cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal feature learning and discriminative framework for polarimetric thermal to visible face recognition

A face recognition system capable of day- and night-time operation is highly desirable for surveillance and reconnaissance. Polarimetric thermal imaging is ideal for such applications, as it acquires emitted radiation from skin tissue. However, polarimetric thermal facial imagery must be matched to visible face images for interoperability with existing biometric databases. This work proposes a novel framework for polarimetric thermal-to-visible face recognition, where polarimetric features are optimally combined to facilitate training of a discriminant classifier. We evaluate its performance on imagery collected under different expressions and at different ranges, and compare with recent deep perceptual mapping, coupled neural network, and partial least squares techniques for cross-spectrum face matching.
Frozen elephant trunk for DeBakey type 1 dissection: the Cleveland Clinic technique

A 67-year-old male presented with abrupt onset of chest and back pain to an outside hospital. He was hypertensive with a serum creatinine of 4.4 g/dL and reported occasional cocaine use. Comorbidities include chronic renal insufficiency (baseline serum creatinine 1.8 g/dL), morbid obesity [body mass index (BMI) of 38], history of atrial fibrillation, and status post permanent pacemaker. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated DeBakey type 1 dissection. The referral was received, and the Cleveland Clinic Acute Aortic Syndrome team was activated. The emergency medical transport team delivered the patient to our main campus where anti-impulse therapy was optimized in the cardiovascular triage intensive care unit and CT images were reviewed. CT demonstrated an extensive aortic dissection with poor visualization of the entry tear and a maximum descending aortic diameter of 40 mm just beyond the left subclavian artery. Also of interest, this patient had an anomalous left vertebral artery originating directly from the aortic arch distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. He was taken to the hybrid operating room for emergency ascending and modified simplified branched frozen elephant trunk repair.
Optimal lattice-structured materials

Abstract This work describes a method for optimizing the mesostructure of lattice-structured materials. These materials are periodic arrays of slender members resembling efficient, lightweight macroscale structures like bridges and frame buildings. Current additive manufacturing technologies can assemble lattice structures with length scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters. Previous work demonstrates that lattice materials have excellent stiffness- and strength-to-weight scaling, outperforming natural materials. However, there are currently no methods for producing optimal mesostructures that consider the full space of possible 3D lattice topologies. The inverse homogenization approach for optimizing the periodic structure of lattice materials requires a parameterized, homogenized material model describing the response of an arbitrary structure. This work develops such a model, starting with a method for describing the long-wavelength, macroscale deformation of an arbitrary lattice. The work combines the homogenized model with a parameterized description of the total design space to generate a parameterized model. Finally, the work describes an optimization method capable of producing optimal mesostructures. Several examples demonstrate the optimization method. One of these examples produces an elastically isotropic, maximally stiff structure, here called the isotruss, that arguably outperforms the anisotropic octet truss topology.
A wind-driving disc model for the mm-wavelength polarization structure of HL Tau

The recent advent of spatially resolved mm- and cm-wavelength polarimetry in protostellar accretion discs could help clarify the role of magnetic fields in the angular momentum transport in these systems. The best case to date is that of HL~Tau, where the inability to produce a good fit to the 1.25-mm data with a combination of vertical and azimuthal magnetic field components was interpreted as implying that centrifugally driven winds (CDWs) are probably not a significant transport mechanism on the $\sim 10^2\,$au scale probed by the observations. Using synthetic polarization maps of heuristic single-field-component discs and of a post-processed simulation of a wind-driving disc, we demonstrate that a much better fit to the data can be obtained if the radial field component, a hallmark of the CDW mechanism, dominates in the polarized emission region. A similar inference was previously made in modelling the far-infrared polarization map of the pc-scale dust ring in the Galactic centre. To reconcile this interpretation with theoretical models of protostellar discs, which indicate that the wind is launched from a comparatively high elevation above the mid-plane, we propose that most of the polarized emission originates -- with a high ($\ga 10$\%) intrinsic degree of polarization -- in small ($\la 0.1\,$mm) grains that remain suspended above the mid-plane, and that the bulk of the mm-wavelength emission is produced -- with low intrinsic polarization -- by larger grains that have settled to the mid-plane.
Women's evaluations of other women's natural body odor depend on target's fertility status

