cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing for Competitive Balance

We present two tests for the hypothesis that a league is competitively bal- anced, identifying in each case the appropriate statistic as well as its sampling distribution. We then apply these tests to Major League Baseball and the National Football League. We demonstrate how these tests can be applied to full sports leagues, or to just intradivisional play, and to both single season and multiple season outcomes.We also show how one of our statistics is related to existing measures of competitive balance, and note the possibility that that, because our statistics have known sampling distributions, that knowledge may ultimately allow them to be transformed into measures that are comparable between leagues of different sizes and season lengths.
Endoscopic Management of Esophageal Perforations

The past 10 years have seen a paradigm shift in the management of esophageal perforations. Whereas perforations were previously managed either conservatively or aggressively with surgical intervention depending on various criteria, endoscopic therapy and wide drainage have now become the mainstays of treatment. This has resulted in considerable improvement in patient morbidity and mortality. Yet, despite this shift in therapeutic approach, esophageal perforation remains a highly morbid and mortal diagnosis. The following chapter discusses the etiologies of esophageal perforations, presentation, workup, therapy, and outcomes.
Immersive Stateside Global Health Education in Pediatric Residency Training: An 8-year Reflection on a Multi-Disciplinary Fundamentals in Global Health Course

Introduction: An increasing number of pediatric residency programs are offering residents global health (GH) education.There are multiple published curricula available for pediatric global health, but there is wide variation in the education offered to pediatric trainees pursuing GH opportunities. This abstract describes an innovative approach to pediatric GH education utilized by the pediatric residency program at the University of Wisconsin, in which interested residents participate in an annual 2-week multi-disciplinary graduate medical education (GME) course, “Fundamentals in Global Health.” Methods: The University of Wisconsin …
A comparison of bending-fatigue properties of surface-induction-hardened SAE 1045 bar steels with and without vanadium and the influence of comparable low-temperature induction-tempering and furnace-tempering treatments

Abstract Specimens of SAE 1045 steels with and without 0.10 wt pct of vanadium were surface-induction hardened with the same set of processing parameters. Fully martensitic microstructures formed from austenitic microstructures with a common grain size of 10 μm. Specimens were induction tempered at 270 °C for 5 s or at 220 °C for 4 min; a third set of specimens was furnace tempered at 215 °C for 10 h. Near-surface hardness of tempered specimens was between 586 and 620 Vickers hardness (about 55 Rockwell-C hardness), with statistically higher values for the 10V45 steel. Axial residual stresses in the range of -690 to -796 MPa were measured at specimen surfaces, and similar average values were reported for both steels. Analyses revealed that the 5-s/270-oC condition was the most highly tempered, and the least tempered was the 4-min/220-oC condition. Load-controlled, fully reversed, cantilever bending-fatigue tests were conducted with notched specimens. Fatigue failures were initiated at multiple sites at notched surfaces in association with near-surface oxide inclusions. Endurance limits ranged from 470 to 605 MPa, with similar average values for both steels. Ratios of adjusted endurance limit to calculated ultimate tensile strength were approximately 0.35. A trend of increased endurance limit with a decrease in the degree of tempering was established for 1045 steel, but not for 10V45 steel. The least-tempered 4-min/220-oC condition of 1045 steel exhibited an unexpectedly high endurance limit of 605 MPa, a result ascribed largely to the higher surface residual stress for this condition. Similarly superior performance in the 10V45 steel for this tempering condition was not observed. The latter outcome was attributed to embrittlement at prior austenite grain boundaries owing to a higher level of phosphorous.
Embodied Ethical Decision-Making: A Clinical Case Study of Respect for Culturally Based Meaning Making in Mental Healthcare

