cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Efficient and Anonymous Web Usage Mining Based on Client-Side Tracking

Web Usage Mining (WUM), a natural application of data mining techniques to the data collected from user interactions with the web, has greatly concerned both academia and industry in recent years. Through WUM, we are able to gain a better understanding of both the web and web user access patterns; a knowledge that is crucial for realization of full economic potential of the web. In this chapter, we describe a framework for WUM that particularly satisfies the challenging requirements of the web personalization applications. For on-line and anonymous web personalization to be effective, WUM must be accomplished in real-time as accurately as possible. On the other hand, the analysis tier of the WUM system should allow compromise between scalability and accuracy to be applicable to real-life web-sites with numerous visitors. Within our WUM framework, we introduce a distributed user tracking approach for accurate, efficient, and scalable collection of the usage data. We also propose a new model, the Feature Matrices (FM) model, to capture and analyze users access patterns. With FM, various features of the usage data can be captured with flexible precision so that we can trade off accuracy for scalability based on the specific application requirements. Moreover, due to low update complexity of the model, FM can adapt to user behavior changes in real-time. Finally, we define a novel similarity measure based on FM that is specifically designed for accurate classification of partial navigation patterns in real-time. Our extensive experiments with both synthetic and real data verify correctness and efficacy of our WUM framework for efficient web personalization.
Additional virulence genes and sonication enhance Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated loblolly pine transformation.

Additional virulence (vir) genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and sonication were investigated for their impact on transformation efficiency in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Mature zygotic embryos of loblolly pine were co-cultivated with disarmed A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 containing either plasmid vector pCAMBIA1301 or vector pCAMBIA1301 with an additional 15.8-kb fragment carrying extra copies of the Vir B, Vir C, and Vir G regions from the supervirulent plasmid pTOK47. pCAMBIA1301 contains hygromycin resistance and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Expression of GUS was observed after 3–6 days of co-cultivation, with peak expression at approximately 21 days. The highest numbers of GUS-expressing areas were visible up to 21 days after co-cultivation, declining rapidly thereafter. Both transient and stable transformation efficiencies increased when the explants were sonicated before co-cultivation and/or the additional virB, virC, and virG genes were included with the pCAMBIA1301 plasmid T-DNA. Use of the plasmid with additional vir genes and sonication dramatically enhanced the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer not only in transient expression but also in the recovery of hygromycin-resistant lines. Stably transformed cultures and transgenic plants were produced from embryos transformed with A. tumefaciens EHA105 carrying pCAMBIA1301 or pCAMBIA1301+pTOK47 in the three families of loblolly pine. The presence of the introduced GUS and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes in the transgenic plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization analyses.
Correlation-Resistant Storage via Keyword-Searchable Encryption.

We consider the problem of using untrusted components to build correlation-resistant survivable storage systems that protect file replica locations, while allowing nodes to continuously re-distribute files throughout the network. The principal contribution is a chosen-ciphertext secure, searchable public key encryption scheme which allows for dynamic re-encryption of ciphertexts, and provides for node-targeted searches based on keywords or other identifiers. The scheme is provably secure under the SXDH assumption which holds in certain subgroups of elliptic curves, and a closely related assumption that we introduce.
Informed consent for pediatric leukemia research: clinician perspectives.

BACKGROUND Good, fully informed consent is critical to the ethical conduct of clinical cancer research. The authors examined clinician perspectives on informed consent for pediatric research by surveying clinicians at five major medical centers that routinely enroll patients in Children's Cancer Group studies. METHODS Building on a pilot study, a questionnaire was designed to elicit clinicians' general opinions, approaches, and suggestions related to informed consent in pediatric leukemia trials. Questionnaires were mailed to 132 clinicians. Eighty-nine questionnaires were returned, along with 13 nonparticipant forms notifying us of the clinician's inability to participate because of a lack of experience in pediatric informed consent. The response rate was 75%. RESULTS Providing information so that families can decide about study entry was ranked as the most important goal of the informed consent process, whereas parents' state of shock was rated the most significant obstacle to good informed consent. Clinicians cited high levels of parental comprehension of key aspects of clinical research studies and reported information overload and increased anxiety as effects of the informed consent process on parents. Several key items were associated with clinicians' gender, race, and professional experience. Finally, one open-ended question yielded 126 suggestions for how to improve the informed consent process that were grouped into 10 meaningful categories. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians report a range of approaches, opinions, concerns, and suggestions for improving the informed consent process. The article proposes that their views and suggestions be integrated with those of parents and patients in attempts to survey and improve informed consent in pediatric oncology. Cancer 2001;92:691–700. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Detection and estimation of randomly occurring deterministic disturbances

