cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perverse Complementarity: Political Connections and the Use of Courts among Private Firms in China

Using survey data of over 3,900 private firms in China, we examine whether—and how—political connections promote or undermine the use of formal legal institutions. We find that politically connected firms are more inclined than nonconnected firms to use courts over informal avenues of dispute resolution. Furthermore, by comparing the effects of political connections on dispute-resolution patterns across regional institutional environments, we find that “know-who” (political influence over adjudication) dominates “know-how” (knowledge of navigating courts) in linking political connections to the use of courts. Contrary to canonical theories that predict the declining significance of connections following the expansion of courts, our study suggests that informal networks and formal laws are more likely to share a relationship of perverse complementarity in transitional and authoritarian contexts. Political connections are positively linked to the use of legal procedures, and the primary mechanism behind the...
Maternal Depressive Risk in Prenatal versus Postnatal Surgical Closure of Myelomeningocele: Associations with Parenting Stress and Child Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Depressive risk is higher for mothers of infants with chronic medical conditions. The present study examined maternal depressive risk and associations with parent and child outcomes among mothers of young children who were randomized to either prenatal or postnatal surgical closure for myelomeningocele. METHODS Using the Management of Myelomeningocele Study database, maternal depressive risk was examined at 3 time points as follows: prior to birth, 12 months, and 30 months post birth. Separate multivariate analyses examined associations among change in depressive risk (between baseline and 30 months), parenting stress, and child outcomes at 30 months. RESULTS Mean scores were in the minimal depressive risk range at all the time points. Post birth depressive risk did not differ by prenatal versus postnatal surgery. Mean change scores reflected a decrease in depressive risk during the first 30 months. Only 1.1-4.5% of mothers reported depressive risk in the moderate to severe range across time points. Increased depressive risk during the first 30 months was associated with increased parenting stress scores and slightly lower child cognitive scores at 30 months. CONCLUSION Most mothers reported minimal depressive risk that decreased over time, regardless of whether their infant underwent prenatal or postnatal surgery. Only a small percentage of mothers endorsed moderate to severe depressive risk, but an increase in depressive risk over time was associated with higher parental stress and slightly lower child cognitive development.
On Methods and Marshmallows: A Roadmap for Science That Is Openly Feminist and Radically Open:

In this commentary, we argue that feminist science and open science can benefit from each other’s wisdom and critiques in service of creating systems that produce the highest quality science with t...
An Austrian business cycle parable: An educational note

This paper presents a short narrative example intended for use in teaching the Austrian Business Cycle Theory, meant to complement theoretical presentations by presenting an idealized account of an individual entrepreneur operating over time and responding to various possible evolutions of the interest rate. In particular, the similarity from the point of view of the entrepreneur between a reduction in the interest rate due to an increase in consumer saving and a similar reduction due to monetary policy is emphasized. Along with the narrative itself, we discuss the motivating version of the Austrian Business Cycle behind the narrative, as well as offer commentary as explanation for the particular choices made in its construction.
Drug Calculations for Nurses: A Step-by-Step Approach

This new edition of Drug Calculations for Nurses teaches healthcare professionals how to perform drug calculations with confidence and competence. It provides step-by-step guidance to carry out accurate drug calculations, with units and drug strengths clearly explained. This bestselling pocket-size book begins with the basic mathematical skills required to perform calculations, including tips on estimating answers. It then covers drug strengths and concentrations, dosage calculations, IV infusion therapies, and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Separate chapters focus on children, adults and the elderly, addressing specific challenges encountered in these populations, with new content on pregnancy, and renal and liver function. Helpful worked examples, key points, and objectives are included in every chapter, and this new edition includes more calculations for prescribing and patient-focused scenarios. The companion website, www.drugcalcsnurses.co.uk, provides a comprehensive test bank, with a pre-test and revision test to identify strengths and weaknesses, along with additional practice questions for readers to test themselves on. Designed for students and practitioners in nursing, midwifery and allied health, this textbook enables readers to improve their numeracy skills for clinical practice and develop their understanding of the broader context for these calculations.
Context and Constraint in Presidential Unilateralism

How should we assess unilateral tactics and their contribution to presidential power in a less-than-unitary executive branch? To explore this question this paper examines the provenance of nearly 300 executive orders from 1947 through 1987. Archival data show that executive orders are frequently a less-than-perfect representation of presidential preferences, as much recent work on unilateral power assumes. That is, the issuance of executive orders often involves persuasion rather than command: it incorporates wide consultation across the executive branch and, frequently, White House ratification of what agencies wanted to do in the first place.
Almost Passing: A Performance Analysis of Personal Narratives of Physically Disabled Femininity

