validity or the control-flow of the program just as the instruction enters the pipeline for execution. Performance simulations for the studied modules indicate low overhead of the proposed solutions.
Mathematical structure of relativistic Coulomb integrals

We show that the diagonal matrix elements $\ensuremath{\langle}{\mathit{Or}}^{p}\ensuremath{\rangle}$, where $O$$={1,\ensuremath{\beta},i\mathbf{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\mathbf{n}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ are the standard Dirac matrix operators and the angular brackets denote the quantum-mechanical average for the relativistic Coulomb problem, may be considered as difference analogs of the radial wave functions. Such structure provides an independent way of obtaining closed forms of these matrix elements by elementary methods of the theory of difference equations without explicit evaluation of the integrals. Three-term recurrence relations for each of these expectation values are derived as a by-product. Transformation formulas for the corresponding generalized hypergeometric series are discussed.
The role of intrarenal nitric oxide in the natriuretic response to dopamine-receptor activation.

Dopamine and dopamine-1 receptor agonists produce diuresis and natriuresis by causing changes in renal hemodynamics and by the activation of dopamine-1 receptors located within the various regions of the nephron. Nitric oxide plays an important role in the maintenance of systemic and regional hemodynamics. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of locally generated nitric oxide on renal function and its potential influence on the renal responses to dopamine-1 receptor agonists. The intrarenal infusion of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, (50 μg/kg min for 90 min) in anesthetized rats produced significant decreases in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate and fractional sodium excretion. These changes in renal function were associated with a concomitant decrease in urinary nitrate excretion, an indicator of nitric oxide release. However, L-NAME at this dose did not produce any significant changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate. Intravenous ...
Ray techniques in electromagnetics

The principles of ray optics and, in more detail, some selected applications of ray techniques to electromagnetics are reviewed briefly. It is shown how a systematic use of matrix representation for the wavefront curvature and for its transformations simplify the handling of arbitrary pencils of rays and, consequently, the field computations. The same methods apply to complex rays which give a means of describing the effects of reflections and refractions on Gaussian beams. The relations of ray optics to other disciplines are also briefly discussed.
Biology and behaviour of sharks

Abstract As a group, sharks have survived for more than 300 million years and are admirably adapted to their environment. Their complex nervous and reproductive systems are of great scientific interest. Although a hazard in certain areas, they are also human benefactors, providing a small but useful supplement to normal sources of fish flesh, as well as a particularly fine quality leather.
Implementation Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment Programs: A National Survey

Objective:The authors’ objective was to determine how assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) has been implemented in actual practice in the 45 states with AOT statutes.Methods:A national survey of AOT programs was conducted to examine the extent to which AOT programs have been implemented and variations in implementation models.Results:Although 45 states have current AOT statutes, the most active programs were identified in 20 states. These programs varied considerably in style of implementation, criteria applied, agency responsible, use of a treatment plan, monitoring procedures, and numbers of participants involved. Three implementation models were identified: community gateway, hospital transition, and surveillance (or safety net). Common problems included inadequate resources, lack of enforcement power, inconsistent monitoring, and weakness of interagency collaboration.Conclusions:AOT is a widely applied and much-discussed mechanism for providing treatment to individuals with serious mental illnesses nat...
Discomfort With a False Dichotomy: The Field Director's Dilemma With Micro–Macro Placements

A national online survey of baccalaureate social work field directors investigated attitudes and practices regarding the placement of students in field agencies across generalist practice levels (micro, mezzo, and macro). Results revealed discomfort with indirect- practice placements and an imbalance of field placements across the practice levels with significantly fewer sites emphasizing macro activities. Understanding the current mix of field placement practices raises a question: Is undergraduate social work field education living up to its mandate to prepare generalist practitioners?
Büchner Reactions Catalyzed by a Silver(I) Pyridylpyrrolide: Understanding Arene C═C Insertion Selectivity

