cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) was considered over 3 decades ago in 1970; however, the technology did not exist then for an accurate neonatal screening test. With the development of immunoreactive trypsinogen analysis, alone or coupled with DNA mutation analysis, the means were developed for CF newborn screening. Studies have demonstrated benefits of newborn screening in the areas of nutrition, cognitive function, pulmonary function, and survival.
Spectroscopic Investigation of the Composition of Electrospun Titania Nanofibers

We investigate the structure and chemical nature of titania nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to identify CO2 clathrates trapped within the nanofiber structures. These molecular species are formed during pyrolysis of the guide polymer. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identifies silicon within the nonwoven sheets. This led us to discover that impurities can be inadvertently incorporated during the electrospinning process from something as simple as a short piece of silicone tubing on a syringe pump. These findings should help advance the field of electrospinning by demonstrating the importance of spectroscopic characterization of materials synthesized by this technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COLD ADAPTATION AND THE ANAESTHETIC REQUIREMENT FOR CYCLOPROPANE IN RATS

SUMMARY The effect of cold adaptation at 4 °C on cyclopropane MAC was studied in 10 Wistar rats over a 16-week period. Compared with a similar control group (normally adapted), there was a significant decrease in weight gain and a significant increase in anaesthetic requirement in the cold-adapted rats.
Structural characterization of [κ2-(t-Bu)2PCH2C(O)C6H5]PdMe(η2-C2H4)+BAr'4-: A model for the catalyst resting state for ethylene polymerization

The Pd methyl−ethylene complex (P,O)PdMe(η2-C2H4)+BAr‘4- ((P,O) = phenacyldi-tert-butylphosphine; Ar‘ = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) has been isolated and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Th...
Test-retest reliability and practice effects of expanded Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery.

Test-retest reliabilities and practice effects of a broad range of neuropsychological measures were examined in 384 normal or neurologically stable adults. Median test-retest interval was 11 months (range 3-16 months). The reliability estimates for most of the measures are reasonably good, ranging from .70 to low .90s. An exception is the relatively poor reliabilities of most memory measures. For all test measures, the value on initial testing is a strong determinant of the value on the second examination. Practice effects are seen on most measures. The magnitude of the practice effects, however, varies as a function of type of measure, test-retest interval, age, and overall competency level of the participant. This study provides several types of retest information that may be useful for future research and clinical work: comparative reliabilities of the various measures, estimate of error variability associated with each administration, standard deviation of the change, and comparative magnitude of practice effects on various tests.
Functional Test Generation Using Efficient Property Clustering and Learning Techniques

Functional verification is one of the major bottlenecks in system-on-chip design due to the combined effects of increasing complexity and lack of automated techniques for generating efficient tests. Several promising ideas using bounded model checking are proposed over the years to efficiently generate counterexamples (tests). The existing researchers have used incremental satisfiability to improve the counterexample generation, involving only one property by sharing knowledge across instances of the same property with incremental bounds. In this paper, we present a framework that can efficiently reduce the overall test generation time by exploiting the similarity among different properties. This paper makes two primary contributions: (1) it proposes novel methods to cluster similar properties; and (2) it develops efficient learning techniques that can significantly reduce the overall test generation time for the properties in a cluster by sharing knowledge across similar test generation instances. Our experimental results using both software and hardware benchmarks demonstrate that our approach can drastically reduce (on average three to five times) the overall test generation time compared to existing methods.
Metal–metal bond energies in Mo2, Mo2Cl 84−, and Mo2(O2CH)4

Previous attempts to determine the strengths of multiple metal-metal bonds are reviewed. Estimates of 73 and 97 kcal/mole for the MoMo bond energies in Mo2Cl and Mo2(O2CH)4, respectively, are obtained by combining the known experimental bond energy in Mo2 (96.5 ± 5 kcal/mole) with the results of SCF-Xα-SW calculations on Mo2, Mo2Cl, and Mo2(O2CH)4. Possible errors in the estimates are discussed. It is noted that the quadruple bonds in the complexes are predicted stronger per component than the sextuple bond in the diatomic.
Thinnest Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterial—Graphene for Solar Energy

Graphene is a rapidly rising star in materials science. This two-dimensional material exhibits unique properties, such as low resistance, excellent optical transmittance, and high mechanical and chemical stabilities. These exceptional advantages possess great promise for its potential applications in photovoltaic devices. In this Review, we present the status of graphene research for solar energy with emphasis on solar cells. Firstly, the preparation and properties of graphene are described. Secondly, applications of graphene as transparent conductive electrodes and counter electrodes are presented. Thirdly, graphene-based electron- (or hole) accepting materials for solar energy conversion are evaluated. Fourthly, the promoting effect of graphene on photovoltaic devices and the photocatalytic property of graphene-semiconductor composites are discussed. Finally, the challenges to increase the power conversion efficiency of graphene-based solar cells are explored.
The Sweet Enchantment of Color-Blind Racism in Obamerica

