cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soybean Genotype Effects on Bigeyed Bug Feeding on Corn Earworm in the Laboratory

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a serions pest of many crops, including soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. This study was conducted to determine whether or not plant pubescence could be used to enhance predator activity. The influence of plant pubescence or insect resistance of soybean on predation of corn earworm eggs by the bigeyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), was investigated in the laboratory. Bigeyed bug adults were allowed to feed on corn earworm eggs that were placed on foliage of soybean genotypes isogenic for dense, normal, or no pubescence, and on genotypes susceptible or resistant to foliar feeding insects. Percent egg puncture by males was similar on all foliage types whether or not choices were offered (.)
Heritability and correlations of agronomic and fiber traits in an okra-leaf upland cotton population

In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the cost and time to develop and evaluate appropriate genetic populations have limited the number of intensive and complete heritability studies. Herein, three agronomic and 17 fiber quality traits were assessed for heritability and correlation analyses on progeny rows in an okra-leaf cotton population of 208 families. Progenies were advanced in succeeding generations by a single-seed descent. Comparison between F2:3 and F2:6 generations for individual traits and individual progeny by trait revealed significant differences between the two generations. Heritability estimates (h 2 . 0.60), and correlations within and between (r . 0.55) F2:3 and F2:6, generations have practical applications for the simultaneous improvement of multiple fiber traits. Fiber strength was positively correlated to 2.5 and 50% fiber span length and negatively correlated to short fiber content. Number of neps was positively correlated to number of seed coats, and short and immature fiber content, and negatively correlated to mean fiber fineness and maturity ratio. The genetic potential for improving agronomic and fiber traits may exist in populations with this alternative leaf morphology, okra-leaf type. Mass selection may be effective for improving most of the above traits (h 2 . 0.60). However, pedigree, sibs, and progeny tests need to be used to achieve higher genetic progress. Selection may be applied as early as the F3 when selection units can be replicated. Thereafter, antagonistic trait correlations may become neutral or favorable in later generations, facilitating improvement of fiber quality.
Effect of a nutrition education program on the diet of homemakers of low-income families. Food group and nutrient intakes

Abstract The dietary intake of 600 low-income women in 29 countries in Georgia was measured every two months from June to December 1980, using 24 hour dietary recalls for data collection. Three counties constituted a control group, while the remainder were involved in one of two educational versions of an established nutrition education program. During this six month period, the cost of living increased by 7%. In response to the increase in food costs, the control group showed a decrease in their intake of meat and a resultant decreased intake of protein and iron. Over this six months, their average intake of iron and vitamin C was 39% and 66% of the RDA, respectively. The two groups receiving nutrition education had initial food and nutrient intakes quite similar to those seen in the control group, but maintained their meat intake and significantly increased their intake of certain other foods and key nutrients.
Report on the American Dental Association's Conference on the Clinical Testing of Cariostatic Agents.

Dr. Horowitz in his report presents some idea to the Association of the updating of guidelines for comparable research on the effect of anti-cariogenic agents.
Numeracy, Ratio Bias, and Denominator Neglect in Judgments of Risk and Probability.

Abstract “Numeracy,” so-called on analogy with literacy, is essential for making health and other social judgments in everyday life [Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (in press). The importance of mathematics in health and human judgment: Numeracy, risk communication, and medical decision making. Learning and Individual Differences .]. Recent research on numeracy in health decision making has shown that many adults fail to solve simple ratio and decimal problems, concepts that are prerequisites for understanding health-relevant risk communications. In addition, adults exhibit a ratio bias, in which higher frequencies bias probability judgments, and denominator neglect, described by Reyna and Brainerd (e.g., [Reyna, V. F. (1991). Class inclusion, the conjunction fallacy, and other cognitive illusions. Developmental Review, 11 , 317–336.; Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (1994). The origins of probability judgment: A review of data and theories. In G. Wright & P. Ayton (Eds.), Subjective probability . (pp. 239–272). New York: Wiley.]) and independently by Epstein (e.g., [Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–724.]). Along with research in education and cognitive development, this work demonstrates that adults have difficulty with a broad range of ratio concepts, including fractions, proportions, risks and probabilities. The psychological mechanisms underlying this difficulty are characterized using dual-processes approaches such as fuzzy-trace theory, simple and effective interventions are described that eliminate common problem-solving errors, and implications for the effective use of numerical information in risk communication are discussed.
Reevaluation of induction motor loss models for conventional and harmonic power flow

In conventional and harmonic power flow analysis, three-phase induction motors are typically modeled using constant parameters (power or impedance). Such models do not fully capture the impact of voltage deviation, unbalance, and harmonics on motor losses. This paper discusses simple frequency-domain induction motor modeling techniques suitable for conventional and harmonic power flow analysis, including an optimally fitted fundamental frequency ZIP model, several harmonic impedance scaling methods, and a temperature correction procedure. The proposed models improve power flow accuracy without substantially increasing algorithm complexity.
Use of the Range Instead of the Standard Deviation