The complex Ag3(μ2-3,5-(CF3)2PyrPy)3 (3,5-(CF3)2PyrPy = 2,2′-pyridylpyrrolide(1−) ligand) catalytically promotes the insertion of the carbene of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), at room temperature, into ...
Comparison of atom interferometry with laser interferometry for gravitational wave observations in space

Proposals were made earlier in 2008 to use atom interferometry based on Raman transitions for gravitational wave observations in space. Recently, Graham et al. have suggested a new atom interferometry method for such observations based on laser-induced single-photon transitions on highly forbidden optical transitions such as those used in recently developed optical clocks. However, a number of additional requirements that are not discussed by Graham et al. have to be considered if the sensitivity level they suggest is to be reached. When all of the requirements are considered, it appears that such an atom interferometry mission would be much more complex than a laser interferometry mission with better overall sensitivity.
Advance in DSA Anode Coating

Dimension ally stable anodes(DSA),a kind of anode coated with electrocatalytic active metal oxide,is a new kind of insoluble anode developed in the mid 1960s.The main factors affecting the performance of metal oxide anode coating(DSA) are discussed from the foundation material,the metal oxide anode coating and the preparation technology to promote the research of DSA anode with low cost and high performance.The prospect of the development trends of DSA were presented.
ADVANCES IN CONCRETE COHESIVE CRACK MODELS

The cohesive model as an effective tool is capable of analyzing the size effect, progressive failure process, and the influence of the crack on concrete structures. Basic concept and definition of concrete cohesive model in the light of fracture process zone (FPZ) are introduced. The common methods used for the softening characterization of the concrete are then summarized, and they are primarily based on the following approaches: direct tensile tests of notched samples, J-integral approach, fracture energy and toughness, inverse approach, and R-curve method. As an application of cohesive model, the cohesive failure modeling and simulation of concrete beams under Mode-I, mixed-mode, and fatigue loading are illustrated. The size effect based on concrete cohesive model is discussed. Comparisons of the cohesive model with other two models (i.e., crack zone strip model and crack bridging model) are discussed in detail. Limitations of cohesive model in engineering applications are pointed out, and they may summarized as follows: (1) The cohesive model is primarily suitable for the crack under one dominant tensile stress; while the actual situation is under multiple stresses (e.g., the compressive stress may have an effect on cohesive failure). (2) Most of cohesive model assumes that the crack line is straight and the dissipation energy focuses near the crack tip. In fact, both the fracture surface (not necessarily along a straight crack line) and base materials have a pronounced effect on the fracture energy and cohesive failure. (3) Conventional cohesive model assumes that the nonlinearity (softening) only exists in the crack tip region where the stress reaches the limiting stress and the separation of material under tensile Mode-I loading occurs. Thus, the cohesive zone is referred to the area surrounding the crack tip, and the material outside this zone is taken as linear elastic. (4) Non-local behavior of cohesive model should be considered. (5) Effect of nonlinear stress on cohesive model should be further studied. To promote research and development of the cohesive model in concrete, the following aspects should be further investigated: (1) detection of crack initiation and softening under 3-D stresses; (2) mixed mode fracture mode under large shear deformation; (3) time dependent behavior of crack propagation and related material changes due to crack; (4) the stress-strain constitutive relationship for nonlinear base materials; (5) effects of cyclic loading history and order, cyclic loading frequency and magnitude, size, and fatigue life on the cohesive model.
Eighth-Grade Algebra Course Placement and Student Motivation for Mathematics

This study uses student panel data to examine the association between Algebra placement and student motivation for mathematics. Changes in achievement goals, expectancy, and task value for students in eighth grade Algebra are compared with those of peers placed in lower-level mathematics courses (N = 3,306). In our sample, students placed in Algebra reported an increase in performance-avoidance goals as well as decreases in academic self-efficacy and task value. These relations were attenuated for students who had high mathematics achievement prior to Algebra placement. Whereas all students reported an overall decline in performance-approach goals over the course of eighth grade, previously high-achieving students reported an increase in these goals. Lastly, previously high-achieving students reported an increase in mastery goals. These findings suggest that while previously high-achieving students may benefit motivationally from eighth grade Algebra placement, placing previously average- and low-performing students in Algebra can potentially undermine their motivation for mathematics.
ARAMIS and toxicity measurement. (Arthritis Rheumatism and Aging Medical Information System).

