cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Downslope Soil Movement in a Colorado Alpine Region: Rates, Processes, and Climatic Significance

Soil-movement rates, processes, and land-forms were studied above timberline on the east slope of the Colorado Front Range. Maximum rates of downslope movement measured in sorted stripes, turf-bank...
Evo-devo and the Evolution of Marine Larvae: From the Modern World to the Dawn of the Metazoa

I present my recollections of the significance of ideas, discussions and consequences of the 1981 Dahlem conference that attempted to draw together evolutionary and developmental biology, and in the presentation at that conference of the hypothesis that development might contribute novel mechanisms of evolution. I also discuss my approaches in seeking a suitable non-model organism for asking experimental questions about Evo-devo, and in seeking to integrate the disciplines, including paleontology, systematics, and developmental genetics, which coalesced into a distinct science of Evo-devo in the ensuing years.
MediSign: using a web-based SignOut System to improve provider identification.

Continuity of care necessitates communication between the primary providers of inpatient and outpatient care. Communication requires identification of providers in addition to clinical information. We have constructed a web-based SignOut System to improve provider identification. The web-based SignOut System correctly identified the provider for 100% (34/34) of patients in 1997 and 93% (37/40) of patients in 1998. The hospital bed census correctly identified the attending provider for 50% (17/34) of patients in 1997 and 73% (29/40) in 1998. When analyzed by attending type (i.e., service and private,) the SignOut System correctly identified 86% of service providers in contrast to the hospital bed census that correctly identified 57% of service providers. Both the SignOut System (100%) and the hospital bed census (95%) had superior results in identifying private attendings. The web-based technology provides a familiar user interface and ubiquitous workstation access.
Which contributions predict whether developers are accepted into github teams

Open-source software (OSS) often evolves from volunteer contributions, so OSS development teams must cooperate with their communities to attract new developers. However, in view of the myriad ways that developers interact over platforms for OSS development, observers of these communities may have trouble discerning, and thus learning from, the successful patterns of developer-to-team interactions that lead to eventual team acceptance. In this work, we study project communities on GitHub to discover which forms of software contribution characterize developers who begin as development team outsiders and eventually join the team, in contrast to developers who remain team outsiders. From this, we identify and compare the forms of contribution, such as pull requests and several forms of discussion comments, that influence whether new developers join OSS teams, and we discuss the implications that these behavioral patterns have for the focus of designers and educators.
Clinical and hemodynamic benefit of macitentan and riociguat upfront combination in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

In this open-label study, we evaluated the effect of upfront macitentan and riociguat combination in newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. In 15 consecutive PAH patients, ...
Constraining the Geometry of Subsurface Paleochannels beneath Delaware Bay and the Mid-Atlantic Inner Continental Shelf

ABSTRACT Childers, D.P.; Madsen, J.A.; Krantz, D.E., and Deliberty, T.L., 2019. Constraining the geometry of subsurface paleochannels beneath Delaware Bay and the Mid-Atlantic inner continental she...
Anticoagulation in Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients: Potential Impact of NOACs

While substantial evidence supports the use of standard-duration injectable anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, consensus is mixed about which agents may be preferred in acutely ill patients with ongoing need of VTE prophylaxis past the first 10-day duration of hospital stay and post-discharge. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) provide Factor Xa inhibition to prevent the thrombin generation essential in thromboembolism development, but evidence for the efficacy and safety of most NOACs is conflicting regarding extended-duration prophylaxis. Enoxaparin, a preferred injectable anticoagulant in standard-duration VTE prophylaxis, has shown an increased risk of major bleeding events when used in extended-duration prophylaxis, which outweighs its benefit. Rivaroxaban has demonstrated efficacy in extended-duration prophylaxis, but both rivaroxaban and apixaban have shown increased risks of major bleeding. Betrixaban remains the only NOAC approved in the USA for extended-duration VTE prophylaxis, and it demonstrates efficacy, with fewer adverse effects than other NOACs. This review evaluates the appropriateness of different NOAC agents compared with current therapies for the extended-duration VTE prophylaxis setting in medically ill populations.
Associations Between Sleep Problems, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Functioning from Preschool to Adolescence

While the effects of early sleep problems on children’s development may persist for some time, there is limited understanding in the field regarding whether these effects persist into adolescence. Research is needed to address this issue, as it is an important area to investigate to assess its influence on children’s success in school and in life. The goal of the study was to examine the extent to which children’s sleep problems in preschool years can predict later cognitive and socioemotional functioning from middle childhood to adolescence. By using the four-wave NICHD Early Childcare Research Network dataset (N = 1364), this study considered direct and indirect associations between variables by employing structural equation modeling with the bootstrapping method and an extended cross-lagged mediation model. Sleep problems at age 3 were directly associated with socioemotional difficulties in grade 1 and at age 15, and were indirectly associated with socioemotional difficulties in grade 3. However, no significant effect of early sleep problems on later cognitive functioning was observed. Preschool-aged children’s sleep problems contribute to an increased risk of socioemotional problems rather than impairment of cognitive functioning in middle childhood and adolescence, and that unresolved sleep problems during preschool years can be considered a risk factor for poor socioemotional development.
Comparison of microfacet BRDF model elements to diffraction BRDF model elements

