cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unified Discourse Analysis: Language, Reality, Virtual Worlds, and Video Games

James Paul Gee’s Unified Discourse Analysis: Language, Reality, Virtual Worlds, and Video Games not only offers a comprehensive theoretical framework that can be used to analyze discourse, video games, and action, but also explores the underlying commonalities that unite these seemingly disparate domains. The root of Gee’s theory is that “conversations” are not limited to talk, but also include text and action (what he calls “conversations with the world”). In life, humans have conversations with the world by taking on various identities (avatars) and “playing” as themselves through their interactions. Readers, too, interact with text by conversing with it in their minds, gleaning what they see as relevant based on the objectives of their avatars. Gee argues that video games, as a new multimodal communicative form, ought to be granted the same consideration that literary critics have given to texts and discourse analysts have given to discourse. Throughout this book, Gee weaves together illustrative examples from history and experience, images and analyses of video games, segments of classroom discourse, and even excerpts from literature and poetry to support this expansive framework.
Robust System Identification with Noisy Time/Frequency Response Experimental Data: Projection Operator and Linear Algorithms

In this paper we consider the problem of robust system identification with noisy time or frequency response measurement data. It is shown here that any linear identification algorithm which is convergent in the noise free case can be made robustly convergent in the presence of noise by incorporating a simple projection operator into the algorithm. Specific algorithms using this projection operator along with corrupted frequency/time response data are analyzed in detail. The computational simplicity and faster rate of convergence distinguish this approach from other existing robustly convergent non linear identification techniques.
How useful is digitalis in patients with congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm

For over 200 years, digitalis has formed the cornerstone of therapy in chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). In the National Prescription Audit completed in August, 1983, Lanoxin@ ranked fourth in overall frequency with a total of 24.6 million prescriptions (pers. comm., IMS America, Ltd.). Although few if any viable alternative therapies for this condition existed prior to the 1950’s, the many potent diuretic and vasodilator drugs available today make it imperative to reassess the utility of digitalis in chronic CHF. Since the ability of digitalis glycosides to control the ventricular rate in atria1 fibrillation is well established, the current discussion will focus primarily on the evidence regarding the efficacy and risks of digitalis in patients with chronic CHF associated with sinus rhythm.
Interleukin-1β and Catecholamines Synergistically Stimulate Interleukin-6 Release from Rat C6 Glioma Cells in Vitro: a Potential Role for Lysophosphatidylcholine

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are proinflammatory cytokines that affect the secretion of several neuroendocrine hormones. In addition, glial cells synthesize and release IL-6, suggesting a paracrine role for this cytokine in the brain. We have examined the regulation of IL-6 release from glial cells by cytokines and catecholamines. Forty ng/ml IL-1β induced a maximal 30-fold stimulation of IL-6 release (P < 0.01); higher and lower concentrations of IL-1β were less effective. In the presence of (Bu)2cAMP, IL-1β induced a strongly synergistic response with respect to IL-6 release; thus, the combination of these two agents resulted in a release of IL-6 that was much larger that the release attributed to either agent alone (i.e. 30-fold higher). Similarly, the combination of IL-1β and the diterpene forskolin (but not the inactive analog 1,9-dideoxyforskolin) or cholera toxin also resulted in a synergistic stimulation of C6 glioma IL-6 release. Thus, increases in intracellular cAMP concentrat...
Teleradiology of the ultrasound modality on a broadband network

The processor and network technologies are removing the old barriers to the visualization applications. For digital ultrasound imaging, the increased network speeds will replace the frame-grabbed, image imaging systems in favor of full-motion, uncompressed video. The latter system provides the sonographer with valuable feedback from a radiologist that can be incorporated into the study in real-time. This paper deals with the challenges and methods of implementing such a system over an ATM network, both in a local area network as well as a wide-area network.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Earnings differences among the Mexican-origin population in the United States: nativity and citizenship explanations.

The authors "use data from the June 1986 Current Population Survey to investigate nativity and citizenship differences in earnings within the Mexican-origin population in the United States. There is no evidence of any `costs of nativity or citizenship status. Rather the existing variation appears to be more than explained by the distribution of earnings-related endowments. In fact there is evidence that immigrants are better rewarded for their lower endowments. A possible explanation is that the Mexican-origin population is seen as homogeneous by employers who therefore compensate individuals similarly regardless of their respective endowments." (EXCERPT)
Thermal degradation of ethylene–vinyl acetate coplymer nanocomposites

Abstract The degradation pathway of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers and their nanocomposites is investigated using TGA/FT-IR, TGA, GC–MS, cone calorimetry and UV techniques to determine if the presence of the clay has an effect on the degradation pathway. The first step of the degradation, the loss of acetic acid by chain stripping, has been shown to be accelerated by the presence of clay. In this work we show that clay does affect the degradation pathway and that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the edges of the clay could be the cause of the accelerated initial step. The products of the second step of the degradation are changed in quantity and some new products are produced, showing that the clay also has an effect on this step of the degradation pathway. A scheme is suggested to account for the role of the clay in the degradation.
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease

Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are approved for cholesterol reduction, may also be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) was tested in chronic and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a CD4(+) Th1-mediated central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. Here we show that oral atorvastatin prevented or reversed chronic and relapsing paralysis. Atorvastatin induced STAT6 phosphorylation and secretion of Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Conversely, STAT4 phosphorylation was inhibited and secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) was suppressed. Atorvastatin promoted differentiation of Th0 cells into Th2 cells. In adoptive transfer, these Th2 cells protected recipient mice from EAE induction. Atorvastatin reduced CNS infiltration and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. Treatment of microglia inhibited IFN-gamma-inducible transcription at multiple MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) promoters and suppressed class II upregulation. Atorvastatin suppressed IFN-gamma-inducible expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. l-Mevalonate, the product of HMG-CoA reductase, reversed atorvastatin's effects on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells. Atorvastatin treatment of either APC or T cells suppressed antigen-specific T-cell activation. Thus, atorvastatin has pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects involving both APC and T-cell compartments. Statins may be beneficial for multiple sclerosis and other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Nitrogen-stimulated growth of algae in surface-water samples collected from freshwater kettle ponds of Cape Cod National Seashore (Massachusetts, USA)

Nutrient enrichment bioassays, coinciding with analyses of surface water nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), were conducted using water samples collected from 10 freshwater lakes (kettle ponds) of Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS) (Massachusetts, USA). Algal biomass developing in each treatment was assessed by quantifying chlorophyll a. In July and August, strong responses of a unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas sp., to N + P and N enrichments were observed in all water samples, while P alone (or control treatments) had virtually no stimulatory effect. The results indicate that N inputs to these waterbodies can fuel the growth of certain species and should therefore be considered a management priority for CCNS.
Stabilizing Graphitic Thin Films of Wurtzite Materials by Epitaxial Strain

Recent theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 066102 (2006)] and experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 026102 (2007)] show that (0001) ultrathin films of wurtzite (WZ) materials surprisingly transform into a stable graphitelike structure, but the stability is limited to thicknesses of only a few atomic layers. Using first-principles calculations of both freestanding and substrate-supported thin films, we predict that the thickness range of stable graphitic films depends sensitively on strain and can be substantially extended to much thicker films by epitaxial tensile strain. Moreover, the band gap of the stable strained graphitic films can be tuned over a wide range either above or below that of the bulk WZ phase.
Spectrum of ct and sonographic appearance of fatty infiltration of the liver

This report presents the common and unusual appearances of fatty infiltration of the liver (FIL) on ultrasound (US) and computerized tomography (CT) from pathological, proven cases. Potential diagnostic pitfalls and methods of avoiding these pitfalls will be emphasized. Generalized and the geographic pattern of FIL are well recognized. Focal FIL and focal sparring of the liver have a number of atypical appearances. Focal sparring has several distinct patterns (pseudotumor, glove pattern and possible metastasis), which may be confused with other pathologies. Likewise, focal FIL may simulate a space-occupied mass. Among the more helpful features used to distinguish focal FIL from other abnormalities include its lack of mass effect, low density on CT combined with increased echogenicity on US.
Cryogenic transonic wind tunnels and the condensation of nitrogen

A brief tutorial on the need for Reynolds number similarity and the advent of cryogenic transonic wind tunnels is presented. Experimental results of nitrogen condensation in nozzles are collected and related to the flow in the wind tunnels. New theoretical approaches to a solution of the condensation problem in the supersaturated state are proposed.
Adaptive multi-level compilation in a trace-based Java JIT compiler

This paper describes our multi-level compilation techniques implemented in a trace-based Java JIT compiler (trace-JIT). Like existing multi-level compilation for method-based compilers, we start JIT compilation with a small compilation scope and a low optimization level so the program can start running quickly. Then we identify hot paths with a timer-based sampling profiler, generate long traces that capture the hot paths, and recompile them with a high optimization level to improve the peak performance. A key to high performance is selecting long traces that effectively capture the entire hot paths for upgrade recompilations. To do this, we introduce a new technique to generate a directed graph representing the control flow, a TTgraph, and use the TTgraph in the trace selection engine to efficiently select long traces. We show that our multi-level compilation improves the peak performance of programs by up to 58.5% and 22.2% on average compared to compiling all of the traces only at a low optimization level. Comparing the performance with our multi-level compilation to the performance when compiling all of the traces at a high optimization level, our technique can reduce the startup times of programs by up to 61.1% and 31.3% on average without significant reduction in the peak performance. Our results show that our adaptive multi-level compilation can balance the peak performance and startup time by taking advantage of different optimization levels.
Chemical analyses of seven stony meteorites and one iron with silicate inclusions.

