cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Activation via Reversible 1,2-RH-Elimination from (tBu3SiNH)3ZrR: Synthetic, Structural, and Mechanistic Investigations

Hydrocarbyl complexes, (tBu3SiNH)3ZrR (1-R), were prepared via metatheses of (tBu3SiNH)3ZrCl (1-Cl) with RMgX or RLi (R = Me, Et, Cy, CH2Ph, allyl, CHCH2, Ph, CH2tBu, C⋮CPh, C⋮CtBu), through addition of isobutylene, H2CCCMe2, and acetylene to 1-H (R = iBu, dma, or CHCH2), and by CH-bond activation; thermal 1,2-RH-elimination from 1-R produced putative (tBu3SiNH)2ZrNSitBu3 (2), which was subsequently trapped by R‘H. Thermolysis of 1-R (∼100 °C, R = Me or Cy) in the presence of H2, c-C3H6, and CH4 in cyclohexane or neat C6H6, mesitylene, and toluene afforded 1-R (R = H, cPr, Me, Ph, CH2-3,5-Me2C6H3) and a mixture of 1-CH2Ph and 1-C6H4Me, respectively. Exposure of 1-Cy to C2H4 or C6H6 in cyclohexane provided 1-CHCH2 or 1-Ph, respectively, but further reaction produced 12-(trans-HCCH) and 12-(p-C6H4) through double CH-bond activation. Thermolysis of (tBu3SiND)3ZrCH3 (1-(ND)3-CH3) in C6H6 or C6D6 yielded CH3D, and 1C6H5 or 1-(ND)3C6D5, through reversible benzene activation. Thermolysis of 1-Cy in neat cyclohex...
Inflation and risky investment in an economy with asymmetric information and monopolistic loans markets

In the context of an economy in which investment projects are funded by monopolistic lenders, money is found to affect both the qualities of investment projects funded and the total quantity of capital used in the projects. The effects of changes in outside money's rate of return on investment in risky projects are analyzed under both public and private information of borrower's types. When types are publicly observable, a decrease in money's return increases investment in the risky projects validating the Tobin-Mundell effect. With private information, however, the Tobin effect is not valid in all cases. In addition, simulation results show that, in many cases, money changes qualities and quantities of investments in opposite directions. As a result, it is not obvious that an economy's monetary policy should solely attempt to increase total investment. Moreover, credit rationing, a mechanism often used for self-selection in these types of models, is also found to influence the results significantly.
Lyme borreliosis in transgenic mice tolerant to Borrelia burgdorferi OspA or B.

Abstract The evolution of Lyme borreliosis in transgenic mice tolerant to Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins (Osps) A or B was assessed to investigate the role of immunity to OspA or B in infection and pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Antibodies to OspA or B protect immunocompetent C3H/HeJ or C.B.17 severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice from challenge with B. burgdorferi. Moreover, arthritis in infected C3H mice resolves with the rise of high titers of B. burgdorferi specific antibodies, including OspA and B, whereas disease persists in scid mice--suggesting that the regression of arthritis may be due to the development of borreliacidal OspA or B antibodies. To evaluate the course of Lyme borreliosis in OspA or B tolerant mice we developed transgenic mice that expressed OspA or B under control of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I promoter. Mice carrying OspA or B transgenes on a C3H/HeJ (C3H, disease-susceptible) or C57BL/6 (B6, disease-resistant) background, immunized with OspA or B, did not mount a humoral or cellular immune response to OspA or B, respectively, but responded normally to other B. burgdorferi antigens. The evolution of Lyme borreliosis, including infection and the development of arthritis and carditis, was similar in transgenic and nontransgenic littermates suggesting that an OspA or B immune response is not singularly involved in either the genesis or regression of Lyme disease in C3H or B6 mice.
The Medial Unicompartmental Option: Mobile Magic

The indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are widely debated despite a growing body of literature. The current study investigates the minimum 2-year outcomes of Oxford phase III mobile-bearing UKA using a liberal set of indications for the procedure. Two hundred fifty-seven consecutive UKAs in 219 patients with potential for 2 years follow-up were followed. There have been 10 failures for a survivorship of 96.1% at 45 months. Patient factors such as weight, age, pre-existing patellofemoral disease, and anterior knee pain were not related to early failure. Clinical scores were better in the older, lighter-weight patients with isolated medial knee pain. After more than 900 consecutive Oxford UKAs over 4 years, the cumulative survivorship is greater than 98% despite ignoring age, weight, location of preoperative pain, and radiographic signs of patellofemoral disease. The Oxford phase III minimally invasive UKA is truly mobile magic.
Concomitant Crystallization of ROY on Patterned Substrates: Using a High Throughput Method to Improve the Chances of Crystallization of Different Polymorphs

