cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A decade of synthesis and modeling in the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

Abstract A decade-long Synthesis and Modeling Project (SMP) was conducted as the final element of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). The SMP goal was to synthesize knowledge gained from field studies into a set of models that reflect our current understanding of the oceanic carbon cycle. Specific, innovative aspects of the project included the close partnership among scientists conducting field, laboratory, remote sensing, and numerical research and the strong emphasis on data management and web-based, public release of models and data products. Several recurrent science themes arose across the SMP effort including: the development of a new generation of ocean ecosystem and biogeochemistry models that include iron limitation, flexible elemental composition, size structure, geochemical functional groups, and particle composition; the application of inverse models and data assimilation techniques to marine food-web data; the creation of whole-ocean synthesis products from the JGOFS global CO 2 survey and other studies; and the analysis and modeling of ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to climate and CO 2 system perturbations on time-scales ranging from seasonal and inter-annual variability to anthropogenic climate warming and longer.
Strongly nonmanipulable multi-valued collective choice rules

A collective choice rule is 'manipulated' whenever some individual misrepresents his preferences in order to secure an outcome preferred to the outcome when he his honest. According to the theorem of Gibbard [6] and Satterthwaite [10] (G-S in what follows), the only collective choice rule that cannot be manipulated is a dictatorship. While this result looks overwhelmingly final, and depressing, it does raise a few questions. In G-S, a collective choice rule is single-valued: for each specification of all individuals' preferences, or each 'preference profile', it produces a single winner, a unique alternative. What if, as it is often the case, the collective choice rule allows for ties? What happens to the nonmanipulability implies dictatorship theorem then? These are essentially the questions asked by Kelly [9] and Barbera [2]. If a collective choice rule is multi-valued, however, a new issue arises. Properly defined, alternatives are mutually exclusive, and ultimately only one can be chosen. A multi-valued collective choice rule is then a first step; if it produces ties, the ties must be broken. The obvious tie-breaker is a coin toss, that is, a random device. What happens to the nonmanipulability implies dictatorship theorem when the collective choice rule is random, or when it is a mixture of nonrandom and random parts? This is the question asked by Gibbard in [7]. The answers of Kelly [9] and Barbera [2] can be loosely characterized this way: Nonmanipilable multi-valued collective choice rules necessarily make some people 'weak dictators'. Now, a person is a 'weak dictator' if, whenever he prefers x to y and the social choice agenda is restricted to x versus y, x must at least tie y. However, it is arguable that the existence of weak dictatorship is per se objectionable; since the welfare economist's mainstay, the Pareto rule, makes everyone a weak dictator. In another
Crystallization kinetics of amorphous Co-Gd ribbons and films

Abstract Ribbons of amorphous Co a Gd 1−a have been prepared by melt spinning with compositions from 35 0.3. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in the crystallization.
Sequential ambiguity in telephone openings: ‘What are you doin’

Near the beginning of many telephone conversations parties exchange initial inquiries and responses, such as: ‘How are you'?/'fine’. The present essay describes how speech acts in this initial inquiry slot signal and resolve problems. Previous research has demonstrated that some responses to initial inquiry act to premonitor problems. The present essay builds on these analyses beginning with data from telephone “call‐waiting.”; In call‐waiting, a recipient of a phone call puts one partner on hold to answer a second call. This second Caller is notified about the call‐waiting problem in response to the initial inquiry ‘What are you doin’. The Caller's inquiry, ‘What are you doin’, is shown to be sequentially ambiguous, and to provide an especially apt opportunity for notification of the call‐waiting problem. These analyses show how ambiguity may provide resources for problem resolution.
Silicon analogs of the thioxanthenes

Abstract The 9,10-dihydro-9-silaanthracene framework generated from ( o -ClMgC 6 H 4 ) 2 CH 2 and a dichlorosilane provides the starting point for formation of derivatives which contain a tricyclic skeleton and a three-atom side chain terminated by a nitrogen group bonded to the central ring of the framework. Reaction of the ketone, 10-oxo-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-silaanthracene with either N,N dimethylaminopropylmagnesium chloride or N -methylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride provided the alcohols which could be dehydrated with thionyl chloride/ pyridine to give the silicon analogs of thioxanthene derivatives (SiMe 2 replaces S). Several other dehydration attempts are described as well as two other synthetic routes for introduction of an exocyclic double bond in the 10-position. Hydride addition of 9-methyl-9,10-dihydro-9-silaanthracene to N,N -dimethylallylamine in the presence of H 2 PtCl 6 and bromination of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-silaanthracene followed by reaction with 1-methylpiperazine provided two further examples of derivatives based on the silaanthracene framework.
Natural matrix standards

