cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatile compounds in five starches

ABSTRACT Volatile compounds in commercial wheat, corn, potato, waxy corn, and tapioca starches and in laboratory-prepared wheat, corn, and potato starches were collected, separated, and identified by a purge and trap concentrator (P&T) interfaced to a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a Fourier transform infrared detector (FTIRD) and a mass selective detector (MSD). Hexanal was the most abundant compound in the corn and potato starches and in the laboratory-prepared wheat starch as determined by total ion chromatogram (TIC) peak areas. Hexanal was the third most abundant compound in commercial wheat starch after 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and benzaldehyde. Among the volatile organics, the level of aldehydes was the highest, followed by alcohols, ketones, benzenes, esters, and terpenes. Specific compounds identified, the majority of which appear to be degradation products of lipid peroxidation, include hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, 2-propanone, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexan...
Augmenting home and office environments

In this panel, we describe different techniques and applications of augmenting home and office environments. One application of augmented environments is to provide additional information associated with the environment via visual and / or auditory cues. Other applications assist users hi controlling aspects of their environment. Commercial opportunities in home automation allow people to more easily operate complex systems for temperature control, security, and maintenance. There are numerous research issues in designing augmented environments such as how multimodal input and output can be used effectively. Many of these systems need to assume some knowledge of the user?s intent and context. How to capture and interpret information about users in these environments is an open question. We will describe these issues during this panel as well as discuss with the ASSETS community how these efforts can be applied to the realm of assistive technology.
A Probabilistic Analysis of Multiple-drug Testing Procedures in Sports Doping Control

Athletes engaged in competition, particularly those involved in international competitions such as the Olympics, are increasingly being tested for a greater variety of banned substances; it is not unusual for tests to be conducted for 100 drugs and another 400 as metabolites. Previous studies related to the accuracy of drug testing processes have failed to properly consider the effects of testing for more than one drug. In order to identify appropriate indicators for the multiple-drug case, probability theory and accuracy concepts applicable to testing for multiple drugs are developed and applied to illustrative data. The probability that a drug-free individual will test positive for drug use is shown to be much higher than indicated by previous studies, and it is shown that an increase in the number of drugs tested for yields an approximately proportionate increase in the probability that a positive test result is erroneous. Therefore, while testing for one drug may result in a comfortably low rate of false accusations of drug use, testing for multiple drugs may well result in an unacceptably high rate. Finally, a set of empirical measures is suggested for use in cases of tests for multiple drugs; the measures will provide for comparability among laboratory proficiency studies.
Microbial and Chemical Additives in Alfalfa-Timothy Silage

Abstract Mature alfalfa-timothy forage to which were added .125, .25, or .5% ammonia, one of two combinations of microbial additives, a microbial carrier, formic acid, or nothing (control) was ensiled in evacuated or nonevacuated double polyethylene bags to simulate good and poor ensiling. Forages were allowed to ferment for 28 days, after which they were sampled and analyzed to characterize differences in fermentation, protein, and carbohydrates. Forages from both evacuated and unevacuated bags appeared properly fermented. Microbial additives had no significant effect on response variables. Thus, it is unlikely that forage ensiled under good conditions will benefit from the microbial additives used in this experiment. Added ammonia increased the crude protein content from 9.2 to 15.1% of the dry matter at the largest addition. Recovery of added ammonia was high, ranging from 86 to 100% except for relatively low recovery (59%) from evacuated bags at the highest (.5% of wet forage) ammonia. Dry matter concentration was less in ammonia-treated silage than in silages treated with microbes or microbial carriers. In contrast to ammonia-treated silages, formic acid treatment increased concentration of dry matter. Formic acid silage also had the lowest concentration of lactic acid, indicating that addition of formic acid limited the extent of fermentation.
Synthesis of 3,7-Dialkylthieno[2’,3’:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]thieno[2,3-d]thiophenes (DCnFT4) and their Application in Semi-conducting Polymers

Recently much interest has been directed toward solution processable polymeric semi-conductor materials containing thiophene based moieties.[1] In particular, dialkylated tetrathienoacene (fused thiophene) copolymers have been used as high mobility semiconductors in field-effect transistors with a field-effect hole mobility exceeding 0.3 cm2/Vs.[2] Expansion of this class of materials to include new materials with either linear (DCnFT4) or branched (DbCnFT4) di-alkyl-substituted fused thiophenes has been achieved with the development of two distinct synthetic routes for ring formation and the introduction of the side-chains. DC17FT4 was prepared from tetrabromothieno[3,2-b]thiophene through a sequence of diketone formation, cyclization, hydrolysis and decarboxylation. Synthesis of the new compound di-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-FT4 (DbC8FT4) has been accomplished in a more complex 8 step process, featuring a mono-ketone-ester as a key intermediate. DCnFT4 can be brominated in the 2- and 6-positions with NBS. The dibromide can then be used to form copolymers through cross coupling reactions. These polymers are solution processable semi-conductors. The polymers have been characterized by GPC and within organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) devices.
Transcriptional activity and substrate recognition of cyclin T2 from P-TEFb

Transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is regulated by the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which contains Cdk9 and a C-type cyclin (CycT1, CycT2a, CycT2b, or CycK). Whereas their N-terminal cylin boxes are almost identical, the C-terminal sequences of CycT1 and CycT2 are divergent. Previously, a histidine-rich stretch in CycT1 was found to bind the CTD of RNAPII and direct the transcriptional activity of this P-TEFb complex when tethered artificially to DNA. The global repressor PIE-1 from C. elegans blocked its effects. In this study, C-terminal truncations of CycT2 past its histidine-rich stretch, to a leucine-rich region next to its cyclin boxes, still maintained appreciable transcriptional activity. Moreover, this domain bound RNAPII via its CTD and PIE-1 blocked its effects. Thus, CycT2 not only contains two domains that target RNAPII but this substrate recognition is necessary for its transcriptional activity via DNA.
Fluorescent antibody technique to identify Azospirillum brasilense associated with roots of grasses

Abstract Bacteria associated with roots of grasses from Florida, Ecuador and Venezuela were isolated and their N 2 -fixing ability was demonstrated by C 2 H 2 reduction assay. The bacterial isolates have been classified as Azospirillum brasilense (formerly Spirillum lipoferum ). These N 2 -fixing isolates have been compared with several Brazilian strains. Fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques were used to assist identifying isolates of N 2 -fixing bacteria from grass roots. Tests with antisera prepared against four strains of Azospirillum were used to define serological groups. Antigen-antibody specificity was demonstrated using both Azotobacter and Azospirillum antisera against known species of other soil microorganisms and numerous unidentified soil bacteria. Several applications of the FA technique are suggested to identify N 2 -fixing bacteria associated with grass roots.
Bacteriogenic Sulfur in Air Pollution

On a yearly basis, the major source of atmospheric sulfur compounds in and near Salt Lake City, Utah, is industrial. Isotopic studies suggest that the next most important source is bacteriogenic sulfur released by anaerobes from muds. On a seasonal basis, the bacteriogenic source of sulfur compounds may rival the industrial source in importance.
The Secret Policemen's Ball: the United States, Russia and the international order after 11 September

In this article, Anatol Lieven argues that the collapse of the Soviet and communist threats and the triumph of capitalism and bourgeois values gave the United States an unprecedented chance to act as a status quo hegemon, dominating the world with the consent of other major powers. The United States threw up this chance by acting instead as a ‘dissatisfied’ and even revolutionary power, creating a sense of menace and resentment across much of the world. After the 11 September attacks, the near-global threat of Sunni Islamist terrorism and revolution gives the United States another opportunity to rally much of the world behind it, in a kind of new ‘Holy Alliance’ of states against threats from below. But by mixing up the struggle against terrorism with a very different effort at preventing nuclear proliferation, and by refusing to take the interests of other states into account, the US risks missing this opportunity for a second time, and endangering itself and its closest allies such as Britain.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science: XII. Gerald J. Wasserburg

In this interview, Gerald J. (Jerry) Wasserburg recounts how he entered the Geology Department at the University of Chicago in 1948 but switched to a major in physics, while maintaining links with geology, particularly geochemistry. He earned his Ph.D. in 1954 with a thesis on the new technique of potassium-argon dating under Harold C. Urey and Mark Inghram. After spending a year at Chicago as a post-doctoral research fellow with Urey, he joined the faculty at the California Institute of Technology where he ultimately advanced to the title of John D. MacArthur Professor of Geology and Geophysics. In the early 1960s, Wasserburg sought to achieve unprecedented sensitivity and precision in isotopic measurements by designing and directing the construction of the first digital output with magnet switching and on-line processing computercontrolled mass spectrometer. He promptly named his unique instrument, “Lunatic I,” and his laboratory, the “Lunatic Asylum.” Using that instrument and later ones, Wasserburg and his research group identified specific nucleosynthetic processes that produced isotopic anomalies in inclusions found in meteorites; investigated the origin and evolution of planetary bodies from the solar nebula; dated the oldest components in meteorites and in terrestrial and lunar rocks; and studied the oxygen in presolar grains and the astrophysical models of AGB stars. In addition to his labors in science, he served on policy-making committees and worked with other members to seek the highest standards for receiving and processing lunar samples and other planetary materials, and to forestall the elimination of the final three Apollo missions. Wasserburg has received many honors, including several honorary doctorates from universities at home and abroad, and the prestigious Crafoord Prize bestowed on him in 1986 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1975, the Meteoritical Society awarded him its Leonard Medal and in 1987–1988, he served as President of the Society.
The reproduction number R(t) in structured and nonstructured populations.

