cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Drug Development in Urothelial Cancer

and magnetic resonance imaging for surveillance of women at high familial risk for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:8469-8476, 2005 27. Leach MO, Boggis CR, Dixon AK, et al: Screening with magnetic resonance imaging and mammography of a UK population at high familial risk of breast cancer: A prospective multicentre cohort study (MARIBS). Lancet 365: 1769-1778, 2005 28. Trecate G, Vergnaghi D, Bergonzi S, et al: Breast MRI screening in patients with increased familial and/or genetic risk for breast cancer: A preliminary experience. Tumori 89:125-131, 2003 29. Warner E, Hill K, Causer P, et al: Prospective study of breast cancer incidence in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation under surveillance with and without magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 29:1664-1669, 2011 30. Foulkes WD, Reis-Filho JS, Narod SA: Tumor size and survival in breast cancer: A reappraisal. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7:348-353, 2010 31. Hagen AI, Tretli S, Maehle L, et al: Survival in Norwegian BRCA1 mutation carriers with breast cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 14;7, 2009 32. Foulkes WD, Grainge MJ, Rakha EA, et al: Tumor size is an unreliable predictor of prognosis in basal-like breast cancers and does not correlate closely with lymph node status. Breast Cancer Res Treat 111:199-204, 2009 33. Robson ME, Chappuis PO, Satagopan J, et al: A combined analysis of outcome following breast cancer: Differences in survival based on BRCA1/ BRCA2 mutation status and administration of adjuvant treatment. Breast Cancer Res 6:R8-R17, 2004 34. Moller P, Borg A, Evans DG, et al: Survival in prospectively ascertained familial breast cancer: Analysis of a series stratified by tumour characteristics, BRCA mutations and oophorectomy. Int J Cancer 101:555-559, 2002 35. Maurice A, Evans DG, Affen J, et al: Surveillance of women at increased risk of breast cancer using mammography and clinical breast examination: Further evidence of benefit. Int J Cancer [epub ahead of print on August 23, 2011] 36. Evans DG, Gaarenstroom KN, Stirling D, et al: Screening for familial ovarian cancer: Poor survival of BRCA1/2 related cancers. J Med Genet 46:593-597, 2009
Pollinator biodiversity and floral resource use in Ecballium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae), a Mediterranean endemic

Pollinator biodiversity on Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard was studied for 2 years at 2 sites in southern France. Six families, 15 genera, and 43 species of bees were collected from the flowers, and 33 bee species carried Ecballium pollen in their scopae. The numerically dominant species were Lasioglossum malachurum (Kirby), the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., and Ceratina cyanea (Kirby). Few pollinators were observed in 1997 due to a drought. In 1996, mean forager density was slightly over one bee per 100 flowers throughout the flowering period. Most visitors (98%) were female bees which foraged for both pollen and nectar. Most visits (97%) were to staminate flowers and visitation to pistillate flowers was by deceit since these are nectarless. Behavior of nectar foragers on staminate flowers differed according to body size. Large bees foraged for nectar mostly in the afternoon after nectar sugar concentrations reached high values while smaller bees foraged for nectar throughout the day. Ecballium / bee / nectar / pollen / foraging / deceit pollination
A network protocol for cluster computing

The Xpress Transport Protocol (XTP) is designed to support the types of data exchanges typically found in cluster computing applications. It provides all the classic functionality of a transport protocol, plus new services such as transport multicast, multicast group management, transport layer priorities, traffic descriptions for quality of service negotiation, rate and burst control, and selectable error and flow control mechanisms. XTP has wide interconnectivity because it operates over any network layer (IP, CLNP), any datalink layer (LLC, MAC), or directly on top of the AAL of ATM. In general, XTP avoids coupling policy with mechanism; XTP offers services but the user's application defines what communications paradigm is most appropriate for its particular environment. In spite of its richer functionality, XTP's reliable data transfer modes have performance characteristics similar to TCP and XTP's unacknowledged transfer mode has performance similar to UDP. Since XTP can run simultaneously with other transport protocols, and can run over whatever network layer (if any) is provided, it represents a low risk way to exploit the increased functionality required for cluster computing without sacrificing connectedness or interoperability.
Economic Analysis of Introduced Genetically Engineered Organisms

Previous chapters of this book have dealt with issues such as the current regulatory framework for risk assessment of transgenic organisms, biotechnology legislation and related policies, and the ecological risks associated with accidental releases of genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). In this chapter, we consider these issues in an economic context. It has often been noted that the words“ecology” and “economy” derive from the same root, and in fact the fields of study share a number of common characteristics (Costanza et al., 1997a; Costanza, 1991; Jansson, et al., 1994; Krishnan et al., 1995; Milon and Shogren, 1995; Norgaard, 1988; Rapport and Turner, 1977; Rothschild, 1990). Economic and ecological systems are both highly complex and in constantly evolving dynamic equilibrium; shocks to either type of system can cause either temporary or long-term disequilibrium to occur. Here, we utilize the economic approach of cost-benefit analysis to evaluate possible alterations and/or shocks to current economic conditions of natural marine systems that may result from the introduction of transgenic marine organisms.
A Review of DNA Enrichment Technologies

