cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skeletal loading score is associated with bone microarchitecture in young adults.

Abstract Physical activity that involves high strain magnitudes and high rates of loading is reported to be most effective in eliciting an osteogenic bone response. Whether a history of participation in osteogenic activities during youth, as well as current participation in osteogenic activities, contributes to young adult bone microarchitecture and strength is unknown. PURPOSE: We determined the association between a new skeletal loading (SkL) score reflecting physical activity from age 11 to adulthood, the bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and bone microarchitecture in young Black and White men and women. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of young ([mean ± SD] 23.7 ± 3.3 years) Black (n = 51 women, n = 31 men) and White (n = 50 women, n = 49 men) adults. Microarchitecture and estimated bone strength (by micro-finite element analysis) were assessed at the ultradistal tibia using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Physical activity questionnaires were administered and a SkL score was derived based on ground reaction force, rate of loading, frequency, duration, and life period of participation per activity from age 11 onwards. BPAQ score was also calculated. We used multiple linear regression to determine associations between both SkL score and BPAQ score and bone outcomes, adjusting for age, height, weight, sex, and race. Results We found that SkL score, which accounts for current and historical physical activity, was significantly associated with most cortical bone parameters at the tibia including area, area fraction, porosity, thickness, and tissue mineral density (R2 = 0.27–0.55, all p Conclusion These findings suggest that among young adults, greater amounts of osteogenic physical activity, as assessed by the SkL score and BPAQ are associated with improved bone microarchitecture and strength. With the potential to predict bone parameters in young adults, these scores may ultimately serve to identify those most vulnerable to fracture.
Expanding the Nomological Network of Work Avoidance: Antecedents and Consequences across Contexts.

Work avoidance, or the goal to reduce effort in an achievement context, is related to disengagement and may offer insight into disengaged students and employees. To shed light on this issue, we inv...
Khomeini, Wilāya, and the Influence of Ibn ʿArabī

In this chapter, the author seeks to analyze Khomeini’s mystical writings to study his conceptualizations of wilāya as well as his contribution to both Ṣadrian philosophy and Akbarian mysticism. Khomeini was a student of the School of Mullā Ṣadrā, and the mark of Akbarian mysticism on his ʿirfān was in large part due to the sages of the School of Tehran. Parallel to his inspiration from the School of Tehran, Khomeini was largely stunned by al-Shaykh al-Akbar’s mysticism, directly and through Ibn ʿArabi’s disciples and exponents who had written commentaries and glosses on Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam. The author also studies the genealogy of the theory of wilāyat al-faqih, generating from Khomeini’s glosses on Qayṣari’s text entitled Taʿliqah ʿalā Sharḥ al-Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam, as well as the conceptualization of wilāya, nubuwwa, and imamate in his mystical texts.
Early Outcomes of Cemented versus Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty

Introduction. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been provento be very effective for long-term pain relief in the degenerativeknee. Few studies have investigated short-term clinicaland functional outcomes between the cemented and cementlessTKA. The specific aim of this study was to assess the potentialdifference of functional outcomes in the early postoperativeperiod between these two surgical options usingthe Knee Society Score (KSS) and range of motion (ROM). Methods. A total of 164 knees that had undergone TKA by a singlesurgeon at a single institution between 2007 and 2010 were reviewed.Three different TKA prosthetic designs (cruciate retaining(CR), posterior stabilized (PS) and cruciate substituting (CS))were included. Data collection included patient demographics,pre- and post-operative ROM, and pre- and post-operative KSSat each visit (1.5 months, 3 months, and 12 months). Two separateKSS scores were assigned: functional score and clinical score. Results. Sixty-seven knees underwent cemented TKA and 97knees underwent cementless TKA. No significant differencewas recognized in either age or body mass index for thesetwo TKA groups. The cementless group showed a significantearly ROM improvement after 1.5 months post-operative (p <0.05), while the cemented group showed ROM improvementonly after three months post-operative. No significant differencewas detected in terms of KSS between the cemented andcementless TKA groups at each measured time period. Bothgroups showed marked KSS improvement (cemented: 135%,cementless: 125%) after 1.5 months post-operative and theKSS seemed to be stabilized after three months post-operativefor both groups (cemented: p = 0.36; cementless: p = 0.07). Conclusions. There was a significant early ROM improvementfor the cementless TKA group compared to the cementedTKA group, but no statistical significant difference was notedin KSS in the early post-operative period when comparing cementedand cementless TKA groups. The findings provide evidencethat cementless TKA patients can undergo an identicalpost-operative protocol to cemented TKA, without concernsabout implant stability or function. KS J Med 2016;9(4):93-98.
J. M. Synge and travel writing of the Irish Revival: by Giulia Bruna, Irish Studies Series, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 2017, 256 pp., $ $60.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0815635451

