cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: The additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes—DRD2, DβH, and DAT1

Polymorphisms of three different dopaminergic genes, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), and dopamine transporter (DAT1), were examined in Tourette syndrome (TS) probands, their relatives, and controls. Each gene individually showed a significant correlation with various behavioral variables in these subjects. The additive and substractive effects of the three genes were examined by genotyping all three genes in the same set of subjects. For 9 of 20 TS associated comorbid behaviors there was a significant linear association between the degree of loading for markers of three genes and the mean behavior scores. The behavior variables showing the significant associations were, in order attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stuttering oppositional defiant, tics, conduct, obsessive-compulsive, mania, alcohol abuse and general anxiety-behaviors that constitute the most overt clinical aspects of TS. For 16 of the 20 behavior scores there was a linear progressive decrease in the mean score with progressively lesser loading for the three gene markers. These results suggest that TS, ADHD, stuttering oppositional defiant and conduct disorder, and other behaviors associated with TS, are polygenic, due in part to these three dopaminergic genes, and that the genetics of other polygenic psychiatric disorders may be deciphered using this technique.
Designing materials with prescribed elastic properties using polygonal cells

An extension of the material design problem is presented in which the base cell that characterizes the material microgeometry is polygonal. The setting is the familiar inverse homogenization problem as introduced by Sigmund. Using basic concepts in periodic planar tiling it is shown that base cells of very general geometries can be analysed within the standard topology optimization setting with little additional effort. In particular, the periodic homogenization problem defined on polygonal base cells that tile the plane can be replaced and analysed more efficiently by an equivalent problem that uses simple parallelograms as base cells. Different material layouts can be obtained by varying just two parameters that affect the geometry of the parallelogram, namely, the ratio of the lengths of the sides and the internal angle. This is an efficient way to organize the search of the design space for all possible single-scale material arrangements and could result in solutions that may be unreachable using a square or rectangular base cell. Examples illustrate the results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey of U.S. Multiple Peril Crop Insurance Literature Since 1980

Since 1980, the Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) program has occupied a prominant role in U.S. farm policy. MPCI coverage offerings have been greatly expanded to try to effectively substitute for other forms of federal crop disaster assistance. In this paper, we survey a substantial body of agricultural economics literature that has examined issues relating to the MPCI program. We give an assessment of research findings along with suggested directions for future research.
Neutrophil elastase and elastase-rich cystic fibrosis sputum degranulate human eosinophils in vitro

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and their proinflammatory constituents are important mediators of airway disease, and high levels of neutrophil proteases and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) are found i...
Two proposed measures of seismicity

Two measures of seismic activity are proposed. The first, called specific seismicity is the sum of the energy released by all the earthquakes occurring in an area in a given time, divided by the area and the time. The second is called tectonic flux and is the sum of the square roots of the energies of all the earthquakes occurring in a given area in a given time, divided by the area and the time. Tectonic flux is proportional to the rate of strain release in the area. Maps contoured in either measure are convenient for expressing the seismic activity of a region.
Noise generation by a low-Mach-number jet

Using a ‘clean’ jet facility the relationship between the jet flow and its radiation field was studied experimentally in the Mach-number range 0.05 < Mj < 0.20 and a Reynolds-number range 6 × 104 < ReD < 2.3 × 105. The various acoustic source parameters such as strength, frequency and Mach number were varied systematically, and the far-field pressure measured simultaneously. On the basis of these measurements the nature of the sources in the initial shear layer could be characterized. The principal results, equally valid for unexcited and excited jets, are as follows: the acoustic sources are not convected but are located within a confined volume fixed with respect to the nozzle even though they are being generated by moving disturbances in the jet; they are associated with the nonlinear saturation of the unstable wave amplitudes of the shear layer occurring at the vortex-pairing locations; the radiation intensity varies nonlinearly with the source strength and is highly directional, exponential in character.
Evolution of Gravel Beach Profiles

An experiment was conducted in a wave flume to examine the processes of gravel beach profile evolution under irregular waves. Two erosion tests were performed on a steep slope of 1/2 with two different significant wave heights. An accretion test was conducted on a mild slope of 1/5 until its profile became quasi-equilibrium. Another test was initiated with a gravel bar constructed at the toe of the equilibrium profile. The bar migrated onshore and resulted in the seaward shift of the equilibrium profile. Quasi-equilibrium profiles observed after 18 or 36 bursts of 400-s wave action were similar but affected by the differences in the wave height and initial profile. A numerical model developed for damage progression of stone armor layers is shown to predict the profile changes of the two erosion tests. The bed load formula used in the model is adjusted to better predict the onshore bar migration and the accretional change on the mild slope. More extensive comparisons of the numerical model with data will b...
Efflux and influx of erythrocyte water.

