cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Model for Sand Dispersion

The movement of sand particles is expressed in terms of steps and rest periods. The longitudinal dispersion of sand particles along the bed of an alluvial channel is formulated in a general one-dimensional stochastic model. Three different methods are suggested for determining the three parameters in the stochastic model. Experimental results indicate that the step lengths follow a gamma distribution and that the rest periods follow an exponential distribution. Statistical analysis of bed configuration indicates the movement of sand particles along an alluvial bed should be closely related to the statistical properties of the bed configuration. The results of longitudinal dispersion experiments compare favorably with predictions based on the stochastic model.
Why Ongoing Supervision in Social Casework

This paper attempts to answer the question of why social caseworkers have ongoing supervision by exploring the historical evolution of social work supervision. Supervision has withstood the many changes in the field since its beginning in the late 1800s and has been reinterpreted to fit the prevailing theories guiding practice, thus avoiding obsolescence. Supervision began as an educational device, then evolved into a practice tool, later became a therapeutic method, and then became a separate entity from therapy.
Non-monotonic Reasoning with the ATMS

By viewing a default rule t1 ... tn; U s1 ... U sm/t as a monotonic ATMS justification with assumptions Usi, we are able to prove a 1–1 correspondence between the admissible extensions (well-founded labellings) of a Doyle-like TMS and certain extensions of the associated ATMS.
Personality disorders in leaders

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to assess highly toxic leaders and dysfunctional organizations as presented via management consulting and executive coaching assignments.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs an action research approach via two participant observer case studies incorporating the DSM IV‐TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Findings – The paper finds that the nexus of dysfunctional organizational systems may be located in “pre‐existing” leadership pathologies.Research limitations/implications – First, additional research will be needed to confirm and extend the findings of individual pathologies in leaders to dysfunctional organizational systems; second, a closer look is necessary at the applicability of the DSM IV‐TR to pathologies at the organizational level; third, due to the action research, case study approach utilized, there is somewhat limited generalizability; fourth, there are limitations re: the applicability of DSM IV‐TR as an assessment tool for m...
Coronal holes and the solar wind

Abstract Coronal holes are the darkest regions of the ultraviolet and X-ray Sun, both on the disk and above the limb. Coronal holes are associated with rapidly expanding open magnetic fields and the acceleration of the high-speed solar wind. This paper reviews measurements of the plasma properties of coronal holes and how these measurements have been used to put constraints on theoretical models of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration. Heat deposition at the dense and collisional coronal base is of comparable importance (in determining, e.g., temperature gradients and asymptotic outflow speeds) as extended heating in the collisionless regions above 2 solar radii. Thus, a complete understanding of the physics requires both observations of the solar disk and inner corona (Yohkoh, EIT, CDS, SUMER) and coronagraphic observations of the wind's acceleration region (UVCS, LASCO). Although strong evidence has been found to suggest that the high-speed wind is driven mainly by proton pressure, the differences between proton, electron, and heavy ion velocity distributions are extremely valuable as probes of the dominant physical processes.
Reducing Coherence Overhead in Shared-Bus Multiprocessors

To reduce the overhead of cache coherence enforcement in shared-bus multiprocessors, we propose a self-invalidation technique as an extension to write-invalidate protocols. The technique speculatively identifies cache blocks to be invalidated and dynamically determines when to invalidate them locally. We also consider enhancing our self-invalidation scheme by incorporating read snarfing, to reduce the cache misses due to incorrect prediction. We evaluate our self-invalidation scheme by simulating SPLASH-2 benchmark programs that exhibit various reference patterns, under a realistic shared-bus multiprocessor model. We discuss the effectiveness and hardware complexity of self-invalidation and its enhancement with read snarfing in our extended protocol.
Weakness in numbers. The challenge of numeracy in health care.

Health literacy is the ability to complete basic reading and numerical tasks required to perform in the health care environment.1 The specific aspect of literacy that involves solving problems requiring understanding and use of quantitative information is sometimes called numeracy. Numeracy skills include understanding basic calculations, time and money, measurement, estimation, logic, and performing multistep operations. Most importantly, numeracy also involves the ability to infer what mathematic concepts need to be applied when interpreting specific situations, and to use this information to problem solve. Clinicians, clinical care researchers, patient educators, and patients seem to have paid less attention to the numeracy component of health literacy. However, several trends in health care, including patient self-management and patient participation in decision making, strongly argue in favor of change. Two papers published in this issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine2,3 motivate this exploration of the role of numeracy in health care, using the case of diabetes as an example.
Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell: Lack of effect of phosphorylation upon ribosomal function in vitro

