cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Information Across Spatial Scales

Spatial and spatiotemporal processes in the physical, environmental, and biological sciences often exhibit complicated and diverse patterns across different space–time scales. Both scientific understanding and observational data vary in form and content across scales. We develop and examine a Bayesian hierarchical framework by which the combination of such information sources can be accomplished. Our approach is targeted to settings in which various special spatial scales arise. These scales may be dictated by the data collection methods, availability of prior information, and/or goals of the analysis. The approach restricts to a few essential scales. Hence we avoid the challenging problem of constructing a model that can be used at all scales. This means that we can provide inferences only at the preselected special scales. However, problems involving special scales are sufficiently common to justify the trade-off between our comparatively simple modeling and analysis strategy with the formidable task of...
Myocardial ischemia related to ergot alkaloids: a case report and literature review.

SYNOPSIS Ergotamine tartrate and methysergide are widely used headache treatments with important vasoconstrictive properties. We report a 31-year-old man with cluster headaches who developed severe, prolonged myocardial ischemia following combination therapy with ergotamine tartrate and methysergide. We reviewed the cardiovascular complications of each agent alone and in combination. Given the pharmacologic similarity of these agents, we propose that they may have additive or synergistic cardiac toxicity, at least in vulnerable individuals. We recommend caution when these agents are used together.
Risk factors for polydrug use in a Native American population.

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used in 1993–1995 to collect information on the use of alcohol and other substances from 1,086 Navajo Indians living on or near their reservation in the southwestern United States. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to show that age of first alcohol use has declined over the past 50 years and is a significant risk factor for both alcohol dependence and polysubstance use. Limitations are noted.
Natural Killer (NK) cell responses at female genital mucosa to SIV vaginal challenge

Methods In the current work, we examined NK cell (NKG2A+ CD3-) responses to SIV vaginal challenge in vaginal and cervical mucosa using IHC and ISH. Results NK cells are maintained at a low baseline level in the genital tissue of naive animals. In the first week post infection, a small number of NK cells (up to 1500 cells/cm sq) infiltrated into genital mucosa. The initial recruiting signal didn’t require viral replication as shown by equal NK influx in animals challenged with either WT or AT-2 inactivated viruses. The majority of infiltrating NK cells was Granzyme H+ and 40-60% was IFN-gamma+. However, viral inoculation also enhanced the expression of HLA-E in genital tissues, generating an inhibitory environment to NK functionality. In addition, mucosal NK cells appeared to be IL2Rbeta negative, indicating impaired IL-2 and IL15 signaling. Therefore, the initial influx of NK cells was not able to eliminate early viral infection at genital mucosa. Surprisingly, in the second week, the number of mucosal NK cells rapidly decreased, which is inversely associated with the number of infected cells in genital tissues and is consistent with an increase in the level of sera IP10 and IL18. Interestingly, at the end of the fourth week (the VL set point), the number of NK cells in genital mucosa was partially recovered, probably because of less viral replication due to CD4 depletion and a reduction of sera IP10 and IL18. Conclusion In this study, we found that densities of cervical NK cells are inversely correlated with those of infected cells in animals at Day 5-10 post infection (n=7, p=0.0187).
Raman light scattering by electrons in layered superconductors

Abstract Raman light scattering by electrons in a layered model of HTSC is considered. The superconductor is supposed to consist of alternating layers of two kinds: (1) layers with an attractive electron interaction and an effective mass of usual magnitude, (2) layers without interaction and with a large effective mass. The overlap between the layers is assumed to be small, its energy t being less than Δ. It is shown, that such a model explains the most peculiar property found in experiment: different threshold values for the Raman satellite measured at different polarizations of the incident and scattered light. Comparison is given with the tunneling data and possible extensions of the model are discussed.
The hiddenness of God and the problem of evil

L'intention de l'A. est de poser la question de savoir pourquoi l'existence de Dieu, sa nature et sa volonte ne sont pas claires pour un certain nombre de personnes. Il analyse les raisons avancees par les theistes pour rendre compte de ce manque de clarte. Il refere les questions obcures a la dissimulation de Dieu qui trouve de nombreux paralleles avec la question du mal. Si Dieu est amour, omniscient et omnipotent, on peut esperer l'inexistence du mal. Dans le probleme de la dissimulation, c'est l'absence d'indications claires sur l'existence, la nature et la volonte de Dieu qui manquent
The fireside hypothesis: was there differential selection to tolerate air pollution during human evolution?