How does embodied ethical decision-making influence treatment in a clinical setting when cultural differences conflict? Ethical decision-making is usually a disembodied and rationalized procedure based on ethical codes (American Counseling Association, 2014; American Dance Therapy Association, 2015; American Mental Health Counseling Association, 2015) and a collective understanding of right and wrong. However, these codes and collective styles of meaning making were shaped mostly by White theorists and clinicians. These mono-cultural lenses lead to ineffective mental health treatment for persons of color. Hervey’s (2007) EEDM steps encourage therapists to return to their bodies when navigating ethical dilemmas as it is an impetus for bridging cultural differences in healthcare. Hervey’s (2007) nonverbal approach to Welfel’s (2001) ethical decision steps was explored in a unique case that involved the ethical decision-making process of an African-American dance/movement therapy intern, while providing treatment in a westernized hospital setting to a spiritual Mexican–American patient diagnosed with PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder. This patient had formed a relationship with a spirit attached to his body that he could see, feel, and talk to, but refused to share this experience with his White identifying psychiatric nurse due to different cultural beliefs. Information gathered throughout the clinical case study by way of chronological loose and semi-structured journaling, uncovered an ethical dilemma of respect for culturally based meanings in treatment and how we identify pathology in hospital settings. The application of the EEDM steps in this article is focused on race/ethnicity and spiritual associations during mental health treatment at an outpatient hospital setting. Readers are encouraged to explore ways in which this article can influence them to apply EEDM in other forms of cultural considerations (i.e. age) and mental health facilities. The discussion section of this thesis includes a proposed model for progressing towards active multicultural diversity in mental healthcare settings by way of the three M’s from the relational-cultural theory: movement towards mutuality, mutual empathy, and mutual empowerment (Hartling & Miller, 2004).
Chapter 26 Membrane Retrieval in Exocrine Acinar Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the apical and lateral–basal cell surface and shows that there are two distinct endocytic pathways in exocrine acinar cells. One involves the uptake of tracers from the apical surface into the smooth-surfaced ring or C-shaped vesicles. These vesicles ultimately deliver their contents to lysosomes lying adjacent or basal to the Golgi apparatus. The other pathway, from the lateral and basal cell surfaces, is much more dependent on the stimulated secretion for the uptake of the tracers. Endocytosis occurs primarily in coated vesicles. The tracer rapidly enters a system of basal tubular lysosomes and is not directly reutilized in secretory granule formation. HRP is a soluble phase marker that does not preclude that the membrane or the membrane components need to be removed from the lysosomes for reutilization in the secretory granule formation.
Relationship of triglyceride levels with A1C and adiponectin in Haitian Americans with type 2 diabetes (1029.4)

Background: Increased serum levels of triglycerides may dysregulate metabolic processes. We investigated the associations of triglyceride levels with Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) and adiponectin in Haitian...
Vorticity Field Evolution in a Forced Wake

Abstract : The purpose of this work is to quantify the vorticity evolution in the flow field of the forced wake of a splitter plate inside a confining geometry. The interest in this flow stems from the fact that forcing a low Reynolds number 2-D wake can lead to a highly three-dimensional flow and a large increase in mixing. The authors' recent estimates, based on chemically reacting laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements, report the amount of molecularly mixed fluid in terms of mixed-fluid fraction to be 2.5 to 3 times larger than that in high Reynolds number natural two-stream mixing layers. Both reacting and non-reacting LIF data connect this increase in mixing to the downstream evolution of the streamwise vorticity, which is generated by the reorientation and stretching of spanwise vorticity near the side walls of the flow facility. It is believed that understanding the vorticity interaction with walls, its dynamics, and downstream evolution will be helpful to an overall strategy for mixing enhancement and control. The measurements were carried out by Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV), a technique that takes advantage of molecules with long-lived excited states for nonintrusive, multi-point measurements of various fluid dynamical quantities. Small regions of the flow were tagged by a laser and their subsequent evolution was monitored over the luminescence lifetime of the molecule. A two-detector imaging system was used to acquire an image of the initially tagged regions and a subsequent image of these regions convected by the flow over a prescribed time delay. The Lagrangian displacement vectors from such image pairs were computed using a spatial correlation technique. The particular flow investigated here was highly three dimensional. This application highlights the capability of MTV to make measurements when strong out-of-plane motions are present. (5 refs.)
Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast

[1] Erosion rates of permafrost coasts along the Beaufort Sea accelerated over the past 50 years synchronously with Arctic-wide declines in sea ice extent, suggesting a causal relationship between the two. A fetch-limited wave model driven by sea ice position and local wind data from northern Alaska indicates that the exposure of permafrost bluffs to seawater increased by a factor of 2.5 during 1979–2009. The duration of the open water season expanded from ∼45 days to ∼95 days. Open water expanded more rapidly toward the fall (∼0.92 day yr−1), when sea surface temperatures are cooler, than into the mid-summer (∼0.71 days yr−1).Time-lapse imagery demonstrates the relatively efficient erosive action of a single storm in August. Sea surface temperatures have already decreased significantly by fall, reducing the potential impact of thermal erosion due to fall season storm waves.
Connection between the elastic GEp/GMp and P-->Delta form factors.

It is suggested that the falloff in Q 2 of the P → Δ magnetic form factor G* M is related to the recently observed falloff of the elastic electric form factor G E p /G M p . Calculation is carried out in the framework of a generalized parton distribution model whose parameters are determined by fitting the elastic form factors F 1 p and F 2 p and isospin symmetry. When applied to the P → A transition with no additional parameters, the shape of G* M is found to exhibit the requisite falloff with Q 2 .
Abstract 415: Role of Proteolysis in the Remodeling of High-Density Lipoprotein