It has become accepted dogma among whites in the United States that race is no longer a central factor determining the life chances of Americans. In this article, the authors counter this myth by describing how the ideology of color-blind racism works to defend and justify the contemporary racial order. The authors illustrate three basic frames of this ideology, namely, abstract liberalism, cultural racism, and minimization of racism. The authors then examine research that has empirically shown the effects of color-blind racism on whites’ reactions to Hurricane Katrina, among whites who have adopted children of color, and in America’s elite law schools. Finally, the authors examine how the election of Barack Obama is not an example of America becoming a “post-racial” country but reflects color-blind racism. The authors argue that the Obama phenomenon as a cultural symbol and his political stance and persona on race are compatible with color-blind racism. The authors conclude with the prognosis that, under...
A Monte Carlo evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of the EchoSeed™ Model 6733 125I brachytherapy source

Purpose: Recently a new design of a 125 I brachytherapy source was introduced for interstitial seed im- plants, particularly for prostate seed implants. This new source is the EchoSeed™Model 6733 125 I brachy- therapy source. Due to the differences in source design and manufacturing process from one new source to the next, their dosimetric parameters should be determined according to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) TG-43 guidelines. Methods and Materials: As per AAPM recommendation, it is required to perform at least one experimental study and one Monte Carlo simulation, preferably done by two independent investigators. Other investigators have experimentally determined the dosimetric parameters of this new source. In this project, the Monte Carlo simulated dosimetric parameters of the EchoSeed™ Model 6733 source have been provided. Results: The results of this evaluation indicate the value of the dose rate constant of 0.97 � 3% cGyh � 1 U � 1 in liquid water, which is in good agreement with the measured value of 0.99 � 8% cGyh � 1 U � 1 reported by Meigooni et al . The anisotropy constant of the EchoSeed™ 125 I brachytherapy source was found to be 0.960 in liquid water. Conclusions: The Monte Carlo Simulated TG-43 dosimetric parameters of the EchoSeed  were deter-
Targeting proteases in atherosclerosis: hitting the nail with the hammer.

The initiation, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis are mediated by a complex interplay of hematopoietic cells, vascular cells, and the extracellular matrix in response to metabolic (eg, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus) and environmental (eg, smoking) injury.1 Antiatherosclerotic therapies are currently limited to statins and their lipid-lowering and pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects, to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and their local effects on vascular cell proliferation and plaque progression independently of blood pressure lowering, and to antiplatelet agents and their role in preventing the thrombotic complications of plaque rupture and superficial endothelial cell (EC) erosion.2,3 However, although these therapies have been shown to reduce event rates by ≈20% to 40% in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, absolute event rates remain high. For example, recurrent ischemic events after index acute coronary syndrome presentation occur in >20% of patients by 36 months despite optimal medical therapy and revascularization.4 This failure of drug and device therapies represents an enormous unmet clinical need. In contrast to effective disease-modifying therapies in psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, targeted antiatherosclerotic therapies have remained elusive. In this issue of Circulation , Miyazaki and colleagues5 have identified m-calpain (calpain 2 and its regulatory domain, calpain 4) as a novel protease target for the modulation of atherogenesis. Article see p 2522 After 7 transmembrane superfamily receptors (G protein–coupled receptors), proteases are one of the most attractive pharmacological targets.6 The US market for protease-targeted drugs in 2009 was approximately $11 billion, with the major …
Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits: geographical variation in plasticity in a viviparous snake

Summary 1 Previous experiments showed that Checkered Garter Snakes (Thamnophis marcianus) from south Texas, USA (an environment subject to high seasonal and annual variation in environmental conditions), demonstrated marked phenotypic plasticity in clutch size and clutch mass in response to experimental changes in prey availability. 2 In this study, the extent of phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits in Checkered Garter Snakes from south Texas was experimentally compared with a population of the same species from south-eastern Arizona, where the environment may be more constant. 3 Unlike results from south Texas, Checkered Garter Snakes from Arizona showed no significant phenotypic plasticity in clutch size, clutch mass or any other life-history trait in response to changes in food availability, at least within the boundaries of our experimental conditions. 4 The data indicate that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits differs among populations within the same species. However, these differences are subject to both adaptive and non-adaptive explanations.
Spatial variability in levels of benzene, formaldehyde, and total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in New York City: a land-use regression study

