cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Violence, State Action, and Power and Control in the Northern Triangle

This chapter, Gender Violence, State Action, and Power and Control in the Northern Triangle, is the concluding chapter in Raquel Aldana's and Steven Bender's edited volume, From Extraction to Emancipation: Development Reimagined, published by the American Bar Association and Carolina Press in May 2018. The book brings together the work of various scholars from the North and South. It addresses the question: "Should it be legal for multinationals to do business with corrupt and failed democracies willing to compromise their people and their country for self-gain?" Part V, the final section, looks at the phenomena of migration and development, in light of the surge, in recent years, of Central American women and children fleeing to the United States. It confronts the harsh reality that the countries from which they flee cannot or will not protect them. Blake Nordahl’s penultimate chapter, which narrates the story of Evelia, makes a powerful case for why we need to move our own asylum laws beyond stories of individualized violence to recognize refugees who are victims of structural persecution involving collusion between the state and corporations. This chapter is all the more important in light of Attorney General Jeff Sessions' recent decision finding that so-called "private violence" is rarely a basis for asylum. My chapter is based on my experience as an Attorney-Investigator with the United Nations Truth Commission in El Salvador from 1992-1993, and my more recent work on behalf of Central American women and children fleeing violence in their homelands. In this chapter, I examine the role of gendered violence directed at women in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras both during the political upheavals of the 1980s and 1990s and over the last decade, examining how the failure then to confront gender violence as a form of state-sponsored terrorism led to its role today in contributing to the climate of fear and instability that plagues the region. In light of the U.S. government's and particularly, Attorney General Jeff Sessions' recent decisions and pronouncements gutting protection for Central American asylum seekers, it is essential that both policymakers and advocates recognize that the gendered violence that propels migration today from the Northern Triangle is connected to the dark yet largely untold history of state-sponsored violence against women in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. While Northern Triangle states as well as the U.S. government largely blame gangs for the resurgence of violence against women, this chapter shows that this new terror cannot be disentangled from these nations’ dark past with gendered state-sponsored violence.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum Lymphadenitis

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a type of lymphadenitis cause by Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually transmitted obligatory intracellular bacterium. The bacterium consists of 15 pathogenic serovariants (serovars) that are the causative agent of ocular trachoma (serovars A–C), genital tract infection (serovars D–K) and LGV (serovars L1–L3). LGV has a worldwide distribution, but is most common in the tropics. In addition, there is a higher frequency of LGV in homosexual men, with outbreaks in Northern Europe and the United States in the past 15 years.
Changes in responsiveness of porcine granulosa cells to prostaglandins and luteinizing hormone in terms of cyclic-AMP accumulation during follicular maturation.

Kolena and Channing (1) have shown previously that: 1.) luteinizing hormone (LH) and prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) can stimulate cyclic-AMP accumulation by granulosa cells from medium-sized porcine follicles and 2.) the effects of these substances when mixed together were more than additive. Such a finding suggests but does not prove they acted at different receptor sites. Channing (2) and Lindsey and Channing (3) have found that granulosa cells obtained from small (1–2 mm) porcine follicles responded minimally to LH while cells harvested from medium and large follicles were more responsive to LH. Cells from large follicles produced 6–15 fold more cyclic-AMP in comparison to controls when stimulated by LH, while cells from small follicles exhibited not more than a three-fold increase in cyclic-AMP accumulation in response to LH. If it is true that prostaglandins of the E and F series have separate receptor and/or adenyl cyclase systems compared to LH, then it would be expected that changes in responsiveness of porcine granulosa cells obtained from different sized follicles to prostaglandins would be different compared to LH.
Physiological Evidence that Demand for Processing Capacity Varies with Intelligence

Spearman, in proposing his influential two-factor theory of intelligence, adopted an implicit biological model which was untestable in his time. Spearman suggested both a general factor of intelligence (g), which corresponded to the amount of “general mental energy” available to an individual for information processing, and a set of specific ability factors, which were brain systems or “mental engines” drawing upon the general energy pool (Spearman, 1904).
Harnessing toxic reactions to signal stress: reactions of nitric oxide with iron–sulfur centers and the informative case of SoxR protein

