cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of hepatectomy margin on survival following resection of colorectal metastasis: the role of adjuvant therapy and its effects.

Abstract Introduction The optimal width of microscopic margin and the use of adjuvant therapy after a positive margin for hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CRCLM) has not been conclusively determined. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the influence of width of surgical margin and adjunctive therapy upon disease free and overall survival. Methods All patients undergoing hepatectomy for CRCLM from 1997 to 2012 were identified from a prospectively maintained, IRB approved database. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on the parenchymal margin: positive, 1 cm. Results A total of 373 patients were included for analysis with a median follow up of 26 months (range 9–103 months) and a median overall survival of 53 months. The resection margin was positive (26 patients median OS 24 months), 1 cm (217 patients median OS 64 months). The most common adjunctive therapy was chemotherapy, hepatic arterial therapy, or local. Patients with positive margins also had the shortest disease free survival (DFS), 16 months. The DFS was similar amongst the other margin groups ( 1 cm 25 months). Hepatectomy margin independently influenced survival ( p = 0.017) and disease free survival ( p = 0.034). Patients with negative margins has similar overall recurrence rates ( p = 0.36) and survival rates ( p = 0.89). Conclusions A positive surgical margin indicates a worse overall biology of disease for patients undergoing hepatectomy for CRCLM, and appropriate multi-disciplinary therapy should be considered in this high risk patient population. Marginal width if a complete resection has been achieved does not adversely effect overall surgical in patients with CRCLM.
Somatostatin in epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa is present primarily as somatostatin 28

Abstract Region-specific antisera to [Tyr14]-SS28(1–14) were used to identify cells containing immunoreactivity to the SS28(1–14) fragment of somatostatin 28 (SS28) in gastric and intestinal mucosal epithelium and in pancreatic islets by immunoperoxidase staining. Radioimmunoassay with iodinated [Tyr14]-SS28(1–14) identified one antiserum (F4) to SS28(1–14) that cross-reacted equally with SS28(1–12), SS28(1–14) and SS28. Two other antisera (F3 and F8) to SS28(1–14) did not cross-react with SS28(1–12) and showed insignificant cross-reactivity to SS28. Immunostaining results showed that F4 stained the same cells that reacted with antiserum AS-10, which is specific for the cyclic tetradecapeptide somatostatin, SS28(15–28). Antisera F3, F4, and F8 all reacted with islet D cells and with somatostatin cells in the antral mucosa. However, only antiserum F4 detected immunoreactivity in mucosal epithelial cells: F3 and F8 did not bind to these cells. After sections of intestine were exposed to trypsin, however, epithelial cells containing immunoreactivity to SS28(1–14) were detected in intestinal mucosa with antisera F3 and F8. These results were obtained for duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, but most of the epithelial cells with immunoreactivity to SS28(1–14) were in the duodenum. Both radioimmunoassay and immunostaining results suggest that F3 and F8 bind to a region of SS28(1–14) that is unavail-Both radioimmunoassay and immunostaining results suggest that F3 and F8 bind to a region of SS28(1–14) that is unavailable to antibodies in the intact SS28 molecule. The positive immunocytochemical staining for SS28(1–14) with F3 and F8 after trypsin treatment indicates that the somatostatin-containing epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa probably do not process the somatostatin prohormone completely to SS28(15–28) (e.g., to cyclic somatostatin tetradecapeptide), but produce a larger somatostatin immunoreactive molecule as a terminal biosynthetic product. These results suggest that intestinal mucosal epithelial cells containing somatostatin-like immunoreactivity may be a major source of circulating SS28-like peptides.
Optimal passive dynamics for physical interaction: Throwing a mass

The passive dynamics of actuators may impose serious limitations to the performance of a system. Existence of inertia for example makes it impossible for the actuators to react immediately. A throwing mechanism (with electric motors) is composed of two inertias (object and motor) that decreases the performance of the system and can not be overcome with software control. But, we can use other elements (like a spring) to make the motor inertia a benefit to improve the performance of the system. Moreover, when the object is directly connected to the motor, the maximum velocity that the object can achieve is limited to the maximum velocity that can be provided by the motor. Previous research shows that passive dynamics is not always harmful, and can increase the performance of a mechanism. Here, we will extract mathematical formula that gives us the required optimum value for stiffness and/or damping of the system to give us the optimal performance given physical limitations.
Martian north polar cap and circumpolar clouds - 1975-1980 telescopic observations

Observational data on the late-winter/spring sublimation and recession of the north polar cap of Mars are analyzed statistically. Ground-based photographic data obtained by the International Planetary Patrol during the oppositions of 1975, 1978, and 1980 are compiled in tables and graphs, and Viking data from the 1977-1978 and 1980 recessions are included for comparison. The results indicate that the recession of the cap from its maximum extent (near 55 deg N) reaches a plateau during midspring. The end of this plateau is associated with (1) a sharp increase in circumpolar cloud cover (suggesting that the cap is the water source) and (2) a probable reversal of the northern-hemisphere meridional wind (as observed by Kahn, 1983).
Microcanonical analysis of the kinetic method.

