cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of increasing temperature and salinity on herbicide toxicity in estuarine phytoplankton

Ecological risk assessments are, in part, based on results of toxicity tests conducted under standard exposure conditions. Global climate change will have a wide range of effects on estuarine habitats, including potentially increasing water temperature and salinity, which may alter the risk assessment of estuarine pollutants. We examined the effects of increasing temperature and salinity on the toxicity of common herbicides (irgarol, diuron, atrazine, and ametryn) to the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Static 96-h algal bioassays were conducted for each herbicide under four exposure scenarios: standard temperature and salinity (25°C, 20 ppt), standard temperature and elevated salinity (25°C, 40 ppt), elevated temperature and standard salinity (35°C, 20 ppt), and elevated temperature and elevated salinity (35°C, 40 ppt). The endpoints assessed were algal cell density at 96 h, growth rate, chlorophyll a content, lipid content, and starch content. Increasing exposure temperature reduced growth rate and 96-h cell density but increased the cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations of the control algae. Exposure condition did not alter starch content of control algae. Herbicides were found to decrease growth rate, 96 h cell density, and cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations, while starch concentrations increased with herbicide exposure. Herbicide effects under standard test conditions were then compared with those observed under elevated temperature and salinity. Herbicide effects on growth rate, cell density, and starch content were more pronounced under elevated salinity and temperature conditions. To encompass the natural variability in estuarine temperature and salinity, and to account for future changes in climate, toxicity tests should be conducted under a wider range of environmental conditions.
Effect of human variability on independent double reading in screening mammography

Rationale and Objectives. To demonstrate the range of gains and losses that radiologists might experience from independent double reading in screening mammography. Methods. From a national random sample of radiologists, the authors formed 131 pairs. For each radiologist, the authors analyzed the increase relative to his or her individual true-positive rate (TPR) or false-positive rate (FPR), number of additional cancers detected, and change to negative biopsy rate that would result from independent double reading after pairing. Results. The average radiologist can expect an 8%–14% gain in TPR and a 4%–10% increase in FPR with pairing. For some radiologists, double reading increased the TPR with a small concomitant increase in FPR. Other radiologists, however, realized small gains in TPR with large increases in FPR. Adding the reading from a more experienced radiologist did not necessarily improve the TPR of a radiologist with less experience. Conclusion. Radiologists can from complementary and noncomplementary pairs for double reading. Use of this procedure must be decided on an individual basis.
SU-FF-I-108: Effect of Point Spread Function, X-Ray Quantum Noise, and Additive Instrumentation Noise On the Accuracy of the Angulated Slit Method for Determination of Pre-Sampled Detector MTF

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of the angulated‐slit method for determining the detectorModulation Transfer Function(MTF) and thus, for the first time to determine the accuracy of the method for various physical circumstances. We quantify the difference between “true” MTF's and “measured” MTF's obtained using the angulated‐slit method. Method and Materials: A series of simulated slit images were initially generated without blur, with different slit‐widths, different slit‐angles relative to the detector matrix, and with and without Poisson distributed x‐ray quantum noise. We used the angled‐slit method to calculate the MTF and compared it with the “true” MTF (a sinc‐function given by the pixel aperture). We then introduced known Gaussian blur and additive instrumentation noise to simulate more realistic slit images. The MTF's “measured” with the slit method and the “true” MTF's were compared. Results: For the ideal slit without blur, there was an increased error in the measured MTF with increasing slit‐angle and slit‐width, with the greatest error at higher spatial frequencies. Larger slit widths and angles resulted in even greater deviations. Slit images simulated using Poisson distributed quanta, known Gaussian blur, and additive instrumentation noise, resulted in an overall increase in the MTF when compared with the “true” MTF, especially at higher spatial frequencies and increasing deviation with increasing width of the Gaussian blur (around 15% difference at 50% of the Nyquist for a PSF with 3 pixels FWHM and 1% additive noise). Conclusion: These results show the angulated‐slit method to be sensitive to slit‐angle and slit‐width. The presence of quantum noise, additive instrumentation noise and the width of the blur function are shown to severely affect the angled‐slit method accuracy, especially at higher spatial frequencies. Although the slit method provides accurate MTF values at low spatial frequencies, it overestimates the MTF at higher spatial frequencies. (Support: NIH‐R01EB002873)
Motion sensitivity during fixation in straight-ahead and lateral eccentric gaze

