cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 6 – Photonic and magnetic properties of spark-processed silicon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the photonic and magnetic properties of spark-processed silicon. Spark-processing transforms non-light-emitting silicon into a substance that shows strong room temperature photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electroluminescence (EL) in the visible spectral range. The PL spectra of spark-processed Si consists of two strong and some minor luminescing bands. Another property change that can be achieved by spark-processing is the conversion of diamagnetic Si to weakly ferromagnetic Si. This chapter describes the procedure of spark-processing of materials and presents pertinent results that have been obtained by utilizing this technique. This chapter discusses the morphology of spark-processed silicon. It further presents three major analytical techniques that are capable of evaluating the chemical composition of spark-processed Si: (1) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, (2) depth-resolved X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, and (3) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This chapter further presents the optical properties and magnetic properties of spark-processed silicon.
Statistical and neural network techniques for nonparametric regression

The problem of estimating an unknown function from a finite number of noisy data points has fundamental importance for many applications. Recently, several computational techniques for non-parametric regression have been proposed by statisticians and by researchers in artificial neural networks, but there is little interaction between the two communities. This paper presents a common taxonomy of statistical and neural network methods for nonparametric regression. Performance of many methods critically depends on the strategy for positioning knots along the regression surface. A novel method for adaptive positioning of knots called Constrained Topological Mapping(CTM) is discussed in some detail. This method achieves adaptive placement of knots of the regression surface by using a neural network model of self-organization.
Banach Function Spaces and Interpolation Methods II. Interpolation of Weak-Type Operators

In this paper we are concerned with the interpolation of weak-type operators on rearrangement-invariant (r.i.) spaces Lν (Ω) over suitable measure spaces Ω. It will be necessary to assume some familiarity with the (ρ;k) methods of interpolation introduced by the author in [2].
Photoconductivity in Transparent Arcproof Coatings

Highly transparent thin films with moderately high sheet resistivity ~108 ohms/square (Ω/ ) are needed for protection of photovoltaic arrays and other surfaces from static charging in space. Previous work at NASA Glenn Research Center has shown that codeposited mixtures of indium tin oxide (ITO) with MgF2 or SiO2 are promising for this application. We find that exposure of these films to low-intensity blue light substantially reduces the sheet resistivity, which then takes at least several hours to recover.
Reference frames for animate vision

Animate vision systems have gaze control mechanisms that can actively position the camera coordinate system in respose to physical stimuli. Compared to passive systems, animate systems show that visual computation can be vastly less expensive when considered in the larger context of behavior.
Leon Ehrenpreis, a Unique Mathematician

What made Ehrenpreis’ mathematics so unique was his bold approach to classical problems, and his interest in finding an overarching and unifying framework for a variety of apparently unrelated problems. In this note I will try to highlight this characteristic, by looking at some of Ehrenpreis’ papers which are not, strictly speaking, connected with either the Fundamental Principle or the Radon Transform.
Development of PARP and Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations

PARP inhibitors drive increased DNA damage, particularly in tumors with existing defects in DNA repair. This damage not only promotes immune priming through a range of molecular mechanisms, but also leads to adaptive upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. In this context, PARP inhibition and programmed cell death 1(PD-1)/PD-L1-targeting antibodies represent a rationale combination. In this review, we detail the basic and translational science underpinning this promising new combination, summarize available clinical data, and discuss the key questions that remain to be addressed during future development.
Closed-form solution for curling responses in rigid pavements

AbstractClosed-form expressions for calculating stresses and displacements of partially restrained concrete pavement caused by a linear temperature gradient are presented. Translational and rotatio...
Minimally Invasive, Stereotactic, Wireless, Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Placement in the Lumbar Spine: Accuracy Rates With 182 Consecutive Screws