It is believed that sometime around 1.9 million years ago early hominid ancestors began to migrate out of Africa. Migration north and away from the equator would have forced early humans to encounter seasonal fluctuations in temperature. As a means of adapting to cold climates, the use of fire undoubtedly played an important role. We hypothesize that progressive exposure to toxic airborne particles produced from combustion created selective pressure to develop an adaptation to the inhalation of smoke. In this paper we test this hypothesis using archival data on the incidence of different cancers among geographically distinct human populations. As predicted from evolutionary theory, the incidence of lung cancer is inversely proportional to the ostensible reliance on fire of geographically different groups during human evolutionary history.
ESR and ENDOR studies of radiation damage

Abstract The use of ENDOR to characterize hyperfine couplings in radicals produced by ionizing radiation in organic compounds is discussed. The main use of ENDOR in radiation research has been to sort out superimposed ESR absorptions. The following radiation products have been identified from ENDOR measurements on single crystals: (1) two stable hydrogen-adduct radicals produced in irradiated methyl cytosine, (2) the primary oxidation and reduction products produced in chloropropionamide irradiated at 4.2°K, and (3) a primary oxidation product and two primary reduction products produced in glycylglycine HCl irradiated at 4.2°K.
The effect of health insurance coverage on the reported health of young adults

Abstract We exploit a sharp change in the likelihood that an individual is covered by health insurance when he/she turns 19 years of age to study how health insurance affects reported health status. We find that an individual is 6 percentage points less likely to have health insurance when he/she turns 19. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we find that having health coverage significantly increases the likelihood of reporting excellent health among young adults.
Terahertz Metamaterials with Simultaneously Negative Electric and Magnetic Resonance Responses based on Bimaterial Pop Up Structures

In this paper, we present a metamaterial with simultaneously negative electric and magnetic resonance responses in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. The structure is composed of in-plane split resonator rings (SRRs) for desired electric response and out-of-plane SRRs realized by bimaterial pop up structures for magnetic response. Experimental results conducted using THz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) show that the presented metamaterial has both electric and magnetic resonance peaks at 0.5 THz. The performance of the metamaterial can be further improved by optimization of the structure's geometry and the operating frequency of the metamaterial can be tuned by scaling dimensions.
Abstract 2906: Preclinical systems to study the biodistribution of nanoparticle delivery in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a deadly disease, with no effective available treatment. Primary chemoresistance is common and has been attributed to the hypovascularity characteristic of the disease and the dense desmoplastic response that accompanies virtually every case of PDA. Effectively delivering therapeutic anticancer agents to PDA cells is therefore a specific, difficult and understudied problem in PDA that must be resolved for successful treatments to emerge. With the goal of eventually delivering drug payloads via nanoparticles (NP), we used well-defined mouse models of the disease to iteratively test NP distribution to both the cancerous and normal pancreas. Minimal deposition was observed in normal pancreas after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of a variously sized (25nm or 40nm) NP. Surprisingly, abundant NP deposition was seen in both syngenic xenografted and autochthonous KPC models of PDA. NP deposition tended to be greater with IP administration and was enriched in stoma rich tumor regions. These findings have encouraging ramifications for delivery of depot or novel (e.g. siRNA, radiopharmaceutical, etc.) agents in this deadly disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2906. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2906
Precision muonic-atom measurements of nuclear quadrupole moments and the Sternheimer effect in rare-earth atoms

The ground-state quadrupole moments of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{155}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{157}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$, $^{163}\mathrm{Dy}$, $^{167}\mathrm{Er}$, $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$, and $^{193}\mathrm{Ir}$ were determined with an uncertainty of less than one percent by measuring the quadrupole hyperfine-splitting energies of muonic $M$ x rays. The results are used to determine experimentally Sternheimer shielding factors for the $4f$, $5d$, and $6p$ electronic states of the respective atoms. The deduced shielding factors for the $5d$ electronic states were found to vary considerably among these elements, presumably as a result of configuration mixing.
The social mind‐body: Anthropological contributions to the study of the self

Self is formed because of the interaction between the body and the society. Culture defines the range of options for being a human within a certain time, place and group. The self is developed within the sociocultural context, which tells us what we should be, how we should interact with society, what we should feel and what those feelings mean, as well as how our body should look, be used and be cared for. This multidimensional model of culture allows us to define the dimensions of the self, and explain how the culturally derived self understands, reacts to and acts upon the individual body within a social context. The view of the self posited here allows us to research the experiential connection between the mind, the body and the society.
Fate of Deepwater Horizon oil in Alabama’s beach system: Understanding physical evolution processes based on observational data

The impact of MC252 oil on northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) beaches from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) catastrophe was extensive along Alabama’s beaches. While considerable amount of cleanup has occurred along these beaches, as of August 2014, DWH oil spill residues continue to be found as surface residual balls (SRBs), and also occasionally as submerged oil mats (SOMs). Four years of field observations informing the fate and transport of DWH SRBs in Alabama’s beach system are presented here, along with a conceptual framework for describing their physical evolution processes. The observation data show that SRBs containing MC252 residues currently remain in Alabama’s beach system, although their relationship to SOMs is not fully known. Based on our field observations we conclude that small DWH SRBs are likely to persist for several years along the Alabama shoreline.
Reactivity of hydrogen with open and closed shell clusters

