cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemotaxis of newt eosinophils: calcium regulation of chemotactic response

Local chemical events underlying chemotaxis were characterized in a new model cell, the newt eosinophil. These cells exhibit a chemotactic response to a trypsin-sensitive component of newt serum. Ca2+ plays a role in this process, since treatments expected to diminish Ca2+ availability from the medium [ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, Co2+, and verapamil], to break down transmembrane Ca2+ gradients (ionomycin), or to interfere with the function of intracellular Ca2+ stores (caffeine and neomycin) inhibited cell polarization and movement. Using imaging techniques we found that cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increased in response to newt serum. Migrating newt eosinophils exhibited a dynamic heterogeneous distribution of [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i was elevated in cells undergoing a change of direction relative to cells migrating persistently in one direction. Migrating cells contained gradients of [Ca2+]i along their long axis, with the front of the cell having consistently lower [Ca2+]i than the rear. When cells were loaded with the cell-permeant form of fura 2, fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester, a caffeine-sensitive membrane-delimited region of elevated [Ca2+]i was seen associated with the microtubule organizing center. A model is proposed relating the distribution of [Ca2+]i and the location of the external stimulus to the generation and interaction of substances within the cell that both simulate and inhibit increases in [Ca2+]i.
Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization

Since the momentous events of the late 1980s, democratic transition has been a widely studied phenomenon. Most scholars who have investigated the causes and implications of the global trend to democracy have argued that domestic politics is the leading determinant in the success or failure of transitions to democracy. In this book, Jon Pevehouse argues that international factors, specifically regional organizations, play an important role in the transition to and endurance of democracy. Domestic elites use membership of regional organizations to advance the cause of democracy since these organizations can manipulate the costs and benefits of democracy to important societal groups such as business elites or the military. Six cases (Hungary, Peru, Greece, Paraguay, Guatemala, and Turkey) examine the causal processes behind the statistical association between regional organizations and democratization. These findings bridge international relations and comparative politics while also providing guidelines for policy-makers who wish to use regional organizations to promote democracy.
A Review of “Contemporary Theory, Research, and Practice of Crisis and Hostage Negotiation”

According to the most recent statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Hostage, Barricade, and Suicide database, hostage and other crisis situations are an almost daily occurrence...
Divisors on Generic Complete Intersections in Projective Space

Let V be a generic complete intersection of hypersurfaces of degree dl, d2, , dm in n-dimensional projective space. We study the question when a divisor on V is nonrational or of general type, and give an alternative proof of a result of Ein. We also give some improvement of Ein's result in the case dl + d2 + + dm = n + 2. 0. INTRODUCTION Let V be a generic complete intersection of hypersurfaces of degree dl, d2, , dm in P'. A conjecture of Kobayashi (cf. [L]) states that V is hyperbolic if d = d, + d2 + . ?+ dm > n +2. In general, S. Lang [L] has conjectured that a variety X is hyperbolic if and only if every subvariety of X is of general type. In this paper, we will prove the following Theorem 1. Let V be a complete intersection of m generic hypersurfaces of degree di I d2,... , dm in pn, M c V a reduced and irreducible divisor, pg(M) the geometric genus of the desingularization of M. Assume that 1 2 for all i. Then (1) ps(M)>nif d=dl+d2 + +?dm > n+2, (2) Mis of general type if d= di+d2+ +dm> n+2. In [E1,E2], Ein has shown that M is nonrational if d > n + 2, and is of general type if d > n + 2. Here we are going to give an alternative proof of it. Ein also proved that every subvariety of V of dimension 1 is nonrational if d > 2n m 1+ 1, and is of general type if d > 2n m I + 1. Therefore the improvement we made here is in the case d = n + 2 and I = n m 1. In particular, we conclude that the divisor M can not be an abelian variety. If a variety X is hyperbolic, then every rational map of an abelian variety or Pl into X is constant. On the other hand, Lang [L] conjectured that this condition is also sufficient for X to be hyperbolic. If V is a generic hypersurface in pn, it was first shown by Clemens [CKM] that V contains no rational curves, if deg V > n 1. In [Xl], we study generic surfaces in P3, obtain that every curve C on S has geometric genus g(C) > 1d(d 3) 2 (d =deg S), and the bound is sharp. We also obtain results about divisors on a generic hypersurface in pn. In [X2], we generalize these results to some nongeneric cases. Received by the editors August 5, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14J70, 14B07. Partially Supported by NSF grant DMS-9401547. (?)1996 American Mathematical Society 2725 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.243 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:56:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Promoter Elements of the Mouse Acetylcholinesterase Gene

