cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Strategies for Assessing the Biological Consequences and Repair of DNA Adducts.

ConspectusThe genetic integrity of living organisms is constantly threatened by environmental and endogenous sources of DNA damaging agents that can induce a plethora of chemically modified DNA lesions. Unrepaired DNA lesions may elicit cytotoxic and mutagenic effects and contribute to the development of human diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. Understanding the deleterious outcomes of DNA damage necessitates the investigation about the effects of DNA adducts on the efficiency and fidelity of DNA replication and transcription.Conventional methods for measuring lesion-induced replicative or transcriptional alterations often require time-consuming colony screening and DNA sequencing procedures. Recently, a series of mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies have been developed in our laboratory as an efficient platform for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the changes in genetic information induced by DNA adducts during DNA replication and transcription. During the past few years, we have...
Arciniegas, travieso, erudito, soñador

"La funcion del ensayista —cuando lo es corno Carlyle, Emerson, Santayana, Unamuno— parece conciliar la Poesia y la Filosofia, tiende un extrano puente entre el mundo de las imagenes y el de los conceptos, previene un -poco al hombre entre las oscuras vueltas del laberinto y quiere ayudarle abuscar el agujero de salida", escribio en una ocasion Mariano Picon Salas. Y anadio: "La'formula del ensayo... seria la de toda la Literatura: tener algo que decir; decirlo de modo que agite la conciencia y despierte la emocion de los otros hombres, y en lengua tan personal y propia, que ella se bautice a si misma". Estas lineas del insigne maestro contemporaneo nos sirven para fijar el derrotero de la obra de German Arciniegas. Por sus paginas discurren, prudentes observaciones de la historia hispanoamericana, mesnadas de atrevidos leguleyos, finos y valientes escritores, angustiados patriotas, infames dictadores, robustos paladines de la libertad y de la independencia.
The relationship between parental conflict and family interactions: the role of emotional security and parenting behaviors

Interparental conflict (IPC) is an inevitable part of family life which has been linked to child adjustment. Two theories have been proposed to explain this relationship. The emotional security hypothesis represents a direct path by which IPC affects children by threatening their sense of felt security in the interparental relationship. In contrast, the spillover hypothesis suggests that IPC affects children indirectly by influencing parenting practices. The current study extends previous research by examining both of these pathways in families with infants, as well as testing how IPC may contribute to family outcomes. Seventy-four two-parent families of 6to 14month-old infants completed a series of questionnaires and laboratory interactions assessing dimensions of IPC, emotional security, parenting and coparenting behaviors, and child and family behaviors. Results provided some support for both the emotional security and spillover hypotheses. Implications for theory and potential future directions for research are discussed.
Rab3-GEF Controls Active Zone Development at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction.

Abstract Synaptic signaling involves the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic active zones (AZs). Proteins that regulate vesicle exocytosis cluster at AZs, composing the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ). At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the small GTPase Rab3 controls the distribution of CAZ proteins across release sites, thereby regulating the efficacy of individual AZs. Here we identify Rab3-GEF as a second protein that acts in conjunction with Rab3 to control AZ protein composition. At rab3-GEF mutant NMJs, Bruchpilot (Brp) and Ca 2+ channels are enriched at a subset of AZs, leaving the remaining sites devoid of key CAZ components in a manner that is indistinguishable from rab3 mutant NMJs. As the Drosophila homologue of mammalian DENN/MADD and C. elegans AEX-3, Rab3-GEF is a Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) for Rab3 that stimulates GDP to GTP exchange. Mechanistic studies reveal that while Rab3 and Rab3-GEF act within the same mechanism to control AZ development, Rab3-GEF is involved in multiple roles. We show that Rab3-GEF is required for transport of Rab3. However, the synaptic phenotype in the rab3-GEF mutant cannot be fully explained by defective transport and loss of GEF activity. A transgenically expressed GTP-locked variant of Rab3 accumulates at the NMJ at wild type levels and fully rescues the rab3 mutant but is unable to rescue the rab3-GEF mutant. Our results suggest that while Rab3-GEF acts upstream of Rab3 to control Rab3 localization and likely GTP-binding, it also acts downstream to regulate CAZ development, potentially as a Rab3 effector at the synapse. Significance Statement: The release of neurotransmitter at synapses is regulated by proteins that form the presynaptic release machine. We show here that Rab3-GEF is required for controlling the protein composition of release sites in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Our results indicate that loss of Rab3-GEF results in the development of NMJs that are structurally and functionally indistinguishable from NMJs that lack the protein Rab3. Our studies reveal that Rab3 and Rab3-GEF act within the same molecular mechanism and support a model wherein Rab3-GEF serves as a Rab3 effector to control active zone protein composition. This work provides further insight into a novel molecular mechanism that controls the strength of synapses.
On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act

(1997). On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 235-237.
Mixed Testicular Tumor in Immunosuppressed Patient: Case Report

Abstract A 30-year-old man who was maintained on Immunosuppressants following renal transplantation had seminoma with teratoma of the right testis 3 months postoperatively. The temporal relationship in the development of the tumor in the presence of Immunosuppressants strongly suggests the Importance of the immunodefense mechanism in the control, development or growth of the neoplasm.
Vascular growth responses to chronic arterial occlusion are unaffected by myeloid specific focal adhesion kinase (FAK) deletion.