Abstract A large research literature indicates that men perceive women as more attractive when they are at high fertility than at low fertility within the ovulatory cycle. However, it remains unclear whether women also perceive women as more attractive at high fertility. This study examined women's ratings of samples of natural body odor collected from naturally-cycling women at high and low fertility within the cycle and from hormonal contraceptive-using women at mid-cycle. Like men, women rated naturally-cycling women's high-fertility scent samples as more attractive than their low-fertility samples. Women rated hormonal contraceptive (HC) users' scent samples as more attractive than naturally-cycling women's high- and low-fertility samples, though the difference between HC and high-fertility samples was statistically significant only when raters were treated as the unit of analysis. These findings reveal a potentially important role for scent communication in women's perceptions of other women and are consistent with the notion that the ovulatory cycle could influence women's interactions with one another. The findings also highlight the need for rigorous investigations of the possible impacts of hormonal contraception on women's attractiveness and social relationships with other women.
Abstract LB-059: Opposing roles for protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) in colon cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Background: Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 (PTK6, also called BRK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in differentiated epithelial cells of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and prostate. Disruption of the Ptk6 gene led to impaired intestinal differentiation and increased intestinal proliferation in mice. However, PTK6 also has a tumor-promoting role in the colon, as disruption of the Ptk6 gene impaired carcinogen-induced STAT3 activation and tumorigenesis in mice. PTK6 also promotes survival of human colon cancer cell lines following DNA damaging treatments including γ-irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs via STAT3 activation. Results: We examined and manipulated colon cancer cell lines to understand these two seemingly contradictory roles for PTK6 in the colon. The human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines SW480 and SW620 represent a primary colon tumor and a metastasis from the same patient, respectively. PTK6 is highly expressed in SW480 cells and significantly reduced in SW620 cells. Active PTK6, phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 342, is not detectable in either cell line. Stable knockdown of PTK6 in SW480 cells results in an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), evidenced by decreased E-cadherin expression and increased ZEB-1 and Vimentin; as well as increased migration, wound-healing, and anchorage-independent growth of cells in culture. Additionally, knockdown of PTK6 led to increased in vivo tumorigenesis of xenograft cells in nude mice. Ectopic expression of wild-type PTK6 in SW620 cells drives the reverse process (MET), demonstrating a rescue of the EMT phenotype. When a constitutively active PTK6 construct is expressed in SW620 cells, it promotes activation of cytoplasmic oncogenic targets and downstream effectors, STAT3, FAK, BCAR1 and ERK5. Analysis of patient tissues demonstrates a downregulation of mRNA and protein levels, as well as a change in protein localization in tumor versus normal tissues; while PTK6 is detectable in the nuclei of differentiating normal cells it is excluded from nuclei in colon tumors. Conclusions: Our studies indicate that PTK6 promotes the epithelial phenotype to antagonize the EMT in a kinase-independent manner and a kinase switch activates PTK6 to promote oncogenic signaling. PTK6 protein localization may function to regulate its specific role. Further examination of the complex role of this kinase could allow for a more nuanced understanding of colon cancer initiation and progression for the development of novel treatments. Citation Format: Priya S. Mathur, Jessica J. Gierut, Rosa M. Xicola, Xavier Llor, Angela L. Tyner. Opposing roles for protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) in colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-059. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-LB-059
Forging a transference relationship with a self-destructive preschooler

A three-and-a-half-year-old boy was referred for treatment because of his inability to engage adequately in school activities and his absorption in fantasy and episodically charged and homicidal wishes. A few months after therapy was initiated, the boy revealed fantasies of a self-destructive nature. Through the development of the transference relationship, the patient was able to elaborate further, understand the implications of such fantasies, and validate his perceptions regarding feelings that were until then suppressed and isolated. Language: en
Vascular Uptake of PMMA After Spinal Procedures

Vascular uptake of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), commonly known as bone cement, after spinal procedures, such as vertebroplasty (VB) and kyphoplasty (KP), is a frequent occurrence. Among the ensuing embolic phenomenon, pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) is the most prevalent. A large number of these patients may be asymptomatic. However, when symptoms occur, they vary widely in severity and may be delayed for days to weeks. Treatment of PCE is mainly supportive, and symptomatic patients may require anticoagulation for protracted period. In rare cases of PCE with systemic collapse, invasive or surgical embolectomy, which carries a high risk, may be necessary. Vigilance during VP and KP procedures and a cautious technique may reduce the risk of vascular PMMA uptake.
Split Estate and Wyoming’s Orphaned Well Crisis: The Case of Coalbed Methane Reclamation in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

This case presents the stakeholder conflicts that emerge during the development and subsequent reclamation of abandoned natural gas wells in Wyoming where split estate, or the separation of surface land and mineral rights from one another, occurs. From 1998 to 2008, the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming experienced an energy boom as a result of technological innovation that enabled the extraction of coalbed methane (CBM). The boom resulted in over 16,000 wells being drilled in this 20,000 square-mile region in a single decade. As of May 2017, 4,149 natural gas wells now sit orphaned in Wyoming as a result of industry bankruptcy and abandonment. The current orphaned wells crisis was partially enabled by the patchwork of surface and mineral ownership in Wyoming that is a result of a legal condition referred to as split estate. As the CBM boom unfolded in this landscape and then began to wane, challenges emerged most notably surrounding stalled reclamation activities. This case illuminates these challenges highlighting two instances when split estate contributed to issues between landowners and industry operators which escalated to litigation.
Providing Diverse Trainees an Early and Transparent Introduction to Academic Appointment and Promotion Processes.

