cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunica media remodeling in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats

Background The tunica media of the vascular wall is a composite material comprised of smooth muscle cells and fibrous and non-fibrous matrix proteins. Methods Using morphometric techniques, this study quantifies the cell and matrix composition of normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive rat mesenteric arteries. Results The data show that the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and small mesenteric arteries are different in matrix composition, cell-to-matrix ratio, and cellular dense body content. Compared with normotensive arteries, hypertensive arteries have less basement membrane but more collagen and extracellular matrix ground substance. SMA from hypertensive rats has about 30% less elastin than does normotensive artery. In contrast, the elastin content of small arteries of both strains was about the same and was less than 4% of the matrix area. Except in hypertensive SMA, membrane dense bodies occupy 7–10% of the cell area and more than 10 times the area occupied by cytoplasmic dense bodies. In contrast, cells from hypertensive SMA have about half the membrane dense body area of the normotensive cells. A decreased proportion of dense bodies in the hypertensive SMA is consistent with the “partial detachment” of these cells from the matrix. Conclusions These results are consistent with both cellular and matrix “remodeling” in diseased vessels in response to continuous, long-term elevated blood pressure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of changing state on elicited ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves

Waves similar to ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves occurring spontaneously in the lateral geniculate body (LGB), pons, and occipital cortex during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep can be elicited in the LGB and the cortex by tones in waking (W), non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and REM. In W, the elicited waves (PGOE) sometimes accompany orienting responses (OR). We have hypothesized that REM is a state resembling exaggerated "orienting" in part because spontaneous PGO waves similar to PGOE accompanying OR are constantly observed in REM. The present experiment tested whether: (1) PGOE and OR were strongly correlated in W across a large number of tone presentations as might be predicted if PGOE were central wave form markers for a state of orienting; and (2) recovery of responsiveness of PGOE to tones would then be greater in REM than NREM, as might be expected if REM but not NREM were a state in which central mechanisms of orienting were highly active. Tones were presented in W and then in REM and NREM to six cats in order to measure the degree of habituation of OR and PGOE simultaneously. PGOE and OR exhibited a degree of independence: the former were readily produced in W despite the rapid decline in OR across trials. Recovery in the amplitude of PGOE occurred in both NREM and REM. The recovery tended to be greater in REM than NREM, although this was not statistically significant. Refinements of the theory that REM represents a state of exaggerated internal orienting are discussed.
Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Metaniobate

Ferroelectric lead metaniobate, Pb(NbO3)2, is structurally distinct from the ABO3 perovskite-type ferroelectrics presently known. Dielectric and dilatometric data indicate a 570°C. Curie point. In ceramic form the material can be polarized to retain a piezoelectric constant of the same order of magnitude as that of barium titanate.
Dark Winter and the Spring of 1972: Deflecting the Social Lessons of Smallpox

This article examines how the master status of bioterrorism has distracted professional and political attention from the social lessons of smallpox. I illustrate this by comparing an influential bioterrorism simulation known as Dark Winter with the social history surrounding the Yugoslavian smallpox epidemic of 1972. Dark Winter's epidemiological premises were largely based upon what was learned from the Yugoslavian outbreak. Yet, although this epidemic was non-deliberate, the exercise did not attend to the social conditions within which it developed. Most notably, it did not consider that this epidemic was mainly borne by marginalized communities of Kosovan Albanians and that difficulties in controlling it were linked to the relative lack of pre-existing public health infrastructure among these people; instead, the Dark Winter exercise mainly focused upon the proximate determinants of violence and its immediate management. This distraction from the social dynamics of infectious diseases has major implica...
Studies on the aminoacylation of valine- and alanine-specific transfer RNA of Escherichia coli by aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases from Neurospora crassa and E. coli.

Abstract The interaction of valine- and alanine-specific tRNA (tRNA Val and tRNA Ala ) from Escherichia coli with phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Neurospora crassa results in the production of phe-tRNA Val and phe-tRNA Ala . In this case of misrecognition the amount of aminoacyl-tRNA produced is 0.3–0.5 of the amount expected. The various isoaccepting forms of tRNA Val and tRNA Ala were obtained by reversed phase chromatography and were all active in accepting phenylalanine from the N. crassa enzyme. The isoaccepting forms of tRNA Ala differed in the inhibition of the N. crassa enzyme by salt. Comparing tRNA ( E. coli ) and tRNA ( N. crassa ) shows that the reaction of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase ( N. crassa ) with the former is inhibited by NaCl and with the latter is stimulated by NaCl. We conclude that the limited amount of aminoacylation of tRNA Val and tRNA Ala by phenylalanine tRNA synthetase ( N. crassa ) is not due to a specificity that restricts the enzyme to certain isoaccepting forms of the tRNA's. The stimulation or inhibition of the N. crassa enzyme by NaCl depending on which tRNA is the substrate may indicate that a different reaction mechanism is followed for the two tRNA's.
Libraries in Transition: 21st Century Library Systems

