cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison between real-time PCR, conventional PCR and different staining techniques for diagnosing Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens

Between January 2002 and July 2003, 173 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from 150 patients (19 HIV-infected and 131 non-HIV-infected patients) were evaluated for identification of Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis) using staining techniques, conventional PCR (mtLSUrRNA gene) and real-time PCR (MSG gene). Test results were compared to Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) confirmed by typical clinical findings and response to treatment. Sensitivity and specificity of the techniques were 60 and 100 % for staining (where either one or both techniques were positive), 100 and 87.0 % for conventional PCR and 100 and 84.9 % for real-time PCR, respectively. The use of a concentration of 103 copies of DNA per capillary of BAL as a cut-off (determined by real-time PCR) increased specificity from 84.9 to 98.6 % without reducing the sensitivity of the technique. This technique is rapid (<3 h) and therefore of major interest in differentiating between asymptomatic carriage and PCP. A BAL specimen with <103 copies per capillary of Pneumocystis-specific DNA is more likely to indicate a chronic carrier state, but in such cases follow-up is required to ensure that the patient is not in the early stage of an active PCP.
Growth and Governance: A Reply

In this issue of the Journal of Politics, Marcus Kurtz and Andrew Shrank (hereafter KS) offer a sweeping critique of the exisiting literature on governance and growth. They argue that perceptions-based cross-country measures of governance, and in particular those we have constructed in our ongoing work, are fatally flawed. They also produce empirical evidence which they claim shows that perceptions of governance are driven by short-term growth performance. Finally they argue that there is little convincing evidence that good governance spurs growth.
Concerns About Cancer Risk and Experiences With Genetic Testing in a Diverse Population of Patients With Breast Cancer

Purpose To evaluate preferences for and experiences with genetic testing in a diverse cohort of patients with breast cancer identified through population-based registries, with attention to differences by race/ethnicity. Methods We surveyed women diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer from 2005 to 2007, as reported to the SEER registries of metropolitan Los Angeles and Detroit, about experiences with hereditary risk evaluation. Multivariable models evaluated correlates of a strong desire for genetic testing, unmet need for discussion with a health care professional, and receipt of testing. Results Among 1,536 patients who completed the survey, 35% expressed strong desire for genetic testing, 28% reported discussing testing with a health care professional, and 19% reported test receipt. Strong desire for testing was more common in younger women, Latinas, and those with family history. Minority patients were significantly more likely to have unmet need for discussion (failure to discuss genetic testing ...
Efficient instruction scheduling for a pipelined architecture

As part of an effort to develop an optimizing compiler for a pipelined architecture, a code reorganization algorithm has been developed that significantly reduces the number of runtime pipeline interlocks. In a pass after code generation, the algorithm uses a dag representation to heuristically schedule the instructions in each basic block.Previous algorithms for reducing pipeline interlocks have had worst-case runtimes of at least O (n4). By using a dag representation which prevents scheduling deadlocks and a selection method that requires no lookahead, the resulting algorithm reorganizes instructions almost as effectively in practice, while having an O (n2) worst-case runtime.
Charter Management Organizations and the Regulated Environment: Is It Worth the Price?

Urban minority children are increasingly being educated at public schools run by charter management organizations (CMOs) characterized by a highly rule-ordered and regulated environment. These rules, enforced through continuous streams of reinforcements and penalties, while contributing to a tight focus on academics and a safe culture, have associated costs. The article scrutinizes four CMO commonalities, along with their implications: the pervasive adult monitoring of students, targeting behaviors tangential to learning, attributing independent agency to children who deviate, and student derogation by adults. It is concluded that rules can indeed be protective, but if not counterbalanced with opportunities for genuine choice and personal agency, the rules may quell students’ desires and shrink their aspirations. A blanketing emphasis on obedience can create conditions for accepting instruction, but alone, it is dangerous, for students will not have developed their own compass to resist negative models.
Development of a cognate awareness measure for Spanish-speaking English language learners

This paper describes the development and validation of the Cognate Awareness Test (CAT), which measures cognate awareness in Spanish-speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) in fourth and fifth grade. An investigation of differential performance on the two subtests of the CAT (cognates and noncognates) provides evidence that the instrument is sensitive to English—Spanish cognate awareness among elementary school-age Spanish-speaking ELLs. Cognates were highly correlated with the children's Spanish WLPB-R Picture Vocabulary scores, whereas noncognates were highly correlated to children's English WLPB-R Picture Vocabulary scores.
MEDITERRANEAN OIL POLLUTION MONITORING AND CONTROL: TECHNICAL AND POLICY ISSUES

