cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting changes in aerial views of man-made structures

Abstract An important application of machine vision is to provide a means to monitor a scene over a period of time and report significant changes. Comparing intensity values of successive images is not effective as such changes do not necessarily reflect actual changes at a site but might be caused by changes in the view point and illumination. We also want to ignore seasonal changes and focus on structural changes instead. We take the approach of comparing a 3-D model of the site, prepared from previous images, with new images to infer significant changes. This task is difficult as the images and the models have very different levels of abstract representations. Our approach consists of several steps as follows: model to image registration aims to bring the site model and the images into close correspondence; model validation to confirm the presence of model objects in the image; structural change detection seeks to resolve matching problems and provide cues indicating possibly changed structures; model updating aims to suggest modified models for existing model structures; and to incorporate new models. Our system is able to detect changes, such as missing (or mis-modeled) buildings, changes in model dimensions, and new buildings under some conditions. Several experimental results are presented.
Catalase synthesis and destruction in starvation

In der Leber hungernder Ratten verliefen Auf- und Abbaugeschwindigkeit der Katalase wahrend der ersten 5 Tage im wesentlichen wie bei den Kontrolltieren. Durch die Verkleinerung der Leber wurde bei den Hungertieren total weniger Katalase in derselben Zeitspanne synthetisiert. Nach 5 Tagen fiel die Geschwindigkeit der Katalase-Synthese pro g Leber allmahlich bis zum Tod der Tiere ab.
Energy‐based formalism for the mapping analysis of concerted reactions

A multiconfigurational mapping formalism is developed, by which the states of a set of reaction products are described in terms of the configurations of the original reactant system. Each reactant configuration is mapped into a wave function of the products, and an optimum mix of the mapped functions is obtained by configuration interaction. The principle governing the mapping is that the topology of bonding and antibonding in the system cannot be altered, although the shapes of the bonding and antibonding regions can be distorted by bends, twists, and stretches. Results of the calculation allow predictions of allowed or forbidden nature of reactions similar to those of Woodward and Hoffmann [1], but the new analysis is fully automated and independent of point group symmetry. Identification of the particular excited state(s) leading to certain products in thermally forbidden reactions is considerably simplified by this analysis. Calculations on relatively well-understood systems, the pyrolysis of cyclobutane and the closure of both a symmetric and chiral butadiene, illustrate this approach to the study of concerted reactions.
Initial Consonant Intelligibility by Hearing-Impaired Children

The Fairbanks Rhyme Test was presented to 12 hearing-impaired children, ages 10–16, to obtain information on the intelligibility of initial consonants in monosyllabic words. All five forms of the r...
Biocompatibility of CaO-Na2O-SiO2/TiO2 Glass Ceramic Scaffolds for Orthopaedic Applications

This work aims to determine the effect of substituting TiO2for SiO2 in a 0.62SiO2-Na2O-0.24CaO based glass-ceramic scaffold. High temperature X-ray Diffraction (HT-XRD) was used to determine the sintering temperature (700°C). Both optical microscopy and x-ray micotomography was used to determine the average pore size (540-680μm) of each scaffold. Cytocompatibility of each scaffold was conducted using murine mesenchymal stem cells.
PSB27: A thylakoid protein enabling Arabidopsis to adapt to changing light intensity

In earlier studies we have identified FKBP20-2 and CYP38 as soluble proteins of the chloroplast thylakoid lumen that are required for the formation of photosystem II supercomplexes (PSII SCs). Subsequent work has identified another potential candidate functional in SC formation (PSB27). We have followed up on this possibility and isolated mutants defective in the PSB27 gene. In addition to lack of PSII SCs, mutant plants were severely stunted when cultivated with light of variable intensity. The stunted growth was associated with lower PSII efficiency and defective starch accumulation. In response to high light exposure, the mutant plants also displayed enhanced ROS production, leading to decreased biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Unexpectedly, we detected a second defect in the mutant, namely in CP26, an antenna protein known to be required for the formation of PSII SCs that has been linked to state transitions. Lack of PSII SCs was found to be independent of PSB27, but was due to a mutation in the previously described cp26 gene that we found had no effect on light adaptation. The present results suggest that PSII SCs, despite being required for state transitions, are not associated with acclimation to changing light intensity. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that PSB27 plays an essential role in enabling plants to adapt to fluctuating light intensity through a mechanism distinct from photosystem II supercomplexes and state transitions.
Role of plasma concentration monitoring in the evaluation of response to antiarrhythmic drugs

