cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar–Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II (SOLSTICE II ): Pre-Launch and On-Orbit Calibrations

The Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II (SOLSTICE II), aboard the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) spacecraft, consists of a pair of identical scanning grating monochromators, which have the capability to observe both solar spectral irradiance and stellar spectral irradiance using a single optical system. The SOLSTICE science objectives are to measure solar spectral irradiance from 115 to 320 nm with a spectral resolution of 1 nm, a cadence of 6 h, and an accuracy of 5%, to determine its variability with a long-term relative accuracy of 0.5% per year during a 5-year nominal mission, and to determine the ratio of solar irradiance to that of an ensemble of bright B and A stars to an accuracy of 2%. Those objectives are met by calibrating instrument radiometric sensitivity before launch using the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility at the National Institute for Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. During orbital operations irradiance measurements from an ensemble of bright, stable, main-sequence B and A stars are used to track instrument sensitivity. SORCE was launched on 25 January 2003. After spacecraft and instrument check out, SOLSTICE II first observed a series of three stars to establish an on-orbit performance baseline. Since 6 March 2003, both instruments have been making daily measurements of both the Sun and stars. This paper describes the pre-flight and in-flight calibration and characterization measurements that are required to achieve the SOLSTICE science objectives and compares early SOLSTICE II measurements of both solar and stellar irradiance with those obtained by SOLSTICE I on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALDOSTERONE AND OTHER ADRENAL STEROIDS IN ADRENALECTOMIZED DOGS1

THE effectiveness of therapeutic doses of cortisone is considerably increased for certain types of disability by administering the free alcohol of the steroid in a weak aqueous-alcohol solution (10%), instead of using the more slowly absorbed microcrystalline suspension (Swingle, Fedor et al., 1953). The unequivocal superiority of this solubilized cortisone over the suspension in preventing the otherwise fatal anaphylactoid response of 24- hour adrenalectomized rats to infusions of the polysaccharide dextran, led us to undertake a comparative study of the efficacy of similarly solubilized aldosterone,2 DOC, cortisone and hydrocortisone, when tested on adrenalectomized dogs. Previous studies (Swingle, Barlow et al., 1953) had shown that dogs deprived of their adrenals require large doses of commercial cortisone suspension (Merck’s Cortone) for maintenance. Thus, it was demonstrated that daily intramuscular injections of 0.93 mg./Kg./day are inadequate to retain a normal serum electrolyte pattern, although ...
Auditory effects of chronic alcoholism

Abstract Clinical reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, and auditory hallucinations, as well as empirical studies of auditory phenomena, have sparked interest in the auditory effects of chronic alcoholism. The auditory system, owing to its multi-synaptic course through the central nervous system and to the many techniques available for diagnostic evaluation, affords a special opportunity for examination of transmission breakdown in alcoholics. The present paper reviews several different approaches to the study of disrupted hearing: histologic evidence; threshold measurement, evoked potential data; acoustic reflex studies; and behavioral central auditory evaluation. The review explores effects attributed to both peripheral and central loci, and outlines the ramifications for research and treatment.
International cooperation in remote sensing for global change research: political and economic considerations

Abstract Activities concerning international cooperation in space-based remote sensing for global change research have for the most part focused on technical/functional aspects such as data harmonization, research project coordination, and sensor selection and deployment. Until fairly recently, little attention has been directed towards the various political and economic constraints which may act as ‘stumbling blocks’. A review of the contemporary international remote sensing milieu as it relates to the global change research agenda is presented. Several important political and economic conditions affecting this area are identified: (1) data access and pricing policies; (2) national security concerns; (3) developed/developing nation relations; and (4) inconsistent political/financial commitments. A set of recommendations is offered to enhance international cooperation in the use of space-based remote sensing data for global change research.
Nuclear Warfare: The Psychological Effects and Their Impact on Moral Reasoning

Nuclear weapons confront us as the challenge of our times. To understand the special psychological and moral issues raised by nuclear arsenals and their use, we must first grasp the special nature of these weapons. In a recent book on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the authors highlighted a fact which often escapes public attention; namely, nuclear weapons, many times more powerful than the 12.5 kiloton uranium bomb and the 22 kiloton plutonium bomb dropped respectively on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are qualitatively different from conventional explosives.
The Effect of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Type on Clinical Outcomes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Summary Objectives The impact of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) type on mortality in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the association between SCC mec type and mortality in MRSA bacteremia. Methods A cohort study of patients who were hospitalized with MRSA bacteremia was conducted within a university health system. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to evaluate the association of SCC mec type with 30-day in-hospital mortality. Results Thirty-four of a total of 184 patients with MRSA bacteremia died, resulting in a mortality rate of 18.5%. Adjusted risk factors for 30-day mortality included APRDRG Risk of Mortality score (odds ratio [OR], 5.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28–12.4; P P =0.002), and malignancy (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.17–9.02; P =0.02). On multivariable analyses, SCC mec II was not significantly associated with mortality in patients with MRSA bacteremia (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 0.69–4.92; P =0.22). Conclusions Mortality in MRSA bacteremia was independent of SCC mec type. SCC mec type II is most likely a marker for disease severity rather than a direct mediator of mortality. Further research is needed to elucidate the factors associated with poor clinical outcomes in MRSA infections.
Ischemia, rather than reperfusion, inhibits respiration through cytochrome oxidase in the isolated, perfused rabbit heart: role of cardiolipin.

