cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A chrome app for improving reading comprehension of health information online for individuals with low health literacy

Poor or inadequate health literacy is prevalent and can lead to insufficient disease management, resulting in complications and hospitalizations. Patients and caregivers cannot rely on the medical community to meet all their information needs, and they require ways to improve comprehension of health information at home. New technology could change how patients and caregivers interact with health information online, making it easier for them to take charge of their own health education. "Got It" is a context-sensitive, personalized learning tool for the web, in the form of a chrome plug-in, that facilitates an interactive learning environment, helping readers improve their health literacy and confidence in their ability to manage health conditions.
Long-Term Follow up and Optimized Dosing Regimen of INCB018424 in Patients with Myelofibrosis: Durable Clinical, Functional and Symptomatic Responses with Improved Hematological Safety.

Abstract 756 Background: Myelofibrosis (MF) is the most serious of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) for which there is no approved therapy. Exaggerated JAK2 signaling, either by gain-of-function mutations (eg, JAK2V617F) or high circulating levels of JAK1/2 activating cytokines (eg, interleukin [IL]-6), is believed to play a key role in MPN pathogenesis. INCB018424 (424), a selective oral inhibitor of JAK1/2, has demonstrated clinical benefits including reduction of splenomegaly and improvement of symptoms in a Phase I/II trial in MF patients. Thrombocytopenia was identified as the dose limiting toxicity occurring in 30% of patients at 25mg BID. Methods: Patients with primary, post-PV or post-ET MF were enrolled in the study. Following the characterization of multiple dosing regimens, an individually optimized dose regimen strategy was developed, based on available efficacy and safety data. In a subset of patients, spleen volume change was measured by MRI at 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment in order to establish an objective measure of spleen response. The impact of 424 on MF associated symptoms was assessed using a validated instrument, MFSAF (Mesa et al., Leukemia Research 2009). As a surrogate marker of functional benefit, exercise capacity was assessed with a standardized 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months of therapy. Results: 155 patients were enrolled in the study, with median duration of treatment of 1+ years and the duration of drug exposure of >150 patient years (76 patients received >1 year of therapy). Clinical responses have been maintained over the entire duration of treatment and most patients remain on therapy (115 of 155 patients; 74%). Progression to AML occurred in 3 patients, which is below the expected frequency based on published data (Barosi et al., Blood 2007). SAEs related to 424 occurred in 12 patients, and are generally related to bone marrow suppression or return of or exacerbation of signs and symptoms of MF when therapy is discontinued. Further optimization of the dosing regimen utilized baseline platelet count to determine the starting dose (10 or 15mg BID) and allowed dose titration after 1 and 2 months of therapy; most patients were optimized to 15 or 20mg BID. This approach significantly reduced the incidence of thrombocytopenia ( Conclusion: An optimized dosing regimen of INCB018424 resulted in sustained clinical, symptomatic and functional benefits in MF patients with an improved hematological safety profile compared to a 25 mg BID regimen. Safety and efficacy of 424 in MF patients is further supported by the follow-up data of >1 yr of 424 therapy. Disclosures: Verstovsek: Incyte: Research Funding. Bradley: Incyte Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Erickson-Viitanen: Incyte Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Vaddi: Incyte Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Levy: Incyte Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership.
Constraint-based innovations in agriculture and sustainable development: A scoping review

Abstract Constraint-based innovations, including frugal approaches, have attracted increasing interest across disciplines due to their potential to promote sustainable development while meeting Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) needs. However, the academic literature to date has resulted in overlapping terminology, lacks a robust theoretical basis and includes few sector-specific studies. This particularly applies to constraint-based innovation in agriculture, a crucial yet under-researched sector. A review of relevant literature from the last 12 years (2007–March 2019) was conducted to identify concepts and current theoretical underpinning. In total, 30 cases were identified and categorized under agricultural machinery, water for irrigation equipment, alternative farming systems, ICTs and mobile phone applications and biomass systems. Our analysis finds that ‘inclusive’ and ‘smallholder’ innovation concepts are used in an agricultural context; and that the innovation networks, direction of the innovation and scale are key attributes. Also that Appropriate Technology (AT) has proved its worth as a suitable outline for discussing lessons learned from unsuccessful innovations. The results also indicate that there is a need for further research on the integration of frameworks, such as the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) and the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (SRL), to link constraint-based innovations with sustainable development at a local level. Finally, a framework is proposed for practitioners, as a starting point, to identify and research agricultural constraint-based innovations and their potential impact on sustainable development.
Evidence-Based Diagnosis

