cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Changes in the Caste Distribution of Foraging Populations of Formosan Subterranean Termite in New Orleans, Louisiana

This study examined the relationship between temperature, precipitation, soil composition, levels of feeding damage, and the caste distribution (workers, soldiers, nymphs) of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, collected in underground monitoring stations over a 12 mo period. Because nymphs are the caste that develops into alates, the seasonal abundance of nymphs was examined over a 5 yr period. Numbers of workers, soldiers, and soldier/worker ratio were significantly affected by month. Recruitment and retention of foraging termites in stations was significantly affected by the level of feeding damage. The number of nymphs collected in monitoring stations was highly variable. In the 12 mo test, there was a significant correlation between numbers of nymphs and level of feeding damage, temperature, precipitation, and soil composition. Over a 5 yr period, significantly more nymphs were collected in 2011 than in 2007 and 2008. Peak nymph collections varied from year to year. Overall, peak nymph collections were more likely to occur in Mar., Sept., and Oct. Increasing our knowledge of the environmental factors that influence recruitment and retention of foraging termites in monitoring stations could influence termite bait placement and improve baiting strategies for termite control. Identifying the key factors that cause aggregations of nymphs in underground stations could increase our ability to predict the intensity and location of alate swarms.
Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Intracellular Proteins During Early Stages of Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of unfractionated cellular extracts of Bacillus subtilis is shown to be an effective method for characterizing many of the changes in protein composition, when coupled with specific histological-type staining reactions. The results obtained here by using extracts from cells at different stages of growth and sporulation are consistent with observations from other laboratories where extensively purified and highly characterized enzymes have been studied. In several instances, the histochemical reactions can be associated with a specific enzymatic function and appear to indicate the presence of multiple molecular forms. In other instances, the data cannot be evaluated in terms of known enzyme function because the specificity of the histochemical analysis is not certain. However, the assays described permit monitoring of electrophoretic changes at the level of individual proteins within sporulating cultures. The results suggest that B. subtilis may contain two “hexokinase-like” enzymes which cease to function before sporulation is initiated. Aldolase and alanine dehydrogenase are detectable as single bands of enzyme activity during vegetative growth but as multiple molecular forms once sporulation has been initiated. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity is represented by an entire family of reactive species in these crude extracts, which undergo multiple changes during the early stages of sporulation. Tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenase enzymes and those bands having esterase activity on α-naphthyl acetate show detectable changes in specific activity after cessation of exponential growth. Glucose dehydrogenase is not detectable until the sequence of changes leading to spore formation has progressed for 4 or 5 hr.
Spectral Absorption of the 4.6-μ, Bands of N 2 O

The spectral absorption due to parallel bands of nitrous oxide is computed in the region of the ν3 fundamental for temperatures of 200°K and 300°K. The harmonic-oscillator approximation was used to compute the relative intensities of vibrational transitions for which no published data are available. The total integrated intensity of all of the transitions considered in the calculation was normalized to a value of 1850 cm−2 atm−1 at 300°K Values of the spectral absorption computed using the quasi-statistical band model and a half-width of 0.05 cm−1 at 300°K are compared with published experimental data for various amounts of absorbing gas and total pressures; the results are seen to be in good agreement. A comparison of the spectral absorption obtained using the quasi-statistical band model and the strong-line and weak-line approximations is also given.
Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of epidermal radioactive decontamination solutions

2716 Objectives Handling radioactive material safely is one of the numerous responsibilities of a Nuclear Medicine Technologist. The volume of unsealed radioactive material handled on a daily basis in Nuclear Medicine increases the chance of skin contamination. Multiple skin decontamination solutions on the market have been tested for effectiveness. However, the testing procedures have not replicated real life scenarios. The purpose of this research was to develop a procedure that would resemble a “real world” work scenario in which skin is contaminated with a small amount of radioactivity, then washed with commercially available radioactive decontamination solutions shortly after contamination. Methods Pig skin, which was rinsed and dried to remove dirt and grime, was contaminated with a random approximated amount of Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate, smeared around with a cotton swab, and allowed to set for one minute. After rinsing the skin with warm water for 30 seconds to remove superficial contamination that did not soak in, it was counted using a Geiger Mueller counter to obtain an initial count. The skin was then washed three separate times, for 30 seconds, using the same decontamination solution. Each solution was tested 5 times. These solutions included: Radiacwash, RPI Lift Away, Bind-It, Dawn dish soap, Hydrogen Peroxide, Technetium Wash, and normal hand soap and water. Results Without rubbing in the contamination or allowing it to sit on the skin too long, it was determined that washing with soap and warm water was equally as effective as using decontamination products. Thinking that different isotopes would yield different results, a few trials utilizing Ga-67 and In-111 were performed and met with similar results. Conclusions Overall, there appear to be no special ingredients in any of the commercially available decontamination solutions that will help remove contamination from an individual’s skin more effectively than regular soap and water. So, from an economic standpoint, don’t waste your money.
HOW PRICE RESPONSIVE IS THE DEMAND FOR SPECIALTY CARE