Ischemia and reperfusion result in mitochondrial dysfunction, with decreases in oxidative capacity, loss of cytochrome c, and generation of reactive oxygen species. During ischemia of the isolated ...
Easing conservation? Conservation easements, public accountability and neoliberalism

Abstract This paper examines the use of conservation easements, with a focus on California. Conservation easements are now the dominant tool used for private land conservation in the United States. Easements are in many ways a paradigmatic neoliberal environmental policy tool. They privatize and re-scale a great deal of land conservation decision-making authority; they are market-based; they provide financial incentives for participation rather than punishment for non-compliance; and they commodify new property rights. However, these neoliberalisms are incorporated in uneven, and sometimes contradictory, ways that emphasize the gulf between neoliberal ideologies and “actually existing neoliberalisms.” Most critically, as a result of extensive public funding and management, conservation easements are not nearly as private (and thus not as neatly neoliberal) as they sometimes seem. Conservation easements are often heralded as a “win–win” land conservation strategy. I argue that the extent to which conservation easements may be construed as win–win solutions depends a great deal on who is included in the calculation of winners and losers. I contend that using and governing easements as if they are private elides complex questions about larger public costs and benefits. This obscures the large number of people and institutions (both state and private) that will likely need to be involved in governing conservation easements in the long term.
Efficacy of three different methods for side port incision wound sealing

PURPOSE: To evaluate wound leakage and bacteria-sized particle influx in differently corneal sealed side port incisions. METHODS: Four 1.5mm tunnel squared incisions were created in each of four cadaveric human eyes. In each cornea, one incision was left unsealed, whereas the other three incisions were sealed using a 10-0 nylon suture, cyanoacrylate glue, or stromal hydration, respectively. A Seidel and an India ink test were performed on each eye. During each Seidel test, flourescein was applied, the IOP increased from 15 to 80mmHg, and the IOP at which each incision started to leak recorded. During each India ink test, ink was placed on the eye and rinsed out with balanced salt solution (BSS). Ink penetration was then measured by planimetry at physiologic conditions and after an IOP plunge from 80mmHg to 0mmHg. RESULTS: Regardless of IOP variations, no leakage or ink inflow was observed through the glued incisions. In contrast, leakage did occur in the other three sealing methods, albeit at significantly different IOP levels in each one (p=0.013). Ink inflow occurred in these sealing methods at physiologic IOP and, to a significantly greater extent, after the IOP challenge (p<0.05). At both of these IOP conditions, the differences in ink influx among these three incision-sealing methods were deemed statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: This study showed that glue was more effective at preventing wound leakage and bacteria-sized particle influx than other commonly used methods especially hydrosealing.
Optimal design of thermoelectric devices with dimensional analysis

The optimum design of thermoelectric devices (thermoelectric generator and cooler) in connection with heat sinks was developed using dimensional analysis. New dimensionless groups were properly defined to represent important parameters of the thermoelectric devices. Particularly, use of the convection conductance of a fluid in the denominators of the dimensionless parameters was critically important, which leads to a new optimum design. This allows us to determine either the optimal number of thermocouples or the optimal thermal conductance (the geometric ratio of footprint of leg to leg length). It is stated from the present dimensional analysis that, if two fluid temperatures on the heat sinks are given, an optimum design always exists and can be found with the feasible mechanical constraints. The optimum design includes the optimum parameters such as efficiency, power, current, geometry or number of thermocouples, and thermal resistances of heat sinks.
Wandering and Wondering: Traversing the Uneven Terrain of the Second College Year.

