cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estado de explotación del recurso besugo (Epigonus crassicaudus) en Chile

The exploitation status of cardinalfish (Epigonus crassicaudus) yielded in Chile between 33° to 41°S was analyzed. An indirect assessment was performed between 1997 and 2003 through size-structured model with a transition matrix defining the changes among sizes. The model was calibrated using size structures, official landings, catch-per-unit of effort (CPUE) taken from commercial fishing logbooks and standardized by generalized linear models (GLM). After 7 years of an intense fishery activity, we concluded that the cardinalfish resource in Chile is on the recruitment overfishing limit. On 2003, the spawning biomass with respect to the virginal spawning biomass is close to 40%. The biological references points (BRP) based on spawning per recruit biomass (SPR) support this assesment because the fishing mortality level on 2003 (F act ) was very close to fishing mortality level of 40% of SRP at virginal value (F 40% ).
An Efficient Staining Method for Ultrathin Sections

A staining method to handle simultaneously as many as 20 electron microscope grids is described. The devices used are easily constructed of readily obtained inexpensive materials. The volumes of stain and wash water required are very small and drying grids is simplified.
On-chip at-speed linearity testing of high-resolution high-speed DACs using DDEM ADCs with dithering

On-chip testing of high-resolution high-speed DACs is extremely challenging because of the stringent requirements on the accuracy, speed and cost of the measurement circuits. This work proposed a new on-chip strategy for DAC linearity testing applying the proposed deterministic dynamic element matching (DDEM) technique. Low-accuracy two-step flash ADCs are used as test devices. Speed advantage of flash structure enables at-speed testing, while its accuracy and resolution are improved by DDEM algorithm, the second stage and dithering. In this paper, the architecture of the DDEM flash ADC and DDEM algorithm are described. The design consideration of the major circuit blocks are talked about. The test performance is analyzed theoretically and verified by simulation. Simulation shows that a dithering incorporated two-step flash DDEM ADC, which consists of a 6-bit coarse DDEM stage, a 6-bit fine stage and a 5-bit dithering DAC, with linearity of all the blocks only at about 6-bit level, is capable of testing 14-bit DACs.
On the local odds ratio between points and marks in marked point processes

Abstract Marked point processes are widely used stochastic models for representing a finite number of natural hazard events located in space and time and their data often associate event measurements (i.e. marks) with event locations (i.e. points). An interesting statistical problem of marked point processes is to measure and estimate the localized dependence between points and marks. To solve this problem, an approach of local odds ratio is proposed, where the local odds ratio is defined by the localized ratio of the relative risk for an event to have a small mark to the relative risk to have a large mark. To establish the approach, the article presents definition, estimation, and statistical properties. To justify the usefulness of the approach, the article presents two particular examples in natural hazards: a forest wildfire study and an earthquake study. It finds that values of local odds ratios are mostly likely low in one subarea but high in another subarea, which indicates that events with large mark values are mostly likely to appear in the former subarea but less likely to appear in the latter subarea. It is expected that the proposed approach will be widely applicable in natural hazard studies.
Administrative Coding Data and Health Care-Associated Infections

Surveillance for health care-associated infections (HAIs) using administrative data has received attention from health care epidemiologists searching for efficient means to track infections in their institutions. Several states are also considering electronic surveillance that incorporates administrative data as a means to satisfy an increasing demand for mandatory public reporting of HAIs. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) discharge diagnosis codes have attributes that make them suitable for detecting HAIs; for example, they may facilitate automated surveillance, freeing up infection control personnel to perform other important tasks, such as staff education and outbreak investigation. However, controversy surrounds the appropriate use of ICD-9-CM data in detecting HAIs, and administrative coding data have been criticized for lacking elements necessary for surveillance. Administrative coding data are inappropriate as the sole means of HAI surveillance but may have value to the health care epidemiologist as a way to augment traditional methods.
Emergency Medical Service Utilization by the Elderly

The growing number of aged in the United States will continue to increase the demand for medical services, including emergency care. In a medium-sized city, 22% of 14,400 emergency medical service responses were to patients over 65 years of age. Of the elderly, those over 75 years were more likely to call EMS than were those between 65 and 74 years old. Men used the service more often than did women. Men were more likely to suffer a cardiac condition; women, an injury. Elderly patients were 1.7 times more likely to require paramedic-accompanied transportation to hospital.
Academic Libraries as Data Quality Hubs

Academic libraries have a critical role to play as data quality hubs on campus. There is an increased need to ensure data quality within ‘e-science’. Given academic libraries’ curation and preservation expertise, libraries are well suited to support the data quality process. Data quality measurements are discussed, including the fundamental elements of trust, authenticity, understandability, usability and integrity, and are applied to the Digital Curation Lifecycle model to demonstrate how these measures can be used to understand and evaluate data quality within the curatorial process. Opportunities for improvement and challenges are identified as areas that are fruitful for future research and exploration.
The Risk and Predictability of International Equity Returns

