cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of inhalation toxicology studies with Para-aramid fibrils

The paper summarizes the results of inhalation toxicology studies associated with para-aramid (p-aramid) fibrils. The review is subdivided into two categories: the results of inhalation toxicity studies and mechanistic inhalation studies. Keratin-associated lesions were observed in the lungs of female rats following chronic exposure to high concentrations of p-aramid. These lesions were originally interpreted as cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (CKSCC). In recent years, this keratinizing lesion has been observed in the lungs of rats with greater regularity in numerous chronic inhalation studies following exposures to a variety of dusts. In an attempt to reach a consensus on an appropriate diagnosis for this lesion, an international panel of pathologists was convened to evaluate the morphological aspects of this lesion. The panel considered that the most appropriate diagnosis for this lesion was 'proliferative keratin cyst' (PKC), the biological potential of the PKC remains controversial, but it appears to be unique to the rat species and has little relevance for humans. Mechanistic studies with p-aramid have demonstrated that acute inhalation of high concentrations of fibrils produces a potent but transient pulmonary inflammatory and cell labelling response. The inhaled fibrils have low durability in the lungs of rats as evidenced by a progressive decrease in median fibre lengths with increasing residence time in the lung. In contrast, in a comparative study, size-separated chrysotile asbestos produced a sustained increase over controls in cellular proliferation responses of terminal airways, parenchyma, subpleural and mesothelial regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radiofrequency ablation of left-sided accessory pathways: Transaortic versus transseptal approach

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of transaortic (n = 54) and transseptal (n = 28) techniques during radiofrequency (RF) ablation of left accessory pathways (n = 75) in both left posteroseptal and free-wall locations in 73 consecutive patients (mean age 32 +/- 15 years). The transseptal approach included transseptal puncture and use of a retained long sheath in the left atrium (n = 24) or direct insertion of the mapping/ablation catheter via a patent foramen ovale (n = 4). Transseptal RF ablation was used as the primary method in 23 patients or at a separate session after the transaortic RF ablation failed in 5 patients. Transaortic RF ablation was used as primary method in 50 patients and after failed transseptal ablation in 4 patients. Transaortic ablation was successful in 47 (87%) of 54 procedures, transseptal ablation in 24 (86%) of 28 procedures, with total RF ablation success in 70 (96%) of 73 patients. The transseptal puncture/long sheath method was successful in 23 (96%) of 24 patients. This latter technique resulted in more stable positioning and easier manipulation of the ablation catheter. Switching from transseptal puncture/long sheath to transaortic technique was needed in 1 of 24 patients, from transseptal/patent foramen ovale approach to the transaortic route in 3 of 4 patients, and from the transaortic to the transseptal approach at a separate session in 5 patients. The age of patients and number of RF lesions were similar in the two groups. Fluoroscopy time was lower for the transseptal group (81 +/- 57 vs 121 +/- 81 min; p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tumor aerobic glycolysis: new insights into therapeutic strategies with targeted delivery

Introduction: Cancer cells acclimatize to the harsh tumor microenvironment by altering cellular metabolism in favor of aerobic glycolysis. This process provides a source of energy and also generates essential components for macromolecular biosynthesis, which enables cellular survival. As the dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis affects tumorigenesis, it has become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Several preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of using biological targets from the glycolytic pathway for anticancer therapy.Areas covered: This review provides an insight into the glycolytic pathway, highlighting potential targets for glycolytic inhibition. We then discuss recent advancement in delivery strategies that have the potential to circumvent some of the problems posed by current glycolytic inhibitors, enabling resurrection of abandoned therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: Targeting the glycolysis pathway is a tactical approach for cancer therapy. However, the current nons...
Right-Sided Endocarditis with Staphylococcus aureus

Excerpt To the Editor:Chambers and colleagues ( 1 ) reported a bacteriologic cure in 47 of 50 (94%) patients with right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis who were treated with nafcillin and tobramy...
Changes in the Host Range and Growth Potential of an HIV-1 Clone Are Conferred by the vpu Gene

Abstract vpu, alone among the genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), is unique to this virus, with no analogous reading frame evident in the genomes of either HIV-2 or the related SIVs. Effects of vpu upon levels of virus production from infected cells have been noted, but vpu is dispensable for HIV-1 replication in vitro and its significance in the natural viral life cycle is unclear. We have now identified and characterized a major influence of vpu upon the growth and host cell range of a cloned recombinant HIV-1. This effect required the presence of a second determinant mapping to the 3′ end of the env gene, and was not detected in clones incorporating an env gene derived from a different strain of the virus. This indicates that important effects of vpu may have been lost in some experimental systems because of the particular viruses used, and further suggests the involvement of a determinant in the transmembrane glycoprotein of the virus in the action of vpu.
Redispersion of iridium using in situ chlorine generation and avoiding iron contamination

