cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spoofing Detection for Indoor Visible Light Systems with Redundant Orthogonal Encoding

As more and more visible light communication (VLC) and visible light sensing (VLS) systems are mounted on today’s light fixtures, how to guarantee the authenticity of the visible light (VL) signal in these systems becomes an urgent problem. This is because almost all of today’s light fixtures are unprotected and can be openly accessed by almost anyone, and hence are subject to tampering and substitution attacks. In this paper, by exploiting the intrinsic linear superposition characteristics of visible light, we propose VL-Watchdog, a scalable and always-on signal-level spoofing detection framework that is applicable to both VLC and VLS systems. VL-Watchdog is based on redundant orthogonal encoding of the transmitted visible light, and can be implemented as a small hardware add-on to an existing VL system. The effectiveness of the proposed framework was validated through extensive numerical evaluations against a comprehensive set of factors.
Parent-Child Joint Behaviors in Novel Object Play Create High-Quality Data for Word Learning.

This research takes a dyadic approach to study early word learning and focuses on toddlers' (N = 20, age: 17-23 months) information seeking and parents' information providing behaviors and the ways the two are coupled in real-time parent-child interactions. Using head-mounted eye tracking, this study provides the first detailed comparison of children's and their parents' behavioral and attentional patterns in two free-play contexts: one with novel objects with to-be-learned names (Learning condition) and the other with familiar objects with known names (Play condition). Children and parents in the Learning condition modified their individual and joint behaviors when encountering novel objects with to-be-learned names, which created clearer signals that reduced referential ambiguity and potentially facilitated word learning.
Assembling stable syntrophic Escherichia coli communities by comprehensively identifying beneficiaries of secreted goods.

Summary Metabolic cross-feeding frequently underlies mutualistic relationships in natural microbial communities and is often exploited to assemble synthetic microbial consortia. We systematically identified all single-gene knockouts suitable for imposing cross-feeding in Escherichia coli and used this information to assemble syntrophic communities. Most strains benefiting from shared goods were dysfunctional in biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and vitamins or mutants in central carbon metabolism. We tested cross-feeding potency in 1,444 strain pairs and mapped the interaction network between all functional groups of mutants. This network revealed that auxotrophs for vitamins are optimal cooperators. Lastly, we monitored how assemblies composed of dozens of auxotrophs change over time and observed that they rapidly and repeatedly coalesced to seven strain consortia composed primarily from vitamin auxotrophs. The composition of emerging consortia suggests that they were stabilized by multiple cross-feeding interactions. We conclude that vitamins are ideal shared goods since they optimize consortium growth while still imposing member co-dependence.
Studying osteoarthritis with artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging.

The 3D nature and soft-tissue contrast of MRI makes it an invaluable tool for osteoarthritis research, by facilitating the elucidation of disease pathogenesis and progression. The recent increasing employment of MRI has certainly been stimulated by major advances that are due to considerable investment in research, particularly related to artificial intelligence (AI). These AI-related advances are revolutionizing the use of MRI in clinical research by augmenting activities ranging from image acquisition to post-processing. Automation is key to reducing the long acquisition times of MRI, conducting large-scale longitudinal studies and quantitatively defining morphometric and other important clinical features of both soft and hard tissues in various anatomical joints. Deep learning methods have been used recently for multiple applications in the musculoskeletal field to improve understanding of osteoarthritis. Compared with labour-intensive human efforts, AI-based methods have advantages and potential in all stages of imaging, as well as post-processing steps, including aiding diagnosis and prognosis. However, AI-based methods also have limitations, including the arguably limited interpretability of AI models. Given that the AI community is highly invested in uncovering uncertainties associated with model predictions and improving their interpretability, we envision future clinical translation and progressive increase in the use of AI algorithms to support clinicians in optimizing patient care. In this Review, the authors introduce the application of artificial intelligence, in particular machine learning and deep learning, for improving multiple stages of MRI, including acquisition, processing and post-processing steps, for studying osteoarthritis.
Electrosurgical Unit (ESU)

“Electrosurgery” means the application of radio frequency (RF) current at frequencies between about 300 kHz and 5 MHz to achieve a desired surgical result; typically, the fusion of tissues or surgical cutting in which the tissue structure is disrupted. The effect is achieved by heating tissues with RF current by resistive dissipation. Controlled application of heat to precisely defined tissue volumes is attained by careful design of the electrodes. Heating and resulting irreversible thermal alterations in tissues may be studied in numerical models as well as experimentally. As with any energy source, there are hazards of use which must be managed by careful technique. Keywords: electrosurgery; radio frequency current; cutting; coagulation; ablation; thermal damage
The Politics and Philosophy of “Serving America”: An Exploration of the Conceptual Basis of Federal Service-Learning and Civic Engagement Initiatives

