cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organogenic Dolomitization in Peritidal to Deep-Sea Sediments

Presumed barriers to early dolomitization in normal seawater-derived pore fluids at earth-surface temperatures appear to be overcome within some anoxic, organic-rich sediments as a result of bacterial sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. These processes may promote early dolomitization, particularly during methanogenesis and late stages of sulfate reduction, by concurrently raising and sustaining high pH and high total alkalinity and CO 3 2- concentrations in pore fluids, and by simultaneously either decreasing Mg and Ca hydration or by promoting crystal surface reactions with less hydrated Mg-Ca neutral ion pairs. Volumetrically significant quantities of dolomite are associated with sulfate reduction and/or methanogenesis within peritidal, shallow-marine, and deep-sea deposits. Average concentrations of organogenic dolomite are as much as 70% in some Holocene peritidal deposits, and 28% in Mesozoic to Quaternary deep-sea sediments. Organogenic dolomites are mainly cements, and contain relatively low concentrations of Sr and Mn. Sulfate-reduction dolomites generally are Fe-deficient because of concurrent pyrite precipitation, whereas methanogenetic dolomites may be somewhat more ferroan as Fe substitutes for depleting Mg. Sources of Mg and Ca for dolomite are diffusion from overlying seawater and/or dissolution of precursor carbonate sediments. Dolomites are characterized by a wide range in δ 13 C values wherein those of sulfate reduction versus methanogenetic origin typically are 13 C-depleted and 13 C-enriched, respectively. The extent of 13 C depletion or enrichment, however, depends on the extent of organodiagenetic reactions and amount of 13 C contributed by seawater diffusion, and commonly results in overlap of δ 13 C dolomite values. The range of δ 18 O dolomite values is somewhat more restricted, and generally reflects differences in pore-fluid temperature and salinity. Some of the unresolved issues in organogenic dolomitization are: the relative efficiencies of sulfate reduction versus methanogenesis in promoting dolomitization, depths of dolomite formation inferred on the basis of δ 18 O dolomite values and probable sources of Mg and Ca, and the mode of dolomitization with progressive burial into methanogenetic zones.
Retrograde endoscopic-assisted esophageal dilation.

Background Esophageal stricture is a well-known complication of chemoradiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. These strictures almost exclusively occur in the cervical esophagus within the field of radiation. For some patients, identification of the esophageal lumen for antegrade dilation of these strictures can be a challenge, and creation of a false lumen can occur during attempts at dilation.
Neurobiology of glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia

Abstract A variety of studies have implicated abnormalities of the glutamatergic systems in schizophrenia. Some of this evidence is based on the similarities of some of the symptoms of schizophrenia and the behavioral effects of dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine. More direct evidence has come from biological studies defining abnormalities at multiple levels of the glutamate neurotransmission cascade. These have included abnormalities in the receptor binding properties of the various classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, kainate, NMDA); mRNA expression levels of different subunits of each of the members of the ionotropic class of glutamate receptors; mRNA expression of glutamate receptor-specific binding and membrane anchoring proteins such as PSD-95; and alterations in the activity of the principal enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the glutamate from glutamine, phosphate activated glutaminase. Preliminary evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies also supports a role for increased levels of glutamate, or glutamine and glutamate, in schizophrenia. The evidence reviewed in this article, when viewed as a whole, suggests that the disruption or disregulation of glutamatergic systems contribute significantly to the pathophysiology and potentially to some of the symptoms of schizophrenia and defines a necessary role for continued investigation of this pivotal neurotransmitter system in schizophrenia.
Detection of tones in band-reject noise.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the detectability of tonal signals simultaneously presented with computer-generated, long duration (.5 sec), band-reject maskers. In Experiment 1, de...
CELLULAR AND ELECTROLYTE CHANGES IN HUMAN BREASTMILK WITH LACTATION

Recent interest in breastfeeding has refocused attention on the changing composition of human milk. To measure its cellular and electrolyte concentration over time, we obtained fresh milk from 68 healthy breastfeeding mothers, on the 1st through 10th post-partum day. Breastmilk cells were separated via centrifugation, counted, and differentiated using a myeloperoxidase stain. Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured by flame photometer. The day of lactation correlated significantly with macrophage and neutrophil concentration and Na+ content. The macrophage content decreased from 2.5 × 106 to 1.0 × 106/ml milk over the 1st week post-partum, while neutrophil content decreased from .5 x 106 to .1 x 106/ml milk. Mean Na+ concentration decreased from 28 to 9 mEq/liter over 10 days, but a plateau lasting several days was found early in lactation. Throughout the 1st 10 days, the lymphocyte and K+ concentration remained relatively constant at 1 × 106 lymphocytes/ml and 17 mEq/liter respectively. No significant correlation was observed between the concentration of Na+ or K+ or any of the 3 cell types with respect to maternal age, parity, medication or mode of delivery. However, when conduction anesthesia was employed, the milk lymphocyte concentration was related to mode of delivery with mothers delivered vaginally having a greater (p<.04) milk lymphocyte content than those delivered by cesarean section. These observations suggest that mechanisms must operate over tine to control the composition of human milk.
Noncoordinate regulation of the mRNAs encoding cytochromes P-450BNF/MC-B and P-450ISF/BNF-G.