Arteriogenesis, or the lumenal expansion of pre-existing arterioles in the presence of an upstream occlusion, is a fundamental vascular growth response. Though alterations in shear stress stimulate arteriogenesis, the migration of monocytes into the perivascular space surrounding collateral arteries and their differentiation into macrophages is critical for this vascular growth response to occur. Focal adhesion kinase’s (FAK) role in regulating cell migration has recently been expanded to primary macrophages. We therefore investigated the effect of the myeloid-specific conditional deletion of FAK on vascular remodeling in the mouse femoral arterial ligation (FAL) model. Using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, whole mount imaging of vascular casted gracilis muscles, and immunostaining for CD31 in gastrocnemius muscles cross-sections, we found that there were no statistical differences in perfusion recovery, arteriogenesis, or angiogenesis 28 days after FAL. We therefore sought to determine FAK expression in different myeloid cell populations. We found that FAK is expressed at equally low levels in Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo blood monocytes, however expression is increased over 2-fold in bone marrow derived macrophages. Ultimately, these results suggest that FAK is not required for monocyte migration to the perivascular space and that vascular remodeling following arterial occlusion occurs independently of myeloid specific FAK.
Three Is Not a Crowd: Online Mediation-Arbitration in Business to Consumer Internet Disputes

Disputes on the World Wide Web are growing as rapidly as ecommerce itself. Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) is a mechanism that is perceived as providing fair, efficient, effective, convenient and inexpensive solutions for disputes in the global e-commerce market. As part of the trend of the development and study of ODR, this article deals with a relatively innovative process: online mediationarbitration (“online med-arb”). Online med-arb has three components: mediation, arbitration and technology. Alongside the presentation of this process, including its three components, their implementation, advantages and disadvantages, this article demonstrates how the process succeeds in overcoming the disadvantages and concerns associated with the existing ODR mechanisms (e.g., online mediation and online arbitration) when dealing with international business-to-consumer Internet disputes. In addition, this article proposes an improved model of online med-arb for dealing with disputes of this nature, with the hope that adoption of the model will advance both international trade and consumer protection in these disputes. Undoubtedly, the advent of the Internet presented a serious challenge for the Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) movement. Resolving disputes over the Internet is likely to play an important role in the future of electronic commerce. As United States  Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor), Sha’arei MishpatThe Academic Center for Law and Science, Israel. I would like to thank the Journal of Internal Law’s editors for their devoted and professional work. 1 Lavi: Three Is Not a Crowd: Online Mediation-Arbitration in Business to Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 872 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. [Vol. 37:3 Congressional proclamations make clear, the development of electronic commerce over the Internet is a broad economic and public interest for the United States. However, it is clear that this development cannot take place without a fair, efficient, and available system for resolving disputes involving the Internet, that promises accessibility to consumers to receive fair remedies with respect to their emerchant claims. Online med-arb is likely to be one of the harbingers of this promise. 2 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 37, Iss. 3 [], Art. 2 http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol37/iss3/2 2016] ONLINE MEDIATION-ARBITRATION 873
Arno van den Essen: An Amazing Conjecture

This chapter outlines a survey paper by van den Essen on the Jacobian Conjecture, which is on Stephen Smale’s short list of important problems besides the Millennium Prize ones. A new link discovered by Wenhua Zhao and broadened by van den Essen supplies new ideas and approaches.
The Statistical Severe Convective Risk Assessment Model

AbstractThis study introduces a system that objectively assesses severe thunderstorm nowcast probabilities based on hourly mesoscale data across the contiguous United States during the period from 2006 to 2014. Previous studies have evaluated the diagnostic utility of parameters in characterizing severe thunderstorm environments. In contrast, the present study merges cloud-to-ground lightning flash data with both severe thunderstorm report and Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Analysis system data to create lightning-conditioned prognostic probabilities for numerous parameters, thus incorporating null-severe cases. The resulting dataset and corresponding probabilities are called the Statistical Severe Convective Risk Assessment Model (SSCRAM), which incorporates a sample size of over 3.8 million 40-km grid boxes. A subset of five parameters of SSCRAM is investigated in the present study. This system shows that severe storm probabilities do not vary strongly across the range of values for buoyancy paramete...
Serial in-office laser treatment of vocal fold leukoplakia: Disease control and voice outcomes.

