cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics measurements of silver halfraum targets at the National Ignition Facility

Abstract The energetics of novel silver halfraum targets are presented from laser experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Four beams from the NIF laser were used to heat the halfraum targets with ∼10 kJ of energy in a 1 ns square laser pulse. The silver halfraum targets were spheres 2 mm in diameter with an 800 μm laser entrance hole (LEH). Targets with different spherical wall thicknesses (8–16 μm) were characterized. The energetics and the laser coupling to the targets were determined using the NIF X-ray (i.e. Dante and FFLEX spectrometers) and optical backscatter diagnostics (NBI and FABS). The energy coupled into the targets was 0.85–0.88 of the total laser energy with a defocused laser spot of 400 μm in diameter and no spatial smoothing of the beams with phase plates. The coupling increased to 0.92 when 400 μm spot size phase plates were used to smooth each of the four lasers beams. The energy losses from the targets were through X-ray radiation and backscatter from laser plasma instabilities (SBS and SRS) from the LEH. As expected the different wall thickness had different levels of burn through emission. The thickest walled target (∼15.9 μm) had very low radiative losses through the target wall. The thinnest walled targets (∼8 μm) radiated about 0.2 of the input energy into X-ray emission.
Health status and behaviors of unwed fathers

Abstract This article focuses on the well-being and capacities of 1759 new fathers in seven cities using data from the Fragile Families Study. Comparisons are made between married (N=478) and unmarried fathers (N=1281). With the unwed fathers, we compare those who are cohabiting, who are stably romantically involved but not cohabiting, who are involved in an unstable romantic relationship, who are not romantically involved but friends, and who have no relationship with the mother. The six indicators of fathers' well-being capacities include physical health, depressive symptoms, drug and alcohol use, smoking, and physical abuse of the mother. These findings show that married fathers are more advantaged than unwed fathers vis-a-vis education, income, and age; they also are in better physical and mental health. Among the unwed fathers, those who are cohabiting are more advantaged and healthier than those who are not cohabiting, although the differences are not as great as those between married and unmarried fathers. Non-resident fathers who are romantically involved are similar in income, age and education to fathers who are not romantically involved but are friends, although the former are less likely than the latter to be using drugs, to be depressed or to have hit or slapped the mother. The fathers who are romantically involved in an unstable (i.e., off-and-on) relationship are less healthy than those in a more sustained romantic or cohabiting relationship. The fathers who have no relationship with the mother are most likely to exhibit unhealthy behaviors. About two percent of the married fathers, 3% of the unmarried cohabiting and stably romantically involved, 5% of the unstably romantically involved, 7% of the friends, and 11% of those with no relationship had hit or slapped the mother as reported by her. About one-half of the married fathers, a little over a third of the unwed fathers who are cohabiting, stably romantically involved or unstably romantically involved or friends, and only one-sixth of the fathers with no relationship have none of the six behaviors. In contrast, one-fifth of the unwed fathers with no relationship and one-eighth of the unstably romantically involved fathers have three or more of the six risky behaviors, as compared to one-tenth of the unwed fathers with involvement and 3% of the married fathers. Implications for welfare reform and child support are discussed.
K-property of permutative cellular automata☆

Abstract We prove that the natural extension of the (measure preserving) map T:S Z → S Z (1 defined by (Tx)i = F(xi + l,…, xi + r), x e S Z , i e Z , where F is right (respectively, left) permutative, is a K-automorphism, unless r = 0 (respectively, l = 0). From this we conclude that, except for the identity and the involution, the Wolfram's elementary cellular automata have the K-property whenever they are onto.
Flow effects on the viability and lysis of suspended mammalian cells

A mouse myeloma cell line growing in suspension was subjected intermittently to flow through a sudden contraction and turbulent flow in a capillary tube. The probability of lysis per pass through the capillary tube increased with average wall shear stress level and with residence time per pass in the tube. Lysis was first observed at a threshold average wall shear stress level of 1800 dyn/cm2. Although the flow caused lysis, it had no effect on cell viability.
Information science fiction

