cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markov processes with quasilinear first order forward differential equation

Abstract Let f and w be nondecreasing continuously differentiable functions from the real line R into [0, 1], α a nonnegative real number, and F a real class C(1) function on some open subset of R(2) which contains R × [0, 1]. Let F be bounded and F2 nonnegative on R × [0, 1], and consider the quasilinear first order initial value problem u2(x, t) = −F(x, u) u1 + α[w(x) − u], u(x, 0) = f(x), (∗) where the solution u is sought on R × [0, ∞). There is a semigroup {T(t); t ⩾ 0} of nonlinear transformations such that the solution of (∗) is given by u(x, t) = (T(t)f)(x), but the main interest is in the description of a Markov process which has distribution T(t)f at time t if the initial distribution is f. The transition probabilities P(X(t + h) ϵ Γ ¦ X(t) = x) depend on x and the distribution at time t. The process can be constructed more naturally if f and w are probability distributions, but the construction can still be carried out in the situation indicated, and in more general cases as well.
Exploring the Use of a Size-Based Egg-per-Recruit Model for the Red Abalone Fishery in California

Eggs-per-recruit (EPR) models are widely used for management of invertebrate fisheries to provide guidance to managers about the magnitude of egg production for a given level of instantaneous annual fishing mortality (F). We constructed a deterministic size-based EPR model that utilizes size-specific natural mortality rates and egg production for red abalone Haliotis rufescens in California. We analyzed the sensitivity of the model to alterations in biological parameters, modeled the effect of incidental mortality of sublegal individuals on EPR, and modeled the effects of various management actions, including incorporation of a slot size limit, incorporation of a harvest refugium, and alternative legal minimum size limits. Model results were more sensitive to alterations in growth parameters and lower mortality estimates than to changes in upper mortality estimates or fecundity parameters. When F increased from 0.0 to 0.1 per year, EPR exhibited a large decline from 100% to 70%. Only the incorporation of a harvest refugium and an increase in the minimum size limit produced increases in the percent of maximum EPR. Implementing a slot limit of 152.4-203.2 mm maximum shell length (MSL) decreased the EPR value, indicating the importance of egg production by red abalone that are smaller than the current minimum size limit of 177.8 mm MSL. Because of the sensitivity of model predictions to changes in certain biological parameters, we recommend caution when applying EPR models to management, particularly for regions without spatially explicit parameter values. Despite this sensitivity, EPR models provide a heuristic framework for exploring the potential impacts of proposed fishery management strategies (e.g., harvest refugia), establishing biological reference points, examining how spatial and temporal variability in biological parameters affects egg production, and providing a guide for prioritizing research to improve data quality used for red abalone management.
Arterial Hemorrhage Complicating Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Role of Angiography

Major arterial hemorrhage associated with pancreatic pseudocysts represents a formidable complication with high mortality rates. This study was undertaken to analyze presentation and outcome and to assess the role of angiography in diagnosis and management of this complication. A retrospective review of 180 patients referred for surgical management of pancreatic pseudocysts from 1964 to 1991 identified 13 patients (7.2%) with arterial hemorrhage. Eight patients presented with intracystic hemorrhage, 4 with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and 1 with intra-abdominal bleeding. Six patients had gastroduodenal artery bleeding, 4 splenic, and 1 each left gastric, right colic, and left gastroepiploic. The site of bleeding was identified with selective visceral angiography in 9 patients; evidence of pseudocyst bleeding was seen in 5 of 7 patients who had contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) scans. Angiographic embolization for control of hemorrhage was used in 6 patients and operative control in 7. Over the past decade, bleeding has been controlled with angiographic embolization in all patients except 1 with massive bleeding due to splenic artery erosion. Average blood loss was less in patients treated with angiographic embolization (6.8 vs 17.5 units, packed red cells, P < .05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). The sole mortality was a patient with cirrhosis treated in 1969. Clinical presentation of pseudocyst bleeding is variable; the underlying cause is usually related to chronic pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. The dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scan is valuable in demonstrating evidence of pseudocyst bleeding. Accurate diagnosis with dynamic CT scan and angiography and control of bleeding with angiographic embolization has improved the outcome in patients with this complication.
ALTERATIONS IN THE PERCENTAGE OF CELL TYPES IN THE HYPOPHYSIS BY GONAD TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RAT1

An ovarian graft in the male rat, normal or castrated after puberty, produces only follicles, while both follicular development and luteinization occur in an ovary grafted into a female (1, 2). This has been interpreted on the basis of a physiological difference in the pituitaries of the two sexes (2). Cytological differences between the hypophyses of male and female rats were reported simultaneously by McQueen-Williams (3) and Wolfe and Ellison (4). When Pfeiffer (2) observed that the ovaries of females produced only follicles if testes had been grafted into the female at birth, he attributed this to an altered (masculinized) pituitary. Also ovaries transplanted at any time into rats castrated at birth, either male or female, produce both follicles and corpora lutea; but if a testis is present in the prepubertal period, only follicles are produced. This indicates an undifferentiated pituitary at birth which will differentiate according to the gonad present. The testis dominates this differentiation if bo...
Formation of slush on floating ice

