cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS MULTIPLICATION BY N-GLYCOSIDES OF BENZIMIDAZOLES

Chloro derivatives of benzimidazole were found to be 2 to 3 times more active than corresponding methyl derivatives in causing inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro . The most active benzimidazole derivative thus far tested is 5,6-dichloro-1-s-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB); it caused 75 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in membrane cultures at a concentration of 0.38 x 10–4 M. On the other hand, 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha;-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, the moiety present in vitamin B12, failed to inhibit Lee virus multiplication at a concentration of 35 x 10–4 M. Other N -glycosides of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole were considerably less active than DRB. In single cycle experiments, the degree of inhibition of Lee virus multiplication by DRB in membrane cultures was not dependent on the amount of virus in the inoculum. This compound did not inactivate the infectivity of extracellular Lee virus, had no effect on virus-erythrocyte interaction, did not interfere with the adsorption of the virus by the host tissue, nor affect the release of newly formed virus from the membrane. The inhibitory effect of DRB on Lee virus multiplication, in contrast to that of 2,5-dimethylbenzimidazole, persisted after transfer of infected membranes into fresh culture medium not containing the compound. Both DRB and the 2,5-dimethyl compound caused 99 per cent inhibition of Lee virus multiplication without affecting oxygen uptake of the membrane. Tissue proliferation of membrane pieces in roller tube culture was not significantly affected by DRB at inhibitory concentration, whereas at equivalent concentration the 2,5-dimethyl compound did restrict cellular growth. At higher concentrations, both compounds caused retardation of cell proliferation. This effect was reversible on removal of either compound from the medium. The multiplication of several strains of influenza A and B viruses, i.e . Lee, MB, PR8, and FM1, was inhibited to the same degree by each of the two compounds; DRB was 35 times more active than the 2,5-dimethyl compound relative to each of the strains. DRB caused inhibition of Lee virus multiplication in intact embryonated chicken eggs and in mice without causing significant signs of toxicity in either host. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of the inhibition of influenza virus multiplication.
Requirement of the macrophage or its products for the transformation of cortisol-resistant human lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin.

Cortisol was added to cultures of unpurified and column-purified human lymphocytes 30 minutes before addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The per cent of blasts and macrophages was determined after 72 hours of incubation. Cell-rich plasma was also used to prepare 5 day-old cultures of adherent cells on coverslips. In some experiments Cortisol (10ug/ml) was added to half of the macrophage cultures. Adherent cells or cell-free supernatants from macrophage cultures were added to cultures of purified lymphocytes from the same donor. Test cultures were prepared with PHA alone or in combination with Cortisol.The removal of adherent cells decreased the response to PHA in all experiments. Cortisol depressed PHA-stimulation and favored the survival of macrophages in unpurified cultures, but virtually abolished transformation by PHA in purified cultures. The addition of macrophages from untreated or Cortisol-treated cultures to purified lymphocytes restored the response to PHA, a response which was inhibited somew...
Iso-chemical potential trajectories in the P − T plane for He II

Trajectories of constant chemical potential in the P-T plane serve as an integral formulation of London's equation. The trajectories are useful for analysis and synthesis of fountain effect pump performance. A family of trajectories is generated from available numerical codes.
Happiness And Health: Lessons—And Questions—For Public Policy

This paper reviews the happiness-health relationship from an economics perspective, highlighting the role of adaptation. People’s expectations for health standards influence their reported health and associated happiness, a finding that roughly mirrors the Easterlin paradox in income and happiness. Research on unhappiness and obesity shows that norms and stigma vary a great deal across countries and cohorts, mediating the related well-being costs. Better understanding this variance and its effects on incentives for addressing the condition is important to policy design. More generally, the paper discusses how happiness surveys can—and cannot—inform public health policy.
Notch1 Signaling Regulates Radial Glia Differentiation through Multiple Transcriptional Mechanisms

Signaling by the Notch1 receptor is critical for the formation of radial glia in the developing nervous system. We have shown previously that Notch1 regulates the molecular and morphological differentiation of radial glia through the transcriptional activation of at least two genes, brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) and the erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs remained undefined. Here we demonstrate that Notch1 effects on radial glia gene expression are mediated by two downstream mechanisms, one that the depends on Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] and the other on Deltex1 (DTX1). These two Notch1-binding proteins contribute to the regulation of BLBP and erbB2 expression, respectively. Importantly, our results suggest that, although these events can occur simultaneously, a hierarchical relationship might exist between DTX1 and Su(H), because overexpression of DTX1 or a dominant-negative form of this protein inhibits Su(H)-mediated events but not vice versa. In contrast to the effects of DTX1 overexpression, interference RNA-mediated knock-down of DTX1 blocks Notch1-induced erbB2 promoter activation and radial glia formation selectively, without affecting Su(H)-dependent pathways, indicating that loss of DTX1 expression and expression of dominant-negative DTX1 result in different alterations in cell differentiation and gene expression. Together, these results show that Notch1 regulates radial glia formation through two distinct transcriptional mechanisms and that the outcomes of Notch1 signaling may depend on the relative expression levels of its coregulators.
Evaluation of prognostic factors and sequential combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin for canine lymphoma.

