cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Host Cell's Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Network Profoundly Shapes the Protein Sequence Space Accessible to HIV Envelope

The sequence space accessible to evolving proteins can be enhanced by cellular chaperones that assist biophysically defective clients in navigating complex folding landscapes. It is also possible, however, for proteostasis mechanisms that promote strict quality control to greatly constrain accessible protein sequence space. Unfortunately, most efforts to understand how proteostasis mechanisms influence evolution rely on artificial inhibition or genetic knockdown of specific chaperones. The few experiments that perturb quality control pathways also generally modulate the levels of only individual quality control factors. Here, we use chemical genetic strategies to tune proteostasis networks via natural stress response pathways that regulate levels of entire suites of chaperones and quality control mechanisms. Specifically, we upregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to test the hypothesis that the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis network shapes the sequence space accessible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) envelope (Env) protein. Elucidating factors that enhance or constrain Env sequence space is critical because Env evolves extremely rapidly, yielding HIV strains with antibody and drug escape mutations. We find that UPR-mediated upregulation of ER proteostasis factors, particularly those controlled by the IRE1-XBP1s UPR arm, globally reduces Env mutational tolerance. Conserved, functionally important Env regions exhibit the largest decreases in mutational tolerance upon XBP1s activation. This phenomenon likely reflects strict quality control endowed by XBP1s-mediated remodeling of the ER proteostasis environment. Intriguingly and in contrast, specific regions of Env, including regions targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies, display enhanced mutational tolerance when XBP1s is activated, hinting at a role for host proteostasis network hijacking in potentiating antibody escape. These observations reveal a key function for proteostasis networks in decreasing instead of expanding the sequence space accessible to client proteins, while also demonstrating that the host ER proteostasis network profoundly shapes the mutational tolerance of Env in ways that could have important consequences for HIV adaptation.
Simulated auditory fiber myelination heterogeneity desynchronizes population responses to electrical stimulation limiting inter-aural timing difference representation

Auditory nerve responses to electrical stimulation exhibit aberrantly synchronous response latencies to low-rate pulse trains, nevertheless, cochlear implant users generally have elevated inter-aural timing difference detection thresholds. These findings present an apparent paradox in which single units are unusually precise but downstream within the auditory pathway access to this precision is lost. Auditory nerves innervating a region of cochlea exhibit natural heterogeneity in their diameter, myelination, and other structural properties; a key question is whether this diversity may contribute to the loss of temporal fidelity. In this work, responses of simulated auditory neuron populations with realistic intrinsic diameter and myelination heterogeneity to low-rate pulse trains were produced. By performing a receiver operating characteristic analysis on response latency distributions, ideal-observer interaural timing difference (ITD) detection limits were produced for each population. Fiber heterogeneity produced dispersion of inter-fiber latencies that produced ITD thresholds like that observed in the best performing cochlear implant users. Incorporation of myelin loss into these populations further increased inter-fiber latency variance and elevated ITD detection limits. These findings suggest that the interaction of applied currents with fibers' specific intrinsic properties may introduce fundamental limits on presentation of fine temporal structure in electrical stimulation.
Does the choice of response time threshold procedure substantially affect inferences concerning the identification and exclusion of rapid guessing responses? A meta-analysis

In testing contexts that are predominately concerned with power, rapid guessing (RG) has the potential to undermine the validity of inferences made from educational assessments, as such responses are unreflective of the knowledge, skills, and abilities assessed. Given this concern, practitioners/researchers have utilized a multitude of response time threshold procedures that classify RG responses in these contexts based on either the use of no empirical data (e.g., an arbitrary time limit), response time distributions, and the combination of response time and accuracy information. As there is little understanding of how these procedures compare to each other, this meta-analysis sought to investigate whether threshold typology is related to differences in descriptive, measurement property, and performance outcomes in these contexts. Studies were sampled that: (a) employed two or more response time (RT) threshold procedures to identify and exclude RG responses on the same computer-administered low-stakes power test; and (b) evaluated differences between procedures on the proportion of RG responses and responders, measurement properties, and test performance. Based on as many as 86 effect sizes, our findings indicated non-negligible differences between RT threshold procedures in the proportion of RG responses and responders. The largest differences for these outcomes were observed between procedures using no empirical data and those relying on response time and accuracy information. However, these differences were not related to variability in aggregate-level measurement properties and test performance. When filtering RG responses to improve inferences concerning item properties and group score outcomes, the actual threshold procedure chosen may be of less importance than the act of identifying such deleterious responses. However, given the conservative nature of RT thresholds that use no empirical data, practitioners may look to avoid the use of these procedures when making inferences at the individual-level, given their potential for underclassifying RG.
Musical Engagement and Identity: Exploring Young Adults' Experiences, Tastes, and Beliefs.

