cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloud‐system resolving simulations with the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System global atmospheric model (GEOS‐5)

[1] The NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) has developed a global non-hydrostatic cloud-system resolving capability within the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System global atmospheric model version 5 (GEOS-5). Using a non-hydrostatic finite-volume dynamical core coupled with advances in the moist physics and convective parameterization the model has been used to perform cloud-system resolving experiments at resolutions as fine as 3.5- to 14-km globally. An overview of preliminary results highlights the development of mid-latitude cyclones, the overall representation of global tropical convection, intense convective activity within the eye wall and outer rain bands of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane Bill validated by satellite observations, and the seasonal predictability of global tropical cyclone activity with realistic intensities. These preliminary results provide motivation for the use of GEOS-5 to simulate multi-scale convective systems within a global model at cloud resolving resolutions.
A Methodology for Evaluating the Relationship Between Staff Attention and Disruptive Behavior Displayed by Nursing Home Residents with Dementia

We conducted descriptive analyses of disruptive behavior exhibited by four elderly adults residing in a nursing home. Reciprocal interactions between the nursing home staff and participants were examined using a recently refined methodology for evaluating descriptive data (Vollmer, Borrero. Wright, Van Camp, & Lalli, 2001) that builds upon previous work on descriptive analysis (e.g., Bakeman & Gottman, 1997). Data analysis revealed that the staff provided low levels of attention to the residents overall. Three participants' disruptive behavior neither increased nor decreased the amount of attention that they received from the staff. For the other participant, staff were somewhat more likely to remove their attention when the resident was engaged in disruptive behavior than when the resident was not disruptive. Results suggest that this methodology may be useful for investigating staff-resident interactions and for furthering our understanding about important relations between staff behavior and disruptive behavior. Implications of the findings for the treatment of disruptive behavior and directions for future research are discussed.
Testing the Demographic Explanation of Attitude Trends: Secular Trends in Attitudes among U.S. Householders, 1972–1996

Abstract This paper tests Stinchcombe's theory of “Demographic Explanations” using 38 demographics and 45 attitude items in the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey 1972–1996. The results support the theory in that multiple regressions with four appropriate demographics can explain about 40% of the change in the typical attitude and results are consistent across a variety of topics. Nevertheless, demographics seldom completely account for any particular trend. I argue that the theory is not as banal as it might seem since (1) it can and sometimes does fail; (2) its “multiplication principle” gives a new perspective on social change; and (3) it lays a burden of proof at the feet of more sophisticated approaches.
Integer Linear Programming: A Study in Computational Efficiency

In this report, twenty-nine integer linear programming problems, raging from very simple to apparently rather difficult, are introduced. The results of running these problems on four different computer codes, involving five distinct algorithms, are presented as both time and iteration data. A brief description of the codes used is also included.
Public health surveillance and information technology.

Applying Modern Information Technology to Reporting for Public Health—the Role of Standards Clement McDonald, Indiana University School of Medicine, discussed the role of standards in the application of modern information technology to public health reporting. He pointed to the rich data sources stored electronically in clinical laboratories, pathology and cytology reporting systems, pharmacies, and hospitals, and emphasized the trend toward increasing automation. Interest and demand for electronic delivery of data come from many interested parties—3rd party payers, researchers, physicians, and public health officials. However, substantial barriers to smooth electronic flow of this information include the storage of data in isolated areas, varying internal structures among information systems, and considerable variation in codes (e.g., for laboratory tests and results). Overcoming these barriers requires defining, adopting, and implementing standards for messages, codes, identification (e.g., persons, providers, places), and security.
Inhibition of allospecific responses in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by pooled human gamma-globulin.

Transplantation has emerged as the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure (e.g. kidney, heart, lung, liver). Despite increasingly sophisticated methods of tissue typing and improvements in immunosuppressive agents, allograft rejection continues to be a major cause of allograft failure. In addition, long-term use of potent immunosuppressive agents can result in significant morbidity for the recipient. Complications include increased risk of infection, nephrotoxicity, marrow toxicity and increased risk of developing malignancies. Clearly, it would be beneficial to have less toxic and more specific immunoregulatory agents that would promote tolerance of the allograft while allowing the immune system to function normally against invading pathogens and malignant cells. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations contain polyspecific IgGs obtained from plasma pools of up to 20000 healthy blood donors) IVIG was initially designed for use in patients with primary and secondary humoral immune deficiencies; however, it was quickly realized that these preparations had therapeutic efficacy against several vasculitic disorders 2~ and autoimmune diseases) Recent studies suggest that IVIG also has the ability to modulate allospecific immune reactions and could possibly have allograft enhancing properties. 4~ Winston et al. 4 and Conti et al. 5 showed that bone marrow and kidney transplant recipients who received IVIG for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis had decreased incidence of graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejection, respectively. These authors suggested that IVIG might have other immunoregulatory effects independent of modification of cytomegalovirus infection and prevention of interstitial pneumonia. A role for specific antibody regulation of alloimmune responses is also suggested by previous investigations into the mechanism(s) of blood transfusion induced suppression of allospecific immune responses. Those studies w8
Processing pathway of Escherichia coli 16S precursor rRNA

