cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preference induction and the benefits of floral resources for a facultative florivore

The causes and consequences of flower feeding for facultative florivores are poorly understood. Several factors can influence host selection and may, by extension, influence host part selection. Two such factors cited for the facultative florivore, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), are the optimisation of adult performance and natal habitat preference induction (NHPI) – a change in preference for a habitat in response to cues associated with the natal habitat. In this study we compared the nutritive and physical qualities of leaves and petals of Gerbera jamesonii, measured the survival and fitness of adults flies reared on leaves, flowers or a mixed diet, and investigated the influence of NHPI on adult host part choice. Liriomyza trifolii exhibited more than 50% higher lifetime fecundity on a mixed diet than on strict diets of leaves or flowers. Newly emerged adult flies exposed to leaves for 24 h showed a significant preference towards leaves, while flower-exposed flies showed no significant preference; flower-exposed flies were thus more than twice as likely as leaf-exposed flies to feed and oviposit on flowers. These results suggest that the optimisation of adult performance may be driving facultative florivory for L. trifolii in general, but the degree of florivory expressed is influenced by early adult experience, as NHPI explained 33% and 39% of feeding and oviposition host part choice, respectively. The potential for NHPI to influence the spatiotemporal occurrence of florivory is discussed.
The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War

Jonathan P. Herzog (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), xi+273 pp It took a while, but historians have finally moved beyond treating religious history as its own entity that operat...
Photoemission spectra of CeAl3, CeBe13, CeSi2, and CeCu2Si2: Weights and widths of the 4f emission features.

We present valence-band photoemission spectra for ${\mathrm{CeAl}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{CeBe}}_{13}$, ${\mathrm{CeSi}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, and related conventional rare-earth counterpart compounds, taken at photon energies corresponding to the giant 4d resonance with resolution \ensuremath{\sim}150 meV. We take into account the 5d emission, which comprises 30% of the valence-band emission at the 4d resonance. We compare the resulting 4f emission to the predictions of the Anderson impurity model calculated in a low-order 1/N expansion, and including spin-orbit, crystal-field, and finite Coulomb correlation effects. The calculation gives order-of-magnitude fits to the data, but underestimates the spectral weight near the Fermi level by a factor of 2 and overestimates the width of the main f emission at 2 eV by a factor of 4. We argue that Ce photoemission remains an open problem and discuss several experimental and theoretical issues which need to be resolved to make further progress.
Malignant transformation of teratoma to primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET): Outcome analysis with PNET based chemotherapy

e16121 Background: Metastatic testis cancer is uniquely chemosensitive and highly curable. Residual teratoma can be surgically resected. However, testicular teratoma can differentiate along endoder...
Language support for parallel programming

Rationale for standardizing language-support for parallel programming is discussed. The evolution of the concepts handled by parallel programming and the actual state of the art is presented. The intuitive meaning of the terms parallel algorithm, parallel process, and parallel programming are informally discussed, and an algebraic formalization of these terms is presented. A minimal language-support to be provided by programming languages to facilitate parallel programming is also described. A set of constructs are developed in this respect. These constructs have as their basis both the semantic model of parallel processes and parallel libraries provided by the actual multiprocessor machines to support parallel programming. >
AMERICA'S RELIGION VERSUS RELIGION IN AMERICA: A PHILOSOPHIC PROFILE

Religion can be politicized to become a murderous ideology and ideology can be interpreted messianically to become a virtual religion. With the caveat that a religio-ideological capitalism pertains only to a minority of conservative Americans and that most Americans are not ideological, ideological capitalism has had an inordinate influence on America s social-political praxis. This praxis has suffered from the ideology where ideology denotes inter alia: 1) a system of belief whose believers are intolerant of anything less than fervent adherence to the cause, 2) treat that cause as overriding common civility, 3) view civility itself as a reward for backing the ideology, 4) suppress or ignore evidence against the ideological belief, and 5) try to silence the disbelief expressed in open societies, where suppression is limited, by schemes ranging from deception and ad hominem attacks to manipulating public officials. These tactics are not characteristic of, or encouraged by, the theological doctrines of the major religions in America such as Judaism and Judeo-Christianity that forthrightly admit of faith. Faith-based religions are the only antidote prima facie to the fatal hubris of a corporate ideology that is morphing pragmatism into a relativistic post-modern constructionism for marketing, packaging and reinventing America.
Autonomous qualitative learning of distinctions and actions in a developing agent

