cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the role of carbonic anhydrase in the anticonvulsant effects of triethyltin (TET).

Triethyltin (TET) and acetazolamide (ACTZ) both produce marked anticonvulsant effects as evaluated by the maximal electroshock seizure test. However, the mechanism responsible for the anticonvulsant effect of TET and ACTZ is probably not the same since TET does not inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase isozyme C in vitro.
Oxytocin antagonism alters rat dams' oral grooming and upright posturing over pups

Studies involving intracerebral administration of antiserum or antagonists have demonstrated that central oxytocin (OT) plays a prominent role in initiating but not maintaining postpartum maternal behavior in rats. There has been little investigation, however, of OT's influence on the levels of maternal behavior exhibited during the maintenance phase. We measured rat dam behavior during the 105-min observation periods preceding and beginning 2 h after intracerebroventricular infusion of the selective OT antagonist (OTA) (1 microg), or normal saline (NS) vehicle (5 microl) on postpartum days 2-3 and 6-7. Compared to NS, OTA significantly decreased pup licking as a proportion of dams' total oral grooming, increased self-grooming, decreased the frequency of elevated upright posture over pups and increased the frequency of lying prone on pups. Quiescent, kyphotic nursing was also significantly lower in OTA-treated dams. Other components of maternal behavior were not significantly affected by OTA or NS treatment. These findings suggest that central OT may shift the focus of the dams' oral grooming from self to pups and may also facilitate elevation of dams' upright posture over pups. Acute stress responses, maternal behavior and central OT receptor binding in adult rats have been linked to the amount of maternal licking and arched back, upright nursing received during infancy. OT activity in dams' brains may influence these developmental outcomes in their offspring by selectively regulating their pup licking and crouching posture.
Saving the African Heritage is a Global Priority: How Can a New Subdiscipline of Rescue Archaeology Aid It?

Those who study the human past are well aware that all heritages are selective and change through time, and that in a great continent like Africa with many millennia of human history there has been, and still is, a plethora of local heritages. It is perhaps optimistic to expect common factors in all of them, but these may well exist and our role as scholars is to try and discover them. In this short editorial, I am concerned mainly with the threats to these multiple heritages on the continent and reiterate my earlier call for the strengthening of rescue archaeology in Africa (Alexander 1974). The destruction of the African tangible and intangible heritage, now taking place without being recorded in many countries, will be a tragedy for the whole human species. This is not only because the evidence of archaeology, human genetics and physical anthropology confirms our species developed in Africa and then spread from it, but because it is only in Africa that there is an unbroken development of human culture from its earliest manifestations to its present sophistication. This has taken place, until the last three centuries, without major external migration and conquest affecting its interior regions. The significance of this relative cultural isolation is only now coming to be realised, depending as it does on Africa’s size and Afr Archaeol Rev (2011) 28:93–96 DOI 10.1007/s10437-011-9093-5
Microfabricated PDMS multichannel emitter for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A novel microfabricated multichannel emitter for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was implemented with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a soft lithography technique. The emitters are formed as electrospray tips along a thin membrane on the edge of the device with channels of 100 μm × 30 μm dimensions. The electrospray performance of the PDMS emitters for a single channel device and a four channel device interfaced with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer was evaluated for detecting the molecular weight of reference peptides (angiotensin I and bradykinin). The emitters were durable at the flow rate of 1–20 μL min−1 for more than 30 h of continuous electrospray with limit of detection of 1 μM (S/N 18). This microfabrication method for a PDMS multichannel emitter as an integral part of a microfluidic device will facilitate development of more complex microfluidic analysis systems using ESI-MS.
Electron microscopic structure of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers

Abstract The monolayer structure of l -α-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at the air/water interface was examined using improved electron microscopic techniques. When the experimental conditions of the Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer transfer and deposited film stability are carefully optimized, a monolayer structure is observed which is homogeneous in the liquid-expanded (LE) state, nonhomogeneous and biphasic in the intermediate region and, once again, homogeneous in the liquid-condensed (LC) state. Our electron microscopic results are compared with those of Ries, Matsumoto, Uyeda, and Suito [Adv. Chem. Ser. 144, 286 (1975)] and Fischer and Sackmann [J. Physique 45, 517 (1984)], and we discuss why their experimental techniques yield film structures which are artifacts arising from nonquantitative film transfer or film stability problems after deposition or both. Our finding of two coexisting phases is consistent with the interpretation of a first-order phase transition occurring between the LE and LC states in DPPC monomolecular films.
Photochemically induced charge separation at the molecular level. A chromophore Quencher complex containing both an electron transfer donor and an acceptor

