cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tides in the atmosphere

Tides in the water are important for any kind of human activities at sea. They have a periodic structure caused by solar and lunar gravitational forces; the levels of the tides are provided everywhere along coastlines. Tables of tidal levels contain forecasted levels of tides and are of extreme importance. The atmosphere is considered a fifth ocean, and we are living at the bottom of it. Tides in the atmosphere can be noticeable only in changing atmospheric pressure. Distinguished scientist Sydney Chapman was the first to discover the existence of oscillations in atmospheric pressure with periods of Sun and Moon day on the Earth. The Moon is generating tides by its gravity, whereas the Sun affects the atmosphere thermally (by solar radiation) and gravitationally. Those atmospheric tides can be distinguished by their specific periods that are very well hidden within regular synoptic changes of the atmospheric pressure. Recent developments in the separation of periodic signals embedded in noisy environments have made this task possible. Atmospheric tides can be reconstructed from hourly records of atmospheric pressure at any point on the Earth. They behave as very well organized waves in time and spread up to one quarter of the globe. The atmospheric tides can be forecasted everywhere several months in advance. The influence of atmospheric tides appears much stronger than expected on many events in the atmosphere. We will discuss only a few of them in this paper leaving a wide opportunity for further research.
Self-assembly of polymer-grafted nanoparticles in thin films

We use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with a coarse-grained model to investigate the self-assembly of solvent-free grafted nanoparticles into thin free-standing films. Two important findings are highlighted. First, for appropriately chosen values of system parameters the nanoparticles spontaneously assemble into monolayer thick films. Further, the nanoparticles self-assemble into a variety of morphologies ranging from dispersed particles, finite stripes, long strings, to percolating networks. The main driving force for these morphologies is the competition between strong short-range attractions of the particle cores and long-range entropic repulsions of the grafted chains. The grafted nanoparticle systems provide practical means to realize two-length-scale systems that have been previously seen, using a simple two-dimensional model [G. Malescio and G. Pellicane, Nat. Mater., 2003, 2, 97], to generate a variety of morphologies. However, there are only relatively narrow ranges of interaction strengths and chain lengths for which anisotropic self-assembly is possible.
Endotoxemia causing fetal bradycardia during urosepsis.

Abstract Background: Fetal bradycardia is a recognized response to maternal hypothermia associated with hypoglycemia, tocolysis with magnesium sulfate, or urosepsis, and it is thought to be a direct response to the decrease in the maternal core temperature. Case: A 25-year-old white woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 31 1/7 weeks’ gestation was admitted with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis. The baseline fetal heart rate was 120 beats per minute with accelerations. Within 3 hours of admission, the patient became hypothermic (35.1C) and, concomitantly, the fetal heart rate baseline declined to 90 beats per minute with marked variability. Despite sustained maternal hypothermia, the fetal heart rate baseline rose to 120 beats per minute. It was another 6 hours before the patient’s temperature rose above 38.5C. Her urine and blood cultures were positive for Serratia rubidacea infection. The patient delivered a healthy infant at 39 weeks’ gestation. Conclusion: Fetal bradycardia in the presence of urosepsis might be due to the release of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria, triggering production of cardiotoxic cytokines, rather than to maternal hypothermia alone.
The St. Louis African American health-heart study: methodology for the study of cardiovascular disease and depression in young-old African Americans

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Depression has complex bidirectional adverse associations with CAD, although the mechanisms mediating these relationships remain unclear. Compared to European Americans, African Americans (AAs) have higher rates of morbidity and mortality from CAD. Although depression is common in AAs, its role in the development and features of CAD in this group has not been well examined. This project hypothesizes that the relationships between depression and CAD can be explained by common physiological pathways and gene-environment interactions. Thus, the primary aims of this ongoing project are to: a) determine the prevalence of CAD and depression phenotypes in a population-based sample of community-dwelling older AAs; b) examine the relationships between CAD and depression phenotypes in this population; and c) evaluate genetic variants from serotoninP and inflammatory pathways to discover potential gene-depression interactions that contribute significantly to the presence of CAD in AAs. The St. Louis African American Health (AAH) cohort is a population-based panel study of community-dwelling AAs born in 1936–1950 (inclusive) who have been followed from 2000/2001 through 2010. The AAH-Heart study group is a subset of AAH participants recruited in 2009–11 to examine the inter-relationships between depression and CAD in this population. State-of-the-art CAD phenotyping is based on cardiovascular characterizations (coronary artery calcium, carotid intima-media thickness, cardiac structure and function, and autonomic function). Depression phenotyping is based on standardized questionnaires and detailed interviews. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of selected genes in inflammatory and serotonin-signaling pathways are being examined to provide information for investigating potential gene-depression interactions as modifiers of CAD traits. Information from the parent AAH study is being used to provide population-based prevalence estimates. Inflammatory and other biomarkers provide information about potential pathways. This population-based investigation will provide valuable information on the prevalence of both depression and CAD phenotypes in this population. The study will examine interactions between depression and genetic variants as modulators of CAD, with the intent of detecting mechanistic pathways linking these diseases to identify potential therapeutic targets. Analytic results will be reported as they become available.
High-density waveguide modulator arrays for parallel interconnection

