cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A low-interference, high-resolution multianalyte electrochemical biosensor

Electrochemical sensors are used by millions of patients and health care providers every year, yet these measurements are hindered by compounds that also exhibit inherent redox activity. Acetaminophen (APAP) is one such interferent that falls into this extensive class. In this work, an osmium-based redox polymer was used for electrochemical detection in a sensor that was operated at a decreased voltage, allowing for decreased interference. These sensors demonstrated better selectivity (40-fold for glucose and 200-fold for lactate) for their respective analyte over APAP, possessed higher sensitivity (0.350 ± 0.006 μA mM-1 for glucose and 2.00 ± 0.05 μA mM-1 for lactate) over a broad range of analyte concentrations (50 μM-10 mM for glucose and 2-324 μM for lactate), and displayed similar operational stability (26% decrease for glucose and 29% decrease for lactate) over 7 days compared to first-generation sensors. To test this platform under biologically-relevant conditions, glucose metabolism was monitored in a model liver cell line, Alpha Mouse Liver 12 (AML12) after treatment with APAP and/or insulin. This work represents a high-resolution electrochemical biosensor for microphysiological monitoring of glucose and lactate in the presence of APAP.
Orientations in the Sacred Valley

Pachacuti celebrated his victory over the Cuyos by establishing an estate and palace at Pisac. Later he constructed Ollantaytambo after conquering the Tambos and apparently built Machu Picchu to commemorate further conquests in the Vilcabamba (Niles 1999; Rowe 1990). Pachacuti’s son, Topa Inca, established a royal estate at Chinchero and his grandson, Huayna Capac, did so in Urubamba. Machu Picchu is explored in Chap. 9, while the rest are among the sites presented in this chapter (Fig. 8.2).
The Impact of School Counseling Supervision on Practicing School Counselors’ Self-Efficacy in Building a Comprehensive School Counseling Program:

This quasi-experimental pretest/posttest study using the School Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale examined whether school-counseling-specific supervision increased self-efficacy related to school coun...
Entering Doors, Evading Traps: Benefits and Risks of Visibility During Transgender Coming Outs

Coming out and being visible online can offer transgender and/or non-binary people benefits not found elsewhere. However, it also can expose them to negative reactions and bad experiences. Through an analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews, we investigate the experiences of transgender and/or non-binary people coming out across social media sites (SMSs). We found that participants employed strategies around disclosure and visibility to limit the consequences of coming out and to access support. Using trans theory on visibility, we discuss how online spaces present metaphorical "doors" to resources, support, and recognition---but can also be "traps" for those that do not meet the expectations of the space. We discuss how visibility empowered participants to create "trapdoors" to new spaces within SMSs where they could create positive outcomes for themselves and their communities. We close with considerations for designers as they create online spaces, and present a broader call to action for the HCI community around designing online spaces.
COVID-19 – The American Perspective

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a recent, ongoing global infection that has affected more than 200 countries worldwide, with the United States having the highest per capita infection rate. Professional organizations, accrediting bodies, licensing boards, and government agencies have been important partners to academic institutions and the health care system during this pandemic response. We review the American perspective of the impact of COVID-19 on dermatology.
Panarboreal graphs

An ordinary graphG will be calledpanarboreal if it contains all possible trees, i.e. if, for every treeT with |V(T)|=|V(G)|,G has a subgraph which is isomorphic toT. We derive sufficient conditions for a graphG to be panarboreal in terms of Δ(G) and δ(G).
Large Finite-Size Effects of Discrete Systems in Microcanonical Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulations

We describe a microcanonical ensemble theory with a rigorous statistical mechanics basis which can be used for exact analytic calculations or Monte Carlo simulations of discrete systems. As an example we present results of simulations of a two dimensional Ising model on a square lattice in both the canonical and the microcanonical ensemble. The specific heat shows a difference of 16% for a 30x30 Ising model and 10% for a 60x60 Ising model system in zero magnetic field in 2-dimensions near the maximum in the specific heats.
Finite-Dimensional Lie Algebras for Fast Diffeomorphic Image Registration.

This paper presents a fast geodesic shooting algorithm for diffeomorphic image registration. We first introduce a novel finite-dimensional Lie algebra structure on the space of bandlimited velocity fields. We then show that this space can effectively represent initial velocities for diffeomorphic image registration at much lower dimensions than typically used, with little to no loss in registration accuracy. We then leverage the fact that the geodesic evolution equations, as well as the adjoint Jacobi field equations needed for gradient descent methods, can be computed entirely in this finite-dimensional Lie algebra. The result is a geodesic shooting method for large deformation metric mapping (LDDMM) that is dramatically faster and less memory intensive than state-of-the-art methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model to register 3D brain images and compare its registration accuracy, runtime, and memory consumption with leading LDDMM methods. We also show how our algorithm breaks through the prohibitive time and memory requirements of diffeomorphic atlas building.
The Therapeutic Spirit of Neoliberalism