Hazardous air pollutant exposures are common in urban areas contributing to increased risk of cancer and other adverse health outcomes. While recent analyses indicate that New York City residents experience significantly higher cancer risks attributable to hazardous air pollutant exposures than the United States as a whole, limited data exist to assess intra-urban variability in air toxics exposures. To assess intra-urban spatial variability in exposures to common hazardous air pollutants, street-level air sampling for volatile organic compounds and aldehydes was conducted at 70 sites throughout New York City during the spring of 2011. Land-use regression models were developed using a subset of 59 sites and validated against the remaining 11 sites to describe the relationship between concentrations of benzene, total BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) and formaldehyde to indicators of local sources, adjusting for temporal variation. Total BTEX levels exhibited the most spatial variability, followed by benzene and formaldehyde (coefficient of variation of temporally adjusted measurements of 0.57, 0.35, 0.22, respectively). Total roadway length within 100 m, traffic signal density within 400 m of monitoring sites, and an indicator of temporal variation explained 65% of the total variability in benzene while 70% of the total variability in BTEX was accounted for by traffic signal density within 450 m, density of permitted solvent-use industries within 500 m, and an indicator of temporal variation. Measures of temporal variation, traffic signal density within 400 m, road length within 100 m, and interior building area within 100 m (indicator of heating fuel combustion) predicted 83% of the total variability of formaldehyde. The models built with the modeling subset were found to predict concentrations well, predicting 62% to 68% of monitored values at validation sites. Traffic and point source emissions cause substantial variation in street-level exposures to common toxic volatile organic compounds in New York City. Land-use regression models were successfully developed for benzene, formaldehyde, and total BTEX using spatial indicators of on-road vehicle emissions and emissions from stationary sources. These estimates will improve the understanding of health effects of individual pollutants in complex urban pollutant mixtures and inform local air quality improvement efforts that reduce disparities in exposure.
Implicit attitudes toward children may be unrelated to child abuse risk

Abstract Objective To explore whether adults possess implicit attitudes toward children and whether those attitudes are especially negative among respondents who are high in child physical abuse (CPA) risk. Methods The present study used an implicit evaluative priming procedure. In this procedure, participants were instructed to make decisions about the evaluative implications of target words. These words were preceded by photographs of child faces or adult faces displaying positive, neutral, or negative expressions. Reaction times for the evaluative decisions were used as an index of the extent to which photos invoked negative or positive evaluative reactions. Results Results from 2 studies, the first conducted on a student sample ( N = 90) and the second on a parent sample ( N = 95), demonstrated that evaluative congruence between the facial expressions displayed in photographs and the target words facilitated responses. Furthermore, the results suggested that regardless of CPA risk, child faces, relative to adult faces, facilitated responses to negative target words, suggesting an out-group bias. This implicit out-group bias was not moderated by respondents’ CPA risk status. Conclusions Faces of children, relative to faces of adults, appear to activate negative information structures that facilitate evaluative decisions of negative stimuli, suggesting an out-group bias. Given that out-group biases typically lead to less favorable treatment of out-group members, additional research is needed to examine the pervasiveness of negative evaluative biases towards children and the potential implications of such biases on children's lives. Further, research examining whether high CPA risk parents and low CPA risk parents differ in how they manage initial negative evaluative reactions is needed.
A Review of Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders Implications for School Practice

This paper provides a review of widely used measures for assessing Autism Spectrum Disorders, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Psychoeducational Profile–Third Edition, Gilliam Autism Rating Scale–Second Edition, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale–Second Edition. Each measure is evaluated in terms of its usefulness for diagnosis and screening with respect to IDEA eligibility criteria, clinical diagnostic criteria, and current understanding of best practices.
Oncotic pressure in solid tumors is elevated

Oncotic and hydrostatic pressure differences control the movement of fluid and large molecules across the microvascular wall of normal and tumor tissues. Recent studies have shown that the interstitial fluid pressure in tumors is elevated and is approximately equal to the microvascular pressure. Whereas oncotic pressure in blood plasma of various species is known, no data are available on the oncotic pressure in the interstitial space of tumors. We hypothesize that because of the leaky nature of tumor vessels, oncotic pressure in tumor interstitium should be close to that in plasma. To this end, we first developed a chronic wick method for the direct measurement of oncotic pressures in the interstitial fluid of tumors grown in mice. We found interstitial oncotic pressures in four human tumor xenografts to be higher than in s.c. tissue and comparable to that in plasma [rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), 24.2+/-4.7; squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu), 19.9+/-1.9; small cell lung carcinoma (54A), 21.1+/-2.8; colon adenocarcinoma (LIS174T), 16.7+/-3.0 mm Hg; s.c. tissue, 8.2+/-2.3; plasma, 20.0+/-1.6 mm Hg]. These results support our hypothesis that the oncotic pressure difference across the tumor microvascular wall is low. The high oncotic pressure in tumors is consistent with the elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and it contributes to the suboptimal delivery of large therapeutic agents to neoplastic cells.
An algorithm for finding globally identifiable parameter combinations of nonlinear ODE models using Gröbner Bases.

