cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: an international perspective

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and its amendment – the Trade and Competitive Act of 1988 – are unique not only in the history of the accounting and auditing profession, but also in international law. The Acts raised awareness of the need for efficient and adequate internal control systems to prevent illegal acts such as the bribery of foreign officials, political parties and governments to secure or maintain contracts overseas. Its uniqueness is also due to the fact that the USA is the first country to pioneer such a legislation that impacted foreign trade, international law and codes of ethics. The research traces the history of the FCPA before and after its enactment, the role played by the various branches of the United States Government – Congress, Department of Justice, Securities Exchange commission (SEC), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS); the contributions made by professional associations such as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICFA), the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the American Bar Association (ABA); and, finally, the role played by various international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). A cultural, ethical and legalistic background will give a better understanding of the FCPA as wll as the rationale for its controversy.
A high performance sparse Cholesky factorization algorithm for scalable parallel computers

This paper presents a new parallel algorithm for sparse matrix factorization. This algorithm uses subforest-to-subcube mapping instead of the subtree-to-subcube mapping of another recently introduced scheme by A. Gupta and V. Kumar (1994). Asymptotically, both formulations are equally scalable on a wide range of architectures and a wide variety of problems. But the subtree-to-subcube mapping of the earlier formulation causes significant load imbalance among processors, limiting overall efficiency and speedup. The new mapping largely eliminates the load imbalance among processors. Furthermore, the algorithm has a number of enhancements to improve the overall performance substantially. This new algorithm achieves up to 20GFlops on a 1024-processor Cray T3D for moderately large problems. To our knowledge, this is the highest performance ever obtained on an MPP for sparse Cholesky factorization. >
How Much Do Conservative Tort Tales Matter

Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis (2004) is a pathbreaking study of the shaping of legal culture in contemporary, mediasaturated societies. It focuses particularly on the construction of a predominantly negative public image of the American tort law system. With impressive research and wit, William Haltom and Michael McCann show how and why the media has spread distorted antitort tales while neglecting sociolegal scholars' more realistic portrait of the system. One consequence, Distorting the Law indicates, is that conservative tort reformers have dominated the social construction of the tort law system in the mass media, mass culture, and political debate. My purpose in this article is not to question Distorting the Law's excellent account of how that negative image of the tort system was shaped but to raise a perennial question about the relationship between popular discourse and political and legal change. What has been the impact of that politically inspired, media-amplified disparagement of the tort system? How much has it actually changed public opinion, the behavior of litigants, lawyers and juries, the substance of tort law, and the litigation process? These questions are not the central empirical focus of Distorting the Law. The questions focus more directly on concrete political and legal consequences than does the book as a whole. Yet Haltom and McCann do offer a "speculative argument regarding how the prevailing constructions of civil litigation in the mass media culture matter." (Haltom and McCann 2004, 29). Those constructions matter a great deal, they say in the book's final chapter, and imply the same
Effects of solar cycle 24 activity on WAAS navigation

[1] This paper reviews the effects of geomagnetic activity of solar cycle 24 from 2011 through mid-2013 on the Federal Aviation Administration's Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) navigation service in the U.S., to identify (a) major impacts and their severity compared with the previous cycle and (b) effects in new service regions of North America added since last solar cycle. We examine two cases: a storm that reduced service coverage for several hours and ionospheric scintillation that led to anomalous receiver tracking. Using the 24–25 October 2011 storm as an example, we examine WAAS operational system coverage for the conterminous U.S. (CONUS). The WAAS algorithm upgrade to ionospheric estimation, in effect since late 2011, is able to mitigate the daytime coverage loss but not the nighttime loss. We correlate WAAS availability to maps of the storm plasma generated with the data assimilative model Ionospheric Data Assimilation 4-D, which show a local nighttime corotating persistent plume of plasma extending from Florida across central CONUS. We study the effect of scintillation on 9 October 2012 on the WAAS reference station at Fairbanks, Alaska. Data from a nearby scintillation monitor in Gakona and all-sky imaging of aurora at Poker Flat corroborate the event. Anomalous receiver processing triggered by scintillation reduces accuracy at Fairbanks for a few minutes. Users experiencing similar effects would have their confidence bounds inflated, possibly trading off service continuity for safety. The activity to date in solar cycle 24 has had minor effects on WAAS service coverage, mainly occurring in Alaska and Canada.
Contrast-to-noise ratio difference in small field of view cone beam computed tomography machines

