cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Passive Measurement of Physiological Distress Help Better Predict Suicidal Thinking

There has been growing interest in using wearable physiological monitors to passively detect the signals of distress (i.e., increases in autonomic arousal measured through increased electrodermal activity [EDA]) that may be imminently associated with suicidal thoughts. Before using these monitors in advanced applications such as creating suicide risk detection algorithms or just-in-time interventions, several preliminary questions must be answered. Specifically, we lack information about whether: (1) EDA concurrently and prospectively predicts suicidal thinking and (2) data on EDA adds to the ability to predict the presence and severity of suicidal thinking over and above self-reports of emotional distress. Participants were suicidal psychiatric inpatients (n = 25, 56% female, M age = 33.48 years) who completed six daily assessments of negative affect and suicidal thinking duration of their psychiatric inpatient stay and 28 days post-discharge, and wore on their wrist a physiological monitor (Empatica Embrace) that passively detects autonomic activity. We found that physiological data alone both concurrently and prospectively predicted periods of suicidal thinking, but models with physiological data alone had the poorest fit. Adding physiological data to self-report models improved fit when the outcome variable was severity of suicidal thinking, but worsened model fit when the outcome was presence of suicidal thinking. When predicting severity of suicidal thinking, physiological data improved model fit more for models with non-overlapping self-report data (i.e., low arousal negative affect) than for overlapping self-report data (i.e., high arousal negative affect). These findings suggest that physiological data, under certain contexts (e.g., when combined with self-report data), may be useful in better predicting-and ultimately, preventing-acute increases in suicide risk. However, some cautious optimism is warranted since physiological data do not always improve our ability to predict suicidal thinking.
Palliative Care Training in Surgical Oncology and Hepatobiliary Fellowships: A National Survey of Program Directors.

Despite previous literature affirming the importance of palliative care training in surgery, there is scarce literature about the readiness of Surgical Oncology and hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) fellows to provide such care. We performed the first nationally representative study of surgical fellowship program directors’ assessment of palliative care education. The aim was to capture attitudes about the perception of palliative care and disparity between technical/clinical education and palliative care training. A survey originally used to assess surgical oncology and HPB surgery fellows’ training in palliative care, was modified and sent to Program Directors of respective fellowships. The final survey consisted of 22 items and was completed online. Surveys were completed by 28 fellowship programs (70 % response rate). Only 60 % offered any formal teaching in pain management, delivering bad news or discussion about prognosis. Fifty-eight percent offered formal training in basic communication skills and 43 % training in conducting family conferences. Resources were available, with 100 % of the programs having a palliative care consultation service, 42 % having a faculty member with recognized clinical interest/expertise in palliative care, and 35 % having a faculty member board-certified in Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Our data shows HPB and surgical oncology fellowship programs are providing insufficient education and assessment in palliative care. This is not due to a shortage of faculty, palliative care resources, or teaching opportunities. Greater focus one valuation and development of strategies for teaching palliative care in surgical fellowships are needed.
Transformer tunnels: a framework for providing route-specific adaptations

In a network using links with diverse properties, a packet flow that is fine tuned for some links (by selecting a proper packet size, transmission rate, encryption method, etc.) may be inappropriate for other links. Ability to change the flow properties over segments of the network allows flows with different characteristics to coexist; making it possible to adapt to diverse link properties. Application-specific adaptation mechanisms (such as proxies) do not force adaptations on every packet flowing over the link and are therefore insufficient for this purpose. We propose the concept of transformer tunnels that force adaptations on all the packets flowing through them. Transformer tunnels can coexist with proxies because the adaptations provided by both are independent of each other. Transformer tunnels provide adaptations by means of transformation functions. By attaching various transformation functions to such tunnels, we can efficiently fine tune the flow properties. We also provide an API for developing transformation functions. We have implemented transformer tunnels and have used them in our wireless network. In this paper, we present the effects on mobile hosts that use this mechanism to transform flows over the last-hop link for reducing losses during handoffs, and for improving the link utilization.
SO(10) Unification of Color Superconductivity and Chiral Symmetry Breaking

Motivated by the SO(5) theory of high-temperature superconductivity and antiferromagnetism, we ask if an SO(10) theory unifies color superconductivity and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD. The transition to the color superconducting phase would then be analogous to a spin flop transition. While the spin flop transition generically has a unified SO(3) description, the SO(5) and SO(10) symmetric fixed points are unstable, at least in (4 - epsilon) dimensions, and require the fine-tuning of one additional relevant parameter. If QCD is near the SO(10) fixed point, it has interesting consequences for heavy ion collisions and neutron stars.
High-speed interconnect technology: on-chip and off-chip