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, by sequencing hundreds of thousands to millions of DNA templates in parallel, resulted in higher throughput (Gb scale) and lowered sequencing cost (Mardis 2008; Shendure and Ji 2008). This has permitted the definition of entire genome as well as the differences that exist between them. The ultimate goal is to routinely perform whole-genome sequencing to allow us to gain a deeper understanding of genetic variation and to define its role in phenotypic variation and the pathogenesis of complex traits (Mamanova et al. 2010). Due to the cost and time limitations, it is not yet feasible to sequence large numbers of complex genomes. Therefore, a significant effort has focused on the development of “target enrichment” methods, in which genomic regions are selectively captured from a DNA sample before sequencing (Fig. 3.1). This approach is more time- and cost-effective, and the resulting data are considerably less cumbersome to analyze, except in the case of exome capture (Chap. 8). Several approaches to target enrichment have been developed, and the performance parameters vary from one to another: (1) sensitivity, or the percentage of the target bases that are represented by one or more sequence reads; (2) specificity, or the percentage of sequences that map to the intended targets; (3) uniformity, or the variability in sequence coverage across target regions; (4) reproducibility, or how closely results obtained from replicate experiments correlate; (5) cost; (6) ease of use; and (7) amount of DNA required per experiment, or per megabase of target (Mamanova et al. 2010).
Mechanics of the Forward Pass

The physical principles of the flight of spinning bodies are well known, but their application to the sport of American football is relatively new, and the opportunities for performance optimization are largely unexplored. This chapter contains the author’s assessment of the current state of knowledge especially with regard to fundamental principles, applications, and implications for optimal athletic performance.
Effect of annealing on the structure of an amorphous (Mo 0.6 Ru 0.4 ) 82 B 18 alloy

The amorphous metallic glass ${({\mathrm{Mo}}_{0.6}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{0.4})}_{82}$${\mathrm{B}}_{18}$ was annealed for various lengths of time at temperatures up to 650\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The changes in structure due to these annealing treatments were determined by measurements of superconducting properties (${T}_{c}$,${B}_{c2}$,${J}_{c}$), electrical resistivity (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}$), low-temperature specific heat (electronic coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At lower annealing temperatures (\ensuremath{\le}450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) only small changes occurred in the composition-dependent parameters (${T}_{c}$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$) but large degradations were exhibited in those quantities (${J}_{c}$, fracture strain) sensitive to the defect structure. No evidence of microstructural changes was revealed by SAXS or TEM in this regime. At higher annealing temperatures (or longer times) evidence for the development of, first, phase separation, then, the beginnings of crystallization was found by SAXS and TEM. In this regime larger degradations of ${T}_{c}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ occurred along with a change in the form of the ${F}_{p}(b)$ curve (i.e., a change in the fluxoid pinning mechanism). The above observations imply annealing-induced long-range compositional variations. The activation energy for the onset of long-range compositional inhomogeneity was determined to be 309 kJ ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (3.2 eV).
Technology roadmap for smart electric vehicle-to-grid (V2G) of residential chargers

Smart grid is defined as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system onto the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information and the right entity at the right time. It helps even out demand spikes and uses resource mix more efficiently. It is a better integration, or “system balancing,” of variable resources, like wind power. Many of the advanced applications of smart grid are expected to develop in an evolutionary manner based on current technologies available and the needs of the market, for example, electric vehicles (EVs) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). It is likely that we will see a simpler associated application (i.e., smart battery charger) before the market matures to support a more complex form of the application vehicle-to-grid (V2G). The objective of this paper is to develop a technology roadmapping (TRM) process for smart electric V2G technologies in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest (PNW). The research focuses on the application of V2G in the residential chargers. It introduces the market drivers, products, and technology analysis and also provides research on the necessary resources needed within R&D in the coming years (next 10 years).
Blurring the lines between ribosomal and nonribosomal peptide scaffolds.