A popular class of BRDF models is the microfacet model, where geometric optics is assumed, but where physical optics effects such as accurate wavelength scaling, important to Hyperspectral Imagery, are lost. More complex physical optics models may more accurately predict the BRDF, but the calculation is time-consuming. These seemingly disparate approaches are compared in detail. The linear systems direction cosine space is compared to microfacet coordinates, and the microfacet models Fresnel reflection in microfacet coordinates is compared to diffraction theory’s Fresnel-like term. Similarities and differences between these terms are highlighted to merge these two approaches to the BRDF.
Modulation of the Innate Immune System

Innate immune cells and mediators play important roles in recognizing molecular patterns of potential pathogens and unlike adaptive immune cells, the innate immune response is not antigen-specific. However, innate immune cells are critical for the early control of infection and act rapidly to alert the immune system and initiate adaptive immunity. Macrophages and neutrophils quickly respond to infectious pathogens, mediating their destruction via phagocytosis, and producing cytokines that recruit and activate immune cells. Dendritic cells play a vital role in innate and adaptive crosstalk to initiate the adaptive immune response to fight pathogens. Natural killer cells play a critical role in the control of viral infections and cancers and the modulation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Mast cells release proinflammatory mediators that induce vascular permeability and promote leukocyte recruitment. Lastly, both mast cells and granulocytes such as eosinophils and basophils defend against parasites and participate in the modulation of immune responses. While these innate immune cells and mediators are crucial in the early response to infection, the inappropriate response of the innate immune system, however, can play a role in the pathophysiology of conditions in which chronic inflammation contributes to disease symptoms and progression. In this chapter, the normal physiological role of the innate immune system and its components are discussed. Many of these mechanisms can be targeted by several drug classes which aim to suppress cytokines as well as block leukocyte recruitment in disease states in which the immune system may overreact to target self-antigens (i.e. autoimmunity).
A Hierarchical Space-Time Spectral Element and Moment-of-Fluid Method for Improved Capturing of Vortical Structures in Incompressible Multi-phase/Multi-material Flows

A novel block structured adaptive space-time spectral element and moment-of-fluid method is described for computing solutions to incompressible multi-phase/multi-material flows. The new method implements a space-time spectrally accurate method in the bulk regions of a multi-phase/multi-material flow and implements the cell integrated semi-Lagrangian moment-of-fluid method in the vicinity of mixed material computational cells. In the new method, the space-time order can be prescribed to be $$2\le p_{\ell }^{(x)}\le 16$$ (space) and $$2\le p^{(t)}\le 16$$ (time) respectively. $$\ell $$ represents the adaptive mesh refinement level. Regardless of the space-time order, only one ghost layer of cells is communicated between neighboring grid patches that are on different compute nodes or different adaptive levels $$\ell $$. The new method is first tested on incompressible vortical flow benchmark tests, then the new method is tested on the following incompressible multi-phase/multi-material problems: (i) vortex shedding past a tilted cone and (ii) atomization and spray of a liquid jet in a gas cross-flow.
Paul Samuelson and the Economics of Pass-Through and the Envelope Theorem

The revealed-preference proof of non-negative pass-through by a profit-maximizing firm is discussed and modestly extended. A revealed-preference proof of a “bounds” version of the envelope theorem is discussed. The relationship between the envelope theorem, pass-through, and total incidence of a cost increase (with and without perfect competition) is analyzed. Much of this is, or risks becoming, folk theorems, absent from graduate textbooks despite its basic nature.
Impostor syndrome: a calling for a career in medical education?

Impostor syndrome is defined as ‘a psychological pattern in which one doubts one’s accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a fraud’1 or an ‘internal experience of intellectual phoniness’.2 It should come as no surprise that impostor syndrome thrives in the intellectually demanding environment that is academic medicine: it is prevalent not only in medical students3 but also in practising physicians and faculty members.4 Even if not all readers may be familiar with the term, most should be familiar with the feeling. I would like to explore the connection between impostor syndrome in medical students and the quality of their education. Although there is no empirical evidence to prove it, I propose that impostor syndrome can stem from a defective learning environment, where educators fail to guide the students from basic concepts towards complex thinking, presenting them instead with their own knowledge and blaming them for not being prepared or smart enough to follow. A second hypothesis I would like to introduce is that students who are most affected may be the ones most invested in growth and learning, and the impostor feelings could signify a tendency to simplify, understand and explain essential concepts. This belief was morphed by a personal experience, which I narrate in the next few paragraphs as a ‘case report’ that could benefit medical students and healthcare professionals with similar perceptions. Please bear with me as I explain how my passion for medical education came from my impostor syndrome. Let us imagine a medical student having subconscious impostor feelings during a lecture where the lecturer engages in a fast-paced, monotonous reading of slides, …
A bio-inspired cell-free system for cannabinoid production from inexpensive inputs.