Side effects of medications make up an important part of adverse outcomes experienced by patients with rheumatic diseases. Quantitative measures to assess toxicity, however, have not been available, and this lack has limited estimates of the magnitude of effects and of differences in side effects among different drugs. This paper describes the development of the Arthritis, Rheumatism and Aging Medical Information System (ARAMIS) Toxicity Index and the issues arising in construction of such an index, and reviews early results in comparing toxicities of antirheumatic drugs. Findings have had major value in revising therapeutic strategies for rheumatic diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, and have set the stage for development of toxicity-therapeutic ratios for different drugs
Modular Domains within a Super Enhancer Determine Drug Resistance in Leukemia

Notch plays roles in T cell development and is a common oncogenic driver in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Myc is a critical target of Notch in normal and malignant pre-T cells. We and others identified a distal enhancer located >1 Mb 39 of human and murine Myc that binds Notch transcription complexes and physically interacts with the Myc proximal promoter (1, 2). Deletion of a 1 kb region surrounding this enhancer resulted in a block in T cell development and inhibited Notch induced T-ALL induction and maintenance (2). Nevertheless, this 1 kb region contains binding sites for multiple transcription factors; thus, the requirement for specific transcription factors has not been resolved. To determine the precise sequences required for function of the distal enhancer, we used CRISPR/CAS9 to specifically mutate transcription factor binding sites in the Notch-dependent Myc enhancer (NDME). Specific mutation of the RBPj binding site blocked Notch/RBPj binding and inhibited Myc expression and T-ALL cell growth/survival. Acute changes in Notch activation produce rapid changes in H3K27 acetylation across the entire enhancer (a region spanning >600 kb) that correlate with Myc expression. This broad Notch-influenced region comprises an enhancer region containing multiple domains, recognizable as discrete H3K27 acetylation peaks. Specifically mutating the single RBPj binding site abrogated H3K27Ac across this entire 600 kb region. Thus, Notch binding at a single site in the NDME is required for enhancer function and H3K27Ac across a very broad region. Furthermore, the Notch-regulated distal enhancer is comprised of individual enhancers that are uniquely sensitive to Notch or BET domain inhibitors. By selecting tumor cells resistant to each inhibitor, we show that the change in drug sensitivity results from selective use of these individual enhancers that are located within the broad Notch regulated region. These data not only provide insights into enhancer function but suggest strategies to treat T-ALL, including drug resistance, by therapeutically targeting these enhancers. References: 1. Ohtani et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E4946, 2014, PMID: 25369933 2. Herranz et al., Nature Med, 20:1130, 2014, PMID: 25194570 Disclosures Pear: Rockefeller University: Patents & Royalties; Pfizer: Equity Ownership; Amgen: Equity Ownership.
The Pampa de Chaparrí: Water, Land, and Politics on the North Coast of Peru

Large-scale irrigation agriculture formed the economic backbone of civilizations on the north coast of Peru. Contrary to the notion that large systems required the guiding hand of the state, historical sources suggest that management was largely local and segmentary. At the same time, water and land are a potential source of economic and political power for state administrators who may intervene in the supervision and management of farming. The Pampa de Chaparri, in the Lambayeque region, is an unusually well-preserved system of canals, fields, and settlements where the dynamics of water, land and politics can be observed. Systematic survey documented a Middle Sican (A.D. 900-1100), Late Sican (A.D. 1100-1375), Chimu (A.D. 1375-1460) and Inka (A.D. 1460-1532) occupation. During Middle and Late Sican, settlement patterns reflect the segmentary organization described in historical accounts. With conquest by the Chimu and Inka Empires, state administrative centers were constructed, existing social groups were reorganized and communities and households were transformed. Thus, though local management is an effective and stable strategy for managing large irrigation systems, the wealth and power that these systems represent make them potential targets for more direct state control, with significant consequences for local inhabitants.
Branching ratios in proton antiproton annihilation from Skyrmion dynamics

