cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POPULATION GENETICS OF MARINE PELECYPODS. III. EPISTASIS BETWEEN FUNCTIONALLY RELATED ISOENZYMES OF MYTILUS EDULIS

The distribution of interlocus genotypic combinations was examined in Mytilus edulis for interdependence between two loci synthesizing functionally related isoenzymes. There is significant dependence between the Leucine Aminopeptidase and Aminopeptidase loci, which we attribute to epistasis, since the magnitude of dependency varies with age. Furthermore, dependency varies in magnitude with position in the intertidal zone from which samples were taken, suggesting that epistasis is a function of the combination of certain non-homologous alleles as well as of the environmental circumstance in which the combinations occur.
Phase I clinical trial of melphalan and 41.8°C whole-body hyperthermia in cancer patients

PURPOSETo evaluate the biologic interactions and toxicities of carboplatin combined with 41.8 degrees C whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) for 60 minutes in a phase I clinical trial.PATIENTS AND METHODSThirty assessable patients with cancer refractory to conventional therapy were treated. During induction therapy, patients received WBH alone in week 1, WBH plus carboplatin in week 2, and carboplatin alone in week 5. Carboplatin dose was escalated (three patients per group) as follows: 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 480, and 575 mg/m2; three additional patients were entered at 480 mg/m2. Carboplatin was administered at target temperature.RESULTSComparisons of the mean/median WBC and platelet nadirs for carboplatin alone and carboplatin plus WBH demonstrated no enhancing effect by WBH. Toxicities including nausea and/or vomiting, as well as myelosuppression, were within acceptable limits, allowing for escalation to a dose of 575 mg/m2; three of three patients at this dose level experienced grade 4 myelosuppr...
Intraischemic hypothermia attenuates neutrophil infiltration in the rat neocortex after focal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE : The mechanisms by which hypothermia influences postischemic outcome remain a matter of discussion. One mechanism thought to play an important role in neuronal damage after ischemia/reperfusion is the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in compromised brain tissue. To better understand the potential impact of hypothermia on this injurious mechanism, the present study examined the effect of intraischemic hypothermia on polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation after transient focal ischemia. METHODS : The effect of intraischemic hypothermia (30°C) on the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was quantified by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the neocortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. Reversible focal ischemia was created by subjecting rats to temporary occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery and both carotid arteries for 3 hours ; animals were killed 24 hours after reperfusion. RESULTS : Normothermic animals exhibited significantly greater MPO activity in the infarction core (P < 0.05) and the pericore areas (P < 0.05), compared with corresponding areas in sham-operated animals. Hypothermic animals exhibited significantly greater MPO activity in the core (P < 0.05) but not in the pericore region, compared with sham-operated animals. MPO activity in the pericore region of the hypothermic group was significantly less than that observed in the corresponding region of the normothermic group (P < 0.01). In addition, the total volume of cerebral infarction was reduced by 59% in the hypothermic group. CONCLUSION : These findings demonstrate that intraischemic hypothermia attenuates the inflammatory response to transient focal ischemia in the pericore region, i.e., the region spared from infarction under hypothermic conditions. The findings raise the possibility that a reduction in the inflammatory response after ischemia/reperfusion contributes to the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Phosphorylated Pentameric Phospholamban Bound to the Sarcoplasmic Calcium ATPase

The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) is the main enzyme responsible for the reuptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during muscle relaxation. Phospholamban (PLN), a homopentameric membrane protein expressed in the SR, binds to and decreases the rate of Ca2+ transport of SERCA. This inhibitory action is relieved when PLN is phosphorylated at residues Ser-16 or Thr-17 in response to different signal pathways. Although a great deal of knowledge has been accumulated on the functional consequences of PLN phosphorylation, very little is known about the molecular details leading to relief of inhibition. Previous work suggested a crucial role of protein topology in the complex between SERCA and PLN, with the latter showing different tilt angles in the presence and absence of SERCA. Our hypothesis is that SERCA activity is regulated by changes in topology in PLN transmembrane helices upon phosphorylation. In order to probe for the orientation of protein domains, solid-state NMR in oriented lipid bilayers has established itself as the method of choice in many studies. Here we present data on the topological changes taking place in phospholamban pentamer in the presence of SERCA upon phosphorylation at Ser-16 or Thr-17. SERCA and PLN are reconstituted in lipid bilayers and uniaxially aligned either mechanically (on glass plates) or magnetically (upon formation of bicelles). The two proteins are fully functional under these conditions as demonstrated by the ability of SERCA to transport Ca2+ in functional assays as well as PLN dependent decrease in apparent affinity for Ca2+.
Synthesis and reactivity of fluorinated ferracarborane anions.

