cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new probe for surface magnetism: Polarized neutron reflection

Abstract A beam of polarized neutrons of wavelength λ is reflected by a magnetized surface with an intensity R±(λ), where R is related by optical laws to the refractive index n± = nN ± nM of the material. While the nuclear refractive index nM is constant for a homogeneous body, nM is proportional to the magnetic induction B(z), where z is the distance from the surface. A perturbation of B close to the surface may alter the reflectivity R±(λ) sufficiently to allow for its detection. In the case of a superconductor in an external magnetic field (below Hc1) B(z) is non-zero only close to the surface; numerical calculations appropriate to niobium show that neutron reflection can determine the penetration length within 10%. For elemental ferromagnets the magnetism at the surface is increasingly perturbed as the temperature approaches the Curie point; in nickel the perturbation should become detectable at 0.85Tc. An effort is underway to test experimentally these ideas with a polarized neutron mirror at IPNS, using all neutron wavelengths above a cutoff of 4 A, and the sample environments appropriate to the study of the two classes of magnetic phenomena at the surface.
EFFECTS OF PAPAIN, FICIN AND SPLEEN ENZYMES ON TEXTURAL, VISUAL, COOKING AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BEEF BULLOCK RESTRUCTURED STEAKS

Twelve blends were formulated from young bullocks to contain 0, 0.125, 0.250 or 0.375% spleen extract, papain or ficin enzymes. All blends were analyzed for chemical, sensory and visual properties. Control blends were superior to all enzyme treated restructured steaks for flavor desirability and overall satisfaction ratings. Type and level of enzyme significantly decreased fat and increased moisture percentages, and the enzymatic degradation of the myofibril caused emulsion instability. Cooking loss and cooking time were longer for blends made with enzymes as the protein matrix was denatured extensively. Storage time was reduced significantly with the addition of spleen enzymes and all restructured steaks were undesirable for raw appearance ratings. Restructured steaks formulated with these enzymes had reduced connective tissue amount; however, the proper level of these enzymes needs to be studied further in order to minimize the problems in binding and sensory properties.
Perceptions of cost constraints, resource limitations, and rationing in United States intensive care units: results of a national survey.

Objective:To examine cost constraints, resource limitations, and rationing within U.S. intensive care units (ICUs) as perceived by ICU clinicians and the roles of ICU physician and nurse directors in resource allocation decisions.Design:A national survey of hospitals with ICUs.Setting:The study incl
Protective personality characteristics among adolescent victims of maltreatment

The purpose of this research was to examine whether personality characteristics, locus of control orientation, and self-esteem were protective against depression among female adolescent victims of maltreatment and to examine whether the presence of these characteristics was related to the age of the victim when maltreatment began. Thirty-three maltreated adolescent females and a comparison group of 112 nonmaltreated female adolescents were administered a questionnaire containing scales measuring locus of control orientation, self-esteem, and depression. Results revealed that personality characteristics interacted with maltreatment status in predicting depression, suggesting that they are protective factors. Results also revealed that adolescents who first experienced maltreatment during childhood were significantly less likely than those who first experienced maltreatment during adolescence to have these protective personality characteristics.
Effects of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) on dissolved oxygen in natural waters

Abstract Comprehensive laboratory and field experiments were performed to determine the potential effects of the experimental deicing agent calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. A companion paper covers the overall results of these experiments. This paper concentrates on the leading concern to emerge from the testing, the potential for CMA to deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) in water bodies. In laboratory biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) experiments, 100 mg CMA/1, at the high end of the concentration routinely expected in highway runoff, completely depleted oxygen within 2 days at 20°C. A concentration of 10 mg/1 caused a net depletion of about 4.5 and 7.0 mg O2/l for reagent-grade and corn-based CMA, respectively. This extra oxygen demand was created by the corn-based CMA even though the two products had equal acetate concentrations. Most of the extra demand can probably be attributed to the presence of butyrate as a contaminant in the corn-based CMA. The rate of DO depletion was strongly dependent on temperature. While the rate appeared to follow an Arrhenius relationship with temperature, the classic, first-order BOD equation did not represent initial DO depletion well at low temperatures. An alternative model was proposed for this region, where depletion better followed a logistic-type curve, probably in direct proportion to the growth of bacteria. Oxygen depletion after CMA additions was also observed in microcosm ecosystems and field ponds, although reaeration reduced net depletion compared to the BOD experiments. When ice covered one of the ponds, a large DO drop occurred following a relatively small CMA inflow. It is recommended that CMA applications be avoided in situations where receiving waters are close to the road, have a low dilution potential, or support populations of fish sensitive to low oxygen levels. Applications during late spring storms and where there is potential for CMA runoff to get into ice-covered water bodies are also discouraged.
Analyzing molecular properties calculated with two-component relativistic methods using spin-free natural bond orbitals: NMR spin-spin coupling constants.