Environmental radiochemistry needs, for use in analytical inter-comparison and as standard reference materials, very large homogeneous samples of a variety of matrices, each naturally contaminated by a variety of longer-lived radionuclides, at several different ranges of concentrations. The reasons for this need are discussed, and the minimum assortment of matrices, of radionuclides, and of concentrations is established. Sources of suitable materials are suggested, and the international approach to meeting this need is emphasized.
Diagnostic imaging procedures for the lumbar spine

Excerpt Low back pain is an extraordinarily common complaint, but one with a generally favorable prognosis. Most episodes will improve rapidly with little or no medical intervention, and a specific...
Form, function, and finance: architecture and finance theory

Abstract At least at first glance, a bank’s customers ought to be concerned with only one thing—the price they must pay for the services they receive. Architecture beyond the merely functional ought to have no role, especially not in the modern global economy in which increasingly automated financial intermediation of all sorts appears to be approaching the ideals of pure competition and perfect efficiency. Even in these financially sophisticated times, however, symbols matter, and the message communicated by these symbols is one which cannot be communicated in any other way. It is necessary for a financial institution, and perhaps even the financial system itself, to have a strong visual presence. There is a visceral appeal of an architecturally distinguished building to the senses that speaks to us in a way that the cerebral appeal of pure information cannot.
Effects of metastatic cascades on metastatic patterns: studies on colon-26 carcinomas in mice.

The present studies are based on autopsy data showing that in upper esophageal and lower rectal carcinomas, hematogenous metastasis occurs mainly first to the lungs, and cancer cells from pulmonary metastases generate arterial metastases. In lower esophageal and upper rectal carcinomas, hematogenous metastases occur first in the liver, then in the lungs, and are further disseminated by the arterial route. The arterial metastatic patterns are different in the 2 groups. One possible explanation for these differences in pattern is that liver "residence" is associated with different metastatic behavior; this has been tested in a model system. Experiments with the transplantable colon-26 carcinoma in mice reveal that, when cancer cells from common s.c. transplant sites are grown in the liver, lungs or liver-and-lungs, and then injected into the bloodstream of fresh recipients via the left ventricle, the portal vein or the tail vein, different patterns and degrees of colonization of 11 different target sites are observed. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that growth of cancers in different anatomic sites may modify the subsequent arterial metastatic patterns, due to site-induced changes occurring in cancer cell populations, which influence metastasis from metastases or so-called "cascade" processes.
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Familial Forms of Hypertriglyceridemia: A 20-Year Prospective Study

Background—Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHTG) are 2 of the most common familial forms of hyperlipidemia. There is a paucity of prospective data concerning the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in such families. The purposes of this study were to estimate 20-year total and CVD mortality risk among relatives in these families and to evaluate plasma triglyceride as a predictor of death. Methods and Results—The study was based on lipid and medical history data from 101 families ascertained in 2 studies conducted in the early 1970s. Vital status and cause of death was determined during 1993 to 1997 for 685 family members, including first-degree relatives of the probands and spouse control subjects. Compared with spouse control subjects, 20-year CVD mortality risk was increased among siblings and offspring in FCHL (relative risk 1.7, P=0.02) after adjustment for baseline covariates. In FHTG families, the relative risk was also 1.7 but was not statistically signif...
A signal detection theory approach to analyzing the efficiency and effectiveness of auditing to detect management fraud

The purpose of this paper is to apply signal detection theory (SDT) to the problem of detecting management fraud. The use of SDT methodology significantly strengthens understanding of the relationships among audit technology, base rates of management fraud, costs of Type I and Type II errors, extensions of audit procedures, and risk assessments prior and during the audit. The analysis suggests that the auditor must accept disproportionate false alarm rates in order to maintain audit effectiveness in the presence of management fraud. This condition becomes even stronger as the costs of Type II errors increase compared to costs of Type I errors. The study also provides policy implications for auditor practice and standard‐setters.
Decay of an Electric Current in a Superconductor

A theory of the decay of an electric current in a superconductor is presented. The calculations have been done using a model within the BCS theory of superconductivity, ignoring magnetic effects. The decay of current, from a specially chosen initial state, is found both for low temperatures and for temperatures near the critical temperature. The persistence of currents remains unexplained. The related problem of thermal conductivity is re-examined in an Appendix.
Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of fluorouracil in polymeric nanoparticles

The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of fluorouracil (5-FU) in polymeric nanoparticles. Chromatographic analyses were performed on an RP C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (10:90, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The 5-FU was detected and quantitated using a photodiode array detector at a wavelength of 265 nm. The method was shown to be specific and linear in the range of 0.1-10 µg/mL (r = 0.9997). The precision (intra- and inter-day) was demonstrated because the maximum relative standard deviation was 3.51%. The method is robust relative to changes in flow rate, column and temperature. The limits of detection and quantitation were 10.86 and 32.78 ng/mL, respectively. The method fulfilled the requirements for reliability and feasibility for application to the quantitative analysis of 5-FU in polymeric nanoparticles.
Symptom clusters related to specific cancers.

