cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved understanding of thermal agent fire suppression mechanisms from detailed chemical kinetic modeling with idealized surrogate agents

Abstract Fire suppression agents that derive their entire effectiveness from physical processes are known as thermal agents. Thermal agents operate by lowering the flame temperature through dilution, heat absorption, and thermal diffusion. Two aspects of these mechanisms are investigated using detailed chemical-kinetic modeling of methane opposed-jet laminar diffusion flames burning in air mixed with two idealized surrogate agents. “X” has the physical properties of argon with the exception of a zero heat capacity. Its only flame effects are through dilution. Results show that X lowers flame temperatures by slowing the combustion chemistry and allowing increased oxygen to pass through the flame sheet. Comparison with results using argon reveals that 59% of argon effectiveness derives from dilution with the remainder due to heat absorption. “Y” is also similar to argon with the exception that it can react to form “Z,” which is identical to Y except for having a positive heat of formation. Reaction of Y to Z absorbs heat and lowers flame temperatures. The reaction rate is adjusted using the rate law constants including activation energy in order to control where heat extraction occurs relative to a flame front. Calculated flame temperatures and hence agent suppression effectiveness are found to be insensitive to heat extraction location. The results for X and Y provide strong support for the concept of a well defined limit flame temperature at extinction. It is argued that the conclusions from this modeling study are relevant to coflowing diffusion flames, which are more characteristic of real-world fires.
Estimating Winsorized correlations in a univariate or bivariate random effects model

A well-known result is that slight departures from normality can have a large effect on the usual correlation coefficient rendering the magnitude of the correlation difficult to interpret and potentially misleading. In the context of a random effects model, which is the focus of attention in this paper, this means that effect size, as measured by the intraclass correlation, might be small due to outliers or heavy-tailed distributions rather than a lack of differences among the groups being compared. Similarly, a large intraclass correlation might be due to trivial shifts away from normality which would become small if an adjustment for non-normality were made. Moreover, this problem has to do with the effects of non-normality on population parameters, not just statistics, so problems can arise even with large sample sizes. This follows almost immediately from results in Tukey (1960), and it is briefly illustrated here. One approach to this problem is to use a Winsorized analogue of the intraclass correlation. This paper suggests three ways the Winsorized intraclass correlation might be estimated and compares them via simulations. A bivariate generalization of the random effects model is also considered, and two methods of estimating the group-level correlation are described and compared. Alternatives to Winsorization are also discussed.
High-Q Resonance in Subwavelength High Contrast Gratings

A simple analytic formalism is presented to explain the resonance phenomenon in subwavelength high contrast gratings. This unique resonance does not require distributed reflections, and it relies on neither gain medium nor highly reflective mirrors.
Exploiting Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Experience-dependent plasticity (EDP) is a general term used to describe neural and associated behavioral adaptations resulting from experience. Because the objective of dysphagia rehabilitation is to induce long-term permanent change in swallowing physiology, understanding EDP processes is crucial for documenting the efficacy of treatments. There is little information about natural processes of EDP related to swallowing (i.e., changes associated with aging and impairment). Therefore, the “baseline” on which we apply dysphagia treatments remains unclear. Because EDP is characterized by peripheral and central adaptations of physiologic and functional measures over time, effectively documenting EDP requires multiple outcome measures at multiple time points. This review will discuss mechanisms of endogenously induced EDP, including aging and impairment. A review of current dysphagia rehabilitation literature will be provided to indicate the state of evidence for exogenously induced EDP. Future considerations for the study of EDP related to dysphagia will also be offered.
CD4-independent utilization of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor by HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Abstract HIV entry is mediated by an interaction between CD4 and members of the chemokine receptor family of proteins. It is likely that CD4 induces conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins that facilitate a subsequent interaction with the chemokine receptor. To understand these events, variants of HIV-2 and HIV-1 have been derived that are able to interact directly with CXCR4 in the absence of CD4. One HIV-2 variant. termed HIV-2/vcp, has an expanded host range that includes CXCR4 + /CD4 − lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell lines. In contrast to T-tropic isolates of HIV-1, HIV-2/vcp was shown to induce >95% downregulation of CXCR4 on chronically infected cells and was able to superinfect HIV-1-infected cells. A variant of HIV-1/IIIB termed HIV-1/IIIBx was also derived that is both replication competent and fusogenic for a CD4-negative subclone of SupT1 cells, termed BC7. Infection of BC7 cells by HIV-1/IIIBx was resistant to anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies but inhibited by the anti-CXCR4 mAb, 12G5. HIV-1/IIIBx was highly fusogenic on 3T3 cells expressing CXCR4 in the absence of CD4. In contrast to HIV-2/vcp, the host range of HIV-1/IIIBx was highly restricted and replication in several CD4 + /CXCR4 + lymphoid cell lines was reduced compared to HIV-1/IIIB. In addition, HIV-1/IIIBx failed to downregulate CXCR4 on chronically infected cells. These studies indicate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 variants can be derived in vitro that utilize CXCR4 in the absence of CD4. Although the mechanism(s) for these changes remain unclear, possibilities include an increased avidity of the viral envelope glycoprotein for CXCR4 and/or the increased exposure of the chemokine receptor binding site. Further biochemical and molecular analysis of the envelope glycoproteins from these viruses should be helpful in addressing these and other possibilities.
Infrared technique: heat transfer measurement