Each of three cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) machines offer a small field of view (FOV); Promax, Accuitomo 3D, and Kodak 9000. The objectives were to determine, when using a small FOV, the difference in contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) of images obtained from different machines and different scan settings within each machine. A phantom made of a dry mandible with an epoxy resin based substitute (ERBS) block was used. The ERBS block was fixed to the lingual cortex in the posterior left mandible. Water was used to simulate soft tissue. Twenty scans were acquired. CNR was calculated as the difference in density of the ERBS block and a control area divided by the standard deviation of the difference. The CNR obtained from images acquired with the Promax machine (voxel size of 0.2 mm) was higher than the other machines (voxel sizes 0.076, 0.08, or 0.125 mm) when using a small FOV. The Accuitomo 360° scan had higher CNR than the Accuitomo 180° scan due to the doubling of the number of basis images acquired. Smaller voxel size does not necessarily lead to enhanced CNR. Increasing the number of basis images did increase the CNR.
Energy-efficient data broadcasting in mobile ad-hoc networks

Energy saving is the most important issue in wireless mobile computing due to power constraints on mobile units. Data broadcasting is the main method of information dissemination in wireless networks as its cost is independent of the number of mobile hosts receiving the information. A number of data broadcasting techniques have been proposed for mobile wireless networks, where servers have no energy restrictions, but little research has been done to address the issue of data broadcasting in mobile ad-hoc networks where both servers and clients are nomadic. In this paper, we propose two groups of broadcast scheduling algorithms called adaptive broadcasting and popularity based adaptive broadcasting that consider time constraints on requests as well as energy limitation on both servers and clients. We also present the simulation experiments that compare the algorithms.
Thinking about the Firm: A Review of Daniel Spulber's The Theory of the Firm

In this review, I describe how economists have moved beyond the firm as a black box to incorporate incentives, internal organization, and firm boundaries. I then turn to the way that the theory of the firm is treated in Daniel Spulber's book The Theory of the Firm: Microeconomics with Endogenous Entrepreneurs, Firms, Markets, and Organizations . Spulber's goal is to explain why firms exist, how they are established, and what they contribute to the economy. To accomplish this, Spulber defines a firm to be a transaction institution whose objectives differ from those of its owners. For Spulber, this separation is the key difference between the firm and direct exchange between consumers. I raise questions about whether this is a useful basis for a theory of the firm. (JEL D21)
A very low complexity soft decoding of space-time block codes

This paper presents a computationally efficient algorithm for the soft decoding of space-time block codes. Compared to the original maximum likelihood algorithm, the proposed algorithm saves up to 80% hardware operations. The simulation results using space-time block turbo coded modulation scheme show that the proposed algorithm achieves the same decoding performance as the maximum likelihood decoding with much lower complexity.
Institutional Sources of German Monetary Policy Dynamics

This article seeks to answer the question of why we see continuity in German monetary policy but relative discontinuity in German policy toward European monetary regimes. The paper develops an analytical framework for understanding the factors that account for the dynamics of policy. The article argues that the institutional structure of policy-making is the key factor that accounts for patterns of policy dynamics. The way domestic policy institutions are structured will determine who has a say and when they have a say in policy-making, thus shaping the pattern of policy dynamics. The article shows that the institutions of policy-making are crucial determinants in the dynamics of German monetary and regime policy by the way they offer or block opportunities, at particular points in the policy process, for interested policy actors to achieve the types of policies they want.
Using Multiple Open-Source Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for 3D Photogrammetry and Distributed Wind Measurement

Small, low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has made data acquisition more convenient and accessible for many applications. Using multiple UAVs (a coven) brings even more advantages like redundancy and distributed information. The objective of this paper is to show how a coven of UAVs can help two applications: measuring wind and 3D photogrammetry.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
E-Evidence and International Jurisdictions: Creating Laws for the 21st Century

This paper explores what laws and procedures a country entering the international cyber arena needs to have in place. Developing nations are creating their e-laws and e-commerce laws to do business in today's world. They can leap frog over the existing countries and laws to learn what works and what doesn't. This paper explores the existing international digital laws and some of the challenges that will be faced as technology advances at its current pace.
“Labor’s Monkey Wrench”: Newsweekly Coverage of the 1962-63 New York Newspaper Strike

Abstract: This article provides a frame and textual analysis of coverage appearing in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report of the 114-day 1962-63 strike of the International Typographical Union Local 6 against New York City newspapers. The strike was particularly important for asserting the union’s collective bargaining rights and establishing its stance on automated printing processes. Analysis of the newsweeklies’ treatment of the strike suggests how these outlets related the event in terms favourable to the newspaper publishers, while misrepresenting or disparaging the union’s position in and justification for the strike. Resume : Cet article propose une analyse textuelle de la couverture mediatique de Time, Newsweek et U.S. News & World Report de la greve qui opposait l’International Typographical Union Local 6 aux quotidiens new-yorkais, conflit qui a dure 114 jours en 1962-63. La greve a ete particulierement importante dans l’affirmation des droits syndicaux a la negociation collective et dans le positionnement des syndicats face aux processus d’impression automatises. Une analyse de la maniere dont les hebdomadaires ont couvert la greve suggere que ces derniers ont relate l’evenement de maniere a favoriser les editeurs des journaux tout en deformant, voire en denigrant, la position du syndicat sur la greve et sa facon de justifier celle-ci.
The department of internal medicine: hub of the academic health center response to the aging imperative.