Computing needs for business, communications and gaming applications continue to increase. Innovative IC processing and fabrication techniques developed by researchers from around the globe have allowed microprocessor manufacturers to continue their technology scaling trends such that current processors have hundreds of millions of transistors and have clock rates in multiple giga-Hertz. However, interconnect delays, both on-chip and off-chip, are quickly becoming the bottleneck and will limit the maximum performance attainable from device scaling. On-chip RC and RLC delays are becoming significantly larger than gate delays, forcing circuit designers to alter basic design methodologies and system designers to alter traditional architectures and design paradigms. This tutorial provides both timely and relevant information for both on-chip and off-chip interconnect technologies. Topics covered in this tutorial include on-chip wire modeling, delay calculations, optimization and design techniques; off-chip interconnect and cross-talk modeling, high-speed I/O transceivers and drivers, binary and multi-level signaling, clock and data recovery circuits, jitter and phase noise modeling. The speakers bring both academic and industrial experience to bear on this critical topic. The tutorial is aimed at senior students and practicing engineers interested in high-performance circuit designs.
Unruly scalp hair in infancy: its nature and relevance to problems of brain morphogenesis.

A relationship has been deduced between aberrant scalp hair directional patterning and problems in early brain development and function. The unusual scalp hair patterns noted by Smith and Gong1,2 were frontal upsweep and aberrant parietal whorl(s). The purpose of this article is to report a third type of unusual scalp hair patterning, unruly hair over the top of the scalp, and its association with problems in brain development. This feature was initially observed by Freund in 1910,3 who noted its association with neuropathic dysfunction in infants. METHODS The definition of unruly hair is that which naturally and persistently tends to stand up over the top of the head from the area of the posterior parietal whorl toward the frontal hairline.
TLR3- and Th2 Cytokine-Dependent Production of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is elevated in asthma and triggers dendritic cell-mediated activation of Th2 inflammatory responses. Although TSLP has been shown to be produced mainly by airway epithelial cells, the regulation of epithelial TSLP expression has not been extensively studied. We investigated the expression of TSLP in cytokine- or TLR ligand-treated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). The mRNA for TSLP was significantly up-regulated by stimulation with IL-4 (5.5-fold) and IL-13 (5.3-fold), weakly up-regulated by TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-β, and not affected by IFN-γ in NHBE. TSLP mRNA was only significantly up-regulated by the TLR3 ligand (dsRNA) among the TLR ligands tested (66.8-fold). TSLP was also induced by in vitro infection with rhinovirus. TSLP protein was detected after stimulation with dsRNA (120 ± 23 pg/ml). The combination of TNF-α and IL-4 produced detectable levels of TSLP protein (40 ± 13 pg/ml). In addition, TSLP was synergistically enhanced by a combination of IL-4 and dsRNA (mRNA; 207-fold, protein; 325 ± 75 pg/ml). The induction of TSLP by dsRNA was dependent upon NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling via TLR3 as indicated by a study with small interfering RNA. The potent topical glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate significantly suppressed dsRNA-dependent TSLP production in NHBE. These results suggest that the expression of TSLP is induced in airway epithelial cells by stimulation with the TLR3 ligand and Th2 cytokines and that this response is suppressed by glucocorticoid treatment. This implies that respiratory viral infection and the recruitment of Th2 cytokine producing cells may amplify Th2 inflammation via the induction of TSLP in the asthmatic airway.
Anisotropy of oxygen tracer diffusion in single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ

Oxygen tracer diffusion has been measured in single-crystalline ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ from 300 to 650 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C in the c direction, at a few temperatures in the ab plane of twinned crystals, and in the b direction of an untwinned crystal. The diffusion coefficient in the c direction, ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{c}}$, is \ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{6}$ lower than the diffusion coefficient in polycrystals at 400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and diffusion in the b direction is at least 100 times faster than diffusion in the a direction at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in polycrystals is, within an experimental uncertainty of a factor of 2, independent of oxygen partial pressure at 400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, in agreement with previous results measured at 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Some suggestions are presented on the mechanism of diffusion, the relation of diffusion and internal friction in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, and on the meaning of the activation energy.
Positive linear operators which preserve x2

A sequence of positive linear operators which approximate each continuous function on [0,1] while preserving the functione 2 (x) =x 2 is presented. Quantitative estimates are given and are compared with estimates of approximation by Bernstein polynomials. Connections with summability are discussed.
Human gallbladder morphology after gallstone dissolution with methyl tert-butyl ether