Abstract Many standard test and estimation procedures require the computation of the sample standard deviation. It is, however, often possible to replace the standard deviation by the more easily computed sample range without appreciably reducing the precision of the method. This paper discusses range methods which have been suggested in the statistical literature in connection with problems about the means and variances of one or two normal populations.
Transaction versus Interpretation, or Transaction and Interpretation? A Response to Michael Barber

(2006). Transaction versus Interpretation, or Transaction and Interpretation? A Response to Michael Barber. Journal of Occupational Science: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 97-99.
Quantum mechanical contributions to the structure of liquid water

Abstract Path integral Monte Carlo methods are used to study the effect of quantization of the orientational degrees of freedom of water (H2O), using the ST2 model. A comparison of the classical and quantum atom—atom intermolecular correlation functions show that significant quantitative effects are manifest in the results.
SU‐E‐T‐535: On the Out‐Of‐Field‐Doses Caused by Secondary Particles From Light Ion Beams in Charged Particle Therapy

Purpose: Charged ion therapy in the United States consists mainly of proton therapy, which may deposit a larger than necessary lateral dose to healthy tissues. Application of heavier particles may Result in an improvement, i.e., lowering the dose bath to the patient. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the secondary halo dose of therapeutic light ion beams. Methods: Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to evaluate lateral dose distributions (halo dose) caused by scattered primary particles as well as by secondary particles, in therapeutic ion beams. Primary particles included Protons, Helium ions, Lithium ions as well as 12C‐ions. Energy deposition profiles in a water phantom from various particle species were evaluated and compared. The secondaries included heavy ions (heavier than alphas), alphas, protons, as well as neutrons and photons. The study provides estimates of out of field doses from secondary particles for a variety of beam parameters such as range in water, field size, modulation width, and the source particle type. Results: Preliminary data indicates, that with increasing Z of the source particles, lateral dose profiles, including scattered primary and secondary particles from nuclear reactions, decrease significantly. Conclusion: Further studies are indicated to evaluate any possible improvement in lateral dose deposition versus increased doses to tissues distal to the Bragg peaks, caused by source particle and target fragmentation.
Unexpected superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity of ferric chloride in acetonitrile.

The azobis(isobutyronitrile)-initiated autoxidation of γ-terpinene in acetonitrile at 50 °C yields only p-cymene and hydrogen peroxide (1:1) in a chain reaction carried by the hydroperoxyl radical, HOO• (Foti, M. C.; Ingold, K. U. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 2758−2765). This reaction is retarded by very low (μM) concentrations of FeCl3 and CuCl2. The kinetics of the FeCl3-inhibited autoxidation are consistent with chain-termination via the following: Fe3+ + HOO• ⇄ [FeIV-OOH]3+ and [FeIV-OOH]3+ + HOO• → Fe3+ + H2O2 + O2. Thus, FeCl3 in acetonitrile can be regarded as a very effective (and very simple) superoxide dismutase. The kinetics of the CuCl2-inhibited autoxidation indicate that chain transfer occurs and becomes more and more important as the reaction proceeds, i.e., the inhibition is replaced by autocatalysis. These kinetics are consistent withreduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ by HOO• and then the reoxidation of Cu+ to Cu2+ by both HOO• and the H2O2 product. The latter reaction yields HO• radicals which ...
Construction of a new vector for the expression of foreign genes in Zymomonas mobilis

Broad host range plasmids have previously been shown to be suitable as vectors to introduce antibiotic resistance genes intoZ. mobilis. However, attempts to use these vectors to carry other genes with enteric promoters and controlling elements have resulted in limited success due to poor expression. Thus we have constructed a promoter cloning vector in a modified pBR327 and used this vector to isolated 12 promoters fromZ. mobilis which express various levels of β-galactosidase inEscherichia coli. Four of these were then subcloned into pCVD 305 for introduction intoZ. mobilis. All expressed β-galactosidase inZ. mobilis with activities of 100 to 1800 Miller units. One of these retained aBamHl site into which new genes can be readily inserted immediately downstream from theZ. mobilis promoter. Genetic traits carried by pCVD 305 were initially unstable but spontaneous variants were produced during sub-culture in which the plasmid was resistant to curing at elevated temperature. One of these variants was examined in some detail. The increased stability of this variant appears to result from an alteration in the plasmid rather than a chromosomal mutation or from chromosomal integration.
Solubility of Thaumatin

Thaumatin, an intensely sweet protein, crystallizes rapidly in the presence of tartrate ions. The ease with which crystals form has led to the use of thaumatin over the past decade as a model system for the study of protein crystallization. The available data on the solubility of this protein, however, are inconsistent. We have purified thaumatin and determined its solubility with the l and d enantiomers of the tartrate ion. We find that the crystal habit and solubility are significantly different for the two precipitants: the solubility increases with temperature in l-tartrate, while it decreases with temperature in d-tartrate. Our results suggest that the chirality of precipitants is an important factor that should be controlled when determining the solubility of proteins.
Uptake of fatty acids by the developing rat brain

