cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Social Media for Clinician Training and Practice

Abstract In this book chapter, we aim to emphasize the opportunities that exist for educators and practitioners to use social media tools and data for clinician education and clinical practice. We begin with an overview of social media by defining the term, provide specific examples of how social media is used in the context of healthcare, and discuss pros and cons. We then proceed to discuss the opportunities, which are divided into two main sections, the opportunities related to teaching and learning and those related to practice. The chapter ends with concluding comments challenging educators and practitioners to play a leadership role in helping students and patients learn how to use social media and understand its impact. Social media usage continues on its upward trajectory across the world and will be ubiquitous in years to come. Educators and practitioners should continue to promote use and communicate the cons while thinking innovatively about the possibilities that lie ahead.
Systemic Racism and Anti-Haitian Racism: Challenges and Opportunities

The authors demonstrate that systemic racism theory can be utilized to explain and confront anti-Haitian racism. The main argument is that systemic racism theory is exportable because it provides a framework from which the historical, structural-institutional, and ideological can be articulated in a coherent and integrated way. Systemic racism’s argued plausible exportability lies in its ability to link anti-Haitian racism to the dynamics of power, hegemony, and material interests, past and present practices of the state and government and societal institutions, and different dimensions and forms of discrimination. It also provides a structural standpoint for identifying and challenging racial oppression. The chapter establishes connections between systemic racism and the white racial frame, shedding light on the mechanisms through which anti-Haitian oppression is legitimized and maintained.
Linear Stability of Moist Convecting Atmospheres. Part I: From Linear Response Functions to a Simple Model and Applications to Convectively Coupled Waves

AbstractA procedure is presented to systematically construct simple models for the linear stability of moist convecting atmospheres. First, linear response functions of a cumulus ensemble construct...
A Preoperative Educational Video Improves Patient Satisfaction and Perceived Knowledge, but Not Patient Understanding for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Surgeon-Blinded Study

BackgroundThe complexity of total joint arthroplasty warrants significant patient counseling, and some surgeons are utilizing multimedia to aid in preoperative education. Our aim was to assess the ...
Epidemiology of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in the United States: Athletic and Nonathletic Injuries From 2012 to 2016.

Background:Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures are one of the most common tendon ruptures, but there have been no studies investigating these injuries in the United States (US) using data representative ...
Lifeworld analysis

We argue that the analysis of agent/environment interactions should be extended to include the conventions and invariants maintained by agents throughout their activity. We refer to this thicker notion of environment as a lifeworld and present a partial set of formal tools for describing structures of lifeworlds and the ways in which they computationally simplify activity. As one specific example, we apply the tools to the analysis of the TOAST system and show how versions of the system with very different control structures in fact implement a common control structure together with different conventions for encoding task state in the positions or states of objects in the environment.
Self-Theories Motivate Self-Regulated Learning

In self-regulated learning, students use their repertoire of strategies to guide and enhance their learning process. Without these strategies, they cannot effectively harness their cognitive skills or their motivation for skill acquisition. Now, it is often assumed that once students have a well-stocked arsenal of strategies, they are all set, but this is far from the case. In our work, we see many highly able students abandon these strategies just when they are most needed. Why does this happen?
Phase field crystal based prediction of temperature and density dependence of elastic constants through a structural phase transition

Explicit, analytical forms are obtained for the elastic constants arising from the phase field crystal (PFC) model in which the dependence of the constants on proxies for the temperature and density in the PFC model is clearly exhibited. The expressions indicate that the elastic constants are multivalued in certain temperature ranges corresponding to regions where two or more phases coexist, in agreement with experimental observations. The analytical formulas for the variation of the elastic constants with density agree with those obtained using a computational approach in [Wang, Huang, and Liu, Phys. Rev. B 97, 144112 (2018)] but only in certain regimes. Specifically, if it is assumed that only the bcc state is present, then our formulas agree with the numerical results presented in [Wang, Huang, and Liu, Phys. Rev. B 97, 144112 (2018)]. In general, the bcc state is not the only phase present and, if other phases are taken into account, then the results differ in those regions where alternative states are favored energetically. Similar conclusions hold if one looks at temperature dependence instead of density variation.
Learning Robust Control Policies for End-to-End Autonomous Driving From Data-Driven Simulation

In this work, we present a data-driven simulation and training engine capable of learning end-to-end autonomous vehicle control policies using only sparse rewards. By leveraging real, human-collected trajectories through an environment, we render novel training data that allows virtual agents to drive along a continuum of new local trajectories consistent with the road appearance and semantics, each with a different view of the scene. We demonstrate the ability of policies learned within our simulator to generalize to and navigate in previously unseen real-world roads, without access to any human control labels during training. Our results validate the learned policy onboard a full-scale autonomous vehicle, including in previously un-encountered scenarios, such as new roads and novel, complex, near-crash situations. Our methods are scalable, leverage reinforcement learning, and apply broadly to situations requiring effective perception and robust operation in the physical world.
Evaluating Econometric Studies of Alcohol Advertising.