Howard D. White is @hated with the College of Information Science and Technology at Drexel University in Philadelphia (PA 19104). He can be reached by email at whitehd@drexel.edu hank you, everyone. This is a T very untypical day for me, and I deeply appreciate the work of all those who made it possible. If I had to pick a situation that typifies my life, it would be me standing in front of a bunch of books I haven’t read. Wherever I go and however long I live, I always seem to be doing this; for some reason I like standing there, taking books down and looking into them and putting them back. I have done it at home, at school, in my office, in bookstores and in libraries. I suppose that this fondness for browsing is why I trained at one point to be a librarian: they get paid to stand in front of a bunch of books they haven’t read. But I never worked as a professional librarian; instead, I became an academic, and this allowed me to characterize my relation to books in more stately fashion as “the humanliterature interface.” I don’t apologize for that phrase; one has to set the broader context when one is doing newish things, like mapping authors in intellectual space based on their cocitation counts. But as I looked at these maps over time, I came to realize that all I had created was a miniature version of a bunch of books I hadn’t read. Even so, whether I’m browsing in library stacks or looking at cocitation maps, I’m reminded of the central concern of information science that is, effective intermediation between people and literatures. People have a sharply limited capacity for absorbing recorded information. They can increase this capacity only by extending it over time that is to say, over chunks of their lives, which are finite. People are also sharply limited in where they can be at a given moment. Literatures, in contrast, contain vast amounts of information, they extend globally over highly fragmented space, and they are timeless. They and people could hardly be more different. Yet people want to avail themselves of the powers and pleasures found in literatures, despite the mismatch at the point where they and literatures meet. One way of conveying this mismatch is to speak of “you versus the literature.” The phrase suggests overload the fact that, from childhood on, you have too many things to read or otherwise attend to. But it also suggests resistance the fact that you learn to filter even the good stuff and restrict what you take in. Beyond that, you can sometimes mean more than one person it can imply you the individual plus all the others who cut literatures down to size on your behalf. Sometimes they do this by singling out just those writings that address
A survey of video game players in a public, urban research university

A survey was conducted in a public, research university located in a large and diverse metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the USA. The purpose of the survey was to determine both the positive and negative personal, educational, social, and work related consequences of playing video games. Nearly two‐thirds of the 203 participants in this study were of Hispanic heritage. A majority of the sample of participants was derived using a school intercept, as opposed to mall intercept, strategy. The remaining participants were obtained using snowball, and convenience sampling techniques. Statistically significant differences between males and females were found in the areas of communication, decision making in daily lives, leadership skills, collaborating, functioning in a team, and giving directions to others. These differences were favorable to males.
Natural area stewardship as part of campus sustainability

Abstract Despite a growing body of evidence that spending time in nature through leisure, stewardship, and related activities is critical to the healthy development of humans and can lead to pro-environmental behaviors, higher education sustainability initiatives pay scant attention to the human–nature relationship. This relationship can be explored through constructs such as sense of place, as well as scales such as nature relatedness. Based on a literature review and interviews with members of a student organization focused on voluntary stewardship of campus open space and natural areas, we argue for a greater emphasis on student involvement in nature-based activities in university sustainability efforts. In particular, our exploratory study of a university student organization reveals that nature-based stewardship not only provides direct benefits to the campus environment (e.g., through tree planting), but also can enhance students' sense of place and play a role in students' mental well-being. Further, the literature and our results suggest that whereas sense of place and related well-being may foster conservation behaviors, the relationship between stewardship and unrelated environmental behaviors is less clear. Nature-based stewardship provides a complement to other aspects of sustainability, such as those focused on reducing consumption and energy use, and supports a holistic approach to university sustainability initiatives.
Fresh blood for everyone? Balancing availability and quality of stored RBCs

summary Effective, prolonged ex vivo storage of red blood cells is an essential requirement for inventory management of each nation’s blood supply. Current blood storage techniques are the development of a century of research. Blood undergoes metabolic and structural deterioration during prolonged ex vivo storage. Current regulatory requirements for the limit of blood storage do not consider oxygen delivery or clinical outcomes. Recently, concern that stored blood may produce adverse outcomes in recipients has sparked renewed interest in studies that can evaluate the clinical impact of fresh vs. stored blood. In 2008, a retrospective study of outcomes among transfused patients undergoing cardiac surgery suggested that blood stored for more than 14 days prior to transfusion led to higher perioperative mortality compared with blood stored for less than 14 days. Here, we critically examine the details of the above-mentioned study. Numerous substantial flaws in data analysis and presentation may have led to an erroneous conclusion about the effect of blood storage age and perioperative mortality. Given the fundamental importance of a safe and adequate blood supply to national healthcare, the question of the proper storage age for blood should be studied using a prospective study design.
Metastatic and pseudomalignant osteoblastoma: a report of two unusual cases

