cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Toxin Conjugate Specifically Inhibits KDR/flk-1-positive Endothelial Cell Proliferation in Vitro and Angiogenesis in Vivo

Inhibition of tumor neovascularization has profound effects on the growth of solid tumors. An endothelial cell-specific cytotoxic conjugate was prepared by chemically linking recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) and a truncated diphtheria toxin molecule (DT385). The treatment of subconfluent cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells with the VEGF165-DT385 conjugate resulted in a selective, dose-dependent inhibition of growth. Parallel experiments with either the free toxin or a mixture of VEGF and the toxin polypeptide did not affect proliferation (DNA synthesis) of these cells. The selective cytotoxicity correlated with the appropriate receptor expression (KDR/flk-1 positive) on the target cells. VEGF-toxin conjugate inhibited the growth of a murine hemangioma-derived endothelial cell line (Py-4-1), which was positive for flk-1 expression. Under similar conditions, the conjugate did not affect the proliferation of a receptor-negative ovarian cancer cell line in vitro. In an in vivo model of angiogenesis, the VEGF165-DT385 conjugate blocked basic fibroblast growth factor-induced neovascularization of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. These studies demonstrate the successful targeting of a cytotoxic polypeptide to proliferating vascular endothelial cells (normal and tumorigenic) and the potential utility of such conjugates in blocking tumor neovascularization.
The diffusion of design for environment: a survey of current practice

This paper presents the results of a broad survey of design for environment practice among US manufacturing firms. Data were gathered pertaining to both the corporate and business levels. The purpose of this study is to understand both the extent of adoption of DFE across industries as well as the patterns of adoption within individual firms.
Targeted mutagenesis and genetic analysis of a Drosophila receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase gene

Several Drosophila receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatases (R-PTPs) are selectively expressed on axons of the developing embryonic central nervous system. The extracellular domains of these axonal R-PTPs are homologous to neural adhesion molecules. Thus, R-PTPs may directly couple cell recognition to signal transduction via control of tyrosine phosphorylation. To examine the function of these molecules during nervous system development, we wished to generate mutations in R-PTP genes. It was unclear whether a mutation in a single R-PTP gene would confer lethality, however, because the similarities in sequence and expression pattern between the axonal R-PTPs suggest that they may have partially redundant functions. To circumvent this problem, we developed a directed mutagenesis strategy based on local transposition of P elements, and used this approach to isolate a null mutation in the DPTP99A gene. This strategy, which we describe in detail here, should be applicable to any Drosophila gene within a lettered division of an appropriately marked P element. Flies lacking DPTP99A expression are viable and fertile, and we have been unable to detect any alterations in the embryonic nervous system of DPTP99A embryos using a variety of antibody markers.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF GROWTH IN THE DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN GECARCINUS LATERALIS.

Abstract In the growth of the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis , the transition from a state of arrest to one of progression is effected by the external environment, presumably acting through the medium of the neurosecretory system. Thus, darkness, moderate temperature, and solitude, all of which enhance the probability of a crab's survival when the shell is shed, favor the onset of proecdysial growth. On the other hand, light, high temperature, and the presence of another crab, all of which reduce the chances of a crab's survival at ecdysis, tend to inhibit proecdysial growth. Although the presence of dry sand usually causes only delay, not cessation, of proecdysial growth, it does prevent proecdysial water uptake, which is dependent upon the presence of sand that has been moistened with fresh water. The effectiveness of adverse environmental conditions in delaying or inhibiting proecdysial growth is an adaptive mechanism of pronounced survival value. In nature this mechanism presumably prevents a crab from initiating or continuing its preparations for ecdysis unless within the seclusion of a burrow. Thus, by means of this adaptive mechanism, a crab's safety at ecdysis can be virtually assured.
Interaction of Novobiocin with Salmonella Sp Outer Membrane

Gram-negative bacteria possess a double membrane system, with the external leaflet of the outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as the first barrier to drugs. The importance of studying the permeability of LPS barrier comes from its correlation with strain susceptibility. In this study, we extracted LPS from two isogenic Salmonella sp strains, that contains alterations in the lipid A portion regulated by the phoPQ-system. Interaction between phoP- (LPS with no modification) or phoPc (palmitoylation of the 3-hydroxyl group in the 3-OH-myristyl residue, addition of 4-aminoarabinose to the 4' phosphate group and addition of a 2-hydroxy group to the myristate residue at the position 3') LPS and novobiocin was evaluated by using Langmuir monolayers. Novobiocin was chosen due to its size (612 Da), large enough to permeate cells throughout the LPS, and not through the porin channels. MIC of novobiocin for phoP- was 14 μg mL-1 and for phoPc, 40 μg mL-1. p-A isotherms indicated that phoP- occupies a limiting area of 150A2, while for phoPc this value is 175A2. However, addition of Mg2+ promotes condensation of 20A2 for phoP-, and 70A2 for phoPc. Epifluorescence microscopy reveals phoP- has fluid-like morphology .In contrast, phoPc displays circular-shaped domains that increase in size and number with the compression. The addition of novobiocin to the subphase promoted slight changes in phoP- morphology. However, for phoPc monolayer, changes in morphology were observed for higher concentrations of novobiocin at which domains started to aggregate generating structures like a "pearl necklace". Structural organization was evaluated by GIXD, and data corroborates the one obtained by epifluorescence, in which novobiocin interaction promotes liquid-crystalline phase formation. Electron density profile probed that novobiocin interacts with phoP- hydrophobic portion, but much higher concentration is needed to permeate phoPc.
Nonlinear reflection properties of germanium associated with thermal effects

