cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulvinar lesions in monkeys produce abnormal eye movements during visual discrimination training.

The pulvinar nucleus is perhaps the most enigmatic structure in the diencephalon. In man and monkey it occupies the posterior pole of the thalamus and is larger than any other thalamic nucleus. Presumably, its importance is somewhat proportional to its size; and yet, its function remains obscure since damage to the pulvinar rarely produces a discernable behavioral effect. Since neurons in the pulvinar have visual receptive fields 1,22, it is likely that the pulvinar mediates a visual function. However, the results of numerous behavioral studies have shown that monkeys with pulvinar lesions perform normally on a variety of visual discrimination tasks12,24, a7 (for exceptions, see refs. 10 and 34). This is particularly puzzling since there are extensive reciprocal connections between the pulvinar and cortical areas involved in higher levels of visual processing, namely striate 5-9,2°,~a,27,2s,aS, prestriate6-a,11,15,~6,1s,2a,as, 40 and inferior temporal cortex 11, ~6,18,19,aa,as,s8. But, the pulvinar also receives a strong projection from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus4,2~,~4, 36, and the role of the pulvinar in vision may be more closely related to its interaction with the colliculus than to its interaction with the cortex. For example, pulvinar lesions, like collicular lesions, may produce oculomotor impairmentslT,~5,a~,41, a2. To investigate this possibility, we have examined the eye movements of monkeys with pulvinar lesions and compared them with those of normal monkeys during acquisition of a visual pattern discrimination problem. The experimental procedure was as follows. At least 4 months prior to testing, 4 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received bilateral pulvinar lesions. The lesions were produced by passing radio frequency current through stereotaxicaUy placed electrodes (see ref. 37). The histological findings are presented in Fig. 1. In all 4 monkeys the lesions were extensive, but subtotal, in all cases sparing the anterior portion of the nucleus. However, in two of the 4 monkeys (P-G17 and P-G19) the caudal extent of pulvinar lateralis and pulvinar inferior was completely destroyed; this portion of the
“Minds and machines” for humanities majors: A liberal arts course in computers and cognition

A new one-semester course is described in which undergraduate students in non-technical majors are shown how traditional philosophical problems of knowledge, cognition, language, and human nature can be fruitfully investigated with computer-related concepts and techniques. A series of simple experiments is used to demonstrate to undergraduates that mental phenomena are real, that they can be studied experimentally, and that they can be modeled insightfully in computational — i.e., information-processing — terms. Each experiment illustrates a basic fact or principle of cognitive science: the formal character of algorithms; creativity and the variants of the Turing test; limitations on human memories; the use of cognitive strategies; heuristic techniques of artificial intelligence; formal grammars and their associated parsers; social, societal, and anthropological dimensions of mind; and degrees of logicality in human reasoning. Students are also taught the essentials of PROLOG, a programming language that is based explicitly on formal logic, incorporating such notions as fact, database, and query, thereby lending itself readily to the description of complex relational networks of a sort not commonly expected to be amenable to computer analysis.
Molecular determinants for subcellular localization of PSD-95 with an interacting K+ channel.

Abstract Ion channels and PSD-95 are colocalized in specific neuronal subcellular locations by an unknown mechanism. To investigate mechanisms of localization, we used biolistic techniques to express GFP-tagged PSD-95 (PSD-95:GFP) and the K + -selective channel Kv1.4 in slices of rat cortex. In pyramidal cells, PSD-95:GFP required a single PDZ domain and a region including the SH3 domain for localization to postsynaptic sites. When transfected alone, PSD-95:GFP was present in dendrites but absent from axons. When cotransfected with Kv1.4, PSD-95:GFP appeared in both axons and dendrites, while Kv1.4 was restricted to axons. When domains that mediate the interaction of Kv1.4 and PSD-95 were disrupted, Kv1.4 localized nonspecifically. Our results provide evidence that Kv1.4 itself may determine its subcellular location, while an associated MAGUK protein is a necessary but not sufficient cofactor.
Polyamine‐modified urea‐formaldehyde resins. II. Resistance to stress induced by moisture cycling of solid wood joints and particleboard

The objective of this study was to improve the durability and stability of urea-formaldehydebonded wood products by decreasing the internal stress developed during resin cure and by improving the ability of the cured system to withstand cyclic stresses. Urea-formaldehyde resins were modified by (i) incorporating urea-terminated di- and trifunctional flexible amines into the resin structure, (ii) curing the resins with the hydrochloride derivatives of some of these amines (in place of ammonium chloride), or (iii) using both processes. The cyclic stress resistance of solid wood joints and the internal bond strength and thickness swell of particleboards made with these resins were compared with these properties in joints and particleboards made with an unmodified resin and a commercial urea-formaldehyde resin. The strength of joints and the internal bond strength of particleboards made with resins modified with urea-terminated hexamethylenediamine, bishexamethylenetriamine, and poly(propylene oxide) triamine at modifier contents of 13, 16, and 28 wt %, respectively, showed excellent stability even after repeated wet-dry cycles. Similar stress resistance was shown by wood joints and particleboards bonded with the unmodified resin cured with the hydrochloride salts of hexamethylenediamine and triethyleneaminetriamine. In contrast, solid wood joints and particleboards bonded with the unmodified resin cured with ammonium chloride showed lower resistance to cyclic stress. Particleboards that possessed good cyclic stress resistance also showed less thickness swell.
Development of hierarchical conceptual relationships in children's semantic memories