J.M. Synge is best known as a prominent Irish Literary Revival dramatist and a co-director (with W.B. Yeats and Lady Gregory) of Dublin’s Abbey Theatre in the first decade of the twentieth century....
Impact of Thread and Frequency Scaling on Performance and Energy Efficiency: An Evaluation of Core i7-8700K Using SPEC CPU2017

This paper describes the results of measurement based studies focusing on performance and energy efficiency of SPEC CPU2017 speed and rate benchmark runs on the Intel’s Core i7-S700K processor. We measure execution time and the total energy consumed during individual benchmark runs with 1 thread/copy (IT/IC) and 6 threads/copies (6T/6C) when the processor clock is set to its nominal frequency of 3.7 GHz. Next, we evaluate how changes in the processor clock frequency impact performance, energy efficiency, as well as a composite metric called PE that captures both performance and energy efficiency. We find that IT/IC benchmark runs at the nominal frequency achieve an optimal PE, whereas 6T/6C benchmark runs achieve optimal PE when running at 2.7 GHz.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of β-1,3-glucan synthase suppresses growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract Charcoal rot, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, affects wide varieties of plant species and may result in serious crop losses. Exogenous siRNAs were applied to target a β-1,3-glucan synthase (MpGLS2) gene in M. phaseolina to test the hypothesis that decreased production of β-1,3-glucan, a major cell wall component, would negatively affect growth of the fungus. Under various testing conditions, fungal growth was suppressed due to siRNA treatments. Importantly, the growth suppression correlated with down regulation of MpGLS2 gene by siRNAs. RNAi-based strategy targeting genes important for cell wall synthesis may provide effective means to control pathogen growth and prevent infection.
Energy Dissipation in 3D Structure having Multiple Uplifts During Dynamic Loading

Uplift has been used as a mitigation measure to reduce lateral forces in structures. Previous studies had focused mainly on the effect of single column uplift with complex mechanism (particularly in three-dimensional structure) and favourable results were obtained. There is a need to explore consequence of multiple uplifts to be provided with simple technique. Uplift provision can be made with different mechanisms and one simple option can be loosening of bolt, which could be an effective and cost-efficient solution. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of multiple uplifts (i.e. loosening of bolts) at column bases of a 3D single-storey prototype structure for possible energy dissipation under harmonic loading of different frequencies using simple unidirectional shake table. The basic dynamic properties (fundamental frequencies and damping ratios) are also experimentally determined using snapback test. Structure consists of four aluminium angle columns and a steel slab. Acceleration time histories are recorded in both types of tests. The influence of multiple uplifts at diagonal column bases as compared to fixed base and single uplift in structure is investigated. Finite element model is also established in SAP2000 for the prototype structure. The comparison reveals good agreement between the experimental and numerical results. During shake table tests, the multiple uplifts at column bases have dissipated more energy up to 91% and 25% as compared to the fixed base and single uplift, respectively. It is also found that the damping of the structures with multiple uplifts (11.61%) is higher than that of the structures with fixed base (4.86%) and single uplift (9.92%). As results of single-storey structure are favourable, multi-storied structure may also be explored.
A Joint TOA and DOA Acquisition and Tracking Approach for Positioning With LTE Signals

A receiver structure is proposed to jointly estimate the time-of-arrival (TOA) and azimuth and elevation angles of direction-of-arrival (DOA) from received cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals. In the proposed receiver, a matrix pencil (MP) algorithm is used in the acquisition stage to obtain a coarse estimate of the TOA and DOA. Then, a tracking loop is proposed to refine the estimates and jointly track the TOA and DOA changes. The performance of the acquisition and tracking stages are evaluated in the presence of noise and multipath. Simulation results are provided to validate the analytical results. The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) of the TOA and DOA estimates are derived to compare the performance of the proposed acquisition and tracking approaches with the best-case performance. It is shown that the proposed approach has lower complexity compared to the MP algorithm. Finally, experimental results are provided with real LTE signals, showing a reduction of 93%, 57%, and 31% in the standard deviation of TOA, azimuth, and elevation angles’ estimation errors, respectively, using the proposed receiver compared to the MP algorithm.
Assessment of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the porcine optic nerve head using micromechanical testing and finite element modeling.