AbstractA new design of GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide amplitude modulator intended for array applications at 830nm wavelength is reported. The device is based on polarization rotation, and has bandwidths in excess of 1 GHz, andan extinction ratio of 1 7dB. Mach-Zehnder modulators with 23dB have also been fabricated, and arrays with 20 microns device separation fabricated. The arrays have crosstalk less than -20dB, and feature electrical interconnection compatible with standard packaging techniques. Introduction Increases in the speed, bandwidth and size of computers places progressively higher demands on backplanebased board-to-board interconnects. In current machines, great effort is expended in using existing technology toimplement the required connectivity. The bottleneck associated with the connection will prevent the potentialadvantages of multiprocessors from being realized as clock speeds and message widths increase. While opticalinterconnection media have been predicted to offer a solution (1), their ability to eliminate the bottleneck will onlybe realized if optical source arrays can be developed with spacings comparable to those of the interconnectionchannels. Implementation using existing discrete devices will suffer from excessive amounts of space being
How Physical Work Activity and Certain Earmuff Design Attributes Influence Achieved Hearing Protection

Laboratory tests of personal hearing protectors typically overestimate the attenuation performance of the devices in the workplace, where a number of factors reduce protection levels. This research investigated several practical factors including the influence of the user's work-related movement, and variations in headband compression force and earcup cushion material (liquid- or foam-filled) on the noise attenuation achieved with earmuff hearing protectors. Attenuation data were collected on 24 subjects both prior-to and following completion of a simulated work task. Work-related movement was found to significantly decrease attenuation. A high compression headband provided increased attenuation, while there was no significant difference between cushion types as to protection achieved.
Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the vascular response to angiotensin in normotensive men.

Abstract There is a widespread interest in fish oil as a dietary supplement and possible nonpharmacologic adjunct in the treatment of hypertension. The effect of dietary fish oil on blood pressure is controversial and the effect on systemic hemodynamics and regional vascular reactivity in humans is unknown. To address these questions, a doubleblind, placebo-controlled, crossover study on the effect of dietary fish oil substitution was performed during a carefully controlled diet in 8 normotensive men. Systemic hemodynamics and the forearm vascular response to intrabrachial artery infusions of norepinephrine, phentolamine and angiotensin II were obtained. Compared with a safflower oil placebo, dietary fish oil had no effect on cardiac output (6.42 ± 0.38 vs 6.87 ± 0.28 liters/ min, p = not significant) or 24-hour blood pressure (122/68 ± 3/3 vs 122/68 ± 3/2 mm Hg, p = not significant). The vascular response to norepinephrine and phentolamine was unchanged. Fish oil, however, significantly (p
Child, We Apologize to You

Cha Me, Xin Loi Con [Child, we apologize to you]. Phan Huyen Thu, director. Hanoi: Department of Cinema, Vietnam National Documentary and Scientific Film Studio. DVD, NTSC, 37 mins., 2007; in Vietn...
Humean naturalism and the problem of induction

Naturalised epistemology has shunned rationality, a hallmark of humanity since ancient Greece. One of Quine's explicit motivations is that Hume's problem of induction cannot be solved. However, Hume himself suggests a solution and the narrow focus of the paper is to present a ‘Humean Solution’ which is an elaboration and defence of Hume's suggestion. What emerges will be argued to be a naturalised conception of rationality which makes naturalised epistemology more continuous with traditional epistemology's focus on rationality.
Listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech: effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion.

This study is the second in a two-part series examining the effects of linguistic variables on listener processing of dysarthric speech. The first study (see K. C. Hustad & D. R. Beukelman, 2001) e...
Combustion of Reformed Propane as Segue to Glycerin Reforming

Biodiesel is a potential fuel that reduces dependency on petroleum products. Although its upstream fabrication results in it being a renewable resource, the downstream components are the focus of this paper. Glycerin is a byproduct from biodiesel production and currently has few uses as a means to recover some of the energy required to produce biodiesel. One such option is to convert glycerin into a hydrogen rich mixture over a catalyst for subsequent use in an internal combustion engine. A unique reformer and engine/generator setup at the University of Kansas allows the exploration of propane reforming and its subsequent combustion as the first step into glycerin reforming. In particular, the analysis of propane reforming will lead to the specific experimental conditions (e.g., flow rates) needed prior to glycerin reforming. This paper will document the experimental side of propane reforming along with models used in its analysis and extrapolation to glycerin.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Induction of acute GVHD by sex-mismatched H-Y antigens in the absence of functional radiosensitive host hematopoietic–derived antigen-presenting cells