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are avidly taken up by the developing rat brain. To explore the specificity of this process, [1-14C]labeled 16∶0, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶6n−3 each were co-injected with [3H]18∶1n−9 into the jugular vein of two-wk-old functionally hepatectomized and shamoperated control rats. The radioactivities present in the brain, liver and serum were assessed 30 min after injection. Uptake of labeled fatty acids into brain lipids steadily increased with increasing degree of unsaturation, with more than twice as much uptake of 22∶6n−3 compared to 16∶0. Phosphatidylcholine was the principal radioactive species in the brain except for animals injected with [1-14C]22∶6n−3, in which more of the label was incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine. Determination of watersoluble oxidation products in the brain and serum revealed that the greater uptake of the more unsatrated fatty acids did not result from differences in rates of degradation.
Method for constructing analytical solutions to the Dym initial value problem

We obtain approximate solutions to the Dym equation, and associated initial value problem, for general initial data by way of an optimal homotopy analysis method. By varying the auxiliary linear operator, thereby varying the time evolution of approximate solutions, we perform two independent homotopy analyses for the Dym equation. We obtain two separate approximate solutions, each dependent on the respective convergence control parameter. A method to control the residual error of each of these approximate solutions, through the use of the embedded convergence control parameter, is discussed. Treating each approximate solution individually, we select the value of the convergence control parameter which minimizes a sum of squared residual error. That is, we use the so-called optimal homotopy analysis method in order to pick the value of the convergence control parameter that leads to the most rapid convergence of the approximate solutions. Performing this error analysis with each approximate solution, we directly compare the deviation of each type of solution to determine which time evolution linear operator in the homotopy provides more accurate approximations. We illustrate such a comparison in a few explicit examples of initial data, to determine which solution offers a better representation of the way solutions to the Dym equation evolve in time. With this, we are able to determine the effect of a choice of linear operator on how accurately resulting solutions can approximate true solutions to the Dym equation. Since we have optimally selected the convergence control parameter in each case, our solutions are optimal in the sense that they minimize a global measure of the residual error over the domain (subject to the choice of auxiliary linear operator used).
Comparison of the packaging and labeling of Target ClearRx with conventional prescription drug packaging and labeling.

Abstract Objective To compare consumer preferences for Target Pharmacy’s ClearRx packaging and labeling with conventional prescription drug packaging and labeling. Design Prospective, hands-on comparison of packaging and labeling formats. Setting Two suburban shopping malls in northern California in February and March 2006. Participants Volunteer participants from local communities. Interventions Self-administered questionnaire. Participants were asked to compare ClearRx bottles with conventional cylindrical prescription bottles (both labeled as containing fluoxetine). They also were asked their opinions on three ClearRx bottles (labeled as containing albuterol, amoxicillin, or atenolol) with different color rings corresponding to three fictitious family members. Main outcome measures Consumer preference for ClearRx or conventional packaging and labeling, consumer ability to differentiate between two types of packaging and labeling, consumer perception of safety design, and reasons for consumer preferences. Results The majority of consumers (85%) preferred ClearRx packaging and labeling over the conventional format (10%; 5% uncertain; P P P P Conclusion ClearRx represents an important advance in meeting consumer needs for patient-centered designs in prescription packaging and labeling.
Visualization of density structures in tokamak edge plasmas using lithium beam fluorescence

To study the local behavior of the edge plasma density in the DIII-D tokamak, we image the collisionally induced fluorescence from an injected neutral lithium beam using a gated intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) camera coupled to a UNIX workstation. The goal of these experiments is to search for spatially coherent structures in the plasma edge density which may be transiently illuminated by the beam. In our imaging studies to date we have been able to follow the evolution of the edge density as the main plasma discharge progresses through various confinement states under intense neutral beam injection (NBI) heating.
Oxygen Distribution in Cortical Microvasculature

We applied multimodal microscopic imaging of intravascular partial pressure of O2 (PO2) and blood flow complemented by numerical modeling to assess microvascular oxygen distribution in the mouse cerebral cortex. Our measurements show that at the baseline level of neuronal activity small arterioles are responsible for a significant oxygen extraction, while the most of the remaining oxygen release is taking place at the level of the first few capillary branches after precapillary arterioles. The majority of capillaries (i.e. high branching order capillaries) release little O2 at rest and our measurements and modeling show that they act as a dynamic O2 reserve that is recruited on demand to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation during increased neuronal activity or decrease in blood flow. These findings have potential to overturn our textbook knowledge of the capillary oxygen delivery and broadly influence the neuroscience filed from better understanding progression of diseases that affect cerebral microcirculation to improving the quantitative interpretation of brain imaging modalities.
Lack of MMP10 exacerbates experimental colitis and promotes development of inflammation-associated colonic dysplasia