SUMMARY Objectives Outpatient visit co-payments have increased in recent years. We estimate the patient response to a price change for specialty care, based on a co-payment increase from $15 to $50 per visit for veterans with hypertension. Design, Setting, and Patients A retrospective cohort of veterans required to pay co-payments was compared with veterans exempt from co-payments whose nonequivalence was reduced via propensity score matching. Specialty care expenditures in 2000–2003 were estimated via a two-part mixed model to account for the correlation of the use and level outcomes over time, and results from this correlated two-part model were compared with an uncorrelated two-part model and a correlated random intercept two-part mixed model. Results A $35 specialty visit co-payment increase had no impact on the likelihood of seeking specialty care but induced lower specialty expenditures over time among users who were required to pay co-payments. The log ratio of price responsiveness (semi-elasticity) for specialty care increased from −0.25 to −0.31 after the co-payment increase. Estimates were similar across the three models. Conclusion A significant increase in specialty visit co-payments reduced specialty expenditures among patients obtaining medications at the Veterans Affairs medical centers. Longitudinal expenditure analysis may be improved using recent advances in two-part model methods. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Sources of Cell-to-cell Variability in Canonical Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway Inferred from Single Cell Dynamic Images

The canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway controls a gene network important in the cellular inflammatory response. Upon activation, NF-κB/RelA is released from cytoplasmic inhibitors, from where it translocates into the nucleus, subsequently activating negative feedback loops producing either monophasic or damped oscillatory nucleo-cytoplasmic dynamics. Although the population behavior of the NF-κB pathway has been extensively modeled, the sources of cell-to-cell variability are not well understood. We describe an integrated experimental-computational analysis of NF-κB/RelA translocation in a validated cell model exhibiting monophasic dynamics. Quantitative measures of cellular geometry and total cytoplasmic concentration and translocated RelA amounts were used as priors in Bayesian inference to estimate biophysically realistic parameter values based on dynamic live cell imaging studies of enhanced GFP-tagged RelA in stable transfectants. Bayesian inference was performed on multiple cells simultaneously, assuming identical reaction rate parameters, whereas cellular geometry and initial and total NF-κB concentration-related parameters were cell-specific. A subpopulation of cells exhibiting distinct kinetic profiles was identified that corresponded to differences in the IκBα translation rate. We conclude that cellular geometry, initial and total NF-κB concentration, IκBα translation, and IκBα degradation rates account for distinct cell-to-cell differences in canonical NF-κB translocation dynamics.
Community-Based Collaboration in Prevention and Mental Health Promotion: Benefiting from and Building the Resources of Partnership

Successful primary prevention and promotion initiatives in mental health recognize and include the perspectives of multiple stakeholders. Community-based collaboration is an important strategy for achieving this balance and for facilitating the achievement of other key characteristics that are consistently associated with effective programs. We examine the powerful benefits of collaboration – described in terms of the resources contributed by each partner as well as the environment and processes created by diverse partners working together – within the context of ten characteristics of successful prevention and promotion programs. We also review some of the most common challenges to collaboration and offer recommendations for overcoming them in order to facilitate success in mental health promotion.
Hexose transport and mucosal morphology in the small intestine of the zinc-deficient rat.

1. Immature male Wistar rats were given a zinc-depleted semi-synthetic diet (2 mg Zn/kg diet) for 4 weeks. Control groups received a similar diet containing 60 mg Zn/kg diet, either ad lib. or in amounts matched to the consumption of the Zn-deficient group. Rates of growth and food conversion efficiency were markedly lower in the Zn-deficient group compared to controls. 2. The phloridzin-sensitive uptake of galactose and 3-0-methyl glucose by everted jejunal rings from each group was measured over a range of concentrations. Kinetic analysis revealed that the maximum transport rate (Vmax) for the uptake of both sugars was significantly higher in the Zn-deficient group than in the control groups. 3. The villi, microdissected from samples of proximal jejunum, were significantly shorter and narrower across the base in the Zn-deficient group than those of the control groups, but were present in greater numbers per unit serosal area. 4. The present study shows that Zn deficiency leads to significant morphological changes in rat small intestine, which are accompanied by an increase in the capacity of the tissue to take up sugars across the mucosal membrane. Zinc deficiency is associated with a wide variety of physiological and biochemical defects, marked depression of appetite, and severely retarded growth and development (Mills et al. 1969). Previous studies have established a role for Zn in nucleic acid metabolism (Sandstead & Rinaldi, 1969; Prasad & Oberleas, 1974) and it has been suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis in rapidly-dividing tissues accounts for the poor growth observed in animals given a low-Zn diet. Another possibility is that the intestine, which is a site of continuous renewal of absorptive cells and enzymes, may be particularly sensitive to Zn deficiency. Growth failure might therefore be a secondary consequence of a reduced capacity for nutrient absorption. Although there are several previous reports of minor ultrastructural abnormalities in the intestinal mucosa of Zn-deficient rats, and evidence of impaired triglyceride absorption (Koo & Turk, 1977a, b), there has been no thorough investigation of small intestinal structure and function. In the present study the intestinal uptake of active-transported hexose sugars and the growth and morphology of the small intestinal mucosa were investigated in groups of Zn-deficient, feed-restricted and ad lib.-fed rats.
Visualizing 3D Earthquake Simulation Data

