cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Prediction of Incipient Alzheimer's Disease cases from Mild Cognitive Impaired cases

Naturally, aging impedes all the functional systems of the body. However, the severity and time of manifestation of these changes differ and due to the effect of both epigenetics and heredity factors. Alzheimer's disease (AD) which can be defined as a pathological lost of memory and cognitive abilities as a result of brain degeneration, injury to the brain or actions of protein biomarkers is the concern of this paper. We presents a fuzzy criteria for the identification and prediction (prognosis) of acute cognitive impairment cases from mild impaired cases based on the distance values determined between ions generated by Mass Spectrometer surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization assay procedures. The result obtained augments current clinical techniques by way of introducing additional use of Mass Spectra data. It also solves the problems associated with diagnosing AD through longitudinal follow-up practices and bridges the gap between protein biomarkers discovery and AD diagnosis.
Data Transmission for the NRL Space Surveillance System

The basic components of the data-transmission system described above have been in operation for over a year and have given satisfactory service. There has been practically no change in the original choice of components. They were chosen because of their known reliability and stability and for the purpose of having the system operational as Soon as possible. The maintenance required has been reasonable (chiefly the usual replacemenlt of tubes). In the light of the advancement of transistorized circuits, it is advisable to incorporate such circuits into any future redesign. This would, no doubt, have the additional advantages of conserving space and reducing power onsumption.
Understanding Treatment Burden and Quality of Life Impact of Participating in an Early-Phase Pediatric Oncology Clinical Trial: A Pilot Study.

Purpose: Early-phase clinical trials (EPTs) have led to new, more effective treatment options for children with cancer. Despite the extensive use of EPTs in pediatric oncology, little is known abou...
Intravital imaging of metastasis in adult Zebrafish

Metastasis is a major clinical problem whose biology is not yet fully understood. This lack of understanding is especially true for the events at the metastatic site, which include arrest, extravasation, and growth into macrometastases. Intravital imaging is a powerful technique that has shown great promise in increasing our understanding of these events. To date, most intravital imaging studies have been performed in mice, which has limited its adoption. Zebrafish are also a common system for the intravital imaging of metastasis. However, as imaging in embryos is technically simpler, relatively few studies have used adult zebrafish to study metastasis and none have followed individual cells at the metastatic site over time. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that adult casper zebrafish offer a convenient model system for performing intravital imaging of the metastatic site over time with single-cell resolution. ZMEL1 zebrafish melanoma cells were injected into 6 to 10-week-old casper fish using an intravenous injection protocol. Because casper fish are transparent even as adults, they could be imaged without surgical intervention. Individual cells were followed over the course of 2 weeks as they arrested, extravasated, and formed macroscopic metastases. Our injection method reliably delivered cells into circulation and led to the formation of tumors in multiple organs. Cells in the skin and sub-dermal muscle could be imaged at high resolution over 2 weeks using confocal microscopy. Arrest was visualized and determined to be primarily due to size restriction. Following arrest, extravasation was seen to occur between 1 and 6 days post-injection. Once outside of the vasculature, cells were observed migrating as well as forming protrusions. Casper fish are a useful model for studying the events at the metastatic site using intravital imaging. The protocols described in this study are relatively simple. Combined with the reasonably low cost of zebrafish, they offer to increase access to intravital imaging.
Modeling and verification of network-on-chip using constrained-DEVS

Verification of models is necessary for some classes of systems to guarantee safety properties in addition to satisfying functional requirements. Exhaustive model checking is a full proof method for verifying lack of undesirable behavior for dynamical systems. In this work, we present a model checking verification method for Network-on-Chip (NoC) models. For this purpose, a constrained version of the atomic DEVS modeling formalism is formulated and applied to verification of an NoC router. This is achieved by adding constraints on the state size and the number of transitions in the atomic model. A model-checker is introduced into the DEVS-Suite simulator for verifying constrained DEVS models using the DEVS simulator protocol. The model-checker is used to verify a model of NoC router component at different scale. The state space size, number of state transitions, and execution time metrics, without and with fault, demonstrate the verification of constrained DEVS models.
Quo Vadis, Dynamic Capabilities? A Content-Analytic Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Research

