cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending United Haulers to Fit Davis: Tax Exemptions as a Downstream 'Flow Control' Device

Kentucky, like most states, exempts from state income taxation the interest income on municipal bonds issued by Kentucky and her political subdivisions. Interest on out-of-state municipal bonds is fully taxable under Kentucky law. Does this disparity in state income tax treatment violate the dormant Commerce Clause? In Davis v. Kentucky, the Kentucky Court of Appeals said "yes." The United States Supreme Court will review Davis during the October 2007 Term. The outcome in Davis is likely to turn on whether the Court decides to extend its recent decision in United Haulers Association, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority, 127 S. Ct. 1786 (2007). There, the Court decided that when a government regulates to favor its own market participation undertaken to perform a "traditional" governmental function, and when it is motivated by legitimate interests and not economic protectionism, the government does not discriminate against interstate commerce as long as all private competitors are treated identically. Professors Yale and Galle argue, in Municipal Bonds and the Dormant Commerce Clause After United Haulers, 115 Tax Notes 1037 (2007), that the Court should affirm the Kentucky Court of Appeals. United Haulers is inapplicable, they say, because Kentucky is discriminating not against private competitors, but against similarly-situated public competitors who also sell municipal bonds. Kentucky's tax exemption is thus protectionist and unconstitutional. I believe the Court will take a different view. When Kentucky enters the capital market to borrow funds, it is engaged in a traditional governmental function. Kentucky's tax exemption is not protectionist; it advances a legitimate government interest in having an adequate supply of capital to finance public works. The Court will extend United Haulers for two reasons. First, United Haulers implicitly sanctions this outcome. Second, the Court will see no need for a different result just because public competitors are disadvantaged.
Genetic Causation of Neointimal Hyperplasia in Hemodialysis Vascular Access Dysfunction

The major cause of hemodialysis vascular access failure is venous stenosis resulting from neointimal hyperplasia. Genetic factors have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in the general population. Genetic factors may also play an important role in vascular access stenosis and development of neointimal hyperplasia by affecting pathways that lead to inflammation, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and vascular smooth muscle proliferation. This review will discuss the role of genetics in understanding neointimal hyperplasia development in hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction and other disease processes with similar neointimal hyperplasia development such as coronary artery disease and PVD.
Interstitial fluid pressure correlates with intravoxel incoherent motion imaging metrics in a mouse mammary carcinoma model

The effective delivery of a therapeutic drug to the core of a tumor is often impeded by physiological barriers, such as the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). There are a number of therapies that can decrease IFP and induce tumor vascular normalization. However, a lack of a noninvasive means to measure IFP hinders the utilization of such a window of opportunity for the maximization of the treatment response. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion parameters as noninvasive imaging biomarkers for IFP. Mice bearing the 4T1 mammary carcinoma model were studied using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), immediately followed by wick-in-needle IFP measurement. Voxelwise analysis was conducted with a conventional monoexponential diffusion model, as well as a biexponential model taking IVIM into account. There was no significant correlation of IFP with either the median apparent diffusion coefficient from the monoexponential model (r = 0.11, p = 0.78) or the median tissue diffusivity from the biexponential model (r = 0.30, p = 0.44). However, IFP was correlated with the median pseudo-diffusivity (D(p)) of apparent vascular voxels (r = 0.76, p = 0.02) and with the median product of the perfusion fraction and pseudo-diffusivity (f(p)D(p)) of apparent vascular voxels (r = 0.77, p = 0.02). Although the effect of IVIM in tumors has been reported previously, to our knowledge, this study represents the first direct comparison of IVIM metrics with IFP, with the results supporting the feasibility of the use of IVIM DWI metrics as noninvasive biomarkers for tumor IFP.
Tides of consent : how public opinion shapes American politics

List of tables and figures Preface Acknowledgements 1. Opinion flows 2. What the public wants of government 3. Left and Right movements in preference 4. The great horse race: finding meaning in presidential campaigns 5. Between the campaigns: public approval and and disapproval of government 6. On politics at the margin Bibliography Index.
Membrane Trafficking Regulates the Activity of the Human Dopamine Transporter

The trafficking of synaptic proteins is unquestionably a major determinant of the properties of synaptic transmission. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the downregulation and intracellular trafficking of the cocaine- and amphetamine-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT), a presynaptic plasma membrane protein responsible for the regulation of extracellular DA concentrations. Using PC12 cells stably transfected with human DAT cDNA, we observe that phorbol ester activation of protein kinase C (PKC) results in decreased transporter capacity and a parallel decrease in the amount of DAT on the cell surface that is attributable to intracellular transporter sequestration. After internalization, DAT diverges to the recycling, as opposed to the degradative, arm of the endocytic pathway. This study demonstrates, for the first time, DAT endocytosis, establishes the pathways through which DAT traffics both at steady state and in response to PKC activation, and suggests that DAT recycling is likely to occur.
Scalable synthesis of quaterrylene: solution-phase 1H NMR spectroscopy of its oxidative dication.