As exemplified in a state-of-the-art bridge-foundation-ground model simulation, a suite of new visualization techniques let scientists study seismic waves and interactively investigate and explore their data. In so doing, the techniques further scientific understanding and thus facilitate the development of new methods to protect real-world infrastructures against otherwise devastating earthquakes.
The Pulling Device for a Flexible Bronchoscope

The flexible bronchoscope, used both to directly visualize and biopsy lesions, is an important tool for diagnosing lung cancer [1]. Presented here is a conceptual design for a device that increases the depth to which the scope can be fed into the lungs. This allows doctors to find and accurately diagnose more cases of lung cancer first occurring deeper in the lungs.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reservoirs and earthquakes

Abstract In 1982 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers published a study of reservoir-induced seismicity. The study evaluated the evidence of induced earthquakes from eight cases including Koyna, Hoover, Nurek, and Kariba. In this paper, the methods used in the 1982 study are applied to more recent data from Koyna and Aswan. The data from Aswan do not support classification of the 1981 earthquake as reservoir-induced. The data from Koyna confirm the findings of the 1982 study that the earthquakes at Koyna are not closely correlated to the reservoir operation.
Exporting DBCP and other banned pesticides: consideration of ethical issues.

Many developed countries permit the export of pesticides that are banned, restricted, or unregistered within their own borders. This practice, which leads to the exposure of agricultural workers in developing countries to high levels of pesticides that are not permitted in the country of manufacture, raises many ethical issues as well as economic, social, political, and public health issues. Worldwide attempts to control export of such pesticides, through the FAO/UNEP Prior Informed Consent program, moves this issue in the right direction. This article explores the current U.S. and international practices, using the specific example of export of DBCP to banana-producing countries. The actions taken by multinational corporations, manufacturers of the pesticides, and public health officials in both the exporting and importing countries are explored, along with the impacts on workers, local economies, governments, and the environment.
Simulation of thick biofilm growth at the microscale

The use of thick biofilms in porous media to form biobarriers is a new way of controlling pollution in aquifers. Biofilm growth at the pore scale needs to be understood in order to determine how to best construct biobarriers to block the flow of pollutants into sources of water. The physical, chemical and biological processes involved are very complicated. It is necessary to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow, transport equations for the movement of nutrients and pollutants and growth and transport-reaction equations for the biofilm. Since the growth of the biofilm changes the physical characteristics of the medium, all the processes are interrelated. In this paper we concentrate on the biofilm growth equations and in how to deal with the coupling of the equations.
Cholesteryl oleate: Mounting sex pheromone of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae)

The moulting sex pheromone of Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, is cholesteryl oleate. This steryl ester, when present in amounts from about 1 to 0.1 female equivalents elicited male mounting responses that were indistinguishable from the natural controls. Other steryl esters present on the tick's body surface also elicited responses, but a significantly lower intensity than cholesteryl oleate. Long regarded as a waste product of vertebrate blood feeding, this material is secreted by sexually mature females during feeding and accumulates on the surface of the body cuticle. Mate-seeking males, attracted to the females by the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol, recognize and mount the feeding females. The accumulation of cholesteryl oleate on the female's body surface during blood feeding is an indication of successful parasitism and acts as a signal of female mating readiness. Compounds of unknown composition that co-chromatographed with steryl esters were also found in fed females of 4 other ixodid tick species. Bioassays performed with crude extracts of these different species suggest that mounting sex pheromones are widespread in the Ixodidae and may also use the same or similar steryl esters, either alone or in mixtures, as in D. variabilis.
Three-dimensional measurement of preform impregnation in composites manufacturing