Objective:This article provides a guide for the behavioral scientist to understand and judge econometric studies of alcohol advertising.Method:The requirements for causal evidence in an econometric...
Effects of composts and vermicomposts obtained from forced aerated and mechanically turned composting method on growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat

This study aimed to assess the efficiencies of composts and vermicomposts obtained from two different composting methods on the growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat. Composts and ...
A Journey in Meaning Making: Applying A Constructive Approach to Counseling

This case illustration highlights the use of Michael J. Mahoney’s constructive psychotherapy with a Slavic-American female college student. The client’s presenting issues included anxiety, low self...
Edge Strand Dissociation and Conformational Changes in Transthyretin under Amyloidogenic Conditions.

Abstract During amyloidogenesis, proteins undergo conformational changes that allow them to aggregate and assemble into insoluble, fibrillar structures. Soluble oligomers that form during this process typically contain 2–24 monomeric subunits and are cytotoxic. Before the formation of these soluble oligomers, monomeric species first adopt aggregation-competent conformations. Knowledge of the structures of these intermediate states is invaluable to the development of molecular strategies to arrest pathological amyloid aggregation. However, the highly dynamic and interconverting nature of amyloidogenic species limits biophysical characterization of their structures during amyloidogenesis. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to probe conformations sampled by monomeric transthyretin under amyloidogenic conditions. We show that certain β-strands in transthyretin tend to unfold and sample nonnative conformations and that the edge strands in one β-sheet (the DAGH sheet) are particularly susceptible to conformational changes in the monomeric state. We also find that changes in the tertiary structure of transthyretin can be associated with disruptions to the secondary structure. We evaluated the conformations produced by molecular dynamics by calculating how well molecular-dynamics-derived structures reproduced NMR-derived interatomic distances. Finally, we leverage our computational results to produce experimentally testable hypotheses that may aid experimental explorations of pathological conformations of transthyretin.
Random Survival Forests Analysis of Intraoperative Complications as Predictors of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Graft Failure in the Cornea Preservation Time Study.

Importance A new analytic method can evaluate factors of interest associated with graft failure after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) or more generally in any ophthalmic surgical setting with a time-to-event outcome. Objective To reanalyze types of intraoperative complications associated with DSAEK graft failure in the Cornea Preservation Time Study using random survival forests. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study, initially conceived in April 2019, used a prediction model to conduct a post hoc secondary analysis of data collected in a multicenter, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Forty US clinical sites with 70 surgeons participated, with donor corneas provided by 23 US eye banks. The study included 1090 participants, representing 1330 eyes, undergoing DSAEK for Fuchs dystrophy (1255 eyes [94.4%]) or pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema (75 eyes [5.6%]). Enrollment occurred between April 16, 2012, and February 20, 2014, and follow-up ended June 5, 2017. Statistical analysis was performed from July 10, 2019, to May 29, 2020. Intervention Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with random assignment of a donor cornea with preservation time of 7 days or less or 8 to 14 days. Main outcomes and measures Ranked variable importance for intraoperative complications among 50 donor, recipient, and eye bank variables and restricted mean survival time through 47 months (1434 days) after DSAEK were examined. Random survival forests, a nonparametric method (with less restrictive model assumptions) that is far more flexible in its ability to model nonlinear effects and interactions, was used to analyze the data. Results This study included 1090 participants (663 women [60.8%]; median age, 70 years [range, 42-90 years]), representing 1330 eyes. Random survival forests ranked a DSAEK intraoperative complication as the third most predictive factor of graft failure, after surgeon and eye bank, in the final model with 5 predictors. In the first 47 months after DSAEK, the estimated mean difference in restricted mean survival time for grafts that experienced a DSAEK intraoperative complication vs those that did not was -227 days (99% CI, -352 to -70 days) based on the final RSF model. Conclusions and relevance These findings, while post hoc, support the hypothesis that random survival forests allow for an improved analytic approach for identifying factors predictive of graft failure and for obtaining adjusted graft survival estimates. Random survival forests offer the opportunity to guide the development of future population-based cohort ophthalmic surgical studies, establishing definitive factors for procedural success.
Cross-Dialectal Vowel Mapping and Glide Perception

