cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A More Aggressive Approach to Emergency Embolectomy for Acute Pulmonary Embolism

OBJECTIVE To examine operative outcomes after acute pulmonary embolectomy (APE), a recently adopted, more aggressive surgical approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified patients who underwent surgical APE from April 1, 2001, through March 31, 2009, and reviewed their clinical records for perioperative outcome. Operations were performed with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and a beating heart, absent a patent foramen ovale. For completeness, embolectomy was performed via separate incisions in the left and right pulmonary arteries (PAs) in 15 patients. RESULTS Of the 18 patients identified, the mean age was 60 years, and 13 patients (72%) were men. Thirteen patients (72%) had been hospitalized recently or had systemic disease. The preoperative diagnosis was established by echocardiography or computed tomography (or both). The median (range) follow-up time for all surviving patients was 16 months (2-74 months). Indications for APE included cardiogenic shock (n=12; 67%) and severe right ventricular dysfunction as shown by echocardiography (n=5; 28%). Seven patients (39%) had an embolus in transit. Seven patients (39%) experienced cardiopulmonary arrest before APE. Four early deaths (22%) occurred; all 4 of these patients had preoperative cardiopulmonary arrest, and 2 had APE via the main PA only, without branch PA incisions. Two late deaths (11%) occurred. Right ventricular function improved in all survivors. CONCLUSION The results of emergent APE are encouraging, particularly among patients without cardiopulmonary arrest. It should not be reserved for patients in extremis; rather, it should be considered for patients with right ventricular dysfunction that is an early sign of impending hemodynamic collapse.
Outcomes of primary liver cancer in children: an appraisal of experience

Abstract Introduction Hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are the most common primary liver cancers in children. Recent advances in management of pediatric liver cancer have improved disease-specific survival (DSS). This is a review of our experience with childhood liver malignancy over the past 3 decades. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review from 1975 to 2005 identified patients who were 18 years old or younger with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of primary liver cancer. Patients were staged according to the Children's Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group (CCG/POG) system. Patients were followed up prospectively through clinic visits and mail correspondence. Standard statistical methods were used for comparison, risk, and survival analyses. Results Fifty-two patients were confirmed to have primary liver cancers, where 24 (46%) patients had HB, 22 (42%) had HCC, 3 (6%) had sarcomas, and 3 (6%) had other histologies. Mean ages at presentation for HB and HCC were 3.2 and 13.1 years old, respectively. The most common presentations were abdominal mass (67%) and pain (40%). Most patients underwent major liver resection (n = 45, 87%), including: lobectomy (n = 25, 48%), and trisegmentectomy (n = 11, 21%). Three patients underwent liver transplantation (n = 3, 6%) for advanced local disease. Forty-five (87%) received primary or neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients had the following CCG/POG stages: I (n = 31, 60%), II (n = 6, 11.5%), III (n = 9, 17%), and IV (n = 6, 11.5%). Complete gross resection (stage I and II) was achieved in 37 (71%) patients. The perioperative mortality and morbidity rates were 0% and 29%, respectively. Patients with complete resection had significantly better 5-year DSS and median survival compared with incomplete gross resection: 62% vs 9% and 216 vs 18 months, P P = .032. All 3 patients who underwent transplantation for conventionally unresectable disease are alive without disease recurrence (follow-up period, 1-15 years). Conclusion Complete resection of the pediatric primary liver tumors remains the cornerstone of treatment to achieve cure. Major liver resection can be performed with minimal perioperative mortality and morbidity. Patients with HB appeared to have better survival compared with patients with HCC, and there was significant improvement in the DSS of children treated in the recent decade. Liver transplantation in conjunction with chemotherapy may have an increasing role in the management of locally advanced primary liver cancers.
Cutaneous Cytodestructive Potency of Lignans

The four lignans: podophyllotoxin, 4′-demethyl-podophyllotoxin, α-peltatin and β-peltatin represent the podophyllin ingredients believed to exert lesional necrosis after application to condylomata acuminata. This study comparatively evaluates cutaneous cytodestructive potency of these drugs, as evaluated by measurement of epidermal and dermal 3H-thymidine incorporation and injury of dermal microcirculation at intervals in the range of 9–168 h after application to hairless mouse skin. Influence on DNA-synthesis was measured using a disc technique for isolation of standardized skin areas followed by alkali extraction of DNA from respective tissues after separation through Potassium bromide incubation. Any capillary injury was demonstrated by visual assessment of leakage of i.v. injected trypan blue to test areas. An analytical method compensating for variations in DNA synthesis in individual controls is presented. Using 0.5% preparations of the lignans, podophyllotoxin most consistently influenced the variables indicating cytodestructive effect, while 4′-demethyl-podophyllotoxin exerted the weakest degree of damage.
Spatial patterns in the mineralogy of Island arc magma series: Sangihe Arc, Indonesia