Abstract An experimental method of flow visualization during impregnation of fibre preforms has been developed. This method extends the visualization technique of making observations through transparent moulds by matching the refractive index of the fibres in the preform with that of the fluid used to simulate the resin system. Wetted portions of the preform then appear transparent while dry portions remain translucent. The desired level of fluid-fibre refractive index match was achieved using a monochromatic illumination source, thereby increasing image contrast between wet and dry regions of the preform and reducing noise within the wetted portion of the image. It has been shown that photometric data analysis can yield three-dimensional information on unsaturated flow from a single image. The technique is illustrated with results of experiments on impregnation of a preform made from unidirectional fabric. These results highlight the importance of local axial spreading of the flow front in radial impregnation of fibre tows with high fibre content.
Evolution of the Cordilleran foreland basin system in northwestern Montana, U.S.A.

New lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic, geochronologic, and sedimentary petrologic data illuminate the history of development of the North American Cordilleran foreland basin system and adjacent thrust belt from Middle Jurassic through Eocene time in northwestern Montana. The oldest deposits in the foreland basin system consist of relatively thin, regionally tabular deposits of the marine Ellis Group and fluvial-estuarine Morrison Formation, which accumulated during Bajocian to Kimmeridgian time. U-Pb ages of detrital zircons and sandstone modal petrographic data indicate that by ca. 170 Ma, miogeoclinal strata were being deformed and eroded in hinterland regions. Sandstones of the Swift and Morrison Formations contain detrital zircons derived from the Intermontane belt. The Jurassic deposits probably accumulated in the distal, back-bulge depozone of an early foreland basin, as suggested by the slow rates of tectonic subsidence and tabular geometry. A regional unconformity separates the Jurassic strata from late Barremian(?) foredeep deposits. This unconformity possibly resulted as a combined effect of forebulge migration, decreased dynamic subsidence, and eustatic sea-level fall. The late Barremian(?)-early Albian Kootenai Formation is the first unit that consistently thickens westward, as would be expected in a foredeep depozone. The subsidence curve at this time begins to show the convex-upward pattern characteristic of foredeeps. By Albian time, the fold-and-thrust belt had propagated to the east and incorporated Proterozoic rocks of the Belt Supergroup, as indicated by sandstone compositions, detrital zircon ages in the Blackleaf Formation, and by crosscutting relationships in thrust sheets involving Belt Supergroup rocks in the thrust belt. A major episode of marine inundation and black shale deposition (Marias River Shale) occurred between the Cenomanian and mid-Santonian, and was followed by a regressive succession represented by the Upper Santonian–mid-Campanian Telegraph Creek, Virgelle, and Two Medicine Formations. Provenance data do not resolve the timing of individual thrust displacements during Cenomanian–early Campanian time. The Upper Campanian Bearpaw Formation represents the last major marine inundation in the foreland basin. By latest Campanian time, a major episode of slip on the Lewis thrust system had commenced, as recorded in the foreland by the Willow Creek and St. Mary River Formations in the proximal foredeep depozone. The final stage in the evolution of the Cordilleran fold-and-thrust belt and foreland basin system is recorded by the Paleocene–early Eocene Fort Union and Wasatch Formations, which were preserved in the distal foreland region. Regional extensional faulting along the fold-and-thrust belt began during the middle Eocene. The results presented here enable the establishment of links between previous geological work in Canada and the better known parts of the Cordilleran foreland basin in the United States.
Oxygen sensor via the quenching of room-temperature phosphorescence of perdeuterated phenanthrene adsorbed on Whatman 1PS filter paper

Abstract Perdeuterated phenanthrene (d-phen) exhibits strong room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) when adsorbed on Whatman 1PS filter paper. An oxygen sensor was developed that depends on oxygen quenching of RTP intensity of adsorbed d-phen. The system designed employed a continuous flow of nitrogen or nitrogen–air onto the adsorbed phosphor. The sensor is simple to prepare and needs no elaborate fabrication procedure, but did show a somewhat drifting baseline for successive determinations of oxygen. Nevertheless, very good reproducibility was achieved with the RTP quenching data by measuring the RTP intensities just before and at the end of each oxygen determination. The calibration plots gave a nonlinear relationship over the entire range of oxygen (0–21%). However, a linear range was obtained up to 1.10% oxygen. A detection limit of 0.09% oxygen in dry nitrogen was acquired. Also, carbon dioxide was found to have a minimal effect on the RTP quenching. Thus, oxygen could be measured accurately in relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide. The performance of the oxygen sensor was evaluated by comparing data obtained with a commercial electrochemical trace oxygen analyzer. Also, additional information on the quenching phenomena for this system was obtained from the RTP lifetime data acquired at various oxygen contents.
Ecological condition and value of oyster reefs of the Southwest Florida shelf ecosystem

