cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The action of cyanogen bromide on rabbit IgG molecules of allotypes A11 and A12.

Abstract Cyanogen bromide acts on A12 rabbit IgG in HCl to yield 5S fragments and on A11 rabbit IgG to yield 3.5S fragments plus some 5S fragments. Separation of the 3.5S and 5S cleavage products by ultracentrifugation or by gel filtration with Sephadex® G200 may thus be used to confirm serological typing of rabbit IgG for A11 and A12 and to estimate the relative amounts of each of these allotypes in IgG samples. The group a (H chain) allotypic specificities of the fragments may be determined by their ability to block the precipitation of radioiodinated IgG by homologous antiallotype serum. Thus these procedures may be used to study the association of A11 and A12 allotypic specificities with those of group a.
Frank Beach's research on the sexual differentiation of behavior and his struggle with the “organizational” hypothesis

Highlights are described of Frank Beach's research contributions in the area of steroidal control of behavioral sexual differentiation in rats and beagle dogs. Beach's initial struggle with and his subsequent partial acceptance of the organizational hypothesis of steroidal action in the developing male nervous system as an explanation of these steroidal effects on behavior, advanced by W. C. Young and co-workers, is also chronicled.
Morphogenesis of Mandibular Dental Arch Shape in Human Embryos

Changes in shape of the mandibular dental arch were demonstrated in a developmentally representative sample of human embryos. Each reconstructed arch was described in terms of a conformance to a reference geometric curve; ie, catenary. Cross-sectional sample trends showed that the initial dental lamina is anteroposteriorly flattened during the sixth week and begins a progressive elongation and conformance to the catenary curve in 8½-week embryos.
On metric properties of certain clique graphs

Abstract The paper provides a unified point of view on some classes of graphs: clique graphs, weakly geodetic graphs, ptolemaic graphs and Husimi trees. A purely metric characterization of Husimi trees is given.
The reaction of fluoroxysulfate, sof-. liith aromatic compounds: catalysis by acids

Abstract The effects of the acid catalysts HF, H 2 S0 4 , BF 3 , CF 3 S0 3 H, FSO 3 H, and SbF 5 .FS0 3 H on the reactions of CsSO 4 F with toluene, nitrobenzene and naphthalene in CH 3 CN have been studied. The catalys general accelerate reaction and enhance yields of ring-fluorinated products. Efficacity roughly parallels H 0 of the acids, though H 2 S0 4 is more effective than stronger acids for the fluorination of naphthalene. Combined room temperature yields of fluorine-substituted products are as much as 45-50% for toluene and naphthalene and up to 30% for nitrobenzene. The predominant products are o-fluorotoluene, 1- fluoronaphthalene, and m-fluoronitrobenzene. With naphthalene the isomer selectivity is considerably less than in the absence of catalyst. Low yields (10%) of monomeric oxygenated products are obtained, along with considerable oxygen- and fluorine-containing dimers and higher polymers. The results are interpreted in terms of acid-catalyzed electrophilic fluorination or oxygenation, followed by further fluorination and/or free-radical-induced oxidative coupling of the oxygenated products.
IRRADIATION OF THE HEAD. IMMEDIATE EFFECT ON GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN CHILDHOOD

The effect of radiation on the normal hypothalamic - pituitary unit is not known. In the present work an attempt is made to study prospectively the effect of irradiation on the “intact” hypothalamic pituitary axis in children. Nine leukemic children, aged 2½–13 years without clinical or laboratory evidence, of CNS involvement were studied. Plasma growth hormone (PGH) was determined by radioimmunoassay in samples obtained hourly from 8 pm to 7 am before and after a 3-week course of “prophylactic” cranial irradiation (2400 rods). The mean hourly PGH value prior to irradiation (4.1±1.6 ng/ml) was similar to that of 6 endocrinologically normal children (4.09±2.4 ng/ml), a finding strongly suggesting normal pituitary function prior to irradiation. Following irradiation the corresponding PGH value (2.7±1.6 ng/ml) was lower than before (p <0.02). The findings suggest an immediate suppressive effect of irradiation on the apparently normal hypothalamic pituitary axis
Spatial and temporal aspects of infant color vision

