cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic shadow removal from front projection displays

Front-projection display environments suffer from a fundamental problem: users and other objects in the environment can easily and inadvertently block projectors, creating shadows on the displayed image. We introduce a technique that detects and corrects transient shadows in a multi-projector display. Our approach is to minimize the difference between predicted (generated) and observed (camera) images by continuous modification of the projected image values for each display device. We are unaware of any other technique that directly addresses this problem. Furthermore, we speculate that the general predictive monitoring framework introduced here is capable of addressing more general radiometric consistency problems such as display-surface inter-reflections and the changes in display color and intensity due to projector bulb temperature variation.Using an automatically-derived relative position of cameras and projectors in the display environment and a straightforward color correction scheme, the system renders an expected image for each camera location. Cameras observe the displayed image, which is compared with the expected image to detect shadowed regions. These regions are transformed to the appropriate projector frames, where corresponding pixel values are increased. In display regions where more than one projector contributes to the image, shadow regions are eliminated. We demonstrate an implementation of the technique to remove shadows in a multi-projector front projection system.
Self-Assembled Supramolecular Structures of Charged Polymers at the Graphite/Liquid Interface

The self-assembly of two anionic polymers on graphite was studied in situ using an atomic force microscope (AFM). One polymer (P4-Na) had a hydrophobic phenylene backbone with hydrophilic sulfonate groups and hydrophobic dodecyl side chains. The other (diblock-P-Na) was a diblock copolymer: one block had the same structure as P4-Na and the other block had anthracene groups on the phenylene backbones. AFM revealed regular supramolecular “ribbon” structures of P4-Na and of diblock-P-Na on graphite in a mixed solvent of water and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The polymers adsorbed in two layers. The first layer adsorbed quickly, and was composed of features two molecules wide and several to hundreds of molecules long, which were arranged in domains. The second layer adsorbed more slowly and was composed of ribbon structures with a similar substructure to the first layer. The diblock-P-Na ribbons were much longer than the P4-Na ribbons. Solvent properties had a strong effect on the supramolecular structures of the ...
Speech content and course content in public speaking

(1923). Speech content and course content in public speaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 26-52.
Erythrocyte membrane vacuole formation in hereditary spherocytosis.

Summary. There is impaired drug-induced vacuole formation in red cells from patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The spherocytic shape per se accounts in part for the decreased vacuole formation seen, but there are constraints in HS red cell vacuole formation above that explicable by spheroidicity. Electron-microscopy indicates that the vacuoles produced in HS have one-third normal diameter. We propose that the decreased vacuole formation in HS is a result of a genetically determined abnormality of the membrane which limits its ability to invaginate and deform. The variability in vacuole formation from one HS family to another, but relative consistency within families, suggests that hereditary spherocytosis comprises a syndrome of related erythrocyte membrane disorders. Vacuole fromation in ghosts in normal in HS. This unanticipated finding suggests that the phenomenon of ghost endocytic vacuole formation may have requiements that by-pass the defect in the HS membrane.
Learning from texts: Effects of prior knowledge and text coherence

Two experiments, theoretically motivated by the construction‐integration model of comprehension (W. Kintsch, 1988), investigated effects of prior knowledge on learning from high‐ and low‐coherence history texts. In Experiment 1, participants’ comprehension was examined through free recall, multiple‐choice questions, and a keyword sorting task. An advantage was found for the high‐coherence text on recall and multiple‐choice questions. However, high‐knowledge readers performed better on the sorting task after reading the low‐coherence text. In Experiment 2, participants’ comprehension was examined through open‐ended questions and the sorting task both immediately and after a 1‐week delay. Little effect of delay was found, and the previous sorting task results failed to replicate. As predicted, high‐knowledge readers performed better on the open‐ended questions after reading the low‐coherence text. Reading times from both experiments indicated that the low‐coherence text requires more inference processes. Th...
An Experimental Investigation of Contoured Leading Edges for Secondary Flow Loss Reduction

Experimental results are presented which provide mass averaged total pressure loss coefficient measurements for three different turbine airfoil leading edge configurations. A baseline (Langston) configuration, a leading edge bulb, and a leading edge fillet were tested in a large-scale, low aspect ratio, high turning linear cascade. Results show that while the fillet geometry reduced overall loss by approximately 7%, the bulb did not exhibit a loss reduction. For the fillet, overall turning was slightly reduced, while for the bulb turning increased slightly. Thus, the bulb shows potential for increasing airfoil loading without an associated loss penalty. Contour plots of total pressure loss coefficient and vorticity are presented for all geometries and the major differences between each are discussed. Through investigation of pitch averaged loss profiles it is found that the area of greatest reduction differs between the bulb and fillet, leading to the possibility that the mechanisms through which each is affecting the flow may be different. This provides hope that the best features of each may potentially be combined to determine an optimum shape for secondary flow loss reduction.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
OXYGEN INCREASES GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE AND GLUTATHIONE LEVELS IN DEVELOPING LUNG IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