Two unusual cases of osteoblastoma with different responses to radiation therapy are reported. A 15-year-old boy with an aggressive osteoblastoma of the ilium was treated initially with curettage and subsequently with radiation and systemic chemotherapy. The patient died 35 months after his inital presentation with distant metastases which were verified at autopsy. A 12-year-old girl developed a lesion of the femur with clinical and histologic features of aggressive osteoblastoma. Amputation was recommended at the time of recurrence, but the patient declined and radiation therapy was given. The patient was alive and well 14 years after her initial presentation. These cases highlight the biologic diversity of osteoblastomalike lesions and illustrate the difficulties which may be encountered in attempting to differentiate between benign and malignant forms of this tumor.
Journal Evolution and the Development of Marketing

The main, original journals in marketing are Journal of Retailing (1925) and Journal of Marketing (1937). To an important extent, the field evolved from these progenitors. As Wilkie and Moore (2003) note, there was an explosion of new journals in the 1980s. This article considers the nature of the journals that have emerged in marketing and the order in which they were found to examine the pattern of growth in the field. This analysis includes only marketing journals. Thus, numerous outlets that publish marketing-related research are not included, such as Management Science, Journal of International Business Studies, and Sloan Management Review. Although these journals have a major impact on the field, they are largely forums for work in other areas and thus do not provide an unconfounded reflection of trends in marketing. The primary sources of journal articles and discussion are four articles: Baumgartner and Pieters (2003), Harzing (2004), Hult, Neese, and Bashaw (1997), and Theoharakis and Hirst (2002). Several categorization schemes have been provided. For example, Baumgartner and Pieters use five categories: core marketing, consumer behavior, managerial marketing, marketing applications, and marketing education. In this analysis, I use a modification of this that includes more categories to trace the evolution of journals over time.
The rheumatoid hand: a predictable disease with unpredictable surgical practice patterns.

Objectives To evaluate variation in fusion, arthroplasty, and tenosynovectomy rates among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients across states; to evaluate associations between surgery rates and the density of hand surgeons; and to evaluate differences in treatment by sex of the patient. Methods Data were obtained from the 1996 and 1997 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. The procedure codes for fusion, arthroplasty, and tenosynovectomy were matched to patients with the diagnostic code of RA, which provided the total number of procedures performed in each state. The smoothed estimates of the RA population for each state were derived from age/sex strata in the 1995 US census using age/sex-adjusted RA prevalence data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The number of hand surgeons was from the 1996 American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Results Procedure rates across states varied from 9-fold to 12-fold for all 3 procedures. The rates of the reconstructive procedures—fusion and arthroplasty—were highly correlated in each state, but these 2 procedures were only moderately correlated with tenosynovectomy. Surgeon density and procedure rates were minimally correlated. Procedure rates differed by patient sex, with significantly more arthroplasty and fusion procedures performed in women. More tenosynovectomy procedures were performed in men, and they were also performed at a younger age in men. Conclusions Significant large area variations are present in the surgical management of the rheumatoid hand, but the correlations between reconstructive and early intervention procedures are modest. These rate differences are not explained by the number of hand surgeons, disease prevalence, or demographic composition of the states. However, men are more likely to receive more aggressive early surgical interventions, and women are more likely to receive end-stage reconstructive surgery.
The US versus the North Korean Nuclear Threat: Mitigating the Nuclear Security Dilemma

For several decades, the United States and South Korea have struggled to convince and coerce North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons ambitions. Despite these efforts, it is highly unlikely that ...
The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission

Factors that increase transmission Factors that increase susceptibility STDs and HIV transmission STDs and community-based studies More than 42 million people worldwide are now infected with HIV, in spite of sustained prevention activities. Although the spread of HIV has been primarily sexual, epidemiological studies have indicated that the efficiency of the spread of HIV is poor, perhaps as infrequently as 1 in every 1,000 episodes of sexual intercourse. However, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that cause ulcers or inflammation greatly increase the efficiency of HIV transmission — by increasing both the infectiousness of, and the susceptibility to HIV infection. STDs might be particularly important in the early stages of a localized HIV epidemic, when people with risky sexual behaviour are most likely to become infected. In China, eastern Europe and Russia, there has been a remarkable increase in the incidence of STDs in recent years, and this is reflected in the rapid increase in the spread of HIV in these areas. Targeted STD detection and treatment should have a central role in HIV prevention in these emerging epidemics.
Characterization of polycrystalline zone-refined ingots of high-purity germanium

