cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-year results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction investigation (TIMI) Phase II Trial.

BACKGROUND The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II Trial randomized 3,339 patients to either an invasive (INV, n = 1,681) or a conservative (CON, n = 1,658) strategy after intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS The patients assigned to the INV strategy routinely underwent cardiac catheterization, and when anatomically appropriate, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting 18-48 hours after infarction. CON patients had these procedures only in response to the occurrence of spontaneous or provoked ischemia. One-year follow-up data are available in 3,316 patients (99.3%). The primary trial end point, death and nonfatal reinfarction, occurred in 14.7% of INV patients and in 15.2% of CON patients (p = NS). When analyzed individually, there was no difference (p = NS) in death (INV, 6.9%; CON, 7.4%) or recurrent infarction (INV, 9.4%; CON, 9.8%) between the two groups. Anginal status at 1 year was also similar. Cardiac catheterization and PTCA were performed more often in INV (98.0% and 61.2%, respectively) compared with CON (45.2% and 20.5%, respectively) patients. At 1 year, the cumulative number of patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery (INV, 17.5%; CON, 17.3%) was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The INV and CON strategies resulted in similar favorable outcomes at 1 year of follow-up. In particular, the rates of mortality and reinfarction were not different and were impressively low in both groups. One possible advantage of the INV strategy was detected in subgroup analyses. In patients with a history of myocardial infarction, the data are suggestive that 1-year mortality was lower in INV patients (10.3%) than in CON patients (17.0%) (p = 0.03).
Modulated desynchronism in short pulse free-electron laser oscillators

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the effect of desynchronism modulation on short pulse free-electron laser (FEL) oscillators. We find that the output power and the micropulse length of the FEL beam oscillate periodically at the modulation frequency and that the minimum micropulse length during the cycle can be significantly shorter than that which can be obtained without modulation. For example, when the desynchronism of our FEL is modulated at 40 kHz, the minimum measured micropulse length is 300 fs. Without modulation the minimum is about 700 fs. We show that when the desynchronism is modulated, the FEL can operate for part of the cycle in the normally inaccessible portion of the output power curve where the FEL gain is less than the cavity losses. It is even possible for the FEL to operate periodically in the region of negative desynchronism where gain, as normally defined, does not exist.
Medium-term electricity load forecasting and climate change in arid cities

Electric utilities need to consider how potential changes in climate patterns will affect their peak loads. This study incorporates weather and socio-economic variables into a medium-term load forecasting model to consider potential climate change effects on the challenging summer peak season for utilities in the arid southwestern US. Our ‘average hourly load by month’ model shows marked improvement over a purely autoregressive approach to load forecasting used by some electric utilities. In light of climate change, electric utilities and society can benefit from minimizing inaccuracies in load predictions. Decision-making based on more climate-sensitive forecasts will reduce the water and carbon footprint of electric utilities and improve their investment strategies for renewable energy technologies.
Anodic oxidation of pitch-precursor carbon fibers in ammonium sulfate solutions: Batch screening treatment results

Abstract Batch anodic electrochemical treatments in solutions of ammonium sulfate have been evaluated as methods of improving the adhesion of high-modulus, pitch-precursor carbon fibers with an epoxy matrix. Such treatments in concentrated solutions at high current densities resulted in over two-fold improvements in the fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength. Subsequent characterization suggested that these increases could not be significantly attributed to increases in chemical interactions between the fiber and matrix material.
The mid-1970s climate shift in the Pacific and the relative roles of forced versus inherent decadal variability.

A significant shift from cooler to warmer tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), part of a pattern of basinwide SST anomalies involved with a transition to the positive phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), occurred in the mid-1970s with effects that extended globally. One view is that this change was entirely natural and was a product of internally generated decadal variability of the Pacific climate system. However, during the mid-1970s there was also a significant increase of global temperature and changes to a number of other quantities that have been associated with changes in external forcings, particularly increases of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. Analysis of observations, an unforced control run from a global coupled climate model, and twentieth-century simulations with changes in external forcings show that the observed 1970s climate shift had a contribution from changes in external forcing superimposed on what was likely an inherent decadal fluctuation of the Pacific climate system. Thus, this inherent decadal variability associated with the IPO delayed until the 1970s what likely would have been a forced climate shift in the 1960s from a negative to positive phase of the IPO.
Gonad-pituitary feedback involves qualitative change: adrogens alter the type of FSH secreted by the rat pituitary.