Introduction: Both quantity and quality of the circulating HDL determine their optimal anti-atherogenic potential. During atherogenesis, various cell types in the arterial intima release enzymes into the intimal fluid, which modify HDL proteins and lipids that adversely affect HDL functionality. Hypothesis: The emerging paradigm for the in vivo proteolytic inactivation of HDL is centered on pre-beta-HDL. Over 90% of the major HDL proteins, apoA-I and apoA-II, circulate on mature HDL. Although binding to HDL protects these proteins from proteolysis, such proteolysis cannot be completely excluded, and its effects on HDL functionality remain unknown. Methods: Human plasma HDL were subjected to mild proteolysis with plasmin, a protease active in atherosclerotic lesions. The proteolytic products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. HDL remodeling was monitored under near-physiological conditions by size-exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Results: HDL treatment with plasmin caused no significant structural remodeling of lipoprotein particles. Interestingly, plasmin cleaved apoA-I and apoA-II on HDL. The major protein fragments were observed in the 10-12 kDa range. Western blotting indicated that these fragments were derived from both apoA-I and apoA-II. Next, intact and plasmin-treated HDL were incubated at 37 o C, pH 7.5 for 6-12 h. Intact HDL showed dissociation of a fraction of lipid-free apoA-I without significant changes in the particle size. In contrast, plasmin-treated HDL underwent fusion with release of full-length and fragmented apoA-I and apoA-II, indicating lipoprotein destabilization. Conclusion: Our results reveal that plasmin, can cleave HDL-bound forms of apoA-I and apoA-II and thereby destabilize HDL under near-physiological conditions, resulting in HDL disintegration and dissociation of lipid-free proteins. For the first time, we demonstrate that proteolysis can render not only lipid-free but also HDL-bound proteins dysfunctional. Destabilization of HDL via proteolytic modifications may contribute to the recently observed excessive accumulation of lipid-free apoA-I in the arterial intima, which probably contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis.
Exploring autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms

The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease process that carries significant morbidity and mortality in the absence of early identification and treatment. While current management includes surveillance and surgical treatment of low- and high-risk aneurysms, respectively, our narrow understanding of the pathophysiology of AAAs limits our ability to more effectively manage and perhaps even prevent the occurrence of this highly morbid disease. Over the past couple of decades, there has been considerable interest in exploring the role of autoimmunity as an etiological component of AAA. This review covers the current literature pertaining to this immunological process, focusing on research that highlights the local and systemic immune components found in both human patients and murine models. A better understanding of the autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AAAs can pave the way to novel and improved treatment strategies in this patient population.
IIA(Glc) allosteric control of Escherichia coli glycerol kinase: binding site cooperative transitions and cation-promoted association by Zinc(II).

The catalytic activity of glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30, ATP:glycerol 3-phosphotransferase) from Escherichia coli is inhibited allosterically by IIAGlc (previously known as IIIGlc), the glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system. A sequentially contiguous portion of glycerol kinase undergoes an induced fit conformational change involving coil, α-helix, and 310-helix upon IIAGlc binding. A second induced fit occurs upon binding of Zn(II) to a novel intermolecular site, which increases complex stability by cation-promoted association. Eight of the ten sequentially contiguous amino acids are substituted with alanine to evaluate the roles of these positions in complex formation. Effects of the substitutions reveal both favorable and antagonistic contributions of the normal amino acids to complex formation, and Zn(II) reverses these contributions for two of the amino acids. The consequences of some of the substitutions for IIAGlc inhibition are consisten...
Hematological responses associated with resistance to Rous sarcomas in four strains of chickens.

Abstract Forty-nine cockerels from four distinct breeding groups, with respect to genetic resistance to Rous sarcomas, were utilized to study the leukocytic response to Rous sarcoma induction, development and regression. Breeding groups included the Arkansas Station Giant Jungle Fowl (JF), White Leghorns (W.L.), the F, crosses of J.F. males mated to W.L. females (F1), and a line selected solely for regression of Rous sarcomas (R × R). Hematological data were collected prior to RSV inoculation, and then once weekly for five weeks after challenge. Values for each of the sampling periods were compared with weekly tumor development. Tumor responses varied in accordance with the respective genetic resistance of each breed; J.F. and R × R birds gave resistant responses, WL gave mostly susceptible responses, while the F1 were intermediate between the two parental strains. The total number of leukocytes, when averaged over all six sampling periods, was higher in treated birds than controls for all breeding groups. The greatest leukocyte response in the resistant J.F. and R × R occurred at week 3, which corresponded to the time of expected tumor emergence. This response was less dramatic in the treated F1, and completely lacking in the susceptible W.L. Differential leukocyte counts indicated that the week 3 response for J.F. was due to an increase in lymphocytes, while the responses for R × R and F1 were due to increases in lymphocytes and heterophils. Although the functional significance of these cells in resistance to induction and regression of tumors remain to be determined, these results suggest that lymphocytes may have a primary role in resistance to tumors with heterophils acting in a secondary manner.
WIND EROSION AND FUGITIVE DUST FLUXES ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

With recent emphasis of agricultural wind erosion and associated dust emissions impacting downwind air quality, there is an increased need for a prediction method to estimate dust emissions and ambient particle concentrations on a wind event basis. Most current wind erosion methods predict average annual or seasonal erosion amounts, and only very approximate estimates of suspended dust emissions are available. A project in the Columbia Plateau of eastern Washington State was initiated to develop an empirical method to estimate dust emissions for this region. Field measurements, wind tunnel tests, and laboratory analyses were combined to provide an empirical wind erosion equation and a related vertical flux dust emission model. While based on measured data, the model has not been independently verified. When combined with a transport-dispersion model and calibrated, estimates of downwind particulate concentrations compared reasonably with those measured.
Production of interferon-gamma by tumor-sensitized T cells is essential for interleukin-12-induced complete tumor eradication.