Given the progressive aging of the U.S. population, it may seem natural for geriatrics to become a separate specialty with its own academic department. The author recommends an alternative—a center...
Diffraction imaging of polycrystalline materials

A new diffraction imaging technique for the characterization of polycrystalline materials is proposed and applied to obtain direct information about individual grains and their size and shape distributions and, in turn, strains in these materials. Unlike traditional powder diffractometry, where divergent and focusing x-ray optics are essential to collect information from an ensemble of grains, the nearly parallel and monochromatic beam available from a synchrotron x-ray source is employed to observe and measure diffraction images from individual grains and component particles in consolidated materials prepared by various processes. Images can be recorded by traditional methods, such as film and pulse counting detectors, but modern image detectors, such as charge coupled device (CCD) detectors and image analyzers, make the proposed imaging technique more practical. Unlike traditional diffractometry, this new technique provides the ability to measure shape, size, and strain without model based anlayses. The spatial distribution of strain within individual grains, displayed as a diffraction image (topograph), indicates the presence of defects, such as dislocations, subgrain boundaries and precipitates, and sheds new light on the origins of residual strains (stresses) in industrial materials. The resolution of the imaging system used is limited to grains {similar to}10 {mu}m or larger due tomore » diffraction broadening ({similar to}20{double prime} from the size effect) and the resolution of the recording medium.« less
Racial differences in cancer screening with electronic health records and electronic preventive care reminders

Background Health information technology (HIT) can increase preventive care. There are hopes and fears about the impact of HIT on racial disparities in cancer screening. Objective To determine whether electronic health records (EHRs) or electronic preventive care reminders (e-reminders) modify racial differences in cancer screening order rates. Design Using the 2006–2010 National Ambulatory and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, we measured (1) visit-based differences in rates of age-appropriate breast, cervical and colon cancer screening orders between white and non-white subjects at primary care visits with and without EHRs, and, at visits with EHRs, with and without e-reminders, and (2) whether EHRs or e-reminders modified these differences. Main outcomes Mammography (N=45 380); Pap smears (N=73 348); and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy (N=50 955) orders. Results Among an estimated 2.4 billion US adult primary care visits, orders for screening for breast, cervical or colon cancer did not differ between clinics with and without EHRs or e-reminders. There was no difference in screening orders between non-white and white patients for breast (aOR=1.1; 95% CI 0.9 to 1.4) or cervical cancer (aOR=1.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3). For colon cancer, non-white patients were more likely to receive screening orders than white patients overall (aOR=1.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0), at visits with EHRs (aOR=1.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8) and at visits with e-reminders (aOR=2.1; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7). EHRs or e-reminders did not modify racial differences in cancer screening rates. Conclusions In this visit-based analysis, non-white patients had higher colon cancer screening order rates than white patients. Despite hopes and fears about HIT, EHRs and e-reminders did not ameliorate or exacerbate racial differences in cancer screening order rates.
Sets and Operations with Sets

We shall somewhat imprecisely consider a set to be a collection of objects which satisfy a certain property. This is by no means a rigorous definition, and strictly speaking we shall not define the term set. We shall instead assume that the reader has an intuitive feeling for what constitutes a set and proceed accordingly.
Impact of Nonstandard Interactions on Sterile-Neutrino Searches at IceCube.

We analyze the energy and zenith angle distributions of the latest two-year IceCube data set of upward-going atmospheric neutrinos to constrain sterile neutrinos at the eV scale in the $3+1$ scenario. We find that the parameters favored by a combination of LSND and MiniBooNE data are excluded at more than the 99% C.L. We explore the impact of nonstandard matter interactions on this exclusion and find that the exclusion holds for nonstandard interactions (NSIs) that are within the stringent model-dependent bounds set by collider and neutrino scattering experiments. However, for large NSI parameters subject only to model-independent bounds from neutrino oscillation experiments, the LSND and MiniBooNE data are consistent with IceCube.
The Age of Ageism

