cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A network protection design model and a study of three-layer networks with IP/MPLS, OTN, and DWDM

In this paper, we present an optimization design model for protecting an IP/MPLS over OTN over DWDM three-layer network. We provide a protection mechanism at each layer while considering the technological constraints of each layer; especially the OTN layer which has not been explicitly considered before. We present a heuristic approach to reduce the complexity of the problem and present a study based on varying several network parameters to understand their impacts on the protection capacity and the overall network cost.
High-bandwidth free-space optics

Free-space interconnections for optical computing and information processing require an understanding of the three dimensional propagation of ultrahigh bandwidth optical pulses. Unlike optical fibers that are basically waveguides, free space propagation involves additional phenomenon such as self-focusing. In order to understand the properties of unguided or free space propagation for interconnections it is necessary to use a three dimensional spatial grid as well as the usual temporal grid. We derived an expression for the propagation of free space optical pulses for data rates on the order of hundreds of terabits/sec. Our formulation incorporates physical parameters such as the pulse duration, pulse intensity and free space characteristics. Numerical calculations show the spatiotemporal pulse distortion for free space propagation.
Genetic and morphologic determinants of pneumothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a multisystem disease affecting women, is characterized by proliferation of abnormal smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs, leading to cystic destruction of the parenchyma...
An asymptotic property for a class of finite difference equations

Mathematical conditions are derived which characterize the asymptotic behaviour of a. class of finite difference equations. The results find application in the theory of optimal control.
Pharmacy's changing demographics.

As the baby-boom generation begins to enter the retirement years, health care resources will become strained, especially with the current shortage of pharmacists. Because 85% of people age 65 years or older have at least one chronic disease that requires prescription drug therapy,[1][1] the demand
Predictors of mortality within 90 days of cataract surgery.

Purpose: To identify predictors of mortality within 90 days of cataract surgery. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Participants: A total of 45 082 patients who underwent cataract surgery in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) between October 1, 2005 and September 30, 2007. Methods: The National Patient (US) Care Database (NPCD) was used to identify all patients who underwent outpatient extracapsular cataract surgery performed in the VHA and who had only 1 cataract surgery within 90 days of the index surgery. Data collected includes demographics, number of hospitalizations within 1 year before surgery, postoperative mortality, and systemic comorbidities using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), which predicts the 1-year mortality for a patient based on a range of co-morbid conditions scored 1, 2, 3 or 6 depending on the risk of dying associated with the condition. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of factors predictive of 90-day mortality were calculated using logistical regression modeling. Main Outcome Measures: Mortality within 90 days of cataract surgery. Results: Of the 53 786 patients who underwent cataract surgery during the study period, 45 082 met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 71.8 years; 97.6% were men; 5.0% had complex cataract surgery. The most frequent systemic comorbidities in the CCI were diabetes mellitus (40.6%), chronic pulmonary disease (21.2%), malignant neoplasms (12.5%) and congestive heart failure (CHF; 9.5%). Patients had a median CCI score of 1; 43.7% had a score 2. Mortality rate within 90 days after cataract surgery was 7.1 per 1000 patients. Independent predictors of 90-day postoperative mortality were [adjusted OR, (95% confidence interval; CI)]: age 80 or greater [2.54 (1.62,3.98)], CCI 2 [2.06 (1.58, 2.70)], 1 hospitalizations in the past
Computed Radiography-A Low Dose X-Ray Imaging System

Scatter radiation in diagnostic radiology is recognized as an agent that adds noise to the imaging system and increases patient dose. A prototype computed radiography (CR) system by General Electric uses a highly collimated, 1.5 mm FWHM, pulsed fan-beam of x-rays, good geometry and well collimated xenon gas detector array to virtually eliminate scatter radiation resulting in high contrast sensitivity and low patient dose. The detectors with their high signal-to-noise ratio, wide dynamic range and large x-ray quantum efficiency provide added benefit in terms of wide latitude and reduced dose to the patient. The CR system is found to use radiation more efficiently than film-screen-grid standard radiography systems for imaging low-contrast objects in parts of the body such as abdomen.
Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Nonlinear Differential Equations Arising in Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows

Solutions for a class of nonlinear second order differential equations, arising in a viscoelastic fluid flow at a rotating cylinder, are obtained. Furthermore, using the Shauder theory and the perturbation technique existence, uniqueness and analyticity results are established. Moreover, the exact analytical solutions (in integral form) are compared with the corresponding numerical ones.
Mapping the Serpin-Proteinase Complex Using Single Cysteine Variants of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor Pittsburgh

To probe the covalent serpin-proteinase complex, we used wild-type and 4 new single cysteine variants (T85C, S121C, D159C, and D298C) of α1-proteinase inhibitor Pittsburgh. Cysteines in each variant could be labeled both in native and proteinase-complexed α1-proteinase inhibitors. Pre-reaction with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-chloride or fluorescein prevented complex formation only with the D298C variant. Label at Cys121 greatly increased the stoichiometry of inhibition for thrombin and gave an emission spectrum that discriminated between native, cleaved, and proteinase-complexed serpin and between complexes with trypsin and thrombin, whereas fluorophore at residue 159 on helix F was almost insensitive to complex formation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements for covalent and non-covalent complexes were consistent with a location of the proteinase at the end of the serpin distal from the original location of the reactive center loop. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a serpin-proteinase complex in which the reactive center loop is fully inserted into β-sheet A, and the proteinase is at the far end of the serpin from its initial site of docking with the reactive center loop close to, but not obscuring, residue 121.
Probing Ellagitannin Stereochemistry: The Rotational Barrier of a Model (4,6)-Hexamethoxydiphenoyl Glucopyranoside.