The ferracarborane [N(PPh3)2][6,6,6,10,10,10-(CO)6-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H8] (2) reacts in CH2Cl2 with 3 molar equivalents of Ag[PF6] to yield the trifluoro-substituted species [N(PPh3)2][7,8,9-F3-6,6,6,10,10,10-(CO)6-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H5] (3). Compound 3 undergoes structural rearrangement in toluene at reflux temperatures, forming [N(PPh3)2][8,9,10-F3-6,6,6,7,7,7-(CO)6-closo-6,7,1-Fe2CB7H5] (4). Alternatively, reaction of either 2 or 3 with a 10-fold excess of Ag[PF6] in CH2Cl2 forms two species: namely, [N(PPh3)2][2,7,9,10-F4-6,6,6,8,8,8-(CO)6-closo-6,8,1-Fe2CB7H4] (5), in which one further B–F substitution has occurred and the {Fe2CB7} cluster core has rearranged, plus a mono-iron co-product, [N(PPh3)2][3,8,9-F3-7,7,7-(CO)3-closo-7,1-FeCB7H5] (6) that is formed by polyhedral contraction. Treatment of 3 with [NO][BF4] in CH2Cl2 results in CO substitution at the 4-connected iron vertex [Fe(10)], producing the zwitterionic complex [7,8,9-F3-6,6,6,10,10-(CO)5-10-NO-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H5] (7). Addition of Me3NO to a mixture of 3 and PEt3 in CH2Cl2 also results in CO substitution, forming the isomeric species [N(PPh3)2][7,8,9-F3-6,6,m,10,10-(CO)5-n-PEt3-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H5] [m = 6, n = 10 (8a); m = 10, n = 6 (8b)] in a 5 : 1 ratio. Treatment of 8a with [NO][BF4] and then CNBut in CH2Cl2 allows further, successive CO substitution at Fe(10) to yield first a neutral, zwitterionic complex [7,8,9-F3-6,6,6,10-(CO)4-10-NO-10-PEt3-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H5] (9) and then [7,8,9-F3-6,6,6-(CO)3-10-CNBut-10-NO-10-PEt3-closo-6,10,1-Fe2CB7H5] (10). The molecular structures of compounds 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 have been established by X-ray diffraction.
Chemosensitivity of human prostate cancer cells PC3 and LNCaP to genistein isoflavone and β-lapachone

A wide spectrum of anti-cancer activity of genistein and beta-lapachone in various tumors has been reported in single treatments. In this study the combined effects of genistein and beta-lapachone on the chemosensitivity of LNCaP and PC3 human prostate cancer cells was determined in vitro, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2-,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to study treatment-induced growth inhibition and cytotoxicity and, annexin V-fluoresceine (FI) and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-propidium iodide (PI) assays to determine potential treatment-induced apoptosis and/or necrosis. The results showed: i) that both PC3 and LNCaP are sensitive to single and combination treatments regardless of hormone sensitivity status, ii) that treatment induced dual death pathways (apoptosis and necrosis) in both cell types, iii) that growth inhibition in both cell types correlated positively with cell death via apoptosis at lower drug concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations, iv) that combination of genistein and beta-lapachone had synergistic inhibitory effects on growth and proliferation in both cell types. The synergistic inhibitory effect was correlated positively with treatment-induced cell death via apoptosis and necrosis. The overall results indicate that combination treatments with beta-lapachone and genistein are more potent in killing both PC3 and LNCaP cancer cells than treatment with either genistein or beta-lapachone alone. beta-lapachone acts at the G1 and S phase checkpoints in the cell cycle, while genistein induces cell cycle arrest at the G2-M stage. The current results are therefore in agreement with the hypothesis that drug combinations that target cell cycles at different critical checkpoints would be more effective in causing cell death. This result provides a rationale for in vivo studies to determine whether beta-lapachone-genistein combination will provide effective chemotherapy for prostate cancer, regardless of the tumor sensitivity to hormone.
Time course of radiation-induced taste aversion conditioning

Abstract Taste aversion conditioning was used to define the onset and duration of the period after exposure to 100 R gamma radiation which was most aversive to the animal. Rats were irradiated and then allowed to drink a saccharin solution. A significant decrement appeared in their cumulative intake, compared to sham animals at 90 min postexposure. When time delays between 0–90 min were imposed between offset of the radiation beam (US) and onset of saccharin exposure (CS), the time at which a significant decrement in saccharin drinking occurred remained constant at 90 min. With US-CS delays of 2, 4, and 6 hr a weaker aversion was found in terms of the time span before a significant decrement in the irradiated groups' saccharin drinking rate appeared. Groups which were irradiated then allowed access to tap water for 24 hr, either immediately or 1.5 hr after radiation offset, showed no decrement in their water drinking rate with respect to a sham control. The procedures used in this experiment provide a method for measuring the latency of onset of subtle physiological effects.
Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor with Self-compensation Capability for Harsh Environment Applications