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis (UC) represent serious health burdens because of both the tissue-damaging disease itself and an elevated risk of colon cancer. The increased expression of many members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes that occurs in colitis has long been associated with the destructive nature of the disease. Recent findings in cancer and other MMP-associated diseases, however, led us to question whether MMPs are indeed detrimental in the setting of colitis. Here, we focus on a single MMP family member, MMP10, and assess its role in a murine model of colonic tissue damage induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Using mice genetically deficient for MMP10, we find that absence of this enzyme leads to significantly worse disease scores and failure to resolve inflammation even after extended recovery periods. We show that MMP10 is produced predominantly by infiltrating myeloid cells in both murine and human colitis. Through bone marrow transplant experiments, we confirm that bone marrow-derived MMP10 contributes to colitis severity. Mice lacking MMP10 have a significantly higher propensity for development of dysplastic lesions in the colon after two rounds of DSS exposure. Thus, we conclude that MMP10 is required for resolution of DSS-induced colonic damage, and in its absence, chronic inflammation and ultimately dysplasia occurs.
To treat a psychopath

Some people are now quite optimistic about the possibility of treating psychopathy with drugs that directly modulate brain function. I argue that this optimism is misplaced. Psychopathy is a global disorder in an individual’s worldview, including his social and moral outlook. Because of the unity of this Weltanschauung, it is unlikely to be treatable in a piecemeal fashion. Recent neuroscientific methods do not give us much hope that we can replace, in a wholesale manner, problematic views of the world with more socially desirable ones. There are, therefore, principled reasons that psychopathy is so singularly treatment resistant.
Reducing Human Errors in Industrial Electric Power System Operation, Part I-Improving System Reliability

A large number of plant power outages and accidents involving personal injury result from human error rather than inadequate or defective equipment. The impact of operating errors on industrial power systems is considered, and the philosophy and key elements of proven practices and programs which contribute to system reliability are reviewed.
The optical properties of Ni2+ in several arsenate and phosphate crystal hosts

Abstract We have prepared a series of arsenate and phosphate salts doped with NiO. The optical spectra of these compounds are interpreted in terms of a weakly-coordinated octahedral Ni2+ species. A single set of ligand-field parameters was sufficient to fit all spectra: Dq = −660 cm −1 , B = 880 cm −1 , C = 2800 cm −1 , λ = −175 cm −1 and C B = 3·18 .
Representations of apparent rotation

If perspective views of an object in two orientations are displayed in alternation, observers will experience the object rotating back and forth in three-dimensional space. Rotational motion is perceived even though only two views are displayed and each view is two-dimensional. The results of 5 experiments converge on the conclusion that the perception of apparent rotational motion produces representations in visual memory corresponding to the spatial structure of the object along its arc of rotation. These representations are view-dependent, preserving information about spatial structure from particular perspectives, but do not preserve low-level perceptual details of the stimulus.
The effect of hypercholesterolemia on guinea pig platelets, erythrocytes and megakaryocytes.

Abstract This study has examined the effect of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia on guinea pig platelets, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes and plasma. The cholesterol/phospholipid ratios of plasma and erythrocytes began to increase after one day on the diet and increased steadily for two weeks and more slowly thereafter until 30 days. In contrast, the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of platelets remained constant for 4–5 days, then increased until reaching a maximum of about 0.85 in two weeks. Thus, the time-course for increase of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio is different for platelets than for erythrocytes and plasma. The increase in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of megakaryocytes was small and not dependent on the degree of increase in the plasma cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. The cholesterol esters of both platelets and megakaryocytes increased with time for two weeks. The increase in megakaryocyte cholesterol esters appeared to precede that of platelets. The protein content of platelets and megakaryocytes and average megakaryocyte size were increased. Normal platelets incubated in plasma from hypercholesterolemic guinea pigs did not accumulate excess cholesterol, but erythrocyte cholesterol increased 45% in 6 h under the same conditions. Cholesterol synthesis in megakaryocytes was depressed 50–80% by cholesterol feeding and by in vitro incubation of the cells in hypercholesterolemic plasma. The data suggest that the platelets and erythrocytes may accumulate excess cholesterol by different mechanisms. The effects of cholesterol feeding on megakaryocytes and the lag in accumulation of cholesterol in platelets relative to erythrocytes and plasma suggest that a defect in the megakaryocyte may be a primary determinant of accumulation of cholesterol in platelets.
Optical characteristics of GaAs MSM photodetectors flip-chip bonded upon micromirrors using micromachined conductive polymer bumps

