cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELISA Analysis of Soybean Trypsin Inhibitors in Processed Foods

Soybean proteins are widely used in human foods in a variety of forms, including infant formulas, flour, protein concentrates, protein isolates, soy sauces, textured soy fibers, and tofu. The presence of inhibitors of digestive enoymes in soy proteins impairs the nutritional quality and possibly the safety of soybeans and other legumes. Processing, based on the use of heat or fractionation of protein isolates, does not completely inactivate or remove these inhibitors, so that residual amounts of inhibitors are consumed by animals and humans. New monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays can measure low levels of the soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and the Bowman-Birk trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (BBI) in processed foods. The enoyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the inhibitor content of soy concentrates, isolates, and flours, both heated and unheated; a commercial soy infant formula; KTI and BBI with rearranged disulfide bonds; browning products derived from heat-treatment of KTI with glucose and starch; and KTI exposed to high pH. The results indicate that even low inhibitor isolates contain significant amounts of specific inhibitors. Thus, infants on soy formula consume about 10 mg of KTI plus BBI per day. The immunoassays complement the established enzymatic assays of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, and have advantages in (a) measuring low levels of inhibitors in processed foods; and (b) differentiating between the Kunitz and Bowman-Birk inhibitors. The significance of our findings for food safety are discussed.
Interaction between krit1 and malcavernin: implications for the pathogenesis of cerebral cavernous malformations.

OBJECTIVE Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are a relatively common autosomal dominant disorder leading to the formation of vascular malformations in the nervous system. Mutations in krit1 and malcavernin, the proteins encoded by the genes at the CCM1 and CCM2 loci, respectively, are responsible for the majority of CCMs. Similar to integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1alpha, a known krit1 interactor, malcavernin is a phosphotyrosine binding protein. We report here that krit1 also interacts with malcavernin. METHODS We used two-hybrid analysis, in vivo coimmunoprecipitation, and epitope mapping to explore the interaction between krit1 and malcavernin. Immunocytochemistry was used to study the cellular localization of these proteins. RESULTS We demonstrate that malcavernin independently binds to two of the three NPXY (asparagine, proline, undetermined/variable amino acid, and tyrosine) motifs in krit1. By immunocytochemistry, malcavernin protein is cytoplasmic at steady state, but shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, despite lacking either a nuclear localization signal or a nuclear export signal in its sequence. CONCLUSION These data suggest that krit1 interacts with malcavernin through its NPXY motifs and may shuttle it through the nucleus via its nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signals, thereby regulating its cellular function.
Health Concerns and Somatic Symptoms Explain Perceived Disability and Idiopathic Hand and Arm Pain in an Orthopedics Surgical Practice: A Path-Analysis Model

Background Upper-limb pain disorders are relatively common, and often result in disability, lost time from work, and significant use of healthcare services. Objective The authors adapted and tested a cognitive-behavioral model of health anxiety in 100 patients with hand and arm pain in an orthopedics surgical practice, hypothesizing that increased health concerns would relate to increased perceived disability, and investigating whether patients’ pain is related to other increased somatic symptoms. Method Patients with (non-traumatic) hand and arm pain received the Health Anxiety Inventory, the Whitley Index, and the Somatic Symptoms Inventory. Primary analyses were conducted via structural-equation modeling. Results There was a strong, positive, and direct relationship between health concerns and perceived disability. Health concerns were significantly and positively related to somatic symptoms, which, in turn, were significantly positively related to perceived disability and to having idiopathic versus discrete pain. Conclusion The health-anxiety model is relevant to the development of nonspecific, vague, and diffuse (idiopathic) hand and arm pain.
Drag-law effects in the Goddard problem

Presently studied is the problem of maximizing the altitude of a rocket in vertical flight in a resisting medium, when the amount of propellant is specified, known as the Goddard problem. The case is studied in which the drag coefficient is a function of the Mach number, witnessing a sharp increase in the transonic region. Analysis shows the possibility of a more complex switching structure than the classical full-singular-coast sequence, with the appearance of a second full-thrust subarc in the transition from the subsonic to the supersonic region. Necessary conditions such as the Legendre-Clebsch condition for singular subarcs and the McDanell-Powers condition for joining singular and non-singular subarcs were checked, and were found to be satisfied. It is shown that the results obtained depend heavily on the assumed form of the drag law, and on the magnitude of the upper bound on the thrust.
Estimating neighborhood health effects: the challenges of causal inference in a complex world.

