cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth factors attenuate the cholinotoxic effects of ethanol during early neuroembryogenesis in the chick embryo

The interaction between growth factors and ethanol on cholinergic neuronal expression was studied in the chick embryo during early neuroembryogenesis using choline acetyltransferase activity as a cholinergic marker. As we have previously reported (Brodie & Vernadakis, Dev. Brain Res. 56: 223-228, 1990; Kentroti and Vernadakis, Dev. Brain Res. 56: 205-210, 1990), ethanol administration in ovo at embryonic days 1-3 produced a 30% decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity. Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor administration alone, at embryonic days 1-3, produced a slight increase in choline acetyltransferase activity of both brain and spinal cord when examined at embryonic day 8. Concomitant administration of either nerve growth factor or epidermal growth factor with ethanol eliminated the decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity produced by ethanol. Moreover, administration of either nerve growth factor or epidermal growth factor at embryonic days 4-7 to embryos pretreated with ethanol at days 1-3 raised choline acetyltransferase activity to a level similar to that observed in controls. Thus the growth factors reversed the ethanol-induced cholinergic insult and restored the cholinergic population to normal. These findings provide evidence of a possible role of NGF and EGF in interfering with the neurotoxic effects of ethanol during embryogenesis.
Perspectives on Organic Photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaics have been considered as a future low-cost solar energy conversion solution, and have attracted tremendous academic and industrial interests in recent years due to many technological advantages of organic semiconductors (including both small molecules and conjugated polymers). Here we describe the basic design and operation of organic photovoltaic cells as well as the important metrics for characterizing their performance. An overview of the three review articles included in this special issue on organic photovoltaics is provided, followed by discussions on the remaining significant challenges for the further development and commercialization of the organic photovoltaic technologies.
Specific spectral assignments for acetoxyl-group resonances in proton magnetic resonance spectra of methyl β-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate and related derivatives☆

Abstract Methyl β- D -glucopyranoside tetraacetates (1) having a trideuterioacetyl group at O-2 (1a), O-3, (1b), O-4 (1c), and O-6 (1d) were synthesized by unambiguous routes to permit assignment of each individual acetoxyl-group signal in the p.m.r. spectrum of 1. The 6-acetoxyl resonance appears at lower field than signals of the other acetoxyl groups in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform-d, and methyl sulfoxide-d6, but in pyridine-d5 and benzene-d6, the 2-acetoxyl-group signal appears at lower field. The acetoxyl resonances of methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-β- D -glucopyranoside (2), methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β- D -glucopyranoside (3), methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-β- D -glucopyranoside (5), methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-β- D -glucopyranoside (6), methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-β- D -glucopyranoside (7), and methyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-β- D -glucopyranoside (12) were assigned similarly after synthesis of the 2-(trideuterioacetyl) (2a, 3a, 5a, 6a, 7a, and 12a), 3-(trideuterioacetyl) (2b, 3b, 5b, 6b, 7b, and 12b), 4-(trideuterioacetyl) (2c and 3c), and 6-(trideuterioacetyl) (7c) analogues. In chloroform-d and benzene-d6, the 4-acetoxyl resonance appeared at about 0.3 p.p.m. to higher field than the other acetoxyl-group signals of 2. In chloroform-d and methyl sulfoxide-d6, the 3-acetoxyl resonance is observed at highest field in compounds 1, 3, and 5. In all of these instances, the 4-hydroxyl group is substituted by an acetyl or benzylidene group. When no 4-substituent is present (compounds 6, 7, and 12), the 3-acetoxyl group resonates at lower field than the other acetoxyl groups.
How to Price During Inflation

Summarizes discussions with the chairman and president of Harris Corporation, a communications equipment and systems manufacturer in the USA. Reveals that, in an inflationary period, pricing has to anticipate the expected rate of inflation if the substance of profitability of an organization are to be safeguarded.
The concept of dominance and the treatment of aggression in multidog homes: a comment on van Kerkhove's commentary.

(2004). The Concept of Dominance and the Treatment of Aggression in Multidog Homes: A Comment on van Kerkhove's Commentary. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 287-291.
Gait initiation impairments in both Essential Tremor and Parkinson's disease

Gait initiation is a transitional task involving a voluntary shift from a static, stable position to a relatively less-stable state of locomotion. During gait initiation, anticipatory postural adjustments precede stepping in order to generate forward momentum while balance is maintained. While deficits in gait initiation are frequently reported for persons with Parkinson's disease, there is a paucity of information regarding gait initiation performance in persons with Essential Tremor. We investigated anticipatory postural adjustments and spatiotemporal characteristics of gait initiation in persons with Essential Tremor and compared them to persons with Parkinson's disease as well as age-matched neurologically healthy adults. Twenty-four persons with Essential Tremor, 31 persons with Parkinson's disease, and 38 age-matched controls participated. We compared anterior-posterior and mediolateral center of pressure movements and spatiotemporal stepping characteristics during gait initiation among the three groups using Mann-Whitney U-tests with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons and one-way ANOVAs. Persons with Parkinson's disease demonstrated significantly reduced displacement and velocity of the center of pressure during early phases of anticipatory postural adjustments relative to controls. Displacement of the center of pressure was also reduced in persons with Essential Tremor, although at a later stage of the gait initiation process. Persons with Parkinson's disease and Essential Tremor demonstrated similar reductions in step length during gait initiation when compared to controls. Persons with Parkinson's disease and Essential Tremor exhibit different deficits in gait initiation when compared to healthy older adults. Therefore, this study provides further evidence differentiating motor control features in these movement disorders.
Readaptation to the laboratory in long-term sleep studies

