cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the insecticide permethrin on three life stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

Abstract Toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin was assessed using three life stages of the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Adult and larval shrimp were tested with and without sediment. An aqueous embryo test was also conducted. Cellular stress biomarkers, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation, were assessed. Larval shrimp were the most sensitive life stage with a 96-h lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.05 μg/L, compared to 0.25 μg/L for adults, and 6.4 μg/L for embryos. The presence of sediment significantly decreased toxicity of permethrin to both adult and larval shrimp. Permethrin exposure increased time to hatch in embryos and decreased swimming behavior of larvae. Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly decreased in the adult shrimp, but increased in larval shrimp exposed to permethrin. Low levels of permethrin may negatively affect grass shrimp health and survival. Permethrin use in the coastal zone should be carefully managed to avoid adverse impacts on nontarget estuarine organisms.
Coat Color Genetics of Peromyscus: V. California Blonde, A New Recessive Mutation in the Deer Mouse

California blonde is a coat color mutation in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) discovered among descendants of wild-type animals collected on Santa Cruz Island, California. The phenotype is produced by the presence of brown, rather than black, eumelanin in the pelage and skin. Retinal pigmentation is also reduced. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The California blonde gene is nonallelic with the brown (b), blonde (bln), and platinum (plt) mutant genes in this species. California blonde represents a newly detected genetic locus in the deer mouse. The symbol cfb is provisionally assigned for this genetic locus.
Inventory Policy with Parametric Demand: Operational Statistics, Linear Correction, and Regression

In this paper, we consider data-driven approaches to the problem of inventory control. We first consider the approach of operational statistics and review related results which enable us to maximize a priori expected profit uniformly over all parameter values, when the demand distribution is known up to the location and scale parameters. For the case of the unknown shape parameter, we first suggest a heuristic approach based on operational statistics to obtain improved ordering policies and illustrate the same for the case of a Pareto demand distribution. In more general cases where the heuristic is not applicable, we suggest linear correction and support vector regression approaches to better estimate ordering policies, and illustrate these using a Gamma demand distribution. In certain cases, our proposed approaches are found to yield significant improvements.
Landowner Incorporation of Onsite Soil Erosion Costs: An Application to the Conservation Reserve Program

Using data from the first signup of the Conservation Reserve Program, this paper examines whether or not landowners consider soil erosion productivity effects as they formulate their land management strategies. The empirical results indicate that regional differences exist in how well landowners incorporate the intertemporal consequences of land management decisions. With the exception of the Farm Belt, farmers either do not understand or are failing to act on the onsite productivity effects caused by soil erosion.
Mapping the early development of projections from the entorhinal cortex in the embryonic mouse using prenatal surgery techniques.

The purpose of this work was to study the development of specific projections from the postero-lateral cortex during the third trimester of gestation in the mouse. To do this, we labeled undifferentiated lateral cortex with the fluorescent carbocyanine dye, Dil, in the embryonic day (E) 16 mouse embryo using exo utero surgical techniques (Muneoka, Wanek, and Bryant, 1986). Embryos were allowed to develop to term (postnatal day 0, P0) at which time the fiber patterns emanating from the marked regions were studied. Dye placement in the undifferentiated postero-ventral cortex produced labeled fibers in the hippocampal formation. A robust projection of the angular bundle into the CA1 region of the hippocampus was heavily labeled. In addition, in some animals, cortical tracts, such as the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and a corticotectal tract, were labeled. These tracts have been described previously as scaffolding pathways in the fetal cat (McConnell, Ghosh, and Shatz, 1989), and other vertebrates (Wilson, Ross, Parrett, and Easter, 1990). Dye placement in adjacent, more anterior or dorsal areas showed strong labeling in cortical structures but no labeling in the hippocampal formation. These data indicate that, by birth, the temporal cortex is subdivided along the rostro-caudal axis as entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex, and along the dorso-ventral axis, as entorhinal cortex and neocortex. Also, these earliest connections are similar to adult connections in their specificity of target area selection. Therefore, these early, yet specific, connections may play a role in the formation of future connections during postnatal development.
Sustaining Hope Through College

This essay is a reflection of how hope plays a role in in student success. Based on the experiences of a non-traditional international graduate student, the essay explores reasons that inspire as well as challenge hope in college life.
Workplace Predictors of Family-Facilitative Coworker Support

In today's team-based work environments, coworkers have a unique opportunity to help one another manage work–family conflict through various forms of family-facilitative support. The authors explored four potential predictors of such coworker support. Results from surveys of 194 full-time working parents indicate coworkers are more likely to offer family-facilitative support when supervisors are supportive, the organization's work culture is family friendly, workgroup cohesion is high, and organizational justice perceptions regarding the administration of family-friendly benefits are high. Results suggest potential for coworker support is highest when the supervisor and work culture are family supportive, and when cohesion and justice are high.
Induced coalescence of cations through low-temperature Poisson-Boltzmann calculations.

