cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Resistivity of IBr Intercalated Vapor-Grown Carbon Fiber Composites

Composites using vapor-crown carbon fibers (VGCF), the most conductive of the carbon fiber types, are attractive for applications where low density, high strength, and at least moderate conductivity are required, such as electromagnetic interference shielding covers for spacecraft. The conductivity can be enhanced another order of magnitude by intercalation of the VGCF. If a high Z intercalate is used, the protection of components from ionizing radiation can be enhanced also. Thus, the intercalation of VGCF with IBr is reported. Since composite testing is required to verify properties, the intercalation reaction optimization, stability of the intercalation compound, scale-up of the intercalation reaction, composite fabrication, and resistivity of the resulting composites is also reported. The optimum conditions for low resistivity and uniformity for the scaled up reaction (20-30 g of product) were 114 C for at least 72 hr, yielding a fiber with a resistivity of 8.7+/-2 micro-Omega-cm. The thermal stability of these fibers was poor, with degradation occurring at temperatures as low as 40 C in air, though they were insensitive to water vapor. Composite resistivity was 20-30 micro-Omega-cm, as measured by contactless conductivity measurements, about a factor of five higher than would be expected from a simple rule of mixtures. The addition of 1.0 percent Br2, intercalated microfibers increased the resistivity of the composites by more than 20 percent.
Molecular Dynamics of Liquid Phase Reactions by Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

The molecular dynamics of liquid phase reactions at room temperature can be elucidated with respect to structural and conformational changes by time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy. The vibrational structures and conformations of transient species as well as their kinetic properties can be determined directly from (TR3) spectra. Time resolution as short as a few picoseconds has been used to record TR3 spectra. The information available from these measurements is illustrated by results on the ionic intermediates in the photolysis of stilbene ions and substituted anthraquinones, excited electronic states of chrysene and phenanthrene, excited triplet state formation and reactivity of retinal isomers, and the photochemical reactions of bacteriorhodopsin.
Hyperleukocytosis in Leukemia—An Emergency

Hyperleukocytosis is defined as a white blood cell count (WBC) of greater than 100,000/µl and is usually a feature of myeloproliferative or lymphoproliferative disorders (leukemias). An elevated WBC may occur in the chronic leukemias, in which there is a proliferation of the mature forms of white blood cells, or in acute leukemias, including blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemias, in which the hyperleukocytosis reflects primarily blasts.
Why Do People Give Up FLOSSing? A Study of Contributor Disengagement in Open Source

Established contributors are the backbone of many free/libre open source software (FLOSS) projects. Previous research has shown that it is critically important for projects to retain contributors and it has also revealed the motivations behind why contributors choose to participate in FLOSS in the first place. However, there has been limited research done on the reasons why established contributors disengage, and factors (on an individual and project level) that predict their disengagement. In this paper, we conduct a mixed-methods empirical study, combining surveys and survival modeling, to identify the reasons and predictive factors behind established contributor disengagement. We find that different groups of established contributors tend to disengage for different reasons; however, overall contributors most commonly cite some kind of transition (e.g., switching jobs or leaving academia). We also find that factors such as the popularity of the projects a contributor works on, whether they have experienced a transition, when they work, and how much they work are all factors that can be used to predict their disengagement from open source.
Decoding Neuron Transcriptome by SAGE

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a widely used technique for gene expression studies and novel gene identification. SAGE has been extensively used to analyze gene expression in the human brain, including normal brain tissue and various types of brain tumor samples. This article summarizes the SAGE data collected from the human brain. Comparison with known human transcript sequences shows that most of the known human genes are expressed in the brain tissues. Mapping SAGE tags to the human genome sequences suggests the presence of substantial unknown transcribed regions in the human genome.
The role CIOs must play in multihospital strategic planning. Interview by Maida Reavis.

An interview with Jean A. Balgrosky, R.R.A., M.P.H., vice president of Information Resources at Holy Cross Health System Corporation reveals that hospital strategic planning must be accomplished around a framework of information systems. Costs and quality, says Balgrosky, demand it.
(Un)seen work: the pedagogical experiences of black queer men in faculty roles

While the body of literature that deliberately underscores the experiences of Black faculty is growing in volume and complexity, the intersectional experiences of Black faculty members have seldom ...
Balmer-α emission cross sections from collisions of He + on H 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , and C 2 H 6 : A study of Bragg additivity

Bragg additivity was explored through measurement of Balmer-\ensuremath{\alpha} emission cross sections produced by the collision of 100--350-keV ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ incident on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$. The cross-section data show a linear relation on a Fano plot, thus indicating that the Bethe-Born theory may provide an appropriate description of the collision. Evidence for Bragg additivity would be a direct dependence of the value of the emission cross section on the number of hydrogen atoms in the target molecule. Results indicate a failure of strict additivity. Once molecular structure had been taken into account by a calculation of approximate electron densities, the cross sections followed an additive rule demonstrating a dependency not only on the number of hydrogens present, but also on the number of electrons available per hydrogen atom.
A detailed analysis of the distribution, morphology, and histopathology of complex purpura in hospitalized patients: A case series of 68 patients.