A novel fiber optic pressure sensor system with self-compensation capability for harsh environment applications is reported. The system compensates for the fluctuation of source power and the variation of fiber losses by self-referencing the two channel outputs of a fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interfrometric (EFPI) sensor probe. A novel sensor fabrication system based on the controlled thermal bonding method is also described. For the first time, high-performance fiber optic EFPI sensor probes can be fabricated in a controlled fashion with excellent mechanical strength and temperature stability to survive and operate in the high-pressure and high-temperature coexisting harsh environment. Using a single-mode fiber sensor probe and the prototype signal-processing unit, we demonstrate pressure measurement up to 8400 psi and achieved resolution of 0.005% (2σ=0.4 psi) at atmospheric pressure, repeatability of ±0.15% (±13 psi), and 25-h stability of 0.09% (7 psi). The system also shows excellent remote operation capability when tested by separating the sensor probe from its signal-processing unit at a distance of 6.4 km.
Low detectability of excess yttrium or barium by X-ray diffraction in YBa2Cu3O7 prepared by coprecipitation

Abstract Excess CuO, BaCuO 2 , and Y 2 BaCuO 5 (2-1-1) were each separately incorporated into YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (1-2-3) samples, in order to test the sensitivity of powder X-ray diffraction to these common impurity phases. The additions were made by two methods: 1. (1) physical blending, by mixing a phase-pure impurity with phase-pure 1-2-3, and 2. (2) chemical addition, by adding the impurities as individual metal nitrates to a stoichiometric YBa 2 Cu 3 nitrate solution, followed by precipitation and calcination. While chemically and physically incorporated CuO display similar X-ray detectabilities, low (2 wt.%) concentrations of chemically added BaCuO 2 and 2-1-1 are far harder to detect than their physically blended counterparts. It was also found that nearly 10 at.% of yttrium in excess of stoichiometry (i.e. “1.1-2-3”) can be chemically incorporated before 2-1-1 X-ray peaks are observed.
Nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage

The development of nanotechnology in the past two decades has generated great capability of controlling materials at the nanometer scale and has enabled exciting opportunities to design materials with desirable electronic, ionic, photonic, and mechanical properties. This development has also contributed to the advance in energy storage, which is a critical technology in this century. In this article, we will review how the rational design of nanostructured materials has addressed the challenges of batteries and electrochemical capacitors and led to high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. Four specific material systems will be discussed: i) nanostructured alloy anodes for Li-batteries, ii) nanostructured sulfur cathodes for Li-batteries, iii) nanoporous openframework battery electrodes, and iv) nanostructured electrodes for electrochemical capacitors.
Effects of gas depletion on gas-liquid reaction systems

Abstract The gas holdup and, consequently, the interfacial area for absorption vary inversely with the rate of interfacial mass transfer in a gas—liquid reactor. This is the principal basis for the bounding influence of the gas phase on the rate of absorption when the gaseous feed contains only the reactant and the reaction does not have any gaseous products. A model of a nonisothermal gas-liquid CSTR is formulated that shows the effect of the gas phase on the steady-state temperatures and the steady-state multiplicity. The bounding influence of the gas phase becomes paramount when the gaseous feed is not in excess and the gas solubility and the reaction rate are large. The exothermic reaction between CO 2 and aqueous NaOH solution is studied experimentally in a CSTR. The results show that for this fast reaction system the depletion of both the gaseous and liquid reactants determines the steady state. For such a system, as predicted by the theory, the reactor performance does not depend on the reaction rate, the enhancement factor, the mass-transfer coefficient and the interfacial area, as long as the reaction remains fast.
Investigation of the applicability of Design for X tools during design concept evolution: a literature review

Despite the availability of numerous "Design for X (DfX)" concepts/methods, their application is challenging for two reasons: • because methods have been developed with different foci (e.g., manufacturing vs. quality), it is difficult to know how different methods complement each other • in what sequence and where at the design stage they should be applied. We address this challenge with a review of DfX methods with recommended design stages for their use from the published literature. We also provide a thematic clustering for their application along with a maturity index for each DfX concept.
Transient Photoconductivity of MEH-PPV and Its Sensitization by C60

Abstract We report the results of comprehensive measurements of photoconductivity (PC) in films of poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p- phenylenevinylene], MEH-PPV and MEH-PPV/C60 composites. The peak transient PC of MEH-PPV is proportional to the light intensity and the electric field, and independent of temperature. The spectral response of the picosecond transient PC shows that the onset of the photocurrent coincides with that of photo-absorption, consistent with the photogeneration of charge carriers via an interband transition. The transient PC (lifetime and magnitude) of MEH-PPV increases substantially on increasing the concentration of C60 in OMEH-PPV/C60 composite films; ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer minimizes early-time recombination and enhances the quantum yield for photogeneration of free charge carriers.
Dynamic Equilibrium in Markets for Perennial Crops

A dynamic equilibrium model for perennial crop markets is formulated. Price expectations are formed according to perfect foresight, and both the age composition of the crop and the optimal rotation are determined endogenously. The model is applied to the California alfalfa market. The calculated long-run equilibrium acreage is quite close to average acreage over the base period. The results also exhibit cyclical fluctuations in acreage with a six percent coefficient of variation. Thus, cyclical behavior can arise from technical characteristics of the production process as well as from imperfectly formed expectations or random exogenous shocks.
Stabilization in the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch

The ZaP flow Z-pinch experiment at the University of Washington investigates the innovative plasma confinement concept of using sheared flows to stabilize an otherwise unstable configuration. The ZaP experiment generates an axially flowing Z-pinch that is 1 m long with a 1 cm radius with a coaxial accelerator coupled to a pinch assembly chamber. Magnetic probes measure the fluctuation levels of the azimuthal modes m = 1, 2, and 3. After assembly, the plasma is magnetically confined for an extended quiescent period where the mode activity is significantly reduced. Experimental measurements show a sheared flow profile that is coincident with the low magnetic fluctuations during the quiescent period. Recent experimental modifications produce more energetic Z-pinch plasmas that exhibit the same general behavior. The plasma equilibrium is characterized with a suite of diagnostics that measure the plasma density, magnetic field, ion and electron temperatures, in addition to plasma flow. The equilibrium is shown to satisfy radial force balance.
Polarization in 217-Mev p-n and p-p Scattering

In a continuation of a general study of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, the polarization in 217-Mev quasi-elastic $p\ensuremath{-}n$ scattering from deuterium was measured by C${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$-C subtraction. These data cover the angular range 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m. system) and are in fairly good agreement with the predictions of the phase-shift analysis of Breit et al. The polarization in elastic $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering was measured in the angular range 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m. system) at an energy of 210 Mev using a liquid hydrogen target, and from 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m. system) at 217 Mev using C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-C subtraction. These two measurements are in agreement over their common angular range but differ somewhat from the earlier measurements of Baskir et al. The data are somewhat better fitted by the predictions of the boundary-condition model of Bryan, Saylor, and Marshak than by the latest phase-shift analyses of Stapp, Moravcsik, and Noyes, and of Breit et al. The polarization in 217-Mev quasi-elastic $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering from deuterium was measured over the angular range 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (c.m. system) by C${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$-C subtraction; these data agree with our elastic $p\ensuremath{-}p$ polarization results within the statistical precision of the measurements (about 1.5%).
Origin of the nu =2/5 fractional quantum Hall effect.

We present numerical evidence in support of the view that the physical origin of the fractional quantum Hall effect at \ensuremath{\nu}=n/(2n+1) is associated with the fact that this is the largest filling factor at which an n-component system of electrons can avoid having any pair of electrons occur in a state of relative angular momentum 1. Our calculations, for n=2, are based on a model in which the Hilbert space is truncated to the two lowest Landau levels and the Landau-level separation, \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, is a parameter of the model. For \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0 and short-range repulsive interactions, a zero-energy incompressible ground state occurs at \ensuremath{\nu}=2/5. Our numerical results suggest that, in agreement with arguments advanced by J. K. Jain, this incompressibility survives to the strong-field limit \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$=\ensuremath{\infty}.
Transcellular biosynthesis of lipoxin A4 during adhesion of platelets and neutrophils in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Transcellular biosynthesis of lipoxin A 4 during adhesion of platelets and neutrophils in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are important effectors of injury in host defense and inflammation. Many inflammatory diseases are self-limiting, raising the possibility that compounds are generated in vivo during the course of inflammation that inhibit neutrophil recruitment and tissue destruction. Lipoxins, a more recent addition to the families of bioactive eicosanoids, are potential candidates in this regard. Lipoxins are generated via pathways that initially involve the dual lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid and are potent inhibitors of several neutrophil trafficking events in vitro . Here, we present evidence that lipoxin A 4 is generated in rat kidneys during experimental immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in vivo . Renal lipoxin A 4 levels were markedly reduced by prior depletion of animals of either neutrophils or platelets, suggesting that most lipoxin A 4 generated in vivo was derived from transcellular biosynthetic pathways during platelet-neutrophil interactions. Electron microscopic examination of glomerulonephritic kidneys revealed areas of intimate contact between neutrophils and platelets within the lumen of glomerular capillaries. P-selectin on platelets is an important mediator of platelet-neutrophil adhesion in vitro and in vivo . Prior treatment of animals with a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) against P-selectin (mAb CY1747), but not an isotype-matched non-blocking control mAb (mAb PNB1.6), caused striking inhibition of lipoxin A 4 generation without attenuating neutrophil recruitment. Anti-P-selectin mAb also blunted transcellular lipoxin A 4 generation during coincubations of activated neutrophils and platelets in vitro . Together, these data suggested that adhesion of activated platelets and neutrophils through P-selectin within glomerular capillaries enhances transcellular lipoxin A 4 formation by priming lipoxygenase pathways of adherent cells and/or by facilitating the transfer of arachidonate intermediates between adherent platelets and neutrophils. Lipoxin A 4 inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion to endothelial cells and diapedesis in some in vitro systems, and exposure of neutrophils to lipoxin A 4 ex vivo in the present study resulted in striking attenuation of their recruitment to inflamed glomeruli. These observations provide evidence that neutrophil adhesion, in addition to facilitating neutrophil recruitment during the initial stages of inflammation, also promotes transcellular generation of lipid-derived signals that regulate neutrophil trafficking and may contribute to the suppression of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury.
Chemical exposure guidelines for deployed military personnel.