The term randomly occurring deterministic disturbances refers to a class of process disturbances that occur randomly and infrequently in time and have a known effect on the behavior of the process. Since these disturbances occur infrequently in time, traditional filtering methods which assume identically distributed noise terms may not yield acceptable performance. The reason for this is that, when tuning the filter, a compromise must be made between sensitivity to noise and the ability to track these disturbances when they do occur. The stochastic model of these disturbances leads to a multi-filter approach for the state estimation. Since the number of filters grows exponentially with the data length, a suboptimal algorithm is required. The performance of this approach is evaluated for state/parameter estimation of a continuous polymerization reactor.
A Punk's Song about Prison Reform

This article critiques prison reform from the perspective of a "jailhouse punk"-a male inmate who assumes a submissive "female" role in the inmate subculture. A punk's institutional life reveals an oppressive gender system that functions largely apart from the rule of law. Following the introduction to the Article, Part II examines the site of masculine domination, the subterranean prison. Part III demonstrates that three gendered attributes of liberal legalism impair judicial scrutiny of the subterranean prison. Part IV examines the politics of prison rape and two pertinent federal laws, the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 and the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003. Part V looks to George Fletcher's "second" constitution for guidance. It embraces public values similar to those advanced by feminist jurisprudence. These values can inform a new prison regime, one that counters gender oppression through a milieu grounded in civic virtue. Concluding remarks follow Part V.
Estimation of Time of Death With a Fourier Series Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Model

The purpose of this study was to return to fundamental principles of heat transfer and derive a suitable model to establish a firm basis for constructing a postmortem human cooling curve. A Fourier Series Model was successfully applied to unsteady heat transfer within a wooden cylinder in controlled laboratory conditions. Wood has similar thermal diffusivity properties as human tissue. By manipulation of the model, sensitivity analyses were performed to observe the impact of changes in values of input variables. Variables of initial temperature of the cylinder and ambient surrounding temperature were shown to be very sensitive and have the most impact upon predictive results of the model. The model was also used to demonstrate the existence of an initial temperature plateau, which is often the subject of controversy in estimating time of death. Finally, it was demonstrated how the Fourier Series Model can be applied to estimate time of death for humans.
TRANSPRESSION-INDUCED DUCTILE SHEAR IN THE BOUNDARY REGION OF THE QUETICO AND WAWA SUBPROVINCES, NE MINNESOTA - A RESPONSE TO LOCAL STRAIN PARTITIONING

Evidence from shear zone geometries, finite strains, and the kinematics of shear indicate that well-developed ductile to brittle-ductile shear zones concentrated in the boundary region of the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces are a result of regional dextral transpression. However, the local concentration of shear in the subprovince boundary region is interpreted as a response to local partitioning of shear and shortening strains rather than a response to local suturing or accretion along this segment of the subprovince boundary. The shear zones are concentrated primarily in metasedimentary rocks that are interlayered with steeply dipping basaltic flows in the northern Wawa subprovince near the sub-province boundary. This association suggests that shear strains developed during the transpression were concentrated in the subprovince boundary region as a result of local rheological contrasts between steeply dipping mafic flows and associated metasedimentary rock, not in response to accretion along the subprovince boundary.
Chimiothérapie adjuvante des sarcomes des tissus mous de l'adulte

The main progress in the management of soft tissue sarcomas have been obtained in the field of local control. Although the main evolutive, vital, risk of these diseases is metastatic dissemination, efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy remains a controversial issue. Thus, adjuvant chemotherapy cannot be considered as a standard for any situation. The last results of clinical trials, meta-analysis and population studies are presented and discussed in this article. New therapeutic strategies are to be developed to prevent metastases in soft tissue sarcomas. This needs a better understanding of the biology of those tumors, of metastases risk factors and of the determinants of systemic therapies efficacy in these tumors.
A new method for the isolation of eukaryotic nuclear proteins

Abstract A new two-step fractionation procedure has been developed which rapidly but quantitatively and qualitatively separates HeLa cell nuclear proteins from nuclear DNA and RNA. Purified HeLa cell nuclei, chromatin (prepared by two different procedures), or isolated heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles were first dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent, and nuclear proteins and nuclear nucleic acid were partitioned after the addition of sodium chloride and chloroform:isoamyl alcohol. When isolated nuclei of HeLa cells (pulse labeled with [ 3 H]leucine) were subjected to this fractionation procedure, over 95% of the radiolabeled nuclear protein was found in the combined interphase and organic phase of the extraction mixture. In parallel experiments, over 90% of the 3 H-uridine labeled nuclear RNA and 95% of the [ 3 H]thymidine labeled nuclear DNA were consistently partitioned into the aqueous phase of the centrifuged suspensions. Acid soluble nuclear proteins (mostly histone), acid insoluble nuclear proteins (nonhistone), or total nuclear proteins were prepared utilizing this procedure and were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryalmide gel electrophoresis.
Use of incompatible plasmids to control expression of antigen by Salmonella typhimurium and analysis of immunogenicity in mice.

