cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food for the people: studying The Australian women’s weekly cookbooks

Magazines both reflect and influence communities of readers who have shared values, interests and lifestyles. Australians traditionally have been avid readers of magazines, and those magazines that feature food – what Australians eat and in what ways – represent a robust sector of the commercial, newsstand magazine market. This is especially so of one of the nation’s highest circulation magazines, _The Australian women’s weekly_ (_AWW_)_, which is in its eightieth year of publication. Much has been said about the profound effect of _AWW_ on the nation’s culinary identity and practices. This commentary typically includes some acknowledgment of _AWW_ not only as a magazine but also as a publisher of highly successful cookbooks for at least thirty years. However, little extended scholarly attention has been given to the singular contribution made by the _AWW_ cookbooks, as a genre in their own right, to national culinary culture. This paper takes a step toward redressing this gap in scholarship, and it advocates further research to that end. It begins by situating the _AWW_ cookbooks within the Australian magazine publishing industry and identifying their distinctive features. It then explores the cultural significance of the cookbooks, in part through an overview of illustrative examples, and highlights the potential of further research to augment understanding of Australian culinary culture.
The Effect of Phase Transformation on Deformation Texture of α and (α + ß) Titanium Alloys

Structural strength of a and (α + s) titanium alloy products strongly depends on the texture of α-phase. Investigation of the mechanism of α-phase texture formation of commercial titanium alloys is, therefore, of primary importance. Technological processing of commercial titanium alloys includes working in the range of high temperatures of prevailing pure (s-phase or a large amount of it.
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated in Waste Fluids Collected from a Slaughterhouse.

Cells of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A were artificially inoculated (26-378 CFU/ml) in waste fluids collected from a lamb slaughtering operation, and their growth was determined at 8 and 35°C. Samples tested included residual fluid from carcass rinsing (after hide and offal removal); a mixture of waste fluids from the floor (collected during the entire slaughtering and washing process); and a standard floor drain sample (drawn from the floor drain 5 min after clean-up was complete). Growth of L. monocytogenes within 24 h of incubation of the various waste fluids was more rapid at 35 (1-4 logs) than at 8°C (0.5-2 logs). Average generation times of L. monocytogenes growth at 8°C were in the range of 12.3 to 35.1 h, depending on waste fluid, while at 35°C generation times were in the range of 1.1-6.4 h. Therefore, waste fluids in slaughterhouse facilities can support growth of L. monocytogenes , which may then be introduced on carcasses and retail meat cuts. Thus, slaughterhouse temperatures should be as low as possible and cleaning and sanitation should be frequent in order to minimize carcass and retail meat contamination with the pathogen.
The role of antibodies in the rejection and enhancement of organ allografts.?7318.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the evidence for immunoglobulin participation in the host response to organ allografts. Alloantibodies may have in vivo effects that are both damaging and protective to grafted tissue; furthermore, the presence in vivo of alloantigens from the graft makes possible the formation of soluble immune complexes that may impair cellular effector mechanisms in addition to having phlogogenic properties. The chapter discusses the destructive effects of antibody in allotransplantation and presents evidence pertaining to the involvement of antibody in the rejection reaction. In addition, the protective effects of antibody in allotransplantation are also discussed. The fate of a vascularized organ graft can be closely dependent upon humoral factors in constant and intimate contact with graft endothelium. If the immunoglobulin is complexed to soluble antigens from the graft, deposition of immune complexes in vessels and capillaries may produce injury, or similar complexes may serve to inhibit cell–mediated effector processes. It is also possible for free immunoglobulin to cover antigenic sites and to block target cell injury by effector cells. Furthermore, the normal physiology of immunoglobulin-cell interactions and immunoglobulin-mediator activations provides a variety of potential mechanisms for qualitative and quantitative alterations in induction of the immune response and in the efficiency of effector mechanisms at a later stage.
Purification and characterization of pesticidal synergists. I. Piperonyl butoxide.

Abstract Piperonyl butoxide in greater than 99% purity could be obtained from technical material after a single chromatographic separation on Florisil. Among the identifiable impurities in technical grade material were diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, dihydrosafrole, 6-methyl dihydrosafrole, 6-propyl piperonyl methoxide, 6-propyl piperonal, 6-chloromethyl dihydrosafrole, 6-propyl piperonylic alcohol, 2-propyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl n -butyldiethyleneglycol ether, bis(2-propyl-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl) methane and di(2-propyl-4,5-methylenedioxybenzyl) ether.
Gender equality and the sex differential in mortality from accidents in high income nations.

