cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Printed Dipole MIMO Antenna for Wireless Handheld Terminals

This paper introduces a pattern diversity dipole multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for wireless handheld devices. With the help of three driven dipoles and two parasitic dipoles disposed of on the dielectric housing of a device, the proposed antenna achieves beam pointing along 30°, 180°, and 330° in the azimuth plane with 4–6 dBi gain. MIMO system analyses in free-space and next to user scenarios indicate excellent performance.
Brachytherapy vs external beam therapy among NSCLC patients undergoing limited surgical resection.

To compare brachytherapy to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with respect to overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) among NSCLC patients undergoing limited surgical resection. All cases of T1-4 N0 M0 NSCLC undergoing limited resection and either brachytherapy or EBRT diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact analysis were used to analyze categorical variables while Student’s t-test was used to analyze continuous variables. Univariate analysis to assess for differences in survival with respect to covariates was performed with the log-rank test. Multivariable analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards regression models among the entire cohort and after sub-stratification by T stage. Among 543 patients, 471 underwent EBRT and 72 underwent brachytherapy. Brachytherapy demonstrated improved OS and DSS on univariate analysis as compared to EBRT (p < 0.05). Cox regression also demonstrated improved OS and DSS with brachytherapy (HR 0.604; 95% CI [0.380; 0.961] and HR 0.524; 95% CI [0.303; 0.908], respectively). Sub-cohort analysis demonstrated significant improvement in survival only among patients with T1 disease with similar survival between brachytherapy and EBRT among higher stage disease. Patients undergoing brachytherapy for T1-T4, N0, M0 NSCLC demonstrated at least similar survival as compared to those undergoing EBRT among patients undergoing limited resection. Improved survival was demonstrated among patients with T1 disease.
On Robust Computation of Koopman Operator and Prediction in Random Dynamical Systems

In the paper, we consider the problem of robust approximation of transfer Koopman and Perron–Frobenius (P–F) operators from noisy time-series data. In most applications, the time-series data obtained from simulation or experiment are corrupted with either measurement or process noise or both. The existing results show the applicability of algorithms developed for the finite-dimensional approximation of the deterministic system to a random uncertain case. However, these results hold only in asymptotic and under the assumption of infinite data set. In practice, the data set is finite, and hence it is important to develop algorithms that explicitly account for the presence of uncertainty in data set. We propose a robust optimization-based framework for the robust approximation of the transfer operators, where the uncertainty in data set is treated as deterministic norm bounded uncertainty. The robust optimization leads to a min–max type optimization problem for the approximation of transfer operators. This robust optimization problem is shown to be equivalent to regularized least-square problem. This equivalence between robust optimization problem and regularized least-square problem allows us to comment on various interesting properties of the obtained solution using robust optimization. In particular, the robust optimization formulation captures inherent trade-offs between the quality of approximation and complexity of approximation. These trade-offs are necessary to balance for the proposed application of transfer operators, for the design of optimal predictor. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed robust approximation algorithm performs better than some of the existing algorithms like extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD), subspace DMD, noise-corrected DMD, and total DMD for systems with process and measurement noise.
Expanding the Reach of Research: Quantitative Evaluation of a Web-Based Approach for Remote Recruitment of People Who Hear Voices.

Background: Similar to other populations with highly stigmatized medical or psychiatric conditions, people who hear voices (ie, experience auditory verbal hallucinations [AVH]) are often difficult to identify and reach for research. Technology-assisted remote research strategies reduce barriers to research recruitment; however, few studies have reported on the efficiency and effectiveness of these approaches. Objective: This study introduces and evaluates the efficacy of technology-assisted remote research designed for people who experience AVH. Methods: Our group developed an integrated, automated and human complementary web-based recruitment and enrollment apparatus that incorporated Google Ads, web-based screening, identification verification, hybrid automation, and interaction with live staff. We examined the efficacy of that apparatus by examining the number of web-based advertisement impressions (ie, number of times the web-based advertisement was viewed); clicks on that advertisement; engagement with web-based research materials; and the extent to which it succeeded in representing a broad sample of individuals with AVH, assessed through the self-reported AVH symptom severity and demographic representativeness (relative to the US population) of the sample recruited. Results: Over an 18-month period, our Google Ads advertisement was viewed 872,496 times and clicked on 11,183 times. A total amount of US $4429.25 was spent on Google Ads, resulting in 772 individuals who experience AVH providing consent to participate in an entirely remote research study (US $0.40 per click on the advertisement and US $5.73 per consented participant) after verifying their phone number, passing a competency screening questionnaire, and providing consent. These participants reported high levels of AVH frequency (666/756, 88.1% daily or more), distress (689/755, 91.3%), and functional interference (697/755, 92.4%). They also represented a broad sample of diversity that mirrored the US population demographics. Approximately one-third (264/756, 34.9%) of the participants had never received treatment for their AVH and, therefore, were unlikely to be identified via traditional clinic-based research recruitment strategies. Conclusions: Web-based procedures allow for time saving, cost-efficient, and representative recruitment of individuals with AVH and can serve as a model for future studies focusing on hard-to-reach populations.
Asymmetry Parameter for Λ 0 → n π 0

