cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fray Juan de Zumárraga and indian policy in New Spain.

The Full Realization that the brave Admiral of the Ocean Sea had discovered not a new route to India and the fabled wealth of Cipango and Cathay but an otro mundo , another world, soon became inescapable. Here was another world, with all the implications of the term, inhabited by human beings gathered in various groupings, with varying degrees of development, yet none beyond the stone and precious metals stage, none with a fully integrated system of writing, none beyond the stage of human sacrifices in their religious practices. On what grounds had the crown of Spain a right to disturb the existing conditions? The problem presented was new to a Christian world just awakening from the long and troubled slumber of the Middle Ages. The norms developed by Western Europe in its relations with Islam and the Near East did not seem to apply to the peoples of the otro mundo , or New World.
Can philosophy be international

There is a difference between internationalism in politics and philosophy. This paper takes the position that internationalism is possible in politics but not in philosophy, although it is an objective worth pursuing in both domains.
Long-term outcome of patients who receive ketamine during research

Abstract Background: To comprehend the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to facilitate drug discovery, animal and human models of schizophrenia are necessary. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N -methyl-d-aspartate antagonist, has been used to probe glutamatergic function in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. These studies and others have provided data consistent with a putative involvement of a glutamatergic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; however, these studies have also raised concerns about the distress inflicted on patients, the potential for adverse events, and the serious long-term effects that could possibly be induced by symptom-simulating action. Methods: For all patient volunteers ( n = 30) who participated in these studies, we reviewed the acute safety during and in the immediate postketamine administration. Patients available for long-term follow-up ( n = 25) were matched to a group of patients ( n = 25) who participated in research but did not receive ketamine. We compared their long-term outcome in terms of psychopathology, the need for psychiatric care, and the amount of antipsychotic medication required for optimal therapeutic response. Results: There were no serious adverse events in more than 90 ketamine interviews. Distress to patients was minimal, which is shown by the lack of anxiety ratings. Over a mean follow-up period of 8 months, we found no differences between patients who did and did not receive ketamine on any measures of psychopathology, psychiatric care, or the amount of antipsychotic medication. Conclusions: In a controlled environment and paying close attention to subject safety features, administering subanesthetic doses of ketamine causes no adverse events and little distress to schizophrenic volunteers. This study strongly indicates that administering ketamine does not change any aspect of the course of schizophrenic illness.
Clinician Agreement With Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation Guidelines and Clinical Outcomes

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) published guidelines for preoperative cardiac risk stratification in 1996. Although clinician practice may differ from the guidelines, it remains unclear whether deviation from these guidelines affects clinical outcomes. This study sought to determine if discordance between clinician practice and the ACC/AHA guidelines affects perioperative cardiac outcomes. Eight hundred twenty-three patients who underwent 864 consecutive preoperative evaluations performed from 1995 to 1997 at a tertiary care academic medical center were prospectively followed. Clinician recommendations for preoperative cardiac testing were compared with ACC/AHA guideline recommendations. Frequencies of perioperative cardiac complications were compared between concordant and discordant testing recommendations. There were 33 perioperative cardiac complications (3.8%). Overall, there was no difference in the frequency of complications when there was discordance with the ACC/AHA guidelines compared with concordance (4.1% vs 3.7%, p = 0.81). The ACC/AHA guidelines recommended cardiac testing for 236 patients (27.3%). Clinicians ordered testing in half of those cases (n = 112). There was a lower frequency of cardiac complications when clinicians did not perform testing as recommended by the ACC/AHA guidelines (3.2% vs 10.7%, p = 0.02). Conversely, clinicians ordered cardiac testing in 45 patients (7%) when not recommended by the guidelines. Patients in this group had a trend toward more cardiac complications (6.7% vs 2.4%, p = 0.09). In conclusion, the failure of clinicians to follow the ACC/AHA guidelines when perioperative testing was recommended did not result in a higher frequency of cardiac complications.
Professional Socialization and Social Work Values: Who Are We Teaching?

Despite the centrality of values to professional socialization, the social work literature lacks an extensive exploration of the readiness of students to be socialized into the profession and taught the theoretical framework and skills for ethical decision making. This study explored the relationship between age, academic class standing, and identity development. Results indicated that the Identity Achievement status occurs later than traditional university years and correlates with age but not with academic class standing. Important implications for teaching social work values, ethical decision making, and the significance of a liberal arts foundation are discussed.
Theory of Resonant Multiphoton Ionization

The quantum-mechanical method developed earlier is applied to the four-photon resonant ionization of Cs. Comparisons of the present calculations with the experiments by Held et al. are given, and good agreement with the experiments is obtained. The application of the present theoretical method to the six-photon ionization of hydrogen is indicated.
Combined Central and Peripheral Stimulation to Facilitate Motor Recovery After Stroke: The Effect of Number of Sessions on Outcome