Abstract Using self-consistent calculations based on density functional theory we demonstrate that clusters with reduced chemical reactivity can be designed by suitably varying their size and composition. Analogous to the rare-gas atoms, clusters with closed electronic shells are found to be less reactive to gas molecules such as hydrogen while those with unfilled shells react strongly. This finding can form the basis for synthesizing a new class of cluster-assembled materials.
Promise and Deceit: Pharmakos, Drug Replacement Therapy, and the Perils of Experience

The problem of lying as a feature of medication compliance has been well documented in anthropological and clinical literatures. Yet the role of the lie-its destabilizing effects on the continuity of drug treatment and therapy, as a technology of drug misuse, or as a way to understand the neuro-chemical processes of treatment (pharmacotherapy "tricking" or lying to the brain)-has been less considered, particularly in the context of opioid replacement therapy. The following paper is set against the backdrop of a three-year study of adolescents receiving a relatively new drug (buprenorphine) for the treatment of opiate dependency inside and outside of highly monitored treatment environments in the United States. Lies give order not only to the experience of addiction but also to the experience of therapy as well. In order to better understand this ordering of experience, the paper puts the widely discussed conceptual duality of the pharmakon (healing and poison) in conversation with a perilously overlooked subject in the critical study of pharmacotherapy, namely the pharmakos or the personification of sacrifice. The paper demonstrates how the patient-subject comes to represent therapeutic promise by allowing for the possibility of (and often performing) deceit.
CHANGES IN THE APPARENT CYTOPLASMIC HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF AMEBA DUBIA ON INJECTION OF EGG ALBUMIN

1. Egg albumin when injected into an ameba or discharged into the solution about it raises the apparent pH of the cytoplasm of the ameba. 2. With time the cytoplasm returns to the original pH 6.9 if the nucleus is present. Amebae that have received repeated injections of albumin in some cases extrude their nuclei. In these cells the cytoplasm remains at the more alkaline pH induced by the albumin for at least 12 hours. 3. When a 2 per cent solution of albumin is introduced into a suspension of amebae there is a temporary marked rise in the rate at which CO2 is given off with no corresponding rise in O2 uptake. 4. The results observed can be explained if the albumin discharged onto the surface of the ameba rapidly enters the cell and there becomes distributed in a phase of the cytoplasm other than the one which contains the phenol red.
RNA determinants of a specific RNA-Coat protein peptide interaction in alfalfa mosaic virus: conservation of homologous features in ilarvirus RNAs

Abstract Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) coat protein and tobacco streak virus (TSV) coat protein bind specifically to the 3′ untranslated regions of the viral RNAs and are required with the genomic RNAs to initiate virus replication. A combination of nucleotide substitutions, hydroxyl radical footprinting, and ethylation and chemical modification interference analysis has been used to define the RNA determinants important for the specific binding of the 3′-terminal 39 nucleotides of AMV RNA 3/4 (AMV 843–881 ) to an amino-terminal coat protein peptide (CP26). The results demonstrate that potential phosphate and base-specific contacts as well as ribose moieties protected upon peptide binding cluster in lower hairpin stems and flanking AUGC sequences of the viral RNA, without direct involvement of loop nucleotides. Nucleotides identified in the modification-interference analyses as important for RNA-protein interactions are highly conserved among AMV and the ilarvirus RNAs. This RNA sequence homology, coupled with the recent identification of an RNA binding consensus sequence for AMV and ilarvirus coat proteins, provides a framework for understanding the functional equivalence of AMV and TSV coat proteins in binding RNA and activating virus replication and may explain why heterologous AMV and ilarvirus coat protein-RNA mixtures are infectious.
Patterns of patient movement during frameless image-guided radiosurgery.

Abstract Purpose Image-guided radiosurgery aligns the treatment beam to the target site by using a radiographic imaging system to locate anatomic landmarks associated with the treatment target. Because the procedure is performed without a rigid frame, the precision of dose alignment can be affected by patient movement. Movement is limited by noninvasive restraints and compensated by remeasuring the target position at short intervals throughout treatment and then realigning the beam. Frameless image-guided radiosurgery has been used at our institution to treat 250 cranial, 23 spinal, 9 lung, and 3 pancreas cases involving malignant and benign tumors as well as vascular malformations. We have analyzed the target position records for all of these cases to assess the frequency, magnitude, and case-by-case patterns of patient movement. Methods and materials The position of the treatment site during image-guided radiosurgery was measured at approximately 1–2-min intervals, on average, using orthogonal amorphous silicon X-ray cameras and an image registration process that determined all six degrees of freedom in the target’s position. The change in position from one measurement to the next was indicative of patient movement. Results The treatment site position along each axis of translation was observed to vary by an average of 0.45 mm for the cranium, 0.53 mm for the cervical spine, 0.53 mm for the lumbar and thoracic spine, 1.06 mm for the lung, and 1.50 mm for the pancreas. Half of all cranial cases showed systematic drifting of the target away from the initial setup position. Conclusions Using noninvasive restraints and supports, short-term movement of the head and spine during image-guided radiosurgery was limited to a radius of 0.8 mm, which satisfies the prevailing standard for radiosurgical dose alignment precision, but maintaining this margin of error throughout a treatment fraction requires regular monitoring of the target site’s position.
Bumble Bee Pollinators in Red Clover Seed Production