In orchidectomized rats, the effects of 2 to 3 days of androgen or estrogen pretreatment on the metabolic clearance pattern (MCP) of endogenous FSH in serum were examined, using the hypophysectomy-stop entry (HxSE) technique. Both types of steroid treatment reduced serum LH and FSH levels. However, androgens also altered the character of the FSH disappearance curve: the overall slope was flattened and the inflection between early and late components was blunted. This effect does not appear attributable to changes in peripheral mechanisms of FSH metabolism or excretion, since comparable androgen treatment of similar rats (castrated-hypophysectomized males) had no detectable influence on the disappearance from serum of exogenous rat FSH (NIAMD rat FSH-B1). Since the effect was seen with relatively low doses of dihydrotestosterone (as well as with relatively high doses of testosterone propionate) it did not seem to require supraphysiological levels of androgen. These findings suggest that, under the influenc...
Ab Initio Calculation of Elastic Constants of Ceramic Crystals

An effective computational scheme to calculate the complete set of independent elastic constants as well as other structural parameters including bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio for crystals is reported. The scheme is based on the stress–strain analysis approach with the appropriate selection of strain governed by symmetry consideration. The first principles Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) is used in stress calculations. Comprehensive tests were performed for α-SiO2 and spinel MgAl2O4 with different exchange-correlation potentials, and different sets of computational parameters to investigate the relative accuracies of the calculations. A wide range of oxides, nitrides, and carbonate crystals with different crystal symmetries were chosen to test the scheme under both LDA and GGA approximations at zero temperature and pressure. Some of these calculations for large complex crystals are believed to be attempted for the first time. The calculated elastic constants show quite good agreement with the existing experimental data for almost all the examined systems with the exception of the relatively soft material such as α-SiO2 and the C14 parameter of some trigonal crystals expressed in the hexagonal form such as in α-Al2O3. Other structural properties derived from the elastic constants also show good agreements with the measured values.
Kidney disease in cardiology

Topics covered in this review include the relation of estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria and outcome; sudden cardiac death; contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI); imaging; clinical trials targeting cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients; and treatment of ischemic heart disease and valvular disease. Several studies reinforce the importance of CKD in predicting mortality and make a case for redefining CKD to incorporate levels of proteinuria in the staging system. Another study provides support for using a combination of echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers for cardiac risk stratification in dialysis patients. Two studies reveal ongoing interest in and difficulty preventing CI-AKI. One study discusses chest ultrasound to detect pulmonary congestion and potentially guide ultrafiltration and volume removal in dialysis patients. Several clinical trials assess folic acid, statins and aspirin for prevention of future cardiovascular events in CKD patients. Finally, several studies compare the use of drug-eluting and bare metal stents in dialysis patients, discuss methods of surgical coronary artery revascularization in dialysis patients and describe testing allopurinol as a treatment for ischemic heart disease in non-renal patients.
Dealing with Selfishness and Moral Hazard in Noncooperative Wireless Networks

For noncooperative networks in which each node is a selfish agent, certain incentives must be given to intermediate nodes to let them forward the data for others. What makes the scenario worse is that, in a multihop noncooperative network, the end points can only observe whether or not the end-to-end transaction was successful or not, but not the individual actions of intermediate nodes. Thus, in the absence of properly designed incentive schemes, rational and selfish intermediate nodes may choose to forward data packets at a very low priority or simply drop the packets, and they could put the blame on the unreliable channel. In this paper, assuming the receiver is a trusted authority, we propose several methods that discourage the hidden actions under hidden information in multihop noncooperative networks with high probability. We design several algorithmic mechanisms for a number of routing scenarios such that each selfish agent will maximize its expected utility (i.e., profit) when it truthfully declares its type (i.e., cost and its actions) and it truthfully follows its declared actions. Our simulations show that the payments by our mechanisms are only slightly larger than the actual cost incurred by all intermediate nodes.
The consistency of individual differences in behaviour: temperature effects on antipredator behaviour in garter snakes

Differences among individuals are necessary for natural selection to occur. The extent and expression of these differences can limit the power of selection to cause evolutionary change. When individuals inconsistently express a trait, selection is less powerful. Labile traits such as behaviour are most likely to be inconsistent in their expression, because of the substantial role of environmental factors in their immediate expression. Previous work has focused on the consistency, or repeatability, of individual behaviour across different environments or within a single environment; little is known about how repeatability within an environment changes across environments. To address this issue, we examined the consistency of antipredator behaviour in juvenile garter snakes in different thermal environments. A group of 59 laboratory-born garter snakes, Thamnophis ordinoides, was repeatedly assayed for sprint speed, distance crawled, and number of reversals performed during flight and antipredator display. Antipredator display showed very little variation and could not be analysed. Each individual was tested three times at each of three temperatures chosen to span the range of temperatures that snakes encounter in the field (15, 22.5, 30)C). Temperature had substantial effects on the average expression of each behaviour; snakes crawled more slowly, for shorter distances, and performed fewer reversals at cooler temperatures. Individuals showed significant consistency in their behaviour, and this consistency of expression was not affected by temperature. © 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Maximising the Opportunities to Detect Domestic Burglary with DNA and Fingerprints