Oakes raises a series of important questions on the validity of past work on neighborhood health effects and suggests directions the field should take (Oakes, 2003). Indeed the limited nature of the evidence linking neighborhoods to individual-level outcomes, and its many methodological problems, have been noted in health and other fields (Diez Roux, 2001; Duncan & Raudenbush, 1999; Furstenberg & Hughes, 1997; Macintyre, Ellaway, & Cummins, 2002; Sampson et al., 2002; Tienda, 1991). The complex methodological issues inherent in the estimation of causal neighborhood effects are nevertheless worth reiterating and elaborating on as Oakes does. I would also posit that many of the issues Oakes raises are common to epidemiology generally (and to observational studies in other fields) and are not necessarily specific to research on neighborhood effects (or to so-called ‘‘social epidemiology’’ as he sometimes implies). Perhaps one of the problems is that in research on neighborhoods and health (as in epidemiology generally) the word ‘‘effects’’ is often used loosely, leading to the impression that the associations reported are always valid and precise estimates of generalizable causal parameters, when of course they are not. I will begin with some general comments on points raised by Oakes when he describes ‘‘a causal model for neighborhood effects’’. I will then summarize agreements and disagreements with the methodological obstacles Oakes notes, and with the approaches he proposes.
ATP-dependent phosphorylation of α-substituted carboxylic acids catalyzed by pyruvate kinase

Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle catalyzes an ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glycolate to yield 2-phosphoglycolate (F. J. Kayne (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 8-13). An investigation of anologous reactions with other alpha-substituted carboxylic acids reveals several new substrates for such a phosphorylation reaction. Thus the alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids L-lactate, D-lactate, DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, DL-alpha-hydroxyvalerate, L-glycerate, D-glycerate, DL-nitrolactate, and DL-beta-chlorolactate are phosphorylated on the alpha-hydroxy group to give the corresponding phosphoesters. Thioglycolate is also a slow substrate for phosphorylation of the thiol group to give the phosphothioglycolate, and DL-thiolactate is phosphorylated in a very slow reaction to give phosphothiolactate. beta-Hydroxypyruvate is a substrate; but, unlike the reaction with pyruvate, with beta-hydroxypyruvate the equilibrium for the reaction lies in favor of ADP and the phosphorylated product which appears from 31P NMR data to be tartronate-semialdehyde-2-phosphate. 31P NMR spectroscopy has been used to verify the identity of the products for all of the reactions. Steady-state kinetic constants have been obtained for some of the more rapid reactions. The reactions with glycolate, L-glycerate, and beta-hydroxypyruvate have kcat values that are close to that for phosphorylation of pyruvate in the reverse of the physiological reaction.
From Pariahs to Partners: How Parents and their Allies Changed New York City’s Child Welfare System, by Tobis, D.

In his first single-authored book, long-time child welfare reformer and activist David Tobis provides a compelling account of how parents and their allies organized to reform one of the nation’s la...
Performance of Silicon Carbide PiN Diodes Fabricated on Basal Plane Dislocation-Free Epilayers

The nucleation sites of stacking faults (SFs) during forward current stress operation of 4H-SiC PiN diodes were investigated by the electron beam induced current (EBIC) mode of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the primary SF nucleation sites were found to be basal plane dislocations (BPDs). Damage created on the diode surface also acts as SF nucleation sites. By using a novel BPD-free SiC epilayer, and avoiding surface damage, PiN diodes were fabricated which did not exhibit SF formation under current stressing at 200A/cm2 for 3 hours.
General surgery versus specialty rotations: a new paradigm in surgery clerkships.

Background The most common 3rd-year surgery clerkship uses general surgery services while limiting the involvement of subspecialty services. A novel surgery clerkship in which students were assigned to either general surgery or subspecialty services for the entire clerkship was tried at a large Midwestern medical school. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of clerks from subspecialty services and compare them with clerks from general surgery services. Methods Outcome measures included scores on the National Board of Medical Examiners Surgery Content Examination, faculty evaluation scores, and residency match results. A multivariate analysis of covariance compared National Board of Medical Examiners test scores and faculty evaluation ratings across service groups. United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores served as a covariate. Results Results showed significant differences between groups on faculty evaluation scores (F = 28.03; P ≤ 0.001), while controlling for initial differences in academic performance. However, no differences were observed on examination score (F = 2.32, ns ), or residency match results (χ 2 = 2.05, ns ). Conclusion These findings inform surgical educators to consider a more prominent role of subspecialty surgery in teaching 3rd-year medical students. However, caution is advised to accommodate the difference in stringency observed between subspecialty and general surgery faculty in rating medical student performance. Faculty development in student evaluation for subspecialty surgical faculty is recommended.
Hitching Your Wagon to the Right Star: A Case Study in Collaboration

