cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human variant glucose-6-phosphate transporter is active in microsomal transport

Glycogen storage disease type 1b (GSD-1b) is caused by deficiencies in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT), which works together with glucose-6-phosphatase to maintain glucose homeostasis. In humans, there are two alternatively spliced transcripts, G6PT and variant G6PT (vG6PT), differing by the inclusion of a 66-bp exon-7 sequence in vG6PT. We have previously shown that the G6PT protein functions as a microsomal glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) transporter, which is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum by ten transmembrane helices. Here, we demonstrate that vG6PT is also active in microsomal G6P transport. The additional 22 amino acids in vG6PT is predicted to constitute a part of the luminal loop 4. Our data indicate that this loop plays no vital role in microsomal G6P transport. Further, we show that G6PT mRNA is expressed in all organs and tissues examined, but that the vG6PT transcript is expressed exclusively in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. These results raise the possibility that mutations in exon-7 of the G6PT gene, which would not perturb glucose homeostasis, might have other deleterious effects.
Recursive tridiagonalization of infinite dimensional Hamiltonians

Abstract Infinite dimensional, computable, sparse Hamiltonians can be numerically tridiagonalized to finite precision using a three term recursion. Only the finite number of components whose relative magnitude is greater than the desired precision are stored at any stage in the computation. Thus the particular components stored change as the calculation progresses. This technique avoids errors due to truncation of the orbital set, and makes terminators unnecessary in the recursion method.
A new species of Lentinula (Agaricales) from Central America

Lentinula aciculospora sp. nov. is described from a single Province in Costa Rica. Stature and habit of basidiomata of this species are similar to some otherLentinula taxa (i.e.L. edodes), but the elongate-cylindrical shape of basidiospores is a distinctive character ofL. aciculospora. The mating system ofL. aciculospora is tetrapolar as also found in other species of the genus, but this species is genetically isolated fromL. boryana, and all morphological variants ofL. edodes.
Oriented Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion

Ultrasound imaging systems provide the clinician with noninvasive, low-cost, and real-time images that can help them in diagnosis, planning, and therapy. However, although the human eye is able to derive the meaningful information from these images, automatic processing is very difficult due to noise and artifacts present in the image. The speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion filter was recently proposed to adapt the anisotropic diffusion filter to the characteristics of the speckle noise present in the ultrasound images and to facilitate automatic processing of images. We analyze the properties of the numerical scheme associated with this filter, using a semi-explicit scheme. We then extend the filter to a matrix anisotropic diffusion, allowing different levels of filtering across the image contours and in the principal curvature directions. We also show a relation between the local directional variance of the image intensity and the local geometry of the image, which can justify the choice of the gradient and the principal curvature directions as a basis for the diffusion matrix. Finally, different filtering techniques are compared on a 2-D synthetic image with two different levels of multiplicative noise and on a 3-D synthetic image of a Y-junction, and the new filter is applied on a 3-D real ultrasound image of the liver
Film Formation and Hydrogen Evolution on the Alkaline Zinc Electrode

The duplex structure of anodic films formed in concentrated solutions with convection nearly absent—a hydrodynamic condition present near a battery plate in proximity to a separator—has been confirmed on high‐purity polycrystalline zinc and to a more limited extent on some polycrystalline zinc alloys as well. Previously, the use of a very slow potential scan with simultaneous microscopic observation of single‐crystal zinc electrodes showed that a precipitated coating of particles (type I film) overlies a more coherent film also of (type II). The experimental conditions required for following stages in the formation of the precipitated film, the one most difficult to observe, are defined more explicitly in this paper. Evidence is presented that the type II film serves as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution at potentials anodic to the zinc/zinc oxide equilibrium value. Hydrogen bubbles, whose formation is so catalyzed, can mechanically dislodge overlying passivating film to cause reactivation of the electrode. The presence of complex tin or lead anions at concentrations about 10−3M (molar) in solutions gives rise to very smooth, almost imperceptible, films of metallic tin or lead over the zinc electrode surface. Such films are made visible, though, during zinc dissolution as they rumple and eventually gather into a wad after being undercut. These foreign metal films inhibit the dissolution of zinc to an extent that depends on the particular complex anion, its concentration, and exposure time to the zinc surface. Lead films can be made sufficiently inhibitive that zinc dissolution is reduced to such a rate that very little precipitation of occurs.
Amino acid enhancement of renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis

Amino acid enhancement of renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis. The capacity of i.v. infusions of amino acids to alter the course of mercuric chloride–induced acute renal tubular necrosis was examined in rats. New membrane formation in regenerating cells was studied by measuring the rate of incorporation of choline labeled with radioactive carbon ( 14 C) into phospholipid in renal cortical slices obtained after amino acid or glucose infusion. After amino acid infusion, the rate of incorporation was up to 94% higher than after glucose infusion during the four days of the acute renal failure syndrome. The increment was smallest at 18 hr after mercuric chloride administration, when necrosis was marked, and greatest at four days, when cellular regeneration was well underway. The increased rates observed after amino acid infusion were superimposed upon a 71% increase in the rate which occurred during regeneration in noninfused animals. The increased rate represented synthesis of choline–containing phospholipids, since degradation was unchanged. The serum creatinine concentration, which was 0.23 ± 0.02 mg/dl in control animals, increased significantly to 2.90 ± 0.38 mg/dl in noninfused rats two days after mercuric chloride administration, but only reached 0.49 ± 0.06 mg/dl (P Activation par les acides amines de la regeneration apres necrose tubulaire aigue. La capacite de perfusions intraveineuses d'acides amines de modifier l'evolution de la necrose tubulaire aigue induite par le chlorure mercurique, a ete etudiee chez des rats. La formation de nouvelles membranes dans les cellules en regeneration a ete evaluee par la mesure du debit d'incorporation de la 14 C–choline dans les phospholipides, dans des tranches de cortex de rein, obtenues apres perfusion d'acides amines ou de glucose. Apres perfusion d'acides amines, le debit d'incorporation est jusqu'a 94% superieur a celui observe apres perfusion de glucose, pendant les 4 jours du syndrome d'insuffisance renale aigue. L'augmentation est moindre 18 heures apres l'administration de mercure, alors que la necrose est importante, et plus grande a 4 jours quand la regeneration cellulaire est deja tranche. L'augmentation des debits observee apres la perfusion d'acides amines est superposee a une augmentation de 71% qui survient au cours de la regeneration chez les animaux non perfuses. L'augmentation du debit d'incorporation represente la synthese des phospholipides contenant de la choline puisque la degradation est inchangee. La concentration serique de creatinine, qui est de 0,23 ± 0,02 mg/dl chez les controles, augmente significativement a 2,90 ± 0,38mg/dl chez les rats non perfuses deux jours apres le mercure, mais n'atteint que 0,49 ± 0,06 mg/dl (P
Minimal blocks of binary even-weight vectors

Abstract Odd circuits are minimal 1-blocks over GF(2) and the odd circuit of size 2 t + 1 can be represented by the vectors of Hamming weight 2 t in a (2 t + 1)-dimensional vector space over GF(2). This is the tip of an iceberg. Let f (2 t , k , 2) be the maximum number of binary k -dimensional column vectors such that for all s , 1 ⩽ s ⩽ t , no 2 s columns sum to the zero vector. If k = 2, k = 3, k = 4, or k ⩾ 5 and 2 t is sufficiently large (for example, 2 t ⩾ 2 k − k + 1 suffices), then the set of vectors of weight 2 t in a ( f (2 t , k , 2) + 2 t −1)-dimensional vector space over GF(2) is a minimal k -block over GF(2).
Long-lived platinum(II) diimine complexes with broadband excited-state absorption: efficient nonlinear absorbing materials.

Platinum(II) diimine complexes with naphthalimide substituted fluorenylacetylide ligands are synthesized and characterized. The complexes exhibit long-lived 3ILCT or 3ILCT/3MLCT/3LLCT excited states (τ = ∼20–30 μs) and broadband triplet transient absorption in the visible-NIR region. Nonlinear transmission experiments at 532 nm demonstrate that these complexes are efficient nonlinear absorbing materials.
Retinoids and Retinoid Receptors in Teratogenesis

There is overwhelming evidence that vitamin A (retinol), presumably through its metabolite retinoic acid, participates in organogenesis at several stages and sites during normal development. Besides the important role of retinol and retinoic acid (RA) as micronutrients in growth and development, these retinoids and their synthetic analogs are now viewed as drugs for treatment of oncologic and dermatologic diseases. An excess of vitamin A, RA, or several other synthetic analogs are teratogenic. Mechanisms involved in teratogenesis remain unsolved but are under active investigation in many laboratories. The attention has recently focused on a series of endogenous proteins which serve as nuclear receptors for natural retinoids as means to discover how retinoids intervene in diverse cellular functions and which of their cellular and molecular targets are crucial to the developing embryo. There are two classes of receptors, termed retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). This brief review summarizes the results of our recent studies which suggest that: 1) the teratologic effects of retinoids are mediated by the nuclear receptors; 2) the heterodimer RXR/RAR pathway is the major mechanism for the induction of teratogenesis; 3) RXR-selective synthetic retinoids have diminished teratogenicity; and 4) an overexpression of specific RARs in response to RA disrupt skeletal morphogenesis resulting in limb reduction defects.
Scattering functions of polyhedra

