cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No home to take methadone to": Experiences with addiction services during the COVID-19 pandemic among survivors of opioid overdose in Boston."

Introduction We conducted a qualitative study to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on experiences with addiction treatment and harm reduction services. Methods The study recruited participants from Boston, Massachusetts, aged 18-65 who had a history of opioid use disorder and overdose, from a parent study (REpeated dose Behavioral intervention to reduce Opioid Overdose, REBOOT) to participate between August and October 2020. In-depth individual interviews explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on addiction service experiences. We conducted a grounded content analysis that examined codes related to addiction service access and engagement during the pandemic to compare and categorize participants according to their experiences. Results The study enrolled twenty participants. The mean age was 42 years; most identified as white (n = 16); ten participants identified as men, nine as cis-gender women, and one as a trans-gender woman. Participants described their experiences with COVID-19-driven changes to addiction care (methadone take homes, televisits for either buprenorphine or behavioral health services, and syringe service outreach) access and engagement as: 1) liberating (n = 7), 2) destabilizing (n = 8), or 3) unjust (n = 5). Participants in the liberating group found adaptations allowed for increased flexibility, freedom, and safety from COVID-19. This group was mostly housed and had strong social supports that facilitated participation in adapted treatment programs. COVID-19-related changes to addiction treatment disrupted routine and community supports among those in the destabilizing group. Participants in the unjust group felt that adaptations exacerbated inequities as a lack of housing and other social supports prohibited them from benefiting from the relaxed restrictions to methadone or buprenorphine. This group was mostly unhoused and found that adaptations did not adequately mitigate other inequities worsened by public health mandates for unhoused people who use drugs. Conclusion Relaxed restrictions on medications for opioid use disorder created opportunities for improved patient-centered care. Concrete measures that address service barriers, such as phone or transportation access, may have reduced destabilizing and unjust experiences reported by our participants. However, addiction care inequities will persist if drivers of marginalization, specifically a lack of housing, remain unaddressed.
Religion and Health in Late Life

Publisher Summary This chapter provides and discusses evidence that religion may indeed have a beneficial effect on the physical and mental health of older people. Although the accelerating pace of this research is encouraging, there is still a great deal to be known. A number of unresolved issues and unexamined questions are identified in the chapter. The chapter focuses on six dimensions of religion that appear to have the greatest potential for illuminating the nature of the relationship between religion and health in late life. The six dimensions examined are church attendance, prayer, religious coping responses, forgiveness, church-based social support, and religious meaning. In the process of exploring these dimensions of religion, an emphasis is placed on two issues that should add to an understanding of the field. An effort is made to highlight the changes in each dimension that might occur across a life's course, and how these changes may influence health and wellbeing. Pursuing these issues ensure that the study of religion and health gets an even stronger gerontological voice. Further, an effort is made to look for logical connections among the different dimensions of religion.
Fungal Hypersensitivity: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter is helpful for those clinical immunologists whose major professional activity is patient care. The chapter examines the scientific basis and efficacy of the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from exposure to high ambient levels of fungi in indoor environments. The best treatment for health problems arising from exposure to high fungal levels is prevention. A key prerequisite to prevention is education. Information about the nature of fungi—their presence in foods; their rapid proliferation after water intrusion in homes, workplaces, and schools; and their potential for health effects—must be made easily available to the general public. The Internet has already provided such information to millions who use computers. Insurance companies are excluding mold damage from the coverage provided in homeowner policies, and this may alert the homeowners to the danger and to their responsibility to move rapidly to minimize the effects of water leaks.
Consumer Cost-Sharing as a Means to Reduce Health Care Costs

The National Commission on the Cost of Medical Care1 states in part (Recommendation 2) that "insurance policies should include provisions through which the consumer shares in the cost of care received, at the time of service, for selected benefits and for selected groups...." These cost-sharing provisions are expected to reduce national medical care expenditures by encouraging consumers to reduce their use of services in order to avoid paying additional money out of their own pockets. They will thus moderate the demand-inducing tendency of insurance, leading the rational consumer to seek only necessary services and to forego those services contributing to what is believed to be over-utilization. As the Commission states in its supporting statement:
The Green Climate Fund and the Future of Environmental Governance

The process of designing the Green Climate Fund (GCF) will reshape the global architecture of climate change financing over the coming months. Yet the promise of the GCF is imperilled by its embrace of 20th century state-centric approaches to governance that fail to engage the resources and energies of non-state actors. Designers of the GCF - as well as the Adaptation Fund and other funds - should instead learn from the successes of the new generation of global health institutions, which integrate the capacities of stakeholders through direct participation in governance.
Impact of tropical cyclones on the ocean heat budget in the Bay of Bengal during 1999: 2. Processes and interpretations