Abstract Previously we showed that because of the high susceptibility of iridium to oxidative agglomeration, direct application of the Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 regeneration procedure to Pt-Ir/γ-Al 2 O 3 reforming catalysts is ineffective [1] . Special considerations are needed to ensure that the agglomerated Ir particles are in their metallic state in order to facilitate iridium redispersion. Further advances in our understanding of the redispersion chemistry resulted in an iridium redispersion technology replacing elemental chlorine with chlorine containing compounds. However, iron contamination of the catalyst extrudates was observed when iron scale were present in the catalyst bed. The iron scale formed in the furnace tubes because of exposure to sulfur and the oxidation and reduction environment encountered during catalyst regeneration. The critical sequence of steps leading to iron transfer in the regeneration of iridium containing catalysts has been identified. These involve the reduction of Fe 2 O 3 to Fe 3 O 4 and metallic iron and their reactions with HCl during the HCl saturation step forming mobile divalent iron chloride species, which transfer to the catalyst extrudates through physical contacts. Successful modifications to the regeneration procedure result in high iridium redispersion and essentially no iron transfer.
Nursing care of patients with Parkinson's disease

Nursing interventions for each of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors at rest and postural reflex abnormalities, are designed to increase the patient's quality of life by minimizing symptoms. Nurses are responsible for planning patient medication schedules to maximize drug effectiveness. Dietary implications include a low-protein regimen for the patient during the day, eliminating foods high in Vitamin B6, high caloric foods, and soft-solid foods offered at frequent feedings. Constipation is addressed by increasing the patient's fiber and fluid intake and by increasing the patient's mobility. Patient mobility is increased when the patient is taught purposeful activities and to concentrate on the way he walks. Communication is facilitated if the patient takes deep breaths before speaking and uses diaphragmatic speech. A telephone receiver which amplifies the patient's voice is also available. Interventions are good only if the patient chooses to implement them; he is the head of the health team planning his care.
SlyA regulates the collagenase-mediated cytopathic phenotype in multiresistant Salmonella

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phagetype DT104 (DT104) is a foodborne pathogen with a multiresistant phenotype conferred by a genomic-based integron structure designated as SGI1. Recently, a novel cytopathic phenotype was ascribed to several isolates of DT104 recovered from veal calves. This phenotype is dependent upon clg, a gene encoding a collagenase in Salmonella. Using a novel transposon system and an RT-PCR assay for detection of clg expression, we identified SlyA as a regulator of the collagenase-mediated phenotype. The function of SlyA, in regards to clg expression, is to repress the synthesis of Clg. Derepression ensued in the absence of SlyA or in the presence of a truncated version of SlyA with the latter being relevant for maintenance of another virulence aspect mediated by SlyA, i.e. survival within macrophages. The SlyA-mediated effect on clg expression was restricted to DT104 and other Salmonella phagetypes and serotypes possessing SGI1 thus suggesting co-regulation by an SGI1-specific component.
Neotropical diversification: the effects of a complex history on diversity within the poison frog genus Dendrobates

Aim We study the Neotropical poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates Wagler, 1830 in order to clarify their phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history. The genus Dendrobates is an excellent taxon for examining patterns of Neotropical diversification as the four major species groups appear to correspond roughly to distinct geographical regions: (1) trans-Andean, (2) Andean foreland, (3) Brazilian Shield and (4) Guianan Shield/Central America. In order to test the agreement of five of the most prominent hypotheses of Amazonian diversification, phylogenetic patterns were examined for agreement with patterns predicted by these hypotheses. Location Central and South America Methods The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dendrobates were examined from novel and existing (GenBank) sequences of four mitochondrial loci totalling c. 1400 bp from 40 specimens of 22 different species using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. Results were compared with traditional taxonomic arrangements by means of SH tests. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances were used to test the adequacy of various diversification hypotheses. Results Phylogenetic analyses support the restructuring of two species groups of Dendrobates and the creation of a new species group. Statistical tests of the traditional taxonomic arrangement indicate a significantly bad fit to the molecular data. This restructuring has important implications for the understanding of the historical biogeography of Dendrobates. Biogeographical patterns within this genus suggest that a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors since the Eocene have produced the diversity observed today. Main conclusions The current classification of Dendrobates into discrete species groups does not accurately reflect evolutionary history. Data presented here strongly support a monophyletic Brazilian Shield lineage whose members have previously been split among the quinquevittatus and tinctorius groups. Furthermore, previous attempts at elucidating the historical biogeography of this genus were compromised by incomplete sampling and conclusions drawn from a paraphyletic ingroup. Our findings demonstrate a role for numerous hypotheses of diversification (e.g. river, refuge, disturbance–vicariance) in the history of Dendrobates, supporting previous warnings about the dangers of over-simplification in the study of Neotropical diversification.
Model-based approach to compensate for the dynamics convolution effect in nanomechanical property measurement