In light of the absence of guidelines and standards applicable to deployed military personnel, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) has completed Technical Guide 230A, Short-term Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel. This guide provides estimated concentration levels associated with various types of effects for short-term exposures from 1 hour up to 2 weeks. A second TG (TG230B, Long-term Chemical Exposure Guidelines for Deployed Military Personnel) is being developed to address potentially longer deployment related exposures (i.e. greater than 2 weeks up to 1 year). This article focuses on TG230A which describes varying severity levels and health effects associated with short-term chemical exposures in a format consistent with the existing doctrinal military risk management paradigm. It is a consolidated reference tool for trained military medical staff to evaluate different chemical hazards, and will ensure more expedient risk management de...
Pay Equity and Top Management Turnover Following CEO Succession

Prior research has shown that CEO succession is often followed by an increase in turnover rates among non-CEO executives. However, the social mechanism that explains why CEO succession tends to tri...
Positivity of the Total Mass of a General Space-Time

The positive-mass conjecture states that for a nontrivial isolated physical system, the total energy, which includes contributions from both matter and gravitation, is positive. This assertion has been demonstrated in the important case when the space-time admits a maximal slice. Here this assumption is removed and the general mass conjecture is demonstrated. Also the topology of all possible asymptotically flat space-times satisfying the local energy condition is determined.
Detecting potential teratogenic alkaloids from blue cohosh rhizomes using an in vitro rat embryo culture.

The novel alkaloid thalictroidine (1), as well as the known alkaloids taspine (2), magnoflorine (3), anagyrine (4), baptifoline (5), 5,6-dehydro-α-isolupanine (6), α-isolupanine (7), lupanine (8), N-methylcytisine (9), and sparteine (10), were identified from an extract of Caulophyllum thalictroides rhizomes. N-Methylcytisine exhibited teratogenic activity in the rat embryo culture (REC), an in vitro method to detect potential teratogens. The structure of 1 was elucidated using various spectroscopic methods, primarily by NMR techniques. Thalictroidine, anagyrine, and α-isolupanine were not teratogenic in the REC at tested concentrations. Taspine (2) showed high embryotoxicity, but no teratogenic activity, in the REC.
The space of density continuous functions

We denote by Rd the set of real numbers, R, endowed with the density topology. A function f : Rd ~ Rd is said to be density continuous, if it is continuous with respect to the topology on Rd in both the domain and range. The set of density continuous functions has been studied in several limited ways. Bruckner [1] and Niewiarowski [3] have studied density continuous functions which are homeomorphisms under the standard topology on R. Ostaszewski has investigated the local behavior of density continuous functions [4] and has investigated their behavior as a semigroup [5]. In this paper, we consider the composition of the set of density continuous functions. The structure of this set seems to be quite complicated. Ostaszewski [5] has noted that it is not dosed under uniform convergence. In Example 2 we show that it is not a vector space. Corollary 3 shows that each real-analytic function is density continuous, but Example 1 is a C ~ function which is not density continuous. It is not difficult to construct a density continuous function which is not continuous. On the other hand, every density continuous function must be approximately continuous. In what follows, the right (left) unilateral derivatives of a function f are represented as f+ ( f ) . The Lebesgue measure of a set A is denoted by IAI and the Lebesuge density (right, left Lebesgue density) of A at a point x is written as d(A ,x ) (d+(A ,x ) ,d (A ,x ) ) . The set of functions which are infinitely differentiable on R is written as C ~176 Finally, if A and B are two sets such that sup A __< inf B, then we write A << B. Before stating the main result, we first present the following lemma.
GABAergic and catecholaminergic synaptic interactions in the Macaque hypothalamus: Double label immunostaining with peroxidase-antiperoxidase and colloidal gold

Immunogold staining (IGS) for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was combined with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to analyze gamma-aminobutyric acid-catecholaminergic neuronal interactions in the rhesus hypothalamus. At the light-microscopic level, TH-immunoreactive (-IR) perikarya and their fibers (brown) were observed in the anterior ventral periventricular area (AVPV), the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the adjacent periventricular zone (ARC-PVZ). GAD-IR processes (light red) were also present throughout the hypothalamus and appeared to contact some TH-IR neurons. At the electron-microscopic level, PAP was present in perikarya, dendrites, axons and axon terminals of TH-IR neurons. Colloidal gold particles (15 nm) were found only in dendrites and axon terminals of GAD-IR neurons. Labeled GAD terminals typically contained small, clear synaptic vesicles, while TH terminals contained these and sometimes one or two dense-core vesicles. In the ARC and ARC-PVZ, asymmetrical (Gray I) axodendritic synapses occurred between GAD and TH-IR profiles, with TH/GAD directionality more prevalent. Symmetrical (Gray II) synapses were less common, with either TH or GAD presynaptic in axodendritic and dendrodendritic contacts. GAD/GAD interactions were not observed, but TH/TH contacts appeared to be mostly dendrodendritic. In the AVPV, only symmetrical synapses were encountered, and their directionality was difficult to determine. GAD- and TH-IR dendrites frequently established dendrodendritic synapses, but GAD/TH dendrosomatic synapses were seldom seen. These results illustrate the complex interactions of GAD- and TH-containing elements in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
Minimum cortical processing time.

