cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations of Coping Style and Illness Variables in Ulcerative Colitis

The relationships of illness variables (demographic, illness-quality, treatment, lifestyle, and interpersonal) to the eight coping styles as measured by the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory were investigated in 38 adult patients with ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon, to identify coping styles important in managing this condition. Patients with ulcerative colitis were studied because this patient group has not demonstrated a characteristic personality profile and because the nature of the symptoms and disease pattern requires these patients to develop a long-standing coping style. Twelve significant correlations were found and explanations were proposed. The possibility that psychological treatment could alter illness variables and result in a more adaptive coping style was discussed with a suggestion for further investigation.
"I'm a survivor, go study that word and you'll see my name": adolescent and cancer identity work over the first year after diagnosis.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of cancer in adolescence is a significant challenge, particularly because of the developmental expectations of this life-stage, regarding autonomy and identity formation. Adolescents must assimilate cancer into their normative identity work. OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore and describe themes common to adolescents with cancer. METHODS A longitudinal qualitative descriptive design was used. Participants were interviewed up to 4 times during the first year after diagnosis, and inductive content analysis was used. RESULTS Fifteen adolescents participated. The most salient themes over time related to the development of adolescent identity, cancer identity, and integration of the two into an adolescent with cancer identity. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates the active role that adolescents with cancer take in constructing their identities both around their cancer and separate of it. Further research is needed to more fully delineate this process, but this research provides a framework for next steps. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding this process allows practitioners to provide anticipatory guidance for adolescents experiencing cancer, understanding their need for peer support (peers with cancer and without) as well as the need to normalize the cancer experience to the greatest extent possible.
Clinical Aspects of Platelet Inhibitors and Thrombus Formation

The platelet, once thought to be solely involved in clot formation, is now known to be a key mediator in various others processes such as inflammation, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Supported by the wealth of evidence from clinical trials demonstrating their benefits in patient outcomes, antiplatelet agents have become paramount in the prevention and management of various diseases involving the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial systems. Despite being among the most widely used and studied classes of medical therapies, new discoveries regarding important clinical aspects and properties of these agents continue to be made. As our understanding of platelet biology expands, more effective and safer novel therapies continue to be developed. The use of more refined agents in conjunction with a better understanding of their effects will further the ability to provide more optimized care on an individual basis.
The Mobilization Calendar: The Time-Dependent Effects of Personal Contact on Turnout

Recent studies hold out political mobilization as the possible solution to low and declining voter turnout. This research explores the effects of face-to-face mobilization efforts that, in the course of 7 months, reached more than 4,500 registered voters in a Florida State House primary race. Controlling for their past voting history, the mobilization effort did increase turnout by about 10% of the electorate. However, the effects were dependent on the timing of the contact, as more distant efforts to mobilize had a much weaker effect on turnout. The combination of distant contact aimed at an infrequent voter was especially ineffective in improving turnout. The results suggest that implementing more face-to-face mobilization efforts would increase turnout but that the window of opportunity for such efforts is limited.
The effects of poloxalene on ingestion by cattle grazing Lucerne

The mechanisms that terminate meals of cattle grazing lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) are not well defined. Sub-acute bloat may lead to cessation of grazing and, consequently, surface active substances used in the treatment and prevention of bloat, such as poloxalene, may extend grazing meals and increase herbage intake. Twelve mature Angus cows (Bos taurus) were offered 0, 12·5 and 25·0 g poloxalene in 0·5 kg of crushed maize (Zea mays L.) kernels each day, immediately before two consecutive 1-h measured parts of a grazing meal on 21- to 24-day-old lucerne swards with a herbage dry matter (DM) mass (> 5 cm) of 2·03 t ha−1 and herbage DM mass allowance of 3·55 kg hd−1h−1. Total herbage DM intake was 2·52 kg hd−1 during the first hour and 1·54 kg hd−1 during the second hour of the 2-h grazing meal. Differences in herbage intake were attributable to a cessation of grazing. Mean rates of biting were 26·3 and 14·8 bites min−1 and mean DM intakes per bite were 1·82 and 4·38 g during the first and second part of meals, respectively. Poloxalene treatments caused a small linear decline in grazing time during the first part of meals and a larger increase in grazing time during the second part of meals. Lower rates of DM intake caused by poloxalene were offset by increases in grazing time. It was concluded that poloxalene moderated ingestive behaviour within grazing meals of immature lucerne and this response may have been at least partly due to the relief of sub-acute bloat.
Mechanism of thermal energy charge transfer reactions: rare gas ions reacting with NH3 and PH3

