cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gain in Partnership Mergers - Recent Guidance Welcome but Disappointing

In Revenue Ruling 2004-43 (2004-18 I.R.B. 842), the Internal Revenue Service announced its conclusion that all unrealized book gain in assets deemed transferred as part of a partnership merger are subject to the anti-mixing bowl rules of sections 704(c)(1)(B) and 737 for seven years after the merger. Starting a new seven-year clock in such circumstances cannot be justified by the policies underlying the anti-mixing bowl rules and is plainly inconsistent with long-standing regulations promulgated under both section 704(c)(1)(B) and section 737. Revenue Ruling 2004-43 is incorrect in its conclusion and should not be upheld.
Cyberbullying in College: Frequency, Characteristics, and Practical Implications

Cyberbullying is commonly presented as affecting K-12 populations. Current research suggests cyberbullying continues in college. A diverse sample of 613 university students was surveyed to study their cyberbullying experiences in high school and college. Nineteen percent of the sample reported being a victim of cyberbullying in college and 35% of this subsample reported being cyberbullied in high school. Additional findings and practical implications are presented.
A Molecular Dynamics Study of Tributyl Phosphate and Diamyl Amyl Phosphonate Self-Aggregation in Dodecane and Octane.

A molecular dynamics model for tributyl phosphate (TBP) and diamyl amyl phosphonate (DAAP) is presented using the Generalized AMBER Force Field (GAFF) and the AM1-BCC method for calculated atomic charges with a modification to the phosphorus-containing dihedral parameters. The density and average molecular dipole in a neat liquid simulation, and dimerization in dodecane and octane diluents, compare favorably to experimental values. At low extractant concentration, investigation of the dimer structure reveals the offset “head-to-head” orientation as the predominant structure over a range of TBP and DAAP concentrations with a phosphoryl oxygen separation distance between dimerized extractants of 3–5.5 A. At high extractant concentrations, a graph analysis of extractant aggregates was used to determine concentrations of each aggregate size and the average coordination number, which gives a measure of the linearity of the aggregates. For aggregates up to 7 extractant molecules, the mean free energy of associa...
The Effectiveness of Comparative Versus Non-Comparative Advertising: Do “Strictly” Comparative Ads Hurt Credibility of Non-Professional Service Brands?

ABSTRACT U.S. service-brand marketers have a long history of going head to head using “strictly” comparative advertising. But how effective are such tactics? What are the outcomes that can occur when prominent non-professional brands directly target one another by name? Acknowledging a dearth of research on this topic, this study investigated the effectiveness of comparative advertising for a prominent service brand. Results revealed a significant interaction between age and advertisement type: Whereas younger consumers responded similarly to non-comparative and comparative treatments, the results showed that older consumers less likely would purchase or recommend the service after viewing a comparative print advertisement.
Anthropomorphic Anthropocentrism and the Rhetoric of Blackfish

ABSTRACTThe documentary film Blackfish has made a splash at the box office, impacting millions of viewers and prompting calls to legislatively prohibit orcas from being held in captive environments. This essay analyzes Blackfish in terms of its anthropomorphic communication techniques that attribute human qualities to orcas. We introduce the term “anthropomorphic anthropocentrism” to argue that the anthropomorphic construction of orcas in Blackfish may well be a story that is more about what it means to be human than a story about what it means to be orca. Furthermore, we explain the importance of anthropomorphic anthropocentrism as an analytical tool that navigates environmental and ecological frameworks. We conclude that anthropomorphic anthropocentrism’s analysis of anthropomorphic rhetoric and the human epistemological assumptions it reflects, when taken together, offer significant insights into the ways environmental communication creates and/or disrupts human–nature relationships.
Tularemia: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Tularemia is a rare zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis. Although many animals may be infected with tularemia, human infection most commonly occurs via an insect vector such as a tick or deer fly. In the US, most cases of tularemia occur in the summer in the south-central states, specifically Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. There are six major tularemia clinical syndromes each with different clinical presentations: ulceroglandular tularemia (42%-75% of all tularemia cases), glandular tularemia (15%-44% of all tularemia cases), oropharyngeal tularemia, oculoglandular tularemia, typhodial tularemia, and pneumonic tularemia. The diagnosis of tularemia is typically made clinically, taking into account exposure history and clinical manifestations and confirmed by serologic testing. Aminoglycosides are the drugs of choice for the treatment of tularemia. Tularemia prevention is best accomplished by keeping away from dead or infected animals and avoiding ticks. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
The Preoperative Patient with an Asymptomatic Cervical Bruit

At the time of this writing there appears to be little evidence that cervical bruits are good indicators of stenosis or plaque in the underlying carotid artery in asymptomatic patients, or that the finding of a carotid bruit places the patient at greater risk of postoperative stroke. The mortality and morbidity of angiography and endarterectomy are too high to risk their use in a group of asymptomatic patients.
Market Sentiment as a Factor in Asset Pricing