Although the dynamic capabilities perspective has become one of the most frequently used theoretical lenses in management research, critics have repeatedly voiced their frustration with this literature, particularly bemoaning the lack of empirical knowledge and the underspecification of the construct of dynamic capabilities. But research on dynamic capabilities has advanced considerably since its early years, in which most contributions to this literature were purely conceptual. A plethora of empirical studies as well as further theoretical elaborations have shed substantial light on a variety of specific, measurable factors connected to dynamic capabilities. Our article starts out by analyzing these studies to develop a meta-framework that specifies antecedents, dimensions, mechanisms, moderators, and outcomes of dynamic capabilities identified in the literature to date. This framework provides a comprehensive and systematic synthesis of the dynamic capabilities perspective that reflects the richness of the research while at the same time unifying it into a cohesive, overarching model. Such an analysis has not yet been undertaken; no comprehensive framework with this level of detail has previously been presented for dynamic capabilities. Our analysis shows where research has made the most progress and where gaps and unresolved tensions remain. Based on this analysis, we propose a forward-looking research agenda that outlines directions for future research.
Measuring Global Value Chains

Recent decades have seen the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), in which production stages for individual goods are broken apart and scattered across countries. Stimulated by these developments, there has been rapid progress in data and methods for measuring GVC linkages. The macro approach to measuring GVCs connects national input–output tables across borders by using bilateral trade data to construct global input–output tables. These tables have been applied to measure trade in value added, the length of and location of producers in GVCs, and price linkages across countries. The micro approach uses firm-level data to document firms’ input sourcing decisions, how import and export participation are linked, and how multinational firms organize their production networks. In this review, I evaluate progress in these two approaches, highlighting points of contact between them and areas that demand further work. I argue that further convergence between these approaches can strengthen both, yielding a mo...
Interdependence Theory of Tissue Failure: Bulk and Boundary Effects

The mortality rate of many complex multicellular organisms increases with age, which suggests that net ageing damage is accumulative, despite remodelling processes. But how exactly do these little mishaps in the cellular level accumulate and spread to become a systemic catastrophe? To address this question we present experiments with synthetic tissues, an analytical model consistent with experiments, and a number of implications that follow the analytical model. Our theoretical framework describes how shape, curvature and density influences the propagation of failure in a tissue subjected to oxidative damage. We propose that ageing is an emergent property governed by interaction between cells, and that intercellular processes play a role that is at least as important as intracellular ones.
SOAP: One Clean Analysis of All Age-Based Scheduling Policies

We consider an extremely broad class of M/G/1 scheduling policies called SOAP: Schedule Ordered by Age-based Priority. The SOAP policies include almost all scheduling policies in the literature as well as an infinite number of variants which have never been analyzed, or maybe not even conceived. SOAP policies range from classic policies, like first-come, first-serve (FCFS), foreground-background (FB), class-based priority, and shortest remaining processing time (SRPT); to much more complicated scheduling rules, such as the famously complex Gittins index policy and other policies in which a job's priority changes arbitrarily with its age. While the response time of policies in the former category is well understood, policies in the latter category have resisted response time analysis. We present a universal analysis of all SOAP policies, deriving the mean and Laplace-Stieltjes transform of response time. The full version of this work appears in POMACS [Scully et al., 2018].
Spinal epidural lipomatosis: Two new idiopathic cases and a review of the literature

Thoracic spinal epidural lipomatosis, a rare cause of myelopathy, is most commonly associated with exogenous corticosteroid use. The authors present the clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and surgical findings for two patients with idiopathic epidural lipomatosis, successfully treated with decompressive laminectomy accompanied by fatty debulking, followed for > 3 postoperative years. They review the literature on idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis as well as cases associated with exogenous steroid use.
Fundamental Efficiency Limit of Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells

Lead halide materials have seen a recent surge of interest from the photovoltaics community following the observation of surprisingly high photovoltaic performance, with optoelectronic properties similar to GaAs. This begs the question: What is the limit for the efficiency of these materials? It has been known that under 1-sun illumination the efficiency limit of crystalline silicon is ∼29%, despite the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit for its bandgap being ∼33%: the discrepancy is due to strong Auger recombination. In this article, we show that methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) likewise has a larger than expected Auger coefficient. Auger nonradiative recombination decreases the theoretical external luminescence efficiency to ∼95% at open-circuit conditions. The Auger penalty is much reduced at the operating point where the carrier density is less, producing an oddly high fill factor of ∼90.4%. This compensates the Auger penalty and leads to a power conversion efficiency of 30.5%, close to ideal for the MA...
Estrogens and Endometrial Cancer

The role of ovarian hormones in endometrial carcinoma was first suspected on the basis of observations of certain endocrine disorders, e.g. polycystic ovary syndrome and hormone secreting ovarian tumors1,2. Recently postmenopausal estrogen therapy became the center of controversy on possible endometrial carcinogenicity3–50. The possible effect of oral contraceptives in causing uterine cancer became equally debated42, 51–59 Several other risk factors have been recognized, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity (possibly because of altered metabolism of steroids), advanced age, nulliparity, delayed menopause, lack of progesterone and family history of uterine cancer or other cancer60–66.
Influence of tearing instability on magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