In this study, we demonstrate how increasing the number of crystallization trials can help crystallize polymorphs which may not be obtained in a fewer number of trials due to statistical reasons. Crystallization experiments were conducted using patterned substrates of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with solutions of 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (known as ROY for its red, orange, and yellow crystals) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The patterned bifunctional surface was immersed and slowly withdrawn from undersaturated solutions. The solution preferentially wetted the metallic islands, and as the solvent evaporated, ROY crystals exclusively nucleated on the lyophilic metallic islands. Raman microscopy was utilized to characterize the crystalline form on each metallic island. In one of the experiments, over 10 000 islands were analyzed, and we calculated the probability of crystallizing a particular polymorph on an island. We were able to crystallize six of the seven stable polym...
On the Transformation of Systems

How and why things change are topics that have long fascinated thinkers. "My purpose," Ovid (1955: 29) wrote two thousand years ago, "is to tell of bodies which have been transformed into shapes of a different kind." He went on to relate still more ancient stories about how out of Chaos "a shapeless uncoordinated mass, nothing but a weight of lifeless matter, whose ill-assorted elements were indiscriminately heaped together in one place" our world was created, how gods took on the form of a swan or golden rain, how mortals were metamorphosed into stone and ivory statues into beautiful women. In later centuries scholars used more empirical means to account for such natural transformations as the evolution of the species and social transformations as the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Recent decades have seen renewed interest in the transformation of large-scale social systems. Dissatisfaction with theories of progress, which saw humankind moving purposefully and inexorably if by fits and starts toward some particular goal, as well as cyclical theories of social development led scholars to undertake the conceptual analysis and empirical studies which would contribute to our understanding of how societies change. The emphasis in the last three decades on modernization of developing countries gave such scholarship a major impetus, besides casting some of it into the mode of social engineering. One important development in our understanding of transformation in societies has been increased reliance on the concept of systems. A system, in brief, is a set of components connected by regular and hence predictable patterns of interaction, and
Stability and range of motion of Insall-Burstein condylar prostheses: A computer simulation study

The Insall-Burstein Posterior Stabilized Prosthesis (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) uses an articulation between a femoral cam and tibial spine to provide anteroposterior stability to the knee. Dislocation can occur if the femoral cam translocates anteriorly and over the tibial spine. A computer model was used to examine the effects of design changes made between the Insall-Burstein I (IB I), Insall-Burstein II (IB II), and revised Insall-Burstein II (IB IIR) knees. The effects of these design changes were determined from their influence on knee stability and maximum obtainable knee flexion. Knee stability was characterized by a dislocation safety factor, defined as the vertical distance from the top of the tibial spine to the bottom of the femoral cam. Our analysis showed that the dislocation safety factor is greatest at approximately 70 degrees of knee flexion for all IB knees. As knee flexion is increased from this angle, the dislocation safety factor decreases, reducing knee stability. The simulations highlighted a trade-off between improving knee flexion and improving knee stability. The geometry of the IB II knee allowed greater knee flexion. The maximum flexion achieved with the IB II knee was 125 degrees compared with 115 degrees and 117 degrees for the IB I and IB IIR knees, respectively. However, the simulations indicate that the IB I and IB IIR knees are less likely to dislocate because they have greater dislocation safety factors than the IB II knees.
Optimization of normalized prescription isodose selection for stereotactic body radiation therapy: conventional vs robotic linac.

Purpose: Although modern technology has allowed for target dose escalation by minimizing normal tissue dose, the dose delivered to a tumor and surrounding tissues still depends largely on the inherent characteristics of the radiation delivery platform. This work aims to determine the optimal prescription isodose line that minimizes normal tissue irradiation for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for a conventional linear accelerator and a robotic delivery platform. Methods: Spherical targets with diameters of 10, 20, and 30 mm were constructed in the lungs and liver of a computer based digital torso phantom which simulates respiratory and cardiac motion. Normal tissue contours included normal lung, normal liver, and a concentric 10 mm shell of normal tissue extending from the spherical target surface. For linac planning, noncoplanar, nonopposing three dimensional (3D) conformal beams were designed, and variable prescription isodose lines were achieved by varying the MLC block margin. For CyberKnife planning, variable prescription isodose lines were achieved by inverse planning. True 4D dose calculations were used for the moving target and surrounding tissue based on each of ten phases of a 4D CT dataset. Doses of 60 Gy in three fractions were prescribed to cover 95% of the target tumor. Commonly used conformality, dosimetric, and radiobiological indices for lung and liver SBRT were used to compare different plans and determine the optimally prescribed isodose line for each treatment platform. Results: For linac plans, the average optimal prescription isodose line based on all indices evaluated occurred between 59% and 69% for lung tumors and between 67% and 77% for liver tumors depending on the tumor size. CyberKnife plans had average optimal prescription isodose lines occurring between 40% and 48% for lung tumors and between 41% and 42% depending on the tumor size. However, prescription isodose lines under 50% are not advised to prevent large heterogeneous dose distributions within the target. Conclusions: The choice of prescription isodose line was shown to have a significant impact on parameters commonly used as constraints for lung and liver SBRT treatment planning for both linac-based and CyberKnife delivery platforms. By methodically choosing the prescription isodose line, normal tissue toxicities from SBRT may be reduced.
Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) Observations of the Evolution of Kelvin-Helmholtz Billows Formed Near 86 km Altitude

