cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of fiber architecture on the inelastic response of metal matrix composites

Abstract This three-part paper focuses on the effect of fiber architecture (i.e. shape and distribution) on the elastic and inelastic response of unidirectionally reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). The first part provides an annotated survey of the literature; it is presented as an historical perspective dealing with the effects of fiber shape and distribution on the response of advanced polymeric matrix composites and MMCs. A summary of the state of teh art will assist in defining new directions in this quickly reviving area of research. The second part outlines a recently developed analytical micromechanics model that is particularly well suited for studying the influence of these effects on the response of MMCs. This micromechanics model, referred to as the generalized method of cells (GMC), can predict the overall inelastic behavior of unidirectional, multiphase composites, given the properties of the constituents. The model is also general enough to predict the response of unidirectional composites that are reinforced by either continuous or discontinuous fibers, with different inclusion shapes and spatial arrangements, in the presence of either perfect or imperfect interfaces and/or interfacial layers. Recent developments on this promising model, as well as directions for future enhancements of the model's predictive capability, are included. Finally, the third part provides qualitative results generated by using GMC for a representative titanium matrix composite system, SCS-6/TIMETAL 21S. The results presented correctly demonstrate the relative effects of fiber arrangement and shape on the longitudinal and transverse stress-strain and creep behavior of MMCs, with both strong and weak fiber/matrix interfacial bonds. Fiber arrangements included square, square-diagonal, hexagonal and rectangular periodic arrays, as well as a random array. The fiber shapes were circular, square, and cross-shaped cross-sections. The effect of fiber volume fraction on the stress-strain response is also discussed, as is the thus-far poorly documented strain rate sensitivity effect. In addition to the well-documented features of the architecture-dependent behavior of continuously reinforced two-phase MMCs, new results are presented about continuous multiphase internal architectures. Specifically, the stress-strain and creep responses of composites with different size fibers and different internal arrangements and bond strengths are investigated; the aim was to determine the feasibility of using this approach to enhance the transverse toughness and creep resistance of titanium matrix composites (TMCs).
Annual changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in two aquatic macrophytes (Nymphaea Tuberosa and Ceratophyllum Demersum)

The nitrogen and phosphorus content of Nymphaea tuberosa and Ceratophyllum demersum, in Lake Onalaska, Wisconsin, was studied for a year. On a yearly basis, N. tuberosa exhibited nitrogen and phosphorus differences among seasons and among plant parts. Variation among plant parts was also evident in C. demersum. However, within individual plant structures, no seasonal differences were observed.
Three dimensional numerical study of heat-transfer enhancement by nano-encapsulated phase change material slurry in microtube heat sinks with tangential impingement

This paper presents a three-dimensional model describing thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of a Microtube heat sink with tangential impingement with nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCM) slurry as coolant. In this study, octadecane for NEPCM and polyalphaolefin (PAO) is used as a base fluid. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations are solved using a finite volume method. The model is validated by comparing results with available data in the literature. The effects of dominant parameters including mass concentration and melting range of NEPCM as well as Reynolds number on temperature uniformity, thermal resistance, Nusselt number, pressure drop and generated entropies in the system are investigated. Results indicated that adding NEPCM to base fluid leads to considerable heat transfer enhancement. However, using NEPCM slurry as coolant has also induced drastic effects on the pressure drop that increases with mass concentration and Reynolds number. It was found that that an increase in nanoparticles mass concentration, inlet Reynolds number and melting range of NEPCM, results in a higher Nusselt number, better temperature uniformity and lower thermal resistance. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters on slurry entropy production are demonstrated. It is found that generated total entropy decreases with increasing mass concentration and Reynolds number.
Comparison of HI and HAdI antibody response of military recruits to monovalent vaccines.

SummaryA comparison of the antibody response of humans vaccinated with either A2/Japan/305/57 or A2/Japan/170/62 monovalent vaccine as measured by HAdI and HI techniques has been presented. Although the HAdI antibody titers were higher the information obtained from comparisons of the frequency of antibody response and of mean fold titer increases was the same for both methods. Thus, it would appear from this experience that the HAdI technique offers no great advantage for the selection of vaccine strains when the criterion is the antibody response in man. In addition, it should be pointed out that the HAdI test is a more laborious, expensive and time consuming procedure than the HI method.
An Analysis of Information Content in Television Advertising

What do Chocks, Pizza Hut, Trident Sugarless Gum, and the U.S. Poison Center have in common?
Programmable applications: exploring the potential for language/interface symbiosis