Impinging jets are used for heat and mass transfer in some industries. Previous impinging jet studies used thermocouples or liquid crystals to determine convection coefficients. These methods have inaccuracies that can be avoided with an infrared image temperature measurement. For this research, an infrared camera with a resolution of 0.025 degree(s)C was used to store images containing 52785 temperatures. The camera was checked for accuracy with a thermometer calibrated with a NIST standard. A facility for measuring surface heat transfer coefficients due to an impinging jet was developed. The infrared images obtained with the facility were used to identify impingement flow characteristics and to calculate local convection coefficients for in-line and radial jets. The results include photographs and convection coefficient graphs.
The Sidney P. Albert-Bernard Shaw Collection

In November 1991, Brown University announced the addition of the Sidney P. Albert-G. B. Shaw Collection to its Special Collections. The purchase of the private collection of Sidney P. Albert was accomplished with the support and encouragement of the then president of Brown, Vartan Gregorian. At the same time, and upon Albert's recommendation, Brown acquired the correspondence and other documents relating to Shaw's dealings with his American publisher, Dodd, Mead & Company (and, by extension, other publishers). An inaugural exhibit of material from the Albert Collection (“Quintessential Shaw”) was mounted in Brown's John Hay Library, 5 May –28 July, 1995, curated by former Brown Curator for Printed Books, Jennifer Lee. To celebrate the opening of the exhibit and to mark the addition of the Albert-Shaw Collection to Brown's holdings, the Friends of Brown Library hosted a dinner-reception on 5 May with readings from Shaw plays and a brief talk (“100 Years Ago: G.B.S. in 1895”) by Albert, followed by a public lecture (“Shaw's Utopia”) delivered by Shaw biographer Michael Holroyd.
The two faces of neuromyelitis optica

Over the past 15 years, it had seemed as if neuromyelitis optica (NMO) might be a distinct and homogeneous subtype of CNS demyelinating disease distinguishable from the heterogeneous assortment of patients captured by the umbrella diagnosis of “multiple sclerosis (MS).” NMO had distinctive clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics, and, in most cases, a highly specific biomarker, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies, was detectable.1 However, recent observations might be interpreted as dashing hopes of NMO being a single disorder with uniform pathogenesis. The clinical presentation of NMO is increasingly recognized as heterogeneous. A variety of cerebral, diencephalic, and brainstem presentations1,2 may occur as presenting features or over the course of the disease, which may have been previously considered inconsistent with the diagnosis. However, most of the manifestations of NMO seem to be explained by the distribution and level of expression of AQP4, so the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations does not seriously challenge the hypothesis of uniform pathogenesis.3,4 A more vexing issue has been the 10%–30% of persons who are seronegative for the AQP4 autoantibody despite evaluation with the most sensitive cell-based assays available. Do they represent a distinct entity?
Removal of moisture contamination from porous polymeric low-k dielectric films

Ultra low-k dielectrics are expected to replace SiO2 as the interlayer dielectric for the next-generation microelectronic devices. A challenge facing the integration of these dielectrics in manufacturing is their interactions with gaseous contaminants, such as moisture, and the resulting change in their properties. The physical and chemical interactions of moisture with porous spin-on dielectric material are investigated using temperature- and concentration-programmed exposure and purge sequence together with trace moisture analysis, using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. The model compound in this study is methylsilsesquioxane, deposited and treated under typical manufacturing conditions. A process model is developed that provides information on the mechanism and kinetics of moisture uptake and release in thin porous films. The model elucidates the effect of film properties on the contamination uptake as well as outgassing; it also provides a valuable tool for designing an optimum process for contamination control and removal in porous films. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Is Absorption a Diathesis for Dissociation in Sexually and Physically Abused Patients