It is currently thought that acute GVHD cannot be elicited in the absence of Ag presentation by radiosensitive host hematopoietic-derived APCs after allogeneic BM transplantation. Because clinical data suggest that sex-mismatched H-Y Ags may be important minor histocompatibility Ags for GVH responses, we directly tested their relevance and ability to initiate GVHD when presented by either the hematopoietic- (host or donor) or the nonhematopoietic-derived APCs. H-Y minor Ag incompatibility elicited both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell driven GVHD lethality. Studies with various well-established BM chimera recipients, in contrast to the current views, have reported that in the absence of functional radiosensitive host hematopoietic-derived APCs, H-Y Ag presentation by either the donor hematopoietic-derived or the host nonhematopoietic-derived APCs is sufficient for inducing GVHD. Our data further suggest that infusion of sufficient numbers of alloreactive donor T cells will induce GVHD in the absence of radiosensitive host hematopoietic-derived APCs.
Third Spaces: Turkish Immigrants and Their Children at the Intersection of Identity, Schooling, and Culture

This qualitative case study utilized hybridity theory, particularly the notion of third spaces, to investigate the ways Turkish immigrants (18 parents and 15 children) negotiate culture, identity, and schooling in the midwestern United States. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and artifacts, and analyzed using traditional qualitative analysis tools. The findings demonstrated that Turkish immigrants’ identity negotiation in third spaces included five elements: (1) drawing from multiple discourses, (2) navigating geo-cultural spaces, (3) becoming agents of negotiation, (4) mediating conflicts, and (5) regenerating traditions. These findings have several implications. Educators should understand the importance of out-of-school experiences that highlight the agency of immigrant children and their families so they can better support the children’s academic and social growth. Further, educators and policymakers should rethink the notion of “immigration” and the traditional role of s...
ATP hydrolysis and the displaced strand are two factors that determine the polarity of RecA-promoted DNA strand exchange.

Abstract When the recA protein (RecA) of Escherichia coli promotes strand exchange between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) circles and linear double-stranded DNAs (dsDNA) with complementary 5′ or 3′ ends a polarity is observed. This property of RecA depends on ATP hydrolysis and the ssDNA that is displaced in the reaction since no polarity is observed in the presence of the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, ATPγS, or in the presence of single-strand specific exonucleases. Based on these results a model is presented in which both the 5′ and 3′ complementary ends of the linear dsDNA initiate pairing with the ssDNA circle but only one end remains stably paired. According to this model, the association/dissociation of RecA in the 5′ to 3′ direction on the displaced strand determines the polarity of strand exchange by favoring or blocking its reinvasion into the newly formed dsDNA. Reinvasion is favored when the displaced strand is coated with RecA whereas it is blocked when it lacks RecA, remains covered by single-stranded DNA binding protein or is removed by a single-strand specific exonuclease. The requirement for ATP hydrolysis is explained if the binding of RecA to the displaced strand occurs via the dissociation and/or transfer of RecA, two functions that depend on ATP hydrolysis. The energy for strand exchange derives from the higher binding constant of RecA for the newly formed dsDNA as compared with that for ssDNA and not from ATP hydrolysis.
Macrocycle-Facilitated Transport of Ions in Liquid Membrane Systems

Abstract Ion transport in various liquid membrane systems is discussed in terms of those factors which create the environment for efficient and selective transport. The following parameters which affect ion transport are discussed: membrane configuration, cation-macrocycle complex stability, macrocycle partitioning between membrane and water phases, proton ionization of acidic macrocycles, macrocycle concentration, anion type, ion concentration, membrane solvent type and receiving phase composition. A summary of existing models of ion transport is given along with possible applications to macrocycle-facilitated liquid membraneion transport.
Enhancement of ethanol-induced sedation and hypothermia by centrally administered neurotensin, β-endorphin and bombesin

Abstract Intracisternal administration of three endogenous neuropeptides (neurotensin, β-endorphin, or bombesin) potentiated the duration of sedation induced by a fixed dose of ethanol (5.2 g/kg) in mice. The minimally effective dose of each peptide that enhanced ethanol-induced sedation was: neurotensin, 0.18 nmoles; β-endorphin, 1.79 nmoles; and bombesin, 0.06 nmoles. The enhancement of ethanol-induced sedation was correlated with the potentiation of ethanol-induced hypothermia for all three peptides. None of the neuropeptides studied significantly altered blood or brain ethanol concentrations, suggesting that the observed effects were not due to differences in ethanol metabolism.
Simulation method for the design and data correction of calorimeters