Abstract This paper describes a valuable tool for tracing the origins of impurities introduced into high-purity germanium during the zone-refining and crystal growing processes. Small single crystals are located in the polycrystalline zone-refined ingots by chemical etching techniques and the concentration and type of residual impurities in these crystals are determined by Hall effect, conductivity measurements and photothermal ionization spectroscopy. Results are presented which indicate that the common impurities boron, aluminum and gallium all segregate more slowly in zone refining than is predicted by simple theory. This anomaly is attributed to compound formation involving the impurities and the zone-refining boat material.
Gene expression signature characterizing cyclin E protein overexpression in primary breast tumors

Abstract Introduction: Cyclin E protein overexpression has been demonstrated to correlate with recurrence in breast cancer, and does not correlate with gene expression on Affymetrix Hu95 microarrays. We sought to identify a gene expression signature characterizing cyclin E protein overexpression using gene expression data on primary breast tumors. Methods: RNA and protein were extracted from forty-four breast carcinoma specimens from the Duke University Breast Cancer SPORE frozen tissue bank. Fluorescently labeled cDNA probe was generated and hybridized to Affymetrix Hu95 gene chips in the Duke University Microarray Core Facility yielding gene expression data. Cyclin E protein expression was measured by tissue western blot. Prediction Analysis of Microarrays software and clustering algorithms were used to identify differentially expressed genes and to make cyclin E protein overexpression predictions. Results: Of 44 tumors, 12 exhibited cyclin E protein overexpression. There was no correlation between protein overexpression and cyclin E gene expression on the gene array. The 91 genes with greatest differential expression were identified. Supervised hierarchical clustering generated a gene expression cluster separating tumors with high versus low cyclin E protein expression with only one misclassification. Cyclin E protein expression was predicted with 92.3% accuracy using gene expression data in preliminary analysis. Conclusions: A pattern of gene expression in breast tumors exhibiting cyclin E protein overexpression has been identified. This gene expression signature can be incorporated in gene expression based models of outcome prediction, perhaps utilizing the prognostic significance of cyclin E protein overexpression.
A chemo-thermo-mechanically coupled theory for elastic–viscoplastic deformation, diffusion, and volumetric swelling due to a chemical reaction

Abstract Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to superalloy turbine blades to provide thermal insulation and oxidation protection. A TBC consists of an oxide/metal bilayer: the outer oxide layer (top-coat) imparts thermal insulation, while the metallic layer (bond-coat) affords oxidation protection through the formation of a thermally-grown-oxide (TGO) at elevated temperatures. The TGO layer possesses significantly different elastic, thermal expansion, and creep properties than the surrounding top-coat and bond-coat layers. An intrinsic mechanism which controls the long-term stability and mechanical integrity of a TBC is the volumetric change accompanying the oxide formation, and the attendant locally large stresses that can arise due to the geometrically uneven development of the TGO layer. In this paper we focus on modeling the response of the bond-coat material and its oxidation, and present a new continuum-level thermodynamically-consistent, large-deformation, fully three-dimensional theory which couples high-temperature elastic–viscoplastic deformation of the material with diffusion of oxygen, eventually leading to an oxidation reaction in which the reaction-product causes permanent swelling. The theory is chemo-thermo-mechanically coupled and complex, and at this point in time the list of material parameters appearing in the theory are not fully known. Once the material parameters in our theory are calibrated from suitable experiments, and the theory is numerically-implemented and validated, then the numerical simulation capability should provide an important ingredient for analyzing the evolution of the local stress and strain states which are important ingredients for the life-prediction and performance-improvement of TBCs.
Complications of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Orbit

When properly used in well-indicated patients, fine needle aspiration biopsy of orbital lesions is an invaluable adjunct diagnostic technique. In experienced hands, the success rates have been high and the complications rare and minor. If the protocols are not followed or the surgeon is inexperienced, serious complications may result. A recent survey among 202 oculoplastic and orbital surgeons, with a total of 152 patients, confirmed this. In 138 patients, the biopsy was performed by an oculoplastic or orbital surgeon, and 10 minor complications were reported. Eleven out of the 14 remaining patients were seen by an oculoplastic or orbital surgeon in consultation for complications arising from a fine needle aspiration biopsy of the orbit performed by someone else. Complications in this group of patients included orbital hemorrhage requiring orbital decompression, motility disturbance, ptosis, and blindness. There were three deaths.
A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric PCO2

