cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence-aided privacy preserving trustworthy computation and communication in 5G-based IoT networks

Abstract 5G offers unprecedented bandwidth coupled with extremely low latency and an extraordinarily high density of connections as well as the increased efficiency and reliability. These are slated to support 5G-based IoT services such as basic safety, fuel-economy, entertainment, surveillance, etc., which are observed in many applications, like vehicular networks and smart healthcare systems. However, cyber-attacks to the 5G network architecture pose severe risks to communication and computational services. Thus, we need to develop mechanisms to enhance the current untrustworthy 5G networks as well as to preserve 5G privacy capabilities, which then makes 5G workable for the modern operations and activities of IoT networks. In this paper, we firstly present the recent trust management and privacy preservation mechanisms, which are usually used for the communications of IoT networks. Then, we develop the artificial intelligence (AI)-aided framework to address the joint privacy preserving trustworthy communication and computation in 5G-enabled IoT networks, which is neglected in the existing research works. Finally, we highlight the potential future directions and their corresponding trust and privacy challenges in 5G-enabled IoT networks.
Kay’s coat of many Colors

Kay’s face lit up when she realized that urban heat islands (UHI) were not actual bodies of land surrounded by water somewhere in the middle of a city. When she grasped the notion of “island” as a metaphor, she understood why she had never actually “seen” one, despite having lived all her life and having received all her schooling in urban settings. As she later explained, “An urban island is an island, well not really an island, but it’s a place where there is a lot of people so it makes it really hot.”
Human Populations: Evolution

Human populations began a separate evolutionary genetic trajectory about 6 million years ago, but the common ancestors of all modern human populations share a more recent past, and generally trace back to less than 1 million years ago. Estimating the exact age of these genetic ancestors, who likely came out of Africa and dispersed around the world, depends on the particular set of genes examined. Keywords: mitochondrial DNA; Y-DNA; paleoanthropology; dispersal; isolation; speciation; gene flow
A note on the essentiality of money under limited memory

I use a simplified version of Trejos and Wright's (1995) random matching environment to make a point about when fiat money is essential – that is, when the set of equilibrium outcomes is strictly larger with money than without. Under two natural forms of limited memory, money becomes essential when small, idiosyncratic shocks to production costs are introduced. Monetary equilibria approach full efficiency in the limit as agents become patient, while without money no trade is possible in equilibrium for any discount factor.
Culturally-Attuned Mentoring for Graduating Latina/o Social Workers to Foster Career Advancement

The underrepresentation of Latinas/os in the social work profession, especially in higher levels of administration, has been amply documented. Successful Latina/o professionals can address the need for Latina/o leadership in the field by mentoring new graduates and supporting their development and career planning as they enter the professional world. This article presents an innovative mentoring program for Latina/o social work professionals conceptualized and led by the Latina/o Network of the Latina/o Network of the Connecticut chapter of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW). The program matches a Latina/o master’s in social work graduating student with a senior Latina/o social work professional. The model of the mentoring program incorporates a coordinator, a liaison to each mentor-mentee dyad, a mentor-mentee developmental relationship, and group gatherings. A key aspect of the model is the attention to and inclusion of Latino cultural values of familismo, personalismo, confianza, and colectivismo, to foster the development of a sense of community. Empirical and anecdotal data illustrate the outcomes of the program. The implementation of the program, the lessons learned, and its applicability to other professionals and cultural groups are discussed.
Impacts of Columbia River discharge on salmonid habitat: 2. Changes in shallow-water habitat

[1] This is the second part of an investigation that analyzes human alteration of shallow-water habitat (SWH) available to juvenile salmonids in the tidal Lower Columbia River. Part 2 develops a one-dimensional, subtidal river stage model that explains ∼90% of the stage variance in the tidal river. This model and the tidal model developed in part 1 [Kukulka and Jay, 2003] uncouple the nonlinear interaction of river tides and river stage by referring both to external forcing by river discharge, ocean tides, and atmospheric pressure. Applying the two models, daily high-water levels were predicted for a reach from rkm-50 to rkm-90 during 1974 to 1998, the period of contemporary management. Predicted water levels were related to the bathymetry and topography to determine the changes in shallow-water habitat area (SWHA) caused by flood control dikes and altered flow management. Model results suggest that diking and a >40% reduction of peak flows have reduced SWHA by ∼62% during the crucial spring freshet period during which juvenile salmon use of SWHA is maximal. Taken individually, diking and flow cycle alteration reduced spring freshet SWHA by 52% and 29%, respectively. SWHA has been both displaced to lower elevations and modified in its character because tidal range has increased. Our models of these processes are economical for the very long simulations (seasons to centuries) needed to understand historic changes and climate impacts on SWH. Through analysis of the nonlinear processes controlling surface elevation in a tidal river, we have identified some of the mechanisms that link freshwater discharge to SWH and salmonid survival.
A spectrum of segmental multicystic renal dysplasia