Abstract An analytical expression for the “effective temperature” parameter in the Cooks kinetic method is derived using classical Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel (RRK) theory for the microcanonical unimolecular dissociation rate. The approximate expression is appropriate for metastable ion dissociation experiments and high ion source temperatures. The effective temperature is directly proportional to the well depth (complexation energy) of the dissociating cluster ion, is inversely proportional to the number of oscillators of the cluster (vibrational degrees of freedom), and also depends on the product of the reaction frequency (preexponential factor) and the instrumental time window of the experiment. Numerical simulations using classical RRK rates with a detailed kinetics treatment are compared with the analytical expression for the effective temperatures. For fast dissociations (shallow cluster well depth or small number of oscillators), threshold effects cause significant curvature in the kinetic method plots. The implications of these results on the accuracy of relative thermochemical measurements by the kinetic method are discussed.
Quality controlling interpretive reporting systems in clinical medicine:8ma changing responsibility

This paper presents some observations on a number of topics which affect the quality of computer software and includes: current trends in software design, current levels of responsibilities for the various parties involved in bringing automation to clinical medicine, why software development is so difficult to quality control, and certain characteristics of system development which contribute most to the construction of inaccurate models.
Representation of partially ordered sets

It is well known [1] that any distributive poset (short for partially ordered set) has an isomorphic representation as a poset (Q, (−) such that the supremum and the infimum of any finite setF ofp correspond, respectively, to the union and intersection of the images of the elements ofF. Here necessary and sufficient conditions are given for similar isomorphic representation of a poset where however the supremum and infimum of also infinite subsetsI correspond to the union and intersection of images of elements ofI.
Age-related changes in open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms.

In an earlier posturographic investigation (Collins and De Luca 1993) it was proposed that open-loop and closed-loop control mechanisms are involved in the regulation of undisturbed, upright stance. In this study, stabilogram-diffusion analysis was used to examine how the natural aging process affects the operational characteristics of these control mechanisms. Stabilogram-diffusion analysis leads to the extraction of repeatable center-of-pressure (COP) parameters that can be directly related to the steady-state behavior and functional interaction of the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of erect posture. Twenty-five healthy young males (aged 19-30 years) and twenty-five elderly males (aged 71-80 years) who were free of major gait and postural disorders were included in the study. An instrumented force platform was used to measure the time-varying displacements of the COP under each subject's feet during quiet standing. The COP trajectories were analyzed as one-dimensional and two-dimensional random walks, according to stabilogram-diffusion analysis. Using this technique, it was demonstrated cross-sectionally that healthy aging is associated with significant changes in the 'quasi-static' dynamics of the postural control system. (It was also shown that more traditional posturographic analyses, i.e., summary statistics, were not sensitive enough to detect these age-related differences.) It was found that the steady-state behavior of the open-loop postural control mechanisms in the elderly is more positively correlated and therefore perhaps more unstable, i.e., the output of the overall system has a greater tendency to move or drift away from a relative equilibrium point over the short term. In contrast with this result, it was also found that the steady-state behavior of the closed-loop postural control mechanisms in the elderly is more negatively correlated and therefore perhaps more stable, i.e., over the longer term, there is an increased probability that movements away from a relative equilibrium point will be offset by corrective adjustments back towards the equilibrium position. In addition, it was demonstrated that the elderly utilize open-loop control schemes for longer time intervals and correspondingly larger COP displacements during periods of undisturbed stance. This result suggests that in the elderly there is a greater delay, on average, before closed-loop feedback mechanisms are called into play. Finally, it was shown that there is an increased heterogeneity of postural control abilities in healthy older adults.
Momentum Precooling in the Debuncher Ring for the Fermilab Tevatron-I Project

The design of the antiproton source for the Fermilab Tevatron-I project (TeV-I) incorporates two separate rings. The Accumulator Ring uses a stochastic cooling/stacking system to accumulate a sufficient number of antiprotons for use in the Tevatron collider. The Debuncher Ring rotates buckets and debunches antiproton pulses from the production target. This requires, in the Debuncher, a choice of lattice transition energy very near the beam energy, resulting in very narrow spread in the circulation frequency. If the energy spread could be further reduced in the Debuncher before the beam is transferred to the Accumulator, operational improvements would result in: (1) the reduction of stochastic cooling power in the Accumulator; (2) the acceptance of a larger momentum bite of antiprotons in the Debuncher (thus more antiprotons); and (3) the reduction of momentum aperture in the Accumulator. This note describes a quick investigation of the feasibility of precooling within the framework of technically achievable parameters.
The evolution of bluffing in animal contests: an ESS approach

This paper studies the contest behaviour of territorial animals as asymmetric games in extensive form. In extensive form, opponents move sequentially, allowing for information transfer. A resident with better information about the contest than an intruder, makes the first move (display or flee). A weak resident that could not defend his territory, is bluffing when he displays to a strong intruder. An intruder, moving second, either attacks or flees. There are three behaviour regimes defined on the parameter space. Two of these have a unique ESS, while the third, which has no ESS, has a stable equilibrium in the replicator dynamics. In one regime with a unique ESS, the resident's display is completely informative. In the regime with no ESS, the population cycles around a dynamic equilibrium and includes bluffing. The model is illustrated by the bluffing behavior of the stomatopod Gonodactylus bredini.
Inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis partially requires interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3.