Moving cannabinoid production away from the vagaries of plant extraction and into engineered microbes could provide a consistent, purer, cheaper and environmentally benign source of these important therapeutic molecules, but microbial production faces notable challenges. An alternative to microbes and plants is to remove the complexity of cellular systems by employing enzymatic biosynthesis. Here we design and implement a new cell-free system for cannabinoid production with the following features: (1) only low-cost inputs are needed; (2) only 12 enzymes are employed; (3) the system does not require oxygen and (4) we use a nonnatural enzyme system to reduce ATP requirements that is generally applicable to malonyl-CoA-dependent pathways such as polyketide biosynthesis. The system produces ~0.5 g l−1 cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) or cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) from low-cost inputs, nearly two orders of magnitude higher than yeast-based production. Cell-free systems such as this may provide a new route to reliable cannabinoid production. A cell-free system for cannabinoid production uses only low-cost inputs with 12 enzymes and can operate either aerobically or anaerobically, in addition to reducing ATP requirements by use of an engineered system for malonate-CoA biosynthesis.
Single-molecule displacement mapping unveils nanoscale heterogeneities and charge effects in intracellular diffusivity

SUMMARY Intracellular diffusion underlies vital cellular processes. However, it remains difficult to elucidate how an average-sized protein diffuses inside the cell with good spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here we introduce single-molecule displacement/diffusivity mapping (SMdM), a super-resolution strategy that enables the nanometer-scale mapping of intracellular diffusivity through the local statistics of instantaneous displacements of freely diffusing single molecules. We thus show that diffusion in the mammalian cytoplasm and nucleus to both be spatially heterogeneous at the nanoscale, and that such variations in local diffusivity correlate well with the ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton and the chromosome, respectively. Moreover, we identify the net charge of the diffuser as a key determinant of diffusion rate: intriguingly, the possession of positive, but not negative, net charges significantly impedes diffusion, and the exact degree of slowdown is determined by the specific subcellular environments. We thus open a new door to understanding the physical rules that govern the intracellular interactions between biomolecules at the nanoscale.
Optimizing Professional Practice Evaluation to Enable a Nonpunitive Learning Health System Approach to Peer Review.

Healthcare organizations are focused on 2 different and sometimes conflicting tasks; (1) accelerate the improvement of clinical care delivery and (2) collect provider-specific data to determine the competency of providers. We describe creating a process to meet both of these aims while maintaining a culture that fosters improvement and teamwork. Methods We created a new process to sequester activities related to learning and improvement from those focused on individual provider performance. We describe this process, including data on the number and type of cases reviewed and survey results of the participant's perception of the new process. Results In the new model, professional practice evaluation committees evaluate events purely to identify system issues and human factors related to medical decision-making, resulting in actional improvements. There are separate and sequestered processes that evaluate concerns around an individual provider's clinical competence or behavior. During the first 5 years of this process, 207 of 217 activities (99.5%) related to system issues rather than issues concerning individual provider competence or behavior. Participants perceived the new process as focused on identifying system errors (4.3/5), nonpunitive (4.2/5), an improvement (4.0/5), and helped with engagement in our system and contributed to wellness (4.0/5). Conclusion We believe this sequestered approach has enabled us to achieve both the oversight mandates to ensure provider competence while enabling a learning health systems approach to build the cultural aspects of trust and teamwork that are essential to driving continuous improvement in our system of care.
Glycosyl Sulfonates Beyond Triflates

While glycosyl triflates are frequently invoked as intermediates in many chemical glycosylation reactions, the chemistry of other glycosyl sulfonates remains comparatively underexplored. Given the reactivity of sulfonates can span several orders of magnitude, this represents an untapped resource for the development of stereoselective glycosylation reactions. This personal account describes our laboratories efforts to take advantage of this reactivity to develop β-specific glycosylation reactions. Initial investigations led to the development of 2-deoxy-sugar tosylates as highly selective donors for β-glycoside synthesis, an approach which has been used to great success by our group and others for the construction of deoxy-sugar oligosaccharides and natural products. Subsequent studies demonstrate that "matching" the reactivity of the sulfonate to that of the sugar donor leads to highly selective SN 2-glycosylations with a range of substrates.
Jesus and Succession Planning

