cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
15 Developmental Psychopathology

In the past 30 years the field of developmental psychopathology has emerged as a highly influential approach to understanding human development, including both normal development and the development of psychopathology. This chapter begins with a consideration of the definition of the field, the gaps it addresses in the study of child psychopathology, theoretical assumptions about the nature of human development, and its relation with other disciplines such as developmental science. The key conceptual components of developmental psychopathology are then examined. These include a dynamic, process-oriented perspective on the development of psychopathology, the notions of developmental pathways and resilience, and the importance of considering both risk and protective factors. Another conceptual component is that the evaluation of what is considered disordered or adaptive must take into account the context in which the pattern occurs–for instance, the family and community. The implications for prevention, intervention, diagnosis, and classification are also discussed. We close with a consideration of new directions and emerging themes in the field. Keywords: attachment; developmental; developmental cascades; developmental pathways; developmental science; diagnosis; emotional security theory; intervention; parenting; peers; political violence; prevention; protective factors; psychopathology; resilience; risk factors; siblings
Describing the users: Understanding adoption of and interest in shared, electrified, and automated transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area

Abstract Emerging technologies and services stand poised to transform the transportation system, with large implications for energy use and mobility. The degree and speed of these impacts depend largely on who adopts these innovations and how quickly. Leveraging data from a novel survey of San Francisco Bay Area residents, we analyze adoption patterns for shared mobility, electrified vehicle technologies, and vehicle automation. We find that ride-hailing and adaptive cruise control have penetrated the market more extensively than have electrified vehicles or car-sharing services. Over half of respondents have adopted or expressed interest in adopting all levels of vehicle automation. Overall, there is substantial potential for market growth for the technologies and services we analyzed. Using county fixed effects regressions, we investigate which individual and location-level factors correlate to adoption and interest. We find that, although higher-income people are disproportionately represented among current adopters of most new technologies and services, low- to middle-income people are just as likely to have adopted pooled ride-hailing. Younger generations have high interest in automated and electrified vehicles relative to their current adoption of these technologies, suggesting that young people could contribute substantially to future market growth—as they are doing for ride-hailing. We find no evidence that longer commutes present a barrier to plug-in electric vehicle adoption. Finally, women are less likely than men to adopt and/or be interested in adopting most new transportation technologies, with the exception of ride-hailing; designing or marketing technologies with women’s preferences in mind could contribute to future market expansion.
A Brief Introduction to Ethics in Applied Behavior Analysis

Abstract The current version of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s (BACB) Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts went into effect on January 1, 2016. While the Code provides substantial guidance and direction, there remains a great deal of ambiguity and misunderstanding related to the ethical conduct of behavior analysts. The BACB has outlined specific and clear parameters, which an individual practicing behavior analysis should reference and follow. However, it is impossible for the BACB to have included all situations a behavior analyst may encounter when working within the field. As a result, practicing behavior analysts must integrate their familiarity with the explicit expectations described in the Code with their own interpretations and assessment of the particular clinical scenario. This chapter discusses how the modern-day code came to be and how behavior analysts should analyze ethical challenges in preparation for being an ethical practitioner.
Arnold Chiari Malformation

Arnold-Chiari, or simply Chiari malformation, is the name given to a group of deformities of the posterior fossa and hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata). Issues range from cerebellar tonsillar herniation through the foramen magnum to the absence of the cerebellum with or without other associated intracranial or extracranial defects such as hydrocephalus, syrinx, encephalocele, or spinal dysraphism. Classification Chiari malformations are classified based on their morphology and severity of anatomic defects, typically through imaging (or autopsy).Chiari I is the least severe and often found incidentally. It is characterized by one or both pointed (not rounded) cerebellar tonsils that project 5 mm below the foramen magnum, measured by a line drawn from the basion to the opisthion (McRae Line).Chiari II consists of brainstem herniation and a towering cerebellum in addition to the herniated cerebellar tonsils and vermis due to an open distal spinal dysraphism/myelomeningocele.Chiari III involves herniation of the hindbrain (cerebellum with or without the brainstem) into a low occipital or high cervical meningoencephalocele.Chiari IV is now considered obsolete. Prior to becoming an obsolete diagnosis, it was already a more controversial and rare variant that demonstrated severe cerebellar hypoplasia, similar to primary cerebellar agenesis. Previously some stated that myelomeningocele could be present, while others argued that the presence of myelomeningocele should then be classified as a Chiari II with a vanishing cerebellum.There are other controversial reported classifications, including Chiari 0, Chiari 1.5, and Chiari V. Chiari 0 is characterized by syringomyelia without hindbrain herniation while Chiari 1.5 is felt to be the progression of Chiari I with increased cerebellar tonsillar descent and some involvement of the brainstem. Chiari V, the most severe variant, represents cerebellar agenesis with occipital lobe descent and herniation through the foramen magnum.
Invited Article: “You are Not Welcome Here!” Understanding News Coverage of Central American Migrant Families in Trump’s America

The influx of Central American families fleeing gang violence in the countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras has captured the attention of the government, citizens, and the media and has ...
Living and Learning—The Senior Cohousing Experience

After visiting twelve senior cohousing communities, the major questions we had as authors were—What did we learn? While there were a number of important findings, which evolved into the previous chapters of this book, there were three overarching themes that came through. First, people who move into Senior Cohousing desire connection beyond what is found in typical neighborhoods and in many other types of senior housing communities.
Cut points of the Actigraph GT9X for moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity at four different wear locations.