We investigate predictability in national equity market returns, and its relation to global economic risks. We show how to consistently estimate the fraction of the predictable variation that is captured by an assetpricing modelfor the expected returns. We use a model in which conditional betas of the national equity markets depend on local information variables, while global risk premia depend on global variables. We examine singleand multiple-beta models, using monthly data for 1970 to 1989. The models capture much of thepredictability for many countries. Most of this is related to time variation in the global risk premia. We investigate the sources of risk and predictability of international equity market returns. We examine several global economic risk factors, including a world market portfolio, exchange rate fluctuations, mea
Lifetime Modeling of a Sensor Network

We provide a mathematical analysis for the lifetime of a sensor network, when data-generation at individual sensor nodes is a random process. We show that the mathematical results for expected lifetime and its probability distribution closely validate the simulations results, both in linear and planar networks.
The Impact of Resources on Small Firm Internationalization

Theory posits that resource type and composition determine a firm's geographic scope. To date, few studies test this premise. This article compares resource profiles of internationalized and non-internationalized small firms, then examines the impact of five types of resources on their internationalization strategies. Results show that resource profiles differ between internationalized and non-internationalized firms, and that social and financial resources are more important than human resources for small firms pursuing an internationalization strategy. For firms selling a greater variety of international products, achieved owner founder attributes need to be strong. Small firm managers should build a solid social network and develop international competencies if they plan to internationalize.
Identifying subjective beliefs in subjective state space models

This paper takes the Dekel, Lipman, and Rustichini (2001) framework, in which subjective beliefs over subjective states cannot be identified, and proves a conjecture made in their paper: if the Bernoulli utility functions are additively separable and one of the terms is state-independent, then beliefs are uniquely identified. The main departure from existing literature is that beliefs are identified without imposing extra objective elements into the model.
Incidence and perioperative management of tension pneumocephalus following craniofacial resection

This study is a retrospective review to evaluate factors associated with the risk of pneumocephalus following craniofacial resection and the management of tension pneumocephalus. Twenty-two craniofacial operative procedures were reviewed in 18 patients entered into the Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Johns Hopkins Hospital, during a 54 month period, from 1986-1991. Pneumocephalus developed after 7 of 22 operations; of these seven, two developed tension pneumocephalus. The use of lumbar cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drainage during the operation correlated most strongly with the development of pneumocephalus. The diagnosis of esthesioblastoma also correlated significantly. Both episodes of tension pneumocephalus occurred after craniofacial resection in which lumbar drainage of CSF was performed. Tension pneumocephalus was successfully treated in these two patients with a combination of air evacuation and medical management of raised intracranial pressure. Transient diabetes insipidus developed in both patients. The risk of pneumocephalus following craniofacial procedures is significant, and may be increased by the use of lumbar drainage of CSF intraoperatively. Rapid neurologic deterioration following craniofacial resection may be caused by the development of tension pneumocephalus. Early diagnosis of tension pneumocephalus and aggressive management of raised intracranial pressure may be important in preventing serious neurological complications.
El arte dramático en Lima durante el virreinato

Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de la Universidad de Sevilla XII (No general) Serie 2a: Monografias No 3
Mitochondrial‐targeted catalase is good for the old mouse proteome, but not for the young: ‘reverse’ antagonistic pleiotropy?

Summary Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules associated with aging and a broad spectrum of pathologies. We have previously shown that transgenic expression of the antioxidant enzyme catalase targeted to the mitochondria (mCAT) in mice reduces ROS, attenuates age-related disease, and increases lifespan. However, it has been increasingly recognized that ROS also has beneficial roles in signaling, hormesis, stress response, and immunity. We therefore hypothesized that mCAT might be beneficial only when ROS approaches pathological levels in older age and might not be advantageous at a younger age when basal ROS is low. We analyzed abundance and turnover of the global proteome in hearts and livers of young (4 month) and old (20 month) mCAT and wild-type (WT) mice. In old hearts and livers of WT mice, protein half-lives were reduced compared to young, while in mCAT mice the reverse was observed; the longest half-lives were seen in old mCAT mice and the shortest in young mCAT. Protein abundance of old mCAT hearts recapitulated a more youthful proteomic expression profile (P-value < 0.01). However, young mCAT mice partially phenocopied the older wild-type proteome (P-value < 0.01). Age strongly interacts with mCAT, consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy in the reverse of the typical direction. These findings underscore the contrasting roles of ROS in young vs. old mice and indicate the need for better understanding of the interaction between dose and age in assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in aging, including mitochondrial antioxidants.
The Genus Dicyphoma James (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Descriptions and keys are given to adults of Dicyphoma schaefferi (Coquillet) and D. ryckmani , a new species from Mexico; the larva of D. schaefferi is described and differentiated in a key from D. ryckmani and from the genus Cyphomyia. Dicyphoma seems to have originated from the Cyphomyiinae which have become adapted to the semiaquatic niche in a desert environment furnished by decaying cactus; differentiation has progressed further in the adult than in the larva.
R-Ras Inhibits VEGF-Induced p38MAPK Activation and HSP27 Phosphorylation in Endothelial Cells