Background Purpura in inpatients commonly leads to dermatologic consultation. The differential diagnosis is broad and algorithms are intricate. Objective We evaluated inpatient consultations for complex purpura to document the most common diagnoses and to validate the true diagnostic utility of histopathology, clinical morphology, and distribution. Methods We reviewed a case series of 68 inpatients during a 4-year period with a dermatologic consultation for purpura and biopsy findings of vasculitis or microvascular occlusion. Results Key features of complex purpura are nonbranching (round) versus branching (retiform) morphology, dependent versus acral or generalized distribution, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis versus microvascular occlusion (with emphasis on depth of involvement). Dependent nonbranching purpura with only superficial vessels involved by leukocytoclastic vasculitis was most often due to IgA vasculitis or cutaneous single-organ small-vessel vasculitis. In contrast, deeper involvement by leukocytoclastic vasculitis was suggestive of systemic disease (eg, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis). Branching purpura was concerning, with greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity for microvascular occlusion and associated high mortality (≈50%). The majority of patients who died had acral branching lesions. Limitations Small sample size, inpatients at a tertiary care center, and retrospective nature are some limitations. Conclusion Nonbranching dependent purpura corresponded to leukocytoclastic vasculitis, with the most common diagnoses being IgA vasculitis or skin-limited small-vessel vasculitis; patients with deep involvement often had systemic diseases. In this series, branching purpura was due to microvascular occlusion rather than medium-vessel vasculitis, and had associated high mortality.
Stages of major depressive disorder and behavioral multi-morbidities: Findings from nationally representative epidemiologic study.

Abstract Objective: To present a three stage-model of major depressive disorder (MDD) and evaluate differences in behavioral histories/experiences and multi-morbidities between stages. Methods: We used data from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of US adults (n = 36,309). Based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, we identified and compared three groups of adults with MDD histories: 1) new onset MDD (n = 509; 5.6%); 2) chronic MDD (n = 3,871; 46.1%); and 3) recovered from MDD (n = 3,673; 48.3%). Multivariable analyses tested independent group differences in behavioral histories/experiences and diagnostic multi-morbidities between 1) recovered MDD vs. new onset MDD; 2) chronic MDD vs. new onset MDD; and 3) recovered MDD vs. chronic MDD. Results: Adults who have recovered from MDD as compared to those with chronic MDD were 2.5 times more likely to have recovered from two or more psychiatric disorders in addition to MDD (95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.76–3.61) and from alcohol use disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.28; 95% CI=1.08–1.52). They were also less likely than those with chronic MDD to have borderline personality disorder (p Conclusion: Behavioral histories/experiences and multi-morbidities differ significantly across stages of MDD. These concurrent problems may impede recovery and foster chronicity and should therefore be an integral focus of treatment.
Nutrient Use and Precision Agriculture in Corn Production in the USA

This is a timely study of precision agriculture as both data management (mapping) and field production technologies for agricultural production are changing rapidly. We compare the performance of producers who adopt precision agriculture tools versus those that do not. We estimate both their own frontier performance and a metafrontier that enables the research to compare the efficiency of producers across technologies. To make these comparisons we pre-processed the data with a matching procedure in order to have a sample of producers of equal size for each category who faced similar conditions. In the metafrontier results we find that GPS yield maps, guidance auto-steering precision agriculture technologies, and managerial ability save input costs and increase farm production efficiency which has environmental benefits. Maps created from soils or aerial data and input applications using VRT did not produce useable results.
A Physically-Based Analytic Model for Stress-Induced Hole Mobility Enhancement

A new, computationally efficient model for silicon hole mobility under stress is presented. The model predicts the modulation of hole mobility by stress under arbitrary stress conditions, channel orientations, and fields. The model uses a simplified k-space description of the silicon valence band, while preserving the relevant symmetry properties. The shape of the bandstructure is a function of the shear and biaxial stress components in the crystal coordinates, and the mobility tensor is computed for the given stress conditions. The model is based on the results of a rigorous silicon valence bandstructure calculation, and is calibrated and tested using extensive wafer-bending data.
SERCA2a-phospholamban interaction monitored by an interposed circularly permutated green fluorescent protein.