Abstract The present study was designed to determine when children first display evidence of hierarchical conceptual organization. Children aged 5 to 9 answered either semantic or sensory questions about a list of words composed of either superordinate terms, prototypical category instance, or moderately typical instances. In a later unanticipated cued recall task the children were given taxonomically related cues composed of the two remaining word types not used in the orienting phase. The 5-year-olds' performance revealed that they possessed a modest degree of hierarchically organized conceptual information, which by age 9 had developed to relatively sophisticated levels. In particular, it was found that the range of information contained in the 5-year-olds' conceptual hierarchies was considerably narrower than that of the 9-year-olds', which supports Rosch's contention that conceptual categories are first constructed around prototypical instances. The children's performance on the cued recall task was also compared to their performance on traditional class inclusion and object-sorting tasks. It was found that the object-sorting task overestimated, while the class inclusion task underestimated the extent to which conceptual information is hierarchically organized in 5-year-olds.
In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of muscadine grape cultivars (Vitis rotundifolia)

Shoot apical meristems were used to establish regenerative axillary bud cultures of 9 muscadine grape cultivars. Meristems taken from 10 cm long shoots had less contamination (3%) and a higher survival rate (94%) than those from shorter or longer shoots. Of media tested, MS, 1/2 MS, and C2D resulted in equivalent shoot proliferation rates, whereas, WPM produced stunted shoots. When pooling results for 3 cultivars, 5, 10 and 20 μM BA and 5 μM TDZ produced the highest average number of shoots per cultured apex (3.4–3.8). However, shoots produced with TDZ were stunted and did not root well. For rooting of shoots directly in potting mix, a rooting powder pretreatment significantly increased the number of roots per shoot but did not affect percent rooting or root length. For rooting in vitro, 1 μM NAA significantly increased all parameters measured. Although more shoots rooted in vitro than in vivo (77% vs. 46%), the latter was judged preferable since acclimatized plants were produced in less time and a major culture step was eliminated. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for measured responses in all experiments.
An accurate ab initio calculation of the electron affinity of NO

Abstract Potential energy curves for NO and NO − were calculated at the QCISD, QCISD(T), CCSD and CCSD(T) levels using aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The curves were fit with a modified Morse potential and rovibrational eigenvalues were extracted using TRIATOM software. The electron affinity of NO and the spectroscopic constants of both species were then determined. Better than 97% accuracy for the electron affinity was obtained for the QCISD, QCISD(T) and CCSD(T) techniques combined with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. It was determined that NO − is stable by virtue of zero-point energy only.
The effect of shock resuscitation fluids on apoptosis.

Abstract Background Recent data suggest that the type of resuscitation fluid used to treat hemorrhagic shock contributes to cellular dysfunction Methods Rats were hemorrhaged, exposed to a hypovolemic shock period for 75 minutes, and then resuscitated for 1 hour. Treatment animals were assigned randomly to lactate Ringer’s solution, normal saline solution, bicarbonate Ringer’s solution, hypertonic saline solution, rat plasma solution, ketone Ringer’s solution, or nonresuscitation. After resuscitation, lung and liver samples were collected and evaluated for apoptosis by using ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction. Results Nonresuscitated shock rats had significantly higher levels of apoptosis in lung and liver. Rats treated with normal saline solution, bicarbonate Ringer’s solution, ketone Ringer’s solution, and hypertonic saline solution had significantly lower levels of apoptosis in lung compared with nonresuscitated animals. Rats treated with bicarbonate Ringer’s solution and ketone Ringer’s solution had significantly lower levels of apoptosis in liver tissue when compared with nonresuscitated animals. Conclusions Cellular damage results from hemorrhagic shock. The use of resuscitation fluids decreases apoptosis during shock.
Tracking anonymous peer-to-peer VoIP calls on the internet

Peer-to-peer VoIP calls are becoming increasingly popular due to their advantages in cost and convenience. When these calls are encrypted from end to end and anonymized by low latency anonymizing network, they are considered by many people to be both secure and anonymous.In this paper, we present a watermark technique that could be used for effectively identifying and correlating encrypted, peer-to-peer VoIP calls even if they are anonymized by low latency anonymizing networks. This result is in contrast to many people's perception. The key idea is to embed a unique watermark into the encrypted VoIP flow by slightly adjusting the timing of selected packets. Our analysis shows that it only takes several milliseconds time adjustment to make normal VoIP flows highly unique and the embedded watermark could be preserved across the low latency anonymizing network if appropriate redundancy is applied. Our analytical results are backed up by the real-time experiments performed on leading peer-to-peer VoIP client and on a commercially deployed anonymizing network. Our results demonstrate that (1) tracking anonymous peer-to-peer VoIP calls on the Internet is feasible and (2) low latency anonymizing networks are susceptible to timing attacks.
Ultrasonic Determination of Anisotropic Shear and Bulk Viscosities in Nematic Liquid Crystals