Fifty-five dogs with lymphoma were treated using a doxorubicin-based sequential combination chemotherapy protocol. Complete response, partial response, and no response were seen in 46, 4, and 5 dogs, respectively. The overall median remission duration and survival times were 36 and 51 weeks, respectively. Age, sex, weight, World Health Organization stage, World Health Organization substage (i.e., a = not ill, b = ill), serum calcium concentration, blood urea nitrogen concentration, breed and protocol alteration secondary to toxicity were evaluated for prognostic significance. Univariate analysis of prognostic factors identified sex, World Health Organization substage, and serum calcium as statistically significant (P < or = .05) variables for both survival and remission duration. Upon multivariate analysis, only substage (P = .036) was a significant prognostic factor for remission duration, whereas, both substage (P = .006) and sex (P = .005) were significant prognostic factors for survival.
Eribulin mesylate: a novel halichondrin B analogue for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and administration of eribulin in patients with metastatic breast cancer are reviewed. Summary Classical chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer have dominated treatment regimens even in the era of targeted therapy. Disease progression through these agents is often due to the development of resistance or lack of efficacy with these agents. Recently, a new nontaxane agent, eribulin mesylate, was approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients who have received at least two prior chemotherapeutic agents. Eribulin is a member of a new class of synthetic cytotoxic agents derived from the Japanese sea sponge Halichondria okadai . Eribulin differs from other antimicrotubule agents in that it can bind to the microtubule cap and inhibit tubulin polymerization, leading to microtubule arrest. In Phase II clinical trials, eribulin demonstrated activity in extensively pretreated patients who had previously received an anthracycline, taxane, and capecitabine and had shown disease progression within the last six months of treatment. In a pivotal Phase III clinical trial of heavily pre-treated patients, patients who received eribulin versus the physician’s treatment of choice showed a significant increase in overall and progression-free survival. Eribulin has a manageable adverse-effect profile, consisting mainly of neutropenia and fatigue. Eribulin has been associated with a low incidence of peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion Eribulin, a novel synthetic antimicrotubule agent that binds to the vinca domain of tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of tubulin, offers a new treatment option for metastatic breast cancer or locally advanced breast cancer.
Identification of a NIPSNAP homologue as host cell target for Salmonella virulence protein SpiC

Summary Salmonella enterica uses a type III secretion system encoded by SPI-2 to target specific virulence factors into the host cytosol of macrophages to inhibit the phagosomal-lysosomal maturation pathway. This ensures survival of Salmonella inside its intracellular niche, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). One such virulence factor is SpiC, which was previously shown to interfere with intracellular vesicular trafficking. In this study we have used a yeast two-hybrid assay to identify a NIPSNAP homologue as host cell target for SpiC that we have termed TassC. In vitro and in vivo co-purification of SpiC and TassC confirm the specificity of this interaction. Suppression of TassC production compensates a SpiC production deficit and allows spiC–Salmonella to survive within macrophages at levels comparable to wild-type Salmonella. We hypothesize that TassC is a host cell factor that determines vesicular trafficking in macrophages and is inactivated by Salmonella SpiC.
Radar in war and peace

The use of radar as a defensive warning signal and guide for antiaircraft fire as well as a control for offensive warfare was one of the chief advantages enjoyed by the Allies during World War II. In the postwar world, however, radar will have even more far-reaching effects as the most important element in the development of a completely safe navigation and traffic control system for both sea and air.
The Bidimensional Structure of Suicidal Symptoms in Nepal

Among 367 people in Nepal, we examined the empirical distinction between the plans versus desire dimensions of suicidality, using confirmatory factor analyses/structural equation modeling. Results were consistent with a distinction between two dimensions of suicidal symptoms. The current study thus affirms the general factorial construct validity of this distinction. By association, it also supports risk assessment procedures based upon this distinction (Joiner, Walker, Rudd et al., 1999). That this occurred using a measure heretofore unexamined in this area, using confirmatory factor analyses, and especially, within a very different cultural context, provides further support for this view. These findings may inform the clinical assessment of suicidal patients.
Midbrain units in catfish: Response properties to electroreceptive input

