cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmology with Stacked Cluster Weak Lensing and Cluster-Galaxy Cross-Correlations

Cluster weak lensing is a sensitive probe of cosmology, particularly the amplitude of matter clustering $\sigma_8$ and matter density parameter $\Omega_m$. The main nuisance parameter in a cluster weak lensing cosmological analysis is the scatter between the true halo mass and the relevant cluster observable, denoted $\sigma_{\ln Mc}$. We show that combining the cluster weak lensing observable $\Delta \Sigma$ with the projected cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function $w_{p,cg}$ and galaxy auto-correlation function $w_{p,gg}$ can break the degeneracy between $\sigma_8$ and $\sigma_{\ln Mc}$ to achieve tight, percent-level constraints on $\sigma_8$. Using a grid of cosmological N-body simulations, we compute derivatives of $\Delta \Sigma$, $w_{p,cg}$, and $w_{p,gg}$ with respect to $\sigma_8$, $\Omega_m$, $\sigma_{\ln Mc}$ and halo occupation distribution (HOD) parameters describing the galaxy population. We also compute covariance matrices motivated by the properties of the Dark Energy Suvery (DES) cluster and weak lensing survey and the BOSS CMASS galaxy redshift survey. For our fiducial scenario combining $\Delta \Sigma$, $w_{p,cg}$, and $w_{p,gg}$ measured over $0.3-30.0 \; h^{-1} \; \mathrm{Mpc}$, for clusters at $z=0.35-0.55$ above a mass threshold $M_c\approx 2\times 10^{14} \; h^{-1} \; \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$, we forecast a $1.4\%$ constraint on $\sigma_8$ while marginalizing over $\sigma_{\ln Mc}$ and all HOD parameters. Reducing the mass threshold to $1\times 10^{14} \; h^{-1} \; \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ and adding a $z=0.15-0.35$ redshift bin sharpens this constraint to $0.8\%$. The small scale $(r_p 3.0 \; h^{-1} \; \mathrm{Mpc})$ ``halo-mass cross-correlation'' regimes of $\Delta \Sigma$ have comparable constraining power, allowing internal consistency tests from such an analysis.
Molecular Orientation and Strain-Induced Crystallization in trans-Polypentenamer

Structure evolution during uniaxial deformation of an unfilled 83% trans-polypentenamer sample is investigated as a function of temperature using in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering (WA...
146. Peritonitis bei nierentransplantierten Patienten

Wir berichten uber 20 Patienten mit intraperitonealen Infektionen unter 322 Nierenempfangern. Die Letalitat betrug 70% und war fur 20% aller Todesfalle nach Transplantation verantwortlich. Wundinfektionen waren der Ausgangspunkt der Peritonitis in uber 50% aller Patienten, 50% befanden sich unter hochdosierter immunosuppressiver Therapie. Im Gegensatz zu den verstorbenen war das klinische Bild der uberlebenden Patienten charakterisiert durch 1. lokalisierte Peritonitis, 2. keine hochdosierte immunosuppressive Therapie, 3. keine ungewohnlichen Krankheitserreger wie C. albicans und S. marcescens und 4. sorgfaltige Peritonealtoilette mit Spulung der Bauchhohle wahrend der Operation.
Application of Coincident Sub-Footprint Scale Winds to Develop Methods for Estimating SEA Surface Vorticity from the Rapidscat Scatterometer KU-BAND NRCS

This study combines very high resolution wind vectors in the Gulf of Mexico coincident with normalized radar cross section (NRCS) measurements of the sea surface. The NRCS is provided by the RapidScat Ku-band scatterometer mission on the International Space Station (ISS). The sub-footprint winds are from a new high-resolution wind vector analysis (hourly, 2.5 km grid spacing): the Real Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA), from NOAA-NCEP. A second coincident wind field (with a coarser spatial resolution) is available from the standard level 2B PO.DAAC product derived from the same scatterometer data, The time frame for the measurements and analysis shown below is that of a single orbit of the ISS. One topic of interest is observing how calculations of the vorticity, using two data products with different spatial scales are related to each other, and to the radar backscatter for each of the two radar polarizations. Vorticity is a key ocean forcing parameter. Calculations using the scatterometer L2B winds show roughly similar vorticity between the two wind products over a range of weather conditions. The NRCS spatial variations for both H-pol and V correlate well with the notable vorticity features derived from the wind products.
Epidural Corticosteroid Injections for Lumbosacral Radicular Pain.