Eight pieces of evidence, from a variety of experimental paradigms, seem to converge in support of the minimum prosencephalic or cortical-subcortical processing time of about 300 ms±25 ms
The role of mitochondria for the regulation of cardiac alternans.

Electromechanical and Ca alternans is a beat-to-beat alternation of action potential duration, contraction strength and Ca transient amplitude observed in cardiac myocytes at regular stimulation frequency. Ca alternans is a multifactorial process that is causally linked to cardiac arrhythmias. At the cellular level, conditions that increase fractional release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or reduce diastolic Ca sequestration favor the occurrence of alternans. Mitochondria play a significant role in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and Ca signaling by providing the energy for contraction and ATP-dependent processes and possibly by serving as Ca buffering organelles. Here we tested the hypothesis that impairment of mitochondrial function generates conditions that favor the occurrence of Ca alternans. Alternans were elicited by electrical pacing (>1 Hz) in single cat atrial myocytes and intracellular Ca ([Ca]i) was measured with the fluorescent Ca indicator Indo-1. The degree of alternans was quantified as the alternans ratio (AR=1-S/L, where S/L is the ratio of the small to the large amplitude of a pair of alternating Ca transients). Dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (with FCCP) as well as inhibition of mitochondrial F1/F0-ATP synthase (oligomycin), electrontransport chain (rotenone, antimycin, CN-), Ca-dependent dehydrogenases and mitochondrial Ca uptake or extrusion, all enhanced AR and lowered the threshold for the occurrence of Ca alternans. The data indicate that impairment of mitochondrial function adversely affects cardiac Ca cycling leading to proarrhythmic Ca alternans.
Human Rights, Environment, and Development: The Dispossession of Fishing Communities on Lake Malawi

In a growing number of cases throughout Africa, communities' resource bases are being undermined or appropriated by outsiders, a process which seriously threatens the continuation of local cultures and livelihoods. In this article, we use a political ecology framework to examine how the linked processes of economic development, political power, and environmental change are transgressing the rights of fishing communities on the shores of Lake Malawi. In the cases described, these communities, or community members within them, find themselves powerless to prevent the expropriation of the resources over which they previously had either legal or customary control. Thus, it is not the economic processes of dispossession alone which lead to human rights violations but rather dispossession combined with an authoritarian political context.
Development of the geniculocortical pathway in rat

Most cell of the dorsal laterial geniculate nucleus of rats are generated on fetal days 12 to 14. Their axons invade the telencephalon on fetal day 16 and run in the intermediate zone just below the cortical plate, reaching the visual area of fetal day 18. The axons do not invade the cortical plate significantly until close to birth (day 22 of gestation) and reach their zone of terminal distribution between postnatal days 1 and 4. In subsequent days the projection becomes progressively more heavily distrubuted in layers IV and I, and synapses of thalamic origin can be identified in these layers. While cells destined for layers IV cross the intermediate zone at the time that thalamic axons first arrive, this coincidence of growth does not seem to be a factor which determines the specificity of patterns of thalamocortical connections since the cells reach layer IV several days before the axons. It is unclear why the axons should wait several days in the region immediately below the cortical plate before invading; although there is a parallel in previous studies on the development of the chick retinotectal pathway (Crossland et al., '75).
Recovery of Indigestible Fiber from Feces of Sheep and Cattle on Forage Diets

Abstract The usefulness of indigestible neutral detergent fiber as an internal marker was explored in a study involving 24 forages primarily of tropical and subtropical species. Samples of forages, feces, and orts from digestion trials using two or three sheep or cattle per forage were digested in vitro to determine the recovery of fiber. Samples of eight forages and associated orts and feces were also digested in situ. Six days of incubation were required for fiber disappearance to approach an asymptote. Recovery of fiber in feces did not change appreciably after the first 6 d. Mean fiber recoveries for subtropical forages ranged from 83 to 111% with standard errors from .5 to 5.0. Recovery for immature ryegrass forages averaged 130%. Results indicate that although the recovery of fiber among bermuda forages was biased in favor of those having lower fiber content, fiber recovery for sorghum forages was unbiased with a mean of 96% and low standard error (1.5). The hypothesis that bias in fiber recovery is caused by variations in sample particle size is explored.
World and united states population prospects

