cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Haystack: a platform for authoring end user semantic web applications

The Semantic Web promises to open innumerable opportunities for automation and information retrieval by standardizing the protocols for metadata exchange. However, just as the success of the World Wide Web can be attributed to the ease of use and ubiquity of Web browsers, we believe that the unfolding of the Semantic Web vision depends on users getting powerful but easy-to-use tools for managing their information. But unlike HTML, which can be easily edited in any text editor, RDF is more complicated to author and does not have an obvious presentation mechanism. Previous work has concentrated on the ideas of generic RDF graph visualization and RDF Schema-based form generation. In this paper, we present a comprehensive platform for constructing end user applications that create, manipulate, and visualize arbitrary RDF-encoded information, adding another layer to the abstraction cake. We discuss a programming environment specifically designed for manipulating RDF and introduce user interface concepts on top that allow the developer to quickly assemble applications that are based on RDF data models. Also, because user interface specifications and program logic are themselves describable in RDF, applications built upon our framework enjoy properties such as network updatability, extensibility, and end user customizability - all desirable characteristics in the spirit of the Semantic Web.
Nonlinear Effects on Quantum Interference in Electron Billiards

Magnetoconductance fluctuations are used to study the effect of an applied bias on an electron billiard. At lower bias, nonlinear effects can be well described by electron heating alone, while at higher bias (V > 2mV, ∼5% of the electron Fermi energy) non-equilibrium effects become significant. At high bias, we also observe that the spectral content of the MCF is sensitive to the nonequilibrium effects. Spectral behavior is consistent with a fractal scaling of the conductance fluctuations with magnetic field, resulting in the first observation of fractal conductance fluctuations outside of the linear regime of transport.
Microstructure evolution of tin under electromigration studied by synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction

Under constant current electromigration, white tin (P-Sn) exhibited a resistance drop of up to 10%. It has a body-center tetragonal (BCT) structure, and the resistivity along the a and b axes is 35% smaller than that along the c axis. Microstructure evolution under electromigration could be responsible for the resistance drop. Synchrotron radiation white beam X-ray microdiffraction was used to study this evolution. Both stress and grain orientation was studied. Grain-by-grain analysis was obtained from the diffracted Laue patterns about the changes of grain orientation during electromigration testing in ex-situ and in-situ samples. We observed that high resistance grains re-orient with respect to the neighboring low resistance grains, most likely by grain rotation of the latter. A different mechanism of microstructure evolution under electromigration from the normal grain growth is proposed and discussed.
Human capital and growth : the recovered role of education systems

Recent empirical studies qustionthe conventional wisdom on the importance of education for growth. This result comes partly from the fact that international differences in the quality of the educational system--defined by its capacity to produce one marginal unit of productive human capital--are not taken into account. The author estimates that neo-classical growth models on panel data in which the elasticity of human capital depends stochastically on different characteristics of the educational system. Several of these characteristics explain the quality differences such as the educational infrastructures, the initial endowment of human capital, and the ability to distribute equally educational services withtin the population.
Archer: A Community Distributed Computing Infrastructure for Computer Architecture Research and Education

This paper introduces Archer, a community-based computing infrastructure supporting computer architecture research and education. The Archer system builds on virtualization techniques to provide a collaborative environment that facilitates sharing of computational resources and data among users. It integrates batch scheduling middleware to deliver high-throughput computing services aggregated from resources distributed across wide-area networks and owned by different participating entities in a seamless manner. The paper discusses the motivations that have led to the design of Archer, describes its core middleware components, and presents an analysis of the functionality and performance of the first wide-area deployment of Archer running a representative computer architecture simulation workload.
THE GEOMETRY OF FIXED POINT VARIETIES ON AFFINE FLAG MANIFOLDS

Let G be a semisimple, simply connected, algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k with Lie algebra g. We study the spaces of parahoric subalgebras of a given type containing a fixed nil-elliptic element of gk((�)), i.e. fixed point varieties on affine flag manifolds. We definea natural class of k�-actions on affine flag manifolds, generalizing actions introduced by Lusztig and Smelt. We formulate a condition on a pair (N,f) consisting of N 2 g k((�)) and a k�-action f of the specified type which guarantees that f induces an action on the variety of parahoric subalgebras containing N. For the special linear and symplectic groups, we characterize all regular semisimple and nil-elliptic conjugacy classes containing a representative whose fixed point variety admits such an action. We then use these actions to find simple formulas for the Euler characteristics of those varieties for which the k � -fixed points are finite. We also obtain a combinatorial description of the Euler characteristics of the spaces of parabolic subalgebras containing a given element of certain nilpotent conjugacy classes of g.
Differentiation evens out zero spacings