Objectives To examine the current research related to symptom clusters in specific cancer diagnoses. Data Sources Research studies, review articles. Conclusion Factors that can impact symptoms and their relationship include the stage of disease, treatment used, modification of treatment for the individual patient, patient co-morbidities as well as psychological, sociological, and cultural factors. Understanding is needed regarding which of these factors individually or in combination contribute to symptoms clustering together. The mechanism underlying symptom perception and interpretation need further exploration. Research focus should be on one type of cancer. Implications for Nursing Practice Symptom cluster research offers little at this point to be helpful in patient diagnosis, assessment, monitoring, or management of disease.
Searching for contours

Due to its portability and lack of ionizing radiation, three-dimensional ultrasound imaging is emerging as an important diagnostic tool in medicine. However, ultrasound images are usually noisy because of scattering and other complicated interactions between ultrasonic pulses and human tissue. This makes it difficult to automatically segment the images. Methods such as edge finding and region growing, which are primarily driven by the image data, can be easily diverted by speckle and broken contours. We have developed a new, model-driven segmentation method that automatically finds closed contours in noisy images using a global search. In particular, we have concentrated our research on horizontal image slices of the lower leg. The segmentation for such an image consists of three contours: the outer skin surface and two bones. Using a genetic algorithm, our method searches through the space of all possible contours, where contours are modeled as closed cubic splines. Candidate contours are blurred with a point spread function that approximates the point spread function of the image. These model contours are then compared to the actual image using correlation. We demonstrate the method on ultrasound images of human legs. Because this new algorithm avoids the diversions of noise, it works well in spite of the vagaries of ultrasound images, and it does so with a minimum of tunable parameters.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Life as authoring: The humanistic tradition in Russian psychology☆

Abstract This paper traces the humanistic tradition in Russian psychology, that is, the tradition that derives its theoretical models from the humanities, and specifically from philology and literary scholarship. The milestones of this tradition are provided by Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of “life as authoring,” by the analysis of the psychological relevance of literary form as argued by Lev Vygotsky, and by the recent application of these ideas to the issue of coping and living-through crisis. It is argued that with the “life as authoring” approach, Soviet psychology may gain a new perspective, trascending such familiar trends as Pavlovian reflexology and Marxist social science.
Composition of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in rabbit kidney: II. Renal Cortex

Abstract The glycosaminoglycans of rabbit renal cortex were isolated, purified and characterized by paper chromatography, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, chemical and analyses, automatic amino acid analysis for amino sugars, testicular hyaluronidase susceptibility, anticoagulant activity, CD and molecular weight distribution. The original crude extract yielded sulfated and non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan fractions in a 3:1 ratio, containing glucosamine in excess over galactosamine. Further fractionation and purification showed 95% of the purified glycosaminoglycans to be contained in the sulfated portion. The major glycosaminoglycans were heparan sulfates, having a large component with a molecular weight of 14000, and dermatan sulfate.
Six lysine residues on c-Myc are direct substrates for acetylation by p300.

Abstract The c-Myc oncoprotein (Myc) functions as a transcription regulator in association with an obligatory partner, Max, to control cell growth and differentiation. The Myc:Max complex regulates specific genes by recognizing “E-box” DNA sequences and promoter-bound factors such as Miz-1. Myc recruits histone acetyltransferases (HATs) to modify chromatin and is, itself, acetylated in mammalian cells by several of these HATs including p300/CBP, GCN5, and Tip60. The Myc residues that are directly modified by these different HATs remain unknown. Here, we have analyzed the acetylation of recombinant Myc:Max complexes by purified p300 HAT in vitro by using MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI-MS/MS mass spectrometry. These analyses identify six lysine residues in human Myc (K143, K157, K275, K317, K323, and K371) as direct substrates for p300. Our results further indicate that p300 can acetylate DNA-bound Myc:Max complexes and that acetylated Myc:Max heterodimers efficiently interact with Miz-1.
Design-overlay interactions in metal double patterning