Abstract Salmonella spp. have been investigated as live vaccine vectors because they are heat stable and can elicit humoral, cellular, and secretory immune responses. However, the expression of some foreign antigens is toxic to bacterial vectors. We therefore studied an approach for the controlled expression of antigen in Salmonella typhimurium wherein the antigen is not expressed in vitro but is expressed in vivo. A model antigen, β-galactosidase, was expressed from the trc promoter on one plasmid, while repression was achieved by Lacl expressed in trans from a second plasmid. The second repressor plasmid was incompatible with the expression plasmid encoding β-galactosidase. Loss by segregation of the repressor plasmid in vitro correlated with increased expression of β-galactosidase. Oral inoculation of mice with salmonellae containing both plasmids induced serum IgG but not nasal, salivary, or biliary IgA antibody to β-galactosidase. Serum IgG as well as biliary IgA anti-S. typhimurium antibody, but not salivary or nasal IgA, were also detected. This salmonella vector system for the controlled expression of recombinant antigens may be of value for inducing systemic but not mucosal immunity to antigens that are toxic to bacterial vectors.
Identification of opioid-regulated genes in human lymphocytic cells by differential display: upregulation of Krüppel-like factor 7 by morphine

Morphine was previously found to compromise the chemotactic mobility of leukocytic cells toward inflammatory sites as well as induce the expression of chemokine receptor CCR5, a coreceptor for HIV entry, on lymphocytes. Both effects increase the host's susceptibility for HIV infection. In this report, we used a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based differential display (RT-PCR DD), an RNA finger printing procedure, coupled with Northern slot blot hybridization, in identifying gene or genes regulated by morphine in human lymphocytic cells. Ten positive gene segments, including two morphine downregulated genes and eight morphine upregulated genes, were identified. Analysis of the DNA sequences of these gene segments showed high homologies to known DNA and protein sequences on databases, of which two apoptosis/cell growth-related genes (PNAS-133 and Kruppel-like factor 7) were revealed. PNAS-133 gene was downregulated by morphine whereas the Kruppel-like factor 7 (KLF7), a zinc finger transcription factor, was upregulated by morphine. The upregulation of KLF7 by morphine was further studied and found to be at both the transcriptional and the translational levels in a naloxone-reversible manner. Cell growth was promoted by morphine up to day 4 (72 h) post treatment. These findings suggest a unique role for morphine in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation of immune cells.
Uneven and Combined Development: Dynamics of Change and Women's Everyday Forms of Resistance in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

This essay discusses the theory of uneven and combined development, illustrating its dynamics by examples from ethnographic research in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The focus is on women's "everyday forms of resistance" through their continuing participation in matrilineal and Islamic traditions at the same time as they are incorporated into the international wage-and-market economy. Refinements in the theory are suggested based on feminist criticism and the responses of Negeri Sembilan women to capitalist development.
Prediction of Falling Cylinder Through Air-Water-Sediment Columns

Abstract : A falling rigid body through air, water, and sediment is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two experiments were conducted to drop rigid cylinders with density ratio around 1.8 into shallow water (around 13 m deep) in the Monterey Bay (Exp-1) and into the Naval Postgraduate School's swimming pool (Exp-2). During the experiments, we carefully observe cylinder track and burial depth while simultaneously taking gravity cores (in Exp-1). After analyzing the gravity cores, we obtain the bottom sediment density and shear strength profiles. The theoretical work includes the development of a 3D rigid body impact burial prediction model (IMPACT35) that contains three components: triple coordinate transform and hydrodynamics of a falling rigid object in a single medium (air, water, or sediment) and in multiple media (air-water and water-sediment interfaces). The model predicts the rigid body's trajectory in the water column and burial depth and orientation in the sediment. The experimental data (burial depth, sediment density, and shear strength) show the capability of IMPACT35 in predicting the cylinder's trajectory and orientation in a water column and burial depth and orientation in sediment.
Vascular effects induced by combined 1-MHz ultrasound and microbubble contrast agent treatments in vivo.

Abstract Previous in vivo studies have demonstrated that microvessel hemorrhages and alterations of endothelial permeability can be produced in tissues containing microbubble-based ultrasound contrast agents when those tissues are exposed to MHz-frequency pulsed ultrasound of sufficient pressure amplitudes. The general hypothesis guiding this research was that acoustic ( viz. , inertial) cavitation, rather than thermal insult, is the dominant mechanism by which such effects arise. We report the results of testing five specific hypotheses in an in vivo rabbit auricular blood vessel model: (1) acoustic cavitation nucleated by microbubble contrast agent can damage the endothelia of veins at relatively low spatial-peak temporal-average intensities, (2) such damage will be proportional to the peak negative pressure amplitude of the insonifying pulses, (3) damage will be confined largely to the intimal surface, with sparing of perivascular tissues, (4) greater damage will occur to the endothelial cells on the side of the vessel distal to the source transducer than on the proximal side and (5) ultrasound/contrast agent-induced endothelial damage can be inherently thrombogenic, or can aid sclerotherapeutic thrombogenesis through the application of otherwise subtherapeutic doses of thrombogenic drugs. Auricular vessels were exposed to 1-MHz focused ultrasound of variable peak pressure amplitude using low duty factor, fixed pulse parameters, with or without infusion of a shelled microbubble contrast agent. Extravasation of Evans blue dye and erythrocytes was assessed at the macroscopic level. Endothelial damage was assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis. The hypotheses were supported by the data. We discuss potential therapeutic applications of vessel occlusion, e.g. , occlusion of at-risk gastric varices. (E-mail: jooha@u.washington.edu )
Dynamical model for a resonance with non-unique angular momentum

