cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water insecurity: An agenda for research and call to action for human biology

Water insecurity-the lack of adequate and safe water for a healthy and productive life-is one of the greatest threats facing humans in the coming century. By 2030, half of the world is expected to be living in water-stressed conditions, given current climate change scenarios. A key goal of the UN Water Action Decade and Sustainable Development Goal 6 is to improve water security for the three billion people globally affected, but the future looks grim. For many communities, from Cape Town, South Africa to Flint, United States, the imagined dystopian future of severe water shortages has already arrived-shaped not so much by lack of water, but by aging infrastructure, underfunded utilities, social exclusion, politicized commodification, and environmental racism. Stepping off from my biocultural research in Cochabamba, Bolivia, I discuss how recent research is dramatically advancing our understanding of water insecurity, such as new findings around the biocultural causes and consequences of dehydration, contamination, and water stress. But, much more needs be done to support local communities in creating fair and just water systems. I discuss how human biologists can make crucial contributions toward the advancement of a much-needed science of water insecurity, while highlighting some practical and ethical challenges to advancing a core mission of providing safe, sufficient water to all.
Presidents and War Powers

The U.S. Constitution vests the president with “executive power” and provides that “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy,” while it endows Congress with the power “To declare War.” These provisions have given rise to two major questions about presidential war powers: first, what should be the president’s role in taking the country to war, and, second, what are the president’s powers to direct its conduct. Historian Michael Beschloss’s new book, “Presidents of War,” examines how presidents have responded to each of these questions across two hundred years of U.S. history. The major argument of this book is that presidents have gradually assumed greater power over decisions to go to war—contrary, in his view, to the constitutional founders’ vision. Although the book does succeed in offering some new insights into how that accretion of that power occurred, its more original contribution lies in its depictions of how presidents have handled and managed the tasks of waging war. Those responsibilities for the management and supervision in the conduct of America’s wars have grown more complex as warfare has evolved—and they, too, look nothing like what the founders expected or might even have imagined. The book also puts an important focus on the continually shifting relationship between war-initiation powers and war-waging powers throughout the course of American history.
Pretreatment SUVmax may influence the clinical benefit of BR over R-CHOP in patients with previously untreated FL

In 2 randomized phase 3 trials BR resulted in longer progression-free survival (PFS) than frontline R-CHOP in patients with indolent and mantle cell lymphoma. However, in subset analyses of follicu...
Google Earth in Online Geosciences Classrooms

Research suggests that online students respond positively to hands-on, self-directed investigations of their local areas. However, because of their geographic distribution, not all students have the appropriate science content to explore and make sense of their local areas. Google Earth provides a vehicle for online students to virtually interact with the landscape in a hands-on way. For over a decade, we have developed a variety of Google Earth activities and successfully implemented them in multiple online geosciences classes. These activities allow students to collect and/or upload their own data, map their locations, make comparisons to students in other locations, compare historical and current data, and explore other planets. Google Earth has emerged as a software that many students view as beneficial and easy to use, and our students are now turning to Google Earth on assignments when it is not required. We suggest that Google Earth will continue to offer multiple active learning opportunities within online classrooms in the future, although instructors must monitor the software and adjust to its modifications.
Homophily: Measures and Meaning

Homophily, the tendency to associate with similar others, is a fundamental pattern underlying human relationships. Although scholars largely agree on the definition of homophily, their empirical me...
Corneal Placido Topography And Its Correlation With The Best Fitting Curve For Non-Astigmatic Eyes

Placido topographer CSO Phoenix had been used to measure 30 peoples corneas with astigmatism 5mm were recorded. The investigation took place at University of West Attica. The results showed that the shape of the cornea varies in the various meridians (e.g. 180° or 90°) and even with oblique meridians (e.g. in the nasal relative to the temporal side) and its curvature correlates with a different equation for each meridian.
Multiple Goal Conveyance in a State Park Interpretive Boat Cruise

The qualitative case study examined interpretive programs for four sets of management goals. A proposed model, Four Conceptions of Interpretation, previously tested in national parks, was retested ...
Factors associated with RVU generation in common sports medicine procedures