Thermal excitations on a germanium surface under simultaneous irradiation by two monochromatic optical beams, one strong and one weak, are predicted as functions of the angular separation and frequency difference between the beams, their relative polarization, their intensities, and pulse durations. Nonlinear optical reflection for Q-switched ruby laser pulses is then described. Weak reflected and diffracted beam intensities show tendencies in which the former is preferentially enhanced for a downshifted weak beam frequency, while the latter depends only on the shift magnitude. Both are suppressed for large shifts or large angular separations between input beams.
NeuroGlasses: A Neural Sensing Healthcare System for 3-D Vision Technology

3-D vision technologies are extensively used in a wide variety of applications. Particularly glasses-based 3-D technology facilities are increasingly becoming affordable to our daily lives. Considering health issues raised by 3-D video technologies, to the best of our knowledge, most of the pilot studies are practiced in a highly-controlled laboratory environment only. In this paper, we present NeuroGlasses, a nonintrusive wearable physiological signal monitoring system to facilitate health analysis and diagnosis of 3-D video watchers. The NeuroGlasses system acquires health-related signals by physiological sensors and provides feedbacks of health-related features. Moreover, the NeuroGlasses system employs signal-specific reconstruction and feature extraction to compensate the distortion of signals caused by variation of the placement of the sensors. We also propose a server-based NeuroGlasses infrastructure where physiological features can be extracted for real-time response or collected on the server side for long term analysis and diagnosis. Through an on-campus pilot study, the experimental results show that NeuroGlasses system can effectively provide physiological information for healthcare purpose. Furthermore, it approves that 3-D vision technology has a significant impact on the physiological signals, such as EEG, which potentially leads to neural diseases.
Flexible Wireless Antenna Sensor: A Review

This review paper summarizes a new flexible sensor concept based on the microstrip patch antenna technology. The principle of the patch antenna as a sensing element and the wireless interrogation of the antenna sensors are presented first, followed by the description of the antenna design and fabrication using flexible film components. The applications of the flexible antenna sensor for wireless strain sensing and crack detection are presented. The design and testing of inserting a flexible layer to improve the reliability of the flexible antenna sensor is also discussed. Because the flexible antenna sensors can be wirelessly interrogated with ultra-low power consumption and can be frequency division multiplexed, the complexity of implementing a large sensor array is greatly reduced.
Single linkage versus average linkage clustering in machine cells formation applications

Abstract Machine cells formation is the process of identifying families of similar parts (part-families) and forming the associated machine cells such that one or more part-families can be processed within a single cell. Among approaches to the machine cells formation problem the similarity coefficient method (SCM) has the capability of incorporating manufacturing data such as production volume, sequence of operations, and processing times into the machine cells formation process. Single Linkage Clustering (SLINK) and Average Linkage Clustering (ALC) are two widely used clustering techniques based on SCM. While SLINK is simple and has minimal computational requirement, it may generate machine cells in which a large number of machines are far apart in terms of similarity. ALC, on the other hand, overcomes this problem but requires more computations. This paper discusses the application of these two techniques to the machine cells formation problem.
Left bronchial and pulmonary changes in mitral stenosis.

Displacements, compression, and structural changes of the left main bronchus, recurrent bronchitis and left basal pulmonary changes occur in patients with tight mitral stenosis. Four cases illustrative of these conditions with problems of diagnosis, pathophysiologic interpretation and treatment are reported. Explanations of the mechanism of bronchial air, vascular, and parenchymal alterations in patients with tight mitral stenosis are discussed. Though some are reported, the need for more experimental and clinical studies of air and blood pressures and flow in the lungs are indicated to better elucidate the interesting and striking clinical findings in the bronchi and lungs in mitral stenosis.
Biomechanics of the cornea