A discussion covers the intergovernmental program of oil spill contingency and response planning in the Mediterranean Sea region under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; the technical and institutional problems of bringing national needs and capabilities into line with international obligations of Mediterranean coastal states in keeping with the recently ratified 1976 Barcelona Convention; definition of the coordinating role of the Malta-based UNEP-supported and IMCO-administered Regional Oil Combating Center for the Mediterranean Sea; difficulties in applying the results of oil and petroleum hydrocarbon monitoring in regional spill prevention and contingency planning; jurisdictional questions relating to coastal state regulation and enforcement rights; and lack of consensus on technical aspects of planning and response due to diverse national standards and pollution control objectives.
Semi-automatic segmentation for 3D motion analysis of the tongue with dynamic MRI

Dynamic MRI has been widely used to track the motion of the tongue and measure its internal deformation during speech and swallowing. Accurate segmentation of the tongue is a prerequisite step to define the target boundary and constrain the tracking to tissue points within the tongue. Segmentation of 2D slices or 3D volumes is challenging because of the large number of slices and time frames involved in the segmentation, as well as the incorporation of numerous local deformations that occur throughout the tongue during motion. In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic approach to segment 3D dynamic MRI of the tongue. The algorithm steps include seeding a few slices at one time frame, propagating seeds to the same slices at different time frames using deformable registration, and random walker segmentation based on these seed positions. This method was validated on the tongue of five normal subjects carrying out the same speech task with multi-slice 2D dynamic cine-MR images obtained at three orthogonal orientations and 26 time frames. The resulting semi-automatic segmentations of a total of 130 volumes showed an average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) score of 0.92 with less segmented volume variability between time frames than in manual segmentations.
Field management for a self-breakdown switched oscillator

“High power” microwave (HPM) sources have been developed over the past few decades for many applications [1]. Intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) describes a wide range of technologies that are designed to disrupt the performance of electronic systems by introduction of spurious signals in different frequency ranges. IEMI systems must also typically be high power, since it is generally desired to have as large an effect possible at as long of distances possible [2, 3].
Parallel genotypic adaptation: when evolution repeats itself

Until recently, parallel genotypic adaptation was considered unlikely because phenotypic differences were thought to be controlled by many genes. There is increasing evidence, however, that phenotypic variation sometimes has a simple genetic basis and that parallel adaptation at the genotypic level may be more frequent than previously believed. Here, we review evidence for parallel genotypic adaptation derived from a survey of the experimental evolution, phylogenetic, and quantitative genetic literature. The most convincing evidence of parallel genotypic adaptation comes from artificial selection experiments involving microbial populations. In some experiments, up to half of the nucleotide substitutions found in independent lineages under uniform selection are the same. Phylogenetic studies provide a means for studying parallel genotypic adaptation in non-experimental systems, but conclusive evidence may be difficult to obtain because homoplasy can arise for other reasons. Nonetheless, phylogenetic approaches have provided evidence of parallel genotypic adaptation across all taxonomic levels, not just microbes. Quantitative genetic approaches also suggest parallel genotypic evolution across both closely and distantly related taxa, but it is important to note that this approach cannot distinguish between parallel changes at homologous loci versus convergent changes at closely linked non-homologous loci. The finding that parallel genotypic adaptation appears to be frequent and occurs at all taxonomic levels has important implications for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. With respect to phylogenetic analyses, parallel genotypic changes, if common, may result in faulty estimates of phylogenetic relationships. From an evolutionary perspective, the occurrence of parallel genotypic adaptation provides increasing support for determinism in evolution and may provide a partial explanation for how species with low levels of gene flow are held together.
Analysis of Hypodermic Needles and Syringes for the Presence of Blood and Polydimethylsiloxane (Silicone) Utilizing Microchemical Tests and Infrared Spectroscopy

Suspect hypodermic needles and syringes were seized from an unlicensed individual who was allegedly injecting patients with silicone (polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]) for cosmetic enhancement. Since control syringe barrels and needles often contain an interfering PDMS lubricant, a risk for false positives of foreign PDMS exists. The focus of this report was to minimize this risk and determine a quick and reliable test for the presence of blood in PDMS matrices. Using ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy, the risk for false-positive identification of foreign PDMS was reduced by (i) overfilling the sampling aperture to prevent spectral distortions and (ii) sampling a region of the suspect syringe/needle assembly where manufacturer-applied PDMS is not typically located. Analysis for blood indicated that the Teichman microchemical test was effective for detecting blood in the presence of PDMS. Overall, detecting PDMS established intent and detecting blood established that the needle containing the PDMS had been used for injection.
Reducing Reauthentication Delay in Wireless Networks