In tough economic times, librarians are challenged to increase their instruction and outreach efforts despite shrinking budgets. This article discusses creating a mutually beneficial partnership with existing, successful campus programs to increase outreach efforts with minimal financial risk. Ten steps for creating a meaningful partnership are discussed. The author uses lessons learned from her own experience creating a collaboration with a first-year orientation program to illustrate the challenges and suggest best practices to help readers implement the model on their own campuses.
Effect of order of exercise intensity upon cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses during exercise of mixed intensity

Exercise of mixed intensities can be of benefit in many different ways. However, whether physiological interaction exists between exercises of different intensity is questionable. As such, the primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of order of exercise intensity upon cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses during exercise of mixed intensity. Eight males and four females volunteered to serve as subjects for the study. They were informed of the purpose of the experiment and gave their written consent to participate. Each subject completed a peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2peak)) test and two submaximal exercises of mixed intensity on three separate laboratory visits. During each submaximal exercise trial, subjects performed a 15-min (high intensity) exercise at 70% VO(2peak) that was followed by another 15-min (low intensity) exercise at 50% VO(2peak) (high/low, H/L), or a 15-min exercise at 50% VO(2peak) that was followed by another 15-min exercise at 70% VO(2peak) (low/high, L/H). Oxygen uptake ( VO(2)), respiratory exchange ratio ( R), expired ventilation ( V(E)), heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured every 5 min throughout exercise. Energy expenditure and carbohydrate and fat oxidation were calculated from VO(2) adjusted for substrate metabolism using R and then accumulated for each phase of exercise intensity as well as for the entire exercise session. VO(2) and HR were higher ( P<0.05), while R was lower ( P<0.05) at the lower intensity in H/L than in L/H. V(E) and RPE were lower ( P<0.05) at the higher intensity in H/L than in L/H. While no differences in caloric expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation between the two trials were observed, fat oxidation was higher ( P<0.05) both at the lower intensity and for the entire trial in H/L than in L/H. It appears that during exercise of mixed intensity, placing some periods of moderate intensity exercise prior to a milder one is a more favorable sequence in that it can elicit a greater fat oxidation while being felt less stressful.
Competing perspectives on erasing the stigma of illness: What says the dodo bird?

Abstract The dodo bird is an Alice in Wonderland character who, at the end of a race, concludes “Everybody has won and all must have prizes”. The dodo bird effect has been used to describe a conundrum resulting from behavior change research that fails to distinguish superiority among discrete strategies for psychotherapeutic change. Research on stigma change may find itself at this point. Advocates have developed and implemented multiple approaches to changing stigma; some of these might be shown to have more beneficial impact than others. The mental health community has been especially active in tackling stigma, so many of the examples herein come from the corresponding body of research. We divide the multiple approaches to stigma change into sets of competing or complementary perspectives and examine both the benefits and the negative unintended consequences of examples. We consider the effects of education versus contact on stigmatizers (public stigma), the stigmatized (self-stigma), and the social sphere in which the two groups engage (structural stigma). Stigma impact varies by targets and outcomes so we examine impact on knowledge versus attitudes at the population versus grassroots levels. Overall, we found that effects of contact seem greater than education for stigmatizers. For the stigmatized, approaches that target eliminating self-stigma may be less beneficial than interventions designed to promote disclosure. Targeting grassroots may yield greater impact than population-based approaches. Increasing knowledge and pity may yield unintended consequences which may undermine life opportunities of people with the illness. Our review highlighted the benefits of competing perspectives in advancing our understanding of stigma change and crafting of more effective anti-stigma interventions.
Gay, Lesbian, and Queer Theologies: Origins, Contributions, and Challenges

Abstract: Theologians and biblical scholars have been writing about Christianity and homosexuality for over three decades, but lesbian/gay and queer theologies are still unfamiliar. Since questions about lesbian, gay, and queer Christians are confronting many denominations, it is important to study these proposals. This essay argues that lesbian/gay theologies trace their histories to theologies of liberation, while queer theology is indebted to postmodern and queer theories. Recent Christological and anthropological proposals are presented, and the essay concludes by exploring the distinct political implications of these theological proposals.
Nocturnal magnetic field exposure: gender-specific effects on heart rate variability and sleep.