Abstract Absolute rate constants and approximate product distributions are presented for the reactions of He + , Ne + , Ar + , Kr + , Xe + , CO + and CO + 2 with NH 3 and PH 3 . In all cases, electron transfer is the dominant reaction channel. Hydrogen atom transfer is observed in several systems, but only as a minor product, even when this channel is very exothermic. The magnitude of the absolute rate constants can be correlated with the Franck-Condon factors associated with the reactions in most cases. Several exceptions to this general rule are observed that could not be readily predicted a priori. It is speculated that these reactions proceed via a collision complex.
Glauconitic greensand: A possible filter of heavy metal cations from polluted waters

Experiments using distilled water, spiked with heavy metal cations and passed through a filtration system composed of greensand containing 80% glauconite at a rate of 2–4 ml/min, showed: (1) starting fluids containing Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Ag, or Zn had an average of 90% of the contaminating cation removed from acidic solutions and an average of 84% removed from the basic solutions; and, (2) filtration through greensand tended to neutralize both acidic and basic solutions. The removal of the contaminant cation from starting fluids containing K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, or Al (the principal constituents of glauconite plus Ca from shell material) is not as consistently effective as for the first named metals.
NMDA evokes an L-NAME sensitive spinal release of glutamate and citrulline

This study measured release of glutamate (GLU) and citrulline (CIT), an amino acid co-product of nitric oxide synthesis in response to spinal administration of NMDA. Rats were implanted with intrathecal (IT) catheters and microdialysis probes. Intrathecal NMDA evoked release of GLU and CIT (mean peak response 207 +/- 36 s.e.m. and 223 +/- 50% baseline, respectively). IT pretreatment with L-NAME (mean peak response 104 +/- 16 and 121 +/- 5% baseline, respectively), but not D-NAME, blocked evoked release of both GLU and CIT. Thus, activation of NMDA receptors results in extracellular release of GLU and nitric oxide. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase blocked evoked increases in extracellular GLU suggesting that augmented GLU release occurs secondary to nitric oxide production.
Does hyaluronic acid distribution in the larynx relate to the newborn's capacity for crying?

Objectives/Hypothesis: The newborn is heavily dependent on voice communication and therefore has relatively higher vocal demands and expenditures than the adult, the loudness output per mass performance exceeds that of the adult, and the newborn larynx exhibits significant histological and biochemical differences. The neonatal larynx is capable of sustaining relatively greater pitch and loudness than the adult over longer periods of time. This ability may be related to a more compact arrangement of collagen within the lamina propria, less interstitial space, and a uniform distribution of hyaluronic acid (HA). As HA is the primary determinant of vocal fold viscosity and water content, the distribution of HA in the superficial portion of the neonatal vocal fold is hypothesized to be related to newborn crying endurance. Our objective was to examine the histological structure and the quantity and arrangement of HA within the lamina propria of the pediatric larynx and review the relevant physiology of hyaluronic acid and its impact on voice production. Study Design: Histological and digital subtraction analysis. Methods: Intact, neonatal larynges were sourced from fresh cadaveric specimens. Trichrome stain was used to assess the collagen content and location in the tissues. HA was stained using a colloidal iron staining technique with and without incubation with bovine testicular hyaluronidase. Average optical density was calculated in tissue before and after treatment with hyaluronidase, and the stain intensity ratio was calculated. Results: A total of 14 larynges were suitable for examination, eight males and six females. Histological examination revealed a uniform appearance of the vocalfold without evidence of a distinct vocal ligament or layered structure. Colloidal iron staining revealed an even distribution of HA throughout the vocal fold with no significant difference between quadrants. Images of the colloidal iron-stained tissue had a mean pixel intensity of 82 of 255. Slides of vocal fold tissue treated with hyaluronidase revealed a pixel intensity of 106 of 255 for a 22% mean difference in stain intensity (P < .01). Conclusions: The identification of the layered structure of the adult lamina propria has raised a number of questions as to the development and purpose of the human larynx. Based on histological observations from the current study, possible explanations for the physiological differences include differences in the distribution and tissue concentration of HA and consequently dynamic viscosity, oncotic affinity for water, and less intercellular space in the superficial lamina propria.
Identification of surface chemical functional groups correlated to failure of reverse osmosis polymeric membranes

The goal of this study is to identify the causes of membrane failure observed during a 15-month operation of a low pressure reverse osmosis (RO) membrane pilot plant to treat a highly organic surface water from the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, using various surface analytical techniques. Three different commercial RO membranes, made of cellulose acetate or polyamide, were used in this pilot study, and all of these membranes showed performance deterioration presumably due to membrane fouling and degradation at given experimental conditions. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of membrane failure, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed on the surface of the polymeric RO membranes used. More specifically, molecular composition including surface functional groups were identified from XPS analysis, confirmed by FTIR, and correlated to membrane failure. In addi...
Let's Agree to Agree: Regional Interest Representation in the Negotiations for the 2007–13 and 2014–20 Structural Funds in Germany

