cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Medical Student Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide

Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia (PAS/E) has been increasingly discussed and debated in the public arena, including in professional medical organizations. However, the medical student perspective on the debate has essentially been absent. We present a medical student perspective on the PAS/E debate as future doctors and those about to enter the profession. We argue that PAS/E is not in line with the core principles of medicine and that the focus should be rather on providing high-quality end-of-life and palliative care.
Intrabeam Scattering for Ultracold Collisions

We demonstrate a method to probe cold and ultracold chemistry in a single molecular beam. The approach exploits beam slippage, the velocity difference of different species in the same beam, to establish the relative velocity. Average collision energies of 2.5 mK are achieved but with a spread of 100% or more. However, by implementing a dual-slit chopper that can separately fix the velocities of the two species at the interaction region, we achieve precise control over the relative velocity and narrow its spread. Relative velocities of 7–10 ± 1.1 m/s are achieved with an angular divergence less than 0.25°. In the present study, we observe l-changing collisions occurring between Xe Rydberg atoms and Xe ground state atoms at subKelvin temperatures. We show that in this case the collision energies are tunable between 200 to 450 mK with a root-mean-square deviation of ∼18%. Application of the method to other species and access to much lower energies is straightforward.
A new mechanism of signal path charging damage across separated power domain deep N-Well interface

In this paper, a new mechanism of signal path charging damage is observed across a separated power domain interface from the non-DNW (Deep N-Well) to DNW region. This damage mechanism is unlike the damage outside DNW from the DNW to non-DNW region unveiled in our previous work. It is found that damage takes place inside the DNW and both NMOS and PMOS transistors are impacted instead of NMOS only. A model for the damage mechanism is proposed and verified comprehensively using test patterns in a 40nm logic process combined with SPICE simulations. Several protection schemes are proposed to avoid this new mechanism of charging damage.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Zinc Sulfate

Before I review the present status of oral zinc supplements in rheumatoid arthritis, I believe it is appropriate to briefly describe this disease and the accepted approach used in evaluating new therapeutic agents. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints but often also attacking additional organ systems. The illness is best recognized by a symmetrical pattern of inflamed peripheral joints which ultimately may become deformed and destroyed. Because the disease characteristically fluctuates, it is not possible to distinguish between spontaneous remissions and those induced by therapy in individual patients. Because the etiology is unknown, all therapeutic agents are empirical and suppressive rather than curative in nature.
Concomitant transcatheter aortic and mitral valve-in-valve replacements using transfemoral devices via the transapical approach: first case in United States.

![Figure][1] [Video 1][2] Transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrating severe intraprosthetic mitral regurgitation caused by a flail leaflet. ![Figure][1] [Video 2][3] Deployment of the Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter heart valve inside the Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis in the
Reimagining the research assignment: Faculty-librarian collaborations that increase student learning

O ne important focus of the libraries’ work in recent years has been transforming the work of subject librarians to foster the development of “strong, collaborative, opportunistic relationships that place Ohio University (OU) Libraries in the flow of teaching, learning, and research.” Librarians seek to be experts embedded in the disciplines, collaborating and partnering with faculty as part of the academic enterprise.
Comparison of Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Undergraduate Students

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate differences between estimates of sedentary behavior and physical activity (PA) from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and acc...
The P Factor in Children: Relationships with Executive Functions and Effortful Control

Abstract Lower levels of self-regulation have been implicated in multiple psychological disorders. Despite conceptual overlap (broadly reflecting self-regulatory functions), executive functions (EF) and effortful control (EC) are rarely jointly studied in relation to broadband psychopathology. The present study investigated associations of correlated factors (internalizing-externalizing) and bifactor psychopathology models with EF and EC in a large (N = 895) childhood community sample (Mage = 11.54, SDage = 2.25). Associations between both self-regulation constructs (EF and EC) with psychopathology were largely accounted for via a general psychopathology factor. However, EC evidenced stronger associations, questioning the utility of task-based EF measures to inform self-regulatory psychopathology.
Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries

Although traumatic dental injuries are not completely preventable, there are a number of ways that the risk can be minimized. For young children, child-proofing the home decreases the risk of falls and injury. For older children who participate in sports, the use of protective gear-like mouthguards and helmets has been shown to be effective at minimizing traumatic injuries. Caregivers, teachers, health care providers, and anyone who interacts with children and adolescents have a responsibility to promote activities that prevent injuries. Education about how to decrease risks and manage traumatic injuries and in some cases, regulations to support these activities should be endorsed by all health care providers.
Critically High Carboxyhemoglobin Level following Extensive Hysteroscopic Myomectomy.