This study explores the relationship between gender norms and able-bodied biases through a performance analysis of seven physically disabled women's open-ended personal narratives. Each participant has been medically diagnosed as physically disabled while appearing to fit the social categories of White, thin, young, and athletic. Findings map the ongoing cultural interpretations of their bodies as both atypical and familiar so that they almost (but do not quite) pass for “normal” in their daily lives. Consequently, the women enjoy social and professional acceptance as long as they reiterate normative cultural expectations for personal performances of femininity and do not require physical accommodations deemed disruptive and disproportionate to perceived ability. The study concludes that responses to almost-passing feminine bodies illustrate how their marginalization or acceptance is entangled in gendered cultural norms and related to their capacity to disrupt or reinforce existing power relations.
Hydrogen Ingress during Corrosion

The sections in this article are Introduction Hydrogen Evolution General Mechanisms Reaction Kinetics Hydrogen Absorption Mechanisms Promoters of Hydrogen Entry Inhibitors of Hydrogen Entry Solubility of Hydrogen Hydrogen Diffusion Diffusion Kinetics Hydrogen Trapping Hydrogen Antitrapping Methods to Study Trapping Electrochemical Techniques Permeation Techniques Potentiostatic Charging Galvanostatic Charging Time-dependent Entry Kinetics Effect of Trapping Pulse Techniques Potentiostatic Pulse Galvanostatic Pulse Triangular Pulse Potentiometric Techniques Alternating Current Technique Surface Effects of the Metal and Films Diffusion Control Experimental Issues Selected Metals Palladium Iron and Steel Nickel Hydrogen Degradation Classification Hydrogen Trapping Theories Internal Pressure Surface Energy Decohesion Slip Softening Hydrogen-related Phase Changes Alloys Steels Stainless Steels Nickel Alloys Titanium Alloys
Micromorphological Aspects of the Development of Rubella Virus in BHK-21 Cells

Sequential effects of rubella virus infection in BHK-21 cells were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections of control and infected cells, 2 to 7 days after infection. Vacuolization of cytoplasm in Golgi areas apparently preceded budding of virions from vacuole membranes and involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum. Newly formed endoplasmic reticulum cisternae encircled and segregated virionforming vacuoles together with other cellular elements. Large vacuolar complexes with numerous virus particles developed, and virus release from these areas occurred with disruption at the cell periphery. The viral particles, with a mean diameter of about 56 nm, consisted of an electron-dense core surrounded by a less dense capsid, enveloped by a typical unit membrane derived from the vacuole membrane.
Infrared absorption spectra of inorganic co-ordination complexes—XIX: N-methylacetamide cadmium-II chloride*

The infrared spectrum of the N-methylacetamide cadmium-II chloride complex, Cd(CH3CONHCH3)Cl2, has been studied. The assignment of the absorption bands has been made. Spectral evidence clearly indicates that co-ordination of the N-methylacetamide ligand to the cadmium-II ion takes place through the substituted amide nitrogen.
Math as Metaphor: Teaching Multiplier Models Conceptually in Introductory Macroeconomics

An intuitive approach to the mathematical aspects of expenditure and money multipliers helps improve macroeconomics students' comprehension and performance. It places the material on a higher plane, promoting confidence in their economic reasoning, especially crucial for those lacking confidence in their math skills. Teaching the monetary expansion and the money multipliers as formal echoes of the rounds of spending and expenditure multiplier, although with different economic content, hastens student learning and improves outcomes.
Postsynaptic signaling via the [mu]-opioid receptor: responses of dorsal horn neurons to exogenous opioids and noxious stimulation

Although both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms have been implicated in the analgesia produced by mu-opioids at the spinal cord, it is not known under what conditions these different controls come into play. Because the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) can be visualized in individual lamina II excitatory interneurons and internalizes into endosomes on ligand binding, we tested whether MOR internalization could be monitored and used to measure postsynaptic MOR signaling. To test whether endogenous opioids modulate these lamina II interneurons during noxious stimulation, we next assessed the magnitude of postsynaptic MOR internalization under a variety of nociceptive conditions. As observed in other systems, we show that MOR internalization in dorsal horn interneurons is demonstrated readily in response to opioid ligands. The MOR internalization is dose-dependent, with a similar dose-response to that observed for opioid-induced increases in potassium conductance. We demonstrate that MOR internalization in lamina II neurons correlates precisely with the extent of analgesia produced by intrathecal DAMGO. These results suggest that MOR internalization provides a good marker of MOR signaling in the spinal cord and that postsynaptic MORs on lamina II interneurons likely participate in the analgesia that is produced by exogenous opioids. We found, however, that noxious stimuli, under normal or inflammatory conditions, did not induce MOR internalization. Thus, endogenous enkephalins and endomorphins, thought to be released during noxious peripheral stimuli, do not modulate nociceptive messages via postsynaptic MORs on lamina II interneurons. We suggest that any endogenous opioids that are released by noxious stimuli target presynaptic MORs or delta-opioid receptors.
Racial Microaggressions, Whiteness, and Feminist Therapy