Recent ice-core measurements have revealed that the atmospheric CO2 level increased comparatively rapidly by about 70 p.p.m. at the end of the last ice age1. Here we present an ocean–atmosphere model in which changes in the productivity of high latitude surface waters (from which deep water is formed and circulated around the world's ocean) and/or in the thermo-haline overturning rate can lead to substantial changes in atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P CO2), over a concentration range 163–425 p.p.m. A major contribution to the low P CO2 of the last ice may have been an increase in the net high latitude productivity, possibly coupled with a decrease in the thermohaline overturning.
Innovation and evolution at the edge: origins and fates of gastropods with a labral tooth

I combined data from the taxonomy, phylogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth-bearing species are overwhelmingly warm-temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth-bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral teeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension-feeding prey animals. Incumbency—the presence of already well-adapted species—often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth-bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well-adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.
Correlates of worry about recurrence in a multiethnic population‐based sample of women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Worry about recurrence (worry) is a persistent concern of breast cancer survivors. Little is known about whether race/ethnicity or healthcare experiences are associated with worry. METHODS: Women with nonmetastatic breast cancer diagnosed from June 2005 to February 2007 and reported to Detroit or Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries were surveyed (mean 9 months postdiagnosis); 2290 responded (73%). Latinas and African Americans were oversampled. A worry scale was constructed as the mean score of 3 items (on 5-point Likert, higher = more worry): worry about cancer returning to the same breast, occurring in the other breast, or spreading to other parts of the body. Race/ethnicity categories were white, African American, and Latina (categorized into low vs high acculturation). The worry scale was regressed on sociodemographics, clinical/treatment, and healthcare experience factors (eg, care coordination collapsed into low, medium, high). RESULTS: Low acculturated Latinas reported more worry and African Americans less worry than whites (P < .001). Other factors independently associated with more worry were younger age, being employed, more pain and fatigue, and radiation (Ps < .05). With all factors in the model, less worry was associated (all Ps < .05) with greater ease of understanding information (2.89, 2.99, 2.81 for low, medium, high), better symptom management (3.19, 2.89, 2.87 for low, medium, high), and more coordinated care (3.36, 2.94, 2.82 for low, medium, high). Race/ethnicity remained significant controlling for all factors (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Less acculturated Latina breast cancer patients are vulnerable to high levels of worry. Interventions that improve information exchange, symptom management, and coordinating care hold promise in reducing worry. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Toward A Cross Disability View of Family Support for Caregiving Families

Family members provide the majority of care for individuals with disabilities in the United States. There is growing recognition that family caregiving deserves and may require societal support, and evidence-based practices have been established for reducing stress associated with caregiving. A substantial research literature on family support has developed, but researchers, advocates, and professionals have often worked in separate categorical domains such as family support for caregiving for the frail elderly, for individuals with mental illnesses, and for people with developmental disabilities. This article considers the merits of a cross-categorical analysis of family support. Examples of concepts from one domain of family support are applied to other domains to illustrate the potential benefits of a broader exchange of ideas.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA AND STATUS OF DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS ON ACID-BASE BALANCE IN NEWBORN INFANTS.

Measurements of arterial pH, pCO 2 , and base excess were made in 13 normalnewborn infants. The low Pa CO 2 could not be correlated with the patency of the ductus arteriosus or with hypoxemia. The results do not support the hypothesis that pulmonary recirculation through the ductus arteriosus is the mechanism responsible for the low Pa CO 2 typically observed in the newborn period.
Spectroscopy of KISS emission-line galaxy candidates. I. MDM observations

Spectroscopic observations for 351 emission-line galaxy candidates from the KPNO International Spectroscopic Survey (KISS) have been obtained using the MDM Observatory 2.4 m telescope on Kitt Peak. KISS is an ongoing wide-field objective-prism survey for extragalactic emission-line objects, which has cataloged over 2200 emission-line galaxy (ELG) candidates to date. Spectroscopic follow-up observations are being carried out to study the characteristics of the survey objects. The observational data presented here include redshifts, reddening estimates, line equivalent widths, Hα line fluxes, and emission-line ratios. The galaxies have been classified based on their emission-line characteristics. The procedure for selecting the ELG candidates in KISS is found to be very reliable: 95% of the candidates in this sample are verified to have emission lines. A comparison of objective-prism survey data—redshifts, Hα line fluxes, and equivalent widths—with the long-slit measurements shows good overall agreement.
Two Imitations in Lucan

