cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxicokinetic modeling of [14C] pentachlorophenol in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract An in vivo trout model was used to monitor the major routes and rates of pentachlorophenol uptake and elimination. Rainbow trout exposed to a mean sublethal water concentration (1.0 μg/l) of [14C]pentachlorophenol (PCP), a moderately lipophilic, relatively non-persistent environmental contaminant acquired a mean calculated dose of 230 μg/kg per 48 h and a mean measured dose of 212 μg/kg per 48 h. The rate constants determined for the calculated and measured doses were 5.0 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.1 l/kg per h, respectively. This close agreement between the calculated and measured doses and their rate constants provided further support for the use of this model system in aquatic toxicokinetic studies. A first-order kinetic model and observed data were used to generate fitted and predicted rate constants required for evaluation of first-order kinetics. The fitted first-order uptake-depuration curves for all experimental animals agreed with those observed suggesting first-order kinetics approximated the behavior of whole-body PCP burden. The predicted first-order uptake-depuration curve differed by a factor of 2–3 from that observed, due to the low predicted value used in the model for the steady-state PCP bioconcentration factor (BCF). A BCF of 460 was estimated from the first order simulation model developed from empirical data collected on uptake and elimination of PCP. The dosing time required to reach this steady-state BCF was 280 h. The estimated half-life ( T 1 2 ) was 65 h with approximately 50% eliminated over the gills, 30% in the feces and bile, and 20% in the urine. A depuration period of 280 h was required to eliminate 95% of the steady-state concentration of PCP. Approximately 43% of the 48-h dose of [14C]PCP remained in the major organs and muscle tissues of these trout at the end of the 96-h experiment. Of this amount, muscle contained 29% of the total remaining [14C]PCP equivalents while the remaining carcass contained 45% of the total remaining [14C]PCP. The PCP radiocarbon excreted in the urine was 10% PCP and 90% ‘other’ (metabolite/conjugate), while the bile was 45% PCP and 55% ‘other’ (metabolite/conjugate). PCP and its metabolites were rapidly eliminated from the bodies of fish, which provided for a low BCF. Efficient elimination of PCP should allow vertebrates to tolerate periodic low doses of PCP without toxic effects.
Noise performance of statistical model based iterative reconstruction in clinical CT systems

The statistical model based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) method has been introduced to clinical CT systems. Due to the nonlinearity of this method, the noise characteristics of MBIR are expected to differ from those of filtered backprojection (FBP). This paper reports an experimental characterization of the noise performance of MBIR equipped on several state-of-the-art clinical CT scanners at our institution. The thoracic section of an anthropomorphic phantom was scanned 50 times to generate image ensembles for noise analysis. Noise power spectra (NPS) and noise standard deviation maps were assessed locally at different anatomical locations. It was found that MBIR lead to significant reduction in noise magnitude and improvement in noise spatial uniformity when compared with FBP. Meanwhile, MBIR shifted the NPS of the reconstructed CT images towards lower frequencies along both the axial and the z frequency axes. This effect was confirmed by a relaxed slice thicknesstradeoff relationship shown in our experimental data. The unique noise characteristics of MBIR imply that extra effort must be made to optimize CT scanning parameters for MBIR to maximize its potential clinical benefits.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHLORELLA; EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

The purpose of the investigations here described was to determine to what extent the chemical composition of a plant can be altered by growing it under different environmental conditions. The three general processes which determine the organic composition of a plant are photosynthesis, respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic catabolism, and biosynthesis. In the present state of knowledge it is difficult to discern to what extent these three processes are interrelated. For the immediate purposes of this investigation it is, in fact, not essential to attempt to determine which of these processes may be responsible for any observed changes in composition. If decided changes in composition are observable as results of altered environmental conditions, these effects can then be further analyzed and can perhaps ultimately be ascribed to one or another of the major processes. The immediate problem was to discover which environmental conditions would, when altered, affect the organic composition of the plant, and to determine the nature and magnitude of the effect. The objective was to find environmental conditions which would materially modify the relative proportions of the three major plant constituents, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. For such an undertaking, very little information was available as a basis for a working hypothesis to aid in the choice of environmental conditions. It was obvious from the outset, therefore, that a large number of experiments would have to be made. In an investigation requiring many analyses, the determination of the organic composition of the plants in terms of definite chemical compounds, or even of groups of compounds, would be very laborious and time consuming. Regarding all of the organic carbon of the plant as arising from the reduction of, carbon dioxide, we were more concerned with the energy level of this total organic matter than with the isolation of particular constituents. The determination of the heat of combustion of the plant material would, in a measure, satisfy this requirement; but such data would have a limited usefulness. Recourse was taken to a very simple means of determining the "degree of reduction" of the entire organic material of the plant from its elementary chemical composition. This general concept, which has been used but little in connection with problems of this nature,
On the weak convergence of stochastic processes without discontinuities of the second kind