Abstract Slush layers often form after snowfall on floating ice sheets, producing after they freeze, the upper layer of white, bubbly ice that is often found. The stability conditions for slush layers and snow on top of floating ice are examined in some detail, the patterns of flooding and the reasons for them are discussed, and it is pointed out that it may be fairly common for snow layers on floating ice to be unstable with respect to slush formation. If there were some reason to desire thicker ice layers, slush formation could be stimulated rather easily in some conditions by making holes in the ice. In some other conditions, the instability is probably conditional, in that some flooding must take place before further flooding can be spontaneous.
Role of air pollution in forest decline in Eastern North America

Evidence for and against three general mechanisms by which air pollution stress may cause or contribute to forest decline in eastern North America is examined. These mechanisms are (1) soil acidification, cation nutrient depletion, and subsequent Al toxicity, (2) direct and indirect effects of gaseous pollutants on the physiology and growth of forest trees; and (3) excess nitrogen deposition and subsequent soil acidification or physiological injury. Recent studies have revealed reductions in base saturation in some sites (both polluted and pristine), but the consequences of these changes to forest health and nutrition are not resolved. Aluminum toxicity may contribute to forest decline in red spruce (Picearubens L.) in high-elevation sites, but the data are contradictory. In forested landscapes in which regional decline (reduced tree growth and/or dieback) is reported, O3 is the only gaseous pollutant documented as a contributing factor in the eastern North America. Whereas this secondary pollutant exhibits a regional distribution and occurs at potentially phytotoxic levels, a linkage between O3 and forest decline is substantive only for loblolly pine (Pinustaeda Sarg.) in the southeast. Studies in high elevations do not support the hypothesis that O3 or hydrogen peroxide directly affects the growth of red spruce or fraser fir (Abiesfraseri Poir.).However, preliminary data link chronic-level O3 exposure with indirect effects, principally changes in drought tolerance in low-elevations (e.g., P. taeda) nd winter hardiness in high elevations (e.g., P. rubens).The emerging data on the role of air pollution as an environmental stress indicate that indirect effects (i.e., responses in which pollution alters the plant's ability to compete for limited resources or withstand other environmental stresses) are more important than direct effects (e.g., foliar necrotic lesions). Nitrogen saturation has been offered as an hypothesis for P. rubens decline, but no experimental data exist supporting this hypothesis.
Minding Our Own Business: Local Retail Establishments and the Future of Southern Civic Community

The civic community perspective focuses on local social and economic institutions that buffer communities from external, often global forces. Important community organizations such as locally oriented business establishments, civic organizations, associations, and churches are emphasized. These critical entities are posited to benefit a community through an enhanced quality of life, more civic engagement by the citizenry, and a strong capacity for local problem-solving. This address argues specificallyfor the beneficial consequences of locally oriented retail businesses (single-establishment enterprises and local chains). The relative presence of these local firms is shown to be associated in a positive way with small manufacturing establishments, associations, public gatheringplaces ("third places"), social capital, and voter turnout. Negative correlations are presented for the relationships between locally oriented retail businesses and rates of poverty, infant mortality, and crime. Throughout the presentation, concern is expressed that the South lags behind other U.S. regions in employment and wages derived from these locally oriented firms.
Background Correction in Raman Spectroscopic Determination of Dimethylsulfone, Sulfate, and Bisulfate

A study has been made to compare the effectiveness of thirteen methods of spectroscopic background correction in quantitative measurements. These include digital filters, least-squares fitting, and cross-correlation, as well as peak area and height measurements. Simulated data sets with varying S/N and degrees of background curvature were used. The results were compared with the results of corresponding treatments of Raman spectra of dimethyl sulfone, sulfate, and bisulfate. The range of variation of the simulated sets was greater than was possible with the experimental data, but where conditions were comparable, the agreement between them was good. This supports the conclusion that the simulations were valid. Best results were obtained by a least-squares fit with the use of simple polynomials to generate the background correction. Under the conditions employed, limits of detection were about 80 ppm for dimethyl sulfone and sulfate and 420 ppm for bisulfate.
Use of a postoperative insulin protocol decreases wound infection in diabetics undergoing lower extremity bypass