In double patterning lithography (DPL), overlay error between two patterning steps at the same layer translates into CD variability. Since CD uniformity budget is very tight, overlay control becomes a tough challenge for DPL. In this paper, we electrically evaluate overlay error for BEOL DPL with the goal of studying relative effects of different overlay sources and interactions of overlay control with design parameters. Experimental results show the following: (a) overlay electrical impact is not significant in case of positive-tone DPL (< 3.4% average capacitance variation) and should be the base for determining overlay budget requirement; (b) when considering congestion, overlay electrical impact reduces in positivetone DPL; (c) Design For Manufacturability (DFM) techniques like wire spreading can have a large effect on overlay electrical impact (20% increase of spacing can reduce capacitance variation by 22%); (d) translation overlay has the largest electrical impact compared to other overlay sources; and (e) overlay in y direction (x for horizontal metalization) has negligible electrical impact and, therefore, preferred routing direction should be taken into account for overlay sampling and alignment strategies.
Immediate versus deferred initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients with PSA-only relapse. An observational follow-up study

Background: The optimal timing to start androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as the only sign of relapse is unknown. Methods: We identified men with prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavour (CaPSURE) study who would have been eligible (6 cT3aN0M0, primary radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, PSA relapse as the only evidence of recurrence) for a randomised trial comparing 'immediate' versus 'deferred' ADT initiation. We emulated such trial by assigning patients to the 'immediate' strategy if they initiated ADT within 3 months of PSA relapse and to the 'deferred' strategy if they initiated ADT when they presented with metastasis, symptoms or a short PSA doubling time. We censored patients when they deviated from the assigned strategy and adjusted for this censoring via inverse probability weighting. Results: Of 2096 eligible patients (median age 69, interquartile range 63-75 years), 88% were white, 35% had a Gleason score P7, 69% were treated with radical prostatectomy and 31% received radiotherapy only as primary treatment. The mean time from primary treatment to PSA relapse was 37.4 (standard deviation (SD) 34.2) months. Mean follow-up from primary treatment was 91.4 (SD 48.4) months. The adjusted mortality hazard ratio for immediate
Pore-scale observations of supercritical CO2 drainage in Bentheimer sandstone by synchrotron x-ray imaging

a b s t r a c t This work utilizes synchrotron-based x-ray computed microtomography (x-ray CMT) imaging to quantify the volume and topology of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) on a pore-scale basis throughout the primary drainage process of a 6 mm diameter Bentheimer sandstone core. Experiments were performed with brine and scCO2 at 8.3 MPa (1200 psi) and 37.5 ◦ C. Capillary pressure-saturation curves for the scCO2- brine system are presented and compared to the ambient air-brine system, and are shown to overlay one another when pressure is normalized by interfacial tension. Results are analyzed from images with a voxel resolution of 4.65 m; image-based evidence demonstrates that scCO2 invades the pore space in a capillary fingering regime at a mobility ratio M = 0.03 and capillary number Ca = 10 −8.6 to an end-of- drainage brine saturation of 9%. We provide evidence of the applicability of previous two-dimensional micromodel studies and ambient condition experiments in predicting flow regimes occurring during scCO2 injection. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
OPTIMAL DESIGN AND OPERATION OF BATCH PROCESSES

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1990.
Group-Based Preference Assessment for Children and Adolescents in a Residential Setting: Examining Developmental, Clinical, Gender, and Ethnic Differences.

This study examines developmental, clinical, gender, and ethnic group differences in preference in residentially placed children and adolescents. In addition, this study considers whether residentially placed youth prefer stimuli currently being used as rewards as part of a campuswide token economy system and whether youth would identify preferred stimuli that are not currently offered. The article discusses a survey devised specifically for the purpose of this study. Stimuli currently offered as rewards are listed and rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results indicate that the majority of stimuli available within the token economy system were rated as preferred. Also, significant developmental, clinical, gender, and ethnic group differences are found, indicating the benefit of considering group-level characteristics when designing and implementing a groupwide token economy system. The implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
Points of view: on the implications of neuroscience research for science teaching and learning: are there any?

What, if anything, do teachers need to know about how the brain works to improve teaching and learning? After all, your plumber needs to know how to stop leaks—not the molecular structure of water. And we can learn how to use a computer without knowing how a computer chip works. Likewise, teachers need to know how to help students develop intellectually and learn—not necessarily how their brains work. Nevertheless, it is important for teachers to understand that what is being discovered about how brains work supports constructivist learning theory (Alexander and Murphy, 1999 ), which in turn supports inquiry-based teaching (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1989 ; National Research Council, 1996 , 2001 ; National Science Foundation, 1996 ). The goal of the present article is to explicate why this is so. Let's start with some basics.
Building a Learning Collaborative