ABSTRACT Studies have demonstrated that during hysteroscopic myomectomy with bipolar diathermy, carbon monoxide is produced and enters the patient's circulation. However, little is known regarding the immediate or long-term sequelae of transient rises in carboxyhemoglobin levels during hysteroscopic surgery. This paper aims to suggest recommendations for acute evaluation, management, patient counseling, and future research. We present a case of a 36-year-old woman (Gravida 0, Para 0) with abnormal uterine bleeding-leiomyoma and resultant anemia, undergoing hysteroscopic resection of a large submucous myoma. During surgery, the patient was found to have a critically elevated level of carboxyhemoglobin and accompanying electrocardiogram derangements. She was managed with prolonged intubation, 100% O2, and trending of her carboxyhemoglobin levels before extubation. This demonstrates the importance of being cognizant of the potentially toxic gaseous byproducts of bipolar resection and of including intravasation of these byproducts in one's consideration of patient safety during extensive resections. Bipolar hysteroscopic resection of large leiomyomas may result in critically high carboxyhemoglobin levels, which can impair end-organ oxygen delivery with resultant ischemia; the risks of myocardial ischemia should be discussed with the anesthesia team before attempting an extensive resection. Electrocardiogram changes indicative of ischemia should prompt discontinuation of the case. Finally, carboxyhemoglobin poisoning should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who demonstrate longer-than-expected anesthesia recovery times after bipolar resection of large submucous leiomyomas, and they should be managed with repeat evaluation of carboxyhemoglobin levels, supplemental oxygen, and cardiac monitoring.
Mislocalized cytoplasmic p27 activates PAK1-mediated metastasis and is a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma

The development of pulmonary metastasis is the leading cause of death in osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. We have previously reported that the tumor suppressor p27 (KIP1, CDKN1B) is frequently mislocalized to the cytoplasm of OS. However, its prognostic significance and metastatic mechanism are still elusive. Here, we show that cytoplasmic p27 significantly correlated with a higher metastatic status and poorer survival of OS patients (n = 136, P < 0.05), highlighting the clinical significance of p27 mislocalization in OS. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic p27 is co-immunoprecipitated with p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which resulted in higher PAK1 phosphorylations, actin polymerization, and cell motility in p27-mislocalized OS cells. Silencing PAK1 expression in different p27-mislocalized OS cell lines decreased the migratory and adhesion abilities in vitro, as well as the development of pulmonary metastases in vivo. Similar PAK1-dependent motility was also observed in other p27-mislocalized cancer cell lines. In summary, our study suggests that cytoplasmic p27-mediated PAK1 activation is crucial for OS metastasis. A biomarker-guided targeted therapeutic approach for metastatic OS and other cancers harboring p27 mislocalization can be developed, where cytoplasmic p27 is used for risk stratification and PAK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
When Ensembling Smaller Models is More Efficient than Single Large Models.

Ensembling is a simple and popular technique for boosting evaluation performance by training multiple models (e.g., with different initializations) and aggregating their predictions. This approach is commonly reserved for the largest models, as it is commonly held that increasing the model size provides a more substantial reduction in error than ensembling smaller models. However, we show results from experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet that ensembles can outperform single models with both higher accuracy and requiring fewer total FLOPs to compute, even when those individual models' weights and hyperparameters are highly optimized. Furthermore, this gap in improvement widens as models become large. This presents an interesting observation that output diversity in ensembling can often be more efficient than training larger models, especially when the models approach the size of what their dataset can foster. Instead of using the common practice of tuning a single large model, one can use ensembles as a more flexible trade-off between a model's inference speed and accuracy. This also potentially eases hardware design, e.g., an easier way to parallelize the model across multiple workers for real-time or distributed inference.
Return to Play After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

Background:Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is being performed more frequently in athletes experiencing recurrent patellar instability.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose was to syst...
Isolable Copper(I) η2-Cyclopropene Complexes.

Treatment of bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligand supported [(CF3)2Bp]Cu(NCMe) with 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclopropenes produced thermally stable copper(I) η2-cyclopropene complexes amenable to detailed solu...
Diagnosing reading problems for low-level Chinese as second language learners

Abstract Reading in a second language (L2) consists of lower-level linguistic processing and higher-level meaning integration. The lower-level processing has posed great challenges for beginning readers whose L1 (alphabetic language) is drastically different from their L2 (morphosyllabary Chinese). Diagnostic assessment is designed to identify readers’ weaknesses in lower-level processing and allows language teachers to detect learners’ reading problems and to conduct targeted remediation. However, few appropriate diagnostic tools are available for L2 reading and research on these tools’ diagnostic effectiveness is scarce. The present study investigated the applicability of word reading, word segmentation, and text reading as diagnostic instruments for alphabetic-language-speaking, low-level Chinese L2 learners (n = 70). Results showed that all three instruments effectively identified weak readers, diagnosed reading problems, and pinpointed individual’s difficulties. These findings offered empirical support for the three instruments as effective diagnostic tools in Chinese low-level L2 reading instruction and suggested the importance of developing lower-level processing skills.
Rejection sensitivity, aggression and self-confidence in the friendzone and other opposite sex relationships among young adults in India