Introduction The growth in number of medical schools and increased numbers of faculty tracks have combined with evolving criteria for promotion to trigger a call for greater transparency of academi...
BI-RADS 3: Current and Future Use of Probably Benign

Probably benign (BI-RADS 3) causes confusion for interpreting physicians and referring physicians and can induce significant patient anxiety. The best uses and evidence for using this assessment category in mammography, breast ultrasound, and breast MRI will be reviewed; the reader will have a better understanding of how and when to use BI-RADS 3. Interobserver variability in the use of BI-RADS 3 has been documented. The 5th edition of the BI-RADS atlas details the appropriate use of BI-RADS 3 for diagnostic mammography, ultrasound, and MRI, and discourages its use in screening mammography. Data mining, elastography, and diffusion weighted MRI have been evaluated to maximize the accuracy of BI-RADS 3. BI-RADS 3 is an evolving assessment category. When used properly, it reduces the number of benign biopsies while allowing the breast imager to maintain a high sensitivity for the detection of early stage breast cancer.
Quantitative trait loci identified for foliar phylloxera resistance in a hybrid grape population

Background and Aims A hybrid grapevine biparental mapping population was evaluated for resistance to grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) in the greenhouse and in the field. The family (n = 125) was derived from a cross of two University of Minnesota breeding selections from a complex pedigree with multiple Vitis species. Methods and Results The vines were evaluated for foliar phylloxera severity using visual rating in the field for multiple years. In the greenhouse, a replicated experimental design was used to quantify phylloxera severity using different traits including number of galls per plant, area under the disease progress curve, proportion of leaves with galls, average number of galls per leaf and visual rating. The plants used in the greenhouse experiment were also visually rated for root infestation. Conclusions Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for the foliar resistance traits (reduced severity) routinely identified the region spanning ~10 to 30 cM on linkage group (LG) 14 to be associated with resistance, and inherited from the mother parent MN1264. The plants used in the greenhouse experiment were also visually rated for root infestation, and subsequent QTL mapping identified regions on LG 5 of the maternal map and LG 10 of the paternal map (MN1246) associated with root resistance. Significance of the Study The new QTLs identified in this report are potential novel sources of resistance and the first report of QTL for foliar phylloxera resistance in a hybrid grapegrowing region of North America. Molecular markers linked to resistance can be utilised in marker‐assisted breeding.
Manufacture of Porous Cross-Linked HEMA Spheres for Size Exclusion Packing Material

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker, were reacted with the initiator 2,2,azobis-2-methylpropionitrile (AIBN) in the presence of dodecanol. The effect of increasing concentrations of dodecanol, as a porogen agent, was evaluated. The radical polymerization was carried out using an in situ prepared Mg(OH)2 gel, at 70°C for 5 h. Following polymerization, the suspension was eliminated by neutralization for recovery of beads. The spherical particles obtained were filtered, washed with methanol using simple extraction and using a Soxhlet thimble, and dried at 60°C under vacuum. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed regularly shaped spherical beads containing macropores. Nitrogen Sorption Analysis (NSA) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) were performed for evaluation of surface area, pore size and pore volume.
The humane use of human beings

The closing of loops exerts magical effects. This powerful act sculpts both the structural form and the functional expression of the systems which accrue from this ultimate connection. Systems and societies are each erected upon, and composed of, such intricate webs of self-correcting and self-shaping influences. However, without appropriate feedback regulation, these loops can become, in a utilitarian sense, dysfunctional. This is as true for social architectures as it is for any intentionally designed technological system. Here, a sequence of examples are used to expose an evident divergence between what is espoused for our social systems and what is actually enacted therein. Failure of regulation and associated diminution or even disconnection of such regulatory loops leads to an evident and growing dissonance between aspiration and reality. The first two of these examples used here are rather facile and even trivial while the third example is much more serious. All examples provide insight concerning, and expose the ways in which, a fuller understanding of cybernetic principles may rectify such discordant circumstances, at least in principle if not in practice.
Practical Black-box Attacks on Deep Neural Networks using Efficient Query Mechanisms

Existing black-box attacks on deep neural networks (DNNs) have largely focused on transferability, where an adversarial instance generated for a locally trained model can “transfer” to attack other learning models. In this paper, we propose novel Gradient Estimation black-box attacks for adversaries with query access to the target model’s class probabilities, which do not rely on transferability. We also propose strategies to decouple the number of queries required to generate each adversarial sample from the dimensionality of the input. An iterative variant of our attack achieves close to 100% attack success rates for both targeted and untargeted attacks on DNNs. We carry out a thorough comparative evaluation of black-box attacks and show that Gradient Estimation attacks achieve attack success rates similar to state-of-the-art white-box attacks on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets. We also apply the Gradient Estimation attacks successfully against real-world classifiers hosted by Clarifai. Further, we evaluate black-box attacks against state-of-the-art defenses based on adversarial training and show that the Gradient Estimation attacks are very effective even against these defenses.
API Designers in the Field: Design Practices and Challenges for Creating Usable APIs

