cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Link between Lynch Syndrome and Breast Cancer.

Objective Lynch syndrome is an inherited genetic disorder associated with a predisposition to early-onset colorectal and endometrial cancers, but breast cancer risk in these patients is debated. The aim of this study is to evaluate breast cancer rates in a cohort of Lynch syndrome patients, as well as to identify women who may be eligible for additional breast cancer specific genetic testing or enhanced breast surveillance (contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening). Materials and methods Using a hereditary colorectal cancer registry at a single academic institution for identification of patients with Lynch syndrome, a retrospective chart review was performed of 188 women with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) mutations. The Tyrer-Cuzick model was used to estimate breast cancer risk in patients without breast cancer. Results The prevalence of breast cancer differed based on mutation type (p=0.0043), as 27% of women with a PMS2 mutation were diagnosed with breast cancer, compared to 3%, 4%, and 9% in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 patients. The average age at diagnosis for women with a PMS2 mutation was 46.7 years. Additionally, 7.5% of unaffected women had an estimated lifetime risk of breast cancer greater than 20%. 46/188 (24.4%) of patients were eligible for breast specific genetic testing. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that Lynch syndrome patients with PMS2 mutations may be at higher risk of developing breast cancer. Additionally, the personal and family history of cancer suggests crossover in eligibility for breast specific genetic testing in a significant number of patients (16.5-24.4%). Also, many women are eligible for enhanced breast surveillance (7.5%) which would otherwise not be offered.
Incorporating Testing Topics in an Object-Oriented Programming Course

Despite the significance of software testing, and the huge body of knowledge associated with it, programming course curriculum often does not include it at all. This short paper discusses one instructor’s simple techniques for incorporating software testing into a course curriculum that otherwise does not include it.
Evaluation of Serological SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow Assays for Rapid Point of Care Testing.

Background. Rapid point-of-care tests (POCTs) for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies vary in performance. A critical need exists to perform head-to-head comparison of these assays.Methods. Performance of fifteen different lateral flow POCTs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was performed on a well characterized set of 100 samples. Of these, 40 samples from known SARS-CoV-2-infected, convalescent individuals (average of 45 days post symptom onset) were used to assess sensitivity. Sixty samples from the pre-pandemic era (negative control), that were known to have been infected with other respiratory viruses (rhinoviruses A, B, C and/or coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63 OC43) were used to assess specificity. The timing of seroconversion was assessed on five LFAs on a panel of 272 longitudinal samples from 47 patients of known time since symptom onset.Results. For the assays that were evaluated, the sensitivity and specificity for any reactive band ranged from 55%-97% and 78%-100%, respectively. When assessing the performance of the IgM and the IgG bands alone, sensitivity and specificity ranged from 0%-88% and 80%-100% for IgM and 25%-95% and 90%-100% for IgG. Longitudinal testing revealed that median time post symptom onset to a positive result was 7 days (IQR 5.4, 9.8) for IgM and 8.2 days (IQR 6.3 to 11.3) for IgG.Conclusion. The testing performance varied widely among LFAs with most variation related to the sensitivity of the assays. The IgM band was most likely to misclassify pre-pandemic samples. The appearance of IgM and IgG bands occurred almost simultaneously.
Structurally and chemically engineered graphene for capacitive deionization

Highly efficient capacitive deionization (CDI) relies on unimpeded transport of salt ions to the electrode surface. Graphene is an ideal candidate to provide superb conditions for ion adsorption as it possesses high theoretical surface area and electrical conductivity. When ions are stored solely within the electric double layers (EDLs), a hydrophilic graphene surface with hierarchical pores can maximize the accessible surface area and promote the ion transport. In the case of synergistic ion storage via electrostatic adsorption and faradaic redox reaction, graphene can act as both the electron highway and the reciprocal spacer to provide surface-confined effects. Substantially, structural and chemical engineering towards graphene can enhance the ion removal capacity and rate, and improve the charge efficiency and ion selectivity. In this review, we keep pace with the in-depth studies of CDI technologies and recent progress on graphene-based materials for CDI. Major challenges in the rational assembly of the desired material functionalities in terms of surface area, pore structure, and hydrophilicity are addressed. As electrode materials develop, the ultimate goal is to achieve highly efficient, energy-saving, and environment-friendly CDI.
Quantitative dissection of color patterning in the foliar ornamental Coleus reveals underlying features driving aesthetic value

O_LIColeus is a popular ornamental plant that exhibits a diverse array of foliar color patterns. New cultivars are currently hand selected by both amateur and experienced plant breeders. In this study, we reimagine coleus breeding using a quantitative color analysis framework. C_LIO_LIDespite impressive advances in high-throughput data collection and processing, complex color patterns remain challenging to extract from image datasets. Using a new phenotyping approach called "ColourQuant," we extract and analyze pigmentation patterns from one of the largest coleus breeding populations in the world. C_LIO_LIWorking with this massive dataset, we are able to analyze quantitative relationships between maternal plants and their progeny, identify features that underlie breeder-selections, and collect and compare consumer input on trait preferences. C_LIO_LIThis study is one of the most comprehensive explorations into complex color patterning in plant biology and provides new insights and tools for exploring the color pallet of the plant kingdom. C_LI
Experiments with a prototype titanium hot cavity surface ionization source intended for electromagnetic separation of radioactive samarium and other lanthanide elements.