The parameter identifiability problem for dynamic system ODE models has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, except for linear ODE models, the question of establishing identifiable combinations of parameters when the model is unidentifiable has not received as much attention and the problem is not fully resolved for nonlinear ODEs. Identifiable combinations are useful, for example, for the reparameterization of an unidentifiable ODE model into an identifiable one. We extend an existing algorithm for finding globally identifiable parameters of nonlinear ODE models to generate the ‘simplest’ globally identifiable parameter combinations using Grobner Bases. We also provide sufficient conditions for the method to work, demonstrate our algorithm and find associated identifiable reparameterizations for several linear and nonlinear unidentifiable biomodels.
Differential 5-HT3 mediation of human gastrocolonic response and colonic peristaltic reflex

Colonic motor function is modulated by extended and local neural reflexes involving unknown mediators. To test the role of serotonin (5-HT3) pathways, increases in colonic tone during antral disten...
Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery versus total laparoscopic colorectal resections: does age matter?

simultaneous resections and staged resection (p1⁄40.63; p1⁄40.14, respectively). Perioperative complication rate were similar in both groups (P1⁄40.70). There was no mortality. The median number of in-hospital days during the course of treatment was 9 (4-23) days in Group I and 6 (3-17) days in Group II (p <0.001). There was no difference in 2 years disease free survival and overall survival were found between Group I and Group II ( 30% and 34%, p1⁄4 0.58; 67% and 62%, p1⁄40.86 respectively).
Inverse Design of Composite Turbine Blade Circular Coolant Flow Passages

Aubes de turbine composites avec des trous circulaires pour le passage du refrigerant. Probleme inverse pour la conception de ces passages
Cod–Liver Oil Tolerance in Calves

Summary Dairy calves were reared from birth to six or nine months of age on skimmilk, hay, and grain, supplemented with cod-liver oil at different levels, ranging up to 0.7 gram per kilo. No evidence was obtained that the oil affected adversely the growth or physical condition. On killing the animals for post-mortem study, no gross changes indicative of cod-liver oil injury were found. On histological examination of various muscles, slight dystrophic changes were found in some of the animals, primarily in those fed the higher levels; but the lesions were of a very minor character, in marked contrast to previous findings with other herbivora. The results suggest that cod-liver oil can be fed to dairy calves in the amount that may be required to supply vitamin D without any significant injury.
Radiation Sensitivity of Successively Irradiated Generations of the Indian Meal Moth

Five populations of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) were treated, respectively, with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 krad of gamma radiation in each generation. Groups of 7th-generation adults were then tested for resistance to acute irradiation by exposing them to total doses of 16 and 50 krad. Unirradiated 8th-generation adults from each population were checked for mating success and fecundity. No evidence of increased resistance to acute radiation exposures was found. Treated populations showed slight but not significant decreases in mean survival time. A general reduction in fecundity and in percentage of succesful matings in the treated populations with greater radiation pressures also indicated a decrease in population fitness. Therefore, the possibility of accidental exposure of some insects to substerilizing dosages during commercial radiation disinfestation does not appear to he a serious problem.
Spectral restoration for femtosecond spectral interferometry with attosecond accuracy

A spectral restoration algorithm appropriate for the asymmetric and wavelength-dependent linespread of broadband spectrographs with pixelated detectors is presented. The algorithm’s accuracy was tested on spectra of femtosecond pulse pairs with known delays from an actively stabilized interferometer. Using interleaved atomic line spectra, the spectrograph calibration and effective linespread function were retrieved with sub-pixel accuracy. The spectral restoration by Fourier pseudo-deconvolution with the effective linespread function reduced systematic artifacts and allowed recovery of the phase delay to ±2.4 as over a 2 ps range (±0.7 nm path differences over 0.6 mm). The slope delay was determined to within ±20 as and constant (intercept) phase shifts to within ±0.05 rad; these accuracies are limited by Fourier filtering of charge coupled device and interferometer imperfections.
Sources of absorption and scattering contrast for near-infrared optical mammography.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging may enhance existing technologies for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. NIR techniques are based on sensitive, quantitative measurements of functional contrast between healthy and diseased tissue. In this study, the authors quantified the origins of this contrast in healthy breasts. Materials and Methods A seven-wavelength frequency-domain photon migration probe was used to perform noninvasive NIR measurements in the breasts of 28 healthy women, both pre- and postmenopausal, aged 18–64 years. A diffusive model of light transport quantified oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, water, and lipid by their absorption signatures. Changes in the measured light-scattering spectra were quantified by means of a “scatter power” parameter. Results Substantial quantitative differences were observed in both absorption and scattering spectra of breast as a function of subject age. These physiologic changes were consistent with long-term hormone-dependent transformations that occur in breast. Instrument response was not adversely affected by subject age or menopausal status. Conclusion These measurements provide new insight into endogenous optical absorption and scattering contrast mechanisms and have important implications for the development of optical mammography. NIR spectroscopy yields quantitative functional information that cannot be obtained with other noninvasive radiologic techniques.
Sea of leads compliant I/O interconnect process integration for the ultimate enabling of chips with low-k interlayer dielectrics