Accelerometer cut points are an important consideration for distinguishing the intensity of activity into categories such as moderate and vigorous. It is well-established in the literature that the...
Chronic retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma after intravitreal stem cell injection for Usher Syndrome.

Abstract A 42-year-old Hispanic female underwent intravitreal autologous adipose-tissue derived stem cell injection to her left eye in the Dominican Republic for treatment of retinitis pigmentosa associated with Usher Syndrome. Prior to intravitreal injection, the patient's best-corrected-visual-acuity (BCVA) was 1/200. The patient experienced decreased vision gradually over a 3-month period. The patient presented with no light perception (NLP) vision with a total funnel retinal detachment, as well as hyphema, iris neovascularization, and nearly 360 posterior synechiae of the iris to the lens capsule. The patient suffered from ocular pain with an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 37 mm Hg. Transcleral cyclophotocoagulation was performed. The IOP was 6 mm Hg six weeks after treatment and the patient was pain free.
A Review of “The Library Security and Safety Guide to Prevention, Planning, and Response”

This well-researched and practical book covers all aspects of security and safety that affect patrons and staff, as well as collections and equipment. This book is a follow-up to Bruce Shuman's Lib...
Phantom histories of misspecified pasts

Abstract The observation that even a tiny sample of genome sequences from a natural population contains a plethora of information about the history of the population has enticed researchers to use these data to fit complex demographic histories and make detailed inference about the changes a population has experienced through time. Unfortunately, the standard assumptions required to make these inferences are often violated by natural populations in such ways as to produce specious results. This paper examines two phenomena of particular concern: when a sample is drawn from a single sub-population of a larger meta-population these models infer a spurious recent population decline, and when a genome contains loci under weak or recessive purifying selection these models infer a spurious recent population expansion.
An Automatic Platform for Landing and Charging of UAVs to Extend UAV Operations

With the increasing popularity of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), especially electric quadcopters used in commercial deployment, there is a demand for a solution that allows for automatic landing and recharging of UAVs as needed to extend the operation range. In this paper, we propose a novel system design that can automatically land and wireless charge of the UAV. We design a computer vision based landing guidance system enclosed in a charging platform, and a charging attachment for universal fit on a UAV. We demonstrate the design by building a landing and charging platform and testing it with a UAV. Our system achieves accurate landings and successfully recharging of the UAV battery. We share our source code online to foster further developments in assisted landing and wireless charging in UAV communities.
Neuro-PC: Causal Functional Connectivity from Neural Dynamics

Functional connectome extends the anatomical connectome by capturing the relations between neurons according to their activity and interactions. When these relations are causal, the functional connectome maps how neural activity flows within neural circuits and provides the possibility for inference of functional neural pathways, such as sensory-motor-behavioral pathways. While there exist various information approaches for non-causal estimations of the functional connectome, approaches that characterize the causal functional connectivity - the causal relationships between neuronal time series, are scarce. In this work, we develop the Neuro-PC algorithm which is a novel methodology for inferring the causal functional connectivity between neurons from multi-dimensional time series, such as neuronal recordings. The core of our methodology relies on a novel adaptation of the PC algorithm, a state-of-the-art method for statistical causal inference, to the multi-dimensional time-series of neural dynamics. We validate the performance of the method on network motifs with various interactions between their neurons simulated using continuous-time artificial network of neurons. We then consider the application of the method to obtain the causal functional connectome for recent multi-array electrophysiological recordings from the mouse visual cortex in the presence of different stimuli. We show how features of the mapping can be used for quantification of the similarities between neural responses subject to different stimuli.
Estimating Ganglion Cell Complex Rates of Change With Bayesian Hierarchical Models.