Over the last decade, several authors have described the role of racial microaggressions in the lives of historically marginalized populations. However, the exact mechanisms in which racial microaggressions manifest in psychotherapy remain an area in need of further exploration. Drawing from research and scholarship on Feminist therapy and microaggressions, we use a case vignette of a 40-year-old African-American woman in treatment for depression with a White female therapist to demonstrate how microaggressions may unwittingly occur in a clinician–client dyad. We underscore the challenges that White therapists may encounter and provide suggestions and recommendations for culturally responsive therapy.
Morphogens and hepatic stellate cell fate regulation in chronic liver disease

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the liver mesenchymal cell type which responds to hepatocellular damage and participates in wound healing. Although HSC myofibroblastic trans-differentiation (activation) is implicated in excessive extracellular matrix deposition, molecular understanding of this phenotypic switch from the viewpoint of cell fate regulation is limited. Recent studies demonstrate the roles of anti-adipogenic morphogens (Wnt, Necdin, Shh) in epigenetic repression of the HSC differentiation gene Pparγ as a causal event in HSC activation. These morphogens have positive cross-interactions which converge to epigenetic repression of Pparγ involving the methyl-CpG binding protein MeCP2. However, these morphogens expressed by activated HSC may also participate in cross-talk between HSC and hepatoblasts/hepatocytes to support liver regeneration, and their aberrant regulation may contribute to liver tumorigenesis. Implications of HSC-derived morphogens in these possibilities are discussed.
Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Author(s): Chen, Kuan-Ju | Advisor(s): Tseng, Hsian-Rong | Abstract: Over the past decades, significant efforts have been devoted to explore the use of various nanoparticle-based systems in the field of nanomedicine, including molecular imaging and therapy. Supramolecular synthetic approaches have attracted lots of attention due to their flexibility, convenience, and modularity for producing nanoparticles. In this dissertation, the developmental story of our size-controllable supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) will be discussed, as well as their use in specific biomedical applications. To achieve the self-assembly of SNPs, the well-characterized molecular recognition system (i.e., cyclodextrin/adamantane recognition) was employed. The resulting SNPs, which were assembled from three molecular building blocks, possess incredible stability in various physiological conditions, reversible size-controllability and dynamic disassembly that were exploited for various in vitro and in vivo applications. An advantage of using the supramolecular approach is that it enables the convenient incorporation of functional ligands onto SNP surface that confers functionality (e.g., targeting, cell penetration) to SNPs. We utilized SNPs for molecular imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) by introducing reporter systems (i.e., radio-isotopes, MR contrast agents, and fluorophores) into SNPs. On the other hand, the incorporation of various payloads, including drugs, genes and proteins, into SNPs showed improved delivery performance and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for these therapeutic agents. Leveraging the powers of (i) a combinatorial synthetic approach based on supramolecular assembly and (ii) a digital microreactor, a rapid developmental pathway was developed that is capable of screening SNP candidates for the ideal structural and functional properties that deliver optimal performance. Moreover, SNP-based theranostic delivery systems that combine reporter systems and therapeutic payloads into a single SNP for both diagnosis and therapy were generated. The results show that this type of theranostic SNPs may have a great contribution in the optimization of therapeutic efficacy for individual patients in clinical translation in the near future. It is anticipated that our supramolecular synthetic approach could be adopted to assemble various SNP-based delivery agents for molecular diagnostics and therapeutics that pave the way toward personalized medicine.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression occurs in toxic rat liver injury and human liver disease

Considerable evidence suggests that monocytes/macrophages play a crucial role in the process of liver injury and repair. Recent investigations have focused on the function of various macrophage-produced cytokines in liver disease. Much is still unknown, however, about the mechanism of macrophage recruitment and activation during liver disease. To further define this process, the gene expression of the monocyte chemoattractant monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was examined in animal and human liver disease. MCP-1 mRNA was not found in normal rat liver by Northern blot analysis. After single-dose treatments with the hepatotoxins carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine, MCP-1 mRNA was detectable beginning at 2 and 4 h after treatment, respectively, and was expressed continuously until 60-72 h. During chronic carbon tetrachloride administration, MCP-1 mRNA levels were elevated for the entire 10 weeks of treatment with peak levels of expression occurring early (weeks 1-3) and late (weeks 8-10) in this model. Isolated liver cell fractions from rats treated for 3 weeks with carbon tetrachloride revealed the major cellular source of MCP-1 mRNA to be fat-storing or Ito cells, with some expression occurring in the endothelial cell fraction. Studies of potential inducers of hepatic MCP-1 expression showed that lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 alpha and beta treatments all led to MCP-1 expression. Finally, studies of human liver samples revealed MCP-1 gene expression in nondiseased liver and greatly increased levels in livers from patients with fulminant hepatic failure. These data implicate MCP-1 from fat-storing cells as a modulator of the process of liver injury and further support a role for MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of human disease.
H2SO4-HNO3-H2O ternary system in the stratosphere