Immediate precursors of 16S rRNA are processed by endonucleolytic cleavage at both 5' and 3' mature termini, with the concomitant release of precursor fragments which are further metabolized by both exo- and endonucleases. In wild-type cells rapid cleavages by RNase III in precursor-specific sequences precede the subsequent formation of the mature ends; mature termini can, however, be formed directly from pre-16S rRNA with no intermediate species. The direct maturation is most evident in a strain deficient in RNase III, and the results in whole cells are consistent with results from maturation reactions in vitro. Thus, maturation does not require cleavages within the double-stranded stems that enclose mature rRNA sequences in the pre-16S rRNA.
Reported breast symptoms in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program

Purpose The frequency and types of breast symptoms reported by women in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) have never been characterized. This study aims to establish the frequency of reported symptoms and the diagnostic outcomes associated with reported symptoms.
Er-doped amorphous and crystalline Al2O3 and La2O3 films grown with low energy ions from an ECR plasma

The effects of low energy ions from a biased electron cyclotron resonance plasma during growth of Al2O3 and La2O3 are used to modify the density and crystalline quality of these oxide films. The type of phase formed for Al2O3 is varied with the ion-assisted growth from amorphous to crystalline γA12O3. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of different Er-doped Al- and La-oxide phases are examined, and through comparison of the PL spectra, the local environment of Er in these oxide materials is discussed.
Viscous Lubrication in Wire Drawing

A scheme for the promotion of viscous lubrication in wire drawing is analyzed. Lubricant pressure is built up by means of close tolerance tube installed in front of the die. In the die, plasticity is maintained by the combination of fluid pressure and wire tension. In the analysis presented here the lubricant flow rate and film thickness variation in the die are solved for as well as the necessary length of pressure tube. Pressure and temperature effects on the lubricant viscosity and strain hardening effects on the wire metal are included in the analysis. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Chicago, Illinois, October 1961.
1047 RISK OF PERINATAL ECHOVIRUS INFECTION DURING A COMMUNITY OUTBREAK

During a community outbreak of enterovirus infection, 7 of 194 (3.6%) pregnant women were found to be excreting a prime strain of echovirus 11 at term. Each of the 7 virus positive women possessed serum neutralizing echovirus 11 antibody at delivery in titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:320, and the cord sera of the 7 infants born to these mothers also had antibody in titers of 1:10 to 1:640. The 7 infants of these women did not become ill, but 4 shed virus from the respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract by three days of age. None of the infants of virus negative mothers cultured at hospital discharge (151 infants), or at two weeks of age (135 infants), became infected. In comparison, a previously reported group of 4 infants who died of generalized infection due to the same strain of echovirus 11 did not have detectable cord antibody. We conclude that passively acquired, transplacental antibody prevents severe, systemic echovirus disease, but does not prevent mucosal infection of the perinatally infected infant. Our experience also indicates that infants born to mothers who become infected with an enterovirus within the last week of pregnancy are at risk of serious perinatal disease.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for detailed balancing in mass action systems of arbitrary complexity

Abstract Detailed balancing will not generally obtain in a mass system unless the rate constants are suitably well orchestrated. Simple necessary and sufficient conditions are given for detailed balancing in mass action systems of arbitrary complexity.
901-15 Interventional Cardiologists Suffer an Excessive Incidence of Spinal Disc Disease

Back and neck pain are common complaints and frequent reasons for workdays lost amongst interventional cardiologists (Card) but neither an increased frequency of spinal skeletal problems within this specialty nor its presumed relationship to radiation shielding lead aprons has been previously verified. We mailed surveys to 875 interventional cardiologists (who performed an average of 12.1 ± 7.4 procedures per week) and for comparison, mailed 595 surveys to orthopods (who spend long hours standing, but without wearing lead) and 990 rheumatologists (with neither “risk factor”). Since the data on the latter 2 groups did not differ, they are combined as “controls.” The overall survey response was 30%. Card (N = 385) Controls (N = 329) Age 46.9 47.2 ns Spine painlmedical therapy 14.0% 6.4% p l 00001 Spine surgery 5.2% 3.6% ns Lost work days 21.3% 12.5% p = 0002 Number days last/year 2.5 0.02 P = 004 Cervical disc disease 6.5% 0.03% P ≤ 0.0001 Lumbar disc disease 7.5% 6.0% ns Multiple disc disease levels 3.4% 0.0% p = 0007 Interestingly, we found a predominance of cervical and not low back complaints by interventionalists, although combined upper and lower spine complaints (multiple levels) were more common in the cardiology group. Conclusion Long hours spent performing procedures while wearing radiationshielding lead aprons (which are purported to produce g300 pounds per square inch of intervertebral disc pressure), induces a distinct occupational hazard, “interventional cardiologist's disc disease”.
Mixing and gangue dispersion in flotation machine pulps