It has been proposed recently by Loureiro & Boldyrev [Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 245101 (2017)] and Mallet et al. [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 4862 (2017)] that strongly anisotropic current sheets formed in the inertial range of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence become affected by the tearing instability at scales smaller than a critical scale $\lambda_\mathrm{c}$, and larger than the dissipation scale of turbulence. If true, this process can modify the nature of energy cascade at smaller scales, leading to a new, tearing-mediated regime of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. In this work we present a numerical study of strongly anisotropic, two-dimensional turbulent eddies, and we demonstrate that the tearing instability can indeed compete with their nonlinear evolution. The results, therefore, provide direct numerical support for the picture that a new regime of MHD turbulence can exist below $\lambda_\mathrm{c}$.
Advanced spectral analysis of ionospheric waves observed with sparse arrays

This paper presents a case study from a single, 6h observing period to illustrate the application of techniques developed for interferometric radio telescopes to the spectral analysis of observations of ionospheric fluctuations with sparse arrays. We have adapted the deconvolution methods used for making high dynamic range images of cosmic sources with radio arrays to making comparably high dynamic range maps of spectral power of wavelike ionospheric phenomena. In the example presented here, we have used observations of the total electron content (TEC) gradient derived from Very Large Array (VLA) observations of synchrotron emission from two galaxy clusters at 330MHz as well as GPS-based TEC measurements from a sparse array of 33 receivers located within New Mexico near the VLA. We show that these techniques provide a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of detected wavelike structures by correcting for both measurement inaccuracies and wavefront distortions. This is especially true for the GPS data when combining all available satellite/receiver pairs, which probe a larger physical area and likely have a wider variety of measurement errors than in the single-satellite case. In this instance, we found that the peak S/N of the detected waves was improved by more than an order of magnitude. The data products generated by the deconvolution procedure also allow for a reconstruction of the fluctuations as a two-dimensional waveform/phase screen that can be used to correct for their effects.
Does Joint Physical Custody “Cause” Children’s Better Outcomes?

ABSTRACTPolicymakers and researchers are concerned with whether joint physical custody (JPC) produces better outcomes for children than sole custody. Although several review articles summarizing up to 61 empirical articles demonstrate very positive answers, many of the research designs used compromise the ability to claim that it is JPC per se—and not selection effects—that causes the effect. We discuss several research design issues, such as propensity score analysis, that can more powerfully probe the question of causality. Some studies have already been conducted employing these strategies and more are recommended and likely to soon be forthcoming. On the basis of this comprehensive review we conclude that JPC probably does cause benefits to children on average, and that social scientists can now provisionally recommend rebuttably presumptive JPC to policymakers.
Service Differentiation and Operating Segments: A Framework and an Application to After-Sales Services

The decisions of whether and how to adopt service differentiation are at the core of a firm’s service operations strategy. This paper proposes a framework for service differentiation that highlights the identification and use of operating segments as a central component in the delivery of differentiated services. The notion of operating segments and the general empirical methodology to identify them proposed in this paper integrally considers the consumer’s preferences and operational capabilities required to fulfill the differentiated service offering. An application in the context of after-sales services for product-service bundles using data from a major manufacturer in the consumer electronics industry is presented, which illustrates how operational decisions need to be adjusted when multiple operating segments are defined to support a service differentiation strategy. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0645.
The Solo operating system: a concurrent Pascal program

This is a description of the single-user operating system Solo written in the programming language Concurrent Pascal. It supports the development of Sequential and Concurrent Pascal programs for the PDP 11/45 computer. Input/output are handled by concurrent processes. Pascal programs can call one another recursively and pass arbitrary parameters among themselves. This makes it possible to use Pascal as a job control language. Solo is the first major example of a hierarchical concurrent program implemented in terms of abstract data types (classes, monitors and processes) with compile-time control of most access rights. It is described here from the user's point of view as an introduction to another paper describing its internal structure.
Simulating heterogeneous populations using Boolean models.

