cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy requirements of glutamatergic pathways in rabbit retina

In vitro rabbit retina was used as an example of CNS tissue in experiments designed to measure the energy requirements associated with the activation of different types of glutamate receptors. Retinas were exposed to glutamate and to four analogs: kainate, 2-amino-4- phosphonobutyric acid (APB), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV). The changes in O2 consumption and lactate production were determined using a recently developed experimental system that permitted simultaneous measurements of the rates at which O2 was removed from the medium and acid was added. The glutamatergic agents had relatively little effect on oxidative metabolism, but they caused large changes in glycolysis. Kainate increased retinal lactate production by 50%, whereas APB, CNQX, and APV reduced it by 23%, 19%, and 35%, respectively. Glutamate increased lactate production by 16% when administered after APB, but decreased it by 12% when administered after CNQX. The changes in energy metabolism coincided with changes in electrophysiological function. Since the energy metabolism of many retinal cells was presumably not much affected by the glutamatergic agents, the changes measured as a percent of total retinal glycolysis must have reflected considerably larger fractional changes in the cells most affected. From the response to inhibitors, it seems probable that even under resting conditions in darkness, activity in glutamatergic pathways is responsible for more than 50% of the glycolytically derived energy used by the cells involved. It also seems probable (particularly from the response to kainate) that under some circumstances the cells' energy metabolism and/or transport capability cannot meet the requirements imposed by glutamate-induced increases in function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SpatiuMedia: interacting with locations

Affordable wireless networking enables a wide range of devices to encode spatial data into media both for the outdoor and indoor environment. In this paper, the authors present a platform for generating, transmitting and sharing the location-aware media flow. Interactive applications, such as video search by locations, location search by interesting spots, navigation games and online SpatiuMedia community, are presented.
Network-Based and Binless Frequency Analyses

We introduce and develop a new network-based and binless methodology to perform frequency analyses and produce histograms. In contrast with traditional frequency analysis techniques that use fixed intervals to bin values, we place a range ±ζ around each individual value in a data set and count the number of values within that range, which allows us to compare every single value of a data set with one another. In essence, the methodology is identical to the construction of a network, where two values are connected if they lie within a given a range (±ζ). The value with the highest degree (i.e., most connections) is therefore assimilated to the mode of the distribution. To select an optimal range, we look at the stability of the proportion of nodes in the largest cluster. The methodology is validated by sampling 12 typical distributions, and it is applied to a number of real-world data sets with both spatial and temporal components. The methodology can be applied to any data set and provides a robust means to uncover meaningful patterns and trends. A free python script and a tutorial are also made available to facilitate the application of the method.
The effect of soil moisture and thaw depth on CH4 flux from wet coastal tundra ecosystems on the north slope of Alaska

Abstract Results from a 2-year study of wet coastal tundra ecosystems located near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska indicate that CH 4 flux to the atmosphere is strongly controlled by soil moisture content and the depth of the seasonally thawed soil active layer. Daily CH 4 flux from a flooded and well drained site on the Prudhoe Bay oil fields was on average 0.7 and 0.1 gC m −2 day −1 , respectively over both sampling seasons. Daily CH 4 flux in an area located approximately 50 km south of Prudhoe Bay was considerably higher. This area (APL 133-3) contained a flooded, moist, and dry site which emitted on average 1.5, 1.1, and 0.2 gC m −2 day −1 to the atmosphere, respectively over both sampling seasons. These flux rates represent significant inputs of CH 4 to the atmosphere. Evidence of the importance of soil moisture and thaw depth in controlling CH 4 flux, coupled with the predominantly waterlogged, anaerobic conditions of wet tundra soils, suggest the potential for strong interactions of this soil-atmosphere system with global climate change.
Synchronization of estrus in beef cows with Norgestomet-Alfaprostol or Syncro-Mate B.

