cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uniaxial tension of thin rubber liner sheets and hyperelastic model investigation

Uniaxial tension tests were performed on two different thin rubber liner sheets, the silica-filled and the Kevlar-filled EPDM rubber, for the purpose of establishing the constitutive relations via different hyperelasticity models. Due to the fact that the rubber liner sheet can sustain large amount of deformation, over 700 % engineering strain, we used the non-contact, optical technique of digital image correlation to measure local deformation over the sample surface. Three different hyperelastic models were considered for analyzing the experimental measurement, one is the neo-Hookean including the generalized neo-Hookean (GNH), the second is the Rivlin-type models including the special case of Mooney–Rivlin model, and the third is the Ogden model. Model parameters were determined by fitting the hyperelastic model to the experimental data. It was found that the Rivlin model up to the second order and the Ogden model capture the constitutive behavior of both the silica-filled and the Kevlar-filled rubber sheets quite well, while the GNH model can only describe the stress-stretch relation of the Kevlar-filled rubber sheet.
Phosphate in Interstitial Waters of Anoxic Sediments: Oxidation Effects during Sampling Procedure

Oxidation during sampling procedures significantly decreases the inorganic phosphate concentrations of interstitial water rich in iron (II). All sampling and analytical procedures must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Orthophosphate in the interstitial water of Cheaspeake Bay sediments, in equilibrium with vivianite, is a potential nutrient source for the overlying water.
High-brightness fiber-coupled pump laser development

We report on the continued development of high brightness laser diode modules at nLIGHT Photonics. These modules, based on nLIGHT's PearlTM product platform, demonstrate excellence in output power, brightness, wavelength stabilization, and long wavelength performance. This system, based on 14 single emitters, is designed to couple diode laser light into a 105 μm fiber at an excitation NA of under 0.14. We demonstrate over 100W of optical power at 9xx nm with a diode brightness exceeding 20 MW/cm2-str with an operating efficiency of approximately 50%. Additional results show over 70W of optical coupled at 8xx nm. Record brilliance at wavelengths 14xx nm and longer will also be demonstrated, with over 15 W of optical power with a beam quality of 7.5 mm-mrad. These results of high brightness, high efficiency, and wavelength stabilization demonstrate the pump technology required for next generation solid state and fiber lasers.
The effect of electronic structure changes in NaInO2 and NaIn0.9Fe0.1O2 on the photoreduction of methylene blue

Photochemical dye degradation is a promising method for organic pollutant remediation; however, this process has been limited by the efficiency of the catalyst materials with respect to photon absorption. An ideal catalyst would be capable of using as much of the solar spectrum as possible, in particular the visible region. One interesting class of materials that have the potential to provide this photoactivity is known as delafossites. These materials have the general formula ABO2 and are based on the mineral CuFeO2, also known as delafossite. They are especially interesting due to the ability to alter the band structure of these materials using chemical substitution. In particular, substitution on the B-site in these materials can be used to tune the physical properties of delafossites for specific applications. In this work, NaInO2 and NaIn0.9Fe0.1O2 have been studied and Fe substitution was found to decrease the band gap energy from 3.9 eV to 2.8 eV. The catalytic activity, measured by methylene blue dye degradation, of these delafossite materials was analysed and the reduction in band gap energy was found to result in increased visible light photoactivity. Computationally, thousands of supercells were examined in order to determine the most energetically favourable substituted structures and generate density of states plots in order to determine that the experimentally observed results were due to Fe-states increasing the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbitals.
The Insulin System: Influence of Antioxidants

At the annual meeting of the American College of Nutrition held in San Francisco in 1996, a symposium was held concerning the role of disturbed glucose/insulin homeostasis in the pathogenesis of va...
PLANAR CONVEX HULL ALGORITHMS ON LINEAR ARRAYS

This paper presents two planar convex hull algorithms on linear array. The First algorithm is for the case such that n ≤ p, where n and p are the number of points in S and the number of processors, respectively. The algorithm runs in O(n) which is optimal. The second algorithm is designed for a general case such that n > p. The algorithm runs in O((n/p) log(n/p)) time, which is also optimal. Both algorithms have been extended to d-dimensional mesh-connected array with O(d2n1/d ) in time for the case such as n > p and p 1/ >> 2, which are both optimal.
External monitoring of highly parallel network processors

Modern routers use high-performance multi-core packet processing systems to implement protocol operations and to forward traffic. As the diversity of protocols and the number of processor cores increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to manage these systems and ensure their correct operation at runtime. In particular, it is challenging to identify situations in which a part of processor cores behave incorrectly, either due to failure or due to malicious attacks. To address this problem, we present a novel approach to verifying correct operation of a packet processor by analyzing packet latency and throughput. This approach can treat the network processor as a “black box” and does not need to observe internal functionality. We show that processing time statistics are affected by system misbehavior and present an analytic model to quantify these effects. Our results show that the presented technique is an effective approach to provide an extra level of protection to packet processor systems.
1.6.3 Formalizing the Language in Your Universes of Discourse