Abstract Tracer experiments using quartz in sized ranges to simulate gangue minerals provide information on how impeller speed, air rate, and particle size determine the concentration of gangue in the uppermost pulp layers. Tests with and without a froth will contribute towards an understanding of the selective action of the froth column. Results indicate that the laboratory machine-operating conditions required for flotation coincide with a hydrodynamic region which is responsible for fine-gangue transfer from the pulp into the froth column by elutriation and entrainment process acting in the pulp, thus compromising the selective action of the flotation process itself. Topics are suggested requiring further investigation and mention is made of machine design features to which attention should be paid in attempting to reduce gangue transfer from pulp to froth.
Development of a silt pump for aquacultural ponds

Abstract Silt and organic residues accumulate in prawn ponds over time reducing harvest efficiency and production levels. A floating silt pump controlled by two guide wires stretched above the water was developed to remove this layer of silt material. After a year of testing in the field, the machine was returned to the university for upgrading and modification based on this field experience. The development of the prototype, modifications and operational characteristics are reported.
A cyclic-small-gain approach to distributed output-feedback control of multi-agent nonlinear systems

This paper presents a cyclic-small-gain approach to distributed output-feedback control of multi-agent nonlinear systems. Through novel distributed observer and control law designs, the closed-loop distributed system will be transformed into a large-scale system composed of ISS subsystems, the ISS gains of which can be appropriately assigned. The stability of the closed-loop distributed system is guaranteed by the cyclic-small-gain theorem.
Optimism and depression as predictors of physical and mental health functioning: The normative aging study

Dispositional optimism has been linked in previous studies to better health outcomes. We sought to examine the independent associations of dispositional optimism and depressive symptoms with physical and mental functioning in a cohort of healthy middle-aged and older men. The study was conducted among 659 subjects in the Veterans Administration (VA) Normative Aging Study. Dispositional optimism and depressive symptomatology were measured in 1991 and 1990, respectively, by the Life Orientation Test and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D). The dependent variables, functioning and well-being, were measured in 1992 by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). In multivariate regression models, optimism was associated with higher levels of general health perceptions, vitality, and mental health, and lower levels of bodily pain, but not to physical functioning, social functioning, or role limitations due to physical or emotional problems. Depressive symptomatology was associated with reduced levels of functioning across all SF-36 domains. The findings for optimism and depression were statistically significant after mutual adjustment in multivariate regression models. Optimism and depression are independent predictors of functional status among aging men.
Lipofuscin accumulation: effects of individual variation and selective mortality on population averages.

Abstract A method for evaluating the effects of individual variation and selective mortality on population life span patterns of age-specific biological parameters is tested using mortality and lipofuscin accumulation data from housefly populations. It is shown that unusual features of the experimental population life span pattern of lipofuscin accumulation in houseflies, namely, a leveling off and possible decrease in population averages at older ages, may be a result of individual variation in the housefly population which leads to selective mortality of houseflies. This result leads to the expectation that many of the unexplained features observed in the population life span patterns of age-specific biological parameters may be due to individual variation which exists in all populations and the resultant selective mortality.
Solar flares, microflares, nanoflares, and coronal heating

Solar flare occurrence follows a power-law distribution against total flare energy W: dN/dW ∼ W−α with an index α ∼ 1.8 as determined by several studies. This implies (a) that microflares must have a different, steeper distribution if they are energetically significant, and (b) there must be a high-energy cutoff of the observed distribution. We identify the distinct ‘soft’ distribution needed for coronal heating, if such a distribution exists, with Parker's nanoflares.
Factorial Structure of the UCLA Loneliness Scale

Research on the topic of loneliness has begun to attract scholarly attention. The study reported here examined the dimensions of loneliness tapped by the often used UCLA Loneliness Scale which has previously been reported as a global, unidimensional, measure of the phenomenon. Data from 493 college students were subjected to factor analysis which yielded three factors. These factors were labeled and explained in terms of loneliness regarding Intimate Others, Social Others, and a feeling of a lack of Belonging and Affiliation. Demographic and attribute data were compared for each of the three dimensions. Additional research replicating this study on non-student populations is required to determine the validity of the present results for the general population.
Endothelin and the central and peripheral nervous systems: a decade of endothelin research.

