cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the identity of some poorly known lithobiid centipedes described by Karl Verhoeff (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha)

The present paper considers the taxonomic status of the poorly known European centipedes Lithobius dollfusi Verhoeff, 1901, L. lapadensis Verhoeff, 1900 and L. karamani Verhoeff, 1937 described by the prominent German zoologist Dr. Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff, using types currently housed in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Re-examination of the types revealed the following new combination and synonymy: Harpolithobius dollfusi (Verhoeff, 1901) comb.n. = H. intermedius Matic, 1958 syn.n. Lithobius lapadensis and L. karamani are re-described and illustrated and their taxonomic position discussed.
Thyroid function in human pregnancy. 3. Serum thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) of pregnant women aged 14 through 43 years.

Although an estrogen-related increase in serum TBG is well known during normal pregnancy, gestational changes in binding capacity of the other major thyroxine-transport protein TBPA apparently are not established. Interrelations of serum TBPA, TBG, and BEI (butanol-extractable iodine) were compared at intervals during 122 normal pregnancies of women aged 14 to 43 years. In comparison with postpartum capacities, TBG of women aged 18 to 34 doubled by the eighteenth gestational week; capacities were not related to age; a mean of 56 ± 6.2 μg T4 per 100 ml. is proposed during 4 week intervals for women aged 14 to 17, 18 to 34, and 35 to 43 years. A total of 373 gestational TBPA capacities were significantly lower than 68 postpartum capacities (p < 0.001). TBPA means during pregnancy were related to age and varied reciprocally with BEI: 14-year-old girls had the highest BEI and the lowest TBPA capacities during pregnancy or post partum.
Observations on the etiology and pathogenesis of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

During the last two decades, intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms have been recognised as a group that should be distinguished from ductal adenocarcinomas. The literature for these tumors is confusing with the use of many different terms such as mucinous duct ectasia and, sometimes, there is a failure to distinguish them from mucinous cystic tumors. The recognition and apparently increasing incidence of these neoplasms is perhaps entirely attributable to improved diagnostic and imaging methods such as endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and computerized tomography. Experimental, molecular, and epidemiologic data suggest that the etiology of IPMN overlaps that of solid ductal adenocarcinomas.
Membrane-Associated Conformation of HIV-1 Nef Investigated with Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry at a Langmuir Monolayer.

In the companion paper to this work, we described development of a new type of hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) measurement that integrates Langmuir monolayers. With Langmuir monolayers, the lipid packing density can be reproducibly controlled and changed as desired. Analysis of HX in proteins that may undergo conformational changes as a function of lipid packing (for example, conformational rearrangements after insertion into a lipid layer) are then possible. We previously used neutron reflection to characterize just such a conformational change in the myristoylated HIV-1 Nef protein (myrNef): at high lipid packing density, myrNef could not insert into the lipids and maintained a compact conformation adjacent to the monolayer, whereas at lower lipid packing density, myrNef was able to insert N-terminal arm residues, causing displacement of the core domain away from the monolayer. In order to locate where conformation may have been altered by lipid association, we applied the HX MS Langmuir m...
Diversity in the breadfruit complex ( Artocarpus , Moraceae): genetic characterization of critical germplasm

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae) is a traditional staple crop in Oceania and has been introduced throughout the tropics. This study examines important germplasm collections of breadfruit and its closest wild relatives and aims to (1) characterize genetic diversity, including identification of unknown and duplicate accessions, (2) evaluate genetic structure and hybridization within the breadfruit complex, and (3) compare utility of microsatellite markers to previously reported amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and isozyme markers in differentiating among cultivars. Data for 19 microsatellite loci were collected for 349 individuals (representing 255 accessions) including breadfruit (A. altilis), two wild relatives (Artocarpus camansi and Artocarpus mariannensis), and putative hybrids (A. altilis × A. mariannensis). Accessions were of mixed ploidy and regional origin, but predominantly from Oceania. Microsatellite loci collectively had a polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.627 and distinguished 197 unique genotypes sorted into 129 different lineages, but a single genotype accounts for 49 % of all triploid breadfruit examined. Triploid hybrids and diploid A. altilis exhibited the highest levels of diversity as measured by allele number and gene diversity. Most accessions (75 %) of unknown origin matched either a known genotype or lineage group in the collection. Putative hybrids all had genetic contributions from A. mariannensis but ranged in the level of genetic contribution from A. altilis. Microsatellite markers were found to be more informative than isozyme markers and slightly less informative, with regard to accession discrimination, than AFLP markers. This set of microsatellite markers and the dataset presented here will be valuable for breadfruit germplasm management and conservation.
Some Unfinished Business in North Africa

