cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral characteristics of single and coupled microresonator lasers comprising a replica-molded Bragg grating and dye-doped polymer

Visible microlasers consisting of 80±20 nm thick, dye-doped polymer resonators mated to a second-order, distributed feedback grating having a period of 410 nm exhibit longitudinal mode and spectral characteristics that can be manipulated by microresonator design. Resonators in the form of a square, ring (annulus), or a ring with an intentionally introduced defect (π/2 section removed) have been examined with respect to the output spectrum, pump energy threshold, and relative slope efficiency of the corresponding microlaser. Although the emission of single rings and arrays of nonoverlapped rings is generally a single mode, the square geometry resonator exhibits a spectrum rich in mode structure, which is attributed partially to degeneracies associated with two coupled Fabry–Perot resonators. Similarly, arrays of coupled (overlapped) rings produce multimode spectra that are skewed toward the blue. For a fixed pump fluence, an array of coupled rings generates output energies at least 50% higher than those for its uncoupled counterpart.
Sulfur distribution and isotopic composition in peats from the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia and the Everglades, Florida

Abstract Peat cores from three aquatic environments (freshwater, brackish and marine have been analyzed for organic, pyritic and sulfatic sulfur contents and isotope ratios. Peat collected from each environment has a unique combination of sulfur content, distribution and isotope ratio. Freshwater peat from the Okefenokee Swamp contains the least sulfur (0.26 to 0.48%, primarily organic sulfur) and is vertically uniform in sulfur content and isotope ratio. The organic sulfur isotope ratio of the Okefenokee pear (+ 12.3 to + 12.8 per mil) is similar to that of sulfate in associated surface waters. Cores from presently brackish and marine peats from the Florida Everglades have high organic, pyritic and sulfatic sulfur contents with vertical variability in sulfur content and isotope ration. The isotope ratio of organic sulfur in the brackish and marine peat is lighter than that of sulfate associated with their respective peat-forming environments. Organic sulfur in the marine peat is isotopically lighter than in the brackish peat. Freshwater peats subsequently overlain by sediment associated with brackish to marine waters may have a sulfur content, distribution and isotopic ratio indistinguishable from peats derived under brackish or marine conditions. The primary source of sulfur in peats is dissolved sulfate associated with the peat-forming system. The sulfate concentration of the waters in which a peat forms is of major importance in determining the isotopic composition of the sulfur form found in peat. The content, distribution and isotopic ratio of low and high sulfur peats are similar to those reported for coals, indicating that the fundamental sulfur geochemistry of coals may have been established during the peat-forming stage of coalification. The organic sulfur content and isotope ratio of a coal may be useful in estimating the relative sulfate ion concentration of the waters present during the peat-forming stage of coalification where transgressive sequences are not involved. The sulfate ion concentration of paleowaters could be used to interpret the paleoenvironment during the peat-forming stage of coalification and thus, information about the organic sulfur content and isotope ratio of coals may prove useful in helping to assess coal quality in advance of mining.
Effect of stoichiometry changes on electrical properties of magnetite

Abstract The resistivity and Seebeck coefficients of single crystalline Fe 3(1-δ) O 4 are reported over the temperature range 77–300 K. In conformity with earlier susceptibility and heat capacity measurements, two regimes, δ ⩽ 0.0035 and δ ⩾ 0.0049, can be distinguished with different electrical characteristics
The preparation of C-glycosyl amino acids—an examination of olefin cross-metathesis

A study investigating the structural features directing olefin cross-metathesis to afford C-glycoamino acids was carried out. These results lead to an appreciation of the importance of proximal functionality to the relative reactivity of olefins in metathesis reactions providing a variable that is useful to suppress undesirable self-metathesis.
Real-time transmission of pediatric echocardiograms using a single ISDN line

We tested the adequacy of a videoconferencing system using a single integrated systems digital network (ISDN) line (128 kilobits per second) for the remote diagnosis of children with suspected congenital heart disease (CHD). Real-time echocardiogram interpretation was compared to subsequent videotape review in 401 studies with concordance in 383 (95.5%) studies. A new diagnosis of CHD was made in 98 studies. Immediate patient transfer was arranged based upon a real-time diagnosis in five studies. In 300 studies, a normal diagnosis obviated further evaluation. A single ISDN line is adequate for transmission of pediatric echocardiograms and it allows for remote management of patients with CHD.
Fixation strengths of patellar tendon-bone grafts*