Abstract Background. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for eradication of established large tumors by interleukin-12 (IL-12), but the critical source of IFN-γ has not been defined. Adoptive transfer of T cells into T cell-deficient mice allows for evaluation of the role of T cells and T cell production of IFN-γ in the antitumor immune response. Methods. Wild-type C57BL/6, IL-12 receptor-β1 knockout (IL-12Rβ1 KO), IFN-γ knockout (IFN-γ KO), and IFN-γ receptor-α knockout (IFN-γRα KO) mice were immunized and used as donors for adoptive transfer. Transfer of either splenocytes or CD90 + T cells was performed into recipient T cell receptor-β knockout (TCRβ KO) and IFN-γ/TCRβ double knockout mice bearing 14-day subcutaneous MCA207 tumors. Half of the mice were treated with IL-12, and cure rates were compared. Results. Transfer of either 1/4 immunized spleen equivalent or 10 7 immunized T cells into both TCRβ KO and IFN-γ/TCRβ KO mice resulted in 80% to 100% cure when given with IL-12. However, transfer of 10 7 immunized T cells from IFN-γ KO mice into TCRβ KO mice was ineffective with or without IL-12. T cell response to IL-12, but not IFN-γ, was required for tumor regression. Conclusions. Production of IFN-γ by IL-12-responsive tumor-sensitized T cells is both necessary and sufficient for complete tumor eradication induced by IL-12. T cells are the source, but not the target, of IFN-γ during tumor regression. (Surgery 2002;132:365-8.)
Hemophilia and dental treatment

Certain precautions need to be followed in treating patients with hemophilia, but even surgical procedures are possible.
Affective Temperaments in Alcohol and Opiate Addictions

Temperament is considered as a biological disposition reflected by relatively stable features related to mood and reactivity to external and internal stimuli, including variability in emotional reactions. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that affective temperaments might differ according to co-occurring mood disorders among patients with alcohol and/or opiate dependence; to explore the relationship between temperaments and dual substance use disorders (SUDs, alcohol and other drugs). Ninety-two patients attending an alcohol addiction treatment facility and 47 patients in an opiate addiction treatment facility were assessed for SUDs, mood disorders and affective temperaments using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego 39-item auto-questionnaire. Comparison of patients with bipolar disorder, depressive unipolar disorder and no (or substance-induced) mood disorder revealed significant differences for the cyclothymic subscale, with highest scores among patients with bipolar disorder. No difference was observed for the depressive, irritable, hyperthymic and anxious subscales. After adjustment for age, gender and bipolar disorder, irritable temperament was a significant risk factor for past or present history of drug use disorders in patients treated for alcohol addiction (odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.93). Anxious temperament was a significant risk factor for history of alcohol use disorders in patients treated for opiate addiction (OR 3.30, 95 % CI 1.36–7.99), whereas the hyperthymic subscale appeared as a significant protective factor (OR 0.65, 95 % CI 0.42–0.99). The results highlight the need to consider temperamental aspects in further research to improve the long-term outcome of patient with addictive disorders, who often present complex comorbidity patterns.
Ikaite precipitation by mixing of shoreline springs and lake water, Mono Lake, California, USA

Abstract Metastable ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) forms abundantly during winter months along the south shoreline of Mono Lake where shoreline springs mix with lake water. Ikaite precipitates because of its decreased solubility at low temperature and because of orthophosphate-ion inhibition of calcite and aragonite. During the spring some of the ikaite is transformed to anhydrous CaCO3 and is incorporated into tufa, but most is dispersed by wave action into the lake where it reacts to form gaylussite (Na2Ca(CO3)2· 5H2O). Spring waters have low pH values, are dominantly Ca-Na-HCO3, have low radiocarbon activities, and are mixtures of deep-seated geothermal and cold groundwaters. Chemical modeling reveals that precipitation of CaCO3 can occur over a broad range of mixtures of spring and lake water with a maximum production occurring at 96% spring water and 4% lake water. Under these conditions all the Ca and a significant fraction of the CO3 of the precipitate is spring supplied. A radiocarbon age of 19,580 years obtained on a natural ikaite sample supports this conclusion. With the springs supplying a large and probably variable portion of the carbonate, and with apparent 14C age of the carbonate varying from spring to spring, tufa of similar actual antiquity may yield significantly different 14C dates, making tufa at this location unsuitable for absolute age dating by the radiocarbon method.
Patient Satisfaction and Self-Reported Outcomes After Complete Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury

Purpose Reconstructive surgery for complete brachial plexus avulsion injuries only partially restores function, and many patients are dissatisfied with results that surgeons consider good. Preoperative expectations have been shown to influence postoperative satisfaction but are poorly understood in patients with complete brachial plexus avulsion injuries. Qualitative methodology can elucidate patient beliefs and attitudes, which are difficult to quantify. The purpose of this study was to examine patient-reported outcomes, including satisfaction, and to understand the patient perspective. Methods We used qualitative interviews and questionnaires to assess patient-reported outcomes. Two members of the research team analyzed interview data using Grounded Theory methodology. Data from participants who had and did not have reconstructive surgery were compared. Results Twelve patients participated in this study. Of the 7 participants who had reconstructive surgery, 4 felt their expectations had been met and 5 were satisfied with their outcomes. Reconstruction did not produce statistically significant improvements in upper extremity function, pain, or work ability. All patients reported dissatisfaction with upper extremity ability, and 9 expressed hope for innovative treatments (eg, stem cell therapy, nerve reinsertion) that could potentially provide better outcomes than existing procedures and enable return to work. Conclusions Satisfaction with surgical outcomes after complete avulsion brachial plexus injury depends heavily on whether preoperative expectations are met, but patients are unfamiliar with nerve avulsion and do not always know what to expect. Low satisfaction with upper extremity ability and the lack of statistically significant differences produced by reconstruction suggest that current treatments may not be meeting patients' needs. Physicians must provide robust preoperative education to encourage realistic expectations and direct patients toward resources for pain management to facilitate comprehensive rehabilitation. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Temporal Variation in Male Copulatory Behaviour in the Solitary Bee Nomadopsis Puellae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

1. Females of the solitary bee, Nomadopsis puellae, foraging for pollen at flowers will copulate with any male that can reach them but the duration of copulation is not constant over the daily foraging-mating period (which lasts from about 0900-1300). Early on, copulations are brief (usually less than 1 min). As the morning progresses, males tend not to release their mates spontaneously but remain in copula for as long as it takes a female to collect a full pollen load and return to her nest. In addition, late in the mating period males that have not secured a single female may begin to assault pairs in attempts to usurp a female from a copulating male. 2. We propose that males control the duration of mating in ways that reflect a change in the genetic gains associated with brief versus prolonged copulations over the course of the morning. We assume that sperm precedence occurs in this species and that females are more likely to oviposit at the end of the foraging period than at the beginning. If these assumptions are correct, guarding a mate through prolonged copulation could become increasingly advantageous as the mating period draws to a close each day. Given a high degree of competition for mates, a male that secured a female on her last trip of the morning could greatly improve the chance that his mate would use his sperm for fertilization if he prevented other males from reaching her until she was safely back inside her nest burrow. 3. An alternative hypothesis that the variation in copulation length is due to changes in the readiness of females to receive sperm from a male over the mating period is considered. Limited data suggest that females do not signal degrees of sperm receptivity to males. Males probably determine how long they will copulate, switching from the tactic of securing many short (unguarded) copulations to a few lengthy (guarded) matings in the course of a morning.
Abstract CN05-01: An overview of biomarker discovery and development

Two great challenges in cancer diagnosis and prevention are 1) the detection of specific preinvasive neoplastic lesions that give origin to malignant tumors and 2) the identification of those markers that predict the outcome of individual cancer patients. Neoplastic lesions may derive from epithelial or nonepithelial cellular populations. Often, preinvasive neoplastic lesions are small, multiple and may display wide ranges of diversity. Morphological alterations characterizing preinvasive neoplastic lesions include nuclear pleomorphism consisting of increased variation in nuclear size, shape, and hyperchromatism, abnormal mitoses, abnormal nucleolar patterns and altered or absent differentiation. The evolution of these types of lesions may take three directions: spontaneous regression, progression toward a fully malignant phenotype, or stasis, remaining as a preinvasive neoplastic lesion. Although there are discrepancies in terminology used by pathologists to describe these types of early neoplastic lesions, they are most frequently referred to as preinvasive neoplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, intraepithelial neoplasia, or as incipient cancer. Carcinogenesis is an indivisible continuum of molecular and morphological changes that may culminate in the development of invasive tumors. Studies in which the molecular features of preinvasive neoplastic lesions are correlated with molecular features of matching invasive lesions, for example, a colorectal cancer with an adenomatous polyp forming its edge, should be useful in identifying molecular features associated with greater risks of progression. Similarly, studies of prognostic factors in specific cancers may identify molecular features associated with aggressive behavior. In this session we will discuss the molecular aspects of early preinvasive neoplastic lesions; specifically, alterations in genes regulating proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and invasiveness as well as chromosomal aberrations and microsatellite instability will be addressed. We will argue that the identification of molecular changes associated with neoplastic transformation will lead to the development of new molecular markers for the early detection of preinvasive neoplastic and malignant lesions, assessment of cancer risk, assessment of responses to preventive or therapeutic interventions, and separation of less aggressive neoplastic lesions from more aggressive lesions. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN05-01.
A thermodynamic comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic ribonucleases H.