Two of the canons of protein science have been (1) that there are 20–22 amino acids that are proteinogenic and (2), with the exception of achiral glycine, that the other residues are l-amino acids. By contrast, the presence of nonproteinogenic amino acid residues and d-enantiomers has been regarded as hallmarks of nonribosomal peptides. The recent discoveries that bottromycins and polytheonamides, containing β-methyl and d-amino acid residues, are of ribosomal origin blur the distinctions between peptide structures derivable by ribosomal and nonribosomal assembly lines and reveal new chemistry for posttranslational maturation of proteins.
Spray Simulations to Support the Development of a Monte Carlo-Based Spray Cooling Model

Spray cooling is a crucial method for meeting today's thermal management challenges in many areas including space applications, high speed computers, microelectronic components and other high energy density devices. The extreme complexity of the flow created by the impact of millions of droplets per second creates a need for a heat transfer model which incorporates enough physical detail to yield accurate predictions while being sufficiently simplified to use in routine design computations. The spray cooling group at West Virginia University (WVU) is pursuing a coordinated program of computational simulations and laboratory experiments to develop a Monte Carlo-based spray cooling model that will satisfy this requirement. This paper reports our initial simulations of sprays. A companion paper focuses on progress in the laboratory. The results reported here include simulations of sprays generated by a pressure swirl nozzle and a full cone nozzle and their impact on surfaces. The goals of these simulations are to demonstrate that they can accurately reproduce the characteristics of sprays seen in previous numerical simulations and laboratory experiments and also to develop the capability to perform the simulations that will be needed in the development of the Monte Carlo spray cooling model. The computations have been performed using the commercial ANSYS FLUENT CFD software. The fully three dimensional and axisymmetric simulations use the Finite Volume Method (FVM) computational technique to solve the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for the air and the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) to calculate the trajectories of discrete droplets. Sprays are injected using the pressure-swirl atomizer and full cone nozzle models which are sub-models of DPM in FLUENT. Inertial, gravity, viscous, and surface tension forces are accounted for but heat transfer has not yet been included.
Effect of charge regulation on the stability of electrolyte films

The stability of a thin liquid film of an electrolyte on a solid substrate is investigated. In the framework of the Debye-Huckel approximation, we show that the commonly used approximation of fixed potential at the solid-liquid interface does not lead to predictions of film rupture. To reconcile the model with experimental observations, we consider the constant charge density approximation for the solid substrate and then proceed to systematically investigate the effects of charge regulation based on a linear relationship between charge density and potential. Stability criteria are formulated in terms of charge regulation parameters and electrolyte properties, resulting in different types of stability diagrams. Critical thickness below which the film ruptures is shown to decrease as the charge regulation at the solid-liquid interface becomes stronger.
Feelings of Usefulness to Others Predict Active Coping With Osteoarthritis Knee Pain.

Objective: To investigate associations of perceived usefulness to other people with active versus passive coping strategies among adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Additional aims explored contributions of personality variables to this dynamic. Method: 199 persons (70.3 years ± 10.4) with knee OA reported personality, coping, and psychosocial data using the Big Five Inventory, subscales from the Social Provisions Scale, and the Coping With Illness measure. Regression analyses identified predictors of perceived usefulness and its independent and interactive associations with active versus passive coping and personality variables. Results: Better subjective health predicted perceived usefulness. Older adults with higher reported perceived usefulness employed more active than passive pain coping strategies. Passive coping was associated with neuroticism and greater functional disability. Discussion: Usefulness predicted active OA pain coping, suggesting that it may promote well-being among persons with c...
Effects of asymmetric feeding on gas–solid–liquid transport and catalytic cracking reaction in the feed zone of riser

Abstract Asymmetric feeding of liquid reactants and catalytic solids are common in the operation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactors. The asymmetric feeding of solids can be caused by the designed-geometry of J-bend right before the riser inlet or unbalanced operation of wall-steam feeding. In order to ensure uniform distributions in local catalytic to oil ratio (CTO) and temperature, a possible measure of matching the asymmetric feed of catalysts is to introduce liquid jets in an accordingly asymmetric feeding. The asymmetric feeding will cause complicated three-phase interactions, in terms of the transport and phase-change characteristics of each interacting phase, in the feed zone of a riser reactor. This study has developed a theoretical framework with an inertia-based multi-spray interaction, which considers not only a complex geometric intervene of mutual-penetration sprays but also the individual spray properties and feeding operations. Based on the fact that the traverse gradient of pressure is insignificant compared to that of axial gradient in a riser flow, a sub-model is also established to redistribute the gas and solid phases within the cross-section of concern. Due to the lack of experiment data or available information on the asymmetric feeding of catalysts from J-bend, we have also conducted a CFD study of a J-bend dense gas–solid flow to obtain the asymmetric distribution catalysts feeding to the feed-zone model. Our modeling examples suggest that the reaction and flow characteristics can be altered noticeably by adjusting asymmetric feedings of liquid reactants, such as changes in droplet penetration, spray coverage and local CTO. In addition, the result of over-penetration of droplets onto the feed zone wall shows the need for a various-droplet size/flowrate model rather than mono-sized/constant-flowrate model of liquid phase. This can also assist in better design or selection of the characteristics for the spray nozzle.
Study of Unified Application Technology Framework for The Real-Time/Historical Data Platform