The negotiating powers of regional authorities in the European Union (EU) have become more evident, especially with decentralization and regionalization happening across Europe. This empirical case study of regional interest representation offers a comparative analysis of the negotiations for the 2007–13 and 2014–20 EU Structural Funds. Based on qualitative interviews with German subnational officials, this paper explores how the German federal states (Lander) represented their interests at the federal and supranational level. It will be shown that the modes of interest representation changed which can largely be attributed to social learning. This article contributes to existing literature by illustrating the move towards co-operative interest representation with intra-state subnational mobilization.
Genetics of dark respiration and its relationship with drought hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir

Genetic variation in respiration parameters, and the relationships between respiration and drought hardiness were investigated in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Material included 3-year-old seedlings from 12 families grown under two treatments: control (well-watered) and drought (moderate drought the second growing season followed by severe drought the next year). Respiratory parameters measured were metabolic heat rate (q) and rate of CO 2 production (R CO ). Calculated parameters were the ratio of metabolic heat rate to CO 2 production rate (q/R CO2 ) specific growth rate (R SG ), and Arrhenius temperature coefficients of metabolic heat (μ q ) and CO 2 production (μ CO2 ). Growth traits measured were third-year increments of seedling height and diameter. Means of respiration traits were generally less in the drought treatment than in the control, with the exception of μ q , which increased under drought. Consistent increase in μ q and decrease in μ CO2 values in response to drought appear to suggest a differential influence of drought on the temperature dependence of ATP synthesis in catabolic reactions, and ATP breakdown in anabolic reactions or in futile cycles of dark respiration. Metabolic heat rates measured over a wide a range of temperatures (20 to 55 C) differed significantly between control and drought treatments for the most drought sensitive family, but not for drought hardy families. Variation among the 12 families in q (at 25 C) and μ CO2 were significant (p<0.05) when families were grown in the control treatment. Family means for height increments (r 2 =0.43 to 0.58; p<0.05) related negatively to respiration and diameter increments related positively to respiration traits (r 2 =0.34 to 0.56; p<0.05). Temperature coefficient of CO 2 production rate under control treatment was negatively associated with shoot damage (r 2 =0.34: p<0.05) suggesting that respiration traits may be useful for evaluating drought hardiness in this species.
The surface chemistry and kinetics of GaAs atomic layer epitaxy

Abstract We discuss the chemical and kinetic aspects of GaAs atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). Explanations of the stoichiometry problems of GaAs ALE are proposed. We review the proposed ALE mechanisms that deal with trimethylgallium exposure. Results conclusively invalidate the selective adsorption ALE mechanism. Kinetic results indicate that the GaAs surface is covered with CH 3 groups during typical ALE conditions, as proposed by the adsorbate inhibition mechanism. Measurements of excess gallium deposition at typical ALE partial pressures are in good agreement with predictions of a unimolecular reaction mechanism using kinetic parameters determined by surface science techniques. Two simple ALE kinetic models based on unimolecular surface reaction mechanisms are constructed and the predictions are in good agreement with atmospheric pressure ALE results. The possible role of the flux balance mechanism is discussed.
Implementation of the substring test by hashing

In a paper in the November 1970 Communications of the ACM, V.Y. Lum introduced a technique of file indexing named combined indices. This technique permitted decreased retrieval time at the cost of increased storage space. This paper examines combined indices under conditions of file usage with different fractions of retrieval and update. Tradeoff curves are developed to show minimal cost of file usage by grouping various partially combined indices.
The unexpected outcomes of medical research: serendipity and the Australia antigenBlumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. A new antigen in leukemia sera [J Am Med Assoc 1965;191:541–546]

The 'Australia Antigen' is found in the sera of some normal individuals from foreign populations. The total absence of the antigen from the sera of normal United States' subjects and its relatively high frequency in acute leukemia suggests that the presence of the antigen maybe of value in the diagnosis of early acute leukemia. Whether the antigen results from or precedes the leukemia process remains to be seen. (Abstract reproduced by permission of J Am Med Assoc 1965;191:541 - 546.) Many of the major discoveries in science have been the product of chance observations that were pursued by the curious mind to their plausible and provable explanation. Mendel's peas and, at least apocryphally, Newton's apple, come to mind as paradigm shifting observations that respectively opened the fields of genetics and established the laws of gravitation. Fleming's chance observation of the inhibition of bacterial growth in the presence of bread mold ultimately produced the first antibiotic. The unexpected link between the Australia antigen and the hepatitis B virus may be less encompassing than genetics or gravitation, but nonetheless is a classic example of a serendipitous observation pursued to major unexpected payoffs, including the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis, the development of a vaccine, the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma and laying the foundation for
Using Criteria of Effective Teaching To Judge Teacher Performance

