cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Humoral Immunity versus Polyclonal B Cell Activation in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Susceptible and Resistant Mice

Background The etiologic agent of Chagas Disease is Trypanosoma cruzi. Acute infection results in patent parasitemia and polyclonal lymphocyte activation. Polyclonal B cell activation associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and delayed specific humoral immunity has been reported during T. cruzi infection in experimental mouse models. Based on preliminary data from our laboratory we hypothesized that variances in susceptibility to T. cruzi infections in murine strains is related to differences in the ability to mount parasite-specific humoral responses rather than polyclonal B cell activation during acute infection.
District Responses to NCLB: Where is the Justice?

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has provoked more controversy than any previous education legislation in recent decades. Our conceptual analysis was guided by three questions: What do we see happening in the schools? What does the law seem to mean in terms of accountability to different people in the schools? Where is the justice in these actions and meanings? Drawing on the accountability literature, we develop a two-dimensional framework for comparing models of accountability that we use to understand the range of responses to NCLB. Based on our secondary analysis of data we have collected in schools, we propose five metaphors that represent district response-types, illustrate the metaphors with vignettes created from conversations we have heard in districts that represent each response-type, and analyze what we perceive is happening in district schools as a result of NCLB. Next we explicate what the law and its implementation appears to mean to the players in the schools. Finally, we consider the j...
Combined percutaneous biosense-guided laser myocardial revascularization and coronary intervention

Laser myocardial revascularization is a promising new treatment strategy for patients with severe ischemic heart disease who are not candidates for conventional percutaneous or surgical revascularization. The open chest surgical approach to transmyocardial revascularization has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of angina in inoperable patients, but has had limited use as a stand-alone procedure. More recently, use of fiber-optic catheters has made it possible to use a holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser to perform percutaneous catheter-based transmyocardial revascularization. To the extent that many patients have a combination of ischemic sources, some amenable to conventional revascularization and some not, combination or hybrid approaches have been considered. We report herein two patients with class IV angina who underwent laser myocardial revascularization using the Biosense system and complex percutaneous coronary intervention during the same procedure. Areas amenable to conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were so treated, and viable but ischemic areas were supplied by totally occluded native vessels and bypass grafts underwent Biosense-guided laser myocardial revascularization (LMR). As the results of more controlled and blinded studies of laser myocardial revascularization become available (if results continue to be promising) and a better understanding of the mechanism of action of this treatment modality is achieved, LMR-PTCA hybrid will be performed in increasing frequency. However, even after establishing LMR efficacy, studies of LMR-PTCA hybrid should be conducted to determine the efficacy of this approach.
1–2 GHz dielectrics and ferrites: overview and perspectives

Abstract Trends in the cellular communications industry are examined with reference to their likely effect on dielectric and magnetic ceramic materials currently used in 1–2 GHz devices. Cost pressures on dielectrics are likely to see the elimination of tantalate and even niobate based materials except for special devices. Titanate based ceramic compositions must compete with metal topologies in near antenna filters in Base Stations. Ceramic dielectric will continue to be used in coaxial form for resonators, filters and delay filters in this frequency range and higher for wireless infrastructure, but less so in high volume handheld products. Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) will be used increasingly for the latter in microwave multifunctional modules. Magnetic ceramics such as those based on yttrium iron garnets (YIG) will continue to be used in wireless infrastructure and some handheld products, where intermodulation effects (IMD) are the major remaining issue. Hexagonal ferrites have useful permeability close to the microwave region, and also are being used as absorbers at higher frequencies.
Temperature- and concentration-dependence of urea permeability of human erythrocytes determined by NMR

Abstract The temperature- and concentration-dependence of [13C]urea self-exchange across the human red cell membrane has been determined by NMR measurements of T1 (spin-lattice) relaxation times. T1 for intracellular label is 17 s, which is much longer than the urea exchange time across the cell membrane (about 0.5 s). T1 for urea in extracellular solution is quenched with 17 mM of impermeable Mn2+ in less than 2 ms. Hence the observed T1 (corrected for intracellular decay) is a measure of urea exchange across the cell membrane. The method is tested by showing both PCMBS and increasing concentrations of urea lengthen T1. Urea exchange permeability, defined as Purea = flux/conc, can be described by P urea = V max / ( K 1 2 + conc ) . Studies of temperature-dependence showed that activation energies were strongly dependent on both temperature and concentration. However, this apparently anomalous behavior was resolved into two well-behaved functions, K 1 2 and Vmax, with linear Arrhenius plots and apparent ‘activation energies’ of 15.5 and 12.4 kcal/mol, respectively. These were used to construct an equation for calculating Purea at any concentration and temperature. Assuming a simple channel model with single binding, K 1 2 becomes the dissociation equilibrium constant for the site with ΔH° = 15.5 kcal/mol and ΔS° = 51.8 cal/(mol·deg); dissociation is entropically driven.
The atmosphere of Uranus