Quaterrylene is prepared in a single reaction and high yield by Scholl-type coupling of perylene, utilizing trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as catalyst and DDQ or molecular oxygen as oxidant. Dissolution in 1 M triflic acid/dichloroethane with sonication yields the aromatic quaterrylene oxidative dication, which is characterized by its 1H NMR spectrum.
Neurokinin-α injected into the ventral tegmental area elicits a dopamine-dependent behavioral activation in the rat

Abstract Neurokinin-alpha (NKA) and substance P (SP), neuropeptides of the tachykinin family, have been identified in dopaminergic areas of rat brain. It has previously been shown that SP microinjected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), site of the dopaminergic A10 (DA-A10) cell bodies, causes a behavioral activation characteristics of dopamine agonists. The present experiment measured open field behavior following bilateral VTA injections of NKA (0.02, 0.2, 2.0 μg/0.5 μl). NKA induced a dose-dependent behavioral activation at lower concentrations of NKA than previously reported with SP. Medium and high doses of NKA produced significant increases in locomotion and rearing in both center and periphery of the open field. Grooming decreased with dose, although this effect was not significant. In a second experiment, the behavioral activation by NKA (2.0 μg) was blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg), confirming that the NKA-induced effect is mediated by dopamine. Although the VTA contains both SP and NKA, receptors binding NKA, receptors binding NKA exist here in greater density than those binding SP. Thus NKA may be the tachykinin in this region that preferentially interacts with DA-A10 neurons mediating behavioral arousal.
Pressure-induced Reduction of a Ferric Amphibole

MOST ferric salts and complexes undergo reversible reduction at high pressures1,2. These results have important implications in geochemical studies of the mantle3 and suggest that ferric-bearing silicates might be reduced to the ferrous state at high pressures. We report here results of Mossbauer measurements at high pressures on a synthetic ferric amphibole, which is a possible component in the Upper Mantle. The data indicate that Fe3+ ions may be reduced to Fe2+ ions in minerals of the Earth's interior.
Turbulent vortex rings

We consider the motion of the mass of fluid ejected through a sharp-edged orifice by the motion of a piston. The vorticity formed by viscous forces within the separated flow at the sharp edge rolls up to form a concentrated vortex which, after a development period, consists of a core of very fine scale turbulence surrounded by a co-moving bubble of much larger scale turbulence. This bubble entrains outer fluid, mixes with it, and deposits the majority into a wake together with some small fraction of the total vorticity of the ring. Enough fluid is retained to account for the slow growth of the whole fluid mass. A theory which takes account of both the growth process and the loss of vorticity is proposed. By comparison with experimental measurements we have determined that the entrainment coefficient for turbulent vortex rings has a value equal to 0.011 ± 0.001, while their effective drag coefficient is 0.09 ± 0.01. These results seem to be independent of Reynolds number to within experimental accuracy.
Surface grooved visible light active carbon modified (CM)-n-TiO2 thin films for efficient photoelectrochemical splitting of water

Abstract Carbon modified n-type titanium oxide (CM-n-TiO 2 ) photoelectrodes were synthesized by thermal flame oxidation of grooved and non-grooved Ti metal sheet at several flame temperatures for different lengths of time. The photoresponse of CM-n-TiO 2 was evaluated by measuring the rate of water splitting to hydrogen and oxygen, which is proportional to observed photocurrent density. The optimized grooved CM-n-TiO 2 photoelectrodes generated photocurrent density of 11.45 mA cm −2 at applied potential of 0.242 V at illumination intensity of 100 mW cm −2 from a 150 W xenon lamp. However, under the same illumination condition the non-grooved sample generated photocurrent density of 9.17 mA cm −2 at applied potential of 0.24 V. The maximum photoconversion efficiencies obtained from wavelength dependent monochromatic photocurrents were found to be 11.16% and 8.86% for grooved and non-grooved samples, respectively, under the same illumination intensity from the xenon lamp. Importantly, for optimized grooved CM-n-TiO 2 sample, at an applied potential of 0.242 V the total conversion efficiency of 9.5% and the maximum photoconversion efficiency of 7.62% for water splitting under global air mass of 1.5 (AM 1.5) sunlight (1 sun) illuminations were observed. The carbon contents in optimized grooved and non-grooved CM-n-TiO 2 samples were found to be 19.38 at.% and 17.60 at.%, respectively, from energy dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX) though both samples showed same band gap energy of 2.65 eV and a mid-gap band of 1.4 eV above the valence band. The UV–Vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and scanning electron micrograms (SEM) of these samples were also given.
Road User Fees Instead of Fuel Taxes: The Quest for Political Acceptability

In light of recent regulatory changes in federal fuel economy standards for cars and trucks, the consensus forecast is that motor fuel taxes will not be an adequate source of dedicated funding for roadway maintenance and construction. This article accepts the notion that mileage fees are a promising replacement for the fuel tax and considers steps that might be taken to enhance the political acceptability of such a reform. The authors argue that simple, low-tech ways of implementing mileage fees are possible in the near term and should be complemented by a well-developed audit mechanism. Current trends in the automotive and auto insurance industries as well as social media are likely to reduce opposition to more technologically advanced mileage taxes in the long run.
Excited-State Electronic Structure in Polypyridyl Complexes Containing Unsymmetrical Ligands.

