cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signature of Helimagnetic Ordering in Single-Crystal MnSi Nanowires

We report the synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetotransport of single-crystalline nanowires of manganese monosilicide, MnSi. Bulk MnSi has unusual magnetic orderings, helimagnetism, and skyrmions at ambient pressure, and high pressure studies have revealed partial magnetic ordering and non-Fermi liquid behavior. MnSi nanowires were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition of MnCl2 onto silicon substrates. The morphology, structure, and composition of these nanowires were analyzed using electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. The low-temperature magnetoresistance characteristics of MnSi nanowires reveal the first signature of helimagnetism in one-dimensional nanomaterials.
Hawks, doves, and civil conflict dynamics: A “strategic” action‐reaction model

This paper develops a model of the escalation process of civil conflicts. The model is a system of differential equations, based on a population growth model structure. Unlike most models of this type, it treats the state as a rational but binary actor consisting of hawks and doves. The model reveals four underlying escalation dynamics which civil conflicts can take. Using these dynamics and the hawk‐dove dichotomy, the model is analyzed to show when it is beneficial for a state or intervener involved in a civil conflict to be hawkish or dovish in their strategy.
Predicting therapeutic outcome in patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP)

Seventy-five patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) ranging in age from 33 to 94 years were treated with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Thirty-eight patients (51%) achieved complete remission, but nine of these patients relapsed after remission lasting one to 23 months (median time to relapse, four months). We used multivariate analysis to identify those characteristics that significantly affected treatment outcome. The chances for complete remission were adversely affected by DHL appearing after histologic conversion from another lymphoma (P = 0.006), the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.024), and not having the large noncleaved (LNC) histologic subtype (P = 0.040). The chance for relapse from complete remission was increased only by the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.042). Overall survival was adversely affected by the presence of bone marrow involvement (P = 0.002), having other than LNC histologic subtype (P = .010), and the presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.043). It appears that patients whose DHL appears de novo and who also are symptom status A (70% long-term disease-free survival) or have the LNC histologic subtype (67% long-term disease-free survival) have an excellent outlook when treated with CHOP at the doses used in this study. However, patients with B symptoms (16% long-term disease-free survival), histologic conversion to DHL (8% long-term disease-free survival), previous chemotherapy (8% long-term disease-free survival), and bone marrow involvement (8% long-term disease-free survival) respond poorly and for these patients other treatments need to be identified. In addition, patients with B symptoms who achieve complete remission with CHOP are at high risk to relapse (59% relapse rate) and should be considered for “intensification” therapy after complete remission is documented. Cancer 50:1695-1702, 1982.
Inflammation: the classic double-edged sword.

A C D 22. Ward MM. Outcomes of hospitalizations for myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3170-6. 23. Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Selzer F, Manzi S, Kip KE, Mulukutla SR, Marroquin OC, et al. Poor 1-year outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus: report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1:201-8. 24. Chang GM, Cheng SH, Tung YC. Impact of cuts in reimbursement on outcome of acute myocardial infarction and use of percutaneous coronary intervention: a
TupleDSM: an educational tool for software distributed shared memory

A software package is introduced to aid in the teaching of courses in parallel processing, particularly topics such as software distributed shared memory, memory consistency models, and synchronization mechanisms. The use of Linda and tuple space for the underlying infrastructure leads to a simple and elegant structure which enables the student to quickly reach the core concepts without having to deal with a large amount of technical detail.
Salary comparisons: New methods for correcting old fallacies

Institutions of higher education place high priority on ensuring that their faculties are adequately paid. Since gauging the adequacy of compensation is a problem of relative measure, this assessment is usually performed by comparing university-level average salaries for a group of peer institutions. Often the potential distortions caused by differences in the rank mix of the faculty are forestalled by comparing average salaries for each of the four ranks. However, few if any institutions take similar steps to prevent the skewing of averages owing to differences in cost of living, differences in distribution of faculty in academic year and twelve-month appointments, and differences in the configuration of the faculty over disciplines. This paper shows that salary comparisons that do not compensate for these variation in staff mix are seriously flawed. A recommended methodology is demonstrated.
Electrodynamics of midlatitude spread F 2. A new theory of gravity wave electric fields