Formant transitions from a high front vowel to a non-high, non-front vowel mimic the formant signature of a canonical [j], resulting in the perception of an acoustic glide (Hogoboom 2020). We ask if listeners may still perceive a glide when canonical formant transitions are absent. We investigated the mapping of an Appalachian English (AE) monophthongal [aɪ] in hiatus sequences, monophthongal [aɪ.a]. If participants map this monophthongal [aɪ] to a high front position, they might perceive a glide that is not supported by the acoustic signal, which we call a phantom glide . Ninety-six participants (45 of which were native AE speakers) heard 30 different English words ending in [i], [ə], or monophthongal [aɪ] (i.e. tree , coma , pie ) that had been suffixed with either [-a] or [-ja]. They were asked to identify which suffixed form they heard. Participants in both dialect groups sometimes perceived a glide that was truly absent from the speech stream. In these cases, participants mapped static formants in monophthongal [aɪ.a] stimuli to a diphthongal /aɪ/ with a high front endpoint, causing the perception of the necessary F1 fall and subsequent rise of a [j]. Using recent models of speech processing, which encode both social and acoustic representations of speech (e.g. Sumner et al. 2014), we discuss the mapping of monophthongal [aɪ] to a privileged diphthongal underlying form.
Can Low Payroll Growth Cause Low Productivity Growth

Liberal think tanks claim that low growth in US wages is reducing incentives for labor-saving innovation and hence creating low labor productivity. Since conservatives reject this, a recent New York Times article stated that economists have a "chicken or egg problem" here. This paper uses modern statistical tools from a newer R package 'generalCorr' which allows for control variables to help settle the issue. Briefly, we compute a weighted index summarizing causal path results from three criteria: (Cr1) lower absolute gradients, (Cr2) lower absolute residuals, both quantified by stochastic dominance of four orders, and (Cr3) from goodness of fit of flipped non-parametric kernel regressions. We include our R code here allowing the user to extend the methods to any scientific problem.
COVID-19 Detection Based on 2D Parallel CNN Model

According to Wikipedia Covid-19 Statistics, on May 17, 2021, more than a total of 163 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 3.38 million deaths attributed to Coronavirus. Yet, with such a dreadful number of cases, the world is still facing many challenges, such as scarce medical resources. A machine learning algorithm that utilizes neural networks to diagnose patients' positivity of Covid-19 can be helpful relief of the current medical resource shortage. It is not only time-saving assistance for the frontline physicians to process the diagnosis but also a potential remainder for individuals to pay careful attention to their health status. This paper proposed an application based on a deep two-dimensional parallel convolutional neural network model to classify patients' chest X-ray images. The input dataset consists of two folders: Covid19 Negative (∼1600 images) and Covid19 Positive (∼500 images), where each file from the two folders is a chest X-ray radiograph of one individual. The model is established using the Keras API (an Application Programming Interface in the library of Tensorflow) and is optimized to have the least validation loss after the training process. The final experimental results illustrate a validation accuracy of approximately 99% for the model in only 20 epochs. Furthermore, we have created a simple user interface to upload an image and initiate the prediction process. The interface tells the users their probability of catching the Covid, and it also applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Speech Synthesis Communication in a chat box for further interactions.
Social Organizational Modes in Models of Microtine Cycling

An understanding of the social behavior and organization of microtine rodents is relevant to theory regarding regulation of numbers and population cycles. Unclear or typological concepts of social organization and inadequate data on year — round social structure are barriers to this understanding. The social organizational mode is defined as a subunit of social organization within a species, such as the exclusive territories of breeding female meadow voles. All the modes at any particular time in a population make up the social organization of that population, whereas the social system consists of all the social organizations that exist for a species throughout its range and annual cycle. Defining under what circumstances the modes vary is the approach most likely to show significant linkages between social behavior and population processes. Social tolerance and modal diversity may be closely linked to whether populations are likely to fluctuate.
Anaerobic bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil: a laboratory study

As a result of agricultural and industrial activities, wide varieties of xenobiotic aromatic compounds have been introduced into the biosphere (Bechard et al., 1990). Nitroaromatic compounds are used as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and bactericides, and also as explosives (Boopathy et al., 1994a). TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) is a nitroaromatic compound that is introduced into soil and water ecosystems mainly by military activities. The wastewater from processing explosives is contaminated with TNT. For years, this water was discarded outside of the manufacturing facilities, on the ground or in lagoons that leached explosives into soil and groundwater. Concerns about the environmental fate of TNT residues have intensified because the recent vegetation of contaminated sites could allow TNT, TNT metabolites and plant-produced TNT intermediates to be introduced into the food chain (Harvey et al., 1990).
Perilunate Dislocations and Fracture Dislocations