Abstract Objective : To determine if controlled exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields alters heart rate variability (HRV) and polysomnographic endpoints in healthy men ( n =22) and women ( n =24), 40–60 years of age. Methods : A randomized, double-blind, crossover design was used. Study endpoints collected during all-night exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields at an occupational intensity (resultant flux density=28.3 microTesla, μT) were compared to similar endpoints obtained under equivalent, counterbalanced, no-exposure (≤0.2 μT) control conditions. Results : Older men, but not women, exposed to the magnetic fields showed power reductions in the LF band of the HRV frequency spectrum, which is associated with sympathetically-mediated blood pressure and thermoregulatory control ( P P =0.03), and strong trends for reductions in sleep efficiency ( P =0.06) and total sleep time ( P =0.06). Conclusions : The gender-specific effects seen here with older volunteers replicate the results of previous exposure studies with younger men and women.
Transient N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade in early development causes lasting cognitive deficits relevant to schizophrenia

Background Aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission has been implicated in schizophrenia. We studied whether transient inhibition of NMDA receptor activity during early postnatal development would produce a behavioral phenotype resembling that of individuals who are susceptible to develop schizophrenia. Methods Rat pups were given injections of the NMDA channel blocker MK801 on postnatal days 7 through 10. This period is akin to the prenatal second trimester of primate development. Cognitive function was tested in adulthood. Results Treatment with MK801 impaired cognitive flexibility and working memory. The impairment in cognitive flexibility was due to increased perseverative behavior. Treatment did not affect locomotor activity or recognition memory. Conclusions These results suggest that a brief disruption of NMDA receptors during a sensitive period of cortical development is sufficient to produce selective cognitive deficits that are relevant to schizophrenia.
Extent-of-motion thresholds under subject-relative and object-relative conditions

The experiment was designed to discover the threshold extent of motion at medium speeds amounting to 41, 82, and 164 min./sec., and to compare the perception of motion arising from subject-relative displacement with the perception of motion arising from object-relative displacement. Extent thresholds were found while velocity was kept constant. Different groups of ten Ss were used for each displacement velocity, and for each S the extent threshold was twice obtained by the method of constant stimuli, once under subjectrelative and once under object-relative displacement conditions. Sensitivity to brief displacements of a continuously visible target was high; average thresholds ranged from 1.0 to 4.4 min. under the various conditions employed. The thresholds were higher for subject-relative conditions and the slower displacement velocities and lower for objectrelative conditions and faster displacements.
HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION AND IRON CONTENT OF TRACHEAL SAP FROM GREEN AND CHLOROTIC PEAR TREES.

The occurrence of chlorosis on muck soils to which lime was added was found by Loehwing (4) to be correlated with low acidity of the sap of plants growing on these soils, as compared with the H+ concentration of the sap from similar plants grown on unlimed soils. It was held that on the limed soils the iron failed to reach the leaves in sufficient amounts, because the iron was precipitated in the roots and the stems, on account of the low acidity of the sap in these parts. Marsh and Shive (5) observed that the iron content of stems of chlorotic soy beans was higher than that of stems from green plants, while the iron content of the chlorotic leaves was lower than that of green leaves. The work just referred to was conducted with annual plants. It has been observed, however, that chlorotic leaves from fruit trees may contain as much or more iron than green leaves (7). Further, Milad (6) and Wallace (8) did not find a significant difference between the iron content of bark or wood of stems and roots from chlorotic and green trees. These findings indicate that chlorosis cannot be explained solely on the assumption that iron fails to reach the leaves in sufficient amount for normal development of chlorophyll. If iron moves to the leaves in the tracheal sap, then the question arises, is the H+ concentration of the tracheal sap sufficiently high to prevent the absorbed iron from precipitating in the stem before reaching the leaves? The present work was undertaken in an attempt to answer this question. Material and methods
Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events.

The impact of racism on African American personality, behavior, and health has been debated in the psychological literature. There has been little research however, on racism as a stressful life event. The goal of this study was to learn whether perceived racism produces symptoms of subjective distress noted in relationship to other stressful life events. In addition, this study sought to find whether racial identification mediated the psychological impact of perceived experiences of racism. Two hundred African American adults were surveyed. Participants completed a 30 item racial identification measure, a questionnaire that requested information on the experience of racism, and the Impact of Events scale. The results showed that one third of the participants reported a perceived experience of racism within six months of the interview. Mean scores for intrusion symptoms were higher as the seriousness of the reported event increased. While participants reported avoidance symptoms, there were no differences based on the seriousness of the racial incident. Racial identification did not mediate the impact of the experience of racism.
The dynamic state of liver gap junctions

By the use of a simple, rapid method for the isolation of gap junctions from small amounts of rat liver (2-3 g), we have followed the incorporation of the radiolabeled amino acid precursors 3H-leucine and 35S-methionine into the gap junction protein. In timed studies with 35S-methionine as precursor, the specific activity in the protein is maximal by 4 h after a single injection of 300 microCi/100 g body weight. From the decay in the specific activity with time after a single injection, the gap junction protein has an apparent half-life of about 19 h. Because of problems of reutilization of radiolabeled amino acid with 35S-methionine as precursor, this apparent half-life probably overestimates the true half-life and indicates a surprisingly rapid turnover of the gap junction protein. This short half-life suggests that, in rat liver, the gap junctions may be very responsive to alterations in physiological demands.
Novel substation bus arrangement metrics