Abstract A group of stony meteorites: Bununu, Cumberland Falls (Black Chondr. Incl.), Forest Vale, Goodland, Grady (1937), Leedey, Mezo-Madaras, and one silicate-rich iron meteorite, Woodbine, have been chemically analysed. The results of these analyses are presented in this paper.
Diffusional analysis of a multiphase oxide scale formed on a Mo-Mo3Si-Mo5-SiB2 alloy

Diffusional analyses were performed to understand the oxidation at 1300 °C of a multiphase Mo-13.2Si-13.2B (at.%) alloy. During oxidation, a protective glass scale formed with an intermediate layer of (Mo+glass) between the base alloy and external glass scale. Compositional profiles across the (Mo+glass) layer and the external glass scale were determined, and interdiffusion fluxes and effective interdiffusion coefficients for the various components were determined by using “MultiDiFlux” software. The motion of the (alloy/Mo+glass) and (Mo+glass/glass) interphase boundaries after passivation was examined. Additionally, vapor-solid diffusion experiments at 1300 °C were carried out with single-phase Mo3Si and T2 specimens in addition to a multiphase Mo-10Si-10B (at.%) alloy. These specimens were exposed to vacuum to induce silicon loss resulting in the formation of a Mo layer. An average effective interdiffusion coefficient of Si in Mo at 1300 °C was estimated from the Mo3Si-vapor couple to be in the order of 8×10−17 m2/s.
Domestic violence: Combining scientific inquiry and advocacy.

One of Neil Jacobson's major contributions to the field of husband violence research has been the publication of several empirical articles in major psychological journals, including the article entitled Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband (see record 1995-09810-001). At the time, few articles in this research area had been methodologically strong enough to be published in prestigious psychological journals. Yet, doing so was necessary to bring this problem to the attention of psychologists, therapists, and researchers. Once manuscripts by Jacobson (and others) began to appear in major journals, those in the field could not ignore the problem of husband violence. Rather, they began including the topic in their classes and graduate student training, which, in turn, encouraged new researchers and therapists to enter this field. Relatedly, before his death, Jacobson began work with the state of Washington to draft clinician training criteria in the area of domestic violence. He wanted to ensure that therapists were familiar with relevant empirical findings in this area. Jacobson's interest in this area increasingly moved toward helping battered women. One of Jacobson's most admirable qualities is that he was not a dispassionate scientist. Instead, he was truly an applied researcher, combining research, politics, and clinical work in the belief that a scientific understanding of a problem could be used to shape public policy and interventions to make a real difference in the lives of individuals. Jacobson's research in the area of domestic violence illustrated another important part of his life--his love of research. Like many researchers in this area, Jacobson initially stumbled into his interest in husband violence and was unaware of how important a problem it is. Yet, he embraced this topic with passion and devotion. Quite simply, Jacobson loved his work. He encouraged those of us who worked with him to feel similarly--to conduct research in areas about which we truly care and feel impassioned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Stimulation of myometrial and decidual prostaglandin production by amniotic fluid from term, but not midtrimester pregnancies

Abstract The effect of amniotic fluid obtained from second trimester (16–20 wks) and term pregnancies (38–41 wks) on the production of PGE and F by human amnion, decidua and myometrium at term was determined using tissue slices incubated in vitro. Midpregnancy amniotic fluid neither inhibited nor stimulated the prostanoid production by any of the tissues. In contrast, term amniotic fluid obtained before as well as after the onset of labor markedly increased the production of both PGE and PGF in decidua and myometrium from levels in Krebs solution. The prostanoid production (PGE + PGF) in amnoin was not significantly increased but the proportion of PGF was raised during incubations in term amniotic fluid. In decidua and myometrium the increase in PGE and PGF production in term amniotic fluid was approximately 200 and 400 percent respectively, from control values in Krebs solution. We propose that the stimulatory activity in term amniotic fluid in responsible for the accelerated synthesis of prostaglandins after of membranes, which is reflected in raised PGF metabolite levels in maternal circulation. It may also be the reason for the rise in amniotic fluid prostaglandin levels around the 35th week of gestation, and perhaps for the onset of labor.
Adsorption and solution of H2, D2, N2, O2 and CO by (100) Ta

Sticking coefficients, saturation densities, and solution rates of gases on (100) Ta are obtained by comparing with results on (100) W using Auger electron spectroscopy and flash desorption. Hydrogen has a lower sticking coefficient on (100) Ta than on polycrystalline Ta, but solution occurs readily even at 78°K. Differences between H2 and D2 are observed for both adsorption and solution. Nitrogen is confined to the surface of Ta for T < ≈500°K, and adsorbed nitrogen dissolves with an activation energy of ≈2.5 kcal mole−1 upon heating to higher temperatures. The saturation density of O2 at 300° K is approximately twice that on (100) W. The first monolayer dissolves at ≈500°K but the second dissolves or desorbs only at much higher temperatures. Carbon monoxide adsorbs without solution of either species at 300°K. At ≈500°K carbon dissolves completely leaving oxygen which desorbs at much higher temperature.
The strategic nature of advertising in segmented markets