Abstract A digital computer simulation technique is described for designing calorimeters and correcting the output data for heat conduction losses. The method may be applied to any heat conduction problem. Details of the design of a small solution calorimeter are given together with the data correction program. Theoretical and experimental input functions are compared. Square-wave, exponential, and linear functions are used. Programs are available in either FORTRAN or BASIC. The BASIC program is used with paper punched output data from the calorimeter thermopiles to correct for heat conduction losses. Reactions lasting up to an hour have been followed.
Trypanosoma brucei Vacuolar Transporter Chaperone 4 (TbVtc4) Is an Acidocalcisome Polyphosphate Kinase Required for in Vivo Infection

Polyphosphate (polyP) is an anionic polymer of orthophosphate groups linked by high energy bonds that typically accumulates in acidic, calcium-rich organelles known as acidocalcisomes. PolyP synthesis in eukaryotes was unclear until it was demonstrated that the protein named Vtc4p (vacuolar transporter chaperone 4) is a long chain polyP kinase that localizes to the yeast vacuole. Here, we report that TbVtc4 (Vtc4 ortholog of Trypanosoma brucei) encodes, in contrast, a short chain polyP kinase that localizes to acidocalcisomes. The subcellular localization of TbVtc4 was demonstrated by fluorescence and electron microscopy of cell lines expressing TbVtc4 in its endogenous locus fused to an epitope tag and by purified polyclonal antibodies against TbVtc4. Recombinant TbVtc4 was expressed in bacteria, and polyP kinase activity was assayed in vitro. The in vitro growth of conditional knock-out bloodstream form trypanosomes (TbVtc4-KO) was significantly affected relative to the parental cell line. This mutant had reduced polyP kinase activity and short chain polyP content and was considerably less virulent in mice. The wild-type phenotype was recovered when an ectopic copy of the TbVtc4 gene was expressed in the presence of doxycycline. The mutant also exhibited a defect in volume recovery under osmotic stress conditions in vitro, underscoring the relevance of polyP in osmoregulation.
A vapour-pressure study of the solution of antimony in liquid antimony (III) iodide—the formation of Sb2I4☆

Abstract The vapour-pressure of liquid SbI 3 in the range 260–405° is given by log P mm = −2504·5 3 / T − (2·800 × 10 5 )/ T 2 + 7·2119 5 . The decrease in vapour pressure of SbI 3 on equilibration with solid metal is in good agreement with that calculated from metal solubilities for the formation of an ideal solution of Sb 2 I 4 in SbI 3 , confirming the conclusions of an earlier electromotive force investigation of the same system. 2 Values of 13·4 and 10·0 5 kcal for ΔH ° 500 and ΔF ° 500 , respectively, are calculated from the metal solubilities for the solution reaction 4SbI 3( l ) + 2Sb ( s ) = 3Sb 2 I 4( l ) ; corresponding quantities of −51· 6 and −30· 8 kcal mole −1 are estimated for the formation of the unstable Sb 2 I 4( l ) from I 2( g ) and Sb ( s ) . Reduction of SbI 3( g ) at about 300 mm and 360–480° by the metal could not be detected by vapour density measurements.
Housing Research In Home Economics: 1959–1982

This paper presents (1) an historical perspective of housing research within home economics; (2) an analysis of housing research citations, 1959–1982; and, (3) the results of a survey of recent research, 1977–1981. An analysis of 729 citations compiled from seven professional journals and a survey of current research pro vided by home economists in 56 institutions revealed several major housing re search themes: design, personal/psychological and social aspects, special needs of user groups, consumer economic decisions, public policy issues, housing alternatives, residential energy, and community/environmental factors. Although a substantial increase in research activity and output over the past 25 years was indicated, housing researchers in home economics still are hindered by inade quate funding and lack of dissemination of research outcomes.
Denaturation of DNA at pH 7.0 by acid and alkali.

