cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Control of Two-dimensional Diffractive Pulse Combination Based on Beam Array Detection

A new phase control approach based on beam array detection is developed for large- array diffractive pulse combination. With this approach, a scalable, two-dimensional array of eight 120fs beams are coherently combined using two diffractive optics.
Validation of species specific otolith chemistry and salinity relationships

Strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and their ratios to calcium (Ca) may be used as indirect proxies of salinity in otoliths, given that generally Sr:Ca is positively and Ba:Ca is negatively related to salinity. However, these relationships are non-linear, dependent on water chemistry, and vary among species. To determine if salinity reconstructions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries (nGOM) are possible for Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis), and if ratios were similar between species, the relationships of Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca with salinity in water and otoliths were examined. Fishes were held at low (<1 psu), mid (10 psu), and high (30 psu) salinities established and maintained with water collected from local estuaries. Sr:Ca differed among all treatments for water and Gulf Killifish otoliths, increasing with salinity increases. Sr:Ca was lowest at the <1 psu treatment in Red Drum otoliths, remaining treatments did not differ, and was lower than Gulf Killifish at all treatments. Red Drum otolith and water Ba:Ca differed among all treatments, decreasing with increasing salinity, while Gulf Killifish otolith Ba:Ca was higher at the <1 psu than other treatments. Partition coefficients also differed among species and salinities. These results demonstrate that it should be possible to reconstruct salinities of Red Drum using otolith chemistry in nGOM estuaries. However, Gulf Killifish is not a good proxy species and species-specific validation, across a wide range of salinities, in the estuary of interest, should be conducted before salinity exposure is inferred from otolith elemental ratios.
Cadmium association with DREAM promotes DREAM interactions with intracellular partners in a similar manner to its physiological ligand, calcium.

Cd2+ exposure has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases and other pathologies, but the underlying mechanism through which it exerts toxic effects remain unresolved. Using calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques, we show that Cd2+ binds to EF-hands in DREAM (downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator) with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 89 ± 10 nM, which is superior to that determined for Ca2+ (Kd = 1000 nM). Analogous to Ca2+ binding, Cd2+ binding triggers changes in the protein secondary and tertiary structure, including increased exposure of the hydrophobic cavities, as determined using a fluorescent probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid. In addition, we demonstrate that Cd2+ binding modulates DREAM interactions with FITC-labeled peptides that mimic binding sites of DREAM effector proteins; helix-9 of presenilin-1, and site-1 and site 2 of potassium voltage channel 4.3 (residues 2–22 and 70–90, respectively). Cd2+ association with DREAM increases its affinity for helix 9 of presenilin roughly 30-times compared to metal-free DREAM. The DREAM affinity for site-1 and site 2 is elevated approximately 7 and 15 times, respectively, in the presence of Cd2+. The above results suggest that DREAM and probably other members of the neuronal calcium sensor family bind Cd2+ with an affinity that is superior to that for Ca2+ and the interactions between toxic Cd2+ and DREAM and other neuronal calcium sensors provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism of Cd2+ neurotoxicity.
Digital Word of Mouth and Organizational Attraction: Focusing on Message Characteristics and Time

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of valence, medium, and source of digital word-of-mouth messages on organizational attraction, and to investigate if organizational attraction ratings change over time. As expected, findings showed a significant main effect of valence on company attractiveness and job pursuit intentions, such that ratings were higher for the positive than the negative message. However, there was a significant interaction between valence and medium on company attractiveness ratings, such that valence had a stronger effect on company attractiveness when the medium used was text as opposed to video. Results also indicated that evaluations of company attractiveness and job pursuit intentions became significantly less extreme (more neutral) after a 2-week period, regardless of message valence.
Disability and Shame: Special Issue Forum Introduction

For this issue, we sought as broad a range of scholarly perspectives as possible and we were not disappointed. The goal was to include a wide selection of international views and diverse disability experiences. The articles that follow examine the intersection of shame and disability through a variety of frameworks. Articles discussing the complexity of shame in East Asia and the Middle East share space with intimate first-person narratives grounded in ethnographic scholarship. Some articles are broad and theoretical, others offer a more practical perspective. Submissions focus on the effect of shame not only on the disabled individual, but on families, as well. Together, all showcase a rich diversity of ongoing scholarship in a field deserving our full attention. Disability and Shame by Stephanie Patterson, Dana Lee Baker, & John Y. Jones is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on a work at https://rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/781. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://www.rds.hawaii.edu/.
Atrial Fibrillation Burden Signature and Near-Term Prediction of Stroke: A Machine Learning Analysis.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of stroke 5-fold and there is rising interest to determine if AF severity or burden can further risk stratify these patients, particularly fo...
The Durability of the Peritoneal Membrane

Severe membrane functional limitations with time on peritoneal dialysis are infrequently reported. Occasional reports where most patients were affected by peritoneal functional loss are in conflict...
"I achieved being an adult": A Qualitative Exploration of Voluntary Transitions from Permanent Supportive Housing.

