cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENDOR analysis of the anomalous EPR lineshape and the detection of Cs-(H4AsO4) fluctuations for the AsO44- center in CsH2AsO4 and CsD2AsO4

Abstract ENDOR measurements of 133 Cs and 1 H superhyperfine (shf) couplings for the AsO 4 4- center in γ-irradiated, ferroelectric CsH 2 AsO 4 and CsD 2 AsO 4 show that the anomalous (two “inverted-Gaussian” type) EPR lineshape below T ∗ (≈275 K) is due to inhomogeneous broadening, dominantly with one Cs (unexpectedly!) and two protons, but with significant contributions from other nuclei. Above T ∗ the EPR lineshapes exhibit features characteristic of fluctuations in the Cs-AsO 4 distances along the c-axis, as well as S 4 -type ( π 2 ) H 4 -AsO 4 rotational jumps in the ab plane. Both of these motions are characterized by a correlation time of the order of 10 −8 s at 275 K for CDA and for DCDA. Similar results have been noted for RbH 2 AsO 4 and RbD 2 AsO 4 . The results show the feasibility of using the EPR of AsO 4 4- centers as a probe of the cationic motion and its role in polarization fluctuations in these ferroelectrics.
A pH-Dependent Aquomet-to-Hemichrome Transition in Crystalline Horse Methemoglobin

In 1947, Perutz and co-workers reported that crystalline horse methemoglobin undergoes a large lattice transition as the pH is decreased from 7.1 to 5.4. We have determined the pH 7.1 and 5.4 crystal structures of horse methemoglobin at 1.6 and 2.1 A resolution, respectively, and find that this lattice transition involves a 23 A translation of adjacent hemoglobin tetramers as well as changes in alpha heme ligation and the tertiary structure of the alpha subunits. Specifically, when the pH is lowered from 7.1 to 5.4, the Fe(3+) alpha heme groups (but not the beta heme groups) are converted from the aquomet form, in which the proximal histidine [His87(F8)alpha] and a water molecule are the axial heme ligands, to the hemichrome (bishistidine) form, in which the proximal histidine and the distal histidine [His58(E7)alpha] are the axial heme ligands. Hemichrome formation is coupled to a large tertiary structure transition in the eight-residue segment Pro44(CD2)alpha-Gly51(D7)alpha that converts from an extended loop structure at pH 7.1 to a pi-like helix at pH 5.4. The formation of the pi helix forces Phe46(CD4)alpha out of the alpha heme pocket and into the interface between adjacent hemoglobin tetramers where it participates in crystal lattice contacts unique to the pH 5.4 structure. In addition, the transition from aquomet alpha subunits to bishistidine alpha subunits is accompanied by an approximately 1.2 A movement of the alpha heme groups to a more solvent-exposed position as well as the creation of a solvent channel from the interior of the alpha heme pocket to the outside of the tetramer. These changes and the extensive rearrangement of the crystal lattice structure allow the alpha heme group of one tetramer to make direct contact with an alpha heme group on an adjacent tetramer. These results suggest possible functional roles for hemichrome formation in vivo.
Development of a Predictive Optimal Controller for Thermal Energy Storage Systems

This paper describes the development and simulation of a predictive optimal controller for thermal energy storage systems. The “optimal” strategy minimizes the cost of operating the cooling plant over the simulation horizon. The particular case of a popular ice storage system (ice-on-coil with internal melt) was investigated in a simulation environment. Various predictor models were analyzed with respect to their performance in forecasting cooling load data and information on ambient conditions (dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures). The predictor model provides load and weather information to the optimal controller in discrete time steps. An optimal storage charging and discharging strategy was planned at every time step over a fixed look-ahead time window utilizing newly available information. The first action of the optimal sequence of actions was executed over the next time step and the planning process was repeated at every following time step. The effect of the length of the planning horizon was inves...
Loss of p75 nerve growth factor receptor mRNA containing neurons in rat forebrain after intraventricular IgG 192-saporin administration

Cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain express the p75 (low affinity) nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) on the cell surface. It has been previously shown that an immunotoxin that recognizes the p75 NGFr, IgG 192-saporin, eliminates these neurons as judged by a variety of techniques after intraventricular injection into rat brain. Here we show that this loss of neurons can also be identified by detecting the disappearance of the p75 NGFr mRNA utilizing a non-radioactive in situ hybridization method.
Incorporation of quadruply-bonded units into solid-state materials

The thirtieth anniversary of the quadruple bond marks a time in science when synthetic inorganic chemists are exploring molecular routes to new solid-state materials. Dinuclear transition metal complexes possessing σ, π, and δ components to their M-M bonding present exciting opportunities for the design of macromolecular compounds with interesting optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. This brief review reports recent progress in the area of ordered molecular arrays incorporating quadruply bonded and other multiply bonded M2 units.
Estrogen and progesterone receptors in temporomandibular joint discs of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons: A preliminary study

