cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium Modeling of H/O Reacting Nozzle Flow

Amethodology based on the degree of disequilibriumof chemical reactions is proposed to select kinetic constraints in the method of rate-controlled constrained equilibrium (RCCE). Predictions of chemical relaxation of the combustion products within a supersonic nozzle are also made under the constraints identified using the proposed methodology. The quasi-one-dimensional steady Euler equations are employed. The RCCE method provides a general framework, which enables studying shifting equilibrium, frozen equilibrium, as well as nonequilibrium chemical kinetics under different sets of constraints, either a single or a linear combination of species. It is shown that the previously identified generalized constraints of the total number of moles, free valence, and free oxygen are implied as a consequence of this methodology for the kinetics considered and for the relaxation studied. The kinetic scheme involves anH=O reactingmixture with 24 reactions and eight species. The constraints identified areH H2, HO2 H2O2, andO OH H2O, which result in less than 0.06% local errors in temperature compared with the detailed kinetic model calculations throughout the nozzle.
Ethnic specificity in the relative minority use and staffing of community mental health centers

One of the mechanisms proposed for remedying underuse of community mental health centers by ethnic minorities is the increased employment of these minorities on community mental health center staff. The relative use and staffing rates by minorities were examined separately for four minorities: blacks, Spanish Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians. There were statistically reliable moderate relationships between relative use and staffing rates for particular minorities, but somewhat lower relationships between relative use by one minority and staffing by other minorities. No general pattern was found for all minorities either for a different relationship between utilization and staffing for males and females or for a sex specificity; rather, different patterns appear for different minorities. Service-area demography appears to have no consistent effect on these relationships.
Hiv-1 Tat Membrane Translocation Probed by Low- and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering, Neutron Scattering, CD Spectroscopy and MD Simulations

In an effort to understand membrane translocation of a cell-penetrating peptide, interactions of HIV-1 Tat peptide (GRKKRRQRRRPPQ) with DOPC, DOPC/DOPE, DOPC/DOPS, and nuclear membrane mimics were investigated using low- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (LAXS and WAXS), neutron scattering, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The diffuse scattering analysis applied to LAXS collected at CHESS revealed that Tat-membrane interactions reduce the membrane thickness by ∼1 A. In DOPC and DOPC/DOPE membranes, the position of Tat was found to transition from the vicinity of the glycerol-carbonyl headgroup to the phosphate headgroup as Tat mole fraction was increased from 0.009 to 0.06. The area per lipid for DOPC and DOPC/DOPE membranes increased by ∼2 A2 at the highest Tat mole fraction. The membrane bending modulus was found to decrease by roughly a factor of 2 at the highest Tat mole fraction except for the nuclear mimic. The chain-orientational order parameter, Sxray, calculated from WAXS and corrected for mosaic spread, showed Tat slightly disordered chains. Neutron scattering collected at NIST from fully hydrated samples consisting of DOPC:DOPE (3:1) membranes and Tat at 0.06 mole fraction showed a prominent, broad peak corresponding to a Tat-membrane correlation of ∼100 A. The secondary structure of Tat calculated from CD spectra using DichroWEB was found to be the same in pure water as in lipid thin films and primarily consisted of β-sheet and random coil with small helical content. Our findings are consistent with the results from MD simulations by Herce and Garcia, which suggested that Tat interacts with phosphate headgroups across the bilayer, facilitating the formation of pores. The ensemble of configurations obtained from a new MD simulation allows visualization of Tat/membrane interactions. Funded by GM44976, GM86801, DMR-0936384(CHESS), and DOE(NIST).
Role of the platelet in atherogenesis

Studies thus far have shown that arterial endothelial desquamation produced by mechanical injury with a balloon catheter or chemical injury from chronic homocystinemia or hypercholesterolemia elicits a sequence of events that includes platelet adherence, aggregation, and release at the sites of exposed subendothelial connective tissue, followed by smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation in the intima of the injured segments of the artery wall. During the release reaction, platelets provide a mitogen, not present in plasma, that is important in promoting the proliferative response of smooth muscle cells that results in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Studies in primates and platelet survival studies in man suggest a possible therapeutic role for some antiplatelet drugs in the pharmacologic inhibition of atherogenesis.
Center-Based Care in the Context of One-Child Policy in China: Do Child Gender and Siblings Matter?

