cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiocentric glioma mimicking encephalomalacia

Angiocentric glioma is a rare low-grade neoplasm of the central nervous system which typically presents with medication-refractory seizures in children and young adults. On magnetic resonance imaging, angiocentric glioma is classically T1 hypointense and T2/FLAIR hyperintense. We present the case of a 40-year-old male who had been followed by our institution for 17 years for management of epilepsy. Initial and repeat brain imaging showed an apparent region of cystic encephalomalacia in the right frontal lobe. In an attempt to control his seizures, the lesion was resected. Grossly, the cut surface of the specimen was characterized by multiple small cystic spaces. Microscopically, the lesion was composed of an infiltrative population of glial cells variably arranged in perivascular "pseudorosettes," nodules, and subpial "palisades." The final diagnosis was angiocentric glioma. This is the second reported case of an angiocentric glioma mistaken for encephalomalacia.
Exploring the List of Smallest Right-Angled Hyperbolic Polyhedra

An algorithm for determining the list of smallest volume right-angled hyperbolic polyhedra in dimension 3 is described. This algorithm has been implemented using the program Orb to compute volumes....
Tool development for digital reconstruction: A framework for a database of historic Roman construction materials

Abstract Despite the fact that digital reconstructions of historic structures and sites are a rich asset for understanding both humanistic and scientific facets of the past, tools to ease the generation of accurate models are lacking. This work presents an interactive database of historic Roman construction materials which was designed specifically for the purposes of aiding in digital reconstructions. For the scope of this work, only ancient Roman timber and stone construction materials were agglomerated. However, the framework for the database was constructed so that it could be easily expanded to other geographic locations, materials, and time periods. Based on the results of a survey, the user interface and schema for the database were developed. The information in the database can be searched in two main ways: (1) a user can click on an interactive geographic map to find pertinent materials if they know their location and (2) a user can search for where a material was found based on its name. Additionally, the database was generated in a flexible manner so that new information can be added by registered users. This promotes further development of the database and encourages future tools for digital reconstruction to be designed in a similarly dynamic manner.
Second-Generation Synthesis of the Northern Fragment of Mandelalide A: Role of π-Stacking on Sharpless Dihydroxylation of cis-Enynes

The development of a π-stacking-based approach for increased stereoselectivity in Sharpless asymmetric and diastereomeric dihydroxylation of cis-enynes is disclosed. The use of neighboring, electron-rich benzoate esters proved key to the success of this process. Density functional theory study suggests that the substrate benzoate ester group rigidifies the dihydroxylation transition states by forming a favorable π-stacking interaction in both Major-TS and Minor-TS. The energetic preference for the Major-TS was found in part because of the favorable eclipsing conformation of the alkene substituent as opposed to the disfavored bisecting conformation found in the Minor-TS. The application to a second-generation synthesis of the C15-C24 northern portion of mandelalide A is demonstrated.
Active and Passive Monovalent Ion Transport Association with Membrane Antigens in Sheep Red Cells: a Molecular Riddle

The occurrence in the animal kingdom of species (ruminants, canines) with red blood cells (RBCs) containing different concentrations of K+ and Na+ has fascinated a number of laboratories over the past century. One of the great discoveries in biology and physiology is the fact that active and passive cation transport necessary for the maintenance of the different cation steady states in ruminant RBCs is associated with membrane surface antigens through which the respective antibodies, by classic antigen/antibody reactions, modify transport. In particular, the sheep RBC system has served as a useful model to seek similar associations in other species, and in human pathophysiology, as reviewed earlier (Lauf 1975, 1978; Ellory and Tucker 1983; Dunham 1990).
Pricing and Liquidity in Over-the-Counter Markets

I show that if dealers are averse to holding inventory, then prices, liquidity, and dealers' inventory positions depend on inventory costs in negotiated over-the-counter markets. The solution to my dynamic equilibrium model rationalizes the following stylized facts in the US corporate bond market:(i) a reduction in dealers' inventories during crises;(ii) a reduction in average trade size since the onset of the financial crisis and tighter regulatory environment;(iii) better prices for customers to buy than sell in the financial crisis;(iv) a generally negative relationship between transaction costs and trade size.The results inform debate on the Volcker Rule.
Strain-dependent luminescence and piezoelectricity in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides

The modification of optical and electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides via mechanical deformation has been widely studied. Their ability to withstand large deformations before rupture has enabled large tunability of the bandgap, and further, the spatially varying strain has been shown to control the spatial distribution of the bandgap and lead to effects such as carrier funneling. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit a significant piezoelectric effect that could couple to a spatially inhomogeneous strain distribution to influence electronic and optical behavior. We investigate both experimentally and theoretically an example case of photoluminescence in structures with a strain distribution similar to that employed in single-photon emitters but generated here via nanoindentation. Using a mechanical model for strain induced by nanoindentation, we show that piezoelectricity can result in charge densities reaching 1012 e/cm2 and can generate electrostatic potential variations on the order of ±0.1 V across the suspended monolayer. We analyze the implications of these results for luminescence and exciton transport in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides with spatially varying strain.
Economic Coordination within Emergent Institutional Ecologies: Transcending a Theoretical Antinomy