This paper explores whether market sentiment should be used as an additional factor in the asset-pricing model. We use a unique dataset from Investor Intelligence as a direct measure of market sentiment. We form ten portfolios based on their correlations with the new market sentiment measure. Following Fama and French (1993) we build a market sentiment factor (SENT) and add this factor to the Carhart four-factor model. We find that SENT is significant for all portfolios in the sentiment augmented four-factor model and increases explanatory power of the model measured by adjusted R2s. We also find that the addition of SENT factor reduces the explanatory power of all other risk factors in the four-factor model.
Clinical Significance of mRNA Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective:To observe the effects of glucocorticoid (GC) on the mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in children with primary nephritic syndrome (PNS).Methods:Twenty healthy children were selected randomly as control group(N group),55 PNS kid patients were randomly divided into prednisone group(A group,n=17),triamcinolone group(B group,n=20) and methylprednisolone group(C group,n=18).After corresponding GC application,blood samples were collected at 0,4 and 8 weeks after the treatment with GC.The mRNA expression levels of the GR subtypes (GRα and GRβ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results:At the 0th week of treatment with GC,the level of GRα was lower in PNS group than that of N group (P 0.05).But the level of GRβ was higher in PNS group than that of N group (P 0.05).After treatment with GC,there were significant differences in time effects of GRα and GRβ between groups (P 0.05 or P 0.01).Differences in interaction between groups and time effect were only significant in the level of GRβ (P 0.05).There were 6 cases of steroid-resistance in PNS children.After treatment with GC,there were significant differences in time effects and GRα and GRβ between the two groups (P 0.05 or P 0.01).Differences in interaction between groups and time effect were only significant in the level of GRβ (P 0.05).Conclusion:There is a better treatment effect of methylpredrisolone on PNS GR regulation.
Management of Benign Ureteral Strictures: Open Surgical Repair or Endoscopic Dilation?

We reviewed 20 cases of ureteral strictures, 15 of which were secondary to ureteral trauma. Of the patients 6 were managed initially by open repair and 14 underwent endoscopic manipulation. All 6 open repairs were successful, compared to 9 of the 14 patients who underwent endoscopic dilation of the ureteral stricture. Of the 5 failures 3 were due to the inability to cannulate the strictured ureter with a guide wire and 2 failed to respond to balloon dilation. Of these 5 patients 4 were treated successfully by an open operation. There were no serious intraoperative or postoperative complications. The average hospitalization was less for the endoscopic group (2.1 days) compared to the open surgical group (8.3 days). Followup ranged from 6 to 48 months.
Security architecture and protocols for overlay network services

Conventional wisdom suggests that in order to build a secure system, security must be an integral component in the system design. However, cost considerations drive most system designers to channel their efforts on the system's performance, scalability and usability. With little or no emphasis on security, such systems are vulnerable to a wide range of attacks that can potentially compromise confidentiality, integrity and availability of sensitive data. It is often cumbersome to redesign and implement massive systems with security as one of the primary design goals. This thesis advocates a proactive approach that cleanly retrofits security solutions into existing system architectures. The first step in this approach is to identify security threats, vulnerabilities and potential attacks on a system or an application. The second step is to develop security tools in the form of customizable and configurable plug-ins that address these security issues and minimally modify existing system code, while preserving its performance and scalability metrics. This thesis uses overlay network applications to shepherd through and address challenges involved in supporting security in large scale distributed systems. In particular, the focus is on two popular applications: publish/subscribe networks and VoIP networks. Our work on VoIP networks has for the first time identified and formalized caller identification attacks on VoIP networks. We have identified two attacks: a triangulation based timing attack on the VoIP network's route set up protocol and a flow analysis attack on the VoIP network's voice session protocol. These attacks allow an external observer (adversary) to uniquely (nearly) identify the true caller (and receiver) with high probability. Our work on the publish/subscribe networks has resulted in the development of an unified framework for handling event confidentiality, integrity, access control and DoS attacks, while incurring small overhead on the system. We have proposed a key isomorphism paradigm to preserve the confidentiality of events on publish/subscribe networks while permitting scalable content-based matching and routing. Our work on overlay network security has resulted in a novel information hiding technique on overlay networks. Our solution represents the first attempt to transparently hide the location of data items on an overlay network.
Importance of Data Quality for Analytics

As we know in this highly regulated environment, there is an ever-increasing need in creating and providing safeguards and tools to increase the transparency and accuracy of information. Such tools and mechanisms also need to satisfy business and regulatory requirements. This situation has significantly increased the role of data and analytics in business in general.
Totally analytical closure of space filtered Navier–Stokes for arbitrary Reynolds number: Part II. Resolution algorithms, validations