Herein, a general method to calculate the scattering functions of polyhedra, including both regular and semi-regular polyhedra, is presented. These calculations may be achieved by breaking a polyhedron into sets of congruent pieces, thereby reducing computation time by taking advantage of Fourier transforms and inversion symmetry. Each piece belonging to a set or subunit can be generated by either rotation or translation. Further, general strategies to compute truncated, concave and stellated polyhedra are provided. Using this method, the asymptotic behaviors of the polyhedral scattering functions are compared with that of a sphere. It is shown that, for a regular polyhedron, the form factor oscillation at high q is correlated with the face-to-face distance. In addition, polydispersity affects the Porod constant. The ideas presented herein will be important for the characterization of nanomaterials using small-angle scattering.
Acriflavin Induction of Dyskinetoplasy in Leptomonas karyophilus

SYNOPSIS. Acriflavin concentrations of 0.025 μg/ml and higher were Lo Leptomonas karyophilus in NNN medium to which no ribohad been added, and did not bring about the production of dys plastic forms. Upon addition of 0.4 μg/ml of riboflavin, contions of acriflavin up to 10.0 μg/ml allowed growth and rein the production of up to 86% dyskinetoplastic forms. Under conditions, increasing concentrations of acriflavin decreased the growth rate while increasing the rate of production of dyskinetoplastic forms. The number of dyskinetoplastic forms increased with time while the number of kinetoplastic forms remained approximately constant or decreased due to death. At a concentration of 1.0 μg/ml acriflavin and 0.4 μg/ml riboflavin, growth was primarily due to the production of dyskinetoplastic forms.
Increased Susceptibility to Infection Related to Extent of Burn Injury

• A model of burn wound sepsis in which the mortality caused by infection was significantly greater after a 60% total body surface area (TBSA) burn than after a 30% TBSA burn was developed in the rat. In rats that sustained a 60% TBSA burn (30% partial plus 30% full thickness), the 30% TBSA partial-thickness burn that was inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 59-1244 developed invasive wound infection (>10 5 colony-forming units per gram of tissue). Infection did not develop in rats that had a 30% TBSA partial-thickness burn inoculated, without additional injury. The additional burn in the rats with a 60% TBSA burn seemed to affect the development of infection in the partial-thickness wound and the overall outcome by a mechanism other than by infection of the full-thickness wound itself. Autopsy confirmed that mortality was caused by sepsis. ( Arch Surg 1984;119:183-188)
Separation of aromatic-carbon 13C NMR signals from di-oxygenated alkyl bands by a chemical-shift-anisotropy filter.

Abstract Selection of alkyl-carbon and suppression of aromatic-carbon 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals has been achieved by exploiting the symmetry-based, systematic difference in their 13C chemical-shift anisotropies (CSAs). Simple three- or five-pulse CSA-recoupling sequences with “gamma-integral” cleanly suppress the signals of all sp2- and sp-hybridized carbons. The chemical-shift-anisotropy-based dephasing is particularly useful for distinguishing the signals of di-oxygenated alkyl (O–C–O) carbons, found for instance as anomeric carbons in carbohydrates, from bands of aromatic carbons with similar 13C isotropic chemical shifts. The alkyl signals are detected with an efficiency of >60%, with little differential dephasing. Combined with C–H dipolar dephasing, the CSA filter can identify ketal (unprotonated O–C–O) carbons unambiguously for the first time. Conversely, after short cross polarization and the CSA filter, O–CH–O (acetal) carbon signals are observed selectively. The methods are demonstrated on various model compounds and applied to a humic acid.
A Chromatin-Based Mechanism for Limiting Divergent Noncoding Transcription

In addition to their annotated transcript, many eukaryotic mRNA promoters produce divergent noncoding transcripts. To define determinants of divergent promoter directionality, we used genomic replacement experiments. Sequences within noncoding transcripts specified their degradation pathways, and functional protein-coding transcripts could be produced in the divergent direction. To screen for mutants affecting the ratio of transcription in each direction, a bidirectional fluorescent protein reporter construct was introduced into the yeast nonessential gene deletion collection. We identified chromatin assembly as an important regulator of divergent transcription. Mutations in the CAF-I complex caused genome-wide derepression of nascent divergent noncoding transcription. In opposition to the CAF-I chromatin assembly pathway, H3K56 hyperacetylation, together with the nucleosome remodeler SWI/SNF, facilitated divergent transcription by promoting rapid nucleosome turnover. We propose that these chromatin-mediated effects control divergent transcription initiation, complementing downstream pathways linked to early termination and degradation of the noncoding RNAs.
Mechanistic and quantitative evaluation of precorneal pilocarpine disposition in albino rabbits.