Economic theory contains a significant theoretical antinomy. Markets secure coordination in self-organized fashion. In contrast, polities secure coordination through planning and administration. This is accomplished analytically by collapsing all political entities within a society into a single entity denoted as "government." Doing this is to commit what Mitchel Resnick (1994) called the "centralized mindset," which is to attribute an observed order to some ordering agent. This paper seeks to dissolve this antinomy by explaining how the same coordinative principles are at work throughout a society. All societies operate in generally coordinated fashion, even though there is wide divergence in the qualities of such coordination due to different institutional arrangements at work in the same society. This paper sets forth an approach to explaining coordination throughout a societal ecology where that coordination is achieved through different forms of transaction, some mutually beneficial and some parasitical.
Excess death among Latino people in California during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Latinos in the US are experiencing higher excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic than any other racial/ethnic group, but it is unclear which subgroups within this diverse population are most affected. Such information is necessary to target policies and programs that prevent further excess mortality and reduce inequities. Methods: Using death certificate data for January 1, 2016 through February 29, 2020 and time-series models, we estimated the expected weekly deaths among Latinos in California from March 1 through October 3, 2020. We quantified excess mortality as observed minus expected deaths and risk ratios (RR) as the ratio of observed to expected deaths. We considered subgroups defined by age, sex, place of birth, education, occupation, and combinations of these factors. Results: During the first seven months of the pandemic, Latino deaths in California exceeded expected deaths by 10,304, a 31% increase. Excess death rates were greatest for individuals born in Mexico (RR 1.44; 95% PI, 1.41, 1.48) or Central America (RR 1.49; 95% PI, 1.37, 1.63), with less than a high school degree (RR 1.41; 95% PI, 1.35, 1.46), or in manufacturing (RR 1.62; 95% PI, 1.52, 1.72) or food-and-agriculture occupations (RR 1.50; 95% PI, 1.40, 1.61). Disparities in excess death by place of birth and education were magnified among Latinos in essential occupations. Conclusions: Foreign-birth, low formal education, and work in an essential sector put some Latinos in California at higher risk of death during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions should reduce the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on Latino immigrants and Latinos in unsafe working conditions; these may include early vaccination, workplace safety enforcement, and expanded access to medical care.
Truth or Deception: The Impact of Videoconferencing for Job Interviews

During the experiment, 28 “interviewers” each interviewed two different “applicants,” where one was deceptive and the other told the truth. Half of the interviews were done face-to-face and half using desktop video-conferencing equipment. When forced to compare and choose who was more honest between the two applicants, interviewers were accurate in their choice. A significant direct effect of medium on detection of deception was not found. However, communication medium affected perceived eye contact and mental workload, both of which were found to significantly affect detection accuracy. This study will be of interest to companies beginning to use videoconferencing for job interviews and to scholars engaged in research on person perception in the video context.
Impact of center donor acceptance patterns on utilization of extended-criteria donors and outcomes.

BACKGROUND This study investigated the impact of transplanting center donor acceptance patterns on usage of extended-criteria donors (ECDs) and posttransplant outcomes following orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). METHODS The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was queried to identify heart donor offers and adult, isolated OHT recipients in the United States from January 1, 2013 to October 17, 2018. Centers were stratified into three equal-size terciles based on donor heart acceptance rates ( 20.2%). Overall survival was compared between recipients of ECDs (≥40 years, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 20.2%) more frequently accepted donors with LVEF 500 miles from the transplanting center (each p < .001). Posttransplant survival was comparable across all three terciles (p = .11). One- and five-year survival were also similar across terciles when examining recipients of all five ECD factors. Acceptance tier and increasing acceptance rate were not found to have any impact on mortality in multivariable modeling. Of ECD factors, only age ≥40 years was found to have increased hazards for mortality (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.46; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Of recipients of ECD hearts, outcomes are similar across center-acceptance terciles. Educating less aggressive programs to increase donor acceptance and ECD utilization may yield higher national rates of OHT without major impact on outcomes.
Active and passive damping patches on a thin rectangular plate: A refined analytical model with experimental validation