Examples are known of chromophore-quencher complexes where following optical excitation of a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) or a porphyrin ..pi.. ..-->.. ..pi..* chromophore, oxidative or reductive intramolecular electron-transfer quenching occurs. In a recent example, photolysis of a porphyrin-based system containing both an electron-transfer donor and an acceptor led to a relatively long-lived (3 ..mu..s) photoinduced charge separation onto peripheral donor and acceptor redox sites where in terms of the redox potential stored, ..delta..G/sup 0/ > 1.0 eV. One value of such systems is that they begin to reveal how oxidative and reductive equivalents can be generated photochemically and stored within the same molecule. They report here that MLCT-based excitation of the complex (Ru(Me(bpy)-3DQ/sup 2 +/)(Me(bpy)-PTZ)/sub 2/)/sup 4 +/ is followed by a sequence of intramolecular events which lead with relatively high efficiency to a charge-separated state based on the PTZ and -DQ/sup 2 +/ redox sites for which the transiently stored free energy is ..delta..G/sup 0/' approx. 1.29 eV.
Hormonal contraception and HIV: the methods have confused the message.

OBJECTIVE To examine different scenarios through which confounding by condom use may lead to inaccurate conclusions about the effect of hormonal contraception on HIV acquisition in women. DESIGN AND METHODS Scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of coarse adjustment for condom use and condom misreporting on adjusted relative risk estimates for HIV acquisition in injectable hormonal contraception (IHC) users vs. nonusers. RESULTS Analyses crudely accounting for condom use through a binary variable result in biased hormonal contraception-related risk estimates if condoms are used during follow-up periods in which any unprotected sex is reported and condom use differs by hormonal contraception use. We found that over-reporting of condom use is plausible in at least one recent study, as demonstrated by high pregnancy rates given, reported IHC and condom use. Over-reporting of condom use also biases estimates, typically leading to underestimation of IHC-related risk if over-reporting is the same among IHC and non-hormonal contraception users, and overestimation of IHC-related risk if condom misreporting is differential by IHC use. The impact of misreported condom use is most pronounced in study populations with high condom uptake. CONCLUSIONS Discrepant findings in hormonal contraception-HIV-related research may result from inadequate measurement or adjustment for confounding by condom use. Future studies should precisely account for condom use in statistical analyses. Studies should aim to quantify the degree of condom use misreporting, by comparing reported condom use to pregnancy, HIV or other sexually transmitted infection rates, and if possible, testing stored genital swabs for prostate-specific antigen or Y chromosome.
Factors affecting the selection of compression algorithms for projection radiography

Three wavelet algorithms and JPEG compression were applied to two adult PA chest radiographs for visual evaluation and study by three board-certified radiologists. The major factors that we found to affect image compression, when employed for interpretation of projection radiographs, were compression signal space, luminance range, presentation method and viewing distance. Image type, luminance noise and CRT MTF are also major factors in compression,but this preliminary study did not explore their effects in detail.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling Impact of Traffic Conditions on Variability of Midblock Roadside Fine Particulate Matter: Case Study of an Urban Arterial Corridor

The objective of this study was to examine the concentration variation of midblock roadside particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) as a function of very high resolution meteorological and traffic data. Morning peak period measurements were taken at a midblock roadside location on an urban arterial commuter roadway. For the impact of dynamic traffic conditions to be captured, data were analyzed at 10-s intervals, a substantially higher resolution than that used in typical roadside air quality study designs. Particular attention was paid to changes in traffic conditions, including fleet mix, queuing, and vehicle platooning over the course of the study period, and the effect of these changes on PM2.5. Significant correlations were observed between vehicle platoons and increases in PM2.5 concentrations. Traffic state analysis was employed to determine median PM2.5 levels before and after the onset of congestion. A multivariate regression model was estimated to determine significant PM2.5 predictors while...
RNA precursor molecules and ribonucleases in E. coli

The post-transcriptional alteration of oneE. coli RNA species (tyrosine tRNA) by nucleases is now understood in some detail. Knowledge of this pathway has allowed us to speculate on the nature and control of the processing of otherE. coli RNA species by the combined attack of endo- and exo-nucleolytic ribonucleases. A review of the properties of knownE. coli ribonucleases has led us consider which of these activities might be capable of functioning together in different pathways. The control of these nuclease activities (singly or in groups) may be exerted through structural transitions of RNA substrates or through ionic or protein cofactors.
Administration of raloxifene reduces sensorimotor and working memory deficits following traumatic brain injury