Background. Multicystic renal dysplasia (MCDK) is a common anomaly well described in the literature, but less well described when involving only a portion of a kidney. Objective. To present the imaging spectrum, natural history and associated anomalies of six kidneys with segmental MCDK. Materials and methods. Five children with segmental MCDK (one with bilateral segmental MCDK) referred to our hospital between 1989 and 1996 were reviewed. All had at least one ultrasound examination. Four had a voiding cystogram and three had renal scintigraphy. Results. Four children had antenatal diagnosis of cystic renal abnormality. In two, with obvious duplex kidneys and associated ureteroceles, the diagnosis of upper moiety MCDK was obvious either antenatally or immediately postnatally. In the other three there were diagnostic difficulties. One patient had bilateral widespread cysts obscuring the functioning renal portions. Another presented in utero with a large ureterocele and a cystic upper pole that had involuted by birth. The fifth had a nephrectomy at 3 years for a multiloculated cystic mass. Varying degrees of involution occurred in the five kidneys seen early. Reflux was demonstrated into the ipsilateral functioning lower moiety and midpole. Conclusion. In these children as in other studies, the commonest presentation of segmental MCDK is in the upper pole of a duplex kidney associated with a ureterocele at the end of the atretic ureter. Atypical segmental MCDK may present a diagnostic dilemma and should be included in the differential diagnosis of multiloculated cystic masses and cystic kidneys.
Studies on fraction I protein. IV. Mode of inheritance of primary structure in relation to whether chloroplast or nuclear DNA contains the code for a chloroplast protein.

Abstract Tryptic peptides were resolved from the small subunit of highly purified Fraction I protein obtained from Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana glauca and four reciprocal, F1 hybrids: N. tabacum × N. glutinosa ; N. tabacum × N. glauca . Information for synthesis of an extra N. tabacum peptide was transferred by pollen to N. glutinosa egg cells and therefore the Mendelian mode of inheritance signifies nuclear DNA as containing the code for the primary structure of the small subunit. Two differences in peptides between N. tabacum and N. glauca were also inherited in a Mendelian manner. Transfer of the new N. tabacum information to N. glauca egg cells also supressed synthesis of the N. glauca type of Fraction I protein.
Accounting for the human in cyberspace: Effects of mood on trust in automation

The present study examined the effects of mood on trust in automation over time. Participants (N = 72) were induced into either a positive or negative mood and then completed a computer-based task that involved the assistance of an automated aid. Results indicated that mood had a significant impact on initial trust formation, but this impact diminishes as time and interaction with the automated aid increases. Implications regarding trust propensity and trustworthiness are discussed, as well as the dynamic effects of trust over time.
Sous vide cooking: A review

Abstract Sous vide is a method of cooking in vacuumized plastic pouches at precisely controlled temperatures. Precise temperature control gives more choice over doneness and texture than traditional cooking methods. Cooking in heat-stable, vacuumized pouches improves shelf-life and can enhance taste and nutrition. This article reviews the basic techniques, food safety, and science of sous vide cooking.
Quality of intrathecal baclofen from different sources.

Objective To compare the quality of intrathecal baclofen obtained from a national compounding pharmacy (AnazaoHealth) with the manufactured product (Lioresal) with regard to accuracy and precision of baclofen concentration, and the content of the baclofen degradation product, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (PYR). Design Samples of baclofen used for refilling intrathecal pumps were placed in 1.2-mL silicone gasket–sealed cryogenic vials and stored at or lower than −25°C. Each sample was a different lot number (Lioresal) or prescription number (AnazaoHealth). The laboratory was blinded to the source of the solutions. Coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analyte confirmation, quantitation of baclofen and PYR in each sample was performed in duplicate by using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection via a photodiode array detector. Setting Outpatient clinic. Participants Patients with intrathecal baclofen pumps. Main Outcome Measures Accuracy and precision of baclofen concentration, and concentration of PYR. Results The difference of mean concentrations from expected concentrations of 500 and 2000 μg/mL were significantly greater for samples from AnazaoHealth compared with Lioresal. Values are shown as mean (± standard error), with n the number samples, for AnazaoHealth compared with Lioresal: (537.1 ± 6.7 μg/mL [n = 8] versus 515.6 ± 0.82 μg/mL [n = 5]; P = .034, respectively) and (2211.4 ± 21.6 μg/mL [n = 12] versus 2055.3 ± 8.7 μg/mL [n = 4]; P = .004, respectively). AnazaoHealth samples with expected concentration of 4000 μg/mL were 3987.7 ± 79.9 μg/mL, n=7. All 9 Lioresal samples were within 5% of the expected concentration. Of 27 AnazaoHealth samples, 22 were more than 5%, and 8 were more than 10% different from the expected concentration. No PYR was detected in any sample from AnazaoHealth. All samples of Lioresal contained PYR, but all solutions contained less PYR than 1% of the baclofen concentration. Conclusions Lioresal was more accurate in concentration and more precise among batches than compounded intrathecal baclofen but had higher levels of PYR.
Surface Temperature Rise Induced by a Focused Laser Beam. Application to Laser-Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Surface temperatures of a laser-heated structure consisting of intersecting gold and nickel lines on an Si substrate with an SiO2 surface layer were determined experimentally and theoretically. Temperatures were measured with micron-sized thin-film thermocouples formed from intersecting gold and nickel lines. Temperature profiles were calculated using a finite difference method which took into account the optical and physical properties of the thermocouple metal lines, the silicon dioxide layer and the silicon substrate. For a 0.2 µm SiO2 layer, maximum surface temperatures were much higher with the metal lines than without because of the lower reflectivity of the gold relative to the silicon and the limited ability of the thin metal lines to conduct heat away from the irradiated region. Calculated maximum temperatures on the metal lines depended strongly on the thicknesses of the insulating SiO2 layer and the metal lines. Application of these results to the dynamics of laser-induced chemical vapor deposition is discussed.
Life Distributions Derived from Stochastic Hazard Functions