We develop a simple model in which firm-specific advertising has cooperative and predatory effects. Our model is set in a static market where firms are naturally segmented into two distinct submarkets: several large firms located in the core, with small firms operating as a fringe. We test the net effect of opposing market size (cooperative) and market share (predatory) effects of both fringe and core firm advertising on the advertising decisions of large firms in several US consumer industries. Empirically, fringe firm advertising leads to an increase in advertising efforts by large firms, implying strategic complementarity. On the other hand, increased advertising by core firms in an industry decreases advertising expenditures of other core firms, indicating they are strategic substitutes. Our findings imply that equilibrium levels of advertising can be greater with asymmetric, rather than symmetric, strategic interactions.
Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft: On Performing Ethnography in the Classroom

In teaching a class on what is arguably the most "sensational" area of anthropological study, i.e., the practices, beliefs, and behaviors that have been essentialized as magic, witchcraft, and religion by western theorists, one is faced with the problem of legitimizing something that many of our students view as unbelievable. Teaching a course in this area at a small, liberal arts college in Maine, I had to come to terms with just these sorts of problems, i.e., how do we get people to enter into, posit and understand other ways of seeing and being that are radically different from their own? This paper discusses the structure (emic/etic) that I use to expose my students to problems of framing and understanding various ethnographic works through performing them, interpreting them, and debating them in class.
Adrenalin and hydroxytyramine in the parotid gland venom of the toad, Bufo marinus.

Preparations from the parotid gland venom of the toad Bufo marinus have been analyzed by paper chromatography for the presence of adrenalin precursors. In addition to adrenalin itself, hydroxytyramine was identified and a second compound which appeared to be an adrenalin ester—perhaps lactyl-adrenalin. Two other compounds which appeared on the chromatogram could not be identified. Neither noradrenalin nor another possible precursor, epinine, appeared to be present.
The development and use of a standard symphysial‐fundal height growth curve in the prediction of small for gestational age neonates

The symphysial-fundal height (SF) measurement has been routinely used in obstetrics, although its value in the prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants remains controversial. A retrospective study was performed in order to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the SF distance and establish guidelines for its use. Local neonatal birthweight distribution and SF growth curves were developed. Eighty-six percent of 28 SGA infants demonstrated one measurement under--1 S.D. of the mean SF growth curve as did 36% of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Seventy-five percent of SGA infants subsequently demonstrated a second measurement below--1 S.D. of the mean curve, 90% prior to 36 weeks. Only 16% of AGA exhibited such a SF growth pattern. A protocol for maximizing the use of this inexpensive and easily obtained parameter is proposed.
Macroinvertebrate community structure in created wetlands of different successional stage

We analyzed biogeochemical characteristics of two temperate constructed wetlands in early and late spring to evaluate the utility of the macroinvertebrate community as an indicator of ecosystem development. The wetlands were similar in area, hydrologic regime, and influent water quality, but one was younger (15 y) and supported an early successional plant community while the older system (45 y) was forested. To characterize structural habitat in the two wetlands we analyzed water and soil quality, plant community characteristics, coarse woody debris, topographic variance and hydrologic regime. The correlation of macroinvertebrate community characteristics with structural variables was compared among wetlands, and macroinvertebrates were compared temporally within wetlands. Despite differences in nutrient concentration, substrate conditions, plant cover, and microtopography, the overall macroinvertebrate guild structure in the two systems was similar in terms of taxa richness, Simpson diversity, tolerance,...
Field studies of energy savings in buildings: A tour of a 15-year research program at Princeton University

Abstract A 15-yr research program is reviewed which features field measurements of the energy performance of buildings. Focused studies have been conducted in detached houses, in apartment buildings, and in office buildings; in all cases, physical models developed in the absence of measurement have been found to lack features of central importance, and unforeseen opportunities to achieve cost-effective energy savings have been discovered. Field studies, moreover, have documented actual savings achieved through planned retrofits of buildings, improving the credibility of recommended interventions and permitting the retrofit enterprise to have self-correcting features. A now widely used ‘scorekeeping’ methodology which estimates energy savings from inputs of energy consumption and local weather is also described.
Early Age Stress Development, Relaxation, and Cracking in Restrained Low W/B Ultrafine Fly Ash Mortars