Background. Proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated transient beneficial effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor function in stroke patients, mostly after single tre...
Two-Dimensionally Ordered Plasmonic and Magnetic Nanostructures on Transferable Electron-Transparent Substrates

Discovery of new plasmonic behaviors from nanostructured materials can be greatly accelerated by the ability to prepare and characterize their near-field behaviors with high resolution in a rapid manner. Here, an efficient and cost-effective way is reported to make 2D periodic nanostructures on electron-transparent substrates for rapid characterization by transmission electron microscopy. By combining nanosphere lithography with a substrate float-off technique, large areas of electron-transparent periodic nanostructures can be achieved. For this study, the synthesis of plasmonic nanostructures of Ag, magnetic nanostructures of Co, and bimetallic nanostructures of Ag–Co are investigated. Characterization of the materials by a combination of transmission electron microscopy, far-field optical spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements reveals that this new approach can yield useful nanostructures on transparent, flexible, and transferable substrates with desirable plasmonic and/or magnetic properties.
A comparison of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation versus systemic therapy alone in the treatment of breast cancer metastasis to the liver

Objectives There is controversy about the roles of locoregional therapies in patients with liver metastases from breast cancer (LMBC). The aim of this study was to analyse survival after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of LMBC and to compare this with survival in patients receiving systemic therapy (ST) alone.
Comparative study of lectin reactivity in the vomeronasal organ of human and nonhuman primates.

The main and accessory olfactory systems of certain mammals (e.g., rodents, ungulates, and carnivores) have been investigated using lectin histochemistry to probe for sugar residues that may reflect physiological aspects of signal transduction or development. Morphologically, the vomeronasal organs (VNOs) of strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) are typical of functional VNOs in other mammals, whereas in humans and chimpanzees the VNOs appear vestigial. However, the human VNO is considered functional by some authors. To elucidate the cellular nature of the VNO in human and chimpanzees, a panel of six lectins (Con-A, ECL, PNA, RCA, s-WGA, and UEA-1) was applied to the VNO in eight species of primates, including humans and chimpanzees. The results indicated that there were few, if any, lectin-reactive cells in the human or chimpanzee VNO that resembled those seen in the vomeronasal neuroepithelium in other primates. The overall pattern of lectin reactivity in the human and chimpanzee VNO is unlike that seen in mammals with chemosensory VNOs, suggesting that the VNO of these hominoids does not function similarly to that of other primates. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct Observation of TALE Protein Search Dynamics along DNA

In this work, we discuss the direct observation of transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein dynamics along DNA templates using single molecule techniques. TALE proteins are robust, programmable DNA-binding proteins, often fused to a nuclease domain to generate the TALEN system, a leading technology in genetic engineering. Recently, powerful methods for gene editing have been developed, including zinc finger nucleases, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and TALENs. Despite great promise for treating human disease, however, we still lack a complete understanding of the mechanisms governing TALE search dynamics and the role of off-target binding events threatening to inhibit clinical implementation. Our work aims to develop a molecular-level understanding of TALE binding and target sequence search, which will facilitate the design of new and efficient TALEN systems. To this end we have developed a single molecule assay to directly visualize the binding and 1-D search of TALE proteins along stretched, dual-tethered DNA templates. We implemented an efficient method for specific labeling of TALE proteins using an aldehyde-based bioorthogonal labeling scheme relying on formylglycine generating enzyme. Single molecule data on TALE search dynamics reveal a previously unknown two-state “search and check” model, wherein periods of rapid DNA search are interspersed with stationary local binding. This model reconciles the ability for TALE proteins to locate their target sequence amongst thousands of potential binding sites. We further generated a series of truncated TALE variants and observed the dynamics of these proteins at the single molecule level. In this way, we are able to identify each subdomain's role in sequence search, thereby further advancing the understanding of TALE search. Overall, our work provides a ‘first-of-its-kind’ view of the 1-D diffusion of TALE proteins on DNA, which will be critically important for engineering improved TALE proteins for precise genomic editing.
008 Xenobiotic Skin Culture System Supported by Surrogate Avian Vascular Circulation

