cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First and second order constraint approximations in structural optimization

The use of first order constraint approximations is now a common practice in structural optimization. Second order approximations have been avoided because of the perception that the required second derivatives are expensive to calculate. Recent developments that provide inexpensive second derivatives may justify the use of second-order approximations. The present paper compares two commonly used first order approximations to the corresponding second order approximations. Truss and laminated plate problems are used to compare the accuracy of the approximation and its effect on computational efficiency in structural optimization.
Amplitude of the de Haas - van Alphen oscillations for a marginal Fermi liquid

We investigate the suppression of the amplitude of the de Haas--van Alphen oscillations in a marginal Fermi liquid. We find that at high and low temperatures the amplitude is similar to that expected from ordinary Fermi-liquid theory, provided one expresses the result through the frequency-dependent effective mass of the marginal Fermi liquid evaluated at the temperature or cyclotron frequency, respectively. The nonanalytic nature of the marginal Fermi liquid is noticeable in the coefficient that describes how the zero-temperature value of the amplitude is approached at low temperatures.
Tepary Bean Starch Part III: In vitro Digestibility

In vitro digestibility of starch from tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius, was determined in comparison with tepary bean flour and maize starch. The extent of sample hydrolysis by α-amylase was measured as mg reducing sugar (maltose) released per 100 mg substrate. After 2 h incubation at 37°C, values obtained for tepary starch, tepary flour and maize starch treated in various ways were as follows: raw 8.0, 8.6 and 25.6; freeze dried 2.6, 3.2 and 17.8; autoclaved 7.4, 5.7 and 27.7; cooked (15 min) 81.7, 23.1 and 87.8; resp. Raw tepary starch was more resistant to hydrolysis than maize starch due, perhaps, to differences in granule structure and amylose content. Freeze-drying and autoclaving slightly decreased digestibility of both tepary starch and flour. Cooking greatly increased susceptibility to hydrolysis for each substrate. The rate of increase was reduced after 15 min exposure to enzymes, and no appreciable difference was found between cooked tepary and maize starches. Teparybohnen-Starke. Teil 3: In vitro-Abbaubarkeit. Die Abbaubarkeit der Starke der Tepary-Bohne (Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius) wurde in vitro bestimmt und mit Teparybohnen-Mehl und Mais-starke verglichen. Der Hydrolysegrad der Proben durch α-Amylase wurde anhand der Freisetzung von reduzierendem Zucker (in mg Maltose) je 100 mg Substrat gemessen. Nach 2 h Inkubationszeit bei 37°C wurden folgende Werte fur Teparystarke, Teparymehl und Maisstarke gemessen: roh 8,0 8,6 und 25,6; gefriergetrocknet 2,6, 3,2 und 17,8; autoklaviert 7,4, 5,7 und 27,7; gekocht (15 min) 81,7, 23,1 und 87,8. Rohe Teparystarke war gegenuber der Hydrolyse widerstandsfahiger als Maisstarke, offenbar aufgrund von Unterschieden in der Kornstruktur und im Amylosegehalt. Gefriertrocknung und Autoklavieren verminderten geringfugig die Abbaubarkeit von Teparystarke und Teparymehl. Kochen erhohte die Hydrolyseempfindlichkeit aller Substrate betrachtlich. Eine 15minutige Enzyminkubation verminderte dagegen die Steigerungsrate. Nennenswerte Unterschiede zwischen gekochter Tepary- und Maisstarke konnten nicht festgestellt werden.
Guiding principles are not enough: on thinking, folly, and middle school reform

How does one go about ‘creating a community for learning’ in a middle school? The producers of Turning Points, the recent report of the Task Force on Education of Young Adolescents, seem to think that adoption of some key principles (e.g. restructuring, a core academic curriculum, empowerment, middle school teacher training, youth health and fitness, and community involvement) is enough. But the vast literature on educational change suggests is not. Good intentions and noble visions may be necessary but not sufficient. The fate of much of the good we try hinges for the most part on how we go about thinking and doing what we believe we should be doing. This is a point missed by the report and strongly supported by case studies of school reform. The story of what happened to a principal who tried to reform a middle school along the lines proposed by Turning Points is a good example.
To Grandmother's House I Go

SUMMARY Within the mode of “biomythography” that owes its identification as a genre to Audre Lorde's ZAMI,Jewelle Gomez examines her own writing processes. Her explorations revolve around her work-in-process about her great grandmother's life. Issues of truth, memory, history, race, and community are considered. The author also discusses the embodied nature of writing.
Interview with Daniel Kliebenstein

