cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of adaptive modulation on the Sunrise software radio

In this paper, we investigate the implementation issues associated with adaptive modulation using pilot symbol assisted modulation based channel estimators for Rayleigh fading environments. The scheme will be implemented on the BAE System's Sunrise receiver (which has TI's C67 DSP). Sunrise has a download capability enhanced by the WJ-8629A developer's kit, which provides the end user the capability to create algorithms capable of addressing evolving requirements related to receiver filtering, demodulation, decoding and analysis. Modulation is adapted on the basis of the channel SNR estimated from the received signal. Three sets of switching levels for modulation schemes were assumed and correspond to SNR at which QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM achieve /spl sim/0.1%, 1% and 10% BER in a Gaussian channel. We also investigate the impact of channel estimators, channel quality estimation and the effect of frame delays on adaptive modulation.
Deficiency of slow skeletal muscle troponin T causes atrophy of type I slow fibres and decreases tolerance to fatigue

The total loss of slow skeletal muscle troponin T (ssTnT encoded by TNNT1 gene) due to a nonsense mutation in codon Glu(180) causes a lethal form of recessively inherited nemaline myopathy (Amish nemaline myopathy, ANM). To investigate the pathogenesis and muscle pathophysiology of ANM, we studied the phenotypes of partial and total loss of ssTnT in Tnnt1 gene targeted mice. An insertion of neomycin resistance cassette in intron 10 of Tnnt1 gene caused an approximately 60% decrease in ssTnT protein expression whereas cre-loxP-mediated deletion of exons 11-13 resulted in total loss of ssTnT, as seen in ANM muscles. In diaphragm and soleus muscles of the knockdown and knockout mouse models, we demonstrated that ssTnT deficiency resulted in significantly decreased levels of other slow fibre-specific myofilament proteins whereas fast fibre-specific myofilament proteins were increased correspondingly. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that ssTnT deficiency produced significantly smaller type I slow fibres and compensatory growth of type II fast fibres. Along with the slow fibre atrophy and the changes in myofilament protein isoform contents, ssTnT deficiency significantly reduced the tolerance to fatigue in soleus muscle. ssTnT-deficient soleus muscle also contains significant numbers of small-sized central nuclei type I fibres, indicating active regeneration. The data provide strong support for the essential role of ssTnT in skeletal muscle function and the causal effect of its loss in the pathology of ANM. This observation further supports the hypothesis that the function of slow fibres can be restored in ANM patients if a therapeutic supplement of ssTnT is achieved.
Surface Recombination Limited Lifetimes of Photoexcited Carriers in Few-Layer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide MoS2

We present results on photoexcited carrier lifetimes in few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2 using nondegenerate ultrafast optical pump–probe technique. Our results show a sharp increase of the carrier lifetimes with the number of layers in the sample. Carrier lifetimes increase from few tens of picoseconds in monolayer samples to more than a nanosecond in 10-layer samples. The inverse carrier lifetime was found to scale according to the probability of the carriers being present at the surface layers, as given by the carrier wave function in few layer samples, which can be treated as quantum wells. The carrier lifetimes were found to be largely independent of the temperature, and the inverse carrier lifetimes scaled linearly with the photoexcited carrier density. These observations are consistent with defect-assisted carrier recombination, in which the capture of electrons and holes by defects occurs via Auger scatterings. Our results suggest that carrier lifetimes in few-layer samples are surfa...
Abortion, Property, and Liberty

In “Abortion and Ownership” John Martin Fischer argues that in Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist case you have a moral obligation not to unplug yourself from the violinist. Fischer comes to this conclusion by comparing the case with Joel Feinberg’s cabin case, in which he contends a stranger is justified in using your cabin to stay alive. I argue that the relevant difference between these cases is that while the stranger’s right to life trumps your right to property in the cabin case, the violinist’s right to life does not trump your right to liberty in the violinist case.
Dry molasses product using waste paper as a base for a possible feed for cattle.

Abstract Ground waste paper absorbed approximately three times its weight of blackstrap molasses. Upon drying, a stable and friable product resulted. It appeared to be palatable when included in the diet of lactating cows. Yearling heifers gained 0.8 kg daily on a ration which included 1.1 kg of paper and 1.7 kg molasses.
Detection in Living Cells of Ca2+-dependent Changes in the Fluorescence Emission of an Indicator Composed of Two Green Fluorescent Protein Variants Linked by a Calmodulin-binding Sequence A NEW CLASS OF FLUORESCENT INDICATORS