How can an agent bootstrap up from a pixel-level representation to autonomously learn high-level states and actions using only domain general knowledge? This thesis attacks a piece of this problem and assumes that an agent has a set of continuous variables describing the environment and a set of continuous motor primitives, and poses a solution for the problem of how an agent can learn a set of useful states and effective higher-level actions through autonomous experience with the environment. There exist methods for learning models of the environment, and there also exist methods for planning. However, for autonomous learning, these methods have been used almost exclusively in discrete environments. This thesis proposes attacking the problem of learning high-level states and actions in continuous environments by using a qualitative representation to bridge the gap between continuous and discrete variable representations. In this approach, the agent begins with a broad discretization and initially can only tell if the value of each variable is increasing, decreasing, or remaining steady. The agent then simultaneously learns a qualitative representation (discretization) and a set of predictive models of the environment. The agent then converts these models into plans to form actions. The agent then uses those learned actions to explore the environment. The method is evaluated using a simulated robot with realistic physics. The robot is sitting at a table that contains one or two blocks, as well as other distractor objects that are out of reach. The agent autonomously explores the environment without being given a task. After learning, the agent is given various tasks to determine if it learned the necessary states and actions to complete them. The results show that the agent was able to use this method to autonomously learn to perform the tasks.
Communicating Uncertainty in Weather Forecasts: A Survey of the U.S. Public

Abstract Weather forecasts are inherently uncertain, and meteorologists have information about weather forecast uncertainty that is not readily available to most forecast users. Yet effectively communicating forecast uncertainty to nonmeteorologists remains challenging. Improving forecast uncertainty communication requires research-based knowledge that can inform decisions on what uncertainty information to communicate, when, and how to do so. To help build such knowledge, this article explores the public’s perspectives on everyday weather forecast uncertainty and uncertainty information using results from a nationwide survey. By contributing to the fundamental understanding of laypeople’s views on forecast uncertainty, the findings can inform both uncertainty communication and related research. The article uses empirical data from a nationwide survey of the U.S. public to investigate beliefs commonly held among meteorologists and to explore new topics. The results show that when given a deterministic tem...
In vivo induction of ovarian development in decapitated Aedes atropalpus by physiological levels of 20‐hydroxyecdysone

The Bass Rock strain of the mosquito Aedes atropalpus is autogenous for the first gonadotropic cycle; i.e. adult females will undergo normal oocyte maturation without the benefit of a blood meal. Yolk deposition can be completely inhibited if these animals are decapitated within 6 hours or abdominally ligated within 8 hours of adult emergence. Injection of 4.8 ng of 20-hydroxyecdysion into 12-hour-old adult females that had been decapitated soon after eclosion restored vitellogenesis in 100% of the treated insects. With this dosage of hormone 50% of the oocytes appeared mature 72 hours after injection. When the amount of hormone administered was increased to 4.8 × 103 ng all of the follicles in 100% of the animals contained yolk, but the average follicle length was 35% less than the vitellogenic follicles of either the non-decapitated controls or the decapitated females that had received 4.8 ng of hormone. Yolk deposition was not restored in isolated abdomens by 4.8 ng of 20-hydroxyecdysone. When the dosage was increased to 5 × 103 ng, 100% of the abdomens injected had follicles with yolk, and almost all the follicles contained yolk, but the average follicular length was reduced by 42% compared to intact controls. The vitellogenic activity induced by μg quantities of 20-hydroxyecdysone in decapitated females or in isolated abdomens is no doubt nonphysiological. However the fact that a single injection of only 4.8 ng of 20-hydroxyecdysone was capable of inducing in vivo vitellogenesis in decapitated females suggests that this hormone is normally required for this process to occur. Since isolated abdomens did not respond to this amount of 20-hydroxyecdysone, the possibility that the presence of a thoracic factor, perhaps juvenile hormone, may also be necessary for normal ovarian development in A. atropalpus is discussed.
Diagnosing tuberculosis infection in the 21st century: new tools to tackle an old enemy.

The century-old tuberculin skin test (TST) was until recently the only means of diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Recent advances in mycobacterial genomics and human cellular immunology have resulted in two new blood tests that detect tuberculosis infection by measuring in vitro T-cell interferon (IFN)-γ release in response to two unique antigens that are highly specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis but absent from bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and most nontuberculous mycobacteria. One assay, the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) [T-SPOT.TB; Oxford Immunotec; Oxford, UK] enumerates IFN-γ–secreting T cells, while the other assay measures IFN-γ concentration in supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [QuantiFERON-TB Gold; Cellestis; Carnegie, Australia]. A large and growing clinical evidence base indicates that both tests are more specific than the skin test because they are not confounded by prior BCG vaccination. In active tuberculosis, ELISA has similar sensitivity to the skin test, while ELISpot is significantly more sensitive. Current cross-sectional evidence suggests that for diagnosis of LTBI, sensitivity of ELISA is similar to TST, while ELISpot appears more sensitive. High specificity will enable clinicians to avoid unnecessary preventive treatment in BCG-vaccinated persons without infection who commonly have false-positive TST results. High sensitivity could enable accurate targeting of preventive treatment to patients with infection at the highest risk of progression to active tuberculosis who frequently have false-negative TST results due to impaired cellular immunity. However, longitudinal studies are needed to define the predictive value of positive blood test results for progression to tuberculosis.
"Spitting Is Dangerous, Indecent, and against the Law!": Legislating Health Behavior during the American Tuberculosis Crusade

Tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in early twentieth-century America. Reducing the sputum vector of contagion by changing public behavior initially focused on anti-spitting campaigns. According to most Progressive Era health experts, "promiscuous" spitting was a prime culprit in spreading the disease. Beginning in 1896 in New York, towns and cities throughout America passed anti-spitting legislation, sometimes creating tensions between individual liberty and the need to protect public health, and often highlighting class issues. Progressives viewed anti-spitting legislation in a favorable light because they advocated improving the health and well-being of Americans using state-of-the-art medical knowledge and because they often advocated the use of law and the coercive power of the state to impose order on society.
Weddell triple junction: The principal focus of Ferrar and Karoo magmatism during initial breakup of Gondwana

Middle Jurassic Ferrar tholeiites of Antarctica were emplaced during a short time interval (<1 m.y.) into an active rift system initiated in the Early Jurassic. Ferrar magmas were dispersed into the Antarctic sector of Gondwana from a source in the Weddell Sea region, within the thermal anomaly that also gave rise to the Karoo basaltic rocks of southern Africa. The Golden Gate lavas, part of the Karoo central area low-Ti tholeiites, show geochemical similarities to Ferrar rocks. Tectonic and geochemical relationships of the Ferrar and Karoo low-Ti magmas, which constitute a major part of the Jurassic Gondwana large igneous province, suggest that they were derived from a single source associated with a triple junction in the proto-Weddell Sea region.
Spike--nucleocapsid interaction in Semliki Forest virus reconstructed using network antibodies.

Using in vitro immunization, we have reconstructed three consecutive steps of an idiotype network to show that the nucleocapsid of Semliki Forest virus contains a specific "receptor" for the cytoplasmic tail of the E2 spike glycoprotein. This interaction could be the basis for the highly selective inclusion of viral glycoproteins—and exclusion of host cell surface proteins—during virus budding.5
Comparisons of sulfate and nitrate production in clouds on the mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest Coasts of the United States

Measurements are presented of sulfate and nitrate production in clouds on the East and West coasts of the United States. Sulfate production measured on the mid-Atlantic Coast was significantly greater than on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Nitrate production was significant on the mid-Atlantic Coast but, on average, insignificant on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Measurements of sulfate and nitrate scavenging coefficients by clouds are also presented.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CYCLOSPORIN NEUROTOXICITY AND HYPOMAGNESAEMIA

The serum magnesium levels of all 12 allogeneic bone-marrow transplant recipients who experienced the neurotoxic effects of cyclosporin (CyA) were more than two standard deviations below the normal range. The neurological events seemed to segregate into three separate syndromes. 7 patients had grand-mal seizures, which occurred within the first several weeks of CyA therapy (median onset 12 days). At the time of their first seizure all 7 patients had hypomagnesaemia, which had developed rapidly over the preceding 1-3 weeks. 3 patients had four episodes of cerebellar ataxia, tremor, and depression. These subacute episodes developed after prolonged CyA therapy (median onset 67 days). Each episode was associated with hypomagnesaemia. 2 patients had a transient episode of expressive aphasia following a long period of hypomagnesaemia. In all cases symptoms resolved or did not recur with adequate magnesium replacement. These data suggest that CyA neurotoxicity is associated with hypomagnesaemia and may be treated or prevented with magnesium replacement.
The Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract After summarizing the literature on the various models for the role of social support in the process of work stress, two studies are reported. In the first study, correlations between (1) social support and workplace stressors and (2) between social support and strains as well as (3) incremental R 2 s across 68 studies, when the interaction term of stressors and support was added to the regression of strain on stressors and support, were meta-analytically cumulated. Potential moderators of these relationships were weak, suggesting the presence of three general constructs of stressors, strains, and social support. In the second study, the various models for the role of social support in the process of workplace stress were tested for the general constructs identified in the first study. Results indicated that social support had a threefold effect on work stressor–strain relations. Social support reduced the strains experienced, social support mitigated perceived stressors, and social support moderated the stressor–strain relationship. Evidence for mediational and suppressor effects of social support on the process of work stress was weak. In addition, the argument that social support is mobilized when stressors are encountered was not consistent with the available empirical evidence. A similar lack of support was found for the arguments that support is mobilized when strains are encountered and that support is provided when individuals are afflicted with strains.
DEXAMETHASONE DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE RESPONSE RATE OF DOCETAXEL AND ESTRAMUSTINE IN ANDROGEN INDEPENDENT PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: We evaluated the independent response rate of dexamethasone before docetaxel and estramustine administration as measured by changes in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients received 20 mg. dexamethasone orally every 6 hours for 3 doses repeated every 3 weeks before starting cytotoxic therapy with estramustine and docetaxel. After progression on dexamethasone 280 mg. estramustine orally 3 times daily on days 1 to 5 and 70 mg./m. 2 docetaxel intravenously for 1 hour on day 2 were given. Results: None of the patients initially treated with dexamethasone monotherapy (median 1 cycle, range 1 to 5) had a PSA decline of 50% or greater. Median PSA increase on monotherapy was 47% (range 0% to 22%). On estramustine and docetaxel therapy PSA decreased 50% or greater in 11 patients (92%, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 60 to 99) and 80% or greater in 7 (58%, 95% CI 29 to 84), and normalized in 5 (42%, 95% CI 16 to 71), with a median duration of response of 153 (range 42 to 371), 132 (range 84 to 287) and 84 (range 21 to 174) days, respectively. Median times to reach 50% and 80% decreases in baseline PSA were 21 (range 21 to 209) and 63 (range 21 to 138) days, respectively. In 9 patients (75%, 95% CI 43 to 93) PSA decreased at least 50% by week 9. Of 4 patients with bidimensionally measurable disease 3 had a partial response. Median time to progression was 263 days (range 91 to 378). Conclusions: Administration of 20. mg. dexamethasone orally every 6 hours for 3 doses every 3 weeks does not significantly contribute to the PSA response rate of estramustine and docetaxel.
Observable physics from superstring exotic particles: Small Dirac neutrino masses