Most of the familiar time-to-failure distributions used today are derived from hazard functions whose parameters are assumed constant. An unconditional time-to-failure distribution is derived here by assuming that a parameter of a classical failure distribution (viz., exponential and Weibull) is a random variable with a known distribution. With the use of the derived compound distributions and Bayesian techniques, it is possible to join the test data with prior information to arrive at a combined, and possibly superior, estimate of reliability. The prior distributions considered here are the two-point, the uniform, and the gamma. Conceptually, such a scheme may be a more realistic model for describing failure patterns under specific conditions.
The Rulings of the Night An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts

The Rulings of the Night An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts. GREGORY G. MASKARINEC. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. xi + 276 pp., illustrations, figures, map, glossary, references, index.
Radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's-associated intramucosal carcinoma: a multi-center follow-up study.

Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), with or without endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), has been validated as a safe, effective and durable treatment option for dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Its durability in eradicating Barrett’s-associated intramucosal carcinoma (IMC), however, is unclear. We set out to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of RFA for IMC.
The effect of nature and number of alkyl groups in tetraalkyl ammonium cations acting as templates during the synthesis of ZSM-5

Computer simulation studies have been applied to investigate the effect of alkyl groups in the structure directing property of the tetraalkyl ammonium cations (TAA) acting as templates during the synthesis of ZSM-5. The interaction between the model compounds has been studied to mimic the alkyl groups of the template molecule and the ZSM-5 framework as the nature and number of alkyl groups vary. Different cluster models were considered to study the extent of interaction with model compounds. The results of MNDO calculations show that the efficiency of TAA as template is dependent on the number and nature of alkyl groups present in them. The procedures used can successfully identify optimum templates for a given host and have applications in the synthesis of new microporous materials.
Steady fall of bodies of arbitrary shape in a second-order fluid at zero reynolds number

We study the slow motion of rigid bodies of arbitrary shape sedimenting in a quiescent viscoelastic liquid under the action of gravity. The liquid is modeled by the second-order fluid equations. We show existence of steady state solutions for small Weissenberg numbers. The case of pure translational motions is analyzed for specific geometric symmetries of the body and this allows us to show that the sedimentation behavior can be dramatically different between Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids.
Age determination and growth of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo: a comparison of two populations

From July 1982 to December 1986, a study of the age and growth of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo was conducted in Tampa and Florida Bays, Florida, USA. Tetracycline-injected sharks held in captivity and, to a lesser extent, tagged, released and recaptured, were utilized for validating the annual nature of the rings (herein defined as the narrow, translucent regions) appearing on vertebral centra. The technique was validated for all age groups (0 to 6+yr) included in the study. Marginal increment analysis likewise suggested annual ring formation. The rings formed during the winter, when water temperatures were lowest. Using the vertebral ring aging-technique, von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females from both tampa and Florida Bays were constructed. Growth of sharks born and held in captivity demonstrated that the male and female growth curves diverge after ∼1 yr and that mean sizes at age are statistically distinct after ∼2 yr. In both populations, females grew to larger sizes tha males and apparently are longer-lived. Reproductively mature females from Tampa Bay were significantly larger than those from Florida Bay.
The effect of grain size and strain on the tensile flow stress of quenched aluminum

Abstract Tensile stress-strain data over the whole strain range were obtained at room temperature for slowly-cooled, for as-quenched and for quenched and aged pure aluminum. Transmission electron microscopy was performed for as-quenched and quenched and aged Al. The influence of grain size and strain on the strengthening of quenched and aged Al was analyzed in terms of the interaction of vacancies with grain boundaries, leading to different structure and different dislocation behavior in grain interiors and near grain boundaries. This approach gives a satisfactory quantitative description of the effect of grain size on the yield stress. The strengthening of as-quenched Al is also discussed.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Covalent Attachment of Plastocyanin to Photosystem I

A simple photocatalytic hydrogen-evolving system is reported based on intermolecular electron transfer using isolated Photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers as the photoactive element. The system is composed of platinized PSI covalently linked to plastocyanin (PC). Water-soluble sodium ascorbate is the electron donor. PC was attached to PSI by formation of peptide bonds with the cross-linking reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. Compared to the unlinked proteins, cross-linking of PC and PSI resulted in a substantial increase in light-driven reduction of hexachloroplatinate ions (PtCl62- + 4e- → Pt↓ + 6Cl-). Hydrogen photoevolution by cross-linked PC−platinized PSI was increased 3-fold both in initial rate and total yield. Analysis of the reaction indicates that covalent linkage of PC to PSI results in a greater rate of total electron throughput from sodium ascorbate to light-activated hydrogen evolution. In addition, although photocatalytic hydrogen-evolving activity was eas...
Evaluating the performance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention core Health-Related Quality of Life scale with adolescents.