OXYGEN INCREASES GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE AND GLUTATHIONE LEVELS IN DEVELOPING LUNG IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
On the birational anabelian program initiated by Bogomolov I

Recall that a program initiated by Bogomolov in 1990 aims at reconstructing function fields K|k with td(K|k)>1 and k algebraically closed from the maximal pro-l abelian-by-central Galois group \(\Pi ^{\hbox to1pt{}{\rm c}_{\phantom {g}}}_{K}\) of K, where l is any prime number ≠char(k). In this paper we complete that program in the case k is an algebraic closure of a finite field.
Bayesian dynamic modeling for large space-time datasets using Gaussian predictive processes

In this paper, we extend the applicability of a previously proposed class of dynamic space-time models by enabling them to accommodate large datasets. We focus on the common setting where space is viewed as continuous but time is taken to be discrete. Scalability is achieved by using a low-rank predictive process to reduce the dimensionality of the data and ease the computational burden of estimating the spatio-temporal process of interest. The proposed models are illustrated using weather station data collected over the northeastern United States between 2000 and 2005. Here our interest is to use readily available predictors, association among measurements at a given station, as well as dependence across space and time to improve prediction for incomplete station records and locations where station data does not exist.
US Hospitals Experienced Substantial Productivity Growth During 2002–11

The need for better value in US health care is widely recognized. Existing evidence suggests that improvement in the productivity of American hospitals—that is, the output that hospitals produce from inputs such as labor and capital—has lagged behind that of other industries. However, previous studies have not adequately addressed quality of care or severity of patient illness. Our study, by contrast, adjusts for trends in the severity of patients’ conditions and health outcomes. We studied productivity growth among US hospitals in treating Medicare patients with heart attack, heart failure, and pneumonia during 2002–11. We found that the rates of annual productivity growth were 0.78 percent for heart attack, 0.62 percent for heart failure, and 1.90 percent for pneumonia. However, unadjusted productivity growth appears to have been negative. These findings suggest that productivity growth in US health care could be better than is sometimes believed, and may help alleviate concerns about Medicare payment p...
Chasing Science at Sea: Racing Hurricanes, Stalking Sharks, and Living Undersea With Ocean Experts

Ellen Prager's new book, Chasing Science at Sea, is a personal account of why fieldwork is so important in many areas of ocean science, and how exciting that fieldwork can be. Prager has interwoven her own story of studying carbonates at the interface between biology and geology with stories from friends and colleagues. Storm stories and up-close-and-personal encounters with ocean creatures such as reef squid, marine iguanas, and whales abound. Throughout the book, she emphasizes the idea that the combination of observations and serendipity plays a critical role in science, and she gives examples of where this combination has led to especially important discoveries (e.g., that of hydrothermal vent organisms).
Halo vest immobilization in the elderly: a death sentence?

Background: Cervical spine fractures (CSFs) in elderly patients are increasingly common as the population ages. In many centers, halo vest immobilization (HVI) is the treatment of choice. Our anecdotal experience suggested that elderly patients treated with HVI have frequent bad outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of elderly and younger CSF patients as related to treatment (HVI, surgery, or hard collar). Methods: Registry data from our Level I trauma center were reviewed to identify patients admitted with CSFs during an 80-month period. We excluded those with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 at admission or death within 24 hours of admission. Patients were grouped as OLD (aged ≥ 66 years) or YNG (aged 18-65 years). Data were compared using X 2 and Student's t test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred twenty-nine OLD (aged 79.7 ± 0.7 years) and 289 YNG (aged 383 ± 0.8 years) patients met study criteria. Injury Severity Score was higher in YNG (18.9 ± 0.8 vs. 14.8 ± 1.0, p < 0.05), and GCS score was the same (OLD, 13.7 ± 0.2; YNG, 13.0 ± 0.2; p = 0.06) in both, but mortality was higher in OLD patients (21% vs. 5%, p < 0.05). OLD HVI patients had higher mortality than YNG HVI (40% vs. 2%). Among OLD patients, age, Injury Severity Score, GCS, and number of comorbidities were the same for each treatment subgroup. Despite this, mortality for the HVI subgroup was higher than either the surgery or collar subgroup. Of the OLD HVI patients that died, 14 died with pneumonia and 10 had a cardiac or respiratory arrest that preceded death. Conclusion: OLD patients with CSFs have higher mortality than YNG. HVI in OLD patients is associated with the worst outcomes, irrespective of injury severity, and should be considered a last resort. Further study is warranted to determine the optimal treatment for CSF in OLD patients.
Observation of cone and rod photoreceptors in normal subjects and patients using a new generation adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope

We demonstrate the capability of a new generation adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) to resolve cones and rods in normal subjects, and confirm our findings by comparing cone and rod spacing with published histology measurements. Cone and rod spacing measurements are also performed on AOSLO images from two different diseased eyes, one affected by achromatopsia and the other by acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR). The potential of AOSLO technology in the study of these and other retinal diseases is illustrated.
Sound transmission through the avian interaural pathways

1. The magnitude and phase of sound transmitted through the avian interaural pathways were measured acoustically and with cochlear microphonic recordings. 2. The acoustic measures indicated that a sound stimulus on one side of the head could be conducted through the tympanic membrane and across the interaural pathway to the opposite middle ear with an attenuation of about 25–35 dB. 3. The acoustic loss was primarily due to sound transmission across the tympanic membrane, with no further attenuation attributed to sound conduction through the interaural pathways. 4. A comparison of cochlear microphonic recordings during ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation indicated a loss of 15–20 dB due to sound conduction across the contralateral tympanic membrane and interaural pathways. 5. Sound conducted through the interaural pathway exhibited a frequency dependent phase delay. 6. The consequences of binaural stimulation on the cochlear microphonic response could be predicted by a vector addition of the response to monaural ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation. 7. The maintenance of a constant SPL at the contralateral ear varied the cochlear response to ipsilateral stimuli, in a frequency dependent manner, by as much as ±2 dB. 8. It is hypothesized that the chick interaural pathways act like the air filled trachae of insects, which connect the bilateral ears and are thought to be important in auditory localization.
Similarities in chromosomal puffing induced by temperature shocks and dinitrophenol in Drosophila

A comparison between chromosomal puffs induced by temperature shocks and dinitrophenol in regions 87 A and 87 B of salivary gland chromosome 3 R of Drosophila melanogaster is presented. The size of both puffs can be regulated by either the temperature of a heat-shock or by the concentration of dinitrophenol. The two agents are additive with respect to their effects upon puff size, supporting the idea that both result in a change in ATP synthesis within the cell. A possible relationship between these agents and puff formation and RNA metabolism is discussed.
Removal of Systematic Model Bias on a Model Grid

Abstract Virtually all numerical forecast models possess systematic biases. Although attempts to reduce such biases at individual stations using simple statistical corrections have met with some success, there is an acute need for bias reduction on the entire model grid. Such a method should be viable in complex terrain, for locations where gridded high-resolution analyses are not available, and where long climatological records or long-term model forecast grid archives do not exist. This paper describes a systematic bias removal scheme for forecast grids at the surface that is applicable to a wide range of regions and parameters. Using observational data and model forecasts over the Pacific Northwest, a method was developed to reduce the biases in gridded 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, and 12-h precipitation forecasts. The method first estimates bias at observing locations using errors from forecasts that are similar to the current forecast. These observed biases are then used to estimate bia...
Pemphigus Vulgaris Antigen Lacks Biochemical Properties Characteristic of Classical Cadherins

Abstract Pemphigus vulgaris antigen (PVA) is a member of the desmoglein subfamily of the cadherin supergene family. PVA has homology to the classical cadherins (e.g., E-cadherin), both in its extracellular and cytoplasmic domains. Classical cadherins possess certain well-defined and characteristic biochemical properties of both domains. The cytoplasmic domain binds α-,β-, and γ-catenins. The extracellular domain is protected by calcium from degradation by trypsin. In this study we show that PVA does not share these characteristic biochemical features. Immunoprecipitation of E-cadherin and PVA from human keratinocytes shows that under the same conditions in which the catenins co-precipitate with E-cadherin, only plakoglobin (which co-migrates with γ-catenin) co-precipitates with PVA. Treatment of keratinocytes with 0.01% trypsin in 1 mM calcium (T/C) does not degrade the extracellular region of E-cadherin, but does partially degrade that of PVA. This increased T/C susceptibility of PVA is not due to its cytoplasmic domain, as the same sensitivity of the extracellular domain of PVA to T/C was observed in L cell clones transfected with a chimeric cDNA that encoded for the extracellular domain of PVA and the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin. These data demonstrate that although the desmogleins and classical cadherins share striking amino acid homologies in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular domains, they do not exhibit identical biochemical properties and, by extension, may not subserve identical cell biologic functions.
EGF stimulates lamellipod extension in metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cells by an actin-dependent mechanism.