Certain superstring theories contain new exotic particles and couplings active at low energies. We show that they offer a solution to a long-standing problem of simultaneously having naturally small Dirac neutrino masses and vanishing Majorana masses. It is therefore consistent with (a) lack of observation of neutrinoless double $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay, (b) possible evidence for nonvanishing neutrino mass, and (c) a recently proposed solution to the solar neutrino problem.
Realization of sharp excitonic features in highly strained GaAs/InxGa1−xAs multiple quantum wells grown on GaAs(100) substrates

Abstract The relation between the exciton linewidth and the quantum well width is studied for various In compositions in InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells. A region of minimum exciton linewidth is observed. Thick multiple quantum wells, grown in this minimum linewidth region, show sharp excitonic features when grown under RHEED determined optimized growth conditions. Ultrathick strained multiple quantum wells with good optical quality are realized by exploiting strain relief via growth on pre-patterned substrates.
Stimulation of epithelial cell growth by the neuropeptide substance P

The neuropeptide substance P (SP) was found to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell growth for epithelial cells (cornea and lens) in a serum-free environment. The length of treatment time was shown to be important since longer times shifted the dose-response curve to the left. In short-term DNA synthesis studies (40 h) the stimulation with SP (or synergism with insulin) was not apparent until close to 10 microM, however, when DNA synthesis assays were carried out over a long period of time (5 days) stimulation with SP was seen at 1 pM. The stimulation of DNA synthesis by SP was synergistic with insulin for lens epithelial cells, but little synergism was seen with corneal epithelial cells. It cell growth studies on lens epithelial cells SP also showed growth stimulation by itself and synergism with insulin at concentrations of 1-2 pM. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) showed no DNA synthesis stimulating ability on epithelial cells by itself at concentrations as high as 2.5 microM; however, it was synergistic with SP at a concentration of 0.025 microM. SP pretreatment of epithelial cells for 2 h causes an increase in cellular sensitivity to subsequent addition of either SP or insulin. This increase is consistent with the hypothesis that either the signal from SP persists after its removal from the cell or the dissociation time for SP from its receptor is longer than the wash time.
Energetics of the Kuroshio Extension at 35°N, 152°E

Abstract A simplistic interpretation of eddy heat fluxes from a two-year current meter mooring deployment in the Kuroshio Extension leads to the conclusion that the eddy field is denying at 152°E, contradicting observations from the surface to 300 m that indicate the region to be one of steady or growing eddy energy. Thus, a simplified version of the method used by Hall to construct the velocity field of the current from the moored data has been used to examine the baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions in the cyclonic and anticyclonic portions of the current, for both geographic and ‘stream’ coordinates. Although the error bars are large, in stream coordinates significant conversions of mean to eddy potential energy occur on the anticyclonic side of the current at both 350 and 625 dbar, with smaller average conversions of eddy to mean energy over the cold portion. Barotropic conversions in this coordinate system are small, but qualitatively the calculated Reynolds stresses agree with previous obser...
HIV positive Hispanic/Latinos who delay HIV care: analysis of multilevel care engagement barriers.

