cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relative Effectiveness of the Direct-Detailed and the Directed Discovery Methods of Teaching Letterpress Imposition

THIS STUDY investigated the relative effec- I tiveness of two methods of verbal instruction in which meaningful, non-manipulative, technical content was introduced to groups of students. The direct-detailed method, incorporating many implications from Thorndike's Connectionism, consisted of positive, continuous, and detailed presentation of all the material the students were to learn and understand. Sample problems were posed to illustrate the application of the informa tion provided, but these were immediately solved by the instructor in a step-by-step fashion. In structional aids were employed to supplement the verbal presentation, and the students were care fully guided in their use. Review was achieved by repetition of the material at appropriate intervals. The second method, directed discovery, was de rived from Gestalt learning theory. A minimum of basic information was presented in a direct man ner. With this essential material as a foundation, many carefully structured and ordered questions and hints were utilized to assist pupil discovery of the remaining information and functional rela tionships to be acquired and understood. A mini mum of guidance was offered in the use of the in structional aids employed. Review consisted of a series of questions designed to clarify relation ships. Both methods were considered theoretically
Minisum location of a travelling salesman on simple networks

Abstract In this paper, we study the travelling salesman location problem on simple networks. The problem is to find the optimal home location of the salesman (e.g., a repair unit) that in each working day, must visit all the customers that require service. The number of customers as well as their location can change from day to day. In simple networks, each link belongs to at most one cycle. The paper includes O(n) algorithms for several types of simple networks and thus, avoids the calculation of 2n − 1 probabilities for each possible tour that may occur (customers are located at n nodesof the network).
Synthesis and cytotoxicity of cyanoborane adducts of n6-benzoyladenine and 6-triphenylphosphonylpurine.

N 6 -Benzoyladenine-cyanoborane (2), and 6-triphenylphosphonylpurine-cyanoborane (3) were selected for investigation of cytotoxicity in murine and human tumor cell lines, effects on human HL-60 leukemic metabolism and DNA strand scission to determine the feasibility of these compounds as clinical antineoplastic agents. Compounds 2 and 3 both showed effective cytotoxicity based on ED50 values less than 4 μg/ml for L1210, P388, HL-60, Tmolt3, HUT-78, HeLa-S3 uterine, ileum HCT-8, and liver Hepe-2. Compound 2 had activity against ovary 1-A9, while compound 3 was only active against prostate PL and glioma UM. Neither compound was active against the growth of lung 549, breast MCF-7, osteosarcoma HSO, melanoma SK2, KB nasopharynx, and THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia. In mode of action studies in human leukemia HL-60 cells, both compounds demonstrated inhibition of DNA and protein syntheses after 60 min at 100 μM. These compounds inhibited RNA synthesis to a lesser extent. The utilization of the DNA template was suppressed by the compounds as determined by inhibition of the activities of DNA polymerase α, m-RNA polymerase, r-RNA polymerase and t-RNA polymerase, which would cause adequate inhibition of the synthesis of both DNA and RNA. Both compounds markedly inhibited dihydrofolate reductase activity, especially in compound 2. The compounds appeared to have caused cross-linking of the DNA strands after 24 hr at 100 μM in HL-60 cells, which was consistent with the observed increased in ct-DNA viscosity after 24 hr at 100 μM. The compounds had no inhibitory effects on DNA topoisomerase I and II activities or DNA-protein linked breaks. Neither compound interacted with the DNA molecule itself through alkylation of the nucleotide bases nor caused DNA interculation between base pairs. Overall, these antineoplastic agents caused reduction of DNA and protein replication, which would lead to killing of cancer cells.
Determination of Free Radicals in Gamma Irradiated Proteins

THE long-lived free radicals produced by gamma radiolysis of dry proteins at room temperature have been previously studied by electron spin resonance1 (ESR). The carbon radicals which can be observed by ESR have been interpreted2 as being predominantly located on glycine. Recently, the use of tritiated hydrogen sulphide as interceptor of free radicals has been proposed3 as a new experimental technique for determining the distribution of free radicals located on carbon atoms. The method in volves exposing the gamma irradiated lyophilized proteins to tritiated hydrogen sulphide in order to form carbon-tritium bonds in the protein. Tritium distribution among the amino-acids can be determined by subsequent hydrolysis, ammo-acid analysis and tritium counting; this measures the “secondary”1 free radical distribution. The terms “primary” and “secondary” free radicals refer, respectively, to (a) those radicals formed on irradiation at 77° K, and (b) those which arise from them on subsequent warming or which can be observed after radiolysis at room temperature.
Cytochemical analysis of neural dysraphism in the vl mutant mouse.