When a wireless mobile user is moving across a mobile network or between co-operating networks, the network operators often want to verify the users access rights before granting service. The security protocol causes a delay in the network access, which may be much longer than the typical delays caused by mobility management. An alternative would be to provide so called optimistic service before the user has been authenticated or paid for the access. Thus, there is a trade-off between the security of the access control and the quality of service observed by the user. Our aim is to reduce the authentication delay and to enable optimistic access without opening a window for fraudulent access. We present a protocol for the reauthentication of a mobile node when it repeatedly connects to different access points or cooperating wireless networks. The protocol is based on credentials which the mobile receives from access points as a proof of past honest behavior and which it presents when associating with a new access point. It can be implemented with keyed one-way functions that result in low computation and communication overhead both for the mobile and for the network.
New Nanophase Iron-Based Catalysts for Hydrocracking Applications

Carbon-carbon bond cleavage catalysts produced in situ at reaction conditions from nanocrystalline hydrated iron oxides, show high activity and selectivity in model compound studies. Two highly active catalyst precursors, ferric oxyhydroxysulfate (OHS) and 6-line ferrihydrite, can be produced by a flow-through hydrothermal powder synthesis method, the Rapid Thermal Decomposition of precursors in Solution (RTDS) process. Model compound studies indicate that both catalyst precursors are active at a 400°C reaction temperature, but that there are significant differences in their catalytic characteristics. The activity of 6-line ferrihydrite is highly dependent on the particle (aggregate) size whereas the activity of the OHS is essentially independent of particle size. These differences are attributed to variations in the crystallite aggregation and particle surface characteristics of the two catalyst precursor materials. Catalytic activity is retained to lower reaction temperatures in tests using OHS than in similar tests using 6-line ferrihydrite.
A numerical study of bunched beam transverse e-p instability based on the centroid model

In a recent theoretical study of the transverse electron-proton (e-p) instability, an asymptotic solution has been found for the equations describing the centroid motion of the traversing proton bunch and the stationary background electrons. It was shown that the combination of finite proton bunch length, non-uniform proton line density, and the single-pass e-p interaction cause the instability to evolve intricately in space and time even in the linear regime. This paper reports a numerical study of the e-p instability based on the same centroid equations. The purpose of the work is to compare the numerical solution with the analytic solution and to use the numerical approach to investigate the early development of the instability not covered by the asymptotic solution. In particular, the instability threshold and the initial growth of the instability are studied for various proton-beam conditions, fraction of charge neutralization, and initial perturbations
Immunomodulatory Role of Kupffer Cell in Liver Allografts

Liver transplantation is widely used as a treatment for end-stage liver disease. Liver allografts seem privileged compared with other solid organ grafts for a number of reasons. Successful liver transplantation can be performed across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparities, and the liver is the only solid organ that, when transplanted, can protect other co-transplanted syngeneic organs from immunological tissue destruction [1]. A proportion of patients with stable function can have immunosuppression reduced or withdrawn completely [2,3]. The reasons for this "liver effect" are not understood. Recently, there has been interest in lymphocyte apoptosis that occurs in OLT animal models. Allograft tolerance can be readily induced in experimental animals, particularly rodents, and spontaneous tolerance of mismatched liver grafts occurs in some train combinations [4]. In a spontaneously tolerant murine model of liver transplantation, the development of tolerance was associated with a higher rate of apoptosis of cells in the portal inflammatory infiltrate [5]. Sharland et al. [6], in a rat model, also showed that tolerant animals had higher numbers of apoptotic cells; they demonstrated by double staining that these were T lymphocytes. Kupffer cells (KC), the resident macrophage population in the liver, are found within the sinusoidal lumen, adhering to the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC). KC, which comprise one of major populations (20%) of the hepatic nonparenchymal cell fraction (NPC), can directly interact with passenger leukocytes and thus may play a role in immunomodulation and the induction of tolerance [7]. Following liver transplantation, donor KC not only migrate into the recipient lymph nodes, but also can be quickly replaced by recipient-derived monocytes [8,9]. Thus, KC are uniquely positioned for regulation of the T cell response in the liver. Our previous studies have shown that KC play an immunomodulatory role as manifested by inhibiting T lymphocyte proliferation in response to alloantigen stimulation. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of liver transplantation on KC immunomodulatory function, focusing specifically on Fas ligand (FasL) expression and their role in allo-reactive T cell apoptosis in chronic accepted and acutely rejected hepatic allografts.
How accurate channel prediction needs to be for transmit-beamforming with adaptive modulation over Rayleigh MIMO channels?