Estimation of the equilibrium vapor pressure over the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O to study the possibility of stratospheric aerosol formation involving HNO3. It is shown that the vapor pressures for the ternary system H2SO4-HNO3-H2O with weight composition around 70-80% H2SO4, 10-20% HNO3, 10-20% H2O at -50 C are below the order of 10 to the minus 8th mm Hg. It is concluded that there exists more than sufficient nitric acid and water vapor in the stratosphere to participate in ternary system aerosol formation at -50 C. Therefore, HNO3 should be present in stratospheric aerosols, provided that H2SO4 is also present.
Neodymium Fluorescence Quenching by Hydroxyl Groups in Phosphate Laser Glasses

Abstract Non-radiative losses due to OH fluorescence quenching of the Nd3+4F3/2 state are quantified over a range of OH concentrations from 4 × 1018 to 4 × 1020 cm−3 and Nd doping levels from 0.4 to 9 × 1020 cm−3 in two K2O–MgO–Al2O3–P2O5 metaphosphate glasses having different K/Mg ratios (∼1/1 and 2/1). The quenching rate varies linearly with the Nd and OH concentrations as predicted by Forster–Dexter theory. However, in contrast to theory, the OH quenching rate extrapolates to a non-zero value at low Nd3+ doping levels. It is proposed that at low Nd3+ concentrations the OH is correlated with Nd sites in the glass. The quenching strength of OH on a per ion basis is weak compared to common transition metal impurities (V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Cr). Nevertheless, OH dominates the Nd quenching in phosphate glass because under most processing conditions OH is present at concentrations 102–103 greater than transition metal ion impurities.
Cisplatin-induced loss of kidney copper and nephrotoxicity is ameliorated by single dose diethyldithiocarbamate, but not mesna.

Abstract Platinum, copper, and zinc concentrations in kidney and liver were monitored following administration of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Cisplatin, CDDP) alone or in combination with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) or mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna). Compounds were administered in saline to F344 female rats as single bolus ip doses: 7.5 mg CDDP/kg body wt; 500 mg DDC/kg body wt 1 hr after CDDP; and 100 mg mesna/kg body wt 1 hr before CDDP, at the same time as CDDP, or 1 hr after CDDP. Tissues were collected at 4 hr, 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days post-CDDP dosing. CDDP alone produced significant increases in blood urea nitrogen (fourfold) and plasma creatinine (threefold) concentrations by Day 4. Concurrent with the toxicity, CDDP lowered kidney copper (−71%) by Day 4, but had little effect on liver copper except in copper-pretreated rats. Copperpretreated rats initially had a twofold higher kidney copper concentration and a fourfold higher liver copper concentration, but by Day 4, CDDP lowered copper concentrations in both organs to near the noncopper-treated levels. Platinum in kidney and liver rose 72–100% of peak levels within 4 hr post-CDDP and was relatively stable throughout the 7-day test period. Kidney zinc rose significantly by day 4 only in CDDP-treated rats. DDC protected against the kidney toxicity of CDDP and markedly changed kidney copper loss. Within 4 hr, DDC reduced kidney copper 60% while increasing kidney platinum to the highest concentration of any of the treatments. By Day 4, DDC-treated rats had ≈ 50% lower kidney platinum while copper returned toward control levels. A single dose of mesna did not significantly protect against CDDP nephrotoxicity and had little effect on kidney platinum, copper, or zinc. The patterns of copper loss and toxicity from CDDP alone or with DDC suggest that copper be further evaluated for its role in the mechanism of CDDP cytotoxicity.
Ampicillin vs. Penicillin for in utero therapy.

The pharmacokinetics of penicillin G and ampicillin are reviewed as they pertain to their potential use in in vitro therapy.
Implication from the aftershocks of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

The authors examined the P wave displacement spectra of nine aftershocks (M = 2.5{approximately}3.6) of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake recorded on PASSCAL/IRIS instruments to search for changes in the spectra that are indicative of heterogeneity in the source region. Temporal variations of spectral characteristics have been observed from the records of two events (No. 7 with M = 2.7 and No. 8 with M = 2.5) that occurred at an almost identical location with a time interval of 16 min and recorded at common stations. The different spectral characteristics can be attributed to the differences in the source time functions of these events. Also, the spectrum of event No. 2 (M = 2.5) that occurred near San Francisco, is substantially richer in high frequency than those from events of a comparable size in the immediate aftershock area. This could be an indication of progressive stress concentration beyond the present aftershock area.
On Fluid Compressibility in Switch-Mode Hydraulic Circuits—Part I: Modeling and Analysis