This study describes the design and characterization of a novel biosensor that can visualize the interaction of SERCA2a and phospholamban (PLB). The biosensor combines SERCA2a, a circularly permuta...
Effect of Social Determinants of Health on Cognition and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias.

Abstract Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, work, live, and age and the wider set of forces and systems that shape the conditions of daily life. They affect every area of life, particularly health and health care. There is increasing focus on modifiable factors that affect cognition and risk of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs). This article examines the impact of various social determinants of health, which are potentially reversible, on the incidence, prevalence, and risk of ADRDs and cognition. Various social determinants of health affect cognition and risk of ADRDs. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) and less education are associated with a higher incidence of ADRDs, whereas higher SES and education level appear to be protective, leading to a deceleration of time to diagnosis. In terms of employment, manual labor is associated with a higher risk of ADRDs. Higher body mass index in midlife and a decreasing body mass index in old age are associated with a higher risk of ADRDs. Furthermore, lower food security in early and late life is associated with a higher risk of ADRD diagnosis. Neighborhoods that are economically disadvantaged with fewer physical resources are associated with a higher risk of ADRDs. Higher levels of social engagement have a protective effect on diagnosis of ADRDs. Higher levels of stress are associated with a higher likelihood of developing ADRDs. Early-life adversity is associated with an increased risk of ADRDs, and further work in this area will be illuminating. Racial discrimination also leads to higher risk of ADRDs through the direct effect of discrimination and indirectly through lower SES, educational level, employment, and residential segregation. With an aim of reducing of ADRDs, future work in enhancing education, improving socioeconomic conditions, work, and neighborhood environments, and eliminating racial discrimination could potentially have a drastic impact.
Testicular disposition of clofarabine in rats is dependent on equilibrative nucleoside transporters.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents. Although the 5‐year survival rate is high, some patients respond poorly to chemotherapy or have recurrence in locations such as the testis. The blood–testis barrier (BTB) can prevent complete eradication by limiting chemotherapeutic access and lead to testicular relapse unless a chemotherapeutic is a substrate of drug transporters present at this barrier. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 facilitate the movement of substrates across the BTB. Clofarabine is a nucleoside analog used to treat relapsed or refractory ALL. This study investigated the role of ENTs in the testicular disposition of clofarabine. Pharmacological inhibition of the ENTs by 6‐nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was used to determine ENT contribution to clofarabine transport in primary rat Sertoli cells, in human Sertoli cells, and across the rat BTB. The presence of NBMPR decreased clofarabine uptake by 40% in primary rat Sertoli cells (p = .0329) and by 53% in a human Sertoli cell line (p = .0899). Rats treated with 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the NBMPR prodrug, 6‐nitrobenzylthioinosine 5′‐monophosphate (NBMPR‐P), or vehicle, followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus 10 mg/kg dose of clofarabine, showed a trend toward a lower testis concentration of clofarabine than vehicle (1.81 ± 0.59 vs. 2.65 ± 0.92 ng/mg tissue; p = .1160). This suggests that ENTs could be important for clofarabine disposition. Clofarabine may be capable of crossing the human BTB, and its potential use as a first‐line treatment to avoid testicular relapse should be considered.
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine allergy.

Purpose of review A known history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine is the only contraindication to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination. It is important for pediatricians to understand the likelihood of an allergic reaction to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including its excipients. Recent findings Episodes concerning for anaphylaxis were immediately reported following early administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines to adults. Although allergic type symptoms were reported equally in recipients of placebos and test vaccines in phase 3 clinical trials, post-authorization prospective studies state that 0.2-2% of vaccine recipients have experienced allergic reactions. Subsequent allergy testing of affected individuals has focused largely on evaluation of allergic sensitization to a novel vaccine excipient, polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG is a polymer incorporated in numerous pharmaceutical products because of its favorable, inert properties. The results of allergy testing in adults to date indicate that IgE mediated anaphylaxis to PEG allergy is rarely identified after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine reactions. Numerous individuals with presumed anaphylaxis have tolerated a second vaccine after evaluation and testing by an allergist, suggesting either misdiagnosis or a novel immune mechanism. Summary Confirmed anaphylactic reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are rare, likely due to a lack of preexisting IgE against the vaccine components, including PEG.
ATG Special Report -- Website Accessibility of Public Senior Institutions in South Carolina