Despite their neglect by researchers relative to other causes of death, motor vehicle and other accidents contribute substantially to sex differences in mortality and address theoretical debates over the consequences of gender equality. A reduction-in-protection hypothesis argues that gender equality reduces the female advantage in accident mortality, a reduction-in-inequality hypothesis argues that gender equality increases the advantage, and an institutional adjustment hypothesis argues that gender equality initially reduces and then increases the advantage. The analysis tests these hypotheses using data on age-specific male and female accident mortality rates and indicators of work and family status for 18 high income nations from 1955–1994.In support of the institutional adjustment hypothesis, declining differentials in male and female motor vehicle and other accident mortality rates level off and sometimes increase in recent years, and measures of work and family change generally have similar curvilinear influences on the differential. Across nations, gender equality speeds the reversal in the differential for motor vehicle accidents, but not for other accidents.
Technology Adoption and Off-Farm Household Income: The Case of Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans

We model the interaction of off-farm work and adoption of agricultural technologies and the impact of adopting these technologies on farm household income from on farm and off-farm sources after controlling for such interaction, and estimate the model for the case of adoption of herbicide-tolerant (HT) soybeans using a nationwide survey of soybean farms for 2000. We find that adoption of HT soybeans is positively and significantly related to off-farm household income for U.S. soybean farmers, after controlling for other factors. In addition, while on-farm household income is not significantly related to adoption, total household income increases significantly with adoption.
Slat collimation and cylindrical detectors for PET simulations using SimSET

SimSET (a Simulation System for Emission Tomography) is a public domain simulation of PET and SPECT. The recently released version 2.6 adds capabilities to simulate slat collimation for dual-headed coincidence imaging (DHCl) and cylindrical detectors for positron emission tomography (PET). The slat collimator module simulates axial slats of attenuating material in front of planar detectors. The collimator may be composed of multiple materials and be radially layered. The cylindrical detector module simulates an annulus of detector material. The detector may also be composed of multiple materials, and may vary axially and radially, but transaxial cuts are not simulated. Validation tests compared results from slat collimator and cylindrical detector simulations to analytic predictions and to simulations using other previously tested SimSET modules. Beta testers have used both modules extensively.
Frequency-domain identification of multivariable linear systems with noisy input

The problem considered is that of identifiability of unknown parameters of multivariable, linear "errors-in-variables" models, i.e., linear systems where measurements of both input and output of the system are noise contaminated. Attention is focused on frequency-domain approaches where the integrated polyspectrum (bispectrum or trispectrum) of the input and the integrated cross-polyspectrum, respectively, of the input-output are exploited. Two new classes of parametric, frequency domain approaches are proposed and analysed. An integrated polyspectrum based persistence of excitation condition on system input is defined and related to parameter identifiability of the multivariable system. Both classes of the parameter estimators are shown to be consistent in any measurement noise sequences with vanishing bispectra when integrated bispectrum-based approaches are used. The proposed parameter estimators are shown to be consistent in Gaussian measurement noise when integrated trispectrum-based approaches are used. The input to the system need not be a linear process but must have nonvanishing bispectrum or trispectrum.
A Framework for Specializing Threads in Concurrent Run-Time Systems

Many thread packages support only a limited number target configurations and are generally inflexible with respect to scheduling. Even configurable thread packages distance core thread operations and thread state from client code. In addition, most thread implementations duplicate some of the functionality found in concurrent language run-time systems. To address these limitations, we have developed the Mezcla thread framework. Unlike conventional thread packages, Mezcla enables a language implementor to generate specialized, light-weight thread systems based on the requirements of the run-time system and the functionality of the target platform. This paper presents several current techniques for implementing threads in concurrent run-time systems and evaluates their effectiveness. We then describe our experience with threads in the SR concurrent programming language. Finally, we present the design and implementation of the Mezcla thread framework with some preliminary performance results.
A study on laser-fibre coupling efficiency and ablation rate in femtosecond laser deep microdrilling

Laser microdrilling is a common micromachining operation in many industrial applications. This paper presents a new laser microdrilling technique in which a hollow-core fibre is employed to transmit femtosecond laser pulses to the target position. The coupling efficiency between the laser and the fibre is investigated and found to be strongly related to pulse energy and pulse duration. A parametric study on the ablation rate indicates that in microdrilling of a stainless steel (type 303), the operating parameters including pulse energy, pulse duration, sample thickness, focal length and sample-fibre distance can affect the ablation rate. The experimental results show that the new technique developed in this study is feasible to conduct microdrilling of holes with high aspect ratio.
Hunting for hip, hipsters, and happenings on youtube

The changing nature of information and evolving role of information sources have made it possible for almost anyone to be a consumer as well as a producer of information. Thus, many information services are focused on user participation and support different user roles. It has become essential for information scientists, social analysts, and digital library curators to recognize and study these social factors while analyzing the content of these information sources. In this paper we present these ideas in the light of our work with collecting and analyzing election videos from YouTube. Over the course of more than 8 months and 200 passes of data collection, we have gathered about 15000 videos along with nearly two dozen attributes for each video relating to US presidential elections 2008 from YouTube. Using this collection, we demonstrate how various social attributes such as tags, ratings, and comments can be used to detect significant trends, people, and events. This detection can help us gaining a better understanding of not only the content, but also the population that produces and consumes it.
A hybrid actuator system demonstrating significantly enhanced electromechanical performance