Abstract The mRNAs encoding the major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced cytochromes P -450 from rat, P -450 BNF/MC-B and P -450 ISF/BNF-G , were characterized using three classes of recombinant plasmids: those complementary to (a) only P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA, (b) only P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA, and (c) both mRNAs. These classes were identified by hybridization-selected translation and immunoprecipitation using six monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and were later sequenced to confirm their identity and specificity. These findings indicated that the mRNAs encoding these two P -450s have regions that are unique, as well as regions that are homologous. Hybridization-selected translation also showed that the primary in vitro translation products of the P -450 BNF/MC-B and P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNAs are 55 and 52 kDa, respectively, and have both unique and common structural characteristics that can be distinguished immunologically. By Northern hybridization, the P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA was found to be 2900 bases long, while the P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA was 2100 bases long. Precursors of 3500 and 5200 bases were detected for P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA, while a 3100-base precursor was detected for P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA. These two mRNAs were induced by β-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, and 3-methylcholanthrene, but not by phenobarbital. In untreated rats, the P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA was consistently present at very low levels while the P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA was present in variable amounts, suggesting that the latter mRNA can be induced by dietary or other environmental factors. The kinetics of induction of the P -450 BNF/MC-B and P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNAs were measured by dot blot hybridization. P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA increased rapidly, reaching half-maximum by 4 h after treatment with 3-methylcholantrene, while the P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA increased more slowly, reaching half-maximum after 12 h. The levels of both mRNAs peaked at 24 h, but decreased thereafter at different rates; P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA dropped by about 20% during the next 24 h, while P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNA dropped by 50 to 70%. These differences in the kinetics of induction and the apparent stabilities of the P -450 BNF/MC-B and P -450 ISF/BNF-G mRNAs, in conjunction with the observed differences in their levels in untreated rats, suggested that these two mRNAs were not coordinately regulated even though they were induced by the same compounds. The induction of functional P -450 BNF/MC-B , measured as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, lagged 10 h behind the induction of P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA, reaching half-maximum at 14 h. After reaching a maximum at 24 h, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity remained at this elevated level for at least 48 h, even though the P -450 BNF/MC-B mRNA level began to drop during this time period, which suggests that the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme is more stable than the mRNA that encodes it.
Organ distribution of auxin-binding protein 1 in the etiolated maize seedling

The auxin-binding protein designated ABP1 has been proposed to mediate auxin-induced cellular changes such as cell expansion. Its exact mode of action is unknown, but currently several approaches to elucidate its function are being pursued. One of these approaches, described here, is to determine the organ distribution of this putative auxin receptor in order to correlate spatially the abundance of the protein with some auxin-regulated activity such as cell elongation. The absolute and relative amounts of ABP1 were determined along the entire etiolated shoot, the root, and within the caryopsis of maize. ABP1 can be detected immunologically in all extracts of the etiolated maize seedling except the tip of the primary root and the endosperm. Within the shoot, but excluding the leaf roll, the highest levels compared on a fresh weight basis are in the apical mesocotyl and basal coleoptile regions, the areas of the most rapid cell elongation and the areas where there is the greatest capacity for auxin-induced growth. The relative abundance of ABP1 compared on a fresh weight basis changed more than fivefold in this organ. When compared on a total protein basis, the relative change in ABP1 abundance was approximately two-fold, which is less than the relative change in auxin-induced growth rate along the shoot. Differences in shoot growth rate among varieties of maize were compared with the relative amounts of ABP1 within the apical mesocotyl and basal coleoptile. A statistically significant but not perfect correlation was found between the auxin-induced growth rate of the apical mesocotyl and ABP1 abundance. These results demonstrate a general correlation between the amount of ABP1 and growth along the shoot and within maize hybrid varieties.
Real-world board test effectiveness

In-circuit testing is commonly thought to be inefficient for a high level of quality control, and unable to match the high yields of functional testing. A quantitative study of 34,296 boards that represented the testing of 6,671,038 components reveals that in-circuit testing can produce high yields -96.9% in this case. The author looks at this study. >
Reasons for disclosing depression matter: The consequences of having egosystem and ecosystem goals

People with depression often conceal their depression and do not seek help, in part because of the stigma associated with mental illness. We propose two motivational systems for the self: egosystem motivations, concerned with protecting and inflating desired self-images, and ecosystem motivations, concerned with contributing or supporting others. Using a sample of 48 individuals at a Midwestern university, USA, this study examined motivations for disclosing or concealing a concealable stigma, to test the hypotheses that: (1) these motivations load on two factors corresponding to egosystem and ecosystem goals, and (2) ecosystem motivations for disclosure have more positive effects on disclosure and psychological well-being. We found that people with egosystem goals disclosed less, and also experienced lower psychological well-being when they did disclose. Conversely, people with ecosystem goals disclosed more and experienced greater psychological well-being while doing so. Implications of these findings for deciding when and to whom to disclose one's depression are discussed.
Thermal diffusivity imaging with the thermal lens microscope.