The purpose of this paper is to present and document a novel program using Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which calculates the performance of different substation bus arrangements. Three metrics are created to evaluate the performance characteristics of each type of bus arrangement. The goal is to use mathematics, programming, and minimal user input to calculate performance metrics aiding the decision process for various configurations. The results are presented and future improvements are proposed.
Relating contact order to the rate of cooperative collapse in the sequential collapse model for protein folding pathways

Abstract In this Letter the kinetics of the cooperative collapse phase of the protein folding pathway within the sequential collapse model (SCM) is studied. The SCM predicts an approximate linear dependence between the logarithm of the rate of collapse and the contact order of the native topology of the collapsing region. This result is in general agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results for the collapse of small proteins, suggesting a similarity between the kinetics of the cooperative collapse phase of the SCM multi-state folding pathway of proteins of ∼100–150 amino acids, and the observed two-state folding transitions in small proteins.
Community Pharmacists’ Opinions About Having Diagnostic Data Provided with Prescriptions

Objectives. To determine if community pharmacists felt that diagnostic information providedwith prescriptions would (1) help provide pharmaceutical care, (2) help reduce dispensing errors, and (3) violate patient confidentiality.Methods. A mail questionnaire was distributed to 200 metropolitan community pharmacists in Arizona. The questionnaire consisted of 14 opinion statements and 6 demographic items.Results. Atotal of 75 usable questionnaireswere returned (a 38.5% response rate). Pharmacists agreed that they were responsible for providing pharmaceutical care and that diagnostic data would help them provide this care. Pharmacists believed that receiving diagnostic data with prescriptions would help reduce-dispensing errors, help them counsel patients, and help them abide by state and federal laws. Pharmacists felt that diagnostic data would not violate patient confidentiality. The majority of pharmacists (73.6%) believed that the indication for prescribing a medication was the most important information...
Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and have an essential role in the induction of immune responses. TLRs can directly induce innate host defence responses, but the mechanisms of TLR-mediated control of adaptive immunity are not fully understood. Although TLR-induced dendritic cell maturation is required for activation of T-helper (T(H)) cells, the role of TLRs in B-cell activation and antibody production in vivo is not yet known. Here we show that activation and differentiation of T(H) cells is not sufficient for the induction of T-dependent B-cell responses. We find that, in addition to CD4+ T-cell help, generation of T-dependent antigen-specific antibody responses requires activation of TLRs in B cells.
Use and Costs of Nonrecommended Tests During Routine Preventive Health Exams

Background Routine office visits for preventive health exams (PHEs) are designed to identify asymptomatic diseases at early treatable stages and influence healthy behaviors. Investigation included how often diagnostic tests and procedures were performed for which evidence and guidelines recommend against in asymptomatic individuals during routine PHEs, and the costs associated with the tests and procedures. Methods In 2005, a cross-sectional study of office-based interventions was conducted, using National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data from 1997 to 2002. Recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) were used as a measure of appropriateness of diagnostic interventions during the PHE. Laboratory tests and procedures not recommended (D ranking) included urinalysis (UAs); interventions not recommended included electrocardiograms (EKGs) and x-rays. Results The frequency of ordering any of the three diagnostic interventions ranged from 5% to 37%, and at least one of the interventions was ordered 43% of the time. Annual direct costs for the three interventions range from $47 million to $194 million. Conclusions Less use of unwarranted interventions will likely eliminate waste and improve the overall quality of health care in the United States.
Does subsequent criminal justice involvement predict foster care and termination of parental rights for children born to incarcerated women

This longitudinal study of 83 incarcerated women, who gave birth during incarceration and retained their parental rights through brief sentences, examines the intersection between subsequent criminal justice involvement postrelease and child welfare outcomes. Ten years of multiple state-level administrative data sets are used to determine if arrest or conviction predict foster care and/or termination of parental rights. Findings indicate that only felony arrest is a significant predictor of foster care involvement. Additionally, 69% of mothers retained legal custody, despite subsequent criminal involvement for many, suggesting supportive parenting programs and resources need to be available to these women throughout and after incarceration.
A Purchase-on-Demand Pilot Project at the University of Arkansas, for the Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposiums

In fiscal year 2004–2005, papers published in the Material Research Society's Proceedings series were the fifth most requested interlibrary loan item submitted by faculty and students at the University of Arkansas. This prompted the authors to determine if a purchase-on-demand scheme for items in this series, made without any subject specialist input, would allow the library to increase the strength of its collection at a price that was no greater than or lower than the real cost of traditional interlibrary loan. The study analyzes and describes the parameters of the data. Results suggest that this type of plan might be useful for libraries lacking a designated selector.
Optimizing Stochastic Circuits for Accuracy-Energy Tradeoffs

Stochastic computing (SC) acts on data encoded by bit-streams, and is an attractive, low-cost and error-tolerant alternative to conventional binary circuits in some important applications such as image processing and communications. We study the use of energy reduction techniques such as voltage or frequency scaling in SC circuits. We show that due to their inherent error-tolerance, SC circuits operate satisfactorily without significant accuracy loss even with aggressive scaling that improves their energy efficiency by orders of magnitude. To find the minimum-energy operating point of an SC circuit, we propose a Markov chain model that allows us to quickly explore the space of operating points. We also investigate opportunities to optimize SC circuits under such aggressive scaling. We find that logical and physical design techniques can be used to significantly expand the already powerful accuracy-energy tradeoff possibilities in SC circuits. Our simulation results show that our optimized SC circuits can tolerate aggressive voltage scaling with no significant SNR degradation after 40% supply voltage reduction (1V to 0.6V), leading to 66% energy saving (20.7pJ to 6.9pJ). Similarly, a 100% frequency boosting (400ps to 200ps) of the optimized circuits leads to no significant SNR degradation for several representative circuits.
A SIMPLE SHEAR PRESS FOR MEASURING TENDERNESS OF WHOLE SOYBEANS

A simple shear press instrument for measuring the tenderness of whole soybeans was developed. A perforated plate was forced through a sample of beans by a hydraulic piston and the required pressure of the hydraulic fluid indicated the force required which was related to tenderness of the beans. Soybeans were processed to various degrees of tenderness. Samples were tested by both the simple shear press and a L.E.E. Kramer shear press. The correlation coefficient between these instruments was 0.9933. The average of the coefficients of variation of all samples tested with the simple shear press was 4.61%. This showed that the simple shear press could be used in place of the L.E.E. Kramer shear press for determining tenderness of whole soybeans.
Contrasting Nonaqueous against Aqueous Solvation on the Basis of Scaled-Particle Theory

Normal hexane is adopted as a typical organic solvent for comparison with liquid water in modern theories of hydrophobic hydration, and detailed results are worked-out here for the C-atom density in contact with a hard-sphere solute, ρCG(R), for the full range of solute radii. The intramolecular structure of an n-hexane molecule introduces qualitative changes in G(R) compared to scaled-particle models for liquid water. Also worked-out is a revised scaled-particle model implemented with molecular simulation results for liquid n-hexane. The classic scaled-particle model, acknowledging the intramolecular structure of an n-hexane molecule, is in qualitative agreement with the revised scaled-particle model results, and is consistent in sizing the methyl/methylene sites which compose n-hexane in the simulation model. The classic and revised scaled-particle models disagree for length scales greater than the radius of a methyl group, however. The liquid−vapor surface tension of n-hexane predicted by the classic s...
The formation of xanthylium salts from proanthocyanidins

Abstract Acid treatment of monomeric and condensed natural leucoanthocyanidins yields red anthocyanidins and hitherto unidentified yellow pigments. Model leucocyanidin-polyphenol condensation products also yield yellow pigments with acids, and spectral evidence is now presented which indicates that these yellow compounds are xanthylium salts. The possible significance of these observations in relation to the structures and acid degradation of condensed tannins and phlobaphenes is discussed.
Morphology of Spatial Patterns in Pi 1-2 Magnetic Field Pulsation Activity-A Review

The source regions of Pi 1-2 activity in the night-morning sector consists of two regions or “spirals”. The night region consists of impulsive bursts, i. e., called Pi B events, that are correlated with auroral breakups, the Harang discontinuity, and lower frequency magnetic agitation. The morning region consists of more continuous Pi activity called Pi C events; these are associated to negative bays in the H component of the magnetic field and to pulsating aurora. A cleft and a dayside polar cap region of Pi 1-2 activity are also recognized. These regions form a domain with characteristics different from those for the night and morning region domain.
Assessment of chlorophyll variability along the Louisiana coast using multi-satellite data

Variability in surface chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations derived from the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) were examined in conjunction with river discharge, QuikSCAT satellite-derive...
Numerical studies of recirculating ducted flows