The academy's middle child, the sophomore, is beginning to earn the kind of attention that has been trained on first-year students for the past several decades. Molly Schaller shares insights on the stages she has found to exist in the sophomore year, arguably the rockiest of them all.
A model of the joint distribution of banking and currency crises

Abstract We develop a simple framework for studying the joint distribution of banking and currency crises. We make two points. First, banking and currency crises are related, but they are not the same thing. Viewing crises in isolation or as joint events biases estimates of the likelihood of crises. Second, the proliferation of government promises, such as adding a promise to bail out bank depositors to the promise of fixing the exchange rate, reduces the likelihood of keeping any individual promise when the resources devoted to keeping the promises are fixed.
Characterizing Post-Drainage Succession in Thermokarst Lake Basins on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska with TerraSAR-X Backscatter and Landsat-based NDVI Data

Drained thermokarst lake basins accumulate significant amounts of soil organic carbon in the form of peat, which is of interest to understanding carbon cycling and climate change feedbacks associated with thermokarst in the Arctic. Remote sensing is a tool useful for understanding temporal and spatial dynamics of drained basins. In this study, we tested the application of high-resolution X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the German TerraSAR-X satellite from the 2009 growing season (July–September) for characterizing drained thermokarst lake basins of various age in the ice-rich permafrost region of the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. To enhance interpretation of patterns identified in X-band SAR for these basins, we also analyzed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from a Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image acquired on July 2009 and compared both X-band SAR and NDVI data with observations of basin age. We found significant logarithmic relationships between (a) TerraSAR-X backscatter and basin age from 0 to 10,000 years, (b) Landat-5 TM NDVI and basin age from 0 to 10,000 years, and (c) TerraSAR-X backscatter and basin age from 50 to 10,000 years. NDVI was a better indicator of basin age over a period of 0–10,000 years. However, TerraSAR-X data performed much better for discriminating radiocarbon-dated basins (50–10,000 years old). No clear relationships were found for either backscatter or NDVI and basin age from 0 to 50 years. We attribute the decreasing trend of backscatter and NDVI with increasing basin age to post-drainage changes in the basin surface. Such changes include succession in vegetation, soils, hydrology, and renewed permafrost aggradation, ground ice accumulation and localized frost heave. Results of this study show the potential application of X-band SAR data in combination with NDVI data to map long-term succession dynamics of drained thermokarst lake basins.
Effective education of adults with asthma who are allergic to dust mites

Abstract The effects of supplementary computer instruction in house dust mite—avoidance measures on adherence to implementing measures, on home dust mite—allergen levels, and on symptomatology were investigated in 52 adult patients with mite-associated asthma. Twenty-six patients received conventional instruction (counseling and written instruction) and the other 26 patients received conventional plus 22 minutes of interactive computer-assisted instruction. Instructions were aimed at mite-avoidance measures. Pre- and postinstruction dust samples were collected, and adherence was monitored. All patients kept symptom diaries twice a day. Patients' progress was followed for 12 weeks, and all patients completed the study. Adherence, number of observed and self-reported mite-avoidance measures implemented after visit, was higher for the computer group ( p = 0.023). The computer-instructed group achieved significantly lower levels of mite allergen in bedroom carpets ( p = 0.004) with mean levels of mite allergen declining from 6.5 ± 7.6 to 2.2 ± 4.3 μg/gm of dust (two-site monoclonal antibody assays), whereas levels for the conventional-instructed group did not change. Moreover, by study weeks 9 and 10, the computer-instructed group was significantly less symptomatic ( p = 0.033). Mean symptom scores for this group decreased from 12.4 to 7.7, compared with 16.4 to 14.3. Conventional instruction supplemented with computer instruction is suggested in mite education.
The Use of Expressive Techniques in Counseling

ABSTRACT This manuscript explores and identifies the use of expressive techniques in counseling. Although verbal techniques are important, sometimes the best of verbal techniques are not sufficient. Creative, expressive techniques can add a new, important dimension to counseling. Such expressive techniques as cinema, art, and music are described to help counselors deal with ethical dilemmas, grief and loss, and substance abuse. These techniques can assist counselors and their clients in reframing ideas, shifting perspectives, externalizing emotion, and deepening an understanding of an experience or an issue.
Decolonizing Western Political Philosophy

The past few decades have seen a wave of decolonization in the Western academy. Across a wide array of disciplines—anthropology, cultural studies, education, geography, history, international relations, law, above all, perhaps, literature—we have witnessed the beginnings (and sometimes much more) of a self-conscious rethinking and reorientation of the subject in the light of its past complicity, direct or indirect, with the colonial project. But the rate of progress has not been uniform. I suggest that in Western political philosophy in particular, the decolonizing enterprise has a long way to go, indeed in some respects has barely begun. In this essay, I do a general critique of the tradition for its Eurocentrism, and then turn to a critique of the work of John Rawls specifically, given his centrality to current Anglo-American political philosophy.
Titanium-based, fenestrated, in-plane microneedles for passive ocular drug delivery