Objective.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's core Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) scale using data from 5,520 publi...
Microsphere-filled lightweight calcium phosphate cements

The incorporation of inorganic and organic microsphere fillers into calcium phosphate cement (CPC) to produce lightweight cementitious materials that could be used under hydrothermal conditions at high temperatures between 200 and 1000 °C was investigated. An aluminosilicate based hollow microsphere, with a density of 0.67 gcm−3 and a particle size of 75–200 μm, was the most suitable having a low slurry density of ∩1.3 gcm−3, and a compressive strength greater than 6.89 M Pa. This microsphere-filled lightweight CPC exhibited the following characteristics: 1. after autoclaving at 200 °C, amorphous ammonium calcium orthophosphate (AmCOP) salt and Al2O3·xH20 gel phases, formed by the reaction between calcium aluminate cement and an NH4H2P04 based fertilizer, were primarily responsible for the development of strength; 2. at a hydrothermal temperature of 300 °C, the microsphere shell moderately reacted with the CPC to form an intermediate reaction product, epistilbite (EP), while crystalline hydroxyapatite (HOAp) and boehmite (BO) were yielded by the phase transformations of AmCOP and Al2O3·xH2O, respectively; 3. at an annealing temperature of 600 °C, the HOAp phase remained in the cement body, even though an EP →anorthite (AN) phase transition occurred; 4. at 1000 °C, the phase conversion of HOAp into whitlockite was completed, while the AN phase was eliminated; and 5. the microsphere demonstrated excellent thermal stability up to temperatures of 1000 °C.
Hemodynamic, pharmacokinetic and clinical response to CI-930 in congestive heart failure due to ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy

CI-930, a new type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was evaluated for treatment of refractory congestive heart failure. The hemodynamic, pharmacokinetic and clinical response to the drug was determined in 10 patients. At the peak plasma concentration after intravenous CI-930, cardiac index increased from 2.0 to 2.7 liters/min/m2 (p < 0.002), pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 26 to 17 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and systemic vascular resistance decreased from 1,999 to 1,471 dynes cm−5 (p < 0.05). Heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly. Similar changes were observed with oral CI-930. Peak CI-930 plasma concentration occurred 1.2 ± 0.8 hours after oral administration. Beneficial hemodynamic effects were sustained 12 to 18 hours after the oral dose. The sustained hemodynamic effects observed after oral administration appear to be related to an active metabolite of CI-930 that has prolonged duration of action and slow washout. The drug was well tolerated and has potential for treatment of congestive heart failure.
Different exported proteins in E. coli show differences in the temporal mode of processing in vivo

A number of exported proteins in E. coli, both periplasmic proteins and proteins of the outer membrane, were examined to determine when removal of the "signal sequence" occurs in vivo. One protein was processed entirely cotranslationally (amp C beta-lactamase) and one was processed entirely post-translationally (TEM beta-lactamase). The others (maltose-binding protein, arabinose-binding protein, omp A protein, lam B protein and alkaline phosphatase) showed both modes of processing, although the amount of cotranslational processing varied considerably among the individual proteins of this class. When processing occurred cotranslationally, the proteolytic removal of the "signal" was a late event. For four of the proteins studied, processing was initiated only after the polypeptides had been elongated to approximately 80% of their full length.
Lung Edema Clearance: 20 Years of Progress. Invited review: Role of aquaporin water channels in fluid transport in lung and airways

Water transport across epithelial and endothelial barriers in bronchopulmonary tissues occurs during airway hydration, alveolar fluid transport, and submucosal gland secretion. Many of the tissues ...
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Histidine 238 in Mouse Adenosine Deaminase: Substitution of Histidine 238 Does Not Impede Hydroxylate Formation†,‡

His 238, a conserved amino acid located in hydrogen-bonding distance from C-6 of the substrate in the active site of murine adenosine deaminase (mADA) and postulated to play an important role in catalysis, was altered into an alanine, a glutamate, and an arginine using site-directed mutagenesis. The Ala and Glu substitutions did not result in changes of the secondary or tertiary structure, while the Arg mutation caused local perturbations in tertiary structure and quenched the emission of one or more enzyme tryptophans. Neither the Glu or Arg mutations affected substrate binding affinity. By contrast, the Ala mutation enhanced substrate and inhibitor binding by 20-fold. The most inactive of the mutants, Glu 238, had a kcat/Km 4 × 10-6 lower than the wild-type value, suggesting that a positive charge on His 238 is important for proper catalytic function. The Ala 238 mutant was the most active ADA, with a kcat/Km 2 × 10-3 lower than the wild-type value. NMR spectroscopy and crystallography revealed that thi...
ArraySearch: A Web-Based Genomic Search Engine