[1] Small-scale (less than 15 km horizontal wavelength) structures known as ripples have been seen in OH airglow images for nearly 30 years. The structures have been attributed to either convective or dynamical instabilities; the latter are mainly due to large wind shears, while the former are produced by superadiabatic temperature gradients. Dynamical instabilities produce Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) billows, which have been known for many years. However, models and laboratory experiments suggest that these billows often spawn a secondary instability that is convective in nature. While laboratory investigations see evidence of such structures, the evolution of these instabilities in the atmosphere has not been well documented. The Maui Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) Observatory, located on Mt. Haleakala, is instrumented with a Na wind/temperature lidar that can detect dynamic or convective instabilities with 1 km vertical resolution over the altitude region from about 85 to 100 km. The observatory also includes a fast OH airglow camera, sensitive to emissions coming from approximately 82 to 92 km altitude, which obtains images every 3 s at sufficient resolution and signal to noise to see the ripples. On 15 July 2002, ripples were observed moving at an angle to their phase fronts. After a few minutes, structures appeared to form approximately perpendicular to the main ripple phase fronts. The lidar data showed that a region of dynamical instability existed from approximately 85.5 to 87 km and that the direction of the wind shear in this region was consistent with the phase fronts of the ripple features. The motion of the ripples themselves was consistent with the wind velocity at 85.9 km. Thus in this case the observed ripple motion was the advection of KH billows by the wind. The perpendicular structures were seen to be associated with the KH billows: they formed at the time when the atmosphere briefly became convectively unstable within the region where the KH billows most likely formed. Because of this and because the ripples were oriented approximately perpendicular to and moved with the billows, we speculate that they are the secondary instabilities predicted by models of KH evolution. The primary and perpendicular features were seen to decay into unstructured regions suggestive of turbulence. While the formation and decay time appear consistent with models, the horizontal wavelength of the perpendicular structures seems to be larger than models predict for the secondary instability features.
Targeted lipidomics: Discovery of new fatty acyl amides

The discovery of endogenous fatty acyl amides such asN-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide),N-oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA), andN-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) as important signaling molecules in the central and peripheral nervous system has led us to pursue other unidentified signaling molecules. Until recently, technical challenges, particularly those associated with lipid purification and chemical analysis, have hindered the identification of low abundance signaling lipids. Improvements in chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) such as miniaturization of high-performance liquid chromatography components, hybridization of multistage mass spectrometers and time-of-flight technology, the development of electrospray ionization (ESI) and of information-dependent acquisition, now permit rapid identification of novel, low abundance, signaling lipids.
Cyclopropanation Reactions of Pyroglutamic Acid-Derived Synthons with Akylidene Transfer Reagents

The cyclopropanation of unsaturated lactams 1 and 3 derived from pyroglutamic acid with nucleophilic alkylidene transfer reagents is investigated. Good-to-modest yields of cyclopropanes were obtained with most sulfur ylides explored. Syn/anti selectivity was found to be dependent on the synthon as well as the sulfur ylide. This cyclopropanation methodology is used in the synthesis of arginine and glutamic acid analogues.
Offspring-parent regression for a binary trait

Offspring-parent regression is often used to estimate the heritability of a quantitative trait. It is shown that for a purely binary trait, the regression of offspring on one parent is always linear, while that on both parents or mid-parent is generally nonlinear. However, the regressions are linear on a logistic scale.
Deconstructing the Other: Teaching the Politics of the Middle East

mates. There is a danger that students may make erroneous generalizations from their brief field experiences. To rectify this problem, class members can be required to give short oral reports, comparing their impressions with peers who had similar experiences. Even a brief exchange contributes to class members' understanding of governmental processes. Participants often refer to these field projects long after the end of the course. They describe their firsthand exposure as a highlight that enhanced their involvement with and
Effects of oven aging on plasma treated ultra high strength polyethylene

The effects of radio-frequency plasma treatment on ultra high strength polyethylene (UHSPE) fibers using ammonia, oxygen, and argon plasmas were evaluated. The effects of oven aging on adhesion of UHSPE fibers were determined; two methods of oven aging, in air and in water, were used in this study. The effects of aging on the bond between the plasma treated UHSPE and epoxy resin were mechanically evaluated using single fiber pull-out tests. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and wetting force measurements were used to evaluate chemical changes. ESCA results indicate that O-C=0 groups are important for improving IFSS between epoxy and UHSPE.
Reasoned action and predictors of arrest of a violent spouse