Abstract The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica is prolific and their reefs are dominant features along the estuaries and coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico including those along the Southwest Florida coast. This paper examines the ecological and indirect economic value of oysters and the ecosystem services they provide. Drivers of change in reefs as well as various factors (pressures) that affect oyster reefs are examined. Using the monitoring data from on-going studies, this study examined various metrics of oyster health, reproduction and survival to develop an index to create an overall state of oyster reefs in the Southwest Florida estuaries. Based on existing data, oyster reefs in Southwest Florida estuaries are at “caution”, but stable. Restoration of a more natural freshwater inflow, minimizing nutrient and contaminant input as well as decreased sedimentation will enable oyster reefs to expand and thrive.
Photochemically induced surface contamination: mechanisms and effects

Spacecraft function in a hostile environment of sunlight, charged particles, micrometeroids and debris, and their own self-induced contamination environment. Contamination can occur during fabrication and ground processing, or by very long term outgassing and transport processes on orbit. One of the most deleterious effects of contaminant films is that they increase the solar absorptance of optics, such as thermal control mirrors and solar cell cover slips. This paper will discuss the role of vacuum ultraviolet induced photochemistry in the deposition of contaminant films during the multi-year life of a spacecraft. Laboratory and spaceflight measurements leading to a one-photon "Langmuir" type model for the deposition mechanism will be presented. Measurements of visible and ultraviolet optical properties of photodeposited films will be described. The implications of these process for terrestrial optical systems, including a case history of similar effects in an ultraviolet laser system studied in this laboratory will be discussed.
Characterizing the associative content of brain structures involved in habitual and goal-directed actions in humans: A multivariate fMRI study

While there is accumulating evidence for the existence of distinct neural systems supporting goal-directed and habitual action selection in the mammalian brain, much less is known about the nature of the information being processed in these different brain regions. Associative learning theory predicts that brain systems involved in habitual control, such as the dorsolateral striatum, should contain stimulus and response information only, but not outcome information, while regions involved in goal-directed action, such as ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum, should be involved in processing information about outcomes as well as stimuli and responses. To test this prediction, human participants underwent fMRI while engaging in a binary choice task designed to enable the separate identification of these different representations with a multivariate classification analysis approach. Consistent with our predictions, the dorsolateral striatum contained information about responses but not outcomes at the time of an initial stimulus, while the regions implicated in goal-directed action selection contained information about both responses and outcomes. These findings suggest that differential contributions of these regions to habitual and goal-directed behavioral control may depend in part on basic differences in the type of information that these regions have access to at the time of decision making.
The Product of the Proto-Oncogene c-cbl: A Negative Regulator of the Syk Tyrosine Kinase

Engagement of antigen and immunoglobulin receptors on hematopoietic cells is directly coupled to activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that then phosphorylate critical intracellular substrates. In mast cells stimulated through the FcvarepsilonRI receptor, activation of several PTKs including Syk leads to degranulation and release of such mediators of the allergic response as histamine and serotonin. Regulation of Syk function occurred through interaction with the Cbl protein, itself a PTK substrate in this system. Overexpression of Cbl led to inhibition of Syk and suppression of serotonin release from mast cells, demonstrating its ability to inhibit a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Complex adaptor proteins such as Cbl can directly regulate the functions of the proteins they bind.
Selectively grown Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Characterization and field emission properties

These Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as one of the promising electron-emitting materials available for use in cold cathode applications such as vacuum microelectronic devices. It has been shown that due to the high aspect ratio (small diameter and relatively long length) it is possible to obtain electron emission at a relatively low applied electric field. Because of this property, CNTs may play an important role when used as cold cathode material in plasma devices. In this work, the experimental results of field emission characteristics of CNTs fabricated using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) are presented. The samples are selectively grown randomly oriented multi-walled CNTs (MWNTs) and synthesize onto plain silicon (n-type 100) substrates. A thin catalyst (Fe) film is first deposited by DC magnetron sputtering and high-quality films of MWNTs are grown in a thermal CVD furnace in a mixture of acetylene and argon gasses, after lithographic lift-off patterning of a metal catalyst layer on the wafer. The measurement results indicate that randomly oriented CNTs have significant field emission capabilities to be used as cold cathode emitters in plasma devices.
“No Japs allowed”;: Negation and naming as subject‐constituting strategies reflected in contemporary stories of Japanese American internment