The incorporation of 32Pi into the ribosomal protein S6, which is a component of the 40 S ribosomal subunit, was measured in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells growing in suspension culture. During a 2-h incubation period, incorporation was 10-fold greater into S6 of cells growing exponentially in complete medium than in cells in which protein synthesis and growth were inhibited by omission of glutamine from the medium. Since the labeling of other phosphoproteins was not similarly depressed in glutamine-deprived cells, the decreased labeling most likely reflects a specific decrease in phosphate incorporation into S6 rather than a lower phosphate pool specific activity. The cycling of ribosomes is inhibited in glutamine-deprived cells, with an accumulation of monomeric ribosomes indicating an inhibition of protein synthesis initiation. To assess whether the decreased phosphorylation of S6 in the ribosomes of glutamine-deprived cells was responsible for their decreased ability to initiate protein synthesis and enter polyribosomes, a mixture of 14C-labeled ribosomes from rapidly growing cells and 3H-labeled ribosomes from glutamine-deprived cells was added to a rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free protein-synthesizing system in which ribosomes cycle actively. The 14C3H ratio was determined in polyribosomes as a measure of the relative ability of the two kinds of ribosomes to initiate protein synthesis. The 14C3H ratio in polyribosomes was found to be identical to the input of labeled ribosomes, indicating an equal ability of ribosomes from growing cells and glutamine-deprived cells to function in initiation. Control studies indicated lack of significant dephosphorylation of S6 during purification of ribosomes and during incubation in the reticulocyte lysate. Thus, a functional difference between more and less phosphorylated ribosomes could not be demonstrated in this system.
The conformation of angiotensin II: II. The rates of peptide NH exchange with solvent for [Asn1, Val5]angiotensin II, angiotensin III and saralasin

The amide hydrogen exchange rates in H2O of two angiotensin agonists (angiotensinamide and angiotensin III) and one angiotensin antagonist (saralasin) have been measured at room temperature by the transfer of solvent saturation method. The NH of His6 is observed to exchange more slowly than predicted for all three peptides, suggesting that it is a participant in an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The NH-CαH 1H-NMR coupling constants are measured and found to be constant over the pH range of 5.0 to 6.5. The results are compared with those previously obtained for human angiotensin II and interpreted in terms of a dominant three-dimensional structure common to all four molecules. Two models for this structure are evaluated using the observed NH-CαH coupling constants and the reported activity of conformationally restrained derivatives.
Modeling Cooperative Threads to Project GPU Performance for Adaptive Parallelism

Most accelerators, such as graphics processing units (GPUs) and vector processors, are particularly suitable for accelerating massively parallel workloads. On the other hand, conventional workloads are developed for multi-core parallelism, which often scale to only a few dozen OpenMP threads. When hardware threads significantly outnumber the degree of parallelism in the outer loop, programmers are challenged with efficient hardware utilization. A common solution is to further exploit the parallelism hidden deep in the code structure. Such parallelism is less structured: parallel and sequential loops may be imperfectly nested within each other, neigh boring inner loops may exhibit different concurrency patterns (e.g. Reduction vs. Forall), yet have to be parallelized in the same parallel section. Many input-dependent transformations have to be explored. A programmer often employs a larger group of hardware threads to cooperatively walk through a smaller outer loop partition and adaptively exploit any encountered parallelism. This process is time-consuming and error-prone, yet the risk of gaining little or no performance remains high for such workloads. To reduce risk and guide implementation, we propose a technique to model workloads with limited parallelism that can automatically explore and evaluate transformations involving cooperative threads. Eventually, our framework projects the best achievable performance and the most promising transformations without implementing GPU code or using physical hardware. We envision our technique to be integrated into future compilers or optimization frameworks for autotuning.
Proximity effects on semiconducting mineral surfaces II:: Distance dependence of indirect interactions

Abstract In a previous study, we described proximity effects on surfaces of the semiconducting minerals galena and pyrite, whereby a chemical reaction at one surface site modifies the reactivity of a remote surface site several Angstroms or even nanometers away (Becker et al., 2001) . The modification of interest does not arise because of a direct “through space” interaction between the two sites, but rather an indirect interaction via the electronic structure of the substrate. Here we investigate the distance and direction dependence of proximity effects using quantum mechanical modeling. The direct and indirect interactions between co-adsorbed oxygen atoms and between adsorbed oxygen atoms and point defects on vacuum-terminated galena (100) surfaces were modeled. Density functional theory cluster and plane wave pseudopotential calculations were used to calculate the modifications to the adsorption energy as a function of separation. Energy-distance plots indicate that the proximity effect energy can become very strong at separations decreasing below about 5 to 6 A, and persist at increasing separations up to 12 A in a slowly decaying form. A strong attractive indirect interaction out-competes direct electrostatic repulsion for O-vacancy interactions. An oscillatory asymptotic behavior is found for co-adsorbed O-O indirect interactions, which indicates that the proximity effect energy can vary with surface crystallographic direction. It implies the presence of a strong organizing force on like adatoms that may explain the progressive oxidation of certain sulfide minerals by patchwork growth. These findings begin to pave the way for improved adsorption isotherms and extended surface complexation models that will include the specific influence of semiconductor-type proximity effects.
The n -ary stack algorithm for the wireless random access channel