Abstract This paper reports experimental results of a prototype titanium surface ionization source. For the first time, a lanthanide ion beam has been produced with a surface ionizer composed completely of titanium metal. Titanium does not readily activate with neutron irradiation. This offers the potential for inserting an ion source made of titanium directly into a reactor with a pre-loaded non-radioactive lanthanide target. This seamlessly integrates target irradiation with isotope separation, eliminating post irradiation sample manipulation. Samarium ion beam currents up to 960 nA have been produced in an off-line test bench equipped with rudimentary beam optics. This is a crucial step toward the development of an ionization source adopted for the electromagnetic isotope separator (EMIS) facility, which has been designed for high throughput separations of radioactive 153Sm and other lanthanides of interest in the field of nuclear medicine. The ion current and important factors affecting the performance of the ion source, such as the ionizer temperature and thermal gradient, are discussed. The experimental results are presented together with a discussion of future modifications to optimize the overall surface ionization source performance.
A stationary tweezer platform for high throughput dissections of minute arthropods and extirpation of their minute organs.

Abstract A homemade platform satisfied the need for fast, efficient dissection of minute arthropods and extirpation of their key organs, such as salivary glands and midguts, involved in agricultural disease transmission pathways. With its implementation, ~200 organs could be extirpated per 8 h workday while the subjects are submerged in protein or transcript protectant. A vacuum wand is used to capture insects and position them in the field of view. Two stationary tweezers are positioned on an adjustable scaffold that spans the microscope stage transversely such that their tips, and the insects they immobilize, can be submerged in select dissection media. High tensile strength fishlines are attached to the stationary tweezers for opening and closing with the 5th fingers while hand-held dissection tweezers load insects from the wand to their tines, then extirpate the target organs. Organs are lifted out with glass splints or plastic toothpicks into a final tube of select preservation media for freezing at session end. • Constructed from common retail materials • Adjustable design fits many microscopes • Can also be used in a wide variety of applications, including materials science
Remote Monitoring of Heart Transplant Recipients during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic created significant challenges in monitoring heart transplant (HT) recipients for rejection due to efforts to minimize contact with the hospital setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transitioning HT patients to home phlebotomy and a monitoring protocol based on gene expression profiling (GEP) and donor derived cell free DNA (ddcfDNA). Methods A single-center cohort study that prospectively enrolled consecutive HT patients who were transitioned to a remote monitoring protocol employing home phlebotomy and non-invasive surveillance for rejection. Patients were enrolled starting at 2 months post-HT. Positive GEP values were defined as ≥32 (up to 6 months post-HT) and ≥34 (> 6 months post-HT). A positive ddcfDNA score was defined as >0.12%. A positive biopsy was defined as grade ≥1B/1R Results 246 HT patients were enrolled and followed for a minimum of 3 months. Mean age was 56±14, 71.5% were male, and median time from transplant was 2.7 years. The average distance of patients from the hospital was 25.6 miles. 359 blood tests were drawn for detection of GEP and ddcfDNA and 102 biopsies performed (Figure). Among 32 patients who had negative results on both tests and had a biopsy, 0 had a positive biopsy. Of 25 patients who had positive results on both tests and had a biopsy, 3 (12%) had a positive biopsy. The biopsy positivity rate in patients who were GEP+/ddcfDNA- was 6% and in patients who were GEP-/ddcfDNA+ was 8%. None of the positive biopsies were associated with hemodynamic compromise. 15 (6%) of patients were admitted due to allograft rejection during the study period. There were no deaths. Conclusion Using a remote monitoring protocol with home phlebotomy and noninvasive rejection surveillance was feasible and safe in HT recipients. In this cohort, the combination of negative GEP and ddcfDNA scores was accurate at predicting a lack of allograft rejection.
Open City, Open Text: Teju Cole, Digital Humanities, and the Limits of Epistemologyand the Limits