Bumble bees pollinate red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) but impact on seed production depends on the species, abundance, and synchrony with bloom. The objectives of the current study were to examine pollination by a native bumble bee, Bombus vosnesenskii (Radoszkowski), determine the bumble bee fauna associated with red clover in Oregon, and assess if seed set is limiting. In a cage study, yields with B. vosnesenskii (average = 661 kg ha -1 ) and honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (average = 640 kg ha -1 ) were comparable. Yields were lower compared with open pollinated plots (average = 1127 kg ha -1 ), which was likely due to cage effect, as seed set (# seeds/# florets per seed head) was similar in all three treatments (excluding control). Examination of the diversity of endemic bumble bees through field counts and trapping in red clover fields indicated the presence of six species. Over 92% of these were B. vosnesenskii indicating that it is the key pollinator in Oregon. Seed set across four commercial fields was high (0.84-0.88) documenting that existing pollinators, including rented honey bees, and indigenous bumble bees and solitary bees, provide close to maximum pollination of red clover in Oregon. Higher yields will require improved production practices and new cultivars with more heads per plant. Sustainability of high yields in Oregon will depend on protection of indigenous bee pollinators through conservation of habitats that provide nesting sites, judicious pesticide use, and provision of floral resources before red clover bloom.
Metaphoric analysis of meaning in the lives of elderly men: A cross-cultural investigation

Abstract Explicit and implicit metaphors were analyzed as a means of determining personal meaning in the lives of elderly (70 and older) English and Indian men. Analysis of explicit metaphors indicated marked differences in their psychological worlds, with the English men being more privatized and stoic, and the Indian men expressing strong achievement concerns, while remaining embedded in family and society. Analysis of the implied metaphors confirmed this picture, while indicating related underlying beliefs. The English protocols revealed an underlying nature metaphor, which appeared to reflect their attempt to find a sense of personal continuity missing in their personal and cultural lives. Nature metaphors were missing in the Indian sample; the image of building up, of completing duty (“dharma”) to family and society, as well as to God, was an underlying metaphor in their protocols. The uses of metaphor for getting at unarticulated assumptions was discussed, along with their potential usefulness for gaining other reliable information from interview protocols.
Assessing the Use of Profiling in Searches by Law Enforcement Personnel

Abstract This article considers statistical means of evaluating profiling in searches of individuals by law enforcement agencies. It reviews examples of inappropriate methods that have been used to date. A relatively recent, more appropriate, and simple method is elaborated and its usefulness documented with data from Maryland State Police highway stops and searches. The method evaluates profiling for specified groups of interest by comparing the relative magnitudes of contraband find rates among those stopped and searched of each group. When find rates are approximately the same across groups, then profiling used in making the stops and searches is deemed effective and nondiscriminatory. With an increasing number of jurisdictions mandated to collect data on stops and searches, it is important that appropriate methods be used in their analyses so correct public policy conclusions can be drawn.
STRONG AXIAL ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF Fe$sup 3+$ IN SrTiO$sub 3$ DUE TO NEAREST-NEIGHBOR CHARGE COMPENSATION

An axial electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum in iron-doped (cubic) strontium titanate has been observed at 3.3 and 1.85 cm wavelength with effective $g$ values ${{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{e}=5.993\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$ and ${{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{e}=5.961\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$, respectively, and ${{g}_{\mathrm{II}}}^{e}={g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2.0054\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0007$. The same spectrum was found after charge displacement due to heat treatment in the dark or by reduction in crystals which contained, in addition to iron, other transition metal ions. The spectrum is attributed to $\ensuremath{\Delta}M=1$ transitions of the ${S}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$ level of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}(3{d}^{5})$ in a strongly tetragonal electric crystalline field produced by local charge compensation at a nearest-neighbor oxygen site. The theory is developed for ions of half-integral spin in an axial field much greater than the Zeeman splitting. By applying the theory to the special case of $S=\frac{5}{2}$ and using the measured effective ${{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}^{e}$ values and resonance magnetic fields ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.0101\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0008$ and a zero-field splitting parameter $|2D|$ of 2.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is obtained. This is the largest splitting which has so far been observed for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ in any inorganic crystal and could be useful for submillimeter maser applications.
Fluorescence microscopy used in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase localization and electron microscopy for studying sympathetic nuclei of the rat spinal cord.