Abstract Optic nerve head (ONH) biomechanics is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, a blinding ocular condition often characterized by elevation and fluctuation of the intraocular pressure and resulting loads on the ONH. Further, tissue viscoelasticity is expected to strongly influence the mechanical response of the ONH to mechanical loading, yet the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the ONH remain unknown. To determine these properties, we conducted micromechanical testing on porcine ONH tissue samples, coupled with finite element modeling based on a mixture model consisting of a biphasic material with a viscoelastic solid matrix. Our results provide a detailed description of the viscoelastic properties of the porcine ONH at each of its four anatomical quadrants (i.e., nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior). We showed that the ONH's viscoelastic mechanical response can be explained by a dual mechanism of fluid flow and solid matrix viscoelasticity, as is common in other soft tissues. We obtained porcine ONH properties as follows: matrix Young's modulus E = 1.895 [ 1.056 , 2.391 ] kPa (median [min., max.]), Poisson's ratio ν = 0.142 [ 0.060 , 0.312 ] , kinetic time-constant τ = 214 [ 89 , 921 ] sec, and hydraulic permeability k = 3.854 × 10 − 1 [ 3.457 × 10 − 2 , 9.994 × 10 − 1 ] mm4/(N.sec). These values can be used to design and fabricate physiologically appropriate ex vivo test environments (e.g., 3D cell culture) to further understand glaucoma pathophysiology. Statement of significance Optic nerve head (ONH) biomechanics is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. The ONH experiences time-varying loads, yet the viscoelastic behavior of this tissue has not been characterized. Here, we measure the time-dependent response of the ONH in porcine eyes and use mechanical modeling to provide time-dependent mechanical properties of the ONH. This information allows us to identify time-varying stimuli in vivo which have timescales matching the characteristic response times of the ONH, and can also be used to design and fabricate ex vivo 3D cultures to study glaucoma pathophysiology in a physiologically relevant environment, enabling the discovery of new generations of glaucoma medications focusing on neuroprotection.
Who Bears the Greatest Responsibility for International Law, in Microsymposium on Charles C. Jalloh, The Legal Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone

This short essay draws on the analysis in Charles Jalloh's book on the legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone to argue that courts should be more attentive to institutional goals and priorities in determining who bears the greatest responsibility for international crimes.
One map: Using geospatial analysis to understand lead exposure across humans, animals, and the environment in an urban US city.

Abstract Environmental lead contamination negatively impacts human, animal, and ecosystem health, yet there is a lack of research in this area that incorporates a One Health framework – examining co-exposures among species through their shared environment. The purpose of this study was to integrate human and animal data with public soil lead levels to better understand lead exposure patterns across species in an urban US city. Over 200 soil samples were collected, analyzed for lead, and mapped in combination with other risk factors pulled from the literature to identify areas of highest risk. Human socio-demographic data, dog, and house sparrow density data were mapped to investigate the association between these variables and soil lead levels. Geospatial analysis software was used to visualize the geospatial distribution of soil lead levels and known risk factors for environmental lead contamination, and a block group risk score was calculated and mapped. Associations between human and animal-associated variables and soil lead levels and block risk scores were assessed using Spearman's correlations. Positive, statistically significant associations were found between soil lead levels and higher population density, higher education levels, and higher median household income. Areas with higher soil lead levels and lead exposure risk scores were associated with greater dog density and greater house sparrow density. This study fills an important knowledge gap on the risk of environmental lead exposure to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.
“STEM”-ulating Young Minds: Creating Science-Based Programming @ Your Library

ABSTRACTA public librarian's desire to go beyond outdated science fair experiments and bring a fun and challenging science, technology, engineering, and mathematics program to her library's summer reading club led to a successful partnership between the library and a local nonprofit science organization. Together they created a unique “science discovery camp,” now in its third year. The camp introduces middle-school-aged students to basic science concepts, actively engages them in creative experiments, and uses fun competitions to test scientific theories. The author explores the importance of developing community partnerships.
Dating the Martian meteorite Zagami by the 87Rb‐87Sr isochron method with a prototype in situ resonance ionization mass spectrometer

RATIONALE The geologic history of the Solar System builds on an extensive record of impact flux models, crater counts, and ~270 kg of lunar samples analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. However, estimates of impactor flux may be biased by the fact that most of the dated Apollo samples were only tenuously connected to an assumed geologic context. Moreover, uncertainties in the modeled cratering rates are significant enough to lead to estimated errors for dates on Mars and the Moon of ~1 Ga. Given the great cost of sample return missions, combined with the need to sample multiple terrains on multiple planets, we have developed a prototype instrument that can be used for in situ dating to better constrain the age of planetary samples. METHODS We demonstrate the first use of laser ablation resonance ionization mass spectrometry for 87Rb-87Sr isochron dating of geological specimens. The demands of accuracy and precision have required us to meet challenges including regulation of the ambient temperature, measurement of appropriate backgrounds, sufficient ablation laser intensity, avoidance of the defocusing effect of the plasma created by ablation pulses, and shielding of our detector from atoms and ions of other elements. RESULTS To test whether we could meaningfully date planetary materials, we have analyzed a piece of the Martian meteorite Zagami. In each of four separate measurements we obtained 87Rb-87Sr isochron ages for Zagami consistent with its published age, and, in both of two measurements that reached completion, we obtained better than 200 Ma precision. Combining all our data into a single isochron with 581 spot analyses gives an 87Rb-87Sr age for this specimen of 360 ±90 Ma. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses of the Zagami meteorite represent the first successful application of resonance ionization mass spectrometry to isochron geochronology. Furthermore, the technique is miniaturizable for spaceflight and in situ dating on other planetary bodies. © 2014 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TNFα Shedding in Mechanically Stressed Cardiomyocytes is Mediated by Src Activation of TACE