Teju Cole’s artistic practice straddles the border between digital and analog forms. By repurposing each medium’s conventions, he foregrounds the epistemological assumptions that undergird them. His work affords us new insights into how the internet and the Digital Humanities have changed our reading practices, especially as these relate to “African literature.” In Open City, the blurring of generic boundaries between born-digital and print artifacts forces both reader and author to grapple with the epistemological limits of narrative. The novel’s cryptic allusions to specific writers, musical compositions, venues, and historical events function like hyperlinks inserted into a web-based text, inviting us to investigate their significance to the plot by Googling them online. Cole also uses digital resources as prosthetic devices to augment the sensory experience of silent reading. When the links introduce us to actual figures, like the contemporary French philosophers Badiou and Serres, whose work we can then Google, they encourage us to fantasize that we, too, can aspire to the narrator’s capacious knowledge even though, like the figure of son in the oedipal encounter, we never quite believe that we can best him. However, our sense of inadequacy in the face of the narrator’s seemingly infinite networks of information turns out to be inconsequential. Instead, the tensions between each chapter’s internal coherence and the conceptual links between the chapters open up cracks in the consistency of the presentation itself. Julius’s mastery of the conditions of knowledge associated with art, politics and science come under pressure as his incapacity to articulate the condition of love looms large. Once we supplant Julius as the ethical framer at the novel’s sensate core, however, we become in our turn “the subject presumed to know” and must grapple with the void that inevitably threatens to destabilize that subject.
Evaluating the impact of fiber type and dosage rate on laboratory performance of Fiber-Reinforced asphalt mixtures

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of fiber types, binder content, and their dosage rates on the volumetric properties and laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures. One asphalt mixture (control) and three fiber types (Basalt, Fiberglass, and Carbon) were used. Two different fiber dosage rates were considered 0.15% (recommended dosage rate) and 0.30% by total mixture weight. Furthermore, a novel experimental methodology was developed and implemented consisting of a volumetric mixture design and performance testing—Indirect Tensile Asphalt Cracking Test (IDEAL-CT) and Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA)—to isolate the effects of fiber types and dosage rates from the effect of binder content. Statistical analysis was also used to further evaluate the impact of fibers on mixture performance. Results showed that 0.15% dosage rate had little to no impact on optimum binder content, whereas 0.30% dosage rate required an increase in binder content of 0.6%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for basalt, fiberglass, and carbon fibers, respectively, to meet the volumetric requirements. This study showed that the need for additional binder content at 0.30% dosage rate could be due to an increase in specimen volume (referred to as rebounding height) that occurred after 24 h of specimen cooling at room temperature. Performance testing showed that 0.15% (regardless of fiber type) had no impact on cracking and rutting performance. At 0.30% dosage rate, only carbon fiber improved cracking performance without the use of additional binder. Overall, the study highlighted laboratory performance benefits and challenges of using fiber-reinforced reinforced asphalt mixtures.
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis for the Study of Platelet Membrane Proteins

The technique of crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of platelet membranes was introduced for the study of platelet membrane cell surface antigens (Hagen et al., 1979; Shulman and Karpatkin, 1980) because of several advantages that it has over sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS—PAGE): (1) it does not completely denature membrane proteins, and thus intrinsic biologic activity can often be assayed (Kunicki et al., 1981; Howard et al., 1982; Hagen et al., 1981, 1982; Gogstad et al., 1982a,b, 1983; Gogstad and Brosstad, 1983; Karpatkin et al., 1984); (2) it is 10 times more sensitive than SDS—PAGE stained with Coomassie blue (Shulman and Karpatkin, 1980); (3) it may be used quantitatively, since the peak areas of individual immunoprecipitate arcs are proportional to the antigen/antibody ratios (Karpatkin et al., 1984); (4) various lectins, antibodies, or other ligands can be employed in intermediate spacer gels, providing an immunoaffinoelectrophoresis pattern (Hagen et al., 1979, 1980; Shulman and Karpatkin, 1980; Varon and Karpatkin, 1983); (5) conclusions can be drawn regarding the relative surface location of various membrane antigens by comparative CIE studies of antimembrane antiserum absorbed with whole cells as well as isotopic labeling of the intact platelet surface (Hagen et al., 1979; Shulman and Karpatkin, 1980); (6) amphiphilic proteins can be recognized by charge-shift CIE and crossed hydrophobic-interaction immunoelectrophoresis (Hagen et al., 1979) (examples of these advantages will be detailed below); and (7) charged antigenic components can be identified by mobility shifts of the antigen following incubation of the antigen with various enzymes, prior to electrophoresis (Karpatkin et al., 1986).
Between History and Dogma: On the Spirit of Tradition in the Demands and Limitations of Modernity

The philosophical anthropology of the twentieth-century French Catholic philosopher Maurice Blondel has had a significant impact on modern and contemporary theology. However, Blondel's less well-known idea of tradition in the text History and Dogma remains to be adequately assessed by the English-speaking world. In order to appreciate Blondel's contribution to the idea of tradition in modern Catholicism and to discover how his thought remains a rich resource for contemporary theology, this essay traces the shifts in late-medieval theological discourse that reveal a gradual move toward conceptualizing tradition as a bureaucratic reality mediated through institutional and juridical means which comes to full expression during the modernist crisis in the Roman Catholic Church. Having situated Blondel's thought within the historical and theological development of the modern idea of tradition in Catholicism, the essay argues that Blondel offers an alternative account of tradition as ‘liturgical action,’ which vivifies Christ's sacramental presence in tradition and resists reducing tradition to a bureaucratic reality or a natural phenomenon.
Human and animal wastes: Implications for atmospheric N2O and NOx