This study examined how individuals voluntarily leaving permanent supportive housing (PSH) through a Moving On initiative experienced the transition from PSH services to mainstream housing. Participants (N = 25) were purposively sampled from five supportive housing agencies in a Moving On initiative. A modified grounded theory approach was used to analyze semi-structured, post-move interviews. Participants described the transition from PSH as a process that involved gaining freedom from negative aspects of the PSH environment and a stagnation in services, adjusting to a new environment and the loss of familiar supports, taking on new responsibilities of self-advocacy and managing new financial burdens, and feeling empowered to move on to next steps, which ultimately, led to achievement of independence. Various contextual conditions, including PSH- and postmove housing type, influenced participants’ experience of this process. Findings can inform future Moving On initiatives, implementation of PSH programs, as well as the design of the larger homeless service system.
Assessment of online patient education materials designed for people with age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye condition that leads to permanent vision loss in the central visual field. AMD makes reading challenging and inefficient. People with AMD often find it difficult to access, process and understand written patient education materials (PEMs). To promote health literacy, the demands of written PEMs must match the literacy capacities of the target audience. This study aims to evaluate the readability (grade level) and suitability (appropriateness) of online PEMs designed for people with AMD. Online PEMs were sourced from websites of national organizations providing patient education materials designed for people with AMD. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level formula and the Suitability Assessment of Materials instrument were used to assess the readability and suitability of PEMs. Descriptive statistics were used to compare online PEMs by organization based on national guidelines for readability level (≤ sixth grade) and the recommended suitability score (≥ 70%) for “superior” material. One hundred online PEMs were evaluated from websites of 16 professional organizations. The mean readability level was 9.3 (range 5.0–16.6). The mean suitability score was 53% (range 18–78%). Only six (6%) of PEMs achieved the recommended guidelines for readability level and suitability score. The majority of online PEMs designed for people with AMD were written above the recommended readability level, and below the suggested suitability score. To promote health literacy, the demands of written health information must match the reading capacities of the target audience. Heeding to evidence-based guidelines for providing written information to patients with low health literacy and low vision is beneficial for both patients and health care providers. Future research is warranted.
Mean Field Distributions of a Dissolved Substance in the Vicinity of Branches in a Fjord System

A characteristic feature of many fjord and fjord-like lakes is their complicated plan, consisting of a system of branching arms generally with a river entering at the head of the arm; a typical example is the Trondheim Fjord (McClimans, 1978). Modelling of the distributions of nutrients, pollutants, sediments, larvae and other water quality parameters requires a knowledge of turbulent mixing between water masses in the vicinity of channel junctions. A method of determining the appropriate mixing coefficients, particularly for the large spatial and temporal scales, is to deduce them from the distribution of a naturally occurring material substance. In the present study simple analytical methods were used to construct solutions of the advective-diffusion equation in the vicinity of Junctions of arms which are subsequently applied to the conductivity distribution within a riverine layer in a fjord lake.
BioViz Connect: Web application linking CyVerse science gateway resources to genomic visualization in the Integrated Genome Browser

Background: Visualization of genomic data is a key step in validating methods and results. Web-based science gateways such as CyVerse provide storage and analysis tools for genomic data but often lack visualization capability. Desktop visualization tools like Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) enable highly interactive data visualization but are difficult to deploy in science gateways. Developing ways for gateways to interoperate with pre-existing external tools like IGB would enhance their value to users. Results: We developed BioViz Connect, a new web application that connects CyVerse and IGB using the CyVerse Terrain Application Programming Interface (API). Using BioViz Connect, users can (i) stream their CyVerse data to IGB for visualization, (ii) add IGB specific metadata such as genome version and track appearance to CyVerse data, and (iii) run compute-intensive visual analytics functions to create new visualizations for IGB. To demonstrate BioViz Connect, we present an example visual analysis of RNA-Seq data from Arabidopsis thaliana plants undergoing heat and desiccation stresses. The example shows how researchers can seamlessly analyze and visualize their CyVerse data in IGB. BioViz Connect is accessible from https://bioviz.org. Conclusions: BioViz Connect demonstrates a new way to integrate science gateways with desktop applications using APIs.
Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality Response to Mixed Chemical-Organic Fertilizers and Grafting Treatments in High Tunnel Environment