1. Single unit responses to uniform, rectangular and sine wave electric field stimulation were studied in the torus semicircularis of catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) with the intention of characterizing functional unit types. Five unit types were discriminated on the basis of their responses to dc step stimuli (Table 1, Fig. 2): (1) phasic units with high resting discharges (Phrd) and (2) phasic units with low resting discharges (Plrd), both responded with a fast adapting increase in firing rate; (3) tonic units (T) responded with an impulse train that did not adapt appreciably for at least 250 ms; (4) phasic-tonic units (P-T) responded with a fast and a slow adapting component; and (5) weakly responding units (W) responded poorly or erratically. 2. Changing the orientation of the stimulus field drastically altered the response vigor of most units (Figs. 1, 3). Field orientation preference was measured for each unit based on its impulse response (Fig. 1). As a group,T units were most selective, followed byP-T andW units.Plrd andPhrd units were least selective responding to a wide range of stimulus orientations (Table 1). Frequency-response, intensity-response, and threshold measurements were determined with the stimulus field in the optimal orientation (best\(\vec E\)) for each unit. 3. Characteristic frequency thresholds fell between 0.8 and 15 μV/cm (8×10−13 and 15×10−12 A/mm2). Unit latencies ranged from 8 to 28 ms except for 3 unit latencies of 47, 93, and 130 ms (Fig. 4). 4. Increasing the intensity of rectangular wave stimulation usually resulted in a monotonic decrease in response latency (Fig. 11) while impulse response functions often saturated or declined at high intensities, especially amongT andP-T units (Fig. 10).W units showed no systematic effect of intensity on their responses. 5. Each unit was classified according to its frequency tuning properties into one of four groups (Fig. 5): broad passband, <0.1 Hz to 10–25 Hz; low passband, <0.1 Hz to 1–7 Hz; medium passband, 0.1–1.0 Hz to 7–25 Hz; and high passband, 1.0–5.0 Hz to 10–25 Hz. SomeT, P-T andW units displayed frequency specific inhibition, typically by frequencies above their excitatory frequencies (Fig. 6). 6. Phase locking to sinusoidal stimuli was a common attribute of torus units. Four distinct types of phase locking units were found (Fig. 7): monophase multispiking, monophase oligospiking, biphase multispiking, and biphase oligospiking. Firing phase could advance, recede or remain unchanged as a function of stimulus intensity (Fig. 8). After-discharges at the cessation of a high intensity sinusoidal stimulus was observed in 13% of the phase locking units.
Integrated modeling, monitoring, and site characterization to assess the isolation performance of geologic CO2 storage: Requirements, challenges, and methodology

Abstract Forecasting and demonstrating the long-term isolation performance of engineered geologic CO2 storage requires a technology portfolio that explicitly integrates state-of-the-art site characterization, experimental, modeling, monitoring, and verification components. In this paper, I review the fundamental elements of isolation performance; outline the technical requirements of advanced site characterization, modeling, and monitoring methods; discuss key challenges to identifying screening criteria that permit optimal source/sink matching and quantifying the uncertainties that surround modeling and monitoring efforts; and, finally, describe a next-generation stochastic methodology that facilitates explicit integration of uncertainty-bound performance prediction, monitoring, and site characterization.
Exhaled nitric oxide in symptomatic children at preschool age predicts later asthma

Prediction of asthma in young children with respiratory symptoms is hampered by the lack of objective measures applicable in clinical routine. In this prospective study in a preschool children cohort, we assessed whether the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation, is associated with asthma at school age.
Characteristics of Methyl Parathion Resistance in House Fly Larvae

A comparative study of two laboratory strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L., one that is generally susceptible (S) to all insecticides and the other selected for high levels of resistance to methyl parathion (Rmp), indicated that resistance to this compound in third instars of the Rmp strain was attributed to enhanced metabolic detoxification and decreased target site sensitivity. Susceptibility to topical applications of methyl parathion was 44.1-fold greater in S strain larvae (LC50 = 0.23 µg per insect) than in those of the Rmp strain (LC50 = 10.14 µg per insect). In vitro studies of the interaction of methyl paraoxon (the toxic principle of methyl parathion poisoning) with solubilized preparations of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from whole body homogenates of larvae indicated the AChE of S larvae was about three times more sensitive than that of the Rmp larvae. This difference in sensitivity resulted from a higher affinity of S AChE for methyl paraoxon and a slower rate of phosphorylation of the AChE of the Rmp larvae. In vivo studies of the fate of topically applied [14C] methyl parathion in third instars demonstrated that the rate of cuticular penetration was rapid and was about the same for both strains. Concentrations of methyl paraoxon were found to be about two times higher at all sample times in S strain larvae after treatment.
RESPONSE OF YOUNG HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN HEIFERS TO PHENOTHIAZINE AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL.

Abstract A 2×2 factorial experiment with 48 Holstein heifers was conducted over a 2-yr period to study the effects of adding 10mg diethylstilbestrol (DES); 1.5g phenothiazine; or 10mg DES and 1.5g phenothiazine to the daily ration of young heifers on growth response and control of internal nematode parasites. When phenothiazine alone was added to the control ration, rate of gain was lowered. When either 10mg DES or 10mg DES and 1.5g phenothiazine was added to the control ration, the increases in rate of gain were highly significant. Average daily rates of gain in pounds for the four groups were 1.73, 1.67, 2.07, and 2.05 for the control, phenothiazine, DES, and combination groups, respectively. Decreases in fecal egg counts as a result of feeding phenothiazine were highly significant.
Comparison of Ha‐ras mutational spectra of N‐methyldibenzo[c,g]carbazole and 7H‐dibenzo[c,g]carbazole–induced mouse skin tumors