Currently, skin cells or tissues intended for therapeutical or cosmetic applications are typically cultured using standard in vitro culture techniques. The avian chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been traditionally used for many years to assess angiogenesis of exogenous substances. Avian embryos have also been used to generate viruses for vaccine development. Most of the uses of the avian CAM cultures are typically conducted in ovo. However, xenobiotic cultures of ex ovo avian embryos and explanted organs, tissues or cells from human or other mammalian origin have not been used in the past with the explicit purpose of achieving the appropriate extent of expansion, differentiation or vascularization required for therapeutic or cosmetic implantation into humans or animals. Here, a novel method of xenobiotic skin culture was developed that can be employed for wound healing studies or for tissue engineering applications to sustain the culture of live skin explants through the benefit of a xenobiotic vascularization. The method uses fertile Japanese quail (Cortunix cortunix japonica) eggs. The eggs were incubated for at least 3 days in ovo using a static egg incubator. On day 3 the egg is opened under sterile conditions through the air chamber and placed in a cylindrical culture dish slightly larger than the overall diameter of the egg yolk. The embryo was then cultured at 37 °C for an additional 24 to 48 hours until a well-vascularized CAM covers the entire surface of the culture dish. Next, fragments of skin were placed directly over the CAM. The cultures were continued for 8 days and then the skin explants were transferred to new CAMs. These changes, every 8 days, were done at least five times allowing the skin to be maintained in culture for several weeks without apparent damage in viability. The skin fragments remained viable and capable of reepithelialization when wounded. Skin explants from both mouse and human were successfully cultured in this manner. Because immunological response cannot occur in the embryonic culture environment, it was possible to xenotransplant skin fragments without risk of rejection. The ensuing embryonic vessels developed into the xenotransplanted skin and generated a permeable vascular network that provided oxygen and nutrients necessary to ensure viability and promote proliferation and differentiation. Viability of the explants was evaluated by immunohisto chemical methods using proliferation and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, BrdU, and PCNA). Vascularization was assessed using species-specific anti endothelial antibodies (anti-PECAM human and mouse and QH1 and QH2 monoclonal antibodies). The new method described herein has the distinct advantage of sustaining live, functional skin cultures by means of a rich vascular supply that provides cells with nutrients and oxygen.
Surgical repair of congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis in children.

Objective: Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is an uncommon congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction beginning distal to the aortic valve. Methods: Between March 1962 and December 2000, 101 consecutive patients underwent surgical correction for congenital SVAS at Riley Children’s Hospital. There were 61 male (60%) and 40 female (40%) ranging in age from 3 month to 17 years (medium age, 6.1 years). Fourteen patients (14%) had Williams syndrome. Preoperatively, 11 patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I, 55 in class II, 28 in class III, and seven in class IV. Of the 101 patients, 73 (72%) had localized type SVAS and 28 (28%) diffuse type SVAS. Results: Those with localized SVAS were successfully treated with patch aortoplasty, whereas those with diffuse SVAS required either an apical aortic conduit or extensive endarterectomy with patch aortoplasty. The overall mean pressure gradient was reduced to 21 mmHg (P , 0:001) in the early postoperative period. There were one early death (,30 days postoperatively) (1%), two (2%) late deaths, and 14 patients (14%) underwent one or two additional operation (n ¼ 17) in a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 30 years (medium 9.4 years). Postoperatively, there were 72 patients (73%) in NYHA functional class I and 26 (27%) in class II. Overall survival including operative mortality was 98% at 10 years, 97% at 20 and at 30 years. Conclusion: Good surgical outcome of congenital SVAS can be achieved with the appropriate method of treatment in patients with both localized and diffuse SVAS. q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The E1B19K Oncoprotein Complexes with Beclin 1 to Regulate Autophagy in Adenovirus-Infected Cells

The mechanisms underlying adenovirus-mediated autophagy are currently unknown. Recently, members of the Bcl-2 protein family have been associated with autophagy. It was also reported that the Bcl-2 homology-3 (BH3) domain encompassed by both Beclin 1 and Bcl-2-like proteins is essential for their pro-autophagy or anti-autophagy functions. Here, we report for the first time that E1B19K, the adenovirus BH3 domain protein, interacts with Beclin 1 to initiate autophagy. Using immunoprecipitation assays we showed that expression of E1B19K in the host cell disrupted the physical interactions between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 proteins. The displacement of Bcl-2 was coincident with the recruitment of PI3KC3 to the Beclin 1/E1B19K complexes. As a result of the changes in the components of the Beclin 1 interactome, there was activation of PI3KC3, as showed by the identification of PI3K-mediated lipid phosphorylation, and subsequent formation of autophagosomes. Importantly, the BH3 functional domain of E1B19K protein was required for the heterodimerization with Beclin 1. We also showed that transfer of E1B19K was sufficient to trigger autophagy in cancer cells. Consistent with these data, mutant adenoviruses encompassing a deletion of the E1B19K gene produced a marked deficiency in the capability of the virus to induce autophagy as showed by examining the lipidation and cleavage of LC3-I as well as the subcellular localization of LC3-II, the decrease in the levels of p62, and the formation of autophagosomes. Our work offers new information on the mechanisms of action of the adenoviral E1B19K protein as partner of Beclin 1 and positive regulator of autophagy.
Relative Perturbation Bounds for Positive Polar Factors of Graded Matrices