In a sample of 251 psychiatric outpatients, either a dissociative disorder or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was present in 47 percent of the sixty-four patients with abuse histories and above-median Absorption scores. In contrast, a dissociative disorder or PTSD was present in only 21 percent of the fifty-six patients with abuse histories and below-median Absorption scores, in only 5 percent of the fifty-six patients with no abuse and above-median Absorption, and in only 1 percent of the seventy-five patients with no abuse and below-median Absorption. The current evidence, in conjunction with past evidence for 50 percent heritability of Absorption, raises the possibility that Absorption is a diathesis for dissociative responses to traumatic stress.
Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Previously recognized color and pattern variants of adult Cichla temensis in Amazon flood pulse river environments reflect the cycling of individuals through seasonal sexual maturity and spawning. Individuals also vary in shape from blocky to fusiform. To determine if shape differences are related to patterns of fat reserve deposition and utilization, and to quantify the relationship of shape with color and pattern variation and life history status, specimens in each of four previously defined grades of color and pattern variation were compared using geometric morphometric techniques. Progressive shape changes occurred between grades independent of sex and correlated to gonosomatic index (GSI). Thin plate spline deformation visualizations indicate that the observed shape differences are related to fat deposition patterns. The seasonal timing of shape change and its link to color pattern variation, sexual maturity and local water level conditions suggests a relationship between the physiological and behavioral characteristics of C. temensis and the cyclical flood pulse pattern of its habitat.
Charmonium spectroscopy in p̄p annihilations

We present a review of results from E760, a resonant charmonium formation experiment in the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator. Experiment E835, a continuation of E760, and its physics goals are also presented.
Lysis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected targets. I. A comparison of the activity of lymphocytes from patients with HSV recurrences at different anatomical sites.

The lysis of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infected allogeneic targets by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with recurrent HSV lesions at different anatomical sites was compared. Eighteen patients with recurrent HSV lesions of the cornea, but with no history of HSV recurrences at other anatomical sites (Group I donors); 13 patients with corneal HSV and oral-facial HSV recurrences (Group II donors); and 24 donors with no history of HSV recurrences (control donors) were included in the study. PBL from Group I donors demonstrated low levels of cytotoxicity for HSV-1 infected allogeneic targets relative to controls (p < 0.001) and Group II donors (p < 0.001). This low level of lytic activity against HSV infected allogeneic targets was associated with depressed natural killer lysis of K562 cells (NK-K562). PBL from Group II donors did not demonstrate depressed NK-K562 activity. Furthermore, after incubation for 48 hours with HSV-1, PBL from Group II donors showed increased lytic activity a...
Automated compact dynamical modeling: an enabling tool for analog designers

In this paper we summarize recent developments in compact dynamical modeling for both linear and nonlinear systems arising in analog applications. These techniques include methods based on the projection framework, rational fitting of frequency response samples, and nonlinear system identification from time domain data. By combining traditional projection and fitting methods with recently developed convex optimization techniques, it is possible to obtain guaranteed stable and passive parameterized models that are usable in time domain simulators and may serve as a valuable tool for analog designers in both top-down and bottom-up design flows.
Democratic Constitutionalism and the Affordable Care Act

This paper argues that the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was the product of popular constitutionalism, a victory for political advocates who argued that the right to health care was a fundamental human right that warranted protection by the federal government. My thesis is contrary to the standard account of the constitutional debates over the Act, which focuses on the vociferous opposition of the Tea Party movement. During the congressional debates over the ACA, opponents of the Act echoed the Tea Party activists in their critique of the Act, but proponents expressed a differing constitutional vision, one that recognized health care as a fundamental right that warranted protection by the federal government. The progressive vision prevailed. Throughout the twentieth century, advocates for expanding access to health care engaged in popular constitutionalism and argued that health care was a fundamental human right. When enacting the ACA, congressional supporters of the Act agreed, affirming that the right to health care is a fundamental right in our constitutional tradition, and establishing a federal commitment to maintain that right.The story is a reminder that progressives need not fear popular constitutionalism. In our country, the progressive tradition, including our progressive constitutional tradition, has played out primarily on the streets, not in rulings by politically insulated courts. Indeed, progressive constitutional change rarely, if ever, occurs without political activism. The ACA is an example of progressive constitutionalism in action through the mechanism of democratic constitutionalism. Of course, there are flaws in the claim that the ACA protects a fundamental right. The ACA does not guarantee universal access to health care, and its coverage excludes a significant number of vulnerable persons, most notably undocumented immigrants. Moreover, it is important to note that Congress does not have the power to create a constitutional right, but Congress does have the power to recognize one. With the ACA, members of Congress recognized the existence of a fundamental economic right and expanded federal protection of that right. The ACA not only expands access to health care, more importantly, it creates a presumption in favor of affordable and accessible health care for all Americans.
A review of human linguistic probability processing: General principles and empirical evidence