Summary Secure fixation of bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts is essential to allow early joint mobilization after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. This study was designed to evaluate four fixation methods of patellar tendon-bone grafts in cadaveric knecs. Fifty-one fresh cadaveric patellar tendon-bone specimens were anchored in tibial or femoral metaphyseal bone tunnels. Group I grafts were fixed with Kurosaka interference screws. In Group II the grafts were initially fixed as in Group I, but the screws were then removed, the bone plugs repositioned, and the grafts resecured with screws. In Group III the grafts were anchored with three no. 2 nonabsorbable sutures tied over a screw and washer, whereas in Group IV no. 5 nonabsorbable sutures were used. Each bone specimen was mounted in the biomechanical testing machine, and a vertical tensile load was applied at a strain rate of 51 cm/min until failure of fixation, bone plug fracture, or tendon disruption occurred. The mean force to failure in Groups I, II, III, and IV were 435.0 N, 458.2 N, 454.2 N, and 415.8 N, respectively. There was no significant difference in the force to failure among the four methods of fixation. However, the modes of failure were diverse. In three specimens the Kurosaka screws diverged from the plugs and failed to achieve fixation. These specimens were excluded and will be discussed separately. Although technique-related difficulties may arise, interference screw fixation of patellar tendon-bone grafts affords strong graft fixation—often stronger than the graft itself. Secondary screw fixation appears to be equal in strength to primary screw fixation. Fixation with sutures tied over a screw post is dependent on the strength of the suture. No. 5 nonabsorbable suture material consistently provided fixation stronger than the patellar tendon grafts. These four methods may provide fixation strengths in excess of forces normally experienced by the ACL during the early rehabilitative period.
Photogrammetric image evaluation techniques

Abstract As part of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF)/Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Working Group Report of Commission I of the International Society for Photogrammetry, modern image evaluation techniques are reviewed in relation to photogrammetric and cartographic tasks. Particular attention is given to modulation transfer function analysis techniques which, in recent years, have evolved from the theoretical/experimental stage into demonstrably useful procedures. Methods of estimating system resolving power from MTF and edge data, and the reliability of predicting and deriving MTF's for operational aircraft and satellite (Landsat, Skylab) imagery are discussed. Also described are procedures for: (1) photographic quality control; (2) analyzing degradations occurring in the cartographic reproduction process; and (3) estimating the precision and accuracy of photogrammetric measurements. This review indicates that quantitative procedures with a high degree of flexibility are now available to the photogrammetrist to determine the suitability of imagery for mapping or resource inventory applications.
Effect of phosphate on serum strontium.

SummaryThe effect of phosphate on serum strontium and hence serum calcium is described. A possible mechanism of action is proposed. Organ distribution data in rats at different time intervals after iv injection of strontium and strontium with excess phosphate are presented. Studies show that, unlike the control animals, phosphate-treated animals had an initial large trapping of radiostrontium in liver, followed by its release into the circulation. Initial bone radioactivity was less in the phosphate-treated group than in the other. Within a 4-hr period, bone activity of the former gradually approached that of the latter. We propose that initial high activity in the liver was due to formation of strontium phosphate colloid and its removal by liver RE cells. This also explains the low initial activity in bone, as well as the lowering of serum strontium (or calcium), following phosphate therapy. The similarity of bone 85Sr content in the two groups after 4 hr demonstrates the transitoriness of the altered bo...
High-efficiency light-emission from novel GaAs deep-centers for high-speed 1.5 μm fiber-optics

We demonstrate the first LEDs at 1.3-1.5 μm using GaAs deep-centers having higher (90%) efficiencies and larger Einstein B-coefficients than bulk InGaAs. An observed absence of deep-center self-absorption (Franck-Condon shift) could make possible near-zero threshold lasers.
The 2012 Joint Mathematical Meetings Exhibition on Mathematical Art

The Mathematical Art Exhibition at the 2012 Joint Mathematics Meeting was part of something really big. The mathematics meetings themselves broke all past attendance records: with more than 7000 pe...
Formation of Faith-based Cross-sector Partnerships: A Game Changing Collaboration

Faith-based and cross-sector partnerships offer unique opportunities to shore up faith-based organizations’ capacity to meet the needs of low-income families. With the recent cutbacks in federal and state funding for social programs that support needy families, faith-based organizations have increasingly tried to fill this void. However, many faith-based organizations are small and lack sufficient financial capacity to deal with the increases in need. This research project focused on why and how cross-sector partnerships are formed between faith-based and secular institutions. Through participant observation, interviews and examination of secondary data, and Grounded Theory and Constant Comparison method of analysis a framework for forming faith-based, cross-sectored partnership was developed. Results indicate the most salient factors that affect the formation of these partnerships: faith-based social mission, partnership initiator, assessment of qualification, mission overlap, and partnership benefit.
Pupil responses to stimulus color, structure and light flux increments in the rhesus monkey

Abstract Visual stimuli that isolate pupil color and pupil grating responses in human vision have been used to investigate the properties of stimulus-specific pupil responses in the rhesus monkey. We measured and compared pupil responses to light flux increments, isoluminant chromatic stimuli, and gratings of equal and lower space-averaged luminance. The parameters investigated were luminance contrast and chromatic saturation. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of pupil color, pupil grating and pupil light reflex responses in the rhesus monkey. Comparison of pupil color and pupil grating responses of equivalent amplitude reveals similar onset response latencies. However, both are approximately 40 ms longer than the corresponding pupil light reflex latency. In general these pupil responses are qualitatively similar to those observed in humans. However, when compared to equivalent human data, pupil onset response latencies are some 80–100 ms shorter and the pupil shows more rapid recovery from constriction.
Superconductivity of the allotropic forms of zirconium-based alloys obtained by liquid quenching on hot substrates