Synthesized by the heart under hemodynamic overloading (mechanical stress), TNFα exerts complex effects on the heart —beneficial as a membrane protein and detrimental as a secreted protein, which presents a dilemma in the treatment of congestive heart failure. We postulate that by selectively blocking mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte secretion of TNFα, a function of TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), the detrimental effect of TNFα can be mitigated. However, the mechanism through which mechanical stress activates TACE in cardiomyocytes is unknown. Here, we report a molecular mechanism that mediates TACE activation in mechanically stressed cardiomyocytes. We found that the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src mediates TACE activation in mechanically stretched rat cardiomyocytes by phosphorylating the Tyr-702 residue within the intracellular tail of TACE. The rapid activation of Src in mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes is followed by TACE phosphorylation on Tyr-702, leading to activation of p38 MAPK, a kinase that is an effector of TNFα receptor activation. Pharmacological inhibition or silencing of Src attenuated stretch-induced TACE phosphorylation on Tyr-702 and p38 activation. Overexpression of a TACE mutant in which Tyr-702 was replaced by alanine (TACE-Y702A) attenuated stretch-induced TNFα release from cardiomyocytes as well as activation of p38. These data suggests that Src mediates TACE activation in mechanically stressed cardiomyocytes and this mechanism could be exploited for specific blockade of TNFα secretion and its detrimental effects in congestive heart failure. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 559–565, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of specific adrenergic receptors in mediating the adrenocorticotropic hormone response to increased nitric oxide levels

We investigated the role played by catecholamine-dependent pathways in modulating the ability of the nitric oxide (NO) donor 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) following its intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection. We first showed that the nonspecific adrenergic agonist noradrenaline, the alpha- or beta-adrenergic agonists phenylephrine or dobutamine, or the noradrenergic uptake inhibitor desipramine, all significantly stimulated ACTH secretion by freely moving, nonanaesthetized rats. We then observed that destruction of noradrenergic nerve endings with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, respectively abolished and significantly decreased the ACTH response to the i.c.v. or i.v. administration of SIN-1. Finally, we sought to identify the type of adrenergic receptor(s) mediating the influence of catecholamines. beta-Adrenergic receptors did not appear to be involved in the stimulatory effect of SIN-1 regardless of its route of injection. By contrast, alpha 2-adrenergic receptors played an important role in the ACTH response to i.v. or i.c.v. administered SIN-1. Collectively, these results indicate that while hypothalamic alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic receptors are important for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, only alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are involved in modulating the ability of NO to release ACTH. Our laboratory and others have previously reported that NO increased hypothalamic noradrenaline levels, while conversely noradrenaline up-regulated levels of NO synthase, the enzyme responsible for NO formation; and that injection of corticotropin-releasing factor into the brain ventricles releases catecholamines and stimulates NO formation. Taken together with these observations, our results point to complex functional relationships between NO, catecholamines and the HPA axis.
Pseudo‐Pulmonic Stenosis in Non‐Hodgkin's Large B‐cell Lymphoma

There have only been a few cases reported of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Mediastinal masses rarely cause extrinsic compression of the heart resulting in hemodynamically significant obstruction. We report a rare case of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Echocardiography has been found to be a useful modality in the prompt identification of mediastinal masses and their effects on the otherwise healthy heart.
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF WATER QUALITY: USING MULTI-RESPONSE INDICATORS TO ASSESS THE HEALTH OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

As sensitive and ecologically relevant measures of environmental conditions, bioindicators can be used to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems which may be compromised by a variety of environmental Stressors such as contaminants, sediments, nutrients, and varying temperature, salinity, and hydrologic regimes. The bioindicators approach is a proven bioassessment method that uses responses of key (sentinel) aquatic organisms both as integrators of stress effects and as sensitive response (early-warning) indicators of environmental health. This integrated approach involves measuring a suite of selected biological and ecological responses at several levels of biological organization from the biomolecular and biochemical to the community levels. When properly designed and applied in field situations, bioindicator studies can help identify causal mechanisms between environmental Stressors and population and community-level effects, and serve as a basis for which the effectiveness of remedial actions on the health of aquatic organisms can be evaluated. Rapidly-responding sensitive biomarkers, such as biomolecular and biochemical responses, and slower- response ecologically relevant bioindicators, such as population and community responses, can be included in field bioassessment programs to provide measurement endpoints for use in environmental compliance, regulatory decision-making, and ecological risk assessments. This bioindicators approach should be particularly relevant in helping to identify and diagnose sources of Stressors in environments impacted by multiple Stressors. To demonstrate use of bioindicators in addressing water quality issues, spatial and temporal patters in various biological responses are related to spatial and temporal patterns of contaminants in two aquatic systems compromised by different stressors.
Australia's resource sectors: Challenges and opportunities in the 1990s