The 500-km-long Sangihe arc is the western of two colliding arcs in northeastern Indonesia. In its basalts, olivine ± magnetite crystallization is followed either by plagioclase (the plagioclase basalt series: PBS) or augite (the augite basalt series: ABS). PBS occur at or near the southern volcanic front and evolve to two-pyroxene andesites; ABS occur behind the volcanic front and to the north where collision is more complete, evolve to hornblende andesites, and have higher Aliv in calcic clinopyroxene. Both tholeiitic (TH) and calcalkaline (CA) Fe-enrichment trends occur in PBS whereas ABS are only CA. TH suites occur only at the southern volcanic front, have low LILE concentrations (K55 < 1) and low CaO/Al2O3 (<0.6). CA suites occur more widely, have variable LILE (K55 = 0.6-2.0), more modal magnetite in andesites, higher modal clinopyroxene/plagioclase ratios, and CaO/Al2O3 = 0.6–0.9 in basalts. Quench temperatures are 1110-880°C in basalt to rhyolite, temperatures are higher in andesites from the volcanic front than behind it. Oxygen fugacity is from QFM to above NNO. Silica activity decreases and LILE concentrations increase away from the volcanic front. Consequently, PH2O is lowest, whereas andesite temperatures plus the percentage of mantle fusion are highest at the southern volcanic front where there is the least coupling between plates.
Mixed dentition treatment case report

Malocclusions can be successfully treated in the mixed dentition (Phase I), which can usually significantly reduce the need for comprehensive orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition. Phase I of orthodontic treatment is designed to correct the skeletal and dental malocclusions at an early age. Treatment usually lasts for 12 to 20 months. Following Phase I treatment, there is a supervision phase of 18 to 30 months in which to hold the correction achieved during early treatment while supervising the eruption of the remaining permanent teeth. If a second phase of orthodontic treatment is required, the treatment time is usually limited to 6 to 18 months, depending on the malocclusion, growth direction, and increments. Treatment time for the patient in this report was extended primarily because of the teaching clinic environment. At the University of the Pacific, we have observed that Phase I of orthodontic treatment produces a more stable long-term orthodontic result, reduces the need for premolar extractions, creates less temporomandibular joint problems at a later age, and achieves a better profile balance.
Atomic Beam Apparatus for Studying the Atomic Spectra of Gases, Especially Hydrogen

I. Introduction. No consideration appears to have been given in the literature to the design of beam apparatus for studying the atomic spectra of gases. Considering our uniquely complete theoretical knowledge of the spectrum of hydrogen, and the inconclusive nature of our present experimental knowledge of the structure of the alpha-line, atomic beam studies of this line are needed. II. Geometrical consideration. The pressure ratio of the final and initial chambers must be far smaller than the solid angle subtended by the first slit at a point in the field of view; and the region of space in which the atoms are excited should not extend, in the line of view, far beyond the full (non-penumbral) portion of the beam. III. The Doppler effect. Five independent contributions to the Doppler effect, for a line emitted from an atomic beam, are studied: (1) Original atomic velocity; (2) atomic velocity gained by excitation (in particular, for hydrogen excited by electron impact); (3) atomic velocity gained by emission; (4) spread of light in the optical system; (5) error of orientation of the optical system with respect to the beam. Some of these factors tend to produce broadening, and some to produce frequency shifts. The broadening can probably be kept low enough for the complete resolution of the electronic structure of the alpha-line, $\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}}=4.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$. IV. Design of the apparatus. An atomic beam apparatus is described which has been designed and built with a view to the conditions outlined above.
MONOIDS AND GROUPS ACTING ON TREES: CHARACTERIZATIONS, GLUING, AND APPLICATIONS OF THE DEPTH PRESERVING ACTIONS

Original article can be found at: http://www.worldscinet.com/ DOI: 10.1142/S0218196795000100 [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]
Locally supersymmetric theories with model-independent transformation laws

Abstract We construct locally supersymmetric theories based on the inhomogeneous supergroups IOSp(N; 2C), in which supersymmetric gauge fields satisfy model-independent transformation laws. This leads to the construction of actions which are manifestly gauge and coordinate invariants.
Practicum and On‐the‐job Ratings of School Counselors

Practicum ratings of 50 school counselors were examined in relation to administrators' subsequent on-the-job ratings of their performance. The relationship proved negligible. The practicum ratings did relate, however, to retention of cognitive material in guidance and counseling (scores on a comprehensive examination). Such a relationship did not exist between scores on the same comprehensive examination and the administrators' ratings. It was suggested that cognitive standards for counselors are probably best established and maintained by training institutions. Administrators seeking assurance of at least minimum cognitive competency in counselors ought to seek endorsement of candidates from those who observe their practicum performance.
Transport processes in narrow (capillary) channels