Drug delivery to the eye remains a key challenge, due to limitations inherent to prevailing delivery techniques. For example, while topical delivery offers simplicity and safety, its efficacy is often limited by poor bioavailability, due to natural transport barriers and clearance mechanisms. Similarly, while intravitreal injections performed across the ocular tunic provide means for circumventing such limitations, non-negligible potential for retinal detachment and other complications adversely affects safety. Herein, we discuss our initial efforts to address these limitations through development of titanium-based microneedles (MNs) which seek to provide a safer, simpler, and more efficacious means of ocular drug delivery. Devices with in-plane geometry and through-thickness fenestrations that serve as drug reservoirs for passive delivery via diffusive transport from fast-dissolving coatings are demonstrated. Details regarding device design, fabrication, and mechanical testing are presented, as are results from preliminary coating characterization and insertion testing in ex vivo rabbit cornea.
How incentives affect web-based survey response rates of athletic program donors

Donor-based programs make up a large portion of the funds generated by collegiate sport organisations. Methods of gathering data from this population are of great interest to market researchers and athletic administrators as they seek ways to increase donations and ticket sales. A web-based hybrid survey/experiment including 2051 donors to a collegiate athletic organisation investigated different incentive levels (none, low, medium and high) and incentive types (cash and non-cash prizes) on survey response rates. Results indicated that the inclusion of incentives did not increase survey response rate nor did value of incentive or incentive saliency. Respondents who were offered incentives, however, were quicker in providing the requested information than those respondents not offered incentives for their participation. Discussion details how audiences who provided financial backing to an organisation may perceive incentives as an improper use of donated monies.
Application of heat flow models to SOI current mirrors

Abstract An analytical heat flow model for SOI circuits is presented. The model is able to account for heat exchanges among devices and heat loss from the silicon film and interconnects to the substrate through the buried oxide. The developed model can accurately and efficiently predict the temperature distribution in the interconnect/poly-lines and SOI devices. The model is applied to SOI current mirrors to study heat flow in different layout designs. The results from the developed model are verified with those from Raphael, a 3D numerical simulator that can provide the detailed 3D temperature distribution in interconnect/poly-lines.
Segmenting the older American market for personal apparel: focus on rural communities

The goal of this research was to determine whether rural elderly consumers' wants and needs for apparel products were met at the local retail level. Consumers (n = 322) ranging in age from 54–94 years were surveyed concerning their attitudes and behaviour regarding shopping for personal apparel. Data analyses revealed five market segments that differed in terms of (i) the level of involvement with shopping; (ii) perceptions of physical constraints to shopping; (iii) perceptions of available merchandise mix and services; and (iv) certain demographic characteristics. Respondents in cluster 1 were active and frequent shoppers, but did not always find what they needed. Those in cluster 2 were demanding consumers who were also satisfied with retail offerings. Cluster 3 compared prices and was highly dissatisfied with the merchandise available. Cluster 4 was satisfied with the merchandise mix, but did not shop often. Cluster 5 was highly dissatisfied with retail offerings.
The role of social perception in social skill

The literature on social skills has emphasized the behavioral response components necessary for competent interpersonal functioning. Little consideration has been given to the role of social perception. However, recent findings have suggested that the response skill model is inadequate to explain the complexity of interpersonal behavior. The ability to receive and process relevant interpersonal stimuli adequately is essential for effective social performance. The present paper reviews findings concerning sensitivity to emotional cues in specific child and adult populations. Implications for training social skills, conducting behavioral analyes which consider social perception skills, and developing techniques for the assessment and training of social perception are discussed.
Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel Summary Report: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Screening Siblings of Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux and Neonates/Infants With Prenatal Hydronephrosis

Purpose: The American Urological Association established the Vesicoureteral Reflux Guideline Update Committee in July 2005 to update the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children guideline. The Panel defined the task into 5 topics pertaining to specific vesicoureteral reflux management issues, which correspond to the management of 3 distinct index patients and the screening of 2 distinct index patients. This report summarizes the existing evidence pertaining to screening of siblings and offspring of index patients with vesicoureteral reflux and infants with prenatal hydronephrosis. From this evidence clinical practice guidelines are developed to manage the clinical scenarios insofar as the data permit.Materials and Methods: The Panel searched the MEDLINE® database from 1994 to 2008 for all relevant articles dealing with the 5 chosen guideline topics. The database was reviewed and each abstract segregated into a specific topic area. Exclusions were case reports, basic science, secondary reflu...
Hierarchical TiO2–Si nanowire architecture with photoelectrochemical activity under visible light illumination

Bandgap engineering of TiO2 is a substantial strategy for efficient water splitting in the visible light range. Introducing dopants and hydrogenation have been found effective for that purpose. In this paper, we report the development of a hierarchical three dimensional TiO2–Si nanowire (NW)-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) anode with visible light photochemical activity. The TiO2 NWs were synthesized using a surface reaction-limited pulsed chemical vapor deposition method (SPCVD) with unbalanced TiCl4 and H2O precursors. Dangling Ti–Cl and Ti–OH groups inside TiO2 NW crystals were suggested to be the reason for band narrowing and visible light absorption. The NW structure with a large aspect ratio was formed via the oriented attachment mechanism, which offered a super-high surface area density. This in situ crystal decoration approach opens a new window to tailoring electrical properties of TiO2 for wider spectrum solar energy harvesting and conversion.
Null's the word: A comparison of memory quality for intensely negative and positive events

