cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) and Target Systolic Blood Pressure in Future Hypertension Guidelines.

The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP, mm Hg) Intervention Trial (SPRINT) showed that targeting SBP <120 mm Hg (intensive treatment, mean SBP: 121.5 mm Hg) versus <140 (standard treatment, mean SBP: 134.6 mm Hg) reduced cardiovascular events 25%. SPRINT has 2 implicit assumptions that could impact future US hypertension guidelines: (1) standard therapy controlled SBP similarly to that in adults with treated hypertension and (2) intensive therapy produced a lower mean SBP than in adults with treated hypertension and SBP <140 mm Hg. To examine these assumptions, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2012 data were analyzed on 3 groups of adults with treated hypertension: group 1 consisted of SPRINT-like participants aged ≥50 years; group 2 consisted of participants all aged ≥18 years; and group 3 consisted of participants aged ≥18 years excluding group 1 but otherwise similar to SPRINT-like participants except high cardiovascular risk. Mean SBPs in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 133.0, 130.1, and 124.6, with 66.2%, 72.2%, and 81.9%, respectively, controlled to SBP <140; 68.3%, 74.8%, and 83.4% of the controlled subset had SBP <130. Mean SBPs in those controlled to <140 were 123.3, 120.9, and 118.9, respectively. Among US adults with treated hypertension, (1) the SPRINT-like group had higher mean SBP than comparison groups, yet lower than SPRINT standard treatment group and (2) among groups 1 to 3 with SBP <140, SBP values were within <3 mm Hg of SPRINT intensive treatment. SPRINT results suggest that treatment should be continued and not reduced when treated SBP is <130, especially for the SPRINT-like subset. Furthermore, increasing the percentage of treated adults with SBP <140 could approximate SPRINT intensive treatment SBP without lowering treatment goals.
Recurrent pneumonia from severe nonacid reflux: a case report and discussion.

-The role of acid in the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is extensively studied and well accepted. The role of nonacid reflux is poorly understood and its diagnosis is elusive. It has been postulated that the nonacid component of refluxate may play a significant role in causing esophageal mucosal damage and extra esophageal manifestations of GERD. We report a patient with severe nonacid reflux causing recurrent pneumonias and choking episodes resulting in serious morbidity and extensive utilization of health care resources. The diagnosis was established by combined intraluminal pH-impedance testing. Medical management with prokinetic agents and proton pump inhibitors failed. The patient's symptoms were ultimately controlled by a permanent jejunostomy. This patient illustrates the combined challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of nonacid reflux, particularly as it relates to larnyngopharyngeal and pulmonary manifestations.
Art and Science

We must now turn to the second analogue of my first analogy: artistic creativity. I shall try to show why and how artistic creativity is both similar to and different from scientific creativity within Peirce’s architectonic. In the end, the difference will hinge on the opposed final looks each takes; that is, whereas scientific creativity, in depending on analogy, ends as discovery, artistic creativity, in being self-representative like an iconic metaphor, ends as creation. Initially, however, I must suggest why I think Peirce’s system allows the analogy at all. In other words, I must justify making the turn to artistic creativity which Peirce himself did not make outright. To do this, I shall begin with an examination of the categoriology and then a brief analysis of esthetics as a normative science.
Ultra-High Definition PET/CT Imaging of Head and Neck Cancer Enabled by Next Generation Digital PET Technology

623 Objectives To assess the clinical feasibility and potential clinical benefit of next generation digital PET detector technology for ultra-high definition imaging in head and neck cancer oncology staging and compare to existing conventional photomultipler tube detector PET/CT technology. Methods A next-generation, solid-state, digital photon counting, high temporal time of flight resolution PET/CT system (dPET) (Vereos) is being used to prospectively image patients with head and neck cancer and compare its imaging characteristics, by intra-individual comparison, with standard of care conventional photomultiplier tube detector time-of-flight PET/CT (cPET) (Gemini). At the time of submission, 8 head and neck cancer patients agreed to participate in the ongoing comparison study. Standard cPET imaging was performed using a target 481 MBq FDG dose 75 min p.i. with investigational digital PET imaging being performed either at about ~55 min p.i. or after the SOC ~95 min p.i. All other imaging acquisition aspects were kept identical. Digital PET images were reconstructed using Time-of-Flight with different voxel volumes 4x4x4 mm3 (standard definition), 2x2x2 mm3 (high definition), and 1x1x1 mm3 (ultra-high definition). Readers evaluated the image sets in regard to overall quality, lesion detection, confidence of characterization and quality of background by blinded individual datasets and then subsequently matched exam review. Results Overall image quality was rated highest for the ultra-high definition reconstruction of the dPET. When compared with conventional PET/CT, digital PET imaging of head and neck cancer patients produced substantially improved image quality for the visual and quantitative assessment of head and neck primary as well as metastatic lesions. While SUV analysis of larger lesions remained comparable, smaller sub-centimeter lesions were better delineated and demonstrated higher SUV values on digital PET imaging. Overall, dPET enabled the visualization of lesions which appeared more sharply delineated with improved detail regarding heterogeneity, all leading to higher diagnostic confidence of the readers especially in smaller (≤15mm) lesions. Conclusions FDG PET imaging in head and neck cancer is overall of great clinical value for staging. This study presents the initial demonstration of ultra-high definition dPET imaging which was found to markedly improve overall image quality, lesion detectability (especially for lesions ≤ 15mm) and diagnostic confidence of the readers. The next generation dPET technology appears to help us further advance the quality and precision of FDG PET for diagnostic and therapy planning decisions in head and neck oncology patients.
Intensive Induction Therapy with Melphalan 50 mg/m2 (MEL50) for Patients with AL Amyloidosis.