Ultrasonic absorption measurements made in the nematic liquid crystals $p$-azoxyanisole and $p$-azoxyphenetole, which were oriented by an external magnetic field, are used to calculate anisotropic viscosity coefficients. Values of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{f}^{2}}$ and the anisotropy of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{f}^{2}}$ are found to be frequency independent for frequencies of 5-18 MHz in $p$-azoxyanisole and 3-15 MHz in $p$-azoxyphenetole. The relative angular orientation dependence of the two materials is similar.
Same-Sex Marriage and Equality

Some argue that same-sex marriage is not an equal rights issue because, where same-sex marriage is illegal, heterosexuals and homosexuals have the exact same right to marry—i.e., the right to marry one adult of the opposite sex. I dispute this argument by pointing out that while societies that prohibit same-sex marriage equally permit individual heterosexuals and homosexuals to marry one adult of the opposite sex, same-sex couples in such societies are denied an important right that opposite-sex couples enjoy—i.e., the right to marry. I argue that the right to marry is fundamentally, not an individual right, but a couple’s collective right, analogous to assembly rights.
COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF TGFβ1 IN THE FAT LAYER OF WHOLE MILK. † 723

Human milk contains many cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta isoforms (TGFβ1 and β2). TGFβ appears to control growth and differentiation of neonatal intestinal epithelia, and to act in the repair of the gut following injury. It is thought that the bioavailability of these factors can be affected by their compartmentalization in milk. While an increase of certain bioactive factors within the fat compartment of milk has been shown, it is unknown if TGFβ1 shares similar distribution properties. We sought to determine if there is a differential concentration of TGFβ1 in the human milk fat layer compared with whole milk and its aqueous fraction. Thirty-six whole milk samples and an additional 13 milk fat samples were collected from 35 lactating mothers on postpartum day 3 to 6 mo.; gestational age of their infants at delivery ranged from 32 to 42 weeks. Whole milk was centrifuged at 1000g× 20 min at 4°C to achieve separation and isolation of its fat, aqueous and cellular components. Tris buffered saline (TBS; 200 μL) with 10μL Tween-20 was added to the fat for emulsion. The concentration of acid-activated TGFβ1 in whole milk, and its aqueous and fat components was measured by ELISA (Promega; sensitivity 25 pg/ml sample; cross-reactivity with other TGFβ species of <5%). TGFβ1 was detected in 19/36 whole milk samples (95 ± 80 pg/mL; range 27-345); 4/26 aqueous samples (64 ± 32 pg/mL; range 30-93); and 31/48 fat samples (281 ± 226 pg/mL; range 34-958). The concentration of TGFβ1 expressed per gram of fat in 8 of 13 samples was 1.5± 1.4 pg/gm fat (range 0.3 - 4.3). When present in whole milk, TGFβ1 was found at higher concentrations in the fat layer with lower/nondetectable levels in the aqueous compartment of all samples tested. This has implications regarding the differential distribution and bioavailability of TGFβ1 in the newborn gut.
Effective diffusion coefficients of point defects in impure materials

Effective diffusion coefficients of vacancies and interstitials in a material containing impurities are derived in terms of impurity and point defect concentrations and reaction parameters. Irradiation and thermal conditions are considered. Several expressions presented earlier are reviewed. These are found to be limiting or approximate forms to a more general result. The regimes of importance of the point defect processes of thermal dissociation, trapping, recombination with bound point defects of the opposite type, and impurity-associated transport to sinks are evaluated in terms of the structure of the effective diffusion coefficients.
Pain associated with chorionic villus sampling: transabdominal vs transcervical approach.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare anticipated and perceived pain that is associated with transabdominal and transcervical chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Study Design Women with singleton pregnancies who were undergoing CVS completed a preprocedure 0-10 visual analog scale (VAS; 0=no pain, 10=excruciating pain) for anticipated transabdominal and transcervical CVS–related pain. After the procedure, patients completed a VAS for perceived pain. Results One hundred twenty-one women underwent transabdominal (n = 98) or transcervical (n = 23) CVS. Anticipated pain was 4.5 ± 2.0, which was similar in patients who ultimately underwent transabdominal (score, 4.6 ± 3.8) or transcervical (score, 4.1 ± 2.2) CVS. Postprocedure perceived pain was similar for transabdominal CVS in women with an abdominal wall thickness of P P = .01). Conclusion Transabdominal CVS is more painful in heavier women, and transcervical CVS is more painful in nulliparous women.
A Two-Dimensional Low-Diameter Scalable On-Chip Network for Interconnecting Thousands of Cores