This article overviews a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) study with a sample population consisting of 470 Hispanic/Latino persons living with HIV/AIDS who received primary HIV/AIDS medical services from one of five HRSA Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) Border Health demonstration projects. The study purpose was to identify multilevel barriers that affect delayed entry into HIV/AIDS medical care among Hispanic/Latino persons living along the U.S.–Mexico border. Multilevel variables along individual, community/cultural, and structural/systems were assessed relative to delayed care entry. The results of this examination indicate that individual and structural/system-level variables affect delayed care entry, whereas support was not found for community/cultural-level barriers. Study findings inform treatment engagement strategies aimed to decrease HIV disease progression by bringing Hispanic/Latinos into care sooner.
Thermal management in gas cooled solid state laser disk amplifiers

The technical issues associated with the cooling of large aperture average Power solid-state laser disk amplifiers are addressed. The heat transfer requirements, their effect on optical distortion in the laser slabs and optical losses in the cooling stream, and the system efficiency penalty associated with the cooling flow are discussed. It is shown that it is possible to economically cool an average power solid-state disk amplifier in such a manner that cooling related optical distortions and flow induced optical losses are tolerable.
Cross-Validation of a Creativity Scale for the Adjective Check List.

Cross-validation of a Creativity (Cr) scale for the Adjective Check List (ACL), based on adult groups, is presented. ACL self-descriptions for 103 known independent inventors were compared with those of 74 noninventors. Of all the possible ACL scales, significant differences between the two groups existed for 8 scales, including the Cr scale. Within the creative group itself, there was no significant difference between patentees and nonpatentees on the Cr scale.
Liquid Immersion Cooling of a Longitudinal Array of Discrete Heat Sources in Protruding Substrates: I—Single-Phase Convection

Experiments have been performed using water and FC-77 to investigate heat transfer from an in-line 1 x 10 array of discrete heat sources, flush mounted to protruding substrates located on the bottom wall of a horizontal flow channel. The data encompass flow regimes ranging from mixed convection to laminar and turbulent forced convection. Buoyancy-induced secondary flows enhanced heat transfer at downstream heater locations and provided heat transfer coefficients comparable to upstream values. Upstream heating extended enhancement on the downstream heaters to larger Reynolds numbers. Higher Prandtl number fluids also extended heat transfer enhancement to larger Reynolds numbers, while a reduction in channel height suppressed buoyancy driven flows, thereby reducing enhancement. The protrusions enhanced the transition to turbulent forced convection, causing the critical Reynolds number to decrease with increasing row number. The transition region was characterized by large heater-to-heater variations in the average Nusselt number.
Crowdsourcing and Its Application to Transportation Data Collection and Management

The participation of a large and varied group of people in the planning process has long been encouraged to increase the effectiveness and acceptability of plans. However, in practice, participation by affected stakeholders has often been limited to small groups, both because of the lack of reach on the part of planners and because of a sense of little or no ownership of the process on the part of citizens. Overcoming these challenges to stakeholder participation is particularly important for any transportation planning process because the success of the system depends primarily on its ability to cater to the requirements and preferences of the people whom the system serves. Crowdsourcing uses the collective wisdom of a crowd to achieve a solution to a problem that affects the crowd. This paper proposes the use of crowdsourcing as a possible mechanism to involve a large group of stakeholders in transportation planning and operations. Multiple case studies show that crowdsourcing was used to collect data f...
Activation of GPR40 as a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

The stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose can be modulated by multiple nutritive, hormonal, and pharmacological inputs. Fatty acids potentiate insulin secretion through the generation of intracellular signaling molecules and through the activation of cell surface receptors. The G-protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), also known as free fatty acid receptor 1 (we will use GPR40 in this review), has emerged as an important component in the fatty acid augmentation of insulin secretion. By signaling predominantly through Gαq/11, GPR40 increases intracellular calcium and activates phospholipases to generate diacylglycerols resulting in increased insulin secretion. Synthetic small-molecule agonists of GPR40 enhance insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo with a mechanism similar to that found with fatty acids. GPR40 agonists have shown efficacy in increasing insulin secretion and lowering blood glucose in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Recent phase I and phase II clinical trials in humans have shown that the GPR40 agonist TAK-875 reduces fasting and postprandial blood glucose and lowers HbA1c with efficacy equal to that of the sulfonylurea glimepiride without inducing hypoglycemia or evidence of tachyphylaxis. These data suggest that targeting the GPR40 receptor can be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Transcription factor logic using chemical complementation

Chemical complementation was used to make a transcription factor circuit capable of performing complex Boolean logic.
Ion transport by heart mitochondria. XV. Morphological changes associated with the penetration of solutes into isolated heart mitochondria.