This article reviews research on how people use and understand linguistic expressions of uncertainty, with a view toward the needs of researchers and others interested in artificial intelligence systems. We discuss and present empirical results within an inductively developed theoretical framework consisting of two background assumptions and six principles describing the underlying cognitive processes.
Is Acculturation a Dynamic Construct? The Influence of Method of Priming Culture on Acculturation

Recent evidence suggests that culture is a dynamic construct activated in response to cues encountered in a given situation. Research on acculturation indicates that this is a complex construct that might be domain specific. Two studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of two ways of priming culture on acculturation and enculturation scores in a Hispanic population. In study 1 (N = 59) culture was primed by exposing participants to cultural icons and symbols representative of Mexican and American Culture. In study 2 (N = 145) culture was primed by randomly assigning participants to answer questionnaires in English or Spanish. Results suggest that affiliation with host and/or heritage cultures is a malleable construct. Implications for acculturation measurement are discussed.
Models for song learning in the zebra finch : fathers or others?

Abstract Previous research with individually caged breeding pairs of zebra finches, Taenopygia guttata, led to the conclusion that young males imprint upon their fathers at an early age, and model their songs upon their fathers' songs. In this study, an aviary containing 10 breeding paris of zebra finches and two non-breeding males was observed while the offspring were raised to independence. The young remained in the colony until sexual maturity (90 days), when song learning is complete. The songs of young males and their putative fathers were then analysed and compared. The mean number of syllables in the sons' songs was greater than the number in the fathers' songs. Portions of each adult male's song were copied by at least one young male, but sons did not preferentially copy their putative fathers' songs. The majority of the sons copied syllables from at least two of the adult males in the parental population. Two adult males were chosen as song models by a disproportionate number of young males; these two adult males had a greater number of interactions with fledglings and gave a greater amount of parental care to fledglings (including those that were not their own) than did the other adult males in the colony. Young male zebra finches reared in a colonial environment are not restricted to one song model, but may instead make choices about which adult males to copy and, hence, how to represent themselves through their own songs. Likewise, adult males may be able to pass on their songs without successfully reproducing.
Primary production and grazing in freshwater and intertidal reaches of a coastal stream, Southeast Alaska

During summer 198 1, primary production of periphyton and grazing by macroinvertebrates were measured in Porcupine Creek, a small stream in Southeast Alaska. The intertidal reach was in a meadow primarily of sedge (Carex sp.); the freshwater reach was in a mature forest of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Daily net primary production was 50% greater in the intertidal reach (mean = 486 mg C-m-*) than in the freshwater reach (mean = 324 mg Cam-*). In the freshwater reach, periphyton had high biomass (mean = 7.8 g Cam-*; 95% C.I. = 4.9-10.7 g C-m-*) and low production : biomass ratio (0.04), and shade of the forest canopy limited primary production. In the intertidal reach, periphyton had low biomass (mean = 2.0 g C. m-*; 95% C.I. = 1.3-2.7 g C.m-*) and high production : biomass ratio (0.24), and grazing macroinvertebrates limited primary production by reducing the biomass of periphyton. Mean daily net primary production in the intertidal reach could supply about 3.8 kcal.m-*.d-l and satisfy 200% of the daily energy requirement for maintenance and activity of the population of macroinvertebrates in the reach, primarily the isopod Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis and amphipods Paramoera columbiana and Eogammarus confervicolus. Autochthonous primary production by periphyton is probably the dominant source of energy in summer for secondary producers in the intertidal reach of Porcupine Creek.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying perturbed energy metabolism and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

ABSTRACT: Synaptic degeneration and death of nerve cells are defining features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In AD, neurons in the hippocampus and basal forebrain (brain regions that subserve learning and memory functions) are selectively vulnerable. In PD dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra-striatum (brain regions that control body movements) selectively degenerate. Studies of postmortem brain tissue from AD and PD patients have provided evidence for increased levels of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired glucose uptake in vulnerable neuronal populations. Studies of animal and cell culture models of AD and PD suggest that increased levels of oxidative stress (membrane lipid peroxidation, in particular) may disrupt neuronal energy metabolism and ion homeostasis, by impairing the function of membrane ion-motive ATPases and glucose and glutamate transporters. Such oxidative and metabolic compromise may thereby render neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of AD-linked mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins strongly support central roles for perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis and aberrant proteolytic processing of APP as pivotal events that lead to metabolic compromise in neurons. Specific molecular “players” in the neurodegenerative processes in AD and PD are being identified and include Par-4 and caspases (bad guys) and neurotrophic factors and stress proteins (good guys). Interestingly, while studies continue to elucidate cellular and molecular events occurring in the brain in AD and PD, recent data suggest that both AD and PD can manifest systemic alterations in energy metabolism (e.g., increased insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose metabolism). Emerging evidence that dietary restriction can forestall the development of AD and PD is consistent with a major “metabolic” component to these disorders, and provides optimism that these devastating brain disorders of aging may be largely preventable.
TACHYZOITE-INDUCED LIFE CYCLE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN CATS