Libraries are in a state of flux and the integrated library system (ILS) is no exception. In their quest to provide greater access to resources and remain relevant, libraries are somewhat driving this new innovation in systems. We need systems that provide greater interoperability and flexibility to provide a similar user experience that patrons are seeing online elsewhere such as Google and Amazon. This is where still developing cloud based systems come in. These new 21st century systems include OCLC’s Worldshare Management Services (WMS). This looks at one 21st century library system and also share one library’s migration experience.
What is segmental neurofibromatosis

Two unrelated children with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis (NF1) had mothers with cutaneous NF1 lesions in a limited distribution. The cutaneous pattern in the mother of case 1 was clearly segmental, and probably represents mosaicism for the NF1 mutation which was passed on to the child. In the second case the distribution in the mother was less obviously segmental, but may still represent mosaicism. It is more difficult to diagnose mosaicism for NF1 in individuals with no affected offspring, or with more limited cutaneous manifestations. The difficulties in defining segmental NF and assigning a genetic risk are discussed.
The Rankings Game: Managing Business School Reputation

The environment of business education now resembles aspects of the competitive environment facing for-profit industries. A major contributor to the character of this environment in the USA are the published rankings of business school programs, which have risen in prominence over the last decade. We conducted interviews with top management team members from the top 50 business schools in the USA to assess the effects of business school rankings on the conduct of business education. These informants characterized the rankings process predominantly as a game where the players face a field that is not always level and where the rules are not only ill-specified but also subtly changing. Our examination of how business schools play ‘the rankings game’ revealed a structuration-like pattern whereby projected images by business schools and subsequent responses to those images both enabled and constrained further action by the schools as well as the magazines responsible for the rankings. This pattern has implications not only for gaining insights into the management of reputation in academia, but also for conceptualizing relationships among image and substance in a world increasingly dominated by media.
PharmGKB: Capturing knowledge to catalyze pharmacogenomics research

This is a powerpoint presentation made initially at the Cold Spring Harbor meeting on Pharmacogenomics, November 2006. It discusses the PharmGKB (http://www.pharmgkb.org/) and how we are building a pipeline for annotation of knowledge. In particular, we are focusing on pathway knowledge, "Very important Pharmacogene" annotations, and curation of the pharmacogenomics literature. We are building an ontology-based system to capture and aggregate knowledge, for use by our curators.
BRANCH AND BOUND ALGORITHM FOR THE FLOW SHOP WITH MULTIPLE PROCESSORS

Abstract The sequencing of a flow shop with multiple processors at each stage is a general case of the flow shop problem. It involves sequencing n jobs in a flow shop where, for at least one stage, the facility has one or more identical machines. The purpose of this paper is to present a branch and bound algorithm to solve scheduling problems of such facilities for optimizing the maximum completion time. The lower bounds and elimination rules developed in this research are based upon the generalization of the flow shop problem. Furthermore, a computational algorithm, along with results, is also presented. The branch and bound algorithm can also be used to optimize other measures of performance in a flow shop with multiple processors.
Non-Linear Imaging with Ultrashort Shaped Pulses

Dispersion compensation of ultrashort pulses at the focal plane leads to significantly greater signal. Our presentation will focus on observed photobleaching and photoenhancement of two-photon fluorescent signal for long (200fs) and ultrashort (sub-15fs) pulses.
Statistical experimental design for bioprocess modeling and optimization analysis: repeated-measures method for dynamic biotechnology process.

The statistical design of experiments (DOE) is a collection of predetermined settings of the process variables of interest, which provides an efficient procedure for planning experiments. Experiments on biological processes typically produce long sequences of successive observations on each experimental unit (plant, animal, bioreactor, fermenter, or flask) in response to several treatments (combination of factors). Cell culture and other biotech-related experiments used to be performed by repeated-measures method of experimental design coupled with different levels of several process factors to investigate dynamic biological process. Data collected from this design can be analyzed by several kinds of general linear model (GLM) statistical methods such as multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), univariate ANOVA (time split-plot analysis with randomization restriction), and analysis of orthogonal polynomial contrasts of repeated factor (linear coefficient analysis). Last, regression model was introduced to describe responses over time to the different treatments along with model residual analysis. Statistical analysis of biprocess with repeated measurements can help investigate environmental factors and effects affecting physiological and bioprocesses in analyzing and optimizing biotechnology production. Index Entries: Statistical experimental design; repeated-measures (RM); empirical (statistical) model; dynamic bioprocess; sphericity.
330 INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL MATURATION ON THE DETERMIN-ANTS OF RESPONSE TO FUROSEMIDE