Current knowledge of the atmosphere of Uranus is reviewed and specific objectives are suggested for satellite missions to Uranus. The anomalous composition of Uranus makes determinations of its atmospheric composition particularly valuable for testing theories of solar system evolution. The weakness of its atmospheric heating makes the determination of its atmospheric structure and dynamics particularly valuable for testing theories of atmospheric behavior. The large axial inclination of Uranus implies an anomalous latitudinal variation of temperature and dynamics different from that of the other planets.
Biogenesis and membrane properties of peroxisomes: does the boundary membrane serve and protect?

Plant peroxisomes are extremely versatile organelles with the ability to respond to various developmental and metabolic cues. Evidence supports disparate concepts for the service role of their single boundary membrane. It may be a selective barrier that regulates matrix pathways, or it may be freely permeable to small molecules and use different types of pores for metabolite shuttling and protein uptake. Also, in oilseed glyoxysomes, several integral membrane proteins have been implicated in regeneration of NAD + and protection of the membrane from toxic reactive oxygen species during postgerminative seedling growth.
How Does Clinical Supervision Affect Job Satisfaction

Abstract This study examined 84 professionally trained workers in order to better understand the supervision of workers who serve seriously mentally ill persons and their relation to job satisfaction. The results demonstrated that workers satisfied with the quality and style of supervision evidenced greater overall job satisfaction and had specific preferences among four supervisory styles. Variables that influenced choice of supervisory style included increased time in practice and the supervision of others. The longer workers remained in their position the less satisfied they became with their supervision. Workers were generally more satisfied with their jobs when they were more satisfied with their supervision and liked their supervision better when it matched their preferred style. Implications to practice include to what extent the style, quality, and effectiveness of supervision affects supervisee job satisfaction and to what extent this may impinge upon the effectiveness of clinical services.
Adaptive Local Fusion With Fuzzy Integrals

We propose a novel method for fusing different classifiers outputs. Our approach, called context extraction for local fusion with fuzzy integrals (CELF-FI), is a local approach that adapts a fuzzy integrals fusion method to different regions of the feature space. It is based on a novel objective function that combines context identification and multialgorithm fusion criteria into a joint objective function. This objective function consists of two terms: The first is designed to produce compact clusters, called contexts, and the second is designed to produce Sugeno measures for fuzzy integral fusion for each context. The terms are optimized simultaneously via alternating optimization. To test a new sample, first, its features (extracted by each algorithm) are used to assign it to each context with a fuzzy membership degree. Second, the sample confidence values (assigned by each algorithm) are fused within each context using the learned context fusion parameters. Then, the context-dependent partial confidence values are weighted by the membership degrees and averaged over all contexts to produce a final confidence value. We illustrate the performance of CELF using synthetic data, and we apply it to the problem of landmine detection using ground penetrating radar and wideband electromagnetic induction. Our extensive experiments have indicated that the proposed fusion approach outperforms all individual classifiers, the global fuzzy integral fusion method, and the basic local fusion with linear aggregation.
First Report of Pythium paroecandrum on Lupinus havardii

Lupinus havardii Wats. (Big Bend Bluebonnet), a plant native to Texas, has been tested extensively for greenhouse production as a cutflower crop (1). Disease symptoms were observed on L. havardii plants grown in Las Cruces, NM, during two consecutive years. Plants were grown in Metro Mix 200 and watered by an automatic irrigation system every 3 days. During the growing season, which extended from September through February, 6% of mature plants (10-week-old plants) became chlorotic, wilted, and died. The first symptoms were observed during December 1998, when greenhouse temperatures were from 10 to 13°C. During the rest of the growing season, from February to July, only one plant became diseased, during May 1999, and the plant died within 1 week after greenhouse temperatures reached 20 to 25°C. Diseased plants were examined, and root, crown, and stem rot were found. Pythium paroecandrum Drechs. (2) was isolated routinely from infected tissues. Koch's postulates were fulfilled after plants were inoculated w...
Monte Carlo simulation of fiber orientation in a shear flow with brownian rotation