The tachyzoite-induced cycle of Toxoplasma gondii was studied in 46 cats. Tachyzoites of the M-7741 or Me-49 strain of T. gondii were administered orally to cats by pouring into the mouth or by stomach tube, or by intraintestinal inoculation. Ten weaned cats that had been inoculated with tachyzoites directly in the intestine were killed 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, or 25 days later, and their tissues were studied histologically and bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrable in the blood of 8 cats and in other tissues of all these 10. Four out of five 1- to 8-day-old cats fed tachyzoites by stomach tube became infected with T. gondii, and 1 became ill because of toxoplasmosis. All 19 weaned cats fed tachyzoites (poured into the mouth) became infected, and 6 died of acute toxoplasmosis 9–15 days after being fed T. gondii. Six out of 12 weaned cats fed tachyzoites by stomach tube became infected but were asymptomatic. Overall, 12 out of 26 cats observed for 19 days or more shed oocysts with a prepaten...
A Bayesian Approach for Detecting Mass-Extinction Events When Rates of Lineage Diversification Vary

The paleontological record chronicles numerous episodes of mass extinction that severely culled the Tree of Life. Biologists have long sought to assess the extent to which these events may have impacted particular groups. We present a novel method for detecting mass-extinction events from phylogenies estimated from molecular sequence data. We develop our approach in a Bayesian statistical framework, which enables us to harness prior information on the frequency and magnitude of mass-extinction events. The approach is based on an episodic stochastic-branching process model in which rates of speciation and extinction are constant between rate-shift events. We model three types of events: (1) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in speciation rate; (2) instantaneous tree-wide shifts in extinction rate, and; (3) instantaneous tree-wide mass-extinction events. Each of the events is described by a separate compound Poisson process (CPP) model, where the waiting times between each event are exponentially distributed with event-specific rate parameters. The magnitude of each event is drawn from an event-type specific prior distribution. Parameters of the model are then estimated using a reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rjMCMC) algorithm. We demonstrate via simulation that this method has substantial power to detect the number of mass-extinction events, provides unbiased estimates of the timing of mass-extinction events, while exhibiting an appropriate (i.e., below 5%) false discovery rate even in the case of background diversification rate variation. Finally, we provide an empirical application of this approach to conifers, which reveals that this group has experienced two major episodes of mass extinction. This new approach—the CPP on Mass Extinction Times (CoMET) model—provides an effective tool for identifying mass-extinction events from molecular phylogenies, even when the history of those groups includes more prosaic temporal variation in diversification rate.
Book Review: Eric-Hans Kramer. Organizing Doubt: Grounded Theory, Army Units, and Dealing with Dynamic Complexity. Liber: Copenhagen Business School Press. 2007.

(2008). Book Review: Eric-Hans Kramer. Organizing Doubt: Grounded Theory, Army Units, and Dealing with Dynamic Complexity. Liber: Copenhagen Business School Press. 2007. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 377-382.
Clinical pearls in pediatric toxicology: a systematic approach to the poisoned child.

Toxic ingestions in children can present various clinical dilemmas. This brief article will focus on some of the key clinical pearls that will enhance the physician's ability to approach any poisoning case in a more systematic and organized fashion. Language: en
Free Market Reform in China and the Labor Migration of Chinese Seafarers

Focusing on a group of Chinese men who intend to work on foreign-owned, seagoing cargo ships, this article examines the demographics and motivations of these migrant workers. The study found that the trainees were more likely to be from rural areas than from cities and that significantly more trainees were residents of inland provinces than coastal provinces. The trainees tend to be young, well educated, and financially better off than average Chinese workers. Viewed in terms of the main economic theories of labor migration, Chinese government policy, and China's free market reform, the findings suggest that in the case of China, international, as well as internal, labor migration is influenced more by government migration policy and institutional changes under market reform than by individual motivations and job opportunities.
Factors Associated With Poor Outcome in Childhood Swimming Pool Submersions.