We have designed a novel fluorescent indicator composed of two green fluorescent protein variants joined by the calmodulin-binding domain from smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. When (Ca2+)4-calmodulin is bound to the indicator (Kd = 0.4 nM), fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the two fluorophores is attenuated; the ratio of the fluorescence intensity measured at 505 nm to the intensity measured at 440 nm decreases 6-fold. Images of microinjected living cells demonstrate that emission ratios can be used to monitor spatio-temporal changes in the fluorescence of the indicator. Changes in indicator fluorescence in these cells are coupled with no discernible lag (<1 s) to changes in the cytosolic free Ca2+ ion concentration, ranging from below 50 nM to approximately 1 microM. This observation suggests that the activity of a calmodulin target with a typical 1 nM affinity for (Ca2+)4-calmodulin is responsive to changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration over the physiological range. It is likely that the indicator we describe can be modified to detect the levels of ligands and proteins in the cell other than calmodulin.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Limonene Ozonolysis: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Influences as a Function of NOx

Limonene has a high emission rate both from biogenic sources and from household solvents. Here we examine the limonene + ozone reaction as a source for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Our data show that limonene has very high potential to form SOA and that NOx levels, O3 levels, and UV radiation all influence SOA formation. High SOA formation is observed under conditions where both double bonds in limonene are oxidized, but those conditions depend strongly on NOx. At low NOx, heterogeneous oxidation of the terminal double bond follows the initial limonene ozonolysis (at the endocyclic double bond) almost immediately, making the initial reaction rate limiting. This requires a high uptake coefficient between ozone and the first-generation, unsaturated organic particles. However, at high NOx, this heterogeneous processing is inhibited and gas-phase oxidation of the terminal double bond dominates. Although this chemistry is slower, it also yields products with low volatility. UV light suppresses production o...
Surveillance mammography for Medicaid/Medicare breast cancer patients.

Background Surveillance mammography for breast cancer survivors can detect recurrences early when treatment is most effective. We assessed the receipt of surveillance mammography for elderly breast cancer survivors considering their Medicaid and Medicare dual eligibility and minority status that may make them vulnerable to poor surveillance care.
Beyond the Business Case: An Ethical Perspective of Diversity Training

Extant literature on diversity training programs continues to yield little evidence of their overall effectiveness. Whereas the most common approach to diversity training entails justifying the value of diversity on the basis of its contribution to the organization's bottom line, we argue that approaching diversity training from an ethical perspective may bolster the effectiveness of traditional approaches. Specifically, to the degree that traditional bottom-line justifications are enhanced with social justice arguments, training effectiveness will increase. In the following article, we discuss traditional approaches to diversity training, provide a general overview of ethics, discuss how theory and research from behavioral ethics literature might help to address some of the challenges faced in diversity training, and draw from ethics literature to make specific, novel suggestions about the implementation and presentation of diversity training.
Detection of Lithium in a Main-Sequence Bulge Star Using Keck I as a 15 Meter Diameter Telescope

The bulge contains the most chemically evolved old stellar population in the Milky Way. Thanks to microlensing, it is now possible to obtain high-resolution echelle spectra of bulge stars near the main-sequence turnoff and study the abundance of elements that are affected by stellar evolution, such as lithium. We have observed with the HIRES spectrograph on the Keck I 10 m telescope the source star of the MACHO microlensing event 97 BLG 45, while it was magnified by ~1 mag. Here we report the detection of the Li I line at 6707.8 A in the echelle spectrum of this star and measure the bulge lithium abundance for the first time: A(Li)=2.25±0.25.
Wintering Grassland Bird Habitat Selection Following Summer Prescribed Fire in a Texas Gulf Coast Tallgrass Prairie

We examined changes in winter habitat use by four grassland passerine birds in response to summer prescribed burning within a Texas gulf coast tallgrass prairie during 2001 and 2002. We used a traditional Before-After/Control-Impact (BACI) design consisting of one treatment plot (burned during summer 2001) and one control plot (no burning during the study period, but burned in previous years) at two study areas. Examination of use versus availability suggested that savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) preferred recently burned patches. In contrast, sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) and Le Conte’s sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii) avoided recently burned patches and preferred later successional stages. Our results suggest that grassland birds partitioned the prairie mosaic along a gradient of successional ecotypes, and that post-fire succession is an important ecological process influencing wildlife habitat use. Our results also highlighted the potential to sustain grassland bird habitats by managing Texas gulf coast tallgrass prairie with 3 yr to 4 yr rotational summer burns, similar to the historic fire return interval for this habitat type. We suggest that reinstating fire on its natural return interval will produce coarse-grained (e.g., 100 ha to 300 ha) habitat mosaics within the landscape and will sustain winter habitat diversity required for the guild of wintering grassland birds.
Genetic Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Implications for Future Prevention and Treatment