The orientation of fibers in a shear flow with Brownian rotation can be described by the Fokker-Planck equation in an Eulerian description. This equation was solved previously by Peterlin (1938) and Krushkal and Gallily (1984) by expansion methods that converged rapidly only for small rotational Peclet numbers Per. We used a Monte Carlo method to determine the orientation of fibers in the Lagrangian frame and calculated the average translational mobility of a fiber system for large Per . The average mobility result matched well with that obtained from Krushkal and Gallily's expansion method at Per = 10.
Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Purpose The guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have been in place for decades; but despite their international scope and periodic updates, there has been little improvement in survival rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for patients who did not receive early defibrillation. The Emergency Medical Service directors in 2 rural Wisconsin counties initiated a new protocol for the pre-hospital management of adult cardiac arrest victims in an attempt to improve survival rates. The results observed after implementation of this protocol are presented and compared with those observed during a three-year period that preceded initiation of the project. Methods The protocol, based upon the principles of cardiocerebral resuscitation, was significantly different from the standard CPR protocol. A major objective was to minimize interruptions of chest compressions. Each defibrillation, including the first, was preceded by 200 uninterrupted chest compressions. Single shocks, rather than stacked shocks, were utilized. Post shock rhythm and pulse checks were eliminated, and chest compressions were resumed immediately after a shock was delivered. Initial airway management was limited to an oral pharyngeal device and supplemental oxygen. If the arrest was witnessed, assisted ventilations and intubation were delayed until either a return of spontaneous circulation or until three series of "compressions + analysis ± shock" were completed. Results In the 3 years preceding the change in protocol, where standard CPR was utilized, there were 92 witnessed out-of-hospital adult cardiac arrests with an initially shockable rhythm. Eighteen patients survived, and 14 of 92 (15%) were neurologically intact. After implementing the new protocol in early 2004, there were 33 witnessed out-of-hospital adult cardiac arrests with an initially shockable rhythm. Nineteen survived, and 16 of 33 (48%) were neurologically normal. Differences in both total and neurologically normal survival are significant (chi-squared = 0.001). Conclusion Instituting the new cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for managing prehospital cardiac arrest improved survival of adult patients with witnessed cardiac arrest and an initially shockable rhythm.
Interfacial Matrix Stresses in Composites Due to Misfitting Cylindrical Constituents

The constituent phases in composite materials of all types can induce local residual stress due to their differing mechanical responses. Changes in thermal, mechanical, or chemical states, encountered in processing or service applications, will generate these stress fields. Analytical solutions to isolated spherical or cylindrical inclusions exist, but the interaction of stress fields among neighboring constituents has not been examined in detail. The present study examined the matrix stress fields at the interface between the matrix and hexagonal arrays of misfitting cylinders. Stresses were analyzed using the photoelastic method, wherein the matrix was the photoelastic material. As the nearest-neighbor cylindrical inclusions first approach each other, there is a tendency for both radial compression and tensile hoop stress components to increase beyond values predicted for single, isolated inclusions. At nearest-neighbor separations less than 40% of the cylindrical inclusion diameter, however, the contac...
Immune Sources of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Reduce Transplant Arteriosclerosis

Activated CD4-positive T cells are essential in the early stages of arteriosclerotic lesion development after cardiac transplantation. Besides its parenchymal effects, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) mediates immunosuppressive effects on proliferation and activation of CD4 cells. This study was designed to assess immune contributions of TGF-beta1 to arteriosclerosis by comparing the effect of TGF-beta1-deficient and -competent infiltrating inflammatory cells on the development of intimal thickening in a heterotopic mouse transplant model (CBA to C57B6). Transplant arteriosclerosis was evaluated in cardiac grafts placed into knockout recipients heterozygous for TGF-beta1 (n=7) and was compared with those placed into wild-type recipients (n=11). At 55 days, allografts in TGF-beta1-deficient recipients had increased concentric intimal thickening. Computer-assisted analysis of all elastin-positive vessels (n=173) showed significantly increased luminal occlusion (67.8+/-5.6%) in grafts from TGF-beta1-deficient recipients compared with wild-type recipients (47.4+/-4.1%, P=0.003). To determine whether TGF-beta1 deficiency altered CD4 activation patterns, we studied intragraft cytokine expression. Using 32P-reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, we show that TGF-beta1-deficient recipients had an increased expression of the transcription factor STAT 4, interferon gamma, and interleukin-2 (Th1-type response) and unaltered or reduced expression of the transcription factor STAT 6, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 (Th2-type response). Hence, when present, immune sources of TGF-beta1 attenuate transplant arteriosclerosis. This effect is associated with attenuation of Th1 forces.
Short-time motion of colloidal particles: Numerical simulation via a fluctuating lattice-Boltzmann equation.