Abstract Programmable applications are software systems that seek to combine the learnability and accessibility of direct manipulation interfaces with the expressive power and range of programming languages. In this paper we explore techniques for creatively integrating language and interface constructs within programmable applications. Using SchemePaint—a programmable graphics application—as a source of examples, we demonstrate how an interface and language can combine symbolically and thereby provide powerful modes of expression within applications.
Combined amino acids in Pacific Ocean waters

Abstract Filtration and extraction indicate that the bulk of the combined amino acids in Pacific Ocean waters are a constituent of a dissolved component, and that they cannot be efficiently extracted from seawater by the macroreticular XAD-2 resin. In deep waters of the Pacific Ocean, alanine accounts for ∼60–70% of the combined amino acids, while in surface waters alanine makes up only ∼30% of the combined amino acid fraction. Serine is present in the combined fraction in surface waters, but is essentially absent in deep waters. These differences in the serine and alanine abundances between surface and deep waters are possibly the result of the dehydration of serine, which produces racemic alanine. Threonine can also undergo dehydration producing racemic α-amino-n-butyric acid, a non-biological amino acid which has been detected in deep waters of the Pacific Ocean. Estimates of the rate of serine and threonine dehydration in the oceans suggest that these reactions may have half-lives at 0°C of less than 100 years. As a consequence of dehydration, the dissolved organic material in which this diagenetic reaction has occurred may have reduced biological degradability.
Adrenal destruction and cancer induced by hydroxyalkyl derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.

Abstract Six new derivatives of benz(a)anthracene were found to cause massive and selective destruction of adrenal cortex of young adult female rats. The molecular requirements of the adrenocorticolytic agents are: (i) they have two and only two substituents; (ii) a methyl group at position 12 was mandatory; (iii) substituents at position 7 possessed an oxygen function or chloromethyl group. The hydroxyalkyl group diminishes or eliminates carcinogenicity of the parent compound.
Design and fabrication of microlens by microfluidic deposition method

The paper presents a new processing method for design and fabrication of microlens by microfluidic deposition, in which the lenses can be formed on the media with high precise location in the fabrication process. First we may apply physical vaporization deposition (PVD) or spin coating to fabricate a thin film; secondly, the hydrophilic pattern specified by the mask of lenses can be created by photolithography, where the special lens media is made herein. Finally, the liquid solution of lens material is deposited onto the predetermined location of the lens media by the drop-on-demand fluidic actuator; thus, the microlenses are consequently formed after the complete evaporation of solvent in the solution.
Pricing to Market in Response to Unobservable and Observable Shocks

This paper generalizes an empirical framework used to study export price adjustment to multiple destination markets. The framework can identify demand parameters without making restrictive assumptions about the functional form of cost or demand and without reliance on cost data. The method relies on imposing a symmetric response of export prices to marginal cost and exchange rate changes. The specification relying on this identifying restriction is tested using German and U. S. 7-digit industry export unit values against alternative identifying restrictions restrictions used in earlier work. [F14]
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS ON STABLE CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE VALUES OF BONE APATITE: A COMPARISON OF TWO TREATMENT PROTOCOLS*

Researchers have long debated the appropriateness of stable isotope analysis of bone apatite to reconstruct the diets of ancient animals. The debate has centred, in part, on diagenesis of bone mineral from interaction with the burial environment. A number of acetic acid treatments are used to remove diagenetic carbonates from samples; however, less is known on how different protocols alter stable isotope values. We compare two common acetic acid solution treatments (0.1 M versus 1.0 M-buffered) to examine the effects on carbon and oxygen isotope values and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra in human bone from different burial contexts. Results indicate that both treatments have a similar effect on isotope values and FTIR spectra in bone apatite.
Risk factors for autogenous infrainguinal bypass occlusion in patients with prosthetic inflow grafts.

Abstract Objective In patients with prosthetic inflow (PI) grafts the proximal anastomosis of autogenous infrainguinal bypass (AIB) can be placed on the PI or on a distal native vessel in the groin. This study was performed to determine the effect of placement of an AIB proximal anastomotic site in a patient with ipsilateral PI. Methods Patients undergoing AIB and PI between January 1990 and July 2002 were included in the study. They were classified into two groups on the basis of location of the proximal anastomosis. In group 1 the AIB proximal anastomosis was placed on the PI in the groin, whereas in group 2 the AIB proximal anastomosis was placed on a distal native groin artery. Patency, limb salvage, and patient survival in the two groups were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine independent risk factors affecting AIB patency. Results Two hundred twenty-nine patients underwent AIB and PI. In group 1, 23 AIBs became thrombosed concurrent with 26 PI occlusions, and in group 2, 7 AIBs became thrombosed concurrent with 36 PI occlusions ( P P P = .005, log-rank test), and 56% and 69% ( P = NS, log-rank test), respectively. Factors independently associated with AIB occlusion are hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-7.05; P = .001), postoperative warfarin sodium therapy (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.07-3.23; P = .03), continued smoking (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 0.93-3.18; P = .08), AIB arising from PI (HR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.35-4.18; P = .003), and PI occlusion (HR, 3.70; 95% CI, 2.15-6.36; P Conclusion A proximal AIB anastomosis located directly on the PI is an independent risk factor for decreased AIB patency of equal or greater importance than current smoking, hypertension, or PI occlusion. The proximal anastomosis of an AIB in a patient with an ipsilateral PI should be placed on a distal native artery.
Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of astronomical and laboratory sources at 8.5 microns