Publisher Summary Nitric oxide (NO) radicals provide a prominent pathway for disruption of iron—sulfur clusters, and lead to the formation of dinitrosyl-iron complexes (DNICs). In the case of the SoxR protein, this transformation converts the protein into a potent activator of gene transcription. SoxR is a homodimer protein containing a pair of [2Fe—2S] clusters, and it becomes activated when cells are exposed to superoxide or NO. Activation of this protein stimulates the transcription of the SoxR gene as a first step in a cascade to activate regulon promoters. Two distinct regulatory mechanisms have been recognized: First, regulation via the redox state since the protein is transcriptionally active only in oxidized state. Second, via the reversible assembly—disassembly of the [2Fe—2S] clusters. Although the DNICs formed in purified SoxR by treatment with pure NO gas are quite stable in vitro , the SoxR DNICs formed in intact cells are very rapidly replaced by normal reduced [2Fe—2S] centers, with a consequent deactivation of SoxR. The active repair of DNICs appears to be a general process that helps counteract the toxicity of NO exposure. The reversibility of the transformation FeS â†” DNIC also makes it well suited to a role in signal transduction. This chapter concentrates on a particular type of radical signaling by NO, namely the transformation of the FeS centers in SoxR to protein—bound DNICs. SoxR is unusual as the transformation activates the enzyme. This property is crucial for the role of SoxR as an oxidative stress regulator. In this protein, the reversible formation of DNIC provides an important mechanism for intracellular signaling.
An Asynchronous Decomposition Algorithm for Security Constrained Unit Commitment Under Contingency Events

We present a parallel and asynchronous decomposition algorithm for solving security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem under contingency events in system components in combination with uncertain wind power generation. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer program, where the first stage schedules slow generators and the second stage adjusts the schedules for fast generators and dispatches power for a given contingency event. Our algorithm uses an asynchronous variant of the Lagrangian dual decomposition that can better handle high imbalance in computational times for scenario subproblems (which are themselves mixed-integer programs). We also present a special case of the SCUC problem that considers a deterministic wind power generation and develop a Benders decomposition for solving this special case. In our computational study, we solve the SCUC model for the WECC 225-bus system that incorporates the single contingency events on transmission lines. We show that the asynchronous algorithm can significantly reduce solution times (by up to a factor of eight) of an off-the-shelf synchronous dual decomposition algorithm.
Distinct Biological Types of Ocular Adnexal Sebaceous Carcinoma: HPV-Driven and Virus-Negative Tumors Arise through Nonoverlapping Molecular-Genetic Alterations.

Purpose: Ocular adnexal (OA) sebaceous carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy of the eyelid and ocular adnexa that frequently recurs and metastasizes, and effective therapies beyond surgical excision are lacking. There remains a critical need to define the molecular-genetic drivers of the disease to understand carcinomagenesis and progression and to devise novel treatment strategies. Experimental Design: We present next-generation sequencing of a targeted panel of cancer-associated genes in 42 and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing from eight OA sebaceous carcinomas from 29 patients. Results: We delineate two potentially distinct molecular-genetic subtypes of OA sebaceous carcinoma. The first is defined by somatic mutations impacting TP53 and/or RB1 [20/29 (70%) patients, including 10 patients whose primary tumors contained coexisting TP53 and RB1 mutations] with frequent concomitant mutations affecting NOTCH genes. These tumors arise in older patients and show frequent local recurrence. The second subtype [9/29 (31%) patients] lacks mutations affecting TP53, RB1, or NOTCH family members, but in 44% (4/9) of these tumors, RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization studies confirm transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus. These tumors arise in younger patients and have not shown local recurrence. Conclusions: Together, our findings establish a potential molecular-genetic framework by which to understand the development and progression of OA sebaceous carcinoma and provide key molecular-genetic insights to direct the design of novel therapeutic interventions.
Diversity, toleration and recent social contract theory

Ryan Muldoon has recently advanced an interesting and original bargaining model of the social contract as an alternative to Rawlsian social contract theory and political liberalism. This model is s...
Prognostic Analysis of Histopathological Images Using Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract Background Histopathological images contain rich phenotypic descriptions of the molecular processes underlying disease progression. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a state-of-the-art image analysis technique in computer vision, automatically learns representative features from such images which can be useful for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and subtyping. Despite hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the sixth most common type of primary liver malignancy with a high mortality rate, little previous work has made use of CNN models to delineate the importance of histopathological images in diagnosis and clinical survival of HCC. Results We applied three pre-trained CNN models – VGG 16, Inception V3, and ResNet 50 – to extract features from HCC histopathological images. The visualization and classification showed clear separation between cancer and normal samples using image features. In a univariate Cox regression analysis, 21.4% and 16% of image features on average were significantly associated with overall survival and disease-free survival, respectively. We also observed significant correlations between these features and integrated biological pathways derived from gene expression and copy number variation. Using an elastic net regularized CoxPH model of overall survival, we obtained a concordance index (C-index) of 0.789 and a significant log-rank test (p = 7.6E-18) after applying Inception image features. We also performed unsupervised classification to identify HCC subgroups from image features. The optimal two subgroups discovered using Inception image features were significantly associated with both overall (C-index = 0.628 and p = 7.39E-07) and disease-free survival (C-index =0.558 and p = 0.012). Our results suggest the feasibility of feature extraction using pre-trained models, as well as the utility of the resulting features to build an accurate prognosis model of HCC and highlight significant correlations with clinical survival and biological pathways. Conclusions The image features extracted from HCC histopathological images using the pre-trained CNN models VGG 16, Inception V3 and ResNet 50 can accurately distinguish normal and cancer samples. Furthermore, these image features are significantly correlated with relevant biological outcomes.
Precipitation Amount and Event Size Interact to Reduce Ecosystem Functioning During Dry Years in a Mesic Grassland