Plasma concentration monitoring of antiarrhythmic agents is valuable, but it is often misused or overemphasized in therapeutic decision-making. There are strict requirements for its appropriate use that are often not met--for both the newer and even the conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. For maximum value, there must be a reliable, accurate relation between the plasma drug concentration and drug action, a relation closer than that between dosage and drug action. The time of sample collection is important--most guidelines are based on "trough" plasma concentrations measured after steady-state equilibrium has been achieved. The use of an accurate, sensitive and specific assay is crucial to the value of plasma concentration monitoring guidelines. However, for agents having active metabolites, monitoring the concentration of only the parent drug can be misleading and limits (but does not necessarily eliminate) the value of plasma concentration monitoring guidelines for these agents. Plasma concentration monitoring of most antiarrhythmic agents is of value for certain specific purposes: to determine compliance to antiarrhythmic therapy, to detect and analyze possible drug interactions, to assess the benefit to risk ratio for increasing the dose of a particular antiarrhythmic agent, to maintain a stable drug effect in the presence of a patient's changing clinical condition and, to a limited extent, to assess the role of an agent in causing an adverse drug reaction. The importance of understanding the assay methods currently in use, as well as how plasma concentration monitoring of individual antiarrhythmic agents is affected by the presence of active metabolites, optical isomers differing in their activity and variations in protein binding, is essential in interpreting data obtained from plasma concentration monitoring.
Asymptotically optimal gossiping in radio networks

Abstract We study the problem of gossiping in a system where n nodes are placed on a line of length Ln independently uniformly distributed. We assume that every node is equipped with a transmitter whose radius of transmission is 1. We further assume that simultaneous transmissions by neighboring nodes results in garbled messages. We present an algorithm for gossiping and show that it works in asymptotically optimal time. We assume that the system is synchronous and time is slotted and that nodes transmit only during a slot.
A New Type of Photosensitive Junction Device

Abstract A new class of photosensitive junction device, including a photopot, a scanner, and an x–y light-spot position indicator, has been developed and is described. These devices are constructed with standard semiconductor technology, in our case using diodes diffused into silicon. The sensitivity of the devices is not comparable to that good photodetectors, but shows promise of improvement. The primary interest lies in the way they perform their complicated functions with simplicity of circuitry and technology. The response time is expected to be of the order of the minority-carrier lifetime, and preliminary investigations bear this out.
Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Solder Bumps in Flip-Chip Packages Using Virtual Chip Package as Reference

In flip-chip (FC) packages, the solder bumps are sandwiched between the silicon die and the substrate, making them no longer visible for usual visual inspection. An inspection system capable of evaluating the quality of the hidden solder bumps in FC packages has been developed. The system pulses a laser on the top surface of a chip package to generate ultrasonic waves in the package to excite structural vibrations which can then be measured using an interferometer. Since defective solder bumps cause changes in the transient vibration response of a test sample, quality of the test sample can be assessed by correlating its vibration responses to that of a known-good reference sample. The limitation to this method is the necessity to use a known-good reference chip package, which typically involves expensive testing using alternate methods. In this paper, the development of a method without the need of known-good reference samples is presented. This method, called hybrid reference method, uses a statistical approach to find the most similar packages and then average their time domain vibration signals to generate virtual time domain signals. These virtual signals are what we call hybrid reference signals and they are correlated back with the vibration signals from the sample under inspection to obtain a quality signature. Finally, defective and nondefective chip packages are separated by estimating a beta distribution that fits the quality signature histogram of the inspected packages, and then determining a critical threshold for an acceptable quality signature. This method was applied on two types of FC packages with no available pre-established known-good reference chip package. The results of this quality assessment were validated by comparison with electrical test and X-ray technique results.
Silica Nanowire Arrays for Diffraction‐Based Bioaffinity Sensing

Arrays of electrodeposited silica nanowires (SiO2 NWs) have been fabricated over large areas (cm 2 ) on fluoro- polymer thin films attached to glass substrates by a combina- tion of photolithography and electrochemically triggered sol-gel nanoscale deposition. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements revealed that the SiO2 NW arrays had an average spacing of ten micrometers and an average width of 700 nm with a significant grain structure that was a result of the sol-gel deposition process. The opti- cal diffraction properties at 633 nm of the SiO2 NW arrays were characterized when placed in contact with solutions by using a prism-coupled total internal reflection geometry; quantification of changes in these diffraction properties was applied in various sensing applications. Bulk refractive index sensing by using the SiO2 NW grating was demonstrated with a sensitivity of 1.30 � 10 � 5 RIU. Toposelectively chemical- ly modified SiO2 NW arrays were used for diffraction biosens- ing measurements of surface binding events, such as the electrostatic adsorption of gold nanoparticles and the bioaf- finity adsorption of streptavidin onto a biotin monolayer. Fi- nally, the application of the SiO2 NW arrays for practical med- ical-diagnostic applications was demonstrated by monitoring the diffraction of SiO2 NW arrays functionalized with a single-stranded (ss)DNA aptamer to detect human a- thrombin from solutions at sub-pathologic nanomolar con- centrations.
Single row routing with indifference graphs on the DAP