Daniel Kliebenstein was born at Champaign-Urbana, IL while his father was a graduate student at the University of Illinois. He studied Genetics and Chemistry as an undergraduate at Iowa State University (BSc 1993) and Genetics as a graduate student at Cornell University (PhD 1999) where he worked on superoxide dismutase proteins and collaborated to clone the UVR8 photoreceptor. He then went to Jena, Germany to the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology to learn quantitative genomics, ecology, evolution, and secondary metabolism by developing some of the first quantitative trait locus (QTL) cloning approaches to study variation in the Arabidopsis glucosinolate system.
Viscosities of binary mixtures in the dense gaseous state: The methane-tetrafluoromethane system

Abstract Viscosities for the gaseous state of pure tetrafluoromethane and three mixtures with methane were determined at nominal temperatures of 50, 100, 150 and 200°C for pressures ranging up to approximately 400 atm. These measurements were carried out using an unsteady state capillary viscometer and were supplemented with viscosity values available in the literature for methane to establish the complete behavior of the methane-tetrafluoromethane system. The viscosities of methane, tetrafluoromethane, and their mixtures were used to obtain a single relationship of (μ-μ ∗ )ξ versus ϱ R , the reduced density. In addition, when the normalized residual viscosity, (μ-μ ∗ )ξ, was related to the corresponding reduced thermal pressure-temperature ratio, (∂ P R /∂ T R )ϱ R , a single linear relationship resulted on log-log coordinates for the entire binary system.
Autoradiographic localization of the binding of calcium channel antagonist, [125I]ω-agatoxin IIIA, in rat brain

The calcium channel antagonists omega-agatoxin IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA) and omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTx) were radioiodinated and used to locate binding sites in the rat brain by receptor autoradiography. While patterns of regional binding to sagittal sections of rat brain were generally similar for the 2 toxins, notable differences in the cerebellum and hippocampus were observed. Specific [125I]omega-Aga-IIIA binding was greatest in the granule cell layers of the cerebellum and of the dentate gyrus. In contrast, binding of [125I]omega-CgTx was most intense in the molecular layers of these structures. Less than one-third of [125I]omega-Aga-IIIA binding in rat brain slices was inhibited by pre-exposure to 250 nM omega-CgTx, while 40 nM omega-Aga-IIIA virtually eliminated the binding of [125I]omega-CgTx under the same conditions. The P-type calcium channel antagonist omega-Aga-IVA blocked only a small fraction of [125I]omega-Aga-IIIA and [125I]omega-CgTx binding. These autoradiographic data are consistent with membrane binding experiments and indicate that the combined use of agatoxins and conotoxins may be useful in the characterization of separate types of neuronal calcium channels.
Sublingual hyoscyamine spray as premedication for colonoscopy: a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial (interim analysis)

Purpose: Colonic motility and spasm during colonoscopy may affect duration and quality of the examination as well as patient's comfort during and after the procedure. Previous studies assesing the utility of antispasmodic agents in colonoscopy demonstrated conflicting results. Multiple endoscopists were involved which may introduce inter-observer variability in outcome. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of sublingual hyoscyamine spray (IB-Stat, Inkine Pharmaceutical) on colonoscopy.
Gated Peak Integration versus Peak Detection in White Noise

The optimum gated integration windows for a variety of common peak shapes in stationary, white noise are derived by means of simple linear systems theory. Optimum windows are found to provide signal-to-noise ratios less than 10% lower than the matched filter results. The confusion between peak detection and narrow gate window integration is discussed, and it is demonstrated that both are inferior to optimum gated integration. It is also shown that the matched filter result is the appropriate benchmark against which proposed new detection techniques should be compared.
A Practical Guide to the Use of Echocardiography in Assisting Structural Heart Disease Interventions

Echocardiography plays an integral role in the evaluation and treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease. Preprocedure, accurate echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy is crucial in determining patient eligibility. During catheterization, echocardiography is used for procedural guidance. Postprocedure, echocardiography is used for patient follow-up and determining the effect of device placement on cardiac remodeling. This article provides a practical guide for using echocardiography in common interventional procedures, including percutaneous atrial septal defect closure, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, percutaneous repair of prosthetic valve paravalvular leaks, percutaneous mitral valve edge-to-edge repair, and percutaneous placement of appendage occlusion devices.
Illuminance threshold and spectral sensitivity of photo-sexual responses in the male lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Abstract 1. 1. The light intensity threshold for photo-sexual stimulation in male Anolis carolinensis lies between 0.5 and 12 ft-c. with broad spectra of visible wavelengths (white light). 2. 2. Little variation in photo-sexual responses occurs with increasing intensities of illumination above threshold levels. 3. 3. Red light (600–700 nm) is more effective than green light (500–600 nm) and blue light (400–500 nm) is the least effective for photoperiodism. 4. 4. Photic measurements in the lizards habitat indicate that illumination during civil twilight may be sufficient to extend the “daylength” up to 25 min during mid-September. However, micro-environmental and behavioral observations demonstrate that twilight would not normally constitute an effective part of the daily photic stimulus.
Spontaneous colonic ischemia in a patient with Riley-Day syndrome