ABSTRACTFor uniform measure δ Gaussian filter, Part I derives the totally analytical aFNS theory closing rigorously space filtered Navier–Stokes (NS) partial differential equation (PDE) system absent a Reynolds number (Re) assumption. aFNS theory state variable is scaled O(1; δ2; δ3) via classic fluid mechanics perturbation theory which also identifies the O(δ2) elliptic PDE system. Filter penetration of domain bounding surfaces requires O(1) PDE system inclusion of boundary commutation error (BCE) integrals. For the O(1; δ2), PDE system to be bounded domain well-posed requires derivation of domain encompassing nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions (DBC). Resolution of BCE and DBC requirements is theorized via O(δ4) approximate deconvolution (AD) Galerkin differential definition weak form algorithms. Amenable to any space-time discretization, detailed is aFNS theory insertion in the optimal Galerkin weak form CFD algorithm, finite element linear tensor product basis implemented. Coupled Galerkin CF...
Efficacy and safety of intravenous vernakalant for the rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis.

Background Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac arrhythmia with increasing prevalence in the aging population. It is a major cause of emergency department visits worldwide. Vernakalant, a relatively new antiarrhythmic drug with selectively preferential effects on the atrial tissue is currently used in many European countries for the termination of recent-onset atrial fibrillation. Presently, the drug is still not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration due to safety concerns. We evaluate the efficacy and safety of vernakalant for the conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter into normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Methods PubMed/MEDLINE (1993–2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2000–2017), and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing vernakalant to a control drug and extracted subsequently. Results Nine RCTs were identified and included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis of events extracted for a total of 1421 patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation showed a statistically significant increase in cardioversion within 90 minutes from drug infusion (Relative Risk [RR], 6.61; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 2.78 – 15.71; p < .00001). In terms of adverse events, vernakalant was considered safe in comparison to control drugs (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.61–1.05; p = .11). Conclusion Vernakalant is effective for rapid conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation into NSR. However, although it showed a safe profile in terms of side effects in this analysis, we are still hesitant about this conclusion and few safety issues should be addressed within specific patients’ subgroups.
Selling Local Modernization through the Global Corporation: Coca-Cola Bottling in Colombia, 1927-1944

The Coca-Cola Company sold drink concentrates and licensed rights to its trademarked brands to contracted bottlers who produced and sold bottled drinks in designated geographic areas around the world, including Colombia, beginning in 1927. The franchise system enabled international expansion without large corporate growth or direct local employment allowing the company to externalize liability and financial risk. The franchise system helped the company situate the production of Coca-Cola within local economies, conscripting local elites and workers into its industry, and negotiating its representational forms to fit local contexts. The Coca-Cola Company thus benefited from the economic and political power of both the U.S. and the Colombian elite as it established its business in the country beginning in 1927. Examining print advertising from the 1920s and 1940s, the papers of Coca-Cola executives, and publications of the U.S. multinational and its Colombian franchise bottler, this article argues that The Coca-Cola Company tenuously constructed its industry, products, and brands as simultaneously global and local. While localizing the Coca-Cola industry, products, and brand, the company alluded to its modernity and global popularity, available for purchase by enterprising merchants and thirsty consumers in Colombia.
Ethical dilemmas in the practice of nursing

The United States’ population is rapidly aging. As older people require more expensive medical and nursing attention, health-care/nursing costs keep rising, to the extent that they are not sustainable. As a result, the USA is faced with an ethical dilemma. While egalitarian ethical principles and the provisions of the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics require the provision of medical/nursing care to everyone regardless of age, severity of disease and productivity, utilitarians view that as impossible. Assuming that provisions ANA’s codes of ethics are the same as ethical principles, this paper aims to discuss the debate between those two sides in detail.,The paper, viewing the rise of health-care/nursing costs as the cause of the above ethical dilemma, discusses Daniel Callahan’s utilitarian argument that, given the ever-rising health/nursing costs as a percentage of GDP, the USA will be forced to ration health care/nursing on the basis of age. The ethical arguments opposing Callahan’s arguments will also be presented.,While the debate between those two viewpoints is bond to continue, some writers have tried to find a compromise, a solution by assuming that, through efficiency, health/nursing costs can be lowered, making Callahan’s age-based rationing unnecessary.,This paper is original as it, by including nursing costs as an inseparable component of health-care costs, makes the aforementioned debate applicable to nursing care.
The role of simulation training in anesthesiology resident education

An increasing number of reports indicate the efficacy of simulation training in anesthesiology resident education. Simulation education helps learners to acquire clinical skills in a safe learning environment without putting real patients at risk. This useful tool allows anesthesiology residents to obtain medical knowledge and both technical and non-technical skills. For faculty members, simulation-based settings provide the valuable opportunity to evaluate residents’ performance in scenarios including airway management and regional, cardiac, and obstetric anesthesiology. However, it is still unclear what types of simulators should be used or how to incorporate simulation education effectively into education curriculums. Whether simulation training improves patient outcomes has not been fully determined. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the status of simulation in anesthesiology resident education, encourage more anesthesiologists to get involved in simulation education to propagate its influence, and stimulate future research directed toward improving resident education and patient outcomes.
Care of Gender Nonconforming/Transgender Youth