A model-based approach to compensate for the dynamics convolution effect on the measurement of nanomechanical properties is proposed. In indentation-based approaches to measure the nanomechanical properties of soft materials, an excitation force consisting of multiple frequencies needs to be accurately exerted (from the probe) to the sample material, and the indentation generated in the sample needs to be accurately measured. However, when the measurement frequency range becomes close to the bandwidth of the instrument hardware, the instrument dynamics along with the probe-sample interaction can be convoluted with the mechanical behavior of the soft material, resulting in distortions in both the applied force and the measured indentation, which, in turn, directly lead to errors in the measured nanomechanical properties of the material (e.g., the creep compliance). In this article, the dynamics involved in indentation-based nanomechanical property measurement is investigated to reveal that the convoluted dynamics effect can be described as the difference between the lightly-damped probe-sample interaction and the overdamped nanomechanical behavior of the soft sample. Thus, these two different dynamics effects can be decoupled via numerical fitting based on the viscoelastic model of the soft material. The proposed approach is illustrated by implementing it to compensate for the dynamics convolution effect on a broadband viscoelasticity measurement of a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sample using a scanning probe microscope.
The involvement of J-protein AtDjC17 in root development in Arabidopsis

In a screen for root hair morphogenesis mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana L. we identified a T-DNA insertion within a type III J-protein Atdjc17 caused altered root hair development and reduced hair length. Root hairs were observed to develop from trichoblast and atrichoblast cell files in both Atdjc17 and 35S::AtDJC17. Localization of gene expression in the root using transgenic plants expressing pro:Atdjc17:GUS revealed constitutive expression in stele cells. No AtDJC17 expression was observed in epidermal, endodermal or cortical layers. To explore the contrast between gene expression in the stele and epidermal phenotype, hand cut transverse sections of Atdjc17 roots were examined showing that the endodermal and cortical cell layers displayed increased anticlinal cell divisions. Aberrant cortical cell division in Atdjc17 is proposed as causal in ectopic root hair formation via the positional cue requirement that exists between cortical and epidermal cell in hair cell fate determination. Results indicate a requirement for AtDJC17 in position dependent cell fate determination and illustrate an intriguing requirement for molecular co-chaperone activity during root development.
Induction of the increased Fyn kinase activity in anergic T helper type 1 clones requires calcium and protein synthesis and is sensitive to cyclosporin A

Several alterations in T cell receptor-associated signal transduction have been observed following induction of anergy of T helper type 1 (Th1) clones, including a modified intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) response and increased kinase activity associated with the protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn. In the current study, we demonstrate that, although the kinetics of acquisition of both of these signaling alterations correlated with the generation of anergy, a normal calcium response returned within 48 h after removal from the anergizing stimulus, whereas the increased p59fyn activity persisted and the cells remained hyporesponsive. Generation of both the anergic state and the increased p59fyn activity was prevented in the presence of calcium-free medium, cycloheximide (CHX), or cyclosporin A (CsA), and could be mimicked by the calcium ionophore ionomycin. In contrast, the altered calcium response was inhibited by stimulation in the presence of calcium-free medium or CsA, but not CHX. Thus, surprisingly, these data suggest that a chronic elevation of [Ca2+]i is proximal to and necessary for the increase in p59fyn-associated kinase activity observed in anergic Th1 clones. Increased p59fyn activity, but not the altered calcium response, correlates with maintenance of the anergic state.
Human Mitochondrial DNA Nucleoids Are Linked to Protein Folding Machinery and Metabolic Enzymes at the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged into bacterial nucleoid-like structures, each containing several mtDNA molecules. The distribution of nucleoids during mitochondrial fission and fusion events and during cytokinesis is important to the segregation of mitochondrial genomes in heteroplasmic cells bearing a mixture of wild-type and mutant mtDNA molecules. We report fractionation of HeLa cell mtDNA nucleoids into two subsets of complexes that differ in their sedimentation velocity and their association with cytoskeletal proteins. Pulse labeling studies indicated that newly replicated mtDNA molecules are evenly represented in the rapidly and slowly sedimenting fractions. Slowly sedimenting nucleoids were immunoaffinity purified using antibodies to either of two abundant mtDNA-binding proteins, TFAM or mtSSB. These two different immunoaffinity procedures yielded very similar sets of proteins, with 21 proteins in common, including most of the proteins previously shown to play roles in mtDNA replication and transcription. In addition to previously identified mitochondrial proteins, multiple peptides were observed for one novel DNA metabolic protein, the DEAH-box helicase DHX30. Antibodies raised against a recombinant fragment of this protein confirmed the mitochondrial localization of a specific isoform of DHX30.
Sialodochostomy as treatment for imperforate submandibular duct: a systematic literature review and report of two cases