This paper introduces the Spidergon-Donut (SD) on-chip interconnection network for interconnecting 1,000 cores in future MPSoCs and CMPs. Unlike the Spidergon network, the SD network which extends the Spidergon network into the second dimension, significantly reduces the network diameter, well below the popular 2D Mesh and Torus networks for one extra node degree and roughly 25 percent more links. A detailed construction of the SD network and a method to reshuffle the SD network's nodes for layout onto the 2D plane, and simple one-to-one and broadcast routing algorithms for the SD network are presented. The various configurations of the SD network are analyzed and compared including detailed area and delay studies. To interconnect a thousand cores, the paper concludes that a hybrid version of the SD network with smaller SD instances interconnected by a crossbar is a feasible low-diameter network topology for interconnecting the cores of a thousand core system.
Unique assignment of inter-subunit association in GABAA α1β3γ2 receptors determined by molecular modeling

Abstract Recent publications defined requirements for inter-subunit contacts in a benzodiazepine-sensitive GABA A receptor (GABA A Rα1β3γ2). There is strong evidence that the heteropentameric receptor contains two α1, two β3, and one γ2 subunit. However, the available data do not distinguish two possibilities: When viewed clockwise from an extracellular viewpoint the subunits could be arranged in either γ2β3α1β3α1 or γ2α1β3α1β3 configurations. Here we use molecular modeling to thread the relevant GABA A R subunit sequences onto a template of homopentameric subunits in the crystal structure of the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP). The GABA A sequences are known to have 15–18% identity with the acetylcholine binding protein and nearly all residues that are conserved within the nAChR family are present in AChBP. The correctly aligned GABA A sequences were threaded onto the AChBP template in the γ2β3α1β3α1 or γ2α1β3α1β3 arrangements. Only the γ2α1β3α1β3 arrangement satisfied three known criteria: (1) α1 His 102 binds at the γ2 subunit interface in proximity to γ2 residues Thr 142 , Phe 77 , and Met 130 ; (2) α1 residues 80–100 bind near γ2 residues 91–104; and (3) α1 residues 58–67 bind near the β3 subunit interface. In addition to predicting the most likely inter-subunit arrangement, the model predicts which residues form the GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites.
Natural Vegetation as a Source or Sink for Atmospheric Ammonia: A Case Study

Measurements of gaseous ammonia above a montane-subalpine forest in the Colorado mountains show that the role of the forest as a source or sink depends on the atmospheric concentrations. The canopy appeared to be an ammonia source when exposed to air containing low concentrations, but a sink when exposed to air enriched by nearby agricultural sources. The forest-averaged compensation point was 0.8 part per billion by volume at 20°C. The net burden of ammonia and other nitrogen species of anthropogenic origin at this site was much less than at forest sites in the eastern United States and Europe and may provide a valuable resource for this nitrogen-limited ecosystem.
Proteasome inhibitor‐induced apoptosis is mediated by positive feedback amplification of PKCδ proteolytic activation and mitochondrial translocation

Emerging evidence implicates impaired protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in Parkinson's disease; however cellular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic degeneration during proteasomal dysfunction are yet to be characterized. In the present study, we identified that the novel PKC isoform PKCδ plays a central role in mediating apoptotic cell death following UPS dysfunction in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Inhibition of proteasome function by MG-132 in dopaminergic neuronal cell model (N27 cells) rapidly depolarized mitochondria independent of ROS generation to activate the apoptotic cascade involving cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. PKCδ was a key downstream effector of caspase-3 because the kinase was proteolytically cleaved by caspase-3 following exposure to proteasome inhibitors MG-132 or lactacystin, resulting in a persistent increase in the kinase activity. Notably MG-132 treatment resulted in translocation of proteolytically cleaved PKCδ fragments to mitochondria in a time-dependent fashion, and the PKCδ inhibition effectively blocked the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, indicating that the accumulation of the PKCδ catalytic fragment in the mitochondrial fraction possibly amplifies mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Overexpression of the kinase active catalytic fragment of PKCδ (PKCδ-CF) but not the regulatory fragment (RF), or mitochondria-targeted expression of PKCδ-CF triggers caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of PKCδ proteolytic cleavage by a caspase-3 cleavage-resistant mutant (PKCδ-CRM) or suppression of PKCδ expression by siRNA significantly attenuated MG-132-induced caspase-9 and -3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that proteolytically activated PKCδ has a significant feedback regulatory role in amplification of the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cascade during proteasome dysfunction in dopaminergic neuronal cells.
Design of SMA Helical Actuators: An Experimental Study

The Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) helical actuation architecture overcomes the typical strain limitations of straight wire SMA actuators by producing larger stroke in a small package size. SMA Helical actuators also provide design tailorability where the tightness of the coil can be used to make tradeoffs between force and displacement, along with the coupled tradeoff between package length and diameter. These are very attractive for industrial settings such as the automotive industry, but require models and design processes to support the needs of the quick, early design cycles typically required. This paper presents an experimentally-based parameter study from which a streamlined design process is extracted. SMA helical actuators with a range of wire diameters and coil diameters were fabricated and experimentally characterized. The functional dependence of performance metrics such as austenite stiffness, force level of the martensite plateau, and recoverable strain were evaluated. A two-step decoupled design procedure is presented based on the resulting empirical model where the kinematic design is first undertaken to select the spring index which provides the required strain within the available package space, and then the non-dimensionalized force is used to scale the design such that the required actuation force is achieved. The streamlined, systematic design framework presented in this paper provides the means for the design of compact, large stroke helical actuators in industrial settings.Copyright © 2013 by ASME and General Motors
Detection of strength limiting defects in cellular glasses by dielectric measurements