Recent advances in microarray technologies have resulted in a flood of genomics data. This large body of accumulated data could be used as a knowledge base to help researchers interpret new experimental data. ArraySearch finds statistical correlations between newly observed gene expression profiles and the huge source of well-characterized expression signatures deposited in the public domain. A search query of a list of genes will return experiments on which the genes are significantly up- or downregulated collectively. Searches can also be conducted using gene expression signatures from new experiments. This resource will empower biological researchers with a statistical method to explore expression data from their own research by comparing it with expression signatures from a large public archive.
Estimation using quaternion probability densities on the unit hypersphere

Techniques have been developed for carrying out manipulations of quaternion probability densities that are defined only on the unit hypersphere. The goal is to generalize standard probabilistic concepts so that Monte-Carlo-type methods can be used with quaternion attitude representations. The optimal quaternion estimate is not the simple expectation value. Instead, it is the unit-normalized minimum mean-squared error estimate, with squared error defined as the square of the sine of half of the total attitude error. This definition causes the optimal quaternion estimate to equal the normalized eigenvector that is associated with the largest eigenvalue of the second moment of the quaternion distribution. The other three eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the second moment model the covariance of the first three components of the multiplicative error quaternion. Thus, the quaternion second moment contains both the optimal quaternion estimate and its error covariance. This estimation technique is used to solve a simulated batch GPS attitude determination problem using a particle computation. Accuracies commensurate with traditional methods can be achieved by performing a Monte-Carlo calculation of the quaternion second moment. An additional contribution is a new quaternion probability density function whose formula is defined solely in terms of its second moment.
Proof by consistency

Abstract Advances of the past decade in methods and computer programs for showing consistency of proof systems based on first-order equations have made it feasible, in some settings, to use proof by consistency as an alternative to conventional rules of inference. Musser described the method applied to proof of properties of inductively defined objects. Refinements of this inductionless induction method were discussed by Kapur, Goguen, Huet and Hullot, Huet and Oppen, Lankford, Dershowitz, Paul, and more recently by Jouannaud and Kounalis as well as by Kapur, Narendran and Zhang. This paper gives a very general account of proof by consistency and inductionless induction, and shows how previous results can be derived simply from the general theory. New results include a theorem giving characterizations of an unambiguity property that is key to applicability of proof by consistency, and a theorem similar to the Birkhoff's Completeness Theorem for equational proof systems, but concerning inductive proof.
On global SL(2,R) symmetries of differential operators

Abstract This paper studies the Lie symmetries of the equation ∂ x 2 + ax - 1 ∂ x + b ∂ t f ( x , t ) = 0 . Generically the symmetry group is s l ( 2 , R ) . In particular, we show the local action of the symmetry group extends to a global representation of SL ( 2 , R ) on an appropriate subspace of smooth solutions. In fact, every principal series is realized in this way. Moreover, this subspace is naturally described in terms of sections of an appropriate line bundle on which the given differential operator is intimately related to the Casimir element.
Antigenicity and vaccine potential of Marburg virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus recombinants.

Abstract There is no effective vaccine for Marburg virus (MBGV) or any other filovirus, nor enough pertinent information to expedite rational vaccine development. To ascertain some of the minimal requirements for a MBGV vaccine, we determined whether whole inactivated MBGV, or a baculovirus-expressed virion subunit, could be used to immunize guinea pigs against a lethal infection. Baculovirus recombinants were made to express the MBGV glycoprotein (GP) either as a full-length, cell-associated molecule or a slightly truncated (5.4%) product secreted into medium; the latter, for its far greater ease in manipulation, was tested for its vaccine potential. Like MBGV GP, both the full-length and truncated GP expressed by baculovirus recombinants were abundantly glycosylated with both N- and O-linked glycans; differences in glycosylation were detectable, but these could not be shown to affect antigenicity with respect to available antibodies. The recombinant truncated glycoprotein elicited protection against lethal challenge with the MBGV isolate from which it was constructed and less effectively against an antigenically disparate MBGV isolate. Killed (irradiated) MBGV antigen was protective, in a reciprocal fashion, against both MBGV types. In a preliminary assessment of possible protective mechanisms, serum antibodies from immune animals were shown to be sufficient for protecting naive guinea pigs from lethal MBGV infection.
Ternary oxides of the actinides with alkali and alkaline earth elements: stability and acid–base relationships

Abstract Enthalpies of formation of many ternary uranium oxides were determined by solution calorimetry by O’Hare, Cordfunke, and others between 1967 and 1988. These authors achieved accurate results by using pure starting materials, synthesizing nearly phase-pure crystalline products, developing appropriate thermochemical cycles, and controlling calorimetric conditions. Their studies provided a foundation for subsequent calorimetric studies of ternary lanthanide and actinide oxides with alkali and alkaline earth elements. These studies generated a substantial thermochemical database for the ternary oxides of transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides. In this paper, the stability of several families of ternary actinide oxides is correlated in terms of the enthalpy of reactions such as AO(s) + BO 2 (s) = ABO 3 (s) (AO = alkaline earth oxide, BO 2 = oxide of tetravalent actinide) combined with an acidity scale for binary oxides that is based on the enthalpies of formation of the oxides. The success in correlating of enthalpies of formation of ternary actinide oxides with oxide acidities enhances the value of well-determined experimental thermochemical and structural properties of these materials.
The influence of pubertal timing on bone mass acquisition: a predetermined trajectory detectable five years before menarche.