Innate immune activation with expression of pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α is a hallmark of the chronic inflammation associated with periodontal disease (PD). Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium associated with PD, engages TLRs and activates MyD88-dependent and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathways. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 is activated in a TRIF-dependent manner and participates in production of cytokines such as TNF-α; however, little is known regarding IRF3 and the host response to PD pathogens. We speculated that IRF3 participates in the host inflammatory response to P. gingivalis. Our results show that bone marrow macrophages (MO) from WT mice respond to P. gingivalis with activation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Compared with WT, MO from IRF3(-/-), TRIF(-/-), and TLR4(-/-) mice responded with reduced levels of TNF-α on P. gingivalis challenge. In addition, full expression of IL-6 and RANTES by MO to P. gingivalis was dependent on IRF3. Lastly, employing MO from IRF3(-/-) and IRF7(-/-) mice we observed a significant role for IRF3 and a modest role for IRF7 in the P. gingivalis-elicited TNF-α response. These studies identify a role for IRF3 in the inflammatory response by MO to the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis.
Four components of Rotter's internal-external scale and cheating behavior

Abstract This paper studied correlations between classroom cheating and the four subscales of Rotter's I-E scale identified by Collins. One-hundred-thirty college undergraduates completed the Rotter scale converted to 46 Likert items and a 30-item multiple-choice, introductory psychology examination under crowded classroom conditions. Cheating, as indexed by answer overlap with adjacent neighbors as compared to answer overlap with distant subjects, correlated significantly with the difficult-easy subscale but not with the other subscales, and not with the overall I-E scale. Results are taken as justification for the Collins' subscales and are discussed in terms of the multidimensional aspects of the overall I-E dimension.
THE DECLINE OF FIELDWORK IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Fieldwork has been an important component of human geography. A multi-decade analysis of articles in three major journals shows that human geographers since the mid-1970s have produced less fieldwork-based research than ever before in this century. The impetus for this unprecedented decline and other similar disciplinary trends are traced to several causes: demographic change, technological change, institutional pressures, and the resurgence of applied geography. Such fundamental change places disturbing questions before geographers.
Imaging Manifestations of Niemann-Pick Disease Type B

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the various imaging manifestations of Niemann-Pick disease type B using various imaging techniques emphasizing cross-sectional imaging.CONCLUSION. Niemann-Pick disease type B is a multisystem disease that affects the pulmonary, cardiovascular, abdominal, and skeletal systems. Cross-sectional imaging is well suited for detecting and assessing the various manifestations of this disease, which can be highly suggestive of the diagnosis when seen in combination.
Urinary metabolites of diisodecyl phthalate in rats.

Abstract Diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) is an isomeric mixture of phthalates with predominantly 10-carbon branched-dialkyl chains, widely used as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride. The extent of human exposure to DiDP is unknown in part because adequate biomarkers of exposure to DiDP are not available. We identified several major metabolites of DiDP in urine of adult female Sprague–Dawley rats after a single oral administration of DiDP (300 mg/kg). These metabolites can potentially be used as biomarkers of exposure to DiDP. The metabolites extracted from urine were chromatographically resolved and identified by their chromatographic behavior and full scan negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrum. The identity of metabolites with similar molecular weights was further examined in accurate mass mode. For some metabolites, unequivocal identification was done using authentic standards. Among these were the hydrolytic monoester of DiDP, monoisodecyl phthalate (MiDP), detected as a minor metabolite, and one ω oxidation product of MiDP, mono(carboxy-isononyl) phthalate (MCiNP), which was the most abundant urinary metabolite. We also tentatively identified other secondary metabolites of MiDP, mono(hydroxy-isodecyl) phthalate, mono(oxo-isodecyl) phthalate, mono(carboxy-isoheptyl) phthalate, mono(carboxy-isohexyl) phthalate, mono(carboxy-isopentyl) phthalate, mono(carboxy-isobutyl) phthalate, and mono(carboxy-ethyl) phthalate. Oxidative metabolites of diisoundecyl phthalate (DiUdP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) were also detected suggesting the presence of DiUdP and DiNP in the DiDP formulation. The urinary concentrations of all these metabolites gradually decreased in the 4 days following the administration of DiDP. MCiNP and other DiDP secondary metabolites are more abundant in urine than MiDP, suggesting that these oxidative products are better biomarkers for DiDP exposure assessment than MiDP. Additional research on the toxicokinetics of these metabolites is needed to understand the extent of human exposure to DiDP from the urinary concentrations of MCiNP and other DiDP secondary metabolites.
Laser melting of thin silicon films