Author(s): Mohammadzadeh, Vahid; Su, Erica; Heydar Zadeh, Sepideh; Law, Simon K; Coleman, Anne L; Caprioli, Joseph; Weiss, Robert E; Nouri-Mahdavi, Kouros | Abstract: PurposeDevelop a hierarchical longitudinal regression model for estimating local rates of change of macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) measurements with optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsWe enrolled 112 eyes with four or more macular OCT images and ≥2 years of follow-up. GCC thickness measurements within central 6 × 6 superpixels were extracted from macular volume scans. We fit data from each superpixel separately with several hierarchical Bayesian random-effects models. Models were compared with the Watanabe-Akaike information criterion. For our preferred model, we estimated population and individual slopes and intercepts (baseline thickness) and their correlation.ResultsMean (SD) follow-up time and median (interquartile range) baseline 24-2 visual field mean deviation were 3.6 (0.4) years and -6.8 (-12.2 to -4.3) dB, respectively. The random intercepts and slopes model with random residual variance was the preferred model. While more individual and population negative slopes were observed in the paracentral and papillomacular superpixels, superpixels in the superotemporal and inferior regions displayed the highest correlation between baseline thickness and rates of change (r = -0.43 to -0.50 for the top five correlations).ConclusionsA Bayesian linear hierarchical model with random intercepts/slopes and random variances is an optimal initial model for estimating GCC slopes at population and individual levels. This novel model is an efficient method for estimating macular rates of change and probability of glaucoma progression locally.Translational relevanceThe proposed Bayesian hierarchical model can be applied to various macular outcomes from different OCT devices and to superpixels of variable sizes to estimate local rates of change and progression probability.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Maternal Opioid-Related Diagnoses: Analysis of ICD-10-CM Transition, 2013-2017.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hospital discharge records remain a common data source for tracking the opioid crisis among pregnant women and infants. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) transition from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification may have affected surveillance. Our aim was to evaluate this transition on rates of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), maternal opioid use disorder (OUD), and opioid-related diagnoses (OUD with ICD-10-CM codes for long-term use of opioid analgesics and unspecified opioid use). METHODS Data from the 2013–2017 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s National Inpatient Sample were used to conduct, interrupted time series analysis and log-binomial segmented regression to assess whether quarterly rates differed across the transition. RESULTS From 2013 to 2017, an estimated 18.8 million birth and delivery hospitalizations were represented. The ICD-10-CM transition was not associated with NAS rates (rate ratio [RR]: 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90–1.08; P = .79) but was associated with 11% lower OUD rates (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80–0.98; P = .02) and a decrease in the quarterly trend (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–1.00; P = .04). The transition was not associated with maternal OUD plus long-term use rates (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.89–1.09; P = .76) but was associated with a 20% overall increase in opioid-related diagnosis rates including long-term and unspecified use (RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.09–1.32; P CONCLUSIONS The ICD-10-CM transition did not appear to affect NAS. However, coding of maternal OUD alone may not capture the same population across the transition, which confounds the interpretation of trend data spanning this time period.
Determining maximum hosting capacity for PV systems in distribution grids

Abstract Power systems face increasing challenges on reliable operations due to the widespread distributed generators (DGs), e.g., rooftop PV systems in distribution grids. Characterizing the hosting capacity (HC) is vital for utilities to assess the total amount of distributed generations that a grid can deploy efficiently before upgrading. Some methods conduct extensive simulations for analyzing HC, which lack theoretical guarantees and can be time-consuming. Therefore, there are also methods employing optimization over all necessary operation constraints. However, the complexity and inherent non-convexity lead to non-optimal solutions. To solve the problems, this paper provides a constructive model for HC determination. Based on geometrical understanding, HC solutions are constructed sequentially according to realistic constraints so that the optimal solution can be reserved even with a non-convex model. For practical adaption, the three-phase unbalance condition is considered, and parallel computation is developed for speed-up. The method is validated by extensive numerical results on IEEE standard systems, such as 8-bus and 123-bus radial distribution grids. In comparison, the proposed approach obtains analytical hosting capacity solutions of larger values and uses less computation time. The results of HC verify that the proposed method reserves optimality and thus has good performance in complex scenarios, including more operational constraints, different PV deployment, and larger system size.
Upaya Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Iman menurut 1 Timotius 4:11-16: Studi Deskriptif pada Pemuda Gereja Bethel Indonesia Anugerah, Bandar Lampung

Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan aktivitas pelayanan di seluruh gereja mengalami dampak yang positif dan negative. Termask GBI Anugerah Bandar Lampung yang mengalami penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas pada pelayanan anak muda. Dan hal ini menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi GBI Anugerah termasuk seluruh gereja untuk menanggulanginya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa saja penyebab dari menurunnya kuantitas dan kualitas pelayan anak muda dalam gereja, khususnya GBI Anugerah Bandar Lampung dan juga meneliti apa saja yang bisa dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keantusiasan pelayan anak muda berdasarkan latar belakang surat 1 Timotius 4:11-16. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data adalah wawancara secara mendalam. Setelah masalah didapat, penelitian menggunakan metode studi literatur untuk mengumpulkan informasi-informasi dan teori-teori berkaitan dengan peran pelayan anak muda dan latar belakang surat 1 Timotius 4:16. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemui bahwa ada beberapa faktor yang mengakibatkan penurunan yang cukup ekstrim dalam jumlah anak muda, yaitu: alasan kesehatan, studi dan, menikah. Pemuda mesti mengambil tanggung jawab dan tekun untuk dalam masa pandemic untuk pertumbuhan jemaat.
The Design and Testing of Fluidic Oscillators made in LTCC