The effects of methyl tert-butyl ether exposure on the human gallbladder in five patients who were treated for gallstones by contact dissolution is described. Two patients underwent cholecystectomy within 1 week of methyl tert-butyl ether treatment, one patient 2 weeks after, another 10 weeks after, and one 12 weeks after. Indications for cholecystectomy were bilirubinate stones (resistant to methyl tert-butyl ether), catheter dislodgement, bile leakage, and gallstone recurrence (2 patients). Gallstones were dissolved completely in three patients, there was approximately 50% stone reduction in one patient, and no dissolution occurred in the fifth patient. Each gallbladder was examined grossly and histologically. Electron microscopic evaluation was performed in one cases. Typical inflammatory findings of chronic cholecystitis were observed in each gallbladder and were most conspicuous in the submucosa; the mucosal and serosal surfaces were intact. Mild acute inflammatory changes were noted in the submucosa in the two patients with the shortest interval between methyl tert-butyl ether administration and cholecystectomy. There were no ulcerations in the mucosa and no unusual wall thickening or fibrosis in any patient. These observations support the safety of methyl tert-butyl ether perfusion in the human gallbladder; the mild acute changes may be a transient and reversible phenomenon.
Joint custody: bipartisan interest expands scope of tax-credit proposals.

ABSTRACT: The Bush administration's proposal to use tax credits to cover the uninsured has not attracted enough bipartisan support to make headway in a divided Congress. Democratic objections have ...
Exploration of Thermochromic Materials Using Experimental and Theoretical Infrared and UV–Visible Spectroscopy

This laboratory was developed by undergraduate students in collaboration with the course instructor as part of a peer-developed and peer-led lab curriculum in a general chemistry course. The goal was to explore the hypothesis that crystal violet lactone was responsible for the thermochromic properties of a sipping straw using a FT-IR for experimental determinations of vibrational frequencies, UV–vis to quantify the color change, and the software packages Spartan and Gaussian 09 for theoretical calculations.
Codes on Graphs: Observability, Controllability, and Local Reducibility

This paper investigates properties of realizations of linear or group codes on general graphs that lead to local reducibility. Trimness and properness are dual properties of constraint codes. A linear or group realization with a constraint code that is not both trim and proper is locally reducible. A linear or group realization on a finite cycle-free graph is minimal if and only if every local constraint code is trim and proper. A realization is called observable if there is a one-to-one correspondence between codewords and configurations, and controllable if it has independent constraints. A linear or group realization is observable if and only if its dual is controllable. A simple counting test for controllability is given. An unobservable or uncontrollable realization is locally reducible. Parity-check realizations are controllable if and only if they have independent parity checks. In an uncontrollable tail-biting trellis realization, the behavior partitions into disconnected sub-behaviors, but this property does not hold for nontrellis realizations. On a general graph, the support of an unobservable configuration is a generalized cycle.
Intestinal calcium binding protein in the diabetic rat.

A SPECIFIC duodenal calcium binding protein (CaBP) has been implicated in calcium absorption in many animal species1 and adaptation of duodenal adsorption to increased calcium intake is accompanied by its increase. Vitamin D deficiency depletes and repletion restores CaBP with corresponding changes in duodenal absorption. The exact role of CaBP in calcium absorption has, however, not yet been defined. We studied calcium absorption in the diabetic rat, in which model system previous studies have shown enhanced carbohydrate and amino acid absorption2,3, and found decreased duodenal but normal ileal absorption4. Since CaBP may be important in duodenal calcium absorption, we report here studies of CaBP in rats made diabetic with alloxan.
Mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (MAID) chemotherapy for gynecological sarcomas

This report summarizes our experience with the combination of mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and dacarbazine (MAID) for patients with gynecological sarcomas. We reviewed the records of all patients who had received the MAID regimen for a gynecological sarcoma between 1993 and 2000. The MAID regimen was administered intravenously every 4 weeks in the hospital as follows: (1) mesna 1500 mg/m2/day x 4 days; (2) doxorubicin 15 mg/m2/day x 3 days; (3) ifosfamide 1500 mg/m2/day x 3 days; (4) dacarbazine 250 mg/m2/day x 3 days. The results of treatment with MAID were disappointing. Overall, the response rate was 9% with one complete response and one partial response (both in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma). We did not observe any responses among the patients with carcinosarcomas of either ovarian or uterine origin. The median progression-free interval and survival were 11 months and 29 months, respectively. This regimen was associated with substantial toxicity (including a death from neutropenic sepsis) as well as high cost and inconvenience due to the requirement for inpatient administration. Although our study contains a limited number of patients with a variety of gynecological sarcomas, our review has led us to discontinue using MAID. It remains to be established if any combination chemotherapy regimen is better than single agent treatment.
Wisdom and Law: Choosing Life in Ben Sira and Baruch1

L'article est consacre a l'identification de la notion de sagesse avec la Loi durant la periode hellenistique, identification qui apparait pour la premiere fois dans le livre de Ben Sira. L'A. montre, en rapprochant les livres de Ben Sira et de Baruch qui relient sagesse et Loi, que la vie qui en resulte est comprise dans ces livres de maniere considerablement differente.
Perceptions of Mothers and Fathers Who Take Temporary Work Leave