Fluid compressibility has a major influence on the efficiency of switch-mode hydraulic circuits due to the release of energy stored in fluid compression during each switching cycle and the increased flow rate through the high-speed valve during transition events. Multiple models existing in the literature for fluid bulk modulus, the inverse of the compressibility, are reviewed and compared with regards to their applicability to a switch-mode circuit. In this work, a computational model is constructed of the primary energy losses in a generic switch-mode hydraulic circuit with emphasis on losses created by fluid compressibility. The model is used in a computational experiment where the system pressure, switched volume, and fraction of air entrained in the hydraulic fluid are varied through multiple levels. The computational experiments resulted in switch-mode circuit volumetric efficiencies that ranged from 51% to 95%. The dominant energy loss is due to throttling through the ports of the high-speed valve during valve transition events. The throttling losses increase with the fraction of entrained air and the volume of fluid experiencing pressure fluctuations, with a smaller overall influence seen as a result of the system pressure. The results of the computational experiment indicate that to achieve high efficiency in switch-mode hydraulic circuits, it is critical to minimize both the entrained air in the hydraulic fluid and the fluid volume between the high-speed valve and the pump, motor, or actuator. These computational results are compared to experimental results in part II of this two part paper series.
Synthesis and preliminary characterization of a high-affinity novel radioligand for the dopamine transporter.

In our effort to develop a novel radioligand selective for the dopamine transporter, compound 1b (O-972) was designed and characterized. The compound 1b was characterized for its binding both in monkey and rat striatum tissue, which demonstrated its high selectivity for the dopamine transporter (DAT) when its binding was compared with that at the serotonin transporter (SERT). The compound 5, which is a precursor for the tritiated radiolabel ligand [3H]O-972, was synthesized and biologically characterized. The preliminary characterization of this novel radioligand revealed its strong binding affinity for the DAT. Thus, the pharmacological profile of [3H]O-972 indicated that DAT inhibitors, which include GBR 12909, mazindol, CFT, and cocaine, could potently displace this novel radioligand from monkey brain striatum tissue. On the other hand, compounds known to be not selective for and potent at the DAT were very weak to do so. Initial binding results also indicate that [3H]O-972 may interact with the DAT in a manner that is not identical to that for GBR 12909 and tropane analogs. Synapse 39:175–181, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is law good therapy for institutional adult abuse

The phenomenon of adult abuse in long-term care facilities is a serious and lamentable social and public health problem. Public and private agencies concerned about the well-being of older persons have generated a wide variety of different approaches over time that attempt to address the situation both prospectively and remedially. One of the most significant of those strategies has been legal intervention, chiefly in the form of statutes that either mandate (in the vast majority of states) or encourage (by providing immunity for good faith voluntary efforts) certain categories of professionals, including physicians, nurses, and administrators, to report cases of suspected adult abuse or neglect to designated public health or law enforcement officials. Based on the assumption (really a matter of faith) that increasing the number of reported cases of suspected abuse represents an objective indicia of success, extensive efforts have been devoted to educating potential reporters about the existence and details of their respective state laws and otherwise facilitating incentives and opportunities for compliance with reporting statutes. In this issue of JAMDA, Daly and Jogerst report on their study examining, in one state, the association between educational efforts about the applicable statutory requirements, on one hand, and rates of reporting of adult abuse in longterm care facilities, on the other. Their findings are interesting
Tumor necrosis factor as an adjunct to fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of murine tumors.

Abstract Recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was investigated for its ability to increase the response of a murine mammary carcinoma to fractionated local tumor irradiation. When tumors in the leg of syngeneic mice grew to 8 mm in diameter (268 mm 3 ), they were exposed to 3, 4 or 5 Gy γ-rays daily for 10 days. Tumor necrosis factor was given 3 hr after each irradiation at a dose of 2 μg per mouse. Tumor growth delay was used as the endpoint. The effect of treatment with both agents combined was greater than the additive effect of the individual treatments. Tumor necrosis factor increased local tumor radiotherapy response by a factor of about 1.2, and by itself was effective in retarding the growth of both immunogenic and nonimmunogenic tumors. These experiments suggest that tumor necrosis factor in combination with radiotherapy may be beneficial for the treatment of cancer patients.
Rainfall Frequency and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff from Soil Amended with Poultry Litter

Repeated land application of manure has enriched runoff N and P in some areas. Here, more restrictive manure management guidelines may be adopted. The main factors affecting N and P runoff from land receiving manure include the rate, method, and timing of application. Of these factors, least information is available on timing; thus, the effect of rainfall frequency and timing (7-35 d at 2.54 cm h -1 ) after poultry litter application (incorporated into surface 5 cm of soil at 10 Mg ha -1 ; i.e., 380 kg N and 160 kg P ha -1 ) on N and P concentrations in runoff was investigated for 10 Oklahoma soils. Runoff N and P concentrations decreased with 10 successive rains, starting 7 d after litter application. Although the decrease in N concentration was independent of soil type, decreases in dissolved (DP) and bioavailable P (BAP) were related to percent saturation of soil P sorption sites (r 2 of 0.97 and 0.62, respectively). Increasing the time between litter application and rainfall from 1 to 35 d reduced total N from 7.54 to 2.34, ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) 553 to 0.11, DP 0.74 to 0.45, and BAP 0.99 to 0.65 mg L -1 , by leaching and volatilization of N and sorption of P. Nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) concentrations were unaffected by rainfall frequency and timing. Runoff N and P may be reduced by avoiding litter applications during periods of high rainfall probabilities, with these reductions greater for high than low P sorbing soils.
A note on the identifiability of a dynamic binary choice model with state dependence