Sea of leads (SoL) process integration for the series of steps required to transform a fully intact die at the wafer level to a die that is assembled onto a board is described. The primary goal is to address the issues involved in reconciling the fabrication and assembly requirements of compliant leads, such as SoL, with those of standard semiconductor processes and chip assembly techniques. The effort is motivated in-part by the potential failure of the low-k interlayer dielectric in microprocessors as a result of high mechanical stresses due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the chip and the board. SoL, and other compliant interconnections, mitigate this problem by mechanically decoupling the chip and the board. While compliant leads offer advantages over C4 technology, there is much to consider during the series of steps needed to transform the fully intact dice at the wafer level to dice that are assembled onto the board. The use of an encapsulation film over the leads during wafer sawing is shown to be necessary for slippery leads and other free-standing compliant leads. The use of a suitable flux when the leads are finished with a nickel-oxide nonwettable layer is essential for a successful wafer-level solder reflow. Successful die assembly using thermocompression bonding is demonstrated using two different SoL dice with correspondingly different substrates. The resistance of a chain of 30 cascaded leads is 2.7 /spl Omega/.
Liquid-metal cooling of synchrotron optics

The installation of insertion devices at existing synchrotron facilities around the world has stimulated the development of new ways to cool the optical elements in the associated x-ray beamlines. Argonne has been a leader in the development of liquid metal cooling for high heat load x-ray optics for the next generation of synchrotron facilities. The high thermal conductivity, high volume specific heat, low kinematic viscosity, and large working temperature range make liquid metals a very efficient heat transfer fluid. A wide range of liquid metals were considered in the initial phase of this work. The most promising liquid metal cooling fluid identified to date is liquid gallium, which appears to have all the desired properties and the fewest number of undesired features of the liquid metals examined.
Posterior Leaflet Detachment, Augmentation, and Reconstruction for Treatment of Functional Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Functional mitral regurgitation caused posterior leaflet tethering and central malcoaptation treated utilizing undersized annuloplasty alone is associated with high rates of early failure. We report the technical steps necessary for near complete near complete detachment, augmentation and reconstruction of a thin and diminutive posterior mitral leaflet to reproducibly re-establish normal mitral leaflet coaptation and eliminate functional MR.
Cache-Augmented Latent Topic Language Models for Speech Retrieval

We aim to improve speech retrieval performance by augmenting traditional N-gram language models with different types of topic context. We present a latent topic model framework that treats documents as arising from an underlying topic sequence combined with a cache-based repetition model. We analyze our proposed model both for its ability to capture word repetition via the cache and for its suitability as a language model for speech recognition and retrieval. We show this model, augmented with the cache, captures intuitive repetition behavior across languages and exhibits lower perplexity than regular LDA on held out data in multiple languages. Lastly, we show that our joint model improves speech retrieval performance beyond N-grams or latent topics alone, when applied to a term detection task in all languages considered.
Characterizing Dust from Cutting Corian®, a Solid-Surface Composite Material, in a Laboratory Testing System

We conducted a laboratory test to characterize dust from cutting Corian(®), a solid-surface composite material, with a circular saw. Air samples were collected using filters and direct-reading instruments in an automatic laboratory testing system. The average mass concentrations of the total and respirable dusts from the filter samples were 4.78±0.01 and 1.52±0.01mg cm(-3), respectively, suggesting about 31.8% mass of the airborne dust from cutting Corian(®) is respirable. Analysis of the metal elements on the filter samples reveals that aluminum hydroxide is likely the dominant component of the airborne dust from cutting Corian(®), with the total airborne and respirable dusts containing 86.0±6.6 and 82.2±4.1% aluminum hydroxide, respectively. The results from the direct-reading instruments confirm that the airborne dust generated from cutting Corian(®) were mainly from the cutting process with very few particles released from the running circular saw alone. The number-based size distribution of the dusts from cutting Corian(®) had a peak for fine particles at 1.05 µm with an average total concentration of 871.9 particles cm(-3), and another peak for ultrafine particles at 11.8nm with an average total concentration of 1.19×10(6) particles cm(-3) The small size and high concentration of the ultrafine particles suggest additional investigation is needed to study their chemical composition and possible contribution to pulmonary effect.
Ionothermal synthesis of new cobalt and chromium thiophosphate anions [Co(Co(P3S8)2)2]4− and [Cr(P3S9)2]3−

Abstract Two new metal thiophosphate anions, [Co(Co(P3S8)2)2]4− and [Cr(P3S9)2]3−, have been isolated as single crystals of EMIM (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) salts from ionothermal reaction of the elements in [EMIM][CF3SO3]. The former compound is structurally unique from known thiophosphate anions, contains three cobalt ions in two different coordination environments and oxidation states, and has bridging, polydentate P3S83− groups that coordinate to the cobalt ions through both S and P ions. The chromium thiophosphate anion contains octahedrally-coordinated Cr ions and is structurally similar to the known ion [Ni(P3S9)2]4−. The structures of both salts were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds were characterized by EDX and IR spectroscopies.
A Conceptual and Clinical Model of Youth Violence in America