My essay argues that neoliberal forms of government emerged through the shifting political trajectory of the therapeutic ethos in the postwar period in Anglo-American societies. In the postwar era,...
Embedded Computing: New Directions in Architecture and Automation

With the advent of system level integration (SLI) and system-on-chip (SOC), the center of gravity of the computer industry is moving from personal computing into embedded computing. The opportunities, needs and constraints of this next generation of computing are somewhat different from those to which we have got accustomed in general-purpose computing. This will lead to significantly different computer architectures, at both the system and the processor levels, and a rich diversity of off-the-shelf and custom designs. Furthermore, we predict that embedded computing will introduce a new theme into computer architecture: automation of architecture. In this paper, we elaborate on these claims and provide, as an example, an overview of PICO, the architecture synthesis system that the authors and their colleagues have been developing over the past five years.
Peer Review Across the Curriculum

This paper examines the Carnegie and Best Practices Reports’ recommendation that law schools devote more attention to helping students develop the professional skills they will need in practice and proposes peer review as an attractive option. Peer review, the process in which law students critique each other’s written work, is a powerful tool to teach students the knowledge, skills, and values essential to becoming a competent and professional lawyer. Through peer review, students improve their legal writing and analysis, enhance their editing skills, learn to cooperate with others, manage and evaluate constructive criticism, and develop a deeper appreciation of audience, among other things. For professors, it is an opportunity to assess their students’ performance and provide additional, useful feedback on their understanding of the legal doctrine and competence in legal analysis and writing. As writing and professional skills instruction throughout the law school curriculum, not just in writing and skills courses, becomes more prevalent, law professors will need to find new and innovative ways to help their students achieve practical proficiency in the skills needed for legal practice. This paper explores peer review as one effective way.
Decay of Correlations and Dispersing Billiards

We give a rigorous proof of exponential decay of correlations for all major classes of planar dispersing billiards: periodic Lorentz gases with and without horizon and dispersing billiard tables with corner points
Contribution of mixed‐phase boundary layer clouds to the termination of ozone depletion events in the Arctic

[1] During the springtime, ozone depletion events (ODEs) are frequently observed in the Arctic boundary layer. While the chemical reactions associated with the ODEs are understood, the processes responsible for their termination remain unclear. Previous studies proposed that wind shear above the Arctic boundary layer promotes enough vertical mixing to transport ozone-richer air from aloft to the nearly ozone-devoid surface and thus terminates the ODEs. In addition, ozone-richer air masses from mid-latitude regions can migrate to the high Arctic and replenish the Arctic boundary layer with ozone. In the present study, a new mechanism related to mixed-phase boundary layer clouds is proposed as a key contributor to the termination of the ODEs. A single-layer stratocumulus cloud observed over Barrow, Alaska (AK) on April 8, 2008 and its effect on the ODEs is simulated using high-resolution WRF/Chem model. One key finding of this investigation is that the cloud-top radiative cooling can induce strong downdrafts and updrafts. These downdrafts associated with mixed-phase boundary layer clouds can transport ozone-richer air from aloft to the surface, heralding the termination of ODEs.
P-d capture reactions in muonic molecules

Capture reactions for very low-energy n-d and p-d systems are calculated and compared with experiment, as are low-energy n-d and p-d scattering. We find excellent agreement for the n-d scattering lengths, but poor agreement for the p-d case, which we believe is a problem with the experimental extrapolation. The n-d radiative capture is sensitive to details of the meson-exchange currents, but reasonable models agree with the data. The latter models are in good agreement with experiment when extended to the p-d case. Our large quartet capture rate resolves a long-standing anomaly. The E0 capture matrix element recently obtained from a reanalysis of internal conversion in muonic molecules is in excellent agreement with our predictions. This matrix element is very clean theoretically and provides the best test of the calculations.
32 Measuring Survival in Microbial Populations Following Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses a method for assessing viability following exposure to ionizing radiation, but with slight modification these protocols may be used to define the lethal effects of any chemical or physical agent on most cultured microbes. Since the dose, response curve delineates a mathematical relationship between the extent of exposure (the dose applied) and viability, it provides a means of directly comparing the resistance of populations and estimating the statistical relevance of that comparison. Ionizing radiation resistance, the ability to survive exposure to high doses of X- and gamma rays, is a characteristic shared by a relatively small number of prokaryotes that presumably have heightened ability to withstand the lethal effects of that exposure. The reasons for enhanced radio resistance among the other species listed are unknown, but it is assumed that these mechanisms involve enhanced deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) repair capacity and/or the ability to passively prevent radiation induced damage from occurring in vivo . The chapter describes the generation of a survival curve by conducting a preliminary study in which dose range in which some portion of the population remains viable are determined.
Inhibition and Kinetic Isotope Effect Studies to Further Characterize the Mechanism of Maleamate Amidohydrolase

Maleamate amidohydrolase (NicF) is involved in the degradation of nicotinic acid, catalyzing the deamination of maleamate to form maleate. To provide further insight concerning the mechanism of thi...
Crystals of a functional 70,000 molecular weight subunit of hemocyanin from Limulus polyphemus.