Our study explored how adolescents’ experiences and musical preferences might relate to musical identity, and the likelihood of engaging in musical activities as adults. Participants were 170 first...
Counting Islam: Religion, Class, and Elections in Egypt

Introduction: Islam's steady march 1. Explaining Islamist dominion Part I. Elections under Authoritarianism: 2. Clientelism and class: the tragedy of leftist opposition in Mubarak's Egypt 3. The Islamic machine? 4. Winning in the 'well-run casino' Part II. After the 'Arab Spring': 5. God, mammon, and transition 6. Islam's organizational advantage? 7. Conclusion Epilogue: requiescat in pace?
Proust, Beckett, and Narration: Remembering forgetting: Le Drame du coucher

For the important thing for the author is not what he experienced, but the weaving of his memory, the Penelope work of recollection. Or should one call it, rather, a Penelope work of forgetting? Is not the involuntary recollection, Proust's memoire involontaire , much closer to forgetting than what is usually called memory? Walter Benjamin Literary history has tended to memorialize Proust's novel as a monument to memory, a Remembrance of Things Past (as the English translation is titled), rather than a monument to time or forgetting, a Recherche du temps perdu (as the French novel is titled). Proust's first-person narrator seems at first glance to support this reading. Over the course of the novel, he appears to tell the story of how he overcame forgetting and wrote a novel of memory. As a child he began to repress memories of his past. He later conquered this forgetting when, as an adult, he discovered the power of involuntary memories, which are produced by chance associations rather than conscious will. Finally, he began to write an autobiographical novel that was built upon his involuntary memories of his past and recounted his lifelong search for these memories. If we were to assume that this traditional story of Proust's triumphant resurrection of memory is the central story in the Recherche , we would incorrectly conclude that the first-person narrator is a realist narrator who accurately represents past things through his memory.
RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES: WHEN DID GHETTOS GO BAD?

Abstract Cutler and Glaeser (1997) show that urban residential segregation has a strong adverse effect on labor market and social outcomes of young African-Americans relative to whites. We show that this effect is a fairly recent historical phenomenon. There is little evidence of such an effect from 1940 to 1970; rather, it emerged between 1970 and 1980, and it grew stronger during the 1980s.
Using random amplified polymorphic DNAs in zebrafish genomic analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and its help in zebrafish genomic analysis. The chapter discusses its identification, various types of RAPDs and their advantages and disadvantages with respect to other genetic markers and, finally, the use of RAPDs in constructing maps and mapping mutations. RAPDs have been used extensively as a method to generate a genetic map for a species in a short period of time. RAPDs are only one of the many types of genetic markers that are suitable for building genetic maps. There are several ways to detect DNA polymorphisms that have been used with success in zebrafish research. These can be divided into two basic strategies: the first requires availability of a locus as a clone, which is either directly used as a probe, or which is sequenced to provide information for the design of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. This category includes classical restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), microsatellite markers, and single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs). Another category of DNA polymorphisms requires no previous knowledge of the loci identified; these include RAPDs and arbitrary fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Each type has its own peculiar advantages, and different methods are more useful under different situations.
Differential Cotton leaf crumple virus-VIGS-mediated gene silencing and viral genome localization in different Gossypium hirsutum genetic backgrounds

A Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV)-based gene silencing vector containing a fragment of the Gossypium hirsutum Magnesium chelatase subunit I was used to establish endogenous gene silencing in cotton of varied genetic backgrounds. Biolistic inoculation resulted in systemic and persistent photo-bleaching of the leaves and bolls of the seven cultivars tested, however, the intensity of silencing was variable. CLCrV-VIGS-mediated expression of green fluorescent protein was used to monitor the in planta distribution of the vector, indicating successful phloem invasion in all cultivars tested. Acala SJ-1, one of the cotton cultivars, was identified as a particularly optimal candidate for CLCrV-VIGS-based cotton reverse-genetics.
IC implementation of switched capacitor chaotic neuron

IC implementation of chaotic neuron using switched capacitor circuit technique is described. Various measured results are presented and interpreted. A new phenomenon called "transient chaos", which is essential for chaotic simulated annealing, is also demonstrated. >
The formulation of constitutive equations in continuum relativistic physics

In this paper we examine the restrictions in the form of constitutive functions of relativistic continuum physics resulting from the requirement of form-invariance under the Lorentz group. These functions are assumed to depend on the deformation gradient and a number of vectors. It is shown that the restricted forms are the relativistic extensions of similar expressions of classical continuum physics derived byRivlin.
James N. Levitt (Ed.). (2014). Conservation Catalysts: The Academy as Nature's Agent. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. 368 pages. $30.00 (paperback).