Ongoing intensification of the hydrological cycle is altering rainfall regimes by increasing the frequency of extreme wet and dry years and the size of individual rainfall events. Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of precipitation amount and variability for most terrestrial ecosystem processes, we lack understanding of their interactive effects on ecosystem functioning. We quantified this interaction in native grassland by experimentally eliminating temporal variability in growing season rainfall over a wide range of precipitation amounts, from extreme wet to dry conditions. We contrasted the rain use efficiency (RUE) of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) under conditions of experimentally reduced versus naturally high rainfall variability using a 32-year precipitation-ANPP dataset from the same site as our experiment. We found that increased growing season rainfall variability can reduce RUE and thus ecosystem functioning by as much as 42% during dry years, but that such impacts weaken as years become wetter. During low precipitation years, RUE is lowest when rainfall event sizes are relatively large, and when a larger proportion of total rainfall is derived from large events. Thus, a shift towards precipitation regimes dominated by fewer but larger rainfall events, already documented over much of the globe, can be expected to reduce the functioning of mesic ecosystems primarily during drought, when ecosystem processes are already compromised by low water availability.
Composite quantile‐based classifiers

Abstract Accurate classification of high‐dimensional data is important in many scientific applications. We propose a family of high‐dimensional classification methods based upon a comparison of the...
Human Deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) Nebulization as an Alternative Treatment for Refractory Plastic Bronchitis After Fontan Surgery

We report the case of a 5-year-old boy who developed chronic plastic bronchitis after Fontan surgery for a complex congenital heart disease. During a new admission for acute exacerbation of plastic bronchitis, he started on a mucolytic treatment with inhaled rhDNAse instead of inhaled fibrinolytics because of the potential bleeding risk in a patient on combined coumarin and aspirin treatment. Respiratory symptoms resolved promptly, and the patient was discharged home on rhDNAse treatment. He remained clinically stable on rhDNAse treatment without further hospitalization until definitive treatment with dynamic lymphangiography and percutaneous embolization.
Framing and Claiming “Gender Equality”: A Multi-level Analysis of the French Civic Integration Program:

The recent construction of “gender equality” as a defining value of European societies has shaped the policy goals of immigrant integration programs. This focus on “gender equality” may function, p...
Pathogenic measles viruses cannot evolve to bypass vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies

Abstract After centuries of pestilence and decades of global vaccination, measles serotypes capable of evading vaccine-induced immunity have not emerged. Here, by systematically building mutations into the H-glycoprotein of an attenuated measles strain and assaying for serum neutralization, we show that virus evolution is severely constrained by the existence of numerous codominant H-glycoprotein antigenic sites, some critical for binding to pathogenicity receptors SLAMF1 and Nectin-4. We further demonstrate the existence in serum of protective neutralizing antibodies targeting codominant F-glycoprotein epitopes. Calculations suggest that evolution of pathogenic measles viruses capable of escaping serum neutralization in vaccinated individuals is a near-zero probability scenario.
Dose-dependent sensorimotor impairment in human ocular tracking after acute low-dose alcohol administration.

KEY POINTS Oculomotor behaviours are commonly used to evaluate sensorimotor disruption due to ethanol (EtOH). The current study demonstrates the dose-dependent impairment in oculomotor and ocular behaviours across a range of ultra-low BACs (<0.035%). Processing of target speed and direction, as well as pursuit eye movements, are significantly impaired at 0.015% BAC, suggesting impaired neural activity within brain regions associated with the visual processing of motion. Catch-up saccades during steady visual tracking of the moving target compensate for the reduced vigour of smooth eye movements that occurs with the ingestion of low-dose alcohol. Saccade dynamics start to become 'sluggish' at as low as 0.035% BAC. Pupillary light responses appear unaffected at BAC levels up to 0.065%. ABSTRACT Changes in oculomotor behaviours are often used as metrics of sensorimotor disruption due to ethanol (EtOH); however, previous studies have focused on deficits at blood-alcohol concentrations (BACs) above about 0.04%. We investigated the dose dependence of the impairment in oculomotor and ocular behaviours caused by EtOH administration across a range of ultra-low BACs (≤0.035%). We took repeated measures of oculomotor and ocular performance from sixteen participants, both pre- and post-EtOH administration. To assess the neurological impacts across a wide range of brain areas and pathways, our protocol measured 21 largely independent performance metrics extracted from a range of behavioural responses ranging from ocular tracking of radial step-ramp stimuli, to eccentric gaze holding, to pupillary responses evoked by light flashes. Our results show significant impairment of pursuit and visual motion processing at 0.015% BAC, reflecting degraded neural processing within extrastriate cortical pathways. However, catch-up saccades largely compensate for the tracking displacement shortfall caused by low pursuit gain, although there still is significant residual retinal slip and thus degraded dynamic acuity. Furthermore, although saccades are more frequent, their dynamics are more sluggish (i.e. show lower peak velocities) starting at BAC levels as low as 0.035%. Small effects in eccentric gaze holding and no effect in pupillary response dynamics were observed at levels below 0.07%, showing the higher sensitivity of the pursuit response to very low levels of blood alcohol, under the conditions of our study.
Using Art to Bridge Research and Policy: An Initiative of the United States National Academy of Medicine