A model is presented in which the forces due to the presence of an inelastic channel with several spin degrees of freedom cause two different partial-wave phase shifts to go through 90° at the same energy, while a third partial-wave amplitude goes through resonance at two distinct energies. All the resonances occur below the inelastic threshold.
Evaluation of the Benefit of the User Seal Check on N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirator Fit

The objective of this study was to better understand the benefit of the user seal check step for respirator test subjects in the N95 filtering facepiece respirator donning process. To qualify for the study, subjects were required to pass a standard quantitative fit test on at least one of the three N95 filtering facepiece respirator models: 3M 1860 (cup), 3M 1870 (flat-fold), and Kimberly Clark PFR95-270 (duckbill). Eleven subjects were enrolled and performed a series of abbreviated, quantitative fit tests where they were randomly asked either to perform or not perform a user seal check with 20 different respirator samples of each model. The experimental design included 3 respirator models × 10 subjects × 2 treatment levels with 10 replications. Geometric mean (GM) fit factors and percentages of times a fit factor ≥ 100 was achieved for a donning were compared for each subject with and without the user seal check across all models and for each model. Higher GM fit factors and smaller geometric standard de...
Functions of the retinoblastoma protein that contribute to tumor suppression

The cloning of the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) in 1986 initiated the study of tumor suppressors, which has become a major facet of cancer biology. The retinoblastoma protein (pRb), although initially characterized as a regulator of progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, is now recognized to affect several cellular processes. This article attempts to review the pathways through which pRb exerts its tumor suppressor function.
Numerical Analysis of Modal Instability Onset in Fiber Amplifiers

Numerical analysis of the onset of modal instability in fiber amplifiers is presented. Specifically calculations of the evolution of the intensity fluctuation spectrum along the fiber for a sampling point offset from the core center are presented for different instability onset conditions. These include seeding with LP01 only, seeding with LP01 and LP11 at the same frequency, seeding with LP01 and LP11 at offset frequencies, and seeding taking quantum shot noise into account. The position dependent spectra are shown to be very similar for each of these cases suggesting a common instability mechanism.
Graft rejection in earthworms: an electron microscopic study

Graft rejection in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, is mediated by granulocytic coelomocytes (neutrophils, by light microscopy). Within 1--3 days post-transplantation of body-wall xenografts, granulocytic coelomocytes migrate to the transplant site, penetrate the graft matrix, and actively phagocytize viable muscle fibers. Destruction of muscle tissues may be augmented by lymphocytic coelomocytes (basophils, by light microscopy), but these cells participate in a minor way and do so very late in the rejection process (days 11--13). Xenografts, autografts and sham-operated controls display generalized inflammatory reactions, including coelomyocyte infiltration into the grafted tissues. In autografts, however, granulocytes only penetrate the inner longitudinal muscle layers and extensive infiltration, persistence and complete destruction never occur. Lymphocytic coelomocytes are not observed in autografts or sham-operated controls. Grafts rejection by leukocytes in an advanced invertebrate confirms that aspects of cell-mediated immunity evolved early in phylogenetic history.
Impact behavior and impact-fatigue testing of polymer composites

Abstract Damage mechanisms in continuous-fiber-reinforced resin composites subjected to repeated low-velocity impacts have been investigated. The drop weight and height of an instrumented falling-dart tester were varied to provide a spread of incident energies. A wide range of fiber/resin composites was tested and their failure mode versus loading-history relationships were examined. These include graphite-, aramid-, and glass-fiber/expoxy composites prepared from different preform styles and stacking sequences. The results indicate the existence of a critical incident energy, E c , above which delamanation will occur in a given composite at the first impact; both the stiffness and the strength of this composite are thereby impaired. The strength (maximum load) and stiffness (curve slope) values of this damaged composite upon subsequent repeated impacts can be measured as a function of number of cycles. These strength values, if normalized with respect to the strength of the original composite and plotted against the number of impact cycles on a log-log scale, usually exhibit a straight line of slope −b . When subjected to a sub-critical incident energy ( E in c ), no appreciable impairment to the composite integrity would be observed until a critical number of impact cycles, N c , was reached. The magnitudes of E c , b , and N c can be use as indices to measure the damage tolerance of a composite if a small variation of impactor mass and incident velocity is allowed. An elastic strain energy theory was developed to predict the critical incident energy values of various composites, and the prediction was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data in the case of low-velocity impact measurements.
Porphyrins XIV. Theory for the luminescent state in VO, Co, Cu complexes