When work on this book started, North Africa was a quintessential example of the nonexistence of democracy. Studies of Democratization in North Africa and the Middle East in general sought to explain what it was intrinsic about North African states and societies that made democratization improbable. In the midst of this study, the Tunisia’s Jasmin Revolution set off what has been named the “Arab Spring” unleashing a string of events that are of great interest to the study of civil society and democratization. The Arab Spring’s many letdowns and its only successful transition towards democracy, Egypt and Tunisia, respectively, provide an immense opportunity to study what role civil society played before, during, and after the transitions. Like the other case studies in the book, the two countries provide multiple examples of transition and regression. The two case studies have a similar history with the Sub-Saharan sample states in that they have gone through colonialism, independence, the cold war, neocolonialism, and dictatorship. However, the two also provide a unique factor in that they are Muslim majority countries in which Islamist movements have a stronger influence.
The Neurochemical Organization of the Claustrum

The claustrum is a large subcortical structure found in all mammals with a cerebral cortex. It is reciprocally and topographically connected with the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex itself is composed of multiple cytoarchitectonically and myeoloarchitectonically distinct functional regions. In contrast, when examined in cell or fiber stains the structure of the claustrum is uniform over its entire rostrocaudal and dorsoventral extent. In this review we consider two major questions about the claustrum: first, is there any evidence for neurochemically distinguished compartmental organization? Second, what can neurochemistry reveal about the number of cell types in the claustrum and intraclaustral information processing? We and others have used immunohistochemistry for a number of markers including the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin, the synthetic enzyme for nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and markers for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to delineate the number of cell types and the transmitters used by different cell types. We have also used markers for serotonin (5-HT) to show a direct serotonergic input to the claustrum. Other studies have used receptor binding techniques as well as immunohistochemistry to provide evidence for dopaminergic, cholinergic and adrenergic input to the claustrum. Our results for the cat and the macaque monkey suggest that the neurochemical organization of the claustrum, like its cytoarchitectonic organization, is uniform across functional subdivisions. The results also show that there are multiple neurochemically distinguished neuronal types that are distributed across the entire claustrum. These results suggest a substrate for elaborate intraclaustral information processing. We also compare the results for cat and monkey, animals with a well-developed cerebral cortex, with the results for rodents, animals with much simpler cortical organization.
DDRs and Collagen Fibrillogenesis

Collagen type I in its mature fibrillar state is the major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a variety of vertebrate tissues. The assembly of collagen fibrils (fibrillogenesis) is a complex process regulated in part by certain collagen-binding proteins (CBPs), which directly interact with the collagen molecules and/or fibrils. Discoidin domain receptors (DDR1 and DDR2) are CBPs, which belong to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases and bind to and get activated by collagen(s), including collagen type I. DDRs are unique in the aspect that their collagen-binding extracellular domain exists both as a cell surface anchored and as a soluble protein in the ECM. Understanding the modulation of collagen fibrillogenesis by DDRs can help provide novel insights into cell−matrix interactions, ECM remodeling, and receptor function.
Progressive Emergence of a Dominant Unit during Dual Unit Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Culture.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) as a stem cell source for allogeneic transplantation is limited by the cell dose a single unit can provide to adult recipients. One approach to overcoming the cell dose limitation is the use of two UCB units. However, murine and human clinical studies have shown that after infusion of two UCB units, one unit dominates as early as 3 weeks post engraftment. To understand the biology that determines the engraftment of each donor, we investigated the effect of dual donor competition on hematopoietic progenitors from 3 unrelated units and 2 units from dizygotic twins during methylcellulose and LTC-IC co-culture of equal numbers of mononuclear cells from each unit pair. Donor chimerism was evaluated in primary CFU (t=0) and secondary CFU from LTC-IC cultures (weeks 4 and 5) by PCR of informative polymorphic short tandem repeats (STR analysis). In 10 units analyzed, the CFU frequency per 100,000 mononuclear cells was 152 ± 18 and the LTC-IC frequency was 1 in 20,000 ± 5.81. The mononuclear cell composition was CD34: 1.07 ±.29%; CD3: 56.3 ± 4.1%; CD33: 17.4 ± 3.4%; and CD19: 8.42 ± 1.1%. In 4 UCB pairs, the unit with the higher primary CFU frequency dominated by an average ratio of 2:1 based on STR analysis of the primary CFU co-culture. In secondary CFU derived from the LTC-IC cultures, the skewing progressively became more pronounced with the same unit identified in primary culture predominating by an average ratio of 7:1. In mixed cultures, the absolute number of primary CFU from the dominant units increased by 15 ± 2% over the number from individual units while CFU from the non-dominant units decreased by 37 ± 4%. Interestingly, there was no dominant unit in primary CFU cultures from one set of dizygotic twins and the CFU number from each unit increased by 30% in the mixed culture. This set of twins emerged with a dominant unit during LTC-IC culture, yielding a donor ratio of 2:1. We found no correlation between the predominating unit and the CD34 percentage or LTC-IC frequency. However, in all 5 dual UCB experiments, the unit with the higher CD3 percentage dominated in primary CFU cultures and was intensified during LTC-IC culture. These results demonstrate an early and progressive dominance of one donor based on CFU analysis during mixed UCB culture. The correlation with CD3 content suggests both an immediate and protracted T-cell effector mechanism even though the LTC-IC culture does not promote T-cell proliferation. Additionally, the increase in the absolute cell number of the dominant unit may suggest a graft vs. graft progenitor cell growth-stimulatory effect which may explain the observed more rapid engraftment of the dominant unit after dual UCB transplantation. Thus, immediate UCB competition predicts the dominant unit during in vitro culture and presumably mimics the process occurring after clinical dual UCB transplantation.
Esophageal Squamous Papilloma: A Case Series and Literature Review