The effect of age on the determinants of the diuretic response to furosemide was evaluated in 22 infants (9 premature infants 2-6 days old and 13 infants 1 to 36 months old). The urinary excretion of furosemide, and therefore the presentation of the drug to its site of action, was significantly slower (p < 0.005) in the premature infants (t½ = 26.5 ± 31.2 h) than in the older children (t½ = 1.79 ± 1.26 h). Despite the prolonged time of drug excretion, the younger infants excreted significantly less of the administered dose in the urine (20.7 ± 17.5% vs. 49.2 ± 22.9%; p < 0.01). All but one infant in each group exhibited an increase in urine flow after furosemide administration and demonstrated a linear relationship between furosemide excretion rate and diuretic response. The increase in urine flow rate per unit furosemide excretion rate was significantly greater in the premature infants (p < 0.001). The results suggest that the immaturity in at least two aspects of renal function contribute to the pattern of diuretic response seen in very young infants. Immaturity of organic ion transport limits the rate and amount of drug reaching its site of action. However, the inability of parts of the tubule not effected by the diuretic to compensate for the increased electrolyte and water loss leads to an enhanced sensitivity to the drug which is excreted.
A Sailor's Heartbreak

A 24-year-old sailor presented to the emergency department with a seven-day history of shortness of breath, occasional substernal chest pain, increasing abdominal girth, and nausea and vomiting. He reported leg swelling and a weight gain of 14 kg during the preceding three weeks.
Cell surface receptor-antibody association constants and enumeration of receptor sites for monoclonal antibodies.

Background Fluorescent markers (labeled antibodies) and flow cytometry are used to enumerate the average number of receptors (antigens) on formed bodies (cells) in whole blood by using a new method that avoids the extra steps of separating bound from unbound fluorescent markers or the use of external standards. Methods Mean channel fluorescence intensities of equilibrated marker-cell suspension mixtures, total concentrations of marker, and targeted cell counts obtained by standard cytometry procedures are used to complete the analyses for receptors per cell. Also, flow cytometric assays using competitive binding between fluorescent marker (CD4-RD1, CD8-FITC, CD3-FITC, CD3-RD1) and unlabeled antibody (CD4, CD8, CD3, CD3-dextran) for receptors on white blood cells in whole blood are described for determination of relative and specific binding constants of unlabeled/labeled antibody for targeted receptors. Results Ranges that were obtained for receptors per cell (lymphocytes) in normal blood donors were as follows: CD4, 4.9 × 104–1.5 × 105; CD8, 5.0 × 105–2.1 × 106; CD3, 6.6–7.8 × 105. Binding constants were highest for unlabeled CD4 antibody, 2.7 × 1010–2.1 × 1012 M-1, and then unlabeled CD3 antibody, 1.1 × 1010–1.9 × 1011 M-1. FITC- and RD1-labeled antibodies typically had binding constants that were 10-to 100-fold lower than the native antibodies. Conclusions Values of receptors per cell and binding constants obtained by the new method from flow cytometric analyses of mixtures of whole blood with FITC- or RD1-labeled CD4, CD8, and CD3 antibodies compare well with literature values determined by other methods. Cytometry 40:316–326, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features

Hippocampal sclerosis is a relatively common neuropathological finding (∼10% of individuals over the age of 85 years) characterized by cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus that is not explained by Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampal sclerosis pathology can be associated with different underlying causes, and we refer to hippocampal sclerosis in the aged brain as hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing. Much remains unknown about hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing. We combined three different large autopsy cohorts: University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Centre, the Nun Study and the Georgia Centenarian Study to obtain a pool of 1110 patients, all of whom were evaluated neuropathologically at the University of Kentucky. We focused on the subset of cases with neuropathology-confirmed hippocampal sclerosis (n=106). For individuals aged≥95 years at death (n=179 in our sample), each year of life beyond the age of 95 years correlated with increased prevalence of hippocampal sclerosis pathology and decreased prevalence of 'definite' Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aberrant TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry was seen in 89.9% of hippocampal sclerosis positive patients compared with 9.7% of hippocampal sclerosis negative patients. TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry can be used to demonstrate that the disease is usually bilateral even when hippocampal sclerosis pathology is not obvious by haematoxylin and eosin stains. TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry was negative on brain sections from younger individuals (n=10) after hippocampectomy due to seizures, who had pathologically confirmed hippocampal sclerosis. There was no association between cases with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing and apolipoprotein E genotype. Age of death and clinical features of hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing (with or without aberrant TAR DNA protein 43) were distinct from previously published cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration TAR DNA protein 43. To help sharpen our ability to discriminate patients with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing clinically, the longitudinal cognitive profile of 43 patients with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing was compared with the profiles of 75 controls matched for age, gender, education level and apolipoprotein E genotype. These individuals were followed from intake assessment, with 8.2 (average) longitudinal cognitive assessments. A neuropsychological profile with relatively high-verbal fluency but low word list recall distinguished the hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing group at intake (P<0.015) and also 5.5-6.5 years before death (P<0.005). This may provide a first step in clinical differentiation of hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing versus pure Alzheimer's disease in their earliest stages. In summary, in the largest series of autopsy-verified patients with hippocampal sclerosis to date, we characterized the clinical and pathological features associated with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing.
Another look at cardiac xenotransplantation.