Abstract Crystals have been obtained of a subunit of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin. The blue crystals have the symmetry of the space group R32 with hexagonal lattice parameters a = 115 a , c = 285 A . There is one 70,000 molecular weight subunit per asymmetric unit. Each subunit contains two non-heme copper atoms and can reversibly bind one oxygen molecule.
Phencyclidine stimulates guanylate cyclase activity.

Abstract The hallucinogenic agents, phencylidine (Angel's Dust), TCP ∗ and their morpholine analogs enhanced the activity of guanylate cyclase {E.C.4.6.1.2}, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate. This activation of guanylate cyclase by hencyclidine and TCP was observed over the concentration range of .00001 mM to 1 mM, while the morpholine analogs stimulated tha activity of guanylate cyclase in concentration of .0001 mM to 1 mM.
The Effects of a Shank Guide on Cycling Biomechanics of an Adolescent With Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Case Study

Johnston TE, Lauer RT, Lee SC. The effects of a shank guide on cycling biomechanics of an adolescent with cerebral palsy: a single-case study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89:2025-30. Objective: To examine 3-dimensional lower-extremity joint kinematics and muscle activity during cycling with and without a shank guide for a single subject with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). Design: Single case. Setting: Pediatric referral hospital. Participant: A 13-year-old adolescent with spastic diplegic CP and limited ambulation abilities. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Kinematic data were collected for 6 joint motions and electromyographic data for 7 muscles during 10- to 15-second trials. Average variability in the kine- matic curves was calculated, and kinematic and electromyo- graphic data were analyzed descriptively. Results: With the guide, the subject cycled at 40.12.0rpm compared with 13.74.0rpm without it. In addition, there was less variability in the kinematic curves (P.03) and muscles tended to turn on sooner and off later. These results indicate that this subject could cycle faster with the guide, which is desirable for cardiovascular health, and that there was a pos- sible increase in motor control due to reduced needs to control excessive joint motions. Conclusions: Based on these findings, a shank guide may allow some people with CP to cycle faster and provide im- proved joint kinematics.
Thermal variation of the mean-square relative displacement for the Pt-Pt pair in the Ni10Pt90 random solid-solution alloy.

The Pt ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$-edge extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure measurements were made on the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{90}$ random solid-solution alloy, as well as on pure Pt, at four different temperatures (in the range 7 K\ensuremath{\lesssim}T\ensuremath{\lesssim}300 K). The data have been analyzed with the ratio fit, to obtain the relative values of the nearest-neighbor mean-square relative displacement (MSRD) for the Pt-Pt pair in each temperature case with respect to the MSRD value for the Pt-Pt pair in pure Pt at 7 K. For the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{90}$-alloy cases, only a high-k region above \ensuremath{\sim}12 \AA{} $^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ was used for the ratio fit. In this approach, the contribution of Ni-neighbor backscattering is assumed to be negligibly small in the high-k region where the Pt backscattering overwhelms the Ni backscattering, since about 90% of the nearest neighbors are Pt atoms. The intercept values of the ratio fits agree well with the expected values, indicating that this approximation is valid. Subsequently the MSRD values were determined by Einstein-model fits. The Debye-model fit was also tried for the pure-Pt data, and the Debye temperature obtained from the fit is 240 K, showing the good quality of the data. The results of the ratio fit for the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{10}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{90}$ data are in good agreement with those of two-shell fits.
Growth inhibition of intestinal bacteria and mutagenicity of 2-, 3-, 4-aminobiphenyls, benzidine, and biphenyl

2-Aminobiphenyl (2-ABP), 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), but not benzidine (Bz) and biphenyl (Bp), were found to be inhibitory to the growth of human intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 15697, B. bifidium ATCC 11863, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047 and Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, YG1041 at 10-200 microg/ml in culture broth. Bacteroides distasonis ATCC 8503, B. fragilis ATCC 25285, B. theataiotaomicron ATCC 29741, C. paraputrificum ATCC 26780, C. clostridiiforme ATCC 25537, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Enterococcus faecium ATCC 19434 were not inhibited by the above mentioned compounds in concentrations up to 200 microg/ml. The Ames Salmonella/microsome assay was employed to test the mutagenicity of the above-mentioned compounds using strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat S9 mix. It was found that 4-ABP was mutagenic to both TA98 and TA100, and Bz was mutagenic to TA98 in the presence of rat S9 mix. 2-Aminobiphenyl, 3-ABP, and Bp were not mutagenic to both strains tested. 2-Aminobiphenyl and 3-ABP are chemical isomers of 4-ABP and are as strong as 4-ABP in inhibiting the growth of intestinal bacteria but not as mutagenic as 4-ABP. Evidence suggested that the mechanism of growth inhibition is not involved with the interaction of DNA that causes mutations, but rather on the electron transport system of these organisms.
In situ DRIFTS characterization of wet-impregnated and sol–gel Pd/TiO2 for NO reduction with CH4