Adaptive modulation improves the system throughput considerably by matching transmitter parameters to time-varying wireless fading channels. Crucial to adaptive modulation is the quality of channel state information at the transmitter. In this paper, we first present a channel predictor based on pilot symbol assisted modulation for multiple-input multiple-output Rayleigh fading channels. We then analyze the impact of the channel prediction error on the bit error rate performance of a transmit-beamformer with adaptive modulation that treats the predicted channels as perfect. Our numerical results reveal the critical value of the normalized prediction error, below which the predicted channels can be treated as perfect by the adaptive modulator; otherwise, explicit consideration of the channel imperfection must be accounted for at the transmitter.
A comparison of self-reported sexual risk behaviours between US civilian and active duty military women

Women in the US military report a high prevalence of sexual risk behaviours, such as binge drinking and new or multiple sexual partnerships. However, demographical differences pose challenges to making comparisons with civilians. Two public-use datasets were used to compare prevalence of sexual risk behaviours between sexually active military and civilian women, after adjusting for demographic factors. It was found that women in the military reported a higher prevalence of binge drinking and new/multiple sexual partners as compared with civilians, which suggests that military women are a high-risk group and the military environment may at least partially facilitate these risk behaviours.
Accuracy and repeatability of noise measurements with a discrete Fourier transform

Noise and signal-to-noise measurements are often made using sampled signals and discrete Fourier transforms. In addition to the sampling and circular spectrum issues associated with making an accurate measurement, it is important to understand how accurate and repeatable the measurement is. This work provides an analysis of the expected accuracy of a spectral noise measurement and a method to determine the accuracy for a generic measurement system. Simulation results and experimental data are provided to support the analysis.
Reversible transformations of a charged black hole

A formula is derived for the mass of a black hole as a function of its "irreducible mass," its angular momentum, and its charge. It is shown that 50% of the mass of an extreme charged black hole can be converted into energy as contrasted with 29% for an extreme rotating black hole.
Drug Interactions with Antiulcer Agents: Considerations in the Treatment of Acid-Peptic Disease:

All of the antiulcer agents have been implicated in drug interactions. These agents generally influence the absorption, metabolism, or elimination of other medications. However, these interactions can lead to alterations in pharmacodynamic response. The mechanisms by which antiulcer agents produce drug interactions differ among the agents. It is beyond the scope of this article to review all of the drug interactions that have been reported with antiulcer agents. However, it is the intent to provide the reader with a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which antiulcer agents may interact with other medications and to provide insight into factors that may influence the potential magnitude or clinical consequences of these interactions. An understanding of antiulcer drug interactions will aid pharmacists in assisting clinicians with drug selection and/or monitoring of drug interactions. Specifically, pharmacists can assist with the identification of potential antiulcer drug interactions and develop s...
Masking Perception Analysis Software (MPAS) for Tonal Level Setting in Powertrain NVH

Recent trends show a growing demand for improved powertrain NVH and sound quality. In particular, there is little customer acceptance of tonal annoyances under any driving condition. Thus, powertrain NVH and product development engineers have a strong need to confidently determine acceptable noise levels for commodities that produce narrow band noise. Components such as power steering, transmission gears, pumps, engine timing chains, axle gearing, etc., all may produce significant tones under various vehicle conditions. The perception of the tone is highly influenced by its frequency and background noise. Background noise is composed of wind, road, and engine noise. A methodology and toolset of masking perception algorithms has been developed to meet these needs. The Masking Perception Analysis Software (MPAS) is used to address the development and verification of acceptable powertrain tonal levels as well as the diagnosis of tonal-related issues. This paper presents the MPAS tool and methodology, along with example applications.
Trauma--the disease that was neglected. progress: past and that to be

Sir Harold Stiles has a historic spot in the annals of trauma care to which he and his military colleagues so richly contributed. For this we honour him today. Tremendous progress has been achieved during our lifetime in the field of trauma. Injury prevention has been the most important facet with progress underway in the fields of gun control, seatbelts, motorcycle and bicycle helmets, child restraint seats, airbags and particularly alcohol restraint. Overall, traffic fatalities are being reduced. Of great importance is the need for de-emphasis and deglamorization of violence by television, movie, and news media. Improved prehospital care has taken the form of professionalism of emergency medical services comparable to that in law enforcement and fire services. Improved hospital care is resulting, in part, from the widespread development of trauma and burn centres. Continued progress is needed in each field, particularly in gun control, alcohol control, overall traffic accident prevention, and in the understanding of cerebral oedema after head injury. The teaching of the principles of trauma prevention and community organization for better emergency medical response should be introduced into the Health or Civics curriculum perhaps at the 5th or 6th grade level in elementary schools. Perhaps the greatest potential for progress in the field of trauma which we have witnessed in our lifetime may prove to have been the actions of the United Nations in Korea in 1950 and Kuwait in 1991, proclaiming that 'war will no longer be tolerated as an instrument of national aggression'. Language: en
Métodos alternativos para la estimación de resultados electorales