Abstract This note derives identifiability conditions for a two-period binary choice model with state dependence. It is shown that two continuous regressors with positive support over R 2 is sufficient to identify the parameters of the model including the joint distribution of errors. In particular exclusion restrictions are not necessary for identification.
Dermatosis in a Child with Kwashiorkor Secondary to Food Aversion

Kwashiorkor is a common affliction of children worldwide. It occurs less often in developed countries, but has been reported under a variety of circumstances, including poverty, neurologic disease, and mal-absorption. Because of its rare occurrence in the United States and because the affected child has an edematous rather than wasted appearance, physicians often do not consider it as a diagnostic entity. This article describes a case of kwashiorkor in a child with food aversion that manifested as “flaky paint dermatitis.” Our discussion will attempt to delineate underlying conditions that may predispose to kwashiorkor. In addition, biochemical and cellular etiologic factors that may be linked with classical and nonclassical skin findings of kwashiorkor are considered. Finally, we present a differential diagnosis for any child with a generalized eczematous or desquamative rash. Our aim is to increase the ability of health care providers to identify and treat children with kwashiorkor in a timely manner.
Feldspar crystallisation in felsic magmas: a review

Understanding the controls on the evolution of natural feldspars is greatly assisted by coupling experimental determinations of feldspar/melt equilibria with thermodynamic modelling and the calculation of crystallisation paths. Such a combined approach permits the evaluation of the influence of intensive and extensive variables on feldspar compositions. Feldspar compositional paths are influenced only to a minor degree by pressure. The presence of H2O or other melt component incompatible in feldspar has a more major effect, not only in increasing the temperature interval over which feldspar crystallises, but also in decreasing the amount of Ab enrichment of the feldspar which occurs during crystallisation. The amount and behaviour of H2O in the magma has a pronounced influence on feldspar compositions when two feldspars are stable. Under conditions of high bulk H2O content or constant activity of H2O, plagioclase and alkali feldspar compositions evolve by increasing Ab content similar to the behaviour manifested in the simple binary systems. If the bulk H2O content is low, however, and the H2O content increases during crystallisation, plagioclase evolves by increasing Ab content until alkali feldspar is stabilised. From that point on, plagioclase compositions change mainly by decreasing Or content, while alkali feldspar evolves mainly by increasing Or content.
Aerodynamic envelope protection using hybrid control

This paper presents the application of controller synthesis for hybrid systems to aerodynamic envelope protection and safe switching between flight modes. Each flight mode, which describes a configuration of the dynamic equations describing the motion of the aircraft, is treated as a discrete state with associated continuous, nonlinear dynamics and the safe subset of the state space (that which ensures aerodynamic envelope protection) is calculated for each discrete state. The methodology is applied to a longitudinal axis model of a CTOL aircraft.
Management letter comments: Their determinants and their association with financial reporting quality in local government

Abstract The issuance of management letters (MLs) as part of financial statement audits is a long-standing practice; however, previous studies of MLs are few and no previous research has tested the utility of MLs empirically. This paper reports a study of MLs issued by independent CPA firms pursuant to audits of Florida general purpose local governments. We investigate the determinants of ML comments, finding that such comments are influenced by auditee characteristics and auditor tenure but not by auditor specialization, a proxy for audit quality. Further, we explore the relationship between MLs and financial reporting quality. We observe a negative relationship between first-year ML comments and assessed financial reporting quality. When lagged one year, first-year ML comments bear a positive relationship with financial reporting quality. The absence of ML comments is positively associated with financial reporting quality. Our results suggest that MLs are beneficial to auditees. As such, our study should be interesting to policymakers, users of financial reports, auditees, and auditors.
Reduced nonlinearities in the NIST Johnson noise thermometry system

Improved electronics and synthesized noise waveforms for the NIST quantum-voltage-standard-calibrated Johnson noise thermometer (JNT) have lead to reduced uncertainty in the temperature measurement. Recent measurements show that some of the distortion in the present electronics arises in the differential stage of both the preamplifier and the analog-digital converter (ADC). Distortion from the preamplifier can be reduced by compensating the DC offset of the signal at the inputs to the differential stage. A four-channel system with a new ADC is under construction to achieve the goal of re-determining the Boltzmann constant at a relative uncertainty of 6×10−6.
A neuroglobin-overexpressing transgenic mouse.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a recently discovered vertebrate globin expressed primarily in neurons. Ngb expression is induced by hypoxia and ischemia, and Ngb protects neurons from these insults. However, its normal physiological role and the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective action are uncertain. We report production of a transgenic mouse in which Ngb is overexpressed under the control of the chicken β-actin promoter. This mouse should prove helpful for studying Ngb-mediated effects in vitro and in vivo.
Stabilized interface methods for mechanical joints: Physics-based models and variationally consistent embedding