Despite motion of the entire retinal image that results from fixational eye-movements, the visual scene is perceived as stationary. One hypothesis to account for this observation is that normal motion sensitivity is limited by the variability of fixational eye velocity. The present experiments tested this hypothesis by comparing motion sensitivity and the variability of fixational eye velocity in corresponding meridians. Speed thresholds to detect horizontal, vertical, and rotary motion in a set of eight random-dot patches were measured, while normal observers monocularly viewed the stimulus with gaze either straight-ahead or deviated to the left by 45°. Eye-movement recordings using the search-coil technique were used to estimate the variability of eye velocity in the horizontal, vertical, and torsional meridians during fixation. As reported previously by Murakami (2004), the averaged thresholds for horizontal and vertical motion correlated with the averaged variability of eye velocity in the horizontal and vertical meridians when observers looked straight-ahead. However, no relationship existed between the threshold for rotary motion and the variability of eye velocity in the torsional meridian. Furthermore, no relationship existed between the motion threshold and the variability of eye velocity in any meridian during fixation in lateral eccentric gaze. These results are only partly consistent with the hypothesis that fixation variability limits motion sensitivity.
A layered network for data and voice integration

The key issues necessary for development and implementation of a uniform integrated-services digital network (ISDN). The network issues based on the Reference Model of open system interconnection (OSI) developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) are presented. The architecture of the ISDN according to the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) is described. An overview of the telephone-system structure and a general description of the set of recommendations dealing with the characteristics of the ISDN that has been developed and agreed upon by the CCITT study group, are provided. >
Determining the minimum number of types necessary to represent the sizes of protein atoms.

Motivation: Traditionally, for packing calculations people have collected atoms together into a number of distinct ‘types’. These, in fact, often represent a heavy atom and its associated hydrogens (i.e. a united atom). Also, atom typing is usually done according to basic chemistry, giving rise to 20–30 protein atom types, such as carbonyl carbons, methyl groups, and hydroxyl groups. No one has yet investigated how similar in packing these chemically derived types are. Here we address this question in detail, using Voronoi volume calculations on a set of highresolution crystal structures. Results: We perform a rigorous clustering analysis with cross-validation on tens of thousands of atom volumes and attempt to compile them into types based purely on packing. From our analysis, we are able to determine a ‘minimal’ set of 18 atom types that most efficiently represent the spectrum of packing in proteins. Furthermore, we are able to uncover a number of inconsistencies in traditional chemical typing schemes, where differently typed atoms have almost the same effective size. In particular, we find that tetrahedral carbons with two hydrogens are almost identical in size to many aromatic carbons with a single hydrogen.
The Decision to Import

__________________________________________________________________________ Why do some producers choose to use imported intermediate inputs while others do not? The decision matters for plant performance. In the data, plants that import are much larger and more productive than non-importers. This finding is robust to many statistical controls. Yet only a small fraction of plants choose to import. To try to account for these facts, we develop a simple model of an industry with heterogeneous firms. Each firm has a choice of two technologies: one uses only domestic inputs, while the other uses both domestic and imported inputs. The importer technology involves a fixed cost but offers increased efficiency of production. As a result, only the most efficient firms choose to import, and the fraction of firms that import increases with improvements in the terms of trade. Calibrated to recent data on Chilean manufacturing plants, the model successfully captures the large size difference between importers and non-importers. ________________________________________________________________________ We thank Terry Roe for helpful discussion. We also thank Chile’s Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas for data and Ana Espinola for assistance with the data. The WSU Foundation provided financial support. Correspondence: School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6210; mjgibson@wsu.edu, graciata@wsu.edu.
Statistical power considerations for a utility endpoint in observer performance studies.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this investigation is to compare the statistical power of the most common measure of performance for observer performance studies, area under the ROC curve (AUC), to an expected utility (EU) endpoint. Materials and Methods We have modified a well-known simulation procedure developed by Roe and Metz for statistical power analysis in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies. Starting from a set of baseline simulations, we investigate the effects of three parameters that describe properties of the observers (iso-utility slope, unequal variance, and tendency to favor more aggressive or conservative actions) and three parameters that affect experimental design (number of readers, number of cases, and fraction of positive cases). Results The EU endpoint generally has good statistical power relative to AUC in our simulations. Of 396 total conditions simulated, EU had higher statistical power in 377 cases (95%). In 246 of these cases, EU power was 5 percentage points or more higher than AUC. In simulation runs evaluating the effect of the number of readers and cases on the baseline simulations, EU measure had equivalent power to AUC with fewer readers (9% to 28%) or fewer cases (18% to 41%). Conclusion These simulation studies provide further motivation for considering EU in studies of screening mammography technology and they motivate investigations of utility in other diagnostic tasks.
Real‐time blood flow imaging using autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding

A novel spiral phase contrast (PC) technique was developed for high temporal resolution imaging of blood flow without cardiac gating. An autocalibrated spiral sensitivity encoding (SENSE) method is introduced and used to reconstruct PC images. Numerical simulations and a flow phantom study were performed to validate the technique. To study the accuracy of the flow measurement in vivo, a high-resolution cardiac experiment was performed and a subset of undersampled SENSE reconstructed data were reconstructed. Good agreement between the velocity measurement from the fully-sampled and undersampled data was achieved. Real-time experiments were performed to measure blood velocity in the ascending aorta and aortic valve, and during a Valsalva maneuver. The results demonstrate the potential of this technique for real-time flow imaging.
On the existence and memory requirements of convergent on-line decision rules

Observes a countable family of real valued sequences J/sub p/,p/spl isin/P, and one wants to design a decision rule that at each time k selects a parameter p/spl isin/P based on the past observations in such a way that the decisions converge to some q/spl isin/P with the q/sup th/ data sequence having desirable properties, e.g., is suitably bounded or converges to zero. In a general setting the authors give a positive result that there exist decision rules with countable memory that converge (in finite time) to a 'correct selection'. These decision rules are robust in a sense made precise in the paper. In addition, the authors demonstrate that there does not exist a decision rule with finite memory that has this property. This type of problem arises in a variety of contexts such as on-line model selection and on-line controller selection.
Designing an academic practice of pain medicine

Designing an ideal academic practice of Pain Medicine is often challenging, as no formal specialty currently exists, and therefore the parent core disciplines (Anesthesiology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurology, Neurosurgery, or Psychiatry) exert significant influence over the potential directions the practice may take. This paper looks at developing mission statements, explores how to reach current and potential stakeholders, examines goals you should set and key performance indicators. It finishes by determining the idea practice set-up and then reviewing potential plans for implementation.
Numerical particle heating and diffusion correlated to interpolation-induced divergence in a magnetized plasma

Numerical effects in particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations due to the interpolation of discrete magnetic fields are examined for the case of small L 0 (∇·B)/B (where L 0 is the length of the system) and will be reported for large L 0 (∇·B)/B. Non-physical heating and diffusion across field lines is a concern in the simulation of many devices using magnetically-confined plasmas, e.g. magnetic-confinement fusion machines and sputtering magnetrons.
Observation of a ferric hydroperoxide complex during the non-heme iron catalysed oxidation of alkenes and alkanes by O2.

A non-heme iron complex catalyses the oxidation of allylic, benzylic, and aliphatic C–H bonds by O2. During this reactivity, a ferric hydroperoxide species is observed. The kinetic analysis of this complex's formation may suggest a ferric superoxo species as the initial metal-based oxidant.
Real-Time Computer Vision/DGPS-Aided Inertial Navigation System for Lane-Level Vehicle Navigation

Many intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications will increasingly rely on lane-level vehicle positioning that requires high accuracy, bandwidth, availability, and integrity. Lane-level positioning methods must reliably work in real time in a wide range of environments, spanning rural to urban areas. Traditional positioning sensors such as the Global Navigation Satellite Systems may have poor performance in dense urban areas, where obstacles block satellite signals. This paper presents a sensor fusion technique that uses computer vision and differential pseudorange Global Positioning System (DGPS) measurements to aid an inertial navigation system (INS) in challenging environments where GPS signals are limited and/or unreliable. To supplement limited DGPS measurements, this method uses mapped landmarks that were measured through a priori observations (e.g., traffic light location data), taking advantage of existing infrastructure that is abundant within suburban/urban environments. For example, traffic lights are easily detected by color vision sensors in both day and night conditions. A tightly coupled estimation process is employed to use observables from satellite signals and known feature observables from a camera to correct an INS that is formulated as an extended Kalman filter. A traffic light detection method is also outlined, where the projected feature uncertainty ellipse is utilized to perform data association between a predicted feature and a set of detected features. Real-time experimental results from real-world settings are presented to validate the proposed localization method.
Checkpointing and error recovery in a uniprocessor system with on-chip cache

Checkpointing and rollback error recovery technique used in fault-tolerant systems allows recovery from errors without a need for a global restart of computation. This paper presents two efficient and low-cost schemes to handle soft (transient) errors in a uniprocessor system with on-chip cache memory. These user-transparent schemes are implemented in hardware and require negligible hardware overhead in the designs of processor and cache memory. The first scheme uses a write-through policy for on-chip cache and a checkpoint is established on each write-through; while the second scheme offers improvement over the working of the first scheme by including a second level cache in the memory hierarchy. A simple mathematical model is developed and a trade-off analysis between two schemes is presented.
POLICIES AND IMPACT: AN ANALYSIS OF VILLAGE-LEVEL MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS

This paper uses variation in policies and institutional characteristics to evaluate the impacts of village-level microfinance institutions in rural Thailand. To identify impacts, we use policies related to the successful/unsuccessful provision of services as exogenous variation in effective financial intermediation. We find that institutions, particularly those with good policies, can promote asset growth, consumption smoothing and occupational mobility, and can decrease moneylender reliance. Specifically, cash-lending institutions—production credit groups and especially women's groups—are successful in providing intermediation and its benefits to members, while buffalo banks and rice banks are not. The policies identified as important to intermediation and benefits: the provision of savings services, especially pledged savings accounts; emergency services; and training and advice. Surprisingly, much publicized policies such as joint liability, default consequences, or repayment frequency had no measured impacts. (JEL: 012, 016)
Microstructural level response of HMX-Estane polymer-bonded explosive under effects of transient stress waves

The effect of transient stress waves on the microstructure of HMX–Estane, a polymerbonded explosive (PBX), is studied. Calculations carried out concern microstructures with HMX grain sizes on the order of 200mm and grain volume fractions in the range of 0.50–0.82. The microstructural samples analysed have an aspect ratio of 5 : 1 (15 × 3 mm), allowing the transient wave propagation process resulting from normal impact to be resolved. Boundary loading is effected by the imposition of impact face velocities of 50– 200 ms −1 . Different levels of grain–binder interface strength are considered. The analysis uses a recently developed cohesive finite element framework that accounts for coupled thermal–mechanical processes involving deformation, heat generation and conduction, failure in the forms of microcracks in both bulk constituents and along grain/matrix interfaces, and frictional heating along crack faces. Results show that the overall wave speed through the microstructures depends on both the grain volume fraction and interface bonding strength between the constituents and that the distance traversed by the stress wave before the initiation of frictional dissipation is independent of the grain volume fraction but increases with impact velocity. Energy dissipated per unit volume owing to fracture is highest near the impact surface and deceases to zero at the stress wavefront. On the other hand, the peak temperature rises are noted to occur approximately 2–3 mm from the impact surface. Scaling laws are developed for the maximum dissipation rate and the highest temperature rise as functions of impact velocity, grain volume fraction and grain–binder interfacial bonding strength.
A visualization tool for analyzing cluster performance data

This paper describes a unique visualization tool that has been used to analyze performance of the Cplant(tm) clusters at Sandia National Laboratories.As commodity cluster systems grow in size and complexity, understanding performance issues becomes more and more difficult.We have developed a tool that facilitates visual performance analysis within the context of the physical and runtime environment of a system. Combining an abstract system model with color-coding for both performance and job information enables quick fault isolation as well as insight into complex system behavior.
Regular mosaic pattern development: A study of the interplay between lateral inhibition, apoptosis and differential adhesion

A significant body of literature is devoted to modeling developmental mechanisms that create patterns within groups of initially equivalent embryonic cells. Although it is clear that these mechanisms do not function in isolation, the timing of and interactions between these mechanisms during embryogenesis is not well known. In this work, a computational approach was taken to understand how lateral inhibition, differential adhesion and programmed cell death can interact to create a mosaic pattern of biologically realistic primary and secondary cells, such as that formed by sensory (primary) and supporting (secondary) cells of the developing chick inner ear epithelium. Four different models that interlaced cellular patterning mechanisms in a variety of ways were examined and their output compared to the mosaic of sensory and supporting cells that develops in the chick inner ear sensory epithelium. The results show that: 1) no single patterning mechanism can create a 2-dimensional mosaic pattern of the regularity seen in the chick inner ear; 2) cell death was essential to generate the most regular mosaics, even through extensive cell death has not been reported for the developing basilar papilla; 3) a model that includes an iterative loop of lateral inhibition, programmed cell death and cell rearrangements driven by differential adhesion created mosaics of primary and secondary cells that are more regular than the basilar papilla; 4) this same model was much more robust to changes in homo- and heterotypic cell-cell adhesive differences than models that considered either fewer patterning mechanisms or single rather than iterative use of each mechanism. Patterning the embryo requires collaboration between multiple mechanisms that operate iteratively. Interlacing these mechanisms into feedback loops not only refines the output patterns, but also increases the robustness of patterning to varying initial cell states.
Current Status of Lasers in Soft Tissue Dental Surgery

The aims of this paper are to briefly describe laser physics, the types of lasers currently available for use on soft tissues focusing primarily on CO2 and Nd:YAG laser energies, the histological effects of lasers on oral tissues, laser safety, the clinical applications of lasers on oral soft tissues, and future directions. Of the two types of lasers currently available for dental applications, both the CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers can be used for frenectomies, ablation of lesions, incisional and excisional biopsies, gingivectomies, gingivoplasties, soft tissue tuberosity reductions, operculum removal, coagulation of graft donor sites, and certain crown lengthening procedures. The advantages of lasers include a relatively bloodless surgical and post-surgical course, minimal swelling and scarring, coagulation, vaporization, and cutting, minimal or no suturing, reduction in surgical time, and, in a majority of cases, much less or no post-surgical pain. CO2 lasers, compared to Nd:YAG are faster for most procedures, with less depth of tissue penetration and a well-documented history. There have been recent reports on the use of the Nd:YAG laser for periodontal scaling, gingival curettage, and root desensitization, but further research needs to be conducted. Both the CO2 and the Nd:YAG laser have limited use in conventional flap therapy.
Generation and Storage of Electricity from Power Harvesting Devices