We examined the effects of child gender and siblings on center-based care enrollment in the context of China’s one-child policy and its tradition of preference to have many children, especially sons. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2000 wave and multilevel logistic regression models, we found that children without siblings consistently had higher odds of receiving center-based care than those with siblings, while there was no evidence that child gender mattered. Further analyses did not show evidence that the effects of child gender and siblings were moderated by household and community resources or local one-child policy. However, we did find that the presence of male, older, or school-age siblings (as compared to female, younger, or preschool-age siblings) reduced preschoolers’ odds of receiving center-based care. This was possibly because parents valued formal education much more than preschools and thus focused more on boys when they entered elementary schools than on their sisters or younger brothers. These findings suggest that more attention needs to be given to the equal education opportunities for boys and girls as well as for children with and without siblings.
O(3) symmetric merons in an SU(3) Yang-Mills theory

We investigate irreducible, O(3) symmetric multiple-meron solutions to the classical SU(3) Yang-Mills equations in four-dimensional Euclidean space. The solutions have topological charge density equal to a sum of delta-functions with integer coefficients, and correspond to solutions of a system of two coupled singular elliptic equations. We prove the existence of twomeron solutions of the coupled system.
Pharmacology and clinical use of neuromuscular blocking agents

Summary Neuromuscular blocking agents have found widespread use as an adjunct to intubation and to mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS, IRDS, pulmonary edema, status asthmaticus, status epilepticus, tetanus, neonatorum, poisoning, hypothermia, and spinal shock. Numerous physicochemical changes, drug interactions, and pathologic states can affect these drugs. Awareness of these factors and of the pharmacology of these drugs allows the physician to use them safely in acute and critical care medicine.
Synergistic Induction of Folate Receptor β by All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells: Mechanism and Utility in Enhancing Selective Growth Inhibition by Antifolates

The folate receptor (FR) type β is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), owing particularly to its selective up-regulation in the leukemic cells by all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Here we show, using KG-1 and MV4-11 AML cells and recombinant 293 cells, that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA), valproic acid (VPA), and FK228 potentiated ATRA induction of FR-β gene transcription and FR-β mRNA/protein expression. ATRA and/or TSA did not induce de novo FR synthesis in any of a variety of FR-negative cell lines tested. TSA did not alter the effect of ATRA on the expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α, β, or γ. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that HDAC inhibitors act on the FR-β gene by enhancing RAR-associated histone acetylation to increase the association of Sp1 with the basal FR-β promoter. Under these conditions, the expression level of Sp1 is unaltered. A decreased availability of putative repressor AP-1 proteins may also indirectly contribute to the effect of HDAC inhibitors. Finally, FR-β selectively mediated growth inhibition by (6S) dideazatetrahydrofolate in a manner that was greatly potentiated in AML cells by ATRA and HDAC inhibition. Therefore, the combination of ATRA and innocuous HDAC inhibitors may be expected to facilitate selective FR-β–targeted therapies in AML. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(11): 5875-82)
Switched after Birth: Performance of the Viburnum Leaf Beetle [Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull)] after Transfer to a Suboptimal Host Plant

Host plant switching is common among phytophagous insects. Once optimal food sources have been depleted, immature insects may resort to use of suboptimal hosts in order to complete their development. Such host switching may have dramatic consequences for insect fitness. Here we investigate the effects of host switching in larvae of the viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni, an invasive landscape pest in North America. Specifically, we examine how transfer of 3rd instar larvae from the optimal host Viburnum dentatum to three suboptimal hosts (V. lentago, V. carlesii, and V sieboldii) affects larval development and survivorship to the adult stage. Larval survivorship, pupal weight, and adult weight were overall lower for P. viburni larvae that switched hosts, independently of the suboptimal host tested. This decrease in performance corresponds to a decreased feeding rate on suboptimal hosts. Subsequent choice tests showed that 3rd instar larvae become less choosy as they approach pupation, and discriminate less between optimal and suboptimal hosts past a certain weight threshold. In conclusion, P. viburni larvae are able to complete their development on suboptimal hosts, but host switching negatively impacts several fitness correlates. Mixed ornamental gardens containing both optimal and suboptimal Viburnum species may provide to outbreaking P. viburni populations opportunities to survive the depletion of their preferred food sources.
Dispersion characteristics of open and shielded microstrip lines under a combined principal axes rotation of electrically and magnetically anisotropic substrates

This work examines the dispersion properties of microstrip transmission lines whose substrate permittivity and permeability tensors are rotated simultaneously. The analysis takes into account both shielded and open structures, including both single and coupled microstrip line geometries. The spectral-domain method is utilized to formulate the dyadic impedance Green's function, and Galerkin's method is applied to find the propagation constants. Numerical studies are performed when the angular difference between the principal axes of ( epsilon ) and ( mu ) tensors is fixed, but both are rotated from 0 to 90 degrees . The dispersion characteristics for all structures are computed over a wide frequency band that ranges from 0.1-100 GHz. The study indicates that propagation properties of microwave integrated circuits (MICs) with dielectrically and magnetically anisotropic substrates (such as composites) can be changed considerably by the misalignment of material and structure coordinates systems. >
Photosynthetic electron transport and proton flux under moderate heat stress

