cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence the persistence and relapse of discriminated behavior chains

Behavior chains are composed of sequences of behaviors that minimally include procurement and then consumption. This review surveys recent research from this laboratory that has examined the properties of discriminated heterogeneous behavior chains. In contrast to another review (Thrailkill and Bouton, 2016a), it discusses work examining what makes chained behavior persistent, and what makes it relapse. Results suggest that responses in a discriminated heterogeneous behavior chain may become associated, so that extinction of either one reduces the strength of the other. Evidence also suggests that the goal of the first (procurement) response may be the next (consumption) response (rather than the upcoming discriminative stimulus, a putative conditioned reinforcer, or the primary reinforcer at the end of the chain). Further studies suggest that methods that promote generalization across acquisition and extinction (partial reinforcement and delivery of noncontingent reinforcers during extinction) lead to greater persistence of the procurement response. A third set of studies analyzed the contextual control and relapse of chained behaviors. The context controls both the acquisition and extinction of chained behaviors. In addition, a separately-extinguished consumption response is renewed when returned to the context of the chain. The research expands our general understanding of the learning processes that govern instrumental behavior as well as our understanding of chains.
Ventricular Pressure–Volume Relationships in Heart Failure

Abstract The examination of the relationships between chamber pressure and volume has been used to describe the function of a pump for centuries. Indeed this framework was used by James Watt in the late 18th century to quantify the work of the steam engine, using his so-called “indicator diagram,” which was published in The Quarterly Journal of Science in 1822 [1] . In 1899 Otto Frank published a theoretical paper entitled “Die Grundform des arteriellen Pulses” [2] , an English translation of which was published by Sagawa in 1990 [3] , which characterized the function of the frog ventricle in a pressure–volume domain. The work of Suga and coworkers [4] , beginning in the late 1960s greatly extended previous work, using the pressure–volume loop to provide insights into cardiac contractility and myocardial energetics. The clinical application of the pressure–volume framework was greatly accelerated by the description by Baan of the “impedance” catheter, (subsequently referred to as the “conductance” catheter) to provide instantaneous measurement of ventricular volume [5] . Potentially, the next impetus will occur from the development of high-fidelity noninvasive or less-invasive methods [6] .
Dare We Build a New Global Order

AESA President-elect Roland Sintos Coloma (Northern Kentucky University) and the 2018 Program Committee are pleased to announce the theme for the 2018 Annual Meeting.
The impact of abundancy of resources and regime type on income inequality: The case of less-developed countries

Abstract This paper examined the effects of natural resource abundance on income inequality for lower-and higher-income earners in less-developed countries, as well as the effect of natural resources and the existence of democracy on the distribution of income. In light of previous studies, this study used panel data and a fixed-effects econometric model, which took into account the individuality of each less-developed country, to examine the effects of natural resource abundance on income inequality in lower- and higher-income brackets in less-developed countries. In the case of less-developed countries with natural resource abundance, we found that democratic countries experienced less income inequality than non-democratic countries. In addition, current economic standing and natural resource abundance had varying, yet significant, results; low-income less-developed countries generally had less income inequality if they lacked an abundance of natural resources. On the other hand, natural resource abundance resulted in less income inequality among high-income, less-developed countries. Regardless of current economic standing, our results showed an abundance of natural resources leads to a more rapid decline in income inequality over time—so long as that country continues on its path of economic growth.
Is milk a conduit for developmental signals

The diverse role of milk in the neonate is slowly expanding beyond nutritional and immunological borders to include possible developmental roles for the numerous hormones and growth factors found in this medium. Yet, despite the growing list of milk-borne factors, the precise impact of each of these on the neonate remains to be elucidated. The focus of this review is to summarize studies from our laboratory which demonstrate clearly that milk-borne factors play an obligatory role in the postnatal development of at least one organ, the anterior pituitary gland.
Assessing the Usability of Web-Based Personal Health Records

Personal Health Records (PHRs) are becoming an important tool to manage individual health information, its usability among the general population remains of its most unexplored areas. One of its subset is Web-based PHRs, which is an online repository for the storage of individuals’ health information. There are different ways in which data gets into a PHR, one of the most common ways are for people to type in their information manually. This study will assess how people entered common PHR health data into two recently released PHRs, they are Googlehealth and Microsoft healthvault. The results indicate that there is a significant different among them especially on specific tasks such as allergies and medical history. In addition, it highlights they way user interfaces affects usability.
Inference for a Class of Causal Spatial Models

A new class of lattice models, whose joint densities are products of unilateral conditional densities, is introduced. Maximum likelihood estimation, for causal conditional exponential families on a two dimensional lattice, is discussed. The technique proposed enables one to construct a rich class of lattice models with a parsimoneous parameterization.
Deep belief networks for false alarm rejection in forward-looking ground-penetrating radar