A coaxial thermal lens microscope was used to generate images based on both the absorbance and thermal diffusivity of histological samples. A pump beam was modulated at frequencies ranging from 50 kHz to 5 MHz using an acousto-optic modulator. The pump and a CW probe beam were combined with a dichroic mirror, directed into an inverted microscope, and focused onto the specimen. The change in the transmitted probe beam’s center intensity was detected with a photodiode. The photodiode’s signal and a reference signal from the modulator were sent to a high-speed lock-in amplifier. The in-phase and quadrature signals were recorded as a sample was translated through the focused beams and used to generate images based on the amplitude and phase of the lock-in amplifier’s signal. The amplitude is related to the absorbance and the phase is related to the thermal diffusivity of the sample. Thin sections of stained liver and bone tissues were imaged; the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio of the phase image was highest at frequencies from 0.1–1 MHz and dropped at higher frequencies. The spatial resolution was 2.5 μm for both amplitude and phase images, limited by the pump beam spot size.
Axle Generator for Freight Car Electric Systems

As the desire to implement more electronic devices such as measuring or tracking systems on freight cars grows, having a source of power to rely on becomes an issue. An innovative and practical solution to keep batteries charged is presented. Placed on the car axle, the system uses the rotation of the wheelset as input motion. Friction wheels roll on the outside of the car axle, transferring the power to a generator through a set of gears. Designed to be easily implemented, the system can be installed or removed conveniently and quickly.The first laboratory tests showed that the system is capable of producing more than 100 Watts of power at a simulated 55 mph. A speed of only 20 mph is necessary to generate voltages high enough to charge a 12-Volt battery. A second series of tests proves that connecting the generator differently (in a “Y” configuration) improves the output voltages by about 70%, generating three times more power and requiring only 10mph to reach the voltage necessary for charging a common lead-acid battery.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Anisotropies of partial anhysteretic remanence and susceptibility in compacted black shales: Grainsize‐ and composition‐dependent magnetic fabric

We have quantified the magnetic fabric of the highly-compacted Heebner Shale (Pennsylvanian) of Kansas in terms of the anisotropies of partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization (pARM) and low-field susceptibility. Hysteresis loops exhibit almost purely paramagnetic behavior, and the ratio of high-field linear susceptibility to low-field susceptibility is very close to one; the susceptibility anisotropy therefore reflects the fabric of the paramagnetic matrix, while the remanent anisotropies are due to the preferred orientations of ferrimagnetic grains. Both the paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic fabrics are dominated by a horizontal foliation, with a weak northeasterly lineation, but the pARM anisotropies are generally much larger than the susceptibility anisotropy. The degree of foliation measured with pARM's decreases markedly with increasing coercivities, indicating stronger foliation in the coarser grainsize fraction. In contrast, the pARM mean lineations are grainsize-independent, suggesting a post-compactional origin, related to tectonic compression. The susceptibility lineation appears to have a slightly different azimuth, and may therefore be due to paleocurrents.
28.1: Invited Paper: Current Status and Trends for Business Projector Technology & Markets

Ultraportable projectors (LCD, MEMS/DLP and LCOS) have become essential tools for the business presentation market. Manufacturers are breaking barriers every year in weight, size, and brightness, and are offering projectors with increased features and lower prices. The next generation of projectors can work more as information technology devices with wireless connectivity and networking abilities. The current status and future trends of business projectors will be presented in this paper.
Draft Genome Sequence of Buttiauxella agrestis, Isolated from Surface Water

ABSTRACT MI agar is routinely used for quantifying Escherichia coli in drinking water. A suspect E. coli colony isolated from a water sample was identified as Buttiauxella agrestis. The whole genome sequence of B. agrestis was determined to understand the genetic basis for its phenotypic resemblance to E. coli on MI agar.
Simulations of one-dimensional and fractal luminescence kinetics

Abstract Exciton and electron-hole recombination reactions were simulated on one-dimensional and fractal networks. Particle distributions depend on dimensionality and electric fields. Geminate vs. non-geminate and pulsed vs. steady-state generation give very different reaction orders and population distributions.
The role of multivariate image analysis in solving the architecture of the limulus polyphemus hemocyanin molecule

Multivariate analysis facilitates the study of the structure of complex biomolecular assemblies of which Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin is an example. Both the analysis of classes of molecule views and the investigation of continuous structure-related variations have provided new information on the architecture of hemocyanin.
Stragglers of the herd get eaten: security concerns for GSM mobile banking applications