A COMPUTATIONAL method for calculating steady flow in complex, two-dimensional ducts was developed, tested, and verified. The method was developed to permit accurate computations of turbulent flows at low speeds in arbitrary two-dimensional duct configurations. Particular effort was made to develop a method that could resolve velocity derivatives (e.g., du/dr) because these terms, squared, are contained in the production terms for turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate and hence strongly affect the accuracy of the turbulence transport model. Also, wall function based boundary condition subroutines were developed for vorticity, stream function, velocity components, species concentrations, temperature and/or energy, pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation for complex wall geometries. At its present stage, the method has been verified against experimental data in simple and complex geometries based on a variety of transport models including the K-e turbulence transport model.
The effect of magnetopause motion on fast mode resonance

The Earth's magnetosphere supports several types of ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. These include fast mode resonance (FMR): cavity modes, waveguide modes, and tunneling modes/virtual resonance. The magnetopause, often treated as the outer boundary for cavity/waveguide modes in the dayside magnetosphere, is not stationary. A rapidly changing outer boundary condition—e.g., due to rapid magnetopause motion—is not favorable for FMR generation and may explain the sparseness of FMR observations in the outer magnetosphere. We examine how magnetopause motion affects the dayside magnetosphere's ability to sustain FMR with idealized Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) simulations using the BATS-R-US global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code coupled with the Ridley Ionosphere Model (RIM). We present observations of FMR in BATS-R-US, reproducing results from other global MHD codes. We further show that FMR is present for a wide range of solar wind conditions, even during periods with large and rapid magnetopause displacements. We compare our simulation results to FMR observations in the dayside magnetosphere, finding that FMR occurrence does not depend on solar wind dynamic pressure, which can be used as a proxy for dynamic pressure fluctuations and magnetopause perturbations. Our results demonstrate that other explanations besides a nonstationary magnetopause—such as the inability to detect FMR in the presence of other ULF wave modes with large amplitudes—are required to explain the rarity of FMR observations in the outer magnetosphere.
Cranial bone grafting: Biodegradable versus titanium fixation in a rabbit model

Rigid internal fixation with miniplates and screws has enabled reconstructive surgeons to position bony segments precisely. Unfortunately, our present systems have been associated with a potential adverse effect on ultimate craniofacial growth and development. Also, they may be palpable, necessitating secondary procedures for removal of the hardware. We have been involved in an ongoing study evaluating the efficacy of a commercially developed biodegradable system. In this study, we compared biodegradable lag screw fixation with traditional titanium screw fixation in full-thickness, membranous bone grafts harvested from the zygomatic arches to the snout in a rabbit model. The results were compared with standard hematoxylin and eosin stains and laser densometry. Although this study adds further credence to the resorption of bone grafts, those secured with the polyglycolic acid screws demonstrated significantly less resorption than those maintained in position by traditional methods.
Radiation chemistry of H2O + O2 ices

The chemistry and spectroscopy of proton-irradiated H2O + O2 ices have been investigated in relation to the production of oxidants in icy satellite surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), and the hydroperoxy (HO2) and hydrogen trioxide (HO3) radicals have all been observed, and their temperature and dose dependent production trends have been measured. We find that O2 aggregates form during the growth of H2O + O2 ice films, and the presence of these aggregates greatly affects the HO2 and H2O2 yields. In addition, we have found that the position of the spectral maximum of the ν3 vibration of O3 shifts with ice composition, giving an indication of the degree of dispersion of O3 molecules within the ice. We discuss the relevance of these measurements to icy satellite surfaces.
Multi-use applications of dual-band infrared (DBIR) thermal imaging for detecting obscured structural defects

Precise dual-band infrared (DBIR) thermal imaging provides a useful diagnostic tool for wide-area detection of defects from corrosion damage in metal airframes, heat damage in composite structures and structural damage in concrete bridge decks. We use DBIR image ratios to enhance surface temperature contrast, remove surface emissivity noise and increase signal-to-clutter ratios. We clarify interpretation of hidden defect sites by distinguishing temperature differences at defect sites from emissivity differences at clutter sites. This reduces the probability of false calls associated with misinterpreted image data. For airframe inspections, we map flash-heated defects in metal structures. The surface temperature rise above ambient at corrosion-thinned sites correlates with the percentage of material loss from corrosion thinning. For flash-heated composite structures, we measure the temperature-time history which relates to the depth and extent of heat damage. In preparation for bridge deck inspections, we map the natural day and night temperature variations at known concrete slab delamination sites which heat and coot at different rates than their surroundings. The above-ambient daytime and below-ambient nightime delamination site temperature differences correlate with the volume of replaced concrete at the delamination sites.
A MarR Family Transcriptional Regulator, DptR3, Activates Daptomycin Biosynthesis and Morphological Differentiation in Streptomyces roseosporus