Readaptation to the sleep laboratory was assessed in 10 volunteers complaining of insomnia with polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. After an initial 3-night adaptation to the laboratory, subjects slept in the laboratory on 2 consecutive nights per week for 10 weeks and were administered medication according to the following protocol: placebo, Week 1; triazolam (.5 mg), Weeks 2-7; and placebo, Weeks 8-10. Routine sleep recordings were obtained on all laboratory nights. Over the 10 weeks, there were no statistically significant differences (p >.05) between Nights 1 and 2 on the following sleep parameters: percentage wake time, percentage REM, latency to Stage 2, and number of awakenings. It was concluded that readaptation effects in long-term studies are relatively small. The minimal sleep disruption associated with readaptation does not outweigh the advantages of taking repeated laboratory samples of 1 or 2 nights.
Evaluation of pansharpening algorithms in support of earth observation based rapid-mapping workflows

Abstract In order to satisfy the humanitarian information demand in ongoing- and post-crisis situations, earth observation (EO) data must be streamed through time-critical workflows. Data fusion serves as an integral segment of EO-based rapid-mapping workflows. Fused images form the basis for manual, semi-, and fully-automated classification steps in the information retrieval chain. Many fusion algorithms have been developed and tested for different remote sensing applications, however, the efficacy of data fusion is weakly assessed in the context of rapid-mapping workflows. In this research, we investigated how different fusion algorithms perform when applied to very high spatial resolution (VHSR) satellite images that encompass ongoing- and post-crises scenes. The evaluation entailed twelve fusion algorithms: Brovey transform, color normalization spectral sharpening (CN) algorithm, Ehlers fusion algorithm, Gram-Schmidt fusion algorithm, high-pass filter (HPF) fusion algorithm, local mean matching algorithm, local mean variance matching (LMVM) algorithm, modified intensity-hue-saturation (HIS) fusion algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA) fusion algorithm, subtractive resolution merge (SRM) fusion algorithm, the University of New Brunswick (UNB) fusion algorithm, and the wavelet-PCA fusion algorithm. These algorithms were applied to GeoEye-1 satellite images taken over three geographical settings representing natural and anthropogenic crises that occurred recently: earthquake-damaged sites in Haiti, flood-impacted sites in Pakistan, and armed-conflicted areas and internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Sri Lanka. Fused images were assessed for spectral and spatial fidelity using a variety of quantitative quality indicators and visual inspection methods. Spectral quality metrics include correlation coefficient, root-mean-square-error (RMSE), relative difference to mean, relative difference to standard deviation, spectral discrepancy, deviation index, peak-signal-to-noise ratio index, entropy, mean structural similarity index, spectral angle mapper, and relative dimensionless global error in synthesis. The spatial integrity of fused images was assessed using Canny edge correspondence, high-pass correlation coefficient, and RMSE of Sobel-filtered edge images. Under each metric, fusion algorithms were ranked and best competitors were identified. Ehlers, WV, and HPF had the best scores for the majority of spectral quality indices. UNB and Gram-Schmidt algorithms had the best scores for spatial metrics. HPF emerged as the overall best performing fusion algorithm.
Quantifying academic placer performance on custom designs

There have been significant prior efforts to quantify performance of academic placement algorithms, primarily by creating artificial test cases that attempt to mimic real designs, such as the PEKO benchmark containing known optimas [5]. The idea was to create benchmarks with a known optimal solution and then measure how far existing placers were from the known optimal. Since the benchmarks do not necessarily correspond to properties of real VLSI netlists, the conclusions were met with some skepticism. This work presents two custom constructed datapath designs that perform common logic functions with hand-designed layouts for each. The new generation of academic placers is then compared against them to see how the placers performed for these design styles. Experiments show that all academic placers have wirelengths significantly greater then the manual solution; solutions range from 1.75 to 4.88 times greater wirelengths. These testcases will be released publically to stimulate research into automatically solving structured datapath placement problems.
A new modification of ReO3-type MoO3 and the deuterated intercalation compound from which it is derived: D0.99M0O3

Abstract The structures of D o . 99 MoO 3 and β′-MoO 3 , both closely related to the ReO 3 structure, have been determined from neutron powder diffraction data and refined using the Rietveld technique. D o . 99 MoO 3 was prepared by a spillover reaction, and β′-MoO 3 , a new modification of MoO 3 , by heating this intercalate in oxygen at 200°C, driving off D 2 O. The D o . 99 MoO 3 structure was refined as cubic (Im3, a = 7.622(1) A ) with deuterium statistically occupying two sites. There is evidence of ordering and reduction of the space group symmetry to at least Pm3. The structure of β′-MoO 3 was refined as monoclinic ( P 2 1 n , a = 7.4245(1), b = 7.4783(1), c = 7.6897(1) A , β = 90.090(2)°). β′-MoO 3 is isostructural with the room temperature monoclinic modification of WO 3 .
Effect of surface tension on melt pool dynamics during laser pulse interaction