Moderate heat stress has been reported to increase PSI cyclic electron flow (CEF). We subjected leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants disrupted in the regulation of one or the other pathway of CEF flow-crr2 (chlororespiratory reduction, deficient in regulation of chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-dependent CEF) and pgr5 (proton gradient regulation, proposed to have reduced efficiency of antimycin-A-sensitive-CEF regulation) to moderate heat stress. Light-adapted leaves were switched from 23 to 40 degrees C in 2 min. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, the electrochromic shift (ECS), and P700 were measured. Photosynthesis of crr2 and pgr5 was more sensitive to heat and had less ability to recover than the genetic background gl. The proton conductance in light was increased by heat and it was twice as much in pgr5, which had much smaller light-induced proton motive force. We confirmed that P700 becomes more reduced at high temperature and show that, in contrast, the proportion of PSII open centers (with Q (A) oxidized) increases. The two mutants had much slower P700(+) reduction rate during and after heat than gl. The proportion of light absorbed by PSI versus PSII was increased in gl and crr2 during and after heat treatment, but not in pgr5. We propose that heat alters the redox balance away from PSII and toward PSI and that the regulation of CEF helps photosynthesis tolerate heat stress.
Designing the next generation of user support tools: methodology

In this paper we present a strategy for developing the next generation of proposal preparation tools so that we can continue to optimize scientific returns from the Hubble Space Telescope in an era of constrained budgets. The new proposal preparation tools must be built with two goals: (1) to facilitate scientific investigation for observers, and (2) to decrease the effort spent on routine matters by observatory staff. We have based our conclusions on lessons learned from the Next Generation Space Telescope's Scientist's Expert Assistant experiment. We conclude that: (1) Compared to existing Hubble Space Telescope's Phase II RPS2 software, a modern set of proposal tools and an environment that integrates them will be appreciated by the user community. From the user's perspective the proposed software must be more intuitive, visual, and responsive. From the observatory's perspective the tools must be interoperable and extensible to other observatories. (2) To ensure state-of-the-art tools for proposal preparation for the user community, there needs to be a management structure that supports innovation. Further, the development activities need to be divided into innovating and fielding efforts to prevent operational pressures from inhibiting innovation. This will allow use of up-to-date technology so that the system can remain fluid and responsive to changes.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Productivity and memory for newly formed words.

The first word-formation devices children should learn, we proposed, are the most productive ones, that is, those that have the fewest structural constraints on their use and that appear most frequently in the formation of new words. Four- and five-year-old children who were asked to recall novel words with English agentive suffixes recalled the most productive suffix (-er) well and its less productive companions (-ist and -ian) very poorly. Other children who were asked to recall as agentive suffixes the non-agentive -ly (about equal in frequency to -er) together with -ist and -ian, did poorly on all three. They also substituted agentive suffixes (including -er) for the non-agentive -ly, with greater reliance on more productive forms. These data, together with previous observations, support the hypothesis that productivity affects the order in which children master word-formation devices.
Approximations to the chi-square distribution

The chi-square distribution arises frequently in applied statistics.Associated with the chi-square random variable with v degrees of freedom are two interdependent variables: the probability integral and the percentage point.Given one of these variables,the other can be obtained from chi-square tables for selected values.In order to overcome the inconvenience of statistical tables and interpolation,many approximations have been suggested.The computational difficulty and accuracy of various approximations is compared.
Modifying bloch walls by constrictions

The properties of Bloch-type magnetic domain walls pinned in geometrical constrictions are studied using micromagnetic simulations. In agreement with the one-dimensional analytical model proposed earlier it is found that the wall width is reduced in constrictions smaller than the unconstrained wall width. However, the calculated wall type and its width differ quantitatively from those of the model. These differences are related to dipolar contributions and the possibility for the wall to bend outside the constriction.
Stereochemical relationships between two new curare-like toxins and a model of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction

Abstract An hypothesis based on molecular modeling is presented concerning the molecular mode of interaction between two newly described curare-like agents — lophotoxin and conotoxin GI — and the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. An experiment critically to test the hypothesis is described.
Both hypomethylation and hypermethylation of DNA associated with arsenite exposure in cultures of human cells identified by methylation-sensitive arbitrarily-primed PCR