The increase in acetylcholinesterase expression during muscle differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes was shown previously to reflect a greater stability of the messenger RNA. We have employed myogenic transcription factors to transform non-muscle cells into myoblasts in order to investigate the regulation of the acetylcholinesterase gene during early determination of the muscle phenotype. The AChE promoter region was analysed by deletion analysis, point mutagenesis and gel mobility-shift assays. Accordingly, stimulation of E-boxes present at −335 bp from the start of transcription and in the first intron were found not to accelerate transcription. We find that a GC-rich region (at −105 bp to -59 bp from the start of transcription) containing binding sites for the transcription factors Spl and Egr-1 is essential for the promoter activity. Mutation of the Spl sites dramatically reduces the promoter activity while mutation of the Egr-1 sites has little effect. We show that Sp-1 and Egr-1 compete for binding to overlapping sites and that an increase in Egr-1 reduces the expression of the AChE gene. Also, an AP2 binding site present immediately 5’ of the major transcription start site is found to repress promoter activity. We find that AP2 is associated with this site in cells not commited to the muscle phenotype and a distinct AP-2 -like protein may be associated to myoblasts and myotubes. (Supported by IBRO, Conseil regional P.A.C.A., and USPHS GM18360).
Terahertz NDE for Under Paint Corrosion Detection and Evaluation

Corrosion under paint is not visible until it has caused paint to blister, crack, or chip. If corrosion is allowed to continue then structural problems may develop. Identifying corrosion before it becomes visible would minimize repairs and costs and potential structural problems. Terahertz NDE imaging under paint for corrosion is being examined as a method to inspect for corrosion by examining the terahertz response to paint thickness and to surface roughness.
Parental Emotion Coaching and Child Emotion Regulation as Protective Factors for Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

We assessed linkages of mothers’ emotion coaching and children’s emotion regulation and emotion lability/negativity with children’s adjustment in 72 mother-child dyads seeking treatment for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Dyads completed questionnaires and discussed emotion-related family events. Maternal emotion coaching was associated with children’s emotion regulation, which in turn was related to higher mother-reported adaptive skills, higher child-reported internalizing symptoms, and lower child-reported adjustment. When children were high in emotion lability/negativity, mothers’ emotion coaching was associated with lower mother and child reports of externalizing behavior. Results suggest the role of emotion regulation and emotion lability in child awareness of socio-emotional problems and support the potential of maternal emotion coaching as a protective factor for children with ODD, especially for those high in emotion lability.
Constructivism and its Alternatives

Constructivist scholarship about ideas, identities, norms, practices, and other social constructs is now common in political science. Yet its status in the discipline seems partly separate-but-equal rather than fully accepted. Many non-constructivists do not engage constructivist work, and some leading constructivists describe their scholarly enterprise as somewhat distinct. While constructivists are not solely (or even mainly) to blame for this divide, a path to fuller engagement begins by challenging the arguments — penned mainly by constructivists themselves — that situate constructivism partly in its own space of inquiry: the explanation/understanding line inspired by Weber, the causal/constitutive line developed by Wendt, and (less well known) a methodologically-holist avoidance of competing alternatives most strongly associated with Bourdieu. Far from diluting constructivism into a middle ground or compromising constructivist insights, fuller empirical engagement with non-constructivist alternatives will strengthen constructivism on its own terms. Most importantly, constructivists will gain from competing with alternatives whether or not non-constructivists reciprocate by dropping their own segregationist views.
Instructive Video Retrieval Based on Hybrid Ranking and Attribute Learning: A Case Study on Surgical Skill Training

Video-based systems have been increasingly used in various training tasks in applications like sports, dancing, and surgery. One key task to add automation to such systems is to automatically select reference videos for a given training video of a trainee. In this paper, we formulate a new problem of instructive video retrieval and propose a solution using both attribute learning and learning to rank. The method first evaluates a user's skill attributes by relative attribute learning. Then, the most critical skill attribute in need of improvement is selected and reported to the user. Finally, a hybrid ranking learning to rank method is employed to retrieve instructive videos from a dataset, which serve as reference for the user. Two main technical problems are solved in this method. First, we combine both skill and visual feature to characterize skill superiority and context similarity. Second, we propose a hybrid ranking approach that works with both pair-wise and point-wise labels of the data. The benefit of the proposed method over other heuristic methods is demonstrated by both objective and subjective experiments, using surgical training videos as a case study.
Somatosensory deficit produced by parietal-temporal cortical disconnection in the monkey.