Subspaces Dα, α > 0, of D[0, 1] are defined and given complete metrics dα which are stronger than the Prokhorov metric. The spaces (Dαdα) are shown to be separable, and their pre-compact subsets are characterized. A condition which is known to guarantee weak pre-compactness of sets of probability measures over D[0, 1] is shown to also guarantee weak pre-compactness of probability measures over Dα for appropriate values of α. Applications are made to the weak convergence of measures induced by stochastic processes, and some examples are included.
Racial Patterns and School District Policy

Local control allows flexibility, but in this sample of school systems there was only limited adaptation as the systems were desegregated.
Preresonance Raman scattering of overtones: The scattering of two overtones of benzene in the ultraviolet†

Raman scattering of two vibrational overtones of benzene is found to undergo strong preresonance enhancement as the excitation frequency approaches the 1B2u state, the lowest lying, forbidden electronic transition at 265 nm. These preresonance active modes are the first overtone of the 606 cm−1e2g fundamental, which is responsible for the vibronically induced 1B2u intensity, and the first overtone of the 848 cm−1e1g fundamental, an out-of-plane CH bending mode. In order to treat this overtone preresonance Raman behavior theoretically, the molecular polarizability is consistently expanded to second order in nuclear displacements, and thus we consider all preresonance contributions of this order. The leading contributions of strictly dipole-forbidden electronic transitions to the scattering cross-section of overtones are exposed. Within this theoretical context it is seen how scattering cross-section for each of these resonance active overtones is derived from different sources. The preresonance scattering of the 606 cm−1 overtone results from the vibronic activity of this fundamental in the 1B2u transition. On the other hand, the 848 cm−1 overtone derives its 1B2u resonance activity from the change in its fundamental frequency (to 585 cm−1) in this excited electronic state. Furthermore, the 848 cm−1 overtone activity is built upon signifficant background preresonance contributions from other higher lying electronic transitions.
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for lean body mass and body length in MRL/MPJ and SJL/J F(2) mice.

Studies on the genetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of lean body mass (LBM) in mammals are minimal, although LBM is associated with a competent immune system and an overall good (healthy) body functional status. In this study, we performed a high-density genome-wide scan using 633 (MRL/MPJ × SJL/J) F2 intercross to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the regulation of LBM. We hypothesized that additional QTL can be identified using a different mouse cross (MRL/SJL cross). Ten QTL were identified for LBM on chromosomes (chrs) 2, 6, 7, 9,13 and 14. Of those ten, QTL on chrs 6, 7 and 14 were exclusive to LBM, while QTL on chrs 4 and 11 were exclusively body length. LBM QTL on chrs 2 and 9 overlap with those of size. Altogether, the ten LBM QTL explained 41.2% of phenotypic variance in F2 mice. Five significantly interacting loci that may be involved in the regulation of LBM were identified and accounted for 24.4% of phenotypic variance explained by the QTL. Five epistatic interactions, contributing 22.9% of phenotypic variance, were identified for body length. Interacting loci on chr 2 may influence LBM by regulating body length. Therefore, epistatic interactions as well as single QTL effects play an important role in the regulation of LBM.
Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in human amygdala and hippocampus.

Abstract Animal studies have shown that epileptiform seizures can cause cardiac arrhythmias and death. The amygdala and hippocampus are implicated in epileptogenesis and autonomic and respiratory control. We examined cardiac and respiratory correlations with single cell discharge in hippocampus and amygdala of patients with epilepsy. We recorded respiration, ECG, and neuronal discharge of amygdala and hippocampus from patients undergoing chronic depth electrode monitoring. Cross-correlation histograms were used to test for neuronal discharge timing relationships with inspiration or the ECG. Inspiratory time, respiratory period and heart rate were calculated for each breath, and linear regression was used to test for correlations with tonic unit rate. Of 183 cells from 24 patients, 20% had cardiac timing relationships and 23% showed tonic correlations with changes in heart rate. Only 2% had timing relationships with the respiratory cycle, while 15% showed tonic rate relationships with respiratory period. Recording sites did not differ in mean discharge rate or proportion of cells showing these correlations. These results indicate that a significant number of human forebrain cells show discharge modulation by the cardiac cycle and discharge rate correlation with changes in respiration and heart rate. This is supportive of animal models designed to explore the role of mesial temporal lobe structures in regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, although a lower proportion of cells in human temporal lobe showed timing relationships with respiration and there was no clear evidence of anatomic specificity between amygdala and hippocampus.
Crystalline inclusion in thylakoids of spinach chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves from healthy and curly top infected plants contain crystalline inclusions enclosed in membranes. The membranes are clearly related to the thylakoids of both kinds, those in the stroma and those assembled into grana. There is evidence that the development of the inclusions involves a partial or a complete dilation of a thylakoid, an accumulation of granular material in the dilation, and an assembly of the granules into crystals. In the discussion, the inclusion is compared with crystalline and amorphous protein inclusions reported in plastids of other plants.
Computerized 3D breast phantom with enhanced high-resolution detail