Perilunate dislocations and fracture dislocations are the result of an axial load with hyperextension and ulnar deviation of the wrist, combined with intercarpal supination. Prompt treatment injuries is essential. There is a high rate of missed or incorrect diagnosis. In the past, closed management was recommended. These methods proved to be ineffective. Current research and data show better results with anatomic restoration of carpal alignment and direct ligament repair. A combined dorsal and volar approach is preferred. This article reviews the current literature and discusses the surgical techniques to restore carpal alignment and repair the scapholunate interosseous ligament.
Area and International Studies: Cultural Studies

Area studies have been the site in the United States Academy, where an in-depth understanding of the languages and cultures of other societies has been nurtured. Its institutional development, since World War II, has been the product of financial pressures in funding from the government and foundations. Its intellectual development has been the product of the changing views of language, discourse, and culture that have now come to be known as the ‘linguistic turn’ in the humanities and social sciences. The linguistic turn provided the intellectual resources for the current transformation of area studies as it reacted to feminism, ethnic studies, cultural studies, and most recently, globalization. The challenge of globalization has revealed some of the inadequacies in area and cultural studies' uses of a linguistically based culture concept that has relegated culture to shared local differences in the face of macro-processes of economic globalization. An alternative is to link culture with processes of circulation. In the social sciences and humanities, both the objects of study and their investigators are increasingly in motion; coordinating this ‘double circulation’ of communities of research and what they study is the central challenge for contemporary area and cultural studies.
A Comparative Study of Symbolic Reading: Salt Peddler and Shinbone

This article investigates the interplay of cultural knowledge, symbolic language, and interpretive reading comprehension, focusing on the role of culture in symbolic understanding of text. Eight graduate students from two different cultural communities read and discussed a Korean folktale. Data were collected in the form of initial written responses and discussion transcripts. Thematic interpretative qualitative analyses are reported on initial reading stances, symbolic understandings, and efforts to identify the moral of the tale. Overall the analyses show that Korean readers focused mostly on discerning the morality being communicated symbolically through the story, whereas the American readers focused on individual values and freedoms to make sense of the story. Our findings indicate that there will be diversity in symbolic reading comprehension both across cultural groups and within cultural groups. We propose that when readers from several cultures come together in classrooms to talk about symbolic texts it is important for them to reflect on how they use their own cultural reference points to form similar and dissimilar understandings and interpretations. Heightening this awareness of diversity within cultural knowledge provides exciting and beneficial experiences for readers in today's multicultural classrooms. (Reading Comprehension, Symbolic Reading, Multicultural, Literacy Research, Cross-Cultural Study)
Dependence of reaction kinetics on H2O activity as inferred from rates of intergranular diffusion of aluminium

Quantitative constraints on the accelerative effects of H2O on the kinetics of metamorphic reactions arise from a comparison of rates of intergranular diffusion of Al in natural systems that are fluid-saturated, hydrous but fluid-undersaturated, and nearly anhydrous. Widths of symplectitic reaction coronas around partially resorbed garnet crystals in the contact aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton, northern Labrador, combined with time–temperature histories from conductive thermal models, yield intergranular diffusivities for Al from ∼700–900 °C under nearly anhydrous conditions. Those rates, when extrapolated down temperature, are approximately three orders of magnitude slower than rates derived from re-analysis of garnet resorption coronas formed under hydrous but fluid-undersaturated conditions near 575 °C in rocks of the Llano Uplift of central Texas, which are in turn approximately four orders of magnitude slower than rates at comparable temperatures derived from numerical simulations of prograde garnet growth in fluid-saturated conditions in rocks from the Picuris Range of north-central New Mexico. Thus, even at constant temperature, rates of intergranular diffusion of Al – and corresponding length scales and timescales of metamorphic reaction and equilibration – may vary by as much as seven orders of magnitude across the range of H2O activities found in nature.
Criteria for asymptotic stability of a class of discrete systems with multiple independent variables

This paper investigates the problem of asymptotic stability for a class of linear shift-invariant discrete systems with multiple independent variables. We first establish the equivalence of this problem and the problem of robust stability for a class of ordinary linear shift-varying discrete systems with the matrix uncertainty set defined by the coefficient matrices of the original system. On the basis of this equivalence, by using the variational method and the Lyapunov Second Method, necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained in different forms for the class of systems considered in the present paper. The parametric classes of Lyapunov functions which define the necessary and sufficient conditions of asymptotic stability are determined. We use the piecewise linear polyhedral Lyapunov functions of the infinity vector norm type to derive an algebraic criterion for asymptotic stability of the given class of discrete systems in the form of solvability conditions of a set of matrix equations.
A Model for Bending, Torsional, and Axial Vibrations of Micro- and Macro-Drills Including Actual Drill Geometry—Part II: Model Validation and Application