The subject is in both cases the voyage of the Argo, and therefore the use of the same words is not likely to be coincidental, even though the words themselves are scarcely uncommon. One would hesitate to deny, however, that such reminiscence might be unconscious; that Lucan had famous tags in his head is suggested by another allusion to famous opening lines:
Perovskite electrodes for sensors

Abstract The data published on perovskite oxides La1−xSrxBO3−δ (B = Co, Cr, Fe, Mn) are compared to assess their use as electrodes in applications such as fuel cells, low temperature oxygen meters, etc. The oxides are reviewed in terms of their stability in temperature and oxygen partial pressure of operation, nonstoichiometry, conductivity and catalytic properties and the effect of the strontium substitution content, x. From this comparison it is found that La1−xSrxCrO3−δ is better suited for applications in reducing conditions, while La1−xSrxCoO3−δ is better suited for applications at higher oxygen potentials. While noble metals like platinum are currently being used for these applications, the perovskite oxides offer better kinetics at lower temperatures. To compare the kinetics, the electrochemical cell: air, electrode/ Bi-based or Zr-based electrolyte/electrode, air was used and the overpotential of the interfaces was measured. The electrodes used for this comparison are Pt, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3−δ, and La0.7Sr0.3CoO3−δ. The results show that for temperatures lower than 800°C, the oxide electrodes performed better than platinum. This is attributed to the ease of transfer of oxygen potential between the electrodes and the electrolyte.
Effects of denervation on the permeability of acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations

Experiments were performed on chronically denervated frog sartorius muscles to determine the permeability of the acetylcholine-activated channels to organic cations. The membrane voltage response to bath-applied acetylcholine was measured with the moving electrode when the muscles were bathed in normal Ringer and in Ringer in which all of the Na+ had been replaced with an organic cation. The magnitude of the maximum voltage response was used to estimate the permeability of the channel to the organic cation. These results were compared with those which have been reported for innervated frog sartorius muscles (Maeno, Edwards, and Anraku, 1977). It is concluded that the permeability to a wide range of organic cations is virtually identical for the extrajunctional channels which develop following denervation and the channels which are localized at the junctional region of innervated muscles.
Particle Deposition in Ventilation Ducts: Connectors, Bends and Developing Turbulent Flow

In ventilation ducts the turbulent flow profile is commonly disturbed or not fully developed, and these conditions are likely to influence particle deposition to duct surfaces. Particle deposition rates at eight S-connectors, in two 90° duct bends and in two ducts where the turbulent flow profile was not fully developed were measured in a laboratory duct system with both bare steel and internally insulated ducts with hydraulic diameters of 15.2 cm. In the bare-steel duct system, experiments with nominal particle diameters of 1, 3, 5, 9, and 16 μm were conducted at each of three nominal air speeds: 2.2, 5.3, and 9.0 m/s. In the insulated duct system, deposition of particles with nominal diameters of 1, 3, 5, 8, and 13 μm was measured at nominal air speeds of 2.2, 5.3 and 8.8 m/s. Fluorescent techniques were used to measure directly the deposition velocities of monodisperse fluorescent particles to duct surfaces. Deposition at S-connectors, in bends, and in straight ducts with developing turbulence was oft...
The ultrastructure of hemocytes in Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell), and the role of granulocytes in the synthesis of cochineal dye