We previously proposed a three-dimensional computerized breast phantom that combines empirical data with the flexibility of mathematical models1. The goal of this project is to enhance the breast phantom to include a more detailed anatomy than currently visible and create additional phantoms from different breast CT data. To improve the level of detail in our existing segmentations, the breast CT data is reconstructed at a higher resolution and additional image processing techniques are used to correct for noise and scatter in the image data. A refined segmentation algorithm is used that incorporates more detail than previously defined. To further enhance high-resolution detail, mathematical models, implementing branching algorithms to extend the glandular tissue throughout the breast and to define Cooper's ligaments, are under investigation. We perform the simulation of mammography and tomosynthesis using an analytical projection algorithm that can be applied directly to the mathematical model of the breast without voxelization2. This method speeds up image acquisition, reduces voxelization artifacts, and produces higher resolution images than the previously used method. The realistic 3D computerized breast phantom will ultimately be incorporated into the 4DXCAT phantom3-5 to be used for breast imaging research.
Some models in epidemic control

Abstract A population having members that are either susceptible or immune to a given disease is studied. It is assumed that the number of susceptibles increases stochastically as a pure birth process until either a decision is made to vaccinate all susceptibles or the disease strikes, which confers immunity on all surviving members. The problem is to balance the cost of population vaccination versus the costs and risks of epidemic outbreak and to arrive at a vaccination schedule that minimizes the long-run time-average sum of these two cost factors. Several specific models within this general structure are studied, including one relevant to bovine virus diarrhea.
A recent survey of production scheduling

Recent advances in the theory and practice of production scheduling cut across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Different research communities have addressed different aspects of the problem, bringing to bear a variety of research traditions, problem perspectives, and analytical techniques. The breadth and practical implications of contemporary work in this field is assessed. A structured overview, a high-level bibliography, and a limited critique of seven scheduling paradigms are provided. The sense and direction of current developments in each of these seven areas are summarized. The contributions, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach are considered. >
Axial dispersion of solids in rotary solid flow systems

A simple unidirectional diffusion model is employed to analyze the axial dispersion of solid particles flowing through a rotary solid flow system, namely a rotary dryer. It is shown that the reciprocal of the Peclet number D/uL is uniquely correlated as a function of the dimensionless number F/dSN which characterizes the operating conditions of the rotary dryer.
An analytical model of continental rift fault patterns

Abstract Two proposed mechanisms of rift initiation are crustal uplift alone and a combination of crustal uplift and regional horizontal extension. A three-dimensional, thick-plate, elastic analysis has been used to model the crustal stress state and the fault patterns associated with these mechanisms. Small ratios of uplift width to crustal thickness ( For the crustal uplift model, the surface fault pattern is characterized by normal faults trending parallel to the major uplift axis at the uplift center and radial normal faults toward the ends of the major uplift axis. Zones of compressional structures (e.g., strikeslip and thrust faults) may develop at the periphery of the uplift. Superposition of regional horizontal tension with the stresses produced by crustal uplift eliminates the compressive stresses at the uplift periphery producing normal faults parallel to the major uplift axis at the uplift center and normal faults perpendicular to the major uplift axis at the uplift periphery. A comparison of these predicted fault patterns with the faults of the Rhine graben suggests that the combination of crustal uplift and regional horizontal extension contributed to the formation of that rift system. The stresses produced by crustal uplift promoted the formation of the central graben and the fan-shaped troughs toward the ends of the major uplift axes, while superposed regional horizontal tension eliminated the large compressive stresses at the uplift periphery promoting the normal faulting and dike intrusions observed on the Rhine graben flanks.
Universal versus risk factor-targeted early inpatient postpartum depression screening

AbstractObjective: To assess differences in two different approaches to early inpatient Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screening (targeted risk factor screening versus universal screening).Methods: Retrospective study of two cohorts delivering from January 2010 to June 2010. Cohort 1 included 5-weeks of consecutive deliveries. Risk factors for a positive EPDS screen were determined by multivariable logistic regression. Cohort 2 included all delivering women in the subsequent 5 months who had the most common risk factor (history of mental illness) for postpartum depression identified from Cohort 1.Results: For Cohort 1 of universal screening (N = 322), 11 (3.4%) had positive screens with seven (63.6%) having a history of any mental illness yielding the number needed to screen to identify one EPDS positive mother of 29. For Cohort 2 (N = 215), there were 33 (15.3%) positive screens and the number needed to have a positive screen was 6. Without a history of mental illness, predictive models for ...
An examination of the relationship between systemic punishment and systemic frustration