Changes in lamellipod extension and chemotaxis in response to EGF were analysed for MTLn3 cells (a metastatic cell line derived from the 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma). Addition of EGF produced a cessation of ruffling followed by extension of hyaline lamellipods containing increased amounts of F-actin at the growing edge. A non-metastatic cell line (MTC) derived from the same tumor did not show such responses. Lamellipod extension was maximal within 5 min, followed by retraction and resumption of ruffling. Maximal area increases due to lamellipod extension occurred at about 5 nM EGF. Chemotactic and chemokinetic responses, measured using a microchemotaxis chamber, were also greatest at 5 nm. Cytochalasin D inhibited EGF-stimulated responses including lamellipod extension, increases in F-actin in lamellipods, and chemotaxis. Nocodazole affected chemotaxis at higher concentrations but not EGF-induced lamellipod extension. We conclude that polymerization of F-actin at the leading edges of lamellipods is necessary for extension of lamellipods and chemotaxis of MTLn3 cells in response to EGF. The motility and chemotaxis responses of this metastatic cell line have strong similarities to those seen in well-characterized chemotactic cells such as Dictyostelium and neutrophils.
An analysis of the OI 1304 a dayglow using a Monte Carlo resonant scattering model with partial frequency redistribution

The transport of resonance radiation under optically thick conditions is shown to be accurately described by a Monte Carlo model of the atomic oxygen 1304 A airglow triplet in which partial frequency redistribution, temperature gradients, pure absorption and multilevel scattering are accounted for. All features of the data can be explained by photoelectron impact excitation and the resonant scattering of sunlight, where the latter source dominates below 100 and above 500 km and is stronger at intermediate altitudes than previously thought. It is concluded that the OI 1304 A emission can be used in studies of excitation processes and atomic oxygen densities in planetary atmospheres.
Description of orientation coherence in polycrystalline materials

Abstract The preference in polycrystals for grains of specified orientation to reside near other grains of a particular orientation is quantified using a new microstructural measure called the orientation coherence function (o.c.f.). The o.c.f. is defined to be the probability density for the joint occurrence of crystallite orientation g at a point p and orientation ′g at point ′p where p and ′p are independently located in a specified measurement volume, Vm, and are separated by a vector r. The o.c.f. is shown to reduce to the orientation distribution function and the misorientation distribution function under suitable restrictions. It also contains morphological information such as crystallite size and shape as a function of orientation. In this paper the o.c.f. is defined, and represented in a series of orthogonal polynomials. An exemplary calculation of a conditional form of the o.c.f. is described for an extensive set of orientation measurements in alloy 304 stainless steel tubing. The results suggest a well defined coherence mesostructure for this material which can be explained, only in part, by twinning relationships.
Evaluation of Porous, Geotextile Liners for Erosion Control in Small Aquaculture Ponds

AbstractTwo geotextile liners, one with 0.090-mm openings and the other with 0.355-mm openings, were each installed in three 0.04-ha earthen ponds at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Center, Auburn, Alabama. Geotextile liners did not tear or decay during the 2-year study, and they prevented erosion of pond bottoms compared with three unlined ponds. However, the liners with 0.090-mm openings floated up into the water column in all three ponds, while the other liner floated up in one pond. Production, survival, and feed conversion ratio for hybrid catfish (♀ Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus×♂ Blue Catfish I. furcatus) did not differ (P > 0.05) among control and lined ponds. Phytoplankton abundance as estimated by chlorophyll a concentration was greater in lined ponds—especially in those lined with the less permeable geotextile—than in control ponds. This difference was attributed to differences in phosphorus uptake by bottom soil among lined and control ponds. Control ponds had higher turbidity than lined ponds...
Influence of a Catalytic Surfactant on Roughness Evolution During Film Growth

A numerical analysis is presented to explain the effect of catalytic surfactant on roughness evolution during film growth mediated by an electrochemical or chemical reaction. The analysis uses the previously published curvature enhanced accelerator coverage (CEAC) mechanism; the CEAC mechanism accounts for the conservation of local coverage of adsorbed catalyst on a deforming interface. It has recently been demonstrated that the CEAC mechanism stabilizes surfaces against the growth of instabilities when the coverage of an adsorbed catalyst is in a steady state governed by catalyst consumption balanced by accumulation from the ambient. Surfaces with global conservation of catalyst during deposition, i.e., experiencing neither accumulation nor consumption, are not predicted to be stable. Experimental evidence suggests otherwise. This paper uses numerical analysis to demonstrate that such surfaces, while not strictly stable to arbitrarily small perturbations, are effectively stabilized through the formation of time dependent oscillatory states with extremely small amplitudes. A simple front tracking algorithm is used to model the evolution of the interface.
A unified kinetic theory approach to external rarefied gas flows. Part 2. Application to a steady low-speed motion past a circular cylinder