An analysis method for static linear response properties employing two-component (spin-orbit) relativistic density functional theory along with scalar relativistic “natural localized molecular orbitals” (NLMOs) and “natural bond orbitals” (NBOs) has been developed. The spin-orbit NLMO/NBO analysis has been applied to study the indirect spin-spin coupling (J-coupling) constants in Tl–I, PbH4, and a dinuclear Pt–Tl bonded complex with a very large Pt–Tl coupling constant (expt.: 146.8kHz). For Tl–I it is shown that the analysis scheme based on scalar relativistic NLMOs is applicable even if spin-orbit coupling is responsible for most of the coupling’s magnitude. For PbH4 it is shown that electron delocalization plays a much larger role for the Pb–H coupling than it is the case for the C–H coupling in methane. For the Pt–Tl complex the analysis clearly demonstrates the strong influence of the ligands on the Pt–Tl coupling constant and quantifies the effect of the delocalization of the Pt–Tl bond on the Pt–Tl...
Progestin Permeation through Polymer Membranes II: Diffusion Studies on Hydrogel Membranes

The potential use of hydrogels in controlled-release drug delivery systems for contraceptive steroids was investigated. The permeabilities, diffusion coefficients, and partition coefficients for progesterone were determined for hydrogels made from hydroxyethyl methacrylate containing varying amounts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In addition, copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate with methoxyethyl methacrylate and methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate were investigated. The results were interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of permeation of progesterone through the hydrogels. This study showed that progesterone permeated these membranes primarily through loose pores in the hydrogel network except at high concentrations of the cross-linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, where dissolution and diffusion of the progesterone in the polymer network was the dominant mechanism.
Selective reversal of H-2-linked genetic unresponsiveness to lysozymes. II. Alteration in the T helper/T suppressor balance, owing to gene(s) linked to Ir-2, leads to responsiveness in BALB.B.

Immune responsiveness to lysozyme in H-2b mice is under the control of H-2-linked Ir genes, with T suppressor (Ts) cells playing a dominant role in strains such as C57BL/6 (B6), C57BL/10 and A.BY. However, non-H-2-genes were found to be capable of specific reversal of the effect of the H-2-linked genes in responsiveness to chicken lysozyme (HEL), but not to human lysozyme (HUL). Therefore, studies were performed to identify any lesion in the suppressor circuit in BALB.B. It was known that HUL-induced suppressor cells could cross-suppress the anti-HEL response in B10.Q mice, which are responsive to HEL but nonresponsive to HUL. Similarly, BALB.B Ts cells were able to suppress the anti-HEL response, using as T helper (Th) source a T cell line (BB-l), derived from HEL-primed BALB.B periaortic and inguinal lymph node cells. A protocol designed to examine the in vivo suppression by the use of HUL-induced suppressor cells also demonstrated a significant suppression to the anti-HEL response. Since the suppressive circuitry seemed intact in the BALB.B, the possibility was examined that a step in T-B cell collaboration was more efficient in this strain than in the B6 nonresponder. With a B6-derived HEL-specific T cell line, BO1H, the B cell and antigen-presenting (B/APC) populations from B6 required addition of concanavalin A supernatant for anti-HEL antibody formation, whereas BALB.B B/APC were capable of responding to HEL in culture without the addition of concanavalin A supernatant. In agreement with this finding, when B/APC cell populations from BALB.B and B6 were compared for their extent of anti-HEL responsiveness, as measured with BB-1 Th cells, BALB.B B/APC populations responded significantly higher than B6 populations when the responses were activated by picogram/nanogram amounts of HEL. The response level of (BALB.B × B6)F1 B/APC measured in the same assay resembled that of B6. However, when HEL was used at the microgram level, both B6 and BALB.B strains responded equivalently. The above data are consistent with the expression of the reversing non-H-2 Ir gene(s) resulting from the balance of antigen presentation to Th and Ts cells in the H-2b mouse. In the B6, processing and handling of antigen may be inefficient in activating response-enhancing Th, and more effective in triggering Ts cells, while the reverse may be true for the BALB.B.
Interpretation of hormone removal experiments in barley aleurone layers

Summary Barley aleurone layers incubated in 10 -6 -10 -5 M gibberellic acid (GA) for llh were subjected to repeated rinsing in large volumes of buffer over a two hour period to remove the hormone. Reincubation of the rinsed tissue in buffer minus GA resulted in a substantial reduction in α-amylase secretion, compared to the unrinsed control, which was only partially reversed by adding GA to the incubation medium. The nonreversible inhibition was not due to GA removal during the rinse since including GA in the rinsing buffer did not prevent the effect. A comparison of the protein synthesis profiles in GA-rinsed versus non-rinsed tissue revealed dramatic differences which were unlike the differences obtained with the GA antagonist, abscisic acid (ABA). It is suggested that rinsing causes wounding and alters protein metabolism in aleurone layers.
Severance taxes and market structure in an exhaustible resource industry