As refractive procedures involving the cornea have proliferated, concerns over the long-term stability and predictability of these procedures have occupied a more prominent role. The authors have applied the procedures and principles of mechanical engineering to mathematically model the cornea and we have used this approach to predict corneal behavior. Strip testing was utilized to measure nonlinear stress/strain relationships in human cornea and scleral tissue. Nonlinear isotropic finite element analysis was utilized to predict corneal behavior under simple insufflation of the globe. Nonlinear anisotropic finite element analysis was used to demonstrate stress patterns and refractive changes in radial keratotomy. The importance of these calculations, as they relate to corneal stability and predictability, is discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of oxygen concentration and clutch on sex determination and physiology in red‐eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta)

In many species of reptiles, sex is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg. In the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), warm incubation temperatures produce females, cool ones produce males, and a narrow range of intermediate temperatures produces both sexes. The mechanism of sex determination has not been established. Some investigators have postulated that both total incubation time and developmental rate during the first third of development are better predictors of sex than is incubation temperature. Here we consider whether various oxygen concentrations might influence sex determination by altering total incubation time. We incubated T. Scripta eggs at various oxygen concentrations, and found that while total incubation times were significantly influenced by oxygen, sex ratios were not. Very low oxygen concentrations inhibited survival to hatching, In addition, total incubation time and the number of days to internalize the yolk after hatching were significantly lengthened by lowered oxygen concentrations. There were also strong effects of clutch on sex determination and physiology, but these effects were apparently not mediated by an effect on total incubation time.
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticle Capture of Prions for Amplification

Prion diseases are associated with the presence of PrP(Sc), a disease-associated misfolded conformer of the prion protein. We report that superparamagnetic nanoparticles bind PrP(Sc) molecules efficiently and specifically, permitting magnetic separation of prions from a sample mixture. Captured PrP(Sc) molecules retain the activity to seed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reactions, enabling the rapid concentration of dilute prions to improve detection. Furthermore, superparamagnetic nanoparticles clear contaminated solutions of PrP(Sc). Our findings suggest that coupling magnetic nanoparticle capture with PMCA could accelerate and improve prion detection. Magnetic nanoparticles may also be useful for developing a nontoxic prion decontamination method for biologically derived products.
What do students learn when we teach peace? A qualitative assessment of a theater peace program

This is a qualitative assessment of a theater arts peace education program for high-school students. We present the results of qualitative interviews with students who participated in a peace education program. They tell us in their own words what they believe they learned. Given that most peace education evaluation is quantitative or focuses on the views of teachers and administrators, giving space to the voices of the students themselves remains essential. We present the results of qualitative interviews with students who participated in a peace education program. They tell us in their own words what they believe they learned. Given that most peace education evaluation is quantitative or focuses on the views of teachers and administrators, giving space to the voices of the students themselves remains essential.
The continuization of a discrete process and applications in interpolation and multi-rate control

Abstract The inverse problem of the discretization for a linear system is solved. It is shown that an nth-order discrete system can always be “continuized” by a minimal real system of order between n and 2n. Applications to Lyapunov equations equivalence and certain interpolation methods are given. This is of independent interest in multi-rate control systems, especially when the rates are not commensurate.
Intra-industry effects of bank layoff announcements

Abstract Bank layoffs have increased in recent years as a means of reducing operating expenses. To the extent that bank layoffs signal information about other banks, intra-industry effects should occur. Our objective is to determine whether intra-industry effects exist, and to explain the variation in intra-industry effects following bank layoff announcements. Our analysis shows positive and significant intra-industry effects, which are interpreted as negative information for the announcing bank, as competitors may be able to gain market share. The intra-industry effects are more favorable when the banks announcing layoffs are in the same region as rival banks, and when banking industry earnings are relatively high.
Alpha-receptor-mediated facilitation of somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to excitatory synaptic inputs and iontophoretically applied acetylcholine.

The major objective of the present study was to characterize, in terms of α- and β-receptor mechanisms, the previously observed facilitating actions of norepinephrine (NE) on somatosensory cortical neuronal responses to excitatory synaptic inputs and iontophoretic administration of acetylcholine (ACh). In the forelimb region of rat somatosensory cortex (SI), excitatory single unit responses to natural stimulation of the contralateral forepaw or microiontophoretic pulses (10 sec duration at 45 sec intervals) of ACh were examined before, during and after iontophoretic administration of NE, phenylephrine (PE) and isoproterenol (ISO). Adrenergic agonist actions were quantitatively assessed by computer-based analysis of poststimulus time or cholinergic response histograms. At doses which suppressed or had no effect on the spontaneous discharge, the α agonist, phenylephrine, facilitated excitatory synaptic transmission in 12 of 14 cells and enhanced neuronal responsiveness to ACh in 15 of 24 cells. Thus, phenylephrine consistently mimicked the potentiative actions of NE. whereas the β agonist, isoproterenol, at similar doses, was ineffective in enhancing synaptic efficacy (n = 12) or ACh-induced excitation (n = 19). In addition, iontophoretic application of the α blocker, phentolamine. reversibly antagonized NE-induced potentiation of ACh responses in 6 out of 6 cases. In contrast, administration of the beta antagonist, sotalol, had no effect on NE-mediated enhancement of ACh in all three neurons tested. Overall, these results suggest that endogenously released NE may facilitate excitatory synaptic transmission within the somatosensory cortex by activation of postsynaptic adrenoceptors with α characteristics.
Calcutta Silt,a Very Early Pleistocene Deposit, Upper Ohio Valley