The Reasoned Action Model (e.g., Fishbein & Ajzen, 1981) was used with 37 police academy cadets and 95 patrol officers to predict their decisions to arrest a violent male spouse in a typical spousal violence situation. For patrol officers, subjective norm (beliefs about the opimons of important others) was a significant predictor of the decision to arrest\((\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{r} = .471, \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{p} > .001)\) while both attitude\((\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{r} = .352, \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{p} > .001)\) and subjective norm\((\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{r} = - .261, \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{p} - .010)\) were contributors to the explanation of the decision to not arrest. Thirty percent of the variance\((\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{R} ^2 = .30, \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{p} - .001)\) in the overall decision of patrol officers to anrrest or not was predicted by attitude and subjective norm. Additional findings involved the beliefs of officers and cadets. For example, patrol officers believed it was more likely than cadets that the viciim and perpetrator would soon reconcile, while cadets believed it was of great value than officers that the victim seek protection from a women’s shelter.
Orbit Mechanics About Asteroids and Comets

Space missions to small solar system bodies such as asteroids and comets must deal with multiple perturbations acting on the spacecraft. These include strongperturbations from the gravityfield and solar tide, but for small bodies, the most important perturbations may arise from solar radiation pressure acting on the spacecraft. Previous research has generally investigated the effect of the gravity field, solar tide, and solar radiation pressure acting on a spacecraft trajectory about an asteroid in isolation and has not considered their joint effect. In this paper, a more general theoretical discussion of the joint effects of these forces will be given. Specific criteria are found for when it is possible for a spacecraft to orbit about a small body in a bound orbit. In the casewhere such boundmotion is possible, a general solution for the averaged motion of a spacecraft subject to solar radiation pressure perturbations is given. Finally, interactions between solar radiation pressure and gravity field perturbations are investigated.
Incorporating spatiotemporal effects and moisture diffusivity into a multi-criteria materials selection methodology for wood–polymer composites

Abstract Naturally occurring biopolymers have demonstrated suitability for use in wood–polymer composites (WPCs), which have the potential to replace petroleum-based plastics, wood, and engineered-wood materials in construction applications. However, widespread applicability of WPCs remains limited because of long-term durability concerns, especially in high-humidity and wet environments. Using an outdoor deck as a case-study, this research presents the development and implementation of a durability-based service-life model that simulates in-situ environmental exposure conditions, moisture diffusion, and mechanical degradation of conventional and fully biorenewable WPCs. Modeling results were used to develop material comparison charts that simultaneously consider environmental impact and long-term, in-service performance.
General traits of personality and affectivity as predictors of satisfaction in intimate relationships: evidence from self- and partner-ratings

Self- and partner-ratings on trait affect and the Big Five were obtained from 74 married and 136 dating couples. The relationship satisfaction of each person (the "target") was correlated with four sets of ratings: (a) target's self-rated personality, (b) target's partner-rated personality, (c) partner's self-rated personality, and (d) partner's target-rated personality. Self- and partner-ratings of the target's personality yielded very similar results. Negative and positive affectivity were consistent predictors of satisfaction in both samples. Conscientiousness and agreeableness were reliably related to satisfaction in the dating couples, whereas extraversion consistently correlated with satisfaction in the married couples. These traits jointly predicted as much as 34% (self-ratings) and 26% (partner-ratings) of the variance in satisfaction. In contrast, the partner's personality played a lesser role in satisfaction.
Abstract 5553: Liposomal rhenium by convection enhanced delivery for primary brain tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Introduction: While adjuvant external beam radiation prolongs survival in glioblastoma, doses must be limited to approximately 60Gy secondary to lack of benefit and increased toxicity with higher doses. Despite maximum radiation, 90% of tumors recur at the original site. Convection enhanced delivery (CED) of radiation has the potential of administering higher doses locally to the tumor while reducing toxicity to normal brain parenchyma. Lipid nanocarriers offer the potential of distribution though the tumor as well as retention within the tumor. We hypothesized that a radionuclide liposome generated with a specially developed chemistry for loading a large quantity of rhenium, delivered by CED, would allow a higher dose of radiation to be delivered safely and effectively. Methods: Intracranial xenografts were established in nude rats with luciferase expressing U87 glioma cell line. To establish the correct volume of administration, liposomes were labeled with technetium99 and administered intratumorally by CED in volumes of 50 and 100ul at variable rates and imaged by SPECT/CT. Once volume and rate were established, an initial dose range finding study was performed with Re186 doses from 25 to 125uCi. The maximum tolerated dose was then assessed for efficacy as well as to confirm absence of toxicity. Tumor growth was followed by in vivo bioluminescent imaging and 7T MRI. Rats were sacrificed when moribund or when marked neurologic deficit was observed. Rat brains were evaluated by standard histologic methods for residual tumor, gliosis and necrosis. Results: Technetium liposomes in smaller volumes appeared to have better local retention with up to 60% retained at 22 hours post injection. Rats bearing U87 tumors treated with liposomal Rhenium186 tolerated the maximum administered dose of 125uCi (∼550Gy) without apparent toxicity, evidence of necrosis or gliosis. Efficacy was confirmed with rats treated at maximum dose, with all rats in the maximum dose continuing to survive and gain weight to 70 days post tumor inoculation, as compared to control rats which expired between 38 and 44 days. Conclusions: High doses (approx 550Gy) can be delivered to intracranial tumors in tumor bearing rats by CED of rhenium nanoliposomes. No evidence of neurotoxicity or histological changes suggestive of normal tissue injury are observed despite these very high doses. Rhenium liposomes delivered by CED show significant antiglioma activity with prolonged survival of treated tumor bearing rats. Further experiments are warranted to evaluate the potential of Rhenium 186 liposome in the treatment of glioblastoma and other primary brain tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5553.
Portrait of an outsider: class, gender, and the scientific career of Ida M. Mellen.