In this paper, we investigate the response of the nighttime, midlatitude ionosphere to atmospheric gravity waves in the presence of the global dynamo electric field. Previous theories of gravity wave-ionosphere interaction have neglected the zero-order electric field generated by the global dynamo. We find, however, that gravity wave winds carrying the ionosphere upward and downward along the tilted midlatitude magnetic field can cause spatial variations in the total conductive load experienced by the global circuit. In turn, these variations in ionospheric conductivity create divergences in the global current which produce local electric fields. Since ionospheric conductivity depends on altitude, any nighttime gravity wave which perturbs the height of the ionosphere may, through this mechanism, produce such fields. If true, the consequences of this interaction are potentially quite important. Gravity wave-induced electric fields may be the source of much of the day-to-day variation of the total ionospheric electric field; they may substantially alter the ionospheric electron density response to gravity waves; and they may seed ionospheric plasma instabilities. Further experimental investigations are necessary to test these predictions.
To Travel or Not to Travel? Both Have Implications for Sustainable Tourism

AbstractThe increasing concern over tourism's greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and its subsequent impact on climate change has led some to recommend strict measures to reduce the volume of travel. While the reduction of tourism's GHG emissions is an essential piece of tourism's sustainability, there has been little discussion of the implications that reducing travel could have on a destination's triple bottom line (ecological, sociocultural, and economic sustainability). Much of the sustainable tourism literature has historically focused on maximizing tourism's benefits to residents' quality of life, the environment, cultural heritage, and the economy, but these traditional metrics have been largely removed from the recent discussion on tourism and climate change. This article proposes a conceptual model that incorporates the traditional metrics of sustainability with the net amount of GHG emitted to help determine whether travel has a net positive or negative impact. While the model is entirely theoretical...
SRS-mediated generation of new wavelengths from 523 nm to 1750 nm in a graded-index multimode optical fiber

We report on the generation of new wavelengths spanning over two octaves from 523 nm to 1750 nm in a standard telecommunication graded-index multimode optical fiber, mediated by the stimulated Raman scattering process.
Bird Brains and Aggro Apes: Questioning the Use of Animals in the Affect Program Theory of Emotion

It is a common assumption amongst theorists that the phenomenon of animal emotion supports the affect program theory of emotion. I argue that this assumption is mistaken by exploring two cases of animal emotion from studies in ethology: aggression in chimpanzees and fear in piping plovers. While the affect program theory fails to account for the cognitive complexity involved in each case, I do not argue for a cognitive theory of emotion. Instead, I suggest that paying attention to animal emotions helps the emotion theorist avoid the dichotomy between the extreme versions of the affect program theory and cognitive theories.
Late Cenozoic lacustrine and climatic environments at Tule Lake, northern Great Basin, USA

Cores of lake sediment to a depth of 334 m in the town of Tulelake, Siskiyou County, northern California, document the late Cenozoic paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic history of the northwestern edge of the Great Basin. The cores have been dated by radiometric, tephrochronologic and paleomagnetic analyses. Lacustrine diatoms are abundant throughout the record and document a nearly continuous paleolimnologic history of the Tule Lake basin for the last 3 Myr. During most of this time, this basin (Tule Lake) was a relatively deep, extensive lake. Except for a drier (and cooler?) interval recorded by Fragilaria species about 2.4 Ma, the Pliocene is characterized by a dominance of planktonic Aulacoseira solida implying a warm monomictic lake under a climatic regime of low seasonality. Much of the Pleistocene is dominated by Stephanodiscus and Fragilaria species suggesting a cooler, often drier, and highly variable climate. Benthic diatoms typical of alkaline-enriched saline waters commonly appear after 1.0 Ma, and tephrochronology indicates slow deposition and possible hiatuses between about 0.6 and 0.2 Ma. The chronology of even-numbered oxygen isotope stages approximately matches fluctuations in the abundance of Fragilaria since 800 ka indicating that glacial periods were expressed as drier environments at Tule Lake. Glacial and interglacial environments since 150 ka were distinct from, and more variable than, those occurring earlier. The last full glacial period was very dry, but shortly thereafter Tule Lake became a deep, cool lacustrine system indicating a substantial increase in precipitation. Aulacoseira ambigua characterized the latest glacial and Holocene record of Tule Lake. Its distribution indicates that warmer and wetter climates began about 15 ka in this part of the Great Basin. Diatom concentration fluctuates at 41 000 year intervals between 3.0 and 2.5 Ma and at approximately 100 000 year intervals after 1.0 Ma. In the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, Aulacoseira solida percentages wax and wane in an approximately 400 000 year cycle. The possible response of Tule Lake diatom communities to orbitally-induced insolation cycles underscores the importance of this record for the study of late Cenozoic paleoclimate change.
The role of pedunculopontine nucleus in choice behavior under risk.