Let $B$ be an $m\times n$ ($m\ge n$) complex (or real) matrix. It is known that there is a unique {\em polar decomposition} $B=QH$, where $Q^*Q=I$, the $n\times n$ identity matrix, and $H$ is positive definite, provided that $B$ has full column rank. If $B$ is perturbed to $\wtd B$, how do the polar factors $Q$ and $H$ change? This question has been investigated quite extensively, but most work so far has been on how the perturbation changed the unitary polar factor $Q$, with very little on the positive polar factor $H$, except $\|H-\wtd H\|_{\F}\le\sqrt 2\|B-\wtd B\|_{\F}$ in the Frobenius norm, due to [F. Kittaneh, {\em Comm.\ Math.\ Phys.}, 104 (1986), pp. 307--310], where $\wtd Q$ and $\wtd H$ are the corresponding polar factors of $\wtd B$. While this inequality of Kittaneh shows that $H$ is always well behaved under perturbations, it does not tell much about smaller entries of $H$ in the case when $H$'s entries vary a great deal in magnitude. This paper is intended to fill the gap by addressing the variations of $H$ for a graded matrix $B=GS$, where $S$ is a scaling matrix and usually diagonal (but may not be). The elements of $S$ can vary wildly, while $G$ is well conditioned. In such cases, the magnitudes of $H$'s entries indeed often vary a lot, and thus any bound on $\|H-\wtd H\|_{\F}$ means little, if anything, to the accuracy of $\wtd H$'s smaller entries. This paper proposes a new way of measuring the errors in the $H$ factor via bounding the scaled difference $(\wtd H-H)S^{-1}$, as well as accurately computing the factor when $S$ {\em is\/} diagonal. Numerical examples are presented. The results are also extended to the matrix square root of a graded positive definite matrix.
Incorporating Play into the Care of the Hospitalized Child

Play is a primary activity of childhood. It serves a variety of purposes that enhance both the physical growth and the psychosocial development of children. Just as the child's level of knowledge, social abilities, and physical capacities increase, so does the child's use of play. Knowledge of the therapeutic value of play is essential for pediatric nurses to incorporate it into their care plan to facilitate the child's adaptation to the illness and hospital experiences. The use of play during the hospital experience can be effective in reducing the child's anxiety and promoting a sense of mastery. This article explores these issues and provides selected clinical examples to illustrate how nurses can integrate therapeutic play experiences with the care of children.
Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior at a Ferromagnetic Quantum Critical Point in Ni x Pd 1 − x

After the observation of striking departures from the predictions of Fermi-liquid theory in UxY12xPd3 [1,2], during the last decade non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior of highly correlated electron systems was in the focus of experimentalists and theoreticians [3]. In most cases reported so far, NFL behavior appears close to the phase boundary of magnetic order. A continuous increase of the linear term of the heat capacity down to the lowest temperatures and significant deviations from a T 2 dependence
Ghrelin and Energy Balance: Focus on Current Controversies

Ghrelin is an enteric peptide that is the only known circulating appetite stimulant. This feature of the hormone has garnered widespread attention, as reflected by more than 1000 scientific papers featuring ghrelin that have been published since the first reports of its orexigenic actions, approximately four years ago. In this review, we discuss data that support roles for ghrelin in the short-term regulation of pre-meal hunger and meal initiation, functioning as a unique orexigenic counterpart to short-acting gastrointestinal satiation factors, such as cholecystokinin (CCK). We also highlight evidence indicating that ghrelin satisfies recognized criteria to be viewed as a participant in long-term body-weight regulation - a potential anabolic counterpart to the traditional adiposity hormones, leptin and insulin. We then discuss the following controversial questions in ghrelin research and offer our opinions regarding these debates. (1) Is ghrelin synthesized within the brain? (2) How does ghrelin increase food intake? (3) Does des-acyl ghrelin have a physiologic function? (4) Are there receptors for ghrelin other than GHS-R1a? (5) Does ghrelin regulate insulin secretion? (6) Does ghrelin regulate gastrointestinal motility? (7) Can ghrelin or ghrelin-receptor agonists be used to treat wasting conditions? Finally, we offer a speculative model of ghrelin as a thrifty gene product that evolved to help animals consume and store fat well, thereby increasing their chances of survival during times of famine. We suggest that ghrelin is a “saginary” hormone, from the Latin, saginare, which means, “to fatten”.
Technical Note-On the Estimation of Smuggling in a Gray Market Commodity

This note develops a method for estimating the amount of cigarette smuggling occurring among the various states. This particular organized crime is termed a "gray market" activity because the commodity is not illegal but is differentially taxed by the states, thus leading to illegal importing from low-tax states to high-tax states. Sales tax, demographic, and geographic data are combined in a mathematical model of the smuggling operation, which is used to estimate the amount of smuggling into a state and its impact on the state's revenue. It should be useful in determining the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing cigarette smuggling.
Novel correlations for gas holdup in large-scale slurry bubble column reactors operating under elevated pressures and temperatures