Abstract Alloys of Zr-Al, Zr-Ge, Zr-Mo, and Zr-Si have been splat cooled to various substrate temperatures. It is found that both substrate wetting and thermal effects determine the structure of the samples. In particular, the body-centered cubic β phase region in Zr-Mo system has been extended to a low Mo concentration of ∼ 5 at.%. From this study, the superconducting transition temperatures of the hypothetical β and amorphous Zr are extrapolated to be ∼ 5 K. This findings disagrees with the value obtained in quench-condensed Zr.
Hydrocarbon conversion over crystalline aluminosilicates containing S, Se, and Te

Contact with H2S, or S followed by oxygen (air), or with SO2 alone, raises the catalytic activity of NaX aluminosilicate for n-hexane cracking by a factor of five to ten. In each case, the same sulfur zeolite complex appears to be formed. The sulfur contents correspond to one sulfur atom for two of the mobile sodium atoms of the aluminosilicate lattice. Combination of NaX with Se, and with Te, leads also to active catalytic solids; however, the catalytic characteristics shift from carbon-carbon cracking to dehydrocyclization.
Development of Diamond-Based X-ray Detection for High Flux Beamline Diagnostics

High quality single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors with platinum contacts have been tested at the white beam X28C beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source under high-flux conditions. The voltage dependence of these devices has been measured under DC and pulsed-bias conditions, establishing the presence or absence of photoconductive gain in each device. Linear response has been achieved over eleven orders of magnitude when combined with previous low flux studies. Temporal measurements with single crystal diamond detectors have resolved the ns scale pulse structure of the NSLS.
Optimum Modulation Characteristics for Amplitude-Modulated and Frequency-Modulated Infrared Systems

A comparison of reticle-produced amplitude- and frequency-modulated waves has been made. By calculating the power content of each component of the frequency spectrum of a modulated wave, the optimum values for the parameters of bandwidth and modulation index have been determined. It is shown that an FM system with a modulation index of 1.8 and a bandwidth encompassing only the first sideband pair exhibits the highest effective signal-to-noise ratio. Using these values of bandwidth and modulation index, the FM system exhibits a slight effective signal-to-noise superiority when compared with an AM system operating under similar conditions. The superiority of effective signal-to-noise ratio is lost if either the bandwidth or modulation index departs markedly from its optimum value. The modulation efficiency for various reticle-produced modulated waves has also been calculated.
Multiple scattering Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal I: lowest order effect

Future high-resolution, high-sensitivity Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) observations of individual clusters will allow us to study the dynamical state of the int ra cluster medium (ICM). To exploit the full potential of this new observational window, i t is crucial to understand the origin of different contributions to the total SZ signal. Here, we investi gate the signature caused by multiple scatterings at lowest order of the electron temper ature. Previous analytic discussions of this problem used the isotropic scattering approximation (ISA), which even for the simplest cluster geometries is rather rough. We take a step forward and consistently treat the anisotropy of the ambient radiation field caused by the first scattering. We show that the multiple scattering SZ signal directly probes line of sight anisotropies of the ICM, thereby delivering a new set of SZ observables which could be used for 3D cluster-profi le reconstruction. The multiple scattering signal should furthermore correlate spatia lly with the cluster’s X-ray and SZ polarization signals, an effect that could allow enhancing the detectability of this con tribution.
Mutations in the Procaspase-3 Dimer Interface Affect the Activity of the Zymogen

The interface of the procaspase-3 dimer plays a critical role in zymogen maturation. We show that replacement of valine 266, the residue at the center of the procaspase-3 dimer interface, with glutamate resulted in an increase in enzyme activity of ∼60-fold, representing a pseudoactivation of the procaspase. In contrast, substitution of V266 with histidine abolished the activity of the procaspase-3 as well as that of the mature caspase. While the mutations do not affect the dimeric properties of the procaspase, we show that the V266E mutation may affect the formation of a loop bundle that is important for stabilizing the active site. In contrast, the V266H mutation affects the positioning of loop L3, the loop that forms the bulk of the substrate binding pocket. In some cases, the amino acids affected by the mutations are >20 A from the interface. Overall, the results demonstrate that the integrity of the dimer interface is important for maintaining the proper active site conformation.
Discovery and diagnosis of behavioral transitions in patient event streams

Users with cognitive impairments use assistive technology (AT) as part of a clinical treatment plan. As the AT interface is manipulated, data stream mining techniques are used to monitor user goals. In this context, real-time data mining aids clinicians in tracking user behaviors as they attempt to achieve their goals. Quality metrics over stream-mined models identify potential changes in user goal attainment, as the user learns his or her personalized emailing system. When the quality of some data-mined models varies significantly from nearby models—as defined by quality metrics—the user's behavior is then flagged as a significant behavioral change. The specific changes in user behavior are then characterized by differencing the data-mined decision tree models. This article describes how model quality monitoring and decision tree differencing can aid in recognition and diagnoses of behavioral changes in a case study of cognitive rehabilitation via emailing. The technique may be more widely applicable to other real-time data-intensive analysis problems.
An insulin-stimulated (ribosomal S6) protein kinase from soluble extracts of H4 hepatoma cells.