espanolFrente al voto voluntario y a escenarios de primera y segunda vuelta, la estimacion de resultados electorales ha debido recurrir a herramientas mas complejas que el uso exclusivo de encuestas que preguntan por las preferencias de los electores. Este articulo da cuenta de las nuevas herramientas que se han desarrollado y distingue las ventajas y desventajas que ha podido reportar su distinto empleo. EnglishWhen voting is voluntary and there are run-off elections, predicting election results has meant resorting to more complex tools than just surveys asking who voters prefer. This article discusses the new tools that have been developed and discusses the advantages and disadvantages in the different ways each has been used.
A perspespective: gun-related fatalities and manner of death

Editorial: Because this issue of Academic Forensic Pathology is dedicated to firearms related topics, the author was invited to provide a perspective on manner of death classifcation in firearms-involved deaths. This article discusses cases which are routinely encountered, as well as a selected group of more rare and more controversial cases regarding manner of death classification. The experience, knowledge, personal philosophies, and even conscious or unconscious biases of individual certifiers of deaht vary and can have impact on manner of death certification. Further, in many cases, there is no right or wrong answer and there is plenty of room for disagreement and debate. For these reason, and with a goal of national consistency in manner of death classification, the author recommends that the National Association of Medical Examiners implement a task force to make recommendations as to how manner of death should be classified in specific types of firearms-related deaths. To date, some guidelines have been published but they do not carry the weight of specific and official recommendations. There must always be room for certifier discretion, but such discretion could be used in the context of a set of formal recommendations as a baseline, so that variances can be explained and manner of death certifications cannot be viewed as arbitrary and/or capricious. This article includes the author's viewpoints concerning manner of death in selected cases. Language: en
Advancements in Force and Attitude Calibration by Integrating Response Surface Methodology and Statistical Quality Control

In the production of a high-quality measurement system, the criticality of the calibration phase is evidenced by a significant investment of resources. Applying statistical methods in tandem with instrumentation expertise has resulted in a dramatic reduction in calibration time and expense, while simultaneously improving the calibration quality. Specifically, in this paper, the foundational principles of response surface methodology and statistical quality control are presented with application to calibration. In addition, we report on the benefits that have been achieved by the integration of the experimental design with the mechanical calibration system. To demonstrate this systems engineering approach, we consider the calibration of two quintessential instruments used in aeronautical wind tunnel experiments, namely the force-balance and triaxial angle measurement system. For both instruments, we discuss the development of an experimental design that accommodates physics-based constraints and highlight an innovative calibration apparatus that provides an increase in calibration efficiency. As a direct result of increased efficiency, the frequency of calibration can be increased, enabling the monitoring of instrument stability over time. Throughout the calibration process, we emphasize the efficient allocation of experimental resources to achieve the calibration requirements.
Chronicle of a disaster foretold: scientific risk assessment, public participation, and the politics of imperilment in Bristol Bay, Alaska

Like many environmental controversies today, the debate over the proposed Pebble Mine in a salmon-producing region of Alaska centres on the development and contestation of scientific projections of risk. This paper traces the participatory public process surrounding a risk assessment of potential mining impacts to examine how forums that join expert and lay knowledge shape scenarios of future imperilment and influence environmental politics in the present. It draws on ethnographic research to analyse how risk assessments demand the delineation of spatial, social, and temporal boundaries that provoke tensions, or ‘overflows’, which reveal the constraints of existing frameworks. In the Pebble debate, the public process generated overflows that expose conflicting claims to knowledge and authority, reflecting the risk assessment's overarching, if often frustrated, effort to separate scientific and technical truths from political contestations. The paper shows how these overflows spurred generative effects, new visions that remake spatial, social, and temporal relations in the face of imperilment. It argues that despite the limitations of common consultative processes and discourses of risk, the negotiation of multiple forms of knowledge and authority in the public view can nevertheless open new spaces and social formations for the exercise of politics.
Cause analysis and Solution to P0650 Fault Code of Vehicle

Check and find out the cause of the problem according to the fault performance,referring to the maintenance examples.Summarize and provide a good template for maintenance of other vehicle.
Microfracture of Articular Cartilage

Microfracture is a treatment option for symptomatic, full-thickness cartilage defects. Microfracture is most likely to be successful when performed in nonobese patients under the age of thirty years for small (<2 to 4-cm2) femoral condylar defects that have been symptomatic for a short time (less than twelve to twenty-four months). Microfracture has acceptable short-term clinical results, but results can be expected to decline over time. Long-term studies that compare microfracture with advanced cartilage restoration techniques are required to ascertain whether these newer techniques provide longer-lasting results.
OOcyte maturation in amphibians.