With the rapid development of smart grid, more and more business applications will be built based on Zhejiang power grid real-time/historical data platform, but there is still no unified planning and standardized technology architecture at the application level. In order to effectively solve the problems of the platform, this paper starts with application permission management, personal home page settings, point management and system interface service, focuses on the study of unified application technology framework features in the real-time/historical data platform, thus provides a set of standards and specifications for future real-time/historical data applications in Zhejiang electric power corporation.
Possible role for brain prostanoid pathways in the development of angiotensin II-salt hypertension in rats

Prostanoids generated by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway appear to contribute to the neurogenic hypertension (HTN) in rats. The first goal of this study was to establish the time frame during whic...
CBIO-28NIX PROMOTES GLIOBLASTOMA CELL SURVIVAL UNDER STRESS THROUGH MITOPHAGY

Nix (NIP3-like protein X, BNIP3L), a hypoxia-responsive member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is believed to play key roles in both hypoxia-mediated cell death and mitophagy. Because our previous work demonstrated that hypoxia, a potentially stressful condition, promotes preferential expansion of GBM stem-like cells in a HIF-1-dependent mechanism, we investigated Nix in GBM. We observed elevated levels of mitochondrial Nix and LC3B-II/I ratio in GBM tissues. Series of experiments revealed that Nix but not BNIP3, mediated hypoxia-induced mitophagy in an Nrf2 (critical regulator of the cellular antioxidant response)-dependent manner. Nix repression led to several striking observations: 1) Reversal of hypoxia-mediated GBM cell proliferation; 2) Down-regulation of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α; 3) Inhibition of Rheb and its downstream signaling; 4) Depletion of cellular ATP level; and 5) Decreased survival of animals in orthotopic xenograft GBM model. Both oncogenic and tumor suppressive actions of autophagy have been extensively discussed in the literature, supporting the notion that specific action is likely cell-type and context dependent. Our work suggests that Nix regulation of mitophagy is a critical mechanism of GBM cell survival particularly during stressful conditions. Such conclusion is further support by pronounced sensitivity of Nix depleted GBM cells to temozolomide and/or irradiation. Manipulation of the Nix pathway may provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
Software architectural principles in contemporary mobile software

Distills the architectural principles found in Android.Traces back those principles to their conception in software-architecture research.Reports on characteristics of Android ecosystem of apps by mining hundreds of apps in several app markets.Reflects on deviations from how architectural concepts have been prescribed in architecture literature. The meteoric rise of mobile software that we have witnessed in the past decade parallels a paradigm shift in its design, construction, and deployment. In particular, we argue that today's mobile software, with its rich ecosystem of apps, would have not been possible without the pioneering advances in software architecture research in the decade that preceded it. We describe the drivers that elevated software architecture to the centerpiece of contemporary mobile software. We distill the architectural principles found in Android, the predominant mobile platform with the largest market share, and trace those principles to their conception at the turn of century in software architecture literature. Finally, to better understand the extent to which Android's ecosystem of apps employs architectural concepts, we mine the reverse-engineered architecture of hundreds of Android apps in several app markets and report on those results.
Deletion of miR-150 Exacerbates Retinal Vascular Overgrowth in High-Fat-Diet Induced Diabetic Mice

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among American adults above 40 years old. The vascular complication in DR is a major cause of visual impairment, making finding therapeutic targets to block pathological angiogenesis a primary goal for developing DR treatments. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been proposed as diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for various ocular diseases including DR. In diabetic animals, the expression levels of several miRs, including miR-150, are altered. The expression of miR-150 is significantly suppressed in pathological neovascularization in mice with hyperoxia-induced retinopathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional role of miR-150 in the development of retinal microvasculature complications in high-fat-diet (HFD) induced type 2 diabetic mice. Wild type (WT) and miR-150 null mutant (miR-150-/-) male mice were given a HFD (59% fat calories) or normal chow diet. Chronic HFD caused a decrease of serum miR-150 in WT mice. Mice on HFD for 7 months (both WT and miR-150-/-) had significant decreases in retinal light responses measured by electroretinograms (ERGs). The retinal neovascularization in miR-150-/--HFD mice was significantly higher compared to their age matched WT-HFD mice, which indicates that miR-150 null mutation exacerbates chronic HFD-induced neovascularization in the retina. Overexpression of miR-150 in cultured endothelial cells caused a significant reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) protein levels. Hence, deletion of miR-150 significantly increased the retinal pathological angiogenesis in HFD induced type 2 diabetic mice, which was in part through VEGFR2.
Explorations: a New Approach to Self-Directed Learning in a Competency-Based Curriculum