Objectives The aims of the study were to determine factors associated with poor outcome in childhood swimming pool submersions and to study the association of bystander resuscitation with clinical outcome. Methods This was a retrospective study of swimming pool submersion victims younger than 18 years in a metropolitan area from 2003 to 2007. Submersion, prehospital, and victim data were obtained from hospital, Emergency Medical Services, and fatality records. Outcome based on survival at hospital discharge was favorable (baseline/mild impairment) or poor (death/severe impairment). Logistic regression determined factors associated with poor outcome. Results There were 260 submersions. Outcomes were available for 211 (81%). The median age was 4 years; 68% were males. Most incidents occurred at single residential pools (48%) and multiresidential pools (35%). Mortality was 23%; 75% had favorable outcomes. Favorable outcomes occurred in 8.6% (3/35) of victims with absent pulse at the scene. Descriptive analyses revealed significant differences in submersions that occurred on weekdays, during the summer, submersions lasting 5 minutes or more, with on-scene apnea or cardiac arrest needing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rescuer type, and transfer to tertiary care. Logistic regression revealed that poor outcome was significantly associated with prolonged submersions and those that occurred on a weekday. Furthermore, hospitalization reduced the odds of a poor outcome by 81% when compared with victims who were not hospitalized. Bystander resuscitation was not significantly associated with outcome. Conclusions Childhood swimming pool submersions, which occur on weekdays and with prolonged submersion times, are associated with poor outcome. Bystander resuscitation is not significantly associated with outcome.
The Specter of Extinction: Taking a Long View of Species Loss

AbstractThis paper explores how naturalists have engaged with the issue of wildlife extinction over the last two centuries. After a long period of resisting the notion of extinction, based on belie...
Individual differences in brain responses to cigarette-related cues and pleasant stimuli in young smokers

Abstract Background Decreased sensitivity to pleasant stimuli is associated with a higher vulnerability to nicotine dependence in youths and with difficulty quitting in adult smokers. Recently, we showed that smokers showing lower brain reactivity to non-cigarette-related pleasant images than to cigarette-related ones have lower chances of achieving long-term abstinence during a quit attempt. Methods We tested whether individual differences in brain responses to cigarette-related and pleasant stimuli require a long history of smoking to develop by measuring the late positive potential (LPP) to cigarette cues, emotional, and neutral stimuli in 45 young, light smokers (ages 18–25). k- means cluster analysis was used to partition smokers into two groups based on the magnitude of their LPPs. Results Group 1 was characterized by larger LPPs to pleasant pictures than cigarette-related pictures whereas Group 2 showed the opposite pattern. Conclusions Our results suggest that individual differences in brain responses to cigarette-related and pleasant cues do not require a long smoking history to develop.
Inaugural Address of the Incoming President: Pharmacy's true north.

We must accept full accountability for patient care outcomes due to medication-use decisions in every healthcare setting. ![Figure][1] No ASHP president-elect has achieved this position without help from others. Many names come to mind as I think of all the family, friends, and colleagues
A Baffling Convergence: Tooth Crown and Root Traits in Europe and New Guinea

Twenty-eight crown and root traits were analyzed for 45 populations from New Guinea, Australia, Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Multiple biodistance methods were used to evaluate relationships among these populations. Paralleling an earlier analysis, multiple New Guinea populations showed more similarities to Europe than to Australia. Dendrograms cluster European and New Guinea samples while Australians cluster with Southeast Asian and Pacific groups. When Asiatic Indian samples were included in the analysis, one distance method clustered Europe with India. However, another method clustered Europe and New Guinea even with Indian populations in the sample array. Although Australians show ties to Southeast Asian Sundadonts, this is not true of New Guineans who diverge in a number of ways from the dental patterns of Asian and Australian populations.
Precision Mapping of Ions in Active RE-doped Crystalline Fibers

Florescence images of Er:YAG fibers have been used to map dopant ions over their cross sections. Evidence is presented of controlled melting of rod-in-tube preforms with residual high index cores at high growth rates.
Citations as Data: Harvesting the Scholarly Record of your University to Enrich Institutional Knowledge and Support Research

Many research libraries are looking for new ways to demonstrate value for their parent institutions. Metrics, assessment, and promotion of research continue to grow in importance, but they have not always fallen into the scope of services for the research library. Montana State University (MSU) Library recognized a need and interest to quantify the citation record and scholarly output of our university. With this vision in mind, we began positioning citation collection as the data engine that drives scholarly communication, deposits into our IR, and assessment of research activities. We envisioned a project that might: provide transparency around the acts of scholarship at our university; celebrate the research we produce; and build new relationships between our researchers. The result was our MSU Research Citation application ( https://arc.lib.montana.edu/msu-research-citations/ ) and our research publication promotion service ( www.montana.edu/research/publications /). The application and accompanying services are predicated on the principle that each citation is a discrete data object that can be searched, browsed, exported, and reused. In this formulation, the records of our research publications are the data that can open up possibilities for new library projects and services.
Low Iron Stores in Otherwise Healthy Children Affect Electrocardiographic Markers of Important Cardiac Events