Rates of mass and momentum transport in narrow flow channels (gaps 0.2-0.5 mm) have been determined over a wide range of flow velocities, 220-7,700 cm/sec (Re 1,300 to 22,000). Existing correlations that apply to smooth channels of much larger hydraulic diameter were found to be valid for the narrow channels as well. However, in the turbulent regime the condition of hydraulic smoothness could be satisfied only when the walls were optically smooth. Transport rates to rough walls were also measured. The ratio of the mass transport to the momentum transport in the form of jD/(f/2)-a measure of the improved mass transfer compared to the increased pressure drop-is given for the smooth and rough-wall cells over the Re range studied.
Thermodynamic Calculations and Phase Stabilities in the Y-Si-C-O System

A thermodynamic computer dataset for the Y-Si-C-O system was used for calculations of multicomponent, multiphase reactions. The phase reactions of yttrium silicate coatings for the oxidation protection of C/SiC-based composites were analyzed. They were simulated as a function of the temperature and other environmental conditions. To illustrate the high temperature behavior of the coatings, isothermal sections, isopleths, pseudo-binary and -ternary diagrams, phase fraction diagrams, volatility diagrams and potential phase diagrams are presented. Additionally to the thermodynamic aspects, mass balance criteria were taken into account for the analysis of the active/passive oxidation in the coating system.
Transition From Intuitive to Advanced Strategies in Multiplicative Reasoning for Students With Math Difficulties

This study explored how a teaching experiment, which taught double counting with a constructive task assignment according to an ongoing assessment, helped students with mathematics difficulties develop their multiplicative reasoning skills. The participants were two fifth graders with math learning disabilities and one at risk. A micro-genetic approach with a single-participant design was used. Investigators coded and analyzed four strategies the children used. Results showed that unitary counting was dominant during the baseline sessions. During the teaching experiment, a great increase in the use of double counting and an obvious decrease in the use of unitary counting was observed. The participants’ improvement in problem-solving accuracy on the posttest validated their strategic development. Implications are discussed in the context of employing strategic changes as a measure for assessing students’ academic achievement and interventions for helping children adopt advanced strategies.
Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change

[1] Predictions of global circulation models (GCMs) that account for increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere show that warming in the Arctic will be amplified in response to the melting of sea ice and snow cover. There is now conclusive evidence that much of the Arctic has warmed in recent decades. Northern Alaska is one region where significant warming has occurred, especially during winter and spring. We investigate how the changing climate of northern Alaska has influenced the annual cycle of snow cover there and in turn, how changes in snow cover perturb the region's surface radiation budget and temperature regime. The focus is on Barrow, Alaska, for which comprehensive data sets exist. A review of earlier studies that documented a trend toward an earlier disappearance of snow in spring is given. Detection and monitoring activities at Barrow are described, and records of snow disappearance from other sites in the Alaskan Arctic are compared. Correlated variations and trends in the date of final snowmelt (melt date) are found by examining several independent time series. Since the mid-1960s the melt date in northern Alaska has advanced by ∼;8 days. The advance appears to be a consequence of decreased snowfall in winter, followed by warmer spring conditions. These changes in snowfall and temperature are attributed to variations in regional circulation patterns. In recent decades, there has been a higher frequency of northerly airflow during winter that tends to diminish snowfall over northern Alaska. During spring, however, intrusions of warm moist air from the North Pacific have become more common, and these tend to accelerate the ablation of snow on the North Slope of Alaska. One result of an earlier melt date is an increase in the net surface radiation budget. At Barrow, net radiative forcing can exceed 150 W m−2 on a daily basis immediately following the last day of snowmelt, and as a result of an 8-day advance in this event, we estimate an increase of ∼2 W m−2 on an annual basis. Our results are in general agreement with earlier analyses suggesting that reductions in snow cover over a large portion of the Arctic on an annual basis have contributed to a warming of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). In addition, the terrestrial ecosystems of the region are very sensitive to snow cover variations. There is growing concern that these perturbations are anthropogenically forced and adapting to these environmental changes will have significant social and economic consequences. While observed decreases in NH snow cover are in broad agreement with GCM simulations, our analyses suggest that internal (or natural) shifts in circulation patterns underlie the observed variations. Continued monitoring and further study is needed to determine whether the earlier disappearance of snow cover in spring in northern Alaska is an indicator of greenhouse-forced global warming or is a manifestation of a more natural, long-term cycle of climate change.
Functional circuitry of visual adaptation in the retina