A hybrid actuation system (HYBAS) utilizing advantages of a combination of electromechanical responses of an electroative polymer (EAP), an electrostrictive copolymer, and an electroactive ceramic single crystal, PZN-PT single crystal, has been developed. The system employs the contribution of the actuation elements cooperatively and exhibits a significantly enhanced electromechanical performance compared to the performances of the device made of each constituting material, the electroactive polymer or the ceramic single crystal, individually. The theoretical modeling of the performances of the HYBAS is in good agreement with experimental observation. The consistence between the theoretical modeling and experimental test make the design concept an effective route for the development of high performance actuating devices for many applications. The theoretical modeling, fabrication of the HYBAS and the initial experimental results will be presented and discussed.
Cebocephalus associated with trisomy 13-15 mosaicism.

• A case of cebocephalus occurred in association with a 10% mosaicism of trisomy 13-15. Both parents of the affected child had normal karyotypes. Cebocephalus has been associated with abnormal chromosomes such as a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18 as well as with trisomy 13-15.
Geometric phase for the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation

Abstract The conditions under which the geometric phase may be defined for the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation are studied. In the absence of particle creation in the external electromagnetic field, the geometric phases introduced by Berry, Wilczek-Zee, and Aharonov-Anandan are shown to exist. The problem of a charged Klein-Gordon particle in an external homogenous magnetic field (relativistic Landau levels) is solved. Berry's phase is then evaluated for a slowly changing magnetic field.
Evaluation of the human activity profile for use with persons with arthritis.

Objective To investigate the reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change of the Human Activity Profile (HAP), a questionnaire measuring physical activity, in persons with arthritis. Methods Twenty-eight subjects completed the following self-report questionnaires: HAP, Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2. Subjects also completed a submaximal treadmill test, Timed-Stands Test, and 50-Foot Walk Test. Responses on the HAP resulted in 2 scores: the maximum activity score (MAS) and the adjusted activity score (AAS). These scores were correlated with the other tests and examined for test-retest reliability. A subset of subjects participated in a 12-week exercise program, repeating the same tests when finished. Results For all subjects, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.76 for the MAS and 0.87 for the AAS. Significant correlations were found between the HAP scores and the questionnaires, submaximal treadmill test, Timed-Stands Test, and 50-Foot Walk Test. In response to 12 weeks of exercise, both HAP scores had an effect size of 0.5, similar to that of the other questionnaires. Conclusion The ICCs demonstrate that the HAP is reliable, and the correlations between the HAP and other questionnaires, Timed-Stands Test, and 50-Foot Walk Test demonstrate that the HAP is a valid measure of physical function in persons with arthritis. The HAP's correlation with maximum oxygen consumption estimated by the treadmill test validates it as a measure of physical activity. The medium effect size (0.5) demonstrates that the HAP is moderately responsive to change. Its ease of use and broad scope make it a valuable assessment tool for persons with arthritis.
Large-rotation snap-through buckling in laminated cylindrical panels

Abstract The large-rotation snap-through characteristics of laminated cylindrical panels are investigated using a finite element method incorporating the “constant arc length” technique and Newton-Raphson method based on the assumption of through-the-thickness parabolic transverse shear strains. Comparisons with solutions obtained from the corotational stags code (i.e., a nonlinear finite element code which can follow large displacement/rotation for plate and shell structures without considering through-the-thickness transverse shear deformation) demonstrate the validity, accuracy and advantage of the present development. The nonlinear response for several laminated cylindrical panels are traced using the present method and the effects of anisotropy, fiber orientation, and stacking sequence, on the significance of large-rotation snap-through buckling are studied.
The effect of detector performance on high count rate PET imaging with a tomograph based on position-sensitive detectors

Emission-computed tomography systems using large position-sensitive detectors must handle high event rates per detector during dynamic studies. To determine the ability of their positron-emission tomograph (PET) to perform high-count-rate scans, the authors have studied detector performance up to single rates in excess of 2 million counts per second per detector. To evaluate the quality of images resulting from data acquired at these rates, signal-to-noise ratio analyses were applied to both simulated and experimental high-count-rate images of a cold-spot phantom. Changes in image quality were quantitated, allowing the testing of combinations of high-count-rate event processing techniques to produce optimal high-count-rate images. It was found that severe image degradation occurs when the centroid positioning algorithm is used, due to the long tails in the detector point speed function that result at high count rates. Image quality is greatly improved when the local centroid event-positioning algorithm is used to eliminate the tails. Further improvements are possible with shorter integration time and an upper-level energy discriminator set at 600 keV, close to the photopeak. >
Adsorption of frothers at coal/water interfaces