The concept of capturing the normally lost energy surrounding a system and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to extend the lifetime of that system's power supply or possibly provide an endless supply of energy to an electronic device has captivated many researchers and has brought forth a growing amount of attention to power harvesting. One of the most common methods of obtaining the energy surrounding a system is to use piezoelectric materials. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique ability to convert an applied electrical potential into a mechanical strain or vice versa, or convert an applied strain into an electrical current. The latter of these two properties allows the material to function as a power harvesting medium. In most cases the piezoelectric material is strained through the ambient vibration around the structure, thus allowing a frequently unused energy source to be utilized for the purpose of powering small electronic systems. However, the amount of energy generated by these piezoelectric materials is far smaller than that needed by most electronic devices. For this reason, the methods of accumulating and storing the energy generated, until sufficient power has been captured, is the key to developing completely self-powered systems. This article quantifies the amount of energy generated by a piezoelectric plate and investigates two methods of accumulating the energy thus produced. The first method uses a capacitor, which in early research has been the most common method of storing the energy generated and the second utilizes rechargeable nickel metal hydride batteries. The advantages of each method are discussed and the rechargeable battery is found to have more desirable qualities for power harvesting than the capacitor. Additionally, this manuscript represents, for the first time, the fact that the power output by a piezoelectric material is capable of recharging a discharged battery. Through the excitation of a piezoelectric plate, it is demonstrated that a 40 mAh battery can be charged in less than half an hour at resonance and in only a few hours with a random signal similar to that of a typical vibrating piece of machinery.
Ion Beam Nitridation of Al for Tunnel Barrier Applications

We have formed AlNx tunnel barriers in Nb Josephson junctions using a nitrogen ion beam operated at low energy (<150 eV). Independent control of ion energy and dose allowed for the exploration of a wide parameter space in which devices were fabricated with good quality and reproducibility with Jc < 10 kA/cm2. The junctions were stable up to temperatures of at least 200degC, implying that the nitrogen atoms are strongly bound and do not desorb as gaseous molecular N2. Large-area uniformity was also investigated where the spatial variation in ion current density was correlated with Jc. This technique could be applied to form other metal nitrides at room temperature for device applications where a high degree of control is desired.
Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) have experienced sharp increases in popularity over the past five years due to many factors, including aggressive marketing, increased restrictions on conventional cigarettes, and a perception that E-cigs are healthy alternatives to cigarettes. Despite this perception, studies on health effects in humans are extremely limited and in vivo animal models have not been generated. Presently, we determined that E-cig vapor contains 7x1011 free radicals per puff. To determine whether E-cig exposure impacts pulmonary responses in mice, we developed an inhalation chamber for E-cig exposure. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor contained serum cotinine concentrations that are comparable to human E-cig users. E-cig exposure for 2 weeks produced a significant increase in oxidative stress and moderate macrophage-mediated inflammation. Since, COPD patients are susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, we tested effects of E-cigs on immune response. Mice that were exposed to E-cig vapor showed significantly impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance, compared to air-exposed mice, following an intranasal infection with Streptococcus pneumonia. This defective bacterial clearance was partially due to reduced phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages from E-cig exposed mice. In response to Influenza A virus infection, E-cig exposed mice displayed increased lung viral titers and enhanced virus-induced illness and mortality. In summary, this study reports a murine model of E-cig exposure and demonstrates that E-cig exposure elicits impaired pulmonary anti-microbial defenses. Hence, E-cig exposure as an alternative to cigarette smoking must be rigorously tested in users for their effects on immune response and susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
Development of the Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire

This study describes the development and psychometric properties of the Trauma Appraisal Questionnaire (TAQ). Items were generated based on interviews with 72 ethnically diverse community participants exposed to a range of trauma types. From the interviews, more than 600 items that tapped beliefs, emotions, and behaviors were generated for 9 appraisal categories (e.g., fear, betrayal, shame). Based on expert feedback, 108 items were retained for initial testing in a sample of 714 undergraduate volunteers. Using a factor analytic strategy, we arrived at a 6-scale, 54-item solution. The reliability and validity of the new measure were evaluated in community (N = 119) and undergraduate (Ns = 139 and 79) samples. The measure demonstrated excellent reliability (test–retest and internal consistency) and validity (convergent, discriminant, and concurrent).
Overview of the DIII-D program computer systems