In many parts of the world, increasing numbers of gender nonconforming/transgender youth are seeking medical services to enable the development of physical characteristics consistent with their experienced gender. Such medical services include use of agents to block endogenous puberty at Tanner stage 2 with subsequent use of cross-sex hormones and are based on longitudinal studies demonstrating that those individuals who were first identified as gender dysphoric in early or middle childhood and continue to meet the mental health criteria for being transgender at early puberty are likely to be transgender as adults. This chapter addresses terms and definitions applicable to gender nonconforming youth, studies that shed light on the biologic underpinnings of gender identity, outcomes and potential complications of current treatment models, gaps in knowledge, and priorities for research.
The Use of Drosophila Melanogaster for In Situ Biomonitoring

Drosophila melanogaster was the principal organism used for the development of diploid transmission genetics at the beginning of the century and more recently has been the subject of pivotal studies on eucaryote gene regulation, development and behavior. D. melanogaster is potentially valuable for in situ biomonitoring because it is convenient to test different life stages, it can be used for a multi-faceted analysis of environmental genotoxins and a rapidly expanding base of information on its molecular genetics facilitates the development of new methods for bioassays.
The Function τ on Supersingular Disks (l = 1)

In this section we continue the discussion of the matrix Y of Lemma 16.5. We again restrict our attention to the case l = 1, Min(a, b) > c. By minor modifications, the case c > Max(a, b) may also be treated. As before z 0 σ = z 0 p , z0 represents a supersingular disk.
Context-Sensitive Deep Learning for Detection of Clustered Micro Calcifications in Mammograms

A challenging issue in computerized detection of clustered microcalcifications (MCs) is the frequent occurrence of false positives (FPs) caused by local image patterns that resemble MCs. We develop a context-sensitive deep neural network (DNN) for MC detection, aimed to take into account both the local image features of an MC and its surrounding tissue background. The proposed approach was evaluated on the accuracy both in detecting individual MCs and in detecting MC clusters on a set of 292 mammograms using free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach could achieve a significantly higher accuracy in detected individual MCs; incorporating image context information in MC detection can be beneficial for reducing FPs.
Negative Differential Conductivity Caused by Mobility

In certain semiconductors the electron mobility decreases strongly with increasing field. A typical example is GaAs in which electrons in the conduction band can be heated by the field and then start to populate a higher sub-band with lower effective mass. This process is fast and not hindered by redistribution of electrons over traps and recombination centers. As a consequence, high-field domains are created and the current oscillates when these domains move between the electrodes and temporarily disappear when they reach an electrode. These are high-frequency oscillations and are of technical interest for such current generation (Gunn-effect).
Intracavitary Brachytherapy: Definitive, Preoperative, and Adjuvant (Cervix, Uterine, and Vaginal)

Intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical, uterine, and vaginal cancers has evolved from a primarily 2D-based planning to a 3D image-based treatment modality over the course of the last few decades. The concordant modifications in target volume delineation are reviewed in the definitive, preoperative, and adjuvant settings, based on disease site.
Soils and land use at ancient Greek colonial temples of southern Italy

Abstract Soils at ancient Greek temples in Greece are distinct for each deity, reflecting an economic basis for their cults, but did this pattern also extend to classical Greek colonies? This study of 24 temples in southern Italy reveals little assimilation by Greek colonists of indigenous cults at first, because their temples are on the same kinds of soils, reflecting similar cults for each of the Olympian deities as in Greece. Worship of Hera was more widespread in Italy than in Greece and the Aegean, and also on Alfisol soils suitable for pastoralism. Temples of Demeter in contrast were on Mollisols best for grain cultivation. Rocks and grottos sacred to Persephone are comparable with those in Greece, but were popular with hellenized Sikels for an indigenous hybrid cult of Demeter and Kore.
An Evidence-Based Review and Meta-Analysis of Active Supervision.

Active supervision—defined as circulating, scanning, interacting with students, and reinforcing demonstrations of expected academic and social behaviors by a teacher or other staff member—is often ...
Glucose Microsensor with Covalently Immobilized Glucose Oxidase for Probing Bacterial Glucose Uptake by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.

