cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulse Packet Stochastic Model for Gastric Emptying in the Fasted State: A Physiological Approach

Fasted-state gastrointestinal (GI) fluid transit is typically represented as a first-order, deterministic process (averaged and viewed as a continuous approximation). It is, however, most likely a discrete process involving fluid packets interrupted by variable time periods of little to no fluid emptying. In this report we present a physiologically based pulsed-packet gastric fluid emptying model and evaluate it with respect to recent gastrointestinal fluid volume emptying results, published gastric emptying of various dosage forms, and gastric fluid emptying as a function of GI motility. We develop the mathematical model for gastric emptying of discrete volumes emptied during intermittent pulse times of variable lengths, defined as a function of gastric motility utilizing a Poisson point process with motility-dependent intensity. We compare the simulations with observed gastric emptying results. The discrete pulse packet gastric volumetric emptying model is a more physiologically realistic mathematical m...
Cortázar y Poe, las lecturas de los maestros

O seguinte artigo propoe uma relacao entre a critica literaria e a escrita criativa. Parte da ideia de que o rigor do critico deveria ser o primeiro passo que o artista deve dar para desenvolver as habilidades necessarias no processo de escritura. Assim, as leituras do escritor devem buscar na tradicao literaria os elementos que dao forma a seu proprio trabalho literario. Este ensaio segue a traducao e a analise que Julio Cortazar fez da obra do E. A. Poe. Atraves delas, o argentino pode identificar as principais ideias da contistica de Poe (brevidade, economia de recursos, unidade de impressao, intensidade e tensao). Anos depois, essas categorias foram utilizadas pelo proprio Cortazar em suas obras. Como um passo alem da nocao da literatura de Poe, Cortazar utilizou essas ideias para expressar suas preocupacoes sobre a escritura da obra literaria. O caminho critico e literario que este texto sugere segue uma tradicao que pode ser seguida ate N. Hawthorne e alem da influencia de Poe e Cortazar.
Specific 18F-FDHT Accumulation in Human Prostate Cancer Xenograft Murine Models Is Facilitated by Prebinding to Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin

Tremendous efforts are currently dedicated to the development of novel therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR), the major driver of prostate cancer disease and its progression to castration resistance. The ability to noninvasively interrogate AR expression over time in murine models of prostate cancer would permit longitudinal preclinical analysis of novel compounds that could not otherwise be accomplished ex vivo. Although PET imaging with 16β-18F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone (18F-FDHT) has successfully quantified AR levels clinically, no rodent model of 18F-FDHT imaging has been reported so far. One difference between humans and rodents is the absence in the latter of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein that binds to testosterone in the bloodstream, Here, we explore the role of SHBG in developing a working model of rodent AR imaging. Methods: Three human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts (LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC3) were used to examine the uptake of free 18F-FDHT and SHBG-bound 18F-FDHT. Both ligands were examined for stability and competitive binding to AR over time in vitro before in vivo studies. PET/CT imaging was used to dynamically measure the uptake of both tracers over 4 h, whereas specificity was determined by competitive binding with the AR antagonist enzalutamide. Results: AR levels correlated with the uptake of both 18F-FDHT and SHBG-18F-FDHT in prostate cancer cell lines. Interestingly, whereas both free and SHBG-bound 18F-FDHT had a similar cellular accumulation at 1 and 2.5 h, SHBG-18F-FDHT accumulated at significantly higher levels after 4 h-evidence that receptor-mediated uptake of SHBG accounted for later time-point differences. This observation was also seen in 22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice, in which SHBG-18F-FDHT exhibited a significantly increased uptake (average tumor-to-background ratio [TBR], 1.62 ± 0.62) in comparison to unbound 18F-FDHT (TBR, 0.81 ± 0.08) at 4 h. Furthermore, the specificity of the SHBG-18F-FDHT accumulation at 4 h was demonstrated by a reduced tumor uptake after AR blockade with enzalutamide (TBR, 1.07 ± 0.13). Conclusion: Prebinding of 18F-FDHT to SHBG allows accurate and quantitative PET imaging of AR levels in murine models of prostate cancer. This procedure may permit the use of PET imaging to study the longitudinal effects of AR-targeting therapies, accelerating novel-drug development.
Diffusion tensor imaging of articular cartilage using a navigated radial imaging spin-echo diffusion (RAISED) sequence