Abstract Disruption of telencephalic connections between the occipital and temporal lobes produces an inability to distinguish food from other objects that is characteristic of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. The present experiment tested whether an analogous somatosensory deficit would result from surgery which disrupted cortical pathways between the postcentral gyrus and the temporal lobe. Six of the nine rhesus monkeys received a series of lesions designed to complete this disconnection in three stages: unilateral temporal lobectomy; ablation of the contralateral postcentral gyrus; and section of the forebrain commissures. The animals received the lesions in different orders. The monkeys were tested preoperatively and after each stage of surgery for their ability to distinguish a steel bolt from a piece of monkey chow using only tactile cues. In five out of six monkeys, the worst tactile deficit followed that lesion which completed the parietal-temporal disconnection. All monkeys eventually recovered, and some attempt was made to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the recovery. Bilateral temporal lobectomies carried out in three additional animals likewise caused a tactile deficit of short duration, but unlike the parietal-temporal disconnection, this also produced visual agnosia and emotional placidity. The data suggest that the temporal lobe is involved in the organization of the somatosensory system in a way analogous to the function it serves for vision.
An Innovative TRIZ-Based Methodology to Explore Design Conflicts for Collaborative Product Design

Due to the product complexity and time constraint, it is common to conduct a collaborative design process to consider design requirements concurrently from the product lifecycle. However, such multi-disciplinary integration process may lead to potential design conflicts which has to be further resolved as the development continues. In this research, we propose a novel analytic model by combining the concepts of Ideal Final Result (IFR) and Trends analysis in TRIZ theory to systematically find the possible design contradictions from a top-down approach. The IFR is used to represent the integration of the developing product requirements which are requested from the collaborative team members. We then apply Trends analysis to compare the current state of existing product and the IFR state of the developing product. Therefore after comparison we will transform the differences into 39 engineering parameters defined in TRIZ to acquire possible design contradictions among components. The contributions of this methodology not only derive design conflicts systematically, but also help designers jump out of their psychological inertia and perform the design process with IFR to achieve distinct innovation.
The Seminal Trace: Presence, Difference, and Transubstantiation

I propose to explore the deconstructive themes of signification, presence, difference, supplementarity, and the like, as they play through a classical theological text. I take as my focus that most metaphysical of discourses about the nature and meaning of the eucharist, found in Part III of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. But is this not a perverse point at which to undertake a deconstructive reading? Is not Aquinas the epitome of ontotheology, of a metaphysics of presence of the totalistic, absolute, behind-the-text sort, of everything Derrida, for example, derides? So it would seem. But it is possible to read otherwise. Aquinas' repeated contrasts between real and perceptible, substance and accidents, may be read as a place where originary difference marks itself, inscribes itself, in the ritual act and text. Throughout Thomas' text, we find a contrast between the real that is known through the senses and the real that is Really present though the senses show otherwise. This tension between the real and the Real pervades the Thomistic discourse, and is one of the sources of its power. The affirmation of the eternal, invisible Real recurrently annuls the material, sensual real; yet the eternal invisible Real gives back an insistent and sustained affirmation of the material and sensual. The rhetoric of this discourse of displacement and return, and the dynamics of the subtext and its counter-displacements, will be the center of our attention. It is common to suppose that Thomas' metaphysical system defines,
Crystal structure of the complex of bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 with the inhibitor 1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphomethanol,.

The structure of recombinant bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) complexed with the competitive inhibitor 1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)-sn-glycero -2-phosphomethanol (hereafter MJ33), a phospholipid analogue without the sn-3 phosphodiester group, has been determined. The crystals are trigonal, space group P3121, a = b = 46.36 A and c = 102.56 A, and isomorphous to the recombinant PLA2 with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The structure was refined using 8082 reflections between 8.0 and 1.91 A resolution to a final R-value of 18.4% [Rfree = 28.0%]. The model includes 957 protein atoms, 86 water molecules, one calcium ion, and 26 non-hydrogen atoms of the inhibitor MJ33. The overall tertiary fold of the complex is very similar to that of the inhibitor-free recombinant PLA2 with a root mean square deviation of 0.32 A for all the backbone atoms. The electron density of the surface loop residues 62−66 is clear and ordered, unlike the other trigonal bovine PLA2 structures done to date. This structura...
Fluorescence quenching by intercalation of a pyrene group tethered to an N4-modified cytosine in duplex DNA.

A series of duplex DNA oligomers was prepared that contain a pyrene chromophore linked by a trimethylene chain (-(CH2)3-) to N4 of a cytosine. The pyrene group stabilizes the DNA as evidenced by an increase in melting temperature. The absorption spectrum of the linked pyrene chromophore shows a temperature-dependent shift and there is also a strong induced circular dichroism spectrum attributed to the pyrene group. The fluorescence of the pyrene chromophore is strongly quenched at room temperature by linkage to the DNA, but it increases above the melting temperature. We attribute these observations to intramolecular intercalation of the pyrene group at a base pair adjacent to its linkage site at cytosine.
Diagnostic Programs for the Illiac

The diagnostic programs used for maintenance of the ILLIAC, the University of Illinois' digital computer, are described. The uses of diagnostic programs for fault detection, fault isolation, and periodic computer servicing are discussed. The characteristics of the "leapfrog" program, both as a detection program and as an isolation program, are described in detail. Descriptions of one of the more complex isolation programs and of a typical servicing program are given. Pertinent characteristics of the ILLIAC and techniques of fault isolation are also included.
Hazards beyond number