In this chapter, Jesus’s high priestly prayer, John 17, is analyzed from a historical-grammatical perspective to examine grammatical, semantic, and syntactical patterns and usages in light of understanding the intended meaning of the original author (Osborne, 2006). The text, divided into three sections which focus separately on Jesus, the disciples, and future disciples, provides four important principles for use in succession discourse. Successful execution of succession must: (1) be executed and communicated with clarity; (2) affirm organizational mission and vision; (3) communicate what knowledge and skills followers possess to navigate their roles and task under new leadership; and (4) communicate the need for current and future unity within the organization centered around the mission and vision.
Unilateral congenital lunate absence: A case report

Isolated congenital aplasia of carpal bones in the absence of an associated congenital syndrome is exceedingly rare. Since the first documented case report of congenital carpal bone absence in 1911, only 12 additional case reports have been published. Here we present a case report of an otherwise healthy 43-year-old male with unilateral congenital absence of the lunate, which has only been previously reported once in the literature.
Obese Patients Undergoing Tracheobronchoplasty Have Excellent Outcomes.

Abstract Background Tracheobronchoplasty (TBP) is the gold-standard treatment for severe symptomatic excessive central airway collapse (ECAC), however outcomes among obese patients are unknown. Methods A retrospective, single-center analysis was conducted on consecutive patients undergoing TBP for severe symptomatic ECAC from 2003 to 2020. Demographics, comorbidities, functional status, and peri-operative complications were collected. Functional status was assessed with a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed with the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Cough-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (CSQL), and modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) at baseline and post-operatively. Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests were used to compare outcomes between groups. A mixed-effects regression model compared 6MWT and HRQOL over time. Results One-hundred and three patients underwent TBP with complete follow-up data. Thirty-four patients (33%) were obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Baseline demographics were similar between obese and non-obese groups, however obese patients had worse pre-operative SGRQ and mMRC. Overall complication rates were similar (52.9% vs. 43.5%, p=0.36). At 3-months, there was no significant difference in SGRQ, CSQL, or 6MWT, however, mMRC was higher in obese patients (p=0.04). At 12 months, there was no significant difference in SGRQ, CSQL, mMRC, or 6MWT. Correcting for age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, a mixed-effects regression model demonstrated obesity was not an independent predictor for lower 6MWT or HRQOL. Conclusions Obese patients achieve similar improvement in HRQOL and functional capacity with comparable morbidity following TBP as non-obese patients. Obesity should not preclude patients with severe symptomatic ECAC from TBP.
A high-speed micro-ring modulator for next generation energy-efficient optical networks beyond 100 Gbaud

We demonstrate a silicon micro-ring modulator supporting 128 Gb/s NRZ modulation with SNR=5.2, ER=3.8dB, 0.8 Vpp drive swing, and 5.3 fJ/bit power consumption. We have also achieved 192 Gb/s PAM-4 modulation with TDECQ of 2.5dB.
Characteristics and outcomes associated with two asthma quality of care measures.

OBJECTIVE We investigated asthma quality measures to understand patient characteristics associated with non-attainment of quality care and measure the association with asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits or inpatient hospitalizations (IPs). METHODS Using administrative data from ALL Kids, Alabama's Children's Health Insurance Program, from 2013 to 2019 we calculated non-attainment of the Medication Management for Asthma (MMA) and Asthma Medication Ratio (AMR) quality measures. Patient characteristics and asthma-related ED visits and IPs associated with non-attainment of the MMA and AMR measures were assessed using logit regression models and Marginal effects at the mean. RESULTS Among 2528 children with asthma, 53.2% failed to attain the MMA measure and 8.5% the AMR measure. Prior asthma-related ED visits or IP stays increased likelihood of non-attainment by 14.8 percentage points (95% CI 8.6-20.9) for MMA and 7.3 percentage points (95% CI 2.8-11.8) for AMR. Among 868 children (34.3%) with three years of continuous enrollment, AMR non-attainment was associated with a 6.1 percentage point increase in ED or IP utilization (95% CI 1.3-10.9), however MMA non-attainment was not associated with either outcome. Prior ED visit/IP stay was associated with a 17.2 percentage point (95% CI 8.3-26.1) increase in the likelihood of a subsequent ED visit/IP stay among those with non-attainment MMA and a 15.5 percentage point increase (95% CI 6.9-24.2) for non-attainment AMR. CONCLUSIONS Patient characteristics associated with non-attainment of asthma quality measures presents actionable evidence to guide improvement efforts as non-attainment AMR increases the risk of subsequent ED visits and IP stays.
Mammalian subventricular zones: Their roles in brain development, cell replacement and disease