Computer systems pervade every aspect of the DIII-D National Fusion Research program. This includes real-time systems acquiring experimental data from data acquisition hardware; cpu server systems performing short term and long term data analysis; desktop activities such as word processing, spreadsheets, and scientific paper publication; and systems providing mechanisms for remote collaboration. The DIII-D network ties all of these systems together and connects to the ESNET wide area network. This paper gives an overview of these systems, including their purposes and functionality and how they connect to other systems. Computer systems include seven different types of UNIX systems (HP-UX, REALIX, SunOS, Solaris, Digital UNIX, Ultrix, and IRIX), OpenVMS systems (both VAX and Alpha), MACintosh, Windows 95, and more recently Windows NT systems. Most of the network internally is ethernet with some use of FDDI. A T3 link connects to ESNET and thus to the Internet. Recent upgrades to the network have notably improved its efficiency, but the demand for bandwidth is ever increasing. By means of software and mechanisms still in development, computer systems at remote sites are playing an increasing role both in accessing and analyzing data and even participating in certain controlling aspects for the experiment. The advent of audio/video over the Internet is now presenting a new means for remote sites to participate in the DIII-D program.
A Fully Integrated Architecture for Fast Programming of Floating Gates

We present an on-chip system that enables programming floating gate arrays at a high speed. The main component allowing this speedup is a floating point current measuring ADC operating over 4 decades at 10bit accuracy or 7decades at 7 bit accuracy. The conversion time is around 200 mus till around 30 pA of current. The gate and drain voltages are set by on-chip DACs. The digital words for the DAC are sent by an FPGA through an SPI interface. The controller for sequencing the operations as well as the look-up-table with characterization data are on the FPGA. Algorithms using either pulse-width modulation or drain voltage modulation can be implemented.
Mineralogical and thermodynamic constraints on Palaeogene palaeotemperature conditions during low-grade metamorphism of basaltic lavas recovered from the Lopra-1/1A deep hole, Faroe Islands

The sequene of secondary minerals that are reported for the Lopra-1/1A well records progressive zeolite facies to prehnite–pumpellyite-facies mineral progressions consistent with those of other wellstudied hydrothermally altered rock sequences. Detailed comparison of the calc–silicate (zeolites and prehnite) mineral distributions of the Lopra-1/1A sequence with those from other regions indicates that this sequence exhibits consistently longer down-hole intervals for secondary mineral species than reported elsewhere. When compared to measured down-hole temperatures reported in other hydrothermally altered regions, the results suggest that the Lopra-1/1A mineral progression formed under conditions typical of low temperature hydrothermal systems that form shortly after eruption of thick basaltic piles. Maximum temperatures achieved at the 3500 m level of the well were at or below 200°C. The implied geothermal gradient was less than 50°C/km. An analysis of prehnite – fluid composition relationships was also conducted in order to determine if results compatible with the paragenetic sequence study could be obtained from thermodynamic constraints. In this case, the limiting temperature for prehnite formation in equilibrium with albite–quartz–calcite–laumontite (the mineral assemblage at the bottom of the hole) was determined for a range of fluid compositions. The resulting calculations suggest temperatures of formation of prehnite in the range of 140°C to 205°C, a conclusion which is broadly consistent with those reached from study of the paragenetic relationships. Comparison of these results with other studies of palaeogeothermal gradients of the North Atlantic margins suggests a consistent pattern in which relatively low geothermal gradients persisted in the Palaeogene rift basin.
Structural performance of unstiffened low yield point steel plate shear walls

Abstract Employment of low-yield stress steel plates in shear wall systems has been demonstrated in a number of studies to be a promising alternative for improving the buckling stability, energy absorption capacity, and serviceability of these lateral force-resisting systems, in which material yielding of infill plates may occur either before or after or even at the same time as geometrical buckling. Accordingly, based on their slenderness parameter as well as buckling and yielding behavior, infill plates in steel shear wall systems may be divided into slender, moderate, and stocky categories with respective early buckling, concurrent buckling and yielding, and early yielding characteristics. Such a classification enables the accurate evaluation of buckling and yielding behavior of low yield point steel plate shear walls, which can consequently result in efficient structural and economical design of these lateral force-resisting as well as energy dissipating systems. On this basis, this paper assesses the structural behavior as well as plate–frame interaction characteristics of unstiffened low yield point steel plate shear wall systems via finite element and analytical approaches. Following the experimental validation of the numerical modeling, advantages of use of low yield point steel as compared to the conventional steel are demonstrated. Subsequently, the structural performances of code-designed shear walls with slender, moderate, and stocky low yield point steel infill plates are evaluated comparatively. Finally, the effectiveness of a modified plate–frame interaction (PFI) model in predicting the response of steel shear wall systems with moderate and stocky infill plates is demonstrated.
High detection rate of breast ductal carcinoma in situ calcifications on mammographically directed high-resolution sonography.