Art can often act as an entry point for conversations that can be difficult to engage in naturally and spontaneously. The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), a non-profit organization principally focused on solving pressing issues in health and medicine through traditional scientific methods, has recently begun to use art as a way to expand its impact and intentionally include underrepresented voices. Over the past 2 years, the NAM has launched two nationwide art projects aimed at sharing the lived experiences of people from across the United States and giving voice to the challenges they face. Visualize Health Equity asked communities to share their understanding and perceptions of health equity and its role in supporting the well-being of all people. Expressions of Clinician Well-Being called on artists to explore clinician well-being and its connection to quality patient care and a thriving health system. Together, these projects provide insights into the experiences of hundreds of people and contribute to a national dialogue on topics that are critical for the nation’s prosperity.
Evolving approaches on measurements and applications of intracellular free drug concentration and Kpuu in drug discovery.

Introduction: Intracellular-free drug concentration (Cu,cell) and unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) are two important parameters to develop pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, pre...
A new look at the oil prices and exchange rates nexus: a quantile cointegrating regression approach to south korea

The present article contributes to the existing research by applying a quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARLD) method to investigate whether the locational asymmetries across quantiles exis...
Oncologic safety of adipose-derived stem cell application

Abstract Fat grafting is commonly used in postmastectomy breast reconstruction to correct contour irregularities and volume deficits. Early basic science studies documented the stimulatory effects of adipose-derived stem cells on breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, this risk observed in experimental studies has not been observed in clinical studies. This chapter discusses conflicting experimental and clinical data on the oncologic safety of fat grafting, in addition to current clinical regulations on the use of fat grafts and adipose-derived stem cells.
Enhancing Student Learning of Global Warming Through Reflective Writing

The National Academy of Science has published studies showing strong scientific evidence that global warming is caused by human consumption of fossil fuels, yet recent surveys have shown young adults in the U.S. are disengaged or disagree with this fact. Accordingly, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published learning objectives to educate the world population on global warming and renewable energy by 2030. In this paper, we introduce a reflective writing activity physics educators can employ to foster a deeper understanding of global warming in introductory college physics and physical science courses, without overloading their teaching time.
Use of a Systematic 3-Pronged Evaluation to Measure, Monitor, and Test Fidelity of the 5-State iCook 4-H Program

A 3-pronged approach to evaluation was utilized to measure change (Program Evaluation [PE]), monitor feedback (Process Evaluation), and test Fidelity of Implementation (FOI). Family dyads (youth ag...
The prevention of carcinoma of the cervix

Annual exfoliative cytologic examination is recommended by many physicians and by the American Cancer Society. A method to appraise the costs and the value of this service in comparison with competing health care measures has been developed. Further research is needed to develop the most cost-effective method.
Virtual Cpu Scheduling Techniques for Kernel Based Virtual Machine (Kvm)

In a multi-CPU Virtual Machine(VM), virtual CPUs (VCPUs) are not guaranteed to be scheduled simultaneously. Operating System (OS) constructs, such as busy-wait (for e.g., spin locks) are written with an assumption of CPUs running concurrently on bare-metal wastes lot of CPU time. The Hardware assisted Pause Loop Exit (PLE) feature detects unnecessary busyloop constructs in guest VMs and traps to the VCPU scheduler a.k.a PLE handler to choose a best VCPU candidate to run. The existing approach (before the optimization mentioned in the paper) does a directed yield1 to a random VCPU and needs more intelligence. We also need to carefully consider the over-commit ratio2 while designing the VCPU scheduling algorithm. For e.g., trapping to the PLE handler is an overhead during under-commit cases. The existing approach lacks the over-commit ratio awareness. Hence we need effective scheduling of VCPUs to boost the performance of VMs. We present three major improvements to old VCPU scheduling technique that include choosing a better VCPU for directed yield and optimizing for under-commit cases. All these approaches have been accepted into Linux kernel. These changes potentially bring around 300-400% improvements to I/O intensive cloud VMs (large under-committed guests) and up to 25% improvement to over-committed CPU intensive VMs.
Sugar absorption by the biliary ductular epithelium of the rat: Evidence for two transport systems