Closure of the posterior neuropore was analyzed by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry in ten-day dysraphic mouse embryos homozygous for the mutant gene vl , and comparisons were made with normal embryos in terms of convergence, apposition and fusion of the apices of the neural folds. In abnormal embryos, regional differences in the distribution of the surface coat were comparable to those in normal embryos. However, there was an abnormally acute medial bending of the neural folds, as well as a delay in closure of the posterior neuropore. In closed areas of the abnormal embryos the dorsum also showed an erratic knot of disorganized cells. Thus, the pathogenetic mechanism in this mutant appears to involve not only a failure in apposition in open areas, as well as an inappropriate association of cells in areas which do fuse, but possibly also a failure of proper alignment of neural fold apices prior to apposition and fusion.
Oppositional identities: dissimilarities in how women and men experience parent versus professional roles

As stereotypes of social groups undergo change, group members gain access to previously denied social and cultural roles. Although such access is desirable, to the extent that the behavior, traits, and attitudes required to succeed in a new role are in opposition to those required to do well in a still-valued old role, conflict in the self-concept may ensue. Specifically, the individual must necessarily fall short in social comparisons of the self to the ideal group member in 1 or both roles, threatening self-integrity. Examining the specific case of oppositional identities between career and mom roles, we argue that women respond to this conflict by shifting back and forth between activation of whichever identity is relevant in a given situational context in a way that men do not. This shifting of self-associations is hypothesized to deplete scarce cognitive resources, interfering with performance on a task that requires executive function capacity. In addition, to the extent the identities are viewed as trading off against one another, failure in 1 domain may be responded to by activating the alternate identity in an effort to restore self-integrity, again in a way that is not true for men. These hypotheses are explored across 4 studies, utilizing both college students in the midst of formulating--and working parents in the midst of negotiating--these identities.
Integrating simulation and geographic information system

This paper presents the results of a software system which integrates geographical information systems (GIS), object oriented simulation (OOS), and multi-sensor fusion algorithms. This system allows the Navy to evaluate the performance of different multi-sensor configurations in order to identify enemy ships, friendly ships, or other entities present in the ocean. ArcGIS provides geographical information such as seabed composition, bathymetry, and proximity to the coast. The simulation system developed on AnyLogic takes the GIS data as input, and performs simulations to evaluate the impact of the geographical conditions on the ability of the sensors to identify entities in the ocean.
Effects of climate and vegetation on soil nutrients and chemistry in the Great Basin studied along a latitudinal-elevational climate gradient

Climate (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation cover strongly influence surface soil chemical and nutrient properties. The objectives of our study were to quantify the responsiveness of soil chemical properties to climate gradients and how the presence of plant canopies modulates this responsiveness in the arid ecosystems of the Great Basin of Nevada, U.S.A. We measured chemical properties of surface soils sampled from between- and under-canopy microsites along a latitudinal-elevational climate gradient with similar underlying geology to quantify responses to climate alone (between-canopy) and to climate and vegetation combined (under-canopy). Only half of the ten soil chemical properties measured (pH, NH4-N, P, Mg2+, and K+) responded significantly to the large climate gradients without the influence of canopy cover. The presence of plant canopies significantly amplified both the climate responses and caused significant responses in additional soil chemical properties to climate gradients, especially for nitrate-N, calcium, total organic C, and total N. Our results suggest that vegetation canopy is a driving factor in defining how soil chemical properties of Great Basin ecosystems respond to climate and anthropogenic climate change.
Early-life stress and cognitive outcome

Early-life stress is associated with later neuropsychiatric illness. While the association between early-life stress and brain development is well recognized, relatively few studies have examined the association between exposure to early-life stress and cognitive outcome. The objective of this paper is to examine the association between early-life stress and cognitive outcome in animal models and humans. In this article, we review alterations in cognitive function associated with early-life stress in animals and then discuss the association of early-life stress and cognitive function in humans. Findings suggest that early-life stress is associated with abnormal cognitive function in animals and humans. Furthermore, cognitive deficits associated with exposure to early-life stress in humans may persist into at least early adulthood, although animal models of enriched environments and studies of children adopted from institutionalized care into foster families suggest that certain social factors may at least partially reverse cognitive deficits following exposure to early-life stress. Exposure to stress in early life may be associated with later deficits in cognitive function.
The Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Twins

SummaryTwin sisters with rheumatoid arthritis are described. The literature concerning similar cases is reviewed and a comparison is made. It is believed that the cases described in this report are the third recorded instance of rheumatoid arthritis occurring in twins. This report is of interest not only because of the rarity of the condition but because the evaluation of heredity as an etiologic factor of this disease necessitates such a discussion. The role of genetic predisposition in rheumatoid arthritis is clarified by the finding of twin sisters with an identical disease.
Trichoderma communities in soils from organic, sustainable, and conventional farms, and their relation with Southern blight of tomato