Evidence-Based Diagnosis explains diagnostic, screening, and prognostic tests in clinical medicine. The authors' approach is based on many years of experience teaching physicians in a clinical research training program. Although needing only a minimum of mathematics, the quantitative discussions in this book are deeper and more rigorous than in most introductory texts. The book includes numerous worked examples and 60 problems (with answers) based on real clinical situations and journal articles. This book is a great choice for anyone looking to select, develop, or apply medical tests. Topics covered include: the diagnostic process; test reliability and accuracy; testing and treatment thresholds; critical appraisal of studies of diagnostic, screening and prognostic tests; test independence and methods of combining tests; quantifying treatment benefits using randomized trials and observational studies; Bayesian interpretation of P values and confidence intervals; challenges for evidence-based diagnosis; likelihood ratios and ROC curves.
Spatial organisation of velocity structures for large passive scalar gradients

Velocity structures associated with large streamwise density gradients in an incompressible turbulent boundary layer (with air as the working fluid, ) are analysed experimentally using planar image velocimetry and aero-optic measurements. The resulting flow topologies for the velocity fluctuations associated with large negative and positive density gradients are in excellent agreement with results for coolings and heatings in time, respectively (Antonia & Fulachier, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 198, 1989, pp. 429–451). The current results are complimentary to those from Saxton-Fox et al. (AIAA J., vol. 57 (7), 2019, pp. 2828–2839), on the signature of the vertical velocity structures associated with large density gradients. In the present work, these structures are shown to exhibit a sign change, consistent with the scalar gradient, and are localised in the wall-normal direction with an average height of approximately , almost constant for increasing distance from the wall. The corresponding small-scale streamwise fluctuations also exhibit a consistent sign change, which is found to originate, on average, from upstream leaning structures. The emerging picture for the velocity field is then that of a multiscale phenomenon, where small-scale structures, responsible for large optical aberrations, are superimposed on the back of large-scale bulge-like structures that are known to populate the outer layers. The proposed conceptual model is consistent with early ideas of ‘typical’ eddies (Falco, Phys. Fluids, vol. 20 (10), 1977, pp. S124–S132), the hairpin vortex model and associated shear layers (Adrian et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 422, 2000, pp.1–54), as well as with notions of multiscale velocity organisation in shear layers (Klewicki & Hirschi, Phys. Fluids, vol. 16 (11), 2004, pp. 4163–4176; Saxton-Fox et al. 2019), and it provides new insight into the geometry of the small-scale velocity structures.
Ontological Pluralism and the Generic Conception of Being

Ontological pluralism is the view that there are different fundamental ways of being. Trenton Merricks has recently raised three objections to combining pluralism with a generic way of being enjoyed by absolutely everything there is: first, that the resulting view contradicts the pluralist’s core intuition; second, that it is especially vulnerable to the charge—due to Peter van Inwagen—that it posits a difference in being where there is simply a difference in kind; and, third, that it is in tension with various historically influential motivations for pluralism. I reply to each of these objections in turn. My replies will help to bring out the true nature of the pluralist’s basic commitments.
Realizing Academic Success Within the Health Science Learning Environment

Students in health science programs must implement effective learning strategies to address the fast pace and high volume of complex curricula. The intense demands of health science learning environments present barriers for students with specific learning disabilities (SLD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accommodations can mitigate learning barriers for students with learning and attention disabilities, but additional supports should be put in place to assist students in developing effective learning strategies. Learning specialists can work with students with disabilities to offer compensatory learning techniques and strategies for leveraging strengths and mitigating deficits. In this chapter, foundational learning principles and the process of learning will be highlighted. Barriers to learning faced by students with learning and attention disabilities in health science programs will be identified and strategies will be presented to help address these barriers. Methods for advising students with disabilities are also discussed.
Diagnostic Performance of LI-RADS Version 2018, LI-RADS Version 2017, and OPTN Criteria for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) was updated in 2018 (LI-RADS version 2018 [LI-RADSv2018]) to facilitate integration into the American Association for the Study of Liver...
Ultrasound Indications in Implant Related and Other Oral Surgery

