cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decaying periodic-wavetrain and solitary-vortex exact solutions for two-dimensional planetary viscous flows

We give Taylor-Kovasznay solutions for two-dimensional motions in a layer of viscous fluid on a rotating globe in the β-plane approximation. These solutions represent travelling-wave-type periodic wavetrains and solitary vortices which decay away in time due to viscous effects.
The semiempirical approach to chemistry

Two kinds of quantum mechanical treatment are needed in chemistry: First, a treatment accurate enough to provide definitive solutions of chemical problems, in particular, the prediction of reactions and reaction mechanisms, without reference to experiment. As yet, treatments of this degree of accuracy are restricted to a few small atoms and molecules. Second, a treatment that chemists can use as a practical aid to their own research, on the same basis as mass spectrometry or NMR. Here, the need has been largely met by the series of progressively better semiempirical methods, in particular, those developed by our group. Since only the best and most expensive ab initio procedures are superior to ours and since the computing time they need is far greater, their use as a practical aid in chemistry is restricted. Our procedures, therefore, serve as a useful supplement to ab initio ones in areas where the latter cannot be applied effectively, as the leading ab initioists now fully recognize. Since the semiempirical approach is capable of almost unlimited further development, this situation is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spin Dependence of High-Energy Scattering Amplitudes. II. Zero-Mass Particles

The discussion of spin dependence at high energy is extended to the case of zero-mass particles. Crossing relations for zero-mass particles are derived, showing that the helicity of massless particles is simply reversed under crossing. These are used by way of a Pomeranchuk-Martin-type theorem to obtain restrictions on the high-energy spin dependence. The problem of fixed poles in the angular-momentum plane and the coupling of the Pomeranchuk trajectory to photons is discussed. It is shown that if there are no fixed poles at positive integers for any Compton amplitude, one obtains the (presumably ridiculous) result that the asymptotic total cross section for photons on any particle is proportional to the square of its charge. An approximate dynamical calculation is given which relates the coupling of photons to the Pomeranchuk trajectory with the derivative of the trajectory at $t=0$. This yields a prediction for the high-energy total cross section of photons on protons which is consistent with present data. The convergence of the Drell-Hearn sum rule is discussed; it is argued that even with cuts in the angular momentum, the sum rule will converge. Certain sum rules of B\'eg and of Pagels and Harari are discussed briefly.
Dieldrin-Induced Mallory Bodies in Hepatic Tumors of Mice of Different Strains

Mallory bodies (MBs) were induced in hepatic tumors by administration for up to 85 weeks of a diet containing 10 ppm dieldrin to 50 C3H/He and 62 C57BL/6J x C3H/He B6C3F1 male mice. MBs were seen in 15 of 28 (54%) mice which developed benign hepatic tumors and 33 of 45 (73%) mice with hepatocellular carcinoma, but in only 3 of 39 (8%) mice without hepatic tumors. In mice with tumors, the MBs were predominantly confined to tumor tissue and persisted in a carcinoma transplanted into a nude mouse. MBs were not observed, however, in hepatic tumors of 67 C57BL/6J, 49 C3H/He, or 81 B6C3F1 mice given 12 micrograms diethylnitrosamine i.p. on Days 0, 3, 9, and 15. Thirty-one of 195 control mice of all three strains had hepatic tumors. Only one of the controls had a tumor with an MB, and no MBs were seen in nontumor-bearing livers of controls animals. These observations, coupled with the results of a previous study in which MBs were observed in hepatocytes of dieldrin-treated C57BL/6J mice, indicate that mice treated with dieldrin are a reliable animal model for the study of MBs.
Phytostimulation of poplars and Arabidopsis exposed to silver nanoparticles and Ag⁺ at sublethal concentrations.

The increasing likelihood of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) releases to the environment highlights the importance of understanding AgNP interactions with plants, which are cornerstones of most ecosystems. In this study, poplars (Populus deltoides × nigra) and Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed hydroponically to nanoparticles of different sizes (PEG-coated 5 and 10 nm AgNPs, and carbon-coated 25 nm AgNPs) or silver ions (Ag+, added as AgNO3) at a wide range of concentrations (0.01 to 100 mg/L). Whereas all forms of silver were phytotoxic above a specific concentration, a stimulatory effect was observed on root elongation, fresh weight, and evapotranspiration of both plants at a narrow range of sublethal concentrations (e.g., 1 mg/L of 25 nm AgNPs for poplar). Plants were most susceptible to the toxic effects of Ag+ (1 mg/L for poplar, 0.05 mg/L for Arabidopsis), but AgNPs also showed some toxicity at higher concentrations (e.g., 100 mg/L of 25 nm AgNPs for poplar, 1 mg/L of 5 nm AgNPs for Arabidopsis) and this ...
The Effect of Large Versus Small End Up on Assigned Egg Grade