The objectives of this research were to investigate the relationship between propagule numbers and genetic diversity of Trichoderma species and Southern blight of tomato caused by soilborne plant pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii in soils with long-term organic, sustainable, and conventional farms. Dilution plating was use to quantify the propagule numbers of Trichoderma, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequence analysis were used to identify Trichoderma species, and greenhouse assay were conducted for soil suppressiveness to Southern blight. The propagule numbers of Trichoderma tend to be higher in soils from conventional farms. There was no clear separation for the propagule numbers of Trichoderma based on different management systems using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). However, there was general separation for total microbial communities based on organic and conventional management systems using CCA. That suggests that the difference of soil suppressiveness to disease from organic, sustainable, and conventional farms is due to the difference of the total microbial diversity but not directly due to the Trichoderma populations in each farming system. The propagule numbers of soil Trichoderma did not significantly correlate with the diseases suppressiveness, although individual species of Trichoderma harzianum was shown to be related to disease suppressiveness. Moreover, several Trichoderma species were found in the soil tested based on DGGE and DNA sequence analysis. Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum, Trichoderma virens, and Trichoderma erinaecem were the most abundant species in tested soil.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS OF MYOCARDIAL GROWTH FACTOR MRNA IN MURINE HETEROTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANTS. • 206

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS OF MYOCARDIAL GROWTH FACTOR MRNA IN MURINE HETEROTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANTS. • 206
Stereocontrolled synthesis of 22-hydroxy-23-acetylenic steroids, key intermediates in steroid side chain construction. Observation of a directive effect by an α-chiral site during asymmetric reduction with -B-3-pinanyl-9-BBN (Alpine-Borane)

An efficient stereoselective synthesis of 22-R- and 22-S-hydroxy-23-acetylenic steroids has been developed using R-Alpine-Borane (125:1, R:S) and L-Selectride (1:11, R:S) to reduce the 22-keto steroid. S-Alpine-Borane provides an unexpectedly low 1:2.7, R:S ratio due to the influence of the α- chiral center at C-20 of the steroid.
Image-Based Macro-Micro Finite Element Models of a Canine Femur with Implant Design Implications

In this paper, a comprehensive model of a bone-cement-implant assembly is developed for a canine cemented femoral prosthesis system. Various steps in this development entail profiling the canine femur contours by computed tomography (CT) scanning, computer aided design (CAD) reconstruction of the canine femur from CT images, CAD modeling of the implant from implant blue prints and CAD modeling of the interface cement. Finite element analysis of the macroscopic assembly is conducted for stress analysis in individual components of the system, accounting for variation in density and material properties in the porous bone material. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with the macroscopic model to investigate the effect of implant design variables on the stress distribution in the assembly. Subsequently, rigorous microstructural analysis of the bone incorporating the morphological intricacies is conducted. Various steps in this development include acquisition of the bone microstructural data from histological ...
Determinants of Leaf Litter Nutrient Cycling in a Tropical Rain Forest: Soil Fertility Versus Topography

We investigated the influence of landscape-level variation in soil fertility and topographic position on leaf litter nutrient dynamics in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. We sampled across the three main edaphic conditions (ultisol slope, ultisol plateau, and inceptisol) to determine the effect of soil nutrients on leaf litter nutrient concentrations while controlling for topography, and to examine topographic effects while controlling for soil nutrients. Both leaf litter macronutrient [phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg)] and micronutrient concentrations were quantified throughout a 4-year period. Leaf litter [P], [N] and [K] varied significantly among soil types. The variation in [P], [N], and [K] was explained by soil fertility alone. Leaf litter [S], [Ca], and [Mg] did not vary among the three soil types. Macronutrient (P, K, Mg, S, Ca) concentrations in the leaf litter were much less variable than those of Fe and Al. Lower variability in essential plant nutrients suggests a great deal of plant control over the amount of nutrients resorbed before senescense. Leaf litter macronutrient concentrations varied significantly over the 4-year period, but the temporal variation did not differ among the three edaphic types as anticipated. Hence, although the magnitude of nutrient fluxes may be controlled by local factors such as soil fertility, temporal patterns are likely regulated by a common environmental variable such as precipitation or temperature.
Singlemode emission from a passive-antiguide-region vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

A novel passive-antiguide buried-heterostructure vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is demonstrated which emits a single fundamental mode at high currents for an aperture as large as 16μm diameter. A simple theoretical calculation is performed and agrees well with the experimental results.
Role of mathematics self-efficacy and motivation in mathematics performance across ethnicity