Abstract After application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the transected cervical sympathetic trunk, labeled sympathetic neurons were seen in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML), central autonomic nucleus (CAN) and intercalated nucleus of rat spinal cords. As studied by glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence microscopy (FM), catecholaminergic (CA) terminals were most densely packed in the IML. There were 60 ± 2 CA varicosities per 2,200 μ 2 area in 20 μ thick sections through the IML. A combined FM/HRP method confirmed that preganglionic sympathetic neurons are heavily innervated by CA terminals. CA boutons were tagged with 5-hydroxydopamine for EM identification, and in the IML, 56% of CA boutons were seen to make synaptic contacts as compared to 60% in the CAN. It seems likely that virtually all CA boutons may form synapses but serial sections through boutons were not studied. It is inferred that preganglionic sympathetic neurons of both IML and CAN are served by CA inputs, and electron microscopy has revealed that most or all of these CA terminals transmit their signals via synapses; which may permit more precise structural sorting than non-synaptic transmission.
Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry studies on the occurrence of acetamide, propionamide, and furfuryl alcohol in pyrolyzates of bacteria, bacterial fractions, and model compounds

Abstract Fused-silica capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry was employed to investigate the production of several bacterial pyrolysis products, including acetamide, propionamide, and furfuryl alcohol. A variety of model compounds, selected for their similarity with bacterial structures, were pyrolyzed and amounts of these pyrolysis products were quantitatively determined. Model compounds included several analogues of muramyl dipeptide differing in chain length at the lactyl—peptide bridge as well as several neutral and amino sugars, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Bacterial cell walls and whole microbial cells were also analyzed. Measurement of the amounts of a few chemically identified pyrolysis products provides some chemotaxonomic differentiation of microorganisms, as demonstrated by the pyrolysis of a group of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (including samples of Legionella pneumophila ), and fungi.
Reactive Ion Etching of RuO2 Films: The Role of Additive Gases in O2 Discharge

In a previous work, we had reported that the etch rate of RuO2 thin films in an oxygen discharge exhibits an anomalously strong increase (1625 A/min) when a small amount of additive gas such as CF3CFH2 (2.5% by mole fraction) is introduced. Furthermore, the etch rate was suppressed by a large factor when the mole fraction of CF3CFH2 gas in the feed was increased. In this work, we have explored the underlying mechanism for this behavior. Several gases, such as CF3CFH2 (HCFC-134), N 2 , and SF 6 were added to the oxygen discharge to investigate the etch mechanism. Atomic oxygen was found to be the dominant active species reacting with RuO 2 films to form volatile RuO 4 products. In low concentrations, additive gases in the oxygen discharge were found to increase the generation rate of O atoms, thereby enhancing the etch rate. This was confirmed through loading effect studies; the etch rate was found to decrease with increasing sample area. HCFC-134 gas had the strongest effect in increasing the generation rate (G), and accordingly, addition of small amount of CF 3 CFH 2 in oxygen discharge yielded the highest etch rate. The decrease in etch rate with increasing mole fraction of CF3CFH2 in the feed (>5%) was attributed to the reaction of F atoms with RuO 2 to form surface residue layers that occupied surface reaction sites thus impeding the reaction between O and RuO 2 . The formation of the surface residue layer was validated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies.
Spatial vectorcardiography: the normal vectorcardiogram. VI.

Abstract 1. 1. Vectorcardiograms have been recorded and photographed simultaneously in the horizontal, sagittal, and frontal planes in sixty-two normal children and adults. 2. 2. The horizontal plane QRS loop in normal adults is characterized by an initial deflection anteriorly to the right and is then inscribed in a counterclockwise direction to the left and posteriorly. 3. 3. The sagittal plane QRS loop in normal adults is characterized by an initial deflection anteriorly, usually superiorly, and is then inscribed in a clockwise direction inferiorly and posteriorly. 4. 4. The frontal plane QRS loop may be inscribed in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction depending upon the axis of the QRS loop. 5. 5. The vectorcardiograms of children are usually oriented more anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the right than those of adults. 6. 6. Multiple thoracic unipolar leads can be derived from the horizontal plane QRS loop, esophageal leads from the sagittal, and standard extremity and unipolar leads from the frontal. 7. 7. The alterations of the QRS and T loops with respiration are described. 8. 8. The clinical advantages and theoretical implications of spatial vectorcardiography are discussed.
Investigation of the spinal cord as a natural receptor antenna for incident electromagnetic waves and possible impact on the central nervous system

The effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on biological systems have been studied for many years, both as a source of medical therapy and also for potential health risks. In particular, the mechanisms of EMF absorption in the human or animal body is of medical/engineering interest, and modern modelling techniques, such as the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), can be utilized to simulate the voltages and currents induced in different parts of the body. The simulation of one particular component, the spinal cord, is the focus of this article, and this study is motivated by the fact that the spinal cord can be modelled as a linear conducting structure, capable of generating a significant amount of voltage from incident EMF.In this article, we show, through a FDTD simulation analysis of an incoming electromagnetic field (EMF), that the spinal cord acts as a natural antenna, with frequency dependent induced electric voltage and current distribution. The multi-frequency (100–2400 MHz) simulation r...
Delayed Right-Sided Diaphragmatic Rupture and Chronic Herniation of Unusual Abdominal Contents

2 48-year-old woman was brought to our emergency enter for evaluation of what her family considered abormal behavior. The patient claimed to feel well, but eported mild shortness of breath when recumbent. She ad a medical history of bipolar disorder and a major otor vehicle accident nearly 10 years earlier in which he suffered a femur fracture, multiple pelvic fractures, nd severe pulmonary contusions requiring intubation, CU admission, and eventual tracheostomy. Physical exmination was unremarkable except for decreased breath ounds over the right thorax. Chest x-ray revealed rightided hemidiaphragm elevation, prompting CT scan of the hest, which demonstrated a large right-sided diaphragatic rupture with herniation of many abdominal organs: ight kidney, ureter, and renal vein (A), distal ascending and roximal transverse colon, gallbladder, and a large portion f the liver (B). There were no focal abnormalities of these rgans and they all appeared well perfused. Operative plans ere begun, but the patient refused to proceed with surgical ntervention. Despite a heightened index of suspicion and advanced maging modalities, delayed diaphragmatic rupture with isceral herniation remains a vexing clinical scenario. elayed diaphragmatic rupture may be asymptomatic nd present as an incidental finding on chest x-ray, but A
Parameterized Graph Problems in Computational Biology

This paper first gives an introduction to the research area of parameterized computation, a new subfield in theoretical computer science. Then it presents the applications of some important parameterized graph problems in computational biology.
A study of the effects of substrates on intracellular pH in toad ventricular strips

The ability of different substrates to affect myocardial function is well established but the mechanism for this effect has yet to be determined. To explore this area further, the studies described below were designed to determine the effect of different metabolic substrates, glucose or pyruvate, on myocardial response to hypercapnia. To assess this response, both the mechanical performance and the intracellular pH (pHi) were continuously measured. Intracellular pH was measured using the changes in absorbance of the vital staining dye, neutral red (NR). Although the presence of either substrate did not affect the response to hypercapnia, the addition of pyruvate was accompanied by a significant change in pHi. Specifically, there was a monotonic decrease in pHi comparable to that observed when Pco2 is increased from 5% to 10% (ΔOD=−0.018±0.002 CO2; ΔOD=−0.020±0.002 PYR, respectively). The mechanical rsponse was similar for both; developed tension (τ) decreased initially (97±6% v. 93±8%) and then recovered (115±4% v. 101%±5%). However, the changes in the maximum rate of relaxation, i.e. minimum time derivative: (τmn) were dependent on the cause of the decrease in pHi. With hypercapnia, τmn initially decreased and this was followed by a recovery phase which was 147±8% of the initial value. With pyruvate, τmn decreased to 81±5 % of control and was followed by no recovery. Because of the difference in the changes in τmn, the effects of theophylline [3, 5] on these responses were determined. There was no effect on the response to an increase in Pco2. However, with theophylline present, the addition of pyruvate was accompanied by an increase in pHi (ΔOD=+0.005±0.001). The mechanical response was consistent with this increase and was similar to that seen when Pco2 is decreased from 10% to 5%. Specifically, there was an increase in τ (122±7%) followed by a small decrease (113±4%). Tissue assays for lactate showed a significant increase with the introduction of pyruvate. However, this increase was not affected by the presence of theophylline despite the opposite response of pHi. The data suggest that pyruvate affects myocardial function by altering pHi, and this effect is not due to an increase in lactate. In addition, the data are consistent with the model that the heart is capable of accommodating changes in pHi with only transient effects on contractile function.
Arthrographically assisted splint therapy: A 6-month follow-up

Abstract After repositioning splint therepeutic patients were evaluated for a minimum of 6 mm forty-five (88%) of the patients were considered positive been treated successfully, whereas six (12%) patients as required surgery to correct meniscal displacement. A detailed analysis of signs and symptoms before and after splint treatment is in progress.
ℏ-->0 limit of quantum electrodynamics