The foamed glasses that are being considered for structural support in solar thermal energy system silvered glass concentrator mirrors are assessed for strength-limiting defects by a nondestructive technique which measures the capacitance of well defined regions. The feasibility of locating large defects is demonstrated for the case of one type of cellular mass. Observed capacitance variations are believed to be due to small voids or other irregularities in the material. If the defects are equal to or greater than approximately 20 times the glass matrix pore size, they can be resolved with sufficient accuracy to delineate their spatial extent.
Phase I trial of concomitant chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer and other advanced pelvic malignancies

Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and toxicity of concomitant hydroxyurea (HU) and escalating doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in locally advanced cervical cancer and other pelvic malignancies undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Methods. Treatment consisted of 5-FU, HU, and pelvic RT delivered in an alternate-week fashion. 5-FU was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion at a starting dose of 600 mg/m2/day and was escalated to 1000 mg/m2/day in cohorts of three patients. The HU dose was 500 mg twice daily. Chemoradiotherapy was administered on a 5-day cycle. Following a 9-day rest, the cycle was repeated until the completion of the pelvic RT. Results. Twenty-one patients (18 cervix, 1 bladder, 1 vagina, 1 ovary) were enrolled. 5-FU escalation to 1000 mg/m2/day was well tolerated. No patients developed grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity. Grade 2 leukopenia was noted in 3 patients (14.3%). Grade 3 mucositis, diarrhea, and dermatitis occurred in 10, 10, and 5% of patients, respectively. None of the 99 treatment cycles were delayed secondary to acute toxicity. The overall response rate in the 18 cervical cancer patients was 89% (78% complete, 11% partial). Conclusions. Concomitant continuous infusion 5-FU, twice daily HU, and pelvic RT delivered in an alternate-week fashion is well tolerated. Further study is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of this regimen in patients with advanced cervical and other pelvic malignancies.
Age related changes in nerve membrane structure

Abstract The hypothesis that neuronal aging may involve fundamental changes in the nerve membrane lipid matrix has a great deal of theoretical appeal. However, the evidence demonstrating substantive changes has not been forthcoming. Furthermore any hypotheses dealing with nerve membrane lipids will need to incorporate into its design the unique features of the membrane such as the high concentration of glycolipids.
Poisoning and reactivation processes in oxide-type cathodes: Part I. Polycrystalline mixed oxides

Abstract A study has been made of the poisoning and reactivation characteristics of alkaline earth oxide-type cathodes after extended periods of shelf storage. Both emitted and incident electrons were used to measure changes in the electronics properties, i.e. work function. The variations in work function over the surface were obtained in both distribution form as well as topographic presentation using a scanning low energy electron probe (SLEEP). These measurements were correlated with simultaneously occurring compositional changes using Auger, gas desorption and ion scattering techniques. Measurements were made on realistic cathodes in actual vacuum tube ambients. The results showed that oxide-type cathodes poison within a few hours after shut-down by the adsorption of residual gases contained in the vacuum ambient. (The effects of CO2 were specifically demonstrated.) These adsorbates are, however, desorbed upon heating and in combination with other reactivation processes (such as formation of surface Ba layers when using reducing substrates), the cathode can reach full activation again by the time the temperature reaches the normal operating temperature. The poisoning and reactivation phenomena are a combination of a number of simultaneous processes, and studies to separate and identify these is the objective of part II of this paper.
Some aspects of effectively constructive mathematics that are relevant to the foundations of neoclassical mathematical economics and theory of games

Abstract This paper discusses certain key issues of the effectiveness of certain mathematical constructions within mathematical economics and the theory of games. By effective , we mean recursive constructions and, more generally, constructions that are recursively enumerable. This is a more precise notion than the unspecified concept of construction usually found in constructive analysis (e.g. Bishop's formulation). The advantage to our commitment to recursive constructions is that with the precision of the interpretation of effective, qualitative and quantitative measures of complexity can be obtained which are usually left unspecified in the latter frameworks. Among the results presented is a proof that for the case of totally discrete Hurwiczian resource allocation mechanisms of the form: π=〈E,M,A〈h,g〉〉 having binary quadratics as outcome and performance criteria, there is an R.E. (recursively enumerable) class α ={ π j } j w of such mechanisms whose realization is uniformaly sub-recursive in NP-complete complexity. The complexity of this class is uniformly less than a class of p -stage multilinear programmes: L ={〈{A i j } i∈I ,{x i j } i∈I ,b,{c i j } i∈I〉 } j∈ j . The level of complexity for the Hurwiczian mechanisms π = 〈 E , M , A 〈 h , g 〉〉 that are binary quadratic as stipulate is bounded by the complexity of the following ordinary problem: If 〈 a 1 ,…, a n 〉 is an arbitrary sequence of integers, is 〈 a 1 ϑ,…, a n ϑ〉 a solution to the integral equation: ∫ 0 2π π j=1 n (cos(a j θ)) dθ 2 .
Securing Cloud Environments for Enterprise Computing