The first GSM standard was published in 1989 [10], fully two decades ago. Since then, cryptanalysis has weakened or broken significant parts of the original specification. Yet many of these compromised pieces remain in common use, particularly throughout the developing world.This state of affairs presents a significant risk given the recent proliferation of high visibility and high value targets within the branchless banking space in the developing world such as M-PESA, GCASH, mChek, and Zap, each of which makes use of SIM Toolkit (STK) security measures, but in an obfuscated manner.This paper will present an overview of recent developments in GSM security and outline the need for increased cooperation and standardization in the face of rapidly eroding security measures currently in place for 2G GSM.
A Personal Synthesis of Social Construction and Phenomenology

In this essay, I narrate five short stories about how I have encountered and struggled with social construction and phenomenology, as well as my ongoing synthesis of the two perspectives.
Communication Law and Policy: The State of Research and Theory

This essay describes the domain of research in communication law and policy. It is based on a content analysis of research published in the journal Communication Law and Policy (1996-2004), papers presented to the Communication Law and Policy Division at annual conferences of the International Communication Association (1997-2004), as well as consideration of other resources. The most frequent areas for research were media regulation, Internet policy, and freedom of expression issues. After reviewing recent literature on the first two topics, we identified and showcased two emergent categories deserving future attention: communication and the law (particularly fair trial-free press issues) and implications of the burgeoning consolidation of media ownership.
Validation of ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes for inflammatory bowel disease among veterans.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well described among young whites and less so among the elderly and non-whites. Population-level data is required to assess outcomes among minority groups. To validate diagnostic codes for IBD from the Department of Veterans Affairs. National databases were used to identify local patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the extra-intestinal manifestations and surgical procedures associated with IBD. Diagnosis was confirmed by manual chart abstraction. Multivariable logistic regression was used to derive diagnostic algorithms for CD and UC, which were then validated in an independent cohort. The test cohort of 3,827 patients (1,316 potential cases, 2,511 random controls) was predominantly male (94%), white (56%), and of age of 58 (standard deviation 15). The positive predictive value (PPV) of CD codes was superior (88–100%) to UC (50–93%). The accuracy of extra-intestinal manifestations and surgeries was poor (PPV 0–29%). ICD-9-CM code 555.x without 560.9 had a PPV of 91% for CD in the validation cohort. Code 556.x with age, gender, and race factors was highly predictive of UC (c-statistic 0.9, PPV of 81%). VA administrative data can diagnose elderly and non-white patients with IBD.
Optimal Lesion Assessment Following Acute Radio Frequency Ablation of Porcine Kidney: Cellular Viability or Histopathology?

ABSTRACTPurpose: Radio frequency ablation (RFA) has been used as a minimally invasive alternative to nephrectomy for small renal tumors. Questions have arisen regarding the accuracy of cell viability determination on standard hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. We investigated and compared the histological characteristics of RF ablated renal tissue using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and H & E staining.Materials and Methods: Ten porcine kidneys underwent laparoscopic RFA of the upper and lower poles using a 2 (8) or 3 cm (2) protocol with 2 cycles of 90 W, target temperature 105C and treatment time 5.5 minutes per cycle. Following tract ablation the kidneys were immediately harvested, gross lesion size was measured and tissue was processed for standard H & E and NADH staining.Results: H & E staining of ablated tissue revealed a number of alterations in renal tubular histology. However, all of these findings were focal with areas of parenchyma that appeared well preserved. Corresponding area...
Planning electrical grids in developing countries: An initial approach using Agent Based Modeling

ELECTRIFICATION in third world countries is a step that can highly affect other development factors for their population. In general the availability of electricity frees man power for other income generating activities, reduces time spent by women gathering resources and performing domestic tasks allowing them to pursue other activities, makes health resources available that require power bettering communities' overall health and lengthens the time that students can spend on their education through artificial light.
Use-dependent plasticity in barrel cortex: Intrinsic signal imaging reveals functional expansion of spared whisker representation into adjacent deprived columns

We used optical imaging of intrinsic cortical signals, elicited by whisker stimulation, to define areas of activation in primary sensory cortex of normal hamsters and hamsters subjected to neonatal follicle ablation at postnatal day seven (P7). Follicle ablations were unilateral, and spared either C-row whiskers or the second whisker arc. This study was done to determine if the intrinsic cortical connectivity pattern of the barrel cortex, established during the critical period, affects the process of representational plasticity that follows whisker follicle ablation. Additionally, we tested the ability to monitor such changes in individual cortical whisker representations using intrinsic signal imaging. Stimulation of a single whisker yielded peak activation of a barrel-sized patch in the somatotopically appropriate location in normal cortex. In both row and arc-spared animals, functional representations corresponding to spared follicles were significantly stronger and more oblong than normal. The pattern of activation differed in the row-sparing and arc-sparing groups, in that the expansion was preferentially into deprived, not spared areas. Single whisker stimulation in row-spared cases preferentially activated the corresponding barrel arc, while stimulation of one whisker in arc-spared cases produced elongated activation down the barrel row. Since whisker deflection normally has a net inhibitory effect on neighboring barrels, our data suggest that intracortical inhibition fails to develop normally in deprived cortical columns. Because thalamocortical projections are not affected by follicle ablation after P7, we suggest that the effects we observed are largely cortical, not thalamocortical.
Computer Use in Research Exercises: Some Suggested Procedures for Undergraduate Political Science