Abstract Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of the 40 S ribosomal subunit protein, S6, in intact 32 P-labeled H4IIE-C3 cells, a rat hepatoma line. Cell-free cytosolic extracts from H4 cells exhibit a 5- to 10-fold increase in S6 protein kinase activity (measured by transfer of 32 P to exogenous 40 S rat liver ribosomal subunits) when prepared from cells exposed to insulin prior to homogenization. Stimulation of S6 phosphorylation in intact cells and activation of S6 protein kinase in cell-free extracts are both detectable within 2 min after insulin, and are maximally stimulated by 10 min. Half-maximal stimulation is observed at 10 −11 m insulin. The stimulated S6 kinase activity requires ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetic acid to be present during the kinase assay for full expression. Despite the presence of a 5- to 10-fold increase in S6 protein kinase activity, the extracts from insulin-treated cells exhibit no stimulated kinase activity toward casein, histone, or ATP-citrate lyase assayed under the conditions employed for S6. Thus, insulin mediates the rapid activation of protein kinase specific for ribosomal protein S6 by an as yet unidentified mechanism.
Understanding the Mid-Holocene Climate

Abstract Paleoclimatic evidence suggests that during the mid-Holocene epoch (about 6000 yr ago) North America and North Africa were significantly drier and wetter, respectively, than at present. Modeling efforts to attribute these differences to changes in orbital parameters and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels have had limited success, especially over North America. In this study, the importance of a possibly cooler tropical Pacific Ocean during the epoch (akin to a permanent La Nina–like perturbation to the present climate) in causing these differences is emphasized. Systematic sets of atmospheric general circulation model experiments, with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific basin and an interactive mixed layer ocean elsewhere, are performed. Given the inadequacies of current fully coupled climate models in simulating the tropical Pacific climate, this intermediate coupling model configuration is argued to be more suitable for quantifying the contributions of the altered orbit...
Interpretation of hydraulic fracturing pressure-time records using interactive analysis methods

Abstract The accuracy of hydraulic fracturing stress measurements depends strongly on an accurate interpretation of the fluid pressures recorded during the tests. However, a variety of factors can lead to indistinct instantaneous shut-in or fracture reopening pressures which contributes to uncertainties in the data interpretation. A complex hydrofrac data set from a 1.5 km deep wellbore at Moodus, Connecticut is used here to discuss an interactive system for analysis of pressure, injection rate and accumulated volume as well as the pressurization rate and stiffness of the hydraulic system at various stages of the experiment. The hydraulic fracturing data presented here require a particularly careful inspection of the pressure records because the tests at Moodus were conducted in a seismically active reverse faulting environment. In such a stress regime (when the least principal stress is vertical) induced vertical fractures at the borehole wall will tend to “roll over” and propagate horizontally. Ideally the complete stress tensor can be derived from such a test but it is necessary to clearly separate the shut-in pressure values of the different propagation stages.
The Impact of Plant-Level Resource Allocations and Technical Progress on U.S. Macroeconomic Growth

We build up from the plant level an "aggregate(d)" Solow residual by estimating every U.S. manufacturing plant's contribution to the change in aggregate final demand between 1976 and 1996. Our framework uses the Petrin and Levinsohn (2010) definition of aggregate productivity growth, which aggregates plant-level changes to changes in aggregate final demand in the presence of imperfect competition and other distortions/frictions. We decompose these contributions into plant-level resource reallocations and plant-level technical efficiency changes while allowing in the estimation for 459 different production technologies, one for each 4-digit SIC code. On average we find positive aggregate productivity growth of 2.2% in this sector during this period of declining share in U.S. GDP. We find that aggregate reallocation made a larger contribution to growth than aggregate technical efficiency. Our estimates of the contribution of reallocation range from 1.7% to 2.1% per year, while our estimates of the average contribution of aggregate technical efficiency growth range from 0.2% to 0.6% per year. In terms of cyclicality, the aggregate technical efficiency component has a standard deviation that is roughly 50% to 100% larger than that of aggregate total reallocation, pointing to an important role for technical efficiency in macroeconomic fluctuations. Aggregate reallocation is negative in only 3 of the 20 years of our sample, suggesting that the movement of inputs to more highly valued activities on average plays a stabilizing role in manufacturing growth. Our results have implications for both the theoretical literature on growth and alternative indexes of aggregate productivity growth based only on technical efficiency.
Benthic-pelagic interactions in shallow water columns: an experimentalist's perspective