Certain biological processes, such as the development of cancer and immune activation, can be controlled by rare cellular events that are difficult to capture computationally through simulations of individual cells. Information about such rare events can be gleaned from an attractor analysis, for which a variety of methods exist (in particular for Boolean models). However, explicitly simulating a defined mixed population of cells in a way that tracks even the rarest subpopulations remains an open challenge. Here we show that when cellular states are described using a Boolean network model, one can exactly simulate the dynamics of non-interacting, highly heterogeneous populations directly, without having to model the various subpopulations. This strategy captures even the rarest outcomes of the model with no sampling error. Our method can incorporate heterogeneity in both cell state and, by augmenting the model, the underlying rules of the network as well (e.g., introducing loss-of-function genetic alterations). We demonstrate our method by using it to simulate a heterogeneous population of Boolean networks modeling the T-cell receptor, spanning ∼ 1020 distinct cellular states and mutational profiles. We have developed a method for using Boolean models to perform a population-level simulation, in which the population consists of non-interacting individuals existing in different states. This approach can be used even when there are far too many distinct subpopulations to model individually.
Targeting of a Photosensitizer to the Mitochondrion Enhances the Potency of Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves use of a photosensitizer, whose activation with light leads to the production of singlet oxygen (SOS), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and initiation of associated cell toxicity. Because a cell’s mitochondria constitute sites where oxygen levels are high, ROS can be readily produced, and apoptosis is commonly initiated. Therefore, an ideal PDT agent might be a potent photosensitizer that could naturally accumulate in mitochondria. Although a number of mitochondria-targeting moieties, including triphenylphosphine, guanidinium, and bisguanidium, have been identified, a quantitative comparison of their efficacies in targeting mitochondria has not been performed. In this study, we have prepared triphenylphosphine, guanidinium, and bisguanidium derivatives of the FDA-approved PDT agent verteporfin (Visudyne, benzoporphyrin derivative-monoacid ring A: BPD-MA) and compared their abilities to induce the intracellular perturbations common to potent PDT agents. Cellu...
Race/Ethnicity and Retention in Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes Research: A Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database Study.

Objective To investigate the contribution of race/ethnicity to retention in traumatic brain injury (TBI) research at 1 to 2 years postinjury. Setting Community. Participants With dates of injury between October 1, 2002, and March 31, 2013, 5548 whites, 1347 blacks, and 790 Hispanics enrolled in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database. Design Retrospective database analysis. Main measure Retention, defined as completion of at least 1 question on the follow-up interview by the person with TBI or a proxy. Results Retention rates 1 to 2 years post-TBI were significantly lower for Hispanic (85.2%) than for white (91.8%) or black participants (90.5%) and depended significantly on history of problem drug or alcohol use. Other variables associated with low retention included older age, lower education, violent cause of injury, and discharge to an institution versus private residence. Conclusions The findings emphasize the importance of investigating retention rates separately for blacks and Hispanics rather than combining them or grouping either with other races or ethnicities. The results also suggest the need for implementing procedures to increase retention of Hispanics in longitudinal TBI research.
Gbagbo’s lost bet: when inviting external judicial scrutiny backfires

After spending seven years in pre-trial detention and still unable to return home pending the appeal of his acquittal, former Ivorian President and strongman Laurent Gbagbo has certainly come to re...
Compiler-Assisted Source-to-Source Skeletonization of Application Models for System Simulation

Performance modeling of networks through simulation requires application endpoint models that inject traffic into the simulation models. Endpoint models today for system-scale studies consist mainly of post-mortem trace replay, but these off-line simulations may lack flexibility and scalability. On-line simulations running so-called skeleton applications run reduced versions of an application that generate traffic that is the same or similar to the full application. These skeleton apps have advantages for flexibility and scalability, but they often must be custom written for the simulator itself. Auto-skeletonization of existing application source code via compiler tools would provide endpoint models with minimal development effort. These source-to-source transformations have been only narrowly explored. We introduce a pragma language and corresponding Clang-driven source-to-source compiler that performs auto-skeletonization based on provided pragma annotations. We describe the compiler toolchain, validate the generated skeletons, and show scalability of the generated simulation models beyond 100 K endpoints for example MPI applications. Overall, we assert that our proposed auto-skeletonization approach and the flexible skeletons it produces can be an important tool in realizing balanced exascale interconnect designs.
Numerical analysis of drying process of soils using finite volume method

Abstract The accurate prediction of the moisture content in soil is important for pavement engineering. The MEPDG uses the Enhanced Integrated Climate Model (EICM) to consider the effects of environment on the moisture contents of unbound and subgrade soil using models related to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. These models are mostly empirical and not applicable to relatively dry conditions. This is because at relatively dry condition, the moisture in the pore structure of the soil is not inter-connected. Therefore, the moisture diffusion in porous material controls the moisture migration. When the diffusion coefficient is a nonlinear function of pore relative humidity (RH), there is no closed-form solution of the constitutive differential equation of the moisture diffusion. This study used finite-volume method (FVM) and finite-element method (FEM) for the numerical simulation of the moisture diffusion in soils. The FVM, which is similar to the FEM, uses small and finite-sized elements for simulation, but is based on the law of conservation. Therefore, FVM will be more suitable for flux conservation problems such as moisture diffusion. The FVM results were verified with laboratory experiments and compared with FEM results. The results indicate the applicability of using FVM in the simulation of the moisture migration in soils.
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) promotes innate immunity and antiviral defense against Zika virus induced ocular infection