Abstract The adsorption/desorption behavior of 2%Pd/TiO2 catalysts synthesized by wet-impregnation and modified sol–gel techniques were examined in NO–CH4–O2 reaction using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The catalyst prepared by the modified sol–gel method showed significantly higher resistance toward oxygen while maintaining a 100% NO conversion. Under NO+CH4+O2 flow, the main adsorbed NO species was identified as the linearly adsorbed NO on metallic palladium (Pd0–NO) at high temperatures. On the oxidized sample, the major NO species was found to be a bridged nitrate species. Pd0–NO species was suggested to react with CHx to form surface NHx species. Over the sol–gel catalyst, the peak intensity for Pd0–NO species was much higher than that over the impregnated catalyst. The DRIFTS data seem to suggest that this species could play a role in reduction of NO with CH4 over Pd/TiO2 catalysts.
Regeneration of transgenic cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic suspension cultures

A protocol was developed for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryogenic suspension cultures of cassava. The bacterial strain ABI containing the binary vector pMON977 with the nptII gene as selectable marker and an intron-interrupted uidA gene (encoding β-glucuronidase) as visible marker was used for the experiments. Selection of transformed tissue with paromomycin resulted in the establishment of antibiotic-resistant, β-glucuronidase-expressing lines of friable embryogenic callus, from which embryos and subsequently plants were regenerated. Southern blot analysis demonstrated stable integration of the uidA gene into the cassava genome in five lines of transformed embryogenic suspension cultures and in two plant lines.
Low energy response calibration of the BATSE large area detectors onboard the Compton Observatory

Abstract The low-energy attenuation of the covering material of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) large area detectors (LADs) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as well as the small-angle response of the LADs have been studied. These effects are shown to be more significant than previously assumed. The LAD entrance window included layers of an aluminum-epoxy composite (hexel) that acted as a collimator for the lowest energy photons entering the detector just above threshold (20–50 keV). Simplifying assumptions made concerning the entrance window materials and the angular response at incident angles near normal to the detector face in the original BATSE response matrix formalism had little effect on γ-ray burst measurements; however, these assumptions created serious errors in measured fluxes of galactic sources, whose emission is strongest near the LAD energy threshold. Careful measurements of the angular and low-energy dependence of the attenuation due to the hexel plates only partially improved the response. A systematic study of Crab Nebula spectra showed the need for additional corrections: an angular-dependent correction for all detectors and an angular-independent correction for each detector. These corrections have been applied as part of an overall energy and angular-dependent correction to the BATSE response matrices.
Generalized Periodic Epileptiform Discharges in a Child With Dravet Syndrome

Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges can occur in a variety of epileptic syndromes and herald impending seizures. Such discharges are also extremely rare in children. Cerebral visual impairment can be associated with generalized and partial onset seizures, particularly those involving the occipital lobe. The authors present a case of a 10-month-old boy whose electroencephalogram revealed generalized periodic epileptiform discharges following resolution of status epilepticus. Such discharges warranted further monitoring, during which he experienced 2 additional seizures. He also was discovered to have cerebral visual impairment, which slowly resolved following termination of seizure activity. The child was subsequently found to have a de novo mutation of the sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha subunit (SCN1A) gene consistent with Dravet syndrome.
Population Injury Levels and Sampling of the Pear Rust Mite on Pears in Southern Oregon

Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa) overwinters in sheltered areas, primarily on 2- to 3-yr-old pear wood. A very small percentage of the population was found on l-yr-old wood, probably reflecting lack of protected sites on this area. Emergence from overwintering sites was followed by movement to the developing fruit buds. Basal portions of the fruit cluster are invaded 1st with pear rust mites reaching the fruit during the bloom period. Though the mite was found on the fruit during the entire growing season, the proportion of the population on this site decreased, whereas that on fruit cluster leaf tissue increased through the summer. Pear rust mite densities were higher through the entire season on fruit taken from the upper sections of trees than those selected from lower portions. In June or July, a pear rust mite density of 5 or more/fruit was sufficient to cause economic damage, but there was an indication that higher populations could be tolerated earlier in the growing season.
Multiphasic Finite Element Analysis of Physical Signals and Solute Transport in the Human Intervertebral Disc