THE reaction of a solution of DNA with an alkylating agent such as dimethyl sulphate results in the production of acid as the alkylating agent is hydrolysed by water. To maintain the solution at a constant pH, the liberated acid must be neutralized by the continuous addition of alkali or the reaction must be carried out in a concentrated buffer solution. Here we show that the continuous addition of acid or alkali to maintain a DNA solution at pH 7.0 results in the irreversible denaturation of DNA.
History of a White Rhinoceros Skud

IN his interesting “Natural History Essays,” in which occurs the description of the white rhinoceros, Mr. Graham Renshaw makes the following reference to the first skull of this animal which was brought to England:—
The Adult Learner of Color: An Overlooked College Student Population

(2005). The Adult Learner of Color: An Overlooked College Student Population. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 2-11.
Estimation of market power in the presence of firm level inefficiencies

Abstract “The quiet life hypothesis” (QLH) by Hicks (1935) argues that, due to management’s subjective cost of reaching optimal profits, firms use their market power to allow inefficient allocation of resources. Increasing competitive pressure is therefore likely to force management to work harder to reach optimal profits. Another hypothesis, which also relates market power to efficiency is “the efficient structure hypothesis” (ESH) by Demsetz (1973) . ESH argues that firms with superior efficiencies or technologies have lower costs and therefore higher profits. These firms are assumed to gain larger market shares which lead to higher concentration. Ignoring the efficiency levels of the firms in a market power model might cause both estimation and interpretation problems. Unfortunately, the literature on market power measurement largely ignores this relationship. In the context of a dynamic setting, we estimate the market power of US airlines in two city-pairs by both allowing inefficiencies of the firms and not allowing inefficiencies of the firms. Using industry level cost data, we estimate the cost function parameters and time-varying efficiencies. An instrumental variables version of the square root Kalman filter is used to estimate time-varying conduct parameters.
Children's and adults' beliefs about emotion elicitation

Eight-year-old children and adult female college students were asked to describe situations in which each of six emotions would be felt (production task) and to judge which emotion would be felt in situations described by other subjects (judgment task). In addition, mothers of the child subjects were asked to judge descriptions generated by their own child and by other children. Data analysis showed that adults and children produced stories that could be classified into the same set of thematic categories. In addition, adults and children could accurately identify the emotion in stories produced by other adults and children. Last, mothers judged descriptions produced by other children as easily as descriptions produced by their own child.
Seismic control of layering in intrusives

The intermittent occurrence of earth tremors during the solidification of magma is considered a possible mechanism for the development of layering in intrusives. Qualitatively, at least, the effect is comparable to that of shocks being administered to supersaturated liquids in the laboratory. It should be possible to interpret the seismic history of the region during the crystallization of the intrusive from a critical and detailed analysis of the pattern of layering developed.
Genetic Variations of Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Gene in Koreans

An absence of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP, protein; CETP, gene) results in an increase of the apolipoprotein AI levels and a decrease in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Thus, the CETP polymorphism is important in the assessment of risk of atherosclerosis. This study was conducted to elucidate the genotype distributions of the CETP polymorphism and association with plasma lipid levels in Koreans. The genotypes of the TaqI A and B polymorphic loci were associated with plasma triglyceride levels in the control and coronary artery disease (CAD) groups. There was linkage disequilibrium between TaqI A and B loci in the control group (chi2 = 5.58, p < 0.05). Association studies of the CETP polymorphism have been carried out mainly with Caucasian populations; however, the results have not been consistent among different populations. A possible explanation for this diversity among populations may be differences in genetic backgrounds, which may be more important than environmental factors. We discuss the reasons for the incompatibility of the CETP polymorphism among populations.
Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places

The ability of ecotourism to protect both people and places is an unresolved, and growing, concern. Commodification of host culture and environment is a widely reported social impact of tourism and spawns an array of implications regarding indigenous people's view of their places and themselves. The degree of impact from ecotourism development is related to the degree of market development within the indigenous community and their state of decline regarding natural resource scarcity. Pre-existing power differentials between local people and other groups may be exacerbated by ecotourism development. To protect both people and their places, native people's claim to control should be legitimized by conservation and government authorities, particularly indigenous people's role in technical management of the protected area. Regional and national government controls are relevant at the inception of ecotourism development, but ultimately should be reduced to one of infrastructure planning and coordination.
Transcriptional arrest of the human E-selectin gene.

Abstract Background. E-selectin transcription requires binding of transcription factors, NF-κB, ATF-2, and HMG-I(Y). Here we characterize the mechanism responsible for the transcriptional downregulation of E-selectin expression. Materials and methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with TNF-α for 24 h. HUVEC E-selectin expression was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Northern blotting, and nuclear run-on assays, and NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Results. (1) E-selectin surface expression peaked at 4 h and then diminished over the next 20 h. (2) Transcription of E-selectin began within 1 h of TNF-α exposure and ceased by 8 h, despite continuous stimulation of HUVECs with TNF-α. (3) EMSAs revealed persistent binding activity of NF-κB proteins to two NF-κB-binding sites during 24 h of continuous stimulation with TNF-α. However, binding activity of proteins that recognize a third NF-κB element, −126 to −116 bp from the transcription start site, was lost after 4 h during 24 h of continuous stimulation with TNF-α; ATF-2 binding was unchanged over 24 h stimulation with TNF-α. Conclusion. The termination of E-selectin expression is controlled at the level of transcription, with loss of protein-DNA interactions at only one of three NF-κB-binding sites in the E-selectin promoter.
Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean

Proteorhodopsin, a retinal-containing integral membrane protein that functions as a light-driven proton pump, was discovered in the genome of an uncultivated marine bacterium; however, the prevalence, expression and genetic variability of this protein in native marine microbial populations remain unknown. Here we report that photoactive proteorhodopsin is present in oceanic surface waters. We also provide evidence of an extensive family of globally distributed proteorhodopsin variants. The protein pigments comprising this rhodopsin family seem to be spectrally tuned to different habitats--absorbing light at different wavelengths in accordance with light available in the environment. Together, our data suggest that proteorhodopsin-based phototrophy is a globally significant oceanic microbial process.
“It's not my fault”: Acceptance of responsibility as a component of engagement in juvenile residential treatment☆☆☆

Abstract Research suggests that client engagement in treatment is related to positive treatment outcomes. Although a large body of literature exists on clients' treatment engagement, literature on engagement in juvenile residential treatment centers is sparse, particularly in the area of who engages in treatment. Practitioners in Residential Treatment Centers (RTCs) have expressed a belief that youths' acknowledgement of problems and acceptance of responsibility is an important first step in the treatment process. Using both qualitative and quantitative data from youths' responses to interview questions during their first month of stay in residence, this paper explores the concept of “attribution of responsibility,” including whether these youth accept responsibility for their placement, and examines whether acceptance of responsibility is an important component of engagement in treatment. From these in-depth interviews (n = 125), patterns in youths' attributions did emerge. Youth did make internal or external attributions of responsibility or blame for the activities that led them to residential treatment. Further, differences were found between youth in whether they believed that there was a good reason for their placement. Finally, youths' verbal attributions were significantly related to youths' treatment engagement. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Interaction of dichlorvos and anticholinesterases on the in vitro inhibition of human blood cholinesterases.

Abstract The inhibition of cholinesterase activity by dichlorvos and other anticholinesterases was tested manometrically using human red blood cells (RBC) and plasma as the enzyme sources with acetylcholine as the substrate. Using log probit plots the I50 values were calculated for all compounds. Combinations of dichlorvos with the agents carbaryl, crotoxyphos, malathion, malaoxon, parathion, paraoxon, mevinphos, dimecron, physostigmine, and trichlorofon produced either no change or less inhibition of cholinesterase activities than the calculated sum of the individual inhibition. Combinations of chlorpromazine with dichlorvos resulted in a greater inhibition of RBC cholinesterase activity than expected from the calculated summed individual inhibitions and less inhibition with the combination compared to the calculated summed individual inhibitions when plasma was used. There was the same inhibition with the combination of chlorpromazine and dichlorvos compared to the summed individual inhibitions using purified bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase.
Evaluation of Tempera Paints to Reduce Occurrence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Thrips occur in lower numbers on certain colors of flowers and with the use of certain reflective mulches. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the potential of foliar application of selected colors of tempera paints on tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. (syn.: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)] plants as an alternative to plastic mulches for reducing numbers of thrips and incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Two preliminary greenhouse experiments were conducted in Winter/early Spring 2005 and Fall 2005 to evaluate possible adverse effects of selected tempera paints on growth and early yield of tomato in Auburn, Alabama. Brilliant red, cerise, crimson, jazz orange, or purple tempera paint was applied weekly to foliage of container-grown plants until first harvest. Paint treatments did not significantly reduce plant height in comparison with nontreated plants in either the winter/early spring or fall experiment; fruit yield was reduced on plants treated with purple paint in the spring expe...
Improved activity of a thermophilic cellulase, Cel5A, from Thermotoga maritima on ionic liquid pretreated switchgrass.

Ionic liquid pretreatment of biomass has been shown to greatly reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass, resulting in improved sugar yields after enzymatic saccharification. However, even under these improved saccharification conditions the cost of enzymes still represents a significant proportion of the total cost of producing sugars and ultimately fuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Much of the high cost of enzymes is due to the low catalytic efficiency and stability of lignocellulolytic enzymes, especially cellulases, under conditions that include high temperatures and the presence of residual pretreatment chemicals, such as acids, organic solvents, bases, or ionic liquids. Improving the efficiency of the saccharification process on ionic liquid pretreated biomass will facilitate reduced enzyme loading and cost. Thermophilic cellulases have been shown to be stable and active in ionic liquids but their activity is typically at lower levels. Cel5A_Tma, a thermophilic endoglucanase from Thermotoga maritima, is highly active on cellulosic substrates and is stable in ionic liquid environments. Here, our motivation was to engineer mutants of Cel5A_Tma with higher activity on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) pretreated biomass. We developed a robotic platform to screen a random mutagenesis library of Cel5A_Tma. Twelve mutants with 25–42% improvement in specific activity on carboxymethyl cellulose and up to 30% improvement on ionic-liquid pretreated switchgrass were successfully isolated and characterized from a library of twenty thousand variants. Interestingly, most of the mutations in the improved variants are located distally to the active site on the protein surface and are not directly involved with substrate binding.
Peer Victimization and Alcohol Involvement among Adolescents Self-Selecting into a School-Based Alcohol Intervention.