We have developed a new dual-tip glucose sensing scanning electrochemical microcopy (SECM) probe by covalently immobilizing the glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme onto an ultramicro electrode (UME) to measure the local glucose consumption of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms. GOD was immobilized on a novel enzyme immobilization matrix of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (ionic liquid/IL) packed into the etched Pt UME. The highly selective GOD-based SECM tip showed a high current density of 94.44 (±18.55) μA·mM-1·cm-2 from 0.10 to 1.0 mM at 37 °C as a result of the synergetic effects of f-MWCNTs and ionic liquid. The detection limit of the new 25 μm diameter glucose sensor is 10.0 μM with a linear range up to 4.0 mM. The sensor was successfully used to quantify the rate of glucose consumption of S. mutans biofilms in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans catabolizes both glucose and sucrose, producing lactic acid, reducing the local pH, and causing dental caries. With sucrose, S. mutans produces exopolysaccharides to enhance bacterial adhesion on the tooth surface; subsequent lactic acid production reduces the local pH, resulting in dental caries. Because of the high selectivity of the sensor, we were able to quantify glucose consumption in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans preferentially consumed sucrose in a mixed diet of both sucrose and glucose. Furthermore, using this unique fast-response (∼2 s) glucose sensor, we were for the first time able to map the distribution of the glucose consumption profile in the local environment of S. mutans biofilm. These findings provide insight into how the fast-growing S. mutans creates nutrient-depleted regions that affect the survival and metabolic behavior of other bacterial species within oral biofilm.
Achieving Health Equity Among US Communities of Color at Risk for or Living with HIV

Achieving health equity and reaching the goals of the federal initiative, Ending the HIV Epidemic, among Black and Latinx individuals will require the development of interventions that address the root causes of racial and ethnic disparities in access to HIV prevention, care, and treatment. This chapter proposes three strategies to accomplish these goals: (1) acknowledge and address structural racism, (2) improve patient-provider relationships, and (3) diversify the HIV workforce.
Nasal Analysis of Classic Animated Movie Villains versus Hero Counterparts.

Opposing facial features between animated villains and heroes have historically been used to demonstrate contrasting morality between characters, and this could have an impact on how humans view someone as good or evil in everyday life. Studies have been done investigating classic dermatologic features of villainous characters. This principle can be applied to nasal features as well. A search for “top animated characters” was performed. Characters were chosen from American Film Institute's “The Top Tens,” Rolling Stone's “25 Best Pixar Movie Characters,” and Screenrant's “The 30 Best Animated Movie Characters of All Time.” Twenty villains and twenty hero counterparts from respective films were chosen. Classic nasal features were analyzed. Twenty villains (14 male, 6 female) and 20 heroes (12 male, 8 female) were analyzed. Sixteen villains (80%) had greater than normal nasal frontal angle versus 18 heroes (90%). Thirteen villains (65%) had an acute nasolabial angle versus two heroes (10%). Two villains (10%) had excess columellar show versus seven heroes (35%). Seven villains (35%) and one hero (5%) had a dorsal hump. Twelve villains (60%) had an overprojected chin versus three heroes (15%). Villains in pre-2000s films more frequently had a dorsal hump, overprojected chin, ptotic tip, pollybeak deformity, and bulbous tip. Heroes in pre-2000s films more frequently had an overrotated tip. Villains and heroes commonly have a greater than normal nasofrontal angle. Villains more commonly have an acute nasolabial angle, underrotated tip, overprojected chin, dorsal hump, and pollybeak deformity. Heroes more commonly have a large nasolabial angle and overrotated tip. Further research in conjunction with psychologists is required to obtain concrete data on how this affects whether an individual in real life is seen as good or evil, and the impact this has on interactions in society, including in the medical field.
RESPECT: Radiology Employees Striving for Productive and Effective Communication

Ineffective communication is commonly listed as a root cause of sentinel events and other adverse events in the health care setting. The psychological safety of all employees is considered to be a factor that promotes effective communication. Recently, leaders of a radiology department learned that many of the frontline staff did not feel they were being treated respectfully by radiologists during routine interactions. On a baseline survey, only 48% of technologists, reading room assistants, and child life specialists rated their interactions with radiologists as very good or excellent. An improvement team was formed, representing radiologists, technologists, reading room assistants, and child life specialists throughout the department. The improvement team launched a series of interventions with a goal of increasing the percentage of interactions rated as very good or excellent from 48% to 90%. The improvement team focused interventions on three topics: in-person interactions, telephone interactions, and trainee interactions. By the time of this publication, the median percentage of interactions rated as very good or excellent improved to 75%, with a maximum surveyed value of 90%.Online supplemental material is available for this article.©RSNA, 2020.
Endosomal cAMP production broadly impacts the cellular phosphoproteome