This article discusses how research on ageism has gained more attention, especially as the baby boomers have started retiring, shepherding in an era that some call “the graying of America.” As the population of the country aged 65 and over is projected to double by 2030, it is especially important to study and help reduce age prejudice, so that the lives of older people can be improved. The papers presented in this issue represent some of the best empirical and theoretical work on the influence of ageism on the workplace environment and on healthcare for the older adult. These papers are summarized, and their recommendations for change in policy, law, and education are further highlighted.
Interaction Between Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus-Infected Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae and Predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Laboratory studies established that the Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) had no direct adverse effect on the pentatomid predator Podisus maculiventris . Microscope examination and bioassay of tissues extracted from predators fed AgNPV-infected larvae for 10-day intervals demonstrated that this virus, ingested in both the occluded and nonoccluded forms, does not replicate in P. maculiventris . Further tests demonstrated that these predators will readily accept and feed upon AgNPV-infected larvae. Feeding studies performed from the 2nd instar to adult stage demonstrated no significant differences in the food consumption or development of P. maculiventris which were fed healthy versus virus-infected prey. Both nymphal and adult predators which had been fed infected prey excreted intact polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) which were virulent to A. gemmatalis larvae. Adult predators consumed more infected prey than did 4th-instar nymphs and were capable of excreting detectable levels of PIB after a 4-day posttreatment exposure period.
Threshold-induced complex behavior of wood in mountain streams

The geomorphic complexity of streams influences the residence time of carbon by creating storage sites for organic matter. Instream wood increases complexity, particularly where logjams initiate multithread channels, as documented previously for lowland alluvial channels. Analogous processes in mountain streams can substantially increase the residence time of organic matter in streams otherwise characterized by high transport capacity and limited storage. Thresholds in wood mobility that reflect valley and channel geometry and wood dimensions determine the distribution of multithread channels and the mechanics underlying these thresholds. Valleys must have a lower gradient and less lateral confinement to develop multithread channels, but also larger volumes of riparian and instream wood. Hydrostatic forces that mobilize jams increase more slowly in low-gradient, unconfined channels, facilitating jam persistence. Treefall can thus initiate complex behavior that results in a self-enhancing feedback between wood recruitment and channel geometry. Patches of old-growth forest and multithread channels were formerly more widespread. Carbon retention has likely decreased as multithread channels have become less common.
The specification of metameric order in the insectCallosobruchus maculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera) : II. The effects of temporary constriction on segment number.

Mechanically dividing an insect egg into anterior and posterior fragments results in a segment gap (Sander 1976), a loss of non-terminal segments in the constricted region. By altering the stage and duration of constriction, we produced different types of egg fragments in the pea beetleCallosobruchus. The patterns formed by these fragments suggest the existence of interactions between anterior and posterior egg regions that influence segment patterning and placement. Segments in excess of the numbers expected on the basis of permanent constrictions were produced in fragments when: (1) the constriction was released before cellularization occurred and (2) in addition the complementary fragment degenerated. Apparently the degenerating fragment induced the formation of excess segments in the developing fragment. Differences in the time and extent of excess segment formation in anterior versus posterior fragments suggest an asymmetric distribution of prerequisites for segment formation. This conclusion is consistent with our finding that a partial reversal of segment sequence (double abdomen formation) can be induced only in posterior fragments by a degenerating fragment, but not in anterior fragments (see companion paper).The formation of excess segments shows that the segment gap observed after permanent separation cannot be due to non-specific damage, caused by the process of constriction as such, to the egg or to localized putative segment precursors.
A Case Report of Anesthesia in Diffuse Pulmonary Hemartoangiomyomatosis

びまん性肺脈管筋腫症は, 中年女性に見られる稀な疾患で, 反復性に自然気胸を来すことが知られている. 我々は本症と診断された26歳, 女性の肺高血圧を合併したブラ切除術の麻酔をNLAに低濃度エンフルレンを併用して, 術中, 肺動脈圧をモニターしながら調節呼吸下に管理し無事終了し得た.本症は多発性にブラが存在し, 拘束性障害と共に病変の進行によって閉塞性障害, 拡散障害を生じ, 更に肺動脈の平滑筋増生による肺高血圧を伴うこともある. 従って本症の麻酔には barotrauma の可能性と共に呼吸機能の低下のために, 呼吸管理には特に注意すると同時に, 肺高血圧症については肺動脈圧をモニターしながら細心の管理をする必要がある.
GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE OF DROSOPHILA TRIPUNCTATA: PATTERNS OF VARIATION AND COVARIATION OF TRAITS AFFECTING RESOURCE USE

Drosophila tripunctata is an ecological generalist, using both fruits and mushrooms as breeding sites. Isofemale strains of this species were established from seven populations over a wide part of its range and assayed for electrophoretic variability, oviposition-site preference, and larval performance on several types of substrates. Significant variation among strains within populations was found for oviposition-site preference, larval development time on tomatoes versus mushrooms, and tolerance (as measured by development time) of the mushroom toxin α-amanitin. Even populations at the periphery of the range, which electrophoretic data suggest have been through bottlenecks, harbored levels of variation for oviposition-site preference approximately equal to that found in central populations. All correlations between preference and various measures of larval performance were close to zero. Thus, there is no evidence for sympatric divergence of host races or for coadapted complexes of genes related to host specificity. Strains with higher-than-average amanitin tolerance tended to develop more rapidly on tomatoes than on nontoxic mushrooms, whereas the less-tolerant strains had slower development on tomatoes. This suggests that there may be genetically based correlations and trade-offs in larval performance on different breeding sites. No geographic differentiation among populations was found for either oviposition-site preference or any measure of larval performance. There is also very little electrophoretic variation among populations. Thus, the species as a whole, rather than local populations, appears to be the unit of evolution with respect to resource use in D. tripunctata.
Conference Reports: NINTH CONFERENCE ON ROOFING TECHNOLOGY National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 4-5, 1989.