The asymmetry parameter ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ for ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ has been measured relative to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ by comparing the neutron distribution with the proton distribution from the decay ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for polarized ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ hyperons. A sample of 4760 neutron decay events and 8500 proton decay events gave $\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{-}}}=1.000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.068$ in good agreement with the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{I}}|=\frac{1}{2}$ rule.
Readability, Suitability, and Content Evaluation of Initial, Online Masking Guidance from U.S. States during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, cloth face coverings developed into an essential and widely mandated non-pharmaceutical intervention to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. With the introduction of face mask orders to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the general public may have turned to their state government or health department’s website to find information related to face coverings. Aims: This study seeks to evaluate the readability, suitability, and content of initial masking guidance on state government or state health department websites from U.S. states with face mask orders during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From states with mask mandates (n=41), masking guidance and education related to face coverings was collected from June 1st, 2020 to July 15th, 2020 from state government and state health department websites. Each state’s education on face coverings was assessed using three readability indices: Fog Index (FOG), the Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and the Flesch Kincaid Grade level and the Suitability Assessment for Materials tool for suitability. A novel masking guidance- specific score was developed to evaluate the content on face coverings. Results: Masking guidance varied in literacy demand, format, and content. The mean readability of 11.54 (SD=1.85) surpasses the recommended 6-7th grade level. The mean SAM score of 55.9 (SD=9.6) is considered “adequate” for suitability. The mean content score was 5.85 (SD=1.30), and only 18 states’ masking guidance contained all seven points of information related to face coverings. Conclusions: Although most states’ initial masking guidance was suitable and contained necessary information, the inconsistency and high readability prevented the American public from educating themselves, ultimately limiting adherence to the mask mandates. During a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, readable, suitable, and comprehensive and consistent online information is vital in encouraging adherence to public health orders and promoting other preventive health behaviors.
Water-driven CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and poly(methyl methacrylate)-CsPbBr3 nanocrystal films with bending-endurable photoluminescence

Abstract Perovskite nanocrystals are regarded as next-generation functional materials for display applications, especially for flexible liquid crystal displays (LCDs). As a potential component of flexible LCD backlights, perovskite nanocrystal films are facing a challenge issue of deformation-induced shift of photoluminescence, leading to an image distortion. To date, most synthesis methods have involved the use of organic solvent in precursor solutions, such as N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, which poses a potential threat to the environment, health and security. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility to produce microsized CsPbBr3 crystals with deionized water as the precursor solvent via an environmental-friendly and cost-efficient approach and CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with green (~522 nm) and blue (~493 nm) emissions from the microsized CsPbBr3 crystals in toluene under sonication. The blue-emitting nanocrystals exhibit a photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of 80%, much larger than 61.4% of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals made by an anti-solvent method; the green-emitting nanocrystals exhibit better stability than those made by the antisolvent method over 9 days. Using the green-emitting CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, we prepare a bilayer structure with a poly(methyl methacrylate)-CsPbBr3 nanocrystal film on a polyethylene terephthalate plate. The films exhibit bending-endurable photoluminescence, i.e. the wavelength of the PL peak remains unchanged, for local radius of curvature of the bilayer up to 10.07 mm under bending. This study opens a new avenue to potentially produce microsized perovskite crystals without harmful organic solvents and bending-endurable backlight films for the applications in flexible display.
New Approaches to Glioblastoma.

Faced with unique immunobiology and marked heterogeneity, treatment strategies for glioblastoma require therapeutic approaches that diverge from conventional oncological strategies. The selection and prioritization of targeted and immunotherapeutic strategies will need to carefully consider these features and companion biomarkers developed alongside treatment strategies to identify the appropriate patient populations. Novel clinical trial strategies that interrogate the tumor microenvironment for drug penetration and target engagement will inform go/no-go later-stage clinical studies. Innovative trial designs and analyses are needed to move effective agents toward regulatory approvals more rapidly. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Continuously Active Disinfectant Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and Human Coronavirus 229E Two Days After the Disinfectant Was Applied and Following Wear Exposures.