Abstract Patients with AL amyloidosis with multi-organ involvement and compromised organ function have high treatment mortality, especially following myeloablative dose of melphalan and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Previous trials with oral agents given as induction have not been beneficial, but rather detrimental for disease control. To achieve prompt hematological complete remission (HCR) but reduce mortality in these patients, single dose of MEL50 was given as induction prior to melphalan 140 mg/m2 with ASCT in this pilot trial. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized blood stem cells were collected prior to the MEL50 induction therapy. Between September 2006 and July 2007, six patients (median age 74, range 47 to 80 years) completed one cycle of the MEL50 induction. Five patients had primary AL amyloidosis and one secondary to free kappa light chain multiple myeloma. All had > 2 organ involvement; 2 with nephrotic syndrome with dialysis-dependent renal failure; 4 with symptomatic cardiac involvement with a median value of the left ventricular posterior wall of 1.7 cm (range 1.4 to 2.1) and B-type natriuretic peptide of 1110 pg/mL (range, 60 to 1430), including 2 who developed pulmonary edema/hemorrage during stem cell collection. Except one patient, all were hospitalized for monitoring arrhythmia. Platelets were maintained above 30,000/μL throughout and prophylactic antimicrobials were administered. The most common toxicity of the induction MEL50 was grades ≥ 2 neutropenia with a median duration of 15 days (range, 11 to 24) (n = 6), followed by fluid overload and pulmonary congestion (n = 3), orthostatic hypotension not related to dehydration or sepsis (n = 3), grades ≥ 2 mucositis (n = 2), neutropenic fever (n = 2), sepsis (n = 1), and complete heart block associated with hyperkalemia of acute renal failure requiring a pacemaker insertion (n = 1). There was no fatality during the induction MEL50. Four patients went on to undergo ASCT in a median of 31 days (range, 29 to 51), including 2 on hemodialysis. Repeat dose of MEL50 was admnistered in 2 and 3 months, respectively, for those not pursuing ASCT due to insurance issues or old age (n = 2). Five patients achieved > 50% reduction in serum free light chains after the induction MEL50. One patient showed a significant decrease in 24-hour albuminuria from 13.2 gm to 9.1 gram in 37 days but there was no objective improvement in echocardiographic indices in patients with cardiac involvement. Three patients achieved HCR: 2 following ASCT (time to HCR, 3 and 7 months); one in one month after the second MEL50. All but one patient achieved organ responses in a median of 4 months (range, 3 to 9 months), but 2 on dialysis continued to require hemodialysis, despite significant reduction in albuminuria. The current data suggests that it is feasible to apply intensive induction with MEL50 to poor-risk patients provided full supportive care is given, which may reduce early mortality and improve outcomes.
Chlorine incorporation in amphiboles synthesized along the magnesio-hastingsite–hastingsite compositional join

Hastingsitic amphiboles can contain high Cl contents in both terrestrial and meteorite samples; however, the solutions or melts providing Cl to the amphibole, as well as the crystal-chemical controls of the host amphibole, are not well understood. This study focuses on the correlation between the Fe# (= Fe 2+ /(Fe 2+ + Mg)) and the acceptance of Cl for amphiboles synthesized along the magnesio-hastingsite–hastingsite bulk compositional join, NaCa 2 (Mg 4 Fe 3+ )(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (OH,Cl) 2 –NaCa 2 (Fe 4 2+ Fe 3+ )(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (OH,Cl) 2 . Samples were made from mixtures of reagent-grade starting materials prepared along the compositional join at approximately 20 mol% increments and synthesized at 700–850 °C and 0.2–0.4 GPa for 3–4 days, where the oxygen fugacity was broadly constrained to lie below the Co–CoO and above the wustite–magnetite oxygen buffers. The source of Cl was FeCl 2 . Although the amphibole syntheses were nominally anhydrous, some moisture was inevitably absorbed by the hygroscopic FeCl 2 and could have produced brines with mole fractions of Cl (= X Cl ) of 0.58 to 0.91, assuming such brine concentrations are below saturation in FeCl 2 . Ferric iron contents of the synthetic amphiboles were determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Amphiboles formed along this compositional join were generally deficient in Fe 3+ near the Mg-rich end and deficient in Na near the Fe-rich end, yielding amphiboles that are classified as pargasite and ferro- or ferro-ferri-hornblende, respectively, rather than hastingsitic amphiboles. An overall positive correlation was observed between Cl content and the Fe#, but with a distinct maximum at Fe# of 0.69 ± 0.04 where the Cl reaches 0.42 ± 0.06 atoms per formula unit (apfu) or 1.5 ± 0.2 wt% Cl, and decreases to 0.20 Cl apfu at Fe# of 1.0. This observation points to a factor other than Fe# as being more important, namely the proportion of Fe 2+ (=Fe 2+ /(Fe 2+ +Fe 3+ ). In comparison to other Cl-rich pargasitic amphiboles in nature, the maximum of 0.42 Cl apfu observed in this study is still about a factor of two to three lower than the maximum observed in natural samples. The implications of this study are that the amphiboles most likely to host the highest Cl contents are those with the highest proportion of Fe 2+ , and conversely the lowest proportion of Fe 3+ , as well as having significant T Al and most likely K.
Intracranial Arteriovenous Shunting Detection with Arterial Spin-Labeling and Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging: Potential Pitfall of a Venous Predominant Parenchymal Arteriovenous Malformation.