The dopaminergic projections to the basal ganglia have long been implicated in reward guided behavior and decision making, yet little is known about the role of the posterior pedunculopontine nucleus (pPPN), a major source of excitatory input to the mesolimbic dopamine system. Here we studied the contributions of pPPN to decision making under risk, using excitoxic lesions and reversible inactivation in rats. Rats could choose between two options: a small but certain reward on one lever, or a large but uncertain reward on the other lever. The overall payoff associated with each choice is the same, but the reward variance (risk) associated with the risky choice is much higher. In Experiment 1, we showed that excitotoxic lesions of the pPPN before training did not affect acquisition of lever pressing. But whereas the controls strongly preferred the safe choice, the lesioned rats did not. In Experiment 2, we found that muscimol inactivation of the pPPN also reversibly altered choice behavior. These results show that permanent lesions or reversible inactivation of the pPPN both abolish risk aversion in decision making.
ON THE VANISHING OF SOLUTE DIFFUSION IN POROUS MEDIA AT A THRESHOLD MOISTURE CONTENT

It was recently shown that the solute diffusion coefficient tends to zero at some threshold water content. We examine this phenomenon in light of recent simulation results from a network diffusion model. The experimental and simulation results agree, inviting an explanation from continuum percolation theory.
The effect of chondroitin sulfate on bone healing

Abstract 1. 1. A series of mongrel dogs were subjected to bilateral surgical extraction of maxillary cuspids. A gelatin sponge impregnated with a solution of chondroitin sulfate was implanted in one socket, and a saline-impregnated sponge was implanted in the control socket. The animals were killed at postoperative intervals of 2 to 16 weeks. 2. 2. Within 2 weeks all sockets were completely filled with connective tissue. The experimental sockets contained a greater amount of dense cellular tissue, usually associated with osteogenesis, than the control sockets. 3. 3. After 4 and 6 weeks the experimental sockets had more young bone growth than the controls. This was most pronounced at 4 weeks. 4. 4. After 8 weeks no difference in the bony repair was evident between the experimental and control sockets. 5. 5. Chondroitin sulfate appeared to accelerate the rate of bony repair but did not affect the ultimate quantity or quality of bone produced.
Apparent argon diffusive loss 40Ar/39Ar age spectra in amphiboles

Detailed investigations have been made of two amphibole samples where 40Ar/39Ar age spectra have been interpreted to show argon diffusive loss. Both samples display complex compositional zoning that reflects partial major and minor element chemical re-equilibration during later thermal events that is associated with the loss of radiogenic 40Ar. The apparent diffusive loss age spectra in these samples are an artefact of this chemical re-equilibration process. One sample additionally shows the effect of potassium gain and contamination with a potassium-rich phase (biotite). The resulting ages in this sample are geologically meaningless and the apparent fit to a theoretical diffusive loss curve is coincidental. This study shows that volume diffusive loss of argon appears to operate at slower rates than argon loss by chemical re-equilibration in amphiboles.
Synchronized sampling improves fault location

Transmission line faults must be located accurately to allow maintenance crews to arrive at the scene and repair the faulted section as soon as possible. Rugged terrain and geographical layout cause some sections of power transmission lines to be difficult to reach. Therefore, robustness of the accurate fault location determination under a variety of power system operating constraints and fault conditions is an important requirement. This article introduces a unique concept of high-speed fault location that can be implemented either as a simple add-on to the digital fault recorders (DFRs) or as a stand-alone new relaying function. This advanced concept is based on the use of voltage and current samples that are synchronously taken at both ends of a transmission line. This sampling technique can be made readily available in some new DFR designs incorporating receivers for accurate sampling clock synchronization using the satellite Global Positioning System (GPS). >
Some comments on retarded resonance interactions between optically active molecules

Abstract The part of the resonance interaction between two neutral asymmetric molecules with identical energy levels is considered which involves electric dipole transitions on one molecule and either magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole transitions on the other. The fields coupling the molecules are shown to be identical with their classical counterparts. This property is used to transform a lattice sum of electric dipole-magnetic dipole interactions into a sum over reciprocal space and the singular part of this sum is identified.
Fractional Quantum Hall Effect and Chern-Simons Gauge Theories