If f is a polynomial with all of its roots on the real line, then the roots of the derivative f' are more evenly spaced than the roots of f. The same holds for a real entire function of order 1 with all its zeros on a line. In particular, we show that if f is entire of order 1 and has sufficient regularity in its zero spacing, then under repeated differentiation the function approaches, after normalization, the cosine function. We also study polynomials with all their zeros on a circle, and we find a close analogy between the two situations. This sheds light on the spacing between zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and its connection to random matrix polynomials.
Modular Pump Limiter Systems for Large Tokamaks

Long-pulse (>10-s) operation of large tokamaks with high-power (>10-MW) heating and extensive external fueling will require correspondingly efficient particle exhaust for density control. A pump li...
Relations Among Heegner Cycles on Families of Abelian Surfaces

We compute relations of rational equivalence among special codimension 2 cycles on families of Abelian surfaces using elements of a higher Chow group. These relations are similar to those between Heegner points and special divisors obtained by Zagier, Van der Geer and others.
Electrically Driven Spin Resonance in Silicon Carbide Color Centers

We demonstrate that the spin of optically addressable point defects can be coherently driven with ac electric fields. Based on magnetic-dipole forbidden spin transitions, this scheme enables spatially confined spin control, the imaging of GHz-frequency electric fields, and the characterization of defect spin multiplicity. We control defect ensembles in SiC, but our methods apply to spin systems in many semiconductors, including the diamond nitrogen-vacancy center. Electrically driven spin resonance offers a viable route towards scalable quantum control of electron spins in a dense array.
The M(Atrix) Model of M-Theory

These lecture notes give a pedagogical and (mostly) self-contained review of some basic aspects of the Matrix model of M-theory. The derivations of the model as a regularized supermembrane theory and as the discrete light-cone quantization of M-theory are presented. The construction of M-theory objects from matrices is described, and gravitational interactions between these objects are derived using Yang-Mills perturbation theory. Generalizations of the model to compact and curved space-times are discussed, and the current status of the theory is reviewed.
Use of the Formal and Informal Financial Sectors: Does Gender Matter? Empirical Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

Access to transfers and credit, whether cash or in-kind, is a major source of poverty alleviation and income generation in many developing countries around the world. Women may especially benefit from transfers and credit in countries such as Bangladesh, where they often have few work alternatives. In this paper, the authors descriptively examine the formal and informal financial sectors of rural Bangladesh, placing special emphasis on differences between men and women. Their analysis uses unique data on the credit and transfer behaviors of 1,800 households in rural Bangladesh. The authors focus on five important questions: a) How important are the formal and informal financial sectors? b) What are the primary sources of gifts and loans within those sectors? c) Do men and women rely on different sources for finances (for example, formal versus informal) or different types of finances (for example, transfers versus loans)? d) How have the financial sectors evolved during the 1990s? e) What is the relationship between the formal and informal sectors?
High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Blazars: Egret Observations

We will present a summary of the observations of blazars by the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). EGRET has detected high energy γ-ray emission at energies greater than 100 MeV from more that 50 blazars. These sources show inferred isotropic luminosities as large as 3 × 1049 ergs s-1. One of the most remarkable characteristics of the EGRET observations is that the γ-ray luminosity often dominates the bolometric power of the blazar. A few of the blazars are seen to exhibit variability on very short time-scales of one day or less. The combination of high luminosities and time variations seen in the γ-ray data indicate that γ-rays are an important component of the relativistic jet thought to characterize blazars. Currently most models for blazars involve a beaming scenario. In leptonic models, where electrons are the primary accelerated particles, γ-ray emission is believed to be due to inverse Compton scattering of low energy photons, although opinions differ as to the source of the soft photons. Hardronic models involve secondary production or photomeson production followed by pair cascades, and predict associated neutrino production.
Domestic constraints, firm characteristics, and geographical diversification of firm-level manufacturing exports in Africa

Using firm-level data on manufacturing sectors in Africa, this paper addresses how domestic supply constraints and other firm characteristics explain the geographical orientation of firms' exports and the overall market diversification of African manufacturing exports. The degree of market diversification, measured by the number of export destinations, is highly correlated with export intensity at the firm level, and both embody strong scale effects. Technological factors, such as new vintage capital and Internet access, which improve production efficiency and lower export costs, show strong effects on the firm-level export intensity. Some qualitative differences exist between Africa's regional exports and exports to the global markets. Foreign ownership is a significant factor in characterizing the intensity of global exports but not regional exports. The technological factors are significant in both cases, but more so in global exports. Public infrastructure constraints, such as inferior power services and customs delays, seem to have more immediate impacts on regional exports in general, implying the relevance of addressing behind-the-border constraints in fostering regional integration in Africa. Customs efficiency does matter for textile exports to the global markets, underscoring the importance of improving trade facilitation in Africa for competitive participation of African producers in global supply chain industries.
Real time solution for inverse heat conduction problems in a two-dimensional plate with multiple heat fluxes at the surface