The surface environment in COVID-19 patient's rooms may be persistently contaminated despite disinfection. A continuously active disinfectant demonstrated excellent sustained antiviral activity following a 48-hour period of wear and abrasion exposures with reinoculations. Reductions of >4-log10 were achieved within a 1-minute contact time for SARS-CoV-2 and the human coronavirus, 229E.
Social Interactions, Movements and Activity of River Otters in Grand Teton National Park

There are several goals of the river otter project. One is assessing year-to-year variations in population densities, primarily in the Jackson Lake Dam to Deadman's Bar section of the Snake River. Another is evaluation of habitat preferences on this section. A third objective is documenting behavioral reactions among otters and between otters and other species living in the riparian habitat. Finally, I wish to obtain a picture of the summer activity-cycle on a 24-hour basis.
Explaining Rigidity and Pragmatism in Political Leaders: A General Theory and a Plausibility Test from the Reagan Presidency

Classic studies of a few extreme, almost pathological cases of rigidity in political leaders (e.g., Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations debacle) have tended to obscure the fact that virtually all leaders alternate between periods of pragmatic flexibility and rigid intransi gence in the face of political opposition or unpleasant facts. This study develops a general theoretical framework for explaining rigidity and flexibility in political leaders by extending insights from classic studies of extreme cases to everyday policymaking and by integrating these findings with more recent theoretical and empirical work in political psychology. The plausibility of hypotheses derived from this framework is investigated by examining the conditions associated with pragmatism and rigidity in 15 cases from the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The results are generally consistent with the proposed model, which stresses person-situation interaction and traces rigidity to the arousal of leaders' sources of self-validation in a particular policy context. I conclude by evaluating the implications of this new framework for other areas of theory and research.
Reexamination of “no significant differences” that ITV studies report

I T IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE that approximately 90 percent of the gross comparisons between the information-gain of of students taught by television and of those taught in more traditional ways have indicated no significant differences. The tendency to interpret these findings to mean that these two conditions of communication--televised and direct ins t ruct ion-do precisely the same job has led to the offering of far more instruction by television than is warranted by research findings. In fact, these findings of no statistically significant differences have been so generally accepted as definitive that there has been little disposition to approach them with an inquiring attitude. It is my purpose here to explore the possible directions in which such an approach might lead. In those experiments comparing the two conditions of communication, the television teacher was usually a person selected because of his competence in direct teaching. In his new role, this teacher was provided 12 to 20 hours of preparation-time for each hour or part of an hour that he was on camera. In planning the scope and sequence of the content to be presented, he was assisted by competent curriculum specialists. He was furnished models, filmstrips, guests, and other aids which either were not readily available or were not even accessible to individual classroom teachers. On the other hand, the more traditional teaching situations were usually staffed by teachers having the varying degrees of effectiveness to be found within the total teaching population. The individual teacher's responsibilities usually included multiple preparations for which he assembled all of the materials himself, the teaching of several classes, pupil guidance, parent conferences, and his fair share of the school's program of extracurricular activities. When the two situations are considered in these ways, it appears that the television lesson is more likely to be well-planned, well-illustrated, well-documented and--because it proceeds without interruption--brought to a timely conclusion than is the lesson taught in the more traditional fashion. It logically follows then, that in the more traditional
Lowering the Filed Tariff Shield: Judicial Enforcement in the Deregulatory Era

The filed tariff doctrine, fashioned by courts to protect consumers from rate discrimination, has strayed from its origins. Instead of protecting consumers, the doctrine has evolved into a shield for regulated firms against common law and antitrust claims that reinforce market norms. In the ideal world, Congress would expand the jurisdiction of regulatory agencies to allow them to penalize private misconduct. However, since that has not always happened, the filed tariff doctrine has encouraged private firms to expend resources in using the regulator as a strategy to immunize conduct from antitrust and common law antitrust claims. This Article assesses how the filed tariff doctrine creates an opportunity for strategic manipulation of the tariffing process, encouraging firms to rent seek by over-divulging information to regulators. Neither regulators nor courts are equipped or inclined to police such manipulation, resulting in an expansion of the application of the filed tariff shield. Under natural monopoly regulation, the filed tariff doctrine may have enhanced social welfare, to the extent it encourage private firms to focus their resources on the agency regulatory process. However, as regulation has moved away from the natural monopoly model, the filed tariff doctrine has contributed to a jurisdictional gap in the enforcement of market norms. As a result, federal regulators are unable to effectively deter private misconduct but common law and antitrust claims that also hold promise of deterrence are frequently barred from litigation in federal courts. With deregulation and the broadening of market norms, the jurisdictional gap has widened, threatening harm to consumers and competition. The Article concludes by proposing a way for courts to narrow the gap in enforcement of market norms - by lowering the filed tariff shield and looking to federal preemption law and antitrust defenses and immunities. These alternative doctrines provide courts the flexibility necessary to ensure effective deterrence in a dual enforcement regime. Although they may enhance uncertainty for private firms, the also hold promise to encourage private actors to focus their lobbying efforts on Congress, rather than on agencies that can give them the benefits of the filed tariff shield but lack the authority and resources to directly regulate them. Keywords: Regulated industries, administrative law, antitrust, natural monopoly, deregulation, federal courts, law and economics
Anti-Individualism: From public linguistic norms to anti-individualism regarding language and thought