[1] The impacts of two consecutive, strong tropical cyclones (TCs) from October–November in 1999 on the Bay of Bengal (BoB) heat budget are examined using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The model uses atmospheric conditions from reanalysis, reconstructed TC winds, and satellite-observed winds and precipitation. We conduct a series of diagnostic experiments to isolate the model's response to the individual TC-associated forcings. During the TCs, the BoB ocean heat content (OHC) is reduced, primarily due to TC-wind induced southward ocean heat transport (OHT) and a reduction in surface downward radiation due to increased cloudiness. BoB OHC is largely restored in the following months via enhanced surface heat fluxes, associated with cold wake restoration, and positive northward OHT. The TCs' downward heat pumping effect is estimated to be ∼1.74 × 1018 J near the end of February 2000, which is less than estimates using previously published methods based on surface observations. The relatively weak heat pumping results from freshwater input by intense monsoon rainfall and river discharge in the BoB, which stabilizes stratification, forms a barrier layer, and generates temperature inversions during seasonal surface cooling. As a result, early stage TC winds entrain the warm barrier layer water and enhance enthalpy loss in the southeastern Bay, while mature stage TC winds erode the barrier layer, decrease SST through upwelling and entrainment of deeper cold water and reduce enthalpy loss in the northwestern Bay. Our findings suggest TC winds may significantly alter the interseasonal BoB heat budget through OHT and surface heat fluxes.
Peripheral Nerve Surgery: Practical Applications in the Upper Extremity

David J. Slutsky and Vincent R. Hentz, editors. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2006. 375 pages. $229.00. This multiauthor text is, according to the blurb on the back cover, a practical, comprehensive, and up-to-date volume that offers “today's best knowledge on the treatment of nerve injuries” in the upper extremity. It is, indeed, a quite comprehensive volume, covering nerve repairs, grafts, conduits, flaps, and other options, including tendon transfers, with separate sections on compression neuropathies, brachial plexus surgery, and electrodiagnosis. The text is heavily illustrated with color figures and superb artwork, but it is no “how-to” atlas. Instead, each of the twenty-two chapters covers a topic from …
Distributed shared state

Increasingly, Internet-level distributed systems are oriented as much toward information access as they are toward computation. From computer-supported collaborative work to peer-to-peer computing, e-commerce, and multi-player games-even web caching and Internet chat-applications devote a significant fraction of their code to maintaining shared state: information that has dynamic content but relatively static structure, and that is needed at multiple sites. We argue that tools to automatically manage shared state have the potential to dramatically simplify the construction of distributed applications and, in important cases, to improve their performance as well. We discuss the characteristics that such tools must possess, placing them in the context of past work on distributed file systems, distributed object systems, and software distributed shared memory. We present the InterWeave system as a prototype implementation, and discuss its strengths and limitations.
Diet and HDL metabolism: high carbohydrate vs. high fat diets.

An increased level of plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) is a major risk factor in the development of coronary artery disease (1). Conversely, plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein constituent of HDL, are inversely related to the disease (2-4). In an attempt to reduce the incidence of heart disease, a number of organizations have suggested that dietary fat intake be reduced to 30% of calories (5). Since the protein intake of the U.S. population is approximately 20%, the resultant diet would result in an increase in dietary carbohydrate (CARB). Although high CARB diets reduce LDL-cholesterol, they also produce fasting hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia (6) and decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol (6-8), all of which may be associated with increased risk of heart disease. Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase are key enzymes in lipoprotein metabolism (9). LpL catalyzes the hydrolysis of chylomicron triacylglycerols and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The lipoprotein substrates for H-TGL are less well defined, although most evidence suggests that the enzyme plays a role in the catabolism of remnant lipoproteins (intermediate density lipoproteins) and in the degradation of HDL, particularly the HDL subfraction corresponding to HDL2.The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the effect of a high CARB diet on plasma lipids, and lipoproteins is correlated with changes in the activity of LpL and H-TGL. The results show that the dietary CARB-induced changes in HDL-cholesterol and HDL2, is significantly correlated to changes in LpL activity whereas H-TGL activity does not vary on a high CARB diet.
Pre-Dating Vicky Pryce: The Peel Case (1922) and the Origins of the Marital Coercion Statutory Defence

Until 1925, there was a common law presumption that a wife committing an offence in her husband's presence did so as a result of marital coercion. However, when an upper-class wife facing prosecution with her husband for a betting fraud in 1922 successfully relied upon the defence, there was a public outcry against a doctrine that was perceived as reinforcing the ancient concept of a wife as her husband's chattel. It is argued that the abolition of the presumption, but not the doctrine itself, in the (still in force) Criminal Justice Act 1925, s 47, while reflecting changes towards a more companionate style of marriage, was primarily driven by the objectives of predominantly middle-class women's organisations. Whether the change benefited working-class wives at the time is, however, more problematic.
Identification of β-lysin as a zinc-dependent antibacterial protein in amniotic fluid