Abstract In the spring of 1986, 506 beef cows were used to evaluate the effectiveness of two estrus synchronization systems. Cows were synchronized with either a 6-mg Norgestomet implant placed in the ear for 14 d followed by a 6-mg Alfaprostol injection given 16 d after implant removal (Norgestomet-Alfaprostol) or with Syncro-Mate B (6-mg Norgestomet implant for 9 d with an injection containing 5 mg estradiol valerate and 3 mg Norgestomet at the time of implantation). The Alfaprostol injection in the Norgestomet-Alfaprostol group was given the same day as implant removal in the Syncro-Mate B group. These treatment groups were compared to a group of untreated controls. Cows were allotted to treatments by days postpartum, age and breed. Syncro-Mate B cows had a higher estrous response within 5 d after treatment (78.6 vs 64.0%) and a shorter interval to estrus (39.2 vs 66.7 h) than did Norgestomet-Alfaprostol cows (P 0.10). Controls had lower synchronized and 25-d pregnancy rates when compared to either of the synchronized groups (P
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Purpose Interstitial cystitis (IC) often coexists with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS may be explained by small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which increases immune activation and visceral hypersensitivity. This prospective pilot study tested hypotheses that IC patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have SIBO, that nonabsorbable antibiotic use improves symptoms, and that improvement is sustained by prokinetic therapy. Methods Consecutive IC patients with GI symptoms had lactulose breath testing (LBT). Those with abnormal results received rifaximin 1,200–1,800 mg/day for 10 days then tegaserod 3 mg/nightly. Questionnaires addressed IC and GI global improvement. Results Of 21 patients, 17 (81%) had abnormal LBTs. Of 15 patients treated, GI global improvement was moderate to great in 11 (73%) and sustained in ten (67%). IC global improvement was moderate to great in six (40%) and sustained in seven (47%). Conclusions A majority of IC patients and GI symptoms had an abnormal LBT suggesting SIBO. Rifaximin improved symptoms, which was sustained by tegaserod.
Standards of Best Practice: Simulation Standard VII: Participant Assessment and Evaluation

Abstract In a simulation-based experience, formative assessment or summative evaluation can be used. Formative assessment fosters personal and professional development and helps participants progress toward achieving objectives. Summative evaluation focuses on measurement of outcomes or achievement of objectives. The use of simulation supports assessment or evaluation of behaviors demonstrated in the domains of learning: cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (skills).
Biologically important coordination compounds of 4-acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-5-dimethyl-δ2-1,3,4-thiadiazole with manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II)

Abstract The complexes of 4-Acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-5- dimethyl-δ 2 -1,3,4-thiadiazole (AAT) with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(Il) and Ni(II) have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moments, electronic and infrared spectral studies. The most probable structures of the complexes have been proposed on the basis of their physicochemical properties. The fungitoxicity of AAT and its complexes has been evaluated on pathogenic fungi.
The Interaction of High Altitude and Psychotropic Drug Action

The purpose of this experiments was to provide an illustration of an interaction of a psychotropic drug with the changed subjective state of a subject as induced by a simulated high altitude environment. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test was administered to a group of subjects during two days of exposure to 2.000, 11.000, and 15.000 feet altitude in a high altitude chamber. The drugs used were codeine sulphate, desoxyephedrine hydrochloride, a mixture of these two drugs, and a lactose placebo. It was found that at 2.000 feet, desoxyephedrine enhanced performance and both codeine alone and a mixture of codeine and desoxyephedrine depressed performance. At 15.000 feet both codeine alone and the mixture of desoxyephedrine and codeine normalized the test performance; whereas the effect of desoxyephedrine was similar to the placebo. These results were interpreted as a demonstration of the interaction of drug effects with the subjective status of an individual.
Perspectives on Preparing Graduate Students To Provide Services to Diverse Populations in Schools

Abstract In today's school settings, speech-language pathologists are likely to engage in assessment, intervention, and consultation for students from culturally and linguistically diverse populati...
Resting murine neutrophils express functional alpha 4 integrins that signal through Src family kinases.

There is mounting evidence that α 4 (CD49d) integrins are involved in neutrophil recruitment and function during inflammatory responses. We report that all resting murine neutrophils derived from bone marrow or peripheral blood express easily detectable levels of α 4 integrins on their surface. These α 4 integrins were functional, as demonstrated by stimulation of respiratory burst when neutrophils adhered to surfaces coated with the murine vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (mVCAM-1). Adhesion occurred via α 4 integrins, as preincubation of neutrophils with an anti-α 4 -specific Ab inhibited attachment to mVCAM-1. Direct cross-linking of the α 4 integrin subunit by surface-bound mAbs also elicited superoxide release and release of the secondary granule marker, lactoferrin. The functional responses that occurred downstream of α 4 integrin cross-linking required signaling by Src family kinases. Neutrophils derived from hck −/− fgr −/− lyn −/− triple-knockout or hck −/− fgr −/− double-knockout mice failed to undergo respiratory burst when plated on mVCAM-1. Triple mutant neutrophils were also defective in release of both superoxide and lactoferrin when plated on surfaces coated with mAbs directed against α 4 . Correlated with impaired α 4 -induced functional responses, triple-mutant neutrophils also failed to spread and tightly adhere to anti-α 4 mAb-coated surfaces. This is the first direct evidence that functional α 4 integrins are expressed by murine PMNs, and that these surface molecules can mediate cellular responses such as tight adhesion, spreading, sustained respiratory burst, and specific granule release in vitro. Moreover the α 4 integrins, like all other integrins tested, use the Src family kinases to transduce intracellular signals.
SU‐E‐T‐203: Sensitivity Study on the Use of Computed Radiography for Linac Routine Quality Assurance ‐ Light/radiation Field Coincidence