Political scientists and sociologists have frequently explained political revolution in terms of individual frustration. The frustration has been inferred from changes in overall indicators of societal conditions. This analytic approach may commit the ecological fallacy since individual responses are inferred from group measures. Data were collected from 445 registered voters in the city of Detroit. The mail survey examined the relationship between individual reports of payoffs in institutional settings, such as educational achievement and income and the individual’s perceived frustration. Greater payoffs were associated with less frustration at statistically significant levels. Two conclusions were considered important in terms of the previous research. First, relationships were consistent with the reasoning in previous work, although they did not eliminate the possibility of the ecological fallacy. Second, a large proportion of the variance in individual frustration was not accounted for by the objective measures of payoffs in institutional settings.
Ambiguity function and Cramer-Rao bound in the multisignal case

The author aims to bridge the gap between the classical theory of signal processing and modern signal processing for multiple signals. The classical ambiguity function of a single signal used in signal detection and estimation has been extended to superimposed multiple signals. It is shown that the geometric curvature of the generalised ambiguity function at its peak determines the Cramer-Rao bound for estimating unknown parameters in multiple signals and that the asymptotic covariance matrix of the maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters is also given by the curvature when all signals are strong.
Associations Between Hemoglobin Level, Resource Use, and Medical Costs in Patients With Heart Failure: Findings From HF-ACTION

Background Reports that patients with heart failure and anemia incur greater costs and medical resource use have relied largely on data with limited clinical detail.
A portfolio of fine resolution SAR images

Sandia National Laboratories designs and builds Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems capable of forming high-quality exceptionally fine resolution images. Resolutions as fine as 4 inches (10 cm) in both slant range and azimuth are routinely formed in real time on board Sandia’s DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft using a Ku-band SAR. Resolutions as fine as 6 inches (15 cm) in both slant range and azimuth are routinely formed using an X-band SAR. Careful system design allows high image quality as measured by nearly ideal Impulse Response (IPR) shapes, with typical Multiplicative Noise Ratios (MNR) of better than 20 dB, and a noise equivalent reflectivity usually better than -30 dB. Collection geometries routinely include squint angles 45 degrees both fore and aft of broadside, on either side of the aircraft. This paper offers a collection of high quality images representative of the output of Sandia’s testbed radar. High-quality fine-resolution images of a variety of target scenes will be displayed, with annotation describing relevant image parameters.
Long-Term Correlations between Mining Activity and Levels of Lead and Cadmium in Tree-Rings of Eastern Red-Cedar

Growth increments of eastern red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) from sites in the Pb mining district of southeast Missouri were subjected to multielemental analysis. Three chronologies, two of Pb and one of Cd, were constructed from heartwood growth increments of 27 trees on sites in the mining district and on control sites. No significant increases in Pb and Cd were found in growth increments of trees on control sites. Lead in the xylem of trees growing in acid soils of the mining district increased from 3.1 µmol kg⁻¹ in growth increments formed before 1900 to 7.8 µmol kg⁻¹ in increments formed after 1900. Cadmium was detected in 46% of the wood formed after 1900 vs. 3% of the wood formed before 1900. Lead and Cd were found only in wood grown on acid soils (pH <4.6) and not in wood grown in more basic soils. Lead and Cd concentrations in growth increments are found to be highly correlate with Pb production. Lead in sapwood was also found to correlate with soil pH on acid sites in both the mining district and in the control sites. Contribution from Univ. of Missouri-Columbia's The School of Natural Resources. Research supported in part by USDA Grant 86-CRCR-1-2074. This is paper no. 11 222 in the Univ. of Missouri's Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Series.
GABAERGIC REGULATION OF CEREBRAL MICROVASCULAR TONE IN THE RAT

The role of GABA in regulating cerebral microvessels was examined in the parenchyma of the hippocampus and the surface of the neocortex. Microvessels were monitored in in vitro slices using computer-assisted videomicroscopy, and synaptically evoked field responses were simultaneously recorded. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, elicited vasodilation in hippocampal microvessels, whereas the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, elicited constriction. The muscimol-induced dilation persisted in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-l-arginine, indicating that this response is not mediated by nitric oxide. Inhibition of neuronal discharge activity with tetrodotoxin did not alter this dilation, but it fully blocked the constrictor response to baclofen. These data suggest that GABAB-mediated, but not GABAA-mediated, responses are dependent on action potential generation. The GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin, elicited constriction, sugges...
Fluticasone propionate powder and lack of clinically significant effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and bone mineral density over 2 years in adults with mild asthma