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major vegetable crop world-wide, and grown in high tunnels in many regions. This study investigates the use of two fertilizer sources, chemical and integrated ...
David Oliver: The pandemic has delivered clinical service innovations worth keeping

The NHS’s response to the covid-19 pandemic has shown how necessity can be the mother of innovation. Although plenty has gone wrong in national policy,1 and while frontline services have experienced considerable difficulties,2 the crisis has also accelerated and enabled the adoption of some practices we might actually like to keep. Telephone and online consulting : Infection control measures left us with no option but to make far greater use of this. It was already done in primary care and some secondary care clinics, but it became the default for many routine appointments where physically being in the same room wasn’t necessary.3 It does raise some concerns, including patient preference, exclusion of patients unable to use digital technology, and the ongoing need for hands-on examination and same room discussions. But …
Land-based wind turbines with flexible rail transportable blades – Part II: 3D FEM design optimization of the rotor blades

Abstract. Increasing growth in land-based wind turbine blades to enable higher machine capacities and capacity factors is creating challenges in design, manufacturing, logistics, and operation. Enabling further blade growth will require technology innovation. An emerging solution to overcome logistics constraints is to segment the blades spanwise and chordwise, which is effective, but the additional field-assembled joints result in added mass and loads, as well as increased reliability concerns in operation. An alternative to this methodology is to design slender flexible blades that can be shipped on rail lines by flexing during transport. However, the increased flexibility is challenging to accommodate with a typical glass-fiber, upwind design. In a two-part paper series, several design options are evaluated to enable slender flexible blades: downwind machines, optimized carbon fiber, and active aerodynamic controls. Part 1 presents the system-level optimization of the rotor variants as compared to conventional and segmented baselines, with a low-fidelity representation of the blades. The present work, Part 2, supplements the system-level optimization in Part 1 with high-fidelity blade structural optimization to ensure that the designs are at feasible optima with respect to material strength and fatigue limits, as well as global stability and structural dynamics constraints. To accommodate the requirements of the design process, a new version of the Numerical Manufacturing And Design (NuMAD) code has been developed and released. The code now supports laminate-level blade optimization and an interface to the International Energy Agency Wind Task 37 blade ontology. Transporting long, flexible blades via controlled flapwise bending is found to be a viable approach for blades up to 100 m. The results confirm that blade mass can be substantially reduced by going either to a downwind design or to a highly coned and tilted upwind design. A discussion of active and inactive constraints consisting of material rupture, fatigue damage, buckling, deflection, and resonant frequencies is presented. An analysis of driving load cases revealed that the downwind designs are dominated by loads from sudden, abrupt events like gusts rather than fatigue. Finally, an analysis of carbon fiber spar caps for downwind machines finds that, compared to typical carbon fibers, the use of a new heavy-tow carbon fiber in the spar caps is found to yield between 9 % and 13 % cost savings.
Molecular and Morphological Identification of Contarinia pruniflorum Coutin & Rambier (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Which is a Harmful Pest in Apricot Orchards in Turkey

Apricot is an important good produced in Turkey in terms of its quantities of production and economic value. As it needs intensive labour in both cultivation and marketing, apricot production crates a large amount of employment opportunities. Unfortunately, apricot producers have faced a new serious pest damage in recent years. This pest causes significant apricot yield losses by feeding over apricot flowers. Therefore, identification of the pest is important to take immediate measures. This study was conducted at apricot orchards in the province of Malatya in 2015–2016. Field studies and surveys were carried out weekly from the beginning of February to the second week of April. During the surveys, adults and larvae were collected and prepared for molecular analyses and morphological identification. Contarinia pruniflorum Coutin & Rambier (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was identified by molecular characterisation and morphological analyses by a specialist. This study is the first in terms of molecular characterisation of C. pruniflorum by using COI gene sequence. Identification of this pest provides an idea about which control method should be used and when such measures should be taken. In this study, we reconstructed the molecular phylogeny and analysed the genetic difference of C. pruniflorum by using mitochondrial COI sequences.
Recent Approaches to the Cytochemical Study of Mammalian Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recent approaches to the cytochemical study of mammalian tissues. The methods of correlation of cytological and biochemical data are discussed. The cell fractionation technique depends on the cytological identification of the structural components present in the cell fractions and the assignment of specific biochemical properties to each of the intracellular elements that can be identified cytologically within the intact cell. Two important and new techniques are employed with some success in approaching the problem of the cytological identification of cytoplasmic components. The first is examination of the isolated structures in the electron microscope after appropriate fixation, embedding, and the cutting of ultrathin sections. The second involves the use of new methods of preparative centrifugation by which the resolving power in the separation of particles of differing size and density has been enormously increased. These technical advances pointed up the need for, and provided a means of approach to, the development of media that permits the intracellular structures to retain their normal morphological characteristics upon disruption of the cell, and at the same time permits their isolation in homogeneous preparations.
New Approaches to Chicana/o Art: The Visual and the Political as Cognitive Process