The computational determination of preferred binding regions of divalent counterions to nucleic acids is either inaccurate (standard Poisson-Boltzmann approaches) or extremely time-consuming (Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations). A novel “selective low-temperature” Poisson-Boltzmann method is introduced that, although approximate in nature, qualitatively accounts for ion correlation and charge-transfer effects and allows for the rapid determination of such regions through an “induced coalescence” of divalent ions. The method is illustrated here for the binding of Mg2+ to a double-helical sequence of B-form DNA (CGCGAATTCGCG) but the technique is readily applicable to locating divalent cations in other systems such as DNA-endonuclease complexes and ribozymes.
Coupled Dynamics of a Solid Piercing a Fluid Free Surface

This paper reports on numerical investigations of the dynamics of a moving sphere interacting with free surface flow in a three-dimensional, rectangular, confined channel. Each simulation consists of two phases. During the first phase, the sphere is fixed and the fluid flow around it is allowed to reach a stationary state. In the second phase, the sphere is allowed to oscillate vertically. The Froude number is shown to influence the dynamics of the sphere. Also, the influence of three different initial positions on the dynamics of the sphere are presented and discussed. The first initial condition corresponds to a surface-piercing sphere while the second and the third conditions correspond to a submerged sphere at two different depths beneath the free surface. The drag coefficient computed for the two initial conditions involving a fully submerged sphere is compared with the experimental (published) values for a sphere in an unbounded domain. The motion of the fluid flow around the moving solid body is based on the solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The free surface deformation is solved by the use of an Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro Cell (ELMMC) method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Temperature-metabolism relations of two species of Sebastes from different thermal environments

Abstract 1. 1. Oxidative and glycolytic enzymes were compared for Sebastes auriculatus, a shallow water species subject to the annual temperature cycle (22°C Summer, 12°C Winter), and S. miniatus, which occurs below the thermocline (10°C). 2. 2. Cytochrome oxidase activity of muscle from S. miniatus was 70% higher than from S. auriculatus at 10, 15 and 20°C. 3. 3. In cross temperature acclimation S. auriculatus showed a marked compensation in cold water, S. miniatus a small amount of acclimation in warm water. 4. 4. Lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activities were similar in the two species both when taken from natural summer temperatures and after cross-acclimation.
Emerging and reemerging diseases : a historical perspective

Between mid-century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term 'emerging and reemerging diseases' to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed.
Behavioral Parent Training Skills and Child Behavior: The Utility of Behavioral Descriptions and Reflections.

Empirical examination of components of behavioral parent training programs is necessary to inform treatment effectiveness and efficiency; however, comprehensive research on many components is lacking. The current study examined two parenting components utilized in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy by investigating the effects of behavioral descriptions on on-task behavior and the effects of reflections on descriptive speech. Twenty six parent-child dyads, with a child age 3–5, completed five parental-skill conditions. Results suggest that combined skills increased child on-task behavior more than other conditions; and that behavioral description alone increased on-task behavior more than questions. Furthermore, parental questions increased descriptive speech more than other forms of parental attention. These findings provide preliminary support for the utility of specific types of parental attention.
Hypoglycemia-Induced Autonomic Failure in IDDM is Specific for Stimulus of Hypoglycemia and Is Not Attributable to Prior Autonomic Activation

We hypothesized, first, that recent antecedent hypoglycemia causes reduced autonomic responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in patients with well-controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and that the reduced responses are specific for the stimulus of hypoglycemia while the responses to other stimuli are unaltered and, second, that reduced autonomic responses, specifically sympathochromaffin, so-induced are not simply the result of prior activation of the system. To test the first hypothesis, eight patients with IDDM, selected for HbA1c levels < 8.0% and the absence of classic diabetic autonomic neuropathy, were studied twice. On one occasion, clamped hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM) was produced at 1400-1600 on days 2 and 3; on the other occasion clamped euglycemia (approximately 5.6 mM) was produced at those times. On both occasions, autonomic responses to hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM) were determined the morning of day 3 and those to standing, exercise, and a formula meal the morning of day 4. Following afternoon hypoglycemia, 1) the adrenomedullary epinephrine (EPI) response to hypoglycemia was reduced (P = 0.0397) but that to standing, exercise, and a meal were unaltered; 2) the sympathetic neural norepinephrine (NE) response to standing and to exercise was unaltered; and 3) the partially parasympathetic neural-mediated pancreatic polypeptide response to a meal was unaltered. To test the second hypothesis, seven nondiabetic subjects were studied twice, once with cycle exercise (60% peak VO2 x 60 min) and once without exercise 90 min before clamped hypoglycemia (approximately 2.8 mM). Prior exercise had no effect on the EPI, NE, or pancreatic polypeptide responses to hypoglycemia. We conclude, first, that the phenomenon of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure can be induced in patients with well-controlled IDDM and is specific for the stimulus of hypoglycemia and, second, that this is not simply the result of prior activation of the system.
Glycolipid-enriched membrane domains are assembled into membrane patches by associating with the actin cytoskeleton.