Using daily counts of newly infected individuals, Wallinga and Teunis (WT) introduced a conceptually simple method to estimate the number of secondary cases per primary case ($R_t$) for a given day. The method requires an estimate of the generation interval probability density function (pdf), which specifies the probabilities for the times between symptom onset in a primary case and symptom onset in a corresponding secondary case. Other methods to estimate $R_t$ are based on explicit models such as the SIR model; therefore, one might expect the WT method to be more robust to departures from SIR-type behavior. This paper uses simulated data to compare the quality of daily $R_t$ estimates based on a SIR model to those using the WT method for both structured (classical SIR assumptions are violated) and nonstructured (classical SIR assumptions hold) populations. By using detailed simulations that record the infection day of each new infection and the donor-recipient identities, the true $R_t$ and the generation interval pdf is known with negligible error. We find that the generation interval pdf is time dependent in all cases, which agrees with recent results reported elsewhere. We also find that the WT method performs essentially the same in the structured populations (except for a spatial network) as it does in the nonstructured population. And, the WT method does as well or better than a SIR-model based method in three of the four structured populations. Therefore, even if the contact patterns are heterogeneous as in the structured populations evaluated here, the WT method provides reasonable estimates of $R_t$, as does the SIR method.
General Assistance in Norwich, Connecticut

Mr. Bill was quite eloquent about his strategies for living on $300 a month. He pays $63 dollars a week for his room; in a five-week month, this will equal more than his check. His only source of clothes is the local Hope Shop. Sometimes he takes his clothes into the shower to clean them, and sometimes he throws them away. He tries to eat two meals a day at the soup kitchen (they are open for breakfast and lunch), although the food makes him ill. Mr. Bill has applied for SSI, but he has been denied twice and is now classified as employable. He said that the first thing he would do if he got more money would be to buy a car, so that he could look for work (field notes, July 1993).
Choosing government R&D policies: Tax incentives vs. direct funding

A major policy debate continues in many industrialized nations over the rationales for government support of technology development. This debate is unstructured due to the weakness of the underlying economics. Government intervention at any stage in the economic process is based on the recognition of market failure. In the case of technology-based markets, a rather vague allusion to excessive risk is often the best rationale put forward. Real risk/reward ratios are often distorted, leading to underinvestment, but the causes are several and vary significantly in character. As a result of this variance, the appropriate policy response also varies, ranging from varying tax incentives to direct government funding of R&D.
Flow-directed inlining

A flow-directed inlining strategy uses information derived from control-flow analysis to specialize and inline procedures for functional and object-oriented languages. Since it uses control-flow analysis to identify candidate call sites, flow-directed inlining can inline procedures whose relationships to their call sites are not apparent. For instance, procedures defined in other modules, passed as arguments, returned as values, or extracted from data structures can all be inlined. Flow-directed inlining specializes procedures for particular call sites, and can selectively inline a particular procedure at some call sites but not at others. Finally, flow-directed inlining encourages modular implementations: control-flow analysis, inlining, and post-inlining optimizations are all orthogonal components. Results from a prototype implementation indicate that this strategy effectively reduces procedure call overhead and leads to significant reduction in execution time.
Sexual Dimorphism in Number of Rostral Teeth of the Sawfish, Pristis perotteti Müller and Henle, 1841

Abstract Rostral tooth counts were made of 211 sawfish (Pristis perotteti) from the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan System. The number of teeth is established early in development and it changes only on accidental loss of teeth, which are not replaced. The average number on the left side is equal to that on the right, but in individuals, either side may have as many as three more teeth than the other. Female tooth counts average 15.94 per side and range from 14 to 18, while males average 18.00 with a range of 16 to 20. Within litters, this dimorphism is also evident, but somewhat less overlap occurs between sexes. On the basis of only three males and three females, P. pectinatus does not appear to exhibit the same dimorphism.
The Restaurant Revolution-Growth, Change and Strategy in the International Foodservice Industry

Summary This paper reports the results of a two-year investigation into the forces driving change in the global foodservice industry and the identification and analysis of competitive methods used by multinationals to respond to these forces. The five forces identified are: (1) globalization and economic change, (2) a knowledge based environment, (3) the future labor force and its entrants, (4) concern for well being, and (5) threatened natural resources. The competitive methods as identified by analyzing multinational foodservice firms are: (1) strategic expansion into the international marketplace, (2) investment in technological development, (3) internal competency development, (4) effective communication to target markets, and (5) competitive pricing strategies. Using the co-alignment model of strategy as the underpinning of the analysis it was determined that multinational firms have responded well to the forces of globalization and economic change, and the knowledge based environment. However, it ap...
An Improved Method to Obtain Reliable Production and EUR Prediction for Wells with Short Production History in Tight/Shale Reservoirs