The distributed array of processors (DAP) is a commercially available massively parallel machine which is often applied to numerically intensive problems which exploit its matrix manipulation abilities. It is shown that the DAP can be efficiently used to solve non-numerical problems as well. Specifically, a heuristic solution to the well-known single row routing problem in a VLSI is proposed. Instances of this problem are modeled using a subclass of interval graphs, and it is shown that this approach leads to efficient algorithms. sequential and parallel. Both algorithms were implemented, the sequential providing a benchmark by which to measure the speed-up of the parallel implementation on the DAP 510. >
Entrepreneurs, Effectual Logic, and Over-Trust

This article complements extant literature on entrepreneurship and trust by proposing a model of over-trust (the tendency to trust more than what is warranted) using entrepreneurial characteristics and effectual logic. We trace how entrepreneurs following effectual processes may tend to over-trust. More formally, we propose that specific personality characteristics of the entrepreneur interact with effectual logic to make the entrepreneur more susceptible to over-trust. The proposed model is value neutral in that we do not imply that over-trust has negative consequences for entrepreneurs. In fact, it may be part of the overall risk that entrepreneurs assume in a new venture creation.
Optimizing cut-and-paste on directed graphs, with a user-controlled edge reconstruction strategy

In this paper, we present a strategy for implementing select copy, cut and paste editing primitives for a directed graph-based visual formalism. This strategy focuses on minimizing the user interactions while keeping the user in control of how edges are disconnected and reconnected during cut and paste operations. To achieve this, we introduce a classification of the nodes belonging to the selection based on whether the edges connecting them with the rest of the graph are selected or not. This classification influences the reconnection process when the selection is either cut or pasted. The simplicity of the criteria used for the classification greatly helps in the predictability, for the user, of the result of cut and paste operations.
Fragile X‐associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)

Carriers of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation alleles (55 to 200 CGG repeats) are generally spared the more serious neurodevelopmental problems associated with the full-mutation carriers (>200 repeats) of fragile X syndrome. However, some adult male premutation carriers (55-200 repeats) develop a neurological syndrome involving intention tremor, ataxia, dementia, parkinsonism, and autonomic dysfunction. In excess of one-third of male premutation carriers over 50 years of age develop the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). FXTAS also represents a new form of inclusion disease, with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions found throughout the brain in both neurons and astrocytes. Because FXTAS appears to be relatively specific to male premutation carriers, who are known to possess elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA, the neuropathology may arise as a consequence of a toxic gain-of-function of the mRNA itself, although this proposal requires additional direct testing. One of the critical needs at present is a better estimate for the prevalence of this disorder, because FXTAS is likely to be underdiagnosed in the adult movement disorders clinics.
Predictors of successful completion of a halfway-house program for chemically-dependent women.

Female substance abusers' attributions about the stability and globality of positive and negative life events were used as predictors of successful completion of a halfway-house treatment program. ...
Optimizing the stage resolution in pipelined, multistage, analog-to-digital converters for video-rate applications

The author examines the effect of the stage resolution on some important characteristics of monolithic, pipelined, multistage, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with identical stages for video-rate applications. These characteristics are the linearity, speed, area, and power dissipation. It is found that although large stage resolution is desirable from a linearity standpoint, the effect of stage resolution on linearity is small if the ADC uses redundancy and digital correction and if the magnitude of the interstage gain is at least two. Also, minimizing the stage resolution maximizes the conversion rate and minimizes both the die area and the power dissipation. >
Connecting, Making Meaning, and Learning in the Electronic Classroom: Reflections on Facilitating Learning at a Distance

The increasing use of technology to meet the vast educational needs of our expanding world has led to heightened concerns about learning experiences within educational environments that are removed from the immediate purview of instructors (Duffy & Kirkley, 2004). Recent calls for use of more collaborative environments in which students interact with their instructors as well as with fellow students, have become more pronounced because of the purported learning benefits for students (Bonk, 2002). Constructivism, a theory of learning that is based on collaboration and interactions, provides such an environment (Jonassen, 1991). We report on the experiences of one professor who maintained a constructivist approach while teaching a foundation course in education (classroom learning theory) in a distance education setting. Emphasized are the challenges associated with creating the appropriate conditions for learning when moving from the face-to-face interactions of the regular classroom to the setting of compressed video. The implications of the medium for her role as facilitator, the establishment of a learning community, techniques of questioning and inquiry, and group collaboration are addressed. The impact of the medium and the greater cultural diversity of the distance education classes on how the tenets of constructivism are manifested and experienced by the students is also discussed.
Beyond Convexity: Online Submodular Minimization