Nonionic detergent lysates of cells contain a glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) fraction. It has been proposed that the GEM fraction represents poorly solubilized GEM microdomains, or lipid rafts. However, the properties of GEM domains in intact cells remain controversial. To study the properties of a GEM-associated protein using confocal microscopy, GFP was targeted to GEM domains using the N-terminal domain of p56lck (LckNT). Imaging of HeLa cells expressing LckNT-GFP showed that it was targeted to large actin-rich patches in the plasma membrane that contained up to a fivefold enrichment of protein. Double-labeling experiments showed that the patches were selectively enriched with other GEM-associated molecules. Furthermore, the patches were resistant to extraction by TX-100, and disrupting GEM domains by extracting cholesterol also disrupted colocalization of LckNT-GFP with F-actin. Analogous to the actin-rich patches in HeLa cells, LckNT-GFP colocalized with actin-rich membrane caps in stimulated T cells. Furthermore, disrupting the GEM-targeting signal of LckNT-GFP also inhibited its targeting to membrane caps. Altogether, these findings extend previous studies by showing that association of GEM domains with the actin cytoskeleton provides a mechanism for targeting signaling molecules to membrane patches and caps.
Einstein's velocity addition law and its hyperbolic geometry

Following a brief review of the history of the link between Einstein's velocity addition law of special relativity and the hyperbolic geometry of Bolyai and Lobachevski, we employ the binary operation of Einstein's velocity addition to introduce into hyperbolic geometry the concepts of vectors, angles and trigonometry. In full analogy with Euclidean geometry, we show in this article that the introduction of these concepts into hyperbolic geometry leads to hyperbolic vector spaces. The latter, in turn, form the setting for hyperbolic geometry just as vector spaces form the setting for Euclidean geometry.
Partial sequence of an active-site peptide from triose phosphate isomerase.

Abstract The sequence of an active-site peptide from rabbit muscle triose phosphate isomerase, containing the essential glutamyl residue with which chloroacetol phosphate reacts, is Trp-Val-Leu-Ala-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Val-Ala-Trp-(Thr, Ile)-Gly-Gly-Lys.
Enhancement of Allee effects in plants due to self‐incompatibility alleles

Summary 1 Founder populations of plants are usually small and may become extinct due to many factors including inbreeding and low pollen transfer besides stochastic factors. This positive relationship between population size and individual fitness is taken as evidence of an Allee effect. Very few studies have quantitatively compared the influence of self-incompatibility systems and S-allele counts on the magnitude of observed Allee effects for different population sizes and seed and pollen dispersal distances. 2 This paper uses a stochastic, spatially explicit, individual-based cellular automaton model to simulate the dynamics of newly established plant populations with sporophytic or gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) alleles and compares these to a null (Mendelian) population. Parameters varied in model simulation are the S-allele count, the initial population size, and the pollen and seed dispersal distances. These parameters were studied over a wide range to assess their relative impact on population viability compared to the null case in order to model the effect of self-incompatibility on population fitness. 3 The results indicate that Allee effects are enhanced and growth rates are slowed in newly established populations of species with S-alleles relative to Mendelian populations, leading to enhanced extinction risk. They also show the importance of the relationship between pollen and seed dispersal ranges on the fitness of the population. Populations with sporophytic self-incompatibility were more extinction-prone than those with gametophytic SI, and the latter more so than Mendelian populations when all other factors were held constant. 4 Synthesis. Overall, the simulation results indicate that Allee effects in small populations are enhanced in plants with S-alleles. Even in relatively large populations, S-allele count controls the strength of observed Allee effects. A high S-allele count is able to compensate for lower initial population size. Pollen and seed dispersal ranges had a similarly strong effect on the viability of populations with S-alleles. These effects are stronger in populations with sporophytic self-incompatibility than in those with gametophytic SI. Simulation results also indicate that S-alleles were not lost to genetic drift over time, in contrast with some earlier studies of S-allele systems displaying Allee effects.
Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers in vivo and inhibitors in vitro on the covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites to DNA catalyzed by liver microsomes from genetically responsive and nonresponsive mice.