The visual system continually adjusts its sensitivity, or ‘adapts’, to the conditions of the immediate environment. Adaptation increases responses when input signals are weak, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and decreases responses when input signals are strong, to prevent response saturation. Retinal ganglion cells adapt primarily to two properties of light input: the mean intensity and the variance of intensity over time (contrast). This review focuses on cellular mechanisms for contrast adaptation in mammalian retina. High contrast over the ganglion cell’s receptive field centre reduces the gain of spiking responses. The mechanism for gain control arises partly in presynaptic bipolar cell inputs and partly in the process of spike generation. Following strong contrast stimulation, ganglion cells exhibit a prolonged after-hyperpolarization, driven primarily by suppression of glutamate release from presynaptic bipolar cells. Ganglion cells also adapt to high contrast over their peripheral receptive field. Long-range adaptive signals are carried by amacrine cells that inhibit the ganglion cell directly, causing hyperpolarization, and inhibit presynaptic bipolar terminals, reducing gain of their synaptic output. Thus, contrast adaptation in ganglion cells involves multiple synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms for gain control and hyperpolarization. Several forms of adaptation in ganglion cells originate in presynaptic bipolar cells.
From Public Law to Public Policy, or The “Public” in “Public Law”

In a self-consciously forward looking survey recently published in PS , Glendon Schubert continues to employ the phrase “public law” as roughly synonymous with the legal concerns of political science. The recent publication of Murphy and Tanenhaus' The Study of Public Law also reaffirms that, in spite of the movement toward “judicial behavior,” which it might have been anticipated would change the boundaries of the field, the “public” in public law is still very much with those political scientists particularly concerned with things legal. There does not seem to me to be any valid reason why political scientists should maintain the public law—private law distinction and then proceed to exclude themselves from the “private” law sphere.
Assessing reproductive status in elasmobranch fishes using steroid hormones extracted from skeletal muscle tissue

Elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic threats, making a thorough understanding of their life history characteristics essential for proper management. Historically, elasmobranch reproductive data have been collected by lethal sampling, an approach that is problematic for threatened and endangered species. However, recent studies have demonstrated that non-lethal approaches can be as effective as lethal ones for assessment of the reproductive status of an animal. For example, plasma has been used to examine concentrations of steroid hormones. Additionally, skeletal muscle tissue, which can be obtained non-lethally and with minimal stress, can also be used to quantify concentrations of steroid hormones. Skeletal muscle progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations were determined to be statistically significant indicators of reproductive status in the oviparous Leucoraja erinacea, the yolk-dependent viviparous Squalus acanthias, and the yolk-sac placental viviparous Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. The results of the present study demonstrate that steroid hormones present in non-lethally harvested skeletal muscle tissue can be used as reliable indicators of reproductive status in elasmobranchs.
Conditional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease mutants show no role for the viral protease early in virus replication.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease plays a critical role in the proteolytic processing of precursor polyproteins during virion maturation. Contradictory evidence has been obtained for a possible role for the protease early after infection, i.e., during DNA synthesis and/or integration. We have reexamined this question by using conditional mutants of the protease. In one set of experiments, protease mutants that confer a temperature-sensitive phenotype for processing were used to assess the need for protease activity early after infection. No significant difference from results with wild-type virus was seen when infections were carried out at either 35 or 40 degrees C. In a separate set of experiments, infections were carried out in the presence of a protease inhibitor. In this case, both wild-type virus and a drug-resistant variant were used, the latter as a control to ensure a specific effect of the inhibitor. Infection with either virus was not inhibited at drug concentrations that were up to 10-fold higher than those needed to inhibit intracellular processing by the viral protease. The results obtained by both of these experimental protocols provide evidence that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease does not play a role early after infection.
A Picard Type Theorem for Holomorphic Curves

Let P be complex projective space of dimension m, π : Cm+1\{0} → P the standard projection and M ⊂ P a closed subset (with respect to the usual topology of a real manifold of dimension 2m). A hypersurface in P is the projection of the set of zeros of a non-constant homogeneous form in m+ 1 variables. Let n be a positive integer. Consider a set of hypersurfaces {Hj} j=1 with the property M ∩ ⋂ j∈I Hj  = ∅ for every I ⊂ {1, . . . , 2n+ 1}, |I| = n+ 1. (1)
Thermal analysis of integrated circuit devices and packages

The integrated circuit device is modeled as a four-layer structure with multiple heat sources located on the surface of the first layer and with the fourth layer representing the device package. Each layer is assumed to have the same rectangular dimensions. Using the separation of variables, an analytical solution for the temperature at any location inside and on the boundaries of the structure is derived. Based upon the solution obtained, a computer program, Thermal, has been written in Fortran. Characteristics of the solution were studied, and several representative device structures were analyzed. The results of the simulation show how the device thermal resistance is affected by the die-bonding layer properties, the electrodes on the chip surface, and the heat spreader at the bottom surface of the chip. A FET power device was also analyzed to illustrate the very narrow hot zones produced on the chip surface, suggesting that the thermal measurement techniques must have adequate spatial resolution to measure the peak temperatures accurately. The lateral spread of heat flux into the regions of the package extending beyond the chip dimensions was studied using the boundary element method. An iteration technique based on the analytical solution has also been developed to account for the effect of this lateral heat spread. The corrected temperature using this iteration technique agrees to within 3.7% with that obtained using the boundary element method. >
Advantages of corrugated transformer insulation

