cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MemTracker: An accelerator for memory debugging and monitoring

Memory bugs are a broad class of bugs that is becoming increasingly common with increasing software complexity, and many of these bugs are also security vulnerabilities. Existing software and hardware approaches for finding and identifying memory bugs have a number of drawbacks including considerable performance overheads, target only a specific type of bug, implementation cost, and inefficient use of computational resources.This article describes MemTracker, a new hardware support mechanism that can be configured to perform different kinds of memory access monitoring tasks. MemTracker associates each word of data in memory with a few bits of state, and uses a programmable state transition table to react to different events that can affect this state. The number of state bits per word, the events to which MemTracker reacts, and the transition table are all fully programmable. MemTracker's rich set of states, events, and transitions can be used to implement different monitoring and debugging checkers with minimal performance overheads, even when frequent state updates are needed. To evaluate MemTracker, we map three different checkers onto it, as well as a checker that combines all three. For the most demanding (combined) checker with 8 bits state per memory word, we observe performance overheads of only around 3p, on average, and 14.5p worst-case across different benchmark suites. Such low overheads allow continuous (always-on) use of MemTracker-enabled checkers, even in production runs.
Spot urine protein/creatinine ratios are unreliable estimates of 24 h proteinuria in most systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis flares

The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis flares in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is usually based on whether the magnitude of proteinuria has changed. Our study tests two methods to assess proteinuric change: protein/creatinine (P/C) ratios of intended 24-h urine collections or that of spot urine samples. Sixty-four patients with glomerulonephritis due to SLE followed in the Ohio SLE Study provided bimonthly paired spot and intended 24-h urine collections. Completeness of each collection was estimated as the ratio of the measured creatinine to the expected creatinine based upon Cockroft–Gault. Intended 24-h urine collections with measured/expected creatinine ratios between 0.5 and 0.9 (237 samples overall) showed ratios that were not significantly different from ratios of complete 24-h urine collections with ratios of 0.9–1.1 (159 samples). To compare spot and 24 h P/C ratios, we randomly selected pairs of samples with measured/expected ratios above 0.75. Consistent with previous studies, spot and 24-h urine P/C ratios showed good correlation over the range of values as well as reasonably strong concordance. Over the range of most SLE glomerulonephritis flares, however, correlation was present but concordance was poor. Our work suggests that the use of spot urine P/C ratios will yield more false-positive and -negative diagnoses of glomerulonephritis flares in patients with SLE than the ratio in 24-h urines.
Kistler reusable vehicle facility design and operational approach

Abstract Kistler Aerospace Corporation is designing and developing the K-1, the world's first fully reusable aerospace vehicle to deliver satellites into orbit. The K-1 vehicle test program will be conducted in Woomera, Australia, with commercial operations scheduled to begin shortly afterwards. Both stages of the K-1 will return to the launch site utilizing parachutes and airbags for a soft landing within 24 h after launch. The turnaround flow of the two stages will cycle from landing site to a maintenance/refurbishment facility and through the next launch in only 9 days. Payload processing will occur in a separate facility in parallel with recovery and refurbishment operations. The vehicle design and on-board checkout capability of the avionics system eliminates the need for an abundance of ground checkout equipment. Payload integration, vehicle assembly, and K-1 transport to the launch pad will be performed horizontally, simplifying processing and reducing infrastructure requirements. This simple, innovative, and cost-effective approach will allow Kistler to offer its customers flexible, low-cost, and on-demand launch services.
High-resolution radar maps of the lunar surface at 3.8-cm wavelength

The entire earth-facing lunar surface has been mapped at a resolution of 2 km using the 3.8-cm radar of Haystack Observatory. The observations yield the distribution of relative radar backscattering efficiency with an accuracy of about 10% for both the polarized (primarily quasispecular or coherent) and depolarized (diffuse or incoherent) scattered components. The results show a variety of discrete radar features, many of which are correlated with craters or other features of optical photographs. Particular interest, however, attaches to those features with substantially different radio and optical contrasts. An anomaly near 63° is noted in the mean angular scattering law obtained from a summary of the radar data.
Combined modalities: chemotherapy/radiotherapy— meeting summary

The effects of combined modalities, the standardization of terminology, the mechanisms of chemotherapeutic interactions with radiation and responses of normal and tumor systems are summarized from information presented at the Conference on Combined Modalities (CONF-7811155--).
The information exchange groups experiment