Objective Strict glucose control in patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting has been shown to decrease infectious complications, arrhythmias, and mortality. Our objective was to determine if strict glucose control reduced morbidity after lower extremity bypass (LEB). Methods A prospective pilot study at a single institution within the Vascular Study Group of New England was conducted from January 2009 to December 2010. Patients with diabetes and without undergoing LEB were placed on an intravenous (IV) insulin infusion for 3 days after surgery with titration of blood glucose from 80 to 150 mg/dL. The IV insulin study group (n = 104) was compared to a historic control group (n = 189) that received standard insulin treatment from the preceding 3 years. The Fisher exact test, t -tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, χ 2 , and logistic regression analyses were used to compare in-hospital morbidity. Stratified analyses were conducted to determine if findings differed based on the presence or absence of diabetes. Results There was no difference in postoperative complications between the two groups with regard to graft infection, myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia, primary patency at discharge, or mortality. Patients in the IV insulin group had significantly fewer in-hospital wound infections (4% vs 11%; odds ratio [OR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.96; P = .047). This association strengthened after adjusting for potentially confounding baseline differences in gender, body mass index, and smoking status (adjusted OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05-0.84; P = .03). When stratified by presence of diabetes, wound infections were decreased in the IV insulin group (0/44 [0%] vs 9/90 [10%]; P = .03). In patients without diabetes treated with IV insulin, there was no significant difference in wound infections (7% vs 12%; P = .42). Conclusions Strict glucose control with a postoperative insulin infusion protocol significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative in-hospital wound infection in the diabetic population. These previously unreported findings from this single-institution prospective study warrant further investigation.
Method and Perspective in Church History: A Reconsideration

even in its title, a certain ambivalence: As a scholarly pursuit, it hearkens to the demands of modern scientific analysis and the complex data of wide social and cultural involvement; yet, as the living memory of a worshipping community, it is also an expression of biblical faith. Church historians have proposed to avoid no ambiguity in the church's long record of engagement with civilization, and no technical difficulty of method. At the same time, they have affirmed in various ways their confidence that their narrative follows the course of a final divine revelation.' The tension implicit within the discipline suggests, therefore, that an analysis of its present stance must take into account both its "secular" component and its commitment to Christian faith. This article will first consider, then, certain features of modern historical inquiry as such, followed by an analysis of problems peculiar to the writing of church history.
Fluorescence Analysis of Single and Mixed Micelle Systems of SDS and DTAB

Structural features of the single and mixed micellar systems of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) were characterized using the fluorescence probe 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Prodan). In particular, our investigations capitalized on the spectral sensitivity of Prodan to its environment as well as the extensive solubility of Prodan in solvents of varying polarity and/or hydrophobicity to effectively use a three-mode factor analysis technique to resolve the coincident emission from Prodan in multiple microenvironments of single and mixed micelle systems. Our investigations reveal parameters of Prodan fluorescence that reflect the relative polarities of the surfaces of SDS and DTAB micellar cores, the permeability of the SDS micelle interface, and the heterogeneity of SDS−DTAB mixed micellar systems. In particular, we observe a strong affinity of Prodan for both SDS and DTAB micelles at the water−surfactant interface with the emission λmax of Prodan consist...
Glutathione S-transferases of mouse liver: sex-related differences in the expression of various isozymes

Sex-related differences in the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes of mouse liver have been described. There were no apparent qualitative differences in the isoelectric focusing profiles of the GST isozymes from male and female mouse liver. Both male and female mice have at least four GST isozymes in their liver with pI values of 9.8, 8.7, 6.4 and 5.7. Kinetic, immunological, and structural properties including the N-terminal region amino acid sequences of these isozymes have been determined and they have been classified into alpha, mu, and pi classes. The most cationic isozyme (pI 9.8) belongs to the alpha class and is comparatively more abundant in female liver. The isozyme having pI 8.7 belongs to the pi class and is more abundant in male liver. The mu class GST pI 6.4 as well as the isozyme having pI 5.7 which corresponded to the a class isozyme GST 8-8 of rat liver were more abundant (about 1.5-fold) in male mouse liver as compared to the female. Interestingly, present studies reveal sex-related differences in the heat stabilities of the alpha and pi class GSTs of mouse liver. The alpha class GST pI (9.8) isolated from female mouse liver was more thermostable as compared to the corresponding enzyme from male mouse liver. On the contrary, the pi class GST (pI 8.7) from male mouse was more thermostable as compared to the corresponding enzyme from the female mouse.
The Molecular Basis of Congential Artrichia in Humans and Mice: Mutations in the Hairless Gene

Congenital atrichia is a form of total alopecia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. In individuals affected with this form of hair loss, hairs are typically absent from the scalp, and patients are nearly completely devoid of eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary and pubic hair, following shedding of the natural hair shortly after birth. We have recently linked this disorder to the chromosomal region 8p12, and cloned the human hairless gene, which resides within this interval. We have identified several mutations in the hairless gene in atrichia families from around the world. In hairless mice, the hair matrix cells appear to undergo a premature and massive apoptosis, together with a concomitant decline in Bcl-2 expression, a loss of NCAM positivity, and a disconnection with the overlying epithelial sheath essential for the movement of the dermal papilla. As a consequence, the hair bulb and dermal papilla remain stranded in the dermis, and indispensible messages between the dermal papilla and stem cells in the bulge are not transmitted, so no further hair growth occurs. These findings suggest that the hairless gene product may play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in the hair follicle, as well as in the interfollicular epidermis.
Reverse engineering cellular networks.