Purpose We recently reported that Zika Virus infected multiple retinal cell types and caused chorioretinal atrophy in mouse eyes. In this study, we investigated the potential role of AMPK, a master regulator of cellular metabolism, in pathogenesis of ocular ZIKV infection. Methods Primary human RPE cells were infected with ZIKV for various time points and AMPK phosphorylation was detected Western blotting (WB). AMPK activity was modulated by pharmacological activators (AICAR and Metformin) and inhibitors (Compound C) of AMPK. ZIKV replication was assessed by immunofluorscence staining for 4G2 and western blot detection of NS3 proteins. For in vivo studies B6 mice eye were challenged with ZIKV with or without AICAR treatment and disease progression were measured by fundus imaging. Activation of innate immune and antiviral response genes was assessed by qPCR. Results ZIKV challenge upregulated the AMPK phosphorylation in Pr. RPE cells in a time-dependent fashion. Our results indicate that AMPK deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were more permissive to ZIKV replication as compared to WT MEFs. AMPK activation using AICAR and Metformin restricted ZIKV replication in Pr. RPE cells and presence of Compound C reversed the effect of AICAR/Metformin. In vivo AICAR treatment ameliorated ZIKV-induced chorioretinal atrophy in mice with increased antiviral responses. ZIKV infection leads to activation of MEK pathways and an MEK pathways inhibitor, U0126, attenuated ZIKV replication. Conclusion Collectively, these findings indicate the AMPK activation evokes antiviral innate responses and restricts ZIKV replication. Hence, targeting AMPK signaling can be explored to develop anti-viral therapy against ZIKV infection.
Tendon Structure Quantified using Ultrasound Imaging Differs Based on Location and Training Type.

In this study we prospectively examined the Achilles and patellar tendon structure of distance runners to determine if continued training through multiple seasons elicits tendon remodeling or patho...
Signal Alignment for Humanoid Skeletons via the Globally Optimal Reparameterization Algorithm

The general ability to analyze and classify the 3D kinematics of the human form is an essential step in the development of socially adept humanoid robots. A variety of different types of signals can be used by machines to represent and characterize actions such as RGB videos, infrared maps, and optical flow. In particular, skeleton sequences provide a natural 3D kinematic description of human motions and can be acquired in real time using RGB+D cameras. Moreover, skeleton sequences can be generalized to characterize the motions of both humans and humanoid robots. The Globally Optimal Reparameterization Algorithm (GORA) is a novel, recently proposed algorithm for signal alignment in which signals are reparameterized to a globally optimal universal standard timescale (UST). Here, we introduce a variant of GORA for humanoid action recognition with skeleton sequences, which we call GORA-S. We briefly review the algorithm's mathematical foundations and contextualize them in the problem of action recognition with skeleton sequences. Subsequently, we introduce GORA-S and discuss parameters and numerical techniques for its effective implementation. We then compare its performance with that of the DTW and FastDTW algorithms, in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy in matching skeletons. Our results show that GORA-S attains a complexity that is significantly less than that of any tested DTW method. In addition, it displays a favorable balance between speed and accuracy that remains invariant under changes in skeleton sampling frequency, lending it a degree of versatility that could make it well-suited for a variety of action recognition tasks.
Microscopic theory of capillary pressure hysteresis based on pore-space accessivity and radius-resolved saturation

Abstract Continuum models of porous media use macroscopic parameters and state variables to capture essential features of pore-scale physics. We propose a macroscopic property “accessivity” ( α ) to characterize the network connectivity of different sized pores in a porous medium, and macroscopic state descriptors “radius-resolved saturations” ( ψ w ( F ) , ψ n ( F ) ) to characterize the distribution of fluid phases within. Small accessivity ( α → 0 ) implies serial connections between different sized pores, while large accessivity ( α → 1 ) corresponds to more parallel arrangements, as the classical capillary bundle model implicitly assumes. Based on these concepts, we develop a statistical theory for quasistatic immiscible drainage-imbibition in arbitrary cycles, and arrive at simple algebraic formulae for updating ψ n F that naturally capture capillary pressure hysteresis, with α controlling the amount of hysteresis. These concepts may be used to interpret hysteretic data, upscale pore-scale observations, and formulate new constitutive laws by providing a simple conceptual framework for quantifying connectivity effects, and may have broader utility in continuum modeling of transport, reactions, and phase transformations in porous media.
Cogging Torque Minimization in Transverse Flux Machines

