cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the potential for automobile fuel savings in the US: The impact of obesity

High rates of oil consumption and obesity in the US have become important socioeconomic concerns. While these concerns may seem unrelated at first, growing obesity rates in the US increase fuel consumption by adding passenger weight to vehicles. This paper estimates the additional amount of fuel (i.e., gasoline) consumed annually by noncommercial passenger highway vehicles in the US due to passenger overweight and obesity. The mathematical model presented in this paper estimates that as many as one billion additional gallons of gasoline are consumed each year due to overweight and obesity in the US, accounting for up to 0.8% of the fuel consumed by these vehicles annually. This additional fuel consumption causes carbon dioxide emissions of up to 20 billion pounds or more, accounting for up to 0.5% of the annual carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector.
The Faraday Effect in Gases and Vapors. I

Using a newly developed photoelectric method that will measure magneto-optic rotations as small as 0.0003°, Verdet constants have been measured for helium, neon, hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, oxygen, and butane. This has been done at gas pressures less than 3 atmospheres for 22 points over the spectral range λ3635 A to λ9875 A. The average probable error is estimated at slightly less than 1 percent. Interference filters, calibrated specially for this type of work, have been used to give reasonably monochromatic wavelengths with a resulting uncertainty for most of the spectrum of not more than 10 A. Where comparison is possible with the work of other observers the agreement is satisfactory. The Faraday dispersion for helium follows closely the inverse-wavelength-squared law. Other gases are roughly similar, save oxygen which is anomalous. The Verdet constants for all gases show a negligible temperature dependence, at constant density, and for all gases except butane show negligible pressure effects for the moderate pressures used.
Forest Canopy Heights in the Pacific Northwest Based on InSAR Phase Discontinuities across Short Spatial Scales

Rapid land use changes are substantially altering the global carbon budget, yet quantifying the impact of these changes, or assessing efforts to mitigate them, remains challenging. Methods for assessing forest carbon range from precise ground surveys to remote-sensing approaches that provide proxies for canopy height and structure. We introduce a method for extracting a proxy for canopy heights from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. Our method focuses on short-spatial scale differences between forested and cleared regions, reducing the impact of errors from variations in atmospheric water vapor or satellite orbital positions. We generate time-varying, Landsat-based maps of land use and perform our analysis on the original wrapped (modulo-2π) data to avoid errors introduce by phase unwrapping and to allow assessment of the confidence of our results (within 3–4 m in many cases). We apply our approach to the Pacific Northwest, which contains some of the world’s tallest trees and has experienced extensive clearcutting. We use SAR imagery acquired at L-band by the PALSAR instrument on the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS). As SAR data archives expand, our approach can complement other remote-sensing methods and allow time-variable assessment of forest carbon budgets worldwide.
Hybrid tandem mass spectrometry of electrospray‐produced peptide ions

The collision-induced decomposition spectra of electrospray-produced molecule ions were investigated on a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. The molecular mass of the peptides investigated ranged from m/z 409 (as the singly protonated molcule ion) to 1758 (as the singly, doubly and triply protonated molecules). The effect of changing the center-of-mass collision energy by changing either the laboratory collision energy or the mass of thbe target gas was investigated. The spectra of all ions investigated showed a large number of sequence ions representative of the peptides' structures
Detecting a Bacterial Protein to Understand Cancer Risk

Featured Article: Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH, et al. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995;55:2111–5.4 In 1982, Helicobacter pylori was discovered in the human stomach in association with inflammatory cells infiltrating the gastric mucosa, a condition known as chronic gastritis. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren received the 2005 Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of H. pylori and determining its role in peptic ulcer disease. Within several years, it became clear that persons carrying H. pylori were also at increased risk for the most prevalent types of gastric cancer 1. Yet, H. pylori colonization is highly prevalent, and only a fraction of colonized individuals become ill. Work in my laboratory since 1985 has sought to define the antigens of H. pylori, to identify virulence factors, and to develop diagnostic tests to ascertain carriage and genotype. Studies initiated in 1988 by postdoctoral fellow Dr. Timothy Cover focused on an activity in culture supernatants from some but not all H. pylori strains …
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAJOR ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBANCE PHOTOCHANGES IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS

Abstract— –Measurement of the changes in the absorbance spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll upon reversible one electron oxidation in methanol have been extended into the u.v. regions of the spectrum. A striking resemblance between the oxidized minus reduced spectrum of bacteriochlorophyll and the light minus dark spectrum of chromatophore preparations from Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodospeudomonas spheroides is demonstrated. After subtracting from the chromatophore light minus dark spectrum changes which are the result of the photo-oxidation of the primary electron donor molecule, no major changes remain in the u.v. which would be ascribable to quinone or pteridine photoreduction. Major photochanges which are not completely accounted for by oxidation of the primary electron donor molecule are in the spectral region between 320 and 450 nm. Possible explanations of these remaining changes are explored. Reversible oxidation of bacteriochlorophyll was also carried out in dichloromethane in order to determine the dependency of the oxidized minus reduced difference spectrum on the polarity and hydrogen bonding properties of the solvent. Although the same general features were observed as with the experiment in methanol, there were significant shifts of some of the band locations toward the u.v.
Diagrammatic Analysis of the Method of Correlated Basis Functions. II. Perturbation Theory for a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas

Continuing the diagrammatic analysis of the method of correlated basis functions (CBF) for the weakly interacting Bose gas, as reported in the preceding paper, we take off from the unperturbed problem, which is solved essentially by a variational method using a Jastrow correlating factor as the trial wave function. We compute low-order corrections to the unperturbed energy, using a set of correlated basis functions. It is found that the simplest second-order correction in the CBF accounts for all discrepancies (between the Hugenholtz-Pines theory and the unperturbed CBF calculation) which arise in the fourth order of the interaction strength $O({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4})$. It is also demonstrated indirectly that the Jastrow function sums rings and ladders at least up to $O({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{5})$.
Hydrogen-platinum electrode system in detection of intravascular shunts

Abstract A modification of the Clark hydrogenplatinum system is described, employing a high-impedance system, platinum-electrode catheters, and stylets for Cournand or Henry needles. Typical curves which illustrate the localization of left-to-right and right-to-left shunts are presented. Valvular regurgitation is readily detected. The advantages of the method are the simplicity and reliability of the detection and localization of small shunts by means of a single intracardiac catheter. The disadvantages of the method are its extreme sensitivity, which complicates evaluation of valvular regurgitation, and the lack of quantitation of the shunt volume.
Urethroplasty in Patients With Kidney and Pancreas Transplants

Purpose: In patients with solid organ transplants urethral strictures may develop from repeat catheterization, recurrent urinary tract infection or chronic irritation of the urethral mucosa secondary to contact with pancreatic enzymes. We describe surgical outcomes in patients with kidney and kidney-pancreas transplants after urethral reconstruction for stricture or fistula disease.Materials and Methods: Ten males underwent urethroplasty for urethral stricture (9) or urethral fistula (1) disease after kidney or kidney-pancreas transplantation. Median patient age was 41.5 years (range 25 to 56) and average time from transplantation was 9 years (range 1 to 14). Four patients underwent bulbar urethroplasty with buccal mucosa, 3 underwent stricture excision and primary anastomosis of the bulbar urethra, 2 underwent penile urethroplasty with graft tissue and 1 underwent bulbar urethrocutaneous fistula repair.Results: The etiology of stricture disease was pancreatic enzyme induced stricture in 40% of cases, cat...
Incorporating ethnicity into genetic risk assessment for Alzheimer disease: the REVEAL study experience

Purpose: To describe how investigators in a multisite randomized clinical trial addressed scientific and ethical issues involved in creating risk models based on genetic testing for African American participants. Methods: The following informed our decision whether to stratify risk assessment by ethnicity: evaluation of epidemiological data, appraisal of benefits and risks of incorporating ethnicity into calculations, and feasibility of creating ethnicity-specific risk curves. Once the decision was made, risk curves were created based on data from a large, diverse study of first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer disease. Results: Review of epidemiological data suggested notable differences in risk between African Americans and whites and that Apolipoprotein E genotype predicts risk in both groups. Discussions about the benefits and risks of stratified risk assessments reached consensus that estimates based on data from whites should not preclude enrolling African Americans, but population-specific risk curves should be created if feasible. Risk models specific to ethnicity, gender, and Apolipoprotein E genotype were subsequently developed for the randomized clinical trial that oversampled African Americans. Conclusion: The Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer Disease study provides an instructive example of a process to develop risk assessment protocols that are sensitive to the implications of genetic testing for multiple ethnic groups with differing levels of risk.
Single-step deposition of Eu-doped Y2O3 phosphor coatings through a precursor plasma spraying technique

Europium-doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) luminescent coatings were produced in a single step directly from a solution precursor using a radio frequency induction plasma spray technique. Crystalline and luminescent coatings were grown on Si(100) and steel substrates by this process. X-ray diffraction analyses on these coatings confirmed that polycrystalline cubic Y2O3 phase formed in situ with no impurity phases. The observed photoluminescence from these coatings is in all probability due to the highly crystalline nature of the coating combined with submicron spherical morphology of the grains.
Role of unilateral aderenalectomy in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.