We describe a computational protocol for the ARACNE algorithm, an information-theoretic method for identifying transcriptional interactions between gene products using microarray expression profile data. Similar to other algorithms, ARACNE predicts potential functional associations among genes, or novel functions for uncharacterized genes, by identifying statistical dependencies between gene products. However, based on biochemical validation, literature searches and DNA binding site enrichment analysis, ARACNE has also proven effective in identifying bona fide transcriptional targets, even in complex mammalian networks. Thus we envision that predictions made by ARACNE, especially when supplemented with prior knowledge or additional data sources, can provide appropriate hypotheses for the further investigation of cellular networks. While the examples in this protocol use only gene expression profile data, the algorithm's theoretical basis readily extends to a variety of other high-throughput measurements, such as pathway-specific or genome-wide proteomics, microRNA and metabolomics data. As these data become readily available, we expect that ARACNE might prove increasingly useful in elucidating the underlying interaction models. For a microarray data set containing ∼10,000 probes, reconstructing the network around a single probe completes in several minutes using a desktop computer with a Pentium 4 processor. Reconstructing a genome-wide network generally requires a computational cluster, especially if the recommended bootstrapping procedure is used.
MRI findings of prepatellar Morel-Lavallée effusions

Objective To describe MR imaging characteristics and treatment options for prepatellar closed degloving injuries or Morel-Lavallee effusions. Imaging features are discussed that may aid in the distinguishing of this entity from “housemaid's knee” or prepatellar bursitis.
Guest Editorial: Optical Remote Sensing and Image Processing

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Optical Remote Sensing and Image Processing” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 11
Multiatom resonant photoemission observed via secondary processes: Auger decay and x-ray fluorescence

We present experimental evidence that the newly discovered multiatom resonant photoemission effect can be observed via secondary decay processes of the primary core hole: Auger electron emission, from Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}, where the O KL{sub 23}L{sub 23} intensity is enhanced by 90% when h{nu} is tuned to the Fe L{sub 3} edge, and fluorescent x-ray emission, from MnO, where the O K{alpha} fluorescence intensity shows an enhancement of more than 100% at the Mn L{sub 3} edge when properly corrected for saturation and self-absorption effects. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Mechanism for an ion accumulation process in external source fourier transform mass spectrometers

Abstract An ion accumulation effect has been observed in the trapped ion cell of a Fourier transform mass spectrometer during the injection of externally generated ions. The accumulation is unexpected because, in the absence of deceleration in the cell, ions with kinetic energy greater than the trapping potential should pass through the cell or collide with the rear trap plate. Previous suggestions that the trapping mechanism involves collisional damping or radial magnetic field inhomogeneities could not be demonstrated under the conditions employed in this work. We propose, instead, an alternate mechanism for ion accumulation that involves charge exchange between injected ions and neutral analyte molecules present in the analyzer. It is shown that the observed accumulation rates are consistent with known rate constants for charge exchange and are directly proportional to the density of neutral analyte molecules in the analyzer. The energetics of charge reactions are shown to account for the presence of apparent dissociation effects and for the absence of an expected production ion in the spectrum of one analyte.
Irregularity in high-dimensional space-filling curves

A space-filling curve is a way of mapping the discrete multi-dimensional space into the one-dimensional space. It acts like a thread that passes through every cell element (or pixel) in the discrete multi-dimensional space so that every cell is visited exactly once. Thus, a space-filling curve imposes a linear order of the cells in the multi-dimensional space. There are numerous kinds of space-filling curves. The difference between such curves is in their way of mapping to the one-dimensional space. Selecting the appropriate curve for any application requires knowledge of the mapping scheme provided by each space-filling curve. Irregularity is proposed as a quantitative measure for the ordering quality imposed by space-filling curve mapping. The lower the irregularity the better the space-filling curve in preserving the order of the discrete multi-dimensional space. Five space-filling curves (the Sweep, Scan, Peano, Gray, and Hilbert) are analyzed with respect to irregularity. Closed formulas are developed to compute the irregularity in any dimension k for a D-dimensional space-filling curve with grid size N. A comparative study of different space-filling curves with respect to the irregularity is conducted and results are presented and discussed. We find out that for an application that is biased toward one of the dimensions, the Sweep or the Scan space-filling curves are the best choice. For high-dimensional applications, the Peano space-filling curve would be the best choice. For applications that require fairness among various dimensions, the Hilbert and Gray space-filling curves are the best choice.
Thermal effects on long-term potentiation in the hamster hippocampus.