Objective Although vocal fold (VF) leukoplakia is commonly treated with in-office laser, there is no data on its long-term effectiveness. This study hypothesizes that VF leukoplakia treated by serial in-office laser results in long-term disease control with maintenance of voice and minimal morbidity. Study Design Retrospective review (2008–2015). Methods Forty-six patients with VF leukoplakia treated by in-office KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate) or PDL (pulsed dye laser) were included. Median follow-up from final laser treatment was 19.6 months. Main outcomes included: 1) rate of disease control, 2) percentage of disease regression using ImageJ analysis. Secondary outcomes included vocal assessment using the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10). Results Patients underwent a median of 2 (range: 1–6) in-office laser treatments. Time between treatments was median 7.6 months. After final treatment, 19 patients (41.3%) had no disease; two patients (4.3%) progressed to invasive cancer; overall disease regression was median 77.1% (P < 0.001); and VHI-10 score decreased by median 5 (P = 0.037). Thirty-one patients (67.4%) were responders (controlled with in-office treatment only); failures were 13 patients (28.3%) who required operative intervention and two patients (4%) who underwent radiation. Compared to responders, failures demonstrated significantly shorter duration between treatments (median 2.3 vs. 8.9 months, P = 0.038) and significantly less regression (median 49.3% vs. 100%, P = 0.006). Conclusion Serial outpatient KTP or PDL treatment of VF leukoplakia is effective for disease control with minimal morbidity and preservation of voice quality. We suggest that patients requiring repeated in-office treatment every 6 months may benefit from earlier operative intervention; other factors associated with in-office success remain unclear. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1644–1651, 2017
Erratum to: Fertility preservation with ovarian stimulation and time to treatment in women with stage II-III breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy

To determine whether fertility preservation with ovarian stimulation (OS) results in treatment delay in breast cancer (BC) patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). This is a retrospective study of women screened for the prospective neoadjuvant ISPY2 trial at the University of California San Francisco. All patients were <43, had stage II–III BC, and received neoadjuvant therapy. Time to initiation of NAT was compared between women who underwent OS (STIM) and women who did not (control). Patient and tumor characteristics, as well as oncologic outcomes, were compared between STIM and control groups. 82 patients were included (34 STIM and 48 control). STIM patients were overall younger (mean = 35 vs. 36.9 years old, p = 0.06), and more likely to be childless (79.4 vs 31.2%, p < 0.0001) than controls. Mean time from diagnosis to initiation of NAT was 40 days, with no significant difference between STIM and control groups (mean 39.8 days vs 40.9 days, p = 0.75). Mean time from diagnosis to fertility consultation was 16.3 days. With median follow-up of 79 months, 16 (19.5%) patients have recurred or died from BC. Rates of pCR, recurrence, and death were similar in both groups. Six of 34 STIM patients have undergone embryo transfer, resulting in one patient with two live births. Fertility preservation with OS can be performed in the neoadjuvant setting without delay in initiation of systemic therapy and should be discussed with all early-stage BC patients of reproductive age.
High mortality due to sepsis in Native Hawaiians and African Americans: The Multiethnic Cohort.

Background/Objectives Sepsis is a severe systemic response to infection with a high mortality rate. A higher incidence has been reported for older people, in persons with a compromised immune system including cancer patients, and in ethnic minorities. We analyzed sepsis mortality and its predictors by ethnicity in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Subjects/Methods Among 191,561 white, African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino cohort members, 49,347 deaths due to all causes and 345 deaths due to sepsis were recorded during follow-up from 1993–96 until 2010. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for relevant confounders. In addition, national death rates were analyzed to compare mortality by state. Results Age-adjusted rates of sepsis death were 5-times higher for Hawaii than Los Angeles (14.4 vs. 2.7 per 100,000). By ethnicity, Native Hawaiians had the highest rate in Hawaii (29.0 per 100,000) and African Americans in Los Angeles (5.2 per 100,000). In fully adjusted models, place of residence was the most important predictor of sepsis mortality (HR = 7.18; 95%CI: 4.37–11.81 Hawaii vs. Los Angeles). African Americans showed the highest risk (HR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.16–3.75) followed by Native Hawaiians (HR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.34–2.65) as compared to whites. Among cohort members with cancer (N = 49,794), the 2-fold higher sepsis mortality remained significant in Native Hawaiians only. The geographic and ethnic differences in the MEC agreed with results for national death data. Conclusions The finding that African Americans and Native Hawaiians experience a higher mortality risk due to sepsis than other ethnic groups suggest ethnicity-related biological factors in the predisposition of cancer patients and other immune-compromising conditions to develop sepsis, but regional differences in health care access and death coding may also be important.
Hyper-brain connectivity in binge drinking college students: a diffusion tensor imaging study