Abstract Heat flux measurement is essential in several industrial applications. While direct measurement of heat flux is not a simple task and sometimes is not even possible, measuring temperature is much easier and viable in a variety of applications. Heat flux estimation using temperature measurement data requires solving inverse heat conduction problems (IHCP’s). In the present paper, a real-time solution for a two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem is presented. It is assumed that multiple unknown heat fluxes are applied at the bottom of a plate (y = 0) and the plate is insulated over other surfaces. Temperature sensors are located at the top of the plate. The number of temperature sensors has to be equal to or greater than the number of unknown heat fluxes. A two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem with multiple unknowns needs to be solved in order to estimate the heat fluxes using temperature measurement data. A solution is developed based on minimization of sum of the squares of the errors between the estimated temperatures and measured values with respect to the unknown heat fluxes. Tikhonov regularization is applied to overcome the ill-posedness of the problem and achieve a stable solution. The solution is then written in a digital filter form which allows near real-time heat flux estimation. Two numerical experiments are developed using ANSYS to demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution. The presented solution can be used to calculate heat fluxes in a near real-time fashion in variety of applications including metal quenching. Real-time and accurate measurement of heat flux improves controllability of numerous industrial processes which lead to energy and cost savings.
On Using Scattering Statistics for Ultra Wideband Electromagnetic Target Classification and Identification

An interrogating electromagnetic field has information encoded upon it by any target from which it scatters.
Society, land, love or money: A strategic model of how to glue the generations together

Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to show that if reasonable care is taken in well-defining the types of games of strategy which arise naturally from considerations of the multigenerational aspects of any society, then many different plausible explanations of intergenerational links will all be consistent with an ongoing economy with intergenerational transfers of wealth. Given that the problem is stated and deemed to be important what can we do about it? In this paper we proceed by developing (in highly simplified form) the apparatus needed to consider a multistage variable person game of strategy. This is applied to several relatively simple examples involving conscious altruism, coded or instinctive behavior, the threat of social custom and the role of ownership. In conclusion, it is argued that although the examples analyzed are simple they are examples of general phenomena. The level of mathematical analysis itself is kept as a minimum. Further development calls for a considerable enlargement of notation and further discussion of items such as information, games with infinite horizons and the many problems associable with the development of adequate solution theories for games played in extensive form. As the stress is upon the modeling problems of glueing the generations together, the game theory is presented only as a useful method for furthering this purpose. Because it stresses the general concepts of strategic analysis it is our belief that it is particularly suited to the analysis of situations in which economic, social, political and other decisions and motivations must be considered together.
Noncommutative Calculus and the Gauss–Manin Connection

After an overview of noncommutative differential calculus, we construct parts of it explicitly and explain why this construction agrees with a fuller version obtained from the theory of operads.
Revisiting European unemployment: Unemployment, capital accumulation, and factor prices

This paper starts from two sets of facts about Continental Europe.The first is the steady increase in unemployment since the early 1970s. The second is the evolution of the capital share, an initial decline in the 1970s, followed by a much larger increase since the mid-1980s. The paper then develops a model of capital accumulation, unemployment and factor prices. Using this model to look at the data, it reaches two main conclusions: The initial increase in unemployment, from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, was mostly due to a failure of wages to adjust to the slowdown in underlying factor productivity growth. The initial effect was to decrease profit rates and capital shares. Over time, the reaction of firms was to reduce capital accumulation and move away from labor, leading to a steady increase in unemployment, and a recovery of the capital share. The reason why wage moderation, clearly evident in the data since the mid-1980s, has not led to a decrease in unemployment is that another type of shift has been at work, this time on the labor demand side. At a given wage and a given capital stock firms have steadily decreased employment. The effect of this adverse shift in labor demand has been to lead to both continued high unemployment, and increasing capital shares. What lies behind this shift in labor demand? There are two potential lines of explanation. The first is shifts in the distribution of rents away from workers, for example, the elimination of chronic excess employment by firms. The second explanation points to technological bias: firms in Continental Europe are introducing technologies biased against labor and towards capital.
Carbon Capture and Storage in Developing Countries: A Perspective on Barriers to Deployment