Readily accessible computers and simple to use software packages on college and university compuses are valuable resources for the education of undergraduates. This article sets out some procedures to assist instructors in developing a research component using the computer. The payoffs for the student and instructor recommend the approach. Hopefully, articles such as this one will encourage instructors to develop computer based research components in their courses.
A role for foxd3 and sox10 in the differentiation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells in the zebrafish Danio rerio

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is found in a wide range of vertebrate tissues, including the nervous system. In general, GnRH has two functions: endocrine, acting as a releasing hormone; and neuromodulatory, affecting neural activity in the peripheral and central nervous system. The best understood population of GnRH cells is that of the hypothalamus, which is essential for reproduction. Less well understood are the populations of GnRH cells found in the terminal nerve and midbrain, which appear to be neuromodulatory in function. The GnRH-containing cells of the midbrain are proposed to arise from the mesencephalic region of the neural tube. Previously, we showed that neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the terminal nerve arise from cranial neural crest. To test the hypothesis that neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the midbrain also arise from neural crest, we used gene knockdown experiments in zebrafish to disrupt neural crest development. We demonstrate that decrement of the function of foxd3 and/or sox10, two genes important for the development and specification of neural crest, resulted in a reduction and/or loss of GnRH cells of the midbrain, as well as a reduction in the number of terminal nerve GnRH cells. Therefore, our data support a neural crest origin for midbrain GnRH cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that knockdown of kallmann gene function resulted in the loss of endocrine GnRH cells of the hypothalamus, but not of neuromodulatory GnRH cells of the midbrain and terminal nerve, thus providing additional evidence for separate pathways controlling the development of neuromodulatory and endocrine GnRH cells.
Velocity Field Above a Rotor Disk by a New Dynamic Inflow Model

The potential e ow equations are converted to ordinary differential equations through a Galerkin approach in which velocity and pressure potential functions are expanded in terms of closed-form solutions to Laplace’ s equation. Because the method gives differential equations for the e ow in terms of a relatively few generalized coordinates that represent modes of the e owe eld, the resultant equations can be used effectively in preliminary design, real-time simulations, and dynamic eigenvalue analysis for aeroelasticity. This new theory is more general than the Peters ‐He dynamic wake model because it has a more rigorous derivation and includes ine ow modes previously neglected in the Peters ‐He model. Results are presented in the frequency domain for simple harmonic motion. Thecompletevelocity e eld above the disk is obtained by this new methodology, foraxial and skewed e ows, for various skew angles, and for different pressure distributions and are compared with the Peters ‐He model and with an exact solution obtained by a convolution integral.
Theoretical framework for analyzing MR imaging of dynamic objects using filters and downsamplers

Reconstruction methods for MR imaging of dynamic objects have traditionally been analyzed using the projection slice theorem. In this paper, we present a new theoretical framework for analyzing MR imaging of dynamic objects. Our framework reinterprets the object stationarity assumption in the MR reconstruction techniques as a combination of filtering and downsampling operations performed on the acquired k-space data. We have analyzed our results in x-f (spatial coordinate - temporal frequency) space using a time-sequential analysis. While the projection slice theorem has only be used to analyze the Cartesian sampling pattern, the new framework can analyze any arbitrary sampling pattern with a given reconstruction algorithm. Further, the new theoretical framework can be used to analyze the effect of relaxing the object stationarity assumption over the reconstructed MR images. We have demonstrated the use of our framework by analyzing two popular image reconstruction techniques, namely view-sharing and UNFOLD. In the analysis of view-sharing, we have confirmed the fact that interleaved and bit reversed k-space sampling patterns provide better artifact suppression for dynamic MR imaging. We propose using a different filter to further reduce artifacts in the reconstructed images. In the case of UNFOLD, we have analyzed the effect of relaxing the object stationarity assumption and have shown that it leads to an increase in motion artifacts.
Dissolution kinetics of chrysotile at pH 7 to 10