In a previous study we reported that methylation within the promoter region of p53 was altered in human lung A549 cells exposed to arsenite over a 2-week period in culture. In the present study the methylation status of the 5′ control region of the tumor suppressor gene, von Hippel Lindau syndrome (VHL), a gene known to be silenced transcriptionally by CpG methylation was assessed. No changes in DNA methylation in VHL in human kidney UOK cell lines exposed to arsenite were seen after 4 weeks in culture, assessed by simple HpaII digestion followed by PCR amplification. Using methylation-sensitive arbitrarily-primed PCR we identified eight differentially methylated regions of genomic DNA of ∼300–500 bp from three UOK cell lines and from human lung A549 cells after arsenite exposure in culture. Six fragments were hypermethylated, and two were hypomethylated, relative to untreated controls. Sequence analysis revealed two DNA fragments contained repeat sequences of mammalian-apparent LTR retrotransposons, five contained promoter-like sequences, and 13 CpG islands were identified. Three fragments had 99–100% homology to regions on human chromosomes 6, 9, and 15 but these genes have not yet been identified. Our findings are consistent with a potential role for both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA that coexist after exposure to arsenite. The results, in total, could support the existence of a state of DNA methylation imbalance that could conceivably disrupt appropriate gene expression in arsenite exposed cells.
Fractionation of mouse DNA in preparative Ag+-Cs2SO4 gradients

Abstract The behavior of nuclear mouse DNA in preparative Ag + -Cs 2 SO 4 gradients was investigated. Complexing DNA with Ag + at pH 8.8 resulted in a marked increase in mainband buoyant density, unaccompanied by an increase in satellite DNA buoyant density at low molar ratios of Ag + to DNA -P . At higher molar ratios the buoyant density of satellite DNA increased more rapidly than that of mainband DNA so that the two DNA species eventually became inseparable. A plot of buoyant density (ϱ) versus the molar ratio of AG + to DNA -P ( R f ) allowed determination of optimal conditions for separation of mainband DNA from satellite DNA. Combined with density gradient relaxation, the technique allowed separation of milligram quantities of mouse DNA into the two molecular species. The addition of increasing amounts of Ag + also produced a speading of the distribution of mainband DNA (σ), followed by contraction as the amount of silver was further increased. Analysis in neutral CsCl in the analytical ultracentrifuge of samples from various parts of a widely spread distribution showed little, if any, separation on the basis of simple G+C content. Much of the behavior of mouse DNA in these gradients can be explained by postulating two types of silver binding sites: a high affinity site which is absent or present in reduced amount in satellite DNA and a low affinity site which is present in both species. It is suggested that these sites may be related to nucleotide sequence(s).
A scanning electron microscope study of mycobacterial developmental stages in commercial BCG vaccines

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed on freshly prepared and freeze-dried Tice™-substrainMycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine as well as Tice BCG grown on Middlebrook 7H10 agar. Intact colonies of the Tice and Glaxo BCG substrains growing on agar were also examined. The presence of developmental stages of the mycobacterial life cycle previously reported in the literature was confirmed in actively growing BCG and in commercial vaccine preparations. The pleomorphic forms consisted of various size coccal and bacillary cells. Propagation appeared to occur by fission of both forms to produce aggregate bodies and by a coccal-bacillary cycle. Filterable (30–200 nm) granular cocci and coccal microcolonies were also observed in commercially prepared BCG vaccines. The implications of pleomorphism on the biologic activities of various BCG vaccines are discussed.
Student-Centered Physical Education on a Shoestring Budget

Nationwide, only 56% of students attended physical education class on one or more days per week, and only 33% of students attended physical education daily in 2009. Physical educators have the responsibility to create positive experiences in physical education, as well as to develop physical skills and feelings of self-efficacy in their students. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education guidelines for youths recommend that children get 60 minutes of daily physical activity and avoid long periods of inactivity. In order to achieve this, physical education programs need to do more to promote lifetime fitness activities and more physical activity outside of the school day. This article outlines how to transform a traditional physical education class into one that provides relevant opportunities for students to be active for a lifetime based on their needs and interests.
New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial‐Dental Morphology

In 1973, Vincent Maglio published a seminal monograph on the evolution of the Elephantidae, in which he revised and condensed the 100+ species named by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1931. Michel Beden further revised the African Elephantidae in 1979, but little systematic work has been done on the family since this publication. With addition of new specimens and species and revisions of chronology, a new analysis of the phylogeny and systematics of this family is warranted. A new, descriptive character dataset was generated from studies of modern elephants for use with fossil species. Parallel evolution in cranial and dental characters in all three lineages of elephants creates homoplastic noise in cladistic analysis, but new inferences about evolutionary relationships are possible. In this analysis, early Loxodonta and early African Mammuthus are virtually indistinguishable in dental morphology. The Elephas lineage is not monophyletic, and results from this analysis suggest multiple migration events out of Africa into Eurasia, and possibly back into Africa. New insight into the origin of the three lineages is also proposed, with Stegotetrabelodon leading to the Mammuthus lineage, and Primelephas as the ancestor of Loxodonta and Elephas. These new results suggest a much more complex picture of elephantid origins, evolution, and paleogeography.
Modified Harrington reconstruction for advanced periacetabular metastatic disease.