ABSTRACT Background: Standard fluoroscopic navigation and stereotactic computed tomography–guided lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation traditionally relied on the placement of Kirshner wires (K-wires) to ensure accurate screw placement. The use of K-wires, however, is associated with a risk of morbidity due to potential ventral displacement into the retroperitoneum. We report our experience using a computer image–guided, wireless method for pedicle screw placement. We hypothesize that minimally invasive, wireless pedicle screw placement is as accurate and safe as the traditional technique using K-wires while decreasing operative time and avoiding potential complications associated with K-wires. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 42 consecutive patients who underwent a stereotactic-guided, wireless lumbar pedicle screw placement. All screws were placed to provide fixation to a variety of interbody fusion constructs including anterior lumbar interbody fusion, lateral interbody fusion, and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. The procedures were performed using the O-arm intraoperative imaging system with StealthStation navigation (Medtronic, Memphis, TN) and Medtronic navigated instrumentation. After placing a percutaneous navigation frame into the posterior superior iliac spine or onto an adjacent spinous process, an intraoperative O-arm image was obtained to allow subsequent StealthStation navigation. Para-median incisions were selected to allow precise percutaneous access to the target pedicles. The pedicles were cannulated using either a stereotactic drill or a novel awl-tipped tap along with a low-speed/high-torque power driver. The initial trajectory into the pedicle was recorded on the Medtronic StealthStation prior to removal of the drill or awl-tap, creating a “virtual” K-wire rather than inserting an actual K-wire to allow subsequent tapping and screw insertion. Accurate screw placement is achieved by following the virtual path as an exact computer-aided design model of the screw traversing the pedicle is projected onto the display and by using audible and tactile feedback. A second O-arm scan was obtained to confirm accuracy of screw placement. Results: A total of 20 women and 22 men (average age = 56 years) underwent a total of 182 pedicle screw placements using the stereotactic, wireless technique. The total breach rate was 9.9%, with a clinically significant breach rate of 0% (defined as >2 mm medial breach or >4 mm lateral breach) and a clinical complication rate of 0%. Conclusions: Wireless, percutaneous placement of lumbar pedicle screws using computed tomography–guided stereotactic navigation is a safe, reproducible technique with very high accuracy rates.
Sensory Specializations of Mormyrid Fish Are Associated with Species Differences in Electric Signal Localization Behavior

The ability to localize communication signals plays a fundamental role in social interactions. For signal localization to take place, the sensory system of the receiver must extract information about distance and direction to the sender from physical characteristics of the signal. In many sensory systems, information from multiple peripheral receptors must be integrated by central sensory pathways to determine the sender location. Here, we asked whether evolutionary divergence in the electrosensory and visual systems of mormyrid fish is associated with signal localization behavior. In mormyrids, differences in the distribution of electroreceptors on the surface of the skin are associated with differences in the midbrain exterolateral nucleus (EL). Species with electroreceptors clustered in three rosettes on both sides of the head have a small and undifferentiated EL. In contrast, EL is enlarged and subdivided into anterior (ELa) and posterior (ELp) regions in species that have electroreceptors broadly -distributed throughout the body. Interestingly, species with EL and clustered electroreceptors also have larger visual systems and higher visual acuity than species with ELa/ELp and broadly distributed electroreceptors. Species with broadly distributed electroreceptors and ELa/ELp approached a simulated conspecific by following the curved electric field lines generated by the electrosensory stimulus. In contrast, a species with small EL and clustered electroreceptors, but an enlarged visual system, followed shorter and straighter paths to the stimulus source. In the central electrosensory system, evoked field potentials in response to stimuli delivered from the left versus the right differed more in EL than in ELa/ELp. Our results suggest that signal localization behavior is associated with differences in sensory specializations. We propose that the distribution of electroreceptors on the body affects the ability of individuals to align parallel to electric field lines and maintain such alignment while approaching the signal source. The spatial resolution of sensory information relayed from the periphery to the midbrain in species with clustered electroreceptors may allow for gross, but not fine, processing of sender location. Furthermore, visual information may play an important role in localizing signaling individuals in species with small EL and clustered electroreceptors. In line with previous studies, we suggest that the physiological and behavioral differences associated with signal localization reflect adaptations to different habitats and social environments.
Comment on ``Charge-Symmetry-Breaking Potentials from Isospin-Violating Meson-Baryon Coupling Constants''

A Comment on the Letter by S. Gardner, C. J. Horowitz, J. Piekarewicz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2462 (1995). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Cardiovascular effects of brief mindfulness meditation among perfectionists experiencing failure

Research links perfectionism, the tendency to hold and pursue unrealistically high standards, to negative mental health outcomes such as eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Previous research used high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) to measure recovery from stress during a mindfulness meditation in perfectionistic university students and found that only nonperfectionists demonstrated HF-HRV recovery from stress, suggesting that mindfulness was not effective for perfectionists. However, the mindfulness meditation did not incorporate a nonjudgment element, which may be a key component for perfectionists. In the current study, we examined whether mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment helps university student perfectionists (n = 120) recover from failure (measured by heart rate (HR), HF-HRV, pNN50). Students were randomly assigned to one of four meditation groups: nonjudgment mindfulness, general mindfulness (i.e., attentional awareness without a nonjudgment component), progressive muscle relaxation, and nothing. Cardiac data were recorded during a 5-min baseline, failure task, and 10-min meditation session. HR results suggest that both mindfulness conditions and "nothing" encouraged cardiovascular recovery, but that the mindfulness conditions showed even further recovery during the last five minutes of the meditations. HF-HRV results indicated that participants in the nonjudgment mindfulness condition had marginally higher HF-HRV during the last five minutes of the meditation than at baseline, while participants in the other conditions did not. Therefore, mindfulness with a focus on nonjudgment of emotions may be especially important to help perfectionists improve HF-HRV after failure.
Extramedullary multiple myeloma involving the liver and periportal lymph node, diagnosed by EUS-FNA in a patient with cirrhosis

Extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) involving the liver as a focal space-occupying lesion is very rare, especially in the patients with cirrhosis. Here, we report a case of EMM in the liver and periportal lymph node, diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound guided-fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). A 57-year-old male patient, with history of cirrhosis, presented with abdominal pain and pancytopenia. The abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a 6.5 cm left hepatic mass with a 1.1 cm malignant-appearing periportal lymph node and diffuse osseous lesions. The cytology specimens from the hepatic mass and the periportal lymph node were obtained through EUS-FNA without rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE). The thin-layer preparations (ThinPrep) showed abundant plasmacytoid cells, which were confirmed to be Kappa-restricted neoplastic plasma cells by the cell block preparations. Later, his serum level of Kappa light chain was found significantly elevated by flow cytometry, which was identified as monoclonal IgA Kappa light chain by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) with immunofixation. The patient was diagnosed as IgA multiple myeloma with extramedullary involvement of the liver and periportal lymph node. This is the first case showing the ThinPrep cytomorphologic features of EMM in the liver and periportal lymph node. This case highlights the importance of distinguishing plasma cells from being hepatocytes and lymphocytes on the ThinPrep and also emphasizes the utility of the cell block in the diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasm.
Systematic Review of Health Literacy in Childhood Cancer Patients, Survivors, and Their Caregivers.

OBJECTIVE This systematic review examined the literature regarding health literacy among pediatric cancer patients, survivors, and their caregivers. Specific aims were to identify and summarize measures used, levels of and demographic correlates of health literacy, effects of health literacy interventions, and associations between health literacy and health outcomes. METHODS The search strategy was executed in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, and the Cochrane Library. Of the 842 unique studies retrieved, 9 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. RESULTS Studies used a variety of validated and study-specific measures with no measure emerging as the standard. Levels of health literacy were typically assessed subjectively and across studies the majority of those sampled self-reported adequate health literacy. Few studies examined demographic correlates of health literacy, precluding the identification of consistent predictors. Health literacy intervention research for this population is in its infancy and only pilot projects were identified; effects could not be evaluated. No studies assessed the impact of health literacy on health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Very few studies assessed health literacy in pediatric oncology. As treatment for childhood cancer becomes increasingly complex, and patients and caregivers are expected to have adequate understanding of health information, health literacy is a critical construct that should not be overlooked.
Career professionals’ reflections on early exposure to music education: a narrative inquiry

The value of music education in nurturing the whole child development is increasingly evident as research supports the benefits of incorporating music education into the school curriculum. This stu...
Social-Ecological Examination of Non-Consensual Sexting Perpetration among U.S. Adolescents

Adolescent sexting is a serious public health concern and is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes, including depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, declining academic performance, and health problems. Effective prevention of sexting requires a comprehensive and deep understanding of the multiple contexts whereby sexting is likely to occur. The present study explores individual and contextual risk and protective factors that are associated with sexting behavior among a large sample of adolescents. Participants were high school students in midwestern U.S. (N = 2501; LGB n = 309, 76.4% female; non-LGB n = 2192, 47.4% female) who completed self-report measures of sexting and risk (e.g., pornography exposure, impulsivity) and protective (e.g., social support) factors. Path analysis models were conducted with the sexting outcome for groups of LGB and non-LGB students. Among LGB students, results indicated a significant association between sexting and parental monitoring (b = -0.08, p < 0.01); pornography exposure (b = 0.13, p < 0.05); dating partners (b = 0.01, p < 0.01); bullying perpetration (b = 0.17, p < 0.001); and delinquency (b = 0.13; p < 0.001). Among non-LGB students, significant associations were found between sexting and alcohol/substance use (b = 0.05, p < 0.001); bullying (b = 0.08, p < 0.001); and delinquency (b = 0.06, p < 0.001). Moderation analyses suggest that parental monitoring may have a buffering effect between sexting and several risk factors. Recommendations for practitioners include considering the protective factors of sexting perpetration and encouraging appropriate levels of parental monitoring and the continued importance of bullying and alcohol and drug prevention programming to decrease risk factors of sexting perpetration.
Influence of Butomus umbellatus L. lineage and age on leaf chemistry and performance of a generalist caterpillar