SUMMARY 1. During the past decade, extensive investigation of the endothelin (ET) system, primarily characterized by its potent vasoactive peptide element ET-1, has suggested a prominent role for this humoral agent and its isopeptides in cardiovascular and neural regulation. 2. Major elements of this system, including its peptide isoforms, converting enzymes involved in their formation and metabolism, as well as multiple receptor subtypes, have been localized within various components of the cardiovascular system and the central and peripheral nervous systems. 3. An understanding of the possible roles for the ET system in neural regulation and development has progressed over the past several years; most notable is the influence of ET on the central control of cardiovascular function and sympathetic tone. 4. The present concentrated review of ET and the central and peripheral nervous systems is presented to introduce the other papers within this symposium by briefly describing the presence and influence of components of this unique peptide system within pertinent physiological structures involved in cardiovascular, adrenal, sympathetic and enteric developmental function.
CORRECTION BY PROLACTIN OF ELEVATED LEVEL OF ADRENAL 5α-REDUCTASE IN THE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVE (tfm) RAT PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES (Ps)

We have reported that Ps have a postpubertal elevation in adrenal steroid 5α-reductase activity characteristic of males castrated neonatally. In males the castration-induced defect can be corrected by testosterone, which requires the presence of the pituitary or by prolactin or growth hormone (Witorsch and Kitay, Endocrinol. 91:764, 1972). Radioimmunoassayed pituitary prolactin contents in the adults were significantly elevated over those of littermate males, but Ps serum levels of prolactin were not different. Prolactin (400 μG) was administered daily from 29-60 d of age to Ps and littermate males and females, and for 10 d to 5 mo. old Ps. Activity was determined as the total 5α-reduced labelled products from androstenedione and testosterone in adrenals taken from immature and adult animals. Prolactin significantly reduced 5α-reductase in Ps and males at all ages. The Ps may have a defect in the regulation of adrenal steroid synthesis by prolactin. This defect may be due to its insensitivity to the neonatal differentiating action of testosterone on the hypothalamic centers controlling prolactin.
Context Matters: Exploring relations between inclusion and reading achievement of students without disabilities

In this article, I examine relations between inclusion‐related variables and reading achievement of students without disabilities, using a nationally representative dataset of Grade 3 students in the United States (U.S.). Controlling for background variables, inclusion—with few exceptions—appears to make no difference in the reading achievement of non‐disabled students. For example, for non‐disabled students who are educated in classes that include students with autism or emotional disturbance, those who have an aide in their classroom outperform their peers in classes that do not have an aide, as well as non‐disabled students in non‐inclusive classrooms. Findings from this study might alleviate, and place into context, concerns about possible negative impacts on academic achievement of non‐disabled students in general education classrooms that include students with disabilities.
Circular Streaming Patterns in a Slime-Mould Plasmodium

IN a previous publication1, we suggested that the classical ‘squeezing from behind’ mechanism for protoplasmic streaming is inadequate to explain the actual movements observed in slime-mould plasmodia. As a result of a recent change in culture conditions, remarkably simple and direct evidence to substantiate this suggestion has appeared. Fig. 1 is a photograph of a plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum after two days growth at 22° C. in the dark on a particular growth medium. This medium contains, per litre, 20 gm. agar; 5 gm. ‘Bacto-tryptone’; 5 gm. dextrose; 0.75 gm. ‘Bacto-yeast’ extract; 5 mgm. haemin; 0.8 gm. potassium dihydrogen phosphate; 0.2 gm. disodium hydrogen phosphate; 100 mgm. calcium chloride; 100 mgm. magnesium sulphate; 200mgm. citric acid; 10 mgm. ferrous chloride; 14 mgm. manganese chloride and 6 mgm. zinc sulphate, adjusted to pH 6.2 and autoclaved for 30 min. at 15 lb./sq. in. (This is modified from the formula kindly supplied to us by Dr. H. P. Eusch, University of Wisconsin.)
Filament-containing chromophobe in anterior pituitary of the guinea-pig

Abstract Numerous 95 ± 5 A filaments have been observed in a chromophobe within the anterior pituitary gland of the guinea-pig. The cytoplasm of the chromophobe is somewhat electron lucid and long processes of the cell extend between granulated parenchymal cells. A basement membrane borders the plasma membrane of chromophobes facing the pericapillary space. Adjacent chromophobes are connected by maculae adherentes (desmosomes) and zonula adherens and often form a lumen; microvilli project into the lumen from the chromophobes.
Managing Heteronormativity and Homonegativity in Athletic Training: In and Beyond the Classroom