Familial dysautonomia, or Riley-Day syndrome, is a hereditary disturbance in the autonomic and peripheral sensory nervous systems, first described by Riley, Day, and colleagues in 1949 [1, 2]. Previous reports of myocardial infarction and avascular necrosis in bone suggest that these patients are at risk for ischemia at certain organ sites [3, 4]. We report a case of spontaneous colonic ischemia and stricture which resulted in colocutaneous fistula formation and eventual colonic resection in a child with Riley-Day syndrome.
Development and first results of the Yale PIXeY two-phase xenon detector

PIXeY (Particle Identification in Xenon at Yale) is a two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon prototype time projection chamber with 3 kg active mass. PIXeY was built to optimize energy resolution and gamma/neutron discrimination, with a number of technological improvements over previous work. Parallel-wire grids, which control the drift and proportionalscintillation fields, are optimized both for light collection efficiency and field uniformity. High quantum efficiency Hamamatsu R8778 PMTs, high-reflectivity Teflon walls, and charge-light anti-correlation techniques are also incorporated. The first run of the detector has concluded, where all systems were tested both using LED calibration methods as well as using sources for calibration and spectral measurements. Ultimately our results were limited by PMT calibration issues, low light collection caused by saturation, and low drift fields constrained by high voltage hardware. The second run of the detector is currently underway with several improved components. The feedthroughs for higher voltages have improved to allow a much higher operating voltage, new PMT bases for more stable operation have been installed, and three new grids with transparencies between 92% and 97% have been added. Once the energy resolution studies have concluded, PIXeY will serve as a platform for future improvements, including multiple optical volumes and single wire readout for R&D on gamma-ray imaging.
Mobility and Clustering of Rh and Ru in Zeolite. Experiment and Theory

Ruthenium and rhodium have been atomically dispersed on Na zeolite as shown by the infrared spectra of RhI(CO)2 and RuI(CO)2 produced upon reduction in a CO atmosphere. Formation of adsorbed CO bri...
Coding for system-on-chip networks: a unified framework

Global buses in deep-submicron (DSM) system-on-chip designs consume significant amounts of power, have large propagation delays, and are susceptible to errors due to DSM noise. Coding schemes exist that tackle these problems individually. In this paper, we present a coding framework derived from a communication-theoretic view of a DSM bus to jointly address power, delay, and reliability. In this framework, the data is first passed through a nonlinear source coder that reduces self and coupling transition activity and imposes a constraint on the peak coupling transitions on the bus. Next, a linear error control coder adds redundancy to enable error detection and correction. The framework is employed to efficiently combine existing codes and to derive novel codes that span a wide range of tradeoffs between bus delay, codec latency, power, area, and reliability. Using simulation results in 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, we show that coding is a better alternative to repeater insertion for delay reduction as it reduces power dissipation at the same time. For a 10-mm 4-bit bus, we show that a bus employing the proposed codes achieves up to 2.17/spl times/ speed-up and 33% energy savings over a bus employing Hamming code. For a 10-mm 32-bit bus, we show that 1.7/spl times/ speed-up and 27% reduction in energy are achievable over an uncoded bus by employing low-swing signaling without any loss in reliability.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Films Prepared by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition

Indium doped zinc oxide films have been deposited from diethyl zinc, ethanol and trimethyl indium in the temperature range between 225°C and 450°C in a laminar flow atmospheric chemical vapor deposition reactor. Both doped and undoped films were crystalline. The doped films have electron density up to 9×1020 cm-3, conductivity up to 850 Ω-1cm-1, and mobility up to 8 cm2/Vs. The indium doping increases the average visible absorption from less than 1% to above 20%. The transparency and conductivity of indium doped zinc oxide films are lower than those of fluorine doped films.
Computer aided color appearance design using environment map based lighting

A BRDF approximation is developed that is suitable for interactive color appearance design in direct lighting provided by environment maps. The BRDFs are approximated as a linear combination of cosine lobes with a fixed set of specular exponents. A nonlinear optimization routine is used to fit the cosine lobes to BRDFs appropriate for a specific color appearance design application: automotive paint. Modification and rendering of the BRDF is made possible by linearly combining prefiltered environment maps for each cosine lobe in real time.
A Children's Reinforcement Survey Schedule:

This paper describes a Children's Reinforcement Survey Schedule based on the Reinforcement Survey Schedule developed by Cautela and Kastenbaum (1967). The children's schedule is presented in three forms. There are two, parallel short forms for children in kindergarten through Grade 3, and a long form for children in Grades 4 through 6. A reliability test in the form of a test-retest situation was administered on all three forms of the new scale and the product-moment correlations (.48—.72) obtained were all significant (p < .02). The scale might be used in three general areas: initially in behavioral assessment, subsequently in clinical procedures applicable either in individual or group settings with children, and in research.
The next linear collider

In this paper we have outlined the basic issues important in the design of a Next Linear collider. The energy can be obtained by essentially conventional means, with the use of RF accelerating structures combined with high peak power RF sources -- klystrons -- which are similar to those used presently in the SLC. The key difference is the change of frequency by a factor of 4. For the structures this change of frequency presents no problem. Structures at 11.4 GHz have been constructed; damped and detuned structures have been built or are being designed. The power source is very close to realization. The klystron discussed this paper could easily provide enough power for the lower gradient option. The RF pulse compression necessary to achieve the proper pulse length has been tested and has behaved as theory would indicate. he luminosity of the Next Linear Collider is perhaps the more difficult problem. To reach the desired levels, it is necessary to compress the beam spot to a few hundred square nanometers. This situation is forced upon us by conservation of energy; the wall-plug power must be kept within reasonable bounds. In spite of the small size required, many of themore » tolerance can be brought to conventional values when compensation techniques are applied. The second major component to the luminosity increase is the acceleration of many bunches on each machine cycle. This increases the efficiency of the collider but also introduces many complications throughout all the subsystems. Experience have been gained at the SLC which accelerates three bunches on each cycle, and also at all long- pulse linacs which accelerate sometimes thousands of bunches on each cycle. Thus far, no fundamental problems have been discovered which would preclude the acceleration of trains of bunches.« less
Blood Pressure and Disability: First Steps in Future Studies

To the Editor: In the December issue of Hypertension , Hajjar et al1 report that, in stroke-free older adults, longitudinal increases in systolic blood pressure (BP) were related to higher risk of functional disability as assessed by self-report measures of motor strength, mobility, and activities of daily living. We urge investigators to also include observable indices of physical performance in future studies, because deficits in simple performance tasks may herald BP-related functional disability. The Maine-Syracuse study of BP2 used 3 measures of physical performance that predict activities of daily living dependence3: (1) standing up and sitting down from a hard-backed chair 3 times with arms folded (standing); (2) walking back and …
An experimental characterization of elastographic spatial resolution: Analysis of the trade-offs between spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio

An experimental study of the spatial resolution in elastography was conducted. Models that involved two cylindrical inclusions arranged as a wedge were used to characterize the axial and lateral resolution of the axial strain elastograms. A study of the dependence of the spatial resolution on several factors such as the algorithmic parameters, the applied strain and the modulus contrast was performed. The axial resolution was found to show a linear dependence with respect to the algorithmic parameters, namely the window length and the window shift used for strain estimation. The lateral resolution showed a weak dependence on the algorithmic parameters. A weak dependence of the spatial resolution on factors such as the modulus contrast and the applied strain was found. The trade-offs between the spatial resolution and the elastographic contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRe) were then analyzed. A nonlinear trade-off between the CNRe and the axial and lateral resolution was shown for conventional strain estimation techniques, with the CNRe improving at a more than linear rate with respect to a linear degradation in the resolution. This study provided an experimental framework for charac- terizing the spatial resolution in elastography and facilitating a comparison of the CNRe with spatial resolution. © 2004 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology.
An efficient profile-analysis framework for data-layout optimizations

Data-layout optimizations rearrange fields within objects, objects within objects, and objects within the heap, with the goal of increasing spatial locality. While the importance of data-layout optimizations has been growing, their deployment has been limited, partly because they lack a unifying framework. We propose a parameterizable framework for data-layout optimization of general-purpose applications. Acknowledging that finding an optimal layout is not only NP-hard, but also poorly approximable, our framework finds a good layout by searching the space of possible layouts, with the help of profile feedback. The search process iteratively prototypes candidate data layouts, evaluating them by "simulating" the program on a representative trace of memory accesses. To make the search process practical, we develop space-reduction heuristics and optimize the expensive simulation via memoization. Equipped with this iterative approach, we can synthesize layouts that outperform existing non-iterative heuristics, tune application-specific memory allocators, as well as compose multiple data-layout optimizations.
Channel catfish as an unconventional model for immunological studies.

The channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is an economically important species which is readily available, acclimates well to the laboratory setting, and is amenable to considerable experimental manipulation. Although the channel catfish is still a relatively circumscribed species in terms of comprehensive physiologic and/or endocrinologic studies, our current understanding of the basic immunobiology and immunochemistry of the channel catfish is significantly further advanced than for any other teleost species. In this respect the channel catfish is not only proving useful in the general areas of comparative immunology but it is also showing considerable promise as a model system for definitive studies on problems which bridge the fields of immunology and endocrinology, i.e., understanding the effects of environmental temperature and stress on the immune system.
Reasons for heterogeneous change in LCI in children with cystic fibrosis after antibiotic treatment

With great interest we read the paper of Horsley et al .1 In their prospective observational study they showed significant improvement in indices of ventilation capacity (spirometry) and ventilation heterogeneity (multiple-breath washout (MBW)) after a course of intravenous antibiotics in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). There was considerable heterogeneity of lung clearance index (LCI) response as observed previously.2 Here we aim to disentangle underlying physiological mechanisms of this heterogeneous response. We assessed changes of lung function parameters before and after 23 courses of intravenous antibiotics in 19 children with CF aged 5–18 years. Children performed arterial blood oxygen measurement, nitrogen MBW,3 , …
Snakeboard Motion Planning With Local Trajectory Information

We address trajectory generation for the snakeboard, a system commonly studied in the geometric mechanics community. Our approach derives a solution using body coordinates and local trajectory information, leading to a more intuitive solution compared to prior work. The simple forms of the solution clearly show how they depend on local curvature and desired velocity profile, allowing for a description of some simple motion primitives. We readily propose techniques to navigate paths, including those with sharp corners, by taking advantage of the snakeboard’s singular configuration, as well as discuss some implications of torque limits.
Human vs machine translation of foreign languages

The translation of technical subject matter demands an extensive knowledge of both languages and a considerable acquaintance with the subject. A computer system to give high-quality translations of serious subjects, spoken or written, would be most useful, but neither the cerebral logic used in translation nor the semantic structure of language itself is yet understood. The memory storage required for machine translation may not be a serious obstacle, but the linguistic task of quantifying the effects of syntax and context upon meaning may prove to be insurmountable.
Leptin potentiates astrogenesis in the developing hypothalamus.

Background: The proper establishment of hypothalamic feeding circuits during early development has a profound influence on energy homeostasis, and perturbing this process could predispose individuals to obesity and its associated consequences later in life. The maturation of hypothalamic neuronal circuitry in rodents takes place during the initial postnatal weeks, and this coincides with a dramatic surge in the circulating level of leptin, which is known to regulate the outgrowth of key neuronal projections in the maturing hypothalamus. Coincidently, this early postnatal period also marks the rapid proliferation and expansion of astrocytes in the brain. Methods: Here we examined the effects of leptin on the proliferative capacity of astrocytes in the developing hypothalamus by treating postnatal mice with leptin. Mutant mice were also generated to conditionally remove leptin receptors from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells in the postnatal period. Results and conclusions: We show that GFAP-expressing cells in the periventricular zone of the 3rd ventricle were responsive to leptin during the initial postnatal week. Leptin enhanced the proliferation of astrocytes in the postnatal hypothalamus and conditional removal of leptin receptors from GFAP-expressing cells during early postnatal period limited astrocyte proliferation. While increasing evidence demonstrates a direct role of leptin in regulating astrocytes in the adult brain, and given the essential function of astrocytes in modulating neuronal function and connectivity, our study indicates that leptin may exert its metabolic effects, in part, by promoting hypothalamic astrogenesis during early postnatal
The Prolonging Action of Penicillin by Para-Aminohippuric Acid.

Conclusions1. When the plasma para-aminohippuric acid concentration was maintained at or above 10 mg/100 ml a 3 to 6 fold elevation in penicillin plasma concentration was obtained except in two instances. 2. When the para-aminohippuric acid plasma levels were allowed to fall below 10 mg/100 ml there was no effect of that compound on the plasma concentration of penicillin. 3. The para-aminohippuric acid was non-toxic in the dosage given even when administered over a period of 8 days.
A single amino acid substitution in the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein of Newcastle disease virus results in increased fusion promotion and decreased neuraminidase activities without changes in virus pathotype

Attachment of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to the host cell is mediated by the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN), a multifunctional protein that has receptor recognition, neuraminidase (NA) and fusion promotion activities. The process that connects receptor binding and fusion triggering is poorly understood and amino acid residues important for the functions of the protein remain to be fully determined. During the process of generating an infectious clone of the Anhinga strain of NDV, we were able to rescue a NDV with highly increased fusogenic activity in vitro and decreased haemagglutinating activity, as compared with the wild-type parental strain. Sequencing of this recombinant virus showed a single mutation at amino acid position 192 of the HN protein (Ile→Met). In the present study, we characterized that single amino acid substitution (I192M) in three strains of NDV by assessing the NA activity and fusogenic potential of the mutated versus wild-type proteins in cell cultures. The original recombinant NDV harbouring the mutation in the HN gene was also used to characterize the phenotype of the virus in cell cultures, embryonated chicken eggs and day-old chickens. Mutation I192M results in low NA activity and highly increased cell fusion in vitro, without changes in the viral pathotype of recombinant viruses harbouring the mutation in vivo. The results obtained suggest that multiple regions of the HN-protein globular head are important for fusion promotion, and that wild-type levels of NA activity are not absolutely required for viral infection.
Superplastic Deformation of Zinc Sulfide Near Its Transformation Temperature [1020°]