SummaryThe antibacterial role of β-lysin in amniotic fluids was studied by immunological and physical chemical means using groups of patients from higher and lower socioeconomic sectors of the population. The bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacilli was independent of the zinc ion concentration and did not differ between the two populations. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was found to be zinc dependent, differed markedly between the two groups, and could be removed by a divalent anion chelating agent, 1,10-phenanthroline. Activity could then be restored by the addition of zinc, but not by the addition of cobalt, magnesium, manganese or calcium ions. These data were confirmed by electron microscopy of the bacteria. The mean concentration of amniotic fluid zinc in the high socioeconomic patients was found to be almost four times higher than that observed in the low socioeconomic patients' fluids.
Simultaneous optimization and evaluation of multiple dimensional queries

Database researchers have made significant progress on several research issues related to multidimensional data analysis, including the development of fast cubing algorithms, efficient schemes for creating and maintaining precomputed group-bys, and the design of efficient storage structures for multidimensional data. However, to date there has been little or no work on multidimensional query optimization. Recently, Microsoft has proposed “OLE DB for OLAP” as a standard multidimensional interface for databases. OLE DB for OLAP defines Multi-Dimensional Expressions (MDX), which have the interesting and challenging feature of allowing clients to ask several related dimensional queries in a single MDX expression. In this paper, we present three algorithms to optimize multiple related dimensional queries. Two of the algorithms focus on how to generate a global plan from several related local plans. The third algorithm focuses on generating a good global plan without first generating local plans. We also present three new query evaluation primitives that allow related query plans to share portions of their evaluation. Our initial performance results suggest that the exploitation of common subtask evaluation and global optimization can yield substantial performance improvements when relational database systems are used as data sources for multidimensional analysis.
La medicina integrativa en el manejo de la dispepsia funcional. Papel del preparado herbal STW 5

Resumen La dispepsia funcional se define como un conjunto de sintomas, relacionados o no con la ingesta, localizados en el hemiabdomen superior, que se manifiestan en forma de molestia o dolor epigastrico, pesadez posprandial y saciedad precoz, en ausencia de cualquier anomalia organica o estructural demostrable. Se desconocen la etiopatogenia y la fisiopatologia del proceso, habiendose implicado trastornos de la motilidad gastrica, hipersensibilidad visceral, factores psicologicos y geneticos, infeccion por Helicobacter pylori e hipersecrecion acida gastrica. Todavia no se dispone de un tratamiento etiologico, por lo que el tratamiento es empirico y basado en los sintomas. Se revisan las principales opciones terapeuticas disponibles en la actualidad, haciendo especial hincapie en el empleo de ciertos fitofarmacos (STW 5), en un intento de integrarlos con la medicina cientifica oficial. Se propone un algoritmo terapeutico integrativo.
1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignments for the human Pitx2 homeodomain and a R24H homeodomain mutant

The homeodomain is one of the most important eukaryotic DNA-binding motifs and has been identified in over one thousand proteins. Homeodomain proteins play critical roles in diverse biological processes, including cell differentiation and cell pattern formation. The human Pitx2 homeodomain binds several different DNA sequences and is a pivotal component of both the TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. As the recognition of specific DNA sequences represents an essential biochemical function of all DNA-binding proteins, we have chosen the Pitx2 homeodomain model to investigate the mechanisms that convey biological specificity in these protein-DNA interactions. Here, we report complete chemical shift assignments of the human Pitx2 homeodomain and the R24H mutation that induces ring dermoid of the cornea syndrome.
Evidence for presynaptic dendrites and a proposal for their mechanism of action.

THERE is evidence that dendrites form presynaptic elements and that these synapses are involved in neuronal interaction in the amacrine cells of the retina1–3 and the granule cells of the olfactory bulb4,5. Recent evidence suggests that there are neurones which give rise to synapses from their dendritic branches in several areas of the central nervous system.
Flux lattice melting in the high-Tc materials

Abstract By including the effects of normal quasiparticles, the vortex lattice is found to have transverse acoustic modes: an ordinary sound branch (helicon waves) and a ‘second sound’ branch, involving oscillations of the vortices, but leaving the uniform part of the magnetic field rigid. This latter mode dominates in the Lindemann criterion, producing a melting curve in good agreement with experiment. A magnetoroton is found in the helicon branch.
Use of high-thermal conductivity composites in cryogenic systems

Thermal links are essential to the successful operation of many of today's advanced space systems. The aerospace industry constantly searches for new, more efficient means of moving thermal energy away from sensitive instruments. As current technologies continue to advance, satellites become smaller and better than before. Work must continue, however, to develop more efficient, lightweight thermal links. Recent advances in the construction of carbon based composite fibers now allows the possibility of designing a thermal link with an impressive combination of low mass.
Effects of supplemental vitamin E on the performance and metabolic profiles of dairy calves