Clinical incentive for development of neonatal cardiac Xenotransplantation is clear. Approximately 10% of babies born with congenital heart disease might benefit from transplantation therapy, but human donor resources in this age group are limited. A scientific foundation upon which to base clinical trials of neonatal cardiac Xenotransplantation is presented. A single clinical case and its outcome is reviewed. What was learned from this case supports continued clinical trials in the form of xenograft “bridging” to allotransplantation. There are perhaps three potential impediments to progress in Xenotransplantation. These restrictions may be broadly categorized as: (1) immunological; (2) philosophical; and (3) sociological. None of these potential “barriers” is absolute and incentive is strong to continue exploration of neonatal cardiac Xenotransplantation. “Every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other.” A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH DERMATOMYOSITIS

Dermatomyositis is an uncommon inflammatory myopathy associated with malignancies such as ovarian, lung and gastric carcinoma.1, 2 It is unusual for dermatomyositis to be associated with a genitourinary malignancy. In fact there have been only 6 published cases of dermatomyositis associated with transitional cell carcinoma, of which 3 were reported in a Finnish population study and the other 3 as single reports.2, 3 In most cases malignancy is diagnosed within 1 year of the onset of dermatomyositis1 and is thought to represent a paraneoplastic syndrome. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that clinical resolution of symptoms after successful cancer treatment is frequently observed. Moreover, when symptoms recur it is typically a harbinger of recurrence of malignant disease. 1
Three open problems in AI

Reading and understanding books is a quintessentially human activity. It is the process by which much knowledge transfer occurs from generation to generation. For example, we test students’ understanding of a given subject by asking them to answer questions at the end of the chapter in a textbook. In general, we are satisfied if a student correctly answers 80 to 90% of the questions. When a computer can do the same task, we will have arrived at a significant milestone. A human being who starts reading at age 4, lives to be 100 years old, and reads a book a day every day could complete 35,000 books in a lifetime. By many estimates, the total number books ever written in all languages is under 100 million. Harvard library has around 12 million volumes. The Library of Congress has fewer than 30 million volumes. All the unique titles in the OCLC member libraries is under 42 million. However, US libraries do not have most of the books published in other languages internationally, thus leading to an approximate estimate of 100 million books ever published. Once a computer can read one book and prove that it understands it by answering questions about it correctly, then, in principle, it can read all the books that have ever been written. This has led to the speculation that once computers can read, understand, and share knowledge with each other, without the limitations that biology imposes, they will begin to exhibit super human intelligence. For a machine to read a book, understand it and answer questions about it, it needs mechanisms
Ruby laser induced emission from NO2

Two different types of emission from excited NO2 were observed using pulsed ruby laser light at 6943 A. The first type of fluorescence was seen in the near IR and results from the single photon excitation of NO2 from the ground 2-A1 state. By observing the emission as a function of time an unexpected behavior was observed in the near IR and could be explained by a consecutive deactivation mechanism, wherein a secondary species is preferentially detected. A second type of emission recently observed in the blue spectral region is weaker and is due to a multiphoton process. The intensity of the blue emission is a function of the cube of the laser intensity at low pressures and approaches the square at high pressures. This variation is attributed to simultaneous deactivation of the excited NO2 intermediate by collision (square) and by anti-Stokes Raman scattering off of the excited NO2 (cube).
Economies of scale and the demand for money

Cross-sectional data from four Surveys of Small Business Finance demonstrate that economies of scale in money holding exist, that these economies appear to be increasing over time, and that the magnitudes are greater than those estimated for large US corporations. Firms not practising several specific cash management techniques and firms facing constraints in the credit market hold lower money balances. Minority-owned firms exhibit economies of scale similar to the overall sample but cash management practices and credit constraint variables generally do not influence their money holding behavior. Scale economies vary widely across industries but overall means are relatively stable over time.
Reduction of Quinones and Radicals by a Plasma Membrane Redox System of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract Quinones which are produced during the mineralization of lignin and xenobiotics by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were reduced by a plasma membrane redox system of the fungus. Both intracellular enzymes and the plasma membrane redox system were able to reduce 1,l-benzoquinone. However, no quinone reductase activity was observed with the extracellular culture fluid. The intracellular reductase activity had a pH optimum between 6.0 and 7.0 and a K m of 150 μM. Reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone by the plasma membrane redox system had a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.5 and exhibited saturation kinetics ( K m = 11 μM, V max = 16 nmol/min/mg mycelia dry weight). Ferricyanide totally inhibited the quinone reduction until the ferricyanide was completely reduced by the membrane. Radicals (chlorpromazine and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)) that can be generated by the lignin peroxidases were also reduced by the plasma membrane redox system. Reduction of the ABTS cation radical also totally inhibited quinone reduction until the radical was completely reduced. Finally, quinone reduction rates were identical after the reduction of ferricyanide, ABTS cation radical, or quinone, suggesting that the plasma membrane redox system may actually protect the fungus from oxidative damage from free radicals generated by the lignin degrading system.
On the possibility of a statistics-changing phase transition