In Part II of this work, an experimental study is conducted to validate the three-dimensional (3D-ST) drill dynamics model. Modal experiments on macro- and micro-drills are performed by exciting the drills with small piezoelectric elements directly attached to the drill body. The response measurements are conducted in a noncontact manner using a laser Doppler vibrometer system. In addition, to perform the comparison on a complete frequency response function, rather than on only natural frequencies and mode shapes, an impact hammer test with a miniature hammer and a small accelerometer was conducted on one of the macro-drills. In the validation study, five macro-drills and three micro-drills with different geometric parameters are used. It was concluded that the 3D-ST model can capture both bending and torsional-axial natural frequencies and mode shapes of macro-drills (up to 15 kHz) and micro-drills (up to 90 kHz) with better than 4.5% accuracy, and with an average absolute error of 1.5%. For each case, the natural frequencies are also compared with those from detailed solid-element finite-elements (FEs) model to gain further insight about the 3D-ST model. The natural frequencies from the FE and 3D-ST models are seen to match with better than 1.5% accuracy. Subsequently, the effects of tool geometry (diameter, aspect ratio, helix angle, and web-taper) and axial (thrust) force on dynamics of macro- and micro-drills are analyzed.
Spinel Troctolite and Anorthosite in Apollo 16 Samples

A spinel troctolite and an anorthosite from the Apollo 16 landing site represent contrasting types of "primitive" lunar cumulates. The two rock types probably formed from the same parent magma type, a high-alumina magnesian basalt, with the troctolite forming earlier by crystal settling, and the anorthosite later, possibly by flotation.
Instructional Technology and College Teaching.

From a meta-analysis approach and examination of 312 available reports, these authors derive generalizations for achievement and acceptability.
Contrasting effects of dopamine and dobutamine on myocardial release of norepinephrine during acute myocardial infarction

The effects of dopamine and dobutamine on release of norepinephrine from normal and ischemic myocardium were compared in 2 groups of open-chest anesthetized dogs. Both agents were infused intravenously at a rate of 10μg/Kg/min for 2 hours, beginning 40min after snare occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. There were no major differences in hemodynamic responses between the 2 groups. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from the aorta, coronary sinus and the cardiac vein that ran parallel to the left anterior descending coronary artery before and after coronary artery occlusion. Plasma norepinephrine increased 40min after the occlusion, with a net efflux in both coronary sinus and cardiac venous blood. Dopamine caused further increases in plasma norepinephrine. At 20min after the beginning of dopamine infusion the coronary sinus concentration (4.09±1.36ng/ml) was significantly greater than the arterial concentration (2.84±0.87ng/ml). This transcardiac difference disappeared during continuous infusion 2 hours after coronary artery occlusion. Differences in norepinephrine concentration between the arterial and cardiac venous blood, however, were not significant. In contrast, plasma norepinephrine did not increase during dobutamine infusion in either the ischemic or non-ischemic bed. Thus, the results suggest that while these two agents have similar systemic hemodynamic effects, only dopamine increases myocardial release of norepinephrine from either ischemic or normal myocardium during acute myocardial infarction.
Structural properties of ZnS y Se 1−y /ZnSe/GaAs (001) heterostructures grown by photoassisted metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

ZnSySe1−yZnSe/GaAs (001) heterostructures have been grown by photoassisted metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, using the sources dimethylzinc, dimethylselenium, diethylsulfur, and irradiation by a Hg arc lamp. The solid phase composition vs gas phase composition characteristics have been determined for ZnSyySe1−y grown with different mole fractions of dimethylselenium and different temperatures. Although the growth is not mass-transport controlled with respect to the column VI precursors, the solid phase composition vs gas phase composition characteristics are sufficiently gradual so that good compositional control and lattice matching to GaAs substrates can be readily achieved by photoassisted growth in the temperature range 360°C ≤ T ≤ 400°C. ZnSe/GaAs (001) single heterostructures were grown by a two-step process with ZnSe thicknesses in the range from 54 nm to 776 nm. Based on 004 x-ray rocking curve full width at half maximums (FWHMs), we have determined that the critical layer thickness is hc ≤200 nm. Using the classical method involving strain, lattice relaxation is undetectable in layers thinner than 270 nm for the growth conditions used here. Therefore, the rocking curve FWHM is a more sensitive indicator of lattice relaxation than the residual strain. For ZnSySe1−y layers grown on ZnSe buffers at 400°C, the measured dislocation density-thickness product Dh increases monotonically with the room temperature mismatch. Lower values of the Dh product are obtained for epitaxy on 135 nm buffers compared to the case of 270 nm buffers. This difference is due to the fact that the 135 nm ZnSe buffers are pseudomorphic as deposited. For ZnSySe1−y layers grown on 135 nm ZnSe buffers at 360°C, the minimum dislocation density corresponds approximately to room-temperature lattice matching (y ∼ 5.9%), rather than growth temperature lattice matching (y ∼ 7.6%). Epitaxial layers with lower dislocation densities demonstrated superior optical quality, as judged by the near-band edge/deep level emission peak intensity ratio and the near band edge absolute peak intensity from 300K photoluminescence measurements.
Revision of breast cancer staging: The 6th edition of the TNM classification