Abstract The adsorption of phenol and three commonly used frothers, namely, terpineol, methylisobutylcarbinol (MIBC) and cresol, on coal surfaces has been studied through UV spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic techniques. The rate of attaining adsorption equilibrium of these alcohols onto coal is very slow, possibly due to pore diffusion. The adsorption isotherms are of typical Langmuir-type except for MIBC, where the adsorption density rises linearly with equilibrium concentration in solution in the range of concentration under study. Free energies of adsorption were calculated from the adsorption isotherms. The results indicate that adsorption occurs through hydrophobic interactions between the frother molecules and the coal surface. The effect of oxidation and pH on adsorption behavior was also studied. Oxidized coal is more hydrophilic and hence the adsorption of these nonionic surface-active agents is reduced after oxidation.
VAMP4‐ and VAMP7‐expressing vesicles are both required for cytotoxic granule exocytosis in NK cells

NK cells eliminate cancer and virus-infected cells through their cytolytic activity. The last step in NK-cell cytotoxicity, resulting in exocytosis of granule content, requires fusion of lytic granules with the plasma membrane. Proteins from the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family mediate membrane fusion events in the cell. Here, we show that NK cells express all members of the R-SNARE subgroup. Two of these R-SNARE proteins, VAMP4 and VAMP7, colocalize with lytic granules during cytotoxic interactions. However, only VAMP7 associates with perforin-containing granules in nonactivated cells, indicating that the two VAMPs have different functions in exocytosis. Using both the tumor NK-cell line YTS and the peripheral NK cells, we show that the disruption of expression of either VAMP4 or VAMP7 inhibits the release of lytic granules and severely impairs NK-cell cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, VAMP7 but not VAMP4 is involved in IFN-γ secretion in NK cells, indicating that VAMP7 is involved in many fusion processes and thus plays a more general function in NK-cell activity than VAMP4.
Outcomes analysis in cranial base surgery — Preliminary results

A system of analysis addressing predictors of management outcomes in Cranial Base Surgery has yet to be published. We therefore report data on seventy-nine consecutive patients undergoing surgery for tumors involving the cranial base, excluding patients with the diagnosis of pituitary microadenoma. Outcomes were defined prospectively in terms of completeness of tumor resection, complications of treatment with emphasis on neurological morbidity, and return to work or independent living. Also, preoperative features are analyzed as influencing cost of treatment, estimated in terms of the number of surgical procedures required, duration of hospital and Intensive Care Unit stay, and time taken to return to work. Preliminary analysis of data reveals that severe brainstem compression, large tumor size (average diameter > 3 cm), high cavernous sinus grade, and tumor encasement of major cerebral arteries are associated with incomplete tumor resection (p < 0.05). Patient age greater than 65, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) less than 80, and severe brainstem compression are associated with increased risk of stroke (p < 0.05). Age greater than 65 and preoperative KPS less than 80 are associated with an increased length of stay (p < 0.05). Other untoward events did not occur with sufficient frequency to reach statistical significance. A model of outcomes analysis in Cranial Base Surgery is proposed utilizing a database to incorporate a group of non-operated patients and include quality of life measurements in long-term patient follow-up.
Critical dimensions for YBCO islands grown by pulsed laser deposition

Islands of constant width at half maximum of approximately 100 nm have been observed during the pulsed laser deposition of films of nominal thickness from 0.7 to 3.0 nm of the material YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO) on substrates of SrTiO3. The critical island dimensions of width, height and spacing were analyzed with classical kinetic and thermodynamic theories. Analytically it was calculated that the equilibrium island width for a 29-nm-high island should be 111 nm. The analysis also predicted that islands of smaller height should be wider, and higher islands should be narrower. Islands of height from 3.5 nm to 29 nm were observed with an atomic force microscope to have a constant width at half maximum of approximately 100 nm. There are several possible differences between experiment and analysis that could explain the difference in the results: the islands formed in a non-equilibrium phase of YBCO, the island strain relaxed from the base to the top, and smaller islands may not have reached their equilibrium width. Larger islands had significant roughening at the top. Calculations predict that these islands would be unstable with respect to surface perturbations. Calculations of relaxation strain energy and surface energy showed that there was excess strain energy available for island heights above 9 nm to provide the extra surface energy that would be necessary for surface perturbations to develop. The minimum observed interisland spacing of 36 nm agreed with calculations of the average atom diffusion length (40.6 nm).
Release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord by intraventricular β-endorphin but not morphine in anesthetized rats