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy of using computed radiography(CR) system for the light/radiation field coincidence test and to verify that the accuracy level can be achieved by using this technique as a linac routine quality assurance check. Methods: Kodak 2000RT CR system together with a Kodak Flexible Phosphor plate was used in this study. The phosphor plate was exposed with background radiation (cover the entire plate), radiation field and then field light. All measurements were carried out by using 6 MV X‐rays (Varian 21iX) and 100 cm SSD setup. The room lights were off during the entire measure procedure to control the amount of light field discharge on the CR plate. Results: Delivering 1 and 2 MUs to background and radiation fields, respectively and shining the field light for 35 seconds can provide a good quality of contrast to notify discrepancy (darker or lighter stripe along field edges) between light and radiation fields. Users can visually indicate the discrepancy approximately 1 mm without using any tool. For discrepancy less than 1 mm in the penumbra region between light and radiation fields, by analyzing the light/radiation field edge profiles of CR plate response, accuracy of less than 1 mm can be achieved. Conclusions: The CR system can be used as a replacement of the film to perform the linac routine QA procedures. For light/radiation coincidence test, the result can be directly determined by eyes if using TG‐40 tolerance (i.e., < 2mm). Compared to conventional marking film technique, our method does not involve any intervention between light/radiation fields, which makes it possible to reach higher accuracy level (<1 mm).
High-temperature resistivity and oxygen diffusion in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox

Abstract We have investigated high temperature electrical resistivity and oxygen diffusion in single crystal Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x . Above ∼400° C, oxygen is readily exchanged with the sample environment which strongly influences the functional form of the resistivity. By changing the partial pressure of oxygen in the sample environment and by continuously monitoring the sample resistance at fixed temperature, we determine oxygen diffusion constants at selected temperatures. In-diffusion is found to be significantly faster than out-diffusion. The in-diffusion data suggest an activated from with a diffusion constant given by D = D 0 exp (− E / k B T ) with D 0 = 11.7 cm 2 / s and E = 1.16 eV .
Use of prescription drug samples and patient assistance programs, and the role of doctor-patient communication.

BACKGROUND Cost-related underuse of medications is common among older adults, who seldom discuss medication costs with their physicians. Some older adults may use free drug samples or industry-sponsored patient assistance programs (PAP) in hopes of lowering out-of-pocket costs, although the long-term effect of these programs on drug spending is unclear.
Our students, ourselves: Lessons of challenge and hope from the African American community

The African American community's struggle for literacy occurs in the context of liberation.
Mixed copper, zinc 2-amino benzylic organometallics as efficient reagents for the synthesis of heterocycles

Abstract The mixed copper, zinc benzylic organometallics 1a–1c react efficiently with various electrophiles. By the reaction with acyl chlorides, highly functionalized 2-substituted indoles are produced. The treatment of 1a with allylic bromides, 3-iodo-cyclohexenone and ethyl propiolate furnishes polyfunctionalized anilines. Several of them could be converted into five- or seven-membered heterocycles.
Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles as tailor-made sensors for small fluorescent molecules

Water-soluble nanoparticles molecularly imprinted against naphthyl derivatives could bind the templates with high affinity and excellent selectivity among structural analogues in aqueous solution. Fluorescent dansyl groups installed during template polymerization allowed these nanoparticles to detect the presence of the target analytes by Forster resonance energy transfer.
Cultural Oppression and the High-Risk Status of African Americans:

One of the persistent and perennial challenges faced by African Americans is that of cultural oppression. Although the effects of oppression on African Americans have received enormous attention, m...
Countering Chronic Diseases

The contributors provide epidemiologic, economic, management, and political perspectives on the prevention and control of chronic diseases.
Carbon−Gold Bond Formation through [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Gold(I) Azides and Terminal Alkynes

Carbon−gold bond formation propels a growing number of homogeneous catalyses, but the C−Au bond formation itself is comparatively underinvestigated. Reported here are C−Au bond-forming reactions that result from [3 + 2] cycloaddition of (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) azide to terminal alkynes. The reaction proceeds with the preformed azide complex or, in situ, by reaction of the corresponding gold(I) alkynyl with trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of protic solvents. This metal-mediated cycloaddition is analogous to the Huisgen dipolar addition of azides and alkynes and provides access to new classes of gold-bearing compounds and materials.
Controlling the m-Poly(phenylene ethynylene) Helical Cavity Environment: Hydrogen Bond Stabilized Helical Structures

Replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations using explicit solvents were used to study the folding behaviors of a group of m-poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (mPPEs), which are being actively investigated for a variety of biological and catalysis applications. The mPPEs considered in this study have different endohelix functional groups, which in the helical conformation of the polymer are localized within the helical cavity. The results showed that, for mPPEs with ester functional groups arranged on the exohelix of the helical polymer, altering the endohelix functional groups did not significantly affect folding behaviors in acetonitrile. This result is consistent with experimental data and indicates that the properties of the helical cavity may be tailored for certain applications without destabilizing the helix conformation, so long as the exohelix functional groups are esters. We also present simulation results for a set of mPPEs with endohelix functional groups that enhance the stability of the...
Effect of the /theta/-/alpha/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ transformation on the oxidation behavior of /beta/-NiAl + Zr

Isothermal oxidation of NiAl + Zr has been performed over the temperature range of 800–1200°C and studied by TGA, XRD, and SEM. A discontinuous decrease in growth rate of two orders of magnitude was observed at 1000° C due to the formation of α-Al2O3 from θ-Al2O3. This transformation also resulted in a dramatic change in the surface morphology of the scales, as a whisker topography was changed into a weblike network of oxide ridges and radial transformation cracks. It is believed that the ridges are evidence for a shortcircuit outward aluminum diffusion growth mechanism that has been documented in a number of18O tracer studies.
An Investigation of the Effect of Due Process Hearing Officer Occupation on Placement Decisions

Forty-three due process hearing officers representing three different occupational groups read behavioral vignettes describing 20 problem children and then selected one of eight possible educational placement alternatives. Possible alternatives ranged from regular class placement through residential school placement. Results indicated that placement decisions made by the three experimental groups were not significantly affected by the differences in occupational status. Implications of the findings and use of the data collection instrument for future research are discussed.
Neural antecedents of financial decisions

To explain investing decisions, financial theorists invoke two opposing metrics: expected reward and risk. Recent advances in the spatial and temporal resolution of brain imaging techniques enable investigators to visualize changes in neural activation before financial decisions. Research using these methods indicates that although the ventral striatum plays a role in representation of expected reward, the insula may play a more prominent role in the representation of expected risk. Accumulating evidence also suggests that antecedent neural activation in these regions can be used to predict upcoming financial decisions. These findings have implications for predicting choices and for building a physiologically constrained theory of decision-making.
A model for stationary slugs

Abstract Studies of stationary slugs were carried out in order to obtain an understanding of the slug regime that exists for gas/liquid flow in a pipeline. A simple model is developed which considers the front to be a hydraulic jump. The liquid height in the tail decreases in two stages: an inviscid rapidly changing flow; and a slowly changing viscous flow. For a fixed liquid height in front of the stationary slug the first stage of the tail is a Benjamin bubble, for which the volumetric flow of the liquid is a minimum value. These results provide support for theoretical arguments used previously to develop necessary conditions for the existence of a slug regime.
Mountain environments: An assessment

The celebrated 1972 Stockholm environmental conference focused attention on the condition of the world's environment. A twenty year retrospective summary is provided by the introduction and specialty papers on all facets of mountain society and habitat relationships. Theories, models and paradigms that guided mountain research are critically examined. Specific attention is given to the application of the ecology paradigm. Contemporary discoveries and developments about resource management in mountains are elucidated. Assessments of the mountain environment, including wildlife habitat, tourism and recreation, forests, hazards, deforestation, food plant biodiversity, risk and hazard, are provided by the specialty articles. These papers were prepared for the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.
Thermophoresis of a radiating aerosol in thermally developing Poiseuille flow

Abstract Radiation and thermophoresis interaction in thermally developing laminar flow in a constantwall-temperature parallel-plate channel is investigated. The fluid is a radiatively nonparticipating gas containing emitting, absorbing, and isotropically scattering gray aerosol particles. The channel walls are opaque, gray and diffuse. Formal relations developed for the radiation part are used together with the discretized forms of the energy and particle conservation equations to solve the problem numerically through an iterative scheme. Various results are presented to illustrate the effects of the parameters of the problem on the temperature and particle concentration distributions, as well as on particle deposition on the channel walls when they are cold and on the development of the particle-free zone along the walls when they are hot.
Design of complex adaptive structures using the genetic algorithm