Unconsolidated,laminated,weathered, silty material,called the Calcutta Silt in this report, and soils formed in it occur near Calcutta and Wellsville,Columbiana County,Ohio. The silt mantles most of the land surface on benches at elevations of 1080-1180 feet in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau;it is also buried beneath the gravelly outwash of very early Pleistocene glaciation on a terrace at 970 feet,which is part of the Teays-age level in the region.It does not extend over nearby higher slopes and ridgetops of 1200 feet and higher. The Calcutta Silt,apparently a water-laid deposit,is 2-10 feet thick and contains thin sandy layers and pebbles from local sedimentary rocks. Cobbles and pebbles of very resistant crystalline rocks occur at places on the surface. The Calcutta Silt is a remnant of a former lake bed created during very early Pleistocene glacial ponding of the preglacial northward-draining Old Monongahela System.
The Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis Related Structural Changes in Hands and Computer Keyboard Operation

Introduction This cross-sectional study examined the effect of structural changes caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on computer keyboarding style to provide insights on how changes may affect worker performance. Method Computer keyboarding styles, as measured by the keyboard-personal computer style instrument, were compared between 45 keyboard operators with RA and 29 without. A severity of structural changes score (SSCS) was assigned after recruitment by observing subjects’ hands while operating a keyboard. Significant differences between each item of keyboarding style by diagnosis were identified through Chi square analyses. Logistic regression models with age, diagnosis, SSCS, and touch typing training as the predicators further evaluated the effect of structural changes on each item of personal keyboarding style. Results Significantly more keyboard operators with RA used high force keystrokes, did not use a wrist rest, moved their hands to strike keys, maintained their wrists and fingers in a fixed position and used fewer than two fingers to activate keys. The amount of variance explained by each model varied from 8 to 56%. SSCS was the most common predictor of keyboarding style (54% of significant models), followed by age (35% of significant models), diagnosis (19% of significant models), and touch typing training (15% of significant models). Conclusion Severity of structural changes and age are significant predictors of keyboarding style for computer operators with RA. The keyboarding styles used by computer operators with RA appear to reduce typing productivity and have the potential to put stress on joints already affected by RA. Computer operators with RA may benefit from worksite modifications that address keyboarding style such as alternate keyboards.
Oligomerization and its Effect on Function in 7-Transmembrane Proteins

Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a solar-powered membrane protein–a proton pump from marine bacteria that has significant structural and dynamical commonalities to seven-transmembrane (7TM) mammalian proteins, including the G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Furthermore, PR associates with itself in the membrane to form oligomers similarly to GPCRs, and these different structural forms are thought to play a large role in function. Unfortunately, studying the structure and function of membrane proteins in oligomeric assemblies is very challenging at the molecular level due to the oligomers' large size, disordered nature, and ability to resist crystallization–making PR a facile model system for capturing elusive details of dynamics and function. Past work has revealed PR's hexameric interface in dodecylmaltoside (DDM) micelles, and here we focus on understanding the effect of oligomerization on function. We seek to probe oligomeric interfaces as we vary surfactant environment and oligomeric state. using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and optical absorption experiments we show that the hexameric state of PR in DDM surfactant has a lower pKa value for the proton accepting residue than both the monomeric and dimeric protein, suggesting that the hexamer is more optimized for proton transport. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption experiments show that the hexameric state of PR has much slower photocycle dynamics than the monomeric state. Our work shows that varying surfactant environment appears to have less of an effect on kinetics and function than does oligomerization. Protein-protein interactions therefore have a central role in tuning protein function, a result that lends insight into the functional mechanisms of more complex mammalian membrane proteins.
Transjugular lead fragment extraction to improve tricuspid regurgitation.