A 3D finite element model for charged hydrated soft tissue containing charged/uncharged solutes was developed based on the multi-phasic mechano-electrochemical mixture theory [1–2]. This model was applied to analyze the mechanical, chemical and electrical signals within the human intervertebral disc under mechanical loading. The effects of tissue composition and material property on the physical signals and the transport of fluid, ions and nutrients were investigated. This study is important for understanding disc biomechanics, disc nutrition and disc mechanobiology.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract B63: Cancer cell invasion determined by cell density-dependent, cytokine-mediated crosstalk

Metastatic spread of cancer cells from their primary site requires invasion into the vasculature, evasion at the distant organ site and colonization of the distant organ. Here we studied mechanisms of attachment and invasion into endothelial monolayers by cancer cells to identify driver molecules and signaling pathways that are crucial for the invasive and metastatic phenotype. In vitro studies were complemented by studies in zebrafish embryos and mouse models of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In one approach we compared gene expression profiles across isogenic cell lines with distinct invasive behavior to identify candidate drivers and pathways. These were then subjected to functional validation. This comparison of gene expression profiles of isogenic cancer cell lines showed an upregulation of immune response cytokines associated with an endothelial invasive phenotype in human breast cancer cells. The role of the respective cytokine pathways was validated by blocking the respective receptors in in vitro assays and in a zebrafish metastasis model. Citation Format: Ghada M. Sharif, Marcel O. Schmidt, Zhang-Zhi Hu, Eric Glasgow, Anna T. Riegel, Anton Wellstein. Cancer cell invasion determined by cell density-dependent, cytokine-mediated crosstalk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B63.
The imperfect ancestral recombination graph reconstruction problem: upper bounds for recombination and homoplasy.

Abstract One of the central problems in computational biology is the reconstruction of evolutionary histories. While models incorporating recombination and homoplasy have been studied separately, a missing component in the theory is a robust and flexible unifying model which incorporates both of these major biological events shaping genetic diversity. In this article, we introduce the first such unifying model and develop algorithms to find the optimal ancestral recombination graph incorporating recombinations and homoplasy events. The power of our framework is the connection between our formulation and the Directed Steiner Arborescence Problem in combinatorial optimization. We implement linear programming techniques as well as heuristics for the Directed Steiner Arborescence Problem, and use our methods to construct evolutionary histories for both simulated and real data sets.
Biological epimorphism, adequate design, and the problem of regeneration

It is pointed out that the property of an organism of regenerating certain lost parts is a subproperty of the general property of reproduction. The principle of adequate design imposes an upper limit upon the total number of subproperties which an organism can possess. Therefore with increasing complexity of an organism in some direction, which by definition is the same as an increase of the total number of subproperties, the number of subproperties needed for regeneration must decrease.
Ultrastructural observations on possible sites of steroid biosynthesis in the ovarian follicular epithelium of two species of cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum and Haplochromis multicolor.

The follicular epithelial layers of the developing ovary of two cichlid species were examined by electron microscopy for evidence of steroid secretion. As each oocyte grew, its follicular cell layers increased in height, eventually becoming somewhat columnar; no development could be detected in follicle cells of non-activated oocytes. Isolated cells close to capillaries in the thecal layer developed large amounts of smooth membrane indicative of steroidogenesis, appearing similar at maturity to testicular Leydig cells. In Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum the mitochondria of differentiated thecal elements contained microtubule-like inclusions. It is suggested that these cells may produce estrogens during vitellogenesis.
Frequency of Adverse Reactions after Influenza Vaccination

Abstract purpose: Although concern about side effects constitutes a major deterrent to patient compliance with recommendations for influenza vaccination, there is a paucity of data about the frequency of adverse reactions to newer trivalent vaccines. Our aim was to determine the frequency of adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in older, chronically ill persons, many of whom are at high risk for influenza-related morbidity. patients and methods: We conducted a telephone survey of 40% of the patients who were vaccinated at a walk-in flu shot clinic. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. To determine postvaccine symptom rates, Group I was interviewed seven days after vaccination. Group II was interviewed 21 days after vaccination in order to control for baseline symptom rates. Both groups were queried about fever, disability, and flu-like illness in the week preceding the interview. results: Of 816 patients selected, 650 (79.6%) completed the interview. The mean age of the subjects was 63, and more than two thirds were at risk for influenza-related morbidity. The frequencies of self-reported fever (5.3% versus 5.1%, p=0.91) and disability (10.4% versus 9.3%, p=0.65) were similar in the two groups. However, a significantly higher proportion of Group I subjects reported a flu-like illness compared to the Group II subjects (14.2% versus 8.7%, p=0.03). Although Group I subjects were more likely to report flu-like illness within two days of vaccination compared to a similar time interval for Group II subjects, there was no corresponding clustering of disability after vaccination. conclusion: We conclude that the overall frequency of symptoms in both groups was low; however, the absolute risk of a flu-like illness was 5.5% higher during the first week following influenza vaccination when compared with the third week after the injection. These symptoms did not result in a decreased ability to perform usual daily activities.
Determination of enzyme or binding constants using generalized linear models, with particular reference to Michaelis-Menten models