Abstract Effect of β-endorphin and morphine injected intraventricularly on the release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin 1–13 from the spinal cord was studied in anesthetized rats. Intraventricular β-endorphin, 16 μg, caused a marked spinal release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin and to a much lesser extent, of immunoreactive Leu-enkephalin while intraventricular morphine, 40 μg, did not cause any significant release of immunoreactive enkephalins. The release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin was not blocked by the pretreatment with 5 mg/kg naloxone, i.p. Immunoreactive dynorphin 1–13 was not released by either β-endorphin or morphine. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis indicated that immunoreactive Met-enkephalin released by β-endorphin had a retention time identical to [ 3 H]Met-enkephalin. These findings in conjunction with previous pharmacological studies suggest different modes of pharmacological action for β-endorphin and morphine.
Destruction Of Optical Fibers Used In High Power Continuous 'Wave And Repetitive Pulsed Laser Systems Due To Defects And Surface Absorption

It is not uncommon to find that a reasonably small power laser, the millijoule range, becomes a high power laser when the fluence or flux density down the fiber becomes very high. We seldom see damage in the fiber because the loss of flux density, or fluence, is small due to absorption along the pathway of the fiber optic. However, one does see extreme damage at the outcoupling end of the fiber due to poor surface quality, contamination, and subsequent melting of the cladding. In this paper we show the equations for evaluating the maximum absorption that can be allowed as a function of material and temperature rise at the outcoupled end. The equations will evaluate the thermal shock and temperature thresholds in the radial component for transient and steady state temperature gradients. Defects that are part of the manufacture of the optic and those that are imposed on the optic are sites for preferential absorption. The absorption sites can reduce the damage threshold of an optical fiber because of internal strain and imposed stress on the surrounding environment. Equations are set out for evaluating the amount of flux density, or fluence, that one may be able to anticipate for the particular design desired. Photographs of damage and theoretical curves are provided to allow evaluation of optical quality and diminution of contamination that may be allowed on the optical surface to precluded absorption. A system may be evaluated using the equations to determine the levels of absorption, surface quality, and contamination that must be maintained in order to avoid laser damage on the outcoupled end of the fiber optic.
Open problems in number theoretic complexity, II

Publisher Summary In the past decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in computational problems of a number theoretic nature. This period has been characterized by a growing awareness of the practical aspects of number theoretic computations and at the same time by an increased understanding of the relevance of deep theory to the problems that arise. This chapter presents a collection of 36 open problems in number theoretic complexity. Questions about the integers have natural generalizations to rings of integers in an algebraic number field, and questions about elliptic curves may generalize to arbitrary abelian varieties. The chapter presents the problems that arose from many different places and times.
Metal Halide Analogues of Chalcogenides: A Building Block Approach to the Rational Synthesis of Solid-State Materials

Principles of solid-state structure and bonding that relate metal-halide and metal-chalcogenide materials are described through a comparison of binary AXn salts. Structural variation is rationalized by a comparison of the size and charge of the respective ions, the d-electron count of the cations, and the type of A−X, A−A, and X−X bonding interactions. These general bonding considerations are exploited for the construction of new metal-halide structure types that are patterned after known chalcogenide structures such as metal-halide analogues of silicates, aluminosilicates, phosphates, and phosphonates.
Experimental validation of stochastic wireless Urban channel model: Estimation and prediction

Stochastic state-space models can be used to describe the time-varying nature of wireless channels. This paper validates a long-term fading channel model that predicts signal strength from measured received signal strength measurements. Such channel models can be used for optimizing wireless networks deployed for industrial automation, public Internet access, and other applications. This paper uses two different sets of received signal measurement data to estimate and predict the signal strength based on past measurements. The real-world performance of the estimation and prediction algorithm is demonstrated.
Sex Differences in Long-Term Smoking Cessation Rates Due to Nicotine Patch

Compared to men, women may be at greater risk for smoking-related diseases and have greater difficulty quitting smoking. Sex differences in medication response could guide treatment for smoking cessation to improve women's quit rates. We conducted a meta-analysis of the 14 placebo-controlled nicotine patch trials (N = 6,250) for which long-term (6 months) clinical outcome results could be determined separately by sex. This analysis updated a meta-analysis of 11 of these trials that found no significant sex differences due to nicotine patch. The increase in quitting due to the nicotine vs. placebo patch was only about half as large in women as in men. Pooled absolute quit rates at 6 months for nicotine and placebo patch, respectively, were 20.1% and 10.8% in men, and 14.7% and 10.1% in women. The odds ratio for quitting due to nicotine vs. placebo patch was lower in women (OR = 1.61) than in men (OR = 2.20), with an interaction odds ratio of 1.40 (95% CI = 1.02-1.93, p = .04). This sex difference did not vary significantly by whether or not formal counseling was provided. Poorer outcomes in women vs. men treated with nicotine patch suggests that increasing the quit rates of women smokers may require supplementing patch treatment or use of other medications.
Nothing Works Revisited: Deconstructing Farabee's Rethinking Rehabilitation