The impact on the detection and reduction of domestic burglary by a prioritisation of forensic resources and processing over a six-month study period is examined. Targets were set and monitored for...
Nanotechnology approaches for inhalation treatment of fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive monogenetic disease that afflicts nearly 70,000 patients worldwide. The mutation results in the accumulation of viscous mucus in multiple organs especially in the lungs, liver and pancreas. High associated morbidity and mortality is caused by CF due to the lack of effective therapies. It is widely accepted that morbidity and mortality caused by CF is primarily due to the respiratory manifestations of the disease. Consequently, several approaches were recently developed for treatment of lung complications of CF. However, the lack of effective methods for delivery and especially targeted delivery of therapeutics specifically to lung tissues and cells limits the efficiency of the therapy. Local pulmonary delivery of therapeutics has two major advantages over systemic application. First, it enhances the accumulation of therapeutics specifically in the lungs and therefore increases the efficiency of the treatment. Second, local lung delivery substantially prevents the penetration of the delivered drug into the systemic circulation limiting adverse side effects of the treatment on other organs and tissues. This review is focused on different approaches to the treatment of respiratory manifestations of CF as well as on methods of pulmonary delivery of therapeutics.
Rosuvastatin reduced deep vein thrombosis in ApoE gene deleted mice with hyperlipidemia through non-lipid lowering effects

Introduction Statins, particularly rosuvastatin, have recently become relevant in the setting of venous thrombosis. The objective of this study was to study the non-lipid lowering effects of rosuvastatin in venous thrombosis in mice with hyperlipidemia.
The influence of consumer decision‐making styles on online apparel consumption by college students

Apparel purchases now constitute one of the fastest-growing segments of e-commerce. Thus, there are strong theoretical and managerial reasons to better understand consumer characteristics associated with buying apparel online. This paper investigates motivations for online apparel consumption using the Consumer Styles Inventory. Data from a sample of 357 US college students showed that quality consciousness, brand consciousness, fashion consciousness, hedonistic shopping, impulsiveness and brand loyalty were positively correlated with online apparel shopping. Price sensitivity was negatively correlated with online spending.
On saving mythic criticism—A Reply to Rowland

This essay critically examines the definition of myth put forth by Rowland in this issue, and considers implications of his approach for critical method. It is argued that Rowland's reformulation of myth is a narrow and conservative one that imposes its own mythic worldview of functional empiricism on the conceptualization of myth, and encourages a sterile form of criticism that reduces the interpreter to a passive recorder of events.
Food Processing by PEF

This chapter describes the different stages involved in the pasteurization of food products by pulsed electric field (PEF) technology. For each food product, PEF processing design includes four stages: microbial challenge tests to establish the amount of treatment needed; treatment of the native microbial population in the food; microbial, chemical, and physical analyses of the food after processing; and sensory and shelf-life studies of the processed food product. Because PEF is a non-thermal process, products such as fruit juices, milk, and beaten eggs have been under extensive research to implement the process at an industrial level. Microbial analyses consist of aerobic plate counts, detection of yeasts and molds, acidic bacteria, Salmonella and coliform count, the Moseley quality test, and the Listeria test. Chemical analyses of processed foods include estimation of their protein, carbohydrate, fat, and ash contents. Physical analyses of foods include determination of pH, acidity, water activity, moisture content, color changes, and viscosity. Sensory evaluation and shelf-life studies are conducted to determine the relative acceptance of foods processed by electric field treatment as compared to foods available at the supermarket processed by other methods. Stored foods are tested periodically for their microbiological quality and physical and chemical changes.
Physical training strategies for military women's performance optimization in combat-centric occupations