In 1916, a 41 year old woman with little formal scientific education became the secretary of the New York Aquarium (NYA). In becoming the Aquarium’s first female officer, Ida M. Mellen realized her lifelong dream of successfully pursuing a career in the biological sciences and broke with the limitations and low expectations surrounding her sex and class backgrounds. By 1930, Mellen left the NYA and pursued a career in popular hobbyist writing, becoming the foremost expert on aquarium fishes and domesticated cats in the United States. Margaret Rossiter and other historians of science have illuminated women’s common career paths in the sciences, but little work has been done on individuals whose gender and class impacted their career. Building on Rossiter’s framework, this case study suggests that class, as much as gender, structured the scientific career of women. Through the narrative of the outsider scientific practitioner, we can more fully illuminate the social structure of scientific work. Examining the struggles of Mellen to enter and maintain a scientific career sheds light, not just on her own career path, but those alternately closed to her. If we wish to understand science in the early twentieth century, especially questions of inclusion and exclusion in the scientific process, we must examine those individuals who operated on the periphery of the “traditional” scientific path.
Umbilical cord inverting technique: a simple method to utilize the umbilical cord as a biologic dressing for sutureless gastroschisis closure

A sutureless gastroschisis closure provides a cosmetically appealing outcome. The umbilical cord is usually used as a covering material in a sutureless closure because it is a native tissue. However, during the staged closure with a silo placement, special attention is required to keep the umbilical cord moist. The authors report a simple technique to preserve the feasibility of the umbilical cord as a biologic dressing during the silo placement in staged gastroschisis closures.
Wind Energy Estimation and Siting in Complex Terrain

In this review, we examine the currently available algorithms for predicting the wind field in rough terrain for potential wind power estimation. Numerical codes are conveniently divided into kinematic mass-consistent flow field ones that do not explicitly utilize the momentum equation, and dynamic ones that solve the full set of environmental fluid mechanics equations appropriate to mesoscale regions. Short descriptions for the most important codes are given and their advantages and disadvantages for wind energy prospecting are discussed along with some aspects of the appropriate methodology for deriving climatic averages appropriate for rough terrain. Finally, an example of the results of one of these models applied to the island of Andros, Greece which is known for its windy climate is presented.
A Structural Analysis of Genealogy and Worldview in the Old Testament

The structural pattern inherent in the genealogy of the Old Testament is delineated (1). Correlating this structural pattern with the worldview of Ancient Israel, it is hypothesized that the genealogy functions as a model for the resolution of certain conflicts within the worldview (II). Finally, an analysis of the Jacob narration demonstrates the structural isomorphism of genealogy and individual case (III).
Response of Corn to Banded Zinc Sulfate Fertilizer in Fields with Variable Soil pH

Abstract There are soil series that contain free calcium carbonate (CaCO3) within fields where the surrounding pHs of the soil series are slightly acid. The objective was to study corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield response to zinc (Zn) fertilizer on different soil series within fields. The study was conducted at 12 sites between 1998 and 2000. Treatments were 0 and 5.6 kg Zn ha−1 applied in bands to field‐length strips of corn and replicated four times. Multiple soil series were identified at each site, and treatment pairs were located within them. Grain yields, whole plant (V6 to V10 growth stage), and grain Zn content and uptake were measured. The most common result was no response to Zn application. However, significant yield decreases occurred on some soils as a result of Zn application in two situations: on soils with high soil‐test Zn or on soils with low soil‐test Zn and high pH.
Radiosynthesis of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand: 5-((1-[11C]-methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinyl)methoxy)-2-chloro-3-((E)-2-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)vinyl)pyridine