Shallow water column benthic and pelagic communities are thought to be linked by trophic relationships, through life history or ontogenetic links, and by biologically or physically-mediated resuspension or sedimentation processes. It is often confusing and sometimes misleading to focus only on benthic or only on pelagic components of aquatic food webs, even though the literature on shallow water column experiments contains few experiments that give a balanced view of these components, or interactions between components in different habitats. The rarity of balanced experiments is especially troublesome because the most common types of manipulations in shallow water column experiments (fish and nutrients) often have rapid, direct effects on both kinds of habitats, or easily recognized indirect links between the two habitats that go unevaluated. Despite a large experimental literature on pelagic and benthic foodwebs (with less on both in the same systems), there appears to be continuing uncertainty about the importance to pelagic productivity of nutrients released from resuspended sediments, the role of macrobenthos in controlling plankton, and the efficacy and interaction of trophic cascades between pelagic and benthic communities.
Influence of Intervening Mismatches on Long-Range Guanine Oxidation in DNA Duplexes

A systematic investigation of the efficiency of oxidative damage at guanine residues through long-range charge transport was carried out as a function of intervening base mismatches. A series of DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized that incorporate a ruthenium intercalator linked covalently to the 5‘ terminus of one strand and containing two 5‘-GG-3‘ sites in the complementary strand. Single base mismatches were introduced between the two guanine doublet steps, and the efficiency of transport through the mismatches was determined through measurements of the ratio of oxidative damage at the guanine doublets distal versus proximal to the intercalated ruthenium oxidant. Differing relative extents of guanine oxidation were observed for the different mismatches. The damage ratio of oxidation at the distal versus proximal site for the duplexes containing different mismatches varies in the order GC ∼ GG ∼ GT ∼ GA > AA > CC ∼ TT ∼ CA ∼ CT. For all assemblies, damage found with the Δ-Ru diastereomer was found to ...
DIVINE ACTION: IS IT CREDIBLE?

. The concept of God's acting in the world has been seen to be problematic in light of the claims of scientific knowledge that the regularity of a law like universe rules out divine action. There are resources in both scientific knowledge and religion that can render meaningful and credible divine action. The new physics, chaos theory, cognitive psychology, and the concept of top-down causation are used to understand how God acts in the world. God's action is not an intervention, but is understood on the model of how the mind influences the brain in a downward causative manner. Suggestions for imagining God's actions are discussed.
Cardiac tumors associated with hereditary syndromes

Abstract The 3 most common primary tumors of the heart in children, rhabdomyomas, fibromas and myxomas, cumulatively comprise 66% of all primary cardiac neoplasms in the pediatric age group.1 Although the finding of cardiac rhabdomyomas in tuberous sclerosis was originally reported by von Recklinhausen in 1862, the association of cardiac fibromas with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and the occurrence of cardiac myxoma in “syndrome myxoma” have only recently been firmly established. To my knowledge, there are no previous publications grouping these hereditary cardiac tumor syndromes. This report alerts physicians that young patients with cardiac tumors may have a familial syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. The characteristic physical findings that would allow the clinician to identify these patients are outlined.
The transpersonal dimensions of ecopsychology: Nature, nonduality, and spiritual practice

Abstract The author argues that an integration of ecopsychology and transpersonal psychology is useful for both. Empirical research on nature‐based transpersonal experiences is cited, and the contributions of Fox (1990) and Wilber (1995) are discussed. Nondual transpersonal states are found to be at the core of both fields. However, misunderstandings of nonduality have hampered this integration. A description of nondual dimensions of Being is presented, followed by discussion of ways to bring transpersonal practices into ecopsychology.
The meaning and significance of quantum states

Recent investigations have conclusively proved that, because of their collapse, quantum states transform noncovariantly under Lorentz transformations. This result is shown to imply that quantum states do not represent probability distributions for the results of measurements. They represent, rather, perspectives of such probability distributions from the point of view of the frame of reference in which they are given. The ontological status of these “perspectives of potentialities” is discussed. It is conjectured that they propagate from the location of a measurement to the origins of all frames of reference at the speed of light.
Thermal Radiative Simulations and Measurements of a Scramjet Test Rig

Thermal radiation is a poorly understood process in scramjet engines, but it may play a significant role in the flow and wall heating of the combustion chamber. However, current simulation methods for predicting the thermal radiation in a flight scramjet combustion chamber have yet to be validated with experiments. An experimental measurement apparatus is placed at the rear exit of the HIFiRE 2 direct-connect rig at NASA’s Langley Research Center. An array of photodetectors gather emission in the infrared along several lines of sight across the combustor exit. The fields of view are simulated using a ray-tracing-method program that postprocesses a computational fluid dynamics flowfield simulation of the test rig. The ray-tracing program employs a simplified two-point correlated-k spectral model with spectral model error bars. The predictions show an overlap in sensor and experimental predictions for 13 of 16 photodetectors.
Postnatal behavioral effects of tranquilizers administered to the gravid rat.