A previously developed model for simulation of recoil-pressure induced melt displacement during laser pulse interaction has been upgraded to include the restraining effect of surface tension. The results of numerical simulations of melt displacement/ejection during laser welding and drilling using this enhanced model are presented. In particular, the dependences of the threshold pulse energies for melt displacement and melt ejection as functions of laser pulse duration, beam radius and beam intensity distribution are computed and analysed.
Copper and the biological evolution

Copper is contained in a number of enzymes and proteins. A remarkable feature is that except for the electron-carrying blue copper proteins (azurin and plastocyanin) and copper-containing cytochrome c oxidase found in some cyanobacteria and some aerobic bacteria, all copper enzymes and proteins are found only in eukaryotes. In the early and middle precambrian period when the stationary oxygen pressure in the atmosphere was quite low, copper existed as either metallic or cuprous sulfides which are very insoluble in aqueous media; thus copper might have been unavailable to organisms. The time when copper became Cu(II) upon rise of the atmospheric oxygen pressure and thus became available to organisms seems to be in the middle of Proteozoic era when first eukaryotic organisms seem to have appeared on earth. Thus copper may be considered to be an indicator element for the atmospheric evolution (switching from anoxygenic to oxygenic) and the evolution of higher organisms (eukaryotes).
Subependymal glycosaminoglycan networks in adult and developing rat brain.

Histochemical studies of normal adult rat brain indicate two types of glycosaminoglycans in the subependymal region of the lateral ventricle. One network is characterized by an affinity for the cationic dyes alcian blue, aldehyde fuchsin and colloidal iron. These reactions occur at pH 1.0 and at 0.5–0.3 M concentration of MgCl2, which suggests that this material is chondroitin sulfate. The other system is identified by metachromasia with toluidine blue and a loss of PAS staining following sulfation. These findings are consistent with non-sulfated and non-anionic acid mucopolysaccharides. In developing rat brain the differential development of these networks enhances their separate identity. The metachromatic network is present at least by the 10th postnatal day but the polyanionic electrolytes cannot be identified until the 16th to the 22nd days. The possible functional importance of these systems is discussed.
Control of protein synthesis in human reticulocytes by heme-regulated and double-stranded RNA dependent eIF-2αkinases

Heme-deficiency and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) activate distinct cyclic 3':5'-AMP independent protein kinases (HRI and dsI, respectively) in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. These kinases inhibit protein synthesis by phosphorylating the 38,000 daltons (38K) subunit of the initiation factor eIF-2 (eIF-2 alpha). Using separation techniques to obtain a reticulocyte enriched fraction and reticulocyte-free erythrocytes, we have prepared lysates of these fractions from normal human whole blood. Human reticulocyte-enriched lysates contain the hemin-regulated and dsRNA-dependent protein kinases which inhibit protein synthesis and which phosphorylate rabbit eIF-2 alpha. An endogenous 38K polypeptide which co-migrates with rabbit eIF-2 alpha is also phosphorylated. In contrast, human mature erythrocytes contain little or no heme-regulated or dsRNA-dependent eIF-2 alpha kinase activities which are inhibitory of protein synthesis.
Administration Frequencies of WAIS-III Supplementary and Optional Subtests of Board-Certified Clinical Neuropsychologists

The present investigation surveyed board-certified clinical neuropsychologists in four geographic regions of the United States regarding their administration practices of the WAIS-III supplementary subtests (Letter-Number Sequencing, Symbol Search), optional subtest (Object Assembly), and optional procedures (Digit Symbol-Incidental Learning and Digit Symbol-Copy). Approximately 56% of the surveys were returned and usable. Regardless of geographic region, Letter-Number Sequencing and Symbol Search were the most popular of the supplementary/optional components because they were administered more than 70% of the time. The Digit Symbol-Incidental Learning and Digit Symbol-Copy procedures were the second most frequently administered tasks. Object Assembly was the least frequently administered component by practitioners across the four geographic regions.
It ANKH Necessarily So

This work was supported in full by funding from the National Institutes of Health, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Disclosure Summary: The authors have nothing to declare. For article see page E189 Abbreviations: ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; Ank, ankylosis protein; CCAL2, chondrocalcinosis-2; CMD, craniometaphyseal dysplasia; DMP1, dentin matrix protein 1; ENPP1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; HA, hydroxyapatite; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PPi, inorganic pyrophosphate; TNAP, “tissue nonspecific” ALP.
Lethal NK-mediated inflammation induced by IL-12 in the absence of polymorphic and nonpolymorphic MHC class I molecules.