Abstract Extracellular CA1 pyramidal cell activity was measured at different temperatures in hippocampal slices from the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), a hibernator. Control records taken before and after tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collateral/commissural pathways were compared to determine if long-term potentiation (LTP) was established. LTP (an enhancement of the population spike amplitude or population synaptic response following tetanus) was elicited in slices at temperatures above 22 °C, but not in slices at temperatures of 20 °C. When LTP was established at temperatures above 24 °C, however, lowering the temperature to 20 °C did not abolish the LTP. Furthermore, when a tetanus was delivered at 20 °C and the bath temperature was then raised above 22 °C, LTP was established. These results for step changes in temperature suggest that the sequence of cellular mechanisms leading to LTP is activated, but then arrested in slices maintained at a constant temperature of 20 °C. Assuming this type of activity in the slice parallels in vivo hippocampal activity, it follows that the ability to elicit LTP in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells is lost when the core temperature of an animal entering hibernation falls to 20 °C.
Increased Incidence of Postoperative Stiffness After Arthroscopic Compared With Open Biceps Tenodesis

Purpose To determine the incidence of postoperative stiffness after open and arthroscopic biceps tenodesis, compare the incidence between each method, and determine relevant risk factors for its occurrence. Methods A consecutive series of patients who underwent biceps tenodesis during a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Results We evaluated 249 patients, which included 143 who underwent open subpectoral tenodesis and 106 who underwent arthroscopic suprapectoral tenodesis. The mean overall follow-up period for the arthroscopic group was 9.9 months (range, 5.1 to 33.5 months). The mean overall follow-up period for the open group was 9.5 months (range, 4.7 to 49.2 months). There was no significant difference in overall follow-up duration between groups ( P = .627). A significantly increased incidence of postoperative stiffness was found in the arthroscopic group compared with the open group (17.9% v 5.6%, P = .002). Within the arthroscopic group, patients with postoperative stiffness were more frequently female patients than those without stiffness (63.2% v 33.3%, P = .016) and were more likely to be smokers than those without stiffness (36.8% v 16.1%, P = .040). The tenodesis site was located significantly more proximal in the arthroscopic group of patients with postoperative stiffness compared with patients without postoperative stiffness (32.44 ± 7.8 mm from the top of the humeral head v 50.34 ± 7.8 mm, P Conclusions Our results show a notably increased incidence of postoperative stiffness after arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis compared with open subpectoral biceps tenodesis. This appears to occur more commonly in female patients and smokers and may have a relation to the position of the tenodesis, with a more superiorly placed tenodesis site being a potential influencing factor. On the basis of this series, this complication most commonly will improve over time and with symptom-based management. Level of Evidence Level III, therapeutic case-control study.
Magnetic excitations on two-dimensional percolating clusters.

We have carried out numerical studies of the exponent characterizing the distribution of low-energy magnon modes on the infinite percolating cluster of the two-dimensional, bond-dilute, nearest-neighbor Heisenberg antiferromagnet and the XY model. In the case of the antiferromagnet we obtain agreement with the predictions of scaling theory using the value of the transverse susceptibility exponent given by Kumar and Harris. The agreement with scaling theory is somewhat less satisfactory for the XY model, but may improve with larger arrays.
Maternal separation with early weaning: a novel mouse model of early life neglect

Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for mood, anxiety, impulse control, and substance disorders. Although genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of such disorders, the neurobiological mechanisms involved are poorly understood. A reliable mouse model of early life adversity leading to lasting behavioral changes would facilitate progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these adverse effects. Maternal separation is a commonly used model of early life neglect, but has led to inconsistent results in the mouse. In an effort to develop a mouse model of early life neglect with long-lasting behavioral effects in C57BL/6 mice, we designed a new maternal separation paradigm that we call Maternal Separation with Early Weaning (MSEW). We tested the effects of MSEW on C57BL/6 mice as well as the genetically distinct DBA/2 strain and found significant MSEW effects on several behavioral tasks (i.e., the open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim test) when assessed more than two months following the MSEW procedure. Our findings are consistent with MSEW causing effects within multiple behavioral domains in both strains, and suggest increased anxiety, hyperactivity, and behavioral despair in the MSEW offspring. Analysis of pup weights and metabolic parameters showed no evidence for malnutrition in the MSEW pups. Additionally, strain differences in many of the behavioral tests suggest a role for genetic factors in the response to early life neglect. These results suggest that MSEW may serve as a useful model to examine the complex behavioral abnormalities often apparent in individuals with histories of early life neglect, and may lead to greater understanding of these later life outcomes and offer insight into novel therapeutic strategies.
Individual and Contextual Correlates of Adolescent Health and Well-Being