Abstract In Rethinking Rehabilitation, Farabee claims that offender treatment is a failed enterprise and instead proposes a correctional approach that emphasizes deterrence through intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and indeterminate parole sentences. We argue that this neo-Martinson attack on rehabilitation, which has the potential to shape public policy discourse, needs to be deconstructed. Although Farabee's critique has merits—especially about the limited effectiveness of many current prison programs—his analysis ignores research both favorable to offender treatment and unfavorable to his proposed policy agenda. In this context, his advice to choose a correctional future that is punitive and devoid of rehabilitation would be a mistake.
Properties of Films Produced by Cross-linking Whey Proteins and 11S Globulin Using Transglutaminase

Transglutaminase (TG) was used to produce films from whey protein isolate, soybean 11S globulin and a mixture of the two (1:1, wt/wt). Solubility of TG cross-linked films was lower than that of control films at pH 3, 4, 6 and 8. Solubility of control films in 6.6M urea and in 10% SDS was higher than that of TG cross-linked films. Hydrolysis of control and TG cross-linked films by trypsin and α-chymotrypsin was similar after 24h incubation. Mean thickness of films ranged from 69 to 77 μm and there were no differences among thicknesses. Average tensile strength values of TG cross-linked films were two times greater than those of the homologous controls.
Jejunoileal atresia and associated malformations: correlation with the timing of in utero insult.

Abstract Purpose: Duodenal atresia is associated with a higher incidence of associated congenital malformations than jejunoileal atresia, supporting the hypothesis that the duodenal obstruction occurs early in fetal life. In this study, the authors analyzed the incidence of major associated malformations in jejunal atresia (JA) and ileal atresia (IA) to determine if there is a positive correlation between the proximity of the intestinal atresia and the association of other major anomalies. Methods: Records of all patients with jejunoileal atresias treated at the authors' institution between 1980 and 1997 were examined. Results: There were 83 patients with jejunoileal atresias, 38 with JA, and 45 with IA. Sixteen (42%) of the JA patients had an associated major congenital malformation, whereas only 1 (2%) of the IA patients had an associated malformation. A single atresia was found in 18 (47%) of JA patients and 41 (91%) of IA patients. Twenty (53%) of the JA patients had either multiple or apple-peel atresia. Thirteen patients (16%) died, 11 with JA, and 2 with IA. Of the 11 patients with JA who died, 6 had multiple atresias, 4 had cystic fibrosis, and 1 had small bowel volvulus. Conclusion: The higher incidence of associated major congenital extraintestinal malformations in JA compared with IA patients suggests that some cases of JA may arise from a malformative process. J Pediatr Surg 36:774-776. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Non-neurogenic adrenal catecholamine release in the neonatal rat: Exocytosis or diffusion?

When subjected to stress, neonatal rats secrete adrenal catecholamines by a mechanism which does not require nerve stimulation. To test whether the non-neurogenic secretory mechanism involves exocytosis, we examined the effects of hypoxia (a non-neurogenic stimulus) and nicotine (a stimulus which simulates neurogenic input) on catecholamine levels and on the uptake of [3H]epinephrine into chromaffin granules. Hypoxia- and nicotine-induced depletion of catecholamines were both accompanied by a reduction in uptake, indicating a loss of granule integrity which is characteristic of exocytosis. Although a significant proportion of adrenal catecholamines was found to be extragranular, only the granular pool was involved in the secretory response.
Pionier 10 am Planeten Jupiter: Übersicht über die Messungen und erste wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse

Der Aufsatz gibt einen Uberblick uber die bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse des Fluges der Raumsonde Pionier 10 zum Jupiter. Nach einer Beschreibung der gewonnenen Photos und der Messungen zum Magnetfeld und Strahlengurtel des Jupiter werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse uber Planetenstruktur und Atmosphare, Ionosphare, Masse und Dichte, die Jupitermonde und Temperaturen des Jupiter wiedergegeben. Am Ende folgt ein Ausblick auf den weiteren Sondenflug.
Local Excision of Rectal Cancer: Conventional Wisdom and Traditional Techniques

Local techniques for excising or destroying rectal cancers had been practiced for decades, before the onset of radical proctectomy. The history and technical aspects of the various approaches are discussed. Indications for local excision are based on preoperative size, stage, and location. Local excision is also indicated in patients that refuse or will not tolerate radical surgery. Oncologic outcomes from the literature indicate that in select patients local excision is adequate and equivalent to more extensive surgery. Local recurrence and long-term survival are not significantly different. Immediate salvage surgery for understaged or inadequately excised tumors provides uncompromised oncologic results. However, performing radical surgery at the time of recurrence after local excision is not as effective as initial LAR/APR. Neoadjuvant treatment may provide adequate tumor reduction and downstaging to allow use of local excision in tumors previously not considered candidates.
Evaluation of a new reagent for covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to proteins