Abstract (E) : Scholarly work on Chicana/o art for the past thirty years has privileged the political and social underpinnings that informed much of its production since the late 1960s. While this trend within the scholarship has been quite pertinent to the ideals of the Chicana/o arts movement, this intellectual approach has dominated the field at the expense of visual analyses. As an alternative to the often Eurocentric formal and iconographic analyses common in art history, this paper proposes turning to the cognitive and neural sciences to understand how Chicana artists use the visual emotively to incite a political consciousness in their viewers. Abstract (F) : Les recherches academiques sur l’art des chicanos/as des trente dernieres annees ont toujours privilegie les bases politiques et sociales qui en sous-tendent la production depuis les annees 60. Cette tendance de la recherche a toujours ete fort pertinente eu egard des ideaux des mouvements artistiques chicanos/as, mais dans la mesure ou elle a favorise une lecture intellectuelle, elle a aussi provoque une certaine desaffection pour l’analyse visuelle. Le present article veut proposer une alternative aux analyses souvent eurocentriques et iconographiques qui dominent toujours l’histoire de l’art pour se tourner en revanche vers les sciences cognitives et neurologiques. Cette nouvelle orientation permet de comprendre comment les artistes chicanas se servent de l’image d’une maniere plus emotionnelle dans l’espoir de produire une prise de conscience politique dans l’esprit des spectateurs.
Walk this Way: Do Public Sidewalks Qualify as Services, Programs, or Activities Under Title II of the Americans With Disabilities Act?

In 2005, 54.4 million people in the United States reported some degree of disability. For many of these people—particularly the 13.5 million Americans who use wheelchairs, canes, crutches, or walkers—the issue of sidewalk accessibility is not merely one of convenience, but of civil rights and public safety. Faced with public sidewalks that are impassable due to disrepair, physical obstacles, or an absence of curb ramps, many individuals with disabilities are forced to choose between remaining housebound or traveling in the streets—posing a danger to both themselves and drivers. However, as disability activists push to resolve these shortcomings with an eye toward enhancing accessibility, cities counter by pointing to the significant expense of upgrading thousands of miles of sidewalk. How to remedy the deterioration of public sidewalks has become a topic of debate between disability advocates and cities grappling with severe budget constraints. Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” This Note examines the circuit split among federal courts as to whether public sidewalks are “services, programs, or activities” within the meaning of Title II, thus providing plaintiffs with a private right of action to force cities to ensure that public sidewalks are accessible to the disabled. This Note argues that the statutory text, legislative history, implementing regulations, and agency interpretation of Title II of the ADA supports the conclusion that “services, programs, or activities” includes public sidewalks.
Optimal War and Jus Ad Bellum

The laws of war forbid states to use force against each other except in self-defense or with the authorization of the United Nations Security Council. Self-defense is usually understood to mean self-defense against an imminent threat. We model the decision of states to use force against "rogue" states, and argue that under certain conditions it may be proper to expand the self-defense exception to preemptive self-defense. We also consider related issues such as humanitarian intervention, collective security, and the role of the Security Council.
Honor as Foreign Policy: The Case of Israel, Turkey, and the Mavi Marmara

While the role of honor as a war-generating factor has been widely discussed in International Relations (IR) scholarship, there is insufficient theoretical and empirical research that identifies and conceptualizes the influence of honor on foreign policy decision making. It is the argument of this article that honor plays a dramatic role not only in causing conflicts but also in negotiations to resolve them. To illustrate this point, the article examines the way Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman's conception of honor shaped Israel's foreign policy toward Turkey following the Mavi Marmara flotilla crisis of May 2010. Mine honor is my life; both grow in one; Take honor from me, and my life is done.∼William Shakespeare, Richard II
Thermal properties and heat flow in the laser addressed liquid-crystal display