Epidural corticosteroid injections for the treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain may offer modest short-term (two weeks to three months) benefit compared with placebo injection for radicular leg pain.
Atlas of AI: by Kate Crawford, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2021, 336 pp., $28.00 (hardback), ISBN: 9780300209570

In Greek mythology, Atlas was a Titan who became the axis around which the heavens revolved. He was sentenced to hold the sky up on his shoulders until the end of time. Atlas might offer an apt met...
Five-level Hybrid T-type Inverter Topology with Mixed "Si+SiC" Semiconductor Device Configuration

This paper presents a five-level hybrid T-type inverter topology (an interleaved three-level T-type and two-level voltage source inverter topology) employing mixed Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET semiconductor devices for efficiency improvement and cost reduction. Using a new modulation strategy that creates a group of low frequency switches commutating at one-sixth of the carrier frequency and high frequency switches commutating at five-sixth of the carrier frequency, it achieves a good tradeoff between semiconductor device power loss and cost by using Si IGBTs for the low frequency switches and SiC MOSFETs for the high frequency switches. The performance of the proposed modulation method and corresponding semiconductor device configuration is investigated in PLECS electro-thermal simulations. Compared to a silicon based five-level hybrid T-type inverter, the proposed semiconductor device configuration provides significant power loss reduction with only slight increase in cost. But, compared to an SiC MOSFET based hybrid T-type inverter system, it reduces the inverter cost by almost three times without significantly sacrificing efficiency.
Concept for a Teaching Medium for Immersive Forms of Teaching in Automation Technology

Current industrial transformation processes in the field of automation technology entail new learning media if the teaching is intended to take place in a practice-oriented and industry-oriented manner. Immersive learning environments offer the opportunity not only to adopt new methods for knowledge transfer but also to use training scenarios that would be difficult or impossible to depict in laboratory environments:
A Moral Framework for Commons-Based Geoengineering

As climate conditions worsen and mitigation efforts continue to fall short, the likelihood increases that States or other international actors will look to geoengineering technologies for a remedy. The most basic of these methods, such as planting trees or sequestering carbon underground, can take place within sovereign territory. However, there are also many types of geoengineering that could be deployed in the global commons. This means that their impact would clearly be felt beyond one specific State or region, and, with certain approaches, such as stratospheric aerosol injection, likely worldwide. These commons-based geoengineering (CBG) technologies are largely untested and, in almost all cases, speculative. This leaves considerable uncertainty about the results of deployment. It also provides an opportunity for States to make deliberate, prospective choices in policies that maximize the global common good.
Programmed cell death. Cytochemical appearance of lysosomes when death of the intersegmental muscles is prevented.

Several means of controlling the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silk-moths affect lysosomes and digestive processes in different manners. The antibiotics actinomycin D and cycloheximide, which protect the muscles, prevent the formation of lysosomes in the tissue. Even lysosomes which presumably were present at the time of eclosion have disappeared when the tissues are examined 3 days after injection of antibiotic. Puromycin is not as effective; autophagic vacuoles and marked dilations of the T system characterize the partially preserved muscle. In muscles preserved by control through the central nervous system, lysosomes are present in a number and form similar to that seen in the earliest phases of normal degeneration. These latter treatments appear to prevent the normal activation of the lytic process. It is postulated that lysosomes play a role in the breakdown process, but that contractile proteins are not themselves digested within the boundaries of these organelles.
Personality, Psychodynamic Models of

More than a century after its birth, the psychodynamic model of the mind remains one of the most influential theoretical perspectives in psychology. Although psychodynamic ideas are often criticized within academia, and psychodynamic treatments face numerous challenges in today's managed care environment, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, remains the most widely cited author in contemporary psychology, both in journal articles and textbooks (Haggbloom et al., 2002). Some psychologists love the psychodynamic model, others hate it, but few ignore it. Keywords: psychodynamics; psychoanalysis; personality; Freudian; unconscious
Posterior Urethral Valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in male infants. Due to improved technique and availability of prenatal imaging, diagnosis is typically suspected prenatally and confirmed postnatally. Prenatal intervention is performed in select centers with vesicoamniotic shunting or with fetal cystoscopy and antegrade ablation of the PUV when detected. Prenatal intervention has been associated with an improvement in neonatal survival; however, evidence that renal function is indeed improved remains scant. The mainstay of treatment remains early diagnosis with early establishment of drainage and subsequent management of bladder dysfunction with behavioral therapy, medication, clean intermittent catheterization, and occasionally with bladder augmentation. Other measures such as nephrectomy can be implemented to manage polyuria. Ultimately, 30 % of patients born with PUV develop end-stage renal disease and require renal transplantation.
The Amino Acid Sequence of β-Galactosidase III. THE SEQUENCE OF NH2- AND COOH-TERMINAL TRYPTIC PEPTIDES