We present a theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) based on a second-quantized fermion path-integral approach. We show that the problem of interacting electrons moving on a plane in the presence of an external magnetic field is equivalent to a family of systems of fermions bound to an even number of fluxes described by a Chern-Simons gauge field. The semiclassical approximation of this system has solutions that describe incompressible-liquid states, Wigner crystals, and solitonlike defects. The liquid states belong to the Laughlin sequence and to the first level of the hierarchy. We give a brief description of the FQHE for bosons and anyons in this picture. The semiclassical spectrum of collective modes of the FQHE states has a gap to all excitations. We derive an effective action for the Gaussian fluctuations and study the hydrodynamic regime. The dispersion curve for the magnetoplasmon is calculated in the low-momentum limit. We find a nonzero gap at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The fractionally quantized Hall conductance is calculated and argued to be exact in this approximation. We also give an explicit derivation of the polarization tensor in the integer Hall regime and show that it is transverse.
Fluorescence studies on components of human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract The binding of hemoglobin and myoglobin to two protein components from the human erythrocyte membrane obtained by gel filtration, have been followed by fluorescence titration. Hemoglobin binds to the smaller of the components and not to the larger. Myoglobin does not bind to either component. The results have been compared to the binding of hemoglobin and myoglobin with mitochondrial structural protein.
Sodium can fabrication for zero power reactors VI and IX

Abstract This article describes fabrication, loading, sealing and testing of 1 4 - or 1 2 - inch thick sodium cans for use in the Zero Power Reactors XI and IX at the Argonne National Laboratory. The sodium can is a precisely made stainless-steel container, filled with sodium and sealed under exacting circumstances to retain its high purity. When completed, such cans are used in mock-up reactor core geometries to simulate sodium-cooled reactor cores.
Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency

Thrust-producing harmonically oscillating foils are studied through force and power measurements, as well as visualization data, to classify the principal characteristics of the flow around and in the wake of the foil. Visualization data are obtained using digital particle image velocimetry at Reynolds number 1100, and force and power data are measured at Reynolds number 40 000. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions of linear and nonlinear inviscid theory and it is found that agreement between theory and experiment is good over a certain parametric range, when the wake consists of an array of alternating vortices and either very weak or no leading-edge vortices form. High propulsive efficiency, as high as 87%, is measured experimentally under conditions of optimal wake formation. Visualization results elucidate the basic mechanisms involved and show that conditions of high efficiency are associated with the formation on alternating sides of the foil of a moderately strong leading-edge vortex per half-cycle, which is convected downstream and interacts with trailing-edge vorticity, resulting eventually in the formation of a reverse Karman street. The phase angle between transverse oscillation and angular motion is the critical parameter affecting the interaction of leading-edge and trailing-edge vorticity, as well as the efficiency of propulsion.
Segmentation of pathological and diseased lung tissue in CT images using a graph-search algorithm

Lung segmentation is an important first step for quantitative lung CT image analysis and computer aided diagnosis. However, accurate and automated lung CT image segmentation may be made difficult by the presence of the abnormalities. Since many lung diseases change tissue density, resulting in intensity changes in the CT image data, intensity-only segmentation algorithms will not work for most pathological lung cases. This paper presents an automatic algorithm for pathological lung CT image segmentation that uses a graph search driven by a cost function combining the intensity, gradient, boundary smoothness, and the rib information. This method was trained by four pathological lung CT images and tested on fifteen 3-D thorax CT data sets with lung diseases. We validate our method by comparing our automatic segmentation result with manually traced segmentation result. Sensitivity, specificity, and Hausdorff distance were calculated to evaluate the method.
Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America

Abstract Terrestrial or nonmarine rocks of western North America preserve a record of major disruption and permanent alteration of plant communities precisely at the K–T boundary — in the same rocks that preserve geochemical and mineralogical evidence of the terminal Cretaceous impact event. Plant microfossil records from many localities show abrupt disappearance of pollen species (= plant extinctions) closely associated with impact ejecta deposits containing iridium and shocked quartz. Localities discussed in detail in this review are Starkville South, Clear Creek North, Old Raton Pass, and Sugarite in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico; West Bijou in the Denver Basin, Colorado; Sussex in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming; and Pyramid Butte and Mud Buttes in the Williston Basin, North Dakota.
Prospective assessment of the CryoMaze procedure with continuous outpatient telemetry in 136 patients.