From 1961 through 1966, the National Institutes of Health operated a facility for the rapid distribution of unevaluated preprints to research workers—an obvious precursor of many of the activities taking place today on the Internet. The experiment began with 32 researchers in a single Information Exchange Group (IEG). It grew to seven IEGs with total membership over 3600. During 1966, more than 1.5 million copies of preprints were produced and distributed. Considerable enthusiasm was generated among researchers who valued the speed of dissemination. Critics charged that the quality of the average preprint deteriorated with increased participation. They also noted that the unplanned burdens on production had often delayed receipt of the preprints until after they had appeared as formally reviewed journal papers. During this period, the Atomic Energy Commission had mounted a similar experimental program of “written informal communications” that was limited to theoretical high energy physics.
Optimization of the off-states for single-layer and double-layer general twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays

The Jones matrix representation is used to obtain an analytic closed-form expression for the optical transmission of a general double-layer twisted nematic (TN) liquid-crystal display with arbitrary twist angles and uniform pretilt angles. Based on this result, the optimum off-state design criteria for both single-layer and double-layer TN displays are formulated. >
Results of the KDD'99 classifier learning

The task for the classifier learning contest organized in conjunction with the KDD’99 conference was to learn a predictive model (i.e. a classifier) capable of distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate connections in a computer network. Here is a detailed description of the task. The training and test data were generously made available by Prof. Sal Stolfo of Columbia University and Prof. Wenke Lee of North Carolina State University.
Voltage Control of Mercury-Arc Rectifiers

THE mercury-arc rectifier competes with the older well-established types of apparatus, the synchronous converter and motor generator set. Both of these types of apparatus are flexible in application as they may be adjusted through a range of different output characteristics and in the case of the booster-type converter and motor generator set, considerable range in voltage control is possible. In order to take full advantage of the desirable features of the mercury-arc rectifier, its output voltage should duplicate that of its rivals.
Interactions of Calcium and Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathways Regulating Steroidogenesis in Primary Cultured Theca and Granulosa Cells of Atlantic Croaker

The function of adenylyl cyclase (AC)-dependent and calcium (Ca2+)-dependent signal transduction pathways in mediating gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone (T) synthesis in croaker follicular cells was investigated. Both pathways are critical regulators of steroidogenesis in these cells. Stimulation of steroidogenesis by modulators of AC-dependent cell signaling is partially dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, although AC function does not appear to be mediated by the Ca2+ pathway in croaker follicular cells.
Structure-function relationships in heparin cofactor II: Chemical modification of arginine and tryptophan and demonstration of a two-domain structure

Heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III are plasma proteins functionally similar in their ability to inhibit thrombin at accelerated rates in the presence of heparin. To further characterize the structural and functional properties of human heparin cofactor II as compared to antithrombin III, we studied the possible significance of arginyl and tryptophanyl residues and the changes in protein structure and activity during guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) denaturation. Both antithrombin and heparin cofactor activities of heparin cofactor II are inactivated by the arginine-specific reagent, 2,3-butanedione. Saturation kinetics are observed during modification and suggest formation of a reversible protease inhibitor-butanedione complex. Quantitation of arginyl residues following butanedione modification shows a loss of about four residues for total inactivation, one of which is essential for antithrombin activity. Arginine-modified heparin cofactor II did not bind to heparin-agarose and implies a role for the other modified arginyl residues during heparin cofactor activity. N-Bromosuccinimide oxidation (20 mol of reagent/mol of protein) of heparin cofactor II results in modification of approximately two tryptophanyl residues with no concomitant loss of heparin cofactor activity. Moreover, there is no enhancement of intrinsic protein fluorescence during heparin binding to the native inhibitor. Circular dichroism measurements show that the structural transition of heparin cofactor II during denaturation is distinctly biphasic, yielding midpoints at 0.6 and 2.6 M GdmCl. Functional protease inhibitory activities are affected to the same extent following denaturation-renaturation at various GdmCl concentrations. The results indicate that arginyl residues are critical for both antithrombin and heparin binding activities. In contrast, tryptophanyl residues are apparently not essential for heparin-dependent interactions. The results also suggest that heparin cofactor II contains two structural domains which unfold at different GdmCl concentrations.
Substandard models of finite set theory

A survey of the isomorphic submodels of Vω, the set of hereditarily finite sets. In the usual language of set theory, Vω has 2ℵ0 isomorphic submodels. But other set-theoretic languages give different systems of submodels. For example, the language of adjunction allows only countably many isomorphic submodels of Vω (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the heat transfer to the wheel in planar-flow melt spinning

Differences in the minimum heat-transfer requirements of the chill wheel for the planar-flow and chill-block casting methods are outlined. A minimum constraint on the chill-wheel heat-transfer oefficient in the planar-flow melt-spinning system is obtained through an elementary heat-balance analysis. The results of this analysis are compared with experimental measurements of the heat-transfer coefficient.
The phase structure of the non-compact abelian Higgs model