Rabbit erythrocytes were washed in buffered NaCl solutions isotonic with rabbit serum (Δt -0.558°C.) and suspended in buffered NaCl solutions of tonicity equidistant from intracellular tonicity (Δt = -0.558°C. ± 0.112°C.) of varying pH and incubated at varying temperatures. After incubation, the freezing point depression (Δt) was measured on the supernatant. Change in the Δt measured change in the water content of the extracellular solutions—water being withdrawn by erythrocytes (WI) from the hypotonic solutions and added (WE) to the hypertonic solutions. WE was always less than WI and was inversely proportional to the pH in the range 6.5–8.0. WE was significantly increased by lowering the temperature of the cell suspension to 4°C. WI was increased by raising or lowering the pH or raising the temperature of the cell suspension. WE x WI ≠ k. WE and WI were affected differently by changes in pH and temperature. It was concluded that WE and WE were probably under different physicochemical control.
Restoration and Segmentation of Rail Surface Images

Automated detection and classification of rail surface defects would be of great benefit to railroad companies. However, video images of the rail surface are subject to various forms of distortion. In order to accurately locate and measure defects, the images must be restored to an estimate of their ideal, undistorted form.
A Landsat 7 scene selection strategy for a national land cover database

A strategy for selecting Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery for development of a new generation national land cover database of the United States has been developed. This strategy is formulated to target Landsat 7 ETM+ scenes based on land cover and land use, vegetation phenology and image quality (cloudiness, haze). Criteria based on phenology and scene quality provide a national baseline for acquiring Landsat 7 data. Optimal time periods for discriminating land cover types were identified for each Landsat 7 path-row footprint and each proposed land cover mapping zone (mosaic of several path-rows based on landscape and ecoregion), from which three Landsat scenes were selected. This database of selected scenes is used to guide Landsat 7 data purchasing. This methodology provides a consistent framework for populating Landsat 7 imagery to be used for a new national land cover characterization initiative.
Caveolin-Dependent Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a pluripotent hormone in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and stimulates arterial hypertrophy, a hallmark of remodeling in hypertension. These effects are mediated primarily through the G protein–coupled receptor Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R).1 In VSMCs, AT1R-mediated signaling is biphasic, and internalization of the agonist/receptor complex into what we called a “signaling domain” is required for the tonic phase of signaling (initially characterized by phospholipase D activation) but not for the initial phospholipase C stimulation, which occurs at the cell surface.2 This evidence was consistent with the existence of spatially discrete Ang II signaling domains. We showed that sequential Ang II–induced phospholipase activation is mediated through ≥2 Gα subunits (Gαq and Gα12/13), as well as their associated Gβγ components.3,4 In addition, various nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, including cAbl and some from the Src family, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt, are activated by Ang II and mediate VSMC hypertrophy and growth.5–7 Activation of these pathways is in part dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation (transmodulation) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), which serves as a “scaffold” for the assembly of cSrc and Pyk2, leading to downstream activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt.8,9 These results are consistent with a model that requires temporal dispersion and organization of the AT1R signaling repertoire in VSMCs.7,10 Accumulating evidence suggests that receptors and the signaling molecules with which they associate are not randomly distributed in the cell membrane but are localized in specialized signaling domains. Functionally distinct microdomains, formed by the lateral packing of glycosphingolipids and cholesterol within the membrane bilayer, have been identified in plasma membranes. These domains, called “lipid rafts,” have been implicated in membrane trafficking and cellular signaling mechanisms and serve …
Effect of Pressure on the Optical Rotatory Power and Dispersion of Crystalline Sodium Chlorate

The effect of pressure on the optical rotatory power and dispersion has been investigated on single crystals of sodium chlorate over a pressure range of 3.0 kbar in the visible region of the spectrum. The optical rotatory power is found to decrease linearly with pressure with the magnitude of dρ/dP increasing with decreasing wavelengths. The results are shown to be in accordance with the pressure derivative of a quadratic dispersion equation.
Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre- and perimenopausal women: SWAN

We tested the hypothesis that higher serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) concentrations would be found in women with increasing cycle irregularity or increased follicle stimulating hormone concentrations. We studied 2,375 pre- and early perimenopausal women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), aged 42–52 years, who self-identified their race/ethnic origin as African-American (28.3%), Caucasian (49.4%), Japanese (10.5%) or Chinese (11.8%). Outcome measures were serum osteocalcin, a measure of bone formation, and NTx, a measure of bone resorption. The explanatory variables were menopausal status, based on self-reported regularity of menstrual bleeding, and circulating endogenous hormone concentrations including estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations. Additionally, we evaluated the association of the bone turnover markers with the Free Androgen Index (FAI) and the Free Estradiol Index (FEI), ratios of total testosterone and estradiol concentrations to SHBG, respectively. Higher FSH concentrations were associated with higher NTx concentrations (β=0.003, partial r 2=2.1%, p<0.0001), both before and after adjusting for other covariates (total explained variability of 9%). Higher FSH concentrations were also associated with higher osteocalcin concentrations (β=−0.216, partial r 2=4.1%, p<0.0001, total explained variability of 15.4%). There were no significant associations of the bone turnover markers with other endogenous hormones, following adjustment for covariates. Mean osteocalcin and NTx values were not significantly different in premenopausal women compared to early perimenopausal women. In these pre- and early perimenopausal women, higher FSH concentrations, but not other serum reproductive hormone concentrations, are positively associated with greater bone turnover prior to the last menstrual period.
A knowledge‐based forcefield for protein–protein interface design