Abstract Concurrent placement of active and passive damping is an emerging area of research, though tractable analytical solutions to address such problems for plate-like structures are not readily available. Accordingly, a new analytical model is proposed using a Rayleigh–Ritz scheme for a thin elastic plate with side-by-side active and passive damping patches. Frequency-dependent properties of passive patch viscoelastic material are included in the formulation. The comprehensive model is found to be valid for the cases of either passive or active patches, as well as the combined case. The proposed formulation is verified with a commercial finite element code, and experiments are performed for limiting cases to validate proposed theory and results. The effect of passive patch location on modal loss factor and on the response due to a harmonic disturbance is analytically determined. The phase interaction between the active patches and the disturbance input, including the effect of damping on the required control parameters, is quantified. Finally, the side-by-side combination of active and passive damping is found to yield improved vibration reduction and to enhance the efficacy of active control.
Attention and Construal in Figure-Ground Organization

Several directions can be taken within the study of the domains of attention. Indeed, whether or not these domains are acknowledged as belonging to the same single cognitive system of attention is another distinction which cuts across the range of approaches to studying attention. This survey, within the context of the enterprise of cognitive linguistics, takes the view that attention is a comprehensive and cohesive system accounting for the entire range of valid attentional phenomena. As a further focus, this survey attends to the specifics of salience in Figure-Ground organization in both perception and the ensuing linguistic encoding of perception in speech and text to serve the function of establishing shared attention to serve communicative functions. Additionally, several case studies are presented to illustrate: 1) the necessity of joint attention in communication relying on figure-ground distinction, 2) the multiplex nature of visual grounds, 3) ground-before-figure in situations of failed communication with cataphora recognized as anaphora, and 4) ground-before-figure in hip-hop lyrics.
Higher survival at low density counteracts lower fecundity to obviate Allee effects in a perennial plant

Summary 1. At low densities, plants may produce fewer seeds than at high densities, due to reduced pollinator visits or reduced receipt of compatible pollen. In principle, lower seed production could lead to an Allee effect (a decline in the population growth rate with declining density), which, if severe, could cause the population to decline to extinction when recruitment is insufficient to replace dying individuals. 2. However, plants at low density may also grow or survive better than those at high densities, due to release from intraspecific competition. Few studies have examined the combined effects on plant population dynamics of positive density dependence in fecundity and negative density dependence in survival or growth. 3. To do so, we parameterized a density-dependent population projection matrix model for Piriqueta caroliniana, a widespread sandhill plant that often occurs at low density, using data from a demographic study of natural populations and from field experiments testing for effects of density on fecundity, growth and survival. We then tested for an Allee effect when various combinations of positive and negative density dependence are included in the model. 4. The model exhibits an Allee effect when only positive density dependence in fecundity is included, but when negative density dependence in survival is added, the Allee effect disappears. Thus the increase in survival as density declines overwhelms the effect of declining fecundity on the population growth rate. This occurs because survival has a greater influence on the population growth rate than fecundity (as measured by vital rate elasticities), increasingly so as density declines. 5. Synthesis. Our results caution against considering only declining fecundity at low density. We show that survival may increase at low densities, and will often have stronger effects on population growth than does fecundity, especially for perennial plants. Of course, reproductive failure and population collapse must eventually occur as the density of any non-selfing species approaches zero, or if pollinator abundance falls to low levels.
d-Amino Acid Oxidase III. STUDIES OF FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE BINDING

Abstract A recently described spectrophotometric assay for d-amino acid oxidase was used to study the inhibition of the enzyme by a series of adenine and flavin derivatives. AMP, ADP, and ADP-ribose inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to FAD. No instantaneous inhibition was observed with flavin derivatives. These inhibition studies indicated that the adenosine moiety and the pyrophosphate group of the FAD molecule contributed to the effective binding of FAD to d-amino acid oxidase. The isoalloxazine moiety of FAD appears to be less tightly bound than the adenosine moiety. FMN and riboflavin were found to inactivate the d-amino acid oxidase apoenzyme by a time-dependent photochemical process. This photoinactivation of the enzyme in the presence of flavin derivatives is enhanced by the adenine compounds. The various forms of d-amino acid oxidase were studied by gel filtration. This technique indicated that the apoenzyme form and holoenzyme form each have a molecular weight of approximately 50,000. This value corresponds to the minimum molecular weight calculated per FAD-binding site. The benzoate complex at low protein concentrations was found to contain a 50,000 molecular weight species and a 100,000 molecular weight species. At higher concentrations, the benzoate complex was found to exist entirely as the dimer.
Success rates of nasolacrimal duct probing at time intervals after 1 year of age.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to determine the success rate of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction after 1 year of age. Design A record review. Participants and intervention Two hundred fifty-two patients with 303 obstructed nasolacrimal ducts underwent probing and irrigation by the author between 1971 and 1997 while under brief general anesthesia. Main outcome measures Successful outcome of probing was defined as absence of tearing and discharge in the affected eye. Results The overall cure rate in all patients was 92%, varying from 88.9% to 96.8% at different age intervals up to and beyond 3 years of age. Chi-square analysis showed no significant change in cure rate with increasing age. Conclusion Probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction beyond 1 year of age is highly successful, and the cure rate does not vary significantly at intervals of increasing age.
Footprints of the Global South