Emerging discourse in environmental conservation encourages stronger linkages between ecological research and practical application to address large-scale conservation concerns and to improve coord...
Coagulase Production by Injured Staphylococcus aureus MF-31 During Recovery

Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus MF-31 injured by heat treatment at 54 C for 15 min produced coagulase during recovery in Trypticase Soy Broth. Coagulase also was produced by injured cells during recovery in a medium that did not support growth. Coagulase synthesis during recovery was independent of the molar strength of the buffer in which the cells were injured, the age of the cells, and the degree of injury. Return of salt tolerance and coagulase production required glucose, amino acids, and phosphate in the recovery medium. Vitamins stimulated coagulase production, but did not affect recovery. Although coagulase production was not necessary for repair of thermal injury to S. aureus MF-31, its detection was interpreted as an indicator of protein synthesis.
High-swing, high-drive CMOS buffer

The advent of analogue and hybrid VLSI circuits has created new requirements for the design of many previously known building blocks. For example, implementation of cascaded multilayer analogue/hybrid neural networks requires output drivers that can charge the large number of interconnecting lines, and remain stable in the presence of large capacitive loads. A CMOS high dynamic range, high-drive buffer suitable for driving large capacitive loads is presented in this paper. An area-efficient output stage has been used, with which a rail-to-rail drive capability into a 5000 pF load at 160 kHz is achieved. The circuit occupies only 110 mils/sup 2/ in a 3 mu m technology. The output range is rail to rail for R>10 k Omega . The buffer is capable of driving resistive loads down to 300 Omega with acceptable THD. >
Environmental and lactational variables affecting prolactin concentrations in bovine milk.

Abstract Relationships were examined between prolactin concentrations in bovine milk and various environmental and lactational variables. Prolactin was quantified by radioimmunoassay in 1,316 milk samples from two experiments. Environmental temperatures preceding milking, stage of lactation, daily milk yield, and dominance rank of the cow were correlated significantly with milk prolactin concentration. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine, in order of importance, the variables having significant independent effects on milk prolactin. Ambient temperature extremes, high and low, exerted the greatest effects and were each associated with elevated concentrations of prolactin. In Experiment I, conducted throughout the year, the variable representing maximum temperature preceding milking accounted for 14.3% of the variation in milk prolactin. In Experiment II, conducted during late fall and early winter, the minimum temperature preceding milking accounted for 21.1% of the variation. Although earlier stages of lactation and larger daily milk yields were associated with higher prolactin concentrations, inclusion of lactation stage in the stepwise regression model tended to eliminate almost all the variance of prolactin previously associated with daily yield. Dominance measurements indicated that more submissive cows had higher milk prolactin. Individual cows tended to have characteristic prolactin, but this tendency was eliminated by statistical adjustment of the data for environmental and lactational variables.
Pregnancy Saved My Life: A Case of Ovarian Cancer and Pregnancy

Poster Presentation Background Ovarian cancer can be a devastating diagnosis for any woman but is particularly so for the pregnant woman who must make some difficult decisions regarding her pregnancy and treatment plan. The standard treatment for ovarian cancer is aggressive chemotherapy, which attacks the rapidly dividing cells of the cancer. At the same time, the rapidly dividing cells of the vulnerable fetus are at risk from the treatment. Our patient had multiple surgeries during pregnancy, including port placement and multiple cycles of chemotherapy (with its associated side effects). The nurses caring for her during her extended antenatal stay and delivery learned a great deal about ovarian cancer treatment. Case A woman with a history of infertility and endometriosis received a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. We will discuss her diagnosis, treatment plan, effects on maternal and fetal outcome, and delivery and follow-up treatment. Conclusion Early detection of ovarian cancer and collaboration with a treatment team of obstetricians, oncologists, surgeons, and nurses may lead to positive outcomes for mother and infant.
Recovery of the Potential from I-Function

The inverse scattering problem on half-axis, in other words, in the spherically symmetric case, consists of finding the unknown potential from a suitable class from the scattering data S . The other problem of practical interest is to find this potential from the spectral data dρ (λ). In the literature there are recovery procedures for finding the potential from the spectral or from the scattering data. Define the I -function: I ( k ) : = f ′ ( 0 , k ) f ( k ) , where f ( x, k ) is the Jost solution. Constructive ways to find I ( k ) from dρ (λ) and vice versa, and I ( k ) from S and vice versa are given. The theory of the Riemann problem is used as an essential tool. If I ( k ) is found, then our methods allow one to construct the scattering data and from these to recover the potential by the known procedure. Alternatively, one can construct from I ( k ) the spectral data and from these find the potential by the known procedure.
Fatty Acid Metabolites in Rapidly Proliferating Breast Cancer

Purpose Breast cancers that over-express a lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase are associated with poor survival possibly because they overproduce metabolites that alter the cancer’s malignant behaviors. However, these metabolites and behaviors have not been identified. We here identify which metabolites among those that stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro are associated with rapidly proliferating breast cancer.
Change of left ventricular geometric pattern after 1 year of antihypertensive treatment: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study.