Background/Objectives Destructive metastatic lesions about the acetabulum result in pain and functional limitations. We assessed whether periacetabular reconstruction (PAR) improves quality of life by examining outcome measures of pain, function, and mobility. Methods Thirty-seven patients with a mean follow-up of 23.6 months (range, 0.5–112 months) were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent modified Harrington reconstruction with periacetabular screws, cement, and total hip arthroplasty. Results The mean preoperative MSTS score of 14 (47%, 14/30) improved to 20 (67%, 20/30) after the procedure. Thirty-five patients who were alive 1 month after the procedure were reviewed for outcome. Postoperatively, patients reported a significant improvement in pain (P < 0.0001), mobility (P < 0.0385), and function (P < 0.0186). Kaplan–Meier survivorship curves showed 59% implant- and 55% patient survival at 2 years; and 49% implant- and 39% patient survival at 5 years. Complications included infection (16%, 6/37) and instability (16%, 6/37). Conclusions Our experience with PAR has shown good results with improved postoperative functional scores. Implants will generally exceed life expectancy and are an option to restore quality of life. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:170–174. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Examining the Effects of Cholesterol: Laurdan and Patman see it Differently

The liquid-ordered phase induced by cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine bilayers can be detected with Laurdan fluorescence by an increase in the associated Generalized Polarization (GP) value. This increase in GP is usually interpreted as a reduction in the access of water molecules to the bilayer at depths approaching the phospholipid glycerol backbones. Comparisons of Laurdan fluorescence over a broad range of temperatures with various saturated and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines demonstrated that cholesterol has little effect on GP at temperatures below the melting point of the pure lipid (tm). However, above tm, increasing cholesterol concentrations monotonically raised the value of GP. The resulting GP increments generally did not vary with temperature above tm. In contrast, the observations were more complex with Patman, a charged derivative of Laurdan. First, cholesterol raised the value of Patman GP at temperatures below tm, and its effect as a function of concentration was bimodal. Second, although cholesterol increased Patman GP above tm (similar to Laurdan), the effect size was smaller and was bimodal as a function of cholesterol concentration. Finally, the GP values at high versus low cholesterol concentration converged as temperature was raised well beyond tm. In some cases, such as with unsaturated lipids ≥54°C above tm, this convergence of Patman GP values reached a cross-over point; Patman GP was reduced by the presence of cholesterol beyond this point. These results suggest that the charge associated with Patman, or possibly the slightly deeper location of the probe in the bilayer, provides a means for identifying additional effects of cholesterol on the membrane that are not visible with Laurdan.
New Genes are Identified That may be Associated With Childhood Caries

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Genome-wide association scan for childhood caries implicates novel genes. Shaffer JR, Wang X, Feingold E, Lee M, Begum F, Weeks DE, et al. J Dent Res. 2011;90(12):1457-62. Reviewer Deborah V. Dawson, PhD, ScM Purpose/Question To identify associations between genetic loci and the presence of childhood caries Source of Funding NIH grants and contracts. Additional governmental and nonprofit support provided by Danish National Research Foundation, Danish Pharmacists' Fund, Egmont Foundation, March of Dimes, Augustinus Foundation, and Health Fund of the Danish Health Insurance Societies Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Offender Presence, Available Victims, Social Disorganization and Sex Offense Rates

The present study examines the utility of social disorganization theory for identifying community characteristics associated with varying rates of sex offenses both in general and against children. Measures of economic deprivation, community stability, cohesion, informal social control, presence of known offenders, and available opportunities are used in one urban county (Louisville, KY) to identify characteristics of census tracts with high rates of sex offenses. Results show that social disorganization theory is a moderately useful explanation for sexual offenses against adults, but not for sexual offenses against children.
Cerebral ischemia as a presenting feature of intracranial aneurysms: a negative prognostic indicator in the management of aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral ischemia (stroke) can be a presenting clinical feature of intracranial aneurysms and may herald poor prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective review of admissions for aneurysms over a 6-year period revealed that 12 patients (5%) had stroke or stroke-like presentations among 236 patients with intracranial aneurysms. Patient demographics, characteristics of aneurysms, and management were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 12 patients reviewed, nine had anterior circulation aneurysms. Two patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 10 with unruptured aneurysms. Eleven patients had stroke at the time of presentation, and five had a previous history of transient ischemic attacks. Ten patients had hypertension and eight were active smokers. The mean size of 10 aneurysms was 11.8 mm. Surgical extirpation of the aneurysms was performed in all cases. Four cases revealed thrombus in the aneurysm and one was atherosclerotic. The 6-month outcome was good in seven patients (58%) and fair in four patients (33%). One patient died. This outcome was significantly worse (P < 0.01) compared to that of good grade aneurysms in our database. Hypertension was a significant indicator of poor outcome (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Ischemic episodes as a presenting feature of intracranial aneurysms could be indicators of poor prognosis. Routine evaluation of stroke patients for aneurysms may help in early diagnosis. In addition, surgical obliteration of aneurysms could prevent subsequent strokes and neurological deficits.
Analysis of a Half-Cycle-Response Magnetic Amplifier with Resistance or A-C Servomotor Load