Interleukin-12 is a potent activator and initiator of type-1 T cell development, and can be used as an adjuvant to bias for the development of vaccine-induced Th1 immune responses. During vaccination of MHC class I deficient beta-2 microglobulin knockout mice (β2M−/−) with an IL-12/αIL-4 Th1 biasing procedure, all of the mice died. None of the IL-12/αIL-4 treated wild type mice developed any noticeable complications. We hypothesized that NK cells may be activated by IL-12 treatment in these β2M−/− mice, leading to necrosis and eventual death. IL-12/αIL-4 treatment of β2M−/− mice resulted in increased NK cell numbers and activation status (IFN-γ+, CD69+). Finally, in vivo depletion of NK cells reversed the pathology induced by IL-12/αIL-4 treatment in β2M deficient mice. These results indicate that IL-12 combined with αIL-4 irreversibly activates NK cells leading to a disseminated inflammatory pathology and death in β2M−/− mice.
Meic Stephens, ed., The Welsh Language Today

Dekkvin kontribuintoj analizas la historion kaj nuntempon de la kimra lingvo, nun parolata de 20 p.c. de la kimroj. La plejmulto parolas nur angle. Kvankam gi perdis sian kimran lingvon kaj kulturon pro ekonomia premo, tiu majoritato nun siavice ek-timas inversan ekonomian premon pro la revivigo de kimra nacia kultura movado. La libro ĉefe celas interpreti tiun movadon al la anglalingvaj kimroj.Kontribuintoj diskutas interalie la rilaton inter la angla kaj kimra. Ĉe kelkaj parol-antoj okazas intermikso tiel, ke ne plu eblas distingi du lingvojn. La redaktoro, Stephens, mem estas denaska anglalingvano kiu elektis uzi la kimran sed en ĉi-tiu libro escepte uzas la anglan. Oni priskribas la nunajn dulingvan edukadon kaj mankon de uzo de la kimra en la scienco.Por konkurenci kun la unueca angla necesas starigi normon de moderna parolata kimra. La skriba normo estas tro tradicia, kaj tro diferencas disde la parola, ofte dialekta, lingvaĵo.Malforteco de la kimra estas en la ĵurnalismo. Eĉ la anglalingva kimra gazetaro ne parolas nome de la lando, tiel, ke la eǔropanoj kutime neniel konscias pri la nacia aparteco de Kimrujo.Fine de la libro troviĝas politikaj ĉapitroj, interalie diskuto pri la aktivismaj, parte kontraǔleĝaj organizaĵoj. Iom romantika fina ĉapitro apelacias al kimra solidarigo kun la popoloj de la Tria Mondo. Pro siaj rezistemo kaj klarvido eble la nekonkerita kimra popolo jes regajnos sian lingvon, identon kaj antauan grandecon.
Identification of histidine in the active center of chymotrypsins from a reptile and a fish

Abstract Chymotrypsin preparations from pancreactic tissue of two lower vertebrates, the turtle Pseudemys elegans and the teleost fish Thunnus secundodorsalis, were reacted with [carbonyl-14C] tosyl- l -phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. The alkylated protein was oxidized and hydrolyzed, and the labeled products were identified and measured in the effluent of an amino acid analysis chromatographic system. The results show that this inhibitor, which is known to selectively alkylate histidine-57 of bovine chymotrypsin A at N-3, alkylates in each of these species also only one histidine residue at N-3. From this and other evidence, it is concluded that the active center of chymotrypsins is basically identical in structure throughout the vertebrates from the fish to the mammals.
A new approach to the treatment of congenital vertical talus

Congenital vertical talus is an uncommon foot deformity that is present at birth and results in a rigid flatfoot deformity. Left untreated the deformity can result in pain and disability. Though the exact etiology of vertical talus is unknown, an increasing number of cases have been shown to have a genetic cause. Approximately 50% of all cases of vertical talus are associated with other neuromuscular abnormalities or known genetic syndromes. The remaining 50% of cases were once thought to be idiopathic in nature. However, there is increasing evidence that many of these cases are related to single gene defects. Most patients with vertical talus have been treated with major reconstructive surgeries that are fraught with complications such as wound necrosis, talar necrosis, undercorrection of the deformity, stiffness of the ankle and subtalar joint, and the eventual need for multiple operative procedures. Recently, a new approach to vertical talus that consists of serial casting and minimal surgery has resulted in excellent correction in the short-term. Longer follow-up will be necessary to ensure maintenance of correction with this new technique. A less invasive approach to the correction of vertical talus may provide more favorable long-term outcomes than more extensive surgery as has been shown to be true for clubfoot outcomes.
Characterization of breast lesion morphology with delayed 3DSSMT: an adjunct to dynamic breast MRI.

The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of various morphologic criteria in distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions using a new sequence (3DSSMT) performed immediately after dynamic breast MRI. 3DSSMT combines a water-selective spectral-spatial excitation and an on-resonance magnetization transfer pulse with three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo imaging. Morphologic features of 87 pathologically confirmed lesions were analyzed. The presence of either skin thickening, or a combination of a spiculated or microlobulated border, with a rim, ductal, linear, or clumped enhancement pattern was 94% specific and 54% sensitive for malignancy. Conversely, the presence of either a perfectly smooth border, a well-defined margin, non-enhancing internal septations, or a macrolobulated border was 97% specific and 35% sensitive for a benign diagnosis. In conclusion, delayed 3DSSMT discriminates a significant number of benign and malignant breast lesions; it has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic breast MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;11:87–96. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Saturation effects in the photoluminescence spectra of Hg0.3Cd0.7Te