Semantic understanding of the domain for which a system or solution is being developed is crucial. Defining the ontology as part of domain modelling at the onset of a project permits effective effort as you communicate with stakeholders and move into formal definition of requirements. However, there is another Universe of Discourse in play when working as an integrated product team (IPT) on a project. Many times the terms used by the project team are assumed to be understood, but with the complexity of today's systems, the tools used to create project artefacts, and the teams needed to realize solutions, this is not always the case. This paper will present a case study illustrating the method applied to model, using UML, the ontology for a Universe of Discourse that represents the problem domain and the ontology of the project team developing the solution.
A new method for noninvasive measurement of short-term cerebrospinal fluid pressure changes in humans.

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure were shown to be reflected by changes in tympanic membrane (TM) tension. Impedance audiometry measures mechanical tension on the TM and was used to detect changes during jugular vein compression in normal students. CSF and perilymph communicate through the cochlear aqueduct, permitting increases in CSF pressure to result in increased pressure on the stapes footplate. This is transmitted to the TM by the ossicles and detected by impedance audiometry. TM tension was also proportional to CSF pressure in cadavers, where CSF pressure was manipulated by saline injection through a lumbar puncture.
Research ethics: international perspectives.

In recent years, bioethics has increasingly become an international area of inquiry with major contributions being made not only in North America but also in Europe and in the Pacific Rim countries. This general observation is particularly true for research ethics. Little attention has been paid, however, to this internationalization of bioethics in general and research ethics in particular, and there are few studies comparing what has emerged in the different countries.
Adaptive tracking algorithm for magnetically controlled shunt reactor control

This paper proposed an adaptive tracking algorithm for dynamic time-varying control of extra and ultra high voltage magnetically controlled shunt reactor (MCSR), based on the extensional model and linear regression algorithm, the output of controlled system will track the control objective, then both of the optimal static and dynamic characteristics can be got. The structure principle of MCSR magnetic circuit was analyzed, the linear regression equation in dynamic time-varying parameters was created according to the theory of dynamic parameter tracking, considering the relevance of power system and MCSR, least squares theory was used to construct the parameters tracking formula, the gain-adjustment adaptive system was formed accordingly, In the processing of data collection, the memory limit principle was used to avoid data saturation, stressing the innovation amendment to the model parameters. The controller can meet the demands of tracking the expected order, fast rapidity of initial convergence and high accuracy of convergence. Computer simulation results used in practical operation parameters confirmed the effectiveness and validity of control algorithm. The electromagnetic transient modular of PSASP has contained the controller model by program, it has the advantages of novel, practical, accuracy, fast-tracking and reliable, which provides the necessary implement for voltage control of extra and ultra high voltage magnetically controlled shunt reactor, also opens a new way to conduct the study of controller design for nonlinear element in power system.
Research Guide to Economics

Once dismissed as a dismal science, economics has, over a period of three centuries, acquired a respectability, signified quite appropriately by the institution of a separate Nobel prize. It is not any longer a study dealing with the simple laws of supply and demand. Today, it is an extensive and well developed academic discipline with its own specialized branches such as econometrics. Today's student of economics faces the problem common to most other disciplines, namely, proliferation of the subject literature. Luckily for him, there is no dearth of guidebooks and manuals which attempt to teach the beginner the art and science of looking for and finding appropriate information. These include The Uses of Economics Literature, How to Find Out About Economics, Economics and Commerce: The Sources of Information and Their Organization, and Economics: Bibliographic Guide to Reference Books and Information Sources. Any standard textbook would provide an adequate introduction to the basic concepts in the variou...
Factor Proportions and Relative Wages: The Supply-Side Determinants of Wage Inequality

Supply-side factors may contribute to rising wage inequality. First, certain changes in the supply of skills allegedly exacerbate wage inequality. Women's increased labor force participation and increased immigration are the leading candidates; both allegedly reduce the wages of less-skilled men. However, immigration's impact on wage inequality has been minor and the effects of women's participation is inconclusive. Second, in evaluating the likelihood that human capital investment will mitigate future inequality, evidence suggests that rising returns to education have increased the proportion of young people attending college, limiting the growth of inequality among high-wage workers.
Growth, ribonucleotide reductase and metals in murine leukemic lymphocytes.