Abstract Context: As an allied health professional working in various settings, an athletic trainer (AT) is responsible for the health care of a highly diverse population. More often than not, this diversity is defined by the visible, such as race or sex. However, diversity encompasses many more variables than these observable factors and includes sexual orientation. Efforts have been made to educate ATs about issues related to sex and race; however, sexual orientation typically has not been addressed, although ATs have treated and will continue to treat lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) patients. Objective: To introduce ATs (educators and practicing clinicians) to the concept of heteronormativity, its effect on society, and its influences on the manner in which they teach athletic training students and deliver health care to their patients. Data Collection and Analysis: We searched various databases, including MEDLINE, ERIC, SportDiscus, and CINAHL Information Systems using the terms bisexual, diversity, ...
A Noninvasive Technique for the Determination of Velocity of Circumferential Fiber Shortening in Man

Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (V as determined by analysis of left ventricular cineangiocardiograms has been proposed as a measure of left ventricular myocardial contractility. In this study, a noninvasive ultrasonic technique was used to measure the rate of shortening of the left ventricular internal minor axis throughout ejection in 61 patients. These measurements permitted calculation of mean Vcr. In 23 patients with normal left ventricular function, mean VCF averaged 1.45 ± 0.08 circumferences/sec (mean SE). Tn contrast, mean V in 38 patients with impaired left ventricular function was significantly depressed (0.91 ±0.09 circumferences/see, P <0.001). In 17 patients, adequate resolution of septal and posterior wall thicknesses permitted measurement of midwali radius at 50-msec intervals throughout the cardiac cycle. These measurements permitted computation of instantaneous and peak V Values for peak VCF at the midwall were generally similar to those observed for mean V at the internal a...
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of 4-Substituted Methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles

Tubulins are some of the oldest and most extensively studied therapeutic targets for cancer. Although many tubulin polymerizing and depolymerizing agents are known, the search for improved agents continues. We screened a class of tubulins targeting small molecules and identified 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-2-phenyl-thiazole (SMART-H) as our lead compound. SMART-H inhibited the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells in vitro, at subnanomolar IC 50 , and in vivo, in nude mice xenografts, with near 100% tumor growth inhibition. Metabolic stability studies with SMART-H in liver microsomes of four species (mouse, rat, dog, and human) revealed half-lives between
Shear wave anisotropy in the crust around the San Andreas fault near Parkfield: spatial and temporal analysis

SUMMARY We systematically analysed shear wave splitting (SWS) for seismic data observed at a temporary array and two permanent networks around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) Observatory at Depth. The purpose was to investigate the spatial distribution of crustal shear wave anisotropy around the SAF in this segment and its temporal behaviour in relation to the occurrence of the 2004 Parkfield M 6.0 earthquake. The dense coverage of the networks, the accurate locations of earthquakes and the high-resolution velocity model provide a unique opportunity to investigate anisotropy in detail around the SAF zone. The results show that the primary fast polarization directions (PDs) in the region including the SAF zone and the northeast side of the fault are NW–SE, nearly parallel or subparallel to the SAF strike. Some measurements on the southwest side of the fault are oriented to the NNE–SSW direction, approximately parallel to the direction of local maximum horizontal compressive stress. There are also a few areas in which the observed fast PDs do not fit into this general pattern. The strong spatial variations in both the measured fast PDs and time delays reveal the extreme complexity of shear wave anisotropy in the area. The top 2–3 km of the crust appears to contribute the most to the observed time delays; however substantial anisotropy could extend to as deep as 7–8 km in the region. The average time delay in the region is about 0.06 s. We also analysed temporal patterns of SWS parameters in a nearly 4-yr period around the 2004 Parkfield main shock based on similar events. The results show that there are no appreciable precursory, coseismic, or post-seismic temporal changes of SWS in a region near the rupture of an M 6.0 earthquake, about 15 km away from its epicentre.
Using angular dispersion and anomalous transmission to shape ultramonochromatic x rays

Optical spectrometers, instruments that work with highly monochromatic light, are commonly rated by the spectral bandwidth, which defines the ability to resolve closely spaced spectral components. Another equally important feature is the spectral contrast, the ability to detect faint objects among these components. Here we demonstrate that a combined effect of angular dispersion (AD) and anomalous transmission (AT) of x rays in Bragg reflection from asymmetrically cut crystals can shape spectral distributions of x rays to profiles with high contrast and small bandwidths. The AD and AT x-ray optics is implemented as a five-reflection, three-crystal arrangement featuring a combination of the above-mentioned attributes so desirable for x-ray monochromators and analyzers: a spectral contrast of {approx_equal} 500, a bandwidth of {approx_equal} 0.46 meV, and a remarkably large angular acceptance of {approx_equal} 107 {mu}rad with 9.1 keV x rays. The new optics can become a foundation for the next-generation inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometers for studies of atomic dynamics.
The Relative Abundance of Hydrogen Isotopes in Natural Hydrogen