Introduction: Relative value units (RVUs) are integral to the U.S. physician compensation system used by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The use of 'work RVUs' (herein, wRVUs) is intended to reimburse physicians according to the amount of expertise and effort needed to safely and effectively perform a procedure. Our purpose was to determine: 1) the number of wRVUs/hour generated by common sports medicine surgical procedures; and 2) how patient characteristics, surgical approach, and practice setting are associated with the number of wRVUs/hour. This analysis was performed to infer whether wRVUs are assigned appropriately according to the factors on which they are purported to be based.Methods: We queried the American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database for common sports medicine surgical procedures performed in 2018. Data from 19,877 patients (8,258 women) with a mean age of 48 years (range, 18-90) who underwent a surgical sports medicine procedure were analyzed. Work RVUs and operative time were used to calculate work RVUs/hour for each surgical procedure. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess correlations between patient characteristics and wRVUs/hour.Results: Knee chondroplasty generated the most mean (± standard deviation) wRVUs/hour at 22 ± 0.5, whereas 'open tenodesis of biceps tendon, long head' generated the least at 9.6 ± 0.25 wRVUs/hour. Factors associated with a greater mean number of wRVUs/hour were younger patient age, female sex, arthroscopic approach, and outpatient setting. Arthroscopic procedures also generated more wRVUs/hour than the same procedures performed through an open approach. wRVUs were not correlated with case complexity or surgical time.Conclusion: wRVUs/hour in surgical sports medicine procedures vary widely depending on the procedure type, patient characteristics, surgical approach, and practice setting.
Reduction in Emergency Department Presentations in a Regional Health System during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Nationally, there has been more than a 40% decrease in Emergency Department (ED) patient volume during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) crisis, with reports of decreases in presentations of time-sensitive acute illnesses. We analyzed ED clinical presentations in a Maryland/District of Columbia regional hospital system while health mitigation measures were instituted.Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of all adult ED patients presenting to five Johns Hopkins Health System (JHHS) hospitals comparing visits from March 16 through May 15, in 2019 and 2020. We analyzed de-identified demographic information, clinical conditions, and ICD-10 diagnosis codes for year-over-year comparisons.Results: There were 36.7% fewer JHHS ED visits in 2020 compared to 2019 (43,088 vs. 27,293, P<.001). Patients 75+ had the greatest decline in visits (-44.00%, P<.001). Both genders had significant decreases in volume (-41.9%, P<.001 females vs -30.6%, P<.001 males). Influenza like illness (ILI) symptoms increased year-over-year including fever (640 to 1253, 95.8%, P<.001) and shortness of breath (2504 to 2726, 8.9%, P=.002). ICD-10 diagnoses for a number of time-sensitive illnesses decreased including deep vein thrombosis (101 to 39, -61%, P<.001), acute myocardial infarction (157 to 105, -33%, P=.002), gastrointestinal bleeding (290 to 179, -38.3%, P<.001), and strokes (284 to 234, -17.6%, P=0.03).Conclusion: ED visits declined significantly among JHHS hospitals despite offsetting increases in ILI complaints. Decreases in presentations of time-sensitive illnesses were of particular concern. Efforts should be taken to inform patients that EDs are safe, otherwise preventable morbidity and mortality will remain a problem.
The youngest pair of siblings with Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA to receive enzyme replacement therapy to date: A case report.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (OMIM 253000) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defective activity of the N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase (GALNS) enzyme. In 2014, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant human GALNS became available for affected patients. There is a limited number of studies to date that have explored the effect of ERT in infancy and there is also a lack of data assessing the effect of ERT in systems other than the skeletal. Here, we report on the effect of ERT in the youngest pair of siblings treated to date: Patient A, currently 4 years old, who started treatment at the age of 5 months; and Patient B, currently 3 years old, who started treatment at 58 days of life. Moreover, we investigate the effect of early ERT on the cardiovascular system. Our results show that, even when ERT is started before 2 months of age, it cannot fully prevent disease progression. As for the effect of ERT on the cardiovascular system, our preliminary results suggest that early treatment might play a role in preserving a normal left ventricular mass index in affected patients at least up to 1 year, but further observation over time will be required. Overall, this report shows that early diagnosis remains crucial and that prompt initiation of ERT has limited effect in slowing progression of the skeletal phenotype, thus confirming the need for new therapeutic approaches that target the skeletal system in affected patients.
Efficacy of Bivalirudin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation in COVID-19 Patients Requiring ECMO Support.