The current research investigates perceptions of parents who take temporary leave before returning to work after the birth of a child. This research adds to the current literature by experimentally assessing participants’ views of fathers who take leave in addition to mothers who take leave. We used an undergraduate sample (N = 167) from a small regional university in the Midwestern United States to assess participants’ reactions to scenarios involving a mother or a father who went back to work immediately, took a 12-week leave, or stayed at home with the child indefinitely. The results showed that parents who took leave were rated more positively than stay-at-home parents and working parents. Parents who took leave were also rated as more competent than stay-at-home parents and more warm than working parents. Further, parents who took leave were expected to be less successful in their careers than working parents but more successful than parents who stayed at home. Participants had a more favorable overall impression of parents who took leave when that parent was of the same gender as themselves. Additionally, female participants were more favorable about mothers and fathers breaking traditional gender roles than were male participants. This research supports the idea that traditional views of mothers and fathers may be changing. Implications for work and government policies that are supportive of mothers and fathers taking family leave are discussed.
Topological shifts in the Aharonov-Bohm effect

Abstract The topological nature of the Aharonov-Bohm effect is examined. The interference terms are found to contain the usual flux dependent shift as the dominant observable effect and an additional topological shift unnoticeable in the two-slit interference experiment.
Structure and Function in the Isolated Reaction-Center Complex of Photosystem II. 2. Models for Energy Relaxation and Charge Separation in a Protein Matrix

We have developed a model that describes the energy and charge transfer in photosystem II reaction-center complexes, using parameters with clear physical interpretations. The input parameters are deduced from independent experimental work and from the theoretical constraints of the system. This model is comprised of exitonically coupled chlorophyll electronic states, including charge-transfer states, which are coupled to the protein bath. The dynamics of the system are calculated using a master-equation approach, and the results are converted into spectroscopic observables for comparison with experimental data. The model accurately depicts the emission kinetics observed for both bacterial reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and photosystem II from spinach. The model is discussed with regard to the wavelength dependence of energy transfer, the effects of static disorder in the system, and the initial ultrafast dynamics of the charge separation.
Rahmenbedingungen für Forschung am Beispiel der Elektroindustrie

Die Redaktion hat Herrn Professor Kurt Franz gebeten, zu der Frage Stellung zu nehmen, welche Rahmenbedingungen der physikalischen Forschung in der Privatwirtschaft im Hinblick auf wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse optimal sind, bzw. was gute Forschung behindert. Prof. Franz leitete von 1968–1976 die Forschungsinstitute von AEG-Telefunken, davor war er viele Jahre lang Leiter der Telefunken-Forschung.
3 May, 1791, and the Polish Constitutional Tradition

SUMMARY In this article Professor Wagner claims the Polish Constitution of 1791 as the second formal written constitution in history, after the Constitution of the United States. The text of the Polish Constitution is analysed to reveal the basic principles on which the Constitution was based. This commentary in turn is set in the context of Poland's historic traditions, which arc described as embodying from an early date an overriding concern with the preservation of personal liberties from executive encroachment through the rule of law.
Identity, International Terrorism and Negotiating Peace Hamas and Ethics-Based Considerations from Critical Restorative Justice

This paper conceptually examines one specific case of international terrorism, including the emergence and maintenance of membership-allegiance in its militant extremist group. This is the case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (or Hamas) and the manifestation of its corresponding Palestinian identity. Although the social person is constituted by symbols and objects, acts and social acts, meanings, and role-taking and role-making, questions persist about how best to promote peaceful coexistence, advance the interests of non-violence and ensure the protection of basic human rights. These practices constitute an ethic grounded in Aristotelian virtue. The delineation of key principles emanating from critical restorative justice helps to specify this brand of moral reasoning. The integration of these principles with the proposed symbolic interactionist framework demonstrates how extremist violence can be mediated. Suggestive examples of the same involving Hamas and those with whom it struggles (Palestine, Israel and the United States) are used to guide the analysis. The proposed conceptual framework is then briefly assessed for its overall explanatory capabilities, especially in relation to furthering terrorism studies.
Microwave initiated hydrothermal synthesis of nano-sized complex fluorides, KMF3 (K=Zn, Mn, Co, and Fe)

A microwave assisted hydrothermal method, where the advantages of both microwave and hydrothermal methods are utilized to synthesize complex fluoride KMF3 (M = Zn, Mn, Co, Fe), materials of technological importance, is proposed. The KMF3 metal fluorides synthesized feature nano-sized particles having well-defined cubic morphologies. The proposed synthesis, in contrast to the existing synthesis methods is very rapid, economical, and less complex in nature. The structural, thermal, optical, and chemical properties of synthesized powders are determined by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance spectra in the UV–VIS range.
Functional Co-expression of the canine cardiac Ca2+ pump and phospholamban in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) cells reveals new insights on ATPase regulation.