Abstract Centering of the yolk is an important consideration in determining the candled grade of an egg. Sharp and Powell (1929) have shown that the white and yolk of an egg approach the same density at 32°F. At higher temperatures the yolk is less dense than the white. Therefore, at temperatures at which shell eggs are usually held, there is a tendency for the yolk to rise and it is likely to appear off center before the candle if the egg is packed small end up PROCEDURE The end of the egg which was packed up was recorded in a study to determine efficient methods of sampling eggs for wholesale grading. The interior quality grade, shell cleanliness and soundness and final grade (all factors considered) were determined. The grader was trained according to U. S. Standards and licensed for research purposes by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania …
VARIATIONS IN CAPACITY AND DELAY ESTIMATES FROM MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODELS

One of the issues involved in using microscopic simulation models is the variation in the simulation results. This study examined some of the more popular microscopic traffic simulation models, CORSIM, SimTraffic, and VISSIM, and investigated the variations in the performance measures generated by these models. The study focused on the capacity and delay estimates at a signalized intersection. The effects of link length, speed, and vehicle headway generation distribution were also investigated. With regard to variations in performance measures, the study found that CORSIM yields the lowest variations, whereas SimTraffic yields the highest. The highest variation in each simulation model normally occurs when the traffic demand approaches capacity. It was also found that delays are affected by the link length and speed in simulation models. Such an impact on delays is closely related to the range of speed variations. In general, shorter links and higher link speeds result in lower delays. There is no strong ...
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a complex articulation allowing significant rotational and translational motion. Stability of the DRUJ depends on bony contact, intrinsic stabilizers of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, and extrinsic stabilizers of the distal forearm. Understanding the anatomy of this articulation is paramount in clinical decision making for the treatment of disorders involving the DRUJ.
Characterization of drug-eluting stent (DES) materials with cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) employing an SF 5 + polyatomic primary ion source was utilized to analyze several materials commonly used in drug-eluting stents (DES). Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and various poly(urethanes) were successfully depth profiled using SF 5 + bombardment. The resultant molecular depth profiles obtained from these polymeric films showed very little degradation in molecular signal as a function of increasing SF 5 + primary ion dose when experiments were performed at low temperatures (signal was maintained for doses up to ∼5 x 10 15 ions/cm 2 ). Temperature was determined to be an important parameter in both the success of the depth profiles and the mass spectral analysis of the polymers. In addition to the pristine polymer films, paclitaxel (drug released in Taxus™ stent) containing PLGA films were also characterized, where it was confirmed that both drug and polymer signals could be monitored as a function of depth at lower paclitaxel concentrations (10 wt%).
Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma. A clinicopathologic study of five cases and a review of similar entities.

Five patients with annular lesions of the face, scalp, and other exposed surfaces were studied using the radial triple zone biopsy technic. Interestingly, one of the patients had necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) and another had systemic sarcoidosis. Clinically, the lesions were annular patches with erythematous borders and hypopigmented centers. The histopathology of the lesions showed many multinucleated giant cells, (often with prominent asteroid bodies), histiocytes, lymphocytes, scattered epithelioid cells, total lysis of elastic tissue, no necrobiosis, and absence of both mucin and lipid. This entity can be differentiated from granuloma annulare (GA), NLD, and cutaneous sarcoidosis. It is identical with several previously described entities; we propose a more appropriate term: "annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG)."
DOUBLE-VOICE IN S. Y. AGNON'S “HANIDAḤ”: OVERTURES TO A DEVELOPING DISCOURSE

It is widely acknowledged that S.Y. Agnon's story, “Hanidaḥ” (1919), represents a significant artistic transition for the author. Beyond the transitional and inaugural aspects of the story's themes and structure, I wish to consider how its discursive style itself constitutes a significant development in Agnon's literary work. Particular qualities in the story's narrative discourse, more so than in his previous work, anticipate Agnon's later literary achievements. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of discourse in the novel, I will also seek to demonstrate how the story's dialogic, polyphonic qualities, not only anticipate these later works, but suggest some new hermeneutic avenues to reading Agnon.
Model competence, depression, and the illusion of control

The illusion of control has been demonstrated repeatedly in studies involving the manipulation of three of the four factors identified as important by Langer (1975): choice, familiarity, and involvement. The present study was designed to replicate and extend research on one other factor: competition or social comparison. Mildly depressed and nondepressed subjects watched a competent or incompetent model perform a novel gambling game. After learning of the model’s ostensible performance level (a score equal to the chance probability), subjects predicted their own level of immediate performance and what it would be if they were given 1 week to practice the game. Subjects witnessing the incompetent model gave higher performance predictions than those witnessing the competent model, thus replicating and extending Langer’s “dapper” versus “schnook” study on competition. As a group, subjects predicted better performance after practice rather than immediately, thus providing further support for the familiarity factor. Contrary to findings in past research, mildly depressed subjects showed an illusion of control and did so to a greater extent than did nondepressed subjects.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CROSS-SECTION ENERGY DEPENDENCES IN CALCULATIONS OF COSMOLOGICAL VISCOSITY*

The Einstein Field Equations for homogeneous cosmologies are considered within the viscosity approximation. It is shown that some power laws σ∼T m (whereT is the temperature) for the cross-section σ lead to collisionless behavior near the initial singularity in a ‘big bang’ model. Under some circumstances one may have two viscous phases, as the cosmic fluid passes from collisionless to collisional to collisionless again, while the universe expands.
The cognitive cost of event-based prospective memory in children.