Although the amphibian oocyte possesses a vast store of structural and regulatory components, the oocyte itself is extremely repressed in terms of its rate of protein synthesis. It can remain in this repressed state for a period of months or years, as it grows in the ovary by virtue of deposition of yolk platelets. The quiescent state of oocyte metabolism is broken when the process of oocyte maturation is initiated by hormones. Studies over many years have demonstrated that in vivo the epithelial layer of follicle cells surrounding each oocyte is stimulated by pituitary-derived luteinizing hormone (LH) to synthesize and secrete progesterone, which acts directly on the oocyte to induce maturation of the oocyte into an unfertilized egg (Masui, 1967; Mailer and Krebs, 1980). The interaction of progesterone with the isolated oocyte appears to be a sufficient trigger for a normal oocyte maturation response, as judged by cytological analysis and by the ability of isolated oocytes responding to exogenously applied progesterone to undergo normal embryonic development (Smith et al., 1968; Drury and Schorderet-Slatkine, 1975).
The Role of Crowdsourcing in Assessing Surgical Skills.

Background Assessing surgical skill is critical in improving patient care while reducing medical errors, length of stay, and readmission rates. Crowdsourcing provides 1 potential method for accurately assessing this; only recently has crowdsourcing been studied as a valid way to provide feedback to surgeons. The results of such studies are explored. Data sources A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed to identify studies that have attempted to validate crowdsourcing as a method for assessing surgical skill. Through a combination of abstract screening and full-length review, 9 studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Conclusions Crowdsourcing has been validated as an important way to provide feedback for surgical skill. It has been demonstrated to be effective in both dry-lab and live surgery, for a variety of tasks and methods. However, more studies must be performed to ensure that crowdsourcing can provide quality feedback in a wider variety of scenarios.
Santeria : from afro - caribbean cult to world religion

Le culte afro-caribbeen santeria, originellement reserve aux Noirs yoruba de Cuba, s'etend progressivement aux Etats-Unis aux Afro-americains, aux Indiens non-hispaniques et aux Euro-americains. De simple culte local, il devient une religion mondiale dont le code du secret est remis en question
Acquired Factor XI Inhibitors in Two Patients with Hereditary Factor XI Deficiency

Two patients with hereditary factor XI deficiency developed inhibitors following plasma transfusions. Neither had severe spontaneous bleeding. The patients’ plasmas neutralized both factor XI in plasma, purified factor XI, and purified factor XIa. The inhibitor in both patients’ plasmas adsorbed to Protein A- Sepharose. The inhibitors eluted from Protein A-Sepharose were partially neutralized by kappa and lambda light chain antisera indicating that they were polyclonal IgG antibodies. Both inhibitors markedly decreased adsorption of factor XI to glass surfaces. The cleavage of factor XI by trypsin was unaffected by the inhibitors. The lack of severe spontaneous bleeding in both of these patients strongly suggests that an alternate coagulation mechanism bypassing factor XI must compensate for this severe defect.
Predictors of mortality in pediatric urban firearm injuries.

Although firearms account for less than 5 % of all pediatric injuries, they have the highest associated case fatality rate. The registry at a Level-1 trauma center was used to identify firearm injuries ( 15 (OR = 1.08) had higher mortality rates (p < 0.05). Independent significant indicators of mortality include low initial pH or hematocrit, Caucasian race, high ISS, and those who sustain head injuries.
Effect of dietary iodine on tissue iodine content in the bovine.

Twelve yearling Holstein steers were blocked by weight and assigned to receive one of three dietary I levels (0, 50 or 400 mg ethylenediamine dihydriodide [EDDI]/head/day) for 4 weeks. Average daily gain, body temperature and respiration rate were measured before and during the I feeding period, and no significant differences among treatment groups were found. Serum total I showed a significant increase with each increment of I. When animals were slaughtered, five muscle samples and liver and thyroid samples were dissected for I analysis. Mean total muscle I levels for the 0-, 50- and 400-mg treatment groups were .092, .127 and .406 micrograms/g wet tissue, respectively, each being different (P less than .05) from the other two. I concentrations did not differ statistically between individual muscles within the 0- and 50-mg treatment groups, but in the 400-mg EDDI group, the trapezius (.469 micrograms/g) and biceps brachii (.569 micrograms/g) muscles had higher (P less than .05) I concentrations than the semimembranous (.316 micrograms/g), psoas major (.365 micrograms/g) and longissimus (.307 micrograms/g). Dietary I increased (P less than .05) liver and thyroid I concentrations in the 400-mg treatment group over those observed for the 0- and 50-mg treatment groups.
Grief and Gracefulness Regarding Cancer Experiences Among Young Women