The authors evaluated self-efficacy and motivational orientation across Hispanic and Caucasian students to predict variables related to mathematics achievement, including mathematics performance and students' plans to take additional mathematics courses. Path models were analyzed for 358 students in Grades 9 and 10 who attended a West Texas high school and for the sample split by ethnicity. The tested models provided adequate goodness of fit to the data, supporting the finding that self-efficacy predicts motivational orientation and mathematics performance. Tests of each model parameter across ethnicity revealed 1 significant difference, suggesting that the relationship between prior mathematics achievement and self-efficacy was stronger for Hispanic students. Findings indicate that similar motivational systems exist to predict mathematics achievement across ethnicity; however, Caucasian students do not place as much emphasis on prior mastery experiences as do Hispanic students, suggesting that other fact...
Progress on the Origin of Language

L'A. propose un rapport critique concernant quatre ouvrages recents consacres a l'origine du langage. Ces ouvrages, intitules Tools, language and cognition in human evolution (Gibson & Ingold, 1993), Language origins society (Wind et al., 1994), Vico, metaphor, and the origin of language (Danesi, 1993), Aping language (Wallman, 1992), presentent l'etat actuel des connaissances sur l'origine du langage obtenues a partir de l'etude des fossiles, du cerveau humain, de l'acquisition du langage, des modalites du langage, de la fabrication et l'utilisation d'outils, de l'evolution des especes et de la primatologie
Regional and Categorical Patterns in Consumer Behavior: Revealing Trends

We offer a method of analysis that allows for an “unbundling” of the data to a disaggregate household level, and then “rebundling” it in a manner designed to identify patterns and relationships which are otherwise masked. Applying the method in the context of ‘healthy’ products and using census block group level data, we study consumption over several categories in two locations. The analyses show that studies involving geographically dispersed data must test for, and take into account when required, conceptually sound spatial effects in order to accurately assess impact. We also show that while both location and the product category have a significant impact on the proportion of healthy products purchased, the degree to which consumers choose healthier alternatives is a function of the category as well as the location. Finally, we provide preliminary evidence from survey data that supports the variations we find, and further explores attitudinal differences as well. There are rich implications for retailers in that new products introduced to benefit from popular trends (such as ‘healthy’ alternatives) may not succeed for all categories or locations. Retailers would benefit from understanding the spatial, demographic and attitudinal effects that play into consumption behavior, and such effects can be better understood when studying choice at the category and region level. Finally, public policies aimed at promoting healthier purchasing habits may have greater impact if special attention is given to specific categories and regions.
An isomeric state of Y90

Abstract An isomeric state of Y90 decaying with a half-life of 3.2±0.1 h was obtained in the bombardment of Rb and Y, respectively, with 12 MeV alphas and deuterons of the Florida State University Tandem Van der Graaff accelerator. The observed gamma peaks can be fitted into an energy diagram with levels at 0.202±0.005 and 0.690±0.003 MeV. Consideration of the shell model and existing decay schemes for Y90 leads to the assignment of 7+ for the isomeric state at 0.690 MeV.
Type A Aortic Dissection Mimicking a Saddle Pulmonary Embolus on Computed Tomographic Angiography

A 21-year-old man presented with acute onset of severe, ripping chest pain. He reported mild dyspnea but denied other associated symptoms, including leg swelling, palpitations, or neurological symptoms. He had a long-standing personal history of hypertension and reported a family history of venous thromboembolism and diabetes mellitus. On physical examination, the patient was tachycardic and hypertensive (systolic blood pressure in the range of 160–170 mm Hg). Computed tomographic angiography of the chest was performed. Computed tomographic angiography revealed an aneurysm of the ascending aorta measuring up to 6 cm in diameter with a focal outpouching posteriorly just superior to the takeoff of the left main coronary artery and a high-attenuation pericardial effusion, findings concerning for focal type A aortic dissection with contained rupture …
Age of sexual maturity in laboratory-born pairs of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Two pairs of laboratory born rhesus monkeys gave birth to healthy young at an unusually early age, indicating that sexual maturity for this species is possible at a much earlier age than had been previously reported.
Antinociceptive effects of the non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 are absent in CB1−/− and not CB2−/− mice in models of acute and persistent pain

Previous studies have suggested a role for both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in modulation of nociception. To further examine the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in antinociception, we evaluated the efficacy of the non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP 55,940, in models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain in control mice, CB1 receptor knockout mice, and CB2 receptor knockout mice. In control C57BL/6 mice, administration of CP 55,940 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed complete Freund's adjuvant-induced tactile allodynia, reversed tactile allodynia in the spinal nerve ligation model and inhibited the noxious heat-evoked tail withdrawal response. In addition to its antinociceptive effects, CP 55,940 produced an impairment of motor coordination in the rotarod test. The antinociceptive effects produced by CP 55,940 and associated motor deficits were found to be completely abolished in CB1 receptor knockout mice. In contrast, the antinociceptive effects of CP 55,940 in all pain models were fully retained in CB2 receptor knockout mice, along with the associated motor deficits. The results suggest that the antinociceptive effects of CP 55,940 in models of acute and persistent pain, along with the associated motor deficits, are mediated by CB1 receptors, and likely not CB2 receptors.
Radiation depigmentation of mouse hair: effect of the hair growth cycle on the sensitivity.