Abstract Sugar absorption by the biliary ductular epithelium under steady-state conditions was examined using isolated perfused rat liver. The test sugar and mannitol (as a putative marker of paracellular entry) were added to the glucose-free recirculating perfusate each at a concentration of 5 mmol/L, and apparent active biliary ductular absorption equated with the change in concentration of the test sugar relative to that of mannitol. A metabolizable hexose (d-glucose), pentose (d-xylose), and three nonmetabolizable hexoses (α-methyl-glucoside, 3-o-Methyl-glucose, and l-glucose) were used. All five monosaccharides were well absorbed at constant rates for 2 hours with apparent rates of absorption (μmol · kg body weight−1 · min−1, mean ± SE) of d-glucose, 0.24 ± 0.01; l-glucose, 0.20 ± 0.02; 3-o-Methyl-glucose, 0.19 ± 0.02; α-methyl-glucoside, 0.16 ± 0.03; and d-xylose, 0.10 ± 0.04. The addition of phloridzin to the perfusate inhibited d-glucose absorption in part but did not inhibit l-glucose absorption. When perfusate Na+ was replaced by N-Methylglucamine, the bile-plasma ratio of mannitol remained unchanged, as did the apparent absorption rate of d-glucose and 3-o-Methyl-glucose. In contrast, absorption of l-glucose and α-methyl-d-glucoside gradually ceased. The addition of 15 mmol/L glucose to the perfusate caused decreased bile flow and increased taurocholate concentration in bile, suggesting that glucose absorption by the biliary ductules induced water reabsorption. It is concluded that sugars are absorbed by the biliary ductular system by Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport systems, the substrate affinities of which differ from those reported for apical membrane hexose transport systems in renal tubular and intestinal epithelia. Ductular absorption of solutes such as glucose that enter bile passively may have biological use, because ductular absorption decreases the concentration of substrates for bacterial growth in gallbladder bile. On the other hand, ductular absorption of solutes induces reabsorption of biliary water, resulting in decreased bile flow; this might contribute to cholestasis during prolonged hyperalimentation with solutions containing glucose.
Ionic Liquids, Polymerization in

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are also call molten salts because they exist in the liquid state at or around room temperature. They are nonvolatile and chemically, thermally, air and moisture stable. They are also noncoordinating and highly polar solvents and have been used extensively as alternative reaction media for various chemical reactions. Reactions in RTILs are often characterized by faster reaction rates and higher selectivities, as compared to those in common organic solvents. Polymerizations in RTILs were not widely investigated until the introduction of the 2nd generation of RTILs. Conventional free radical polymerization and living/controlled radical polymerization in RTILs have both demonstrated the advantages of using RTILs as reaction media in place of common solvents: faster propagation rates, diminished termination, easy product separation, and reduced side reactions. Other types of polymerizations have also been successfully carried out in RTILs. This review summarizes the current status of this rapidly evolving field of research. Keywords: ionic liquid; polymerization; kinetics; molecular weight; block copolymer
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis

PART I 1. A framework for investigating change over time 2. Exploring Longitudinal Data on Change 3. Introducing the multilevel model for change 4. Doing data analysis with the multilevel mode for change 5. Treating TIME more flexibly 6. Modelling discontinuous and nonlinear change 7. Examining the multilevel model's error covariance structure 8. Modelling change using covariance structure analysis PART II 9. A Framework for Investigating Event Occurrence 10. Describing discrete-time event occurrence data 11. Fitting basic Discrete-Time Hazard Models 12. Extending the Discrete-Time Hazard Model 13. Describing Continuous-Time Event Occurrence Data 14. Fitting Cox Regression Models 15. Extending the Cox Regression Model
Weak Lensing by Individual Galaxies

In this paper we report on an investigation of statistical weak gravitational lensing of cosmologically distant faint galaxies by foreground galaxies. The signal we seek is a distortion of the images of faint galaxies resulting in a weakly preferred tangential alignment of faint galaxies around brighter galaxies. That is, if the faint galaxies have been gravitationally lensed by the brighter systems, the major axes of their images will tend to lie perpendicular to the radius vectors joining the centroids of the faint and bright galaxies (Fig. 1). Modeling a lens galaxy as a singular isothermal sphere with circular velocity V c , an ellipticity of ∼ 2πV c 2θ is induced in the image of a source galaxy at an angular separation θ from the lens. This is of order a few percent for faint-bright galaxy pairs with separations θ ∼ 30″ where the lens is a typical bright spiral. Over 1000 pairs must be measured in order to detect such a signal in the presence of the noise associated with the intrinsic galaxy shapes. Given a sufficiently large number of pairs, it may be possible to use the variation of the induced ellipticity with θ to study the angular extent of the halos of the lens galaxies.
Summary of Inner Zone Protons

A supplementary evening session was conducted on inner zone protons. Many points were clarified for some of the Institute participants who had not directly performed research on the inner zone protons. From the wide variety of experimental data that had been presented by many lecturers, it seemed important to derive a brief summary of the current State of understanding of the inner zone protons.
Vigilance: It's Boring, It's Difficult, and I Can't do Anything about it