We consider an online decision problem over a discrete space in which the loss function is submodular. We give algorithms which are computationally efficient and are Hannan-consistent in both the full information and bandit settings.
Accurate approximations for the symbol error probability of cooperative non-regenerative relay systems over generalized fading channels

In this article, we present a unified approach for the asymptotic analysis of symbol error rates for two-hops cooperative non-regenerative multi-relay networks over a myriad of stochastic channel models. The analysis can be also extended to other types of cooperative strategies and multi-hop networks without much difficulty. The proposed moment generating function (MGF) framework is also sufficiently general to encapsulate all types of coherent and non-coherent digital modulation schemes. In addition to simplifying the computation complexity of average symbol error rate (ASER) for cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) diversity schemes treated in the literature, we also provide accurate ASER approximations for many fading environments that heretofore had resisted a simple solution. The accuracy of our approximations has been validated with closed-form formulas that are available for specific fading environments (e.g., Rayleigh and Nakagami-m channels) and via computer (Monte Carlo) simulations.
Hedgehog pathway activity in the LADY prostate tumor model

Background: Robust Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated as a common feature of human prostate cancer and an important stimulus of tumor growth. The role of Hh signaling has been studied in several xenograft tumor models, however, the role of Hh in tumor development in a transgenic prostate cancer model has never been examined. Results: We analyzed expression of Hh pathway components and conserved Hh target genes along with progenitor cell markers and selected markers of epithelial differentiation during tumor development in the LADY transgenic mouse model. Tumor development was associated with a selective increase in Ihh expression. In contrast Shh expression was decreased. Expression of the Hh target Patched (Ptc) was significantly decreased while Gli1 expression was not significantly altered. A survey of other relevant genes revealed significant increases in expression of Notch-1 and Nestin together with decreased expression of HNF3a/FoxA1, NPDC-1 and probasin. Conclusion: Our study shows no evidence for a generalized increase in Hh signaling during tumor development in the LADY mouse. It does reveal a selective increase in Ihh expression that is associated with increased expression of progenitor cell markers and decreased expression of terminal differentiation markers. These data suggest that Ihh expression may be a feature of a progenitor cell population that is involved in tumor development.
Combination antifungal therapy: the new frontier

The past decade has seen a significant increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections. The antifungal armamentarium for the treatment of serious fungal infections remains limited. A possible approach to overcoming antifungal drug resistance and high mortality rates seen in severe fungal infections is to combine two or three classes of antifungals, especially if the drugs have different mechanisms of action. Combinations of new agents along with more traditional antifungals have now been shown to possess some synergistic or at least additive activity against many fungi in in vitro and animal studies. On the other hand, caution is still needed since some antifungal combinations have also demonstrated antagonistic activity. Well-controlled clinical trials are still required to define the most efficacious antifungal regimen. Furthermore, these trials should also evaluate the side-effect potential of combination regimens and the pharmacoeconomic impact these regimens may have.
Measurement accuracy as a measure of image quality in compressed MR chest scans

We investigated the effects of lossy image compression on measurement accuracy in magnetic resonance images. Thirty chest scans were compressed to five different levels using predictive pruned tree-structured vector quantization (predictive PTSVQ). Three radiologists measured the diameters of the four principal blood vessels on each image. Errors were analyzed relative to both an independent standard and personal performance on uncompressed images. Data were compared with both t and Wilcoxon tests. We conclude that for the purpose of measuring blood vessels in the chest, there is no significant difference in measurement accuracy when images are compressed up to 16:1 with predictive PTSVQ. >
Psychosocial deterrents of tobacco and khat use among men and women