Abstract Background Patients with hypertension have different types of left ventricular (LV) geometry, but the impact of blood pressure (BP) reduction on LV geometry change during antihypertensive treatment remains unclear. Methods Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiograms were recorded at baseline in 853 unmedicated patients with stage II to III hypertension and LV hypertrophy determined by electrocardiography (Cornell voltage duration ≥2440 mV × ms or modified Sokolow-Lyon criteria: SV1 + RV5/RV6 >38 mV) after 14 days of placebo treatment. Follow-up echocardiography was done after 1 year of blinded treatment with either losartan or atenolol, in some cases supplemented with thiazide and calcium antagonist to reach target a BP of 140/90 mm Hg. Results Baseline systolic/diastolic BP were reduced from 174 ± 20/95 ± 11 to 151 ± 19/84 ± 11 mm Hg. LV mass was reduced from 234 ± 56 to 207 ± 51 g and relative wall thickness from 0.41 ± 0.07 to 0.38 ± 0.06 (all P P Conclusions Antihypertensive treatment reduces LV mass and decreases the prevalence of LV hypertrophy and concentric LV remodeling. Additional control of Doppler stroke volume potentiates the effect of BP reduction on LV mass regression independent of the BP reduction per se. (Am Heart J 2002;144:1057-64.)
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide in 50 mass Methyldiethanolamine

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide above a 50 mass % aqueous solution of methyldiethanolamine was measured as a function of the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed in the solution. Data were obtained over the temperature range 25 °C to 100 °C and for carbon dioxide loadings up to 0.5 mol CO2/mol amine. Data were also obtained for the solubility of nitrous oxide in these solutions over the temperature range 25 °C to 80 °C. It is found that the solubility of nitrous oxide decreases significantly as the carbon dioxide loading increases. The data obtained in this study may be used with the nitrous oxide analogy method to estimate the physical solubility of carbon dioxide in 50 mass % methyldiethanolamine solutions as a function of carbon dioxide loading and temperature.
The Temporal System of Noun-Modifying (Attributive) Clauses in Korean from a Typological Perspective

The temporal system of noun-modifying clauses in Korean manifests a three-way aspectual opposition among non-prior imperfective, prior imperfective, and morphologically unmarked perfective, a crosslinguistically common pattern manifested in West African languages, creole languages, Persian, and Lakhota, etc. The semantic and mor-phosyntactic distribution of temporal expressions in noun-modifying clauses in Korean cannot be characterized with the temporal dimension of aspectual distinctions such as completion, ongoingness, inception, duritivity, but with the totality dimension of aspectual distinctions of whether the speaker's viewpoint is within or outside the event frame in which the situation described takes place.
Medical Malpractice Claims Filed by Medicaid and Non-Medicaid Recipients in Maryland

Several databases available in Maryland are used to investigate whether Medicaid recipients are more likely than other persons to engage in medical malpractice litigation. All malpractice claims filed during 1985 and 1986 (N = 1037) were updated for outcomes through 1989 and described with regard to the payer status of claimants. The proportion of claims filed by persons enrolled in Medicaid before and/or during the alleged malpractice incident was lower than the proportion of state residents enrolled in Medicaid. In addition, the proportion of obstetric claims filed by Medicaid recipients was identical to their proportion of hospital discharges for obstetric services during the period in which the incidents occurred. ( JAMA . 1991;265:2992-2994)
A new model describing convective-dispersive phenomena derived by using the mixing-cell concept

A new mode for describing convective-dispersive phenomena was developed from a one-dimensional convective-dispersive equation based on the mixing-cell concept. The new model is an n-order ordinary differential equation system, the solutions to which represent the concentration of the substance concerned as a function of time and distance as is reflected in parameter n. Various forms of the new model were derived for one-dimensional transport under different initial and boundary conditions. The combination of the first moment about the origin and one-dimensional search methods are recommended to be used to determine the parameters of the new model. The results calculated with the new model are in close agreement with those obtained from the corresponding one-dimensional convective-dispersive equation, but the new model greatly simplifies the computation making solutions for complex convective-dispersive phenomena possible.
Combined Temperature-Programmed Processes, Pulse Reactions, and On-Line Mass Spectroscopy Study of CH4, CO, and H2 Interaction with Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts

The interactions of CH4, CO, and CH4/O2 with Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were examined by the pulse reaction technique and the transient response technique. The adsorption and dissociation of CH4, CO, CH4/CO2, and CH4/O2 on nickel alumina catalysts were also extensively investigated by temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The phase structure and nickel oxidation states of Ni/Al2O3 samples were examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. XRD, TPR, and XPS results demonstrated that nickel is mainly present as NiO and NiAl2O4 in the as-prepared catalyst, while around 83%−90% nickel is Ni0 after the catalyst is reduced at 700 °C. Methane pulse reactions and transient response analysis demonstrate that the methane oxidation mechanism changes as the nickel oxidation state changes over Ni/Al2O3 when there is no gaseous oxygen present. CH4 is efficiently oxidized into CO and H2 via a direct oxidation mechanism when Ni/...
Salbutamol and ipratropium in partially reversible airway obstruction

Thirty-six patients with a combination of reversible and persistent airway obstruction were treated with ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and a combination of both in high dose by nebulizer after a control period of rimiterol. The ipratropium and salbutamol were given double blind in random order and the dose of each was the same during the combination periods. Although there was a significant increase in pulmonary function in all treatment periods over the control, only the 6-minute walking distance was significantly improved in the combination period over treatment with salbutamol and ipratropium individually. This was not due to a progressive rise with time irrespective of the therapy. The results are compatible with a small number of patients benefiting from combination therapy.
Laterality in the gallop gait of horses

Bilateral asymmetry in gallop stride limb contact patterns of four Quarter Horse fillies was documented by high-speed cinematography. Horses were filmed with rider by two cameras simultaneously while galloping along a straightaway. Even though signaled for each gallop lead an equivalent number of times, horses frequently switched leads, selecting the left lead nearly twice as often as the right. Velocities and stride lengths were greater for the left lead than the right, but stride frequencies did not differ between leads. Velocity effects were partitioned out in limb contact data analysis to enable the determination of persistent gallop stride asymmetries. The contact duration for the trailing (right) fore limb on the left lead exceeded the contact duration for the trailing (left) fore limb on the right lead. Selecting the right fore limb as the trailing fore limb may have allowed horses to use it to withstand the greater stresses and caused them to preferentially gallop with the left fore limb leading. Laterality may have an important influence on equine gallop motion patterns and thereby influence athletic performance.
Afterload reduction therapy with nitroprusside in severe aortic regurgitation: Improved cardiac performance and reduced regurgitant volume

To assess the hemodynamic effects of afterload reduction in severe aortic regurgitation, nitroprusside was infused at cardiac catheterization in 12 patients with aortic regurgitation. Cardiac hemodynamics, angiographic variables and regurgitant volumes were quantified during control periods, and nitroprusside was infused to reduce systemic systolic pressure to 110 to 125 mm Hg. The following were reduced by the drug: systolic arterial pressure (from 154 ± 6.4 to 115 ± 2.3 mm Hg, P P −5 , P P P P 2 , P P
Anomalous mole fraction effect induced by mutation of the H5 pore region in the Shaker K+ channel

Mutagenesis of the H5 region of the Shaker K+ channel has provided strong evidence that these amino acids form a major portion of the ionic pore. We have previously observed that a single-site mutation (T441S) in this region increased the apparent relative permeability of the channel to NH4+. We now report that this increased relative permeability to NH4+ is sensitive to small changes in external K+ in a pattern consistent with an anomalous mole fraction effect. The effect is not apparent in the wild-type channel. These findings, in combination with other studies showing effects of this particular mutation on the binding of tetraethylammonium and hydroxylamine, support the hypothesis that T441S alters the affinity of a putative ion binding site for NH4+ and ammonium derivatives. The mutation T441S alters ionic selectivity and reveals the multi-ion nature of the mutant Shaker K+ channel.
Methods for quantifying, statistically testing, and graphically displaying shifts in compositional abundances across data suites

Abstract Because of the constant-sum problem, compositional variables cannot be evaluated as can unconstrained variables. The concentration of every component may shift in response to the changing concentration of each and every other component. However, a multiplicative factor, “ f -value,” can be defined that both maps one suite of compositional concentrations into another and has a simple and useful interpretation of being a location difference. For instance, an f -value of 1.0 for a compositional component indicates that any observed, systematic shifts in its concentration resulted entirely from the changing concentrations of other components. The computer program given here computes these factors and determines if they differ significantly from one. An auxiliary program graphically displays the results.
Gender, Work, and Household Survival in South Indian Fishing Communities: A Preliminary Analysis

This article examines the interplay of gender, caste-religion, and household survival strategy formation among Christian and Muslim fisher folk in the south Indian state of Kerala. The methodology consisted of surveys of forty-one households in two villages in which data pertaining to male and female work patterns and other household level data were collected in the summer of 1999. My analysis demonstrates how particular ideologies of gender and work associated with different caste-religion communities influence the strategies individual households adopt. I discuss intersections between gender and caste-religion with other socioeconomic factors and illustrate the manner in which gender then gets reworked in particular ways in the course of economic transformation.
Specificity of nucleotide-induced insulin secretion.