A distance-dependent knowledge-based potential for protein-protein interactions is derived and tested for application in protein design. Information on residue type specific C(alpha) and C(beta) pair distances is extracted from complex crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank and used in the form of radial distribution functions. The use of only backbone and C(beta) position information allows generation of relative protein-protein orientation poses with minimal sidechain information. Further coarse-graining can be done simply in the same theoretical framework to give potentials for residues of known type interacting with unknown type, as in a one-sided interface design problem. Both interface design via pose generation followed by sidechain repacking and localized protein-protein docking tests are performed on 39 nonredundant antibody-antigen complexes for which crystal structures are available. As reference, Lennard-Jones potentials, unspecific for residue type and biasing toward varying degrees of residue pair separation are used as controls. For interface design, the knowledge-based potentials give the best combination of consistently designable poses, low RMSD to the known structure, and more tightly bound interfaces with no added computational cost. 77% of the poses could be designed to give complexes with negative free energies of binding. Generally, larger interface separation promotes designability, but weakens the binding of the resulting designs. A localized docking test shows that the knowledge-based nature of the potentials improves performance and compares respectably with more sophisticated all-atoms potentials.
The Long Run Performance of Privatization Related ADR Issues

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) have been increasingly used in the Share Issue Privatization process (SIP) by privatizing governments both in developed and developing countries. In this study long-term performance of 143 privatization related ADR programs were analyzed. The ADR programs covered in the study were initiated between 1984 and 1999, and included a diverse mix of companies from 29 different industries across 31 developed an emerging markets. The analysis of the long run performance of these programs revealed interesting patterns. In all cases, average cumulative returns and average cumulative abnormal returns of developed country privatization related ADRs exceeded emerging market privatization returns. Same conclusion was reached by using an alternative return calculation methodology. While sample companies generally outperformed their respective country indices and FT World index, they under performed the S&P500 Index.
Psychometric properties of the children's sleep habits questionnaire in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract Background and purpose Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are very common. Psychometrically sound instruments are essential to assess these disturbances. Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) is a widely used measure in ASD. The purpose of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the CSHQ in a sample of children with ASD. Participants and methods Parents/caregivers of 310 children (mean age: 4.7) with ASD completed the CSHQ at study enrollment. Correlations between intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and the original CSHQ scales were calculated. Item endorsement frequencies and percentages were also calculated. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed, and internal consistency was assessed for the newly extracted components. Results Correlations between IQ scores and CSHQ subscales and total scores ranged from .015 to .001 suggesting a weak, if any, association. Item endorsement frequencies were high for bedtime resistance items, but lower for parasomnia and sleep-disordered breathing items. A PCA suggested that a five-component solution best fits the data. Internal consistency of the newly extracted five components ranged α = .87–.50. Conclusions Item endorsement frequencies were highest for bedtime resistance items. A PCA suggested a five-component solution. Three of the five components (Sleep Routine Problems, Insufficient Sleep, and Sleep-onset Association Problems) were types of sleep disturbances commonly reported in ASD, but the other two components (Parasomnia/Sleep-disordered Breathing and Sleep Anxiety) were less clear. Internal consistencies ranged from mediocre to good. Further development of this measure for use in children with ASD is encouraged.
In situ observation of the indentation-induced phase transformation of silicon thin films

Indentation-induced phase transformation processes were studied by in situ Raman microspectroscopy of the deformed contact region of silicon on sapphire samples during contact loading and unloading. During loading, the formation of Si-II and another phase, indentified as the bct5 structure, was observed, thus providing experimental evidence for both the existence of the bct5 phase and the possibility of generating this phase under indentation conditions. The pressure dependence of the Raman phonon frequencies for the bct5 modes was determined. During unloading, the transformation of the bct5 phase into the metastable bc8 (Si-III) and r8 (Si-XII) structures was observed. The measurements indicated that bc8 can form simultaneously with the r8 structure in indentation tests rather than subsequently from r8 in a separate process as previously assumed.
Preparation of Plasma for Coagulation Testing: Evaluation of the StatSpin® High-Speed Centrifuge