This work is based on the assumption that youth violence continues to be a serious problem in American society. It is exacerbated by the history of violence, cultural factors, and the nature and quality of interpersonal relations encountered by youth in their daily lives. The metaphor of “a nation at war with itself” is used to highlight the fact that more Americans are regularly killed by other Americans at home than those killed in foreign wars. These conditions set the stage for the development of a psycho-social model of youth violence in America today.The model is a take-off from the author's earlier hypothesis that all violence may be construed as a powerful reaction to overcome powerlessness. It identifies four correlates of powerlessness: disconnection, anonymity, selfishness, and lack of adult-youth communication about violence. These variables are subsequently integrated into an explanatory and predictive device for one category of violence only, homicides committed by youth. The model may, howe...
Single-session laparoscopic cholecystectomy and ERCP: a valid option for the management of choledocholithiasis.

Background and Aims The option for performing ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for the management of choledocholithiasis in the same operative session is often overlooked. We compared the success, safety, and cost of ERCP and LC when performed in either a single session or in separate sessions. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a U.S. tertiary care hospital. We identified patients undergoing ERCP and LC between April 2011 and August 2014 in either a single operative session (n = 33) or in 2 separate sessions within a 30-day period (n = 80). Technical success, total anesthesia duration, operative time, length of hospitalization, cost of care, and morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Results Bile duct clearance was achieved in all patients at ERCP in the same-session cohort. The separate versus single-session groups, respectively, did not differ in terms of total procedure times (mean ± SD = 142 ± 64 vs 142 ± 58 min; t test, P =.98), anesthesia duration (251 ± 64 vs 225 ± 69 min; P =.06), or overall cost (49.3 ± 24.5 vs 42.3 ± 23.2 ×1000 USD; P =.167), but hospitalization was longer in the separate-sessions group (6.2 ± 3.3 vs 4.8 ± 2.6 days; P =.03). The rates of adverse events were similarly low (7% vs 2%, P =.70). Conclusions Performing single-session ERCP and LC is safe, effective, economically viable, and reduces hospital stay compared with performing ERCP and LC during separate sessions.
Effects of inorganic carbon and pH on growth kinetics of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Abstract Growth pH and the concentration of bioavailable inorganic carbon (Cib) are two essential factors controlling the rate of photoautotrophic growth of microalgae. We developed a novel experimental strategy to determine the effects of pH and Cib independently by a pH-Stat and the use of NH4NO3 as the N source. We grew Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 at pH values of 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5, with a stable inorganic carbon (Ci) concentration ranging from 0.08 to 3.3 mM, and a light intensity of ~ 202 μE m− 2 s− 1. Among the pH values tested, pH 8.5 supported the highest maximum specific growth rate (μmax), 2.4/day that was statistically larger than μmax values at pH 7.5 and 9.5, about 2.0/day. Using the sum of dissolved CO2, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate (i.e., Cib) to fit Monod kinetics, we found the half-maximum-rate concentrations (KCib) were in a narrow range: 86 μM for pH 8.5, 84 μM for pH 7.5, and 96 μM for pH 9.5, values that were statistically indistinguishable. All KCib values were small, indicating that Synechocystis has a high affinity for Cib, attaining μmax by ~ 1 mM. Analyzing the kinetics individually for each Ci species supports that bicarbonate best represented the rate of Ci uptake.
Teaching Note: Infusing Diversity Content Into the BSW Curriculum: An LGBT Elders Example

Diversity is a topic that is increasingly important in BSW curriculum content. Social work students are going into practice in a multicultural milieu, and there is not enough room in the core curriculum for BSW educators to add unlimited elective courses to cover every diverse population group. As one case example, Baby Boomers of all races and backgrounds are aging, contributing to an unprecedented growth in the aging population. Included in this group are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elders. Diversity issues, including LGBT elder issues, cross all practice areas; therefore, infusion of content embedded in courses can at least introduce students to the needs of these diverse populations and assist them in envisioning possible solutions to address these needs. This article presents a rationale for the infusion of diversity content into the BSW curriculum focusing on the example of LGBT elders. Suggestions for pedagogical infusion strategies are included.
Doping and Diffusion in an Extruded Saloplastic Polyelectrolyte Complex

Doping constants and diffusion coefficients for an extruded, stoichiometric, dense polyelectrolyte complex, PEC, were determined for a Hofmeister series of anions. These thermodynamic and kinetic parameters describe the extent and speed to which a complex of poly(styrenesulfonate) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) may be doped. Both parameters followed a Hofmeister ordering and covered a wide range of response. Differences between doping and undoping kinetics were observed, with the latter adhering well to classical diffusion from the cylindrical geometry employed. Tracer diffusion of radiolabeled Na+, compared with coupled diffusion of NaCl, revealed slightly faster diffusion of Na+ compared to Cl– ions within the PEC.
A Novel Method for Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Recovery via Anodic Carbonate Dissolution of Irradiated Low-Enriched Uranium Metal Foil