To validate a radial imaging spin-echo diffusion tensor (RAISED) sequence for high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of articular cartilage at 3 T. The RAISED sequence implementation is described, including the used non-linear motion correction algorithm. The robustness to eddy currents was tested on phantoms, and accuracy of measurement was assessed with measurements of temperature-dependent diffusion of free water. Motion correction was validated by comparing RAISED with single-shot diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) measures. DTI was acquired in asymptomatic subjects (n = 6) and subjects with doubtful (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] grade 1, n = 9) and mild (KL = 2, n = 9) symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). MD and FA values without correction, and after all corrections, were calculated. A test-retest evaluation of the DTI acquisition on three asymptomatic and three OA subjects was also performed. The root mean squared coefficient of variation of the global test-restest reproducibility was 3.54% for MD and 5.34% for FA. MD was significantly increased in both femoral condyles (7–9%) of KL 1 and in the medial (11–17%) and lateral (10–12%) compartments of KL 2 subjects. Averaged FA presented a trend of lower values with increasing KL grade, which was significant for the medial femoral condyle (-11%) of KL 1 and all three compartments in KL 2 subjects (-18 to -11%). Group differences in MD and FA were only significant after motion correction. The RAISED sequence with the proposed reconstruction framework provides reproducible assessment of DTI parameters in vivo at 3 T and potentially the early stages of the disease in large regions of interest. • DTI of articular cartilage is feasible at 3T with a multi-shot RAISED sequence with non-linear motion correction. • RAISED sequence allows estimation of the diffusion indices MD and FA with test-retest errors below 4% (MD) and 6% (FA). • RAISED-based measurement of DTI of articular cartilage with non-linear motion correction holds potential to differentiate healthy from OA subjects.
Fetal aortic valvuloplasty to prevent progression to hypoplastic left heart syndrome in utero

Advances in fetal echocardiography have allowed for the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease and an understanding of its natural history in utero. This insight has led to the development of fetal cardiac intervention (FCI) for select defects to prevent significant morbidity or mortality postnatally. Fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) may be performed to prevent progression to hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a severe form of congenital heart disease, in utero. The current review focuses on this type of FCI and discusses the history of FAV, the rationale for intervention, candidate selection, procedural technique, and outcomes to date. Finally, the importance of building a multidisciplinary team to perform FCI is addressed.
Clinical and Quality of Life Outcomes After Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

Background Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is the definitive treatment for patients with severe emphysema. There is still a need for long-term data concerning the outcomes of this procedure. This study presents long-term longitudinal data on LVRS including correlation of quality of life (QOL) with pulmonary function testing metrics and includes additional analysis of patients with heterogeneous and homogeneous emphysema. Methods Retrospective analysis of data collected from patients undergoing LVRS over a 9-year period at a single center was performed (N = 93). Pulmonary function and 6-minute walk tests as well as QOL questionnaires were administered before and 1 year after surgery. Descriptive statistics were reported for clinical outcomes and QOL indices. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to examine changes from baseline to end of 1-year follow-up. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate relationships between clinical and QOL outcomes. Results At 1-year post surgery, mean forced vital capacity (46%, P ≤ .0001), forced expiratory volume (43%, P ≤ .0001), diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (16%, P ≤ .0001), and 6-minute walk distance (20%, P ≤ .0001) were increased from baseline, while residual volume decreased (23%, P ≤ .0001). There was a positive correlation between changes in QOL and forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, and, 6-minute walk distance. Patients having heterogeneous disease had greater improvements in forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, residual volume, and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, and greater QOL compared with patients with homogeneous disease. Conclusions LVRS continues to be a valuable treatment option for patients with advanced emphysema with reproducible improvements in clinical and QOL metrics. Careful patient selection and optimization prior to surgery are crucial to successful outcomes.
An Optimized Method for 3D Body Scanning Applications Based on KinectFusion.

KinectFusion is a powerful method for 3D reconstruction of indoor scenes. It uses a Kinect camera and tracks camera motion in real-time by applying ICP method on successive captured depth frames. Then it merges depth frames according their positions into a 3D model. Unfortunately the model accuracy is not sufficient for body scanner applications because the sensor depth noise affects the camera motion tracking and deforms the reconstructed model. In this paper we introduce a modification of the KinectFusion method for specific 3D body scanning applications. Our idea is based on the fact that, most body scanners are designed so that the camera trajectory is a fixed circle in the 3D space. Therefore each camera position can be determined as a rotation angle around a fixed axis (rotation axis) passing through a fixed point (rotation center). Because the rotation axis and the rotation center are always fixed, they can be estimated offline while filtering out depth noise through averaging many depth frames. The rotation angle can be also precisely measured by equipping the scanner motor with an angle sensor.
Impact of Suture Techniques for Aortic Valve Replacement on Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch

Background Many variables may affect the hemodynamic performance of the aortic valve prosthesis, and suture technique remains an important factor for determining maximum valve performance. The objective of this study was to determine the suture technique that produces better hemodynamic performance for aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods Patients who underwent AVR between January 2015 and September 2018 in our institution were analyzed. We compared the preoperative clinical information and 1-year postoperative hemodynamic data of interrupted pledget mattress sutures (pledgeted group), interrupted nonpledget mattress sutures (nonpledgeted group), and figure-of-8 nonpledget sutures (figure-of-eight group). We compared the incidence of prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) and cardiac adverse events among the groups and subanalyzed the PPM rate in a small aortic annulus (18 to 21 mm). Results A total of 439 patients underwent AVR (pledgeted, n = 212; nonpledgeted, n = 122; figure-of-eight, n = 105). The groups were similar in age (P = .359), sex (P = .055), underlying disease, and valve pathology. There was no difference in inhospital mortality or cardiac adverse events in each suture group (P = .282). The nonpledgeted suture had significantly lower moderate (P Conclusions The interrupted nonpledget mattress suture offers complete supraannular implantation, which reduces the incidence of PPM and results in better hemodynamic improvement after small-size AVR.
Librarianship and the Arc of Crisis: The Road to Institutionalized Cultural Neoliberalism