Objectives The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with cases of refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) sometimes requiring support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Bivalirudin can be used for anticoagulation in patients on ECMO support, but its efficacy and safety in patients with COVID-19 is unknown. The authors set out to compare the pharmacologic characteristics and dosing requirements of bivalirudin in patients requiring ECMO support for ARDS due to COVID-19 versus ARDS from other etiologies. Design and setting This retrospective case-control study was performed at Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. Participants Patients were included if they were on venovenous ECMO support between June 2019 and June 2020, and divided into two groups: ARDS secondary to COVID-19 and those with ARDS from another etiology (Non-COVID). Interventions Patient demographics, such as age, sex, weight, chronic comorbid conditions, baseline antiplatelet and anticoagulant use, antiplatelet use during ECMO, and need for renal replacement therapy were collected, and compared between groups. Time to activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) goal, percentage of time at aPTT goal, bivalirudin rates, total bivalirudin requirements, total duration on bivalirudin, total duration on ECMO, mortality, and complications associated with ECMO were collected and compared between groups. Measurements and main results A total of 42 patients met inclusion criteria (n = 19 COVID-19, n = 23 non-COVID). However, percentages of aPTTs at goal were maintained more consistently in patients with COVID-19 versus non-COVID (86% v 74%: p Conclusions Patients on ECMO with ARDS from COVID-19 require more bivalirudin overall and higher rates of bivalirudin to maintain goal aPTTs compared with patients without COVID-19. However, COVID-19 patients more consistently maintain goal aPTT. Future randomized trials are needed to support efficacy and safety of bivalirudin for anticoagulation of COVID-19 patients on ECMO.
Esophagectomies for malignancy among general and thoracic surgeons: A propensity score-matched NSQIP analysis stratified by surgical approach.

166Background: Training of general and thoracic surgeons continues to diverge, especially with the increasing role for minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches. Previous studies of esophagectom...
Hostile bank takeover offers

Abstract A comparison of the financial characteristics of banks involved in hostile takeover bids with a control group of nonhostile bank mergers indicates: (1) hostile targets experience abnormal returns that are significantly greater than for the targets of nonhostile bank mergers; (2) hostile bidders experience negative abnormal returns that are insignificantly different than for bidders involved in nonhostile bank mergers; (3) hostile bank acquisition announcements produce positive net wealth effects which are larger than the wealth effects of nonhostile acquisitions; (4) a Logit regression model using financial ratios, stock price data, and ownership data is able to distinguish between hostile and nonhostile targets.
Upping the antedrug: is a novel anti-inflammatory Toll-like receptor 7 agonist also a bronchodilator?

In this issue of British Journal of Pharmacology, Biffen and colleagues present a novel Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) antedrug to treat allergic disease that is rapidly metabolized in the lung to limit side effects due to systemic exposure. Asthma is characterized as an allergic disease of the lung, and TLR7 agonists are proposed to ameliorate allergic inflammation in the lung, a characteristic of prophylactic medications. We have previously shown that TLR7 agonists of multiple structural classes are acute bronchodilators, characteristic of rescue medication for asthma attacks. It will be interesting to determine whether the bronchodilating effect extends to the novel class of TLR7 agonists described here for a prophylactic and rescue therapy in one drug. Combined with the antedrug approach, this would further limit side effects improving on current combination therapies. LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Biffen et al., pp. 573–586 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01790.x
Making It Real: Promoting Novice Teachers' Critical Perspectives on Educational Issues through Structured Debates

There is a sense of ambivalence with regard to the place of the knowledge of the foundations of education in the makeup of an effective teacher in today’s lexicon of the term. The reason for the marginalization of the field often points to the perspective that the discourse that comprises the scope of educational foundations is too abstract to provide guidance to the everyday concerns of practitioners. In this interpretive and self-exploratory study, the author triangulated a) literature on the place of educational foundations of education in teacher education, b) description of a critical issues course that used structured debate to promote novice teachers’ critical perspectives on educational issues, and c) interpretive analysis of 21 preservice teachers’ reflections on implemented debates to answer the questions that guided the study. The questions were 1.) What is the place of the study of the foundations of education in the preparation of teachers for the 21st century? 2.) Did the use of structured debate provoke novice teachers’ critical perspectives on educational issues? The findings of the study showed that the use of structured debate elicited critical insight into the meaning and nature of educational issues from most of the participating novice teachers. The conclusion from the study supported the idea that the ability to exercise critical perspectives on educational policy and practice issues is a quintessential element that separates self-renewing and ever-maturing educators from teaching technicians.
Thought Experiments in Physics Education: A Simple and Practical Example

Thought experiments play a vital role in scientific argumentation. However, implications for pedagogy are generally neglected. In this article, a Galilean thought experiment is used to enhance learning in a college-level physical science course. Both modern and historical perspectives of Galileo's work are presented. As a final project, students explore Galileo's thought experiment in the laboratory using modern detectors with satisfying results. The project experience lends insight into both the content and processes of science. Extensions to other educational contexts are discussed.
Combined convection on a vertical slender cylinder in a micropolar fluid

An analysis is presented for the steady state mixed convective boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid along vertical slender cylinders. The governing equations have been solved numerically. Results for the friction factor, Nusselt number as well as the details of flow and temperature fields are displayed for a range of values of the transverse curvature and material parameters for the micropolar fluid. It is observed that micropolar fluids display drag reduction as well as heat transfer rate reduction when compared to Newtonian fluids.
Climate Change Impacts on Maize-yield Potential in the Southwestern United States