Abstract Background: Although inhaled corticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of inflammation in asthma, prospective, long-term, placebo-controlled trials characterizing their systemic safety with chronic use are lacking. Objective: This study was designed to prospectively evaluate the long-term safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate therapy. Methods: Fluticasone propionate powder, 500 μg, or placebo was administered twice daily by means of the Diskhaler for 104 weeks to 64 adults with mild persistent asthma in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Primary safety variables were measured at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Although evaluation of efficacy was not an objective of this study, pulmonary function testing was performed at monthly intervals. Results: Two years of treatment with fluticasone propionate had no significant effects on the skeletal system. No clinically significant changes were observed in ophthalmic parameters (glaucoma and posterior subcapsular cataracts). Mean change from baseline in lumbar spine (L 1 to L 4 ) bone density at week 104 was not significantly different between fluticasone propionate (–0.006 ± 0.008 g/cm 2 ) and placebo (–0.007 ± 0.010 g/cm 2 ). Markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin) and resorption (urinary N-telopeptide) did not differ significantly between treatment groups. The effects of fluticasone propionate treatment on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis were minimal, with no alterations in morning plasma cortisol concentrations and minor but statistically significant decreases in poststimulation mean peak plasma cortisol concentrations ( P = .021) and 8-hour plasma cortisol area under the curve values ( P = .020) at week 104. Drug-related adverse events were primarily topical effects of inhaled corticosteroids. Pulmonary function improved significantly during 2 years of fluticasone propionate treatment. Conclusion: Fluticasone propionate powder, 500 μg twice daily for up to 2 years, was efficacious and well tolerated, with no clinically relevant effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, bone density, or ophthalmic parameters in adults with mild asthma. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:1062-8.)
Correlation scales of digital elevation models in developed coastal environments

Accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) often depends on how features of different spatial scales are represented. Scale dependence is particularly important in low gradient coastal environments where small vertical errors can affect large areas and where representation of fine scale topographic features can influence how DEMs are used for modeling inundation. It is commonly observed that different types of DEMs represent larger, coarse-scale topographic features similarly but differ in how they represent smaller, finer-scale features. The spatial-scale dependence of DEM accuracy can be quantified in terms of the correlation scale (λC); the spatial wavelength above which models agree with spectral coherency > 0.5 and below which they differ. We compare cross spectral analyses of the GDEM2 and SRTM global DEMs with 14,572 LiDAR-derived elevations along transects in diverse coastal environments of New York City. Both global DEMs have positive bias relative to LiDAR ground elevations, but bias (μ) and uncertainty (σ) of GDEM2 (μ: 8.1 m; σ: 7.6 m) are significantly greater than those of SRTM (μ: 1.9 m; σ: 3.6 m). Cross-spectral coherency between GDEM2 and the LiDAR DEM begins to roll-off at scales of λ < ~ 3 km, while coherency between SRTM and the LiDAR DEM begins to roll-off at scales of λ < ~ 1 km. The correlation scale below which coherency with LiDAR attains a signal to noise ratio of 1 is ~ 1 km for GDEM2 and ~ 0.5 km for SRTM; closely matching the divergence scales where the surface roughness of the land cover exceeds the roughness of the underlying terrain.
SUPPLY-CHAIN NETWORK CONFIGURATION FOR PRODUCT RECOVERY

The current growth in consumption results in resource reduction, increasing waste production and, ultimately, environmental deterioration. Both government and consumer concerns regarding these issues have been driving reduction efforts in waste and natural resource-usage. These environmental issues, in addition to economic opportunities, result in the concept of product cycles that oppose the traditional ‘one-way’ economy. One approach is to create product recovery networks in which used products are collected, reprocessed and later redistributed to the customer. Product recovery networks differ from typical forward-only networks. Therefore, specific work considering their issues is necessary. In this work, we study a closed-loop supply chain in which manufacturers produce new products and remanufacture used products. The decisions to be made are: which warehouses and collection centres should be open, which warehouses should have sorting capabilities and how much material should be transported between ea...
Countable-compact-covering maps and compact-covering maps

Abstract We show that every countable-compact-covering map with compact fibers from a separable metric space X onto a first-countable, regular space Y is compact-covering. We also show that the assumption that ƒ is countable-compact-covering cannot be replaced by a weaker condition.
CONTINGENCIES IN THE EFFECTS OF PAY RANGE ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