This paper reports on polycrystalline ZnS deformed in compression to large strains (up to 100%), near its {alpha} {l reversible} {beta} transformation temperature (1020{degrees}C), at strain rates that ranged from 10{sup {minus} 5} to 3 {times} 10{sup {minus} 3} s{sup {minus} 1}. The flow stress showed a minimum near 1020{degrees}C. The strain rate sensitivity and the grain size dependence of the flow stress suggest a superplastic mechanism of deformation. There was some evidence of dynamic recrystallization and stress-induced {beta} (fcc) to {alpha} (hcp) phase transformation. The polycrystals had a tendency to form intergranular cavities at the higher temperatures and at faster strain rates.
CORTICAL NETWORKS UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF TIME PERCEPTION

Precise timing of sensory information from multiple sensory streams is essential for many aspects of human perception and action. Animal and human research implicates the basal ganglia and cerebellar systems in timekeeping operations, but investigations into the role of the cerebral cortex have been limited. Individuals with focal left (LHD) or right hemisphere (RHD) lesions and control subjects performed two time perception tasks (duration perception, wherein the standard tone pair interval was 300 or 600 msec) and a frequency perception task, which controlled for deficits in time-independent processes shared by both tasks. When frequency perception deficits were controlled, only patients with RHD showed time perception deficits. Time perception competency was correlated with an independent test of switching nonspatial attention in the RHD but not the LHD patients, despite attention deficits in both groups. Lesion overlays of patients with RHD and impaired timing showed that 100% of the patients with anterior damage had lesions in premotor and prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 6, 8, 9, and 46), and 100% with posterior damage had lesions in the inferior parietal cortex. All LHD patients with normal timing had damage in these same regions, whereas few, if any, RHD patients with normal timing had similar lesion distributions. These results implicate a right hemisphere prefrontal-inferior parietal network in timing. Time-dependent attention and working memory functions may contribute to temporal perception deficits observed after damage to this network.
Graphical and color‐pairing symmetries

Symmetries are considered for a class of Hamiltonian models with one (spin-free) orbital per site. The models include common types of Parisier-Parr-Pople and valence-bond Hamiltonians, defined over a continuous range of parametrizations. The symmetries investigated are linear canonical transformations and include the common point-group and alternancy symmetries. We find “graphical” symmetries extending the usual point-group symmetries and novel “color-pairing” symmetries which involve hybrids of point-group–like and alternancy symmetries of relevance for certain heteroatomic species. The occurence of recolorpairing transformations relating the eigensolutions of models for different molecules is also noted.
The Market for Municipal and Subfederal Borrowings

This paper deals with the Russian market for municipal and subfederal borrowings. The annual consolidated regional budget and the budgets of territorial state off-budget funds for 2013 were executed with a deficit of Rb 625.5bn (or 0.94% of GDP). The amount of consolidated regional budget deficit as a percentage of GDP increased more than twice on 2012. Thus, in 2012 the amount of territorial budget deficit was Rb 273.1bn (or 0.44% of GDP). In 2013, the budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation were executed with a deficit of Rb 599.8bn; the budgets of city districts – with a deficit of Rb 43.4bn; the budgets of intra-city municipal formations of Moscow and St Petersburg – with a deficit of Rb 0,7bn; the budgets of municipal raions – with a deficit of Rb 5,7 bn; the budgets of urban and rural settlements – with a surplus of Rb 7.7bn; the budgets of territorial state off-budget funds – with a surplus of Rb 16.5bn.
Abstract 230: Regional Variation in Intrinsic Mechanics of Arterial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Aims: An increased aortic stiffness is a fundamental manifestation of hypertension (HT). Our previous study showed that intrinsic mechanical properties of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are an important contributor to the increased large artery stiffness in HT. However, whether VSMC mechanics of smaller arteries is also altered in HT remains unknown. The goal of this study is to test our hypothesis that the VSMC elastic and adhesive properties vary along the arterial tree reflecting the regional heterogeneities of physiological loading and geometric properties of the artery wall. Methods and Results: Primary VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aorta (TA) and renal artery (RA) of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (16 weeks old, male) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) rats. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure mechanical properties of individual VSMC at 37°C. Local apparent elastic modulus (Eap) was determined using Hertz contact analysis for a cone to mode...
Somatostatin effects on gastric electrolytes and pepsin in dogs with various secretory stimuli.