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are a rapidly growing industry and the usability of the APIs is crucial to programmer productivity. Although prior research has shown that APIs commonly suffer from significant usability problems, little attention has been given to studying how APIs are designed and created in the first place. We interviewed 24 professionals involved with API design from 7 major companies to identify their training and design processes. Interviewees had insights into many different aspects of designing for API usability and areas of significant struggle. For example, they learned to do API design on the job, and had little training for it in school. During the design phase they found it challenging to discern which potential use cases of the API users will value most. After an API is released, designers lack tools to gather aggregate feedback from this data even as developers openly discuss the API online.
Posterior condylar bone resection and femoral implant thickness vary by up to 3 mm across implant systems: implications for flexion gap balancing.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thickness of medial and lateral posterior femoral condylar bone resected with five implant systems using posterior referencing jigs set at 3° of external rotation. The hypothesis was that posterior condylar resection thickness on the medial side would be equal to the thickness of the femoral implant posteriorly, regardless of implant system. Posterior referencing femoral sizers were used on right femur sawbones models for five different implant systems. Each sawbones model was sized using a femoral sizer for the specific implant system. Sizing guides were set at 3° of external rotation for the right femur. Each system’s 4-in-1 cutting block was then used to make posterior condylar cuts. The thicknesses of the cut bones were measured using a manual calliper. The amount of bone resected from both medial (P = 0.0004) and lateral (P < 0.0001) posterior condyles differed significantly across the five implant systems. The mean thickness of bone resected from the posteromedial femoral condyle ranged from 9.4 ± 0.5 to 12.4 ± 0.9 mm. The mean thickness of the posterolateral condyle cut ranged from 6.7 ± 0.6 to 10.2 ± 0.3 mm. The difference in thicknesses between the bone resection from the posteromedial condyle and the implant thickness of the posterior condyles ranged from 0.6 to 2.9 mm. The thickness of bone removed from the posterior femoral condyles varied by up to 3 mm across the five TKA implant systems. For each system, the posteromedial condyle resection was larger than the thickness of the posterior condyle of the actual implant. As the difference between the posterior bone resection and the implant thickness increases, the flexion gap will likely loosen and should be accounted for during gap balancing. In commonly used knee implant systems, resected bone is greater than implant thickness and may lead to flexion instability.
A Game-Theory Approach to Construction Dispute Resolution through Mediation

AbstractGame theory (GT) is a mathematical tool to help different parties involved in an interaction (i.e., game) predict the outcome of their actions. Complex interactional situations may arise as...
Successful use of rituximab in granulomatosis with polyangiitis with aortic inflammation

Large-vessel inflammation, although rare, has been increasingly recognised as a complication of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in recent years. The presentation is highly variable, ranging from an incidental finding to aortic dissection and rupture. Treatment has predominately consisted of a combination of cyclophosphamide and high dose corticosteroids with surgical intervention when indicated. We present the case of a 34-year-old male diagnosed with GPA after presenting with sinus and eye inflammation and the ensuing investigation revealed large vessel involvement that remarkably improved after 6 months of treatment with the combination of rituximab infusions, methotrexate and corticosteroids.
The effects of college savings on college enrollment and the mediating role of parental expectations and discussions about college among students from low-income households

Abstract Given the high college costs and inadequate financial aid available to students today, college savings are a promising strategy to pay for higher education. This study is designed to test the effect of parents’ savings for college on their children’s two-year or four-year college enrollment among students from families with low incomes, hypothesizing the statistically significant and positive association between college savings and college attendance. In addition, this study pays special attention to the mediating role between college savings and college attendance of parents’ college expectations and discussions about college plans with their children. This study utilizes the Education Longitudinal Study (2002/06) with families with household incomes at or below 185 percent of federal poverty guidelines (FPL). Since the outcome variable, two-year or four-year college attendance, is polytomous, multinomial logistic regression analyses were used. To test mediation effects, both the Baron and Kenny approach and multiple mediation bootstrapping were employed. Results of this study suggest college savings are significantly associated with parental college expectations, parent-child discussions about college, and two-year college attendance. Both parental expectations and discussions about attending college mediate the relationship between college savings and college attendance. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Never waste a mid-life crisis: change for the better