INTRODUCTION On April 14, 2011, I received an email from the director of an organization on my campus that receives funding though a federal program known as Learn and Serve America (LSA). The text of the email contained information regarding the budget proposal for 2012 just released by the Obama administration. On page seven of this document (a link was included), LSA appears slotted for $39.5 million in cuts; that’s more than the $39 million designated for the program in 2011— essentially the new budget defunds all LSA programs. In addition, other service-learning and civic engagement initiatives were slotted for substantial cuts — for example, the $350 million, nation-wide program AmeriCorps, was set for a $23 million cut. All told, the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), which oversees both LSA and AmeriCorps, faced a reduction of $74.6 million.
Demonstration of reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit by carrier depletion micro-ring resonators

Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit based on a 4-fold array of switches. We showed that this circuit can be reconfigured to perform arbitrary two-input logic functions with speed up to 3 Gb/s.
Photochemistry, ozone production, and dilution during long-range transport episodes from Eurasia to the northwest United States

[1] On the basis of observations from the 1997–2002 Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Northeast Pacific (PHOBEA) experiments, we have identified 11 transpacific long-range transport (LRT) episodes, which contain significantly elevated levels of CO, O3, and aerosol scattering. The LRT episodes were determined from aircraft and ground-based observations of CO, O3, aerosol scattering coefficient, and 281 whole air samples analyzed for nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). The ratio of excess O3 to excess CO (DO3/DCO) for the 11 LRT episodes ranged from � 0.06 to 1.52. Lower DO3/DCO ratios ( 0.50) are found in LRT episodes transported higher in the free troposphere and are probably due to a mixing of LRT pollution plumes with ozone-rich upper tropospheric air. Using PHOBEA observations, backward trajectories, and data from other experiments in the North Pacific (TRACE-P, ACE-Asia, PEM-West B) we calculate OH concentrations using two different methods. For the LRT episodes we obtain mean OH concentrations between 1.9 � 10 5 and 1.3 � 10 6 molecules cm � 3 . We also present a method using dispersion models and observations to calculate the rate of dilution, kdil, with background air during LRT. A low kdil indicates less mixing with background air during transport, while a high value represents more entrainment with background air. For the April 2001 LRT episode we calculate a mean kdil of 0.010 ± 0.004 hr � 1 and an OH radical concentration of 2 � 10 5 molecules cm � 3 .O n the basis of these calculations we find that the large mineral dust transport episode, which took place in April 2001, was associated with the lowest OH concentration of the 11 episodes considered, implicating a strong role for heterogeneous chemistry during LRT. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0340 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—composition and chemistry; 0341 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—constituent transport and chemistry (3334); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; KEYWORDS: long-range transport, photochemistry, Pacific Citation: Price, H. U., D. A. Jaffe, O. R. Cooper, and P. V. Doskey (2004), Photochemistry, ozone production, and dilution during long-range transport episodes from Eurasia to the northwest United States, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S13,
Mental Retardation: Death Penalty

In 2002, the US Supreme Court held in Atkins v. Virginia that the execution of individuals with mental retardation (also referred to as intellectual disability) is unconstitutional. Following the Atkins holding, courts in death penalty jurisdictions have begun to call upon mental health professionals to assist the trier of fact in determining whether offenders in capital murder cases have mental retardation. However, the determination of mental retardation in death penalty cases presents several unique and complex challenges for both legal and mental health professionals. Moreover, there is great variability in how states define mental retardation and in the methods used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental retardation in such cases. The purpose of this chapter is to (i) provide an overview of the current death penalty statutes on mental retardation in the United States; (ii) describe the definitions of mental retardation as promulgated by professional organizations in the field; (iii) discuss the diagnosis of mental retardation in death penalty cases; and (iv) review the available research on malingering and mental retardation. Keywords: mental retardation; death penalty; capital punishment; intelligence; adaptive functioning; malingering
Cost Perceptions and Voter Demand for Environmental Risk Regulation: The Double Effect of Hidden Costs

This paper reports the first detailed empirical examination of the effects of voter cost perceptions on demand for environmental risk regulations. Using a statewide random sample of Washington's electorate, I examine voting behavior for a proposed regulation of gasoline stations under varying cost and distributional assumptions. Results suggest normative concerns are as important in explaining support as are expected risk reduction benefits. These norms include making polluters pay, imposing larger burdens on polluters with higher ability to pay, and enforcing public property rights. In contrast, potential price increases as a result of regulation have negligible effects on voter support.
Collection of Cosmic Dust: Past And Future