The interest in using fluidic devices as replacements for electronic logic circuit devices has seen renewed interest as NASA looks for ways to operate in harsh interplanetary environments. The size, multi-layer capabilities and ability to incorporate fluidic channels in a ceramic substrate make Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics (LTCC) a viable platform for development of these fluidic devices. Fluidic oscillators and fluidic diodes are being developed at BSU in LTCC. Fluidic oscillators can be used for measuring flow rates, fluid viscosity as well as a replacement for electronic oscillators. Fluidic diodes can be used as check-valves or as replacements for electronic diodes. In this work, we will describe the development and testing of a fluidic oscillator in LTCC.
Protein Phosphorylation Regulates the Cellular Trafficking and Processing of the Alzheimer Beta/A4 Amyloid Precursor Protein

Cerebral deposition of the beta/A4 amyloid peptide is an important feature of Alzheimer disease. The beta/A4 peptide is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a transmembrane glycoprotein whose function is unknown. Abnormal processing of APP has been causally linked to Alzheimer disease since mutations in the coding sequence of APP are associated with an inherited early-onset form of the disease. We have employed the rat neuroendocrine PC12 cell line to examine the normal cellular trafficking and proteolytic processing of APP and to investigate the role of protein phosphorylation in the regulation of normal and aberrant APP metabolism.
Anton Weidinger and the Emergence of His Voice: The Keyed Trumpet

This paper examines Anton Weidinger, the 18th- and early 19th-century keyed trumpet player for whom Joseph Haydn and Johann Nepomuk Hummel composed their trumpet concerti. As the most successful of many attempts to chromaticize the trumpet in the late 18th century, during which the Baroque clarino style of trumpet-playing was waning, Weidinger’s keyed trumpet enjoyed a short-lived period of prominence from about 1800 to 1804, the period during which Weidinger premiered these two concerti. Subsequently, the keyed trumpet declined in popularity, and eventually it was replaced by the valve trumpet. Both concerti emphasize the chromatic capabilities of the new instrument. A detailed examination of some passages from the third movements of the two concerti suggests a deliberate attempt on the part of Hummel (perhaps under Weidinger’s influence) to “quote” and outdo the most virtuosic passages in the Haydn concerto and to cast the new instrument as capable of playing in a “singing” operatic style. Musical quotation from Luigi Cherubini’s opera Les Deux Journees further cements the implicit connection Hummel draws between the keyed trumpet and opera (and, by extension, the human voice). The paper concludes that Weidinger and Hummel sought, in Hummel’s concerto, to announce to the musical world that the trumpet was ready to move beyond its Classical status as a tutti instrument. Though the success of Weidinger and his keyed trumpet was transient, the two concerti composed for him today stand as cornerstones of the solo trumpet literature.
Family Caregivers: Dementia

Family members play an important role in the lives of those who experience dementia. Culture is an important factor in the discussions of family dementia caregiving in Asian American families. Unfortunately, little attention has been placed on understating dementia among Asian Americans partly due to the fact that dementia is still hidden in many communities. The purpose of this paper is to explore the issues related to dementia care in the Asian American community. Keywords: acculturation; cross-cultural; immigration; mental health; stress
THE VARIATION WITH AGE OF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN TISSUE

Abstract To determine MPC values for various segments of the population it is desirable to take into account the possible variation with age of the concentration of an element in a tissue. Studies carried out on data for 173 subjects from the United States indicate a significant (p ≥0.001) correlation with age of: aluminum in lung; calcium in aorta, rib, kidney, and testis; copper in cartilage and liver; magnesium in aorta, rib and vertebra; manganese in rib; phosphorus in aorta and testis; tin in lung. Since the values for the concentrations of these elements are found to be distributed log-normally (except those for calcium in rib which were normally distributed), equations for regression lines of the log of concentration on age (concentrations on age for calcium in rib) have been determined and lines drawn with a 95% confidence interval. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and manganese in bone, and copper and manganese in liver are found to decrease; and the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in aorta, calcium in kidney, and aluminum and tin in lung to increase with age.
Abstract T P261: Non-Contrast Head CT Prior to Comprehensive Neurological Evaluation Reduces Door to Needle Times for Administration of Intravenous rtPA