R-Ras is a Ras family small GTPase that is highly expressed in mature functional blood vessels in normal tissues. It inhibits pathological angiogenesis and promotes vessel maturation and stabilization. Previous studies suggest that R-Ras affects cellular signaling in endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth-muscle cells to regulate vessel formation and remodeling in adult tissues. R-Ras suppresses VEGF-induced endothelial permeability and vessel sprouting while promoting normalization of pathologically developing vessels in mice. It attenuates VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) activation by inhibiting internalization of the receptor upon VEGF ligand binding, leading to significant reduction of VEGFR2 autophosphorylation. Here, we show that R-Ras strongly suppresses the VEGF-dependent activation of stress-activated protein kinase-2/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SAPK2/p38MAPK) and the phosphorylation of downstream heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton organization, in endothelial cells. The suppression of p38MAPK activation and HSP27 phosphorylation by R-Ras concurred with altered actin cytoskeleton architecture, reduced membrane protrusion and inhibition of endothelial cell migration toward VEGF. Silencing of endogenous R-Ras by RNA interference increased membrane protrusion and cell migration stimulated by VEGF, and these effects were offset by p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580. These results suggest that R-Ras regulates angiogenic activities of endothelial cells in part via inhibition of the p38MAPK-HSP27 axis of VEGF signaling.
Identification of Chinese Herbal Medicine Hospital

Basic definitions departure from traditional Chinese medicine,Chinese Herbal Medicine introduced to identify the purpose and significance,combined with practical work experience for Chinese Herbal identification methods for analysis,hoping to work in the future learn to play on Chinese Herbal supervision and guidance. Identification methods have eye view(direct observation of surface features,magnifying glass fine structure,flooding observation),odor discrimination law(direct nose smelling,tasting),touch method,handbalance method,pinching method,hand touch method,water test identification method,fire assay identification method,magnets identification method.
Relationship of beef longissimus tenderness classes to tenderness of gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of longissimus tenderness classes to tenderness of three other major muscles. Ninety-eight crossbred steers and heifers (14 to 17 mo of age) were humanely slaughtered over 9 wk and the carcasses were chilled 48 h at 0 degrees C. At 48 h postmortem, carcasses were assigned to one of three tenderness classes (tender or = 42 kg) using slice shear force from the MARC Beef Classification System (n = 20, 67, and 11, respectively). The longissimus thoracis, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris were removed, aged at 2 degrees C, and frozen at -30 degrees C at 14 d postmortem. Two 2.54-cm-thick steaks were obtained from each muscle, thawed to 5 degrees C, cooked with a belt grill at 163 degrees C for 5.5 min, and served warm to an eight-member trained descriptive attribute panel. Panelists evaluated each sample for tenderness, connective tissue amount, juiciness, and beef flavor intensity on 8-point scales. The mean 2-d longissimus slice shear force values were 20.7, 34.4, and 46.3 kg, respectively, for the "tender," "intermediate," and "tough" classes. Tenderness ratings were lowest (P 0.05; longissimus, 7.7, 7.1, 6.3, and 7.1; semimembranosus, 6.4, 5.8, 5.1, and 5.8; biceps femoris, 5.9, 5.4, 4.8, and 5.4; gluteus medius, 6.8, 6.5, 5.8, and 6.5 for the "tender," "intermediate," "tough," and "unsorted" classes, respectively). The magnitude of the differences in tenderness ratings between the "tender" and "intermediate" classes and between the "intermediate" and "tough" classes was similar for all muscles. The percentages of tenderness ratings greater than 5.0 (slightly tender) for the "tender" and "unsorted" classes, respectively, were as follows: longissimus, 100 and 95%; semimembranosus, 95 and 85%; gluteus medius, 100 and 94%; and biceps femoris, 95 and 81%. The simple correlations between longissimus and the other muscles for tenderness ratings were as follows: semimembranosus, 0.58; biceps femoris, 0.43; and gluteus medius, 0.68. These data indicate that early-postmortem longissimus slice shear force could be used to classify top sirloin, top round, and bottom round cuts for tenderness.
Abdominal wall complications. Prevention and treatment.

This article reviews the terminology used to describe donor site outcomes, selected anatomic features of the abdominal wall and how they may relate to transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) donor site closure, factors that may predispose the TRAM flap patient to bulges and hernia, and different methods of TRAM donor site closure.
Characteristics of prolonged dominant versus control follicles: follicle cell numbers, steroidogenic capabilities, and messenger ribonucleic acid for steroidogenic enzymes.