Abstract We study the non-compact abelian Higgs model on the lattice in a version with fixed-length Higgs and a Villain form of the gauge-Higgs coupling. This version permits a simplified proof of the earlier results that the model is in its Coulomb phase at sufficiently strong gauge coupling or at sufficiently small values for the Higgs length. Also, it enables us to establish the Coulomb phase simultaneously in these two regions. Similar methods demonstrate the occurence of a phase transition to a new phase - shown previously to be the Higgs phase - valid at Large Higgs lenght when the gauge coupling is not too strong. We use the correlation length of the Higgs field as an order parameter, and also study the behavior of the gauge propagator.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS METABDLISM IN CHILDREN WITH RENAL FAILURE: THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIALYSIS MODALITIES

Abnormalities of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and hyperparathyroidism are major problems for children with renal failure. It is hoped that dialysis will reverse these problems and prevent the progression of renal osteodystrophy.Children starting either hemodialysis(HD,n=18), intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD, n=16)or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD,n=12)and remaining on the same modality for 6 months were compared for serum calcium(Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (A-p), parathyroid hormone(PTH)and the oral aluminum hydroxide dose (Al-d) required. All children received dihydrotachysterol or calcitriol. Children started dialysis with abnormalities in Ca and P metabolism and although serum Ca and P improved on dialysis, PTH and Al-d did not decrease. In addition, there was no significant difference in any parameters between the different dialysis modalities. Therefore, earlier and more aggressive medical treatment prior to dialysis and early transplant in children may be the best approach to normalize Ca and P metabolism, since dialysis offers little benefit.
The Use of Millimeter Doppler Radar Echoes to Estimate Vertical Air Velocities in the Fair-Weather Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract Vertical velocity characteristics of the optically clear convective boundary layer (CBL) are examined by means of profiling airborne radar data collected in the central Great Plains during the International H2O Project, May–June 2002 (IHOP 2002). Clear-air echoes are sufficiently strong for the radar, a 95-GHz cloud radar, to detect most of the CBL at a resolution of ∼30 m. Vertical radar transects across the CBL are remarkably dominated by well-defined plumes of higher reflectivity. These echo plumes occupy most of the depth of the CBL in the developing and mature stages of the CBL. Gust probe data indicate that the plumes tend to correspond with ascending motion. Evidence exists in the literature, and arises from this study, that the clear-air scatterers are mostly small insects. The close-range Doppler radar velocities, some 100 m above and below the aircraft, are compared to gust probe vertical velocities after both are corrected for aircraft motion. It is found that the radar vertical veloci...
Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assist those engaged in research dealing with attitudes towards persons with disabilities by presenting a catalogue of various attitude measurement methods. Method: A review of the methodological and psychological literatures on the measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Results: The review uncovered 10 direct methods to measure attitudes, in which the respondents are aware that they are participating in an experiment and 14 indirect methods in four categories that are not plagued by attitude-distorting influences because the respondents are not aware that their attitudes are being measured. A discussion of each method with examples is provided, followed by implications for rehabilitation practitioners, rehabilitation education and training, and rehabilitation researchers. Conclusions: The investigation of attitudes towards persons with disabilities requires innovative experimental methods and psychometrically sound instruments that are reliabl...
Rates of microbial metabolism in deep coastal plain aquifers

Rates of microbial metabolism in deep anaerobic aquifers of the Atlantic coastal plain of South Carolina were investigated by both microbiological and geochemical techniques. Rates of (2-{sup 14}C)acetate and (U-{sup 14}C)glucose oxidation as well as geochemical evidence indicated that metabolic rates were faster in the sandy sediments composing the aquifers than in the clayey sediments of the confirming layers. In the many aquifer sediments, estimates of the rates of CO{sub 2} production (millimoles of CO{sub 2} per liter per year) based on the oxidation of (2-{sup 14}C) acetate were 9.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} to 2.4 {times} 10{sup {minus}1} for the Black Creek aquifer, 1.1 {times} 10{sup {minus}2} for the Middendorf aquifer, and < 7 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} for the Cape Fear aquifer. These estimates were at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than previously published estimates that were based on the accumulation of CO{sub 2} in laboratory incubations of similar deep subsurface sediments. In contrast, geochemical modeling of groundwater chemistry changes along aquifer flowpaths gave rate estimates that ranged from 10{sup {minus}4} to 10{sup {minus}6} mmol of CO{sub 2} production could have been no more than 10{sup {minus}4} mmol per liter per year. Thus, laboratory incubations may greatly overestimate themore » in situ rates of microbial metabolism in deep subsurface environments. This has important implications for the use of laboratory incubations in attempts to estimate biorestoration capacities of deep aquifers. The rate estimates from geochemical modeling indicate that deep aquifers are among the most oligotrophic aquatic environments in which there is ongoing microbial metabolism.« less
Glycosylation of β1-adrenergic receptors regulates receptor surface expression and dimerization

The beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)AR) has one predicted site of N-linked glycosylation on its extracellular amino-terminus, but the glycosylation and potential functional importance of this site have not yet been examined. We show here that the beta(1)AR is glycosylated in various cell types and that mutation of the single predicted site of N-linked glycosylation (N15A) results in the formation of receptors that are not N-glycosylated. The beta(1)AR N15A mutant exhibited significantly decreased basal surface expression relative to the wild-type receptor but had no detectable deficits in ligand binding or agonist-promoted internalization. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments using Flag-tagged and HA-tagged receptors demonstrated that the beta(1)AR-N15A mutant receptor exhibits a markedly reduced capacity for dimerization relative to wild-type beta(1)AR. These data reveal that the beta(1)AR is glycosylated on Asn15 and that this glycosylation plays a role in regulating beta(1)AR surface expression and dimerization.
Electrical surface perturbation of a piezoelectric acoustic plate mode by a conductive liquid loading

Surface loading of a piezoelectric crystal supporting acoustic plate modes (APMs) by a dilute conductive liquid is analyzed using a perturbation theory. The formulation of the problem is such that only the electrical loading is relevant, and the mass loading and viscous entrainment caused by the solute are ignored. The perturbation in the propagation characteristics is then obtained relative to the solvent and is described in terms of the coupling coefficient, the capacitive loading, and the conductivity of the liquid. The results are compared to measurements made on Z-cut X-propagating LiNbO/sub 3/ APM device loaded with various conductive liquids of different concentrations. While an interpretation of the results can be given on the use of the APM device as a detector of the liquid properties, it is shown that a conductive liquid loading of the piezoelectric surface can be used as a means of assessing the electromechanical coupling coefficient of APMs. >
Sensitivity analysis of reliability and performability measures for multiprocessor systems

Traditional evaluation techniques for multiprocessor systems use Markov chains and Markov reward models to compute measures such as mean time to failure, reliability, performance, and performability. In this paper, we discuss the extension of Markov models to include parametric sensitivity analysis. Using such analysis, we can guide system optimization, identify parts of a system model sensitive to error, and find system reliability and performability bottlenecks.As an example we consider three models of a 16 processor. 16 memory system. A network provides communication between the processors and the memories. Two crossbar-network models and the Omega network are considered. For these models, we examine the sensitivity of the mean time to failure, unreliability, and performability to changes in component failure rates. We use the sensitivities to identify bottlenecks in the three system models.
Stability of Velocity Control for a Piezoelectric Stepper

This paper studies the velocity control of a large-range piezoelectrically actuated (piezo) stepper. The main contribution of this paper is to extend the Poincare-map approach for evaluating the stability of the stepper dynamics in the presence of Coulomb-friction nonlinearity, which has a jump discontinuity with velocity. Additionally, inversion of the stepper-dynamics model is used to find the piezo input for controlling the stepper velocity, and model-based predictions of the stepper velocity are evaluated using an experimental-stepper system.
Conditions for instability for hydromagnetic waves in a contained rotating stratified fluid

Abstract An investigation is made of the linear stability of oscillations in a uniformly rotating, density stratified, Boussinesq, electrically conducting, non-dissipative fluid. Necessary conditions for instability are obtained for general geometries in the case where the parameters governing the field strengths are treated as constants. Sufficient conditions for the existence of amplitude growing oscillations are exhibited in cylindrical geometry and an analogous formulation indicates the existence of such unstable modes in spherical geometry. These unstable modes propagate only towards the west unless the destabilizing stratification is large relative to the magnetic field strength, in which case there exist unstable waves that propagate both to the east and to the west. It is suggested that a weak destabilizing stratification and a weak magnetic field could sustain low frequency, amplitude growing waves that propagate with a westward bias.
State model of pseudoinnovations processes

The structure of the innovations process is examined as the gain of a Kalman filter is allowed to deviate from its optimum structure. The state model of the resulting pseudoinnovations process is determined, and it is shown how the level (or variance) of the process depends on the difference between the desired Kalman gain and the gain actually being employed. The model illustrates requirements on an arbitrary gain matrix to ensure stable filter performance.
Optimal and suboptimal separate-bias Kalman estimators for a stochastic bias

Addresses two issues concerning the separate-bias Kalman estimator. The first of these issues deals with the derivation of the optimal estimator for the general case in which the bias vector is stochastic in nature, and the second issue deals with defining a suitable suboptimal realization of the generalized estimator.
"How I do it: utilization of high-pressure sealants in aortic reconstruction"