Libraries and their relationship to print culture are commonly thought of in warm, familiar terms or conversely with invidious overtones of old-fashioned-ness. Neither of these tells the story of the internal discourse and struggles within them, however. Libraries have been the sites of a working-through of neoliberal ideas down to a very basic level in communal and educational institutions. Throughout this process, the institutions have been guided by a management culture that continually declares a crisis to shape and guide them, and that crisis culture itself has largely responded to an unexamined arc of development that has lead to neoliberalism. This feedback loop—broader economic and social agendas that go unnamed, yet shape and form library institutional leadership and practice—has meaning for print culture. This paper reviews the sources and ideas of my work primarily in two books over the last decade.
Emerging immunotherapies for malignant glioma: from immunogenomics to cell therapy.

As immunotherapy assumes a central role in the management of many cancers, ongoing work is directed at understanding whether immune-based treatments will be successful in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Despite several large studies conducted in the last several years, there remain no FDA approved immunotherapies in this patient population. Nevertheless, there are a range of exciting new approaches being applied to GBM, all of which may not only allow us to develop new treatments but also help us understand fundamental features of the immune response in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize new developments in the application of immune checkpoint blockade, from biomarker-driven patient selection to the timing of treatment. Moreover, we summarize novel work in personalized immune-oncology be reviewing work in cancer immunogenomics-drive neoantigen vaccine studies. Finally, we discuss cell therapy efforts by reviewing the current state of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy.
Status epilepticus and other EEG findings in patients with COVID-19: A case series.

Abstract Purpose Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection include impaired consciousness, strokes, and seizures. Limited reports describing EEG abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 have been published. These articles reported nonspecific encephalopathic patterns, epileptiform discharges, and rarely seizures. Our primary aim was to assess EEG abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 and evaluate for epileptiform activity or seizures. Methods We identified five critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 who underwent EEG monitoring. All patients had Ceribell™ rapid response EEG initially and two continued with conventional long-term video EEG. Results All 5 patients had encephalopathy and 3 also had seizure-like movements, thus prompting EEG monitoring. EEGs all showed nonspecific markers of encephalopathy including diffuse slowing and generalized rhythmic delta activity. Two also had epileptiform discharges reaching 2−3 Hz at times, with one patient in nonconvulsive status epilepticus and the other developing clinical status epilepticus with myoclonic movements. EEG and clinical symptoms improved with anti-seizure medications. Conclusion Status epilepticus was present in 2 out of our cohort of 5 critically ill patients who underwent EEG monitoring. These findings highlight the importance of EEG monitoring in high-risk patients with COVID-19 and encephalopathy. EEG recordings in such patients can identify pathological patterns that will benefit from treatment with anti-seizure medications.
Structural studies of the global networks exposed in the Panama papers

In recent history, the Panama Papers have comprised one of the largest and most influential leaks detailing information on offshore entities, company officers and financial (and legal) intermediaries, and has led to a global expose of corruption and tax evasion. A systematic analysis of this information can provide valuable insights into the structure and properties of these entities and the relations between them. Network science can be applied as a scientific framework for understanding the structure of such relational, heterogeneous datasets at scale. In this article, we use an existing, relational version of the Panama Papers to selectively construct various networks, and then study the properties of the underlying system using well-defined analytical methods from network science, including degree properties, country assortativity analyses, connectivity and single-point network metrics like transitivity and density. We also illustrate significant structural features in these networks by conducting a triad census and exploring the networks’ core-periphery structure. Together, these results are used to show that the Panama Papers constitute a distinct class of networks that differ significantly from ordinary social and information networks. We also propose, construct and analyze ‘higher-order’ networks from the raw data, such as a ‘social’ network of officers. We confirm that some of these higher-order networks also show significant non-random deviations from expected or typical behavior, including in their degree distributions.
Online Brand Networks: A New Approach to Brand Positioning

Understanding brand positioning is a fundamental area of marketing research. The authors propose a new, scalable approach for inferring brand positioning using implicit brand networks on social media. Compared to previous marketing approaches that rely on substantial human intervention, this automated approach is unsupervised and does not require a-priori assumptions on the underlying data. Specifically, the inclusion of network derived measures allows researchers to assess a brand’s position not only against a set of common competitors, but to any other brand in the ecosystem; uncovering a broader picture on both within-industry competition and across industry complementarities. Perceptual maps, obtained from the network, help uncover competitive landscape of brands along the dimensions: centrality and distinctiveness. To investigate the usefulness of our proposed methodology, we validate the findings from our automated approach against external survey ratings and conduct extensive robustness checks to ensure reliability of underlying Twitter data. The core contribution is a new methodological tool that not only provides an efficient way to infer a brand’s position, but also give granular insights into why that positioning occurs.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Treatment and Nursing Management of Immunocompetent Patients.