The first infrared heterodyne spectrometer using tuneable semiconductor (PbSe) diode lasers has been constructed and was used near 8.5 micron to measure absorption line profiles of N2O in the laboratory and black body emission from the Moon and from Mars. Spectral information was recorded over a 200 MHz bandwidth using an 8-channel filter bank. The resolution was 25 MHz and the minimum detectable (black body) power was 1 x 10 to the minus 16th power watts for 8 minutes of integration. The results demonstrate the usefulness of heterodyne spectroscopy for the study of remote and local sources in the infrared.
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST)

Few nicotine dependence measures have been developed for smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Existing measures are limited by the requirement to rate the nicotine content of ST brands for which data is scarce or non-existent. We modified the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for ST users, referred to this scale as the FTND-ST, and evaluated its characteristics in a population of 42 ST users. The correlation between the FTND-ST total score and the serum cotinine concentrations was 0.53 (p<0.001). Internal consistency reliability assessed using the coefficient alpha was 0.47. Correlations and the coefficient alpha are similar to those reported for commonly used nicotine dependence measures. Development and refinement of nicotine dependence measures for ST users are essential steps in order to advance the field of ST research.
Stereoplotting Hominid Brain Endocasts : Some Preliminary Results

To objectively and quantitatively demonstrate regional differences in brain endocast morphology, traditional anthropometric caliper measurements must be replaced by a system providing not only localness, but homology and reasonable freedom from allometric distortion. Stereoplotting the radial distances from endocast surface (the closest point to the once underlying brain cortex) to a homologous center every ten degrees provides some 300+ data points for each dorsal endocast surface, thus giving the requisite localness. These measurements provide a large matrix of data suitable for a number of multivariate statistical techniques, and the translation of such data and analyses to readily visualized maps, which can then be compared in relation to both taxonomic and functional knowledge about the cerebral surface. This paper descri-bes some preliminary results from using such methods on a sample of 64 undistorted endocasts composed of both pongids and fossil hominids. While sample sizes within taxonomic groups need to be augmented, the preliminary and tentative pilot studies conducted so far suggest that the method has excellent potential, and that two major areas of the brain endocast surface show the greatest shape changes : 1) the posterior association areas (inferior parietal lobule); 2) the anterior prefrontal areas.
Treatment of unstable distal radius fractures with cancellous allograft and external fixation

Unstable fractures of the distal radius continue to pose a challenge to the hand surgeon. Adjunctive bone grafting is often required to augment structural integrity and aid healing. Because of the risks inherent to bone autograft harvest, however, freeze-dried, irradiated cancellous bone allograft has been used to treat unstable distal radius fractures with severe metaphyseal comminution. Seventeen patients with such fractures (mean age, 70 years; 2 males and 15 females) were treated with bone allograft and external fixation with or without internal fixation. The outcome was evaluated using the modified Mayo wrist score, demonstrating 3 excellent, 8 good, 6 fair, and no poor results on follow-up examination (mean follow-up period, 23 months; range, 7-43 months). The patients were requested to return for follow-up review between 1997 and 1998. These results show that cancellous bone allograft is a useful adjunct to external fixation in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures.
Identification of nonlinear vibrating structures: Part I -- Formulation

A self-starting multistage, time-domain procedure is presented for the identification of nonlinear, multi-degree-of-freedom systems undergoing free oscillations or subjected to arbitrary direct force excitations and/or nonuniform support motions. Recursive least-squares parameter estimation methods combined with nonparametric identification techniques are used to represent, with sufficient accuracy, the identified system in a form that allows the convenient prediction of its transient response under excitations that differ from the test signals. The utility of this procedure is demonstrated in a companion paper.
Serum and tissue magnesium levels in human breast carcinoma.