Endosomal signaling from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has emerged as a novel paradigm with important pharmacological and physiological implications. Yet, our knowledge of the functional consequences of activating intracellular GPCRs is incomplete. To address this gap, we combined an optogenetic approach for site-specific generation of the prototypical second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) with unbiased mass spectrometry-based analysis of phosphoproteomic effects. We identified 218 unique, high-confidence sites whose phosphorylation is either increased or decreased in response to cAMP production. We next determined that cAMP produced from endosomes led to more robust changes in phosphorylation than cAMP produced from the plasma membrane. Remarkably, this was true for the entire repertoire of identified targets, and irrespective of their annotated sub-cellular localization. Furthermore, we identified a particularly strong endosome bias for a subset of proteins that are dephosphorylated in response to cAMP. Through bioinformatics analysis, we established these targets as putative substrates for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and we propose compartmentalized activation of PP2A-B56δ as the likely underlying mechanism. Altogether, our study extends the concept that endosomal signaling is a significant functional contributor to cellular responsiveness by establishing a unique role for localized cAMP production in defining categorically distinct phosphoresponses.
Amphipol-facilitated Elucidation of the Functional Tetrameric Complex of Full-length Cytochrome P450 CYP2B4 and NADPH-Cytochrome-P450 Oxidoreductase

Interactions of membrane-bound mammalian cytochromes P450 (CYPs) with NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), which are required for metabolism of xenobiotics, are facilitated by membrane lipids. A variety of membrane mimetics, such as phospholipid liposomes and nanodiscs, have been used to simulate the membrane to form catalytically active CYP:POR complexes. However, the exact mechanism(s) of these interactions are unclear because of the absence of structural information of full-length mammalian CYP:POR complexes in membranes. Herein, we report the use of amphipols (APols) to form a fully functional, soluble, homogeneous preparation of full-length CYP:POR complexes amenable to biochemical and structural study. Incorporation of CYP2B4 and POR into APols resulted in a CYP2B4:POR complex with a stoichiometry of 1:1, which was fully functional in demethylating benzphetamine at a turnover rate of 37.7 ± 2.2 min−1, with a coupling efficiency of 40%. Interestingly, the stable complex had a molecular weight (Mw) of 338 ± 22 kDa determined by multiangle light scattering, suggestive of a tetrameric complex of 2CYP2B4:2POR embedded in one APol nanoparticle. Moreover, negative stain electron microscopy (EM) validated the homogeneity of the complex and allowed us to generate a three-dimensional EM map and model consistent with the tetramer observed in solution. This first report of the full-length mammalian CYP:POR complex by transmission EM not only reveals the architecture that facilitates electron transfer but also highlights a potential use of APols in biochemical and structural studies of functional CYP complexes with redox partners.
Trickster Law: Promoting Resilience and Adaptive Governance by Allowing Other Perspectives on Natural Resource Management

The Anthropocene requires a new approach to natural resources law and policy, an approach that this short article terms "trickster law." Trickster law incorporates insights from resilience theory, adaptive governance scholarship, and cultural/anthropological studies of trickster tales to create a legal approach to natural resource management that is precautionary, engaged in proactive planning, based in principled flexibility, and pluralistic. This article focuses on the "pluralism" component, presenting three examples of how law modified to be more inclusive and respect different value systems has generated new approaches to natural resources management that better promote social-ecological resilience to climate change and other anthropogenic stressors.
Changing driver behavior through unconscious stereotype activation

How can we encourage people to drive more safely? Risk homeostasis theory (Wilde, 1988) suggests that when a driver is aware of a safety intervention it may be limited in its effectiveness because behavior may be altered to maintain a constant level of risk. Can we change driver behavior without the driver’s awareness? Under the guise of evaluating a head-up display in a driving simulator, participants completed scrambled sentence tasks (while waiting at stop signs) designed to prime either an elderly or teenage stereotype. Driving speeds between stop signs in the Stereotype conditions were compared to Control conditions in which age non-specific words were substituted for stereotyped words. Participants had a lower maximum speed in the Elderly Stereotype condition and a higher maximum speed in the Teenage condition (as compared to controls). These effects were obtained even though the participants were completely unaware of the themes in the experimental conditions. For both stereotypes, the change in behavior occurred relatively quickly: a significant effect on driving speed was observed after only five stops. These findings indicate that it may be possible to reduce the incidence of dangerous driving behavior through the use of unconscious priming.
A protein with a binding specificity similar to NF-kappa B binds to a steroid-dependent regulatory element in the ovalbumin gene.