Using a two-step procedure, we construct the h ..-->.. 0 limit of quantum electrodynamics: (1) We functionally integrate away the photon coordinates in the transition amplitude to a general particle state with radiation. (2) We then take the h ..-->.. 0 limit, using care to vary only those particle variables which have not been specified in defining the final radiation state.
Using surveillance data to inform a SUID reduction strategy in Massachusetts

Non-supine infant sleep positions put infants at risk for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID). Disparities in safe sleep practices are associated with maternal income and race/ethnicity. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is a nutrition supplement program for low-income (≤185% Federal Poverty Level) pregnant and postpartum women. Currently in Massachusetts, approximately 40% of pregnant/postpartum women are WIC clients. To inform the development of a SUID intervention strategy, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) investigated the association between WIC status and infant safe sleep practices among postpartum Massachusetts mothers using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey. PRAMS is an ongoing statewide health surveillance system of new mothers conducted by the MDPH in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PRAMS includes questions about infant sleep position and mothers’ prenatal WIC status. Risk Ratio (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for infant supine sleep positioning by WIC enrollment, yearly and in aggregate (2007–2010). The aggregate (2007–2010) weighted sample included 276,252 women (weighted n ≈ 69,063 women/year; mean survey response rate 69%). Compared to non-WIC mothers, WIC mothers were less likely to usually or always place their infants in supine sleeping positions [RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.81)]. Overall, significant differences were found for each year (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), and in aggregate (2007–2010) by WIC status. Massachusetts WIC mothers more frequently placed their babies in non-supine positions than non-WIC mothers. While this relationship likely reflects the demographic factors associated with safe sleep practices (e.g., maternal income and race/ethnicity), the finding informed the deployment of an intervention strategy for SUID prevention. Given WIC’s statewide infrastructure and the large proportion of pregnant/postpartum women in Massachusetts that are enrolled in WIC, a WIC-based safe sleep intervention may be an effective SUID reduction strategy with potential national application.
The Effects of Rivalry on Rivalry: Accommodation and the Management of Threats

The paper investigates how states manage multiple rivalries when faced with immediate threats. We argue that accommodation of one rival allows states to shift resources from the management of another rival to deal with the costs of immediate threats. By examining enduring rivalries from 1966 to 1999, we show that states' reliance on accommodation in response to threats varies depending on the number of severe threats and the relative capabilities between the states and the threat-issuing rivals. Findings show that when faced with severe but few threats, states prefer to accommodate rivals that did not issue the threat. They are also more likely to give larger concessions to such rivals and to those issuing less severe threats. Finally, the greater the military capability of a rival issuing a severe threat relative to that of the challenged state, the more likely that a threatening rival is accommodated.
Isolation of a New Simian Foamy Virus from a Spider Monkey Brain Culture

A syncytium-forming (foamy) virus was isolated from a spider monkey brain cell culture. Cytopathic effect was observed both in the brain culture and in human embryonic kidney cells. Neutralizing antibody was present in the sera of the spider monkey from whom the isolation was made. The virus was inhibited by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (20 μg/ml), contained a ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase, and had an infectivity peak at 1.15 g/cm3 in a sucrose density gradient. The virus passed through a 220-nm but not a 100-nm membrane filter, was chloroform sensitive, and was inactivated at 56 C in 30 min. Hemagglutinating and hemadsorption activity was not noted with a variety of erythrocytes. The virion was spherical, formed in the cytoplasm, and was 105 to 115 nm in diameter. Ring-shaped nucleoids, 45 to 50 nm in diameter, were associated with tubular profiles. The virus was not neutralized by sera prepared against known viruses, including simian foamy virus types 1 through 7, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, and bovine syncytial and measles viruses. Sera from a rabbit hyperimmunized with the isolate and sera from 19 spider monkeys had neutralizing antibody to the isolate; however, these sera did not cross-react with simian foamy virus types 1 through 7. Neutralizing antibody to the isolate was not detected in sera from 16 humans, 9 rhesus monkeys, and 10 chimpanzees. Images
Challenger Emergence, Incumbent Success, and Electoral Accountability in State Legislative Elections

This analysis examines the influence of state, district, and candidate-level factors on the reelection prospects of state legislative incumbents. Campaigns in 14 states over two election cycles (1996 and 1998) are used to determine how various conditions result in the likelihood that incumbents are challenged, the strength of the challenge they face, and the percentage of the vote they receive in contested elections. A major concern is determining the influence of policy responsiveness of incumbents relative to institutional characteristics (e.g., legislative professionalism) and district-level conditions (e.g., past winning-vote percentage). What role does each set of factors play and at what point in the election process are their effects realized? Findings show that institutional and district factors are strong determinants of both the likelihood of a challenge as well as the strength of a challenge. Policy responsiveness of incumbents has a small influence, mostly on voter support. Overall, the findin...
Hyperspectral remote sensing for invasive species detection and mapping