Abstract The photoluminescence spectrum of Hg 0.3 Cd 0.7 Te at 77K consists of a narrow, high energy free exciton line D and a broad, low energy deep level E. As a function of incident excitation power, the E line must be saturated before the D line can be observed. We have constructed a simple model that agrees well with the experimental dependences of the luminescence intensities of the D and E lines on excitation power.
Abstract P3-07-09: Prevalence and effects of off-label use of chemotherapeutic agents in elderly breast cancer patients: estimates from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare data

Purpose: To gain FDA approval, drug companies submit evidence from clinical trials demonstrating that a drug is safe and efficacious in a certain setting. Current regulations allow oncologists to prescribe approved drugs for uses other than those for which the drug was approved (off-label use). While there seems to be a consensus that off-label use is common in oncology, there is a lack of published data on recent trends and on utilization in different populations. The strength of evidence demonstrating safety and efficacy varies for drugs used in the off-label setting, and patients may be at risk for unacceptable toxicity. The risk of toxicity may be higher among older patients, whose ability to tolerate chemotherapy is compromised by age-related organ decline and comorbidities. Our objective was to describe the prevalence of off-label use of chemotherapeutic agents in elderly breast cancer patients with Medicare coverage and to compare toxicity between patients using off-label drugs and patients using only approved drugs. Materials and Methods: We identified women 65 and older with a first primary breast cancer diagnosed in 2000–2007 from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data linked with Medicare claims. Specific chemotherapeutic agents used following diagnosis were identified in Medicare claims and classified as on- or off-label use based on whether the drug was approved for breast cancer as of May 2012. Thirty-day toxicity (ER visit, hospitalization or death) was compared between patients whose first line regimen contained only approved drugs and patients whose first line regimen contained at least one off-label drug using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Results: The most commonly-used approved drugs were cyclophosphamide (used in 14% of patients), doxorubicin (10%), docetaxel (5%), fluorouracil (5%), and paclitaxel (5%). In total, forty-five off-label agents were used. Vinorelbine and carboplatin were each used in 1% of patients. No other off-label drug was used in more than 109 (0.11%) of patients. Toxicity was significantly higher for patients treated with off-label agents compared to patients treated with only approved drugs, after adjusting for stage at diagnosis (p = 0.01). Conclusions: In this population-based cohort, rates of chemotherapy use were generally low, and rates of off-label use were even lower, with only 3% of patients treated off-label. Off-label use became more common as stage at diagnosis increased, with use increasing from 1% in stage 0/1 patients to 12% in stage 4 patients. The higher toxicity rates observed in patients treated with off-label drugs may indicate that these drugs are less safe than approved agents. This result will be confirmed in a matched analysis accounting for age, stage and comorbidities. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-09.
The IL-2-dependent maturation of CD4−CD8− double-negative T cells in transgenic 2C mice

Abstract 2C mice have a preponderance of 1B2+CD8+ T cells directed against L d . After in vitro sensitization, they become highly cytotoxic and will reject a tolerant L d+ heart graft. Anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) eliminates the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a large CD4−CD8− double-negative (DN) transgenic cell population remains. To determine the activation characteristics of these 2C DN cells, peripheral T cells were analyzed by FACS for 1B2+, CD8+, and CD4+ before and 48 h after 0.5 mL ALS IP. In vitro , the response of these 2C DN cells were evaluated after 7 days of culture with BALB/c, IL-2, or BALB/c + IL-2. Cytotoxicity (CTL) was tested in a 4-h 51 Cr-release assay. Following in vitro culture with BALB/c + IL-2, 2C DN cells were injected into B6 mice with a tolerant BALB/c heart (tolerization via anti-CD4 mAb and intrathymic BALB/c) to determine their immunogenicity. After the deletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, DN cells increased to 96–99%. After 7 days of culture, the DN cells decreased again to 33–38%. CD8+ cells decreased to in vitro culture. Untreated 2C cells responded to BALB/c or IL-2 equally well. However, after ALS treatment, DN cells responded to IL-2 and BALB/c + IL-2, but not BALB/c alone. In the periphery of transgenic 2C mice is a unique CD4−CD8− DN population of cells bearing the 1B2 transgenic marker. These noncytotoxic cells can be optimally stimulated to develop marked specific L d cytotoxicity in parallel with the expression of the CD8+ epitope. TABLE—ABSTRACT 75 . Naive 2C ALS-2C (before culture) ALS-2C (after culture) %T cells by FACS DN 29–35% 96–99% 33–38% CD8+ 56–62% 0–0.1% 61–70% CD4+ 4–9% 0–1% 0% %CTL after culture with: Balb/c 51–54% — 0% IL-2 81–88% — 60–62% Balb/c + IL-2 86–91% — 88–90% ∗ ∗ DN T cells cultured for 7 days with Balb/c + IL-2 rejected the tolerant Balb/c heart in 5.3 ± 0.3 days (n = 4).
Characterizing global user download behavior on a large-scale satellite image distribution system