Abstract Prospective memory is the act of remembering to perform an action in the future, often after the presentation of a cue. However, processes involved in remembering the future intention might hinder performance on activities leading up to and surrounding the event in which an intention must be carried out. The current study was designed to assess whether young children who were asked to engage in prospective memory do so at a cost to current cognitive processing. Participants (4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds) either performed a simple ongoing selection task only (control condition) or performed the selection task with an embedded prospective memory task (experimental condition). Results revealed that children in the experimental condition were slower in the execution of the ongoing task relative to children in the control condition, lending support to the theory that children as young as 4 years selectively allocate resources in an effort to succeed in multiple tasks.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of neurotransmitter amino acids in brain

Rapid and selective determination of neurotransmitter amino acids in rat and human brain is accomplished by pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldehyde-3-mercaptopropionic acid, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation, and fluorimetric detection. Aspartate, taurine, glutamate, and glycine are determined in less than 12 min with intra- and inter-assay precisions of 2.1-9.5% and 4.2-9.2%, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric acid is determined in less than 8 min with intra- and inter-assay precisions of 1.6 and 11.7%, respectively. Both assays utilize internal standards and require a minimum of sample preparation.
Roosting ecology of the Northern bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and comparisons with the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis)

During 1993 and 1994, we radiotracked 11 adult female and juvenile northern bats ( Myotis septentrionalis ) to 32 roost trees: 18 silver maples ( Acer saccharinum ), 1 red maple (A. rubrum ), and 13 green ashes ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ). Fifty-three percent of the trees were living; 52% of the roosts were in crevices or hollows, and the rest were under exfoliating bark. Northern bats did not use American elms ( Ulmus americana ) in proportion to their abundance, but in general, characteristics of roost trees were similar to a random sample of apparently suitable trees. Northern bats changed roosts every 2 days, and distance between roosts varied from 6 to 2,000 m. As many as 60 adults were found in a single tree, making this the largest summer aggregation ever reported for the species. Compared with Indiana bats ( M. sodalis ) separately studied at the same site, northern bats moved greater distances between roosts and roosted more often in maples, cavities, living trees, and areas with high canopy cover.
Interregional Interaction and Social Development on the Oaxaca Coast

This article provides a synthetic examination of the role of external relations in the social, cultural, and political development of the Oaxaca Coast. The article deals primarily with the lower Rio Verde valley and the southern Isthmus since these two regions have been the focus of archaeological research on the Oaxaca Coast; other areas of the coast are discussed when data permit. The data from the coast indicate that interregional relations were dominated by elites in pursuit of exotic materials and ideas that served to symbolize and legitimize their special status in society. Evidence for contact with some of the most powerful political centers of pre-Hispanic Mexico are documented, including Monte Alban, Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, and possibly El Tajin and Tula among others. Despite contact with these powerful centers the Oaxaca Coast appears to have been politically autonomous for most of its pre-Hispanic history.
Cigarette smoking and effects on menstrual function

Abstract Objective: To examine the relationship between smoking and menstrual function, using biologic measures rather than self-report of menstrual cycle characteristics. Methods: In a prospective study, 408 women collected urine daily for one to seven menstrual segments (cycles), maintained daily diaries, and completed detailed interviews. Smoking data from the diaries were averaged over each segment and verified by cotinine assay. Urine samples were analyzed for metabolites of steroid hormones to define the day of ovulation and various menstrual characteristics, including: 1) segment, follicular, luteal phase, and menses length, 2) variabililty, and 3) anovulation. Results: Heavy smoking (at least 20 cigarettes per day) was associated with nearly four times the risk of short segment (less than 25 days) as was nonsmoking (adjusted odds ratio 3.8, 95% confidence limits 1.1, 12.7). Mean segment length was on average 2.6 days shorter with heavy versus no smoking (95% confidence limits 0.14, 5.0), due almost entirely to shortening of the follicular phase. Women who smoked an average of ten or more cigarettes per day had significantly more variable segment and menses lengths than nonsmokers. Based on small numbers, the data suggested that with greater smoking, there was a possible increased risk of anovulation and short luteal phase. Segments of exsmokers with ten or more pack-years of exposure were more likely to be short and have shorter luteal phases than those of never smokers. Conclusion: The effects found in this study of smoking on the menstrual cycle might explain in part associations of smoking with other reproductive endpoints, such as subfecundity and early menopause.
Further Validation of the Self-Loathing Subscale as a Screening Tool for Eating Disorders