Summary Objective To better understand the diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes of congenitally imperforate salivary ducts. Methods A systematic literature review was performed using the following terms: imperforate submandibular duct, imperforate Wharton's duct, congenital atresia submandibular duct, congenital atresia sublingual duct, and congenital ranula. Only papers focusing on congenital floor of mouth cysts arising from imperforate salivary ducts were included. Two additional patients from our own experience are also discussed. Results Seventeen papers published since 1950 met inclusion criteria. A total of 26 patients underwent therapy ranging from mere observation to complete excision of the cyst with the sublingual gland. Both of our 2 additional patients both underwent simple sialodochostomy (excision of the imperforate sublingual caruncle) with cyst decompression. For all 28 patients, there have been no reported recurrences, with mean follow-up of 24.8 months and median follow-up of 14.8 months. Conclusions Congenital floor of mouth cysts arising from imperforate salivary ducts are rare, but they may mimic the appearance of a ranula. Unlike ranulas, these cysts may be safely and effectively cured by simple sialodochostomy. To date, 26 other cases have been described in the literature, and nearly all have been successfully treated with simple incision or marsupialization without recurrence. Care should be taken to exclude ranula as a diagnosis, as incomplete excision may likely result in recurrence.
Affinity purification and characterization of the Escherichia coli molecular chaperones.

Abstract The molecular chaperones are a group of proteins that are effective in vitro and in vivo folding aids and show a well-documented affinity for proteins lacking tertiary structure. The molecular chaperones were induced from lon − Escherichia coli mutants, affinity purified with an immobilized β-casein column, and assayed for refolding activity with thermally and chemically denatured carbonic anhydrase B (CAB). Chaperones were induced with three treatments: heat shock at 39°C, heat shock 42°C, and alcohol shock with 3% ethanol (v/v). Lysates were applied to an immobilized β-casein (30 mg/g beads) column. After removing nonspecifically bound proteins with 1 M NaCl, the molecular chaperones were eluted with cold water or 1 mM Mg-ATP. The cold water and Mg-ATP eluates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Western analysis identified five E. coli molecular chaperones including DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, GroEL, and GroES. The purity of eluted chaperones was 58% with cold water and 100% with Mg-ATP. Refolding denatured CAB in the presence of Mg-ATP resulted in a 97% recovery of heat-denatured CAB and a 68% recovery of chemically denatured CAB. The use of affinity matrices for the chaperone purification which are effective as in vitro folding aids will be presented.
‘New(er) stories’: Narration and de-figuration in Robert Bresson's Mouchette (1967)

AbstractRobert Bresson's continued importance to film-makers and theorists has hinged on a conflict, felt acutely in Mouchette (1967), between narrative representation (a novel adapted from the Catholic novelist and polemicist Georges Bernanos) and a form that privileges fragmentation and ellipsis. Within Gilles Deleuze's theoretical framework, this opposition can be understood as an avoidance of conventional cultural representations of female adolescence in favour of fluid images that carry the difference of pure bodies directly to the viewer's senses. However, borrowing from Jacques Ranciere's concept of de-figuration, one can question whether the fluid identity of the film's protagonist achieves total liberation from coercive narrative and social representations. In Mouchette, Bresson does not simply thwart our desire to know through coherent stories; instead his intentionally contradictory presentation of sound, actors and space are constituted by a countering of a culturally saturated narrative, a st...
Prospective comparison of air-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy in patients with fecal occult blood: a pilot study.

Background The utility of air-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy for evaluation of the colon has been debated. Air-contrast barium enema is less expensive and invasive than colonoscopy, but it also is less sensitive and specific. Further, although air-contrast barium enema may be less painful than colonoscopy, it often is poorly tolerated by patients. Thus, this study compared the sensitivity and the specificity of air-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy for detection of colonic lesions in patients with fecal occult blood. Methods Over a 30-month period, patients with fecal occult blood were recruited. Patients underwent standard air-contrast barium enema, followed by colonoscopy 7 to 14 days later. Colonoscopists were blinded to the results of air-contrast barium enema until the colonoscopy was completed, after which the results were disclosed. If the findings were discrepant, colonoscopy was repeated. Results A total of 100 patients were evaluated. Nine air-contrast barium enemas were reported to be inadequate, and the cecum was not intubated at colonoscopy in two patients. In the remaining patients, 5 cancers were identified (1 each cecum, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum) by both studies. Sixty-six polypoid lesions were identified in 30 patients. Diverticula were identified in 42 patients by air-contrast barium enema and in 18 patients by colonoscopy. Air-contrast barium enema detected 3 of 36 polypoid lesions 5 mm or less in diameter, 5 of 15 adenomas 6 to 9 mm in size, and 4 of 15 adenomas 10 mm or greater in diameter (sensitivity 8%, 33%, and 27%, respectively). After excluding patients with diverticula, air-contrast barium enema detected 3 of 7 adenomas 10 mm or greater in size. Overall, 12 polypoid lesions or filling defects were identified by air-contrast barium enema that could not be verified by colonoscopy. The specificity of air-contrast barium enema for lesions 1.0 cm or greater in size was 100%; for those 6 mm or greater, it was 97%. Conclusions Air-contrast barium enema accurately detects colon cancer and diverticula. Its sensitivity for detection of polypoid lesions or adenomas is poor and was confounded by the presence of diverticula.
Polarization measurements at high energies