After determining what good teaching is, list the criteria that will be used to judge how teachers perform in their classrooms. This is the thrust of the model described here.
The logic-to-hardware interface area of design automation

The logic-to-hardware interface area is concerned with the problems of translating a logic description into a high level physical description. The logic description is an interconnection of the primitive circuits, such as And's, Or's, Nor's, Flip-Flops, etc., that are to be used in the physical packages. A high level physical description takes into account, for example, partitioning of the logic into physical packages, but does not include relative placement of the primitive circuits within a package, or pin assignment, wire routing, etc.
Prospectus On Larval Cirriped Setation Formulae

[Le developpement des formules exprimant la disposition des soies chez les larves de Cirripedes est discute, ainsi que leurs inconvenients. On decrit ici une modification qui conserve cependant les avantages de l'ancien systeme. Le systeme propose se prete aux etudes comparatives aussi bien qu'aux etudes descriptives parce qu'il condense beaucoup d'informations et parce qu'il est de manipulation aisee; de ce fait, il devient inutile d'employer plus d'une formule. Ensuite, on peut observer que certaines configurations sont plus frequentes que d'autres chez differentes especes. On peut ainsi envisager de representer, dans la formule, la configuration qui se repete par un symbole unique, ce qui, non seulement simplifie la preparation de la formule, mais aussi la rend elle-meme plus comprehensible et plus pratique pour les recherches comparatives., Le developpement des formules exprimant la disposition des soies chez les larves de Cirripedes est discute, ainsi que leurs inconvenients. On decrit ici une modification qui conserve cependant les avantages de l'ancien systeme. Le systeme propose se prete aux etudes comparatives aussi bien qu'aux etudes descriptives parce qu'il condense beaucoup d'informations et parce qu'il est de manipulation aisee; de ce fait, il devient inutile d'employer plus d'une formule. Ensuite, on peut observer que certaines configurations sont plus frequentes que d'autres chez differentes especes. On peut ainsi envisager de representer, dans la formule, la configuration qui se repete par un symbole unique, ce qui, non seulement simplifie la preparation de la formule, mais aussi la rend elle-meme plus comprehensible et plus pratique pour les recherches comparatives.]
Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation and flutter and implications for management

Both electrophysiologic and anatomical substrates are important in the generation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation. This review discusses the nature of re-entrant wavefronts in atrial fibrillation and the importance of anatomical structures, such as the pectinate muscles, in the generation and maintenance of re-entry. The involvement of the pectinate muscle structure on intra-atrial re-entry may have significant implications for both ablation and pharmacologic management of patients with atrial fibrillation.
Automatically generating tutorials to enable middle school children to learn programming independently

Enabling middle school children to learn from code shared on the internet may provide computer science learning opportunities to those who would not otherwise have them. We augmented a programming environment designed for middle school children to automatically generate tutorials from code snippets in order to help users learn new programming skills. In our new system, users select code snippets from a program shared on the web and then complete an automatically generated tutorial in order to re-create that snippet within their own program. To evaluate the potential learning gains from our generated tutorials, we conducted a between-subjects study in which we evaluated the performance of children introduced to new programming constructs through automatically generated tutorials. Participants who used the automatically generated tutorials performed 64% better on a near transfer task compared to participants without generated tutorials.
The Thrombotic and Arrhythmogenic Risks of Perioperative NSAIDs

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; †Department of Internal Medicine, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. Address reprint requests to Neal Stuart Gerstein, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, MSC 10 6000, 2211 Lomas Blvd N.E. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87120. E-mail: ngerstein@gmail.com © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2601-0031$36.00/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2013.05.018
Talking and Listening from Women's Standpoint: Feminist Strategies for Interviewing and Analysis

This article combines feminist perspectives on women and language with a recent emphasis in qualitative methods on linguistic aspects of interview research. The feminist proposition that language is often incongruent with the realities of women's experiences provides an opening for methodological strategies aimed at the recovery and analysis of experiences that women often have difficulty articulating. Analytic strategies are discussed in relation to four research processes, each conceived in terms of language use: constructing topics, listening to respondents, transcribing and editing interview material, and writing about respondents' lives.
Angular distribution of fast protons from singly and doubly ionizing collisions with He.