Abstract Invasive plants may display age or genotype-specific defenses against herbivory. Thus, the importance of herbivory for preventing or mitigating plant invasions may depend on genetics and age-structure of invader populations. We used an excised-leaf experiment to test whether constitutive herbivore defenses in Butomus umbellatus L. (flowering rush) plants decline with age between colonizing (1st year) and established (2nd year) plants and whether the decline was parallel between introduced diploid and triploid genotypes. Leaves from colonizing and established plants were fed to the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) and then short-term FAW development was measured. Additionally, leaf dry matter content (DMC), % carbon (%C), % nitrogen (%N), carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and total leaf phenolics were determined for leaves from a subset of test plants. FAW fed leaves from diploid plants grew 27 % less than those fed leaves from triploid plants but were only 1 % smaller when fed leaves from second-year versus first-year plants of either cytotype. DMC of diploid leaves was 11 % greater overall (11 % DMC) but the difference in cytotypes depended on age (1 % difference in colonizing plants vs. 21 % difference in established plants). In general, diploid plants were characterized by 29 % higher total phenolics, 17 % less leaf nitrogen, and 21 % higher C:N ratio, regardless of age. Measured traits were, on average, 27 % more variable for diploid than triploid plants, possibly a reflection of increased genetic diversity of diploid flowering rush populations used in the study. These results demonstrate that diploid B. umbellatus plants are, overall, better defended against generalist herbivory than triploid plants. Differences in herbivore performance on B. umbellatus lineages, and to a lesser extent plants of varying ages, may therefore contribute to spatial or temporal heterogeneity in the dominance of genotypes in areas where they grow together.
Microbial xanthophylls

Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids abundant in the human food supply. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin are major xanthophyll carotenoids in human plasma. The consumption of these xanthophylls is directly associated with reduction in the risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease, age-related macular degeneration, and cataract formation. Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin also have considerable importance in aquaculture for salmonid and crustacean pigmentation, and are of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Chemical synthesis is a major source for the heavy demand of xanthophylls in the consumer market; however, microbial producers also have potential as commercial sources. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, commercial utility, and major microbial sources of xanthophylls. We also present a critical review of current research and technologies involved in promoting microbes as potential commercial sources for mass production.
Fairness and Control of Exposure in Two-sided Markets

A large number of two-sided markets are now mediated by search and recommender systems, ranging from online retail and streaming entertainment to employment and romantic-partner matching. I will discuss in this talk how the design decisions that go into these search and recommender systems carry substantial power in shaping markets and allocating opportunity to the participants. This does not only raise legal and fairness questions, but also questions about how these systems shape incentives and the long-term effectiveness of the market. At the core of these questions lies the problem of where to rank each item, and how this affects both sides of the market. While it is well understood how to maximize the utility to the users, this talk focuses on how rankings affect the items that are being ranked. From the items perspective, the ranking system is an arbiter of exposure and thus economic opportunity. I will discuss how machine learning algorithms that follow the conventional Probability Ranking Principle [1] can lead to undesirable and unfair exposure allocation for both exogenous and endogenous reasons. Exogenous reasons often manifest themselves as biases in the training data, which then get reflected in the learned ranking policy. But even when trained with unbiased data, reasons endogenous to the system can lead to unfair or undesirable allocation of opportunity. To overcome these challenges, I will present new machine learning algorithms [2,3,4] that directly address both endogenous and exogenous factors, allowing the designer to tailor the ranking policy to be appropriate for the specific two-sided market.
Inter-annual Variability of Snowfall in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan

Winter snowfall, particularly lake-contributed snowfall, has a significant impact on the society and environment in the Great Lakes regions including transportation, tourism, agriculture, and ecosystem. Understanding the inter-annual variability of snowfall will provide sound basis for local community safety management and reduce its environmental impacts on agriculture and ecosystems. This study attempts to understand the trend and inter-annual variability in snowfall in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan (LPM) using statistical analysis based on snowfall measurements from eight weather stations. Our study demonstrates that snowfall has significantly increased from 1932 to 2015. Correlation analysis suggests that regional average air temperatures have a strong negative relationship with snowfall in the LPM. On average, approximately 27% of inter-annual variability in snowfall can be explained by regional average air temperatures. ENSO events are also negatively related to snowfall in the LPM and can explain ~ 8% of inter-annual variability. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) does not have strong influence on snowfall. Composite analysis demonstrates that on an annual basis, more snowfall occurs during the years with higher maximum ice cover (MIC) than during the years with lower MIC in Lake Michigan. Higher MIC is often associated with lower air temperatures which are negatively related to snowfall. This study could provide insight on future snow related climate model improvement and weather forecasting.
PHASE-SHIFT ANALYSIS OF $sup 18$O($alpha$,$alpha$)$sup 16$O SCATTERING FROM 5 TO 10 MeV.