The present study was designed to examine the role of boredom, perceived mental workload, and perceived control in vigilance. Subjective estimates of boredom and mental workload were measured before and after a 40 minute vigil during which movements of a computer mouse were monitored. In addition, subjects were administered Rotter's (1966) locus of control inventory. Subjects who made progressively more movements over time reported the highest levels of boredom and workload. In addition, the subjects with the highest performance levels were the most cautious in their responding, had an internal locus of control, and tended to experience less frustration. Significant, positive correlations were also observed between the boredom and workload scores suggesting that boredom may be an important contributor to mental workload in sustained attention.
The decay of 106mRh

Abstract A radiochemically pure source was used to study the decay characteristics of 2.18 h 106m Rh. A high-resolution Ge(Li) spectrometer and β- and γ-scintillation detectors were used. Thirty-nine γ-rays were assigned to 106m Rh and several coincidence measurements were performed. A decay scheme incorporating 35 of the γ-rays is tentatively proposed. The following energy levels in 106 Pd were found to be populated: 511.7, 1127.7, 1227.9, 1557.2, 1932.4, 2041.1, 2076.9, 2085.6, 2305.5, 2352.0, 2365.6, 2557.5 and 2952.7 keV. Spin-parity assignments of the levels are discussed.
Maximum-Likelihood and Maximum-A-Posteriori estimates of human-observer templates

Procedures for direct estimation of observer templates (also known as classification images) have largely focused on unbiased estimates. In this paper we take a different approach, deriving maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) procedures for estimating an observer template from the outcome of a two-alternative forced-choice experiment. While these estimation procedures will generally result in estimates with some bias, the reduction in variance can potentially outweigh the negative effects of a small bias. One promising feature of the ML and MAP estimates is that the distribution of the sample images used for the experiment is not necessary for evaluating the likelihood term implying that the method is robust to the distribution of images (although the validity of the assumptions used to derive these estimators may not be). It may therefore be possible to use these methods to estimate classification images for detection tasks in realistic images.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis

We have developed a method for the partial automation of DNA sequence analysis. Fluorescence detection of the DNA fragments is accomplished by means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used for each of the reactions specific for the bases A, C, G and T. The reaction mixtures are combined and co-electrophoresed down a single polyacrylamide gel tube, the separated fluorescent bands of DNA are detected near the bottom of the tube, and the sequence information is acquired directly by computer.
ABNORMAL TAQ I SITE IN THE THIRD EXON OF THE APOA1 GENE IN A FAMILY WITH LOW APOAL LEVELS AND PREMATURE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

ABNORMAL TAQ I SITE IN THE THIRD EXON OF THE APOA1 GENE IN A FAMILY WITH LOW APOAL LEVELS AND PREMATURE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Stable-isotope compositions of serpulids give insights to calcification processes in marine organisms

Oxygen and carbon stable-isotope ratios of recently living, aragonitic serpulids from a submarine cave off the coast of Belize give insights to calcification processes in marine organisms. Values of 8180 and 813C vary cyclically along the length of individual serpulid tubes, with similar trends between 8180 and 813C in each case. For each individual serpulid, the %o variation of 813C along the length of the tube is approximately equal to the %0 variation of 8180. Values of 8180 for the serpulids are approximately the same as for coexisting bivalves, implying an equilibrium temperature fractionation for oxygen. The observed 8180 variations can be explained by temperature changes on the order of 4.4?C, which is slightly less than nearby annual fluctuations in surface-water temperature. The carbonisotope data represent disequilibrium fractionation. In the serpulids, which contain no symbiotic algae, carbon fractionation occurs in light as well as dark areas of the cave, indicating that the fractionation is related to either large-scale photosynthetic effects or serpulid biogenic effects. By analogy, symbiotic algae may not be the cause of the correlation of 8180 and 813C in other marine organisms such as corals and foraminifera.
An Estimate of the Precipitation Hardening by Coherent Particles