Background: American Heart Association/American Stroke Association recommends treatment of eligible acute ischemic stroke patients with intravenous rtPA 75% of patients eligible for IV t-PA within 60 minutes of ED arrival. Methods: We utilized LEAN methods to develop a project charter, identify stakeholders, and visually map the emergency department clinical workflow. Prior to project initiation, suspected stroke patients were taken upon arrival to an exam room for clinical evaluation followed by transport to the CT scanner and return to the exam room for decision-making and rtPA administration. The clinical workflow was changed to obtain patient weight im...
Sulfur tolerance of selective partial oxidation of NO to NO2 in a plasma

Several catalytic aftertreatment technologies rely on the conversion of NO to NO2 to achieve efficient reduction of NOx and particulates in diesel exhaust. These technologies include the use of selective catalytic reduction of NOx with hydrocarbons, NOx adsorption, and continuously regenerated particulate trapping. These technologies require low sulfur fuel because the catalyst component that is active in converting NO to NO2 is also active in converting SO2 to SO3 . The SO3 leads t o increase in particulates and/or poison active sites on the catalyst. A non-thermal plasma can be used for the selective partial oxidation of NO to NO2 in the gas-phase under diesel engine exhaust conditions. This paper discusses how a non-thermal plasma can efficiently oxidize NO to NO2 without oxidizing SO2 to SO3 .
Empowering Citizen Deliberation in Direct Democratic Elections: A Field Study of the 2012 Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review

Initiatives and referenda permit citizens to vote directly on legislation, but voters often lack essential policy information when deciding whether to support the measures on their ballots. Since citizens often do not trust policy experts and political elites to provide trustworthy information, the State of Oregon (USA) created an institution to address that problem. After an initial test in 2010, Oregon’s governor signed into law the Citizens’ Initiative Review Commission, which convened two stratified random samples of twenty-four Oregon voters. The first panel spent a week examining a tax reform measure, and the second reviewed a measure that would establish private casinos. At the end of their deliberations, each panel produced a one-page Citizens’ Statement that was included in a Voters’ Pamphlet, which the Secretary of State mailed to every registered Oregon voter. Using direct observation, panelist interviews, and large-sample, statewide surveys, researchers studied the deliberative quality and statewide impact of this unique process. They discovered that the panels met a high standard for deliberation, both from the researchers’ perspective as observers and from the point of view of the participants themselves. A majority of Oregon voters became aware of the process, which produced relevant and factually accurate statements. Roughly two-thirds of those who read the statements found them to be helpful when deciding how to vote. Finally, an online survey experiment shows that reading the statements increased voter knowledge substantially. Thus, the Citizens’ Initiative Review appears to provide a viable model for using citizen-centered deliberation to inform the judgments of the voting public.
Susceptibility of Freshly Picked Ear Corn to Invasion by Fungi

High-moisture ear corn held 9 days at 23 C remained free of visible mold or evidence of Aspergillus flavus invasion provided there was no mechanical damage of the kernels.
Effects of Sex Steroids on Bones and Muscles: Similarities, Parallels, and Putative Interactions in Health and Disease

Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of bones and muscles and are responsible for their sexual dimorphism. A decline in their circulating levels leads to loss of mass and functional integrity in both tissues. In the article, we highlight the similarities of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of sex steroids in the two tissues; the commonality of a critical role of mechanical forces on tissue mass and function; emerging evidence for an interplay between mechanical forces and hormonal and growth factor signals in both bones and muscles; as well as the current state of evidence for or against a cross-talk between muscles and bone. In addition, we review evidence for the parallels in the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with advancing age and the potential common mechanisms responsible for the age-dependent involution of these two tissues. Lastly, we discuss the striking difference in the availability of several drug therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, as compared to none for sarcopenia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
STRESS‐STRAIN RELATIONS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS*

The electric strain gauge was used to study the deformation of several types of ceramic materials under stress. It was found that they behaved as elastic materials. The hard-fired materials exhibit straight-line deformation to failure while the softer-fired have a proportional elastic limit beyond which the stress-strain curve deviates from a straight line. Data indicate that engineering formulas based on elastic materials may be applied to ceramic materials.
A sterically expanded "constrained geometry catalyst" for highly active olefin polymerization and copolymerization: an unyielding comonomer effect.

The 14 A octamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorene moiety has been incorporated into a sterically expanded constrained geometry catalyst, Me2Si(η1-C29H36)(η1-N-tBu)ZrCl2·OEt2 (1). The solid-state structure suggests that the activated olefin polymerization catalyst is quite spatially accessible, rationalizing its extraordinary reactivity toward α-olefins. 1/MAO (MAO = methylaluminoxane) can be more reactive toward α-olefins than toward ethylene and exhibit activities that are linearly and continuously proportional to 4-methyl-1-pentene or 1-octene concentration in their copolymerizations with ethylene.
Copper(I) and copper(II) dinuclear complexes of a macrocyclic ligand derived from the 2:2 condensation of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde and 1,4,7-triazaheptane