Safety and efficiency are the priorities of performing implant related and other oral surgeries. While the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications of oral surgeries is low, they can be serious, irreversible, and life-threatening. Some examples of surgical complications are excessive hemorrhage, nerve damage, infection, etc. Fortunately, most complications are preventable by thorough medical/dental history review and understanding of local anatomy. In the literature, dental ultrasound has been researched for its ability to measure soft tissue thickness, edentulous ridge width, bone density, and cortical bone thickness. Gingival phenotype, primarily a function of its thickness, is a very important clinical parameter and can be accurately determined by ultrasound. Another promising indication of ultrasonography is to measure the edentulous ridge width and cortical plate quality before implant surgery or ridge augmentation non-invasively without ionizing radiation. Therefore, ultrasound could effectively replace some use of ionizing cone-beam computed tomography. Additionally, ultrasound can be very useful to identify vital structures important to oral surgeries at chairside, for example, the greater palatine foramen, lingual nerve, and mental foramen. The incidence of nerve and vessel damage could be reduced by knowing the exact location of these vital structures. Efficient local anesthesia could be guided by ultrasound. During the implant surgery, ultrasound may be used to detect the remaining distance between the surgical drills to the maxillary sinus, the inferior alveolar canal, and the bone plate. In conclusion, ultrasound can potentially become a clinical imaging tool to evaluate relevant important anatomical structures in the treatment planning phase and during the surgery. This anatomical knowledge could assist surgeons to perform safe and efficient surgeries in the oral cavity.
Correction to: Examining Agency in Children’s Nonfiction Picture Books

In the original publication of the article unfortunately contained a mistake in the name of co-author Vera Sotirvoska.The correct name should be Vera Sotirovska.
A Versatile Deep Learning Architecture for Classification and Label-Free Prediction of Hyperspectral Images.

Hyperspectral imaging is a technique that provides rich chemical or compositional information not regularly available to traditional imaging modalities such as intensity imaging or colour imaging based on the reflection, transmission or emission of light. Analysis of hyperspectral imaging often relies on machine learning methods to extract information. Here we present a new flexible architecture—the U-within-U-Net—that can perform classification, segmentation and prediction of orthogonal imaging modalities on a variety of hyperspectral imaging techniques. Specifically, we demonstrate feature segmentation and classification on the Indian Pines hyperspectral dataset and simultaneous location prediction of multiple drugs in mass spectrometry imaging of rat liver tissue. We further demonstrate label-free fluorescence image prediction from hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy images. The applicability of the U-within-U-Net architecture on diverse datasets with widely varying input and output dimensions and data sources suggest that it has great potential in advancing the use of hyperspectral imaging across many different application areas ranging from remote sensing, to medical imaging, to microscopy. Imaging over a wide spectral profile allows for detailed chemical characterization, but processing this data is not trivial. A new neural network architecture can process hyperspectral information from a variety of imaging techniques effectively by using the popular U-net motive around another U-net processing spatial patterns.
Correction to: Asian American Candidate Preferences: Evidence from California

Using the 2012–2018 California State Assembly races, Sadhwani finds that Asian Americans who live in places that are 15–30% have higher voter turnout. Turnout in these districts is also increased when an Asian candidate is on the ballot (2020). Although turnout is increased when an Asian American is on the ballot, it is unknown whether or not Asian voters also have a preference for candidates of the same race or candidates of the same national-origin. There is limited research on how Asian Americans use racial and national-origin cues (if any) in their vote choice. Tam notes that assuming a ‘pan-Asian’ hypothesis (i.e. a unified Asian preference for policy and candidates), is problematic (1995). In an analysis of candidate support for Mike Honda and Ro Khanna, Sadhwani finds that Honda, a Japanese American, received more support from Vietnamese. His opponent, an Indian American named Ro Khanna, received more support for Chinese and Indian voters in that district (2017; 2021).
Robotic Applications for Benign Gynecologic Procedures.

Introduction Robotic systems provide a platform for surgeons to expand their capabilities, allowing them to perform complex procedures safely and efficiently. Within the field of benign gynecology, this has become an increasingly popular option since receiving Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2005. However, the appropriate indications for robotic versus laparoscopic surgery continue to be debated. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based evaluation of the advantages and pitfalls of robotic surgery, the applications of robotic surgery for benign gynecologic procedures in comparison to conventional laparoscopy, and the role of robotic surgery as an educational tool. Results Robotic surgery has favorable outcomes for surgeons in the areas of ergonomics, dexterity, and fatigue. Cost comparisons are widely varied and elaborate. Most patient outcomes are comparable between robotic and laparoscopic hysterectomies and endometriosis resections. In patients with a body mass index >30mg/m2 and uteri >750mg, hysterectomy outcomes are improved when surgery is done robotically. The use of the robotic system may be beneficial for patients undergoing myomectomy. Robotic surgery confers advantages for trainees and novice surgeons. There is no consensus on a standardized curriculum for robotic training or credentialing process for experienced surgeons. Conclusion Robotic surgery has distinct features that make it a valuable tool for gynecologic surgeons. There are no clear indications regarding when a robotic route should be chosen but could be considered when above average complexity is anticipated and when training new surgeons.
Acetylcholinesterase in the Cortex