Trace metals are essential for the growth and several other properties of human lymphocytes. We studied the effects of media with variable concentrations of three metals (Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+), a metal chelator (deferoxamine, DFX) and a cell-growth inhibitor (hydroxy-urea) on the growth, intracellular metal concentration and activity of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase in murine leukemic lymphocytes (L1210). Intracellular concentrations of Fe and Cu fluctuated within narrow limits in normal media, but decreased to very low concentrations in metal-poor media. The intracellular Zn concentration did not vary appreciably. Growth in intact cells decreased by 50%–70% when normal media were replaced by metal-poor media, but returned to control values when media were supplemented with gradually increasing concentrations of Fe and Cu. Fe and Cu had synergistic effects, while Zn had no stimulatory action. Hydroxyurea and DFX both inhibited cell growth, but only DFX inhibition was reversed by addition of metals. The addition of the above metals and inhibitors to the cell extracts produced effects on ribonucleotide reductase activity similar to those observed on the growth of whole cell preparations (stimulation by Fe and Cu, inhibition by Zn, DFX and hydroxyurea). These findings show that (a) the intracellular metal concentration is maintained in a narrow range during cell growth; (b) ribonucleotide reductase activity varies with cell growth; (c) ribonucleotide reductase activity and cell growth increase with Fe and Cu and decrease with Zn and DFX. Our data suggest that (a) Fe, Cu and Zn may have some effect on the growth and ribonucleotide reductase activity of L1210 cells, that (b) Fe, Cu and Zn may operate in a related and interdependent way and that (c) DFX inhibits cell growth probably through inhibition of the reductase activity and chelation of the Fe of its Fe-containing subunit. We conclude that any study on one of these metals should always include the other two and that manipulation of intracellular metals should be investigated as a potential therapeutic modulator of growth in leukemic lymphocytes.
Turnover of radiosodium in Drosophila melanogaster adults of different ages

Abstract The rate of loss of radioactivity from adults of Drosophila melanogaster was observed both in groups and in individual flies of different initial ages up to 1176 hours and maintained at 25°C. Flies were labelled either by rearing them from the egg stage on media containing Na 22 or by feeding adults Na 22 in the food media. Even though sufficient equilibration time on the media was allowed and the flies were not anaesthetized after once becoming labelled great variation was found in biologic half-life for flies of all ages. A small but significant association of turnover rate with age was found for the males only. The half-life decreased by 1·8 hr for each 100 hr of age. The difference between the mean half-life values for males (81·26 hr) and females (98·24 hr) of all ages combined was statistically significant. The turnover of body sodium for a 24 hr period was 15·5 per cent and 18·5 per cent for females and males respectively.
A Prospective: Quantitative Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Surfaces

Analysis methods that enable quantitative energies of states to be obtained from vacuum tunneling spectra of semiconductors are discussed. The analysis deals with the problem of tip-induced band bending in the semiconductor, which distorts the voltage-scale of the spectra so that it does not correspond directly to energy values. Three-dimensional electrostatic modeling is used to solve the electrostatics of the tip-vacuum-semiconductor system, and an approximate (semiclassical in the radial direction) solution for the wavefunctions is used to obtain the tunnel current. Various applications of the method to semiconductor surfaces and other material systems are discussed, and possible extensions of the method are considered.
Genre and paradigm in the second book of de oratore

Cicero's analysis of genre in Book II of De oratore is a subtle effort to balance and synthesize the conflicting theoretical positions of Isocrates and Aristotle. In the dialogue, Cicero relies on ironic eloquence to explain the nature of eloquence, and, through this merger of theory and practice, the rival conceptions of oratory as systematic art and synthetic practice coalesce. As Cicero presents it, the generic frame is only a convenient fiction incapable of representing the data of the art. Through his effort to understand competing theoretical systems, Cicero identifies an issue of abiding concern—the opposition between a perspective grounded in practice and a perspective oriented toward the abstract principles that define rhetoric as a coherent realm of experience.
Struggles for equivalence: In vitro developmental toxicity model evolution in pharmaceuticals in 2006

Our group has been using the ECVAM Embryonic Stem Cell assay to predict developmental toxicity. In order to improve the separation of non-teratogens from weak teratogens, we have employed measures of gene expression, and different statistical methods from those originally used to develop the test. These approaches have fundamentally not improved the discrimination of 'weaks' from 'nons'. A realization that a very low value for cytotoxicity IC50 would drive a final result for the test in ways that were inappropriate for pharmaceuticals has led us to re-examine the cytotoxicity component. Our current efforts are focused on other, perhaps more sensitive, measures of cytotoxicity, combined with gene expression changes in mouse stem cells in an attempt to correctly identify weak teratogens and non-teratogens.
Light-scattering studies of cation-stimulated filament assembly of newborn rat epidermal keratin

Effects of CaCl2 on in vitro polymerization of keratin extracted from cornified cells of newborn rat were investigated by means of light-scattering and supramolecular structures. Elongation and parallel assembly of filaments occurred with addition of CaCl2 to dialyzed keratin solutions and was detected by an increase in light-scattering intensity. Nonfibrous aggregates which occurred in higher buffer concentrations and in lower pH were also recorded as intensity increased. MgCl2, ZnCl2, and GdCl3 demonstrated similar effects, but NaCl and KCl showed no effect.
Remarks on string/five-brane duality