Abstract The in vitro DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites generated by mouse liver microsomes can be resolved into at least nine distinct peaks by elution of a Sephadex LH20 column with a water-methanol gradient. These peaks, representing metabolite-nucleoside complexes, are named A (most polar) through I (least polar). 3-Methylcholanthrene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, phenobarbital, Aroclor 1254, pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, or ethanol was administered in vivo to genetically “responsive” C57BL/6N or “nonresponsive” DBA/2N mice, in an attempt to understand and identify increases or decreases in reactive BP intermediates that bind to DNA. Rises or falls in these peaks are also noted when liver microsomes from control or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated C57BL/6N or DBA/2N mice were incubated in vitro with [3H]benzo[a]pyrene and microsomal enzyme inhibitors such as α-naphthoflavone, metyrapone or cyclohexene oxide. All of our interpretations concerning the binding of metabolites to DNA are consistent with non-K-region oxygenation of benzo[a]pyrene being mediated predominantly by cytochrome(s) P1-450 and K-region oxygenation of benzo[a]pyrene being catalysed predominantly by form(s) of P-450 other than P1-450. All of the biological perturbations are consistent with the following assignments. The major reactive intermediate of benzo[a]pyrene contributing to each peak is suggested to be: peaks A and C, an unknown dihydrodiol oxide; peaks B, D, F and I, quinones oxygenated further (or quinone-derived free radicals); peak E, both cis- and tans-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides; peak F′, the 7.8-oxide; peak G, the 4.5-oxide; and peak H, an unknown phenol oxide. The DNA nucleosides are not identified in this study. Of the ten peaks listed here, it is of interest that the major metabolite(s) contributing to eight of the peaks (all except peaks F' and G) involve(s) more than a single mono-oxygenation by forms of cytochrome P-450. All peaks, with the exception of peak G, appear to be predominantly associated with benzo[a]pyrene metabolism mediated by P1-450 and, therefore, controlled by the Ah locus. The use of these microsomal enzyme inducers or inhibitors—combined with the underlying genetic predisposition of the individual, tissue, or cell culture system under study—demonstrates that the balance between P-450 and epoxide hydrase, and the ratio of each form of P-450 to the other forms of P-450, can influence markedly the quantity and quality of reactive intermediates of benzo[a]pyrene that bind to DNA.
Oversized waveguides and resonators for millimeter waves

If real monolithic systems* turn out to be impractical at millimeter-wave frequencies, oversized waveguides and resonators are useful alternatives in component and system design. Low losses, high Q factors, and inexpensive manufacturing are their advantages. Starting with an explanation of the term “oversized”, the loss reductions, Q factors, inherently oversized guides, such as the H-guide and its modifications, excitation of higher-order modes, laterally oversized H-guides, and the effects of coupling are described. A brief consideration of applications concludes the presentation.
An 88-Year-Old Woman Facing the End of Life

Dr DALEY: Mrs J is an 88-year-old widow who has had multiple recent episodes of congestive heart failure [CHF] requiring hospitalization. She lives alone in an assisted living center for senior citizens in a suburb of Boston, Mass. She has 1 daughter, Mrs V, who is very involved in her care. She has Medicare insurance and a supplemental Medigap insurance policy. Mrs J has long-standing essential hypertension, coronary artery disease with stable angina pectoris, aortic stenosis, and an elevated alkaline phosphatase suggestive of Paget disease of the bone. She has chronic CHF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 2 to 3 episodes of angina per week relieved by nitroglycerin, and recurrent episodes of flash pulmonary edema, necessitating 4 hospital admissions in the previous 10 months. Within the past year, Mrs J refused needle biopsy for evaluation of a multinodular goiter. Functionally, she needs assistance only with bathing, but notes fatigue and some shortness
Human genetic diversity, a critical resource for man's future

The human gene pool displays exuberant genetic variation; this is normal for a sexual species. Even small isolated populations contain a large percentage of the total variability, emphasizing the basic genetic unity of our species. As modern man spread across the world from its African source, the genetic basis for man's unique mental acuity was retained everywhere. Nevertheless, some geographical genetic variation such as skin color, stature and physiognomy was established. These changes were biologically relatively insignificant. Most of the ‘genetic load’ in the genome has been carried throughout the history of the species. There is little hope of purging all of these harmful genes; we must accept them and continue to treat their syndromes medically. All populations carry extensive genetic variation due to genes that encode variations in quantitative traits. Of greatest importance among these is ubiquitous polygenic variability in brain function and intelligence. Mental acuity is what sets us apart from the rest of the biological world. Throughout our history, genetic recombination among the many genes involved in brain function has occurred. This has provided a genetic basis for the action of natural selection that favors intelligence in meeting the demands of the environment. As environments change in the future, this type of genetic variability will continue to be a crucial resource.
Marooned, but Resourceful