Horizontal wells with multistage fracturing completion, a relatively mature technology, have been applied to the development of tight/shale reservoirs for years. However, it still remains an industry challenge to reasonably predict future production profiles and expected ultimate recoveries (EURs) in very tight wells. Recently, a number of new methods, being either empirical or analytical, have been introduced to the industry. However, doubts have been raised for their suitability in wells having production history less than 2 to 3 years. This paper presents an improved method based on Valko’s Stretch Exponential Production Decline (SEPD) by employing a new specialized plot to find all parameters that are essential to production forecast. This newly developed method (also called the Modified SEPD Method or YM-SEPD Method) is much easier to use, and most importantly it will yield a more reliable production forecast and EUR estimation in wells having very short production history, compared to all other currently available methods. Hundreds of horizontal wells including both oil and gas wells, from various formations (Cadomin, Montney, Notikewin, Cardium, Barnett Shale etc.) and under different hydraulic fracturing conditions, have been analyzed using this YM-SEPD Method. Results have indicated that both EURs and production forecasts can be easily predicted for wells having two to three years of production history. For wells having less than 2 years of production history, this YM-SEPD method will also be able to yield a reasonable production prediction by coupling it with another empirical method. A close examination on characteristics of the production decline curve, derived from this YM-SEPD method, has revealed the reasons of why this improved method can better predict production performance and EUR in tight horizontal wells. Furthermore, this YM-SEPD method can also provide a very useful mean of identifying the PSS flow of horizontal wells in very tight reservoirs. Both real and synthetic oil & gas well examples are presented in the paper to illustrate the advantages of using this improved method.
Failure to demonstrate reperfusion injury following ischaemia of the equine large colon using dimethyl sulphoxide.

Summary A study was undertaken to evaluate the significance and mechanism of reperfusion injury in the equine large colon following 1 h of haemorrhagic strangulation obstruction (HSO) or ischaemic strangulation obstruction (ISO) and to assess the effect of treatment with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). ISO or HSO were created 40 cm from the pelvic flexure and maintained for 60 mins under general anaesthesia. Normal saline or 20 per cent DMSO (1g/kg bodyweight) was administered intravenously 10 mins prior to the end of the ischaemic period. Four groups of four horses in a 2 times 2 factorial design were used. Treatments of HSO or ISO and DMSO given (yes or no) were utilised. Intestinal wall biopsies and right colic arterial and venous blood samples were taken at 0, 60, 90 and 120 mins following initiation of the obstructions. Histological evaluation of the intestine using haematoxylin and eosin stained sections and immunohistochemical staining for albumin were performed. Mucosal and serum reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidised glutathione (GSSG) levels and the amount of lymphatic dilatation with albumin and submucosal pooling of albumin were used as indirect measures of oxygen free radical production. Histopathological changes were minimal after 1 h of either type of ischaemia. Progressive changes during the post ischaemic period were minimal for ISO and moderate for HSO. Serum GSH and GSSG levels were not detectable. There was no demonstrable benefit of DMSO treatment as assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry or preservation of GSH levels in the mucosa. In conclusion, a reperfusion injury following 60 mins of ischaemia could not be detected in this study.
Asymptotic Behavior of Heavy Column and Riser Stability Boundaries

Columns, marine risers, pipelines, hydraulic columns, and legs of tension leg platforms can be modelled for customary Euler buckling analysis by a single model which, in its most general form, applies to risers. Previous work has shown that numerical algorithms fail to provide stability boundaries for long risers. Asymptotic analyses for long columns have been developed as early as 1941 but the results are either incomplete or incorrect. The goals of this paper are to develop a long-column buckling theory, indicate errors in holding theories, and complete the numerical data available in the literature.
Pressure-Induced Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions: Kinetics of Phase Separation and Crossover from Nucleation and Growth to Spinodal Decomposition in Solutions of Polyethylene in n-Pentane

The kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation (PIPS) in solutions of polyethylene (Mw = 108 000, PDI = 1.32) in n-pentane has been studied using time- and angle-resolved light scattering. Controlled pressure quench experiments were conducted at different polymer concentrations (0.49, 0.97, 2.07, 2.8, 4.1, 5.0, and 10.8% by mass) to determine both the binodal and spinodal envelopes and the critical polymer concentration. At each concentration, a series of rapid pressure quenches with different depths of penetration into the region of immiscibility were imposed, and the time evolutions of the scattered light intensities were followed to determine the pressure below which the mechanism changes from “nucleation and growth” to “spinodal decomposition”. The crossover is identified from the characteristic fingerprint scattering patterns associated with each mechanism. The spinodal decomposition process is characterized by the formation and evolution of a spinodal ring during phase separation that leads to a ...
Cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 systemic viral controllers: absence of HIV-1 RNA and intrathecal inflammation.