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to solve large complex optimization problems which other methods have difficulty solving. In this paper, an introduction to the theory of GAs and its operators are presented. A brief overview of the current research using GAs in aerospace engineering applications is given. Based on the author's previous work, optimal piezoelectric actuator placement for space telescope mirrors using GAs is discussed. The problem discussed here involves finding optimal locations and optimal voltages for 15 piezoelectric actuators, selected from a maximum of 193 candidate locations. The GA was found to be effective and robust in solving this problem with more than 8.4*1021 possible solutions. Two sets of actuator placements are given as solutions to the multi-criteria optimization problem. The use of GAs for structural damage detection inverse problems for concentrated damage of a continuous beam is also shown. A real number encoded GA was found to provide relatively accurate solutions for this damage detection problem.
Immunocytochemical localization of pancreatic endocrine cells in frog embryos and young larvae.

The pancreatic endocrine cells are localized immunocytochemically in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, during early development. Insulin containing cells are first detectable at stage 22 when the embryo is about 8 mm long and the pancreatic Anlage is first formed. Glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide containing cells are first identified at stage 24, whereas somatostatin containing cells are not present until the animals reach larval stage II, shortly after animals start feeding. As is reported for the adult, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide are present in the same cells during early development. These various endocrine cells are scattered in the pancreas during the early developmental periods. They are arranged into adult type of islets when animals are of stage V in age.
Failure analysis of the granite for a dam foundation

This paper presents the numerical and experimental investigation of a dam foundation. The site consists of granite and especially weathered granite. Numerical and analytical analyses have been conducted to evaluate suitability of the granite for a dam foundation. Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion has been used to calculate the compressive strength of the rock mass. Finite element implementation of Mohr–Coulomb criterion has been used for deformation and settlement analysis. Packer testing and in-situ estimation of rock mass deformability using the Goodman jack have been performed. The results of the evaluations show that very small normal and differential settlements can be expected in structural regions due to dam construction, and the compacted concrete dam can safely be constructed on either the competent granite or the weathered granite. However, the dam foundation on the weathered granite has high conductivity potential problems for the reservoir.
Ten- and 20-year Survivors of Pediatric Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Background Pediatric heart transplantation is entering its third decade, allowing for the first time an analysis of a large group of true long-term survivors, specifically children who have survived ≥10 years post-transplantation. Methods Fifty-two patients ≤18 years, who had undergone heart transplantation at Stanford between August 1974 and June 1993 and survived ≥10 years, were retrospectively reviewed. Results Forty (77%) patients are currently alive. Thirteen survived >15 years and 5 >20 years (the longest being 26 years). Actuarial survival was 79.4% at 14 years and 53.1% at 20 years. Cardiomyopathy was the reason for transplantation in 71% and congenital heart disease (CHD) in 29%. At last evaluation, 71% were on a cyclosporine-based regimen and 23% a tacrolimus-based regimen; 33% were steroid-free. Twenty-seven percent were totally free from treatable rejection, 44% developed serious infections, 69% were receiving anti-hypertensives, and 8% required renal transplantation. Neoplasms occurred in 23%, graft coronary artery disease (CAD) in 31%, and 15% required re-transplantation. Of the 12 deaths, CAD was the most common cause ( n = 4), followed by non-specific late graft failure ( n = 3), infection ( n = 2), rejection ( n = 1), non-lymphoid cancer ( n = 1) and lymphoid cancer ( n = 1). Physical rehabilitation and return to normal lifestyle has been nearly 100%. Conclusions Heart transplantation in pediatric patients is compatible with true long-term survival with a growing cohort of children approaching their second and third decades. The gradual constant-phase decrease in survival noted in earlier studies appears to be continuing. Rejection and infection are low but persistent risks after the first years. Graft CAD and non-specific late graft dysfunction are the leading causes of death after 10 years. Rehabilitation is excellent.
Growth and characterization of low temperature phase barium metaborate crystals

We report here experiments carried out in our laboratory in the growth of β-BaB2O4 crystals. Using the Na2O·BaB2O4−BaB2 O4 system, single crystal boules of up to 15 mm × 60 mm diameter have been grown. We have obtained quantitative agreement between experimental crystal yields and published phase diagrams. Optical characterization measurements of our crystals are in excellent agreement with literature values. Microscopic characterization of the inclusions found in the crystal boule is presented. The applicability of the Na2O flux in the growth of β-BaB2O4 is also discussed.
A microcomputer-based system for evoked-potential augmenting/reducing measurements