In this presentation at ACM Cloud Computing Security 2014, we will discuss how IBM transforms its approach to IT Security, as it moves its own enterprise computing into the cloud.
Goldhelox: A Soft X-Ray Solar Telescope

The Goldhelox Project is the construction and use of a near-normal incidence soft xray robotic solar telescope by undergraduate students at Brigham Young University. Once it is completed and tested, it will be deployed from a Get-Away-Special (GAS) canister in the bay of a space shuttle. It will image the sun at a wavelength of 171–181A with a time resolution of 1 sec and a spatial resolution of 2.5 arcsec. The observational bandpass was chosen to image x-rays from highly ionized coronal Fe lines. The data will be an aid in better understanding the beginning phases of solar flares and how flaring relates to the physics of the corona-chromosphere transition region. Goldhelox is tentatively scheduled to fly on a space shuttle sometime in 1995 or 1996. This paper outlines the project goals, basic instrument design, and the unique aspects of making this an undergraduate endeavor.
Dispositional Effects in Intra-Organizational Influence Tactics: A Meta-Analytic Review:

We conducted a meta-analysis to test dispositional antecedents of intra-organizational influence tactics used. The antecedents tested included self-reported measures of impression management, Machiavellianism, self monitoring, locus of control, social identity, intrinsic/internal motivation, and extrinsic/external motivation. Using Hunter and Schmidt's validity generalization procedures, the relationships between each dispositional variable and six influence tactics -- ingratiation, rationality, exchanges, coalitions, upward appeals, and assertiveness -- were assessed. Cumulative sample sizes ranging from 653 to 2,244 found several significant relationships among the 42 correlations examined. Each influence tactic examined demonstrated significant dispositional effects. Implications of findings are discussed and directions for future influence tactic research are provided. (dispositions, influence-tactics, meta-analysis).
Epidemiology of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Post-Surfactant Era:A Population-Based Study

Epidemiology of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Post-Surfactant Era:A Population-Based Study
Variations across households in the rate of inflation

Abstract The variance of inflation across households is expressed in terms of (1) the inequality of the income distribution and (2) price changes of luxuries relative to those of necessitates.
Physical mapping and characterization of the human Na,K-ATPase isoform, ATP1A4.

Abstract Four isoforms of the catalytic α subunit of the Na,K-ATPase have been previously identified. We characterized and mapped a genomic copy of the human ATP1A4 isoform between D1S2707 and WI-9524, telomeric to a nearby isoform ATP1A2, and within a candidate region at 1q23 for familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Human ATP1A4 gene shares 84% identity with the mouse Atp1a4 gene, and both consist of 22 exons and 21 introns. The predicted polypeptide is 1029 amino acids and shares 82 and 79.8% identity, respectively, with human ATP1A2 and ATP1A1. ATP1A4 is larger than other isoforms and most divergent at the N-terminus. ATP1A4 and ATP1A2 are paralogous genes with the same number and organization of putative H-transmembrane domains, conserved exon–intron boundaries, and are found approximately 8.5 kb apart. Expression analysis of the ATP1A4 gene revealed a new major ∼7.5 kb transcript in human skeletal muscle, with expression also shown in mouse muscle. Predictive analysis of promoter regions identified muscle specific regulatory elements for ATP1A4 and Atp1a4 . Mutation analysis among eight affected individuals from a single large, highly penetrant FHM family was negative in ATP1A4 and ATP1A2 although multiple polymorphisms were identified.
Biological effects of leukotriene E4 on eosinophils

Abstract Studies demonstrate the existence of novel receptors for cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) that are responsive to leukotriene (LT) E 4 and might be pathogenic in asthma. Given the eosinophilic infiltration in this disorder, we investigated eosinophil expression of P2Y 12 and gpr99 and their capacity to respond to LTE 4 . Receptor transcript expression was investigated via quantitative PCR and surface protein expression via flow cytometry. We investigated LTE 4 influences on eosinophils including Ca +2 flux, cAMP induction, modulation of adhesion molecule expression, apoptosis and degranulation. Eosinophils displayed both transcript and surface protein expression of P2Y 12 and gpr99. We could not find evidence of LTE 4 activation of eosinophils, however, LTE 4 induced cAMP expression, and preincubation of eosinophils with LTE 4 inhibited degranulation. Even though eosinophils are an important source of CysLTs in AERD, eosinophils are not themselves the pro-inflammatory biological target and, in contrast, LTE 4 via cAMP primarily elicits anti-inflammatory responses.
Choledochal cyst: report of five cases.