Abstract Activation parameters for isomerization of the ( R )- to the ( S )-atropisomer in a (4,6)-HHDP ellagitannin model were calculated from rate vs. temperature data acquired through variable temperature 1 H NMR experiments. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Tyrosine administration does not affect desipramine-induced dopamine levels as measured in vivo in prefrontal cortex

Using in vivo microdialysis, we examined whether tyrosine administration would potentiate the desipramine (DMI)-induced elevation of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) dopamine (DA) levels. DMI (10 or 20 mg/kg IP) increased MPFC DA levels but not DOPA accumulation. Tyrosine (12.5-100 mug/ml) administered by reverse microdialysis did not affect DMI-induced MPFC DA levels. The data support our hypothesis that DA synthesis must be significantly increased in order for administered tyrosine to increase extracellular DA levels.
A Review of Analytics and Clinical Informatics in Health Care

Federal investment in health information technology has incentivized the adoption of electronic health record systems by physicians and health care organizations; the result has been a massive rise in the collection of patient data in electronic form (i.e. "Big Data"). Health care systems have leveraged Big Data for quality and performance improvements using analytics--the systematic use of data combined with quantitative as well as qualitative analysis to make decisions. Analytics have been utilized in various aspects of health care including predictive risk assessment, clinical decision support, home health monitoring, finance, and resource allocation. Visual analytics is one example of an analytics technique with an array of health care and research applications that are well described in the literature. The proliferation of Big Data and analytics in health care has spawned a growing demand for clinical informatics professionals who can bridge the gap between the medical and information sciences.
Synthesis, characterization and in vivo studies of Cu(II)-64-labeled cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle-amide complexes as models of peptide conjugate imaging agents.

Copper-64, a positron emitter suitable for positron emission tomography (PET), demonstrates improved in vivo clearance when chelated by the cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle CB-TE2A compared to TETA. Good in vivo clearance was also observed for 64Cu-CB-TE2A conjugated to a peptide, which converts one coordinating carboxylate pendant arm to an amide. To better understand the in vivo stability of peptide- conjugated CB-TE2A, cross-bridged monoamides were synthesized. Crystal structures of natCu(II)-CB-TEAMA and natCu(II)-CB-PhTEAMA revealed hexadentate, distorted octahedral coordination geometry. In vivo biodistribution showed clearance of all 64Cu-radiolabeled cross-bridged monoamides from liver and bone marrow such that uptake at 24 h was 60% of 30 min uptake from 64Cu-TETA was retained in these tissues at 24 h. Clearance of 64Cu-cross-bridged monoamides from nontarget organs suggests good in vivo stability, thus supporting the use of CB-TE2A as a bifunctional chelat...
Iterative solution of elliptic problems by approximate factorization

An iterative method for the numerical solution of singularly perturbed second-order linear elliptic problems is presented. It is a defect correction iteration in which the approximate operator is the product of two first-order operators, which is readily inverted numerically. The approximate operator is generated by formal asymptotic factorization of the original operator. Hence this is a QUasi Analytic Defect correction iteration (QUAD). Both its continuous and discrete versions are analyzed in one dimension. The scheme is extended to a variety of two dimensional operators and it is analyzed for a model advection-diffusion equation. Numerical calculations show the effectiveness of the scheme over a wide range of values of the small parameter.
Spreaders for immersion nucleate boiling cooling of a computer chip with a central hot spot

Abstract This paper numerically investigates the performance of composite spreaders comprised of Cu substrates and Cu micro-porous surfaces of different thicknesses for immersion cooling of 10 × 10 mm underlying computer chip with a 2 × 2 mm central hot spot. The local heat flux at the hot spot is three times the chip’s surface average outside the hot spot. The thickness of the Cu substrate changes from 1.6 to 3.2 mm and that of the Cu micro-porous surface changes from 80 to 197 μm. The spreaders are cooled by saturation nucleate boiling of PF-5060 dielectric liquid. The local values of the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients on the various Cu micro-porous surfaces are based on pool boiling experimental measurements. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of immersion cooling nucleate boiling for mitigating the effect of the hot spot. The spreaders decrease the maximum surface temperature and the temperature gradient on the chip surface and increase the dissipated thermal power by the chip and removed from the spreader surface. Increasing the thickness of the Cu substrate and/or decreasing the thickness of the Cu micro-porous surface increases the total thermal power removed, the chip surface temperature and the spreader’s footprint area.
Rockwell CMOS hybrid imager as a soft x-ray imaging spectrometer