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could have significant impact as a carbon mitigation technology in greenhouse gas- (GHG-) emitting industries. Given the nascence of CCS technology, with only eight large-scale integrated projects in the world (Global CCS Institute 2010), significant challenges still must be overcome for large-scale deployment, such as addressing technical issues of integration and scale-up, legal and regulatory requirements to reduce investor risk, policies to create market drivers and mitigate economic impacts, including increases in electricity prices, and financing mechanisms to facilitate investment in the technology. This report does not provide prescriptive solutions to overcome these barriers, since action must be taken on a country-by-country basis, taking account of different circumstances and national policies. Individual governments should decide their priorities on climate change mitigation and adopt appropriate measures accordingly. The analyses presented in this report may take on added relevance, depending on the future direction of international climate negotiations and domestic legal and policy measures, and how they serve to encourage carbon sequestration. Both international and domestic actions can further incentivize the deployment of CCS and its inclusion in project development. Incentives to promote CCS include adopting climate change policies that could provide revenues for CCS projects, but it is likely that a combination of domestic and international mechanisms will be required, alongside carbon revenues, to kick-start CCS project development and reduce investor risk in developing countries in particular. This report assesses some of the most important barriers facing CCS deployment within the context of developing and transition economies. The selection of the case studies is based on several criteria, including the level of reliance on fossil fuels for power generation and the level of interconnection of electricity networks. The case studies selected for this analysis are the Balkans and Southern African regions. Many countries within the Balkan region are considered transition economies, a status recognized as different from middle-income and low-income developing countries. However, for the purposes of this report, countries within both regions are referred to as developing countries.
Gaussian secure source coding and Wyner's Common Information

We study secure source-coding with causal disclosure, under the Gaussian distribution. The optimality of Gaussian auxiliary random variables is shown in various scenarios. We explicitly characterize the tradeoff between the rates of communication and secret key. This tradeoff is the result of a mutual information optimization under Markov constraints. As a corollary, we deduce a general formula for Wyner's Common Information in the Gaussian setting.
The Standard Model and Beyond

In these lectures, my aim is to present a status report on the standard model and some key tests of electroweak unification. Within that context, I also discuss how and where hints of new physics may emerge. To accomplish those goals, I have organized my presentation as follows. I survey the standard model parameters with particular emphasis on the gauge coupling constants and vector boson masses. Examples of new physics appendages are also commented on. In addition, I have included an appendix on dimensional regularization and a simple example which employs that technique. I focus on weak charged current phenomenology. Precision tests of the standard model are described and up-to-date values for the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) mixing matrix parameters are presented. Constraints implied by those tests for a 4th generation, extra Z' bosons, and compositeness are discussed. An overview of the physics of tau decays is also included. I discuss weak neutral current phenomenology and the extraction of sin/sup 2//theta/W from experiment. The results presented there are based on a global analysis of all existing data. I have chosen to concentrate that discussion on radiative corrections, the effect of a heavy top quark mass, implications for grand unified theories (GUTS), extramore » Z' gauge bosons, and atomic parity violation. The potential for further experimental progress is also commented on. Finally, I depart from the narrowest version of the standard model and discuss effects of neutrino masses, mixings, and electromagnetic moments. 32 refs., 3 figs., 5 tabs« less
Seepage into an underground opening constructed in unsaturated fractured rock under evaporative conditions

[1] Liquid-release tests, performed in boreholes above an underground opening constructed in unsaturated fractured rock, are used in this study to evaluate seepage into a waste emplacement drift. Evidence for the existence of a capillary barrier at the ceiling of the drift is presented based on field observations (including spreading of the wetting front across the ceiling and water movement up fractures exposed in the ceiling before seepage begins). The capillary barrier mechanism has the potential to divert water around the opening, resulting in no seepage when the percolation flux is at or below the seepage threshold flux. Liquid-release tests are used to demonstrate that a seepage threshold exists and to measure the magnitude of the seepage threshold flux for three test zones that seeped. The seepage data are interpreted using analytical techniques to estimate the test-specific strength of the rock capillary forces (α−1) that prevent water from seeping into the drift. Evaporation increases the seepage threshold flux, making it more difficult for water to seep into the drift and producing artificially inflated α−1 values. With adjustments for evaporation, the minimum test-specific threshold is 1600 mm/yr, with a corresponding α−1 value of 0.027 m.
Normative foundations of scarcity

The elevation of scarcity to the fundamental economic problem rests on some unstated normative assumptions. These include a political commitment to private property, a methodological commitment to not inquire about taste formation, and the idea that human welfare is roughly equivalent to preference satisfaction.
Matter fields from a decaying background lambda vacuum