Helping students develop the skills required for a lifetime of self-directed learning (SDL) is a key facet of undergraduate medical education (UGME). We are a new medical school and have developed Explorations, a novel approach to SDL. Explorations is a project-based approach to SDL that provides students complete autonomy to choose a topic of interest to explore, allowing them to take full ownership in acquiring the skills needed for the competency of lifelong adult learning. Explorations was designed for the Millennial medical student to facilitate the development of the SDL skills necessary to practice medicine in the modern digital age.
NMR spectroscopy of some electrolyte solutions to 1.9 GPa

Nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of CsCl and LaCl3 in D2O/H2O solutions were collected up to pressures of 1.9 GPa using a new NMR probe design that considerably extends the pressure range available for geochemical experiments. The longitudinal-relaxation times (T1) for 2H compare well with those reported in the previous studies of Lee et al. (1974), who examined lower pressures, and indicate that the probe functions properly. In some experiments, 133Cs and 1H NMR spectra could be taken on solutions to pressures well beyond the nominal freezing pressure of D2O or H2O to form Ice VI (near 0.9 GPa). Freezing to form the high-pressure ice is kinetically slow on an experimental time scale (minutes to hours). The data indicate that the electrolyte concentrations increase the freezing pressure of the solution. This result means that solution NMR spectra can be collected at pressures that are nearly twice the nominal freezing pressure of pure D2O or H2O. Pulsed-magnetic-field-gradient NMR methods are used to independently measure the self-diffusion coefficient of H2O in these solutions, which yields estimates of solution viscosity via the Stokes–Einstein relation. The increased viscosity accounts for the pressure variation of T1 values as rates of molecular tumbling are affected. Accounting for such changes is essential if NMR spectral line widths are used to infer pressure-enhanced rates of geochemical reactions, such as interconversion of aqueous complexes.
What Is Resilience? The State of the Art

Chapter 3 presents the definition of the concept of resilience and its evolution during the past few decades. Resilience is a context-sensitive concept, and for this reason its definition is related to the conceptual, cultural, and operative framework of application. Different types of resilience have been identified: ecological, environmental, institutional, infrastructural, organizational, economic, social, community, familial, and individual. Specifically, professional resilience was proposed for civil protection volunteers. In general, even if the type of resilience differs depending on the context of presentation, resilience has been defined as the capacity, ability, or competence to cope with stress, a crisis, or a disaster and bounce back to the preexisting conditions of life.
Evaluating the efficacy of beef slaughter line interventions by quantifying the six major non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli serogroups using real-time multiplex PCR

Six major Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups: O26, O103, O145, O111, O121, and O45 have been declared as adulterants in federally inspected raw beef in the USA effective June 4th, 2012 in addition to the routinely tested STEC O157: H7. This study tests a real-time multiplex PCR assay and pooling of the samples to optimize the detection and quantification (prevalence and contamination) of six major non-O157 STEC, regardless of possessing Shiga toxins. To demonstrate the practicality, one large-scale slaughter plant (Plant LS) and one small-scale slaughter plant (Plant SS) located in the Mid-Western USA were sampled, in 2011, before the establishment of 2013 USDA laboratory protocols. Carcasses were sampled at consecutive intervention stations and beef trimmings were collected at the end of the fabrication process. Plant SS had marginally more contaminated samples than Plant LS (p-value 0.08). The post-hide removal wash, steam pasteurization, and lactic acid (≤5%) spray used in Plant LS seemed to reduce the six serogroups effectively, compared to the hot-water wash and 7-day chilling at Plant SS. Compared to the culture isolation methods, quantification of the non-O157 STEC using real-time PCR may be an efficient way to monitor the efficacy of slaughter line interventions.
Abstract IA13: Wnt and Fgf signaling in mammary stem cells and breast cancer