The current study used diffusion tensor imaging to examine patterns/degree of brain connectivity in 12 college-aged binge drinking (BD) and 12 moderate drinking individuals. Voxel-level and region-of-interest analyses revealed increased connectivity of the BD brain in the right corona radiata, right external capsule, and both the right and left cingulum. Also, fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity values of these regions correlated with a number of drinking behaviors of the BD as well as both groups combined. It is hypothesized that increased connectivity in the BD may produce difficulties with regulatory control, contributing to their propensity to binge.
Biogeography and Biotic Assembly of Indo-Pacific Corvoid Passerine Birds

The archipelagos that form the transition between Asia and Australia were immortalized by Alfred Russel Wallace's observations on the connections between geography and animal distributions, which he summarized in what became the first major modern biogeographic synthesis. Wallace traveled the island region for eight years, during which he noted the marked faunal discontinuity across what has later become known as Wallace's Line. Wallace was intrigued by the bewildering diversity and distribution of life he discovered. But even today we ask ourselves how species formed within the region and why they are not evenly distributed. Biogeography, phylogeny, dispersal, biotic interactions, and abiotic factors affect the assembly of diversity. On the basis of a decade of research on the ecology, evolution, and systematics of corvoid passerine birds, we summarize what we have learned about the biogeography and assembly of island bird diversity. Corvoid passerine birds include nearly 800 species and 2,300 named taxa...
Estanislao Severos Zeballos and the Transatlantic Science of Statecraft

This chapter digs deep into the writings of Estanislao Severo Zeballos, who served as Foreign Minister under Sarmiento and founded the Instituto Geografico Argentino. It showcases the ways in which Zeballos reviews fin-de-siecle geographical discourse from both sides of the Atlantic to theorize the essential qualities of its local incarnation. The chapter reconstructs a dialogue between Zeballos and an array of individuals committed to representing land, including Sarmiento but also Zeballos’s Argentine contemporary Marcos Arredondo; da Cunha and his Brazilian contemporary Rio Branco; and Spanish geographer and founder of the Sociedad de Geografia Comercial, Joaquin Costa. Zeballos emerges as an essential figure across Latin American geography, one who fuels border disputes throughout the region—with Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay, and most notoriously with Brazil.
Abstract WP253: Impact of a Stroke Coordinator on Improving Time to Treatment at Telestroke Sites.

Background: The implementation of Telestroke systems has made stroke expertise accessible to patients evaluated in hospitals located in rural areas. Yet, decreasing time from emergency department (...
Liberation of ion implanted Ge nanocrystals from a silicon dioxide matrix via hydrofluoric acid vapor etching

A method to liberate germanium (Ge) nanocrystals from silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) thin films by hydrofluoric acid (HF) vapor etching is presented. Multi-energy implantation of mass separated Ge ions into 500-nm-thick wet oxide layers on silicon (Si) substrates followed by thermal annealing produces nanocrystals that are 2 to 8 nm in diameter. Raman spectra exhibit the expected asymmetric line shapes due to the phonon confinement effect, but with a higher peak frequency than predicted. To free the nanocrystals, samples are etched in HF vapor to selectively remove the SiO 2 matrix and expose the nanocrystal surfaces. Raman spectra of etched samples display peak frequencies consistent with relief of compressive stress. The liberated nanocrystals show long-term stability under ambient atmospheric conditions. Ge nanocrystals can be removed from etched surfaces using an ultrasonic methanol cleaning procedure. The nanocrystal-containing solution is applied to a TEM grid and the solvent is evaporated. Subsequently obtained electron diffraction patterns confirm that the nanocrystals survive this transfer step. Thus, liberated Ge nanocrystals are expected to be accessible for a wide range of manipulation processes and direct characterization techniques.
Submental artery island flap versus free flap reconstruction of lateral facial soft tissue and parotidectomy defects: Comparison of outcomes and patient factors.

Abstract Objectives The submental artery island flap (SIF) has recently been described in temporal bone defects. At our institution we have broadened the application of the SIF and modified the harvest technique for complex lateral facial and skull base defects. Our primary aim is to evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing complex lateral facial soft tissue, parotidectomy, and temporal bone defects who are reconstructed with the SIF to a similar cohort undergoing free tissue transfer reconstruction. Materials and methods Nineteen patients undergoing SIF and 54 patients undergoing free tissue flaps for oncologic lateral facial, parotidectomy and temporal bone defects were retrospectively identified. Comparative statistics were used to analyze variables between the two cohorts, specifically operative time, flap size, length of stay, regional recurrence, disease free survival, and overall survival. Results No significant difference in demographic and disease related variables was observed. Operative time was significantly lower in SIF group with mean of 412.9 (SD 93.4) minutes compared to 544.1 (SD 139.9) minutes in free flap group. Flap size was significantly larger in free tissue transfer, 32.4 (SD 17.5) cm2 (SIF) compared to mean area of 105.2 (SD 53.2) cm2 (Free tissue transfer). A significant difference in length of stay was also noted between groups. There was no regional recurrence of disease in level I–III in SIF group. There was no significant difference in DFS or OS between the two groups. Conclusion SIF is an oncologically sound option for reconstruction of lateral facial soft tissue, parotidectomy, and temporal bone defects.
Mega freight generators in my backyard: A longitudinal study of environmental justice in warehousing location