Abstract Agricultural productivity is strongly dependent on local climate conditions determined by meteorological parameters thus assessing the potential impact of the climate change and variability on regional agricultural systems has become crucial. To ensure food security, it is required to find under performing regions to investments and assess yields change in high-performing regions in coming decades under climate change and variability. In this study, we investigate the response of maize yield potential (Yp) on climate change scenario using Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) crop model over the Southwestern U.S. (SWUS) region. APSIM's modules are essentially point-based models representing the system at a single point in space. We develop automated modeling framework (ApsimRegions, 2013), which allows the APSIM to be run over a large domain with about a thousand points over the study area. Using 21-year period (1991-2011) of North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data, we perform sensitivity test of the maize Yp to assess the relative contribution of climate variables, by adding standard deviation of the climatological values. The results show that maximum and minimum temperature greatly contribute to the variation of maize yields over the SWUS on the interannual time scale, depending on geographical locations with varied local climates. In order to access data of present and future climate, we have completed high-resolution regional climate simulation by dynamically downscaling general circulation model results (GFDL-ESM2 M) using regional climate models (WRF and OLAM). In this study, 20 years of integration period is selected in both historical period (1981-2000) and future period (2031-2050). The potential maize yields in the future period under the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas concentrations pathways show that the yields are significantly changed comparing to the historical period. In the generally rising temperature regime, the projected Yp shows strong geospatial variations according to the regional climate characteristics.
The influence of ethanol on hepatic transmethylation.

One of the most important biochemical pathways in the organism is the biosynthesis of methionine from the methylation of homocysteine. Two different reactions are responsible for this methylation, one utilizing N 5-methyltetra-hydrofolate as a methylating agent and the other using betaine as the methyl donor. This paper reviews some recent findings in this laboratory, which demonstrate that ethanol-feeding to rats impairs the folate-induced reaction. Our findings also show that this impairment is compensated for through the adaptive increase in the enzyme using betaine in the biosynthesis of methionine. Further studies indicate that the mechanism of action in the impairment may occur thiough the formation of individual adducts between the folate-induced enzyme (methionine synthetase), its essential cofactors and acetaldehyde, a meta-bolic product of ethanol. These findings suggest a basis for why rats are more resistant to alcoholic liver injury than humans and may offer a means of protecting against alcoholic liver injury in man.
Structure of the silver rich phase of AgBr-CuBr mixed crystals

Abstract A proposed model for Ag x Cu 1 − x Br in the δ-phase consisting of a rocksalt structure with Br − ions at regular anion sites, Ag + ions and cation vacancies at cation lattice sites, and random occupation of all Cu + ions at interstitial positions is able to account for: (1) the anomalous expansion of the mixed crystals; (2) the diffracted X-ray intensities of dominant reflections; and (3) essential features of the ionic conductivity.
An Open Trial of Relapse Prevention Therapy for Smokers With Schizophrenia.

Objective: Following successful smoking cessation, smokers with schizophrenia are vulnerable to relapse shortly after treatment discontinuation. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a 12-month relapse prevention intervention in recently abstinent smokers with schizophrenia. Method: Adult outpatient smokers with schizophrenia received weekly cognitive-behavioral therapy groups, bupropion slow-release, transdermal nicotine patch, and nicotine gum or lozenge for 3 months. Subjects with 7-day point prevalence abstinence at month 3 received an additional 12 months (months 4 through 15) of therapy with bupropion, transdermal nicotine patch, and nicotine gum/lozenge in conjunction with relapse prevention–based cognitive-behavioral therapy groups that were held weekly in month 4, biweekly in months 5 and 6, and monthly in months 7 through 15. Results: Seventeen of 41 participants (41.5%) attained biochemically verified self-report of 7-day point prevalence abstinence at the end of 3 mo...
Histone acetylation in replication and transcription: turnover at specific acetylation sites in histone H4 from Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract Histone H4 from growing cells is partially acetylated at lysines 5, 8, 12, and 16. The turnover rate at each of these sites was investigated by pulse-labeling plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum with [ 3 H]acetate for 55 min in either S phase or G2 phase of the cell cycle. Labeled histone H4 was purified and digested with a protease which cleaves on the carboxyl side of arginine residues. The peptide containing the acetylation sites was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Subfractions of the peptide were obtained due to differences in acetyllysine content. Each subfraction was subjected to automated Edman degradation and the radioactivity released after each cycle was determined. Histone H4 was acetylated uniformly in vitro and acetylated peptide 1–23 was used as a control. The results show a very striking preference for turnover on lysine-5 in the “low acetyl” subfraction from cells in S phase; the “high acetyl” subfraction showed turnover at all four sites. The peptides labeled in G2 phase showed turnover mainly at positions −8, −12, and −16. The data imply that the patterns of histone acetyl turnover associated with replication and transcription are nonrandom and distinct. The results have implications for nucleosome structure particularly the possible role of lysine-5 in chromosome maturation and for the design of experiments to test chromatin function in vitro .
Linear non-divergent mass-wind laws on the sphere