The genetic susceptibility to the development of and variable outcomes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) has become a topic of great interest in the pulmonary and critical care community. Published studies of variable genetic susceptibility to ALI/ARDS already have identified some important candidate genes and potential gene-environment interactions. This article reviews these recent studies, features of the current approach, and implications for future prevention and treatment in ALI. The challenges and potential contributions of genetic epidemiology to the future prevention and treatment in ALI are discussed.
Two-Dimensional Manipulation and Orientation of Actin−Myosin Systems with Dielectrophoresis

Molecular motors, as autonomous transporting and sensing systems, may play an important role in nanoscale technologies such as analytical and electromechanical systems. It is important to establish control of the patterning of deposition and to control the molecular motor-induced transport. Application of electrical signals to control motor motility is necessary for their integration with silicon electronics. We have applied dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces with quadrupole electrodes to pattern actin on a substrate. In addition, DEP torque(s) directed the motion of actin on myosin substrates along electric field lines. These are our first steps toward building an on-chip, integrated, biomotor analytical system.
HIV infection in U.S. correctional systems: its effect on the community.

Increased rates of HIV infection and risk-taking behaviors among incarcerated men and women make the fight against HIV within the prison and jail systems an especially critical issue in community health. Overcrowded conditions impact on the rotation of inmates in and out of the correctional system. This revolving door phenomenon has implications for disease prevention and control within the community into which the inmates are released. As more people pass in and out of jails and prisons, more problems and diseases associated with incarceration pass into the community. The special needs of the prison population must be taken into consideration not only by nurses but also by all health care workers and correctional officialswhen planning and implementing control and prevention strategies.
Quest for Zeolite-like Metal−Organic Frameworks: On Pyrimidinecarboxylate Bis-Chelating Bridging Ligands

Two novel porous zeolitelike metal−organic frameworks (ZMOFs) were constructed via the single metal ion-based molecular building block approach from rigid and directional tetrahedral building units and pyrimidinecarboxylate bridging ligands; their ion exchange and hydrogen sorption properties were evaluated.
Cessation from cigarette smoking: changes in body weight, body composition, resting metabolism, and energy consumption.

Abstract This study examined the effect of cessation from smoking on body weight, body fat, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and caloric consumption. Twenty-six women aged 25 to 45 years (mean, 37.2 ± 4.7) who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day for the past 5 years served as volunteers. Twelve subjects abstained from smoking for a period of 60 days (EXSMOKERS). Six stopped smoking for 30 days, then resumed the habit for an additional 30 days (RESMOKERS). Eight subjects continued to smoke for the entire 60 days (SMOKERS). Additionally, 10 women who had never smoked served as nonsmoking controls (NONSMOKERS). Body weight was recorded weekly and body fat was calculated from body density as determined by hydrostatic weighing. RMR was assessed by open-circuit spirometry. Caloric intake was obtained from 3-day food records using a computerized nutrient data base. Group means for body weight, body fat, RMR, and caloric intake were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA with a Scheffe post hoc at day 0 (baseline), day 30, and day 60 of cessation from smoking. NONSMOKERS weighed significantly ( P
The Geometry of Terrorism

Terrorism in its purest form is self-help by organized civilians who covertly inflict mass violence on other civilians. Pure sociology explains terrorism with its social geometry—its multidimensional location and direction in social space. Here I build on the work of Senechal de la Roche (1996) and propose the following geometrical model: Pure terrorism arises intercollectively and upwardly across long distances in multidimensional space. Yet because social distance historically corresponded to physical distance, terrorism often lacked the physical geometry necessary for its occurrence: physical closeness to civilians socially distant enough to attract terrorism. New technology has made physical distance increasingly irrelevant, however, and terrorism has proliferated. But technology also shrinks the social universe and sows the seeds of terrorism's destruction.
COMPARISON OF HAPLOTYPES OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE RAT I. THE Ag‐B7 (H‐18) AND Ag‐B8 (H‐1k) HAPLOTYPES

SUMMARY Two haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8, have been compared with known H-1 haplotypes using the F1 skin-graft test and the dextran haemagglutination test. Both of these Ag-B haplotypes were different from the known H-1 haplotypes and determined different private specificities. The Ag-B7 haplotype was denoted as H-1g and the Ag-B8 haplotype as H-1k. The complex structure of the serologically detected antigenic products of these haplotypes was determined by means of H-1 congenic lines.
Ocular manifestations of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection.

Purpose of reviewHuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean islands, and parts of Central Africa and South America. Known ophthalmic manifestations of HTLV-1 include malignant infiltrates in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, retinal degen
On the stability of the conduction regime of natural convection in a vertical slot

The stability of the conduction regime of natural convection in a vertical slot has been studied analytically. For Pr 12.7 the instability sets in as a travelling wave. As the Prandtl number is increased the onset of instability approaches the correct limiting solution which is constant as a function of GrPr12.
A study of structure of the mitochondrial membrane system.