Explosive hazards are one of the most deadly threats in modern conflicts. The U.S. Army is interested in a reliable way to detect these hazards at range. A promising way of accomplishing this task is using a forward-looking ground-penetrating radar (FLGPR) system. Recently, the Army has been testing a system that utilizes both L-band and X-band radar arrays on a vehicle mounted platform. Using data from this system, we sought to improve the performance of a constant false-alarm-rate (CFAR) prescreener through the use of a deep belief network (DBN). DBNs have also been shown to perform exceptionally well at generalized anomaly detection. They combine unsupervised pre-training with supervised fine-tuning to generate low-dimensional representations of high-dimensional input data. We seek to take advantage of these two properties by training a DBN on the features of the CFAR prescreener’s false alarms (FAs) and then use that DBN to separate FAs from true positives. Our analysis shows that this method improves the detection statistics significantly. By training the DBN on a combination of image features, we were able to significantly increase the probability of detection while maintaining a nominal number of false alarms per square meter. Our research shows that DBNs are a good candidate for improving detection rates in FLGPR systems.
Predicting Depth of Cut of Water-jet in Soft Tissue Simulants based on Finite Element Analysis with the Application to Fracture-directed Water-jet Steerable Needles

Water-jet technology has been used recently in medical applications including surgery, soft tissue resection, bone cutting, and wound debridement. The ability to measure the depth of cut of water-jet is important in these applications to selectively cut the desired tissue, and avoid damage to deeper layers. For fracture-directed water-jet steerable needles, one should be able to predict the depth of cut of water-jet in order to model the motion of the steerable needle. In this paper, the effect of tissue stiffness, water-jet flow rate, and nozzle diameter on depth of cut is studied experimentally and verified by finite element modeling. It is found that the depth of cut of waterjet has a direct relationship with flow rate, and an inverse relationship with elastic modulus of the tissue, and diameter of the needle. The proposed finite element model can predict the depth of cut with acceptable accuracy.
Machine learning applied to wind turbine blades impact detection

The significant development of wind power generation worldwide brings, together with environmental benefits, wildlife concerns, especially for volant species vulnerability to interactions with wind...
Muon Spin Relaxation Studies of Unconventional Superconductors: First-Order Behavior and Comparable Spin-Charge Energy Scales

Since the late 1980s, the muon spin rotation and relaxation (\(\mu \)SR) method has been extensively applied to studies of unconventional superconductors, including high-\(T_{c}\) cuprate, ruthenate, FeAs, organic, and heavy-fermion systems. With its unique sensitivity to static magnetic order in both long-range ordered and random spin systems, \(\mu \)SR has played a leading role in determining magnetic phase diagrams and elucidating the evolution from the parent antiferromagnetic state to the superconducting state in these systems. The extremely high sensitivity of \(\mu \)SR to small static magnetic fields allowed studies of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the superconducting state of Sr\({}_{2}\)RuO\({}_{4}\) and several other systems and in the pseudogap region of cuprate systems. \(\mu \)SR measurements of the London penetration depth and the superfluid density led to a unique characterization of the pairing symmetry and energy scales of superconducting charges. In this paper, we review the historical developments and recent progress of \(\mu \)SR studies in unconventional superconductors which revealed, among others, scaling of the superfluid density and \(T_{c}\), comparable spin and charge energy scales, phase separation between superconducting and non-superconducting volumes, and first-order quantum evolution at phase boundaries. We discuss these results in terms of quantum criticality, crossover from Bose Einstein to BCS condensation, and the influence of competing states via inelastic soft modes.
Optical Return Loss Control in Silicon Photonic Metamaterial Waveguides

Metamaterial waveguides, allowing refractive index engineering, have been verified as solutions for integrated photonic devices in optical IO. Here, we report on optical return loss control in Si metamaterial waveguide design for low backscattering.
A native function for RAN translation and CGG repeats in regulating fragile X protein synthesis

Repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated translation of expanded CGG repeats (CGG RAN) from the FMR1 5'-leader produces toxic proteins that contribute to neurodegeneration in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Here we describe how unexpanded CGG repeats and their translation play conserved roles in regulating fragile X protein (FMRP) synthesis. In neurons, CGG RAN acts as an inhibitory upstream open reading frame to suppress basal FMRP production. Activation of mGluR5 receptors enhances FMRP synthesis. This enhancement requires both the CGG repeat and CGG RAN initiation sites. Using non-cleaving antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), we selectively blocked CGG RAN. This ASO blockade enhanced endogenous FMRP expression in human neurons. In human and rodent neurons, CGG RAN-blocking ASOs suppressed repeat toxicity and prolonged survival. These findings delineate a native function for CGG repeats and RAN translation in regulating basal and activity-dependent FMRP synthesis, and they demonstrate the therapeutic potential of modulating CGG RAN translation in fragile X-associated disorders.
Gallium-doped zinc oxide films with diverse nanomorphologies grown via sol–gel united spin coating technique