Abstract Serum and tumor magnesium concentrations were determined in patients with breast cancer using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Nine of 10 serum values were found to be within normal limits. The cancerous tissues were found to contain significantly more magnesium than the control tissues. There was no correlation between the serum and tissue values and neither of these correlated with axillary lymph node metastasis.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Related to Lake Herring Recruitment in the Wisconsin Waters of Lake Superior, 1984–1998

Lake Superior lake herring (Coregonus artedi) recruitment to 13–14 months of age in the Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior varied by a factor of 5,233 during 1984–1998. Management agencies have sought models that accurately predict recruitment, but no satisfactory model had previously been developed. Lake herring recruitment was modeled to determine which factors most explained recruitment variability. The Ricker stock-recruitment model derived from only the paired stock and recruit data explained 35% of the variability in the recruitment data. The functional relationship that explained the greatest amount of recruitment variation (93%) included lake herring stock size, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population size, slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) biomass, the interaction of mean daily wind speed in April (month of hatch) and lake herring stock size, and mean air temperature in April (when lake herring are 12-months old). Model results were interpreted to mean that lake herring recruitment was affected negatively by: slimy sculpin predation on lake herring ova; predation on age-0 lake herring by lake trout; and adult cannibalism on lake herring larvae, which was reduced by increased wind speed. April temperature was the variable that explained the least amount of variability in recruitment, but lake herring recruitment was positively affected by a warm April, which shortened winter and apparently reduced first-winter mortality. Stock size caused compensatory, density-dependent mortality on lake herring recruits. Management efforts appear best targeted at stock size protection, and empirical data implies that stock size in the Wisconsin waters of the lake should be maintained at 2.1–15.0 adults/ha in spring, bottom-trawl surveys.
Alkyl benzene sulfonates for producing low interfacial tensions between hydrocarbons and water

Abstract The effectiveness of various alkyl benzene sulfonates in reducing hydrocarbon-water interfacial tensions to very low values is examined. The length of the alkyl chain is varied and isomers, with the benzene ring attached to different positions on the alkyl chain, are studied. Those compounds with the ring close to one end of the chain are very insoluble in water and consequently the various surfactants are compared in solutions containing certain alcohols. Under these conditions, many yield tensions in the range of 10−3 dyn cm−1. Against the homologous series of alkanes, each surfactant formulation produced a minimum tension at a particular alkane carbon number. The manner in which the position of this minimum shifts as the surfactant structure is changed is examined in some detail.
Defining the Turkey MHC: identification of expressed class I- and class IIB-like genes independent of the MHC-B

The MHC of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is divided into two genetically unlinked regions; the MHC-B and MHC-Y. Although previous studies found the turkey MHC-B to be highly similar to that of the chicken, little is known of the gene content and extent of the MHC-Y. This study describes two partially overlapping large-insert BAC clones that genetically and physically map to the turkey MHC chromosome (MGA18) but to a region that assorts independently of MHC-B. Within the sequence assembly, 14 genes were predicted including new class I- and class IIB-like loci. Additional unassembled sequences corresponded to multiple copies of the ribosomal RNA repeat unit (18S–5.8S–28S). Thus, this newly identified MHC region appears to represent a physical boundary of the turkey MHC-Y. High-resolution multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization studies confirm rearrangement of MGA18 relative to the orthologous chicken chromosome (GGA16) in regard to chromosome architecture, but not gene order. The difference in centromere position between the species is indicative of multiple chromosome rearrangements or alternate events such as neocentromere formation/centromere inactivation in the evolution of the MHC chromosome. Comparative sequencing of commercial turkeys (six amplicons totaling 7.6 kb) identified 68 single nucleotide variants defining nine MHC-Y haplotypes. Sequences of the new class I- and class IIB-like genes are most similar to MHC-Y genes in the chicken. All three loci are expressed in the spleen. Differential transcription of the MHC-Y class IIB-like loci was evident as one class IIB-like locus was only expressed in some individuals.
Reparative dentin formation resulting from cavity preparation.

Abstract Thirteen different operative techniques were compared. The production of reparative dentin was evaluated with each technique and correlated with a previous study on extended or burn lesions produced by the same techniques. It was experimentally found that the Densco 300,000 r.p.m. air-water spray—No. 35 carbide bur technique, or a similar instrument, provided all the cutting efficiency of a high speed instrument without producing extended or burn lesions and caused the highest incidence of reparative dentin formation. But since the incidence of reparative dentin is so low with the above technique (33.3 per cent) and the biologic variation so great as to which teeth will be so inclined to produce reparative dentin, it is not practical for dentists to wait for reparative dentin to form. The reasonable procedure is to apply an adequate liner to the exposed dentinal tubules before cementation. It was also found that, other than the remaining dentin thickness value and the operative technique, no other factors influenced the reparative dentin formation (in specimens examined thirty days or longer postoperatively).
Quantitative Poly(vinyl alcohol) Modification in Ionic Liquids: Esterification and Urethanation with Low Surface Tension Producing Reagents