We suggest an alternative framework for interpreting the current state of the visible universe. Our approach is based on a dynamical "cosmological constant" and the starting point is that a decaying vacuum produces matter. By assuming inflation and big bang nucleosynthesis we can solve for the present fractional densities of matter Ωm,0 and vacuum ΩΛ,0 in terms of only one parameter which we call the vacuum domination crossing redshift, zc. We put constraints on zc to obtain a universe that is presently vacuum dominated and with characteristic densities consistent with observations. The model points to the possible existence of newly formed dark matter in the inter-cluster voids. We argue that some of this matter could be accreting onto clusters through the latter's long range gravitational potentials. If so, then cluster dark matter halos may not manifest clear cut-offs in their radial density profiles. Furthermore, if a substantial amount of this newly produced matter has already drained onto the clusters, then the CMB power spectrum may favor lower dark matter density values than is currently observed bound in the clusters. A final feature of our approach relates to the combined effect of the matter production by a decaying vacuum and the different rates at which matter and the vacuum will dilute with the scale factor. Such combinations may create conditions for a universe in which the vacuum and matter densities dilute and evolve towards comparable amplitudes. In this sense the model offers a natural and conceptually simple explanation to the coincidence problem. It also suggests that the universe may be stable to vacuum-induced runaway accelerations.
A pH-responsive supramolecular polymer gel as an enteric elastomer for use in gastric devices

Devices resident in the stomach-used for a variety of clinical applications including nutritional modulation for bariatrics, ingestible electronics for diagnosis and monitoring, and gastric-retentive dosage forms for prolonged drug delivery-typically incorporate elastic polymers to compress the devices during delivery through the oesophagus and other narrow orifices in the digestive system. However, in the event of accidental device fracture or migration, the non-degradable nature of these materials risks intestinal obstruction. Here, we show that an elastic, pH-responsive supramolecular gel remains stable and elastic in the acidic environment of the stomach but can be dissolved in the neutral-pH environment of the small and large intestines. In a large animal model, prototype devices with these materials as the key component demonstrated prolonged gastric retention and safe passage. These enteric elastomers should increase the safety profile for a wide range of gastric-retentive devices.
Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production

Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy,” which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.
Dynamic theory of cascades on finite clustered random networks with a threshold rule.

Cascade dynamics on networks are usually analyzed statically to determine existence criteria for cascades. Here, the Watts model of threshold dynamics on random Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi networks is analyzed to determine the dynamic time evolution of cascades. The network is assumed to have a specific finite number of nodes $n$ and is not assumed to be treelike. All combinations of threshold $\ensuremath{\phi}$, network average nodal degree $z$, and seed sizes $|S|$ from a single node up are included. The analysis permits study of network size effects and increased clustering coefficient. Several size effects not found by infinite network theory are predicted by the analysis and confirmed by simulations. In the region of $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and $z$ where a single node can start a cascade, cascades are expanding, in the sense that each step flips a larger group than the previous step did. We show that this region extends to larger values of $z$ than predicted by infinite network analyses. In the region where larger seeds are needed (size proportional to $n$), cascades begin by contracting: at the outset, each step flips fewer nodes than the previous step, but eventually the process reverses and becomes expanding. A critical mass that grows during the cascade beyond an easily-calculated threshold is identified as the cause of this reversal.
Fiber optics for the delivery of 3 and 10.6 micron energy for laser surgery

Since the first infrared (IR) fibers were fabricated in 1976, there has been a strong desire to use these fibers for the delivery of laser power in less-invasive laser surgical procedures. This has been a difficult challenge and today no IR fiber has optical and mechanical properties even close to that of silica fiber. Nevertheless, the need for an IR fiber for medical CO/sub 2/ and Er:YAG lasers requires medical laser companies and clinicians to adopt often less than ideal IR fiber technologies. In this paper, the authors review the state-of-the-art in IR fibers for laser power delivery at 3 and 10.6 /spl mu/m. The best power delivery fibers for the CO/sub 2/ laser are hollow waveguides. Hollow sapphire fibers are currently used in gynecological, orthopedic, and neurosurgical applications. The authors have used the hollow sapphire in their neurosurgical studies on brain tissue to deliver over 25 W of CO/sup 2/ laser power to tissue. There are several fibers of choice for the Er:YAG laser. One type is the heavy-metal fluoride glass fiber and the other is solid sapphire fiber. Sapphire fibers are fabricated using either a laser-heated-pedesta1 growth (LHPG) or edge-defined, film fed growth (EFG) technique. The former has produced the lowest loss fiber to date but the EFG process developed by Saphikon Inc. has promise of producing low-loss fiber in long lengths. The best LHPG sapphire fiber has a loss less than 1 dB/m and may be made in diameters from 100 to 400 /spl mu/m. In power tests in their lab, the authors have delivered over 600 mJ of Er:YAG laser energy through a 50-cm long LHPG sapphire fiber. We have also used this fiber in some ophthalmic studies to study the ablation of tissue in eye-bank eyes. In general, we have found that the fiber functions well in a wet field and that we can ablate tissue using over 100 mJ without damage to the fiber end. >
Innovations in globalized regulation : opportunities and challenges