Cattle with low (subluteal) levels of plasma progesterone develop a persistent dominant follicle; plasma estradiol and LH pulse frequency are elevated, and fertility subsequent to the ovulation of a prolonged dominant follicle is compromised. The hypotheses were 1) that prolonged dominant follicles produce more estradiol because they have theca and granulosa cells with an enhanced capacity to produce androgen and estradiol, respectively, and 2) that these changes in steroidogenic capacity are paralleled by concomitant changes in mRNA for the appropriate steroidogenic enzymes. Prolonged dominant follicles were induced by treating Holstein heifers with exogenous progesterone via an intravaginal controlled internal drug-release device (CIDR) from Day 14 to 28 of the cycle. Prolonged dominant follicles were collected just before (CIDRb, Day 28; n = 4) or 24 h after (CIDRa, Day 29; n = 4) CIDR removal, and their steroidogenic capacity was compared to that of growing, control dominant follicles obtained just before (CONTb, n = 4) or 24 h after (CONTa, n = 4) a luteolytic injection of prostaglandin F 2α during the late luteal phase. After natural luteolysis, CIDR heifers maintained subluteal concentrations of progesterone (1-2 ng/ml) and had higher estradiol and LH pulse frequency than control heifers, as expected. In CIDR heifers, prolonged dominant follicles were present on the ovary for a longer time, reached a larger diameter, and had more granulosa cells and a larger mass of theca than dominant follicles from control heifers (p < 0.05). Concentrations of steroids in follicular fluid, estradiol secretion by granulosa cells in vitro, and levels of mRNA for steroidogenic enzymes in theca and granulosa cells provided no evidence for greater capacity of theca and granulosa cells of CIDR follicles to produce androgen and estradiol. In fact, follicular fluid estradiol and mRNA for P450 aromatase were higher after luteolysis than before in control animals (p < 0.05) but not after CIDR removal in treated animals. Therefore, the data do not support the hypotheses. Rather it is suggested that prolonged dominant follicles produce more estradiol because they have more granulosa cells and a larger mass of theca than control dominant follicles. In contrast, progesterone concentrations in the follicular fluid increased in CIDRa relative to CIDRb follicles (p < 0.05), a change that did not occur in control follicles; and granulosa cells from CIDRa follicles secreted more progesterone than granulosa cells from any other group. The increased capacity of CIDRa follicles to secrete progesterone suggests premature luteinization, which could contribute to decreased fertility in cattle that ovulate a prolonged dominant follicle.
The supracostal approach for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy.

AbstractSixty-nine patients underwent percutaneous nephrostolithotomy or ultrasonic lithotripsy through a nephrostomy tract placed over the 12th rib. All procedures were accomplished as a single stage in a standard operating room with patients under general anesthesia. With the exception of a single failed access the targeted calculus was removed in all instances. There were no episodes of postoperative pneumothorax or hydrothorax. One patient suffered delayed postoperative pneumonia and another patient had a delayed pleural effusion. The supracostal approach for percutaneous nephrostolithotomy is an important and safe modification of the traditional percutaneous approach to the kidney for an endourological procedure.
Studies on the effects of chromium complexes

The existence of chromium complexes in nature, their industrial uses, and their health impacts were reviewed in this paper. The toxic and the formation of Cr(V/IV) complexes and the mechanisms of DNA damage were discussed in particular. The major damaging species responsible for the genotoxicity were Cr(V) or Cr(IV) complexes. However, the function of reactive organic intermediates could not be excluded.
Calibration of the OHREX high-resolution imaging crystal spectrometer at the Livermore electron beam ion traps

We report the calibration of the Orion High-Resolution X-ray (OHREX) imaging crystal spectrometer at the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at Livermore. Two such instruments, dubbed OHREX-1 and OHREX-2, are fielded for plasma diagnostics at the Orion laser facility in the United Kingdom. The OHREX spectrometer can simultaneously house two spherically bent crystals with a radius of curvature of r = 67.2 cm. The focusing properties of the spectrometer allow both for larger distance to the source due to the increase in collected light and for observation of extended sources. OHREX is designed to cover a 2.5°–3° spectral range at Bragg angles around 51.3°. The typically high resolving powers at these large Bragg angles are ideally suited for line shape diagnostics. For instance, the nominal resolving power of the instrument (>10 000) is much higher than the effective resolving power associated with the Doppler broadening due to the temperature of the trapped ions in EBIT-I. The effective resolving power is only around 3000 at typical EBIT-I conditions, which nevertheless is sufficient to set up and test the instrument’s spectral characteristics. We have calibrated the spectral range for a number of crystals using well known reference lines in the first and second order and derived the ion temperatures from these lines. We have also made use of the 50 μm size of the EBIT-I source width to characterize the spatial focusing of the spectrometer.
Comprehending Premises: Effects of Negations and Training among Anglos and Hispanics.