Abstract As a result of the prospects unleashed by the economic and political restructuring in Eastern Europe, the USSR, Latin America, Western Europe, Northeast Asia, and North America, the last decade of this century and the first decade of the next century could bring vigorous growth to the world economy in general and to resource exporting countries - such as Australia - in particular. This article surveys these global prospects, Australia's prospective domestic environment during the 1990s and the extent to which Australia's resource sectors can maintain and enhance their world class status in the global economy.
Empirical analysis on energy efficiency of flash-based SSDs

This paper analyzes the power consumption patterns and the energy efficiency of flash-based SSDs using microbenchmarks for raw I/Os as well asmacrobenchmarks with two different filesystems for real-world workloads. We believe that this research will help discover more energy-efficient ways of using flash-based SSDs.
Register allocation via coloring of chordal graphs

We present a simple algorithm for register allocation which is competitive with the iterated register coalescing algorithm of George and Appel. We base our algorithm on the observation that 95% of the methods in the Java 1.5 library have chordal interference graphs when compiled with the JoeQ compiler. A greedy algorithm can optimally color a chordal graph in time linear in the number of edges, and we can easily add powerful heuristics for spilling and coalescing. Our experiments show that the new algorithm produces better results than iterated register coalescing for settings with few registers and comparable results for settings with many registers.
Abstract 18718: The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) Cysteine 674 Thiol is Required for Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy

Introduction: Cardiac hypertrophy is mediated in part by oxidative stress and calcium-sensitive pathways. The interaction between oxidative stress and calcium signaling is not understood. The activity of SERCA, which maintains calcium stores, is regulated via oxidative post-translational modification of the cysteine 674 (C674) thiol, with stimulation caused by reversible glutathiolation and inhibition of that mechanism by irreversible sulfonylation. Hypothesis: We used a knock-in mouse in which SERCA C674 is mutated to serine in one allele (SKI mouse), eliminating the thiol and resulting in decreased redox-sensitivity of the enzyme in order to test the hypothesis that redox regulation of SERCA C674 mediates myocardial hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Methods & Results: WT and SKI mice (8-10 weeks old) were subjected to ascending aortic constriction (AAC) for 3 weeks. In WT, AAC increased left ventricular (LV) total wall thickness measured by echocardiography from 1.52 ± 0.02 mm to 1.88 ± 0.06 mm (p<0.001...
The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami.

Abstract A hypotensive peptide, designated neurotensin, has been discovered and isolated in pure form from acid-acetone extracts of bovine hypothalami by column chromatography and paper electrophoresis. The results of amino acid analyses of material recovered after paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5, 6.5, and 8.9 and chromatographic analyses of the dansylated material indicate that the peptide isolated by this procedure is homogenous. Its amino acid composition and apparent molecular weight estimated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 indicate that neurotensin is a tridecapeptide composed of Lys, Arg2, Asx, Glx2, Pro2, Ileu, Leu2, Tyr2. Neurotensin lacks a free NH2-terminus; however, it possesses a free COOH terminus which can be acted upon by carboxypeptidase A. Neurotensin induces hypotension in the rat and can stimulate the contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus; however, it produces relaxation of the rat duodenum. These pharmacological properties classify it as a "kinin," yet its chemical composition distinguishes it from any known peptide.
A Class of Termination Detection Algorithms For Distributed Computation

We present a class of efficient algorithms for termination detection in a distributed system. These algorithms do not require the FIFO property for the communication channels. Assumptions regarding the connectivity of the processes are simple. Messages for termination detection are processed and sent out from a process only when it is idle. Thus it is expected that these messages would not interfere much with the underlying computation, i.e., the computation not related to termination detection. The messages have a fixed, short length. After termination has occurred, it is detected within a small number of message communications.
The deterministic set of operators, quantum interference phenomena, and quantum reality