We discuss some of the puzzling features associated with the possibility of a statistics-changing phase transition Nous discutons quelques proprietes surprenantes qu'aurait une transition de phase changeant la statistique
Regulation of NF-kappaB RelA phosphorylation and transcriptional activity by p21(ras) and protein kinase Czeta in primary endothelial cells.

The activity of the transcription factor NF-κB is thought to be regulated mainly through cytoplasmic retention by IκB molecules. Here we present evidence of a second mechanism of regulation acting on NF-κB after release from IκB. In endothelial cells this mechanism involves phosphorylation of the RelA subunit of NF-κB through a pathway involving activation of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) and p21ras. We show that transcriptional activity of RelA is dependent on phosphorylation of the N-terminal Rel homology domain but not the C-terminal transactivation domain. Inhibition of phosphorylation by dominant negative mutants of PKCζ or p21ras results in loss of RelA transcriptional activity without interfering with DNA binding. Raf/MEK, small GTPases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and stress-activated protein kinase pathways are not involved in this mechanism of regulation.
Glutamine-specific Deamidation of αs1-Casein by Transglutaminase

αs1-Casein was deamidated specifically in the moiety of the glutaminyl side chains by transglutaminase. The deamidation was achieved by reversibly blocking the amino groups in substrate protein. The deamidated product was found out to have 80% (11 residues) of the total deamidated glutaminyl residues. No significant conformational changes were observed even after the modifications. Consequently, the solubility in acidic pH regions, especially at pH 5, was increased. On the other hand, the Ca2+-sensitivity largely decreased to the extent that nearly all the deamidated product was soluble at 20 mm CaCl2. Deamidation by transglutaminase may be useful as a new method to solubilize insoluble proteins without destroying protein structures.
Experiences in dry grinding with high compression roller mills for end product quality below 20 microns

Abstract An introduction to the reasons for the development of the High Compression Roller mill with consideration of existing comminution methods - ball mills- is presented. An outline of the theoretical considerations of the high compression system is given, and the current position on applications, interest and operating plants with an outline of licensing agreements with other suppliers. Results of test work on a variety of materials e.g. Calcined Bauxite, Gypsum, Ferrite, Calcite, Wollastonite, Marble, Alumina, Magnesite, Zircon Sand are presented and the basis of plant design for typical applications including peripheral equipment for deagglomeration and classification. An explanation of the general theory of classification is given, including energy consumption and general running and maintenance considerations.
Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohol via Nickel Phosphine Complexes with Pendant Amines

Nickel complexes were prepared with diphosphine ligands that contain pendant amines, and these complexes catalytically oxidize primary and secondary alcohols to their respective aldehydes and ketones. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of these prospective electrocatalysts were performed to understand what influences the catalytic activity. For the oxidation of diphenylmethanol, the catalytic rates were determined to be dependent on the concentration of both the catalyst and the alcohol and independent of the concentration of base and oxidant. The incorporation of pendant amines to the phosphine ligand results in substantial increases in the rate of alcohol oxidation with more electron-donating substituents on the pendant amine exhibiting the fastest rates.
Intraoperative electromyography monitoring in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Object Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is an increasingly popular method for achieving lumbar decompression and fusion. The procedure is technically more demanding than open fusion, with correspondingly more theoretical risk of complication. The authors describe the use of intraoperative electromyography (EMG) as an adjunct to surgery to reduce the risk of complications. Methods Between August 2005 and April 2006, 25 consecutive patients underwent minimally invasive TLIF in which a total of 105 pedicle screws were placed. Intraoperative EMG was performed and included passive recordings during decompression and interbody graft placement, as well as active recording during the placement of the pedicle access needle and testing of the pedicle tap. A uniform protocol for active monitoring was used, with the pedicle access needle set at 7 mA. To assess hardware placement, all patients underwent postoperative radiography and 20 underwent postoperative computed tomography (CT) sc...
A simplified technique for electron microscope autoradiography.