People are said to be put into the friendzone when they are attracted to and want to pursue a romantic relationship with a friend but this friend only wants a platonic relationship. The objective of the present study was to determine the relationship between rejection sensitivity, aggression and self-confidence for participants in different types of opposite sex relationships, viz., single; in a romantic relationship; or in the friendzone. It also aimed to discover whether any significant difference existed between gender and opposite sex relationship groups for the three dependent variables. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 180 undergraduate students, between 18-24 years, out of whom 60 were placed in each category of relationship. The Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire and two sub-scales of the Personal Evaluation Inventory were used. Gender differences were found in levels of aggression and self-confidence. Participants in romantic relationships displayed significantly higher romantic self-confidence than people in the friendzone and single participants. Participants in the friendzone showed significantly higher rejection sensitivity than those in romantic relationships. Aggression displayed a significant negative relationship with either dimension of self-confidence for all three relationships. Rejection sensitivity showed significant positive relationship with anger for single participants. With certain acts of aggression becoming commonplace across the world, this study aims to rationalize them as adverse responses to perceived romantic rejection and low self-confidence based on the opposite sex relationships young adults share.
Electricity in Mines

In the following paper, the author has given a fairly complete description of the various uses to which electric power is put in and around the mines, together with some interesting figures in regard to the amount of electric power now used and that which is still to be applied.
Wind wave growth in the viscous regime

How water surface waves grow under wind forcing has long been an interesting and challenging question. For short gravity-capillary waves, the viscous effects are important but have not been well studied. In this paper, we simulate the wind-wave growth by directly solving the two-phase Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical method features a momentum conserving scheme, interface reconstruction using Volume of Fluid, and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). As a result, we observe concurrent growth of the irrotational traveling wave and the rotational drift layer (current). The growth rate of the wave and the evolution of the drift layer under different forcing parameters are discussed respectively.
Commentary on the SEC’s Proposed Exemption to Internal Control Audits under SOX 404(b)

We comment on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “Commission”) proposed Amendments to the Accelerated Filer and Large Accelerated Filer Definitions. We provide comments and analysis relating primarily to the Request for Comments in Sections II.E and III.D of the proposed Amendments (“Proposal”). Our comments relate to the provisions of the Proposal that would eliminate internal control audits required under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for companies with annual revenue less than $100 million. Part I provides comment on the central premise of the Proposal. Part II provides comments on various aspects of the Commission’s economic analysis. Although it might be socially desirable to encourage investment, and research and development, we believe there are ways to do so without sacrificing oversight.
CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA Immunity from Suit: Provide for Partial Waiver

The Resolution proposed an amendment to the Georgia Constitution which would have clarified the waiver of sovereign immunity when a state agency provided liability insurance coverage. Sovereign immunity would be waived by the purchase of insurance which covered the agency itself, but only for claims which were included in the coverage and only to the extent that any damages awarded would actually be paid by the insurer. The purchase of liability insurance covering state officers and employees would waive neither sovereign nor official immunity. The Resolution expressly stated that immunity of counties, municipalities and school districts would not be subject to the proposed amendment.
Hegel, Literature and the Problem of Agency: Tragedy and Retrospectivity: Hegel's Antigone

Action ( Handlung ) in its original Greek sense is a stepping-forth ( Heraustreten ) from an undivided consciousness. Hegel, Aesthetics Tragedy is the first of the three moments of agency that Hegel considers, because it is the moment from which the other moments “step forth” or break open into view. As we shall see, understanding what action is and how it can be justified is, for Hegel, an inherently retrospective practice of a sort that bears a remarkable similarity to the task facing the tragic agent and spectator. Like more recent interpreters of tragedy such as Walter Benjamin and Franz Rosenzweig, Hegel was impressed by the silence of the ancient tragic heroes – and was led to think about the agent or self involved in Greek tragedy in terms of what comes to be visible in an agent's action once it is done. The account Hegel gives of the tragic character of action takes on its more distinctive (and distinctly Hegelian) coloration in the concern it has for the ultimate articulation of what emerges from that initially inarticulate silence: for Hegel, what is at issue in ancient tragedy is some notion of an implicit reflectiveness in action that is not yet explicitly articulated. Action is thus seen as beginning from a prereflective sense of a whole that can be articulated only in the action itself. Hegel's interest in the character of action in ancient tragedy was not an antiquarian one, but stemmed in fact from a consideration of distinctly modern difficulties in giving an account of agency.
Random Walks on ω-Networks