The utility of the baculovirus cell expression system for investigating Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban regulatory interactions was examined. cDNA encoding the canine cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic Ca2+-ATPase pump (SERCA2a) was cloned for the first time and expressed in the presence and absence of phospholamban in Spodoptera frugiperda(Sf21) insect cells. The recombinant Ca2+ pump was produced in high yield, contributing 20% of the total membrane protein in Sf21 microsomes. At least 70% of the expressed pumps were active. Co-expression of wild-type, pentameric phospholamban with the Ca2+-ATPase decreased the apparent affinity of the ATPase for Ca2+, but had no effect on the maximum velocity of the enzyme, similar to phospholamban's action in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. To investigate the importance of the oligomeric structure of phospholamban in ATPase regulation, SERCA2a was co-expressed with a monomeric mutant of phospholamban, in which leucine residue 37 was changed to alanine. Surprisingly, monomeric phospholamban suppressed SERCA2a Ca2+ affinity more strongly than did wild-type phospholamban, demonstrating that the pentamer is not essential for Ca2+ pump inhibition and that the monomer is the more active species. To test if phospholamban functions as a Ca2+ channel, Sf21 microsomes expressing either SERCA2a or SERCA2a plus phospholamban were actively loaded with Ca2+ and then assayed for unidirectional45Ca2+ efflux. No evidence for a Ca2+ channel activity of phospholamban was obtained. We conclude that the phospholamban monomer is an important regulatory component inhibiting SERCA2a in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, and that the channel activity of phospholamban previously observed in planar bilayers is not involved in the mechanism of ATPase regulation.
A view from nowhere: quantum reference frames and uncertainty

Abstract Attending carefully to the role that reference frames play in the definition of physical concepts in quantum theory can lead us to a clearer understanding of the uncertainty relations, and the connection that they have with the fact that physical quantities are defined in terms of, and measured relative to, reference frames.
Economic analysis of gene expression profile data to guide adjuvant treatment in women with early-stage breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women in the United States with more than 200,000 women diagnosed with invasive disease and with approximately 40,000 dying annually fro...
Pairwise comparison of 89Zr- and 124I-labeled cG250 based on positron emission tomography imaging and nonlinear immunokinetic modeling: in vivo carbonic anhydrase IX receptor binding and internalization in mouse xenografts of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.

Purpose The PET tracer, 124I-cG250, directed against carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) shows promise for presurgical diagnosis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (Divgi et al. in Lancet Oncol 8:304–310, 2007; Divgi et al. in J Clin Oncol 31:187–194, 2013). The radiometal 89Zr, however, may offer advantages as a surrogate PET nuclide over 124I in terms of greater tumor uptake and retention (Rice et al. in Semin Nucl Med 41:265–282, 2011). We have developed a nonlinear immunokinetic model to facilitate a quantitative comparison of absolute uptake and antibody turnover between 124I-cG250 and 89Zr-cG250 using a human ccRCC xenograft tumor model in mice. We believe that this unique model better relates quantitative imaging data to the salient biological features of tumor antibody–antigen binding and turnover.
Formation of a Hydrophobic Cluster in Denatured Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor

Abstract Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) unfolds upon reduction of its three disulfide bonds. A recombinant model of the reduced state of BPTI, called [R] Ala , in which all six Cys residues are replaced with Ala, has been expressed in Escherichia coli . 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows that [R] Ala does not contain stable secondary structure. Some chemical shift dispersion exists, however, suggesting the existence of non-random interactions in [R] Ala . In particular, the side-chain protons of Ile19 resonate upfield of those of Ile18. This observation was investigated using an eight residue peptide model, P 17·24 , corresponding to residues 17 to 24 of BPTI. The non-random chemical shift dispersion of the Ile residue observed in [R] Ala also occurs in P 17·24 , indicating that P 17·24 contains interactions that are similar to those found in the corresponding region of [R] Ala . The only interresidue nuclear Overhauser effects observed in P 17·24 are between the ring protons of Tyr21 and the γCH 3 group of Ile19, indicating that these protons are in close proximity. Substitution of Tyr21 by Ala in P 17·24 results in the loss of the chemical shift dispersion of the Ile resonances, suggesting that the upfield shifts of the Ile19 resonances are due to ring current shifts arising from the proximity of Tyr21. Collectively, these results suggest that the side-chain of Ile19 is positioned at least some of the time above the plane of the aromatic ring of Tyr21. We conclude that these two residues participate in a hydrophobic cluster in P 17·24 and in the denatured state of BPTI.
A new interpretation of the evidence for a first-order thermal reaction in the production of oxygen by Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Abstract 1. A study has been made on the influence of modulation frequency on the size and phase of the signal from an oxygen electrode of the type devised by Joliot and Joliot 3 . 2. Using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as the material, the results of this study were in excellent agreement with the equations derived on the assumption that diffusion of O 2 from the cells to the electrode was the rate-limiting process. 3. These findings are in conflict with a similar study by Joliot et al. 2 who found that there were deviations from the predictions of the diffusion equations and who interpreted these deviations as evidence for a first-order thermal reaction leading to O 2 evolution. 4. The differences between the two sets of results can be resolved if it is accepted that Joliot et al. overestimated the thickness of the Chlorella layer on this electrode.
State of the art and future of stem cells in spine