The emergence of wireless and personal communication networks has brought random access protocols for packet radio networks back to the research forefronts. Most such protocols are based on the ever popular ALOHA protocol. Unfortunately, this protocol is inherently unstable and requires sophisticated schemes to stabilize it. Another class of random access schemes, called limited sensing or stack algorithms, has been proposed that is stable and allows for the dynamic incorporation of new stations into the network. In this paper, we will review the simple to implement n-ary stack algorithm, and we will study its performance under various system parameters in the presence of capture, and also in the presence of feedback errors. Finally, we will investigate its maximum system throughput under various traffic generation processes.
A comparison of femoral neck fixation with the reconstruction nail versus cancellous screws in anatomic specimens

Femoral neck fixation techniques were applied to five matched pairs of autopsy specimens to evaluate the fixation of the Russell-Taylor femoral nail in ipsilateral neck and shaft fractures of the femur. Reconstruction nail fixation of the femoral neck was compared with that of three parallel screws. The intact and postfixation femora were subjected to an applied bending moment in 0 degrees, 30 degrees, and 90 degrees of simulated hip flexion. The bending stiffness was determined from the load deformation data for each intact femur and then after the appropriate fixation. The fatigue response of the fixation, presence of osteopenia, degree of fracture reduction, and device alignment showed that the stiffness ratio (fixed to normal) of the nail was greater in most specimens. There was no statistical difference in retained stiffness after cyclic loading between the nail and cancellous screw fixations. The ultimate strength of the nail was 2.5 times the strength of the screw fixation of the femoral neck. Thus, the nail provided biomechanically sound fixation of the femoral neck.
On the derivability of instantiation properties

Every recursively enumerable extension of arithmetic which obeys the disjunction property obeys the numerical existence property [Fr, 1]. The requirement of recursive enumerability is essential. For extensions of intuitionistic second order arithmetic by means of sentences (in its language) with no existential set quantifiers, the numerical existence property implies the set existence property. The restriction on existential set quantifiers is essential. The numerical existence property cannot be eliminated, but in the case of finite extensions of HAS, can be replaced by a weaker form of it. As a consequence, the set existence property for intuitionistic second order arithmetic can be proved within itself.
Contractile activity of circular smooth muscle in rats one year after small bowel transplantation: differing adaptive response of the jejunum and ileum to denervation

The aim of the present study was to determine the long-term effects of isogeneic small bowel transplantation (SBT) on jejunal and ileal circular smooth muscle contractile activity in the rat. Transmural strips of circular muscle were prepared from proximal jejunum and distal ileum of 1-year-old control rats and rats 1 year after SBT (SBT-1Y) to measure isometric force. Spontaneous contractile activity and the dose-responses to bethanechol and norepinephrine were studied. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) at varying frequencies (1 to 20 Hz) was evaluated under adrenergic and cholinergic blockade to investigate inhibitory nerves. Spontaneous activity both in the jejunum and ileum in SBT-1Y rats was not different compared to control rats. Sensitivity to bethanechol did not differ between control and SBT-1Y rats in the jejunum or ileum. Sensitivity to norepinephrine, however, was significantly increased after SBT in the ileum but not in the jejunum. During EFS, inhibition was seen at low frequencies, and contractions were induced at high frequencies in all groups. The degree of inhibition did not differ between control and SBT-1Y rats in the jejunum; however, it tended to be increased in the ileum after SBT. The long-term adaptive response of smooth muscle to the extrinsic denervation accompanying SBT differs between the jejunum and the ileum.
On the equation of atmospheric diffusion

Some simple transformation properties of the diffusion equation that has been classically used to describe turbulent transport in the atmosphere are briefly examined. The essential tensorial nature of the eddy diffusivity is emphasized and it is concluded that the standard form frequently adopted for the diffusion equation in the meteorological literature cannot be generally valid.
An alternative to regular lecture classes: a theory seminar in computer algorithms

Not every student has the same experience base. Putting all students into the same class setting without regard to experiences can be catastrophic for experienced students, inexperienced students and instructors. A course approach, called a theory seminar, combines the strengths of regular classes, independent studies, and evaluations of prior experiences. A theory seminar has been developed for a computer algorithms course.
Dissection of Gain Control Mechanisms in Drosophila Mechanotransduction