The rate of chrysotile dissolution over five days was studied in constant-pH, batch suspensions at 25°C. After the first day, release of Mg occurred at a constant rate and exhibited a fractional dependence on pH, [H^+]^(0.24). Interpreted in terms of a site-binding model for adsorption of protons on the surface, this fractional dependence implies that the rate is limited by a chemical reaction involving less than one adsorbed proton per Mg released into solution. The actual magnitude of the rate (10^(−15.7) mol cm^(−2) s^(−1) at pH 8) supports this interpretation. The inorganics NO_3^−, C_l^−, HCO_3^− and SO_4^(2-) and the organics catechol and oxalate affected the rate of Mg release only during the initial 12 to 24 hours of each experiment. Silica release was linear from the outset of each experiment, but showed no definite pH dependence.
Efficiently answering reachability queries on very large directed graphs

Efficiently processing queries against very large graphs is an important research topic largely driven by emerging real world applications, as diverse as XML databases, GIS, web mining, social network analysis, ontologies, and bioinformatics. In particular, graph reachability has attracted a lot of research attention as reachability queries are not only common on graph databases, but they also serve as fundamental operations for many other graph queries. The main idea behind answering reachability queries in graphs is to build indices based on reachability labels. Essentially, each vertex in the graph is assigned with certain labels such that the reachability between any two vertices can be determined by their labels. Several approaches have been proposed for building these reachability labels; among them are interval labeling (tree cover) and 2-hop labeling. However, due to the large number of vertices in many real world graphs (some graphs can easily contain millions of vertices), the computational cost and (index) size of the labels using existing methods would prove too expensive to be practical. In this paper, we introduce a novel graph structure, referred to as path-tree, to help labeling very large graphs. The path-tree cover is a spanning subgraph of G in a tree shape. We demonstrate both analytically and empirically the effectiveness of our new approaches.
Performance of Good and Poor Readers at Two Grade Levels on an Auditory Cognitive Style Task.

Abstract Sixty-four good and poor readers at first and third grades were administered a task measuring cognitive style in the auditory modality. They were also administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) to obtain a measure of IQ. Poor readers committed significantly more errors and exhibited shorter response latencies on the Auditory Cognitive Style Task than did good readers. More importantly, poor readers demonstrated inefficient strategies for successful performance. It was suggested that good reading skills, as well as successful performance on the auditory task, require a certain degree of planfulness and self-monitoring activity on the part of the child which was apparently absent in the poor reader. Furthermore, it was proposed that the cognitive style variable, conceptual tempo, may be better viewed within the framework of the concept of metacognition.
Is there a weekend bias in clutch-initiation dates from citizen science? Implications for studies of avian breeding phenology.

Accurate phenology data, such as the timing of migration and reproduction, is important for understanding how climate change influences birds. Given contradictory findings among localized studies regarding mismatches in timing of reproduction and peak food supply, broader-scale information is needed to understand how whole species respond to environmental change. Citizen science—participation of the public in genuine research—increases the geographic scale of research. Recent studies, however, showed weekend bias in reported first-arrival dates for migratory songbirds in databases created by citizen-science projects. I investigated whether weekend bias existed for clutch-initiation dates for common species in US citizen-science projects. Participants visited nests on Saturdays more frequently than other days. When participants visited nests during the laying stage, biased timing of visits did not translate into bias in estimated clutch-initiation dates, based on back-dating with the assumption of one egg laid per day. Participants, however, only visited nests during the laying stage for 25 % of attempts of cup-nesting species and 58 % of attempts in nest boxes. In some years, in lieu of visit data, participants provided their own estimates of clutch-initiation dates and were asked “did you visit the nest during the laying period?” Those participants who answered the question provided estimates of clutch-initiation dates with no day-of-week bias, irrespective of their answer. Those who did not answer the question were more likely to estimate clutch initiation on a Saturday. Data from citizen-science projects are useful in phenological studies when temporal biases can be checked and corrected through protocols and/or analytical methods.
Study of complexation in methanol/water mixtures by infrared and Raman spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares analysis

The structure of the mobile phase in liquid chromatography plays an important role in the determination of retention behavior on reversed-phase stationary materials. One of the most commonly employed mobile phases is a mixture of methanol and water. In this work, infrared and Raman spectroscopic methods were used to investigate the structure of species formed in methanol/water mixtures. Chemometric methods using multivariate curve resolution by alternating least-squares analysis were used to resolve the overlapped spectra and to determine concentration profiles as a function of composition. The results showed that the structure of these mixtures could be described by a mixture model consisting of four species, namely, methanol, water, and two complexes, methanol/water (1:1) and methanol/water (1:4). The spectral frequencies and concentration profiles found from the Raman and infrared measurements were consistent with one another and with theoretical calculations.
A convenient AC electrical conductivity (EC) apparatus

Abstract A convenient AC electrical conductivity apparatus is described. The sample, which is in the form of a pressed disk, is placed between two platinum plates located in a small cylindrical furnace. A 1–10V, 100 Hz potential is applied to the sample and the resulting current, in μA, is recorded on an X-Y recorder as a function of temperature. An EC curve of the dehydration of BaCl 2 - 2H 2 O to BaCl 2 - H 2 O is presented to illustrate the operation of the apparatus.
Valence bond diatomics-in-molecules (DIM) treatment of collinear interactions of Group IIa and IIb metal atoms with hydrogen halides: Application to the CaHCl system