The present paper constitutes a review of the literature on young infants' chromatic discrimination capabilities. A series of early studies showed that infants as young as two months postnatal can make at least some chromatic discriminations between stationary, homogeneous fields of different wavelength compositions. Current studies of spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) for red/green isoluminant stimuli suggest that spatial chromatic CSFs show developmental changes in sensitivity and spatial scale, but not curve shape; while temporal chromatic CSFs (tCSFs) show developmental changes in sensitivity and curve shape, but not temporal scale. Infants can also code the direction of motion of moving isoluminant red/green gratings, for both continuous and quadrature motion. The possible mechanisms that underlie infants' chromatic discriminations are discussed.
A canine model of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Background: Although a variety of antireflux procedures and medications are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), reliable large-animal models of GERD that can be used to objectively compare the efficacy of these treatments are lacking. Methods: Esophageal manometry and 24-h gastroesophageal pH monitoring with event data were performed in 18 mongrel dogs with a cervical esophagopexy. We then calculated a modified DeMeester score: The Duke Canine reflux score (DCR). Thereafter, the animals underwent a 4-cm anterior distal esophageal myotomy, incision of the left diaphragmatic crus, and intrathoracic gastric cardiopexy. Postoperative 24-h pH and manometry were obtained 2 weeks later. Results: The postoperative 24-h pH results showed a significant increase in the mean DCR score (5.9 ± 4.5 vs 84.9 ± 56.1, p < 0.0002), and manometry indicated a significant decrease in mean lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure (7.1 ± 2.9 vs 3.2 ± 2.5 mmHg, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This technique reliably creates a canine model of GERD.
Rubisco assembly: a model system for studying the mechanism of chaperonin action.

The chloroplast enzyme Rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39) catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle and the oxygenation of the same substrate in the photorespiratory pathway. Because these two competing reactions determine the net photosynthetic yield of many higher plants, it is important to understand their mechanisms. This requires not only a model of Rubisco atomic structure, but also experimental systems that allow the structure to be manipulated by in vitro mutagenesis. The requirement for a structural model has been fulfilled recently (Chapman et al., 1987, 1988; Andersson et al., 1989). Unfortunately, however, in vitro mutagenesis of higher plant Rubisco has not been possible because the subunits of higher plant Rubisco, either when dissociated from each other chemically in vitro (Voordouw, Van der Vies, and Boumeister, 1984) or when synthesized in Escherichia coli (Bradley, Van der Vies, and Gatenby, 1986), fail to assemble into active enzyme. Severa1 groups have attempted to overcome this problem by studying Rubisco assembly from either native subunits (Roy, Cannon, and Gilson, 1988a), prokaryotic subunits expressed in E. coli (Gatenby, 1988), or alga1 subunits (Newman and Cattolico, 1988). These studies indicate that the post-translational assembly of Rubisco holoenzyme in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is a complex process that may require helper proteins called “chaperonins” (Gatenby, 1988; Hemmingsen et al., 1988; Roy and Cannon, 1988; Roy et al., 1988a; Ellis, Van der Vies, and Hemmingsen, 1989). Chaperonins are functionally analogous to other molecular chaperones such as nucleoplasmin, which is involved in nucleosome assembly, and the bovine microsomal binding protein, which participates in immunoglobulin transport (Pelham, 1986; Ellis et al., 1989). The molecular chaperones, including the chaperonins, are supposed to interact transiently with other proteins, promoting assembly of those proteins into functional complexes. The molecular chaperones do not form part of the final structure of the protein complexes whose assembly they promote. In this article I review recent experiments that persuasively support the idea that chaperonins are required for Rubisco assembly.
Mutual Coupling in Beamforming with Circular Array

It has shown that uniform circular arrays (UCAs) have better performance than uniform rectangular arrays, especially for azimuthal beamforming, when the antenna elements are isolated isotropic point sources. However, in practice, the elements of antenna arrays have physical dimensions and certain radiation characteristics. When two antennas are close to each other, some of the energy from one antenna is coupled to the other, which is referred to as mutual coupling (MC). This paper investigates the beamforming performance of the UCA with real antenna elements and considers the mutual coupling
Vibrational communication of seven California stoneflies (Plecoptera: Perlodidae)

Abstract The drumming signals of seven California stonefly species from the family Perlodidae are reported. Drumming descriptions are improved by graphing each of the signal's individual intervals (or interval pattern) and the determination of signal type (monophasic, varied beat-interval, diphasic and grouped) is based upon these graphs. Signals are described for the first time for two species: Baumanella alameda (Needham & Claassen) and Cultus pilatus (Frison). New signal characters and signals from additional locations are provided for five species: Calliperla luctuosa (Banks), Chernokrilus misnomus (Claassen), Cosumnoperla hypocrena Szczytko & Bottorff, Osobenus yakimae (Hoppe), and Rickera sorpta (Needham & Claassen).
Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Animal Cruelty Motives and Recurrent Adult Violent Crimes Toward Humans

Few researchers have studied the predictive ability of childhood animal cruelty motives as they are associated with later recurrent violence toward humans. Based on a sample of 180 inmates at one medium- and one maximum-security prison in a Southern state, the present study examines the relationship among several retrospectively identified motives (fun, out of anger, hate for the animal, and imitation) for childhood animal cruelty and the later commission of violent crimes (murder, rape, assault, and robbery) against humans. Almost two thirds of the inmates reported engaging in childhood animal cruelty for fun, whereas almost one fourth reported being motivated either out of anger or imitation. Only one fifth of the respondents reported they had committed acts of animal cruelty because they hated the animal. Regression analyses revealed that recurrent animal cruelty was the only statistically significant variable in the model. Respondents who had committed recurrent childhood animal cruelty were more likely to have had committed recurrent adult violence toward humans. None of the motives for committing childhood animal cruelty had any effect on later violence against humans.
Steroid Formation by Isolated and Recombined Ovarian Granulosa and Thecal Cells