The mitochondrial membrane system shows a five-layered pattern in electron micrographs of tissue sections prepared by freeze-substitution. This pattern is produced by the “fusion” of two apposing membranes, and is similar to the five-layered tight-junction ( zonula occludens ) between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. If the animal is killed and the freezing of the tissue is delayed, the mitochondrial membrane system presents an appearance which is commonly seen after routine fixation in OsO 4 . Subsequent postmortem alterations lead to a swelling of the mitochondria which is indistinguishable from their swelling in vitro . Evidence is available which suggests that the membranes of the cristae behave differently from those at the surface of the mitochondrion during swelling. The preservation of the mitochondrial membrane system in formaldehyde-fixed tissue (no postfixation in OsO 4 ) is comparable with that in freeze-substituted material. However, postfixation in OsO 4 results in an appearance which is identical to that commonly shown in the mitochondria in tissues fixed directly in OsO 4 . There is evidence which suggests the existence of a regularly repeating internal structure in the unit membranes of the mitochondria. The appearance of this substructure is similar to the globular micelles recently described by Sjostrand. The evidence, however, needs substantiation.
Opportunity Deferred: A 1952 Case Study of a Woman in Network Television News

In the early years of television news, women found few reporting opportunities. Whether it was criticism of the female voice or the belief that women should cover “women's news,” jobs were scarce. One woman discovered another way and found herself working for NBC. Accompanying her husband and his brother, Natalie Jones interviewed newsmakers, shot film, and recorded sound for stories that aired on Camel News Caravan, Battle Report—Europe, and other programs. Because of a policy prohibiting nepotism, there is no official employment record for her. This article chronicles the short career of a female journalist on network television.
Planetary Accretions in Jet Streams

The problem of planetary accretion in a jet stream is studied using the model developed by Alfven and Arrhenius. We find that there are basically three types of planetary accretion, corresponding to cases where the characteristic time of the occurrence of catastrophic accretion is less than, equal to, or greater than the time-scale of mass injection to the planetary system (300 m.y.). These different time scales of accretion are found to be closely related to the primordial thermal profiles and equatorial inclinations of the planets. Finally, Venus' retrograde rotational spin is shown to be a possible result of accretion process in a jet stream.
Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learning, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances

Organizational theorists have correctly argued that the emergence and maintenance of robust cooperation between global strategic alliance partners is related to the diversity in the partners' characteristics. Yet previous research has failed to systematically delineate the important dimensions of interfirm diversity and integrate the dimensions into a unified framework of analysis. This paper develops a multilevel typology of interfirm diversity and focuses on organizational learning and adaptation as critical processes that dynamically moderate diversity's impact on alliance longevity and effectiveness.
Elastic Guided Waves in a Layered Plate With a Rectangular Cross Section

Ultrasonic guided waves in a layered elastic plate of rectangular cross section (finite width and thickness) are studied in this paper. A semi-analytical finite element method in which the deformation of the cross sectionis modeled by two-dimensional finite elements and analytical representation of propagating waves along the long dimension of the plate is used. The method is applicable to an arbitrary number of layers of anisotropic properties and is similar to that used earlier to study guided waves in layered anisotropic plates of infinite width. Numerical results are presented for acoustic phonon modes of quasi-one-dimensional (QID) wires. For homogeneous wires, these agree well with recently reported results for dispersion of these modes.
An Examination of the Speed of Manipulation of Various Sizes and Shapes of Handles

This research examined the effects of handle size and shape on two types of manual manipulation of handles. The first task evaluated was one in which the subject rotated a handle 180° in his/her hand one way, then reversed the rotation for 180° in the opposite direction. On this task smaller handles could be manipulated faster. Also triangular handles were significantly slower to manipulate than all other shapes tested except the square ones. The second task evaluated the speed of flipping a handle in the hand. For this task shape had no significant effect on the time but size did. Once again, the smaller handles could be manipulated quicker than the larger ones.
Microbial Products and Cytokines in Sleep and Fever Regulation

Excessive sleepiness and fever are constitutional symptoms associated with systemic infection. Although fevers have been investigated for many years, sleep responses to infectious challenge have only recently been investigated. Inoculation of animals with bacterial, viral, protozoan and fungal organisms result in complex sleep responses dependent upon the microbial agent and route of administration. The general pattern is characterized by an initial robust increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) followed by a period of NREMS inhibition. REMS is inhibited after infectious challenge. The sleep responses are accompanied by fever but the two responses are, in part, independent from each other. Sleep responses, like fevers, may be beneficial to host defense although this area is relatively uninvestigated. Microbial products likely responsible for sleep and fever responses include bacterial muramyl peptides and endotoxin, and viral double stranded RNA. These microbial products induce sleep and fever responses in animal models. The exact mechanism of how these structurally diverse microbial products elicit sleep and fever remain unknown; however these substances share the ability to induce cytokine production. Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) are somnogenic whether given directly into brain or intravenously. Other cytokines lack somnogenic activity, e.g., IL-2, IL-6, IFN beta and basic FGF. The somnogenic actions of cytokines probably involve growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and nitric oxide. Anti-GHRH or inhibition of NO production inhibits normal sleep and inhibits IL-1-induced sleep. In conclusion, cytokines are likely key mediators of fever and sleep responses to infection. The microbial-cytokine altered sleep likely results from an amplification of physiological sleep mechanisms which include cytokines, several neuropeptides and neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide.
Increasing CS and US longevity increases the learnable trace interval