A Breast Task Force comprised of nationally known experts in the field of breast cancer treatment was charged with recommending additions and changes for the 6th edition of the TNM Classification that were based on published evidence and/or were consistent with widespread clinical consensus. Additions made to the staging system were designed to facilitate the uniform collection of clinically relevant information about new techniques for the detection of metastatic cells. These additions include quantitative criteria to distinguish micrometastases from isolated tumor cells, and specific identifiers to record the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and molecular biology techniques. Revisions of the previous staging system are related to the number of affected axillary lymph nodes and to the classification of level III axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes outside of the axilla.
The effects of marine vessel fuel sulfur regulations on ambient PM2.5 along the west coast of the U.S.

Abstract This work uses PM2.5 data and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling to explore the effects of two marine vessel fuel sulfur regulations along the west coast of the United States (US); California's (CA) Ocean-Going Vessel Clean Fuel Regulation (CA-CFR) implemented in July 2009 and the North American Emissions Control Area (NA-ECA) implemented in August 2012. Data from 31 chemically speciated PM2.5 monitors along the US west coast were analyzed and 9 sites with strong linear correlations between vanadium and nickel were selected for PMF modeling. The 9 sites were modeled independently and for 8 sites, 3 in CA and 5 in Washington State (WA), a well-defined factor linked to marine vessel residual fuel oil (RFO) combustion was identified. For these 8 sites, model results were subdivided into three time periods; a three year period prior to implementation of the CA-CFR, a three year period after the CA-CFR but prior to the NA-ECA, and a one year period after implementation of the NA-ECA. Marine vessel PM2.5 distributions were compared between the three time periods to determine if statistically significant reductions had occurred. Comparing marine vessel PM2.5 for the three years before and after CA-CFR implementation, all CA sites indicated statistically significant reductions, with reductions in annualized average marine vessel PM2.5 from 30 to 52% (0.09–0.78 μg/m3). Comparing marine vessel PM2.5 for the three years before NA-ECA implementation and the 1 year after, 2 of 5 WA sites indicated statistically significant reductions in annualized average impacts (45–50%, 0.12–0.23 μg/m3) and 1 of 3 sites in CA (46%, 0.04 μg/m3). These results demonstrate that marine vessel fuel sulfur regulations on the west coast of the US have been effective at reducing PM2.5 impacts from marine vessel RFO combustion at some locations, with the implementation of the CA-CFR showing more success than the NA-ECA. The greater observed success of the CA-CFR is, to some extent, probably the result of a longer 3-year implementation time compared to only 1 year for the NA-ECA.
Irritancy and Sensitization Potential of Glyoxylic Acid

Glyoxylic acid, a small dicarboxylic acid, has been detected at measurable levels in the atmosphere and is suspected to be present in indoor air environments. It is generated through the ozonolysis of several high volume production compounds that are commonly found indoors. Glyoxylic acid was tested in a combined irritancy and local lymph node assay (LLNA). It tested positive in the LLNA with an EC3 value of 5.05%. Significant increases were observed in the B220+cell population in the draining lymph nodes. No changes were identified in the IgE+B220+ cell population in the draining lymph nodes or total serum IgE levels; this suggests that glyoxylic acid functions as a T-cell-mediated contact sensitizer. Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC), similar to glyoxylic acid, emitted from building materials, cleaning formulations or other consumer products, and /or indoor chemistry have been linked to adverse health effects. These results may provide an explanation for some of adverse health effects associated with indoor air exposure.
Advances in sub-classification of ovarian carcinomas by cell type: an update

Abstract The histological classification of ovarian carcinomas has changed in recent decades. The five cell types that comprise the vast majority of cases are: high grade serous, low grade serous, endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous, and the criteria for distinguishing these types have evolved. Clinical, epidemiological, pathological and molecular evidence indicates that these cell types reflect different diseases. In particular, it has become clear that high and low grade serous carcinomas are sufficiently distinctive to warrant separate classification rather than different grades of a single type of carcinoma. High grade serous carcinoma causes the vast majority of ovarian cancer deaths and is the appropriate target for screening studies.
Multi-layer Local Minimum Solutions of the Bistable Equation in Noncylindrical Domains

Abstract We construct local minimum solutions for the semilinear bistable equation by minimizing the corresponding functional near some approximate solutions, under the hypothesis that certain global minimum solutions are isolated. The key is a certain characterization of Palais–Smale sequences and a proof that the functional takes higher values away from the approximate solutions.
Beliefs about differences between ability and accomplishment: From folk theories to cognitive science

Beliefs about the extent to which intelligence can be disentangled from achievement pervade both theorizing about the nature of academic giftedness and efforts to identify those children most likely to display it. I review some of the evidence that challenges common assumptions about the independence of these constructs. As in many other domains, experts hold views that differ markedly from those of novices. Most novices believe that ability is innate and achievement acquired, whereas experts see the two as different aspects of the same thing. A better understanding of the unique and common aspects of measures of achievement and ability can improve both how students are identified for inclusion in programs for the academically gifted and the objectives of such programs.
Effectiveness of antilymphocyte serum as a function of histocompatibility.