Background Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare primary brain tumor. Because of its rarity and the increasing incidence rates as the U.S. population ages, it is important for nurses to understand the unique needs of patients and their caregivers during the disease continuum. Objectives This article provides an overview of the treatment and nursing management of immunocompetent patients with PCNSL. Methods An extensive examination of the current literature, including incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and implications for nursing, was performed. Findings Nurses play a vital role in caring for patients with PCNSL and addressing their unique needs. Nurses should concentrate on early recognition and comprehensive management of neurologic symptoms. This includes patient and caregiver education and diligent implementation of treatment strategies, as well as maximizing quality of life.
Alleviating Fractal and Ill-Conditioning Problems of the AC Power Flow Using a Polynomial Form

Power system resilience assessment, and mitigation, which deals with high-impact, low probability events, is gaining a great deal of attention among power researchers. To perform such an analysis, the availability of tools able to analyze modern power grids under normal and extreme disturbances is imperative. One such tool is the AC power flow algorithm. The latter should exhibit a numerical stability and an excellent convergence property under a broad range of operating conditions of a power system. One major difficulty that needs to be overcome stems from the nonlinearity and non-convexity of the AC power flow equations. As shown by Thorp and Naqavi, the Newton-Raphson (NR) method suffers from a fractal behavior, and the power flow Jacobian matrix becomes singular at points located on the fractal hypersurface, preventing that algorithm to converge. Furthermore, the Jacobian matrix becomes ill-conditioned for power systems that have relatively short lines or are heavy loaded. To address these problems, we propose a transformation of the AC power flow equations from a sinusoidal form to a polynomial form, which is solved using a modified Newton's method. The new polynomial form, whose order is equal to the number of solutions, encompasses node-based equations, Pythagorean equations, and loop-based equations. Furthermore, our approach is quadratic in three cases. Simulation results performed on several power systems reveal the good performance of the proposed method.
Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age

The outbreak of the Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa reignited the debate over the possibilities of democratization, with much attention paid to the roles of the internet. This paper...
Application of MHE to large-scale nonlinear processes with delayed lab measurements ☆

Abstract The paper addresses nonlinear estimation problems on nonlinear processes containing several lab measurements sampled slowly and with long delay, which is the usual case in industrial polymerization applications. A moving horizon estimation algorithm is developed to compute the theoretical optimal solution given the multi-rate measurements. In this algorithm, the MHE window is recalculated as the new lab measurement becomes available. Simulation studies on a polymerization process with plant model mismatch are performed. Observability analysis and estimation results of MHE with and without lab measurements show that lab measurements help identify the disturbances and can improve the performance of both estimation and closed-loop control.
Organosilicon compounds : XIV. The cleavage of 2-(trimethylsilyl)- and 2-(trimethylstannyl)-1-methylpyrrole and -thiophene with some carbonyl-containing reagents

Abstract Cleavage of the metal-carbon bond of 2-(trimethylsilyl)- and 2-(trimethylstannyl)-1-methylpyrrole and -thiophene with several carbonyl-containing reagents has been effected and substantiates our previous tenet for the importance of bond polarity on reactivity
Molecular weights of coliphages and coliphage DNA. I. Measurement of the molecular weight of bacteriophage T7 by high-speed equilibrium centrifugation.

Abstract The range of usefulness of the high-speed equilibrium centrifugation method of Yphantis (1964) has been extended to measure the molecular weight of Escherichia coli phage T7. Values for \ gn of phages T7, T5 and T4 were obtained by pycnometry; the phage concentrations were determined by measuring nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and the amino-acid and nucleotide composition. The \ gn values are: T7, 0.639; T5, 0.658 and T4, 0.618. From the nitrogen and phosphorus measurements, the percentage DNA in each phage type has been calculated. These values are: T7, 51.2; T5, 61.7 and T4, 54.9. The molecular weights of T7 phage and T7 DNA are 49.4 and 25.3 million daltons, respectively. In the following paper (Dubin, Benedek, Bancroft & Freifelder, 1970), values are reported of the molecular weights of T7, T5 and T4, determined by another technique. The values yielded by the two techniques for the molecular weight of T7 are in excellent agreement. Discussion of the general problem of molecular weight measurement is given in Freifelder (1970). ‡
Listerella meningitis: A report of an additional case with necropsy findings

Summary 1. A fatal case of purulent leptomeningitis due to the new pathogen of the genus Listerella is reported. 2. The necropsy and bacteriologic findings are described.
A programmable diffuser circuit based on floating-gate devices

This paper presents a programmable diffuser using floating-gate circuits. We present the dynamics of classical diffuser circuits and show the differences between the classical and the programmable case. Programmable diffusers offer man), advantages including removing individual element mismatch and also giving the user the ability to reconfigure the overall system behavior Programmable diffusers can be used for spreading, just as in a resistive network, and they can also be used to create applications based on wave propagation. Experimental data is presented from circuits fabricated on a 0.5 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process available through MOSIS.
Needles and Haystacks: The Explosion of Political and Non-Political Information Flow