The word “footprint” surfaced in the English language as early as 1552 to refer to “the print or impression left by the foot”, especially “a fossilized one.” By 1971, more than two hundred years later, the word was used to convey “the area within which a broadcast signal from a particular source can be received”, and by 1979 footprint was associated with ecology, signifying “an environmental consequence of human activity in terms of pollution, damage to ecosystems, and depletion of natural resources” (Oxford English Dictionary 1989 ). That the etymology of “footprint” is associated with inscription, transmission, and ecology positions it as an apt term for conceptualizing and analyzing the material effects of global communication satellites. Few, if any, critical theorists have used the term footprint, but the word has been invoked in relation to Jacques Derrida’s discussion of the trace . In her translator’s preface to Of Grammatology Gayatri Spivak points out in relation to Derrida’s use of the trace that “the French word carries strong implications of track, imprint, footprint” (Spivak 1976 , p. xv). The trace is linked to the fundamental assumptions of Derrida’s “metaphysics of erasure” – that everything is “always already inhabited by the track of something that is not itself” (Spivak 1976 , p. lxix). For Derrida the trace is the footprint of difference . In this chapter the footprint is a concept for exploring the historical emergences and material effects of communication satellites. A satellite footprint not only marks the absence of the satellite’s presence, it serves as a trace of a multitude of resources that the satellite relies upon for its development and operation, resources that are fundamental yet are invisible in the satellite’s remote and seamless operation such as heavy metals, synthetic materials, clean rooms, labor, transport systems, pyrotechnics, risk scenarios, insurance policies, solar power, orbital slots, earth stations, geopolitical strategies, and so on. The footprint is a trace of the satellite’s earthliness, a spectre of its deep embeddedness in the raw materials and matters of life on earth.
Reversible Light-Activation of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Isolated Barley Protoplasts and Chloroplasts

The enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase displayed near-maximal activity in isolated, intact barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Pennrad) mesophyll protoplasts. The carboxylase deactivated 40 to 50% in situ when protoplasts were dark-incubated 20 minutes in air-equilibrated solutions. Enzyme activity was fully restored after 1 to 2 minutes of light. Addition of 5 millimolar NaHCO3 to the incubation medium prevented dark-inactivation of the carboxylase. There was no permanent CO2-dependent activation of the protoplast carboxylase either in light or dark. Activation of the carboxylase from ruptured protoplasts was not increased significantly by in vitro preincubation with CO2 and Mg2+. In contrast to the enzyme in protoplasts, the carboxylase in intact barley chloroplasts was not fully reactivated by light at atmospheric CO2 levels. The lag phase in carbon assimilation was not lengthened by dark-adapting protoplasts to low CO2 demonstrating that light-activation of the carboxylase was not involved in photosynthetic induction. Irradiance response curves for reactivation of the the carboxylase and for CO2 fixation by isolated barley protoplasts were similar. The above results show that there was a fully reversible light-activation of the carboxylase in isolated barley protoplasts at physiologically significant CO2 levels.
Day-to-day variation of the urine protein: Creatinine ratio in female dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria caused by X-linked hereditary nephropathy

Background:Interpretation of serial urine protein: creatinine (UPC) values is confounded by a lack of data regarding random biologic variation of UPC values in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria. Hypothesis:That there is minimal day-to-day variability in the UPC of dogs with unchanging proteinuria and the number of measurements needed to reliably estimate UPC varies with the magnitude of proteinuria. Animals:Forty-eight heterozygous (carrier) female dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) causing stable proteinuria. Methods:Urine samples were obtained daily by cystocentesis for 3 consecutive days on 183 occasions (549 samples). The UPC was measured for each sample with a single dry-film chemistry auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed retrospectively by a power of the mean model because the variance of UPC values within the 3-day evaluation periods increased as the magnitude of proteinuria increased. Results:To demonstrate a significant difference (P < .05) between serial values in these proteinuric dogs, the UPC must change by at least 35% at high UPC values (near 12) and 80% at low UPC values (near 0.5). One measurement is adequate to reliably estimate the UPC when UPC < 4, but 2–5 determinations are necessary at higher UPC values. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These guidelines for interpretation of serial UPC values in female dogs with XLHN may also be helpful for interpretation of UPC values in dogs with other glomerulopathies.
Maximation of the signal-to-interference ratio for a doubly spread target: Problems in nonlinear programming☆