Using flip-chip bonding techniques with micromachined conductive polymer bumps and passive alignment techniques with electroplated side alignment pedestal bumps, a prototype MOEMS structure for optical I/O couplers has been designed, fabricated and characterized. A top MOEMS substrate has through holes, contact metal pads, and side alignment pedestals with electroplated copper to align GaAs MSMs. Conductive polymer bumps have been micromachined on contact metal pads of GaAs MSMs using thick photoresist bump-holes as molding patterns. A diced GaAs photodetectors die with micromachined conductive polymer bumps was aligned to the side alignment pedestals within +/- 5 micrometers and flip-chip bonded onto the substrate. This conductive polymer flip-chip bonding technique allowed a very low contact resistance (approximately 10 m(Omega) ), a lower bonding temperature (approximately 170 degree(s)C), and simple processing steps. The GaAs MSM photodetectors flip-chip mounted on the top of OE-MCM substrate showed a low dark current of about 10 nA and a high responsivity of 0.66 A/W. By using bulk- micromachining, conductive polymer flip-chip bonding, and passive pedestal alignment techniques, a prototype MOEMS structure for optical I/O couplers realized in this work shows high potential to use as a fundamental building block in OE-MCMs.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enzyme Reactions with Phenolic Compounds 1 : Effect of O-Methyltransferase on a Natural Substrate of Fruit Polyphenol Oxidase 2

PHENOLIC compounds constitute the natural substrates of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Of these, the major substrates of the enzyme in fruits are reported to be o-diphenols (catechols), for example, chlorogenic acid3 (CGA), l-epicatechin4, and dopamine5. If it were possible to modify irreversibly one of the catechol hydroxyl groups in any manner, this would have the following effects of preventing participation in PPO reactions by constituent phenolic compounds: (1) The modified catechols would themselves no longer be substrates of PPO6, (2) the absence of catechols as primers of monophenolase oxidations could, in turn, eliminate the oxidation of constituent monophenols7. Even the first effect alone would eliminate the major proportion of PPO substrates in many plant tissues, as stated here6.
Effects of chlortetracycline of honey bee worker larvae reared in vitro

Abstract An in vitro method was developed for rearing worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae to the adult stage. Average larval and postdefecation mortalities were 9.5% and 18.1% respectively. Larval and postdefecation development times were similar to worker brood reared in field colonies. Only 1 of 30 sampled adult bees exhibited queen or intercaste characteristics. The in vitro rearing method subsequently was used in studying the effect of the antibiotic chlortetracycline on larval growth and development. A general dose response was observed in mortalities of larvae fed diets containing 0.0025% to 0.05% chlortetracycline. At 0.0025%, larval and postdefecation mortalities were similar to the controls. At this concentration, chlortetracycline effectively reduced larval and postdefecation mortalities of larvae inoculated with 1 × 104 to 1.5 × 108 spores/ml of Bacillus larvae, the causative pathogen of American foulbrood disease. Chlortetracycline doses higher than 0.0025% retarded larval growth and development and caused precocious pigmentation in early larval instars.
The effect of intravenous magnesium administration on aortic, right atrial and coronary perfusion pressures during CPR in swine.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of magnesium administration on aortic, right atrial and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Design: Twelve swine weighing 23.2 ± 3.1 kg were instrumented for CPP, aortic systolic (AOSP) and aortic diastolic (AODP) pressures. Intervention: Ventricular fibrillation was induced and after 20 min of CPR the animals were allocated to receive epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg, or epinephrine 0.2 mg/kg plus magnesium 0.14 g/kg. Epinephrine was repeated every 5 min. Arterial blood gases were determined during normal sinus rhythm and prior to drug administration. Results: Pressures were recorded and averaged over four consecutive 5-min intervals following initial drug administration. AOSP, AODP and CPP were compared using an analysis of covariance. AOSP was statistically lower in the group receiving magnesium. There was a trend toward lower AODP and CPP in the group receiving magnesium as well. These statistical differences and trends were absent after adjusting for pressures during normal sinus rhythm and serum bicarbonate prior to drug administration. Conclusions: In this model of prolonged cardiac arrest, the administration of magnesium with epinephrine appeared to have a negative effect on aortic pressures during CPR. Further study is needed to determine the confounding effect of serum bicarbonate on the response to epinephrine and magnesium during CPR.
Combined astigmatic keratotomy and conductive keratoplasty to correct high corneal astigmatism.