A new and general technique for simulating solid-fluid suspensions, which combines molecular dynamics for the solid particles with a lattice-Boltzmann model for the fluid, is described. The many-body hydrodynamic interactions are fully accounted for, both for small particle velocities and at higher Reynolds numbers. Brownian motion of the solid particles is included by adding a fluctuating component to the fluid stress tensor. Simulations of the dynamics of colloidal particles at short times compare favorably with recent diffusing-wave spectroscopy experiments.
Bio-sensor CTP ceramic array, assembled in the optical trap on the top of glass waveguide

Using the optical trapping technique Ca-Ti-P ceramic particles were attached to the top of glass K-exchange waveguide, creating array structure. Raman and PL spectra from waveguide TE and TM modes at 795 nm were measured.
Differential gene expression in pubococcygeus muscle from patients with pelvic organ prolapse

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to compare differential gene expression in the pubococcygeus muscle in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and controls. Study Design: We performed microarray analysis on individual pubococcygeus muscle biopsy specimens from five patients with stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse and five control subjects without prolapse. This study received full Institutional Review Board approval. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and probed on the Human Genome U95A Array for each individual sample. RNA from patients and controls was not pooled. For microarray analysis, 7 μg of total RNA was used to synthesize complementary DNA that was then biotinylated. Arrays were hybridized for 16 hours in the GeneChip Fluidics Station 400 and were washed and scanned with the Hewlett-Packard GeneArray Scanner. Affymetrix GeneChip 5.0 software was used for scanning and data analysis. Results: Of the 12,626 total genes compared, 257 genes were more than 2-fold underexpressed, 20 genes were more than 5-fold underexpressed, and 3 genes were more than 10-fold underexpressed in patients with pelvic organ prolapse compared with control subjects. Myosin-binding protein H was 24.7 times underexpressed in patients with prolapse (normalized signal intensity [NSI]: 0.46 [0.2-0.6]) compared with controls (NSI: 11.4 [0.2-31.3]). Skeletal muscle myosin heavy polypeptide 3 was 17.4 times underexpressed in patients with prolapse (NSI: 0.85 [0.7-0.9]) compared with controls (NSI: 14.8 [1.5-38.3]). Of the 12,626 genes compared, 479 genes were more than 2-fold overexpressed, 18 genes were more than 5-fold overexpressed, and 2 genes were more than 10-fold overexpressed in patients with pelvic organ prolapse compared with controls. Many of these overexpressed genes were related to actin and myosin proteins. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain was 11.8 times overexpressed in patients (NSI: 5.21 [0.25-22.71]) compared with controls (NSI 0.44 [0.11-0.71]). Myosin light-chain kinase was 5.8 times overexpressed in patients (NSI: 7.9 [0.5-36.1]) compared with controls (NSI: 1.37 [0.38-1.8]). Extracellular matrix proteins were also differentially regulated. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein precursor was found to be 6.0 times underexpressed, whereas tenascin-C (hexabrachion) was 5.1 times overexpressed in prolapse patients. Conclusion: These data suggest that the differences between patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse and controls may be related to differential gene expression of structural proteins that are related to actin and myosin as well as extracellular matrix proteins in the pubococcygeus muscle. Studies are ongoing to confirm these findings and to further characterize the role of these genes in prolapse. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:102-12.)
Arsenic Speciation: Reduction of Arsenic(V) to Arsenic(III) by Fulvic Acid

Environmental Context.Most technologies for arsenic removal from water are based on the oxidation of the more toxic and more mobile arsenic(iii) to the less toxic and less mobile arsenic(v). As a result, research effort has been focussed on the oxidation of arsenic(iii) to arsenic(v). It is equally important to explore environmental factors that enhance the reduction of arsenic(v) to arsenic(iii). An understanding of the redox cycling of arsenic could result in the development of cheaper and more efficient arsenic removal technologies, especially for impoverished communities severely threatened by arsenic contamination. Abstract.The objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of inorganic arsenic(v) with Suwannee River fulvic acid (FA) in aqueous solutions where pH, [FA], [As(v)], [As(iii)], and [Fe(iii)] were independently varied. Samples of inorganic As(v) were incubated with FA in both light and dark at constant temperature. Sterilisation techniques were employed to ensure abiotic conditions. Aliquots from the incubated samples were taken at various time intervals and analysed for As(iii) using square-wave cathodic-stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The study demonstrated the following important aspects of As speciation: (1) FA can significantly reduce As(v) to As(iii); (2) reduction of As(v) to As(iii) is a function of time; (3) both dark and light conditions promote reduction of As(v) to As(iii); (4) Fe(iii) speeds up the reduction reaction; and (5) oxidation of As(iii) to As(v) is promoted at pH 2 more than at pH 6.
Introduction to Paradoxes and Tensions in Innovation and Implementation of Complex Systems Minitrack