Purpose/objectives To gain a unique perspective of young women with cancer aged 20-39 years who are experiencing challenges with fertility and parenting through analysis of cancer blogs. . Research approach A secondary analysis of online narratives using a focused thematic analysis approach, comparing women who were mothers prior to diagnosis with women who are exploring the possibility of motherhood after diagnosis. . Setting Blogs found through websites and social media venues for young adults with cancer. . Participants 10 women aged 20-39 who maintained blogs about their cancer experiences. . Methodologic approach Thematic analysis using line-by-line coding. Construction of comparative themes and meanings were guided by the analytic framework of the stages of grief. . Findings Themes emerged along the grieving trajectory of denial (maintaining routines and discussing "eggs"), depression (losing motherhood and anticipatory grief), and acceptance (finding joy moment to moment and hope for pregnancy). . Conclusions Motherhood and infertility are unique experiences for young women with cancer but are expressed similarly through the stages of grief. Interpretation Understanding the grief trajectories of young women with cancer will help nurses to develop screening tools and supportive interventions.
Optical and Physical Methods for Mapping Flooding with Satellite Imagery

Flood and surface water mapping is becoming increasingly necessary, as extreme flooding events worldwide can damage crop yields and contributing to billions of dollars economic damages as well as social effects including fatalities and destroyed communities. Utilizing earth observing satellite data to map standing water from space is indispensable to flood mapping for disaster response, mitigation, prevention and warning. Researchers have demonstrated countless methods and modifications of those methods to help increase knowledge of areas at risk and areas that are flooded using remote sensing data. This chapter will review methods for mapping floods and open water using spectral formulas and statistical methods commenting on false color composite techniques with optical data, physical models using radar and ancillary data. Methods will be demonstrated over the Lower Mekong Basin to demonstrate visual impacts of the differences over the same study area. The increase in the quantity and variety of flood mapping techniques using satellite data has allowed broader and less-technical audiences to be able to benefit from flood products and may help to mitigate pervasive economic and social damages caused by flooding.
Archaeology Fairs and Community-Based Approaches to Heritage Education

Since hosting its first archaeology fair in 2001, the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) has organized 23 more fairs and informed thousands of people through this popular outreach activity. The AIA fair model brings together independent archaeological organizations representing a rich array of archaeological subfields to present their programs and resources to a local community in an interactive and engaging manner. The goals of AIA archaeology fairs are to promote a greater public understanding of archaeology, raise awareness of local archaeological resources, and bring together proximate archaeological groups with a shared outreach goal. In this article, the authors discuss how the AIA fair model was developed through feedback cycles that include evaluation, data analysis, reflection, and trial and error; how it evolved; and how it is spreading to other groups around the world. To date, 26 AIA local societies have hosted fairs, and the popularity of this program as an outreach event is increasing among other archaeological groups across the United States, as well as in Belize, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Iran, and Myanmar. This growth in popularity and implementation presents us with unique opportunities to collect and reflect upon data essential to conducting archaeological outreach around the globe.
Maxillofacial prosthetics training and practice profiles in the United States.

Abstract Statement of problem The motivation of maxillofacial prosthodontists to go into fellowship training and specific procedures in maxillofacial prosthetics practice once they have completed training has not been previously evaluated. Purpose The purpose of this study was to survey maxillofacial prosthodontists in the United States to investigate their reasons for pursuing maxillofacial prosthetic training and their practice profiles. Material and methods In June 2015, a survey was sent to all US maxillofacial prosthodontists asking for descriptive demographics, their reasoning as to what prompted entrance into a maxillofacial prosthetic program, and their practice pattern. Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were calculated and reported. Results The survey response rate was 60.4%. The main reason for pursuing maxillofacial training was primarily personal satisfaction, prosthodontic residency exposure, and mentorship rather than media exposure and compensation. The time spent in prosthodontic practice varied among practitioners, with the majority of practice time spent accomplishing standard prosthodontic procedures (65.59%) versus maxillofacial (25.53%) or surgical procedures (9.67%). Of 12 clinical maxillofacial procedures inquired about, the most prevalent were obturators, dental oncology, and mandibular resections. Conclusions This study reveals that personal satisfaction, mentorship, and prosthodontic residency exposure were the reasons most prosthodontists pursued an additional year of maxillofacial prosthetic fellowship. Most were very satisfied with their training and chosen career path and would recommend an additional year of training. The majority of maxillofacial prosthodontists provided maxillofacial prosthetic treatment for approximately one fourth of their practice time. The most common procedures performed were obturators, dental oncology, and mandibular resections.
Machine Learning for Makers: Interactive Sensor Data Classification Based on Augmented Code Examples