This study examines the reliability and validity of the Self Loathing Subscale (SLSS) of the Exercise Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ) as a screening tool for possible eating disorders. We administered the SLSS and two other eating disorder screening instruments to 160 college students. Results indicate that the SLSS shows high internal consistency, concurrent validity, and convergent validity. Since the SLSS is based on questions about exercise and is not easily identifiable as a screening tool for eating disorders, the scale may be particularly useful in identifying possible pathology among individuals who may try to suppress or deny obvious symptoms of eating disorders.
Five Unusual Cases of Ventricular Aneurysm

Abstract Five patients with ventricular aneurysm exhibiting unusual etiological or anatomical features are presented. Resection of large portions of the ventricular myocardium, which may at times include the papillary muscle, is compatible with an excellent recovery despite diminution in the size of the left ventricular cavity and concomitant mitral valve replacement. Intentional fibrillation of the heart is recommended after the institution of bypass and prior to manipulation of the aneurysm in order to minimize the risk of intraoperative thromboembolism.
Multiscale modeling of the plasticity in an aluminum single crystal

This paper describes a numerical, hierarchical multiscale modeling methodology involving two distinct bridges over three different length scales that predicts the work hardening of face centered cubic crystals in the absence of physical experiments. This methodology builds a clear bridging approach connecting nano-, micro- and meso-scales. In this methodology, molecular dynamics simulations (nanoscale) are performed to generate mobilities for dislocations. A discrete dislocations numerical tool (microscale) then uses the mobility data obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations to determine the work hardening. The second bridge occurs as the material parameters in a slip system hardening law employed in crystal plasticity models (mesoscale) are determined by the dislocation dynamics simulation results. The material parameters are computed using a correlation procedure based on both the functional form of the hardening law and the internal elastic stress/plastic shear strain fields computed from discrete dislocations. This multiscale bridging methodology was validated by using a crystal plasticity model to predict the mechanical response of an aluminum single crystal deformed under uniaxial compressive loading along the [4 2 1] direction. The computed strain-stress response agrees well with the experimental data.
Working from home in a globally distributed environment

This experience report provides an overview of working in globally distributed teams and the role communication technologies and protocols play in the successes of such teams. It describes technical and social aspects for interacting in such teams.
Teacher judgments of student reading interests: how accurate are they?

This study investigated the factors used by teachers of the hearing impaired in identifying the reading interests of their students. It also examined the accuracy of their judgments in comparison to students ' responses on a reading interest inventory. Twenty teachers of the hearing impaired were asked to judge the top two reading interest areas for each of the 82 students. They also described the factors they used in making their judgments. The 82 hearing-impaired students completed a reading interest inventory. Their results were compared then with their teachers' judgments. Results indicated that teachers were only moderately accurate in judging their students' reading interests.
Magnetic Field Dependence of Nitrogen−Proton J Splittings in 15N-Enriched Human Ubiquitin Resulting from Relaxation Interference and Residual Dipolar Coupling

One-bond 1JNH couplings have been measured in 15N-enriched human ubiquitin and range from 91.1 to 95.6 Hz. Measurements have been carried out using two different methods and at 1H frequencies of 360, 500, and 600 MHz. The best method yields a precision of ca 0.02 Hz, and permits reliable measurement of the small changes (<0.3 Hz) in 1JNH splitting that occur when the magnetic field strength is increased from 8.5 to 14 T. The dependence of the 1JNH splittings on the strength of the static magnetic field originates from two sources: a dynamic frequency shift caused by interference of the 15N chemical shift anisotropy and the 15N−1H dipolar coupling relaxation mechanisms, and a dipolar contribution caused by a small degree of alignment resulting from the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of the diamagnetic protein. Best fitting of the measured data yields an orientation-independent decrease of 0.11 Hz in the 1JNH splittings at 600 MHz relative to 360 MHz, in perfect agreement with theoretical predictions ...
Syntactic Structures Redux

. This article extends Howard Lasnik's commentary in Syntactic Structures Revisited (2000) on Chomsky's transformational analyses of the verbal morphology system. It reviews Lasnik's critique of the transformational machinery in Syntactic Structures and shows how the problems he identifies are resolved under a more minimal theory of transformations that developed circa 1980. Considering the three central topics in the analysis of this system—the order and form of verbal elements, the main verb movement parameter, and the distribution of periphrastic do—it discusses some problems that arise in Lasnik's hybrid account and proposes a lexicalist alternative that eliminates the rules of affix hopping and do-support.
Exploiting a controlled vocabulary to improve collection selection and retrieval effectiveness