Paradoxes and tensions are ubiquitous to innovation and change in socio-technical systems in a wide range of contexts including but not limited to open innovation, e-health, mobile platforms, and integrated supply chains. Conflicting demands, contradictory practices, and competing views create fiction that can energize or inhibit the performance of a complex socio-technical system. There is a growing literature on paradoxes, tensions, and duality and recently paradox theory has been proposed as an alternative meta-theoretical approach to problems that have previously been addressed by contingency theory or structural theories. Paradox theory reconceptualizes opposing poles of paradoxes, not as a tradeoff but as a duality where the opposing poles of the paradox are leveraged simultaneously and considered as mutually dependent and mutually enabling. The track focuses on papers that theoretically or empirically advance our understanding of how tensions and paradoxes can be leveraged, enhanced, and honed to create new and frame-breaking opportunities, enhance their implementation and acceptance, and ensure successful co-evolution of complex systems in dynamic environments.
The perirhinal–entorhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, is critical for expression of individual recognition in the context of the Coolidge effect

The Coolidge effect is a phenomenon in which males show renewed sexual interest in a novel female following copulation to satiety with another female. In golden hamsters, this phenomenon depends on the ability to recognize conspecifics using chemosensory cues processed through the main olfactory system. Here we tested whether olfactory targets in the hippocampal system support this natural form of recognition memory. Male hamsters received ibotenic acid lesions of the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex (PR-ENT) or hippocampus (H) and were allowed to copulate to satiety with a female conspecific, then were presented with two anesthetized females, the familiar mate and an unfamiliar female that copulated with another male. Sham-operated and H-lesioned subjects preferentially investigated the novel female, indicating intact recognition of individual identity. By contrast, PR-ENT-lesioned males failed to discriminate familiar and novel females, and this deficit could not be attributed to abnormal copulatory behavior during mating. All subjects were able to detect and discriminate between female odors when presented in isolation during a habituation-discrimination test, indicating that behavioral deficits shown by PR-ENT males were not due to anosmia or a general investigatory deficit. Thus, the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, is critical for the recognition of familiar conspecifics in this naturalistic situation. This study reveals an essential role for the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, in a natural form of recognition memory within the social behavior of hamsters. The findings show a strikingly similar pattern to the effects of selective damage to the same brain regions on performance in standard recognition memory tasks by rats and monkeys. Therefore, the present data extend our understanding of the differential role of structures of the hippocampal memory system, showing continuity across species and between formal laboratory tests and the function of memory in natural social behavior.
Source and Sink Method of Solution of Two-Dimensional Phase Change for Energy Storage

A source and sink method has been developed for the solution of heat transfer with phase change in two dimensions. In this method, the heat transfer in one direction is decoupled from that in the other direction by changing the second partial differential in the direction where the phase change is less dominant to a finite difference form and solving the problem in the other direction with an analytical solution that accounts for the motion of the interface in a phase-change problem. The solution developed in this paper is thus independent of the equations used to represent the interface as well as the conditions imposed on the boundaries. In the present paper, the method has been applied to the tracking of a single melting front formed by different phases assuming equal properties. The method has been demonstrated to be accurate, convergent, and stable by numerical computations as well as experimental measurements. Extension of the method to more general problems has also been discussed.
The inverse oxidation phenomenon

Abstract The oxidation rate of some “as manufactured” graphites increases with increased distance from the surface. The preponderance of the data supports the conclusion that this phenomenon is due to increased catalytic activity of one or more of the impurities in the graphite, and that the increase in catalytic activity is due to changes in the chemical state of the impurities.
Empowering Sustainable Consumption [Policy Perspectives]

Consumer behavior has significant environmental impacts, and consumers need help from third parties to recognize better choices. Consumers can only improve overall outcomes in concert with proactive producers and an encouraging and informative government. Unintended consequences diminish, but do not extinguish, the effects of sustainable consumption.
Quinone Methide Formations in the Cu2+-Induced Oxidation of a Diterpenone Catechol and Concurrent Damage on DNA

Terpene quinone methides have been isolated from natural resources and exhibit broad biological activities against bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells through the reactive quinone methide (QM) moiety. The biological potential of the oxidation of terpene QM precursors, however, has not been assessed even though Cu(2+)-induced oxidation of catechol shows detrimental effects on cells. In this study, a diterpenone catechol was investigated as a precursor of terpene QM under aqueous conditions in the presence of Cu2+. Direct QM formation was implied in the Cu(2+)-induced oxidation through the study of thiol addition using HPLC and ESI-MS analysis. In addition, oxidation of the initial QM adduct to a second-QM intermediate was observed. The direct QM oxidation pathway may be unique for diterpenone catechol in the Cu(2+)-induced oxidation and is an addition to the reported isomerization pathway of o-quinones to QMs. The DNA damage by the Cu(2+)-induced oxidation of diterpenone catechol was assessed on a short duplex DNA target. Both direct DNA cleavage and nucleobase oxidation were observed extensively by in situ-generated hydroxyl radicals.
Direct synthesis of self-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes on paper