Abstract Environmental impacts of warehousing activities have attracted increasing attention from the governments, the public and the academia. While a few studies have confirmed the cross-sectional spatial coincidence between warehousing facilities and minority population, little is known about the causal relationship behind the co-location pattern. Using data of the Los Angeles Combined Statistical Area in 2000–2010, this paper estimates a two-equation simultaneous model of the location choices of warehousing facilities and the minority population. Results show that, all else equal, changes in the percentage share of minorities significantly and positively affect the changes in warehousing activity density during the same period, but not vice versa. Thus, the environmental justice problem in warehousing location is found to be solely from the disproportionate siting of warehouses in minority-dominated areas, rather than from the movement of minority population towards warehousing. Furthermore, the variants of the model suggest that contrary to Latinos and Asians, the inflow of Blacks into a neighborhood would not lead to an increase in warehousing activities. And a neighborhood with more ethnic churning would be more likely under the pressure of warehousing expansion. The government and the public need to work together to facilitate an effective regulation of warehousing related externalities and a fair distribution of related environmental disamenities.
Two-Stage Lossy/Lossless Compression of Grayscale Document Images

This paper describes a two-stage method of document image compression wherein a grayscale document image is first processed to improve its compressibility, then losslessly compressed. The initial processing involves hierarchical, coarse-to-fine morphological operations designed to combat the noiselike variability of the low-order bits while attempting to preserve or even improve intelligibility. The result of this stage is losslessly compressed by an arithmetic coder that uses a mixture model to derive context-conditional graylevel probabilities. The lossless stage is compared experimentally with several reference methods, and is found to be competitive at all rates. The overall system is found to be comparable with JPEG in terms of mean-square error performance, but appears to outperform JPEG in terms of subjectively judged document image intelligibility.
Pediatrician and family physician agreement with and adoption of universal hepatitis B immunization.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess (1) rates of agreement with and adoption of the universal hepatitis B vaccine recommendation among practicing pediatricians and family physicians in nine selected states; (2) physicians' attitudes related to hepatitis B immunization; and (3) physicians' perceptions of parental attitudes regarding the hepatitis B vaccine series. METHODS Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 3014 pediatricians and family physicians in selected metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan areas of nine states. Outcome variables were agreement with and adoption of the hepatitis B vaccine recommendation. Predictor variables included physicians' characteristics, practice type and location, and proportion of managed care and Medicaid patients. Other variables that were studied include physicians' attitudes related to hepatitis B immunization, sources of immunization recommendation information, personal completion of the hepatitis B immunization series, and physicians' impressions of parental attitudes about the vaccine. RESULTS Pediatricians were more likely than family physicians to report that they knew "a lot" about the recommendation (95% vs 84%), agreed with it (83% vs 57%), and have adopted it into practice (90% vs 64%). More physicians in both specialties had adopted the recommendation than actually agreed with it. Doubt about long-term protection from the vaccine was a strong predictor of not agreeing with or adopting the recommendation. Parental resistance to or request for hepatitis B vaccine affected the likelihood of physicians adopting it. CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians and family physicians continue to differ in both agreement with and adoption of universal hepatitis B immunization. Two years after the recommendation was made, less than two thirds of all family physicians have adopted this recommendation. Adoption is likely influenced by practice policy, physician attitudes, and perceived parental opinions. We recommend that as new vaccines are approved and recommended, research be conducted to explore and address issues germane to physician agreement and adoption.
Scientists Protect their Cognitive Authority: The Status Degradation Ceremony of Sir Cyril Burt

Our inquiry begins with an observation by historian M.D. King, put forth in 1971 and then widely ignored: The sociologist…must discover the sources of scientific authority and the manner of its exercise…. Science is acclaimed and patronized to the extent that its intellectual authority…is acknowledged. The failure to give due priority to the problem of cognitive authority wielded by scientists has vitiated much of the sociology of science of the last three decades (1).
A Rigidity Property for Quantum SU (3) Groups