Step-scan Fourier transform infrared absorption difference time-resolved (S2FTIR ΔA TRS) and time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopies have been applied to a series of questions related to excited-state structure in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states of [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(CO2Et)2bpy)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(4-CO2Et-4‘-CH3bpy)]2+, [Ru(bpy)(4,4‘-(CO2Et)2bpy)2]2+, [Ru(4,4‘-(CO2Et)2bpy)3]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(4,4‘-(CONEt2)2bpy)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(4-CONEt2-4‘-CH3bpy)]2+, and [Ru(4-CONEt2-4‘-CH3bpy)3]2+ (bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine). These complexes contain bpy ligands which are either symmetrically or unsymmetrically derivatized with electron-withdrawing ester or amide substituents. Analysis of the vibrational data, largely based on the magnitudes of the ν(CO) shifts of the amide and ester substituents (Δν(CO)), reveals that the ester- or amide-derivatized ligands are the ultimate acceptors and that the excited electron is localized on one acceptor ligand on the nanosecond time scale. In the unsymmetrically...
Striatal dysfunction during failed motor inhibition in children at risk for bipolar disorder.

Background A better understanding of the neural underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD) can be obtained by examining brain activity in symptom-free individuals at risk for BD. This study examined the neural correlates of motor inhibition in a sample of symptom-free youths at familial risk for BD.
Cogito Ergo Sum: Christopher Peacocke and John Campbell: II—Lichtenberg and the Cogito

Our use of ‘I’, or something like it, is implicated in our self-regarding emotions, in the concern to survive, and so seems basic to ordinary human life. But why does that pattern of use require a referring term? Don't Lichtenberg's formulations show how we could have our ordinary pattern of use here without the first person? I argue that what explains our compulsion to regard the first person as a referring term is our ordinary causal thinking, which requires us to find a persisting object as the mechanism that underpins the causal structure we naturally ascribe to the self. I thus argue against Peacocke's picture (2012), on which it's the cogito that explains one's knowledge of one's own existence.
Assessing and facilitating complex sentence formulation in picture description tasks

Assessment in speech-language pathology often involves an evaluation of a child's ability in sentence formulation. The primary objective of the study was to explore the priming effect on syntactic production in school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI). Priming is the tendency to use syntactic forms that have recently been spoken or heard. A total of 18 children with SLI and 18 typically-developing children participated in a task that involved formulating sentences about pictures in a prime condition and a no-prime condition for relative clauses and adverbial clauses. A significant priming effect was found for adverbial clauses, but not for relative clauses. Results emphasize the importance in the assessment of syntactic knowledge for children with language impairments. Future research is required to better understand how priming techniques may be used for children with language impairments.
Improving Discharge Characteristics of Indirect Integral Collector Storage Systems with Multielement Storage

The desired performance of unpressurized integral collector storage systems hinges on the appropriate selection of storage volume and the immersed heat exchanger. This paper presents analytical results expressing the relation between storage volume, number of heat exchanger transfer units, and temperature-limited performance. For a system composed of a single storage element, the limiting behavior of a perfectly stratified storage element is shown to be superior to a fully mixed storage element, consistent with a more general analysis of thermal storage. Since, however, only the fully mixed limit is readily obtainable in a physical system, the present paper also examines a division of the storage volume into separate compartments. This multielement storage system shows significantly improved discharge characteristics as a result of improved elemental area utilization and temperature variation between elements, comparable in many cases to a single perfectly stratified storage element. In addition, the multielement system shows increased robustness with respect to variations in heat exchaneer effectiveness and initial storage temperature.
A high-linking algorithm for sign-changing solutions of semilinear elliptic equations

where ⊂<N is a bounded domain with regular boundary @ . The operator − can be replaced by a more general second-order uniformly elliptical operator in divergence form. The solutions we are interested in nding are of minimax type and sign changing. Nonlinear elliptic equations of type (1.1) arise naturally in physics, engineering, and mathematical biology. It is known that many such equations have multiple solutions. Their study has attracted the attention of many pure and applied mathematicians during the past two decades. Let us assume that f satis es the following regularity and growth conditions: (A1) f(x; t) is locally Lipschitz continuous in ×<;
The influence of age and exercise modality on growth hormone bioactivity in women.