Background: Development and dissemination of evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines are important first steps, but without active translation efforts, they do little to promote knowledge uptake by direct care providers. In order to close the gap between discovery and use of knowledge, efforts should focus on methods to speed translation of research findings into practice. Aim: To facilitate this process, the National Nursing Practice Network (NNPN) was established to provide participating health care organizations with access to resources, information, opportunities for learning and knowledge transfer, and legitimacy and credibility with internal and external stakeholders. Approach: Designed as a practice collaborative learning network, the NNPN uses an interactive learning approach by valuing and learning from the experiences of members and encouraging active participation through conferences, teleconferencing, and use of an interactive member Web site. Use of a network of acute care sites to increase the uptake of EBP is based on social network theory; the NNPN is a network of acute care hospitals through which data, information, knowledge, practices, and behaviors flow. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of a collaborative nursing network provides an innovative way to address the difficulty of implementing and sustaining EBP in organizations and also for maximizing resources and knowledge. Early evaluation data are promising. This approach is offered as one possible method of moving use of EBP in nursing forward.
Integrating mitosis, toxicity, and transgene expression in a telecommunications packet‐switched network model of lipoplex‐mediated gene delivery

Gene delivery systems transport exogenous genetic information to cells or biological systems with the potential to directly alter endogenous gene expression and behavior with applications in functional genomics, tissue engineering, medical devices, and gene therapy. Nonviral systems offer advantages over viral systems because of their low immunogenicity, inexpensive synthesis, and easy modification but suffer from lower transfection lev els. The representation of gene transfer using models offers perspective and interpretation of complex cellular mechanisms, including nonviral gene delivery where exact mechanisms are unknown. Here, we introduce a novel telecommunications model of the nonviral gene delivery process in which the delivery of the gene to a cell is synonymous with delivery of a packet of information to a destination computer within a packet-switched computer network. Such a model uses nodes and layers to simplify the complexity of modeling the transfection process and to overcome several challenges of existing models. These challenges include a limited scope and limited time frame, which often does not incorporate biological effects known to affect transfection. The telecommunication model was constructed in MATLAB to model lipoplex delivery of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein to HeLa cells. Mitosis and toxicity events were included in the model resulting in simulation outputs of nuclear internalization and transfection efficiency that correlated with experimental data. A priori pre dictions based on model sensitivity analysis suggest that increasing endosomal escape and decreasing lysosomal degradation, protein degradation, and GFP-induced toxicity can improve transfection efficiency by threefold. Application of the telecommunications model to nonviral gene delivery offers insight into the development of new gene delivery systems with therapeutically relevant transfection levels.
Neutron measurements for intensity modulated radiation therapy

The beam-on time for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is increased significantly compared with conventional radiotherapy treatments. Further, the presence of beam modulation devices may potentially affect neutron production. Therefore, neutron measurements were performed for 15 MV photon beams on a Varian Clinac accelerator to determine the impact of IMRT on neutron dose equivalent to the patient.
Risk to Commercial Aircraft from Reentering Space Debris

This work presents a method to compute casualty expectation associated with large commercial aircraft using aircraft and reentry debris data. Although the number of airborne aircraft is very small compared to the general population, commercial aircraft present a much larger target area to falling space debris than does an individual person. The lethality of each debris object is larger for aircraft, since the relative speed with respect to the aircraft at cruise altitude is much greater than its terminal fall speed prior to Earth impact. The consequences are most severe for the large commercial aircraft that carry hundreds of passengers. Therefore, this work focuses on the risk to the largest and most numerous commercial aircraft in the sky. The aircraft impact probability and associated casualty risk were calculated using aircraft data involving U.S. departure or destination. = frontal cross sectional area of aircraft av = top cross sectional area of aircraft da = infinitesimal area increment i = orbital inclination of reentering debris L = latitude mi = number of passengers of ith aircraft type ni = average number of aircraft aloft for ith aircraft type pi = collision or casualty probability ri = casualty area of ith aircraft type R = average radius of the Earth sac = average aircraft speed sd = debris fall speed wi = cumulative number of airborne minutes for the ith aircraft type
Gradients And Their Applications

The use of gradient properties in a wide range of physical processes are discussed with emphasis on optical applications of interest to the military.
Effects of genetics and light environment on colour expression in threespine sticklebacks

The genetic basis of traits that are under sexual selection and that are involved in recognizing conspecific mates is poorly known, even in systems in which the phenotypic basis of these traits has been well studied. In the present study, we investigate genetic and environmental influences on nuptial colour, which plays important roles in sexual selection and sexual isolation in species pairs of limnetic and benthic threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus species complex). Previous work demonstrated that colour differences among species correlate to differences in the ambient light prevalent in their mating habitat. Red fish are found in clear water and black fish in red-shifted habitats. We used a paternal half-sib split-clutch design to investigate the genetic and environmental basis of nuptial colour. We found genetic differences between a red and a black stickleback population in the expression of both red and black nuptial colour. In addition, the light environment influenced colour expression, and genotype by environment interactions were also present. We found evidence for both phenotypic and genetic correlations between our colour traits; some of these correlations are in opposite directions for our red and black populations. These results suggest that both genetic change and phenotypic plasticity underlie the correlation of male colour with light environment. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 663–673.
Morphology meets molecules: a new genus and two new species of diphyllidean cestodes from the Yellowspotted skate, Leucoraja wallacei, from South Africa.