Numerous studies have shown the presence of estrogen receptors and a mediated effect of estrogen through these receptors in the articular cartilage of various species, including humans. Because temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms are more prevalent among women, this study was performed to investigate the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the human TMJ. Seven TMJ disc specimens obtained from women with TMJ symptoms with documented internal derangement were analyzed for the presence of these receptors. These were compared with another group of 15 TMJ discs removed from men and women with no TMJ symptoms undergoing skull base surgery who had extirpation of the TMJ for access to the skull base. Detection of these receptors was done by an immunohistochemical technique using mouse monoclonal antibody. The results showed the presence of these receptors in both symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women. Although these receptors were found in more of the women with TMJ symptoms than the other two groups, due to the small number of the specimens studies no definitive conclusions as to the correlation between female sex hormones and TMJ symptoms could be drawn. However it was concluded that the TMJ disc is, at least in some men and women, potentially a female sex hormone target tissue.
Disseminated herpes simplex with hepatoadrenal necrosis in a child with acute leukemia.

H E R e E S S ~ M r, L E X virus infect ions general ly involve skin and mucous m e m b r a n e s and usually produce a selfl imiting disease. 1 Extensive local infect ion or dissemina ted visceral disease occurs more f requent ly in n e w b o r n infants,'-' severely malnour i shed children, 3 persons undergoing immunosuppress ive therapy, 4 and pa t ien ts with various cellular i m m u n e defec t s ) In chi ldren with leukemia, extensive local skin manifes ta t ions of HSV infection occur," but the occurrence of f u lminan t hepatoadrenal necrosis and DIC is rare. We report d isseminated HSV type 1 infect ion that involved liver, adrena l glands, and skin in associat ion with acute lymphocyt ic leukemia. Early recogni t ion o f the disease using electron microscopy and p r o m p t inst i tut ion of therapy with adenosine arabinos ide failed to p roduce a favorable response.
Influence of Corn Residue Harvest Management on Grain, Stover, and Energy Yields

Economic, environmental, and energy independence issues are contributing to rising fossil fuel prices, petroleum supply concerns, and a growing interest in biomass feedstocks as renewable energy sources. Potential feedstocks include perennial grasses, timber, and annual grain crops with our focus being on corn (Zea mays L.) stover. A plot-scale study evaluating stover removal was initiated in 2008 on a South Carolina Coastal Plain Coxville/Rains–Goldsboro–Lynchburg soil association site. In addition to grain and stover yields, carbon balance, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil quality impact reported elsewhere in this issue, variation in gross energy distribution within various plant fractions — whole plant, below ear shank (bottom), above ear shank (top), cob, as well as leaves and stems of the bottom and top portions (n(part, year) = 20) was measured with an isoperibol calorimeter. Stalks from above the ear shank were the most energy dense, averaging 18.8 MJ/kg db, and when combined with other plant parts from above the ear shank, the entire top half was more energy dense than the bottom half — 18.4 versus 18.2 MJ/kg db. Gross energy content of the whole plant, including the cob, averaged 18.28 ± 0.76 MJ/kg db. Over the 4 years, partial to total removal (i.e., 25 % to 100 %) of above-ground plant biomass could supply between 30 and 168 GJ/ha depending upon annual rainfall. At 168 GJ/ha, the quantity of corn stover biomass (whole plant) available in a 3,254-km2 area (32 km radius) around the study site could potentially support a 500-MW power plant.
Factors Supporting and Hindering New Entry in Media Markets: A Study of Media Entrepreneurs

Despite ongoing concern about so-called “big media” erecting barriers to entry, thousands of new media enterprises are formed annually. It raises the question, “What factors support or hinder new entry in media markets?” A study of 30 U.S.-based media entrepreneurs was undertaken to answer the question. For these entrepreneurs, factors that support entry were abundant; and few, if any, barriers exist to entry and to sustained operations. Two sources of support stand out: the effects of technological innovation and so-called “big media,” which, far from erecting barriers, can be a major source of opportunity. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Pediatricians' attitudes towards allergy: past and present attitudes of pediatricians towards allergy

Background In 1971 we published a survey of pediatricians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices relative to the field of allergy. This current survey was conducted to determine how these attitudes and practices have changed over the past 27 years. Methods Our survey, consisting of 17 questions, was sent to 250 board certified pediatricians in the St. Louis area. Seven of the questions were similar to those in the 1971 survey, while the other ten were new questions which we thought were pertinent to the field of allergy currently. Results In 1971, 75% of the pediatricians felt the specialty of allergy had great or moderate importance for the practice of pediatrics compared with 99% in 1998. In 1998, the number of physicians who felt that there was at least some value to skin testing had increased from 1971, although, only 36% felt it had great value. In 1971, 23% of pediatricians performed their own skin tests compared with 3% in 1998. Nine percent indicated that they had never referred a patient to an allergist in 1971, compared with 2% in 1998. Our new questions looked at to whom respondents were more likely to refer patients with: (1) asthma (68% allergy, 27% pulmonary, 4% both), (2) urticaria (53% allergy, 41% dermatology, 2% both), (3) chronic eczema (45% allergy, 50% dermatology, 2% both), and (4) chronic sinusitis (24% allergy, 74% otolaryngology, 2% both). Older physicians placed greater importance on the field of allergy and skin testing and were more likely to refer to an allergist than physicians under the age of 40 years. Conclusion Our results indicate that although there has been significant change in 27 years, allergists must be more aggressive in developing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physicians relative to the field of allergy.
Better Lower Bounds for Monotone Threshold Formulas