5-((1-[11C]-methyl-2-(S)-pyrrolidinyl)methoxy)-2-chloro-3-((E)-2-(2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)-vinyl)pyridine ([11C]-FPVC) was synthesized from [11C]-methyl iodide and the corresponding normethyl precursor. The average time of synthesis, purification, and formulation was 42 min with an average non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 19%. The average specific radioactivity was 359 GBq/µmol (9691 mCi/µmole) at end of synthesis (EOS). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Most powerful tests for use in matched pair experiments when data may be censored

Four distribution-free tests are developed for use in matched pair experiments when data may be censored: a bootstrap based on estimates of the median difference, and three rerandomization tests. The latter include a globally almost most powerful (GAMP) test which uses the original data and two modified Gilbert-Gehan tests which use the ranks. Computation time is reduced by using a binary count to generate subsamples and by restricting subsampling to the uncensored pairs. In Monte Carlo simulations against normal alternatives, mixed normal alternatives, and exponential alternatives, the GAMP test is most powerful with light censoring, the rank test is most powerful with heavy censoring. The bootstrap degenerates to the sign test and is least powerful.
Effects of selected alcohols on chiral recognition via cyclodextrin inclusion complexation

The effect of added alcohol on quinine and quinidine inclusion complexes is examined to determine the ability of cyclodextrin as a chiral discriminator via chromatographic and spectroscopic studies...
Creation of visualizations based on linked data

A common task with any relatively large amount of data is to create visual representations that help users to make sense of such data and observe trends that otherwise would be hard for them to appreciate. The creation of these visualizations usually requires some knowledge in a programming language, making it difficult for non-technical savvy users to create visualizations. In this paper we present Visualbox, a system that makes it easier for non-programmers to create web visualizations based on Linked Data. These visualizations can be accessed by any modern web browser and can be easily embedded in web pages and blogs. We describe how people can create visualizations using Visualbox and we show examples of work done by real users. Finally we present a study that shows that Visualbox makes it easier for users to create Linked Data-based visualizations.
Becoming a Data-Based Leader: An Introduction

This article focuses on data-based decision making at the school level and provides guidelines for principals. Necessary prior conditions, methods for developing a data-oriented culture, and expected outcomes are discussed. By using data, administrators can analyze programmatic decisions and promote empowerment of staff.
On-line learning for very large data sets

The design of very large learning systems presents many unsolved challenges. Consider, for instance, a system that ‘watches’ television for a few weeks and learns to enumerate the objects present in these images. Most current learning algorithms do not scale well enough to handle such massive quantities of data. Experience suggests that the stochastic learning algorithms are best suited to such tasks. This is at first surprising because stochastic learning algorithms optimize the training error rather slowly. Our paper reconsiders the convergence speed in terms of how fast a learning algorithm optimizes the testing error. This reformulation shows the superiority of the well designed stochastic learning algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopically guided thoracoscopic esophagectomy for stricture in a child

Purpose Caustic ingestion is a common cause for acquired esophageal strictures in children. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy can be very useful in this setting, particularly for short segments of disease [1, 2, 3, 4]. Thus far, the use of endoscopy to guide resection margins has not been described.
One-shot viewpoint invariance in matching novel objects.

Humans often evidence little difficulty at recognizing objects from arbitrary orientations in depth. According to one class of theories, this competence is based on generalization from templates specified by metric properties (MPs), that were learned for the various orientations. An alternative class of theories assumes that non-accidental properties (NAPs) might be exploited so that even novel objects can be recognized under depth rotation. After scaling MP and NAP differences so that they were equally detectable when the objects were at the same orientation in depth, the present investigation assessed the effects of rotation on same-different judgments for matching novel objects. Judgments of a sequential pair of images of novel objects, when rendered from different viewpoints, revealed relatively low costs when the objects differed in a NAP of a single part, i.e. a geon. However, rotation dramatically reduced the detectability of MP differences to a level well below that expected by chance. NAPs offer a striking advantage over MPs for object classification and are therefore more likely to play a central role in the representation of objects.
A multiple hypothesis based method for particle tracking and its extension for cell segmentation

In biological studies, it is often required to track thousands of small particles in microscopic images to analyze underlying mechanisms of cellular and subcellular processes which may lead to better understanding of some disease processes. In this paper, we present an automatic particle tracking method and apply it for analyzing an essential subcellular process, namely clathrin mediated endocytosis using total internal reflection microscopy. Particles are detected by using image filters and subsequently Gaussian mixture models are fitted to achieve sub-pixel resolution. A multiple hypothesis based framework is designed to solve data association problems and handle splitting/merging events. The tracking method is demonstrated on synthetic data under different scenarios and applied to real data. We also show that, by equipping with a cell detection module, the method can be extended straightforwardly for segmenting cell images taken by two-photon excitation microscopy.
Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations of Diffusion in Porous Silicates