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a ubiquitous, stable, and readily demonstrable enzyme in the mammalian CNS. Although this “specific” cholinesterase is associated with sites and cells involved in cholinergic neurotransmission, many AChE-containing structures in brain are probably noncholinergic. Some of these are cholinoceptive, i.e., are postsynaptic to cholinergic inputs. In other areas, the role of AChE remains to be clarified, so that one cannot equate AChEstained elements with cholinergic connectivity without further qualification (Butcher, 1977; Koelle, 1955; Krnjevic, 1967; Lehman and Fibiger, 1979). Until quite recently, little attention was given to cortical AChE neuronal systems, either intrinsic or extrinsic. This state of affairs probably reflected the low level of AChE in neocortex as compared to brain stem or basal forebrain. However, in the last several years, histochemical and biochemical studies have begun to provide new information in this area. The work suggests that AChE-reactive elements are not only useful morphological handles enabling distinction between different cortical regions, but appear to reflect an important functional aspect of neocortical organization as well.
Modernizing a DoD ATS family

This paper discusses modernizing a DoD Automatic Test Systems Family of testers using the Consolidated Automated Support System (CASS), the Navy's standard automatic test systems family, as the case in point. CASS has fielded over 600 mainframe testers and will ultimately support almost 3,000 Navy and Marine Corps avionics and electronics units. The CASS program was initiated in the early 1980s in response to many problems with automatic testing identified by a special study team chartered by the Secretary of the Navy. The actual design of CASS dates from the mid- to late-1980s. The initial CASS stations were ordered in 1990 and CASS entered the fleet in 1994. The last of the 613 production Mainframe CASS stations was ordered in 2002 and delivered in December 2003. The initial CASS stations are 15 years old. Modernization of the early CASS stations is driven by several factors including instrument age and associated obsolescence, condition of the station infrastructure, inflexibility of the architecture, and emerging test requirements that cannot be economically satisfied by the current CASS station configurations. Goals of the CASS Modernization Program include incorporating the test technologies needed to satisfy weapon system testing and operational requirements, implementing a modern open architecture based on the DoD ATS Architecture Framework to facilitate future upgrades, ensuring that test programs are fully transportable, providing for interoperability with other Services, and reducing ownership and obsolescence costs. An essential element for performing trade-offs and analysis is the CASS Implementation Plan - a Web-based integrated database containing test requirements, station capabilities and configurations, site outfitting requirements, and Test Program Set data. The process for determining the acquisition strategy and for evaluating alternatives is described. The paper concludes with a discussion of major issues addressed during the modernization decision process.
An Improved Method for Real-Time 3D Construction of DTM

This paper discusses the real-time optimal construction of DTM by two measures. One is to improve coordinate transformation of discrete points acquired from lidar, after processing a total number of 10000 data points, the formula calculation for transformation costs 0.810s, while the table look-up method for transformation costs 0.188s, indicating that the latter is superior to the former. The other one is to adjust the density of the point cloud acquired from lidar, the certain amount of the data points are used for 3D construction in proper proportion in order to meet different needs for 3D imaging, and ultimately increase efficiency of DTM construction while saving system resources.
Responses to Lavoie, King, and Dow on what Post Keynesianism is and who is a Post Keynesian

Lavoie, King, and Dow share one common theme in their criticism of my review of King’s (2001) book A History of Post Keynesian Economics. They all object, in different ways and in different degrees to (1) my definition of the boundary lines that encompass Post Keynesian economics and (2) who, in the 21st century, should be entitled to be labeled a Post Keynesian.
Pure Picard-Vessiot extensions with generic properties

Given a connected linear algebraic group G over an algebraically closed field C of characteristic 0, we construct a pure Picard-Vessiot extension for G, namely, a Picard-Vessiot extension E ⊃ F, with differential Galois group G, such that E and F are purely differentially transcendental over C. The differential field E is the quotient field of a G-stable proper differential subring R with the property that if F is any differential field with field of constants C and E ⊃ F is a Picard-Vessiot extension with differential Galois group a connected subgroup H of G, then there is a differential homomorphism Φ: R → E such that E is generated over F as a differential field by Φ(R).
Knowledge Visualization from Conceptual Structures

This paper addresses the problem of automatically generating displays from conceptual graphs for visualization of the knowledge contained in them. Automatic display generation is important in validating the graphs and for communicating the knowledge they contain. Displays may be classified as literal, schematic, or pictorial, and also as static versus dynamic. At this time prototype software has been developed to generate static schematic displays of graphs representing knowledge of digital systems. The prototype software generates displays in two steps, by first joining basis displays associated with basis graphs from which the graph to be displayed is synthesized, and then assigning screen coordinates to the display elements. Other strategies for mapping conceptual graphs to schematic displays are also discussed.
MHC Class II-Associated Invariant Chain Isoforms Regulate Pulmonary Immune Responses