Evoked-potential measurements can readily be implemented on a microcomputer. We present as an example a system for obtaining an evoked-potential augmenting/reducing measure using the Apple II microcomputer. Specialized features of the PASCAL program and peripheral equipment are described.
Modeling 5 Years of Subglacial Lake Activity in the MacAyeal Ice Stream (Antarctica) Catchment Through Assimilation of ICESat Laser Altimetry

Subglacial lakes beneath Antarctica's fast-moving ice streams are known to undergo ∼1 km 3 volume changes on annual timescales. Focusing on the MacAyeal Ice Stream (MacIS) lake system, we create a simple model for the response of subglacial water distribution to lake discharge events through assimilation of lake volume changes estimated from Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) laser altimetry. We construct a steady-state water transport model in which known subglacial lakes are treated as either sinks or sources depending on the ICESat-derived filling or draining rates. The modeled volume change rates of five large subglacial lakes in the downstream portion of MacIS are shown to be consistent with observed filling rates if the dynamics of all upstream lakes are considered. However, the variable filling rate of the northernmost lake suggests the presence of an undetected lake of similar size upstream. Overall, we show that, for this fast-flowing ice stream, most subglacial lakes receive >90% of their water from distant distributed sources throughout the catchment, and we confirm that water is transported from regions of net basal melt to regions of net basal freezing. Our study provides a geophysically based means of validating subglacial water models in Antarctica and is a potential way to parameterize subglacial lake discharge events in large-scale ice-sheet models where adequate data are available.
A two-period model of the competitive socialist labor-managed firm

Abstract This paper investigates the role of price expectations in the short-run supply response of the competitive socialist labor-managed firm. The insights gained from the analysis of the two-period model presented in this paper are used to clarify the role of price expectations in the literature on labor-managed firms. It is found that the type of price expectation assumption, made implicitly or explicitly, affects the slope of the firm's short-run supply curve.
Kinetics of CHO AL mutant expression after treatment with γ radiation, EMS, and asbestos

The flow cytometry mutation assay (FCMA) uses hybrid CHO A(L) cells to measure mutations of the cd59 gene located on human chromosome 11 by the absence of fluorochrome-conjugated antibody binding to the CD59 surface antigen. Mutant expression peaks between 6 and 12 days, then decreases to a stable plateau, instead of a constant mutant fraction obtained by clonogenic assays. To evaluate this variable mutant expression time, cells were treated with radiation, EMS or asbestos and cell proliferation and survival were measured at times leading up to peak mutant expression. Potential doubling time (T(pot)) values increased by at least 75% for each agent by 3 h after treatment but returned to control levels after only 3 days. Survival returned to 90% of control within a week, close to the peak expression day for all three agents. The survival of CD59(-) cells sorted on the peak day of expression was roughly half that of CD59(+) cells. Cloned EMS-treated CD59(-) cells had a doubling time of 16.7 vs. 14.1 h for CD59(+) cells. Triple mutants (CD59(-)/CD44(-)/CD90(-)) were preferentially lost from the population over time, while the proportion of CD59(-)/CD90(-) mutants increased. In conclusion, the peak day of mutant expression occurs only when cells recover from the toxic effects of the mutagen. A fraction of cells originally quantified as mutants are lost over time due to lethal deletions and slower growth.
4669 Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy in patients with post cholecystectomy pain and sphincter of oddi dysfunction: an effective and long lasting therapy.

Persistent abdominal pain is present in 15-20% of post cholecystectomy patients. After excluding other causes, patients can be defined using the Milwaukee classification and sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM). Currently, limited data is available in reference to the long -term impact of biliary sphincterotomy on the clinical course of patients with elevated sphincter of Oddi pressure (SOP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy in patients with SOD. Methods: All SOM performed for post cholecystectomy pain and suspected SOD were reviewed. Patients with pancreatitis were excluded.A total of 92 manometries were identified. A basal SOP greater than 40 was considered to be abnormal(SOD). All measurements were from the biliary sphincter. No attempt was made to measure the pancreatic sphincter pressure. Thirty three patients (36%) had SOD. All patients with SOD underwent biliary sphincterotomy. Patients were admitted overnight for observation. Further follow-up was obtained by telephone interview using a standard protocol which included 21 variables addressing pain resolution, narcotic use, the need for hospital admissions or ER visits, and any further intervention. Results: Complete telephone interview and follow-up was obtained in all 33 patients. The mean follow-up was 45 months (range 6- 134). Patients were classified using Milwaukee classification into 3 groups: type I (1 patient); type II (7 patients) and type III (25 patients). 15(45%) patients were pain free (Type I= 1 patient; Type II=2 patients; Type 3= 12 patients); 5 (15%) patients had mild pain that did not require narcotics (Type II= 2 patients); (Type 3= 3 patients). 9 (27%) of patients did not improve (Type II=2 patients; Type III :7 patients). Six patients underwent a second ERCP with SOM. Four patients had elevated pancreatic sphincter pressure and underwent pancreatic sphincterotomy. In 2 patients, residual biliary pressure was present, and underwent extension of the biliary sphincterotomy. Complications occurred in 4 patients (12%) all of which consisted of mild pancreatitis. Overall, 25 patients (75%) felt better after biliary sphincterotomy.Conclusions:1- Biliary sphincterotomy is safe an effective in the majority of patients with SOD. 2-Benefits appear to be long term.3- Routine measurement of pancreatic sphincter pressure is not needed initially in this group of patients.
INSULINLIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1)-INDUCED STIMULATION OF PORCINE PREADIPOCYTE REPLICATION

Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is both adipogenic and mitogenic to preadipose cell lines as well as primary stromal-vascular (SV) cells. The precise effect of IGF-1 on primary preadipocytes per se, however, has not been elucidated directly. In this study, primary porcine preadipocytes were exposed to IGF-1 while at three culture densities. The proportion of replicating preadipocytes was determined by labeling cells with an antiadipocyte/preadipocyte monoclonal antibody (MAb) concomitant with DNA measurement with propidium iodide. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that different seeding densities did not affect the relative proportion of preadipocytes (AD-1 positive) in cultures. However, IGF-1 treatment increased the proportion of preadipocytes at all densities but to a greater extent in more dense cultures. The resultant number of fat cell clusters formed was greater at higher densities and on IGF-1 treatment. The proportion of replicating cells in cultures decreased with increasing density. IGF-1 significantly increased replication at all densities and increased the number of replicating preadipocytes to the same extent independent of density. These results provide direct evidence of hormonal regulation of primary preadipocyte replication.
The physical growth of high altitude Bolivian Aymara children

This study describes the growth characteristics of Aymara children living in Ancoraimes, Bolivia at altitudes between 3800 and 4000 meters. Anthropometric measurements were made on 510 children between the ages of 6.0 and 20.9 years, 360 males and 150 females. The growth pattern of Ancoraimes Aymara children is very similar to that of other high altitude Andean populations. They are greatly delayed in height and weight, exhibit little sexual dimorphism in body size and, relative to stature, have larger chest dimensions than U.S. children. Compared to Quechua children living at higher altitudes in Peru, Ancoraimes children tend to be taller and heavier but have significantly smaller chest dimensions. Although the causes of the size differences between these two groups are not entirely clear, they may be due to the different altitudes at which the groups reside.
American Business and Foreign Aid: The Eisenhower Years

How well did the American business traditions of domestic “self-regulation” and foreign “dollar diplomacy” fit the economic and diplomatic environment of the Eisenhower era? Professor DiBacco suggests that the issue of foreign aid — in particular, economic assistance — provided an opportunity for articulately testing old and new business creeds.
Virginia's Smart Road: an intelligent transportation systems research facility

The smart road is an experimental highway currently under construction in Virginia. It is being built from the ground up with ITS testing and evaluation in mind. Embedded research support infrastructure will include underground conduits, underground junction bunkers, power, a fiber optic data network, embedded pavement sensors, snow making capability, and experimental lighting. The facility will be utilized for a number of research areas including safety and human factors, snow and ice control, pavement research, bridge and structures research, ITS sensor development and evaluation, and roadside to vehicle communications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Grounding of subtransmission systems

SUBTRANSMISSION systems can be grounded through a solid connection, a reactance, a resistance, or a combination of the latter two. In selecting a grounding method it is necessary to consider the following: ground relaying sensitivity, magnitude of ground fault currents, degree of overvoltage protection obtained from the arrester rating applicable, severity of transient overvoltages, and relative cost.
Extending Monte Carlo samples

Abstract We discuss a proposal to improve the efficiency of numerical simulations of spin and quantum link systems via analytical extension of the Monte Carlo sample.
Navigating large bodies of text

The display of information by computers does not often fulfill the promise of the computer as a visual information appliance. a design experiment is described in this paper in which a large body of text, such as the complete plays of william shakespeare, is made visible. the typography is designed to handle display at a variety of scales so that the user can move smoothly between detailed views and overviews of as many as one million words. visual filtering techniques are described that aid in the analyses of text at a wide range of scales. also, the use of three-dimensional space to organize complex relationships among different information elements is described. new interaction paradigms are explored that aid in the navigation of complex, three-dimensional information spaces.
XML subtree reconstruction from relational storage of XML documents