Risk Watch: The Odds of Life. By John Urquhart and Klaus Heilmann. Facts on File: 1985. Pp.214. 16.95, 11.95. Risk: Man-made Hazards to Man. Edited by M. G. Cooper. Clarendon: 1985. Pp.141. Hbk 15, 23.95; pbk 9.95, 12.95.
The Cause of Carbon Isotope Minimum Events on Glacial Terminations

The occurrence of carbon isotope minima at the beginning of glacial terminations is a common feature of planktic foraminifera carbon isotopic records from the Indo-Pacific, sub-Antarctic, and South Atlantic. We use the δ 13 C record of a thermocline-dwelling foraminifera, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei , and surface temperature estimates from the eastern equatorial Pacific to demonstrate that the onset of δ 13 C minimum events and the initiation of Southern Ocean warming occurred simultaneously. Timing agreement between the marine record and the δ 13 C minimum in an Antarctic atmospheric record suggests that the deglacial events were a response to the breakdown of surface water stratification, renewed Circumpolar Deep Water upwelling, and advection of low δ 13 C waters to the convergence zone at the sub-Antarctic front. On the basis of age agreement between the absolute δ 13 C minimum in surface records and the shift from low to high δ 13 C in the deep South Atlantic, we suggest that the δ 13 C rise that marks the end of the carbon isotope minima was due to the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water influence in the Southern Ocean.
Strukturelle Klassifizierung von sphärischen molekularen Wirten und allgemeine Prinzipien für ihren Entwurf

Nach den Prinzipien der Geometrie der Korper konnen Kryptanden, Carceranden, Polyoxometallate und molekulare Kapseln strukturell klassifiziert werden. Diese kafigartigen Wirtverbindungen komplexieren die Gaste durch Einkapseln. Nach der Entdeckung eines supramolekularen, kafigartigen Spharoids im Nanometermasstab wurden die Geruste dieses und anderer Wirte katalogisiert. Dies bildete die Grundlage fur das Auffinden neuer Wirte, die bislang noch nicht synthetisiert oder entdeckt worden sind (wie das im Bild gezeigte Kuboktaeder; X = O, S), und sollte auserdem zum Entwurf weiterer Verbindungen mit Behaltereigenschaften fuhren.
Epidemiology of drug use among biracial/ethnic youth and young adults: results from a U.S. population-based survey.

Abstract This study estimates the prevalence of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in a nationally representative sample of monoracial/ethnic and biracial/ethnic youth and young adults. The authors consider 16 racial/ethnic categories and used four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The analysis sample consists of 20,745 individuals in Wave 1. The primary statistical methodology used in the present study is logistic regression with sample weights. Findings suggest that participants who self-report two races/ethnicities have prevalence rates that are intermediate to those of the two corresponding monoracial/ethnic rates. For example, Black-American Indians reported cigarette smoking rates that were significantly lower than rates reported by American Indians but significantly higher than rates reported by Blacks. Groups with the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking at Wave 1 were American Indian, White-American Indian, White, and Multiracial (people reporting thre...
Frequency of the carrier state for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease among females with lupus erythematosus.

Carriers for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) share several characteristics: They are mostly females, they reduce nitroblue tetra-zolium (NBT) poorly in their neutrophils, and, in some cases, they have similar skin lesions. We thus investigated 19 female LE patients for the presence of laboratory findings characteristic of the carrier state for CGD. None of these patients turned out to have the combined abnormality of neutrophil bactericidal activity and neutrophil NBT-reduction that is diagnostic of CGD carrier state in the X-linked form. An increased frequency of CGD carriers among female LE patients thus appears to be unlikely. Why some CGD carriers develop skin lesions typical of LE remains unexplained.
Prostaglandin E2 induction of abortion and fetal demise

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppositories have been shown to be active contractile agents and are effective in uterine evacuation for mid-trimester abortion or fetal demise. In this study, 85 patients were treated with vaginal PGE2 suppositories. When laminaria were used in patients with closed cervices, and compared to those who had minimal cervical dilatation, there was no difference in the time from induction to expulsion. Ninety-three percent of the 85 patients aborted successfully within 24 h. In each of the seven "failures", three or less suppositories were used prior to a dilatation and evacuation procedure. In this study, 81% of the abortions were complete, and in one-third of the remaining patients dilatation and curettage was performed just after delivery of the fetus. The incidence of minor side-effects ranged from 12 to 21%, and there were no major complications. It is concluded that the use of vaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories for induction of mid-trimester abortion or fetal demise in the third trimester is safe and effective.
Spin trapping of nitric oxide produced in vivo in septic‐shock mice