OVERVIEW OF THE ARGUMENT In the present chapter, my aim is to use the results of the previous two chapters to argue for three anti-individualistic doctrines in the philosophy of mind and language. These doctrines express anti-individualistic theses regarding speech content, linguistic meaning, and mental content/attitude individuation. The arguments themselves all share their basic structure: appealing to a thought experiment in which we vary the public linguistic norms in play while leaving intact all individualistic facts regarding the participants in a speech exchange, it is argued that these three properties – the content of the speech, the linguistic meanings of the expressions used, and the contents of the beliefs acquired in the exchange – will vary in a way reflecting the change in public linguistic norms. The result, of course, will be that the instantiation of the determinate properties in question is not fixed by the individualistic facts regarding the participants in a speech exchange. The facts regarding speech content etc. do not supervene on the set of individualistic facts regarding the speaker and hearer, respectively. (Putting the point in terms of supervenience connects our result with the standard way of formulating anti-individualistic doctrines.) This sort of argument for anti-individualism will be familiar to readers of Putnam and Burge. But it is worth highlighting what I see are the three main differences. First, the present argument motivates its anti-individualistic conclusions without appeal to the various premises used by Putnam and Burge.
Prognostic residual mean flow in an ocean general circulation model and its relation to prognostic Eulerian mean flow

AbstractRecent work has shown that taking the thickness-weighted average (TWA) of the Boussinesq equations in buoyancy coordinates results in exact equations governing the prognostic residual mean flow where eddy–mean flow interactions appear in the horizontal momentum equations as the divergence of the Eliassen–Palm flux tensor (EPFT). It has been proposed that, given the mathematical tractability of the TWA equations, the physical interpretation of the EPFT, and its relation to potential vorticity fluxes, the TWA is an appropriate framework for modeling ocean circulation with parameterized eddies. The authors test the feasibility of this proposition and investigate the connections between the TWA framework and the conventional framework used in models, where Eulerian mean flow prognostic variables are solved for. Using the TWA framework as a starting point, this study explores the well-known connections between vertical transfer of horizontal momentum by eddy form drag and eddy overturning by the bolus ...
Active Form of Ru for the CH3OH Electro-oxidation Reaction Introduction of a Simple Electrochemical In Situ Method

In this work, unsupported Pt/Ru catalysts are used to address the issue of Ru oxide involvement during the methanol oxidation reaction, from the point of view of both Ru "oxidation state" (metal vs oxide) and amount of Ruoxide. It is shown that a simple electrochemical method is useful as in situ probe for the Ru oxidation state. The method also yields insight into the Pt to Ru site distribution of the catalyst surface. The results indicate that the electrochemical formation of reversibly reducible Ru oxides is effectively suppressed in CH 3 OH solutions, most probably because of its involvement in the anodic oxidation reaction to CO 2 . In the case of PtRu alloys that consist of surfaces of well-distributed Pt to Ru sites, Ru oxides are not detected on this surface for CH 3 OH concentrations greater than 0.1 M. It is also shown that the electrochemical formation of Ru oxides at the potential of interest prior to the CH 3 OH oxidation reaction deenhances the catalyst activity for CH 3 OH oxidation. However, the experiments suggest the deenhancement is low (<5% at 0.6 and <15% at 0.8 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode) and only observed at potentials equal to or more positive than 0.6 V.
Textural features for image database retrieval

The paper presents two feature extraction methods and two decision methods to retrieve images having some section in them that is like the user input image. The features used are variances of gray level co-occurrences and line-angle-ratio statistics constituted by a 2D histogram of angles between two intersecting lines and ratio of mean gray levels inside and outside the regions spanned by those angles. The decision method involves associating with any pair of images either the class "relevant" or "irrelevant". A Gaussian classifier and nearest neighbor classifier are used. A protocol that translates a frame throughout every image to automatically, define for any pair of images whether they are in the relevance class or the irrelevance class is discussed. Experiments on a database of 300 gray scale images with 9600 ground truth image pairs showed that the classifier assigned 80% of the image pairs one was sure were relevant, to the relevance class correctly. The actual retrieval accuracy is greater than this lower bound of 80%.
Increase in Extinction Distance with Temperature in Silicon