Carcinogenic N-heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed during the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels as well as cigarette smoke. N-Methyldibenzo[c,g]carbazole (NMeDBC) and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) are members of this group. DBC induces mouse skin and liver tumors, whereas NMeDBC induces only mouse skin tumors. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds in skin by assessing the Ha-ras mutational spectra induced by a two-stage initiation-promotion protocol. NMeDBC (200 nmol) or DBC (200 nmol) was applied to the back skin of 24 female Hsd:ICR(Br) mice (12 per group) once. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (2 microg) was then applied twice weekly for 28 wk. Tumors were screened for Ha-ras mutations using enriched polymerase chain reaction and mutations defined by dideoxy sequencing. In DBC animals 58% produced papillomas, of which 71% had codon 61 mutations, 4% had codon 12 mutations, 4% had codon 13 mutations, and 21% had no Ha-ras mutations. In NMeDBC animals 92% produced papillomas, of which 73% had codon 61 mutations and 27% had no Ha-ras mutations. All of the codon 61 mutations, from both NMeDBC and DBC, were CAA-->CTA transversions. The DBC-induced tumors with the codon 12 mutation had a GGA-->GAA transition, and the codon 13 mutation was a GGC-->GTC transversion. These results suggest that NMeDBC is a more potent tumor inducer than DBC, but the resulting H-ras mutations in each group were predominantly in codon 61, and, therefore, mutation induction in skin by each chemical appears to proceed by a similar mechanism.
Speciation of essential and toxic elements in edible mushrooms: size-exclusion chromatography separation with on-line UV–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection

Size-exclusion liquid chromatography was coupled to UV and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for detection to perform elemental speciation studies on different edible mushrooms. Molecular weight (MW) distribution patterns of several elements among different fractions present in various edible mushrooms are presented. The association of the elements with the high and low MW fractions was observed using sequential detection by UV and ICP-MS. Separation was performed using a Superdex 75 column. Variability of the fractionation patterns with three different extraction media (0.05 mol l−1 NaOH; 0.05 mol l−1 HCl; hot water at 60°C) was evaluated for mushroom species. A comparative elemental speciation study was performed in order to determine the differences in the fractionation patterns of silver, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, and tin in Boletus edulis, Agaricus bisporus, and Lentinus edodes. Differences in the fractionation patterns of the elements were found to depend on the mushroom species and the extraction medium. Most of the elements were associated with high mw fractions. It was not possible to assess the trace metal contributions from the mushroom growth media. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Frequency-Domain Filtering Technique for Triple Decomposition of Unsteady Turbulent Flow

A new technique is presented for decomposing unsteady turbulent flow variables into their organized unsteady and turbulent components, which appears to offer some significant advantages over existing ones. The technique uses power-spectral estimates of data to deduce the optimal frequency-domain filter for determining the organized and turbulent components of a time series of data. When contrasted with the phase-averaging technique, this method can be thought of as replacing the assumption that the organized motion is identically reproduced in successive cycles of known periodicity by a more general condition
Automatic Semantic Role Labeling

The goal of semantic role labeling is to map sentences to domain-independent semantic representations, which abstract away from syntactic structure and are important for deep NLP tasks such as question answering, textual entailment, and complex information extraction. Semantic role labeling has recently received significant interest in the natural language processing community. In this tutorial, we will first describe the problem and history of semantic role labeling, and introduce existing corpora and other related tasks. Next, we will provide a detailed survey of state-of-the-art machine learning approaches to building a semantic role labeling system. Finally, we will conclude the tutorial by discussing directions for improving semantic role labeling systems and their application to other natural language problems.
Real-time out-of-plane artifact subtraction tomosynthesis imaging using prior CT for scanning beam digital x-ray system

Purpose: The scanning beam digital x-ray system (SBDX) is an inverse geometry fluoroscopic system with high dose efficiency and the ability to perform continuous real-time tomosynthesis in multiple planes. This system could be used for image guidance during lung nodule biopsy. However, the reconstructed images suffer from strong out-of-plane artifact due to the small tomographic angle of the system. Methods: The authors propose an out-of-plane artifact subtraction tomosynthesis (OPAST) algorithm that utilizes a prior CT volume to augment the run-time image processing. A blur-and-add (BAA) analytical model, derived from the project-to-backproject physical model, permits the generation of tomosynthesis images that are a good approximation to the shift-and-add (SAA) reconstructed image. A computationally practical algorithm is proposed to simulate images and out-of-plane artifacts from patient-specific prior CT volumes using the BAA model. A 3D image registration algorithm to align the simulated and reconstructed images is described. The accuracy of the BAA analytical model and the OPAST algorithm was evaluated using three lung cancer patients’ CT data. The OPAST and image registration algorithms were also tested with added nonrigid respiratory motions. Results: Image similarity measurements, including the correlation coefficient, mean squared error, and structural similarity index, indicated that the BAA model is very accurate in simulating the SAA images from the prior CT for the SBDX system. The shift-variant effect of the BAA model can be ignored when the shifts between SBDX images and CT volumes are within ±10 mm in the x and y directions. The nodule visibility and depth resolution are improved by subtracting simulated artifacts from the reconstructions. The image registration and OPAST are robust in the presence of added respiratory motions. The dominant artifacts in the subtraction images are caused by the mismatches between the real object and the prior CT volume. Conclusions: Their proposed prior CT-augmented OPAST reconstruction algorithm improves lung nodule visibility and depth resolution for the SBDX system.
A Byzantine resilient multi-path key establishment scheme and its robustness analysis for sensor networks