I read with great interest the study of Hodel et al,[1][1] which demonstrated that the combined use of arterial spin-labeling (ASL) and susceptibility-weighted imaging was significantly more sensitive and equally specific compared with conventional angiographic MR imaging for the detection of
Nanomachines: A light-powered clockwork.

An organogel is made of molecular motors and modulators that act cooperatively to perform a full mechanical cycle of contraction and expansion at the macroscale.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in a mmWave Based IoT Wireless System with SWIPT

This paper applies non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and relaying schemes in a mmWave based wireless heterogeneous system that aims to support Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The system consists of high power base stations, low-power relays, and low-power IoT devices. Due to the ad hoc deployment nature of low-power relays, they have very limited access to wireline power charging facilities. Furthermore, IoT devices normally have limited power and short battery life. The study assumes low-power relays and IoT devices are capable of energy harvest functionality. With the help of relays or IoT devices, downlink NOMA transmission consists of two phases. In the first phase, the BS sends a composite signal to a UE and a selected relay simultaneously by applying NOMA. After receiving the signal, relay or the IoT device split the signal into two parts. One part is for information decoding and the other part is for energy harvesting. In the second phase, the BS sends another message to UE 1 while the relay sends the decoded message to UE 2 by using the harvested energy in phase 1. The outage problem of the proposed scheme is analyzed and simulations results are presented to verify the theoretical results.
Rethinking Coup Risk: Rural Coalitions and Coup-Proofing in Sub-Saharan Africa

Military interventions continue to be prevalent in Africa. In the 21st century alone, 14 coups have been successfully staged. Whereas most studies of coup risk examine how militaries are organized ...
Preparing America's Entrepreneurial Workforce: Reinventing the Medical Curriculum

Abstract Innovation and Entrepreneurship (I&E) is a topic that has become vital to the healthcare sector and its ability to develop, integrate, and advance technologies for the improvement of patient care and outcomes. Despite the opportunities that result from innovation, there remains a deficit across the nation of formal educational training in this area in medical schools and residency programs. Given the current and projected exponential growth in technologies related to devices, medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and digital health solutions, it becomes a paramount initiative to ensure that our medical providers are well trained in I&E. In order for our medical workforce and trainees to become key stakeholders in this process, we must put high-yield educational programs and resources in place to enable these learners to become facile in the development and proper implementation of these new technologies. The missions of an academic medical center and academic departments focus on teaching, scholarship/research, and expertise of clinical care. This chapter will discuss how a formalized implementation of an I&E educational curriculum in a medical school and residency programs can stimulate a culture of change and growth in I&E at academic medical centers that can be sustainable.
Consistency of novel ultrasound equations for estimating percent intramuscular fat.

Introduction Echo intensity reflects both intramuscular adiposity and fibrous tissue content. Recently, equations that allow investigators to estimate the percentage of intramuscular fat for individual muscles via measurements of echo intensity and subcutaneous fat were created. However, as the trial-to-trial consistency of these values has not been reported in the literature, it is unclear if they can be used to track changes during physical activity and/or nutritional interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability of rectus femoris percent intramuscular fat. Methods Nineteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age = 22 ± 3 year; ten females, nine males) with a body mass index ≤ 30 kg/m2 participated. On three occasions, B-mode ultrasonography was used to acquire panoramic images of the dominant rectus femoris in the transverse plane. ImageJ software was used to quantify echo intensity, subcutaneous fat thickness and cross-sectional area. Rectus femoris percent intramuscular fat was estimated with sex-specific equations. Results Uncorrected and corrected echo intensity, subcutaneous fat and cross-sectional area exhibited excellent consistency (P > 0·05, intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≥ .900, standard errors of measurement [SEMs] ≤ 7·26%). Percent intramuscular fat for all participants also demonstrated satisfactory reliability (ICC = 0·980, SEM = 3·07%), with similar findings for males (ICC = 0·970, SEM = 3·63%) and females (ICC = 0·968, SEM = 1·41%). Discussion The high ICCs and low SEMs suggest that ultrasonography-derived rectus femoris percent fat may be a reliable tool for tracking changes in lower extremity intramuscular adiposity.
A Bayesian Network to Assist Mammography Interpretation