Esophageal squamous papilloma (ESP) is a rare neoplasm, usually appearing incidentally in 0.01-0.45% of esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD).1-3 They typically occur as a single lesion with average size ranging from 2-8 mm.3
Hybrid Environments: A Bridge from Blocks to Text

Hybrid, dual-modality programming environments provide both blocks-based and text-based interfaces for programming. While previous research investigated the transition from visual to textual environments, few studies considered these hybrid environments. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore how hybrid programming environments impact computer science competency, confidence, and interest in computer science among students when moving from blocks-based environments to text-based languages. Exploring these questions will help us understand which hybrid environments are effective, in which contexts they are effective, and if they can improve on current approaches to CS instruction.
Incidence and significance of adhesions encountered during epicardial mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with no history of prior cardiac surgery or pericarditis.

Background Pericardial adhesions can prevent epicardial access and restrict catheter movement during mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). The incidence of adhesions in patients without prior cardiac surgery or clinically evident pericarditis is not known. Objective To describe the incidence of pericardial adhesions and explore their impact in patients without prior cardiac surgery or pericarditis. Methods A retrospective search of our ablation database containing patients who underwent epicardial ablation for VT was undertaken. Adhesions were diagnosed with routine contrast pericardiography after pericardial entry. Demographics and long-term outcomes were compared between patients with and without adhesions. Results Between 2004 and 2016, successful epicardial entry was achieved in 188 of 192 attempts (98%). In 155 first-time epicardial access attempts, pericardial adhesions were diagnosed in 13 (8%). When comparing baseline demographics, there was no significant difference. However, adhesions tended to occur more frequently with severe renal impairment (2% of patients without adhesions vs 15% of patients with adhesions, P = .07). No patient with a structurally normal heart had adhesions present. Adhesions were associated with limited epicardial mapping (3% of patients without adhesions vs 85% of patients with adhesions, P Conclusion Adhesions may be unexpectedly encountered in patients without prior cardiac surgery or pericarditis. When present, they can limit mapping and may be associated with lower short-term success. Larger studies are required to determine their impact on long-term outcomes.
Universally Optimal Gathering Under Limited Visibility

We consider the distributed setting of N autonomous mobile robots that operate in Look-Compute-Move (LCM) cycles following the well-celebrated classic oblivious robots model. We study the fundamental problem of gathering N autonomous robots on a plane, which requires all robots to meet at a single point (or to position within a small area) that is not known beforehand. We consider limited visibility under which robots are only able to see other robots up to a constant Euclidean distance and focus on the time complexity of gathering by robots under limited visibility. There exists an \(\mathcal{O}(D_G)\) time algorithm for this problem in the fully synchronous setting, assuming that the robots agree on one coordinate axis (say North), where \(D_G\) is the diameter of the visibility graph of the initial configuration. In this paper, we provide the first \(\mathcal{O}(D_E)\) time algorithm for this problem in the asynchronous setting under the same assumption of robots agreement on one coordinate axis, where \(D_E\) is the Euclidean distance between farthest-pair of robots in the initial configuration. The runtime of our algorithm is a significant improvement since, for any initial configuration of \(N\ge 1\) robots, \(D_E\le D_G\), and, there exist initial configurations for which \(D_G\) can be as much as quadratic on \(D_E\), i.e., \(D_G=\varTheta (D_E^2)\). Moreover, our algorithm is universally (time) optimal since the trivial time lower bound for this problem is \(\varOmega (D_E)\).
Hair mercury (Hg) levels, fish consumption and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center.