The Navier-Stokes like equation derived by Atassi & Shen for low-speed rarefied flows is analysed for a circular geometry. Asymptotic solutions for both Kn [Lt ] 1 and Kn B [Gt ] 1 are deduced using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. For Kn [Lt ] 1, fust- and second-order solutions are obtained and compared with the corresponding BGK treatment. For Kn [Gt ] 1, this equation is used only to describe the far field, the inner solution being of the free-molecule type. The matching procedure leads to a blockage correction for the drag and heat-transfer rate. Results are compared with other theories and known experimental data.
Functional urinary tract obstruction developing in fetuses with isolated gastroschisis

Objective To evaluate the frequency and natural history of urinary tract abnormalities developing in fetuses presenting with initially isolated gastroschisis. Methods Serial ultrasounds were performed prospectively on fetuses identified by our prenatal diagnosis program as having a gastroschisis. When abnormalities in the urinary tract were identified prenatally, newborns were evaluated by a pediatric urologist. Results Over a 1-year period four out of 12 fetuses with gastroschisis developed deformations of the urinary tract. In three fetuses the bladder herniated through the abdominal wall defect. Two also had upper tract dilatation. A fourth fetus developed bilateral hydronephrosis with a normally situated bladder. Once the gastroschisis was repaired none of the newboms had evidence of structural obstruction of the urinary tract, however, hydronephrosis with or without reflux persisted for several months. Conclusions Deformations of the fetal urinary tract can develop secondary to gastroschisis. They do not appear to represent separate malformations and evaluation with fetal karyotyping may not be indicated. When hydronephrosis is present ongoing urologic evaluation of the neonate is indicated.
Affective Learning Activities (ALA)

The affective domain is essential; people have always relied on it to help explain the realities of life. The affective domain is now considered to be a rich reservoir for producing second language lesson content. The cognitive domain is essential for learning to take place, but the lesson content for language practice is usually more interesting when it springs from the affective domain of the learners. From their personal experiences, learners come to the classroom with an infinite amount of potential lesson material, which, if correctly tapped, may be used to enrich the class and produce an exciting and satisfying experience of language practice. This article suggests that several strategy models exist to facilitate the release of the learners' affective domain. One specific strategy model, the “Situation” is described in detail. It is designed to evoke comments from the learners which will be charged with their personal opinions, values, feelings, humor, or experiences. The part students play in creating lesson content generates motivation in three ways: (1) via the anticipation they feel toward imminent peer responses, (2) via their own creative abilities, and (3) via the trust they build with the teacher who accepts their creative responses.
Proactive coaching for employee development and improved business results

With 300 Green Belts trained but business results not delivered as targeted, Agilent Technologies, Inc. needed to understand the root causes and develop methods to raise their Six Sigma Green Belts up the ladder of development. Agilent has an excellent training programme for Six Sigma Belts with effective tools for instruction and learning assessment. However, the quality advocates believed a more highly developed programme of proactive coaching was necessary for Green Belts to achieve a higher level of maturity, improve the contribution to the business, and to attain industry recognised certification. A Six Sigma Project was instituted with two goals; (1) develop a measureable process with associated methods and tools to coach Green Belts to the desired level of cognitive and affective maturity; and (2) improve that process using Six Sigma methodology to reduce variation in the quality and effectiveness of the coaching process. This article discusses the four-step coaching process developed by Agilent. I...
Mutations in a Δ9–Stearoyl-ACP-Desaturase Gene Are Associated with Enhanced Stearic Acid Levels in Soybean Seeds

Stearic acid (18:0) is typically a minor component of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil, accounting for only 2 to 4% of the total fatty acid content. Increasing stearic acid levels of soybean oil would lead to enhanced oxidative stability, potentially reducing the need for hydrogenation, a process leading to the formation of undesirable trans fatty acids. Although mutagenesis strategies have been successful in developing soybean germplasm with elevated 18:0 levels in the seed oil, the specifi c gene mutations responsible for this phenotype were not known. We report a newly identifi ed soybean gene, designated SACPD-C, that encodes a unique isoform of Δ 9 –stearoyl-ACP-desaturase, the enzyme responsible for converting stearic acid to oleic acid (18:1). High levels of SACPD-C transcript were only detected in developing seed tissue, suggesting that the encoded desaturase functions to enhance oleic acid biosynthetic capacity as the immature seed is actively engaged in triacylglycerol production and storage. The participation of SACPD-C in storage triacylglycerol synthesis is further supported by the observation of mutations in this gene in two independent sources of elevated 18:0 soybean germplasm, A6 (30% 18:0) and FAM94-41 (9% 18:0). A molecular marker diagnostic for the FAM94-41 SACPD-C gene mutation strictly associates with the elevated 18:0 phenotype in a segregating population, and could thus serve as a useful tool in the development of cultivars with oils possessing enhanced oxidative stability.
The nature and representation of individual recognition odours in Belding's ground squirrels