Abstract We use classical Skyrmion dynamics extended to include vector mesons to describe the mesons (π, ϱ, ω) coming from proton antiproton annihilation at rest as classical fields. We then quantize these fields by the method of coherent states. This treatment gives a nearly parameter free account of the major features of the pion branching ratios in annihilation.
Thermoresponsive star-like γ-substituted poly(caprolactone)s for micellar drug delivery

Temperature responsive drug carriers are attractive due to their ability to provide controlled release of the encapsulated cargo based on the use of external stimuli. In this work, 4- and 6-arm thermoresponsive star-like block copolymers were synthesized through the ring-opening polymerization of γ-substituted e-caprolactone monomers γ-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy-e-caprolactone (MEEECL) and γ-ethoxy-e-caprolactone (ECL) using pentaerythritol and myo-inositol as multifunctional initiators. These amphiphilic block copolymers were shown to self-assemble into micelles and were characterized in terms of their feasibility as drug carriers. Both polymers were shown to be thermodynamically stable and demonstrated temperature responsivity in a desirable range for drug delivery, with lower critical solution temperatures of 39.4 °C and 39.8 °C for the 4- and 6-arm polymers, respectively. It was shown that the 6-arm star polymer had a higher drug loading capability and better stability in vitro, allowing it to function as a better vehicle for drug delivery in cytotoxicity experiments. These star polymers show promise as drug carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and temperature controlled release of doxorubicin.
Protecting Children Online: Exploring the Impact of an Online Identifier for Registered Sex Offenders on Adult Internet Users’ Online Information Sharing Behaviors

Currently registered sex offenders share in the anonymity afforded by the Internet. With over 500,000 convicted sex offenders on the National Sex Offender Registry, this anonymity is potentially problematic. The potential problem exists in that adult Internet users are unable to identify where their online communications intersect with a registered sex offender. This inability for identification can increase risks to children through the online social networking behaviors of adults. The current study examines how protection of children online could be increased through the impact of an online identifier for registered sex offenders on the online social networking site behaviors of adult Internet users.
Biphasic malignant melanoma adenocarcinoma in the digit of a dog

A 7-y-old Black Russian Terrier dog was evaluated for chronic lameness of the right forelimb and concurrent weight loss. Clinical examination revealed a pigmented mass arising from digit 4 of the right forelimb; the digit was amputated and submitted for histologic evaluation. Histologically, the neoplasm was composed of ill-defined streams, sheets, and clusters of melanocytes admixed with a distinct population of malignant epithelial cells forming glands and nests. The diagnosis was a biphasic malignant melanoma adenocarcinoma, a rarely reported neoplasm in human medicine that has not been described in veterinary medicine, to our knowledge.
Polyethers and Organorhodiums: A Study of Oxidative Addition and Transfer Hydrogenation