Abstract The macrocyclic Schiff base ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23,28,29-octaazatricyclo[23.3.1.111,15]tridecanedeca-1(28),2,9,11,13,15(30),16,23,25(29),26-ene (PD)2(DIEN)2, 1, was prepared from the 2:2 condensation of diethylenetriamine and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxaldehyde. A copper(I) dinuclear complex 2 was formed by the reaction of 1 with two equivalents of Cu(CH3CN)4PF6 in 3:1 methanol/acetonitrile solvent. The complex 2 was oxygenated at 25°C to the extent of a 1:1 molar ratio of dioxygen to complex and a copper(I)-dioxygen complex 3 was spectroscopically indicated as an initial species which degraded to a copper(II) complex, 4, of 1. A dinuclear copper(II) complex 5 was formed by the reaction of 1 with two equivalents of Cu(ClO4)2·7H2O. The X-band EPR spectra of both 4 and 5 are characterized by axial signals with g⊥ values of 2.076 and 2.085 respectively. Conductivity measurements have shown that 4 is a 3:1 electrolyte when dissolved in acetonitrile. EPR and ultraviolet-visible spectral parameters suggest that 4 and 5 have distorted pyramidal structures in solution.
Reusable Simulations and Interactive Learning Experiences in Human Factors Education

Web-based teaching and multimedia tools in human factors education have become popular in the last few years. in this paper, we are proposing a straightforward extension of the current uses of the internet in the form of a clearinghouse of interactive learning experiences and simulations. Three sample simulations used in a course entitled “Technology, Design, and the Human User” offered through the Human Factors program at the University of Idaho will be used to illustrate the versatility and adaptability of simulations and interactive learning experiences once they have been constructed for one class. Our goal is to make this collection of educational materials available through a central website.
Sex differences in emotion expression: Developmental, epigenetic, and cultural factors

Vigil's socio-relational framework of sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior has a number of interesting aspects, especially the principal concepts of reciprocity potential and perceived attractiveness and trustworthiness. These are attractive and potentially heuristic ideas. However, some of his arguments and claims are not well grounded in research on early development. Three- to five-year-old children did not show the sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior discussed in the target article. Our data suggest that Vigil may have underestimated the roles of epigenetic and cultural factors in shaping emotion-expressive behavior.
Photochemical Reactions of Surfactant Molecules in Condensed Monolayer Assemblies—Environmental Control and Modification of Reactivity†

An investigation of the effects of a controlled microenvironment on reactivity has been carried out by the synthesis and study in organized monolayers of surfactant molecules containing photochemically reactive chromophores. Reactions where substantial environmental effects have been observed include the cis-trans isomerization of olefins, ketone photoeliminations, ligand substitution processes, excimer and photodimer formation, and photoredox reactions. Both reactions occurring within the organized assemblies as well as interfacial phenomena have been investigated. Results obtained in these studies suggest possible extensions and applications for the development of new catalyst systems, biological models and controlled syntheses.
Birth and differentiation of reticular neurons in the chick hindbrain: Ontogeny of the first neuronal population

To understand better early neuronal birth and differentiation in higher vertebrates, we have examined the time when presumptive neurons in the chick embryo first withdraw from the cell cycle and express neurofilaments. Hindbrain reticular neurons arise prior to the definitive streak stage of gastrulation and represent the first neuronal population to be born. The birth of hindbrain reticular neurons and spinal interneurons occurs in a rostrocaudal sequence that closely parallels regression of Hensen's node. More rostral brain stem neurons are born shortly after those in the hindbrain. Neurofilament expression in reticular neuroblasts first occurs by the 7-somite stage, followed by axon outgrowth by the 15-somite stage. When neural plate morphogenesis is inhibited, neurofilament expression occurs on schedule in neurons that are undergoing or have completed terminal mitosis. Our results suggest that the inductive cues governing the birth and initial differentiation of reticular neurons are imparted by gastrulation and early neurulation.
A high-resolution geophysical investigation of sediment distribution controlled by catchment size and tides in a multi-basin turbid outwash fjord: Simpson Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska

Surficial sediment distribution within Simpson Bay is a function of antecedent bedrock and recently deposited glacial geology, as well as active physical processes both within Simpson Bay and Prince William Sound (PWS). Simpson Bay is a turbid, outwash fjord located in northeastern PWS, Alaska. Freshwater from heavy precipitation, and the melting of high alpine glaciers enter the bay through bay head rivers and small shoreline creeks. The catchment has a high watershed/basin surface area ratio (∼8:1), and easily erodible bedrock that contribute to high sediment loads. The system can be divided into three discrete basins, each with specific morphologic and circulatory characters. Side scan sonar, swath bathymetry, and seismic profiles reveal that bathymetric highs are areas of outcropping glacial surfaces. High backscatter coupled with surface grab samples reveal these surfaces to be composed of coarse sediment and bedrock outcrops. Bathymetric lows are areas of low backscatter, and grab samples reveal these areas to be ponded deposits of organic-rich estuarine muds. The data provide evidence of terminal morainal bank systems, and glacial grounding line deposits at the mouth of the bay and rocky outcrops were identified as subsurface extensions of aerial rocky promontories. Radioisotope analyses of short cores reveal that the bay has an average accumulation rate of approx. 0.5 cm year−1, but that this varies in function of the watershed/basin surface area ratios of the different basins. The interaction of tidal currents and sediment source drives sediment distribution in Simpson Bay. Hydrographic data reveal high spatial variability in surface and bottom currents throughout the bay. Subsurface currents are tide dominated, but generally weak (5–20 cm s−1), while faster currents are found along shorelines, outcrops, and bathymetric highs. Bathymetric data reveal steep slopes with little to no modern sediment throughout the bay, suggesting lack of deposition due to tidal currents.
The Relationship between Precipitation and Temperature over the Contiguous United States

Abstract The correlation between monthly total precipitation and monthly mean temperature over the 80-year period from 1905 to 1984 at nearly 1000 stations in the contiguous United States was calculated and analyzed. Both local and field significances were tested by using statistical methods. Areas of both negative and positive precipitation-temperature correlations were found. Over most of the United States, summer precipitation and temperature were negatively correlated, which indicates that warm summers tended to be dryer. This is particularly true in the central and southern Great Plains. The area south of the Great Lakes covering the eastern portion of the Corn Belt was the only major area where a significant positive correlation was found in winter.
Intercluster and intracluster interactions in Ge1-xSnxSe2

Abstract Mossbauer and Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction have been applied to Ge1−xSnxSe2 crystals and glasses. In the ternary crystals Sn is found to substitute for Ge. Applied pressure causes larger changes in the asymmetric Sn sites in the glass than in the symmetric sites. Ion bombardment of the crystal drives the structure toward to that of the melt-quenched glass.
Depression Treatment in Assisted Living Settings: Is an Innovative Approach Feasible?

Depression is a common, disabling and under-recognized problem among older adults in assisted living (AL) settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate stakeholder perceptions of using a blended model of depression care that combines essential features of evidence-based collaborative care and elderly outreach for use in AL settings. A descriptive design using mixed methods was used to assess perceptions of the three main components of the depression model: onsite depression care management, staff development activities, and AL nurses as staff resources and liaisons to primary care providers. Quantitative and narrative responses were consistently positive and supportive of depression care approaches. Potential barriers included time constraints for staff and costs for residents. These data provide strong support for further evaluation of the blended depression model. Staff development activities may be implemented independent of the model to enhance depression recognition, assessment and daily care approaches in AL.
Impediments to spatially-variable field operations

Abstract Although the technology for spatially-variable field operations had advanced greatly, there are concerns which must be addressed for those operations to reach their full potential. These concerns include weather effects, substandard farm management, operator time demands, poor agronomic knowledge, and machine accuracy.
Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of 4α-(2-propenyl)-5α-cholest-24-en-3α, 12α-diol, a 12α-hydroxyl analog of 4α-(2-propenyl)-5α-cholest-24-en-3α-ol : The latter is a potent activator of the low-density lipoprotein receptor promoter

Abstract 4α-(2-Propenyl)-5α-cholest-24-en-3α-ol (3) was shown recently in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-based low-density lipoprotein receptor/luciferase (LDLR/Luc) assay to be a potent transcriptional activator of the LDL receptor promoter in the presence of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Because of the involvement of 12α-hydroxylation in the metabolism of cholesterol, we are interested in investigating the effect of introducing a 12α-hydroxyl group to 3 on the transcriptional activity of the LDL receptor promoter. Thus 4α-(2-propenyl)-5α-cholest-24-en-3α,12α-diol (14), a 12α-hydroxyl analog of 3, was synthesized from deoxycholic acid via the formation of 12α-[[(tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]-4α-(2-propenyl)-5α-cholest-24-en-3-one (11). Test results show that 14 is inactive at concentrations of up to 20 μg/ml, compared to 3 with an EC30 value of 2.6 μM, in the CHO cell-based LDLR/Luc assay. Apparently introduction of a 12α-hydroxyl group abolishes the capability of 3α-sterol 14 to activate the transcription of the LDL receptor promoter. However, in the [1-14C-acetate]cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition assay in CHO cells, 14 at 10 μg/ml (23 μM) is shown to inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis by 51% relative to the control cells. Our previous studies indicated that 3 showed a 38% inhibition, but 4α-(2-propenyl)-5α-cholestan-3α-ol (1) exhibited no inhibition in the same assay at 10 μg/ml. In summary the results indicate that, in addition to the 24,25-unsaturation, the 12α-hydroxyl group in 14 has also conferred an inhibitory effect on cholesterol biosynthesis in CHO cells; however, the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by 14 does not lead to the transcriptional activation of the LDL receptor promoter.
A hall sensing magnetometer for measuring magnetization, anisotropy, rotational loss and time effects