[1] More than 220 Tg N are processed annually through the global agriculture/animal/ human food chain. It is suggested that aerobic denitrification, reduction of nitrite formed in the first stage of nitrification, is an important source not only of global N 2 O but also of NO x . A simple top-down method indicates a globally averaged yield of 2% for N 2 O emitted as a consequence of human disturbances to the global nitrogen cycle. This yield can account not only for the contemporary budget of atmospheric N 2 O but also for trends observed over the past 1000 years. The associated microbial source of NO x is estimated assuming a NO x /N 2 O ratio of 3, consistent with results from a variety of laboratory and field studies. This source is significant, particularly for large developing countries such as China and India for which its contribution is comparable to that from fossil fuel.
Non-Contact ACL Injury: Can Anatomic Factors Be Used in Screening At-Risk Athletes?

The authors are to be congratulated on their extensive case-control study of the sagittal geometry of the lateral knee compartment and its association with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The underlying motivation for identifying risk factors is to recognize individuals at high risk for ACL injury and to intervene (when possible) to reduce the risk in those individuals. Unfortunately, if the results and conclusions of the study are reviewed from the perspective of a clinician hoping to identify individuals at high risk for non-contact ACL injury, there is no “tool” or guideline for how the risk factors can be used to assist the clinician. Female athletes have a risk of non-contact ACL injury that is two to five times that of male athletes. One might therefore expect female athletes to demonstrate the greatest effect size in the risk factors associated with non-contact ACL injury. However, the results of this study show no difference between injured and uninjured female subjects with respect to any of the six geometric parameters pertaining to the lateral knee compartment—the maximal anteroposterior femoral articular …
The role of processing difficulty in the predictive utility of working memory span.

Storage-plus-processing working memory span tasks (e.g., operation span [OSPAN]) are strong predictors of higher order cognition, including general fluid intelligence. This is due, in part, to the difficulty of the processing component. When the processing component prevents only articulatory rehearsal, but not executive attentional control, the predictive utility is attenuated. Participants in one experiment (N = 59) completed Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and multiple versions of OSPAN and probed recall (PR). A distractor task (high or low difficulty) was added to PR, and OSPAN’s processing component was manipulated for difficulty. OSPAN and PR correlated with RAPM when the processing component took executive attentional control. These results are suggestive of resource sharing between processing and storage.
Selective retention of polychlorinated biphenyl components in the mussel, Mytilus edulis.

The retention properties of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) were examined in the mussel (Mytilus edulis) over a period of 89 days. Mussels were transferred from a site of relatively high PCB contamination to a site of relatively low PCB concentration in Puget Sound, Washington. Retention of PCB components increased with increasing chlorine content. Concentrations of PCB decayed logarithmically with calculated half-lives ranging from 3 days for a PCB component with two and three chlorines to 50 days for a PCB component with six and seven chlorines. Components chosen to best represent the commercial PCB mixtures, Aroclor® 1242, 1254, and 1260, were estimated to have half-lives of 8, 23, and 39 days, respectively. The selective retention of the higher chlorinated biphenyls appear to be the result of lower water solubility of these components.
A Wild-Type Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus Containing a Short Poly(C) Tract Is Pathogenic to Mice, Pigs, and Cynomolgus Macaques

Previous studies using wild-type Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Mengo virus, which have long poly(C) tracts (61 to 146 C's) at the 5' nontranslated region of the genome, and variants of these viruses genetically engineered to truncate or substitute the poly(C) tracts have produced conflicting data on the role of the poly(C) tract in the virulence of these viruses. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of an EMCV strain isolated from an aborted swine fetus (EMCV 30/87) revealed that the virus had a poly(C) tract that was 7- to 10-fold shorter than the poly(C) tracts of other EMCV strains and 4-fold shorter than that of Mengo virus. Subsequently, we investigated the virulence and pathogenesis of this naturally occurring short-poly(C)-tract-containing virus in rodents, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Infection of C57BL/6 mice, pigs, and cynomolgus macaques resulted in similar EMCV 30/87 pathogenesis, with the heart and brain as the primary sites of infections in all three animals, but with different disease phenotypes. Sixteen percent of EMCV 30/87-infected pigs developed acute fatal cardiac failure, whereas the rest of the pigs were overtly asymptomatic for as long as 90 days postinfection (p.i.), despite extensive myocardial and central nervous system (CNS) pathological changes. In contrast, mice infected with >/==" BORDER="0">4 PFU of EMCV 30/87 developed acute encephalitis that resulted in the death of all animals (n = 25) between days 2 and 7 p.i. EMCV 30/87-infected macaques remained overtly asymptomatic for 45 days, despite extensive myocardial and CNS pathological changes and viral persistence in more than 50% of the animals. The short poly(C) tract in EMCV 30/87 (CUC(5)UC(8)) was comparable to that of strain 2887A/91 (C(10)UCUC(3)UC(10)), another recent porcine isolate.
Gas-Phase Reactivity of the 2,6- and 3,5-Dimethylenepyridinium Biradicals