The degree of pay spread can influence many organizational level outcomes (e.g., workforce productivity and organizational performance), but empirical studies are inconsistent about the directionality of the effect. We argue that it is not simply the width of the pay range but also the factors responsible for the width that explain the effects of the pay range on employee and organizational outcomes. We expect that when wider pay ranges are attributable to the use of performance-based pay, the effects of the pay range on performance are positive, but narrower pay ranges attributable to performance-based pay reduce this effect substantially. By contrast, wider pay ranges attributable to politically based pay should have negative effects on performance, and this effect should be weakened when the pay ranges are narrower. Data from a sample of motor carriers generally support our predictions. Although wider pay ranges have positive effects, the results reveal a complex pattern of relationships among the basis of pay allocations and pay range width on the one hand and workforce productivity and organizational performance on the other. Implications for future compensation and strategic human resource management research are discussed.
Abnormal Brain Network Organization in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by preoccupation with misperceived defects of appearance, causing significant distress and disability. Previous studies suggest abnormalities in information processing characterized by greater local relative to global processing. The purpose of this study was to probe whole-brain and regional white matter network organization in BDD, and to relate this to specific metrics of symptomatology. We acquired diffusion-weighted 34-direction MR images from 14 unmedicated participants with DSM-IV BDD and 16 healthy controls, from which we conducted whole-brain deterministic diffusion tensor imaging tractography. We then constructed white matter structural connectivity matrices to derive whole-brain and regional graph theory metrics, which we compared between groups. Within the BDD group, we additionally correlated these metrics with scores on psychometric measures of BDD symptom severity as well as poor insight/delusionality. The BDD group showed higher whole-brain mean clustering coefficient than controls. Global efficiency negatively correlated with BDD symptom severity. The BDD group demonstrated greater edge betweenness centrality for connections between the anterior temporal lobe and the occipital cortex, and between bilateral occipital poles. This represents the first brain network analysis in BDD. Results suggest disturbances in whole brain structural topological organization in BDD, in addition to correlations between clinical symptoms and network organization. There is also evidence of abnormal connectivity between regions involved in lower-order visual processing and higher-order visual and emotional processing, as well as interhemispheric visual information transfer. These findings may relate to disturbances in information processing found in previous studies.
The Social Construction of Card Playing among the Daulo

While most Daulo people in Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea gamble at cards, there is disagreement about the acceptability of this activity. Organized opposition to card-playing comes from two sources that, in other contexts, are at odds with each other: the wok meri (‘women's work‘) movement and the Village Court. Both criticize card-playing as individualistic, economically unproductive, and unpredictable. Gambling at cards contributes to differences in individual wealth and the Daulo are ambivalent about inequality. While they strongly approve of competition, they believe that it should be harnessed for the good of the group, not just the individual. The tension between these sometimes conflicting values is expressed by the polarity of Daulo people's strong attraction to card games and the organized opposition that gambling elicits from wok meri and the Village Court.
Multi-wavelength Operation of a Control Algorithm for Mobile FSO Node Alignment

This paper investigates the performance of a recently proposed pointing, acquisition and tracking algorithm for mobile FSO node alignment through experimental methods that include multi-wavelength operation. The performance is evaluated on key parameters including power availability at the receiver, switching time, link recapturing time, and coverage area at the receiver plane. The dependence of performance on the fiber-lens distance at transmitter was examined. The results show that the alignment control system successfully recovered and maintained the link at each selected wavelength while the receiver was in motion.
Some alkali and titania analyses of tektites before and after G-1 precision monitoring

Abstract A comparison of 55 older analyses of Australasian tektites with 110 modern precisely monitored analyses suggests that more than half of the older alkali and titania determinations are decidedly inaccurate and misleading. Deviations of the older analyses from the restricted values of the modern analyses are comparable to the imprecisions shown by early analyses of G-1 granite and W-1 diabase. This suggests that a high percentage of older alkali and titania analyses, such as those of Washington's tables, are of questionable quality.
Electric Field Distribution of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) Detectors

Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) is attracting increasing interest with its promise as a room-temperature nuclear-radiationdetector material. The distribution of the electric field in CZT detectors substantially affects their detection performance. At Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), we employed a synchrotron X-Ray mapping technique and a Pockels-effect measurement system to investigate this distribution in different detectors. Here, we report our latest experimental results with three detectors of different width/height ratios. A decrease in this ratio aggravates the non-uniform distribution of electric field, and focuses it on the central volume. Raising the bias voltage effectively can minimize such nonuniformity of the electric field distribution. The position of the maximum electric field is independent of the bias voltage; the difference between its maximum- and minimum-intensity of electric field increases with the applied bias voltage.
SYNTHETIC CAPACITIES OF CHROMOSOME FRAGMENTS CORRELATED WITH THEIR ABILITY TO MAINTAIN NUCLEOLAR MATERIAL

Onion (Allium cepa) and bean (Vicia faba) root tip cells containing many micronuclei, derived from x-ray-induced chromosome fragments, were exposed to H3-thymidine and H3-cytidine to determine the ability of such fragments to undergo DNA and RNA synthesis. Only a few micronuclei in onion and many in bean roots synthesize nucleic acid simultaneously with their main nuclei. A few micronuclei labeled with H3-thymidine undergo mitotic chromosome condensation along with the main nuclei, while the unlabeled ones never do so. The onset of nucleic acid synthesis as well as mitosis in micronuclei appears to be under generalized cellular control. Although all chromosomes and chromosome fragments at telophase give a positive reaction for a silver stainable nucleolar fraction, in the subsequent interphase only some micronuclei, derived from such chromosome fragments, are found to maintain nucleoli; others lose them with time. Those micronuclei which maintain nucleoli, perhaps due to the presence of specific chromosomal regions, are also active in DNA and RNA synthesis. These results are compatible with the concept that nucleoli and associated chromosome regions play an important role in the primary biosynthetic processes of the cell.
Interactions of NO and SO2 with iron deposited on silica