Sensor networks are composed of a large number of low power sensor devices. For secure communication among sensors, secret keys must be established between them. Random key predistribution and pairwise key establishment schemes have been proposed for key management in large-scale sensor networks. In these schemes, after being deployed, sensors set up pairwise keys via preinstalled keys. The key establishment schemes are vulnerable to Byzantine attacks, i.e., packet dropping or altering. To counter these attacks, we propose a Byzantine resilient multi-path key establishment scheme that uses the Reed-Solomon error-correct coding scheme to improve resilience to Byzantine attacks. Our proposed scheme can tolerate at most t faulty key paths, where t - (n - k)/2 when (n,k) Reed-Solomon error-correct coding scheme is used. In addition, by using the Reed-Solomon coding scheme, sensors can identify the faulty paths with minimal communication overhead.
Body Image Disturbances and Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction Among Hispanic and White Preadolescents

This study assessed ethnic and gender differences in ideal body size, body dissatisfaction (BD), and the relationship between BD and various predictors (e.g., body composition indicators and cardiorespiratory fitness). The sample consisted of 190 White and Hispanic preadolescents aged 10–13 years. Demographic, percent body fat (%BF), body mass index (BMI), body image variables, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were examined. A significant Gender × Ethnicity interaction was found for ideal body size (p < .05), with Hispanic girls preferring the thinnest figures and Hispanic boys the largest figures, compared to their counterparts. No significant gender or ethnic differences in BD were observed. After controlling for demographic and cultural variables, increased %BF and BMI scores predicted greater BD, whereas CRF did not.
EMBARAZO ECTÓPICO TUBARIO BILATERAL: REPORTE DE UN CASO

RESUMENSe reporta un caso de embarazo ectopico tubario bilateral. Se analiza el cuadro clinico y su dificultaddiagnostica.PALABRAS CLAVES: Embarazo tubario bilateralSUMMARYWe report one case of bilateral ectopic pregnancy assisted in our Unit with a study of clinical presentationand diagnosis.KEY WORDS: Bilateral ectopic pregnancy Casos Clinicos INTRODUCCIONEmbarazo ectopico se define como la implan-tacion del huevo fecundado en cualquier parte dela cavidad pelviana o abdominal que no sea lauterina. La incidencia varia entre 1,2 a 1,4% deltotal de embarazos (1) y su incidencia va en au-mento. Por ejemplo, en EEUU en 1970 se reporta-ron 17.800 casos, cuadruplicandose tal cifra en1997 (88,400) (2). En Chile en 1992 se reportaron3.045 embarazos ectopicos, con 1 ectopico cada76 embarazos y una tasa de 10,37 por 10.000mujeres en edad fertil (15 a 44 anos) (3). La tasade mortalidad materna nacional por esta patologiapara el 2000 fue 0,4 por 100.000 NV (4). A pesarde lo anterior, la mortalidad en los ultimos anos hadisminuido (5).Mas del 95% de los embarazos ectopicos seimplantan en la trompa uterina, de ellos, la mitadse aloja en la ampolla tubaria (55%), un 20% enla porcion istmica, y resto lo hace en elinfundibulo, fimbria o en la porcion intersticial (6)(Figura 1).Los factores de riesgo para desarrollar unembarazo ectopico son: el antecedente de emba-razo ectopico previo (7), el dano tubario por infec-cion (8) o cirugia (9), el tabaco (10), el uso de DIU(10), la edad (11) y las tecnicas de reproduccionasistidas (12). Los metodos de estimulacionovulatoria, GIFT o IVF-ET, se asocian a la apari-cion del embarazo ectopico bilateral.El embarazo ectopico bilateral es un eventoraro, su incidencia varia entre 1 en 725 a 1 en1.580 del total de embarazos ectopicos (13, 14).El primer caso fue publicado en 1918 (15) y desdeentonces se han reportado mas de 200 casos enla literatura mundial (16).El adecuado manejo del embarazo ectopicocomprende un precoz diagnostico y se basa enalgoritmos que combinan el ultrasonido y la frac-cion beta de la gonadotrofina corionica.A continuacion presentamos un caso reciente-
Cyclooxygenase inhibition abrogates aeroallergen-induced immune tolerance by suppressing prostaglandin I2 receptor signaling