The collection of cosmic dust began in the middle of the last century with the recovery of spheres from the ocean floor and from Greenland ice (Murray and Renard 1891). The occurence of native metal in some of the deep sea spheres was the first clue that they were extraterrestrial. The deep sea spheres were described as “chondres” and their origin was attributed to the atmospheric melting of meteors. Polar ice and the ocean floor sediments often contain only minor amounts of magnetic terrestrial particles > 100µm and in these sites it is possible to collect rather large magnetic extraterrestrial particles that fell in historic times. In the intervening century an extensive series of particle searches were carried out in nearly all likely types of terrestrial collection sites. These included glaciers, islands, beaches, deserts, lakes, rooftops, rainwater, and all levels of the atmosphere up to low Earth orbit. Most of these efforts were not successful in collecting particles that were later proven to be successful recoveries were made from a beach sand, a desert, and the stratosphere. All of these efforts are described in an excellent review by Hodge (1981).
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an Internet standards-track protocol for establishing, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions, including IP telephony calls and multiparty conferences. SIP supports personal mobility, addressing users by identifiers that are independent of their current network address. SIP has been extended to notify users of events, such as the presence of people, changes in SIP-initiated sessions and emergency conditions. SIP is also used for instant messaging (IM), delivering text or multimedia messages to one or more destinations. Keywords: Session Initiation Protocol; SIP; signaling; Internet telephony; VoIP; multimedia conferencing; instant messaging; presence; event notification
Expressive Commerce and Its Application to Sourcing: How We Conducted $25 Billion of Generalized Combinatorial Auctions

Sourcing professionals buy several trillion dollars worth of goods and services yearly. We introduced a new paradigm called expressive commerce and applied it to sourcing. It combines the advantages of highly expressive human negotiation with the advantages of electronic reverse auctions. The idea is that supply and demand are expressed in drastically greater detail than in traditional electronic auctions, and are algorithmically cleared. This creates a Pareto efficiency improvement in the allocation (a win-win between the buyer and the sellers) but the market clearing problem is a highly complex combinatorial optimization problem. We developed the world's fastest tree search algorithms for solving it. We have hosted $25 billion of sourcing using the technology, and created $3.2 billion of hard-dollar savings plus numerous harder-to-quantify benefits. The suppliers also benefited by being able to express production efficiencies and creativity, and through exposure problem removal. Supply networks were redesigned, with quantitative understanding of the tradeoffs, and implemented in weeks instead of months. URL for the paper: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sandholm/Expressive%20commerce.aimag.pdf
Accurate Fourier analysis for circuit simulators

A new approach to Fourier analysis within the context of circuit simulation is presented that is considerably more accurate and flexible than the traditional SPICE approach. It is based on the direct computation of the Fourier integral rather than on the discrete Fourier transform and so it is not subject to aliasing. It can be used to accurately compute a small number of Fourier coefficients for broad-spectrum signals such as those generated by mixers, /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ and pulse-width modulators, DACs, and SC-filters. In addition, techniques that reduce errors and provide the ability to resolve harmonics 120 dB-140 d below the carrier are presented. >
Hybrid vitronectin-mimicking polycaprolactone scaffolds for human retinal progenitor cell differentiation and transplantation

Many advances have been made in an attempt to treat retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. The irreversible loss of photoreceptors is common to both, and currently no restorative clinical treatment exists. It has been shown that retinal progenitor and photoreceptor precursor cell transplantation can rescue the retinal structure and function. Importantly, retinal progenitor cells can be collected from the developing neural retina with further expansion and additional modification in vitro, and the delivery into the degenerative host can be performed as a single-cell suspension injection or as a complex graft transplantation. Previously, we have described several polymer scaffolds for culture and transplantation of retinal progenitor cells of both mouse and human origin. This tissue engineering strategy increases donor cell survival and integration. We have also shown that biodegradable poly(ɛ-caprolactone) induces mature photoreceptor differentiati...
Effects of monocular deprivation upon the binocularity of cells in area 18 of cat visual cortex

Abstract We have studied the binocularity of cells in area 18 of normal cats and of cats deprived of vision in one eye by lid suture (monocular deprivation, MD). In area 18 of normal cats, most cells with receptive fields close to the area centralis are monocular or weakly binocular; cells with more peripheral receptive fields are usually strongly binocular. In area 18 of MD cats, most cells are activated only by the normal eye. This is apparently due only to a reduction in the number of cells activated binocularly; throughout area 18 normal numbers of monocular cells could be activated by the deprived eye. It appears that the increased proportion of monocular cells activated by the normal eye in area 18 of MD cats is due solely to binocular competition.
Photon-echo interferometry.