1Reunion Internationale des Laboratoires d’Essais et de Recherches sur les Materiaux et les Constructions. 2One O’Hare Centre, 6250 River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018; telephone 312-318-6722. 3A French acronym indicating the Conseil Internationale due Batiment pour la Recherche, l’Etude, et la Documentation.
The Hispanic health paradox: From epidemiological phenomenon to contribution opportunities for psychological science:

Similar to non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos experience a range of psychosocial and physical health challenges, including high rates of poverty, neighborhood segregation, discrimination, poor healthcare access, and high rates of obesity, diabetes, and undiagnosed and late-stage diagnosed diseases. Despite such risks, Hispanics generally experience better physical health and lower mortality than non-Hispanic Whites, an epidemiological phenomenon commonly referred to as the Hispanic or Latino health paradox. With the basic phenomenon increasingly well-established, attention now turns to the sources of such resilience. The current aims are to briefly examine the epidemiological paradox and highlight potential sociocultural resilience factors that may contribute to the paradoxical effects. We conclude with presentation of a framework for modeling sociocultural resilience and discuss future directions for psychological contributions.
Celiac Disease Symptoms in Athletes: Prevalence Indicators of Perceived Quality of Life.

Background:Celiac disease (CD) is a common gastrointestinal pathology; however, prevalence and comorbidities are unknown in collegiate athletics.Hypotheses:(1) Athletes will have similar odds of CD...
Estimating maximum loadability for weak bus identification using fast voltage stability index

This paper demonstrates the use of line stability index termed as fast voltage stability index(FVSI) in order to determine the bus maximum loadability in a power system.The bus that can withstand the smallest amount of load before causing voltage collapse is ranked highest and identified as the weakest bus.It involves the experimental process voltage stability analysis and evaluation of line stability index based on the load variation.The point at which FVSI is close to unity indicates the maximum possible connected load termed as maximum loadability at the point of bifurcation.This technique is tested on the IEEE system and the results prove that the technique can rapidly estimate the maximum loadability of each bus and find the weak bus in a power system.
Microclimatic comfort measurements evaluation of building physics: The effect of building form and building settled area, on pedestrian level comfort around buildings:

Wind discomfort and the dangers that the wind may lead can be harmful in terms of comfort conditions of both indoor and outdoor environment of the building/buildings to be constructed or just completed. The extent of discomfort to pedestrian varies from inducing slightly unpleasant feeling to producing a falling down hazard. Typically, the cause of frequent occurrences of strong wind at pedestrian area is primary related to the configuration of building structures and/or topography in the vicinity of the pedestrian area. Depending on the characteristics of the wind including magnitude, uniformity, ambient temperature, and so on, the level of disturbance to users of pedestrian areas can be different. In this context, the regions where Necmettin Erbakan University temporary education buildings are located have a fairly intensive topography in terms of wind. Therefore, detailed analysis of the inside regions and the surrounding areas of education buildings in particular are performed in terms of microclimati...
Regulation of Rubisco Activity by Carboxyarabinitol-1-Phosphate and Elevated Atmospheric CO2 in Rice and Soybean Cultivars

The activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) is influenced by environmental factors: light, temperature, and nutrients. Light, via rubisco activase, regulates the in vivo CO2/Mg2+-activation of rubisco (10). Light also effects the metabolism of carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate (CA1P), an endogenous inhibitor of rubisco that exists to varying degrees in many, but not all species (6,13). The recent concern with increasing atmospheric CO2 has led to studies of the effect of this nutrient on growth, photosynthesis, and rubisco activity (11,12). CO2 acts as a substrate and activator for the rubisco reaction, but it also seems to have growth regulatory effects. Thus in some species the initial increase in photosynthesis at elevated CO2 due to more substrate, is followed by a decline, as rubisco protein declines (9). Increasing atmospheric CO2 will alter climatic temperatures, but little is known as to how these two variables may interact to affect photosynthesis and growth. This preliminary report suggests that in rice and soybean cultivars, rubisco activity, activation, and dark inhibition is regulated by these, and developmental, parameters.
Fatigue syndrome caused by malignant tumor. An increasing priority in patient care