An analysis of the increasing dominance of electronic media in the American media diet and a growing discrepancy between supply and demand in the digital cornucopia. Drawing on the communication flow methodology pioneered by Ithiel Pool in the 1980s, the study tracks U.S. industry data on technology penetration and household behavior from 1960 to 2005 to reveal a transition from ‘push’ to ‘pull’ media dynamics and a reassessment of relative constancy theory. The significance for political communication is reviewed.
In Situ Measurements of Scattering from Contaminated Optics in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

NASA's In Situ Contamination Effects Facility has been used to measure the time dependence of the angular reflectance from molecularly contaminated optical surfaces in the vacuum ultraviolet. The light scattering measurements are accomplished in situ on optical surfaces in real time during deposition of molecular contaminants. The measurements are taken using noncoherent VUV sources with the predominant wavelengths being the krypton resonance lines at 1236 and 1600 angstroms. Detection of the scattered light is accomplished using a set of three solar blind VUV photomultipliers. An in-plane VUV BRDF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) experiment is described and details of the on-going program to characterize optical materials exposed to the space environment is reported.
The Last Indian in the World

In June 2004, the American national media spent a considerable amount of airtime revisiting the events of June 1964 when three civil rights workers were murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi on what was the fortieth anniversary of the murders. National Public Radio’s (NPR’s) All Things Considered devoted airtime to a story, “Truth and Reconciliation in Neshoba County,” in which reporter Debbie Elliot went to Philadelphia, Mississippi, the seat of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, to examine how “people in Neshoba, both black and white, are grappling with their community’s legacy.”1 The story goes on to look at the activities of the thirty-member Philadelphia Task Force and dissects the activities of this group as racial networking under the black-white binary that has become synonymous with the civil rights movements in the United States. The story overlooked the several members of the Philadelphia Task Force of Mississippi Band of Choctaw tribal members whose roots in Neshoba Country predate that of whites and blacks by thousands of years; thus framing the discussion of this particular issue in “black and white” and excluding any evidence of Indian in that mix. That date stands clearly in my mind, as it was my older daughter’s birthday. My daughter is a member of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and her middle name is Nashoba, named after not the county of her father’s birth but after the clan from which that county takes its Choctaw name: wolf. It was a stark reminder to me of how Native peoples are completely taken out of a situation that is contextualized as a black or white issue, or when blacks and whites work together for the common good. There is no room for Indians in that scenario, according to the American media, because for so long the media has believed its own creation: that of the vanishing Indian whose voice no longer matters in times of national crisis or mourning. The only relevant news on American Indians the media sees as fit to broadcast follows a narrow definition of what is newsworthy: anything
Benzoylphenylurea sulfur analogues with potent antitumor activity.

A novel series of BPU analogues were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity. In particular, BPU sulfur analogues 6n and 7d were shown to possess up to10-fold increased potency, when compared to 1 (NSC-639829), against cancer cell lines. 6n was more effective than 1 in causing apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. When compared to other drugs with a similar mechanism of action, 6n retained significant ability to inhibit tubulin assembly, with an IC50 of 2.1 μM.
Hypoglycemia in stable, insulin-treated veterans with type 2 diabetes: A prospective study of 1662 episodes

Abstract We evaluated the incidence, severity, and predisposing risk factors for hypoglycemic episodes in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of Southwest veterans with stable, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes who were randomly selected from pharmacy databases. Electronically recorded self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) results were collected during 12 months of routine monitoring. We defined hypoglycemia as an SMBG reading ≤60 mg/dl. Subjects graded the severity of each hypoglycemic episode: 0=asymptomatic, 1=mild/moderate symptoms, 2=severe, with mental impairment or need for assistance. Subjects also reported any predisposing factors for each hypoglycemic episode. Results We enrolled 344 subjects, mean (S.D.) age of 65.5 (9.7) years, 96.5% were men, and 35.2% were minorities. During an average follow-up of 41.2 (8.6) weeks, 176 subjects (51.2%) documented at least one hypoglycemic reading for a total of 1662 episodes. These subjects had a median of six (interquartile range 2–14.9) hypoglycemic episodes. The mean hypoglycemic blood glucose reading was 49.7 (7.5) mg/dl and the mean symptom score was 0.84 (0.45). Nearly 80% of episodes were symptomatic, 3.4% were severe. Subjects identified a cause for 45.2% of episodes: 53.3% of these were attributed to missing a meal, 23.8% to exercise, and 1.6% followed a medication increase. Conclusions A high proportion of stable, insulin-treated subjects developed hypoglycemic episodes, but severe hypoglycemia occurred infrequently. Medication increases were rarely identified as causing hypoglycemic episodes. Efforts to achieve tight glycemic control should recognize that patient behaviors commonly cause hypoglycemia.
Photic resetting of the circadian clock is correlated with photic habitat in Anolis lizards