The properties of 3 types of linear non-divergent mass-wind laws on the sphere have been examined: linear-balance equation, spherical harmonic expansions of the linearized primitive equations, and Rossby-Hough expansions. Both the symmetric and antisymmetric non-zonal cases are examined. The results show that all 3 methods are virtually equivalent for the antisymmetric case, but differ considerably for the symmetric case. All 3 methods, whether derived from the primitive equations or from a filtering approximation, appear to be singular at the equator in the symmetric case. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983.tb00181.x
Pulmonary capillary pressure. Clinical implications

Pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) is the true edema-forming pressure within the pulmonary vascular bed. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure has long been used to approximate Pcap. These two pressures may not always be well correlated, which has significant implications for fluid resuscitation and the evolution of pulmonary edema. This article reviews the technique for bedside measurement of Pcap.
Enhanced nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated [3H]norepinephrine release from neonatal rat hypothalamus

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-evoked release of norepinephrine (NE) has been demonstrated in a number of brain regions that receive sole noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus (LC). Many of these structures display enhanced nicotine-stimulated NE release in the neonate. We have examined the hypothalamus in order to determine if this region, which receives NE projections from both the LC and medullary catecholaminergic nuclei, also demonstrates maturational changes in nAChR-mediated NE release. Quantification of radiolabeled-NE release from rat hypothalamus slices by a maximally effective dose of nicotine revealed a peak response during the first postnatal week. This was followed by a decrease at postnatal day (P) 14, and a second peak at P21. Thereafter, release was equivalent to that observed at P14. Comparison of the pharmacological properties of nAChRs mediating NE release in neonatal (P7) and mature hypothalamus suggested involvement of different nAChR subtypes at the two ages. Using the selective toxin, DSP-4, nAChR-mediated NE release in the neonatal hypothalamus was shown to be from LC terminals. Our findings demonstrate an early sensitivity of hypothalamic LC terminals to nAChR regulation that may be associated with development of systems controlling critical homeostatic functions such as stress, feeding and cardiovascular regulation.
Use of prostate-specific antigen velocity to follow up patients with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate biopsy.

OBJECTIVES No consensus has been reached about the optimal follow-up for patients with an isolated finding of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) on prostate biopsy. Early studies reported that approximately one half of men with HG-PIN were diagnosed with prostate cancer (CaP) within a few years. However, more recent studies, using extended biopsy protocols, have shown that HG-PIN may be less predictive of CaP on repeat biopsy in the short term. Thus, our objective was to identify the clinical factors that could help predict which men with isolated HG-PIN were at the greatest risk of subsequent CaP detection. METHODS In 190 men from a CaP screening study with an initial biopsy finding of HG-PIN, we compared the prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) between patients who were later diagnosed with CaP and those who were not. Multivariate models were constructed for the ability to predict CaP detection. RESULTS The median PSAV was significantly greater in the men with HG-PIN who were subsequently diagnosed with CaP (P = 0.03). A PSAV threshold of 0.75 ng/mL/yr predicted which men with HG-PIN would ultimately be diagnosed with CaP (P = 0.007). On multivariate analysis, including PSAV, age, and initial PSA level, PSAV was the only significant predictor of subsequent CaP detection. CONCLUSIONS Among the men with an isolated finding of HG-PIN on prostate needle biopsy, PSAV helps to identify those men who are subsequently diagnosed with CaP. Thus, we advocate the use of the PSAV to help guide the need for repeat biopsy in men with HG-PIN.
Privacy: A non-existent entity

The development and implementation of new technologies has led to a significant erosion of privacy. In this circumstance, it is an arduous struggle to control one's personal information. Now we need to determine the best ways to protect individuals from abuse when their personal information is collected and distributed.
Approaches Toward Synthesizing Novel Extractant Systems: Polymeric Bifunctional Extractants with Synergistic Possibilities