Abstract We examine the hypothesis that the heterotic string is dual to the heterotic five-brane, from the point of view of low-energy ten-dimensional supergravity theories. We conclude that (a) the five-brane tension is quantizezed in units of 2π2α′/κ2 and (b) the five-brane loop coupling constant is given by the inverse cube root of the string loop coupling constant. This latter result supports the idea that the strongly coupled heterotic string is described by the weakly coupled heterotic five-brane, and vice versa.
Principles of design and analyses for the calibration of accelerometry-based activity monitors

The term "calibration" in accelerometry research has come to mean the conversion of counts into other established measurement units. In this article, two types of calibration research are described. Unit calibration (or interinstrument variability) is described as a reliability issue, whereas value calibration is described as more of a validity issue. Principles for design of accelerometry-based validation studies are described to provide a guide for future calibration research. The population must be representative of the intended population in terms of demographics and size, monitors must be representative of the population of monitors that would be available, and activities in the protocol must be representative of the types of activities performed by the intended population. It is also important to employ appropriate analytical strategies in this type of research. A case study employing the appropriate design principles is included to demonstrate how results can vary depending on the type of analyses that are used. Direct comparisons are made between a mixed model regression approach and an approach based on receiver operator characteristic curves.
Expression and Characterization of a PNPLA3 Protein Isoform (I148M) Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A genetic variant of PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3; PNPLA3-I148M), a serine protease of unknown function, is associated with accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the liver. To determine the biological substrates of PNPLA3 and the effect of the I148M substitution on enzymatic activity and substrate specificity, we purified and characterized recombinant human PNPLA3 and PNPLA3-I148M. Maximal hydrolytic activity of PNPLA3 was observed against the three major glycerolipids, TAG, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol, with a strong preference for oleic acid as the acyl moiety. Substitution of methionine for isoleucine at position 148 markedly decreased the Vmax of the enzyme for glycerolipids but had only a modest effect on the Km. Purified PNPLA3 also catalyzed the hydrolysis of oleoyl-CoA, but the Vmax was 100-fold lower for oleoyl-CoA than for triolein. The thioesterase activity required the catalytic serine but was only modestly decreased by the I148M substitution. The enzyme had little or no hydrolytic activity against the other lipid substrates tested, including phospholipids, cholesteryl ester, and retinyl esters. Neither the wild-type nor mutant enzyme catalyzed transfer of oleic acid from oleoyl-CoA to glycerophosphate, lysophosphatidic acid, or diacylglycerol, suggesting that the enzyme does not promote de novo TAG synthesis. Taken together, our results are consistent with the notion that PNPLA3 plays a role in the hydrolysis of glycerolipids and that the I148M substitution causes a loss of function, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the enzyme has additional substrates or activities.
Highly stable optoelectronic oscillator with a 10 5 finesse etalon as a photonic filter

Low noise microwave signals are important for many applications in communications, radar, and navigation. The optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) design allows for creation of stable signals by taking advantage of optical elements for their long energy storage time and very low loss. High-Q elements include long fiber delay lines [1] and photonic filters [2] such as Fabry-Perot etalons (FPE) and whispering gallery mode resonators. Photonic filters also serve as mode selectors for the RF oscillation frequency, eliminating the need for RF bandpass filters which eliminate higher harmonic oscillations. Presented here is an optoelectronic oscillator system utilizing a high finesse FPE for both a photonic filter and optical frequency reference. By referencing the laser source to the etalon through Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) frequency stabilization, a narrow linewidth, long term stable optical source is created [3], reducing output frequency drifts due to the source. The RF output of the OEO shows fractional frequency instability of 3.3×10−10 at 1 s. This result displays an improvement of more than two orders of magnitude over previous results using photonic filtering with a lower finesse etalon[4].
The use of nonparallel canine abutments for a tissue bar overdenture obturator

Abstract A technique is presented to splint two nonparallel overdenture abutments with diverging root canals. This was accomplished with the use of threaded TMS pins and their corresponding taps.
Fourier-Jacobi expansion and the Ikeda lift

In this article, we consider a Fourier-Jacobi expansion of Siegel modular forms generated by the Ikeda lift. There are two purposes of this article: first, to give an expression of L-function of certain Siegel modular forms of half-integral weight of odd degree; and secondly, to give a relation among Fourier-Jacobi coefficients of Siegel modular forms generated by the Ikeda lift.
ON ELASTODYNAMIC PROBLEMS IN INFINITE CYLINDERS