Abstract The problem of translating symmetry properties of the helicity amplitudes for two-body scattering into concise predictions for polarization experiments is discussed extensively. Particular attention is given to the asymptotic symmetries at high energies, which are characteristic for a Regge pole exchange model and which are associated with J-parity and G-parity exchange in a crossed channel. The idea is developed that the symmetry operator, as a matrix in the helicity space, “maps” one polarization measurement onto a superposition of other polarization measurements. Using this fact a systematic procedure is presented for separating different parts of the amplitudes which are even or odd under a symmetry. The procedure applies for any spins of the particles. To make the paper more complete and self-consistent a discussion of the density matrix formalism with particular emphasis on the choice of coordinate systems and phase conventions is included.
Development of a Self-Excited Oscillator for SI-Traceable Measurements in Atomic Force Microscopy

A new self-excited micro-oscillator is proposed as a velocity reference that could aid the dissemination of nanonewton-level forces that are traceable to the International System of Units (SI). An analog control system is developed to keep the actuation side of the device oscillating sinusoidally with an amplitude that is fairly insensitive to the quality factor. Consequently, the device can be calibrated as a velocity reference in air and used in ultra-high vacuum with a velocity shift of less than one percent. Hence, the calibrated micro-oscillator could be used with electrostatic forces to calibrate cantilevers used for atomic force microscopy (AFM) as SI-traceable force transducers. Furthermore, the calibrated micro-oscillator could potentially be used as an AFM sensor to achieve atomic resolutions on par with those realized in frequency-modulation AFM (FM-AFM) with quartz tuning forks.
Establishing axenic cultures from mature pecan embryo explants on media with low water availability.

Endophytic fungi associated with mature pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch) nuts prevented successful, contaminant-free in vitro culture of embryo expiants, even after rigorous surface disinfestation of the nuts and careful aseptic shelling. Disinfestation with sodium hypochlorite after shell removal was also unsuccessful, because even dilute concentrations which were ineffective against the fungal contaminants prevented subsequent growth from the embryo. Explanting media with low water availability which would not sustain growth of fungal contaminants, but supported growth from mature pecan embryos, were developed as an alternative disinfestation method. The explanting media were supplemented with 0.9–1.5% agar, and other media components were selectively omitted to test their influence on water availability and fungal growth. Disinfestation of up to 65% of the cultures was accomplished, depending on the medium formulation, compared to 100% loss to contamination on control medium (0.5% agar). A complete medium (containing sucrose, salts, vitamins, 18 μM BAP, and 5 μM IBA) with 1.5% agar provided control of contamination, and encouraged subsequent regeneration from the embryo expiants, which remained free of contaminant growth through subsequent subcultures.
Feasibility of interstitial diffuse optical tomography using cylindrical diffusing fibers for prostate PDT.

Interstitial diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has been used to characterize spatial distribution of optical properties for prostate photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry. We have developed an interstitial DOT method using cylindrical diffuse fibers (CDFs) as light sources, so that the same light sources can be used for both DOT measurement and PDT treatment. In this novel interstitial CDF-DOT method, absolute light fluence per source strength (in unit of 1 cm−2) is used to separate absorption and scattering coefficients. A mathematical phantom and a solid prostate phantom including anomalies with known optical properties were used, respectively, to test the feasibility of reconstructing optical properties using interstitial CDF-DOT. Three dimension spatial distributions of the optical properties were reconstructed for both scenarios. Our studies show that absorption coefficient can be reliably extrapolated while there are some cross talks between absorption and scattering properties. Even with the suboptimal reduced scattering coefficients, the reconstructed light fluence rate agreed with the measured values to within ±10%, thus the proposed CDF-DOT allows greatly improved light dosimetry calculation for interstitial PDT.
Limiting activity coefficients and gas-liquid partition coefficients of alkylbenzenes in hydro-organic solvents

Abstract The limiting activity coefficients and gas-liquid partition coefficients of a series ofn-alkylbenzenes (benzene ton-butylbenzene), cumene andtert.-butylbenzene have been measured in mixtures of water with methanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and tetrahydrofuran over a wide range in composition. The reproducibility of the measured data for 3–4 replicate runs was generally better than 5%. Activity coefficients have been studied as a function of volume fraction, π* (Kamlet-Taft solvent polarity/polarizability scale), E t (solvent polarity scale based on Reichardt's betaine) and surface tension. None of these solvent properties gives a universal curve for the different solvent systems. The overall free energy of the solution process was computed using the activity coefficient and the free energy of cavity formation was computed via the Sinanoglu-Reiss-Moura Ramos solvophobic model. The individual free energy terms were examined in terms of their dependence on solute size and solvent composition. The results were generally consistent with chemical expectations. The UNIFAC model of activity coefficient was examined. The predicted values of the limiting activity coefficients for the non-polar solutes in these aqueous solvents were disappointing. We suspect that the UNIFAC parameters needed to predict these systems are based on poor data.
Prolactin‐dependent activation of ERK and TYR‐phosphorylation of cortactin in postmitotic neurons