The method of Bruton and Hartley for the isolation of short NH2-terminal sequences of peptides has been applied to β-galactosidase. Maleyl-β-galactosidase was hydrolyzed with thermolysin and the digest was acidified. After passage through Dowex 50, Thr-Met was obtained from the eluate. This procedure has been extended. For the isolation of a larger NH2-terminal peptide, maleyl-protein was treated with trypsin, and the digest was subjected to additional hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase B. The peptide mixture was acidified, centrifuged, and filtered through Dowex 50. From the eluate an octapeptide was purified which corresponded to the NH2-terminal portion of a tridecapeptide isolated previously from another hydrolysate. The sequence was determined to be Thr-Met-Ile-Thr-Asp-Ser-Leu-Ala-Val-Val-Leu-Gln-Arg. Another modification of this method is proposed for the isolation of a COOH-terminal peptide. Following hydrolysis of maleyl-protein with trypsin, the peptide mixture may be maleylated before passage through Dowex 50. The COOH-terminal peptide is normally not expected to be adsorbed to the resin. In the case of β-galactosidase a COOH-terminal decapeptide was obtained from such a mixture in the fraction insoluble at pH 4. Its sequence was found to be Tyr-His-Ser-Gln-Val-Leu-Tyr-Cys-Gln-Lys. These procedures for the isolation of NH2- and COOH-terminal peptides may be useful for other proteins.
Purification and Characterization of Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells from the Rat Optic Nerve

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) persist in substantial numbers in the adult brain in a quiescent state suggesting that they may provide a source of new oligodendrocytes after injury. To determine whether adult OPCs have the capacity to divide rapidly, we have developed a method to highly purify OPCs from adult optic nerve and have directly compared their properties with their perinatal counterparts. When cultured in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), an astrocyte-derived mitogen, perinatal OPCs divided approximately once per day, whereas adult OPCs divided only once every 3 or 4 d. The proliferation rate of adult OPCs was not increased by addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or of the neuregulin glial growth factor 2 (GGF2), two mitogens that are normally produced by retinal ganglion cells. cAMP elevation has been shown previously to be essential for Schwann cells to survive and divide in response to GGF2 and other mitogens. Similarly we found that when cAMP levels were elevated, GGF2 alone was sufficient to induce perinatal OPCs to divide slowly, approximately once every 4 d, but adult OPCs still did not divide. When PDGF was combined with GGF2 and cAMP elevation, however, the adult OPCs began to divide rapidly. These findings indicate that adult OPCs are intrinsically different than perinatal OPCs. They are not senescent cells, however, because they retain the capacity to divide rapidly. Thus, after demyelinating injuries, enhanced axonal release of GGF2 or a related neuregulin might collaborate with astrocyte-derived PDGF to induce rapid division of adult OPCs.
Acute nicotine differentially impacts anticipatory valence- and magnitude-related striatal activity.

Background Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the impact of nicotine exposure on neuronal activity associated with reinforcing outcomes in dependent smokers. Methods Smokers ( n = 28) and control subjects ( n = 28) underwent functional imaging during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Using a randomized, counterbalanced design, smokers completed scanning after placement of a nicotine or placebo patch; nonsmokers were scanned twice without nicotine manipulation. In regions along dopaminergic pathway trajectories, we considered event-related activity for valence (reward/gain vs. punishment/loss), magnitude (small, medium, large), and outcome (successful vs. unsuccessful). Results Both nicotine and placebo patch conditions were associated with reduced activity in regions supporting anticipatory valence, including ventral striatum. In contrast, relative to controls, acute nicotine increased activity in dorsal striatum for anticipated magnitude. Across conditions, anticipatory valence-related activity in the striatum was negatively associated with plasma nicotine concentration, whereas the number of cigarettes daily correlated negatively with loss anticipation activity in the medial prefrontal cortex only during abstinence. Conclusions These data suggest a partial dissociation in the state- and trait-specific effects of smoking and nicotine exposure on magnitude- and valence-dependent anticipatory activity within discrete reward processing brain regions. Such variability may help explain, in part, nicotine's impact on the reinforcing properties of nondrug stimuli and speak to the continued motivation to smoke and cessation difficulty.
Noncovalent Interactions between Unsolvated Peptides

The conformations of the unsolvated dimers and trimers produced by electrospraying mixtures of polyalanine-based peptides have been examined using ion mobility measurements in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. These multimers can provide models for how the secondary structure associates into the motifs that makeup the tertiary structure domains of proteins. Mixtures of helix-forming monomers (Ac-A 1 4 K and Ac-A 1 5 K and Ac-(GA) 7 K and Ac-A(GA) 7 K; Ac = acetyl, G = glycine, A = alanine, and K = lysine) yield V-shaped helical dimers where the C termini are tethered together by the protonated lysine side chain from one peptide interacting with the C terminus of the other (exchanged lysines). Trimers from the Ac-(GA) 7 K and Ac-A(GA) 7 K mixture adopt a pinwheel arrangement of helices with all three C termini tethered together by exchanged lysines. Trimers are much less abundant for the Ac-A 1 4 K and Ac-A 1 5 K mixture. The V-shaped dimer and pinwheel trimer arrangement leads to a cooperative electrostatic stabilization of the helices through the interaction of the combined charge with the helix dipoles. Mixtures of globule-forming monomers (Ac-K(GA) 7 and Ac-KA(GA) 7 ) form predominantly globular multimers. In some conformations, however, the helical state is stabilized by interactions with the local environment. Examples include the antiparallei arrangement of helices that is present as a minor component for the Ac-K(GA) 7 .Ac-KA-(GA) 7 +2H + dimer and dominant for the Ac-KA 1 4 .Ac-KA 1 5 +2H + dimer, as well as conformations with one or more helices which occur for the trimers from the Ac-K(GA) 7 and Ac-KA(GA) 7 mixture.
Neural mechanisms of tolerance to the effects of cocaine