Abstract Thin silicon films on a cooled substrate are often found to develop two-phase lamellar structures upon radiative heating. Jackson and Kurtze developed a two-dimensional model for the process in which the heated film consists of alternating parallel bands of liquid and solid phases separated by planar solid-liquid interfaces. To understand the cellular or dendritic structures that sometimes are observed in these interfaces, they also performed a linearized morphological stability analysis and obtained the conditions for the growth or decay of infinitesimal perturbations to the interface. In this work we extend that analysis to finite amplitudes by developing a boundary integral representation of the thermal field, and obtain steady-state numerical solutions for nonplanar solid-liquid interfaces. Eigenvalue calculations to determine the linear stability of the nonplanar solutions are also performed. The effects of the lateral boundary conditions on the stability of the solutions are investigated as well.
Low-field breakdown, non-ohmic conductivity, and photoconductivity of CdS at low temperatures

Low temperature electrical conductivity and photoconductivity effects were investigated in highly doped CdS samples having room temperature resistivities in the range 0.08–15 ohm-cm. These samples were found to have a low-field breakdown effect at electric fields which varied from 265 Vcm to as high as 5500 Vcm depending on the sample. At fields below the breakdown field, the conductivity was concluded to be of the impurity band conduction type since the Hall mobility at 4.2°K was found to be less than 0.03 cm2V-sec. At these fields the conductivity was found to increase markedly as the applied electric field was increased. These crystals were found to exhibit an impurity photoconductivity effect with a maximum response at 28μ and a long-wave cut-off at 32μ.
Turbo Equalization Based on Bi-Directional DFE

We utilize a pair of decision feedback equalizers (DFEs) operating in opposite directions in turbo equalization setting to remove the effect of intersymbol interference (ISI) at the receiver. With a specific residual interference processing strategy proposed, the bi-directional DFE (BiDFE) are free from any significant error propagation. A diversity combining scheme is also proposed that effectively combines the extrinsic outputs of two opposite direction DFEs to minimize any correlation that may exist between them. A resulting scheme is a low-complexity equalizer that closely approaches the performance of the much more complex BCJR algorithm at the expense of an increased number of decoder-equalizer iterations. The BiDFE turbo equalizer also provides considerably better performance than the well-known soft linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer in severe ISI channels. The performance advantages are validated with bit-error-rate (BER) simulations and extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts analysis.
Laboratory scale studies of Pd/γ-Al2O3 sorbents for the removal of trace contaminants from coal-derived fuel gas at elevated temperatures

The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a promising technology for the use of coal in a clean and efficient manner. In order to maintain the overall efficiency of the IGCC process, it is necessary to clean the fuel gas of contaminants (sulfur, trace compounds) at warm (150-540 C) to hot (>540 C) temperatures. Current technologies for trace contaminant (such as mercury) removal, primarily activated carbon based sorbents, begin to lose effectiveness above 100 C, creating the need to develop sorbents effective at elevated temperatures. As trace elements are of particular environmental concern, previous work by this group has focused on the development of a Pd/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} sorbent for Hg removal. This paper extends the research to Se (as hydrogen selenide, H{sub 2}Se), As (as arsine, AsH{sub 3}), and P (as phosphine, PH{sub 3}) which thermodynamic studies indicate are present as gaseous species under gasification conditions. Experiments performed under ambient conditions in He on 20 wt.% Pd/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} indicate the sorbent can remove the target contaminants. Further work is performed using a 5 wt.% Pd/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} sorbent in a simulated fuel gas (H{sub 2}, CO, CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2} and H{sub 2}S) in both single and multiplemore » contaminant atmospheres to gauge sorbent performance characteristics. The impact of H{sub 2}O, Hg and temperature on sorbent performance is explored.« less
Mathematical modeling of the production of cyclosporin A by Tolypocladium inflatum: Effect of L-valine

A mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetics of submerged fungal growth, consumption of nutrients, and production of the immunosuppressant drug, cyclosporin A (CyA). Special emphasis was placed on the experimentally observed stimulatory effect of L-valine on CyA production. The proposed model was based on kinetic information and emerging mechanistic data on CyA biosynthesis. It was assumed that L-valine acts as both precursor and inducer of the CyA-synthesizing multienzyme (CyA synthetase), and an unmethylated intermediate of CyA was postulated in the biosynthetic process. The model consisted of two parts: one describing cell growth and substrate consumption and the other addressing the kinetics of internal properties such as endogenous valine, biosynthetic enzyme, CyA intermediate, and CyA. The success of this extensive model was confirmed by its ability to simulate adequately the kinetic profiles of both external and internal variables. For instance, the model correctly predicted the time course of intracellular L-valine accumulation. In addition, both the optimal level and timing of exogenous L-valine addition could be predicted for maximum drug production. This study suggests rational new ways of improving the fungal production process of this important immunosuppressant.
The influence of hand load on lumbar-pelvic coordination during lifting task