Abstract The estimation of Michaelis–Menten pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with epilepsy receiving phenytoin continues to be a vexing problem. The various approximate methods suggested in the literature have serious shortcomings, primarily due to the role of the error term in the statistical model. In this report we present an accurate statistical approach using the Generalized Linear Interactive Modeling (GLIM) computer package developed by the Numerical Algorithms Group, Oxford, U.K. There are several advantages to this model; a meaningful error term can be maintained by means of a link function, the model can incorporate within‐subject and between‐subject variables, and additional potential explanatory variables can be added to the model. The method is applied to predicting serum phenytoin levels of pregnant women monitored at monthly intervals during pregnancy and for two to five months after pregnancy. Michaelis–Menten parameters are estimated for each woman and compared.
Trends and Outcomes After Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Cardiac Malformations by Fetal Echocardiography in a Well Defined Birth Population, Atlanta, Georgia, 1990–1994

Objectives In this study we used a population-based approach to assess the impact of fetal echocardiography on a well defined birth population with nearly complete ascertainment of cardiac defects. Background Although fetal echocardiography is being used more frequently in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital cardiac malformations, its impact on the diagnosis and surveillance of cardiac defects has not been described in defined populations. Methods All stillborn and live-born infants with diagnosed cardiac defects and whose mothers resided in the metropolitan Atlanta area from January 1990 through December 1994 were ascertained through an established birth defects surveillance system. All fetuses with cardiac defects diagnosed prenatally by a pediatric cardiologist were identified from clinical records. The spectrum of cardiac defects, diagnostic trends and adverse fetal outcomes were described. Results We identified 1,589 infants with congenital cardiac malformations, for a live-birth prevalence rate of 8.1/1,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.8 to 8.6). Overall, 97 (6.1%) of these cases of cardiac malformations were diagnosed prenatally. The proportion of cardiac defects diagnosed prenatally rose from 2.6% in 1990 to 12.7% in 1994, a nearly fivefold increase. The proportion of cardiac defects diagnosed prenatally during the study varied by the type of defect, from a low of 4.7% for atrial septal defects to a high of 28% for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Prenatally diagnosed cardiac malformations were associated with a high incidence of infant mortality (30.9%, 95% CI 2.4 to 5.4) and fetal wastage (17.5%, 95% CI 6.2 to 11.3). Conclusions These data show that fetal echocardiography is being used increasingly in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital cardiac malformations in metropolitan Atlanta. Few pregnancy terminations were reported as a result of such diagnoses. However, the study had limited power (10%) to detect a meaningful decrease in birth prevalence rates for congenital heart disease. In addition, survival of infants was not improved after prenatal diagnosis with fetal echocardiography.
The importance of relaxation

Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters. By Lyman Spitzer. Jr. Princeton University Press:1988. Pp.180. Hbk $35, £20.50;pbk $14.50, £8.50.
Determination of redox potentials for the Watson-Crick base pairs, DNA nucleosides, and relevant nucleoside analogues.

Redox potentials for the DNA nucleobases and nucleosides, various relevant nucleoside analogues, Watson−Crick base pairs, and seven organic dyes are presented based on DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) and B3...
Experimental results on wideband spectrum sensing using random sampling ADC in 90nm CMOS

Applications that require wireless wideband spectrum sensing are often limited by energy consumption of the sensing hardware. The power consumption is typically directly related to the amount of data transmitted. The emerging theory of compressed sensing provides a framework for reconstructing the sensed spectrum with fewer samples than are produced from Nyquist rate sampling. We have implemented a compressed sensing analog-to-information converter (AIC) in 90nm CMOS technology that allows complete reconstruction of a sparse spectrum consisting of discrete frequency bands. Typically, l1-minimization based algorithms are used to reconstruct the original signal for compressed sensing. However, these algorithms do not perform well as signal sparsity decreases. This limitation can be mitigated by using l1,2 regularization based algorithms that exploit group sparsity. We present experimental results comparing the performance of both types of algorithms for reconstructing discrete frequency bands sampled with this AIC. These results demonstrate the performance achievable by physical AIC systems that utilize compressed sensing theory.
Finite element simulation of swelling-induced crack healing in gels

Finite element simulations have been conducted to study the evolution of stress fields at the crack tip and the crack opening around the crack tip with time for a gel subject to mode I loading. It is found that the stress singularity at the crack tip is eliminated by the swelling of the gel when the solvent is applied at the crack tip. The swelling of the gel also heals the crack tip and the new crack tip generated by swelling does not have a stress singularity. This crack healing process is also verified by experiments and the strain field is measured by digital image correlation. This crack healing mechanism seems to provide a useful means to improve the mechanical integrity of gels and self-healing in general.
The cost of compensating asbestos victims under the Occupational Disease Compensation Act of 1983.