Data explosion in the 21st century has seen the growth of massive online content distribution systems. These incredibly large-scale systems utilize vast datasets to provide a myriad of utilities to users. In order to keep up with the high volume of complex, diverse requests being generated by their users, efficient management of data is of critical importance. However, understanding and categorizing the behavior of users worldwide is a complex task requiring a thorough understanding of the workflow they generate. In this paper, we examine and visualize over 5 million lines of real-world requests provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. We identify three distinct patterns in user requests that may be useful in developing intelligent prefetching methods.
Effects of real vs pretend shock on semantic differential judgments and the GSR in some classical conditioning paradigms

Abstract In two experiments subjects were shown different color 1-sec lights, one just before the end of a 4-sec UCS and the other coming 10 sec after UCS termination and 25 sec before the next UCS. For some groups the UCS was strong electric shock; for others it was a tone which subjects were instructed to imagine was a strong shock. The primary data were changes in semantic differential ratings of the lights before and after 12 “conditioning” trials. There were no differences among the groups. In a third experiment a 6-sec delay CS was used for GSR conditioning, some subjects receiving actual shock and others pretend shock. Only the former showed conditioning. The results are discussed in terms of a model of experimental demand.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry of materials for infrared micro‐device fabrication

For many common types of process materials used in the fabrication of infrared microelectronic devices there is a lack of information available in the literature regarding their thin-film optical properties over the wavelength range of 2 to 30 micrometers. In this article, spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to determine room-temperature optical constants in the infrared for a variety of organic and inorganic coatings commonly used in fabrication. Examples include coatings used for photolithography, coating, passivation, planarization, index matching, and stand-off. Applications include infrared frequency selective surfaces, antennas, micro-displays, and flexible substrates. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Taking Chances and Making Changes: The Career Paths and Pitfalls of Pioneering Women in Newspaper Management

The stories of three female “firsts” in newspaper management are important in understanding journalism history and the role that gender played. Gloria Biggs, Carol Sutton, and Janet Chusmir were al...
Personality traits and computer anxiety as predictors of Y2K anxiety

In an investigation of predictors of Y2K anxiety, 127 adults completed a questionnaire that assessed computer anxiety as well as several personality traits. It was hypothesized that Y2K anxiety would be associated with higher levels of trait anxiety, desire for control, intolerance of ambiguity, and computer anxiety. Religiosity, computer use, age, and gender were included as exploratory variables. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the best predictors of Y2K anxiety were trait anxiety, religiosity, low desire for control, and a desire for control by trait anxiety interaction term. Computer use and age were not significant predictors of Y2K anxiety. One way ANOVAs indicated that level of Y2K anxiety did not vary with gender.
Combined chemotherapy and surgery in treatment of advanced germ‐cell tumors

Forty-eight selected patients with GCT who were suspected of having residual disease after two or three chemotherapy inductions underwent an attempt at resection of this residual tumor. In 37 patients all gross disease was resected: 11 had malignant tissue, eight adult teratoma, and 18 no residual neoplasm, and 9, 7 and 17, respectively, remain free of disease. Patients in whom complete resection was not possible generally did poorly. Elevated serum tumor markers following the completion of preoperative chemotherapy indicated residual malignant disease and poor probability for complete resection. Twenty-nine percent of patients with negative preoperative markers had malignancy at the time of surgery, but disease was resectable in most of these patients. The key for success is, first, the response to chemotherapy and, second, complete resection of residual disease. It is recommended that patients with initially bulky metastases (diameter greater than 5 cm) be first managed by chemotherapy, employing successive close inductions, and subsequently explored with intent to resect residual disease. When the resected specimen shows malignant elements, the patients should receive additional inductions, otherwise, maintenance chemotherapy is employed.
Don, obligation et reconnaissance dans les Lettres d’une Péruvienne de Graffigny

« Il n’entrait jamais dans ma chambre sans m’offrir un present de quelques-unes des choses merveilleuses dont cette contree abonde » (Lettre 11, 69). Ces petits cadeaux que Zilia, la princesse peruvienne de Graffigny, recoit regulierement de son protecteur francais Deterville seraient bien anodins si la relation entre les deux personnages principaux de ce roman epistolaire n’etait fondee sur l’asymetrie du don. La generosite en apparence desinteressee de l’officier francais, qui commence quan...
Inappropriate use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) related to age at first use & risk behavior attitudes in U.S. Air Force recruits

Purpose The public health impact of NRT (patches, gum, nasal spray, lozenges, and inhaler) balances the benefits of cessation and attempts to quit vs. unsuccessful cessation and the potential for inappropriate use. Methods As part of a tobacco use cessation/ prevention intervention, all new Air Force recruits who entered Basic Military Training (n = 36,013) were surveyed between October, 1999 to October, 2000; Items included smoking habits, NRT use, psychosocial factors, and demographics. Results About 5% of recruits indicated previously using NRT. Of these, 78% indicated appropriate use (i.e., status as former or current smoker and endorsed use “to try to quit smoking”) while 22% indicated inappropriate use (i.e., status as former or current smoker and endorsed NRT use “when I couldn't smoke” or were never or experimental smokers that claimed use “but am not a smoker”). Inappropriate NRT use was more likely in males, those with high school education or less, and those using NRT at a younger age. Inappropriate NRT use was more frequent at higher vs. lower levels of risk behavior attitudes such as rebelliousness, unhealthy behaviors, and dangerous legal and illegal behaviors. Independent associations were verified between inappropriate NRT use and younger age at first NRT use [OR = 1.25, 95% CI (1.18–1.32)], rebelliousness [OR = 0.54, 95% CI (0.41–071)], and enjoyment of risky health behaviors (e.g., overeating, inactivity, driving fast) [OR = 0.42, 95% CI (0.28–0.62)]. Conclusion Similar to smoking patterns, more frequent NRT misuse was related to higher risk-taking attitudes and younger age at first use. Implications for interpreting NRT benefits and promoting appropriate use of NRT will be discussed.
Effect of Compatibilizer on Nanostructure of the Biodegradable Cellulose Acetate/Organoclay Nanocomposites