Manual material handling (MMH) tasks such as weight lifting are very common in many industries. The effect of hand load on lumbar-pelvic continuous relative phase (CRP) coordination during lifting was investigated in this study. Twelve male subjects performed sagittal symmetric lifting tasks with or without load in hand; meanwhile lumbar kinematics data were recorded. Results of the current study demonstrated a significant difference of lumbar-pelvic coordination between the two conditions. Subjects tended to show more in-phase CRP pattern when lifting a load. Also, when lifting a load subjects’ lumbar-pelvic motion pattern made their torso generated larger loading on the L5/S1 joint. The findings of this study can be used to better understand how hand load influences lifting biomechanics.
Urethral Erosion After Synthetic and Nonsynthetic Pubovaginal Slings: Differences in Management and Continence Outcome

ABSTRACTPurpose: We present a series of urethral erosion following a pubovaginal sling procedure due to synthetic and nonsynthetic materials and discuss their management and continence outcome.Materials and Methods: During a 3-year period 57 patients underwent urethrolysis for urethral obstruction after receiving a pubovaginal sling. Urethral erosion, defined as sling material entering the urethral lumen, was present in 9 patients and this cohort comprises the focus of our review. In 3 patients the eroded material was synthetic, that is ProteGen (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts) in 2 and polypropylene in 1. This condition was treated with removal of the whole sling, multilayer closure of the erosion and selective use of a Martius flap. In 6 patients the eroded material was nonsynthetic, that is allograft fascia in 5 and autograft fascia in 1. This condition was treated with sling incision and multilayer closure of the urethra. Preoperative assessment included a urogynecologic questionnaire, measu...
An Image Based Approach to Recovering the Gravitational Field of Asteroids

© 2014. The copyright of this document resides with its authors. It may be distributed unchanged freely in print or electronic forms.
A Calf Model for Left Ventricular Centrifugal Mechanical Assist.

The increased use of centrifugal mechanical assist (CMA) for treatment of refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock highlights the need for experimental testing to improve clinical results. This report describes the preoperative conditioning, anesthetic and surgical technique, and postoperative management of a reliable calf model refined in this laboratory for in vivo sub-chronic (96 h) testing of CMA. Holstein bull calves (2 to 3 months old; mean body weight, 78 kg; n = 35) were instrumented for left ventricular CMA; 4 of these calves were sham-operated controls. Anesthetic recovery and postoperative restraint were accomplished in a specially designed crate to which each calf was preconditioned extensively. Younger calves were more readily conditioned and more tolerant of postoperative restraint than older calves. One calf died of ventricular fibrillation in-traoperatively. One calf that had been heparinized developed uncontrollable hemothorax and died 12 h postoperatively. One calf prematurely dislodged his aortic cannula 15 h postoperatively and exsanguinated. Six calves developed pelvic limb paresis or paralysis because of lumbar spinal cord thromboembolism by 36 h postoperatively, and 3 of these calves were sacrificed by 42 h postoperatively. Fifteen calves required sedation in the first 12 h after the operation. Tachycardia associated with bottle feeding occurred in 15 calves. Second-degree atrioventricular block was noted frequently during deep relaxation. Postmortem examination demonstrated the absence of surgical wound and distant infection, security of cannulae in all but the calf that prematurely dislodged the aortic cannula, absence of thrombus formation at cannu-lation sites, and presence of thromboembolism in 51% of the calves. The incidence of thromboembolic lesions was not influenced by the need for chemical restraint, by the occurrence of feeding-associated tachycardia, or by the presence of atrioventricular block. There were no thromboembolic lesions in any of the sham-operated controls.
Ponderomotive effects on ion acceleration in the auroral zone

Low frequency, large amplitude Alfven waves occur in the auroral zone. Such waves have a ponderomotive effect on both ions and electrons. In the region between the large wave field and the ionosphere, the ponderomotive force accelerates electrons downward and ions upward, which produces an ambipolar electric field. The combined effect is to produce a differential acceleration between O(+) and H(+) with the O(+) accelerated more out of the ionosphere. The typical resulting energization for O(+) is tens of eV, which is sufficient for the ions to escape the ionosphere. We demonstrate this by means of analysis and test-particle calculation.
Coastal Maine: A Maritime History

Giovanni Verrazzano was, officially, the first European to discover the Maine coast. From that date in 1524 on, explorers including Andre Thevet and Sir Humphrey Gilbert reached her shores, and Maine gradually become populated by pioneers who utilized the abundant fish and lumber. Privateers, coal schooners and coastal steamers were built during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Maine yards and, at the same time, fishermen built sloops and lobster boats in every quiet cove. Roger Duncan's rich and anecdotal history traces Maine's 400-year maritime history, detailing the state's role in the development of the United States and emphasizing Maine's role in the fishing industry. Other themes explored are the demise of the coastal trade when faster transportation was offered by railroads and automobiles and the sudden popularity of yachting after World War II.
Endothelial Function and Weight Loss: Comparison of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets

There was no significant improvement in endothelial function after 7.1±7.8% weight loss at one year and 4.1±7.7% at two years, achieved by either a low carbohydrate or a low fat diet.
Bio-Improved Antireflection Nanostructures: Going Beyond the Moth Eye