This paper describes an experimental study that investigated the influence of ultrafine fly ash (UFFA), a relatively new pozzolanic admixture, on the early age stress development, stress relaxation, and cracking in restrained low water-to-binder ratio (w/b) mortars due to shrinkage. The restrained ring test was used to assess the early age residual stress development in mortar ring specimens. In addition, free shrinkage strain, elastic modulus, and splitting tensile strength measurements were performed to assess the stress relaxation (creep effect) and cracking potential. It was found that the restrained mortar mixtures containing the typical fly ash (FA) (ASTM Type-F) or the ultrafine fly ash demonstrated lower levels of residual tensile stress than the control mixture. Also, both typical fly ash mortar and ultrafine fly ash mortars demonstrated a reduction in free shrinkage. In addition, an increase in the age of cracking and a decrease in stress relaxation (creep effect) were observed in the restrained mortar ring specimens containing FA or UFFA. However, at equal replacement of cement with either FA or UFFA, the delay in the age of cracking and the reduction in stress relaxation were higher for the UFFA modified mortar.
Separation of cis-Fatty Acids from Saturated and trans-Fatty Acids by Nanoporous Polydicyclopentadiene Membranes

This article describes the separation of mixtures of fatty acid salts using a new organic solvent nanofiltration membrane based on polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD). Mixtures of free fatty acids could not be separated by the membranes because they permeated at similar rates. When triisobutylamine was added to the fatty acids, the cis-fatty acid salts (oleic, petroselinic, vaccenic, linoleic, and linolenic acid) had slower permeation though the membranes than saturated (stearic acid) and trans-fatty acid (elaidic acid) salts. The reason for the difference in permeation was due to the formation of stable salt pairs between the amine and fatty acids that increased their cross-sectional areas. The fatty acid salts derived from saturated and trans-fatty acids were smaller than the critical area cutoff for the PDCPD membranes, so they readily permeated. In contrast, the fatty acid salts derived from the cis-fatty acids had critical areas larger than critical area cutoff of the PDPCD membranes and had slowed permeat...
THE PRIORITIZATION OF TREATMENT AMONG TEXAS PAROLE OFFICERS

A factor analysis using data from 559 parole officers is used to examine the relation-ship between officers `traits, work situation, and perceived needs. The results show an overwhelming desire for...
Adenosine Inhibits Prolactin and Growth Hormone Secretion in a Clonal Pituitary Cell Line

Although purine nucleosides have been shown to regulate the secretion of several peptide and steroid hormones, effects on pituitary hormone release have not been reported. We show here that in the clonal GH4C1 pituitary cell line maximal concentrations of adenosine (greater than or equal to 50 microM) inhibited PRL and GH secretion by 40%. Adenosine deaminase abolished the inhibitory effect of adenosine but not that of SRIF or (-)N6(R-2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), a nonhydrolyzable adenosine analog. Furthermore, this enzyme increased basal secretion by 50%, and analysis of the incubation medium by HPLC demonstrated that the cells secreted biologically effective concentrations of adenosine. These results indicate that adenosine produced in culture tonically inhibits hormone release. In other target cells, adenosine inhibition is mediated by two types of binding sites: an extracellular Ri-site requiring an intact ribose moiety or an intracellular P-site requiring an intact purine ring. Four lines of evidence indicate that in GH4C1 cells, adenosine acts at an Ri-site. PIA, an Ri-site-specific agonist, was a potent inhibitor of hormone release (ED50 = 30 nM). Theophylline, an Ri-site antagonist, competitively inhibited the action of PIA (Ki = 2.4 microM). 3) 2'5'-Dideoxyadenosine, a P-site-specific agonist, did not inhibit PRL release even at a concentration of 1 mM. 4) Dipyridamole, an adenosine uptake inhibitor, did not reduce adenosine inhibition. In addition to its effect on basal secretion, PIA inhibited stimulation of hormone release by vasoactive intestinal peptide and TRH. PIA also reduced vasoactive intestinal peptide-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 75%, consistent with its action to inhibit adenylate cyclase via Ri receptors in other targets. Since PIA inhibition of PRL release and cAMP accumulation was not additive with the effects of SRIF and carbamyl choline, these inhibitors may act via a common rate-limiting step. Our results demonstrate that adenosine activates an Ri-type of adenosine receptor in GH4C1 cells and that the production of adenosine under normal culture conditions causes autocrine inhibition of secretion.
Epidemiological findings and electron microscopic observations in human leukemia and canine contacts.

Three temporally and geographically restricted cases of acute lymphatic leukemia in children, in which two of the three patients had an unusual and suspicious history of canine contact, were investigated. Subsequent epidemiological studies showed a high frequency of dog contact and of dog bite in 100 leukemic, 48 lymphomatous, and 194 nonneoplastic control children. Thirty percent of the leukemic children had no history of dog contact or dog bite. Thin-section electron microscopy studies of dog specimens revealed the presence of murine leukemia virus-like particles in specimens from control dogs, tumorous dogs and non-tumorous dogs associated with human leukemics. A higher incidence of such particles was found in the blood and urine of associated dogs than of tumorous or control dogs. These findings neither prove nor disprove an etiological relationship between dogs and cases of human leukemia. It is hoped that they will stimulate others to consider animal contacts with reference to human neoplastic disease.
Protein crystallography with spallation neutrons: the user facility at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center