Objective. To assess the high-frequency sonographic characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Methods. In a retrospective review, we identified 18 patients with biopsy-proven pure ductal carcinoma in situ who had received mammographic and high-frequency sonographic examinations at transducer frequencies of 10 to 13 MHz. Results. All 18 patients had mammographically identified calcifications. Four (22%) of the 18 had either asymmetric focal mammographically identified densities or masses with the calcifications. These calcifications were identified sonographically in 17 (94%) of the 18 patients. In 9 (50%) of 18 patients, the calcifications were associated with sonographically detected malignant masses, and in 3 (17%) of 18 patients the calcifications were within focally dilated ducts. Lesions that had masses or dilated ducts visible on sonography represented 9 (82%) of 11 of the grade 3 neoplasms and only 2 (28%) of 7 of the grade 1 and 2 tumors. This difference was statistically significant (P < .039). Conclusions. Our study showed that ductal carcinoma in situ may appear on sonography as calcifications, masses, or focally dilated ducts. Those lesions that were asso
Comparative analysis for various redox flow batteries chemistries using a cost performance model

Abstract The total energy storage system cost is determined by means of a robust performance-based cost model for multiple flow battery chemistries. Systems aspects such as shunt current losses, pumping losses and various flow patterns through electrodes are accounted for. The system cost minimizing objective function determines stack design by optimizing the state of charge operating range, along with current density and current-normalized flow. The model cost estimates are validated using 2-kW stack performance data for the same size electrodes and operating conditions. Using our validated tool, it has been demonstrated that an optimized all-vanadium system has an estimated system cost of -1 for 4-h application. With an anticipated decrease in component costs facilitated by economies of scale from larger production volumes, coupled with performance improvements enabled by technology development, the system cost is expected to decrease to 160 kWh -1 for a 4-h application, and to $100 kWh -1 for a 10-h application. This tool has been shared with the redox flow battery community to enable cost estimation using their stack data and guide future direction.
“Que virgindade é esta?” A mulher moderna e a reforma do código penal no Rio de Janeiro, 1918 a 1940

The article focusses the discourse and debate of two generations of jurists on the polemic meanings of virginity, seduction, hounor and honesty. As a consequence, it is shown how the judiciary, mainly by means of the criminal codes, used to find a way for warranting continuing intervention into the domain of morality.
Crab Supernova Rock Art: A Comprehensive, Critical, and Definitive Review

“Star” and crescent combinations in rock art in the American Southwest were first interpreted in 1955 as eyewitness depictions of the 1054 AD supernova explosion that produced the Crab nebula. While the Crab nebula is visible only telescopically, the event that generated it was brilliant, and for a time, only the sun and moon were brighter. Additional Crab supernova candidates in California and Southwest rock art were suggested 20 years later, and they included Chaco Canyon’s Penasco Blanco pictograph panel, which became the poster child for Crab supernova rock art and is now called “Supernova” on signage at the site. By 1979, a list of 21 Crab supernova rock art sites was assembled, and the inventory has continued to expand more slowly since then. This critical review of the supernova interpretation of star/crescent rock art, the product of 35 years of fieldwork, required an independent re-examination of all of the primary sites in person. That enterprise has already demonstrated that the Tenabo, New Mexico panel does not illustrate the Crab supernova and that the two Arizona sites on which the entire supernova rock art premise is based (White Mesa and “Navaho Canyon”) are unlikely records of the event. This detailed evaluation of the primary proposed star/crescent images indicates none is a satisfactory portrayal of the striking 1054 AD supernova.
Swirls in Neutron-Transmutation Doped Float-Zoned Silicon

Today, dislocation-free float-zoned ingots are routinely grown free of swirls. However, after neutron-transmutation doping and after annealing to restore electrical properties, these ingots may show swirls after preferential etching. Statistical evidence indicates that, if both oxygen and carbon are present in concentrations less than 1 ppma (5 × 1016 atoms/cm3), then it is oxygen that causes swirls to form. The lower threshold of oxygen for swirl formation appears to be 0.15 ppma. This hypothesis has been experimentally verified by adding small amounts of oxygen during regrowth to previously swirl-free neutron-transmutation doped ingots. A second round of irradiation and annealing then produced swirls in these ingots. The paper presents evidence that neither the zone refiner nor the zone-refining process induced swirls, so that the most likely source of the oxygen is the polycrystalline silicon itself.
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of late-life depression.