Quantum groups were introduced by Drinfeld in the mid 80’s (see [4]). Originally these objects were studied in connection with the inverse scattering problem. Later quantum groups became interesting objects in themselves and today make up a distinct field in mathematics.
Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of Bones

Primary tumors of bone occur infrequently during the first year of life. Few cases have been reported [1–12]. For example, in a series of 249 children with bone lesions less than 10 years of age, 16 were younger than 1 year of age [1]. Langerhans cell histiocytosis was the dominant neoplasm (ten cases); the skull was the site most frequently involved (Fig. 18.1). In addition, there were two examples of chest wall hamartoma and one each of Ewing’s sarcoma of the scapula, fibrous dysplasia of the turbinate, osteochondroma of the rib, and myofibromatosis of the mandible [1].
Melanin mitigates the accelerated decay of mycorrhizal necromass with peatland warming

Despite being a significant input into soil carbon pools of many high-latitude ecosystems, little is known about the effects of climate change on the turnover of mycorrhizal fungal necromass. Here, we present results from the first experiment examining the effects of climate change on the long-term decomposition of mycorrhizal necromass, utilising the Spruce and Peatland Response Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment. Warming significantly increased necromass decomposition rates but was strongest in normally submerged microsites where warming caused water table drawdown. Necromass chemistry exerted the strongest control on the decomposition, with initial nitrogen content strongly predicting early decay rates (3 months) and initial melanin content determining mass remaining after 2 years. Collectively, our results suggest that as global temperatures rise, variation in species biochemical traits as well as microsites where mycorrhizal necromass is deposited will determine how these important inputs contribute to the belowground storage of carbon in boreal peatlands.
Elastic Phased Diffraction Gratings for Manipulation of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solids

Lamb waves and surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are of great interest for frontier technologies, including structural health monitoring, energy harvesting, sensors, and acoustic tweezers. This work presents elastic phased diffraction gratings, passive structures for controlling guided ultrasonic waves in solids. Such a grating adopts an array of interchangeable superstrates to modulate wave dispersion, and thus the diffraction wave field. Experiments demonstrate the ability to modulate antisymmetric and symmetric Lamb waves at 100 kHz, and Rayleigh SAWs at 100 MHz. These gratings are comparatively easy to fabricate, interchangeable, and theoretically feasible for all Rayleigh-Lamb modes.
Peek or Push: An Examination of Two Types of Room Clearing Tactics for Active Shooter Event Response

Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter ...
When Schools Choose: Evaluation and Educational Inequality

Educators evaluate students for admission in many oversubscribed and selective public schools. Yet, previous studies have focused on families as school choosers. Little is known about the role that...
Efficacy of Peer-Network Interventions for High School Students with Severe Disabilities and Complex Communication Needs:

Peer networks are a promising intervention for increasing social interactions between students with severe disabilities and their peers. However, this approach has not been well studied with high s...
Adults with systemic lupus exhibit distinct molecular phenotypes in a cross-sectional study.

Abstract Background The clinical and pathologic diversity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) hinders diagnosis, management, and treatment development. This study addresses heterogeneity in SLE through comprehensive molecular phenotyping and machine learning clustering. Methods Adult SLE patients (n = 198) provided plasma, serum, and RNA. Disease activity was scored by modified SELENA-SLEDAI. Twenty-nine co-expression module scores were calculated from microarray gene-expression data. Plasma soluble mediators (n = 23) and autoantibodies (n = 13) were assessed by multiplex bead-based assays and ELISAs. Patient clusters were identified by machine learning combining K-means clustering and random forest analysis of co-expression module scores and soluble mediators. Findings SLEDAI scores correlated with interferon, plasma cell, and select cell cycle modules, and with circulating IFN-α, IP10, and IL-1α levels. Co-expression modules and soluble mediators differentiated seven clusters of SLE patients with unique molecular phenotypes. Inflammation and interferon modules were elevated in Clusters 1 (moderately) and 4 (strongly), with decreased T cell modules in Cluster 4. Monocyte, neutrophil, plasmablast, B cell, and T cell modules distinguished the remaining clusters. Active clinical features were similar across clusters. Clinical SLEDAI trended highest in Clusters 3 and 4, though Cluster 3 lacked strong interferon and inflammation signatures. Renal activity was more frequent in Cluster 4, and rare in Clusters 2, 5, and 7. Serology findings were lowest in Clusters 2 and 5. Musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous activity were common in all clusters. Interpretation Molecular profiles distinguish SLE subsets that are not apparent from clinical information. Prospective longitudinal studies of these profiles may help improve prognostic evaluation, clinical trial design, and precision medicine approaches. Funding US National Institutes of Health
Links between sexual trauma exposure and Quality of Life (QoL) domains among people living with HIV in the Southern United States