Abstract Objective Prior research has indicated that the loss of skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density observed with aging is related to the prominent age-related decline in the concentration of serum growth hormone (GH). However, there is limited data on the effects of aging on GH responses to acute bouts of heavy resistance exercise (HRE) and aerobic exercise (AE). Design The present investigation examined the effects of a HRE protocol and an AE protocol on immunoreactive GH (IGH) and bioactive GH (BGH) in active young and old women. Results Older women had a diminished serum IGH response to both the HRE and AE protocols compared to the younger women, however a similar response was not observed in serum BGH. Additionally, the HRE protocol elicited a greater BGH response than the AE protocol exclusively in the younger group. Conclusions Regardless of exercise mode, aging induces an increase in growth hormone polymerization that specifically results in a loss of serum growth hormone immunoreactivity without a concurrent loss of serum growth hormone bioactivity. The greater BGH response to the HRE protocol found in the younger group can be attributed to an unknown serum factor of molecular weight between 30 and 55 kD that either potentiated growth hormone bioactivity in response to HRE or inhibited growth hormone bioactivity in response to AE.
An unusual cause of penetrating cardiac injury in a child

Abstract The authors report on a 7-year-old boy who suffered an unintentional penetrating cardiac injury while misusing a lawn toy in a predictable way. The boy was hemodynamically stable, with abdominal pain and tenderness. The pericardial effusion was first noted on upper abdominal computerized tomographic images and was confirmed by echocardiography. A puncture wound of the anterior right ventricle was found. As in this case, children may not have the typical signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade, making the diagnosis difficult and delaying appropriate care. This child's injury could have been prevented through increased parental supervision or a modified toy design that takes into account predictable patterns of missuse.
Going to Sea

Letters from: [ Kenneth S. Johnson ][1] [ Richard F. Pittenger ][2] I strongly disagree with the suggestion, quoted by Jeffrey Mervis (“A fleet too good to afford?”, News & Comment, [15 Mar., p. 1486][3]), that academic research ought to be performed on ships provided lowest bids. This
The genetics of body weight and its effect on early maturity based on individually tagged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract The effect of sex and temperature on body weight, the effect of body weight on age of maturity, and genetic parameters for body weight at ten ages were investigated for progeny from 18 two-year females and 54 yearling males through 740 days post-fertilization. Sexes were classified into three categories: females, early maturing males (E-males), and other males (T-males). E-males were significantly heavier than T-males and formed a disproportionate percentage of the heaviest males at ages prior to maturity the first year. However, T-males were significantly heavier than E-males after the E-males passed first maturity, and they were heavier than females between 362 and 628 days. Members of each full-sib family were placed into low and high temperature treatments. Temperature significantly influenced body weight at all ages except 278, 362, and 740 days. By increasing body weight, the high temperature treatment produced almost three times the proportion of E-males as the low temperature treatment. Genetic parameter estimates were obtained using derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood techniques to analyze a mixed, additive genetic and maternal model. Additive genetic, maternal, and residual variances were estimated as well as the additive genetic-maternal covariance. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.21 to 0.53 and were highest at young ages and lowest at later ages. The ratio of maternal to phenotypic variance was consistent and low, ranging between 0.02 and 0.03. However, additive genetic-maternal correlations varied considerably with age. They were all positive and ranged from 0.28 to 1.00; only three estimates, at 278, 398 and 740 days, were above 0.53. Genetic correlations between body weights at seven ages ranged from 0.19 to 0.95 and phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.29 to 0.94. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were consistently high between contiguous ages (0.74 to 0.95) and generally decreased as the difference between ages increased. The evidence supported the hypothesis of a strong positive relationship between body weight and early maturity based on numerous genetic parameters estimated for body weight. The availability of such information will facilitate genetic decision making.
Generalised method of current excitation reconstruction from near-field data of planar, cylindrical and spherical antenna arrays

Currently chemotherapy, radiation and surgery are the widely accepted treatments for cancer. A fourth modality, hyperthermia, or heat treatment, is emerging as an adjuvant cancer treatment along with radiation or chemotherapy, and works as a booster, sometimes even doubling the effects of these standard treatments. Hyperthermia essentially heats the cancer region to around 42°C by precisely controlled electromagnetic radiation in the 27, 900 or 2400 MHz frequency range. The re-emergence of hyperthermia is primarily due to advanced antenna technology, which can precisely target the tumour volume, while delivering minimal energy to neighbouring healthy tissue. The precise focusing of the electromagnetic beam is realised either by focusing plates or lenses, or by conformal antenna arrays. In order to achieve efficient array near-field control for hyperthermia applications, electronic control of the array currents is essential to control the beam over the tumour volume and achieve uniform heating. This paper reports a generalised analytical technique to reconstruct the array currents from a specific near-zone electric field profile. This reconstruction technique is applicable to conformal arrays with planar, cylindrical or spherical geometry. Several simulations have been carried out to test the validity and accuracy of the reconstruction algorithm.
SU-E-T-59: Calculations of Collimator Scatter Factors (Sc) with and Without Custom-Made Build-Up Caps for CyberKnife