Abstract The interactions of NO and SO 2 with both clean and iron-deposited, single-crystal surfaces of SiO 2 at temperatures of 298, 473, and 673°K were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Neither NO nor SO 2 showed any reaction with clean SiO 2 at the three temperatures studied. The iron that was deposited onto the SiO 2 surface remained in the metallic state. Both NO and SO 2 interacted with this iron-covered silica (Fe/SiO 2 ). The total amount of adsorbed gas increased with increased iron coverage. Two forms of nitrogen, nitride and molecularly adsorbed NO, were observed when an Fe/SiO 2 surface at 298°K was exposed to NO. When the reaction was carried out at 473°K, the amount of nitride increased, but molecularly adsorbed NO was no longer observed. AT 673°K, neither form of nitrogen was observed. An adsorbed oxygen peak appeared at all three temperatures. The presence of both the nitride and the oxygen peaks indicated that dissociation of NO occurred on the Fe/SiO 2 surface. When the Fe/SiO 2 system at 298°K was exposed to SO 2 , two forms of sulfur, sulfate and sulfide, were observed. At 473°K the amount of sulfide increased slightly while the amount of sulfate decreased slightly. Neither form of sulfur was observed at 673°K.
Rare earth elements in the phosphatic-enriched sediment of the Peru shelf

Abstract Apatite-enriched materials from the Peru shelf have been analyzed for their major oxide and rare earth element (REE) concentrations. The samples consist of (1) the fine fraction of sediment, mostly clay material, (2) phosphatic pellets and fish debris, which are dispersed throughout the fine-grained sediment, (3) tabular-shaped phosphatic crusts, which occur within the uppermost few centimeters of sediment, and (4) phosphatic nodules, which occur on the seafloor. The bulk REE concentrations of the concretions suggest that these elements are partitioned between the enclosed detrital material and the apatite fraction. Analysis of the fine-grained sediment with which the samples are associated suggested that this detrital fraction in the concretions should have shale REE values; the analysis of the fish debris suggested that the apatite fraction might have seawater values. The seawater contribution of REE's is negligible in the nodules and crust, in which the apatite occurs as a fine-grained interstitial cement. That is, the concentration of REE's and the REE patterns are predominantly a function of the amount of enclosed fine-grained sediment. By contrast, the REE pattern of the pelletal apatite suggests a seawater source and the absolute REE concentrations are relatively high. The REE P 2 O 5 ratios of the apatite fraction of these samples thus vary from approximately zero (in the case of the crust and nodules) to as much as approximately 1.2 × 10−3 (in the case of the pellets). The range of this ratio suggests that rather subtle variations in the depositional environment might cause a significant variation in the REE content of this authigenic fraction of the sediment. Pelletal glauconite was also recovered from one sediment core. Its REE concentrations closely resemble those of the fish debris.
Dilations and Mehler's kernel

An explicit formula for the second quantization of a contraction matrix on a finite dimensional Hilbert space is derived by means of dilation theory. When the dimension is one, this reduces to Mehler's formula.
Lexical ambiguity and the role of knowledge representation in lexicon design

The traditional framework for ambiguity resolution employs only 'static' knowledge, expressed generally as selectional restrictions or domain specific constraints, and makes no use of any specific knowledge manipulation mechanisms apart from the simple ability to match valences of structurally related words. In contrast, this paper suggests how a theory of lexical semantics making use of a knowledge representation framework offers a richer, more expressive vocabulary for lexical information. In particular, by performing specialized inference over the ways in which aspects of knowledge structures of words in context can be composed, mutually compatible and contextully relevant lexical components of words and phrases are highlighted. In the view presented here, lexical ambiguity resolution is an integral part of the same procedure that creates the semantic interpretation of a sentence itself.
Enhancement of RAPD Analysis by Restriction‐endonuclease Digestion of Template DNA in Wheat

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis has proven to be an effective procedure for molecular marker applications in plant breeding, although non-specific amplification may limit its utility in some species. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of restriction-endonuclease digestion of template DNA for elimination of non-specific amplification and generation of heritable RAPD markers. Restriction endonucleases digested wheat DNA to completion in amplification buffer, suggesting that the restriction endonuclease can be added directly to the reaction mixture prior to amplification. A 1-h 37°C step was programmed into the thermal cycler for restriction-endonuclease digestion which was followed immediately by amplification. Non-specific amplification was reduced and DNA marker patterns were altered in digested samples when compared to undigested samples. Genetic segregation of two polymorphic markers tested in F5 inbred progeny fit expected 1:1 ratios. These results suggest that heritable DNA markers may be generated with reduction in non-specific amplification when restriction-endonuclease digestion of template DNA is conducted as part of the RAPD procedure.
Dynamical fluctuations and nuclear multifragmentation