The response of hair follicle melanoblasts to irradiation has been studied by two techniques at various stages of the hair growth cycle. Scoring of follicles without functional melanocytes in a growth phase after irradiation provides dose-response curves that have similarities to earlier depigmentation results. Melanoblast survival curves can also be obtained by scoring follicles with clones of functional melanocytes in a post-irradiation growth phase. A large difference in sensitivity is evident between resting and growing follicles. This difference seems to vary with different strains of mice. The sensitivities of the melanoblast survival curves also vary considerably through the hair growth cycle. The most sensitive cells are the resting G o melanoblasts. The dividing melanoblasts are more resistant, and the resistance is even greater, if the response is studied five days after plucking when the melanoblasts are reaching the end of the division phase and the beginning of the melanin synthetic phase.
Effect of stress state and microstructural parameters on impact damage of alumina-based ceramics

Alumina discs of two grain sizes (4 and 24μm), and three compositions (99.4% purity, 85% purity, alumina + partially stabilized zirconia) were subjected to planar normal impact in a gas gun at a nominal pressure of 4.6GPa. The alumina discs were confined in copper and aluminium capsules, which provided solely compressive and compressive plus tensile pulses in the ceramic, respectively. These experiments were conducted at different pulse durations (controlled by the thickness of the flyer plates). The surface area of cracks per unit volume was measured in order to estimate the impact damage. Compression followed by tension produced significantly more damage than compression alone. The small grain-sized discs exhibited more damage than the large grain-sized discs. The amount of damage increased with the duration of the tensile stress pulse. The addition of partially stabilized zirconia (∼ 14%) did not enhance the resistance to fragmentation of the discs; X-ray diffraction did not reveal an impact-induced phase transformation. Although the pressures generated were below the Hugoniot elastic limit of alumina, considerable fracturing of the specimens took place. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fracture was intercrystalline in regions away from the spall plane. In the spall plane energy was sufficient to comminute the grains, producing considerable grain debris and transgranular fracture. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the onset of damage to the structure, in the form of dislocations (present in only a small fraction of grains), microcracks nucleating at voids, and intergranular microcracks.
Correlation of phospholipid structure with functional effects on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor : a modulatory role for phosphatidic acid

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to characterize specific interactions between negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidic acid, and the purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. The specific interaction of phosphatidic acid with acetylcholine receptor is demonstrated by the receptor-induced perturbation of the lipid ionization state, which is monitored using Fourier transform infrared bands arising from the phosphate head group. The acetylcholine receptor shifts the pKa of phosphatidic acid molecules adjacent to the receptor to a lower value by almost 2 pH units from 8.5 to 6.6. Decreased pH also leads to changes in ion channel function and to changes in the secondary structure of the acetylcholine receptor in membranes containing ionizable phospholipids. Phospholipase D restores functional activity of acetylcholine receptor reconstituted in an unfavorable environment containing phosphatidylcholine by generating phosphatidic acid. Lipids such as phosphatidic acid may serve as allosteric effectors for membrane protein function and the lipid-protein interface could be a site for activity-dependent changes that lead to modulation of synaptic efficacy.
Phytoliths as indicators of prehistoric maize (Zea mays subsp.mays, Poaceae) cultivation

Maize (Zea mays L. subsp.mays) has been identified in archaeological contexts by a high proportion of large cross-shaped phytoliths. Given the numerous races of maize, this study was undertaken to determine if differences below the species level could be noted. It was also designed to see if phytoliths differed in various plant parts at various stages of growth. Several races were grown under experimental conditions. No significant differences were found. Furthermore, few phytoliths alleged to be diagnostic of maize were discovered. Systemic studies of maize and analyses of prehistoric cultivation by means of phytoliths seem not to be as promising as some researchers have argued.
The Effects of New Nuclear Reaction Rates and Opacities on Hydrodynamic Simulations of the Nova Outburst