Abstract Three optimization problems concerning the maximization of the signal-to-interference ratio for a doubly spread target via signal design are expressed in terms of equivalent nonlinear programming problems defined on a real space by restricting the transmit and processing waveforms to be complex weighted, uniformly spaced pulse trains. Each subpulse can be different in shape and occupy the entire interpulse spacing interval. The approach taken is analogous to the Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The first two optimization problems involve maximization with respect to the complex weights, The third problem involves maximization with respect to the subpulse parameters (e.g., frequency deviation, swept bandwidth, etc.) and allows one to find optimum frequency hop codes. One need not develop algorithms to solve these problems, but rather, one can simply use standard computer programs or methods which are available for solving nonlinear programming problems.
Day of surgery admission for the elective surgical in-patient: successful implementation of the Elective Surgery Programme

Background and aims The aim of this prospective cross-sectional study was to determine the impact of (1) ring fencing in-patient general surgical beds and (2) introducing a pre-operative assessment clinic (PAC) on the day of surgery admission (DOSA) rate in a single Irish institution. The secondary aim was to analyse the impact of an increased rate of DOSA on cost efficiency and patient satisfaction.
Producing ‘prehistoric’ life: Conservation breeding and the remaking of wildlife genealogies

Abstract The giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands, a species Charles Darwin called ‘antediluvian,’ are the focus of one of the world’s most successful conservation breeding programs. This paper explores the paradox of the breeding program, examining how ‘prehistoric’ life has been actively produced through nearly a century of work by scientists and conservationists dedicated to saving this endangered species. It traces the story of one giant tortoise, Diego, who was collected from the archipelago in the 1930s, lived in an colony at the San Diego Zoo for forty years, and returned to the Galapagos in 1977, where he became the star stud of the breeding program. I argue that the giant tortoises are not icons of a ‘pristine’ evolutionary history, but are the product of genealogies that enfold management practices in the bodies and bloodlines of wildlife. The paper focuses on the assemblages of reproduction at the center of these genealogies, drawing attention to the multiple agencies and spatialities that emerge in practices of experimentation – first at the zoo, where keepers struggled to keep the giant tortoise colony alive and healthy, and then in the Galapagos, where conservationists were eventually able to gain enough control over tortoise reproduction to standardize and replicate breeding practices. The case extends readings of conservation as a field of nonhuman biopolitics by attending to the production of wildlife itself as a strategy that facilitates the reproduction of conservation and tourism in the archipelago.
Extracting Schematic-Like Information from CMOS Circuit Net-Lists

A global circuit structure is established from the circuit net-list based on knowledge about CMOS circuits. This approach first partitions the circuit network and then assigns signal flow directions accordingly. The information obtained is absent in the net-list but explicitly present in schematic diagrams. Such interpretation of a circuit network can provide extra heuristics to assist in various CMOS circuit design tasks.
Senior-centered design of health information architecture

A series of senior-centered design experiments were used to define the best-fitting web hierarchy for health information for seniors are reported.Three experiments were performed, namely card sorting, category identification and category labeling. The card sorting experiment's results show that senior participants grouped items conceptually on the higher categorization level but were influenced by literal words found in the link names when grouping items at a finer categorizations deeper down the hierarchy. The category identification and category labeling experiments' results suggests the importance of involving users to properly label the link and group names.
Antagonistic Interactions of Adenosine and Prostaglandin 2α Modulate Acute Responses of Luteal Cells to Luteinizing Hormone

In dispersed rat luteal cells in short term incubation (90 min), adenosine amplified cAMP accumulation and progesterone secretion in repsonse to LH in a dose-dependent manner. In the absence of LH, only a small effect of adenosine was seen. For LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation, amplifcation was seen with doses as low as 1 μM adenosine, and the ED50 for adenosine was about 25 μM. Adenosine (50 μM) had little effect on ED50 of LH (150 ng/ml) for stimulation of cAMP accumulation, but increased the maximal response to LH (1 μg/ml) by more than 10-fold. For LH-stimulated progesterone secretion, adenosine decreased the ED50 for LH (30 ng/ml) by 2-fold and increased the maximum response to LH (100 ng/ml) by about 1.3-fold. Luteal cells obtained from ovaries 4 days after ovulation were much more responsive to LH than identically treated cells obtained 11 days after ovulation. Amplification of luteal cell responses to LH by adenosine also showed a marked inverse relationship with cell age. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)...
Local convergence of inexact Newton-like-iterative methods and applications

Abstract We provide local convergence results in affine form for inexact Newton-like as well as quasi-Newton iterative methods in a Banach space setting. We use hypotheses on the second or on the first and second Frechet-derivative of the operator involved. Our results allow a wider choice of starting points since our radius of convergence can be larger than the corresponding one given in earlier results using hypotheses on the first-Frechet-derivative only. A numerical example is provided to illustrate this fact. Our results apply when the method is, for example, a difference Newton-like or update-Newton method. Furthermore, our results have direct applications to the solution of autonomous differential equations.
Book Review: The Flaming Feet and Other Essays: The Dalit Movement in India

D.R. Nagaraj, The Flaming Feet and Other Essays: The Dalit Movement in India, ed. Prithvi Datta and Chandra Shobhi, Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2010, pp. 254.
A new solitary wave solution for water waves with surface tension