The mechanisms by which thermophilic proteins attain their increased thermostability remain unclear, as usually the sequence and structure of these proteins are very similar to those of their mesophilic homologues. To gain insight into the basis of thermostability, we have determined protein stability curves describing the temperature dependence of the free energy of unfolding for two ribonucleases H, one from the mesophile Escherichia coli and one from the thermophile Thermus thermophilus. The circular dichroism signal was monitored as a function of temperature and guanidinium chloride concentration, and the resulting free energies of unfolding were fit to the Gibbs−Helmholtz equation to obtain a set of thermodynamic parameters for these proteins. Although the maximal stabilities for these proteins occur at similar temperatures, the heat capacity of unfolding for T. thermophilus RNase H is lower, resulting in a smaller temperature dependence of the free energy of unfolding and therefore a higher thermal ...
Justified hard paternalism: a response to Ten.

In a brief response to C.L. Ten's critique in the same issue of Bioethics of an earlier article by Rainbolt, Rainbolt defends his thesis that prescription drug laws are examples of permissible hard paternalism. They are not justifiable by soft paternalism, which permits interference with people's conduct only when their choices are insufficiently voluntary, because people who buy prescription drugs have good metaknowledge, i.e., they know that they do not know much about drugs and are making a decision based on this knowledge. Language: en
Effect of tetanus toxin on the content of glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate in the rat spinal cord.

Tetanus toxin injected intramuscularly induced no significant changes in the levels of glycine, GABA, glutamate, glutamine or aspartate in extracts of spinal cord from rats killed at timed intervals during the development of local and generalized tetanus. The amino acid contents in the hemisegment (longitudinal one-half) of the spinal cord (L2-L6) on the injected side (left gastrocnemius muscle) did not differ significantly from the contents in the hemisegment of the spinal cord on the non-injected side. Nor were there any consistent changes in the contents of the amino acids in either hemisegment of the spinal cord as the tetanic symptoms became progressively more severe. Hence, the amino acid pool in the spinal cord was relatively stable despite the metabolic changes known to occur in tetanus. Our observations are consistent with the view of Johnston, De Groat and CURTIS (1969) who suggested that if glycine were indeed a spinal inhibitory neurotransmitter released by interneurons affected by tetanus toxin, the toxin should interfere with the release of the amino acid rather than deplete the transmitter stores.
Crested Kimono: Power and Love in the Japanese Business Family

Matthews Hamabata got off to an unpromising start when he first arrived in Japan to study influential business families. An unmarried, third-generation Japanese-American graduate student, he was there to learn about business executives in their roles as male principals and heads of households. Some Japanese were less than hospitable and often downright rude to him, and the souvenirs bearing the Harvard University emblem that he had brought along for gifts proved to be inappropriate within the highly ritualized system of Japanese gift-giving. In this engaging and personal narrative, we watch Hamabata in the first disappointing six months of his fieldwork as he attempts to map the boundaries of culture, class, and sexuality. "I became my own biggest fieldwork problem," he writes. "Was I inside or out? When I thought I was in, I was actually out, but when I acknowledged the fact that I was out, I was let in." He soon recognized the importance of marital and filial relations in transmitting power in the business world, and he began to direct his study to examining the social and emotional lives of all members of the Japanese ie (household) and the way they affect business activity and ownership. He takes us behind the scenes of the family enterprise to see how the multiple "layers of reality"-biological, social, religious, emotional, and symbolic-relate and cause dilemmas for ie members. (Names, locations, and other details have been altered for the sake of anonymity.) We meet the Moriuchis, the Itoos, the Okimotos-people who must constantly balance their own personal desires against the good of the ie. Many telling vignettes illustrate a central tension in their lives-their need for love, power, and emotional expression versus the constraints of traditional attitudes toward their ancestors, public honor, the economic enterprise, and the obligation to continue the ie over time. A grandfather stubbornly refuses to hand over the reins of succession to the next generation, creating an impossible situation that eventually tears apart an economic empire, as well as the fabric of various interrelated families. Economic, familial, and religious factors figure in a clash for succession between the person who possesses the ancestral tablets and the head of the enterprise. A daughter must reconcile personal love with arranged marriage. Ambitions for the son in line for succession war with the realization that this spoiled, incompetent young man may well ruin the ie. A fascinating portrait of everyday life told with vibrant sensitivity as well as humor, this book is full of the vitality of common concerns: life choices, love and commitment, confrontations with death. It is about very real people trying to make sense of their lives-trying to reconcile the roles and duties dictated by custom and tradition with rapidly changing expectations in the international milieu of contemporary Japan.
Neuroelectrical correlates of hemisphere and handedness factors in a cognitive task