We read with interest an article published recently in the World Journal of Surgery regarding the role of unilateral adrenalectomy in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) [1]. In our institution, we have experience with a few cases of AIMAH including the familial type that were all treated by bilateral adrenalectomy [2–4]. Among them, we initially treated one case of AIMAH by unilateral adrenalectomy; however, successive completion adrenalectomy was required owing to the detection of hypersecretion of cortisol in the remaining adrenal gland during follow-up [3]. A 39-year-old Asian woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation and treatment of AIMAH. She had typical cushingoid features and hypertension. The 24-hr urinary free cortisol was 646 lg (20–90 lg/day). ACTH was not detectable. The computed tomography scan showed 2and 3-cm ovoid masses in both adrenal glands. Stimulation with mixed meal, arginine-vasopressin, luteinizing hormone, b-adrenergic agonist, serotonin, and upright posture did not change her cortisol secretion. Selective adrenal venous sampling was performed according to current recommendations [5]. It revealed a localized hyperfunctioning tumor in the left adrenal gland (Fig. 1). After laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed, the hypertension and cushingoid features disappeared, and the 24-hr urinary free cortisol level returned to normal. Thereafter, we have checked serial blood pressure measurements, the 24-hr urinary free cortisol level, and the size of the remaining adrenal gland. Two years after the left adrenalectomy, the patient became hypertensive again with an elevated 24-hr urinary free cortisol level and evidence of enlargement of the right adrenal gland. Completion adrenalectomy was performed laparoscopically. The patient is currently on replacement therapy with physiologic doses of steroid hormones. Many studies are underway to help define the pathophysiology of AIMAH, especially with respect to the underlying mechanisms of adrenal autonomy, including ectopic and eutopic expression of several candidate receptor genes in the adrenal gland [6]. When the molecular pathophysiology of AIMAH is completely understood, medical treatment with specific antagonizing agents or
Large‐scale rhomboid bed forms and sedimentary structures associated with hurricane washover*

Hurricane washover fans from the Texas Gulf Coast exhibit large-scale rhomboid bed forms developed on washover deposits of fine sand with varying shell content. Washover processes inferred from aerial photographs, storm characteristics, and physical settings suggest that these bed forms are the product of (1) storm surge flooding or (2) high wind shear stress. Multiple bed forms, including large-scale rhombs, are responsible for sedimentary structures preserved in washover deposits. Proximal channels exhibit scour and fill sequences capped by mud drapes. Mid-channel fan deposits also have scour bases marked by shell lags which are overlain by horizontal laminations and foreset and backset laminae. Distal fan sediments are relatively shell free and are interbedded with tidal flat deposits characterized by bioturbated, alternating sand and mud laminae. Rhomboidal patterns can form on the free surface of water in response to five processes: (1) wave interference from two externally independent sources, (2) wave interference from refraction of a single set of wave fronts, (3) standing oblique waves caused by bed roughness elements, (4) standing oblique waves formed at channel boundaries and channel transitions, and (5) wind stress. Geologically, standing oblique waves from unidirectional nearly supercritical flow is probably the most important process in rhomboid bed form development.
Nonlinear current mirrors for analog and mixed signal processing

An approach to designing nonlinear current mirrors for nonlinear functions is proposed in this paper. In a nonlinear current mirror, the ratio of input current to output one is made input-dependent in a controlled manner. This dependency is very useful in many applications, such as adaptive processing in analog circuits. Starting with an analysis of the basic structure of current mirror, the work presented in this paper comprises the general aspects of the design and the method to make the current ratio input-dependent in different manners. A design example is also presented. It is about a 3-transistor circuit performing a current amplification when the input current is low and an attenuation if it is high. With the rich variations of the device nonlinearity, varieties of nonlinear functions can be implemented in very simple current mirror circuits. Simulations results are provided to validate the designed function and to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.
Causal Attribution Among Cancer Survivors of the 10 Most Common Cancers

In an attempt to understand and cope with their diagnosis, individuals with cancer may develop beliefs about the cause of their illness and these causal attributions may impact psychosocial adjustment. Connecticut participants (N = 775) from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-I completed a self-administered questionnaire assessing beliefs of the cause of their cancer and if they had contemplated the question "why me?" regarding their diagnosis. Written causal belief responses were coded into thematic categories and defined as either in (modifiable) or out (fixed) of an individual's control. Using logistic regression, the authors examined associations between sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures and identifying modifiable causal attributions, as well as contemplating "why me." Most cancer survivors (78.2%) identified one or more causes. Lifestyle and biological factors were most common, whereas psychological factors were least common, with some variation by cancer type. After multivariate adjustment, only cancer type was associated with identifying modifiable causes. Participants who contemplated "why me" (47.5%) were more likely to be younger and reported a greater number of cancer-related problems. In conclusion, the majority of cancer survivors reported specific causal attributions, and many had contemplated "why me." Understanding and assessing causal attributions and more general existential questions regarding diagnosis could aid in our understanding of survivors' adjustment and psychosocial well-being. Additional research in large populations is also needed to determine if other characteristics are associated with identifying modifiable causal attributions and asking "why me."
Two- and Three-Photon Absorption and Frequency Upconverted Emission of Silicon Quantum Dots