Abstract 1. The morphology of isolated beef heart mitochondria has been compared with the water content, cation content, and mannitol-permeable water volume. Mitochondria suspended in isotonic potassium acetate take up K+ and acetate spontaneously by an energy-linked reaction. The ion uptake is accompanied by extensive swelling of the mannitol (or sucrose)-impermeable water volume and by a dilation of the matrix space in electron micrographs. A similar ion uptake, increase in mannitol-impermeable water, and dilation of the matrix is seen in isotonic potassium acetate in the absence of energy when the membrane is made permeable to K+ by the addition of gramicidin. 2. Expansion of the matrix and increases in the mannitol-impermeable water volume similar to those noted above for osmotic swelling in potassium acetate also occur when mitochondria are suspended in hypotonic solutions of sucrose or KCl. 3. In isotonic KCl the impermeant Cl− prevents the accumulation of K+ either by the energy-linked reaction or by the passive, gramicidin-induced reaction. The uptake of K+, increases in mannitol-impermeable water, and dilation of the matrix do not occur in this medium in the presence of a source of energy or in the absence of energy when gramicidin is added. Dilation of the matrix can be seen in isotonic KCl only when the membrane is made permeable to Cl− by either the addition of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate or by the combination of gramicidin and metabolic energy. 4. It can be concluded that the matrix space in electron micrographs correlates well with the mannitol-impermeable water volume which is observed in isotope experiments. It can also be concluded that the morphological changes reported here are closely related to osmotic factors.
Privacy and self-disclosure in social relationships.

Privacy is viewed as a process of boundary regulation, controlling how much (or how little) contact an individual maintains with others. Self-disclosure involves the verbal transmission of information. Adjustment of self-disclosure outputs and inputs is boundary regulation; the extent of control one maintains over this exchange of information contributes to the amount of privacy one has in a social relationship. Regulation of interpersonal boundaries affects the kinds of relationships we maintain with others (as in friendships and power relationships). There also are implications for personality functioning. Reconceptualizing self-disclosure as a form of boundary adjustment in the maintenance of privacy may provide a useful framework for integrating the self-disclosure literature.
Deterministic surface tractions in rough contact under stick–slip condition: Application to fretting fatigue crack initiation

Abstract A robust approach for the deterministic prediction of pressure distribution in dry rough-line contact configuration considering the elastic-fully plastic asperity effects is presented. Adopting Civarella–Jager approach, a procedure for calculation of the tangential traction distribution for cyclic loading condition in stick–slip regime is also described in detail. The effect of surface roughness on the pressure and tangential traction distribution and sub-surface stress field is evaluated. To illustrate the utility of the approach, the crack initiation risk in a stick–slip (fretting) contact is investigated for different surface roughness values. The methodology is conceptually simple and can be easily implemented in a computer code.
Are gym surfaces reservoirs for Staphylococcus aureus? A point prevalence survey

We sought to identify staphylococcal contamination of gymnasium surfaces. Various environmental surfaces were cultured at a university fitness center. Ten out of 99 samples yielded Staphylococcus aureus, all of which were methicillin-susceptible. Gym surfaces may be colonized with staphylococci and could play a role in community transmission of staphylococcal species.
Multicast communication in staircase multichannel networks

Abstract This paper addresses multicast communication in a family of multichannel networks with staircase topologies. Although the topologies are single-hop , in that every node can reach every other node in a single hop, several channels may be required in order to reach multiple destinations. The topologies are analyzed with respect to their ability to support multicast communication, and algorithms are proposed that determine the set of channels on which to send a multicast message in order to reach a particular set of destinations. The algorithms are provably optimal for the majority of topologies under consideration.
Site specific control of crystallographic grain orientation through electron beam additive manufacturing

AbstractSite specific control of the crystallographic orientation of grains within metal components has been unachievable before the advent of metals additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. To demonstrate the capability, the growth of highly misoriented micron scale grains outlining the letters D, O and E, through the thickness of a 25·4 mm tall bulk block comprised of primarily columnar [001] oriented grains made of the nickel base superalloy Inconel 718 was promoted. To accomplish this, electron beam scan strategies were developed based on principles of columnar to equiaxed transitions during solidification. Through changes in scan strategy, the electron beam heat source can rapidly change between point and line heat source modes to promote steady state and/or transient thermal gradients and liquid/solid interface velocity. With this approach, an equiaxed solidification in the regions bounding the letters D, O and E was achieved. The through thickness existence of the equiaxed grain structure outlinin...
Postoperative mortality after esophagectomy for cancer: development of a preoperative risk prediction model.

Background Surgical resection for the treatment of esophageal cancer remains a high-risk procedure. To develop a model to predict risk of postoperative death, we sought to identify factors associated with postoperative mortality for Medicare patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer.
Slavery on Trial: Race, Class, and Criminal Justice in Antebellum Richmond, Virginia

Slavery on Trial: Race, Class, and Criminal Justice in Antebellum Richmond, Virginia, by James M. Campbell, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007, xiii + 264 pp., $59.95, ISBN 978-0-8130-3...
Extrema of Skewed Stable Processes.