Creating a better Internet---a global communications infrastructure that is more secure, reliable, performant, flexible, and so on---is one of the grand challenges of our time. Yet, making substantive change to such a large, distributed, operational network is inherently difficult. This position paper argues that the networking research community should come together and adopt a sort of "ambitious pragmatism" that tackles the big problems while identifying the practical steps to take along the way. The community can work together to (i) identify and precisely formulate the main problems we need to address, (ii) more deeply understand a diverse array of practical constraints (including business drivers, economic incentives, government policies, and more), and (iii) create new deployment platforms and institutional structures to enable good research ideas to "cross the chasm" to deployment.
A Linguistic Justification for 'Generic' Trademarks

A trademark is created when a new meaning is added to an existing word or when a new word is invented in order to identify the source of a product. This Article contends that trademark law fails in critical ways to reflect our knowledge of how words gain or lose meaning over time, and how new meanings become part of the public lexicon, a phenomenon commonly referred to as semantic shift. Although trademark law traditionally turns on protecting consumers from confusing ambiguity, some of its doctrines ignore consumer perception in whole or in part. In particular, the doctrine of trademark incapacity — also known as the de facto secondary meaning doctrine — denies trademark protection to a term that was once a generic product designation, even if consumers now see the term primarily as a source-signifying trademark.Analyzing trademark acquisition through the lens of semantic shift sheds light on how the trademark incapacity doctrine misunderstands both the nature of language and the role of consumer perception in shaping trademark’s competition policy. Courts and scholars suggest a generic term will rarely acquire source significance, and even if it does, there are competitive, conceptual, and administrative grounds for denying trademark protection. The standard account is mistaken: restriction of meaning — of which the change from a generic product designation to a source signifier is one example — happens frequently across time and across languages. In addition, understanding how and why restriction occurs highlights flaws in common justifications for trademark incapacity. This Article proposes replacing the doctrine of trademark incapacity with the primary significance test already applied at other stages of trademark litigation. If there is evidence that a majority of consumers have come to see the term as source-signifying rather than product designating, the law should recognize that source significance and the term should qualify for federal trademark protection.
Analytical tests to evaluate pozzolanic reaction in lime stabilized soils.

Abstract Shrink-swell soils are predominant in various parts of the parts of the world. Lime has been extensively used to reduce the shrink-swell mechanism as it chemically reacts with soil minerals forming pozzolanic products such as calcite and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H). Conventionally, whether chemical treatment of soils results in effective pozzolanic stabilization reactions is determined anecdotally through engineering tests including unconfined compressive strength, plasticity index (PI), and pH tests. This study builds on existing literature regarding how more direct quantification of pozzolanic products can be obtained through tests that directly identify and quantify pozzolanic products, specifically in lime-treated clay soils. Specifically, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) are used for this testing. Expansive soils with plasticity indices above 25% were selected for this study. Engineering tests on these lime-treated soils indicated significant improvement in strength and reduction in PI. In XRD analysis, pozzolanic products are assessed by the location and intensity of x-ray peak(s). The XRD data show a decrease in the intensity of alumio-silicate minerals such as kaolinite and smectite; silica and alumina are dissolved at a high pH and converted to pozzolanic products such as calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H). DTA indicates the presence of C-S-H with the characteristic weight loss from 140°C to 250°C.The methodology describes the following: ● Sample preparation steps for XRD and DTA analysis. ● Analysis of XRD results and DTA analysis.
A case of Disseminated Herpes Zoster in a patient with Multiple Sclerosis on Glatiramer acetate.

Abstract We present a case of Disseminated Herpes Zoster in a 73 year old man who had been taking Glatiramer acetate for 8 years as treatment for Multiple Sclerosis. He presented to the emergency room with complaints of a painful skin lesions on his buttocks and was found to have a generalized papulo-pustular rash. He was treated with IV Acyclovir and concurrent Piperacillin-Tazobactam plus Vancomycin for disseminated herpes zoster with a necrotic bacterial superinfection on his buttocks. Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic immune mediated disease of the CNS and is treated with immunomodulators and immunosuppressive medications. With more than 2 decades of Glatiramer acetate use, it is regarded as the safest immunomodulator without any associated reported infections. This is the first case of Disseminated Herpes Zoster associated with Glatiramer.
Experimental susceptibility of North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) to SARS-CoV-2

Skunks and raccoons were intranasally inoculated or indirectly exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Both species are susceptible to infection; however, the lack of, and low quantity of infectious virus shed by raccoons and skunks, respectively, and lack of cage mate transmission in both species, suggest that neither species are competent SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. Article Summary LineExperimental SARS-CoV-2 inoculation of North American raccoons and striped skunks showed susceptibility to infection, but transient, low-level shedding suggests that neither species is likely to be a competent natural reservoir.
The Phantom Menace to Professional Identity Formation and Law School Success: Imposter Syndrome