Some gallium-doped zinc oxide nanofilms (GZONFs) with diverse morphologies were produced on the p-type Si (100) substrate by the sol–gel united spin coating. The thermally annealed nanofilms were characterized using different techniques to determine the influence of various Ga contents (0–5%) on their structures, morphologies, optical and electrical characteristics. The XRD patterns of the as-prepared nanofilms displayed the existence of the single-phase polycrystalline particles with varying sizes (55–36 nm). The band gap values of these GZONFs were ranged from 3.227–3.269 eV. The nanofilm produced with 1% of Ga exhibited the minimal electrical resistivity ≈ 4.6429 × 10–3 Ω cm, highest carrier density ≈ 1.37648 × 1020 cm−3 and Hall mobility ≈ 9.779 cm2/V s. It was shown that the overall properties of the proposed GZONFs can be customized by adjusting the concentration of Ga doping.
Fetal myelomeningocele repair: a narrative review of the history, current controversies and future directions

Fetal surgery is a relatively new field of medicine. The purpose of this narrative review is to present the history of how fetal surgery became the standard of care for myelomeningocele (MMC), the current controversies of this treatment, and active areas of research that may change how MMC is treated. Fetal surgery for MMC emerged out of the University of California, San Francisco in the 1980s in the laboratory of Dr. Michael Harrison. Initial research focused on testing the hypothesis that the in utero repair of MMC could improve outcomes in the ovine model. Evidence from this model suggested that in utero repair decreases the secondary damage to the exposed neural tissue and improves post-natal neurologic outcomes, opening the door for human intervention. This was followed by the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), which was a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the prenatal versus postnatal MMC repair. The MOMS trial was stopped early due to the improved outcomes of the prenatal repair, establishing the open fetal MMC repair as the standard of care. Since the MOMS trial, two primary areas of controversy have arisen: the operative approach and criteria for the repair. The three operative approaches include open, endoscopic and a hybrid approach combining open and endoscopic. Several of the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the MOMS trial have been challenged, to include body mass index, gestational diabetes, other fetal abnormalities, maternal infections and Rh alloimmunization. New areas of research have also emerged, exploring cell based therapies to improve fetal outcomes, alternatives to fetal surgery and alternatives to primary skin closure of the fetus.
Production of p-Coumaric Acid from Corn GVL-Lignin

Following biomass fractionation of corn stover using γ-valerolactone (GVL) pretreatment, the resulting lignin stream was subjected to base hydrolysis reactions to achieve the isolation of p-coumari...
A multidisciplinary team-based approach with lifestyle modification and symptom management to address the impact of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: A randomized phase II study.

Abstract Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with numerous toxicities that are potentially modifiable. We sought to evaluate the impact of participation in a multidisciplinary clinic, STAND (Supportive Therapy in Androgen Deprivation) Clinic, designed to provide individualized lifestyle modification and management of ADT-related side effects. Methods This phase II study recruited men with prostate cancer who had started ADT Results A total of 25 men were randomized to STAND clinic, and 23 were randomized to usual care. The study did not meet its accrual target of 32 men in each arm and was closed early due to lack of financial support. Overall, 91% (295 of 325) of STAND clinic visits were completed. Eighteen out of the 25 patients in STAND clinic arm (72%) completed all 12 months of STAND clinic visits, and 80% (20 of 25) completed the first 6 months. For all primary and secondary outcomes, there were no statistically significant differences between treatment arms. Conclusion Individualized and comprehensive management of ADT toxicities in a multidisciplinary clinic was well attended by patients. However, we did not find any differences in the outcomes assessed between the intervention arm and control.
Limited Proteolysis and Aggregation in the Fibrinogen-Fibrin Conversion

This chapter discusses limited proteolysis and aggregation in the fibrinogen–fibrin conversion. The primary purpose of fibrinogen–fibrin reaction is to provide examples to illustrate the role of side-chain hydrogen bonding in limited proteolysis and in protein aggregation. As the fibrinogen–fibrin conversion is a very important part of the process of blood clotting, it is worthwhile to begin with a consideration of the components of blood that are involved in coagulation. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin in the presence of thrombin, this transformation being essentially the final stage in the complex series of processes involved in blood coagulation. The coagulation process consists of the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and of the subsequent action of thrombin on fibrinogen to produce fibrin. However, in vitro studies of the chemistry of the thrombin–fibrinogen reaction, uncomplicated by the prothrombin–thrombin conversion, can be carried out with isolated and purified thrombin and fibrinogen. In this process, fibrinogen, already a high polymer of many amino acids, is converted to an even higher polymeric form or coagulum, the fibrin clot. The fibrinogen–fibrin conversion provides an excellent example of a set of reactions that illustrate the role of side-chain hydrogen bonding in limited proteolysis and in protein association.
The United States and NATO since 9/11: The Transatlantic Alliance Renewed