In many taxonomic groups, odours provide cues to species identity, reproductive status, genetic relatedness and individual identity. These odour cues are often used to mark territories or other resources and to recognize individuals through direct or indirect olfactory investigation. Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi , frequently scent-mark their environment and they also investigate the scent glands of conspecifics, which suggests that odours play a modulating role in their social relationships. I conducted studies to determine what information is conveyed by various S. beldingi odours and whether this information is used by conspecifics for social recognition. Spermophilus beldingi produce a number of cues that are individually distinct, including odours from oral, dorsal, pedal and anal glands and from ears, but apparently not from urine, although it is unclear whether all of these odours are used for social recognition. This discrimination among odours of individuals does not require prior familiarity with the odour bearers. The volatile components of some odours are sufficient to permit individual discrimination, which may explain how animals appear to ‘recognize’ each other from a short distance. Finally, S. beldingi incorporate multiple odours into their memories of conspecifics as perception of one odour of an individual generalizes to a second odour from it, suggesting a mental representation of familiar individuals. The production of multiple unique odours may facilitate accurate discrimination of conspecifics along several social dimensions, and some of these odours also vary with relatedness. Together, these results indicate a rich olfactory milieu mediating the social lives of S. beldingi .
An efficient park service management package

The initial results of an ongoing effort to develop a software package for computerizing the reservation system at the Great Smokey Mountains National Park services are reported. The package is a sophisticated but user-friendly software tool that will ease the problem of keeping track of reservations at the park. It uses advanced routines that are specifically written in assembly language for fast execution. It employs sophisticated database management routines for efficient operation and offers several protection levels to ensure the integrity of the database.
Evaluation of Protein Quality Based on Residual Amino Acids of the Ileal Contents of Chicks

Abstract INTRODUCTION SMITH and Scott (1965), Ousterhout et al. (1959), and Chen et al. (1962) have tried to develop rapid, accurate methods for evaluating the availability of amino acids in dietary proteins. At this laboratory, Payne et al. (1968) have been concerned with the recovery of amino acids in intestinal residues. Using their procedure, they have found significant differences in amino acid availability between proteins of widely different quality. They also have had some success in evaluating proteins that do not vary widely in quality. Thus, although they have not demonstrated a completely satisfactory technique, the method they report shows promise but requires further investigation to prove its reliability. For this purpose, nine proteins were tested for digestibilities of all amino acids simultaneously. Ileal residue samples were used to estimate digestibility, inasmuch as the contents of this portion of the small intestine appeared to be most indicative of the true amino acid…
Collaborative Peer Video Analysis: Insights About Literacy Assessment and Instruction

This mixed-methods study explored (a) the purposes for which teachers selected video clips of their own literacy teaching and assessment practices to share and discuss with peers, (b) how these purposes were related to the content of the discussions, and (c) what variables were related to teachers' generation of new ideas and future actions that they considered. Data included 39 transcribed video events, in which 14 in-service teachers engaged in discussions of their video clips. Emergent coding and constant comparative method were used for analyses. The authors found three purposes for sharing clips—explicit problems, implicit problems, and successes. Three issues were addressed—methods/materials, reader engagement, and reader processes. Six themes described how teachers' purposes were related to their discussion content. First, sharing one problem led to one conversational focus. Second, sharing multiple problems led to multiple conversational foci. Third, sharing a problem and then a success resulted in peers focusing on the success. Fourth, sharing a success and then a problem resulted in peers focusing on the problem. Fifth, sharing a success related to methods/materials or reader engagement bred peers' interest in how to apply these ideas to their own practice. Sixth, sharing a success related to reader processing led to peers focusing on other issues in the video. Based on the statistical model, teachers' generation of new ideas was related to purposes and issues for clip sharing, and future actions considered were related to the clip type (instructional clips yielded more future actions).
Biosynthesis of Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide inStreptococcus pneumoniae ENZYMATIC CHAIN RELEASE BY AN ABORTIVE TRANSLOCATION PROCESS