To determine possible sites and mechanisms of action of somatostatin (SS) in gastric secretory mucosa, secretion of pepsin, H+, Cl-, Na+ and K+ was stimulated in conscious fistula dogs by i.v. infusion of bethanechol, pentagastrin and histamine in the absence and presence of SS-14. At low dose (0.5 micrograms or 300 pmol/kg/h), SS-14 potently inhibited H+ and pepsin stimulated by bethanechol (80 micrograms/kg/h) to less than 5% of control; it required 2 micrograms or 1200 pmol/kg/h of SS-14 to achieve similar inhibition of pentagastrin (1.5 micrograms/kg/h)-stimulated secretion. In both cases, gastric [K+] was depressed by SS-14 infusion and recovered before H+ and pepsin. Similar sensitivity to SS suggests a Ca++-dependent mechanism or pathway of stimulation by gastrin similar to that by cholinergic agonists. By contrast, histamine, which acts via cyclic AMP pathways, was not inhibited by a large dose of SS-14 (20 micrograms/kg/h). SS inhibition is thus agonist (or pathway)- rather than organ- or cell-specific.
Zero Shot Deep Learning from Semantic Attributes

We study the problem of classifying images when no training exemplars are available for some image classes, and therefore direct classification is not possible. We use instead semantic attributes: if attributes of yet unseen classes can be determined, then class labels may themselves be decided based on prior knowledge of class to attributes relationships. We present several methods for determining attributes, including (A) an approach based on attribute classifiers, and approaches using (B) MAP and (C) MMSE attribute estimators using image classifiers for known classes. Preliminary tests obtained using a dataset comprised of ImageNet images and Human218 attributes yield encouraging performance.
Neighborhood Environments and Incident Hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

We examined relationships between neighborhood physical and social environments and incidence of hypertension in a cohort of 3,382 adults at 6 sites in the United States over 10 years of follow-up (2000-2011), using data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The sample was aged 45-84 years (mean = 59 years) and free of clinical cardiovascular disease and hypertension at baseline. Of the participants, 51% were female, 44% white, 23% Hispanic, 21% black, and 13% Chinese-American; 39% of participants developed hypertension during an average of 7.2 years of follow-up. Cox models were used to estimate associations of time-varying cumulative average neighborhood features (survey-based healthy food availability, walking environment, social cohesion, safety, and geographic information system-based density of favorable food stores and recreational resources) with incident hypertension. After adjustment for individual and neighborhood-level covariates, a 1-standard-deviation increase in healthy food availability was associated with a 12% lower rate of hypertension (hazard ratio = 0.88, 95% confidence interval: 0.82, 0.95). Other neighborhood features were not related to incidence of hypertension. The neighborhood food environment is related to the risk of hypertension.
Effects of water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on hydrodynamic regulation of Taihu Lake

To study the effects of a water diversion project from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on the hydrodynamic regulation of Taihu Lake,mathematical models were used to simulate the hydrodynamic process.With the water age of the lake being the research focus,the hydrodynamic regulation of Taihu Lake by the project was systematically studied using the environmental fluid dynamics code(EFDC) model.The results show the following:(a) The effects of water diversion from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake on the hydrodynamic process in Taihu Lake were mainly determined by wind velocity,wind direction,and inflow of the lake.(b) The water age of Taihu Lake presented significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity,with a mean water age of approximately 130 days in the summer and 230 days in other seasons.(c) The dominant southeastly wind of the summer greatly enhanced the transport of the transferred water into the eastern lake area(the drinking water source area of Wuxi and Suzhou cities) and Meiliang Bay(a seriously polluted area of Taihu Lake),and improved water movement conditions in these areas.(d) The most efficient discharge of the water transferred from the Wangyu River into the lake,with consideration of costs and benefits,would be 100m3/s.
Spine update. Administrative databases in spine research.

The use of administrative health care databases for the storage and retrieval of information is increasing. The data collection, entry, and collation follows a pre dictable process for hospital admissions. Many conclusions have been drawn from research performed using administrative databases. These conclusions can have significant and important implications for patients, providers, and society at large, to the extent that such data inform participants in the current nealth care policy debate. In an effort to better understand the significance of conclusions drawn from studies that rely on electronic administrative databases as their source of information, the present report addresses the process, strengths, weaknesses, and future plans for the use of administra-five databases in spine research.
Non-Smad Signaling Pathways of the TGF-β Family

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-Smad signaling pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which non-Smad signaling pathways are directly activated in response to ligand binding, how activation of these pathways impinges on Smads and non-Smad targets, and how final cellular responses are affected in response to these noncanonical signaling modes.
Method of lightning warning based on atmospheric electric field and lightning location data