Research comparing memories of traumatic and positive events has produced inconsistent results. Complicating the issue, researchers employ a variety of measures (e.g., narrative or questionnaire) that make comparison across studies difficult. Further, this research has been criticised for lacking adequate statistical controls (Sotgiu & Mormont, 2008). Our study employed both narrative and questionnaire methodologies and compared memories for highly negative and positive events while controlling for retention interval, intensity of the event, and word count in the narrative measures. A total of 108 racially diverse college undergraduates wrote narratives and completed the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire about the most negative and the most positive event they had experienced, and memories were assessed for narrative coherence, language indicative of cognition, insight and sensory experience, subjective ratings of clarity, sensory detail, contextual detail, temporal detail, and the inclusion of thought...
Plotters and Proprietaries, 1682–83: The “Council of Six” and the Colonies: Plan for Colonization or Front for Revolution?

(1976). Plotters and Proprietaries, 1682‐83: The “Council of Six” and the Colonies: Plan for Colonization or Front for Revolution? The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 474-484.
Exact solution to a nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation

The nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation delta ..mu.. delta/sub ..mu../PHI + M/sup 2/PHI + lambda/sub 1/ PHI/sup 1-m/ + lambda/sub 2/ PHI/sup 1-2m/ = 0 has the exact formal solution PHI = (u/sup 2m/ - lamdba/sub 1/ u/sup m//(m - 2)M/sup 2/ + lambda/sub 1//sup 2//(m - 2)/sup 2/M/sup 4/ - lambda/sub 2//4(m - 1)M/sup 2/)/sup 1/m/u/sup -1/, m is not equal to 0,1,2, where u and u/sup -1/ are solutions of the linear Klein-Gordon equation. This equation is a simple generalization of the ordinary second order differential equation satisfied by the homogeneous function y = (au/sup m/ + b(uv)/sup m/2/ + cv/sup m/)/sup k/m/, where u and v are linearly independent solutions of y'' + r(x)y' + q(x)y = 0.
A soluble copper–bipyridine water-oxidation electrocatalyst

The oxidation of water to O(2) is a key challenge in the production of chemical fuels from electricity. Although several catalysts have been developed for this reaction, substantial challenges remain towards the ultimate goal of an efficient, inexpensive and robust electrocatalyst. Reported here is the first copper-based catalyst for electrolytic water oxidation. Copper-bipyridine-hydroxo complexes rapidly form in situ from simple commercially available copper salts and bipyridine at high pH. Cyclic voltammetry of these solutions at pH 11.8-13.3 shows large, irreversible currents, indicative of catalysis. The production of O(2) is demonstrated both electrochemically and with a fluorescence probe. Catalysis occurs at about 750 mV overpotential. Electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance and other studies indicate that the catalyst is a soluble molecular species, that the dominant species in the catalytically active solutions is (2,2'-bipyridine)Cu(OH)(2) and that this is among the most rapid homogeneous water-oxidation catalysts, with a turnover frequency of ~100 s(-1).
UNDERREPRESENTATION OF FEMALE REFERENTS AS PRONOUNS, EXAMPLES AND PICTURES IN INTRODUCTORY COLLEGE TEXTBOOKS

A series of recent studies have investigated the impact of male referents such as “he” and “mankind” on the gender that listeners and readers attribute to a statement. A review of these experiments...
Evaluation of Four Permeable Pavement Sites in Eastern North Carolina for Runoff Reduction and Water Quality Impacts

Four permeable pavement applications in North Carolina’s Coastal Plain were constructed and monitored to determine their effectiveness of reducing runoff quantity and improving water quality. Sites were either constructed of permeable interlocking concrete pavers (2), porous concrete (1), or concrete grid pavers (1). One site of each pavement type was monitored for runoff reduction for periods ranging from 10 to 26 months. Measured runoff depths from rainfall events over 50 mm were used to determine permeable pavement equivalent curve numbers for the sites, which ranged from 45 to 85. Only the two permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) sites were monitored for water quality. Runoff and exfiltrate samples were intended to be collected, in addition to runoff monitoring, from the Swansboro PICP site. However, no runoff was produced during this study from the Swansboro PICP site for rainfall events up to 88 mm . From exfiltrate concentrations, nutrient retention was estimated to be 3.4 and 0.4 kg∕ha∕...
Do investigators understand ethically-important perspectives of clinical research participants?: A ‘piggy-back’ study of attunement and alignment in serious illness research