Studies were performed to evaluate the StatSpin® high-speed centrifuge for processing whole blood for coagulation testing. Blood was obtained by venipuncture and collected into siliconized Vacutainer tubes containing sodium citrate (9 volumes of blood: 1 volume of 3.8% sodium citrate). Specimens were divided into two aliquots and centrifuged for 2 minutes (11,200 g, 22°C) in a StatSpin centrifuge (high speed) and for 20 minutes (1,000 g, 40°C) in a Beckman TJ6 centrifuge (low speed), or for 10 minutes (1,150 g, 22°C) in a Sorvall GLC-2 centrifuge (moderate speed). Excellent correlations were observed for prothrombin time (r=.992, n=152), activated partial thromboplastin time (r=0.971, n=146), and fibrinogen determinations (r=.947, n=38) performed with plasma derived by high- and lowor moderate-speed centrifugation. Plasma prepared by high-speed or moderate-speed centrifugation also gave similar thrombin time results (n=22). Examination of residual platelet counts of plasma obtained by highand low- or moderate-speed centrifugation revealed consistently lower residual platelet counts following StatSpin centrifugation. These data suggest that the StatSpin high-speed centrifuge can be used reliably to process wholeblood specimens for screening coagulation tests. Since the 2-minute centrifugation time of the StatSpin is considerably shorter than that of traditional lower speed centrifuges, the instrument is ideally suited for the processing of blood specimens for stat coagulation testing.
The antigenic repertoire of premalignant and high-risk lesions.

Prophylactic vaccines have been a major advance in preventing the development of infections after exposure to pathogens. When contemplating an effective approach to cancer prevention, vaccines offer unique advantages over other more standard approaches: First, once appropriately stimulated, antigen specific T-cells will travel to all sites of disease and eradicate cells bearing the proteins to which the T-cells have been primed by vaccination. Second, successful immunization will further result in the development of immunologic memory providing lifelong immunologic surveillance. There is evidence of an adaptive tumor immune infiltrate even at the earliest stages of breast and colon cancer development. Furthermore, there is measurable immunity to lesion associated antigens is present in patients who will eventually develop malignancy even before cancer is clinically evident. Recent studies are beginning to unmask the pre-invasive antigenic repertoire for these two malignancies. Preliminary experiments in transgenic mouse models of mammary and intestinal tumors suggest immunization against antigens expressed in pre-invasive and high risk lesions may be effective in preventing the development of invasive malignancy.
Diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Fifteen cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy were reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by tissue biopsy in eight of the cases. All of the patients were homosexual males, and 13 had a previous diagnosis of AIDS. The aspirates were obtained from enlarged lymph nodes (five cases), soft-tissue masses (two cases), oral cavity lesions (seven cases), and an abdominal mass. The most characteristic cytologic features were intact tissue fragments composed of overlapping spindle cells with nuclear distortion and ill-defined cytoplasmic borders. Smaller groups of loosely cohesive spindle-shaped cells and individual spindle cells with cytoplasm were also helpful features. In the appropriate clinical setting, these cytologic features on FNAB are felt to be diagnostic of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Preliminary Observations on the Absorption of Liposome Encapsulated Drag by the Intestinal Lymphatics

The absorption of liposome-encapsulated drug by the intestinal lymphatics was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats after quinidine liposomes were given by oral intubation and direct introduction into the duodenum. When compared to an aqueous solution and drug given with empty liposomes, liposome encapsulation retarded the rate of lymphatic quinidine absorption after oral administration and increased the rate after intraduodenal administration. The lipid properties of the liposomes are one possible explanation for these divergent observations. The liposomes had no effect on the extent of lymphatic drug absorption. The results show that substantial work is needed in this area.
Parathyroid hormone regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in rat proximal tubules

The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on cytosolic Ca2+ was studied on suspensions of purified rat renal proximal tubules using the fluorescent indicator quin-2. Rat PTH-(1-34) produced a transient 40% increase in apparent cytosolic Ca2+ at 20 s, followed by a rapid return toward the basal level. The half-maximal dose for both the rate of rise and peak apparent Ca2+ was 3 X 10(-8) M for rat PTH-(1-34). Unlike PTH, forskolin and dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate had no immediate effect. Bovine PTH-(3-34) blocked the effect of PTH in a concentration-dependent manner. Acute reduction of medium Ca2+ to less than 10(-6) M had no effect on either PTH- or angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced transients, but prevented any sustained increases. Washing tubules in nominally Ca2(+)-free medium followed by ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid reduced both transients by 50%. PTH at 2 X 10(-7) caused small (6-9%) increases in accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates comparable ...
A comparison of temperature in VLBW infants swaddled versus unswaddled in a double-walled incubator in skin control mode.

PURPOSE To determine differences in temperature for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants when swaddled and unswaddled in heated, double-walled incubators. DESIGN A crossover design was used with infants receiving both the swaddled and unswaddled conditions. SAMPLE 15 very low birth weight infants (< 1,500 gms) with postconceptional ages of 29.1 +/- 1.5 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE Infant temperature in swaddled and unswaddled conditions. RESULTS Abdominal temperatures during swaddling were 0.2 degree C higher than the unswaddled condition. In the swaddled condition, infants required a lower incubator temperature (mean = 26.9 +/- 0.4) than when unswaddled (mean = 29.8 +/- 0.5).
Light scattering studies on DNA condensation.