In view of the shortcomings of traditional lightning protection measures in the initiative defense, it is necessary to research lightning warning technology, which can provide decision support for avoiding the lightning strike risks of infrastructures. This paper adopted atmospheric electric field and time-differencial calculation, combined with prediction of lightning moving trend based on Lightning Location System, achieved the technology of small-scale and short-time lightning warning for targeted areas. Finally, its effectiveness and practicality are verified by applying this method to transmission line in power grid.
Solid Solution Strengthening of Titanium by Aluminium at Low Temperatures

ABSTRACT Solid solution strengthening of polycrystalline Ti by Al in the temperature range of 4.2-650K was investigated regarding the increase in yield stress, strain hardening and grain size hardening by concurrent measurements of the flow stress and the dislocation density. It was found that the flow stress σ increases linearly with the square root of the dislocation density ρ relatively independent of strain and grain size yielding σ = σ f (T, C i ,C s ) + αEb[p(e, d,C i ,C s )] 1/2 where E is Youngs modulus, b the Burgers vector and α a constant whose value is approximately 0.7 independent of temperature. C i and C s are the interstitial and substitutional solute contents, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the solid solution strengthening of Ti by Al consisted of two components: (a) that due to the increase in dislocation density for a given strain resulting from the Al atom additions and (b) that due to the interaction of mobile dislocations with the Al atoms. The strengthening due to the former is explained in terms of a long-range interaction between mobile dislocations and the dislocation structure; the latter was found to be in some accord with Friedel's model for solid solution strengthening.
Denied Access of Ions and Molecules to Axons in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease

Self-assembly of amyloid-beta peptide and the formation of fibers and plaques in extracellular space of the brain is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Whether and how fibers and plaques cause neurodegeneration remains unclear. Recently, we reported that amyloid fibers can further aggregate and form gels. Gels are known to eliminate bulk flow which is required for the circulation of ions and molecules essential for neuronal function. To understand how restriction of ions or molecules affects neurons, we examined the gels’ role in the propagation of nerve fibers’ action potential. Unlike amyloid fibers, fibrin, which forms gels fast, within a couple of minutes, was used to simulate amyloid fiber gels. We found a 40% reduction of the compound action potential when fibrin gel was formed outside frog sciatic nerve fiber epineuriums, a porous membrane wrapping around axon bundles. A 70% reduction of the action potential was recorded when fibrin was formed inside the epineurium. Fibrin encapsulating individual axons was verified under a confocal microscope when fluorescein-labeled fibrinogen was injected. Gelation also changes viscosity, which affects the diffusion of ions and molecules. An approximate 1.42-fold increase of microviscosity during fibrin gelation was revealed using a molecular rotor. Glycerol caused a concentration dependent reduction of the compound action potential. These results imply that the formation of amyloid plaques surrounding neuronal processes initially disrupt the propagation of action potential and then trigger the cascade of events leading to neuronal death seen in Alzheimer's disease. Denied access of the neurites to nutrients, signaling molecules, and/or waste drainage pathways might be responsible for the plaque's effect on the action potential and underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The methods introduced in the paper for the study of gelation's effect on action potential may have broad applications.
Tumor-Specific Mutations in Gliomas and their Implications for Immunotherapy

Gliomas have both an inherent tendency to progress to more advanced stages and a high propensity for recurrence following standard of care therapy. Their diffusely infiltrative nature and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are contributing factors toward the therapeutic difficulties observed in patients with glioma. Advances in sequencing technology have made it possible to sequence the genome of an individual patient's tumor, shedding light on the mutation spectrum of tumors and the identification of tumor-specific antigens. These data have and will continue to have significant implications in the field of glioma immunotherapy, which seeks to harness the power of the patient's immune system to target tumor-specific mutations, offering an ideal means of treating gliomas with minimal invasiveness and off-target collateral damage. In this chapter, we identify and discuss the immunotherapeutic implications of several tumor-specific mutations, including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H, epidermal growth factor receptor vIII, and mutations in H3F3A. Additionally, the fundamental preclinical trials and the promising data from completed clinical trials will be addressed.
Constrained Interleaved Coded Spatial Modulation (CICSM)

Constrained interleaved coded spatial modulation (CICSM) is introduced to best map coded bits in spatial modulation (SM) systems to achieve the highest possible minimum symbol Hamming distance and the highest possible minimum squared Euclidean distance. CICSM extends the known constrained interleaved coded modulation technique to spatial modulation. Joint coding and independent coding versions of CICSM are developed with normal mapping and higher-dimensional mapping. Powerful CICSM schemes that perform better than known coded SM schemes in the literature are designed with simple outer block codes.