A k-network, where k is any finite or transfinite, countable ordinal, is a transfinite generalization of an ordinary infinite electrical network. A prior work has established a theory for random walks on k-networks in the case where k is any natural number. The present work generalizes still further by establishing a theory for random walks on an ω-network, where ω is the first transfinite ordinal. It appears that such a theory can be established recursively for any ω-network by using the method of the prior work when proceeding to a successor ordinal and the method of the present work when proceeding to a limit ordinal.
First-Mover Advantage in a Social QaA Community

Aggregate answer ratings serve as a metric of collective intelligence in social QaA communities. The patterns by which participants in a social QaA community rate and recommend answers are analyzed through the lens of first-mover advantage, to address the question of whether the first answer posted has a ratings advantage over those subsequently submitted. As part of a long-term participant observation, ratings for answers submitted to the Answer bag social QaA site were compared by order of submission and normalized for page views and answer quality. The results suggest that the first-submitted answer consistently accumulates roughly 17% more rating points than the second answer submitted, and that the rating points of each subsequent answer tend to decline. Social factors influencing rating activity and implications for interpreting future social QaA data are discussed.
Legal Education and Admission to the Bar

SHE action of the American Bar Association in 1921 declaring for a standard of legal education based upon (a) a two years' college course and (b) a three years' study of the law in a full-time law school, as a minimum requirement for admission to the bar, is something towards which all members of the profession should work. Recently there has been compiled a brief statement showing (a) the educational requirements in each of the forty-nine (District of Columbia included) law licensing jurisdictions, and (b) a similar statement of the requirements as to the length of time required for the course of law. These statements are set out in the address of Mr. Silas H.
Social Media at BBC News: The Re-Making of Crisis Reporting

Introduction 1. 'Auntie' Takes on Social Media 2. Tweet or be Sacked! 3. A New Order 4. New Structures, New Actors in the Newsrooms 5. The Connected Newsroom Conclusion: Global Crises, Local Responses
Musical Body of the Universe: Unity and Multiplicity in the Spiritualized Cosmos of the Hohodene

This paper explores the meanings of “Body” and “Spirit” in relation to one of the most important personages in Hohodene cosmology, the spirit “Owner of Sickness and Sorcery”, named Kuwai.{“Yurupary” in lingua geral] This great spirit is an extraordinarily complex synthesis of the Hohodene (and other Baniwa, northern Arawak-speaking peoples) worldview. His “Body” was full of holes from which the breath of his soul produced a very large range of sounds, melodies, and song. All of these sounds correspond to primordial ancestral songs; they refer to core values and processes in Hohodene society: kinship vs affines, sorcery vs healers, the first ancestors (who were not yet fully human) and their relations. Taken as a whole, the Body of Kuwai, later transformed by the Creator Father Nhiaperikuli into sacred musical flutes and trumpets, can be understood as the instruments for reproducing ‘society’ and the ‘universe’. Thus, this paper explores the Hohodene “musical body of the universe”. In my interpretation, I seek to unravel multiple layers of meaning related to this figure by utilizing native exegeses that connect narratives, graphic representations (including petroglyphs), shamanic cures and visions, sacred geography, and sacred chants. I hope to show that Hohodene notions of Self, Cosmos, and History are intertwined in an all-encompassing multiplicity of living entities into one material and spiritual “Body”.
Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury

Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury
Practical Genetics of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

This chapter will provide a practical look at the rapidly evolving field regarding the genetics of thoracic aortic aneurysm. It will start with a look at the history of the genetics of thoracic aortic aneurysm and will then move on to elucidating the discovery of familial patterns of thoracic aortic aneurysm. We will next review the Mendelian genetics of transmission of thoracic aortic aneurysm. We will move on to the molecular genetics at the DNA level and finish with a discussion of the molecular genetics at the RNA level, including a promising investigational “RNA Signature” test that we have been developing at Yale.
Effects of Rewarming the Bovine Neurohypophysis in Vitro: Release of Vasopressin and Lactic Dehydrogenase

In confirmation of our previous studies, lowering the temperature of the incubation medium from 37 C to 0 C caused a 20–30-fold increase in vasopressin release from the isolated bovine neurohypophysis. Rewarming the gland by transferring the preparation from 0 C to 37 C triggered an even greater release of vasopressin. The rewarming effect also occurred when glands were brought from 10 C or 15 C to 37 C. The effect of rewarming was not affected by calcium (2.2 mM) or by DNP (0.5 mM). Studies on the time course of the cold temperature-induced release of vasopressin indicated that the rewarming effect was not due to a delayed effect of the cold. Parallel with the output of vasopressin during rewarming, there was a large increase in LDH efflux. This suggests that changing the temperature from 0 C to 37 C may damage the cell membrane, which results in an increased leakage of cell constituents. This study also suggests that caution should be taken in altering the temperature of isolated pituitary glands; the c...
Adrenergic-Pathway Gene Variants Influence Beta-Blocker–Related Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Race-Specific Manner