Purpose: To investigate the impact of custom-made build-up caps for a diode detector in robotic radiosurgery radiation fields with variable collimator (IRIS) for collimator scatter factor (Sc) calculation. Methods: An acrylic cap was custom-made to fit our SFD (IBA Dosimetry, Germany) diode detector. The cap has thickness of 5 cm, corresponding to a depth beyond electron contamination. IAEA phase space data was used for beam modeling and DOSRZnrc code was used to model the detector. The detector was positioned at 80 cm source-to-detector distance. Calculations were performed with the SFD, with and without the build-up cap, for clinical IRIS settings ranging from 7.5 to 60 mm. Results: The collimator scatter factors were calculated with and without 5 cm build-up cap. They were agreed within 3% difference except 15 mm cone. The Sc factor for 15 mm cone without buildup was 13.2% lower than that with buildup. Conclusion: Sc data is a critical component in advanced algorithms for treatment planning in order to calculate the dose accurately. After incorporating build-up cap, we discovered differences of up to 13.2 % in Sc factors in the SFD detector, when compared against in-air measurements without build-up caps.
Upland disturbance affects headwater stream nutrients and suspended sediments during baseflow and stormflow.

Because catchment characteristics determine sediment and nutrient inputs to streams, upland disturbance can affect stream chemistry. Catchments at the Fort Benning Military Installation (near Columbus, Georgia) experience a range of upland disturbance intensities due to spatial variability in the intensity of military training. We used this disturbance gradient to investigate the effects of upland soil and vegetation disturbance on stream chemistry. During baseflow, mean total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration and mean inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) concentration increased with catchment disturbance intensity (TSS: R 2 = 0.7, p = 0.005, range = 4.0-10.1 mg L-1; ISS: R 2 = 0.71, p = 0.004, range = 2.04-7.3 mg L-1); dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (R 2 = 0.79, p = 0.001, range = 1.5-4.1 mg L-1) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration (R 2 = 0.75, p = 0.008, range = 1.9-6.2 {micro}g L-1) decreased with increasing disturbance intensity; and ammonia (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3 -), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were unrelated to disturbance intensity. The increase in TSS and ISS during storms was positively correlated with disturbance (R 2 = 0.78 and 0.78, p = 0.01 and 0.01, respectively); mean maximum change in SRP during storms increased with disturbancemore » (r = 0.7, p = 0.04); and mean maximum change in NO3 - during storms was marginally correlated with disturbance (r = 0.58, p = 0.06). Soil characteristics were significant predictors of baseflow DOC, SRP, and Ca2+, but were not correlated with suspended sediment fractions, any nitrogen species, or pH. Despite the largely intact riparian zones of these headwater streams, upland soil and vegetation disturbances had clear effects on stream chemistry during baseflow and stormflow conditions.« less
A flexible sinusoidal response analyzer

Clyde Sprague was selected by the SCi Awards Committee as a winner of the EAI Student Papers Competi tion for the paper on the sinusoidal response analyzer which follows. At the time that the paper was written, the author was a doctoral candidate under another SIMULATION contributor, Dr. Robert H. Kohr, at Purdue. To appreciate the significance of this award, see the rules on page iv. JM
Proteomics: the move to mixtures

Proteomics can be defined as the systematic analysis of proteins for their identity, quantity and function. In contrast to a cell's static genome, the proteome is both complex and dynamic. Proteome analysis is most commonly accomplished by the combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). However, this technique is under scrutiny because of a failure to detect low-abundance proteins from the analysis of whole cell lysates. Alternative approaches integrate a diversity of separation technologies and make use of the tremendous peptide separation and sequencing power provided by MS/MS. When liquid chromatography is combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and applied to the direct analysis of mixtures, many of the limitations of 2DE for proteome analysis can be overcome. This tutorial addresses current approaches to identify and characterize large numbers of proteins and measure dynamic changes in protein expression directly from complex protein mixtures (total cell lysates).
Potentiometric titration of chloride in plant tissue extracts using the chloride ion electrode.