Mammography is a vital screening test for breast cancer because early diagnosis is the most effective means of decreasing the death rate from this disease. However, interpreting the mammographic images and rendering the correct diagnosis is challenging. The diagnostic accuracy of mammography varies with the expertise of the radiologist interpreting the images, resulting in significant variability in screening performance. Radiologists interpreting mammograms must manage uncertainties arising from a multitude of findings. We believe that much of the variability in mammography diagnostic performance arises from heuristic errors that radiologists make in managing these uncertainties. We developed a Bayesian network that models the probabilistic relationships between breast diseases, mammographic findings and patient risk factors. We have performed some preliminary evaluations in test cases from a mammography atlas and in a prospective series of patients who had biopsy confirmation of the diagnosis. The model appears useful for clarifying the decision about whether to biopsy abnormalities seen on mammography, and also can help the radiologist correlate histopathologic findings with the mammographic abnormalities observed. Our preliminary experience suggests that this model may help reduce variability and improve overall interpretive performance in mammography.
The conversion of glucose to pentose in the biosynthesis of mouse liver diphosphopyridine nucleotide.

Among the pathways which have been considered for the metabolic conversion of hexose to pentose are oxidative decarboxylation of phosphogluconate (1) and condensation of triose phosphate with a 2-carbon fragment (2). Although oxidative decarboxylation has been shown to play a major role in ribose formation in yeast (3) and Escherichia coEi (4), and in ribitol formation in the mold Ashbya gossypii (5), the work of Bernstein (2) indicates that in the chick this pathway seems to be of only minor importance. He found that the labeling pattern of ribonucleic acid ribose isolated after administration of C14-labeled precursors such as acetate, glycine, and bicarbonate was markedly different from that of carbons 2 to 6 of the glucose residues obtained from the liver glycogen of the same animals. The results of similar work with rats have been interpreted by Bernstein as indicating approximately equal contributions from both pathways (6, 4). It has been suggested that the data of Bernstein with chicks are in good agreement with the results expected from the operation of the transaldolase-transketolase pathway (7). This pathway would also appear to’ account for up to one-half of the ribitol synthesis in A. gossypii and for most of the pentosan formation in plants (8). An 8to lo-fold increase in liver DPN during 8 hours can be obtained by injecting mice with nicotinamide (9). This rapid and extensive synthesis of nucleotide ribose provides a convenient system for studying the conversion of hexose to pentose in the whole animal. It was found that considerable quantities of ribose-labeled DPN could readily be obtained by injecting mice with glucose labeled with Cl4 together with nicotinamide (10). This paper describes the distribution of label in the ribose obtained from mouse liver DPN after the injection of C14-labeled glucose and ribose. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that, under the conditions used, oxidative decarboxylation accounts for only a minor portion of pentose biosynthesis and that the major pathway can be explained in terms of the transaldolase-transketolase reactions.
Monitoring Recruitment and Abundance of the Aransas-Wood Buffalo Population of Whooping Cranes: 1950–2015

Abstract The Aransas-Wood Buffalo Population of Whooping Cranes ( Grus americana ), has been enumerated using aerial surveys on its wintering grounds since winter 1950–51. When aerial surveys began, the flock consisted of fewer than 30 individuals that wintered on the Blackjack Peninsula and Matagorda Island in Aransas and Calhoun counties of Texas, USA. Since that time, the Aransas-Wood Buffalo flock has dramatically increased its population size and the area occupied during winter. Sixty-five years of aerial surveys have provided much information that has aided whooping crane conservation. Data collected during aerial surveys have been used to estimate population size and trends, estimate recruitment and survival rates, track the population’s range expansion, identify areas in need of conservation, and have been the primary means of monitoring the recovery of this endangered species. Despite the importance of these surveys and the widespread use of the data, a formal protocol, including objectives, methods, sampling frame, data analyses, and reporting procedures, was not completed until March 2014. Survey methods should be driven by objectives, so that the data will be collected in a manner designed to meet particular information needs, and ensure that conclusions drawn from them are valid and defensible. Here we attempt to provide a posthoc description of the aerial survey methods used at the Aransas NWR from winter 1950–51 through winter 2010–11, drawing heavily from Stehn and Taylor’s (Stehn, T.V., Taylor, T.E., 2008. Aerial census techniques for whooping cranes on the Texas coast. In: Proceedings of the North American Crane Workshop, vol. 10, pp. 146–151) account of the aerial survey methods employed from winter 1982–83 through winter 2010–11. We discuss how aerial survey data have been used to understand Whooping Crane demographics and population dynamics and to improve Whooping Crane conservation efforts. In addition, we provide a description of the improvements made to the survey beginning in winter 2011–12. Finally, we discuss how these recent improvements (e.g., hierarchical distance sampling) yield more rigorous estimates of abundance and improve planning and conservation efforts by associating local Whooping Crane abundance with environmental conditions.
A Bishop of Two Peoples:William of St. Calais and the Hybridization of Architecture in Eleventh-Century Durham