Cellular Heterogeneity of the Neonatal SVZ and its Contributions to Forebrain Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis.- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Modulating Proliferation and Self-renewal of Multipotential CNS Progenitors and Adult Neural Stem Cells of the Subventricular Zone.- Birth, Migration and Function of SVZ-derived Neurons in the Adult Brain.- Contributions of the Neocortical Svz to Human Brain Development.- Responses of the Adult SVZ to Neuronal Death and Injury.- Responses of the SVZ to Radiation and Chemotherapy.- The Subventricular Zone Responds Dynamically to Mechanical Brain Injuries.- Responses of the SVZ to Hypoxia and Hypoxia/Ischemia.- Responses of the SVZ to Demyelinating Diseases.- Auxiliary Proliferative Zones in the Developing and Adult Central Nervous System: Lessons from Studies on the Effects of Ethanol.
Price Elasticities of Nonbusiness Air Travel Demand

This paper describes a study of the historic evolution of nonbusiness air travel in the United States. A model is constructed and calibrated to describe this evolution. The purpose of the study is to investigate the sensitivity of this type of air travel to price changes using the elasticity as a measure. It is concluded that both short run and long run elasticities of demand are less than unity. Air travel demand appears to have been determined primarily by the developments in income and consumption levels.
Cytomegaloviral retinitis from chronic immunosuppression following solid organ transplant surgery.

Human cytomegaloviral (CMV) infections are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised population.1 CMV is a double‐stranded DNA virus belonging to the human herpes virus f...
The Impact of Vacuum-Drying on Efficiency of Hardwood Products Manufacturing

Many wood product manufacturers are trying to increase competitiveness by implementing continuous improvement programs such as lean manufacturing. However, the lumber drying process can significantly affect manufacturing time and inventory size, thus limiting how “lean” the entire process can become. The goal of this research was to determine how vacuum drying technology could support lean manufacturing concepts relative to conventional drying technology in hardwood manufacturing. Two flooring manufacturers with drying operations were modeled, and simulations were used to determine differences in cycle time and work-in-process inventory. The total cycle time of vacuum drying was 78% and 90% less than conventional drying. Work-in-process inventory was reduced by 57% and 52%. The reduction of work-in-process inventory in the drying process represents a potential cost savings of $7.3 million and $13.6 million per year for each manufacturer, respectively. The reduction in inventory carrying costs, faster drying rates, and reduced cycle time demonstrate that vacuum drying could significantly improve the competitiveness of hardwood flooring manufacturers.
Expanding the role of metabolism in T cells

Understanding the mechanistic processes that govern T cell responses is crucial to enhancing immunotherapies against human disease. Naive CD8 T cells extensively proliferate in response to antigen, creating a large pool of effector T cells that clear tumors or infected cells. During this process, T cells metabolically reprogram to meet energy demands and supply biosynthetic precursors necessary for proliferation ( 1 ). On page 995 of this issue, Okoye et al. ( 2 ) identify lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEM), a protein that targets T cell metabolism and enhances proliferation. LEM improved CD8 T cell–mediated viral and tumor clearance and boosted memory T cell numbers. These findings suggest that modulating T cell metabolism by targeting LEM could alter the course of cancer, autoimmunity, or infection.
Chromosomal evolution and speciation: a recombination-based approach

Although karyotypic differences between species have long been recognized, the question of whether these mutations play a causal role in speciation remains unanswered. This is because most models of chromosomal speciation focus on underdominance, which presents a theoretical paradox in that the strength of an underdominant barrier is inversely proportional to its fixation probability. To counter this problem, a new model has been proposed that focuses on the modification of effective recombination rates, whereby rearrangements facilitate the build up of linkage disequilibrium in the presence of gene flow. This model is discussed, along with new supporting data from the Solanaceae.
Genitourinary reconstruction in obstetric fistulas.

AbstractAlthough most recent literature concerning female urinary tract fistulas has addressed the problem of postoperative and post-irradiation fistula, obstetrical fistula is more common worldwide. A series of fistula repairs predominately caused by obstructed labor is presented. During a 30-months interval 139 procedures were performed on 98 patients with fistulas at a variety of anatomical locations or on patients with type III urinary incontinence following fistula repair. The fistulas were caused by obstructed labor in 94.9% of the patients. Repair was done vaginally in 110 cases, abdominally in 25 and by a combined approach in 3. Of the patients 81% were dry after 1 procedure and all but 4% were dry after multiple procedures. The subjective observations of moderate to severe vaginal scarring, or severe damage to the urethra or bladder neck were the best predictors of adverse outcome.
The Aeolipile as Experimental Model in Early Modern Natural Philosophy