In this paper we show that when the Froude number is less than but close to 1 and the Bond number is greater than but close to 1/3 there exists a new solitary wave solution for surface waves on water with surface tension. An approximate expression for the new solitary wave solution, which satisfies a fourth order ordinary differential equation and represents a wave of depression is presented.
Leading and Managing from the Middle

The editors of the Journal of College and Character welcome Larry Roper as contributing editor of the Ethical Issues on Campus section of JCC. In his continuing column, he examines ethical issues on campus and offers reflections on how such issues can be approached and resolved. Roper is Vice Provost for Student Affairs at Oregon State University, where he also teaches courses in the Community College Leadership and College Student Services Administration programs. He served as senior scholar with the American College Personnel Association and editor of the Journal of the National Association of Student Personal Administrators. He was previously the principal investigator and project director for a Kellogg Foundation grant for the Leadership for Institutional Change in Higher Education Initiati
Nanostructured silicon electrodes for solid-state 3-d rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract This paper presents 3-D MEMS-fabricated lithium rechargeable batteries relying on structured silicon rods as anodes in order to increase the effective electrode surface area. A new method of fabricating silicon micro/nano rod arrays with controllable diameters in the range of 300–8000 nm is proposed. Different sizes of silicon rod-arrays as anodes were successfully incorporated into an all-solid-state battery construction. The structured architecture of the silicon electrodes allowed for a heightened surface area as well as improvement in cycle life and capacity over comparable planar electrodes. Structured rod array electrodes showed a first cycle coulombic efficiency over 80% which is more than double that of conventional powder composite silicon electrodes. Galvanostatic cycling of structured silicon rod electrodes showed highly reversible capacity for high current densities. Variation of rod diameter and current density revealed that decreasing the rod diameter leads to higher capacity and more stable cycling of batteries.
Structure and bonding in boron carbide: The invincibility of imperfections

Boron carbide, usually described as B4C, has the mysterious ability to accommodate a large variation in carbon composition (to as much as B10C) without undergoing a basic structural change. We systematically explore how the bonding varies with carbon concentration in this structure and the origin of the fundamental electron deficiency of the phase. As the carbon concentration is reduced, we find that the exo-polyhedral BEq–C bonds of the icosahedra in the structure become increasingly engaged in multiple bonding, and the repulsive steric interactions between the bulky B12 units surrounding the carbon atom are reduced. The short bond lengths observed within the three-atom C–B–C chains are then due to substantial π-bonding, while the carbon deficiency weakens its σ-framework significantly. We conclude that the idealized framework of boron carbide has to expel some electrons in order to maximize its bonding; disorder in the structure is an inevitable consequence of this partial oxidation. The localization of electronic states arising from the disorder leads to the semiconducting nature of boron carbide throughout its composition range.
Comparison of reagents for shape analysis of fixed cells by automated fluorescence microscopy.

Background Cell size and shape have been implicated as potentiators of intracellular signaling events and as indicators of abnormal cell behavior. Automated microscopy and image analysis can provide quantitative information about the size and shape of cultured cells, but it requires that the edge of a cell be clearly identified. Generating adequate contrast at the edge of thin well-spread cells can be challenging. Methods We compared six (five chemically reactive and one lipophilic) fluorescent molecules—5-chloromethyl fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA, CellTracker green), fluorescein-5-maleimide, fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, 5(6)-carboxy fluorescein-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester, and N-fluorescein-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine—for their effectiveness as stains for automated morphology analysis of fixed cells. Results Formaldehyde-fixed rat aortic smooth muscle cells stained with fluorescein-5-maleimide or FITC exhibited an average intensity that was at least twofold greater than cells stained with CMFDA even when subjected to a 25-fold shorter exposure time. Cell area determined with the higher intensity stains was less sensitive to threshold settings during automated cell morphology analysis. Conclusion A procedure that includes the use of fluorescein-5-maleimide or FITC for staining fixed cell provides sensitivity sufficient to permit rapid, automated, morphologic analysis of well-spread fixed cells. Cytometry Part A 52A:90–100, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flame Emission Instrument for Selectively Monitoring Fe 2 O 3 Aerosol in Animal Exposure Chambers

An instrument employing the principle of flame emission spectrophotometry has been constructed to selectively monitor the mass concentration of Fe2O3 aerosol in animal exposure chambers. The instrument was calibrated ever the range from 0.3 to 1.6 mg/m3, and the maximum sensitivity was found to be about 0.3 μg of Fe2O3 aerosol per cubic meter of air.
Dendritic homopolymers and block copolymers: Tuning the morphology and properties