Chronic use of cocaine in high doses can produce tolerance as assessed by various behavioral, neurochemical, cellular and molecular measures in specific brain regions. Tolerance to cocaine is indicated by drug discrimination and intracranial self-stimulation models, which show the development of tolerance after approximately 1 week of frequent cocaine treatment, with recovery after a similar period of cocaine abstinence. Tolerance to the reinforcing properties of cocaine depends on dose, duration and frequency of cocaine self-administered by experimental animal or human subjects. The mechanism underlying this effect may involve an absolute or relative attenuation of dopamine response to cocaine challenge after frequent or repeated treatment in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Similarly, afferent and efferent NAc circuits exhibit reduced metabolic activity, which lasts throughout the early period of withdrawal following repeated treatment. Attenuation of immediate early gene response also occurs, which might be related to a functional desensitization of dopamine D1-like receptors. Furthermore, intracellular adaptive responses to chronic cocaine exposure induce striatal dynorphin expression decreasing the behavioral potency of subsequent drug treatment. Thus, a combination of various pharmacodynamic mechanisms and the attenuation of dopamine response induced by sufficient dose, duration and frequency of cocaine exposure ultimately invoke the transient development of tolerance to the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
The mechanism of Ca2+‐related control of gluconeogenesis in perfused liver

A kinetic expression for rat-liver mitochondrial aspartate formation in situ was developed in order to determine whether hormonally induced decreases in 2-oxoglutarate levels can regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis from lactate via control of aspartate formation. Previous studies from this laboratory showed that 2-oxoglutarate can inhibit aspartate production by isolated mitochondria. These present studies were designed to probe the physiological significance of the decrease in 2-oxoglutarate levels observed when Ca2+-mobilizing gluconeogenic hormones are administered to isolated perfused rat livers. First, estimates were made of the kinetic constants which determine the rate of aspartate formation in isolated mitochondria. The concentrations of the substrates and products of this process were then measured in perfused livers. From these values, it was possible to estimate aspartate efflux from mitochondria in situ. The calculated rates of aspartate production were increased by decreases in 2-oxoglutarate levels which occurred when glucagon or phenylephrine was added to the perfused livers. Glucagon also effected an inhibition of pyruvate kinase, evidenced by the fact that the calculated rate of aspartate efflux equalled the rate of gluconeogenesis (the difference between the two is equivalent to the pyruvate-kinase flux). By contrast, in control livers and with phenylephrine stimulation, aspartate formation was higher than gluconeogenesis suggesting significant pyruvate-kinase flux in this condition. The calculations also show a correlating increase in flux through pyruvate carboxylase (30% with phenylephrine, 15% with glucagon, compared with ∼ 50% increases in gluconeogenic flux). The mechanism of this increase is discussed.
Mouse very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor(VLDLR) cDNA cloning tissue-specific expression and evolutionary relationship with the low-density-lipoprotein receptor

The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a recently described lipoprotein receptor that shows considerable similarity to the low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). This receptor has been suggested to be important for the metabolism of apoprotein-E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, such as very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL), β-migrating VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein. cDNA clones that code for the VLDLR were isolated from a mouse heart cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a mature protein of 846 amino acids preceded by a 27-residue signal peptide. Three mRNA species for the VLDLR with sizes of 3.9, 4.5 and 7.9 kilobases were present in high concentration in heart and muscle, which utilize triacylglycerols as an energy source. VLDLR mRNA is also detected in decreasing amounts in kidney, brain, ovary, testis, lung and adipose tissue. It is essentially absent in liver and small intestine. The amino acid sequence of the VLDLR is highly conserved among rabbit, human and mouse. VLDLR contains five structural domains very similar to those in LDLR, except that the ligand-binding domain in VLDLR has an eightfold repeat instead of a sevenfold repeat in LDLR. Sequence conservation among animal species is much higher for the VLDLR than the LDLR. Sequences of the VLDLR from three vertebrate species and the LDLR from five vertebrate species were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. Although both receptors contain five domains and share amino acid sequence similarity, our computations showed that they diverged before the divergence between mammals and amphibians. In addition, sequence comparison of both receptor sequences suggests that the rabbit is evolutionarily closer to man than to the mouse. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the VLDLR and the LDLR have evolved from a common ancestral gene to play distinct roles in lipoprotein metabolism and that the metabolic handling of triacylglycerol by the body via the VLDLR is a highly conserved mechanism.
Molecular probes of the vestibular nerve