This study investigates Website accessibility of university home pages in the public senior institutions in the state of South Carolina. The reasons for performing the study are twofold: first, to find the common accessibility problems among the institutions. Second, to find which institution has the highest number of accessibility problems. Thirteen universities were selected to be analyzed by Cynthia Says and Section 508 Accessibility Checking Tool. Each university home page was analyzed by each Web accessibility evaluation tool. The mean for both Cynthia Says and Section 508 Accessibility Checking Tool was 4.15 and the standard deviation of 9.71 and 12.03 respectively. However, Cynthia Says found 4 out of 13 Websites free of accessibility errors while Section 508 Accessibility Checking Tool found 8 Websites free of accessibility errors. The findings suggest that the different evaluation processes contributed to the difference in the number of university home pages free of accessibility errors. WebEval was used to evaluate the accessibility quality of the significant images. Out of 195 total images, 144 (74%) are significant images. Significant images with alt text was 114 (58%) of 195 total images. Challenges remain for university Web designers to provide university home pages completely free of accessibility errors. It is hoped that this study can provide insights for individuals developing university home pages.
Learned Aversion in Wild Birds: A Method for Testing Comparative Acute Repellency

A method was developed to measure the comparative acute learned aversion of a number of wild bird species to repellent chemicals. It was shown that both the innate acute response and the intensity and duration of the learned response of birds to repellents vary among species. Two repellents, methiocarb and thiram, were tested by the described method. Methiocarb produced the stronger and more lasting response in most species; thitam was much more variable in its acute effects, and the intensity and duration of the learned response tended to be weaker and shorter. Factors relating to improving the test methodology presented are discussed, especially with regard to the species tested.
Greater Self-Assertion and Nationalism in Japan

Out of the deep spiritual vacuum from defeat in the Second World War, two fundamental rifts emerged in Japan. First, on the foreign policy front, the realism embraced by the conservative government was opposed by strong idealistic pacifism advocated by opposition parties and media, and this rift continued until the end of the Cold War. Second, with regard to the war in Asia, the Japanese gradually learned of atrocities committed, for which Japan owed an apology. However, views prevailing at the time to totally reject the past caused discomfort aming many Japanese, and the issue of lost identity was left unanswered during the Cold War. When the Cold War ended, Japan began to move towords a more responsible and self-assertive security and defence policy. A series of initiatives toward clearer apology and reconciliation were confronted by a strengthened nationalism, and the issue of lost identity remained unresolved at the end of the 1990s. Koizumi has done well to implement a more responsible, proactive, realistic and self-assertive security and defence policy; moreover relations with the US have been considerably strengthened. But in East Asia, the issue of lost identity has reappeared and foreign policy towards Russia, Korea and China has resulted in a hardning of Japan's position in the region. Japan needs to have the courage to overcome this unresolved issue, while other countries' greater understanding of Japan's move toward a re-established identity will facilitate this process. Genuine dialogue is needed on all fronts.
Stimulation of Lactic Streptococci in Milk by β-Galactosidase

Acid production in milk by lactic streptococci was stimulated by added beta-galactosidase. Both glucose and galactose accumulated rapidly in the presence of this enzyme. Glucose accumulation ceased as the culture entered the most rapid period of acid production, whereas galactose accumulation continued. In cultures without added beta-galactosidase, a low concentration of galactose accumulated in the milk, whereas glucose was not detected after 2 hr of incubation. Cultures grew and produced acid faster in broth containing glucose rather than galactose or lactose. These observations suggest that the lactic streptococci do not metabolize the lactose in milk efficiently enough to permit optimum acid production and that a phenomenon such as catabolite repression functions to allow for a preferential use of glucose over either galactose or lactose. In addition to providing the culture with a more readily available energy source, it is possible that the culture produced more acidic metabolites as a result of preferentially utilizing the glucose released by the action of the beta-galactosidase.
Presence of Suppressor HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Is Associated with Increased PD-1 Expression on Effector CD8+ T Cells

Mechanisms leading to the observed immune dysregulation in HIV-1 infection are not well understood. HIV-specific IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells are increased in advanced HIV disease. We have previously reported that Gag-specific IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells suppressed cytolysis. In this study we describe the suppressive effect of Nef-specific IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, simultaneous removal of both Gag- and Nef-specific IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells led to higher HIV-specific cytolysis compared with the removal of Nef-specific IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells alone. We also examined the level of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) as a measure of immune dysfunction in association with IL-10-positive suppressor CD8+ T cells. The level of PD-1 expression on CD107-positive effector CD8+ T cells was significantly increased when IL-10-positive suppressor CD8+ T cells were present (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that IL-10-positive suppressor CD8+ T cells contribute to the immune dysfunction observed in advanced HIV infection and that the concomitant presence of multiple IL-10-positive CD8+ T cell populations may have an additive suppressive effect.
Measuring and managing unilateral market power in electricity