This paper presents the design considerations in cogging torque minimization in two types of transverse flux machines. The machines have a double stator-single rotor configuration with flux concentrating ferrite magnets. One of the machines has pole windings across each leg of an E-Core stator. Another machine has quasi-U-shaped stator cores and a ring winding. The flux in the stator back iron is transverse in both machines. Different methods of cogging torque minimization are investigated. Key methods of cogging torque minimization are identified and used as design variables for optimization using a design of experiments (DOEs) based on the Taguchi method. A multilevel DOE is proposed as an optimization method to reach an optimum solution with minimum simulations. The case study is analyzed in a two-level DOE optimization. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to study the different effects. Two prototypes are fabricated for validating the FEA results.
Incorporating Social System Dynamics in the Columbia River Basin: Food-Energy-Water Resilience and Sustainability Modeling in the Yakima River Basin

In the face of climate change, achieving resilience of desirable aspects of food-energy-water (FEW) systems already strained by competing multi-scalar social objectives requires interdisciplinary approaches. This study is part of a larger effort exploring “Innovations in the Food-Energy-Water Nexus (INFEWS)” in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) through coordinated modeling and simulated management scenarios. Here, we focus on a case study and conceptual mapping of the Yakima River Basin (YRB), a sub-basin of the CRB. Previous research on FEW system management and resilience includes some attention to social dynamics (e.g., economic and governance systems); however, more attention to social drivers and outcomes is needed. Our goals are to identify several underutilized ways to incorporate social science perspectives into FEW nexus research and to explore how this interdisciplinary endeavor alters how we assess innovations and resilience in FEW systems. First, we investigate insights on FEW nexus resilience from the social sciences. Next, we delineate strategies for further incorporation of social considerations into FEW nexus research, including the use of social science perspectives and frameworks such as socio-ecological resilience and community capitals. Then, we examine a case study of the YRB, focusing on the historical development of the FEW nexus and innovations. We find that a resilience focus applied to the FEW nexus can inadvertently emphasize a status quo imposed by those already in power. Incorporating perspectives from the social sciences, which highlight issues related to inequality, power, and social justice, can address these shortcomings and inform future innovations. Finally, we use causal loop diagrams to explore the role of the social in the FEW nexus, and we suggest ways to incorporate social aspects into an existing stock and flow object-oriented modeling system. This project represents a starting point for a continued research agenda that incorporates social dynamics into FEW system resilience modeling and management in the CRB.
Use of non-technical skills can predict medical student performance in acute care simulated scenarios

Abstract Background Though the importance of physician non-technical (NT) skills for safe patient care is recognized, NT skills of medical students, our future physicians, has received little attention. This study aims to investigate the relationship of medical student NT skills and clinical performance during acute care team simulation (ACTS). Methods Forty-one medical students participated in ACTS. A nurse confederate facilitated and evaluated clinical performance. Two raters assessed participants’ NT skills using an adapted NT assessment tool and overall NT skills score was calculated. Regressions predicting clinical performance using NT constructs were conducted. Results Overall NT skills score significantly predicted students’ clinical performance (r2 = 0.178, p = 0.006). Four of the five individual NT constructs also significantly predicted performance: communication (r2 = 0.120, p = 0.027), situation awareness (r2 = 0.323, p Conclusions Medical student NT skills can predict clinical performance during ACTS. NT skills assessments can be used for targeted education for better feedback to students.
UNA RECONSTRUCCIÓN DOGMÁTICA DE LA INAPLICABILIDAD POR INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD LAS INAPLICABILIDADES PROPIA E IMPROPIA, LA LEGISLACIÓN NEGATIVA SINGULAR, EL CONTROL PREVENTIVO DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD DE LAS SENTENCIAS Y LA EQUIDAD CONSTITUCIONAL

En el articulo 93 N° 6 de la constitucion se consagran una accion de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad propia o concreta, en que se ejerce un control de constitucionalidad mixto, facultativo, preventivo, concreto, con efecto relativo y que tiene por objeto a las sentencias judiciales de tribunales ordinarios o especiales, y una accion de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad impropia o abstracta en que se ejerce un control de constitucionalidad concentrado, facultativo, represivo, abstracto, con efecto relativo y que tiene por objeto a los preceptos legales. En la primera el Tribunal Constitucional obra como juez correctivo de equidad constitucional; en la segunda, como legislador negativo singular.
Transfection of choanoflagellates illuminates their cell biology and the ancestry of animal septins