Antireflection nanostructures inspired by the moth eye are widely known to suppress Fresnel reflection for broadband and wide-angle illumination. Building upon nature’s design, we will demonstrate the application of this bio-inspired effect for self-cleaning, anti-glare window, non-reflective diffractive optics, and suppression of thin-film interference.
Making Social Studies Social: Engaging Students Through Different Forms of Social Perspective Taking

People are intrinsically motivated to connect to others socially. One of the most important mechanisms in fostering social relationships is social perspective taking (SPT)—the capacity to discern the thoughts and feelings of others. Thus, students in social studies classrooms might be motivated to engage with their subject either through taking the perspectives of their peers in class (interpersonal SPT) or through taking the perspectives of the historical and cultural figures they are studying (academic SPT). This article first provides a theoretical overview of the contrasts and similarities between these two forms of SPT. Next, it describes 3 examples of how these 2 forms of SPT might be implemented in teaching social studies.
STUDIES ON VIGOR. IV. THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE GRAFTS ON SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY

In a previous research it was shown that castration results in a striking diminution in spontaneous activity. Variousstudies have been made with view of re-energizing the castrated animals. It is the purpose of this paper to report the negative results obtained with testicle grafts. Of late years a considerable number of reports have appeared on the efficacy or the lack of efficacy of testicle grafting in the treatment of a variety of conditions. The older literature and some of the more recent contributions have been discussed in several general works such as Biedl (1913), Lespinasse (1922), Lipschutz (1924), Thorek (1924-a) and Wheelon (1922).
A First-Principles Method of Determining Van Der Waals Forces in a Dissipative Media

Lifshitz theory of van der Waals (vdW) force and energy is strictly valid when the location at which the stress tensor is calculated is in vacuum. Generalization of Lifshitz theory to the case when the stress tensor is to be calculated in a dissipative material, as opposed to vacuum, is a surprisingly difficult undertaking because there is no expression for the electromagnetic stress tensor in dissipative materials. Here, we derive the expression for vdW force in planar dissipative media by calculating the Maxwell stress tensor in a fictious layer of vacuum, that is eventually made to vanish, introduced in the structure, without employing the complicated quantum field theoretic method proposed by Dzyaloshinskii, Lifshitz, and Pitaevskii. Even though this work has proven to be a corroboration of Dzyaloshinskii et al., it has thrown new light on our understanding of vdW forces and suggests that it should be possible to achieve the similar result for objects with arbitrary shapes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Lay Theories About White Racists: What Constitutes Racism (and What Doesn't):

Psychological theories of racial bias assume a pervasive motivation to avoid appearing racist, yet researchers know little regarding laypeople's theories about what constitutes racism. By investigating lay theories of White racism across both college and community samples, we seek to develop a more complete understanding of the nature of race-related norms, motivations, and processes of social perception in the contemporary United States. Factor analyses in Studies 1 and 1a indicated three factors underlying the traits laypeople associate with White racism: evaluative, psychological, and demographic. Studies 2 and 2a revealed a three-factor solution for behaviors associated with White racism: discomfort/unfamiliarity, overt racism, and denial of problem. For both traits and behaviors, lay theories varied by participants' race and their race-related attitudes and motivations. Specifically, support emerged for the prediction that lay theories of racism reflect a desire to distance the self from any aspect o...
Evidence and Orthopraxy

In the volume under review, Scheid organizes several new papers and revises a number previously published in order to present a detailed portrait of sacrificial practice at Rome, as well as an analysis of its logic. The result is an important book in a number of respects. It provides a clear statement of Scheid's methods in the study of ritual; it gives a compelling account of public sacrifice and commensality; and it extends the insights thus gleaned to non-public rites at Rome, particularly funerary banquets. To students of Roman religion in particular, it offers the opportunity to consider a number of developments in Scheid's own work and in the field more generally since he made his initial sustained contributions to the study of ritual and Roman religion over a quarter century ago.1 Besides an introduction and conclusion, Quand faire, c'est croire contains nine chapters in four parts, each part with its own introduction, and eight appendices. The parts concentrate on Roman sacrifice; sacrifice according to the so-called 'Greek rite'; sacrifice in private contexts (both domestic and funerary); and commensality, among human participants and between humans and gods in the latter case, the question being how they understood and performed the division of meat. The appendices provide French translations often enough with Latin original, but never Greek of the most significant evidence for various phenomena discussed in the text. Notably for those without easy access to Scheid's edition of the Arval acta, this includes long selections from that text; as well as extended passages from the acta of the Secular Games (and from Zosimus' report on the same); the instructions on sacrifice provided by Cato and these are compared with the Arval evidence in a chart; as well as comparisons between the Parentationes and funerary honours for Lucius and Gaius Caesar; and evidence for the sacrificial banquet.
A Veterinarian's Approach to Stud Farm Nutrition