This paper lays out a comparative framework for assessing the potential, limitations and challenges of a variety of emerging institutional innovations in globalized regulation. The framework highlights two dimensions of effectiveness -- the comprehensiveness of coverage, and the credibility of the regulatory regime. Performance in relation to these two dimensions is assessed for three distinctive approaches to globalized regulation: i) Government-centric approaches, including treaties, extra-territorial regulation and government networks -- seven examples are assessed in the paper. ii) Civil regulation, including both joint initiatives by private firms and civil society, and wholly private self-regulatory approaches -- with eight examples assessed. iii) Hybrid approaches, involving multiple governmental and non-governmental stakeholders -- with three examples assessed. Overall, the assessment points to an abundance of innovation -- but a seeming failure of the many innovations to deliver more than, at best, partial successes in meeting the credibility and comprehensiveness criteria for effectiveness. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which the distinct elements of different approaches might be combined so that the whole can be more, rather than less, than the sum of its parts. The way forward is likely to be incremental and cumulative, bottom-up as well as top down -- transcending a too neat, and ultimately unhelpful, bifurcation between civil society advocacy and technocratic rule-making.
Complexity with simplicity: a steric continuum of chelating diamines with copper(I) and dioxygen

Copper(I) complexed by simple peralkylated diamines reacts with O2 at low temperature in aprotic solvents to create a diverse set of thermally sensitive, polynuclear copper products. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of several complexes provides keen insights into the complexity of this ostensibly simple, yet important, biological and industrial reaction. A correlation of a series of closely related copper(I) complexes with their oxygenated products highlights the preeminent, though not absolute, role of the ligand in these multi-step formation reactions. A steric continuum of diamine ligands provides a sensitive probe into this copper(I)/O2 reactivity. The diverse product distribution is interpreted through a single unifying mechanism.
Do US federal revenues and expenditures respond asymmetrically to budgetary disequilibria

We follow Ewing et al. (2006) and examine the US federal revenue–expenditure nexus in an Error-Correction Model (ECM) allowing for asymmetric adjustment. Symmetric adjustment is rejected by data covering 1959.3 to 2007.4. Depending on whether a Threshold Autoregression (TAR) or Momentum Threshold Autoregression (M-TAR) model is employed, the estimated asymmetry is very different. We argue that there is little justification for preferring one model over the other and the concepts of ‘worsening’ or ‘improving’ budgets are model-contingent in important ways. Taking this into account, the results across models need not be contradictory.
Expenditure Incidence in Africa: Microeconomic Evidence

In this paper, we examine the progressivity of social sector expenditures in eight sub-Saharan African countries. We employ dominance tests, complemented by extended Gini/concentration coefficients, to determine whether health and education expenditures redistribute resources to the poor. We find that social services are poorly targeted. Among the services examined, primary education tends to be most progressive and university education is least progressive. The benefits associated with hospital care are also less progressive than other health facilities. Our results also show that, while concentration curves are a useful way to summarise information on the distributional benefits of government expenditures, statistical testing of differences in curves is important.
Lusztig's canonical quotient and generalized duality

Abstract We give a new characterization of Lusztig's canonical quotient, a finite group attached to each special nilpotent orbit of a complex semisimple Lie algebra. This group plays an important role in the classification of unipotent representations of finite groups of Lie type. We also define a duality map. To each pair of a nilpotent orbit and a conjugacy class in its fundamental group, the map assigns a nilpotent orbit in the Langlands dual Lie algebra. This map is surjective and is related to a map introduced by Lusztig (and studied by Spaltenstein). When the conjugacy class is trivial, our duality map is just the one studied by Spaltenstein and by Barbasch and Vogan which has an image of the set of special nilpotent orbits.
Use of microelectrodes for the study of a fast chemical step in an electrode reaction