We present preliminary results on the operation of a Rockwell CMOS Hybrid imager as a soft X-ray imaging spectrometer. The CMOS Hybrid technology provides several significant advantages over conventional CCDs for high-energy astrophysics applications, and may be a viable alternative for future missions. The Rockwell Hybrid Visible Silicon (HyViSI TM ) imager consists of a thin slab of high-resistivity silicon which is flip-chip bonded using indium bumps to a Rockwell PICNIC CMOS multiplexer. Unlike more common CMOS imagers, the flip-chip bonding of the HYVISI provides 100% fill factor. The high-resistivity silicon provides high QE over the soft X-ray bandpass, while the multiplexer provides high level electronic integration. The detector has an amplifier per pixel, and various readout modes. The readout modes include the possibility of selecting arbitrary regions of interest and Fowler sampling to decrease noise and improve energy performance. We report on read noise, QE, and energy resolution, and on the effectiveness of multiple reads for noise reduction. We discuss future directions for this very promising technology which would make it ideal for use as an astronomical imaging spectrometer in the soft X-ray band.
Depression proneness in treatment-seeking smokers: a taxometric analysis

Using taxometric procedures, we examined latent distribution of depression proneness and the construct validity of the Depression Proneness Inventory (DPI) within a group of 439 non-depressed smokers participating in a smoking cessation trial. Three taxometric procedures MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-MODE, supported the presence of a distinct subgroup of depression prone smokers. A set of indicators including cognitive vulnerabilities, self-reported tendencies to feel inadequate and experience depressive symptoms, as well as recent experiences of depressive symptoms prior to anticipated cessation treatment behaved taxonically suggesting a shared relationship with an underlying taxonic causal factor. The DPI was found to be an efficient index of taxon membership and a strong predictor of depression history. The DPI identifies a subgroup of smokers seeking cessation treatment that carry affective risk factors known to impede successful smoking cessation and might benefit from interventions targeting depression and negative mood.
Histochemical studies of pollen: storage pockets in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The pollen grain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was examined histochemically at the light and electron microscope level. The cytoplasm of the pollen contains an unusual storage unit which consists of a pocket of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) containing lipid droplets and dictyosome vesicles. The ER pockets are large enough to be seen with the light microscope if thin enough sections are used (0.3–1.5μ). The results of the histochemical analyses show that the dictysome vesicles are rich in carbohydrate and contain protein and lipid as well. The ER contains large amounts of protein which may be arginine rich. Some carbohydrates may also be present in the ER. The ER is covered with ribosomes so that the pockets are unusually rich storage units containing abundant protein, carbohydrate, lipid and RNA. The light microscope localization of carbohydrates was confirmed by the periodic acid-silver method. Other storage units in the cytoplasm were also studied. A new method for the embedding of plant tissue for thin sectioning for light microscopy is presented.
Glucose metabolism and protein synthesis in stratified squamous epithelia from young and old mice.

Abstract Glucose metabolism in regionally distinct epidermis and oral epithelia of young adult and aged mice was studied using 5- 3 H glucose and differentially labelled 14 C-glucose. The results obtained with 3 H-glucose indicate there is active utilization of glucose by all the epithelia examined. However, an enhanced utilization of glucose was observed in old ear epidermis when compared to that in young mice. The measurements of respiratory 14 CO 2 in the young and old epidermis indicated that aerobic glycolysis was significantly greater in ear epidermis and buccal epithelium from old than from young mice. Pentose phosphate activity was significantly reduced in plate epithelium from old animals when compared with that of young animals. Incorporation of radioactively labelled leucine and histidine revealed some regional differences between the epithelia examined. However, no age-associated differences were observed in any of the tissues. It is concluded that the observed metabolic changes reflect regionally specific adaptations to local factors rather than representing a programmed biological event.
Pancreatic ascites the role of endoscopic pancreatography

A case of pancreatic ascites is reported in which the site of leakage of pancreatic fluid into the peritoneal cavity was demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The usefulness of ERCP as a tool in the preoperative evaluation of patients with pancreatic ascites is demonstrated.
An Early Mesozoic Deformation Belt in South-Central Nevada-Southeastern California

Progress in tectonic syntheses of the Cordilleran orogen has led to the discovery that structural belts identified as geanticlines in earlier syntheses have later been identified as orogenic belts (for example, Manhattan geanticline = Antler orogenic belt and Sevicr arch = Sevier orogenic belt). Recent work in the Panamint and Inyo Ranges of Southeastern California has demonstrated a major thrust system of Early Jurassic or Late Triassic age. The northeastward extension of this belt may be right-laterally displaced across the Las Vegas lineament to south-central Nevada from where geologists of die U.S. Geological Survey have followed similar structures in a north-northeastdirection toward central Nevada. If a lurther extension of this belt is lound and better data on the dating of Mesozoic structural events is obtained in central Nevada, the long recognized Meso-Cordilleran geanticline may also become a dctormational belt ol early Meso/oicage.
The contribution of low-affinity transport mechanisms to serotonin clearance in synaptosomes