This essay offers a perspective on how discourse reflects underlying systems of meanings that structure definitions of self and society and hence, on how rhetoric frames or delimits possibilities for human self‐understanding. In specific this study investigates discursive strategies and modes of address that delimit self‐definitions, as reflected in Japanese American World War II internment narratives. Analysis of representative stories, derived from the 1981 Los Angeles field hearings conducted by the U. S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, revealed two intertwined discursive strategies: negation and naming.
Assessing Students' Understanding of Functions in a Graphing Calculator Environment

In a classroom environment in which continual access to graphing calculators is assumed, items that have been used to assess students' understanding of functions often are no longer appropriate. This article describes strategies for modifying such items, including requiring students to explain their reasoning, using calculator-active items, analyzing graphs and tables, and using real contexts.
Cultural behavior and attitude differences found in excerpts of Micronesian folklore: Their relevance for global organizations

This article examines cultural values and attitudes in terms of how these are reflected in samples of folklore from Kosrae Island, Micronesia. Based on the work of Hofstede and Hofstede (2005) and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1998), this investigator believes that there is evidence that the analysis of the themes gleaned from the folklore of Kosrae and identified and matched with the cultural values discussed by these authors can be replicated by other researchers working in Micronesia and other parts of the world. To support this in part, excerpts from folklore from Kabon Atoll, a coral atoll found in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands, are included. In addition, evidence found in the folklore from both islands may account for cultural behavior and attitude differences that are relevant for global organizations doing business with these cultures.
Medical Care, Welfare State, and Deindustrialization in the Southern Cone

The Spanish-speaking countries of the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay) have long been characterized as the welfare states of Latin America. This myth is challenged by reviewing the role of the state in the financing of medical care. The Bismarkian model of medical-care financing is reexamined through the theoretical insights derived from bureaucratic authoritarianism. State concessions to the labor force in the form of medical-care benefits are now less crucial to labor's relationship with the state than they have been at any other time in the postwar period, and they remain independent of whether the military remain in power. Comparative aspects of medical-care financing, industrialization policies, and state–labor relations indicate that structural constraints—in the form of securing export-product niches, labor costs, and the threat of military intervention—have cast medical-care benefits in a relatively inferior position when the labor force bargains with management or with the state. Dei...
The electron microscope: the materials characterization tool of the millennium☆

Abstract Transmission and scanning electron microscopes (TEM and SEM) together offer the most complete tool available for the characterization of materials. This combination of TEM and SEM provides surface and internal imaging of all solid materials over a magnification range from 20 000 000× down to 1×, with routine atomic resolution available at the high end and extraordinary depth of focus at the low end. The availability of X-ray spectrometry on both instruments and electron spectrometry on TEMs gives quantitative analysis capabilities covering the whole periodic table [above atomic number ( Z )=2], at spatial resolutions from the micrometer to the nanometer scale and analytical sensitivities close to the single-atom level. Complementary electron-diffraction techniques for crystallographic measurements are standard on both instruments. For more than 40 years, since the development of thin-foil preparation techniques, the TEM has grown in versatility and power to the point where it is an indispensable part of a materials research laboratory. Since its commercialization in the mid-1960s the SEM has revolutionized the study of fracture surfaces and, more recently, made crucial contributions to the science and engineering of microelectronic devices to the point where it is an essential presence on commercial fabrication lines. Using references to papers in Acta Metallurgica / Materialia where possible, some of the major contributions of the TEM and SEM to our understanding of materials are looked back at and a few speculations on where electron microscopy of materials is going in the future are ventured.
Thermally-limited exciton delocalization in superradiant molecular aggregates.

We present two-dimensional Fourier transform optical spectroscopy measurements of two types of molecular J-aggregate thin films and show that temperature-dependent dynamical effects govern exciton delocalization at all temperatures, even in the presence of significant inhomogeneity. Our results indicate that in the tested molecular aggregates, even when the static structure disorder dominates exciton dephasing dynamics, the extent of exciton delocalization may be limited by dynamical fluctuations, mainly exciton–phonon coupling. Thus inhomogeneous dephasing may mediate the exciton coherence time whereas dynamical fluctuations mediate the exciton coherence length.
Polarizabilities, dipole moments and electron affinities of LiF and BeO

Abstract Polarizabilities, dipole moments, and electron affinities of the highly polar LiF and BeO molecules are obtained using the SCF method. Particular attention is paid to the dependence of these quantities on the nature of the basis set employed. The calculated electron affinities are found to be rather insensitive to the value of the polarizability resulting from a given basis set. On the other hand, it is found that the calculation of accurate electron affinities of these molecules requires an accurate description on the dipole moment. Our largest basis sets yields polarizabilities of at R = 1.563 A for LiF and at R = 1.331 A for BeO. The dependence of the properties of LiF and BeO on bond length are examined and found to be very different.
Analysis of Antifolate Drugs with Disease Tissue Specificity