Half-cycle-response magnetic amplifiers suitable for controlling 2-phase servomotors have been studied by many authors. In particular, Geyger and Kallander suggested a full-wave push-pull circuit which resulted in superposing the fundamental frequency voltage on unidirectional voltage across the control winding, helping to stabilize those servomotors which have a low ratio of effective viscous friction to inertia. This paper considers a modification of these circuits for both resistance and motor loading. The modification results in an improved amplification factor and the motor loaded circuit is analyzed for both stand-still and running conditions, taking into account the generated voltage of the motor and variable extinction angle. Analysis is then verified by experimental data.
The effect of diet on hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant recipients

Abstract •■ Objective: To compare the effects of cholesterol-lowering diet intervention on lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipients and hypercholesterolemic normal subjects. •■ Design: Controlled clinical trial. •■ Setting: Clinical research center. •■ Patients: Thirteen hypercholesterolemic subjects, 6 with renal transplants and 7 control subjects. •■ Intervention: Four weeks of the average American diet, followed by 4 weeks of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step-Two Diet. •■ Main Outcome Measures: Three lipid profiles measured on each diet. •■ Results: The control subjects experienced a significant average decrease in total cholesterol of 0.91 mmol/L (35 mg/dL) or 13.1% (p •■ Conclusions: Response to lipid-lowering diet intervention in renal transplant recipients may be less than in the general population, possibly relating to decreased creatinine clearance and/or cyclosporine therapy. More aggressive diet and medication interventions are needed to control hypercholesterolemia in the renal transplant population.
COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING BIASES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRODUCERS AND USERS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION*

The emerging judgment and decision-making literature indicates that individuals use heuristic procedures that simplify cognitive processing requirements. Judgments (particularly subjective probabilities) are based on limited processing of a proper subset of the available evidence. Tasks potentially calling for complex analysis are reduced to heuristic procedures and efficient information processing may result; these heuristics can, however, produce systematic biases and costly errors in judgment. People also exhibit cognitive biases that systematically affect judgments of statistical properties of random variables. The biases appear to be cognitive in nature and therefore are not due entirely to emotional, motivational, or cost-of-processing considerations. For some cognitive biases, a possible explanation has been suggested in the context of a heuristic processing procedure. The objective of this paper is to analyze and synthesize the currently available research on cognitive heuristics and information-processing biases from the perspective of research and actual financial decision situations. Important implications for users and designers of information systems will be discussed. One generic conclusion from the literature is that individuals appear to be inadequate “intuitive” statisticians; a need for formal judgment and decision aids will become clear.
Aspects of the epimerization of certain tetracycline derivatives

The epimerization of several tetracycline derivatives was examined at several pH values using varying conditions of temperature and buffer strength. Rate coefficients for the epimerization of tetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline are reported and factors associated with the epimerization of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are discussed. Under the conditions used calcium had no effect on the rate of epimerization and copper promoted degradation other than epimerization.
Transmural coronary vasodilator reserve and flow distribution in unanesthetized calves sojourning at 3500 m.

Abstract Regional myocardial blood flow (MBF; 15-μm-diam radionuclide-labeled microspheres) was studied in six unanesthetized calves sojourning at 3500 m (PB = 500 mm Hg) for 53 ± 2 days. These high-altitude (HA)-exposed calves were studied during chronic hypoxemia (PaO2 = 48 ± 1 mm Hg), maximal coronary vasodilation, and during acute normoxemia (PaO2 = 91 ± 1 mm Hg). Nine calves born and raised at sea level (SL) were also studied at matched PaO2 during chronic normoxemia, maximal coronary vasodilation, and acute hypoxemia to serve as control. Marked pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy were present in HA calves. Left ventricular (LV) MBF of HA calves during chronic hypoxemia (1.05 ± 0.11 ml · min−1 · g−1) was similar to that of normoxemic SL calves (1.11 ± 0.06 ml · min−1 · g−1) but MBF in their hypertrophied RV (1.65 ± 0.21 ml · min−1 · g−1) exceeded that in normoxemic SL calves (0.47 ± 0.06 ml · min−1 · g−1). More interesting was the finding that RV and LV MBF of HA calves did not change between chronic hypoxemia and acute normoxemia. By contrast, acute hypoxemia of a similar degree caused a dramatic increase in RV as well as LV MBF of SL calves. Minimal LV coronary vascular resistance was similar in the two groups of calves. This meant that functional cross-sectional area of LV coronary vascular bed was not altered in response to sojourn at HA. Minimal RV coronary vascular resistance of HA calves was also not different from that of SL calves. This means that functional cross-sectional area of the RV coronary vascular bed in HA calves increased proportionately with the increase in their RV mass.
Localized heating/bonding techniques in MEMS packaging