Objectives Overcoming racial differences in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) outcomes is a strategic goal for U.S. health care. Genetic polymorphisms in the adrenergic pathway seem to explain some outcome differences by race in other cardiovascular diseases treated with β-adrenergic receptor blockade (BB). Whether these genetic variants are associated with survival among ACS patients treated with BB, and if this differs by race, is unknown. Background β-adrenergic receptor blockade after ACS is a measure of quality care, but the effectiveness across racial groups is less clear. Methods A prospective cohort of 2,673 ACS patients (2,072 Caucasian; 601 African-American) discharged on BB from 22 U.S. hospitals were followed for 2 years. Subjects were genotyped for polymorphisms in ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, and GRK5. We used proportional hazards regression to model the effect of genotype on mortality, stratified by race and adjusted for baseline factors. Results The overall 2-year mortality rate was 7.5% for Caucasians and 16.7% for African Americans. The prognosis associated with different genotypes in these BB-treated patients differed by race. In Caucasians, ADRA2C 322-325 deletion carriers had significantly lower mortality as compared with homozygous individuals lacking the deletion (hazard ratio: 0.46; confidence interval [CI]: 0.21 to 0.99; p = 0.047; race × genotype interaction p = 0.053). In African Americans, the ADRB2 16R allele was associated with significantly increased mortality (hazard ratio for RG vs. GG: 2.10; CI: 1.14 to 3.86; RR vs. GG: 2.65; CI: 1.38 to 5.08; p = 0.013; race × genotype interaction p = 0.096). Conclusions Adrenergic pathway polymorphisms are associated with mortality in ACS patients receiving BB in a race-specific manner. Understanding the mechanism by which different genes impact post-ACS mortality differently in Caucasians and African Americans might illuminate opportunities to improve BB therapy in these groups.
Pirfenidone: A novel anti-fibrotic agent and progressive chronic allograft rejection.

Abstract In our established model of heterotopic tracheal transplantation, at day 28 following transplantation, obliteration of the lumen is observed, which is histologically similar to that seen in Obliterative Bronchiolitis (OB). Pirfenidone (Pir) is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that causes no immunosuppression, but does downregulate the production of TGF-beta and collagen in vitro . We hypothesized that when used in this in vivo model, that Pir may alter the observed luminal fibrosis and obliteration. Methods : The treatment groups were: CSA, Pir and CSA, Pir only (n=6 each). Luminal supernatants and tissue were obtained from these groups at day 28. H&E staining was completed, as well as MTS proliferation assays, and TGF-beta ELISA on the fluids. Results : The CSA-Pir combined treatment group was the least fibrogenic in vitro ( p Conclusions : Our study shows that the combination of CSA-Pir resullts in a less fibrogenic luminal fluid and a less dense fibrous luminal plug. Pir should be further studied in obliterative airways disease (OAD).
Automotive transducers: an overview

The ability of an electronic control system to communicate effectively and accurately with the real-world system it is trying to control, is proving to be the most important factor in determining its utility and reliability. The paper gives details of many of the transducers (sensors and actuators) required to make the computerised electronic control of engine, transmission, suspension and driver instrumentation practical in massproduced cars. Emphasis is placed on the need for high accuracy and reliability, wide operating temperature range and low cost of the devices concerned. Specific examples are given of critical transducers and details of specifications for a range of powertrain sensors are shown, and the paper concludes with a look at possible future developments.
The New Generation of Automatic Landmark Detection Systems: Challenges and Guidelines

Abstract Landmarks are salient objects in an environment. They play an important role in navigation by serving as orientation aids and marking decision points. Recently, there have been several efforts to design methods to automatically designate certain buildings with salient features as landmarks. All of these methodologies consist of similar steps: (a) establishing a neighborhood, usually around an intersection, (b) performing statistical or data mining analysis to find the building with outlier characteristics, and (c) establishing this salient building as the local landmark. Although these advances are significant, we believe that there are still several key issues that need to be fully addressed in order to realize the new generation of Automatic Landmark Detection Systems (ALDSs). Currently, the main shortcomings in the domain of ALDSs is the lack of a thorough and systematic study of attributes of objects that are analyzed to select landmarks, and deficient experimental verification of the benefit...
Cytochrome Oxidase Deficiency Protects Escherichia coli from Cell Death but Not from Filamentation Due to Thymine Deficiency or DNA Polymerase Inactivation

Temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase mutants (dnaE) are protected from cell death on incubation at nonpermissive temperature by mutation in the cydA gene controlling cytochrome bd oxidase. Protection is observed in complex (Luria-Bertani [LB]) medium but not on minimal medium. The cydA mutation protects a thymine-deficient strain from death in the absence of thymine on LB but not on minimal medium. Both dnaE and Deltathy mutants filament under nonpermissive conditions. Filamentation per se is not the cause of cell death, because the dnaE cydA double mutant forms long filaments after 24 h of incubation in LB medium at nonpermissive temperature. These filaments have multiply dispersed nucleoids and produce colonies on return to permissive conditions. The protective effect of a deficiency of cydA at high temperature is itself suppressed by overexpression of cytochrome bo3, indicating that the phenomenon is related to energy metabolism rather than to a specific effect of the cydA protein. We propose that filamentation and cell death resulting from thymine deprivation or slowing of DNA synthesis are not sequential events but occur in response to the same or a similar signal which is modulated in complex medium by cytochrome bd oxidase. The events which follow inhibition of replication fork progression due to either polymerase inactivation, thymine deprivation, or hydroxyurea inhibition differ in detail from those following actual DNA damage.
Suppression of electron spin-echo envelope modulation peaks in double quantum coherence electron spin resonance

We show the use of the observer blind spots effect for the elimination of electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) peaks in double quantum coherence (DQC) electron spin resonance (ESR). The suppression of ESEEM facilitates the routine and unambiguous extraction of distances from DQC-ESR spectra. This is also the first demonstration of this challenging methodology on commercial instrumentation.
Microfluidic chip for continuous monitoring of hormone secretion from live cells using an electrophoresis-based immunoassay.

A microfluidic device has been developed for the determination of insulin secreted from islets of Langerhans by a capillary electrophoresis competitive immunoassay. Online assays were performed by electrophoretically sampling anti-insulin antibody (Ab), fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled insulin (FITC-insulin), and insulin from separate reservoirs and allowing them to mix as they traveled through a 4-cm reaction channel heated to 38 °C. From the reaction channel, samples were injected onto a 1.5-cm-long electrophoresis channel where the FITC-insulin and FITC-insulin−Ab complex were separated in 5 s using an electric field of 500 V/cm. Detection limits for insulin were 3 nM in this mode of operation. Assays could be collected at 15-s intervals with continuous sampling and online mixing for up to 30 min with no intervention. Relative standard deviation was 2−6% depending on the insulin concentration. Response time to a step change in insulin concentration was 30 s. For live cell monitoring, single islets we...
Challenges in the Development of Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Therapies in Breast Cancer

Emerging results from clinical trials with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors indicate good tolerability and, at best, modest to no clinical activity in a variety of epithelial tumors, including breast carcinomas. Although the EGFR is widely expressed in epithelial cancers, there is no evidence of frequent EGFR alterations at the DNA level in human tumors. This lack of molecular evidence to suggest a pathogenic role for the EGFR in breast cancer questions the notion that use of single-agent EGFR inhibitors in this disease is a viable therapeutic approach. The lack of selection of EGFR-dependent breast tumors into trials with EGFR inhibitors suggests the possibility that these were not true-negative studies. A point of view regarding challenges in the development of anti-EGFR therapies for patients with breast cancer and possible approaches to overcome them is presented in this article.
Smooth Quantum Hydrodynamic model vs. NEMO Simulation of Resonant Tunneling Diodes

The smooth quantum hydrodynamic model is an extension of the classical hydrodynamic model for semiconductor devices which can handle in a mathematically rigorous way the discontinuities in the classical potential energy which occur at heterojunction barriers in quantum semiconductor devices. Smooth QHD model simulations of the current-voltage curves of resonant tunneling diodes are presented which exhibit negative differential resistance—the experimental signal for quantum resonance effects—and are compared with the experimentally verified current-voltage curves predicted by the simulator NEMO, which uses a non-equilibrium Green function method.
The Misuse of the Dayton-Morrill Model in the Analysis of Palatability Experiments

Abstract Use of the Dayton-Morrill model to estimate palatability of certain bird foods in pairwise presentations produces results inconsistent with feeding trial data. The model relies solely on pairwise consumption totals as the response variable. A model developed using differences in consumption of pairwise offerings provided results much more consistent with feeding trial data. Further, the model based on differences in consumption is comparable to intrablock treatment comparisons in a balanced incomplete block design and an appropriate analysis of pairwise feeding trial data may be obtained by using a split-plot, balanced incomplete block design model.
Low Input No-till Cereal Production in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.: The Challenges of Root Diseases