Background: Later menarcheal age (MENA) is a risk factor for osteoporosis. It is associated with low peak bone mass (PBM). Like PBM, MENA is under strong genetic influence. We hypothesized that MENA-related bone mass differences could be predetermined before puberty. Methods: We tested this hypothesis in 124 healthy subjects followed from age 7.9 to 20.4 yr with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment at mean ages of 8.9, 10.0, 12.4, and 16.4 yr. Six sites were measured: radial metaphysis, radial diaphysis, femoral neck, trochanter, femoral diaphysis, and L2–L4. Mean MENA (±sd) was 13.0 ± 1.2 yr. The cohort was segregated by the median of MENA into LATER (14.0 ± 0.7 yr) and EARLIER (12.1 ± 0.7 yr) subgroups. Results: At 20.4 ± 0.6 yr, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was lower in the LATER than the EARLIER subgroup at all six sites, with a mean difference of −0.31 Z-score (P = 0.022). Lower Z-scores in the LATER than in the EARLIER subgroup were observed at all sites at mean ages of 10.0, 12.4, and 1...
A numerical study of developing slurry flow in the entrance region of a horizontal pipe

Abstract In this paper, a simplified 3-D algebraic slip mixture (ASM) model was introduced to obtain the numerical solution in sand–water slurry flow. In order for the study to obtain the precise numerical solution in fully developed turbulent flow, the RNG k – e turbulent model was used with the algebraic slip mixture model. An unstructured (block-structured), non-uniform grid was chosen to discretize the entire computation domain, and a control volume finite difference method (CVFDM) was applied to solve the governing equations. The mean pressure gradients from the numerical solution in the fully developed turbulent flow were compared with the authors’ experimental data and that in the open literature to validate the simulation results. The solutions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The numerical investigations have focused mainly on illustrating and comparing the developing processes of volume fraction and density distributions, mean velocity profiles, and mean skin friction coefficient distributions in the entrance region. It was found that the difference of friction factors between single- and double-species slurries increases along flow direction in most part of the entrance region.
Two third-year medical student-level laboratory shock exercises without large animals.

Background: Historically, medical schools have taught principles of hemodynamic shock using large animal models. Such exercises are infrequent today due to the increasing aversion of students and t...
A stochastic covariate failure model for assessing system reliability

Many failure mechanisms can be traced to an underlying deterioration process, and stochastically changing covariates may influence this process. In this paper we propose an alternative model for assessing a system's reliability. The proposed model expresses the failure time of a system in terms of a deterioration process and covariates. When it is possible to measure deterioration as well as covariates, our model provides more information than failure time for the purpose of assessing and improving system reliability. We give several properties of our proposed model and also provide an example.
Structural characterization of the enzyme-substrate, enzyme-intermediate, and enzyme-product complexes of thiamin phosphate synthase.

Thiamin phosphate synthase catalyzes the formation of thiamin phosphate from 4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate and 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole phosphate. Several lines of evidence suggest that the reaction proceeds via a dissociative mechanism. The previously determined crystal structure of thiamin phosphate synthase in complex with the reaction products, thiamin phosphate and magnesium pyrophosphate, provided a view of the active site and suggested a number of additional experiments. We report here seven new crystal structures primarily involving crystals of S130A thiamin phosphate synthase soaked in solutions containing substrates or products. We prepared S130A thiamin phosphate synthase with the intent of characterizing the enzyme−substrate complex. Surprisingly, in three thiamin phosphate synthase structures, the active site density cannot be modeled as either substrates or products. For these structures, the best fit to the electron density is provided by a model that consists of independent pyrimidine, pyrophosphate, and thiazole phosphate fragments, consistent with a carbenium ion intermediate. The resulting carbenium ion is likely to be further stabilized by proton transfer from the pyrimidine amino group to the pyrophosphate to give the pyrimidine iminemethide, which we believe is the species that is observed in the crystal structures.
Increased proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to anti-immunoglobulin antibodies in elderly people.