Twenty-eight Holstein heifer calves were allotted at birth to one of four treatments: 1) 0 mg, 2) 1,400 mg, or 3) 2,800 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate given orally at weekly intervals, or 4) 1,400 IU of dl-alpha-tocopherol weekly by intramuscular injection in order for us to study their performance and metabolic profile. Calves were fed milk at 8% of birth weight until they were weaned at 6 wk of age and fed a complete calf starter ad libitum from birth. Calves were on experiment for 12 wk. There were no significant differences in weekly weight gains, starter consumption, and fecal scores among treatments. However, there was a trend toward greater starter consumption and weight gains in supplemental calves. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentration measured after 7 d of each administration was significantly higher at wk 4 in calves given the high oral supplementation and at wk 2, 4, 6, and 8 higher in injected calves than in unsupplemented calves. Creatine kinase activity was higher in unsupplemented calves and negatively correlated with serum alpha-tocopherol until wk 8, suggesting preclinical muscular dystrophy. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher with the high oral supplementation. Serum carbon dioxide values showed a trend toward positive correlation with those for serum tocopherol; however, the values were within normal range. There were no significant differences in creatinine, glucose, phosphorus, calcium, urea nitrogen, chloride, sodium, potassium, albumin, and total protein among treatments. Serum glucose was higher in all calves at wk 10 and 12 than at wk 4, 6, and 8. Calves may not get enough vitamin E with conventional calf starters, and supplementation may be essential to obtain maximum performance.
Synthesis and properties of ferroelectric fluoroterpolymers with Curie transition at ambient temperature

This paper discusses a new family of ferroelectric polymorphic fluoroterpolymers comprosed of vinylidene difluoride (VDF), trifluoroethylene (TrFE), and a chloro-containing third monomer, such as chlorodifluoroethylene (CDFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), which feature relatively narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. The terpolymers were prepared by a bulk reaction process with a low temperature free radical initiator, i.e., the oxidation adducts of trialkylborane and oxygen. The slightly bulky chlorine atom serves as a kink in the polymer chain, which spontaneously alters the chain conformation and crystalline structure. Compared to the corresponding VDF/TrFE copolymer (>20 mol % of TrFE), the slowly increasing chlorine content ( 4) chain conformation (β-phase) to tttg+tttg- conformation (γ-phase) without significant reduction of overall crystallinity. The Curie (ferroelectric−paraelectric) phase transition temperature bet...
Cancer field effects in normal tissues revealed by Raman spectroscopy

It has been demonstrated that the presence of cancer results in detectable changes to uninvolved tissues, collectively termed cancer field effects (CFE). In this study, we directly assessed the ability of Raman microspectroscopy to detect CFE via in-vitro study of organotypic tissue rafts approximating human skin. Raman spectra were measured from both epidermis and dermis after transfer of the rafts to dishes containing adherent cultures of either normal human fibroblasts or fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells. Principal components analyses allowed discrimination between the groups with 86% classification accuracy in the epidermis and 94% in the dermis. These results encourage further study to evaluate the Raman capacity for detecting CFE as a possible tool for noninvasive screening for tumor presence.
New Magnetic Materials

With the rapid growth of the radio and communication industry, a need for magnetic materials having special properties for this particular application has developed. A number of nickel-iron alloys, such as permalloy, nicaloi, Mu Metal, and variations of these have found wide application as they all have the common property of high permeability at relatively low inductions. Where high resistivity also is desired, additional alloying elements, such as chromium and molybdenum, have been added. Complete freedom from strain, either mechanical or chemical, is necessary for good magnetic quality, and the strain set up by magnetization can be compensated for in many cases by heat treatment in a magnetic field. Silicon-iron alloys and some of the nickel-iron alloys can be very much improved by a combination of cold-rolling and heat treatment which induces a high degree of preferred orientation. This cold-rolled strip has found wide application in various types of electrical apparatus. Permanent-magnet alloys of the alnico type have been very greatly improved recently so that the external energy factor (BH max ) is now about three times what it was in the best alnico heretofore available. Comparative data on the different types of permanent-magnet steels and alloys are given, and the new material should find wide application in the radio field. Considerable saving in material and size and weight of apparatus can be made by the application of these outstanding recent developments in magnetic materials provided suitable changes in design are made to allow for the most economical use.
Cell proliferation is necessary for the regeneration of oral structures in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis

Background The contribution of cell proliferation to regeneration varies greatly between different metazoan models. Planarians rely on pluripotent neoblasts and amphibian limb regeneration depends upon formation of a proliferative blastema, while regeneration in Hydra can occur in the absence of cell proliferation. Recently, the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis has shown potential as a model for studies of regeneration because of the ability to conduct comparative studies of patterning during embryonic development, asexual reproduction, and regeneration. The present study investigates the pattern of cell proliferation during the regeneration of oral structures and the role of cell proliferation in this process.
Hemodynamic effects of nicotinic acid infusion in normotensive and hypertensive subjects