Angular distributions of 3--9-MeV protons scattered in singly and doubly ionizing collisions with He have been measured. A sharp shoulder is seen at 0.55 mrad, a feature attributed to binary encounters between the projectile protons and quasifree target electrons. The ratio of double to single ionization of He is found to be nearly independent of scattering angle between 0.25 and 0.55 mrad and to have a value near 2% substantially lower than the ratio found in photoionization producing fast ejected electrons with the same energies.
Non-union of mandibulotomy sites following irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

Mandibulotomy improves surgical access to the oral cavity for the resection of tumours. Non-union of the mandibulotomy due to osteoradionecrosis has been observed in five patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, all of whom had radiotherapy either as the primary modality of treatment or for tumour recurrence. This paper reports this series of patients, discusses their management and highlights the risk factors for the development of osteoradionecrosis.
Chemical models for toxic metabolites of bromobenzene derivatives. Relative toxicity toward isolated hepatocytes

Abstract In the rat the hepatotoxicity of bromobenze e is greatly enhanced by the introduction of a cyano group adjacent to the bromine (i.e. o -bromobenzonitrile). Epoxide metabolites of these aryl halides are believed to be the actual toxic species, but epoxides of the latter compound also possess a second site of chemical reactivity not found in epoxides of bromobenzene, i.e. a Michael acceptor group formally related to acrylonitrile. Because these epoxides have never been isolated or synthesized for direct evaluation of their toxicity we have determined the toxicity toward isolated rat hepatocytes of a series of cyclohexene and cyclohexadiene derivatives containing epoxide and/or α,β-unsaturated nitrile functional groups. Simple epoxides and unsaturated nitriles were much less toxic than bromobenzene itself, even if both groups were present in the same molecule. However, α,β-unsaturated epoxides were found to be 2–3 times more toxic than bromobenzene, and at least 10 times more toxic than their saturated analogs, which is consistent with their relatively greater chemical reactivity. It is unlikely that Michael acceptor metabolites account for the increased toxicity of o -bromobenzonitrile relative to bromobenzene.
Optical properties of hollow calcium aluminate glass waveguides.

Calcium aluminate glass has a refractive index less than 1 at 10.6 μm, and therefore it is a good candidate for a hollow fiber for the transmission of CO2 laser energy. We have drawn hollow calcium aluminate glass fibers with inner diameters ranging from 380 to 500 μm. The loss for our 500-μm inner-diameter hollow glass fibers measured at 10.6 μm is 8.6 dB/m.
Occlusal splints may be of benefit in TMD, but there is little evidence for the use of occlusal adjustment

Objective A systematic review of occlusal splints and occlusal adjustments in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Data sources Medline (1966–1999), Embase, Index Medicus (1966–1980), Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, DARE and reference lists of retrieved papers. There were no language exclusions. Study selection Studies were included if they were randomised comparisons of occlusal splint therapy or occlusal adjustments to treat TMD and placebo, no-treatment or other interventions. Studies were scored for quality. Results Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria, 14 of splint therapy and four of occlusal adjustment. The overall quality of the trials was fairly low: the mean quality score was 0.43 (range, 0.12–0.78) out of a maximum score of 1.00. The most obvious methodological shortcomings were inadequate blinding, small sample sizes, short follow-up times, great diversity of outcome measures and numerous control treatments, some of unknown effectiveness. Splint therapy was found to be superior to three and comparable to 12 control treatments, and superior or comparable to four passive controls. Occlusal adjustment was found to be comparable to two and inferior to one control treatment, and comparable to the passive control in one study. Conclusion Occlusal splints may be of some benefit in the treatment of TMD but evidence for the use of occlusal adjustment is lacking. There is obviously a need for well-designed controlled studies to analyse current clinical practices.
The influence of fibers on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) as related to processing of composites

The effect of fiber reinforcement on the isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Unidirectional fiber composites were prepared using glass and aramid fibers in PET. The rate of crystallization, as reflected by crystallization half-time, and the degree of crystallinity of PET are seen to depend on the type of reinforcing fiber as well as on crystallization temperature. Crystallization kinetics are also analyzed using an Avrami model for the volume of polymer crystallized as a function of time. The crystalline morphology of PET in fiber-reinforced systems was studied using polarized light microscopy. Results concerning nucleation densities and growth morphologies are used in explaining differences seen in crystallization kinetics in fiber-reinforced systems.
The effect of hormone replacement on physical performance in community-dwelling elderly women

Abstract Purpose Our aim was to determine the effect of hormone replacement on physical performance measures, functional ability, physical activity, falls, and cognitive function in elderly women. Subjects and methods Following a 3-month, open-label, run-in phase, we randomized 373 community-dwelling women aged 65 years and older to receive conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg/day plus or minus medroxyprogesterone 2.5 mg/day vs placebo for 3 years in a double-blind fashion. We assessed time to rise from a chair, timed walking, balance, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly, Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination, and falls. Results Over 3 years, except for balance scores, performance measures declined significantly (all P Conclusion In elderly women, hormone replacement had no statistically significant effect on cognition or balance, nor did it prevent the age-related decline in physical measures of mobility, ability to rise from a chair, self-reported activities of daily living, physical activity scores, or falls.
Integrated numerical modeling of free electron laser oscillators