Introduction A 28-year-old-man with a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, and HIV-related cardiomyopathy with a severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) per a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) underwent implantation of a singlechamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in 2009 (Riata 1581, St Jude Medical, St Paul, MN). Because of lead failure resulting in electrical noise manifesting as nonphysiological signals, a totally subcutaneous ICD (Boston Scientific, Inc, Natick, MA) was implanted. The patient was referred for percutaneous extraction of the endovascular lead because of his young age, relatively short lead dwell time, high risk of a future blood stream infection in an HIVpositive patient on chronic hemodialysis, and patient preference after an informed discussion of risks and benefits. The procedure was scheduled for 2 months after subcutaneous ICD implantation to facilitate healing of the new device sites. There was no fluoroscopic evidence of conductor extrusion (Figure 1A). Examination of the pocket revealed severe calcification of the capsule, requiring complete capsulectomy for the removal of the ICD generator (Figure 2). A transvenous lead extraction procedure was performed using a combination of a locking stylet (LLD EZ, Spectranetics, Colorado Springs, CO) and a 14-F outer diameter SLS II Excimer laser-powered sheath (Spectranetics). Of note, the locking style could not be advanced past the distal coil of the
Bending the Bars of Empire from Every Ghetto for Survival: The Black Panther Party's Radical Antihunger Politics of Social Reproduction and Scale

Among the most important political achievements of the Black Panther Party (BPP) was the success of their Free Breakfast for Children Program. At the Breakfast Program's peak in late 1969 and early 1970, the BPP and other volunteers fed thousands of children daily before they went to school across the country. The historic importance of the BPP's Breakfast Program rests both in the fact that it was imperative for the social reproduction of many inner-city communities and that it was both the model for, and impetus behind, all federally funded school breakfast programs currently in existence within the United States. At the heart of the BPP's Free Breakfast for Children Program and the spatial practices that led to its ultimate success are a set of scalar politics that played out as a result of (1) the failures of the U.S. national welfare state, (2) the BPP's evolved scaling of their revolutionary praxis, and (3) the local spatial practices they employed to serve the poor. All of these processes occurred ...
The small pyramidal neuron of the rat cerebral cortex. The synapses upon dendritic spines.

The pyramidal neurons in layers II and III of the rat parietal cortex have dendritic spines which form synapses with axon terminals. These synapses have synaptic clefts containing granular material that is concentrated towards the middle of the cleft to form a plaque. Only a small amount of dense material occurs on the cytoplasmic face of the presynaptic membrane, while there is a prominent dense layer, some 300 A deep, in the dendritic spine. When the synapses formed by the smallest dendritic spines are examined in a frontal or en face plane of section this postsynaptic density has the form of a disc. In the synapses on larger spines, the disc is perforated to form a ring, and in the largest spines a number of perforations may occur. Because of these perforations, in larger synapses sections passing at right angles to the plane of the synaptic junction may show two or more separate postsynaptic densities. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Experimental Coronary Occlusion in Dogs and Its Effect Upon the Cardiac Glycogen Fractions

A chemical quantitative analysis of the acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of myocardial glycogen following an episode of acute infarction is presented. Both glycogen forms are depleted from the more seriously occluded area. The labile fraction similarly is decreased in the ischemic zone surrounding the infarct while the acid-insoluble moiety maintains a normal level.
Moving toward change: Institutionalizing reform through implementation of the Learning Assistant model and Open Source Tutorials

Florida International University has undergone a reform in the introductory physics classes by focusing on the laboratory component of these classes. We present results from the secondary implementation of two research-based instructional strategies: the implementation of the Learning Assistant model as developed by the University of Colorado at Boulder and the Open Source Tutorial curriculum developed at the University of Maryland, College Park. We examine the results of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) for introductory students over five years ($n=872$) and find that the mean raw gain of students in transformed lab sections was 0.243, while the mean raw gain of the traditional labs was 0.159, with a Cohen's $d$ effect size of 0.59. Average raw gains on the FCI were 0.243 for Hispanic students and 0.213 for women in the transformed labs, indicating that these reforms are not widening the gaps between underrepresented student groups and majority groups. Our results illustrate how research-based instructional strategies can be successfully implemented in a physics department with minimal department engagement and in a sustainable manner.
Organization of identified axons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.

Axons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle ofDrosophila were investigated with physiological, light microscopic and electron microscopic techniques. Five motor axons innervate the six muscle fibres which compose a dorsal longitudinal flight muscle. All five axons, designated 1–5, are identified physiologically and morphologically. Axons 1–4 separately innervate muscle fibres 1–4, while axon 5 innervates both muscle fibres 5 and 6, making five motor units. The branching pattern of the nerve and the organization of these axons within the nerve is very consistent from fly to fly, making identification of every axon possible in both the nerve trunk and finer branches. Morphologically, axons 1–2 and 3–4 make particular pairs with long shared pathways. Furthermore, the axons are unusually closely associated with each other within the nerve.
STROKE RISK IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS UNDERGOING CABG VS PCI- META ANALYSIS

The presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important predictor of mortality in patients with renal disease. A paucity of data exists concerning the optimal method of coronary revascularization in patients with renal disease. We performed a meta- analysis to compare the risk of stroke in End
Chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum

THE pigments of pbiotosynthetic bacteria are not localized in chloroplasts, and appear upon microscopic examination to be evenly distributed throughout the cell. It has long been known that the absorption maxima of the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are markedly shifted following extraction with organic solvents—a fact first interpreted by Lubimenko1 as evidence that these pigments exist in chemical combination with proteins within the intact cell. About ten years ago, this interpretation received further support from the work of Katz and Wassink2 and of French3,4, who found that aqueous extracts of the pigments with unaltered absorption maxima could be prepared by mechanical disintegration of the cells; French4 also observed that the entire pigment-complex in such extracts could be precipitated with ammonium sulphate.
Ultra-violet fluorescence of quinine sulphate for detection of phosphate ester spots on paper.

A WIDE variety of phosphate esters have great importance as intermediates in biological reactions. Development of adequate procedures for the chromatography and detection of these phosphate esters has, in many respects, lagged behind. With the exception of the method of Runeckles and Krotkov1, which was developed as a modification of the procedure of Wade and Morgan2, the detection of phosphate esters on paper chromatograms has been very laborious and relatively insensitive. Most of the molybdate procedures, in addition to requiring many manipulations, have the disadvantage of employing perchloric acid, which weakens the paper and causes some charring during heating.
Rediscovering the Schulze-Hardy rule in competitive adsorption to an air-water interface.

The ratio of divalent to monovalent ion concentration necessary to displace the surface-active protein, albumin, by lung surfactant monolayers and multilayers at an air−water interface scales as 2−...
In the Chapman-Enskog Expansion¶the Burnett Coefficients Satisfy¶the Universal Relation ω3+ω4+θ3= 0

The Chapman–Enskog expansion when applied to a gas of spherical molecules yields formal expressions for the stress deviator P and energy-flux vector q, P=μP(1)+μ2P(2)+…, q=μq(1)+μ2q(2)+…. The Burnett terms P(2), q(2) depend on 11 coefficients ωi, 1≦i≦6, θ&i, 1≦i≦ 5. This paper shows that ω3+ω4+θ3= 0.
NEW MEASUREMENTS OF OXYGEN SOLUBILITY IN PURE AND NATURAL WATER1

An extended series of measurements of oxygen solubility in pure water and dilutions of seawater over the temperature range 0.5 to 35C was made. Nonlinear dependence of oxygen solubility on chlorinity was found. Interpolation tables of the data have been prepared. The accuracy of the techniques was approximately 0.1%, so the tables appear to be more reliable than those in current use. Because many of the existing field data have been collected using techniques for the Winkler method that introduce significant systematic errors due to volatilization and air oxidation errors, the use of the reported solubility values with these field data will produce misleading results.
Separation of human thyrotropin from plasma by ion exchange chromatography.

ABSTRACT Thyrotropic activity was recovered completely from dialyzed mixtures of 7–35 ml. of human plasma and crude human pituitary preparations by chromatography on pH 7.2–7.8 Amberlite IRC-50 columns, eluted with a gradient to 2 M sodium chloride. This procedure was successful over a range of 0.08–17u.s.p. milliunits per milliliter of plasma and separated thyrotropin from the nondiatyzable substances in plasma interfering with the bioassay method used. Endogenous thyrotropic activity (0.2 milliunit per milliliter) was measured in the plasma of a myxedematous patient by this method. The active fraction was in the same location in the elution chromatogram as the activity recovered from mixtures of human plasma and crude human pituitary thyrotropin, or from the latter alone.
When is field theory effective

Abstract We analyze the relation between quark and hadron degrees of freedom in QCD in 3 + 1 and in 1 + 1 dimensions. In both cases in the weak-confinement limit low-energy properties such as charge radii of mesons are poorly described by effective field theory, yet easily calculable in terms of quark wave functions. Effective field theory fails because higher-dimension operators acquire anomalously large coefficients. In 1 + 1 dimensions, the theory is solved for strong confinement as well, working in the large- N c limit. For strong coupling we find that effective field theory emerges as a powerful tool and there are indications that the quark model remains useful too. We characterize the relation between the quark and hadron expansions, and obtain insight into when and why effective field theories are valid.
Management of major tracheobronchial injuries: A 28-year experience

Abstract Background . Tracheobronchial injuries are rare but potentially life threatening. Their successful diagnosis and treatment often require a high level of suspicion and surgical repairs unique to the given injury. Methods . We reviewed our experience with 32 patients with tracheobronchial injuries treated over the past 28 years. Results . Forty-one percent (13/32) of the injuries were due to blunt trauma and 59% (19/32), to penetrating trauma. Most penetrating injuries were located in the cervical trachea (74%), whereas blunt injuries were more commonly located close to the carina (62%). Fifty-nine percent of the patients required urgent measures to secure the airway. Penetrating injuries were usually diagnosed by clinical findings or at surgical exploration. The diagnosis of blunt injuries was more difficult and required a high index of suspicion and the liberal use of bronchoscopy. The majority of the injuries were repaired primarily using techniques specific to the injury, and most patients returned to their normal activity soon after discharge. Conclusions . A high level of suspicion and the liberal use of bronchoscopy are important in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial injury. A tailored surgical approach is often necessary for definitive repair.
Sweet surrender to chemical genetics.