DNA condenses into compact particles when mixed with dilute solutions of trivalent cations such as spermidine or hexammine cobalt (111) (CoHex) [ 1-41. These particles are approximately the size of bacteriophage capsids and generally have a toroidal or rodlike morphology. Remarkably, the size of the condensed particles is quite insensitive to the size of the DNA [3, 51. Particles formed with T7 or I. phage DNA (Mr 25-30 million) are the same size as those formed with plasmid DNA (Mr 1-2 million). It appears that, at least in the early stages of condensation, the larger DNAs form monomolecular condensates, while the smaller DNAs form condensates incorporating an average of 15-30 molecules [ 51. At later stages, more extensive aggregates may form [6]. The critical cation concentration for DNA condensation, and the morphology of the condensates, depends somewhat on cation structure [7]. In an effort to gain insight into the mechanism and forces underlying condensation, we have undertaken light-scattering studies of the kinetics of condensation of plasmid pBluescript KS( ) by CoHex. This is a closed circular DNA molecule containing 2964 base pairs (bp). DNA concentration ranges from 1-15 ,ug/ml, trivalent cation from 5 to 125 PM, and univalent salt is 1 mM. The extent of condensation is measured by total intensity laser light scattering, and particle size by quasi-elastic light scattering.
The algal flora of two distinct habitats along the Moa River in the state of Acre, Brazil

Twenty-eoght algal samples were collected in September-October, 1984, from two distinct habitats in the state of Acre, Brazil. Eleven were from the Moa River, and 17 were from a sulfur water spring which flows into the Moa River. A total of 74 species, representing 48 genera of algae, were identified from these samples. Forty-nine species were found in the Moa River and 67 in the sulfur water spring. Both coolection site had rich assemblages of cyanophycean algae, chlorophycean algae, and diatoms. Chlorophycean species dominated the algae flora at both sites, cut were more numerous at the sulfur water spring. There was also a definite difference in the relatives proportions of desmids to filamentous chlorophycean algae at the two sites.
Induction of GSTP1 and NQO1 mRNA levels by chemopreventive plant-derived mixtures in human lung cancer and normal cells

A131 One strategy for lung cancer chemoprevention focuses on the use of natural or synthetic agents to modulate the metabolism and disposition of endogenous and environmental carcinogens through upregulation of phase II enzymes. In this study, we applied an in vitro system of assay to investigate the influence of known naturally-occurring mixtures, including green tea (GTE) and broccoli sprout ITC extracts, on the expression of GSTP1 and NQO1 in primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), and overtly malignant lung adenocarcinoma cells A549. Cells were incubated with 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 µg/ml mixtures (1.0 µg/ml GTE containing 1.2 µM epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); 1.0 µg/ml broccoli sprout ITC extracts containing 1.4 µM total ITCs) for 24h, 48h and 7 days, respectively. The mRNA expression levels were determined by RNA-specific quantitative RT-PCR previously developed in the laboratory. In NHBE cells, GSTP1 mRNA expression showed 1.7-fold (for 24h) and 2.0-fold (for 7 days) increases after application of 1.0 µg/ml GTE, and a maximum increase of 2.4-fold after 48h application of 5.0 µg/ml GTE. In HBEC cells, GSTP1 mRNA expression showed 2.2- and 2.0-fold increases after 24h application of 1.0 µg/ml GTE and broccoli sprout ITC extracts, respectively. When A549 cells were incubated with the mixtures for 48h, GSTP1 mRNA expression was, however, significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by GTE, but not by broccoli sprout ITC extracts. The parallel induction of NQO1 expression was also found in NHBE and HBEC cells, thus providing direct evidence for phase II induction by chemopreventive plant-derived mixtures in human lung. In conclusion, green tea and broccoli sprout ITC extracts are inducers of GSTP1 and NQO1 in the lung and are potentially promising agents for prevention of lung cancer.
Mathematics in Philosophy, Philosophy in Mathematics: Three Case Studies

The interaction between philosophy and mathematics has a long and well articulated history. The purpose of this note is to sketch three historical case studies that highlight and further illustrate some details concerning the relationship between the two: the interplay between mathematical and philosophical methods in ancient Greek thought; vagueness and the relation between mathematical logic and ordinary language; and the study of the notion of continuity.
AN ECONOMICAL HYDROGEN DETECTOR FOR PASSENGER VEHICLES

A cost-effective hydrogen detector system is needed for detecting leaks associated with hydrogen fueled passenger vehicles. Work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) involves the development of a reversible, thin-film, chemochromic hydrogen sensor that can be applied to the end of a polymer optical fiber but is likely to have other applications. The sensor is being designed for use in hydrogen fueled passenger vehicles. Currently available hydrogen sensors require electrical wiring and any electrical fault at the location of a sensor could cause ignition when a hydrogen leak occurs. The current NREL sensor consists of a thin-film reflector at the end of a low-cost polymer optical fiber, thus eliminating electrical wiring and thus, an ignition source.
Multifunctional organically modified silica nanoparticles for chemotherapy, adjuvant hyperthermia and near infrared imaging.