Abstract College students who were either monolingual speakers of English or bilingual Hispanics participated in two studies dealing with the comprehension of sentences containing negations. Both the influence of different sentence constructions on comprehension, as well as the heuristics and misconceptions exhibited by subjects as they attempted to comprehend the sentences were investigated. The second experiment was designed primarily to determine whether it was possible to develop an intervention strategy that eliminated the use of erroneous strategies. In the first experiment, bilinguals took longer than monolinguals to comprehend sentences containing negations, although there were no interactions between sentence construction and language background that would suggest the use of qualitatively different strategies by the two groups. The intervention procedure used in the second experiment was extremely effective for monolinguals and for most bilinguals, as measured by performance a week later. When su...
LISE++ software updates and future plans

This paper describes capabilities and future upgrade plans for the isotope production and simulation software that is used at many in-flight fragmentation facilities, namely LISE++. We highlight the process and methods of updating the software while retaining the computational integrity of the code. The calculations of beam transport and isotope production are becoming more computationally intense with the new large scale facilities. Computational improvements as well as the process of updating this large code is discussed.
How Information Matters: Networks and Public Policy Innovation by Kathleen Hale

How Information Matters: Networks and Public Policy Innovation. Kathleen Hale. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011, 240 pp. ISBN 9781589017009 The study of networks has become an impo...
Gemcitabine and docetaxel for metastatic breast cancer—Further data

10704 Background: A previous study with weekly gemcitabine and monthly docetaxel at 100 mg/m2 yielded a 79% response rate and a median survival of 24 months. (Laufman, Ann Oncology 2001; 12:1–6). This study was designed to see if the efficacy to toxicity ratio could be improved by decreasing the docetaxel dose to 75 mg/m2. Methods: Gemcitabine and docetaxel were given to 25 patients, all of whom had received prior chemotherapy. Nine had had taxanes, more than 12 months before entry. A maximum of 6 cycles of gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 and docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on day 1 were given every 28 days. Prophylactic antibiotics were given during neutropenia. Growth factors were used for anemia, neutropenia, or for secondary neutropenic prophylaxis. Maintenance therapy consisting of gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 every 28 days was given to 12 patients, 2 of whom also received consolidation radiation. Results: A total of 122 cycles of induction therapy were given, with 14 patients receiving all...
Zero to Sixty: From Residency to the War Zone

In 2005, I graduated from my Psychiatry/Family Practice residency program and shortly thereafter found myself on a plane headed to a combat zone in Iraq. This account highlights key lessons learned during those first crucial months in the war zone including establishing rapport and respect with soldiers, not being limited by a physical clinic, prudent risk taking, and the realization that you are held to a higher standard. My unanticipated military journey began in 1991. I was a junior in high school who was looking at numerous college opportunities with a plan to do premedical studies and become a physician. At that time, I planned to attend an accelerated medical program and then find a pediatric residency training program near my hometown. I expected that after completing my training, I would return to the area that I grew up in the Ohio River Valley near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and become a small town doctor. However, during that year of high school something life changing occurred when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.
Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance in Leukemia and Lymphoma

The mechanisms through which immune responses are generated against solid cancers are well characterized and knowledge of the immune evasion pathways exploited by these malignancies has grown considerably. However, for hematological cancers, which develop and disseminate quite differently than solid tumors, the pathways that regulate immune activation or tolerance are less clear. Growing evidence suggests that, while numerous immune escape pathways are shared between hematological and solid malignancies, several unique pathways are exploited by leukemia and lymphoma. Below we discuss immune evasion mechanisms in leukemia and lymphoma, highlighting key differences from solid tumors. A more complete characterization of the mechanisms of immune tolerance in hematological malignancies is critical to inform the development of future immunotherapeutic approaches.
Visualizing Nerve Injury in a Neuropathic Pain Model with [ 18 F]FTC-146 PET/MRI.

The ability to locate nerve injury and ensuing neuroinflammation would have tremendous clinical value for improving both the diagnosis and subsequent management of patients suffering from pain, weakness, and other neurologic phenomena associated with peripheral nerve injury. Although several non-invasive techniques exist for assessing the clinical manifestations and morphological aspects of nerve injury, they often fail to provide accurate diagnoses due to limited specificity and/or sensitivity. Herein, we describe a new imaging strategy for visualizing a molecular biomarker of nerve injury/neuroinflammation, i.e., the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), in a rat model of nerve injury and neuropathic pain. The two-fold higher increase of S1Rs was shown in the injured compared to the uninjured nerve by Western blotting analyses. With our novel S1R-selective radioligand, [18F]FTC-146 (6-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one), and positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), we could accurately locate the site of nerve injury created in the rat model. We verified the accuracy of this technique by ex vivo autoradiography and immunostaining, which demonstrated a strong correlation between accumulation of [18F]FTC-146 and S1R staining. Finally, pain relief could also be achieved by blocking S1Rs in the neuroma with local administration of non-radioactive [19F]FTC-146. In summary, [18F]FTC-146 S1R PET/MR imaging has the potential to impact how we diagnose, manage and treat patients with nerve injury, and thus warrants further investigation.
Ghrelin Therapy Decreases Incidents of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Mice after Whole-Body Ionizing Irradiation Combined with Burn Trauma