As oncologists have become more effective in alleviating pain, nausea and depression, fatigue has emerged as the most important symptom suffered by cancer patients. Indeed, the current literature suggests that fatigue is currently the most important untreated symptom in cancer medicine. In recent surveys of patients and their caregivers, fatigue is more important for the quality of life than pain, nausea or depression. Yet these same surveys confirm that oncologists underestimate the importance of cancer related fatigue. This may be partly because patients often do not fully share the full nature of their concerns. When patients do raise the issue of fatigue, the physicians' recommendations are often non specific. However, recent research has shown that fatigue is not inevitable and untreatable, but a symptom amenable to differential diagnosis and specific intervention. Like pain, fatigue is intrinsically a subjective problem where the doctor relies on the patient's reporting. Weakness, exhaustion, lethargy and asthenia are all used as functional descriptions of fatigue. While these are descriptive terms, clinical research in the measurement and alleviation of fatigue requires reproducible measurement tools. Several studies already exist and have begun to explore this important area of symptom management.
Determination of flunixin in milk by liquid chromatography with confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the determination of flunixin (FNX) in raw bovine milk. The milk was acidified and mixed with silica gel, and the mixture was packed into a chromatographic column. The column was defatted with water-saturated dichloromethane-hexane (30 + 70, v/v), and the analyte was eluted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extract was washed with water at pH 3.5, the water was discarded, and the EtOAc layer was then extracted with 0.1M NaOH. The aqueous layer was drained, passed through a primed C 18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, and eluted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was dried under N 2 , taken up in a solution of MeOH<5 mM tetrabutylammonium [TBA]-H 2 PO 4 + 2 mM NaOH) (50 + 50), sonicated, and filtered. FNX was determined by LC using a C 18 column (ODS Hypersil), a mobile phase mixture of 58% A (MeOH) and 42% B (5 mM TBA-H 2 PO 4 + 2 mM NaOH), and a diode-array ultraviolet detector at 285 nm. FNX was determined in raw milk at 5 spiking levels (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ng drug/mL milk). Absolute recoveries ranged from 69.6 to 74.4%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 1.1 to 6.9%. The limit of quantitation was 1.7 ng drug/mL milk. A lactating cow was dosed intravenously (2.2 mglkg) with flunixin meglumine (Banamine) to generate incurred milk residues. FNX residues ranged from 7.34 ng/mL at 16 h postdose to 1.74 ng/mL at 24 h postdose. Both levels were obtained with additional β-glucuronidase treatment (almost no incurred drug was detected at these low levels without the enzyme treatment). The presence of FNX in incurred milk was confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.
The Romney-Ryan Position on Medicare and Their 500 and 700 Billion Dollar Claim Re Obamacare: An Excerpt from the Book: The Obama vs. Romney Debate on Economic Growth: A Citizen’s Guide to the Issues

This paper is an excerpt from Chapter 17 of The Obama vs. Romney Debate on Economic Growth (iUniverse September 2012). Chapter 17 deals with Social Security and Medicare, and this excerpt addresses the Romney-Ryan position on Medicare and the claim by Governor Romney that Obamacare “cuts Medicare by approximately $500 billion,” which later morphed into $700 billion. Chapter 17 builds on my recent article in the University of Louisville Law Review: Samuel C. Thompson, Jr., A Buffett Rule for Social Security and Medicare: Phasing Out Benefits For High Income Retirees, 50 U. Louis. L. Rev. 603 (2011).
The Sensitized Patient Awaiting Heart Transplantation

The humoral theory of transplantation states that antibodies cause the rejection of allografts. This hypothesis was first proposed in the early twentieth century, when efforts were made to produce antibodies against tumors. However, it was soon realized that the antibodies were produced against transplant antigens present on transplantable tumors, not against the tumor-specific antigens. Development of inbred mouse subsequently allowed identification of the transplant antigens determined by the H-2 locus of mice [1]. The analogous human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system was established by discovery of antibodies against leukocytes in multiple transfused patients [2] and analysis of lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies made by pregnant women, directed against mismatched paternal antigens of the fetus [3, 4]. The HLA antibodies were then found to cause rejection of kidneys [5]. Antibodies appeared in almost all patients after rejection of kidneys.
The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan by Sebastian Mallaby

I agree that Sebastian Mallaby’s detailed and well-sourced The Man Who Knew: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan, will be essential for every future economic historian studying the Greenspan era. That said, Mallaby does not convey to his readers a sound understanding of monetary policy. I disagree with Mallaby’s claim that Greenspan could and should have done something about the housing and subprime mortgage bubbles. Peter Wallison makes a strong case that the affordable housing quotas did not just “encourage” but forced the GSEs to buy subprime mortgages. Information available in real time on aggregate subprime mortgage issuance was seriously flawed because the GSEs did not report accurately. Greenspan cannot be held responsible for the GSEs hiding the subprime debt on their balance sheets. These mortgages were central to the crisis. It seems improbable that any monetary policy mistake of 2001–05 was large enough to create the crisis. Mallaby could have written a final chapter emphasizing the Maestro resisting the power of a malign and evil pair of GSEs and the power of the President and Congress of the United States pursuing a disastrous housing policy. Despite the Maestro’s best efforts, Leviathan triumphed and brought ruin upon the Nation.
Rural and urban comparisons of polysubstance use profiles and associated injection behaviors among people who inject drugs in Puerto Rico.