BACKGROUND A subset of HIV-infected patients, termed 'elite' viral controllers, maintain undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy. In this group, host-mediated viral control may be accompanied by chronic systemic inflammation. It is unknown whether either infection or chronic inflammation is present within the central nervous system of these individuals. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA and biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation in eight controllers (plasma HIV RNA levels <50 copies/ml) with 26 HIV-uninfected individuals, 25 untreated individuals HIV-infected, viremic individuals, and 23 HIV-infected individuals with treatment-mediated viral suppression (plasma HIV RNA levels <50 copies/ml). RESULTS All controllers had CSF HIV RNA levels below 2.5 copies/ml. CSF white blood cell (WBC) counts and CSF: plasma albumin ratios in the controllers were similar to those in both HIV-uninfected individuals and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected individuals. CSF neopterin, MCP-1, and IP-10 concentrations were also not different in the controllers from either HIV-uninfected or treated HIV-infected individuals. CONCLUSION The character of CSF HIV infection and degree of immunoactivation in controllers is comparable to that of HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected individuals, but distinct from that of untreated, viremic HIV-infected individuals.
Top-down control analysis of the cadmium effects on molluscan mitochondria and the mechanisms of cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal and an important environmental pollutant that can strongly affect mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in animals. We investigated the mechanisms of Cd action on m...
Haploinsufficiency of E-selectin ligand-1 is associated with reduced atherosclerotic plaque macrophage content while complete deficiency leads to early embryonic lethality in mice

E-selectin-1 (ESL-1), also known as golgi complex-localized glycoprotein-1 (GLG1), homocysteine-rich fibroblast growth factor receptor (CGR-1), and latent transforming growth factor-β complex protein 1 (LTCP-1), is a multifunctional protein with widespread tissue distribution. To determine the functional consequences of ESL-1 deficiency, mice were generated carrying an ESL-1 gene trap. After backcrossing to C57BL6/J for 6 generations, mice heterozygous for the gene trap (ESL-1(+/-)) were intercrossed to produce ESL-1(-/-) mice, however ESL-1(-/-) mice were not viable, even at embryonic day E10.5. To determine the effect of heterozygous ESL-1 deficiency on atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE(-/-)), ESL-1(+/-) mice were generated and fed western diet. Compared to ApoE(-/-), ESL-1(+)(/)(+) mice, atherosclerotic lesions from ApoE(-/-), ESL-1(+/-) contained more collagen and fewer macrophages, suggesting increased plaque stability. In conclusion, heterozygous deficiency of ESL-1 is associated with features of increased atherosclerotic plaque stability while complete deficiency of ESL-1 leads to embryonic lethality.
Effects of intrahepatic canine islet autotransplantation on the portal vein pressure and liver function.

Abstract Currently, the most common method used for human islet transplantation is intrahepatic implantation via the portal vein, which may affect portal vein pressure and liver function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intrahepatic canine islet autotransplantation on portal vein pressure and liver function. After total pancreatectomy was performed in 30 mongrel dogs, islets were isolated and transplanted back into the portal vein of the same dog. In our series, 12 dogs achieved normoglycemia (fasting glucose
Intraocular pressure measurement in the newborn.

Intraocular pressure measurements were made with the Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer. A Storz Sauer infant eyelid speculum was modified by wrapping a closed loop of fine soft wire around its arms ad­ jacent to the hinge (Fig. 1). The tonometer prism tip and speculum were soaked in a 1:3,000 solution of mercuric chloride in dis­ tilled water and then dried with sterile pads. The topical anesthetic was proparacaine HC1 •0.5% (Ophthetic). Fluorescein was applied from dye-impregnated paper strips (FluorI-Strip-A.T.).
Relationship of Citrus Limonoid Structure to Feeding Deterrence Against Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Five natural and semisynthetic Iimonoids and a synthetic model of Iimonin were tested against fifth instar fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Antifeedant activity was absent in both deoxylimonin and tetrahydrolimonin, demonstrating the necessity of the furan system and epoxide group for activity. A synthetic model that incorporated the furan system and epoxide group demonstrated activity higher than the parent compound, Iimonin. Epilimonol was equal in antifeedant activity to Iimonin, indicating that the addition of a hydroxyl to the 7 position of the B-ring did not increase or reduce activity. Nomilin was the most active of the Iimonoids tested. A feeding deterrent simulation experiment indicated that the mode of action of the active Iimonoids was feeding deterrence.
Tunable multiwavelength fiber lasers and their applications