A recently developed formulation of the semiempirical valence bond diatomics‐in‐molecules (DIM) method is applied to the study of collinear MHX systems, where M is a Group IIa or IIb metal atom and X is a halogen atom. In particular, ground and excited state potential energy surfaces for reactions involving the three collinear arrangements of Ca, H, and Cl are considered. Explicit construction of the DIM Hamiltonian matrix is discussed. The resulting ground state surface for the collinear reaction Ca+ClH→CaCl+H, which exhibits a barrier of 34 kcal/mole at a rather stretched nuclear geometry, is shown to be in qualitative agreement with an ab initio surface for the analogous collinear Be+FH system. In addition, a description of the ’’harpooning’’ mechanism in the collinear reactions CaH+Cl→Ca+HCl and Cl+CaH→ClCa+H arises naturally from the calculations. Reaction pathways and reactant‐to‐product correlation diagrams are also discussed. A simple estimation of the sensitivity of the most prominent features of...
Platelet rich plasma use in allograft ACL reconstructions: two-year clinical results of a MOON cohort study.

Abstract Background Platelet rich plasma has been promoted as a biologic agent to enhance tissue healing. As a concentration of autologous growth factors, it has gained increased use in musculoskeletal applications. Methods The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intra-operative PRP on patient-reported outcomes 2 years after ACL reconstruction with tibialis anterior allograft. Fifty patients who underwent allograft ACL reconstruction with intra-operative application of PRP to the graft were matched with 50 allograft ACL -reconstructions without PRP use. The same surgeon performed all procedures with identical technique. Two year patient-reported outcomes including KOOS, IKDC, and Marx activity scores were obtained. Effusions in the immediate post-operative period, post-operative complications, and any subsequent procedures were also recorded. Results There was no difference between the groups with respect to additional surgeries or complications in the first 2 years after reconstruction. Decreased effusions at 10 ± 4 days were noted in the PRP group, but this difference disappeared by 8 ± 4 weeks. No differences in patient-reported outcomes were noted in the 58 patients with two-year outcome data. Conclusion The study demonstrated that although PRP application in tibialis allograft ACL reconstructions appeared safe; clinical benefit was minor and short-term. No differences in patient-reported outcomes or number of additional surgeries at 2 years were noted. Level of evidence Level III — retrospective comparative study.
Aging in Au-Ni alloys

Abstract Measurements have been made of changes in some physical properties of quenched alloys of 70% Au-30% Ni when they were annealed at low temperatures. Changes in the electrical resistance, volume, and Young's modulus were observed to occur. They indicate that there is at least one metastable precipitate formed on low temperature annealing; it occurs about 104 times earlier than the main phase change which has been well studied previously. There is a critical temperature above which this low temperature phase is unstable; this is about 225°C. Exact description of the low temperature phase is not possible, but it does seem to be either (1) clusters of Au-rich or Ni-rich atoms or (2) regions of high geometrical order. Quenched-in vacancies are presumed to control the rate of the reaction but the precipitate is not thought to be simply clusters of vacancies.
Collisional dissociation of CH2Br+2 in selected internal energy states

Abstract The collisionally induced dissociation of CH 2 Br + 2 to yield CH 2 Br + + Br has been investigated by photoelectronphotoion coincedence spectroscopy in which nominally zero kinetic electrons were detected. The reactant CH 2 Br + 2 ions were produced by photoionzation with intenal energies of 0.0, 0.20 and 0.60 eV. For all three internal energies, the kinetic energy threshold for dissociation is just equal to the energy defect.
Enterococcus faecalis complicating dermal filler injection: a case of virulent facial abscesses.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a popular product frequently used for soft tissue augmentation. A new high-concentration HA–lidocaine product (Elevess, Anika Therapeutics, Inc., Bedford, MA) has gained recent popularity for its marketed safety and patient comfort on administration. We report a clinical case of a 21-year-old woman who suffered a severe adverse reaction after administration of this product to the nasolabial folds and lips. She developed facial cellulitis accompanied by a multitude of abscesses. After urgent incision and drainage, the abscess cultures grew Enterococcus faecalis. After a 7-day hospital course and home antibiotic regimen, the patient’s symptoms improved dramatically. It took 1 month for complete resolution of the patient’s signs and symptoms. Patients and practitioners should be aware of all of the possible effects and complications that may result from use of this and all other dermal fillers. They should be cognizant of proper injection technique and respond with appropriate urgency to signs of infection.
Effects of initial irrigation, seeding date and directlyhauled topsoil on mined land community composition.