Abstract General population exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), the most common organic mercury compound found in the environment, occurs primarily through the consumption of contaminated fish and shellfish. Due to limited studies and lack of consideration of effect modification by fish consumption, it remains uncertain if exposure to mercury affects semen parameters. Thus, we investigated whether hair Hg levels, a biomarker of mercury exposure, were associated with semen parameters among men attending an academic fertility center, and whether this relationship was modified by intake of fish. This analysis included 129 men contributing 243 semen samples who were enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study between 2005 and 2013, and had data of hair Hg, intake of fish and semen parameters available. Hair Hg levels were assessed using a direct mercury analyzer. Intake of fish was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Semen parameters were analyzed following WHO 2010 evaluation criteria. Generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts accounting for within-man correlations across semen samples were used to evaluate the association of hair Hg levels and semen parameters adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, abstinence time and alcohol intake. Effect modification by total fish intake (≤1.68 vs. >1.68 servings/week) was tested. The median hair Hg levels of the men was 0.72 ppm and ranged from 0.03 to 8.01 ppm; almost 30% of the men had hair Hg levels >1 ppm. Hair Hg levels were positively related with sperm concentration, total sperm count, and progressive motility, after adjusting for potential confounders and became attenuated after further adjustment for fish intake. Specifically, men in the highest quartile of hair mercury levels had 50%, 46% and 31% higher sperm concentration, total sperm count and progressive motility, respectively, compared to men in the lowest quartile. These associations were stronger among men whose fish intake was above the study population median. Semen volume and normal morphology were unrelated to hair Hg levels. These results confirmed exposure to MeHg through fish intake and showed the important role of diet when exploring the associations between heavy metals and semen parameters among men of couples seeking fertility care. Further research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between fish intake and Hg, and potential effects on male reproductive health, specifically, semen parameters.
Common Errors and Failures

Ten years of reviewing unsuccessful examinations made elsewhere have proven that unfortunately there are numerous ways to completely ruin an enteroclysis examination! In many cases the results are such that it would have been better for the patient if a conventional follow-through examination had been carried out. Indeed, the results of a poorly executed enteroclysis examination can be much worse than those of an inadequately performed conventional examination. Although these failures are frequently attributed to the method itself, or to the company producing the contrast fluid, neither are in fact responsible. It was been found repeatedly that the physician conducting the examination was convinced of one false fact. He believed that the only difference with respect to the conventional approach is the manner in which the contrast medium is administered, i.e. through a tube directly into the duodenum instead of orally. Apparently many are not willing to take the time to read the literature on enteroclysis. Otherwise, they would learn about and understand the reasoning behind all of the other factors that, together with the contrast medium infusion, are essential for optimum results.
Martingale Methods for Patterns and Scan Statistics

We show how martingale techniques (both old and new) can be used to obtain otherwise hard-to-get information for the moments and distributions of waiting times for patterns in independent or Markov sequences. In particular, we show how these methods provide moments and distribution approximations for certain scan statistics, including variable length scan statistics. Each general problem that is considered is also illustrated with a concrete example confirming the computational tractability of the method.
Recurrent Acute Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema after Uncontrolled Seizures

Acute pulmonary edema following significant injury to the central nervous system is known as neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE). Commonly seen after significant neurological trauma, NPE has also been described after seizure. While many pathogenic theories have been proposed, the exact mechanism remains unclear. We present a 31-year-old man who developed recurrent acute NPE on two consecutive admissions after experiencing witnessed generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures. Chest radiographs obtained after seizure during both admissions showed bilateral infiltrates which rapidly resolved within 24 hours. He required intubation on each occasion, was placed on lung protective ventilation, and was successfully extubated within 72 hours. There was no identified source of infection, and no cardiac pathology was thought to be contributory.
Support for climate unilateralism

According to the conventional wisdom, defection by one country from global climate cooperation should undermine the incentives for other countries to act. But new research shows that the public in the United States and China both maintain robust support for national climate reforms, even when a major carbon polluter stops cooperating.
Clinical phenotyping: role in treatment decisions in sarcoidosis.

A variety of phenotypic categorisations have been developed for sarcoidosis. Phenotyping has been used for genetics studies and to guide treatment selection. The authors participated in a Delphi expert consensus panel to develop a proposed phenotype categorisation and treatment recommendations for pulmonary sarcoidosis patients. Panellists reached consensus that asymptomatic patients with normal pulmonary function and adenopathy alone or normal chest imaging do not require therapy, while symptomatic patients with impaired pulmonary function or infiltrates should be treated. The panel did not reach consensus on asymptomatic patients with abnormal chest imaging or reduced pulmonary function, or symptomatic patients with normal chest imaging and pulmonary function. The proposed phenotype categories and associated treatment recommendations are asymptomatic (no therapy), acute (disease duration
Anticipatory Career Images

The students described how they imagined certain careers for themselves beginning in elementary school and how those images motivated them to succeed academically. It was found that their career images were either abstract or concrete. Abstract in the sense that they had a general picture of the career they imagined but not a lot of detail. For example, one of the students saw herself as a biologist but could not say what kind of biologist. Another student described a very concrete image of one day becoming a critical care nurse anesthetist. Their stories illustrated how these career images evolved over time and how they morphed back and forth between abstract and concrete as they matured. Interestingly, the students were motivated to achieve at high academic levels whether career images were abstract or concrete.
Using Indices of Cow Comfort to Predict Stall Use and Lameness