ABSTRACT Granulosa and thecal cells were isolated from 2 human ovarian follicles and the separated and recombined cells were incubated in vitro with acetate-1-14C. Radioactively labeled cholesterol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and estrone were isolated in radiochemically pure form from each of the experimental situations utilizing either granulosa, theca or a mixture of the 2 cell types. In addition, labeled dehydroepiandrosterone was isolated only from the incubation with granulosa cells, while labeled estradiol-17β was isolated only from the thecal cell and recombined studies.
Anniversary paper: evaluation of medical imaging systems.

Medical imaging used to be primarily within the domain of radiology, but with the advent of virtual pathology slides and telemedicine, imaging technology is expanding in the healthcare enterprise. As new imaging technologies are developed, they must be evaluated to assess the impact and benefit on patient care. The authors review the hierarchical model of the efficacy of diagnostic imaging systems by Fryback and Thornbury Med. Decis. Making 11, 88‐94 1991 as a guiding principle for system evaluation. Evaluation of medical imaging systems encompasses everything from the hardware and software used to acquire, store, and transmit images to the presentation of images to the interpreting clinician. Evaluation of medical imaging systems can take many forms, from the purely technical e.g., patient dose measurement to the increasingly complex e.g., determining whether a new imaging method saves lives and benefits society. Evaluation methodologies cover a broad range, from receiver operating characteristic ROC techniques that measure diagnostic accuracy to timing studies that measure image-interpretation workflow efficiency. The authors review briefly the history of the development of evaluation methodologies and review ROC methodology as well as other types of evaluation methods. They discuss unique challenges in system evaluation that face the imaging community today and opportunities for future advances. © 2008 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. DOI: 10.1118/1.2830376
Investigating the Performance Impact of Shared Host Capacity in Ad Hoc Networks

Host resources (e.g., CPU time and buffer space) in mobile ad hoc networks must be shared between the devices own applications and networking functions, such as routing and packet forwarding on behalf of remote nodes. Previous work has ignored the performance conflicts that arise due to the need to share host resources. In this work, using both analytical and statistical-based empirical analysis, we investigate the conflicting roles that the host must serve and provide the first detailed study on the impact that host capacity has on the performance of ad hoc networks. The results of this study demonstrate that host capacity has a significant impact on network performance (e.g., throughput drops by up to 74.5% depending upon available host capacities, as shown in our case study) and thus should be considered in the protocol and system design process.
Comparison of DE and PSO for generator maintenance scheduling

This paper presents a comparison of a differential evolution (DE) algorithm and a modified discrete particle swarm optimization (MDPSO) algorithm for generating optimal preventive maintenance schedules for economical and reliable operation of a power system, while satisfying system load demand and crew constraints. The DE, an evolutionary technique and an optimization algorithm utilizes the differential information to guide its further search, and can handle mixed integer discrete continuous optimization problems. Discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) is known to effectively solve large scale multi-objective optimization problems and has been widely applied in power systems. Both the DE and MDPSO are applied to solve a multi-objective generator maintenance scheduling (GMS) optimization problem. The two algorithms generate feasible and optimal solutions and overcome the limitations of the conventional methods including extensive computational effort, which increases exponentially as the size of the problem increases. The proposed methods are tested, validated and compared on the Nigerian power system.
Lift based mechanisms for swimming in eurypterids and portunid crabs

The striking morphological similarity that exists between appendages of the extant portunid crabs, such as Callinectes sapidus, and those of the extinet eurypterids has long been noted. The fifth pair of pereiopods in blue crags and other portunids are modified to form the broad, flat, highly mobile ‘swim paddles.’ A nearly identical modification is seen in the sixth pair of prosomal appendages of many eurypterids. The similarities are due to convergence and not to shared descent.The kinetics of blue crab swimming were studied using high speed films. The animals are capable of slow upwards locomotion (‘hovering’) and rapid sideways swimming. The blue crab paddles apparently act as reciprocating hydrofoils, employing well-understood principles of lift and thrust generation to overcome the animal's weight and drag. Experimental studies indicated that the paddles are capable of producing appreciable amounts of lift. Drag on the body and paddles was also determined. Resxults are similar to those obtained in previous studies of bird and insect flight.The physical principles employed to study blue crab swimming can be applied to the study of eurypterid locomotion. The eurypterid paddles may have functioned as hydrofoils, producing lift and thrust on forestroke and backstroke. Eurypterids were probably highly agile and manoueverable swimmers, capable of hovering and of high speed swimming. This model predicts observed morphological correlates. Predicted morphological correlates of earlier models (often based on analogies with Limulus) were not found.The observed convergence between eurypterids and blue crabs may have resulted from similar functional constraints and parallel phylogenetic histories.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and bariatric surgery: a review