A method for rapid and quantitative chemical modification of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) is described using two different ionic liquids as reaction solvents. The quantitative modification of alcohol-containing polymers such as PVOH, cellulose, and other polysaccharides has been elusive due to solvent incompatibility with respect to alcohol-reactive reagents and to the limited solvent options for these polymers. Ionic liquids are ideally suited to address this problem as they are a diverse and extremely tunable class of solvents. Two ionic liquids that differ in both their cation and anion are demonstrated to dissolve and facilitate quantitative modification of PVOH under simple reaction conditions. Rapid esterification of PVOH using four different acid chlorides is demonstrated in both 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) and tri-n-butylethylphosphonium diethylphosphate (TBEP-DEP). Urethanation of PVOH was also demonstrated to be quantitative with the appropriate ionic liquid solvent. The reagent...
THE CLASSWIDE PEER TUTORING PROGRAM: IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS MODERATING STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT

We conducted a study designed to assess implementation of the classwide peer tutoring program and the relationship between implementation variation and student outcome. A clinical replication design was used. Five volunteer elementary teachers were trained to implement the program; their implementation was monitored for 19 consecutive weeks during 1 school year. Overall, the results indicated that specific variations in program implementation were associated with students' responses to treatment. It was also demonstrated that different teachers' applications of the program produced differential levels of student outcome. Implementation factors related to lower spelling achievement were (a) reduced opportunities to receive program sessions, (b) reduced probabilities of students' participation in program opportunities, (c) too many students assigned unchallenging spelling words, and (d) reduced rates of daily point earning reflecting lower levels of spelling practice during tutoring sessions. The implications of these findings and methods of preventing these implementation problems are discussed in the context of quality assurance and social validity.
Saint-venant solutions for prismatic anisotropic beams

Abstract An analytical model is presented for determining the displacement and stress distributions of the Saint-Venant extension, bending, torsion and flexure problems for a homogeneous prismatic beam of arbitrary section and rectilinear anisotropy. The determination of the complete displacement field requires solving a coupled two-dimensional boundary value problem for the local in-plane deformations and warping out of the section plane. The principle of minimum potential energy is applied to a discretized representation of the cross-section (Ritz method) to calculate solutions to this problem. The behavior of an anisolropic beam is studied in detail using the resulting displacement and stress solutions, where definitions are presented for the shear center, center of twist, torsion constant and a new geometric parameter: the line of extension bending centers. Two sets of numerical results are presented to illustrate how section geometry, beam length and material properties affect the behavior of a homogeneous anisotropic cantilever beam.
Counteracting roles of AMP deaminase and AMP kinase in the development of fatty liver.

Fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) is associated with nucleotide turnover, loss of ATP and generation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). It is well known that in fatty liver, activity of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is reduced and that its stimulation can prevent hepatic steatosis by both enhancing fat oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. Here we show that another AMP dependent enzyme, AMPD2, has opposing effects on fatty acid oxidation when compared to AMPK. In human hepatocytres, AMPD2 activation –either by overexpression or by lowering intracellular phosphate levels with fructose- is associated with a significant reduction in AMPK activity. Likewise, silencing of AMPK spontaneously increases AMPD activity, demonstrating that these enzymes counter-regulate each other. Furthermore, we show that a downstream product of AMP metabolism through AMPD2, uric acid, can inhibit AMPK activity in human hepatocytes. Finally, we show that fructose-induced fat accumulation in hepatocytes is due to a dominant stimulation of AMPD2 despite stimulating AMPK. In this regard, AMPD2-deficient hepatocytes demonstrate a further activation of AMPK after fructose exposure in association with increased fatty acid oxidation, and conversely silencing AMPK enhances AMPD-dependent fat accumulation. In vivo, we show that sucrose fed rats also develop fatty liver that is blocked by metformin in association with both a reduction in AMPD activity and an increase in AMPK activity. In summary, AMPD and AMPK are both important in hepatic fat accumulation and counter-regulate each other. We present the novel finding that uric acid inhibits AMPK kinase activity in fructose-fed hepatocytes thus providing new insights into the pathogenesis of fatty liver.
Symmetric designs on hexagonal tiles of a hexagonal lattice

In his paper ‘A Class of Pleasing Periodic Designs’, Fernandez utilized the union of several sublattices of a square lattice to generate a design on a square tile of the Cartesian plane such that the design, the tile and the lattice have the same rotational and reflectional symmetries. The union of those sublattices may be called a generating set for the symmetric design because the design is composed of certain rotated and reflected copies of the union restricted to the tile. In this article, we use different kinds of generating sets and develop effective algorithms to create aesthetic designs on a tile of a hexagonal lattice such that the tile, the hexagonal lattice and these designs have the same rotational and reflectional symmetries.
Dietary additives and the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats

The effects of dietary caffeine and the amount and palatability of food on the acquisition of cocaine (0.2 mg/kg) self-administration were examined. Using an autoshaping procedure, seven groups of 13 rats each were trained to press a lever resulting in a cocaine (0.2 mg/kg infusion under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR 1) schedule. One group had ad libitum access to caffeine- (0.2% w/w) admixed food. Three groups had access to 10 g, 20 g or ad lib food each day. Another three groups had the same three amounts of ground food with powdered saccharin (0.2% w/w) added. During daily 6-h autoshaping sessions, ten infusions were delivered each hour under a random-time 90-s schedule after a brief (15 s) extension of a retractable lever. These were followed by 6-h self-administration sessions, when the lever remained extended and cocaine infusions were available under an FR 1 schedule. The acquisition criterion was self-administration of a mean of 100 infusions over 5 days. Cocaine self-administration was accelerated in the caffeine group compared to the regular chow group. However, by 30 days nearly the same percentage of rats in the caffeine and regular food groups met the acquisition criterion. In the other six groups, as the amount of food increased, the rate of acquisition and percentage of rats per group meeting the acquisition criterion decreased. In the ad lib group, acquisition was further reduced when saccharin was added to food. In summary, dietary caffeine accelerated acquisition and a greater amount and increased palatability of food independently interfered with acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats.
7.9: Presentation session: Poster session and reception: “Applying data mining methods to blast-related mild traumatic brain injury”

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is one of the most common forms of injury sustained throughout Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Diagnosis is difficult for many of the symptoms are very common and may not manifest themselves immediately after the injury. Many studies on blast-related mTBI have been published from research regarding the current war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Continuous work is underway to more accurately determine its causes and symptoms, as mTBI is considered difficult to diagnose. Using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed data mining software Piranha, an integrative literature analysis was conducted to assist and facilitate possible research on the processes of mTBI. Data were collected from academic databases as well as Piranha's internet search function. The Piranha categories feature was employed to visualize the areas of overlapping research regarding manifestations of mTBI relating to the biological processes and behavioral changes. Piranha was also used to review current research on mTBI, including animal testing on mice and swine. The integrated results from these data mining analyses revealed areas that could be studied further, as well as a clearer indication of the specific processes of mTBI. This research provides a fresh perspective on one of the war's most common and yet least understood injuries.
Pilot study of the effect of lipophilic vs. hydrophilic beta-adrenergic blockers being taken at time of intracardiac defibrillator discharge on subsequent PTSD symptoms.

Abstract A pathophysiological model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posits that an overly strong stress response at the time of the traumatic event leads to overconsolidation of the event’s memory in part through a central β-adrenergic mechanism. We hypothesized that the presence of a β-blocker in the patient’s brain at the time of the traumatic event would reduce the PTSD outcome by blocking this effect. The unpredictable, uncontrollable discharge of an implantable intracardiac defibrillator (ICD) is experienced by most patients as highly stressful, and it has previously been shown to be capable of causing PTSD symptoms. The present pilot study evaluated a convenience sample of 18 male cardiac patients who had been taking either a lipophilic β-blocker (which penetrates the blood-brain barrier) or a hydrophilic β-blocker (which does not) at the time of a discharge of their ICD. The self- report PTSD Checklist-Specific Version quantified 17 PTSD symptoms pertaining to the ICD discharge during the month preceding the evaluation. There was a statistical trend for patients who had been taking a lipophilic β-blocker at the time of the ICD discharge to have (35%) less severe PTSD symptoms than patients who had been taking a hydrophilic β-blocker (one-tailed p = 0.07, g = 0.64). Further, prospective, randomized, controlled studies are suggested.
Social conditioning and its proper control procedures.