On commence par construire la solution formellement. On developpe suivant des fonctions propres la transformee de Fourier des deplacements. On etablit l'existence de ces fonctions propres apres avoir deduit une inegalite de type Korn. On montre que la transformation inverse de Fourier converge avec des hypotheses appropriees. Etude de la reponse transitoire d'un cylindre infini soumis a une excitation de volume, et a des excitations ponctuelles en particulier
Alternatives to flat panel displays in vehicle turrets

Space is a premium in vehicle turrets. Reducing the footprint of displays inside turrets frees up space for the warfighter. Traditional military ruggedized flat panel displays cannot reside flush with the curved turret wall and consumes more space than their advertized size. The lack of turret space also makes balancing human factors difficult. To better meet the Warfighter needs, alternatives and incremental upgrades to the flat panel displays in turrets were compiled. Each alternative technology was assessed against the constraints of a turret. Benefits, issues, and predictions to implementation are summarized. Viable alternatives are being developed into suitable options.
Temperature dependence of the ω-bcc phase transition in zirconium metal

High-pressure, high-temperature energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction studies were carried out on the group-IV transition-metal zirconium (Zr) to 36 GPa using a synchrotron-radiation source to investigate the entropy contribution in the \ensuremath{\omega}- to-bcc phase transition. A room-temperature equilibrium transformation pressure of 35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 GPa between the \ensuremath{\omega} and bcc phases of Zr metal was observed. A negative slope of 39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 K/GPa along the \ensuremath{\omega}-bcc phase boundary observed in this experiment gives experimental evidence indicating thermal contribution to the structural sequences in transition metals and shows that the \ensuremath{\omega} phase of Zr metal (a phase of group-IV transition metals) has lower entropy than its pressure-induced bcc phase (isostructural with group-V transition metals). Extrapolation of the present data indicates that the previous observation of a phase transition in shock-wave experiments at 26 GPa and 540 K is due to this \ensuremath{\omega}-to-bcc phase transition.
A Compact Multiband Gasket Enable Rectangular Fractal Antenna

The design of a new fractal multi band antenna, based on Sierpinski gasket enabled rectangular geometry is presented in this paper. Two iterations of the rectangular fractal multi band antenna, with CPW feeding in 2-10 GHz band are examined. There appeared 3 resonant frequencies at 2.46 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.5 GHz for 2nd iteration. From the return loss plot it is seen that antenna has achieved the IEEE Bluetooth/WLAN/ISM (2.4-2.484 GHz), WiMAX (3.4-3.69 GHz) & WIFI (5.1-5.825 GHz) frequency band with-10dB return loss. Also nearly omni-directional radiation pattern is observed. The peak realized antenna gain is around 4.5 dB in each distinct band.
A short-term, intensive workshop approach for the treatment of human sexual inadequacy.

Abstract A rapid treatment approach to common sexual dysfunctions has been used in treating 59 couples, including 74 symptomatic individuals. Using a multidisciplinary team approach in an intensive 21/2 day workshop format, symptom improvement has been obtained in 86.5% of the dysfunctional individuals, with complete symptom reversal in 63.5%. The intensive workshop format has resulted in a saving of both patient and professional time and is seen as a viable and successful alternative to more time-consuming approaches of treating various sexual dysfunctions.
Some magnetic properties of Mn‐Zn ferrite epitaxial layers

Mn‐Zn spinel ferrite films grown by liquid phase epitaxy on MnGa2O4 substrates in controlled atmospheres have been studied. We have characterized films whose composition ranged from Mn.9Zn.5Fe1.6O4 for saturation magnetization, induced anisotropy, Curie temperature and in‐plane coercivity. The ferromagnetic (FMR) and spin wave resonance spectra show the correlation of film magnetization, induced anisotropy and homogeneity with composition. Two magnetic phases are evident from the FMR spectra and hysteresis for films with a composition near Mn.9Zn.5Fe1.6O4. The second phase is not present in films with more than 1.7 Fe atoms/formula unit. The variation of the FMR linewidth with temperature is attributed to the presence of either Mn3+ or Fe2+. A large stress correlated (but not simply magnetostrictive) uniaxial anisotropy is apparent. Using a vibrating sample magnetometer film moments have been measured from room temperature through their Curie points. An in‐plane coercivity of less than 3 Oe has been obser...
Multicriteria pickup and delivery problem with transfer opportunity

Abstract In this research, we develop a multiobjective vehicle routing and scheduling heuristic for a pickup and delivery problem. The problem contains time window, advanced request, multi-vehicle and many-to-many transport. In addition, the fleet size is not predetermined, and customers are allowed to transfer between vehicles. The objectives of scheduling are to minimize vehicle expense, tardiness and travel time. We propose a concurrent scheduling approach, which allocates customers to more than one vehicle and assigns more than one customer to a vehicle at a time. It differs from the usual concurrent approach in three aspects: (i) it uses the look-ahead strategy to construct miniroute; (ii) it adopts the head/tail, head, and tail integration techniques; and (iii) it allows interactivity. The procedure takes full advantage of due time and travel time information and is implemented through a computer program. It is a one-phase heuristic that can be reiterated when necessary. We provide detailed programming procedures and present the computational results of the proposed algorithm through the real data.
Endless Possibilities: Stem Cells and the Vision for Toxicology Testing in the 21st Century