However, this hypothesis has not been examineddirectly among non-khat users who do not smoke tobacco.This is an important issue due to the high prevalence ofconcurrent use in this region. Identifying factors that preventpeople from using tobacco and khat could be useful in thedevelopment of strategies to prevent use of these and othersubstances. This study therefore examined personal and so-ciocultural deterrents that prevent or delay tobacco or khatuse amongmenand womeninYemen.This study alsosoughtto test gender differences in motivations against drug use, asfew attempts havebeenmadetoresearchwomen’ssubstanceuse in this population.Participants were recruited from Taiz University andSana’a University, Yemen through ﬂyers posted around thecampus and in the community. Participants read and signed aconsent form approved by the Research Ethics Committees atTaiz University or Sana’a University. Two hundred and thirtyparticipants (103 women) reported that they chew khat but donot smoke tobacco. These individuals were asked to completea questionnaire regarding why they do not use tobacco. Onehundred and twenty-eight individuals (71 women) reportedthat they do not chew khat or smoke tobacco. These non-users were given an additional questionnaire regarding whythey do not chew khat. Two male participants reported thatthey smoke but do not chew khat; these individuals wereasked about why they do not use khat. The age of the presentsample ranged from16 to 46 years, and the mean agewas 23.4(standard deviation 5.0) years for men and 22.9 (standard de-viation 4.5) years for women. The majority of participantswere college students.Reasons for not using khat or tobacco were assessed by aquestionnaire which was administered in the local language.This survey asked the participant if he or she currently usestobacco (e.g. cigarettes, waterpipe). If the participantanswered ‘No’, he or she was asked the following six ques-tions (yes/no): ‘Is it because smoking is not acceptable in your
Comparison of wave parameters measured from the SIR-C on-board processor with WAM predictions in the Southern Ocean

During the SIR-C (Shuttle Imaging Radar) mission in 1994, an APL-built on-board processor computed image spectra from the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) C-band signal. The image spectra, acquired for the purpose of estimating two-dimensional ocean wave energy spectra, were transmitted to the ground in real time. The author compares the dominant wavelength, propagation direction and significant wave height (SWH) estimated from processor spectra (with additional post processing) with nearly co-located estimates from the WAM (Wave Model) global wave model, as implemented by the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC). It is demonstrated that despite significant scatter, there are no systematic biases between SAR and WAM estimates of wavenumber and propagation direction. The SAR tends to underestimate SWH at SWHS greater than 4 m. This discrepancy is removed with a simple linear adjustment.
Timing and frequency offset estimation in asynchronous multi-user OFDM systems

A symbol timing and carrier frequency offset estimation scheme for asynchronous multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with antenna diversity is proposed. Compared to a single-user OFDM system, an asynchronous multi-user OFDM system based on spatial multiplexing contains many parameters to estimate so that joint maximum likelihood (ML) based techniques are difficult to implement. In this paper, the estimation problem is simplified by assigning a unique set of pilot symbols to each user. Employing a fractional frequency offset estimation technique that exploits virtual carriers, a subspace-based projection scheme is proposed for tracking the timing offsets. The simulation results demonstrate that the timing and frequency offset information of each user is acquired with sufficient accuracy at moderate SNR's.
A Graph Model for Tile Sets in DNA Self-Assembly

This paper deals with a novel graph model to represent tile sets for DNA self-assembly in forward growth under aTAM. This model is based on a tile attachment and captures the features of the so-called corner attachment by considering the binding of the bonds between a tile and the current error-free aggregate. An analysis of this process and its implications on tile sets (such as composition and decomposition) are pursued with respect to the properties of the graph model.
Curcumin Inhibits Prosurvival Pathways in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells and May Overcome Their Stromal Protection in Combination with EGCG

Purpose: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is incurable with current chemotherapy treatments. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an active ingredient in the spice turmeric, inhibits tumor metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in tumor cell lines. We evaluated the effects of curcumin on the viability of primary CLL B cells and its ability to overcome stromal mediated protection. Experimental Design: The in vitro effect of curcumin on primary CLL B cells was evaluated using fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis and Western blotting. For some experiments, CLL B cells were cocultured with human stromal cells to evaluate the effects of curcumin on leukemia cells cultured in their microenvironment. Finally, the effect of curcumin in combination with the green tea extract epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) was evaluated. Results: Curcumin induced apoptosis in CLL B cells in a dose-dependent (5-20 μmol/L) manner and inhibited constitutively active prosurvival pathways, including signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), AKT, and nuclear factor κB. Moreover, curcumin suppressed expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and up-regulated the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. Coculture of CLL B cells with stromal cells resulted in elevated levels of STAT3, increased expression of Mcl-1 and XIAP, and decreased sensitivity to curcumin. When curcumin was administered simultaneously with EGCG, antagonism was observed for most patient samples. In contrast, sequential administration of these agents led to substantial increases in CLL B-cell death and could overcome stromal protection. Conclusions: Curcumin treatment was able to overcome stromal protection of CLL B cells on in vitro testing and to synergize with EGCG when administered in a sequential fashion. Additional evaluation of curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of CLL seems warranted.
Cdc42 and ARP2/3-independent regulation of filopodia by an integral membrane lipid-phosphatase-related protein