Nicotonic acid (NA) infusions are associated with peripheral vasodilation from the generation of vascular prostaglandins with minimal effects on blood pressure (BP) in normotensive subjects. We studied the effects of a NA infusion in 10 hypertensive and 11 normotensive individuals to further characterize systemic hemodynamic responses to NA using pulse waveform analysis. Blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, large and small artery elasticity were determined before and after a 1-h NA infusion. In the normotensives, systolic, diastolic, mean BP, and pulse pressure were not affected by NA. In contrast, the hypertensive subjects experienced a decrease in mean BP from 105 ± 2 mm Hg to 100 ± 3 mm Hg (P < .01) accompanied by significant decreases in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures. The differential BP response occurred despite comparable increases in heart rate (11% to 13%, P ≤ .05) and similar decreases in total peripheral resistance (6%, P ≤ .05) in both groups. However, the normotensive group demonstrated a decrease in overall vascular compliance, measured as stroke volume to pulse pressure ratio, from 2.12 ± 0.09 to 1.93 ± 0.09 mL/mm Hg (P < .05). This finding was supported by a decrease in C1 (large artery compliance), assessed by pulse waveform analysis, from 15.8 ± 1 to 14.2 ± 1 mL/mm Hg (P < .05). In contrast, overall compliance and C1 were unchanged after the NA infusion in the hypertensive group. These results suggest that there is a differential hemodynamic response to NA infusion in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. The adjustment in vascular compliance may be an important factor in determining overall BP response to NA.
Structures and properties of cobalt base-TaC eutectic alloys

A series of cobalt base alloys with 15 and 20 pct by weight of TaC were directionally solidified to produce a high-temperature composite material. Tensile and stress-rupture properties were determined and related to composition and structure of the ingots. The volume fraction of TaC fibers and the degree of perfection of the composite structure was found to depend primarily upon the amount of chromium in the alloy and, to a lesser extent, upon the amount of TaC in the nominal composition. Tensile and stress-rupture properties of the alloy with the most uniform composite structure exceeded those of any commercial cobalt or nickel base alloy. The elongation to fracture is greater at room temperature than at high temperature because the matrix does not work harden at high temperatures.
Rapid precision interferometry for the analytical ultracentrifuge: I. A laser controller based on a phase-lock-loop circuit

This is the first of a series of manuscripts presenting methods to enable rapid reduction of data from the Rayleigh interference optical system of the Beckman Model E analytical ultracentrifuge. Here we present a pulsed laser controller for the ultracentrifuge. This laser controller uses a phase-lock-loop to provide properly timed light pulses over the speed range of 3000 to 60,000 rpm; it effectively resolves one rotor revolution into 4096 discrete angular positions. The circuit has been designed so that the laser light bursts occur at selectable angular positions of the rotor that are independent of rotor speed even under conditions of maximum acceleration or deceleration. We have used this controller in our laboratory over a 7-year period for both photographic and real-time collection at interferometric data from the ultracentrifuge.
Tissue cholesterol preservation: Factors associated with retention of cholesterol in rat sciatic nerve fixed for electron microscopy

The retention of cholesterol in rat sciatic nerve fixed in glutaraldehyde-digitonin was investigated. Maximal retention ( >85% ) was achieved after fixation at room temperature, post-fixation in OsO4, and dehydration in an ethanol series, 60, 80, 95, 100% (2 changes), five minutes per change. Fixing in the cold, increasing the dehydration time, changing from ethanol to acetone, or reducing the concentration of digitonin from 0.2% to 0.02%, resulted in a decrease in cholesterol retained. The greatest loss of cholesterol was found in the two changes of absolute ethanol, and therefore we recommend dehydration through 95% ethanol, followed by infiltration and embedding according to the procedure of Idelman ('64).
Neonatal lipid utilization increases with injury severity: recombinant human growth hormone versus placebo.

Increased lipid oxidation has been observed in injured adult and pediatric patients who receive growth hormone (GH). In infants, whose bodies make fat more readily (de novo lipogenesis), this effect has not been tested. After surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis or gastroschisis, 22 neonates (average gestational age, 35 weeks; average postnatal age, 7 days) were provided basal protein-calorie parenteral repletion, and were prospectively randomized to receive either recombinant human GH (rhGH, 0.2 mg/kg/d) or placebo for 6 days. Injury severity was established by serial serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (high v low stress: CRP > or = 6.0 mg/dL v < 6.0 mg/dL). Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure (MEE), respiratory quotient (RQ), net lipid oxidation (Fe), and lipid oxidative O2 consumption (VO2f). Among the GH+ group, MEE, Fe, and VO2f were significantly higher for the high-stress patients (MEE: 52.87 +/- 13.35 v 42.57 +/- 9.47 kcal/kg/d; P < .03: Fe; 18.32 +/- 27.74 v 0.81 +/- 13.47 kcal/kg/d; P < .02; VO2f: 7.21 +/- 9.86 v 0.01 +/- 7.42 L/d, P < .02), and RQnp was significantly lower in the high-stress patients (RQnp: 0.93 +/- 0.14 v 1.05 +/- 0.11; P < .02). In addition, Fe and RQnp were directly proportional to carbohydrate intake (CHO) in the high-stress patients (CHO to Fe: Pearson r = -.701; CHO to RQnp: Pearson r = .714; P < .05). Lipid oxidation was directly proportional to stress severity, was higher in the GH group (18.32 v 11.91 kcal/kg/d for the placebo group), and was depressed in response to increased CHO intake in all groups. Lipid is an important energy source in acutely injured, especially severely stressed neonates. Lipid substrate utilization is improved with GH supplementation during acute metabolic stress. In addition, excess carbohydrate delivery reduces the amount of lipid utilized for energy metabolism. An appropriately balanced, mixed-fuel formula should be used for caloric repletion in this infant population.
Embryonic neurons transplanted into the tibial nerve reinnervate muscle and reduce atrophy but NCAM expression persists