The low ocular bioavailability of topically applied pilocarpine is attributed to extensive precorneal drug loss in conjunction with the resistance to corneal penetration. Several elements of precorneal loss were reported earlier, but a complete mechanistic understanding has not been available. The present study was designed to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms governing pilocarpine disposition in the precorneal areas as well as the relative influence of these parameters on ocular drug bioavailability. Radioactive pilocarpine and glycerin solutions were instilled into the precorneal area of the albino rabbit eye under various experimental conditions, and the drug concentration in the lacrimal lake was monitored as a function of time. The results demonstrated that nonconjunctival loss of pilocarpine, vasodilation due to the drug, and lacrimation due to vehicle formulation are additional aspects of precorneal drug disposition. The individual influence of all precorneal loss parameters on drug bioavailability was then assessed using a mathematical model formulated from experimental findings on both precorneal and intraocular drug disposition. Drainage and vasodilation, as well as nonconjunctival pilocarpine loss, exerted major influences on drug loss at the absorption site.
The measurement of social well-being

This paper provides a conceptual framework for viewing social well-being as composed of two elements: social adjustment and social support. Social adjustment is a combination of satisfaction with relationships, performance in social roles and adjustment to one's environment. Social support is composed of the number of contacts in one's social network and satisfaction with those contacts. Through the pioneering work of McDowell and Newell, comparative ratings of measures of social adjustment and social support are available. It appears that Weissman's Social Adjustment Scale and Sarason's Social Support Scale are currently the best measures in terms of validity and reliability. But, they are merely starting points for future measurement of these concepts.
The calcium channel antagonist, flunarizine, protects against ventricular fibrillation

Elevations in intracellular calcium during myocardial ischemia have been implicated in the development of lethal cardiac arrhythmias. The calcium antagonist, flunarizine, has been shown to suppress the accumulation of intracellular calcium and has been proposed to protect against triggered activity due to calcium overload. Using 13 mongrel dogs with healed myocardial infarctions, ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced by a 2 min coronary occlusion during exercise. This exercise plus ischemia test consistently induced VF during control (C, vehicle) presentations. Pretreatment with flunarizine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) completely suppressed VF in all the animals (P less than 0.001 Chi-squared). Flunarizine (F) elicited significant (P less than 0.01 ANOVA) reductions in left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure (C 143.2 +/- 12.0 F 92.3 +/- 10.5 mm Hg), LVdP/dt max (C 4256 +/- 251.9, F 1784 +/- 297.2 mm Hg/s) and heart rate (C 118.8 +/- 7.4, F 104.7 +/- 9.0 beats/min). Since heart rate can contribute significantly to the development of VF, the exercise plus ischemia test was repeated with heart rate held constant with ventricular pacing (n = 3, 230.0 +/- 10 beats/min). Flunarizine pretreatment still prevented VF under these conditions.
Cyclopropylmethyl/cyclobutyl rearrangements on surfaces: evidence for transient cation formation near O-covered Mo(110).

Rearrangement reactions of C4-alkoxides on O-covered Mo(110) have been studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy. Cyclobutoxide on Mo(110), prepared from the corresponding alcohol or bromide, is described for the first time in detail. Several reaction mechanisms are considered for the ring-opening rearrangement of cyclopropylmethoxide during high-temperature annealing. In light of compelling new data, previous results are reinterpreted to support the formation of transient cations near O-covered Mo(110). For the first time, we present strong evidence for clean, heterolytic bond cleavage reactions over a metal surface. Our revised reactivity model is based on spectroscopic and reactivity data that show the rearrangement of cyclopropylmethyl groups to cyclobutyl groups and vice versa. Selectively deuterated 1,1-D2-cyclopropylmethanol was studied as a test of mechanism and as a probe for the lifetime of reactive intermediates. Isotopic scrambli...
Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened.

ABSTRACT Objective To review psychiatric referrals to a study of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Method Children and adolescents ( N = 71) and their parents selected from a total of 260 patients referred to the National Institute of Mental Health between 1990 and 1993, with onset of psychosis at or before age 12 years, were screened in person, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version, portions of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Parent Version, and clinical interview. Best-estimate diagnoses using all sources of information were determined. Thought disorder was rated on a subset of subjects using standardized videotaped speech samples. Results Interrater reliability (k) between two child psychiatrists for best-estimate primary diagnoses ranged from .65 to .81. Schizophrenia was diagnosed for 19 children who by history had had onset at or before age 12, but all were in puberty when interviewed. Affective disorders ( N = 14) and Asperger's syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( N = 6) were also diagnosed. A large group of reliably identifiable children not completely described by any DSM-III-R category and provisionally called "multidimensionally impaired" ( N = 21) with multiple language or learning disorders, mood lability, and transient psychotic symptoms was seen. Conclusions Childhood-onset schizophrenia is often misdiagnosed, perhaps because of the rarity of the disorder and the ambiguity in applying primary criteria. An array of developmental disturbances are seen with less pervasive childhood-onset psychotic symptoms.
Sediment particles as a cause of nacre staining in the freshwater mussel, Amblema plicata (Say) (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