The National Research Council's (NRC) toxicity testing vision lays out a bold future for our field. It depends heavily on computational algorithms based on the latest knowledge of cellular biochemistry and protein interaction pathways, exposing human cells to novel compounds in vitro, and being able to understand the changes seen. At the same time, significant strides are being made in our understanding of the control, production, and "behavior" of stem cells. While stem cells offer seemingly limitless possibilities for regenerative medicine, they have already delivered new assays to predict embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in vitro. In addition to providing a model of cells undergoing differentiation and proliferation, stem cells will play a major role by giving rise to many of the differentiated cell types on which this new vision depends. These will not be pure populations of single cell types but mixtures of cells much more representative of tissues in vitro. Moving from cells alone in a culture dish toward the more physiological condition of multiple cell types being able to interact to maintain homeostasis in the face of a disequilibrating force (like a toxic exposure) will lead us toward more useful and correct predictions of in vivo toxicities. Despite the seemingly insurmountable hurdles, persistence and creativity are on our side. We expect that a long series of successive iterations of predictive models will eventually yield a working process that approximates the NRC's vision and delivers on the promise of faster evaluation of chemicals with reduced animal use.
Anisotropy of polarized X-ray emission from atoms and molecules

Abstract Strongly anisotropic, polarized Cl Kβ X-ray emission has been observed from gas-phase CF 3 Cl following selective resonant excitation with a linearly polarized X-ray beam. Distinctively different polarizations and angular distributions result for emission involving molecular orbitals of different symmetries. A classical model of the X-ray absorption/emission process well describes the observed radiation patterns. A small anisotropy also was measured for Ar Kα emission following resonant excitation. The observation of only a small anisotropy in this case is attributed to the averaging out of the individual anisotropies from unresolved final states. We review the experimental methods and results and discuss theoretical models used to describe polarization and anisotropy effects in X-ray absorption and emission from atoms and molecules.
The role of serotonin-2 (5-HT2) and dopamine receptors in the behavioral actions of the 5-HT2A/2C agonist, DOI, and putative 5-HT2C inverse agonist, SR46349B

Rationale Atypical antipsychotic efficacy is often attributed to actions at serotonin-2 (5-HT2) and dopamine receptors, indicating a potential benefit of understanding the interplay between these systems. Currently, it is known that 5-HT2 receptors modulate dopamine release, although the role of specific dopamine receptors in 5-HT2-mediated behavior is not well understood.
Photoreduction of methyl-viologen by zeolite-Y stabilized silver clusters

Abstract In this work the ability of silver clusters stabilized on zeolite-Y (Ag Y) to photoreduction of intrazeolitic methyl-viologen (MV2) to its π-cation radicals (MV+) is reported. The zeolite was generated by chemical reduction of the zeolite entrapped Ag+ cations (one Ag+ cation per ten supercages) with aqueous NaBH4. Then, the Ag Y sample was ion exchanged with MV2+ in order to obtain MV2+/ Ag Y assemblies. The integrity of this zeolite was documented by electrochemical, diffuse reflectance (DR) and emission spectroscopy (EM) measurements. The cyclic voltammogram of the zeolite covered glassy carbon electrode showed two redox couples at E1/2 = −0.49 and −0.79 V versus Ag/AgCl, due to MV2+ two step electroreduction, and an anodic wave at Ep = 0.34 V versus Ag/AgCl which was assigned to electrooxidation of the silver clusters. The emission spectrum of the Ag Y zeolite, acquired with 406.7 nm excitation, exhibited luminescence centered at λem = 495 nm. This emission was assigned to fluorescence of the silver clusters corresponding to their optical absorption at λmax = 406 nm. It was found that the optically excited surface plasmon of the Ag particles, with the laser beam of 406.7 nm, was able to reduce the intrazeolitic MV2+ to MV2+ radicals. This finding was documented by DR bands centered at λmax = 397 and 604 nm and Raman bands at 1354, 1529 and 1654 cm−1 due to ν(C C) inter-ring stretching modes of the intrazeolitic MV2+ radicals. The photoinduced electron transfer reaction was considered in terms of the oxidative quenching mechanism of the excited silver plasmon resonance.
The French Revolution as Local Experience: the Terror in Dijon

(2005). The French Revolution as Local Experience: the Terror in Dijon. The Historian: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 694-711.
Favorable remodeling enhances recovery of regional myocardial function in the weeks after infarction in ischemically preconditioned hearts.