We show that every monotone formula that computes the threshold function THk, n, 2?k?n/2, has size at least ?k/2?nlog(n/(k?1)). The same lower bound is shown to hold in the stronger monotone directed contact networks model.
Operative management of the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis during total repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Surgical obliteration of a subclavian-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis is necessary in the total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. However, exposure of the anastomotic site can be difficult and dangerous because of dense scarring about the anastomosis. A simple and safe method for exposure of the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis has been used over the past 12 years. Exposure and isolation of the shunt prior to cardiopulmonary bypass, temporary occlusion of it during the intracardiac repair, and ligation after complete correction was performed in 241 patients. In 152 patients, intrapericardial dissection between the superior vena cava and the ascending aorta provided exposure of the right Blalock-Taussig shunt. In 58 patients with a left Blalock-Taussig anastomosis, an extrapericardial dissection was performed, and in 22 patients both methods were employed for bilateral shunts. Nine patients required closure of a Potts anastomosis as well as a right subclavian-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis. In all patients the shunt was satisfactorily exposed and there were no major complications or deaths resulting from obliteration of these shunts. These operative methods have provided a safe and effective technique for ligation of the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis during total repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
A framework for the numerical treatment of aerosol dynamics

This paper presents a general framework for the discretization of particle dynamics equations by projection methods, which include Galerkin and collocation techniques. The framework enables a unified and simultaneous numerical treatment of different dynamic processes like coagulation and growth. Based on the framework a discretization over piecewise polynomial spaces and a spectral discretization are discussed. Numerical examples are given using both linear and logarithmic coordinates.
Loss of Klotho in CKD Breaks One’s Heart

CKD is increasingly recognized as a public health challenge worldwide, and it is associated with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure. A growing body of evidence indicates that decline in renal function, per se , is also a strong and independent risk factor for developing
Chemical effects in the boundary lubrication of aluminum

Abstract The effect of chemical attachment in boundary lubrication is strikingly demonstrated by the relative lubricating properties on aluminum of 1-cetene and cetane in thrust washer experiments. The unreactive hydrocarbon cetane permitted galling and seizing of the aluminum to occur with high friction. However, the use of the reactive 1-cetene resulted in sliding taking place at low friction. The role of aluminum oxide particles and their relation to wear is discussed. The basic requirements for a good boundary lubricant for aluminum are shown to be (1) chemical attachment to the fresh aluminum surface formed in rubbing, (2) sufficient chain length and (3) polarity to coat abrasive aluminum oxide wear particles.
Interlimb transfer of visuomotor rotations: Independence of direction and final position information

Previous findings from our laboratory support the idea that the dominant arm is more proficient than the non-dominant arm in coordinating intersegmental dynamics for specifying trajectory direction and shape during multijoint reaching movements. We also showed that adaptation of right and left arms to novel visuomotor rotations was equivalent, suggesting that this process occurs upstream to processes that distinguish dominant and non-dominant arm performance. Because of this, we speculate that such visuomotor adaptations might transfer to subsequent performance during adaptation with the other arm. We now examine whether opposite arm training to novel visuomotor rotations transfers to affect adaptation using the right and left arms. Two subject groups, RL and LR, each comprising seven right-handed subjects, adapted to a 30° counterclockwise rotation in the visual display during a center-out reaching task performed in eight directions. Each group first adapted using either the right (RL) or left (LR) arm, followed by opposite arm adaptation. In order to assess transfer, we compared the same side arm movements (either right or left) following opposite arm adaptation to those performed prior to opposite arm adaptation. Our findings indicate unambiguous transfer of learning across the arms. Different features of movement transferred in different directions: Opposite arm training improved the initial direction of right arm movements under the rotated visual condition, whereas opposite arm training improved the final position accuracy, but not the direction of left arm movements. These findings confirm that transfer of training was not due to a general cognitive strategy, since such an effect should influence either hand equally. These findings support the hypothesis that each arm controller has access to information learned during opposite arm training. We suggest that each controller uses this information differently, depending on its proficiency for specifying particular features of movement. We discuss evidence that these two aspects of control are differentially mediated by the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The development of millimetre wave mixer diodes