Assessing a broad positive outcome such as well-being presents numerous challenges and empirical investigations are limited. This study used an eco-interactional-developmental perspective based on risk and protective factors to examine individual and contextual correlates of health and well-being in a sample of 20,749 ethnically diverse middle and high school students. School fixed-effects regression analyses modeling a composite measure of well-being as a function of youth, peer, family, school, and neighborhood characteristics indicated that the measure was most stable when modeled as a global (vs. domain specific) composite. Relational (vs. expectation and behavioral) characteristics of parental and peer involvement were more influential in predicting adolescent well-being. The implications for interventions striving to enhance well-being across developmental transitions are discussed.
Noise Dynamics of the Phase-Locked Loop with Signal Clipping

Employing techniques similar to the averaging methods of Krylov and Bogoliubov, an approximate noise analysis of the phase-locked loop with signal clipping is presented. The validity of the method is demonstrated by comparing the stationary probability density function for the phase error, generated by a system simulation, with the derived theoretical results. The latter portion of the paper discusses the relation of the phase-locked loop to Kalman-Bucy filter theory and presents a demodulator design that illustrates the self-adaptive properties attainable in phase-locked loops with signal clipping.
3D ANGIOGRAPHY/IVUS-VH BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL CHANGES IN NECROTIC CORE CONTENT AND LUMINAL DISTRIBUTION WITH STATIN TREATMENT

Despite only small changes in total plaque volume, lipid lowering therapy with statin agents (LLT) significantly decreases cardiac events. The precise plaque morphologic changes associated with plaque stabilization are not known. We evaluated temporal patterns of necrotic core (NC) modification via
Hegemony, Discipline and Control in the Administration of Police in Colonial India

The Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule for over two centuries until 1947. To administer the large country and its diverse population, the British designed a criminal justice administrative system which played a key role in maintaining their dominance and hegemony. In particular, the police organization, largely composed of natives, furthered the goals of colonial dominance through its functions of order maintenance, crime control, and surveillance. This paper, using Gramsci’s conception of hegemony and Foucault’s study of disciplining and control, analyzes the important role that the police played in maintaining British rule in India.
Update on the medical treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy

PURPOSE To review recent advances in the understanding of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) pathogenesis as well as discuss current and future medical management strategies. DESIGN Interpretive essay. METHODS Literature review and interpretation. RESULTS Medical treatment of GO has slowly evolved during the past few decades and has been hampered by a poor understanding of the disease at a cellular and molecular level. Current treatment recommendations and guidelines therefore focus on nonspecific immuno-suppression. Newer classes of treatment agents hold promise to more selectively target underlying cellular and molecular alterations in GO. CONCLUSION Cooperation between individual patients, physicians and between differing medical centers, together with a refined understanding of the pathogenesis of GO, will lead to newer more-effective treatments for the disease and improve patient quality of life.
Excited-state enhancement of optical nonlinearities in linear conjugated molecules

NONLINEAR optical phenomena form the basis for all-optical devices such as optically bistable switches and nonlinear directional couplers1. The suitability of a material for these device applications requires a large magnitude of the relevant nonlinear effect (in this case, the third-order optical susceptibility & psi;(3), which is related to the intensity-dependent refractive index) and a small signal attenu-ation arising from the linear optical absorption. Conjugated organic molecules and polymers are of particular interest in this context: the delocalized π-electron systems of these materials give rise to relatively large values of & psi;(3) with extremely fast response times, in wavelength regimes where there is minimal background absorption. Previous theoretical studies2 suggested a new enhance-ment mechanism for the nonlinear optical processes in these materials through population of the electronic excited states. Here we show that by optically exciting a linear conjugated molecule at one wavelength into an electronic excited state for a sufficient length of time to perform the nonlinear optical measurement, the value of & psi;(3) can be enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude without increasing optical absorption at the probe wavelength.
Comparison of Equipercentile and Item Response Theory Equating When the Scaling Test Method Is Applied to a Multilevel Achievement Battery