Abstract A technique of micro chemical vapor deposition (μCVD) is reported for the direct synthesis of self-aligned SWCNTs on various substrates including plastics and paper. With the guidance of micro flow channels, self-aligned SWCNTs up to hundreds of microns in length have been collected. Both Raman spectral and transmission electron microscopy have validated the high quality of these SWCNTs. In conclusion, μCVD could be a versatile method to synthesize pristine SWCNTs for various applications.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Evaluation of a Low-Temperature Glassy Carbon Stationary Phase

Abstract A low temperature glassy carbon (LTGC) stationary phase coated on porous glassy carbon and zirconium oxide is chromatographically evaluated and compared to an uncoated porous glassy carbon stationary phase. The curing temperature of the LTGC was chosen to produce a surface having a reversed phase type retention mechanism. The LTGC coating of the porous glassy carbon reduced retention due to dispersive interactions while maintaining a similar retention mechanism as the untreated porous glassy carbon phase. The LTGC-coated zirconia produced an efficient column with classical reversed-phase retention behavior.
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex

Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattice is composed of HRP-labeled walls (350-450 microns apart Saimiri and about 500-600 microns in macaque) surrounding unlabeled central lacunae. Within the lattice walls there are regularly arranged punctate loci of particularly dense HRP label, appearing as isolated patches as the lattice wall labeling thins further from the injection site. A periodic organization has also been demonstrated for the intrinsic connections in layer 4B, which are apparently in register with the supragranular periodicities, although separated from these by a thin unlabeled region. The 4B lattice is particularly prominent in squirrel monkey, extending for 2-3 mm from an injection. In both layers, these intrinsic connections are demonstrated by orthogradely and retrogradely transported HRP and seem to reflect a system of neurons with long horizontal axon collaterals, presumably with arborizations at regularly spaced intervals. The intrinsic connectional lattice in layers 2 and 3 resembles the repetitive array of cytochrome oxidase activity in these layers; but despite similarities of dimension and pattern, the two systems do not appear identical. In primate, as previously described in tree shrews (Rockland et al., '82), the HRP-labeled anatomical connections resemble the pattern of 2-deoxyglucose accumulation resulting from stimulation with oriented lines, although the functional importance of these connections remains obscure.
Designing a partially reconfigured system

Partial reconfiguration is the ability of certain FPGAs to reconfigure only selected protions of the device while other portions contiue to operate undisturbed. When used in conjunction with the runtime reconfiguration (RTR) implementation strategy, the performance of the system can be greatly enhanced. RRANN2 is a RTR artifical neural network that uses partial reconfiguration. Its operation is divided into a series of sequentially executed stages with each stage implemented as a separate circuit module. System operation consists of sequencing through these modules at runtime, one configuraiton at a time. By carefully organizing each circuit module in order to establish a large number of functional and physical commonalities, partial reconfiguration is used to leave common circuitry resident on the FPGAs during system reconfiguration. Transitioning between configurations can then be accomplished by updating only the differences between circuit modules. This significantly enhances overall performance by reducing the amount of time the RTR application spends configuring. RRANN2 exhibited a 53.5% reduction in reconfiguration time through the use of partial reconfiguration. This paper presents the methodology used to design the RRANN2 system.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Compassion and Capitalism: Implications for Organizational Studies

In the United States, income inequality has escalated since the 1970s while millions of workers and their families are suffering the devastation of long-term unemployment or work that is insecure and unstable. Against this backdrop, a growing body of literature focuses on compassion in organizations, primarily at the individual and group level of analysis. However, the current economic system under which the U.S. economy operates might create a fundamental tension in this regard. That is, the tenets of American corporate capitalism (ACC) might be in contradiction to compassionate organizing. ACC is an ideology that emphasizes, among other things, the pursuit of self-interest, competition, market exchange, consumerism, and using a profit/loss criterion to make decisions in organizations. Members of a society in which ACC is dominant may come to internalize the beliefs and values underlying ACC (Kasser, Cohn, Kanner, & Ryan, 2007), which may be at odds with compassionate organizing. Indeed, management schol...
Sustainability of natural resource use for an Amazonian indigenous group

This research examines how the Kandozi indigenous group governs access to fish and timber for sale and evaluates their perceptions of sustainability of those natural resources. The Kandozi occupy a biodiverse tropical forest in the northern Peruvian Amazon with lakes and seasonally flooded areas. Qualitative methods and a comparative examination of access to resources were used to explore current processes that shape access and the people’s perceptions of their benefit from natural resources. Results indicated that environmental heterogeneity, kinship, land tenure, the legal framework, and knowledge all shaped access with some differences due to the dissimilar natures of fish and timber. This research concludes that the sustainability of this and similar systems are dependent upon the moment at which the analysis is done, because of the changing needs of people over time, in addition to changes in external factors and the natural variations that occur in the resources used. The range of relations and interactions among different processes that shape access, and the historically contingent characteristic of access and its evolution over time, help better understand the complexity of a given social-ecological system.
A mathematical model for tertiary X-rays from heterogeneous samples