The ultrastructural study of free circulating hemocytes in the adult cochineal scale,Dactylopius confusus (Cockerell), demonstrated five cell types: prohemocytes, typical granulocytes (T-granulocytes), oenocytoids, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes with modified sub-cellular structure to perform a special synthetic and secretory function, which we refer to as “modified granulocytes” (M-granulocytes). Prohemocytes showed undifferentiated sub-cellular structure of the basic stem cell type (i.e., high cytoplasmic density with numerous ribosomes, centrally located large nucleus with a distinct nucleolus, and poorly developed endoplasmic reticulum). The commonly observed typical granulocytes (T-granulocytes) had several smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) with dilated cisternae and many SER-derived membrane bounded granules of different sizes and electron density. Oenocytoids were identified by the presence of many crystals, RER-originated fine secretory granules, and an eccentric nucleus. Plasmatocytes were easily characterized by their variable shapes and irregular outline with pseudopodia-like cytoplasmic extensions, possession of an elongated lobed nucleus, multivesicular bodies, RER-derived membrane bounded, electron-dense, lysosomelike vacuoles, well-developed SER cisternae, and numerous pinocytic and SER-originated vesicles of different sizes along the peripheral region. M-granulocytes comprised the largest proportion of hemocytes in all samples observed. M-granulocytes were distinguished not only by the presence of membrane bounded granules of different sizes and electron density, but by the possession of large nuclei with distinct nucleoli, many mitochondria, and a highly developed network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). M-granulocytes had abundant, rosette-shaped, RER-derived chains of fine secretory granules, which accumulated in the cytoplasm and vacuoles, and were ultimately deposited into the hemolymph by exocytosis. These fine granules gave a positive result with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) test. Based on RER-synthesized fine secretory granules (M-granulocytes), their ultimate deposition into hemolymph, the red pigmentation of hemolymph, positive PAS histochemical test of these granules, and the high population of these hemocytes, no such cell type has been described in previous studies in insects. The sub-cellular structure of the granulocyte in this insect has been modified to perform a special synthetic and secretory function (i.e., possibly the synthesis of the red pigment found in hemolymph, which has been the source of commercially important cochineal dye).
Nest-site preference and maternal effects on offspring growth

Maternal preferences for oviposition sites are assumed to be adaptive, but offspring fitness is not always higher at preferred sites and, thus, further study of the selection pressures that influence oviposition behavior is warranted. Among birds, predation is regarded as the primary agent of selection on nest-site microhabitat preferences, but alternatives are rarely considered. We tested the hypothesis that avian nest-site preferences are an adaptive response to fitness costs imposed by variation in nest-site microclimate. We documented that Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus) strongly preferred to orient nests towards the southeast and showed that this preference influenced microclimate: nests facing southeast had the highest midday temperatures. Yet, preferences were not adaptive because nestlings in nests with the preferred orientation gained mass at a slower rate, had retarded skeletal growth, and reached a smaller final size. We experimentally tested this result by altering orientation of nests and confirmed, for the first time, that variation in nestling growth was causally linked to variation in nest microclimate arising from nest-orientation preferences. Adults responded to the high temperatures at preferred southeast-facing nests by spending more time shading young from the sun, apparently attempting to ameliorate heat costs. This response, however, resulted in parents spending less time feeding young, potentially explaining slower growth in these nests. Direct effects of higher temperatures may also play a role in slower growth. Although we lack an explanation for this apparently maladaptive preference, these results demonstrate that nest-site choices of birds can yield fitness costs imposed by variation in nest microclimate. Key words: Calcarius ornatus, grassland bird, maternal effects, nest microclimate, nest-site selection, nestling growth. [Behav Ecol 15:816–823 (2004)]
Copper complexation in the Northeast Pacific

Copper titrations were conducted at sea with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to examine the degree to which copper was associated with organic ligands. Greater than 99.7% of the total dissolved copper in surface waters of the central Northeast Pacific shallower than 200 m was estimated to be associated with strong organic complexes. Below 200 m, increasing proportions of inorganic or labile copper spccics were observed. At middepths (1,000 m), about 50-70% of the total dissolved copper was in the organically complexed form. Whereas total copper varies by a factor of only three from the surface to middepths (0.6-I .8 nM), copper complexation gives rise to extremely low cupric ion activities in surface waters ({Cu!‘} = 1.4 x lo-l4 M) and higher values at middepth ({Cuz-I} = lo- I1 M)-a variation of three orders of magnitude. Two classes of copperbinding ligands were found to be responsible for this complexation: an extremely strong ligand class [log K’cond (cu,j = 11.5 J at low concentrations (- 1.8 nM) -which dominated copper complexation in the surface waters and decreased with depth, and a weaker class of ligands [log K’cond(Cu3 = 8.51 at higher concentrations (8-10 nM) which was observed throughout the water column and showed no apparent structure in its vertical distribution. These findings have significant implications concerning the toxicity and bioavailability of copper in open ocean systems.
A Review of Adaptive Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks are inspired from their biological counterparts. Adaptation is one of the most important features of both types of networks. Adaptive artificial neural networks are a class of networks used in dynamic environments. They are characterized by online learning. A number of techniques are used to provide adaptability to neural networks: adaptation by weight modification, by neuronal property modification, and by network structure modification. A brief review of various types of implementations is provided.
Hard heads and soft hearts: Balancing equity and efficiency in institutional student aid policy