High temperature electron microscopy experiments on stacking faults in silicon performed under controlled contrast conditions show that the extinction distance for the 220 reflection increases by about 30% over a 600 °C rise in temperature. This result is explained by the effect of temperature in reducing atomic scattering. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie-Experimente, die an Stapelfehlern in Silizium bei hohen Temperaturen unter kontrollierten Kontrastbedingungen durchgefuhrt wurden, zeigen, das der Extinktionsabstand fur die 220-Reflexe um etwa 30% ansteigt, wenn die Temperatur uber 600 °C erhoht wird. Dieses Ergebnis wird mit dem Einflus der Temperatur auf die Verminderung der atomaren Streuung erklart.
Pathways of ultraviolet mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. III. Genetic analysis and properties of mutants resistant to ultraviolet-induced forward mutation

Abstract Non-allelic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with reduced capacity for ultraviolet light (UV)-induced forward mutation from CAN1 to can1 were assigned to seven distinct genetic loci, each with allele designations umr1-1, umr2-1, …, umr7-1 to indicate UV mutation resistance. Each allele complemented rev1-1, rev2-1 , and rev3-1 . None conferred a great deal of UV sensitivity. When assayed on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose complex growth agar, umr1, umr3 , and umr7 ( a mating type) were the most UV-sensitive, with a dose-reduction factor of approximately 1.2 at 10% survival. When assayed on synthetic agar lacking arginine, however, umr3 was the most UV-sensitive (dose-reduction factor of 1.5 at 10% survival). UV revertability of his5-2, lys1-1 , and ura4-1 was normal in strains carrying the single genes umr4, umr5, umr6 and umr7; umr1 reduced revertibility of his5-2 and ura4-1 but not lys1-1; umr2 reduced only ura4-1 revertibility; umr3 reduced UV reversion of all three test alleles. Five a /α homozygous umr diploids (except umr1 and umr4 ) failed to sporulate. One of these, umr7 , blocked normal secretion of alpha hormone in α segregants and could not conjugate with a strains. The phenotypes of umr mutants are consistent with the existence of branched UV mutation pathways of different specificity, some of which may function in the single RAD6 -dependent error-prone pathway for repair of UV damage. Other possible pathways of action are discussed. It is also suggested that regulatory functions interacting with the mating-type locus or its gene products may play some role in UV mutagenesis or error-prone repair.
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy selectively stimulates hepatic enlargement in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

The goal of this study was to determine whether use of postmenopausal estrogen (Premarin, Wyeth-Ayerst, Philadelphia, PA) in women with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) increases liver, hepatic cyst, or kidney volume. We also determined whether clinical symptoms correlated with the volume of either the liver or kidneys. Eight women off estrogen (control, C) and 11 others on estrogen (Premarin, E) were studied basally and after 1 year. The two groups were similar in age, weight, age at menarche, and gravida. Volumes of total liver, hepatic cysts, hepatic parenchyma, and total kidney were measured by a validated computed tomography (CT) technique. Estrogen treatment was associated with a selective increase in total liver volume (E vs. C: delta = 7% +/- 12% vs. -2% +/- 8%, P < .03) and no change in kidney volume (E vs. C: delta = 0% +/- 6% vs. -2% +/- 6%, P = NS). Symptoms were common, regardless of estrogen treatment (abdominal pain 60%, shortness of breath 40%, or both 35%). Patients with symptoms of abdominal pain and shortness of breath had significantly increased hepatic volumes (P < .03) but similar kidney volume compared with patients without symptoms. We conclude that estrogen treatment of postmenopausal ADPKD women is associated with selective liver enlargement and that abdominal symptoms in ADPKD patients may be because of extensive hepatic cystic disease.
Guilt and self-report of hostility.

Correlations were obtained between Mosher's forced-choice measure of hostility guilt and the subscales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. For 58 men, Mosher guilt was related to the assault (-.27) and verbal (-.35) subscales and with assault (-.44), negativism (-.43) and verbal (-.40) sub-scales for 72 women. As anticipated, no significant relationship was found between the Buss-Durkee guilt scale (a measure of guilt as a feeling or state) and Mosher guilt (a disposition to inhibit aggression).
Topographic variation in soil water and nitrogen for two forested landforms in Minnesota, USA

Relationships between topographic position and soil water, soil nitrogen (N), and tree growth were examined on two regional landforms in Minnesota, USA. The study was conducted in northern pin oak stands (Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill) on an outwash plain, and in aspen stands (Populus tremuloides Michx.) on a ground moraine complex. Three slope positions (upper, middle, lower), four aspects (NE, SE, SW, NW) and concave and convex plan (across-slope) curvature were compared. Differences in soil water were significant (p<0.05) among slope positions at both locations, but they differed more strongly in the subdued outwash plain than in the steeper moraine due to a shallow water table. Only soil water in lower slope positions in the moraine differed significantly between concave and convex across-slope shapes (p<0.05). In the outwash plain, organic matter and N of the upper soil horizon were related to slope position, while organic matter and total N in the forest floor and anaerobically released N in the upper soil horizon were related more strongly to aspect. In the moraine, N variables did not differ significantly by topographic position. In the outwash plain, tree growth rates differed by slope position and aspect; in the moraine, tree volume (but not growth rate) differed by slope position (p<0.10). Assumptions about differences in soil properties among topographic positions that are based on generalized models should be tempered by unique influences of landform and soil materials.
Nonnormal Incidence in Field Induced Biaxial KD*P