Abstract In Expt I, eight infants received response-contingent social stimulation, while another eight infants received response-independent social stimulation. Both groups' vocalization rates similarly increased from baseline to stimulation periods and decreased from stimulation to extinction periods. In Expt II, 12 infants were given continuous social stimulation (elicitation treatment) for one period, and, in a second period, stimulation was withheld for 5 sec contingent upon each vocalization (omission treatment). Response rates were similar for both periods, and rates decreased when social stimulation was removed (mobile treatment). In both studies social stimulation increased vocalization rates and rate of responding was insensitive to the programmed contingency. There were, however, fewer “bursts” of responses with the negative and positive contingencies as compared with response-independent stimulation.
Strategic alignment of training, transfer-enhancing behaviors, and training usage: A posttraining study

This survey explored the alignment of an organization's specific training program with its strategic direction and its practices to support usage of training on the job. The subjects, trainees and their immediate supervisors, were participants in a targeted sales training program of a Fortune 200 pharmaceutical company headquartered in the Midwest. This study found a low to moderate positive correlation between the perceived alignment of training with the strategic direction of the organization and the presence of practices to support usage of training. The group of trainees that self-reported very high usage of training perceived a significantly higher alignment of the training program with the strategic direction of the organization as compared to the group of trainees that self-reported low to high usage of training; field managers did not differ significantly in that regard. Trainees who self-reported very high usage of training also reported a significantly higher presence of practices to support usage of training throughout the program than the group of trainees that self-reported low to high usage of training; field managers did not differ significantly in that regard either. The study found a positive correlation between awareness of and commitment to the strategic direction of the organization.
Drift and mutation with a finite number of allelic states

The frequencies with which alleles are alike within (Q) and between (q) populations are formulated for monoecious populations undergoing drift and mutation with unequal mutation rates among alleles for a finite number (k) of allelic states. The effective number of alleles and an application to Nei's measure of genetic distance [Nei, M. (1972) Am. Nat. 106, 283-292] are also considered for this model. The equilibrium values of Q and q increase as k decreases. Unequal mutation rates further increase the equilibrium values and reduce the rates of approach of Q and q to these values. The transitional values of Q and q are very dependent on the initial population frequency composition when mutation rates are unequal. Reducing k, of course, reduces the effective number of alleles, which is further reduced by unequal mutation rates. Complications introduced by initial population composition, unequal mutation rates, and number of allelic states, coupled with data limitations for long-term measures of genetic distance or population differentiation, with mutation as the main driving force, are discussed.
Self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks: an in situ study

Building blocks with a nanoscale dimension (typically <100nm) have different properties compared with their bulk counterparts. For instance, the absorption and photoluminescence of semiconductor quantum dots show a strong size dependence [1, 2]. Charge injection onto a single quantum dot has to overcome a strong Coulomb charging energy. The magnetic moment of the surface atoms are strongly enhanced due to unquenched orbital moments in transition metal clusters [3]. Fundamentally, all these new phenomena can be attributed to two major effects on the nanometer scale, namely the quantum confinement of charge and spin [4] and the low coordination of surface atoms [5]. Development in colloidal chemistry during the past two decades has produced a variety of high quality nanoscale building blocks with many unique properties [6-10]. Although it is possible to study and utilize the physical properties of nanoparticles on a single particle level, it remains to be a technically challenging task. On the other hand, experiments on macroscopic 2D and 3D nanocrystal superlattices are more accessible. Self-assembly of nanocrystal building blocks not only provides a way to connect the nanoscale dimension to the macroscopic length scale, but it also creates a revolutionary new class of materials. New collective behavior is expected to emerge because of the strong coupling between building blocks [11, 12].
Statistical Mechanics of Classical Particles with Gravitational Interactions:. Exactly Solvable (for N≤∞) in d=1 and d>2

This paper is concerned with a curious gap in a string of exactly solvable models, a gap that is suggestively related to a completely integrable nonlinear PDE in d = 2 known as Liouville`s equation. This PDE emerges in a limit N {r_arrow} {infinity} from the equilibrium statistical mechanics of classical point particles with gravitational interactions (SMGI) in dimension d = 2 which, according, is an exactly solvable continuum model in this limit. Interestingly, in d = 1 and all d >2, the SMGI can be, and partly has been, exactly evaluated for all N {le} {infinity}. This entitles one to suspect that the SMGI for d = 2 is likewise exactly solvable for N < {infinity}, but currently this is an unproven hypothesis. If this conjecture can be answered in the affirmative, spin-offs in various areas associated with Liouville` equation, such as vortex gases, superfluidity, random matrices, and string theory, can be expected.
Pediatric electrocardiographic imaging applications.

Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) has been used in pediatric and congenital heart patients to better understand their electrophysiologic substrates. In this article we focus on the 4 subjects related to pediatric ECGI: 1) ECGI in patients with congenital heart disease and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 2) ECGI in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pre-excitation, 3) ECGI in pediatric patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and 4) ECGI for pediatric cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Systematic misidentification of toes in normal adults

This note reports a previously unreported phenomenon: when subjects are asked to indicate subjective correspondence between fingers and toes, there is a remarkably systematic miscorrespondence, consistent across subjects. No satisfactory explanation for these findings has been found.
Interpretation of grain-size distributions from measured sediment data, Platte River, Nebraska

Breaks in the slope of log-probability plots of cumulative grain-size distributions of bed material are compared with frequency distributions of bedload and suspended sediment over a range of discharges at two stations on the Platte River in south-central Nebraska. The break between suspension and intermittent suspension as determined from the bed-material curve coincides with the upper limit of the grain-size overlap between bedload particles and suspended-sediment particles, whereas the break between intermittent suspension and traction corresponds to the grain size at the lower limit of overlap of bedload particles and suspended-sediment particles. Although grain-size distributions of bedload change little with discharge, the size of the coarsest grains in suspension increases with increasing discharge. Thus, the length of overlap of bedload and suspended-sediment distributions increases with increasing discharge. The limits of grain-size overlap of bedload and suspended-sediment distribution curves associated with near-flood discharges most closely approximate the breaks in the bed material grain-size distribution.
Non-coding RNA and Antisense RNA. Nature's Trash or Treasure?

Although control of cellular function has classically been considered the responsibility of proteins, research over the last decade has elucidated many roles for RNA in regulation of not only the proteins that control cellular functions but also for the cellular functions themselves. In parallel to this advancement in knowledge about the regulatory roles of RNA there has been an explosion of knowledge about the role that epigenetics plays in controlling not only long-term cellular fate but also the short-term regulatory control of genes. Of particular interest is the crossover between these two worlds, a world where RNA can act out its part and subsequently elicit chromatin modifications that alter cellular function. Two main categories of RNA are examined here, non-coding RNA and antisense RNA both of which perform vital functions in controlling numerous genes, proteins and RNA itself. As the activities of non-coding and antisense RNA in both normal and aberrant cellular function are elucidated, so does the number of possible targets for pharmacopeic intervention.
On a class of Abelian codes

We prove that the projective kernel of a special family of Abelian codes, introduced by P. Camion called H-codes, is trivial except in one case, when it is determined here explicitly. We then introduce a generalization of H-codes and show that these codes also have similar properties.
Effects of Ruminal Versus Duodenal Dosing of Fish Meal on Ruminal Fermentation and Milk Composition

Abstract Three midlactation Holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine whether ruminal or postruminal alterations in metabolism were responsible for the changes in milk composition that frequently are associated with dietary fish meal. Cows were offered a diet of 60:40 forage to concentrate (aliquots at 6-h intervals) that was supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts of soybean meal (1.3 kg of DM/ d) dosed into the rumen or fish meal (1.0 kg DM/d) dosed either into the rumen or into the duodenum. The DMI, ruminal NDF digestion, and flows of total N and microbial N to the duodenum decreased for cows receiving fish meal. Dietary N flow increased when fish meal was dosed into the rumen. Total concentration of ruminal VFA was greater for cows receiving the soybean meal treatment; however, treatment had no effect on the ratio of ruminal acetate plus butyrate to propionate. Milk and FCM yields were unaffected by treatment, but milk fat content decreased, and milk protein content increased when cows were supplemented with fish meal. The difference in mammary arteriovenous glucose difference decreased when cows were dosed with fish meal. Changes in plasma NEFA and triglycerides were small and inconsistent. Results from this experiment suggest that effects of fish meal on milk composition are due to postruminal alterations in metabolism.
Stochastic development in biologically structured population models

Variation in organismal development is ubiquitous in nature but omitted from most age- and stage-structured population models. I give a general approach for formulating and analyzing its role in density-independent population models using the framework of integral projection models. The approach allows flexible assumptions, including correlated development times among multiple life stages. I give a new Monte Carlo numerical integration approach to calculate long-term growth rate, its sensitivities, stable age–stage distributions and reproductive value. This method requires only simulations of individual life schedules, rather than iteration of full population dynamics, and has practical and theoretical appeal because it ties easily implemented simulations to numerical solution of demographic equations. I show that stochastic development is demographically important using two examples. For a desert cactus, many stochastic development models, with independent or correlated stage durations, can generate the ...
The migration of radioactive beryllium in the ISX-B tokamak

Abstract One of 12 beryllium tiles on a top rail limiter in the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX-B) tokamak was intentionally made radioactive. The migration of the radioactivity due to melting, ablation, and general excoriation of the radioactive tile was studied. Several hundred miligrams of material from the radioactive tile were spread to the other tiles over the course of the experiment, which consisted of more than 3000 tokamak discharges. A small amount of activity was found on the bottom of the tokamak vacuum vessel. The distribution of activity on the other limiter tiles showed a marked radially inward directivity, although all of the tiles received some activity. The possibility that some of the activity was the result of photo- and electro-excitation by runaway electrons cannot be ruled out but probably cannot account for the bulk of the effect.