Low back pain is a major health problem impacting millions of people, in which the intervertebral disc degeneration is considered as a major cause. In recent years stem cell research has been a great hope for orthopedic regenerative medicine. In vitro experiment, animal research and preclinical studies provided promising results in the treatment of disc regeneration. A few clinical trials also demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of disc regeneration and structural fusion. The identification of progenitor cells within the intervertebral disc provides another mechanism for the disc degeneration etiology and disc regeneration. This article aims to provide a better understanding of current basic science research and clinical studies focusing on stem cells in disc degeneration and spine fusion.
Dimensions of Decline: Industrial Regions in the United States and Europe, 1970-1990

This paper assesses the severity of the problem of declining industrial regions in the U.S. and Europe during 1970-1990. Conceptual issues in defining such regions are discussed, as are difficultie...
Twentieth century erosion in Arctic Alaska foothills: The influence of shrubs, runoff, and permafrost

[1] Recent changes in the climate of Arctic Alaska, including warmer summers and a lengthened growing season, have increased vegetation productivity and permafrost temperatures. In this study, we use (1) time series imagery to examine the landscape pattern of tall shrub distribution and expansion in Arctic Alaska and (2) lake sediments from watersheds where shrub expansion is occurring to compare twentieth century temporal trends between shrub cover, erosion, and runoff. Landsat thematic mapper data from 1986 and 2009 were used to evaluate the expansion of tall shrubs across three regional subscenes in the Arctic foothills in northeast Alaska. We found that tall shrubs occupied floodplains and streams in 1986 and have been expanding their coverage along these corridors. The interaction between shrub expansion and erosion was examined by reconstructing the last 60–100 years of erosion from sediment cores in four lakes with shrub expansion in the surrounding watersheds. Three of the four lake cores show a steadily increasing or fluctuating erosion rate until 1980, after which these cores show a synchronous decline. We postulate that the increase in shrubs since 1980 in landscape positions prone to erosion has contributed to the decline in erosion. A decrease in the magnitude and frequency of runoff events has likely also contributed to the decline in erosion. Our results indicate a general decline in erosion since 1980 that is contemporaneous with shrub expansion and peak runoff decline, punctuated by episodic erosion events in one of four catchments.
The Fifth Column: Homage to Doc Savage 1, or on Knowing Your Right from Your Left

Prologue At the 2004 fall meeting of INFORMS, Sam Savage led a session entitled “Tools and concepts.” The abstract for the session read, “To quote Gene Woolsey, ‘a pencil is a crutch, a calculator is a wheelchair, and a computer is an ambulance.’ This session will explore the relationship between the classroom use of management science tools and the understanding of the underlying concepts. Where do (OR/MS) tools rehabilitate and where do they cause atrophy?” (Savage 2004, p. 48). Now I believe that Doc Savage has hit it right on the button. A moment’s reflection on what I have done in my OR/MS career shows me that I find it important to use an approximate method the customer can understand before reaching for mathematical models. Also, as is well known, I have this quaint notion that we should consider modeling something only after we have watched the present process and, best of all, participated in doing it. Therefore, in honor of Doc Savage, I will present a trilogy of examples in three columns that demonstrate the rightness of his position.
Residuals in Generalized Linear Models

Abstract Generalized linear models are regression-type models for data not normally distributed, appropriately fitted by maximum likelihood rather than least squares. Typical examples are models for binomial or Poisson data, with a linear regression model for a given, ordinarily nonlinear, function of the expected values of the observations. Use of such models has become very common in recent years, and there is a clear need to study the issue of appropriate residuals to be used for diagnostic purposes. Several definitions of residuals are possible for generalized linear models. The statistical package GLIM (Baker and Nelder 1978) routinely prints out residuals , where V(μ) is the function relating the variance to the mean of y and is the maximum likelihood estimate of the ith mean as fitted to the regression model. These residuals are the signed square roots of the contributions to the Pearson goodness-of-fit statistic. Another choice of residual is the signed square root of the contribution to the devia...
Interactive Basis of Severely Handicapped and Normal Children's Acquisition of Referential Language.