Two techniques are commonly used in applying nuclear track emulsions to specimens for electron microscope autoradiography: the loop method of Caro and van Tubergen (1962) and the flat substrate method of Salpeter and Bachmann (1964). Both of these techniques are applicable with Ilford L4 emulsion, but the high resolution emulsion Eastman Kodak NTE can be used conveniently only with the flat substrate method since it is difficult to obtain a film of NTE emulsion on a loop. Although the loop method has the advantage that it can be applied directly to grid-mounted specimens, it is difficult to obtain an emulsion layer of uniform and appropriate thickness. The flat substrate method now generally preferred involves coating sections mounted on a glass-supported flat collodion film with liquid emulsion, either by dipping or pipetting, exposing and processing the emulsion, and then transferring emulsion, specimen, and film to a grid. This method allows for a uniform application of emulsion to the section, but the...
Cannabidiol inhibits paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain through 5-HT(1A) receptors without diminishing nervous system function or chemotherapy efficacy.

Background and Purpose Paclitaxel (PAC) is associated with chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CIPN) that can lead to the cessation of treatment in cancer patients even in the absence of alternate therapies. We previously reported that chronic administration of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) prevents PAC-induced mechanical and thermal sensitivity in mice. Hence, we sought to determine receptor mechanisms by which CBD inhibits CIPN and whether CBD negatively effects nervous system function or chemotherapy efficacy. Experimental Approach The ability of acute CBD pretreatment to prevent PAC-induced mechanical sensitivity was assessed, as was the effect of CBD on place conditioning and on an operant-conditioned learning and memory task. The potential interaction of CBD and PAC on breast cancer cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Key Results PAC-induced mechanical sensitivity was prevented by administration of CBD (2.5 – 10 mg·kg−1) in female C57Bl/6 mice. This effect was reversed by co-administration of the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635, but not the CB1 antagonist SR141716 or the CB2 antagonist SR144528. CBD produced no conditioned rewarding effects and did not affect conditioned learning and memory. Also, CBD + PAC combinations produce additive to synergistic inhibition of breast cancer cell viability. Conclusions and Implications Our data suggest that CBD is protective against PAC-induced neurotoxicity mediated in part by the 5-HT1A receptor system. Furthermore, CBD treatment was devoid of conditioned rewarding effects or cognitive impairment and did not attenuate PAC-induced inhibition of breast cancer cell viability. Hence, adjunct treatment with CBD during PAC chemotherapy may be safe and effective in the prevention or attenuation of CIPN.
Dislocation-free Czochralski growth of 〈110〉 silicon crystals

Abstract Previous difficulties in growing dislocation-free 〈110〉 silicon crystals were examined experimentally and a pragmatic solution was proposed, that of introducing one or more bulges into the stem between the seed and the crystal. The new stem growth procedure yielded ten dislocation-free out of ten crystals in the laboratory. Dislocations parallel to the growth axis were shown to grow away from the axis under the influence of an increasing stem diameter, and also to multiply in some cases. The rate of losing dislocations by changing the stem diameter exceeded the rate of gaining dislocations by multiplication, however. The favourable results obtained with the 〈110〉 stem growth procedure are consistent with previous author's concepts of the immobilization of dislocations at low stem diameters and their release at larger diameters. Possible causes of the diversion of the axial dislocations are discussed.
What is in a Name?: The Predicament of Ethnonyms in the Sugpiaq-Alutiiq Region of Alaska

Aleut," "Alutiiq," "Sugpiaq," "Russian," "Pacifi c Eskimo," "Unegkuhmiut," and "Chugach Eskimo" are all different names that have been used to identify the group of Native people living on the Lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska. While most of these ethnonyms are par- tially based on particular characteristics, they also carry specifi c social-political agendas that are embedded in the names themselves. Names are a powerful medium in communicating meaning about historical context and the actors who move within specifi c historical events. In this paper I draw on historical and ethnographic information to shed light on the different nomenclature used in the past, as well as currently in this region. By organizing names into a schema through an historical overview, I highlight the signifi cance of the relationship between historical legacies and contemporary articulations of ethnonyms. Furthermore, after exploring the origins of ethno- nyms and analyzing the different implications that are closely associated with them, the paper concludes with a better approach for understanding agency in the politics of ethnic identity construction.
Noise factor of receiving system with arbitrary antenna impedance mismatch

The system operating noise factor of a receiving system is modeled for arbitrary impedance mismatch of the antenna to the transmission line feeding the receiver. The effect of this mismatch on the noise factors of the transmission line and the receiver is considered. The stochastic nature of the external noise factor is considered. The amount of mismatch that can be tolerated before the internal system noise factor exceeds the external noise factor is determined. Numerical results are presented for a VHF-FM radio receiving system with an electrically short monopole antenna. It is noted that a large impedance mismatch at the antenna-transmission-line interface of a radio receiving system can cause a significant increase in the system internal noise factor (more than a 50-dB increase for a voltage reflection coefficient of 0.999). >
Variation in herd financial and production variables over time.