The heat capacity and thermal conductivity coefficients, describing heat flow in the laser thermally addressed liquid‐crystal device, have been measured or derived from literature data. Analytic approximations to the heat and temperature distributions are presented. The significance of heat loss in the substrate and absorber are examined.
On the equations of motion of thin rings

The equations of motion governing small, elastic displacements, including warping effects, are derived by using Hamilton's Theorem. The stress-resultant displacement equations are identified through the natural boundary conditions. It is shown that the governing equations obtained are consistent with those obtained by using momentum principles. Of particular importance is the appearance of a “twist” equation of motion relating the twisting moment and the St. Venant torsion moment. Numerical results are presented for the frequencies and mode shapes of both complete rings and ring segments.
II. Thermal nitration of olefins with tetranitromethane. Evidence for homolytic initiation of a chain mechanism

Tetranitromethane (TNM) reacts spontaneously with N-vinylcarbazole to afford the product of 1,2-addition. Under the same conditions, 9-vinylanthracene and other olefins do not react with TNM until they are deliberately stimulated by a short pulse of visible light. Photo-activation under these conditions is associated with the charge-transfer excitation of the olefin-TNM complex to produce NO2. The subsequent homolytic addition of NO2 to the olefinic donor, followed by electron transfer of the radical adduct, is responsible for the novel chain mechanism for TNM addition in Scheme 1. Homolytic initiation can also be achieved chemically with various additives such as the electron-rich ferrocene, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, and 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine which generate NO2 by dissociative electron attachment to TNM. The limited quanta of light and traces of chemical initiators indicate that the chain mechanism for the addition of TNM occurs with relatively long kinetic chain lengths. The mechanistic implications of the chain mechanism for the formation of various types of products is discussed in the context of olefin structures.
Design, analysis, and performance of an epoxy-bonded bendable mirror

The toroidal, silicon mirror on microdiffraction beamline 7.3.3 at the Advanced Light Source provides a 1:1 focus of the bend magnet source. The mirror is bent by two lead springs that are bolted to it through a pari of adhesive bonded end blocks. Because of the high loads that these adhesive joints must carry, three specific features of the bonds were tested: bondline geometry of the mating end blocks, surface preparation of the adherends, and strength of the adhesive. Bond strengths were evaluated by loading small test mirrors to failure using two epoxies under two different conditions of surface preparation - acid etching and simple UHV cleaning. In addition, the mirror's temperature distribution and figure errors were calculated with an Ansys Finite Element Model. The model's predictions were correlated to long trace profilometry as well as x-ray focus measurements.
Modeling habitat potential for Canada lynx in Michigan

In the ruling to list Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) as a federally threatened species, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) identified the Great Lakes region as an area that historically contained lynx and, hence, could potentially contribute to population recovery. More recent critical habitat designations by the USFWS only recognize Minnesota, USA as important to recovery in the Great Lakes. Although there is no current evidence of a resident lynx population in the Upper Peninsula (UP) of Michigan, USA, trapping and track records over the past century suggest the region was periodically invaded after lynx population irruptions in Canada. In support of state and federal agency efforts in Michigan to provide and conserve lynx habitat, we quantified habitat potential using a spatially explicit, landscape-level model based on relationships among lynx, their primary prey, snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and vegetation attributes. Outputs from the model indicated that habitat in the UP supports low hare densities (<0.07–0.75 hares/ha). Corresponding potential lynx densities ranged from 0/100 km2 in the southern and northeast UP to 5/100 km2 in the central–eastern UP. Model estimates of potential hare density were correlated with winter track-surveys (R2 = 0.4, P < 0.001). Current absence of a resident lynx population in Michigan is likely attributed to confounding factors (e.g., habitat, competition, status of source population) but our results indicate that current habitat quality, quantity, and spatial configuration are exerting large-scale negative influences. These results are generally consistent with the USFWS determination that Michigan's UP most likely functions as dispersal habitat. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Molecular and biochemical elucidation of a cellular phenotype characterized by adenine analogue resistance in the presence of high levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity.

A mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line isolated for resistance to the adenine analogue 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) was found to have near-wild-type levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) activity in a cell-free assay. This DAP-resistant (DAPr) cell line, termed H29D1, also exhibited near-wild-type levels of adenine accumulation and the ability to grow in medium containing azaserine and adenine. Growth in this medium requires high levels of intracellular APRT activity. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the dideoxy chain termination sequencing technique, an A → G transition was discovered in exon 3 of theaprt gene in H29D1. This mutation resulted in an Arg-to-Gln change at amino acid 87 of the APRT protein that, in turn, resulted in a decreased affinity for adenine. An increased sensitivity of APRT to inhibition by AMP was observed when comparing H29D1 to P19, the parental cell line. Using a transgene containing the A → G mutation, we demonstrated that this mutation is responsible for the biochemical and cellular phenotypes observed for the H29D1 cell line. The approach used in this study provides a definitive method for linking a mutation to a specific cellular phenotype.
Recoil corrections to magnetic moments of octet baryons in the MIT bag model

The presence of certain recoil corrections in the determination of baryon magnetic moments is described and taken into account for the octet members. Inclusion of these recoil corrections makes the MIT bag model, even in its zeroth-order version, very appealing, if the sum of many other corrections is not important by comparison.
Southern Oscillation simulation in the OSU coupled upper ocean-atmosphere GCM

The Southern Oscillation is a major component in the interannual variations of global climate. The Oregon State University global climate model, with a dynamically interactive upper ocean, reproduces in qualitatively correct fashion some of the major characteristics of the Southern Oscillation. This model simulates the observed anti-correlation of annually averaged sea-level pressure (SLP) between the eastern Pacific and the Indonesian region, the primary atmospheric signal of the Southern Oscillation. In the composite of the simulated warm events positive sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies expand eastward towards South America from the tropical western Pacific during the first half of the calendar year. The SST anomalies develop in conjunction with eastward mixed layer current anomalies in the tropical Pacific. In the late summer and early fall anomalously warm water near South America develops and moves westward to merge with the central Pacific anomalies. This lagged development in the eastern Pacific is analogous to the evolution of the 1982/83 and 1986/87 El Ninos. The temperature of the thermocline layer also increases, with the slope of the equatorial Pacific thermocline decreasing in response to the relaxation of the surface forcing. Enhanced precipitation occurs in the mid-Pacific while in the Indian and Australian monsoon regions a deficit occurs. The peak of the warm phase occurs in late northern fall/early winter, somewhat earlier than during observed El Ninos. The cold phase of the Southern Oscillation, enhancement of the zonal circulation, evolves in a fashion similar to the warm phase with the signs of the anomalies reversed, similar to observations. Occurrence of Southern Oscillation in this coarse resolution GCM indicates that high resolution ocean waves do not play a crucial role in the generation of this phenomenon as suggested by Pacific basin models. These results also show that ocean-atmosphere global climate models are useful tools for investigation of time dependent changes on the interannual timescale in addition to their hitherto accepted use for studying equilibrium properties of climate.
A simple reflective interpreter

Procedurally reflective programming languages enable user programs to semantically extend the language itself, by permitting them to run at the level of the language implementation with access to their context. The reflective tower, first introduced by Brian Smith, is the principal architecture for such languages. It is informally described as an infinitely ascending tower of metacircular interpreters, connected by a mechanism that allows programs at one level to run at the next higher level. Various accounts of the reflective tower have been published, including a metacircular definition, operational definitions, and denotational definitions. We present an operational account of the main aspects of the reflective tower, which we claim is simpler than previous accounts. Our approach is to implement a finite tower where each level literally runs the level directly below it. A complete Scheme implementation is included.
Thermal reactions of endo- and exo-6-methylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enes: an experimental test for a potential ring inversion

Abstract endo -6-Methylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene at 275°C in the gas phase isomerizes and fragments with a first-order rate constant for disappearance of 7.3×10 −6 s −1 . The exo -methyl isomer is not formed; the ring inversion isomerization of the bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene is not kinetically competitive.
Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery

Introduction: Microwave and continuous flow microreactors have become mainstream heating sources in contemporary pharmaceutical company laboratories. Such technologies will continue to benefit from design and engineering improvements, and now play a key role in the drug discovery process. Areas covered: The authors review the applications of flow- and microwave-mediated heating in library, combinatorial, solid-phase, metal-assisted, and protein chemistries. Additionally, the authors provide a description of the combination of microwave and continuous flow platforms, with applications in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals and in drug candidate development. Literature reviewed is chiefly 2000 – 2012, plus key citations from earlier reports. Expert opinion: With the advent of microwave irradiation, reactions that normally took days to complete can now be performed in a matter of minutes. Coupled with the introduction of continuous flow microreactors, pharmaceutical companies have an easy way to improve ...
Statistical Refinement Of Transmission Computed Tomograms In High Photon Counting Noise