Five cases of choledochal cyst occurring in childhood are discussed with pertinent roentgenographic and clinical findings. The clinical manifestations were (1) in early infancy—obstructive jaundice, and (2) in children—the classical triad of jaundice, abdominal pain and mass. The most valuable roentgenographic findings were (1) on plain film of the abdomen—mass in the right upper quandrant., (2) on barium meal study—anterior, inferior and left sided displacement of gastric antrum and duodenal bulb, (3) lateral displacement of descending duodenum, and (4) inferior displacement of the third portion of the duodenum. Direct demonstration of the cyst may be accomplished by intravenous cholangiography, direct percutaneous cystography, and possibly oral cholecystography.
Decision-making with the Boltzmann Machine

The Boltzmann Machine has been introduced as a means to perform global optimization for multimodal objective functions using the principles of simulated annealing. In this paper we consider its utility as a spurious-free content-addressable memory and provide bounds on its performance in this context: a) We show how to exploit the machine's ability to escape local minima, in order to use it, at a constant temperature, for unambiguous associative pattern-retrieval in noisy environments. An association rule, which creates a sphere of influence around each stored pattern, is used along with the Machine's dynamics to match the machine's noisy input with one of the pre-stored patterns. Spurious fixed points, whose regions of attraction are not recognized by the rule, are skipped, due to the Machine's finite probability to escape from any state. b) We propose the use of the incremental Hebbian rule as a learning scheme for the Boltzmann-Machine-based content addressable memory. This learning rule is different from the probability-distribution-matching learning rules which are used at present for the Machine's weights in the global-minimizer application. We interpret the incremental Hebbian rule as a steepest-descent algorithm, maximizing the probability of pattern stabilization during learning. C) We describe the Hamming distance from a stored pattern using a birth-and-death Markov chain, and find bounds on the retrieval probabilities. Our bounds allow an assessment of the Machine's efficiency as a content-addressable memory.
Autotrophic processes in meromictic Big Soda Lake, Nevada

Daily rates of oxygenic photosynthesis (OP) by phytoplankton, anoxygenic photosynthesis (AP) by purple sulfur bacteria, and chemoautotrophic productivity (CP = dark CO, assimilation) were measured once each season in saline, meromictic Big Soda Lake. Total daily productivity and the relative importance of each autotrophic process varied with seasonal changes in vertical mixing, light availability, and the biomass of phototrophs. Daily productivity was highest (2,830 mg C.rnmz) and was dominated by OP in winter when the mixolimnion was isothermal, the biomass of phytoplankton was high, and the biomass of purple sulfur bacteria was low. During the summer-fall period of thermal stratification, phytoplankton biomass decreased, a plate of purple sulfur bacteria formed below the oxycline, and daily rates of dark CO, assimilation (CP = 390-680 mg C.rnmz) exceeded phototrophic productivity (OP + AP = ZOO-370 mg C.rnmz). Total annual productivity was about 500 g C.me2, of which 60% was produced by phytoplankton (mostly in winter), 30% by chemoautotrophs (nitrifying and sulfuroxidizing bacteria), and only
Efficacy and tolerability of a novel estradiol vaginal ring for relief of menopausal symptoms.

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy, tolerability, and acceptance of a vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 μg per day of estradiol (E2), compared with placebo, for relief of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women. Methods Women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms (seven or more per day or 56 per week average) received 13 weeks of treatment with a vaginal ring delivering 50 μg per day E2 (n = 113) or 100 μg per day E2 (n = 112), or a placebo vaginal ring (n = 108). Severity of vasomotor symptoms was assessed by a daily diary card and the Greene Climacteric Scale. Urogenital signs and symptoms were evaluated via patient and physician assessment and vaginal cytology. Participant satisfaction with the vaginal ring was evaluated via questionnaire. Results Vasomotor symptoms significantly improved in both treatment groups, compared with placebo (P Conclusion A novel vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 μg per day of E2 significantly reduced the number and severity of vasomotor symptoms and improved urogenital symptoms, compared with placebo. The E2 vaginal ring was well tolerated.
Sample average approximation of expected value constrained stochastic programs

We propose a sample average approximation (SAA) method for stochastic programming problems with expected value constraints. Such problems arise, for example, in portfolio selection with constraints on conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). We provide a convergence analysis and a statistical validation scheme for the proposed method.
Incremental protocol verification using deductive database systems

A deductive approach which incorporates first-order logic into a relational database is proposed to remedy the problems incurred in the relational algebraic approach. The method not only allows recursive definitions for more complex logical reasoning but also provides a uniform query interface to the users for verifying functional properties of a protocol. Most important, with the deductibility of the deductive database it becomes possible to define algorithms for the incremental verification method, which speeds up the verification process by reverifying protocols without generating the global states from scratch. >
Steller's Sea Cow in Pleistocene Interglacial Beach Deposits on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands

The first discovery of Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis) in place in Pleistocene deposits has been made in interglacial beach sand and gravel 35 m above present sea level on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Uranium series dating of the bone indicates that it is about 135,000 yrs old.
Towards ideal window layouts for multi-party, gaze-aware desktop videoconferencing

In high-end desktop videoconferencing systems, several windows compete for screen space, particularly when users also share an application. Ideally, the layout of these windows should satisfy both (a) layout guidelines for establishing a rich communication channel and (b) user preferences for window layouts. This paper presents an exploration of user preferences and their interplay with previously established window layout guidelines. Based on results from two user studies, we have created five recommendations for user-preferred window layouts in high-end desktop videoconferencing systems. Both designers and end-users can use these recommendations to setup "ideal" layouts, that is, layouts that satisfy both user preferences and existing layout guidelines. For instance, we have developed an application that utilizes the recommendations to guide users towards ideal layouts during a videoconference.
Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer cells- and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by targeting NFATc1, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation in RAW264.7 cells.