Background—In a previous study, we found that recovery of segment shortening in the ischemic zone of conscious, chronically instrumented rabbits was significantly better in ischemically preconditioned than control animals after 72 hours of reperfusion. However, although this period of reperfusion was felt to be sufficient to allow recovery from stunning, regional function was disproportionately low for the size of the infarcts. Methods and Results—To further characterize the recovery of left ventricular regional function, rabbits were chronically instrumented with a balloon occluder around a branch of the left coronary artery and a pair of ultrasonic crystals to monitor segment shortening in the ischemic zone. The preconditioned group had 1 cycle of 5-minute occlusion/10-minute reperfusion before a 30-minute occlusion, whereas control rabbits experienced only the 30-minute occlusion. All monitored segments were either dyskinetic or akinetic during the 30-minute occlusion. There was no difference in functi...
A comparison of index-sequential and AR(1) generated hydrologic sequences

Abstract Many water agencies in California and the rest of the United States utilize sequences of wrapped historic hydrology rather than synthetic streamflows in their simulation models. The wrapped historic procedure is also known as the index-sequential method. This paper compares results from an annual regulation model of the Colorado River system which used both historic hydrologic sequences generated by the index-sequential method, and autoregressive, order 1 (AR(1)) synthetically generated streamflows as inputs. The synthetic AR(1) log normal model also included parameter uncertainty. Reservoir storage exceedance probabilities developed for Lake Powell and Lake Mead from a 32-year simulation show that AR(1) model generated flows yield slightly higher storage levels at 50% exceedance. This is in part the result of the parameter estimation procedure of the AR(1) model, and also to the fact that AR(1) models do not reproduce critical period severity with the same frequency as that evidenced in the index sequential method. Thus, the index-sequential method appears to be a conservative approach for average storage predictions. However, for predictions involving higher exceedance probabilities, (i.e. the tails of the distribution) synthetic streamflows may be more appropriate.
Review of simulations of climate variability and change with the GFDL R30 coupled climate model

A review is presented of the development and simulation characteristics of the most recent version of a global coupled model for climate variability and change studies at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, as well as a review of the climate change experiments performed with the model. The atmospheric portion of the coupled model uses a spectral technique with rhomboidal 30 truncation, which corresponds to a transform grid with a resolution of approximately 3.75° longitude by 2.25° latitude. The ocean component has a resolution of approximately 1.875° longitude by 2.25° latitude. Relatively simple formulations of river routing, sea ice, and land surface processes are included. Two primary versions of the coupled model are described, differing in their initialization techniques and in the specification of sub-grid scale oceanic mixing of heat and salt. For each model a stable control integration of near millennial scale duration has been conducted, and the characteristics of both the time-mean and variability are described and compared to observations. A review is presented of a suite of climate change experiments conducted with these models using both idealized and realistic estimates of time-varying radiative forcing. Some experiments include estimates of forcing from past changes in volcanic aerosols and solar irradiance. The experiments performed are described, and some of the central findings are highlighted. In particular, the observed increase in global mean surface temperature is largely contained within the spread of simulated global mean temperatures from an ensemble of experiments using observationally-derived estimates of the changes in radiative forcing from increasing greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols.
Organ size is limited by the number of embryonic progenitor cells in the pancreas but not the liver

The determinants of vertebrate organ size are poorly understood, but the process is thought to depend heavily on growth factors and other environmental cues. In the blood and central nervous system, for example, organ mass is determined primarily by growth-factor-regulated cell proliferation and apoptosis to achieve a final target size. Here, we report that the size of the mouse pancreas is constrained by an intrinsic programme established early in development, one that is essentially not subject to growth compensation. Specifically, final pancreas size is limited by the size of the progenitor cell pool that is set aside in the developing pancreatic bud. By contrast, the size of the liver is not constrained by reductions in the progenitor cell pool. These findings show that progenitor cell number, independently of regulation by growth factors, can be a key determinant of organ size.
Charge-exchange Coupling between Pickup Ions across the Heliopause and its Effect on Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Flux

Pickup ions (PUIs) appear to play an integral role in the multi-component nature of the plasma in the interaction between the solar wind (SW) and local interstellar medium (LISM). Three-dimensional (3D) MHD simulations with a kinetic treatment for neutrals and PUIs are currently still not viable. In light of recent energetic neutral atom (ENA) observations by the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate the complex coupling between PUIs across the heliopause (HP) as facilitated by ENAs using estimates of PUI properties extracted from a 3D MHD simulation of the SW-LISM interaction with kinetic neutrals. First, we improve upon the multi-component treatment of the inner heliosheath (IHS) plasma from Zank et al. by including the extinction of PUIs through charge-exchange. We find a significant amount of energy is transferred away from hot, termination shock-processed PUIs into a colder, freshly injected PUI population. Second, we extend the multi-component approach to estimate ENA flux from the outer heliosheath (OHS), formed from charge-exchange between interstellar hydrogen atoms and energetic PUIs. These PUIs are formed from ENAs in the IHS that crossed the HP and experienced charge-exchange. Our estimates, based on plasma-neutral simulations of the SW-LISM interaction and a post-processing analysis of ENAs and PUIs, suggest the majority of flux visible at 1 AU from the front of the heliosphere, between ~0.02 and 10 keV, originates from OHS PUIs, indicating strong coupling between the IHS and OHS plasmas through charge-exchange.
Childhood asthma in a rural environment: implications for clinical nurse specialist practice