Angular distributions for the elastic scattering of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles by $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ have been measured at 10-keV intervals from a bombarding energy of 5.0-12.5 MeV. Real phase shifts have been extracted by means of a partial- wave analysis of the data between 5 and 10 MeV. Twenty-seven resonances are found in the $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ excitation energy range of 8.73-12.77 MeV. Seven of the corresponding levels in $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$ have not been previously reported. Spins and parities are assigned to 26, confirming a number of previously tentative assignments and correcting a few. Resonance widths are estimated for most of the levels.
"Queer as Folk" and the trouble with slash

The Showtime TV series Queer as Folk (2000–2005) brought same-sex relationships and sex scenes to prime-time television, putting the stuff of slash up on the small screen. Despite incorporating many slash tropes into the canonical text, Queer as Folk troubles many of the traditional assumptions about how fan fiction and slash operate, particularly the association of slash with subversion. The intertextual relationship between canonically queer texts and their attendant fandoms requires new frameworks for exploring traditional fan fiction subgenres such as slash. When the canonical text itself is queer, gestures and genres that have generally been considered subversive can in fact be more conservative than the canonical text itself. When the political stakes of a canonical series are clear and explicitly progressive, the intertextual relationship between canon and fandom can be particularly important and uniquely problematic, as this case study of Queer as Folk demonstrates in its assessment of the complexities that arise when the canon itself is queer.
Brute force attack on UNIX passwords with SIMD computer

As computer technology improves, the security of specific ciphers and one-way hash functions periodically must be reevaluated in light of new technological advances. In this paper we evaluate the security of the UNIX password scheme. We show that the UNIX password scheme is vulnerable to brute-force attack. Using PixelFlow, a SIMD parallel machine, we are able to "crack" a large fraction of passwords used in practice [12] in 2-3 days of computation. We explain how a SIMD machine built in today's technology could "crack" any UNIX password in two days. We also describe in this paper a simple modification to the UNIX password scheme that makes it harder to break encrypted passwords using dictionary and brute force attack, thus extending the useful life of the UNIX password scheme. The modified password scheme is compatible with the existing password scheme.
Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction

Pan Am, Gimbel's, Pullman, Douglas Aircraft, Digital Equipment Corporation, British Leyland - all once as strong as dinosaurs, all now just as extinct. Destruction of businesses, fortunes, products, and careers is the price of progress toward a better material life. No one understood this bedrock economic principle better than Joseph A. Schumpeter. "Creative destruction," he said, is the driving force of capitalism. Described by John Kenneth Galbraith as "the most sophisticated conservative" of the 20th Century, Schumpeter made his mark as the prophet of incessant change. His vision was stark: Nearly all businesses fail, victims of innovation by their competitors. Businesspeople ignore this lesson at their peril - to survive, they must be entrepreneurial and think strategically. Yet in Schumpeter's view, the general prosperity produced by the "capitalist engine" far outweighs the wreckage it leaves behind. During a tumultuous life spanning two world wars, the Great Depression, and the early Cold War, Schumpeter reinvented himself many times. From boy wonder in turn-of-the-century Vienna to captivating Harvard professor, he was stalked by tragedy and haunted by the spectre of his rival, John Maynard Keynes. By 1983 - the centennial of the birth of both men - Forbes christened Schumpeter, not Keynes, the best navigator through the turbulent seas of globalization. Time has proved that assessment accurate. "Prophet of Innovation" is also the private story of a man rescued repeatedly by women who loved him and put his well-being above their own. Without them, he would likely have perished, so fierce were the conflicts between his reason and his emotions. Drawing on all of Schumpeter's writings, including many intimate diaries and letters never before used, this biography paints the full portrait of a magnetic figure who aspired to become the world's greatest economist, lover, and horseman - and admitted to failure only with the horses.
Helping Professionals Understand the Challenges Faced by Noncustodial Parents

Abstract By being more aware of the experiences and concerns of noncustodial parents, professionals will be better prepared to help noncustodial parents to stay involved in the lives of their children. This paper explores the challenges faced by noncustodial parents-creating a second home for their children; keeping a working relationship with their ex-spouse; and meeting the needs of their chil-dren-and how a professional can help parents to successfully meet these challenges.
Tracking Controller Design for MIMO Nonlinear Systems With Application to Automotive Cold Start Emission Reduction