Test publishers generally choose an anchor or scal ing test approach to the development of a growth scale for a multilevel achievement battery. Although some studies have been conducted comparing traditional equipercentile equating procedures with item response theory models using the anchor test (overlapping items) approach, to date there is no evidence on the comparability of equating procedures when the scaling test approach is used. The purpose of this study was to compare the equipercentile, Rasch, one-parameter modified logistic, and two-parameter logistic item re sponse theory procedures in the equating of a multi level achievement test battery using the scaling test approach. Since the equipercentile method has been widely used by test publishers, it was chosen as a standard for comparison of the experimental results. Individual item pseudo-guessing parameters were specified for the one-parameter modified logistic and two-parameter logistic item response theory models based on the proportion of st...
Mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds, water and volatile constituents in the atmosphere and surface of Mars: The Viking Mars Lander

An experiment centering around a mass spectrometer is described, which is aimed at the identification of organic substances present in the top 10 cm of the surface of Mars and an analysis of the atmosphere for major and minor constituents as well as isotopic abundances. In addition, an indication of the abundance of water in the surface and some information concerning the mineralogy can be obtained by monitoring the gases produced upon heating the soil sample. The organic material will simply be expelled by heating to 150, 300, and 500 C into the carrier gas stream of a gas chromatograph interfaced to the mass spectrometer or by slowly heating the sample in direct communication with the spectrometer. It is planned to analyze a total of up to nine soil samples in order to study diurnal and seasonal variations. The system is designed to give useful data even for minor constituents if the total of organics should be as low as 5 ppm. The spectrometer covers the mass range of 12-200 with adequate resolution.
Magnetic Field Interference in High-Resolution Electrocardiography

Magnetic Field Interference. Introduction: High-resolution electrocardiography, with or without signal averaging, requires extremely low levels of extraneous noise pickup. A significant amount of such interference is transmitted to the patient electrode wires as a magnetic (as opposed to electric) field, which is unresponsive to many commonly used shielding methods. Methods and Results: To investigate the source and quantify the strengths of magnetic fields, we used a battery-powered device of our own design and performed magnetic field measurements in various locations in two hospitals. We found that significant sources of magnetic interference were cathode ray tube defiection coils, electric motors, and power transformers on wall-mounted ophthalmoscopes or on the electrocardiographic equipment itself. The lowest noise level could be produced by running the patient electrode wires twisted closely together and by distancing the magnetic field sources, including electrocardiographic equipment. Conclusion: We conclude that magnetic fields at typical locations in modern hospitals are usually of such strength as to cause significant interference in high-resolution electrocardiography. To reduce such an interference, the patient electrode wires should be twisted together and all suspected magnetic field sources, including the signal-averaging equipment itself, should be placed as remotely from the patient as possible. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Vol. 3. pp. 34–39, February 1992)
Postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease

Abstract Complete and unselected data concerning the postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease are presented for the first time. This study was based on 2,365 autopsies performed at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, in the 9 years from 1966 through 1974. Of these, 586 autopsies (25 percent) revealed congenital heart disease—238 performed in medically treated patients (41 percent) and 348 in surgically treated patients (59 percent). Tetralogy of Fallot, including cases with pulmonary outflow tract atresia and other associated malformations, was the congenital heart disease most often encountered in the postoperative autopsy series (88 cases, 25 percent of that series). D -transposition of the great arteries, including cases with other associated anomalies, was second (54 cases, 15.5 percent). Early death (hospital mortality) accounted for 320 (92 percent) of the 348 surgical cases; late death occurred in 28 patients (8 percent). Causes of late postoperative death included arrhythmias, excessively small ventricular septal defect with tricuspid atresia, massive hemoptysis, rupture of the pulmonary artery, cyanotic spell, congestive heart failure and infection. Prophylactic penicillin is recommended for patients with the asplenia syndrome because of their probably enhanced vulnerability to fulminating septicemia by encapsulated bacteria such as the pneumococcus. Completeness and lack of selection in reporting data are essential in the interests of perspective and comparability of findings.
Gate oxide scaling limits and projection

MOSFET gate oxide scaling limits are examined with respect to time-dependent breakdown, defects, plasma process damage, mobility degradation, poly-gate depletion, inversion layer thickness, tunneling leakage, charge trapping, and gate delay. It is projected that the operating field will stay around 5 MV/cm for reliability and optimum speed. Tunneling leakage prevents scaling below 2 nm, which is sufficient for MOSFET scaling to 0.05 /spl mu/m.
Understanding phase transition in communication networks to enable robust and resilient control

This paper presents an application of Statistical Mechanics for analysis of critical phenomena in complex networks. Using the simulation model of a wired communication grid, the nature of phase transition is characterized and the corresponding critical exponent is computed. Network analogs of thermodynamic quantities such as order parameter, temperature, pressure, and composition are defined and the associated network phase diagrams are constructed. The notion of network eutectic point is introduced by showing characteristic similarities between the network phase diagram and the binary phase diagram. A concept of robust and resilient control in communication networks is presented based on network phase diagrams.
Identification of the Xenopus laevis Homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA2 and Its Role in DNA Replication