Some of the earliest evidence implicating both Wnt and FGF signaling in mammary tumorigenesis came from the observation of tumors in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)- infected mice. Tumors arising from MMTV proviral insertion often exhibited preferential activation of Wnt and FGF pathway members. Interestingly, tumors with MMTV-induced expression of these FGF pathway ligands also showed MMTV-induced activation of Wnt pathway members, and functional cooperativity of MMTV-driven Wnt 1 and Fgf-3 transgenes in mammary tumorigenesis was observed. High throughput MMTV insertional mutagenesis studies have indicated that activation of Wnt and FGF pathway components is the most common occurrence in resulting tumors, providing definitive genetic proof for the cooperativity between these two pathways. Unraveling the complexity of these pathways in the context of development and tumorigenesis remains an evolving challenge. While the Wnt/s-catenin cascade plays a central role in a range of biological processes, it has emerged as a key regulator of stem cell dynamics in multiple tissues, including the mammary gland. Significant evidence now implicates the Wnt/s-catenin pathway in uncontrolled self-renewal of cancer stem cells and their associated radiation resistance during treatment. In the mammary gland, localized Wnt signaling most likely plays a critical role in regulating oriented cell division and cell fate. As with many signaling pathways, this is not an “on and off switch”, but is instead influenced by the level and duration of the signaling event. There are also Wnt-mediated s-catenin-independent pathways, known as noncanonical Wnt cascades. For instance, noncanonical Wnt signaling through the receptor Ror2 helps to specify the extent and location of canonical Wnt/s-catenin signaling. With regard to FGF signaling, FGFR1 and FGFR2, the two primary FGFRs expressed in mouse mammary epithelium, also are critical for mammary stem cell maintenance. Cooperation of the FGF and Wnt pathways in mammary tumorigenesis is based in part on the activation of protein translational pathways that result in, but are not limited to, increased expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes at the level of protein translation. Lastly, Wnt and Fgf ligands can be regulated by systemic steroid hormones and act in a paracrine manner to influence mammary stem cells, providing another layer to the signaling hierarchy. Supported by grant NIH-CA16303. Citation Format: Jeffrey M. Rosen, Xue Bin, Kevin Roarty. Wnt and Fgf signaling in mammary stem cells and breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Carbon Capture and Utilization Update

In recent years, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has been proposed as a potential technological solution to the problems of greenhouse-gas emissions and the ever-growing energy demand. To combat climate change and ocean acidification as a result of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, efforts have already been put forth to capture and sequester CO2 from large point sources, especially power plants; however, the utilization of CO2 as a feedstock to make valuable chemicals, materials, and transportation fuels is potentially more desirable and provides a better and long-term solution than sequestration. The products of CO2 utilization can supplement or replace chemical feedstocks in the fine chemicals, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current status of CO2-capture technologies and their associated challenges and opportunities with respect to efficiency and economy followed by an overview of various carbon-utilization approaches. The current status of combined CO2 capture and utilization, as a novel efficient and cost-effective approach, is also briefly discussed. We summarize the main challenges associated with the design, development, and large-scale deployment of CO2 capture and utilization processes to provide a perspective and roadmap for the development of new technologies and opportunities to accelerate their scale-up in the near future.
MetaTutor: Analyzing Self-Regulated Learning in a Tutoring System for Biology

We report preliminary data of an initial laboratory study examining the effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) training versus no training on learners' ability to deploy SRL processes and learn about the circulatory system with MetaTutor. MetaTutor is an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) designed to train and foster learners' SRL processes while learning about several complex human body systems. We used a mixed methodology approach and include the results of a subset of the participants (N=30) whose product and process data we have analyzed. Overall, the results indicate that the SRL training group significantly outperformed the control group.
How Did Employee Ownership Firms Weather the Last Two Recessions?: Employee Ownership, Employment Stability, and Firm Survival: 1999-2011

Employee ownership firms offer workers the opportunity to own a stake in the firms where they work. This affords them the ability to share in profits and have a voice in firm-related decision-making. In this comprehensive new book, Kurtulus and Kruse provide new evidence on whether employee ownership firms are better equipped to survive recessions. In particular, they focus on broad-based employee ownership, which includes ownership at all levels in the firm’s hierarchy.
Call for a Global Policy to Confront Risks Facing the International Banking System

While financial institutions exploit globalization in the banking system, a natural byproduct of this expansion, the increased risk, affects the internal and external environment of banks and enhances banking probability of failure. This happens because of the fact that every operational activity undertaking by a bank, regardless rate of uncertainty, is associated with some form of risk (Lartey, 2012). The aim of this paper is to indicate the major risks facing international banks, such as: credit risk, liquidity risk, systemic risk, interest rate risk, political risk, market risk and operational risk. While each of them is considered to be manageable, together they represent a clear and present danger to the international banking system (Kirke, 2011). Therefore, to confront those risks, it is suggested to provide a more systemic solution rather than a separate one. There is a call for a global policy to deal with this project as long as the existing risk-specialized policies proved to be insufficient in addressing the main risks in the international banking industry.
Capturing provenance as a diagnostic tool for workflow performance evaluation and optimization

In extreme-scale computing environments such as the DOE Leadership Computing Facilities scientific workflows are routinely used to coordinate software processes for the execution of complex, computational applications that perform in-silico experiments. Monitoring the performance of workflows without also simultaneously tracking provenance is not sufficient to understand variations between runs, configurations, versions of a code, and between changes in an implemented stack, and systems, i.e. the variability of performance metrics data in their historical context. We take a provenance-based approach and demonstrate that provenance is useful as a tool for evaluating and optimizing workflow performance in extreme- scale HPC environments. We present Chimbuko, a framework for the analysis and visualization of the provenance of performance. Chimbuko implements a method for the evaluation of workflow performance from multiple components that enables the exploration of performance metrics data at scale.
High‐speed displays encoding motor skill trigger elevated territorial aggression in downy woodpeckers