Although many software libraries and hardware modules support reading data from sensors, makers of interactive systems often struggle to extract higher-level information from raw sensor data. Available general-purpose machine learning (ML) libraries remain difficult to use for non-experts. Prior research has sought to bridge this gap through domain-specific user interfaces for particular types of sensors or algorithms. Our ESP (Example-based Sensor Prediction) system introduces a more general approach in which interactive visualizations and control interfaces are dynamically generated from augmented code examples written by experts. ESP's augmented examples allow experts to write logic that guides makers through important steps such as sensor calibration, parameter tuning, and assessing signal quality and classification performance. Writing augmented examples requires additional effort. ESP leverages a fundamental dynamic of online communities: experts are often willing to invest such effort to teach and train novices. Thus support for particular sensing domains does not have to be hard-wired a priori by system authors, but can be provided later by its community of users. We illustrate ESP's flexibility by detailing pipelines for four distinct sensors and classification algorithms. We validated the usability and flexibility of our example-based approach through a one-day workshop with 11 participants.
Endocavity ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system to evaluate fetal brain perfusion and oxygenation: Preliminary ex vivo studies

Perinatal asphyxia, or oxygen deprivation during the birth, is believed to cause approximately 23% of newborn deaths worldwide and to lead to neurological disorders that can persist throughout the child's lifetime [1–4]. Unfortunately, FHRM is associated with false-negative and false-positive diagnoses, limiting the ability of clinicians to identify fetuses at risk of metabolic acidosis [5-9]. Ultrasound (US) and Photoacoustic (PA) imaging have shown to be capable of imaging blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) in tissues and blood vessels. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been steadily growing in recognition as a complement to US, by providing functional information, such as blood oxygen saturation. In this study, we implemented and characterized a transvaginal USPA imaging system and demonstrated its utility for imaging ex vivo animal brain (in a sheep model) and its reliability in measuring blood SO 2 .
Overcoming discursive prohibitions in participatory media: A case study on talk about homosexuality in Tanzania

Abstract Novel genres of participatory media often criticized as info- or edutainment are regularly used in developing countries for pursuing liberal ideologies. Conversation and discourse analysis applied to unedited footage of such genre from East Africa reveals how its format and organization introduce participants and audience to the political role of active citizens. A detailed analysis of a selected episode on homosexuality—a crime and a subject of legal censorship in the region—investigates how televised media may contribute to changing discursive norms. By strategically shifting footing and generating a vivid televisual conflict, the hosts open up a discursive space that allows for the transgression of discursive prohibitions without jeopardizing the legal status of the show.
Kienböck’s Disease (Lunate Fracture)

Kienbock’s disease or fracture is a progressive condition due to decreased blood supply to the lunate bone of the wrist, leading to avascular necrosis and eventual collapse and fracture of the lunate. Over time, damage to the lunate bone results in pain, stiffness, and eventually arthritis of the wrist. The etiology of Kienbock’s disease is unknown, but it is most common in men between the ages of 20 and 40. There are multiple factors that can cause fracture and necrosis of the lunate including poor blood supply, anatomical variations, and either a single major trauma or repetitive microtrauma.
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence: Peers, Identity Achievement, and Some Gender and Cultural Differences

The previous chapter dealt primarily with the adolescent’s moving out of the family of origin. This chapter, which completes part I, focuses on maturational processes in relation to peers of both sexes, on the task of preparing for the adult role of work, and on personal identity achievement. Although attention is given throughout this book to variations in development and behavior according to gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural factors, these topics are the foci of the chapter’s last two sections.
Mobile Mind Mapping: Using Mobile Technology to Enhance Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Email, chat rooms, and websites are often used in counseling. Now, smartphones and their applications can also be used. Mobile mind mapping tools can support counseling frameworks, such as rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). The integration of counseling and technology has great potential for helping clients to lead healthier and more productive lives. This article describes REBT and outlines four ways to use mobile mind maps in REBT. It also offers tips on how to use mobile mind mapping to enhance the counseling process. The article concludes with a brief case study demonstrating how mobile mind maps can be integrated into counseling.
The Drivers and Returns of Corporate Social Responsibility: Shocks to the Oil-Related Industries

Integrating the real options perspective into the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) literature, I hypothesize that a firm may withhold CSR investment when volatility and uncertainty in its envi...