In A Bishop of Two Peoples: William of St. Calais and the Hybridization of Architecture in Eleventh-Century Durham , Meg Bernstein considers England9s Durham Cathedral alongside the nearly contemporaneous Norman Chapel, located in the bishop9s palace adjacent to the cathedral. Both were commissioned by Bishop William of St. Calais, the second Norman-appointed bishop of Durham. Bernstein argues that the dramatically different formal styles of the two buildings reflect politically motivated choices the bishop made following the Norman cultural conquest of England after 1066. While the cathedral is recognizably hybrid, recalling Anglo-Saxon formal motifs applied to a Norman plan, the castle chapel draws straight from the milieu of the duchy of Normandy. In particular, the chapel9s stone capitals were most likely made in Normandy and brought to England by the bishop. This article seeks to provide context for the cathedral where it has been lost and to draw conclusions about the chapel9s commission within the context of the Norman colonization of England.
What Competencies are Needed to Run a Course or Clerkship

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01044-8 ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Markers of Bone Mineral Metabolism and Cardiac Structure and Function in Perinatally HIV-Infected and HIV-Exposed but Uninfected Children and Adolescents.

Background Disordered bone mineral metabolism and low vitamin D concentrations are associated with cardiovascular abnormalities; few studies have evaluated this relationship in HIV-infected youth. Setting The Adolescent Master Protocol is a Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study network study conducted across 14 US sites. Methods Among perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) and perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (PHEU) youth enrolled in the Adolescent Master Protocol, we evaluated associations of vitamin D [measured as 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD)], parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphate, and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentrations with echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) structure, function, and concentrations of NT-proBNP, a biomarker of cardiac damage. Results Among 485 participants (305 PHIV and 180 PHEU) with echocardiograms and bone mineralization measures, low 25-OHD ( 65 pg/mL) was identified more often among PHIV participants than PHEU participants (9% vs 3%, P = 0.02). After adjusting for HIV status and demographic covariates, both low 25-OHD and elevated PTH were associated with lower mean LV mass z-scores, whereas elevated PTH was associated with higher mean fractional shortening z-scores. Participants with low 25-OHD also had slightly higher mean LV end-systolic wall stress z-scores, but differences were more pronounced in PHEU participants than in PHIV participants. FGF-23 was inversely related to end-diastolic septal thickness, both overall and among PHIV participants. Conclusions In this cohort of PHIV and PHEU youth, we observed associations of 25-OHD, PTH, and FGF-23 with both structural and functional cardiac parameters, supporting links between bone mineral metabolism and cardiac status.
Lightweight Node-level Malware Detection and Network-level Malware Confinement in IoT Networks

The sheer size of IoT networks being deployed today presents an "attack surface" and poses significant security risks at a scale never before encountered. In other words, a single device/node in a network that becomes infected with malware has the potential to spread malware across the network, eventually ceasing the network functionality. Simply detecting and quarantining the malware in IoT networks does not guarantee to prevent malware propagation. On the other hand, use of traditional control theory for malware confinement is not effective, as most of the existing works do not consider real-time malware control strategies that can be implemented using uncertain infection information of the nodes in the network or have the containment problem decoupled from network performance. In this work, we propose a two-pronged approach, where a runtime malware detector (HaRM) that employs Hardware Performance Counter (HPC) values to detect the malware and benign applications is devised. This information is fed during runtime to a stochastic model predictive controller to confine the malware propagation without hampering the network performance. With the proposed solution, a runtime malware detection accuracy of 92.21% with a runtime of 10ns is achieved, which is an order of magnitude faster than existing malware detection solutions. Synthesizing this output with the model predictive containment strategy lead to achieving an average network throughput of nearly 200% of that of IoT networks without any embedded defense.
How do consumers in the sharing economy value sharing? Evidence from online reviews

Abstract With the rapid development of information technology, platform-facilitated collaborative consumption has recently become attractive to consumers. A comparative study of consumers' online review behavior and its impact on overall satisfaction and demand in the accommodation-sharing economy and the hotel industry indicates that consumers' perceptions and behavior change gradually with changes in the level of sharing—from no sharing when staying in hotel rooms to intensive sharing when sharing rooms through collaborative consumption. Online consumer reviews focus on product and service attributes, and the influential factors of customer satisfaction and demand differ when consumers are at different accommodation-sharing levels. Not all attributes described in online reviews influence overall customer satisfaction. With a higher level of sharing, consumers' valuation changes from more to less tangible attributes. Consumers at a higher sharing level care more about social interaction and economic value than consumers at a lower sharing level. Transaction costs, particularly the information search and acquisition costs, play an important role in influencing customer purchase decisions in the sharing economy. Consumers refer to direct information for tangible attributes and to previous consumers' online reviews for intangible attributes to familiarize themselves with details before making purchase decisions. Our study provides implications that help platforms and hosts better target consumer segments with different sharing levels and more effectively utilize online reviews to generate positive electronic word of mouth to enhance consumer demand and the performance of platform economics.
The Role of Education and Attitudes in Cooking Fuel Choice: Evidence from two states in India.