Hormonal differences between males and females have surfaced as a crucial component in the search for effective treatments after experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent findings have shown that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may have therapeutic benefit. The present study examined the effects of raloxifene, a SERM, on functional recovery after bilateral cortical contusion injury (bCCI) or sham procedure. Male rats received injections of raloxifene (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (1.0 ml/kg, i.p.) 15 min, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after bCCI or sham procedure. Rats were tested on both sensorimotor (bilateral tactile removal and locomotor placing tests) and cognitive tests (reference and working memory in the Morris water maze). Raloxifene-treated animals showed a significant reduction in the initial magnitude of the deficit and facilitated the rate of recovery for the bilateral tactile removal test, compared to vehicle-treated animals. The raloxifene-treated animals also showed a significant improvement in the acquisition of working memory compared to vehicle-treated animals. However, raloxifene did not significantly improve the acquisition of reference memory or locomotor placing ability. Raloxifene treatment also did not result in a significant reduction in the size of the lesion cavity. Thus, the task-dependent improvements seen following raloxifene treatment do not appear to be the result of cortical neuroprotection. However, these results suggest that raloxifene improves functional outcome following bCCI and may present an interesting avenue for future research.
Brassinosteroid Signaling Network and Regulation of Photomorphogenesis

In plants, the steroidal hormone brassinosteroid (BR) regulates numerous developmental processes, including photomorphogenesis. Genetic, proteomic, and genomic studies in Arabidopsis have illustrated a fully connected BR signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BZR1 family of transcription factors. Genome-wide analyses of protein-DNA interactions have identified thousands of BZR1 target genes that link BR signaling to various cellular, metabolic, and developmental processes, as well as other signaling pathways. In controlling photomorphogenesis, BR signaling is highly integrated with the light, gibberellin, and auxin pathways through both direct interactions between signaling proteins and transcriptional regulation of key components of these pathways. BR signaling also cross talks with other receptor kinase pathways to modulate stomata development and innate immunity. The molecular connections in the BR signaling network demonstrate a robust steroid signaling system th...
The role of diffusion of responsibility, responsibility, and attitude in willingness to donate to a world hunger-related charity

The role of diffusion of responsibility, responsibility, and attitude in willingness to donate to a world hunger-related charity was examined. Attitude towards helping others and attitude towards charitable organizations were the two attitude measures considered. In accordance with earlier studies on diffusion of responsibility, participation in the study was either as a member of a group or alone. Group versus non-group was established using priming techniques in a virtual environment. The intervention consisted of the viewing of a video from the World Food Programme website. Findings determined that the video exerted a significant effect on participants whether in the virtual group or alone, and on all variables with the exception of attitude towards charitable organizations, suggesting that such a video is an effective tool for fundraisers. It was also determined that, although responsibility was not diffused, it significantly impacted willingness to donate, with personal responsibility producing a more robust effect over social responsibility. Attitude towards helping others significantly impacted willingness to donate and also exhibited a covariate relationship with personal responsibility. Both of these findings suggest that a more personal, attitudinal type of responsibility is what promotes helping behaviors, rather than social responsibility that arises from social norms. These findings are supportive of the theory on prosocial behaviors and confirm the contributory role of responsibility when engaging in prosocial behaviors.
On Fluid Compressibility in Switch-Mode Hydraulic Circuits—Part II: Experimental Results

In this paper, the author presents experimental work with a generic switch-mode hydraulic circuit that aims to validate a previously presented computational model, with primary focus on the energy loss due to fluid compressibility. While multiple previous papers have presented experimental works with switch-mode hydraulic circuits, the presented experimental system is unique due the capability of in-flow measurement of the entrained air in the hydraulic fluid. A designed experiment was run that varied the entrained air, system pressure, and volume of the fluid experiencing pressure fluctuations, defined as the switched volume. The calculated volumetric efficiency from these experiments ranged from to 61% to 75%, with efficiency increasing with decreased levels of entrained air, system pressure, and switched volume. These efficiency trends and the pressure profile in the switched volume agree well with the computational model presented in Part I of this two part set (Van de Ven, 2013, “On Fluid Compressibility in Switch-Mode Hydraulic Circuits—Part I: Modeling and Analysis,” ASME J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control, 135(2), p. 021013). Differences between the experimental results and the computational model include approximately 10% higher predicted efficiency and pressure oscillations found in the experimental work that were not predicted by the model.
Race and Gender Differences in Wages: The Role of Occupational Sorting at the Point of Hire