Abstract Financial and DHI records from 1978 to 1981 from 126 dairy herds in Virginia and North Carolina were used to determine relationships among production and financial variables within herd over time. Herds averaged 6779kg milk per cow and $369 net cash income per cow for 103 cows. Expenses were 82% of receipts. Herd effects accounted for more than 40% of the variation in both financial and production variables. Year effects were less than 10% for financial variables except total receipts and expenses and were negligible for most DHI variables. Correlations among financial and DHI variables were largest between herds and smaller within herd and year. A time series, cross-sectional analysis regressed net cash income and different types of expenses on DHIA variables within herd and year. Net cash income per additional kilogram of milk was $.22 at 5000 kg/cow per yr, decreasing to 0 at 8162kg. Net cash income per cow decreased $7.70 per .1 added services per conception and $3.20 per 1% increase in culling due to changes in expenses. Crop hectares per cow and cows per man influenced receipts and expenses equally. Hired labor and cash interest per cow increased as milk yield exceeded 6000kg per cow. Holding heifers open an additional month also increased interest by $4.80 per cow. Differences in relationships among and within herds indicate difficulty in attaining herd improvement demonstrated by financial and production averages for single years.
Testing Strategy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism in the Neonate

Early detection and management of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) can improve the affected infant9s prognosis. Initial screening tests can provide a general overview of the infant9s metabolic status and suggest potential IEMs. Among the clinical findings seen in many IEMs are encephalopathy, hypoglycemia, jaundice and liver disease, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, dysmorphic features, and nonimmune hydrops. Confirmatory testing (enzyme analysis or molecular DNA testing) are required to make the diagnosis. Clinicians should be aware of specific requirements for such testing to obtain the desired results.
A generalization of Kharitonov's four-polynomial concept for robust stability problems with linearly dependent coefficient perturbations

Kharitonov's four-polynomial concept is generalized to the case of linearly dependent coefficient perturbations and more general zero location regions. To this end, a specially constructed scalar function of a scalar variable is instrumental to the robustness analysis. The present work is motivated by two fundamental limitations of Kharitonov's theorem, namely: (1) the theorem only applies to polynomials with independent coefficient perturbations and (2) it only applies to zeros in the left-hand plane. >
In situ methods for measuring the inherent optical properties of ocean waters

In situ attenuation (488 and 660 nm), absorption (488, 676, and 750 nm), backscattering (at 488 nm), and stimulated fluorescence were determined as functions of depth in oceanic and coastal waters off Oregon, using both commercial instruments and recently developed prototypes. The inability to perfectly constrain scattered light in these instruments necessitates correction to retrieve accurate optical coefficients. Because scattering is usually one order of magnitude higher than absorption, the correction is most critical for absorption coefficients. A correction procedure based on values obtained with the absorption meter in the infrared region (750 nm) was used to correct the measured spectral absorption coefficients. Realistic values of the backscattering coefficient were obtained from a prototype instrument, although accurate calibration could not be performed for this study. These measurements resulted in the first-ever data set of in situ profiles of attenuation, absorption, scattering, backscattering, and the backscattering ratio. The blue and red attenuation coefficients were tightly correlated, with a relationship varying from site to site. The red-to-blue absorption ratio varied both from site to site and vertically, indicating changes in the relative concentrations of chlorophyllous (phytoplankton) and nonchlorophyllous (biogenous or mineral) particles. The backscattering ratio also appeared to be very sensitive to vertical changes in particle composition. The in situ scattering coefficients were compared to those estimated with a Mie scattering model, using measured particle size distributions and particulate absorption coefficients as input parameters. By allowing the real part of the refractive index of particles to vary over the range of realistic values, convergence between measured and modeled values was obtained. Light penetration in the ocean is ruled by the scattering and absorption properties of the various substances. These two inherent optical properties are, therefore, with the attenuation coefficient (c, the sum of the scattering, b, and absorption, a, coefficients), the fundamental parameters in radiative transfer studies and in the interpretation of apparent optical properties. More specifically, the absorption and backscattering (bb) coefficients directly determine the diffuse reflectance of the ocean and thus are integral to the interpretation of remote sensing data (see Gordon and Morel 1983). The absorption capacity of living phytoplankton, which now can be derived from
A clustering based wind farm collector system cable layout design