The effect on the state of polarization of light incident nonnormally onto KDP in the biaxial state is described. The retardation and preferred planes of vibration are calculated as functions of the incident angles. These results are applied to an optical system where the KDP is used as a polarization rotator. The intensity of the light emerging from the optical system indicates the angular limits of the crystal. The computed results are compared with experimentally measured values.
Periodic arrays of ridge apertures as a high efficiency coupler for photovoltaic applications

Weak absorption of light near the band gap is one limiting factor on the efficiency of photovoltaics. This is particularly true for thin-film solar cells because the short optical path lengths and limited options for texturing the front and back surfaces. Scattering light laterally is one way to increase the optical path length to increase the chance that a given low energy photon is absorbed. We investigate the use of a periodic array of bowtie apertures to couple incident light to parallel plate waveguide modes supported between two conductors. We show that this increases the efficiency of solar cells by 39% and explain the physical mechanisms. This architecture has potential for thin film photovolatics or for forming an intermediate conductor in multi-junction solar cells.
Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and microchemical observations on cytomegalovirus (salivary gland virus) infection of human cells in tissue culture☆

Abstract The cytoplasmic body that forms, in addition to the nuclear inclusion, in cells infected with cytomegalovirus has been shown to be an aggregate of lysosomes. These lysosomes appear and surround viruses as they are released from the nucleus. The extent of inactivation of the virus remains to be determined. The outer of the two coats of CMV is derived from the inner nuclear membrane during the exodus of the virus from the nucleus.
Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. ii. glucose transporters in the uterus and peri-implantation conceptuses

Total glucose in ovine uterine lumenal fluid increases 6-fold between Days 10 and 15 of gestation, but not the estrous cycle; however, mechanisms for glucose transport into the uterine lumen and uptake by conceptuses (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) are not established. This study determined the effects of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, progesterone (P4), and interferon tau (IFNT) on expression of both facilitative (SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A4) and sodium-dependent (SLC5A1 and SLC5A11) glucose transporters in ovine uterine endometria from Days 10 to 16 of the estrous cycle and Days 10 to 20 of pregnancy, as well as in conceptuses from Days 10 to 20 of pregnancy. The SLC2A1 and SLC5A1 mRNAs and proteins were most abundant in uterine luminal epithelia and superficial glandular epithelia (LE/sGE), whereas SLC2A4 was present in stromal cells and glandular epithelia (GE). SLC5A11 mRNA was most abundant in endometrial GE, whereas SLC2A3 mRNA was not detectable in endometria. SLC2A1, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC5A1, and SLC5A11 were expressed in the trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptuses. Steady-state levels of SLC2A1, SLC5A1, and SLC5A11 mRNAs, but not SLC2A4 mRNA, were greater in endometria from pregnant than from cyclic ewes. Progesterone increased SLC2A1, SLC5A11, and SLC2A4 mRNAs in the LE/sGE and SLC5A1 in the GE of ovariectomized ewes. Expression of SLC5A1 was inhibited by ZK136,317 (progesterone receptor antagonist), and the combination of ZK136,317 and IFNT further decreased expression in GE. In constrast, P4 induced and IFNT stimulated expression of SLC2A1 and SLC5A11, and these effects were blocked by ZK136,317. Results of this study indicate differential expression of facilitative and sodium-dependent glucose transporters in ovine uteri and conceptuses for transport and uptake of glucose, and that P4 or P4 and IFNT regulate their expression during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy.
Aggressive competition between males, female-controlled polygyny and sexual monomorphism in a Malagasy primate, Propithecus verreauxi

Abstract The evolutionary determinants of sexual dimorphism among primates continue to be debated. This paper uses field observations of a Malagasy primate, Propithecus verreauxi, to argue that one problem underlying this debates is the unrecognized heterogeneity of mating system categories used in comparative analyses investigating the importance of sexual selection in determining sexual dimorphism. It is suggested that at least one new mating system category warrants recognition, that of female-controlled polygyny, with predictions for sexual dimorphism that are in contrast to those of male-controlled polygyny.
Using the TLC549 serial output ADC

Abstract Interfacing between remote analogue sensors and a microcontroller requires the simplicity of the serial output analogue-to-digital converter. This application note uses TI's 8 bit serial output ADC, TLC549, and the microcontroller's parallel ports to implement such an interface. It shows the hardware and software requirements and discusses the analogue considerations.
Development and validation of the sources of trauma‐related guilt survey—war‐zone version