1: The Origins of the Transatlantic Community 2: 'Saving NATO': Operation Deliberate Force, Bosnia 3: 'War by Committee:' Operation Allied Force, Kosovo 4: NATO, the Bush Administration and 9/11 5: The Fall - and Rise - Of NATO: Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan 6: The 'Crisis' of the Transatlantic Relationship: Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq 7: NATO's Transformation: the Transatlantic Alliance Renewed
Chapter 6 – Semiconductor Atomic Superlattice (SAS)

Publisher Summary Superlattices and quantum wells were introduced as man-made quantum structures to engineer the quantum states for electrical and optical applications. The concept of the semiconductor atomic superlattice (SAS) materializes in stages. Initially it was thought that if oxide was made thin enough, it might form a strained-layer super-lattice. This chapter discusses the SAS stages by using polycrystalline silicon on polycrystalline silicon dioxide. The epitaxial growth is very aggressive; however, what counts is how low the defect density is. It takes a while to learn how to grow epitaxial silicon on saturated adsorbed oxygen. The chapter also provides theoretical study of hand-built models, calculating the strain and energy states and comparing with density functional calculation (DFC). DFC calculations basically agree with simple calculations, that the strain is surprisingly low. The chapter gives a good example of how an idea was developed and metamorphosed into an all epitaxially formed structure. The process is fundamentally different from atomic layered epitaxy (ALE), because in SAS, for Si–O superlattice, silicon dictates what sites oxygen can occupy consistent with the surface reconstruction, whereas in ALE, no one constituent dictates, resulting in a random alloy.
Poxvirus DNA. I. Studies on the structure of the vaccinia genome.

Abstract Vaccinia virions labeled with [3H]thymidine or [14C]thymidine were isolated and purified using two methods. In Method I, the virion preparations were sonicated during purification, banded repeatedly in sucrose gradients until their specific activity (cpm/μg viral DNA) was constant, and were frozen and thawed at least once before their DNA (DNA-I) was analyzed. In Method II virions were separated from other cellular constituents by a single banding in 20–40% linear sucrose gradients. The preparations were neither sonicated nor were they frozen before analysis of their DNA (DNA-II). DNA-I was released by solubilizing virions with detergents and 2-mercaptoethanol. In 5–20% neutral sucrose gradients DNA-I, released in this way, sedimented at about 72 S relative to Ad2 DNA. DNA-I denatured with alkali fragmented into three size classes of molecules, sedimenting at about 56–60, 45–51, and 27–32 S in alkaline sucrose gradients. Analysis of DNA-I purified by phenol extraction on hydroxyapatite or benzoylated napthoylated DEAE-cellulose (BND-cellulose) columns showed that while most of the sequences in DNA-I were base paired, DNA-I molecules also contained ssDNA or weakly hydrogen bonded regions which eluted from BND-cellulose with 2% caffeine and 0.1 N NaOH. DNA-II molecules released from virions by lysis with detergents and 2-mercaptoethanol sedimented at 68 S in neutral sucrose gradients relative to Ad2 DNA. After denaturation with alkali and analysis in alkaline sucrose gradients, DNA-II molecules sedimenting at 102–106 and 90–92 S, appropriate for closed ssDNA circular molecules and linear ssDNA molecules, respectively, with approximately twice the molecular weight expected for a single complimentary DNA strand from vaccinia genomes of MW 120–150 × 106 were detected. This result and other experimental data support the view that the DNA-II genome was cross-linked. Analysis of DNA-II preparations on hydroxyapatite and BND-cellulose columns demonstrated that 80% or more of the DNA-II genomes analyzed were completely double-stranded. Freezing and thawing or sonication of virions prepared by Method II resulted in alterations to the genomes so that they behaved upon sedimentation analysis like DNA-I genomes.
Th Cell-Deficient Mice Control Influenza Virus Infection More Effectively Than Th- and B Cell-Deficient Mice: Evidence for a Th-Independent Contribution by B Cells to Virus Clearance

The notion that MHC class I- restricted CD8+ T (Tc) cells are capable of resolving autonomously infections with influenza virus is based largely on studies testing virus strains of low pathogenicity in CD4+ T (Th) cell-deficient/depleted mice. To test whether this holds also for pathogenic strains and to exclude possible contributions by B cells, we analyzed PR8 infection in Th cell-depleted B cell-deficient (muMT) mice. These mice, termed muMT (-CD4), showed 80% mortality after infection with a small dose of PR8, which resulted in insignificant mortality in intact or Th cell-depleted BALB/c mice. Infection of muMT(-CD4) mice with a virus of low pathogenicity was resolved without mortality, but, compared with intact BALB/c mice, with delay of approximately 5 and approximately 20 days from lung and nose, respectively. The low mortality of Th cell-depleted BALB/c mice suggested that B cells contributed to recovery in a Th-independent manner. This was verified by showing that transfer of 8-10 million T cell-depleted naive spleen cells into muMT(-CD4) mice 1 day before infection reduced mortality to 0%. The mechanism by which B cells improved recovery was investigated. We found no evidence that they operated by improving the lung-associated Tc response. Treatment of infected muMT(-CD4) mice with normal mouse serum spiked with hemagglutinin-specific IgM did not reduce mortality. Taken together, the data show that 1) the Tc response is capable of resolving autonomously (in conjunction with innate defenses) influenza virus infections, although with substantial delay compared with intact mice, and 2) B cells can contribute to recovery by a Th-independent mechanism.
Low melting point thermal interface material