Abstract The significance of donor-recipient histocompatibility upon the immunosuppressive potency of antilymphocyte serum is re-examined. The attrition rate of skin homografts is strikingly reduced in rats compatible with their donors at the major (AGB) histocompatibility locus. The expression of histoincompatibility in survival data appears to be influenced by the dosage and potency of the antisera employed as well as by the tissues transplanted. In contrast to previous reports, evidence is presented herein to support the conclusion that minimal antigenic disparity between donor and host correlates with increased antilymphocyte serum effectiveness.
Thermal EHL Analysis of Circular Contacts With Measured Surface Roughness

Time dependent thermal EHL circular contact results with measured surface roughness were obtained to analyze the effects of roughness on pressure, film thickness, temperature, and coefficient of friction. Both contact surfaces are considered to be rough. Multilevel multigrid techniques (with multigrid integration) were used to solve the system of two dimensional Reynolds, elasticity and three dimensional energy equations simultaneously. The effects of surface roughness under various loads, speeds, and slip conditions have been studied. Surface roughness causes pressure and temperature spikes and increases the coefficient of friction, and surface roughness flattens due to the high pressure in EHL contact. The higher the load, speed and slide to roll ratio, the more significant the effect of the surface roughness. A comparison between rough EHL and smooth EHL results indicates that surface roughness cannot be ignored in EHL analysis.
Research Note: Relationship Between Several Measures of Shell Quality and Egg-Breakage in a Commercial Processing Plant

Abstract A field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between shell quality and egg-breakage (percentage cracks) in a commercial egg processing plant. Sixty eggs were collected per week for 3 wk from each of four commercial flocks maintained in separate houses on the same farm. Hens in the four flocks were 22, 30, 56, and 86 wk of age at the start of the study. Management and feeding programs were similar, and all eggs were processed in the same plant. Thus, most of the differences in percentage cracks among flocks should have been due primarily to differences in shell quality. Specific gravity by the flotation method, Instron breaking strength, shell thickness, percentage shell, and shell weight per unit of surface area were determined for each egg. Correlation coefficients were calculated among the shell-quality measurements and the flock's average percentage of cracks during that week. Only specific gravity and percentage shell were significantly correlated (P
Breakthrough coastal research of Qatar as input to geological and reservoir modeling

Maximizing recovery in oil and gas fields relies on geological models that realistically portray the spatial complexity, composition, and properties of reservoir units. Present day arid climate coastal systems, like the coastline of Qatar provide analogues for depositional and diagenetic processes that control reservoir quality in ancient reservoirs. Many major reservoirs in Qatar are formed under conditions that are remarkably similar to those shaping the coastlines of today. Among the major controls on coastal sedimentation patterns are: 1) wind, wave and tidal energy, 2) coastline orientation, 3) relative sea level, 4) depositional relief and 5) sediment sources. Strong NW prevailing winds (shamal winds) drive shallow marine circulation patterns, creating four very distinct coastal profiles: windward, leeward, oblique, and protected. In addition, winds supply quartz sand to the leeward coast, as the dune fields of Khor Al-Adaid are blown into the sea. Elsewhere, carbonate sands are formed by wave break...
THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADDRESSES THE NATIONAL PROBLEM OF YOUTH AT RISK

During the 2006–2007 American Bar Association (ABA) year, a special ABA Presidential Youth at Risk Initiative has addressed several important topics: addressing the needs of juvenile status offenders and their families; foster children aging out of the foster care system; increases in girls, especially girls of color, in the juvenile justice system; the need to better hear the voices of youth in court proceedings affecting them; and improving how laws can better address youth crossing over between juvenile justice and child welfare systems. Lawyers are encouraged to use their skills to improve the systems addressing at-risk youth and their families and to help facilitate coordination of youth-related community efforts. Learning how to effectively communicate with youth is an important skill attorneys must learn. Through the Youth at Risk Initiative, the ABA has held continuing legal education programs, hosted community roundtables among youth-serving stakeholders, and developed projects on: juvenile status offenders; lawyer assistance to youth transitioning from foster care; educating young girls on violence prevention, conflict resolution, and careers in law and justice; and provision of useful information to youth awaiting juvenile court hearings. New ABA policy has addressed services and programs to at-risk youth, assuring licensing, regulation, and monitoring of residential facilities serving at-risk youth, enhanced support for sexual minority foster and homeless youth, juvenile status offenders, and improving laws and policies related to youth exiting the foster care system.
Bipolar Adjective Rating Scales for Self-Description: Reliability and Validity Data.