The 2,6- and 3,5-dimethylenepyridinium biradical ions were generated and structurally characterized in the gas phase by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Their reactivity was examined toward several commonly used spin traps. Reaction rates and product distributions were determined. The isomeric biradicals were found to possess remarkably different chemical properties. Most importantly, the 2,6-dimethylenepyridinium biradical is highly reactive toward all the reagents studied, while the 3,5-dimethylenepyridinium biradical reacts slowly or not at all. The reaction of the 2,6-dimethylenepyridinium biradical with tert-butyl isocyanide occurs via HCN abstraction and addition, the same pathways observed for isomeric closed-shell pyridylmethyl cations. In contrast, the 3,5-dimethylenepyridinium biradical reacts exclusively by slow addition. The same reaction was observed for the analogous 3-methylenepyridinium monoradical ion. The 3,5-dimethylenepyridinium biradical and the 3-met...
Effects of Caloric Level on Ruminating.

A series of recent studies has shown that a number of dietary variables affect ruminative behavior in institutionalized retarded persons. This experiment extends an earlier study that examined the influence of the caloric level of the diet on the frequency of ruminating. Subjects consumed regular portions of food that varied between phases from normal to high caloric levels. The data show a clear but modest inverse relation between the caloric value of the diet and the rates of postmeal ruminating.
SU‐GG‐T‐275: On Improving the Accuracy of EBT2 Film Dosimetry Using a Flatbed Scanner

Purpose: To investigate the effects of flatbed scanner red‐blue ratio and non‐uniformity corrections on the accuracy of EBT2 film dosimetry.Method and Materials: EBT2 film was exposed to a 40×40 6MV field with 10 cm buildup in a 30×30cm solid water phantom for a range of doses from 0.85 cGy to 400.16 cGy. The films were scanned on an Epson Expression 10000XL flatbed scanner. The resulting images were first corrected using the ratio of the scanner's red‐blue channel. The difference between the expected dose from a Varian Eclipse planning system and the measured dose distributions was then used to generate a correction in scanner space to compensate for the non‐uniform response of the scanner. The red‐blue ratio and the non‐uniformity corrections were applied to open‐field, MLC pattern, and patient RapidArc images. Uncorrected results were compared to the red‐blue ratio correction and to both red‐blue ratio and non‐uniformity corrections. Results: The effects of scanner non‐uniformity were found to vary with dose applied to the film. The maximum relative discrepancy for doses below 10 cGy was as high as 40% for areas close to the film edge. This non‐uniformity decreases rapidly with increasing dose and for scanning locations towards the center of the scanner. The effects of applying the red‐blue ratio correction reduced the high frequency noise observed on the raw images. The relative noise of the film was reduced from 0.96% to 0.65%. The red‐blue ratio correction was unable to compensate for low dose errors towards the film edges. Application of the non‐uniformity correction reduced the number of pixels failing 3%/3mm gamma by up to 75% depending on the dose level and complexity of the dose distribution in the image.Conclusions: The application of both a red‐blue density ratio correction and a non‐uniformity correction improves the accuracy of EBT2 film dosimetry.
An efficient plan execution system for information management agents

Recent work on information integration has yielded novel and efficient solutions for gathering data from the World Wide Web. However, there has been little attention given to the problem of providing information management capabilities that closely model how people interact with the web in productive ways - not only collecting information, but monitoring web sites for new or updated data, sending notifications based on the results, building reports, creating local repositories of information, and so on. These needs are unique to the dynamic nature of information in a networked environment. In this paper, we describe Theseus, an efficient plan execution system for information management agents. Through its plan language, Theseus supports a number of capabilities which enable practical information management, including repeated and periodic query execution, conditional plan declarations, query result aggregation, and flexible communication of results. The Theseus executor system focuses on efficiency, with support for data pipelining, and dataflow-based, event driven parallel execution. With Theseus, users can automate the complex but practical ways in which they interact with the web, for both information gathering and management.
Flow-aligned tensor models for suspension flows

Abstract Models to describe the transport of particles in suspension flows have progressed considerably during the last decade. In one class of models, designated as suspension balance models, the stress in the particle phase is described by a constitutive equation, and particle transport is driven by gradients in this stress. In another class of models, designated as diffusive flux models, the motion of particles within the suspension is described through a diffusion equation based on shear rate and effective viscosity gradients. Original implementations of both classes of models lacked a complete description of the anisotropy of the particle interactions. Because of this, the prediction of particle concentration in torsional flows in parallel plate and cone-and-plate geometries did not match experimental data for either class of models. In this work, the normal stress differences for the suspension balance formulation are modeled using a frame-invariant flow-aligned tensor. By analogy, the diffusive flux model is reformulated using the same flow-aligned tensor, which allows separate scaling arguments for the magnitude of the diffusive flux to be implemented in the three principal directions of flow. Using these flow-aligned tensor formulations, the main shortcomings of the original models are eliminated in a unified manner. Steady-state and transient simulations are performed on various one-dimensional and two-dimensional flows for which experimental data are available, using finite-difference and finite-element schemes, respectively. The results obtained are in good agreement with experimental data for consistent sets of empirical constants, without the need for ad hoc additional terms.
AC magnetic dipole localization by a magnetoelectric sensor