Although many studies assert that the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) is the predominant mechanism controlling extracellular 5-HT concentrations, accumulating evidence suggests that low affinity, high capacity transport mechanisms may contribute more to 5-HT clearance than previously thought. The goal of this study was to quantify the contributions of SERT relative to other mechanisms in clearing extracellular 5-HT concentrations ranging from 50 nM to 1 μM in synaptosomes prepared from wild-type and SERT knockout mice using rotating disk electrode voltammetry. SERT inhibitors combined with decynium-22 (D-22), a blocker of several low-affinity transporters, blocked all uptake of 5-HT into synaptosomes. We found that SERT is responsible for the majority of synaptosomal uptake only at relatively low 5-HT concentrations, but comprises a diminishing proportion of 5-HT clearance when extracellular 5-HT increases above 100 nM. The effect of D-22 was similar in wild-type and SERT knockout synaptosomes. Thus, there was no evidence of upregulation of low-affinity mechanisms in knockout mice across the concentrations of 5-HT tested. These are surprising results, in light of the prevailing view that SERT is the primary uptake mechanism for extracellular 5-HT at physiological concentrations. We conclude that non-SERT mediated 5-HT uptake is substantial even at modest 5-HT concentrations. These findings, in conjunction with other studies, have important implications for understanding serotonergic disorders and may explain the variable efficacy and stability of patients' responses to antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Estados Unidos y América Latina. Los cambiantes contornos del imperio: jerarquías, redes y clientes

Resumen es: En este estudio se analizan las diversas formas del imperio y el imperialismo en el contexto contemporaneo y global, distinguiendose los procesos poli...
Stability and Exchange Studies of Alkanethiol Monolayers on Gold-Nanoparticle-Coated Silica Microspheres

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboxylate- and amine-terminated alkanethiols were formed on gold-nanoparticle-coated microspheres. The stability and place-exchange reactions of fluorescently labeled derivatives of these monolayers were studied as a function of time and storage conditions. Changes in the fluorescence intensity of the derivatized SAMs were monitored using fluorescence microscopy. Gold-nanoparticle-coated microspheres were prepared by first derivatizing silica microspheres with a thiol-containing silane followed by self-assembly of the gold nanoparticles onto the microsphere surfaces. Nanoparticle assembly was performed by mixing thiol-activated silica with a citrate-stabilized solution of gold nanoparticles in ultrapure water. The mean diameter of the gold particles was 14.5 ± 0.9 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mean diameter of the gold nanoparticles, after assembly onto the microsphere surfaces, was essentially unchanged (14.0 ± 2.8 nm). The relative ...
Identification of ortho-octapamine and meta-octopamine in mammalian adrenal and salivary gland

Abstract Ortho - and meta - octopamine have been identified in beef and rat adrenal gland and in rat salivary gland by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tritrifluoroacetyl derivatives of ortho -, meta - and para - octopamine were resolved by gas chromatography and shown to produce two characteristic ions at m/e 315 and m/e 328. The di-O-trimethylsilyl-N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives of these three isomers were also resolved by gas chromatography and shown to produce a characteristic ion at m/e 267. Biological samples were homogenized in formic acid:acetone, subjected to ion-exchange chromatography and then derivatized. When the derivatized biological extracts were examined for each characteristic ion, peaks were observed at the exact retention times of the standards. The three isomers are present in adrenal gland in concentrations of ∼1 μg g−1 and in rat salivary gland in concentrations of ∼0.1 μg g−1. This evidence confirms a previous report of the presence of m -octopamine in rat salivary gland measured by a radiochemical enzyme assay and is the first report of the presence of o -octopamine in biological tissue.
Modeling the Organic Thin Film Transistors

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) appear to have become strong contenders to silicon based MOSFET devices whenever low-cost and relatively low performance circuits are required in applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) for large volume supply chains. In order to develop circuits based on OTFTs, circuit designers require circuit models that predict the operation of OTFT with a reasonable accuracy. Although, generally, OTFT operation is similar to ordinary silicon MOSFET devices, there are several characteristics that clearly differentiate them. One important difference between the operation of the OTFT and the silicon MOSFET (that is a direct consequence of the physical implementation of OTFT) is that the organic transistor is normally operated in the accumulation mode, while the silicon transistor regularly operates in the inversion mode. Due to the molecular nature of the semiconductor, the carrier mobility is orders of magnitude lower than for the silicon MOSFET. Variable carrier mobility law, low on/off ratio, and the Schottky barrier at the interface between the source/drain metal contact and the organic semiconductor are among other important effects that had to be considered for developing of an accurate circuit model of the organic transistor. The developed model has been used to simulate DC characteristics and also simple circuits such as logic gates, ring oscillators, rectifiers, etc. This paper presents the developed model as well as a comparison between the simulated data and the experimental data. The experimental circuits were fabricated on flexible plastic substrates and employed a solution-cast dielectric. Pentacene was the semiconductor of choice with carrier mobility in the range of 0.1 – 1.5 cm 2 /V.s.
Ligand-dependent and -independent integrin focal contact localization: the role of the alpha chain cytoplasmic domain.