The physiological differences, particularly of upper-body strength and power, between women and men, and the rigors of combat-centric occupational demands would seem to place women at a significant disadvantage, as the U.S. military opens up previously closed combat-arms military occupational specialties (MOSs) to women. This inherent disadvantage can be significantly mitigated by implementing effective and comprehensive physical training (PT) regimens for women targeting those fitness components most critical for those tasks considered most essential for solider warfighting duties (i.e., strength and power). Regrettably, the military historical and legacy overemphasis on aerobic fitness and on "field expediency" as the major criteria for implementing training have limited the extent to which the military has fully operationalized state-of-the-science PT policies. This continued legacy approach could be problematic regarding fully enhancing women's abilities to perform physically demanding combat-centric occupations and could place the successful integration of women into ground combat MOSs at significant risk. Seminal studies from the literature indicate that (a) a minimum of 6 months of periodized combined resistance/endurance training preparedness is recommended for untrained women considering entering combat-arms MOS training; (b) any comprehensive PT program should incorporate and emphasize progressive load carriage training; (c) a greater emphasis on upper body on strength/power development in military women is needed; (d) heavy resistance training in the range of 3-8 repetition maximum sets should be incorporated into training programs to target type II motor units and muscle fibers (those fibers that produce the most force and have the greatest capacity to hypertrophy); (e) low-volume, high-intensity interval training should be considered as a time-efficient training method to improve aerobic fitness while protecting against lower-body musculoskeletal injuries; (f) flexible nonlinear periodized programs should be considered to best accommodate the unpredictability and operational functional needs of the military training environment; and (g) serious consideration should be given to revamping the manner in which the military conducts physical readiness training, with a departure from "field expediency" as the major criteria for determining PT policies. With an increased emphasis on the human dimension of soldiering and concerted strategic, operational, and tactical efforts to maximize individual physical readiness and performance, the science of training physiology exists to leverage and better physically prepare women as they enter more combat-centric occupations.
Optofluidics for Mobile Health, Bioenergy, and Nanoparticle Analysis

In this talk I will review recent progress on Optofluidics at Cornell in three application spaces: mobile and global health, bioenergy, and nanoparticle analysis. Fundamental science will be described as well as routes to commercialization and deployment.
Effect of Dietary Protein Level on the Methionine-Energy Relationship in Broiler Diets

Abstract IN THEIR studies with methionine-deficient broiler diets which contained 20 to 22% protein, Baldini and Rosenberg (1955) observed that the methionine requirement, expressed as percent of diet, increased as the energy content of the diet increased. It was predicted that this principle of the energy-dependence of amino acid needs would apply to all essential amino acids and for most animals. In the meantime this has been shown to be true for the lysine requirement of rats (Rosenberg and Culik, 1955) and for the methionine requirement of the turkey poult (unpublished). In view of the realization that the energy content of the diet has such a pronounced effect on amino acid requirements it became desirable to reinvestigate several other phases of amino acid utilization. In this communication we report some results of our studies on the effect which a change in protein level may have on the methionine requirement of broilers.
50 Gb/s error-free data transmission of 850 nm oxide-confined VCSELs

50 Gb/s error-free data transmission and a −3-dB modulation bandwidth of 28.2 GHz are reported for high speed 850 nm oxide-confined VCSELs fabricated with an as-grown epitaxial structure without post-fabrication tuning of the photon lifetime.
Hybrid decoding of both spikes and low-frequency local field potentials for brain-machine interfaces

The best-performing brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) to date decode movement intention from intracortically recorded spikes, but these signals may be lost over time. A way to increase the useful lifespan of BMIs is to make more comprehensive use of available neural signals. Recent studies have demonstrated that the local field potential (LFP), a potentially more robust signal, can also be used to control a BMI. However, LFP-driven performance has fallen short of the best spikes-driven performance. Here we report a biomimetic BMI driven by low-frequency LFP that enabled a rhesus monkey to acquire and hold randomly placed targets with 99% success rate. Although LFP-driven performance was still worse than when decoding spikes, to the best of our knowledge this represents the highest-performing LFP-based BMI. We also demonstrate a new hybrid BMI that decodes cursor velocity using both spikes and LFP. This hybrid decoder improved performance over spikes-only decoding. Our results suggest that LFP can complement spikes when spikes are available or provide an alternative control signal if spikes are absent.
Gastric Diverticulum: An Unusual Endoscopic Finding.

A 54-year-old white woman with a past medical history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) presented to the outpatient gastroenterology clinic with the complaint of persistent pyrosis despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Her symptoms were described as progressively worsening over 4 years. She also reported intermittent nausea and localized epigastric burning pain. The symptoms occurred more often in the evening and were unchanged with meals. She noted no symptomatic improvement with omeprazole 40 mg orally up to twice daily, and a switch to pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily was also ineffective. Complete laboratory studies were unremarkable. An upper endoscopy showed a 1-cm diverticulum in the gastric fundus (Figure 1), confirming a similar finding from an upper endoscopy performed 4 years prior. Biopsy specimens revealed mild esophagitis, mild chronic gastric inflammation without evidence of Helicobacter pylori, and 2 fundic gland polyps. The mucosa in the diverticulum appeared normal. An upper gastrointestinal series to characterize diverticular morphology was not performed, but would be encouraged preoperatively should she choose to pursue elective diverticular resection in the future.
Evaluation of cardiovascular function in children with septic shock