What causes winds was regarded as one of the most difficult questions of early modern natural philosophy. Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architectural author, put forth an alternative to Aristotle’s theory by likening the generation of wind to the actions of the aeolipile, which he believed made artificial winds. As Vitruvius’s work proliferated during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, numerous natural philosophers, including Descartes, used the aeolipile as a model for nature. Yet, interpretations of Vitruvius’s text and of the relation of the aeolipile to natural winds varied according to definitions and conceptions of air, wind, rarefaction, condensation, and vapor.
Creating Change in Scientific Institutions through Subversion, Revolution (Title IX) & Climate Change

The slow crawl at which research universities diversify their faculty is a national disgrace in that these universities recruit for students that reflect the face of America, yet are still not yet fully incorporating that pool of talent onto their faculty. Similar difficulties are apparent among the scientific staff of national/federal laboratories. But how can one person change the world of science? Subvert the standard operating procedure. Create a microclimate that shows―over time―how new patterns of operation and inclusiveness yield productive, innovative science. Use the scientific capital and street credentials accrued over time, thanks to the humane microclimate and research productivity of one's team, to challenge the status quo with reasoned and bold arguments for change. Remember the importance of uppity behavior and applying “tipping point” mechanisms to move beyond initial reactions of dismissal to―over time―accepted inevitability (such as greeted my audacious suggestion in March 2000 to withh...
Defect production in high energy cascades: the roles of molecular dynamics and binary collision simulations

Abstract The processes of radiation damage, from initial defect production to microstructure evolution, occur over a wide spectrum of time and size scales. An understanding of the fundamental aspects of these processes requires a spectrum of theoretical models, each applicable in its own time and distance scales. As elements of this spectrum of models, molecular dynamics and binary collision simulations play complementary roles in the characterization of the primary damage state of high energy collision cascades. Molecular dynamics is needed to describe the individual point defects in the primary damage state with the requisite physical reality. The binary collision approximation is needed to model the gross structure of statistically significant numbers of high energy cascades. Information provided by both models is needed for connecting the defect production in the primary damage state with the appropriate models of defect diffusion and interaction describing the microstructure evolution.
Development of a theory for the charging of particles by unipolar ions

Abstract Theories of particle charging based on macroscopic boundary value solutions to the diffusional equation are not applicable to many practical cases where the ion density is less than two orders of magnitude greater than the particle concentration. A new charging equation based on kinetic theory is presented which evaluates the charging rate in terms of the probability of collisions between the dust particles and ions. In order to simplify the mathematics, the surface of the particle is considered as being divided into three charging regions and separate charging rates are calculated for each region. The total charging rate is the sum of these three individual rates. For large particles and high electric fields this theory predicts essentially the same charging rate as the classical field charging equations of Rohmann (1923) and Pauthenier (1932). For low electric fields the theory reduces to White's (1951) diffusional charging equation. Agreement is within 25% of Hewitt's (1957) experimental results over the entire range of variables where data are available. For practical charging times in electrostatic precipitators the agreement is within 15%.
Microwave ablation of malignant hepatic tumours: intraperitoneal fluid instillation prevents collateral damage and allows more aggressive case selection

AbstractPurpose: Theaim of this peper was to retrospectively review our experience utilising protective fluid instillation techniques during percutaneous microwave ablation of liver tumours to determine if fluid instillation prevents non-target injuries and allows a more aggressive case selection. Materials and methods: This institute review board-approved, US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, retrospective study reviewed percutaneous microwave ablation of 151 malignant hepatic tumours in 87 patients, comparing cases in which protective fluid instillation was performed with those where no fluid was utilised. In cases utilising hydrodisplacement for bowel protection, a consensus panel evaluated eligibility for potential ablation without hydrodisplacement. Patient age, tumour size, local tumour progression rate, length of follow-up, complications, displacement distance/artificial ascites thickness, and treatment power/time were compared. Results: Fluid administration was utilise...
Yield, composition and rheological characteristics of cheddar cheese made with high pressure processed milk