The normal triplet state of closed shell metal porphyrins becomes a “tripdoublet” and a quartet in systems with one unpaired d electron. Exchange integrals between metal d and porphyrin π-electrons give intensity to the tripdoublet and set the tripdoublet-quartet energy gap. These integrals are evaluated theoretically giving tripdoublet radiative lifetimes between 26 and 1450 μsec and tripdoublet-quartet energy gaps in the range 156 to 639 cm−1 for the metals and porphyrin skeletons considered. Spinorbit coupling similarly gives intensity to the quartet and causes a zero field splitting dependent on a parameter Z which has value 0.7, 3.5, 20.4, 21.6 cm−1 for Zn (triplet), Cu, Co and VO complexes. Theory predicts that the intensity ratio of 0−1 to 0−0 bands will be very low for the tripdoublet but stronger for the quartet. Existing experimental evidence shows that luminescence comes from both the tripdoublet and the quartet states, their relative importance varying with metal, porphyrin skeleton, and temperature.
Efficacy and safety of monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) for the treatment of patients with recurrent low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Abstract The major cause of treatment failure following high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for low-grade lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL]) is persistent disease or recurrence. Most patients whose disease progresses following AHCT have resistant disease and limited bone marrow reserve. In this setting, treatment options are limited and responses to conventional chemotherapy are generally poor. Rituximab is a chimeric immunoglobulin G1 kappa monoclonal antibody that recognizes the CD20 antigen on B-cells. Published data on the use of rituximab for the treatment of recurrent NHL after autologous transplantation are limited. We present a detailed report of anti-CD20 antibody treatment for 8 patients with recurrent follicular low-grade NHL after high-dose therapy and autologous transplantation. Rituximab was administered at 375 mg/m2 intravenously once weekly for a total of 4 infusions. Median follow-up for this study was 23.4 months. Six (75%) of 8 patients responded to rituximab (2 complete response, 4 partial response). The Kaplan-Meier estimated median time to progression was 17.8 months. Rituximab was generally well tolerated. One patient developed delayed neutropenia. Other side effects were infusion related and transient. Two patients were re-treated with rituximab for progressive disease and achieved partial response. In summary, this retrospective study suggests that anti-CD20 antibody treatment is feasible in the treatment of patients who relapse or progress with low-grade NHL after autologous transplantation. There appears to be a high proportion of patients who benefit and have durable responses. Anti-CD20 antibody should be considered as a first-line salvage treatment for patients with CD20+ recurrent low-grade NBL in whom high-dose therapy has failed. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(10):544-9.
The homeomorphic embedding of Kn in the m-cube

Abstract In this paper we find a homeomorphic embedding of K n in Q m . Then it is proved that any homeomorphic of K n embedded in Q m has at least ( n 1) 2 edges. Moreover, if the homeomorphic embedding has exactly ( n 1) 2 edges, then it is unique up to isomorphism.
Expression of gap junction proteins Cx26, Cx31.1, Cx37, and Cx43 in developing and mature rat epidermis

To elucidate mechanisms underlying gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in epidermal keratinocytes, we have examined the expression of four connexin genes, Cx26, Cx31.1, Cx37, and Cx43, in fetal (embryonic day 17–18), newborn (post-natal day 0), and mature rat skin. Northern analyses of total skin RNA showed that levels of Cx26, Cx37, and Cx43 mRNAs remained relatively constant throughtout the three developmental stages examined, whereas Cx31.1 mRNA was 15–30 times more abundant in mature skin than in fetal skin. Antibodies specifically recognizing these connexin proteins were then used in conjunction with a recently described amplification technique to immunohistochemically stain sections of paraffin embedded rat tail epidermis. We show that Cx26, Cx31.1, Cx37, and Cx43 display overlapping but distinct patterns of expression within the keratinocyte cell layers of developing and mature epidermis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interaction of thermocapillary and natural convection flows during solidification: normal and reduced gravity conditions

Abstract Surface tension and buoyancy are two important convection mechanisms in the growth of crystal and alloy from the melt. In the present work, the interaction of thermocapillary and natural convection along with the phase change process has been studied numerically under both normal and reduced gravity. Steady-state solutions of momentum, mass continuity, energy equations and a Darcy law type of mushy zone treatment have been solved for both the augmenting and counteracting convection modes. In general, as Marangoni number increases, the phase interface is of stronger curvature due to enhanced convection, and the temperature as well as velocity gradients along the free surface also increase. Under normal gravity and for counteracting cases, the multiple-cell convection pattern exists with a wide variation of Marangoni number and Prandtl number; for augmenting cases, convection field evolves with the change of Marangoni and Prandtl numbers, exhibiting thin-layer, multiple-cell, or single-cell patterns. Under microgravity, convection is dominated by the Marangoni effect. For the range of Marangoni numbers and aspect ratios examined, convection is always of a single-cell pattern while the thickness of mushy zone changes noticeably with the direction of Marangoni convection.
Specific deuteration of phenols and aromatic ethers using boron trifluoride and deuterium oxide