A high performance thermal interface material has been developed that consists of a 25 /spl mu/m coating of low-melting-temperature alloy (LMTA) tinned on each side of a 50 /spl mu/m copper substrate. The alloy has a melting point below the maximum CPU operating temperature. Steady-state tests per ASTM D-5470 show 0.058 K-cm/sup 2//W at 138 kPa contact pressure. Contact pressures as small as 34 kPa are permissible. Thermal cycling tests (1000 cycles) show negligible performance degradation, if the temperature is cycled less than 12 K above the melting point. Thermal cycling 20 K above the melting point results in degradation due to formation of a low thermal conductivity intermetallic alloy at the LMTA-copper interface. Removal and replacement of the LMTA results in negligible increase in interface resistance. Manufacturing methods are discussed, and a concept for the application of LMTA to the CPU-heatsink interface is presented. The LMTA alloy offers performance competitive with the best thermal grease, without the "messy" disadvantages of thermal grease.
Fast frequency tuning characteristics of a FM laser based on the integrated MQW DFB laser/EA modulator device

Using the selective-area-growth (SAG) technique we have recently successfully fabricated FM lasers based on the integrated DFB/EA modulator devices. The InGaAs/InGaAsP MQW device with a separate confined heterostructure (SCH) and a planar semiinsulating buried-heterostructure (BH), was grown in one primary growth by low-pressure MOCVD. The lasing wavelength is around 1.551 /spl mu/m.
Putative Pheromones in Urine of Rutting Male Moose (Alces alces): Evolution of Honest Advertisement?

We tested hypotheses about how olfactory communication was related to mating behavior in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas). Males dig rutting pits where they deposit odiferous urine; females are strongly attracted to and often wallow in those pits. Moreover, mating and parturition are highly synchronized in moose. Consequently, male urine may play an important role in the mating system and in synchronizing reproduction in moose. Urine samples were collected from captive moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Samples included those from the mating season and from the nonrutting period for two adult males, one yearling male, and one male and one female less than 1 year old. After pH adjustment, samples were extracted with methylene chloride to yield three fractions (acidic, neutral, and basic), which were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Potential pheromones included unsaturated alcohols and homologs of tetrahydro-6-methyl pyranone and 2-nonen-4-one. We hypothesize that these compounds are related to hypophagia and catabolism of body reserves by rutting males, and thereby provide an honest advertisement of body condition by male moose during the mating season.
Qualitative Political Communication| Locating the Politics in Political Consumption: A Conceptual Map of Four Types of Political Consumer Identities

Political consumption is widely assumed to have a positive relationship with civic and political engagement, and considerable scholarly work indicates marketplace-based politics align neatly with contemporary norms of engaged citizenship. However, few studies examine whether political consumers themselves think of their shopping choices as political. Using depth interviews, this study uses schema theory to understand how individuals think about their political consumer roles. I argue that political consumption represents a collection of orientations varying according to two dimensions: responsibilities and rights. The language political consumers use to talk about their behaviors serves to situate them within one of four types of political consumers, each adhering to a different orientation of rights and responsibilities.
Research on the soil moisture sensor of three-probe structure

Soil water sensors based on the theory of transmission line impedance are widely used in measuring soil water content. Therefore, it is critical to study structure and design methods of this kind of sampling probe in order to improve the measuring accuracy and sensitivity of the soil water sensor. Through studying on Parallel three-probe probe structure, the theory of impedance transform of transmission line and a mathematic analysis of a line quality from the parallel, a mathematical model for the impedance of the three-probe probe is developed. But it is impossible to accurately calculate the impedance value because the probe impedance is a multi-variable function. The optimal structure of three-parallel probe is designed by using the variance and range analysis of the orthogonal experiment of four factors and three levels. The experimental results show that the correlation of the optimal probe structure was close to linear, and provided a method for making sampling probe.
Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research

Aditya Johri and Barbara M. Olds, eds., Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research, Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN: 978-1-107-01410-7.
Osteopenia in rats supported by intravenous nutrition.