We summarize our recent work on the development of multi-wavelength fiber lasers. The multi-wavelength fiber laser is constructed by all-fiber components and capable of continuous tuning in absolute wavelength and discrete tuning in wavelength spacing. One of the key components of the multi-wavelength fiber laser is a novel fiber comb filter. First, we will discuss the novel fiber comb filters based on fiber Lyot and Sagnac filters. Second, we will discuss multi-segment all-PM fiber ring lasers based on the fiber comb filters to demonstrate the concept of tunable multi-wavelength laser sources with continuous tuning in absolute wavelength and discrete tuning in wavelength spacing. The tuning method is based on birefringence filtering properties of a segmented all-PM fiber ring resonator. Based on this method, we show a discrete wavelength spacing of dual-wavelength output from 0.9 to 2.5 nm and continuous wavelength tuning over 10 nm. The demonstrated lasers can be easily modified to tune over a greater wavelength spacing and absolute wavelength range.
Infrared reflectivity measurements of a superconducting energy scale in Rb3C60

AN understanding of the superconductivity and other electronic properties of the alkali-metal-doped fullerenes1 will require measurements of their solid-state physical properties. In the normal state one would like to know the electron effective mass, the Fermi energy and conduction bandwidth, and the mean free path for electron transport; the superconducting state, meanwhile, can be characterized at the most basic level by length and energy scales such as the coherence length, penetration depth and superconducting energy gap. Here we describe the use of far-infrared reflectivity measurements to probe the low-energy response of Rb3C60. We derive a value for the characteristic energy scale associated with reflectivity, which allows us to estimate a value for the gap energy 2δ of 3–5 kTC, in reasonable agreement with tunnelling measurements2. Combining this result with data obtained in previous studies, we estimate other length and energy scales, such as the bandwidth and penetration depth.
Information and the Likelihood Function in Exponential Families

Abstract A very strong relationship between the directed Kullback divergence and the likelihood function emerges simply and naturally in the context of exponential families. The directed Kullback divergence is an information-theoretic measure of the distance from one distribution to another.
Vibrational control of a non-linear elastic panel

The paper is concerned with the stabilization of the non-linear panel oscillation by an active control. The control is actuated by a combination of additive and parametric vibrational forces. A general method of vibrational control is presented for stabilizing panel vibration satisfying a non-linear beam equation. To obtain analytical results, a perturbation technique is used in the case of weak non-linearity. Possible application to the other type of problems is briefly discussed.
Sampling with Field Burden Constraints: An Application to Sheltered Homeless and Low-Income Housed Women

In this article, the authors present a statistically efficient, cost-effective way of collecting a probability sample in the presence of certain field burden constraints: restrictions on the maximum number of participants that can be sampled within a given institution and a small population size relative to the sample size dictated by the study aims. The authors suggest the use of disproportionate stratified random sampling as an alternative to two-stage sampling under these circumstances and illustrate how to account, via weighting, for the participants’ differential probabilities of inclusion. They describe their approach with respect to a study of impoverished women, for which this sampling scheme was quite effective.
Infrasonic harmonic tremor and degassing bursts from Halema'uma'u Crater, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

[1] The formation, evolution, collapse, and subsequent resurrection of a vent within Halema'uma'u Crater, Kilauea Volcano, produced energetic and varied degassing signals recorded by a nearby infrasound array between 2008 and early 2009. After 25 years of quiescence, a vent-clearing explosive burst on 19 March 2008 produced a clear, complex acoustic signal. Near-continuous harmonic infrasonic tremor followed this burst until 4 December 2008, when a period of decreased degassing occurred. The tremor spectra suggest volume oscillation and reverberation of a shallow gas-filled cavity beneath the vent. The dominant tremor peak can be sustained through Helmholtz oscillations of the cavity, while the secondary tremor peak and overtones are interpreted assuming acoustic resonance. The dominant tremor frequency matches the oscillation frequency of the gas emanating from the vent observed by video. Tremor spectra and power are also correlated with cavity geometry and dynamics, with the cavity depth estimated at ∼219 m and volume ∼3 × 106 m3 in November 2008. Over 21 varied degassing bursts were observed with extended burst durations and frequency content consistent with a transient release of gas exciting the cavity into resonance. Correlation of infrasound with seismicity suggests an open system connecting the atmosphere to the seismic excitation process at depth. Numerous degassing bursts produced very long period (0.03–0.1 Hz) infrasound, the first recorded at Kilauea, indicative of long-duration atmospheric accelerations. Kilauea infrasound appears controlled by the exsolution of gas from the magma, and the interaction of this gas with the conduits and cavities confining it.
Perfection and the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Teleology, and Motives.