Abstract A comprehensive literature search was conducted to obtain the holdup data for different gases in various liquids and slurries using bubble and slurry bubble column reactors operating under wide ranges of conditions in different size reactors provided with a variety of gas spargers. The data were used to develop two novel correlations, one for the total gas holdup and the other for the holdup of large gas bubbles. The total gas holdup correlation is capable of predicting the experimental data within an absolute average relative error (AARE) and standard deviation (σ) of 20%, whereas the correlation of the holdup of large bubbles is capable of predicting the experimental values within AARE and σ of about 25 and 27%, respectively. The novel correlations were used to predict the effects of pressure, temperature, gas velocity, solid concentration, rector size, and distributor type on the holdup of syngas (H2/CO = 2) in various slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRs) operating under typical Fischer–Tropsch conditions.
Critical Realism and Historical Sociology. A Review Article

Perhaps the fiercest conflict within the social sciences today is one that is not even articulated as a recognizable “debate.” Nevertheless, this conflict has generated bitter divisions between academics who only a decade ago might have stood together on the left or the right and has forged equally strange alliances. I am referring, of course, to the split between epistemological and ontological positions which are usually described as radical constructivism and realist positivism. The recent debate provoked by Alan Sokal's article in Social TextSee Alan D. Sokal, “Transgressing the Boundaries—Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity,” Social Text (Spring-Summer 1996), 217–52; and idem, “A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies,” Lingua Franca (May-June 1996), 62–64. The key response is Stanley Fish's article, “Professor Sokal's Bad Joke,” in The New York Times (Opinion–Editorial page, May 21, 1996); see also the responses in the July-August 1996 issue of Lingua Franca; Michael Albert, “Science, Post Modernism, and the Left,” in Z Magazine (July-August 1996); Steven Weinberg, “Sokal's Hoax,” New York Review of Books (August 8, 1996), 11–15; and Tom Frank, “Textual Reckoning,” In These Times (May 27, 1996). I am grateful to Michael Rosenfeld for references to the latter two pieces. brought into sharp focus the growing sense of distrust and anger that divides these academic camps. And, yet, the heterogeneity of each supposed grouping suggests that the dichotomous model masks what is actually a much more complex, multi-dimensional field. On the one hand we find a motley assemblage of positions variously characterized as constructivism, culturalism, neo-Kantian idealism, and postmodernism; the other pole throws together a set of even stranger bedfellows, including rational choice theorists, survey researchers, and traditional historians alongside “realist” philosophers of various stripes.
Imaging biopsy composition at ACL reconstruction

Purpose Early-stage osteoarthritis (OA) includes glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and collagen disruption that cannot be seen on morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T1ρ MRI is a measurement that probes the low-frequency rate of exchange between protons of free water and those from water associated with macromolecules in the cartilage's extracellular matrix. While it has been hypothesized that increased water mobility resulting from early osteoarthritic changes cause elevated T1ρ MRI values, there remain several unknown mechanisms influencing T1ρ measurements in cartilage. The purpose of this work was to relate histological and biochemical metrics directly measured from osteochondral biopsies and fluid specimens with quantitative MRI-detected changes of in vivo cartilage composition. Patients and methods Six young patients were enrolled an average of 41 days after acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Femoral trochlear groove osteochondral biopsies, serum, and synovial fluid were harvested during ACL reconstruction to complement a presurgery quantitative MRI study (T1ρ, T2, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage [dGEMRIC] relaxation times). A high-resolution MRI scan of the excised osteochondral biopsy was also collected. Analyses of in vivo T1ρ images were compared with ex vivo T1ρ imaging, GAG assays and histological GAG distribution in the osteochondral biopsies, and direct measures of bone and cartilage turnover markers and "OA marker" 3B3 in serum and synovial fluid samples. Conclusion T1ρ relaxation times in patients with a torn ACL were elevated from normal, indicating changes consistent with general fluid effusion after blunt joint trauma. Increased chondrogenic progenitor cell (CPC) production of chondroprotective lubricin may relate to cartilage surface disruption by blunt trauma and CPC amplification of joint inflammation. Disparity between ex vivo and matched in vivo MRI of trochlear cartilage suggests MRI signal differences that may be related to the synovial fluid environment. T1ρ is emerging as a promising MRI biomarker to relate noninvasive measures of whole-joint condition and cartilage composition to direct measures of cartilage changes in the acute phase of joint injuries.
Sutureless Stented Aortic Valve Implantation Under Direct Vision: Lessons From a Negative Experience in Sheep