New transformer materials continue to be developed and tested for various temperature ranges and operating conditions. Several sinusoidal corrugated sizes are now also available, as well as many special combinations to satisfy specific transformer insulation and strength design requirements. Small sizes of square and rectangular NOMEX are available to keep primary and secondary winding closely interlaced while providing higher temperature dielectrics for both air and oil cooled transformers.
Inappropriate Comparisons as a Basis for Policy: Two Recent Examples from the Social Experiments

This paper examines the problem of inappropriate comparisons in evaluating social programs and the erroneous policy conclusions which can be derived from such comparisons. The paper examines two cases from the United States of America which fail to meet the criterion that comparison groups (if necessary after statistical adjustment) should be identical in all essential respects except in their exposure to the program. In the first of the two cases, involving the measurement of work-effort reduction in negative income tax (NIT) experiments, the inappropriate comparison was made in conducting a statistical analysis of program effects. In the second case, involving the analysis of changes in housing consumption in a housing allowance experiment, the statistical analysis of program effects appears valid, but the correctly measured program outcomes were themselves inappropriately used by policy-makers in drawing policy inferences. The conclusion draws out major lessons for policy analysis and policy-making.
Taking a Chance in the Classroom: Modeling Statistical Thinking

In high school, students start to encounter the broader world and prepare for roles as citizens and scholars, teammates, and breadwinners. This makes high school a natural place to help students de...
The Economics of Liability Insurance

Emphasizing general liability insurance, we describe basic relationships between legal liability law, liability insurance, and loss control, including the practical limitations of liability rules and insurance markets as mechanisms for promoting efficient deterrence and risk-spreading. After a brief introduction to the role of liability rules in providing incentives for loss control, we consider the implications of limited wealth and limited liability for the demand for liability insurance and accident deterrence. We then discuss the effects of correlated risk on liability insurance markets, the nature and causes of liability insurance contract disputes, causes of the U.S. tort liability/liability insurance crisis in the mid 1980s, and efficiency of the U.S. tort liability/liability insurance system.
Visual Diagnosis: Newborn With a Perineal Lesion

• Perineal groove is described as a wet sulcus lined with mucoumembrane extending from the posterior fourchette to the anterior anus • Perineal grooves are rarely described in literature but ar likely more common in practice. • The underlying pathogenesis and embryologic origin of perineal grooves are poorly understood. • Perineal grooves generally self-resolve by 1 year of age. • Surgical intervention is rarely indicated but can be considered for rare complications (infections, mucus drainage) or for cosmetic purposes, usually after 2 years of age. • Recognition of this mild anomaly can eliminate unnecessary (and potentially invasive) testing and procedures.
Scarcity and Frontiers: Epilogue: the Age of Ecological Scarcity?

The fundamental scarcity problem … is that as the environment is increasingly being exploited for one set of uses (e.g. to provide sources of raw material and energy, and to assimilate additional waste), the quality of the environment may deteriorate. The consequence is an increasing relative scarcity of essential natural services and ecological functions … Although the loss of these essential natural services as a result of environmental degradation is not directly reflected in market outcomes, it nevertheless has a major effect in the form of economic scarcity. In other words, if ‘the environment is regarded as a scarce resource,’ then the ‘deterioration of the environment is also an economic problem.’ (Barbier 1989, pp. 96–97) Introduction The purpose of this final chapter is to draw together the major “scarcity and frontier” themes of this book to examine the critical question: is the world economy today on the verge of a new era of resource-based development? As previous chapters have indicated, finding and exploiting new sources, or frontiers, of natural resources has been an important aspect of economic development throughout history. This includes both “horizontally extensive” frontiers such as land for agricultural-based activities and frontiers that extend “vertically downwards” in terms of mineral resources for extractive activities.
An experimental study on the effects of incoming wind conditions on wind turbine aeromechanics