The etiology of bone disease seen in longterm total parenteral nutrition patients is poorly defined. This study examined the question of whether abnormal bone could be induced in otherwise normal weanling rats fed a balanced nutrient solution intravenously. Young adult, male Wag/Rij rats were divided into three groups. One group was fed a commercial liquid research diet, one group received an indwelling jugular catheter and was fed an intravenous elemental solution formulated to be nutritionally complete, and one group received an indwelling catheter but was fed the commercial liquid diet orally. Significant differences were seen between groups in percent bone, femur length, growth-plate width, endosteal label area, periosteal mineral apposition rate, and periosteal and endosteal bone-formation rates. This study suggests that intravenous administration of otherwise adequate nutrients to rats results in altered bone remodeling compared to orally fed cohorts
Unsteady Transonic Aerodynamics

At flight speeds close to the speed of sound unique unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic phenomena are encountered. It is the objective of this chapter to provide an overview of the unsteady transonic flow phenomena and the flight mechanical and aeroelastic problems they may cause. The most prominent ones are wing rock and wing drop, buffeting, control surface buzz, flutter and limit cycle oscillations. An overview is also given of the current status of analysis methods to predict these phenomena. Keywords: transonic flow; unsteady aerodynamics; shock wave oscillation; transonic wing rock; transonic flutter; limit cycle oscillation; transonic buffet; transonic buzz
Strategic Thinking and Strategic Planning: Two Pieces of the Same Puzzle

An organization’s strategy consists of many factors that form a formula or road map to provide guidance concerning the organization’s goals, how it will go about attaining these goals, and the tactics and policies that are needed to attain those goals Porter (1980). Thus, one can ascertain that there are many components of strategy. Management’s understanding and use of strategy as a tool to ensure business success has been an important issue for many decades. This paper’s purpose is to determine establish the critical components of strategic management. To accomplish this purpose, the analysis first compares and contrasts the relationship between strategic planning and strategic thinking and their relationship to strategic management. Second, the paper evaluates the strategic management process within the framework of its strategic planning and strategic thinking components. Third and last, the analysis makes conclusions as to the critical role of strategic management in organizational success.
Linear electric field effects in magnetic anisotropy and ferromagnetic resonance

Abstract The concept, theory and measurement of electric-field-dependent macroscopic magnetic anisotropy energies are reviewed with examples involving magnetite and lithium ferrite. Also discussed are applications to the elucidation of magnetization processes, the determination of magnetic symmetry and the shifting of a ferromagnetic resonance with an applied electric field.
Randomized, double-blind study to compare extended-release oxybutynin and tolterodine for overactive bladder

Objective: Overactive bladder affects 17 million Americans at a cost of at least $26 billion per year. The primary medical treatments are extended-release oxybutynin and tolterodine. This is the first large-scale, randomized, double-blind study to compare these two drugs. Methods: Patients with urge incontinence or mixed urge and stress incontinence were randomized 1:1 to a daily dose of 10 mg extended-release oxybutynin or to 4 mg tolterodine (2 mg twice a day) for 12 weeks. Patients completed daily urinary diaries and were evaluated for reduction of urge incontinence episodes and frequency of micturitions. They also were evaluated for absence of incontinence episodes at baseline and during study weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Results: Interim data are blinded; 382 patients were randomized. The mean age was 59.0 years (range 21–87 years), and 83.2% were women. A blinded analysis of both treatment arms combined showed improvements in the number of urge incontinence episodes per week at the follow-up visits. A blinded interim safety analysis of both treatment arms together showed adverse effects were mostly mild and included dry mouth (28.5%), constipation (6.2%), dyspepsia (6.7%), diarrhea (5.2%), dizziness (4.1%), depression (2.1%), and insomnia (1.0%). Overall, 6.8% of patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse effect. Conclusion: Medical treatment for overactive bladder was effective and well tolerated. The unblinded efficacy and safety data will be presented during the meeting. Funding source: ALZA Corp. on behalf of Crescendo Pharmaceuticals Corp.
Reasons for living in homosexual and heterosexual young adults

For researchers, suicide is a major concern in young adults. The additional stressors that may be present for gay or lesbian individuals may promote less adaptive characteristics than in heterosexual individuals. Gay and lesbian and heterosexual subjects completed the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) to determine levels of adaptive characteristics that may prevent suicidal behaviors. Results indicated that gay men and lesbian women endorsed less reasons for living than did heterosexual individuals. This reduced level of coping skills may be a result of increased responsibilities, demands, and stressors associated with choosing a homosexual lifestyle.
The biology of long-term denervated skeletal muscle