Previous work suggests that occupational sorting and differences in starting salary play a large role in race and gender wage gaps. This study uses unique data from the human resources department of a financial company to examine the role of occupational sorting in race and gender differences in initial salary offers. While this company exhibits large race and gender differences in salary offers, controlling for occupational differences accounts for all of the race effects and reduces the gender effect to substantive insignificance. These findings underscore the importance of occupational sorting mechanisms in creating race and gender differences in wages.
Shedding Light on the Extinction‐Enhancement Duality in Gold Nanostar‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved from an esoteric physical phenomenon to a robust and effective analytical method recently. The need of addressing both the field enhancement and the extinction of nanoparticle suspensions, however, has been underappreciated despite its substantive impact on the sensing performance. A systematic experimental investigation of SERS enhancement and attenuation is performed in suspensions of gold nanostars, which exhibit a markedly different behavior in relation to conventional nanoparticles. The relationship is elucidated between the SERS enhancement and the localized surface plasmon resonance band, and the effect of the concentration of the gold nanostars on the signal propagation is investigated. It is shown that an optimal concentration of gold nanostars exists to maximize the enhancement factor (EF), and the maximum EF occurs when the LSPR band is blue-shifted from the excitation wavelength rather than at the on-resonance position.
Seeing double at Neptune's south pole

Abstract Keck near-infrared images of Neptune from UT 26 July 2007 show that the cloud feature typically observed within a few degrees of Neptune’s south pole had split into a pair of bright spots. A careful determination of disk center places the cloud centers at −89.07 ± 0.06° and −87.84 ± 0.06° planetocentric latitude. If modeled as optically thick, perfectly reflecting layers, we find the pair of features to be constrained to the troposphere, at pressures greater than 0.4 bar. By UT 28 July 2007, images with comparable resolution reveal only a single feature near the south pole. The changing morphology of these circumpolar clouds suggests they may form in a region of strong convection surrounding a neptunian south polar vortex.
To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution

To Form a More Perfect Union: A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution. By Robert A. McGuire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 395p. $24.95.Charles Beard's (1913) An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States has long been a focal point for scholarly debate on the motivations of the American Founders. Beard argued that each of the Founders could be classified as merchants with “personalty” interests or as farmers with “realty” interests and that political conflict during the Founding could be interpreted through the prism of conflict between these two classes. This work came to be greeted with growing disdain by scholars who found his “Marxist” interpretation of the Founding inadequate, but given the rise of rational choice theory as an important analytic tool for political scientists, another look at Beard's theory through modern conceptual lenses is long overdue.
Probabilistic Graph-Clear

This paper introduces a probabilistic model for multirobot surveillance applications with limited range and possibly faulty sensors. Sensors are described with a footprint and a false negative probability, i.e. the probability of failing to report a target within their sensing range. The model implements a probabilistic extension to our formerly developed deterministic approach for modeling surveillance tasks in large environments with large robot teams known as Graph-Clear. This extension leads to a new algorithm that allows to answer new design and performance questions, namely 1) how many robots are needed to obtain a certain confidence that the environment is free from intruders, and 2) given a certain number of robots, how should they coordinate their actions to minimize their failure rate.
Abused South Asian Women in Westernized Countries and Their Experiences Seeking Help

The aims of this qualitative systematic review were to better understand domestic abuse among South Asian (SA) women in westernized locales and to make evidence-based inferences related to helping services. Thirty English-language research reports met the inclusion criteria. Findings were extracted, assessed for quality, and analyzed using an iterative approach. Based on the results, domestic abuse appears to be grounded in the context of SA mores and the experience of immigration. Situational circumstances and language barriers make it difficult for SA women to reach and utilize helping services. Nurses are urged to consider these barriers as they assist SA immigrant women to enhance their well-being.
Virtual Reality Environments for Integrated Systems Health Management of Rocket Engine Tests

Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) consists of processes managing erroneous conditions that systems may encounter during their operational life by either designing out failures early on or defending and mitigating any possible failures. A successful implementation of ISHM consists of the following four components: data sensors, computations, data sinks, and visualization modules. In this paper, we explore the use of virtual reality (VR) platforms as a candidate for developing ISHM visualization modules. VR allows for a complete and spatially accurate 3-D model of a system to be displayed in real time. It provides a medium for improved data assimilation and analysis through its core tenants of immersion, interaction, and navigation. Furthermore, VR allows for integrating graphical, functional, and measurement data in the same platform-providing for the development of subsequent risk-analysis modules. The research objectives of this paper are focused on creating a detailed visual model of a multisensor rocket engine test facility inside a VR platform and demonstrating the capability of the VR platform in integrating graphical, measurement, and health data in an immersive, navigable, and interactive manner. A human-based performance evaluation of the VR platform is also presented. These research objectives are addressed using an example of a multisensor rocket-engine portable test stand at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Stennis Space Center's E-3 test facility.
Effect of spontaneous seizures on GABAA receptor α4 subunit expression in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary Objective Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is frequently medically intractable and often progressive. Compromised inhibitory neurotransmission due to altered γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor α4 subunit (GABAARα4) expression has been emphasized as a potential contributor to the initial development of epilepsy following a brain insult (primary epileptogenesis), but the regulation of GABAARα4 during chronic epilepsy, specifically, how expression is altered following spontaneous seizures, is less well understood. Methods Continuous video–electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from rats with pilocarpine-induced TLE were used to capture epileptic animals within 3 h of a spontaneous seizure (SS), or >24 h after the last SS, to determine whether recent occurrence of a seizure was associated with altered levels of GABAARα4 expression. We further evaluated whether this GABAARα4 plasticity is regulated by signaling mechanisms active in primary epileptogenesis, specifically, increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and early growth response factor 3 (Egr3). Results Elevated levels of GABAARα4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were observed following spontaneous seizures, and were associated with higher levels of BDNF and Egr3 mRNA. Significance These data suggest that spontaneous, recurrent seizures that define chronic epilepsy may influence changes in GABAARα4 expression, and that signaling pathways known to regulate GABAARα4 expression after status epilepticus may also be activated after spontaneous seizures in chronically epileptic animals.
Adaptation to Temporal Contrast in Primate and Salamander Retina