The goal of achieving 20% wind power penetration by 2030 in the US has stimulated the installation of large scale wind farms in recent years, both on-shore and off-shore. Collector systems consolidate the power generated by turbine units distributed over the geographical area of the wind farm to a substation from where the generated power is transmitted to the electric grid. Design of a wind farm collector system must take into consideration the economics and reliability of operation. Most modern day large scale wind farms consist of hundreds of wind turbines and are generally electrically connected in a radial feeder cable configuration or daisy chains. While these configurations are generally accepted as convention, not much research has been done to analyze other cable layout configurations. This paper proposes a clustering based algorithm for cable layout of a large scale wind power plant. Comparison of the proposed method with the radial feeder cable configuration shows that real power losses in collector system are lowered and greater reliability is achieved with the proposed design. An economic analysis has also been done to compare the cost of generated energy associated with the proposed design and the conventional configuration.
Does MR Perfusion Imaging Impact Management Decisions for Patients with Brain Tumors? A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR perfusion imaging can be used to help predict glial tumor grade and disease progression. Our purpose was to evaluate whether perfusion imaging has a diagnostic or therapeutic impact on clinical management planning in patients with glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard MR imaging protocols were interpreted by a group of 3 NRs in consensus, with each case being interpreted twice: first, including routine sequences; and second, with the addition of perfusion imaging. A multidisciplinary team of treating physicians assessed tumor status and created hypothetical management plans, on the basis of clinical presentation and routine MR imaging and then routine MR imaging plus perfusion MR imaging. Physicians9 confidence in the tumor status assessment and management plan was measured by using Likert-type items. RESULTS: Fifty-nine consecutive subjects with glial tumors were evaluated; 50 had known pathologic diagnoses. NRs and the treatment team agreed on tumor status in 45/50 cases (κ = 0.81). With the addition of perfusion, confidence in status assessment increased in 20 (40%) for NRs and in 28 (56%) for the treatment team. Of the 59 patient-care episodes, the addition of perfusion was associated with a change in management plan in 5 (8.5%) and an increase in the treatment team9s confidence in their management plan in 34 (57.6%). NRs and the treatment team found perfusion useful in most episodes of care and wanted perfusion included in future MR images for >80% of these subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion imaging appears to have a significant impact on clinical decision-making and subspecialist physicians9 confidence in management plans for patients with brain tumor.
The Role of Aspirin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Aspirin therapy is well-accepted as an agent for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events and current guidelines also define a role for aspirin in primary prevention. In this review, we describe the seminal trials of aspirin use in the context of current guidelines, discuss factors that may influence the effectiveness of aspirin therapy for cardiovascular disease prevention, and briefly examine patterns of use. The body of evidence supports a role for aspirin in both secondary and primary prevention of cardiovascular events in selected population groups, but practice patterns may be suboptimal. As a simple and inexpensive prophylactic measure for cardiovascular disease, aspirin use should be carefully considered in all at-risk adult patients, and further measures, including patient education, are necessary to ensure its proper use.
Charge transfer in MOH(H2O)+ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) complexes revealed by vibrational spectroscopy of mass-selected ions

Charge transfer between a metal and its ligand is fundamental for the structure and reactivity of a metal complex as it directly dictates the distribution of electron density within the complex. To better understand such charge transfer interactions, we studied the vibrational spectra of mass-selected MOH(H2O)+ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn) complexes, acquired using cryogenic ion infrared predissociation spectroscopy. We find that there is a partial charge transfer from the hydroxide anion to the metal center for these first-row transition metals, the extent of which is in the order of Mn Zn, dictated by the 2nd ionization energy of the bare metal. This gradual change across the metal series points to the complexity in the electronic structures of these transition metal complexes. Interestingly, the hydroxide ligand in these complexes can serves as a sensitive in situ probe of this charge transfer. Its vibrational frequency varies by >150 cm−1 for different metal species, and it is dependent on the electric field produced by the charged metal center. This dramatic vibrational Stark shift is further modulated by the charge present on the hydroxide itself, providing a well-defined relationship between the observed hydroxide frequency and the effective electric field.
Prediction of Time-Varying Musical Mood Distributions Using Kalman Filtering

The medium of music has evolved specifically for the expression of emotions, and it is natural for us to organize music in terms of its emotional associations. In previous work, we have modeled human response labels to music in the arousal-valence (A-V) representation of affect as a time-varying, stochastic distribution reflecting the ambiguous nature of the perception of mood. These distributions are used to predict A-V responses from acoustic features of the music alone via multi-variate regression. In this paper, we extend our framework to account for multiple regression mappings contingent upon a general location in A-V space. Furthermore, we model A-V state as the latent variable of a linear dynamical system, more explicitly capturing the dynamics of musical mood. We validate this extension using a "genie-bounded" approach, in which we assume that a piece of music is correctly clustered in A-V space a priori, demonstrating significantly higher theoretical performance than the previous single-regressor approach.
Self-Concept in Gifted Youth: An Investigation Employing the Piers-Harris Subscales

The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was used to investigate the self-concept of 368 intellectually gifted children in grades 4-12. Previous research had suggested that differences by gen...