We report progress towards achievement of a triple-axis magnetoelectric (ME) sensor technology that is capable of localizing an AC magnetic dipole at quasi-static frequencies. Estimation of the location of the AC dipole was realized with the help of a grid search (GS) algorithm. The results show good convergence and accuracy of object location along three orthogonal directions. Through simulation analysis, the major localization errors were found to arise from sensor calibration.
Perspective author's response: Uncompetitive/Fast Off-rate (UFO) mechanism of pathologically-activated neuroprotective drugs

Perspective author's response: Uncompetitive/Fast Off-rate (UFO) mechanism of pathologically-activated neuroprotective drugs
The mechanical activation of mTOR signaling: an emerging role for late endosome/lysosomal targeting

It is well recognized that mechanical signals play a critical role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass, and the maintenance of muscle mass is essential for mobility, disease prevention and quality of life. Furthermore, over the last 15 years it has become established that signaling through a protein kinase called the mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for mechanically-induced changes in protein synthesis and muscle mass, however, the mechanism(s) via which mechanical stimuli regulate mTOR signaling have not been defined. Nonetheless, advancements are being made, and an emerging body of evidence suggests that the late endosome/lysosomal (LEL) system might play a key role in this process. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize this body of evidence. Specifically, we will first explain why the Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are considered to be direct activators of mTOR signaling. We will then describe the process of endocytosis and its involvement in the formation of LEL structures, as well as the evidence which indicates that mTOR and its direct activators (Rheb and PA) are all enriched at the LEL. Finally, we will summarize the evidence that has implicated the LEL in the regulation of mTOR by various growth regulatory inputs such as amino acids, growth factors and mechanical stimuli.
Local edge colorings that are global

A local (H, k)-coloring of Kn is a coloring of its edges in which each of its subgraphs isomorphic to H is colored by at most k colors. A necessary condition on H (conjectured to be sufficient) is found such that each local (H, k)-coloring is a k-coloring. Furthermore, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for each local (H, k)-coloring to be a coloring by a bounded number of colors.
VALVE MORPHOGENESIS IN THE PENNATE DIATOM NAVICULA CUSPIDATA1

The deposition of siliceous valves during asexual reproduction of the pennate diatom, Navicula cuspidata Kutz., is described with emphasis on the cytoplasmic components involved. The events accompanying valve secretion are similar to those already known from other pennate species. After mitosis, the microtubule centre (MC) moves to the center of the cleavage furrow where silica deposition is initiated inside a tubular silicalemma, and it remains associated with the prospective central nodule during valve growth. Microtubules (MTs), emanating from the MC, run parallel to the prospective raphe and together with the raphe fibres, appear to be involved with raphe development. Multiple raphe fibres occupy the maturing raphe fissure, in contrast to the single fibre of Pinnularia viridis, P. maior and Hantzschia amphioxys. The fibers exhibit a periodic substructure and are often opposed to the silicalemma where they may inhibit silica deposition and control the shaping of the raphe fissure. In contrast with the above species, in N. cuspidata MTs are clustered strictly opposite the raphe and lose their association with the MC which degenerates before the valves are mature. The primary role of MTs may be the stabilization of the cytoplasmic region where initial silicification occurs. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are not involved in molding valve growth in this species. Evidence for vesicle involvement in silica transport and deposition was limited. The possible contributions provided by comparative studies on the ultrastructure of valve morphogenesis towards elucidating the control of valve formation and the taxonomy of diatoms are discussed briefly.
Spin-exchange collisions and their consequences for spin-polarized gas targets of hydrogen and deuterium

Abstract The effects of spin-exchange collisions on the polarization of dense spin-polarized samples of hydrogen and deuterium are analyzed. It is shown that even in large magnetic fields spin-exchange collisions transfer angular momentum between the electrons and the nuclei. This effect has important implications for the operation of densed spin-polarized targets and sources of hydrogen and deuterium. For tensor polarized targets care will be required to obtain a high tensor polarization, especially at low fields. For the specific case of sources that are spin-polarized by spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped alkali atoms, spin-exchange not only polarizes the hydrogen and deuterium electron spins, but polarizes the nuclear spins as well. For high-density vector-polarized targets this may eliminate the need for rf transitions to polarize the nuclei.
Persuasive Advertizing and Socialization

In markets where consumption is socialized, persuasive advertizing can change consumption by affecting socialization, rather than taste or price. The paper develops an explanation of persuasive advertizing in such markets and notes its particularly simple welfare implications. The paper then presents evidence that the pattern of beer consumption during Prohibition is consistent with the hypothesis that consumption depends on socialization and persuasive advertizing
Time delays produced by essential nonlinearity in population growth models.