Abstract Use of the chloride specific ion electrode to determine chloride in plants was evaluted. Direct potentiometric determination of chloride by the electrode resulted in unreproducible and extremely high chloride values. However, use of this electrode to indicate the end point in titration of the tissue‐extract mixture with AgNO3 gave results nearly identical to those obtained by the Mohr procedure. The potentiometric titration procedure developed was found to be a rapid, simple and accurate method of determining the chloride concentration in plants.
Retrievals of cloud ice water path by combining ground cloud radar and satellite high-frequency microwave measurements near the ARM SGP site

[1] A framework to retrieve ice water paths over a broad area by combining observations of surface cloud radar and satellite high-frequency microwave measurements in a physically consistent way is presented. The surface cloud radar provides the statistics of vertical distribution of ice water content, while the satellite retrievals use those statistics to broaden a point measurement to an areal measurement. This study seeks to improve retrievals by adopting newly available ice microphysical properties from recent in situ observations, and by treating single scattering properties based on discrete dipole approximation simulations of realistic nonspherical ice particles. First, a new radar reflectivity-ice water content relation is derived using backscattering cross sections calculated from six types of nonspherical ice particles. Ice water content profiles derived from radar reflectivity profiles are then used to calculate brightness temperatures at satellite observing frequencies by a radiative transfer model, which forms an a priori database for a Bayesian ice water path retrieval algorithm. Comparison between the satellite and surface radar retrievals shows that the two agree better for cases with ice water paths greater than 100 g m−2. For lower ice water paths, the difference between satellite and surface radar retrievals becomes large, presumably because of the insensitivity of the microwave scattering to optically thin ice clouds.
SOLAR GASES IN METEORITES: THE ORIGIN OF CHONDRITES AND C1 CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES

Evidence suggesting that chondritic meteorites broke off from parent bodies in earth-crossing orbits is considered. It is suggested that ordinary chondrites have an asteroidal origin, and the possibility that C1 chondrites have a cometary origin is examined. Indications of heavy shock and reheating among L and H chondrites provides support for an asteroidal origin, while the Apollo and Amor objects are too small to be unfragmented asteroids, as proposed in the Anders theory of the origin of gas-rich meteorites. Events associated with the megaregolith are discussed in the framework of the proposed cometary origin of C1 chondrites.
A Model for Integration of Content, Concepts, and Context within Separate Courses: Making Explicit the Connections among Discipline.

ABSTRACT We developed, piloted, and evaluated a successful model for integrating other disciplinary perspectives while learning a specific discipline. Faculty who taught first-year biology and mathematics courses produced examples of how these disciplines complement each other. These faculty presented students with the connecting threads that integrate mathematics and biology within their own courses. Intervention group students (those exposed to the integration) were block scheduled in biology and mathematics sections taught by participating faculty to evaluate the outcomes. Compared to the control group students, who had not been exposed to integration, the intervention group students perceived that they understood the application and relatedness of mathematics and biology, and they appreciated this integration in their courses. Similar integrations could be achieved elsewhere using the model we present. *The curriculum development and evaluation reported within this manuscript were partially supported ...
Kinetics of Ga and In desorption from (7 × 7) Si(1 1 1) and (3 × 3) 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract The desorption characteristics of Ga and In on (7 × 7) Si(1 1 1) and (3 × 3) 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surfaces have been determined using temperature programmed desorption. Two peaks were observed for desorption of a 1.5 ± 0.25 monolayer of Ga from the latter surface. The peak at T max = 670 °C exhibited zeroth order kinetics; the activation energy and pre-exponential were determined to be 2.6 ± 0.1 eV and 6 × 10 27 ± 0.5 atom/cm 2 s, respectively. The peak at T max = 535 °C exhibited first order desorption kinetics with an activation energy and pre-exponential of 6.2 ± 0.3 eV and 7 × 10 21 ± 2 s −1 , respectively. In contrast, only zeroth order kinetics and a lower activation energy of 2.0 ± 0.1 eV were determined for desorption of a 1.5 ± 0.25 monolayer of Ga from (7 × 7) Si(1 1 1). The values of these results in tandem with those of related studies of desorption from Si and SiC surfaces indicate that the low and high temperature Ga peaks from SiC are due to desorption from either a wetting layer or adatom sites and from Ga islands, respectively. The difference in desorption activation energies for Ga on Si(1 1 1) and on 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surfaces is attributed to differences in lattice matching of Ga to these surfaces. By contrast, only multilayer desorption was observed for 4 ± 1 monolayer of In on SiC(0 0 0 1). The zeroth order desorption activation energy and pre-exponential were 2.4 ± 0.1 eV and 6 × 10 27±0.5 atom/cm 2 s; they are consistent with the heat of sublimation (2.45–2.5 eV) for liquid In.
Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase: Neurochemical action of a catecholamide seizure-inducing agent

H13/04, an audiogenic seizure-inducing catecholamide, has previously been demonstrated to decrease the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), while increasing the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after aromatic acid decarboxylase inhibition in vivo. The present study examined the effect of H13/04 on intracellular storage, release, and metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in vitro in order to differentiate between the primary effects of the drug and possible secondary effects due to neurotransmitter interaction. H13/04 had no effect on NA synthesis by brain minces from C57BL/6 mice, but did have a marked effect on [3H]5HT synthesis from [3H]tryptophan in mouse brain minces. H13/04 was subsequently shown to competitively inhibit tryptophan hydroxylase. The data presented in this study indicate that the primary action of H13/04 on biogenic amines is to decrease the synthesis rate of 5-HT by competitive inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase. The lack of any effect on NA in vitro is consistent with the hypothesis that the primary biochemical action of the drug is on the 5-HT system and that the action on NA in vivo is an indirect effect possibly secondary to the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis.
Response to discussion “fracture mechanics analysis of cracked 2-D anisotropic media with a new formulation of the boundary element method” by E. Pan and B. Amadei