Temporal interference between photon echoes of adjacent transitions in simple atoms is demonstrated, yielding suppression of the echo intensity by a factor of 104. The method provides a sensitive probe of perturbations that differentially affect the phase of the dipole moments for the adjacent transitions.
Solution of certain parabolic equations with unbounded coefficients and its application to nonlinear filtering

A probabilistic representation for the solution of a parabolic partial differential equation with uniformly elliptic diffusion coefficients but unbounded drift is obtained and some growth estimates are calculated. These are applied to prove uniqueness of solutions of a certain class of nonlinear filtering equations
Fluorescence Assay of Proline: Competitive Inhibition of Fluorescamine Reaction

Abstract The rate of reaction of fluorescamine with proline is faster than with primary amino acids. Proline competitively inhibits the fluorogenic reaction of primary amines with fluorescamine, the degree of inhibition being proportional to the amount of proline. Under the conditions described, 5×10−7 M proline produces a 10% diminution of fluorescence. An assay of proline or hydroxyproline based on fluorescence inhibition would be more sensitive than colorimetric assays based on ninhydrin or fluorescamine.
Does the ignorance hypothesis undermine the conceivability and knowledge arguments

According to Daniel Stoljar's ignorance hypothesis, we are ignorant of a type of nonexperiential, experience-relevant truth: a truth that is not about experience but is an essential part of a set of nonexperiential truths that together entail the experiential truths (67-74). l I am not convinced by his arguments for that intriguing claim, insightful though they are. But I will assume its truth and focus on his conditional thesis (ch. 4):
On the optimal use of loose monitoring in agencies

We study the governance implications of firms being privately informed of their potential productivity before contracting with an agent to supply unobservable effort. We show that it can be optimal for high potential firms to have “loose monitoring” in the sense that the monitoring system is less perfect than what is implied by a standard agency model a la Holmstrom (The Bell J Econ 10:74–91, 1979). Loose monitoring is used to achieve separation among different types of firms such that firms with low potential do not have incentives to imitate contracts offered by high potential firms. Our findings imply that although loose monitoring may be a symptom of firms squandering scarce resources provided by investors, it can also arise as an optimal contracting arrangement.
A self-contained microcomputer system for psychological testing

This paper describes a newly available microcomputer system for the on-line administration, scoring, and interpretation of psychological tests. User response to the system is reported. Results of a validity study of the system’s Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory interpretative program are presented.
Self-gravity wakes and radial structure of Saturn's B ring

Abstract We analyze stellar occultations by Saturn's rings observed with the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph and find large variations in the apparent normal optical depth of the B ring with viewing angle. The line-of-sight optical depth is roughly independent of the viewing angle out of the ring plane so that optical depth is independent of the path length of the line-of-sight. This suggests the ring is composed of virtually opaque clumps separated by nearly transparent gaps, with the relative abundance of clumps and gaps controlling the observed optical depth. The observations can be explained with a model of self-gravity wakes like those observed in the A ring. These trailing spiral density enhancements are due to the competing processes of self-gravitational accretion of ring particles and Kepler shear. The B ring wakes are flatter and more closely packed than their neighbors in the A ring, with height-to-width ratios ∼ 10 m ) scan of one part of the B ring during a grazing occultation shows a dominant wavelength of 160 m due to structures that have zero cant angle. These structures are seen at the same radial wavelength on both ingress and egress, but the individual peaks and troughs in optical depth do not match between ingress and egress. The structures are therefore not continuous ringlets and may be a manifestation of viscous overstability.
The Evaluation of Occipital Lobe Atrophy by Computerized Tomography before Consideration of Vertebral Artery Reconstructive Surgery

Occipital lobe atrophy can be identified on CT. In a review of 90 selected cases with brain ischemia symptoms, 45 cases were found to have hindbrain ischemia with symptoms of vertigo and/or ‘blurred vision.’ Ten cases (22%) had normal CT studies and 35 cases (78%) had abnormal CT studies. The CT brain scan of the cerebellum and occipital lobes has a place in determining whether a patient with clinical hindbrain ischemia is a candidate for angiography and vertebral artery bypass surgery.
The 25-gauge EUS-FNA needle: Good for on-site but poor for off-site evaluation? Results of a randomized trial.