Small molecules can extend the resolution of functional genomics beyond gene knockouts, allowing specific functions of a multifunctional protein to be modulated selectively.
Software note: CABIN: Collective Analysis of Biological Interaction Networks

The importance of understanding biological interaction networks has fueled the development of numerous interaction data generation techniques, databases and prediction tools. However, not all prediction tools and databases predict interactions with one hundred percent accuracy. Generation of high-confidence interaction networks formulates the first step towards deciphering unknown protein functions, determining protein complexes and inventing drugs. The CABIN: Collective Analysis of Biological Interaction Networks software is an exploratory data analysis tool that enables analysis and integration of interactions evidence obtained from multiple sources, thereby increasing the confidence of computational predictions as well as validating experimental observations. CABIN has been written in Java(TM) and is available as a plugin for Cytoscape-an open source network visualization tool.
Extension of niche theory in human ecology: three patterns of niche occupation

Human ecologists have recently adopted a concept of niche as developed by Hutchinson (1957) that has become useful and operational in the study of human social behavior. This article extends this theory of niche by showing that the occupation of a human niche should theoretically grow in a logistic fashion, and that four empirical data sets conform to the expectation of logistic growth. Three patterns, all variants of a logistic curve, are recognized: the formative, S-shaped, and mature. [niche, density dependent growth, mathematical analysis, time series data, human ecology]
Defect Analysis of Barrier Height Inhomogeneity in Titanium 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes

Over 350 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) of varying size are characterized using current-voltage (I-V) measurements, with some also measured as a function of temperature. Devices display either a characteristic single-barrier height or atypical dual-barrier heights. Device yields are shown to decrease as device area increases. Molten KOH etching is used to highlight defects for analysis by optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The I-V characteristics are compared against the defect density. A positive correlation between effective barrier height and effective electrically active area of the SBDs is found. No correlation is found between threading dislocations and ideality factor or barrier height.
Cochlear compression: effects of low-frequency biasing on quadratic distortion product otoacoustic emission.

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are generated from the nonlinear transduction in cochlear outer hair cells. The transducer function demonstrating a compressive nonlinearity can be estimated from low-frequency modulation of DPOAEs. Experimental results from the gerbils showed that the magnitude of quadratic difference tone (QDT, f2–f1) was either enhanced or suppressed depending on the phase of the low-frequency bias tone. Within one period of the bias tone, QDT magnitudes exhibited two similar modulation patterns, each resembling the absolute value of the second derivative of the transducer function. In the time domain, the center notches of the modulation patterns occurred around the zero crossings of the bias pressure, whereas peaks corresponded to the increase or decrease in bias pressure. Evaluated with respect to the bias pressure, modulated QDT magnitude displayed a double-modulation pattern marked by a separation of the center notches. Loading/unloading of the cochlear transducer ...
Annotation and Structural Analysis of Sialylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (SHMOs) are important components of human milk oligosaccharides. Sialic acids are typically found on the nonreducing end and are known binding sites for pathogens and aid in neonates’ brain development. Due to their negative charge and hydrophilic nature, they also help modulate cell−cell interactions. It has also been shown that sialic acids are involved in regulating the immune response and aid in brain development. In this study, the enriched SHMOs from pooled milk sample were analyzed by HPLC-Chip/QTOF MS. The instrument employs a microchip-based nano-LC column packed with porous graphitized carbon (PGC) to provide excellent isomer separation for SHMOs with highly reproducible retention time. The precursor ions were further examined with collision-induced dissociation (CID). By applying the proper collision energy, isomers can be readily differentiated by diagnostic peaks and characteristic fragmentation patterns. A set of 30 SHMO structures with retention times,...
Raf and Akt Mediate Distinct Aspects of Sensory Axon Growth

Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces dramatic axon growth from responsive embryonic peripheral neurons. However, the roles of the various NGF-triggered signaling cascades in determining specific axon morphological features remain unknown. Here, we transfected activated and inhibitory mutants of Trk effectors into sensory neurons lacking the proapoptotic protein Bax. This allowed axon growth to be studied in the absence of NGF, enabling us to observe the contributions of individual signaling mediators. While Ras was both necessary and sufficient for NGF-stimulated axon growth, the Ras effectors Raf and Akt induced distinct morphologies. Activated Raf-1 caused axon lengthening comparable to NGF, while active Akt increased axon caliber and branching. Our results suggest that the different Trk effector pathways mediate distinct morphological aspects of developing neurons.
Human retinal vascular cells differ from umbilical cells in synthetic functions and their response to glucose