Abstract The synthesis of a monoarylphosphinic acid-diarylphosphine oxide extractant system supported on macroporous polystyrene beads is reported. The bifunctional resin was used in separate zinc and copper(I1) ion extraction studies. Results wth both metals show an excellent extent of extraction under low loading conditions and solution pH of 1–2; at equivalent meta1:resin concentrations, the resin absorbs 50% of the metalin solution. Comparison with lower absorption values reported in the literature for similar systems suggests the possibility of a synergisticextraction due to cooperation between the acid and oxide moieties.
Enzymatic modification of trilinolein: Incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Two immobilized lipases, IM60 fromMucor miehei and SP435 fromCandida antarctica, were used as biocatalysts for the modification of trilinolein with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), by using their ethyl esters as acyl donors (EEPA and EDHA, respectively). Transesterification (ester-ester interchange) reactions were carried out in organic solvent. The products were analyzed according to their equivalent carbon number and polarity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and the fatty acid profiles were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Modified triacylglycerol products contained 1 or 2 molecules of n-3 PUFA. With EEPA as the acyl donor, the total EPA product yields with IM60 and SP435 as biocatalysts were 79.6 and 81.4%, respectively. However, with EDHA as the acyl donor and IM60 and SP435 as biocatalysts, the total DHA product yields were 70.5 and 79.7%, respectively. Effects of reaction parameters, such as type of solvent, enzyme load, time course, and molar ratio of substrates on the n-3 PUFA incorporation, were followed with SP435 as the biocatalyst. High yields were obtained, even in the absence of organic solvent. These lipids do hold promise for specialty nutrition and other therapeutic uses.
Functional inference from gastropod shell morphology ‐ some caveats

The dangers of making broad paleobiological inferences from shell morphology, based on limited observations of a few taxa, are indicated using as examples the secondary protoconchs of Colina species (Cerithiidae), and the ratchet sculpture of some surface dwelling species of Cerithium. Secondary protoconchs are not indicative of types of development and ratchet sculpture does not always indicate burrowing. □Protoconch, shell morphology, functional morphology, burrowing, Cerithiidae.
“We Learned What Democracy Really Meant”: The Berlin Student Parliament and Postwar School Reform in the 1950s

OnJanuary 28, 1953, the RAlS-Schubfunkparlament (Berlin Student Parliament) celebrated its fifth anniversary. Despite the distractions of having important West German politicians in their midst as a sign of support, the young parliamentarians handled that day's business with their usual mix of enthusiasm and determination. These elected secondary school students debated five bills that afternoon, agreeing upon four of them. Among those that passed was a commitment to assist in the construction of a new library for pupils living in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Wilhelm-Dietrich von Thadden, a member of the cabinet, reported on his successful work with school authorities to institute the parliament's proposal for changes in school menu offerings. Another representative, Hanna Gatke, informed her colleagues about the Christmas activities of the parliament, which had raised 450 Deutsche Marks for charity and provided over 900 gifts to elderly Berliners. Before adjourning the meeting, the students discussed the activities of student government in each section of the city and continued their debate about the parliament's larger goals.' The Berlin Student Parliament (BSP) is but one example of the postwar pedagogical and curricular initiatives that sought to prepare West German
Behavioral contrast and responding during multiple food-food, food-water, and water-water schedules

Five pigeons pecked lighted keys for food reinforcers delivered by several multiple variable interval 2-min variable interval 2-min schedules. At different times, the components of the multiple schedule both supplied food reinforcers, both supplied water, or one supplied food and the other supplied water. Rates of responding during the water component of the food-water schedule were lower than the rates during comparable components of the water-water schedules (negative contrast). But, the rates of responding during the food component of the food-water schedule were not greater than the rates of responding during comparable components of the food-food schedules (absence of positive contrast) at two different levels of water deprivation. These results raise questions about several theories of behavioral contrast, and they may restrict the scope of any theory that attributes positive and negative contrast to symmetrical factors.
Root numbers of abelian varieties

We generalize a theorem of D. Rohrlich concerning root numbers of elliptic curves over number fields. Our result applies to arbitrary abelian varieties. Namely, under certain conditions which naturally extend the conditions used by D. Rohrlich, we show that the root number W(A, τ) associated to an abelian variety A over a number field F and a complex finite-dimensional irreducible representation τ of Gal(F/F) with real-valued character is equal to 1. We also show that our result is consistent with a refined version of the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer.
A syringe adapter to facilitate aspiration at amniocentesis.

Abstract Background: Syringes were developed for injection, not aspiration. We describe an adapter that attaches to a standard syringe and aspirates by advancement rather than withdrawal. Technique: The adapter consists of a syringe barrel extension and an attachable finger grip. The adapter attached to a standard syringe allows aspiration by advancement rather than withdrawal, with the same hand motion used as with injection. Experience: In a comparison of timed in vitro fluid aspiration by 10 practitioners, mean times for aspiration of 15 mL were 32.4 seconds (range 24–45) with standard technique and 25.3 seconds (range 24–30) with the adapted syringe (P Conclusion: This adapter converts a standard syringe to one permitting aspiration by advancement rather than withdrawal. Practitioner feedback was positive with regard to ease of use, degree of effort, and overall satisfaction.
Steps, ledges and kinks on the surfaces of platinum nanoparticles of different shapes