Along with many librarians who pick up RSR, I turn to “Personal Choice” as the first article to read. It is always intriguing to learn others' choices and their reasons. Most of us probably never think that the question will be dropped into our own laps, so though we might disagree with others’ choices, we rarely think seriously of those we would make ourselves. Fortunately, James Rettig does give enough time for us to think about it, to try to come up with a different approach, to philosophize on a specific desert isle. “If you were stranded on a desert island and had to create a reference/information service with only ten sources, which ten would you choose?”
Redox‐sensitive protein phosphatase activity regulates the phosphorylation state of p38 protein kinase in primary astrocyte culture

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as second messengers that activate protein kinase cascades, although the means by which ROS regulate signal transduction remains unclear. In the present study, we show that interleukin 1beta (IL1beta), H2O2, and sorbitol-induced hyperosmolarity mediate a 5- to 10-fold increase in phosphorylation (activation) of the p38 protein kinase in rat primary glial cells as measured by analyses of Western blots using an antibody directed against the dually phosphorylated (active) p38. Additionally, IL1beta was found to elicit H2O2 synthesis in these cells. Concurrent with p38 phosphorylation, all three stimulation paradigms caused an inhibition of protein phosphatase activity. Phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a nitrone-based free radical trap and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a thiol reducing agent, were examined for their effects on the phosphorylation of p38 as well as phosphatase activity. Pretreatment of cells with either PBN or NAC at 1.0 mM suppressed IL1beta H2O2, and sorbitol-mediated activation of p38 and significantly increased phosphatase activity. These data suggest that ROS, particularly H2O2, are used as second messenger substances that activate p38 in part via the transient inactivation of regulatory protein phosphatases.
Abstract 2457: Laminin receptor cross-talk stimulates receptor internalization and migration of human prostate cancer cells

Integrin cell adhesion receptors are internalized and recycled to the plasma membrane during cellular migration. The laminin binding A3B1 and A6B1 integrin receptors are differentially expressed on prostate tumor cells in Gleason grades 3-5 as detected in biopsy and prostatectomy specimens. The A6 integrin exists as a full length form or as a pro-metastatic variant, A6pB1, a receptor form missing the extracellular laminin binding domain via the action of the serine protease, uPA. The objective of this study is to determine whether internalization of the A6 integrin occurs in human bone metastatic lesions and whether cross-talk between the laminin receptors A6B1, A6pB1 and A3B1 modifies their respective internalization rates. In a tissue microarray of 185 metastatic prostate cancers from 45 patients, approximately 70% of bone metastases expressed A6B1 on tumor plasma membrane and/or within the cytoplasm. The A6 and A6p integrins in DU145 cells are constitutively internalized with a biological half life of approximately 30 minutes as compared to 60 minutes for A3 or 20 minutes for the unrelated transferrin receptor. Increasing production of A6pB1 by supplying exogenous uPA stimulated A3 internalization. Conversely, blockage of A6pB1 production using an A6 specific antibody (J8H) decreased A3 internalization. Targeted depletion of the A3 integrin increased DU145 cell migration that was dependent upon A6 integrin as detected by antibody blocking experiments using J8H (A6 specific) and AIIB2 (B1 specific). Analysis of transcriptomic data from prostate cancer xenografts, revealed three different candidate receptor recycling genes that significantly correlated with the loss of membrane and increase in cytoplasmic expression. Taken together, these data indicate that cross-talk between A6B1 and A3B1 modifies their internalization rates and prostate tumor cell migration. This suggests that successful therapeutic targeting of metastasizing prostate cancer cells may depend upon coordinated targeting of both receptors and the recycling machinery. Current work is to determine the involvement of candidate recycling genes in the biological control of laminin binding integrins in human prostate cancer. (Supported in part by NIH grants P30CA023074, 1RO1 CA159406 and the TACMASS core service of the University of Arizona Cancer Center). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2457. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2457
Gravity‐measurements on the U.S.S. Barracuda

Measurements of gravity at sea, accurate enough to be of value in the problems of geodesy and geology, were first made by F. A. Vening Meinesz in 1923. Since that time Vening Meinesz has perfected his apparatus into a standard form and has made many highly important surveys with it [see 1 of references at end of paper]. The Vening Meinesz apparatus [2] contains three bronze half-second pendulums, all mounted to swing in the same plane. By means of an ingenious optical system, the motions of the three pendulums are combined to give a photographic record of two fictitious pendulums, each fictitious pendulum being independent of small horizontal motions of the apparatus in the swinging-plane of the pendulums. This instrument is installed in a submarine which submerges, when a gravity-observation is to be made, and provides a platform relatively undisturbed by wave-action.
The Design of a Cell-Phone Based Balance-Training Device