We report a novel system of organically modified silica nanoparticles (Ormosil) capable of near infrared fluorescence and chemotherapy with adjuvant hyperthermia for image guided cancer therapy. Ormosil nanoparticles were loaded with a chemotherapeutic, Doxorubicin (DOX) and cyanine dye, IR820. Ormosil particles had a mean diameter of 51.2±2.4 nanometers and surface charge of -40.5±0.8mV. DOX was loaded onto Ormosil particles via physical adsorption (FDSIR820) or covalent linkage (CDSIR820) to the silanol groups on the Ormosil surface. Both formulations retained DOX and IR820 over a period of 2 days in aqueous buffer, though CDSIR820 retained more DOX (93.2%) compared to FDSIR820 (77.0%) nanoparticles. Exposure to near infrared laser triggered DOX release from CDSIR820. Uptake of nanoparticles was determined by deconvolution microscopy in ovarian carcinoma cells (Skov-3). CDSIR820 localized in the cell lysosomes whereas cells incubated with FDSIR820 showed DOX fluorescence from the nucleus indicating leakage of DOX from the nanoparticle matrix. FDSIR820 nanoparticles showed severe toxicity in Skov-3 cells whereas CDSIR820 particles had the same cytotoxicity profile as bare (No DOX and IR820) Ormosil particles. Furthermore, exposure of CDSIR820 nanoparticles to Near Infrared laser at 808 nanometers resulted in generation of heat (to 43°C from 37°C) and resulted in enhanced cell killing compared to Free DOX treatment. Bio-distribution studies showed that CDSIR820 nanoparticles were primarily present in the organs of Reticuloendothelial (RES) system.
An Experimental Analysis of a Combinatorial Market Mechanism for Bandwidth Trading

We conduct a human experimental and computational simulation investigation of the efficiency properties of a combinatorial double-sided sealed-bid uniform price auction mechanism for allocation of bandwidth over combinations of links to form routes. Two different market structures are used: the benchmark case with valuations over every route combination and the alternative case with buyer valuations only on specific combinations and restricted supply of links. Experimental results show that the mechanism achieves an average of 78% and 87% efficiency in the benchmark and alternative cases respectively. Implementing a naive-bidding strategy in an iterative version of the benchmark case improves efficiency, with bigger improvements as the number of participants increases.
Stressful point-of-care rapid testing for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and syphilis:

Even with technological advances in point-of-care rapid testing for HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis, individuals may still find the experience of submitting to testing, and receiving results, to be st...
Electrophilic Trifluoromethyl‐ and Fluoroalkylselenolation of Organometallic Reagents

Fluoroalkylseleno groups are emerging groups that still suffer from a lack of efficient methods for introduction onto organic molecules. Herein, we describe an efficient method to perform reactions between in situ formed fluoroalkaneselenyl chlorides and organometallic reagents. With this strategy, various fluoroalkylselenolated molecules were easily obtained. Furthermore, the Hansch parameter of the CF3Se group was determined for the first time.
Introduction to Symposium: Rethinking State Jurisdiciton in the Internet Era

Early debates about jurisdiction and the Internet turned on the problem of identifying where online activities take place. However, the greater problem of territorial jurisdiction may now be that online activities often touch a number of states that can all claim jurisdiction, leading to conflicts. In an ongoing search warrant case between the U.S. government and Microsoft Corporation, the U.S. government asserts the right to demand the e-mails of anyone in the world from any e-mail provider headquartered within U.S. borders, whereas Microsoft counters that its server with the e-mails in question is located in Ireland where the emails are protected by Irish and European privacy laws. The Department of Justice, which is seeking the e-mails as part of a drug-trafficking investigation, argues that there is no issue of extraterritoriality because Microsoft has control over the data from the United States.1 In the view of Internet scholar Dan Svantesson, these sorts of problems should not be dealt with by tinkering with the concept of territory. Instead, they should spur international lawyers to revisit the basics of jurisdiction. AJIL Unbound presents an essay by Svantesson proposing a new jurisprudential framework for jurisdiction, going “Beyond the Harvard Draft” as he puts it.2 This reference to the venerable Harvard Research Draft Convention on Jurisdiction with Respect to Crime, published in AJIL in 1935, illustrates his ambition in proposing to move definitively away from territoriality as the dominant principle in jurisdiction. Svantesson argues for a new framework focused on three core principles—asking whether the potential regulator has a substantial connection to the transaction, has a legitimate state interest, and whether the exercise is reasonable when balanced against other interests. He asserts that these principles extend the policy interest underlying the traditional approach, in which territoriality was simply a proxy for such core concerns. As pointed out in comments by Cedric Ryngaert and Horatia Muir Watt, the proposal may be less novel than it first appears. Writing from the “other side of the fence”, as she puts it, Muir Watt notes that these balancing concerns have long been at the center of debates in private international law.3 She considers what a true reconceptualization of jurisdiction might look like. Similarly, Ryngaert also notes that the proposal has the character
A General Route for Nanoemulsion Synthesis Using Low-Energy Methods at Constant Temperature.