Direct-seeding or no-till is defined as planting directly into residue of the previous crop without tillage that mixes or stirs soil prior to planting. No-till reduces soil erosion, improves soil structure and organic matter, and reduces fuel inputs. No-till is widely used in cereal production in Australia, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil, but has not been widely adopted in Europe and the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. One of the limitations is that root diseases may increase with a reduction in tillage. This paper discusses the importance and management of take-all, Fusarium dryland foot rot, Rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot, and Pythium root rot in dryland cereal production systems, and how they are influenced by changes in tillage practices. To address this challenge, specifically with Rhizoctonia and Pythium, our research group has (1) developed classical and molecular techniques to detect and quantify Rhizoctonia and Pythium spp. from the soil to assess disease risk; (2) studied the disease dynamics of root disease during the transition from conventional to no-till; (3) developed greenhouse methods to screen germplasm for tolerance or resistance to Pythium and Rhizoctonia, and (4) using GPS and geostatistics, has examined the spatial distribution of R. solani and R. oryzae at a field scale up to 36 ha, across a number of crop rotations and years. By a combination of ecological, epidemiological, field, and laboratory studies, we hope to provide growers with a set of disease management tools to permit the economical and sustainable production of dryland cereals without degradation of the soil resource.
Catastrophic thrombosis of porcine aortic bioprostheses

Hemodynamically critical thrombotic stenosis of porcine bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position without thrombotic predisposition is rare. Two patients at our institution abruptly manifested thrombotic stenosis of porcine bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position within 3 months of implantation without apparent predisposing factors. Clinicians should consider this rare but catastrophic complication in the appropriate setting.
Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism, and Damage to the Immune System—A Review

Chronic alcohol abuse exacts a major social and medical toll in the United States and other Western countries. One of the least appreciated medical complications of alcohol abuse is altered immune regulation leading to immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. The consequences of the immunodeficiency include increased susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases. In addition, the chronic alcoholic often has circulating autoantibodies, and recent investigations indicate that the most destructive complications of alcoholism, such as liver disease and liver failure, may have a component of autoimmunity. Current research on altered cytokine balance produced by alcohol is leading to new insights on the regulation of the immune system in the chronic alcoholic. There is also recent development of exciting new techniques designed to improve or restore immune function by manipulation of cytokine balance. Although much remains to be learned, both in the abnormalities produced by alcohol and in the techniques to reverse those abnormalities, current progress reflects a rapidly improving understanding of the basic immune disorders of the alcoholic.
Determination of Selenium in Thirty‐Two Geochemical Reference Materials by Continuous ‐ Flow Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A continuous-flow hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been applied to 32 geochemical reference materials for the determination of selenium. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. Selenium values obtained in this study are in general agreement with literature values and provide additional certification for these reference materials. The precision of the method is generally better than 5% relative standard deviation. The lower limit of determination of selenium in the sample is 12 ppb.
Building a database of force constants based on scaled ab initio (SQM) results. I. Chlorobenzenes

Abstract As part of a project for developing a database of harmonic force constants for organic molecules, the complete force fields for chlorobenzene, ortho-, meta-, para-dichlorobenzene and sym-trichlorobenzene have been determined, on the basis of ab initio Hartree—Fock calculations combined with empirical adjustments. The latter serve to correct for systematic errors in the theory, and are applied at two stages: the geometry is corrected by using empirical offset forces during the optimization; force constants are corrected by a few scale factors according to the SQM (scaled quantum mechanical) force field procedure. With scale factors taken over fixed from benzene and only two new scale factors introduced for the chlorobenzenes, experimental frequencies are reproduced with mean deviations of about 10 cm−1. Some controversial assignments, still present in the deuterated derivatives, are discussed. Theoretical IR and Raman intensities have also been calcuated and used as semiquantitative information to assist assignments.
The Collagen-Binding Adhesin Is a Virulence Factor in Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis

A collagen-binding strain of Staphylococcus aureus produced suppurative inflammation in a rabbit model of soft contact lens-associated bacterial keratitis more often than its collagen-binding-negative isogenic mutant. Reintroduction of the cna gene on a multicopy plasmid into the mutant helped it regain its corneal adherence and infectivity. The topical application of a collagen-binding peptide before bacterial challenge decreased S. aureus adherence to deepithelialized corneas. These data suggest that the collagen-binding adhesin is involved in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection of the cornea.
Mathematical Formalisms And Physical Constructs For Compound Literal Implementation Via Shadow-Casting

The mathematical and physical basis for realizing compound literals via optical shadow-casting is discussed. The relation between various switching algebras and cubical notation is considered. An emphasis is placed on the physical independence of the shadow-casting implementations with respect to possible algebraic constructs. Shadow-casting systems for content-addressable memories are discussed, and the consequences of compound literal implementation in terms of throughput and energy per switching operation are presented. The advantages of using bistable optical switching elements that employ third order nonlinearities are considered.
Single‐Crystal Germanium Growth on Amorphous Silicon