Many species perform social displays that incorporate complex body movements. However, the reason why such exaggerated behavioural signals evolve in the first place is unclear. Recent work posits that physical displays arise in part because they showcase an animal's motor skill—that is, the ability to produce challenging motor acts with great coordination, precision and/or speed. Support for this idea is largely correlational, with few studies attempting to manipulate metrics of motor skill to assess their effect on physical display efficacy. Here, we address this issue in the downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens). Individuals of this species compete for territories through the performance of drums, which are complex displays produced by rapidly hammering the bill against a resonate surface at rates of 16 hits/s. This display is a whole-body endeavour, and its production relies on the ability to swiftly oscillate the head forward and backward at fraction-of-a-second periods. Using a series of playback studies, we expose resident birds to experimentally engineered drums that reflect putative fine-scale differences in the motor command of the head and neck. We show that resident individuals respond more aggressively to drums characterized by a cadence with a 9-ms faster beat speed. These residents even modulate their own drum speed to resemble this high-performance stimulus, although they often fail to reach it. Residents also appear to appraise drum acceleration by listening to the time intervals between successive beats in a single drum, while tracking how these time intervals change as the signal progresses. Our data support a connection between motor skill and the effectiveness of a physical display produced through elaborate body movement. We, therefore, suspect that motor skill is adaptive and evolves in response to selection by competition for effective drum displays. A plain language summary is available for this article.
Screening for Alcohol Misuse: Practices Among U.S. Primary Care Providers, DocStyles 2016.

Introduction Excessive alcohol use is associated with car crashes, violence, and multiple disease conditions, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that primary care providers screen all adults and conduct brief counseling interventions with those who misuse alcohol. The USPSTF prefers use of three screening tools that measure alcohol consumption (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Single Question) because these tools detect the full spectrum of alcohol misuse in adults. This study estimated the prevalence of primary care provider screening practices for alcohol misuse and examined factors associated with using a USPSTF-preferred screening tool. Methods In 2016, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on self-reported 2016 DocStyles data to estimate the prevalence of different screening tools used by 1,506 primary care providers—family practitioners, internists, obstetrician/gynecologists, and nurse practitioners. Adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using logistic regression to examine the association between provider attributes and use of USPSTF-preferred screening tools. Results In this study, 96% of providers reported screening patients for alcohol misuse. Among those that screened, 38% used a USPSTF-preferred screening tool. Provider specialty, awareness of USPSTF guidelines, and mode of administering screening tool were associated with using a preferred screening tool. Conclusions Although most primary care providers reported screening for alcohol misuse, about two thirds did not use a tool capable of detecting the full spectrum of alcohol misuse. Using suitable screening tools will better identify patients who misuse alcohol and increase the opportunity for appropriate intervention, ultimately helping to reduce the burden from the many conditions associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
Port call path sensitive conflict analysis for instance-aware parallel SystemC simulation

Many parallel SystemC approaches expect a thread safe and conflict free model from the designer. Alternatively, an advanced compiler can identify and avoid possible parallel access conflicts. While manual conflict resolution can theoretically be more precise, it is impractical for real world applications because of the inherent complexities. Here automatic compiler-based analysis is preferred which provides conservative conflict avoidance with minimal false positives. This paper introduces a novel compiler technique called Port Call Path analysis that greatly reduces the amount of false positive conflicts resulting in significantly increased simulation speed. Experimental results show that the new analysis reduces the amount of false conflicts by up to 98% and, on a 4-core processor, speeds up the simulation up to 3x for a NoC particle simulator and 3.5x for a bitcoin miner SystemC model.
Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses

Virus taxonomy is a man-made field of science aiming at helping the classification of viral entities and at using the same nomenclature for the description of these entities in their biological and physical properties. Taxonomy at the interface of conceptual and physical matters is by essence very controversial, but it is important for many purposes from virus diagnostics to virus evolution. Virus taxonomy, which officially began in 1966 under the activity of 43 virologists who created the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), has made tremendous progress in the last 40 years to classify today about 6000 virus entities into more than 2000 species, themselves classified into 287 genera, 73 families, and 3 orders, as attested by the Eighth Report of the ICTV. Virus nomenclature has also progressed in parallel to virus taxonomy, and although virologists still debate about the best way to write virus species names, undoubtedly virus taxonomy and nomenclature are now in a very advanced state. However, major challenges are ahead for virologists with the exponential increase in virus genome sequencing which will be beyond 1 million sequences by 2010 and the virologists have to face that challenge with organization and creativity, in order to offer to the virological community the best and most useful virus taxonomy and nomenclature.
Quantification of Entrainment Damage in A356 Aluminum Alloy Castings