People living with HIV (PLHIV) in the United States (US) are more likely to experience traumatic events than non-affected peers. Sexual violence is a unique trauma that has important implications for HIV-related treatment and care. The aim of the current study was to examine links between sexual violence and Quality of Life (QoL) among PLHIV in South Carolina - a Southern state that is disproportionately impacted by the HIV epidemic. Specifically, we surveyed 402 PLHIV about their past exposure to sexual traumas and their current QoL across multiple domains. Results indicated that women living with HIV were more likely to have experienced sexual trauma than men. Participants with histories of sexual trauma reported poorer overall QoL, as well as less satisfaction with their health. Multiple regression analyses indicated that exposure to sexual violence was associated with lower QoL in four of six domains, including psychological functioning, independence, social relationships, and environment. Sexual trauma was not associated with physical health QoL in the current study. Surprisingly, sexual trauma was associated with higher spiritual QoL. Findings support the need to screen PLHIV for sexual trauma exposure, adopt trauma-informed practices, and ensure that all PLHIV have access to comprehensive psychological services when indicated.
Diversity and Inclusion in Libraries: A Call to Action And Strategies for Success: edited by Shannon D. Jones and Beverly Murphy, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, 210 pp.,$35.00 (pbk.), ISBN: 978-1-5381-1438-4

Diversity and Inclusion in Libraries is not just a how-to guide to implement diversity initiatives in libraries; it is also a why-to guide. The volume comprises 20 chapters authored by leaders and ...
'If Chemists Don't Do It, Who's Going To?' Peer-Driven Occupational Change and the Emergence of Green Chemistry

Occupational membership guides what people do, how they think of themselves, and how they interact in organizations and with society. While a rich literature explains how occupations adapt in response to external triggers for change, we have limited insight into how occupational incumbents, absent external triggers, work to influence how their peers do their work. We investigate the emergence and growth of “green chemistry,” an effort by chemists to encourage other chemists to reduce the health, safety, and environmental impacts of chemical products and processes. We find that advocates simultaneously advanced normalizing, moralizing, and pragmatizing frames for green chemistry and that each frame resonated differently with chemists in their various occupational roles. While this pluralistic approach generated broad acceptance of the change effort, it also exposed tensions, which threatened the coherence of the change. Divergent responses of advocates to these tensions contribute to a persistent state of pluralism and dynamism in the change effort. We discuss implications for theory on occupational change arising from our attention to internally-generated peer-driven change, heterogeneity within occupations, and change efforts that moralize occupational work.
The Public Policy Exception and International Intellectual Property Law

Public international law affects private international law (conflict of laws) in a myriad of ways. This article discusses potential effects of international intellectual property (“IP”) law on the application of the public policy exception, which is used as a limitation on the application of foreign law and on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The article describes the function of the exception and its treatment in existing academic projects on IP law issues in private international law. It provides examples of the uses of the exception in IP cases and contemplates the frequency of the use of the exception in such cases. The article reviews international IP treaties, including IP chapters of free trade agreements, as possible sources of relevant public policies and evaluates whether a foreign IP law compliance with international intellectual property treaties could serve as a factor in the public policy exception analysis. The article suggests that courts give some weight in the public policy exception analysis to a finding of a foreign IP law’s compliance with international IP treaties but recognizes that the proposed approach would need to be nuanced and account for diverse circumstances.
Generalizable and interpretable learning for configuration extrapolation

Modern software applications are increasingly configurable, which puts a burden on users to tune these configurations for their target hardware and workloads. To help users, machine learning techniques can model the complex relationships between software configuration parameters and performance. While powerful, these learners have two major drawbacks: (1) they rarely incorporate prior knowledge and (2) they produce outputs that are not interpretable by users. These limitations make it difficult to (1) leverage information a user has already collected (e.g., tuning for new hardware using the best configurations from old hardware) and (2) gain insights into the learner’s behavior (e.g., understanding why the learner chose different configurations on different hardware or for different workloads). To address these issues, this paper presents two configuration optimization tools, GIL and GIL+, using the proposed generalizable and interpretable learning approaches. To incorporate prior knowledge, the proposed tools (1) start from known configurations, (2) iteratively construct a new linear model, (3) extrapolate better performance configurations from that model, and (4) repeat. Since the base learners are linear models, these tools are inherently interpretable. We enhance this property with a graphical representation of how they arrived at the highest performance configuration. We evaluate GIL and GIL+ by using them to configure Apache Spark workloads on different hardware platforms and find that, compared to prior work, GIL and GIL+ produce comparable, and sometimes even better performance configurations, but with interpretable results.
Pharmacologic approaches to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury.