Abstract Objective The authors sought to compare investigators' predictions of clinical research participants' attitudes regarding ethically-important considerations in serious illness research with attitudes expressed by participants (“attunement”), to compare the personal attitudes of investigators and clinical research participants (“alignment”), and to explore the association between views expressed and covariates. Method The authors queried clinical research participants with either physical or mental illness ( n = 100) and faculty investigators conducting the clinical research protocols in which these participants were enrolled ( n = 77). Outcomes included attitudes regarding importance of medical research, attributes of seriously ill people in the research situation, and influences on enrollment decisions by seriously ill people. Generalized estimating equations and linear regression models were used. Results Investigators underestimated the importance of research about physical illness, mental illness, and healthy people to participants ( β PI = 0.59, 95% CI [0.36, 0.83]; β MI = 0.60, 95% CI [0.27, 0.92]; β H = 0.93, 95% CI [0.57, 1.29]). Investigators incorrectly predicted that participants would assess seriously ill people as more vulnerable in the research situation than participants did ( β = −0.68, 95% CI [−1.11, −0.25]). Investigators and participants were aligned on the importance of illness research. Participants expressed greater agreement than investigators regarding the influences of ill individuals indicative of will and cognition in their enrollment decisions ( β = 0.69, 95% CI [0.25, 1.13]). Conclusions Investigators are attuned to and aligned with research participants in many, but not all, respects. Investigators may bring a protective bias in their predictions of the vulnerabilities of ill volunteers.
Functional analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus tRNA-like structure in cytoplasmic gene regulation

The 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which terminates in a tRNA-like structure, functionally substitutes for a poly(A) tail in both plant and animal cells. The addition of the TMV 3'-UTR to chimeric mRNA constructs increases their expression up to 100-fold, increasing both translational efficiency and mRNA stability. The domain largely responsible for the regulation maps to a 72 base region immediately upstream of the tRNA-like structure, however, the 3'-terminal, tRNA-like structure is required for full function. Its contribution is lost if separated from the upstream pseudoknot domain by as few as 5 bases or if 6 bases are removed from the 3'-terminus. Sequence addition to the 3'-terminus of the TMV 3'UTR or the upstream pseudoknot domain inhibits function in both tobacco and Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Optical transition radiation interferometry and beam emittance measurements

Abstract Optical transition radiation (OTR) patterns were measured using transparent foil and mirror Wartski interferometers. Electron beam divergence and profile were determined by comparing theoretically calculated OTR patterns and experimental data. The Naval Postgraduate School electron linear accelerator was determined to have a horizontal normalized emittance of (305 ± 45)π mm mrad and a vertical normalized emittance of (170 ± 25) π mm mrad. A comparison of interference patterns made with 0.5 and 5.0 μm clear nitrocellulose foils indicates that radiation produced at the three vacuum-media interfaces was coherent in the case of the thinner foil.
Democracy and Social Welfare

Democratic government and generous social provisions are both critical qualities of good societies, at least in the prevailing views in most rich countries. Democracy and social welfare policies are also interrelated. While social policy can thrive in authoritarian polit ical systems, democracies often present specif ically favorable conditions for sustainable social provisions. In turn, the growth of social welfare states was arguably supportive of the consolidation of democratic rule in Western Europe after the Second World War. The two books under review make important contri butions to the causal analysis of democratic governance and social welfare policies. Both enter crowded fields of scholarship, and in both fields substantial progress has been made in past decades (Amenta 2003; Mahoney 2003). Charles Tilly's Democracy builds on a life time of work on state formation and gover nance; revolutions; contention and collective violence; as well as trust relations; inequality; and more. In addition, this book, together with his earlier work on Durable Inequality (1998), represents the fruition of a shift in Tilly's analytic strategy: from a theoretically oriented pursuit of important historical ques tions to a more formal-if still richly informed by history-use of mechanism hypotheses as tools of causal explanation. For both reasons, Democracy meets with great expectations and deserves a close reading. Tilly focuses on processes of democratiza tion, de-democratization, and on degrees of democracy rather than on the attainment or the loss of a defined state of affairs called democracy: "Democratization . . . consists of an increase in conformity between state behavior and citizens' expressed demands" (p. 140). This conformity is specified in four dimensions: as the degree to which there exists broad, equal, and mutually binding consultation of the citizenry by the state, and Democracy, by Charles Tiy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 234pp. $19.99 paper. ISBN: 9780521701532.
Maximal coplanar sets of intersection points

Let F be any set of five points in R 3 so situated that no four of the points are coplanar, and that the line xy through any two x and y of the points has a unique intersection point xy* with the plane determined by the other three. Let F ∧ denote the family of all such xy*. Let S(F) denote the set of all X⊆F ∧ which are maximal with respect to the property that X is a subset of a plane in R 3 . For k>2 an integer, let S(k;F) denote the family of all k-membered elements in S(F). We establish a structure result about F ∧ , (SCF), S(3;F) and S(4;F) and extend our ideas to general Euclidean spaces
A note on linear rank tests and Gill and Schumacher's tests of proportionality

SUMMARY Gill & Schumacher (1987) assess proportionality of hazards in the two-sample case by comparing two generalized linear rank tests with different weights. They consider the difference of the two linear rank statistics; under proportionality, the expected value of this difference is zero and its variance may be estimated. The purpose of this note is to show that one can perform a similar procedure within the traditional regression setting. The procedure has the advantage of generalizability to multi-sample or continuous data and is computable using existing regression programs.
Tricyclic antidepressant drugs block histamine H2 receptor in brain.