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the effects of incoming surface wind conditions on the wake characteristics and dynamic wind loads acting on a wind turbine model. The experimental study was performed in a large-scale wind tunnel with a scaled Horizontal Axial Wind Turbine (HAWT) model placed in two different types of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) winds with distinct mean and turbulence characteristics. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads acting on the model turbine by using a force-moment sensor, a high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve detailed flow field measurements to characterize the turbulent wake flows behind the model turbine. The measurement results reveal clearly that, the discrepancies in the incoming surface winds would affect the wake characteristics and dynamic wind loads acting on the model turbine dramatically. The dynamic wind loads acting on the model turbine were found to fluctuate much more significantly, thereby, much larger fatigue loads, for the case with the wind turbine model sited in the incoming ABL wind with higher turbulence intensity levels. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and Reynolds stress levels in the wake behind the model turbine were also found to be significantly higher for the high turbulence inflow case, in comparison to those of the low turbulence inflow case. The flow characteristics in the turbine wake were found to be dominated by the formation, shedding and breakdown of various unsteady wake vortices. In comparison with the case with relatively low turbulence intensities in the incoming ABL wind, much more turbulent and randomly shedding, faster dissipation and earlier breakdown of the wake vortices were observed for the high turbulence inflow case, which would promote the vertical transport of kinetic energy by entraining more high-speed airflow from above to re-charge the wake flow and result in a much faster recovery of the velocity deficits in the turbine wake.
Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs in Soybeans: Within-Field Distribution and Precision Level Sequential Count Plans

Analyses of four dispersion indices of Heliothis zea (Boddie) egg from O.31-m row samples of soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) indicated aggregated patterns for most data sets taken during 1980–1982 when mean density was >2.00 eggs/O.31-m row. Coefficients from regression equations of mean crowding on mean density and log variance on log mean also indicated aggregated patterns. Coefficients from regressions of mean crowding on mean density were used to develop sequential precision level sampling plans.
Defects in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) increase selenate sensitivity in Arabidopsis

Stress can impair protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Minimizing the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is achieved by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which involves the retrograde transport and proteasomal removal of aberrant proteins. Recently, the proteasome has been implicated in a selenium stress response. However, it remains unknown if selenium causes ER stress in plants similar to animals, and if ERAD is associated with optimal selenium tolerance. This deficiency was addressed by monitoring selenate-treated Arabidopsis plants with mutations in HRD1 and SeL1L, participants of ERAD. hrd1a/hrd1b and sel1l mutants treated with selenate demonstrate decreased tolerance and ER stress, as judged by BiP2 accumulation. The data indicate that optimal plant growth during selenate stress requires ERAD.
Ethical and clinical issues with native-American elders: end-of-life decision making

This article offers guidance to clinicians for approaching and conducting end-of-life decision-making conversations with Native American elders. The guidelines emphasize the need for flexibility and clarity in communication, avoidance of insistence on formal structures and rigid time frames for decision-making, sensitivity to the cultural and family situation of the elder, and recognition that cultural as well as language interpretation may be necessary. Given the great diversity of the tribes and bands as well as languages among native people and the paucity of empirical work on this topic, the tentative nature of these guidelines is stressed.
Cell-Free Synthesis of the H-Cluster: A Model for the In Vitro Assembly of Metalloprotein Metal Centers

Many organometallic cofactors are highly complex and require multiple accessory proteins for both their assembly and transfer to a target protein. A cell-free system in which the biosynthetic pathway for a prosthetic group has been fully or even partially reconstructed enables investigations of the reaction sequence as well as the cofactor itself. As a model for the in vitro assembly of protein-bound metal centers, we describe a procedure for the cell-free synthesis of the H-cluster in the context of producing purified and active [FeFe] hydrogenase samples for spectroscopic studies. In general terms, this in vitro system is a combination of non-purified accessory proteins, exogenous substrates, and purified hydrogenase apoprotein. We also describe methods for making the required components used in the cell-free system. Specifically, these procedures include anaerobic expression of heterologous metalloproteins in Escherichia coli, anaerobic cell lysate production, and anaerobic metalloprotein purification using Strep-Tactin(®) chromatography.
Applications of MAS-NMR Spectroscopy to the Study of Faujasite Synthesis

Abstract NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the formation of NaY zeolite from the reaction mixture of a silica sol and an alkaline solution of sodium aluminate. Liquid-line and MAS 29 Si NMR spectra provide unique insights into the processes occurring during sol dissolution, aluminosilicate gel formation, and zeolite crystallization. Molecular composition changes of the supernatant solution and gel have been observed, resulting from a continuous dissolution and recondensation of silicate, aluminate and aluminosilicate species. NaY crystallites appear to grow from nuclei which have a higher aluminum content than the final zeolite.
Scale-model study of refraction arrivals in a three-layered structure

abstract The effects of an intermediate velocity layer on the frequency spectra of waves refracted along its upper and lower boundaries are compared to the effects of a layer of constant velocity gradient. The same relationship was found in both cases: there being a cutoff frequency at 1.7 times the velocity gradient. These two types of structures could not be distinguished from one another by their effects on the frequency spectra. This should also hold in full-scale field experiments.
Potential carbon dioxide emission reductions from avoided grassland conversion in the northern Great Plains