Both an excess of iron and iron deficiency (ID) may lead to significant cardiac problems. Parameters that represent ventricular repolarization heterogeneity, like QT dispersion (QTd), corrected QT dispersion (QTcd), the interval between the peak and the end of the T wave (Tp-e), and Tp-e dispersion, have not been evaluated in otherwise healthy children with low iron levels before. Here we assessed the effects of low iron storage on P wave dispersion (PWd), QTd, Tp-e intervals, and Tp-e dispersion in otherwise healthy children. We prospectively reviewed 283 patients who were referred to pediatric cardiology department for cardiac evaluation due to murmurs and who were found to have no structural heart disease. The patients were divided into three groups according to their ferritin levels: Group 1: ferritin 25 ng/mL (n = 145). P wave duration (PW), QT and Tp-e intervals, and PW, QT, corrected QT (QTc), and Tp-e dispersions were significantly higher in patients whose ferritin level was <15 ng/mL. A negative correlation was found between ferritin level and QT and QTc intervals, and QT, QTc, and Tp-e dispersions. Our results showed that a low serum ferritin level is associated with changes in some ECG parameters such as prolonged PWd, Tp-e interval, QT, QTc, and Tp-e dispersions in otherwise healthy children, and studies of other populations indicated that these parameters may predict arrhythmias in selected patients. These patients may be considered at some risk of developing arrhythmias. Therefore, careful evaluation of these ECG parameters is necessary in otherwise healthy children with low iron stores.
The Effectiveness of Engaged Learning: 8 Years of TBL in Internal Medicine and Psychiatry Clerkships

Purpose Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine (WSU BSOM) has a long track record of utilizing team-based learning (TBL) as a primary pedagogy during the pre-clinical years of medical school. Due to its success, select clerkship directors incorporated TBL into the third year. This study investigates whether the incorporation of TBL into clerkship curricula is associated with improved scores on end-of-clerkship National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) subject examinations.
Incorrect Surgery and Invasive Procedures: Internet Videos Fail to Depict the Full Story

A systematic review of incorrect surgery and invasive procedure root cause analyses from the Veterans Health Administration’s safety reporting system revealed three important and recurring attributes: (1) these events often occur outside an operating room; (2) frequently involve a wrong implant; (3) or wrong surgical site level. Fifty-two “time-out” videos on the internet over the years 2010–2015 were reviewed to determine if these key characteristics were demonstrated or discussed. Of the reviewed videos only one (1.9%) incorporated all of the aforementioned attributes while twenty-one (40.4%) failed to address any of the critical components. Internet time-out videos fail to portray the important characteristics of incorrect surgery or invasive procedure, a finding which is unlikely to help further reduce such adverse events. In the future, patient safety educators will need to adjust their screenplays, expand their curricula, or entertain new learner formats to highlight the context and cause of today’s incorrect procedures.
Spectral Geometry on Nilmanifolds

Two Riemannian manifolds are said to be isospectral if the associated Laplace-Beltrami operators have the same spectrum. Riemannian nilmanifolds have provided a rich source of examples of isospectral manifolds, exhibiting a wide variety of different phenomena. In particular, there exist continuous families of isospectral, nonisometric nil-manifolds, isospectral nilmanifolds for which the Laplacians acting on one-forms are not isospectral, and isospectral nilmanifolds that are not even locally isometric. This article reviews three different methods for constructing isospectral nilmanifolds and examines the geometry of resulting examples.
Flow Visualization of the Exhaust Jet from a Pulse Detonation Engine by Mie Scattering

A pulse detonation engine (PDE) typically consists of a straight tube through which a reactive mixture is detonated from a closed end and from which exhaust products exit from the open end. The detonations occur repetitively. To improve the understanding of PDE operation, exploratory, high-speed flow visualization experiments of the exhaust jet were conducted and reported here. The visualizations show a complex structure consisting of a rapid expulsion of a blast wave and a vortex ring. The visualizations show that the vortex ring is turbulent and breaks down. This is followed by a Mach disk and triple-shock structure, and an exhaust jet that eventually breaks down.
Empowering Teachers: Characteristics, Strategies, and Practices of Successful Principals.

iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v DEDICATION vii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER
Fluorescence alteration of MPA capped CdSe quantum dots by spontaneous biomarker protein adsorption

