cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the kdr and super-kdr sodium channel mutations in pyrethroid resistance: correlation of allelic frequency to resistance level in wild and laboratory populations of horn flies (Haematobia irritans)

The kdr and super-kdr point mutations found in the insect sodium channel gene are postulated to confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids. Using an allele-specific PCR assay to detect these mutations in individual horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), we determined the allelic frequency of the kdr and super-kdr mutations in several wild and laboratory populations. Wild populations with very similar allelic frequencies had resistance levels that ranged widely from 3- to 18-fold relative to a susceptible population. Conversely, the kdr allele frequency in a lab population with 17-fold resistance was nearly double that found in a heavily pressured wild population with 18-fold resistance. We conclude that, although the kdr mutation confers significant levels of pyrethroid resistance, a substantial component of resistance in insecticidally pressured populations is conferred by mechanisms that are PBO-suppressible. High super-kdr allele frequencies were detected in two resistant lab populations, but in wild populations with equivalent resistance the super-kdr allele frequency was very low. Interestingly, in over 1200 individuals assayed, the super-kdr mutation was never detected in the absence of the kdr mutation.
Guidelines for radiotherapeutic techniques for cervical metastases from an unknown primary

Between 1968 and 1980, radiotherapy was part of the treatment of 120 patients with cervical nodes from an unknown primary tumor. Thirteen patients presented with supraclavicular nodes only and 14 presented with massive adenopathy; they are analyzed separately. The remaining 93 patients are analyzed in this report with emphasis on the applied radiotherapeutic techniques. Twenty of the 93 patients received radiation treatment to the neck only, 26 to the naso- and oropharynx and neck, and 47 to the naso-, oro-, and hypopharynx and neck. Fourteen patients subsequently developed a tumor at a primary site or a recurrence of metastases in the neck; in nine patients the disease recurrence was in areas that had not been irradiated. There was an increase in failures above the clavicles in patients who received irradiation to the neck alone. No correlation was found between initial tumor staging and subsequent failure, nor between types of surgical procedures and failure. In 86 of 93 (92.5%) patients there was eventual control of disease above the clavicles; 22 of the 93 patients died of disease, whereas 36 died of other causes. The determinate survival rate for the 93 patients treated with curative intent is 70% at 10 years. Guidelines for selection of techniques based on tumor and patient factors are discussed.
(±)CPP, an NMDA receptor antagonist, blocks the induction of commissural-CA3 LTP in the anesthetized rat

Abstract Commissural CA3-CA3 (cCA3) long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in the anesthetized rat treated with the highly selective NMDA-receptor antagonist d , l -3[(±)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). Intraperitoneal injections of CPP did not significantly affect baseline test responses for either field EPSP slope or amplitude measures but did reduce LTP in a dose-dependent manner, with 3.2 mg/kg as the lowest effective dose. EPSP variability following tetanization was also significantly reduced in both the 3.2 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg groups. We interpret these results to suggest that a 3.2 mg/kg dose of CPP may be sufficient for studying the behavioral effects of this NMDA receptor antagonist.
Documenting diversity: developing special collections of underdocumented groups

This article explores the theoretical and practical developments in documentation planning for acquiring archival manuscript material of under-documented topics. The author examines the emergence of documentation planning theory in the 1970s and 1980s as a response to historians’ and archivists’ calls regarding the lack of historical records related to racial and ethnic groups, women, the working class, and the lives of ordinary people. Heeding this call, archivists initiated programs to assist repositories in identifying and selecting materials that present a more balanced historical record. The author concludes by assessing one repository’s experience with collecting records on under-documented topics and suggesting a model for other special collection libraries and archival repositories.
Spectroscopic Identification of Gallstone

Gallstone formation is a very common disease throughout the world. There are several types of gallstones; they are bilirubin (calcium-bilirubinate and pure pigment stone), cholesterol, a mixture of bilirubin and cholesterol, and inorganic stone. Identification of the type of gallstone is the prerequisite in the diagnosis of gallbladder and bilary tree malfunction. On the basis of the type of gallstone, a physician can advise a patient as to the necessary diet and other precautions to prevent recurrence of gallstone formation.
Evaluating the interplay between spirituality, personality and stress.

Spirituality and the big five personality traits may be risk or protective factors for coping with stress. We hypothesized young adults who reported higher spirituality ratings would demonstrate lower sympathetic nervous system arousal and better emotional coping when exposed to a laboratory stressor compared to those who rated themselves lower in spirituality. We also compared spirituality groups on trait anger, neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and openness to experience. Eighty participants completed trait-state anger, personality and spirituality questionnaires and were grouped into low, average and high spirituality. Participants’ physiological responses were monitored before and during a stressful event. Significant differences were found between low, average and high spirituality groups’ respiration rate and emotional response to the stressor. Significant differences were also found between spirituality groups in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, trait anger and neuroticism. Females reported higher levels of spirituality and conscientiousness than males.
Variable expression of cathepsin B and D correlates with highly invasive and metastatic phenotype of oral cancer