A new method is presented here for digesting irradiated low-enriched uranium foil targets in alkaline carbonate media to recover 99Mo. This method consists of the electrolytic dissolution of uranium foil in a sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by the precipitation of carbonate, base-insoluble fission products, activation products, and actinides with calcium oxide; most of the molybdenum, technetium, and iodine remain in solution. An electrochemical dissolver and mixing vessel were designed, fabricated, and tested for the processing of a full-sized irradiated foil under ambient pressure and elevated temperature. Over 92% of the fission-induced 99Mo was recovered in a product solution that was compatible with an anion-exchange column for retaining molybdenum and iodine.
Mode of Action of Gramicidin

Conclusions1. Gramicidin and tyrocidine depress the surface tension of aqueous solutions. Tyrocidine is more active in this regard than is gramicidin. 2. The ability of gramicidin to depress surface tension is improved by the addition of organic solvents such as glycerin which increases the solubility of gramicidin. 3. Serum decreases the activity of tyrocidine less than it does the activity of gramicidin, sodium oleate and aerosol OT. 4. The bactericidal and hemolytic effects of gramicidin are destroyed by heat but its property of altering surface tension is heat stable.
An IIW residual stress profile estimation scheme for girth welds in pressure vessel and piping components

Over the years, one major objective of IIW Joint Working Group (JWG) on residual stresses and distortion prediction (RSDP) has been the development of consistent residual stress profiles for supporting fitness-for-service assessment of welded components. As a result of the JWG activities and further in-depth investigations, this paper presents a major development on a novel full-field residual stress estimation scheme that can be used for describing through-thickness residual stress profiles not only within a weld region, but also at any location away from a weld in pressure vessel and piping components. Within weld region, a systematic parametric finite element analysis is used to establish key parameters that govern through-thickness residual stress distribution characteristics by introducing membrane, bending, and self-equilibrating based decomposition technique. Away from weld region, a shell theory based method is developed for describing through-thickness residual stress distribution at any distance away from weld toe. This paper presents detailed results for single “V” joint preparation with pipe wall thickness varying from 6.25 to 250 mm and wall thickness to pipe radius ratio (r/t) varying from 2 to 100. The residual stress estimation method can be applied for double V and narrow groove joint preparations for girth welded components since all three joint preparations have been shown to follow a similar functional form to that seen in single V joint preparation.
Elements Influencing Automobile Interior Trim Quality Analyzed

Automobile interior trim has become an important factor that measures the grade of an automobile.Through analyzing some elements influence the quality of automobile interior trim and connecting with the product design by the author's company,the paper illustrates how to enhance the quality of automobile interior trim,and further illuminates the right factors are the arrangement and modeling design of interior trim,the riding comfort,humanized design,color design and the optional materials.
Organizational Permeability to Environmental Conditions Local Police Agency Assessments of Threats Posed by Disasters, Accidents, and Terrorism

Organizations are expected to assess and respond to environmental conditions. For police agencies in the post-9/11 and post hurricane Katrina era, the environment includes assessing the threat pose...
Advances in the technologies for synthesis of cyclohexanone by oxidation

Latest researches in synthesis of cyclohexanone from different feedstock by oxidation were reviewed.Cyclohexane catalytic oxidation,a predominant cyclohexanone production route,was described in detail.It was pointed out that development of green route for cyclohexane oxidation with high efficiency and high selectivity is the tendency in this aspect.
Free bladder mucosal graft biology: unique engraftment characteristics in rabbits.

AbstractTo study the biology of bladder mucosal grafts we developed an animal model using New Zealand white male rabbits. A 25 × 9mm. segment of bladder mucosa was harvested and tubularized over an 8F catheter using 7-zero polyglactin sutures. An equivalent portion of rabbit urethra was then excised and the graft was anastomosed to this defect in an end-to-end fashion. A urethral catheter was left in place to provide bladder drainage and to stent the anastomosis. Animals were sacrificed on postoperative days 1 to 90. India ink was injected into the aorta at sacrifice to visualize the microvasculature. All 59 specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and studied using light microscopy. Our results demonstrated vascular ingrowth at 72 hours. Between postoperative days 8 and 10 healthy viable epithelium first bridged the entire urethral defect. By postoperative day 12 the epithelial lining was complete. A poor outcome was observed in all animals whose stents were removed early. We conclude that the ...
Hepatoma Associated with Diethylstilbestrol Therapy for Prostatic Carcinoma