Abstract An unambiguous delineation of the exact numbers and/or proportions of calyx-only, dimorph, and bouton-only vestibular afferents is needed to continue studies concerning vestibular integration in the nervous system. Here, we take advantage of immunocytochemical properties of three groups of vestibular afferents. We utilize calretinin to delineate the calyx-only population, and peripherin to stain the bouton-only afferents. An additional subgroup of afferents that stain with calbindin, but not calretinin is also introduced. The size of the cells that stain with these markers was determined. Cells that are calbindin-positive overlap the sizes of Nissl-stained somata. Cells that stain with peripherin or calretinin are non-overlapping with calretinin cells being the largest and peripherin-positive cells the smallest. Twenty percent of the ganglion cells were peripherin positive, another 20% stained with calretinin antibodies, 30% stained with calbindin, and all cells in Scarpa’s ganglion stained with parvalbumin. Most of the calretinin-positive cells also stained with calbindin. One-third of the calbindin-positive population stained only with calbindin. These studies indicate that the calyx- and bouton-only populations of vestibular afferents in gerbil comprise at least 40% of the nerve. In addition, at least 10% of the nerve also stains with calbindin and neither calretinin nor peripherin. Based on indirect evidence, we hypothesize that these are a subpopulation of dimorph afferents. This study has provided an anatomical instrument (in addition to intracellular physiological methods) to study separate populations of vestibular afferents.
Region Informed Fluorescence Tomography without Image Segmentation

Image-guidance in fluorescence tomography is used to more accurately recover contrast at the cost of performing image segmentation. We propose a method of regularization which uses anatomical priors directly and does not require image segmentation.
Testing normality of errors in regression models

It was shown by Pierce & Kopecky (1979) that tests of normality appropriate for the identically distributed case are asymptotically valid when computed from residuals in regression situations. Numerical results based on simulation are given here to study the adequacy of this result for sample sizes of 20 and 40. The Shapiro-Wilk and AndersonDarling tests are found to be quite adequate for n = 20 in typical simple linear regression situations, and for n = 40 in certain multiple regression settings.
Thoughts on the Interaction of Trauma, Addiction, and Spirituality

This article reviews the prevalence of trauma, substance use disorders, and their co-occurrence in both clinical and community populations. Deeper understanding of these phenomena is providing new and promising treatment modalities. Spiritual development and growth complement these emerging treatments.
Fabrication of Cost-Effective Polymer-Based Nanofluidic Device for Single Molecular Analysis

A nanochannel based single molecular sensor was fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) substrate by a single step imprinting process with a polymer stamp. The sensor structure consists of hierarchical multiscale patterns of an array of 90 nm (depth) × 190 nm (width) × 80 μm (length) nanochannels and microfluidic networks. In contrast to nanofluidic devices fabricated by high-end nanofabrication tools such as focused ion beam milling and electron beam lithography, this direct imprint process is more desirable for efficient and low cost fabrication. Moreover, due to the reduction of stress generated during imprinting, this polymer stamp imprinting process can also reduce the deformation (warping) in molded substrates, and prevent the damage of expensive nanostructured stamp as well.© 2010 ASME
A package design technique for size reduction of implantable bioelectronic systems

Several substrate and package design techniques for minimizing the overall size of bioelectronic systems, especially those that will be implanted for in vivo studies, are presented. The emphasis is on a new capacitor attachment and a new double-substrate design that have been successfully applied to the packaging of an implantable auditory prosthesis. The entire procedure for this case is described and compared with standard techniques to illustrate the advantages of this new approach in packaging. >
Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lens Implantation in Patients with Uveitis

The authors reviewed the outcome of extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) in 44 eyes of 38 patients with uveitis. Thirty-two of the 44 eyes received a posterior chamber lens implant; 87% of these achieved a stable visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Sixty-seven percent (8 of the 12 eyes) not receiving an implant achieved this level. The authors' results and current literature suggest that absolute control, preoperatively and postoperatively, of all uveitis inflammation and careful selection of patients as lens implant candidates are crucial for successful cataract surgery in uveitis patients. Complete removal of lens cortex and placement of an all-PMMA posterior chamber lens within the capsular bag are also believed to be important.
Between the Lines: Letters Between Undocumented Mexican and Central American Immigrants and Their Families and Friends

In the continuing U.S. debate over illegal immigration, a human face has rarely been shown. The topic has been presented as a monolithic abstraction, a creation of statistics, political rhetoric, and fear. This collection of letters between undocumented immigrants in California and their families back home reveals the other side of the story. Published for the first time in paperback, Between the Lines reveals the often poignant human drama currently being played out along the U.S.-Mexico border. The letters, presented in Spanish and English, express powerful feelings of hope, uncertainty, and fear among the undocumented travelers as they arrive in the United States and seek work, social support and legal status. The letters from their families in Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador return feelings of hope, love, and support. Translator/editor Siems provides a powerful and lyrical introductory essay that sets the stage for the letters that follow.
The influence of familiarity during rearing on subsequent partner preferences in squirrel monkeys