Carefully evaluation of cardiovascular function in children with septic shock is the basis of appropriate therapy. Clinical methods of cardiovascular function evaluation include clinical manifestation,hemodynamic monitoring and laboratory test of tissue oxygenation. Evaluation of cardiovascular function should combine all results from different methods and should be dynamically monitored with the development of septic shock.
Liver Transplantation for Acute on Chronic Hepatic Failure Patients Caused by Hepatitis B

Objective:To summarize the experience of liver transplantation for acute on chronic hepatic failure patients caused by Hepatitis B.Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 50 cases from 2004 to 2005 were analyzed retrospectively.Results:All the 50 patients had child C hepatic function,and their mean MELD score is 30.Before receiving liver transplantation(Ltx),they suffered from several complications including hepatic encephalopathy 44% (22/50),abdominal infection 30% (15/50),hepatorenal syndrome 40% (20/23),as well as alimentary tract hemorrhage 16%(8/50).25 patients total underwent artificial liver support system therapy 35 times.HBV active replication (HBV DNA positive)occurred in 60% of the patients (30/50).6 patients died within 30 days after Ltx,and the mortality rate is 12%.Leading post-Ltx complications were pneumonia 50%(25/50),multiple-organ failure(MOF) 20% (10/50).There were no primary liver dysfunction and blood vessel complications in all the patients.One-year survival rate is 80%.Lamivudine combined HBIG were used to prevent HBV recurrence,and there was not any recurrent patient during a mean 12-month follow up period.Conclusion:chronic hepatitis B patients waiting for Ltx are generally with severely damaged liver function,multiple-organ impairment and inner environment disturbance.Therefore much should be done to improve organ function so that better inner environment can be obtained before Ltx.During operation,attention should be paid in the maintenance of coagulability and urine output and in the shrinking of operation time.Attention should also be paid to the intensive care of liver,lung and kidney functions,the appropriate use of immunity depressants and the effective prophylaxis for pneumonia and secondary infections post-poeratively.With sufficient efforts in all the aspects listed above,chronic hepatitis B patients undergone Ltx could expect a satisfactory clinical outcome and a good quality of life.
Radon transform imaging: low-cost video compressive imaging at extreme resolutions

Most compressive imaging architectures rely on programmable light-modulators to obtain coded linear measurements of a signal. As a consequence, the properties of the light modulator place fundamental limits on the cost, performance, practicality, and capabilities of the compressive camera. For example, the spatial resolution of the single pixel camera is limited to that of its light modulator, which is seldom greater than 4 megapixels. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to compressive imaging that avoids the use of spatial light modulator. In its place, we use novel cylindrical optics and a rotation gantry to directly sample the Radon transform of the image focused on the sensor plane. We show that the reconstruction problem is identical to sparse tomographic recovery and we can leverage the vast literature in compressive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to good effect. The proposed design has many important advantages over existing compressive cameras. First, we can achieve a resolution of N × N pixels using a sensor with N photodetectors; hence, with commercially available SWIR line-detectors with 10k pixels, we can potentially achieve spatial resolutions of 100 megapixels, a capability that is unprecedented. Second, our design is scalable more gracefully across wavebands of light since we only require sensors and optics that are optimized for the wavelengths of interest; in contrast, spatial light modulators like DMDs require expensive coatings to be effective in non-visible wavebands. Third, we can exploit properties of line-detectors including electronic shutters and pixels with large aspect ratios to optimize light throughput. On the ip side, a drawback of our approach is the need for moving components in the imaging architecture.
Cultural Laws and the Reconstruction of Past Lifeways

It is suggested that in solving a specific problem of reconstructing past lifeways, one is dependent on arguments of relevance, which, it is argued, are lawlike propositions stating relationships b...
Transportation Safety in Virginia: Positive Changes And Future Prospects

iv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review 3 Chapter 3 – Methodology 14 Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion 28 Chapter 5 – Conclusions 42 References 46 iii List of Figures and Tables Figure3.1. Severe Injuries. 16 Figure 3.2. Traffic-related Deaths. 17 Figure 3.3. Fatalities Involving Drivers Under 20 17 Figure 3.4. Speeding-related Fatalities 18 Figure 3.5. Alcohol-Impaired Driving Fatalities 19 Figure3.6. Peak of Fatalities 19 Figure4.1. Excise Tax Policy Concept 33 Figure4.2. Excise Tax Erosion, 1968 – 2000 34 Figure4.3. Contributors to Research in Highway Safety 35 Figure4.4. Approved and Eliminated projects in Different Research Areas 37 Figure4.5. Allocation of Funding 38 TABLE2.2 – Road statistics on Montana versus US (2004 – 2005) 6 TABLE 2.3 – The essential elements of the most effective Strategic Plan 11 TABLE2.4 – Comparison of the Highway Safety Strategic Plans 12 TABLE 3.1 – Total number of crashes vs. population growth 21 TABLE 3.2 – Number of deaths vs. number of deaths crashes 22 TABLE 3.3 – Investments in highway maintenance vs. total number of crashes 23 TABLE 3.4 – Investments in highway maintenance vs. Virginia MVC cost 23 TABLE 3.5 – Investments in highway maintenance vs. fatalities among young drivers 23 TABLE 3.6 – Investments in planning and research vs. total number of crashes 23 TABLE 3.7 – Investments in planning and research vs. Virginia MVC cost 24 TABLE 3.8 – Investments in planning and research vs. fatalities among young drivers 24 TABLE 3.9 – Retail gas prices vs. number of registered vehicles 25 TABLE 4.1 – Alcohol Excise Tax Erosion 33
choose your own derivative (extended abstract)