It is pointed out that the asymptotic general solution to the ϕ-model equation for a periodic carrying capacityK(t) andt≳r−1 is identical in form to the generalized logistic equation solution with a built-in developmental time delay τ(≲r−1) and associated parameter ranges of primary biological interest. In the case of the ϕ-model equation, the time delay is a purely dynamical consequence of the nonlinear form featured by the population growth rate.
Whole-body metabolism during and after open-heart surgery.

Serial samplings of arterial and right atrial blood were done in 11 adult patients before, during, and after open-heart surgery. Fatty acid levels of venous blood were higher for cardiac surgical patients than for general surgical patients; more severe stress of the cardiac patients can account for this difference. Oxygen tension and saturation were lower in cardiac patients during operation and on the third day, the decrease being most likely due to greater degrees of pulmonary shunting and lower cardiac outputs of this group of patients. Two differences were seen between the behaviour of myocardial and whole-body energy substrates: (1) pyruvate concentrations were higher in right atrial blood than in coronary sinus blood at the end of surgery, indicating that the whole body produced more pyruvates than the myocardium did in the metabolism of the glucose load; and (2) fatty acid levels were higher in right atrial blood than in coronary sinus blood on the morning of the second and third postoperative days, indicating the greater degree of extraction of fatty acids by the myocardium, fatty acids being major substrates for myocardial energy.
Lung collagen and elastin after ozone exposure in vitamin B-6-deficient rats

Abstract The effects of vitamin B-6 deficiency and ozone exposure on selected features of connective tissue metabolism in lung were investigated in groups of weanling male rats fed one of three diets: (1) B-6-supplemented, fed ad lib; (2) B-6-deficient, fed ad lib; or B-6-supplemented, restricted to the food intake of deficient rats for 5 weeks. Also, perinatal rat pups were studied that were nursed from dams fed one of the 3 diets from parturition to day 15 of lactation. During the final week of each experiment, half of the rats in each of the groups were exposed to 0.64 ppm of ozone (23.5 h per day). The collagen and elastin content, collagen synthesis rate, total protein synthesis rate, and lysyloxidase activity of lungs were measured. Perinatal pups rendered vitamin B-6-deficient were particularly sensitive to ozone exposure (65% died as compared to fewer than 5% of the ad lib or food-restricted controls). When l -proline incorporation into collagen and total protein was investigated using lung minces, food restriction and B-6- deficiency resulted in about one-half the incorporation normally observed. Total lung lysyl oxidase activity was also decreased in B-6-deficient and food-restricted rats compared to B-6-supplemented rats fed ad lib. Exposure to ozone resulted in increased lysyl oxidase activity and collagen synthesis in lungs from B-6-supplemented rats, but such responses were not observed in B-6-deficient or foodrestricted (FR) rats exposed to ozone.
Primary leptomeningeal B‐cell lymphoma in an 8‐year‐old child

A case of primary leptomeningeal B-cell lymphoma in an 8-year-old, previously healthy child is described. The child was found to have hypogammaglobulinemia, and the Epstein-Barr virus genome was identified in cultured tumor cells despite blood serology being negative for the virus. The patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone, plus intrathecal methotrexate, and initially improved. Before the initiation of craniospinal radiation, the patient developed progressive disease, deteriorated, and died 9 months after the onset of symptoms.
Expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant kringle 1 domain from tissue-type plasminogen activator.

Abstract A novel fusion protein expression plasmid that allows ready purification and subsequent facile release of the target molecule has been constructed and employed to express in Escherichia coli and purify the tissue plasminogen activator kringle 1 domain ([K1 tPA ] residues C 92 C 173 ). The resulting plasmid encodes the tight lysinebinding kringle (K)1 domain of human plasminogen ([K1 HPg ]) followed by a peptide (P fXa ) containing a factor Xa-sensitive bond, downstream of which [K1 tPA ] was inserted. The recombinant (r) [K1 HPg ]P fXa [K1 tPA ] fusion polypeptide was purified from various cell fractions in one step by Sepharose-lysine affinity chromatography. After cleavage with fXa, the mixture was repassaged over Sepharose-lysine, whereupon the r-[K1 tPA ]-containing polypeptide passed unretarded through the column. A homogeneous preparation of this material was then obtained after a simple step employing fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified r-[K1 tPA ], which contained the amino acid sequence SNAS[K1 tPA ]S, provided an amino-terminal amino acid sequence, through at least 20 amino acid residues, that was identical to that predicted from the cDNA sequence. The molecular mass of r-SNAS[K1 tPA ]S, determined by electrospray mass spectrometry, was 9621.9 ± 4.0 (expected molecular mass, 9623.65). 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and thermal stability studies of r-SNAS[K1 tPA ]S revealed that the purified material was properly folded and similar to other isolated kringle domains. Additionally, employment of this methodology revealed that only a very weak interaction between ϵ-aminocaproic acid and the isolated r-[K1 tPA ] domain occurred.
Laparoskopisch applizierte Clips am humanen Ductus cysticus – Ein experimenteller Dislokationsvergleich zwischen resorbierbaren und Titan-Clips