Abstract This paper compares the effects of a severance tax on profit-maximizing competitive and monopolistic firms which explore and produce an exhaustible resource. The producers' response to the tax are studied and the deadweight losses from the tax are calculated. Time paths of exploratory effort, extraction, and price are computed. Severance taxes lead both producers to reduce production and exploration and cause a shift in the time path for prices. The deadweight losses from the tax are low, especially in competition. The losses in the monopoly case are relatively higher, with the tax burden falling mainly on the monopolistic producer.
Correlations between x-ray outbursts and relativistic ejections in the x-ray transient GRO J1655-40

The detection of x-ray and radio emission from the recently discovered transient source X-ray Nova Scorpii 1994 (GRO J1655 - 40), is reported.
A geometric obstruction to the contact type property

Prompted by the existence results for periodic orbits on energy surfaces, in 1979 A. Weinstein introduced the following concept ([We2]): Let (M, ω) be a symplectic manifold, i.e. a manifold M of even dimension 2n with a nondegenerate closed 2-form ω. A hypersurface S ⊂ M (throughout this paper all hypersurfaces are assumed to be smooth without boundary) is said to be of contact type if there exists a 1-form λ on S such that (i) dλ = ω|S , and (ii) λ ∧ (dλ)n−1 is a volume form on S.
Left Atrial Pseudotumor

In 29 per cent of unselected anteroposterior chest tomograms a portion of the left atrium presents as an apparent mass below the right intermediate bronchus. Criteria for its identification and differentiation from significant tumors are presented.
Chronic hypoxia does not induce synaptic plasticity in the phrenic nucleus.

Abstract Interruption of the main descending respiratory drive to phrenic motoneurons by cold block or spinal cord hemisection results in morphological modifications of the ipsilateral phrenic nucleus in the rat. The modifications consist of an increase in the number of multiple synapses and dendrodendritic appositions and elongation of the asymmetric and symmetric synaptic active zones. Hemisection and hemispinalization by cold block cause not only “functional deafferentation” of the ipsilateral phrenic neurons (i.e., a loss of ipsilateral descending respiratory drive), but also an increase in the remaining contralateral descending respiratory drive. The contralateral respiratory pathways connect with phrenic motoneurons ipsilateral to cold block or hemisection by decussating collateral axons which cross the spinal cord midline below the hemisection/cold block site. Thus, the phrenic nucleus synaptic plasticity could possibly be induced by functional deafferentation or by an increase of the descending respiratory drive. To differentiate between these two possible inducers of the plasticity, we assessed the synaptic morphology of the phrenic nucleus of nonoperated rats exposed to 48 h of hypoxia in an atmosphere chamber. The hypoxia exposure produces an increased descending respiratory drive without functional deafferentation. The quantitative data extracted from electron micrographs of the phrenic nucleus from four experimental rats were compared with the data from four normal breathing animals. Phrenic nucleus morphometric analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the mean number of single synapses between the samples from control animals (141 ± 12.12) and the experimental animals (156 ± 26.73). Similarly, no significant difference was detected in the total number of synaptic active zones of control animals (178.25 ± 11.13) and experimental animals (195.05 ± 5.35). Furthermore, the length of synaptic active zones of asymmetrical synapses (0.21 ± 0.024 μm) or symmetrical synapses (0.22 ± 0.022 μm) did not change significantly compared to the synaptic active zone length in control animals (0.21 ± 0.018 μm for asymmetrical and 0.21 ± 0.010 μm for symmetrical). We conclude that no synaptic plasticity occurs in the phrenic nucleus without functional deafferentation in spite of an increase in descending respiratory drive. Therefore functional deafferentation may be the primary inducer of phrenic nucleus synaptic plasticity occurring after hemisection or cold block.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF APIXABAN COMPARED WITH WARFARIN FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS TAKING CONCOMITANT ASPIRIN

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently also have CAD or other indications for aspirin. We aim to define the efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with AF who are taking and not taking aspirin. ARISTOTLE included 18,201 patients randomized to apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin.
Kinetic model for production and metabolism of very low density lipoprotein triglycerides. Evidence for a slow production pathway and results for normolipidemic subjects

A model for the synthesis and degradation of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) in man is proposed to explain plasma VLDL-TG radioactivity data from studies conducted over a 48-h interval after injection of glycerol labeled with 14C, 3H, or both. The curve describing the radioactivity of plasma VLDL triglycerides reaches a maximum at about 2 h, after which the decay is biphasic in all cases; the late curvature becoming evident only after 8--12 h. To fit the complex curve, it was necessary to postulate two pathways for the incorporation of plasma glycerol into VLDL-TG, one much slower than the other. A process of stepwise delipidation of VLDL in the plasma compartment, previously proposed for VLDL apoprotein models, was also necessary. Predicted VLDL-TG synthesis rates calculated with this model can differ significantly from those based on experiments of shorter duration in which the slow VLDL-TG component is not apparent. The results of these studies strongly support the interpretation that the late, slow component of the VLDL-TG activity curve is predominantly due to the slowly turning-over precursor compartment in the conversion pathway and is not due either to a slow compartment in the labeled precursor, plasma free glycerol, or to an exchange of plasma VLDL-TG with an extravascular compartment. It also cannot, in these studies, be attributed to a slowly turning-over VLDL-TG moiety in the plasma. The model was tested with data from 59 studies including normal subjects and patients with obesity and(or) various forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. Good fits were obtained in all cases, and the estimated parameter values and their uncertainties for 13 normolipemic nonobese subjects are presented. Sensitivty testing was carried out to determine how critical various parameter estimations are to the assumptions introduced in the modeling.
Abstract B57: Oncostatin M promotes progression of Pten-deficient prostate cancer