We discuss a generalization of the synchronization mechanism selective choice. We argue that selective choice can be extended to synchronize arbitrary data structures of events, based on a typing paradigm introduced by McBride: the derivatives of recursive data types. We discuss our work in progress implementing generalized selective choice as a Haskell library based on generic programming.
The gas phase reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a series of aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 240–440 K

Absolute rate constants were determined for the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with a series of linear aliphatic ethers using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique. Experiments were performed over the temperature range 240–440 K at total pressures (using Ar diluent gas) between 25–50 Torr. The kinetic data for dimethylether (k1), diethylether (k2), and dipropylether (k3) were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions and At 296 K, the measured rate constants (in units of 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were: k1 = (24.9 ± 2.2), k2 = (136 ± 9), and k3 = (180 ± 22). Room temperature rate constants for the OH reactions with several other aliphatic ethers were also measured. These were (in the above units): di-n-butylether, (278 ± 36); di-n-pentylether, (347 ± 20); ethyleneoxide, (0.95 ± 0.05); propyleneoxide, (4.95 ± 0.52); and tetrahydrofuran, (178 ± 16). The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms for these reactions and are compared to previous literature data.
Production of non-standard PET radionuclides and the application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with these nuclides.

The field of positron emission tomography (PET) has expanded dramatically over recent years. In spite of this expansion the large majority of clinical studies are carried out utilizing one radiopharmaceutical—2-fluoro- 2-deoxyglucose. Many research groups are developing novel radiopharmaceuticals. Amajor emphasis is on other agents labeledwith 18F. Several other positron emitting radionuclides can be prepared in high yields in small biomedical cyclotrons. Some of these have half-lives that make delivery significantly easier than the delivery of 18F compounds. These radionuclides include: 64Cu (half life 12.7 h), 76Br (half life 16.2 h), 86Y(half life 14.74 h) and 124I (half life 4.2 days). The method of production of these and other ‘non-standard’ PET radionuclides will be discussed and themethod of labeling radiopharmaceuticals with these radionuclides described. Several of these radiopharmaceuticals have been studied in animal models as well and a limited number translated to the human situation.
Mapping Urban Soundscapes via Citygram

In this paper we summarize efforts in exploring non-ocular spatio-temporal energies through strategies that focus on the collection, analysis, mapping, and visualization of soundscapes. Our research aims to contribute to multimodal geospatial research by embracing the idea of time-variant, poly-sensory cartography to better understand urban ecological questions. In particular, we report on our work on scalable infrastructural technologies critical for capturing urban soundscapes and creating what can be viewed as dynamic soundmaps. The research presented in this paper is developed under the Citygram project umbrella (Proceedings of the conference on digital humanities, Hamburg, 2012; International computer music conference proceedings (ICMC), Perth, pp 11–17, 2013; International computer music conference proceedings, Athens, Greece, 2014b; Workshop on mining urban data, 2014c; International computer music conference proceedings (ICMC), Athens, Greece, 2014d; INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON congress and conference proceedings, Institute of Noise Control Engineering, pp 2634–2640, 2014) and includes a cost-effective prototype sensor network, remote sensing hardware and software, database interaction APIs, soundscape analysis software, and visualization formats. Noise pollution, which is the New Yorkers’ number one complaint as quantified by the city’s 311 non-emergency hotline, is also discussed as one of the focal research areas.
Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Systemic Medications

Retinal and choroidal manifestations/toxicity may be seen in patients exposed to a variety of systemic medications. Toxicity may manifest itself via a variety of means, including disruption of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, vascular damage, cystoid macular edema, retinal folds, crystalline retinopathy, uveitis, and subjective visual changes (without objective findings). Examples of all of these forms of toxicity will be presented. With a high index of suspicion, the correct diagnosis can almost always be established.
Sonographic Differentiation of Complicated From Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Implications for Antibiotics-First Therapy