Abstract The expression levels of cathepsins B, D, and L in oral cancer surgical specimens were determined using immunocytochemical analysis. Cathepsins B and D are frequently overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas, whereas their overexpression was less frequent in verrucous carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinomas. Elevated level of cathepsin B in oral carcinomas was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage ( P [lt ] .05) and poor histologic malignancy grade ( P [lt ] .001). Increased expression of cathepsin D correlated significantly with the presence of metastasis ( P [lt ] .05), poor histologic malignancy grade ( P [lt ] .001), and high proliferation rate ( P [lt ] .05). Cathepsin L was less frequently overexpressed in oral cancers than cathepsin B and D. These findings indicate that there is a strong cause/effect relationship between the expression levels of cathepsin B and D in oral cancers and their local invasive and metastatic growth patterns. Thus, cathepsins B and D are useful prognostic markers as well as promising gene therapy targets for oral cancer. HUM PATHOL 31:931-937.
PYROXENE WEATHERING TO SMECTITE: CONVENTIONAL AND CRYO-FIELD EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, KOUA BOCCA ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEX, IVORY COAST

Air-dried and high-pressure frozen/freeze-etched samples of clinopyroxene and smectite in a saprolitized clinopyroxenite from Koua Bocca, Ivory Coast, West Africa, were compared to characterize textures developed during natural weathering of chain silicates. Comparison with air-dried material allowed evaluation of high-pressure cryofixation as a technique for preserving textures of hydrated clay minerals. Air-dried pyroxene surfaces appear very smooth. Small, flat lamellae, oriented parallel to the c axis, lend a distinct splintery appearance to pyroxene surfaces in fully hydrated samples. These lamellae often display a combination of straight (110) pyroxene edges and a crinkled border, suggestive of smectite. Narrow lenticular (110) open cleavages occur in both preparations and are not a pressurization artifact. Most often these openings contain no secondary minerals. Spaces between pyroxene denticles, lined with collapsed smectite in air-dried samples, are filled with thin packets of anhedral smectite crystallites oriented face to face when hydrated. Smectite microboxwork preserves original topotactic textures developed during isovolumetric pyroxene transformation, and smaller nanoporosity appears in hydrated cryofixed examples. Occasional regions of edge-to-face ‘house of cards’ texture also occur. Elimination of sample preparation artifacts induced by surface tension during air drying demonstrates that pores actually present during a hydration reaction-driven weathering episode are smaller and more numerous than would be inferred from examining air-dried materials.
An integrated approach to support the joint design of machine tools and process planning

Abstract The configuration of machine tools and process planning problem are traditionally managed as independent stages, where the process plan is designed by considering a number of machine tool solutions available from catalogue. This strategy presents a number of disadvantages in terms of process results and machine capabilities fully exploitation. The current paper proposes an integrated approach for jointly configuring machine tools and process planning. The approach is structured in 4 major recursive steps that eventually ensure the accomplishment of the best trade-off between the machine tool static and dynamic behaviour, the process quality and the resulting economic efficiency. The benefits of the approach have been evaluated for a test case application in the railway and automotive sectors.
Automatic detection of peculiar galaxies in large datasets of galaxy images

Abstract We propose an image analysis unsupervised learning algorithm that can detect peculiar galaxies in datasets of galaxy images. The algorithm first computes a large set of calculated characteristics reflecting different aspects of the visual content, and then weighs them based on the σ of the values computed from the galaxy images. The weighted Euclidean distance of each galaxy image from the median is measured, and the peculiarity of each galaxy is determined based on that distance. Experimental results using irregular galaxy images show that the method can effectively detect peculiar galaxies. Code and data used in the experiments are freely available.
Band arrays in Fortran: an elegant representation

By breaking the usual linkage between the two functions of an array declaration -- storage allocation and element access -- a particularly elegant and readable FORTRAN representation for band matrices is obtained. Mathematical software using this representation involves simpler index expressions, is easier to read, and may produce more efficient code.
Perspective: Let the sunshine in!

Population and genetic studies are confirming the link between multiple sclerosis and vitamin D, says Richard Ransohoff.
Interleukin 7 receptor ligation stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation, inositol phospholipid turnover, and clonal proliferation of human B-cell precursors.