The potentially huge financial liability due to asbestos product suits and the resulting filings for reorganization in bankruptcy by Manville, UNR Industries, Inc., and Amatex, has become a major public policy concern. In response to the problem several bills have been introduced in the Congress to provide compensation for asbestos (and other occupational disease) victims. This paper estimates the cost of compensating asbestos victims under the provisions of the Occupational Disease Compensation Act of 1983, introduced by Congressman George Miller. Utilizing fatality projections from studies by Enterline, Selikoff, and Walker, and assumptions regarding likely claims filing and success rates, duration and degree of disability, medical expenses, first year costs for this legislation are estimated to range from a low of $131 million to a high of $1.9 billion. Present value cost estimates at a 2% real discount rate range from $3 billion to $56 billion. The paper also estimates the impact of possible modifications to the compensation provisions of the legislation. Reducing medical payments by the amount received from medicare would lower costs by 3-4%. Providing survivors with a 3-year lump sum benefit rather than a 5-year lump sum payment would save 20-25% as would offsetting the 5-year lump summore » by expected social security old age and disability benefits. Combining all of these changes would reduce costs by almost 50%.« less
Modeling channel management impacts on river migration: a case study of Woodson bridge state recreation area, Sacramento river, California, USA.

Understanding how hydraulic factors control alluvial river meander migration can help resource managers evaluate the long-term effects of floodplain management and bank stabilization measures. Using a numerical model based on the mechanics of flow and sediment transport in curved river channels, we predict 50 years of channel migration and suggest the planning and ecological implications of that mi- gration for a 6.4-km reach (river miles 218 -222) of the Sacra-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration and off-label use of expandable metal biliary stents within the peripheral vasculature.

Expandable metal stents are used to maintain the patency of compromised ducts, lumens, and vessels. As medical devices, these products are regulated by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). During the past several years, the FDA has become aware of the increasing prevalence of off-label use of expandable metal stents cleared for biliary use within the peripheral vasculature. The authors provide an overview of how the FDA regulates medical devices and expandable stents and summarize safety issues reported to the Agency with regard to the off-label use of these biliary stents.
Laser electrophotographic printing technology

This paper describes the development of a non-impact printing technology--electrophotography with laser imaging-- and explains its implementation, in both office product and system output devices. The key technical advances made during the development of the two devices are shown.
Reactions of Tantalum Alkylidene Complexes with Silanes. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Metallasilacyclodiene Complexes and Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Their Formation

The reactions of tantalum alkylidene complexes (RCH2)3Ta(L)CHR (1) and RCH2Ta(L)2[CHR]2 (3) (R = SiMe3, L = PMe3) with phenylsilanes H2SiR‘Ph (R‘ = Me, Ph) and (PhSiH2)2CH2 were found to produce bi...
MACROD2 overexpression mediates estrogen independent growth and tamoxifen resistance in breast cancers

Tamoxifen is effective for treating estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) positive breast cancers. However, few molecular mediators of tamoxifen resistance have been elucidated. Here we describe a previously unidentified gene, MACROD2 that confers tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independent growth. We found MACROD2 is amplified and overexpressed in metastatic tamoxifen-resistant tumors. Transgene overexpression of MACROD2 in breast cancer cell lines results in tamoxifen resistance, whereas RNAi-mediated gene knock down reverses this phenotype. MACROD2 overexpression also leads to estrogen independent growth in xenograft assays. Mechanistically, MACROD2 increases p300 binding to estrogen response elements in a subset of ER regulated genes. Primary breast cancers and matched metastases demonstrate MACROD2 expression can change with disease evolution, and increased expression and amplification of MACROD2 in primary tumors is associated with worse overall survival. These studies establish MACROD2 as a key mediator of estrogen independent growth and tamoxifen resistance, as well as a potential novel target for diagnostics and therapy.
Selective Endothelin-A Receptor Inhibition After Cardiac Surgery: A Safety and Feasibility Study

Background Increased synthesis and release of the bioactive peptide endothelin has been shown to change hemodynamics and postoperative recovery after cardiac surgery. However, the clinical effects of selective interruption of endothelin signaling have not been studied. Because the endothelin-A (ET-A) receptor subtype is the primary cardiovascular effector for endothelin, this study used the ET-A receptor antagonist sitaxsentan sodium (TBC11251Na) to evaluate: (1) dose-dependent changes in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary (PVRI) and systemic (SVRI) vascular resistance index in patients undergoing on-pump coronary revascularization; and (2) whether ET-RA administration was associated with increased adverse events. Methods Patients (n = 44, age, 62 ± 1 years) were randomized to receive vehicle (n = 9) or different bolus infusions of ET-A receptor antagonist: 0.1 (n = 9), 0.5 (n = 9) 1.0 (n = 9), and 2.0 mg/kg (n = 8) at separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Adverse events were tabulated until hospital discharge. Results were expressed as changes from a composite baseline value, or from time 0 due to a high degree of intrapatient measurement variability in the postoperative period. Results PAP increased by 27% ± 13% from baseline (19 ± 1 mm Hg) in the vehicle group at 6 hours post-CPB ( p p −5 · m −2 ) in the 2 mg/kg ET-A receptor antagonist group at 30 minutes post-CPB and remained reduced up to 6 hours post-CPB ( p −5 · m −2 ) by 51% ± 6% in the 2.0 mg/kg ET-A receptor antagonist group at 30 minutes post-CPB ( p Conclusions This unique study demonstrates that heightened endothelin-A receptor activation contributes to hemodynamic changes in patients after CPB. Selective inhibition of the endothelin receptor system can be successfully and safely performed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and thereby reveals a potential, and clinically relevant therapeutic target.
Jet Engines in Airline Service