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to use the glycogen depletion technique to determine whether reinnervated muscle fibers could be distinguished from denervated muscle fibers by their size or by neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression. Methods: Medial gastrocnemius muscles of five adult Fischer rats were reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into the distal stump of the tibial nerve. Ten weeks later, the transplants were stimulated repeatedly to deplete reinnervated muscle fibers of glycogen. Areas of reinnervated (glycogen-depleted) muscle fibers were measured and assessed for NCAM expression. The areas of muscle fibers from reinnervated, denervated (n=5) and unoperated control muscles (n=5) were compared. Results: Mean reinnervated muscle fiber area was significantly larger than the mean for denervated fibers (mean ± SE: 40 ± 6 and 10 ± 1% of unoperated control fibers, respectively). NCAM was expressed in 55 ± 7% of reinnervated fibers (mean ± SE; range: 42–77%). The mean ...
INFUNDIBULAR PULMONIC STENOSIS DUE TO A PERICARDIAL BAND.

Abstract The symptoms, signs and hemodynamic and operative findings in a patient with a pericardial band which produced an unusual type of infundibular pulmonic stenosis are reviewed. This lesion has been reported in 2 other patients on whom previous cardiac surgery had been performed. However, this patient's findings are unique in that the pericardial band developed without a definite history of previous pericarditis or pericardial surgery.
Fatigue crack surface crystallography near crack initiating particle clusters in precipitation hardened legacy and modern Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys

Abstract SEM-based stereology in conjunction with electron backscattered diffraction established fatigue crack surface crystallography within the region from ∼1 to 50 μm of crack initiating particles in aluminum alloys, 7075-T651 and 7050-T7451, stressed in ambient moist-air and −50 °C dry-N2 environments. Fatigue crack facets were parallel to a wide variety of crystallographic planes, with pole orientations distributed broadly across the irreducible stereographic triangle between the 〈0 0 1〉 and 〈1 0 1〉-poles within each environment. The results indicate environmentally-affected fatigue cracking in both cases, given the similarity between the observed morphology and crystallography with that of a variety of aluminum alloys cracked in the moist environment. The deviation from low-index {0 0 1}/{1 0 1}-planes and the occurrence of high-index cracking planes observed are interpreted as trans-subgranular decohesion or inter-subgranular cracking, due to trapped hydrogen. There was no evidence of {1 1 1} slip-plane cracking typical of the stage I crack growth mode observed in single crystals and high-purity polycrystals of face centered cubic metals, and which has been widely assumed for the present materials within fatigue crack initiation and early growth models. Rather, the facets tend to have near-mode I spatial orientation. The results provide necessary observations upon which environment-dependent, physically-based multi-stage fatigue models can be hypothesized and validated.
The effect of hippocampal lesions on extinction and "hypothesis" behavior in rats.

Abstract The behavior of rats during the acquisition and extinction of a brightness discrimination was altered by bilateral hippocampal lesions. Lesions restricted to the neopallium overlying the hippocampus did not significantly affect behavior. While brain damage did not increase the number of trials required to reach the acquisition criterion, rats with hippocampal lesions did generate significantly longer position hypotheses during acquisition. During extinction, rats with hippocampal damage showed no increase in approach response latency and made significantly longer brightness, but not position hypotheses. These results, together with previous findings, strengthen the conclusion that the behavior of rats in low ratio reinforcement situations is particularly sensitive to the disruptive effects of hippocampal damage. Such damage may produce behavioral effects by altering the brain processes necessary for the shifts of attention which can be inferred to occur in normal animals in such situations.
Strategies for Incorporating Radiology into Early Medical School Curricula

Clinically oriented material is being incorporated increasingly early into medical school curricula. Traditional models of incorporating radiology early on, mainly as an adjunct to pathology or anatomy instruction, are not focused on learning important aspects of clinical radiology. Medical students can be better served by an integrated curriculum that focuses on appropriate ordering of radiology studies, an intuitive understanding of imaging modalities, and understanding the patient experience.
Cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase gene transcription is blocked by the heat shock response in human liver cells.