Obesity has become a major health concern in the United States. The recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999 –2000 showed significant increases in the prevalence of overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25 to 29 kg/m 2 ), from 55.9% to 64.5%; obesity (BMI 30 kg/m 2 ), from 22.9% to 30.5%); and extreme, or morbid, obesity (BMI 40 kg/m 2 ), from 2.9% to 4.7%, compared with the previous NHANES for 1988 –1994 [1]. The evolution of surgical treatments for extreme obesity has culminated in the application of malabsorptive and restrictive procedures to limit caloric intake of nutrients and thereby produce profound and sustained weight loss. Consequently, the number of bariatric operations has increased exponentially over the past decade. In the early 1990s, about 16,000 procedures per year were done. By 2003, this number had increased to more than 103,000 per year, primarily in the form of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) [2]. These operations are generally safe, even at extremes of weight, considering the associated health problems experienced by most of these patients, with most reported mortality rates 1% [3,4]. Weight loss approaches 60% or more of excess body weight, and comorbid conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, can be considerably improved if not eliminated [5]. The increasing prevalence of fatty liver disease and its sequelae has focused attention on the value of weight reduction in the treatment and prevention of serious liver disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can progress to necroinflammatory changes, leading in turn to fibrosis and cirrhosis, a condition now known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The effect of bariatric procedures on the progression or regression of NAFLD, particularly its fibrotic sequelae, has been observed but is not completely understood. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complex effects of surgically induced weight loss on the liver. The following question should be asked: Is bariatric surgery safe for all forms of NASH, even those associated with advanced fibrotic changes?
Performance of an 8/9 Rate Matched Spectral Null Code on teh PR4 Magnetic Recording Channel

The performance of an 8/9 rate matched spectral null (MSN) code is analyzed on the PR4 magnetic recording channel with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at the sensor. The high rate is achieved with a fixed charge constraint code of block length N=27 on each of the PR4 channel's dicode interleaves. A simplified semi-analytic method for MSN codes that approximates the constants multiplying the Q function for certain error event types is introduced and validated by simulations. The 8/9 rate MSN/PR4 system was compared to a normal 16/17 rate code with PR4 and EPR4 detectors for a range of user densities. The MSN/PR4 system has less than 0.9 dB net coding gain for user densities above 2.25, and it's inferior to simple EPR4 at user densities above 1.9.
The Innocent (Functional) Cardiac Murmurs of Childhood

Making the distinction between an innocent cardiac murmur and one indicating the existence of heart disease is the most common of all problems in Pediatric Cardiology.
A methodology for evaluating and selecting data mining software

As data mining evolves and matures more and more businesses are incorporating this technology into their business practices. However, currently data mining and decision support software is expensive and selection of the wrong tools can be costly in many ways. This paper provides direction and decision-making information to the practicing professional. A framework for evaluating data mining tools is presented and a methodology for applying this framework is described. Finally a case study to demonstrate the methods effectiveness is presented. This methodology represents the first-hand experience using many of the leading data mining tools against real business data at the Center for Data Insight (CDI) at Northern Arizona University (NAU). This is not a comprehensive review of commercial tools but instead provides a method and a point-of-reference for selecting the best software tool for a particular problem. Experience has shown that there is not one best data-mining tool for all purposes. This instrument is designed to accommodate differences in environments and problem domains. It is expected that this methodology will be used to publish tool comparisons and benchmarking results.
Polymers containing anthraquinone units: Polycondensations 1,2,5,6‐tetraaminoanthraquinone with some tetrachloroquinoxaline compounds

New ladder and partial ladder aromatic heteropolymers have been synthesized from 1,2,5,6-tetraaminoanthraquinone, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-1,4,6,9-tetraazaanthracene, 2,2′-3,3′-tetrachloro-6,6′-diquinoxaline, 2,2′,3,3′-tetracholoro-6,6′-diquinoxalyl ether and 2,2′,3,3′-tetrachloro-6,6′-diquinoxalyl sulfone. The polycondensations were carried out in solution and in melt. The inherent viscosities of polymers were in the range of 0.1-0.44. These polymers were highly colored, showed good thermal stability and were soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid. The structures of the polymers were established by comparison with model compounds.
The Effect of Time of Day of Insemination and Oviposition on the Fertility of Turkey Hens