Abstract Chronic inflammation has been proposed to play a crucial role in several cancers including gastric, pancreatic, colon and lung, with recent evidence suggesting involvement in prostate cancer. While both interleukin 6 (IL6) and the related cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) have been implicated in prostate cancer, there have been few studies using in vivo models. To address this issue, we employed a dissociated prostate tissue recombination system using epithelium derived from conditional Pten knockout mice. Loss of Pten is common in prostate cancer and generates an intermediate murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) lesion in our system, providing an ideal means to assess functional synergy. We hypothesize that increased expression of these cytokines in the prostate microenvironment will promote malignant progression of intermediate prostate cancer lesions. Paracrine expression of IL6 did not transform naive prostate epithelium nor did it exhibit functional synergy with Pten null epithelium in our system. Grafts expressing OSM alone did not transform naive tissue, though in contrast, presented dramatic functional synergy with loss of Pten in prostate epithelium. Loss of Pten combined with OSM exhibited progression to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Transformed tissues displayed loss of cytokeratin expression with down-regulation and mis-localization of e-cadherin. These tumors exhibit activation of several pathways downstream of OSM signaling including STAT3 and Erk1/2 as seen by immunohistochemical analysis. Further, we interrogated the role of OSM in promoting hormone refractory prostate cancer by castrating host animals following tumor establishment. Loss of Pten alone failed to progress beyond mPIN lesions and eventually regressed at 6 months post castration. In dramatic contrast, grafts expressing the OSM ligand exhibited initial regression with castration resistant growth following a latency period, recapitulating events commonly observed in human disease. Our evidence suggests that in the context of Pten loss, IL6 does not appear to promote prostate malignancy in the murine system. Conversely, we have identified that OSM synergizes with loss of Pten to promote aggressive prostate malignancy. Paracrine expression of OSM results in activation of several pathways, providing a means to interrogate hierarchy within signaling modules in the context of prostate cancer progression. Our study further indicates that OSM could play a role in promoting castration resistance, allowing investigation of potential points for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Daniel A. Smith, Yang Zong, Atsushi Kiba, Owen N. Witte. Oncostatin M promotes progression of Pten-deficient prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B57.
A Simulation Model of Information Systems Security

The value of IS security is evaluated by simulating interactions between an information system, its users, and a population of attackers. Results suggest that the marginal value of additional security may be positive or negative as can the time rate of change of system value. This implies that IT security policy makers should be aware of where they are in the state space before setting IT security policy.
Self-propagating, high-temperature combustion synthesis of rhombohedral AlPt thin films

Sputter-deposited, Al/Pt multilayer thin films of various designs exhibited rapid, self-propagating, high-temperature reactions. With reactant layers maintained at ∼21 °C prior to ignition and films adhered to oxide-passivated silicon substrates, the propagation speeds varied from approximately 20 to 90 m/s depending on bilayer dimension and total film thickness. Contrary to current Al–Pt equilibrium phase diagrams, all multilayers reacted in air and in vacuum transformed into rhombohedral AlPt having a space group R-3(148). Rietveld refinement of AlPt powder (generated from thin film samples) yielded trigonal/hexagonal unit cell lattice parameters of a = 15.634(3) A and c = 5.308(1) A; the number of formula units = 39. Rhombohedral AlPt was stable to 550 °C with transformation to a cubic FeSi-type structure occurring above this temperature.
Hyperfibrinogenemia and vascular disease: does it matter?

Elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen are strongly associated with human vascular disease. The Northwick Park Heart Study, which prospectively followed more than 1500 men for a mean of 10 years, found that elevated plasma fibrinogen at recruitment was independently associated with subsequent
A Field Study of Adolescent Social Interactions: Developmental and Contextual Influences

Summary Adolescent males (N = 52) were observed during physical education volleyball games to examine whether two variables, age and game conditions, affected social behavior. Early adolescents were more active, especially prone to touch physically and to criticize teammates; middle adolescents more frequently encouraged and gave positive or neutral advice and instructions. When winning, team members encouraged each other physically and verbally; the reverse was true when a team was losing. Tied games were times of an excessive number of social interactions, especially of submissive responses.
Microvasculature of the human meniscus