The purpose of this study was to compare the interactions of prelinguistic severely handicapped children and their caregivers to the interactions of prelinguistic normal children and their mothers....
Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter Enhances Th17 Polarization through the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Lung diseases, including asthma, COPD, and other autoimmune lung pathologies are aggravated by exposure to particulate matter (PM) found in air pollution. IL-17 has been shown to exacerbate airway disease in animal models. As PM is known to contain aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands and the AHR has recently been shown to play a role in differentiation of Th17 T cells, the aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to PM could impact Th17 polarization in an AHR-dependent manner. This study used both cell culture techniques and in vivo exposure in mice to examine the response of T cells to PM. Initially experiments were conducted with urban dust particles from a standard reference material, and ultimately repeated with freshly collected samples of diesel exhaust and cigarette smoke. The readout for the assays was increased T cell differentiation as indicated by increased generation of IL-17A in culture, and increased populations of IL-17 producing cells by intracellular flow cytometry. The data illustrate that Th17 polarization was significantly enhanced by addition of urban dust in a dose dependent fashion in cultures of wild-type but not AHR(-/-) mice. The data further suggest that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons played a primary role in this enhancement. There was both an increase of Th17 cell differentiation, and also an increase in the amount of IL-17 secreted by the cells. In summary, this paper identifies a novel mechanism whereby PM can directly act on the AHR in T cells, leading to enhanced Th17 differentiation. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for pathologic Th17 differentiation and autoimmunity seen after exposure to pollution will allow direct targeting of proteins involved in AHR activation and function for treatment of PM exposures.
Metalloprotein models, location of the magnetic axes in low-symmetry complexes. Single crystal electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, and angular overlap ligand field calculations on a complex containing the distorted tetrahedral CoIIN2O2 coordination unit, bis(N-isopropylsalicyclaldiminato)cobalt(II)

Abstract Single-crystal and powder electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectra of bis(N-isopropylsalicylaldiminato)cobalt(II), Co(iPr-sal)2, doped into the isomorphous zinc complexes were obtained at liquid helium temperatures. Principal molecular g-values of gx, 7.09; gy 0.57; and gz,
Using Students' Sketches to Recognize Alternative Conceptions About Plate Tectonics Persisting From Prior Instruction

ABSTRACT Should instructors assume that students possess conceptual knowledge of plate tectonics when they reach a second college geoscience course? Five cohorts in a historical geology course over 5 y—a total of 149 students—completed an in-class assignment in which they drew sketches of plate boundaries with required annotations. Analysis of the sketches revealed that most students lack an explanatory mental model that links the locations of earthquakes, volcanoes, and magma generation to plate-boundary processes and hold a pervasive alternative conception of Earth's interior structure that does not distinguish between compositional and rheological boundaries. Students who drew sketches that illustrated the most alternative conceptions also scored lower on a beginning-of-the-course administration of the Geoscience Concept Inventory, showing that conceptual understanding of plate tectonics correlates with overall conceptual geoscience knowledge obtained during previous course experiences. In addition, st...
Quinonoid oligothiophenes as electron-donor and electron-acceptor materials. A spectroelectrochemical and theoretical study.

Two quinonoid bis(dicyanomethylene) oligothiophenes, terthiophene and quaterthiophene analogues of TCNQ, have been investigated by spectroelectrochemical experiments and density functional theory calculations. Electrochemical data show that the molecules can be both reduced and oxidized at relatively low potentials, and that the quaterthiophene derivative forms four stable redox species, the dianion, neutral, cation radical, and dication. The neutral oligomers are characterized by a strong electronic absorption in the red or near-infrared region and can be viewed as structural and electronic analogues of aromatic oligothiophenes in the dication or bipolaron state. Upon reduction, dianions, not anion radicals, are formed which absorb in the visible region. The theoretical calculations show that the dianions have aromatic oligothiophene moieties with two anionic dicyanomethylene groups. The transition from a quinonoid to an aromatic structure is fully supported by UV−vis−near-IR and vibrational spectroscopi...
Actual–Consequence Act Utilitarianism and the Best Possible Humans

After critiquing some earlier attempts (including those of Marcus Singer and Frances Howard-Snyder) to ground objections to actual-consequence act utilitarianism (ACAU) on human cognitive limitations, I present two new objections with this same foundation. Both start with the observation that, because human cognitive abilities are not up to the task of reliably recognizing utility-maximizing actions, any agents who are recognizably human - including the best possible humans, morally speaking - are certain to perform many actions every day that ACAU says are immoral, and to perform some actions over the course of their lives that it says are highly immoral. The first objection is that, if Mill's analysis of what it means to call an action wrong is accurate, then ACAU entails a conclusion that no one will accept, viz., that the morally-best humans possible ought to undergo constant punishment. The second objection is that ACAU entails that even the morally-best humans possible are bad moral agents in some respect. This conclusion, while unpalatable, is not so obviously unacceptable as the first. However, I do briefly consider some ways in which it might be possible to demonstrate that it is false and thereby complete a reductio of ACAU.
Oncogenic K-RAS subverts the antiapoptotic role of N-RAS and alters modulation of the N-RAS: gelsolin complex