We develop an approach to quantum interference phenomenon which makes the characteristics of the problem more conspicuous and brings out more physical concepts. We do this by discussing the idea of deterministic quantum experiments using the Heisenberg picture. The variables that are relevant for describing interference are modular variables. These variables obey non-local equations of motion and can be used to follow the time evolution of a system without disturbing it. We present a physical explanation for the different behaviors of a single particle when the distant slit is open or closed: instead of having a quantum wave that passes through all slits, we have a localized particle with non-local interactions with the other slit(s). While the Heisenberg picture and the Schrodinger pictures are equivalent formulations of quantum mechanics, nevertheless, the results discussed here support a new approach to quantum mechanics which has led to new insights, new intuitions, new experiments, and even the possibility of new devices that were missed from the old perspective.
Development of adult‐like open‐field behaviors in young retinal‐degenerate C3H mice

Retinal degenerate C3H mice were tested in the open field under 2 illumination conditions before, during, and after the ages at which the early degenerate process occurs to determine whether the progressive destruction of the retina would result in the loss of brightness discrimination ability. From data collected on mice tested at 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 30 days of age, longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses were performed upon activity and and defecation scores to separate the effects of prior test experience and age at testing. Whereas illumination differences had no effect upon defecation scores, activity differences under the 2 illumination levels formed an inverted U-shaped function, with the greatest activity difference at 22 days of age. Prior experience was found to have no effect upon total activity scores at a particular age, although it did affect the pattern of activity over test days at the later ages. Naive animals tended to defecate less on their first day than did animals of the same age with prior test experience. The results of this experiment provide further evidence that retinal degeneration does not lead to complete blindness in this mouse strain, although it does lead to a loss of brightness discrimination ability following the degeneration period.
Using support vector machines for anomalous change detection

We cast anomalous change detection as a binary classification problem, and use a support vector machine (SVM) to build a detector that does not depend on assumptions about the underlying data distribution. To speed up the computation, our SVM is implemented, in part, on a graphical processing unit. Results on real and simulated anomalous changes are used to compare performance to algorithms which effectively assume a Gaussian distribution.
The impact of aggressive individuals on team training

Abstract This study examined the influence of aggressive individuals on a team training protocol. Overall, the presence of an aggressive individual was detrimental to the knowledge acquisition and performance of both the aggressive individual and his or her teammate. Specifically, when compared to teams without an aggressive individual, teams including an aggressive individual demonstrated significantly lower levels of (1) taskwork schema congruence with one another, (2) taskwork schema congruence with subject matter experts, (3) team performance, and (4) individual performance. Moreover, although no significant differences emerged in teamwork schema congruence between teams with and without an aggressive individual, teamwork and taskwork schema congruence demonstrated a differential relationship between teams with and without an aggressive individual.
Octahedral metal carbonyls‐XXIX: Mass spectra of cis‐disubstituted derivatives of the group VI‐B metal carbonyls

The mass spectra of a number of cis-disubstituted derivatives of the Group VI-B metal carbonyls (M = Cr, Mo, W), in which the substituents are bidentate ligands bonding to the metal through As, S or N donor atoms, have been obtained. The spectra for derivatives of o-phenylenebis-(dimethylarsine) (diars) have been examined in greatest detail. For these latter complexes, competitive loss of carbonyls and diars methyl groups was observed. The proposed use of such competition in the evaluation of metal-carbonyl bond strengths is examined. For complexes containing ethylene-bridged bidentate ligands, ions indicative of the loss of five fragments of 28 mass units from the parent ion, corresponding to loss of four carbonyls and the ethylene bridge, are observed. The question of whether ethylene loss occurs prior to, competitively with or after carbonyl loss is considered.
Angiogenic mechanisms of endothelialization of cardiovascular implants: a review of recent investigative strategies

Both cardiovascular implants and therapeutic interventions on native arteries fail due to biologic responses occurring at the blood/prosthesis/arterial wall and tissue/prosthesis/arterial wall interfaces, resulting in the failure modes of thrombosis and myointimal hyperplasia. Systemic pharmacologic approaches including use of anti-coagulant and anti-platelet agents have significant untoward side effects and have not resulted in a dramatic impact on failure modes in many applications, including small diameter vascular grafts. Local delivery of therapeutic agents via surface attachment with defined release kinetics may alter thrombogenicity and/or myointimal hyperplasia. Therapeutic agents may include a spectrum of biologic agents from peptides to endothelial cells. Efficient attachment and release of these agents in biologically active form is dependent upon improved methods of surface modification. The intended action of the biologic agent may similarly be impacted by the surface and bulk characteristics of the underlying biomaterial. It is often assumed, without concrete data. that surface re-endothelialization may have a beneficial impact on both thrombogenicity and myointimal hyperplasia. New clinical data on endothelial cell seeding has been supportive. Spontaneous re-endothelialization may be stimulated via an induced directed angiogenesis resulting in trans-interstitial capillarization and surface endothelialization. Recent advances in therapeutic angiogenesis have suggested the power of angiogenic factors to induce neovascularization of ischemic tissue beds. These concepts have been used to surface modify prosthetic devices with either VEGF or FGF and both in vitro and animal data suggest a potent stimulation of surface re-endothelialization. Neither of these growth factors is likely to be ideal. VEGF is relatively endothelial cell specific but is a relatively weak endothelial cell mitogen. FGF-1 and FGF-2 are more potent mitogens but are less cell specific. Recent work has led to the generation of mutant growth factors via site-induced mutagenesis and results of several such FGF mutants on endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell proliferative response have been studied. The use of 'designer growth factors' on cardiovascular implants and on manipulated native vessels may have a significant positive impact on re-endothelialization and thereby on the failure modes of thrombosis and myointimal hyperplasia.
Soot formation in diffusion flames: Flow rate, fuel species and temperature effects