The chicken ovalbumin gene is regulated at the level of transcription by four classes of steroid hormones. A steroid-dependent regulatory element (SDRE) found from -900 to -732 is required for this steroid-mediated induction. To define more precisely sequences of the SDRE required for steroidal induction, a series of exonuclease III deletions were made in the 3‘ end of the SDRE. Fusion genes containing the mutant ovalbumin 5‘-flanking sequences linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase structural gene (CAT) were transfected into steroid-responsive primary oviduct cells. These functional studies defined a region of the SDRE from -793 to -759 that is essential for induction by steroids. Analysis of protein interactions in this 34-base pair region by copper-phenanthroline footprinting and methylation interference assays defined nucleotides required for protein binding. Footprinting showed protection of residues extending from -784 to -765, an area that included nucleotides that, when methylated, interfered with protein binding. In addition, this footprinted region contained 10 nucleotides that were identical to sequences contained in the beta-interferon gene regulatory element. An oligomer synthesized to this region of homology produced two DNA-protein complexes with oviduct nuclear proteins. Although this region of the interferon gene regulatory element binds the transcription factor NF-kappa B, an oligomer from the immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene known to bind NF-kappa B did not compete with the SDRE oligomer for binding to oviduct nuclear proteins. Surprisingly, this same NF-kappa B oligomer was able to restore steroid responsiveness to an SDRE mutant, while an oligomer from the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene inserted in the same position did not affect induction by steroids. These data suggest that a protein binding to sequences in the SDRE that are similar to an NF-kappa B-binding site participates in the steroid-mediated increase in transcription of the chicken ovalbumin gene.
Review of techniques for magnetic storm forecasting

Today a wide variety of techniques are available for nowcasting and forecasting magnetic storm activity. A brief review of linear time series prediction techniques, with examples, is used to lay a foundation for the description of newer non-linear techniques based on state-space reconstruction. We illustrate the state-space prediction technique in application to predict Dst from ISEE-3 solar wind data. Upstream solar wind data, such as from ISEE-3 or WIND close to the L 1 libration point, provide a prediction lead time of 0.5-1.5 hours. To go beyond the L 1 prediction lead time some information about the solar wind between the L 1 point and the Sun is required. Remote sensing is the measurement of something from a distance, like solar magnetograms or X-ray images. Both empirical and physically based models, driven by remote sensing data, promise a way to make forecasts a few days into the future. A combination of the statistical time series prediction techniques operating on the output of physically based models, driven by remote sensing data, may offer the first capability of predicting magnetic storms a few days in advance. We illustrate this combination of techniques using the output of a potential field model [Wang and Sheeley, 1988] as input to a linear prediction filter to forecast the planetary geomagnetic index. Finally, practical forecasting requires verification. We describe some of the standard measures of forecast performance: skill score, prediction efficiency, and correlation coefficient. The value of cross validation testing is emphasized.
Prices and Outputs Under Cable TV Reregulation

Cable television reregulation in October 1992 did succeed in constraining subscriber bills about 9% below trend by October 1994. Yet, the growth rate of basic cable television subscribership fell sharply during the period of rate reductions. Only when real rates began rising in the period following October 1994—after an explicit relaxation of controls—did reliable industry output measures return to the pre-regulation growth trend. These data suggest that rate regulation becomes substantially less viable as the complexity of the regulated good increases.
Inactivation of deoxyadenosine methyltransferase (dam) attenuates Haemophilus influenzae virulence

Summary Mutants in deoxyadenosine methyltransferase (dam) from many Gram-negative pathogens suggest multiple roles for Dam methylase: directing post-replicative DNA mismatch repair to the correct strand, guiding the temporal control of DNA replication and regulating the expression of multiple genes (including virulence factors) by differential promoter methylation. Dam methylase (HI0209) in strain Rd KW20 was inactivated in Haemophilus influenzae strains Rd KW20, Strain 12 and INT-1; restriction with Dam methylation-sensitive enzymes DpnI and DpnII confirmed the absence of Dam methylation, which was restored by complementation with a single copy of dam ectopically expressed in cis. Despite the lack of increased mutation frequency, the dam mutants had a 2-aminopurine-susceptible phenotype that could be suppressed by secondary mutations in mutS, suggesting a role for Dam in H. influenzae DNA mismatch repair. Invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and human respiratory epithelial cells (NCI-H292) by the dam mutants was significantly attenuated in all strains, suggesting the absence of a Dam-regulated event necessary for uptake or invasion of host cells. Intracellular replication was inhibited only in the Strain 12 dam mutant, whereas in the infant rat model of infection, the INT-1 dam mutant was less virulent. Dam activity appears to be necessary for both in vitro and in vivo virulence in a strain-dependent fashion and may function as a regulator of gene expression including virulence factors.
Regulation with Placebo Effects

A growing scientific literature supports the existence of placebo effects from a wide range of health interventions and for a range of medical conditions. This Article reviews this literature, examines the implications for law and policy, and suggests future areas for research on placebo effects. In particular, it makes the case for altering the drug approval process to account for, if not credit, placebo effects. It recommends that evidence of placebo effects be permitted as a defense in cases alleging violations of informed consent or false advertising. Finally, it finds that tort law already has doctrines such as joint and several liability to account for placebo effects. Future research on placebo effects should focus on whether awareness of placebo effects can disable these effects and whether subjects can control their own placebo effects.
Twenty Years of Federal Trade Commission Merger Enforcement Activity (1985-2004)