Background Only 40% of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing cardiac surgery are treated with surgical AF correction. We prospectively studied endocardial cryoablation of the Cox-maze III lesion set following prespecified rhythm assessment with outpatient telemetry. Methods Between 2007 and 2011, 136 patients underwent surgical AF correction using an argon-powered cryoablation device. Patients wore continuous electrocardiogram monitoring prior to and at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The average length of monitoring was 6.5 ± 1 days prior to surgery and 11 ± 4 days at each time point after surgery. Patients were assessed for cardiac rhythm, interval cardioversion or ablation procedures, pacemaker placement, and the use of warfarin or antiarrhythmic medications. The primary endpoint of this study was freedom from AF at 1 year. Results Mean patient age was 66 ± 12 years, 50% (69 of 138) were male and 41% (55 of 134) had persistent AF. CryoMaze was done in conjunction with mitral valve operation in 95% (131 of 138) and other procedures in 41% (56 of 138). Follow-up was 96% complete at 1 year and 90% at 2 years. Freedom from AF was 76% at 1 year. Perioperative mortality and stroke rates were both 1.5% (2 of 138). Perioperative pacemaker implantation was required in 7% (9 of 136). In univariate analysis, younger age, female gender, decreased height and weight, smaller preoperative and postoperative left atrial diameter, intermittent AF, and freedom from AF at discharge were associated with freedom from AF at 1 year. Actuarial 2- and 4-year (Kaplan-Meier) survival were 93% and 80%, respectively. Conclusions The CryoMaze procedure is safe and is associated with 76% freedom from AF at 1 year.
Spatial scales of climate information for simulating wheat and maize productivity: The case of the US Great Plains

Abstract The spatial aggregation of climate and soils data for use in site-specific crop models to estimate regional yields is examined. The purpose of this exercise is to determine the optimum spatial resolution of observed climate and soils data for simulating major crops grown in the central Great Plains (maize, wheat), beginning at a scale of 2.8°×2.8° (T42), which is close to that of the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasting (ECMWF) general circulation model (GCM) grid cell and progressively disaggregating climate and soils data to finer spatial scales. Using the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) crop model, observed crop yields for the period 1984–1992 are compared with yields simulated with observed 1984–1992 climate. The goal is to identify the spatial resolution of climate and soils data which minimizes statistical error between observed and modeled yields. Agreement between simulated and observed maize and wheat was greatly improved when climate data was disaggregated to approximately 1°×1° resolution. No disaggregation results for hay were statistically significant. Disaggregation of climate data finer than the 1°×1° resolution gave no further improvement in agreement. Disaggregation of soils data gave no additional improvement beyond that of the disaggregation of climate data.
Online Multiple Fault Detection in Reversible Circuits

Reversible logic is one of the promising domain for ultra low power consumption by eliminating power dissipation due to information loss. In addition, quantum computing systems inherently have property of reversibility as their mechanism of operations. In this paper we propose a set of novel reversible logic blocks based on dual-rail coding to provide online multiple fault detection capabilities. We also provide a flow to map any reversible logic to these building block gates. Such implementation provides online detection of all single faults and most of multiple faults. Experimental results and comparison with previous work confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique in terms of high fault coverage (100% of single faults and 88% of multiple faults in average) as well as low area overhead (up to 83% area reduction in average).
Corneal diffusion and metabolism of 12 (R) -hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(R)HETE)

PurposeTo quantify the corneal diffusion and metabolism of tritiated 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(R)HETE) in the in vitro-mounted rabbit cornea to determine if this compound or one of its metabolites can diffuse across the stroma to the corneal endothelium.MethodsThe studies were performed in a Lucite block perfusion chamber by placing tritiated 12(R)HETE on the tear side of the cornea under the following conditions: (A) cornea completely intact (endothelium and epithelium present); (B) cornea with epithelium removed; and (C) cornea with both epithelium and endothelium removed. Radioactivity of 12(R)HETE and metabolites were measured in the different corneal layers and in the corneal perfusates using scintillation spectroscopy. 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic and its metabolites were then quantified in the tissue perfusates using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.Results12(R)HETE is rapidly taken up and metabolized by the intact cornea to a number of more polar compounds inclu...
Chronic naltrexone differentially affects supraspinal δ-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception

The effects of chronic treatment with naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, on delta1- and delta2-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociception and ligand binding were investigated in mice. Antinociception by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, agonists selective for delta1- and delta2-opioid receptors, respectively, was blocked following subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of a naltrexone pellet (7.5 mg) for 7 days. Removal of the naltrexone pellet was followed 24 h later by a decrease of 7.5-fold in the ED50 value of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, but not that of DPDPE. In a whole brain homogenate the binding of [3H][D-Ala2]deltorphin II was increased twice as much as that of [3H]DPDPE. Chronic naltrexone treatment also produced an 8.6-fold decrease in the ED50 value of i.c.v. administered morphine. The increase in morphine potency was reversed to a control (placebo-treated mice) value by the selective delta2-opioid receptor antagonist, naltriben (25 pmol, i.c.v.). Thus, chronic naltrexone selectively increases delta2-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception, supporting the existence of delta opioid receptor subtypes with distinct adaptive characteristics. The data also indicate that delta2-opioid receptors are critically involved in the expression of morphine supersensitivity.
Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity

(2000). Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity. The Historian: Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 799-820.
Hydrohalite in cold sea ice: Laboratory observations of single crystals, surface accumulations, and migration rates under a temperature gradient, with application to “Snowball Earth”

[1] When NaCl precipitates out of a saturated solution, it forms anhydrous crystals of halite at temperatures above +0.11°C, but at temperatures below this threshold it instead precipitates as the dihydrate “hydrohalite,” NaCl · 2H2O. When sea ice is cooled, hydrohalite begins to precipitate within brine inclusions at about −23°C. In this work, hydrohalite crystals are examined in laboratory experiments: their formation, their shape, and their response to warming and desiccation. Sublimation of a sea ice surface at low temperature leaves a lag deposit of hydrohalite, which has the character of a fine powder. The precipitation of hydrohalite in brine inclusions raises the albedo of sea ice, and the subsequent formation of a surface accumulation further raises the albedo. Although these processes have limited climatic importance on the modern Earth, they would have been important in determining the surface types present in regions of net sublimation on the tropical ocean in the cold phase of a Snowball Earth event. However, brine inclusions in sea ice migrate downward to warmer ice, so whether salt can accumulate on the surface depends on the relative rates of sublimation and migration. The migration rates are measured in a laboratory experiment at temperatures from −2°C to −32°C; the migration appears to be too slow to prevent formation of a salt crust on Snowball Earth.
Synthetic multifunctional metallic-intermetallic laminate composites

The field of material microstructural design to achieve a set of targeted mechanical and functional properties has become a mainstay of new material development strategies. Structural materials, which by their very nature are intended to carry mechanical loads in service, can be designed to provide additional performance-enhancing functions through tailoring of meso-, micro-, or nano-structures. Structural materials with these performance-enhancing capabilities have been termed “synthetic multifunctional materials.” Structural composites, by their multiphase nature, offer many opportunities for the design of performance-enhancing multifunctional materials. Recently, a new class of structural materials has been developed at the University of California, San Diego, termed metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites.2 The goal of this materials development effort was to extrapolate upon the positive engineering properties exhibited by hierarchical multiphase complex natural composites, such as mollusk shells,3,4 to design and synthesize multifunctional composites to optimize specific structural properties while facilitating low-cost, designable, and functional microstructures.
HIV/AIDS in Puerto Rican People Who Inject Drugs: Policy Considerations.

Two letters to the editor are presented in response to the article "Addressing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Among Puerto Rican People Who Inject Drugs: The Need for a Multiregion Approach" by S. Deren, C. Gelpi-Acosta, C. E. Albizu-Garcia et al., which appeared in a previous issue of the journal.
On Estimating the Abundance of Fish in the Upper Channelized Missouri River

Abstract Population estimates of fish in large rivers are scarce, but such information would be extremely useful to evaluate the impact of man's activities on sport and commercial fish in the Missouri River. Winter sampling offered the best opportunity to use multiple-census techniques to estimate populations because of reduced movement of fish and reduced stream flow, thereby concentrating fish in wintering holes. Reliable population estimates were obtained by electrofishing during the winters of 1979-1980 and 1980-1981 in two 16-km study areas of the channelized portion of the river. Estimates and their 95% confidence limits were obtained for common carp (Cyprinus carpio); river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio); freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens ); goldeye (Hiodon alosoides ); buffalo spp. (Ictiobus spp.); northern pike (Esox lucius); and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aside from channel catfish, the total population was estimated to be 2,794 fish per kilometer; the estimated number of channel...
Fine Particulate Air Pollution is Associated with Higher Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation—the Apacr Study