Abstract This paper presents the application of a new method for interfacial modeling utilizing a merger of continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin concepts to simulate the behavior of mechanical joints. The interfacial flux terms arising naturally from the discontinuous Galerkin treatment provide a mechanism to embed friction models in a variationally consistent fashion. Due to the unbiased implementation of the interface, facilitated by avoiding the master–slave concept, the deformation of the two interacting surfaces conforms to the local material and geometric attributes of the surfaces. This results in a better preservation of physics in interface mechanics. Additionally, the method is incorporated into a Variational Multiscale framework that comes equipped with a built-in error estimation module, providing numerical estimation of convergence and distinguishing discretization errors from modeling errors. A series of quasi-static numerical simulations of a lap joint under fretting conditions are conducted to compare the performance of two friction models: (i) classical Coulomb friction model and (ii) physics-based multiscale model. Hysteresis study of a three-dimensional double-bolted lap joint for the two friction models is also presented and the computed results are shown to be consistent between conforming and nonconforming meshes.
CALPHAD—Is It Ready for Superalloy Design?

Thermodynamic calculations on complex, multi-component alloys are becoming more common in metallurgical research. They are now used on a daily basis in industrial laboratories such as the GE Research Center. They have proven to be of great assistance in the development of new alloys, and in the selection of processing conditions for existing or new alloys. This paper presents an evaluation of the usefulness of the CALPHAD calculations for Ni-base superalloys by showing case study validations and examples of their use.
Nonverbal communication skills in Down syndrome children

The goal of this research was to examine the nonverbal communication competence of 18-48-month-old Down syndrome children. The results indicated that Downs children displayed strengths and weaknesses in nonverbal communication skills. Relative to MA matched normal children, they displayed a significant strength in nonverbal social interaction skills. However, they also displayed a significant deficit in nonverbal requests for objects or assistance with objects compared to normals. This pattern of strength and weakness in nonverbal skills appeared to be specific to Down syndrome since this pattern was not displayed by a comparison sample of non-Downs mentally retarded children. Nonverbal object-requesting skill was also significantly associated with a measure of expressive language in the Downs sample. This relation was notable because the Downs children also displayed a deficit in expressive language. Thus, the results of this study suggest that a deficit in expressive language is associated with a deficit in earlier-developing nonverbal requesting skill among Down syndrome children.
Depois da poesia da linguagem: a inovação e seus descontentes teóricos

From the 70s onwards, the poets of the Language Group have tried to get poetry in step with the philosophical and political issues discussed at the time. They have renewed the discussion about poetry, placing received meanings and forms under suspicion and proposing experiments which dereferentialize meaning. Besides a Marxist - and post-structuralist-based theorization, over the past years these poets have incorporated issues relating to gender and race, enriching their range. Their work shows signs of maturity and remains very challenging.
Isolation-induced facilitation of gastric ulcerogenesis in mice.

IN PREVIOUS studies it has been demonstrated that gastnc ulceratron, produced in mice by rmmobrhzatron stress, is paralleled m effect and severity by eqmvalent penods of food deprrvatron wrthout rmmobrhzatron [I]. These data have also indicated that gastric pathology resulting from food depnvatron alone, m mace, was an inverse function of gastric food retention for the duration of the depnvatron perrod. The latter variable and, by corollary, the former, appeared to be consrstently dependent upon age and werght, and perhaps to some extent to drfferences in the stress conditions themselves durmg the 24-hr perrod m which the gastrrc lessons develop. Food deprrvatron has been assumed to be a “stress” for rodents [2]; however, thus, as a behavioral construct alone, falls to satrsfactorally explain all of our previous findmgs [3]. Ammals subjected to rmmobrhzatron stress are, by methodologrcal definition, Isolated durmg the “stress” Interval; whereas food depnvatron may be mmated whether ammals are isolated or grouped during the “food-deprrvatron mterval”. Since rsolatron has been referred to as a possible “emotronal stressor” [4] and may, as such, therefore independently contribute to the etrology of gastnc lessons, It was the purpose of this study to Investigate the drfferentral effects of rsolatron and aggregation upon the development of gastric pathology m mice. Smce the duration of aggregation or isolatron may serve as an unaccounted factor, this variable was consrdered by utrhzmg two discrepant penods (8 and 30 days) with age and duration of food deprivation maintained constant.
Stuttering adaptation under distributed and massed conditions