Nuclear industrial accidents and the detonation of nuclear devices cause a variety of damaging factors which, when their impacts are combined, produce complicated injuries challenging for medical treatment. Thus, trauma following acute ionizing irradiation (IR) can deteriorate the IR-induced secondary reactive metabolic and inflammatory impacts to dose-limiting tissues, such as bone marrow/lymphatic, gastrointestinal tissues, and vascular endothelial tissues, exacerbating the severity of the primary injury and decreasing survival from the exposure. Previously we first reported that ghrelin therapy effectively improved survival by mitigating leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and bone-marrow injury resulting from radiation combined with burn trauma. This study was aimed at investigating whether radiation combined with burn trauma induced the cerebro-vascular impairment and intracranial hemorrhage that could be reversed by ghrelin therapy. When B6D2F1 female mice were exposed to 9.5 Gy Cobalt-60 γ-radiation followed by 15% total skin surface burn, cerebro-vascular impairment and intracranial hemorrhage as well as platelet depletion were observed. Ghrelin treatment after irradiation combined with burn trauma significantly decreased platelet depletion and brain hemorrhage. The results suggest that ghrelin treatment is an effective therapy for ionizing radiation combined with burn trauma.
Religious Leadership and the Forging of an Enduring Narrative of Peace in the Aftermath of the Bougainville Crisis

Armed conflicts, particularly civil conflicts, are frequently marked by episodic swings between violence and peace. Preventing a return to the fighting poses one of the most significant challenges to restoring civil society in war zones. This chapter offers an overview of the sustainable peacebuilding model; with an emphasis on the role reconciliation plays in restoring relationships to achieve a lasting peace. Emphasis is given to the role that various religious leaders played in the case of the Bougainville Crisis (1988–1997), particularly at the level of grassroots leadership, which emphasised relationship building as an antidote to recurring instances of violence. Religious leaders’ intimate knowledge of the socio-cultural dynamics, combined with the trust they held among a large constituency, allowed them to play a critical role in forging an enduring peace.
Violence in context: Mapping the strategies and operational art of irregular warfare

ABSTRACTThe malaise that the United States, and the West, have experienced in recent campaigns stems in large part from unclear thinking about war, its political essence, and the strategies needed ...
Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance: Designing Electoral Systems: Normative Tradeoffs and Institutional Innovations

Political scientists have contributed to the world of electoral systems as scientists and as engineers . Taking stock of recent scientific research, we show that context modifies the effects of electoral rules on political outcomes in specific and systematic ways. We explore how electoral rules shape the inclusion of women and minorities, the depth and nature of political competition, and patterns of redistribution and regulation, and we consider institutional innovations that could promote political equality. Finally, we describe the diverse ways that political scientists produce an impact on the world by sharing and applying their knowledge of the consequences of electoral rules and global trends in reform.
A Modified String Technique for Atraumatic Ring Removal.

Abstract Background We describe a modified string technique for ring removal from an edematous finger, a critical step in the initial treatment of a patient with upper-extremity trauma. Technique This technique involves multiple sutures looped around the ring to provide differential tension on the ring as it is advanced distally over a lubricated digit. With the use of an assistant, the ring can be advanced in caterpillar fashion without sliding back proximal when the direct pressure is released as a result of edema. Conclusions This multisuture technique adds to the armamentarium of methods for ring removal in the setting of upper-extremity trauma without reverting to alternate techniques for cutting or shattering the ring.
Bispectra and Energy Transfer in Grid-Generated Turbulence

Publisher Summary Spectral energy transfer has been the subject of turbulence research for many years. Typically, a hypothesis relating the net energy transfer spectrum T(k) to the energy spectrum E ( k ) has been proposed by appeal to intuitive physical arguments, which is then solved for the spectrum E ( k , t ). Numerous transfer functions T(k ) have been postulated, and a survey of many of these net energy transfer relations is given by Monin and Yaglom (1975) or by Hinze (1975). This chapter describes the relationship between the measurable bispectra and the one-dimensional energy transfer terms. The chapter presents arguments to show which bispectra may be expected to vanish in the presence of an isotropic turbulent flow field. It also highlights the computational symmetries for the relevant bispectra and cross bispectra.
Stable, Autonomous, Unknown Terrain Locomotion for Quadrupeds Based on Visual Feedback and Mixed-Integer Convex Optimization