The main contribution of this paper is the development of a nonlinear multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) tracking controller design using a discrete time sliding control approach. A Lyapunov stability analysis is used to prove the asymptotic stability of both the output errors as well as the parameter estimation errors. The application of the “New Invariance Principle” is key to the proof of the parameter error convergence. The developed approach is applied to the cold start emissions problem. The software design process for automotive powertrains on vehicles is growing increasingly complex. Verification and validation provides a systematic procedure to follow for the implementation of control algorithms on physical systems. However, errors can arise that prove costly if not mitigated early on in the verification and validation process. Therefore, the detection and mitigation of potential uncertainties early on in the design process is vital. In this work, the determination of the system model uncertainty is the focus of an adaptation algorithm designed in parallel with a discrete time, MIMO sliding controller. The unknown parameter representing the model uncertainty is updated online in order to decrease tracking error and control effort. The MIMO formulation allows for implementation of both coupled and decoupled frameworks, thus providing a basis for the algorithm to be utilized on a variety of complex vehicle systems. The control algorithms are implemented on a cold start emissions engine model as a case study. A matlab simulink environment is used for simulation results, and an engine test cell is used for experimental validation. Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm drives tracking error to zero in a fraction of the run time and that the algorithm may be applied with equal efficacy to coupled and decoupled systems. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the adaptation algorithm to estimate uncertainty in the engine and decrease tracking error.
Visual cortex activity in early and late blind people.

Brain imaging studies describe visual cortex activity in blind people during nonvisual tasks such as Braille reading, hearing words, or sensory discriminations of tactile or auditory stimuli [for literature citations see Burton et al. ([2002a][1],[b][2]) and Sadato et al. ([2002][3])]. Simply stated
Redox-induced umpolung of transition metal carbenes

Metal carbene complexes have been at the forefront of organic and organometallic synthesis and are instrumental in guiding future sustainable chemistry efforts. While classical Fischer and Schrock type carbenes have been intensely studied, compounds that do not fall within one of these categories have attracted attention only recently. In addition, applications of carbene complexes rarely take advantage of redox processes, which could open up a new dimension for their use in practical processes. Herein, we report an umpolung of a nucleophilic palladium carbene complex, [{PC(sp2)P}tBuPd(PMe3)] ({PC(sp2)P}tBu = bis[2-(di-iso-propylphosphino)-4-tert-butylphenyl]methylene), realized by successive one-electron oxidations that generated a cationic carbene complex, [{PC(sp2)P}tBuPdI]+, via a carbene radical, [{PC˙(sp2)P}tBuPdI]. An EPR spectroscopic study of [{PC˙(sp2)P}tBuPdI] indicated the presence of a ligand-centered radical, also supported by the results of reactions with 9,10-dihydroanthracene and PhSSPh. The cationic carbene complex shows electrophilic behavior toward nucleophiles such as NaH, pTolNHLi, PhONa, and PMe3, resulting from an inversion of the electronic character of the Pd–Ccarbene bond in [{PC(sp2)P}tBuPd(PMe3)]. The redox induced umpolung is reversible and unprecedented.
Uncommon anatomic variations in patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis.

Objective Some uncommon anatomic variations would be encountered with the increasing number of patients with chronic paranasal sinusitis who have undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The correct identification and proper treatment for these variations are important. Study design and setting A retrospective study of serial computed tomography scan images was conducted in 100 patients collected randomly. Uncommon anatomic variations were recorded and clinical features were analyzed. Results Five (5%) cases with uncommon anatomic variations were found. These variations included bilateral pneumatization of uncinate process (1%), large uncinate process mimics the middle turbinate (1%), nontraumatic protrusion of orbital contents through dehiscence of lamina papyracea (1%), and nasal septal pneumatization (2%). Two of these 5 cases caused some modifications of routine functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures and another 2 variants commanded further caution during routine uncinectomy. Conclusion and significance Uncommon anatomic variations, though unusual, are not rare in chronic paranasal sinusitis patients. Procedures should be tailored for most of these special conditions.
Heat Transfer for Laminar Flow in Spiral Ducts of Rectangular Cross Section

Laminar flow and heat transfer in three-dimensional spiral ducts of rectangular cross section with aspect ratios of 1, 4, and 8 were determined by making use of the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics program The peripherally averaged Nusselt number is presented as a function of distance from the inlet and of the Dean number
Assessing injury-related movement difficulties: A method for analyzing the association between functional limitations and social participation