Packaging is used to protect and enable intelligent sensor systems utilized in manned/unmanned ground vehicle systems/subsystems. Because Micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) are used often in these sensor or actuation products, it must interact with the surrounding environment, which may be in direct conflict with the desire to isolate the electronics for improved reliability/durability performance. For some very simple devices, performance requirements may allow a high degree of isolation from the environment (e.g., stints and accelerometers). Other more complex devices (i.e. chemical and biological analysis systems, particularly in vivo systems) present extremely complex packaging requirements. Power and communications to MEMS device arrays are also extremely problematic. The following describes the research being performed at the U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM) Tank and Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC), in collaboration with Wayne State University, in Detroit, MI. The focus of the packaging research is limited to six main categories: a) provision for feed-through for electrical, optical, thermal, and fluidic interfaces; b) environmental management including atmosphere, hermiticity, and temperature; c) control of stress and mechanical durability; d) management of thermal properties to minimize absorption and/or emission; e) durability and structural integrity; and f) management of RF/magnetic/electrical and optical interference and/or radiation properties and exposure.
Thermal lesion conspicuity following interstitial radiofrequency thermal tumor ablation in humans: a comparison of STIR, turbo spin-echo T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images at 0.2 T.

The purpose of this study was to compare the contrast between radiofrequency (RF) thermal liver lesions and surrounding tissue in T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences (TSE T2), short TI inversion recovery techniques (STIR), and contrast-enhanced (CE) T1-weighted spin-echo images. Nineteen RF thermal ablations were performed on eight patients with metastatic liver tumors. After ablation, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated between mean signal amplitudes from three regions of interest (ROI) (lesion, surrounding edema, and normal tissue) using TSE T2-weighted, STIR, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (CE T1) sequences for each lesion. CNRs between the thermal lesion and normal liver tissue for both TSE T2-weighted (mean 0.9) and STIR (2.0) images were significantly lower than for CE T1-weighted (8.4) images (t-test, alpha = 0.05). However, CNRs between edema rim and the core of the thermal lesion for both TSE T2-weighted (8.1) and STIR images (7.2) were not significantly different (t-test, alpha = 0.05) from CNRs between lesion and normal tissue for CE T1-weighted images (8.4), nor was the CNR between edema rim and normal tissue for both TSE T2-weighted (10.3) and STIR (9.8) images. Although the edema was not visible on CE T1-weighted images, 18 of 19 lesions (94.7%) were surrounded by a hyperintense rim on TSE T2-weighted or STIR images. Both TSE T2-weighted and STIR sequences represent valid techniques for repeatable assessment of RF thermal lesions.
Adiabaticity of the proton-coupled electron-transfer step in the reduction of superoxide effected by nickel-containing superoxide dismutase metallopeptide-based mimics.

Nickel-containing superoxide dismutases (NiSODs) are bacterial metalloenzymes that catalyze the disproportionation of O2–. These enzymes take advantage of a redox-active nickel cofactor, which cycles between the Ni(II) and Ni(III) oxidation states, to catalytically disprotorptionate O2–. The Ni(II) center is ligated in a square planar N2S2 coordination environment, which, upon oxidation to Ni(III), becomes five-coordinate following the ligation of an axial imidazole ligand. Previous studies have suggested that metallopeptide-based mimics of NiSOD reduce O2– through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction with the electron derived from a reduced Ni(II) center and the proton from a protonated, coordinated NiII–S(H+)–Cys moiety. The current work focuses on the O2– reduction half-reaction of the catalytic cycle. In this study we calculate the vibronic coupling between the reactant and product diabatic surfaces using a semiclassical formalism to determine if the PCET reaction is proceeding through a...
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF ANISOTROPIC FLUID SUSPENSIONS

SUMMARY The orientation tensor L is introduced to construct a modified Leslie-Encksen model for the viscous, incompressible flow of anisotropic suspensions (including electric field effects). This is then utilized to develop a weak variational formulation and finite element scheme for computing the flow and orientation fields. Numerical results are presented for exploratory test problems.
Thermal properties and applications of the Arrhenius equation for evaluating viscosity and oxidation rates of unrefined pollock oil

Abstract Thermal properties of unrefined pollock oil were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The temperature dependency of the rate constants for lipid oxidation rates and rheological properties of unrefined pollock oil were measured and modeled using the Arrhenius equation. The enthalpy of the unrefined pollock oil was 37.7 kJ/kg. The range of melting point and specific heat capacity of unrefined pollock oil was −69.5 to 14.2 °C and 1.9–3.2 kJ/kg/°C, respectively. The flow behavior index of the oil samples ranged from 0.8 to 0.9, which indicated that the unrefined pollock oil exhibited non-Newtonian fluid behavior. The oil apparent viscosity (0.13 Pa s) at −4 °C was significantly higher ( p R 2 = 0.99) satisfactorily with the experimental apparent viscosity. The rate of lipid oxidation for unrefined pollock oil was temperature dependent ( R 2 = 0.97). The apparent activation energy for lipid oxidation of the oil was 33.2 kJ/mol. This study demonstrated that the Arrhenius equation could be used to evaluate the lipid oxidation rate and to predict the apparent viscosity of unrefined pollock oil. The storage study showed that both temperature and time influenced lipid oxidation of unrefined pollock oil.
A single charged voltage sensor is capable of gating the Shaker K+ channel