Filopodia are dynamic cell surface protrusions that are required for proper cellular development and function. We report that the integral membrane protein lipid-phosphatase-related protein 1 (LPR1) localizes to and promotes the formation of actin-rich, dynamic filopodia, both along the cell periphery and the dorsal cell surface. Regulation of filopodia by LPR1 was not mediated by cdc42 or Rif, and is independent of the Arp2/3 complex. We found that LPR1 can induce filopodia formation in the absence of the Ena/Vasp family of proteins, suggesting that these molecules are not essential for the development of the protrusions. Mutagenesis experiments identified residues and regions of LPR1 that are important for the induction of filopodia. RNA interference experiments in an ovarian epithelial cancer cell line demonstrated a role for LPR1 in the maintenance of filopodia-like membrane protrusions. These observations, and our finding that LPR1 is a not an active lipid phosphatase, suggest that LPR1 may be a novel integral membrane protein link between the actin core and the surrounding lipid layer of a nascent filopodium.
The poetics of Aethalides: silence and poikilia in Apollonius' Argonautica

When the Argonauts reach the island of Lemnos, Apollonius of Rhodes tells us, they send their herald Aethalides to the ruler of the island. Such a means of establishing contact and requesting safe passage was the norm in the Homeric world; there heralds acted as intermediaries between commanders and subordinates or between groups of people. In preliterate societies, heralds facilitated communication: messages were transmitted through memorization and repetition rather than by means of writing. While verbatim repetition was no doubt a necessary feature of this form of communication, its wholesale transference into Homeric poetry was not necessarily the logical corollary. Nonetheless, we know of such repetitions precisely because of their appearance in the Homeric poems. It is now widely accepted that such passages are a result of the oral style of composition in which the oral poet repeats passages just as he uses shorter formulaic phrases. The debate embedded in the A-scholia of the Iliad suggests that repeated passages were a source of contention already in antiquity. While it is more common to see the scholiasts trying to decide which passage is ‘correct’ and which should be athetized, this provides evidence that athetization was not a unanimous impulse. The scholiast defends 2.60–71, part of which (65–9) is repeated for the third time, against Zenodotus: His defence is based on context: it is necessary for the passage to be repeated for the sake of internal coherence. Clearly not all scholars believed all repetitions to be spurious padding.
The Sitcom Reader: America Viewed and Skewed

The beauty of the collection of essays entitled The Sitcom Reader: America Viewed and Skewed is its versatility. The book can be used for both undergraduate and graduate courses. It can be used by ...
Does the Data Support the Neo-Mercantilist Preoccupation with Protecting Manufacturing?

This paper explores the relationship between manufacturing and growth rate in recent years. We undertake a simple cross-country analysis using UN data. When controlling for variables relevant to growth, we find no significant relationship between the two variables. We argue that manufacturing protectionism cannot be rationalized by the data for this time period. Then, we look at developed countries like the United States and find that whereas a positive relationship between 10 year forward GDP growth and manufacturing was likely present in the 1970’s, the same relationship does not hold today. Our findings shed light on recent debates over protectionism.
Students with cancer: Presenting issues and effective solutions

Practitioners working with children diagnosed with cancer in the school environment must consider several facets in order to effectively work with the child and family. The remission rate for children with cancer is relatively high, so one must consider whether the child is anticipating treatment, actively in treatment, or posttreatment when one thinks about the potential stressors and cognitive impacts of cancer on the child's education. This article focuses on facts associated with childhood cancer that are relevant to school-based practitioners, common stressors for children and adolescents with a personal cancer diagnosis in their lives, research-based interventions, and accommodations and modifications to consider.
SIMULATION OF AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING AS LIMIT-CYCLE OSCILLATIONS

Longitudinal aircraft-pilot coupling (or pilot-induced oscillation) is simulated by the control input which induces a limit-cycle oscillation. The latter can be generated by making the damping of the linearized system negative. This numerical method can predict not only the susceptibility of the coupling, but also the severity which is indicated by the amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillation. Both the quasi-steady and nonlinear unsteady aerodynamic models of an F- 1 8 HARV configuration are used to illustrate the results. It is shown that in a pitch-down maneuver from an initial angle of attack of 17.48 degrees to 10 degrees, the unsteady model is slightly more difficult to develop the aircraft-pilot coupling under the same conditions. However, once the coupling is developed, the amplitude of the osculation is higher for the unsteady model. In general, increasing the system oscillation frequency tends to increase the susceptibility. It is also demonstrated that an effective way to eliminate the coupling is to increase the system damping. Nomenclature
Biology of the McDaniel Mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor in Utah