Background. Previously we demonstrated that the heat shock response (HSR) inhibits cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and inducible NO synthase (NOS2) expression in hepatocytes. In this study we sought to determine the molecular basis of this inhibition using a human liver cell line. Methods. After induction of the HSR by sodium arsenite or hyperthermia, the AKN-1 human liver cell line was treated with cytokines to stimulate NOS2 expression and NO production. Western blot analysis for hsp 70 was performed, and NOS2 mRNA and 24-hour NO synthesis were quantitated. Cytokine-induced NOS2 promoter activity of AKN-1 cells transfected with a 7.0 kilobase NOS2 promoter luciferase construct and NO production of AKN-1 cells transduced with the NOS2 gene were measured. Results. Sodium arsenite or hyperthermia induced the synthesis of hsp 70 protein in AKN-1 cells, indicating activation of the HSR. Cytokines stimulated high levels of NOS2 mRNA and NO production. However, prior induction of the HSR significantly inhibited NOS2 expression and NO synthesis. Cytokine-stimulated NOS2 promoter activity of transfected AKN-1 cells was decreased by 77%, but the HSR did not affect NOS2 enzyme activity in transduced AKN-1 cells. Conclusions. These findings indicate that the HSR inhibits cytokine-induced NOS2 expression and NO synthesis in AKN-1 cells by preventing NOS2 promoter activation. Effects on NOS2 protein translation or stability were not observed. These data suggest that the HSR, which is expressed in the liver after trauma, shock, or ischemia-reperfusion, blocks NOS2 gene expression at the transcriptional level.
An adaptive approach to defuzzification based on level sets

Abstract We look at the process of defuzzification used in fuzzy logic controllers. We provide a parametrized formulation for this procedure based upon the use of level sets which we call generalized level set defuzzification. We show that the commonly used defuzzification procedures, mean of maxima and center of area, are special cases of this general procedure and are simply distinguished by the choice of the parameter. We provide a simple algorithm for adaptive choice of the best defuzzification procedure.
The Interaction of Sex and Power Base on Perceptions of Managerial Effectiveness

This article presents information on a study which examined the interaction of sex and power base using a limited sample of managers. It reveals that characteristics associated with successful mana...
Oxalyl ChlorideA Clean Source of Chlorine Atoms for Kinetic Studies

Oxalyl chloride, (COCl)2, has been characterized as a photolytic source of chlorine atoms for kinetic studies. UV absorption spectrum of oxalyl chloride, as well as the photodissociation yield of chlorine atoms resulting from the photodissociation of oxalyl chloride at 193 nm (ArF excimer laser) in helium as a bath gas at pHe = 1, 10, and 100 bar, were measured using laser pulsed photolysisUV−vis transient absorption spectroscopy. The photodissociation yield of chlorine atoms was determined from the measurements of photodepletion of oxalyl chloride via its absorption at 210.0 nm as well as via 270−390 nm UV absorption build-up caused by molecular chlorine formed in the recombination of chlorine atoms. The photodissosiation yield of chlorine atoms (the number of Cl atoms appeared per one dissociated oxalyl chloride molecule) is independent of helium pressure over the pressure range 1−100 bar. The photodissociation yields of chlorine atoms at 298 K were measured as 2.01 ± 0.08 and 1.97 ± 0.12 at pHe = 10 ba...
Cysteine oxidation and annulment of amphotericin B inhibition of Coccidioides immitis

The capacity of cysteine to annul the inhibitory action of amphotericin B on Coccidioides immitis was studied. Concomitant with inhibited growth were suppressed respiration patterns. Added cysteine, however, which was not oxidized by untreated endospores, was attacked by amphotericin-treated cells; it was oxidized to cystine. A crude cysteine oxidase was obtained from endospores that had not been exposed to cysteine. Evidence is presented that exogeneous cysteine is oxidized by endospores only after amphotericin damages cell barriers. It is speculated that the resulting oxidation is an important feature in the annulment of amphotericin activity.
Approaches to Gender and the Law: Research and Applications

Three paradigms for gender research are reviewed, illustrated by examples from employment discrimination law to highlight issues in research on gender and the law. Next, an agenda for research on gender, social science, and the law is outlined, and the five articles in this special issue are reviewed in terms of that agenda. Finally, research ideas for the future and practical applications of the research presented in the five articles are considered, specifically, the use of the reasonable woman standard and expert testimony in sexual harassment cases, and the influence of sex roles and sex stereotypes in producing gender effects.
Fluorometric fiber optic drop sensor for atmospheric hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract A fluorometric technique based on a liquid drop excited from its interior by an optical fiber is described for the measurement of low concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide (H2S). A drop of alkaline fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) solution is suspended in a flowing air sample stream and serves as a renewable sensor. An optical fiber contained within the conduit that forms the drop, brings in the excitation beam; the fluorescence emission is measured by an inexpensive photodiode positioned close to the drop. As H2S in the sample is collected by the alkaline drop, it reacts rapidly with FMA resulting in a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity, proportional to the concentration of H2S sampled. The chemistry of this uniquely selective reaction has been well established for many years; the present technique permits a simple fast inexpensive near real-time measurement with very little reagent consumption. Even without prolonged sampling/preconcentration steps, limits of detection (LODs) in the double digit ppbv range is readily attainable.
Near infrared rugate filter fabrication by ion beam assisted deposition of Si((1-x))N(x) films.