This paper presents a complete motion planning approach for quadruped locomotion across an unknown terrain using a framework based on mixed-integer convex optimization and visual feedback. Vision data is used to find convex polygons in the surrounding environment, which acts as potentially feasible foothold regions. Then, a goal position is initially provided, which the best feasible destination planner uses to solve for an actual feasible goal position based on the extracted polygons. Next, a footstep planner uses the feasible goal position to plan a fixed number of footsteps, which may or may not result in the robot reaching the position. The center of mass (COM) trajectory planner using quadratic programming is extended to solve for a trajectory in 3D space while maintaining convexity, which reduces the computation time, allowing the robot to plan and execute motions online. The suggested method is implemented as a policy rather than a path planner, but its performance as a path planner is also shown. The approach is verified on both simulation and on a physical robot, ALPHRED, walking on various unknown terrains.
Why Are some Older Persons Economically Vulnerable and Others Not? The Role of Socio-Demographic Factors and Economic Resources in the Nigerian Context

Socio-demographic factors and economic resources can help to explain why some older people may be more economically vulnerable than others in developing countries. Drawing on data from a representative sample of urban households from the 2010 Nigerian General Household Panel Survey (NGHPS), this study examines economically vulnerable older persons in Nigeria using a log-linear regression model to identify determinants of economic vulnerability. Socio-demographic factors such as age, household size, household structure, and regional location accounted for significant economic capacity differences among older groups in urban settings. This article discusses some policy options for improving the welfare of economically vulnerable older people in Nigeria.
Temperature-Controlled Evolution of Nanoporous MOF Crystallites into Hierarchically Porous Superstructures

Summary Sophisticated multichannel tubular structures have long been utilized in biological systems. However, the well-controlled assembly of biomimetic materials utilizing these features still remains a challenge. Herein, we report an unexpected one-pot fabrication of biomimetic hierarchically porous metal-organic framework (MOF) tubular superstructures. This temperature-controlled structural evolution was investigated under solvothermal conditions: crystalline hollow MOF tubes can be obtained via self-templating and self-healing at higher temperatures, whereas hierarchical helical or multichannel tubular superstructures are fabricated through a helical or oriented evolution process at lower temperatures. Our work here presents the first example of tubular MOF superstructures and highlights the unexpected power of self-assembly and healing during structural evolution process.
Concurrent Multipoint-to-Multipoint Communication on Interposer Channels

Chip-to-chip communication for next generation computing will require larger bandwidth density to support ever increasing data traffic between processors, memories and I/O. 3-D integration enables a large number of processor and memory chips to be densely packed on an interposer with fine-pitch interconnect lanes. Advanced signaling techniques such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) can be employed to improve bandwidth per lane. Most recent work on interposer-based chip-to-chip interconnects focus primarily on point-to-point serial links. Without adding costly routers, these designs will severely limit the overall system level concurrency. In this paper, we propose an ultrahigh-speed multipoint-to-multipoint link design for interposer channels, which supports PAM signaling. Each node on the link can send, receive, drop, or relay data at line rate without complex routing. This design enables splitting the physical link into segments, and allows multicast/broadcast. A proof-of-concept system prototype with up to 16 nodes integrated on a silicon interposer with up to 22-mm node spacing is designed and evaluated using circuit and system simulations. The PAM-4 transceiver and link interface circuits at each node are implemented using a standard 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The transceiver can achieve a data rate of 40-Gb/s/lane, with channel loss of -3.5 dB per segment at Nyquist frequency, and energy efficiency between 1.29-pJ/b between two neighboring nodes or 0.21-pJ/b more per additional nodes. Using a cycle-level system simulation, such a high-concurrency communication fabric can improve overall performance between 2% to 18% over baseline.
Negative Emotion Differentiation through a Developmental Lens: Associations with Parental Factors and Age in Adolescence.

Abstract Negative emotion differentiation (NED) is the ability to precisely discern negatively-valenced emotional states. Low NED has been linked to numerous negative outcomes. However, little is known about the conditions under which individual differences in NED emerge, particularly during adolescence, a potentially important developmental stage. We examined associations between NED (assessed using intraclass correlations between negative emotion [NE] ratings collected via intensive longitudinal methods), parental variables, and age. Adolescents (N = 233, Mage = 15.90, 53% female) and their parents completed interview measures of depression and self-report questionnaires; adolescents then completed a seven-day ecological momentary assessment. Lower NED was associated with greater parental depression, greater authoritarian parenting style, and lower parental attachment security. Age was negatively and linearly associated with NED. Results held controlling for mean NE and adolescent depression, although authoritarian parenting was non-significant controlling for other developmental variables. Findings suggest healthy parent-child relationships may relate to adolescents' ability to perceive NEs with nuance.
Molecular and morphological sex differentiation in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), a marine teleost with XX/XY sex determination.