The structural specificity for nucleotide-stimulated insulin secretion was studied n i an in vitro golden hamster pancreas system. Cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was the most effective cyclic nucleotide in stimulating insulin secretion. The cyclic nucleotides of uridine, cytidine, inosine and guanosine did not stimulate significant insulin secretion. In the nucleoside triphosphate series, adenosine triphos-phate and guanosine triphosphate are equally effective in stimulating insulin secretion. Inosine triphosphate is a weaker stimulator of insulin secretion than adenosine triphosphate; uridine and cytidine triphosphate do not significantly stimulate insulin secretion. The structural subunits of adenosine triphosphate stimulate insulin secretion with the following decreasing order of effectiveness: adenosine > adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine monophosphate does not stimulate significant insulin secretion. Adenosine may be the most effective of the subunits because it enters intact cells more r...
Relating biopsy and clinical variables to radical prostatectomy findings: can insignificant and advanced prostate cancer be predicted in a screening population?

Abstract Objectives To assess the capacity of several clinical and needle biopsy pathologic parameters to predict insignificant and advanced prostate carcinoma (CaP) in radical prostatectomy tissue from men enrolled in a prostate-specific antigen screening program. Methods We captured multiple clinical variables and measures of needle biopsy tumor extent from 152 men with Stage T1c CaP with a mean of six biopsy cores who were treated with radical prostatectomy. Insignificant CaP was defined as a tumor volume of less than 0.5 cm 3 that was organ confined with a Gleason score less than 7. Advanced CaP was defined by a formula that combined the Gleason score, pathologic stage, and margin status. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables predictive of either insignificant or advanced CaP. Results Of the cases of CaP, 25.7% were pathologically insignificant, and 14.5% were pathologically advanced. The best model for predicting insignificant CaP was less than 10% tumor as the greatest percentage of carcinoma in any core and a biopsy Gleason score of less than 7, yielding a sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 75.2%. For predicting advanced CaP, the best model was a total biopsy length of CaP greater than 3 mm, Gleason high-grade pattern 4 or 5 disease, perineural invasion in the biopsy, and more than one in six biopsy cores containing CaP, yielding a sensitivity of 13.6% and specificity of 100%. Conclusions The prediction of insignificant and advanced CaP on an individual basis in patients from a prostate-specific antigen screening study is a challenging problem. However, several histopathologic features of CaP in needle biopsy tissue contain useful information about the severity of disease.
Effect of micelles on the K3[Co(CN)5H] catalyzed hydrogenation of 2-methylbutadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and trans-1,3-pentadiene

Abstract Product distributions can be altered by the addition of micelle-forming neutral surfactants to the K 3 [Co(CN) 5 H] catalyzed hydrogenation of 2- methylbutadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, and trans -1,3-pentadiene in aqueous solution. Using the proper conditions, 2-methylbutadiene can be converted nearly specifically to 2-methyl-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene can be converted specifically to 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene. The reaction products become more complex for trans -1,3-pentadiene. Of substantial importance for synthetic scale reactions is that the micelles stabilize the catalyst and solu- bilize the substrate.
Risk for ABR abnormalities in the nursery.

Abstract The records of 1087 full- and pre-term infants with normal hearing were reviewed for auditory brain-stem response (ABR) abnormalities. Subjects were classified according to various complications common to the newborn. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to determine the risk of incurring ABR deviations associated with specific diagnoses in the nursery. Infants exposed to cocaine in utero and those with neurological signs or demonstrable brain anomalies were 4–5 times more likely to exhibit deviant ABRs. The synergistic effects of selected predictor variables further increased the risk for abnormal responses depending on gestational age and type of disorder. These results suggest subtle neurologic influences persisting at the time of discharge.
Gonadotropin Levels in Puberty: I. Serum Luteinizing Hormone