Purpose To determine the safety, efficacy, and predictability of combined astigmatic keratotomy (AK) and conductive keratoplasty (CK) for treating high corneal astigmatism. Setting University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods From January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2009, AK and CK were performed in eyes with corneal astigmatism of 5.0 diopters (D) or more after keratoplasty or trauma. The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, spherical equivalent (SE), defocus equivalent, mean astigmatism, efficacy index, and complications were evaluated. Results In 11 eyes of 11 patients, the mean UDVA improved from 1.54 logMAR ± 0.50 (SD) preoperatively to 0.69 ± 0.62 logMAR 3 months postoperatively ( P P = .028). The mean SE and mean defocus equivalent decreased from −1.25 ± 5.06 D to 3.13 ± 3.06 D ( P = .15) and from 7.98 ± 4.41 D to 6.97 ± 3.73 D ( P = .45), respectively; these changes were not statistically significant. The mean absolute astigmatism decreased from 10.25 ± 4.71 D to 4.31 ± 2.34 D ( P Conclusions Results indicate that combined AK and CK is safe and effective for correcting high corneal astigmatism after surgery or trauma. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Reduced Order Thermal Modeling of Air Cooled Data Centers

Computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) methods are too time consuming and costly to examine the effect of multiple design variables on the system thermal performance, especially for systems with multiple components and interacting physical phenomena. In this paper, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) based reduced order thermal modeling approach is presented for complex convective systems. The basic POD technique is used with energy balance equations, and heat flux and/or surface temperature matching to generate a computationally efficient thermal model in terms of the system design variables. The effectiveness of the presented approach is studied through application to an air-cooled data center cell with a floor area of 23.2 m 2 and a total power dissipation of 240 kW, with multiple turbulent convective components and five design variables. The method results in average temperature rise prediction error of 1.24°C (4.9%) for different sets of design variables, while it is ∼150 times faster than CFD/HT simulation. Also, the effects of the number of available algebraic equations and retained POD modes on the accuracy of the obtained thermal field are studied.
Intracellular calcium in NCB-20 cells: elevation by depolarization and ethanol but not by glutamate.

Abstract Intracellular Ca 2+ , measured in NCB-20 cell; Glutamate;N-methyl- d -aspartate; Fura-2 not by the excitatory amino acids l -glutamate andN-methyl- d -aspartate. These amino acids failed to raise intracellular Ca 2+ levels even in the presence of elevated extracellular Ca 2+ , in the absence of extracellular Mg 2+ or Na + , under depolarizing conditions, or in differentiated cells, and induced neither 45 Ca 2+ uptake nor excitotoxic cell death. NCB-20 cells thus appear to express functional voltage-gated, but notN-methyl- d -aspartate receptor-gated, Ca 2+ channels.
Electromigration and stress reliability in multilevel interconnect metallization

As wiring interconnects evolve toward submicron and multilayered structures, electromigration and stress-induced failures become increasingly important for device yield and reliability. This paper discusses the present understanding of these reliability problems in multilevel interconnects formed with Al-based metallization. The multilevel structure and the submicron dimension alter the nature of the flux divergence, increasing the role of stud and interface in controlling damage formation. These effects are illustrated using the results of a recent study on electromigration failure in an advanced Al(Cu)/W two-level line/stud structure. To understand the mechanism for stress-induced void formation, the characteristics of thermal stress and stress relaxation in confined line structures are discussed. The confinement by the dielectric layer and the narrow width of the line are important factors in raising the stress level to cause void formation. Stress relaxation controls the kinetics of void growth and its mechanism is discussed.
Maternal dietary uridine causes, and deoxyuridine prevents, neural tube closure defects in a mouse model of folate-responsive neural tube defects

Background: Folic acid prevents neural tube closure defects (NTDs), but the causal metabolic pathways have not been established. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) is an essential scaffold protein in folate-dependent de novo thymidylate synthesis in the nucleus. SHMT1-deficient mice provide a model to investigate folic acid–responsive NTDs wherein disruption of de novo thymidylate synthesis impairs neural tube closure. Objective: We examined the effects of maternal supplementation with the pyrimidine nucleosides uridine, thymidine, or deoxyuridine with and without folate deficiency on NTD incidence in the Shmt1 mouse model. Design: Shmt1+/+ and Shmt1−/− female mice fed folate-replete or folate-deficient diets and supplemented with uridine, thymidine, or deoxyuridine were bred, and litters (n = 10–23 per group) were examined for the presence of NTDs. Biomarkers of impaired folate status and metabolism were measured, including plasma nucleosides, hepatic uracil content, maternal plasma folate concentrations, and incorporation of nucleoside precursors into DNA. Results: Shmt1+/− and Shmt1−/− embryos from dams fed the folate-deficient diet were susceptible to NTDs. No NTDs were observed in litters from dams fed the folate-deficient diet supplemented with deoxyuridine. Surprisingly, uridine supplementation increased NTD incidence, independent of embryo genotype and dietary folic acid. These dietary nucleosides did not affect maternal hepatic uracil accumulation in DNA but did affect plasma folate concentrations. Conclusions: Maternal deoxyuridine supplementation prevented NTDs in dams fed the folate-deficient diet, whereas maternal uridine supplementation increased NTD incidence, independent of folate and embryo genotype. These findings provide new insights into the metabolic impairments and mechanisms of folate-responsive NTDs resulting from decreased Shmt1 expression.
Temperature dependence of the dislocation microstructure of PCA austenitic stainless steel irradiated in ORR spectrally-tailored experiments