Methoxypolyethylene glycol of molecular weight 5000 was converted to a reactive succinimidyl carbonate form (SC-PEG). The usefulness of this new polymeric reagent for the covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to proteins was evaluated. SC-PEG was found to be sufficiently reactive to produce extensively modified proteins under mild conditions within 30 min, showing the highest reactivity around pH 9.3. The commonly used succinimidyl succinate derivative of methoxypolyethylene glycol (SS-PEG) served as a reference standard to which the new reagent was compared. The stability of the polymer-protein linkages, studied on a series of PEG-modified bovine serum albumins, provided the single most important difference between the two activated polymers. Urethane-linked PEG-proteins obtained through the use of SC-PEG showed considerably higher chemical stability than SS-PEG-derived conjugates. The measured rate constants of aminolysis (using N alpha-acetyllysine) and hydrolysis showed that SC-PEG is slightly less reactive yet more selective of the two reagents. Hydrolysis of the active groups on SC-PEG was on average twofold slower than that on SS-PEG. The differences in the rates of aminolysis were even smaller than those in hydrolysis. PEG-trypsin conjugates produced by both activated polymers showed similar properties: they had no proteolytic activity, well-preserved esterolytic activity, and enhanced activity toward p-nitroanilide substrates. Michaelis-Menten constants of the modified enzymes were determined using N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide. These measurements indicated that the attachment of PEG to trypsin caused an increase in both the rate of turnover of the substrate and its affinity toward the modified enzymes. Through a series of experiments involving the appropriate polymeric and low-molecular-weight model compounds, it was demonstrated that these increases in amidolytic activity were unrelated to tyrosyl residues acylation by either one of the activated polymers.
The effect of imposed fixational eye movements on binocular rivalry.

Simulated microsaccadic eye movements were superimposed on a retinally stabilized image. Their effect on binocular rivalry was examined. The relative dominance of the stabilized image was measured for different values of saccadic repetition rate and amplitude. It was found that the optimal values for these parameters are those which are observed in naturally occurring microsaccades.
Spontaneous localization of vibrational energy

In this paper we illustrate a number of the characteristic manifestations of soft anharmonicity in the behavior of lattice vibrations, both in and out of thermal equilibrium. In particular, we focus on various ways in which vibrational energy may come to be localized as a consequence of anharmonicity, even in defect-free lattices. These include the overpopulation of anharmonic vibrations in thermal equilibrium, the inhibition of dispersion, and the enhancement of spatial coherence. The relevance of the spontaneous localization of vibrational energy in the formation of hot spots is discussed, with particular emphasis on the unstable evolution of high-amplitude initial conditions as may be found in initiating shocks.
MMPI-Derived Prevalence Estimates of Homosexuality Among Drug-Dependent Patients

Prevalence estimates of homosexuality among 225 drug-abusing clients in treatment were placed at 11%. The rate among Black cocaine free-basers was 17%, and among Black opiate users the rate was 10%. These rates are two to three times the rate of homosexuality among the general population. They may be an underestimation because of our inability to detect hidden homosexuality among those persons wishing to remain undetected in gender orientation.
Stabilizability of linear discrete-time systems defined over a commutative normed algebra

An algebraic Riccati equation and a Riccati difference equation, each defined over a commutative normed algebra B, are used to study stabilizability of linear discrete-time systems defined over B. This framework can be applied to the problem of stabilizing linear shift-invariant half-plane two-dimensional digital filters. Conditions for the existence of a stabilizing feedback are given in terms of a solution in the limit to a Riccati difference equation over B. Results are also given on the relationship between local and global stabilizability.
In-Flight Thermal Performance of the Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment

The Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE) was developed at NASA s Langley Research Center to explore the applications of lidar operated from an orbital platform. As a technology demonstration experiment, LITE was developed to gain experience designing and building future operational orbiting lidar systems. Since LITE was the first lidar system to be flown in space, an important objective was to validate instrument design principles in such areas as thermal control, laser performance, instrument alignment and control, and autonomous operations. Thermal and structural analysis models of the instrument were developed during the design process to predict the behavior of the instrument during its mission. In order to validate those mathematical models, extensive engineering data was recorded during all phases of LITE's mission. This inflight engineering data was compared with preflight predictions and, when required, adjustments to the thermal and structural models were made to more accurately match the instrument s actual behavior. The results of this process for the thermal analysis and design of LITE are presented in this paper.
Near-kT switching-energy lateral NEMS switch