The microvascular anatomy of the medial and lateral menisci of the human knee was investigated in 20 cadaver specimens by histology and tissue clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. It was found that the menisci are supplied by branches of the lateral, medial, and middle genicular arteries. A perimeniscal capillary plexus originating in the capsular and synovial tissues of the joint supplies the peripheral 10-25% of the menisci. A peripheral, vascular, synovial fringe ex tends a short distance over both the femoral and tibial surfaces of the menisci but does not contribute any vessels to the meniscal stroma. The posterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus adjacent to the popliteal tendon is devoid of penetrating peripheral vessels as well as a synovial fringe. The anterior and posterior horn attachments of the menisci are covered with vascular synovial tissue and appear to have a good blood supply.
Fractionation of desmosomes and comparison of the polypeptide composition of desmosomes prepared from two bovine epithelial tissues

Desmosomes isolated from bovine tongue mucosa or muzzle epidermis appeared identical by ultrastructural analyses but had some differences in their polypeptide compositions as determined by SDS-PAGE. These preparations were extracted in 9 M urea, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9), and 25 mM B-mercaptoethanol and then centrifuged at 240,000g for 30 min. The urea-soluble and insoluble fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The urea soluble fractions of both tongue and muzzle desmosomes were enriched in polypeptides of 240, 210, 81, and 75 kDa and also polypeptides (40 to 70 kDa) that were keratin-like, as determined by immunoblotting analyses with keratin antisera. The urea insoluble fraction of tongue desmosomes contained glycoproteins of 165, 160, 140, 110, and 100 kDa, while this fraction from muzzle contained glycoproteins of 165, 115, and 105 kDa. Ultrastructural examinations of insoluble pellets obtained from urea extracted tongue and muzzle desmosomes showed that most of the components at the cytoplasmic faces of the desmosomes were removed, while the membrane regions of the desmosomes resisted the treatment. The urea soluble proteins were dialyzed against 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), and the resulting preparation was pelleted by centrifugation and examined by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural examination of this material revealed that it had assembled into a fibrillar meshwork, similar to the fibrillar region adjacent to the submembranous plaque of isolated desmosomes. Thus, treatment of isolated desmosomes with 9 M urea allowed the fractionation of membrane-associated desmosomal proteins from cytoplasmic desmosomal proteins. A comparison of these fractions from tongue and muzzle indicated that the polypeptide compositions of the desmosomes varied between tissues, especially with respect to the fractions enriched in either glycoproteins or keratin.
A treatment program for children with sexual behavior problems

This paper discusses the problems and treatment of children with sexual behavior problems. These children coerce, intimidate or force other children by threats of physical harm to comply with their sexual requests, frequently a reenactment of their own experiences. This paper describes a comprehensive therapeutic foster care approach to these children.
Generation of the β-amyloid peptide and the amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment γ are potentiated by FE65L1

Members of the FE65 family of adaptor proteins, FE65, FE65L1, and FE65L2, bind the C-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Overexpression of FE65 and FE65L1 was previously reported to increase the levels of alpha-secretase-derived APP (APPs alpha). Increased beta-amyloid (A beta) generation was also observed in cells showing the FE65-dependent increase in APPs alpha. To understand the mechanism for the observed increase in both A beta and APPs alpha given that alpha-secretase cleavage of a single APP molecule precludes A beta generation, we examined the effects of FE65L1 overexpression on APP C-terminal fragments (APP CTFs). Our data show that FE65L1 potentiates gamma-secretase processing of APP CTFs, including the amyloidogenic CTF C99, accounting for the ability of FE65L1 to increase generation of APP C-terminal domain and A beta 40. The FE65L1 modulation of these processing events requires binding of FE65L1 to APP and APP CTFs and is not because of a direct effect on gamma-secretase activity, because Notch intracellular domain generation is not altered by FE65L1. Furthermore, enhanced APP CTF processing can be detected in early endosome vesicles but not in endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi membranes, suggesting that the effects of FE65L1 occur at or near the plasma membrane. Finally, although FE65L1 increases APP C-terminal domain production, it does not mediate the APP-dependent transcriptional activation observed with FE65.
Radical-induced inactivation of kidney Na+,K(+)-ATPase: sensitivity to membrane lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of vitamin E.

Abstract The Na+,K+-ATPase is a membrane-bound, sulfhydryl-containing protein whose activity is critical to maintenance of cell viability. The susceptibility of the enzyme to radical-induced membrane lipid peroxidation was determined following incorporation of a purified Na+,K+-ATPase into soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Treatment of liposomes with Fenton's reagent ( Fe 2+ H 2 O 2 ) resulted in malondialdehyde formation and total loss of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. At 150 μ M Fe 2+ 75 μ M H 2 O 2 , vitamin E (5 mol%) totally prevented lipid peroxidation but not the loss of enzyme activity. Lipid peroxidation initiated by 25 μ M Fe 2+ 12.5 μ M H 2 O 2 led to a loss of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, however, vitamin E (1.2 mol%) prevented both malondialdehyde formation and loss of enzyme activity. In the absence of liposomes, there was complete loss of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the presence of 150 μ M Fe 2+ 75 μ M H 2 O 2 , but little effect by 25 μ M Fe 2+ 12.5 μ M H 2 O 2 . The activity of the enzyme was also highly sensitive to radicals generated by the reaction of Fe2+ with cumene hydroperoxide, t-butylhydroperoxide, and linoleic acid hydroperoxide. Lipid peroxidation initiated by 150 μ M Fe 2+ 150 μ M Fe 3+ , an oxidant which may be generated by the Fenton's reaction, inactivated the enzyme. In this system, inhibition of malondialdehyde formation by vitamin E prevented loss of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. These data demonstrate the susceptibility of the Na+,K+-ATPase to radicals produced during lipid peroxidation and indicate that the ability of vitamin E to prevent loss of enzyme activity is highly dependent upon both the nature and the concentration of the initiating and propagating radical species.
Results of second-time angioplasty and stenting for femoropopliteal occlusive disease and factors affecting outcomes