The rugate filter employs a sinusoidal refractive index depth profile to produce high reflection in a narrow band of wavelengths. Fabrication relies on a continuously variable index of refraction in the wavelength regime of interest. The near IR refractive index of amorphous silicon–nitrogen films decreases continuously as the composition varies from pure silicon to stoichiometric silicon nitride (Si3N4). Ion implantation was found unsuitable as a fabrication method for rugate filters. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous films up to 5 μm in thickness have been produced by simultaneous deposition of electron beam evaporated silicon and of energetic nitrogen particles arising from an ion beam. The relative fluxes of beam and evaporant are found to determine the ratio of nitrogen to silicon in the films and therefore to determine the index. Single-band reflection filters of the rugate design of high peak optical density were fabricated under computer control using a quartz crystal oscillator shielded from the beam to monitor the silicon evaporation and three suppressed Faraday cups to monitor the ion beam current.
Γ-homology, topological André–Quillen homology and stabilization

Abstract The quest for an obstruction theory to E ∞ ring structures on a spectrum has led a number of authors to the investigation of homology in the category of E ∞ algebras. In this note we present three, apparently very different, constructions and show that when specialized to commutative rings they all agree.
Congenital anal duplication: A cause of para-anal sinus

Four cases of recurring para-anal sinus originating, it is suggested, as congenital duplication of the anal canal, are described. The diagnosis depends upon the finding of columnar mucus-secreting epithelium in a sinus track which does not communicate with the bowel lumen. The sinus may or may not penetrate the levator ani muscle. Treatment should be by excision of the sinus, rather than by laying it open into the anal canal. If the sinus is superficial, the latter operation will result only in delayed healing and prolonged convalescence, but if it runs deep, there is a danger of causing incontinence or an extra-sphincteric fistula. Untreated lesions may eventually be the site of malignant change. This complication was not encountered in the present series.
Nitric oxide (NO) side of lymphatic flow and immune surveillance

The loss of cancer or bacteria detection by the immune system is traditionally looked at from the point of cell–cell or humoral mediator–cell interactions. However, immune surveillance in lymphatics critically requires cell transport along the lymphatics for entry of antigen/dendritic cells into the draining lymph node (1). Reductions in collecting lymphatic function affect all subsequent immune response. The work by Liao et al. (2), from a team well-versed in the complexities and limitations of transport in tumors, brings to light that lymphatic transport can be limited by a mechanism that is controlled by nitric oxide (NO) derived from bone marrow myeloid cells.
COMPARISON OF AMPLICOR™ CHLAMYDIA TRACHMATIS TEST AND CULTURE FOR DETECTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN OCULAR AND NASOPHARYNGEAL SPECIMENS FROM INFANTS WITH CONJUNCTIVITIS. † 1788

COMPARISON OF AMPLICOR™ CHLAMYDIA TRACHMATIS TEST AND CULTURE FOR DETECTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS IN OCULAR AND NASOPHARYNGEAL SPECIMENS FROM INFANTS WITH CONJUNCTIVITIS. † 1788
The Desert environment

The Desert software engineering environment is a suite of tools developed to enhance programmer productivity through increased tool integration. It introduces an inexpensive form of data integration to provide additional tool capabilities and information sharing among tools, uses a common editor to give high-quality semantic feedback and to integrate different types of software artifacts, and builds virtual files on demand to address specific tasks. All this is done in an open and extensible environment capable of handling large software systems.
Evaluation of Hospital-Based Palliative Care Programs.

This study evaluated current hospital-based palliative care programs using recommendations from the Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC) as a framework. Seven hospitals located in Buffalo, New York were included based on the existence of a hospital-based palliative care program. Data was collected from August through October of 2013 by means of key informant interviews with nine staff members from these hospitals using a guide comprised of questions based on CAPC’s recommendations. A gap analysis was conducted to analyze the current state of each hospital’s program based upon CAPC’s definition of a quality palliative care program. The findings identify challenges facing both existing/evolving palliative care programs, and establish a foundation for strategies to attain best practices not yet implemented. This study affirms the growing availability of palliative care services among these selected hospitals along with opportunities to improve the scope of services in line with national recommendations.
Programming language impacts on learning

What programming language should be taught in an introductory computer science course? Studies and experiences at West Point provide some insight into these questions. This paper reports the statistical results obtained from a side-by-side comparison of Pascal and Ada. The unique nature of our institution provided the opportunity to isolate and study causal factors, and allowed us to follow the experimental and control groups through graduation.We conducted a side by side comparison of the use of Pascal, which was specifically designed for instructional purposes, and Ada in an introductory course. The experiment demonstrated that students were much more successful in Ada than in Pascal, and led to the revision of the Academy core curriculum to use Ada 95 in our introductory computer science class. This paper discusses the details of our comparison, citing specific examples to illustrate a rational basis for evaluating programming language features.