Brown stains sometimes appear in the inner shell layers (nacre) of freshwater mussels. An electron microprobe was used to analyze the stained nacre of the unionid Amblema plicata (Say, 1817) from selected localities on the Mississippi River in the vicinity of LaCrosse and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
Neuronal reorganization in adult rats neonatally exposed to (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) during pregnancy is of concern. MDMA treatment of rats during a period of brain growth analogous to late human gestation leads to neurochemical and behavioral changes. MDMA from postnatal day (P)11-20 in rats produces reductions in serotonin and deficits in spatial and route-based navigation. In this experiment we examined the impact of MDMA from P11-20 (20 mg/kg twice daily, 8 h apart) on neuronal architecture. Golgi impregnated sections showed significant changes. In the nucleus accumbens, the dendrites were shorter with fewer spines, whereas in the dentate gyrus the dendritic length was decreased but with more spines, and for the entorhinal cortex, reductions in basilar and apical dendritic lengths in MDMA animals compared with saline animals were seen. The data show that neuronal cytoarchitectural changes are long-lasting following developmental MDMA exposure and are in regions consistent with the learning and memory deficits observed in such animals.
A System for Microspectrophotometry Employing a Commercial Recording Spectrophotometer

The present paper describes the design and performance of an attachment for the Cary model 14 recording spectrophotometer, which permits the accurate recording of absorption spectra in small areas. A special compartment built into the light path of the spectrophotometer holds a low-magnification microscope (“macroscope”) consisting of two opposed quartz condensers, with which measurements can be made between 300 and 700 mμ in fields 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter. This can be replaced by a conventional microscope with which spectra can be measured from about 350–650 mμ in fields as small as 4 μ in diameter. These arrangements have been used to measure the absorption spectra of visual pigments in situ. With the macroscope, such measurements have been made in small areas of surviving retinas; and with the microscope, they have been made in single isolated outer segments of rods. The present paper contains examples of each type of measurement.
The impact of social media on L&D: and what we should be doing about it

Purpose – This article aims to provide a succinct summary of the actions learning and development (L&D) professionals should take to get involved in and make the most of social media, both for themselves and their organizations. Design/methodology/approach – This viewpoint is based on the author’s book published in 2014, which explores how corporate learning has changed in the past five years and what the big trends are currently. Findings – Social media is here to stay and will continually reinvent itself at perhaps even greater speed. L&D professionals in particular must quickly learn to embrace the technology to assist learners to build a personal knowledge framework and thereby assure their usefulness and enduring competence. Originality/value – By embracing social media you create an enabling and facilitating model, which shifts the burden of responsibility firmly onto the learner.
Professional influence: The effects of investment banks on clients acquisition financing and performance

This study examines the conditions in which professional firms use client engagements to get clients to subsequently hire them. The central thesis is that professional firms derive power from their specialized expertise and lead clients towards complex problems that apply the expertise. In particular, relative to cash-financed acquisitions, stock-financed acquisitions more intensively apply investment banks' expertise. Consistent with expectations, results from a sample of 404 acquisitions show that firms are more likely to hire banks on stock-financed acquisitions when they have previously used banks. Evidence also suggests that clients that hire banks on such acquisitions are prone to adverse performance from them. Overall, these results suggest that professional firms lead clients to complex solutions with problematic outcomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamic effects in interacting Fermi electron jets

We theoretically study hydrodynamic phenomena originating from electron-electron collisions in a two-dimensional Fermi system. We demonstrate that an electron beam sweeping past an aperture creates a pumping effect, attracting carriers from this aperture. This pumping effect originates from the specific electric potential distribution induced by the injected electrons. In the regions near the main stream of injected electrons, a positive potential is induced by the injected electrons. Thus, the normally repulsive Coulomb interaction leads to an attractive force in the Fermi system. This quantum pumping mechanism in a Fermi system differs qualitatively from the Bernoulli pumping effect in classical liquids. We also discuss possible experimental realizations.
Lithium perchlorate mediated allylic substitution reaction using a cyclohexenyl based model system

A methodology was developed for the direct substitution of allylic alcohols and acetates by alcohol nucleophiles in order to synthesize allylic ethers. The reaction was mediated by highly concentrated ethereal solutions of lithium perchlorate and proceeded with high regiospecificity. Additionally, the methodology was extended to enable allyl ether exchanges to occur.
Economic life replacement under improving technology

Abstract The economic life (EL) method of asset replacement is analyzed under improving technology that impacts the maintenance cost, new asset cost, and salvage value. In particular, we prove that the asset EL is constant when all these costs decrease with the same rate. If these costs decrease geometrically, then the EL method with a corrected capital recovery factor calculates the optimal asset lifetime over the infinite horizon for arbitrary age-dependent deterioration and salvage value. In a general case, the EL method delivers an optimal replacement decision when the relative rate of technological change is less than 1%. For larger rates, we recommend to minimize the annual cost over two future replacement cycles, which was earlier proposed and implemented by Christer and Scarf, Journal of the Operational Research Society 45, 1994.
New Applications of Non-Linear Circuits To Relay and Control Problems