Abstract Turkey hens were inseminated at five different times of the day to determine the effect of time of day of insemination and the stage of egg formation on fertility. Results showed that fertility resulting from the 6 p.m. insemination was significantly greater than at 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 1 p.m. or 3 p.m. Conversely, fertility was significantly lower at 1 p.m. than at the other four times. Fertility was significantly lower if hens were inseminated during the last 10 hours that the egg was in the uterus and during the approximate time of ovulation than during the other times of egg development.
Bead-Immobilized Molecular Beacons for High Throughput SNP Genotyping Via a Microfluidic System

This paper reports the first demonstration of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping via molecular beacon probes immobilized on polystyrene microbead substrates within a dynamic microfluidic system. Additionally, we present an optimized bead immobilization technique, micropost array trapping (?PAT), for high-density and high-throughput arraying of beads. Quantitative detection was achieved at room temperature for three label-free DNA oligonucleotide sequences based on the genome of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in humans. SNP detection technology is integral for the realization of personalized medicine and genetic disease identification, and this system offers a promising technique for fast, sensitive, and cost-effective SNP genotyping.
Laboratory reproducibility of biochemical markers of bone turnover in clinical practice

Summary To determine the laboratory reproducibility of urine N-telopeptide and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase measurements, we sent identical specimens to six US commercial labs over an 8-month period. Longitu- dinal and within-run laboratory reproducibility varied substantially. Efforts to improve the reproducibility of these tests are needed. Introduction We assessed the laboratory reproducibility of urine N-telopeptide (NTX) and serum bone-specific alka- line phosphatase (BAP). Methods Serum and urine were collected from five postmenopausal women, pooled, divided into identical aliquots, and frozen. To evaluate longitudinal reproduc- ibility, identical specimens were sent to six US commer- cial labs on five dates over an 8-month period. To evaluate within-run reproducibility, on the fifth date, each lab was sent five identical specimens. Labs were unaware of the investigation. Results Longitudinal coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 5.4% to 37.6% for NTX and from 3.1% to 23.6% for BAP. Within-run CVs ranged from 1.5% to 17.2% for NTX. Compared to the Osteomark NTX assay, the Vitros ECi NTX assay had significantly higher longitudinal reproducibility (mean CV 7.2% vs. 30.3%, p<0.0005) and within-run reproducibility (mean CV 3.5% vs. 12.7%, p< 0.0005).
Monatomic plasma-thermal radiation interaction: a weakly-ionized kinetic model

A model for the kinetic formulation of a weakly-ionized monatomic gas, which interacts with thermal radiation, is proposed. The collision terms for particle-initiated ionization, developed in terms of a non-equilibrium degree of ionization, and the collision terms for photon-initiated ionization, developed by assuming particles remain in local equilibrium during photon relaxation, all satisfy the usual conservation principles. It is also shown that the proposed model leads to an H theorem.
Hereditary joint disorder in progressive ankylosis (ank/ank) mice I. association of calcium hydroxyapatite deposition with inflammatory arthropathy

Progressive ankylosis (ank), a murine autosomal recessive mutation, produces an inflammatory joint disorder associated with intraarticular calcium hydroxyapatite deposition and culminates in fusion of the joints. Joints in the feet become stiffened and swollen with milky white fluid containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes, large mononuclear macrophage-like cells, and calcium hydroxyapatite. The joints develop a proliferative synovitis, sometimes associated with marginal erosions of the articular cartilage and periosteal bone. Subsequently, cartilaginous osteophytes, extending outward from the subchondral bone, bridge the margins of the joint and undergo ossification. The progressive ankylosis mutation provides a useful system for investigating calcium hydroxyapatite-associated arthropathies.
Grid connected DC distribution system for efficient integration of sustainable energy sources

In this paper, some of the aspects related to the design and implementation of grid connected DC microgrids are investigated. A prototype system has been designed and implemented to address these aspects. The described system is dependent mainly on sustainable energy sources. Hence, a special care has been given to dealing with these kinds of sources while designing different components of the system. Certain features had to be maintained in the system in order to assure efficient integration of different sources, efficient and reliable load-feeding capability and full controllability of voltage and power flow among various buses in the system. Moreover, a fully controlled rectifier has been designed to tie the DC grid with the AC one. A vector decoupling controlled sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique has been used to allow the designed rectifier to maintain a constant output voltage while being able to control the active and reactive power drawn from the grid independently. Both simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed system.
Interpolation and Summaries

This chapter describes two simple suggested methods of interpolation. Also, as an aid to the initial estimation of filter parameter selection, summaries of key filter parameters have been extracted from tables in Chapters 2 and 3 and tabulated here.
A context-aware notification framework for developers of computer supported collaborative environments