The central dogma of nanoemulsion formation using low-energy methods at constant temperature—popularly known as the emulsion inversion point (EIP) method—is that to create O/W nanoemulsions, water should be added to a mixture of an oil and surfactant. Here, we demonstrate that the above order of mixing is not universal and a reverse order of mixing could be superior, depending on the choice of surfactant and liquid phases. We propose a more general methodology to make O/W as well as W/O nanoemulsions by studying the variation of droplet size with the surfactant hydrophilic–lypophilic balance for several model systems. Our analysis shows that surfactant migration from the initial phase to the interface is the critical step for successful nanoemulsion synthesis of both O/W and W/O nanoemulsions. On the basis of our understanding and experimental results, we utilize the reverse order of mixing for two applications: (1) crystallization and formulation of pharmaceutical drugs with faster dissolution rates and ...
Control design for future agile fighters

The CRAFT control design methodology is presented. CRAFT stands for the design objectives addressed, namely, Control power, Robustness, Agility, and Flying Qualities Tradeoffs. The approach combines eigenspace assignment, which allows for direct specification of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and a graphical approach for representing control design metrics that captures numerous design goals in one composite illustration. The methodology makes use of control design metrics from four design objective areas, namely, control power, robustness, agility, and flying qualities. An example of the CRAFT methodology as well as associated design issues are presented.
Transient monoclonal gammopathy induced by Candida fungemia

A 41-year-old woman was admitted for Candida fungemia. On hospital day 4, a routine complete blood count and peripheral smear showed circulating plasma cells. Initial workup showed an M-component on serum protein electrophoresis with 6% λ-predominate plasma cells by flow cytometry. The patient was treated with intravenous antifungal therapy. Her 6-month follow-up laboratory evaluation revealed resolution of the M-component and only rare polyclonal plasma cells in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. This case illustrates that transient monoclonal gammopathy can be induced by fungal infection. It is important to exclude a plasma cell neoplasm or a B-cell lymphoma and to follow the patient until resolution of abnormal findings.
For Better or For Work: Dual Discourses in a Workplace Wellness Program:

Despite the ubiquity of workplace health promotion (WHP) programs, research has yet to address how employees make sense of the various meanings surrounding free wellness time at work. Through inter...
Rethinking Japanese Security: Internal and External Dimensions

1. Japanese Security in Perspective Peter J. Katzenstein 2. Japan, Asian-Pacific Security, and the Case for Analytical Eclecticism Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara (2001) Part 1: Japan's Internal and External Security Policies 3. Japan's Security Policy: Political, Economic and Military Dimensions Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara (1991) 4. Japan's Internal Security Policy Peter J. Katzenstein and Yutaka Tsujinaka (1991) 5. Japan and Asian-Pacific Security: Regionalization, Entrenched Bilateralism and Incipient Multilateralism Nobuo Okawara and Peter J. Katzenstein (2001) 6. Immovable Object? Japan's Security Policy in East Asia H. Richard Friman, David Leheny, Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara (2006) Part 2: Japanese and Asian Security in Comparative Perspective 7. Coping with Terrorism: Norms and Internal Security in Germany and Japan Peter J. Katzenstein (1993) 8. Why Is There no NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism Christopher Hemmer and Peter J. Katzenstein (2002) 9. Same War-Different Views: Germany, Japan, and Counter-Terrorism Peter J. Katzenstein (2003) Part 3: Analytical Eclecticism and Security 10. Rethinking Asian Security: A Case for Analytical Eclecticism Peter J. Katzenstein and Rudra Sil (2004)
Life in an Egyptian Village in Late Antiquity: Aphrodito Before and After the Islamic Conquest

Most ancient history focuses on the urban elite. Papyrology explores the daily lives of the more typical men and women in antiquity. Aphrodito, a village in sixth-century AD Egypt, is antiquity's best source for micro-level social history. The archive of Dioskoros of Aphrodito introduces thousands of people living the normal business of their lives: loans, rent contracts, work agreements, marriage, divorce. In exceptional cases, the papyri show raw conflict: theft, plunder, murder. Throughout, Dioskoros struggles to keep his family in power in Aphrodito, and to keep Aphrodito independent from the local tax collectors. The emerging picture is a different vision of Roman late antiquity than what we see from the view of the urban elites. It is a world of free peasants building networks of trust largely beyond the reach of the state. Aphrodito's eighth-century AD papyri show that this world dies in the early years of Islamic rule.
TCR Signaling Abnormalities in Human Th2-Associated Atopic Disease.