Bipolar adjective rating scales were constructed to evaluate selected needs from Murray's (1938) theory of personality. Twenty items measuring each of six needs (succorance, autonomy, dominance, social recognition, achievement, and nurturance) were initially developed to provide a preliminary instrument that was administered to 200 individuals. Because of an unacceptably low estimate of internal consistency, the need for succorance was eliminated. For each of the five remaining needs, sets of 12 adjective pairs were selected based on item-total correlations. The resulting 60-item inventory as well as the Personality Research Form (PRF) (Jackson, 1967) scales measuring the same five needs was administered to 254 college students. Internal-consistency estimates of the bipolar adjective measures compared favorably to those of the PRF scales. Examination of the matrix of inter correlations among bipolar and PRF measures (serving as criterion) and consideration of the problems in developing a reliable measure ...
Head and neck cancer—Emotional management

The complete care of a patient with head and neck cancer should attend to the emotional as well as the physical aspects of the disease; usually the physical component of the disease is emphasized, while care of the emotional response of the patient and family is rarely addressed. There is no single, caring way to respond or cope with the emotional aspects of this disease. Nonetheless, it should be underscored that communication between the providers of health care (i.e., physician, nurse, aid, therapist, etc.) and the patient and family should be maintained during all phases of care. This article describes an approach to providing emotional support to cancer patients and their families during the phases of initial diagnosis and treatment, posttherapy, rehabilitation, recurrence, dying, and death. The emotional response of the health care provider in these circumstances is also addressed.
Technical professionals in cross-functional teams: their quality of work life

Abstract The idea that R&D professionals typically spend a considerable amount of their time working as members of teams makes sense. After all, plenty of research indicates that the use of cross-functional teams improves the effectiveness of product development efforts. However, the increasing use of cross-functional teams raises an important question for researchers and R&D practitioners: Does the use of cross-functional teams improve the quality of work life for technical professionals? Rene Cordero, George F. Farris, and Nancy DiTomaso address this question in study of 1,714 R&D professionals working on projects. They suggest that being a member of a cross-functional team may be more demanding than working as a member of a functional project group. On the other hand, they expect that working on a cross-functional project team may be more rewarding than working in a functional project group. Their study tests these hypotheses by examining the relationships between measures of the extent to which respondents work on cross-functional teams and five measures each of the participants’ job demands and positive job outcomes. The study identifies positive relationships between working on cross-functional teams and the five positive job outcomes studied: job growth, job security, membership in successful teams, earning money, and job satisfaction. The study finds less consistent and weaker relationships between working on cross-functional teams and the five job demands studied. Specifically, the study identifies positive relationships between working on cross-functional teams and the following job demands: effort, job involvement, and considering a lot of difference of opinion. The results of this study do not find a conclusive relationship between cross-functional team membership and time pressure. And contrary to expectations, the study finds a negative relationship between working on cross-functional teams and job stress. Comparing the responses of participants who work on project teams with those who do not, the results of the study indicate that respondents who work on project teams face greater job demands than positive job outcomes. However, working on cross-functional teams seems to increase positive job outcomes more than job demands. In other words, working on cross-functional teams appears to increase the quality of work life for the technical professionals in this study.
5,12-Diacylated-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]-diazocines and related compounds

Both N,N′ -(o-phenylene)diformamide (1) and N,N′ -(4-chloro-1,2-phenylene)diformamide (30) reacted with α,α-dibromo-o-xylene (2) in DMF at 95–100° to give 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo-[b,f][1,4]diazocine-5,12-dicarboxaldehyde (3a) and the corresponding 2-chloro derivative (3b). With potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 110°, 3a and 3b were selectively saponified to the 5-carboxaldehyde derivatives (4) and either 21a or 22a. Reacylation of the latter led to a series of 5,12-unsymmetrically diacylated derivatives, 5–18. Additionally, 4 was subjected (a) to a basecatalyzed addition to acrylonitrile to give the 12-cyanoethyl derivative (19) and (b) alkylation with α-bromotoluene to give the 12-benzyl compound (20). Saponification of both carboxaldehyde groups in 3a,b required potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 135° and gave the N,N′ -unsubstituted heterocycles (23 and 24); these were subsequently reacted with several aldehydes to yield the 5,12-methano derivatives (25–29).