Background and Aim of the Study: Percutaneous aortic valve replacement has been proposed as a valid alternative to surgery in selected cases; however, it still has many problems. As a less radical prelim- inary step, we implanted a balloon-expandable stented aortic valve under direct vision in sheep. Methods: Under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and through a transverse aortotomy, an aortic valve mounted in a long tubular balloon-expandable stent was implanted in six acute sheep. The leaflets were not excised and no anchoring sutures were used between stent and native annulus. Epicardial, two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography was used to assess the function of the stented valve followed by macroscopic inspection at necropsy. Results: Direct visualization of the entire annulus when the collapsed, valved stent was placed within the aortic root was difficult in all animals. Valve deployment took less than 1 minute. The surgical procedure resulted in major complications in all cases. Migration (3/6), paravalvular leak (2/6), mitral conflicts resulting in mitral regurgitation (1/6), and coronary ostia obstruction (2/6) were the major events at the origin of the failure. Only three animals could be weaned from CPB but did not recover enough to survive the procedure. Conclusions: Sutureless implantation of a stented aortic valve through standard CPB and aortotomy is far more complex than expected. Changes in stent design and surgical approach are
THE (SLAVE) NARRATIVE OF JANE EYRE

InImperialism at Home, Susan Meyer explores Charlotte Bronte's metaphorical use of race and empire in Jane Eyre. In particular, she is struck by Bronte's repeated allusions to bondage and slavery and wonders, “Why would Bronte write a novel permeated with the imagery of slavery, and suggesting the possibility of a slave uprising, in 1846, after the emancipation of the British slaves had already taken place?” (71). Meyer speculates, “Perhaps the eight years since emancipation provided enough historical distance for Bronte to make a serious and public, although implicit, critique of British slavery and British imperialism in the West Indies” (71). Perhaps. More likely, I would argue, is the possibility that Bronte was thinking not of West Indian slavery, but of American slavery.
Exception Handling in Timed Asynchronous Systems

Recent research on exception handling in concurrent systems has progressed along two dimensions: conversation-based approaches for structuring, and global exception handling for program design separation. Although that research has made significant strides, there are still two open problems: current exception models do not adequately support global faults, and how should a mechanism support global exception handling To address these problems, this paper presents the guardian model for exception handling in synchronous and timed asynchronous concurrent systems. Characteristics of the model are global exception handling, timed asynchrony, an extended fault model, and separation of concurrent exception handling from program flow.
Organ injury scaling system can be used to predict length of stay in patients with penetrating neck injuries

Predicting probability of survival of trauma patients has received greater attention than predicting other trauma outcomes such as length of stay. Most trauma scoring systems depend on the anatomic description of injuries of the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). The recently introduced Organ Injury Scale (OIS) was developed to give more precise and comprehensive anatomic description of injuries. Unlike the AIS, it also avoids including immediate injury sequelae, such as the amount of hemorrhage. This retrospective study was performed to assess the degree of association between the sum of grades of penetrating neck injuries using the OIS and the length of hospital stay. There were 31 males and 7 females, with ages ranging from 13 to 65 years and a mean of 31 years. The length of hospital stay ranged between 1 and 34 days, with a mean of 7.0 ± 6.5 days. There were 32 vascular, 7 esophageal, and 7 tracheal injuries. The sum of the OIS grades correlates significantly with the length of hospital stay (r = 0.78; P < 0.005). This study suggests that the OIS system can be used to predict the length of hospital stay. It proposes also that the OIS replaces similar anatomic components of the AIS-based scoring systems.
Osiander's psychology

Bayesian psychology follows an old instrumentalist tradition most infamously illustrated by Osiander's preface to Copernicus's masterpiece. Jones & Love's (J&L's) criticisms are, if anything, understated, and their proposals overoptimistic.
Support for the Party System by the Mass Public

Compared with most political institutions, the American party system has endured for a long time. The parties as organizations and symbols have become so much a part of our thinking about politics that we generally overlook the possibility of their eventual decline. One of the parties indeed has existed nearly as long as the republic itself; it thus antedates all but a few of the modern nations of the Western world. The basic form of the party system—two major, decentralized, ideologically diffuse parties—has remained generally intact throughout its lifespan. The system of parties as a principle of political organization has been extended in some form to every level and branch of government. When the persistence of the party system has been most in jeopardy—as in the period of the Civil War—it has managed always to reestablish itself. On the criteria of duration, constancy of form, degree of penetration of other political institutions and response to stress, the record of the party system has been one of marked success.This is not to say that there has been no variability in this performance. Constraints were present from the very beginning of party life in this country and have continued—with changing levels of severity—over the years. The failure of the parties to become part of the formal constitutional structure reflects a lack of full legitimation which has proved difficult to overcome.
Long-term variations in primary production in a eutrophic sub-estuary. I. Seasonal and spatial patterns