Background The prevalence of allergic diseases has doubled in developed countries in the past several decades. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting drugs augmented allergic diseases in mice by increasing allergic sensitization and memory immune responses. However, whether COX inhibition can promote allergic airway diseases by inhibiting immune tolerance is not known. Objective To determine the role of the COX pathway and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) signaling through the PGI2 receptor (IP) in aeroallergen-induced immune tolerance. Methods Wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice and IP knockout mice were aerosolized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce immune tolerance prior to immune sensitization with an intraperitoneal injection of OVA/alum. The COX inhibitor indomethacin or vehicle was administered in drinking water to inhibit enzyme activity during the sensitization phase. Two weeks after sensitization, the mice were challenged with OVA aerosols. Mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was harvested for cell counts and TH2 cytokine measurements. Results WT mice treated with indomethacin had greater numbers of total cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, and increased IL-5 and IL-13 protein expression in BAL fluid compared to vehicle-treated mice. Similarly, IP knockout mice had augmented inflammation and TH2 cytokine responses compared to WT mice. In contrast, the PGI2 analog cicaprost attenuated the anti-tolerance effect of COX inhibition. Conclusion COX inhibition abrogated immune tolerance by suppressing PGI2 IP signaling, suggesting that PGI2 signaling promotes immune tolerance and that clinical use of COX-inhibiting drugs may increase the risk of developing allergic diseases.
Gifted and Talented Education in the Soviet Union.

This article presents a brief review of the Soviet Union's educational approach to gifted and talented children, focusing on the Young Pioneer Palace in Moscow. Soviet society, like American society, accommodates both the needs of certain individuals and those of the larger society. The Soviet Union's decision to serve the gifted is of less interest than the method it has selected to meet their needs. In the Soviet Union, an egalitarian ideology is circumvented by special programs and an eleborate network of after-school programs. The latter programs, in particular, are more elaborate than any other extra-curricular gifted education system and, thus, are worthy of consideration and emulation.
CNO Nucleosynthesis and the Nova Outburst

In this review we will present our predictions for CNO nucleosynthesis by the classical nova outburst. Inasmuch as a detailed review of the outburst itself will soon appear in print (Starrfield, Sparks, and Truran, 1976, hereafter SST), here we will discuss only those properties of the nova phenomena which are pertinent to the production of the CNO isotopes. We will also discuss some observational studies of CNO abundances in novae which strongly support our theory for the cause of the outburst.
Sequential optimal design of neurophysiology experiments

Adaptively optimizing experiments has the potential to significantly reduce the number of trials needed to build parametric statistical models of neural systems. However, application of adaptive methods to neurophysiology has been limited by severe computational challenges. Since most neurons are high-dimensional systems, optimizing neurophysiology experiments requires computing high-dimensional integrations and optimizations in real time. Here we present a fast algorithm for choosing the most informative stimulus by maximizing the mutual information between the data and the unknown parameters of a generalized linear model (GLM) that we want to fit to the neuron's activity. We rely on important log concavity and asymptotic normality properties of the posterior to facilitate the required computations. Our algorithm requires only low-rank matrix manipulations and a two-dimensional search to choose the optimal stimulus. The average running time of these operations scales quadratically with the dimensionality of the GLM, making real-time adaptive experimental design feasible even for high-dimensional stimulus and parameter spaces. For example, we require roughly 10 milliseconds on a desktop computer to optimize a 100-dimensional stimulus. Despite using some approximations to make the algorithm efficient, our algorithm asymptotically decreases the uncertainty about the model parameters at a rate equal to the maximum rate predicted by an asymptotic analysis. Simulation results show that picking stimuli by maximizing the mutual information can speed up convergence to the optimal values of the parameters by an order of magnitude compared to using random (nonadaptive) stimuli. Finally, applying our design procedure to real neurophysiology experiments requires addressing the nonstationarities that we would expect to see in neural responses; our algorithm can efficiently handle both fast adaptation due to spike history effects and slow, nonsystematic drifts in a neuron's activity.
A neuromechanics-based powered ankle exoskeleton to assist walking post-stroke: a feasibility study

In persons post-stroke, diminished ankle joint function can contribute to inadequate gait propulsion. To target paretic ankle impairments, we developed a neuromechanics-based powered ankle exoskeleton. Specifically, this exoskeleton supplies plantarflexion assistance that is proportional to the user’s paretic soleus electromyography (EMG) amplitude only during a phase of gait when the stance limb is subjected to an anteriorly directed ground reaction force (GRF). The purpose of this feasibility study was to examine the short-term effects of the powered ankle exoskeleton on the mechanics and energetics of gait. Five subjects with stroke walked with a powered ankle exoskeleton on the paretic limb for three 5 minute sessions. We analyzed the peak paretic ankle plantarflexion moment, paretic ankle positive work, symmetry of GRF propulsion impulse, and net metabolic power. The exoskeleton increased the paretic plantarflexion moment by 16% during the powered walking trials relative to unassisted walking condition (p < .05). Despite this enhanced paretic ankle moment, there was no significant increase in paretic ankle positive work, or changes in any other mechanical variables with the powered assistance. The exoskeleton assistance appeared to reduce the net metabolic power gradually with each 5 minute repetition, though no statistical significance was found. In three of the subjects, the paretic soleus activation during the propulsion phase of stance was reduced during the powered assistance compared to unassisted walking (35% reduction in the integrated EMG amplitude during the third powered session). This feasibility study demonstrated that the exoskeleton can enhance paretic ankle moment. Future studies with greater sample size and prolonged sessions are warranted to evaluate the effects of the powered ankle exoskeleton on overall gait outcomes in persons post-stroke.
Student-Level Effects of Increased Teacher-Directed Opportunities to Respond.