A number of phenols and aromatic ethers were deuterated in positions ortho and para to the phenolic groups using BF3 etherate followed by quenching with Na2CO3 in D2O. This method involves mild reaction conditions and should have wide applicability in the isotopic labeling of these compounds.
The digital LQG/LTR controller with a compensated observer for a tethered reflector/antenna system

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a practical method of robustness recovery for discretetime systems. It has been proven that the robustness recovery method for the LQG control with the filtering observer is also valid for discrete-time systems, but it is not valid for the control with the predicting observer. In engineering practice, however, due to the data transmission and computation delay the use of the filtering observer is not practical. One of the main contributions of this paper is to make the LQG/LTR methodology practicable in engineering implementation. The strategy here is to use the predicting observer at the beginning of every sampling period and then modified by the later data coming from the sensors; the error is compensated by resistor-capacitor circuits. The parameters of the compensator depend on the solution of a set of multi-element high powered equations. This methodology has been successfully applied to the reduced order controller for the orbiting tethered reflector/antenna system.
The Calcium Sensing Receptor and Its Alternatively Spliced Form in Murine Epidermal Differentiation

We have recently reported that human keratinocytes express both the full-length calcium sensing receptor (CaR) and an alternatively spliced form lacking exon 5, which were suggested to be involved in calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation. To understand further the role of these CaRs, we analyzed the structure of mouse CaRs, and investigated their role using a mouse model in which only the full-length CaR was disrupted. Our results show that both the full-length and the alternatively spliced variant lacking exon 5 encoding 77 amino acids of the extracellular domain were expressed in mouse epidermis. The deletion of the full-length CaR increased the production of the alternatively spliced form of CaR in mutant mice. The keratinocytes derived from these mutant mice did not respond to extracellular calcium, suggesting that the full-length CaR is required to mediate calcium signaling in the keratinocytes. The loss of the full-length CaR altered the morphologic appearance of the epidermis and resulted in a reduction of the mRNA and protein levels of the keratinocyte differentiation marker, loricrin. These results indicate that CaR is important in epidermal differentiation, and that the alternatively spliced form does not fully compensate for loss of the full-length CaR.
The futures of information, literacy and lifetime learning: a symphonic meditation

Purpose – The purpose of this LOEX‐of‐the‐West keynote is to discuss ways to think about the future and the future of libraries.Design/methodology/approach – Bringing in poems and meaningful paragraphs from other authors to illustrate his message, the author adopts the structure of a musical symphony to organize his presentation.Findings – While the future may be impossible to predict accurately, the paper considers several possible futures for libraries.Originality/value – The paper provides a futurist perspective on the potential role of libraries in the society of the future.
Unroofing history of Alabama and Poverty Hills basement blocks, Owens Valley, California, from apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology

Most of the 150 km-long Owens Valley of east-central California, the westernmost graben of the Basin and Range Province and location of the active right-lateral Owens Valley Fault Zone, is filled with more than 2–3 km of Neogene sediments. Two prominent but structurally enigmatic basement blocks, the Alabama Hills and Poverty Hills, rise from the floor of the southern part of the valley. The late Cenozoic tectonic origin of these basement blocks is not known, but previously published hypotheses include: (1) transpressional uplifts; (2) down-dropped normal fault blocks; and (3) giant landslides from adjacent ranges. We measured apatite (U–Th)/He ages on 15 samples from the Alabama and Poverty Hills to understand the history of shallow crustal exhumation of these structures, and to potentially correlate them to rocks from adjacent ranges. Apatite He ages for the Alabama and Poverty Hills range from ∼63 to 52 and ∼61 to 39 Ma, respectively, with one sample from the Alabama Hills yielding an older weighted me...
The role of expectancy and physiological feedback in fear research: A review with special reference to subject characteristics

Review of the expectancy literature in fear research indicates that a subject characteristic of intensity of fear is related to whether demand characteristic effects confound treatment effects. Review of physiological feedback studies suggests the potentially important role of physiological cues in maintaining and/or modifying fear behavior. Together, the two areas indicate that more research effort should be devoted to (a) the interaction of motoric, verbal, and physiological components of fear and (b) the role of individual differences, particularly at the physiological level, in those components and their modification.
Transient behavior of the single loop solute cycling countercurrent multiplier.