Abstract Principal-components analysis was performed on a set of averaged evoked potentials in order to extract components of cerebral activity functionally related to hemisphere, handedness, processing task, and stimulus feature variables. Eight such components were isolated. Degree of dextrality, hemispheric differences, and cognitive operations in processing distinct stimulus characteristics were identified as reflected in functionally distinct components of brain activity.
SU‐FF‐T‐254: Factors Study for MapCheck IMRT QA Evaluation

Purpose: To examine the factors that function in MapCheck IMRT QA result. Method and Materials:IMRT plan was calculated with Eclipse planning system and projected into a phantom at gantry angle zero position to create a verification plan. MapCheck QA result variation was evaluated with (1) a linac output fluctuation by calibrated MapCheck at previous 1.007 and current 0.995 linac outputs, (2) an effect of projected phantom slice interval at 0.5cm and 0.3cm, and (3) the number of point passing the criteria with MapCheck comparision models (AD/DTA, RD/DTA, AD/γ and RD/γ). A normalization point was selected as the value difference ⩽2% and fixed the point was used for all comparison models. All comparisons were done at 3% and 3mm criteria with a threshold 10. Results: MapCheck result varied with linac output showed an average improvement of 1.94% from 4 plans and 2.00% from 20 individual fields at CAX reading, and no signification improvement with the comparison models through MapCheck re‐calibration. Phantom slice interval difference related with a QA result showed no signification change in CAX reading, and the mean improvement from five field measurements was 0.76%, 1.30%, 5.80% and 4.10% in four comparison models from 0.5cm to 0.3cm interval. There was 100% point passing observed with a normalization point off 3.44%, and 91.8% point passing observed from same testing when the normalization point difference reduced to 0.32%. An average point passing the criteria from four comparison models was 91.81%, 95.71%, 85.77% and 95.30% from 50 fields, and 95.59%, 98.49%, 90.76% and 98.03% from 16 plans. Conclusions: A phantom slice interval 0.3cm is suggested for IMRT verification plan projection. MapCheck re‐calibration should be considered when a linac output changes. All comparison model results vary with normalization point selection. RD model is more sensitivity to the normalization point selection than AD model.
Selecting Strategic Counseling Interventions for DUI Clients

Multiple driving under the influence (DUI) offenders present to DUI programs with a variety of needs, including alcohol and other drug use disorders, mood disorders, and psychosocial stressors. This article describes the paradigm developmental model of treatment (PDMT), developed for use with multiple DUI offenders along with accompanying scale and manualized brief interventions. Psychometrics of the PDMT scale are reported elsewhere, but this article describes a PDMT scale revalidation and application to 162 DUI clients. Four case examples are presented regarding the use of the scale by counselors in client assessment and intervention, demonstrating treatment matching for individual client counseling sessions.
Iatrogenic Congestive Heart Failure in Older Adults: Clinical Course and Prognosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical course, and prognosis of iatrogenic congestive heart failure in older patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational study at a university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 401 patients 70 years of age or older hospitalized with congestive heart failure. The mean age was 80 ± 6 years; 59% were female, and 65% were white. MEASUREMENTS: Comprehensive data, including an assessment of the etiology and precipitating factors leading to the development of heart failure, were collected at the time of diagnosis. Iatrogenic heart failure was defined as heart failure precipitated by medications or excessive fluid administration, or occurring as a procedural complication. All patients were followed for 1 year, and the primary outcome measure was total mortality. RESULTS: Using strict criteria, 28 patients (7.0%) were considered to have iatrogenic heart failure. Compared with noniatrogenic patients (n = 373), iatrogenic cases had less severe premorbid cardiac disease but more marked noncardiac disability and longer hospital stays (29 ± 24 vs 13 ± 12 days, P < .001). Hospital mortality was 32% in iatrogenic heart failure patients compared with 9% in noniatrogenic cases (P < .001). Cumulative mortality at 1 year was 68% in iatrogenic patients versus 39% in noniatrogenic patients (P < .01). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, iatrogenic congestive heart failure was associated with a relative mortality risk during follow-up of 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.5–4.3) after adjusting for age, sex, prior history of heart failure, New York Heart Association class, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and serum albumin. CONCLUSIONS: Frail, debilitated older patients are at increased risk for developing iatrogenic heart failure, even in the absence of clinically evident cardiac disease. In this population, iatrogenic heart failure serves as a marker for poor short- and long-term prognosis, but further study is required to determine the optimal approach to management of these patients.
Alcohol and psychoactive substance related to road traffic injuries in Pakistan