Mechanoreceptor cells respond to a vast span of stimulus intensities, which they transduce into a limited response-range using a dynamic regulation of transduction gain. Weak stimuli are detected by enhancing the gain of responses through the process of active mechanical amplification. To preserve responsiveness, the gain of responses to prolonged activation is rapidly reduced through the process of adaptation. We investigated long-term processes of mechanotransduction gain control by studying responses from single mechanoreceptor neurons in Drosophila . We found that mechanical stimuli elicited a sustained reduction of gain that we termed long-term adaptation. Long-term adaptation and the adaptive decay of responses during stimuli had distinct kinetics and they were independently affected by manipulations of mechanotransduction. Therefore, long-term adaptation is not associated with the reduction of response gain during stimulation. Instead, the long-term adaptation suppressed canonical features of active amplification which were the high gain of weak stimuli and the spontaneous emission of noise. In addition, depressing amplification using energy deprivation recapitulated the effects of long-term adaptation. These data suggest that long-term adaptation is mediated by suppression of active amplification. Finally, the extent of long-term adaptation matched with cytoplasmic Ca 2+ levels and dTrpA1-induced Ca 2+ elevation elicited the effects of long-term adaptation. Our data suggest that mechanotransduction employs parallel adaptive mechanisms: while a rapid process exerts immediate gain reduction, long-term adjustments are achieved by attenuating active amplification. The slow adjustment of gain, manifest as diminished sensitivity, is associated with the accumulation of Ca 2+ .
Quantification of gangliotetraose gangliosides with cholera toxin

Abstract A procedure is described for assay of GM1 and other gangliotetraose-type gangliosides at the picomole level. The gangliosides are adsorbed onto polystyrene microwells and treated with neuraminidase and then with cholera toxin B subunits conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Color is developed and quantified spectrophotometrically. Omission of neuraminidase gives a measure of GM1 alone. Linearity was obtained between 0.5 and 3 pmol. This procedure was applied to ganglioside mixtures isolated fron neuro-2A neuroblastoma and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. For the latter, an additional step involving reaction with fucosidase increased the yield of GM1 due to the presence of fucosylated gangliosides. Application of the same reagents as a TLC overlay procedure to the gangliosides from neuro-2A cells revealed the presence of GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b in addition to GM1, thus confirming the presence of a family of gangliotetraose gangliosides.
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF AN ACUTE FIN LESION IN THE SUMMER FLOUNDER, Paralichthys dentatus, AND SOME SPECULATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY OF FIN ROT DISEASE IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT

The histopathology of acute fin rot disease in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, from the New York Bight is described. Grossly, caudal and dorsal fin lesions appeared ragged or frayed with no evidence of resolution. Microscopically, there was epidermal and dermal necrosis, congestion, edema, focal and diffuse hemorrhage, and Zenkers necrosis of underlying muscle. Gram-negative bacteria were present in the fin tissues as well as in heart muscle and liver parenchyma. The inflammatory response consisted mostly of macrophages. The significance of the acute disease in summer flounder is discussed in relation to the etiology of fin rot disease in winter flounder from the Bight.
Characterization of nonmotile neutrophil subpopulations in neonates and adults.

Tllc Dcpuritncnr.~ clf'l'clcliciirics. Tllr Pedrairrc Rescnrch Lohorcilor~.. Ilur//i)rd Ilo.s~~itul cincl Tlrc C't~i~~olsii~~ (!/' Cotitirc~icrri Sclrool ofMedicrnc, ond 7'lr(l Dcy~ur~tnent.~ o/'l'cdiuirics cind I-'urlrolo~~, Tlrc Univwsilj~ 01' Cotinc'c.ticlrf Sclrool 0/'J4rclicinc. Furrnin~lon, C'orinccrrclri 061 15 ABSTRACT. Previous studies have demonstrated that poly- morphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are not a homogeneous population of cells but differ significantly in their structure and function. PMN move at varying rates, and a fraction estimated from 20 to 70% do not move at all in response to chemotactic stimuli. To characterize this PMN subpop- ulation better, we studied PMN motility in neonates and adults using a polycarbonate micropore filter chemotactic assay and the 31D8 MAb. Most PMN strongly bind 31D8 MAb (31D8 "bright"), but a minority (31D8 "dull") weakly bind the antibody and in this respect are similar to imma- ture PMN precursors. The 31D8 "dull" PMN have im- paired function compared with 31D8 "bright" PMN. In the present study, a PMN subpopulation that failed to migrate using the micropore filter assay accounted for 58 f 7% of adult PMN and was similar to the migrating subpopulation in regard to viability and phagocytic func- tion. The nonmotile subpopulation had a higher percentage of bands (5 f 3% versus I f 2%, p < 0.01) and decreased binding of 31D8 MAb compared with the motile subpop- ulation. Neonates had a larger nonmigrating PMN subpop- ulation and 31D8 "dull" PMN subpopulation than those of adults (76 + 3% versus 58 f 7%, p = 0.04 and 26 f 11% versus 8 5 2%, p < 0.01, respectively). These data indicate that although PMN appear morphologically as a homogeneous population of cells, there exists a viable, nonmotile PMN subpopulation that may be less mature than the motile PMN subpopulation. They also indicate that impaired neonatal PMN motility may be attributable in part to an increased size of the nonmotile PMN subpop- ulation. (Pediatr Res 25:519-524, 1989)
Propranolol effects on acute marihuana intoxication in man.