In this communication, we present the experimental results of two- and three-photon excitation studies on silicon quantum dots (QDs) in chloroform (as well as in water) by using femtosecond laser pulses with wavelengths of 778 and 1335 nm and a pulse duration ∼160 fs. The photoluminescence spectral distributions are nearly the same upon one-, two-, and three-photon excitation. With one- and two-photon excitation, the temporal relaxation measurements of photoluminescence emission manifest the same multiexponential decay behavior in the time range from 0.05 ns to 15 μs, characterized by three successive decay constants: 0.75 ns, 300 ns, and 5 μs, respectively. Finally, the two-photon absorption spectrum in the spectral range of 650−900 nm and the three-photon absorption spectrum in the spectral range of 1150−1400 nm have been measured.
Difference frequency and its harmonic emitted by microbubbles under dual frequency excitation

Vibro-acoustography is an elasticity imaging method that uses two ultrasound beams of slightly different frequency to excite an object and detects the resulting acoustic emission (AE) at the difference frequency. This method is especially sensitive to bubbles due to their nonlinearity. This study explores the harmonic acoustic emission (HAE) at twice the difference frequency emitted from bubbles. A perturbation method based on the dynamic bubble equation is used to derive the AE and HAE from a single bubble excited by dual frequency waves. Simulation shows that HAE is generated only by microbubbles whose resonant frequencies match the incident ultrasound frequencies. In contrast, AE is more sensitive to resonance at the difference frequency, which is relevant to sub-millimeter bubbles. This finding was confirmed by experiments where HAE was produced from Optison microbubbles, but not from larger air bubbles which are off resonance at the incident ultrasound frequency. In conclusion, harmonic acoustic emission is present for microbubbles. It is very sensitive to the size of the bubble and may be used for selective detection of microbubbles.
Projections to the spinal cord from medullary somatosensory relay nuclei.

Descending projections to the spinal card from the dorsal column nuclei were studied in the cat, rat and monkey with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique, and in the cat with the autoradiographic anterograde axonal transport technique. Retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the dorsal column nuclei after HRP injections at all levels of the spinal cord and additionally in the magnocellular division of the spinal caudalis nucleus of the trigeminal nerve after injections into cervical spinal segments in all three species. HRP-positive neurons were predominantly located along the middle of the rostro-caudal axis of the dorsal column nuclei and amongst the fusiform, triangular and polygonal cells that surround, especially ventrally, the cell nest zone containing thalamic relay neurons. The labeled neurons are densely concentrated in those portions of the dorsal column nuclei where most corticofugal and non-primary afferent projections terminate and where the terminal distribution of primary afferent fibers is overlapping and diffuse. Previous studies have shown that most neurons in this middle and ventral region do not project to the thalamus or cerebellum. The majority of the cells in the dorsal column nuclei with descending axons or axon collaterals project by way of the ipsilateral dorsal columns, but some fibers project into the dorsolateral funiculus; the descending trigeminal fibers course in the dorsolateral funiculus. The terminal fields for these fibers in the cervical spinal cord include the lateral cervical nucleus, laminae IV and V, and possibly lamina I. These results indicate that the dorsal column nuclei may contribute to a feedback mechanism regulating the flow of sensory information ascending along other somatosensory spinal pathways.
Extracellular levels of lactate, but not oxygen, reflect sleep homeostasis in the rat cerebral cortex.

Study Objective: It is well established that brain metabolism is higher during wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Most of the brain’s energy is used to maintain neuronal firing and glutamatergic transmission. Recent evidence shows that cortical firing rates, extracellular glutamate levels, and markers of excitatory synaptic strength increase with time spent awake and decline throughout NREM sleep. These data imply that the metabolic cost of each behavioral state is not fixed but may reflect sleep-wake history, a possibility that is investigated in the current report. Design: Chronic (4d) electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in the rat cerebral cortex were coupled with fixed-potential amperometry to monitor the extracellular concentration of oxygen ([oxy]) and lactate ([lac]) on a second-by-second basis across the spontaneous sleep-wake cycle and in response to sleep deprivation. Setting: Basic sleep research laboratory. Patients or Participants: Wistar Kyoto (WKY) adult male rats. Interventions: N/A. Measurements and Results: Within 30-60 sec [lac] and [oxy] progressively increased during wake and REM sleep and declined during NREM sleep (n = 10 rats/metabolite), but with several differences. [Oxy], but not [lac], increased more during wake with high motor activity and/or elevated EEG high-frequency power. Meanwhile, only the NREM decline of [lac] reflected sleep pressure as measured by slow-wave activity, mirroring previous results for cortical glutamate. Conclusions: The observed state-dependent changes in cortical [lac] and [oxy] are consistent with higher brain metabolism during waking and REM sleep in comparison with NREM sleep. Moreover, these data suggest that glycolytic activity, most likely through its link with glutamatergic transmission, reflects sleep homeostasis.
Electronic structure and superconductivity for Cu-oxides