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung, is characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and is associated with increased production of IgE and Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13). Development of inflammation within the asthmatic lung depends on MHC class II-restricted Ag presentation, leading to stimulation of CD4+ T cells and cytokine generation. Conventional MHC class II pathways require both MHC-associated invariant chain (Ii) and HLA-DM (H2-M in mice) chaperone activities, but alternative modes of Ag presentation may also promote in vivo immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that Ii−/− and H2-M−/− mice fail to develop lung inflammation or AHR following sensitization and challenge with OVA in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. To assess potentially distinct contributions by Ii chain isoforms to lung immunity, we also compared allergen-induced lung inflammation, eosinophilia, IgE production, and AHR in mice genetically altered to express either p31 Ii or p41 Ii isoform alone. Sole expression of either Ii isoform alone facilitates development of allergen-induced lung inflammation and eosinophilia. However, animals expressing only the p31 Ii isoform exhibit abrogated IgE and AHR responses as compared with p41 Ii mice in this model of allergen-induced lung inflammation, suggesting that realization of complete immunity within the lung requires expression of p41 Ii. These findings reveal a crucial role of Ii and H2-M in controlling the immune response within the lung, and suggest that p31 Ii and p41 Ii manifest nonredundant roles in development of immunity.
False Framings: The Co‐opting of Sex‐Selection by the Anti‐Abortion Movement

Jesudason and Weitz's article examines two public policy debates in California, where both sides of the debate used similar language that had the potential to be detrimental to women. Specifically, they show how anti-abortion crusaders in California used similar language to describe why women's rights should be curtailed as pro-choice advocates use when fighting for more choice and privacy for women's reproductive decisions. This commentary builds upon their article by demonstrating the harm that such co-opting causes to women's rights using the example of sex selective abortion. By examining the legislative history of state and national bills to ban sex-selective abortion, this commentary demonstrates how the anti-abortion lobby has adopted the language of pro-choice advocates quite effectively. Although the framing of this issue as being "woman-protective" is strategic and insincere, such political framing is powerful, as Jesudason and Weitz have noted. Anti-abortion activists have convinced lawmakers in many states that sex-selective abortion is a dire issue in their state and that they must restrict it in order to protect women. In fact, there is no evidence that sex selective abortion is a problem in the United States, yet these frames have been very effective in weakening women's privacy rights. Whenever woman-protective framings are invoked for self-serving purposes, women's rights advocates must work hard to uncover the truth behind these discourses to prevent successful legislative efforts that curtail women's reproductive freedom.
Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares

Abstract The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank.
Deposition of trawl web on an Alaska beach after implementation of MARPOL Annex V legislation

Deposition rate, mesh size, and weight of trawl web fragments washed ashore near Yakutat, Alaska, were monitored from 1988 to 1992 to examine the effectiveness of 1988 MARPOL Annex V legislation to reduce the amount of fishing gear and other plastics discarded or lost from ships at sea. Eight 1 km beach sections were surveyed twice each year, in March or April and September. The same sections had been surveyed previously, from 1985 to 1987. The mean deposition rate of trawl web (no. of pieces km−1 yr−1) from 1988 to 1992 declined from 10.1 to 3.8, a 60% reduction. The yearly mean deposition rate of trawl web from 1985 to 1987 was nine pieces. The mesh size of trawl web also declined: about 20% of fragments washed ashore in 1988–1992 had mesh sizes > 15 cm compared to 33% in 1985–1987. Mean weight of trawl web fragments was similar when comparing 1985–1987 fragments and 1988–1992 fragments. Beach surveys in Alaska show that the disposal or loss of trawl web at sea has declined since the implementation of MARPOL.
Catchment-scale hydrologic implications of parcel-level stormwater management (Ohio USA)

Summary The effectiveness of stormwater management strategies is a key issue affecting decision making on urban water resources management, and so proper monitoring and analysis of pilot studies must be addressed before drawing conclusions. We performed a pilot study in the suburban Shepherd Creek watershed located in Cincinnati, Ohio to evaluate the practicality of voluntary incentives for stormwater quantity reduction on privately owned suburban properties. Stream discharge and precipitation were monitored 3 years before and after implementation of the stormwater management treatments. To implement stormwater control measures, we elicited the participation of citizen landowners with two successive reverse-auctions. Auctions were held in spring 2007, and 2008, resulting in the installation of 85 rain gardens and 174 rain barrels. We demonstrated an analytic process of increasing model flexibility to determine hydrologic effectiveness of stormwater management at the sub-catchment level. A significant albeit small proportion of total variance was explained by both the effects of study period (∼69%) and treatment-vs.-control (∼7%). Precipitation–discharge relationships were synthesized in estimated unit hydrographs, which were decomposed and components tested for influence of treatments. Analysis of unit hydrograph parameters showed a weakened correlation between precipitation and discharge, and support the output from the initial model that parcel-level green infrastructure added detention capacity to treatment basins. We conclude that retrofit management of stormwater runoff quantity with green infrastructure in a small suburban catchment can be successfully initiated with novel economic incentive programs, and that these measures can impart a small, but statistically significant decrease in otherwise uncontrolled runoff volume. Given consistent monitoring data and analysis, water resource managers can use our approach as a way to estimate actual effectiveness of stormwater runoff volume management, with potential benefits for management of both separated and combined sewer systems. We also discuss lessons-learned with regard to monitoring design for catchment-scale hydrologic studies.
Textural Kinetics: A Novel Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE)-MRI Feature for Breast Lesion Classification

Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast has emerged as an adjunct imaging tool to conventional X-ray mammography due to its high detection sensitivity. Despite the increasing use of breast DCE-MRI, specificity in distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions is low, and interobserver variability in lesion classification is high. The novel contribution of this paper is in the definition of a new DCE-MRI descriptor that we call textural kinetics, which attempts to capture spatiotemporal changes in breast lesion texture in order to distinguish malignant from benign lesions. We qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated on 41 breast DCE-MRI studies that textural kinetic features outperform signal intensity kinetics and lesion morphology features in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. A probabilistic boosting tree (PBT) classifier in conjunction with textural kinetic descriptors yielded an accuracy of 90%, sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 82%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. Graph embedding, used for qualitative visualization of a low-dimensional representation of the data, showed the best separation between benign and malignant lesions when using textural kinetic features. The PBT classifier results and trends were also corroborated via a support vector machine classifier which showed that textural kinetic features outperformed the morphological, static texture, and signal intensity kinetics descriptors. When textural kinetic attributes were combined with morphologic descriptors, the resulting PBT classifier yielded 89% accuracy, 99% sensitivity, 76% specificity, and an AUC of 0.91.
Virtual induction: A novice teacher's use of Twitter to form an informal mentoring network

Abstract This study is an examination of the evolution of one novice's teacher's informal mentoring network on Twitter. The study followed a novice mathematics teacher over a nine month period as she transitioned from student teacher to full-time teacher. The mixed-method study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the interactions and structure of the mentoring network. Results indicate that the novice teacher's network was used primarily to seek information from other professionals and decreased in size over time. The differences and similarities between Twitter and face-to-face networks as well as areas with potential for further research are also discussed.
Delivery of GM-CSF to Protect against Influenza Pneumonia.

Background Since adaptive immunity is thought to be central to immunity against influenza A virus (IAV) pneumonias, preventive strategies have focused primarily on vaccines. However, vaccine efficacy has been variable, in part because of antigenic shift and drift in circulating influenza viruses. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of innate immunity in protecting against influenza. Methods Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) contributes to maturation of mononuclear phagocytes, enhancing their capacity for phagocytosis and cytokine production. Results Overexpression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the lung of transgenic mice provides remarkable protection against IAV, which depends on alveolar macrophages (AM). In this study, we report that pulmonary delivery of GM-CSF to wild type young and aged mice abrogated mortality from IAV. Conclusion We also demonstrate that protection is species specific and human GM-CSF do not protect the mice nor stimulates mouse immunity. We also show that IAV-induced lung injury is the culprit for side-effects of GM-CSF in treating mice after IAV infection, and introduce a novel strategy to deliver the GM-CSF to and retain it in the alveolar space even after IAV infection.
American intelligence and the Soviet ICBM build‐up: Another look

(1993). American intelligence and the Soviet ICBM build‐up: Another look. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 172-198.
Applicability of heat-stable deoxyribonuclease assay for assessment of staphylococcal growth and the likely presence of enterotoxin in cheese

Abstract The relationships between growth of Staphylococcus aureus and production of deoxyribonuclease and enterotoxin A in cheese were evaluated. Conditions of cheese manufacture, such as the nature of milk used (heated or raw), type of lactic starter, and degree of starter activity, influenced deoxyribonuclease production. There was a close correlation between the S. aureus population and deoxyribonuclease content (correlation .88 in Cheddar and Colby cheeses for normal or inhibited starter, and .85 in Brick cheese for normal starter). Conditions which affected deoxyribonuclease production also had a similar influence on production of enterotoxin A. Detection of the former is especially useful in cheeses which may have had a partial starter failure not detected by the usual criteria of starter activity such as the titratable acidity of whey or the final pH of cheese. While the viable S. aureus population declined during aging, both deoxyribonuclease and enterotoxin A persisted for an extended time (3 yr at 4.4C) in cheese of normal or inhibited starter.
Murine alveolar macrophage-mediated lymphocyte cytostasis: kinetics and mechanisms.