Daptomycin produced by Streptomyces roseosporus is an important lipopeptide antibiotic used to treat human infections caused by Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. The genetic basis for regulatory mechanisms of daptomycin production is poorly known. Here, we characterized the dptR3 gene, which encodes a MarR family transcriptional regulator located adjacent to the known daptomycin biosynthetic (dpt) genes. Deletion of dptR3 reduced daptomycin production significantly and delayed aerial mycelium formation and sporulation on solid media. Dissection of the mechanism underlying the function of DptR3 in daptomycin production revealed that it stimulates daptomycin production indirectly by altering the transcription of dpt structural genes. DptR3 directly activated the transcription of its own gene, dptR3, but repressed the transcription of the adjacent, divergent gene orf16 (which encodes a putative ABC transporter ATP-binding protein). A 66-nucleotide DptR3-binding site in the intergenic region of dptR3-orf16 was determined by DNase I footprinting, and the palindromic sequence TCATTGTTACCTATGCTCACAATGA (underlining indicates inverted repeats) in the protected region was found to be essential for DptR3 binding. orf16, the major target gene of DptR3, exerted a positive effect on daptomycin biosynthesis. Our findings indicate that DptR3 functions as a global regulator that positively controls daptomycin production and morphological development in S. roseosporus.
The Preservation of Fishing-nets, Mosquito-nets and Tent Fabrics

IT has been shown by H. F. Taylor and A. W. Wells (Bureau of Fisheries, Document No. 947, Washington, 1923) that copper oleate dissolved in petrol or benzol is an efficient preservative for nets immersed in salt water. To avoid the creeping out of the soap to the surface on drying, the ten per cent. oleate solution receives one per cent. of mineral oil or of creosote. In fresh water, less satisfactory results were obtained unless a considerable amount of tar was added as a binder.
Groupwise generalized selection diversity combining and its applications in wireless communication

The paper introduces a new concept of groupwise generalized selection combining (GGSC), denoted by GGSC(n, m, L) , in which there are n groups of generalized selection combining GSC(m, L) where the largest m (in SNR) elements are selected from L independent elements. The paper proves that GGSC(n, m, L) has the same diversity order (DO) as that of MRC with nL elements, denoted by MRC(nL) and GSC(nm, nL) which selects the same number of branches globally from the same total of nL elements. The paper quantifies the performance differences among GGSC(n, m, L) , GSC(nm, nL) and MRC(nL) . The paper shows the SNR loss of GGSC(n, m, L) relative to GSC(nm, nL) is less than 2.59dB for arbitrary m, n and L. For diversity orders of practical interest (≪12), the loss is less than 0.6dB
Critical Race Theory as a Decisional Framework for the Ethical Counseling of African American Clients

The authors introduce critical race theory as a decisional framework for ethical counseling, with a focus on racial disparities when working particularly with African American clients. The authors provide a fictional case example that explains how this framework can be implemented when conducting cross-cultural counseling with African American clients. Implications for counselors are provided.
A New Recombination Tree Algorithm for Mean-Reverting Interest-Rate Dynamics

In light of the fact that no existing tree algorithms can guarantee the recombination property for general Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes with time-dependent parameters, a new trinomial recombination-tree algorithm is designed in this research. The proposed algorithm enhances the existing mechanisms in interest-rate modelings with the comparisons to methodologies, and the proposed framework provides a more efficient way in discrete-time mean-reverting simulations.
Increased Vertebral Artery Tortuosity Index Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Children and Young Adults With Connective Tissue Disorders

Background—Arterial tortuosity is described as a common and distinctive feature of Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS), yet reports on arterial tortuosity are based on qualitative observations and none have investigated an association between tortuosity and cardiovascular outcomes in LDS or other connective tissue disorders. Methods and Results—We performed a retrospective analysis of 90 patients ≤50 years of age with Marfan syndrome, LDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or nonspecific connective tissue disorder who underwent thoracic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Controls (n=30) underwent magnetic resonance imaging to exclude arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Using a volume-rendered angiogram, vertebral arteries were measured along the curvature of the vessel (actual length) and linearly (straight length), and distance factor was calculated: [(actual/straight length−1)×100]. Each subject's maximum distance factor was designated the Vertebral Tortuosity Index (VTI). The VTI was compared among...
Neck masses: evaluation and diagnostic approach

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons frequently deal with patients who present with an unknown neck mass. Formulation of a differential diagnosis is essential and requires that the surgeon bring to bear a host of skills to systematically arrive at a definitive diagnosis and ensure that the correct treatment is rendered. This article highlights some of the skills needed in the workup of neck masses and reviews some of the available techniques that aid in achieving the correct diagnosis.