Abstract Many integrin receptors localize to focal contact sites upon binding their ligand. However, unoccupied integrin receptors do not localize to focal contact sites. Because the integrin beta 1 cytoplasmic domain appears to have a focal contact localization signal, there must be a mechanism by which this domain is kept inactive in the unoccupied state and becomes exposed or activated in the occupied receptor. We considered that this mechanism involves the alpha subunit cytoplasmic domain. To test this hypothesis, we have established two NIH 3T3 cell lines that express either the human alpha 1 wild-type subunit (HA1 cells) or the cytoplasmic domain deleted alpha 1 subunit (CYT cells). Both cell lines express similar levels of the human alpha 1 subunit, and there is no significant effect of the deletion on the dimerization and surface expression of the receptor. Furthermore, the deletion had no effect on the binding or adhesion via alpha 1 beta 1 to its ligand collagen IV. However, when these two cell lines are plated on fibronectin (FN), which is a ligand for alpha 5 beta 1 but not for alpha 1 beta 1, there is a striking difference in the cellular localization of alpha 1 beta 1. The HA1 cells show only alpha 5 in focal contacts, without alpha 1, demonstrating that all of the integrin localization is ligand dependent. In contrast, when the CYT cells are plated on FN, the mutant alpha 1 appears in focal contacts along with the alpha 5/beta 1. Thus, there is both ligand-dependent (alpha 5/beta 1) and ligand-independent (alpha 1/beta 1) focal contact localization in these cells. The truncated alpha 1 also localized to focal contacts in a ligand-independent manner on vitronectin. We conclude that the mutant alpha 1 no longer requires ligand occupancy for focal contact localization. These data strongly suggest that the alpha cytoplasmic domain plays a role in the normal ligand-dependent integrin focal contact localization.
ATTRIBUTES OF GROUP ATMOSPHERE AS PREDICTORS OF STUDENTS' SATISFACTION IN SEMINAR-FORMAT CLASSES

The concept of clmate, frequently used interchangeably with envionment, may be defined as prevailing conditions affecting life or activity, and includes psychological, social and physical components ( 2 ) . Dressel ( 1, p. 166) pointed out the difficulty of separating these components from people and aggregates of people in interaction with one another and recommended an approach requiring individuals to report actual experiences, thereby permitting researchers to put together a composite based upon facts rather than speculations (p . 179). The Freshman Seminar Program at the University o f Hawaii offers a special teaching/learning environment for students by providing instruction in small groups (8 to 10 persons) taught by senior-level college students as seminar leaders ( 3 , 4 ) . A balanced emphasis is placed on course achievement (cognitive outcomes), as well as communication among seminar members and group processes (affective outcomes). The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which dimensions of the perceived small-group climate relate to and predict students' evaluations of seminar-format teaching/ learning experiences. The Group Environment Scale ( 5 ) was administered to 450 lower division undergraduate students (270 women, 180 men; M age = 18.7 yr.) enrolled in 63 groups in the Freshman Seminar Program at the University of Hawaii (Fall, 1985). The inventory has 10 9-item scales organized around three conceptual dimensions: Relationship Dimensions (Cohesion, Leader Support and Expressiveness scales), Personal Growth Dimensions (Independence, Task Orientation, Self-discovery and Anger and Aggression scales), and System Maintenance and System Change Dimensions (Order and Organization, Leader Control and Innovation scales). Each seminar group convened for a 90-min. class session twice a week, and this continued over a 14-wk. instructional semester. After these freshmen groups met for 6 wk. and established a sense of "group identity," the 90-item Group Environment Scale, Form R, was administered to measure 10 components of the perceived social environment/climate
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE IN THE INFRARED SPECTRUM OF $HD^{+}$

Author Institution: Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin
The relative importance of gestational gain and maternal characteristics associated with the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy.

The relative importance of gestational gain and maternal characteristics associated with the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy
Effect of nitrite and nitrate on chlorophyll fluorescence in green algae.