Directly related to the DBEM for anisotropic media is the the analytical evaluation of two singular integrals involved in the boundary integral equations. These singular integrals can be analytically carried out only under certain assumptions, such as the piece-wise flat element assumption. This can be clearly observed in (3) of Aliabadi and Sollero's discussion where [xl '+~x/] must be constant over the element.
An approach to AIDS therapy using hyperthermia and membrane modification

Altering the biophysical characteristics of cell membranes by diet and membrane perturbing agents markedly influences thermosensitivity of cells. Likewise, manipulation of viral envelopes either by altering their lipid composition by diet or by the use of agents that perturb the lipid envelope influence infectivity of enveloped viruses and the progression of viral disease. The use of hyperthermia and envelope modification as a combined approach to treat AIDS has until now neither been suggested nor attempted. On the basis of my previous work and a review of the literature, I theorize that the combination of hyperthermia with procedures designed to alter the viral envelope will likely result in an increased viral sensitivity and be useful clinically for treatment of patients with enveloped viral diseases such as AIDS.
High-dose cisplatin plus dacarbazine in the treatment of metastatic melanoma

The combination of cisplatin plus dacarbazine (DTIC) is active in metastatic melanoma with response rates reported between 10% and 55%. To optimize this regimen, a Phase II study was conducted employing a dose intensity of cisplatin higher than previously reported. Twenty-two patients were treated. Eight patients received cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 combined with DTIC 300 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, 8 and 9 (regimen A). Because of excessive toxicity, the protocol was modified so that cisplatin was given at 50 mg/m2 per day and DTIC 350 mg/m2 per day on days 1 through 3 (regimen B). The overall response rate was 32% and consisted of four partial and three complete responses (CR). The median duration of response was 6 months. Two of the CR remain in sustained, unmaintained remission in excess of 1.5 years. All seven patients that responded were treated on regimen B. High-dose cisplatin plus DTIC on a 3-day schedule represents an effective, well-tolerated therapy for metastatic melanoma.
Therapeutic application of botulinum toxin A in infantile esotropia

Botulinum toxin A (BTA) was originally developed as an alternative to surgery in treating infantile esotropia. Many therapeutic uses have since evolved based on the induced temporary muscle paralysis in skeletal muscle following BTA injection. Eye muscles are histologically and functionally different from skeletal muscle. Upon recovery from temporary paralysis, extraocular muscle length/tension parameter readjustment driven by normal visual feedback is permanent. This phenomena is especially powerful in the visual development period of infancy and early childhood where innate capacity of the CNS to drive misaligned eyes to a normal alignment is very dominant. Our reports showed simultaneous BTA injection into the medial rectus muscle of both eyes during the visual development period produces stable long-term binocular alignment.
Renegotiating Barbuda's commons: recent changes in Barbudan open-range cattle herding

Barbuda remains little developed and sparsely populated relative to its neighbors in the Leeward Lesser Antilles, a rather extraordinary and relatively unknown Caribbean place. Much of its distinctiveness derives from the communal land-tenure system, itself rooted in three centuries of open-range cattle herding. Yet, as revealed through interviews, newspaper archives, and landscape observations, open-range cattle herding has declined over the past three decades, with related changes in land tenure. As the new Barbuda Land Act came into effect in 2008, codifying the communal tenure system, the very landscape elements that manifest open-range herding have become obscure. In particular, the rock-walled stockwells have become largely defunct, many of the walls lie in ruins or have been entirely consumed by the crusher that converted them into gravel to surface roads. With the principal land use that had supported communal control largely out of practice, usufruct access to land now largely obsolete, the new a...
Properties of Vortex Lines in Superconducting Barriers

There are two qualitatively different types of solution to the Josephson barrier equations. The first type corresponds to vortex lines in the barriers. For small damping, a rather complete picture of vortex line motion can be obtained including inertial and dissipative effects. The second type of solution corresponds to plasma oscillations. The stability of the solutions is investigated and results are obtained for the collective modes of the vortex lines and the propagation of plasma oscillations in a magnetic field.
Learning English Internationally While Engaging Communities Locally: Online EFL Supporting Community Learning for Young Leaders

The cliches it's a small world and the world is our classroom are becoming practical realities for many educators. Increasingly accessible transnational contexts for English language teaching and learning offer new opportunities for local–global learning. This article reflects on a content-based online English course focused on community youth leadership that was offered for Brazilian teens by U.S. instructors and graduate students. The researchers used the backdrop of English learning focused on key concepts to engage students in critical self-reflection, collaborative discussion with peers, and civic engagement with their home communities. This course focused on communication skills, content knowledge, and technology practices needed for young adults to engage each other as emerging global citizens. Students wrote reflections on identity, planned and reflected on community interviews, and designed community-based service projects. The authors describe how students and instructors used a variety of formal and informal communication platforms to experiment with the language and communication strategies students needed to get beyond simple vocabulary practice and into meaningful discourse about contested concepts such as identity, community, social responsibility, social hope, leadership, and beliefs. The authors discuss how students creatively used English across multiple online platforms and geographic borders to reimagine and project themselves as agents of positive social change and emerging community leaders.
Evolution of nucleic acid replication: the possible role of simple repeating sequence polypeptides therein.