Abstract Functional interleukin 7 (IL-7) receptors are expressed on the surface of multiphenotypic, biphenotypic, and immature B-lineage human lymphoid precursor cells with germ-line immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes but not on more mature B-lineage lymphoid cells with rearranged and/or expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. Thus, IL-7 may have an important regulatory role during the earliest stages of human B-cell ontogeny. The engagement of the surface IL-7 receptors on immature B-cell precursor cells with recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) results in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple phosphoproteins, stimulates inositol phospholipid turnover and DNA synthesis, and promotes their clonal proliferation. These effects are (i) specific for rhIL-7, since rhIL-3, rhIL-4, rhIL-5, rhIL-6, and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor do not elicit similar activities on IL-7 receptor-positive human pro-B cells; and (ii) mediated by IL-7 receptors, since they are not observed in IL-7 receptor-negative B-lineage lymphoid cell populations. rhIL-7-induced tyrosine phosphorylation on the 35-, 53-, 55-, 62-, 69-, 76-, 94-, 150-, 170-, and 190-kDa substrates as well as rhIL-7-induced stimulation of inositol phospholipid turnover are abrogated by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. These results demonstrate that the IL-7 receptor on immature human B-cell precursor populations is intimately linked to a functional tyrosine kinase pathway and tyrosine phosphorylation is an important and perhaps mandatory step in the generation of the IL-7 receptor-linked transmembrane signal.
Simplicity versus complexity

C OMPLETE denture prosthesis provides an important health service to a large segment of civilized humanity. Many varied concepts, or schools of thought, exist regarding the best procedure to use in supplying this service. While uniformity or standardization of methods is neither expected nor advocated, it is emphatically believed that the objectives of this project may be better achieved by a greater sinlplification of technical procedures. To do a good job in a concise manner, neglecting nothing of value yet eliminating all useless falderal, should merit the approbation of all concerned. The denture prosthetist need not assume the aura of a superscientist in order to perform this task. In fact many pseudoscientific procedures have infiltrated denture construction during its evolutionary development. Such procedures only serve to clutter and mask the importance of factors which really are of major consequence. The criterion of any step in dentrue construction should be : Does it co~ltribute to the fLlrlctiot1, comfort, appearance, or health of the patient? If the answer is negative, it may well be omitted, How &ay the wheat be separated from the chaff? How may we rid ourselves of the myriad of complexities whicl> threaten to overshadow the thorough execution of steps which really do contribute something of essential value? This may be accomplished only by an unprejudiced revision of thought based upon :I careful evaluation of the various concepts of denture construction. A brief discussion of the salient factors involved might serve as a catalyst to stimulate some reactionary change.
Inhibition of brassinosteroid‐induced epinasty in tomato plants by aminooxyacetic acid and Co2+

The inhibitory effects of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on brassinosteroid (BR)-induced epinasty in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) are evaluated. CoCl2 dramatically decreases petiole bending and ethylene production as the concentration increases from 50 to 200 μM. The content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the petiole, instead of accumulating, is reduced and does not change over the concentration range tested. Inhibition of BR-induced epinasty by AOA results from inhibition of ACC synthesis. There are dramatic reductions in petiole bending, ethylene and ACC production as the concentration of AOA is increased from 50 to 200 μM. Maximum inhibition occurs when the plants are pretreated with the inhibitors. The degree of inhibition increases as the length of pretreatment increases from 1 to 4 h. The response of BR-treated plants to AOA and CoCl2 is similar to the effect of auxin, indicating the integral relationship between BR and auxin.
The Production of Social Knowledge for Public Use

In recent years social scientists have reviewed and evaluated a number of experiences with applied social research. There is a growing consensus that social knowledge produced for policy-action purposes should be substantively different from that produced for disciplinary purposes. Not all of the research procedures developed to produce disciplinary knowledge are applicable under the conditions of policy-action research, and scientific techniques have not been developed to produce certain kinds of needed social knowledge. The organization and administrative procedures of academic institutions have been found inadequate for the production of many types of policy-action knowledge. Nevertheless, there is still widespread agreement that academic institutions should provide the basic training of policy-action researchers. With the installation of a new Democratic administration in Washington, it is reasonable to suppose that we will see a revived demand for social knowledge that can be used in the formulation of social policy and the implementation of social programs. Traditionally the administrations of Democratic presidents have sought the aid and counsel of social scientists more than have Republican administrations. It seems probable that this tradition will be carried on by the present Carter administration, especially in view of Vice President Mondale's long record of social science support, which includes his sponsorship in the Senate of the Full Opportunity and Social Accounting Act. Had it been approved, this act, among its other provisions, would have established a President's Council of Social Advisers and required the President to submit an annual Social Report to Congress (Mondale). While we social scientists may derive some pleasure from contemplating future public recognition of our value to society that fits more closely our own assessment, we might benefit more by reflecting on our capabilities to meet greater demands for social knowledge. It is perhaps fortunate that the relative neglect of social scientists in the formulation of
Partial identification of carbohydrate-binding sites of a Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-specific lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades by site-directed mutagenesis

Abstract The Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-specific lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades (MOA) contains a ricin B chain-like (QXW)3 domain at its N-terminus that is composed of three identical subdomains (α,β, and γ) and a C-terminal domain of unknown function. Here, we investigate the structure–function relationship of MOA to define the number and location of its carbohydrate-binding sites. Based on the sequence alignment of MOA to the ricin B-chain lactose-binding sites, we systematically constructed mutants by site-directed mutagenesis. We have used precipitation and hemagglutination assay for the primary analyses, and surface plasmon resonance for the kinetic analysis. Among amino acid residues at the putative carbohydrate-binding sites, Gln46 in the α subdomain and Trp138 in the γ subdomain have been identified to be important amino acid residues directly or indirectly involved in carbohydrate recognition. By surface plasmon resonance, Q46A and W138A were 2.4- and 4.3-fold less active than that of the wild-type MOA (Ka=2×107), respectively. A double-site mutant (Q46A/W138A) had activity similar to W138A. The C-terminal deletion mutant MOAΔC showed hemagglutination and precipitation activity, although its binding constant was 12.5-fold less active (Ka=1.6×106) than that of the wild-type MOA. A C-terminal deletion mutant with mutations at both Gln46 and Trp138 (MOAΔC-Q46A/W138A) was 12,500-fold less active (Ka=1.6×103) than that of the wild-type MOA. On the basis of this observation, we conclude that both α and γ subdomains are most probably involved in carbohydrate binding, but the β subdomain appears to be inactive.
Hummingbirds of the Juan Fernández Islands: natural history, evolution and population status

Two hummingbird species inhabit the Juan Fernandez Islands, nearly 700 km off the Chilean coast in the Pacific Ocean—the endangered endemic Juan Fernandez Firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis and the continental Green-backed Firecrown S. sephaniodes. In terms of body size, the endemic species is the most sexually dimorphic species of hummingbird known; it also displays an extraordinary degree of sexual dichromatism. Both sexes hold feeding territories, within which courtship probably occurs. It is suggested that sexual selection, and selection for gender recognition and the absence of indigenous predators may explain the evolution of sexual dimorphism and dichromatism in the Juan Fernandez Firecrown. In spite of a more than twofold difference in body size, the bill lengths of both sexes in both species are nearly identical and closely match the flower tube length of the several species of endemic plants they pollinate. The endemic Juan Fernandez Firecrown has become extinct on one of the two main islands (Isla Alejandro Selkirk) and its population on the other main island (Isla Robinson Crusoe) has greatly declined in recent decades. In contrast, the population of the Green-backed Firecrown has probably increased on Robinson Crusoe and the species has recently become established on Alejandro Selkirk. Because historical records show that Green-backed Firecrown survived centuries of potential competition from Juan Fernandez Firecrown, massive habitat destruction, plagues of rats, feral cats and dogs and the effects of feral livestock before beginning its recent decline, it is suggested that the introduction earlier in this century of the bramble Rubus ulmifalius, the coati Nasua nasua and possibly the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus may have differentially favoured the Green-backed Firecrown at the expense of the Juan Fernandez Firecrown.
Recommendations for Oversight of Nanobiotechnology: Dynamic Oversight for Complex and Convergent Technology

Federal oversight of nanobiotechnology in the United States has been fragmented and incremental. The prevailing approach (at FDA, OSHA, and other key agencies) has been to use existing laws and other administrative mechanisms for oversight. However, this “stay-the-course” approach is inadequate for this complex and convergent technology and may indeed undermine its promise. This technology demands a new, more dynamic approach to oversight. In proposing a new oversight approach to nanobiotechnology, this article breaks new ground. The authors go beyond passive to active nanomaterials; focus on the specific challenges of nanobiotechnology; anticipate scientific convergence (marrying nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive sciences); address dynamic oversight and regulation, cognizant of “new governance” approaches; and develop U.S. oversight recommendations with an eye to transnational and international approaches. The article proposes a new oversight framework with three essential features: (a) oversight can move dynamically between “soft” and “hard” approaches over time as information and nano-products evolve; (b) oversight integrates inputs from all stakeholders, with strong public engagement in decision-making to assure adequate analysis and transparency; and (c) oversight features an overarching coordinating entity to assure strong inter-agency coordination and communication that can meet the challenge posed by the convergent nature of nanobiotechnology. This proposed framework derives from detailed case analysis of key oversight regimes relevant to nanobiotechnology using a methodology grounded in expert elicitation and multi-criteria assessment, as described here and elsewhere. The proposal is informed by inputs from experts in academia, industry, NGOs, and government.
Pancreatic atrophy in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease

Purpose To determine if patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) develop greater loss of pancreatic tissue than patients without cGVHD.
The secular Yiddish school in the United States in sociohistorical perspective: Language school or culture school?

The commitment to Yiddish language instruction underwent change during the history of the secular Jewish afternoon school in the United States. Although founded by shared the common conviction that the Yiddish language carries with it the necessary elements of Jewish group identification. This case study shows that these non-religious schools introduced instruction relating to Jewish culture and tradition and reduced the effort expended on Yiddish instruction. English was increasingly used in the classroom, and the Yiddish proficiency of descendant generations of immigrants diminished. The tensions that developed between the goals of teaching language and transmitting cultural knowledge are correlated with Jewish historical developments during the twentieth century. This case study illustrates factors that influence the circumstances in which ethnic language is taught in the ethnic group school.
Comparing axial loaded MRI to standing radiographs in the evaluation of AIS

In patients with AIS, standing radiographs are the standard of care for curve surveillance, but have negative long-term effects from repeated x-ray exposure. MRI provides high quality images in the coronal plane that can be used to measure Cobb angles. Because MRI is done in the supine position, there is no gravitational effect and curve magnitudes appear smaller. Gravity can be reproduced by an axial load on the spine while supine in the MRI. This study will examine whether those supine axial loaded MRI images produce Cobb angles that are similar to those from standing radiographs.
Location of the iris insertion in pigment dispersion syndrome.

Purpose: To evaluate the position of the iris insertion into the ciliary body in persons with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and control subjects. Methods: Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed on 19 eyes with PDS and on 21 eyes of control subjects. A radial, perpendicular image in the temporal meridian detailing Schwalbe line (SL), scleral spur (SS), and iris root insertion (IR) was obtained for each eye by a single examiner. The distances between these structures then was measured. Results: There were no differences between the groups in refractive error (mean ± standard error, −2.8 ± 0.7 diopters for PDS eyes versus −2.2 ± 0.6 for control subjects) ( P = 0.46), sex distribution ( P = 0.49), and trabecular meshwork height (SL to SS) (0.63 ± 0.03 mm [PDS eyes] versus 0.59 ± 0.03 [control eyes]; P = 0.24). The SS-to-IR distance was significantly greater in PDS eyes (0.40 ± 0.04 mm) than in control eyes (0.28 ± 0.04 mm) ( P = 0.01) as was the overall distance from SL to IR (0.98 ± 0.04 mm versus 0.81 ± 0.04 mm) ( P = 0.003). Conclusion: The insertion of the iris into the ciliary body is more posterior in PDS eyes than in control eyes. This anatomic variation places the iris pigment epithelium proximal to the zonular apparatus and may increase the likelihood of iridozonular contact and zonular pigment dispersion.
Limits on an electromagnetic fifth force.

In analogy to the proposed gravitational "fifth" force, limits can be set on the range $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and the strength $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of an electrical fifth force. Specifically we consider the potential $V=\frac{({e}^{2}}{r)}(1+{\ensuremath{\beta}e}^{\ensuremath{-}r\ensuremath{\lambda}})$ and show that there is a region near $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1$ \ensuremath{\mu}m where existing experiments set relatively poor limits on $\ensuremath{\beta}$.
Multicommodity facility location

Multicommodity facility location refers to the extension of facility location to allow for different clients having demand for different goods, from among a finite set of goods. This leads to several optimization problems, depending on the costs of opening facilities (now a function of the commodities it serves). In this paper, we introduce and study some variants of multicommodity facility location, and provide approximation algorithms and hardness results for them.
Chemical platinization and its effect on excitation transfer dynamics and P700 photooxidation kinetics in isolated photosystem I

Isolated photosystem I (PSI) reaction center/core antenna complexes (PSI-40) were platinized by reduction of [PtCl6]2- at 20 degrees C and neutral pH. PSI particles were visualized directly on a gold surface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) before and after platinization. STM results showed that PSI particles were monomeric and roughly ellipsoidal with major and minor axes of 6 and 5 nm, respectively. Platinization deposited approximately 1000 platinum atoms on each PSI particle and made the average size significantly larger (9 x 7 nm). In addition to direct STM visualization, the presence of metallic platinum on the PSI complexes was detected by its effect of actinic shading and electrostatic shielding on P700 photooxidation and P700+ reduction. The reaction centers (P700) in both platinized and nonplatinized PSI-40 were photooxidized by light and reduced by ascorbate repeatedly, although at somewhat slower rates in platinized PSI because of the presence of platinum. The effect of platinization on excitation transfer and trapping dynamics was examined by measuring picosecond fluorescence decay kinetics in PSI-40. The fluorescence decay kinetics in both platinized and control samples can be described as a sum of three exponential components. The dominant (amplitude 0.98) and photochemically limited excitation lifetime remained the same (16 ps) before and after platinization. The excitation transfer and trapping in platinized PSI-40 was essentially as efficient as that in the control (without platinization) PSI. The platinization also did not affect the intermediate-lifetime (400–600 ps) and long-lifetime (> 2500 ps) components, which likely are related to intrinsic electron transport and to functionally uncoupled chlorophylls, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Discovery of Fluorescent Cyanopyridine and Deazalumazine Dyes Using Small Molecule Macroarrays

Small molecule macroarrays of cyanopyridines and deazalumazines were generated in high purities via spatially addressed synthesis on planar cellulose supports. Examination of the spectral properties of the heterocycles both on and off of the planar support revealed a set of promising new fluorescent dyes that exhibit high quantum yields, low pH dependence, and high sensitivity to solvent polarity.
Induction as Conditional Probability Judgment

Existing research on category-based induction has primarily focused on reasoning about blank properties, or predicates that are designed to elicit little prior knowledge. Here, we address reasoning about nonblank properties. We introduce a model of conditional probability that assumes that the conclusion prior probability is revised to the extent warranted by the evidence in the premise. The degree of revision is a function of the relevance of the premise category to the conclusion and the informativeness of the premise statement. An algebraic formulation with no free parameters accurately predicted conditional probabilities for single- and two-premise conditionals (Experiments 1 and 3), as well as problems involving negative evidence (Experiment 2).
The US and the European Union: Bridging the strategic gap?

(2004). The US and the European Union: Bridging the strategic gap? The International Spectator: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 35-50.
A Typological Assessment of “A Study of Values” by Q-Methodology

(1972). A Typological Assessment of “A Study of Values” by Q-Methodology. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 55-67.
Importance of the CD3 marker for evaluating changes in rhesus macaque CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios

Background Until recently, there were no CD3 antibodies that crossreacted with rhesus macaque T cells. Consequently, studies relying on CD8 counts or CD4/CD8 ratios enumerated this subpopulation on the basis of CD8+ or CD8bright+ staining. We used a rhesus-specific, anti-CD3 antibody to better define the CD8+ T-cell population, and to show the effects of better measurements on CD4/CD8 ratios and changes in T cells as macaques age. Methods We used three-color flow cytometry to measure CD4 and CD8 populations with and without CD3 costaining. Venous blood samples were obtained from 52 colony-bred macaques between 2 months and 9 years of age. Results The CD8+ T cells defined by CD3 and CD8 double staining were approximately 60% of all cells that were stained by CD8 alone. Improved detection of this lymphocyte subset showed that CD4/CD8 ratios were close to the range of 1.5–2.0. Declining CD4/CD8 ratios during aging are predominantly due to decreasing CD4+ T-cell counts. Conclusions Better quantitation of the CD8+ T-cell population showed that the CD4/CD8 ratio was not inverted as had been reported, but is actually very similar to the values observed in human beings. Although the two species differ in the pattern of CD8 expression, the general immune system characteristics are very similar. Cytometry 40:69–75, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Controllable formation of heterotrimetallic coordination compounds: Systematically incorporating lanthanide and alkali metal ions into the manganese 12-metallacrown-4 framework

The inclusion of LnIII ions into the 12-MC-4 framework generates the first heterotrimetallic complexes of this molecular class. The controllable and deliberate preparations of these compounds are demonstrated through 12 crystal structures of the LnIIIMI(OAc)4[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](H2O)4·6DMF complex, where OAc– is acetate, shi3- is salicylhydroximate, and DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide. Compounds 1–12 have MI as NaI, and LnIII can be PrIII (1), NdIII (2), SmIII (3), EuIII (4), GdIII (5), TbIII (6), DyIII (7), HoIII (8), ErIII (9), TmIII (10), YbIII (11), and YIII (12). An example with MI = KI and LnIII = DyIII is also reported (DyIIIK(OAc)4[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](DMF)4·DMF (14)). When LaIII, CeIII, or LuIII is used as the LnIII ions to prepare the LnIIINaI(OAc)4[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4] complex, the compound Na2(OAc)2[12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4](DMF)6·2DMF·1.60H2O (13) results. For compounds 1–12, the identity of the LnIII ion affects the 12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4 framework as the largest LnIII, PrIII, causes an expansion of the 12...
A multi-objective genetic programming approach to developing Pareto optimal decision trees

Classification is a frequently encountered data mining problem. Decision tree techniques have been widely used to build classification models as such models closely resemble human reasoning and are easy to understand. Many real-world classification problems are cost-sensitive, meaning that different types of misclassification errors are not equally costly. Since different decision trees may excel under different cost settings, a set of non-dominated decision trees should be developed and presented to the decision maker for consideration, if the costs of different types of misclassification errors are not precisely determined. This paper proposes a multi-objective genetic programming approach to developing such alternative Pareto optimal decision trees. It also allows the decision maker to specify partial preferences on the conflicting objectives, such as false negative vs. false positive, sensitivity vs. specificity, and recall vs. precision, to further reduce the number of alternative solutions. A diabetes prediction problem and a credit card application approval problem are used to illustrate the application of the proposed approach.
Enhanced gain of a free-electron laser

The gain of a free-electron laser may be multiplied by a very large factor when a uniform magnetic field ${B}_{0}$ is superimposed on the extant helical field. The effect is due to cyclotron resonance and requires ${B}_{0}=\frac{10.6}{l{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{v}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{2}}{{c}^{2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ kG, where $l$ is the period of the helical field and ${v}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ is the streaming-electron velocity.
Laser Vibrational Spectroscopy of Transient, Weakly Bound, and Reactive Molecules