In this report a neutron protein crystallography station (PCS) is described that has been built at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the study of proteins using the wavelength-resolved Laue technique. This user facility is the first of its kind to be built at a spallation neutron source and the first to use the wavelength-resolved Laue technique.
Poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene and polyethylene nanocomposite formation by melt blending using novel polymerically-modified clays

Two new organically-modified clays that contain an oligomeric styrene or methacrylate have been prepared and used to produce nanocomposites of poly(methyl methacryate), polypropylene and polyethylene. Intercalated nanocomposites and, in some cases, exfoliated or mixed intercalated/exfoliated nanocomposites of all of these polymers have been produced by melt blending in a Brabender mixer. The use of the styrene-containing clay permits the direct blending of the clay with polypropylene, without the usual need for maleation, to produce the nanocomposites. The systems have all been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry and the measurement of mechanical properties. These novel new clays open new opportunities for melt blending of polymers with clays to obtain nanocomposites with important properties.
Effect of fluorine on solid-state alkali interdiffusion rates in feldspar

SOLID-STATE diffusion plays an important part in controlling the chemical and physical nature of minerals and rocks, and the mechanism and kinetics of diffusion are in turn affected by the physical and chemical environment. We have investigated the effects of fluorine on alkali interdiffusion in feldspars because it is known that fluorine strongly affects the structure and viscosity of melts1, fluid–melt partition coefficients2, mineral melting temperatures3,4and, most significantly, the rate of cation diffusion in melts5. We report the results of diffusion-couple experiments run at 600–800 °C and 200 MPa for 2–24 days. At relatively low fluorine fugacities the alkali interdiffusion rate was increased by about four orders of magnitude compared with the fluorine-absent system, and the activation energy was decreased. The magnitude of the effect is great enough to explain unexpectedly large exsolution lamellae in some rhyolites, and also calls into question the effects of fluorine on other solid-state reactions involving diffusion. Because fluorine is a common volatile component in igneous and metamorphic rocks, the implications of our results may extend far beyond this simple example.
Zeta Potential of Selected Bacteria in Drinking Water When Dead, Starved, or Exposed to Minimal and Rich Culture Media

The zeta potentials of E. coli, GFP (green fluorescence protein)-labeled E. coli, Salmonella Newport, and Pseudomonas sp. in different states (nutrient-starved and dead) and grown in rich and minimal media were measured. Capillary electrophoresis experiments were conducted to measure the zeta potential of the different cells suspended in a drinking water sample. Salmonella Newport strain showed a lower zeta potential compared to E. coli, GFP-labeled E. coli, and Pseudomonas sp. Starved E. coli cells had a lower zeta potential compared to E. coli cells grown under rich media conditions. Salmonella Newport cells grown in minimal media also had a lower zeta potential compared to rich, starved, and dead cells. The different bacterial cell types exhibited differences in size as well. These results suggest that when bacterial cells are present in drinking water they can exhibit significant heterogeneity in the size and zeta potential, depending on their physiological state.
Bi-Hamiltonian formulations of the intermediate long wave equation

The theory associated with recursion operators and bi-Hamiltonian structures of the intermediate long wave equation is presented. Two recursion operators and two pairs of compatible Hamiltonian operators are derived from the associated linear problem which is formulated in terms of two space operators: delta x and the shift operator (ef) (x)=f (x+i eta ). The intermediate long wave equation is also derived through a dimensional reduction of non-local integrodifferential evolution equations in 2+1 dimensions. The corresponding results for the Benjamin-Ono equation are obtained through a limit procedure.
Traffic hazards on the superhighway

Discussions in the US regarding the National Information Infrastructure, also called the electronic highway or the information superhighway, have garnered attention at conferences, in the media, and before Congress. The NII is really a cooperative effort between the US government and several private entities, including AT&T, Digital, Hewlett Packard, and Sprint, who are being encouraged to develop and test concepts and applications. One goal of the NII is that everyone will have access to international networks of information and communication. The coming era promises electronic democracy, electronic commerce, electronic classrooms, electronic funds transfers, and electronic publishing-all of which will allegedly foster improved communication. education, and quality of life. The author discusses how several difficult legal problems place serious hazards in the road to the information superhighway. >
Inhibition of T cell MAPKs (Erk 1/2, p38) with thermal injury is related to down-regulation of Ca2+ signaling.