Despite the swings of public opinion the population problem is still very serious. Just because there have been successes in lowering the fertility rates in some developing countries by no means is the world population declining. To the contrary it is still growing at a rate of 94 million/year. And since nearly 1/2 the population of the 3rd world is under 15 the potential for tremendous population growth is a very real possibility. The worlds population growth rate peaked in the 60s at 2%. Even with all the successes of fertility control the growth rate is still 1.8%. This decrease of 0.2% only lengthens the population doubling time from 35 years to 39 years. The authors final conclusion is that all the statistics presented lead to only one answer: we dont know what will happen in the future. However we do know that world population will double soon after the turn of the century if something is not done to lower the rate of growth.
Emergent medical and surgical management of mediastinal infantile hemangioma with symptomatic spinal cord compression: case report and literature review

We report an extremely rare case of a patient with a large, cervical, and upper thoracic cutaneous hemangioma associated with a separate, underlying mediastinal hemangioma extending to the epidural space causing significant spinal cord compression. A 6-week-old female presented with decreased movement of her right arm and bilateral lower extremity hyperreflexia. Her arm weakness progressed to paralysis over the course of 24 h. She underwent emergent surgical decompression and medical therapy with propranolol and systemic corticosteroids. While several recent reports have described dramatic responses of hemangiomas to propranolol, this is the first case in which it was used as part of a multimodal approach to symptomatic spinal cord compression. The infant improved immediately after surgery. She is neurologically intact and has radiographic regression of the hemangiomas on follow-up examination 6 months later.
Responding to reference queries for numeric data and the problems inherent in interpreting statistical sources

Abstract Statistical reference questions are among the most problematic a government information specialist faces. Answering such queries is a subjective process and librarians must be sensitive to the context of both the query and the data. The first issue is to recognize the potential lack of consistency in definition or methods among agencies or governments. This paper provides a few illustrative examples that reinforce this point and demonstrates how a general knowledge of statistical measures can lead to better informed reference service.
A note on the deformable region in a rigid-plastic structure☆

Abstract A theorem due to Bishop et al . (1956) which leads to a method for determining the extent of the deformable region in a rigid-plastic body at yield is shown to be applicable to structures. As an example the extent of the deformable region is determined for the bending of a clamped thin plate of arbitrary shape under a concentrated transverse load.
Modeling and detecting anomalous topic access

There has been considerable success in developing strategies to detect insider threats in information systems based on what one might call the random object access model or ROA. This approach models illegitimate users as ones who randomly access records. The goal is to use statistics, machine learning, knowledge of workflows and other techniques to support an anomaly detection framework that finds such users. In this paper we introduce and study a random topic access model or RTA aimed at users whose access may be illegitimate but is not fully random because it is focused on common semantic themes. We argue that this model is appropriate for a meaningful range of attacks and develop a system based on topic summarization that is able to formalize the model and provide anomalous user detection effectively for it. To this end, we use healthcare as an example and propose a framework for evaluating the ability to recognize various types of random users called random topic access detection or RTAD. Specifically, we utilize a combination of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), for feature extraction, a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm for outlier detection and evaluate the ability to identify different adversarial types. We validate the technique in the context of hospital audit logs where we show varying degrees of success based on user roles and the anticipated characteristics of attackers. In particular, it was found that RTAD exhibits strong performance for roles are described by a few topics, but weaker performance when users are more topic-agnostic.
Shifting Paradigms and Debates in the Management of Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer has almost quadrupled over the past 30 years in the United States, a large number of which are less than 2 cm in size. There have been several paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. The common debate in the past was total vs less than total thyroidectomy, however recently there is more interest in evaluation of fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules, and intraoperative management in relation to the central compartment. The debate about elective central compartment nodal dissection vs observation has generated considerable controversy in the recent literature. Postoperative follow-up with thyroglobulin and ultrasound has become the mainstay of postoperative evaluation. Radioactive iodine ablation has been used in selected patients with advanced or aggressive thyroid cancer. While risk stratification continues to be an important facet in the evaluation of thyroid cancer, low risk patients are rarely offered radioactive iodine ablation. Understanding of the details of the histopathology is crucial, especially dividing the patients between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. PET scanning has been useful in the follow-up of patients with poorly differentiated, insular or tall cell thyroid cancer. External radiation therapy is used in selected patients where gross residual disease was present or there are painful bony metastases. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify specific molecular markers and their applicability for targeted therapy. This manuscript describes the current debates and shifting paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Where Are the Data?: Applying Evidence to Neonatal Care

Often, treatment modalities trickle down from the adult to the pediatric to the neonatal population. Pain management and skin care are examples of this and are well documented in the literature in the adult population. Some treatment modalities used for pain Fundamental to nursing as a profession is its research-based body of knowledge. Neonatal nurse researchers have contributed to evidencebased practice through well-documented nursing research in many areas, including neonatal skin care (Lund et al., 2001), infant massage (Beyer & Strauss, 2002), kangaroo care (Ludington-Hoe, Nguyen, Swinth, & Satyshur, 2000), pain management (Hudson-Barr et al., 2002), infant bathing, (Medves & O’Brien, 2004), developmental care (Byers, 2003), the NICU environment (Bremmer, Byers, & Kiehl, 2003) and infant feeding (DiGirolamo & GrummerOften, treatment
A knowledge-based system for the automatic generation of PCB alternative designs