SUMMARY An approach to stud farm management, utilizing the veterinarian as a member of an advisory team in addition to our traditional clinical medicine role is discussed. Requirements for this role by the veterinarian are enumerated and a list of the services provided is given. Nutrition of horses is discussed from the standpoint of the Ca/P ratio of the diet and of mineral requirements as determined by hair analysis. An experience with iodide goitre is described, while recent reports on the production of B vitamins by the horse and the effect of vitamins A and E on fertility are presented. RESUME On envisage le role que peut jouer le Veterinaire dans l'organisation d'un Haras, au titre de conseiller technique s'ajoutant a l'activite traditionnelle du medecin clinicien. Les qualifications exigibles du Veterinaire pour remplir cette tache et la liste des services qu'il peut ainsi rendre sont passees en revue. L'alimentation du Cheval est etudiee en fonction du rapport phospho-calcique du regime et des exigences minerales definies par l'analyse des poils et des crins. Une observation est rapportee illustrant les relations entre l'apparition du goitre et l'apport d'iode. Suivent des commentaires sur la synthese des Vitamines B par le Cheval et sur les effets des Vitamines A et E sur la fecondite. Enfin une methode d'analyse des rations alimentaires est decrite. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Fuhrung von Gestuten mit einem Tierarzt als Berater, zusatzlich zu seiner traditionellen tierarztlichen Tatigkeit, wird beschrieben. Die Anforderungen fur eine derartige Tatigkeit werden aufgefuhrt, und eine Liste der betreffenden Dienstleistungen wird aufgestellt. Der Autor diskutiert die Ernahrung des Pferdes besonders in Bezug auf das Verhaltnis Calcium: Phosphor und auf den Bedarf an Mineralstoffen, wie er aus Haaranalysen abgeleitet werden kann. Ein Auftreten von jod-induziertem Kropf wird beschrieben. Neuere Erkenntnisse uber die Produktion von B-Vitaminen und uber die Wirkung von Vitamin A und E auf die Fruchtbarkeit werden angegeben. Der Autor beschreibt auch eine Methode zur Futteranalyse. SUMARIO Se discute un acercamiento al manejo de la granja de cria utilizando al Veterinario como miembro del equipo consejero, en anadidura de nuestro tradicional papel de medicina clinica. Son enumerados los requisitos para llenar este puesto por el Veterinario. Se da la lista de servicios proveidos bajo este arreglo. Es discutida la alimentacion de los caballos desde el punto de vista de la relacion calcio-fosforo de la dieta mineral y los necesidades de ellos son determinados por analisis del pelo. Es descrita una experiencia con la papera del yodo. Reportes recientes en la produccion de la vitamina B en el caballo y los efectos de las vitaminas A y E en la fertilidad son presentados. Se describe una tecnica para analizar la racion.
Rotational stabilization of resistive wall modes by the shear Alfvén resonance

It is found that resistive wall modes with a toroidal number $n=1$ in tokamaks can be stabilized by plasma rotation at a low Mach number, with the rotation frequency being lower than the ion bounce frequency but larger than the ion and electron precession drift frequencies. The stabilization is the result of the shear-Alfv\'en resonance, since the thermal resonance effect is negligible in this rotation frequency range. This indicates that tokamaks can operate at normalized pressure values beyond the no-wall stability limit even for low values of plasma rotation, such as those expected in fusion reactor scale devices.
Steroid hormone influence on brain calbindin-D28K in male prepubertal and ovariectomized rats

Abstract Calbindin-D28K (CALB), a calcium-binding protein, is thought to buffer intracellular calcium levels in neurons playing several important roles during central nervous system development such as, protecting against apoptosis (programmed cell death), neurodegenerative diseases and influencing sexually dimorphic brain structures. While preliminary research indicates that calbindin levels are modulated by steroids, there has not yet been a comprehensive study to determine the role androgens, androgen metabolites and corticosterone have on CALB expression in males and throughout the estrous cycle in rats. The present study had two main components utilizing Western analysis: (1) examination of the influence of steroid hormones (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone, and estradiol) and aromatase and 5α-reductase blockers on rat brain CALB expression in frontal cortex, MBH–POA, and cerebellum of male rats in experiment 1; (2) characterization of CALB abundance in frontal cortex, MBH–POA, and cerebellum throughout the hormonally induced estrous cycle of rats in experiment 2. There were no significant alterations in CALB levels by any of the treatments in experiment 1 or experiment 2 when frontal cortical tissue was examined. In male MBH–POA samples, estradiol treatment significantly increased CALB levels compared to oil-injection and aromatase or 5α-reductase blockers. Additionally, DHT treatment significantly increased CALB levels vs. 5α-reductase blocker values. In female samples, MBH–POA CALB levels increased from diestrus through proestrus and estrus to metestrus, where metestrus values were significantly higher compared to diestrus levels. In the cerebellum, the only significant alteration in CALB levels, in males, was observed in corticosterone-treated animals where a significant decrease was seen compared to oil injection. In females, cerebellum CALB levels increased from diestrus through proestus, with a slight decrease at estrus. Thereafter, CALB levels increased during metestrus where cerebellar CALB values were significantly higher than diestrus levels. These findings suggest that steroid hormones play an important regulatory role in CALB expression in the brain (except for the frontal cortex) where it potentially influences the development/function and neuroprotective changes of neuroanatomical structures.
Gain-scheduled bank-to-turn autopilot design using linear parameter varying transformations