The Hart Scott Rodino program, coupled with the modern Merger Guidelines has structured merger enforcement for the last twenty years. This paper reviews all of the filings on which the Commission issued a second request. While horizontal mergers predominate, vertical, potential competition and monopsony cases have been observed in the sample. Over the years, the Commission has studied a broad range of industries, including branded consumer products, chemicals, hospitals, drugs, oil and retailing. Some evolution in the theories of concern can be observed, along with minor changes in policy on efficiencies. A statistical model is given to predict the outcomes of matters that appear to be very close calls.
Integrable Equations with a Forcing of a Distribution Type

We consider the nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the variable q(x,t) with the forcing iu(t)δ(x)+iu1(t)δ′(x). We assume that q(x,0),u(t),u1(t) are given and that these functions as well as their first two derivatives belong to L1∩L2(ℝ+). We show that the solution of this problem can be reduced to solving two Riemann—Hilbert (RH) problems in the complex k-plane with jumps on Im(k2) = 0. Each RH problem is equivalent to a linear integral equation that has a unique global solution. These linear integral equations are uniquely defined in terms of certain functions (scattering data) b(k), c(k), d(k), and f(k). The functions b(k) and d(k) can be effectively computed in terms of q(x,0). However, although the analytic properties of c(k) and f(k) are completely determined, the relationship between c(k), f(k), q(x,0), u(t), and u1(t) is highly nonlinear. In spite of this difficulty, we can give an effective description of the asymptotic behavior of q(x,t) for large t. In particular, we show that as t ∞, solitons are generated moving away from the origin. It is important to emphasize that the analysis of this problem, in addition to techniques of exact integrability, requires the essential use of general PDE techniques.
Gene transfer into human lymphocytes by a defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviruses containing deletions between nucleotides 301 and 319 express viral proteins but exhibit marked attenuation in the packaging of viral RNA into virions (A. Lever, H. Gottlinger, W. Haseltine, and J. Sodroski, J. Virol. 63:4085-4087, 1989; A. Aldovini and R. A. Young, J. Virol. 64:1920-1926, 1990). Here we report that such packaging-defective proviruses can provide trans-acting viral elements required for the transfer of a HIV-1 vector to Jurkat human lymphocytes. The transferred vector was unable to encode HIV-1 genes, indicating that the long terminal repeats and the immediate flanking viral sequences are sufficient for packaging, reverse transcription, and integration. The generation of replication-competent viruses in this system was reduced to undetectable levels by providing the trans-acting viral functions on two separate expression plasmids. This defective retroviral vector provides a means of efficiently introducing desired genetic elements, in the absence of HIV-1 genes, into HIV-1 target cells.
A Robust Integrated Propagation and Site Specific Land Clutter Model

This paper reveals a robust land clutter model that is based upon site-specific radar reflectivity and topography. The model includes the effects of transhorizon propagation caused by atmospheric boundary layer induced radar ducting. The model accounts for three dimensional effects due to inhomogeneity of radar reflectivity and propagation within the confines of the radar resolution cell, without the complexity of a true three dimensional propagation model.
Effect of cell fragmentation on nutritive value of Bacillus megaterium protein.

THERE has recently been considerable interest in the use of micro-organisms, particularly yeasts and bacteria, as a source of protein for human food. In a previous paper1 the hypothesis was advanced that the presence of an intact cell wall in these micro-organisms would limit the nutritional value of the cell protein. This hypothesis was partially substantiated on the basis of evidence presented in the form of amino-acid analyses of various cell fractions. Evidence is now presented to indicate that the nutritive value of Bacillus megaterium protein can be improved by a technique of cell fragmentation suitable for large-scale preparation.
An Investigation Into the Effectiveness of an Algorithmic Approach to Teaching Functional Modeling

The consideration of function is prevalent across numerous domains as a technique allowing complex problems to be abstracted into a form more readily solvable. In engineering design, functional models tend to be of a more generalized nature describing what a system should do based on customer needs, target specifications, objectives, and constraints. While the value of function in engineering design seems to be generally recognized, it remains a difficult concept to teach to engineering design students. In this paper, a study on the effectiveness of an algorithmic approach for teaching function and functional model generation is presented. This paper is a follow-up on to the 2012 ASME IDETC paper, An Algorithmic Approach to Teaching Functionality. This algorithmic approach uses a series of grammar rules to assemble function chains which then can be aggregated into a complete functional model. In this paper, the results of a study using the algorithmic approach at Texas A&M in a graduate level design course are presented. The analysis of the results is discussed, and the preliminary evidence shows promise toward supporting our hypothesis that the algorithmic approach has a positive impact on student learning.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
On a class of second-order anti-periodic boundary value problems☆

Of concern is the existence and uniqueness of anti-periodic solutions to a class of abstract nonlinear second-order differential equations. The investigation relies on the theory of m-accretive operators in Banach or Hilbert spaces. Examples of boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations are also discussed.