Abstract Widespread adoption of clean cooking fuels is a necessary step toward reducing household air pollution and improving population health. Here we use large-scale surveys (10,000 households) from two Indian states, Kerala and Rajasthan, to examine how education and attitudes toward cooking associate with the adoption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), India’s most popular clean cooking fuel. We report three main results. First, education is a strong predictor of LPG adoption. Second, perceptions that LPG is good and affordable and progressive health-related perceptions are associated with LPG ownership. Third, and surprisingly, education does not predict positive attitudes toward clean cooking fuels. These results suggest that education leads to LPG adoption, but not through attitudinal changes. Further research should examine the mediators of the robust observed education-adoption association.
Digital Alloy Avalanche Photodiodes

Recently, using Al x In 1-y As y Sb 1-y grown as a digital alloy we have demonstrated APDs with noise as low as Si at telecommunication wavelengths (1300 nm to 1550 nm). In this paper, we a noise suppression mechanism in digital alloys. This is related to the fundamental issue of transport in ordered materials and provides the potential for "designer APDs" covering a broad range of spectral bands.
A retrospective analysis of NIH-funded digital health research using social media platforms.

ObjectiveSocial network platforms are increasingly used in digital health research. Our study aimed to 1. qualify and quantify the use of social media platforms in health research supported by the ...
Novel Treatments of Erectile Dysfunction: Review of the Current Literature.

Abstract Introduction Although available treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED) have expanded, there has been a concomitant shift in the treatment paradigm. Newer treatment options focus on disease modification and improving overall erectile function. Objective The objective of this study is to review the evidence of 3 promising novel ED treatments. Methods A thorough review of the literature was divided into sections corresponding to low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT), stem cell therapy (SCT), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Search terms included “erectile dysfunction” or “ED” plus “extracorporeal shockwave therapy”, “stem cell therapy” or “platelet rich plasma”. International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores were the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included peak systolic velocity and intracorporeal pressure. Results Li-ESWT section includes 1 randomized controlled study, 2 prospective studies, 1 animal study, and 2 meta-analyses. IIEF score improvement was 3.54 (range 1.99–6.40). Authors concluded statistically significant short-term effect and improvement in erectile function (EF) with Li-ESWT. SCT section included 4 case series and 1 open-label study. Intraperitoneal, venous, and cavernosal SCT injections improved EF in animal models. 3 studies (n = 6–8) demonstrated 83–100% and 29–50% of patients regained erection and penetration ability, respectively. 2 studies (n = 12–16) found that all patients improved IIEF scores after SCT. Literature review for PRP yielded 3 animal, 1 retrospective, and 1 prospective study. Animal studies have shown that rats sustaining crush cavernosal injuries treated with PRP significantly improved EF and preservation of cavernous nerve axons. One retrospective analysis on humans showed mean improvement by 4.14 in IIEF scores. One prospective study on humans (n = 75) demonstrated improved peak systolic velocity (P = .005) and IIEF scores (P = .046) with PRP therapy. Conclusions This review reveals limited published evidence on current novel ED treatment options. Further research on Li-ESWT, SCT, and PRP therapy is necessary to elucidate the role of these therapies in ED treatment regimens. Raheem OA, Natale C, Dick B, et al. Novel Treatments of Erectile Dysfunction: Review of the Current Literature. Sex Med Rev 2020;XX:XXX–XXX.
Perspectives on transcriptomics in animal physiology studies

Reductionist approaches in physiology and biochemistry are essential for understanding how animals cope and adapt to their environments. Transcriptomics is no longer restricted to a select few, and accessibility and affordability continue to facilitate its rapid growth as a science. More than 6000 publications (a conservative estimate) over the past decade quantify the response of the transcriptome to a wide breadth of questions in animal physiology. Transcriptomes have been quantified under conditions of hypoxia, climate change, salinity, drought, environmental pollution, and ultraviolet radiation among others; these studies have greatly improved understanding of the molecular machinery required for organismal adaptation. These "snapshots in time" however are never complete as the transcriptome is exquisitely sensitive to an individual's current physiologic state. Animal physiologists new to the field must recognize limitations of transcriptome technologies and consider experimental designs that strengthen physiologic interpretation. Current estimates suggest that a sample size of 6 or more are required for RNA-seq experiments in order to capture the majority of differentially expressed genes confidently. "Outside-the-box" approaches for statistical analyses of data derived from RNA-seq should be explored, as studies continue to point out that high false discoveries rates are pervasive with RNA-seq studies, reminiscent of the early days of microarrays. Incorporating biological variability, rather than reducing it (i.e. pooling strategies), into experimental designs is essential. Moreover, real-time PCR must not be viewed as a "validation step" to justify low samples sizes, but rather an orthogonal method to strengthen biological interpretation. The use of proper experimental controls in transcriptomics studies (i.e. spike-in controls and technical replication) are recommended and there is a pressing need for inter-laboratory tests (round robin experiments) to quantify repeatability and to identify sources of transcriptome variation within the context of animal physiology. Testing the reproducibility of transcriptome experiments in light of physiology in non-model organisms would be a significant contribution to the community. Single cell transcriptomics and multiplexing barcoding strategies such as decode-seq are poised to further advance the reductionist view of animal physiology; researchers are encouraged to consult literature herein and elsewhere for guidance on best practices and limitations of transcriptome technologies when studying the physiology of animals.
Testosterone Responses to Intensive, Prolonged Endurance Exercise in Women.