To increase understanding of factors that prompt adolescents to seek alcohol-related services, this research examined the characteristics of youths who self-selected into a secondary alcohol intervention. Using a cross-sectional study of high school students (N = 6,748), the authors explored participants' alcohol involvement, alcohol-related problems, and bullying/peer victimization. Compared to students that did not self-select, intervention students were more likely to have more hazardous drinking experience, to drink alone, experience alcohol-related problems, report more bullying/peer victimization, be male, and be in the tenth grade. Findings provide support that this developmentally tailored approach to early intervention successfully attracted youths with an array of risk factors.
Reports of Working/Discussion Groups at NATO Workshop: Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change

On the penultimate day of the workshop the participants were divided into groups to discuss the four key aspects of sediment records of biomass burning. These discussions endeavored to describe the systems and processes pertinent to the production, identification, transportation, and ultimate deposition of biomass burning products. Each discussion group was asked to consider what is known, what needs to be known, what is potentially knowable, and, lastly, to recommend directions and priorities for future research. The group reports below follow this format as closely as possible. The group moderators, rapporteurs, and other contributors to the group reports are listed at the beginning of each section.
Monitoring the wind-induced response of tall buildings: GPS performance and the issue of multipath effects

The in-situ verification of structural performance under the action of wind requires monitoring technologies capable of capturing not only the resonant response features, but also the background and mean response components. This study explores the use of high-precision global positioning systems (GPS) toward that end. In this study, the performance of GPS for resonant response tracking is first validated in full scale against accelerometers, and then its ability to track both background and resonant response data is verified through controlled field tests. As the valuable low-frequency regime of this sensing technology is often compromised by long-period distortions known as multipath effects; this study then presents a means to characterize this phenomenon using Fourier and wavelet spectra and the GPS Distortion Signature. The latter diagnostic is shown to isolate multipath effects in controlled field testing. However, even when a GPS Distortion Signature is not available on-site, it is shown that multipath effects can still be removed by filtering to permit a rare comparison of the relative contributions of background and resonant responses in full scale to wind tunnel predictions.
The Joint US-USSR Biological Satellite Program

The joint US-USSR biological satellite missions carried out in 1975 and 1977 using Cosmos 782 and Cosmos 936 spacecraft, respectively, is reviewed. The experimental equipment and the biological specimens aboard the aircraft are considered, and it is noted that Cosmos 782, unlike Cosmos 936, carried no centrifuges for rats, although it did contain a centrifuge where a variety of biological specimens, including carrot tissue and fruit flies, were subjected to artificial gravity during space flight. The ground control groups, designed for biological experiments under simulated space-conditions, are taken into account. The U.S. experiments aboard the aircraft are described, with attention given to the experiments with rats, fish embryos, plants, and insects. Results of the experiments are noted, including the finding that space flight factors, especially weightlessness, have a measurable effect on the erythropoietic and musculoskeletal systems of rats
The Nelson Amendment (E.702.1)