Antifolates, analogues of the essential vitamin folic acid, are used in the clinic to treat cancers and inflammatory diseases. Antifolates are primarily transported into cells via the endogenously expressed reduced folate carrier (RFC). Conversely, our collaborators in Aleem Gangjee's group at Duquesne University have synthesized antifolates (AG antifolates) that transport poorly by the RFC, but are efficiently transported by the folate receptor (hFR). The GPI-anchored hFR is lowly expressed on the apical surface in a subset of normal epithelial lineages, but is highly expressed in many cancers of epithelial origin and on activated macrophages in inflammatory disease. Therefore, AG antifolate molecules have specificity for transport into disease cells over healthy cells. These newly developed AG antifolates cause cell death via inhibition of an enzyme involved in de novo purine synthesis, glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) transformylase.We analyzed a series of AG antifolates using biophysical and biochemical techniques to understand both the specificity for transport by the folate receptor as well as the inhibition of the GAR transformylase in order to drive informed, hypothesis-based drug design. Our data, including pH-dependent binding profiles, enzyme inhibition data, and crystallographic models of protein in complex with AG molecules will be presented in the context of drug design and development.
SU-FF-J-77: Implementation of Averaged 4D CT Imaging for Extracranial Stereotactic Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To implement Averaged 4D CT imaging to measure the motion of lung tumor during breathing Method and Materials: Averaged 4D CT images are obtained by averaging 4D CT images. A Philips Brilliance 16P CT scanner is used to obtain 4D CT images. The scanner acquired 16 parallel slices per couch position and 25 cinematographic images per slice to produce a cine image set. The corresponding images are then averaged at each slice. All averaged images are assembled longitudinally to produce a series of Averaged 4D CT images, whose pixel value therefore contains the information about the movement of the target anatomy. An egg-shaped object and a block-shaped object were used for testing. A few patients were also studied and evaluated. Results: Phantom results showed that Averaged 4D CT images could accurately record the movement of a target having a natural breathing frequency. Results with lung tumor showed that Averaged 4D CT images gave a significantly larger GTVs resulting in larger PTVs, compared with helical CT images. Both the phantom and patient results clearly showed fuzzy areas as a consequence of moving anatomy. The time needed for creating an Averaged 4D CT image set from original 4D CT image set with 5 cines and 400 slices per cine is about 370 seconds. Conclusion: This technology can be accurate and practical for approximating the location of moving anatomy if used properly. Therefore, Averaged 4D CT images can replace helical CT images for radiation planning and treatment purposes with the advantage that they have greater precision than standard helical scans. Conflict of Interest:: Part of this work was funded by Elekta, Inc., Norcross GA.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) alters protein, vasopressin, and oxytocin in microdissected hypothalamic areas in newborn and adult rats

Abstract Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was removed from baby food products in 1969 following reports that MSG produced destructive lesions in the hypothalamus of newborn animals. We have given MSG to 10-day old and adult rats in doses previously used in histological studies and have found effects on protein, vasopressin, and oxytocin content of microdissected hypothalamic areas. Protein was significantly reduced in arcuate and median eminence areas of 10-day old rats and in arcuate and suprachiasmatic nuclei of adults. Hormone content was increased or decreased in various hypothalamic nuclei in both 10-day old and adult rats. Our results demonstrate a biochemical counterpart to previously described histologic lesions and indicate that adults are not immune to brain effects of MSG.
Polarographic determination of indium in lead and zinc metals

Abstract A rapid polarographic method for determining low milligram quantities of indium in lead metal containing 2% of zinc and in zinc metal containing 2% of lead is described. In a supporting electrolyte of 10% D-tartaric acid adjusted to pH 2.0, a well-defined wave for indium is obtained after the precipitation of lead as the sulfate.
The effect of hemoglobin phenotype on whole blood oxygen saturation and erythrocyte organic phosphate concentration in the domestic cat (Felis catus).

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen saturation curves and erythrocyte concentrations of ATP and 2,3-DPG of blood samples from domestic cats of different hemoglobin phenotypes have been obtained. 2. 2. The P O 2 at half-saturation and the Hill constant are the same for all cats examined and average 31·5 ± 1·0 and 2·60 ± 0·16 mm Hg, respectively. 3. 3. The 2,3-DPG and ATP concentrations in the various cats were also similar. The average concentration of 2,3-DPG was 2·73 ± 0·30 μmole/g Hb while that of ATP was 1·15 ± 0·29 μmole/g Hb.
Age of Acquisition and Repetition Priming Effects on Picture Naming of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter

The effects of age of acquisition and repetition priming on picture naming latencies and errors were studied in 22 children who stutter (CWS) and 22 children who do not stutter (CWNS) between the ages of 3;1 and 5;7. Children participated in a computerized picture naming task where they named pictures of both early and late acquired (AoA) words in two consecutive stages. Findings revealed that all children's picture naming latencies and errors were reduced following repetition priming and in response to early AoA words relative to late AoA words. AoA and repetition priming effects were similar for children in both talker groups, with one exception. Namely, CWS benefitted significantly more, in terms of error reduction, than CWNS from repetition priming for late AoA words. In addition, CWNS exhibited a significant, positive association between linguistic speed and measures of vocabulary, but CWS did not. These findings were taken to suggest that the (a) semantic-phonological connections of CWS may not be as strong as those of CWNS, and (b) lexical measures may not be sensitive enough to differentiate CWS from CWNS in lexically-related aspects of language production.
CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF CL2FES2MS2FECL2N- CLUSTERS M = MO (N = 2), W (N = 2), V (N = 3)

The electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of [Cl(2)FeS(2)MS(2)FeCl(2)](n)()(-) clusters (where n = 2 for M = Mo and W and n = 3 for M = V; Ia,Ib, and Ic, respectively) and the dimetal complex [Cl(2)FeS(2)MoS(2)](2)(-) (IIIa) were examined in order to characterize the structures and properties of the one-electron-reduced complexes. A stable reduction product for Ia was observed spectroelectrochemically at -1.05 V, which could be oxidized back to the starting complex. Reduction at more negative potentials caused complete bleaching of the spectrum, and the starting complex could not be obtained by reoxidation. Similar behavior was observed for the tungsten complex, Ib, but the dimetal complex [Cl(2)FeS(2)WS(2)](2)(-) was formed upon reoxidation. Chemical and electrochemical reduction of Ia and Ib both led to the same products (IIa and IIb), but by different mechanisms. Borohydride reduction of Ia and Ib led to the initial formation of the dimetal complex, while the electrochemical reduction of Ia proceeded by way of the formation of [Cl(2)FeS(2)MoS(2)FeCl(2)](3)(-). Spectral changes were observed in the reduction of Ic, but they were not reversible. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the reduced complexes was carried out in order to characterize the reduction product. Two polarized bands in the sulfur bridging region were observed in the resonance Raman spectra of electrochemically and chemically generated IIa and IIb. The relative intensities of these bands were dependent upon the excitation frequency. Reduction of Ic led to the loss of all resonance Raman bands. Reduction of IIIa gave rise to a complex (IVa) that was spectrally quite similar to IIa. These results, along with the previously reported result that the reduction complex was diamagnetic, indicate that the complex IIa is a dimeric species. The most likely structure consistent with these data is a Mo(2)Fe(2)S(4) cubane structure.
Enterprise integration modelling: a review of theory and practice

Abstract A survey of the theory and practice of enterprise integration modelling (EIM) is presented. The emphasis is on the presentation of ideas that are useful for EIM implementations. Clear and concise definitions of the main concepts are presented. These ideas serve as the basis for a discussion of various EIM reference architectures. Important potential research issues and obstacles are identified and a few prototype systems analysed. The paper concludes with guidelines for EIM implementations, and suggestions for modifications to the current approach.
Are there clinical variables determining antibiotic prophylaxis-susceptible versus resistant infection in open fractures?

In Gustilo grade III open fractures, it remains unknown which demographic or clinical features may be associated with an infection resistant to the administered prophylactic agent, compared to one that is susceptible. This was a retrospective case–control study on patients hospitalized from 2004 to 2009. We identified 310 patients with Gustilo-III open fractures, 36 (12 %) of which became infected after a median of ten days. In 26 (72 %) of the episodes the pathogen was susceptible to the prophylactic antibiotic agent prescribed upon admission, while in the other ten it was resistant. All antibiotic prophylaxis was intravenous; the median duration of treatment was three days and the median delay between trauma and surgery was one day. In multivariate analysis adjusting for case-mix, only Gustilo-grade-IIIc fractures (vascular lesions) showed tendency to be infected with resistant pathogens (odds ratio 10; 95 % confidence interval 1.0–10; p = 0.058). There were no significant differences between cases caused by antibiotic resistant and susceptible pathogen cases in patient’s sex, presence of immune suppression, duration and choice of antibiotic prophylaxis, choice of surgical technique or materials, time delay until surgery, use of bone reaming, fracture localization, or presence of compartment syndrome. We were unable to identify any specific clinical parameters associated with infection with antibiotic resistant pathogens in Gustilo-grade III open fractures, other than the severity of the fracture itself. More research is needed to identify patients who might benefit from a broader-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis.