cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon dioxide laser therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: factors determining success rate.

Sixty patients with biopsy proven CIN were treated with CO2 laser. Severity of the lesion was equally divided among all three grades of CIN. All patients were biopsied immediately after laser therapy and at six and twelve weeks past treatment. Persistence or absence of disease was evaluated with respect to severity of disease, size of lesion, method of applying laser, whether the endocervical canal was involved, whether only the lesion or the entire transformation zone was lasered, and depth of laser effect. The persistence of disease was 36.7 percent after therapy. Success was not related to severity of disease, size of lesion, or whether the endocervical canal was involved. It was related to depth of coagulation necrosis, method of applying the laser beam, and if the entire transformation zone was treated.
Necrotizing fasciitis due to appendicitis

Necrotizing fasciitis, although rare, is one of the more serious, life-threatening complications of missed acute appendicitis. Patients who are predisposed to developing necrotizing fasciitis, regardless of the cause, are typically immunocompromised. We present a case of a 49-year-old immunocompetent female whose diagnosis of acute appendicitis was missed and who subsequently developed necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall and flank. She recovered 1 month after admission due to aggressive surgical and medical therapy.
Avoiding Harm and Achieving Optimal Dialysis Outcomes—The Dialysate Component

Appropriate dialysate composition is critical for effective and safe hemodialysis. Unfortunately, there are few randomized trials to guide practice, and although solute clearance is well understood, there is a limited understanding of balance in dialysis patients. The current practice of simply trying to normalize serum electrolyte and mineral concentrations measured predialysis may not provide optimal care. More thought should be given to normalizing balance with respect to sodium, bicarbonate, magnesium, and potassium and minimizing wide swings in serum concentrations that may have adverse effects. In practice, this would require longer or more frequent dialysis with less steep chemical gradients. With respect to calcium, the goal should be to optimize bone and vascular health. Clinicians should also be mindful that the dialysis procedure itself exposes patients to potential toxins, and efforts to minimize these risks should be stressed.
Legal philosophies of Russian liberalism

In pre-revolutionary Russia, law was widely criticized - in the name of Christ, or in the name of Marx. Professor Walicki opens his study with an analysis of this tradition of hostility to law. But his main aim is to present those Russian thinkers who boldly challenged the mainstream tradition by developing liberal legal philosophies which vindicated the value of the rule of law: Boris Chicherin, the theorist of a Hegelianized version of classical liberalism; Vladimir Soloviev, whose religious philosophy laid the foundations for a "new liberalism"; Leon Petrazycki, with his original theory of legal consciousness; his rival, Pavel Novgorodtsev; Bogdan Kistiakovsky, who outlined the possibility of transforming neo-liberalism into 'rule-of-law socialism'; and, finally, Sergius Hessen, who attempted to synthesize different trends in the Russian liberal tradition.
SPC09-6: Band-Preference Dynamic Spectrum Management in a DSL Environment

This paper introduces an algorithm for spectrum management for digital subscriber line (DSL) systems based on band preference. The proposed method influences the usage of spectrum through band preference factors that subtly modify the loading algorithm of DSL modems. Ad-hoc algorithms for computing such band preference factors are discussed. Simulation results in a practical ADSL environment show that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of Iterative Water-filling (IWF) [1] and is close to that of Optimal Spectrum Balancing (OSB) [2], even with a small number of control parameters.
Low-flow and basin characteristics of two streams in Northern Vermont

Abstract During a 6-year period, the minimum flows per unit of area in a 3.2-square-mile basin of northern Vermont were 0.00027 in/h compared with 0.00003 in/h in an adjacent 8.4-square-mile basin. As the climate, geology, and land use in the two basins are similar, the differences in low flow are probably caused by differences in topography and in soils. Fifty-four per cent of the larger, low-yielding basin has slopes of 8 per cent or less; slopes of 8 per cent or less occur in only 28 per cent of the smaller basin. Poorly and very poorly drained fragipan soils (Typic and Humic Fragiaquepts) occupy 44 per cent of the larger basin, as opposed to only 22 per cent of the smaller, steeper basin. These soils have an O horizon, an A horizon with high organic content, and a fragipan at depths generally between 12 and 18 inches. Their effect is to retard or impede deep percolation to storage, and to retain moisture in the surficial horizons even at high tensions. In the smaller basin, high base flow is probably sustained by the slow release of moisture from the deeper, surficially well-drained soils that prevail in it.
Dynamics of simple electronic neural networks

Abstract We examine systems of one and two nonlinear threshold switching elements (“neurons”), of the kind used in electronic neural networks. Characteristics of these systems which deviate from standard ideal models are found to induce complex dynamics. When the neurons possess a finite frequency response or a transfer characteristic with a time delay, underdamped transients and instability leading to oscillation can occur. Inertia in the neuron connections is found to cause ringing about fixed points, convoluted basin boundaries, instability and spontaneous oscillation, and chaotic behavior when driven. Furthermore, the collective behavior of a network of multiple neurons can be underdamped even when the individual connections are overdamped. These results imply that care should be exercised in implementing networks with electronic devices or when adding inertia to enhance the performance of optimizing networks.
Police integrity in South Korea

South Korea is an Asian democracy with the history of military and autocratic regimes. The police served the regimes and engaged in various forms of police misconduct, from the use of excessive force and violation of human rights to corruption. Recent reforms of the South Korean police primarily targeted police corruption and mostly neglected the use of excessive force. This chapter presents the results of the 2009 police integrity survey of 379 South Korean police officers. The respondents had no problems recognizing most of the behaviors described in the questionnaire as rule violating. The instances in which they had problems were mostly focused on the scenarios describing the use of excessive force. The respondents evaluated most of the scenarios as serious. They also expected, and approved of, some discipline milder than dismissal for such behavior. We uncovered a strong code of silence among our respondents that protects not only violations of official rules but also violations of criminal law. Our results indicate that the respondents’ own views about the described behavior and their estimates of how others would evaluate the same behavior are very similar. We argue that these results should be interpreted in light of the Confucianism and the collective culture of homogeneity widespread in South Korea.
The American Voter in Congressional Elections

The article analyzes congressional elections research following from the 1978 National Election Study. In a field where basic information was lacking, the study constitutes a major data collection effort. Results should be taken as tentative, with serious work on measurement and conceptualization remaining. Nevertheless, a number of important preliminary findings can be identified. Voters' evaluations of the congressional candidates, House and Senate, have a major influence on the vote, separate from incumbency and party and more important than presidential evaluations or other evaluations. While House incumbents receive the strongest positive support on a number of measures, there is little negative perception of any candidate in congressional contests. Finally, there are major differences found for Senate and House challengers, in voter recognition and information, but no major differences for Senate and House incumbents. House challengers stand apart from all other candidates in their degree of visibility and contact with voters. The article discusses the implications of these findings and indicates priorities for future research.
Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. III. Light-Induced Absorbance Changes in Chloroplast Fragments of the Wild Type and Mutant Strains

Light-induced absorbance changes were investigated in chloroplast fragments of wild type Chlamydomonas reinhardi and 5 different mutant strains having impaired photosynthesis. Two absorbance changes were detected, 1 having a maximum at 553 nm and the other at 559 nm. The component exhibiting the 553 nm change is a cytochrome similar to cytochrome f from higher plant chloroplasts. The component exhibiting the 559 nm change has the properties of a cytochrome similar to cytochrome b 3 . Two of the mutant strains ( ac-115 and ac-141 ) were found to lack the 559 cytochrome and light induced only the oxidation of the 553 cytochrome. A third mutant strain ( ac-206 ), previously shown to lack the 553 cytochrome, exhibited only the light-induced reduction of the 559 cytochrome. A fourth mutant strain ( ac-208 ), shown to lack plastocyanin, exhibited absorbance changes attributable to both cytochromes. However, light was capable of inducing the reduction of the 559 cytochrome but not its oxidation. On the other hand, light induced the oxidation of the 553 cytochrome but not its reduction. These observations are discussed in terms of the series formulation for photosynthetic electron transport in which the 559 cytochrome is reduced by system II and transfers electrons via the component affected in ac-21 to the 553 cytochrome. Accordingly, system I sensitizes the oxidation of the 3 components of the electron transport chain.
Polarimetric Doppler Radar Observations of Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves in a Winter Storm

AbstractKelvin–Helmholtz waves were observed by the Twin Lakes, Oklahoma (KTLX), Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D); the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), polarimetric WSR-88D; and the polarimetric Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) radars on 30 November 2006 during a winter storm in central Oklahoma. The life cycle and structure of the waves are analyzed from the radar data, and the nearby atmospheric conditions are examined. The initial perturbations associated with the waves are first evident only in the radars’ radial velocity fields. As the waves mature, perturbations become discernable in the reflectivity factor Z and spectrum width (SW) fields of both radars, and in the differential reflectivity Zdr and, to a lesser extent, the cross-correlation coefficient ρhv fields of KOUN. As the waves break and begin to dissipate, the perturbations subside.A dual-Doppler analysis is synthesized to examine the kinematic structure of the waves and to relate the polarimetric observation...
Review: Short‐Bowel Syndrome: A Review of the Role of Nutrition Support

Advances in long-term venous access devices and in parenteral nutrition solutions have made it possible for patients with severe short bowel syndrome to survive and to live in our society. The spectrum of this disease is such that some patients may be able to lessen their dependence or even become free from parenteral therapy. This review will discuss the role of nutrition support in the patient with short bowel syndrome.
Oscillations in a collisional plasma with parallel currents and transversed D.C. electric fields

Abstract Electrostatic oscillations in a plasma due to magnetic field aligned currents and transverse inhomogeneous d.c. electric fields are examined. It is found that the transverse d.c. electric field and the field aligned current can together play a synergistic role to enable the excitation of broadband electrostatic wves even when the threshold values of the field aligned drift and the E × B drift are individually subcritical. The solution of the dispersion relation indicates that the wave characteristics are dependent on the ratio of the Doppler shifts due to the E × B drift and the field aligned drift, R = k y V E / k z V d .
Constructing and fitting models for cokriging and multivariable spatial prediction

We consider best linear unbiased prediction for multivariable data. Minimizing mean-squared-prediction errors leads to prediction equations involving either covariances or variograms. We discuss problems with multivariate extensions that include the construction of valid models and the estimation of their parameters. In this paper, we develop new methods to construct valid crossvariograms, fit them to data, and then use them for multivariable spatial prediction, including cokriging. Crossvariograms are constructed by explicitly modeling spatial data as moving averages over white noise random processes. Parameters of the moving average functions may be inferred from the variogram, and with few additional parameters, crossvariogram models are constructed. Weighted least squares is then used to fit the crossvariogram model to the empirical crossvariogram for the data. We demonstrate the method for simulated data, and show a considerable advantage of cokriging over ordinary kriging.
The Royalty of Negro Vaudeville: The Whitman Sisters and the Negotiation of Race, Gender and Class in African American Theater 1900-1940

Preface: Surviving the Silence Introduction Setting the Stage: The Whitman Sisters' Beginnings, Influences and a Performance Reconstruction Race, Gender and Class: The Whitman Sisters and the Politics of Performance and Management Toby, the Depression and Beyond: The Whitman Sisters' Later Years Appendices Bibliography
Specific matrix metalloproteinase profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid correlated with the presence of malignant astrocytomas, brain metastases, and carcinomatous meningitis

BACKGROUND Detection in tumor tissue of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly gelatinases A and B, correlates with the grade and aggressiveness of primary and metastatic brain tumors. The ability to detect these enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) would be a minimally invasive method of evaluating brain tumors. METHODS CSF from 66 patients with white blood cell counts of ≤5 μL were analyzed for the presence of gelatinolytic activity by zymography. Twenty-nine patients had malignant astrocytomas, 10 had brain metastases from systemic malignancies, 4 had systemic cancer not involving the central nervous system, 4 had nonmalignant neurologic diseases, and 19 were healthy controls. Fifteen CSF samples had positive cytologies. The zymographic results were retrospectively correlated with clinical information and CSF cytologic data. RESULTS CSF from all patients with malignant astrocytomas or brain metastases contained precursor gelatinase A (pMMP2) and precursor gelatinase B (pMMP9), whereas control CSF contained only pMMP2. All patients with positive CSF cytologies had activated MMP2. A similar correlation was observed between the presence of activated MMP9 and positive CSF cytology. CONCLUSIONS The precursor and activated forms of gelatinases A and B can be detected in the CSF of patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors. The distribution of gelatinase activity in CSF distinguishes patients with malignant gliomas or brain metastases from those without brain tumors, and distinguishes patients with meningeal carcinomatosis from those without CSF spread of tumor, regardless of their brain tumor status. Analysis of MMPs in the CSF may be a sensitive technique for diagnosing CNS tumors and provide an early indication of tumor recurrence. This technique may also provide longitudinal information that would be useful in evaluating ongoing treatment and predicting tumor behavior. Cancer 1998;82:923-30. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Cell-Type-Dependent Targeting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly to the Plasma Membrane and the Multivesicular Body

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly-and-release pathway begins with the targeting of the Gag precursor to the site of virus assembly. The molecular mechanism by which Gag is targeted to the appropriate subcellular location remains poorly understood. Based on the analysis of mutant Gag proteins, we and others have previously demonstrated that a highly basic patch in the matrix (MA) domain of Gag is a major determinant of Gag transport to the plasma membrane. In this study, we determined that in HeLa and T cells, the MA mutant Gag proteins that are defective in plasma membrane targeting form virus particles in a CD63-positive compartment, defined as the late endosome or multivesicular body (MVB). Interestingly, we find that in primary human macrophages, both wild-type (WT) and MA mutant Gag proteins are targeted specifically to the MVB. Despite the fact that particle assembly in macrophages occurs at an intracellular site rather than at the plasma membrane, we observe that WT Gag expressed in this cell type is released as extracellular virions with high efficiency. These results demonstrate that Gag targeting to and assembly in the MVB are physiologically important steps in HIV-1 virus particle production in macrophages and that particle release in this cell type may follow an exosomal pathway. To determine whether Gag targeting to the MVB is the result of an interaction between the late domain in p6 Gag and the MVB sorting machinery (e.g., TSG101), we examined the targeting and assembly of Gag mutants lacking p6. Significantly, the MVB localization of Gag was still observed in the absence of p6, suggesting that an interaction between Gag and TSG101 is not required for Gag targeting to the MVB. These data are consistent with a model for Gag targeting that postulates two different cellular binding partners for Gag, one on the plasma membrane and the other in the MVB.
Chemistry of the Metal-Polymer Interfacial Region

In many polymer-metal systems, chemical bonds are formed that involve metal-oxygen-carbon complexes. Infrared and Mossbauer spectroscopic studies indicate that carboxylate groups play an important role in some systems. The oxygen sources may be the polymer, the oxygen present in the oxide on the metal surface, or atmospheric oxygen. Diffusion of metal ions from the substrate into the polymer interphase may occur in some systems that are cured at elevated temperatures. It is unclear whether a similar, less extensive diffusion occurs over long time periods in systems maintained at room temperature. The interfacial region is dynamic, and chemical changes occur with aging at room temperature. Positron annihilation spectroscopy may have application to characterizing the voids at the metal-polymer interface.
Transrectal ultrasound appearance of hematolymphoid malignancies involving the prostate

Abstract Objectives. Although the clinical presentation and physical examination findings in patients with lymphoma or leukemia involving the prostate have been described previously, the transrectal ultrasound appearance of hematolymphoid malignancies involving the prostate has not been previously described. Methods. Nine patients with prostate cancer diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were found to have hematolymphoid malignancies involving the prostate at the time of subsequent radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. The ultrasound images and prostate needle biopsy results are presented. Results. Prospective analysis of transrectal ultrasound images revealed no abnormality other than hypoechogenicity typical of prostate cancer in 7 of the 9 patients (77.8%). In 2 patients, the ultrasound images were free of any abnormalities. In 2 of the 9 patients (22.2%), the prostate needle biopsies demonstrated suspicious lymphocytic infiltrate in addition to prostate cancer. Conclusions. Transrectal ultrasound does not detect hematolymphoid malignancies involving the prostate. Ultrasound-guided biopsies of the prostate have a very low rate of detecting these malignancies.
Determination of Si/Al ratios in zeolites by proton inelastic scattering

Abstract Proton inelastic scattering has been used to determine the bulk ratio of silicon to aluminum in twelve zeolites. This nuclear reaction analytical technique is nondestructive and provides reliable information in short analysis times for light elements at low concentrations. The 844- and 1014-keV states of aluminum and the 1779-keV state of silicon were excited with 3.4-MeV protons and the resulting gamma rays were counted with a Ge(Li) detector. The results are compared to those obtained from a larger round-robin series of eight separate analyses using six different analytical techniques. The average deviation of the results from the mean values for each sample in the round-robin series is 3.0%. Only two of the analyses fell outside one standard deviation from the adjusted mean, and both of these are within two standard deviations.
Mutant enzymes and tRNAs as probes of the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase: tRNAGln interaction

This paper focuses on several aspects of the specificity of mutants of Escherichia coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) and tRNA(Gln). Temperature-sensitive mutants located in glnS, the gene for GlnRS, have been described previously. The mutations responsible for the temperature-sensitive phenotype were analyzed, and pseudorevertants of these mutants isolated and characterized. The nature of these mutations is discussed in terms of their location in the three-dimensional structure of the tRNA(Gln).GlnRS complex. In order to characterize the specificity of the aminoacylation reaction, mutant tRNA(Gln) species were synthesized with either a 2'-deoxy AMP or 3'-deoxy AMP as their 3'-terminal nucleotide. Subsequent assays for aminoacylation and ATP/PPi exchange activity established the esterification of glutamine to the 2'-hydroxyl of the terminal adenosine; there is no glutaminylation of the 3'-OH group. This correlates with the classification of GlnRS as a class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Mutations in tRNA(Gln) are discussed which affect the recognition of GlnRS and the current concept of glutamine identity in E coli is reviewed.
Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons from animal models

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterized by the appearance of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens and the involvement of multiple organ systems, including the kidneys. The precise immunological events that trigger the onset of clinical manifestations of SLE are not yet well understood. However, research using various mouse strains of spontaneous and inducible lupus in the last two decades has provided insights into the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of this disease. According to our present understanding, the immunological defects resulting in the development of SLE can be categorized into two phases: (a) systemic autoimmunity resulting in increased serum antinuclear and antiglomerular autoantibodies and (b) immunological events that occur within the target organ and result in end organ damage. Aberrations in the innate as well as adaptive arms of the immune system both play an important role in the genesis and progression of lupus. Here, we will review the present understanding - as garnered from studying mouse models - about the roles of various immune cells in lupus pathogenesis.
Subtemporal approach for distal basilar occlusion for giant aneurysm. Nuances and advantages of the subtemporal approach

We described the subtemporal approach, which was used for distal basilar artery occlusion in a patient with a symptomatic giant unclippable aneurysm. We discuss issues related to positioning and lumbar drainage. We illustrate the basic steps: identification of the tentorial notch; sharp opening of the arachnoid behind the third nerve; placement of a fixed mechanical retractor to "hold" the brain; identification of the third nerve and mobilization from arachnoid attachments; identification of the course and insertion of the fourth nerve; division and retraction of the tentorial edge to enhance exposure; preparation of the "perforator-free zone"; and final clip application followed by ICG fluorescein angiography. We show some of the areas exposed with this approach. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/S_NLIjKQL_o .
Semantic Variation in Idiolect and Sociolect: Corpus Linguistic Evidence from Literary Texts

Idiolects are person-dependent similarities in language use. They imply that texts by one author show more similarities in language use than texts between authors. Sociolects, on the other hand, are group-dependent similarities in language use. They imply that texts by a group of authors, for instance in terms of gender or time period, share more similarities within a group than between groups. Although idiolects and sociolects are commonly used terms in the humanities, they have not been investigated a great deal from corpus and computational linguistic points of view. To test several idiolect and sociolect hypotheses a factorial combination was used of time period (Modernism, Realism), gender of author (male, female) and author (Eliot, Dickens, Woolf, Joyce) totaling 16 corresponding literary texts. In a series of corpus linguistic studies using Boolean and vector models, no conclusive evidence was found for the selected idiolect and sociolect hypotheses. In final analyses testing the semantics within each literary text, this lack of evidence was explained by the low homogeneity within a literary text.
Volume Volographic Imaging with Super Long Working Distances

New volume holographic imaging system with super long working distances has been devised. We designed Newtonian telescope as objective optics to increase working distance and used additional lens as a corrector for compensate spherical aberration.
A technique for projection x-ray lithography using computer-generated holograms

X‐ray projection lithography has recently been explored as a method for the manufacture of <200 nm linewidth integrated circuits. A method is described whereby projected lithographic images can be formed with x rays by means of a transmission hologram. The form of the hologram is computed by an algorithm that eliminates the unwanted signals normally present as systematic errors in in‐line holographic images. Example calculations are shown in which holograms are constructed to generate images of a given test pattern. The holographic images are shown to have excellent fidelity with respect to both resolution and contrast. Such an approach to projection x‐ray lithography requires an x‐ray beam with very little coherence and is thus compatible with high wafer throughput schemes; in addition, image fidelity remains high even when moderately small contaminant particles block the light from small regions of the hologram. Fabrication limits for the single optic involved are compatible with current technological l...
Hadoop's adolescence: an analysis of Hadoop usage in scientific workloads

We analyze Hadoop workloads from three di?erent research clusters from a user-centric perspective. The goal is to better understand data scientists' use of the system and how well the use of the system matches its design. Our analysis suggests that Hadoop usage is still in its adolescence. We see underuse of Hadoop features, extensions, and tools. We see significant diversity in resource usage and application styles, including some interactive and iterative workloads, motivating new tools in the ecosystem. We also observe significant opportunities for optimizations of these workloads. We find that job customization and configuration are used in a narrow scope, suggesting the future pursuit of automatic tuning systems. Overall, we present the first user-centered measurement study of Hadoop and find significant opportunities for improving its efficient use for data scientists.
Changes in the kinetic parameters of hepatic γ-glutamyltransferase from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Previous research has shown that the enzymatic activity of hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase was increased in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with no increase in the expression of the protein. The current work has characterized the differences in the kinetic properties of hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase from diabetic versus control rats. Hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase was purified from control male and female rats and from rats made diabetic 30 days previously with streptozotocin. The maximal velocity and the Michaelis constant were determined for the purified enzyme with two separate donors (L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide or L-gamma-glutamyl-(7-amido-4-methylcoumarin)) in the presence of one of eight acceptors (L-alanine-glycine, L-glycine-glycine, L-methionine, L-glutamate, L-alanine, L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine or L-aspartate). With both donors, hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase from diabetic rats had a consistently higher kinetic efficiency than gamma-glutamyltransferase from controls. The kinetic efficiency percent increase of diabetic over control gamma-glutamyltransferase when averaged across all acceptors was higher in males than in females. With L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, the kinetic efficiency increase of diabetic over control gamma-glutamyltransferase was higher with poor acceptors than with highly efficient acceptors. These data indicate that there are differences in the physical properties of hepatic gamma-glutamyltransferase from diabetic versus control rats and from female versus male rats.
Use of Surface States to Explain Activated Adsorption

A theory is advanced connecting activated adsorption with electron surface states in solids. The theory is constructed for H2 but the suggested mechanism would work equally well for other molecules. It is supposed that H atoms interact with surface electron states of the solid when the atom gets close enough to make the latter stable. The stability condition for surface states and its relation to the position of the visiting H atom is investigated in some detail. If the energy of the surface state is low enough, the atom will on reaching the critical distance for stability transfer its electron to the surface state with considerable reduction in total energy. At close distances, exchange sets in. The energy of the various interactions is calculated approximately on the basis of a simplified model of the surface potential field and the surface state wave function. By using a reasonable form for the repulsion between the H nucleus and the positive cores in the metal, total energy curves whose minima lie at depths up to 2.5 volts are obtained. An H2 molecule with sufficient energy may get close enough to the surface to come into the range of interaction of the H atoms with surface states. When this happens the molecule can split into atoms and be bound as such to the surface. The present theory of this interaction seems to be capable of properly accounting for the observed heats of activated adsorption of H2.
Energy spectrum evolution of a diffuse field in an elastic body caused by weak nonlinearity

We study the evolution of diffuse elastodynamic spectral energy density under the influence of weak nonlinearity. It is shown that the rate of change of this quantity is given by a convolution of the linear energy at two frequencies. Quantitative estimates are given for sample aluminum and fused silica blocks of experimental interest.
Peritoneal fluid prostaglandins and prostanoids in women with endometriosis, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, and pelvic pain

Abstract Peritoneal fluid obtained at laparoscopy from 49 women was measured for its content of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α (6-KF), and thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ) by specific radioimmunoassays. In normal women (n = 10), the concentrations of prostaglandins in peritoneal fluid were (mean ± SE): PGE 2 = 0.79 ± 0.26, PGF 2α = 0.60 ± 0.18, 6-KF = 0.48 ± 0.19, and TxB 2 = 0.23 ± 0.09 ng/ml; in women with endometriosis (n = 16): PGE 2 = 1.43 ± 0.72, PGF 2α = 1.52 ± 0.59, 6-KF = 3.32 ± 0.71, and TxB 2 = 1.14 ± 0.69 ng/ml; in women with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and/or obstructed tubes (n = 19): PGE 2 = 1.94 ± 1.04, PGF 2α = 1.20 ± 0.61, 6-KF = 1.55 ± 0.40, and TxB 2 = 0.64 ± 0.24 ng/ml; in women with pelvic pain without any visible pathologic condition (n = 4): PGE 2 = 1.11 ± 0.66, PGF 2α = 0.73 ± 0.55, 6-KF = 1.35 ± 0.35, and TxB 2 = 0.39 ± 0.17. The mean volumes of peritoneal fluid recovered were 10 to 16 ml and were not significantly different between the groups. Except for a significantly elevated concentration of 6-KF in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis compared to normal women (p =
Solution-processed hybrid p-n junction vertical diode

Solution-processed n-ZnO/p-poly(3,3′′′-didodecylquaterthiophene) (PQT-12) vertical p–n junction diodes were prepared on ITO-coated glass. A continuous film of ZnO nanoparticles was grown on the ITO glass by dip-coating and subsequent heat treatment of a zinc acetate film. PQT-12 was then spin-coated to form the ZnO/PQT-12 diode. Gold was chosen as the top electrode to complement ITO for this diode. The microstructures of ZnO films are studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and show a continuous, dense layer of ZnO nanoparticles. The current–voltage (I–V) measurement shows that the maximum current density for this p–n junction diode is 400 A/cm2, which is much higher than previously reported polymer diodes. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) data also provide evidence of formation of the p–n junction. The rectification was characterized by observation of full input-half output waves. Data indicate that these devices can operate up to frequencies of 14 MHz under ambient environment conditions. This rectification frequency is higher than other reported polymer Schottky diodes under these conditions. Turnon voltages of this diode are also much lower than for the reported polymer diodes.
Cyclophosphamide and 15(S)-15 methyl PGE1 correct the T/B lymphocyte ratios of NZB/NZW mice.

The lupus of NZB/NZW F1 female mice is associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis and premature death. Cyclophosphamide and 15(S)-15 methyl PGE1 therapy halt disease progression. Fluorescein conjugated antibodies were utilized to label specific leukocytes and the subsets were quantitated using a Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter. Normal outbred CD-1 female mice showed a decrease in absolute T and B cell numbers with age, but the ratio of T and B cells remained essentially constant through 9 months of age. By contrast the NZB/W female mice showed decreased numbers of total lymphocytes relative to CD-1 controls at all ages. Moreover relative to CD-1s, there was a far greater decrease in T cell numbers (7× for NZB/W versus 2× for CD-1) and B cell numbers failed to decrease with age. The characteristic decline in T lymphocyte numbers and relative increase in B cell numbers in NZB/W mice were corrected with cyclophosphamide and PGE1 therapy. However, there was no selective modification of T cell subsets (L3T4+ or Ly2+) with therapy. Our investigation suggests correction of the abnormal T/B cell ratio may be a useful marker of therapeutic activity in NZB/W mice.
Analysis of the map-seeking circuit

Arathorn developed a new theory to address the translation, rotation, scale and perspective invariance problem in vision. According to it, both natural and machine vision systems may be built using a basic block which he calls the map-seeking circuit. In his recent book 1 , he informally describes the circuit and a number of simulation studies to illustrate his ideas and support his claims. In this paper, we complement his work by providing mathematical analysis of the circuit. We first construct difference equations describing its dynamics and study when they converge to a steady state which represents the circuit's interpretation of the input scene image. We then show that the state corresponds to the minimum of an upper bound on the difference between the input image and its reconstruction done by the circuit using its built-in banks of object memories and construction operators. The fact that the upper bound can be constructed and minimized directly in a computationally efficient and numerically robust manner, without having to recourse to the map-seeking circuit simulation, makes our alternative approach attractive for applications. We explain why the upper bound is not always tight, which leads to the collusion and other matching errors noticed by Arathorn.
Controlling bacterial behavior with indole-containing natural products and derivatives

Indole has recently been implicated as an important small molecule signal utilized by many bacteria to coordinate various forms of behavior. Indole plays a role in numerous bacterial processes, including: biofilm formation and maintenance, virulence factor production, antibiotic resistance and persister cell formation. Intercepting indole-signaling pathways with appropriately designed small molecules provides a n opportunity to control unwanted bacterial behaviors, and is an attractive anti-virulence therapeutic strategy. In this review, we give an overview of the process controlled by indole signaling, and summarize current efforts to design indole-containing small molecules to intercept these pathways, and detail the synthetic efforts towards accessing indole derived bioactive small molecules.
Conjugation and hyperconjugation: a survey with emphasis on isovalent hyperconjugation

Abstract Various aspects and examples of conjugation and hyperconjugation are surveyed, and the desirability of an explicit classification of both conjugation and hyperconjugation into two major types, isovalent and sacrificial (ordinary) is emphasized. The existence of a third type, pluvalent conjugation, is also mentioned. Further, the desirability of a subclassification of isoconjugation and isohyperconjugation each into three sub-types (dative, non-dative, and homodative, in orderof increasing conjugative stabilization) is pointed out, with examples. Sacrificial conjugation and hyperconjugation are usually non-dative, but some examples of dative conjugation and hyperconjugation are cited. The intrinsic jointness of the inductive and mesomeric effects (both of which are forms of resonance) in homodative isoconjugation and isohyperconjugation is emphasized. Homodative alkyl isohyperconjugation in carbonium ions is discussed extensively, with especial reference to McCaulay's Conference paper. Some hitherto incompletely published theoretical evidence, supported by experimental spectroscopic evidence, that the ethylene positive ion is partially twisted in its ground state, is presented; the twist is due to incipient isohyperconjugation. Definitions of the term hyperconjugation are considered with some care. It is suggested that the Baker-Nathan effect (in so far as it refers to differences between C-H and C-C hyperconjugation) should not itself be described as hyperconjugation, but rather as differential hyperconjugation. It is pointed out that there are no obvious theoretical reasons for expecting radical differences in stabilization energy or in magnitude of electron between C-C and C-H hyperconjugation. Finally, the writer wishes to apologize if he has sometimes gone astray in this paper because of the superficiality of his acquaintance with the vast literature of organic chemistry.
Asymptomatic 'streaks' in a healthy young man. Adolescent lumbar striae

(2000). Asymptomatic ‘streaks’ in a healthy young man. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 237-240.
The use of [18O4]phosphoric acid in the quantitation of phosphate by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

Abstract A procedure is described to quantitate inorganic phosphate in the form of the tris(trimethylsilyl) (TMS) phosphate by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (glems) that increases the previously reported detection limit from the microgram to the nanogram range (i.e., 3 ng). The sensitivity for detecting TMS-phosphate by glc-ms analysis was shown to be limited by an increasing fractional loss with decreasing concentrations of TMS-phosphate analyzed due to its adsorption on different types of glc column supports. The method developed employs [18O4]phosphoric acid which serves as both an internal standard to permit quantitation and as a carrier to minimize sample adsorption on the glc column support.
The liver and immunoregulation of neuroblastoma growth.

Abstract C1300 neuroblastoma, like human neuroblastoma, elicits an immune response in its host and as a result provides an animal model in which to study the enigmatic behavior of this common childhood tumor. Since the liver is a favored site for neuroblastoma metastasis, especially the favorably regressing IV-S stage, and since the liver is a known producer of immunoregulatory factors, this study reports a systematic assessment of liver cell tumor cell interaction, the effect on tumor immunogenicity, and the potential for tumor growth control. Immunization-excision-challenge assays in 120 AJ mice with C1300 demonstrate the tumor to be antigenic; but in a second experimental sequence with 120 mice, normal whole liver cells were admixed with C1300 tumor cells in vitro and incubated for one hour prior to animal innoculation. The immunogenicity is dramatically minimized in the admixture group when compared with controls (antigenic ratio=1.67 versus 3.07, p p
Large isoform of MRJ (DNAJB6) reduces malignant activity of breast cancer.

Introduction Mammalian relative of DnaJ (MRJ [DNAJB6]), a novel member of the human DnaJ family, has two isoforms. The smaller isoform, MRJ(S), is studied mainly for its possible role in Huntington's disease. There are no reports of any biologic activity of the longer isoform, MRJ(L). We investigated whether this molecule plays any role in breast cancer. Our studies were prompted by interesting observations we made regarding the expression of MRJ in breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissue microarrays, as described below.
Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study.

Background Recent research has indicated that autism is not a discrete disorder and that family members of autistic probands have an increased likelihood of exhibiting autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity, often below the threshold for a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Objective To examine the distribution and genetic structure of autistic traits in the general population using a newly established quantitative measure of autistic traits, the Social Responsiveness Scale (formerly known as the Social Reciprocity Scale). Methods The sample consisted of 788 pairs of twins aged 7 to 15 years, randomly selected from the pool of participants in a large epidemiologic study (the Missouri Twin Study). One parent of each pair of twins completed the Social Responsiveness Scale on each child. The data were subjected to structural equation modeling. Results Autistic traits as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale were continuously distributed and moderately to highly heritable. Levels of severity of autistic traits at or above the previously published mean for patients with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified were found in 1.4% of boys and 0.3% of girls. Structural equation modeling revealed no evidence for the existence of sex-specific genetic influences, and suggested specific mechanisms by which females may be relatively protected from vulnerability to autistic traits. Conclusions These data indicate that the social deficits characteristic of autism spectrum disorders are common. Given the continuous distribution of these traits, it may be arbitrary where cutoffs are made between research designations of being "affected" vs "unaffected" with a pervasive developmental disorder. The genes influencing autistic traits appear to be the same for boys and girls. Lower prevalence (and severity) of autistic traits in girls may be the result of increased sensitivity to early environmental influences that operate to promote social competency.
Not All Blarney Is Cast in Stone: International Cultural Conflict in Northern Ireland

A core characteristic of world politics is the presence of communal conflict over ideas of national identity, inextricably bound to ideas of cultural identity. Increasingly, foreign policy decision-makers realize the importance of considering cultural factors in their calculations of how peoples will define the "self" that seeks "determination." Although a collective's culture changes over time (through interaction with others and in response to external events), scholars and policy analysts sometimes treat identities as static, monolithic, and derived from cultures that rarely change. This leads policymakers to underestimate the extent to which culture influences and can be influenced by foreign policy. This paper integrates work in political science and psychology into a content analysis-based method for examining three major ways in which culture impinges on communal conflict. The utility of the approach is demonstrated with a case study of the Northern Ireland conflict from 1984 to 1986, which shows how the rhetoric of the competing nationalist/Catholic leaders (John Hume and Gerry Adams) was the site of debate over group culture, how differences in the rhetoric reflected different cultures of the conflict, and how the conflict has been affected by the foreign policy decisions of other actors. Language: en
Crop Yield Convergence: How Russia's Yield Performance Has Compared to Global Yield Leaders

This paper examines whether there has been cross-country convergence among yields for selected crops important to Russia and the New Independent States. The only crop that showed yield convergence globally was wheat, although several crops in sub-samples displayed convergence. In the reform era, Russian yields for several crops declined, leading to gaps between Russia and the global yield leaders that are wider now than in the study's initial starting period (1962). These findings are consistent with recent studies showing declining efficiency in the reform era. Input price liberalization and institutional constraints exerted downward pressure on yields, offsetting gains achieved by opening up to the global market.
A virus-based vaccine may prevent cervical cancer

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are now recognized as the etiologic agents of invasive cervical cancer, a major cancer in women. A single HPV type (type 16) is responsible for about 50% of the cancers. The major capsid protein of papillomaviruses, L1, when expressed by recombinant DNA technology, has the intrinsic ability to assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs). In a recent study, a vaccine based on HPV 16 VLPs was tested in a placebo-controlled proof-of-principle trial in young women in the United States. The vaccine was found to prevent 100% of incident persistent HPV 16 infections and HPV 16-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. These results offer promise that cervical cancer will be preventable by an HPV-based vaccine. Studies planned or in progress are examining the efficacy of the vaccine in men, in HIV-infected individuals, and in other parts of the world. Attempts are being made to prepare vaccines that can be administered more easily to large populations.
Salt marsh connectivity and freshwater versus saltwater inflow: multiple methods including tidal gauges, water isotopes, and LIDAR elevation models11This article is derived from a special session entitled “A New Hydrology: Inflow Effects on Ecosystem Form and Functioning” that took place at the February 2011 ASLO Aquatic Sciences conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

The hydrologic connectivity between different components of a coastal marsh is a key wetland structural element and is essential in determining habitat value. Salt marshes are often thought of as b...