The type 3 polysaccharide synthase from Streptococcus pneumoniae catalyzes sugar transfer from UDP-Glc and UDP-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) to a polymer with the repeating disaccharide unit of [3)-beta-d-GlcUA-(1-->4)-beta-d-Glc-(1-->]. Evidence is presented that release of the polysaccharide chains from S. pneumoniae membranes is time-, temperature-, and pH-dependent and saturable with respect to specific catalytic metabolites. In these studies, the membrane-bound synthase was shown to catalyze a rapid release of enzyme-bound polysaccharide when either UDP-Glc or UDP-GlcUA alone was present in the reaction. Only a slow release of polysaccharide occurred when both UDP sugars were present or when both UDP sugars were absent. Chain size was not a specific determinant in polymer release. The release reaction was saturable with increasing concentrations of UDP-Glc or UDP-GlcUA, with respective apparent K(m) values of 880 and 0.004 micrometer. The apparent V(max) was 48-fold greater with UDP-Glc compared with UDP-GlcUA. The UDP-Glc-actuated reaction was inhibited by UDP-GlcUA with an approximate K(i) of 2 micrometer, and UDP-GlcUA-actuated release was inhibited by UDP-Glc with an approximate K(i) of 5 micrometer. In conjunction with kinetic data regarding the polymerization reaction, these data indicate that UDP-Glc and UDP-GlcUA bind to the same synthase sites in both the biosynthetic reaction and the chain release reaction and that polymer release is catalyzed when one binding site is filled and the concentration of the conjugate UDP-precursor is insufficient to fill the other binding site. The approximate energy of activation values of the biosynthetic and release reactions indicate that release of the polysaccharide occurs by an abortive translocation process. These results are the first to demonstrate a specific enzymatic mechanism for the termination and release of a polysaccharide.
802.11 with multiple antennas for dummies

The use of multiple antennas and MIMO techniques based on them is the key feature of 802.11n equipment that sets it apart from earlier 802.11a/g equipment. It is responsible for superior performance, reliability and range. In this tutorial, we provide a brief introduction to multiple antenna techniques. We describe the two main classes of those techniques, spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. To ground our discussion, we explain how they work in 802.11n NICs in practice.
Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae serotype O22.

Abstract The structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae serogroup O22 was elucidated. The LPS was subjected to a variety of degradative procedures, and the structures of the purified products were established by monosaccharide and methylation analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The following structure for the complete LPS molecule was determined on the basis of the combined data from these experiments. The elucidation of this structure provided a chemical basis for the serological cross-reactions observed between this strain and V. cholerae serogroup O139.
Pituitary-adrenal-gonadal responses to high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining

Weight-trained men [OT ; n = 11; age = 22.0 ± 0.9 (SE) yr] resistance trained daily at 100% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) intensity for 2 wk, resulting in 1-RM strength decrements and in an overtra...
An Interprofessional Approach to Reducing the Overutilization of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Adult Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Units

Background: Overutilization of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is common. Acid-suppressive therapies routinely used for SUP are best reserved for patients with greatest risk of clinically important bleeding as they have been associated with nosocomial pneumonia, Clostridium difficile infection and increased hospital cost. Objective: The primary objective was to reduce inappropriate utilization of SUP in 2 adult medical and surgical ICU settings at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. Secondary objectives included reduction of inappropriate continuation of SUP at ICU and hospital discharge. Methods: To attain the study objective, an interprofessional team developed a bundled quality improvement initiative, including an institution SUP guideline, pharmacist-led intervention, and an education and awareness campaign. To assess the impact of these interventions, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing data on prescribing practices at baseline before and after the intervention. Since computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) was implemented during this time frame, preintervention data collection consisted of 2 periods, one before and one after CPOE implementation. Results: The incidence of the inappropriate use of SUP was not significantly different between the pre-CPOE and post-CPOE groups (20 and 19 per 100 patient-days, respectively; P = .88), but the incidence of inappropriate use of SUP was significantly lower in the postintervention group versus the post-CPOE group (9 and 19 per 100 patient-days, respectively; P = .03). At ICU discharge, 4% of patients in the post-intervention group were discharged inappropriately on SUP compared with 8% in the post-CPOE group (P = .54). At hospital discharge, none of the patients in the postintervention group were discharged inappropriately on SUP compared with 7% in the post-CPOE group (P = .22). Conclusions: Implementation of an interprofessional bundled quality improvement initiative is effective in decreasing inappropriate use of SUP in adult medical and surgical ICUs at a university-affiliated, tertiary care academic medical center.
Dietary Fiber, Fiber-Containing Foods, and Colon Cancer Risk

A number of national agencies, many of which are involved in formulating public health policy, have recommended major increases in the consumption of dietary fiber. Among the justifications used for such recommendations is that this will help inhibit the development of colorectal cancer. Some agencies have even attempted to “identify” the type and level of fiber that is anticarcinogenic. However, such health claims are, in the opinion of this author, premature since the human data on dietary fiber and cancer is at best circumstantial and certainly not consistent. There are many studies in both humans and experimental animals that show no protective effect with fiber, while several reports even indicate an enhancing effect. It is therefore important to evaluate critically the scientific evidence both for and against the dietary fiber hypothesis. For some investigators working in this area of cancer control, the fiber question has almost become a religious issue with believers and skeptics. Unfortunately, this has led to a politicization of the issues and a certain lack of objectivity in interpretation of the data. This situation has been further complicated by commercial pressures to eat more fiber, the supplementation of prepared foods with fibers, and by aggressive advertising of fiber supplements to the medical profession and general public.
γ-Tubulin and the C-Terminal Motor Domain Kinesin-like Protein, KLPA, Function in the Establishment of Spindle Bipolarity in Aspergillus nidulans