Prolactin (PRL), originally identified as a hormone involved in reproduction, is now investigated as a growth factor. We have previously demonstrated that PRL is a mitogen in PC12 cells and astrocytes, acting independently of ERK activation. To investigate the potential role of prolactin as a neurotrophic factor, we used cultured postmitotic cortical neurons derived from embryonic day 6 chick. Western blot analysis with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies established functional expression of PRL receptors by showing that several proteins were modified with time of PRL exposure, including the PRL receptor and JAK2 kinase. Using both kinase in-gel assays and Western blots with antiactive ERK antibodies we found that PRL stimulated activation of ERK1/2 in a sustained fashion, typical of differentiation. While active ERK was detected in the nucleus, some was associated with the cytoskeleton. We then investigated in nuclei-free fractions the identity of proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with ERK and were tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to prolactin. The most prominent protein was identified as the F-actin-binding cortactin. Upon stimulation with PRL, an activated ERK coimmunoprecipitated cortactin as early as 2′ and as long as 15′ after exposure. Tyr-phosphorylation of cortactin and translocation to the Triton X-100 fraction was also established. In the long term PRL induced a small but significant increase of cortactin expression. In lieu of our recent data that the developmentally regulated cortactin may supress several parameters of the GABAergic program, these results suggest that prolactin may have a role in neuronal differentiation and that signal specificity may be a result of protein interactions between cytoskeleton and signaling molecules. Acknowledgements: Support: HD-09402 to DM.
Raman and normal mode studies of the polypeptide chain conformations in crystalline magnesium and calcium poly(l-glutamate)s

Abstract An analysis of the Raman spectra of dry crystalline magnesium and calcium poly( l -glutamate)s, based on a normal mode calculation of α-helical poly( l -glutamate), shows that the polypeptide chains in both salts have an α-helix conformation. In the wet crystalline state, another chain conformation is also present for the calcium salt.
Low Cycle Fatigue of Commercial Piping Steels in a BWR Primary Water Environment

This report summarizes results of a comprehensive experimental program on the low cycle fatigue behavior of commercial grade piping steels in a high-pressure, high-temperature, oxygenated water environment. A total of 110 specimens of special design were tested in a boiling water reactor (BWR) primary water environment (500°F, 1040 psig (or 260° C, ∼ 7 MPa). Four piping steels, in several different metallurgical conditions, were involved (Types-304 and –304L stainless steels, Inconel-600 and A-516 carbon steel). Companion tests, employing the same types of specimens, were conducted in 500° F (260° C) air. The results of this work confirm the adequacy of the current ASME Section III fatigue design curves to account for the effect of a BWR primary water environment on the low cycle fatigue behavior of the four materials tested.
The rankings game: and the winner is …

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the value of the media rankings of business schools from the perspective of students, business schools and the media.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the rankings given to various schools by various publications.Findings – The media rankings give the perception that there are more significant differences between similar MBA programs than actually exist. Indeed, many times it is the arbitrary weighting assigned by the media to the variables in the ranking rather than the quality of the school that accounts for differences across similar programs. A more accurate description of quality would be obtained by rating schools in groups of programs of similar quality.Originality/value – Business school applicants can utilize media rankings to identify the top 100 MBA programs but should not base their decision between different programs on a specific ranking of one school relative to another. Rather, the applicant should examine the raw data behind ...
Telomere length and genetic analyses in population-based studies of endometrial cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Telomeres are protective structures at the ends of linear chromosomes, regulated by a host of associated proteins. When telomeres become dysfunctional, genomic instability ensues. The vast majority of cells undergo apoptosis, although a rare cell may survive and become tumorigenic. METHODS: The authors used conditional logistic regression to examine relative telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes, genetic variants at telomere maintenance gene loci (TERT, TNKS2, POT1, TERF1, TERF2), and endometrial cancer risk in case-control studies nested within the Nurses' Health Study and the Women's Health Study. RESULTS: Relative telomere length was significantly inversely correlated with body mass index and weight gain since age 18 years. The authors did not observe a relationship between relative telomere length and endometrial cancer risk. Women in the shortest quartile had a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.20 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.73-1.96; P for trend = .37) compared with women in the longest quartile. The authors found an elevation in endometrial cancer risk among women carrying at least 1 minor allele of RS2736122 (TERT; OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.38) or RS12412538 (TNKS2; OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: Relative telomere length was not associated with endometrial cancer risk. Other aspects of telomere maintenance remain to be explored. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The molecular pathology of central neurocytomas