Researchers have identified user presence, awareness, and a sense of community as important components of Computer Supported Collaborative Environments (CSCE) (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992; Erickson & Kellogg, 2003; Moody, 2000; Prinz, 1999). To support user actions and interactions sufficient to create and sustain a sense of community, recent CSCE have been developed with notification systems to provide activity notifications to users. However, these notification systems typically transmit generic notifications as actions occur and do not provide mechanisms for analyzing and providing notifications based on user preference or social context. A challenge facing developers of CSCE is to create a notification system for delivering awareness information based on the ever-changing preferences, interests, and social contexts of users. To address this challenge, this study articulated and advanced a theoretical framework for developers to use when integrating activity notifications into existing CSCE. The proposed framework is based on the importance of user preferences and social context and is derived from the Locales Framework (Fitzpatrick, 1998). The principles of this new development framework are Social Context, Awareness in Context, Activity Discovery, Trends in Activity, Meaning of Activity, and Notification Customization. To evaluate the concepts of this framework, this study developed a context-aware activity notification system for an existing CSCE based on the framework's proposed principles. During the development process, it was determined that not only could the Framework for Notification be used to provide notifications based on user preference and social context, but the use of the proposed Framework afforded a richer understanding of the collaborative needs of users for both the theorists discussing the implications of activity notifications and the developers working to provide those notifications.
Effect of purified growth hormone on tumor growth.

ConclusionPurified growth hormone does not influence the growth of sarcoma 37 and the mammary adenocarcinoma in “A” strain mice.
Influence of Spleen on Leucocyte Count of the Albino Rat

SummaryIt is evident from the work described and the charts shown that in the Bartoiiella-free albino rat: 1. Following splenectomy, the total leucocyte count increases to 3 to 4 times normal. 2. This increase is due to a neutrophilia of a myeloid type which is more intense than that following other trauma. 3. Following a comparable surgical procedure, partial hysterectomy, the total leucocyte count increases to 1 ½ to 2 times normal. 4. This increase is due to a weak neutrophilia of a type that is usually found following surgical trauma. 5. Following spleen transplantation into a spleen-possessing rat, there appear to be no significant changes. 6. Following splenectomy, there is a lesser leucocytosis of a neutrophilic nature in the spleen transplant recipients than in the muscle transplant controls. 7. This leucocytosis approaches normal with greater rapidity in the spleen transplant recipients than in the controls. 8. Following removal of the spleen transplants, the blood picture resembles that followin...
Palliative philosophy: the ethical underpinning.

This article explores the ethical underpinnings of palliative care and how contemporary surgical care reinforces much of the basis of palliative medicine. A common misconception is that palliative medicine has grown out of the rise of patient’s rights; however, palliative care is grounded in the principle of beneficence that is central to traditional medical values. This article explores the notion of beneficence to understand how contemporary surgical care can be undertaken and how it is consistent with palliative care. Some of the difficulties with the dichotomy between curative and palliative care models in surgical practice are discussed. Finally, this article considers how the underlying philosophy of palliative care is consistent with the historical tradition of surgery and the contemporary goals of surgical care.
Characterization of the antigen (gp600) of Heymann nephritis

The nephritogenic brush border glycoprotein antigen (gp600) of autoimmune membranous glomerulonephropathy (Heymann nephritis) isolated from crude proximal renal tubular membrane fraction (FX1A) by Lens culinaris lectin affinity chromatography was characterized. The molecular weight of the antigen determined by molecular exclusion chromatography was found to be 600,000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it resolved into five polypeptides which were in the molecular weight range of 70,000 to 330,000. All five polypeptide bands stained for carbohydrates and lipids with Schiff's reagent and Sudan black, respectively. Rabbits immunized with gp600 produced an antibody that specifically reacted with the brush border of proximal renal tubules of rat by indirect immunofluorescence and gave a single precipitin line in double diffusion in gel (Ouchterlony) against the antigen. The specificity of gp600 was proven by (a) the ability of gp600 to produce active Heymann nephritis, (b) the ability of anti-gp600 to produce passive Heymann nephritis, and (c) the ability of gp600 alone, out of other antigens in FX1A, to specifically react with the nephritogenic autoantibody. The latter was tested by an enzyme immunodiffusion technique described in this report.
Framing the Effects of Multinational Cultural Diversity on Virtual Team Processes

Globalization of the economy and the technological revolution has led to increased reliance on teams with geographically distributed membership, which has increased multiculturalism in the workplace. This study identifies factors that affect the processes and performance of nationally and culturally diverse teams working in a virtual environment. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify previous empirical studies in global virtual team research published from 1998 to 2014, focusing on the effects of deep diversity in the form of national culture on multinational virtual teams (MNVTs). Sixty of the 268 articles met our criteria for inclusion in this study. We concentrated on the critical factors regarding processes and outcomes in MNVTs. The resulting framework included four socioemotional and four task-related challenges for team leaders to focus on. We found that dynamic interdependency among socioemotional and task process factors affects MNVT performance.
Composite thermally-induced focusing of a probe beam with Gaussian-distribution propagating through a cesium cell end-pumped by a LD

Diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) have been developed in the recent years for their high Stocks efficiency, good beam quality, compact size and near-infrared emission wavelengths. Dividing a cylindrical vapor cell into many cylindrical annuli, we first obtain parameters such as the population density distributions, transition rates of pump photon absorption, and transition rates of laser photon emission of every annulus by use of a mathematical algorithm combining the procedures of heat transfer and laser kinetics together. After exploring the radial temperature distribution at the transverse section of a cesium vapor cell, we acquire the refractive index n and the thermal-optic coefficient dn/dT of each cylindrical annulus when the cesium vapor cell is end-pumped by a LD module. And then, we undertake a ray-trace theme to investigate the propagation of the incident beam with a perfect Gaussian distribution inside the vapor cell. By adopting the algorithm based on the complex self-consistency analyses in lens-like media, the intensity distributions of the probe beam outputted from an enclosed cesium vapor cell have been systematically evaluated for different pump powers. It has been seen that the intensity distributions of a Gaussian-distribution probe beam are different from those of a probe beam with flat-top-distribution. Finally, we get the effective focal length of a thermally-induced lens in each cylindrical annulus for different pumped-powers. It is obvious that the thermally-induced focusing phenomena for a Gaussian-distribution probe beam are much more serious than those for a flat-top distribution probe beam. These results will be helpful to improve the beam quality of a high-powered DPAL.
Perceiving Differences and Similarities in Music: Melodic Categorization During the First Years of Life

Infants are immersed in sound even before they are born. Their auditory system is well developed and fully functional during the last trimester of gestation allowing them to come into the world with remarkable sound perception abilities. Young infants can differentiate music on the basis of melodic, rhythmic, and timbral characteristics with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., Trehub, 2001). They discriminate melodies of different contours (Trehub, Bull, & Thorpe, 1984), rhythmic sequences of different meters (Bergeson & Trehub, 2006), and music played by different instruments (Costa-Giomi, in press). They discriminate melodies that differ in a single note (Trehub, Thorpe, & Morongiello, 1985) and sounds that differ in a single partial (Trehub, Endman, & Thorpe, 1990). It is clear that they are sensitive and perceptive listeners capable of detecting subtle changes in auditory information.
Methodologies for Developing and Maintaining Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Models

Abstract Successful generation and propagation of patient-derived xenograft models requires a supportive infrastructure composed of dedicated laboratory and animal facilities, regulatory approvals, detailed standard operative procedures, and, importantly, skilled technical staff. This chapter will detail the methodologies involved in the processing and implantation of freshly collected tumor samples and in the maintenance and propagation of successfully established PDX models. In addition, we will discuss the critical parameters influencing the likelihood of successful generation of a PDX and how to avoid the most likely pitfalls.
A Comprehensive Overview of the Current Status and Application of Predictive ADMET: Introduction and Overview

Pharmaco- and toxicokinetics, that is, the assessment of adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics, have transformed our understanding of in vivo pharmacology and toxicology. Astonishingly, some areas of regulatory toxicology still do not request such information, which can boost our understanding of the human relevance of our findings. The respective models of substance kinetics, such as physiology-based pharmacokinetic models, are increasingly refined by the input from in vitro models, for example, for epithelial barrier function or metabolism of test agents. In vitro, kinetic phenomena play a similar role, that is, how the test agent is ultimately available to the cells as similar redistributions and transformations occur, but this is regularly neglected in our interpretations of results. Reverse biokinetics, that is, a quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation, is critically important to predict in vivo exposures corresponding to active concentrations on a cell and tissue level, thus making predictive use of in vitro findings. This information represents the complement to hazard identification and characterization by cellular models in order to develop a systems toxicology approach.
Contraceptive Provision after Medication and Surgical Abortion.

Abstract Objective This study sought to compare contraception provided to patients after medication and surgical abortion. Study Design Women who underwent first trimester induced abortion at a university-based urban clinic between May 2009 and May 2014 were identified. Medical records were reviewed to determine the method of contraception provided by the clinic to patients after medication and surgical abortion. Postabortal contraception was defined as any contraception administered or prescribed from our health system within 4 weeks of surgical abortion or mifepristone administration. Results We reviewed 824 women who were 9 weeks gestational age or less and able to choose between medication and surgical termination of pregnancy. Overall, 587 (71.1%) had a surgical abortion and 237 (28.9%) had a medication abortion. Women who had surgical abortions were more likely to initiate long-acting reversible contraception (41.9% vs. 23.2%; p p Conclusions Women who had surgical abortions had a greater odds of receiving long-acting reversible contraception than those who had medication abortions. Surgical abortion patients were also more likely to be provided contraception overall. Further prospective research is needed to determine the reasons for this difference and to ensure that all patients obtain the contraception that they desire.
A Fully Integrated Battery-Powered System-on-Chip in 40-nm CMOS for Closed-Loop Control of Insect-Scale Pico-Aerial Vehicle