Wildlife management in Vermont has been the focus of significant public and political debate in the last few years. In 2009, “Pete the Moose,” a young moose calf living within a privately-owned, 700-acre captive game facility in Irasburg, VT, became the central figure in a debate over whether a private party could possess any ownership interest in wildlife animals. Pete was the focus of a grassroots campaign to prevent his allegedly imminent destruction (along with other moose and white-tailed deer living within the facility’s fences) by Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department officials. The campaign received extensive local and national media. This position paper, submitted as public record in the February, 2011 House of Representatives Fish & Wildlife Committee Debate, is about the Vermont legislature’s 2010 election-year response to the “Save Pete the Moose” campaign. The fight to save Pete and the subsequent legislation invoke important traditional and contemporary issues of property rights, hunting rights, and animal rights, including the privatization and domestication of wildlife, the importation of big game into Vermont, and the ethics of allowing such facilities to operate in this state. This legislation, known as the “Nelson Amendment,” was enacted, without discussion, as part of the fiscal year 2011 Joint Appropriations Act. The Amendment may have “stayed” Pete’s demise, but it eroded fundamental principles of wildlife management and hunting regulations by effectively rewarding a private landowner’s continued attempts to thwart wildlife regulations and illegally entrap wild animals on his property. The facility where Pete lives and the Amendment threaten the health of wildlife in Vermont and the state’s authority to manage and regulate that wildlife. This paper contextualizes the current debate about wildlife management, including the history of Vermont captive hunting legislation and the legal backdrop prior to the Nelson Amendment. Next, it addresses state common law and constitutional doctrines with respect to wildlife management, hunting rights, and wildlife ownership, followed by a discussion of several legal and policy issues invoked by the Amendment, and issues the legislature should consider in reviewing the current bill to repeal the Nelson Amendment (H.91).ADDENDUM (June 22, 2011) On May 31, 2011, Governor Shumlin signed H.91 into law, amending 10 V.S.A. section 4081. In addition to repealing the Nelson Amendment, section 4018 codified the public trust doctrine Vermont. In relevant part: Section 4081. POLICY(a) It is the policy of the state that the (1) As provided by Chapter II, section 67of the Constitution of the State of Vermont, the fish and wildlife of Vermont are held in trust by the state for the benefit of the citizens of Vermont and shall not be reduced to private ownership. The state of Vermont, in its sovereign capacity as a trustee for the citizens of the state, shall have ownership, jurisdiction, and control of all of the fish and wildlife of Vermont.
The Effectiveness of Management‐By‐Walking‐Around: A Randomized Field Study

Management-by-walking-around (MBWA) is a widely adopted technique in hospitals that involves senior managers directly observing frontline work. However, few studies have rigorously examined its impact on organizational outcomes. This study examines an improvement program based on MBWA in which senior managers observe frontline employees, solicit ideas about improvement opportunities, and work with staff to resolve the issues. We randomly selected hospitals to implement the 18-month-long, MBWA-based improvement program; 56 work areas participated. We find that the program, on average, had a negative impact on performance. To explain this surprising finding, we use mixed methods to examine the impact of the work area's problem-solving approach. Results suggest that prioritizing easy-to-solve problems was associated with improved performance. We believe this was because it resulted in greater action-taking. A different approach was characterized by prioritizing high-value problems, which was not successful in our study. We also find that assigning to senior managers responsibility for ensuring that identified problems get resolved resulted in better performance. Overall, our study suggests that senior managers' physical presence in their organizations' front lines was not helpful unless it enabled active problem solving.
Diffraction simulation of SAW filters using SAW source distribution

A new approach for the simulation of the diffraction effect in Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters based on the two dimensional Angular Spectrum of Wave method is proposed. In this simulation, the line source is considered as the particle displacement distribution inbetween the electrode finger's overlap region on the surface of the material which was conventionally treated as the uniform intensity line wave source. In this paper, we describe the derivation of the SAW source distribution from the particle displacement which is derived from the three dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) applied to an IDT finger overlap in the grating structure. Then we apply the above SAW source distribution to the simulation of the frequency response of the SAW filter including the diffraction effect. The frequency dependency of the SAW source distribution is also discussed. The diffraction simulation including the newly presented method along with the conventional method are compared with the experimental results.
Electrical Properties of Semiconducting Tapes Used in HTS Power Cables

In this paper we investigate the electrical properties of semiconducting tapes used for field grading applications in high voltage technology. Direct- and alternating-current resistance of the samples are measured at cryogenic temperatures between 18-300 K. Two different experimental setups are used due to the resistivity levels of the samples. It is observed that the samples have 'U-shaped' temperature dependence of resistivity corresponding to metallic and insulator type character for temperatures over and below 170 K, respectively. The samples resistivities can be used for diagnostics and fault analysis purposes equivalent circuit models.
Improved oxygen reduction reaction activities with amino acid R group functionalized PEG at platinum surfaces

We demonstrate here that coupling specific amino acid “R” groups to polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains through amide bonds and adsorbing them to platinum (Pt) black improves oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis over a bare metal, even at high polymer loadings. Through our studies, we first show that the presence of PEG on the Pt nanoparticles increases half-wave (E1/2) potentials, most likely by preventing Pt oxidation or Pt–OH formation. We also show, however, that increases in E1/2 did not necessarily correlate with gains in mass activities, and that while commercial PEG–OH in fact lowered mass activities, conjugation of PEG to alcohol-containing amino acid R groups connected by amide bonds led to 100–200% gains in reactivity. This work presents evidence that counters the common conception that organic capping ligands decrease catalytic activity; in fact activity may actually be improved over the bare metal through judicious choice and design of ligands that inhibit Pt oxidation and control chain packing at the Pt surface. These studies therefore show that it may still be possible to have ligands on a nanoparticle surface that allow the particles to be well-dispersed on an electrode surface while simultaneously enhancing catalysis without further particle treatment.