Despite clinical observations that many veterans have multiple sources of war-related guilt, many problematic guilt issues are commonly not treated or even detected by clinicians. We describe development of a survey that systematically assesses idiosyncratic sources of guilt across the spectrum of events that are potential sources of trauma-related guilt from the war-zone. A multimethod strategy was used to develop a survey with strong content validity. Results indicate the survey is temporally stable, substantially correlated with other measures of guilt, and highly correlated with measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Findings confirm that many Vietnam veterans have multiple sources of severe war-related guilt. The survey may have important clinical utility for problem identification, treatment planning, and evaluating treatment efficacy.
A twisted model for large N lattice gauge theory

Abstract We propose a model for the large NSU(N) lattice gauge theory, obtained by introducing twisted boundary conditions on the Eguchi-Kawai model. The simplest version corresponds to changing the sign of the coupling β in the EK model. The Schwinger-Dyson equations of our model are equivalent to those of the Wilson theory. We argue that (U(1)) 4 symmetry is not broken. Monte Carlo data indicate that our model reproduces the main features of Wilson theory.
Microchannel plate cross-strip detectors with high spatial and temporal resolution

The cross-strip imaging readout employs charge division, and centroiding, of microchannel plate charge signals detected on two orthogonal layers of sense strips to encode event X–Y positions and times. We have developed cross-strip detectors and fully parallel channel position encoding electronics. The front-end amplifiers utilize two 32-channel pre-amplifier ASICs that send signals to a full 64-channel 60 MHz ADC circuit followed by a FPGA event-processing board. Tests with a software Finite Impulse Response filter and centroiding algorithm demonstrate 1 MHz in combination with firmware-based FPGA centroiding algorithms.
Fertility of Mares Inseminated With Frozen-Thawed Semen Processed by Single Layer Centrifugation Through a Colloid

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether there was an increase in pregnancy rates when frozen-thawed stallion semen was processed by single layer centrifugation (SLC) through a colloid before insemination. In addition, changes in semen parameters, including motility, were determined before and after SLC. Twenty light-horse mares (aged 3-16 years) and one Thoroughbred stallion (aged 16 years) having average fertility with fresh and cooled semen (>50% per cycle) and displaying a postthaw motility of >35% were used. Control mares were inseminated using 4- × 0.5-mL straws (200 × 10 6 /mL) of frozen-thawed semen. Treatment mares were inseminated with 4 × 0.5 mL of frozen-thawed semen after processing by SLC. Pregnancy rates were compared using Fisher exact test, and continuous parameters were evaluated by a Student t test. The pregnancy rates at day 14 were not different for the mares inseminated with control versus SLC-processed semen, despite the difference in sperm number (171 × 10 6 ± 21, 59 × 10 6 ± 25 progressively motile sperm). After frozen-thawed semen was processed by SLC, the percentage progressively motile sperm improved ( P
A threshold fatigue crack closure model: Part II - experimental verification

Predictions from an analytical model that considers contributions and interactions between plasticity, roughness, and oxide induced crack closure are presented and compared with experimental data. The analytical model is shown to correctly predict the combined influences of crack roughness, oxide debris, and plasticity in the near-threshold regime. Furthermore, analytical results indicate closure mechanisms interact in a non-linear manner such that the total amount of closure is not the sum of closure contributions for each mechanism.
Transforming Functions Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms the human B-lymphocytes it infects into lymphoblasts that are competent to proliferate indefinitely in tissue culture [1]. The dividing transformed lymphoblasts carry multiple and complete copies of EBV DNA as plasmids [1]. No viral functions that are necessary for EBV-induced transformation have been identified and characterized to date. We have developed an assay that aids in the identification of viral functions needed to maintain the viral Plasmid in transformed cells. The assay employs a Plasmid vector that encodes resistance to ampicillin and can replicate in E. coli . It also encodes resistance to the neomycin derivative G418, so that its presence can be selected in mammalian cells [2]. Fragments of viral DNA that span the genome have been molecularly cloned into this vector. These recombinant molecules have been transfected into four cell types, and survivors to G418 have been scored. The DNA from one region of EBV gives a 10- to 100-fold higher rate of survival per microgram of added DNA than does the DNA from all other recombinants, as tested in cells that already contain EBV genomes. This recombinant fragment of EBV is maintained in an apparently unrearranged state as a Plasmid and therefore carries at least those cis -acting viral elements necessary for plasmid replication.
Respiratory responses elicited by rostral versus caudal dorsal periaqueductal gray stimulation in rats.