High Pressure (HP) treatment of milk prior to cheese-making was shown to increase the yield of cheese due to increased protein and moisture retention in cheese. Cheeses were made with raw milk or milk treated with high temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, and HP treatments at two levels (483 and 676 MPa) at 10 °C, 483 MPa HP at 30 °C, and 483 MPa HP at 40 °C. Cheese yield, total solids, protein, fat and salt contents were evaluated, and fat and protein recovery indices were calculated. Cheeses from HP treatments of 676 MPa at 10 °C and 483 MPa at 30 °C exhibited wet yields of 11.40% and 11.54%, respectively. Protein recovery was 79.9% for HP treatment of 676 MPa at 10 °C. The use of slightly higher pressurization temperatures increased moisture retention in cheese. Visco-elasticity of cheeses was determined by dynamic oscillatory testing and a creep-recovery test. Rheological parameters such as loss (G″) and storage (G′) moduli were dependent on oscillation frequency. At high (173 rad/s) and low (2.75 rad/s) angular frequencies, cheeses made from milk treated at 483 MPa at 10 °C behaved more solid-like than other treatments. Creep tests indicated that cheeses from milk treated with 483 MPa HP at 10 °C showed the smallest instantaneous compliance (Jo), confirming the more solid-like behavior of cheese from the 483 MPa at 10 °C treatment compared to the behavior of cheeses from other treatments. Cheeses made with pasteurized milk were more deformable, exhibited less solid-like behavior than cheeses made with HP treated milk, as shown by the Jo value. With more research into bacteriological implications, HP treatment of raw milk can augment Cheddar cheese yield with better curd formation properties.
Prediction of Success in Graduate School at Rutgers University

THE PRESENT STUDY is part of a broad and j continuing program of research on graduate student selection at Rutgers University. Although this pa per concerns the Department of Applied and Mathe matical Statistics, several other departments are also cooperating, namely the departments of English and Chemistry and the schools of E ng i neering and Agriculture. These results will be presented in forthcoming articles upon their completion. The Department of Applied and Mechanical Sta tistics offers courses leading to the Master of Sci ence degree for part-time evening students employ ed in local industry. Most of these students have returned to academic study after a lapse of several years. For this reason, itwasfelt undergraduate grades did not have the predictive significance they would have for recent graduates and another predic tor was desired, preferably in the form of a con venient test. A total of 150 students enrolled in courses given by this department were tested and complete data for this study were finally obtained for 56 of these students. This constituted the ex perimental group, all of whom had been accepted for graduate study. Three predictors of success were used, namely, undergraduate grade averages and two tests of The Psychological Corporation, restricted to use in graduate student selection, the Miller Analogies Test (1) and the newer Doppelt MathematicalRea soning Test (2). 2 Three criteria of success were employed. They consisted of graduate grades, an academic competence rating, and a job-effective ness rating. Further description of the predictors and criteria is given in the later sections of the ar ticle. In summary, three types of data were gath e r e d : 1) Doppelt and Miller tests admi nistered during the regular classroom period, 2) undergrad uate and graduate grade averages and 3) rankings by instructors of academic competence and job ef fectiveness. Predictors
Review: hydrolysed milk formula with dietary and environmental restrictions reduces asthma and wheeze in infants with a familial history of atopy.

(2002) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3, CD003795. Ram FS, Ducharme FM, Scarlett J. . Cow’s milk protein avoidance and development of childhood wheeze in children with a family history of atopy . . . ;( . ): . . . [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] QUESTION: In infants with a familial history of atopy, does dietary avoidance of cows’ milk protein prevent asthma and wheeze during the first year of life? Studies were identified by searching Medline (1966 to Feb 2002), CINAHL (1982 to Feb 2002), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1980 to Feb 2002), UK National Research Register of Trials (up to Feb 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (1966 to Feb 2002), bibliographies of identified articles, and by contacting colleagues and experts in the field. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving children with a familial history of atopy in ≥1 first degree relative were selected if they compared hydrolysed cows’ milk formula or soya based formula with feeding with standard cows’ milk based formula during the first 4 months of life or longer. In the hydrolysed formula, the protein source from cows’ milk was enzymatically hydrolysed and heat denatured … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCochrane%2BDatabase%2BSyst%2BRev%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12137717%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12137717&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F6%2F2%2F43.atom
Gauge Formulation of a Vector-Spinor Superalgebra

We present a gauge formulation of the Poincare algebra extended to include fermionic generators belonging to the vector-spinor representation of the Lorentz group. The gauge action of the theory, quadratic in curvature tensors, is derived.
Computed tomography-derived intrarenal blood flow in renovascular and essential hypertension

Computer tomography-derived intrarenal blood flow in renovascular and essential hypertension. The effect of renal artery stenosis on intrarenal perfusion and volume in renovascular hypertensive patients is unclear. Alterations in these attributes may ultimately be involved in deterioration of renal function. We measured whole kidney, cortical, and medullary perfusion and volume with electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) in 33 hypertensive patients, with well-preserved renal function, scheduled for renal angiography. EBCT-derived whole kidney perfusion was lower in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS; N = 20) than in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD; N = 10) or essential hypertension ( N = 28; P P
Neural response to self- and other referential praise and criticism in generalized social phobia.