A detailed study of soot particle formation in diffusion flames has been made for a series of laminar diffusion flames using a laser scattering/extinction technique. The effects of flow rate, fuel species and temperature on the evolution of the soot particle field have been investigated. Temperature effects have been examined through nitrogen dilution of the fuel. Fluorescence measurements from gas phase species in the initial particle formation region have been used to examine the relationship between these potential soot precursors and the observed particle formation. Flow rate, fuel species and temperature variations have been observed to significantly effect the annular region of the flame, where particles first appear. Increasing the fuel flow rate results in a larger soot volume fraction while the maximum particle size observed in the flame remains nearly constant. Thus, particle number concentration appears to be the quantity most sensitive to the flow rate variation. Temperature measurements made in the flames indicate that fuel flow rate increases result in higher temperatures in the particle formation region, leading to increased soot formation. At later stages, the flames with larger soot concentrations exhibit lower temperatures which facilitates soot particle survival in the oxidation region of the flame. Measurements made in flames with different fuels but similar adiabatic flame temperatures, indicate that the temperature exerts the strongest influence on soot formation. However, distinct effects due to fuel structure still need to be considered.
Peg-based aqueous biphasic systems as improvement for kraft hardwood pulping process

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) represent wholly aqueous systems that are safe, nontoxic, nonflammable, and relatively environmentally benign as extraction media. We have studied detailed phase diagrams and partitioning data currently used in wholly aqueous solvent extraction or reactive extraction processes that may be applicable to the delignification of cellulosic materials at elevated temperature. The study results indicate that increasing the concentration of salt improves the degree of phase divergence. The partitioning results of different lignin species in PEG/salt ABS show that lignin prefers the polymer-rich phase of ABS. Four complete time-at-temperature (130-160°C) batch-cooking experiments were made using a Kraft pulping solution with and without PEG. The results for wood chips composed of a mixture of southern hardwood indicate that the use of PEG results in a pulp with lower Kappa number, lower lignin content, higher residual pulp yield, and reduced alkali consumption.
High pressure waterjet cooling/lubrication to improve machining efficiency in milling

Abstract The efficiency of the metal cutting operations depends upon the thermal/frictional conditions at the tool-chip interface. The use of high pressure waterjet as a coolant/lubricant to improve the thermal/frictional conditions in milling operations was studied here. The influence of high pressure waterjet delivered into tool-chip interface in two different methods, namely, waterjet injected directly into the tool-chip interface through a hole in the tool rake face, and waterjet injected into tool-chip interface through an external nozzle, was explored in this study. The effectiveness of these developed methods was evaluated in terms of cutting force, surface finish, chip shape and tool wear.
Three-body interactions involving clusters and films

The three-body (triple dipole) interaction of Axilrod, Teller, and Muto (ATM) contributes 5-10 % of the total energy of condensed phases of inert elements. It is shown in this paper for clusters and films that a much larger or smaller ATM contribution can arise for other geometries or other atomic species. The ratio R of the three-body interaction energy to the two-body energy is evaluated for a wide variety of configurations. This ratio varies considerably with the geometry. For highly polarizable atoms in certain geometries, the magnitude of the three-body energy is comparable to that of the two-body energy and can be either attractive or repulsive. Systematic trends are established and explained.
Improved LLS imaging performance in scattering-dominant waters