Abstract The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a central neural region essential for defense behavior and coordination of accompanying autonomic responses. Activation of rostral versus caudal dorsal (dPAG) regions mediates different cardiovascular response patterns. Stimulation of the dPAG also elicits increased respiratory activity, however, it is unknown if there is a regional difference in dPAG modulation of respiratory pattern. The present study was undertaken to identify whether activation of rostral vs caudal dPAG modulates respiration differently. In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, chemical and electrical stimulation in rostral and caudal dPAG evoked an increased respiratory frequency ( f R ) with significant shortening of both inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory time (Te). Stimulation in the dPAG also evoked significant increases in electromyography activity of the diaphragm (dEMG), arterial pressure, and heart rate. Caudal dPAG stimulation evoked a greater increase in f R due to a significantly greater decrease in Ti and Te than the rostral dPAG. Caudal dPAG stimulation also evoked a greater increase in baseline dEMG activity and elicited a significantly greater increase in dEMG amplitude above baseline than rostral dPAG. There was a rostro-caudal difference in the post-stimulus respiratory recovery response, with the caudal dPAG eliciting a longer sustained effect. No regional differences were identified in the arterial blood pressure and heart rate during dPAG stimulation. The results demonstrate that the magnitude of the respiratory response during and immediately after activation of the caudal dPAG is greater than during rostral dPAG stimulation.
Matrix analysis of identifiability of some finite markov models

Methods developed by Bernbach [1966] and Millward [1969] permit increased generality in analyses of identifiability. Matrix equations are presented that solve part of the identifiability problem for a class of Markov models. Results of several earlier analyses are shown to involve special cases of the equations developed here. And it is shown that a general four-state chain has the same parameter space as an all-or-none model if and only if its representation with an observable absorbing state is lumpable into a Markov chain with three states.
Hybrid diffusion imaging.

Abstract Diffusion measurements in the human central nervous system are complex to characterize and a broad spectrum of methods have been proposed. In this study, a comprehensive diffusion encoding and analysis approach, hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI), is described. The HYDI encoding scheme is composed of multiple concentric “shells” of constant diffusion weighting, which may be used to characterize the signal behavior with low, moderate and high diffusion weighting. HYDI facilitates the application of multiple data analyses strategies including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), multi-exponential diffusion measurements, diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) and q-ball imaging (QBI). These different analysis strategies may provide complementary information. DTI measures (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) may be estimated from either data in the inner shells or the entire HYDI data. Fast and slow diffusivities were estimated using a nonlinear least squares bi-exponential fit on geometric means of the HYDI shells. DSI measurements from the entire HYDI data yield empirical model-independent diffusion information and are well-suited for characterizing tissue regions with complex diffusion behavior. DSI measurements were characterized using the zero displacement probability and the mean-squared displacement. The outermost HYDI shell was analyzed using QBI analysis to estimate the orientation distribution function (ODF), which is useful for characterizing the directions of multiple fiber groups within a voxel. In this study, an HYDI encoding scheme with 102 diffusion-weighted measurements was obtained over most of the human cerebrum in under 30 min.
Fee-Taking, Salary Reform, and the Structure of State Power in Late Qing China, 1909-1911:

The inadequacy of salaries for government officials was one of the defining characteristics of the bureaucratic system of late imperial times. Because salaries failed to cover the real costs of obtaining and holding office, officials, as a matter of course, resorted to collecting fees (guifei or lougui) from their subordinates or the people in their jurisdictions. Such fees were not prescribed in legal statutes and thus were not incorporated into the accounting procedures of the central state. Accordingly, fees constituted an informal sector of state finance that was beyond the control of the central government's financial organs. On occasions when the central state sought to strengthen its control over public finance, it was natural for fee-taking and the system of bureaucratic salaries to become the target of reform efforts. This article examines fee-taking and salary reform in the context of the Qing dynasty's financial centralization efforts between 1909 and 1911. Because salary reform was a key component of this financial centralization process, a study of salary reform can help us understand the nature of the late Qing financial reforms and their results. At the same time, an examination of fee-taking and salary reform will reveal some fundamental characteristics of the late imperial state on the eve of its demise, and will show why it posed such great obstacles to the creation of a modem, centralized state.
Noise Reduction in Vane-axial Fan-burner Units Used for Drying Peanuts

Abstract Methods were investigated for reducing the soundpressure level (SPL) of vane-axial fan-burner units used for drying peanuts. Straight-through mufflers 61-cm (24-in.) long with 10-cm (4-in.), fiber-glass-lined walls were evaluated. In the first setup, one muffler on the fan inlet reduced the average SPL 9.9 dBA. The second setup, a muffler on inlet and exhaust reduced the SPL 13.4 dBA. In the third setup, a redesigned housing incorporating absorption areas on inlet and exhaust but allowing a shorter overall length, reduced SPL by 13.5 dBA. With an absorptive insert equal in diameter to the fan hub installed in the inlet side of the fan, the average SPL was reduced by 8.6, 17.3, and 18.1 in the first, second, and third setups, respectively. The effect of the treatments on airflow rate was negligible. Costs of the treatments are discussed.