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry at a platinum microdisk electrode with a 5 μm radius has been employed to determine the rate constant for the conversion of the B form of 1,1′-dimethylbianthrone to the A form. Scan rates from 200 to 5000 V/s were employed and the rate constant was found to be 500 s−1 at 361 K in dimethylformamide containing 0.60 M tetraethylammonium perchlorate. The measurements were carried out without a potentiostat and using a two-electrode configuration with a platinum counterelectrode as pseudo-reference. It was experimentally determined that solution iR drop and counterelectrode polarization were negligible up to scan rates of 8000 V/s.
Gravitational radiation energy loss in scattering problems and the Einstein quadrupole formula

Abstract The equations of motion necessary to compute the emission of gravitational radiation during small-angle scattering according to general relativity using a fast approximation method are presented. In addition a generalization of the Lagrange expansion method to convert Poincare invariant equations to newtonian ones is given.
LUNAR LASER RANGING TESTS OF THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE WITH THE EARTH AND MOON

A primary objective of the lunar laser ranging (LLR) experiment is to provide precise observations of the lunar orbit that contribute to a wide range of science investigations. In particular, time series of the highly accurate measurements of the distance between the Earth and the Moon provide unique information used to determine whether, in accordance with the equivalence principle (EP), these two celestial bodies are falling toward the Sun at the same rate, despite their different masses, compositions, and gravitational self-energies. Thirty-five years since their initiation, analyses of precision laser ranges to the Moon continue to provide increasingly stringent limits on any violation of the EP. Current LLR solutions give (-1.0 ± 1.4) × 10-13 for any possible inequality in the ratios of the gravitational and inertial masses for the Earth and Moon, Δ(MG/MI). This result, in combination with laboratory experiments on the weak equivalence principle, yields a strong equivalence principle (SEP) test of Δ(...
Empirical tight binding parameters for GaAs and MgO with explicit basis through DFT mapping

The Empirical Tight Binding (ETB) method is widely used in atomistic device simulations. The reliability of such simulations depends very strongly on the choice of basis sets and the ETB parameters. The traditional way of obtaining the ETB parameters is by fitting to experiment data, or critical theoretical bandedges and symmetries rather than a foundational mapping. A further shortcoming of traditional ETB is the lack of an explicit basis. In this work, a DFT mapping process which constructs TB parameters and explicit basis from DFT calculations is developed. The method is applied to two materials: GaAs and MgO. Compared with the existing TB parameters, the GaAs parameters by DFT mapping show better agreement with the DFT results in bulk band structure calculations and lead to different indirect valleys when applied to nanowire calculations. The MgO TB parameters and TB basis functions are also obtained through the DFT mapping process.
Application of statistical mechanics to NP-complete problems in combinatorial optimisation

Recently developed techniques of the statistical mechanics of random systems are applied to the graph partitioning problem. The averaged cost function is calculated and agrees well with numerical results. The problem bears close resemblance to that of spin glasses. The authors find a spin glass transition in the system, and the low temperature phase space has an ultrametric structure. This sheds light on the nature of hard computation problems.
Gravitational radiation from the r-mode instability

The instability in the r-modes of rotating neutron stars can (in principle) emit substantial amounts of gravitational radiation (GR) which might be detectable by LIGO and similar detectors. Estimates are given here of the detectability of this GR based on the non-linear simulations of the r-mode instability by Lindblom, Tohline and Vallisneri. The burst of GR produced by the instability in the rapidly rotating 1.4M⊙ neutron star in this simulation is fairly monochromatic with frequency near 960 Hz and duration about 100 s. A simple analytical expression is derived here for the optimal signal-to-noise ratio S/N for detecting the GR from this type of source. For an object located at a distance of 20 Mpc we estimate the optimal S/N to be in the range 1.2–12.0 depending on the LIGO II configuration.
Orbital Dermoid Cyst of Conjunctival Origin

A 17-year-old girl developed downward and lateral displacement of the right eye secondary to a fluctuant mass in the anterior portion of the orbit superonasally. Computed tomography demonstrated a rounded, nonhomogeneous, cystic lesion. Histopathologic examination after complete surgical excision disclosed a dermoid cyst lined by conjunctival epithelium.
A Synthesis of 7,7-Dimethyl-6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]Octane a Constituent of the Hop, Humulus Lupulus

Abstract A synthesis of 7,7-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane, a component of hop oil, is described. The appproach focuses on 2-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran and 2-(carboxymethy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran as intermediates.
Implementation Schemes for the Factorized Quantum Lattice-Gas Algorithm for the One Dimensional Diffusion Equation using Persistent-Current Qubits

We present two experimental schemes that can be used to implement the Factorized Quantum Lattice-Gas Algorithm for the 1D Diffusion Equation with Persistent-Current (PC) Qubits. One scheme involves biasing the PC Qubit at multiple flux bias points throughout the course of the algorithm. An implementation analogous to that done in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Quantum Computing is also developed. Errors due to a few key approximations utilized are discussed and differences between the PC Qubit and NMR systems are highlighted
Fe-Doped LiNbO(3) for Read-Write Applications.