The relative abundances of isotopes have been investigated extensively in recent years, but few researches of such ratios when one isotope is very rare have been reported. We have investigated a number of samples of hydrogen from various sources, water from the crater of Mc. Kilauea, an obsidian, Devonian water, and hydrogen from helium bearing natural gases. The spectrographic method used for detection is not free from objections, but the results show that there is no appreciable variation of abundance of ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ in the samples investigated.
Kinetics of oxygen exchange between CO2 and CO on carbon

Abstract A study was made of the reversible exchange of oxygen between CO2 and CO on a carbon surface, CO2 + Cfagk1k1'CO+Co, at 750°–850°C and atmospheric pressure with carbon-14 used as a tracer. At these temperatures the rates of exchange were a few orders of magnitude greater than the rates of gasification, i.e. transfer of carbon from solid to gas phase. Activation energies for the forward and backward reactions were 53 and 36 kcal/mole respectively. Direct determination of the equilibrium constant of the oxygen exchange reaction made in this study agreed well with indirect determinations made earlier. Thus oxygen exchange was established as an authentic and important step in the reaction sequence for the carbon dioxide—carbon reaction. The results showed further that oxygen exchange is not likely to become the rate-controlling step at higher temperatures, and that the retarding effect of CO on gasification rates should diminish with increasing temperature.
Correlates of tobacco dependence and motivation to quit among young people receiving mental health treatment

Background Young people with mental health concerns are at high-risk for initiation and continuation of tobacco use. To inform treatment needs, the current study sought to describe tobacco dependence, motivations to quit and associated sociodemographic factors among young people seen in mental health settings.
Surgical patterns of care in patients with invasive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy and breast magnetic resonance imaging: results of a secondary analysis of TBCRC 017.

Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) downstages advanced primary tumors, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being the most sensitive imaging predictor of response. However, the impact of MRI evaluation on surgical treatment decisions in the neoadjuvant setting has not been well described. We report surgical patterns of care across 8 National Cancer Institute comprehensive cancer centers in women receiving both NCT and MRI to evaluate the impact of MRI findings on surgical planning.
Detection of H-2 antigens on 8-cell mouse embryos

H-2 antigens were detected on 80-cell mouse embryos of the b, k, and d haplotypes, but not on 8-cell embryos of the a haplotype. The technique used for detection of H-2 antigens on the embryos was a highly sensitive, automated, complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay, based on the principle that live embryos will incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA, but embryos killed with antiserum and complement will not. The amount of H-2 present on 8-cell embryos is apparently less than that present on blastocysts. A possible function of H-2 antigens in development is proposed.
Top-Down Civic Projects Are Not Grassroots Associations: How The Differences Matter in Everyday Life

Research on civic associations blurs an important distinction between the unfunded, informal, ongoing associations that theorists like de Tocqueville described versus current participatory democracy projects that are funded by the state and large nongovernmental organizations, are open to all, and are usually short-term. Based on a long-term ethnography of youth programs in the United States, this paper shows that entities like these, which participants and researchers alike often called “volunteer” or “civic” groups, operate very differently from traditional civic groups. The ethnography systematically details prevalent tensions that actors face when they try to cultivate the civic spirit in these increasingly typical organizations.
Crash attenuating seats: Effects on helicopter underwater escape performance

Surviving a helicopter ditching at sea involves a number of factors; however, none have as great an influence as impact forces. To minimize this influence, crash attenuating seat systems have recently been integrated into offshore transport helicopters. Unfortunately, no research has investigated the system’s effect on underwater egress. This study outlines the first known examination of the crash attenuating seats from the perspective of passenger egress. Results indicate that egressing from an inverted and flooded helicopter requires significantly more time, and is rated as being more difficult when the seat is fully attenuated (stroked). Results also indicate that egress is significantly influenced by environmental conditions and the position of a helicopter simulator. Based on these findings, it is recommended that all offshore personnel be trained to overcome the influence of attenuating seats, environmental conditions, and position of the helicopter during their occupationally required egress training course.
Viscoelastic shear properties of human vocal fold mucosa: Theoretical characterization based on constitutive modeling