Tomographic reconstruction is conventionally performed by algorithms derived from deterministic views of the Radon transform inversion problem. Probably the two best-known approaches are convolution backprojection (CBP), and the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). ART treats the image pixel values as unknowns in a very large set of linear equationsl. The iterative steps in ART can be thought of as a succession of projections onto convex sets, each of which includes all images satisfying one of the observed projection values. Standard ART includes no noise compensation, while the more widely commercially used CBP includes compensation for photon counting noise in projection data, but implicitly assumes stationarity. In many common imaging problems, the results of this assumption are not serious, since the object may be relatively homogeneous, or corruption in the image may be dominated by effects not directly associated with photon counting noise. But reconstructions of nonhomogeneous objects from low dosage transmission data may involve nonstationary, nonisotropic noise patterns which result from the data dependence of noise statistics in projections.
Adjuvant chemotherapy increased survival in colorectal cancer patients with low recurrence risk

Source Citation QUASAR Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet. 2007;370:2020-9. 18083404
Weak solutions for equations defined by accretive operators. I

We propose a notion of weak solution for certain nonlinear contractive equations: ‘dissipative solution’. We show that this notion coincides with the viscosity solutions for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, as introduced by Crandall and Lions, and with the entropy solutions for conservation laws introduced by Kružkov. The proposed notion is based on the properties of accretive operators.
PALATABILITY AND COOKING CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICALLY TENDERIZED BEEF

This paper reports observations on the palatability and cooking properties of mechanically tenderized (“needled”) U.S. Good grade beef cuts. Top round roasts, chuck top blade boneless roasts, top round steaks and top loin boneless steaks were evaluated. Highly significant improvements in tenderness, measured by Warner-Bratzler shear, were found in round roasts and in round and loin steaks due to mechanical tenderization. Initial and residual sensory tenderness evaluations showed a decided tenderization effect of the treatment on round steaks only. The tenderization process reduced cooking time and juiciness of round roasts and increased drip cooking losses from both types of roasts, but did not affect any of these properties of steaks. Mechanical tenderization had no influence on any of the other observed properties of beef (total and evaporation cooking losses, cooked muscle fluid content and desirability of flavor). Tests for interactions showed that the method of cooking roasts (dry heat or moist heat) did not influence the tenderness and other observed properties of mechanically tenderized beef. Similarly, except for total moisture of round steaks, mechanical tenderization of beef cuts did not alter the effects induced by a meat temperature of 80°C compared to 70°C.
The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist RO 15-3505 reverses recent memory deficits in aged mice

Abstract The benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist RO 15-3505 was tested for its ability to improve impaired recent memory of aged mice. All mice successfully acquired a learning set for accurate identification of the correct arm of a T-maze and could perform with nearly 100% accuracy after 1-min delays. However, performance of the aged mice approached chance levels after 2-h delays. When injected just before testing on a series of 2-h retention tests, RO 15-3505 (from 2.5–10.0 mg/kg) resulted in a marked improvement of response accuracy. These results confirm the role of benzodiazepine receptor mechanisms in the modulation of memory processes, and suggest that the memory-facilitating effects RO 15-3505 or similar benzodiazepine receptor ligands may be generalized to aged rodents with impaired memory function.
Variable Bone Fragility Associated With an Amish COL1A2 Variant and a Knock-in Mouse Model

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable form of bone fragility typically associated with a dominant COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutation. Variable phenotype for OI patients with identical collagen mutations is well established, but phenotype variability is described using the qualitative Sillence classification. Patterning a new OI mouse model on a specific collagen mutation therefore has been hindered by the absence of an appropriate kindred with extensive quantitative phenotype data. We benefited from the large sibships of the Old Order Amish (OOA) to define a wide range of OI phenotypes in 64 individuals with the identical COL1A2 mutation. Stratification of carrier spine (L1–4) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) Z-scores demonstrated that 73% had moderate to severe disease (less than −2), 23% had mild disease (−1 to −2), and 4% were in the unaffected range (greater than −1). A line of knock-in mice was patterned on the OOA mutation. Bone phenotype was evaluated in four F1 lines of knock-in mice that each shared approximately 50% of their genetic background. Consistent with the human pedigree, these mice had reduced body mass, aBMD, and bone strength. Whole-bone fracture susceptibility was influenced by individual genomic factors that were reflected in size, shape, and possibly bone metabolic regulation. The results indicate that the G610C OI (Amish) knock-in mouse is a novel translational model to identify modifying genes that influence phenotype and for testing potential therapies for OI. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Corporate Control and Capitalism