Circadian rhythms are regulated by an internal clock, which is itself synchronized to environmental cues such as light and temperature. It is widely assumed that the circadian system is adapted to local cues, which vary enormously across habitats, yet the comparative data necessary for testing this idea are lacking. We examined photic and thermal resetting of the circadian clock in five species of Anolis lizards whose microhabitats differ in the amounts of sun and shade. The primary circadian oscillator in Anolis is the pineal gland, which produces the hormone melatonin. A flow-through culture system was employed to measure rhythmic melatonin output from individually cultured pineal glands. All species showed temperature-compensated circadian rhythms of pineal melatonin. Light caused significant phase delays of the melatonin rhythm, and this effect varied among species. Controlling for phylogenetic differences, the results indicate that the pineal glands of shade-dwelling species are more sensitive to photic resetting than species living in more brightly illuminated habitats. The differences were not due to variation in free-running period, but may be due to variation in oscillator phase and/or robustness. Surprisingly, thermal resetting was not statistically significant. Overall, the results suggest that the Anolis circadian system is adapted to photic habitat.
Age differences in susceptibility to hypnosis

Abstract Hypnotic susceptibility scores were compared in a crosssectional sample of 1,232 Ss, ranging in age from 5 to 78 years. The sample was comprised of 579 high school and college students, and a family sample of 653 parents and children. A peak of hypnotizability in the age interval 9-12 years, with a gradual decline thereafter, confirms earlier studies. A comparison of scores by age and sex showed a significant difference (p = .001) for ages 21-32; this difference was produced by a significant rise in scores for the young mothers of the family sample and was not found for students at the same age level. It was concluded that this finding demands replication before too much can be made of it.
High-momentum nucleons in finite nuclei and y scaling.

Momentum distributions in several finite nuclei are calculated in the Breuckner-Bethe-Goldstone theory. For momenta larger than 0.3 GeV/c, the distributions are dominated by two-body correlations. These affect mainly the two-nucleon s-wave channels, but also slightly modify other partial waves. By mass 12 the momentum distribution is largely saturated, and by mass 28 it is very close to that of nuclear matter. The y-scaling function suggested by West is calculated and compared to that extracted from experimental quasielastic electron scattering cross sections. The existence of a discrepancy suggests that the true scaling function is not simply related to the momentum density, even in the impulse approximation.
Systematic modulation and enhancement of CO2 : N2 selectivity and water stability in an isoreticular series of bio-MOF-11 analogues

An isoreticular series of cobalt-adeninate bio-MOFs (bio-MOFs-11–14) is reported. The pores of bio-MOFs-11–14 are decorated with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate, respectively. The nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption properties of these materials are studied and compared. The isosteric heats of adsorption for CO2 are calculated, and the CO2 : N2 selectivities for each material are determined. As the lengths of the aliphatic chains decorating the pores in bio-MOFs-11–14 increase, the BET surface areas decrease from 1148 m2 g−1 to 17 m2 g−1 while the CO2 : N2 selectivities predicted from ideal adsorbed solution theory at 1 bar and 273 K for a 10 : 90 CO2 : N2 mixture range from 73 : 1 for bio-MOF-11 to 123 : 1 for bio-MOF-12 and finally to 107 : 1 for bio-MOF-13. At 298 K, the selectivities are 43 : 1 for bio-MOF-11, 52 : 1 for bio-MOF-12, and 40 : 1 for bio-MOF-13. Additionally, it is shown that bio-MOF-14 exhibits a unique molecular sieving property that allows it to adsorb CO2 but not N2 at 273 and 298 K. Finally, the water stability of bio-MOFs-11–14 increases with increasing aliphatic chain length. Bio-MOF-14 exhibits no loss of crystallinity or porosity after soaking in water for one month.
Blunt Intrapericardial Rupture of the Pulmonary Artery in a Surviving Patient

Blunt chest trauma can produce a number of potentially lethal injuries, including pulmonary artery rupture. Survivors of pulmonary artery injuries are rare. Most previously reported surviving patients presented with hemothorax from a hilar injury. We report a patient who survived a blunt rupture of the intrapericardial portion of the pulmonary artery and thus presented with pericardial tamponade. The interventions that led to her survival are discussed.
Extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava in the left isomerism heart

The left isomerism heart is common to have various forms of the systemic and pulmonary venous connections, for which numerous reparative methods have been proposed. This report describes a successful extracardiac rerouting of the persistent left superior vena cava of a 6-year-old girl patient having the isomerism heart, bilateral superior vena cava, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and partial form of the atrioventricular septal defect. Intraatrial rerouting of the left superior vena cava was found unfeasible, since this procedure had a potential hazard to obstruct the systemic and/or pulmonary venous drainage. The patient recovered uneventfully and is leading a normal life 6 years after the surgery.
Monoubiquitination Is Critical for Ovarian Tumor Domain-containing Ubiquitin Aldehyde Binding Protein 1 (Otub1) to Suppress UbcH5 Enzyme and Stabilize p53 Protein