Abstract Platinum nanoparticles with a high percentage of cubic-, tetrahedral- and octahedral-like shapes, respectively, have been synthesized by a shape-controlling technique that we developed recently [Ahmadi et al., Science 272 (June 1996) 1924]. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used here to directly image the atomic scale structures of the surfaces of these particles with different shapes. The truncated shapes of these particles are mainly defined by the {100}, {111}, and {110} facets, on which numerous atom-high surface steps, ledges and kinds have been observed. This atomic-scale fine structure of the surfaces of these particles is expected to play a critical role in their catalytic activity and selectivity.
The obstacles to successful CIM

Many firms have turned to computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) as the way to achieve competitive advantage in the fast-paced new environment of manufacturing. There are compelling reasons to investigate and implement CIM in this era of global competition because of the logical integration of components and the fit to the new organizational dynamics. However, there are several obstacles to the success of CIM that the firm should be aware of. This research reports on the obstacles identified in the CIM literature and those identified by internal and external constituencies in firms that have had a great deal of experience in implementation and operation. The obstacles are compared and contrasted and consolidated in order to provide the most relevant guidance available to those considering CIM. Suggested means of dealing with the obstacles are provided.
The separation of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to Raman optical activity via the Raman-induced Kerr effect

Abstract A procedure is presented for the complete separation of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole contributions to Raman optical activity using the Raman-induced Kerr effect. The method involves carrying out a series of co/counter-propagating and frequency interchange experiments. Feasibility is discussed as well as application to some recent experimental observations in α-quartz.
Dimensions of Land Inequality and Economic Development

There are several theories linking land inequality with aspects of economic development. Empirical work on these theories has attempted to establish a relationship between land inequality and institutions, financial development, and education. This research, though, has relied on measures of land inequality that capture only inequality within the class of landholders, ignoring completely the issue of landlessness. This omission raises suspicion about the usefulness of those empirical results. We use a new measure of the breadth of landholdings across the agricultural population to address this issue. We test the proposed relationships regarding land inequality and development using the new measure. The regressions fail to find significant and robust relationships between land inequality of either type and institutions or financial development. We do find that lower land inequality across agricultural populations, but not inequality within the landholding class, is associated with greater public provision of education.
Adenosine triphosphate and 3-ribosyluric acid levels in bovine erythrocytes treated with sodium flouride

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine erythrocytes were depleted of ATP by incubation with NaF or in buffered saline without glucose. 2. 2. When red cells depleted of ATP by incubation with NaF were washed and resuspended in phosphate-saline, ATP returned to the initial level within 5 min. 3. 3. When glucose was added to red cells depleted of ATP by incubation in a medium devoid of glucose, there was a steady increase in the level of ATP until it reached its initial value at about 30 min. 4. 4. 3-Ribosyluric acid was completely stable during these treatments and did not diffuse out of the red cells.
High-energy-neutron irradiation of A15 Mo0.4Tc0.6

Abstract High-energy-neutron (E #62; 1 MeV) irradiation of the A15 phase, Mo 0.4 Tc 0.6 , to a fluence of 1.9 × 10 20 neutrons/cm 2 resulted in only a slight decrease in the superconducting transition temperature (13.4 to 13.1 K). This is in sharp contrast to the results reported for comparable irradiations of high T c , Nb-based A15 compounds. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of the B atom in the A 3 B structure and related to the superconducting properties of an A2 type bcc phase of the same composition.
Cortex Controls Multisensory Depression in Superior Colliculus

Multisensory depression is a fundamental index of multisensory integration in superior colliculus (SC) neurons. It is initiated when one sensory stimulus (auditory) located outside its modality-spe...
Lucky Loyalty: The Effect of Consumer Effort on Predictions of Randomly Determined Marketing Outcomes

This research explores how loyal customers, those who have invested relatively high amounts of effort with a firm in the form of past purchases, respond to randomly determined marketing outcomes (e.g., winning a prize in a random drawing). Across five studies, participants exhibit a “lucky loyalty” effect, in which they believe that greater effort (e.g., dollars spent at a retailer or number of nights stayed at a hotel) results in greater likelihood of obtaining randomly determined promotional outcomes. Loyal customers report these higher subjective likelihoods for randomly determined outcomes because they feel they deserve special treatment from the firm. Theoretically, this work demonstrates that individuals appear to believe that they can earn “unearnable” outcomes through effort, even when the effort and outcome are unrelated. Boundary conditions for the lucky loyalty effect are presented, and the implications of the findings are discussed along with opportunities for future research.
Radial motion into an Einstein–Rosen bridge