Numerous researchers have proposed to use relational databases to store and query XML documents. In these systems, the elements selected by an XML query are returned to an application either by select mode or by reconstruct mode. For the reconstruct mode, the XML subtrees that are rooted at the selected elements need to be extracted and reconstructed from the relational storage of XML documents. Therefore, XML subtree reconstruction is an important problem since its efficiency has a significant impact on XML query response time. In this paper, we propose (i) a linear XML subtree reconstruction algorithm Reconstruct to reconstruct an XML subtree from the structure-encoded sequence of the subtree that is extracted from the relational database by a structure-encoded sequence retrieval algorithm, (ii) a generic efficient structure-encoded sequence retrieval algorithm RD-SB for a schema-based relational XML storage, and (iii) a generic efficient structure-encoded sequence retrieval algorithm RD-SL for a schema-less relational XML storage. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithms provide the first generic solutions to the XML subtree reconstruction problem that are applicable to all relational XML storage schemes proposed in the literature. Finally, our experiments show that our algorithms are efficient and scalable.
The DES (diethylstilbestrol) years: bridging the past into the future

Abstract Between the years 1941–1971, it is estimated that between 5 million and 10 million pregnancies were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). 1 The adverse consequences of this exposure in utero had been reported as early as 1949. 2 However, it was not until the development of a rare vaginal cancer known as clear-cell adenocarcinoma in 1971 that the implications with regard to teratogenicity of this steroid were identified. 3 The use of anecdotal reports to develop preventive treatments cautions physicians regarding the consequences that may result when anecdotal reports are relied on to determine medical management rather than evidence-based research. This article will review the history and pathology of DES and alert the primary care physician to the misfortunes of our past and the implications they may have in the future. With the increased prevalence of alternative treatments and homeopathic remedies, the contemporary physician must be mindful of the importance of evidence-based medicine when prescribing therapeutics. Finally, this article will discuss the importance of evidence-based medicine and remind us to learn from our past experiences when we introduce new treatments in the future.
Skid steer fuel cell powered unmanned ground vehicle (Burro)

The use of alternative energy technology for vehicle propulsion and auxiliary power is becoming more important. Work is being performed at Michigan Technological University's Keweenaw Research Center on an Army Research Laboratory cooperative agreement to develop two unmanned ground vehicles for military applications. A wide range of alternative energy technologies were investigated. Hydrogen-powered proton exchange membrane fuel cells were identified as the most appropriate alternative energy source. This is due to some development and commercialization which makes the technology "drop-in plug-in" for immediate use. We have previously presented research work on a small unmanned ground vehicle demonstration platform where the fuel cell is the only power source. We now present research work on the integration of a fuel cell onto a larger skid steer platform. The dual-power capability of this vehicle can provide a modest level of propulsion in "engine-off mode" and may also be used to power directed energy devices which have applications in countermine and similar threat technologies.
YUP.SCX: coaxing atomic models into medium resolution electron density maps.

The structures of large macromolecular complexes in different functional states can be determined by cryo-electron microscopy, which yields electron density maps of low to intermediate resolutions. The maps can be combined with high-resolution atomic structures of components of the complex, to produce a model for the complex that is more accurate than the formal resolution of the map. To this end, methods have been developed to dock atomic models into density maps rigidly or flexibly, and to refine a docked model so as to optimize the fit of the atomic model into the map. We have developed a new refinement method called YUP.SCX. The electron density map is converted into a component of the potential energy function to which terms for stereochemical restraints and volume exclusion are added. The potential energy function is then minimized (using simulated annealing) to yield a stereochemically-restrained atomic structure that fits into the electron density map optimally. We used this procedure to construct an atomic model of the 70S ribosome in the pre-accommodation state. Although some atoms are displaced by as much as 33 A, they divide themselves into nearly rigid fragments along natural boundaries with smooth transitions between the fragments.
A Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform for a Series Hybrid Powertrain Featuring Two Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platforms enable rapid evaluation of different system configurations and energy management strategies for electrified/hybrid powertrains without building full vehicle prototypes. This paper outlines a HIL platform for a series hybrid powertrain and discusses particular control strategies. The main hardware components of the platform are a gasoline generator, a lead acid battery pack, a bi-directional dc/dc converter, a programmable dc load, strain gauges, and a rotary encoder. Along with these hardware components, a real-time control prototyping system is used to implement energy management strategies and monitor several signals form the HIL platform. The effectiveness and performance of this platform is demonstrated by implementing two versions of the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). The first version uses a constant equivalence factor for weighting the cost of electrical energy storage, while the second version uses an adaptive equivalence factor based on the deviation of battery state of charge (SOC) from a reference SOC.Copyright © 2014 by ASME