Abstract Recent reports have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages (AM) from several species regulate antigen- and mitogen-induced blastogenesis. In this study, we confirm that murine AM also mediate lymphocyte cytostasis and define, in part, the mechanism involved. AM were found to inhibit homologous splenocyte responses to concanavalin A in a dose-dependent manner. The inclusion of 1 AM:10 lymphocytes abrogated mitogenesis. Kinetic studies revealed that maximal inhibition of the splenocyte response required the inclusion of AM at culture initiation, stimulation of splenocytes with an optimal Con A dose, and an optimal incubation period of 72 hr. In addition, suppression of Con A-induced blastogenesis by AM was not genetically restricted, as Balb/c AM suppressed allogeneic CBA/J spleen cells comparably to homologous control cells. The addition of either catalase or indomethacin to partially suppressed cultures (containing 3% AM) totally reversed the inhibition. In contrast, catalase did not protect lymphocytes from absolute suppression mediated by higher AM numbers (10% AM), while indomethacin offered partial protection. A synergistic effect was noted upon the addition of both substances. Thus, prostaglandin and hydrogen peroxide released by AM contribute to the suppressive effects of these cells.
A universal relation between diffusion, viscosity and surface tension in liquid metals in capillary-like media

There are two major driving forces that tend to produce the transport of matter in bulk materials with respect to the mean fluid motion: (a) the concentration gradient, and (b) velocity gradient. Thus, rate constants of such processes involve both diffusion (D) and viscosity ([eta]), respectively. Diffusion forces are related to the elementary displacement of atoms on an atomic scale. Viscous forces arises as a result of the rate of momentum interchange between atoms of adjacent layers. It can be assumed that both forces occur mostly between nearest-neighbor atoms. In capillary-like media, the mass transport is driven by the surface tension and the thermodynamic tendency of a liquid to minimize its surface area. Knowledge about the dynamic flow of liquids in capillary-like media is of the importance in many applications. The purpose of the work reported here is to apply the concept for simple systems such as liquid metals, and to see whether or not there is a relation between self-diffusion and viscosity in liquid metals, in capillary-like media, and to compare this relationship with that described by the Stokes-Einstein equation.
Cytomechanics of axonal development

Mechanical tension is a robust regulator of axonal development of cultured neurons. We review work from our laboratory, using calibrated glass needles to measure or apply tension to chick sensory neurons, chick forebrain neurons, and rat PC12 cells. We survey direct evidence for two different regimes of tension effects on neurons, a fluid-like growth regime, and a nongrowth, elastic regime. Above a minimum tension threshold, we observe growth effects of tension regulating four phases of axonal development: Significantly, the quantitative relationship between the force and the growth response is suprisingly similar to the simple relationship characteristic of Newtonian fluid mechanical elements: elongation rate is directly proportional to tension (above the threshold), and this robust linear relationship extends from physiological growth rates to far-above-physiological rates. Thus, tension apparently integrates the complex biochemistry of axonal elongation, including cytoskeletal and membrane dynamics, to produce a simple “force input/growth output” relationship. In addition to this fluid-like growth response, peripheral neurons show elastic behaviors at low tensions (below the threshold tension for growth), as do most cell types. Thus, neurites could exert small static forces without diminution for long periods. In addition, axons of peripheral neurons can actively generate modest tensions, presumably similar to muscle contraction, at tensions near zero. The elastic and force-generating capability of neural axons has recently been proposed to play a major role in the morphogenesis of the brain.
Mothers' strategies for regulating their toddlers' distress

Though theories of emotion regulation acknowledge the important roles of caregivers, few studies have examined parents' strategies for helping children regulate distress. In this study, 140 mothers' strategies were coded during a situation in which their toddlers (12-, 18-, 24- and 32-month-olds) were required to wait (parent-active). Children were also observed in a delay situation in which they regulated distress independently (parent-passive). Mothers initiated less active engagement with their older as compared to younger toddlers, and there were age-related increases in children's initiation of play activities with their mothers. Verbal strategies increased from 12 to 18 months and thereafter decreased. Controlling for children's levels of distress in the parent-active situation, mothers who were more active had children who were more distressed when regulating independently. Results suggest that parents tailor their regulatory strategies to their children's capacities and that children require opportunities to autonomously regulate emotions to develop regulatory skills.
Cell Adhesion Molecules and the Migration of LHRH Neurons during Development