Objective Repeat percutaneous endoluminal interventions for femoropopliteal occlusive disease are common, but the outcomes are poorly understood. We sought to determine the results of second-time femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting (SPTAS) and identify factors associated with success or failure of a continued endoluminal revascularization strategy. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing multiple percutaneous endoluminal lower extremity interventions at a single institution from 2002 and 2009 identified 70 SPTAS in 70 limbs. Patient comorbidities, anatomic severity of disease, and procedural characteristics were analyzed with respect to outcomes with descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Patency rates were determined from the time of SPTAS. Results Patients included 37 men (63%) and 22 women (27%) at a mean age of 70 ± 10 years. Indications for SPTAS included claudication in 54 limbs (77%) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) in 16 (23%). Median time from the initial endoluminal intervention to SPTAS was 330 days. Lesion TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus II (TASCII) classification was A in 18 (25.7%), B in 18 (25.7%), C in 25 (35.7%), and D in 9 (12.9%). Technical success was achieved in 68 (97%) with low rates of intraprocedural (10%) and postprocedural (4%) complications as well as initial clinical improvement in 61 (87%) patients. Over a median follow-up of 22.9 months following SPTAS, 2-year primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage (in patients with CLI), and survival were 33% ± 7%, 63% ± 7%, 87% ± 9%, and 88% ± 5%, respectively. Cox proportional hazard modeling showed that SPTAS within 180 days of the initial endovascular intervention was the only significant predictor of failure of primary patency (hazard ratio, 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-5.2) and secondary patency (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-7.1) of SPTAS. Conclusions Second-time femoropopliteal angioplasty/stenting has excellent technical success but limited midterm primary and secondary patency. Early failure of the initial endovascular intervention strongly predicts poor outcome following SPTAS and in this cohort was more significant than comorbidities, anatomic factors, or procedural characteristics. These data suggest that after early endovascular failure, alternatives to a continued endoluminal strategy should be adopted.
Linear hypertree for multi-dimensional image representation

Abstract A hierarchical d-dimensional object representation called a linear hypertree is introduced. Its basic properties are briefly presented along with a procedure for encoding the node's rectangular coordinates into a hierarchical locational code. Two decoding techniques that transform the node locational codes into their rectangular coordinate format are presented. The first produces individual node coordinates as scalar values, whereas the second generates the node's rectangular coordinates in a vector form. The vectorial decoding method extracts the coordinates of given node from those of the universe vertices. Hence, all coordinate transformation operations need not be applied to every hypertree node but only to the universe vertices. Some adjacency concepts in a multi-dimensional environment are defined. A neighbor-finding algorithm that identifies the locational code of the adjacent hypertree node in a given direction is also presented. This algorithm does not convert the locational code to its rectangular coordinate form; instead, it operates directly on the node locational code in order to determine the neighbor's identification. In addition, procedures for computing the locational codes of larger and smaller size neighbors are also included. Finally, an algorithm for computing the shortest path between two hypervoxels is also described as an illustration of an application of the decoding formula and the neighbor identification algorithm.
Simulating the Workplace in an Engineering Technology Course: A Rhetorical Model

Business and accrediting agencies have put increasing pressure on engineering technology programs to integrate job-related skills into the undergraduate curriculum. In response, many schools have incorporated practices such as memo writing, group work, problem solving, and case studies into existing courses. But, because these innovations have usually been added, piecemeal, to courses, the technical content of these courses is being squeezed. Our paper describes our development of a module that synthesizes these separate practices so as to address the concerns of business while keeping technical content at the center of the curriculum.
Lumbar CSF eicosanoids in neonates.