Objective: To examine the response of testosterone in women to an intensive, prolonged endurance exercise bout that mimicked a competitive event. Methods: Ten healthy eumenorrheic women ran to exhaustion at ~100% of their ventilatory threshold in their follicular menstrual cycle phase. Testosterone measures were assessed pre-exercise, immediately, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 24 h post-exercise. Results: At exhaustion (75.1 ± 7.0 min), total (56%), free (36%), and bioavailable testosterone (50%) were increased from pre-exercise values (p < 0.05). At 24 h post-exercise, these measures were decreased from pre-exercise values (−21%, −31%, −18%, respectively; p < 0.05). Effect sizes for these changes ranged from medium to large in magnitude. Conclusion: Testosterone was elevated in the early recovery period following exhaustive endurance exercise but was reduced by 24 h afterward. These outcomes are comparable to responses seen in men when sex-based concentration differences are considered.
Spatial Patterns of Thalassia testudinum Immune Status and Labyrinthula spp. Load Implicate Environmental Quality and History as Modulators of Defense Strategies and Wasting Disease in Florida Bay, United States

Seagrass wasting disease, caused by protists of the genus Labyrinthula, is an important stressor of the dominant macrophyte in Florida Bay (FB), United States, Thalassia testudinum. FB exhibits countervailing gradients in plant morphology and resource availability. A synoptic picture of the Thalassia-Labyrinthula relationship was obtained by assessing the activity of four immune biomarkers in conjunction with pathogen prevalence and load [via quantitative PCR (qPCR)] at 15 sites across FB. We found downregulated immune status paired with moderate pathogen load among larger-bodied host phenotypes in western FB and upregulated immunity for smaller-bodied phenotypes in eastern FB. Among the highest immune response sites, a distinct inshore-offshore loading pattern was observed, where coastal basins exposed to freshwater runoff and riverine inputs had the highest pathogen loads, while adjacent offshore locations had the lowest. To explain this, we propose a simple, conceptual model that defines a framework for testable hypotheses based on recent advances in resistance-tolerance theory. We suggest that resource availability has the potential to drive not only plant size, but also tolerance to pathogen load by reducing investment in immunity. Where resources are more scarce, plants may adopt a resistance strategy, upregulating immunity; however, when physiologically challenged, this strategy appears to fail, resulting in high pathogen load. While evidence remains correlative, we argue that hyposalinity stress, at one or more temporal scales, may represent one of many potential drivers of disease dynamics in FB. Together, these data highlight the complexity of the wasting disease pathosystem and raise questions about how climate change and ongoing Everglades restoration might impact this foundational seagrass species.
Comparison of Trendelenburg Angles in Vaginal, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Uterovaginal Apical Prolapse Repairs

STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare the Trendelenburg angle used in laparoscopic uterovaginal apical prolapse repairs with the angles used in vaginal and robotic uterovaginal apical prolapse repairs. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter cohort study from May 2015 to December 2016. SETTING Two academic teaching hospitals. PATIENTS Sixty patients who underwent vaginal high uterosacral ligament suspension, laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy, or robotic sacrocolpopexy performed by 6 surgeons board-certified in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. INTERVENTIONS Measurement of Trendelenburg angle and time spent in Trendelenburg during surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled in each procedure group. The median maximum angle of Trendelenburg was significantly greater in the laparoscopic group (22° [20-25]) than in the vaginal group (15° [6-19]; p <.001) and the robotic group (19° [16-21]; p = .02). The participants in the laparoscopic group spent significantly more time overall in Trendelenburg (176 minutes [143-221]) than those in the robotic group (150 minutes [127-161]; p = .01) and those in the vaginal group (120 minutes [86-128]; p <.001). The participants in the laparoscopic and robotic groups spent similar amounts of time in maximum Trendelenburg (116 minutes [52-164] and 117 minutes [61-134], respectively; p = .56), whereas the participants in the vaginal group spent significantly less time in maximum Trendelenburg (10 minutes [7-38]) than those in the laparoscopic group (p <.001). The total median operative time was highest for the laparoscopic approach (211 minutes [173-270]), followed by the robotic approach (181 minutes [165-201]) and the vaginal approach (162 minutes [128-186]; p = .008). CONCLUSION The median maximum angle of Trendelenburg was highest in laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy-followed by robotic sacrocolpopexy-and lowest in vaginal high uterosacral ligament suspension. Patients who underwent robotic sacrocolpopexy spent less time in Trendelenburg than those who underwent the laparoscopic approach. Prolonged, steep Trendelenburg is often not required for any of the 3 surgical procedures, but a vaginal approach should be considered for those at high risk of complications from Trendelenburg position.
Hypercoagulability in pregnant trauma patients.