Abstract: Two morphologically disparate undescribed species of diphyllidean cestodes from the Yellowspotted skate, Leucoraja wallacei, from South Africa were included in a recent molecular phylogenetic study aimed at revising diphyllidean classification. From a molecular standpoint, these species were determined to be only distantly related to one another. One (originally referred to as Echinobothrium n. sp. 2) showed affinities with species of the batoid-parasitizing Echinobothrium sensu stricto and is described here as Echinobothrium marquesi n. sp. This species most closely resembles Echinobothrium joshuai, an affinity supported by the previous molecular study, but differs in the form of its “B” hooks and degree of overlap between bothria and cephalic peduncle. The other species (originally referred to as New genus n. sp. 1), although exhibiting the full complement of scolex armature, grouped among primarily shark-hosted genera, most of which lack or exhibit reduced scolex armatures. That unexpected re...
Fluoride Adsorption by a Saline Sodic Soil Irrigated with a High F Water

Langmuir isotherm data for F adsorption were obtained from 1:10 soil:water extracts of soil samples from a lysimeter study. A sodic silt loam surface soil with a saline sodic subsoil was irrigated with a high sodium chloride, high fluoride (0.38 mMF) geothermal well water. A previous study showed that fluorite (CaF2) was precipitated from solution in the upper portion of this profile while another mechanism removed F solution in the lower part of the profile to below 0.02 mMF. The Langmuir isotherm data indi cate that one kind of surfaces or sites remove fluoride from solution over the 0 to 1.1 to 1.2 mMF range. The adsorption capacity for this F removal is about 4.4 to 5.8 mmol F/kg of soil and the equilibrium constant is between 0.54 to 1.001/mmol F. Once these surfaces or sites were saturated, a second kind of sites removed F from solution, and had an adsorption capacity of 9.2 to 11.4 mmol/kg and an equilibrium constant of 0.16 to 0.271/mmol. Both data sets fit the Langmuir equation. At some point before or after this second set of sites or surfaces was saturated, the fluorite ion activity product was exceeded and fluoride was then removed from solution via fluorite precipitation. The two adsorption mechanisms lowered the soil solution F concentration sufficiently to prevent ground water contamination, but once the adsorption sites were saturated, fluorite precipitation does not decrease F concentration sufficiently to meet drinking water standards.
Ancient DNA Studies in Physical Anthropology

▪ Abstract Nucleic acids are preserved in prehistoric samples under a wide range of depositional environments. The development of new molecular methods, especially the polymerase chain reaction, has made possible the recovery and manipulation of these molecules, and the subsequent molecular genetic characterization of the ancient samples. The analysis of ancient (a)DNA is complicated by the degraded nature of ancient nucleic acids, as well as the presence of enzymatic inhibitors in aDNA extracts. We review aspects of ancient DNA preservation, a variety of methods for the extraction and amplification of informative DNA segments from ancient samples, and the difficulties encountered in documenting the authenticity of ancient DNA template. Studies using aDNA to address questions in human population history or human evolution are reviewed and discussed. Future prospects for the field and potential directions for future aDNA research efforts in physical anthropology are identified.
Pulmonary Histopathology of Rats Following Parenteral Injections of Nickel Chloride