Transient behavior of a single loop solute cycling countercurrent multiplier is described by a Volterra type integral equation similar to that describing circulation of an indicator in the systemic circulation. Solution of the equation is given for pumping from ascending to descending flow proportional to concentration in ascending flow and no back leak. This exact solution is compared with an approximate solution of the integral equation and with a solution in which the flow system is represented by a finite Markov chain. Agreement between the Markov approximation and the exact solution is excellent.
Quitting smoking is associated with long term improvements in mood

Reassuring new evidence for all smokers who would rather stop, including those with poor mental health
Revision total knee arthroplasty using the porous-coated anatomic revision prosthesis: Six- to twelve-year results

Abstract The porous-coated anatomic (PCA) revision prosthesis was one of the earliest revision total knee systems to feature more constraint for stability, stems for fixation, and thicker femoral components to address bone loss. From 1981 to 1989, 36 revision total knee arthroplasties were performed using the PCA prosthesis. Patients were evaluated by clinical examination, radiographs, and the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating Scale. Six patients died and three were lost to follow-up; 27 knees remained for follow-up. The average age at surgery was 66 years. Follow-up averaged 9.8 years (range, 6–12.4 years). Range of motion averaged 4° to 91° before surgery and 1° to 92° after surgery. Knee scores averaged 48 before surgery and 86 after surgery. Three femoral and 10 tibial components showed lucent lines, with 3 tibial components showing progressive lucency. Six patients required reoperation: 3 for tibial component loosening, 1 for wound infection, 1 for deep infection, and 1 for persistent pain. These results suggest that the use of an implant specifically designed for revision can yield successful long-term results.
Vacancy engineered ceria nanostructures for protection from radiation-induced cellular damage

The ability of engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles to confer radioprotection was examined. Human normal and tumor cells were treated with nanoceria and irradiated, and cell survival was measured. Treatment of normal cells conferred almost 99% protection from radiation-induced cell death, whereas the same concentration showed almost no protection of tumor cells. For the first time, nanoceria is shown to confer radioprotection to a normal human breast line but not to a human breast tumor line, MCF-7.
Hydrodynamic studies of an advanced fluidized-bed bioreactor for direct interaction with coal

Abstract Fine coal particles fluidized by the upflow of a liquid medium containing a dissolved biocatalyst undergo size reduction as the reaction progresses. Three aspects of the design of such a reactor were examined: 1. (1)the use of force balances to describe pressure drop for the segregated bed; 2. (2) measurement of liquid-phase dispersion coefficients; and 3. (3) fluorescent tagging of particles to track size distribution. Hydrodynamic data were obtained for a liquid-solid fluidized bed of coal particles in the size range 30–150 μm. Illinois No. 6 coal was ball-milled, sieved into four fractions, and suspended in a 0.1% aqueous solution of Tween 80. A sample with a bimodal particle size distribution centred on 49 and 63 μm was placed in a glass column and fluidization and pressure-drop data were compared with a new model developed to describe particle segregation. Measured liquid-phase dispersion coefficients varied from 0.034 to 0.283 cm 2 s −1 as the flow varied from 0.005 to 0.0159 cm s −1 . A technique was also developed for coating coal particles with a fluorescent paint which may allow direct measurement of the change in the fraction of marked particles of known size along the axis of a fluidized bed.
Isotopic evidence for the source of sulfur in the Upper Freeport coal bed (west-central Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)

Abstract Sulfur isotopic variations were used to determine the sources of sulfur in a medium-sulfur coal (∼2 wt%S) that lacked marine influence, which is often cited as a major source of sulfur in coal. Variations in the amount and isotopic composition of the organic and pyritic sulfur among the coal-bed facies of the Upper Freeport coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian) are attributed to differential incorporation of syngenetic and epigenetic sulfur. These variations reflect varying environmental conditions during paleopeat formation, porosity and permeability, and the availability of sulfate and iron. A large increase in the abundance and sulfur isotopic value of pyritic sulfur in the upper facies of the coal bed, in proximity to the overlying lacustrine shale, corresponds to an increase in massive and irregular forms of pyrite. This relationship is attributed to at least two stages of epigenetic pyrite incorporation. An early stage of epigenetic pyrite, moderately enriched in 34S, apparently formed during the fluvial-lacustrine period immediately following peat accumulation. A late stage of epigenetic pyrite, highly enriched in 34S, formed after compaction of the original peat as cleat- and fracture-filling pyrite; this sulfur was probably derived from bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate in groundwater. Isotopic mass-balance calculations indicate that this late-stage epigenetic pyrite may account for up to ∼50% of the pyritic sulfur in some upper facies of the coal bed. These results suggest that most of the pyritic sulfur in the Upper Freeport coal bed may be epigenetic, incorporated either soon after peat accumulation or later during coalification.
Dysregulation of the Intrarenal Vitamin D Endocytic Pathway in a Nephropathy-Prone Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes

Microalbuminuria in humans with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with increased urinary excretion of megalin, as well as many megalin ligands, including vitamin-D-binding protein (VDBP). We examined the DBA/2J diabetic mouse, nephropathy prone model, to determine if megalin and VDBP excretion coincide with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Megalin, VDBP, and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) were measured in urine, and genes involved in vitamin D metabolism were assessed in renal tissues from diabetic and control mice at 10, 15, and 18 weeks following the onset of diabetes. Megalin, VDBP, and 25-OHD were increased in the urine of diabetic mice. 1-α hydroxylase (CYP27B1) mRNA in the kidney was persistently increased in diabetic mice, as were several vitamin D-target genes. These studies show that intrarenal vitamin D handling is altered in the diabetic kidney, and they suggest that in T1D, urinary losses of VDBP may portend risk for intrarenal and extrarenal vitamin D deficiencies.
Involvement of spinal calcitonin gene-related peptide in the development of acute visceral hyperalgesia in the rat.