In recent years the McDaniel mite has become a serious pest of fruit trees in Utah. This mite has been collected on most varieties of fruit trees in all the major fruit growing areas of Utah. In addition to these fruit tree hosts, it has been found on many weeds occurring in the cover crops of the orchards. These mites overwintered as orange-colored adult females under the bark or in the soil at the base of the fruit trees. Upon emerging in the spring they went either to the young leaves at the base of the fruit trees or began feeding on weed hosts. The life stages of this mite include the egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. During hot weather the mites required only about 8 days to develop from eggs to adults. In the field, temperature had a marked effect on the rate at which the McDaniel mite reproduced. If the weather became cold after the mites had become established the populations would remain almost constant until the temperature rose again. Laboratory experiments showed that there was a definite correlation between the number of eggs laid daily and the minimum daily temperature. Temperature had a marked effect on the duration of the preovipositional and ovipositional periods, the number of eggs laid daily, and the total number of eggs laid per female. The optimum temperature for the production of eggs appeared to be between 29° and 32°C. The host plants used influenced the development of the mites, the duration of the preovipositional and ovipositional periods, the number of eggs laid, and the proportion of mites failing to reach maturity.
On the Image of Non-loving Mother in Chili's One Go and Never Return

Chi Li's novelette One Go and Never Returne has portrayed the non-loving mother image for the reader.Although mother Zhang Huai in the work is not the lead elegantly,her existence regarding the daughter hot spring disposition which was taken to the threshing ground as the lead forms which do not allow to neglect influence.Analyzing such mother image,will be helpful to understand even more thoroughly behind the Chili's work as well as the Chili's work contains author regarding Contemporary China society's profound ponder.Chili passe the non-loving mother image mold,the universal existence's despotic home education way,and has carried on the critique to the Contemporary China family.
Competitive bidding for interventional cardiology supplies: lessons learned during round 2.

OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude of savings and develop concepts for "best strategies" in reducing costs in the purchasing of high-technology, high-cost materials used in coronary interventions and electrophysiologic treatments. STUDY DESIGN Observational experience in competitive bidding for defibrillators, pacemakers, coronary stents, and coronary balloon catheters at a large, midwestern, publicly owned, academic cardiovascular center. METHODS Iterative negotiation following a broad request for proposal sent to a diverse group of vending organizations in high-technology areas of cardiology. Product costs and volume usage were assessed before and after the process to estimate annualized cost reduction achieved. RESULTS Using a combination of identification of preferred vendors; consignment of supplies; and collaborative consensus among physicians, administration, materials management, purchasing, and vendors, an annualized savings of more than $1.3 million was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Aggressive, collaborative, fair, and competitive bidding for high-cost products used for coronary interventions and electrophysiologic treatments leads to substantial cost savings and can promote provider-industry partnerships that further enhance product use, provision, and tracking.
Corporate Law’s Distributive Design

I respond to Steve Bainbridge's critique of my 2005 Yale Law Journal essay, Minorities, Shareholder and Otherwise. My essay made two novel claims: that corporate law places protection of minority shareholders at the heart of its endeavor; and that this minority-mindfulness should have even greater purchase in constitutional contexts. In his new paper, Bainbridge challenges my account of corporate law's solicitude for minority shareholders, suggesting that corporate law does not practice affirmative action for minority shareholders. I rebut Bainbridge's case analysis, demonstrating that the cases show clear judicial succor for minority (by which I mean non-controlling) shareholders. The overarching explanation for judicial action in corporate law matters can generally be found in the simple goal of protecting minority shareholders. Unlike current constitutional jurisprudence, then, corporate law does not embrace minority-blindness. Because of, or despite, a legal framework attentive to the most vulnerable among those contributing capital, corporations have proven to be remarkably successful forms of enterprise. Ultimately, I hope to spur the thought that human organizational forms stand to learn much from each other.
Reversible dilatation of lumbar epidural venous plexus secondary to pelvic venous compression: mimicker of pathology

Radiculopathy from dilated epidural varices is a rarely recognized phenomenon, and engorged varices may mimic a disc herniation, fistula or mass. We report a case of a distended bladder causing reversible pelvic venous congestion and resultant epidural venous plexus engorgement. We show marked engorgement of the epidural venous plexus and crowding of the cauda equina from a markedly distended bladder with resolution of these findings following bladder decompression. Familiarity with this clinical entity is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and to prevent potential unnecessary surgical intervention.
Role of Physicochemical Structure of Organosolv Hardwood and Herbaceous Lignins on Carbon Fiber Performance

Lignin was extracted from Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and yellow polar (Liriodendron tulipifera) by organosolv fractionation at different pretreatment temperatures, and its chemical structure was studied by means of elemental analysis and spectroscopy. Thermal properties of lignins were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Lignin fibers were produced via melt-spinning by a twin-screw extruder with a custom spinneret. Fibers were thermostabilized at different rates and finally carbonized. In both species, lignin obtained from higher severity organosolv fractionation had fewer impurities, higher content of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and more condensed structures as a result of extensive cleavage of aryl ether linkages. Higher organosolv severity improved the ability to spin fibers; in the case of switchgrass, only the high severity sample was spinnable. High severity also decreased thermostabilization time and increased tensile strength and modulus of ...
Functional electrospun nanofibers for biomedical applications