Vocabulary incompatibilities arise when the terms used to index a document collection are largely unknown, or at least not well-known to the users who eventually search the collection. No matter how comprehensive or well-structured the indexing vocabulary, it is of little use if it is not used effectively in query formulation. This paper demonstrates that techniques for mapping user queries into the controlled indexing vocabulary have the potential to radically improve document retrieval performance. We also show how the use of controlled indexing vocabulary can be employed to achieve performance gains for collection selection. Finally, we demonstrate the potential benefit of combining these two techniques in an interactive retrieval environment. Given a user query, our evaluation approach simulates the human user's choice of terms for query augmentation given a list of controlled vocabulary terms suggested by a system. This strategy lets us evaluate interactive strategies without the need for human subjects.
An mRNA Cap Binding Protein, ABH1, Modulates Early Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates important stress and developmental responses. We have isolated a recessive ABA hypersensitive mutant, abh1, that shows hormone specificity to ABA. ABH1 encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of a nuclear mRNA cap binding protein and functions in a heterodimeric complex to bind the mRNA cap structure. DNA chip analyses show that only a few transcripts are down-regulated in abh1, several of which are implicated in ABA signaling. Consistent with these results, abh1 plants show ABA-hypersensitive stomatal closing and reduced wilting during drought. Interestingly, ABA-hypersensitive cytosolic calcium increases in abh1 guard cells demonstrate amplification of early ABA signaling. Thus, ABH1 represents a modulator of ABA signaling proposed to function by transcript alteration of early ABA signaling elements.
Specific triiodothyronine binding sites in the anterior pituitary of the rat.

Studies with L-[125l] triiodothyronine and L-[125l] thyroxine, and with equilibrium dialysis of plasma proteins indicate that rat pituitary binds L-triiodothyronine 9.8 times as strongly as it does L-thyroxine. Injection of even small doses of nonradioactive L-triiodothyronine reduces the pituitary/ plasma ratio of radioactive L-triiodothyronine, an indication of the existence of pituitary binding sites with a limited capacity for L-triiodothyronine. Limited capacity binding sites for L-thyroxine could not be demonstrated.
Recreating Raven’s: Software for systematically generating large numbers of Raven-like matrix problems with normed properties

Raven’s Progressive Matrices is a widely used test for assessing intelligence and reasoning ability (Raven, Court, & Raven, 1998). Since the test is nonverbal, it can be applied to many different populations and has been used all over the world (Court & Raven, 1995). However, relatively few matrices are in the sets developed by Raven, which limits their use in experiments requiring large numbers of stimuli. For the present study, we analyzed the types of relations that appear in Raven’s original Standard Progressive Matrices (SPMs) and created a software tool that can combine the same types of relations according to parameters chosen by the experimenter, to produce very large numbers of matrix problems with specific properties. We then conducted a norming study in which the matrices we generated were compared with the actual SPMs. This study showed that the generated matrices both covered and expanded on the range of problem difficulties provided by the SPMs.
Ideal forming. II : Sheet forming with optimum deformation

Abstract A method is proposed for the design of ideal forming processes. The objective is to directly determine ideal configurations for both the initial and the intermediate stages that are required to form a specified final shape. At the start, it is assumed that formability of local material elements is optimum when they deform in minimum work paths. The ideal global process is then defined as the one having such local deformations optimally distributed in a final shape. Mathematical procedures for implementing these conditions are derived. Primary emphasis is placed upon forming of sheet (membrane) materials under plane-stress conditions, although many of the ideas are applicable to more general forming processes. Sample results illustrate optimum process parameters which the ideal forming theory can provide.
The inverse scaling of the low-temperature-specific-heat parametersγ and ΘD in transition-metal binary alloys and its dependence on phase stability

In low-temperature-calorimetric studies of transition-metal-binary alloys in the average group number or electron/ atom ratio (z) range 4 < z < 7, an inverse scaling noted in the γ and ΘD (versus z) profiles can be rationalized in terms of the bcc binary alloy low-temperature structural phase stability.
Lightning and the Apollo 17/Saturn V Exhaust Plume

Survey spectra of the Apollo 17/Saturn V exhaust plume during launch were obtained in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared. The plume resembles a blackbody source for about 40 m from the exit plane, and beyond this point the characteristic radiation is the sodium D-lines. The spectral data support previous reports mat the peak exhaust temperature is near 2600 K, which in turn suggests the conductivity in the upper 40 m of plume is in the range 10 7 to 10 4 mho/cm or higher. We examine the implication of these results for the initiation of lightning such as occurred during the launch of Apollo 12.
Theorizing Race, Gender, and Violence in Urban Ethnographic Research

The present article draws on ethnographic data to illuminate dynamics of race, gender, and systemic violence in an informal urban learning environment. It makes critical linkages among relationship...
Functions in information systems