The objective of this study was to measure several indices of cow comfort for one 24- hour period in the high-group pens of a selection of Wisconsin dairy herds using either sand or rubber-crumb-mattress surface free stalls, and to determine the most appropriate time of day for measurement in terms of their ability to predict cow behavior and lameness prevalence.
Amyloid-Forming Properties of Human Apolipoproteins: Sequence Analyses and Structural Insights

Apolipoproteins are protein constituents of lipoproteins that transport cholesterol and fat in circulation and are central to cardiovascular health and disease. Soluble apolipoproteins can transiently dissociate from the lipoprotein surface in a labile free form that can misfold, potentially leading to amyloid disease. Misfolding of apoA-I, apoA-II, and serum amyloid A (SAA) causes systemic amyloidoses, apoE4 is a critical risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease, and apolipoprotein misfolding is also implicated in cardiovascular disease. To explain why apolipoproteins are over-represented in amyloidoses, it was proposed that the amphipathic α-helices, which form the lipid surface-binding motif in this protein family, have high amyloid-forming propensity. Here, we use 12 sequence-based bioinformatics approaches to assess amyloid-forming potential of human apolipoproteins and to identify segments that are likely to initiate β-aggregation. Mapping such segments on the available atomic structures of apolipoproteins helps explain why some of them readily form amyloid while others do not. Our analysis shows that nearly all amyloidogenic segments: (i) are largely hydrophobic, (ii) are located in the lipid-binding amphipathic α-helices in the native structures of soluble apolipoproteins, (iii) are predicted in both native α-helices and β-sheets in the insoluble apoB, and (iv) are predicted to form parallel in-register β-sheet in amyloid. Most of these predictions have been verified experimentally for apoC-II, apoA-I, apoA-II and SAA. Surprisingly, the rank order of the amino acid sequence propensity to form amyloid (apoB > apoA-II > apoC-II ≥ apoA-I, apoC-III, SAA, apoC-I > apoA-IV, apoA-V, apoE) does not correlate with the proteins’ involvement in amyloidosis. Rather, it correlates directly with the strength of the protein-lipid association, which increases with increasing protein hydrophobicity. Therefore, the lipid surface-binding function and the amyloid-forming propensity are both rooted in apolipoproteins’ hydrophobicity, suggesting that functional constraints make it difficult to completely eliminate pathogenic apolipoprotein misfolding. We propose that apolipoproteins have evolved protective mechanisms against misfolding, such as the sequestration of the amyloidogenic segments via the native protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions involving amphipathic α-helices and, in case of apoB, β-sheets.
Catheter-Based Endomyocardial Injection With Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background — We tested the feasibility of targeted left ventricular (LV) mural injection using real-time MRI (rtMRI). Methods and Results — A 1.5T MRI scanner was customized with a fast reconstruction engine, transfemoral guiding catheter–receiver coil (GCC), MRI-compatible needle, and tableside consoles. Commercial real-time imaging software was customized to facilitate catheter navigation and visualization of injections at 4 completely refreshed frames per second. The aorta was traversed and the left ventricular cavity was entered under direct rtMRI guidance. Pigs underwent multiple injections with dilute gadolinium-DTPA. All myocardial segments were readily accessed. The active GCC and the passive Stiletto needle injector were readily visualized. More than 50 endomyocardial injections were performed with the aid of rtMRI; 81% were successful with this first-generation prototype. Conclusion — Percutaneous endomyocardial drug delivery is feasible with the aid of rtMRI, which permits precise 3-dimensional localization of injection within the LV wall.
Nonfatal farm injury incidence and disability to children: a systematic review

Abstract Objective: To summarize the literature on farm child nonfatal injury incidence and the subsequent disability to children. Search Strategy: We used a systematic process to search the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, NTIS and NIOSHTIC. The reference lists from each potentially eligible study were checked and experts in the field contacted for additional reports. Selection Criteria: Studies for selection had to meet the following criteria: published in the last 20 years (1979–1998); located in North America; and include nonfatal farm injury cases for children under age 20. Data Collection and Analysis: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were examined for study design, location, sample size, injury rate, injury sources, and functional outcomes. Results: Among the 32 studies, there were 9 case series, 11 secondary analyses of administrative databases, 2 case-control studies, 6 cross-sectional surveys, one mixed-method study, 2 prospective case series reports, and 1 cohort study. Twenty-two of the studies confined the sample to agriculture, but nine of these combined children within a larger sample, creating considerable difficulty in examining only agricultural injuries to children. Only one study focused on outcome measurement. Although nearly all the reports provided some discussion about injury severity, these comments were generally limited to injury severity scores or injury type. Conclusions: Despite increasing attention on farm-related child injury, the literature continues to report primarily descriptive studies that rely on small samples focusing on the nature of the injury event and immediate consequences. Analysis of larger databases, such as worker compensation claims, trauma registries, and agricultural injury surveillance, still lacks valid denominators; thus, incidence rates cannot be calculated. Very little was found regarding disability among children who experienced agricultural injury, even though the literature clearly proclaims the severity and seriousness of child injury on farms. To complete the portrait of the burden of this continuing problem, research must include functional outcome measures.
Advocacy in Anthropology