Postural imbalance can result from various vestibular (central and peripheral), neurological, orthopedic, and vascular disorders, as well as sensory conflicts, head injuries, infections, medications, and aging. Balance rehabilitation has been shown to improve the quality of life of individuals with balance disorders by facilitating the development of compensatory strategies which mitigate dizziness, improve balance, and increase the ability to perform activities of daily living. The goal of this work is to design a cell phone based balance training device that can be used in the home to assist a patient with therapist-assigned balance exercises or in an environment where access to balance therapy is limited (i.e., rural regions in the developing world). The prototype comprises an iPhone (iPhone SDK, Apple), an auxiliary pager motor (Samsung GH31-00154C), and an audio amplifier (Analog Devices SSM2301). Body motion is detected by on-board tri-axial accelerometers, and a tilt estimate is computed using a low-pass filter. The phone's native pager motor and an auxiliary pager motor are used to provide real-time vibrotactile cues of body tilt along a single axis. The phone is worn on the small of the back to provide anterior-posterior vibrotactile trunk tilt feedback during stance, and worn near the right hip to provide medial-lateral vibrotactile trunk tilt feedback during gait. Auditory files direct the user through a series of standard balance rehabilitation exercises. A summary of the user's performance is displayed on the phone's screen following completion of the exercise.
Moderate alcohol consumption protects against colorectal adenomas in smokers.

Background Although some studies have shown an association between alcohol consumption and colorectal adenomas, the effect of moderate alcohol consumption is not well defined, nor is the interaction between alcohol and smoking.
The Hageman factor: determinations of its concentration during the neonatal period and presentation of a case of Hageman factor deficiency.

Summary A 9-year-old boy with deficiency of the Hageman factor is presented. As in other instances of this deficiency, the patient is completely free of hemorrhagic symptoms despite a prolonged clotting time, an abnormal prothrombin consumption, and an abnormal thromboplastin generation test. The content of the Hageman factor has been measured during the newborn period and has been found to be low in many infants during the first days of life. Many infants, however, have normal concentrations of the Hageman factor from birth and all appear to achieve normal levels of it by the fourteenth day of life.
Tests for a mean shift with good size and monotonic power

Abstract This paper proposes tests for a mean shift based on a new hybrid estimator of the long-run variance. It is shown that these tests can bypass the non-monotonic power problem of the LM tests while maintaining adequate size properties.
Rhodium(III) complexes of new N-substituted α-amine oxime ligands: Synthesis and crystal structures of [Rh(PhenAO)2Cl2], [Rh(PhetAO)2Cl2], [Rh(acetanilidoAO)2Cl2] and [Rh(N-methyl acetanilidoAO)2Cl2]

Abstract Four new bidentate, α-amino substituted α-amine oxime ligands and their rhodium(III) complexes are reported. Characterization of the ligands and the complexes by proton NMR is included. The ligands are 3-(N-phenylamino)-3-methyl-2-butanone oxime (PhenAO), 3-[N-(2-phenylethyl)amino]-3-methyl-2-butanone oxime (PhetAO), 3-[N-(4-acetanilido)amino]-3-methyl-2-butanone oxime (acetanilidoAO) and 3-[N-(4-(N-methyl)acetanilido)amino]-3-methyl-2-butanone oxime (N-methyl acetanilidoAO). The rhodium complexes, [Rh(PhenAO) 2 Cl 2 ], [Rh(PhetAO) 2 Cl 2 ], [Rh(acetanilidoAO) 2 Cl 2 ] and [Rh(N-methyl acetanilidoAO) 2 Cl 2 ], were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complexes are neutral and octahedral with coordination of two bidentate amine oxime ligands through the oxime and amine nitrogen atoms and two trans -chloride ligands. The cis -oximes in each case lose one proton and the remaining proton is involved in a strong OHO hydrogen bond. Bond distances and angles in the complexes are normal. Details of the structures (including two modifications of the first two complexes) are presented.
Win, lose, or withdraw: A categorical analysis of career patterns in the House of Representatives, 1948–1978

The literature on incumbency advantage has focused on margin as an indicator for electoral security. But while electoral margin is a goodex ante measure, it is a poorex post measure of security. Further, existing work has not integrated the choice of retirement with changes in the level of security. To improve the specification and definition of “marginality”, a multinomial LOGIT model is proposed where the dependent variable is categorical. Account is therefore taken of all the ways a Representative's term in office can end, including reelection, defeat, retirement, or pursuit of other office. The sample includes all U.S. Representatives elected for the first time between 1948 and 1978. The results indicate that (1) margin in the previous election is a significantex ante proxy for the probability of electoral defeat, and (2) while the electoral safety of all incumbents in the House has been increased, the increases are greater for members elected for the first time in the period since 1965.
Between stigma and mother-blame: blind mothers' experiences in USA hospital postnatal care

This study examines instances of discrimination that blind mothers in the USA have experienced at the hands of doctors, nurses and social workers during hospital postnatal care. The author identifies postnatal care as the time when blind mothers are likely to face the most stigmatising interactions with medical staff, as it is when scepticism about their competence as mothers is at its height. The author argues these interactions must be understood within their institutional context in which ideologies of risk and mother-blame are embedded in hospital postnatal practices.
NaCl solution ingestion in genetic (SHR) and aortic-ligation hypertension☆