Experimental results from two alternate approaches to underwater imaging based around the well known Laser Line Scan (LLS) serial imaging technique are presented. Traditionally employing Continuous Wave (CW) laser excitation, LLS is known to improve achievable distance and image contrast in scattering-dominant waters by reducing both the backscatter and forward scatter levels reaching the optical receiver. This study involved designing and building prototype benchtop CW-LLS and pulsed-gated LLS imagers to perform a series of experiments in the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) full-scale laser imaging tank, under controlled scattering conditions using known particle suspensions. Employing fixed laser-receiver separation (24.3cm) in a bi-static optical geometry, the CW-LLS was capable of producing crisp, high contrast images at beyond 4 beam attenuation lengths at 7 meters stand-off distance. Beyond this stand-off distance or at greater turbidity, the imaging performance began to be limited mainly by multiple backscatter and shot noise generated in the receiver, eventually reaching a complete contrast limit at around 6 beam attenuation lengths. Using identical optical geometry as the CW-LLS, a pulsed-gated laser line scan (PG-LLS) system was configured and tested, demonstrating a significant reduction in the backscatter reaching the receiver. When compared with the CW-LLS at 7 meters stand-off distance, the PG-LLS did not become limited due to multiple backscatter, instead reaching a limit (believed to be primarily due to forward-scattered light overcoming the attenuated direct target signal) beyond 7 beam attenuation lengths. This result demonstrates the potential for a greater operational limit as compared to previous CW-LLS configuration.
A Computationally Efficient and Adaptive Approach for Online Embedded Machinery Diagnosis in Harsh Environments

Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has advanced to the stage where industry is now demanding machinery that possesses self-diagnosis ability. This need has spurred the CBM research to be applicable in more expanded areas over the past decades. There are two critical issues in implementing CBM in harsh environments using embedded systems: computational efficiency and adaptability. In this paper, a computationally efficient and adaptive approach including simple principal component analysis (SPCA) for feature dimensionality reduction and K-means clustering for classification is proposed for online embedded machinery diagnosis. Compared with the standard principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), SPCA is adaptive in nature and has lower algorithm complexity when dealing with a large amount of data. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is firstly validated using a standard rolling element bearing test dataset on a personal computer. It is then deployed on an embedde...
An Invitation To Support Diverse Students Through Teacher Education

This article invites candidates for president to strengthen teaching and teacher education for diverse students. The article first describes two remarkable teachers in California to illustrate what...
Root-knot nematodes affect annual and perennial weed interactions with chile pepper

Abstract A field microplot experiment was conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the influence of root-knot nematodes on intra- and interspecific interactions between chile pepper (chile) and spurred anoda and between chile and yellow or purple nutsedge (or both) using a substitution design. An additional objective was to determine the influence of London rocket, a winter annual and host plant for root-knot nematodes, on the inter- and intraspecific interactions between chile and spurred anoda. Twelve plant combinations were planted into paired 76-cm-diam microplots at a density of 24 plants per microplot each year. Each pair of microplots had one root-knot nematode–infested and one uninfested plot. One randomly selected plant pair or triplet from each plot was destructively sampled in June, July, August, and September each year. Data included leaf area, plant dry weights (leaf, stem, root or root plus rhizome, chile fruit, and nutsedge tuber), and nematode egg production from the belowground biomass of ...
Observations on shell deformities, ultrastructure, and increment formation in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Shell morphology and ultrastructure were examined in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians, cultured in recirculating seawater systems under various conditions of feeding, lighting, and handling. On a unialgal diet of Thalassiosira pseudonana, scallop growth ranged from 120 to 183 μm d-1 at 20°C in the laboratory, about two-thirds of the growth rate found in the field. However, shell deposited in the laboratory differed from that in the field in several ways. In the field, scallops formed costae as an unpigmented, corrugated marginal shell layer; shell deposited in the laboratory lacked this layer and was therefore darker. Also, microstructure of the exterior shell surface of field scallops was coarsely granular, while that of cultured scallops was relatively smooth. Excessive handling of scallops in the laboratory resulted in marginal thickening of valves, a deformity which was completely arrested by a change from daily to weekly handling. Scallops cultured in the same tank with oysters developed shell-thickening on the interior of the valves. It is postulated that shell abnormalities in bivalves result from disruption of complex behavioral processes associated with shell deposition and may be elicited by a variety of natural and experimental irritants. Under natural lighting regimes and optimal conditions for growth, scallops deposited exactly one shell increment per day, but under continuous lighting, deposition of growth increments often became aphasic. In one 28-d experiment, there was a strong correlation between number of growth increments formed and increase in shell height, suggesting that shell ridge formation occurred intermittently, rather than daily, when shell growth rates fell below approximately 150 μm d-1.
Photochemical effects in 205-nm, two-photon-excited fluorescence detection of atomic hydrogen in flames.

This Letter describes photochemical effects observed by using 205-nm, two-photon-excited fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the atomic-hydrogen concentration in atmospheric-pressure hydrogen–oxygen flames. We found that the 205-nm radiation photolyzed water produced in the flame, forming atomic hydrogen in concentrations higher than those naturally present in lean flames and leading to erroneous concentration measurements. UV excitation of molecular oxygen transitions near 205 nm is also discussed; such excitation, followed by rapid predissociation to produce atomic oxygen, may also affect some flame measurements.