Visual adaptation to temporal contrast (intensity modulation of a spatially uniform, randomly flickering stimulus) was examined in simultaneously recorded ensembles of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in tiger salamander and macaque monkey retina. Slow contrast adaptation similar to that recently discovered in salamander and rabbit retina was observed in monkey retina. A novel method was developed to quantify the effect of temporal contrast on steady-state sensitivity and kinetics of light responses, separately from nonlinearities that would otherwise significantly contaminate estimates of sensitivity. Increases in stimulus contrast progressively and reversibly attenuated and sped light responses in both salamander and monkey RGCs, indicating that a portion of the contrast adaptation observed in visual cortex originates in the retina. The effect of adaptation on sensitivity and kinetics differed in simultaneously recorded populations of ON and OFF cells. In salamander, adaptation affected the sensitivity of OFF cells more than ON cells. In monkey, adaptation affected the sensitivity of ON cells more than OFF cells. In both species, adaptation sped the light responses of OFF cells more than ON cells. Functionally defined subclasses of ON and OFF cells also exhibited asymmetric adaptation. These findings indicate that contrast adaptation differs in parallel retinal circuits that convey distinct visual signals to the brain.
The effects of the synthetic and natural hormone of the adrenal cortex on melanin deposition in adrenalectomized black rats fed diets adequate and deficient in the filtrate factors of vitamin B.

IN A PREVIOUS STUDY (Ralli and Graef, 1943) we reported the stimulating effect of adrenalectomy on hair growth and melanin deposition in black rats that were maintained on diets either deficient in the filtrate factors of vitamin B, or diets supplemented with a rice bran extract. The effect of adrenalectomy was particularly striking in the rats receiving the deficient diet because of the fact that filtrate factor deficiency is associated with graying of the fur which is due to a depression of melanin deposition and an associated atrophy of the hair follicles and bulbs. Following adrenalectomy the effects of the deficient diet were reversed. In the present study, the role of the adrenal cortex in the reaction was further investigated by administering to the rats, following adrenalectomy, either desoxycorticosterone acetate or the naturally occurring adrenal cortical hormone.
Expression of Heat-Stable Enterotoxin STb by Adherent Escherichia coli Is Not Sufficient To Cause Severe Diarrhea in Neonatal Pigs

The role of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin B (STb) in neonatal porcine diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli was examined by comparing adherent isogenic strains with or without STb. The cloned STb gene (in the plasmid pRAS1) was electroporated into a nonenterotoxigenic strain (226M) which expresses the F41 adhesin. Strain 226M pRAS1 adhered and expressed STb in vivo, causing fluid secretion in ligated ileal loops in neonatal pigs. Although strain 226M pRAS1 caused very mild diarrhea in some orally inoculated neonatal pigs, the weight loss in these pigs was similar to that caused by the parental strain without STb. We conclude that STb does not significantly contribute to diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli in neonatal pigs.
Principles of fault current limitation by a resonant LC circuit

The reduction of fault current is one of the oldest problems of power systems engineering. Fault current reduction permits the interconnection of large networks without replacing circuit breakers, improves transient stability, and reduces the cost of equipment. The paper investigates the reduction of fault current by the insertion of a resonant LC circuit into the transmission line. The device consists of a capacitor and a thyristor-switched inductance, tuned to the supply frequency. The thyristor switches are operated at zero-current-crossing to eliminate the generation of harmonics. The system operation is analysed using analytic methods and transient simulation techniques. A parametric study determines the effect of components and network parameters on the current limiter operation. Design methods and component selection criteria are developed. The results demonstrate that the device can reduce both transient and steady-state fault current significantly. It can be built with commercially available components. The significant operation improvement is expected to justify the cost of the new device.
Elastically induced turbulence in Taylor–Couette flow: direct numerical simulation and mechanistic insight