Previous research has found that a -tubulin mutation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is synthetically lethal with a deletion of the C-terminal motor domain kinesin-like protein gene pkl1, but the lethality of the double mutant prevents a phenotypic analysis of the synthetic interaction. We have investigated interactions between klpA1, a deletion of an Aspergillus nidulans homolog of pkl1, and mutations in the mipA, -tubulin gene. We find that klpA1 dramatically increases the cold sensitivity and slightly reduces the growth rate at all temperatures, of three mipA alleles. In synchronized cells we find that klpA1 causes a substantial but transient inhibition of the establishment of spindle bipolarity. At a restrictive temperature, mipAD123 causes a slight, transient inhibition of spindle bipolarity and a more significant inhibition of anaphase A. In the mipAD123/ klpA1 strain, formation of bipolar spindles is more strongly inhibited than in the klpA1 single mutant and many spindles apparently never become bipolar. These results indicate, surprisingly, that -tubulin and the klpA kinesin have overlapping roles in the establishment of spindle bipolarity. We propose a model to account for these data.
Perceived health moderates the association between smoking rate and panic vulnerability variables among daily smokers

Our aim in this investigation was to evaluate the moderating role of perceived health in the relation between smoking rate and panic variables in a community-based sample of 220 daily smokers (98 females; M(age)=23.76 years, SD=8.76). As hypothesized, the interaction between smoking and perceived health incrementally predicted anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety) and anxious arousal symptoms, but not depressive symptoms. Individuals who had higher smoking rates and lower perceived health reported higher levels of anxiety sensitivity and anxious arousal, but not depressive symptoms. The primary implication of these findings is that there may be segments of the cigarette smoking population who are at relatively greater risk for anxiety symptoms and fear of bodily sensations by virtue of individual differences in perceived health. The identification of such moderating effects is clinically important, because it helps to refine our understanding of complex associations between drug behavior and panic vulnerability.
Periprosthetic shoulder infection in the United States: incidence and economic burden.

Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major cause of morbidity after shoulder arthroplasty. PJI epidemiology has not been well studied. We aimed to analyze the historical incidence, predisposing factors, and economic burden of PJI after shoulder arthroplasty in the United States. Methods: Primary shoulder arthroplasty patients were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 81.80 (total shoulder arthroplasty), 81.81 (hemiarthroplasty), and 81.88 (reverse arthroplasty) in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011. PJI was identified by codes 80.01 (arthrotomy for device removal) and 996.66 (prosthetic infection). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify predisposing factors for PJI. Results: PJI rate was 0.98% from 2002 to 2011 and did not vary significantly. Comorbidities associated with PJI were weight loss/nutritional deficiency (odds ratio [OR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.534.51; P ¼ .00047), drug abuse (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.41-4.02; P ¼ .0011), and anemia from blood loss (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.50-3.93; P ¼ .00031) or iron deficiency (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.69-2.49; P < .0001). Demographic factors associated with PJI were younger age (OR, 1.020; 95% CI, 1.0171.024; P < .0001) and male gender (OR, 1.961; 95% CI, 1.816-2.117; P < .0001). In 2011, median hospitalization costs for PJI were $17,163.57 compared with $16,132.68, $13,955.83, and $20,007.87 for total shoulder arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, and reverse arthroplasty, respectively. Conclusion: Increasing incidence of shoulder arthroplasty and a constant infection rate will result in greater overall PJI burden. Whereas hospitalization costs for PJI are comparable to those of primary arthroplasty, they are incurred after the original cost of shoulder arthroplasty. Certain identifiable patient variables correlate with higher PJI rates. Risk factor modification may decrease PJI incidence and help contain costs. Level of evidence: Epidemiology Study, Database Analysis. 2015 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Comparison of hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite tricalcium-phosphate coatings.

Abstract This study compared the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating and biphasic HA/tricalcium-phosphate (HA/TCP) coating on the osseointegration of grit-blasted titanium-alloy implants. Each coated implant was compared with uncoated grit-blasted implants as well. The implants were press-fit into the medullary canal of rabbit femora, and their osseointegration was evaluated 3 to 24 weeks after surgery. The coated implants had significantly (P
The New US Federal Privacy Rules and Impact on Research

With the standardization of electronic claims for administrative simplification comes a concern that private information about health conditions and treatments could be released to those who are not involved with treatment, payment, or the operations of healthcare providers. Information may be published, or information may be used to discriminate against individuals in employment, receipt of healthcare, or other settings. To protect against unwanted disclosure and use of individual health information, new US federal rules have been released that establish what, when, to whom, by whom, and how health information may be disclosed and used. The rules are complex and many questions have been raised about their implementation.