This study was implemented to determine the effects of one, two, or three months of establishment irrigation, after spring or summer seeding on the long-term composition of mined land plant associations. While the treatment plots were seeded with the same diverse mixture of native species, floristic differences among treatment combinations were apparent after five growing seasons. Summer seeding enhanced the development of seeded warm-season grasses by retarding the initial development of seeded cool-season grasses and by limiting competitive effects of nonseeded species through seedbed tillage. Supplemental irrigation was substantially more important to the development of warm- than cool-season grasses. Seeded perennial forbs performed poorly on all treatments, presumably due to low seed viability, low germination, and/or competition from more water-responsive species. Despite drought conditions during plant establishment, supplemental irrigation was not critical to the ultimate development of nonseeded plant species when seedbed tillage occurred shortly after topsoil was applied. However, irrigation became more important to the long-term development of these species when tillage was delayed. Most forbs encountered were perennial natives that had volunteered from the direct-haul topsoil.Atriplex canescens was the only successful seeded shrub and performed particularly well on the summer seeded plot that received one month of initial irrigation.
Economics of information examples in location and land-use theory☆

Abstract In many contexts a decision taken by one economic agent reveals valuable market information to other agents. Two such examples are displayed. In the first case, the location of a retailer reduces locally the uncertainty in the spatial variation of demand, thereby attracting other retailers. In the second case, the change in the quality of rental housing in a homogeneous neighborhood reveals consumer demand which may invite other landlords to follow suit causing capid neighborhood change.
Ontological Labels for Automated Location of Left Ventricular Remodeling

Shane Steinert-Threlkeld∗, Siamak Ardekani∗, Jose L.V. Mejino‡, Landon T. Detwiler‡, James F. Brinkley‡, Michael Halle¶, Ron Kikinis¶, Raimond L. Winslow†, Michael I. Miller∗, J. Tilak Ratnanather∗ ∗Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD †Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD ‡Structural Informatics Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA §Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ¶Surgical Planning Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Metal-Ligand Electronic Interactions in Mononuclear and Dinuclear Triethylenetetraminecobalt(III) Complexes Containing the Anion of Quinizarin (1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone)

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinonatotriethylenetetraminecobalt(III) cation and its conjugate acid and the tetrapositive dinuclear μ-1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinonatotriethylenetetraminecobalt(III) cation have been prepared in aqueous solution and characterized by spectroscopy and cyclical voltammetry. Both spectra and electrochemistry indicate that there is significant interaction between ligand-centered orbitals and metal-centered orbitals in all three species.
Bonding of Hg(II) to reduced organic sulfur in humic acid as affected by S/Hg ratio.

Organic matter is an important sorbent of heavy metals in soils and sediments. The heterogeneity of organic matter, including the presence of various reactive O-, N-, and S-bearing ligands, makes it difficult to precisely characterize the nature of metal−ligand binding sites. The objective of this research was to characterize the extent and nature of Hg(II) bonding with reduced organic S in soil organic matter. Sulfur-rich humic acid (0.7 ± 0.1 mol of S kg-1) was extracted from samples of surface soil from a marine wetland. Synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis at the S K edge indicated that 70 ± 3 mol % of the organic S was in a reduced oxidation state. Aqueous solutions containing 2 mmol of Hg kg-1, 0.1 M NaNO3, and humic acid added at various S/Hg molar ratios at pH 5.60 ± 0.02 were characterized using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the Hg LIII edge. Spectral fitting showed that as the total S/Hg ratio increased from 0.6 to 5.6 (reduced S/Hg...
On the convergence of projected gradient processes to singular critical points

The projected gradient methods treated here generate iterates by the rulexk+1=PΩ(x k −s k ∇F(x k )),x1 ∈ Ω, where Ω is a closed convex set in a real Hilbert spaceX,s k is a positive real number determined by a Goldstein-Bertsekas condition,PΩ projectsX into Ω,F is a differentiable function whose minimum is sought in Ω, and ∇F is locally Lipschitz continuous. Asymptotic stability and convergence rate theorems are proved for singular local minimizers ξ in the interior of Ω, or more generally, in some open facet in Ω. The stability theorem requires that: (i) ξ is a proper local minimizer andF grows uniformly in Ω near ξ; (ii) −∇F(ξ) lies in the relative interior of the coneKξ of outer normals to Ω at ξ; and (iii) ξ is an isolated critical point and the defect ∥PΩ(x − ∇F(x)) −x∥ grows uniformly within the facet containing ξ. The convergence rate theorem imposes (i) and (ii), and also requires that: (iv)F isC4 near ξ and grows no slower than ∥x−ξ∥4 within the facet; and (v) the projected Hessian operatorP F ξ ∇2F(ξ)Fξ is positive definite on its range in the subspaceFξ orthogonal toKξ. Under these conditions, {x k } converges to ξ from nearby starting pointsx1, withF(x k ) −F(ξ) =O(k−2) and ∥x k − ξ∥ =O(k−1/2). No explicit or implied local pseudoconvexity or level set compactness demands are imposed onF in this analysis. Furthermore, condition (v) and the uniform growth stipulations in (i) and (iii) are redundant in ℝ n .