Using Burke's theory of perfection, this essay explores the vocabularies of nuclear weapons in US. public discourse and bow “the Bomb” as a God term “bas gained imbalanced ascendancy in centers of power.”
Characteristic features of large structures in compressible mixing layers

The large structures of compressible mixing layers have been investigated using planar laser Mie scattering visualizations from condensed ethanol droplets in the flow. Large ensembles of digital images were collected for 10 cases, corresponding to combinations of 3 distinct conditions of compressibility, 2 different image planes, and 2 seeding methods. The three flow conditions were at relative Mach numbers of 0.63, 0.98, and 1.49. The two-dimensional spatial covariance field was computed for each ensemble to characterize the typical large structure observed within the mixing layer. The spatial covariances of the transverse views indicate that the structures are elongated and compressed toward the streamline flow direction with increasing compressibility. Covariances of the oblique images help quantify the influence of compressibility on the three-dimensional nature of the structures, as evidenced by an increase in size and a reduction in eccentricity of the obliquely imaged structures with increasing compressibility.
Computational Aspects of Elasto-Plastic Deformation in Polycrystalline Solids

The overall elasto-plastic behavior of single crystals is governed by individual slips oncrystallographic planes, which occur when the resolved shear stress on a critical slipsystem reaches a certain maximum value. The challenge lies in identifying the activatedslip systems for a given load increment since the process involves selection from a poolof linearly dependent slip systems. In this paper, we use an “ultimate algorithm” forthe numerical integration of the elasto-plastic constitutive equation for single crystals.The term ultimate indicates exact integration of the elasto-plastic constitutive equationand explicit tracking of the sequence of slip system activation. We implement the algo-rithm into a ﬁnite element code and report the performance for polycrystals subjectedto complicated loading paths including non-proportional and reverse/cyclic loading atdifferent crystal orientations. It is shown that the ultimate algorithm is comparable tothe widely used radial return algorithm for J
Localization of CapZ during myofibrillogenesis in cultured chicken muscle.

Actin filaments undergo dramatic changes in their organization during myofibrilloenesis. In mature skeletal muscle, both CapZ and the barbed end of the actin filaments are located at Z-discs. In vitro, CapZ binds the barbed end of actin filaments and prevents actin subunit addition and loss; CapZ also nucleates actin polymerization in vitro. Taken together, these properties suggest that CapZ may function to organize actin filaments during myofibrillogenesis. We report here that the amount of CapZ in myofibrils from adult chicken pectoral muscle is sufficient to “cap” each actin filament of the sacromere. Double inmmunofluorescence microscopy of skeletal muscle cells in culture was used to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of CapZ relative to actin, α-actinin, titin, and myosin during myofibrilloenesis. Of particular interest was the assembly of CapZ at nascent Z-discs in relation to the organization of actin filaments in nascent myofibrils. In myoblasts and young myotubes, CapZ was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm. As myotubes matured, CapZ was initially observed in a uniform distribution along non-striated actin filaments called stress fiber-like structures (SFLS). CapZ was observed in a periodic pattern characteristic of mature Z-discs along the SFLS prior to the appearance of a striated staining pattern for actin. In older myotubes, when actin was observed in a pattern characteristic of I-bands, CapZ was distributed in a periodic pattern characteristic of mature Z-discs. The finding that CapZ was assembled at nascent Z-discs before actin was observed in a striated pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that CapZ directs the location and polarity of actin filaments during I-band formation in skeletal muscle cells. The assembly of CapZ at nascent Z-disc structures also was observed relative to the assembly of sarcomeric α-actinin, titin, and thick filaments. Titin and myosin were observed in structures having the organization of mature sarcomeres prior to the appearance of CapZ at nascent Z-discs. The distribution of CapZ and sarcomeric α-actinin in young myotubes was not coincident; in older myotubes, both CapZ and α-actinin were co-localized at Z-discs. In cardiac myocytes, CapZ was detected at Z-discs and was distributed in a punctate pattern throughout the cytoplasm. CapZ also was co-localized with A-CAM and vinculin at cell-cell junctions formed by the myocytes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motion of the heliospheric termination shock - A gas dynamic model

A simple quantitative model is presented for the heliospheric termination shock's anticipated movement in response to upstream solar wind condition variations, under the assumption that the termination shock is initially a strong gasdynamic shock that is at rest relative to the sun, and that there is a discontinuous increase or decrease in the dynamical pressure upstream of the shock. The model suggests that the termination shock is constantly in motion, and that the mean position of the shock lies near the mean equilibrium position which corresponds to the balance between the mean solar wind dynamical pressure and the mean interstellar pressure.
Structure, Aggregation and Characterization of Nanoparticles