To investigate the possible interaction of a beta adrenergic blocking agent and marihuana, six healthy experienced marihuana smokers received the two drugs separately and in combination. Propranolol (120 mg per os) reduced resting HR and BP; there were no changes in performance on tasks designed to test psychomotor speed, attention, memory and learning. Marihuana (10 mg Δ9-THC), administered in smoke, induced the typical subjective state (“high”) with marked increases in HR, BP and conjunctival injection; it impaired performance on a learning test without significantly affecting attention. Pre-treatment with propranolol blocked effectively the cardiovascular effects of marihuana; it prevented the learning impairment and, to a lesser degree, the characteristic subjective experience.
Evidence for a catecholaminergic projection to area X in the zebra finch

In the zebra finch (Poephila guttata), horseradish peroxidase injected into or near Area X of the lobus parolfactorius (LPO) is transported to cell bodies in ipsilateral hyperstriatum ventrale pars caudale (HVc), area ventralis of Tsai (AVT), and nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta (TPc). Area X, LPO, and paleostriatum augmentatum (PA) all contain a dense network of catecholamine-containing axons and nerve terminals, as determined in histofluorescence studies. Cell bodies in AVT and TPc contain catecholamines; lesions of TPc greatly reduce or abolish catecholamine fluorescence in PA, and a lesion of AVT eliminates histofluorescence in LPO, including Area X. The anatomical location and catecholaminergic projection from AVT suggest that LPO-Area X may be the avian homolog of the mammalian nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and/or rostromedial caudate.
Thoracic Spine Thrust Manipulation Improves Pain, Range of Motion, and Self-Reported Function in Patients With Mechanical Neck Pain: A Systematic Review

Study Design Systematic review. Background Neck pain is a common diagnosis in the physical therapy setting, yet there is no gold standard for treatment. This study is part of a growing body of literature on the use of thoracic spine thrust manipulation for the treatment of individuals with mechanical neck pain. Objective The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of thoracic spine thrust manipulation on pain, range of motion, and self-reported function in patients with mechanical neck pain. Methods Six online databases were comprehensively searched from their respective inception to October 2010. The primary search terms included “thoracic mobilization,” “thoracic spine mobilization,” “thoracic manipulation,” and “thoracic spine manipulation.” Of the 44 studies assessed for inclusion, 6 randomized controlled trials were retained. Between-group mean differences and effect sizes for pretreatment-to-posttreatment change scores, using Cohen's d formula, were calculated for pain, range ...
Oxygen effects on maize leaf superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase

Abstract Exposure of maize seedlings to an atmosphere containing 75% O 2 and 350 ppm CO 2 resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in glutathione reductase activity in leaf tissue within 48 hr after initiation of the O 2 treatment. This elevated level of glutathione reductase was still evident in plants maintained in the hyperopic environment for 7 days. Superoxide dismutase activity was not altered from its level in control tissue during the 7-day experimental period. These results suggest a key role for glutathione reductase in the protection of photosynthetic tissue against detrimental effects of intermediate reduction products of O 2 .
Optimization of multisine excitations for receiver undersampling

An algorithm for optimizing the frequency distribution of an arbitrary multisine signal is presented to reduce the power consumption and computational complexity of a multisine receiver. By careful selection or adjustment of each frequency component in the applied multisine signal, undersampling and frequency aliasing in the receiver can be used to reduce the circuit power consumption contributed to operating frequency and also increase the bin utilization of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) analysis frequencies. One example of an optimized 25-tone log-spaced multisine signal shows that the sampling frequency in the receiver can be reduced to only 4% of the Nyquist frequency. In addition, the computational complexity of calculating the DFT is reduced by a factor of 38.
Experimental and observational studies of radiolarian physiological ecology: 2. Trophic activity and symbiont primary productivity ofSpongaster tetras tetras with comparative data on predatory activity of some Nassellarida