We demonstrate a fully integrated system-on-chip (SoC) optimized for insect-scale flapping-wing pico-aerial vehicles. The SoC is able to meet the stringent weight, power, and real-time performance demands of autonomous flight for a bee-sized robot. The entire integrated system with embedded voltage regulation, data conversion, clock generation, as well as both general-purpose and accelerated computing units, weighs less than 3 mg after die thinning. It is self-contained and can be powered directly off of a lithium battery. Measured results show open-loop wing flapping controlled by the SoC and improved energy efficiency through the use of hardware acceleration and supply resilience through the use of adaptive clocking.
Quantifying ligand effects in high-oxidation-state metal catalysis

Catalysis by high-valent metals such as titanium(IV) impacts our lives daily through reactions like olefin polymerization. In any catalysis, optimization involves a careful choice of not just the metal but also the ancillary ligands. Because these choices dramatically impact the electronic structure of the system and, in turn, catalyst performance, new tools for catalyst development are needed. Understanding ancillary ligand effects is arguably one of the most critical aspects of catalyst optimization and, while parameters for phosphines have been used for decades with low-valent systems, a comparable system does not exist for high-valent metals. A new electronic parameter for ligand donation, derived from experiments on a high-valent chromium species, is now available. Here, we show that the new parameters enable quantitative determination of ancillary ligand effects on catalysis rate and, in some cases, even provide mechanistic information. Analysing reactions in this way can be used to design better catalyst architectures and paves the way for the use of such parameters in a host of high-valent processes. Catalysis involving high-valent metals is an important facet of modern chemistry, but tools for catalyst development in this field have lagged behind those for low-valent systems. Now, an experimental system that can accurately model and predict reactivity has been developed to aid high-valent catalyst design.
"Only a Life Lived for Others Is Worth Living": Redox Signaling by Oxygenated Phospholipids in Cell Fate Decisions.

Abstract Significance: Oxygenated polyunsaturated lipids are known to play multi-functional roles as essential signals coordinating metabolism and physiology. Among them are well-studied eicosanoids and docosanoids that are generated via phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and subsequent oxygenation of free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. Recent Advances: There is an emerging understanding that oxygenated PUFA-phospholipids also represent a rich signaling language with yet-to-be-deciphered details of the execution machinery—oxygenating enzymes, regulators, and receptors. Both free and esterified oxygenated PUFA signals are generated in cells, and their cross-talk and inter-conversion through the de-acylation/re-acylation reactions is not sufficiently explored. Critical Issues: Here, we review recent data related to oxygenated phospholipids as important damage signals that trigger programmed cell death pathways to eliminate irreparably injured cell...
Mutations Affecting Translational Accuracy in Yeast

To investigate the mechanisms used in eukaryotes to maintain translational accuracy, we and others have isolated and characterized mutations that affect the fidelity of protein synthesis in yeast. These mutations include nonsense suppressors that cause misreading of specific stop codons; omnipotent suppressors, which cause general translational inaccuracy and suppression of UAG, UAA, and UGA codons; and allosuppressors and antisuppressors, which respectively enhance or lower the efficiency of certain suppressors. Using this layered approach we should identify translational components that are likely to interact. Recently the genetic work has been extended by cloning and characterizing the mutant genes. We have also identified components of the translational apparatus important for fidelity by selecting for wild-type genes that alter accuracy when present at higher copy number. Below we summarize our work in this area.
Direct Activation of BAX by BTSA1 Overcomes Apoptosis Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The BCL-2 family protein BAX is a central mediator of apoptosis. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins contributes to tumor development and resistance to therapy by suppressing BAX and its activators. We report the discovery of BTSA1, a pharmacologically optimized BAX activator that binds with high affinity and specificity to the N-terminal activation site and induces conformational changes to BAX leading to BAX-mediated apoptosis. BTSA1-induced BAX activation effectively promotes apoptosis in leukemia cell lines and patient samples while sparing healthy cells. BAX expression levels and cytosolic conformation regulate sensitivity to BTSA1. BTSA1 potently suppressed human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) xenografts and increased host survival without toxicity. This study provides proof-of-concept for direct BAX activation as a treatment strategy in AML.
Linearity optimizations of analog ring resonator modulators through bias voltage adjustments

Abstract The linearity of ring resonator modulator (RRM) in microwave photonic links is studied in terms of instantaneous bandwidth, fabrication tolerances, and operational bandwidth. A proposed bias voltage adjustment method is shown to maximize spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) at instantaneous bandwidths required by microwave photonic link (MPL) applications while also mitigating RRM fabrication tolerances effects. The proposed bias voltage adjustment method shows RRM SFDR improvement of ∼ 5.8 dB versus common Mach–Zehnder modulators at 500 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. Analyzing operational bandwidth effects on SFDR shows RRMs can be promising electro-optic modulators for MPL applications which require high operational frequencies while in a limited bandwidth such as radio-over-fiber 60 GHz wireless network access.