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen (1:1) in the presence of various metal carbonyls (of Co, Rh, Ru, Mn, Re, V, Cr, and Os) give ethanol, predominantly, at >200°C and >1000 Torr. Inclusion of polyethers in these homogeneous catalytic systems allows meaningful conversions to products at <200°C and <200 Torr, and the highest rates of reaction are observed with the cobalt and ruthenium catalysts [1]. Product analyses and chemical analogies have been used to decipher the special function of the polyethers. These additives solvate isolates ({(diglyme)nCo[Co(CO)4]3}, {[(diglyme)2Co]2+[Co6(CO)15]2-;}) from the reactors. Breakdown of the polyethers with incorporation of them into products (e.g. CH3COCH3 and CH3OCOH) also is found [1]. Direct attachment of polyether moieties to the cobalt, e.g. in \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{1} \) [1], is indicated both by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and by analogy with known Open image in new window (1) organometallic chemistry, e.g. in LnCo-O(CH2CH2O)Me and H-CoLn,CH2-(OCH2CH2)2OMe [1]. This latter structure is formed upon insertion of cobalt into a carbon-to-hydrogen bond.
Surfactant Assisted Self-assembly and Synthesis of Highly Uniform Spherical CL-20 Microparticles

Morphological control of energetic materials (EM) is highly desired because ill-defined morphology arising from variations in processing method and supplier make it impossible to reproducibly engineer their physicochemical properties. As the most powerful, non nuclear energetic material to date, 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro -2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) has been the subject of significant interest for improved applications in military grade explosives. Here we report a new method for recrystallization of CL-20 from irregular bulk EMs using a surfactant assisted self-assembly process to produce uniform spherical micron-sized particles. Detailed electron microscopy studies indicate that surfactant plays a critical role in controlling CL-20 morphology. Combined X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results reveal that the resultant spherical CL-20 particles exhibit an orthorhombic β-phase crystal structure. This material is expected to display enhanced functional reproducibility due to its monodisperse nature as well as decreased shock sensitivity due to their sub-micron particle size.
Review Article.n European Identity and Turkey’s Quest for the EU Membership

In the post-Single European Act period, debates around European identity have intensified, particularly in the context of EU enlargement. The EU’s move to being a supranational political entity in the past two decades has caused serious concerns in some sections of the elite and people across the EU member states. While French and Dutch rejections of the constitutional treaty set an important milestone, Turkey’s quest for the EU membership has complicated to a great extent controversies on European identity. The reviewed books here contribute to efforts to understand the extent to which European identity and Turkey’s bid for the EU membership has entangled. It is more likely to witness debates around both European identity and Turkey’s candidacy for the Union for many years to come; therefore, these books will more likely remain relevant for the academic and policy circles.
Modeling Analysis for Species, Pressure, and Temperature Regulation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

The performance degradation of proton exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stems from air starvation and water flooding. In the mathematical modeling, the conservation equations were applied for momentum, mass, species, charge, and energy, to investigate the heat transfer and temperature distribution in the cathode along with the multiphase and multi-species transport under the steady-state condition. This model shows the effect of stoichiometry of reactants and relative humidity on the water saturation. The back-diffusion of water from the cathode to the anode is considered to reduce possible flooding. The feedback controls are used to address the transient water, pressure, and temperature management problems of a PEMFC system. An anode recirculation system measures the feedback signals to regulate the anode and cathode humidities and the pressure difference between the anode and cathode compartments. It was found that the robust nonlinear controller is insensitive to parametric uncertainty, maintaining performance around any equilibrium point.
Conflict Resolution Styles in Family Subsystems and Adolescent Romantic Relationships

The purpose of the present study is to examine how conflict resolution styles between one family dyad is related to other family dyads and how conflict resolution styles within these family dyads are related to conflict resolution styles in one relationship outside the family—adolescents' romantic relationships. Late adolescents (n = 217) were asked to report their perceptions of three resolution styles used in interparent, mother–adolescent, father–adolescent, sibling, and romantic couple conflicts. Based on the cases with complete data (n = 163), path analyses indicated that both direct and indirect relationships exist between these dyadic relationships: (1) Resolution styles utilized in the interparent subsystem were found to have a direct relationship with mother–adolescent and father–adolescent resolution and an indirect relationship with sibling and romantic couple resolution. (2) Mother–adolescent and father–adolescent resolution were found to have a direct relationship with sibling and romantic couple resolution. (3) Sibling resolution was found to have a direct relationship with romantic couple resolution for negative resolution styles, but not for the positive resolution style of compromise.
Relational Permanence and Psychological well-being among African American Adolescents in Foster Care