Abstract The proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from young adults (average age, 29 years) and from healthy elderly individuals (average age, 78 years) to anti-immunoglobulin antibodies (anti-Ig), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was measured. Elderly individuals responded better to anti-Ig than young subjects, while young subjects responded better to PHA and PWM. There was no difference in terms of Con A. These results suggest that in terms of lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA and to anti-Ig, elderly subjects have “hyporeactive” thymus-derived or T cells and “hyperreactive” bone marrow-derived or B cells. There was no relationship between the response to anti-Ig in the elderly subjects and serum immunoglobulin levels or the presence of serum autoantibodies. These differences between young and old people may be due to a loss of thymic influence that occurs with age.
ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN EXCRETION BASED ON ABBREVIATED URINARY COLLECTIONS IN PATIENTS ON CONTINUOUS PARENTERAL NUTRITION

The physiologic response to stress can create a net loss of nitrogen, which is indicative of a catabolic state. Nitrogen balance has been demonstrated to be a useful clinical indicator of a patient's catabolic state and the effectiveness of parenteral nutrition, but requires an estimate of total urinary nitrogen excretion. The standard method for determining total urinary nitrogen excretion is 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen excretion. Unfortunately, the 24-hour urine collection is inconvenient, cumbersome, sometimes inaccurate, and induces a lag in response time to changes in therapy. Although shorter collection times have been proposed, the validity of shorter-timed determinations remains open to question. To evaluate the estimation of 24-hour urine urea excretion from shorter-timed determinations, the urinary urea nitrogen excretion of 4-, 8-, and 12-hour durations was regressed against the 24-hour collection in 56 critically ill adult patients. The 12-hour determination provided satisfactory estimates of the 24-hour nitrogen excretion, but the 4-hour and 8-hour determinations did not. Thus, two times the 12-hour urine urea nitrogen determination can be substituted for the 24-hour determination in calculating nitrogen balance. A 12-hour determination can provide a more rapid turnaround of biochemical analysis, allow more timely nutritional intervention, decrease nursing time, and reduce the frequency of inaccurate or lost specimens.
Maternal and Cord Serum Cytokine Changes with Continuous and Intermittent Labor Epidural Analgesia: A Randomized Study

Background. Maternal fever during labor epidural analgesia (LEA) may cause increased maternal and cord serum inflammatory cytokines. We report the effects of intermittent and continuous LEA on these cytokines. Methods. Ninety-two women were randomly assigned to continuous (CLEA) or intermittent (ILEA) groups, 46 in each. Maternal temperature was checked and blood drawn at epidural insertion (baseline) and four-hourly until 4 h postpartum (4 PP). Cord blood was drawn after placental delivery. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured and analyzed according to group randomization, and then combined and reanalyzed as febrile (temperature ≥38°C) or afebrile groups. Results. Significant intragroup changes from baseline were noted in some groups. Data are pg/mL, median (Q1/Q3). IL-6 rose at all time points in all groups. CLEA: baseline: 18.5 (12.5/31.1), 4 h: 80.0 (46.3/110.8), 8 h: 171.9 (145.3/234.3), and 4 PP: 81 (55.7/137.4). ILEA: baseline: 15.7 (10.2/27.1), 4 h: 68.2 (33.3/95.0), 8 h: 125.0 (86.3/195.0), and 4 PP: 70.2 (54.8/103.6). Febrile group: baseline: 21.6 (13.8/40.9), 4 h: 83.9 (47.5/120.8), 8 h: 186.7 (149.6/349.9), and 4 PP: 105.8 (65.7/158.8). Afebrile group: baseline: 10.9 (2.1/17.4), 4 h: 38.2 (15.0/68.2), 8 h: 93.8 (57.1/135.7), and 4 PP: 52.9 (25.1/78). IL-8 rose at all time points in CLEA: baseline: 2.68 (0.0/4.3), 4 h: 3.7 (0.0/6.5), 8 h: 6.0 (3.3/9.6), 4 PP: 5.6 (0.8/8.0), and afebrile group baseline: 2.5 (0.0/4.7), 4 h: 3.3 (0.0/6.2), 8 h: 5.3 (1.9/9.8), and 4 PP: 4.7 (0.0/7.6). It fell at 4 PP in febrile group: baseline: 4.1 (0.0/6.4), 4 h: 3.8 (0.0/6.5), 8 h: 5.2 (2.5/8.0), and 4 PP: 2.9 (0.0/4.0). GM-CSF increased at 8 h and decreased at 4 PP in ILEA baseline: 2.73 (0.0/7.2), 4 h: 2.73 (0.0/7.9), 8 h: 3.9 (2.7/11.5), and 4 PP: 2.0 (0.0/7.2). It increased at 4 h and 8 h and decreased at 4 PP in febrile group: baseline: 2.6 (0.0/4.2), 4 h: 3.2 (2.1/7.0), 8 h: 4.0 (3.2/12.3), and 4 PP: 2.4 (1.7/12.6). There were no intergroup cytokine changes in maternal or cord serum in CLEA versus ILEA or febrile versus afebrile groups. Conclusions. Some cytokines, especially IL-6, rise physiologically during labor epidural analgesia.
Transport of colloidal particles over energy barriers