A comprehensive functional approach to interactive information systems is suggested. The pervasive use of functions in a variety of subfields ranging from data modeling and retrieval to software development and evaluation is summarized as a justification for further investigation into a comprehensive functional approach to interactive information systems. A purely functional architecture is described.
Tandem GA Residues on Opposite Sides of the Loop in Molecular Beacon-Like DNA Hairpins Compact the Loop and Increase Hairpin Stability

The free solution electrophoretic mobilities and thermal stabilities of hairpins formed by two complementary 26-nucleotide oligomers have been measured by capillary electrophoresis. The oligomers are predicted to form molecular beacon-like hairpins with 5 base paired stems and 16 nucleotides in the loop. One hairpin, called hairpin2 (hp2), migrates with a relatively fast free solution mobility and exhibits melting temperatures that are reasonably well predicted by the popular structure-prediction program Mfold. Its complement, called hairpin1 (hp1), migrates with a slower free solution mobility and forms a stable hairpin only in solutions containing ≥200 mM Na+. The melting temperatures observed for hp1 are ∼18°C lower than observed for hp2 and ∼20°C lower than predicted by Mfold. The greater thermal stability of hp2 is due to the presence of tandem GA residues on opposite sides of the loop. If the corresponding TC residues in the hp1 loop are replaced by tandem GA residues, the melting temperatures of the modified hairpin are close to the values observed for hp2. Eliminating the tandem GA residues in the hp2 loop significantly decreases the thermal stability of hp2. If the loops are replaced by a loop of 16 thymine residues, the free solution mobilities and thermal stabilities of the T-loop hairpin are equal to those observed for hp1. Hence, the hp1 loop appears to be relatively unstructured, with few base-base stacking interactions. Interactions between tandem GA residues on opposite sides of the hp2 loop compact the loop and increase hairpin stability.
Distinct multisite synergistic interactions determine substrate specificities of human chymase and rat chymase-1 for angiotensin II formation and degradation.

Human chymase and rat chymase-1 are mast cell serine proteases involved in angiotensin II (Ang II) formation and degradation, respectively. Previous studies indicate that both these enzymes have similar P1 and P2 preferences, which are the major determinants of specificity. Surprisingly, despite the occurrence of optimal P2 and P1 residues at the Phe8↓ and Tyr4↓ bonds (where ↓, indicates the scissile bond in peptide substrates) in Ang I (DRVYIHPFHL), human chymase cleaves the Phe8↓ bond with an ∼750-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than the Tyr4↓ bond in Ang II (DRVYIHPF), whereas rat chymase-1 cleaves the Tyr4↓ bond with an ∼20-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the Phe8↓ bond. Differences in the acyl groups IHPF and DRVY at the Phe8↓ and Tyr4↓ bonds, respectively, are chiefly responsible for the preference of human chymase for the Phe8↓ bond. We show that the IHPF sequence forms an optimal acyl group, primarily through synergistic interactions between neighboring acyl group residues. In contrast to human chymase, rat chymase-1 shows a preference for the Tyr4↓ bond, mainly because of a catalytically productive interaction between the enzyme and the P′1 Ile5. The overall effect of this P′1 Ile interaction on catalytic efficiency, however, is influenced by the structure of the acyl group and that of the other leaving group residues. For human chymase, the P′1 Ile interaction is not productive. Thus, specificity for Ang II formation versus Ang II degradation by these chymases is produced through synergistic interactions between acyl or leaving group residues as well as between the acyl and leaving groups. These observations indicate that nonadditive interactions between the extended substrate binding site of human chymase or rat chymase-1 and the substrate are best explained if the entire binding site is taken as an entity rather than as a collection of distinct subsites.
Temporally manipulated rescue of visual and courtship abnormalities caused by a nonA mutation in Drosophila.

The no-on-transient-A gene was identified by independently isolated mutations causing visual-response abnormalities or courtship song defects. The nonAdiss mutant is abnormal for all of these phenotypes. The pleiotropic effects of this dissonance allele dovetail with the widespread tissue expression of the nonA products. This gene, which encodes a putative RNA-binding protein, is expressed at essentially all stages of the life cycle. To determine whether the behavioral and physiological abnormalities exhibited by nonA mutant adults have a developmental etiology or are the result of an impaired mature nervous (or perhaps neuro-muscular) system, a conditional form of this gene was constructed. Animals from the resulting hsp-nonA(cDNA) transgenic strain were subjected to heat-shock regimes such that the gene's coding sequences were activated during development only, solely in the imaginal stage, or both. Surprisingly, expression during any of these time periods effected rescue of the visual-response and the ...
CTLA-41g in combination with anti-CD40L prolongs xenograft survival and inhibits anti-gal ab production in GT-Ko mice

The generation of GT-Ko mice has provided unique opportunities to study allograft and xenograft rejection in the context of anti-alpha1,3-Gal antibody (anti-Gal Ab) responses. In this study we used the allotransplantation model of C3H hearts into galactosyltransferase-deficient (GT-Ko) mice and the xenotransplantation model of baby Lewis rat hearts into GT-Ko mice to investigate the ability of CTLA-41g in combination with anti-CD40L mAb to control graft rejection and anti-Gal Ab production. Murine CTLA-41g or anti-CD40L monotherapy prolonged allograft survival, and the combination of these reagents was most immunosuppressive. However short-term treatment with murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (muCTLA-41g) and/or CD40 ligand (CD154) monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD40L mAbs) was unable to induce indefinite allograft survival. CTLA-4-immunoglobulin fusion protein (CTLA-41g) or anti-CD40L monotherapy only marginally prolonged xenograft survival; the combination of human CTLA-41g and anti-CD40L significantly prolonged xenograft survival (74days), while the combination of murine CTLA-41g and anti-CD40L resulted in graft survival of >120days. CTLA-41g or anti-CD40L monotherapy or the combination of these agents inhibited the production of alloAbs, including anti-Gal Abs. CTLA-41g or anti-CD40L monotherapy partially controlled xenoAb and anti-Gal Ab production, while the combination was more effective. These observations corroborate our previous observations that humoral, including anti-Gal Ab, responses and rejection following allograft or concordant xenograft transplantation in GT-Ko mice are T-cell dependent and can be controlled by costimulation blockade.
Serial anticipation pattern learning in two-element and three-element series

Serial anticipation learning under monotonically decreasing serial patterns was examined in relation to associative-chaining and cognitive approaches. The designation 8-0 describes a two-element serial pattern employing eight pellets on Trial 1 of each day and zero pellets on Trial 2. This investigation examined three two-element serial patterns (8-0, 4-0, 2-0) and six three-element serial patterns (16-2-0,8-2-0,4-2-0, 2-2-0,16-8-0,16-8-0,16-4-0). Better anticipation of the zero-pellet element occurred under the two-element patterns. Among three-element patterns, 16-2-0 and 8-2-0 produced the best anticipation. Serial anticipation learning was sometimes better earlier in training than later in training. Where two- and three-element groups received the same reward magnitude on Trial 1 of each day (e.g., 8-0 vs. 8-2-0), slower Trial 1 running was associated with the two-element pattern.
Ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes on hydrogen-passivated Si(100) surfaces

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been studied on a Si(100)-2×1:H surface using an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Dry deposition of SWNTs in situ establishes the pristine interface necessary to elucidate fundamental physical and electronic interactions between SWNTs and silicon. We have achieved simultaneous atomic resolution STM images of isolated SWNTs and the local H-passivated Si(100) substrate. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy served to characterize both semiconducting and metallic SWNTs. In each case, electronic features unique to the nanotube can be identified within the substrate band gap. In contrast to previous UHV STM studies of SWNTs on Au(111), our investigation is motivated by the technological relevance of the Si(100) substrate and the potential for nanofabrication of hybrid SWNT-Si electronic devices on the Si(100)-2×1:H platform.
Evidence for the lipidic nature of tight junction strands

We examine here the proposition that membrane lipids1–4, rather than intrinsic membrane proteins5–7, are the principal structural elements of the strands comprising tight junctions. Our evidence, which is based on direct rapid freezing of newly formed tight junctions between rat prostate epithelial cells, indicates that individual tight junction strands are pairs of inverted cylindrical micelles sandwiched between linear fusions of the external membrane leaflets of adjacent cells. Although individual tight junction strands appear as continuous cylinders when fractured near the frozen surface, where ice crystals have not damaged the plasma membrane, they appear as rows of particles when fractured deeper in the frozen tissue. We now interpret these tight junction particles as remnants of intramembrane cylinders disrupted during freezing The morphology and dimensions of the intact cylinders correspond to those of lipids in the cylindrical hexagonal II phase8,9 and this suggests that tight junction formation requires a phase transition of the planar lipid bilayer similar to that invoked in models of membrane fusion10,11. Our morphological interpretation explains the known functional properties of tight junctions.
Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States

By the end of 1987, nearly 50,000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported since 1981, 20,745 in the past year alone. Black and Hispanic adults and children have reported rates 3 to 12 times as high as whites. This can be largely attributed to higher reported rates in black and Hispanic intravenous (IV) drug abusers, their sex partners, and infants. In 1986, reported AIDS deaths increased adult male and female mortality in the United States by an estimated 0.7 and 0.07%, respectively, with much greater increases in selected age groups or areas of the country. The greatest variation in infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (0 to 70%) has been found in surveys of IV drug abusers, while surveys of homosexual men reveal infection rates of 20 to 50%. Infection with HIV ranged from 0 to 2.6% in limited sexually transmitted disease clinic surveys of heterosexual men and women without a history of IV drug abuse or known sexual contact with persons at increased risk. The modes of HIV transmission are now well understood, but a large amount of biologic variability in efficiency of transmission remains to be explained. The period between initial infection with HIV and the development of AIDS is variable, but the risk for disease progression increases with duration of infection.
Gay Men as Virtuosi of the Holy Art of Bricolage and as Tricksters of the Sacred