Abstract Background The conceptualization of disability has shifted from a medical to a social model with a consequent focus away from impairments and toward activities and participation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a common point of reference and a common language in a developing disability discourse. Objectives We sought to apply a model for the measurement of disability based on the activity and participation constructs of the ICF to persons with movement difficulty as a result of injury-related causes. Methods Data from sample adults aged 18 years and over in the 2001-2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for analysis. Disability among adults with injury-related movement difficulty was assessed through measures of difficulty performing basic actions (movement, sensory, emotional, and/or cognitive functioning); and limitations of complex activities (defined through measures of self-care, social participation, and work participation). SUDAAN 9.0 was used in all analyses to account for the complex sampling design and weighting of the NHIS data. Results Approximately 16% of noninstitutionalized adults who reported movement difficulty mentioned injury as a cause. On average, between 2001 and 2006, about 7.6 million adults had injury-related movement difficulty in the United States. Overall, 50% of adults who experienced injury-related movement difficulty also experienced some complex activity limitation. Conclusions Using NHIS data, we have demonstrated the applicability of an approach using basic actions difficulty and complex activity limitations to measure functioning and participation in individuals with a specific type and cause of difficulty: injury-related movement difficulty. The operationalization of these constructs provides a possible tool to monitor progress toward the attainment of the equalization of opportunities among people with injury-related movement difficulty.
Syntax Flowcharts For Advanced French Courses

Although today's students are visually oriented, thanks to television, computerized video games, and motion pictures, effective visual aids for the teaching of syntax are comparatively rare. Following in the steps of science and industry, this article proposes the use of syntax flowcharts to help make syntax more meaningful and comprehensible through the graphic illustration of syntactic rules. Flowcharts for the following syntactic structures in French are presented for consideration: 1) the negating of verbal expressions; 2) the balancing of conditional tenses; 3) the use of the imperfect (imparfait) versus the compound (passe compose); 4) the agreement of past participles; and 5) the sequence of tenses in the subjunctive mood. Although the flowcharts shown in this article are specifically in French, it goes without saying that such auxiliary adjuncts may be utilized in any foreign language class. In Spanish, for example, flowcharts would prove useful in helping to present the difference between por and para, or between ser and estar, to name but two troublesome structures. In German, on the other hand, one could imagine flowcharts showing German prepositions and the different cases which they govern in various situations, or, perhaps, flowcharts showing word order in subordinate clauses. In Russian, flowcharts could be used to help get across the idea of perfective versus imperfective aspect, or to point up the difference between the various contexts in which Russian verbs of motion are used. Flowcharts are mean to enhance—not replace—grammatical explanations by the instructor, and may even be used as a heuristic device by students to discover for themselves the underlying structure of rules of application of a particular syntactic structure.
Human retinal circuitry and physiology

Every second, in an average daytime light environment, hundreds of millions of photons enter the human eye and arrive at the photoreceptor layer of the retina. All our information about the visible world is contained in this rain of photons. The retina is a complex tissue, literally an extension of the brain, which transforms the rain of photons into bioelectric signals containing all the information available to the brain to interpret and respond to the external visual world. A considerable amount of processing takes place within the retinal tissue itself. Understanding what kind of processing takes place at each retinal stage is crucial for understanding normal vision, vision in the presence of diseases affecting the retina, and, ultimately, for the development of therapies to treat such diseases. This manuscript reviews the relation between structure and function of the different retinal pathways and addresses their possible roles for visual perception.
Induced microsomal oxidation of diclofop, triasulfuron, chlorsulfuron, and linuron in wheat

Abstract Microsomal fractions from shoot tissues of etiolated wheat seedlings catalyzed the oxidation of diclofop, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, chlortoluron, and linuron. Microsomal oxidation products of chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, and linuron were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry and cochromatography with reference standards. Oxidation was dependent on NADPH and molecular oxygen and was inhibited by CO in the presence of oxygen. Triasulfuron hydroxylation was inhibited to varying degrees by other known inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 enzymes and by several different postemergence herbicides. Enzyme activity was increased 2- to 3-fold by the removal of endogenous inhibitors and stimulated an additional 5- to 20-fold by the treatment of germinating seedlings with naphthalic anhydride, ethanol, or phenobarbital. In contrast to marked increases in monooxygenase activities following induction, microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities were not increased to a significant extent. Ethanol and phenobarbital were more effective than naphthalic anhydride as inducers of microsomal hydroxylase activity. The combined effect of naphthalic anhydride and ethanol as inducers of diclofop and triasulfuron hydroxylases was additive. Apparent Km values for triasulfuron, chlorsulfuron, and diclofop with constitutive and induced microsomal hydroxylases were compared. Differences in the response of herbicide monooxygenases to selected inhibitors, inducers, and substrates support the hypothesis that wheat microsomes contain a number of distinct cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases with different substrate specificities and kinetic properties. These enzymes serve as important factors in the tolerance and selectivity of a broad spectrum of herbicides used in wheat production systems.
Genomic Variants of ATF3 in Patients With Hypospadias