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of elastically induced turbulent flows has posed great challenges to researchers engaged in developing first-principle models and simulations that can predict faithfully the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of polymeric flows. To this end, DNS of elastically induced turbulent flow states in the Taylor–Couette (TC) flow are reported here with the aim of paving the way for a mechanistic understanding of this new class of flows. Specifically, the DNS not only faithfully reproduce the key feature of elastically induced turbulent flows, namely, substantial excitation of fluid motion at the smallest temporal and spatial scales, but also for the first time demonstrate the existence of three distinct flow regions in the gap for the inertio-elastic turbulence state: (i) a fluid-inertia (or outflow-) dominated inner-wall region; (ii) a fluid-elasticity (or inflow-) dominated outer-wall region; and (iii) an inflow/outflow core region. Based on this observation, a simple mechanism for the inertio-elastic turbulence in the TC flow has been postulated.
Decompositions of unitary evolutions and dynamics of quantum systems

Decompositions of the Lie group of unitary matrices are very useful tools in the control and analysis of quantum dynamics. In this paper, we survey recent results on decompositions, concerning their significance in terms of symmetries, entanglement, and their applications to control and dynamics. Several decompositions can be obtained by recursively applying the Cartan classification of the symmetric spaces of the classical Lie groups. The emphasis is on a novel recursive procedure to decompose the unitary evolution of bipartite quantum systems of arbitrary dimensions, in simpler factors. This procedure makes transparent the contributions of the entangling and non entangling transformations.
Contextual Learning: A Reflective Learning Intervention for Nursing Education

Nursing educators need to continue to explore ways that new pedagogies such as narrative pedagogy and reflective practice inform and extend students' thinking in classroom and clinical situations. The goal of instruction becomes creating an opportunity for learning that integrates content knowledge with knowledge of the context. Educational methodologies that incorporate the use of context in a reflective, dialogical approach over time hold much promise in developing a dynamic process of thinking in practice. Contextual learning is a reflective learning intervention that offers new possibilities for nurse educators to prepare nurses to think critically in practice. In this expository paper the design and instructional methodology of contextual learning is discussed, beginning with a brief overview of the nature of critical thinking and the use of narrative as major underpinnings in the development of this intervention. Examples of how the intervention was implemented with novice nurses in practice is provided. Finally, reflections on how the intervention could be refined for nursing students is offered.
Use of Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) Combined with Advanced Motion Tracking Techniques to Examine the Behavior of Neurons and Glia in the Enteric Nervous System of the Intact Murine Colon.

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have been used extensively in many body systems to detect Ca2+ transients associated with neuronal activity. Their adoption in enteric neurobiology has been slower, although they offer many advantages in terms of selectivity, signal-to-noise and non-invasiveness. Our aims were to utilize a number of cell-specific promoters to express the Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3 in different classes of neurons and glia to determine their effectiveness in measuring activity in enteric neural networks during colonic motor behaviors. We developed several GCaMP3 mice: 1) Wnt1-GCaMP3, all enteric neurons and glia; 2) GFAP-GCaMP3, enteric glia; 3) nNOS-GaMP3, enteric nitrergic neurons, and 4) ChAT-GCaMP3, enteric cholinergic neurons. These mice allowed us to study the behavior of the enteric neurons in the intact colon maintained at a physiological temperature, especially during the colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC), using low power Ca2+ imaging. In this preliminary study, we observed neuronal and glial cell Ca2+ transients in specific cells in both the myenteric and submucous plexus in all of the transgenic mice variants. The number of cells that could be simultaneously imaged at low power (100-1000 active cells) through the undissected gut required advanced motion tracking and analysis routines. The pattern of Ca2+ transients in myenteric neurons showed significant differences in response to spontaneous, oral or anal stimulation. Brief anal elongation or mucosal stimulation, which evokes a CMMC, were the most effective stimuli and elicited a powerful synchronized and prolonged burst of Ca2+ transients in many myenteric neurons, especially when compared with the same neurons during a spontaneous CMMC. In contrast, oral elongation, which normally inhibits CMMCs, appeared to suppress Ca2+ transients some of the neurons active during a spontaneous or an anally evoked CMMC. The activity in glial networks appeared to follow neural activity but continued long after neural activity had waned. With these new tools an unprecedented level of detail can be recorded from the enteric nervous system (ENS) with minimal manipulation of tissue. These techniques can be extended in order to better understand the roles of particular enteric neurons and glia during normal and disordered motility.
Regulation of rat renal (Na(+) + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase mRNA levels by corticosterone.