ABSTRACT Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations have been determined by a specific radioimmunoassay in 175 boys and girls from 8 through 15 yr of age. The data show that serum LH was detectable at 8 yr for both boys and girls and that there was a progressive rise in serum LH concentrations as sexual maturity was reached. However, there appears to be a quantitative and qualitative difference in the LH increments between boys and girls: consistently higher serum LH concentrations were observed in girls than in boys. There was a 9-fold increase in the mean serum LH concentration in pubescent girls and only a 3-fold increase in pubescent boys. By age 14, the mean serum LH concentration in girls was reaching the adult female levels, but there was only 30% of adult male levels in boys. In addition, menarche was associated with a significant rise in the mean seimm LH concentration. These findings indicate that the correlation between changes accompanied with puberty and increased LH levels in girls is mor...
Preliminary results of applying neural networks to ship image recognition

Summary form only given, as follows. A set of 39 pictures of four ship models in various positions was collected. The pictures were preprocessed to remove position and scale variations. In each picture (40*100 pixels) the ship image extended to both sides of the picture or from top to bottom. A subset of these pictures was used to train a large neural network (NN) using the generalized delta rule learning algorithm. The NN was tested on both the original images and simulated mirror images of the ships. When the maximum output from both presentations was used for making a classification decision, the NN successfully recognized the ships in all positions. It is observed that using first-layer weights initialized to zero produces faster learning and better performance than networks using only randomized weights. >
Induction of leaves directly from leaves in the maize mutant Lax midrib1-O.

One of the several phenes specified by the maize dominant mutation Lax midrib1-O (Lxm1-O on 3L) is the proliferation of leaf "flaps" usually paired around veins on the abaxial leaf surface. Using histology and scanning electron microscopy, we show these flaps to be authentic leaf structures; in rare instances, complete ectopic leaves are found. The first divisions preceding flap emergence occur between plastochrons 4 and 7, stages when the course of leaf differentiation is well under way. No sign of meristem or any small, densely cytoplasmic primordium-like cells were seen at the sites of flap initiation. In addition, the sites of ectopic leaf initiation do not express KNOX (Knotted-like homeobox) proteins, a molecular marker for shoot apical meristem cell identity. Thus, the cells that proliferate into ectopic leaves do not arise from a meristem or a primordium. A similar phenomenon has been described in several dicots, but in no other monocots. The details of flap morphology compared to the morphology of the leaf proper suggest a model whereby cells in regions of the leaf proper maintain the competence they acquired in the meristem. These cells then respond properly, in a regulated manner, to a delayed signal emanating from veins denoting "make the organ you are competent to make."
MeshVoro: A three-dimensional Voronoi mesh building tool for the TOUGH family of codes

Few tools exist for creating and visualizing complex three-dimensional simulation meshes, and these have limitations that restrict their application to particular geometries and circumstances. Mesh generation needs to trend toward ever more general applications. To that end, we have developed MeshVoro, a tool that is based on the Voro++ (Chris H. Rycroft, 2009. Chaos 19, 041111) library and is capable of generating complex three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation-based (unstructured) meshes for the solution of problems of flow and transport in subsurface geologic media that are addressed by the TOUGH (Pruess, K., Oldenburg C., Moridis G., 1999. Report LBNL-43134, 582. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA) family of codes. MeshVoro, which includes built-in data visualization routines, is a particularly useful tool because it extends the applicability of the TOUGH family of codes by enabling the scientifically robust and relatively easy discretization of systems with challenging 3D geometries. We describe several applications of MeshVoro. We illustrate the ability of the tool to straightforwardly transform a complex geological grid into a simulation mesh that conforms to the specifications of the TOUGH family of codes. We demonstrate how MeshVoro can describe complex system geometries with a relatively small number of grid blocks, and we construct meshes for geometries that would have been practically intractable with a standard Cartesian grid approach. We also discuss the limitations and appropriate applications of this new technology.
Magneto-optics of multilayers with arbitrary magnetization directions

Equations are derived for determining magneto-optic coefficients in multilayer systems with arbitrary directions of their magnetizations. The equations are cast in a matrix form that is suitable for numerical simulations. This establishes a framework for calculating the Kerr and Faraday effects for a multilayer system in much the same way as has been applied previously to the bulk. Numerical Kerr results are presented for the following systems: bulk Fe, an overlayer of 50 \AA{} of Fe on Au, and for an Fe/Au superlattice for different directions of the magnetization and different angles of incidence.
Computed tomography and the diagnosis of coalescent mastoiditis.