Professional identity formation, which involves teaching law students to recognize their responsibility to others, particularly clients, and encouraging the students to develop the professional competencies of a practicing lawyer, has gained considerable prominence in the legal academy. Professional identity formation relies on students to identify the professional competencies they excel in currently and the competencies in which they need to improve, and they must work to develop those competencies. Part of that process requires an accurate self-understanding of who law students are. The imposter syndrome serves as a sinister force that threatens a law student’s ability to develop her professional identity and to succeed as a lawyer. The pervasiveness and negative effects of the imposter syndrome warrant that law schools who incorporate professional identity formation into their curriculum, as well as any law school that wants its students to succeed, should address imposter syndrome with its students. Part I of this Article briefly discusses professional identity and how it requires self-reflection and self-awareness. Part II explains imposter syndrome in general, and Part III examines imposter syndrome and its prevalence in the legal profession. Part IV provides practical, tangible ways for law schools, professors, and law students to address imposter syndrome. This Article concludes that law schools, regardless of whether professional identity formation is a part of their curriculum yet, should help those law students facing imposter syndrome overcome it.
Factors Influencing Choice of Medical Specialty among Ophthalmology and Non-Ophthalmology Residency Applicants

Objective The study aimed to investigate factors influencing choice of specialty among ophthalmology and non-ophthalmology residency applicants. Patients and Methods Anonymous, web-based surveys were distributed through REDCap to the 2019 to 2020 residency applicants to the Penn State Department of Ophthalmology and, as a control group, Penn State medical students applying to non-ophthalmology residencies for the 2019 to 2020 cycle. The primary outcome was factors that influenced specialty choice among ophthalmology versus non-ophthalmology applicants. Secondary outcomes include hours of exposure to applicants' selected specialty in the medical school preclinical curriculum, and proportion of ophthalmology versus non-ophthalmology applicants who decided on, or developed a strong interest in, their specialty prior to clinical rotations. Results Surveys were completed by 203/441 (46.0%) ophthalmology and 85/139 (61.1%) non-ophthalmology applicants. Fewer than 20 hours of exposure to an applicant's selected specialty were provided in the medical school preclinical curriculum for 86.7% of ophthalmology and 42.4% of non-ophthalmology applicants (p Conclusion Professional satisfaction and personal fit with specialty were among the most commonly cited factors influencing specialty choice for both groups. Other factors cited most frequently by ophthalmology applicants include performing surgeries/procedures, work-life balance, and ability to see patients in a clinic setting. Despite limited ophthalmology exposure in medical school preclinical curricula, ophthalmology applicants decided on, or developed a strong interest in, their selected specialty before clinical rotations at a rate similar to non-ophthalmology applicants.
A Review of Sexual Dynamics of Anti-Social Behavior

This volume is a compendium of 15 papers dealing with sexually related antisocial behaviors. The papers are uneven in quality, ranging from discursive narratives with lengthy case reports to diligent reviews of the literature and research studies. The psychological approach varies from psychodynamic to behavioral.
Temporal and elevation trends in rainfall erosivity on a 149 km2 watershed in a semi-arid region of the American Southwest

Abstract Temporal changes in rainfall erosivity can be expected to occur with changing climate, and because rainfall amounts are known to be in part of a function of elevation, erosivity can be expected to be influenced by elevation as well. This is particularly true in mountainous regions such as are found over much of the western United States. The objective of this study was to identify temporal and elevation trends in rainfall erosivity on a 149 km 2 (58 miles 2 ) watershed in a semi-arid region of southeastern Arizona. Data from 84 rain gages for the years 1960–2012 at elevations ranging from 1231 to 1644 m (4038–5394 ft) were used in the analyses. The average annual erosivity over the watershed as a whole was 1104 MJ mm ha −1 h −1 yr −1 (65 hundreds of foot ton inch acre −1 h −1 yr −1 ), and ranged from approximately 950 to 1225 MJ mm ha −1 h −1 yr −1 (56–72 hundreds of foot ton inch acre −1 h −1 yr −1 ), with a statistical trend showing greater erosivity at the higher elevations. No statistically significant temporal changes in annual or summer erosivities were found. This result stands in contrast to recent modeling studies of runoff and erosion in the area based on downscaled GCM information that project significant levels of erosivity changes over coming decades. These results are consistent with known orographic rainfall effects, but contrast with recent studies that presented projections of significant trends of increasing erosivity in the future based on downscaled GCM outputs for the area. The results illustrate the need for testing and developing improved techniques to evaluate future erosion scenarios for purposes of making targeted soil conservation decisions.
Factors contributing to the incidence of dark cutting beef

The 1995 National Beef Quality Audit reported that dark cutting beef (dark cutters) cost $6.08 per animal harvested in the United States. Feedlot data were obtained over a 3-yr period from nine commercial feedyards (15,439 pens of cattle; 2,672,223 total cattle). Feedyard, sex, implant treatment, days from final implant to harvest, maximum and minimum daily temperatures, and temperature fluctuations from 2 d before harvest to the day of harvest all contributed (P 35 degrees C) weather 2 to 1 d before harvest. Steers, when treated with a combination (androgen and estrogen) implant when entering the feedyard and as a reimplant, produced higher (P < .05) mean percentages of dark cutters per pen when compared to other moderate growth-promoting implant strategies. When producers opted to implant steers with estrogenic growth promotants, either as the cattle entered the feedlot or as a final reimplant before harvest, the occurrence of dark cutters was reduced from 9.2 per thousand cattle shipped to 2.0 and .5 per thousand cattle shipped, respectively. Producers that reimplanted heifers before harvest with products that were not primarily estrogenic reduced the occurrence of dark cutters from 10.4/1,000 cattle shipped to 5.2/1,000 cattle shipped when androgen-based growth promotants were used and to 3.5/1,000 cattle shipped when combination (androgen and estrogen) implants were administered. In addition to implant selection, those producers that held cattle on-feed over 100 d past reimplantation reduced the incidence of dark cutters per pen by an average of 38% among heifers and 69% among steers. By reducing the occurrence of dark cutters, there is an opportunity for beef producers to realize large economic savings.
Improving English and Chinese Ad-Hoc Retrieval: A Tipster Text Phase 3 Project Report

Both English and Chinese ad-hoc information retrieval were investigated in this Tipster 3 project. Part of our objectives is to study the use of various term level and phrasal level evidence to improve retrieval accuracy. For short queries, we studied five term level techniques that together can lead to good improvements over standard ad-hoc 2-stage retrieval for TREC5-8 experiments. For long queries, we studied the use of linguistic phrases to re-rank retrieval lists. Its effect is small but consistently positive. For Chinese IR, we investigated three simple representations for documents and queries: short-words, bigrams and characters. Both approximate short-word segmentation or bigrams, augmented with characters, give highly effective results. Accurate word segmentation appears not crucial for overall result of a query set. Character indexing by itself is not competitive. Additional improvements may be obtained using collection enrichment and combination of retrieval lists. Our PIRCS document-focused retrieval is also shown to have similarity with a simple language model approach to IR.
Stromal-Derived Factor 1 Expression in the Human Thymus

Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the only known ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4, is broadly expressed in cells of both the immune and central nervous systems, and it can induce the migration of resting leukocytes and hemopoietic progenitors. SDF-1 mRNA was previously detected in human thymus-derived stromal cells, but its role in thymopoiesis was unknown. Here we show that SDF-1 is expressed in medullar epithelial cells forming Hassall’s corpuscles (HC). In search of the cell type that may be attracted by SDF-1 + cells in the medulla, we determined that dendritic cells (DC) could be found in situ in close proximity to SDF-1 + epithelial cells in HC. In HIV-1-infected SCID-hu thymuses, DC contained apoptotic cells and were located within enlarged HC. It was further demonstrated that uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by immature DC induced an increase in CXCR4 expression and SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis. Our data suggest a role for SDF-1 in the elimination of apoptotic thymocytes.
Rainfall, Landforms, and Streamflow

A wide variety of stochastic modeling procedures has been applied to rainfall, landforms, and streamflow. A representative selection of these procedures is reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed on interesting features that pose a challenge to modeling, such as the intermittency of rainfall in both space and time, the discrete branching structure of channel networks, and small streamflow measurement samples necessitating regional analysis methods. In all three areas, traditional modeling notions are discussed and modern scaling approaches introduced. Dependence of streamflow on rainfall and landforms is discussed in the final section, and it is demonstrated how stochastic and physical process ideas come together in understanding the relationships among these areas. Keywords: rainfall; landform; streamflow; flood; point process; clustered point process; random tree; branching process; long-range dependence; Hurst phenomenon; self-similar process; simple-scaling process; multiscaling process
Security procedures for classification mining algorithms

Classification mining algorithms can be used to discover protected values from non-protected data that are voluntarily released for mining purposes. We reported earlier on the development of an assessment algorithm, along with a set of security policies, for use in analyzing a protected data element's risk of disclosure with respect to decision-region based algorithms. This paper presents an extension of the previous work. Specifically, two algorithms, one for assessing a protected data element's risk of disclosure with respect to decision-region based algorithms and the other with respect to extended decision-region based algorithms, are developed. The former risk assessment algorithm has a relatively low execution time, but may not achieve an exact assessment of a protected data element's risk of disclosure. However, data collected from initial experiments indicate that the application of this particular assessment algorithm can lead to an exact assessment, under certain security policies.
Phase Variation of Andrewes in Salmonella enteritidis Bioserotype Paratyphi-A

The natural occurrence of a strain of Salmonella enteritidis bioserotype Paratyphi-A is reported, in which the flagellar antigens segregated readily into normal phase 2 antigens and mixtures of normal phase 1 and phase 2 antigens, and in which phase variation of Andrewes was demonstrated with ease.
Imaging devices using the charge-coupled concept