Abstract Gravid albino rats received reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, or a control injection of distilled water subcutaneously during one trimester of gestation on days 5–8, 11–14, or 17–20. A random sample of the surviving offspring selected at weaning was evaluated on measures of activity, emotionality, and audiogenic seizure susceptibility. Administration of transquilizers to the gravid animal resulted in alterations of behavior that persisted through adulthood. Evaluation of activity level on the inclined plane test at 25 days of age showed that the offspring of all of the drug-treated mothers were less active than control offspring. A similar decrease in activity and emotionality, as measured by responses on the open field test, was further observed when the animals were 55 days of age. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility, tested at 120 days of age, showed that the drug-group offspring were more resistant to audiogenic seizure stimuli than the control offspring. On all of these measures, no differences were found as a function of the trimester of gestation in which the drugs were administered. It was concluded that behavioral effects do result from the administration of tranquilizing drugs to the gravid animal, and that the behavioral changes induced are independent of the trimester of gestation and pharmacological differences between the drugs.
Neuropathologic aspects of hypothermic circulatory arrest in newborn dogs.

A model of hypothermic circulatory arrest with recovery has been developed in the newborn dog. Eleven puppies were anesthetized with halothane, paralyzed and artificially ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide −30% oxygen to paO2>60 mm Hg, paCO2=33–42 mm Hg and pHa=7.35–7.42. Animals were surface cooled to 20°C, following which cardiac arrest was effected with i.v. KCl. Dogs remained asystolic without ventilation for 1.0, 1.5 or 1.75. Resuscitation was accomplished with closed-chest compression, mechanical ventilation, i.v. epinephrine and NaHCO3, and rewarming to 37°C. Thereafter, the puppies were allowed to recover from anesthesia and maintained for either 18–22 h (n=9) or 72 h (n=2), at which time they underwent perfusion-fixation of their brains for pathologic analysis. Of the total, four out of four puppies arrested for 1.0 h exhibited no brain damage, including one recovered for 72 h; whereas one out of three and four out of four puppies arrested for 1.5 and 1.75 h, respectively, showed brain damage predominantly of the cerebral cortex but also of the basal ganglia and amygdaloid nucleus. The hippocampus was spared, even in a 1.75-h-arrested animal which was maintained for 72 h. No differences in pre- or post-arrest systemic blood pressure, heart rate, or acid-base balance were observed between the brain damaged and undamaged animals except for the single damaged animal arrested for 1.5 h, for which the blood pressure prior to cardiac arrest and during recovery was the lowest of all survivors. We conclude that newborn dogs undergoing hypothermic circulatory arrest for 1.0–1.5 h and which are fully recoverable without systemic hypotension exhibit no brain damage, whereas puppies arrested for 1.75 h exhibit brain damage entirely on the basis of global cerebral ischemia arising during the cardiac arrest. The experimental model has relevance to newborn human infants undergoing hypothermic circulatory arrest for the operative correction of congenital heart defects and should be useful for studying mechanisms of cellular injury in brain and other organs during prolonged ischemia.
pH dependent toxicity of five metals to three marine organisms

The pH of natural marine systems is relatively stable; this may explain why metal toxicity changes with pH have not been well documented. However, changes in metal toxicity with pH in marine waters are of concern in toxicity testing. During porewater toxicity testing pH can change 1–2 units as porewater is transferred from in situ to a test container. These changes in pH may alter metal toxicity. Also, deliberately altering the sample pH is an important toxicity identification and evaluations (TIE) manipulation designed to detect changes in ammonia toxicity. If altering pH also changes metal toxicity, this may confound interpretation of TIE manipulation results. This study demonstrates that alteration of pH can also change the toxicity of Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn to Mysidopsis bahia (mysid), Ampelisca abdita (amphipod) and Vibrio fischerii [Microtox solid phase test (MSP)]. Changes in toxicity with respect to pH were metal and organism specific with the following trends. For the MSP assay, as pH decreased there was a decrease in toxicity for Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn and an increase in toxicity for Cu. For mysids, as pH decreased, there was a decrease in toxicity for Pb and an increase in toxicity for Cu and Ni. For amphipods, Cu was the only metal that showed decreased toxicity with decreasing pH; the toxicity of all other metals for amphipods remained constant. Results of this study indicate changes in metal toxicity with respect to pH must be considered for porewater testing and TIE interpretation. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 235–240, 1999
Do Expectations Make the Difference? A Look at the Effect of Educational Expectations and Academic Performance on Enrollment in Post-Secondary Education