Biodegradable nanocomposites were successfully fabricated from cellulose acetate (CA) plasticized with triethyl citrate (TEC), and combined with Cloisite 30B organoclay, using maleic anhydride grafted cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB-g-MA) as the compatibilizer. The nanostructure of the nanocomposites was investigated by AFM, TEM, and XRD. AFM analysis clearly showed the presence of exfoliated clay platelets in the nanocomposite. Nanocomposites with 5 wt % compatibilizer contents showed better-exfoliated structure than the counterpart without compatibilizer hybrid. The clay platelet polygonal shape was observable by AFM. The exfoliated platelets were characterized to be ∼1.3 nm in thickness, ∼500 nm in width, and ∼800 nm in length. These results correspond to the XRD and TEM analysis. It was showed that the mechanical properties were improved due to good exfoliation and dispersion of clay in the plasticized CA matrix. The 5 wt % compatibilizer loading is optimum for mechanical improvement.
Preventing problems in prevention research

The design, conduct, and analysis of prevention research efforts present formidable challenges, but as the papers in this volume illustrate, the problems of prevention research are probably not altogether intractable; they simply require the best of our thinking and the firmest of our commitments. The papers included in this issue represent some of the best thinking likely to be available, and, in aggregate, they give reason for some optimism about prevention research. Which is fortunate, because it is by now abundantly clear that treatment of all the assorted personal and social maladies that afflict us individually and as a society, is impossibly intrusive and expensive, even if we were certain we knew what to do, and we are not. Treatment research is only a step or two ahead of prevention research in nearly any field.
Powerful oxidizing agents for the oxidative deintercalation of lithium from transition-metal oxides

Abstract NO + 2 and MoF 6 are shown to be powerful oxidizing agents for the deintercalation of lithium from LiCoO 2 and Li 2 CuO 2 . The oxidations, which usually were accompanied by some side reaction, yielded materials of composition Li x M O 2 with x ∼ 0 for M = Co and x ∼ 1.5 for M = Cu. Both starting materials are insulating (ϱ > 10 3 Ω cm), but the deintercalated products are much more conducting (by at least four orders of magnitude).
Late time evolution of brane gas cosmology and compact internal dimensions

We study the late time behavior of a universe in the framework of brane gas cosmology. We investigate the evolution of a universe with a gas of supergravity particles and a gas of branes. Considering the case when different dimensions are anisotropically wrapped by various branes, we have derived Friedmann-like equations governing the dynamics of wrapped and unwrapped subvolumes. We point out that the compact internal dimensions are wrapped by three or higher dimensional branes.
A new test of the price-concentration relationship in grocery retailing

Abstract Using a new data set and including income in the specification, this paper finds that retail grocery prices are not significantly related to market concentration.
Efficient generation of H2 by splitting water with an isothermal redox cycle.

Solar thermal water-splitting (STWS) cycles have long been recognized as a desirable means of generating hydrogen gas (H2) from water and sunlight. Two-step, metal oxide–based STWS cycles generate H2 by sequential high-temperature reduction and water reoxidation of a metal oxide. The temperature swings between reduction and oxidation steps long thought necessary for STWS have stifled STWS’s overall efficiency because of thermal and time losses that occur during the frequent heating and cooling of the metal oxide. We show that these temperature swings are unnecessary and that isothermal water splitting (ITWS) at 1350°C using the “hercynite cycle” exhibits H2 production capacity >3 and >12 times that of hercynite and ceria, respectively, per mass of active material when reduced at 1350°C and reoxidized at 1000°C.
A FOUNDATION FOR A THEORY OF POSSIBILITY

A possibility function for a variable A over a set X is defined as a mapping from subsets of X to the unit interval, indicating the possibility that a realization of A is in that subset of X. We discuss the types of possibility functions derived from various types of informational structure about A. We discuss ordinal, fuzzy, and cardinal information.
End-of-Treatment Self-Efficacy, Aftercare, and Drinking Outcomes of Alcoholic Men

In substance abusers, low end-of-treatment self-efficacy is thought to be a predictor of increased vulnerability to relapse following treatment. This study is an evaluation of relationships between end-of-treatment self-efficacy, aftercare, and drinking outcomes in a subsample of male alcoholics participating in a treatment outcome study. After completing Behavioral Marital Therapy (BMT), the alcoholics and their spouses were randomly assigned to either an aftercare or a no additional treatment condition and followed up for 1 year. In subjects who received no additional treatment, low self-efficacy at the end of BMT predicted poorer drinking outcomes, even after drinking behavior during BMT was controlled for. For subjects in the aftercare condition, self-efficacy at the end of BMT did not predict drinking outcomes. Explanations for the results, as well as implications for models of relapse, are discussed.
The Gang Problem Fabricated Panics or Real Temporal Patterns