We report on the results of new calculations of thermonuclear runaways on 1.25 M⊙ oxygen, neon, and magnesium white dwarfs, using our one-dimensional, fully implicit, hydrodynamic stellar evolution code that includes a large nuclear reaction network. We have updated the nuclear reaction network by including both new and improved experimental and theoretical determinations of the nuclear reaction rates. We have also incorporated the carbon-rich OPAL opacity tables. Our results show that the changes in the reaction rates and opacities that we have introduced produce important changes with respect to our previous studies. For example, a smaller amount of 26Al is produced, while the abundances of 31P and 32S increase by factors of more than 2. This change is attributed to the increased proton-capture reaction rates for some of the intermediate-mass nuclei near 26Al and beyond, such that nuclear fusion to higher mass nuclei is enhanced. We also find that our predicted values for the amount of mass ejected in the outburst are at least a factor of 10 less than observed. The low values for the amount of ejected mass is a consequence of the fact that the OPAL opacities are larger than those we previously used, which results in more heat being trapped in the nuclear-burning regions and, therefore, less mass being accreted onto the white dwarf.
Turbulent cascade modeling of single and bubbly two-phase turbulent flows

The analysis of turbulent two-phase flows requires closure models in order to perform reliable computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) analyses. A spectral turbulence cascade-transport model, which tracks the evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy from large to small liquid eddies, has been developed for the analysis of the homogeneous decay of isotropic single and bubbly two-phase turbulence. This model has been validated for the decay of homogeneous, isotropic single and two-phase bubbly flow turbulence for data having a 5 mm mean bubble diameter. The Reynolds number of the data based on bubble diameter and relative velocity is approximately 1400.
Oscillations in Phanerozoic Seawater Chemistry: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions

Systematic changes in the chemistry of evaporated seawater contained in primary fluid inclusions in marine halites indicate that seawater chemistry has fluctuated during the Phanerozoic. The fluctuations are in phase with oscillations in seafloor spreading rates, volcanism, global sea level, and the primary mineralogies of marine limestones and evaporites. The data suggest that seawater had high Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios (>2.5) and relatively high Na+ concentrations during the Late Precambrian [544 to 543 million years ago (Ma)], Permian (258 to 251 Ma), and Tertiary through the present (40 to 0 Ma), when aragonite and MgSO4salts were the dominant marine precipitates. Conversely, seawater had low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios (<2.3) and relatively low Na+ concentrations during the Cambrian (540 to 520 Ma), Silurian (440 to 418 Ma), and Cretaceous (124 to 94 Ma), when calcite was the dominant nonskeletal carbonate and K-, Mg-, and Ca-bearing chloride salts, were the only potash evaporites.
The course of myalgia and headache after electroconvulsive therapy.

Background:Headache and myalgia seem to be common, though generally mild, complications of electroconvulsive therapy. Relatively little is known regarding the usual severity and time course of these complaints.Objective:This study examines the incidence, severity, and time course of myalgia and head
Use of the RAMS to Measure Semivolatile Fine Particulate Matter at Riverside and Bakersfield, California

Fine particles in urban environments contain substantial quantities of material that can be lost from the particles during sample collection on a filter. This materials include ammonium nitrate and semivolatile organic compounds. Methods for the accurate determination of these species in integrated samples have been developed using diffusion denuder samplers. However, it is often desirable to determine fine particulate matter on a continuous basis. The real-time ambient mass sampler (RAMS), a continuous monitor using diffusion denuder and tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) technologies, has been evaluated by monitoring fine particulate species in Riverside, CA during August and September, 1997, and in Bakersfield, CA during February and March, 1998. The results are compared to measurements made in 1 h integrated samples in Riverside and in 2 h integrated samples in Bakersfield with a diffusion denuder sampler, the particle concentrator-Brigham Young University organic sampling system (PC-BOSS...
Effect of fentanyl on baroreflex control of circumflex coronary conductance

SUMMARY 1. Fentanyl, a synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist, is the preferred induction and maintenance anaesthetic agent in cardiac surgery. 2. Its actions on myocardial blood flow are poorly understood. There are reports of intra-operative myocardial ischaemia. Its reported actions on cardiorespiratory control vary widely, but do involve hypertension, bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. 3. Accordingly, the postulate that fentanyl would cause coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial disadvantage was examined in awake dogs with a continuous wave Doppler flow probe mounted on the circumflex coronary artery. 4. Continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl citrate (550 ng/kg per min) raised plasma concentrations of fentanyl to 3.37 ng/mL in a linear fashion at 20 min. There was a fall in core temperature of 0.7°C and, although no apparent depression of ventilation or fall in arterial or coronary sinus PO2, there was a rise in PCO2 and H+ concentration. Some dogs salivated and panted transiently. Thus, fentanyl may reset temperature regulation in low doses but, at higher doses, is associated with metabolic acidosis. 5. In sinus rhythm, the arterial pressure of the dogs fell slightly, then rose to 115% of resting control. Circumflex flow and conductance rose early, then conductance steadily declined to 83%. Heart rate fell, then rose before returning to pre-infusion levels. The early circumflex coronary vasodilator effects, but not the later vasoconstrictor effects, were reduced in dogs with paced hearts. 6. In dogs with paced hearts, a dose–effect study using 138, 275, 550 and 1100 ng/kg per min fentanyl suggested that, at low plasma concentrations of 1–2 ng/mL, vasodilatation does occur in both coronary and systemic circulations; however, at higher doses, intense coronary and systemic vasoconstriction supervenes. 7. The dose–response effect of fentanyl on arterial baroreflex control of circumflex conductance was examined during the immediate 8 s circumflex vasodilator response to a step rise in aortic pressure caused by inflation of an intra-aortic balloon. At low plasma concentrations of fentanyl, baroreflex control of circumflex conductance appears to be enhanced but, with increasing plasma concentrations of fentanyl, appears to be depressed. 8. Therefore, the effects of fentanyl are dose dependent. At low plasma concentrations, left ventricular blood flow and its baroreflex control is enhanced but, at higher concentrations, it is depressed.
Rapid inertial solution exchange for enrichment and flow cytometric detection of microvesicles