Central neurocytomas (CN) are rare tumors. Since their first description in 1982, the number of case reports and series has been rapidly increasing. Although they are considered low-grade neoplasms, they can be associated with an aggressive primary course or recurrence after resection. The cellular origin of central neurocytoma (CN) and the molecular events leading to tumorigenesis have been largely unknown. Here, we present a review of the scientific literature contributing to our knowledge of CN focusing on cellular origin and oncogenic alterations, and how these findings inform areas amenable to future research and therapeutic intervention. Our discussion is expanded to include important and related insights into the cellular origin and classification of central nervous system tumors.
Gas transport properties of polysulphones: 1. Role of symmetry of methyl group placement on bisphenol rings

Abstract Gas sorption and transport properties are reported for a series of polysulphones having either two or four phenylene hydrogens per repeat unit replaced with methyl groups. The results for tetramethyl bisphenol A polysulphone (TMPSF), dimethyl bisphenol A polysulphone (DMPSF) and dimethyl bisphenol Z polysulphone (DMPSF-Z) are compared to unsubstituted bisphenol A polysulphone (PSF). The effect of the substituents on chain mobility and chain packing has been related to the gas transport properties. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to judge chain mobility, while X-ray diffraction and free-volume calculations give information about chain packing. Permeability measurements were made for He, H2, O2, N2, CH4 and CO2 at 35°C over a range of pressures up to 20 atm. Sorption experiments were also done for N2, CH4, and CO2 under the same conditions. The permeability coefficients of these polymers rank in the order: TMPSF ≧ PSF ≧ DMPSF > DMPSF-Z for all of the gases. This order correlates well with free volume as well as with the γ transition temperature. The symmetric methyl substitution of TMPSF yields a relatively open structure with improved separation characteristics over PSF. The asymmetric substitution results in tightly packed structures for the dimethyl materials that are highly selective but less permeable than PSF or TMPSF. The flexible cyclohexyl substituent of DMPSF-Z further reduces the gas permeability and improves the selectivity.
Evidence for the regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis by cyclic AMP.

Summary Exogenous 3′,5′-cyclic AMP causes a 1.5-fold increase in the rate of glycogen synthesis in E. coli W4597(K) using glucose. This increase is effected without increases in known factors (i.e., the cellular level of the energy charge, fructose-P 2 or glucose-1-P) which increase the velocity of the rate-limiting enzyme of bacterial glycogen synthesis, ADP-glucose synthetase and without an increase in the level of this enzyme. The inhibition by glucose of the rate in cultures using succinate and the antagonism of this inhibition by cyclic AMP cannot be explained by changes in the known factors or the enzyme level. These results and others presented here provide the first evidence that cyclic AMP plays a role in regulating bacterial glycogen synthesis.
Exotic statistics on surfaces

Abstract We investigate the allowed spectrum of statistics for n identical spinless particles on an arbitrary closed two-manifold M, by using a powerful topological approach to the study of quantum kinematics. On a surface of genus g⩾1 statistics other than Bose on Fermi can only be obtained by utilizing multi-component state transforming as an irreducible unitary representation of the fundamental group of the n-particle configuration space. These multi-component (or nonscalar) quantizations allow the possibility of fractional statistics, as well as other exotic, nonfractional statistics some of whose properties we discuss. On an orientable surface of genus g⩾0 only anyons with rational statistical parameter θ π = p q are allowed, and their number is restricted to be sq-g+1 (sϵ Z ) . For nonorientable surfaces only θ=0, π are allowed. Finally, we briefly comment on systems of spinning particles and make a comparison with the results for solitons in the O(3)-invariant nonlinear sigma model with space manifold M.
Homeostatic Plasticity of Neurotransmitter Release Probability Is Determined by Presynaptic Calcium Influx

Information processing and plasticity in neural circuits rely on the proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory signals. Changes in the excitability of neurons or synaptic strength are compensated either locally near the altered synapses or globally at all synapses to maintain circuit stability, a
A Case of Charles Bonnet Syndrome After Enucleation

Purpose: To report a case of Charles Bonnet syndrome in a patient who developed phantom vision of an enucleated eye. The patient had lost her vision because of a chemical burn 10 years previously. Case Summary: A 37-year-old woman received enucleation of one eye because ocular pain and phthisis had developed due to a chemical burn that occurred 10 years previously. On the first postoperative day, she complained of phantom vision in the enucleated eye. The image she described was like sparkling bubbles. She had recognized the image was not real, and no psychological problems were found during pre- and postoperative periods. Her wound state was good, so she is currently wearing an artificial eye, though her phantom vision intermittently returns. She has adapted to her phantom vision such that she now rarely feels discomfort. Results: Charles Bonnet syndrome is a visual hallucination that occurs among the blind or those who are visually impaired. Besides ophthalmologic care, sociological and psychological care should be considered.
On Nonlinear Dynamics: The Case of the Pork Cycle