Suture-line hemostasis, reinforcement of friable tissue, and adhesion prevention are key concerns for patients undergoing cardiac surgery for aortic reconstruction. Failure to secure hemostasis at anastomotic junctures and reinforce fragile tissue may lead to increased blood loss, additional blood product requirements, increased operative time, and, in extreme cases, reoperation. Patients with aortic pathology may also be at higher risk for reoperation, and adhesion formation from prior surgery is an added risk at resternotomy. The advent of high-pressure sealants has been of benefit in helping to alleviate these perioperative challenges. The author utilizes two high-pressure sealants for aortic reconstructive procedures. The first is made of two polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) [Coseal®, Baxter Healthcare, Corporation], and is used to secure anastomotic suture-line hemostasis and for adhesion prevention. The second is a bovine serum albumin-glutaraldehyde (BSAG) glue [BioGlue®, CryroLife, Inc.], used for the repair of dissected aortic tissue and in reinforcing ("tanning") fragile aortic tissues. The techniques for application in select aortic reconstruction procedures are described. To substantiate the hemostatic clinical benefit observed by the author, 60 consecutive major thoracic aortic operations in 57 patients in whom PEG sealant was used were retrospectively reviewed. Although comparisons with other agents were not performed for this descriptive report, bleeding results were very favorable for these types of operations. The strong clinical impression is that topical hemostatic application of PEG sealant to anastomotic suture lines is helpful in preventing bleeding. In major aortic reconstructive procedures the need for anastomotic sealing performance, reinforcement of friable tissues, and adhesion prevention should not be underrated. High-pressure surgical sealants represent an important surgical adjunct, and the author has found the use of both PEG sealant and BSAG glue advantageous in aortic reconstruction and repair.
Flowering phenology as a functional trait in a tallgrass prairie

Summary • The timing of flowering is a critical component of the ecology of plants and has the potential to structure plant communities. Yet, we know little about how the timing of flowering relates to other functional traits, species abundance, and average environmental conditions. • Here, we assessed first flowering dates (FFDs) in a North American tallgrass prairie (Konza Prairie) for 431 herbaceous species and compared them with a series of other functional traits, environmental metrics, and species abundance across ecological contrasts. • The pattern of FFDs among the species of the Konza grassland was shaped by local climate, can be linked to resource use by species, and patterns of species abundance across the landscape. Peak FFD for the community occurred when soils were typically both warm and wet, while relatively few species began flowering when soils tended to be the driest. Compared with late-flowering species, species that flowered early had lower leaf tissue density and were more abundant on uplands than lowlands. • Flowering phenology can contribute to the structuring of grassland communities, but was largely independent of most functional traits. Therefore, selection for flowering phenology may be independent of general resource strategies.
Birth weight and later life adherence to unhealthy lifestyles in predicting type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study.

Objectives To prospectively assess the joint association of birth weight and established lifestyle risk factors in adulthood with incident type 2 diabetes and to quantitatively decompose the attributing effects to birth weight only, to adulthood lifestyle only, and to their interaction. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2010), Nurses’ Health Study (1980-2010), and Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2011). Participants 149 794 men and women without diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline. Main outcome measure Incident cases of type 2 diabetes, identified through self report and validated by a supplementary questionnaire. Unhealthy lifestyle was defined on the basis of body mass index, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and the alternate healthy eating index. Results During 20-30 years of follow-up, 11 709 new cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. The multivariate adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 1.45 (95% confidence interval 1.32 to 1.59) per kg lower birth weight and 2.10 (1.71 to 2.58) per unhealthy lifestyle factor. The relative risk of type 2 diabetes associated with a combination of per kg lower birth weight and per unhealthy lifestyle factor was 2.86 (2.26 to 3.63), which was more than the addition of the risk associated with each individual factor, indicating a significant interaction on an additive scale (P for interaction Conclusion Most cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented by the adoption of a healthier lifestyle, but simultaneous improvement of both prenatal and postnatal factors could further prevent additional cases.
Issues concerning women and AIDS: sexuality.

In the US and globally women are contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) the fastest. Worldwide HIV is transmitted primarily through heterosexual intercourse. In the US the proportion of women who have contracted AIDS by heterosexual transmission has increased from 11% in 1984 to 34% in 1990. Women are at a greater risk than men for transmission by heterosexual intercourse as the ratio of women to men who acquire AIDS by heterosexual transmission is 3 to 1. Furthermore 25% of AIDS cases caused by heterosexual transmission or iv drug use occurs in women. Although women often develop HIV-related serious gynecologic problems including cervical cancer and refractory vaginal candidiasis these conditions do not fall within the Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS. Women who have gynecologic symptoms are not diagnosed as having AIDS are not eligible for AIDS benefits and live half as long as men do once they are diagnosed as being HIV infected. Little is known about the characteristics of HIV infection or AIDS in women. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) seem to act as cofactors for HIV infection. The human papilloma virus or genital warts the herpes simplex virus syphilis chancroid recurrent vaginal candidiasis abnormal Pap smears cervical neoplasias and pelvic inflammatory disease have been associated with HIV infection in women. HIV infection should be considered in all women with symptoms of any of these disorders. Nurses must first become aware of the clinical manifestations of HIV infection specific to women. Nursing interventions should educate about safer-sex including condom use with nonoxynol 9 and the risks of sharing needles. Strategies must be developed that provide empowerment skills and are sensitive to the womens cultural religious and ethnic background beliefs and values.
Developments in Microcoining Rippled Metal Foils