Abstract The prey ofSpongaster tetras tetras, determined by transmission electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections through food and digestive vacuoles, was predominantly picoplankton (1 to 3 μm, largely monerans) and only occasional vacuoles contained masses of larger digested organic matter. By contrast, Nassellarian specimens collected in the same location and fixed and examined identically contained nanoplankton prey (5–10 μm) including small phytoplankton cells. The differences in prey may reduce competition for nutritional resources and account for the co-existence of these two groups of radiolaria in the same water mass. The primary productivity of the symbionts in intactS. tetras tetras was assessed at varying light levels to more fully document potential sources of carbon compounds for nutrition. Thirty-five μg of carbon were fixed per radiolarian per hour at an intensity as low as 20 μE/m2/s which is approximately one-third the maximum productivity in the intensity range of 170 to 260 μE/m2/s. The mean abundance ofS. tetras tetras, density of potential prey, and physico-chemical characteristics of the water are presented for early spring (March–April), mid-summer (June and July), and late summer (August). The mean density ofS. tetras tetras varied from c. 12 individuals/m3 during the low productivity periods (spring and late summer) to 37.8 individuals/m3 in July. The concentration of cyanobacteria was at a peak during July while larger autotrophic plankton was at a minimun further suggesting that cyanobacteria can be a significant food source forS. tetras tetras.
Imaging of passivated III–V semiconductor surfaces by a scanning tunneling microscope operating in air

Abstract A procedure is described for preparing stable GaAs and other III–V semiconductor surfaces for scanning tunneling microscope (STM) imaging under ambient conditions. The procedure involves the use of a dilute P 2 S 5 /(NH 4 ) 2 S passivating solution, which produces a highly uniform, ultra-thin surface oxide. STM imaging with nanometer-scale resolution of a P 2 S 5 -passivated, Al x Ga 1 −xAsGaAs, x = 0.1–0.4, compositional superlattice and a variable-period Al 0.51 Ga 0.49 As/GaAs superlattice is used to illustrate some of the properties of this passivation method.
Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor–, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–, and interleukin-3–expressing NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull humanized mice

Human hematolymphoid mice have become valuable tools for the study of human hematopoiesis and uniquely human pathogens in vivo. Recent improvements in xenorecipient strains allow for long-term reconstitution with a human immune system. However, certain hematopoietic lineages, for example, the myeloid lineage, are underrepresented, possibly because of the limited cross-reactivity of murine and human cytokines. Therefore, we created a nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency/interleukin-2 receptor-γ–null (NOD-SCID IL2Rγnull) mouse strain that expressed human stem cell factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-3, termed NSG-SGM3. Transplantation of CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells into NSG-SGM3 mice led to robust human hematopoietic reconstitution in blood, spleen, bone marrow, and liver. Human myeloid cell frequencies, specifically, myeloid dendritic cells, were elevated in the bone marrow of humanized NSG-SGM3 mice compared with nontransgenic NSG recipients. Most significant, however, was the increase in the CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell population in all compartments analyzed. These CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were functional, as evidenced by their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation. In conclusion, humanized NSG-SGM3 mice might serve as a useful model to study human regulatory T-cell development in vivo, but this unexpected lineage skewing also highlights the importance of adequate spatiotemporal expression of human cytokines for future xenorecipient strain development.
NUCLEAR RADII FROM INELASTIC CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS

Inelastic cross sections for high-energy protons, deuterons, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ particles, and alpha particles accelerated in the 184-inch cyclotron were measured by an attenuation technique. All the cross sections vary as the square of the nuclear radius and indicate that if the nucleus has a fringe it increases as ${A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$. The derived value of the nuclear radius constant ${a}_{0}$ depends on the nuclear model and the particular bombarding particle. The effect of the nucleus is found to extend at least to a radius given by ${a}_{0}=(1.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. Deuteron stripping cross sections were derived and found to vary approximately as the square root of the mass number.
Nucleus cuneiformis and pain modulation: anatomy and behavioral pharmacology.

Abstract The anatomical substrate and behavioral pharmacology of stimulation-produced analgesia resulting from electrical stimulation of the pontomesencephalic nucleus cuneiformis (NCF) was determined in the present study. Maximum increase in nociceptive tail-flick latencies following NCF stimulation occurred during the first 5 min post stimulation and decreased afterwards. The increased reflex latency could be attenuated by prior treatment with the narcotic antagonist, naloxone or the cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine. The anatomical projections of NCF were identified in autoradiographic and histochemical studies. Ipsilateral fibers coursed caudal from the NCF injection site through the ventral pontine reticular formation to innervate nucleus raphe magnus and the ipsilateral nucleus magnocellularis. At rostral medullary levels fibers coursed dorsolateral to innervate the ipsilateral nucleus reticularis parvocellularis. Descending contralateral fibers crossed through the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle, then coursed ventrolaterally projecting to the contralateral nucleus magnocellularis. Two primary groups of ascending fibers were observed. The dorsally located group ascended through the central tegmental tract projecting to the dorsal raphe, ipsilateral periaqueductal gray, nucleus parafascicularis and centromedianus, the intermediolateral and lateral thalamic nuclei. The ventrolateral from the injection site projecting to the substantia nigra, zona compacta, ventral tegmental area of Tsai, zona incerta, Fields of Forel, lateral hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus reuniens. These anatomic and behavioral data suggest that NCF plays an important role in sensory/motor integration relevant to pain transmission.
Is Perceptual Narrowing too Narrow