In the aircraft industry, the evolution from the DC-3 to the DC-7 was a rather slow-paced progression. How then did we suddenly produce such aircraft as the DC-8 and the Convair 880?Copyright © 1962 by ASME
Pressure-driven high-to-low spin transition in the bimetallic quantum magnet (Ru2(O2CMe)4)3(Cr(CN)6)

Synchrotron-based infrared and Raman spectroscopies were brought together with diamond anvil cell techniques and an analysis of the magnetic properties to investigate the pressure-induced high $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ low spin transition in $[{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{({\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{CMe})}_{4}{]}_{3}{[\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{CN})}_{6}]$. The extended nature of the diruthenium wave function combined with coupling to chromium-related local lattice distortions changes the relative energies of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{*}$ orbitals and drives the high $\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ low spin transition on the mixed-valence diruthenium complex. This is a rare example of an externally controlled metamagnetic transition in which both spin-orbit and spin-lattice interactions contribute to the mechanism.
“Any resemblance to persons living or dead”: film and the challenge of authenticity

(1988). “Any resemblance to persons living or dead”: film and the challenge of authenticity. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 269-283.
Maximum Forces in Simulated Meat Cutting Tasks

This study attempts to evaluate maximum force capabilities of subjects performing fourteen different simulated meat cutting tasks. The different tasks represent different cutting positions related to the orientation in which the meat is presented and the types of trimming cuts. The experiment was conducted to measure maximum force capability against two constant velocities produced by a Cybex II dynamometer through the range of motion for the simulated meat cutting tasks. The results of this experiment produced a basis for selecting cutting orientations based on force capability for cutting in these fourteen motions. Based on this, the desirability of different cutting orientations for meat trimming jobs has been established.
Does obesity affect the outcomes of pulmonary resections for lung cancer? A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis

Background Obesity has increased dramatically in the American population during the past 2 decades. Approximately 35% of adults are obese. Although obesity represents a major health issue, the association between obesity and operative outcomes has been a subject of controversy. We queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to determine whether an increased body mass index (BMI) affects the outcomes of pulmonary resection for lung cancer. Methods We identified 6,567 patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer who underwent pulmonary resection from 2005 to 2012 in the NSQIP database. We stratified this population into 6 BMI groups according to the World Health Organization classification. The primary outcome measured was 30-day mortality; secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), operative time, and NSQIP-measured postoperative complications. We performed both unadjusted analysis and adjusted multivariable analysis, controlling for statistically significant variables. Results Adjusted multivariable logistic regression showed no increase in 30-day mortality, overall morbidity, and serious morbidity among obese patients. Adjusted Poisson regression revealed greater operative times for both obese and underweight patients compared with normal weight patients. Overall, obese patients were younger and had a greater percentage of preoperative comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, dyspnea, renal disease, and history of previous cardiac surgery. The prevalence of active smokers was greater among patients with low and normal BMI. Underweight patients had a greater risk-adjusted LOS relative to normal weight patients, whereas overweight and mildly obese patients had lesser risk-adjusted LOS. Conclusion The results of our analysis suggest that obesity does not confer greater mortality and morbidity after lung resection.
Videofluoroscopic evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients with swallowing dysfunction.

Background: We investigated the association of abnormalities of the swallowing mechanism in the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing with symptoms of dysphagia and painful swallowing in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Seventeen patients, two with HIV and 15 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with symptoms of dysphagia or pain on swallowing for routine barium esophagograms were studied prospectively by videofluoroscopic examination of the oropharynx in addition to a routine biphasic esophagogram. The videofluoroscopic studies were performed in conjunction with a speech pathologist. Results: All 17 patients demonstrated abnormalities in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phase of swallowing. Eight patients aspirated, six of whom did not exhibit a cough reflex and were classified as silent aspirators. Seven of the eight patients who aspirated had chest radiographs consistent with aspiration pneumonia. Conclusion: A significant number of HIV-positive and AIDS patients with dysphagia or pain on swallowing have dysfunction of the swallowing mechanism and are at risk for aspiration.