Cell culture systems have commonly been used to study mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but the great majority of cell preparations used have been either of nonhuman retinal origin or nonretinal human origin. Because of questions of species and organ specificity in the function of cells of vascular origin, in this study, cultured microvascular endothelial cells (HREC), pericytes (HRPC), and pigment epithelial cells from the postmortem human retina, and endothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVEC) were evaluated with respect to cell proliferation, and secretory products potentially important in diabetic retinopathy, i.e., prostaglandins (PG) and plasminogen activators (PA), normalized to DNA content/well, under both basal (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose conditions. Glucose (25 mM) reduced DNA content similarly in both types of endothelial cells, had a lesser effect on HRPC, and did not significantly alter the proliferation of pigment epithelial cells. Basal secretion of PGI2 (measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha) was in the order HRPC much greater than HREC greater than HUVEC, whereas PGE2 secretion was in the order HREC much greater than HRPC greater than HUVEC. Glucose (25 mM) stimulated PGI2 secretion by HRPC, but not by either type of endothelial cell, and enhanced PGE2 secretion by HREC, but not by HUVEC or HRPC. Release of plasminogen activator activity differed between HUVEC and HREC under basal conditions and addition of 25 mM glucose stimulated release only from HREC. Glucose (25 mM) stimulated PA secretion by HREC, but not by HUVEC. These findings provide evidence that human retinal pericytes are an important source of prostacyclin, and that there are differences between HREC and HUVEC with respect to secretory functions and their modulation by glucose, indicating regional specificity of these functions. Extrapolation to human retinal vascular cells from experiments using cells from heterologous vascular beds to draw inferences about the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy are not valid for these cellular functions.
The CAPM: A Nobel Failure

Abstract Why were Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe awarded the Nobel prize in economics for their work on asset valuation? The normative or instrumental value of their theories for investors has not, and even can not, be demonstrated. As a positive description of investor behaviour, the theories have been repeatedly falsified, if it is indeed possible to falsify them. The principles for which their theories are valued have been around much longer than the theories themselves. Their quantification of risk has no justification and is not necessarily the best heuristic when an estimate of risk must be made. Their theories even seem to have reached a theoretical dead end, Rather, their theories have been honoured because many, if not most, theoreticians and practitioners have a need for and believe in what they represent—the reduction of the complexities of asset valuation to simple, intuitively expressions suitable for a wide variety of purposes in accounting and finance.
Analysis of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release kinetics during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge in the rat, based on quantitative changes in stored and circulating luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and metabolic clearance data for these hormones.

The original objective of this study was to use available distribution volume (V) and decay constant (k) estimates for rat LH and FSH to determine the amounts of these hormones synthesized and released during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge. The problem was approached by 1) determining the approximate rates and durations of pituitary LH and FSH depletion during the surge, and 2) comparing observed plasma LH and FSH patterns with patterns calculated on the assumptions a) that the rates and durations of LH and FSH release would have to equal or exceed the rates and durations of LH and FSH depletion, and b) that the V and k estimates reported by Bogdanove and Gay (Endocrinology 84: 1118, 1969) would be applicable in this situation. The observed surges proved to be 3- to 10-fold smaller than the calculated patterns, suggesting either that depletion exceeded release or that inappropriate values of V and/or k had been used in the calculations. Subsequent reexaminations of LH clearan...
SLOW PARAMAGNETIC RELAXATION OF HIGH-SPIN IRON III IN A TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL ENVIRONMENT A STUDY OF THE PENTA-AZIDO FERRATE ION, FE(N3)52-

The temperature dependence of the zero field Mossbauer spectrum of [ϕ 4 As] 2 [Fe(N 3 ) 5 ] il has been determined over the range 300 K to 1.60 K and exhibits the effects of paramagnetic relaxation broadening and magnetic hyperfine splitting (H n ~ 486 kG a 4,2 K) at low temperatures corresponding to a negative zero field splitting, D ~ -1 cm -l . These results are consistent with the isolated trigonal bipyramidal Fe(N 3 ) 5 2- anion known to be present in this compound and slow spin-spin relaxation between highly separated (11 A or greater) metal centers. D || > µ ⊥ with [Formula: see PDF file] at ~5 K. The X and Q band ESR spectra of the system over the range 300 to 3.6 K indicate a typical axial Fe 3+ compound but with slight rhombicity of the local FeN 5 coordination environment.