The fundamental relations between voltage and current for an iron core reactor are reviewed. The theory of the performance of such reactors in series and parallel resonance circuits may be qualitatively obtained by graphical means. For reactors which have nearly linear properties the graphical method is capable of yielding quantitatively accurate results. A fundamental analogy exists for the properties of series and parallel resonance circuits employing the same inductance and capacitance elements. It is shown that; (a) for the series circuit the current is functionally related to the voltage in the same manner as, for the parallel circuit, the voltage is related to the current, if (b) for the inductance element the current is functionally related to the voltage in the same manner as, for the capacitance element, the voltage is related to the current. It is stated that in the series or parallel circuit, means are available for causing the current, as the dependent quantity, to vary as a function of voltage, as the independent quantity, or vice versa. Because of this generalization, the series circuit which is sensitive to voltage changes can also be caused to function as a constant-voltage source, insensitive to current changes. Similarly the parallel circuit, which is sensitive to current changes, can be used as a constant-current source, independent of voltage changes. The voltage sensitivity of the series circuit and the current sensitivity of the parallel circuit are applied to the problem of voltage and current relays.
A Java visualiser class: incorporating algorithm visualisations into students' programs

Using algorithm visualisation, we depict the execution of an algorithm as a sequence of graphical snapshots, the viewing of which is controlled by the user. Current evidence indicates that algorithm visualisation is most effective as a pedagogical tool when students themselves are responsible for building the visualisation from their code. This paper discusses our use of a Visualiser class in Java. By providing such a class to students, they are able to incorporate into their programs, with relative ease, effective visualisations of the algorithms that their programs implement. This leads to both better understanding of the algorithm from a conceptual perspective and better proficiency at coding the algorithm.
Letter: PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia--from initial skepticism to consistent prospective data; authors' reply.

1. Vazquez-Elizondo G, Ngamruengphong S, Khrisna M, et al. The outcome of patients with oesophageal eosinophilic infiltration after an eight-week trial of a proton pump inhibitor. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 1312–9. 2. Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 3–10. 3. Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Katzka DA. ACG clinical guideline: Evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 679–92. 4. Molina-Infante J, Ferrando-Lamana A, Ripoll C, et al. Esophageal eosinophilic infiltration responds to proton pump inhibition in most adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 110–7. 5. Molina Infante J, Katzka DA, Gisbert JP. Review article: proton pump inhibitor therapy for suspected eosinophilic esophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1157–64. 6. Martinek J, Strosova A, Stefanova M, Tuckova I, Spicak J. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors is effective in a majority of adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144(Suppl. 1): S–493. 7. Dellon ES, Speck O, Woodward K, et al. Clinical and endoscopic characteristics do not reliable differentiate PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis in patients undergoing upper endoscopy: a prospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1854–60. 8. Molina-Infante J, Rivas MD, Vinagre-Rodriguez G, et al. Remission in proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia correlates with downregulation of eotaxin-3 and TH2 cytokines, similarly to eosinophilic esophagitis after steroids. Gastroenterology 2013; 144(Suppl. 1): S–484.
Exposure to BPA in Children—Media-Based and Biomonitoring-Based Approaches

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in numerous industrial and consumer product applications resulting in ubiquitous exposure. Children’s exposure is of particular concern because of evidence of developmental effects. Childhood exposure is estimated for different age groups in two ways. The “forward” approach uses information on BPA concentrations in food and other environmental media (air, water, etc.) combined with average contact rates for each medium. The “backward” approach relies on urinary biomonitoring, extrapolating backward to the intake which would have led to the observed biomarker level. The forward analysis shows that BPA intakes are dominated by canned food consumption, and that intakes are higher for younger ages. Mean intake estimates ranged from ~125 ng/kg-day for 1 year-olds to ~73 ng/kg-day among 16–20 years olds. Biomonitoring-based intakes show the same trend of lower intakes for older children, with an estimate of 121 (median) to 153 (mean) ng/kg-day for 2–6 years, compared with 33 (median) to 53–66 (mean) ng/kg-day for 16–20 years. Infant intakes were estimated to range from ~46 to 137 ng/kg-day. Recognizing uncertainties and limitations, this analysis suggests that the “forward” and “backward” methods provide comparable results and identify canned foods as a potentially important source of BPA exposure for children.
Change in Bone Mass After Colles' Fracture: A Case Report on Unique Data Collection and Long-Term Implications