Background When on-site cytopathology support is not available, EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is performed for cell-block preparation to allow off-site interpretation. Objective To identify the number of passes required to obtain a diagnostic cell block by using a 25-gauge needle for sampling pancreatic masses. Design Randomized trial. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patients Sixty-two patients with solid pancreatic mass lesions. Interventions EUS-FNA was performed by using a 25-gauge needle. After establishing a preliminary on-site diagnosis, patients were randomized to 2 or 4 FNA passes for a cell block. A cell block was evaluated by a pathologist blinded to on-site interpretation for the presence of a tissue pellet, histological core tissue size, and diagnostic accuracy. Main Outcome Measurements To determine the number of passes required to obtain a diagnostic cell block with a 25-gauge FNA needle. Results Sixty-two patients were randomized to undergo either 2 (n = 31) or 4 (n = 31) FNA passes for a cell block. Before randomization, an on-site diagnosis was established in all 62 patients (100%). The final diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in 45 (72.6%), neuroendocrine/other tumor in 7 (11.3%), and chronic pancreatitis in 10 (16.1%). There was no difference in the presence of a tissue pellet (93.5 vs 96.8%; P = .99), the median size of the histological core (0.006 vs 0.05 mm 2 ; P = .12), or the presence of a diagnostic cell block (80.6 vs 80.6%; P = .99) between patients randomized to 2 or 4 FNA passes, respectively. Limitations Only pancreatic masses were evaluated. Conclusions The 25-gauge FNA needle yielded a diagnostic cell block in only 81% of patients, irrespective of whether 2 or 4 FNA passes were performed. These findings have important implications for centers without on-site cytopathology services. (Clinical trial registration number NCT01809028.)
Therapeutic modification of the l-arginine-eNOS pathway in cardiovascular diseases

L-Arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide production. Endothelium dysfunction could be attributed to L-arginine deficiency or the presence of L-arginine endogenous inhibitors. This hypothesis leads to the assumption that provision of L-arginine could be the key for endothelial function improvement. Many studies have proven that L-arginine has a beneficial effect on endothelium dependent vasoreactivity, as well as on the interaction between vascular wall, platelets and leucocytes. Therefore, individuals with risk factors for atherosclerosis and patients with coronary artery disease or heart failure, could benefit from therapy with L-arginine.
The impact of stage and treatment modality on the likelihood of second malignancies and hematopoietic disorders in Hodgkin's disease.

Two hundred patients treated with curative intent for Hodgkin's disease between October 1964 and April 1984 at a single institution were studied retrospectively for development of second malignancies. The minimum follow-up was 2 years (median, 11 years). The staging distribution was IA-B, 61; IIA, 54; IIB, 20; IIIA, 46; and IIIB, 19. Sixty-one percent of the patients had laparotomy. Initial management was irradiation alone (RA) in 143 patients and a combination of chemotherapy and irradiation (CB) in 57 patients. Actuarial 10-year survival rates were 82%, IA-B; 78%, IIA; 66%, IIB; 66%, IIIA; and 24%, IIIB. Cause-specific deaths due to Hodgkin's disease or complications of initial or salvage therapy occurred in 3% of IA-B patients, 18% of IIA-B patients, and 35% of IIIA-B patients. One patient had a prior T3N1 squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone, and a second was diagnosed with concurrent Hodgkin's disease and granulocytic sarcoma. Subsequent solid tumors have occurred in six patients from 5 to 21 years after treatment, including papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, renal cell carcinoma, unilateral breast carcinoma, cervix carcinoma in situ, and lung carcinoma after RA, and bilateral breast carcinoma after CB. Seven fatal hematopoietic disorders (HPDs) were observed, including four acute leukemias, one dysmyeloproliferative syndrome (DMPS), one autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and one aplastic anemia. Two occurred in patients initially managed with RA who subsequently required chemotherapy for relapse. Five HPDs occurred in patients initially managed with CB who never relapsed. All HPDs were observed between 2 and 7.5 years after administration of chemotherapy. Statistical analysis of the data using a rerandomization test on Gehan ranks of treatment and clinical variables showed significant correlations between development of a secondary HPD and (1) initial management with CB; (2) higher doses of chemotherapy; and (3) more advanced disease, particularly IIIB. When only the five events generally associated with treatment (i.e. the four leukemias and one DMPS) were considered, there was a significant correlation with exposure to chemotherapy and presentation with advanced disease. The patient population was small so that interdependence between treatment factors and initial extent of disease in affecting the risk of a secondary HPD cannot be discounted but should be further investigated with larger patient populations.
CFD Model of Dynamic Thrombus Growth With and Without Shear Rate Dependant Deposition

Thrombosis can result in acute arterial occlusion thereby causing cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial infarction. However, diagnosing the risk of developing thrombosis is difficult due to the limited understanding of how platelets are transported, adhere, and accumulate in flowing blood. A clinician might be ably better at predicting a patient’s risk for thrombosis with an understanding of how a thrombus forms and why it occludes an artery. Thrombo-occlusion occurs in a complex interaction of biological reactions, fluid mechanics, and structural mechanics. Arterial thrombus usually forms on a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, which is commonly found in specific arteries. Computational models of thrombogenesis may be used to compare the relative effects of the wide variety of factors involved with thrombosis. Such models are much easier to control and change than experiments. Most previous studies have focused on initial platelet adhesion and a short period thereafter. This study is focused on a growing thrombus past initial platelet attachment to the point of full occlusion, which is the dominant problem with a thrombotic event.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Analogues of Riemann tensors for the odd metric on supermanifolds