We present a novel architecture of pre-biased N/MEMS switch that has an effective turn-on voltage as low as 300µV (~ (kT/q)/87), operating in a regime without electrostatic pull-in. The very sharp sub-threshold slope of current transduction enables deep sub<kT/q voltages to be used for switch operation. The switching energy can be exceptionally low, only ~2kT, coming close to the quantum-mechanical switch energy as predicted at kT. Nanomechanical switches in series with transistor technologies (BJTs, CMOS, or MESFETs) can facilitate ultra low-power circuits by eliminating leakage current in transistor circuits. Furthermore, the new switch architecture could facilitate all-mechanical digital logic that might consume even less power than hybrid solutions, and the switches are naturally radiation hard.
Effect of 3,4-Benzo(a)pyrene on Mouse Lung Primordia in vitro

ORGAN cultures of mammalian lung primordium can acquire essentially all the adult cellular elements together with their chemical characteristics1–6. Several chemical carcinogens have been shown to induce neoplastic development in mouse lungs in vivo7. Here we show that 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene interferes with the normal development and differentiation of foetal mouse lung buds in vitro.
Motion of a single hole in an itinerant-electron antiferromagnet

We study the propagation of a single hole in the spin-density-wave state of the half-filled two-dimensional Hubbard model. This state is insulating not because of strong electron correlations, but because of the single-particle gap caused by magnetic ordering. We calculate the self-energy of the hole in the one-loop approximation and solve the Dyson equation to extract quantities such as the quasihole spectral function, energy dispersion, and lifetime. At all values of U we find a quasiparticle peak in the hole spectral function. The strength of the peak decreases as ${\mathit{t}}^{2}$/${\mathit{U}}^{2}$ for large U. We calculate the shape of the quasihole Fermi surface and find that it consists of four pockets around the points (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}/2,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}/2). Finally, we discuss the large-U extrapolation of our theory and compare our results with those of recent mean-field theories of the strong-coupling antiferromagnet.
Silencing of PTK7 in Colon Cancer Cells: Caspase-10-Dependent Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Pathway

Protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) is a catalytically inactive receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). PTK7 is upregulated in many common human cancers, including colon cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. The reason for this up-regulation is not yet known. To explore the functional role of PTK7, the expression of PTK7 in HCT 116 cells was examined using small interference (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing. Following transfection, the siRNA successfully suppressed PTK7 mRNA and protein expression. Knocking down of PTK7 in HCT 116 cells inhibited cell proliferation compared to control groups and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, this apoptosis was characterized by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-9 and -10. Addition of a caspase-10 inhibitor totally blocked this apoptosis, suggesting that caspase-10 may play a critical role in PTK7-knockdown-induced apoptosis, downstream of mitochondria. These observations may indicate a role for PTK7 in cell proliferation and cell apoptosis and may provide a potential therapeutic pathway for the treatment of a variety of cancers.
Responsive organogels formed by supramolecular self assembly of PEG-block-allyl-functionalized racemic polypeptides into β-sheet-driven polymeric ribbons.

A chemically reactive hybrid diblock polypeptide gelator poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(DL-allylglycine) (PEG-b-PDLAG) is an exceptional material, due to the characteristics of thermo-reversible organogel formation driven by the combination of a hydrophilic polymer chain linked to a racemic oligomeric homopeptide segment in a range of organic solvents. One-dimensional stacking of the block copolymers is demonstrated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering to be driven by the supramolecular assembly of β-sheets in peptide blocks to afford well-defined fiber-like structures, resulting in gelation. These supramolecular interactions are sufficiently strong to achieve ultra low critical gelation concentrations (ca. 0.1 wt%) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol. The critical gel transition temperature was directly proportional to the polymer concentration, so that at low concentrations, thermoreversibility of gelation was observed. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies were employed to determine the organogel mechanical properties, having storage moduli of ca. 15.1 kPa at room temperature.
Effect of a change in step direction from a forward to a lateral target in response to a sensory perturbation.

Abstract The aim of the current study was to investigate the response of healthy older and young adults to a change in step direction from a forward to a lateral target in response to a sensory perturbation. Nine healthy older (75.1±6.7years; age range, 65–81years) and nine young adults (27±3.6years; age range, 23–31years) participated in the study. The sensory perturbation was a visual cue presented at random times while subjects stepped over an obstacle from quiet stance. For both young and elderly subjects there was an abrupt change in the slope of both shear ground reaction forces (GRFs) of the stance limb following the perturbation. The slope and peak of the change in GRFs was greater for the young subjects and the onset significantly earlier (205ms compared to 271ms). Changes in the GRFs were accompanied by an increase in bilateral gluteus medius and stance limb soleus activity. A late visual cue resulted in a delayed response for elderly subjects. These data show that a stepping response to a sensory perturbation was both delayed and of less magnitude for older adults which has implications for fall risk.