Abstract A case is reported of a well differentiated hepatoma that occurred 4.5 years after the institution of diethylstilbestrol therapy for prostatic carcinoma. A review of the literature indicates that this apparently represents the third case of hepatic malignancy and the first instance that hepatoma has been reported in this setting. Oncologists treating breast or prostate cancer patients with diethylstilbestrol are urged to be alert to the possible emergence of hepatic, renal or endometrial cancer.
Nomenclature and Certain Physicochemical Properties

These materials (amino acids) are at the same time substituted bases and substituted acids. Their capacity to function as amphoteric electrolytes has therefore conferred on them many remarkable electro-chemical properties not shared by any other product of natural origin.
3.13 Computational Methods Related to Molecular Structure and Reaction Chemistry of Biomaterials

In this article, we discuss the implementation of several computational techniques that are commonly employed to simulate interactions between biomaterials and cellular systems. These methods include molecular dynamics, biopolymer, and homology modeling, which focus on the atomic structure of biomaterials, electronic structure methods, and free-energy simulations. Challenges involved in applying these techniques and connections to cellular experiments are also addressed. These computational methods are important tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions between biomaterials and tissue, which govern biocompatibility. They have also been applied in the rational design of biomaterials, as molecular-based models predict likely recognition sequences and the corresponding conformations at the interface between material surface and extracellular matrix and cell membrane. Focusing on these molecular mechanisms will lead to new insights into the bioactivity of existing biomaterials and to the development of improved biomaterials for use in bone tissue repair therapies and targeted drug delivery. The chapter concludes with a discussion of recent applications of computational methods to the rational design of biomaterials, including the creation of surfaces with tailored functionality, computational modeling of the attachment function of fibronectin, and model-based design of tunable nanocarriers for drug delivery.
Playing Gender, Desire, and Uncertainties

This chapter situates discussion of the generational changes in structural and institutional contexts in order to get at the possibilities for play in identity and association, but also maintain a complex set frame for the fields of play. Thinking about the openings within institutional spaces and the play within intersections between subjectivities may create a way to explore how political work on gender and sexuality helps build connections across sexualities. Playful invitations and refusals, further, allow us to explore the tensions of desire in negotiations over gender and sexual identity.
An Evaluation of Pre-emergence Metam-Potassium and S-metolachlor for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Management in Sweetpotato

Field studies were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at Pontotoc, MS to evaluate combinations of metam-potassium and S-metolachlor for yellow nutsedge control and sweetpotato crop response. Treatments consisted of a factorial of five metam-potassium rates (0, 149, 261, 372, and 484 kg ha-1) by three S-metolachlor rates (0, 0.80, and 1.34 kg ha-1). Additionally, a hand-weeded check was included for comparison. Crop injury was limited to ≤4% at 4 weeks after transplanting (WAP) and was transient. At 2 WAP yellow nutsedge control was 58, 74, and 76% in plots treated with S-metolachlor at 0, 0.80, and 1.34 kg ha-1, respectively. Nutsedge control in all treatments decreased from 2 to 15 WAP. At 15 WAP, S-metolachlor at 0, 0.80, and 1.34 kg ha-1 provided 35, 68, and 70% yellow nutsedge control, respectively. Metam-potassium rate did not influence yellow nutsedge control after transplanting. Sweetpotato yields in the hand-weeded check were 4,640; 22,180; 7,180; 34,000; and 1,360 kg ha-1 for jumbo, no. 1, canner, market...
Control-as-a-Service in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems over Fog Computing

Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPES) are introduced for different levels (e.g., microgrid and home) of residential, commercial, and industrial domains. Different management methodologies are implemented using Internet-of-Things (IoT) to address their challenges. IoT has enabled the required interconnectivity for the devices in these systems. However, the management methodologies require multitude of different types of sensing and actuating devices which generate and process large sensed data. Hence, the complexity, scalability, heterogeneity, and performance of the methodologies become challenging with the growing number of these various devices. Implementing the control and management, e.g., energy management-as-a-service for these systems has been seen as a solution providing the required scalability, interactivity, and customizability of architecture. On the other hand, fog computing brings the computation (intelligence) close to the networking platform (edge) benefiting us to address interactivity, scalability, complexity, and inherent heterogeneity challenges. Proximity of the computation to the devices may improve the performance and dependability for delay-sensitive devices. Hence, fog computing has been seen as a promising platform for implementing control-as-a-service (CaaS) in the IoT and CPES. Herein, as an example, we illustrate an energy management-as-a-service implemented on a fog computing platform for a residential CPES.
Isolation and Identification of Seasonal Endomycophytes of Inner Bark of Pachira insignis

Endophytic fungi from inner bark of Pachira insignis were studied in three different seasons during 2009-2010. A total of 25 endophytes were recorded during rainy season followed by 36 in winter season and 19 in summer season. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Verticillium sp . were found to be dominant endophytes followed by Biospora punctata, Rhizophus stolonifer and Cladosporium species.