Antecedent-based classroom management strategies, including teacher-directed opportunities to respond (TD-OTR), have been identified and studied in the literature, but the link between those practices and student outcomes is still developing. This study describes a within-subject interrupted time-series analysis of the relationship between increased TD-OTRs and student-level behavior and academic outcomes. Results indicate a statistically significant positive relationship between increased TD-OTRs and student academic engagement and disruptive behavior, but not academic achievement based a standardized progress monitoring measure. Limitations and future directions are noted.
Hydrogen-Ion Activity

Hydrogen ions are involved in a wide variety of chemical and biochemical reactions, the equilibria and kinetics of which are directly affected by the activity of these ions. This activity, expressed in terms of pH, is therefore of fundamental importance in many areas of science and technology; the determination of pH is one of the most widely performed analytical measurements, ranging in application from research and clinical laboratories to monitoring industrial processes. Of the two methods for measuring pH, electrometric and chemical indicator (optical), the most common is based on the pH glass electrode used in combination with a reference electrode and pH meter. The indicator method, using pH-sensitive dyes, can be combined with optical readout devices, such as fiber optics and photometers, or simply by visual color comparison. The pH scale is defined by a series of reference buffer solutions which are used to calibrate the pH measurement system. Although pH measurements are among the most specific with respect to possible interferences, there are a number of potential sources of error that can affect the accuracy of the measurements. These errors, which include fouling of the electrodes, flow variations, suspended matter, temperature variation, and dehydration of the glass membrane in nonaqueous media, are discussed. Keywords: pH determination; Process control; Hydrogen ion; Buffer solutions; Accuracy; Measurement systems; Reference electrodes; Nonaqueous solvents; Indicator pH
Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation

Processing fluency, or the subjective experience of ease with which people process information, reliably influences people’s judgments across a broad range of social dimensions. Experimenters have manipulated processing fluency using a vast array of techniques, which, despite their diversity, produce remarkably similar judgmental consequences. For example, people similarly judge stimuli that are semantically primed (conceptual fluency), visually clear (perceptual fluency), and phonologically simple (linguistic fluency) as more true than their less fluent counterparts. The authors offer the first comprehensive review of such mechanisms and their implications for judgment and decision making. Because every cognition falls along a continuum from effortless to demanding and generates a corresponding fluency experience, the authors argue that fluency is a ubiquitous metacognitive cue in reasoning and social judgment.
Quality‐of‐life policing: Do offenders get the message?

In the 1990s, the New York City Police Department expanded its focus on reducing behaviors that detract from the overall quality of life (QOL) in the city. Many have credited this effort for the decline in the city's overall crime rate. They often cite the fixing broken windows argument, which maintains that reducing disorder sets off a chain of events leading to less crime. However, systematic research has not yet documented this chain of events. Looks at one of the first linkages, whether QOL policing sends a message to offenders not to engage in disorderly behaviors in public locales. The project interviewed 539 New York City arrestees in 1999. Almost all of them were aware that police were targeting various disorderly behaviors. Among those that engaged in disorderly behaviors, about half reported that they had stopped or cut back in the past six months. They reported a police presence was the most important factor behind their behavioral changes. These findings support the idea that QOL policing has a deterrent effect.
Varying effects of temperature, Ca2+ and cytochalasin on fusion activity mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 glycoproteins

We examined fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) envelope glycoproteins under various experimental conditions. Incubation of HeLa cells expressing HIV-2ROD and HIV-2SBL/ISY envelope glycoproteins with HeLa-CD4 target cells resulted in fusion at temperatures ≥25°C whereas fusion with cells expressing HIV-1Lai occurred only at ≥31°C. HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion proceeded in the absence of Ca2+ in the culture medium, whereas HIV-1 fusion required Ca2+ ions for fusion. In contrast to HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein fusion, incubations in the presence of the 0.5 μM cytochalasin B completely inhibited HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion. Our results suggest that in contrast to HIV-2, HIV-1 fusion is dependent on dynamic processes in the target membrane.
Neural crest and placodal contributions in the development of the glossopharyngeal-vagal complex in the chick.