Advocacy and public anthropology are discussed as particular variants of applied anthropology using the term in its broadest sense. Examples of highlighted advocacy and public anthropologists include David Maybury-Lewis of Cultural Survival, Luisa Maffi of Terra Lingua, Robert Borofsky of the Center for Public Anthropology, Paul Farmer of Partners in Health, and Barbara Rose Johnston of the Center for Political Ecology. The main criticisms of such advocacy and public anthropology are identified and discussed. Then some future prospects for these endeavors are suggested as well.
Quantitative and Qualitative Data on the Pigment Cells of Adult Human Epidermis1

The morphology and physiology of the melanocyte have been studied thoroughly by numerous investigators (1, 2, 3). General agreement on many questions has been reached, but conflicting statements concerning several basic points, and insufficient data concerning others were found in recent literature when we became interested in the mechanism of pathologic and therapeutic changes of human pigmentation.
Electron Microscopic Observation of the Sporangial Structure of Strains of Actinoplanaceae

Lechevalier, Hubert A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), Mary P. Lechevalier, and Pauline E. Holbert. Electron microscopic observation of the sporangial structure of strains of Actinoplanaceae. J. Bacteriol. 92:1228-1235. 1966.-Eight strains of Streptosporangium spp. and one strain each of Spirillospora albida and an Ampullariella-like Actinoplanes sp. were observed by electron microscopy. The sporangiospores of all these organisms had a smooth surface. All formed their sporangia by the ingrowth of a hypha inside a bag formed by the extension of the outer sheath of the sporangiophore. The sporogenic hypha was not branched in strains of Streptosporangium but was branched in S. albida and the Actinoplanes sp. Spore formation was by septation of the intrasporangial hyphae. When it occurred, septation took place by the same annular ingrowth of the cell wall common in gram-positive bacteria. The septum at the apex of the sporangiophore was formed before the others. Septation was seen to occur between two fully formed septa, indicating almost simultaneous formation of large segments dividing again, almost simultaneously, into smaller spore-sized segments.
Control of pili and sialyltransferase expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is mediated by the transcriptional regulator CrgA.

Summary Contact-regulated gene A (CrgA) is a transcriptional regulator present in the pathogenic Neisseria that functions as both an activator and a repressor of transcription following contact with host cells. While its mechanism of action has been studied extensively in Neisseria meningitidis, the specific subset of genes that CrgA targets has been debated. Although the majority of these constitute virulence genes, suggesting that CrgA is important in pathogenesis, no study to date has examined the effects of CrgA in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In this report, we generated a knockout mutant of crgA (ΔcrgA) in the serum-sensitive gonococcal strain F62. crgA deletion resulted in a reduction in the transcript and protein levels of the primary pilin component pilE via mechanisms that were both contact-dependent and -independent. In contrast, ΔcrgA overexpressed the main determinant of serum resistance in F62, lipooligosaccharide sialyltransferase (Lst). CrgA-mediated lst repression was direct as both recombinant and native CrgA bound to the lst promoter at multiple locations in EMSA and ChIP assays respectively. The increase in Lst levels associated with crgA deletion correlated with enhanced protection against killing by normal human serum. These data suggest a role for CrgA in virulence regulation during both cell adherence and planktonic growth.
Indirect Effects of One Plant Pathogen on the Transmission of a Second Pathogen and the Behavior of Its Potato Psyllid Vector

Plant pathogens can influence the behavior and performance of insect herbivores. Studies of these associations typically focus on tripartite interactions between a plant host, a plant pathogen, and its insect vector. An unrelated herbivore or pathogen might influence such interactions. This study used a model system consisting of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli Sulc, and tomatoes to investigate multipartite interactions among a pathogen, a nonvector, and a plant host, and determine whether shifts in host physiology were behind potential interactions. Additionally, the ability of TMV to affect the success of another pathogen, 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum,' which is transmitted by the psyllid, was studied. In choice trials, psyllids preferred nearly fourfold noninfected plants to TMV-infected plants. No-choice bioassays demonstrated that there was no difference in psyllid development between TMV-infected and control plants; oviposition was twice as high on control plants. Following inoculation by psyllids, 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' titers were lower in TMV-infected plants than control plants. TMV-infected plants had lower levels of amino acids and sugars but little differences in phenolics and terpenoids, relative to control plants. Possibly, these changes in sugars are associated with a reduction in psyllid attractiveness in TMV-infected tomatoes resulting in decreased infection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum.'
Climate‐induced shift in hydrological regime alters basal resource dynamics in a wilderness river ecosystem