Laboratory-born adolescent squirrel monkeys, drawn from four separate rearing groups, were placed together. Strong consistent preferences for interacting with others of the same rearing group were observed in 6 weeks of initial observation and persisted in follow-up observations 14 months later. Play was the major type of interaction between strangers and may serve as the primary mechanism through which social integration occurs.
Synthesis of butenolides via palladium-promoted cyclization of acyclic allylic esters of chloromercurioacetic acid

Abstract Acyclic allylic esters of chloromercurioacetic acid react with Li 2 PdCl 4 to afford good yields of butenolides.
Identification of the Third Na+ Site and the Sequence of Extracellular Binding Events in the Glutamate Transporter

The transport cycle in the glutamate transporter (GlT) is catalyzed by the cotransport of three Na(+) ions. However, the positions of only two of these ions (Na1 and Na2 sites) along with the substrate have been captured in the crystal structures reported for both the outward-facing and the inward-facing states of Glt(ph). Characterizing the third ion binding site (Na3) is necessary for structure-function studies attempting to investigate the mechanism of transport in GlTs at an atomic level, particularly for the determination of the sequence of the binding events during the transport cycle. In this study, we report a series of molecular dynamics simulations performed on various bound states of Glt(ph) (the apo state, as well as in the presence of Na(+), the substrate, or both), which have been used to identify a putative Na3 site. The calculated trajectories have been used to determine the water accessibility of potential ion-binding residues in the protein, as a prerequisite for their ion binding. Combined with conformational analysis of the key regions in the protein in different bound states and several additional independent simulations in which a Na(+) ion was randomly introduced to the interior of the transporter, we have been able to characterize a putative Na3 site and propose a plausible binding sequence for the substrate and the three Na(+) ions to the transporter during the extracellular half of the transport cycle. The proposed Na3 site is formed by a set of highly conserved residues, namely, Asp(312), Thr(92), and Asn(310), along with a water molecule. Simulation of a fully bound state, including the substrate and the three Na(+) ions, reveals a stable structure--showing closer agreement to the crystal structure when compared to previous models lacking an ion in the putative Na3 site. The proposed sequence of binding events is in agreement with recent experimental models suggesting that two Na(+) ions bind before the substrate, and one after that. Our results, however, provide additional information about the sites involved in these binding events.
PU-BCD: Exponential Family Models for the Coarse- and Fine-Grained All-Words Tasks

This paper describes an exponential family model of word sense which captures both occurrences and co-occurrences of words and senses in a joint probability distribution. This statistical framework lends itself to the task of word sense disambiguation. We evaluate the performance of the model in its participation on the SemEval-2007 coarse- and fine-grained all-words tasks under a variety of parameters.
57Fe Mössbauer investigation of oriented single-crystal and polycrystalline PbFe12O19

Abstract 57Fe Mossbauer spectra of PbFe12O19 have been obtained at 295 K on polycrystalline and single-crystal thin sections oriented with the c-axis parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the γ-ray propagation direction. Due to the lower Neel temperature, the internal magnetic fields (Heff) in PbFe12O19 are lower than those in BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19 but the systematics of the hyperfine interactions are similar to those in other hexaferrites. For example, the relative values of Heff exhibit the following sequence: 2b
Nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory for concentration profiles in liquid extraction

The pattern or profile of concentration change in each of the two countercurrent streams, within a packed extraction column involving a three-component system, is generally assumed to follow either branch of the mutual-solubility curve for the system. In the work reported here such concentration profiles have been computed for an idealized extraction. The results show that the raffinate will usually be carried into a metastable condition inside the equilibrium curve, but the extract composition remains appreciably outside the equilibrium curve. In the calculations mass transfer coefficient ratios are held constant at any one steady state condition of operation (called a run), but are varied in different runs, in order to determine the direction and magnitude of their effects. A modified activity-gradient, derived both for molecular diffusion and for penetration-theory conditions, is postulated to govern mass transfer and is used in place of the usual concentration driving potential. Solute depletion, mainly, is found to explain the result for the raffinate phase in much the same way that temperature lowering leads to supersaturation in binary solutions. Solute enrichment is the cause of the extract-phase behavior.
The microwave spectrum of the ONN-HF complex

Abstract Microwave transitions for the ONN-HF complex were measured using a pulsed-beam, Fourier transform spectrometer. This second structural isomer of the binary N 2 O-HF complex was detected earlier using IR spectroscopy. The rotational constant B = 1828.2835 (7) Mhz and distortion constant D J = 2.97 (2) Khz were obtained. Only K = 0 transitions were observed.
Electron-transfer functionality of synthetic coiled-coil metalloproteins