Abstract The purpose of this case report was to describe changes in bone mass in different skeletal sites triggered by Colles' fracture. The case is unique regarding the existence of baseline measurements taken just a few days before the fracture on all measurable skeletal sites, including the fractured radius. The patient was a healthy, premenopausal woman, who fractured her non-dominant wrist after a fall. The arm was immobilized to the elbow for 5 weeks. Bone mass was measured at baseline, 5, 10, 13, 21, and 52 weeks post-injury. Upon plaster removal, there was a notable increase in bone mass in all sites of ulna and radius of the injured forearm (10%–73%), followed by the apparent decline to or below the baseline at all follow-up measurements. Other skeletal sites were measured at 10 weeks when substantial decrease in spine and hip bone mass was noticed, most notably in L3–L4, Ward's, and femoral neck (2%–8%), and remained such after 1 year. Although this patient had no previous osteopenia, the trauma caused long-standing bone loss in fracture-prone areas. The changes in bone mass after wrist fracture should be monitored carefully and more elaborate treatment might be needed to prevent any potential risk for later fractures.
A new class of ultra-hard materials based on AlMgB14

In this study, aluminum magnesium boride combined with 5 to 30 mol.% additives (AlMgB{sub 14}:X where X = Si, P, C, AlN, TiB{sub 2}, or BN), were prepared by mechanical alloying and consolidated by vacuum hot pressing. Matkovich and Economy first reported the orthorhombic AlMgB{sub 14} intermetallic compound (oI64, space group Imam, a - 0.5848 nm, b = 0.8112 nm, c = 1.0312 nm), and the structure determination was later refined by Higashi and Ito. The unit cell is based on four B{sub 12} icosahedral units centered at (0, 0, 0), (0, 0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0, 0), and (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) within the unit cell. The remaining eight B atoms lie outside the icosahedra, bonding to the icosahedral B atoms and to the Al and Mg atoms. The Al atoms occupy a four-fold position at (0.250, 0.750, 0.250), and the Mg atoms occupy a four-fold position at (0.250, 0.359, 0). The icosahedra are arranged in distorted, close-packed layers. The unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of this material are due to a complex icosahedra (intericosahedral bonding). The highest hardness was observed in the AlMgB{sub 14} + 30%TiB{sub 2} material, which possesses a multi-phase microstructure. Here again, an increase in hardnessmore » accompanying the introduction of additional phases is somewhat surprising and difficult to explain. The possible compounds that may form at the AlMgB{sub 14}-TiB{sub 2} interface during hot pressing are numerous.« less
An Analysis of Totally Clairvoyant Scheduling

Traditional scheduling models assume that the execution time of a job in a periodic job-set is constant in every instance of its execution. This assumption does not hold in real-time systems wherein job execution time is known to vary. A second feature of traditional models is their lack of expressiveness, in that constraints more complex than precedence constraints (for instance, relative timing constraints) cannot be modeled. Thirdly, the schedulability of a real-time system depends upon the degree of clairvoyance afforded to the dispatcher. In this paper, we shall discuss Totally Clairvoyant Scheduling, as modeled within the E-T-C scheduling framework (Subramani, 2002). We show that this instantiation of the scheduling framework captures the central issues in a real-time flow-shop scheduling problem and devise a polynomial time sequential algorithm for the same. The design of the polynomial time algorithm involves the development of a new technique, which we term Mutable Dynamic Programming. We expect that this technique will find applications in other areas of system design, such as Validation and Software Verification. We also introduce an error-minimizing performance metric called Violation Degree and establish that optimizing this metric in a Totally Clairvoyant Scheduling System is NP-Hard.
Edouard Claparède and the auditory verbal learning test.

This paper describes the role of the Swiss psychologist Edouard Claparede (1873-1940) in developing the Test de memoire des mots (Test of Memory for Words), a test consisting of one free-recall trial of a 15-word list that is the antecedent of the auditory verbal learning tests (AVLT) of Rey and others. The fact that Claparede's test has survived in modified form for 80 years makes it one of the oldest mental tests in continuous use. In addition to developing the AVLT, Claparede's pioneering contributions to neuropsychology include forensic assessment of cognitive deficits and research on implicit learning in amnesia.
Splicing of COB intron 5 requires pairing between the internal guide sequence and both flanking exons.

Abstract Group I introns are characterized by a set of conserved sequence elements and secondary structures. Evidence supporting the pairing of certain of these sequences has come from the comparison of intron sequences and from the analysis of mutations that disrupt splicing by interfering with pairing. One of the structures proposed for all group I introns is an internal guide sequence that base pairs with the upstream and the downstream exons, bringing them into alignment for ligation. We made specific mutations in the internal guide sequence and the flanking exons of the fifth intron in the yeast mitochondrial gene for apocytochrome b (COB). Mutations that disrupted the pairing between the internal guide sequence and the upstream exon (the P1 pairing) blocked addition of guanosine to the 5' end of the intron during autocatalytic reactions and prevented formation of the full-length circular intron. In contrast, transcripts containing mutations that disrupted the pairing between the guide sequence and the downstream exon (the P10 helix) initiated splicing but failed to ligate exons. Compensatory mutations that restored helices of normal stability mitigated the effects of the original mutations. These data provide direct evidence for the importance of the base pairing between the internal guide sequence and the downstream exon in the splicing of a wild-type group I intron.
Entropy in black hole pair production.