Abstract Energetic nucleus-nucleus collisions display spontaneous symmetry breaking, such as multifragmentation, and we report on current efforts to extend BUU-type dynamical models to incorporate the fluctuations arising from the stochastic nature of the two-body collision integral, in the presence of the instabilities caused by the effective one-body field.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 107

Abstract All literature containing nuclear structure data pertaining to the mass chain A = 107 has been reviewed and evaluated. The main data have been summarized and used to construct level and decay schemes. Overall, the data only allow few definitive spin and parity assignments to be made. Inconsistencies in the data are noted either by direct comparison or in footnotes. The present compilation might serve as a basis for choosing definitive experiments that would augment our knowledge of nuclei in this mass chain. Data received prior to November 1971 have been included.
On the Possibility of a Pragmatic Discourse Bioethics: Putnam, Habermas, and the Normative Logic of Bioethical Inquiry

Pragmatic bioethics represents a novel approach to the discipline of bioethics, yet has met with criticisms which have beset the discipline of bioethics in the past. In particular, pragmatic bioethics has been criticized for its excessively fuzzy approach to fundamental questions of normativity, which are crucial to a field like bioethics. Normative questions need answers, and consensus is not always enough. The approach here is to apply elements of the discourse ethics of Habermas and Putnam to the sphere of bioethics, in order to develop a normative structure out of the framework of bioethical inquiry as it stands. The idea here is that the process of inquiry contains its own normative structure as it aims to discover norms. Such an approach, which fuses pragmatic bioethics with discourse ethics (which equally draws on pragmatism), may rightly be called a “Pragmatic Discourse Bioethics.”
HIV-1 Vpu targets cell surface markers CD4 and BST-2 through distinct mechanisms

Abstract Vpu is a small integral membrane protein encoded by HIV-1 and some SIV isolates. The protein is known to induce degradation of the viral receptor molecule CD4 and to enhance the release of newly formed virions from the cell surface. Vpu accomplishes these two functions through two distinct mechanisms. In the case of CD4, Vpu acts as a molecular adaptor to connect CD4 to an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex resulting in CD4 degradation by cellular proteasomes. This requires signals located in Vpu’s cytoplasmic domain. Enhancement of virus release on the other hand involves the neutralization of a cellular host factor, BST-2 (also known as CD317, HM1.24, or tetherin) and requires Vpu’s TM domain. The current review discusses recent advances on the role of Vpu in controlling degradation of CD4 and in regulating virus release.
Microsomal activation of 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene to mutagens in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (1- and 3-nitro-BaP) are environmental pollutants and are S9-mediated mutagens in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase assay. In this study, we examined the pathways leading to the mutagenic activation of these compounds in CHO cells. The microsomal metabolites of 1- and 3-nitro-BaP, the 1- and 3-nitro-BaP trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrodiols (trans-7,8-dihydrodiols) and the 1- and 3-nitro-BaP trans-9,10-dihydrodiols, were isolated and tested for mutagenicity. At the concentrations assayed, both trans-9,10-dihydrodiols were non-mutagenic with and without S9 activation. In contrast, the trans-7,8-dihydrodiols of 1- and 3-nitro-BaP were direct-acting mutagens and these responses were similar in magnitude to the S9-mediated mutagenicities of the parent nitro-BaPs. S9 increased the mutagenic responses of the trans-7,8-dihydrodiols approximately 20-fold. Inhibition of epoxide hydrolase decreased the S9-mediated mutagenicity of 1-nitro-BaP by half, but doubled the S9-mediated mutagenicity of 3-nitro-BaP. These results suggest that in CHO cells: (i) the major route of mutagenic activation of 1- and 3-nitro-BaP involves S9-generated derivatives of the trans-7,8-dihydrodiols, e.g. bay-region diol epoxides; (ii) reactive nitroarene oxides may contribute to mutation induction by 3-nitro-BaP; and (iii) metabolic routes involving trans-9,10-dihydrodiol formation result in detoxification.
Use of an Electronic Record Audit to Enhance Mental Health Training for Pediatric Residents

Background: Increased emphasis has been placed in pediatric residency programs on the identification and treatment of child mental health disorders. Description: An electronic record audit was developed to assess residents' behavioral health skills and optimize behavioral health training. Information from the electronic audit was used to provide feedback to preceptors, modify the training curriculum, and increase access to mental health referrals. Evaluation: The audit determined the frequency of detected mental health problems, types of disorders identified, use of screening instruments, and behavioral health interventions and/or referrals by pediatric residents over a 2-year period. However, measurement of the effectiveness of curriculum and training interventions was undetermined due to the evolving implementation of changes based on continuous audit findings. Conclusions: Recommendations for future use of this technique include establishing baseline skills and targeting specific areas for training and...