We sought to determine the contribution of an individual voltage sensor to Shaker's function. Concatenated heterotetramers of Shaker zH4 Δ(6–46) wild type (wt) in combination with a neutral S4 segment Shaker mutant (mut) with stoichiometries 2wt/2mut and 1wt/3mut were studied and compared with the 4wt concatenated homotetramer. A single charged voltage sensor is sufficient to open Shaker conductance with reduced delay (<1 ms) and at more hyperpolarized voltages compared with 4wt. In addition, the wt-like slow inactivation of 1wt/3mut was almost completely eliminated by mutations T449V-I470C in its single wt subunit, indicating that the subunits bearing a neutral S4 were unable to trigger slow inactivation. Our results strongly suggest that a neutral S4 segment of Shaker's subunit is voltage insensitive and its voltage sensor is in the activated position (i.e., ready for pore opening), and provide experimental support to the proposed model of independent voltage sensors with a final, almost voltage-independent concerted step.
Differential binding to human mammary and nonmammary tumors of monoclonal antibodies reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen.

Splenic lymphocytes of mice immunized with membrane enriched fractions of human mammary carcinomas were fused with the NS-1 nonsecretor myeloma cell line. The resulting hybridomas were screened for the synthesis of immunoglobulins reactive with human mammary tumor associated antigens, and two IgG monoclonal antibodies (B1.1 and F5.5) were identified as being reactive with purified carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These antibodies were shown to bind to different epitopes on CEA based on their differential reactivities to five different purified CEA preparations, and their differential binding to the surface of tumor cells derived from various organ sites. Monoclonal B1.1 bound equally to the surface of human breast, colon, and melanoma cell lines. Monoclonal F5.5, on the other hand, did not react with the surface of melanoma cell lines, and showed a differential binding to breast carcinoma versus colon carcinoma cells. Monoclonals F5.5 and B1.1 were both used in immunoperoxidase studies with fixed tissue se...
The Effects of Test-Wiseness on Standardized Test Performance.

Abstract Gross, L. J. 1977. The Effects of Test‐Wiseness on Standardized Test Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 21, 97‐ 111. Three selected test‐wiseness (TW) behaviors (risk taking, deductive reasoning, and time using) were taught to a sample of eighth‐grade students in order to examine the relationship between TW and standardized test score, using two subtests of the Metropolitan Achievement Tests, Advanced Battery, as multiple criterion measures. The following results were obtained: (1) risk taking and time using were successfully taught, deductive reasoning was not; (2) risk taking exerted a significant influence on test score when guessing was inhibited, but had no effect when guessing was not discouraged; and (3) time using did not affect test score. 1This article is based on the author's Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the State University of New York at Buffalo. The research was supported by a grant from the Graduate Resource Access Dev...
Balancing the Trade-Offs between Query Delay and Data Availability in MANETs

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), nodes move freely and link/node failures are common, which leads to frequent network partitions. When a network partition occurs, mobile nodes in one partition are not able to access data hosted by nodes in other partitions, and hence significantly degrade the performance of data access. To deal with this problem, we apply data replication techniques. Existing data replication solutions in both wired or wireless networks aim at either reducing the query delay or improving the data availability, but not both. As both metrics are important for mobile nodes, we propose schemes to balance the trade-offs between data availability and query delay under different system settings and requirements. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed schemes can achieve a balance between these two metrics and provide satisfying system performance.
Estimation of Physiologic Stresses with a Natural Tooth Considering Fibrous PDL Structure

Finite element analysis is used to determine the physiological stress values in the natural tooth and the underlying bone. In addition to modeling the periodontal ligament (PDL) as a continuous structure as considered in previous studies, the PDL is modeled more accurately in a novel fashion as a fibrous structure. The results indicate that the type of PDL modeling has a significant effect on the nature and magnitude of alveolar stresses, and that the fibrous PDL modeling shows higher and more widely distributed lateral tensile stresses in the alveolar bone than those resulting from the continuous PDL modeling.
Celebrity Endorsers’ Expertise and Perceptions of Attractiveness, Likability, and Familiarity:

The authors measured the effects of celebrity endorser expertise on ratings of endorser attractiveness, likability, and familiarity. The expert condition yielded significantly more positive ratings...