Currently, there are limited therapeutic options against bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCA), which is primarily responsible for high mortality and morbidity in PCA patients. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis is an essential feature associated with metastatic PCA in the bone microenvironment. Silibinin, an effective chemopreventive agent, is in phase II clinical trials in PCA patients but its efficacy against PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis is largely unknown. Accordingly, here we examined silibinin effect on PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis employing human PCA (PC3MM2, PC3 and C4-2B) and murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. We also assessed silibinin effect on receptor activator of nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling associated with osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Further, we analyzed silibinin effect on osteomimicry biomarkers in PCA cells. Results revealed that silibinin (30–90 μM) inhibits PCA cells-induced osteoclast activity and differentiation in RAW264.7 cells via modulating expression of several cytokines (IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, I-TAC, M-CSF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF etc.) that are important in osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, in RAW264.7 cells, silibinin decreased the RANKL-induced expression and nuclear localization of NFATc1, which is considered the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, silibinin decreased the RANKL-induced DNA binding activity of NFATc1 and its regulators NF-κB and AP1, and the protein expression of osteoclast specific markers (TRAP, OSCAR and Cathepsin K). Importantly, silibinin also decreased the expression of osteomimicry biomarkers (RANKL, Runx2, Osteocalcin and PTHrP) in cell culture (PC3 and C4-2B cells) and/or in PC3 tumors. Together, our findings showing that silibinin inhibits PCA cells-induced osteoclastogenesis, suggest that silibinin could be useful clinically against bone metastatic PCA.
Race, Social Support and College Student Retention: A Case Study

At most colleges and universities, African American and Latino students are less likely than students from other racial and ethnic backgrounds to stay enrolled in college and are, therefore, less likely to earn a college degree. The Digest of Educational Statistics reports the following trends: in 2006 30% of Whites age 25 and older held a bachelor’s degree, while 17% of Blacks and 12% of Hispanics age 25 and older held a bachelor’s degree (National Center for Educational Statistics [NCES], 2008). The research presented here is a case study of a cohort of students attending a public research university in California who are exceptional. Unlike the situation at most colleges and universities, African American students in this cohort are significantly less likely to leave college than are other students, whereas Latino students are significantly more likely to leave than are other students. In order to understand why there is a difference in the retention of African American students and Latino students, we examined the extent to which the precollege and college experiences of students in this cohort vary by race/ethnicity. We examined which characteristics affect the retention of Latino students, as well as other racial/ethnic groups.
Validation of a Self-Applied Unattended Monitor for Sleep Disordered Breathing

Study objectives: To evaluate the validity of the Apnea Risk Evaluation System (ARES™) Unicorder, a self-applied, limited-channel portable monitoring device for the evaluation of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Design: Prospective study with blinded analysis. Setting: Sleep disorder center, academic institution. Participants: Eighty patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and 22 volunteers. interventions: N/A. Measurements and Results : Subjects used the ARES™ Unicorder at home for 2 nights using only written instructions. Within 2 weeks, they returned to the laboratory for full nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) with simultaneous monitoring with the Unicorder. NPSGs were scored manually to obtain an apnea-hypopnea index based on Medicare guidelines (AHI4%) and a respiratory disturbance index (RDI). ARES™ studies were autoscored and reviewed to obtain indices based on equivalent definitions i.e., AHI4% ARES and apnea hypopnea (events with 1% desaturation) index (AHI1% ARES ). Indices from the NPSG were compared to the in-lab ARES™ and in-home ARES™ indices using mean differences and the intraclass correlations (ICC). For the in-lab comparison, there was high concordance between AHI4% NPSG and AHI4% ARES (ICC = 0.96, mean difference = 0.5/hour) and RDI NPSG and AHI1% ARES (ICC = 0.93, mean difference = 3.2/hour). For NPSG
Learning a Color Algorithm from Examples

A lightness algorithm that separates surface reflectance from illumination in a Mondrian world is synthesized automatically from a set of examples, pairs of input (image irradiance) and desired output (surface reflectance). The algorithm, which resembles a new lightness algorithm recently proposed by Land, is approximately equivalent to filtering the image through a center-surround receptive field in individual chromatic channels. The synthesizing technique, optimal linear estimation, requires only one assumption, that the operator that transforms input into output is linear. This assumption is true for a certain class of early vision algorithms that may therefore be synthesized in a similar way from examples. Other methods of synthesizing algorithms from examples, or "learning", such as backpropagation, do not yield a significantly different or better lightness algorithm in the Mondrian world. The linear estimation and backpropagation techniques both produce simultaneous brightness contrast effects.