The influence of nitrite and nitrate on chlorophyll fluorescence, a very sensitive indicator for the redox state of the primary acceptor of photosystem II of photosynthesis, was studied in green algae (several species of Chlorella, and Ankistrodesmus braunii). In phosphate solution under an atmosphere of nitrogen (i.e., in the absence of O2 and CO2, and without nitrite or nitrate), fluorescence shows a pronounced induction and then rises to a high steady-state level. In the presence of nitrite, however, fluorescence decreases after a rather short induction peak to a much lower steady-state. Nitrate, on the other hand, does not have any influence on either induction or steady-state of fluorescence. These results clearly demonstrate that nitrite reduction in the light is very closely coupled to the photosynthetic electron transport system, whereas nitrate is not reduced photosynthetically in vivo.
The effect on ultraviolet mutagenesis of genes 32, 41, 44, and 45 alleles of phage T4 in the presence of wild-type or antimutator DNA polymerase

Abstract Temperature-sensitive alleles of four genes whose products are essential for DNA elongation in phage T4 were tested for their effects on uv mutagenesis in the presence of an antimutator polymerase allele, tsCB87 , or the wild-type polymerase allele. The tsCB87 antimutator was previously shown to prevent uv-induced reversion of a particular rII tester allele r375 . At a uv dose giving 0.5% survival, uv-induced reversion of r375 in a wild-type background was 38 x 10 −7 , whereas reversion of the r375 allele in an r375-tsCB87 double mutant was 0 to 1.2 x 10 −7 . In the presence of a combination of tsCB87 and a mutant allele of gene 32 (helix destabilizing protein), gene 41 (RNA priming protein), gene 44, or gene 45 (DNA polymerase accessory proteins), reversion was increased to levels varying from 39 x 10 -7 to 830 x 10 -7 . In the presence of the wild-type DNA polymerase allele, effects of the gene 32, 41, 44, or 45 alleles on uv-induced reversion of r375 were also found, but these were small. The results suggest that the products of genes 32, 41, 44, and 45, in addition to the gene 43 polymerase, influence the accuracy of the DNA synthesis associated with uv mutagenesis. When considered in combination with previous observations, it appears that thymine dimers in phage T4 DNA may cause mutation through an error-prone repair process which employs a multienzyme system involving at least five components in a replication step, and a final ligation step.
Microbial Pathogenesis: Genomics and Beyond

The growing number of complete microbial genome sequences provides a powerful tool for studying the biology of microorganisms. In combination with assays for function, genomic-based approaches can facilitate efficient and directed research strategies to elucidate mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. As genomic information accrues, the challenge remains to construct a picture of the biology that accurately reflects how individual genes collaborate to create the complex world of microbial specialization.
Chaplin and the body of modernity

This article outlines the connections between Chaplin’s performing body, his comic style and its interrelationship with the forces of modernity. It argues for a need to recover Chaplin, not as an enshrined genius, but in his original energy, as a controversial modern artist whose art not only delighted and entertained, but also helped transform the world he was born into. Chaplin’s work offered something new; he laughed the world into a new physical realm, exploring the ambiguities – indeed the comedy – of the body of modernity.
Computational and ESR studies of electron attachment to decafluorocyclopentane, octafluorocyclobutane, and hexafluorocyclopropane: electron affinities of the molecules and the structures of their stable negative ions as determined from 13C and 19F hyperfine coupling constants.

High-resolution ESR spectra of the ground-state negative ions of hexafluorocyclopropane (c-C3F6•-), octafluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8•-), and decafluorocyclopentane (c-C5F10•-) are reported and their isotropic 19F hyperfine coupling constants (hfcc) of 198.6 ± 0.4 G, 147.6 ± 0.4 G, and 117.9 ± 0.4 G, respectively, are in inverse ratio to the total number of fluorine atoms per anion. Together with the small value of 5.2 ± 0.4 G determined for the isotropic 13C hfcc of c-C4F8•-, these results indicate that in each case the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) is delocalized over the equivalent fluorines and possesses a nodal plane through the carbon atoms of a time-averaged Dnh structure. A series of quantum chemical computations were carried out to further characterize these anions and their neutral counterparts. Both the B3LYP density functional and second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) indicate that c-C3F6•- adopts a D3h geometry and a 2A2‘ ‘ ground electronic state, that c-C4F8•- adopts ...
A New Type of Cylindrical Travelling Wave USM

In this paper, a new type of cylindral USM with two stators is researched. There is a brief analysis of the USM design including mechanical structure and driving circuits. Meanwhile the paper also introduces some of the experiment results of the USM tests.
A performance comparison between stop-the-world and multithreaded concurrent generational garbage collection for Java

The recent popularity of the Java programming language has brought automatic dynamic memory management (a.k.a., the garbage collection) into the mainstream. Traditional garbage collectors suffer from long garbage collection pauses (stop-the-world mark-sweep algorithm) or inability of collecting cyclic garbage (reference counting approach). Generational garbage collection, however, is based only on the weak generational hypothesis that most objects die young. In this paper, the performance evaluation of a new multithreaded concurrent generational garbage collector (MCGC) based on mark-sweep with the assistance of reference counting is reported. The MCGC can take advantage of multiple CPUs in an SMP system and the merits of lightweight processes. Furthermore, the long garbage collection pause can be reduced and the garbage collection efficiency can be enhanced. Measurement results indicate that the MCGC improves the garbage collection pause time up to 96.75% over the traditional stop-the-world mark-sweep garbage collector. Moreover, the MCGC receives minimal time and space penalties as shown in the report of the total execution time, the memory footprint and the sticky reference count rate.
Texture and Grain Surface Character of St. Peter Sandstone: ABSTRACT