Abstract Skeletal muscle atrophy is a hallmark of severe spinal cord injury (SCI) that is precipitated by the neural insult and paralysis. Additionally, other factors may influence muscle loss, including systemic inflammation, low testosterone, low insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. The signaling cascades that drive SCI-induced muscle loss are common among most forms of disuse atrophy and include ubiquitin-proteasome signaling and others. However, differing magnitudes and patterns of atrophic signals exist after SCI versus other disuse conditions and are accompanied by endogenous inhibition of IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling, which combine to produce exceedingly rapid atrophy. Several well-established anabolic agents, including androgens and myostatin inhibitors, display diminished ability to prevent SCI-induced atrophy, while ursolic acid and β2-agonists more effectively attenuate muscle loss. Strategies combining physical rehabilitation regimens to reload the paralyzed limbs with drugs targeting the underlying molecular pathways hold the greatest potential to improve muscle recovery after severe SCI.
Prevalence of groin pain after primary dual-mobility total hip arthroplasty.

Background:Instability remains a challenging problem following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Dual-mobility (DM) components are used with increasing frequency to mitigate this potential complication...
Myths and Misconceptions in Additive Manufacturing Security: Deficiencies of the CIA Triad

It is natural, as the demand for Additive Manufacturing (AM) Security grows, to adopt established approaches from other security research areas. However, such "imports,'' if not done carefully, can be misleading, and sometimes even counterproductive, and thus may negatively affect actual security of AM. We argue that this is the case for the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability), a fundamental model of data security. To this end, we present arguments showing that the CIA triad cannot substitute concrete threat categories already established in AM. AM is an area which is not "pure data," but rather an area involving software, data files, and transforming data into physical artifacts, where established threats in this ecosystem include: Technical Data Theft, Sabotage, and Illegal Part Manufacturing.
Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective

Introduction Part I. The Rise and Costs of Human Trafficking: 1. Why has human trafficking flourished? 2. The diverse consequences of human trafficking Part II. The Financial Side of Human Trafficking: 3. Human trafficking as transnational organized crime 4. The business of human trafficking Part III. Regional Perspectives: 5. Asian trafficking 6. Human trafficking in Eurasia and Eastern Europe 7. Trafficking in Europe 8. Trafficking in the United States 9. Human trafficking in Latin America and Africa Conclusion.
Local search with maximal independent sets

When solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs), it is desirable to find multiple solutions, or to find solutions that are robust, allowing us to modify the values of variables without breaking the solution. Furthermore, we would like to be able to represent these multiple solutions in a compact manner. We present a method for improving the performance of, and solutions returned by, stochastic local search using maximal independent sets of the constraint graph. Given an independent set, this information can be used to significantly speed up the process of solving a CSP by reducing the search space. The CSP is partitioned into two sets of variables I and Ī, where I is a maximal independent set of the constraint graph. In this way, search is concentrated only on the variables of Ī, reducing the search space by a factor exponential in the size of I. Also this technique can provide multiple solutions in a compact form with no extra cost, since if we find a set of valid domain values for each variable in I, every element of the Cartesian product of these sets is a solution to the CSP. We focus on exploiting this information in local search. This technique is limited to low-density graphs, since dense graphs are less likely to contain a large independent set. The resulting solutions are robust with respect to the variables in the independent set. We compare the technique with WalkSAT, as defined for CSPs by [2], on low-density random CSP instances generated according to model B, with 16 variables, domain size 8, tightness 0.3 and density 0.1. The average CPU run-time for WalkSAT was 96.5 seconds, while the average for WalkSAT_IS was 0.36 seconds. Also, while WalkSAT returns one solution, the average number of solutions returned by WalkSAT_IS per instance was 47,536,305 solutions This is a dramatic improvement in performance, as well as in the number of solutions returned. This technique falls in the category of algorithms exploiting backdoor variables [3]. A related technique is the cycle-cutset technique [2]. Related work on SAT problems can be found in [4]. Future work will involve a wider range of experiments. Also we plan to perform a comparison with the cycle-cutset technique.
The lower ionosphere of Mars

Abstract A study is made of the ionization of the Martian atmosphere below 100 km in the context of recent data on the atmosphere and ionosphere of the planet. Suggested sources of ionization include: solar ultraviolet and X-radiation, cosmic rays, meteors, radioactive material within the atmosphere, and radioactivity of the surface, the solar wind, and protons originating from solar flares. Loss processes, including charge rearrangement, dissociative recombination of ions and electrons, and negative ion formation are detailed. Possible importance of the negative ion CO4− is discussed. Its distribution will depend on the O2 content of the atmosphere as well as the distribution of O and CO. CO− and CO3− may also be present in the ionosphere. It is shown that combination of the solar photoionization rate with that due to cosmic radiation will lead to an ion density minimum. The magnitude of the ion density and location of the minimum will depend on the atmospheric model chosen, solar activity, and solar zenith angle as well as such factors as the presence of particulate matter and meteor ionization.