Abstract The motivation for this research is the need to enhance the performance of the PCB environment with a system that will provide the designers with the opportunity to take manufacturing into consideration in the early design stages. The model proposed here will consist of a knowledge based system for the automatic generation of PCB alternative designs. This system will decompose an existing design and provide other possible design alternatives equivalent to the design under consideration. This will serve a dual purpose. First, different, but equivalent, PCB designs can be evaluated for manufacturability in order to aid the designer in making the final PCB design decision. Second, a PCB design-specific module can be created and kept on hand to be utilized in cases were there is a need to find a replacement board or a spare without going through the entire design process. This work contributes to the design for manufacturability, a concurrent engineering strategy , in the electronic industry with a setting that provides for the integration of design and manufacturing that can lead to cost and lead time reductions.
“Im Gonna Tell You All About It”: Authorial Voice and Conventional Skills in Writing Assessment and Educational Practice

ABSTRACT Writing assessments have attended to the mechanics of writing, reflecting a value on the teaching of writing conventions. One quality of writing rarely assessed is authorial voice, a personal style that communicates the author's stance toward events reported and the author's relationship to the audience. The authors explore associations among authorial voice, writing mechanics, and academic performance. In the fall and spring of 1 academic year, 115 third- through fifth-grade students wrote personal narratives that were coded for 2 measures of mechanics and 4 measures of authorial voice. Students and teachers completed measures of academic performance. Mechanics, but not voice, predicted academic performance. The authors suggest that mechanics-focused state standards discourage authorial voice, and they propose attention to voice as a springboard to develop other writing skills.
Nonprofits with distributional objectives: price discrimination and corner solutions

Abstract We characterize the patterns of pricing and rationing when paternalistic nonprofit organizations (either private or governmental) care about the level and distribution of consumer surplus provided to their clients. Equilibrium depends upon marginal cost, the organization's distributional weights, exogenous income levels, and cream-skimming by competing for-profit firms. In equilibrium, some consumers pay their reservation price or a lower price above marginal cost, some pay less than marginal cost, some obtain the good for free, and some are not permitted to buy the good at any acceptable price. Comparative statics here differs from that for output or profit maximizers, with discontinuous price schedules shifting abruptly when exogenous income changes.
Relaxed currency and consistency: how to say "good enough" in SQL

Despite the widespread and growing use of asynchronous copies to improve scalability, performance and availability, this practice still lacks a firm semantic foundation. Applications are written with some understanding of which queries can use data that is not entirely current and which copies are "good enough"; however, there are neither explicit requirements nor guarantees. We propose to make this knowledge available to the DBMS through explicit currency and consistency (C&C) constraints in queries and develop techniques so the DBMS can guarantee that the constraints are satisfied. In this paper we describe our model for expressing C&C constraints, define their semantics, and propose SQL syntax. We explain how C&C constraints are enforced in MTCache, our prototype mid-tier database cache, including how constraints and replica update policies are elegantly integrated into the cost-based query optimizer. Consistency constraints are enforced at compile time while currency constraints are enforced at run time by dynamic plans that check the currency of each local replica before use and select sub-plans accordingly. This approach makes optimal use of the cache DBMS while at the same time guaranteeing that applications always get data that is "good enough" for their purpose.
Energetics of T, T′, and T* phases in some rare earth cuprates

Abstract The enthalpies of solution in molten 2PbO · B2O3 at 704°C of Nd2CuO4 (T′), (La1-x Ndx)2CuO4 (T or T′), (La0.60Dy0.35Ce0.05)2CuO4 (T′ and T*), and (La0.60Dy0.35Th0.05)2CuO4 (T′- and T*) have been measured. The enthalpy of formation (from oxides) at 700°C of (La1-x Ndx)2CuO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) varies from -20 to -7 kJ mol-1, depending on composition. The enthalpy of the T′ to T transition in (La0.75 Nd0.25)2CuO4 is +6.3 ± 2.8 kJ mol-1. Extrapolated enthalpies of transition from T′ to T are +3 ± 8 kJ mol-1 for La2CuO4 and +28 ± 10 kJ mol-1 for Nd2CuO4. The enthalpy of mixing in the T′ phase of (La1-x Ndx)2 CuO4 is positive, with a regular enthalpy interaction parameter of + 51.8 kJ mol-1. The positive enthalpy of mixing argues against cation ordering being important in this system. The enthalpies of transition of T* to T′ of (La0.6Dy0.35Th0.05)2CuO4 and (La0.6Dy0.35Ce0.05)2CuO4 are +38 ± 5 and +51 ± 6 kJ mol-1, respectively. There is a linear dependence of the enthalpy of transition (ΔH) between T′ and T (or T* and T′) phases on the volume of transition (ΔV), ΔH (kJ mol-1) = 37.4 + 9.27 ΔV (cm3 mol-1).