Daily rates of phytoplankton primary production were calculated from measurements of light saturation curves of photosynthesis for 20 yr at 6 stations on the Rhode River, Maryland (USA). Daily production, corrected for the geometry and spectrum of the underwater light field, av- eraged 1319 (range 1.4 to 15 800) mg C m −2 d −1 . Log-transformation of the exact solution for depth- integrated daily production permitted linear analysis of seasonal and spatial patterns in production and the factors that determine it. The seasonal signal was the greatest source of variation, followed by spatial then interannual. The seasonal pattern was driven by coinciding summer maxima in both the chlorophyll a (chl a) biomass, B, and the light saturated photosynthetic rate normalized to chl a, P B max. The spatial pattern was characterized by a region in which production was relatively constant despite declining depth, a station at which production was reduced by truncation of the depth profile of production, and an area where mean production was lowest but variance was highest, due to local flow causing either localized blooms or washout of biomass and high turbidity at the station furthest up the estuary. Analysis of the components contributing to the variance in production indicated that variance in B and P B max added nearly equally to it. Covariance between B and the light attenuation coefficient reduced the variance in production. The analytical approach adopted here allowed these patterns to be discerned against a high degree of overall variability, and should be similarly useful in a wide range of systems.
The Wages of Human Trafficking

This Article asks a deceptively straightforward question: what is the wrong of human trafficking? If the answer seems obvious, a closer look at anti-human trafficking law reveals a doctrinal crisis. Human trafficking law has traditionally concerned itself with movement and how compelled or chosen migration estranges vulnerable people from the locales, customs, and resources that might otherwise shield them from exploitation. According to the U.S. State Department, however, movement is no longer a central element of human trafficking. Instead, “many forms of enslavement” are thought to comprise the core of the crime. The revocation of the movement requirement and the equation of human trafficking with slavery have made an elusive target of human trafficking’s wrong, dissolving distinctions between slavery and forced labor, as well as less extreme exploitation prohibited by anti-trafficking law. Moreover, human trafficking is increasingly understood along a spectrum of migrant labor abuses—one that stresses how the cumulative impact of exploitative work conditions can amount to human trafficking.
Employment Protection and the Rate of Technical Change

Information and communications technology (ICT) is more common in some countries than in others. I find evidence that suggests that institutional firing costs may be a factor contributing to this divide, and develop an industry model to account for this finding. In the model, as the technology in use at a given plant drops behind the best practice, it optimally reduces its workforce. This implies that firing costs are most harmful to profits in industries in which the rate of technical change is rapid - such as ICT. The paper suggests that industry composition may be a new channel through which regulation in general and labor market policy in particular might impact macroeconomic aggregates.
Bending the Law

Legal reasoning requires identification, through search, of authoritative legal texts (such as statutes, constitutions, or prior judicial decisions) that apply to a given legal question. In this paper we model the concept of the law search as an organizing principle in the evolution of the corpus of legal texts, apply that model to U.S. Supreme Court opinions. We examine the underlying navigable geometric and topological structure of the Supreme Court opinion corpus (the "opinion landscape") and quantify and study its dynamic evolution. We realize the legal document corpus as a geometric network in which nodes are legal texts connected in a weighted and interleaved fashion according to both semantic similarity and citation connection. This network representation derives from a stylized generative process that models human-executed search via a probabilistic agent that navigates between cases according to these legally relevant features. The network model and (parametrized) probabilistic search behavior give rise to a PageRank-style ranking of the texts -- already implemented in a pilot version on a publicly accessible website -- that can be compared to search results produced by human researchers. The search model also gives rise to a natural geometry through which we can measure change in the network. This enables us to then measure the ways in which new judicial decisions affect the topography of the network and its future evolution. While we deploy it here on the U.S. Supreme Court opinion corpus, there are obvious extensions to larger bodies of evolving bodies of legal text (or text corpora in general). The model is a proxy for the way in which new opinions influence the search behavior of litigants and judges and thus affect the law. This type of legal search effect is a new legal consequence of research practice that has not been previously identified in jurisprudential thought and has never before been subject to empirical analysis. We quantitatively estimate the extent of this effect and find significant relationships between search-related network structures and propensity of future citation. This finding indicates that influence on search is a pathway through which judicial decisions can affect future legal development.
A Case-control Study on Risk Factors of Stomach Cancer in Jiading District

Objective To study the major risk and protective factors for stomach cancer in Jiading district,Shanghai.Methods Population-based case-control study was conducted in Jiading,224 new cases of stomach cancer from May 2010 to August 2011 were matched in 1:1 with normal population controls.The data were statistically analyzed by fitting-conditional logistic analysis.Results The results of single factor analysis indicated that heavy salt diet,pickled food,frequently midnight snack,using too much of sugar,cooking wine and monosodium glutamate,smoking,drinking,excessive intensity of physical labour,family history of the stomach disease,family history of cancer could increase the risk of stomach cancer.In addition,high intakes of seafood,vinegar,pepper,cooking starch,fresh vegetables,beans and tea,as well as more walk and outgoing personality were the protective factors for the stomach cancer.Results from multiple conditional logistic regression analysis showed that smoking,often intake of pickled food,history of stomach polyp and family history of cancer were risk factors for stomach cancer,but,frequent intake of fresh vegetables,bean products,tea and optimistic character could decrease the risk for stomach cancer.Conclusion Improper diet and lifestyle are the risk factors for stomach cancer in residents of this area.It is beneficial for decreasing the incidence of stomach cancer to strength the health education in high stomach cancer incidence areas,to promote the health habit of diet and behavior into people's daily life.
Dentistry for children: personnel needs in the future