A new format gallium arsenide beam lead diode has been developed which allows the total capacitance to be reduced sufficiently for applications throughout the millimetre waveband. The design involves the use of low melting point glass and has high mechanical strength for ease of handling. Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition has been used to provide the thin epitaxial layer required to minimize series resistance in the device. Typical measurements from many batches are total capacitance at zero bias 003 pF, including 002 pF stray capacitance, series resistance 6Ω and breaking force 4.5 g. The millimetre wave performance of the diodes has been demonstrated in microstrip mixer circuits operating at 90 GHz and 140 GHz. The microstrip single-ended mixer at 140 GHz extends the technology already established up to 100 GHz and includes a single crystal quartz substrate. The conversion loss of balanced mixers at 90 GHz is typically 6.5 dB and the single-ended mixer at 140 GHz displayed a loss of 7.0 dB.
A blood substitute from hydroxyethyl starch and hemoglobin

One method to increase the retention time of hemoglobin (Hgb) is to react it with a hydroxyethyl starch (HES) molecule. To examine this hypothesis, polymer-bound hemoglobin compounds were synthesized by the dialdehyde route. The electrophoretic mobility patterns indicate complete binding of the Iigb. Preliminary exchange-transfusion experiments in rates showed that they could survive for at least 10 h at Hct < 10% when transfused with 6% HES-Hgb solutions. The retention time of the Hgb in the urine was increased to 12 h with these new polymers.
Japan's changing oil and trade regimes vis-à-vis the U.S.

Abstract The recent history and data on oil shipments to the two largest importers are analyzed and although both came to depend heavily on foreign petroleum, the trade regimes, commercial uses, and policies surrounding the U.S. and Japan were substantially different. Regression analyses show that imports were highly correlated with refining capacity in the U.S., but that such models were not valid with respect to Japanese oil flows. The oil trade for each country was to diverge further following the Arab oil embargo with Japan's policy responses focusing on conservation, containing inflation, and maintaining export markets. Structural adjustments were also promoted through capital investments in the newer, energy-efficient technologies. In addition, Japan came to rely less on the multinational oil companies for imports, and her exporting competitiveness provoked protectionist measures abroad.
Band-crossing anomalies in the cranking model

Abstract The problems with the cranking model in the vicinity of a band crossing recently pointed out by Hamamoto are reexamined. The sharp peak in the angular-momentum fluctuation and related peculiarities obtained previously in a non-self-consistent cranking calculation applied to an i 13 2 particles + rotor model are found to persist even when the calculation is done self-consistently, contrary to the expectations of Sorensen. A new feature is also found: vanishing interaction between crossing bands for some nucleon numbers. A simple analytic model is introduced which can qualitatively simulate such peculiarities and suggests a possible explanation for them. This model indicates that a check on the stability of self-consistent cranking solutions may sometimes help to eliminate spurious segments of rotational trajectories. Finally, angular-momentum fluctuations resulting from realistic HFB cranking calculations are presented for the first time. A method based on the RPA is suggested for correcting the fluctuation problem for the yrast band.
The Soret effect in diffusion in crystals

Abstract The Soret effect, as it occurs in the diffusion of solutes in crystals, is analyzed using the principle of microscopic reversibility whereby an approach is developed for interpreting and computing Q ∗ , the heat of transport. To compute the transport of energy during the diffusion jump process, and then Q ∗ , the processes of thermal activation to the transition state and the decay from the transition state are considered to be inverses; thus the net process is reduced to the analysis of the purely mechanical decay process. Molecular statics and dynamics are then suggested as the means to simulate the decay process and the case of carbon diffusion in body-centered cubic α-iron is so analyzed as an example. Our results show that, for the case Q ∗ ≈ − Q m , where Q m is the activation energy for carbon diffusion, this is in agreement with experimental evidence reported in the literature. Thus both the sign and magnitude of Q ∗ are correctly predicted. Various cases, such as the diffusion of substitutional solutes and vacancies, are also considered within our approach along with implications for future study.
Seasonal Variability in Clouds and Radiation at the Manus ARM Site

Abstract The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program operates three climate observation stations in the tropical western Pacific region. One of these sites, located on Manus Island in Papua New Guinea, has been operating since 1996. The Manus ARM site includes an extensive array of instruments chosen to observe cloud properties, water vapor and temperature profiles, and the surface radiation budget. This dataset provides an opportunity to examine variability in tropical cloudiness on a wide range of time scales. The focus of this study is on the annual cycle. Analysis of cloud distribution and radiation data from Manus reveals a clear annual cycle in clouds associated with convective activity. The most convectively active period is found to be the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the least active period is the Northern Hemisphere autumn. Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data are also examined in order to relate observations at Manus with the surrounding region. Significant differences are found ...
Motivated Suspicion: Asymmetrical Attributions of the Behavior of Political Ingroup and Outgroup Members

Suspicious attributional thought was assessed in the context of the political behavior of ingroup and outgroup politicians. Strong Democrats and Republicans read a newspaper article describing a Democratic or Republican politician's support of a bill. Half the participants read that the politician may have been motivated by an ulterior motive, obtaining campaign support from companies that benefited from the bill. In two studies, interaction effects revealed that participants discounted the behavior of an outgroup politician when an ulterior motive was salient. In contrast, they failed to discount the behavior of an ingroup politician when an ulterior motive was salient or either politician when no ulterior motive was salient. Study 2 also revealed evidence that negative, other-directed affect mediated the bias in attributional judgments.
Prebiotic cytosine synthesis: a critical analysis and implications for the origin of life.