The emerging field of metalloprotein design seeks to prepare artificial proteins whose properties can mimic, enhance, and perhaps improve upon many features found in natural metalloenzymes. This review summarizes our recent efforts to prepare synthetic metalloproteins built from a-helical coiled-coils and to incorporate electron-transfer functionality within these systems. We have recently designed a cysteine-containing random-coil peptide which forms a a-helical coiled-coil upon binding various metals. The CuI adduct can serve as photoinduced electron-transfer agent to exogenous acceptors and undergoes collisional electron-transfer in the inverted Marcus region to various ruthenium ammine acceptors. It is speculated that this unexpected result might be due to the positioning of the CuI cofactor within the hydrophobic core of the protein which prohibits close approach between the donor and acceptor to slow the high driving force reaction rates below the diffusion limit.
Electrically switchable polymer-stabilized cholesteric diffraction gratings

We present the structure of electrically switchable diffraction gratings using low concentration polymer network stabilized pattern-forming state (fingerprint texture) of a host cholesteric liquid crystal. In this polymer-stabilized cholesteric diffraction grating (PSCDG)s, both the pattern- forming state and its diffraction state are the result of complex combinations of dielectric, flexoelectric, and electrohydrodynamic torques induced by applying an electric field at specific amplitudes and frequencies and for specific ratios of the sample thickness to cholesteric pitch. In each case, key structural features of the patterned distortion in orientational order of the liquid crystal can be recorded into the morphology and optical anisotropy of an internal polymer network, which is formed via photopolymerization of a low concentration monomer additive. The observed morphologies reported in this paper include one-dimensional arrays of thin parallel and zig-zag walls. We also discuss issues how the polymer network enhances the potential of complex pattern- forming states in liquid crystals for optical beam steering and switching applications.
Wii-habilitation increases participation in therapy

Patients working with the Wii will participate in dynamic standing and sitting exercises longer secondary to visual stimulus and distraction.
Diffusion of minocycline into prostatic secretion in dogs.

Abstract Following a single intravenous dose of 5 mg. per kilogram minocycline hydrochloride Minocin), serial collections of plasma, prostatic fluid, and saliva were performed to study the diffusion of minocycline from plasma into prostatic fluid and saliva in the uninfected canine model. In addition, prostatic tissue samples were obtained in a manner which excluded the contamination of the sample with urine, thereby falsely elevating tissue levels. As anticipated, minocycline was not concentrated in prostatic fluid, and no significant accumulation of the drug occurred in the pilocarvine-stimulated prostatic fluid, namely a prostatic fluid-to-plasma ratio of approximately 0.2. In contrast, the prostatic tissue level of minocycline (expressed as micrograms per gram wet weight) was approximately twice that of plasma and one and a half times greater than the values found in abdominal muscle. These results suggest that in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis, minocycline should be considered as a possible means of eradicating the organism from prostatic tissue, although the low prostatic fluid levels may preclude sterilizing the prostatic secretion of these patients.
Evolution of jasmonate and salicylate signal crosstalk.

The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly effective, inducible defense systems. Two plant hormones modulating inducible defenses are salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Current thinking is that SA induces resistance against biotrophic pathogens and some phloem feeding insects and JA induces resistance against necrotrophic pathogens, some phloem feeding insects and chewing herbivores. Signaling crosstalk between SA and JA commonly manifests as a reciprocal antagonism and may be adaptive, but this remains speculative. We examine evidence for and against adaptive explanations for antagonistic crosstalk, trace its phylogenetic origins and provide a hypothesis-testing framework for future research on the adaptive significance of SA–JA crosstalk.
Vascular Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Role of Xanthine-Oxidase and Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase

Background— Impaired flow-dependent, endothelium-mediated vasodilation (FDD) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) results, at least in part, from accelerated degradation of nitric oxide by oxygen radicals. The mechanisms leading to increased vascular radical formation, however, remain unclear. Therefore, we determined endothelium-bound activities of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD), a major vascular antioxidant enzyme, and xanthine-oxidase, a potent radical producing enzyme, and their relation to FDD in patients with CHF. Methods and Results— ecSOD and xanthine-oxidase activities, released from endothelium into plasma by heparin bolus injection, were determined in 14 patients with CHF and 10 control subjects. FDD of the radial artery was measured using high-resolution ultrasound and was assessed before and after administration of the antioxidant vitamin C (25 mg/min; IA). In patients with CHF, endothelium-bound ecSOD activity was substantially reduced (5.0±0.7 versus 14.4±2.6 U · mL−1 · ...
Small-Particle Aerosols of Antiviral Compounds in Treatment of Type A Influenza Pneumonia in Mice