Despite the belief that education is the great equalizer in American society, previous research has shown that the promises of educational accomplishments have not extended equally across racial/ethnic groups as minorities are less likely to matriculate to post-secondary education. Using data from the second follow-up and base year of the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, we examine the impact of GPA and students’ expectations on the probability of post-secondary enrollment. Specifically, we assess the impact of low achievement on the probability of post-secondary enrollment across racial/ethnic groups. We find that low achievement acts as less of a barrier to post-secondary enrollment for minority students compared with their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Moreover, students with high expectations and low achievement experienced higher probabilities of post-secondary enrollment than students with low expectations and high achievement. Given that minority students are said to have higher expectations, we examine whether the interaction of expectations and achievement varies across racial/ethnic groups. While we did not uncover racial/ethnic differences for low-achieving students with high expectations, our findings suggest that expectations help propel all low-achieving students with high expectations into post-secondary enrollment. This study moves beyond the traditional black/white differences by including a number of racial/ethnic groups.
Particle size distribution and composition in a mechanically ventilated school building during air pollution episodes

UNLABELLED: Particle count-based size distribution and PM(2.5) mass were monitored inside and outside an elementary school in Salt Lake City (UT, USA) during the winter atmospheric inversion season. The site is influenced by urban traffic and the airshed is subject to periods of high PM(2.5) concentration that is mainly submicron ammonium and nitrate. The school building has mechanical ventilation with filtration and variable-volume makeup air. Comparison of the indoor and outdoor particle size distribution on the five cleanest and five most polluted school days during the study showed that the ambient submicron particulate matter (PM) penetrated the building, but indoor concentrations were about one-eighth of outdoor levels. The indoor:outdoor PM(2.5) mass ratio averaged 0.12 and particle number ratio for sizes smaller than 1 microm averaged 0.13. The indoor submicron particle count and indoor PM(2.5) mass increased slightly during pollution episodes but remained well below outdoor levels. When the building was occupied the indoor coarse particle count was much higher than ambient levels. These results contribute to understanding the relationship between ambient monitoring station data and the actual human exposure inside institutional buildings. The study confirms that staying inside a mechanically ventilated building reduces exposure to outdoor submicron particles. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study supports the premise that remaining inside buildings during particulate matter (PM) pollution episodes reduces exposure to submicron PM. New data on a mechanically ventilated institutional building supplements similar studies made in residences.
Modeling and nonlinear parameter estimation with Kronecker product representation for coupled oscillators and spatiotemporal systems

We focus here on the question of global modeling, that is, building an ordinary differential equation (ODE) of minimal dimensions which models a given multivariate time dependent data-set. We give proof of convergence of the given method. We will furthermore introduce a new method which adapts the least-squares best approximation by a Kronecker product representation [C.F. Van Loan, N. Pitsianis, Approximation with Kronecker products. www.math.tkk.fi/ mhuhtane/kronecker.ps], to analyze underlying structure when it exists as a system of coupled oscillators. Several examples are presented including diffusively coupled chaotic systems. Some interesting prospective problems will be briefly discussed in the conclusions.
Tyre rubber/cement matrix composites

Organic polymers or fibres in ordinary Portland cement matrices have been shown to improve the mechanical properties of these composites. Such industrial wastes as fly ash and silica fume have been successfully incorporated into cement. Based on these results and the disposal problem of waste tyres, granulated tyre rubbers were incorporated in Portland Type 1 cement pastes. Results from preliminary experiments in compressive, diametral tensile, and flexural strengths under freezing and thawing cycles are reported
Preferential enlargement of leukemia cells using cytoskeletal-directed agents and cell cycle growth control parameters to induce sensitivity to low frequency ultrasound

Abstract Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a form of ultrasound therapy that has been shown to preferentially damage malignant cells based on the relatively enlarged size and altered cytology of neoplastic cells in comparison to normal cells. This study sought to determine whether cytoskeletal-directed agents that either disrupt (cytochalasin B and vincristine) or rigidify (jasplakinolide and paclitaxel) microfilaments and microtubules, respectively, affect ultrasonic sensitivity. U937 human monocytic leukemia cell populations were treated with each cytoskeletal-directed agent alone, and then sonicated at 23.5 kHz under relatively low power and intensity (20–40 W; 10–20 W/cm 2 ), or at 20 kHz using moderate power and intensity (60 W; 80 W/cm 2 ). In addition, human leukemia lines U937, THP1, K562, and Molt-4, and the murine leukemia line L1210 were sonicated using pulsed 20 kHz ultrasound (80.6 W; 107.5 W/cm 2 ) both with and without the addition of cytoskeletal-directed agents to assess whether cytoskeletal-directed agents can potentiate ultrasonic sensitivity in different leukemia lines. Human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) and leukocytes were sonicated with continuous 23.5 kHz ultrasound (20 W; 10 W/cm 2 ) to determine whether this approach elicited the preferential damage of neoplastic cells over normal blood components. To determine whether ultrasonic sensitivity is exclusively dependent on cell size, leukemia cells were also enlarged via alteration of cell growth parameters including serum deprivation and re-addition, and plateau-phase subculturing. Results indicated that cytochalasin B/ultrasound treatments had the highest rates of initial U937 cell damage. The cells enlarged and partially synchronized, either by serum deprivation and re-addition or by plateau-phase subculturing and synchronous release, were not comparably sensitive to ultrasonic destruction based solely on their cell size. In addition, cytochalasin B significantly potentiated the ultrasonic sensitivity of all neoplastic cell lines, but not in normal blood cells, suggesting that preferential damage is attainable with this treatment protocol. Therefore, it is likely that ultrasonic cell lysis depends not only on cell size and type, but also on the specific molecular mechanisms used to induce cell enlargement and their effects on cell integrity. This is supported by the fact that either the microfilament-or microtubule-disrupting agent produced a higher rate of lysis for cells of a given size than the corresponding stabilizing agents.
Nurturing Young Children's Moral Development through Literature in Japan and the USA:

The purpose of this study was to examine the views of American and Japanese early childhood teachers regarding the nurturing of young children's moral development using literature. The data consisted of responses to a questionnaire and written explanations of 36 American and 36 Japanese teachers. By comparing responses of the two groups, it was possible to identify both similarities and differences in American and Japanese early childhood educators' philosophical and pedagogical views on nurturing young children's moral development. Accounting largely for similarities in responses were generic items, such as beliefs in the importance of nurturing children's hearts/spirits and in the value of using literature to nurture them. Differences were reflected in particular aspects of philosophical beliefs and pedagogical practices. The study revealed that the sources of different viewpoints may be attributed to a combination of culturally specific patterns and curriculum guidelines to which teachers are exposed.
Solar Community Organizations and active peer effects in the adoption of residential PV

Abstract Solar Community Organizations (SCOs) are formal or informal organizations and citizen groups that help to reduce the barriers to the adoption of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) by (1) providing access to credible and transparent information about the localized benefits of residential PV and (2) actively campaigning to encourage adoption within their operational boundaries. We study the peer effect, or social interaction, process catalyzed by SCOs to understand the impact of these organizations on the residential PV market. Using a standardized search methodology across spatial scales (state; city; neighborhoods), we identify and characterize the operations of 228 SCOs formed in the U.S. between 1970 and 2012. We also present case studies of four successful SCOs and find that a common thread of why these SCOs are successful involves effectively leveraging trusted community networks combined with putting together a complete information and financial-tools package for use by interested communities. Finally, our findings suggest that empirical studies that attempt statistical identification and estimation of peer effects should pay close attention to the role of SCOs, as the social interactions engendered by SCOs may be correlated both with the level of social learning and the socio-demographic characteristics of the communities of interest.
Writing as a means for learning

Abstract Writing is a means for learning and re-examining our beliefs. It involves hard work, but it allows a dentist to share his knowledge with his colleagues and to look objectively at himself, his theories, and his techniques. Authors have several responsibilities, which must be respected, and their writing must be so clear and logical that they do not waste the time of their audience—the readers. A sentence outline will help the writer to organize what he wants to say, and the suggestions given in this article regarding writing style will help to hold the reader's interest and will make writing easier.
On formulations of the stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem

We consider two formulations of a stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem. We show that by adding (@?,S) inequalities to the one with the smaller number of variables, both formulations give the same LP bound. Then we show that for two-period problems, adding another class of inequalities gives the convex hull of integral solutions.
Eurasian Sovereignty: The Case of Kazan

From 1917 through the present, sovereignty has been repeatedly recovered and reconfigured in Kazan and its hinterlands as the area was transferred from one complex polity to another. It is the frequent renegotiation of authority over multiple and redefinable units of political and economic control, rather than stability of institutions, that keeps the political class engaged in the reproduction of both the state and the Eurasian sovereignty regime.
Vitiligo: Treatment by dermabrasion and epithelial sheet grafting

Abstract Background: Several years ago, a surgical technique for treating depigmentation resulting from burn injuries was developed. The treatment of this problem in the patient with burns was consistently successful. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the surgical technique developed for patients with burn injuries to determine whether the same technique would be useful in treating patients with vitiligo whose skin did not repigment with conventional medical treatments. Methods: Five patients with stable vitiligo were treated. The epithelium of the vitiliginous areas was removed by dermabrasion. The dermabraded area was then reepithelialized with epithelial sheet grafts sufficient to cover the entirety of the vitiliginous dermabraded region. Results: Each operation was successful. Scarring did not develop in the repigmented or donor site regions. The final color match has been good to excellent in all patients. Conclusion: Good to excellent repigmentation was observed in each patient. We believe our results, to date, are more successful than the results of other procedures reported previously in the medical literature.