Abstract Introduction In contrast to urban populations, little is known about polysubstance use among rural people who inject drugs (PWID), particularly in Puerto Rico where injection drug use and related health consequences are prevalent. The aim of the study is to compare injection and non-injection substance use profiles among separate urban and rural samples of Puerto Rican PWID. Material and methods Data for the urban sample come from 455 PWID who participated in the CDC’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey of injection drug use in San Juan. The data for the rural sample come from 315 PWID residing in four rural cities approximately 40-miles from San Juan. Latent class analysis was used to derive separate urban and rural profiles of weekly injection and non-injection substance use. Injection behaviors were examined as possible correlates of latent class membership. Results Five latent classes were identified in the urban sample, and three latent classes were identified in the rural sample. Classes were similar across samples; however, key differences emerged. Both samples had classes of primary heroin injectors, primary speedball injectors, and cocaine-heroin injectors. The urban sample had one high polysubstance class. Polysubstance use profiles that shared similar characteristics between samples also shared similar injection patterns, with some variation. Discussion Variations in substance use patterns and associated health risks are likely shaped by social and geographic boundaries. Conclusions Understanding variations in substance use patterns across rural and urban locales may improve surveillance efforts and tailor desistance and harm reduction efforts at the state and local levels.
Reflections on Verbal Behavior at 60.

In the present essay, commemorating the 60th anniversary of the publication of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior, I stand by and defend the judgment I expressed in my article “The Long Goodbye: Why B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behavior Is Alive and Well on the 50th Anniversary of Its Publication” (2008c)—that Skinner’s “interpretation of the behavior of the speaker, given the contingencies of reinforcement maintained by the community” (Skinner, 1987, p. 11), is not only adequate but is also consistent with the principles of operant learning. To that I add some of my reflections on the book after having taught it for years and having written numerous articles extending Skinner’s analysis to related topics.
Nutritional Ketosis and Mitohormesis: Potential Implications for Mitochondrial Function and Human Health

Impaired mitochondrial function often results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is involved in the etiology of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Moderate levels of mitochondrial ROS, however, can protect against chronic disease by inducing upregulation of mitochondrial capacity and endogenous antioxidant defense. This phenomenon, referred to as mitohormesis, is induced through increased reliance on mitochondrial respiration, which can occur through diet or exercise. Nutritional ketosis is a safe and physiological metabolic state induced through a ketogenic diet low in carbohydrate and moderate in protein. Such a diet increases reliance on mitochondrial respiration and may, therefore, induce mitohormesis. Furthermore, the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which is elevated during nutritional ketosis to levels no greater than those resulting from fasting, acts as a signaling molecule in addition to its traditionally known role as an energy substrate. BHB signaling induces adaptations similar to mitohormesis, thereby expanding the potential benefit of nutritional ketosis beyond carbohydrate restriction. This review describes the evidence supporting enhancement of mitochondrial function and endogenous antioxidant defense in response to nutritional ketosis, as well as the potential mechanisms leading to these adaptations.
A review of laboratory methods and results used to evaluate protective headgear in American football

As head trauma becomes more firmly associated with American football, research has focused on improving the impact performance of protective headgear. Since helmet use became mandatory in 1939–1940...
Psychosocial Adjustment and Coping in the Post-conflict Setting

Individual and collective responses to trauma influence the way scholars and clinicians think about the stress response and the survivor network. Stress-coping concepts are integral to the manner in which individuals and communities cope with trauma in post-conflict societies. The salience of social support and psychological resilience, as additional concepts through which work with survivors can be approached, offer opportunities for facilitative intervention. This chapter provides a review of the literature addressing individual and collective responses to trauma, and non-adaptive responses to trauma such as stress, anxiety, and mood disorders. This chapter also provides a review of current concepts related to coping and social support and the manner in which these concepts have been characterized in post-conflict settings. Finally, this chapter concludes with considerations of the manner in which the concepts of individual and communal resilience relate to the trauma membrane and encourage thinking about capacity building that supports a healing environment for those in post-conflict societies.
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor: increased resistance to thermal and oxidative stresses.