The hardening of f.c.c. metal by a dispersion of coherent spherical precipitate particles and tetragonally distorted precipitate particles such as ellipsoidal or disc-shaped particles lying on {100} is analysed by using anisotropic elasticity theory. The misfit strains for tetragonally distorted particles are such that the principal axes of strain are along {100}. Further, the dissociation of dislocations into two partials is taken into consideration. The increment in critical resolved shear stress for an alloy containing coherent spherical particles and for an alloy containing coherent tetragonally distorted particles is given by Δτ = 19.45[μ/(μ′)3/2] ϵ3/2 (fRs/b)1/2 and Δτ = 16.53[μ/(μ′)3/2] ϵ3/2 (hf/Reb)1/2, respectively, where μ is shear modulus, μ is a constant characteristic of metal crystal and dislocation width, ϵ is misfit strain, Rs is the radius of spherical particles, Re and he are the major and minor axes of the ellipsoidal particles, respectively, causing tetragonal distortion, b is the magnitude of Burgers vector of perfect dislocation, and f is volume fraction of that precipitate which gives maximum resistance to dislocation motion. Finally, the comparison of experimentally observed values in several alloy systems with those predicted from these relations is made. Die Hartung von k.f.z.-Metallen durch eine Verteilung von koharenten, spharischen und tetragonal verzerrten Prazipitatteilchen, wie Ellipsoide oder scheibenformige Partikel in der {100}-Ebene wird mittels anisotroper Elastizitatstheorie untersucht. Bei Misfit-Spannungen fur tetragonal verzerte Teilchen liegen die Hauptachsen der Spannung in den Richtungen {100}. Daruberhinaus wird die Dissoziation von Versetzungen in zwei Teilversetzungen berucksichtigt. Das Inkrement der kritischen aufgelosten Scherspannung fur eine Legierung mit spharischen Teilchen und fur eine Legierung mit koharenten tetragonal verzerrten Teilchen wird durch Δτ = 19.45[μ/(μ′)3/2] ϵ3/2 (fRs/b)1/2 and Δτ = 16.53[μ/(μ′)3/2] ϵ3/2 (hf/Reb)1/2, gegeben, wobei μ der Schermodul. μ eine Konstante ist, die fur den Metallkristall und die Versetzungsbreite charakteristisch ist, ϵ die Misfit-Spannung, Rs der Radius der kegelformigen Teilchen, Re und he die grosere und kleinere Achse der Ellipsoidteilchen ist, die die tetragonale Verzerrung verursachen, b der Absolutwert des Burgersvektors der perfekten Versetzung und f der Volumenteil des Prazipitats ist, das einen maximalen Widerstand gegen eine Versetzungswanderung bietet. Schlieslich wird ein Vergleich der experimentell beobachteten Werte in einigen Legierungssystemen mit den aus diesen Beziehungen vorhergesagten durchgefuhrt.
Personal Values and Public Opinion

Objective. Social science considers values a key motivator of human behavior, yet studies of values in public opinion have tended to focus on more limited political values. I investigate how a general theory of human values (Schwartz, 1992) shapes public opinion. In one dimension, individuals are motivated by a desire for independent thought and action versus conformity to traditional social norms; in the second, individuals are motivated by a desire to care for others versus control or achieve superior social status over them. Methods. Statistical analysis of the European Social Survey, nationally representative surveys in 15 western European nations. Results. Human values are systematically related to a citizen's left-right self-identification, displaying appropriate sensitivity to party system context in Scandinavia, and explaining attitudes toward ethnic minority immigration, even when controlling for reasonable alternate explanations. Conclusion. Personal values along these two dimensions of social conflict merit further attention as sources of public opinion.
Seasonal variations in the lightning diurnal cycle and implications for the global electric circuit

Abstract Data obtained from the Optical Transient Detector and the Lightning Imaging Sensor satellites (70° and 35° inclination low earth orbits, respectively) are used to statistically determine the number of flashes in the seasonal diurnal cycle as a function of local and universal time. These data include corrections for detection efficiency and instrument view time. They are further subdivided by season, land versus ocean, and other spatial (e.g., continents) and temporal (e.g., time of peak diurnal amplitude) categories. These statistics are then combined with analyses of high altitude aircraft observations of electrified clouds to produce the seasonal diurnal variation in the global electric circuit. Continental results display strong diurnal variation, with a lightning peak in the late afternoon and a minimum in late morning. In geographical regions dominated by large mesoscale convective systems, the peak in the diurnal curve shifts toward late evening or early morning hours. The maximum seasonal diurnal flash rate occurs in June–August, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the minimum occurs in December–February. Summer lightning dominates over winter activity and springtime lightning dominates over fall activity at most continental locations. Oceanic lightning exhibits minimal diurnal variation, but morning hours are slightly enhanced over afternoon. As was found earlier, for the annual diurnal variation, using basic assumptions about the mean storm currents as a function of flash rate and location (i.e., land/ocean), our seasonal estimates of the current in the global electric circuit provide an excellent match with independent measurements of the seasonal Carnegie curve diurnal variations. The maximum (minimum) total mean current of 2.4 kA (1.7 kA) is found during Northern Hemisphere summer (winter). Land thunderstorms supply about one half (52%) of the total global current. Ocean thunderstorms contribute about one third (31%) and the non-lightning producing ocean electrified shower clouds (ESCs) supply one sixth (15%) of the total global current. Land ESCs make only a small contribution (2%).
Step heat flux effects on turbulent boundary-layer heat transfer