Abstract Lumbar CSF eicosanoids were measured in 11 neonates with perinatal asphyxia and 12 neonates with suspected sepsis. In the asphyxia group low levels of thromboxane B 2 and prostaglandin F 2α were detected in five neonates, all of which had had a lumbar puncture prior to 4 hours of age. In the group with suspected sepsis two infants had positive blood cultures and one had strep meningitis. CSF eicosanoids were nondetectable in all patients in this second group with the exception of the infant with meningitis. With meningitis CSF eicosanoids were markedly elevated. These findings suggest that lumbar CSF eicosanoids do not appear to be a clinically useful tool. The data further suggest that eicosanoids are involved in the inflammatory response to meningitis.
Complex multilocus effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes predict pain and pain interference 6 weeks after motor vehicle collision

Catechol-O-methyltransferase, encoded by COMT gene, is the primary enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines. COMT haplotypes have been associated with vulnerability to persistent non-traumatic pain. In this prospective observational study, we investigated the influence of COMT on persistent pain and pain interference with life functions after motor vehicle collision (MVC) in 859 European American adults for whom overall pain (0–10 numeric rating scale) and pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory) were assessed at week 6 after MVC. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the COMT gene were successfully genotyped, and nine were present in three haploblocks: block 1 (rs2020917, rs737865, rs1544325), block 2 (rs4633, rs4818, rs4680, rs165774), and block 3 (rs174697, rs165599). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, haplotype TCG from block 1 predicted decreased pain interference (p = 0.004). The pain-protective effect of the low pain sensitivity (CGGG) haplotype from block 2 was only observed if at least one TCG haplotype was present in block 1 (haplotype × haplotype interaction p = 0.002 and <0.0001 for pain and pain interference, respectively). Haplotype AG from block 3 was associated with pain and interference in males only (sex × haplotype interaction p = 0.005 and 0.0005, respectively). These results suggest that genetic variants in the distal promoter are important contributors to the development of persistent pain after MVC, directly and via the interaction with haplotypes in the coding region of the gene.
False-Negative Studies May Systematically Contaminate the Literature on the Effects of Inducers in Neuropsychopharmacology. Part I: Focus on Epilepsy

Ioannidis1 has pointed out that many published research findings in medicine (including highly cited clinical research, epidemiology, genomewide association studies, new technologies called omics, and brain volume measures using imaging techniques) are false. Two major biases can contribute to these
Shifting Selves and Decision Making: The Effects of Self-Construal Priming on Consumer Risk-Taking

This research illustrates how risk domain moderates the effects of priming the interdependent self versus the independent self on consumers' risk-taking. Experiment 1 showed that individuals whose interdependent selves were activated were more risk-seeking in their financial choices and less risk-seeking in their social choices than were those whose independent selves were activated. The size of the consumer's social network mediated these effects. Experiment 2 replicated these results using audiovisual movie clips as manipulations.
Management of Pseudomonas Osteochondritis Complicating Puncture Wounds of the Foot

Pseudomonas osteochondritis following puncture wounds of the foot is described in 13 children. All children had received at least one oral antibiotic and local wound therapy before admission; none had improved on these modalities. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated alone from seven patients and with one or more other organisms from six patients. Initial administration of parenteral antibiotics active against Pseudomonas for one to 14 days did not result in clinical improvement. Eradication of Pseudomonas osteochondritis occurred in each patient only after thorough surgical debridement and curettage of all infected tissue. Following thorough surgical debridement, anti-Pseudomonas antibiotic therapy was continued for five to 14 days (10.8 +/- 2.7 days). The successful treatment of Pseudomonas osteochondritis should include adequate surgical debridement of all infected tissue; following thorough debridement, only one to two weeks of anti-Pseudomonas antibiotic therapy appears to be necessary.
Theoretical uncertainty in baryon oscillations

We discuss the systematic uncertainties in the recovery of dark energy properties from the use of baryon acoustic oscillations as a standard ruler. We demonstrate that while unknown relativistic components in the universe prior to recombination would alter the sound speed, the inferences for dark energy from low-redshift surveys are unchanged so long as the microwave background anisotropies can measure the redshift of matter-radiation equality, which they can do to sufficient accuracy. The mismeasurement of the radiation and matter densities themselves (as opposed to their ratio) would manifest as an incorrect prediction for the Hubble constant at low-redshift. In addition, these anomalies do produce subtle but detectable features in the microwave anisotropies.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters induced by anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors in human hepatocytes: implications for predicting clinical drug interactions.

Although many of the clinically significant drug interactions of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) can be explained by their propensity to inactivate CYP3A enzymes, paradoxically these drugs cause (or lack) interactions with CYP3A substrates that cannot be explained by this mechanism (e.g., alprazolam). To better understand these paradoxical interactions (or lack thereof), we determined the cytochromes P450 and transporters induced by various concentrations (0-25 microM) of two PIs, ritonavir and nelfinavir, and rifampin (positive control) in primary human hepatocytes. At 10 microM, ritonavir and nelfinavir suppressed CYP3A4 activity but induced its transcripts and protein expression (19- and 12- and 12- and 6-fold, respectively; a >2-fold change over control was interpreted as induction). At 10 microM, rifampin induced CYP3A4 transcripts, CYP3A protein, and activity by 23-, 12-, and 13-fold, respectively. The induction by rifampin of CYP3A activity was significantly correlated with its induction of CYP3A4 transcripts (r = 0.96, p 3-, 5-, and 3-fold, respectively. CYP2C19 and 1A2 activity and transcripts were modestly induced (2-fold), whereas, as expected, CYP2D6 was not induced by any of the drugs. Of the transporters studied, protease inhibitors moderately induced multidrug resistance 1 (ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (ABCC1) transcripts but had no or minimal effect on the transcripts of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) 1B1 (SLCO1B1), or OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3). On the basis of these data, we concluded that many of the paradoxical drug interactions (or lack thereof) with the PIs are metabolismrather than transporter-based and are due to induction of CYP2B6 and 2C enzymes.
Dynamical Motion Vocabularies for Kinematic Tracking and Activity Recognition