A mathematical model is derived for tertiary X-ray fluorescence from heterogeneous samples based on generally accepted primary X-ray fluorescence models. Variable source-sample-detector geometry, sample particle size and packing fraction effects are included. The model is expressed explicitly for three different ways of treating the attenuation within the sample. Calculations of the model are made for comparison with primary and secondary fluorescence calculations, and for comparison with calculated and experimantal results reported in the literature which include tertiary effects.
Utility of metabolomics toward assessing the metabolic basis of quality traits in apple fruit with an emphasis on antioxidants

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was employed to evaluate the use of metabolite patterns to differentiate fruit from six commercially grown apple cultivars harvested in 2008. Principal component analysis (PCA) of apple fruit peel and flesh data indicated that individual cultivar replicates clustered together and were separated from all other cultivar samples. An independent metabolomics investigation with fruit harvested in 2003 confirmed the separate clustering of fruit from different cultivars. Further evidence for cultivar separation was obtained using a hierarchical clustering analysis. An evaluation of PCA component loadings revealed specific metabolite classes that contributed the most to each principal component, whereas a correlation analysis demonstrated that specific metabolites correlate directly with quality traits such as antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins, which are important parameters in the selection of breeding germplasm. These data sets lay the foundation for elucidating the metabolic basis of commercially important fruit quality traits.
Scanning electron microscopy: Second best no more

Secondary electron imaging in electron microscopy can achieve resolutions that compete with transmission electron microscopy, and allows imaging of both surface and bulk atoms simultaneously.
A proofless proof of the barwise compactness theorem

We prove a theorem (1.7) about partial orders which can be viewed as a version of the Barwise compactness theorem which does not mention logic. The Barwise compactness theorem is easily equivalent to 1.7 + “Every Henkin set has a model”. We then make the observation that 1.7 gives us the definability of forcing for quantifier-free sentences in the forcing language and use this to give a direct proof of the truth and definability lemmas of forcing.
The effects of a glycerin-based blood analog on the testing of bioprosthetic heart valves

Detailed comparisons of aortic valvular flow using saline, with that using a glycerin-based blood analog in a pulse duplicator are reported. The experiments were carried out to determine whether exposure to glycerin caused stiffening of bioprosthetic valve leaflets. For two pericardial bioprostheses and for a mechanical valve we observed a fluid-dependent systolic volume flow, a fluid-dependent regurgitation volume, and fluid-dependent systolic pressure differences. Volume flow changes, both forward and reverse, are independent of valve type. The observed pressure differences, while proportional to fluid density for the mechanical valve, are fluid dependent in a more complicated way for the pericardial valves. However, no trend of changing valvular performance was observed over as much as 80 days of glycerin exposure, indicating that it is unlikely that the fluid-dependent performance was caused by glycerin absorption by the valve leaflets. We conclude that valid performance comparisons between mechanical and bioprosthetic valves may be made using a glycerin-based fluid. Furthermore, it appears that any detailed analysis of the physical mechanisms of valvular flow dissipation will require a properly matched blood analog.
Postoperative Considerations for Patients with Obesity and Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea and obesity are prevalent and often coexisting conditions that challenge medical, anesthetic, and surgical treatment. It is essential to possess knowledge of the magnitude of the sleep disorder as well as concomitant medical comorbidities. Management of obese patients requires a thorough preoperative evaluation and appraisal of anesthetic and operative risks. Postoperatively, these patients can present an additional challenge.
Cosmetic surgery and the internal morality of medicine.

Cosmetic surgery is a fast-growing medical practice. In 1997 surgeons in the United States performed the four most common cosmetic procedures—liposuction, breast augmentation, eyelid surgery, and facelift—443,728 times, an increase of 150% over the comparable total for 1992. Estimated total expenditures for cosmetic surgery range from 2 billion. As managed care cuts into physicians' income and autonomy, cosmetic surgery, which is not covered by health insurance, offers a financially attractive medical specialty.
Carbenoxolone induced depression of rhythmogenesis in the pre-Bötzinger Complex