A number of theories propose that RNA, or an RNA-like substance, played a role in the origin of life. Usually, such hypotheses presume that the Watson–Crick bases were readily available on prebiotic Earth, for spontaneous incorporation into a replicator. Cytosine, however, has not been reported in analyses of meteorites nor is it among the products of electric spark discharge experiments. The reported prebiotic syntheses of cytosine involve the reaction of cyanoacetylene (or its hydrolysis product, cyanoacetaldehyde), with cyanate, cyanogen, or urea. These substances undergo side reactions with common nucleophiles that appear to proceed more rapidly than cytosine formation. To favor cytosine formation, reactant concentrations are required that are implausible in a natural setting. Furthermore, cytosine is consumed by deamination (the half-life for deamination at 25°C is ≈340 yr) and other reactions. No reactions have been described thus far that would produce cytosine, even in a specialized local setting, at a rate sufficient to compensate for its decomposition. On the basis of this evidence, it appears quite unlikely that cytosine played a role in the origin of life. Theories that involve replicators that function without the Watson–Crick pairs, or no replicator at all, remain as viable alternatives.
Mapping expression in randomized rodent genomes.

Gene expression microarray data on each individual in a pedigree or from an experimental cross enable the identification of the genetic determinants of variation in gene expression. Three new studies apply this approach to rodent recombinant inbred lines and provide new insights into the nature of variation in gene expression and its connection to disease.
Diagnostic, explanatory, and detection models of Munchausen by proxy: extrapolations from malingering and deception

Abstract Objective: The overriding objective is a critical examination of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) and its closely-related alternative, factitious disorder by proxy (FDBP). Beyond issues of diagnostic validity, assessment methods and potential detection strategies are explored. Methods: A painstaking analysis was conducted of the MSBP and FDBP literature as it relates diagnostic and assessment issues. Given the limitations of this literature, extrapolations were provided from the extensive theory and research on malingering as a related response style. Results: Diagnostic formulations for both MSBP and FDBP de-emphasize the clinical characteristics of the perpetrator. In the case of FDBP, inferential judgments about motivation (e.g., adoption of a sick role) are challenging on conceptual and clinical grounds. When explanatory models from malingering are applied, most research has focused pathogenic models, often allied with psychodynamic thought. Finally, clinical methods for the assessment of MSBP and FDBP are not well developed. Conclusions: Refinements in the conceptualization of MSBP and FDBP can be provided through prototypical analysis. Drawing from malingering research, explanatory models should be expanded to include adaptational and criminological models. Finally, detection strategies for MSBP and FDBP must be formally operationalized and rigorously validated.
Perturbation analysis of recycle reactors

Abstract The effects of axial diffusion in recycle reactors is explored by means of regular singular perturbation techniques. In contrast to non-recycle systems, even small amounts of backmixing can effect the concentration profile significantly, in view of the connection between the inner and outer solution through the recycle boundary condition. This is particularly evident at large recycle ratios and for short reactors.
Family meal patterns: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents.

Abstract Objective To examine family meal patterns and associations with sociodemographic characteristics and dietary intake in adolescents. Design A population-based cross-sectional study design was employed. Adolescents completed the Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) survey and the Youth and Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire within their schools. Subjects/setting The study population included 4,746 middle and high school students from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools with diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Statistical analyses Associations were examined using cross tabulations, log-linear modeling, and linear regressions. Results There was a wide distribution in the frequency of family meals during the previous week: never (14.0%), 1 or 2 times (19.1%), 3 to 6 times (40.1%), and 7 or more times (24.8%). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with more frequent family meals included gender (boys), school level (middle school), race (Asian American), mother's employment status (not employed), and socioeconomic status (high). Frequency of family meals was positively associated with intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, and calcium-rich foods and negatively associated with soft drink consumption. Positive associations were also seen between frequency of family meals and energy; protein (percentage of total calories); calcium; iron; folate; fiber; and vitamins A, C, E, and B-6. Conclusions Family meals appear to play an important role in promoting positive dietary intake among adolescents. Feasible ways to increase the frequency of family meals should be explored with adolescents and their families. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:317-322.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Initial Efficacy of an Online Sexual Health Promotion Program for LGBT Youth: The Queer Sex Ed Intervention