It has been hypothesized that increasing CS longevity affects performance on trace conditioning. Using a hippocampal model, we find that increasing CS and US longevity increases the learnable trace interval. Our simulations show that, over a modest range, the maximal learnable trace interval is approximately a linear function of CS/US longevity.
Identification of genes involved in the sequestration of iron in mycobacteria: the ferric exochelin biosynthetic and uptake pathways

Mycobacteria produce two siderophores, mycobactin and exochelin. Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants defective in the production of exochelin were isolated using agar medium containing chrome azural S for the sensitive detection of siderophores. Cosmids of genomic libraries from M. smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG were screened for complementation of the mutation. Subcloning of the complementing M. smegmatis cosmid identified a 4.3 kb fragment required for restoring exochelin biosynthesis. Sequencing of the DNA revealed four open reading frames whose genes were named fxuA, fxuB, fxuC, and fxbA. FxuA, FxuB, and FxuC share amino acid sequence homology with the iron permeases FepG, FepC, and FepD from Escherichia coli, respectively. Deletion analysis identified fxbA as the gene required to restore exochelin biosynthesis in our mutant. Although fxbA does not share amino acid sequence homology with any of the published sequences for siderophore biosynthetic genes, it does show limited homology with the phosphoribosylglycineamide formyltransferases (GAR enzymes) and methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase over a limited region of the sequence, suggesting that fxbA may code for an enzyme which adds a formyl group in the synthesis of exochelin. A fusion of fxbA with the E. coli lacZ gene demonstrated regulation of gene expression by iron. The ability of M. smegmatis mutants to produce mycobactin in the absence of exochelin supports the hypothesis that exochelin is not a precursor of mycobactin and suggests that the siderophores have independent biosynthetic pathways. In addition, complementation of the M. smegmatis mutant with the BCG cosmid restored the synthesis of the M. smegmatis exochelin, demonstrating the use of M. smegmatis as a surrogate host for analysis of exochelins from slow-growing mycobacteria.
Engaging veterans with substance abuse disorders into a research trial: success with study branding, networking, and presence

Recruiting and retaining clients in health interventions can be challenging especially when targeting multiple behavior change in high-risk populations. To inform the methods of trials working with similarly complex clinical populations, we describe multi-pronged efforts to recruit and retain a representative sample. In a two-group RCT, veterans were recruited from a Veteran Affairs Medical Center. The goal was to enroll 200 participants over a 25-month period, and to exceed 70 % follow-up for all treatment arms. To meet these goals, a four-pronged strategy was developed: branding, outreach/networking, onsite presence, and incentives. In month 1, 32 % of the proposed sample size was met (n = 64), and by month 2, 45 % (n = 90); the recruitment goal (n = 200) was achieved 13 months ahead of schedule. Retention exceeds 90 % at all time points out to 18 months. The multipronged recruitment and retention plan was efficient, cost effective, and may generalize to other health promotion initiatives.
A cubic spline method for solving the wave equation of nonlinear optics

Abstract A numerical solution method is outlined for solving Maxwell's wave equation in parabolic approximation, which is of importance in nonlinear optics. The method is based on cubic splines which guarantee continuity of first and second derivatives. In practice the method has proven to be both accurate and flexible.
Influence of bolt spacing and degree of anisotropy in single-lap joints

Abstract This study concerns the effect of bolt spacing and degree of anisotropy on the bolt load distribution and nature of the failure mechanism. Bolt loads and failure prediction are determined using a solution method that treats the contact stresses and contact region as unknowns. Utilizing the boundary collocation technique, this method provides the non-linear solution while capturing the effects of finite geometry under general loading conditions. The nature of the failure mechanism is established by using the maximum strain criterion. Comparison of the predictions with experimental results reveals their close agreement.
A central limit theorem for the L2 error of positive wavelet density estimator

The asymptotic distribution of the integrated squared error of positive wavelet density estimator is derived. It is shown that three different cases arise depending on the smoothness of the unknown density. In each case the asymptotic distribution is shown to be normal. A Martingale central limit theorem is used to prove the results.
Three-dimensional upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes code for supersonic combustion flowfields