Abstract We study extremes of (generally) skewed stable processes. In particular we find the asymptotic behavior of the distribution function of the order statistics from a (dependent) stable sample. We give necessary conditions for a.s. boundedness of general stable processes. These conditions turn out to be sufficient when 0
Democracy for All: Restoring Immigrant Voting Rights in the U.S.

This paper examines the politics of noncitizen voting in the United States. It is not widely known that noncitizens currently vote in local elections in Maryland and in Chicago; nor that over the past decade campaigns to expand the franchise to noncitizens have been launched in at least a dozen other jurisdictions from coast to coast. These practices have their roots in another little known fact: for most of the country's history—from the founding until the 1920s—noncitizens voted in 22 states and federal territories in local, state and even federal elections, and also held public office such as alderman, coroner, and school board member. This paper presents arguments for (and against) noncitizen voting rights, and examines contemporary political organizations and actors who fought for and won (or lost) campaigns to reinstate noncitizen voting. The paper explores the politics of recent campaigns that successfully reestablished noncitizen voting, that are currently underway, and other campaigns that failed...
Surface modification of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes and fouling by BSA solutions

Abstract Five different chemically modified versions of polysulfone were prepared via two different homogeneous chemical reaction pathways. They, together with the base polymer, were cast as membranes by a phase-inversion process. The surface energies of these membranes, as measured by contact angles, were used to characterize the different membranes. Streaming-potential measurements were obtained to probe the surface charge of the membranes. The surface roughness of each membrane was also determined by atomic-force microscopy. Each membrane was then exposed to deionized water, 0.08 g/l bovine serum albumin solution and deionized water using a standard filtration procedure to simulate protein fouling and cleaning potential. Both the chemistry and the size of the grafted molecules were correlated with respect to volumetric flux during ultrafiltration of protein solutions. Surface roughness seemed to be important for filtering pure water. Hysteresis between advancing and receding contact angles increased with hydrophilicity of the membrane surfaces. One possible explanation could be that surface reorientation was more likely with hydrophilic than with hydrophobic membranes. The membrane modified by direct sulfonation had the lowest surface energy and the shortest grafted chain length and exhibited the highest volumetric flux with BSA solution. It was also the easiest to clean and exhibited the highest initial flux recovery by stirring (91%) and backflush (99%) methods with deionized water. In most cases, backflushing rather than stirring was more effective in recovering the water flux.
Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness

Phospholipases mediate the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, enabling the subsequent metabolism to potent inflammatory mediator products of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 has long been recognized as important, but newly characterized are secreted A2 isoenzymes. These secretory phospholipases are released into the extracellular compartment on cell activation. Elevated levels have been found in allergic patients after allergen challenge. Earlier investigations in a mouse asthma model utilizing airway challenges with allergen showed an important role for cysteinyl leukotrienes in the airway remodeling process. Utilizing secretory phospholipase knockout mice, group X deficiency significantly diminished the airway goblet cell metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and subepithelial fibrosis observed in wild type mice after allergen challenge. The mechanism is likely through impai...
Animal models of Kennedy disease

Since the identification of the polyglutamine repeat expansion responsible for Kennedy disease (KD) more than a decade ago, several laboratories have created animal models for KD. The slowly progressive nature of KD, its X-linked dominant mode of inheritance, and its recently elucidated hormone dependence have made the modeling of this lower motor neuron disease uniquely challenging. Several models have been generated in which variations in specificity, age of onset, and rate of progression have been achieved. Animal models that precisely reproduce the motor neuron specificity, delayed onset, and slow progression of disease may not support preclinical therapeutics testing, whereas models with rapidly progressing symptoms may preclude the ability to fully elucidate pathogenic pathways. Drosophila models of KD provide unique opportunities to use the power of genetics to identify pathogenic pathways at work in KD. This paper reviews the new wealth of transgenic mouse and Drosophila models for KD. Whereas differences, primarily in neuropathological findings, exist in these models, these differences may be exploited to begin to elucidate the most relevant pathological features of KD.
Perioperative Predictors of ICU and Hospital Costs in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Study objective Economic forces have precipitatedintense interest in cost-saving practices for patients undergoingcoronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). While several preoperativevariables have been implicated in higher costs, few studies haveincluded perioperative factors. This study evaluated the predictivepower of a preoperative mortality risk measurement (Parsonnet score)and of early extubation (≤ 6 h from ICU admission) in determining ICUand hospital costs. Design Multivariate correlationaldesign. Setting University hospital in a largemetropolitan are a. Patients All patients (n = 116)undergoing isolated CABG during a 6-month period were studied after theintroduction of a clinical pathway. Measurements and results Clinical data were collected. Costs data were obtainedretrospectively from the institutional data system and were derivedfrom individual patient charges by application of department-specificcost-to-charge ratios. In multivariate logistic regression, Parsonnetscore (per point odds ratio [OR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI],1.03 to 1.17), in-hospital coronary angiography (OR, 3.51; CI, 1.23 to10.01), delayed extubation (OR, 4.59; CI, 1.29 to 16.29), and presenceof arrhythmia (OR, 3.50; CI, 1.15 to 10.64) were independent predictorsof ICU costs. Only Parsonnet score (OR, 1.09; CI, 1.03 to 1.15) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (OR, 1.01; CI, 1.00 to 1.02) wereindependent predictors of hospital costs. Conclusions The Parsonnet score is a useful indicator of both ICU and hospitalcosts. Early extubation is associated with decreased ICU costs, but isnot independently predictive of hospital costs.
Micropropagation of field tested superior Eucalyptus grandis hybrids.