A Hall element magnetometer which senses flux from a sample is arranged so that it is unaffected by an applied field. The instrument is used to investigate magnetization, anisotropy, rotational loss and time effects. The magnetometer is compact and requires no moving parts other than sample rotation when measuring anisotropy or rotational loss. Studies made thus far with the magnetometer include magnetic properties of recording tape, thin films, amorphous ribbon, transformer and motor laminations and bulk material. The instrument has the capability of sensing loss as a function of applied field, magnetization, time, rotation frequency or the number of rotations in a field. An output similar to that from a torque magnetometer can be recorded against rotation angle. Curves of magnetization against field may be measured using either dc or ac fields. For several sample and probe configurations a sensitivity of at least 10-5emu has been achieved at fields up to 10 oersteds.
Phase-space calculations of monopole mass spectrometer performance

Abstract The phase-space techniques recently developed for quadrupole mass filter calculations are applied to the monopole mass spectrometer. As an illustration, exact matching of the ion source emittance to the monopole acceptance is assumed and peak-shapes, resolution and relative sensitivity are determined as a function of the length of the monopole field in rf cycles.
Carnivore size and quaternary climatic change in southern Africa

The relationship between carnassial length and latitude south is analyzed for 17 African carnivore species to determine if individuals tend to be larger in cooler climates, as predicted by Bergmann's Rule. With modern data in support, middle and late Quaternary temperatures might then be inferred from mean carnassial length in fossil samples, such as those from Equus Cave, Elandsfontein, Sea Harvest. Duinefontein, and Swartklip in the Cape Province of South Africa. One problematic aspect of the study is the use of carnassial length and latitude as necessary but imperfect substitutes for body size and temperature, respectively. For some species, another difficulty is the relatively small number of available modern specimens, combined with their uneven latitudinal spread. Still, in 14 of the species, carnassial length does tend to increase with latitude south, while mean carnassial length in the same species tends to be greater in those fossil samples which accumulated under relatively cool conditions, as inferred from sedimentologic, palynological, or geochemical data. Given larger modern samples from a wide variety of latitudes, refinement of the mathematical relationship between carnassial length and latitude in various species may even permit quantitative estimates of past temperatures in southern Africa.
Early-Season Production Systems Utilizing Indeterminate Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield and yield components can be influenced by production practices that affect soil moisture and plant architecture. This study evaluated the effects of variations in soil moisture and inter-row spacing on seed yield and yield components of an indeterminate soybean grown in an early-season production environment in south-central Texas. ‘Williams 82’ soybean (Maturity Group III) was planted in mid-April in 1988 and 1989 near College Station, TX (30° 32′ 33″ N lat) in a Ships clay (very fine, mixed, thermic Udic Chromusterts) that is intergraded with Weswood silt loam (Fluventic Ustochrepts). Harvest occurred in late August. Soil moisture regimes were irrigation and no irrigation; inter-row spacings were 0.36 and 1.02 m. Seed yields were greater in 1989 (4260 kg ha⁻¹) than in 1988 (3550 kg ha−¹). Soil moisture level and row-spacing treatments had no effect on seed yield either year. Year-by-inter-row spacing interactions were significant for single seed mass and total seed and pod number. Seed size was greater in 1989 than in 1988. The year-by-soil moisture level interaction was significant for mean seed per pod. Both years, yield component characteristics were more consistent in 1.02-m rows than in 0.36-m rows. These results indicate that adequate yields, with maturation in late-August, are possible using an adaptable indeterminate soybean in an early-season production environment in south-central Texas. Contribution of the Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Univ., and the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Technical article no. 27017.
In vitro and in vivo glucose consumption in swine eperythrozoonosis.

Summary One complication of swine eperythrozoonosis is the hypoglycemia that occurs during parasitemia. To determine the cause of the hypoglycemia, we studied glucose consumption in splenectomized pigs infected with Eperythrozoon suis. With the rapid rise of erythroparasites, the in vitro glucose consumption of parasited whole blood increased dramatically, and hypoglycemia developed. Because mature porcine erythrocytes are impermeable to glucose, the increased glucose consumption is most logically the result of E. suis metabolism. Iodoacetamide and sodium fluoride (which inhibit glycolysis), but not sodium cyanide (which prevents cellular respiration), and tetracycline (which is used to treat eperythrozoonosis) inhibited glucose consumption. In vivo glucose turnover studies before infection and during peak parasitemia indicated an increased glucose production by infected pigs during parasitemia. The results suggest that hypoglycemia occurs during swine eperythrozoonosis because the parasite uses glucose faster than the gluconeogenic pathways can provide it.