Purpose: ATF3, an estrogen responsive gene expressed during genital development, could be implicated in the etiology of hypospadias. ATF3 is up-regulated in the foreskin of patients with hypospadias and is implicated in suppression of the cell cycle, which may interfere with urethral cell growth. We sought to investigate the sequence of ATF3 in patients with hypospadias.Material and Methods: Direct sequencing of coding exons and splice sites of ATF3 was performed in 41 boys with hypospadias and 30 controls. In addition, ATF3 expression in 1 human fetal penis with and 1 without hypospadias was studied by immunohistochemical analysis.Results: A missense variant (L23M) was identified in a boy with anterior hypospadias. This amino acid is highly conserved. Three genomic variants (C53070T, C53632A, Ins53943A) were found in or close to exon 6 in patients with perineal, penoscrotal and anterior hypospadias. This important exon includes splice sites for an alternative transcript (ATF3ΔZip) that have been implicat...
Design of spur gears generated with pinion cutters

Abstract The determination of pinion cutter offsets to generate nonstandard spur gears to satisfy the design constraint of maximum recess to approach action or equalizing the tooth strengths for a pinion and gear set requires the solution of four simultaneous design constraints. This paper presents the governing relationships for the four design constraints including backlash. Part I of this paper presents the formulation of the solution and results for maximizing the recess to approach action. Part II describes the solution of generating the pinion and gear to have equal tooth strengths. Two of the four design criteria involve the solution of nonlinear simultaneous equations. A Basic program was created and used to generate the results for several sample problems.
Choices and Challenges: A Qualitative Exploration of Professional Women's Career Patterns

With the rapid changes occurring in the role of work in women's lives, this research project was designed to examine the career planning, career decision making, and work history of women in both female-dominated and gender-neutral careers (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.-a). A qualitative analysis of structured interviews identified 6 emerging themes: variations of career/family patterns, career encouragers, career obstacles, personal compromises, career changes, and career decision-making patterns. Insights for strengthening the exploration process and strategies for supporting career management are presented based on the emerging themes.
Simultaneous Bilateral Mastectomy in the Dog

Current reports advise against attempting simultaneous bilateral mastectomy in the dog. However, total mastectomy may be the most logical treatment for all dogs with mammary tumors in view of newer evidence suggesting a multicentric origin for this disease. A surgical technique for simultaneous bilateral mastectomy was evaluated in 22 dogs with mammary tumors. The procedure was successfully performed in selected patients and healing occurred without serious complications. The technique, rationale, and recommendations for use of this procedure are presented.
Corneal toxicity from topical ocular and systemic medications.

Purpose To review what is known about the adverse effects on the cornea from various classes of medications. New data from previously unreported cases of drug-related corneal toxicity are included. Methods Data are garnered from a Medline literature review and from case reports collected by the World Health Organization, the Food and Drug Administration, and the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects. Results Aminoglycosides, bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic medications, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, glaucoma eye drops, topical iodine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, preservatives in eye drops, retinoids, topical anesthetics, topical steroids, and some herbal medications can cause corneal toxicity in some patients. Conclusion Ophthalmologists need to be aware of potential corneal toxicities that can arise from commonly prescribed medications.
Meaning of negations as a function of oppositional relationships

Between-S agreement was used as a measure of the strength of the oppositional relationship holding between word pairs. This measure was found to be significantly correlated with between-S agreement regarding the affirmative meaning of negations of the form “not X.”
Liver transplant for relapsed undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma in a young child

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver is a rare hepatic malignancy of childhood with a historically poor prognosis. Recent improvements in outcomes have been reported in small numbers of cases with the use of combination therapy involving aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy. Complete surgical resection is frequently difficult to achieve when the location of the tumor is along the margins of the major hepatic vessels (portal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery). Here we report a case of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver that recurred along surgical hepatic vein margins in a 9-year-old boy who subsequently underwent orthotopic liver transplantation from a cadaveric donor. The patient has been in continuous clinical remission for the last 5 years.
System Architecture and Operational Concept Validation through Modeling and Simulation

System and software architectures are the foundation on which network centric communications platforms are constructed and must be defined early in the design process. If flaws lurk in these architectures well into a project, costly and time consuming redesign may be necessary. The capability to perform system and software architecture modeling and verification is enabled by incorporating recently available Model Driven Design tools into the system development process. These tools provide standard based UML modeling capabilities that allow for software and system architecture design, as well as DoDAF modeling capabilities for documenting system architecture and verifying operational scenarios. Once created, these models are executed to evaluate system operation for scenarios of interest. This paper describes the use of Model Driven Design tools to verify system and software architecture and operational concepts early in the project design process.
Comment on "Nuclear Magnetic Ordering of 3He Clusters in Solid 4He"

A Comment on the Letter by R. Schrenk, R. K\"onig, and F. Pobell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76. 2945 (1996). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.