A new upwind, parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code has been developed to compute the three-dimensional chemically reacting flow in scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engines. The code is a modification of the three-dimensional upwind PNS (UPS) airflow code which has been extended in the present study to permit internal flow calculations with hydrogen-air chemistry. With these additions, the new code has the capability of computing both aerodynamic and propulsive flowfields. The algorithm solves the PNS equations using a finite-volume, upwind TVD method based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver that has been modified to account for nonequilibrium effects. The fluid medium is assumed to be a chemically reacting mixture of thermally perfect (but calorically imperfect) gases in thermal equilibrium. The new code has been applied to two test cases. These include the Burrows-Kurkov supersonic combustion experiment and a three-dimensional shockinduced combustion flowfleld. The computed results compare favorably with the available experimental data.
Folklore in the Debates of the Westernizers and Slavophiles

Russian folklore played an important role in the debates of the Slavophiles and Westernizers about national identity. Some Slavophiles adduced folksongs as evidence of the essential Christianity of the Russian people, while Westernizers, in good part, viewed folklore as a primitive stage in the development of a national literature that reflected the oppression and dejection of the masses. English-language studies of the Slavophile-Westernizer controversy contain at best passing mention of folklore. My essay hopes to partially remedy this situation by offering an overview of the role of folklore in the skirmishes between the early Slavophiles and Westernizers.
W-transform method for feature-oriented multiresolution image retrieval

Image database management is important in the development of multimedia technology. Since an enormous amount of digital images is likely to be generated within the next few decades in order to integrate computers, television, VCR, cables, telephone and various imaging devices. Effective image indexing and retrieval systems are urgently needed so that images can be easily organized, searched, transmitted, and presented. Here, the authors present a local-feature-oriented image indexing and retrieval method based on Kwong, and Tang`s W-transform. Multiresolution histogram comparison is an effective method for content-based image indexing and retrieval. However, most recent approaches perform multiresolution analysis for whole images but do not exploit the local features present in the images. Since W-transform is featured by its ability to handle images of arbitrary size, with no periodicity assumptions, it provides a natural tool for analyzing local image features and building indexing systems based on such features. In this approach, the histograms of the local features of images are used in the indexing, system. The system not only can retrieve images that are similar or identical to the query images but also can retrieve images that contain features specified in the query images, even if the retrieved images as a whole might be very different from the query images. The local-feature-oriented method also provides a speed advantage over the global multiresolution histogram comparison method. The feature-oriented approach is expected to be applicable in managing large-scale image systems such as video databases and medical image databases.
CONTINUITY AND COLLOCATION EFFECTS IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

The presence of singularities in the integral operators of the boundary element methods requires that the density functions must satisfy certain continuity requirements if the displacements and stresses are to be bounded. Quite often the continuity conditions, particularly on the derivatives of the density functions, are relaxed at the element ends for the sake of simplicity in approximating the unknown density functions. In this paper, a numerical study on the effects of satisfying or violating the continuity requirements and the effect of the boundary condition collocating point on three different BEM formulations is presented. Two are indirect formulations using force singularities and displacement discontinuity singularities, and the third is Rizzo's direct formulation. The two integral operators in the direct BEM appear individually in the two different formulations of the indirect BEM. This makes it possible to study the numerical error and other problems in each integral operator and the interaction of the two integral operators in the direct BEM. The impact of the study on numerical modelling for the three BEM formulations is presented in the paper. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of Polymerized Linseed Oil Bodied by a Molten Eutectic Salt Mixture

Quantities of alkali refined linseed oil, ARLO, were passed through molten eutectic mixtures of salts, KNO3, NaNO2 and NaNO3 or KNO3 and NaNO3 in the temperature range of 280° C to 320° C at various flow rates. The oils increased in viscosity. Colour degradation was very slight and the acidity increased to as high as 5 mg KOH/g. The bodied oils were readily separated into two fractions on the basis of solubility in acetone. Acetone solubility decreased with the increase in bodying temperature in the eutectic salt mixture. Both fractions were analyzed for fatty acid composition and structure. Spectroscopic techniques, NMR and chromatographic studies indicated that there was an absence of nitrogen compounds, some degradation (to shorter than 18 carbon atom acids), formation of “oxy” groups and some cyclization in a single acid and in the formation of polymers which were di- and trimeric structures. Die Zusammensetzung von mit Hilfe eines geschmolzenen eutektischen Salzgemisches hergestelltem polymerisiertem Leinol Ansatze von mit Alkali raffiniertem Leinol wurden bei 280° bis 320° C und verschiedenen Durchflusraten durch ein geschmolzenes Salzbad eines eutektischen Gemisches von KNO3, NaNO2 und NaNO3 oder KNO3 und NaNO3 geleitet. Eine Zunahme der Viskositat der Ole wurde festgestellt. Die eingetretene Farbveranderung war geringfugig, wahrend der Sauregehalt bis auf einen Wert entsprechend 5 mg KOH/g anstieg. Auf Grund ihrer Loslichkeit in Aceton liesen sich die eingedickten Ole in zwei Fraktionen zerlegen. Die Loslichkeit in Aceton verringerte sich mit zunehmender Temperatur des Salzgemisches. Die zwei Fraktionen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Fettsaure-Zusammensetzung und Struktur untersucht. Spektroskopische Methoden, NMR- und chromatographische Untersuchungen ergaben, das keine Stickstoff-Verbindungen vorhanden waren; bis zu einem gewissen Grade trat ein Abbau der Fettsauren zu Produkten mit weniger als 18 C-Atomen ein. Die Bildung von Oxy-Gruppen und die Cyclisierung der einzelnen Sauren im Verlaufe der Polymerisation, die zu dimeren und trimeren Strukturen fuhrte, wurde ebenfalls ermittelt.
Adaptive consensus estimation of multi-agent systems