Structure functions constitute the complete set of obstructions to integrability of a G-structure on a manifold. For a Riemannian manifold the structure function is the Riemann tensor. In this work, we compute structure functions for the odd analogue of the metric on supermanifolds and for several related structures. Structure functions take values in Spencer cohomology groups, which we describe by means of the representation theory of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras.
X-tra! X-tra! News from the Mouse X Chromosome

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the phenomenon through which one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals is silenced to achieve dosage compensation with males. XCI is a highly complex, tightly controlled and developmentally regulated process. The mouse undergoes two forms of XCI: imprinted, which occurs in all cells of the preimplantation embryo and in the extraembryonic lineage, and random, which occurs in somatic cells after implantation. This review presents results and hypotheses that have recently been proposed concerning important aspects of both imprinted and random XCI in mice. We focus on how imprinted XCI occurs during preimplantation development, including a brief discussion of the debate as to when silencing initiates. We also discuss regulation of random XCI, focusing on the requirement for Tsix antisense transcription through the Xist locus, on the regulation of Xist chromatin structure by Tsix and on the effect of Tsix regulatory elements on choice and counting. Finally, we review exciting new data revealing that X chromosomes co-localize during random XCI. To conclude, we highlight other aspects of X-linked gene regulation that make it a suitable model for epigenetics at work.
Synthesis of Cr(IV)-GSH, Its Identification and Its Free Hydroxyl Radical Generation: A Model Compound for Cr(VI) Carcinogenicity☆

Current models of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis suggest an important role for Cr(IV) as an intermediate, toxic, carcinogenic species, but direct chemical evidence has been lacking. This is because Cr(IV) is a highly reactive oxidation state of Cr and few Cr(IV)-based compounds are known that can be used as a model compound containing a biological ligand. This study reports the isolation of such a stable Cr(IV) complex. The Cr(IV)-GSH complex has been synthesized through the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH. Its electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibits g = 1.9629 and a peak-to-peak line width of 480 G in aqueous medium as well as in the powder form. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compound has a magnetic moment of 2.53 Bohr magneton per Cr, establishing that the Cr ion has two unpaired electrons, hence its identity as Cr(IV). The Cr(IV)-GSH complex is able to generate hydroxyl (.OH) radical in the presence of molecular oxygen in aqueous medium. Catalase inhibited the .OH radical generation while H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the .OH radical was generated via a Fenton-like reaction, H2O2 being generated as an intermediate in the reduction of molecular oxygen. Metal ion chelators, deferoxamine and 1,10-phenanthroline, attenuated the generation of Cr(IV)-mediated .OH radical. In the case of deferoxamine, a deferoxamine-derived free radical was generated as shown by EPR measurements. The results imply that Cr(IV) may play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis and Cr(IV)-GSH can be used as a model compound to study the role of Cr(IV) in this mechanism.
Geotechnical Field Measurements for Evaluation of the WIPP Site

Since 1974 the northern Delaware Basin of New Mexico has been the focus of intensive geotechnical investigations in the Department of Energy (DOE) program to site and develop a geologic facility to demonstrate the safe disposal of defense transuranic (TRU) waste. This facility, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), is now proposed for a location 25 miles east of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The waste will be placed in rooms excavated in the salt beds of the Salado formation 2150 feet below the land surface. To ascertain whether the geology and hydrology of the site and region are acceptable has required extensive drilling and surface based geologic mapping and geophysical exploration. Geophysical surveys, epecially seismic and gravity, have proven useful in mapping subsurface structures in the site area. Long-term safety considerations prevent drilling deep holes (i.e., through the salt) in the immediate repository area, but holes up to 4000 feet deep have been drilled to confirm the geophysical interpretations, to obtain samples for analysis and to allow determination of hydrologic parameters in the potential aquifers above the salt beds. Seventy-four exploratory holes have been drilled for a total of more than 103,000 feet, of which 32,000 feet were cored. More than 30 of these holes have been used to obtain hydrologic data. This paper will focus on two particular aspects of the WIPP site investigations in order to illustrate the methods and techniques by which data were obtained for analysis and evaluation.
Apply with Caution