Abstract Two types of rats with hypertension were investigated to clarify the relation between the free ingestion of NaCl solutions (0.5–3.0% NaCl) and established genetic (SHR Okamoto strain) and renovascular (aortic ligation) hypertension. The acceptability of NaCl was measured by rehydration drinking of a single solution in a 1-hr period. The preference for NaCl was measured by allowing continuous access to both a single NaCl solution and water. Except at the ends of the Nacl concentration range, NaCl solutions were both more accepted and preferred by the SHR strain in comparison to the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Water turnover was not different between SHR and WKY animals. In the chronichypertension phase of aortic-ligation, there was no difference in NaCl acceptability between ligated and sham-operated groups. The middle range of NaCl concentrations was nonpreferred by ligated animals relative to the sham-operated group. Water turnover increased markedly for several days in the post-operative period for ligated animals and then descended. However, the turnover remained greater for ligated rats compared to their sham-operated controls. A chronically elevated blood pressure, then, does not in itself appear to produce an increase in NaCl ingestion. In fact, the present results together with other studies made during the chronic phase of renovascular hypertension indicate a relative lack of preference for NaCl solutions. The greater NaCl solution acceptance and preference of the SHR strain cannot be related to the etiology of genetic hypertension at present.
The role of the institutional researcher in a sex discrimination suit

This paper has three purposes, the first being a summary of what transpires when an institution of higher education is the defendant in a class action suit charging prejudicial treatment of some minority group. The second purpose is to demonstrate how easily the plaintiffs can use the institution's own data to establish aprima facie case for disparate treatment. The final goal is to display typical data and statistical exhibits that an institution might expect to see filed against them by the plaintiffs. Considerable attention is placed on discussing the role institutional researchers play in the defense phase, particularly with regard to strategies for defending against a multivariate regression model that the claimants' statistical expert has submitted in evidence of a classwide bias. The hoped for result of this exposition would be greater alertness to the vulnerability of any institution and an appreciation of the need for advance preparation that would ensure the availability of data and techniques required to make a strong defense against a class action suit that may be unwarranted.
Dynamics of the universe and spontaneous symmetry breaking

It is shown that the presence of a phase transition early in the history of the universe, associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking (believed to take place at very high temperatures at which the various fundamental interactions unify), significantly modifies its dynamics and evolution. This is due to the energy 'pumping' during the phase transition from the vacuum to the substance, rather than the gravitating effects of the vacuum. The expansion law of the universe then differs substantially from the relation considered so far for the very early time expansion. In particular it is shown that under certain conditions this expansion law is exponential. It is further argued that under reasonable assumptions for the mass of the associated Higgs boson this expansion stage could last long enough to potentially account for the observed isotropy of the universe.
Treatment strategies for management of serum lipids: Lessons learned from lipid metabolism, recent clinical trials, and experience with the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

The Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) guidelines, published initially in 1988 and revised in 1993, are based on sentinel observations and early clinical trials in support of treating and preventing coronary artery disease by cholesterol lowering. With the conclusion of several large long-term trials using HMG CoA reductase inhibitors for primary and secondary coronary prevention, the ATP II recommendations, which remain remarkably accurate, can be supplemented with more evidence-based strategies. Increasing evidence suggests that thoughtful lipid management for coronary prevention should include a more complete assessment of lipoproteins with an emphasis on apolipoproteins, triglycerides, and very low-density (VLDL) remnant particles, LDL particle size, and lipoprotein(a). This review summarizes clinically relevant lipid metabolism with an emphasis on the concept of atherogenic plasma lipids, discusses the clinical benefits and specific uses of each of the lipid-lowering drug classes, and provides an analysis of recent cholesterol-lowering primary and secondary coronary prevention trials from which a new treatment strategy can be derived.
A Rao-Blackwellized MCMC algorithm for recovering piecewise planar 3D models from multiple view RGBD images

In this paper, we propose a reconstruction technique that uses 2D regions/superpixels rather than point features. We use pre-segmented RGBD data as input and obtain piecewise planar 3D models of the world. We solve the problem of superpixel labeling within single and multiple views simultaneously by using a Rao-Blackwellized Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. We present our output as a labeled 3D model of the world by integrating out ov er all possible 3D planes in a fully Bayesian fashion. We present our results on the new SUN3D dataset [1].
Contra Galileo: Riccioli’s “Coriolis-Force” Argument on the Earth’s Diurnal Rotation