New methods for analyzing nonlinear dynamic processes are used to evaluate the hogcorn price ratio. The results present evidence of nonlinear dynamics in the pork cycle. Moreover, while GARCH processes account for some of the nonlinearities, the pork cycle is apparently characterized by more complex dynamic forms. The empirical analysis provides some evidence of the presence of chaos in the pork cycle. The results also indicate that the dynamic process generating the pork cycle is nonlinear and cannot be adequately characterized by a small number of state variables.
Pulse generation scheme for low-power low-complexity impulse ultra-wideband

A pulse generation scheme for low-power, low-complexity impulse ultra-wideband is presented. By employing the finite impulse response function inherent in digital circuitry to shape the spectrum, the analogue pulse shaping filter could be reduced to a low-Q RLC filter, and the designed composite pulses could be generated and efficiently amplified in the digital domain. This scheme is demonstrated with generation of two composite pulses for the two potential IEEE 802.15.4a bands.
Transient state analysis of separated flow around a sphere

Abstract Transient state solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations were obtained for incompressible flow around a sphere accelerating from zero initial velocity to its terminal free falling velocity. By assuming rotational symmetry about the axis in the direction of motion, the Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation were simplified in terms of vorticity and stream function. The instantaneous acceleration of the falling sphere was calculated by considering the difference between the gravitational force and the drag force in a transient state. A set of implicit finite difference equations was developed. In order to obtain accurate information around the body, an exponential transformation along the radial direction was used to provide finer meshes in the vicinity of the surface of the sphere. The vorticity equation was solved by an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method while the stream function equation was solved by a successive over-relaxation (SOR) method. Simultaneous solutions were obtained. Transient state solutions were compared with steady state solutions for Reynolds numbers up to 300. Separations first occurred at a Reynolds number 20 for steady state flows and at Reynolds numbers 22·46 and 28·24 for transient state flows with terminal Reynolds numbers of 100 and 300, respectively. Separation angles, sizes of separation regions, and drag coefficents were calculated for both steady and unsteady states. Good agreement was obtained with existing experimental data in the steady state.
The Hispanic Paradox in Cardiovascular Disease and Total Mortality

Health statistics and epidemiologic studies have shown that Hispanics live longer than Non Hispanic Whites, despite a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and an average low socioeconomic status, both strong predictors of CVD and mortality. This phenomenon has been dubbed "The Hispanic paradox" and has been demonstrated in old and contemporary cohorts. To date, no factor has been identified that could explain this phenomenon, but socio demographic factors, dietary intake and genetic predisposition have been proposed as possible explanations for the Hispanic paradox. As with the French paradox, where French were found to have a lower rate of coronary heart disease (CHD), helped to identify the role of the Mediterranean diet and wine consumption in the prevention of CHD, the Hispanic paradox could help identify protective factors against CHD. This article describes the current evidence supporting the existence of the Hispanic paradox and provides a brief review on the possible explanations.
Bacterial esophagitis associated with CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. Possible role of corticosteroid treatment.

Although infectious esophagitis is usually due to infection withCandida, herpes virus, or cytomegalovirus, bacterial esophagitis is occasionally observed. Recently, patients have been reported with CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. Bacterial esophagitisper se has not been reported in these patients. We report the case of an 80-year-old patient admitted with a COPD exacerbation after being on chronic steroids. The patient developed esophageal symptoms and was found to have bacterial esophagitis by biopsy. Her CD4+ counts were found to be low, but she denied HIV risk factors and HIV testing was negative. Her CD4+ counts rose into the normal range as her steroids were tapered, and her esophagitis improved on antibiotics. This case is reported to alert physicians to the possible association of bacterial esophagitis with CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection and to discuss the possible etiological role of corticosteroid treatment.
Chemical compatibility of SiC composite structures with fusion reactor helium coolant at high temperatures

Abstract The thermodynamic stability of SiC/SiC composite structures proposed for fusion applications is presented in this paper. Minimization of the free energy for reacting species in the temperature range 773–1273 K is achieved by utilizing the NASA-Lewis Chemical Equilibrium Thermodynamics Code (CET). The chemical stability of the matrix (SiC), as well as several fiber coatings (BN and graphite) are studied. Helium coolant is assumed to contain O2 and water moisture impurities in the range 100–1000 ppm. The work is applied to recent Magnetic and Inertial Confinement Conceptual designs. The present study indicates that the upper useful temperature limit for SiC/SiC composites, from the standpoint of high-temperature corrosion, will be in the neighborhood of 1273 K. Up to this temperature, corrosion of SiC is shown to be negligible. The main mechanism of weight loss will be by evaporation to the plasma side. The presence of a protective SiO2 condensed phase is discussed, and is shown to result in further reduction of high-temperature corrosion. The thermodynamic stability of C and BN is shown to be very poor under typical fusion reactor conditions. Further development of chemically stable interface materials is required.