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience multiple sexual health inequities driven, in part, by deficits in parental and peer support, school-based sex education programs, and community services. Research suggests that the Internet may be an important resource in the development of sexual health among LGBT youth. We examined the feasibility of recruiting youth in same-sex relationships into an online sexual health intervention, evaluated intervention acceptability, and obtained initial estimates of intervention efficacy. LGBT youth (16 to 20 years old) completed Queer Sex Ed (QSE), an online, multimedia sexual health intervention consisting of five modules. The final sample (N = 202) completed the pretest, intervention, and posttest assessments. The primary study outcomes were sexual orientation identity and self-acceptance (e.g., coming-out self-efficacy), sexual health knowledge (e.g., sexual functioning), relationship variables (e.g., communication skills), and safer sex (e.g., se...
Subcellular Localization of Folate Turnover and Folate-Dependent Enzyme Activity in Mouse Brain

: Using 5-[methyl-14C]methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-[2-14C]methyl-tetrahydrofolate, the rates of uptake and turnover of the methyl and folate moieties in mouse brain were compared. The methyl moiety was taken up and retained more readily than the folate moiety. Intracerebral injections of labeled folate were used to study the retention and subcellular turnover of folate. The injected folate exchanged slowly with the endogenous pool, stabilizing after 2 days. Analyses of the subcellular distribution of label with time showed that folate underwent intercompartmental exchange in all fractions except the synaptosomal particulate fractions, which appeared to contain a folate pool inert to exchange. The mitochondria] and synaptosomal soluble fractions exhibited a comparatively high content of labeled folate. The folate turnover rate was extremely slow. Subcellular localization of two folate-dependent enzymes showed that /V5, Arlo-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase activities were largely soluble, the latter exhibiting a very high specific activity in the synaptosomal lysate. The implications of these findings with respect to one-carbon metabolism and the compartmentalization of folate function in mouse brain are discussed.
Fault tolerance measures for large-scale wireless sensor networks

Connectivity, primarily a graph-theoretic concept, helps define the fault tolerance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the sense that it enables the sensors to communicate with each other so their sensed data can reach the sink. On the other hand, sensing coverage, an intrinsic architectural feature of WSNs plays an important role in meeting application-specific requirements, for example, to reliably extract relevant data about a sensed field. Sensing coverage and network connectivity are not quite orthogonal concepts. In fact, it has been proven that connectivity strongly depends on coverage and hence considerable attention has been paid to establish tighter connection between them although only loose lower bound on network connectivity of WSNs is known. In this article, we investigate connectivity based on the degree of sensing coverage by studying k-covered WSNs, where every location in the field is simultaneously covered (or sensed) by at least k sensors (property known as k-coverage, where k is the degree of coverage). We observe that to derive network connectivity of k-covered WSNs, it is necessary to compute the sensor spatial density required to guarantee k-coverage. More precisely, we propose to use a model, called the Reuleaux Triangle, to characterize k-coverage with the help of Helly's Theorem and the analysis of the intersection of sensing disks of k sensors. Using a deterministic approach, we show that the sensor spatial density to guarantee k-coverage of a convex field is proportional to k and inversely proportional to the sensing range of the sensors. We also prove that network connectivity of k-covered WSNs is higher than their sensing coverage k. Furthermore, we propose a new measure of fault tolerance for k-covered WSNs, called conditional fault tolerance, based on the concepts of conditional connectivity and forbidden faulty sensor set that includes all the neighbors of a given sensor. We prove that k-covered WSNs can sustain a large number of sensor failures provided that the faulty sensor set does not include a forbidden faulty sensor set.
Prostate Volume Estimation Using the Ellipsoid Formula Consistently Underestimates Actual Gland Size

Purpose: Historically estimating prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound underestimates actual prostate weight. We quantified and determined whether trends could be identified to predict or understand the underestimation.Materials and Methods: The characteristics transrectal ultrasound volume, pathological prostate weight and dimensions in 181 patients were entered into an electronic spread sheet. Pathological and transrectal ultrasound volume was estimated using the standard ellipsoid formula, width × height × length × π/6. In 87 of the 181 cases transrectal ultrasound dimensions were compared to pathological dimensions.Results: Using pathologically determined dimensions the ellipsoid formula accurately (±10%) predicted weight in 26.5% of the cases vs 13.3% by ultrasound. Transrectal ultrasound underestimated it by greater than 30% in 55% of cases and overestimated (greater than 10%) it in only 6.4%. Small vs large gland weight did not predict less underestimation. For prostate weight less than 30, 30 ...
THE PICK‐UP OF C14‐DDT AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES1

Mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti, picked up progressively greater amounts of C14 labeled DDT with ascending temperatures. The pick-up relationship contrasted with per cent mortality which showed a negative temperature coefficient. The exposure temperatures were 10°, 20° and 30° C. A similar relationship of pick-up of DDT occurred when heads, thoraces, or abdomens of the larvae were compared separately. The thorax contained greater concentrations than heads or abdomens at 30° and 20° C. At 10° C the heads contain more than thoraces and abdomens, but the amount was still less than that picked up at 20° and 30° C. The results show a positive coefficient of pick-up of DDT but a negative temperature coefficient for per cent mortality provided the concentration of DDT is not too high. The latter relationship agrees with considerable earlier research. The explanation for the negative temperature effect of DDT is still not understood, but we have evidence that the effect is not positively related to pick-up by whole larvae or portions of whole larvae. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG AUFNAHME VON 14C-DDT BEI VERSCHIEDENEN TEMPERATUREN MUckenlarven (Aedes aegypti) nahmen um so grosere Mengen von 14C-markiertem DDT auf, je mehr die Temperatur anstieg. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die prozentuale Mortalitat einen negativen Temperaturkoeffizienten. Die Untersuchungstemperaturen betrugen 10, 20 und 30°. Eine ahnliche DDT-Aufnahme-Beziehung ergab sich, wenn Kopfe, Brustabschnitte oder Abdomina der Larven getrennt verglichen wurden. Bei 30 und 20° wiesen die Brustabschnitte grosere Konzentrationen auf als die Kopfe und Abdomina. Bei 10° enthielten die Kopfe mehr als die Abdomina und Brustabschnitte, aber die aufgenommene Menge war doch geringer als bei 20 und 30°. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten fur die DDT-Aufnahme, aber einen negativen fur die prozentuale Mortalitat unter der Voraussetzung, das die DDT-konzentration nicht zu hoch ist. Die zweite Beziehung stimmt mit betrachtlich fruheren Untersuchungen uberein. Eine Erklarung fur diesen negativen Temperatureffekt des DDT ist noch nicht gefunden, aber es scheint, das diese Wirkung keine positive Korrelation zur DDT-Aufnahme ganzer Larven oder bei Teilen ganzer Larven aufweist.
HSV amplicon-mediated Aβ vaccination in Tg2576 mice: differential antigen-specific immune responses

Given the participation of amyloid beta (Abeta) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis the derivation of experimental therapeutics to prevent Abeta fibrillogenesis and/or enhance removal of parenchymal amyloid deposits represent viable disease-modifying approaches. Active Abeta-based immunotherapies have shown promise in mouse AD models, but application in human trials was accompanied by moderate brain inflammation in a subset of patients. Immune-shaping vaccine platforms may mitigate adverse effects. Herein, we describe the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived amplicons to elicit distinctive immune responses against Abeta. Two vaccine vectors were constructed: one expressing Abeta1-42 alone (HSVAbeta), and a second expressing Abeta1-42 fused with the molecular adjuvant tetanus toxin Fragment C (HSVAbeta/TtxFC). Peripheral administration of these vaccines augmented humoral responses to Abeta and reduced CNS Abeta deposition in Tg2576 AD mice. Interestingly and unexpectedly, HSVAbeta vaccination was uniquely toxic and incited the expression of pro-inflammatory molecule transcripts within the hippocampi of Tg2576 mice, suggesting that this paradigm may serve as a relevant model to study Abeta vaccine-elicited CNS inflammatory syndromes.
Enteral access device selection

Enteral tube feedings have once again emerged as the first choice for nutritional support of the patient on the basis of safety, convenience, and economy. In order to provide adequate nutrition, an appropriate route of administration must be identified. Tube selection will depend on an accurate assessment of the patient, including the duration of therapy, history of abdominal procedures, competency of gag reflex, level of debilitation, gastrointestinal function, and discharge plan. Since placement of these tubes may involve several different physicians, a coordinator is necessary. The clinical specialist in nutrition support may be the appropriate health professional to coordinate this care. With an emphasis on shorter hospital stays, more patients may go home with enteral feeding regimens. The clinical specialist will need to be aware of these changes and become more involved in the initial enteral access device decision to insure appropriate selection.
Negotiating Bacteriological Meat Contamination Standards in the US: The Case of E.coli O157:H7

The paper analyzes changes in bacteriological meat contamination standards in the us since the early 1980s when E.coli O157:H7 was for the first time identified as a new foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of undercooked meat. Four types of risks, and the standards associated with them, are identified. Up until 1982 meat contamination was ascertained via organoleptic standards. Meat was considered as safe as producers' and/or consumers' sanitary conditions and hygiene. In 1982,the identification of E.coli O157:H7 as a pathogen dangerous to human health resulted in a redefinition from organoleptic to biomedical standards. Meat contamination risks were measured by the extent to which sick patients could recover from foodborne diseases or die. In 1993,as a result of the massive ‘Jack-in-the-Box outbreak’ associated with the consumption of hamburgers contaminated with E.coli O157:H7,biomedical standards were reformulated into epidemiological measures aimed at ascertaining the extent to which the country's population was at risk of getting sick or dying from meat contamination. Finally, in 1996,with the enactment of the Pathogen Reduction Act/haccp, meat processing standards replaced epidemiological standards. Meat was to be as safe as packers processed it. Economic, political, social, scientific and technological factors contributing to the origins of each of the four types of bacteriological meat standards are analyzed. Consequences of the changes in standards in terms of re-distribution of costs, benefits, and risks to those social actors engaged in the meat subsector are discussed.
Biobased adhesives, gums, emulsions, and binders: current trends and future prospects