The viscoelastic shear properties of human vocal fold mucosa (cover) were previously measured as a function of frequency [Chan and Titze, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2008-2021 (1999)], but data were obtained only in a frequency range of 0.01-15 Hz, an order of magnitude below typical frequencies of vocal fold oscillation (on the order of 100 Hz). This study represents an attempt to extrapolate the data to higher frequencies based on two viscoelastic theories, (1) a quasilinear viscoelastic theory widely used for the constitutive modeling of the viscoelastic properties of biological tissues [Fung, Biomechanics (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993), pp. 277-292], and (2) a molecular (statistical network) theory commonly used for the rheological modeling of polymeric materials [Zhu et al., J. Biomech. 24, 1007-1018 (1991)]. Analytical expressions of elastic and viscous shear moduli, dynamic viscosity, and damping ratio based on the two theories with specific model parameters were applied to curve-fit the empirical data. Results showed that the theoretical predictions matched the empirical data reasonably well, allowing for parametric descriptions of the data and their extrapolations to frequencies of phonation.
Trapping of antiprotons — A first step on the way to antihydrogen

A first step towards producing and effectively utilizing antihydrogen atoms consists of trapping antiprotons. The immediate next step must then be to control, i.e. trap, the produced antihydrogen. The current state of the art in trapping antiprotons and positrons is reviewed, and the challenges in trapping the resulting neutral particles are discussed.
Soil priming in relation to snow surveys and flood regulation

In earlier analyses of techniques for water forecasting in the Columbia River Basin, both water yields and flood discharges were found to be highly correlated with the water content of snow as determined by snow surveys, and with the amount of precipitation which occurred during the spring. Studies described in this paper demonstrate the additional correlation obtained by including data on autumn precipitation in the forecast analyses. Recorded for the autumn preceding each spring flood, these data express the degree of “soil priming” in the Basin—the extent to which autumn deficits in soil moisture are replenished by precipitation before the snow-pack accumulates each winter. Data on this variable were included in a linear multiple regression equation, with snow water content and spring precipitation as the other independent variables. As compared to previous analyses, the inclusion of the soil-priming variable made a 40 pct improvement in the standard error of the forecasts, made on April 1 of each year. Smaller improvements in precision were observed for later forecasts, made on May 1 and May 15.
The prevention paradox, traffic safety, and driving-while-intoxicated treatment.

Abstract Background In San Juan County, New Mexico, a 28-day jail/treatment program for first-time driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) offenders was established in 1994 to reduce both DWI recidivism and alcohol-related crashes. This paper assesses the impact of the program on both outcomes. Methods The data are composed of driving records of all people arrested for DWI in San Juan County from August 1994 through December 2001. Subsequent re-arrests and crashes were analyzed to compare people who had been sentenced to the jail/treatment program and those who had not. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used. Covariates included age, gender, blood alcohol content (BAC), number of prior arrests, and ethnicity (Native American, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic). Results Re-arrest rates were significantly lower for the treatment than the nontreatment group. Each of the three major ethnic groups showed similar effects. This was not observed for subsequent alcohol-related crashes, possibly as a result of insufficient numbers. BAC and number of previous arrests were, however, significant risk factors for subsequent crashes. Finally, although BAC and previous arrests were important risk factors for subsequent crashes, the vast majority of subsequent alcohol-related crashes occurred among people in the intermediate risk ranges. Conclusions The jail/treatment program is effective in reducing the probability of DWI re-arrests. The evidence with respect to crashes is equivocal. That most crashes occur to people in the intermediate risk range exemplifies the prevention paradox, and means that the courts, which deal most severely with high-risk individuals, cannot be expected to have a major impact on alcohol-related crashes.
Negative Potential in Scala Media During Early Stage of Anoxia

Negative potential in scala media during early anoxia was recorded in both normal and kanamycin-treated guinea pigs. In kanamycin-treated animals, in which the cochlear microphonic was remarkably depressed, decline of the dc potential was slower and its negative value smaller than in non-treated animals. After prolonged asphyxia, amplitude of postmortem cochlear microphonic was increased by an anodal current. The polarity of the negative potential could be changed by application of positive pressure to scala vestibuli, whereby the postmortem cochlear microphonic was enhanced. However, neither application of pressure nor current produced any enhancement of cochlear microphonic after the negative potential in scala media reached zero. These data indicate that the negative potential in the scala media of the asphyxiated cochlea is ascribed to depolarization of the normally polarized hair-bearing ends of the hair cells and that stria vascularis is sensitive, while the hair-bearing ends of the hair cells are i...
A Ubiquitin Replacement Strategy in Human Cells Reveals Distinct Mechanisms of IKK Activation by TNFα and IL-1β