Summary 1. We integrated a 20-year ecological data set from a sparsely inhabited, snowmelt-dominated catchment with hydrologic models to predict the effects of hydrologic shifts on stream biofilm. 2. We used a stepwise multiple regression to assess the relationship between hydrology and biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) under recent climate conditions. Biofilm AFDM was significantly related to the timing of peak streamflow, and chl-a was significantly related to the timing of median streamflow. We applied these results to output from the variable infiltration capacity hydrologic model, which predicted hydrology under a baseline scenario (+0 °C) and a range of warming scenarios expected with climate change (+1, +2 or +3 °C). 3. When compared to the baseline, the results indicated that earlier peakflows predicted under warming scenarios may lead to earlier initiation of biofilm growth. This may increase biofilm AFDM during the summer by up to 103% (±29) in the +3 °C scenario. Moreover, interannual variability of AFDM was predicted to increase up to 300%. Average chl-a during the summer increased by up to 90% (±15) in the +3 °C scenario; however, its response was not significantly different from baseline in most years. 4. Because hydrologic change may alter the temporal dynamics of biofilm growth, it may affect the seasonal dynamics of biofilm quality (i.e. chl-a-to-AFDM ratio). The results indicated that hydrologic shifts may increase biofilm quality during the spring, but may decrease it during the summer. Thus, we provide evidence that predicted hydrologic shifts in snowmelt-dominated streams may alter the quantity and quality of an important basal resource. However, the magnitudes of these predictions are likely to be affected by other environmental changes that are occurring with climate change (e.g. increased wildfire activity and stream warming).
Adnexal mass during pregnancy: a review.

Objective The purpose of this review was to determine the likelihood of malignancy or complications with ultrasonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses in pregnancy and to evaluate the obstetrical outcomes. Materials and Methods A review of literature was performed using keywords “adnexal mass and pregnancy” or “ovarian mass and pregnancy.” Results Out of the 340 abstracts reviewed, 313 were excluded. The incidence of adnexal mass in pregnancy varied from 0.1 to 2.4%, with an average of 0.02%. Regarding the likelihood of malignancy, in seven publications, there were 557 women with 563 adnexal masses. Of these 563 masses, 48% were classified as simple and 52% as complex. Among the simple masses, 1% were malignant. Among the complex masses, 9% were malignant. When comparing laparoscopy and laparotomy, the rate of preterm contractions was found to be higher in patients undergoing laparotomy and this was statistically significant. Other measures, such as spontaneous abortion, vaginal bleeding, Conclusion Adnexal masses in pregnancy occur infrequently and depending on whether the surgery was performed emergently or electively, via laparoscopy or laparotomy, the outcomes will vary.
Long-Term Effects of Imidacloprid on Eastern Hemlock Canopy Arthropod Biodiversity in New England

Abstract The systemic insecticide imidacloprid is commonly used to protect trees against attack by the Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid [HWA]), an invasive pest that threatens Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) and T. caroliniana (Carolina Hemlock) in eastern North America. Although there have been some studies documenting the short-term (1–3 years) impact of imidacloprid on non-target arthropods in hemlock systems, almost nothing is known about the impact over longer time scales. Here, using a set of trees which were experimentally treated 3 and 9 years prior to this study, we found that while the impact of imidacloprid on HWA may be approaching the limits of detection and efficacy on trees treated 9 years ago, there is still an intermittently detectable impact on HWA density. Similarly, 9 years after application there is a subtle but detectable increase in arthropod richness and a shift in canopy-arthropod community composition. Results from the 3-year treated trees were, however, ambiguous, but m...
Separating physical and biological nutrient retention and quantifying uptake kinetics from ambient to saturation in successive mountain stream reaches

[1] Hydrological and biogeochemical processes in stream reaches impact the downstream transport of nutrients. The output from one stream reach becomes the input for the next, leading to serial processing along stream networks. The shape of the uptake-concentration curve for each reach indicates in-stream biological uptake of nutrient. Combined with physical retention due to hydrologic turnover, both biological and physical retention will control nutrient export downstream. We performed an instantaneous addition of conservative (chloride, Cl) and nonconservative nutrient (nitrate-nitrogen, NO3-N) tracers to ascertain the relative roles of physical and biological retention across four adjacent reaches along a 3744 m stream network in the Sawtooth Mountains, ID. Physical retention dominated total retention ranging from 15% to 58% across individual reaches and totaling 81% across the entire stream length. Within each reach, biological uptake was strongly controlled by nutrient concentration. We quantified continuous Michaelis-Menten (M-M) kinetic curves for each reach and determined that ambient uptake (Uamb) ranged from 19 to 58 μg m−2 min−1, maximum uptake (Umax) from 65 to 240 μg m−2 min−1, and half-saturation constants (Km) from 4.2 to 14.4 μg l−1 NO3-N. Biological retention capacity indicated by Umax decreased in a downstream direction. Although biological retention capacity decreased moving downstream, it did not decrease as much as physical retention, which led to biological retention comprising a larger portion of total retention at downstream reaches. We suggest that accurate assessment of total retention across stream reaches and stream networks requires quantification of physical retention and the concentration-dependent nature of biological uptake.
The 14N(d, n)15O reaction at ed = 5.16 MeV