Summary form only given. The past two decades of international experience with wholesale electricity markets has demonstrated that significant consumer harm can result from firms simply engaging in unilateral profit-maximizing behavior given the actions of their competitors. Different from other product markets, coordinated actions among suppliers or the concentration of production capacity in the hands of small number of firms is unnecessary for electricity suppliers to be able to raise prices substantially above competitive levels. This talk presents settlement period-level measures of the inverse of the elasticity of residual demand curve, 1//spl epsi/hj, possessed by a collection of large suppliers the California, Australian and Colombia wholesale electricity markets. These markets differ along a number of dimensions.
Terrorism and the Stock Market

This paper examines the stock price impact of terrorist attacks. Using an official list of terrorism-related incidents compiled by the Counterterrorism Office of the U.S. Department of State, we identify 75 attacks between 1995 and 2002 in which publicly traded firms are targets. An event-study analysis around the day of the attacks uncovers evidence of a statistically significant negative stock price reaction of -0.83%, which corresponds to an average loss per firm per attack of $401 million in firm market capitalization. A cross sectional analysis of the abnormal returns indicates that the impact of terrorist attacks differs according to the home country of the target firm and the country in which the incident occurred. Attacks in countries that are wealthier and more democratic are associated with larger negative share price reactions. Most interestingly, we find that human capital losses, such as kidnappings of company executives, are associated with larger negative stock price reactions than physical losses, such as bombings of facilities or buildings. We discuss the implications of these findings for existing research on terrorism and for current policy debates regarding terrorism re-insurance programs.
Calling Science Pseudoscience: Fleck's Archaeologies of Fact and Latour's ‘Biography of an Investigation’ in AIDS Denialism and Homeopathy

Fleck's Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact foregrounds claims traditionally excluded from reception, often regarded as opposed to fact, scientific claims that are increasingly seldom discussed in connection with philosophy of science save as examples of pseudoscience. I am especially concerned with scientists who question the epidemiological link between HIV and AIDS and who are thereby discounted—no matter their credentials, no matter the cogency of their arguments, no matter the sobriety of their statistics—but also with other classic examples of so-called pseudoscience including homeopathy and other sciences, such as cold fusion. The pseudoscience version of the demarcation problem turns out to include some of the details that Latour articulates multifariously under a variety of species or kinds in his essay/interactive research project/monograph, ‘Biography of an Investigation’. Given the economic constraints of the current day, especially in the academy, the growing trend in almost all disc...
Satellite and Aircraft Observations of the Eyewall Replacement Cycle in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008)

AbstractSatellite and aircraft observations of the concurrent evolution of cloud-top brightness temperatures (BTs) and the surface and flight-level wind fields were examined before and during an eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) as part of The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) and the Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (TCS08) field campaign. The structural evolution of deep convection through the life cycle of the ERC was clearly evident in the radial variation of positive water vapor (WV) minus infrared (IR) brightness temperature differences over the 96-h period. Within this framework, the ERC was divided into six broadly defined stages, wherein convective processes (including eyewall development and decay) were analyzed and then validated using microwave data. Dual maxima in aircraft wind speeds and geostationary satellite BTs along flight transects through Sinlaku were used to document the temporal evolution...
Quantitative pain assessment for routine care of rheumatoid arthritis patients, using a pain scale based on activities of daily living and a visual analog pain scale

Pain was assessed quantitatively as a component of routine visits of 385 outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, using a pain scale based on activities of daily living (ADL) and a visual analog scale. The ADL pain scale met psychometric criteria for validity and reliability. Scores on the 2 pain scales were correlated significantly with one another and with other measures of disease status, including joint count, grip strength, walking time, button test, morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, global self-assessment, ADL difficulty, and ADL dissatisfaction scales. Correlations of ADL pain scale scores with other measures were higher than were correlations of visual analog scale scores with other measures, in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Significantly more patients completed the ADL pain scale without assistance than the number of those who completed the visual analog pain scale. The ADL pain scale was more sensitive to problems in ADL than were the ADL scales for difficulty and dissatisfaction. The ADL and visual analog pain scales appear to provide useful data for quantitative assessment of pain in the routine care of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Open architecture controller activities in Technology Enabling Agile Manufacturing (TEAM)

As part of its manufacturing initiative, TEAM is actively involved in open architecture controller activities. WIthin the TEAM community of members, TEAM is developing an open architecture controller requirements document and an open architecture controller application programming interface document. In addition, TEAM is also evaluating early open architecture controllers in a shop floor environment.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finitary 1-simply connected digital spaces