### Structural aspects of natural nanomaterials A large number of mineral species occur only as micron-sized and smaller crystallites. This includes most of the iron and manganese oxyhydroxide minerals, and other species whose formation processes and growth conditions limit ultimate size. Microscopic investigation of these species generally reveals sub-micron structure down to the nanometer level, including evidence of aggregation, agglomeration and assembly of nanometer units into larger crystals and clots. The bulk of studies in the literature dealing with nanoparticle structure and growth deal with metals, silicon, and other semiconductor materials. A great deal of attention has been given to the electronic properties of such solids, owing to both new commercial applications and new fundamental physics and chemistry tied to this area. Most applicable mineralogical or geochemical studies have not addressed the same issues, instead being more concerned with relatively bulk chemical properties. Very little has been done to understand how natural nanoparticulates (and related types of natural nanomaterials) form, how their microstructure is related to the growth process, and how their structure varies from larger crystallites or bulk material of the same composition. Magnetic and electronic properties of natural nanomaterials are similarly understudied. In this chapter aspects of nucleation, aggregation and growth processes that give rise to specific microstructures and forms of nanomaterials are considered. Next the way in which the surface structure of nanoparticulates may differ from the interior, and how physical structure may be modified by reduced particle size is examined. The various techniques by which nanoparticle structure, size, microstructure, shape and size distribution are determined are then considered with examples. Finally some of the outstanding problems associated with nanoparticle structure and growth are identified, emphasizing natural processes and compositions. ### Definitions Naturally occurring nanomaterials exist in a variety of complex forms. In this chapter a short set of definitions will be stated for clarity. …
HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTIONS ON SPACES OF FIBERS

Abstract Geometric methods for systems of partial differential equations and multiple integral problems in the calculus of variations lead naturally to differentiable manifolds that resemble fiber bundles but do not possess a structure group; in terms of local coordinates, π:B→Mn|(xi, qα)→(xi), dim(B) = N + n, dim(Mn) = n. The standard notions of horizontal distributions, horizontal and vertical subspaces of T(B), T(B) = V(B) ⊕ H(B), horizontal lifts of curves in Mn, and horizontal and vertical dual subspaces with Λ1(B) = V*(B) ⊕ H*(B) are shown to be well defined in B. The absence of a structure group is compensated for by an analysis based on the homogeneous ideals V and H that are generated by the canonical bases of V*(B) and H*(B), respectively. The differential system constructed from the generators of the horizontal ideal is shown to lead to a unique system of connection 1-forms and torsion 2-forms under the requirements that they have vacuous intersections with the horizontal ideal. The horizontal ...
Design, development, integration: space shuttle primary flight software system

The development of Space Shuttle software posed unique requirements above and beyond raw size (30 times larger than Saturn V software), complexity, and criticality.
Effects of Processing Parameters on the Evolution of Microstructure and Hole Expansion Property of F/B Dual Phase Steels

With the development of auto industry, the F/B dual phase steels were widely used in wheel and underpan due to their lower cost and higher hole expansion property. In the present investigation, the effects of the finishing rolling temperature and initial cooling temperature of ultra fast cooling (UFC) on microstructure and hole expansion property of a low carbon C-Mn steel were investigated using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It has been found that lowering the finishing rolling temperature can refine the microstructure and the volume fraction of ferrite is increased as the initial cooling temperature of UFC is lowered. Furthermore, both lowering the finishing rolling temperature and the initial cooling temperature of UFC can improve hole expansion property.
The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New

No Matter which authority we consult on the English Poor Laws in the nineteenth century the same conclusion emerge: the Old Poor Law demoralized the working class, promotedd population growth, lowered wasges, reduced rents, destroyed yeomanry, and compounded the burden on retepayes; the poverty which it relieved; the problem of devising an efficeient public relief system was finally solved with the passaage of the“harsh but salutry” Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. So Unanimous are both the indictment and the verdit of historians on this question that we may forego the pleasure of citing “chapter and verse.”
Immune Globulin for Intravenous Use: Enhancement of in Vitro Opsonophagocytic Activity of Neonatal Serum

Neonates born with less-than-protective levels of transplacentally derived specific antibody are at risk for the development of disease due to type III, group B Streptococcus (III-GBS). The effect of immune serum globulin modified for intravenous use (MISG) on in vitro opsonophagocytosis of III-GBS was evaluated. Cord blood was obtained from 13 healthy, full-term neonates, and bactericidal activity for III-GBS was measured. Before the addition of MISG, one of three serum specimens with moderate levels of antibody to III-GBS, and eight of 10 specimens with low antibody levels demonstrated no bactericidal activity. The mean bactericidal index increased from 27.1% before the addition of MISG to 96.5% with MISG added in a volume equal to that of serum. The effect of MISG on opsonophagocytosis decreased with its dilution in buffer, and no effect was shown at dilutions greater than or equal to 1:4. Thus, MISG can substantially increase in vitro opsonophagocytosis of III-GBS in sera from newborns.
Even the Abstract have Color: Consensus in Word-Colour Associations

Colour is a key component in the successful dissemination of information. Since many real-world concepts are associated with colour, for example danger with red, linguistic information is often complemented with the use of appropriate colours in information visualization and product marketing. Yet, there is no comprehensive resource that captures concept--colour associations. We present a method to create a large word--colour association lexicon by crowdsourcing. A word-choice question was used to obtain sense-level annotations and to ensure data quality. We focus especially on abstract concepts and emotions to show that even they tend to have strong colour associations. Thus, using the right colours can not only improve semantic coherence, but also inspire the desired emotional response.