To elucidate the subacute toxic reactions to parenteral administration of Ni2+, male F-344 rats were given daily injections of NiCl, (62.5 or 125 pmol/kg, sc) for 3 to 6 weeks. Nickel accumulation was greater in lung than in the other major organs, based upon tissue analyses by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. After 5 or 6 weeks of NiCl, treatment, severe pathological changes developed in the lungs, including a) prominent hydropic and degenerative changes of the endothelium of pulmonary arteries and veins; b) marked proliferation of alveolar lining cells, affecting Type I1 (granular) pneumocytes; c) thickening of alveolar walls, with proteinaceous alveolar exudate; d) hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium, with cellular atypia and mitoses; and e) focal bronchial pneumonia with intrabronchial exudates. These pulmonary responses to repeated daily injections of NiCl, were substantially different from the pathological lesions seen 24 to 72 hours after a single sc injection of NiCl, (500 or 750 pmol/kg), which included perivascular edema, karyorrhexis and pyknosis of mononuclear cells in focal perivascular infiltrates, and mild pulmonary congestion. This study shows that the lung is a primary site of toxicity in rats following parenteral administration of NiCl,; vascular endothelial cells, Type I1 pneumocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and mononuclear cells constitute the principal cellular targets for pulmonary toxicity of Ni2+.
Gene-environment interactions in the development of type 2 diabetes: recent progress and continuing challenges.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is thought to arise from the complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Since the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we have seen considerable progress in our understanding of the role that genetics and gene-environment interactions play in the development of T2D. Recent work suggests that the adverse effect of several T2D loci may be abolished or at least attenuated by higher physical activity levels or healthy lifestyle, whereas low physical activity and dietary factors characterizing a Western dietary pattern may augment it. However, there still remain inconsistencies warranting further investigation. Lack of statistical power and measurement errors for the environmental factors continue to challenge our efforts for characterizing interactions. Although our recent focus on established T2D loci is reasonable, we may be overlooking many other potential loci not captured by recent T2D GWAS. Agnostic approaches to the discovery of gene and environment ...
VR-1 receptor blockade attenuates the pressor response to capsaicin but has no effect on the pressor response to contraction in cats

Vanilloid type 1 (VR-1) receptors are stimulated by capsaicin and hydrogen ions, the latter being a by-product of muscular contraction. We tested the hypothesis that activation of VR-1 receptors du...
Rural Mental Health Care

“Research Reviews” are a regular feature of The Journal of Rural Health, presenting current research on a particular theme or topic of interest.
Nonlinear random effects mixture models: Maximum likelihood estimation via the EM algorithm

Nonlinear random effects models with finite mixture structures are used to identify polymorphism in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) phenotypes. An EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation approach is developed and uses sampling-based methods to implement the expectation step, that results in an analytically tractable maximization step. A benefit of the approach is that no model linearization is performed and the estimation precision can be arbitrarily controlled by the sampling process. A detailed simulation study illustrates the feasibility of the estimation approach and evaluates its performance. Applications of the proposed nonlinear random effects mixture model approach to other population PK/PD problems will be of interest for future investigation.
Relax-and-retime: a methodology for energy-efficient recovery based design

Recovery based design (RBD) is a promising approach for the design of energy-efficient circuits under variations. RBD instruments circuits with mechanisms to identify and correct timing violations, thereby allowing reduced guard bands or design margins. In addition, RBD enables aggressive voltage overscaling to a point where timing errors occur even under nominal conditions. A major barrier to the widespread adoption of RBD is that traditional design practices and synthesis tools result in circuits with so-called“path walls”, leading to an explosion in the number of timing errors beyond a certain critical operating voltage. To alleviate this effect, previous techniques focused on combinational circuit optimizations such as sizing, use of dual Vt,, cells, re-structuring, etc. to favorably reshape the path delay distribution. However, these techniques are limited by the inherent sequential structure of the circuit, which defines the boundaries of the combinational logic. In this work, we explore a completely different approach to synthesize circuits for RBD. We propose the use of retiming, a well-known and powerful sequential optimization technique to redefine the boundaries of combinational logic, thereby creating new opportunities for RBD that cannot be explored by previous techniques. We make the key observation that, in retiming circuits with RBD (unlike classical retiming), it is acceptable for a few paths in the circuit to exceed the clock period. Using this insight, we propose a synthesis methodology, Relax-and-Retire, wherein the original circuit is relaxed by ignoring timing constraints on selected paths that are bottlenecks to retiming. When classical minimum period retiming is employed on this relaxed circuit, the path wall is shifted to a lower delay, thus allowing additional voltage overscaling. The Relax-and-Retire methodology judiciously selects bottleneck paths by trading off recovery overheads caused by timing errors due to these paths with the opportunities for retiming. We utilize the proposed methodology to synthesize a wide range of benchmarks including arithmetic circuits, ISCAS89 benchmarks and modules from the UltraSPARC T1 processor. Our results demonstrate 9-25% (average of 15.3%) improvement in overall energy compared to a well-optimized baseline with RBD.
Interest Rates and the Economy

Long-term interest rates are at their lowest levels in over a generation and are likely to edge up in the near future. Many analysts are also concerned about the potential impact of inflation on interest rates. In recent Congressional testimony, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan stated that "inflationary pressures are not likely to be a serious concern in the period ahead." With inflation expected to remain at relatively low levels, an increase in interest rates can be viewed as a positive reflection of the economic outlook.
Biofouling-resilient nanoporous gold electrodes for DNA sensing.