THE observation that cyproheptadine is a competitive antagonist of the histamine H2 receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in brain1 suggested that the chemically similar tricyclic antidepressant drugs may also have this activity. To test this hypothesis, four tricyclic antidepressants—representing four different structural types—were tested on the H2 receptor linked to adenylate cyclase in homogenates of the guinea pig hippocampus and cortex. Both dimaprit and histamine were used as agonists. Dimaprit has potent activity at the H2 receptor with negligible activity at the H1 receptor, that is, less than 0.0001% of that of histamine2.
SUPPLY RESPONSE IN THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP INDUSTRY: A CASE FOR DISAGGREGATION AND DYNAMICS*

Microeconomic capital goods theory was utilised to provide a theoretical framework on which a dynamic econometric model was based. Econometric procedures were then employed in an analysis of sheep producers' decision making regarding the annual supplies of wool, lamb and mutton, and annual changes in the inventory levels of sheep, lambs and ewes maintained for breeding purposes. Estimates show that wool prices provide the long-run stimulus for increases and decreases in the sheep flock while mutton and lamb prices are responsible for short-run changes in flock composition. Substitution between sheep and beef cattle is of considerable importance although no significant substitution between sheep and cropping could be found. Seasonal conditions proved to be an important short-run supply shifter, affecting both numbers and composition of the sheep flock.
The disharmonious honking of the vuvuzelas: homogenization and difference in the production and promotion of the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa

In 2010, sixteen years after it became a democracy, South Africa became the first African nation to host the Soccer World Cup. This paper explores the role that the music plays in constructing, imagining and managing the sound space of the World Cup, which markets South Africa to foreign spectators and local audiences alike. It begins with a consideration of persistent debates on the possibility of identifying a South African music, following by a consideration of the often exoticist, primitivist representations of that music perpetuated by the 2010 Soccer World Cup advertisements. It then considers the extent to which this primitivism, which actively undermines attempts to represent South Africa's preparedness for hosting the event, is counterbalanced by the sonic production of a normatively Western gender binary employed to demonstrate social and economic development. Finally, it will discuss the extent to which this rigid binary, reinforced in musical representations of South Africanness, makes invisib...
Enrichment of phospholipids from neutral lipids in peanut oil by high-performance liquid chromatography

Phospholipids from crude peanut oil were enriched on a 2-cm silica column and subsequently separated from neutral lipids within the chromatographic system without prior concentration. Hexane effectively removed the bulk neutral lipids, leaving the adsorbed phospholipids on the silica precolumn. Individual phospholipids were separated from the remaining neutral lipids and from each other by using two mixed solvents and a gradient program. This method separates the phospholipids in approximately 27 min after the desired enrichment level has been reached.
Reducing Behavioral Constraints to Supplier Integration: A Socio‐Technical Systems Perspective

Despite the benefits of supplier integration (SI), research suggests such collaborative initiatives are inhibited by behavioral constraints. While studies tend to advance technical reasons that hinder SI, we draw from socio-technical system (STS) theory to suggest that the interaction among social, technical, and environmental features can give rise to behaviors that constrain SI. We conceptualize buying and supplying firms as two distinct social-technical systems and SI as a merging of technical systems across firms. We posit that behavioral constraints, which limit the realization of SI goals, arise when technical integration commences without appropriate a priori consideration for the social or environmental implications of technical changes. Our conceptual development not only proposes specific social processes that increase the likelihood of behavioral constraints during SI, but also suggests technical approaches to prevent them. Further, we identify salient environmental contingencies affecting the emergence of behavioral constraints. By extending STS theory to the interorganizational context, we contribute to SI research by offering a holistic view of SI and proposing ways managers can address the challenges that exist.
Substantial proportions of identical β-chain T-cell receptor transcripts are present in epithelial ovarian carcinoma tumors