Activating mutations in members of the RAS family of genes are among the most common genetic events in human tumorigenesis. Once thought to be functionally interchangeable, it is increasingly recognized that the classical members of this protein family (H-RAS, N-RAS and K-RAS4B) exhibit unique and shared functions that are highly context-dependent. Herein, we demonstrate that the presence of an oncogenic KRAS allele results in elevated levels of GTP-bound N-RAS (N-RAS.GTP) in two human colorectal cancer cell lines, HCT 116 and DLD-1, compared to their isogenic counterparts in which the mutant KRAS allele has been disrupted by homologous recombination. N-RAS subserves an antiapoptotic role in cells expressing wild-type K-RAS; this function is compromised, however, by the presence of mutant K-RAS, and these cells display increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. We additionally identify a physical interaction between N-RAS and gelsolin, a factor that has been shown to promote survival and show that the N-RAS:gelsolin complex is modulated differently in wild-type and mutant K-RAS environments following apoptotic challenge. These findings represent the first biochemical evidence of a functional relationship between endogenous RAS proteins and identify a dynamic physical interaction between endogenous N-RAS and gelsolin that correlates with survival.
Single cell assay of exocytosis from adrenal chromaffin cells using “perforated patch recording”

We have combined “perforated patch recording” with phase detection to examine depolarization-induced changes in membrane capacitance (ΔCm) in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. With this technique, voltage dependent Ca2+ currents and resultant ΔCm's often show little rundown over 1–2 hours even when the free Ca2+ concentration of the pipette is in the millimolar range. By limiting washout of cytosolic components and by maintaining more intact cytosolic Ca2+ buffering, this approach should facilitate the study of stimulus-exocytosis coupling evoked by physiological stimuli which involve cell metabolism and/or membrane receptor triggered second messenger cascades.
Deformations in wide, center-notched, thin panels, part II: finite element analysis and comparison to experimental measurements

Finite element analyses, for comparison with the experimen­ tal measurements, were performed for each panel described in Part I. Results indicate that (a) for the 305- and 610-mm panels, the finite el&­ ment predictions and global experimental measurements tor two of the displacement components, U(x, y, 0.80 mm) and "'(x, y, 0.80 mm), are in good agreement throughout the panel, (b) for the 305- and 61 0-mm panels, the finite element predictions for the vertical displace­ ment fteld V(x, y, 0.80 mm) are -5% lower than the measurements throughout the panel, (c) for the 101&-mm panel, the finite element pre­ dictions did not match the experimental measurements due to the speci­ men slipping in the grip fixtures, as shown in the full-field measurements, resulting in significant changes in the measured panel deformations, and (d) for all three panels, the local finite element predictions for the in-plane strain components, €,,, €xyand €yyincluding the overall trends in both the size and shape of the large strain regions, are in quantitative agreement with experimental results. In summary, results indicate that an appropriate finite element method, capable of predicting the deforma­ tions observed in the structures to be modeled, will be effective in mod­ eling the overall behavior of wide, flawed panels up to the onset of flaw growth. Furthermore, the combination of finite element analysis and three-dimensional measurements for accurate prediction of displace­ ment boundary conditions is shown to be a viable hybrid approach for predicting flawed panel response. c 2003 Society of Photo-OpticaJ Instrumenta­ tion Engineers. (001: 10.111711.1566002)
Synthesis of electromagnetic band gap structures using stepped impedance resonators

An approach to synthesize electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures which offer isolation in the desired frequency band is proposed. The methodology treats EBGs as stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) and predicts the fundamental band gap of EBGs from the resonance condition of SIRs. The methodology is validated through simulations and measurements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2378–2382, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26249
Atomic decomposition and boundedness criterion of operators on multi-parameter hardy spaces of homogeneous type

The main purpose of this paper is to derive a new (p, q)-atomic decomposition on the multi-parameter Hardy space H p (X 1 × X 2) for 0 < p 0 < p ≤ 1 for some p 0 and all 1 < q < ∞, where X 1 × X 2 is the product of two spaces of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss. This decomposition converges in both L q (X 1 × X 2) (for 1 < q < ∞) and Hardy space H p (X 1 × X 2) (for 0 < p ≤ 1). As an application, we prove that an operator T, which is bounded on L q (X 1 × X 2) for some 1 < q < ∞, is bounded from H p (X 1 × X 2) to L p (X 1 × X 2) if and only if T is bounded uniformly on all (p, q)-product atoms in L p (X 1 × X 2). The similar boundedness criterion from H p (X 1 × X 2) to H p (X 1 × X 2) is also obtained.