The synthesis and characterization of dendritic homopolymers and block copolymers of ϵ-caprolactone and lactide (L-lactide and racemic lactide) were performed with multifunctional initiators in combination with living polymerization and the selective placement of branching junctures in a divergent growth strategy. A hexahydroxy-functional 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid derivative was used as an initiator for the stannous-2-ethylhexanoate-catalyzed living ring-opening polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone, L-lactide, and racemic L,D-lactide. Branching junctions at the chain ends were introduced with benzylidene-protected 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid. Subsequent generations were then polymerized, after deprotection, from these star-shaped macroinitiators. Successive chain end capping and initiation produced three generations of polymers with molecular weights in excess of 130,000 g/mol and narrow polydispersities (<1.20). It was possible to prepare diblock and triblock copolymers with phase-separated morphologies, and with L-lactide or D,L-lactide, semicrystalline and amorphous morphologies were demonstrated. The polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The compositions of the block copolymers and the conformational structures of the optically active polymers were also confirmed by optical rotation measurements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1174–1188, 2004
Analytical model to predict annual soil surface temperature variation

An analytical model is developed to predict the annual variation of soil surface temperature from readily available weather data and soil thermal properties. The time variation is approximated by a first harmonic function characterized by an average, an amplitude, and a phase lag. A parametric analysis is presented to determine the effect of various factors such as evaporation, soil absorptivity, and soil convective properties on soil surface temperature. A comparison of the model predictions with experimental data is presented. The comparative analysis indicates that the simplified model predicts soil surface temperatures within ten percent of measured data for five locations.
Nondestructive evaluation methods used in Space Shuttle structural inspections

Standard nondestructive (NDE) methods, borescope, x ray, dye penetrant, ultrasonic, and eddy current are used to detect flaws generated from the extreme environments that the Space Shuttles encounter. Each of the four space shuttles, Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour, are required to have a structural inspection performed at the Rockwell Space System Division, Palmdale facility. This paper describes the NDE methods used at Palmdale during the orbiter maintenance down period (OMDP) of the Space Shuttle Atlantis.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is Interdisciplinarity the New Theory? Recent Studies on Guillaume de Machaut and His Songs

Guillaume de Machaut: Secretary, Poet, Musician. By Elizabeth Eva Leach. Cornell University Press. 2011.A Companion to Guillaume de Machaut. Edited by Deborah Mcgrady and Jennifer Bain. Brill. 2012...
Micromechanisms of Dynamic Crack Propagation in an AISI 4340 Steel

The present work is aimed at understanding the micromechanisms of dynamic crack growth at room temperature and a low temperature (−100°C) in an AISI 4340 steel studied by Ravichandran and Clifton. For this purpose, a fractographic and metallographic examination of the specimens used by Ravichandran and Clifton was carried out. Results showed that the steel contained an appreciable amount of upper bainite (about 15%). The study suggests that dynamic crack propagation in the 4340 steel occurs in two stages, i.e. nucleation of microcracks in the upper bainite followed by propagation of these microcracks into the surrounding martensite. At low temperatures, failure of the martensite occurs by cleavage whereas, at room temperature, it occurs by shear localization, leading to microvoid growth and coalescence. At both temperatures, bainitic microcracks serve as failure initiation sites and reduce the dynamic fracture toughness of the steel.
Calculation of column performance in nitrate removal from water supplies by anion exchange.

Contamination of drinking water supplies by nitrate from agricultural run-off is a serious environmental problem and health hazard. The present communication addresses calculation of column performance in such operations on the basis of independently determined parameters. The present communication demonstrates calculation of the entire effluent history, based on a recent extension of the original theory. The theory as presented postulates local equilibrium and absence of dispersive effects and so gives no information on the sharpness of the breakthrough waves
The Influence of Computer-Mediated Communication Systems on Community

As higher education institutions enter the intense competition of the rapidly growing global marketplace of online education, the leaders within these institutions are challenged to identify factors critical for developing and for maintaining effective online courses. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) systems are considered critical to successful online courses. Using the Community of Inquiry framework, this study examined the use of CMC systems. Results suggested no significant difference in social presence, cognitive presence or teaching presence between the online students who used only asynchronous CMC systems and those who used a combination of both asynchronous and synchronous CMC systems; however, students' comments suggest that the use of a combination of synchronous and asynchronous CMC systems may increase their sense of community in the online environment.
N-cyclohexylethyl-N-noroxymorphindole: a μ-Opioid preferring analogue of naltrindole

The position of the indole in the indolomorphinans, which includes the delta opioid antagonist naltrindole, is considered to be responsible for the delta opioid selectivity for this class of ligands. Herein is described the N-cyclohexylethyl substituted N-nor-derivative, which is shown to be mu preferring. Thus, the nature of the N-substituent is equally important to the receptor selectivity for this class of ligands.
Extreme k -families