There is a growing list of examples illustrating that infants are transitioning from having earlier abilities that appear more “universal,” “broadly tuned,” or “unconstrained” to having later abilities that appear more “specialized,” “narrowly tuned,” or “constrained.” Perceptual narrowing, a well-known phenomenon related to face, speech, and music perception in the 1st year, represents a subset of these findings. In this commentary, we posit that the current definition of perceptual narrowing is too narrow and the phenomenon involves a more general learning mechanism that extends beyond the 1st year and beyond perceptual tasks.
Heterogeneous depression responses to chronic pain onset among middle-aged adults: A prospective study

Studies on depression response to chronic pain are limited by lack of clarification of different forms of response patterns and cross-sectional measures. The current study examined heterogeneous long-term patterns of depression response to chronic pain onset prospectively using the mixture modeling technique. Depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset over a course of six years were charted in a nationally representative middle-aged sample. Four distinct depression symptom trajectories emerged. The resilience (72.0%) trajectory describes a pattern of no/minimal depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset. The post-pain depression trajectory (11.4%) describes a pattern of low depression at baseline and increasing symptoms following pain onset. The chronic depression (6.8%) trajectory is characterized by persistently high depression symptoms irrespective of pain onset. The prior depression improved (9.8%) trajectory describes a pattern of high depression at baseline and gradually declining symptoms following pain onset. Self-rated health at both baseline and following pain onset predicted the resilience trajectory. Baseline self-rated health distinguished the post-pain depression and chronic depression trajectories. Individuals in the prior depression improved trajectory were older and had more chronic illnesses at baseline but fewer illnesses following pain onset, compared to those in the resilience or post-pain depression trajectory.
Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones

Fructose consumption has markedly increased over the past decades. This intake may increase the urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and other factors associated with kidney stone risk. We prospectively examined the relationship between fructose intake and incident kidney stones in the Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I) (93,730 older women), the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) (101,824 younger women), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (45,984 men). Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess free fructose and sucrose intake every 4 years. Total-fructose intake was calculated as free fructose plus half the intake of sucrose, and expressed as percentage of total energy. Cox proportional hazard regressions were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), thiazide use, caloric intake, and other dietary factors. We documented 4902 incident kidney stones during a combined 48 years of follow-up. The multivariate relative risks of kidney stones significantly increased for participants in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of total-fructose intake for all three study groups. Free-fructose intake was also associated with increased risk. Non-fructose carbohydrates were not associated with increased risk in any cohort. Our study suggests that fructose intake is independently associated with an increased risk of incident kidney stones.
Social Factors and Depression in Late Life

Depression is a common mental health problem facing the elderly that is often overlooked and subsequently untreated by health care professionals. Recognition of the problem can be aided by knowledge of the causes or at least the factors associated with it. Identification of specific social factors has important implications for geropsychiatric nursing practice, education, and research. The major social factors associated with depression in late life are reviewed. The contributions of social factors to the onset, course, and duration of depression are presented. Future research directions are also discussed.
Portfolio choices for homeowners

Abstract In this paper, I show that introducing frictions associated with housing into standard life-cycle models can partially resolve the portfolio choice puzzle. I calibrate a model in which a representative household endogenously transits from renting to mortgage-financed homeownership. The household can later adjust housing status either voluntarily or because of a forced move, by paying transaction costs. It is shown that homeownership crowds out stock market participation: risky owner-occupied housing substitutes for stocks while bonds provide liquidity. Young and middle-aged households, regardless of whether they are currently homeowners, hold much less stock than predicted by traditional models without housing.
The photometric center of the Gegenschein

Model calculations are employed to assess two factors that determine the position of the photometric center of the Gegenschein: (1) the increased scattering efficiency of the interplanetary dust near backscattering (at scattering angles of 165 to 180 deg); and (2) the spatial density distribution of the dust. Computer-generated brightness contours are used to examine which of these two factors dominates. It is found that the effect of the enhanced scattering of light by dust in the backscattering region is more important than the effect of the spatial density distribution of the dust. This means that the photometric center should be observed at the antisolar point at all times, except possibly when the antisolar point is at its maximum displacement from the symmetry plane.
Neurochemical analysis of amino acids, polyamines and carboxylic acids : GC-MS quantitation of tBDMS derivatives using ammonia positive chemical ionization