Abstract Specimens of solution-annealed (SA) and 25% cold-worked (CW) prime-candidate-alloy (PCA) austenitic stainless steel were irradiated in ORR in spectrally-tailored experiments specially designed to produce fusion-relevant He/dpa ratios (12–18 appm He/dpa). SA and CW PCA were irradiated at 330 and 400°C to 13 dpa while only CW PCA was irradiated at 60, 200, 330 and 400°C to 7.4 dpa. Cavities and fine MC precipitates were only detectable at 330 and 400°C. Dislocations were a major component of the radiation-induced microstructure at 60–400°C. Mixtures of tiny “black-spot” loops, larger Frank loops, and network components of the total dislocation structure were very temperature dependent. Both SA and CW PCA contained Frank loops and network dislocations at 330 and 400°C, with SA PCA having more of both. Frank loop concentrations were maximum at 330°C and dislocations evolved most with dose at 400°C. At 60 and 200°C, the microstructure was dominated by very dense dispersions of tiny (1–3 nm diam) “black-spot” loops. No Frank loops were found at 60°C. Surprisingly, significant radiation-induced recovery of the as-cold-worked dislocation network occured in CW PCA at all temperatures. The nature of the radiation-induced microstructure makes a transition between 200 and 330°C.
Effects on Youth of Exposure to Retail Tobacco Advertising1

The absence of significant restrictions on tobacco advertising in stores has prompted concern about the proliferation of these messages and their impact on youth. This is among the first studies to investigate the effects of adolescents’ exposure to retail tobacco advertising. Under the guise of testing teen-interest news stories, 8th and 9th graders (n= 385) saw photographs of a convenience store that was either dominated by or devoid of tobacco advertising while listening to a story about a proposed tobacco control law or one about teen food purchases. Regardless of the news story they heard, students exposed to the tobacco-saturated store perceived significantly easier access to cigarettes, believed more peers tried and approved of smoking, and expressed weaker support for tobacco-control policies than did the comparison group. The study results suggest that widespread tobacco advertising in stores might distort adolescents’ perceptions about the availability, use, and popularity of this product.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in Boxer dogs is associated with calstabin2 deficiency.

Objective To examine the presence and effect of calstabin2-deficiency in Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
Towards the transverse mode-locking of oxide-confined VCSELs

Abstract We have investigated the lasing modes of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The individual Laguerre–Gaussian modes have been spectrally and spatially resolved with scanning confocal microscope with time resolution of 4 ps. Subject to the injection of ultrafast laser pulses, the VCSEL showed irregular pulsed emission which indicates the potential for transverse mode-locking of the VCSEL.
On the Theory of Recombination

In Section I a general formula for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the coefficient of recombination of ions in gases, is developed. It covers all ranges of pressures and temperatures and can be made to include all types of recombination (preferential, initial and volume ionization). The evaluation of the general formula, (1.1), depends on the relative values of three linear quantities: the mean free path of the ions $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the mean distance between ions of different signs $\overline{r}$ and the well-known parameter ${a}_{0}=\frac{{e}^{2}}{(\mathrm{kKT})}$. In Section II the case $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ll}{a}_{0}$ is treated. The mechanism of recombination then depends on the ratio $\frac{{a}_{0}}{\overline{r}}$. If $\frac{{a}_{0}}{\overline{r}}$ is large the migration of the ions under their mutual attraction prevails and (1.1) leads to Langevin's formula; in the opposite case, $\frac{{a}_{0}}{\overline{r}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, diffusion is the decisive feature and 1.1 leads to a formula which is practically identical with that of Harper. In Section III the case $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\gg}{a}_{0}$ is treated by a method previously developed by the author. Under certain restrictions (1.1) reduces to Thomson's formula, but in general $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ depends on the concentration of the ions. In Section IV it is shown that (1.1) is in fair agreement with such experimental data as are available for the region of transition between the cases treated in Sections II and III.
Recovery of dislocation structures in plastically deformed copper and nickel single crystals

Abstract Single crystals of copper and nickel were plastically deformed at room temperature into stage III of the work hardening curve and by creep at 0.4 Tm (melting temperature). The recovery behavior of the generated dislocation structures in the temperature regime between 0.3 and 0.5 Tm was studied in the high voltage electron microscope. For comparison, conventional TEM investigations of statically annealed bulk crystals were performed as well. The in situ recovery investigations demonstrated that dipolar dislocation configurations embedded in cell walls and subgrain structures annihilate, retaining only geometrically necessary dislocations. The dislocation densities and the rates of dislocation annihilation were measured. Activation energies as determined from the annihilation rates were close to activation energies of diffusion along dislocation cores. The contribution of the cell walls to the overall strength of the material is discussed.
The statistical thermodynamics of steady states