Rippled metal foils are currently sought for high-strain-rate material strength studies at laser facilities. Because these metals typically cannot be diamond turned, we employ a microcoining proces...
Mechanical Behavior of Co-Continuous Polymer Composites

Natural and synthetic composite materials consisting of two or more different materials are a major avenue for achieving materials with enhanced properties and combination of properties. The combination of hard and soft materials enables outstanding combination of mechanical performance properties including stiffness, strength, impact resistance, toughness, and energy dissipation. In this work, we demonstrate the potential to achieve materials with enhancements in stiffness, strength and energy dissipation. We consider co-continuous structures with simple cubic (SC), body-centeredcubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices, which are generated by 3D printing technology. The linear and nonlinear mechanical behavior of these composites including their elastic stiffness, yield, post-yield, and dissipative behaviors are investigated by compression tests. The experimental results are compared with finite element based micromechanical modeling of large elasticviscoplastic deformation. We show that these 3D periodic cocontinuous composites can provide enhanced improvement in combinations of mechanical performance achieving a unique combination of stiffness, strength and energy absorption. These results provide guidelines for engineering and tailoring the nonlinear mechanical behavior and energy absorption of the composites for a wide range of applications.
Privacy and Confidentiality Issues: A Guide for Librarians and Their Lawyers

The library community's response to the passage of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and subsequent amendments has been admirable. Librarians have acted as champions of the First Amendment, valiantly pro...
Liability in Litigation Support and Courtroom Testimony: Is It Time to Rethink the Risks?

Litigation support and pretrial forensic work are under increased scrutiny. In the past, testimony provided by experts generally was protected by the absolute immunity doctrine. More recently, experts' credentials and methodologies have been under attack. The "Clark," "Levine" and "Mattco" cases all represent attempts to erode the absolute immunity doctrine. The "Mattco" case makes it clear, however, that there must be a causal connection between professional negligence and the harm suffered in an underlying dispute for which the client is suing the expert. Financial forensic experts should be on notice that holding oneself out as an expert, especially in pretrial preparatory work, can be fraught with liability.
An Evaluation of Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectrometry for Air Pollution Analysis

In many cases the concentration of metals in particulate matter is very low and therefore requires the ultimate in sensitivity. Frequently, analytical methods used lack the desired precision and accuracy. Also, absence of specificity inherent in many techniques can lead to complications. Atomic absorption and flame emission are being evaluated for the determination of selected elements encountered in atmospheric particulate. As a laboratory control sample a large volume of atmospheric particulate has been obtained and this material is being evaluated by various analytical competences. The discussion will include a description of the instrumentation, dissolution of sample and analytical results. Data are also presented on the effects of interferences and some techniques for their elimination or control.
Cannabis craving in response to laboratory-induced social stress among racially diverse cannabis users: The impact of social anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder appears to be a risk factor for cannabis-related problems. Although it is presumed that increases in cannabis craving during elevated social anxiety reflect an intent to cope with greater negative affectivity, it is unclear whether increases in physiological arousal during social stress are related to cannabis craving, especially among those with social anxiety disorder. Similarly, no studies have assessed motivational reasons for cannabis use during elevated social stress. Thus, the current study tested whether increases in state social anxiety (measured subjectively and via physiological arousal) were related to greater cannabis craving among 126 current cannabis users (88.9% with cannabis use disorder, 31.7% with social anxiety disorder, 54.0% non-Hispanic Caucasian) randomly assigned to either a social interaction or reading task. As predicted, cannabis users in the social interaction condition reported greater cannabis craving than those in the reading condition. This effect was particularly evident among those with social anxiety disorder. Although physiological arousal did not moderate the relationship between condition and craving, coping motives were the most common reasons cited for wanting to use cannabis and were reported more among those in the social interaction task. These experimental results uniquely add to a growing literature suggesting the importance of elevated state social anxiety (especially among those with social anxiety disorder) in cannabis use vulnerability processes.
Evaluating Violent Person Management Training for Medical Students in an Emergency Medicine Clerkship.