We discuss appropriate effective Hamiltonian for high Tc superconductors. We show that the low energy physics of a two band model including Cu2+ ions and anti-bonding O-holes is equivalent to a single band Hubbard model in the large U limit, due to symmetry of the atomic wavefunctions and strong Cu-O hybridization. The ground state of this single band effective Hamiltonian is then studied using a renormalized mean field theory. The d-wave pairing Resonant-Valence-Bond state is found lowest in energy, and it has a superconducting order parameter, whose amplitude is linear in the hole concentration.
Flux-vortex structure in type-II superconductors carrying a longitudinal current.

For values of r greater than the coherence length \ensuremath{\xi}, the axially symmetric Ginzburg-Landau equations are solved for a flux vortex carrying a longitudinal current. The field is not force free, and it is shown that there are no regular solutions to the force-free field equations that decay exponentially with increasing penetration into a superconductor. It is also shown, in this approximation, that in the case of a vortex carrying a nonzero longitudinal current, the Ginzburg-Landau equations are equivalent to the radial pressure-balance equilibrium relation in ideal magnetohydrodynamics. The techniques developed in this field to address stability issues can then be used to answer questions related to vortex stability.
An analysis of college students' anonymous questions about human sexuality.

This study analyzed the frequency and type of questions about sex and sexuality that were anonymously submitted by college undergraduates enrolled in personal health education courses at three universities. More than 1,300 queries were submitted by 626 students (249 men and 377 women) from an original pool of 644 possible subjects. Questions asked most often fell into six general categories: sexual arousal/response, general anatomy/physiology, contraception, dating/relationships, pregnancy/fertility, and sexually transmitted diseases. Queries concerning sexual arousal/response accounted for just over 30% of the questions from men and 25% of the questions from women. Women asked nearly twice as many questions about pregnancy and contraception as men did, and men asked far more about general anatomy/physiology and sexually transmitted diseases than women did. Chi-square analysis identified a significant association (p less than .001) between the sex of the questioner and the categories of sexual arousal/response and pregnancy/fertility. Physicians, psychologists, nurses, counselors, and educators should be aware that a considerable degree of sexual uncertainty still exists among college undergraduates. The authors concluded that the anonymous-submission technique was an effective means of enhancing the learning process and meeting student needs in sexuality education.
College majors and social mobility

Abstract To further our understanding of social mobility in the United States, this study examines the role of major field of study during college, and the relationships between origin characteristics and education attainment. Data, collected in 2001, consisted of information on the college and labor market experiences of 4435 alumni from 30 colleges, as well as matched ACT data on alumni background and pre-college characteristics from three cohorts of college graduates up to 25 years after college. Results indicate that both placement on and movement along the social ladder are affected by college major, and the extent to which status is awarded based on merit relative to inherited economic resources is partially dependent upon major.
Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications

Abstract Objective This systematic review examines the strength of the association between thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss and other serious obstetric complications. Study design Electronic databases and manual bibliography searches were used to identify studies evaluating the association between thrombophilia and pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, fetal growth retardation, and placental abruption. Results Thrombophilic disorders are associated with an increased risk of fetal loss in the majority of case control and cohort studies. The risk is increased throughout pregnancy, but may be higher in the second and third trimester. The common pathologic finding of placental infarction suggests unexplained fetal loss may result from uteroplacental insufficiency and thrombosis. Thrombophilic disorders are not consistently associated with preeclampsia, fetal growth retardation, or placental abruption. Preliminary data suggest prophylactic anticoagulation may improve outcome in thrombophilic women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss. Conclusion Women with thrombophilia have an increased risk of pregnancy loss and possibly other serious obstetric complications, although definition of the magnitude of risk will require prospective longitudinal studies. Preliminary data suggesting prophylactic anticoagulation may improve gestational outcome provide a rationale for prospective randomized trials in thrombophilic women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss.
Simultaneous Investment and Allocation Decisions Applied to Water Planning

This paper develops models for water planning that simultaneously consider investment and allocation decisions. The framework is demonstrated for a region which includes the counties of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara in California. The quadratic discontinuous mathematical programming problems-resulting from such models are solved optimally by using generalized Benders decomposition. Benders decomposition is a method for breaking a larger problem into a series of manageable subproblems which yield feasible solutions to the overall system. In this case the decomposition is used to incorporate a quadratic programming allocation subproblem with an integer programming investment sequencing problem.
Planetary science: Europa awakening