P nanofibers have great scientific and technological interest because of their wide-range of applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. The electrospinning technique has been realized as an efficient technology, among a few others, to create polymer nanofibers in the form of nonwoven mats from laboratory to industrial scale. Extracelluar matrix (ECM) of tissue is composed of a variety of proteins and polysaccharides that are secreted locally and assembled into nano structured fibrous networks in close association with the surface of the cell that produced them. The electrospinning process enables the production of nanometer-sized fibers with porosity matching that of natural ECM, and thus offers significant advantages for tissue scaffolding applications in biomedical engineering. Mats made of the nanofibers also find other exciting applications in wound dressing materials, drug delivery, sensing pathogens, filtering toxic products and engineering complex tissues. In our research we developed verities of electrospun nanofibers of polymers for wide range of biomedical applications because of their versatile nature in surface functionalizaiton and encapsulation capability, biodegradation, and biocompatibility. Polymer composite nanofibers obtained from mixtures of synthetic and natural polymers can behave cooperatively to demonstrate unique combinations of mechanical, controllable bioresorption rate and structural properties. This flexibility allows nanofibers in the engineering of specific tissues with desirable release rates of biomolecules. We have also developed a unique technique to design a functional nanofiber membrane whose primary components are synthetic as well as naturally derived biopolymers and, ceramic and metal particles.
Mainstream capnography system for nonintubated children in the postanesthesia care unit: Performance with changing flow rates, and a comparison to side stream capnography.

Introduction Monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) in nonintubated patients is challenging. We compared the precision of a mainstream mask capnography to side stream sampling nasal cannula capnography. In addition, we compared the effect of gas flow rates on the measured exhaled CO2 between mainstream mask and side stream nasal cannula capnography. Methods A mainstream mask capnography system (cap-ONE) was tested. Children (weight of 7–40 kg, ASA 1–2) following anesthesia for minor procedures were assigned randomly to side stream or mainstream sampling groups. The side stream group wore a nasal cannula with CO2 side port (NC). In the postanesthesia care unit, O2 flow was started at 5 l·min−1, reduced to 2 and then 0.25 l·min−1 every 3 min. Capnogram analysis measuring heights of all the waveforms was performed for continuous 120 s from the end of recording at each O2 flow rate for each group. Results Fifty-eight children were enrolled and 39 were analyzed (18 side stream NC and 21 mainstream mask). There were two mouth breathing children excluded from study in side stream NC group due to failure to capture measurable CO2 waveforms. Peak CO2 values measured by mainstream mask system were normally (Gaussian) distributed with smaller standard deviation (sd) at each O2 flow than were those measured by side stream NC system which demonstrated irregular distributions with larger sd. Peak CO2 values measurement was less affected by a change in flow rate in mainstream mask group than in side stream NC group (P = 0.04 in 5–0.25 l·min−1 O2 flow change). Conclusion A new mainstream mask system (cap-ONE) performed with greater precision than side stream NC monitoring regardless of mouth breathing. Measurement of peak CO2 values by mainstream mask system showed normal distribution with smaller standard deviation (sd) and was less affected by O2 flow change in predictable fashion.
Schuld und Sühne des deutschen Volkes bei Reinhold Schneider

(1948). Schuld und Suhne des deutschen Volkes bei Reinhold Schneider. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 290-300.
Uncertainty in Model Specification and Selection

What are econometric models and how is economic science advanced by their use? Gaver and Geisel (1974, p. 50) define an econometric model in the following manner: ... an econometric or statistical model is fundamentally a characterization (in terms of parameters and exogeneous variables) of the probability distribution of some random variable(s) of interest. But why propose an econometric model? There are essentially two major reasons: control and prediction of economic events. In the former instance, a probabilistic characterization of certain random variables allows one to judge which variables are most important in determining economic outcomes and, therefore, how appropriate modification of these variables may lead to a desired outcome or goal. Economic modeling can also aid in prediction of future economic events. Given the relevance of certain economic variables, perceived future changes in these variables should aid in forming judgments about the probabilities of future events. In contrast, naive forecasting methods using such rules as “no change from last period ” or “the same change for the future as occurred in the past, ” will usually not perform as well since important causal factors are ignored. The commonality between control and prediction problems is that the better our understanding of the structure of economic relationships, the better should be our decisions in the world of uncertain economic events.