Abstract We evaluated MAPK (Erk 1/2 and p38) signaling mechanisms of altered T-cell-mediated immune responses in thermal injury condition. Rats were subjected to 30% body surface scald burn, and their mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and Peyer's patch (PP) T cells were purified using nylon wool method. Activation of MAPKs, Erk 1/2 and p38 was assessed in T cells by determining its phosphorylation using immunoblot analysis, intracellular immunostaining and confocal microscopy. The results showed a down-regulation of Erk 1/2 and p38 activation in anti-CD3-stimulated T cells from thermally injured animals, compared to Erk 1/2 and p38 in sham rat T cells. The down-regulation of MAPKs in T cells was reversed by treatment of T cells with calcium agonist, ionomycin. These data indicate that attenuated MAPKs (Erk 1/2, p38) activation in thermally injured animals' T cells could result from derangement of Ca 2+ mobilization. This finding suggests that T cell signaling derangements with thermal injury involve an altered cross-talk between Ca 2+ mobilization and MAPK signaling mechanisms.
Fractal Characteristics of End-Expiratory Lung Volume in Anesthetized Rats

To test the possibility that the variations in end- expiratory lung volume ~EEV! might exhibit long-term corre- lation, we calculated the Hurst exponent H for EEV in anes- thetized rats during sustained positive and negative transrespiratory pressure ~i.e., ~PTRP! and ~NTRP!, correspond- ingly! using the dispersional analysis method. In nine vagi- intact rats, H for EEV was 0.55160.051 ~mean6std! and 0.641 60.076 ~mean6std! with PTRP and NTRP, respectively. In both cases H was significantly different from those obtained after random shuffling of the original time series, indicating a positive long-term correlation in EEV. Also H with NTRP was significantly greater than that with PTRP (P50.015). In six vagotomized rats, there was no significant difference in H for EEV between NTRP and PTRP. We demonstrated that long- term correlation is present in EEV. We inferred that the stimu- lation of vagal afferents could change the fractal property in EEV since different vagal pulmonary receptors are activated by PTRP and NTRP. Although the exact mechanisms for the frac- tal behavior are unknown, the results suggest that interaction of the pulmonary mechanoreceptor activity with the central respi- ratory pattern generator might contribute to the observed long- term correlation. ~Supported by HL 40369! © 2000 Biomedi- cal Engineering Society. @S0090-6964~00!00901-2#
Counter-Public Enclaves and Understanding the Function of Rhetoric in Social Movement Coalition-Building

Social movement scholarship has focused primarily on public rhetoric and single-issue movements. This focus has led to limited understanding of the function of “protected enclaves” within movement-building, at the same time that we know little about coalition-building. This article fills this gap in the literature by examining how activists in coalition interpret external rhetoric within protected enclaves. Using data collected during a field research project, this essay shows how rhetoric functions to facilitate coalition-building between a queer rights and a migrant rights organization by demonstrating how activists interpret rhetoric from 3 primary sources: media, legislation and policy, and law enforcement.
Computational method for atomistic homogenization of nanopatterned point defect structures

The development of an approximation method that rigorously averages small-scale atomistic physics and embeds them in large-scale mechanics is the principal aim of this work. This paper presents a general computational procedure based on homogenization to average frozen nanoscale atomistics and couple them to the equations of continuum hyperelasticity. The proposed application is to nanopatterned systems in which complex atomic configurations are organized in a repeating periodic array. The finite element method is used to solve the equations at the large scale, but the small-scale equation is representative of lattice-statics. The method is predicated on a quasistatic zero-temperature assumption and, through homogenization, leads to a coupled set of variational equations. The numerical procedure is presented in detail, and 2-D examples of ultra thin film layers of carbon one atom thick are shown to illustrate its applicability. Homogenization naturally gives rise to an inner displacement term with which point defects are explicitly modelled and their non-linear interactions with global states of multiaxial strain are studied. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction edited by VANPATTEN, BILL, & JESSICA WILLIAMS

The article reviews the book "Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction" edited by Bill Vanpatten and Jessica Williams.
Magneto-optical trap and mass-separator system for the ultra-sensitive detection of 135Cs and 137Cs

We report the first magneto-optical trapping of radioactive 135Cs and 137Cs and a promising means for detecting these isotopes at ultra-sensitive levels by coupling a magneto-optical trap (MOT) to a mass separator. A sample containing both isotopes was placed in the source of a mass separator, ionized, mass-separated, and implanted in a Zr foil within the trapping cell. After implantation, atoms were released from the foil by inductive heating and then captured in a MOT that used large-diameter beams and a dry-film-coated cell to achieve high trapping efficiency. Trapped-atom numbers in the case of either isotope ranged from 104 to 107, as determined from the MOT fluorescence signal. Over this trapped-atom range, the MOT fluorescence signal was found to increase linearly with the number of atoms implanted in the foil and without isotopic bias to within 4%. In principle, this method can then provide a measurement of the 137Cs/135Cs ratio accurate to within 4% through the direct ratio of MOT fluorescence signals. The fluorescence signal from stable 133Cs, when implanted and released from the foil, was suppressed relative to MOT signals by more than seven orders of magnitude when the system was tuned to trap 135Cs or 137Cs. When combined with the isotopic selectivity of ≥105 for the mass separator, the overall suppression of 133Cs is expected to exceed 1012. At present our system delivers atoms from sample to MOT with an efficiency of 0.5%, has a trapped-atom detection limit of 4000 atoms, and achieves a sample-detection sensitivity of one million atoms.
Individual differences in vocal activity rhythm: Fourier analysis of cyclicity in amount of talk