Abstract Neutron polarization angular distributions were measured for the 14N(d, n )15O reaction at Ed = 5.16 MeV using the pulsed beam, neutron time-of-flight method. Eight states in 15O were studied. The differential cross section for elastic scattering of deuterons from 14N was analyzed using the optical-model formalism to provide initial-state wave functions for distorted-wave calculations of the 14N(d, n )15O reactions. These calculations were compared to experimental differential cross-section and polarization data. Coulomb and spin distortions, if j-dependence and reaction mechanisms were considered in the analysis. The agreement between experiment and calculation was not good for the polarizations, and several possible explanations are discussed.
Tritrophic interactions among linear furanocoumarins, the herbivore Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Secondary plant metabolites can affect parasitoids directly or indirectly through their action on the parasitoid host. We assessed if the linear furanocoumarins, psoralen, bergapten and xanthotoxin, secondary plant metabolites present in Apium spp. and other taxa, exerted direct or indirect effects on Copidosonma floridanum (Ashmead), a polyembryonic parasitoid of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), through diet incorporation bioassays. Because linear furanocoumarins are photoactivated, we tested for these effects in the presence and absence of UV radiation. Increasing concentrations of linear furanocoumarins prolonged larval development of T. ni , but resulted in greater pupal mass. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of linear furanocoumarins increased T. ni mortality, but only marginally. However, increasing concentrations of linear furanocoumarins in the host diet significantly increased mortality of the parasitoid. There were no significant differences in the number of reproductive parasitoid larvae among treatments, indicating that linear furanocoumarins did not interfere with polyembryonic development of C. floridanum , but exerted toxicity after the parasitoid larvae began feeding on host tissue. Supplemental UV radiation slowed development, but it did not affect survival of either T. ni or C. floridanum . Because of the differential effects on the host and parasitoid, linear furanocoumarins, at naturally occurring concentrations, can mediate this host–parasitoid relationship through direct effects on the parasitoid, and not merely as a consequence of their effect on the host.
Separation of lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography.

Abstract 1. 1. A one-dimensional two-step thin-layer Chromatographie system for separation of classes of neutral lipids on silica gel without CaSO4 binder is described. In the first step of development of chromatograms, the solvent isopropyl ether-acetic acid (96:4, v/v) is used and in the second step, light petroleum-ethyl ether-acetic acid (90:10 : 1, v/v). The main lipid classes separated are: hydrocarbons, cholesterol esters, methyl esters of fatty acids, triglycerides, fatty acids, 1,3-diglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides, cholesterol, monoglycerides and phospholipids together with cerebrosides, which remain at the origin. 2. 2. Application of this system for the separation of neutral lipid classes in rat liver and in human serum is demonstrated .
Iterative solution methods for beam angle and fluence map optimization in intensity modulated radiation therapy planning

We present computational approaches for optimizing beam angles and fluence maps in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) planning. We assume that the number of angles to be used for the treatment is given by the treatment planner. A mixed integer programming (MIP) model and a linear programming (LP) model are used to find an optimal set of beam angles and their corresponding fluence maps. The MIP model is solved using the branch-and-bound method while the LP model is solved using the interior point method. In order to reduce the computational burden for solving the optimization models, we introduce iterative beam angle elimination algorithms in which an insignificant beam angle is eliminated in each iteration. Other techniques are also explored including feasible set reduction for LP and data reduction. Experiments are made to show the computational advantage of the iterative methods for optimizing angles using real patient cases.
Interfacial Segregation in Polymer/Fullerene Blend Films for Photovoltaic Devices

It has recently been shown that surface energy effects can cause selective segregation at the active layer interfaces of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic device. The active layer interface composition has been suggested to impact device performance. In this study changes in the BHJ vertical composition profile of BHJ active layers cast on two hole transport layers (HTL) with significantly different surface energies (γ) are characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Changes in the HTL γ are shown to significantly affect the BHJ interfacial segregation at the buried interface near the HTL while the composition near the free surface (air) of the BHJ is unaffected. Despite the significant differences in vertical segregation at the HTL interface, the performances of the resulting organic photovoltaic devices were relatively similar.