The rapid spread of non-native invasive plant species is causing irreparable damage to global ecosystems. Controlling and managing invasives requires new methods to map and monitor their spread. While digital multiband remote sensing and aerial photography have been available for many years, newer detector technologies have made it possible to accurately acquire a detailed laboratory-like spectrum of each pixel in an image from space. We discuss two case studies of detection of invasives using AVIRIS data that take advantage of this new technology to map species based on high spectral (224 10 nm bands) and spatial (/spl sim/4 m) resolution spectra. We present mapping of several invasive species, including iceplant, jubata grass, fennel, and giant reed from a range of habitats at Camp Pendleton and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Spectral feature mapping followed by supervised classification produced accurate maps of these invasives. Validation of weed maps was based on field surveys.
State of Disparities in Cardiovascular Health in the United States

Background Reducing health disparities remains a major public health challenge in the United States. Having timely access to current data on disparities is important for policy and program development. Accordingly, we assessed the current magnitude of disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors in the United States. Methods and results Using national surveys, we determined CVD and risk factor prevalence and indexes of morbidity, mortality, and overall quality of life in adults > or =18 years of age by race/ethnicity, sex, education level, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Disparities were common in all risk factors examined. In men, the highest prevalence of obesity (29.2%) was found in Mexican Americans who had completed a high school education. Black women with or without a high school education had a high prevalence of obesity (47.3%). Hypertension prevalence was high among blacks (39.8%) regardless of sex or educational status. Hypercholesterolemia was high among white and Mexican American men and white women in both groups of educational status. Ischemic heart disease and stroke were inversely related to education, income, and poverty status. Hospitalization was greater in men for total heart disease and acute myocardial infarction but greater in women for congestive heart failure and stroke. Among Medicare enrollees, congestive heart failure hospitalization was higher in blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians/Alaska Natives than among whites, and stroke hospitalization was highest in blacks. Hospitalizations for congestive heart failure and stroke were highest in the southeastern United States. Life expectancy remains higher in women than men and higher in whites than blacks by approximately 5 years. CVD mortality at all ages tended to be highest in blacks. Conclusions Disparities in CVD and related risk factors remain pervasive. The data presented here can be invaluable for policy development and in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions designed to eliminate health disparities.
Performance of a 6 to 18 GHz frequency translator utilizing GaAs MMIC 5-bit digital phase shifter

More than 22 dB of carrier and spurious suppression over 6 to 18 GHz has been achieved for a translator employing MMIC phase shifter. Trade-off of maximum allowed amplitude and phase errors versus number of bits are analyzed. For spurious levels >
Open Lung Biopsy in Diagnosing Pulmonary Infiltrates in Immunosuppressed Patients

Abstract From July, 1973, to June, 1977, 25 patients in an immunosuppressed state from underlying reticuloendothelial neoplasm or associated chemotherapy, underwent open biopsy of the lung at the University of Maryland Hospital for diagnosis of unilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Eight patients were in marked respiratory distress, 13 in moderate distress, and 4 in little or no distress at the time of open lung biopsy. There were 3 postoperative deaths (12%). The operation-related morbidity was 1 out of 25 (4%). Two of the patients who died were found to have irreversible pulmonary fibrosis secondary to bleomycin drug therapy. The subsequent treatment of all 25 patients was influenced by the biopsy findings as follows: upgrading the disease stage or establishing treatment failure in 11 patients; establishing the presence of inflammatory disease in 3 patients; establishing the diagnosis of fibrosis associated with drug treatment without recurrent disease or infection in 11 patients. The preferability of open lung biopsy as opposed to transbronchial or percutaneous techniques is discussed.
An Experimental Study of the Tetrode as a Modulatfd Radio-Frequency Amplifier

The advantages and limitations of the tetrode employed as a modulated radio-frequency amplifier tube are considered and the results of an experimental study made upon one type of screen-grid tube are given. Oscillograms and characteristics are presented from which the operation of the type UX-865 tetrode can be predicted under varied operating conditions and for several methods of modulation. The method of graphical analysis is employed to determine the relative effects of the circuit parameters and electrode voltages upon the performance of the tetrode as a modulated amplifier. A method of modulation is described in which the modulating signal voltage is introduced in both the screen-grid and plate circuits, eliminating the detrimental effects of secondary emission and permitting the complete modulation of the radio-frequency carrier with a negligible degree of distortion, the tetrode performing in a manner similar to that of a neutralized triode.
Multiple-bit differential detection of offset QPSK

Analogous to multiple-symbol differential detection of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), a multiple-bit differential detection scheme is described for offset QPSK that also exhibits continuous improvement in performance with increasing observation interval. Being derived from maximum-likelihood considerations together with the representation of differentially encoded offset QPSK as a continuous phase modulation, the proposed scheme is purported to be the most power-efficient scheme for such a modulation and detection method.