OBJECTIVES: Violence is a significant problem facing healthcare workers in the United States, particularly in emergency departments (EDs). Education is key to providing a safe environment for workers to ensure their ability to recognize and respond to violent patients and visitors. We studied the effects of a video podcast-based violence education program aimed at improving medical students' knowledge and confidence in identifying and responding to violence. METHODS: We provided a pretest and questionnaire about recognizing and responding to violence in the ED to 141 fourth-year medical students on the first day of their emergency medicine clerkship. Students were invited to view a video podcast addressing violent person management (VPM) in the ED and were then administered a posttest and questionnaire at the conclusion of the clerkship. We measured changes in knowledge and confidence in responding to violent situations of students who watched the video podcast and completed the pre- and posttests and questionnaires. In addition, we assessed student response to the video podcast format as well as quantified student exposure to violence during their clerkship. RESULTS: Of the 123 students who completed the pre- and posttests, 93 (75.6%) reported watching the video. These 93 students demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in exam score between the pre- and posttests and expressed increased confidence in responding to violence in the ED. A total of 66 (71.0%) agreed that the video lecture was an appropriate method to deliver the VPM material and 4 (4.3%) disagreed. Seventy-two (77.4%) students agreed the VPM content was professionally relevant to medical students during the emergency medicine clerkship and only 1 student (1.1%) disagreed. Almost half of the 141 students surveyed witnessed verbal or physical assault in the ED during their 4-week clerkship. CONCLUSIONS: An educational video podcast is an effective method to improve medical students' knowledge and confidence in responding to a potentially violent person or violent situation in the ED and may be useful in other healthcare settings. Language: en
Endotoxin shock: prevented by naloxone in intact but not hypophysectomized rats.

Previous studies established that naloxone reverses hypotension in endotoxin, hem- orrhagic, and spinal shock. We studied endotoxin shock in hypophysectomized (Hx) rats, which have little circulating e plasma corticosterone levels were likewise suppressed in the Hx rats (P < 0.01). Thus (1) naloxone protected only the rats with an intact pituitary-adrenal-sympathetic system, and (2) pituitary endorphin is not required to generate endotoxin shock in hypophysectomized rats. Naloxone reverses the depressant effects of opiates (1) and similarly reverses the depres- sant effects of endogenous opioid compounds (2-4). Naloxone reversibility of almost any cardiovascular or psychomotor response is considered evidence of participation of en- dogenous opioid compounds in the patho- genesis of that response. The endogenous opioid ,&endorphin is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypotension asso- ciated with a variety of conditions because of reversibility by naloxone, including endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock in dogs and rats (5- 8), spinal shock in cats (5, 9), and clonidine- induced hypotension in spontaneously hy- pertensive rats (SHR) (10). Additional evi- dence is the finding that plasma from dogs made hypotensive by hemorrhage or endo- toxin contains markedly elevated levels of 6- endorphin ( 1 1, 12).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND RELIGIOUS FAITH '

Previous data have evinced a positive relationship between subjects' scores on Bahr and Martin's (1983) Scale of Religious Faith and their self-esteem scores. This study attempted to examine the relationship by correlating religious faith with subjects' scores on Coopersmith's (1967) Self-esteem Scale. Both scales of Religious Faith and Self-esteem were completed by 204 subjects at a midwestern university during January of 1990. Alpha reliabilities for both scales were ostensibly adequate (.85 for the self-esteem questionnaire and .94 for the Religious Faith scale). Based on univariate correlations, two multiple regressions indicated that several religious faith items are significantly correlated to two factors of self-esteem. Model one (F= 10.96, MS = 42.38, MSe = 3.88, p< .0001) involving the self-esteem factor of "fun" accounted for 18% of the model's variance, with the items of "I often ask God to forgive my sins," "I often read religious books," "I enjoy doing good deeds for others," and "I accept ideas from church authorities without questions" supplying the components of the model. The second model (F = 6.15, MS = 59.20, MSe = 9.63, p< ,0001) involving the factor of "parents" accounted for approximately 11% of the model's variance, with the following items representing components of the model: 1. Church authorities represent God, 2. To serve God is most important, 3. Just to lead a moral life is enough, 4. I often ask God to forgive my sins. Findings are congruent with the idea that having fun and participating in church activities are instrumental in elevating a person's self-esteem. Also, analysis shows that a belief in God, a practice of asking for forgiveness, and an acceptance of church authorities are associated with having a positive relationship with parents. In turn, an ardent relationship with parents may be expected to provide children with stronger self-esteem. These data suggest directions for researchers interested in the relationship between religious faith and self-esteem
Changes of Cortisol of Preterm Infants with Critical Illness