Ovarian tumor domain-containing ubiquitin (Ub) aldehyde binding protein 1 (Otub1) regulates p53 stability and activity via non-canonical inhibition of the MDM2 cognate Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH5. However, it is not clear how this activity of Otub1 is regulated in cells. Here we report that Otub1 is monoubiquitinated by UbcH5 in cells and in vitro, primarily at the lysine 59 and 109 residues. This monoubiquitination, in turn, contributes to the activity of Otub1 to suppress UbcH5. The lysine-free Otub1 mutant (Otub1K0) fails to be monoubiquitinated and is unable to suppress the Ub-conjugating activity of UbcH5 in vitro and the MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in cells. Consistently, this mutant is unable to stabilize p53, induce apoptosis, and suppress cell proliferation. Overexpression of Otub1K0 inhibits DNA-damage induced apoptosis. Adding either Lys-59 or Lys-109 back to the Otub1K0 mutant restores the monoubiquitination of Otub1 and its function to stabilize and activate p53. We further show that UbcH5 preferentially binds to the monoubiquitinated Otub1 via Ub interaction with its backside donor Ub-interacting surface, suggesting that this binding interferes with the self-assembly of Ub-charged UbcH5 (UbcH5∼Ub) conjugates, which is critical for Ub transfer. Thus, our data reveal novel insights into the Otub1 inhibition of E2 wherein monoubiquitination promotes the interaction of Otub1 with UbcH5 and the function to suppress it.
X-ray diffraction studies of the structure of LaA1Ga metallic glasses

Abstract The LaLa and LaA1 partial atomic distribution functions have been determined for glassy La1−xA1x from X-ray diffraction studies of isomorphous alloys of La1−xA1x, La1−x(A1Ga), and La1 −xGax for x = 0.20, 0.24 and 0.28. The atomic short range order of these La based metallic glasses is quite different from that of typical amorphous transition metal-metalloid alloys and from dense random packing models. A relatively short and well defined LaA1 nearest neighbor distance suggests some covalency in the bonds between unlike atoms and possible chemical ordering in the alloys.
Fatigue failure of hydrogen embrittled high strength steels

Results of an experimental investigation are presented concerning the fracture behavior of cathodically charged, quenched and tempered martensitic steels under cyclic load conditions. Introduction of H2 by cathodic charging reduced fatigue life by as much as 60%. It is proposed that subsurface transverse fatigue cracks nucleate simultaneously at multiple sites, such as at microcracks, voids, or inclusions. Fatigue crack growth then occurs on planes perpendicular to the major applied stress axis in the presence of the critical combination of applied external stress and hydrogen.
Placental Gene Expression in a Rat ‘Model’ of Placental Insufficiency

Abstract Objective Placental insufficiency is a major factor associated with pregnancy complications such as miscarriages, intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Recent studies have identified the Brown Norway (BN) rat as a natural ‘model' of placental insufficiency associated with decreased trophoblast remodeling of maternal uterine arteries. Hypothesis Genetic pathways involved in angiogenesis and immune cell regulation are dysregulated in the placenta of BN rats. Methods Global gene expression in placentas from BN rats were compared with that from Sprague–Dawley (SD) controls at 17.5 days of gestation using the Affimetrix Rat 1.0 microarray chip, and results confirmed with real-time PCR and immunoblotting. Results We found significant differences in 272 genes with 108 being up-regulated and 164 down-regulated in BN placentas compared to SD placentas. BN placentas overexpressed genes involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) such as Ace , Ace2 , Agtr1a , Nox4 , and Ephx2 , while key genes involved in angiogenesis, such as Mmp1 , Mmp10 , Fgfbp1 , Esr1 , Itga2 , Rgs5 , and Ccnb1 were down-regulated. We also observed increased expression of Timd2 , Itm2a , Irak3 , and Csf1r , and decreased expression of Slpi , Ncam1 , and Igsf3 in BN placentas. In addition, we observed lower placental weights in BN males compared to BN females, together with increased expression of Cyp1a1 in BN males, as compared to BN females. Conclusions The present study demonstrates differential expression of genes involved in blood pressure, angiogenesis and immune cell regulation in BN placenta, and suggests that the RAS may be involved in the pathogenesis of placental dysfunction observed in BN rats.
Aggregation and Alkylation of Enolates of 2-Phenyl-α-tetralone and 2,6-Diphenyl-α-tetralone1