Abstract The nonideal characteristics of the electron beam have largely determined the performance of all free electron laser (FEL) oscillators that have operated up to the present time. A realistic quantitative theoretical assessment of FEL oscillator performance must therefore include a viable representation of the electron beam's characteristics, as well as the properties of the wiggler magnet and the optical resonator. This paper presents results of integrated numerical modeling of the Los Alamos FEL oscillator, using as input to the 3-D FEL simulation code FELEX, a numerically-generated electron pulse obtained from the accelerator code PARAMELA as a solution of a full model of the Los Alamos accelerator system (electron gun, accelerator cavities, and beam transport line).
SERT II experimental thrustor system.

Space electric rocket test /SERT/ II thrustor system, discussing flight worthiness and mercury bombardment discharges
On the stability-robustness of linear dynamical systems

The ability of a dynamical system to remain stable in the face of perturbations in values of the system's parameters/coefficients is an important safety-attribute in control-system analysis and design and is referred-to as "stability-robustness". The most fundamental question in the study of stability-robustness is to identify, or safely-approximate, the "extent/range" of parameter-variations for which the system remains stable, in some defined sense. In this paper we consider the class of "constant" linear dynamical systems and show that in some, seemingly-normal sub-cases, an asymptotically-stable, constant linear dynamical system can exhibit rather unusual non-robust stability features. An Example is presented and the unique structural-property characterizing the non-robust stability behavior is identified.
Recent Advances in Translational Work on Implantable Sensors

This review evaluates example technologies from the point-of-view of likely translation into human use, including regulatory clearance, insertion into common medical practice and reimbursability. The intent is to highlight recent innovations in implantable sensors with a focus on the translational process itself in a holistic fashion. As well as looking at success stories, this review will also examine several seemingly promising technologies that have failed for reasons having nothing to do with the operational aspects of the sensors and systems involved. Innovation must be viewed as a multifaceted process, all segments of which must be fully addressed to achieve success. No party to the process can work in isolation and expect to achieve the end goal of providing new advances to patients. This review will have succeeded if it provides the reader with a better appreciation of the complex environment in which implantable sensor discoveries that seek to be translated into human medicine must navigate.
Analysis of multiwave diffraction of thick gratings

A general coupled-wave formalism describing the multiwave diffraction properties of thick gratings is presented. The analysis is applicable to refractive-index-modulated and/or absorption-modulated gratings of any modulation strength. The gratings may be slanted, nonuniform with thickness, nonsinusoidal, and lossy. The incident wave (of arbitrary polarization) may be at any angle of incidence including all Bragg angles. Example multiwave diffraction efficiency characteristics are calculated for some representative grating thicknesses and refractive-index modulations for sinusoidal, square-wave, and sawtooth gratings.
A framework for technology management in services

Technology is playing an increasingly important role in many service industries. However, a survey of the existing classification systems of services shows that they are not designed specifically for the management of technology in services, and, thus, fall short when applied to such an environment. This paper describes and provides illustrations of a new framework which is useful for technology management in the service sector. The framework focuses on managing according to where the value is added in the service: in the technology (knowledge-embedded) or in the worker him/herself (knowledge-based). Additionally, the extent to which the service has a product component is also argued to be critical to the successful management of technology.
Making Behavioral Activation More Behavioral

Behavioral Activation, an efficacious treatment for depression, presents a behavioral theory of depression—emphasizing the need for clients to contact positive reinforcement—and a set of therapeutic techniques—emphasizing provision of instructions rather than therapeutic provision of reinforcement. An integration of Behavioral Activation with another behavioral treatment, Functional Analytic Psychotherapy, addresses this mismatch. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy provides a process for the therapeutic provision of immediate and natural reinforcement. This article presents this integration and offers theoretical and practical therapist guidelines on its application. Although the integration is largely theoretical, empirical data are presented in its support when available. The article ends with a discussion of future research directions.
Do Patient Expectations and Diagnostic Specificity Affect Outcomes in Pharmacological Trials in Pain Medicine