This study aimed to characterize the role of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the development of mechanically induced visceral hyperalgesia. Tonic colorectal distension (CRD) was performed in fasted, conscious male Sprague–Dawley rats. The visceromotor reflex associated with noxious CRD was determined as the number of contractions during each of two consecutive tonic distensions (10 min at 60 mmHg), which were separated by a series of phasic distensions (repeated 15-s distensions to 80 mmHg at 30-s intervals). The effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist h-CGRP8–37 given intrathecally (i.t.) (0.03–3 nmol rat–1) or intravenously (i.v.) (20 μg kg–1 bodyweight [bw]) on the visceromotor response was evaluated. The dose for i.v. administration was chosen based on previous results from similar studies. In addition, the effect of a CGRP monoclonal antibody (6 mg kg–1 bw) given intravenously was evaluated. Compared to the baseline response, a significant increase in the number of abdominal contractions was observed during the second tonic distension. The i.t. application of h-CGRP8–37 dose-dependently reduced the numbers of abdominal contractions both during the first and the second tonic distension period, with a maximum effect observed at a peptide concentration of 3 nmol. Intravenous administration of h-CGRP8–37 or of the CGRP antiserum produced a small reduction of the visceromotor response induced by the second tonic distension and had no effect on colonic compliance. The development of mechanically induced colorectal hyperalgesia by repeated tonic distension involves the spinal release of CGRP, while peripheral release of CGRP plays only a minor role.
Design and construction of the CLEO II drift chamber

We have constructed a new large cylindrical drift chamber (2 m long and 2 m in diameter) for the CLEO II experiment at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). The chamber contains 51 readout layers including 11 stereo layers, with 48480 (12240) total (sense) wires. Segmented cathode strips were used instead of field wires for the innermost and outermost layers to provide two accurate measurements of the longitudinal coordinate. Very low density support structures were developed to hold the cathode strips. Aluminum wire was used for the majority of the field wires to reduce multiple scattering and the tension load on the endplates. A semiautomatic apparatus was developed to string wires with the chamber mounted vertically. With this system, it was also possible to replace any wire in the chamber. A maximum stringing rate of 60 wires/h was achieved. The tension on all wires was measured soon after they were strung; the failure rate due to improper tension was typically less than 2%. Hybrid preamplifiers were developed and mounted directly on the chamber on custom printed circuit boards. Each board also contains a pulser calibration system and a high voltage current monitor. High voltage power is individually supplied to each of the 51 layers under computer control. A new type of hardware track finder was developed for the trigger.
Why questions, presuppositions, and intervention effects

Intervention effects, triggered by the presence of an intervener c-commanding a Wh-phrase, are known to be weaker in why questions in Japanese and Korean. The existing analyses of this surprising phenomenon focus on the comparison between why questions and other Wh-questions but have not paid attention to the fact that the sentence is still judged more acceptable when an intervener does not c-command why. This paper presents a novel account that appeals to a peculiar presuppositional property of why questions and their impact on the information structure of Wh-questions. Unlike the previous analyses, the proposal can correctly derive graded acceptability of why questions in intervention contexts. It is also shown that the re-emergence of intervention effects with embedded why questions also has its root in the presupposition.
2-Carboxymethylendothal analogues as affinity probes for stabilized protein phosphatase 2A

Endothal (1diacid) and [3H]cantharidic acid ([3H]CA) bind with high affinity to the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A in liver cytosol was greatly stabilized with 30% glycerol as a preliminary step in the potential use of endothal-type derivatives for affinity chromatography. We report here the first introduction of a functionalizable group into endothal which allows retention of binding site affinity (assayed as [3H]CA binding in mouse liver cytosol). 2-Carboxymethylendothal anhydride (7) was prepared in two steps and 97% overall yield from cis-aconitic anhydride and furan. The potency of 7 was retained on conversion to two 2-carboxymethyl esters but not to two 2-(n-alkylcarboxamidomethyl) analogues.
Generation of targeted C2-symmetrical compound libraries by solution-phase combinatorial chemistry

An approach to the preparation of C2-symmetrical chemical libraries for use in protein and receptor homodimerization studies by solution-phase methods which permits the multi-milligram synthesis of each member is described.