In this work a newly developed dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics technique simulates the diffusion of gas in a cylindrical pore. This allows spatial variation of chemical potential and hence an accurate simulation of steady state pressure driven diffusion. The molecular sieving nature of imicroporous imogolite models and the Knudsen effect are discussed and compared with experimental data.
The bHLH protein Dimmed controls neuroendocrine cell differentiation in Drosophila

Neuroendocrine cells are specialized to produce, maintain and release large stores of secretory peptides. We show that the Drosophila dimmed/Mist1 bHLH gene confers such a pro-secretory phenotype on neuroendocrine cells. dimmed is expressed selectively in central and peripheral neuroendocrine cells. In dimmed mutants, these cells survive, and adopt normal cell fates and morphology. However, they display greatly diminished levels of secretory peptide mRNAs, and of diverse peptides and proteins destined for regulated secretion. Secretory peptide levels are lowered even in the presence of artificially high secretory peptide mRNA levels. In addition, overexpression of dimmed in a wild-type background produces a complimentary phenotype: an increase in secretory peptide levels by neuroendocrine cells, and an increase in the number of cells displaying a neuroendocrine phenotype. We propose that dimmed encodes an integral component of a novel mechanism by which diverse neuroendocrine lineages differentiate and maintain the pro-secretory state.
ACUPUNCTURE RELIEF OF CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME CORRELATES WITH INCREASED PLASMA MET-ENKEPHALIN CONCENTRATIONS

Abstract In twenty patients with chronic pain syndrome, acupuncture treatment resulted in significant improvement of both pain and psychiatric symptoms and higher plasma concentrations of met-enkephalin. Plasma beta-endorphin concentrations were unchanged. The degree of symptom relief was correlated with the increase in plasma met-enkephalin.
Bandwidth and Spectra of Phase-and-Frequency-Modulated Waves

The spectrum of a sinusoid, angle-modulated by a stationary Gaussian random process (GRP) of almost arbitrary spectrum, is investigated. Such a GRP provides a convenient model for voice signals, TV signals, and complex communication signals of other types. It is shown that the rms bandwidth of the modulated wave is the product of the rms bandwidth of the modulating wave and the rms angle modulation. In the frequency modulation case, this result says the rms bandwidth of the modulated wave is 1/2π times the rms frequency deviation. A general expansion for the shape of the spectrum of the modulated sinusoid is derived. In certain limiting situations, in addition to reducing to known results, this expansion provides a practical means of obtaining the spectrum in intermediate cases. Examples are presented, showing the spectrum of a sinusoid modulated by 1) a lowpass GRP with rectangular spectrum and 2) a bandpass GRP of Gaussian spectrum.
Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America

1. Camptown, U.S.A. 2. American Fever 3. Immigrant Encounters: From Resistance to Survival 4. Cooking American, Eating Korean 5. Prodigal Daughters, Filial Daughters 6. Sisters Do It For Themselves: Building Community
Platform for Identification of Salmonella Serovar Differentiating Bacterial Proteins by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry: S. Typhimurium vs S. Heidelberg

Intact protein expression profiling has proven to be a powerful tool for bacterial subspecies differentiation. To facilitate typing, epidemiology, and trace-back of Salmonella contamination in the food supply, a minimum of serovar level differentiation is required. Subsequent identification and validation of marker proteins is integral to rapid screening development and to determining which proteins are subject to environmental pressure. Bacterial sequencing efforts have expanded the number of sequenced genomes available for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, but annotation is often missing, start site errors are not uncommon, and the likelihood of expression is not known. In this work we show that the combination of intact protein expression profiles and top-down liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) facilitates the identification of proteins that result from expressed serovar specific nonsynonymous SNPs. Combinations of these marker proteins can be used in assays for rapid diffe...
Construction of neural network classification expert systems using switching theory algorithms

A new family of neural network (NN) architectures is presented. This family of architectures solves the problem of constructing and training minimal NN classification expert systems by using switching theory. The primary insight that leads to the use of switching theory is that the problem of minimizing the number of rules and the number of IF statements (antecedents) per rule in a NN expert system can be recast into the problem of minimizing the number of digital gates and the number of connections between digital gates in a VLSI circuits. The rules that the NN generates to perform a task are readily extractable from the network's weights and topology. Analysis and simulations on the Mushroom database illustrate the system's performance. >
Mouse models of sarcomas: critical tools in our understanding of the pathobiology