The GC-MS quantitation of a large number of neurochemicals utilizing a single derivatization step is not common but is provided by the reagent N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluro-acetamide (MTBSTFA). Previous workers have utilized this derivative for GC-MS analyses of amino acids, carboxylic acids and urea with electron impact (EI) and with positive chemical ionization (PCI; methane as reagent gas). However, these conditions yield significant fragmentation, decreasing sensitivity and in some cases reducing specificity for quantitation with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Additionally, the majority of studies have used a single internal standard to quantitate many compounds. In this study we demonstrate that using isotopic dilution combined with ammonia as the reagent gas for PCI analyses, results in high precision and sensitivity in analyzing complex neurochemical mixes. We also demonstrate for the first time the utility of this derivative for the analysis of brain polyamines and the dipeptide cysteinyl glycine. In the case of ammonia as the reagent gas, all amino acids, polyamines and urea yielded strong [MH](+) ions with little or no fragmentation. In the case of carboxylic acids, [M+18](+) ions predominated but [MH](+) ions were also noted. This approach was used to analyze superfusates from hippocampal brain slices and brain tissue extracts from brain lesion studies. The advantages of this methodology include: (i) simple sample preparation; (ii) a single derivatization step; (iii) direct GC-MS analysis of the reaction mix; (iv) high precision as a result of isotopic dilution analyses; (v) high sensitivity and specificity as a result of strong [MH](+) ions with ammonia reagent gas; (vi) no hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate or asparagine to aspartate; and (vii) applicability to a wide range of neurochemicals.
Treatment of Tourette disorder with penfluridol.

Abstract The results of this study indicate that penfluridol is a worthwhile addition to and alternative drug for the chemotherapy of TS, yielding more improvement and fewer side effects than haloperidol. In addition, the study provides some support for the DA hypothesis of TS. Carefully controlled studies of penfluridol and other drugs with exclusive dopamine-blocking properties are warranted.
Rapid Calculation of the Structures of Solutions with ab Initio Interaction Potentials

A non-Boltzmann sampling method is demonstrated for efficient calculation of structural properties of models having ab initio interaction potentials. A sample of independent configurations is generated with a molecular dynamics simulation using an approximate potential. Ab initio calculations, done only at the sampled configurations, are used to correct the thermal averages of any mechanical variable for the difference between the approximate and ab initio potentials. Tests of the method show that relatively few ab initio calculations are needed to obtain significant structural information and that bootstrap estimates of the uncertainties are reasonable. As a further test, we use results from a previous calculation of the hydration free energy of Na + at 973 K and 0.535 g/cm 3 to calculate the Na-O pair correlation function and coordination number for an ab initio model of Na + -H 2 O interactions.
Youth service caseworkers: Social and legal factors affecting their recommendation to place youths in secure care facilities

Abstract This study examines the effects of social and legal variables on youth service caseworkers' recommendation to place youths in a secure care setting. While the findings of this study indicate that caseworkers' recommendation to place youths in such a facility is primarily influenced by their juvenile delinquency or legal background characteristics, the social variable “family composition” has a significant impact on the recommendation. This suggests that caseworkers view single-parent families as less capable than two-parent families of managing youths' serious delinquency problems and, therefore, are more likely to recommend youths from single-parent families for secure care placement consideration. The fact that legal variables are the strongest predictors of secure care decision outcomes indicates that objective criteria are being used to determine which youths to consider for secure care placement. Also, it is found that the more offenses that are committed the more likely that one will be a violent offense. This finding implies that the issue of serious juvenile delinquency should be examined and dealt with from a broad juvenile justice perspective directed at prevention as opposed to a limited focus on only the secure care process.
Porous titanium tooth roots: Clinical evaluation

1. An inert porous vehicle can be successfully used to attach endosseous dental implants to surrounding alveolar bone. 2. Implant size and the width of keratinized gingiva surrounding the implant are critical to the success of the implant. 3. Radiography and pocket depth are useful indicators of the status of porous endosseous roots, while mobility is not.
Surface Micromachined RF Inductors and Transformers for Advanced Telecommunication Applications

In this paper, Surface micromachined RF inductors and transformers have been newly designed, fabricated, and characterized by using electroplating techniques, multi-layer thick photoresist, and low temperature processes which are compatible with semiconductor integrated circuitry fabrication. In particular, the relationship of performance characteristics and geometry of these micro-inductors and micro-transformers is deeply investigated such as windings, cross-sectional area of core, spacing between windings, and turn ratio. The microwave characteristics of the fabricated micro-inductors and micro-transformers have been measured in the frequency range of 0.5 to 40 GHz. The micro-inductors have inductance between 1 nH and 7 nH, maximum quality factor of 31 at 6 GHz, an inductance of 2.7 nH, and a self resonant frequency of 15.8 GHz. Two types of solenoid type micro-transformers with turn ratios of 1:1 and n:1 have been fabricated and characterized. They have the minimum insertion loss of about 0.6 dB and the wide bandwidth of a few GHz.