As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates offer unique insights into animal origins and core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology. However, unlike traditional model organisms, such as yeast, flies, and worms, choanoflagellates have been refractory to DNA delivery methods for expressing foreign genes. Here we report a robust method for expressing transgenes in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta, overcoming barriers that have previously hampered DNA delivery and expression. To demonstrate how this method accelerates the study of S. rosetta cell biology, we engineered a panel of fluorescent protein markers that illuminate key features of choanoflagellate cells. We then investigated the localization of choanoflagellate septins, a family of GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins that are hypothesized to regulate multicellular rosette development in S. rosetta. Fluorescently tagged septins localized to the basal poles of S. rosetta single cells and rosettes in a pattern resembling septin localization in animal epithelia. The establishment of transfection in S. rosetta and its application to the study of septins represent critical advances in the use of S. rosetta as an experimental model for investigating choanoflagellate cell biology, core mechanisms underlying animal cell biology, and the origin of animals.
Semidefinite Relaxation-Based PAPR-Aware Precoding for Massive MIMO-OFDM Systems

A massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) requires a large number of antennas and the same amount of power amplifiers (PAs), one per antenna. As opposed to 4G base stations, which can afford highly linear PAs, next-generation base stations will need to use inexpensive PAs, which have a limited region of linear amplification. One of the research challenges is the effective handling of signals that have high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs), such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper introduces a PAPR-aware precoding scheme that exploits the excessive spatial degrees-of-freedom of large-scale MIMO antenna systems. This typically requires finding a solution to a nonconvex optimization problem. Instead of relaxing the problem to minimize the peak power, we introduce a practical semidefinite relaxation framework that enables an accurate and efficient approximation of the theoretical PAPR-aware precoding performance of OFDM-based massive MIMO systems. The framework allows the incorporation of channel uncertainties and intercell coordination. Numerical results show that several orders of magnitude improvements can be achieved w.r.t. state-of-the-art techniques, such as instantaneous power consumption reduction and multiuser interference cancellation. The proposed PAPR-aware precoding can be effectively handled alongwith the multicell signal processing by the centralized baseband processing platforms of next-generation radio access networks. The performance can be traded for the computing efficiency for other platforms.
Revealing Nanoscale Morphology of the Primary Cilium Using Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy.

Abstract Super-resolution (SR) microscopy has been used to observe structural details beyond the diffraction limit of ∼250 nm in a variety of biological and materials systems. By combining this imaging technique with both computer-vision algorithms and topological methods, we reveal and quantify the nanoscale morphology of the primary cilium, a tiny tubular cellular structure (∼2–6 μm long and 200–300 nm in diameter). The cilium in mammalian cells protrudes out of the plasma membrane and is important in many signaling processes related to cellular differentiation and disease. After tagging individual ciliary transmembrane proteins, specifically Smoothened, with single fluorescent labels in fixed cells, we use three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule SR microscopy to determine their positions with a precision of 10–25 nm. We gain a dense, pointillistic reconstruction of the surfaces of many cilia, revealing large heterogeneity in membrane shape. A Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm generates a fine surface mesh, allowing us to characterize the presence of deformations by quantifying the surface curvature. Upon impairment of intracellular cargo transport machinery by genetic knockout or small-molecule treatment of cells, our quantitative curvature analysis shows significant morphological differences not visible by conventional fluorescence microscopy techniques. Furthermore, using a complementary SR technique, two-color, two-dimensional stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we find that the cytoskeleton in the cilium, the axoneme, also exhibits abnormal morphology in the mutant cells, similar to our 3D results on the Smoothened-measured ciliary surface. Our work combines 3D SR microscopy and computational tools to quantitatively characterize morphological changes of the primary cilium under different treatments and uses stimulated emission depletion to discover correlated changes in the underlying structure. This approach can be useful for studying other biological or nanoscale structures of interest.
Systemic Design Engineering

This paper describes a methodology, Systemic Design Engineering, that integrates systems thinking for sustainability, design thinking for human centricity, and systems and software engineering for implementation efficiency. Based on these operating principles, an integrated set of learning objectives for this approach are described. A supporting syllabus is presented which is suitable to a semester-long undergraduate or graduate design course. A pilot of this curriculum in a graduate level systems and software engineering design course has been conducted. The learning results from this pilot are presented. These results are compared and contrasted with the results from a similar, traditional systems engineering design course and a dedicated systems thinking course. Finally, conclusions and areas for further refinement and developments are described.
Higher-Order Estimations of Load Factor from Derived Gust Velocity