Historically, the primary role of financial aid was to increase educational opportunities for those with inadequate resources. In recent years, however, as institutions have come to view financial aid as a tool for crafting entering classes and increasing financial stability, a growing percentage of institutional aid is based on criteria unrelated to financial need. Political forces have led to state grant policies designed to subsidize academically successful youth. Federal subsidies, increasingly funded through the tax system, are less focused on those with the greatest financial need. In this era, middle- and upperincome families are fighting for a larger and larger share of the limited funds available to help students pay for college, and families view financial aid as a bargaining chip. This reality reinforces the institutional tendency to redirect dollars from the mission of improving access to higher education to the goal of outpacing the competition in the race to recruit the best, the brightest, and the most likely to contribute to the capital campaign. Each postsecondary institution has its own story, strengths, and vulnerabilities. The few colleges and universities with a large endowment and the luxury of pursuing the idealistic goals of their mission statement while increasing their financial strength can vigorously pursue an equity agenda. The many institutions with fewer resources and a more socioeconomically diverse student body have fewer options. Experiencing financial strain and struggling to maintain enrollment levels, they are searching for more
Technology Knowledge and Use: A Survey of Science Educators

The purpose of this study was to determine the current state of technology use and know-how among members of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. A web-based survey site and an e-mail merge invited members to participate in the study. The survey examined the differences between current and desired levels of knowledge about using technology as an instructional tool, to support research, to enhance productivity in classroom applications, and to enhance data collection and analysis. Large mean differences about using technology as an instructional tool were found, including: (1) teaching students at a distance, (2) database applications, and (3) desktop publishing. Small mean differences were found for telecommunications and word processing.
Cannabinoids: Definitional ambiguities and a proposal

Abstract Cannabinoids are usually defined ambiguously in either botanical, chemical or pharmacological frames of reference. For researchers attempting to dissect out useful agents with some, but not all of the pharmacological effects of marijuana, this is not a trivial, semantic issue, since designation of a compound as a cannabinoid carries with it an overlay of public perception and administrative policy concerns. A pharmacological definition is advocated, based primarily on the ability of compounds to be subjectively generalized from Δ 9 -THC. The alternate term cannabimimetic is advocated to signify such activity. Thus, compounds lacking the subjective effects of Δ 9 -THC, regardless of structural similarity, would not then be impeded by the often-deleterious cannabinoid label, while compounds sharing the subjective effect of Δ 9 -THC would be appropriately classified, despite structural divergence from the prototype.
Proposal of an empirical velocity spectrum formula in low‐wind speed conditions

Low-wind spectra are investigated through the analysis of sonic anemometer observations gathered in three experimental campaigns: the Urban Turbulence Project, the NOrthern hemisphere climate Processed land-surface EXperiment and the Graz experiment. From the comparison of the horizontal Eulerian experimental spectra computed in this work with those available in the literature it is shown that in low-wind conditions the spectra present an evident peak in the lower frequency range, that it is not accounted for in the classical formulations. This is a consequence of the oscillatory behaviour of the horizontal wind, and the peak frequency depends on the meandering time-scale of the horizontal wind components. In contrast with previous studies the meandering behaviour is observed in both stable and unstable conditions. A new formula for the low-wind velocity spectrum is proposed and evaluated.
Cytochrome C Maintains Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential and Atp Generation after Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization during the Apoptotic Process

During apoptosis, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol as the outer membrane of mitochondria becomes permeable, and this acts to trigger caspase activation. The consequences of this release for mitochondrial metabolism are unclear. Using single-cell analysis, we found that when caspase activity is inhibited, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization causes a rapid depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which recovers to original levels over the next 30–60 min and is then maintained. After outer membrane permeabilization, mitochondria can use cytoplasmic cytochrome c to maintain mitochondrial transmembrane potential and ATP production. Furthermore, both cytochrome c release and apoptosis proceed normally in cells in which mitochondria have been uncoupled. These studies demonstrate that cytochrome c release does not affect the integrity of the mitochondrial inner membrane and that, in the absence of caspase activation, mitochondrial functions can be maintained after the release of cytochrome c.