Lysine-63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination has emerged as a mechanism regulating diverse cellular functions, including activation of the protein kinase IKK in the NF-kappaB pathways. However, genetic evidence for a key role of K63 polyubiquitination in IKK activation is lacking. Here, we devise a tetracycline-inducible RNAi strategy to replace endogenous ubiquitin with a K63R mutant in a human cell line. We demonstrate that K63 of ubiquitin and the catalytic activity of Ubc13, an E2 that catalyzes K63 polyubiquitination, are required for IKK activation by IL-1beta, but surprisingly, not by TNFalpha. We further show that IKK activation by TNFalpha requires Ubc5, which functions with the E3 cIAP1 to catalyze polyubiquitination of RIP1 not restricted to K63 of ubiquitin. These results indicate that distinct ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms are employed for IKK activation by different pathways. The ubiquitin replacement methodology described here provides a means to investigate the function of polyubiquitin topology in various cellular processes.
Shoe inversion does not represent ankle inversion: A dynamic x-ray analysis of barefoot and shod cutting

Ankle injuries are common. These injuries are often the result of excessive inversion at the subtalar joint. Previous research measuring shoe motion suggests that inversion at the ankle during cutting is as high as 40 degrees. However, this does not seem possible without injury. Some researchers have cut holes in shoes to view foot motion directly; however, this compromises the integrity of the shoe and potentially changes ankle kinematics. During barefoot cutting, ankle inversion has been measured directly showing that there is little or no ankle inversion. It is not known how footwear affects ankle inversion inside the shoe during cutting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of footwear on ankle inversion during aggressive lateral cutting without compromising shoe integrity. This was done using a dynamic x-ray imaging technique to measure ankle and shoe inversion while barefoot and shod. It was hypothesised that during aggressive cutting: 1) maximum ankle inversion would be the same in...
Memory and Executive Function in Aging and AD: Multiple Factors that Cause Decline and Reserve Factors that Compensate

Memory decline in aging results from multiple factors that influence both executive function and the medial temporal lobe memory system. In advanced aging, frontal-striatal systems are preferentially vulnerable to white matter change, atrophy, and certain forms of neurotransmitter depletion. Frontal-striatal change may underlie mild memory difficulties in aging that are most apparent on tasks demanding high levels of attention and controlled processing. Through separate mechanisms, Alzheimer's disease preferentially affects the medial temporal lobe and cortical networks, including posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex early in its progression, often before clinical symptoms are recognized. Disruption of the medial temporal lobe memory system leads directly to memory impairment. Recent findings further suggest that age-associated change is not received passively. Reliance on reserve is emerging as an important factor that determines who ages gracefully and who declines rapidly. Functional imaging studies, in particular, suggest increased recruitment of brain areas in older adults that may reflect a form of compensation.
Capsule Commentary on Paradies et al., ‘A Systematic Review of the Extent and Measurement of Healthcare Provider Racism’

Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are well documented, although the reasons underlying them are complex and multidimensional.1 The 2002 IOM report, Unequal Treatment, has become the de facto recent reference point for compiling the reasons, mechanisms, and possible approaches to solving this vexing healthcare problem. It defines disparities as differences in the treatment that are not directly attributable to access-related factors, clinical needs, patient preferences, or appropriateness of intervention. Bias leading to discrimination is one of the root causes for disparities that is very difficult to confront as healthcare providers. Not all bias is intentional, conscious or directed at the individual.2 Discrimination research has emphasized that bias has a broader context that is not limited to interpersonal factors or encounters but also includes institutional, historic, and socially determined components with complex interplay in how individuals experience, internalize and react to bias.3,4 As healthcare providers we want to believe that bias is not something we do and has led to the ‘not-me-phenomenon,’ referring to clinician beliefs that disparities do exist but not in their own clinical practices. Unfortunately, prior research has demonstrated that physicians do have unconscious beliefs and behaviors that influence the clinical encounter through communication, evaluation and treatment decisions with lasting effects on patient morbidity and mortality.1–3 In this issue of JGIM, Pardies et al. present an important contribution to the discrimination research literature by focusing on provider bias.4 The article provides a thorough review between 1995 and 2012 including international studies, thus updating and expanding prior reviews. This article highlights several key areas for future research: the need to use multidimensional bias measurement scales; study of other bias-mediating emotions and attitudes (i.e., trust); undertaking longitudinal studies; studying all categories of healthcare providers, not just physicians; and developing interventions that address bias. There is no reason to lose hope. Prior research has demonstrated effective methods for increasing awareness and self-regulation of implicit biases.1,2 Cultural competence and patient-centered interviewing training have also been shown to be effective in addressing bias.1,2,5 In summary, the elimination of healthcare disparities is a high priority and addressing all its sources, including bias, is essential to fulfilling our professional goal of providing the highest quality of healthcare for all.
Operative vaginal delivery : Year 2000

Literature review was performed to analyze and define the current state of operative vaginal delivery. On the basis of published data, it is concluded that outlet and low forceps deliveries with 45 degrees. It is likely that operative deliveries involving > 45 degrees of rotation will be abandoned in the future. It is further recommended that The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988 forceps classification system be adopted for deliveries by vacuum extractors.