We investigated the mechanisms for glucocorticoid regulation of rat renal NaK-ATPase activity. Our findings suggest that the magnitudes of corticosterone-induced increases inα1 mRNA andβ1 mRNA levels are similar in the kidney of the adult adrenalectomized rats. The results also suggest that corticosterone restores NaK-ATPase activity in adrenalectomized rats prior to any enhanced sodium delivery.
Cleveland's West Side Market: 100 Years & Still Cooking: By Laura Taxel and Marilou Suszko

(2014). Cleveland's West Side Market: 100 Years & Still Cooking: By Laura Taxel and Marilou Suszko. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 340-343.
Atrial fibrillation associated hospitalizations in patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States, 2003–2012

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The clinical and economic burden of AF-associated hospitalizations has not been previously quantified in the ESRD population in the United States. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and outcomes of AF hospitalizations in the US ESRD population. Methods We used the 2003–2012 National Inpatient Sample database to study trends in the incidence and outcomes of AF hospitalizations in ESRD patients. Primary outcomes included hospitalization rate, in-hospital case fatality ratio (CFR), length of stay (LOS), and cost. Results There were 66,811 primary and 986,742 secondary AF hospitalizations associated with ESRD. The mean age of the patients was 70.9 years, and 45.2% were women. The age-adjusted primary AF hospitalization rate increased from 10.1 to 14.0 per 1000 ESRD patients, while the secondary AF hospitalization rate increased from 164.0 to 212.8 per 1000 ESRD patients (P-trend Conclusion There was a greater than 2-fold increase in the annual number of AF hospitalizations along with a significant increase in AF hospitalization rate in the US ESRD population. There were significant improvements in markers of quality of care, including inhospital CFR, LOS, and cost.
EMBOLISM CAUSED BY SUDDEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE CHANGES

SUMMARY Embolism due to changes in barometric pressure can occur in both aviators and divers. AGE occurs as a result of overpressurization of the lung during an ascent from a dive in which the egress of air from the lung or from a subsection of the lung is prevented. VGE results from local tissue supersaturation and entry of bubbles into tissue capillaries. The vast majority of VGEs are clinically silent, although they can be detected using Doppler or two-dimensional echocardiography. Patients with AGE or symptomatic VGE should be given as high a concentration of inspired O2 as possible and, if possible, transported immediately to a hyperbaric facility.
Generalized boundary integral methods

The boundary integral equation discussed in section 2.3, provides us with a representation of a flow in terms of a dual distribution of a Green's function G and its associated stress tensor T ; the two individual distributions are called the single-layer potential and the double-layer potential respectively. Odqvist (1930) noted that each of these potentials expresses an acceptable Stokes flow which, in principle, may be used independently to represent a given flow. This observation provides the basis for a new class of boundary integral methods called generalized or indirect boundary integral methods . In these methods, the flow is expressed simply in terms of a single-layer or a double-layer potential with an unknown density distribution. Imposing boundary conditions yields integral equations of the first or second kind for the densities of the distributions. Odqvist (1930) studied the properties of the single-layer and double-layer potentials, and investigated the solutions of the integral equations that arise from generalized boundary integral representations. His work is discussed by Ladyzhenskaya (1969, Chapter 3) and Kim & Karrila (1991, Part 4, Chapter 15). In this chapter we summarize the main properties of the hydrodynamic potentials and then proceed to investigate the extent to which generalized boundary integral methods are capable of representing various types of internal and external flow. It will be helpful to keep in mind throughout this chapter that boundary integral methods leading to integral equations of the second kind are highly preferable over those leading to integral equations of the first kind.
Cared for or Outcasts: A Case for Continuous Care in the Precontact U.S. Southwest

Aztec Ruins is an important pre-Euro-American site in the U.S. Southwest that came into prominence after the decline of Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon. A number of individuals interred at the site show evidence of having survived traumatic injuries, which seems to suggest a level of community care. This chapter focuses specifically on a woman who suffered, but survived, a severe fracture to the pelvis. The injury, defined as pelvic ring disruption, is consistent with a high impact injury. In addition to the fractured, misaligned pelvis she had several other traumatic injuries. Using the newly created web-based instrument known as the Index of Care (Tilley and Cameron, International Journal of Paleopathology 6(1):5–9, 2014), this woman was assessed to determine if the injuries suffered during her lifetime were sufficient to require caregiving by other members of the community. In this chapter we suggest that, taken together, these injuries suggest a decreased mobility and lessened efficiency of physical labor, and a review of clinical literature suggests serious health implications and ongoing pain. Care would have been required on a continuum beginning with trauma management and transforming into accommodation from community members, and suggests agency on the part of the injured to rehabilitate and reintegrate back into group practices.
Buffered Spin-Torque Sensors for Minimizing Delay and Energy Consumption in Global Interconnects