Circulating hormones affect coagulopathy in pregnancy and after trauma. The hemostatic profile of pregnant women after injury has not been characterized. We hypothesized that injured pregnant females would present with an initial thrombelastography (TEG) reflecting a more hypercoagulable profile and a higher incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) when compared with non-pregnant females and males. Methods Cohort study of adult trauma patients with TEG measured on arrival was performed from 2009 to 2018 with data extracted from medical records. Nearest-neighbor matching was used to match each pregnant patient by age, Injury Severity Score, prehospital transfusion, and arrival Glasgow Coma Scale with non-pregnant females and males, each in a maximum 1:4 ratio. Hypercoagulable profiles were defined as alpha (α) angle ≥76° and maximum amplitude (MA) ≥65 mm. Lysis at 30 minutes after MA (LY-30) was considered high if ≥3.0% and low if ≤0.8%. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Results Seventy-six pregnant trauma patients were matched to 301 non-pregnant females and 301 males. Demographics were similar between groups, except pregnant females more frequently suffered blunt trauma. Pregnant females presented with a higher α angle, high MA and lower LY-30 than both control groups. Pregnant females met hypercoagulable criteria and had a low LY-30 more frequently than non-pregnant females and males. No pregnant patient versus 2% in each control group developed VTE. Transfusion requirements in the first 24 hours after admission and mortality were similar between groups. After adjustment, low MA and high LY-30 were associated with increased odds of mortality, regardless of sex or pregnancy. Hypocoagulable α angle was associated with pregnancy complications. Conclusion Injured pregnant females frequently presented with a profile that would be considered hypercoagulable under normal reference ranges. However, given the absence of VTE events, this profile may be non-pathologic. Level of evidence IV.
Analysis of traffic upon school departure: Environment, behaviour, well-being and risk factors for road crashes

Abstract Introduction School mobility and traffic in the areas surrounding the school buildings are crucial issues for both sustainability and road safety. The literature on children's safety and school mobility has focused mainly on identifying environmental risk factors for traffic injuries. Aims The present study analysed the characteristics of the traffic at the time of children leaving school to identify the factors related to both traffic congestion and the risk of traffic injuries. Three aspects characterising the time when children are leaving school were considered. Two aspects concerned the traffic system: the environment (infrastructures and traffic conditions) and road users' behaviours. The third aspect was related to the people's well-being and concerned, more specifically, socialisation and stress at the time of departure from school. Method The study involved all primary schools (N = 45) in a medium-sized city in northern Italy. Data were collected through naturalistic observation of the traffic outside the schools. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the traffic characteristics that are significantly related to a greater probability of road crashes. The risk collected for each school was finally classified into three levels (low, medium and high) according to the three considered aspects (environment, behaviours and well-being). Results The results highlighted that the behavioural dimension had the greatest influence on road safety. In fact, in the school areas where risky behaviours like crossing outside the zebra and walking among manoeuvring cars were more frequent, a higher probability of near misses was registered. On the contrary, one infrastructure factor, i.e., the presence of a 30 Km/h speed limit zone, was associated with a lower probability of observed near-misses. Conclusion The results supported the prospective benefits of training programs targeting both children and parents together with infrastructural improvements to promote safety and safe behaviours outside schools.
Microbes Affect Gut Epithelial Cell Composition Through Immune-Dependent Regulation of Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation

Gut microbes play important roles in host physiology; however, the mechanisms underlying their impact remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that microbes not only influence gut physiology but also alter its epithelial composition. The microbiota and pathogens both influence intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation. Intriguingly, while the microbiota promotes ISC differentiation into enterocytes (EC), pathogens stimulate entero-endocrine (EE) cell fate and long-term accumulation of EEs in the midgut epithelium. Importantly, the evolutionarily conserved Drosophila NFKB (Relish) pushes stem cell lineage specification toward ECs by directly regulating differentiation factors. Conversely, the JAK-STAT pathway promotes EE fate in response to infectious damage. We propose a model in which the balance of microbial pattern recognition pathways, such as Imd-Relish, and damage response pathways, such as JAK-STAT, influence ISC differentiation, epithelial composition, and gut physiology.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prevention and Management

Foreword Robert Edwards Preface Introduction 1. Classification 2. Epidemiology 3. Pathophysiology 4. Genetics 5. Complications 6. Prediction and Patient Education 7. Prevention of OHSS 8. Treatment of OHSS.