Context Generalized social phobia (GSP) is characterized by fear/avoidance of social situations. Previous studies have examined the neural responses in GSP to one class of social stimuli, facial expressions. However, studies have not examined the neural response in GSP to another equally important class of social stimuli, the communication of praise or criticism. Objective To examine the neural response to receipt of praise or criticism in GSP; specifically, to determine whether patients with GSP show an increased response to the receipt of both praise and criticism and whether self-relevance modulates this relationship. Design Case-control study. Setting Government clinical research institute. Participants Unmedicated individuals with GSP (n = 17) and age-, IQ-, and sex-matched healthy comparison individuals (n = 17). Main Outcome Measure Blood oxygenation level–dependent signal, as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging. During functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, individuals read positive (eg, You are beautiful), negative (eg, You are ugly), and neutral (eg, You are human) comments that could be either about the self or about somebody else (eg, He is beautiful). Results Hypothesized significant group × valence × referent interactions were observed within regions of the medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral amygdala. In these regions, the patients with GSP showed significantly increased blood oxygenation level–dependent responses, relative to comparison individuals, to negative comments (criticism) referring to themselves. However, in contrast, there were no significant group differences with respect to negative comments referring to others or neutral or positive comments referring to self or others. Conclusions These results implicate the medial prefrontal cortex, involved in the representation of the self, together with the amygdala, in the pathophysiology of GSP. Further, findings demonstrate a meaningful effect of psychological context on neural-circuitry hyperactivity in GSP.
The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables.

Several studies have used plant community biomass to predict species richness with varying success. In this study we examined the relationship between species richness and biomass for 36 marsh communities from two different watersheds. In addition, we measured several environmental variables and estimated the potential richness (the total number of species known to be able to occur in a community type) for each community. Above-ground living and dead biomass combined was found to be weakly correlated with species richness (R 2 = 0.02). Instead, a multiple regression model based on elevation (R 2 = 0.30) soil organic matter (R 2 = 0.18), and biomass was able to explain 82 % of the variance in species richness (...)
Kinetics and mechanism of the formation of some compounds of the type Ni[RCOCR′C(R″)NCH2]2(1)

Abstract The rates of formation of quadridentate ligand-nickel (II) compounds of the type Ni[RCOCR′C(R″)NCH 2 ] 2 in methanol are reported. The compounds are the result of a pyridine-catalysed condensation of μ-dicholorotetrakis(ethylenediamine)dinickel (II) chloride and chelating agents. The agents, (HCh), include salicylaldehyde, acetylacetone and benzoylacetone. For all systems, pseudo first-order rate constants are obtained. At 50°C, rate expressions of the general type, rate = constant [Ni][HCh] n , are obtained where n is 1·5, 1 and 2 for salicylaldehyde, acetylacetone, and benzoylacetone, respectively. The benzoylacetonate systems differ inasmuch as the rate decreases with increasing ligand concentrations and reaches a minimum at a ligand-nickel ratio of six. The rate data for all systems can be explained in terms of a mechanism which involves a base-catalysed path versus a non-catalysed path.
The influence of relationships on children's and adolescents' participation in research.

Background Since the 1950s, children and adolescents have been defined as a vulnerable group for research participation. In 1998, federal mandates were issued to include children in clinical research. Objectives The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe children and adolescents' understanding of research and the sociocultural factors that influenced them to become involved and continue participation in clinical research. The specific objective of the study findings reported here was to describe how relationships with adults (e.g., parents and investigators) influenced children and adolescent involvement in clinical research. Method This study employed qualitative methods, using semistructured interviews and narrative analytic techniques. There were 34 children and adolescent participants, (8-22 years of age) who had a diagnosis of either diabetes or a hematological malignancy. Participants were interviewed to obtain an understanding of their experience with the assent/consent process for a research study. All interviews were transcribed verbatim from the audiotapes. Results Three themes discussed in this article were related to the child/adolescent's relationships with powerful adults: (a) faith in their parent(s), (b) relationships with members of the research/medical team, and (c) the child's perception of what happens when a child/adolescent and his/her parent disagree about research participation. Discussion Chronically ill children are willing to dialog about their involvement in research trials, and describe how relationships with their parents and clinician/investigators influence them. They can articulate their ability and right to make the decisions about involvement in research, along with their parent(s).
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE ENZYMES IN FIVE FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATE SPECIES

Electrophoretic analysis of 11 different clonal freshwater Peridinium isolates shows that currently used morphological taxonomic criteria are conservative measures of relatedness and that the presence or absence of an apical pore is an important taxonomic feature. Correlation of malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns with chromosome number variations among our isolates lends no support to polyploidy as a speciation mechanism. ARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES constitute an important component of freshwater phytoplankton, with one of the most prevalent dinoflagellate groups being members of the genus Peridinium. At least 44 diffierent freshwater species ofthis genus have been described (Huber-Pestalozzi, 1950). Historically, the different Peridinium species have been distinguished from each other on the basis of vegetative cell size and shape and on the basis of the size,