Our concept of nucleic acid replication does not explain the movement in that process—i.e., the existence of a socalled “growing point”. This omission may manifest itself in a failure to understand primitive nucleic acid replication. The latter may not be merely a “templating” process. Primitive nucleic acid replication is postulated to involve a particular type of peptide that establishes a “growing point”—a polypeptide in whichalternate amino acid residues are basic. Possible interactions of such a peptide with single and double stranded nucleic acid and its possible mode(s) of synthesis in a primitive environment are discussed.
Tests of NASA ceramic thermal barrier coating for gas-turbine engines

A two-layer thermal barrier coating system with a bond coating of nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium and a ceramic coating of yttria-stabilized zirconia was tested for corrosion protection, thermal protection and durability. Full-scale gas-turbine engine tests demonstrated that this coating eliminated burning, melting, and warping of uncoated parts. During cyclic corrosion resistance tests made in marine diesel fuel products of combustion in a burner rig, the ceramic cracked on some specimens. Metallographic examination showed no base metal deterioration.
Preparation and analysis of large, flat crystals of Ca(2+)-ATPase for electron crystallography.

Obtaining large, flat, well ordered crystals represents the key to structure determination by electron crystallography. Multilamellar crystals of Ca(2+)-ATPase are a good candidate for this methodology, and we have optimized methods of crystallization and of preparation for cryoelectron microscopy. In particular, high concentrations of glycerol were found to prevent nucleation and to reduce stacking; thus, by seeding solutions containing 40% glycerol, we obtained thin crystals that were 5–30 microns in diameter and 2–10 unit cells thick. We found that removing vesicles and minimizing concentrations of divalent cations were critical to preparing flat crystals in the frozen-hydrated state. Finally, we developed two methods for determining the number of lamellae composing individual crystals, information that is required for structure determination of this crystal form. The first method, using low magnification images of freeze-dried crystals, is more practical in our case. Nevertheless, the alternative method, involving analysis of Laue zones from electron diffraction patterns of slightly tilted crystals, may be of general use in structure determination from thin, three-dimensional crystals.
Split lateral iliac crest chimera flap: utility of the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex vessels.

Background:Complex head and neck reconstruction often requires multiple tissue components to restore form and function to the traumatized area. Here, the authors describe the split lateral iliac crest chimera flap and demonstrate the utility of the ascending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex
On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

The demonstrations of von Neumann and others, that quantum mechanics does not permit a hidden variable interpretation, are reconsidered. It is shown that their essential axioms are unreasonable. It is urged that in further examination of this problem an interesting axiom would be that mutually distant systems are independent of one another.
Polarization Measurements Near Isobaric Analogs of States in N = 83 Isotones

Measurements of the polarization of protons scattered from barium and cerium have been made to determine the total angular momenta, $J$, of isobaric analogs of states in $^{139}\mathrm{Ba}$ and in $^{141}\mathrm{Ce}$. The second $p$-wave state in each case has been found to have angular momentum \textonehalf{} in contrast to previous assignments of $J=\frac{3}{2}$ to this level.
HIV and COPD: impact of risk behaviors and diseases on quality of life.

Purpose Smoking worsens quality of life among HIV-infected individuals, but it remains unclear if this association is related simply to smoking or to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the end-organ disease caused by smoking.
The Influence of Gender, Ethnicity, and Individual Differences on Perceptions of Career Progression in Public Accounting

Prior research examining gender and diversity issues has generally lacked supporting theory and experimental investigation. This study provides theory-based experimental evidence regarding the effects of gender, ethnicity, and other individual differences on performance evaluations of audit seniors. We utilized organizational socialization theory in examining the accounting profession's view of diversity issues. The process model of performance evaluation provided guidance in the selection of ratee, rater, and contextual characteristics as factors to analyze. An experiment was conducted with 95 audit seniors from one of the Big 5 public accounting firms. Results indicate that gender and ethnic heritage are important factors in the career prospects of audit seniors. The demeanor of an auditor was also important as an interactive factor and influences judgments differently depending on the gender or ethnic origin of the auditor evaluated. These results suggest that diversity is a very complex issue. Examining single factors without considering the interactions of a variety of factors may lead to incorrect conclusions.