The DNA2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for growth and appears to be required for a late stage of chromosomal DNA replication. S. cerevisiae Dna2p (ScDna2p) is a DNA helicase and also a nuclease. We have cloned and sequenced the homologous gene from Xenopus (Xenopus Dna2). Xenopus Dna2p (XDna2p) is 32% identical to ScDna2p, and the similarity extends over the entire length, including but not limited to the five conserved helicase motifs. XDna2p is even more closely related (60% identical) to a partial human cDNA. The Xenopus Dna2 (XDna2) gene was able to complement an S. cerevisiae dna2-1 mutant strain for growth at the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that XDna2p is a functional as well as a structural homolog of the yeast protein. Recombinant XDna2p was expressed in insect cells and purified. Like the ScDna2p purified from yeast, it is a single-stranded DNA endonuclease and a DNA-dependent ATPase, suggesting that both of these activities are part of the essential function of Dna2p. However, unlike ScDna2p from yeast, recombinant XDna2p showed no DNA helicase activity. When XDna2 was immunodepleted from interphase egg extracts, chromosomal DNA replication was almost completely inhibited. From the size of the residually synthesized DNA from the XDna2-depleted egg extracts, it seems that initiation of DNA replication may be impaired. This interpretation is also supported by the normal DNA replication of M13 single-stranded DNA in the XDna2-depleted egg extracts.
Integrated Ultra-Low-Loss 4-Bit Tunable Delay for Broadband Phased Array Antenna Applications

We demonstrate the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 4-bit tunable delay in an ultra-low-loss ${\rm Si}_{3}{\rm N}_{4}$ planar platform. Temporal delays up to 12.35 ns with resolution of 0.85 ns are measured, for a total of 2.407 meters of propagation length. The TE waveguide propagation loss is measured to be $(1.01\pm 0.06)~{\rm dB}/{\rm m}$ at a wavelength of 1550 nm with the lowest loss of $(0.57\pm 0.08)~{\rm dB}/{\rm m}$ at 1591 nm.
Lexical Semantic Ambiguity Resolution with Bigram-Based Decision Trees

This paper presents a corpus-based approach to word sense disambiguation where a decision tree assigns a sense to an ambiguous word based on the bigrams that occur nearby. This approach is evaluated using the sense-tagged corpora from the 1998 SENSEVAL word sense disambiguation exercise. It is more accurate than the average results reported for 30 of 36 words, and is more accurate than the best results for 19 of 36 words.
A re-analysis of price's Islam and human rights: A case of deceptive first appearances

Daniel Price in his analysis of Islamic Political Culture and Human Rights concluded that "... government rooted in Islam does not facilitate the abuse of human rights." A re-analysis of his data for 23 Islamic governments demonstrates otherwise. There is a significant trend (p<.03), despite the low statistical power available in only 23 cases, for an inverted quadratic relationship between Islamic Political Culture and Human Rights. Among the nations scoring low on Islamic Political Culture, the correlation between the two variables is -.01 (ns); among those scoring high on Islamic Political Culture, the correlation shifts to -.78 (p<.02). At lower scores for Islamic Political Culture, there may indeed be little relationship between Political Culture and Human Rights; however, at higher scores there appears to be a significant relationship between increasing Islamic Political Culture and a decline in Human Rights. The data suggest that extreme applications of Sharia law (if not any secular or religious legal system) may have serious implications for human rights--or at least, Western Euro-American conceptualizations of human rights. At the same time, support for human rights may increase as Islamic governments shift from mostly secular to moderate applications of Islamic law.
Fee Assessment: The Audit Price Tag of Innovative IT Solutions

ABSTRACT Now in its sixth decade, the field of business information systems continues to advance at an astonishing pace. As information technology (IT) based solutions continue to evolve, they get ...
Tolerance and Resistance to Viruses and Their Vectors in Vitis sp.: A Virologist’s Perspective of the Literature

Grapevines can be affected by many viruses and viral diseases. However, despite a long history of cultivation and breeding efforts, little useable resistance to viral diseases has been identified in Vitis species. As a result, management of viral diseases has largely relied upon prevention/exclusion or on the use of economically and/or environmentally consequential methods to manage vector populations. Resistance to dagger nematode vectors has been identified and successfully transferred to rootstock genotypes that are commercially available, but these resistant materials do not prevent virus translocation into the scion, although a significant delay in infection can allow for suitable production. In this review, we critically evaluate the literature regarding resistance against viruses and vectors in Vitis and Muscadinia species. We examine the challenges of breeding grapevines for virus resistance and the methodologies used to test for resistance. The availability of useful sources of resistance and tolerance toward both viruses and their vectors, or lack thereof, is evaluated and discussed in terms of disease management.