Brines percolating in the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa may be responsible for the satellite's enigmatic chaotic terrains. A new model predicts that one such terrain is currently forming over shallow subsurface water. See Letter p.502
Subject to Interpretation: Philosophical Messengers and Poetic Reticence in Sikh Textuality

The translation of the Guru Granth Sahib (GGS), or Sikh ‘scripture’, within the discourse of (European) colonial/modernity was enacted by the use of hermeneutics—which oversaw the shift from the openness of praxis to the closure of representation and knowledge. Such a shift demoted certain indigenous interpretive frames, wherein the GGS is assumed to enunciate an excess that far transcends the foreign demand to fix the text’s ‘call’ into singular meanings (beyond time), but rather transforms the hermeneutic desire into a process of learning (Sikhi) through multiple meanings (in time). Thus the GGS is not translated according to a particular life-world, but actively transforms the life-world of those that respond to its excessive call. How should hermeneutics be reformed in this case? If the GGS as text demands interpretation, then the text as Guru demands engagement, and together they would necessarily call forth a radicalization of hermeneutics via a certain poetic reticence to all philosophical messengers.
T regulatory cells turn on T regulatory cells.

In this issue of Blood , Miao and colleagues demonstrate that Tregs from a FoxP3 transgenic mouse injected with a normally immunogenic FVIII plasmid not only suppress the response to FVIII but also may “turn on” host Tregs upon adoptive transfer. The tantalizing promise of replacement gene
System for oxygen measurements in a fish farm

The most important variable for intensive fish farming is the ability to monitor the oxygen concentration in the water in an autonomous and continuous fashion. We report on a system capable of remote data collection that was deployed in fish pond. The system is capable of tracking the dynamic changes in oxygen concentration encountered in during facility operation. A user friendly computer interface provides output from the sensor located in the fish pond and enables setting alarm levels, which are communicated to the farmer via a commercial cell phone network.
Integrin-associated protein is an adhesion receptor on sickle red blood cells for immobilized thrombospondin

The adhesive protein thrombospondin (TSP) potentially mediates sickle (SS) red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to the blood vessel wall, thereby contributing to vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. We previously reported that SS RBCs bind to immobilized TSP under flow conditions, whereas normal (AA) red cells do not. However, the SS RBC receptors that mediate this interaction are largely unknown. Here it is reported that integrin-associated protein (IAP), or CD47, mediates the adhesion of these cells to immobilized TSP under both flow and static conditions. A peptide derived from the C-terminal IAP binding site of TSP also supports sickle cell adhesion; adhesion to this peptide or to TSP is inhibited specifically by the anti-IAP monoclonal antibody, 1F7. Furthermore, these data suggest that IAP on SS RBCs is structurally different from that expressed on AA RBCs but that IAP expression levels do not vary between AA and SS RBCs. This structural difference may contribute to the enhanced adhesion of SS RBCs to immobilized TSP. These results identify IAP as a TSP receptor on SS RBCs and suggest that this receptor and its binding site within TSP represent potential therapeutic targets to decrease vaso-occlusion. (Blood. 2001;97:2159-2164)
Petrogenesis of serpentinites from the Franciscan Complex, western California, USA

Serpentinites from the Franciscan Complex of California, USA, were analyzed for their bulk major and trace element compositions, relict mineral (spinel and pyroxene) compositions, and stable isotope (O, H, Cl) compositions with the goal of determining protolith origin and subsequent serpentinizing fluid sources in order to decipher the tectonic setting of serpentinization. We focused on serpentinite bodies found in the Franciscan Complex (west of Cuesta Ridge; south of San Francisco; Tiburon Peninsula; Healdsburg) (n = 12). Three samples from Cuesta Ridge (part of the Coast Range ophiolite) were also analyzed for comparison. Serpentinites from Cuesta Ridge have flat to U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns and spinels with Cr# values > 0.60 implying a supra-subduction zone origin. In contrast, Franciscan serpentinites west of Cuesta Ridge and Tiburon Peninsula have positive-sloped REE patterns. This depletion in LREE is typical of abyssal peridotites. Most relict spinels have low Cr# values (< 0.3) and relict clinopyroxenes from Tiburon Peninsula have high HREE concentrations, also supporting an abyssal origin. Franciscan serpentinite samples from south of San Francisco and near Healdsburg have U-shaped REE patterns and spinel compositions that lie within the forearc peridotite field with some overlap into the abyssal field and are of more ambiguous origin. All samples are high in fluid-mobile elements with remarkable positive Ce and Y anomalies. We speculate that these anomalies may be due to involvement of highly oxidizing fluids resulting in the preferential scavenging of Ce and Y by ferromanganese oxyhydroxides during serpentinization. All samples (except those south of San Francisco) have δ18O values of + 5.4 to + 7.9‰, typical values for oceanic serpentinites formed via low-T seawater hydration on the seafloor. δD values of all samples are extremely low (− 107 to − 90‰), likely the result of post-serpentinization, post-emplacement interaction with meteoric water at low temperature. Samples south of San Francisco lie on the San Andreas fault and have high δ18O values (+ 7.2 to + 9.5‰) likely due to low-T interaction with meteoric water at high fluid–rock ratios. Most of the serpentinites have δ37Cl values between + 0.2 and + 0.9‰, typical values for serpentinites formed by interaction with seawater. Exceptions are those from the San Andreas fault and one sample from Cuesta Ridge with a high δ37Cl value (+ 1.7‰) possibly from interaction with a slab-derived fluid.
The Psychological Bases for Permanent Peace