This paper considers the effects of a penalty term in both the state and parameter estimates for multi-agent systems. It is assumed that the plant parameters are desired to be identified on-line and N agents are available to implement adaptive observers. Using an additive term which takes the form of a penalty on the mismatch between the state and parameter estimates, the proposed adaptive consensus estimation scheme ensures that both state and parameter estimates reach consensus. While the proposed adaptive consensus identifiers assume an all-to-all connectivity, the abstract framework that the adaptive identifiers are examined under, allows for any form of agent connectivity to be examined. As a measure of agreement of the estimates that is independent of the network topology, the deviation from the mean estimate for both the state and parameter estimates is defined and shown to converge to zero. Simulation studies of a second order system provide a verification of the proposed theoretical predictions.
Poverty and Urban Public Expenditures

Cities in the US bear a disproportionate responsibility for the public expenditures that grow out of poverty because they contain disproportionate numbers of the poor and because a substantial part...
Some aspects of thyroidal iodine metabolism in a case of iodine-induced hypothyroidism.

A case of iodine-induced hypothyroidism is described. Quantitative information is presented concerning the iodine metabolism of the thyroid, with and without iodide blocking of hormonal synthesis. The following physiologic abnormalities were evident from the results of I131 tracer tests: greatly increased thyroidal iodide space, increased rate of transfer of iodide into the thyroid from plasma, and inhibition of organic binding of iodide. Hyperactivity of the iodide-accumulating function of the thyroid in the presence of high serum iodide levels offers no support for the theory that iodide inhibits the secretion or the action of TSH. One year after terminating all exogenous iodine and thyroid medication in this patient there was no laboratory or clinical evidence of any residual thyroid abnormality.
Spontaneous complete regression of hepatocellular carcinoma

In medical terminology, spontaneous regression of cancer refers to exceptional and unexplained partial or complete disappearance of cancer without medical intervention. This phenomenon has been described in various malignancies with no well established causative factors, except perhaps immune mediated. Here we present a rare case of hepatocellular carcinoma with possible metastasis to the lung by computed tomography with complete regression of both the primary tumor and the pulmonary nodules without medical intervention. Our patient may represent the first case of complete regression of the HCC with possible lung metastasis by computed tomography caused by abstinence from alcohol. This phenomenon was confirmed by surgical resection and pathologic evaluation.
Combined flow and evaporation during spin coating of complex solutions

Abstract The flow and evaporation behavior from complex solutions during spin coating have been measured. Methanol/butanol mixtures where chosen as a controlled case-study for intensive evaluation. In addition, a sample sol—gel was evaluated using the same techniques. It was found that binary solutions had two identifiable thinning regions. At first, the thinning behavior is governed by the viscosity and evaporation rate of the starting mixture. However, near the end of the spinning process, the evaporation of the more volatile component has caused the fluid composition to change (toward the less volatile solution member). Therefore, the thinning behavior at the end displays a transition which approaches that of the pure end-member. The thinning behavior for the sol—gel precursor solution was linear until quite close to the gelation point, suggesting that further analysis of sol—gel solutions would be fruitful using this technique.
Immigration Within the United States: Prevalence of Childhood Hearing Loss Revisited

Purpose As more adult and child immigrants enter the United States each year, there is a high likelihood that the prevalence of childhood hearing loss in the United States is underestimated, given ...
Net NMR alignment by adiabatic transport of parahydrogen addition products to high magnetic field

Abstract A field-cycling method is demonstrated whereby the nuclear spin order of para-enriched H2 is inserted adiabatically into a product molecule formed by molecular addition. Intense NMR multiplets each of uniform phase are obtained, in contrast with previous results where antiphase multiplets of zero net area were obtained. The advantages of the present approach are discussed.
Ca2+ Regulation of Dynamin-Independent Endocytosis in Cortical Astrocytes