The field of child welfare has historically focused on physical safety and legal permanency with little emphasis on child well-being or the importance of social relationships in positive youth development. We add to the literature regarding child well-being among African American adolescents in care—a group that is overrepresented within the foster care system. Specific attention is given to relational permanence—the concept of continuous supportive relationships marked by mutual trust and respect. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of relational permanence and the change of relational permanence over time. Regression analyses were used to explain the variation associated with relational permanence and to investigate whether relational permanence predicts psychological well-being. The findings indicate that relational permanence varies at the start of foster care for African American adolescents. Yet, relational permanence did not significantly change over time. Maltreatment type had the largest influence on predicting the attainment of relational permanence over time (p < 0.05). Relational permanence was positively correlated with higher psychological well-being (p < 0.05). An increase in relational permanence over time also significantly predicted higher psychological well-being over time (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that social support from a variety of different sources aid youth in staying mentally healthy despite major disruptions in support from biological parents. These findings support the importance of developing a wide variety of social support networks to improve positive developmental outcomes among African American adolescents in foster care.
Explanations, machine learning, and creativity

Creativity is obviously a crucial aspect of human intelligence, and yet it has not been explored much by AI researchers. A principal reason for this lack of attention is the mystical aura that the word “creativity” has about it. Creativity is thought to be something so mysterious that AI researchers have been intimidated by it. We claim that creativity is a much simpler, more algorithmic process than many have thought and that AI is ready to start designing creative computers.
Public Health in South-Eastern Europe – Exploring Synergies

In the past decade countries in the South-eastern Europe Health Network (SEEHN) have been making big strides to reform their health systems. The SEEHN has been providing a platform to share experiences and opening doors to resources, partnerships, technical capacity and political commitment. The ability of health systems to prevent, react, mitigate and recover from emergencies and crises is a visible indicator for the functionality of the health systems. In some of the health systems in the SEEHN there are still gaps that do not allow for a smooth and a seamless ability to respond to such demanding needs. Sometimes, parts of the populations are not accessible to the health services, and in many the public health services do not have sufficient finances and capacity to carry their tasks. Potential synergies between public health services and other arms of the health systems and beyond should be strengthened in SEEHN Member States. The WHO agenda for public health, health system strengthening and Health in All Policies continue to bring together the know-how, the ideology, partnerships, resource generation and the platform for subsequent policy development and implementation.
Situated agents can have plans

Much of our everyday activity is not made up of solving isolated problems with single clear-cut goals, but rather dedicated to the ongoing maintenance of many goals or policies such as eating when hungry and maintaining a comfortable personal space. Furthermore, in many complex, dynamic worlds, an agent must maintain many goals at the same time and be able to act quickly and flexibly, because some decisions are time critical and the world is not perfectly predictable. The domain of SimCity requires this kind of behavior. In the simulation, you are never finished repairing the roads or fighting crime, because disasters and evolution will always require more work in the future. Survival depends on deciding what you should work on now, and by what you will allow yourself to be interrupted. In short, playing SimCity requires a robust theory of attention. Situated agents are built to address problems of timely activity in complex, dynamic worlds. (Maes) Such systems stress that competent behavior can arise out of continually selecting primitive actions based on information about the environment. Situated activity theories propose that resource conflicts can be avoided by noticing conflicts at compile time. Most situated agents, however, are not required to accomplish long-term activities such as building an industrial complex. Memory-based planning (Hammond), on the other hand, contends that in some interesting worlds an episodic memory of plans can adequately cover the longer-term problems an agent will face, thus providing an alternative to the intractability of exhaustive search. How do we arbitrate between memory-based, long-term behavior, and reactive, short-term maintenance?