An kryokonservierten humanen Ductus-cysticus-Praparaten wurden Dislokationsversuche durchgefuhrt, um die Sicherheit verschiedener laparoskopischer Clips zu prufen. Der Ductus cysticus wurde dabei fixiert und auf die quer plazierten Clips eine axiale Zugkraft ausgeubt und gemessen. Die registrierten Medianwerte lagen fur die sechs getesteten Clips zwischen 4,1 N und 11,2 N und unterschieden sich hochsignifikant (p < 0,001, Kruskal-Wallis-ANOVA). Dabei waren die beiden resorbierbaren Clips (Polydioxanone, Polyglykonat/Polyglykolsaure) deutlich den vier Titan-Clips uberlegen (p < 0,005, Wilcoxon-Test). Neben dem Vorteil der volligen Biodegradierbarkeit empfiehlt sich daher der Einsatz resorbierbarer Clips, da sie einen noch sichereren Gewebehalt als die Titan-Clips gewahrleisten.
A lifetime psychiatric history predicts a worse seizure outcome following temporal lobectomy

Purpose: To identify the psychiatric and epilepsy variables predictive of postsurgical seizure outcome after anterotemporal lobectomy (ATL). Methods: Retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent ATL. The mean (± SD) follow-up period was 8.3 (± 3.1) years. Three types of surgical outcomes were examined at 2 years after surgery and at last contact: class IA (no disabling seizures no auras), class IA + IB (no disabling seizures), and class IA + IB + IC (no or rare disabling seizures in the first postsurgical year). Logistic regression analyses were performed separately for the three types of surgical outcomes. The epilepsy-related independent variables included age at onset, cause of TLE (mesial temporal sclerosis, lesional and cryptogenic TLE), extent of resection of mesial structures, neuropathologic abnormalities, having only complex partial seizures, and duration of the seizure disorder. The psychiatric independent variables included a postsurgical and presurgical lifetime history of mood, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, and psychotic disorders. Results: The absence of a psychiatric history was an independent predictor of all three types of surgical outcomes. In addition, a larger resection of mesial structures was a predictor for class IA outcome, and having only complex partial seizures (vs generalized tonic–clonic seizures) was a predictor for class IA + IB and IA + IB + IC. Having mesial temporal sclerosis (vs other causes of TLE) was a predictor for class IA + IB + IC as well. Conclusions: These data indicate that a lifetime psychiatric history may be predictive of a worse postsurgical seizure outcome after an anterotemporal lobectomy.
Progress‐report on development of a procedure for the study of solar variability by ultra‐violet measurements in the stratosphere

The importance of determining the magnitude and character of any variability which the Sun may exhibit justifies additional study of fluctuations in the intensity of solar radiation as received at the outside of the Earth's atmosphere. Such a study was undertaken by the Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester three years ago with the financial aid of the Smithsonian Institution. Because of the very considerable experimental difficulties involved, our work up to the present has been devoted to the development of apparatus and procedure. There is evidence that the principal variation in the output of radiation from the Sun occurs in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], and that enough of this variation may occur in regions of the ultra-violet which are transmitted by the Earth's atmosphere to make its detection possible by suitable measuring instruments suitably located. Unfortunately errors introduced by uncertainties in the transmission of the Earth's atmosphere are greatest in the ultra-violet, so that measurements of this spectral region from the Earth's surface are not yet of proven value [2].
On spectrum of the linearized 3D Euler equation

We investigate essential spectrum of the Euler equation linearized about an arbitrary smooth steady flow in dimension 3. It is proved that for every Lyapunov-Oseledets exponent μ of the associated bicharacteristic-amplitude system, the circle of radius e has a common point with the spectrum. If, in addition, μ is attained on an aperiodic point, then the spectrum contains the entire circle.
Family functioning as a mediating variable affecting psychosocial adjustment of children with cystic fibrosis

Family functioning was examined as a mediating variable affecting adjustment in children with cystic fibrosis. Three groups of children (cystic fibrosis, asthma, and healthy control subjects) were initially compared on two dimensions of adjustment: self-concept and frequency of behavior problems. The families of these children were compared according to functional level of "cohesion" and "adaptability" (assessed by an as yet unvalidated family functioning measure). No significant difference was found between the groups in family functioning or children's self-concept. The two groups of chronically ill children did have significantly higher frequencies of behavior problems than had the healthy children. When there was statistical control for effects related to family functioning, however, this difference was not significant. Family functioning was found to be a better predictor of child adjustment than was the presence of illness. These results are consistent with recent research suggesting that children with cystic fibrosis adjust in basically healthy ways and that any deficits result more from mediating factors. In this study family functioning was found to be an important mediating factor in this process.