Using laser spectroscopic techniques, namely Stimulated Emission Spectroscopy (SES) and Stark Level Crossing Spectroscopy, in combination with molecular beam techniques, we can now study vibrational levels with energies from zero to tens-of-thousands wavenumbers with sub-Doppler resolution and single rotational level selectivity. Molecular species with concentrations as low as 10−4 Torr can be studied. Low-frequency intermolecular van der Waals vibrational levels in a weakly bound complex can be directly observed for the elucidation of inter-molecular forces. Short-lived radicals can be studied at high vibrational excitation. The dissociation behavior of a molecule with vibrational energy higher than the dissociation barrier can be examined with single vibrational quantum state resolution.
Military-civilian collaboration in trauma care and the senior visiting surgeon program

More than 18,000 injured soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan have been cared for at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany. The Senior Visiting Surgeons Program is bringing leaders of civilian trauma care to Landstuhl to participate in the care of injured soldiers and to serve as mentors and advisors to those in the military care system. This report provides a view of the collaborative efforts to optimize trauma care for critically injured soldiers.
SO(10) for grand unification

In this brief review, we present the arguments both theoretical and experimental in favor of the simple group SO(10) as the first approximation towards grand unification. The physical phenomena of the solar neutrino problem which motivate existence of neutrino mass, the recent LEP data which rule out the simple SU(5) (and perhaps supersymmetric SU(5) if tied also to the solar neutrino problem) model for which vanishing neutrino masses would be logical, coupled with attractive features like accommodating the invisible axion and a τ neutrino mass acceptable to cosmology, converge towards a two-step SO(10) model with intermediate mass scale of order 1011GeV. We comment on the status of a second Z′ in a model of the spontaneous breakdown of SO(10) which is particularly conservative in that very little of the standard picture is altered.
An aggregate petroleum consumption model

Abstract This paper presents an aggregative model of US consumption of petroleum and products, of a type which might potentially be used to derive short-term forecasts of US petroleum consumption and imports. The model attempts to separate income- and weather-related changes from those induced by changes in relative prices, with emphasis on the dynamic path of consumption responses to price changes. Estimation results suggest that there are still significant price effects six years after a change in the relative price of petroleum.
Subjective and polysomnographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with narcolepsy

Abstract In order to better characterize the subjective and polysomnographic findings in patients with narcolepsy, a follow-up questionnaire was mailed to all patients diagnosed with the disorder at the Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Disorders and Research Center. The questionnaire inquired regarding the present, previous, and change in status for the constellation of narcolepsy symptoms. Memory problems, problems of daytime function, and nocturnal sleep disturbance were included among the questions related to the symptomatic constellation. By definition, all patients were symptomatic of daytime sleepiness and were diagnosed with narcolepsy only if there were two or more rapid eye movement (REM) onsets documented on the polysomnographic evaluation. A high percentage of patients reported nocturanl sleep disturbance, which was one of the symptoms with the latest reported onset. Retrospective comparison of questionnaire responses to the clinical polysomnography revealed significantly more sleep maintenance difficulties in the group of patients reporting this symptom on the questionnaire. Patients with disturbed nocturnal sleep reported taking more naps during the day, although the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) failed to show differences in sleep latency. Interestingly, this group of patients was found to have a significantly higher number of sleep onset REM episodes on the MSLT. Finally, the findings are discussed as they compare to studies that required the presence of cataplexy as part of their inclusion criteria.
Effects of a running wheel-igloo enrichment on aggression, hierarchy linearity, and stereotypy in group-housed male CD-1 (ICR) mice

Environmental enrichment is an important strategy to improve the welfare of laboratory animals. Running wheels might serve as enrichment devices for laboratory mice, since mice use them extensively when they are provided. However, competition among group-housed mice for such highly preferred enrichment devices could also lead to injurious aggression. We therefore assessed the effects of providing a running wheel-igloo enrichment on the social behaviour of group-housed male mice. CD-1 (ICR) mice (n = 60, 20 per treatment) were housed in standard polycarbonate cages (five mice per cage) for 2 weeks (BASE), and then placed in either: (1) a standard cage with bedding (CONTROL), or (2) same as CONTROL, but with the addition of a Bio-Serv® mouse running wheel-igloo (WHEEL) or (3) same as WHEEL, but with the running wheel glued in place so that it could not rotate (FIXED). Social behaviour and dominance ranks were assessed at the end of BASE and 2 weeks after imposition of treatments. There was increased escalated aggression in both enriched cages (FIXED, Tukey: T8 = −8.31; P = 0.0003; WHEEL, Tukey: T8 = −4.577; P = 0.0153), and decreased stereotypy in WHEEL (Tukey: T8 = 4.226; P = 0.0237). There was also a decrease in dominance hierarchy linearity in enriched treatments (FIXED, Tukey: T9 = 3.653; P = 0.0433; WHEEL, Tukey: T9 = 6.273; P = 0.0014) and a negative correlation between hierarchy linearity and escalated aggression overall (GLM: F1,7 = 61.41; P < 0.001; partial r = 0.90). Thus, providing the running wheel-igloo enrichment had a negative effect in that it increased potentially injurious aggression. Additionally, the decrease in hierarchy linearity suggests that the social structure in enriched groups was disrupted. The cause of the decrease in cage stereotypies in WHEEL is unknown, but could be because these stereotypies were re-directed towards stereotypic wheel-running, or because wheel-running reduced frustration due to limited opportunities for exploratory locomotion or caused a shift in the behavioural time budget. Despite this decrease in stereotypy, this form of enrichment is not beneficial for group-housed male CD-1 mice due to the associated increased aggression. However, female mice or males of less aggressive mouse strains might respond differently, and singly housed mice should generally benefit from such enrichment.
Screening and Diagnostic Instruments for Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Selective Review:

The diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) is an often-challenging task. Professionals may have difficulty interpreting diagnostic criteria for ASD due to the heterogeneity of the disorder ...
Interannual changes in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) recruitment in relation to oceanographic conditions within the California Current System

Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) supports substantial fisheries in both the eastern and western Pacific Oceans. Juvenile recruitment along the west coast of the continental United States has been highly variable over the past three decades. Using a generalized additive model, we demonstrate that physical oceanographic variables within the California Current System have significant effects on sablefish recruitment. Significant relationships were found between juvenile recruitment and northward Ekman transport, eastward Ekman transport, and sea level during key times and at key locations within the habitat of this species. The model explains nearly 70% of the variability in sablefish recruitment between the years 1974 and 2000. The predictive power of the model was demonstrated by refitting without the last 5 yr of data and subsequent prediction of those years. Bootstrap assessments of bias associated with parameter estimates and jackknife-after-bootstrap assessments of the influence of individual data on parameter estimates are presented and discussed. Using this model, it is possible to draw preliminary conclusions concerning year-class strength of cohorts not yet available to the survey gear as well as historic year-class strengths. We discuss changes in zooplankton abundance and shifts in species of copepods associated with fluctuations in the physical variables that appear to have a major influence on sablefish recruitment.
ETCHING OF SILICON CARBIDE MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES IN A NITROGEN-BASED GAS

Two sintered SiC-based materials were heat-treated for 150 h at 1300°C in a nitrogen-based gas (1.2% H2, 0.6% CO) at a total pressure of 130 Pa. Sintered SiC samples were also preoxidized and then exposed to this gas under the same conditions to evaluate the protective nature of an SiO2 scale. In this atmosphere, SiO gas and cyanogens are predicted to form, rather than SiO2. Experimental studies confirmed that etching of sintered SiC occurs. Preoxidation does not provide protection from etching, because of the rapid removal of SiO2 by H2 as H2O and SiO.
The impact of information technology on the financial performance of diversified firms

Diversification may increase economic benefits through more efficient utilization of business resources across multiple markets. However, the benefits of these scope economies are often not realized due to costs of coordinating resources in multiple markets. Information technology (IT) is widely used to achieve more efficient coordination by reducing the costs of coordinating business resources across multiple markets. Because of the need for coordination of business resources across multiple markets, diversification can increase the demand for IT. But does increased use of IT improve the performance of diversified firms? This research tackles this question by undertaking an empirical study of the impact of IT on the financial performance resulting from diversification by focusing on the strategic direction chosen by different firms. The empirical aspects of this subject have received little attention from previous information systems (IS) and economics research. This research also sheds light on the business value of IT by showing the importance of complementarity between IT and strategy in firm performance, a subject which has also received limited attention in prior IS research.
Characterization and Isolation of Promoter-Defined Nestin-Positive Cells from the Human Fetal Pancreas

Studies using adult human islets and mouse embryonic stem cells have suggested that the neurepithelial precursor cell marker nestin also identifies and can be used to purify beta-cell precursors. To determine whether nestin can be used to identify beta-cell progenitors in the developing human pancreas, we characterized nestin expression from 12 to 24 gestational weeks, purified nestin+ cells using an enhancer/promoter-driven selection plasmid, and determined whether nestin+ cells can differentiate into beta-cells. Nestin was visualized in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and alpha smooth muscle actin-positive blood vessels and colocalized with vimentin in the interstitium. Nestin was not observed in pan cytokeratin (pCK)-positive ductal epithelium or insulin cells. Purified nestin+ cells also coexpressed vimentin and lacked pCK immunoreactivity. Purified adult and fetal pancreatic fibroblasts also expressed nestin. The nestin enhancer/promoter used in the selection plasmid was sufficient to drive reporter gene expression, green fluorescent protein, in human fetal pancreatic tissue. Exposure of selected nestin+ cells to nicotinamide, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, betacellulin, activin A, or exendin-4 failed to induce pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1 or insulin message as determined by RT-PCR. Transplantation of nestin+ cells and fetal pancreatic fibroblasts into athymic mice also failed to result in the development of beta-cells, whereas nestin- fetal pancreatic epithelial cells gave rise to functional insulin-secreting beta-cells. We conclude that nestin is not a specific marker of beta-cell precursors in the developing human pancreas.