Abstract Finitary 1-simply connected digital spaces are discrete analogs of the important simply connected spaces in classical topology (i.e., connected spaces in which every loop can be continuously pulled to a point without leaving the space). Loosely speaking, 1-simply connected digital spaces are graphs in which there are no holes larger than a triangle. Many spaces previously studied in digital topology and geometry are instances of this concept. Boundaries in pictures defined over finitary 1-simply connected digital spaces have some desirable general properties; for example, they partition the space into a connected interior and a connected exterior. There is a “one-size-fits-all” algorithm which, given a picture over a finitary 1-simply connected digital space and a boundary face, will return the set of all faces in that boundary, provided only that this set is finite; the proof of correctness of this algorithm is an immediate consequence of the general properties of such spaces.
Characteristics of cells dissociated from mouse mammary glands. II. Metabolic and enzymatic activities of parenchymal cells from lactating glands.

Abstract Pure preparations of parenchymal cells have been obtained from lactating mouse mammary gland and their metabolic characteristics studied. Based on the content of either protein or DNA, parenchymal cells took up glucose and consumed oxygen at higher rates than slices of mammary gland. In cells, glucose was converted to CO 2 , fatty acid, glycerol, lactate and lactose and leucine was converted to protein at rates higher than in slices. The specific activities of a number of enzymes involved in lipogenesis from glucose were measured in the parenchymal cells and found to be at least as high as those in the tissue slices. Lipids synthesized by the parenchymal cells were predominantly triglycerides containing the medium-chain length fatty acids characteristically produced by the gland and found in mouse milk. The results indicate that the isolated parenchymal cells can carry out most of the important functions of the lactating mammary gland and suggest that the increased metabolic throughput associated with the cell preparations is related to their ability for increased substrate uptake when compared to slices prepared from the same tissue.
Electrophoresis and Chromatography of Heat‐Treated Plain, Sugared and Salted Whole Egg

The effects of heat treatments on the proteins in plain, 10% sugared and 10% salted whole egg were studied by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoretograms of products heated from 57–87°C for 3.5 min showed a wide range of protein stability. Livetins and some globulins were most heat sensitive, while conalbumin and ovalbumin were most stable. Sugar and salt increased heat stability of proteins by 1.6 and 7.9°C, respectively. Heat sensitive proteins were most stabilized by sugar and salt. Heating whole egg and sugared whole egg changed the chromatograms substantially, while heating salted whole egg caused fewer changes.
CVD diamond anisotropic film as electrode for electrochemical sensing

Abstract The unique electrochemical properties of diamond such as a large working potential window, low background current and prolonged stability make it attractive for applications in electroanalysis. High quality and conductive diamond films are known to exhibit active voltammetric response without the need for surface pretreatment. This paper reports on the design, fabrication and characterization of CVD diamond film for electrochemical sensing. Two types of planar boron-doped diamond electrodes were achieved by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using in situ gas phase doping method. The first utilizes the “as grown” diamond surface with randomly microstructured topology as a planar diamond electrode. The second utilizes a micropatterning technique to produce a well-defined pyramidal diamond tips array with good uniformity control. The fabrication process for the electrodes is described. The diamond microelectrodes were evaluated electrochemically for the detection of ferrocyanide, Fe(CN) 6 4− , using cyclic voltammetry. The results suggest that diamond electrodes can be used in electrochemical sensing application.
Relationship between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate: Results from the MDRD Study

Relationship between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate: Results from the MDRD Study. Background The relationship between the protein-energy nutritional status and renal function was assessed in 1785 clinically stable patients with moderate to advanced chronic renal failure who were evaluated during the baseline phase of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Their mean ± SD glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 39.8 ± 21.1 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Methods The GFR was determined by 121 I-iothalamate clearance and was correlated with dietary and nutritional parameters estimated from diet records, biochemistry measurements, and anthropometry. Results The following parameters correlated directly with the GFR in both men and women: dietary protein intake estimated from the urea nitrogen appearance, dietary protein and energy intake estimated from dietary diaries, serum albumin, transferrin, percentage body fat, skinfold thickness, and urine creatinine excretion. Serum total cholesterol, actual and relative body weights, body mass index, and arm muscle area also correlated with the GFR in men. The relationships generally persisted after statistically controlling for reported efforts to restrict diets. Compared with patients with GFR > 37 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , the means of several nutritional parameters were significantly lower for GFR between 21 and 37 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and lower still for GFRs under 21 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . In multivariable regression analyses, the association of GFR with several of the anthropometric and biochemical nutritional parameters was either attenuated or eliminated completely after controlling for protein and energy intakes, which were themselves strongly associated with many of the nutritional parameters. On the other hand, few patients showed evidence for actual protein-energy malnutrition. Conclusions These cross-sectional findings suggest that in patients with chronic renal disease, dietary protein and energy intakes and serum and anthropometric measures of protein-energy nutritional status progressively decline as the GFR decreases. The reduced protein and energy intakes, as GFR falls, may contribute to the decline in many of the nutritional measures.
Natural Selection on Multivariate Traits in Age-Structured Populations