Carbenoxolone (CBX), a gap junction uncoupler, alters the functioning of the pre-Botzinger Complex (preBotC), a central pattern generating neuronal network important for the production of respiratory rhythm in mammals. Even when isolated in a 1/2 mm-thick slice of medulla oblongata from neonatal mouse the preBotC continues producing periodic bursts of action potentials, termed population bursts that are thought to be important in generating various patterns of inspiration, in vivo. Whether gap junction communication contributes to preBotC rhythmogenesis remains unresolved, largely because existing gap junction uncouplers exert numerous non-specific effects (e.g., inhibition of active transport, alteration of membrane conductances). Here, we determined whether CBX alters preBotC rhythmogenesis by altering membrane properties including input resistance (Rin), voltage-gated Na+ current (INa), and/or voltage-gated K+ current (IK), rather than by blocking gap junction communication. To do so we used a medullary slice preparation, network-level recordings, whole-cell voltage clamp, and glycyrrhizic acid (GZA; a substance used as a control for CBX, since it is similar in structure and does not block gap junctions). Whereas neither of the control treatments [artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or GZA (50 μM)] noticeably affected preBotC rhythmogenesis, CBX (50 μM) decreased the frequency, area and amplitude of population bursts, eventually terminating population burst production after 45–60 min. Both CBX and GZA decreased neuronal Rin and induced an outward holding current. Although neither agent altered the steady state component of IK evoked by depolarizing voltage steps, CBX, but not GZA, increased peak INa. The data presented herein are consistent with the notion that gap junction communication is important for preBotC rhythmogenesis. By comparing the effects of CBX and GZA on membrane properties our data a) demonstrate that depression of preBotC rhythmogenesis by CBX results from actions on another variable or other variables; and b) show that this comparative approach can be used to evaluate the potential contribution of other non-specific actions (e.g., Ca++ conductances or active transport) of CBX, or other uncouplers, in their alteration of preBotC rhythmogenesis, or the functioning of other networks.
Computational study of combustion dynamics in a single-element lean direct injection gas turbine combustor

Abstract : Simulations of self-excited combustion instabilities in a model configuration of a lean direct injection (LDI) gas turbine combustor were performed and investigated with different operating conditions (air temperature and equivalence ratio). Concurrently, experimental data were obtained at the same conditions in a well-instrumented test combustor with the same configuration to validate the simulation results. The simulations are used to investigate the coupling between the acoustic and heat release modes and the important flow dynamics to understand the physics that lead to combustion instabilities in the LDI combustor. A Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) hydrodynamic instability was found to be significant in driving spray and flame responses. Detailed and systematic studies of the PVC instability are also performed using non-reacting simulations of an acoustically-open combustor to minimize the acoustic and combustion effects on the flow field.
Development of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa mushroom morphology and cavity formation by iron-starvation: a mathematical modeling study

We present a mathematical model of mushroom-like architecture and cavity formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. We demonstrate that a proposed disparity in internal friction between the stalk and cap extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) leads to spatial variation in volumetric expansion sufficient to produce the mushroom morphology. The capability of diffusible signals to induce the formation of a fluid-filled cavity within the cap is then investigated. We assume that conversion of bacteria to the planktonic state within the cap occurs in response to the accumulation or depletion of some signal molecule. We (a) show that neither simple nutrient starvation nor signal production by one or more subpopulations of bacteria is sufficient to trigger localized cavity formation. We then (b) demonstrate various hypothetical scenarios that could result in localized cavity formation. Finally, we (c) model iron availability as a detachment signal and show simulation results demonstrating cavity formation by iron starvation. We conclude that iron availability is a plausible mechanism by which fluid-filled cavities form in the cap region of mushroom-like structures.
Nonprofit-Business Partnering Dynamics in the Energy Efficiency Field

What explains differentiation in a nonprofit’s organizational practices around partnering with businesses? I propose that attendance at events plays a role. To explore this, I identify a network of energy and environmental nonprofit organizations and the events that brought them together to influence appliance energy efficiency from 1994 to 2006. Using network analysis to identify cohesive subgroups, I find that over time, organizations become more likely to choose one type of event over another suggesting niche development occurred in the field. I also find that, controlling for previous efforts with businesses, funding, and mission, organizations that belonged to a cohesive subgroup of organizations brought together by an annual event promoting cooperative market approaches from 2001 to 2006 were five times more likely than those nonprofits in other subgroups to partner with business. This research has implications for understanding the creation of new events and its impact on organizational practices.
Tashi: location-aware cluster management

Big Data applications, those that require large data corpora either for correctness or for fidelity, are becoming increasingly prevalent. Tashi is a cluster management system designed particularly for enabling cloud computing applications to operate on repositories of Big Data. These applications are extremely scalable but also have very high resource demands. A key technique for making such applications perform well is Location-Awareness. This paper demonstrates that location-aware applications can outperform those that are not location aware by factors of 3-11 and describes two general services developed for Tashi to provide location-awareness independently of the storage system.
Commentary on "My Story: A Genetic Counselor's Journey from Provider to Patient"

The anonymous author of, “My story: A genetic counselor’s journey from provider to patient,” deserves our deepest respect and admiration (Anonymous 2008). The author has endured a tortuous decision and its consequences, and has found the courage to publish her journey. This commentary addresses themes that arise from her story, draws upon the research literature and highlights what genetic counselors and other health care providers can learn from her experiences.