A unified treatment of the basic electrostatic and dynamic design of charge-coupled devices (CCD's) based on approximate analytical analysis is presented. Clocking methods and tradeoffs are discussed. Driver power dissipation and on-chip power dissipation are analyzed. Properties of noise sources due to charge input and transfer are summarized. Low-noise methods of signal extraction are discussed in detail. The state of the art for linear and area arrays is presented. Tradeoffs in area-array performance from a systems point of view and performance predictions are presented in detail. Time delay and integration (TDI) and the charge-injection device (CID) are discussed. Finally, the uses of the charge-coupled concept in infrared imaging are discussed.
MULTIPLE RETINOIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENTS COOPERATE TO ENHANCE THE INDUCIBILITY OF CYP26A1 GENE EXPRESSION IN LIVER

CYP26A1, which catalyzes the oxidation of all-trans (at)-retinoic acid (RA), is induced moderately by RA in numerous tissues, but is highly responsive in liver. To understand this difference, we have examined the CYP26A1 gene sequence, identified multiple RA response elements (RAREs) and tested them functionally in HepG2 cells as model hepatocytes, and in the liver of vitamin A (VA)-adequate and -deficient rats. Analysis of a 2.2 kbp 5'-flanking region upstream of the CYP26A1 transcription start site (TSS) identified 3 conserved hexameric direct repeat-5 elements, RARE1, -2 and -3, and a half site, RARE4. The full-length promoter containing all 4 elements was sufficient and necessary to increase promoter activity similar to levels of endogenous CYP26A1 mRNA produced in HepG2 cells treated with at-RA. In DNA binding and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, the binding of RARs to the proximal RARE1 and distal RARE2, -3, and -4 regions of the CYP26A1 promoter was increased in RA-treated HepG2 cells, and greater in VA-sufficient than VA-deficient liver. Moreover, RA increased the binding of RNA polymerase-II in the distal as well as the proximal region, indicating that the distal region may be looped to become positioned close to the TSS, a process favored by retinoic acid receptors. The results support a cooperative model in which the functioning of multiple RAREs may account for the strong inducibility of CYP26A1 in liver, which, in turn, may be important physiologically for restoring retinoid homeostasis when the concentration of RA rises.
Highly efficient, catalytic bis addition reactions of allyl phenyl sulfone to vinyl sulfones

Abstract Highly efficient, electrocatalytic additions of allyl phenyl sulfone to a variety of vinyl sulfones have been accomplished. The additions are catalyzed by electrogenerated bases derived from the reactant itself, and furnish 90–94% yields of highly polar molecules in which 1 mol of allyl phenyl sulfone has added consecutively, selectively, and in a linear addition mode to 2 mol of the vinyl sulfone. Essentially no products are observed which incorporate other than 2 mol of the vinyl sulfone. An addition to a difunctional alkene, divinylsulfone, yields a novel cyclization product, albeit in more moderate yield (41%). The use of tetraalkylammonium salts, as opposed to lithium salts, as electrolytes has been found to provide electrogenerated bases of especially high reactivity.
Attempts to produce urinary concretions in the monkey with promin

p ROMIN, ~ a sodium salt of p, pi-diaminodiphenyl-sulfone-N, N'-di (dextrose sulfonate), with a structure as noted below,~ is a new chemotherapeutic drug. It has been investigated elinieally2, 2 The purpose of this work was to determine if this agent would produee urinary concretions in the Macacus malatta monkey. One of tile authors (Toomey) has found that 45 Gin. of the drug given intravenously over a period of three days is well tolerated by the human being. This is about 0.9 Gin. per kilogram for persons weighing 50 kg. M. malatta monkeys can be given s~eh concentrations of promin without any reactions. Since the purpose of these experiments was to see if this drug would cause the formation of stones, massive amounts, i.e., 8 Gin. (5.33 Gin. or more per kilogram) were injected in twelve monkeys weighing from 1,200 to 1,500 Gm. Two animals weighing about 2,500 Gin. were given the same dose. Such an amount of the drug should cause a severe strain on the kidneys, for, if a patient weighing 50 kg. were to receive a comparative dose, approximately 266 Gin. (3,990 grains) of the drug would have to be given. The fourteen animals were each given 0.5 Gin. of promin daily for four days, and then 1 Gin. daily for six days. All injections were made intramuscularly. Ten were sacrificed at the end of ten days and examined grossly and microscopically. Four were allowed to live a few days longer to note if any cumulative side effects wouId occur. Three animals lost weight. There was an increase in the total number of white blood cells in ten of the fourteen animals; in seven, there was a decrease of at least 10 points in the hemoglobin content ; in five, a smdl, but significant, decrease in the total number of red blood cells; in two, a slight increase in the blood urea nitrogen level, and in three, a definite increase above 20 rag. per cent, an obvious pathologic finding in the monkey. The blood promin level was variable, the highest being 38.4 rag. per 100 e.e.