This review concentrates on the biology of long-term denervated muscle, especially as it relates to newer techniques for restoring functional mass. After denervation, muscle passes through three stages: 1) immediate loss of voluntary function and rapid loss of mass, 2) increasing atrophy and loss of sarcomeric organization, and 3) muscle fiber degeneration and replacement of muscle by fibrous connective tissue and fat. Parallel to the overall program of atrophy and degeneration is the proliferation and activation of satellite cells, and the appearance of neomyogenesis within the denervated muscle. Techniques such as functional electrical stimulation take advantage of this capability to restore functional mass to a denervated muscle.
Pinching constants for hyperbolic manifolds

We show in this paper that for everyn≧4 there exists a closedn-dimensional manifoldV which carries a Riemannian metric with negative sectional curvatureK but which admits no metric with constant curvatureK≡−1. We also estimate the (pinching) constantsH for which our manifoldsV admit metrics with −1≧K≧−H.
Web-Based Depression Screening and Psychiatric Consultation for College Students: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study

Background. A steady rise in the prevalence of depression among college students has negatively affected student quality of life. This study investigates the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based model, including Skype, to screen and provide psychiatric consultation to depressed college students. Methods. Students completed the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) online; those who screened positive (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) or endorsed any level of suicidal ideation were offered Web-based psychiatric consultation using Skype. After the consultation, students filled out a 7-item satisfaction questionnaire to report on the acceptability of this Web-based method. Results. A total of 972 students consented to the online depression screening and 285 screened positive. Of those, 69 students consented and 17 students successfully completed the psychiatric consultation via Skype. Thirteen (76.4%) students found the interview useful in helping them understand their depression. Fifteen (88.2%) students thought that psychologists and psychiatrists could successfully see patients via videoconferencing. Conclusions. Current online technologies can provide depression screening and psychiatric consultation to college students; those who participated reported a positive experience. Future studies will need to address the low levels of participation among college students and attract students who are underserved, as well as use a videoconferencing platform that adequately protects data confidentiality.
Lesions of the dorsomedial striatum delay spatial learning and render cue-based navigation inflexible in a water maze task in mice.

The dorsal striatum is involved in cue‐based navigation strategies and in the development of habits. It has been proposed that striatum‐dependent cued navigation competes with hippocampus‐dependent spatial navigation in some circumstances. We have previously shown that large lesions of the dorsal striatum, as well as impairment of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in transgenic mice, can enhance spatial learning in a watermaze task, presumably by the disruption of competitive interference. However, the dorsal striatum is not a homogeneous structure; both anatomical considerations and experimental studies in various paradigms show that dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum are functionally distinct, although there is no precise anatomical or neurochemical boundary between them. Here we investigated the effect of restricted excitotoxic lesions of dorsomedial striatum on cued and spatial water maze learning. We find that dorsomedial striatal lesions delay spatial learning but permit cued learning. After cued learning, lesioned animals showed inflexible search, resulting in repeated visits to the escape platform‐associated cue. These results support a role for the dorsomedial striatum in behavioral flexibility rather than in cued‐based navigation.
B72-23 Modem Data Processors and Systems

This book is intended to serve as an intermediate text for students who have already completed a basic course in computer design. Furthermore, it is aimed at engineers and potential computer systems designers rather than at programmers or business data-processing specialists. It is the author's hope that the book could be used as a text for a second semester course in computers, as well as being of interest to the practicing computer engineer. Unfortunately, I am somewhat disappointed in the book for a number of reasons.
Are competing intermolecular and intramolecular interactions of PERIOD protein important for the regulation of circadian rhythms in Drosophila

Genetic analysis is revealing molecular components of circadian rhythms. The gene products of the period gene in Drosophila and the frequency gene in Neurospora oscillate with a circadian rhythm. A recent paper (1) has shown that the PERIOD protein can undergo both intermolecular and intramolecular interactions in vitro. The effects of temperature and two period mutations on these molecular interactions were compared to the effects of the mutations and temperature on the in vivo period length of circadian rhythms. The results suggest that the molecular interactions may compete to maintain a rhythm with a constant period over a wide temperature range.
ELIMINATING PELVIC EXAMINATIONS AND PAP SCREENING FOR ADOLESCENTS INITIATING CONTRACEPTION

Purpose: To decrease unnecessary Pap screenings in adolescents while increasing access to contraception, thereby decreasing unintended pregnancies without increasing cervical cancer risk. To implement and evaluate a multifaceted educational program for health care providers (HCP) and office staff to determine level of adherence to recommendations for Pap screening and prescribing hormonal contraception, examining obstacles preventing adherence to current practice recommendations. Background: The United States has 1 of the highest rates of unintended pregnancies in the world among industrialized nations. Adolescents often avoid contraception initiation fearing Pap screening and pelvic examinations. Adolescents may initiate contraception earlier if not required to undergo these examinations. Methods: Complete data were collected on 192 adolescent records, pre-intervention (n = 95), post-intervention (n = 97), to determine if a practice change occurred after a multifaceted education program. Adolescents were aged 15 to 21 years. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were conducted to assess attitudes and beliefs of HCPs and office staff. Results: Before and after the intervention, the earliest age of first Pap screening was very young. HCP did not always require Pap screening for contraception initiation: 48% pre-intervention and 71% post-intervention. No adolescents had serious abnormal Pap results. Conclusions: Resistance to change was apparent from the office staff. Having written guidelines and meeting periodically to discuss how care is provided will help keep staff discussions with patients congruent with HCP's practices.
Convenient storage of concentrated hydrogen peroxide as a CaO2·2H2O2(s)/H2O2(aq) slurry for energy storage applications