We consider the radial geodesic motion of a massive particle into a black hole in isotropic coordinates, which represents the exterior region of an Einstein–Rosen bridge (wormhole). The particle enters the interior region, which is regular and physically equivalent to the asymptotically flat exterior of a white hole, and the particle’s proper time extends to infinity. Since the radial motion into a wormhole after passing the event horizon is physically different from the motion into a Schwarzschild black hole, Einstein–Rosen and Schwarzschild black holes are different, physical realizations of general relativity. Yet for distant observers, both solutions are indistinguishable. We show that timelike geodesics in the field of a wormhole are complete because the expansion scalar in the Raychaudhuri equation has a discontinuity at the horizon, and because the Einstein–Rosen bridge is represented by the Kruskal diagram with Rindler’s elliptic identification of the two antipodal future event horizons. These results suggest that observed astrophysical black holes may be Einstein–Rosen bridges, each with a new universe inside that formed simultaneously with the black hole. Accordingly, our own Universe may be the interior of a black
Fatal postoperative pulmonary edema: pathogenesis and literature review.

Study objectives Pulmonary edema is a known postoperative complication, but the clinical manifestations and danger levels for fluid administration are not known. We studied (1) 13 postoperative patients (11 adult, 2 pediatric) who developed fatal pulmonary edema, and (2) one contemporaneous year of inpatient operations at two university teaching hospitals to determine the clinical manifestations, causes, epidemiology, and guidelines for fluid administration. Design Retrospective analysis of 13 patients with fatal postoperative pulmonary edema and one contemporaneous year of major inpatient surgery. Patients and methods Thirteen patients had net fluid retention of at least 67 mL/kg in the initial 24 postoperative hours and developed pulmonary edema. Ten were generally healthy while three had serious associated medical conditions. Measurements and results There was no measurement, laboratory value, or clinical finding predictive of impending pulmonary edema. The most common clinical manifestation following the onset of pulmonary edema was cardiorespiratory arrest (n = 8). Patients had metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.15 ± .33), hypoxia (Po2 = 45 ± 18 mm Hg), and normal electrolytes. The diagnosis of pulmonary edema was established by chest radiograph and confirmed by autopsy and pulmonary artery pressure (21 ± 4 mm Hg). The mean net fluid retention was 7.0 ± 4.5 L (90 ± 36 mL/kg/d) and exceeded 67 mL/kg/d in all patients. Autopsy revealed pulmonary edema with no other cause of death. Among 8,195 major operations, 7.6% developed pulmonary edema with a mortality of 11.9%. Extrapolation to the 8.2 million annual major surgeries in the United States yields a projection of 8,000 to 74,000 deaths. Conclusions Pulmonary edema can occur within the initial 36 postoperative hours when net fluid retention exceeds 67 mL/kg/d. There are no known predictive warning signs and cardiorespiratory arrest is the most frequent clinical presentation. The monitoring systems currently in use neither detect nor predict impending pulmonary edema, and as yet, there are no known panic values for excessive fluid administration or retention.
Seroprevalence of Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Antibodies in the United States Population, 2009–2010

Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella are acute viral diseases that are preventable by vaccination. In the United States (US), routine measles, rubella, and mumps vaccination of children was initiated in 1963, 1969, and 1977, respectively. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine use of the combination measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1977 and a 2-dose schedule at ages 12–15 months and 4–6 years in 1989 [1]. As a result of high MMR vaccination coverage (≥90% in children aged 19–35 months), incidence declined; endemic transmission of measles was declared eliminated in 2000 and documented for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in 2004 [2, 3]. However, import-associated cases continue to occur in the US, because measles and rubella remain endemic in other countries. Reported mumps cases also declined to an average of <300 cases annually by the early 2000s, with outbreaks occurring in limited settings [1, 4, 5]. The varicella vaccination program was implemented in 1996 as a 1-dose program. By the end of the first decade of the program, vaccination coverage reached 90% among children aged 19–35 months and incidence declined by 90% [6]. However, outbreaks continued to occur among highly vaccinated populations [7]. In 2006, ACIP recommended implementation of a routine 2-dose program, with vaccination at the same ages as MMR vaccine [6]. Further reductions in incidence and outbreaks have been reported since 2006 [8]. To sustain these achievements, high population immunity is needed. Reported antibody seroprevalence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 was 96%, 90%, and 91% for MMR respectively [9–11]. Varicella seroprevalence among those aged 6–19 and 20–49 years was 94% and 98%, respectively [12]. Monitoring population seroprevalence remains important to potentially identify subgroups with higher susceptibility and guide national immunization policies. We assessed seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella antibodies in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population aged 6–49 years using samples from NHANES 2009–2010.