This issue of Pain Medicine publishes four articles describing clinical trials of medications for pain and an interesting cross-sectional study by Michael Robinson and colleagues that examines factors that contribute to a patient's evaluation of the success of treatment. The Robinson article suggests attention to patient expectations when designing clinical trials and interpreting their results and when planning treatment in the clinic [1]. Certain patients have higher expectations of treatment effectiveness (e.g., 3–4 points on an 11-point, 0–10 scale) than what heretofore has been assumed to be clinically meaningful change in pain scores (e.g., 2 points). Specifically they identified three categories of patients defined by their score on the Patient Centered Outcomes Questionnaire (PCOQ) included “Pain-Focused” (pain relief as the criterion of success), “Multifocused-Moderate” (moderate improvement in pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and function together as the criterion for success), and “Multifocused-High” (large improvement in pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and function together as the criterion for success). The predictive validity of these categories remains to be demonstrated both in longitudinal observational studies and in clinical trials. Nevertheless, their results suggest that clinicians would do well to consider patient expectations when negotiating treatment plans with their patients. Two of the clinical trial articles (Raskin et al. [2] and Matsumoto et al. [3]) present data on the efficacy of two relatively new medications, duloxetine and oxymorphone extended release, for conditions that are relatively common and well known clinically, diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthritis, respectively. The two other studies (Harden et al. [4] and Herrmann et al. [5]) present data on older medications, topiramate and lidocaine, that are tested in more novel circumstances. Comparing the studies, which have different aims and designs, provides some insight into the challenges posed to our field in developing and …
Consider it Internal

For years, companies have applied internal controls to their daily processes to alleviate errors, fraud, and misstatements while attempting to mitigate risk. This paper discusses the difference between Statement of Audit Standard: Consideration of Internal Control Structure in a Financial Statement Audit No. 55 and Statement of Audit Standard: Consideration of Internal Control in a Financial Statement Audit No. 78. It briefly describes the methods of internal control prior to the onset of SAS 55 and the problems faced in implementing the standard. This report also acknowledges COSO as the originator of the definition of internal control used in the amendment SAS 78. The five COSO components at the heart of SAS 78 are: Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Information & Communication, and Monitoring. It further discusses ERM as a revision to COSO’s original definition and questions why it was not implemented into the standard.
Mammary stem cells and cancer: roles of Wnt signaling in plain view

The likely roles of Wnt signaling in regulating mammary stem cell behavior have been much discussed, in part because they may underlie the oncogenic effects of Wnt signaling in mammary tissue. Two recent papers add important data to this field. One tests directly the effects of purified Wnt protein on mouse mammary stem cells in culture and finds a specific increase in the proportion of cells with self-renewing stem cell phenotypes. The second identifies a novel target gene of canonical Wnt signaling that may be expressed in stem cells and is induced in both mouse and human mammary tumors associated with Wnt pathway activation.
Signal sampling and propagation through multiple cell layers in the retina: modeling and analysis with multirate filtering

The retina is a multilayered structure. Each layer consists of one or more classes of cell, each at its own density and with its own anatomic and physiologic properties. Signals converge from many cells in one layer onto single cells in another layer, and a signal from a single cell diverges to many cells in the next layer. In this methods paper we develop a general approach to retinal analysis and modeling that incorporates multiple cell classes, their densities, and related anatomic properties. The method is based on multirate filtering, a branch of signal processing in which signals of different sampling rates are manipulated. By drawing a correspondence between cell density and signal sampling rate, we define multirate models that incorporate different cell densities, convergence, divergence, variation in dendritic field shape, cell-to-cell variation in synaptic weights, and other anatomic features. We develop the multirate approach and apply it to the cat cone ⇒ cone bipolar CBb1 ⇒ on-β ganglion cell pathway as an example. We calculate the spatial frequency responses of the CBb1 and on-β cells based on the cone spatial frequency response and find that the attenuation of high frequencies in the cones prevents aliasing that would otherwise occur in CBb1 and on-β cells. We compare the calculations with cat psychophysics. We show that the optics of the cat eye are insufficient in themselves for the prevention of aliasing in these cells; additional attenuation by the cone–cone gap junctions and the cone aperture is necessary. By including this postreceptoral filtering, we demonstrate that the highest spatial frequency that can be passed by the retina without aliasing is determined not always only by the densities of cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells but also by the synaptic and the dendritic weighting between these cells.
Detection by Time Reversal: Single Antenna

This paper studies the binary hypothesis test of detecting the presence or absence of a target in a highly cluttered environment by using time reversal. In time reversal, the backscatter of a signal transmitted into a scattering environment is recorded, delayed, energy normalized, and retransmitted through the medium. We consider two versions of the test-target channel frequency response assumed known or unknown-and, for each version, contrast two approaches: conventional detection (where no time reversal occurs) and time reversal detection. This leads to four alternative formulations for which we derive the optimal detector and the generalized likelihood ratio test, when the target channel frequency response is known or unknown, respectively. We derive analytical expressions for the error probabilities and the threshold for all detectors, with the exception of the time reversal generalized likelihood ratio test. Experiments with real-world electromagnetic data for two channels (free space with a target immersed in 20 scatterers and a duct channel) confirm the analytical results and show that time reversal detection provides significant gains over conventional detection. This gain is explained by the empirical distribution or type of the target channel frequency response-richer scattering channels induce types with heavier tails and larger time reversal detection gains
Modified balloon assisted coil embolization for the treatment of intracranial and cervical arterial aneurysms using coaxial dual lumen balloon microcatheters: initial experience