Abstract Prior investigations have proposed, and successfully implemented, a stand-alone supply of aqueous hydrogen peroxide for use in fuel cells. An apparent obstacle for considering the use of aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an energy storage compound is the corrosive nature of the nominally required 50 wt.% maximum concentration. Here we propose storage of concentrated hydrogen peroxide in a high weight percent solid slurry, namely the equilibrium system of CaO 2 ·2H 2 O 2 (s)/H 2 O 2 (aq), that mitigates much of the risk associated with the storage of such high concentrations. We have prepared and studied surrogate slurries of calcium hydroxide/water that are assumed to resemble the peroxo compound slurries. These slurries have the consistency of a paste rather than a distinct two-phase (liquid plus solid) system. This paste-like property of the prepared surrogates enable them to be contained within a 200 lines-per-inch. (LPI) nickel mesh screen (33.6% open area) with no solids leakage, and only liquid transport driven by an adsorbent material is placed in physical contact on the exterior of the screen. This hydrogen peroxide slurry approach suggests a convenient and safe mechanism of storing hydrogen peroxide for use in, say, vehicle applications. This is because fuel cell design requires only aqueous hydrogen peroxide use, that can be achieved using the separation approach utilizing the screen material here. This proposed method of storage should mitigate hazards associated with unintentional spills and leakage issues arising from aqueous solution use.
A fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic study of the hydrolytic stability of silane coupling agents on E‐glass fibers

Fourier-transform (FT) infrared spectroscopy has been applied to the study the hydrothermal degradation of various coupling agents on E-glass fibers. The coupling agents studied include γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, and cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane. The amount of coupling agents on E-fibers was measured as a function of immersion time in water at 80°C. Structural changes were also followed by obtaining FT-IR difference spectra of the coupling agent on the glass fiber surface. Silanes desorb quite differently depending on the organofunctional groups. The resistance to desorption is strongly influenced by the organization of the silane interphase as well as the solubility of the silane in water.
Equivalence of two exactly soluble models for tricritical points

An exactly soluble $n$-component continuous spin model with tricritical points is shown to be equivalent, in the limit $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, to a one-component model with anharmonic long-range interactions.
Detecting relationships among categories using text classification

Discovering relationships among concepts and categories is crucial in various information systems. The authors' objective was to discover such relationships among document categories. Traditionally, such relationships are represented in the form of a concept hierarchy, grouping some categories under the same parent category. Although the nature of hierarchy supports the identification of categories that may share the same parent, not all of these categories have a relationship with each other—other than sharing the same parent. However, some “non-sibling” relationships exist that although are related to each other are not identified as such. The authors identify and build a relationship network (relationship-net) with categories as the vertices and relationships as the edges of this network. They demonstrate that using a relationship-net, some nonobvious category relationships are detected. Their approach capitalizes on the misclassification information generated during the process of text classification to identify potential relationships among categories and automatically generate relationship-nets. Their results demonstrate a statistically significant improvement over the current approach by up to 73p on 20 News groups 20NG, up to 68p on 17 categories in the Open Directories Project (ODP17), and more than twice on ODP46 and Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR) data sets. Their results also indicate that using misclassification information stemming from passage classification as opposed to document classification statistically significantly improves the results on 20NG (8p), ODP17 (5p), ODP46 (73p), and SIGIR (117p) with respect to F1 measure. By assigning weights to relationships and by performing feature selection, results are further optimized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of highly flexible and ultra-low permeation rate thin-film barrier structure for organic electronics

Abstract A flexible thin-film encapsulation architecture for organic electronics was built and consisted of a silicon oxide/alumina and parylene layer deposited over Ca sensors on a barrier-coated polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The film's effective water vapor transmission rate was 2.4 ± 1.5 × 10 − 5 g/m 2 /day at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity. Flexural tests revealed that for films deposited on the polyethylene terephthalate substrate, the barrier layer failed due to cracking at a curvature radius of 6.4 mm, corresponding to a strain of 0.8%. Adding an epoxy top coat of suitable thickness shifted the neutral axis toward the encapsulation layer, reducing the induced strain. Barrier performance was maintained under the 6.4 mm radius of curvature in this encapsulation structure. Thus, shifting the neutral axis via device structural design is an effective method of extending the flexibility of thin-film encapsulation structure without compromising the performance loss as a barrier layer.