Electrochemical nucleic acid sensors are promising tools for point-of-care diagnostic platforms with their facile integration with electronics and scalability. However, nucleic acid detection in complex biological fluids is challenging as biomolecules nonspecifically adsorb on the electrode surface and adversely affect the sensor performance by obscuring the transport of analytes and redox species to the electrode. We report that nanoporous gold (np-Au) electrodes, prepared by a microfabrication-compatible self-assembly process and functionalized with DNA probes, enabled detection of target DNA molecules (10–200 nM) in physiologically relevant complex media (bovine serum albumin and fetal bovine serum). In contrast, the sensor performance was compromised for planar gold electrodes in the same conditions. Hybridization efficiency decreased by 10% for np-Au with coarser pores revealing a pore-size dependence of sensor performance in biofouling conditions. This nanostructure-dependent functionality in comple...
Examining the nomological network of satisfaction with work-life balance.

This study expands on past work–life research by examining the nomological network of satisfaction with work–life balance—the overall appraisal or global assessment of how one manages time and energy across work and nonwork domains. Analyses using 456 employees at a midsized organization indicated expected relationships with bidirectional conflict, bidirectional facilitation, and satisfaction with work and nonwork life. Structural equation modeling supported the utility of satisfaction with balance as a unique component of work–life interface perceptions. Results also indicated that satisfaction with balance mediated the relationship between some conflict/facilitation and life satisfaction outcomes, though conflict and facilitation maintained unique predictive validity on domain specific outcomes (i.e., work-to-life conflict and facilitation with work life satisfaction; life-to-work conflict and facilitation with nonwork life satisfaction).
Sensitivity of the lymphopenic reaction to adrenalin.

SummaryAdrenalin injected intraperitoneally causes neutrophilia and a marked lymphopenia in rats in doses varying from 0.5 to 1 γ100 g. This effect is absent in adrenalectomized animals and it is greatly diminished in normal rats injected with large quantities of adrenocortical extracts. It is suggested in agreement with Sayers and Sayers that adrenalin increases the consumption of adrenocortical hormones in the tissues and that the lowering of their concentration in the blood leads to increased secretion of the adrenotrophic hormone which in turn increases secretion of adrenocortical hormones. The latter induce lymphopenia.
Hepatitis A epidemic in the elderly.

Background The purpose of this study was to characterize acute hepatitis A in patients more than 40 years old. Methods Retrospective chart reviews and physician questionnaires were used. Hospitalization, laboratory tests, comorbid conditions, complications, and mortality were assessed. Results A total of 180 cases of acute hepatitis A occurred in patients more than age 40. Hospitalization rates increased from 3% for the group aged 40 to 49 to 12% in the group aged 50 to 69 and 42% in those > or = 70 years old. The mean peak total bilirubin value was higher in hospitalized patients than in nonhospitalized patients (12.4 mg/dL vs 7.7 mg/dL). Comorbid conditions included significant alcohol consumption (8%), diabetes (16.6%), cardiovascular disease (54%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (21%). Complications included pancreatitis (4.1%), ascites (8.3%), prolonged cholestatic features (7.6%), and death (0.8%). Conclusion Hospitalization rates and rare complications associated with acute hepatitis A increase with age.
Synoptic Systems Generators of Extreme Wind in Southern Brazil: Atmospheric Conditions and Consequences in the Coastal Zone

ABSTRACT Machado, A.A. and Calliari, L.J., 2016. Synoptic systems generators of extreme wind in southern Brazil: atmospheric conditions and consequences in the coastal zone. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1182 - 1186. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The coast of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, suffers a seasonal variation due to the dynamics associated with the frequency and intensity of storms. These storms are mostly associated with high intensity extratropical cyclones that generate wind waves which can change a beach profile from its maximum accretion state to complete erosion during a period that can vary from few hours to a few days. Using the Generalized Pareto Distribution, we observe that the 0.01 probability density value of all the wind speed values studied was 17 ms−1. Analyzing the storms that genera...
An Animal Model of Human Gambling

Human gambling generally involves taking a risk on a low probability high outcome alternative over the more economically optimal high probability low outcome alternative (not gambling). Surprisingly, although optimal foraging theory suggests that animals should be sensitive to the overall probability of reinforcement, the results of many experiments suggest otherwise. For example, they do not prefer an alternative that 100% of the time provides them with a stimulus that always predicts reinforcement over an alternative that provides them with a stimulus that predicts reinforcement 50% of the time. This line of research leads to the conclusion that preference depends on the predictive value of the stimulus that follows and surprisingly, not on its frequency. A similar mechanism likely accounts for the suboptimal choice that humans have to engage in commercial gambling.