(1942). The Psychological Bases for Permanent Peace. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 297-334.
Babies helping babies with leukemia

It has been more than 10 years since the first unrelated-donor cord-blood transplantation for leukemia.[1][1] In the intervening time, a number of major publications have confirmed the feasibility of using cord blood from mismatched unrelated donors for hematopoietic reconstitution following
An Algorithm for the Fixed-Charge Assigning Users to Sources Problem

Given a set of sources with known capacities and a set of users with known demands for a product, the objective is to minimize the cost of assigning the users to the sources. The restrictions are that each user's demand is satisfied by exactly one of the sources, and that the total amount assigned to each source does not exceed its capacity. A fixed-charge version of this problem is formulated as a set partitioning problem and solved by a column-generating branch and bound procedure. Computational results are given.
Subunit interactions in polyoma virus structure.

Abstract Purified polyoma virions can be progressively dissociated by treatment with increasing concentrations of SDS. Complete removal of histones occurs at a lower concentration of SDS than is required to completely remove VP3 and VP2. VP2 is the last minor protein to be dissociated. The final structure contains disulfide-crosslinked VP1 and resembles empty capsids by electron microscopy. This VP1 structure retains hemagglutinating activity, and the data presented indicate that the hemagglutinin is a polymer of VP1. Disulfide-crosslinked and uncrosslinked VP1 can be distinguished in polyoma infected cell lysates by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. DNA release also occurs by treatment with SDS. With very low concentrations of SDS, the minor proteins begin to dissociate before release of DNA. The resulting DNA-containing structure sediments more slowly (about 80 S) in sucrose gradients than intact virions or empty capsids. Most of these 80 S particles can be converted to empty capsids by slightly higher concentrations of SDS. A residual portion retains DNA even after treatment with high salt or with concentrations of SDS at which all minor proteins are removed.
The effects of neonatal handling on adrenocortical responsiveness, morphological development and corticosterone binding globulin in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Abstract Early developmental experiences play an important role in development of the adult phenotype. We investigated the effects of neonatal handling on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in a free-living avian species, the American kestrel (Falco sparverius). In the handled group (H), kestrel chicks were handled for 15 min/day from hatching until 26 days of age, after which time blood samples were collected for analysis of adrenal responsiveness and corticosterone binding globulin (CBG) levels. The non-handled control group (NH) was left undisturbed until 26 days of age when blood samples were collected and analyzed as above. Handled and NH kestrels did not differ in body condition index. Both total corticosterone (CORT) and CBG capacity were dampened significantly in H kestrels. However, free CORT did not differ between the two groups. In addition, hormone challenges of corticotropin releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone were compared to saline injections to determine if the pituitary or the adrenal glands, respectively, were rendered more or less sensitive by handling. There was no difference in the responsiveness of H and NH kestrels to either hormone challenge. It is clear from these data that handling had an affect on fledgling phenotypic development, although whether the effects are permanent or ephemeral is unknown.
Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels: Increased sensitivity through a combined Coomassie blue-silver stain procedure

A combined Coomassie blue-silver stain method has been developed in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels for the detection of proteins using the model compounds bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and recombinant DNA-derived human insulin. Sensitivity was enhanced 2.2 to 8.6 times by the new method relative to that of silver staining alone. The new method may also be useful in enhancing detection sensitivities of other proteins.
Myelopathy After Scorpion Sting

• Transverse myelopathy developed in a 32-year-old man soon after a scorpion sting. The only abnormal findings from laboratory studies, which included complete myelography, were a CSF leukocytosis and elevated total serum protein level. Spontaneous resolution of his neurologic deficit occurred, and he had normal neurologic function one year after the sting. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of myelopathy occurring after scorpion envenomization.
A holistic approach to vision

The Ecology of Vision. By J.N. Lythgoe. Pp.244. (Clarendon/Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1979.) £22, $49.
Phosphate nutrition of Rhizobium spp.