Objectives To evaluate sonographic findings as indicators of complicated versus uncomplicated appendicitis in the setting of known appendicitis, a necessary distinction in deciding whether to proceed with antibiotic therapy or with appendectomy. Methods With Institutional Review Board approval and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, appendiceal sonograms of 119 patients with histopathologically proven appendicitis were retrospectively blindly reviewed to determine the presence or absence of the normally echogenic submucosal layer, the presence of mural hyperemia, periappendiceal fluid, appendicoliths, and hyperechoic periappendiceal fat and to determine the maximum outside diameter. Results were compared with the presence of complicated versus uncomplicated appendicitis on histopathologic examination and assessed by both univariate and mulitvariate logistic regression; confidence intervals (CIs) of proportions were assessed by the exact binomial test. Results Thirty-two (26.9%) of the 119 patients had complicated appendicitis, including 11 with gangrenous appendicitis without perforation and 21 with gangrenous appendicitis and perforation. Loss of the submucosal layer was the only independent significant indicator of complicated appendicitis in multivariate regression (P < .001) and provided sensitivity and specificity values of 100.0% (95% CI, 89.1%–100.0%) and 92.0% (95% CI, 84.1%–96.7%), respectively. Conclusions Loss of the normally echogenic submucosal layer was the most useful sonographic finding for discriminating complicated from uncomplicated appendicitis, being the only finding independently and significantly associated with complicated appendicitis and, additionally, providing both high sensitivity and high specificity. This information may help a physician decide whether to proceed with antibiotic therapy or with appendectomy when treating a patient with appendicitis.
Cognitive architecture enables comprehensive predictive models of visual search.

With a simple demonstration model, Hulleman & Olivers (HO the result of such work thus far bolsters their arguments considerably.
Exploring the analysis and differentiation of plastic explosives by comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS) with a statistical approach

Abstract Plastic explosives (PE) are a relatively insensitive form of explosives that are composed of several different types of chemicals. Differentiation of such a complex mixture is of interest to law enforcement agencies. In this work, we explored the possibility of utilizing a mass spectrometric method with statistical processing for PE analysis. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC–MS) was implemented for the analysis of PE extracts. The resulting chromatographic peaks were aligned using mass spectra and retention time data. The aligned peaks were then subjected to statistical analysis using scores generated via principal component analysis (PCA), followed by a k nearest neighbor classification with Euclidean distance. Using appropriate data treatment steps, a 0% error rate and a 0% unidentified rate in the classification of PE to production lots was achieved in cross validation classification of training samples and classification of test samples. This demonstrates accurate classification of PE samples into production lots using these data treatment steps.
Sex Differences in Exercise Performance and Exercise Training Among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes

Exercise has long been recommended to improve many health parameters in those with diabetes, including glycemic control, weight management, certain cardiovascular measures, and body composition. Recent research suggests that sex differences exist in baseline exercise levels, exercise capacity, exercise preference, and a range of cardiovascular parameters associated with physical activity. Men with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have more self-reported exercise and physical activity prior to an intervention but are less likely to respond to exercise counseling than women. Both sexes also have different preferences in exercise type. Prior to training, women with diabetes have lower exercise performance (i.e., peak VO2 and/or METs) than men with diabetes. However, after exercise training, women with T2DM tend to have greater improvements in exercise performance while men may have greater improvements in body composition and certain cardiovascular parameters (i.e., diastolic blood pressure recovery, improved heart rate variability). Sex differences in metabolic measures after an exercise intervention are less clear based on current evidence. While sex differences in exercise performance and exercise training are evident, additional research into understanding the pathophysiology and scope of these sex differences in exercise among persons with T2DM is clearly needed. Further understanding of these differences will allow for individualized care and patient-centered exercise interventions in the future.
Identification of a novel protein complex essential for effector translocation across the parasitophorous vacuole membrane of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect virtually all nucleated cells in warm-blooded animals. The ability of Toxoplasma tachyzoites to infect and successfully manipulate its host is dependent on its ability to transport “GRA” proteins that originate in unique secretory organelles called dense granules into the host cell in which they reside. GRAs have diverse roles in Toxoplasma’s intracellular lifecycle, including co-opting crucial host cell functions and proteins, such as the cell cycle, c-Myc and p38 MAP kinase. Some of these GRA proteins, such as GRA16 and GRA24, are secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within which Toxoplasma replicates and are transported across the PV membrane (PVM) into the host cell, but the translocation process and its machinery are not well understood. We previously showed that TgMYR1, which is cleaved by TgASP5 into two fragments, localizes to the PVM and is essential for GRA transport into the host cell. To identify additional proteins necessary for effector transport, we screened Toxoplasma mutants defective in c-Myc up-regulation for their ability to export GRA16 and GRA24 to the host cell nucleus. Here we report that novel proteins MYR2 and MYR3 play a crucial role in translocation of a subset of GRAs into the host cell. MYR2 and MYR3 are secreted into the PV space and co-localize with PV membranes and MYR1. Consistent with their predicted transmembrane domains, all three proteins are membrane-associated, and MYR3, but not MYR2, stably associates with MYR1, whose N- and C-terminal fragments are disulfide-linked. We further show that fusing intrinsically disordered effectors to a structured DHFR domain blocks the transport of other effectors, consistent with a translocon-based model of effector transport. Overall, these results reveal a novel complex at the PVM that is essential for effector translocation into the host cell.
Reentry Experiences and Professional Developments of International Marriage and Family Therapy Graduates in Taiwan