Three chemotherapeutic drugs active against type A influenza virus (amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin) were tested as therapeutic agents against established infections with influenza virus in mice. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally or as aerosols either from 6 hr to four days or from three to seven days after infection. Small-particle aerosols were administered continuously 24 hr per day. Continuous dissemination of aerosols was superior to intraperitoneal administration, as evidenced by higher survival rates at 21 days. Rimantadine, amantadine, and ribavirin were effective when treatment was delayed for three days. Ribavirin was the most efficacious if therapy was initiated as an aerosol 6 hr after infection. In contrast to amantadine, ribavirin given in small-particle aerosols at 6 hr prevented the development of pneumonia and decreased titers of virus in lung. Viral pneumonia caused by infection with influenza virus in humans and mice is characterized by degeneration of the ciliated epithelium in the trachea and bronchi early in the disease and later by metaplasia of the epithelium and fetalization of the alveolar type 1 pneumocytes [1-3]. It seemed logical to us and to others (V. Knight, personal communication) that the superficial viral pneumonia seen in humans and mice during influenza would be best treated by administration of an antiviral compound to the epithelial surface of the respiratory tract. This concept was tested to a limited extent by Grunert et al. [4], who reported that amantadine hydrochloride was effective when administered by the aerosol route <1 hr after inoculation. Their data indicated that the drug prevented infection but exerted no therapeutic effect.
Sustainability, Faith and the Market

While "sustainability" has become a major concern in business today, there has been little progress toward a sustainable future. This is because the idea of sustainability in academic and policy debates is too small and too beholden to the assumptions that have created today's environmental and development crises. Current calls for reform have neither the vision nor the authority to sustain us in the relationships to self, society, and environment that define our human being. Reaching beyond our secular profession of business management to our Christian faith, we argue for a bigger idea of sustainability that puts these relationships into their true context based on our relationship to God. We identify sustainability with four principles of Christian theology - which we label anthropic, relational, ethical, and divine love - and we link economic development with eight principles of Catholic social doctrine - which the Church labels unity andmeaning, common good, universal destination, subsidiarity, participation, solidarity, social values, and love. We believe this bigger idea of sustainability transforms talk about the future from a gloomy contentiousness rooted in fear to a bright cooperation rooted in hope.
Abstract 5632: Mechanism of anemia response by lenalidomide in treating patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and ET-MF is related to suppresion of T regulatory cells (Treg)

Except allogenic bone marrow transplantation with either myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning, there is no effective treatment for PMF. Age-related morbility and mortality factors limit this application. Anti-Jak2 treatment relieves splenomegaly but does not improve cytopenia. IMiDs on the other hand can improve anemia in up-to 20% of transfusion dependent anemic patients with PMF. In order to asses the underlying mechanism and to predict treatment responsiveness, in vitro suppression of Treg cells by lenalidomide correlated to clinical treatment response was performed. Seven patients with transfusion dependent and ESD (erythropoietin stimulating drugs) resistant PMF were studied. Mononuclear cells from blood in patients with PMF were cultured in the culture medium with FCS and Il-2 (100 IU/ml) in the presence of lenalidomide or DMSO for 6 days, the cells were then stained for Treg cells (CD4 + , CD 25 + ,and FoxP3 + ,) and analyzed by flow cytometry using Treg Detection Kit from Miltenyi Biotec Inc (Auburn, CA). Treg cells were enumerated as percentage of selected CD4 + cells. The results showed that in the 4 patients who responded to lenalidomide treatment, Treg cells were suppressed by the in vitro testing by lenalidomide, while in the three patients who were clinically refractory to lenalidomide treatment, their Treg cells were not suppressed by in vitro lenalidomide treatment. These results suggest that in transfusion dependent PMF, Treg cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of anemia and that effectiveness of lenalidomide treatment may be partly related to its suppression of Treg cells. Further studies to recruit more patients and to explore the role of Treg cells in modulating erythroipoiesis in PMF using the erythroid methylcellulose culture systems are currently in progress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5632.
Design problems of shell structures and the impact of the computer on shell analysis

Abstract A brief description of the essential nature of shell theory and the shell equations is followed by a survey, with examples, of the types of shell problems that are of important concern to the structural designer and, therefore, of interest to the shell analyst. The principal approaches to the shell problem solution are outlined and some of the important effects that the computer has had on shell analysis and the analyst are discussed. Deficiencies in shell technology, requiring additional research, are indicated.
Unified treatment of two‐electron integrals. II. One‐center, electron repulsion, spin‐spin and spin‐orbit integrals containing rij

General formulas are obtained for evaluating a basic type of one-center two-electron integral which arises in the computation of expectation values of spin-spin and spin-orbit operators over explicitly correlated wave functions. The correlation terms are assumed to be in the form of products of Slater functions and powers (not necessarily integer) of the interelectronic coordinate rij.
Laboratory impact tests on freshwater ice

Abstract A comprehensive test program has been carried out to investigate the behaviour of both S1 and S2 freshwater ice subjected to impact conditions. The tests were performed by free-fall impact of an instrumented projectile onto either the upper surface of a freshwater ice sheet, or the edge of triangular prismatic samples. The projectile head had spherical, flat or wedge shapes. The results include measured values of the pressures and pressure distributions, the deceleration and the loads during each impact. The maximum pressure measured in the test program was 42 MPa. The failure behaviour and cracking pattern in the ice were a function of the indentor/ice interface geometry such that large cracking patterns were observed with flat geometries, giving the highest forces. The maximum force was found to be a function of the loading rate with a functional form Fm = 0.9F0.40m.