Abstract A nitric oxide (•NO) spin-trapping technique combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been employed to measure the in vivo production of •NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. The in vivo spin-trapping of •NO was performed by injecting into mice a metal—chelator complex, consisting of N -methyl- d -glucamine dithiocarbamate (MGD) and reduced iron (Fe 2+ ), that binds to •NO and forms a stable, water-soluble [(MGD) 2 -Fe 2+ -NO] complex, and by monitoring continuously the in vivo formation of the latter complex using an S-band EPR spectrometer. At 6 h after intravenous injection of LPS, a three-line EPR spectrum of the [(MGD) 2 -Fe 2+ -NO] complex, was observed in the blood circulation of the mouse tail; the [(MGD) 2 -Fe 2+ ] complex was injected subcutaneously 2 h before EPR measurement. No signal was detected in control groups. Administration of N G -monomethyl- l -arginine, an •NO synthase inhibitor, caused a marked reduction in the in vivo EPR signal of the [(MGD) 2 -Fe 2+ -NO] complex, suggesting that the •NO detected is synthesized via the arginine-nitric oxide synthase pathway. The results presented here demonstrated, for the first time, the in vivo real time measurement of •NO in the blood circulation of conscious, LPS-treated animals.
Passage of Ovoglobulins Through the Shell Membrane

It has been shown by Pearl and Curtis1 that during the sojourn of the egg in the uterus the weight and nitrogen content of the albumen increases by the addition of a nitrogenous solution after the shell membrane has been formed. Data were collected to observe what kind of nitrogenous materials were added after the shell membrane was formed.Mature eggs to be used as controls were obtained in the morning from hens just beginning to lay a clutch of eggs, so that it was likely that they would lay the next day. Four to 6 hours after the egg was laid the hens were sacrificed and the immature eggs removed from the uterus. At this time the eggs were found with the shell membrane formed. The mature egg of the morning and the later immature egg from the same hens were analyzed as pairs.The eggs so obtained were separated into yolk, thick albumen and thin albumen. A screen, similar to that described by Holtz2 and Almquist was used for the separation of the thick from the thin albumen. Thirteen pairs of eggs were sep...
Genetic counseling issues in Latinos.

Close to 12% (33 million) of the U.S. population is of Latino ethnocultural background, and it is estimated by the year 2005 they will become the largest ethnic minority. This article describes the demographic, social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the Latino population in the United States. Main health problems of Latinos and barriers to access to equitable health care are described. Health beliefs of relevance in the provision of health care in general, and of genetic counseling in particular, are reviewed. Some key nuances of genetic counseling to Latinos are discussed, such as the problems of language and other pitfalls in communication, the role of nondirectiveness in Latino culture, the medicalization of pregnancy, the language of prospective risks, and the meaning of disability. To provide culturally appropriate genetic counseling to Latinos, genetic professionals must be conversant with their personal and social history, culture, and traditions. At the same time, cultural stereotyping ...
Evaluation of tiered routing protocol in floating cloud tiered internet architecture

Abstract Clean slate future Internet initiatives have been ongoing for a few years. An important consideration in the eventual deployment of solutions for such Internet architectures is the testing and validation of the design and its scalability in realistic network environments. Large scale emulation and experimentation testbeds sponsored and funded by major research organizations worldwide provide a suitable platform for the purpose. In this article, we present the implementation details of a new network and routing protocol that entirely replaces IP and its routing protocols from the protocol stack to provide efficient routing and forwarding of packets in a clean slate Floating Cloud Tiered (FCT) Internet architecture. The FCT architecture leverages the tier structure existing among ISPs, and has a new addressing and routing schema based on tiers. In this article, the implementation and evaluation details of the network protocol with these two features, namely the tiered addressing and tier-based routing using the Global Environmental for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed are presented. The performance of the protocol is also compared with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) implemented over the GENI testbed for identical network topologies.
Image reconstruction in the presence of non-linear mixtures utilizing wavelet variable-dependency modeling in compressed sensing algorithms

In Compressed Sensing (CS) Theory sparse signals can be reconstructed from far fewer measurements than the Nyquist Sampling Limit. Initial Compressed Sensing algorithms implicitly assume that sparsity domain coefficients are independently distributed. Accounting for and exploiting statistical dependencies in sparse signals can improve recovery performance. Wavelets and their theoretical principles, and the structural statistical modeling of dependencies, are applied to improve feature optimization in the presence of non-linear mixtures. Sparsifying Transforms, such as the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), are used for spatial dependencies such as in natural images. This can exploit hierarchical structure and multiscale subbands of frequencies and orientation, exploiting dependencies across and within scales. Bayes Least Squares-Gaussian-scale Mixtures accurately describe statistical dependencies of wavelet coefficients in images, and, therefore, can be incorporated to address dependencies and improve performance. Sparsifying Transforms and Bayes Least Squares-Gaussian-scale Mixtures are incorporated to model and account for dependency characteristics during the coefficient-weight construction of Compressed Sensing algorithm iterations. The resulting accuracy and performance improvements of incorporating wavelets and their theoretical principles, and incorporating the structural and statistical modeling of dependencies, to account for variable-dependencies in image reconstruction algorithms are shown, both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Increased 3-nitrotyrosine in brains of Apo E-deficient mice

Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Apo-E deficient mice have increased lipid peroxidation in plasma. In the present study we examined two markers of oxidative stress in brains of Apo-E deficient mice. The ratios of 2,3 and 2,5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA)/salicylate, an index of hydroxyl radical generation, were unchanged except for an increase in 2,5-DHBA/salicylate in the cerebellum. 3-Nitrotyrosine is a marker for nitration of proteins produced by peroxynitrite. Concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and cerebellum of Apo-E deficient mice. These results suggest the Apo-E may modulate oxidative stress produced by peroxynitrite.
Ethnic differences among substance-abusing adolescents in a treatment dissemination project

Despite evidence of ethnic differences in substance use patterns among adolescents in community samples, clinical studies have not found ethnic differences in posttreatment outcomes. Prior clinical studies have been limited by small samples, focus on broad treatment modalities, and lack of consideration of important covariates. We investigated ethnic differences in substance use frequency and problems in a large sample of White (60%), African American (12%), and Latino (28%) adolescents prior to and following an evidence-based treatment. Participants included 4,502 adolescents (29% female), with ages 13–18 years, who received Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Cognitive Behavior Therapy 5 Sessions. At baseline, African American adolescents demonstrated less frequent use, fewer problems, and less comorbidity than Whites or Latinos. Consistent with prior research, there were no ethnic differences in substance use outcomes among assessment completers (71%) when controlling for baseline differences. However, African Americans, older adolescents, and males were less likely to complete the posttreatment assessment. Implications for clinical service and effectiveness research are discussed.
Will humans swim faster or slower in syrup

Foreword The scientific and engineering principles that underlie chemical engineering can also be used to understand a wide variety of other phenomena, including in areas not thought of as being central to our profession. As such applications might be of interest to our readers, we will consider brief submissions for publication in this category as R&D notes. These submissions will undergo review, and novelty will be an important factor in reaching an editorial decision. The first such article, “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” by Brian Gettelfinger and associate editor Ed Cussler, appears in this issue. Stanley I. Sandler Editor
Imaging Magnetic Structures with Polarized Soft X-rays

In 1906, Pierre-Ernest Weiss suggested the existence of magnetic domains in a ferromagnet to minimize the Gibbs free energy, taking into account the competition of exchange, magnetostatic, magnetocrystalline and magnetoelastic anisotropy, as well as Zeeman energies. Imaging techniques to visualize those magnetic structures have been a focus of interest since.
Design Recommendations for Controlling the Jam-Clearing Hazard on Recycling Industry Balers

Between 1986 and 2002, there were 43 fatalities in the United States to operators of recycling industry balers. Of these fatalities, 29 involved horizontal balers that were baling paper and cardboard (Taylor, 2002). Balers often become jammed while the baling process is occurring, and the only way to remove the jam is manually. This requires an employee to place a limb of their body into the jamming area and remove the material that is causing the jam. While lockout and tagout procedures reduce the risk of hazardous energy being released, they can still be easily bypassed, ignored, or forgotten. Recent efforts to reduce machine-related injury and death involve the development of a control system for these machines that automatically detects hazardous operating conditions and responds accordingly. The system is being developed at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This system, JamAlert, automatically terminates the power to the machine when a jam is detected. JamAlert detects a jam by observing both the strain that is experienced by the shear bar of the baler and the hydraulic pressure at which the ram is operating. The strain that is experienced by the baler shear bar when a jam is initiated was calculated in this study through laboratory testing and finite element modeling. Design recommendations are presented on how best to tune the JamAlert’s operating program to most effectively control the jam-clearing hazard.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Imputational modeling of spatial context and social environmental predictors of walking in an underserved community: The PATH trial

Background This study examined imputational modeling effects of spatial proximity and social factors of walking in African American adults.
“I Depend on You, You Depend on Me. Shouldn't We Agree?”: The Influence of Interdependent Relationships on Individuals' Racial Attitudes

Two studies examined the extent to which individuals' racial attitudes are influenced more by interdependent others' attitudes than people with whom they do not mutually depend. Study 1 demonstrated that participants significantly changed their racial attitudes when they received disagreement feedback from an ingroup friend, whereas there was no change in attitudes when participants received disagreement feedback from an ingroup stranger, agreement feedback, or no feedback. Furthermore, feelings of interdependence mediated the relationship between feedback from a friend versus stranger and changes in racial attitudes. In Study 2, we manipulated interdependence and found that interdependent partners altered their racial attitudes after receiving disagreement information, whereas independent partners did not. The importance of interdependent others' attitudes in reducing prejudice is discussed.
The Impact of Agricultural Research in British India

This paper attempts to answer three questions. How much did agricultural research contribute to agricultural growth in British India? Was its limited impact due to too little investment or inefficient allocation of research resources? Could more research have led to a “Green Revolution” in foodgrain production? Available data indicate that the impact of research was small and that more should have been invested in research. The evidence suggests, however, that larger investments in foodgrain research would not have resulted in a Green Revolution in British India.
Metal posterior teeth for the chronic bruxing patient.