Perhaps we are no worse than any other, but I think our field must soon be known for the incredible leaps in logic we make in applying our research findings to classroom teaching. When contrasts drawn between first and second languages showed differences and those differences seemed to match errors our students made in the classroom, we leapt to say that Contrastive Analysis alone should form the basis of the language teaching curriculum. When a so-called invariant order of acquisition of morphemes was found, we made two leaps in logic––one to say that this was the best evidence of a creative language acquisition process and a second to say that this research shows that learners should just be exposed to, rather than taught, the language. When we found traits shared by good language learners, we suggested that the curriculum should be altered to make sure everyone does what good learners do. We have looked at conversational analysis and declared that teaching materials should reflect true conversational data. No matter what the finding, we have taught ourselves to ask ‘What -does this mean for the classroom teacher?’ and made suggestions without careful thought. There is hardly a publisher or a political group that won't find (or hasn't already found) something in all these leaps of logic to call giant strides. It shouldn't be hard to find the basis to sell almost any program to almost everyone on the strength of someone's research findings.
Epilogue: Change leadership and leadership development

Change leadership and leadership development are critically important to the continuing success of public community colleges everywhere. Transactional and transformational leadership, the more traditional models, are no longer adequate to meet the pressing financial and operational challenges in two-year institutions. Current and aspiring leaders must understand the culture of change that permeates community college campuses and embrace the opportunities inherent in that culture.
A simple method for making chlorine targets

Abstract A simple method of preparing chlorine targets by exposing clean copper backings to chlorine gas is described. Some of the characteristics of the target thus prepared are given.
Temporary Anion States of Three Herbicide Families

Electron scattering studies are used to locate the energies of temporary negative ion states of three chloro-substituted molecular families of herbicidal importance: salicylic and phenoxyacetic acids and acetamides. The correlation between these energies and the computed virtual orbital energies of the compounds is examined and used to put the latter on an absolute energy scale. Such scaling of orbital energies permits the anion states of other members of these families, for which experimental data may not be available, to be estimated from the calculated orbital energies. Studies of electron reduction rates often rely on calculated LUMO energies as molecular descriptors. The use of measured anion energies as well as appropriately scaled orbital energies should serve to improve such studies in these and in related herbicides.
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of [11C]SN003 as a PET ligand for CRF1 receptors

Synthesis and evaluation of [O-methyl-11C](4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)[1-(1-methoxymethylpropyl)-6-methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl]amine or [11C]SN003 ([11C]6), as a PET imaging agent for CRF1 receptors, in baboons is described. 4-[1-(1-Methoxymethylpropyl)-6-methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-ylamino]-3-methylphenol (5), the precursor molecule for the radiolabeling, was synthesized from 2,4-dichloro-6-methyl-3-nitropyridine in seven steps with 20% overall yield. The total time required for the synthesis of [11C]SN003 is 30 min from EOB using [11C]methyl triflate in the presence of NaOH in acetone. The yield of the synthesis is 22% (EOS) with >99% chemical and radiochemical purities and a specific activity of >2000 Ci/mmol. PET studies in baboon show that [11C]6 penetrates the BBB and accumulates in brain. No detectable specific binding was observed, likely due to the rapid metabolism or low density of CRF1 receptors in primate brain.
Sampling-Based Threat Assessment Algorithms for Intersection Collisions Involving Errant Drivers

Abstract This paper considers the decision-making problem for a vehicle crossing a road intersection in the presence of other, potentially errant, drivers. This problem is considered in a game-theoretic framework, where the errant drivers are assumed to be capable of causing intentional collisions. Our approach is to simulate the possible behaviors of errant drivers using RRT-Reach, a modified application of rapidly-exploring random trees. A novelty in RRT-Reach is the use of a dual exploration-pursuit mode, which allows for efficient approximation of the errant reachability set for some fixed time horizon. Through simulation and experimental results with a small autonomous vehicle, we demonstrate that this threat assessment algorithm can be used in real-time to minimize the risk of collision.
Effect of anti-alkaline phosphatase monoclonal antibody on B lymphocyte function.

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase (APase) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored protein appearing on the membranes of mitogen-stimulated B cells after progression into S phase of the cell cycle. Maximal APase expression occurs after peak proliferation and precedes maximal immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion. While APase is clearly an activation marker for mitogen-stimulated B cells, the physiologic role of APase in B cells has not been defined. Other GPI-anchored proteins have been assigned roles in transmembrane signaling since treatment with specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can modulate and/or mimic the effect of mitogens or antigens. Thus, as an initial attempt to determine whether membrane APase (mAPase) plays a role in B cell activation, rat splenic B cells were treated with anti-APase specific mAb in the presence and absence of LPS plus dextran sulfate, known B cell mitogens. Anti-APase mAb alone did not induce proliferation or modulate mitogen-induced proliferation as measured by [ 3 H]thymidine uptake and viable cell recoveries. However, the mAb augmented IgM secretion when used in a soluble form or cross-linked with anti-Ig. Both soluble and immobilized anti-APase mAb decreased the expression of APase activity by mitogen-stimulated B cells. Based upon these results we propose: (1) that transmembrane signaling may occur through mAPase as described for other GPI-anchored proteins such as Thy-1, CD55, CD59, CD24, CD73, FcγIII, Qa-2, Ly-6A/E and LFA-3, and (2) this signaling may be regulated by changes in protein phosphorylation caused by modulation of cellular phosphatases, specifically APase.
Properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ multilayer films from the fluoride-based sol-gel process