The St. Peter Sandstone in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Illinois was investigated, and size, shape, and grain surface characteristics were determined by modern analytic techniques. Texturally the St. Peter Sandstone is a fine to medium-fine (av Mz = 2.09 ^phgr), moderately to moderately well sorted (av ^sgrI = 0.59 ^phgr), finely skewed, mesokurtic sandstone. Textural parameters exhibit little vertical or horizontal variability. The average grain roundness is a ^rgr value of 4.76 (rounded) with a significant percentage of angular grains in the very fine sand and silt fractions. The average grain Elongation Index is 0.67 (intermediate) with an average 23% of the grains in the very elongate class. High magnification studies show grain surfaces to be devoid of the classic abrasion features of frosting. The "frosting" is chiefly minute, crystallographically oriented, rhombohedral and prism overgrowths of authigenic quartz, End_Page 329------------------------------ with superimposed overgrowths of authigenic clay minerals and etch pits. Textural data were utilized in a variety of bivariant techniques and linear discriminant functions attempting to determine depositional environments for the St. Peter Sandstone. The results were inconsistent and nondefinitive. More consistent results were obtained by inspecting cumulative probability curves, following the techniques of Douglas, Sindowski, and Visher, which indicate a shallow-marine origin for the St. Peter Sandstone. The classic textbook description of the St. Peter Sandstone as a very well-sorted sandstone with very well-rounded nearly spherical, and eolian frosted grains, is in error. End_of_Article - Last_Page 330------------
A market-value accounting framework for insurance companies

In North America, book value accounting for insurance companies is a basic tenet. For many, the very idea of replacing book value accounting with market-value accounting is heresy. However, a number of recent developments should help to motivate serious consideration of a market-value approach.
Numerical Simulation and Immersive Visualization of Hairpin Vortices

To better understand the vortex dynamics of coherent structures in turbulent and transitional boundary layers, we consider direct numerical simulation of the interaction between a flat-plate-boundary-layer flow and an isolated hemispherical roughness element. Of principal interest is the evolution of hairpin vortices that form an interlacing pattern in the wake of the hemisphere, lift away from the wall, and are stretched by the shearing action of the boundary layer. Using animations of unsteady three-dimensional representations of this flow, produced by the vtk toolkit and enhanced to operate in a CAVE virtual environment, we identify and study several key features in the evolution of this complex vortex topology not previously observed in other visualization formats.
Mapping surface coastal currents with satellite imagery and altimetry

The Maximum Cross Correlation (MCC) method is used with infrared and passive microwave images of sea surface temperature (SST) along with ocean color images to compute sea surface currents from sequential imagery. These surface currents are then merged with geostrophic surface currents computed from coincident satellite altimetry observations to yield a high spatial resolution map of the surface mesoscale currents of the ocean. These methods are shown to be of particular value in the coastal ocean where the mesoscale dominates the surface flow field. The passive microwave data is best for mapping the larger basin scale currents due to their all-weather sensing capability.
The variety of attitudes among palaeontologists faced with evolution (1840-1870)

A variety of attitudes existed among paleontologists faced with evolution, or transformism, in 1840-1870. D’Orbigny, forcefully contributing to stratigraphy, was a catastrophist mand a natural creationist. Brongniart, also catastrophist, had a more religious blend of creationism. D’Omalius d’Halloy and Gerard were explicitely transformists before Darwin, the former being religious and the latter not. Bronn and d’Archiac had a continuous view of the history of life, yet were not transformists, for scientific reasons. Gaudry became an enthusiastic evolutionist and was religious. Their different philosophico-religious opinions reveal that, in their varied attitudes toward transformism, scientific considerations were far more important than anything else; philosophical considerations played a role, and religious choices had little influence
Comparison of indirect procedures for estimating somatic cell concentration

Abstract The choice among screening tests in a program for control of abnormal milk should be based on capacity to discriminate between milk samples above and below the somatic cell concentration limit. Berkson's Cost-Utility analysis has been adapted to screening test results to determine critical score at which each test achieves 90% detection of positive milk samples (Utility) and Cost of percent of negative samples misidentified at that critical score. Application of the method to an hypothetical practical sample population permits comparison of various screening tests in predicted sample load requiring expensive confirmatory procedure. The Wisconsin Mastitis Test and the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count as a screening test produced the lowest cost estimates among screening tests in the United States. The linear correlation coefficient and percentage agreement methods of analysis are discussed regarding inability to produce desired information.
Real-time on-board bus testing

This paper will define and describe a methodology for testing wide buses in real-time at speed. In today's environment, computer buses are growing along with system clock speeds. These wide high-speed buses require special attention at time of board layout and analysis. Characterization of tests on a bus at high-speed cause unnecessary problems of tester interference. For example, the addition of capacitance by a logic analyzer is detrimental to the circuit performance. We have developed a technique to allow full-fault testing of these wide buses at multiple speeds, in real-time, without tester interference, using pseudo-random pattern generation, and allowing multiple seed and characteristic equations. This technique of testing the bus in a real-life environment allows the test engineer to evaluate the design in various operating environments with little or no undue influence on the design. We accomplish this by using the IEEE JTAG protocol to control and access the test logic.
Gendering the Self Selective Magazine Reading and Reinforcement of Gender Conformity