Growing single-crystal semiconductors directly on an amorphous substrate without epitaxy or wafer bonding has long been a significant fundamental challenge in materials science. Such technology is especially important for semiconductor devices that require cost-effective, high-throughput fabrication, including thin-film solar cells and transistors on glass substrates as well as large-scale active photonic circuits on Si using back-end-of-line CMOS technology. This work demonstrates a CMOS-compatible method of fabricating high-quality germanium single crystals on amorphous silicon at low temperatures of <450 °C. Grain orientation selection by geometric confinement of polycrystalline germanium films selectively grown on amorphous silicon by chemical vapor deposition is presented, where the confinement selects the fast-growing grains for extended growth and eventually leads to single crystalline material. Germanium crystals grown using this method exhibit (110) texture and twin-mediated growth. A model of confined growth is developed to predict the optimal confining channel dimensions for consistent, single-crystal growth. Germanium films grown from one-dimensional confinement exhibit a 200% grain size increase at 1 μm film thickness compared to unconfined films, while 2D confinement growth achieved single crystal Ge. The area of single crystalline Ge on amorphous layers is only limited by the growth time. Significant enhancement in room temperature photoluminescence and reduction in residual carrier density have been achieved using confined growth, demonstrating excellent optoelectronic properties. This growth method is readily extensible to any materials system capable of selective non-epitaxial deposition, thus allowing for the fabrication of devices from high-quality single crystal material when only an amorphous substrate is available.
Polarographic Studies of some Antihistamine Compounds and some Official Iron Preparations

A group of antihistamine compounds has been studied, and the compounds have been found polarographically reducible. The polarographic reactions of a group of official iron preparations have also been studied, and a method for the polarographic determination of iron in these preparations has been developed. The method has as its basis the formation of a citrate-ferric ion complex and the comparison of polarographic wave heights of the sample and a similar reference solution of known iron content.
Proteolytic inactivation of dog lung surfactant-associated proteins by neutrophil elastase

Abstract The adsorption of pulmonary surfactant to an air/fluid interface is influenced by calcium-dependent interactions between its lipid and protein components. The latter include a glycoprotein of 28–36 kDa (SP-A) and two smaller hydrophobic proteins of 5–8 kDa (SP-B, SP-C). Neutrophil elastase and other proteolytic enzymes found in the alveolar washings in a variety of acute lung injuries may cleave the protein components of lung surfactant. To examine the hypothesis that free airspace elastolytic activity may thereby impair surfactant function, we analyzed the effect of neutrophil elastase on surfactant activity in vitro. The adsorption characteristics of dog surfactant and of complexes reassembled from purified surfactant components were examined after incubations with active or heat-inactivated neutrophil elastase. Surfactant preincubated with the active enzyme showed a marked concentration-dependent slowing of adsorption associated with proteolytic cleavage of SP-A. To determine whether elastase also decreases surface activity by affecting the hydrophobic proteins SP-B and SP-C, we studied the effect of incubating elastase with liposomes prepared from surfactant lipid fractions which contain SP-B and SP-C. The addition of intact SP-A to these liposomes incubated with inactive enzyme immediately enhanced adsorption speed. This enhancement was greatly attenuated in liposomes treated with active elastase, suggesting that one or both of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins had been affected by elastase. We conclude that proteolytic cleavage of surfactant proteins reduces adsorption speed in vitro and may disturb surfactant function in vivo.
Nonlinear magnitude and linear phase behaviors of T2* imaging: theoretical approximation and Monte Carlo simulation

article i nfo The underlying source of brain imaging by T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2*MRI) is the intracranial inhomogeneous tissue magnetic susceptibility (denoted by χ) that causes an inhomogeneous field map (via magnetization) in a main field. By decomposing T2*MRI into two steps, we understand that the 1st step from a χ source to a field map is a linear but non-isomorphic spatial mapping, and the 2nd step from the field map to a T2* image is a nonlinear mapping due to the trigonometric behavior of spin precession signals. The magnitude and phase calculations from a complex T2* image introduce additional nonlinearities. In this report, we look into the magnitude and phase behaviors of a T2* image (signal) by theoretical approximation and Monte Carlo simulation. We perform the 1st-order Taylor expansion on intravoxel dephasing formula of a T2* signal and show that the T2* magnitude is a quadratic mapping of the field map and T2* phase is a linear isomorphic mapping. By Monte Carlo simulation of T2*MRI for a span of echo times (with B0 = 3 T and TE = (0,120) ms), we first confirm the quadratic magnitude and linear phase behaviors in small phase angle regime (via TE b30 ms), and then provide more general magnitude and phase nonlinear behaviors in large phase angle scenarios (via TE N30 ms). By solving the inverse problem of T2*MRI, we demonstrate χ tomography and conclude that the χ source can be reliably reconstructed from a T2* phase image in a small phase angle regime.