Sarcomas are neoplastic malignancies that typically arise in tissues of mesenchymal origin. The identification of novel molecular mechanisms leading to sarcoma formation and the establishment of new therapies has been hampered by several critical factors. First, this type of cancer is rarely observed in the clinic with fewer than 15,000 newly cases diagnosed each year in the United States. Another complicating factor is that sarcomas are extremely heterogeneous as they arise in a multitude of tissues from many different cell lineages (e.g. bone (osteosarcoma), fat (liposarcoma), and muscle (myosarcoma)). The scarcity of clinical samples coupled with its inherent heterogeneity creates a challenging experimental environment for clinicians and scientists. Faced with these challenges, there has been extremely limited advancement in treatment options available to patients as compared to other cancers. In order to glean insight into the pathobiology of sarcomas, scientists are now using in vivo mouse models whose genomes have been specifically tailored to carry gene deletions, gene amplifications, and point mutations commonly observed in human sarcomas. The use of these model organisms has been successful in increasing our knowledge and understanding of how alterations in relevant oncogenic, tumor suppressive, and signaling pathways directly impact sarcomagenesis. It is the goal of many in the biological community that the use of these mouse models will serve as powerful in vivo tools to further our understanding of sarcomagenesis and potentially identify new therapeutic strategies.
Calculations of soft-x-ray population inversions in radiatively cooled carbon/aluminum plasmas

In this paper radiative cooling as a mechanism for generating soft-x-ray population inversion and gain on the 182-A 3–2 line in C5+ is examined theoretically. A set of rate equations is used to investigate the temporal evaluation of pure-carbon plasmas and carbon plasmas seeded with aluminum as a radiative coolant. In contrast to the results of previous work, relatively low gain is found for the pure-carbon case. The addition of aluminum is shown to increase significantly both the electron cooling rate and the calculated gain on the C vi 182-A line. The results are compared with those obtained by replacing the aluminum with an idealized coolant.
derailed is required for muscle attachment site selection in Drosophila

During development, muscles must form and attach at highly stereotyped positions to allow for coordinated movements. In Drosophila, muscles grow towards and attach to specifically positioned cells within the epidermis. At the molecular level, very little is known about how muscles recognize these attachment sites. The derailed gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase family member that is essential for the pathfinding ability of expressing neurons. Here we show that the Drl RTK is also expressed by a small subset of developing embryonic muscles and neighboring epidermal cells during muscle attachment site selection. In drl mutants, these muscles often fail to attach at appropriate locations although their epidermal attachment cells appear unaffected. These results show that, similar to its role in neuronal pathway recognition, the Drl RTK participates in a mechanism required for muscle attachment site selection. The data suggest that both neurons and muscles use common mechanisms to recognize their paths or targets, and that Drl plays an analogous role in both developing systems.
Participating in the tension

Suite a l'article de Guston consacre a la compatibilite entre science et democratie, l'A. s'interroge sur le probleme de la science et de son autonomie dans les societes democratiques
The ever-continuing search for immunity in tuberculosis.

All so-called immunizing agents (both living and dead tubercle bacilli) have failed to produce dependable immunity in laboratory and domestic animals. During the first quarter of the twentieth century numerous prominent scientists and clinicians re-emphasized that dependable immunity to tuberculosis does not exist. Later enthusiasm for BCG resulted from insufficient periods of observation, comparing unlike conditions, disregarding other factors, etc. No one knows what present day so-called BCG cultures contain. They are not composed of a single bacterial form as Calmette isolated, but of multiple bacterial forms which vary markedly in invasiveness of animal tissues. No two cultures now in use are alike. So-called BCG has recently caused progressive and fatal disease in laboratory animals in certain physiologic and pathologic states as well as in normal golden hamsters. Not infrequently it produces clinical tuberculosis in humans, at least at the sites of administraton and in regional lymph nodes.
Activation Analysis for the Cavity of the PROMETHEUS ICF Design

AbstractActivation analysis for the cavity of the PROMETHEUS ICF design, which uses a wetted first wall protection scheme, has been performed. It has been found that the PROMETHEUS cavity produces about 0.9 Ci/W of thermal power at shutdown after the full 30 years operation, which is about the same amount of radioactivity of other ICF and MCF fusion designs with low activation materials. It was possible, however, to reduce the radioactivity inventory level in the shield by one to three orders of magnitude by introducing a new shield design that uses B4C, Pb, SiC and water instead of using the conventional concrete shield. Furthermore, the effect of using the spherical and cylindrical modeling on the prediction of radioactivity in the first wall has been studied. It has been found that the cylindrical model with a point neutron source at the center of the cylinder reduces the radioactivity of the short half-life products to about 80% of the values that would be obtained by using purely spherical modeling. ...
Héctor P. García: Everyday Rhetoric and Mexican American Civil Rights by Michelle Hall Kells

In her essay “For a Politics of Love and Rescue,” anthropologist Virginia Dominguez reflects on a conference for which she was the keynote speaker, writing, “there was…generosity in their deliberat...