Based on gender schema theory, social role theory, and social-cognitive theory, this study investigated whether biological sex and gender conformity (femininity and masculinity) predict selective exposure to gender-typed magazines and whether this exposure, in turn, reinforces gender conformity. Participants browsed full issues—three women’s magazines, three associated with male readers, and three news magazines—while being taped. Before and after browsing, participants indicated their femininity and masculinity. Results show a strong impact of biological sex on selective magazine reading, resulting in gender-typed media use. However, gender conformity also influenced exposure. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that selective exposure to gender-typed magazines had a reinforcing effect on the gendered self-concept.
Fibrin encapsulation and vascular endothelial growth factor delivery promotes ovarian graft survival in mice

Ovarian cryopreservation before chemotherapy and autotransplantation post-treatment can restore fertility to women with premature ovarian failure. Although the majority of primordial follicles survive the cryopreservation cycle, the follicular pool is reduced after transplantation due to ischemic death. Therefore, we engineered a biomaterial-based system to promote angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian transplantation. To mimic the clinical situation of sterility, a bilateral ovariectomy was performed 2 weeks before transplantation, during which time serum levels of follicular stimulating hormone rose to menopausal levels. Before transplantation, vitrified/thawed ovarian tissue from 12-day-old C57Bl/6J pups was encapsulated in fibrin modified with heparin-binding peptide (HBP), heparin, and loaded with 0.5 μg vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The group transplanted with fibrin-HBP-VEGF had twice as many surviving primordial follicles and an increased number of blood vessels relative to the no biomaterial control. Transplanted tissue was viable and supported natural conception that led to live and healthy offspring. The timeline of live births with VEGF delivery suggested that primary follicles survived transplantation, and provided the gametes for the first litter. Thus, VEGF delivery from fibrin supported integration of the transplant with the host, promoted angiogenesis, and enhanced engraftment and function of the tissue.
Interactive silhouette rendering for point-based models

We present a new method for rendering silhouettes of point-based models. Due to the lack of connectivity information, most existing polygon-based silhouette generation algorithms cannot be applied to point-based models. Our method not only bypasses this connectivity requirement, but also accommodates point-based models with sparse non-uniform sampling and inaccurate/no normal information. Like conventional point-based rendering, we render a model in two passes. The points are rendered as enlarged opaque disks in the first pass to obtain a visibility mask, while being rendered as regular size splats/disks in the second pass. In this way, edges are automatically depicted at depth discontinuities, usually at the silhouette boundaries. The silhouette color is the disk color used in the first pass rendering. The silhouette thickness can be controlled by changing the disk size difference between two passes. We demonstrate our method on different types of point-based models from various sources. The simplicity of our method allows it to be easily integrated with other rendering techniques to cater to many applications. Our method is capable of rendering large scenes of millions of points at interactive rates using modern graphics hardware.
The Association of α-Fibrinogen Thr312Ala polymorphism and Venous Thromboembolism in the LITE study

Introduction The α-fibrinogen Thr312Ala variant has been shown to influence clot structure through increased factor XIII cross-linking and formation of thicker fibrin fibers. However, the effect of this common variant on risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unclear. This paper reports the association between the Thr312Ala variant and VTE in the LITE study.
Astrocytes engage unique molecular programs to engulf pruned neuronal debris from distinct subsets of neurons

Precise neural circuit assembly is achieved by initial overproduction of neurons and synapses, followed by refinement through elimination of exuberant neurons and synapses. Glial cells are the primary cells responsible for clearing neuronal debris, but the cellular and molecular basis of glial pruning is poorly defined. Here we show that Drosophila larval astrocytes transform into phagocytes through activation of a cell-autonomous, steroid-dependent program at the initiation of metamorphosis and are the primary phagocytic cell type in the pupal neuropil. We examined the developmental elimination of two neuron populations—mushroom body (MB) γ neurons and vCrz+ neurons (expressing Corazonin [Crz] neuropeptide in the ventral nerve cord [VNC])—where only neurites are pruned or entire cells are eliminated, respectively. We found that MB γ axons are engulfed by astrocytes using the Draper and Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 signaling pathways in a partially redundant manner. In contrast, while elimination of vCrz+ cell bodies requires Draper, elimination of vCrz+ neurites is mediated by Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 but not Draper. Intriguingly, we also found that elimination of Draper delayed vCrz+ neurite degeneration, suggesting that glia promote neurite destruction through engulfment signaling. This study identifies a novel role for astrocytes in the clearance of synaptic and neuronal debris and for Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 as a new glial pathway mediating pruning and reveals, unexpectedly, that the engulfment signaling pathways engaged by glia depend on whether neuronal debris was generated through cell death or local pruning.