Despite the changing pattern of dental disease, there are a number of factors that augur well for dental care for younger patients. These factors include the increasing numbers of children (in particular those who are physically or mentally compromised), an increasing demand for services by a wider range of patients, a continuing underserved population, a decrease in the overall production of dental practitioners, and better control of the number of pediatric dentists.
Boron-Rich Oligomeric Phosphate Diesters that Target the Cell Nucleus in Vitro

The development of tumor-targeting agents for BNCT which contain large numbers of 10B atoms and are readily taken up by cells is of great interest.1,2 Effective BNCT demands the uptake of ~108−109 randomly distributed 10B atoms/tumor cell. Lesser amounts of 10B are required for successful therapy when the boron is concentrated in the cell nucleus.3 Recently, we have observed the selective accumulation of a number of homogeneous nido-carboranyl oligomeric phosphate diesters (nido-OPDs) in EMT6 tumors grown in BALB/c mice (unpublished results), but it has yet to be shown that these species accumulate in the cell nucleus. Here we report results which indicate that nido-OPDs are capable of delivering sufficient amounts of 10B to the nucleus for effective BNCT.
A "Little Death": The Near-Death Experience and Tibetan Delogs

Article exploring a phenomenon remarkably like the near-death experience that has been uncovered in Tibetan culture. Anthropologists have gathered accounts of contemporary and historical cases of remarkable people called delogs. Seemingly dead for several hours or days, these people revive spontaneously and tell detailed accounts of otherworldly journeys. These delogs are a bridge between contemporary near-death experiences and ancient shamanic practices.
Lenalidomide Plus Rituximab for Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell, Follicular and Transformed Lymphoma: Final Data Analysis of a Phase 2 Trial

Abstract Background: We have previously reported the favorable safety and efficacy of lenalidomide plus rituximab in relapsed or refractory (R/R) aggressive B-cell lymphoma, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), grade 3 follicular lymphoma (FLG3) and transformed lymphoma (TL) (Wang et al, Leukemia 2013). Here we report results of the final data analysis of this phase 2 trial after an extended follow-up. Methods: Patients with R/R DLBCL, FLG3 and TL were enrolled in this single arm trial. Lenalidomide (20 mg daily) was administered orally on days 1-21 of each 28-day cycle, and rituximab (375 mg/m2 weekly) was administered intravenously during the first cycle only. Treatment was continued with dose-reduction allowance until disease progression, stem-cell transplantation or severe toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoint was survival. Analysis was by intention to treat. Results: In total, 45 patients were enrolled, with 32 DLBCL, 4 FLG3 and 9 TL. 29 were male and 16 were female. The median age was 66 years (range 23-84). Median ECOG PS was 1 (range 0-3). 41 patients (91.1%) were stage 3-4. Median number of prior lines of therapy was 3 (range 1-4). The median follow-up time was 9.8 months (range 0.8-77.7). Overall, 10 patients (22.2%) achieved CR, and 5 patients (11.1%) achieved PR, with an ORR of 33.3%. An additional 11 patients (24.4%) achieved SD. The ORR was 28.1% for DLBCL, 25.0% for FLG3, and 55.6% for TL. In Chi-square test, lower IPI score (0-2) was associated with higher ORR (P = 0.043). Patients with fewer prior lines of therapy tended to respond better (P = 0.118). In multivariate logistic regression, lower IPI was predictive of better ORR (P = 0.023). Median time to initial and best response was 1.8 months (range 0.8-2.1) and 1.8 months (range 0.8-20.1), respectively. Median duration of response was 10.2 months (95% CI 0.0-24.7). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.7 months (95% CI 1.8-5.6), and the median overall survival (OS) was 10.8 months (95% CI 6.5-15.1). The 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 22.5% and 11.3%, respectively. The 1-, 2- and 5-year OS rates were 43.5%, 38.9% and 15.4%, respectively. Median OS was 50.3 months (95% CI 42.8-57.8) in responders and 6.6 months (95% CI 4.0-9.1) in non-responders (P Conclusions: Lenalidomide plus rituximab is an efficacious treatment regimen for relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma. IPI is strongly predictive of ORR and OS in this setting. Ki-67 and number of prior lines of therapy are not predictive of ORR, PFS or OS. Disclosures Neelapu: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding. Shah: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding. Thomoas: Celgene: Research Funding. Wang: Celgene: Research Funding.