High erase sensitivity is observed in heavily reduced crystals of Fe-doped LiNbO3. Only 12 mJ/cm2 of incident 4880-A radiation erases a hologram, nearly 3 orders of magnitude less energy than previously required. However, the maximum diffraction efficiency that can be reached in these crystals is substantially reduced. These results are shown to be consistent with an extremely low density of Fe3+ ions. The crystals are resistant to optical scattering effects usually observed in Fe-doped LiNbO3.
Unconditionally secure commitment in position-based quantum cryptography

A new commitment scheme based on position-verification and non-local quantum correlations is presented here for the first time in literature. The only credential for unconditional security is the position of committer and non-local correlations generated; neither receiver has any pre-shared data with the committer nor does receiver require trusted and authenticated quantum/classical channels between him and the committer. In the proposed scheme, receiver trusts the commitment only if the scheme itself verifies position of the committer and validates her commitment through non-local quantum correlations in a single round. The position-based commitment scheme bounds committer to reveal valid commitment within allocated time and guarantees that the receiver will not be able to get information about commitment unless committer reveals. The scheme works for the commitment of both bits and qubits and is equally secure against committer/receiver as well as against any third party who may have interests in destroying the commitment. Our proposed scheme is unconditionally secure in general and evades Mayers and Lo-Chau attacks in particular.
Rupture propagation, dynamical front selection, and the role of small length scales in a model of an earthquake fault.

We examine a model of rupture propagation on a one-dimensional earthquake fault, focusing both on the role of small length scales in controlling the dynamics and on the mechanisms by which propagating modes are selected. In order to obtain a well-defined continuum theory, we add a small amount of viscous dissipation to a previously studied model in which rupture propagation was controlled by a finite-difference grid spacing. We find that the dynamically selected rupture mode is one in which nearly free slip occurs in a pulse whose speed and shape are determined by a novel selection mechanism.
The Effect of Situation Awareness Acquisition in Determining the Ratio of Operators to Semi-Autonomous Driving Vehicles

We used a technical readiness level assessment to obtain intervention time and the time to acquire situation awareness for different classifications of interventions. We analyzed this data to determine if it is feasible for one operator to control multiple robots of this type in similar environments. We conclude that in both terrains analyzed (an arid terrain and a wooded terrain) it would be feasible for one operator to control two robots. While it is also possible for an operator to work on another task and control a robot as well, there is an issue of providing situation awareness about the robot. There are also constraints on the tasks that could be effectively accomplished.
A spectral condition for odd cycles in graphs

Abstract Let G be a graph of sufficiently large order n , and let the largest eigenvalue μ ( G ) of its adjacency matrix satisfies μ ( G ) > ⌊ n 2 / 4 ⌋ . Then G contains a cycle of length t for every t ⩽ n / 320 This condition is sharp: the complete bipartite graph T 2 ( n ) with parts of size ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ and ⌈ n / 2 ⌉ contains no odd cycles and its largest eigenvalue is equal to ⌊ n 2 / 4 ⌋ . This condition is stable: if μ ( G ) is close to ⌊ n 2 / 4 ⌋ and G fails to contain a cycle of length t for some t ⩽ n / 321 , then G resembles T 2 ( n ) .
Dynamical electric metamaterial response at Terahertz frequencies

Utilizing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, we characterized the electromagnetic response of planar split ring resonators (SRR) fabricated on GaAs. Optical excitation of carriers in the GaAs substrate shunts the capacitance of the SRR thereby turning of the electrical resonance demonstrating the potential of SRR terahertz devices.
Calculation of real-gas effects on blunt-body trim angles

The effect of vibrational excitation and dissociation at high temperatures on the trim angle of attack of a blunt lifting body is calculated for a nonequilibrium flow regime in air using a CFD technique. The vibrational-electronic temperature and the species densities are calculated assuming the flow to be in a nonequilibrium state. The forebody flow of a two-dimensional blunt body of the shape of the Apollo Command Module at a finite angle of attack is calculated. The results show that the pitching moment around a reference point is larger and the trim angle of attack is smaller for a reacting gas than for a perfect gas. The calculated shift in the trim angle due to the real-gas effect is of the same order as that seen during the Apollo flights.