The theory of selection on multivariate traits in age-structured populations has important implications for empirical and theoretical studies of life-history evolution. A model of natural selection on a set of correlated quantitative traits with age structure is derived here, using an extension of previous work on selection at a single locus. This formulation provides an equation for the change of the mean of a vector of traits that is accurate is selection is weak, and does not require the population always to be in demographic equilibrium as selection proceeds. The treatment is extended to density-dependent populations, and to equilibrium populations under frequency-dependent selection. In addition, further approximations are derived that produce evolutionary equilibria equivalent to those predicted by optimization and evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) theory. It is shown that the conditions for equilibrium are valid even if selection is strong.
Treatment of neutropenia in a renal transplant recipient with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

We report the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a renal transplant recipient in whom neutropenia developed following a presumed viral infection. G-CSF was successful in producing a rise in neutrophil count which coincided with a resolution of fever; there was no adverse effect on renal function. This is the first use of G-CSF in a paediatric renal transplant recipient, and its use should be considered for the immunosuppressed child with persistent neutropenia.
Women and White-Collar CrimeDebates on Gender, Fraud and the Corporate Economy in England and America, 1850–1930

In Victorian society, women of the middle class were particularly vulnerable to white-collar crimes. Denied opportunities to earn their own living, single women were especially dependent on invested capital. Women, in fact, made up a significant portion of investors during the nineteenth century, especially in such key areas of the economy as banking, railways and insurance. Yet, bourgeois notions of gentility required that women remain ignorant of money matters and refrain from active participation in business affairs, leaving women especially exposed to all manner of fraud and malfeasance. This article uses financial literature, newspaper debates and popular fiction to demonstrate how women were victimized by white-collar crime. Women's financial victimization was a common theme of the popular press, economic journals and fiction. These discourses contributed to a feminist discourse of economic and political empowerment, and suffragists and other progressives argued that women had to reform an economy and financial system in which they were both marginalized and deeply implicated.
Calculation of unsteady airfoil loads with and without flap deflection at -90 degrees incidence

A method has been developed for calculating the viscous flow about airfoils with and without deflected flaps at -90 deg incidence. This unique method provides for the direct solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by means of a fully coupled implicit technique. The solution is calculated on a body-fitted computational mesh incorporating a staggered grid method. The vorticity is determined at the node points, and the velocity components are defined at the mesh-cell sides. The staggered-grid orientation provides for accurate representation of vorticity at the node points and for the conservation of mass at the mesh-cell centers. The method provides for the direct solution of the flow field and satisfies the conservation of mass to machine zero at each time-step. The results of the present analysis and experimental results obtained for a XV-15 airfoil are compared. The comparisons indicate that the calculated drag reduction caused by flap deflection and the calculated average surface pressure are in excellent agreement with the measured results. Comparisons of the numerical results of the present method for several airfoils demonstrate the significant influence of airfoil curvature and flap deflection on the predicted download.
Citizen Emperor. Napoleon in Power

This volume is a sequel to Philip Dwyer's (2007) Napoleon. The Path to Power 1769–1799. It discusses Napoleonic rule 1800–15, from the aftermath of the coup of Brumaire to the immediate days after ...
Large momentum transfer limit of some matrix elements

The matrix element epsilon/sub i/f(K), or epsilon, that appears in the study of elastic and inelastic electron-atom scattering from an initial state i to a final state f in the first Born approximation depends explicitly on the momentum transfer h-bar K ..-->.. The uncertainty in the value of the calculated cross sections arises not only from the application of the Born approximation but also from the approximate nature of the wave functions used. For the 1 /sup 1/S-2 /sup 1/P transition in helium, we present an analytic expression in terms of the 1 /sup 1/S and 2 /sup 1/P wave functions for the leading coefficient C/sub 1/ in the asymptotic expansion of epsilon as a power series in 1/K; C/sub 1/ is defined by epsilon approx. C/sub 1//K/sup 5/ as K approx. infinity. An accurate numerical value of C/sub 1/ is obtained by using a sequence of better and better 1 /sup 1/S and 2 /sup 1/P wave functions. An accurate value of C/sub 1/ can be useful in obtaining an approximate analytic form for the matrix element. We also present analytic expressions, in terms of the 1 /sup 1/S wave function, for the coefficients of the two leading termsmore » of epsilon for the diagonal case, that is, for the atomic form factor, and we obtain accurate estimates of those coefficients. We also give a very simple approximate result, valid for a number of matrix elements of heavy atoms, for the ratios of the coefficients of successive terms (in the asymptotically high-K domain) in a power series in 1/K. Finally, we plot epsilon for 1 /sup 1/S to 1 /sup 1/S and for 1 /sup 1/S to 2 /sup 1/P, with the known low-K and high-K dependence extracted. The 1 /sup 1/S to 1 /sup 1/S plot varies considerably as one goes to high K, and the 1 /sup 1/S to 2 /sup 1/P plot shows a very rapid variation for K approx. infinity, strongly suggesting that at least one element of ''physics'': perhaps a pole outside of but close to the domain of convergence: has been omitted.« less
Head and Neck Infection and Inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.
Determination of Electric-Field, Magnetic-Field, and Electric-Current Distributions of Infrared Optical Antennas: A Near-Field Optical Vector Network Analyzer