Abstract Background In this article, we review current evidence regarding potential benefits of vitamin D for improving mood and reducing depression risk in older adults. We summarize gaps in knowledge and describe future efforts that may clarify the role of vitamin D in late-life depression prevention. Methods MEDLINE and PsychINFO databases were searched for all articles on vitamin D and mood that had been published up to and including May 2015. Observational studies and randomized trials with 50 or more participants were included. We excluded studies that involved only younger adults and/or exclusively involved persons with current depression. Results Twenty observational (cross-sectional and prospective) studies and 10 randomized trials (nine were randomized placebo-controlled trials [RCTs]; one was a randomized blinded comparison trial) were reviewed. Inverse associations of vitamin D blood level or vitamin D intake with depression were found in 13 observational studies; three identified prospective relations. Results from all but one of the RCTs showed no statistically significant differences in depression outcomes between vitamin D and placebo groups. Limitations Observational studies were mostly cross-sectional and frequently lacked adequate control of confounding. RCTs often featured low treatment doses, suboptimal post-intervention changes in biochemical levels of vitamin D, and/or short trial durations. Conclusion Vitamin D level-mood associations were observed in most, but not all, observational studies; results indicated that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for late-life depression. However, additional data from well-designed RCTs are required to determine the impact of vitamin D in late-life depression prevention.
Thermodynamics of adsorption and gibbsian distance parameters

Abstract The rigorous thermodynamic theory of the pressure coefficient of interfacial tension, for systems containing a surfactant film at a liquid—vapor interface or a liquid—liquid interface, is developed. It is shown that a thickness parameter, λ 21 , can be obtained from this measurement. λ 21 is the thickness of the region from which the major components of the respective bulk phases are excluded. In Gibbsian terms, it is the distance between the Γ 1 = 0 and Γ 2 = 0 dividing surfaces, when substance 3 is surface-active. Experiments in which the theory may be applied are discussed, particularly the measurement of liquid—vapor interfacial tension in the presence of a lipid film at its equilibrium spreading pressure. The physical interpretation of Γ 21 , on a microscopic scale, is discussed.
Differences in repellency of substances secreted by Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) females during the first week postecdysis

The response of adult male German cockroaches to substances secreted by crowded adult females varied with female age and intensity of crowding. Secretions by moderately crowded females tended to become progressively more attractive during the first 5 d postecdysis. Those from 6- to 7-d-old females were strongly repellent, which indicates secretion of the dispersant pheromone. Under extremely crowded conditions, 3-d-old females also secreted the dispersant, but repellency was less than that of similarly crowded 7-d-old females.
Individual difference correlates of two leadership styles

nally identified in the Ohio State Leadership Studies (Fleishman, 1951). The Leadership Opinion Questionnaire (Fleishman, 1969) is a Likert-rype scale which provides a measure of these two construcrs. Previous research suggests that these rwo measures are not related to each other or to other individual difference variables (Bell, 1967; Fleishman, 1969; Greenwooi & McNamara. 1969). This study examined evidence regarding the amount of overIap and relationship between the scales of the questionnaire and other measures of individual differences. This research consists of test and inventory data in which the questionnaire and individual difference variables were measured concurrently. Data were collected in the context of operational activities in personnel selection, vocational and career development counseling. The following rests and inventories were used in this study: Adaptability Test (Tiffin & Lawshe, 1967)-a rimed measure of general mental ability, Advanced Mental Ability Test (Prien, 1984)an untimed measure of general mental ability; Edwards' Personal Preference Schedule (Edwards. 1959)-a personality inventory with 15 scales, Ghiselli Self-description Inventory (Ghiselli, 1971)- personalicy inventory of 13 scales, Gordon Personal Profile-Inventory (Gordon, 1978)-a personality inventory of 8 scales, How Supervise? test (File & Remmers, 1971)- test of insight concerning human relations in business, and the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire (Fleishman, 1969 1. Depending on the analysis, total sample sizes ranged from 299 to 612. Subjects were employed in a variety of different organizations including such industries as steel production, garment manufacturing, grocery retail, banking, and others. For the statistical displays, subjects were classified in terms of sex and management level (Top & Middle Management and Low & Nonrnanagement) based on an evaluation of job title, job duties, number of people supervised, and salary. Zero-order correlations between consideration and initiating structure (as measured by the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire and 40 measures of individual difference characteristics were obtained for the total sample and also by management level and
The Effect of Excessive Levels of Dietary Iron on the Utilization of Grass-Legume Forage by Cattle1

Abstract Supplemental iron as ferrous chloride (FeCl 2 ) at levels of 0, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm, added to an allroughage diet (alfalfa-orchardgrass haylage) containing 167 ppm of iron, had no effect upon the digestion of total dry matter, protein, ash, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, or neutral detergent fiberby yearling cattle (442 kg).