A gain-scheduled autopilot design for a bank-to-turn missile is presented. The approach follows previous work for a longitudinal missile autopilot. The method is novel in that the gain-scheduled design does not involve linearizations about operating points. Instead, the missile dynamics are brought to a linear parameter varying form via a state transformation. A linear parameter varying system is defined as a linear system whose dynamics depend on an a priori unknown but measurable exogenous parameter. This framework is applied to the design of a coupled longitudinal/lateral bank-to-turn missile autopilot. The pitch and yaw/roll dynamics are separately transformed to linear parameter varying form, where the cross axis states are treated as exogenous parameters. These are actually endogenous variables, and so such a plant is called quasilinear parameter varying. Once in quasilinear parameter varying form, a family of robust controllers using p, synthesis is designed for both the pitch and yaw/roll channels, using angle of attack and roll rate as the scheduling variables. The closed-loop time response is simulated using the original nonlinear model and also using perturbed aerodynamic coefficients.
Analysis of single-cell gel electrophoresis using laser-scanning microscopy

The single-cell gel (SCG) assay has been shown to be a valuable technique to measure DNA-strand breaks in individual cells. Imaging of the assay is enhanced by laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) technology. Cells embedded in low melt point agarose were treated with 12.5 mM H2O2 to induce DNA-strand breaks. Following cell lysis and electrophoresis under alkaline conditions to allow single-stranded break detection, analysis of the resulting comets can provide an accurate method of comparing DNA-damage levels. The migration patterns of stained DNA were quantitated by LSM analysis. A statistically significant time-dependent dose-response relationship was clearly observed. LSM analysis of the SCG technique allows rapid, sensitive, and reproducible quantitation of single-stranded breaks and alkali-labile sites in the DNA of single cells.
Impact of volume-dependent alveolar diffusing capacity on exhaled nitric oxide concentration.

Exhaled endogenous nitric oxide (NO) holds promise as a potential biomarker of pulmonary inflammation. Previous experimental and theoretical work has concluded that the alveolar concentration approaches a constant steady state value at end exhalation due to both a constant maximum flux or release of NO (Jmax,alv) and a constant diffusing capacity (DNO,alv) in the alveolar region. We have recently demonstrated that DNO,alv is not constant, but increases with alveolar volume (VA) given by the following average relationship: DNO,alv=48*VA2/3 ml/min/mmHg (where VA is expressed in liters, STPD). We investigated the potential impact of a variable DNO,alv on exhaled concentration by incorporating the volume dependence into the currently accepted two-compartment model for NO exchange dynamics. Our results suggest that the mechanism underlying the plateau in exhaled concentration is a constant ratio Jmax,alv/DNO,alv.This constant ratio requires a volume dependence of Jmax,alv similar to DNO,alv, and is likely due to a decreasing alveolar surface area during exhalation. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
A study of the aminotransferase-glutamate dehydrogenase complex with anilinonaphthalene sulfonate.

Abstract Binding of 8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to glutamate dehydrogenase results in enzyme inhibition and a marked increase in the fluorescence of ANS. Perphenazine and GTP increase the fluorescence of ANS-glutamate dehydrogenase secondary to their known ability to alter the conformation of this enzyme. Aspartate aminotransferases, which form enzyme-enzyme complexes with glutamate dehydrogenase, produce a slight decrease in the fluorescence of ANS-glutamate dehydrogenase. While ANS and perphenazine are allosteric inhibitors of reactions catalyzed by free glutamate dehydrogenase, they do not inhibit reactions catalyzed by aminotransferaseglutamate dehydrogenase complexes. This is in spite of the fact that the aminotransferase does not prevent either ANS or perphenazine from being bound to glutamate dehydrogenase. Therefore, reactions catalyzed by the enzyme-enzyme complex are apparently not inhibited by ANS or perphenazine because binding of the aminotransferase to glutamate dehydrogenase prevents these ligands from altering the conformation of glutamate dehydrogenase. This is consistent with the fact that the aminotransferase also prevents perphenazine from enhancing the fluorescence of ANS-glutamate dehydrogenase. Reactions catalyzed by the enzyme-enzyme complex are inhibited by GTP and the aminotransferase does not prevent GTP from enhancing the fluorescence of ANS-glutamate dehydrogenase. Therefore, binding of the aminotransferase to glutamate dehydrogenase does not prevent GTP from altering the conformation of glutamate dehydrogenase. The fact that the aminotransferase completely prevents perphenazine from increasing the fluorescence of ANS-glutamate dehydrogenase suggests that in the enzymeenzyme complex each glutamate dehydrogenase polypeptide chain can be bound to an aminotransferase polypeptide chain. This would mean that three aminotransferase molecules can be bound to each monomeric unit (Mr 3 × 105) of glutamate dehydrogenase.