Astrocytes release ATP and glutamate through vesicular exocytosis to mediate neuron-glial interactions. In contrast to exocytosis, the endocytic pathways in astroglial cells are poorly understood. Here, we identify a constitutive endocytic pathway in cultured astrocytes that is dependent on neither clathrin nor dynamin. This dynamin-independent endocytic pathway is regulated by Rab5, an early endosome protein. The endocytosed vesicles show fast transition from early endosomes to late endosomes and lysosomes within a few minutes. Interestingly, this clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytosis in astrocytes is potently regulated by intracellular Ca(2+). ATP and glutamate greatly enhance the dynamin-independent endocytosis through elevating the intracellular Ca(2+). In addition, amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) also enhances the dynamin-independent endocytosis by inducing Ca(2+) transients in astrocytes. These results demonstrate a novel endocytic pathway in glial cells that is dynamin independent but tightly regulated by intracellular Ca(2+). The regulation by ATP, glutamate, and A beta suggests an important role of the dynamin-independent endocytosis in both physiological and pathological conditions.
Sex-dependent differences in the effects of aging on antioxidant defense mechanisms of rat liver.

Information about age-related factors that influence sensitivity to hepatotoxic injury is important to geriatric medicine and environmental health. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether age-associated changes occur in hepatic antioxidant defense mechanisms of male and female Fischer 344 rats. Liver homogenates and post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions from rats aged 4, 14, 24 and 29 months were analyzed for antioxidant enzyme activities and for vitamin E and malondialdehyde content. Age-associated changes in catalase and glutathione reductase activities were observed that could be described as sex-determined differences that disappeared in old age. Cytosolic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities displayed sex-dependent variations in activity but were unaffected by aging. Hepatic vitamin E concentrations were lower in male rats than in female rats and increased with age. Hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations also were lower in males than in females; malondialdehyde content increased in old males and decreased in old females. The results indicate that age-associated changes in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms of rat liver are sex-dependent. In addition, comparison with findings from other studies in rats suggests that the effects of aging may also depend on the strain of rat.
Conjunctival Biopsy in Patients with Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of infants and young children that is associated with bilateral nonexudative conjunctivitis during the acute illness. Epidemiologic evidence has suggested an infectious cause but the etiology of KD remains unknown. We examined conjunctival biopsy specimens from seven patients with typical KD to characterize the pathologic changes during the acute disease. Light microscopic examination revealed nonspecific, mild inflammatory changes that included vascular dilatation, infiltration with scattered lymphocytes, increased numbers of plasma cells in the conjunctival stroma, and increased prominence of goblet cells in the epithelium. No pathogens were identified by special stains for bacteria and rickettsiae, nor were viral particles seen by electron microscopy. We conclude that the conjunctivitis of acute KD is characterized by vascular dilatation with a mild mononuclear cell response with no pathognomonic features. The conjunctiva can be readily sampled in these pati...
There's no place like home?

A bold attempt to synthesize the effects of geography on the world's population through maps highlights some interesting paradoxes, explains Yi-Fu Tuan. In The Power of Place: Geography, Destiny, and Globalization's Rough Landscape, Harm De Blij challenges popular preconceptions about 'globalization'. In a world where only 3% of the world's population lives in a country other than that of their birth, and where resources are so unevenly distributed, local geography is still a major determinant of many peoples' lives. Our reviewer, geography professor Yi-Fu Tuan, casts a professional eye over this, the latest book from the author of Why Geography Matters.
Calcareous Deposits on Metal Surfaces in Seawater—A Critical Review

Abstract While the importance of calcareous deposits to the effectiveness and efficiency of marine cathodic protection is generally recognized, there has been relatively little research directed to...
Laser-induced optical satellite line profiles in a helium plasma

We have observed several different satellite transitions among HeI excited states. These satellites were induced by large, near-resonant, spatially inhomogeneous electric fields. A simple theory was proposed to explain the line shape of both the satellite and the allowed line based on the rotating-wave approximation. The plasma was contained in a dielectric waveguide and the laser mode pattern inside the guide was calculated and incorporated into the line-shape function. It was shown that excellent agreement between theory and experiment could be obtained over a wide range of experimental parameters. Agreement was very good in regimes where perturbation theory fails. We also observed that at high field strengths the Stark shift of the allowed component was less than the three-level theory predicted. We attribute this error to the fact that we have ignored all of the remaining levels of the HeI system.
These Irish Investments: Money as an Organizing Principle in As Music and Splendour (1958)

Since Kate O’Brien’s As Music and Splendour (1958) follows the careers of two Irish opera singers in the 1880s as they travel from Paris to Rome, to Milan, to Florence and Naples and beyond, it is ...