Purpose To investigate the role of lens epithelium- derived growth factor (LEDGF) in lens epithelial cells subjected to heat or oxidative stress and to determine the localization of LEDGF in lens epithelial cells at different temperatures. Methods Mouse lens epithelial cells overexpressing a fusion protein between a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and LEDGF (GFP-LEDGF) were cultured for up to 7 days at various temperatures or for 24 hours in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Translocation of GFP-LEDGF in the lens epithelial cells was monitored with a fluorescence microscope. Cell survival was determined with the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) was studied with protein blot analyses using antibody probes. Results LEDGF was found in the cytosol of lens epithelial cells at 4 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 28 degrees C, and in the nucleus and nucleolus at 37 degrees C. At 41 C, it was apparent at higher levels in the cytosol, nucleus, and nucleolus. Lens epithelial cells overexpressing LEDGF manifested resistance to thermal and oxidative stress. Levels of Hsp 27, and alphaB-crystallin were elevated in these cells. Depriving lens epithelial cells of LEDGF with anti-LEDGF antibodies reduced nuclear localization of LEDGF and induced cell death. Conclusions The overexpression of LEDGF in lens epithelial cells conferred resistance to thermal and oxidative stress. The mechanism of this resistance appears to involve the increased expression of Hsp 27 and alphaB-crystallin.
Factors influencing animal traction adoption in Kakamega district, Kenya

One of the main issues in food crop production systems in Kenya is the reduction or complete elimination of the drudgery in farm chores and operations. One important technology that can offer solution to the above problem and intensify agricultural production is animal traction technology. This study identifies the socioeconomic factors responsible for animal traction in Kakamega District, Kenya. For primary data collection, a multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select both adopters and non-adopters in the area. The analysis was performed using the probit model via the maximum likelihood estimation technique. Also, the effect of different policy options was quantified by making use of changes in stimulus levels of adoption as a result of predetermined changes in selected socioeconomic variables. The results from the study show that animal traction adoption is influenced by mainly economic factors rather than sociological and institutional factors. In particular, the number of oxen available to farmers, availability of credit and the price of maize are the major determinants of animal traction in the study area. It is, therefore, recommended that efforts be made to increase the economic base of the farmers for widespread animal traction adoption in the area.
A novel technology-enhanced internalized stigma and shame intervention for HIV-positive persons with substance use disorders.

Abstract Internalized stigma, shame, and other negative self-conscious emotions are inadequately addressed barriers to HIV-related self-care, particularly among people actively using substances. Innovative approaches are needed to optimize antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence as well as engagement in HIV care among people living with HIV and substance use disorders. Based on qualitative feedback from providers and patients, we iteratively developed and conducted a proof-of-concept study of a relatively brief transdiagnostic emotion regulation intervention designed to improve ART adherence and engagement in HIV care by addressing behavioral and psychological barriers, including internalized stigma and shame, among people living with HIV and active substance use disorders. The final intervention included 5 individual sessions focused on metacognitive awareness of emotions and thoughts, cognitive reframing of dysfunctional thoughts about the self using concepts such as self-compassion, and identifying and reaching the participants’ personalized HIV-self-care goal(s). All participants received daily texts querying current emotion and weekly texts querying ART adherence and substance use. To extend the effects of the intervention, we developed a personalized bidirectional text component through which participants received their personalized compassionate self-statements, informed by the intervention content, in response to their answers to emotion queries for 8 weeks after the 5 sessions. The texts modeled using compassionate self-statements as a form of cognitive reframing, consistent with cognitive restructuring of distorted core beliefs. We consented 10 participants living with HIV and active substance use disorders in the proof-of-concept pilot. Of the 8 participants who completed all intervention sessions, participants replied to 70% of all text messages sent. All 8 reported strong acceptability of the intervention content. This emotion-focused, technology-enhanced intervention demonstrated proof-of-concept, in that this patient population would participate in this intervention. A larger randomized controlled pilot is needed to determine feasibility and acceptability among people living with HIV and substance use disorders, a hard-to-reach and underserved population.
A 19-Year-Old Thrower with an In-Season Shoulder Injury

Occurrence of the SLAP injury with respect to the time of playing season is an important factor to discuss with the athlete. In the majority of cases, management should begin with nonoperative treatment – including initial rest with focused rehabilitation of the involved shoulder, correction of all kinetic chain deficits, and then a progressive short toss/long toss/mound program. If the athlete has persistent or recurrent symptoms that prevent return to activities, then operative treatment is necessary. The operative treatment should include (1) debridement of all nonviable tissue underlying the superior and posterosuperior labrum; (2) preparation of the adjacent glenoid rim to provide a biologic surface for healing; (3) placement of secure, low-profile anchors for stable labral fixation; and (4) treatment of all concomitant pathology. A well-structured, precise rehabilitation protocol followed by a closely supervised tossing/mound program is essential for optimal outcome.