Protection of lands threatened with conversion to agriculture can reduce carbon emissions. Until recently, most climate change mitigation incentive programs for avoided conversion have focused on forested ecosystems. We applied the Avoided Conversion of Grasslands and Shrublands v.1.0 (ACoGS) methodology now available through the American Carbon Registry to a threatened region of grasslands in the northern Great Plains. For all soil types across 14 counties in North and South Dakota, we used the DAYCENT model calibrated to the study area to quantify the difference in CO2 and N2O emissions under a cropping and a protection scenario, and we used formulas in the ACoGS methodology to calculate CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation under the protection scenario. We mapped the resulting GHG emissions across the entire project area. Emissions averaged 51.6 tCO2e/ha over 20 years, and with a 31% reduction for leakage and uncertainty from the ACoGS methodology, carbon offsets averaged 35.6 tCO2e/ha over 20 years. Protection of 10% of the 2.1 million unprotected ha in the project area with the highest emissions would reduce emissions by 11.7 million tCO2e over 20 years (11% of the total emissions from all unprotected grassland) and avoid a social cost of $430 million worth of CO2 emissions. These results suggest that carbon offsets generated from avoided conversion of grasslands can meaningfully contribute to climate mitigation and grassland conservation objectives.
The Supramolecular Alkali Metal Cation–π Interaction

Alkali metal cations are Lewis acids that pair effectively with negatively charged species. Supramolecular interactions typically provide weak force associations that cumulatively support or partly neutralize the positive charge. Arenes, double, and triple bonds all have electron-rich π-donor residues that function as weak Lewis bases that stabilize alkali metal cations. The cation–π interaction has been studied extensively by both experimental and computational methods. These interactions are especially important in biology where common alkali metal cations such as sodium and potassium are bound in enzymes by a number of weak forces that often involve contact with arenes. The most important arenes in this context are benzene, phenol, and indole, the arenes present in the side chains of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
The Nature of meso- and pyro-Borate Precatalysts to the VANOL and VAPOL BOROX Catalysts

The structures of the meso- and pyro-borate esters generated by treatment of the VANOL and VAPOL ligands with triphenylborate have been revisited. These species were previously identified as precatalysts that could be in situ converted into VANOL and VAPOL BOROX catalysts by an imine substrate. The complete assignment of all protons for both the meso- and pyro-borate esters of both ligands was aided by the 1H NMR spectrum of each generated from pentadeuterophenol. There were significant differences between the chemical shifts for certain protons in the meso- and pyro-borate species in both the VANOL and VAPOL derivatives. Optimized structures for the meso-borates and two different isomers of the pyro-borates were determined by DFT calculations for each ligand. For each ligand the cyclic pyro-borate was found to be lower in energy than the corresponding linear pyro-borate at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The structures of the cyclic pyro-borate esters were more consistent with the observed 1H NMR chemical shifts than the linear pyro-borates for each ligand and thus the structures of the pyro-borates esters of VANOL and VAPOL have been re-assigned as the cyclic isomers.
Adjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer and Effect of Timing and Duration on Treatment Outcome

Abstract Purpose Worse Treatment outcomes are expected with prolongation of overall treatment time (OTT) during definitive chemoradiotherapy of cervical cancer. In the adjuvant setting, data on the relative importance of OTT and the importance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy synchronization are scarce. Using the National Cancer Data Base, we aimed to evaluate the impact of these treatment variables on overall survival in the adjuvant chemoradiotherapy setting. Methods The analysis included non-metastatic cervical cancer patients undergoing hysterectomy followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The proportional hazard model estimated the effect of prognostic factors (age, comorbidity, race, tumor size, grade and histology, number of high risk pathologic factors) and time-related variables (surgery to radiotherapy start interval (SR), OTT (radiotherapy start to end dates), package time (from diagnosis date to CRT end date) and optimum chemoradiotherapy synchronization (if chemotherapy and radiation start date coincided) on survival. Results Of the 3051 patients, 60% finished RT within 7 weeks and 85% had optimum chemoradiotherapy. Among other factors, univariate analysis identified longer OTT (hazards ratio (HR): 1.33; p Conclusions Our analysis suggests that prolongation of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy duration beyond 7 weeks is associated with poor survival, and surgery to radiotherapy interval less than 8 weeks should be attempted whenever clinically feasible.
The Effect of Masculinity on Community Reintegration Following TBI in Military Veterans

The present study examined the effect of level of traditional masculine gender role norms as well as the moderating effect of cognitive flexibility on community reintegration outcomes in a sample o...
The ecology of patient and caregiver participation in consultations involving advanced cancer.