Exosomes, nanosized membrane-bound vesicles released by cells, play roles in cell signaling, immunology, virology, and oncology. Their study, however, has been hampered by difficulty in isolation and quantification due to their size and the complexity of biological samples. Conventional approaches to improved isolation require specialized equipment and extensive sample preparation time. Therefore, isolation and detection methods of exosomes will benefit biological and clinical studies. Here, we report a microfluidic platform for inline exosome isolation and fluorescent detection using inertial manipulation of antibody-coated exosome capture beads from biological fluids.
The evolution of informed consent: Beyond an ethics of care

T he ethical dimensions, social implications, and legal ramifications of the doctrine of informed consent have been the most fundamental change in the practice of medicine in the last 20 years. The shift from a paternalistic to an autonomy-based model of the physicianpatient relationship has been for the good. This commentary will focus on the historical antecedents to this paradigm shift. The shift, however, will be seen as only partially realized. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists statement of May 1992, "Ethical Dimensions of Informed Consent," lays the groundwork for the final stages of implementation of an ethics of care. The doctrine of informed consent is partially a response to the wellintentioned but misguided ethos of Hippocratic beneficence. The Hippocratic oath does not refer to patient autonomy or informed consent. 1 The Hippocratic tradition attempted to extricate medicine from superstition and magic and place it on a rational basis. The strength of these writings, however, rests on concern for patient welfare. The notion that physicians ought to help rather than harm patients was a laudable advance. The problem with this benevolence, however, lies in the fact that it was the physician who determined harm and benefit, not the patient. Further with no formal methodology to assess what therapies worked, there was no way to know when a physician would predictably harm or benefit. This critidsm is not limited to ancient medicine. In fact, medical sociologists argue that it wasn't until approximately 1910 that patients reliably had a better than 50% chance of doing better when seeking medical care from a random physician than if the patient never sought care at all. This may explain why the debate concerning justice and access to care is of modern onset. There was no need to worry about access to unproven, often harmful therapies. After World War II, the advent of systematic medical research established the safety and efficacy of clinical therapeutics. 2 Physicians, with their newfound scientific expertise, mistakenly also laid claim to the value expertise necessary in deciding on the appropriate balancing of burdens and benefits of particular treatments for particular patients. Although the physicians' sci© 1993 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/93/$6.00
Predictors of depression in geriatric medically ill inpatients.

Objective: Depression in medically ill inpatients has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify variables that would successfully predict depression in this population. Methods: The sample consisted of 314 male, medically ill veterans, age 60 and older, admitted to the acute medical service at Baltimore Veteran Administration Medical Center. Sixty of 314 patients met criteria for Major Depression and scored 11 or higher on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Variables assessing age, race, social support, severity of illness, degree of functional disability, life satisfaction, and hopelessness were included in a logistic regression analysis as predictors of depression. Results; The variables that significantly predicted depression were derived from the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Life Satisfaction Score, and the Cumulative Illness Rating Score. Conclusions: The results indicated that medically ill inpatients who feel hopeless about the future, feel the best years oftheir lives are behind them, and have serious medical problems are likely to be clinically depressed.
FIRM: fuzzily integrated region matching for content-based image retrieval

We propose FIRM (Fuzzily Integrated Region Matching), an efficient and robust similarity measure for region-based image retrieval. Each image in our retrieval system is represented by a set of regions that are characterized by fuzzy sets. The FIRM measure, representing the overall similarity between two images, is defined as the similarity between two families of fuzzy sets. Compared with similarity measures based on individual regions and on all regions with crisp feature representations, our approach greatly reduces the influence of inaccurate segmentation. Experimental results based on a database of about 200,000 general-purpose images demonstrate improved accuracy, robustness, and high speed.
The chromium-platinum constitution diagram