Let P be a poset. A subset A of P is a k-family iff A contains no (k + 1)-element chain. For i ⩾ 1, let Ai be the set of elements of A at depth i − 1 in A. The k-families of P can be ordered by defining A ⩽ B iff, for all i, Ai is included in the order ideal generated by Bi. This paper examines minimal r-element k-families, defined as k-families A such that |A| = r and for every B < A, |B| < r. Minimal k-families are related to maximal r-antichains and an operation called Sperner closure, which have been used to obtain extremal results for families of sets with width restrictions. Let Mk,r be the set of minimal r-element k-families and let Mk = ∪r ≥ 0 Mk,r. It is shown that Mk is a join-subsemilattice by the lattice Ak of k-families. Mk is a lower semimodular lattice, where the rth rank is given by Mk,r. If wk is the maximum size of a k-family, then |Mk,r| ⩽ (wrk)and |∪Mk| ⩽ Σi = 1wk ⌈i/k⌉. Let D(A) = max{|B| − |A| | B is a k-family and B ⩽ A}. For k-families A and B, D(A v B) ⩽ D(A) + D(B). This result shows that {A | D(A) = 0} is also a join-subsemilattice of Ak.
On the quality of services in encounters: An agency perspective

Abstract A fundamental production unit of service organizations is the face-to-face encounter between the service employee and clients/customers. Although service encounters have been analyzed in the literature, such analyses have been limited because they are primarily based on the rudiments of exchange theory. Here, the service encounters is analyzed by combining organization theory with agency theory, showing the crucial factors that affect quality service in dyadic interactions between service providers and clients/customers.
A Field Ion Microscope Study of Neutron Irradiated Tungsten

A study of the damage introduced into tungsten by fast neutrons using field ion microscopy, is described. This consisted of examining the type of damage as reflected in the vacancy content of the material and the removal of the vacancy content after various annealing treatments. Evidence is presented which shows that vacancies are removed from tungsten in stage IV. The observations also indicate the presence of depleted zones in the irradiated tungsten. Das Strahlungsdamage durch schnelle Neutronen in Wolfram wird mit dem Feld-Ionen-mikroskop untersucht. Dabei wird gefunden, das sich der Typ des Damage im Luckengehalt des Materials widerspiegelt und das sich die Lucken durch verschiedene Temperungsbehandlungen beseitigen lassen. Es wird der Hinweis gegeben, das die Lucken aus Wolfram im Zustand IV entfernt werden. Die Untersuchungen zeigen auserdem die Anwesenheit von Verarmungsgebieten im bestrahlten Wolfram.
Spanning balanced trees in Boolean cubes

A Spanning Balancedn-tree (SBnT) in a Boolean n-cube is a spanning tree in which the root has fanout n, and all the subtrees of the root have $O({{2^n } / n})$ nodes. The number of tree edges in each dimension of the n-cube is of order $O({{2^n } / n})$. The spanning balanced n-tree allows for scheduling disciplines that realize lower bound (within a factor of two) one-to-all personalized communication, all-to-all broadcasting, and all-to-all personalized communication on a Boolean n-cube [C.-T. Ho and S. L. Johnsson, Proc. 1986 International Conference on Parallel Processing, pp. 640–648, IEEE Computer Society, 1986; Tech. Report YALEU/DCS/RR–483, May 1986], [S. L. Johnsson and C.-T. Ho, Tech. Report YALEU/DCS/RR–610, Dept. of Computer Science, Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, November 1987]. The improvement in data transfer time over the familiar binomial tree routing is a factor of ${n / 2}$ for concurrent communication on all ports and one-to-all personalized communication and all-to-all broadcasting. For all-to-all personalized communication on all ports concurrently, the improvement is of order $O(\sqrt n )$. Distributed routing algorithms defining the spanning balanced n-tree are given. The balanced n-tree is not unique, and a few definitions of n-trees that are effectively edge-disjoint are provided. Some implementation issues are also discussed.Binary numbers obtained from each other through rotation form necklaces that are full if the period is equal to the length of the number; otherwise, they are degenerate. As an intermediary result, it is shown that the ratio between the number of degenerate necklaces and the total number of necklaces with l bits equal to one is at most ${4 / {(4 + n)}}$ for $1 \leqq l < n$.
Comparison of Temporal Artery to Rectal Temperature Measurements in Children Up to 24 Months

This descriptive study compared temporal artery (TA) and rectal temperature measurements, patient comfort during temperature measurements, and nursing time required to obtain temperature measurements. Study participants ( n = 40) included children 0–24 months old with fever higher than 38°C, admitted to a freestanding children's hospital in the Midwest. Statistical analysis of 450 paired TA and rectal temperature measurements revealed a 0.776 correlation, mean difference of 0.03°C, and 94.7% of measurements differing by less than 1.0°C. Patient comfort, measured via the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale, was enhanced with TA thermometry compared to rectal. TA thermometry resulted in an 87% savings of nursing time.