The cesium (1-Cs, CsPhPAT) and lithium (1-Li, LiPhPAT) enolates of 2,6-diphenyl-α-tetralone, 1, and the lithium enolate (2-Li, LiPhAT) of 2-phenyl-α-tetralone, 2, are present in dilute THF solution as monomers and dimers with K1,2 = 1810 (1-Cs, CsPhPAT), 2650 (1-Li, LiPhPAT), and 1930 (2-Li, LiPhAT) M-1. These values were obtained by singular value decomposition analysis of the UV spectra and by the dependence of ion pair pK's with concentration. On the ion pair pK scales previously defined, the monomers have pK = 17.80 (1-Cs, CsPhPAT) and 11.14 (1-Li, LiPhPAT). The monomers are much faster than dimers in alkylation reactions; reaction products from alkyl halides are those of C-alkylation, but 1-Cs (CsPhPAT) with methyl sulfonates gives large amounts of O-alkylation. Comparison with previous results shows that the reactivity of cesium enolates parallels their basicity but that lithium enolates show no correlation between ion pair pK and alkylation reactivity.
A Simulation of Municipal Zoning Decisions

This paper reports a study which developed and empirically tested a simulation model of the process by which zoning ordinances are altered to adapt to the changing needs and conditions of a city. The perceived decision rules of the participants are reported in the form of flow charts which utilize language similar to that used by the participants. The body of the paper indicates methods which were used to translate these judgmental rules into a form suitable for a computer. The model was tested by allowing the computer to decide the one hundred twenty-five proposed changes in the zoning map of the City of Pittsburgh during the period 1963 to 1965 inclusive. The results were good in the sense that the computer model decided most of the cases in the same way as did the human participants. Additional tests and managerial implications are also discussed.
Optimal robust credible sets for density-bounded priors

Abstract We derive the optimal robust credible set when the prior uncertainty is expressed by a density bounded class of priors with constant bandwidth. Derivation of such sets for the parameters of interest in the presence of nuisance parameters is also considered.
Huybers, Ishii, and Weiss Receive 2009 James B. Macelwane Medals

Peter J. Huybers, Miaki Ishii, and Benjamin P. Weiss were awarded the 2009 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2009 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability.”
The Role of Auxins in Root‐Knot Nematode‐Induced Growth on Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, induced lumps of callus tissue on the cambial surfaces of peeled tobacco stem segments cultured in vitro. Except for a layer 1 to 3 cells thick, callus was limited to the basal ends of control segments. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) applied in agar blocks to the centers of stem segments, when it had any effect on the cambial surface, induced streaks of callus extending from the blocks toward the basal ends of the segments. IAA in agar blocks also increased callus growth at the basal ends of the segments, increased the growth of pith on the undersides of the segments, promoted root initiation, but inhibited bud initiation. Nematodes produced none of these effects, nor did they change the type of organs induced by various concentrations of IAA in the medium. Callus tissue did grow on the cambial surface of stem segments surrounding agar blocks containing 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport. Paraffin sections showed that the nematodes were confined to the callus tissue on the cambial surfaces of the segments. Except for occasional syncytia and areas of cell division, nematode-induced callus was composed of thin-walled, irregularly shaped cells arising from the cambium. Differences between the responses of tobacco stem segments to root-knot nematodes and IAA-agar blocks indicate that auxins were not freed from the plant tissue nor secreted by the nematodes. Instead, it is suggested that nematodes enabled the tissue to retain and use endogenous auxins that otherwise would have been transported to the basal ends of the segments.
Role of Heparin and Nitric Oxide in the Cardiac and Regional Hemodynamic Properties of Protamine in Conscious Chronically Instrumented Dogs

Background: Because protamine is administered to reverse heparin, a drug that might itself affect the pharmacologic properties of protamine, this study was designed to assess the properties of protamine alone and in the presence of heparin in conscious dogs. Methods: Twelve dogs were instrumented to continuously record cardiac and regional hemodynamics. On separate occasions, a dose of protamine (0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 8 mg/kg) was randomly administered either alone or in the presence of heparin (ratio 100 IU/mg). Heparin (300 IU/kg) and protamine (3 mg/kg) were administered in the presence of N-methyl-L-arginine, a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Identical experiments were performed with protamine (8 mg/kg) in the absence of heparin on a separate occasion. Results: Protamine alone produced limited cardiac and regional changes. In the presence of heparin, protamine produced hypotension at 3, 5, and 8 mg/kg, vasodilatation at 3 and 5 mg/kg, and a more pronounced dose-dependent increase in pulmonary pressure at 3, 5, and 8 mg/kg. Simultaneously, transient carotid vasodilatation at 3 and 5 mg/kg, coronary and hepatic vasodilatation at 3, 5, and 8 mg/kg, as well as a decrease in vertebral vascular resistance were recorded at 1, 3, and 8 mg/kg. Protamine produced an immediate increase followed by a secondary decrease in renal vascular resistance. Protamine-induced secondary pulmonary pressor effects were attenuated. In the presence of heparin, nitric oxide synthase blockade selectively attenuated protamine-induced immediate hypotension, systemic vasodilatation, and coronary, mesenteric, and hepatic vasodilations as well as the decrease in portal blood flow and accentuated the renal vasoconstriction. Conclusions: The presence of heparin accentuated the decrease in cardiac function induced by protamine as well as its effects on regional circulation. The data provide evidence that the nitric oxide pathway is involved in the systemic and selective regional heparin-protamine-mediated vasodilatation in conscious dogs.