To determine whether clonally expanded T cells are present in tumor specimens from patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) we amplified by the non-palindromic adaptor PCR (NPA-PCR) or by Vβ-specific PCR β-chain T-cell receptor (TCR) transcripts from these tumor specimens. The amplified transcripts were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of substantial proportions of multiple identical copies of β-chain TCR transcripts, suggesting the presence of clonal expansions of T cells in these patients, which were statistically significant by the binomial distribution in seven of nine patients. Independent amplification in separate experiments of β-chain TCR transcripts from one patient by either NPA-PCR or by Vβ-specific PCR, followed by cloning and sequencing, revealed identical clonal expansions irrespectively of the amplification method used. Multiple identical copies of β-chain TCR transcripts can be derived only by specific antigen-driven proliferation and clonal expansion of the T-cell clones which recognize these antigens. Because of the very large size of the TCR repertoire, the probability of finding by chance multiple identical copies of these transcripts within an independent sample of T cells is negligible. These results demonstrate that T cells infiltrating solid tumor specimens or malignant ascites of patients with EOC contain monoclonal/oligoclonal populations of T cells.
Biological Effects of Mount Saint Helens Volcanic Ash on Cultured Human Alveolar Macrophages

Free alveolar macrophages (FAMs) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy nonsmoking volunteers were incubated with varying concentrations (0–300 μg/ml) of Mt. Saint Helens volcanic ash obtained from either Portland, Oregon, or Pullman, Washington, to assess the cytotoxic effects of the ash on human lung cells. Trypan dye exclusion techniques were employed for assessment of cell viability. Following the initial 24 hour culture with the Portland ash samples, decreased viability was observed at all ash concentrations (P < 0.001 in all instances), and further decreases in viability were noted at 48 and 72 hours for all concentrations of ash tested (P < 0.001 in all instances). When the Pullman, Washington, ash sample was evaluated, a decrease in cell viability was noted for the 300 μg/ml concentration (P < 0.017) after the initial 24 hours in culture. Further decreases in cell viability were noted only when cells were cultured for longer time intervals (48 and 72 hours) (P < 0.05 in all instances). Di...
Arrhythmias induced by device antitachycardia therapy due to diagnostic nonspecificity.

Abstract New technology has produced automatic cardioverter-defibrilla tors capable of delivering antitachycardia pacing, as well as low and high energy shocks and backup bradycardia pacing. These expanded treatment options have led to a wider range of clinical applications for such devices, including the treatment of ventricular tachycardias with longer cycle lengths, which may overlap the cycle lengths of some supraventricular arrhythmias. The diagnostic capability of these devices, although improved, has not advanced sufficiently to ensure reliable discrimination between all supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Two cases are presented in which device-mediated pacing therapy, triggered by supraventricular arrhythmias, induced ventricular tachycardia requiring additional therapeutic intervention. This report illustrates the therapeutic versatility and some of the potential pitfalls, of the recently developed devices and reviews the status of automatic arrhythmia identification technology.
A comparison of broadband models for sand sediments.

Chotiros and Isakson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116(4), 2011–2022 (2004)] recently proposed an extension of the Biot-Stoll model for poroelastic sediments that makes predictions for compressional wave speed and attenuation, which are in much better accord with the experimental measurements of these quantities extant in the literature than either those of the conventional Biot-Stoll model or the rival model of Buckingham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108(6), 2796–2815 (2000)]. Using a local minimizer, the Nelder-Mead simplex method, it is shown that there are generally at least two choices of the Chotiros-Isakson parameters which produce good agreement with experimental measurements. Since one postulate of the Chotiros-Isakson model is that, due to the presence of air bubbles in the pore space, the pore fluid compressibility is greater than that of water, an alternative model based on a conjecture by Biot [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34(5), 1254–1264 (1962)], air bubble resonance, is considered. While this model does as well or ...
The Love that Binds: Transnational Relationships in Sex Work

The maintenance of long-term relationships between sex workers and their clients involves the management and balance of intimacy and a business relationship and requires both parties to constantly negotiate their roles and expectations. In this study, I focus on how they interpret these relationships. The data used are from in-depth interviews and participant observation collected from August 2004 through August 2007. I identify three factors affecting these relationships: distance apart, affairs and social bond. While older lovers yield a certain amount of control and power over their younger partners, the latter can convert older lovers’ emotional attachment, sense of responsibility, familial involvement, and sense of pride to currencies used to increase their bargaining power.
Absolute magnitude estimation and relative judgement approaches to subjective workload assessment

Two rating scale techniques employing an absolute magnitude estimation method, were compared to a relative judgment method for assessing subjective workload. One of the absolute estimation techniques used was an unidimensional overall workload scale and the other was the multidimensional NASA-Task Load Index technique. Thomas Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process was the unidimensional relative judgment method used. These techniques were used to assess the subjective workload of various single- and dual-tracking conditions. The validity of the techniques was defined as their ability to detect the same phenomena observed in the tracking performance. Reliability was assessed by calculating test-retest correlations. Within the context of the experiment, the Saaty Analytic Hierarchy Process was found to be superior in validity and reliability. These findings suggest that the relative judgment method would be an effective addition to the currently available subjective workload assessment techniques.