We propose a low-voltage, low-current interconnect architecture using buffered/pipelined spin-torque (ST) sensors to optimize the overall delay and energy consumption. Conventional techniques for reducing energy consumption on long interconnects involve low voltage swings on interconnects or current-mode interconnects. However, such techniques require power-consuming voltage converters or trans-impedance amplifiers at the receivers. ST-sensor-based receivers have recently been introduced that can operate without analog components at the receiver. As a result, the energy consumption is lower compared to existing techniques. However, the delay can be relatively high in these networks for long Cu-lines since these methods do not accommodate conventional buffering schemes for delay minimization. Here, we propose the use of ST buffers in the line in addition to ST-sensing at the receiver. The buffers and sensors used in our design consist of a magnetic strip of two magnetic domains separated by a domain wall. The domain wall can be moved by a current flowing through an adjacent spin-Hall metal which leads to a change in the resistance of the receiver. This resistance change is easily sensed using simple CMOS components. With the introduction of buffering for ST-sensor interconnects, the proposed method can be highly efficient in optimizing the energy-delay performance for long, global on-chip or off-chip lines. Our simulation results indicate that for a 10 mm line in 45 nm CMOS technology, the energy consumption with ST-sensing is about 2 percent that of full-swing, and about 4 percent that of low-swing, CMOS interconnects. Moreover, the delay is much lower than low-swing, and comparable to full-swing, CMOS designs.
Reducing float coal dust: Field evaluation of an inline auxiliary fan scrubber

Controlling float coal dust in underground coal mines before dispersal into the general airstream can reduce the risk of mine explosions while potentially achieving a more effective and efficient use of rock dust. A prototype flooded-bed scrubber was evaluated for float coal dust control in the return of a continuous miner section. The scrubber was installed inline between the face ventilation tubing and an exhausting auxiliary fan. Airborne and deposited dust mass measurements were collected over three days at set distances from the fan exhaust to assess changes in float coal dust levels in the return due to operation of the scrubber. Mass-based measurements were collected on a per-cut basis and normalized on the basis of per ton mined by the continuous miner. The results show that average float coal dust levels measured under baseline conditions were reduced by more than 90 percent when operating the scrubber.
Make room for hip-hop: mass-print mediation of ‘baggy’ basketball shorts, 1990–1994

AbstractIn the early 1990s, a fashion trend swept the American basketball sphere: long, looser-fitting, ‘baggy’ shorts replaced the tight uniform bottoms that had been normative throughout the game’s history. This article addresses cultural representation of the newly baggy shorts, with a focus on news media commentators’ discursive framing of the trend’s expression at the college and professional levels. When approached as a cultural text, these shorts are revealed to be a nexus at which discourses around race, class, gender and generation took place. Commentators largely avoided explicit references to race, instead organizing criticisms through a focus on the ‘style’ they deemed lacking in the disorder of bagginess. However, the introduction of this aesthetic by predominantly black players, combined with the roots of bagginess in hip-hop culture, indicate that such discourse carried regulatory ideologies on urban, working-class blackness and the implications of its mass cultural appropriation.
Management of Vascular Injuries During Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Current Strategies and Simulation-Based Educational Paradigms

Purpose of Review With fully endoscopic surgery rapidly emerging as a preferred modality of care in the minimally invasive approach to the ventral skull base, surgeons may increasingly encounter critical vascular structures reached via narrow corridors. Internal carotid artery (ICA) injury is a rare but much dreaded complication during endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA). We reviewed management strategies and outcomes following ICA injury during skull base surgery as well as currently available simulation teaching models.
CNS Depressants: Benzodiazepines

The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was synthesized in 1955 and marketed in 1960. Since that time, benzodiazepines have become some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the United States and throughout the world. In 1971 alone, physicians wrote 50 million prescriptions for diazepam (Valium) and 24 million for chlordiazepoxide, representing approximately 3.6 billion pills and $200 million in sales. The use of benzodiazepines in the United States steadily increased through 1975 to a peak level of approximately 100 million prescriptions annually. In the mid-1970s, diazepam was the most commonly prescribed drug of any kind. Subsequently, benzodiazepine prescriptions decreased to approximately 65 million. In the last few years they have again been on the increase, and in 1985, 81 million prescriptions were filled. In a household survey in 1985, 7.1 percent of the adult population reported using benzodiazepines. Of the various medical specialties, family physicians and internists are the major prescribers of benzodiazepines. Individuals using benzodiazepines for nonmedical purposes usually abuse more than one drug.1–4