Objective To investigate the change of the serum cortisol concentrations(Cors),and evaluate the relationship between Cors and the short-term outcomes in preterm infants.Methods Ninety of preterm infants,transferred to Hunan Children's Hospital within 72 hours after birth,were collected in the trial.The infants with genetic diseases,or the application of glucocorticoid during perinatal period were excluded.The Cors were measured within 72 hours after birth,7 d and 14 d after birth by radioimmunoassay methods.The Cors at every point time were divided into 3 groups and compared with each other.Results The Cors below the 25th percentile(P25)were not associated with increased morbidity and mortality.When the Cors were above the 75th percentile(P75),the proportion of severe infants,preterm mortality,the incidence of mechanical ventilation therapy,glucose metabolism disorder,gastrointestinal hemorrhage,Ⅲ-Ⅳ grade periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage,brain leukomacia,and chronic lung disease increased.The incidence of mechanical ventilation therapy increased significantly in the infants with Cors above P75 than that in the infants with below P25 on ≤ 72 hours and 14 d after birth(P0.05).The proportion of infants with critical illness increased significantly in the infants with Cors above P75 than that in the infants with below P25 on 7 d and 14 d after birth(P0.05).Conclusions The preterm infants have the ability to response stimuli by regulating cortisol secretion.Cors are correlated with the severity of the disease,complications and prognosis.
Surveillance of Chronic and Non-comunicable Disease in Xinjin County,2008

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of chronic and non-communicable disease in Xinjin county in 2008 and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of chronic and non-communicable diseases. Method The related data of Xinjin in 2008 were collected from chronic disease surveillance reporting for epidemiological analysis. Result The reported incidence rate of chronic disease was 968.48/105 in 2008,the incidence rate of diabetes ranked first (390.29 /105. The incidence rates of malignant tumor,ischemic heart disease and cerebral stroke were 153.61/105,135.15/105 and 241.96/105 respectively. Patients over 50 years old accounted for 89.65% of the total cases. The incidence rate of diabetes in female was higher than in males,while the incidence rates of malignant tumor and ischemic heart disease in female were lower than in males. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cerebral stroke between males and females. Conclusion Chronic and non-communicable disease is a serious threaten to people's health. It is necessary to strengthen the health promotion and improve behaviors and life style to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases.
American Criminal Justice Statistical System and its Use as an Example

The criminal justice statistics system of United States is perfect in the world,for example,its organization,scope and type,major statistical projects,criminal justice statistics collection and analysis,dissemination of publication.Combining our conditions,we should be profoundly aware of the importance of the work and its value,enhance the urgency and responsibility of establishment of suitable conditions of our country,develop and perfect the system of criminal justice statistics,provide scientific basis for decision-making and strong support for our crime prevention and criminal justice reform as well as development of criminal science.
A new grape cultivar——‘Yushouzhi’

‘Yushouzhi’ grape is a new mid-maturing European-American hybrid cultivar which is selected from ‘Golden Finger’ bud mutation.The cluster of ‘Yushouzhi’ grape is large and conical with the average weight of 500 g.The berries are oval with average weight 6 to 8 g and yellow green in color.The flesh is soft,sweet with flavor.The fruit quality is very good with 1 to 2 seed,soluble solids content 18.22%,total acid content 0.34%,vitamin C content 40.1 mg.kg-1and total free aroma compound content 32.6 g.L-1.The maturity of fruit is in the early and middle of July in northern Zhejiang province.It matures 7 to 10 days earlier than its maternal parent ‘Golden Finger’.The vines have vigorous growth with good adaptability to environment and high disease resistance.It is easy to be cultivated.
The timing and extent of Quaternary glaciation of Stok, northern Zanskar Range, Transhimalaya, of northern India

Abstract The glacial history of three tributary valleys (Namlung, Gopal Kangri and Stok Kangri) of the Stok valley, south of the Indus valley in the northern sector of the Zanskar Range, northern India is characterized using geomorphic mapping and cosmogenic 10Be surface exposure dating. The new glacial chronostratigraphy for the Stok valley is the first for the northern Zanskar Range and provides insights into the spatial variability of glaciation in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. This framework facilitates the understanding of the nature and the timing of landscape evolution and paleoenvironmental change in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. At least four glacial stages are evident within each of the tributary valleys of Gopal Kangri (MG1–MG4, youngest to oldest) and Stok Kangri (MS1–MS4) that feed into the Stok valley. With the exception of the MG4 glacial advance (~ 124 ka) in Gopal Kangri, the Stok valley has preserved evidence of glaciations from ~ 50 ka to the present. Equilibrium-line altitudes and glacier reconstructions for the Stok valley and its tributaries demonstrate that glaciations have become progressively less extensive through time. Former glacier extents of the Stok region are comparable in length with glacial advances during the last glacial cycle in eastern Zanskar and in the southern Ladakh Range to the south and north of the Indus valley, respectively. Landscape evolution in the study area has occurred across numerous glacial-interglacial cycles by a combination of glacial and fluvial processes and is similar to that of the Ladakh Range.
What? Our new crops are sick?

Diseases of new arid land crops, including native species not previously grown under cultivation, are to be expected; there are numerous precedents. Accordingly, the protocol for testing the candidate crop should include provisions for identifying pathogens and assessing their impact, in order to develop control strategies early.