Pratt’s formula, in which the aircraft is modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system, is used extensively to extract derived gust velocities from measured normal acceleration. There is evidence t...
The Jury Is Out: An Ethnographic Study of Lay Participation in the Norwegian Legal System

The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore perceptions and assessments of lay participation in Norway during a historic time of transition away from all-layperson juries. Drawing on sixteen months of fieldwork, this study consists of court observation and interviews with judges, prosecutors, former lay decision makers, defense attorneys, and other contributors to the country’s longstanding jury debate. My ethnographic research demonstrates that all-layperson juries in Norway face practical and procedural checks that differentiate them from Anglo-American juries among others. For this reason, legal professionals in Norway evince confidence that mixed courts of lay and professional citizens can facilitate fair case outcomes. A central finding that emerges from this research is that comparative analyses of all-layperson juries and mixed courts require attention to the social specificity of the states that support such systems. To this end, lay participation in Norway challenges the conventional wisdom that jurors have greater independence and control over case outcomes than lay judges.
Does Remedial Education at Late Childhood Pay Off After All? Long-Run Consequences for University Schooling, Labor Market Outcomes and Inter-Generational Mobility

We analyze the long-term effects of a high school remedial education program almost two decades after its implementation. Treated students experienced an 11% increase in completed years of postseco...
Spectral approach to verifying non-linear arithmetic circuits

This paper presents a fast and effective computer algebraic method for analyzing and verifying non-linear integer arithmetic circuits using a novel algebraic spectral model. It introduces a concept of algebraic spectrum, a numerical form of polynomial expression; it uses the distribution of coefficients of the monomials to determine the type of arithmetic function under verification. In contrast to previous works, the proof of functional correctness is achieved by computing an algebraic spectrum combined with local rewriting of word-level polynomials. The speedup is achieved by propagating coefficients through the circuit using And-Inverter Graph (AIG) datastructure. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with experiments including standard and Booth multipliers, and other synthesized non-linear arithmetic circuits up to 1024 bits containing over 12 million gates.
Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Total Least Squares Problem with Correlated Errors

This paper performs a maximum likelihood analysis of the total least squares problem with Gaussian noise errors and correlated elementwise components in the design matrix. This analysis also includ...
Update on central precocious puberty: from etiologies to outcomes.

Introduction: Precocious puberty (PP) is one of the most common reasons for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) are the gold standard for the tre...
Inference, Foundations of †

The foundations of statistical inference are summarized beginning with regularity as embodied in probability theory. Both objective external probability and subjective internal Bayesian probability are discussed. The law of large numbers is the theoretical underpinning of the usefulness of probability. Objective large probability methods have led to concepts such as confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and p-values. Subjective probability uses data to go from prior to posterior distributions. No known method of statistical inference can withstand all rational criticism. Important areas of inference arise from descriptive and graphical methods of summarizing data and are mentioned. Keywords: statistical inference; subjective Bayesian probability; frequency probability; confidence interval; hypothesis testing; p-value; posterior distribution
La restitución de mayores ganancias en el incumplimiento eficiente: una respuesta desde el derecho chileno de los contratos

En este trabajo analizaremos los alcances del denominado incumplimiento eficiente, con el fin de determinar si en estos casos es factible que de conformidad al derecho chileno el acreedor obtenga la restitucion de las ganancias experimentadas por el deudor; o si, por el contrario, el acreedor solo puede ejercer los derechos o remedios que la ley le confiere derivados de tal incumplimiento.
KNEE BRACES 2015: A GROWING APPRECIATION OF BENEFIT

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and debilitating condition that is estimated to account for over 80% of the osteoarthritis burden. In cases of end-stage osteoarthritis, surgical intervention is the desired option, however, less severe cases may warrant the use of nonoperative modalities. Knee braces are becoming increasingly popular as an adjunct to the standard treatment and have shown promising results in reducing pain, improving function, and mitigating disease progression. Moreover, bracing has the added benefit of being able to include other noninvasive modalities as a means to augment recovery and delay the need for surgery. Prior studies have demonstrated that the medial compartment of the knee joint sustains 62% of loading forces during the stance phase of regular gait, whereas the lateral compartment receives the remaining 38%. It is hypothesised that this distribution of loading forces is why the medial joint compartment is more frequently damaged relative to the lateral compartment. Reduction of these stresses can be accomplished by the use of medial compartment unloader braces, which incorporate distraction forces and rotation with the purpose of increasing the medial joint space and providing pain relief. These devices have the potential to correct the characteristic gait changes associated with knee OA and enhance patients9 functional status. Therefore, our main purpose is to assess the efficacy of the various types of knee braces used for the treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain as well as offer perspective regarding the use of knee braces at our institution.