Pair production of Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes in a magnetic field can be described by a Euclidean instanton. It is shown that the instanton amplitude contains an explicit factor of ${e}^{\frac{A}{4}}$, where $A$ is the area of the event horizon. This is consistent with the hypothesis that ${e}^{\frac{A}{4}}$ measures the number of black hole states.
Treatment with α-Galactosylceramide Before Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Provides Protection or Induces Failure to Thrive

Trypanosoma cruzi , a protozoan parasite, chronically infects many mammalian species and triggers a chronic inflammatory disease. Invariant Vα14 NK T (iNKT) cells are a regulatory subset of T cells that can contribute to protection against pathogens and to control of chronic inflammatory diseases. α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is an iNKT cell-specific glycolipid Ag: a single immunization with α-GalCer stimulates robust IFN-γ and IL-4 production by iNKT cells, while multiple immunizations stimulate IL-4 production, but limited IFN-γ production. We recently demonstrated that iNKT cells help control T. cruzi infection and affect the chronic Ab response. Therefore, α-GalCer treatment might be used to increase protection or decrease chronic inflammation during T. cruzi infection. In this report, we show that a single dose of α-GalCer before T. cruzi infection decreases parasitemia. This protection is independent of IL-12, but dependent upon iNKT cell IFN-γ. In addition, α-GalCer treatment of the IFN-γ −/− mice exacerbates parasitemia through IL-4 production. Furthermore, a multiple dose regimen of α-GalCer before T. cruzi infection does not lower parasitemia and, surprisingly, after parasitemia has resolved, causes poor weight gain. These data demonstrate that during T. cruzi infection glycolipids can be used to manipulate iNKT cell responses and suggest the possibility of developing glycolipid treatments that can increase protection and possibly decrease the chronic inflammatory pathology.
The letter versus the spirit of the law: A lay perspective on culpability

The letter of the law is its literal meaning. Here, the spirit of the law is its perceived intention. We tested the hypothesis that violating the spirit of the law accounts for culpability above and beyond breaking the mere letter. We find that one can incur culpability even when the letter of the law is not technically broken. We examine this effect across various legal contexts and discuss the implications for future research directions. Road trips across the country can be a refreshing, adven- turous, and fun, until flashing highway patrol lights appear in the rear-view mirror—a speeding ticket. Or perhaps you might recall returning to your vehicle, after a delightful lunch in the city with a friend, only to discover a rectan- gular piece of paper under the windshield wiper—a park- ing ticket. While we naturally dread these occasions, what determines whether we acknowledge our culpability? We introduce a simple framework that decouples the letter of the law from the spirit of the law to understand lay peo- ple's perceptions of culpability. Moreover, we argue that violating the spirit of the law, namely the perceived inten- tion of the law, determines judgments of culpability, above and beyond violating the mere letter. In fact, one can vi- olate the letter of the law but not the spirit and not incur culpability. Conversely, one can also violate the spirit of the law and incur culpability, even without violating the letter.
Sediment chemistry and nutrient influx in a hydrologically restored bottomland hardwood forest in Midwestern USA

Exchanges of total N and C between a river and its floodplain forest have been enhanced by sedimentation processes during flood pulses at a 5-ha bottomland hardwood forest located at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. In the spring of 2000, the forest was hydrologically restored by notching an artificial levee that had separated the Olentangy River and its floodplain forest for 100 years. One-hundred flat sediment traps (30 cm × 30 cm) were used to collect sediment samples during spring/summer flooding events from 2003 to 2005. Results showed that sediment deposition is determined by the landscape variability during flooding events, Net sediment deposit in the wettest area averaged 134 ± 12 g-dry wt m−2 in 2003, 127 ± 17 g-dry wt m−2 in 2004 and 149 ± 23 g-dry wt m−2 in 2005. Total N and C sedimentation ranged from 0.49 to 0.92 g-N m−2 and 5.2 to 19.9 g-C m−2. Fe dominates the sediment chemistry and results show the elemental abundance in the order of Al > Fe > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Na > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Mo. A hydrologic pulsing index (HPI) could be used as an indicator for mass changes of energies with hydrologic pulsing events. Restoration of seasonally flooded bottomland forests could stimulate potentially large nutrient and Fe releases, which would eventually lead to an enhanced forest productivity and biodiversity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dosimetric Predictors of Duodenal Toxicity Following IMRT to Para-aortic Nodes

Purpose/Objective(s): Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) can be used to deliver tumoricidal doses of radiation to para-aortic nodal (PAN) metastases. However, adjacent critical structures such as the duodenum which lies adjacent to the paraaortic nodes may limit the dose that can be safely delivered. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the rates of duodenal toxicity in patients treated with definitive IMRT and to identify dosimetric parameters predictive of duodenal toxicity.