Objective To identify predictors of participation of patients with advanced cancer in clinical encounters with oncologists and to assess the impact of patient and caregiver participation on perceptions of physician support. Methods This is a secondary data analysis from the Values and Options in Cancer Care study, a cluster randomized clinical trial of a patient-centered communication intervention. Patients and caregivers completed pre-visit and post-visit health and communication measures. Audio recorded patient-caregiver (when present)-physician encounters were coded for active patient/caregiver participation behaviors (eg, question asking, expressing concern) and for physicians' facilitative communication (eg, partnership-building, support). Mixed linear regression models were used to identify patient, physician, and situational factors predicting patient and patient plus caregiver communication behaviors and post-visit outcomes. Results Physician partnership building predicted greater expressions of concern and more assertive responses from patients and patient-caregiver pairs. Patients' perceptions of greater connectedness with their physician predicted fewer patient expressions of concern. Patient perceptions of physician respect for their autonomy were lower among patients accompanied by caregivers. Caregiver perceptions of physician respect for patient autonomy decreased with increasing patient age and varied by site. Conclusions In advanced cancer care, patient and caregiver communication is affected by ecological factors within their consultations. Physicians can support greater patient participation in clinical encounters through facilitative communication such as partnership-building and supportive talk. The presence of a caregiver complicates this environment, but partnership building techniques may help promote patient and caregiver participation during these visits.
UNSCHOOLING: A DIRECT EDUCATIONAL APPLICATION OF DECI AND RYAN’S (1985) SELF DETERMINATION THEORY AND COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY

Unschooling is a variation of homeschooling where, instead of following a set curriculum, children learn through everyday life experiences. As an increasing number of families are choosing to unschool, it becomes important to further study the workings of this philosophical and educational choice. It is estimated that approximately 12% of families who homeschool, unschool their children. The unschooling environment itself tends to provide space for self-directed and intrinsically motivated learning, and seems to be a direct educational application of Deci and Ryan’s (1985) Self Determination Theory and Cognitive Evaluation Theory. Within this paper, the author describes and expands upon how the unschooling environment is a modern example of true, intrinsically motivated learning. The author also discusses how unschooling families tend to naturally provide the three psychological needs developed within Cognitive Evaluation Theory, specifically the needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Article visualizations:
Mods, Hacks, Makers: Crowdsourced Culture and Environment

This paper discusses the role of prototyping as a vehicle to integrate electronic media technology, materiality, and physical computing into architectural design process and education. It connects a creating-making approach to a broader maker and hacker culture through adaptive and autonomous assemblies and embedded electronic systems. It recognizes the need for a new conceptual dis-course on what constitutes effective design methodology that nurtures innovation and considers all design factors: social, cultural, and technological.
Prevention of Epstein—Barr Virus Infection and Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Following Transplantation

Increasing attention is focused on the prevention of EBV disease and PTLD. A variety of potential approaches to the prevention of EBV disease and PTLD are currently under consideration including chemoprophylaxis using antiviral therapies, immunoprophylaxis (including adoptive immunotherapy), and viral load monitoring to inform pre emptive strategies. Although many centers have endorsed the use of the antiviral agents acyclovir and ganciclovir for the prevention of EBV/PTLD, there is little data to support this practice At present, the use of serial monitoring of the EBV viral load as a stimulus to reduce immunosuppression (for solid organ transplant recipients) or initiate adoptive immunotherapy or treatment with rituximab (for stem cell transplant recipients) appears to be the most promising strategies for the prevention of EBV disease and PTLD in these populations.
Chapter 18 The Centrality of Motor Coordination and Proprioception in Social and Cognitive Development: from Shared Actions to Shared Minds

Abstract Motor imitation constitutes one of the most complex cases of perceptual-motor coordination in early infancy. In motor imitation the target is a human act: infants must guide their own bodies to match the movements they see. Meltzoff and Moore have hypothesized that infants can, at some level, apprehend the equivalence between acts seen and acts done and that this active intermodal matching (AIM) underlies their imitation. Infants ability to coordinate multimodal information is also manifest in vocal imitation and in experiments showing that they can visually recognize articulatory movements that correspond to speech sounds they hear. Infants can also control their actions on the basis of long-term memories of perceptually absent events, as demonstrated by findings of deferred imitation of novel acts in 9–16-month-olds. Infants were shown an act and then a lengthy delay was inserted, after which deferred imitative performance was measured. Finally, studies were conducted to investigate relations between motor coordination and the growth of interpersonal understanding. We tested whether infants were sensitive to having their own movements imitated by adults. The results show that infants smiled and looked more at an adult who was mirroring their actions as compared to one who was not. There are two broad theoretical implications of this work. First, young infants may use imitation and visual-motor mapping to help make a basic cut in their world between people and things. Entities that themselves move in ways that look like the mvements that infants proprioceptively feel themselves make may be accorded special status. Thus infants may identify people and distinguish them from things by their pattern of movements. Second, an argument is proposed for how motor imitation plays a role in the development of empathy and other aspects of the child's developing theory of mind. The principal thesis of the chapter is that there is a psychological bridge between infants and adults right from btrth and that the bridge is constituted by shared action.