I. Interpretations of control within corporations and its effects, 2. — II. Corporate change and capitalist fundamentals, 8. — III. Progress of the corporate conscience, 14. — IV. The stockholder's position, 18.
The universal structure of high-curvature regions of material lines in chaotic flows

Regions of high curvature of a material line as they evolve in a chaotic flow are considered. In such a region, the curvature as a function of arclength along the line is found to have a universal form with the peak curvature the only parameter involved. The alignment of the principal axes of the strain tensor with respect to the local tangent vector of the curve and the ratio of the two largest finite-time Lyapunov exponents play a key role. Numerical experiments with ABC flow demonstrate the result.
A Computer Controlled Contouring Twist Drill Grinding Machine

This paper describes a computer controlled twist drill grinding machine that places a maximum of function in the computer controller making the mechanical part of the machine very simple. A wide variety of conical points can be produced by a virtual rotation about the cone axis accomplished by simultaneous movement of the grinding machine joints.
Recent updates on precipitation type classification and hydrometeor identification algorithm for GPM-DPR

The dual precipitation radar (DPR) on board the GPM (Global precipitation measurement) core observatory satellite is expected to improve our knowledge of precipitation processes. DPR offers dual frequency observations (Ku and Ka band) along the vertical profiles which allow us to investigate the microphysics using the difference between two frequency observations (measured dual frequency ratio or DFRm). DFRm has been shown in the literature to be rich in information and can be used to perform precipitation type classification and hydrometeor type identification. This paper shows recent updates of the analysis on these two models. Analysis is focused on the availability of the algorithm to DPR vertical and horizontal resolution. The algorithm is also evaluated using off-nadir data from airborne precipitation radar (APR-2).
"The only truly scientific method of healing". Chiropractic and American science, 1895-1990.

L'article decrit les differences qui opposent medecins et chiropracteurs, ces derniers etant persuades que leur science est superieure a la medecine, tant cliniquement que moralement, et croient que leur vision de la science engage une certaine force sur le vitalisme et la spiritualite
Testosterone replacement therapy among HIV-infected men in the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems.

OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to determine the rate of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) initiation, TRT predictors and associated monitoring in HIV-infected men. DESIGN A multisite cohort study. METHODS We examined TRT initiation rates and monitoring among adult HIV-infected men in routine care at seven sites in the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) from 1996 to 2011. We determined TRT predictors using Cox regression modelling. RESULTS Of 14 454 men meeting inclusion criteria, TRT was initiated in 1482 (10%) with an initiation rate of 19.7/1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 18.7-20.7]. In the multivariable model, TRT was significantly associated with age at least 35 years, white race, diagnosis of AIDS wasting, hepatitis C coinfection, protease inhibitor based antiretroviral therapy and nadir CD4 cell count of 200 cells/μl or less. Overall, 1886 out of 14 454 (13%) had testosterone deficiency. Among those initiating TRT, 992 out of 1482 (67%) had a pre-TRT serum total testosterone measured, and deficiency [<300 ng/dl (10.4 nmol/l)] was found in 360 out of 1482 (24%). Post-TRT serum total testosterone was measured within 6 months of TRT initiation in 377 out of 1482 (25%) men. CONCLUSION TRT was common in HIV-infected men, though evidence for pre-TRT testosterone deficiency was lacking in 76%. Endocrine guidelines for post-TRT monitoring were uncommonly followed. Given cardiovascular and other risks associated with TRT, efforts should focus on understanding factors driving these TRT practices in HIV-infected men.
Antimicrobial Properties of Natural Phenols and Related Compounds: I. Obtusastyrene

Obtusastyrene (4-cinnamylphenol) displays effective antimicrobial activity in vitro against a variety of gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and molds. The activity of obtusastyrene is not appreciably affected by pH, and its minimal inhibitory concentrations, 12 to 25 μg/ml for bacteria and 12 to 100 μg/ml for fungi, compare favorably with those of a number of synthetic, phenolic antimicrobial agents.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide and Metabolites

Abstract High pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for separation of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO) from its reduced metabolites, 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (HAQO) and 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (AQO), are described. Simultaneous fluorescence and U.V. absorbance analysis, using a gradient system with reversed phase HPLC, gave good resolution of the metabolites.