We present a method for 3D monocular kinematic pose estimation and activity recognition through the use of dynamical human motion vocabularies. A motion vocabulary is comprised as a set of primitives that each describe the movement dynamics of an activity in a low-dimensional space. Given image observations over time, each primitive is used to infer the pose independently using its expected dynamics in the context of a particle filter. Pose estimates from a set of primitives are inferred in parallel and arbitrated to estimate the activity being performed. The approach presented is evaluated through tracking and activity recognition over extended motion trials. The results suggest robustness with respect to multi-activity movement, movement speed, and camera viewpoint.
Possible involvement of cytokines in diffuse intravascular coagulation and thrombosis.

Abstract Recently, basic and clinical advances have provided insights into the molecular events that link inflammation with blood coagulation and thrombosis. At least in cell culture, the inflammatory cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) and interleukin 1-β (IL-1), are major mediators that can elicit changes in cell phenotype. With respect to coagulation, one of the clot-promoting and one of the inhibitory pathways seem especially prone to modulation by these cytokines. Whenever Tissue Factor contacts the blood, coagulation is initiated rapidly. These cytokines can elicit Tissue Factor production on endothelium and monocytes. Thus, the cytokines elaborate Tissue Factor formation intravascularly. This contrasts with the normal situation in which Tissue Factor is located exclusively in the extravascular space, largely on fibroblasts, where it is expressed constitutively. Furthermore, cytokines, especially interleukin 6 (IL-6), can stimulate new platelet formation, and the new platelets responding to IL-6 have increased sensitivity to thrombin activation and increased procoagulant activity. Regulating the clotting process are a large number of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic mechanisms. The three major anticoagulant mechanisms appear to involve antithrombin-heparin, Tissue Factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and the Protein C pathway. Of these, the Protein C pathway appears to be the primary target for cytokine action. The Protein C pathway is initiated when thrombin binds to thrombomodulin (TM). TM is expressed constitutively on endothelium. In tissue culture, TNF, IL-1 or endotoxin lead to a slow loss of TM and endothelial cell Protein C receptor (EPCR) from the cell surface. In addition, Protein S levels decrease in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Taken together, these results suggest that cytokines should elicit massive thrombotic responses when administered systemically. At near toxic levels, TNF fails to elicit an overt DIC or thrombotic response in patients, although sensitive markers of coagulation do detect changes in coagulation in response to TNF. In baboons, very high levels of TNF also fail to elicit fibrinogen or platelet consumption. However, if the Protein C pathway is blocked, these cytokines can elicit either DIC or deep-vein thrombosis, depending on the conditions. Thrombus formation is potently potentiated by impeding flow and/or by catheterization. DIC is facilitated by providing membrane surfaces, possibly mimicking complement mediated platelet activation/damage that occurs in shock. Thus, available evidence suggests important roles for inflammatory cytokines in DIC and thrombosis, but they seem insufficient by themselves to elicit overt thrombotic responses without secondary stimuli. Current data suggest that anti-inflammatory drugs are a viable candidate to blocking DIC or thrombosis without impairing the haemostatic balance.
Base Isolation and Supplemental Damping Systems for Seismic Protection of Wood Structures: Literature Review

This paper provides a literature review on the application of base isolation and supplemental damping systems for seismic protection of wood structures. The review reveals that both elastomeric bea...
Can Development Aid Contribute to Social Cohesion after Civil War? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Post-conflict Liberia

Civil war is very common in the develop-ing world, with harmful welfare effects when it occurs. Many fear that the devastation wrought by violent conflict destroys social capital, impedes economic development, and leads to the recur-rence of violence (Paul Collier et al. 2003).In response, donors are injecting large amounts of aid into post-conflict countries. A significant share of this assistance is spent on “community-driven reconstruction” (CDR) programs, which support the establishment of new local institu -tions in order to promote social reconciliation. Whether this assistance has this effect is, how -ever, largely unknown. Can brief, foreign-funded efforts to build local institutions in fact have posi -tive effects on local patterns of cooperation?We address this question using a randomized field experiment to evaluate the impact of a CDR project in northern Liberia. The project was funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) and imple-mented by the International Rescue Committee (IRC). The project attempted to build demo-cratic, community-level institutions for making and implementing decisions about local public goods. This model of support for participatory processes to enhance local public goods provi-