Organized around the anthropological concepts of ‘bricolage’, ‘bricoleur’, ‘cognitive mazeway’ and ‘trickster’, and partially based on ethnographic research, this article hypothesizes that: (1) by virtue of their exclusion from most of the world's religious traditions, queer men find themselves in a kind of spiritual ‘Diaspora’; (2) gay men have been forced by circumstance to forge a diverse array of spiritual practices, re-interpret or invent alternative sacred myths, produce their own mystical writings, and form diverse intentional spiritual communities; (3) in becoming masters of bricolage, queer men unwittingly function in the role of the trickster figure for each other and for the wider heteronormative culture in which they are embedded; and (4) sex is one of the central axes around which their spiritual practices and spiritual experiences are organized.
Cosmological perturbations: gauge-invariant vs. synchronous gauge analysis

We present a summary of the results, in the large scale, that were derived from the gauge-invariant (GI) cosmological density perturbation analysis. Comparisons are made with the synchronous gauge (SG) results, pointing out past incorrect analyses concerning evolution during the inflationary era and the decaying mode during the matter dominated era. The GI method, using the covariant equations, is recommended for cosmological perturbation analysis, not only because of its gauge-independence, but because of its simplicity and similarity to the Newtonian analysis. Solutions in other specific gauges can simply be recovered from the known results of the GI analysis.
Potential Mechanisms for Altered Iron Metabolism in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

Recently, anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has received more attention as our understanding of the significance of anemia in this population has grown and more emphasis is placed on the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS. Although the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in HIV disease has been discussed in great detail, the prevalence and pathophysiology of the two most common forms of anemia, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the anemia of chronic disease (ACD), have not received much attention despite the difficulty and importance of differentiating between these two anemias. In addition, little attention has been given to iron overload, which has serious implications in individuals with HIV disease. This article proposes a model of altered iron metabolism in HIV disease as a basis for explaining the pathophysiology and implications of IDA, ACD, and iron overload in this population. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Generating consensus research goals and treatment strategies for pemphigus and pemphigoid: The 2010 JC Bystryn pemphigus and pemphigoid meeting

The third international meeting cosponsored by the International Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Foundation (IPPF) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases was attended by approximately 130 scientists and clinicians representing the international pemphigus and pemphigoid community.* The intent of this meeting, organized by Sergei Grando (University of California–Irvine), Victoria Werth (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), Luis Diaz (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), and the late Jean-Claude Bystryn (New York University), was to assemble an international group of researchers and clinicians involved in pemphigus and pemphigoid research and treatment. This report highlights the research presentations, group discussions, and recommendations for future work (see the meeting program at http://www.pemphigus.org/files/2010PP-MeetingProgram.pdf and accompanying presentations at http://www.pemphigus.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=396). In addition, an overview of barriers to international collaborations and multicenter trials was presented along with recommendations for the development of a consensus algorithm for treatment of pemphigus and pemphigoid.
El Niño related to changes in sardine spawning

The Pacific sardine, an important species for commercial fishing, spawns off the coast of California. The area and quality of its spawning habitat have been observed to vary from year to year, sometimes changing with El Nino–Southern Oscillation conditions, but smaller-scale mechanisms also play a role. To sort out the physical forcing mechanisms affecting sardine spawning, Song et al. used data assimilation, combining observational data on sea surface height, sea surface temperature, and salinity data with a physical ocean model. They then looked at how the physical mechanics could explain observed interannual variations in sardine spawning range and egg density
General session on surface water

The AGU Hydrology Section's General Surface Water session at the 1987 Fall Meeting was varied in scope. It started with a paper by L. Chiu (Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.) and B. Kedem (University of Maryland, College Park) on estimation of the average rainfall rate over an area. The authors proposed a mixed distribution model specified by three parameters that give the probability of rain and the distribution of the rainy portion. They found that the GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment, where GARP is Global Atmospheric Research Program) rainfall data followed a lognormal distribution during rainfall events. The three parameters of the model were observed to vary as the averaging area increased. When large averaging was done on the GATE data, the distribution became more skewed, with the lognormal distribution providing a good fit.
A Scintillating Glass, Fiber-Optic Plate Imaging System for Active Target and Tracking Applications in High Energy Physics Experiments

We have studied the performance of a scintillating glass fiber-optic plate with minimum ionizing particles. The target is composed of terbium activated cladded-glass cores in a matrix of 25 ?m spacing. The plate was viewed by a three-stage, electrostatically focussed image intensifier. Particle tracks were observed with a width consistent with the resolution of the device. Details of the detection system and future developments are discussed.