This study was conducted to determine the behavior of 40 strains from six species of Rhizobium in liquid defined media containing orthophosphate at levels likely to be encountered naturally, ranging from the high concentrations expected in nodules and artificial media to the low concentrations of soil solutions. Storage capacity in strains with high levels (2 mM) of P and ability to utilize this stored P for growth after transfer to low levels (0.06 μM) of P varied with each strain. Storage varied from about 1 to 2% P (dry weight) for all strains, with the number of generations supported dependent on the quantity of P stored and on the utilization efficiency. The ability to store P at high levels is probably less important than the uptake and utilization efficiency of P supplied at low levels. Strains varied greatly in tolerance to low levels of P maintained in solution by an iron oxide buffering system. Differences in growth rate at low levels of P were large enough to be agronomically important.
Direct Dimethyl Ether Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells for Portable Applications

Dimethyl ether ~DME! is a potential fuel for direct oxidation fuel cells that combines the main advantages of hydrogen ~pumpless fuel delivery! and methanol ~high energy density storage!. DME also has low toxicity compared to methanol, making it a potential fuel for portable applications. This paper describes performance aspects and limitations of the DME fuel cell. At the anode, there is a critical balance between water and DME availability for reaction that suggests a thin electrolyte to promote back diffusion of water to the anode is desirable for high performance. However, excessive DME or DME intermediate crossover reaction losses with a Pt/Ru anode and Pt cathode catalyst preclude use of the thinnest electrolytes available.
A Model of Community Response: Institutional Structures and Effective Disaster Management

Abstract What are the institutional structures that influence effective disaster management? Building on earlier work (Hughey 2003, 2008; Hughey and Bell 2011), this paper explores the utility of Hughey's (2003) Model of Community Response to Disaster applied within the context of The Bahamas. The model provides a framework for the systematic review of some of the institutional and social mechanisms that contribute to response quality. The model was applied using data collected on conditions, disaster management processes and structures, and response outcomes before and after the implementation of a national Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM) system. Results indicate that the model can be successfully applied outside the United States and supports a better understanding of the dynamic relationships between events, institutional and social structures, and disaster management operations. In order to improve consistency and facilitate more robust and comparable results, the development of an accompanying metric is recommended.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Reduced Gravity Fluid Slosh Dynamics

The slosh dynamics in cryogenic fuel tanks under microgravity is a pressing problem that severely affects the reliability of spacecraft launching. To date, current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models which examine low-gravity slosh dynamics, as well as the dynamics of fluid-structure coupling during slosh events, have not been benchmarked against lowgravity experimental data. This work details the results of a series of low-gravity experiments, flown on the NASA C-9B reduced gravity aircraft, designed to yield a comprehensive data set used for CFD validation and improvement upon the present methodology. It is proposed that the 3-D rigid body acceleration of the tank, along with the initial liquid distribution and tank geometry uniquely determines a slosh event. From this, a novel experimental framework to characterize slosh is proposed. The proposed framework includes six acceleration measurements (from two tri-axial sensors), three angular rate sensors, and a set of synchronized orthogonal cameras. The imaging and data acquisition hardware are also synchronized by a common trigger. The numerical models are developed using a dynamic mesh solver, and a user defined function (UDF) for input of the aircraft accelerations.
Increased skeletal muscle-specific microRNA in the blood of patients with COPD

Background Skeletal muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) carries a poor prognosis, therefore a non-invasive marker of this process could be useful. Reduced expression of muscle-specific microRNA (myomiRs) in quadriceps muscle in patients with COPD is associated with skeletal muscle weakness and changes in muscle fibre composition. Circulating exosomal miRNAs can be measured in blood, making them candidate biomarkers of biopsy phenotype. To determine whether plasma myomiR levels were associated with fibre size or fibre proportion, we measured myomiRs in plasma from patients with COPD and healthy controls. Methods and results 103 patients with COPD and 25 age-matched controls were studied. Muscle-specific miRNA was elevated in the plasma of patients with COPD and showed distinct patterns. Specifically, miR-1 was inversely associated with fat-free mass in the cohort, whereas levels of miR-499 were more directly associated with strength and quadriceps type I fibre proportion. Two miRs not restricted to muscle in origin (miR-16 and miR-122) did not differ between patients and controls. Plasma miR-499 was also associated with muscle nuclear factor κB p50 but not p65 in patients with early COPD whereas plasma inflammatory cytokines were associated with miR-206 in patients with more advanced disease. Conclusions Plasma levels of individual myomiRs are altered in patients with COPD but alone do not predict muscle fibre size or proportion. Our findings are consistent with an increase in muscle wasting and turnover associated with the development of skeletal muscle dysfunction and fibre-type shift in patients with stable COPD.
Emerging Reliability Issues of Nano-Scale SOI Technology

In this review, the following reliability concerns: hot carrier reliability, negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI), time depended dielectric breakdown (TDDB) and electrostatic discharge, are discussed individually, and recognizing that the responsible mechanisms quite often are active simultaneously, their interdependence and interaction is also discussed