Three superior clones of Eucalyptus grandis hybrids were micropropagated through several steps. Five-year-old trees were girdled to induce juvenile sprouts. Cultures were attempted from mature branches and sprouts. Branches from mature trees were 100% contaminated while sprouts were only 40% contaminated. Pre-initiation hormone free medium and dark environment were used to screen for contaminants and to reduce production of phenolic compounds. Initiation of auxillary buds was achieved with modified MS plus 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BAR High multiplication rates were obtained on auxin-free medium with 0.6 mg/1 BAR Elongation of shoots was best on media with high auxin (2.5 mg/l of IBA) and cytokinin (1–1.5 mg/l of zeatin). Continual subculture on the multiplication medium improved rooting significantly. Up to 98% rooting was achieved on 1/4 MS with 2 mg/l IBA. Rooted propagules were successfully transferred to a mist greenhouse with 82% survival, and then to greenhouse conditions.
The standard state thermodynamic properties for completely ionized hydrochloric acid and ionization of water up to 523 K

Abstract In this communication we report calorimetric data for the standard state enthalpies of solution of α-Ba(OH) 2 in high dilution (10 −3 m) hydrochloric acid obtained from integral heats of solution measurements from temperatures of (333.55 to 516.64) K and extrapolated to 298.15 K. From previous studies in this laboratory on BaCl 2 (aq) and auxiliary literature data, the standard state thermodynamic functions for completely ionized HCl(aq) can be determined. These new data are in good agreement and confirm our previously reported results on HCl(aq) from ionic additivity. The enthalpy of formation of solid α-Ba(OH) 2 at temperature of 298.15 K of −939.38 kJ · mol −1 can also be calculated from the present results. Values of the standard state heat capacity change for the ionization of water up to temperature of 523.15 K and at p sat were calculated from present results using the literature data for NaOH(aq) and NaCl(aq) obtained from high dilution calorimetric measurements.
Based on Binary Encoding Methods and Visual Cryptography Schemes to Hide Data

Encoding data based on binary encoding methods and visual cryptography schemes is presented in this paper. First, a visual cryptography scheme is used to share pixels of a covert data to form two shadow matrices by using a specified sharing matrix. Then, the two shadow matrices are encoded into a host image to form an overt image by using a specific encoding rule. The overt image contains four groups of binary codes (specification codes), i.e. identification codes, covert-data dimension codes, sharing-matrix dimension codes, and information codes, to denote the parameters used for sharing and encoding. According to the test results, the proposed method performs well. Moreover, the overt image and the host image look almost the same, and the decoded covert data is exactly the same as the original covert data.
Enthalpies of aqueous solution of noble gases at 25°C

The standard enthalpies of solution of rare gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) in water at 25°C have been measured by a high precision steady-state calorimetric method. The aqueous solvation process is energetically favorable at 25°C for the gases studied. Values of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes are found to be well correlated with cavity surface areas and the number of water molecules in the first solvation shell. Also, the values of the standard enthalpy and entropy of solution for the rare gases are found to have the same dependence on the number of solvation shell water molecules as inorganic and hydrocarbon gases. These results imply that the dominant source of enthalpy and entropy change resides in the first solvation shell.
The repair of DNA damage: Recent developments and new insights

This brief review presents the salient features of new developments in the enzymatic repair of base damage to DNA. DNA glycosylases and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases are reviewed and evidence is presented that in at least two prokaryote systems incision of UV-irradiated DNA occurs by the sequential action of these two classes of enzymes. In contradistinction, the uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC gene products of E coli appear to function as a multi-protein complex that catalyzes hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in damaged DNA directly. The inducible rapid repair of O6-methylguanine in E coli is also reviewed.
Informed Consent Documents of Marriage and Family Therapists in Private Practice: A Qualitative Analysis

This article describes a study involving informed consent documents (ICDs) of family therapists in private practice. Therapists' documents were obtained via email solicitation and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Seven conceptual categories were developed and are summarized. Findings suggest that there were both substantial consistency in the major areas of the documents but variance in their more detailed aspects. The latter was viewed as indicative of the subjectivity involved in creating ICDs and suggests that developing a universal document could be nearly impossible. Stylistic differences were also examined in relation to how they may reflect personal aspects of the therapists.