By using the method of quail-to-chick transplantation of neural crest in one series (VNG) and placodal ectoderm in a second series (VPG) we were able to determine the relative contribution of cranial neural crest and placodal ectoderm to the formation of the Glossopharyngeal-vagal complex. In chimeric embryos, quail cells originating from cranial neural crest grafts of postotic levels end up in the root ganglia, while quail cells originating from placodal ectoderm of postotic levels end up in the trunk ganglia. The results clearly indicate that the caudal levels of the medulla and rostral cervical segments represent the site, and the neural crest the source, for the neurons of the root ganglia. The neurons form a homogenous population of the small-cell type. This clearly rules out any contribution to the root ganglia from placodal ectoderm. On the basis of our experiments, it is also concluded that the neurons of the trunk ganglia are purely placodal in origin and are composed of a population of cells of the large-cell type. Our experiments also provide convincing evidence for a neural crest origin for Schwann cell and ganglionic Satellite cells.
Synthesis of application-specific multiprocessor architectures

This paper describes a formal technique for automated synthesis of multiprocessor systems for given applications. The application task is specified in terms of a graph, and the architecture synthesized includes a set of processing elements and the interconnection architecture between them. The technique generates a task execution schedule along with the architecture. The technique involves creation of a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP) model and solution of the model. Synthesis of a few example architectures is reported.
Transitive and pseudo-transitive inferences

Given that A is longer than B, and that B is longer than C, even 5-year-old children can infer that A is longer than C. Theories of reasoning based on formal rules of inference invoke simple axioms ("meaning postulates") to capture such transitive inferences. An alternative theory proposes instead that reasoners construct mental models of the situation described by the premises in order to draw such inferences. An unexpected consequence of the model theory is that if adult reasoners construct simple models of typical situations, then they should infer transitive relations where, in certain cases, none exists. We report four studies corroborating the occurrence of these "pseudo-transitive" fallacies. Experiment 1 established that individuals' diagrams of certain non-transitive relations yield transitive conclusions. Experiment 2 showed that these premises also give rise to fallacious transitive inferences. Experiment 3 established that when the context suggested alternatives to the simple models, the participants made fewer errors. Experiment 4 showed that tense is an important aspect of meaning which affects whether individuals draw transitive conclusions. We discuss the implications of these results for various theories of reasoning.
Supernatant protein biomarkers of red blood cell storage hemolysis as determined through an absolute quantification proteomics technology.

BACKGROUND Laboratory technologies have highlighted the progressive accumulation of the so-called “storage lesion,” a wide series of alterations to stored red blood cells (RBCs) that may affect the safety and effectiveness of the transfusion therapy. New improvements in the field are awaited to ameliorate this lesion, such as the introduction of washing technologies in the cell processing pipeline. Laboratory studies that have tested such technologies so far rely on observational qualitative or semiquantitative techniques. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A state-of-the-art quantitative proteomics approach utilizing quantitative concatamers (QconCAT) was used to simultaneously monitor fluctuations in the abundance of 114 proteins in AS-3 RBC supernatants (n = 5; 11 time points, including before and after leukoreduction, at 3 hours, on Days 1 and 2, and weekly sampling from Day 7 through Day 42). RESULTS Leukoreduction-dependent depletion of plasma proteins was observed at the earliest time points. A subset of proteins showed very high linear correlation (r2 > 0.9) not only with storage time, but also with absolute levels of hemoglobin α1 and β, a proxy for RBC hemolysis and vesiculation. Linear regression was performed to describe the temporal relationship between these proteins. Our findings suggest a role for supernatant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; peroxiredoxin-1, -2, and -6; carbonic anhydrase-1 and -2; selenium binding protein-1; biliverdin reductase; aminolevulinate dehydratase; and catalase as potential biomarkers of RBC quality during storage. CONCLUSION A targeted proteomics technology revealed novel biomarkers of the RBC storage lesion and promises to become a key analytical readout for the development and testing of alternative cell processing strategies.
Induction of gastric and duodenal mucosal ornithine decarboxylase during stress

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gastric and duodenal mucosal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity increased during a period of ulcer-producing stress and whether changes in enzyme activity altered the severity of damage. Rats were fasted for 22 h, placed in a restraint cage, and immersed in water to the xiphoid process for different times lasting from 2 to 8 h. After 6 h, stress slightly increased gastric mucosal ODC and caused a sevenfold increase in duodenal mucosal ODC activity. Macroscopic ulcers developed in the oxyntic gland mucosa but not duodenal mucosa. Interestingly, however, after 6 h microscopic inspection showed an absence of most villi from the duodenum. DNA, RNA, and protein content of both tissues decreased over the time rats were exposed to stress. DL-alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, a specific ODC inhibitor) prevented the increase in ODC in both tissues and increased the loss of DNA and RNA from duodenal mucosa. The degree of damage was not altered by DFMO in either tissue in response to 6 h of stress. These results show that 1) stress causes microscopic damage to the duodenum, 2) stress increases ODC in both gastric and duodenal mucosa, and 3) the inhibition of ODC during 6 h of stress does not alter the severity of damage.