Objectives To carry out comprehensive analysis of available Road Traffic Crash data from various sources to estimate alcohol and psychoactive substance related Road Traffic Injuries in Pakistan and to analyse Police road traffic accident recording system to know constrains which lead to underreporting of alcohol and psychoactive substance related Road Traffic Injuries in Pakistan Methods Road Traffic Accident Data of National Highways and Motorways Police and Road Traffic Injury Research and Prevention Centre was used for estimating alcohol and psychoactive substance related Road Traffic Injuries in Pakistan and injury surveillance system of National Highways and Motorways Police was analysed to know the constrains which result in underreporting of alcohol and psychoactive related road traffic crashes in Pakistan. Result Surprising, alcohol or any psychoactive substance has not been attributed as a cause of road traffic crash in both the dataset, which shows high level of underreporting mainly due to absence of relevant field in the road accident reporting system, restrictions in prosecuting drunk and psychoactive drivers and deficient Police training and capability to check drunk or driving under influence of psychoactive substance. Conclusion There is either little or no understanding of issue of alcohol or psychoactive active related road traffic injuries in Pakistan due to which drunk or drugged driving has not been reported by National Highways and Motorways Police or Road Traffic Injury Research and Prevention Centre. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
A Phenomenological Constitutive Law for Ferroelastic Switching and a Resulting Asymptotic Crack Tip Solution

An isothermal, multiaxial, phenomenological constitutive law for ferroelastic switching in polycrystalline ceramics is developed. The law is valid for unpoled ferroelectric ceramics loaded by mechanical stress but no electric fields or other materials in which permanent deformation accumulates by a similar volume conserving twinning mechanism. The initial switching behavior of the material is described using perfectly plastic J2 flow theory. Unlike metal plasticity in which dislocations are generated by sources, deformation as a result of twinning is limited by a finite transformation strain. Hence, special yield surfaces and associated flow rules are introduced to account for plastic deformation in the two possible "lock-up" states of the material. To demonstrate the constitutive law we have analyzed the stress and displacement fields occurring in the lock-up regime asymptotically close to a crack tip under mode I loading.
The SCID-hu mouse: an in-vivo model for HIV-1 pathogenesis and stem cell gene therapy for AIDS

Animal models are critical to the investigation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. However, normal animal models are either uninfectable with HIV-1, or if infected, do not display HIV-1 induced pathology. Here, we describe how the severe combined immunodeficient mouse (SCID), implanted with human fetal thymus and liver, has been used to model HIV-1 pathogenesis and anti-retroviral gene therapy. Unable to reject the human tissue, these chimeric mice provide the investigator with a human hematolymphoid organ which, following infection by HIV-1, may more closely mimic the situation seen in humans than standard in-vitro culture systems.
Impact and explosion crater ejecta, fragment size, and velocity

A model was developed for the mass distribution of fragments that are ejected at a given velocity for impact and explosion craters. The model is semi-empirical in nature and is derived from (1) numerical calculations of cratering and the resultant mass versus ejection velocity, (2) observed ejecta blanket particle size distributions, (3) an empirical relationship between maximum ejecta fragment size and crater diameter and an assumption on the functional form for the distribution of fragements ejected at a given velocity. This model implies that for planetary impacts into competent rock, the distribution of fragments ejected at a given velocity are nearly monodisperse, e.g., 20% of the mass of the ejecta at a given velocity contain fragments having a mass less than 0.1 times a mass of the largest fragment moving at that velocity. Using this model, the largest fragment that can be ejected from asteroids, the moon, Mars, and Earth is calculated as a function of crater diameter. In addition, the internal energy of ejecta versus ejecta velocity is found. The internal energy of fragments having velocities exceeding the escape velocity of the moon will exceed the energy required for incipient melting for solid silicates and thus, constrains the maximum ejected solid fragment size.
Simultaneous bilateral ovarian torsion in the follicular phase after gonadotropin stimulation

Objective To present and discuss the first report of follicular phase bilateral ovarian torsion following a cancelled IVF cycle. Design Case report. Setting University-based assisted reproductive technology program. Patient(s) A 41-year-old nulligravid patient on day 3 of her menses following a cancelled IVF cycle. Intervention(s) Gonadotropin ovulation induction; laparoscopy with detorsion of left and right ovaries; aspiration of cysts. Result(s) Ovarian torsion resolved; follicular development in the following natural cycle. Conclusion(s) This is a unique case of simultaneous bilateral ovarian torsion following a cancelled IVF cycle and presenting in the ensuing follicular phase. Physicians should be aware of this unusual risk related to persistently enlarged ovaries in the cycle following gonadotropin stimulation. Furthermore, management of the infertility patient should be conservative and focused on ovarian preservation whenever feasible. Early surgical intervention can permit reperfusion and salvage of the affected adnexa.