Summary This article outlines a technique for the fabrication of metal posterior tooth blocks which have tooth-colored facings of acrylic resin or dental porcelain. The technique is applicable for all removable dental restorations but has special applicability for the chronic bruxing patient who has a natural dentition opposing the removable partial denture.
Government Patronage of Science and Art in America

Available evidence marshalled by Useem suggests that natural science, social science, and art have been directly subsidized by the government for quite different reasons. He suggests that the long-term impact of this patronage is to reshape culture production to more nearly fit the needs of government.
The exclusive economic zone and public international law

Abstract This paper will set the international background for the evolution of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) concept in international law and in state practice. It will review the relevant provisions of the UNCLOS III and will discuss the extent to which they have or are likely to guide national practice in the future. The paper will also examine the Reagan Proclamation from an international legal perspective, as well as the possible impact of action taken by the United States in fashioning its EEZ on the stability of the EEZ concept internationally.
Cyp6a8 of Drosophila melanogaster: gene structure, and sequence and functional analysis of the upstream DNA

In Drosophila, the insecticide resistant 91-R strain is an overproducer and susceptible 91-C and ry(506) strains are the underproducers of CYP6A8 mRNA encoded by a cytochrome P450 gene, Cyp6a8. Low expression of Cyp6a8 in the underproducer strains is due to a downregulatory effect of a putative repressor locus, which is thought to be mutant in the overproducer strain. In the present investigation, organization of Cyp6a8 and promoter activity of its upstream DNA were analyzed. Cyp6a8 has two introns of which intron II is similar to the introns of other insect CYP genes with respect to its length and position. Intron I is only 36 bp long and lacks consensus splice sites. It is also in-frame with the CYP6A8 open reading frame. Therefore, inefficient splicing of intron I may produce two isoforms of CYP6A8. Analysis of Cyp6a8 upstream DNA of the overproducer 91-R strain showed that DNA sequences between -199 and -761 bp are required for the highest constitutive and barbital-induced expression of Cyp6a8. This region has six barbie boxes and binding sites for various transcription factors. Promoter activity of the -11/-761 DNA of the overproducer 91-R strain was found to be 4-fold lower in the genome of underproducer ry(506) strain, which is wild type for the putative repressor gene, than in the genome of F1 hybrids of 91-R and ry(506) strains. These results suggest that -11/-761 Cyp6a8 DNA of the 91-R strain can respond to the active repressor present in the hybrid genome and further support our previous findings that overexpression of Cyp6a8 is a result of mutation of a repressor gene rather than mutation of the cis-regulatory sequences.
Safety and Toxicity of Saw Palmetto in the CAMUS Trial

Purpose: Extracts of the saw palmetto berry are used by many men in the United States as self-treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. While the most recent data from double-blind clinical trials do not support efficacy superior to that of placebo, there are sparse data on saw palmetto toxicity.Materials and Methods: A total of 369 patients were randomized in the CAMUS (Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Urological Symptoms) trial, of whom 357 were included in this modified intent to treat analysis. Participants were randomized to 320, 640 and 960 mg daily of an ethanolic saw palmetto extract or to an identical-appearing placebo in an escalating manner at 6-month intervals for a total of 18 months of followup. Adverse event assessments, vital signs, and blood and urine laboratory tests were obtained at regular intervals.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the rates of serious or nonserious adverse events, changes...
Evaluation of core cultivation practices to reduce ecological risk of pesticides in runoff from agrostis palustris

Pesticides associated with the turfgrass industry have been detected in storm runoff and surface waters of urban watersheds, invoking concern of their potential environmental effects and a desire to reduce their transport to nontarget locations. Quantities of chlorpyrifos, dicamba, dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), flutolanil, and mecoprop-p (MCPP) transported in runoff from bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) fairway turf managed with solid tine (ST) or hollow tine (HT) core cultivation were compared to determine which cultivation practice is more efficient at mitigating environmental risk. Plots receiving HT core cultivation showed a 10 and 55% reduction in runoff volume and a 15 to 57% reduction in pesticide transport with runoff at 63 d and 2 d following core cultivation. Estimated environmental concentrations of the pesticides in a surface water receiving runoff from turf managed with ST core cultivation exceeded the median lethal concentration (LC50) or median effective concentration (EC50) of nine aquatic organisms evaluated. Replacing ST core cultivation with HT core cultivation reduced surface water concentrations of the pesticides to levels below the LC50 and EC50 for most these aquatic organisms, lessening risk associated with pesticides in runoff from the fairway turf. Results of the present research provide quantitative information that will allow for informed decisions on cultural practices that can maximize pesticide retention at the site of application, improving pest control in turf while minimizing environmental contamination and adverse effects associated with the off-site transport of pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1215–1223. © 2010 SETAC
Optimal and near optimal sets of Latin squares for correlated errors

Abstract Optimality conditions are derived, and designs consisting of sets of Latin squares are connected, for correlated errors which follow a second order autonormal process. The designs balance row/column and diagonal neighbors and have no like neighbors, and are shown to be highly efficient.
GPR imaging of dual-porosity rocks: Insights to fluid flow

Dual-porosity rocks, such as those that are fractured and/or karstic, are highly heterogeneous and present a great challenge to predicting fluid-flow properties.
Prevalence of the posterior superior alveolar canal in cone beam computed tomography scans.