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of temporal bone CT findings for the diagnosis of acute coalescent mastoiditis. Design: CT scans were blindly scored for mastoid bone integrity (air cell septae, sigmoid cortical plate, and lateral cortical wall) by an otologist and 2 neuroradiologists. Scores were analyzed to determine their sensitivity and specificity for acute coalescent mastoiditis. Subjects: Twenty-one patients with acute coalescent mastoiditis or acute noncoalescent mastoiditis and 12 patients with chronic mastoiditis. Setting: Academic tertiary care facility. Results: Pair-wise interobserver agreement was good to excellent (κ = 0.4 to 0.83) for the sigmoid plate, the lateral cortex, and the septae. Scores for the sigmoid plate were significantly greater (indicative of greater bone destruction) in the coalescent group than in either the noncoalescent group or the chronic group (P < 0.05). Within the coalescent group, scores were highest for the sigmoid plate, followed by the septae and the lateral wall. Sensitivity and specificity for coalescent mastoiditis were both highest for the sigmoid plate (67% and 90%, respectively). Conclusions: Erosion of the cortical plate overlying the sigmoid sinus is the most sensitive and specific CT finding for distinguishing coalescent from noncoalescent acute mastoiditis. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:350-4.)
Scaling of wear in kinetic energy penetrators

Abstract A new approach to the wear kinetics in kinetic energy (KE) steel penetrators is presented in this paper. The range of terminal velocities is analyzed up to ∼1300 m / s . Ballistic experiments indicate that below hydrodynamic transition a significant erosion of steel penetrators is observed with concrete targets. As a rule, the shape of the nose region is significantly changed as a result of the penetration process, and smaller erosion is found in the shank region. Since during material removal the nose region is considered as a critical one, detailed studies of the wear rate were undertaken, and the results are presented in this paper. The analysis of wear rate is based on the data collected by personnel at Sandia National Laboratories, as well as by personnel at the Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate Damage Mechanisms Branch (AFRL/MNMW), located at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida for concrete targets and 4340 steel penetrators. It was found that a proper normalization of penetration experiments performed with different scales leads to the universal parameters defined as the rate of wear and the rate sensitivity of wear. These universal measurable quantities establish an effective measure of the wear intensity during penetration. Many physical processes may contribute during high-speed erosion, including melting, phase transformation and others; in this paper more details of the wear mechanism by ejection of the melt material are discussed. The model described herein permits for estimation of the order of the rate of wear and the velocity sensitivity of wear.
A comparison of the efficiency and effectiveness of vulnerability discovery techniques

Abstract Context Security vulnerabilities discovered later in the development cycle are more expensive to fix than those discovered early. Therefore, software developers should strive to discover vulnerabilities as early as possible. Unfortunately, the large size of code bases and lack of developer expertise can make discovering software vulnerabilities difficult. A number of vulnerability discovery techniques are available, each with their own strengths. Objective The objective of this research is to aid in the selection of vulnerability discovery techniques by comparing the vulnerabilities detected by each and comparing their efficiencies. Method We conducted three case studies using three electronic health record systems to compare four vulnerability discovery techniques: exploratory manual penetration testing, systematic manual penetration testing, automated penetration testing, and automated static analysis. Results In our case study, we found empirical evidence that no single technique discovered every type of vulnerability. We discovered that the specific set of vulnerabilities identified by one tool was largely orthogonal to that of other tools. Systematic manual penetration testing found the most design flaws, while automated static analysis found the most implementation bugs. The most efficient discovery technique in terms of vulnerabilities discovered per hour was automated penetration testing. Conclusion The results show that employing a single technique for vulnerability discovery is insufficient for finding all types of vulnerabilities. Each technique identified only a subset of the vulnerabilities, which, for the most part were independent of each other. Our results suggest that in order to discover the greatest variety of vulnerability types, at least systematic manual penetration testing and automated static analysis should be performed.
Quantitative biomechanical workplace exposure measures: Distribution centers

Abstract Physical work exposure characteristics assessed in most previous epidemiologic studies have been described mostly in gross categorical terms (e.g. heavy work, lifting and forceful movements, etc.) and have resulted in relatively moderate associations with low back pain risk. We hypothesized that it was necessary to characterize work demands in a much more quantitative fashion so that the precise biomechanically meaningful measures of exposure were available for risk analysis. In this study, we used sophisticated instrumentation to continuously document 390 physical exposures during lifting (in four types of distribution centers) throughout work. This study profiles these exposures and shows how these exposures vary as a function of the type of distribution center and compares the exposures to (previously documented) manufacturing exposures. Static load and load moment measures were found to greatly under-represent true (dynamic) load and load moment exposures to workers. Lift durations averaged 11–12% of the cycle time in distribution environments. This study indicates that distribution workers are commonly exposed to greater extreme loads and move much more rapidly than manufacturing employees. The information provided here can serve as a basis for low back pain risk assessments.
Introduction to Cryptography

This module introduces the concept of cryptography, from the simple Shift Cipher to the more complex Public-Key Cryptography. User will be introduced to some simple classic cryptographic algorithms.