Reentry research has received much less attention than research on cultural adjustment in a foreign country, especially in the marriage and family therapy (MFT) field in the United States. Lack of research on international students’ job experiences and professional developments during reentry does not provide further information to evaluate the quality of MFT education in the United States. This study was intended to extend the reentry literature and specifically to understand personal and professional reentry experiences and cross-cultural transformation of MFT returnees in Taiwan. Thirteen participants were interviewed, and the resulting data was analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. Analyses results demonstrated macro contextual factors that situated unique personal and professional reentry phenomena for international MFT graduate in Taiwan. The returnees strived to explore their MFT identity and interpret cross-cultural differences by developing four coping strategies (e.g., not wanting to fit in, doing what you were supposed to do or could do, processing with others, and therapists’ multicultural awareness) that were associated with three conditions, such as personal networks linking to professional networks, supervision, and training in MFT. Findings suggested that reentry adaption was varied and fitting into Taiwanese society might not be the final goal for the returnees. Training implications in the MFT field were provided based on the findings.
Deployment-related Lung Disease Is Associated with Abnormal Ventilation on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and with Increased Lung Clearance Index Score

Rationale: An unknown number of post–9/11 military deployers to Iraq and Afghanistan have returned with respiratory symptoms and may be at risk for deployment-related distal lung disease, detected ...
Culture-specific counselling strategies for Japanese nationals in the United States of America

The article provides an understanding of unique characteristics of Japanese nationals in the United States of America (USA), their possible acculturation and assimilation levels, Japanese world view (assumptions, values and beliefs), and Japanese developmental psychological functions (Amae, On, Giri, Ninjo, and Ajase Complex). All these factors affect the determination of culturally sensitive techniques and approaches that would be best suited for each Japanese client. Information about assessment tools, and counselling and therapeutic strategies and techniques that may be effective is presented.
On the n-p Mass Difference in QCD

With the advent of unified gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, dynamical symmetry breaking and the like, the old and, as yet, unsolved problem of the n-p mass difference has been cast in a new light. Traditional attempts to explain the infamous sign reversal have invariably been based upon the assumption that the mass splitting was electromagnetic in origin.1 However, all attempts along these lines agree with naive Coulomb energy considerations and, therefore, fail. Nowadays one has an equally important origin of isospin symmetry breaking, namely, the quark masses themselves.2 Thus, the problem of the n-p mass difference becomes intimately related to the problem of quark mass splitting and these presumably arise from the dynamical breaking of an assumed unified symmetry. From this point of view, the smallness of isospin splitting appears accidental, being merely a reflection of the smallness of the current quark masses relative to more typical hadronic mass scales. This view leads to a remarkable conclusion, namely, that the formidable macroscopic consequences of the neutron being heavier than the proton have their origins at energies relevant to the breaking of a grand unified group. Regardless of the role played by the masses themselves, the conventional electromagnetic contribution has to be reckoned with; indeed, all quark mass splittings have two such contributions, namely those from dynamical symmetry breaking and those from gauge boson radiative corrections.
Falling into History: The Imagined Wests of Kim Stanley Robinson in the “Three Californias” and Mars Trilogies

California science fiction writer Kim Stanley Robinson has imagined the future of Southern California in three novels published 1984–1990, and the settlement of Mars in another trilogy published 1993–1996. In framing these narratives he worked in explicitly historical terms and incorporated themes and issues that characterize the “new western history” of the 1980s and 1990s, thus providing evidence of the resonance of that new historiography.
The validity of ortho and para states of hydrogen at megabar pressures

It is well established that the single molecule ortho-para states of hydrogen remain valid in the low pressure solid. In this paper we show that on theoretical grounds the concept of ortho-para states for the molecules in a solid should remain valid to megabar pressures and probably until the Wigner-Huntington dissociative transition to the atomic solid is reached. We calculate the density dependence of the mixing of para states into ortho states and give a general discussion of the density dependence of conversion rates.