Objective This study was primarily aimed at determining the prevalence of the posterior superior alveolar (PSA) canal in cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) scans in a North American population. Materials and methods Cone beam computed tomography scans were selected on the basis of predetermined eligibility criteria from a pool of 976 data sets. Two calibrated examiners assessed the presence of PSA canal on the postero-lateral wall of the maxillary sinus using coronal sections. One examiner also recorded the presence of images compatible with sinus disease. Associations between the presence of PSA canal and sinus disease were investigated for males and females separately using statistical methods. Results A total of 254 CBCT scans were selected. The pooled prevalence of the PSA canal in CBCT scans was 94.4% and 91% on the right and left side, respectively. The ability to detect the presence of the canal was not significantly affected by the presence of intrasinusal disease. Males are more likely than females to present signs of maxillary sinus pathoses on the right (63.3% vs. 36.7%) and the left side (59.2% vs. 40.8%). Conclusions The prevalence of the PSA canal on CBCT images in the selected population is high. The PSA canal can be consistently visualized on CBCT scans with a high level of reproducibility regardless of the presence of radiographic signs of intrasinusal pathoses.
Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California

Comparison of radar backscatter coefficients (σ°, in dB), calculated by using the empirical model of Oh et al. [1992], to σ° extracted from AIRSAR data of four geologic units at Pisgah shows that the model predicts measured σ°vv and σ°hv to within ±3 dB. The model predicts higher σ°hh than those observed. For smooth surfaces (rms height=s, s 30°, the model will require modification to include surfaces with non-unity σ°hh/σ°vv.
Prolactin induction of interleukin-2 receptors on rat splenic lymphocytes.

A case for the involvement of PRL in the regulation of the immune system is strong. However, no mechanism by which PRL exerts this regulation has yet been identified. We studied the in vitro effects of PRL on splenocytes from ovariectomized (OVX) rats and discovered that PRL induced the formation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) cell surface receptors. However, PRL did not induce IL-2 secretion. This response, which was dependent on the concentration of PRL, also depended upon the estrogen status of the splenocyte donor; thus, splenocytes from OVX rats or rats in diestrus responded to PRL, whereas those from estrogen-treated OVX rats or rats in estrus did not. We propose that in vivo exposure of PRL, under certain physiological conditions, may prime a pool of splenocytes to express IL-2 cell surface receptors, allowing these cells to be responsive to variations in local concentrations of IL-2. (Endocrinology 126: 88–94,1990)
An Inheritance of Violence: Patrimony, Vassal Service, and Conquest in the Charroi de Nîmes

AbstractIn the epic imaginary of the twelfth-century chanson de geste the Charroi de Nimes, the political bond between a lord and his vassal reproduces the expectations, tensions, and aggressions of the relationship between aristocratic fathers and sons. The displacement of this negative affect is the ultimate cause of one of the Charroi’s more conventional aspects, its depiction of a religiously sanctioned conquest of a rich city in Muslim Spain. My reading of the text is framed by the variable and nuanced history of eleventh- and twelfth-century inheritance practices, and also by critical readings of certain historiographic narratives, such as Georges Duby’s famous essay on feudal ‘youth’ and biographical accounts of the contentious relationship between William the Conqueror and his son Robert Curthose. Freud’s and Lacan’s analyses of Oedipal conflict and the threat of castration as fantasies governing the relations between male generations also illustrate these textual tensions between medieval rulers ...
Is approval voting an ‘unmitigated evil’?: A response to Brams, Fishburn, and Merrill

Brams, Fishburn, and Merrill (1988) contend that the indeterminacy of approval voting (AV), introduced in our paper (1988), is not a vice, but a surpassing virtue of AV. They do not compare the negative versus the positive features of AV, so their assertion remains a conjecture. Our response emphasizes the need to determine the costs of AV and to evaluate them against any merits. Moreover, by correcting and answering BFM's comments, the argument against AV becomes much stronger. This is because we show that AV's region of indeterminacy is quite large; it includes most profiles. Some of the consequences of this instability are that the AV outcome can negate the voter's true wishes, that the AV outcome can be volatile even to minor fluctuations of voter's decisions, and that AV is one of the most susceptible systems to manipulation by small groups of voters (for example, small, maverick groups could determine the AV outcome). Under specific circumstances, AV may be appropriate. To identify these situations we propose the more accurate name of the "Unsophisticated Voter System."