Abstract Quantum dots (QDs) have significant potentials in biomedical applications of bioimaging and biosensing. Spontaneous adsorption of proteins on QDs surface is a common phenomenon, which occurred to serum proteins in biological samples, and has been observed to enhance QDs fluorescence. In this study, fluorescence alteration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdSe quantum dots by four individual biomarker proteins was investigated. By monitoring the fluorescence emission of QDs, the biomarker protein adsorbed spontaneously on QDs surface was recognized and quantified. When alpha fetoprotein (AFP) or heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) were present, the QDs became brighter. The presence of cytochrome C (CytoC) or lysozyme (Lyz) made the QDs dimmer first, and then brighter. Within five minutes response time all four biomarker proteins were detected individually with the estimated detection limit in the range of 1–10 ng/mL and good linear dynamic ranges. The results suggested that the fluorescence of QDs was responsive to not only serum proteins but also biomarker proteins. The fluorescence response was able to correlate quantitatively with the amount of biomarker proteins in relatively low concentrations. These results provide more information to understand QDs and support their applications in biomedical fields.
Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform

Many spectral responses in materials science, physics, and chemistry experiments can be characterized as resulting from the superposition of a number of more basic individual spectra. In this context, unmixing is defined as the problem of determining the individual spectra, given measurements of multiple spectra that are spatially resolved across samples, as well as the determination of the corresponding abundance maps indicating the local weighting of each individual spectrum. Matrix factorization is a popular linear unmixing technique that considers that the mixture model between the individual spectra and the spatial maps is linear. Here, we present a tutorial paper targeted at domain scientists to introduce linear unmixing techniques, to facilitate greater understanding of spectroscopic imaging data. We detail a matrix factorization framework that can incorporate different domain information through various parameters of the matrix factorization method. We demonstrate many domain-specific examples to explain the expressivity of the matrix factorization framework and show how the appropriate use of domain-specific constraints such as non-negativity and sum-to-one abundance result in physically meaningful spectral decompositions that are more readily interpretable. Our aim is not only to explain the off-the-shelf available tools, but to add additional constraints when ready-made algorithms are unavailable for the task. All examples use the scalable open source implementation from https://github.com/ramkikannan/nmflibrary that can run from small laptops to supercomputers, creating a user-wide platform for rapid dissemination and adoption across scientific disciplines.
The Limits of Software: People, Projects, and Perspectives

I. 1. Early Systems. 2. Theories of Programming. 3. The Human Element. 4. Designing. 5. Code: The Stuff of Programs. 6. Testing Computer Systems. 7. The Impossible Profession. 8. Life on the Project. II. 9. Supervision through Language. 10. How Technology Changes Methods. 11. Size and Intellectual Gravity. 12. The Marketing of Science. 13. Errors. 14. The One Great System. 15. The Government of Programming. 16. The System to End All. 17. The End-All of Programming. Afterword. Reading List.
Spatial Decision Making Using Fuzzy GIS

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial databases are inherently suited for fuzziness, because of the uncertainty inherent in the assimilation, storage, and representation of spatial data. One of the most fertile GIS development areas is integrating multiple criteria decision models into GIS querying mechanisms. The classic approach for this integration has been to use Boolean techniques of decision making with crisp representations of spatial objects to produce static maps as query answers. This paper examines a prototype system, FOOSBALL, which integrates both multiple attribute querying and a fuzzy object-oriented GIS. FOOSBALL addresses many of the inherent weaknesses of current systems by implementing: 1) fuzzy set membership as a method for representing the performance of decision alternatives on evaluation criteria, 2) fuzzy methods for both criteria weighting and capturing geographic preferences, and 3) a fuzzy object oriented spatial database for feature storage. This makes it possible to both store and represent query results more precisely. The end result of all of these enhancements is to provide spatial decision makers with more information so that their decisions will be more informed, and thus, more correct.
Volumetric Decomposition via Medial Object and Pen-Based User Interface for Hexahedral Mesh Generation

This paper describes an approach that combines the volumetric decomposition suggestions and a pen-based user interface (UI) to assist in the geometry decomposition process for hexahedral mesh generation. To generate the suggestions for decomposition, a 3D medial object (MO) is first used to recognize and group sweepable regions. Second, each sweepable region of the original model is visualized using different colors. Third, the ideal cutting regions to create cutting surfaces are highlighted. Based on the visual suggestions, users then create cutting surfaces with the pen-based UI. The models are then decomposed into sweepable sub-volumes following the MO based suggestions. The pen-based UI offers three types of tools to create cutting surfaces: (1) Freeform based tool, (2) B-REP based tool, and (3) MO based tool. The pen-based UI also selects a suitable type of tool automatically based on users input. The proposed approach has been tested on industrial CAD models and hex meshing results are presented.