Biopolymers derived from renewable resources are an emerging class of advanced materials that offer many useful properties for a wide range of food and nonfood applications. Current state of the art in research and development of renewable polymers as adhesives, gums, binders, and emulsions is the subject of this review. Much of the focus will be on major biopolymers such as starch, proteins, lignin, oils, and their derivatives found in both natural and modified forms, but other biopolymers of promising commercial interest will also be included where warranted. Polymers produced in nature are remarkably diverse in their chemistry, thermomechanical properties, rheology, plasticity, and chemical reactivity. In particular, their capacity to undergo a wide array of chemical modifications yields materials with tailored properties suitable for use as adhesives, gums, coatings, emulsions, and binders. Many such materials are now widely used in commercial products like building materials, lubricants, sealants, co...
The relationship of the cell surface to metabolism. XIII. The cation-binding properties of the yeast cell surface.

Abstract The binding of exogenous bivalent and univalent cations by the yeast cell is rapid and reversible, obeying a simple mass-law equation. Bivalent cations, especially UO 2 ++, are bound more firmly than are univalent cations. There are at least two species of binding sites, tentatively identified as phosphoryl and carboxyl groups. These are located at the periphery of the cell, isolated from endogenous cations by a permeability barrier.
Posterior approaches in the management of cervical spondylosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

Abstract BACKGROUND If the cervical lordotic curvature has been well preserved, spondylostenosis or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, with or without instability, may be approached posteriorly in selected older patients (over 65 years of age). Posterior surgical alternatives include the laminectomy with or without fusion, or laminoplasty. However, in younger patients or in geriatric patients with predominantly anterior disease with kyphosis, direct anterior surgical procedures yield better results. METHODS Laminectomy with medial facetectomy and foraminotomy is classically performed in cases in which stability is preserved. However, posterior stabilization using either facet wiring or lateral mass fusion may be warranted. Although some consider the “open door” laminoplasty a reasonable alternative for dorsal decompression, limitations include restricted access to the hinged side, a potential for “closing of the door,” and it does not offer a “real” fusion. RESULTS Postoperative neurologic improvement may approximate an 85% incidence of good to excellent results. However, where a posterior decompression has been chosen, particularly in younger individuals with or without a lordotic curvature, or in older patients with kyphosis, they will fail to significantly improve, and will be susceptible to early neurologic deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Posterior approaches to cervical disease may be successful in geriatric individuals in whom the cervical lordotic curvature has been well preserved. However, it is inappropriate for either older or younger patients with predominantly anterior disease, for whom direct anterior decompression with or without posterior stabilization is indicated. In those patients with significant ventral ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), direct anterior resection will result in improved neurologic outcomes, whereas posterior decompression will fail to achieve a similar degree of neurologic recovery. Furthermore, dorsal decompression of OPLL may promote a more rapid progression of OPLL growth and concomitant neurologic deterioration.
Using Membrane Mirrors In Adaptive Optics

This paper describes the utilization of very thin, electrostatically deflected membranes as an active optic in an image compensation system. The key design considerations are given in terms of deflections, frequency response, and drive signals. The advantages of a membrane are given in terms of its transfer characteristics, low voltages, zero hysteresis and its ability to accommodate hundreds of actuators. Pertinent performance data is presented. This paper also discusses the manufacturing techniques that are used to generate membrane mirrors of different materials, thicknesses, and geometries. The manufacturing technique is relatively simple and inexpensive and leads to a rugged active optic that is ideal for use in an image compensation system, where the correction of many waves is required.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regime Switching and Oligopsony Power: The Case of U.S. Beef Processing

In this article, we estimate a model of oligopsony behavior under imperfect monitoring of rival actions to analyze weekly marketing margin data for the U.S. beef packing industry. Oligopsonists are hypothesized to follow a discontinuous pricing strategy in equilibrium, and we focus on shocks in the normal throughput of supply as a potential catalyst for regime switching between cooperative and noncooperative phases. We adopt an algorithm developed by Bellone (2005) that relies on Hamilton’s (1989) multivariate first-order Markov process to test for the cooperative/noncooperative switching behavior. We find strong evidence that links switching conduct by packers to disruptions in coordinating the derived demands for processed beef with the supply of live cattle. Once switched, cooperative regimes lasted an average of 21 weeks, while noncooperative regimes averaged 33 weeks. The average marketing margin for processed beef was 68% lower in the noncooperative regimes compared to the cooperative regimes. This led to an annual average increase in profits of 408 million dollars to the beef packing industry and about an 8–9% reduction in live cattle prices.