Speakers in informal conversations tend to alternate regularly between lower and higher amounts of talking; the periods of these low/high activity cycles are on the order of 3, 6, and 15 minutes. Statistically significant periodicities occurred in 55% of the conversations studied. The periodograms that describe the partition of variance among periodic components whow consistent individual differences in the cyclic patterning of vocal activity. Discriminant analysis used the amount of variance accounted for by each of the 12 lowest-frequency periodic components as discriminating variables to see whether speakers could be identified on the basis of the cyclic patterns in vocal activity. Speakers were discriminated and classified at levels well above chance. This suggests that there are consistent individual differences among speakers in the length of cycles in amount of talk.
On the Significance of Larval and Juvenile Morphology for Suggesting Phylogenetic Relationships of the Vestimentifera

Synopsis. Examination of larvae and juveniles ofRidgeia has revealed the presence of a prototroch, metatroch and neurotroch. A complete diges? tive tract is present in juveniles, the esophageal portion of which passes through the brain. The major longitudinal, pulsatile blood vessel is on the side opposite the nerve cord and, along with the longitudinal blood vessel adjacent to the nerve cord, is situated in the medial mesentery separating lateral coelomic cavities. The posterior body region is multisegmented, and the lateral cavities of each segment are separated by a medial mesentery. Newly forming segments exhibit paired spaces that expand to form coelomic cavities of that segment. All of these characters are held in common with the Annelida and strongly suggest that the nerve cord is ventral and the major pulsatile blood vessel is dorsal; the brain is, in effect, a circumesophageal ganglion; and coelom formation is by schizocoely and mesodermal origin is teloblastic. It is suggested that the Ves? timentifera are allied with the gastroneuralians and may well have arisen near the base of the phylogenetic line leading to the Annelida. Avenues of future research, likely to shed more light on the position of the Ves? timentifera in invertebrate phylogeny, are suggested.
TH-A-I-611-01: ACR Accreditation Physics Tests

The Americal College of Radiology introduced an accreditation program for Computed Tomography(CT) in 2002. The CT accreditation application requires the participation of a qualified medical physicist (with specific credentials) in order to submit appropriate phantom images and radiationdose measurements for CT scanners. Examples of acceptable CT accreditation phantom images will be presented, along with examples of the more commonly made mistakes. A brief review of the dosimetry procedures to follow, and pitfalls to avoid, will also be covered. Special attention will be directed toward the accreditation process for multi‐slice CT scanners.
Electrotonic influences on action potentials from isolated ventricular cells

This work combines a theoretical study of electrical interactions between two excitable heart cells, using a variable coupling resistance, with experimental studies on isolated rabbit ventricular cells coupled with a variable coupling resistance to a passive resistance and capacitance circuit. The theoretical results show that the response of an isolated cell to an increased frequency of stimulation is strongly altered by the presence of a coupling resistance to another cell. As the coupling resistance gradually is decreased, the stimulated cell becomes able to respond successfully to more rapid stimulation, and then, at levels of coupling resistance that allow conduction between the two cells, the coupled pair of cells exhibits arrhythmic interactions not predicted by the intrinsic properties of either cell. The experimental results show that the isolated rabbit ventricular cell is extremely sensitive to even a very small electrical load, with shortening of the action potential by 50% with electrical coupling to a model cell (of similar input resistance and capacitance to the ventricular cell) as high as 1,000 M omega, even though the action potential amplitude and current threshold are very insensitive to the electrical load.
Umbilical cord milking improves transition in premature infants at birth

Background Umbilical cord milking (UCM) improves blood pressure and urine output, and decreases the need for transfusions in comparison to immediate cord clamping (ICC). The immediate effect of UCM in the first few minutes of life and the impact on neonatal resuscitation has not been described. Methods Women admitted to a tertiary care center and delivering before 32 weeks gestation were randomized to receive UCM or ICC. A blinded analysis of physiologic data collected on the newborns in the delivery room was performed using a data acquisition system. Heart rate (HR), SpO2, mean airway pressure (MAP), and FiO2 in the delivery room were compared between infants receiving UCM and infants with ICC. Results 41 of 60 neonates who were enrolled and randomized had data from analog tracings at birth. 20 of these infants received UCM and 21 had ICC. Infants receiving UCM had higher heart rates and higher SpO2 over the first 5 minutes of life, were exposed to less FiO2 over the first 10 minutes of life than infants with ICC. Conclusions UCM when compared to ICC had decreased need for support immediately following delivery, and in situations where resuscitation interventions were needed immediately, UCM has the advantage of being completed in a very short time to improve stability following delivery. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01434732