Hasegawa, S., Echigo, R., and Fukuda, K.,. "Analytical and Experimental Studies on Simultaneous Radiative and Free Convective Heat Transfer Along a Vertical Plate," Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 38, 1972, pp. 2873-2882. Cheng, E. H. and Ozi§ik, M. N., "Radiation with Free Convection in an Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Medium," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 15, June 1972, pp. 12431252. Bankston, J. D., Lloyd, J. R., and Npvotny, J. L., "RadiationConvection Interaction in an Absorbing-Emitting Liquid in Natural Convection Boundary Layer Flow," ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 99, February 1977, pp. 125-127. Cess, R. D., "The Interaction of Thermal Radiation with Free Convection Heat Transfer," International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 9, 1966, pp. 1269-1277. Audufison, T. and Gebhart, B., " An Experimental and Analytical Study of Natural Convection with Appreciable Radiation Effects," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 52, March 1972, pp. 57-95. Cess, R. D., "The Interaction of Thermal Radiation with Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer," Advances in Heat Transfer± Vol. 1, edited by T. F. Irvine and J. P. Hartnett, Academic Press, New York, 1964, pp. 1-50. Patankar, S. V. and Spalding, D. B., Heat and Mass Transfer in Boundary Layers, 2nd ed., Intertext Books, London, 1970. lncropera, F. P. and DeWitt. D. P., Introduction to Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York, 1985.
Event-centric multimedia data management for reconnaissance mission analysis and reporting

We demonstrate the concept of event-centric multimedia data management in the context of a multimedia eChronicle for the analysis, exploration, and reporting of events in military reconnaissance missions. Unlike the traditional media-centric approach, event-centricmultimedia data management focuses on the management of real-world events; documenting media are regarded as event metadata. For the detection of mission events, we apply simple but robust spatio-temporal clustering of basic soldier state and media events with good results considering the uncontrolled environment a military patrol constitutes. The core of the architecture is generic and applicable for the event-centric management of multimedia data in other domains as well.
Microsurgical application of freeze-dried venous allografts

Freeze-dried venous interposition allografts with an internal diameter of 1.0 mm and a length of 1.0 cm were placed into the femoral arteries of 17 Sprague-Dawley albino male rats in order to investigate patency and host tissue response. The immediate patency rate was 88%. The epigastric island flap was monitored as a sign of patency in the early postoperative period (defined as 1 to 3 days). Twelve of the 17 subjects were observed for 2 months, at which point 66% (8/12) remained patent. There were two aneurysmal dilatations. Histopathological studies and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that freeze-dried veins undergo complete remodeling in vivo by a normal reparative process and that they do not induce a cellular immune response in the host.
Aggregative Behavior is Not Explained by an Allee Effect in the Walnut Infesting Fly, Rhagoletis juglandis

Component Allee effects are considered to be a driving force in the origin and maintenance of aggregative behavior. In this study, we examine whether a pattern of active host reuse by the walnut fly, Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), involves an Allee effect. We examined how the density of clutches deposited within a fruit, the temporal pattern in which successive clutches are deposited and the spatial distribution of clutches over a fruit's surface influences survival to pupation and pupal size. Within the density range used in this experiment (1 to 7 clutches), increases in larval density strongly reduced pupal weight but not larval survival to pupation. The temporal staggering of clutches into a host strongly reduced offspring survival and, probably owing to competitive release, increased the pupal weight of survivors. Offspring survival and pupal weight were affected relatively little by whether two clutches were deposited within the same oviposition punctures or were evenly spaced. In contrast, in three-clutch treatments offspring survival was higher when clutches were placed within the same oviposition cavity. However, pupal weights did not significantly increase when clutches were placed together and this relatively higher survival rate was not greater than that associated with hosts that contained fewer clutches. The results of the study failed to provide evidence of an Allee effect. We put forward a scenario under which females appear to reuse larval hosts to maximize their own reproductive success, albeit at the expense of the per capita fitness of their offspring.
Tolerability and outcome of once weekly liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with graft-versus-host disease

BackgroundInvasive fungal infections remain problematic in immunosuppressed allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients and the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of graft-versus-host-disease ...
New order parameters for non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract In recent work a new order parameter has been constructed for abelian gauge theories in the presence of matter, both in the continuum and on the lattice. The order parameter directly probes whether charge is screened and enables the various Higgs phases to be distinguished. We generalize this to non-abelian gauge groups on the lattice, and analyze a specific model of an S3 gauge theory with S3 matter. In the course of our general investigation we construct a lattice operator that measures non-abelian discrete charge, and is related to a non-abelian generalization of the 't Hooft loop operator. This also provides further confirmation of the recent prediction that black holes should be able to carry discrete non-abelian quantum hair.
Minimization of demand paging for the LRU stack model of program behavior

Abstract The minimization of page faults in a demand paging environment where program behavior is described by the LRU stack model is studied. Previous work on this subject considered a specific type of stack probability distribution. As there exist practical situations which do not satisfy this assumption, we extend the analysis to arbitrary distributions. The minimization is stated as an optimization problem under constraints, a method to obtain a class of optimal solution is presented, and a fixed-space replacement algorithm to implement these solutions is proposed. The parameters of this replacement algorithm can be varied to adapt to specific stack probability distributions and to the number of allocated pages in memory. This paper also determines a necessary and sufficient condition for the optimality of the LRU algorithm.