Introduction Traditional balloon assisted coil embolization techniques for intracranial aneurysms require a single lumen balloon to remodel the aneurysm neck and a separate microcatheter to place coils. Here we report utilization of a single coaxial dual balloon microcatheter to achieve both coil placement and neck remodeling in a series of intracranial and cervical arterial aneurysms. Materials and methods A series of five patients, including two with subarachnoid hemorrhage, presented to our institution with wide necked oblong aneurysms (8–30 mm maximum diameter). Coil embolization in four of these aneurysms was performed by advancing the tip of either a 4×10 mm Scepter C or a 4×11 mm Scepter XC balloon microcatheter (Microvention, Tustin, USA) into the aneurysm, inflating the balloon at the aneurysm neck, and placing the coils through the same microcatheter. In the fifth patient, who had a giant aneurysm at the top of the basilar artery, two Scepter XC balloon microcatheters were placed side by side and inflated simultaneously at the neck of the aneurysm; coil embolization was then successfully performed through both Scepter XC microcatheters. Results Coil embolization was successfully performed with this technique in all five aneurysms. There was no instance of aneurysm rupture, thromboembolic complications, occlusion of branch vessels near the aneurysm neck, or prolapse of coil loops into the parent vessel. Conclusions Aneurysmal neck remodeling and coil embolization can both be achieved using a single coaxial dual lumen balloon microcatheter in selected oblong intracranial and cervical arterial aneurysms.
Display Rules for Anger, Sadness, and Pain: It Depends on Who Is Watching

This study examined factors that may influence children's decisions to control or express their emotions including type of emotion (anger, sadness, physical pain), type of audience (mother, father, peer, alone), age, and sex. Children's reported use of display rules, reasons for their decisions, and reported method of expression were examined. Subjects were 32 boys and 32 girls in each of the first (M = 7.25 years old), third (M = 9.33 years old), and fifth grades (M = 11.75 years old). Regardless of the type of emotion experienced, children reported controlling their expression of emotion significantly more in the presence of peers than when they were with either their mother or father or when they were alone. Younger children reported expressing sadness and anger significantly more often than did older children, and girls were more likely than boys to report expressing sadness and pain. Children's primary reason for controlling their emotional expressions was the expectation of a negative interpersonal interaction following disclosure.
Clinical characteristics and surgical approach to visually significant persistent pupillary membranes

Background Infants with hyperplastic persistent pupillary membranes (PPM) may be at risk for deprivation amblyopia due to obstructions of the visual axis. We describe the long-term visual and anatomic outcomes of a surgical technique for their removal. Methods The medical records of consecutive patients Results This case series included 10 eyes of 6 patients: PPMs were bilateral in 4 patients and unilateral in 2. The patient age at time of surgery ranged from 2.5 months to 2.5 years (mean, 14 months). Mean postoperative follow-up was 5.3 years (range, 2.5-8 years). All patients had successful clearance of the visual axis and good visual acuity. No intraoperative complications occurred. Conclusions All patients in this series had excellent visual and structural outcomes, with no significant complications. The technique described here may be considered for patients with visually significant PPMs to improve visual function and pupil appearance.
Results and observations from the measurement of DOC and DON in seawater using a high-temperature catalytic oxidation technique

Operating temperatures for the high-temperature catalytic oxidation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater were evaluated for optimization of total dissolved nitrogen analysis. In addition, the possibility of NO2 being produced upon combustion, a gas not seen by the detector used here, was explored. Finally, some concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in coastal waters are reported. NO was most efficiently passed through the combustion furnace at temperatures 40°C or more above the 680°C temperature recommended earlier for DOM analysis. NO2 was apparently not an important product of combustion, as an NO2 calibration gas was efficiently converted to NO in the furnace and because the addition of a ferrous sulfate NO2 converter did not result in significant increases in the detector response. DOC and DON concentrations were determined in seawater collected from three coastal sites—Santa Monica Basin and Monterey Bay in California and the Bering Sea inner shelf. The highest near-surface concentration of DOC reported here (123μM at 20 m) was found in Monterey Bay, and the lowest value (72 μM at 20m) was found in the Bering Sea. The highest DON concentration found in the surface 50 m was 6.0 μM in Santa Monica Basin.