In 1651 the Italian astronomer and physicist Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598–1671) published his encyclopedic book, Almagestum novum, in which he presented seventy-seven arguments against the Copernican theory of the movement of the Earth, one of which foresaw an effect that physicists today attribute to the Coriolis force. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), Isaac Newton (1642–1727), and Robert Hooke (1635–1703) investigated this argument, which raises significant questions about the nature of the opposition to the Copernican theory in the seventeenth century.
Mercosur and the European Union Variation Among the Factors of Regional Cohesion

The European Union (EU) and the Common Market of the South (Mercosur) are very different regions that have come to seemingly analogous compromises as far as the operation of their common markets is concerned. Like the EU, Mercosur seems to confirm the textbook logic of integration development from a free trade area to a customs union and then to a common market. Does this mean that well-developed theories of European integration that emphasize certain properties of the European region are useless in explaining and predicting the Mercosur process? This article proposes a framework for comparison of the two blocs that uses selected theories of European integration: neofunctionalism, liberal inter-governmentalism, social constructivism and neo-realism. The framework is applied to the examination of intra-regional cohesion of the two interstate cooperative groups. Comparison of the two unions demonstrates that, despite similar institutional structures and partial set-ups of the common markets, they are qualit...
Discovery of a Small Molecule that Inhibits the Interaction of Anthrax Edema Factor with Its Cellular Activator, Calmodulin

The catalytic efficiency of adenylyl cyclase activity of edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis is enhanced by approximately 1000-fold upon its binding to mammalian protein calmodulin (CaM). A tandem cell-based and protein binding-based screen of a 10,000 member library identified a molecule that inhibits the EF-CaM interaction and therefore the adenylyl cyclase activity. A combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and photolabeling studies showed that the molecule targets the CaM binding region of EF. A series of related compounds were synthesized and evaluated to identify one compound, 4-[4-(4-nitrophenyl)-thiazolylamino]-benzenesulfonamide, that maintained activity against EF but showed minimal toxicity to two cultured cell lines. This compound represents an important reagent to study the role of EF in anthrax pathology and may represent a drug lead against anthrax infection.
PLZF Induces the Spontaneous Acquisition of Memory/Effector Functions in T Cells Independently of NKT Cell-Related Signals

The broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac-zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is required for development of the characteristic innate/effector functions of NKT cells. In this study, we report the characterization and functional analysis of transgenic mouse T cells with forced expression of PLZF. PLZF expression was sufficient to provide some memory/effector functions to T cells without the need for Ag stimulation or proliferation. The acquisition of this phenotype did not require the proliferation typically associated with T cell activation. Furthermore, PLZF transgenic cells maintained a diverse TCR repertoire, indicating that there was no preferential expansion of specific clones. Functionally, PLZF transgenic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were similar to wild type memory cells, in that they had similar requirements for costimulation and exhibited a similar pattern of cytokine secretion, with the notable exception that transgenic T cells produced significantly increased levels of IL-17. Whereas transgene-mediated PLZF expression was not sufficient to rescue NKT cell development in Fyn- or signaling lymphocytic activation-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mice, the acquisition of memory/effector functions induced by PLZF in conventional T cells was independent of Fyn and SAP. These data show that PLZF is sufficient to promote T cell effector functions and that PLZF acts independently of SAP- and Fyn-mediated signaling pathways.
Routing-aware multiple description coding with multipath transport for video delivered over mobile ad-hoc networks

This paper proposes a cross-layer approach called routing-aware multiple description coding with multipath transport to support video communications over mobile ad-hoc networks. This approach establishes a packet loss model based on the MAC access mechanism and network parameters, and utilizes it along with the routing messages from multipath routing to estimate the packet loss probability of transmitted video packets. Then the estimated results are passed to the application layer to assist reference frame selection for multiple description coding in order to mitigate error propagation introduced in the motion-compensated loop. Results show that this is an effective approach to improve error resilience of video transmission over mobile ad-hoc networks and enhance the video experience for multiple users.
Matched information rate codes for Partial response channels

In this paper, we design capacity-approaching codes for partial response channels. The codes are constructed as concatenations of inner trellis codes and outer low-density parity- check (LDPC) codes. Unlike previous constructions of trellis codes for partial response channels, we disregard any algebraic properties (e.g., the minimum distance or the run-length limit) in our design of the trellis code. Our design is purely probabilistic in that we construct the inner trellis code to mimic the transition probabilities of a Markov process that achieves a high (capacity-approaching) information rate. Hence, we name it a matched information rate (MIR) design. We provide a set of five design rules for constructions of capacity-approaching MIR inner trellis codes. We optimize the outer LDPC code using density evolution tools specially modified to fit the superchannel consisting of the inner MIR trellis code concatenated with the partial response channel. Using this strategy, we design degree sequences of irregular LDPC codes whose noise tolerance thresholds are only fractions of a decibel away from the capacity. Examples of code constructions are shown for channels both with and without spectral nulls.