During embryogenesis, LHRH neurons arise in the olfactory epithelium, migrate along the olfactory nerve, and enter the forebrain. We have examined the distribution of several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the developing chick olfactory system and brain to determine whether differential distributions of these adhesion molecules might be important in pathway choices made by migrating LHRH neurons. Single- and double-label immunocytochemical studies indicated that high levels of N-CAM and N-cadherin were expressed throughout the olfactory epithelium and not restricted to the medial half of the olfactory epithelium where most of the LHRH neurons originate. Further, high levels of N-CAM, Ng-CAM, and N-cadherin were uniformly expressed throughout the entire olfactory nerve while migrating LHRH neurons were confined to the medial half of the nerve. However, once LHRH neurons reach the brain, they migrate dorsally and caudally, tangential to the medial surface of the forebrain, along a region enriched in N-CAM and Ng-CAM. After this first stage of migration within the brain, LHRH neurons migrate laterally. At this stage, there is no correlation between the intensity of N-CAM and Ng-CAM immunostaining and the location of LHRH neurons. These results suggest that N-CAM, Ng-CAM, and N-cadherin do not play a guiding role in LHRH neuronal migration through the olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerve but that migrating LHRH neurons may follow a "CAM-trail" of N-CAM and Ng-CAM along the medial surface of the forebrain.
Impact of Race and Diagnostic Label on Older Adults’ Emotions, Illness Beliefs, and Willingness to Help a Family Member With Osteoarthritis:

Objective:To examine how race and the diagnostic label of Osteoarthritis (OA) affects older adults’ emotions, illness beliefs, and willingness to help a family member.Methods:African American and W...
Measurement of hydroxyl radical-generated methane sulfinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection.

A liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for direct quantitative determination of methane sulfinic acid (MSA) produced by hydroxyl radical oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide. This method measures MSA directly by HPLC separation and electrochemical oxidation following rapid extraction from intact cells. MSA can be measured in tissue extracts at 0.04 nmol (equivalent to 2 microM). Using this technique, MSA production in paraquat-treated bean leaves is demonstrated. When compared with the widely used dye-binding technique, this method simplifies the preparation of the extract by eliminating two steps required in the dye-binding method: removal of interfering lipophilic compounds and the derivitization (color reaction) of the MSA.
On the creep behavior of silver—II. Oxygen effects

Abstract Oxygen was found to inhibit grain boundary sliding and migration during creep and to very much increase the number and rate of growth of voids. This led to shorter tertiary periods and smaller tertiary creep strains. The effect on creep life and creep rate was complex depending on whether the increased difficulty of sliding more than compensated for the increased void growth rate. For short time tests oxygen appeared to strengthen the grains.
Bank storage-loss and recovery of Missouri River discharge during drought of 1934

Whenever measurements show that the discharge of a stream becomes smaller as it passes downstream to a considerably larger drainage-area and no diversions of water are known to exist between the places of measurement, curiosity is always aroused as to the cause, and a question may be raised as to the accuracy of the measurements purporting to show the decrease. Small streams sometimes disappear in fault-planes and crevices in rocky regions with relatively high slopes, or in flat sand- and gravel-bars, and then reappear full-size farther downstream. This behavior, however, represents no decrease in the discharge but merely means that the stream is following an underground rather than a surface-course for that part of its travel.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Expression and Membrane Signaling in Early Embryonic GnRH Neurons: Role in Pulsatile Neurosecretion

The characteristic pulsatile secretion of GnRH from hypothalamic neurons is dependent on an autocrine interaction between GnRH and its receptors expressed in GnRH-producing neurons. The ontogeny and function of this autoregulatory process were investigated in studies on the properties of GnRH neurons derived from the olfactory placode of the fetal rat. An analysis of immunocytochemically identified, laser-captured fetal rat hypothalamic GnRH neurons, and olfactory placode-derived GnRH neurons identified by differential interference contrast microscopy, demonstrated coexpression of mRNAs encoding GnRH and its type I receptor. Both placode-derived and immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1-7 cells) exhibited spontaneous electrical activity that was stimulated by GnRH agonist treatment. This evoked response, as well as basal neuronal firing, was abolished by treatment with a GnRH antagonist. GnRH stimulation elicited biphasic intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) responses, and both basal and GnRH-stimulated [Ca2+]i levels were reduced by antagonist treatment. Perifused cultures released GnRH in a pulsatile manner that was highly dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The amplitude of GnRH pulses was increased by GnRH agonist stimulation and was diminished during GnRH antagonist treatment. These findings demonstrate that expression of GnRH receptor, GnRH-dependent activation of Ca2+ signaling, and autocrine regulation of GnRH release are characteristics of early fetal GnRH neurons and could provide a mechanism for gene expression and regulated GnRH secretion during embryonic migration.