Abstract The suggestion that steady-state phase-space distributions might be smooth, rather than fractal, is investigated from the standpoint of stochastically-thermostatted systems. Let a pervasive, cool, rapidly-thermostatted ideal gas serve as a heat reservoir for macroscopic degrees of freedom. Flows of mass, momentum, and energy, thermostatted in this way, exhibit clear fractal distributions, just as do their counterparts with deterministic thermostats.
SN Hunt 248: a super-Eddington outburst from a massive cool hypergiant

We present observations of SN Hunt 248, a new supernova (SN) impostor in NGC 5806, which began a multistage outburst in 2014 May. The ‘2014a’ discovery brightening exhibited an absolute magnitude of M ≈ −12 and the spectral characteristics of a cool, dense outflow, including P Cygni lines of Fe ii, H i, and Na i, and line blanketing from metals. The source rapidly climbed and peaked at M ≈ −15 mag after two additional weeks. During this bright ‘2014b’ phase the spectrum became dominated by Balmer emission and a stronger blue continuum, similar to the SN impostor SN 1997bs. Archival images from the Hubble Space Telescope between 1997 and 2005 reveal a luminous (4 × 10^5 L_⊙) variable precursor star. Its location on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is consistent with a massive (M_(init) ≈ 30 M_⊙) cool hypergiant having an extremely dense wind and an Eddington ratio (Γ) just below unity. At the onset of the 2014a brightening, however, the object was super-Eddington (Γ = 4–12). The subsequent boost in luminosity during the 2014b phase probably resulted from circumstellar interaction. SN Hunt 248 provides the first case of a cool hypergiant undergoing a giant eruption reminiscent of outbursts from luminous blue variable stars (LBVs). This lends support to the hypothesis that some cool hypergiants, such as ρ Cas, could be LBVs masquerading under a pseudo-photosphere created by their extremely dense winds. Moreover, SN Hunt 248 demonstrates that eruptions stemming from such stars can rival in peak luminosity the giant outbursts of much more massive systems like η Car.
Accounting Programs' Home Pages: What's Happening

Abstract For this article, the authors analyzed the content of accounting departments' home pages by investigating several factors, such as American Assembly of Colleges and Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation, for their effectiveness in helping to promote information. In a review of 62 accounting programs' home pages taken from the AACSB's list of 149 colleges and universities with separate accounting accreditation, the authors describe common items found on accounting programs' Web pages, make recommendations for improving home pages, and offer information on university policies concerning Web page development. Addresses of some effective Web sites are provided.
A 10-b, 100-MS/s CMOS A/D converter

A new architecture for a CMOS A/D converter overcomes many of the known problems in the parallel operation of multiple pipelined stages. The input signal is sampled in one channel, and after quantization to 4 b, the residue is distributed into many channels. A prototype implemented in 1-/spl mu/m CMOS achieves 60 dB signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR) at low conversion rates, with a resolution bandwidth of greater than 20 MHz. The SNDR drops by 3 dB at a 95 MHz conversion rate, and the bandwidth remains the same.
The four Ps in an undergraduate software engineering course

There has been much discussion in the past decade of more efficient ways to teach the practical contents of the introductory software engineering course. This paper introduces a teaching platform, the SE-class platform, which exposes the students to a special and stimulating learning environment. The concept behind the SE-class platform is the Four Ps in software engineering: people, project, product and process. The purpose of the platform is to familiarize second year CIS students in four- year college programs with software engineering concepts within one semester and to train them in as much fundamental software engineering knowledge and skills as possible, including core topics in each of the four Ps. The platform adopts the unified software development process. Compared with using assignments and team-projects in the traditional way for second year CIS majors, the platform requires all students in one class to participate in a single customized real-life project. The project is complicated and large enough to expose students to many key software development disciplines that are harder to teach through small projects. In the platform, students also participate in project management.
A practical method for calculating largest Lyapunov exponents from small data sets

Detecting the presence of chaos in a dynamical system is an important problem that is solved by measuring the largest Lyapunov exponent. Lyapunov exponents quantify the exponential divergence of initially close state-space trajectories and estimate the amount of chaos in a system. We present a new method for calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent from an experimental time series. The method follows directly from the definition of the largest Lyapunov exponent and is accurate because it takes advantage of all the available data. We show that the algorithm is fast, easy to implement, and robust to changes in the following quantities: embedding dimension, size of data set, reconstruction delay, and noise level. Furthermore, one may use the algorithm to calculate simultaneously the correlation dimension. Thus, one sequence of computations will yield an estimate of both the level of chaos and the system complexity.
Nonlinear spectral mixing in desert vegetation

Linear mixing models are widely used in terrestrial remote sensing, with the errors in these models being often attributed to “nonlinear” mixing. Nonlinear mixing refers to the interaction of light with multiple target materials. Reflectance data from creosote bush in the Manix Basin of the Mojave Desert is used to show the existence and importance of nonlinear mixing in and region vegetation. It shows that the difference in the reflectance spectrum of plants against a soil background and the spectrum of the plant against a dark background is well represented by light that has interacted with both the soil and the plant.