Abstract Phenotypic sex of an organism is determined by molecular changes in the gonads, so-called molecular sex differentiation, which should precede the rise of cellular or anatomical sex-distinguishing features. This study characterized molecular and morphological sex differentiation in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), a marine teleost with established XX/XY genotypic sex determination. Next generation sequencing was conducted on sablefish ovarian and testicular mRNAs to obtain sequences for transcripts associated with vertebrate sex determination and differentiation and early reproductive development. Gene-specific PCRs were developed to determine the distribution and ontogenetic gonadal expression of transcription, growth, steroidogenic and germline factors, as well as gonadotropin and steroid receptors. Molecular changes associated with sex differentiation were first apparent in both XY- and XX-genotype sablefish at ~ 60 mm in body length and prior to histological signs of sex differentiation. The earliest and most robust markers of testicular differentiation were gsdf, amh, dmrt1, cyp11b, star, sox9a, and fshr. Markedly elevated mRNA levels of several steroidogenesis-related genes and ar2 in differentiating testes suggested that androgens play a role in sablefish testicular differentiation. The earliest markers of ovarian differentiation were cyp19a1a, lhcgr, foxl2, nr0b1, and igf3. Other transcripts such as figla, zp3, and pou5f3 were expressed predominantly in XX-genotype fish and significantly increased with the first appearance and subsequent development of primary oocytes. This study provides valuable insight to the developmental sequence of events associated with gonadal sex differentiation in marine teleosts with XX/XY sex determination. It also implicates particular genes in processes of male and female development and establishes robust molecular markers for phenotypic sex in sablefish, useful for ongoing work related to sex control and reproductive sterilization.
11.15 – The Geochemistry of Pesticides

The widespread use of synthetic pesticides since their introduction in the early twentieth century has represented the most extensive release of synthetic compounds that Earth's ecosystems have ever experienced. Predicting the full implications of this phenomenon for the health of living organisms requires an understanding not only of the biological effects of these compounds, but also of the ways in which natural and anthropogenic processes and factors may influence their concentrations in the hydrologic system. This chapter summarizes current understanding of many of the physical, chemical, biological, and hydrologic processes and factors that may affect the concentrations of pesticide compounds (including the pesticides themselves (‘parent compounds’), pesticide adjuvants (‘inerts’), and compounds into which pesticides or adjuvants may be transformed) in air, water, soil, biota, aquatic sediments, and other environmental media. Because previous reviews have devoted considerable attention to several of these topics, greater emphasis is placed here on the factors that influence the rates and mechanisms of transformation of pesticide compounds than on their use, occurrence, biological effects, or partitioning among environmental media. Owing to limitations on existing information, the discussion focuses primarily on current-use pesticides, on volatile adjuvants, and on transformation products that have been detected in the environment.
HELIUM IGNITION ON ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS WITH A NEW TRIPLE-α REACTION RATE

We investigate the effect of a new triple-α reaction rate from Ogata et al. on helium ignition conditions on accreting neutron stars and on the properties of the subsequent type I X-ray burst. We find that the new rate leads to significantly lower ignition column density for accreting neutron stars at low accretion rates. We compare the results of our ignition models for a pure helium accretor to observations of bursts in ultracompact X-ray binaries (UCXBs), which are believed to have nearly pure helium donors. For ^._m > 0.001 ^._m_(Edd), the new triple-α reaction rate from Ogata et al. predicts a maximum helium ignition column of ~3 × 10^9 g cm^(−2), corresponding to a burst energy of ~4 × 10^(40) erg. For ^._m ~ 0.01 ^._m_(Edd) at which intermediate long bursts occur, the predicted burst energies are at least a factor of 10 too low to explain the observed energies of such bursts in UCXBs. This finding adds to the doubts cast on the triple-α reaction rate of Ogata et al. by the low-mass stellar evolution results of Dotter & Paxton.
Abstract 13548: Dicarbonyl Stress, Mitochondrial Impairments, and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Introduction: Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is the leading cause of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the molecular mediators of RVD are incompletely understood. In PAH,...
Tweets About Acute Nicotine Toxicity Due to e-Liquid Exposure.

Objectives Intentional and unintentional exposures to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) e-liquids can cause illness and death. In this study, we describe acute nicotine toxicity due to e-liquid exposure (ANTEE) information found on Twitter and contextualize ANTEE experiences to clarify conditions associated with exposure. Methods We obtained 20,180 ANTEE-relevant tweets from 2013-2018. We excluded retweets, suspected bots, non-English tweets, tweets not originating in the US, and advertisements. We coded relevant tweets qualitatively using domains for e-liquid exposure tweets and e-liquid-related non-exposure tweets (ie, posts reflecting hypothetical exposure, information about e-liquids). Results Content analyses were based on 1656 e-liquid exposure tweets and 1210 non-exposure tweets. More than half of exposure tweets (61.3%) were classified as accidental exposures; subjects were predominately young people, assumed to be under age 18 (40.5%), and self (27.7%). The most common exposure route was ingestion (61.1%). Of exposure tweets, 13.9% described health effects and 12.7% described seeking assistance. Most non-exposure tweets were classified as likely or hypothetical exposure (49.9%) or presentation of advice, information, or warnings (40.5%). Conclusions Tweets can serve as a novel and complementary data source for learning more about e-liquid exposures.