A common perspective on variations in the gang problem over time emphasizes fabricated or exaggerated "panics" that serve the interests of law enforcement and the media. The evidence for these constructionist arguments has been largely anecdotal and discursive and based on specific locals. This article examines FBI Supplemental Homicide data on youth gang killings and National Youth Gang Survey data on estimated gang members in relation to LexisNexis and Vanderbilt Television News Archive data on media coverage of gangs. Overall, the results support a realist view that surges or trends in the gang problem were actual patterns based on real events rather than media or law enforcement fabrications. Language: en
Failure and Reliability Analysis Influenced by Various Factors Using Accelerated Disturbed State Concept

The disturbed state concept (DSC) presented herein represents a unified and powerful approach for constitutive modeling of materials and interfaces in electronic packaging. Together with the computer finite element procedure it provides an analysis tool for calculation of stresses, strains, disturbance and cycles to failure. The accelerated procedure allows economical approximation of cycles to failure and distribution of disturbance at different cycles for design and reliability.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Pedagogies of Engagement: Classroom-Based Practices

Educators, researchers, and policy makers have advocated student involvement for some time as an essential aspect of meaningful learning. In the past twenty years engineering educators have implemented several means of better engaging their undergraduate students, including active and cooperative learning, learning communities, service learning, cooperative education, inquiry and problem-based learning, and team projects. This paper focuses on classroom-based pedagogies of engagement, particularly cooperative and problem-based learning. It includes a brief history, theoretical roots, research support, summary of practices, and suggestions for redesigning engineering classes and programs to include more student engagement. The paper also lays out the research ahead for advancing pedagogies aimed at more fully enhancing students’ involvement in their learning.
A first-principles study of Sc-doped NaAlH4 for reversible hydrogen storage

Abstract Density function theory calculations have been carried out to investigate energetics, structure, and NMR chemical shielding of Sc-doped NaAlH 4 (0 0 1) surface. Sc atom was found to occupy the interstitial site and interact directly with three immediate neighboring AlH 4 − groups and indirectly with two additional AlH 4 − groups, forming an extended complex structure of ScAl 3 H 12 –2AlH 4 . In the ScAl 3 H 12 –2AlH 4 structure, the Al–Al distances between the Al atom in ScAl 3 H 12 and the Al in the neighboring AlH 4 − are 3.154 A. Hydrogen desorption energies from many positions of the complex were reduced significantly from that of the clean surface. This extended structure is more efficient for dehydrogenating NaAlH 4 than the similar TiAl 3 H 12 complex that was identified in the Ti-doped NaAlH 4 surfaces. Furthermore, our calculated NMR shielding of Sc-doped NaAlH 4 shows that the Al atoms in direct contact with Sc have very different shielding values from the Al atoms in the center of H tetrahedra. These result may provide an explanation for the 27 Al MAS NMR chemical shifts observed experimentally.
Application of chiral bidentate NMR solvents for assignment of the absolute configuration of alcohols: scope and limitation

Abstract The 13 C NMR behaviors of several cyclic and biaryl secondary alcohols as well as acyclic tertiary alcohols have been studied in the chiral bidentate NMR solvent BMBA- p -Me ( 1 ). An empirical rule has been advanced to correlate the absolute configuration of each type of alcohols with the 13 C chemical shift behaviors in ( R , R )- and ( S , S )-BMBA- p -Me.
A framework for architecting peer-to-peer receiver-driven overlays

This paper presents a simple and scalable framework for architecting peer-to-peer overlays called Peer-to-peer Receiver-driven Overlay (or PRO). PRO is designed for non-interactive streaming applications and its primary design goal is to maximize delivered bandwidth (and thus delivered quality) to peers with heterogeneous and asymmetric bandwidth. To achieve this goal, PRO adopts a receiver-driven approach where each receiver (or participating peer) (i) independently discovers other peers in the overlay through gossiping, and (ii) selfishly determines the best subset of parent peers through which to connect to the overlay to maximize its own delivered bandwidth. Participating peers form an unstructured overlay which is inherently robust to high churn rate. than structured overlay networks. Furthermore, each receiver leverages congestion controlled bandwidth from its parents as implicit signal to detect and react to long-term changes in network or overlay condition without any explicit coordination with other participating peers. Independent parent selection by individual peers dynamically converge to an efficient overlay structure.
Hereditary cerebellar ataxia progressively impairs force adaptation during goal-directed arm movements.

We investigated how humans with hereditary cerebellar degeneration [spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 6 and 8, n = 9] and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 9) adapted goal-directed arm mov...
Body Surface Area Limitations in Achieving Adequate Therapy in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

ObjectiveTo estimate the maximal body surface area (BSA) at which an uric chronic peritoneal dialysis patients can achieve adequate peritoneal dialysis using a variety of continuous ambulatory peri...