Aluminum melts sustain damage to its quality when surface oxides are entrained into bulk liquid. To quantify the extent of entrainment damage, four castings were produced in reduced pressure test (RPT) apparatus; one machined out of the continuously cast ingot, and the other three by pouring the metal from a height of 25, 37.5, and 150 mm. Analyses of RPT samples via micro-computer tomography (μ-CT) scanning demonstrated that the number and volume fraction of pores in aluminum casting increased with increasing velocity of the liquid. However, average and maximum pore sizes first increased with velocity, then decreased, indicating that additional kinetic energy of the metal breaks entrained bifilms. The investigation of the cross sections of RPT specimens via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray maps showed that oxygen was present inside, around, and between the pores, providing further evidence that bifilms act as initiation sites for pores. Moreover, there were unopened bifilms near pores, suggesting that entrainment damage is more extensive than what can be ascertained by the pore size measurements.
Role of SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase in BMP receptor trafficking and signaling

Heterozygous germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor gene (BMPRII) are associated with hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH). Missense mutations, both in the extracellular ligand-binding and cytoplasmic kinase domains, mostly involve substitution of conserved Cys residues. Singular substitution at any of those Cys residues causes cytoplasmic, perinuclear localization of BMPR with reduced cell surface expression and BMP signaling. The present study examined the effect of Cys residue substitution on BMPR endocytic trafficking and lysosome degradation. We demonstrate that endocytosis/lysosomal degradation of BMPR occurs by two distinct pathways. SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase induces lysosomal degradation of BMPR, while ligase-inactive SMURF1 maintains BMPR protein level and cell surface expression. Substitution of BMPR Cys residues increases lysosomal degradation which is blocked by ligase-inactive SMURF1, elevating protein levels of Cys-substituted BMPRs. Expression of Cys-substituted BMPR suppresses basal BMP signaling activity which is also up-regulated by ligase-inactive SMURF1. Cys-residue substitution thus appears to cause BMPR endocytosis to lysosomes in a SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase-associated pathway. Kinase-activated BMPR undergoes endocytic/lysosomal degradation by a pathway with certain unique properties. Therefore, our results describe a novel mechanism whereby SMURF1 ubiquitin ligase regulates constitutive endocytosis of BMPR which may be mediated by its conserved Cys residues.
A fragmented, permutationally invariant polynomial approach for potential energy surfaces of large molecules: Application to N-methyl acetamide

We describe and apply a method to extend permutationally invariant polynomial (PIP) potential energy surface (PES) fitting to molecules with more than 10 atoms. The method creates a compact basis of PIPs as the union of PIPs obtained from fragments of the molecule. An application is reported for trans-N-methyl acetamide, where B3LYP/cc-pVDZ electronic energies and gradients are used to develop a full-dimensional potential for this prototype peptide molecule. The performance of several fragmented bases is verified against a benchmark PES using all (66) Morse variables. The method appears feasible for much larger molecules.
Limitations and Usefulness of Computer Simulations for Complex Adaptive Systems Research

Complex adaptive systems in nature may produce something new, like structures, patterns, or properties, that arise from the rules of self-organization. These novelties are emergent if they cannot be understood as any property of the components but are a new property of the system. Emergence is a key property of complex systems. A popular method to better understand complex adaptive systems is the use of their computational representation, predominantly using the agent metaphor to produce emergence. The philosophy of science differentiates ontological and epistemological emergence. Ontological emergence produces something systemically new, while epistemological emergence produces new rules and laws, and as such can be reduced by gaining a better understanding of the system. The work presented here makes the case that emergence in computational complex adaptive systems cannot be ontological, as the constraints of computable functions do not allow for ontological emergence. As such, computer representations of complex adaptive systems are limited, as claims to produce systemically real emergence with computational systems contradicts some fundamental insights from computer science and philosophy of science. Nonetheless, they are useful to understand better the relationship of emergence and complex adaptive systems and conduct adductive research, which may be the best support of complex systems evaluation we can provide to complexity scientists to move the borderline between what is theoretically feasible to what is practically possible.
Psychometric Principles and Issues

Users of intelligence tests should have a thorough understanding of statistics, scaling, and measurement principles. The discussion to follow, however, would hardly qualify as “thorough.” This chapter is merely a reminder of what students have already covered in previous course-work that is central to the use of intelligence tests. It is assumed that the user of this text has had, at a minimum, undergraduate courses in statistics and tests and measurement. If a user of this text is not acquainted with some of the principles discussed here, then a statistics and/or measurement textbook should be consulted. There are a number of excellent measurement textbooks available including Anastasi and Urbina (1997).