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify factors that impact asthma morbidity in rural school-aged children. Design Exploratory analysis of baseline data collected in a longitudinal intervention study was performed. Setting Four rural school districts that served small towns and unincorporated areas participated in this study. Sample Participants were children in grades 2 to 5 who had current asthma and who spoke English or Spanish. There were 183 children (108 boys, 75 girls) with an average age of 8.78 years and who were Hispanic (46%), white (31%), or African American (22%). Methods Associations between asthma risk factors (gender, ethnicity/race, socioeconomic status, asthma severity), asthma resources (access to care, health insurance), family asthma management, and asthma morbidity (absenteeism, emergency department visits, hospitalizations) were analyzed. Findings Children with more severe asthma had higher absenteeism and more hospitalizations, and their parents performed more asthma management behaviors. Families who had difficulty accessing care had more hospitalizations and emergency department visits and were more likely to be poor. More boys, more Hispanic and African American children, and more children from poorer families were hospitalized for asthma than were middle-class and non-Hispanic white children. Conclusions Asthma is a chronic condition that is fairly easy for some families to manage, whereas other families are having higher asthma morbidity that needs to be addressed through targeted interventions.
A NEW FUNCTION FOR DIPOLE ORIENTATION AND RUBBER ELASTICITY.

Abstract : A new function for dipole orientation is derived to describe a collection of fixed, randomly oriented molecules with a dipole moment, achievable by an intramolecular motion such as inversion. This model should be applicable to tertiary amines in the glassy state or imbedded in a glassy matrix. The new function, called the Y function, is similar to the Langevin function at low fields. However at very high fields, the Y function predicts an average dipole moment rather than the value obtained from the Langevin function. The Y function has also been applied to obtain a new equation of state for rubber elasticity at high strains, in the same manner that had previously been achieved starting with the Langevin function (freely-rotating model). This new equation of state for rubber elasticity is superior to that based on the Langevin equation in that it predicts a finite rather than an infinite strain energy. (Author)
An investigation of relative subunit motility in human luteinizing hormone molecules using depolarization of fluorescence.

Summary The polarization of the fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled human luteinizing hormone and its fluorescein-labeled subunits has been measured. The derived mean rotational relaxation time for the subunits is 14 nanoseconds and is close to that expected, 16.5 nanoseconds, for a rigid, hydrated, spherical macromolecule of the same molecular weight and with a fixed fluorophore. The mean rotational relaxation time for the native molecule is 19 nanoseconds and is below the 33 nanoseconds calculated for the appropriate hydrated sphere. It does not seem possible to understand the reduced relaxation time for the native molecule on the basis of 1) depolarization from Főrster resonance transfer, 2) thermal activation of fluorophore rotations, or 3) preferential orientation of the fluorophore in a rigid macromolecule. It is concluded that the two subunits within native human luteinizing hormone are capable of a significant degree of relative mobility.
Anti-CD34 immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections of acute leukemia: Comparison with flow cytometric immunophenotyping

Anti-CD34 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts with bone marrow progenitor cells and leukemic blasts, and is expressed on 30% to 50% of all acute leukemias. Detection of CD34 has previously been restricted to flow cytometric studies. To expand the utility of CD34, we immunostained 46 paraffin-embedded bone marrow specimens with acute leukemia; results were compared with flow cytometric studies. CD34 reactivity was also evaluated in nine chronic leukemia cases, 27 malignant lymphoma cases (Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), six normal bone marrow specimens, and three benign, hyperplastic lymph node specimens. All cases that were CD34 positive by flow cytometry (11 of 19 B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases, one of six T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases, and seven of 21 acute myeloblastic leukemia cases) were also CD34 positive in paraffin sections. Both cell membrane and cytoplasmic staining was seen. The positivity percentage and fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry correlated with the estimated number of stained cells and the intensity of immunoperoxidase staining in 18 of 19 CD34-positive cases. The remaining bone marrow and lymph node cases studied were CD34 negative; prominent endothelial cell staining, however, was noted. This is the first report of anti-CD34 staining of acute leukemia in paraffin-embedded sections. In contrast to other monoclonal anti-bodies reactive in bone marrow paraffin sections with leukemia, anti-CD34 immunoperoxidase staining is limited to leukemic blasts and may provide useful diagnostic information when flow cytometric studies are not available.