Etude systematique de l'influence de l'epaisseur de la couche de diffusion et du domaine des forces d'interaction sur le depot des particules colloidales au-dela des barrieres d'energie
Comparison between morphologic changes seen on high-resolution CT and regional pulmonary perfusion seen on SPECT in patients with cystic fibrosis

Objective. To evaluate the relationship between morphologic findings seen on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lung and regional lung perfusion depicted on single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) pulmonary perfusion imaging in patients with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods. Ten HRCT and 10 technetium-99 m macroaggregated albumin SPECT pulmonary perfusion imaging studies were performed on eight young adult patients who were considered to be clinically well and have mild to moderate cystic fibrosis. HRCT scans of the chest were evaluated using a CT scoring system which included grading of bronchiectasis, peribronchial thickening, hyperlucency, bullae, collapse/consolidation, and mucus plugging. Each lung was divided into six anatomic zones which were independently scored. A lung perfusion score (between 0 and 100), reflecting the percentage of compromised lung, was estimated for each zone. Axial lung perfusion SPECT images were matched anatomically to HRCT images. Lung function was considered compromised when the counts per pixel were less than 25 % of the count level seen in an area of the same patient's lung which was judged to be normal. Results. There was a statistically significant relationship (P = 0.0001) between HRCT total scores and SPECT lung perfusion scores as well as between hyperlucency scores by HRCT and the SPECT lung perfusion scores. However, the HRCT score was a poor predictor of the lung perfusion score in zones with intermediate HRCT scores, which constituted 106 of 120 zones. Conclusion. Morphologic changes depicted by HRCT correlate with decreased lung pefusion on SPECT. However, HRCT changes accurately predict regional lung function only in the most normal and severely diseased lung zones.
Ovarian cancer patient surveillance after curative-intent initial treatment

Abstract Objective Patient surveillance after potentially curative treatment of ovarian carcinoma has important clinical and financial implications for patients and society. The optimal intensity of surveillance for these patients is unknown. We aimed to document the current follow-up practice patterns of gynecologic oncologists. Methods We created four idealized vignettes describing patients with stages I–III ovarian cancer. We mailed a custom-designed survey instrument based on the vignettes to the members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO). SGO members were asked, via this instrument, how often they requested 11 discrete follow-up evaluations for their patients for the first 10 postoperative years after treatment with curative intent. Results We received 283 evaluable responses (30%) from the 943 SGO members and candidate members. The most frequently performed items for each year were office visit, pelvic examination, and serum CA-125 level. Imaging studies such as chest X-ray, abdominal–pelvic CT, chest CT, abdominal–pelvic MRI, and transvaginal ultrasound were rarely recommended. There was marked variation in the frequency of use of most tests. There was a decrease in the frequency of testing over time for all modalities. Conclusion This dataset provides detailed documentation of the self-reported surveillance practices of highly credentialed experts who manage patients with ovarian cancer in the 21st century. The optimal follow-up strategy remains unknown and controversial. Our survey showed marked variation in surveillance intensity. Identifying the sources of this variation warrants further research.
The Neglected Aspect of Foreign Affairs, by Charles Frankel. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1966. 148 pp. $5.00 Hardbound

(1967). The Neglected Aspect of Foreign Affairs, by Charles Frankel. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1966. 148 pp. $5.00 Hardbound. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 114-117.
Classification of weld flaws with imbalanced class data

This paper presents research results of our investigation of the imbalanced data problem in the classification of different types of weld flaws, a multi-class classification problem. The one-against-all scheme is adopted to carry out multi-class classification and three algorithms including minimum distance, nearest neighbors, and fuzzy nearest neighbors are employed as the classifiers. The effectiveness of 22 data preprocessing methods for dealing with imbalanced data is evaluated in terms of eight evaluation criteria to determine whether any method would emerge to dominate the others. The test results indicate that: (1) nearest neighbor classifiers outperform the minimum distance classifier; (2) some data preprocessing methods do not improve any criterion and they vary from one classifier to another; (3) the combination of using the AHC_KM data preprocessing method with the 1-NN classifier is the best because they together produce the best performance in six of eight evaluation criteria; and (4) the most difficult weld flaw type to recognize is crack.
Burden among male caregivers assisting people with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background: Caregiver burden is a multidimensional response to many factors associated with providing assistance to people with multiple sclerosis (MS), including physical, psychological, emotional, and social stressors. Objective: The aim of this analysis was to identify the characteristics of male informal caregivers, the assistance provided, and the people receiving assistance who were associated with the burden of care. Methods: Data were collected from a national survey (which included the Mental Component Summary of the SF-8 Health Survey) of informal caregivers and analyzed using an ordered logistic regression model to identify characteristics associated with burden among male informal caregivers. Results: Greater burden among male caregivers was associated with significantly greater hours per week providing assistance (P = 0.009) and significantly greater restriction on the caregiver's ability to perform daily activities (P Conclusions: Our findings highlight the strong association of caregiver burden and the Mental Component Summary of the SF-8. Reducing burden may improve the mental health of informal caregivers. Health professionals treating either male caregivers or people with MS should be sensitive to the impact that providing assistance has on the mental health of informal caregivers.