The system Cr−Pt has been investigated over the entire composition range by metallography, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe studies. There is only one intermediate phase and it has a Cr3Si(A15)-type crystal structure. The fcc platinum terminal solid solution extends to 71 at. pct Cr at 1530°C and forms a congruent melting maximum at about 1790°C. Atomic ordering within this solid solution range begins at about 17 at. pct Cr and there is a continuous change from the Cu3Au-type structure to the CuAu-type structure with increasing chromium content. Two eutectic reactions at 1530°C±10°C and at 1500°C ±10°C were indicated and there is evidence of a syntectic reaction at 1580°C±10°C. Platinum is soluble in the bcc chromium terminal solid solution up to about 10 at pct Pt at 1500°C but the solubility decreases rapidly at lower temperatures.
The relationship of facets of salesperson job satisfaction with affective organizational commitment

Purpose – This paper aims to examines the relationships between various facets of salesperson job satisfaction as assessed by the INDSALES measure and salesperson organizational commitment. The paper also seeks to explore salesperson gender as a moderator of the relationship between facets of job satisfaction and organizational commitment.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses survey research of one firm's business‐to‐business salespeople to examine the relationships between facets of salesperson job satisfaction and salesperson organizational commitment.Findings – Study results indicate that various facets of job satisfaction are more strongly related to organizational commitment. Findings also indicate that these relationships are not the same for male and female salespeople.Practical implications – Findings demonstrate to sales managers that not all types of satisfaction are related to organizational commitment, which has been strongly linked to a salesperson's propensity to leave an organizatio...
Teachers' Attitudes toward Technology: Considerations for Designing Preservice and Practicing Teacher Instruction

To best design technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) related instruction for preservice teachers or for practicing teachers, community college librarians must have an accurate assessment of their audience's attitudes towards technology. A summary, analysis, and excerpts from 225 student responses to a course reflection regarding attitude toward technology are shared. The course, Learning with Technology, was a required course in an online master in education degree program. Students were practicing teachers or certified education professionals. Results indicated the majority, 52%, had positive feelings about and were integrating technology into instruction, 28% had positive feelings but cited obstacles to integration, 13% were fully integrating technology, and 7% were not integrating technology at all. Common obstacles to technology integration included knowledge/skills, confidence, access, and time. Based on the findings, implications of and suggestions for the design of TPCK related instruc...
A Review of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

To critically review recent literature on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients with Parkinson’s Disease.A literature search was conducted using the keywords LUTS, urinary symptoms, non-motor, and Parkinson’s disease (PD) via the PubMed/Medline search engine. In the literature, we critically examined lower urinary symptoms in Parkinson’s patients by analyzing prevalence, pathogenesis, urinary manifestations, pharmacologic trials and interventions, and prior review articles. The data collected ranged from 1986 to the present with an emphasis placed on recent publications.The literature regards LUTS in PD as a major comorbidity, especially with respect to a patient’s quality of life. Parkinson’s patients experience both storage and voiding difficulties. Storage symptoms, specifically overactive bladder, are markedly worse in patients with PD than in the general population. Surgical management of prostatic obstruction in PD can improve urinary symptoms. Multiple management options exist to alleviate storage LUTS in patients with PD, ranging from behavioral modification to surgery, and vary in efficacy.Lower urinary tract dysfunction in PD may be debilitating. Quality of life can be improved with a multi-pronged diagnosis-specific approach to treatment that takes into consideration a patient’s ability to comply with treatment. A stepwise algorithm is presented and may be utilized by clinicians in managing LUTS in Parkinson’s patients.
Efficient on-chip phonon-photon translation

We propose, analyze, design, and take the first experimental steps towards the demonstration of an on-chip device capable of converting photons to phonons, and vice versa, in a nearly quantum-limited setting.
Effect of bus size and operation to crash occurrences

This paper evaluates roadway and operational factors considered to influence crashes involving buses. Factors evaluated included those related to bus sizes and operation services. Negative binomial (NB) and multinomial logit (MNL) models were used in linearizing and quantifying these factors with respect to crash frequency and injury severities, respectively. The results showed that position of the bus travel lane, presence or absence of on-street shoulder parking, posted speed limit, lane width, median width, number of lanes per direction and number of vehicles per lane has a higher influence on bus crashes compared to other roadway and traffic factors. Wider lanes and medians were found to reduce probability of bus crashes while more lanes and higher volume per lane were found to increase the likelihood of occurrences of bus-related crashes. Roadways with higher posted speed limits excluding freeways were found to have high probability of crashes compared to low speed limit roadways. Buses traveling on the inner lanes and making left turns were found to have higher probability of crashes compared to those traveling on the right most lanes. The same factors were found to influence injury severity though with varying magnitudes compared to crash frequency.