The inability to rapidly grow thick or multilayer epitaxial films for either electronic or electrical power applications limits the utility of fluoride-based processes for YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO). This problem is due to the use of water vapor in the growth process, necessary for the dissociation of metallofluorides. Flowing wet gas at low temperatures is corrosive to cuprates and responsible for destroying underlying YBCO layers in attempts to grow secondary layers. This is avoided simply by increasing the temperature where vapor is introduced into the growth ambient. Resulting two-layer films of YBCO have properties similar to those of high critical current density single-layer films.
Arthur and Gorlagon

SOME five years ago' I endeavored to prove the Oriental origin of the central plot at the base of the Cymro-Latin prose romance of Arthur and Gorlagon. This plot, as is well known,2 is a combination of two themes, The Werewolf, as found, for example, in the lai of Bisclavret3 and The Hand and the Child, so called by Professor G. L. Kittredge.4 The Werewolf may be briefly summed up as follows: A witch transforms her husband into a wolf, because he has surprised her with her paramour, or, more simply, because she wants to rid herself of her husband to give all her attention to his rival. The werewolf wins the favor of a king and with his help recovers his human shape. In the end he transforms his wife in her turn. The hIand and the Child is even less complicated: The hand of a demon (witch) comes down the chimney of a homestead to snatch from their cradle the children of a certain man (usually a prince) shortly after their birth. To demonstrate the Oriental provenance of the combination of the two themes, I was able to cite a Sudanese folk-tale5 made up of the same elements, joined to an additional one, likewise of Near Eastern origin. Although there can be little thought of the Celtic tale having influenced this African variant, it may yet be said, perhaps, that an isolated story such as the Sudanese, culled moreover from a territory that has been for some time under British rule, is not as decisive in the matter as would be desirable.6 I am all the more happy to have found two more variants, made up of the same combination and hailing from Russia, the one a Mordvinian, the other an Ossetic tale. I begin by outlining the former.7
Bevacizumab in the treatment of high-grade gliomas: an overview

Angiogenesis is a process that is integral to the pathogenesis of high-grade gliomas. Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor has emerged as an important therapeutic agent. Data from clinical trials in both recurrent and newly-diagnosed gliomas have shown improved radiological responses and quality of life with acceptable morbidity. However, an improvement in overall survival has not yet been seen and there are concerns on possible change in the pattern of relapse following therapy. Several unanswered questions remain including the dose, timing and sequencing that warrant further research.
Flawed by design: Why Penn State's recent governance reforms won’t work and what should be done instead

Abstract By 2017, higher education is expected to be a $2 trillion industry worldwide. Within this huge economic engine, the boards of trustees that provide governance to universities and colleges face a complex challenge in that they must serve a variety of stakeholders. Without effective governance, an academic institution's performance is likely to suffer. Penn State University is plagued by an ineffective board of trustees. As a complement to past work that has documented this board's unwise and costly decisions, we examine how five design issues—board size, board composition, fiduciary responsibility, term limits, and transparency—helped create a culture in which poor choices were more likely to occur. We discuss why the board's recent self-imposed reforms are inadequate. We then offer more substantive reforms that could fix the Penn State board's flaws. In particular, we recommend that academic boards should be (1) small enough to allow full participation of all members, (2) composed such that no one stakeholder group can dominate decision making, (3) designed to eliminate actual and perceived conflicts of interest, (4) governed by term limits, and (5) appropriately transparent in their strategic decision making and communications. We leverage these principles to propose a reduction of the Penn State board from 30 voting members to 19. More broadly, other academic boards might benefit from undergoing a self-analysis based on the Penn State case.
Use of CCD detectors for spectroscopy and scattering experiments

Abstract The application of CCD detectors in X-ray synchrotron radiation experiments is described. Performance characteristics such as high dynamic range, versatile readout and data storage modes, and time-resolved capabilities promise interesting possibilities for future experiments on high-brilliance sources. The operation of CCDs as high-resolution position-sensitive detectors, used in conjunction with dispersive optics, is illustrated by recent results on near-edge reflectivity from multilayers and magnetic absorption experiments with circularly polarized X-rays.