In addition to the electric field $\mathbit{E}(\mathbit{r})$, the associated magnetic field $\mathbit{H}(\mathbit{r})$ and current density $\mathbit{J}(\mathbit{r})$ characterize any electromagnetic device, providing insight into antenna coupling and mutual impedance. We demonstrate the optical analogue of the radio frequency vector network analyzer implemented in interferometric homodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy for obtaining $\mathbit{E}(\mathbit{r})$, $\mathbit{H}(\mathbit{r})$, and $\mathbit{J}(\mathbit{r})$. The approach is generally applicable and demonstrated for the case of a linear coupled-dipole antenna in the midinfrared spectral region. The determination of the underlying 3D vector electric near-field distribution $\mathbit{E}(\mathbit{r})$ with nanometer spatial resolution and full phase and amplitude information is enabled by the design of probe tips with selectivity with respect to ${E}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ and ${E}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ fabricated by focused ion-beam milling and nano-chemical-vapor-deposition methods.
The hemodynamic benefit of differential atrioventricular delay intervals for sensed and paced atrial events during physiologic pacing

Abstract The ability to program different atrioventricular (AV) delay intervals for paced and sensed atrial events is incorporated in the design of some newer dual chamber pacemakers. However, little is known regarding the hemodynamic benefit of differential AV delay intervals or the magnitude of difference between optimal AV delay intervals for paced and sensed P waves in individual patients. In this study, Doppler-derived cardiac output was used to examine the optimal timing of paced and sensed atrial events in 24 patients with a permanent dual chamber pacemaker. The hemodynamic effect of utilizing separate optimal delay intervals for sensed and paced events compared with utilizing the same fixed AV delay interval for both was determined. The optimal delay interval during DVI (AV sequential) pacing and VDD (atrial triggered, ventricular inhibited) pacing at similar heart rates was 176 ± 44 and 144 ± 48 ms (p In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in most patients with dual chamber pacemakers, the optimal AV delay interval differs depending on whether a P wave is paced or sensed and that utilization of differential AV delay intervals results in a significant increase in rest cardiac output. This result suggests that the ability to program separate AV delay intervals for paced and sensed P waves is useful in those patients in whom it is critical to maximize rest cardiac output.
The elastic stiffness coefficients of iron-aluminum alloys—II the effect of long range order

Abstract The marked compositional variations in the elastic constants of iron rich iron—aluminum alloys presented in Part I have been described in terms of a simple central force model. The model is based upon the application of three different pairwise interaction potential functions to the various first and second neighbor atomic pair configurations which exist in iron—aluminum alloys of various types and degrees of long range order. The qualitative validity of the model has been demonstrated by quenching experiments and transmission electron microscopical observations. The possible extensions and applications of the model are discussed.
Reticle intensity based Critical Dimension Uniformity to improve efficiency for DOMA correction in a foundry

As transistor dimensions shrinks, the requirement for wafer critical dimensions control is becoming increasingly challenging. The intra-field critical dimension uniformity (CDU) of the features on the reticle is one of the many sources of wafer CD variation. In this paper, we study how the CDU on the reticle can be obtained by using the intensity information collected during reticle inspection (iCDU TM ) on the KLA-Tencor TeraScan reticle inspection tool. The collected CDU information of the reticle is then applied as an intra-field dose correction function to improve wafer intra-field CD uniformity. Using this method of extracting the reticle CDU from the intensity information allows for simple integration into a high-volume production environment and an improved capability for intra-field CDU correction without the need to expose any wafers for CD measurement nor any GDS design information. The ability to apply iCDU on prototype devices on first pass run can also accelerate device development.