Stimulation of naive CD4 T cells with weak T cell receptor agonists even in the absence of T helper-skewing cytokines can result in IL-4 production which can drive a Th2 response. Evidence for the in vivo consequences of such a phenomenon can be found in a number of mouse models and, importantly, a series of monogenic human diseases associated with significant atopy which are caused by mutations in the T cell receptor signaling cascade. Such diseases can help understand how Th2 responses evolve in humans, and potentially provide insight into therapeutic interventions.
Internal Variability and Regional Climate Trends in an Observational Large Ensemble

AbstractRecent observed climate trends result from a combination of external radiative forcing and internally generated variability. To better contextualize these trends and forecast future ones, i...
Management of rocuronium neuromuscular block using a protocol for qualitative monitoring and reversal with neostigmine.

Abstract Background Neuromuscular block using subjective monitoring and neostigmine reversal is commonly associated with postoperative residual neuromuscular block. We tested whether a protocol for the management of neuromuscular block that specified appropriate dosing and optimal neostigmine reversal was associated with a reduction in postoperative residual neuromuscular block. Methods Rocuronium administration was guided by surgical requirements and based on the ideal body weight, with dose reductions for female sex and age >55 yr. Neostigmine was administered in adjusted doses after a train-of-four count of four was confirmed at the thumb. The protocol ensured a minimum of 10 min between neostigmine administration and tracheal extubation. We measured the postoperative residual neuromuscular block in patients undergoing abdominal surgery before and after introduction of the protocol. Pre-specified primary and secondary endpoints were incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular block and severe postoperative residual neuromuscular block at the time of tracheal extubation, defined as normalised train-of-four ratios Results The incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular block at tracheal extubation was 14/40 (35%) for patients managed according to the protocol compared with 22/38 (58%) for patients in the control group, odds ratio of 0.39, and 95% confidence interval of 0.14–1.07; P=0.068. The incidence of severe postoperative residual neuromuscular block at tracheal extubation showed a highly significant difference, odds ratio=0.06, and confidence interval of 0.00–0.43; P=0.001. Conclusions The incidence of severe postoperative residual neuromuscular block was significantly reduced after the protocol was introduced. Given the limitations inherent in this before-and-after study, further research is needed to confirm these results. Clinical trial registration NCT02660398.
Extrapolation of GDT Results to a Neutron Source for Fusion Materials Testing

The achievement of 60% beta and near classical confinement in the Russian Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) provides a basis for extrapolating to a 2 MW neutron source with 2 MW m-2 of 14 MeV neutron flux ove...
Nuclear Hyperfine Structure in One-Electron Atoms

We shall use the magnetic nuclear hyperfine structure calculation in one-electron atoms to illustrate how the Wigner—Eckart theorem can be exploited in actual calculations. So far, we have calculated the perturbed one-electron spectrum (in hydrogen or in alkali atoms) only under the assumption the nucleus (the proton in hydrogen or the alkali atomic nucleus) have a charge but no magnetic properties. Because the proton has a spin (with spin quantum number 1/2), it also has a magnetic moment, similarly for alkali atoms. The spin of the stable isotope of Na, e.g., is 3/2, and hence, it also has a nuclear magnetic moment. These nuclear magnetic moments will have a magnetic interaction with the spin magnetic moment of the electron. In addition, the motion of the electron relative to the nucleus will set up an effective magnetic field at the nucleus (proportional to the orbital angular momentum of the electron). The magnetic moment of the nucleus will also lead to a magnetic interaction caused by this field. These magnetic interactions of nuclear origin will give rise to the so-called hyperfine structure splitting of the nlsj states of the one-electron atoms.
Association of Anticipated Insertional Pain With Intrauterine Device Initiation

Abstract Purpose Many providers cite pain as a barrier to intrauterine device (IUD) initiation. Our objective was to determine if young women who initiate other contraceptive methods anticipate more pain with IUD insertion than those who initiate IUDs. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled women ages 14–24 initiating contraception at a family planning clinic. Participants rated expected pain with IUD insertion on a 0–10 scale. IUD and implant initiators additionally rated experienced pain and whether they would recommend their method, both after procedure and at 6 months. We compared anticipated pain between IUD and other contraceptive initiators. For IUD and implant initiators, we compared pre- and postprocedure pain. Results Of 172 participants, 29% initiated IUDs, 30% initiated implants, and 41% initiated other methods. The median age was 20 years (range 14–24), participants were racially diverse (39.5% white, 40.1% Hispanic, 11.0% black, 9.3% other), and 92% were nulliparous. IUD initiators were older and more likely to be white. The median pain anticipated with IUD insertion was similar among IUD (6.0, range 0–10), implant (5.0, range 0–10), and other contraceptive initiators (6.0, range 2–10) (p = .65). IUD initiators reported higher pain than expected (7.0, range 1–10) (p = .004), yet most recommended the IUD after procedure and at 6 months (78% and 74%, respectively). Conclusions Insertional pain may not be a barrier to IUD initiation. Women initiating other contraceptives anticipated similar pain with insertion than those initiating IUDs. IUD initiators experienced higher pain than expected, but most still recommended the method.