Abstract An identical-subject-repeated-measures design, involving two counterbalanced conditions, was employed to investigate adaptation when the presentation of a 100-word list is distributed and when it is massed. In Condition I, the entire list was read aloud during each of five successive trials. Since a specific word reoccurred only after all of the others were displayed, the presentation may be said to be distributed. In contrast, the Condition II presentation was massed. Only after a word was read five times was the next one presented. The results indicate that significant adaptation occurred in both conditions. However, adaptation plateaued in the distributed condition. This was not the case when massing was employed. The among-condition analyses revealed that significantly more adaptation occurred in the massed than in the distributed condition.
Neuroprotection by N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists in focal cerebral ischemia is dependent on continued maintenance dosing

While N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists have been shown to attenuate neuronal damage in focal cerebral ischemia, few studies have examined whether continuous or multiple dose treatment is necessary for maximum efficacy. We studied the effect of a loading dose only or load plus maintenance infusion using several non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, MK-801) and the levorotatory enantiomer of dextromethorphan (levomethorphan) in a rabbit model of focal cerebral ischemia. Forty-seven anesthetized rabbits underwent occlusion of the left internal carotid, anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries for 2 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Drugs were administered 10 min after occlusion. Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan protected against ischemic edema only when given as load plus maintenance (29% and 31% reduction, respectively), while both load only and load plus maintenance of MK-801 protected against edema (26% and 31% reduction, respectively). Levomethorphan load plus maintenance also protected against ischemic edema (25% reduction). However, dextromethorphan and dextrorphan both required maintenance infusion to protect against ischemic neuronal damage (24% and 27% reduction in area of ischemic neuronal damage, respectively), while levomethorphan failed to protect against neuronal injury even when given as load plus maintenance. Administration of MK-801 as load plus maintenance reduced ischemic neuronal damage by 23%, but this difference was not quite statistically significant. These results suggest that processes of ischemic damage, such as excitotoxic injury, continue for several hours beyond the initial period of focal ischemia, and that non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists require more prolonged administration to achieve neuroprotection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perinatal viral infections

In comparison to older children and adults, neonates are immunologically incompetent. They are susceptible to infections caused by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. These infectious agents may be acquired by neonates either prenatally, during the intrapartum period or postnatally. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the potential impact of viral infections contracted by neonates at the time of delivery or within the neonatal period. The viruses reviewed include the herpes group of viruses (cytomegalo-virus, herpes simplex viruses and varicella-zoster virus), type B hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, respiratory viruses, enteroviruses, rotavirus and human papilloma virus. For each virus the potential sources and incidence of the infection, the common manifestations of the illness, and possible means of prevention and therapy are discussed. Although infections caused by bacteria tend to be more clinically dramatic and more immediately life-threatening, it is emphasized that infections caused by viruses are common and associated with substantial long-term morbidity. Perinatal viral infections need to be recognized as early in life as possible so that their natural history can be more completely defined and any possible intervention made.
Multi-fractal aspects of the intermittency corrections to the spectrum of temperature fluctuations in isotropic turbulence

Abstract The multi-fractal aspects of the intermittency corrections to the spectrum of temperature fluctuations in isotropic turbulence are discussed. The random-β version of the multi-fractal model of Benzi et al. [J. Phys. A 17 (1984) 3521] is generalized to describe the turbulent temperature field and is compared with the experimental measurements of Antonia et al. [Phys. Rev. A 30 (1984) 2704] and Meneveau et al. [Phys. Rev. A 41 (1990) 894].
Acid-sensing ion channel 1: a novel therapeutic target for migraine with aura.

Objective: Migraine with aura is a severe debilitating neurological disorder with few relatively specific therapeutic options. Methods: We used amiloride, a blocker of epithelial sodium channels, to evaluate its pharmacological potential and explored the biology of a potential mechanism of action in well-established experimental models. Results: Amiloride was shown to block cortical spreading depression, the experimental correlate of aura, and inhibited trigeminal activation in in vivo migraine models, via an acid-sensing ion channel 1 mechanism. Remarkably, amiloride then demonstrated good clinical efficacy in a small open-labeled pilot study of patients, reducing aura and headache symptoms in 4 of 7 patients with otherwise intractable aura. Interpretation: The observations here identify an entirely novel treatment strategy for migraine. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:559–563
Development of analytical methods for some penicillins in bovine milk by ion-paired chromatography and confirmation by thermospray mass spectrometry.

Analytical methods for the determination of cloxacillin, ampicillin/hetacillin, and amoxicillin in bovine milk were developed. The methods involved ultrafiltration of milk diluted with methanol, acetonitrile, and water on a 10 000-dalton cut-off filter. Separation of penicillins from other milk components was accomplished by ion-paired chromatography using a microbore column. The penicillins were detected using ultraviolet photodiode array (UV-PDA) detection and confirmed by thermospray liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC—MS). The thermospray spectra of these compounds exhibited [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions along with several fragment ions. The limits of detection for these antibiotics were estimated to be 50 to 100 ppb for LC with UV-PDA detection and 100–200 ppb for thermospray LC—MS detection.