The acute effects and the time course of fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) on atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF) predictors, including P-wave duration, PR interval duration, and P-wave complexity, were investigated in a community-dwelling sample of 106 nonsmokers. Individual-level 24-h beat-to-beat electrocardiogram (ECG) data were visually examined. After identifying and removing artifacts and arrhythmic beats, the 30-min averages of the AF predictors were calculated. A personal PM2.5 monitor was used to measure individual-level, real-time PM2.5 exposures during the same 24-h period, and corresponding 30-min average PM2.5 concentration were calculated. Under a linear mixed-effects modeling framework, distributed lag models were used to estimate regression coefficients (βs) associating PM2.5 with AF predictors. Most of the adverse effects on AF predictors occurred within 1.5–2 h after PM2.5 exposure. The multivariable adjusted βs per 10-µg/m3 rise in PM2.5 at lag 1 and lag 2 were significantly associated with P-wave complexity. PM2.5 exposure was also significantly associated with prolonged PR duration at lag 3 and lag 4. Higher PM2.5 was found to be associated with increases in P-wave complexity and PR duration. Maximal effects were observed within 2 h. These findings suggest that PM2.5 adversely affects AF predictors; thus, PM2.5 may be indicative of greater susceptibility to AF.
UPRE method for total variation parameter selection

Total variation (TV) regularization is a popular method for solving a wide variety of inverse problems in image processing. In order to optimize the reconstructed image, it is important to choose a good regularization parameter. The unbiased predictive risk estimator (UPRE) has been shown to give a good estimate of this parameter for Tikhonov regularization. In this paper we propose an extension of the UPRE method to the TV problem. Since direct computation of the extended UPRE is impractical in the case of inverse problems such as deblurring, due to the large scale of the associated linear problem, we also propose a method which provides a good approximation of this large scale problem, while significantly reducing computational requirements.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum V. The structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes

Electron microscope analysis of skeletal muscle microsomes was carried out by negative staining with potassium phosphotungstate. The size and shape of microsomes are influenced by species differences, the conditions of preparation and storage. The outer surface of the microsomal membrane is covered by subunits of 40 A diameter, with center to center separation of 90–120 A. Chemical modification of microsomal membrane by treatment with phospholipase C, digitonin, or trypsin produced characteristic changes in the surface structure, shape or size of microsomes, parallel with the loss of Ca2+ transport function. The surface structure of microsomes does not indicate temperature-dependent structural changes of the kind observed on liver cell surface membranes, and the Arrhenius plot of ATPase activity is linear.
The Effect of Diagraming on Certain Skills in English Composition

(1942). The Effect of Diagraming on Certain Skills in English Composition. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Relational analysis of algebraic datatypes

We present a technique that enables the use of finite model finding to check the satisfiability of certain formulas whose intended models are infinite. Such formulas arise when using the language of sets and relations to reason about structured values such as algebraic datatypes. The key idea of our technique is to identify a natural syntactic class of formulas in relational logic for which reasoning about infinite structures can be reduced to reasoning about finite structures. As a result, when a formula belongs to this class, we can use existing finite model finding tools to check whether the formula holds in the desired infinite model.
The Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist SB-334867 Blocks the Effects of Antipsychotics on the Activity of A9 and A10 Dopamine Neurons: Implications for Antipsychotic Therapy

Antipsychotic drugs alter the activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (A10) and substantia nigra pars compacta (A9). As there is a dense projection of orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus to A10 dopaminergic neurons, and some antipsychotics have been shown to increase the expression of c-fos in orexin-containing cells in the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that stimulation of orexin receptors plays a role in the effects of antipsychotics on the activity of A9 and A10 dopamine cells. Single-unit recordings in anesthetized rats demonstrated the central effects of the selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (2 mg/kg, intravenous), as it reversed the excitatory effects of orexin-A administration (6 microg, intracerebroventricular) on the activity of locus coeruleus (LC) cells. Recordings from midbrain dopamine neurons showed that acute administration of SB-334867 alone did not alter the number of spontaneously active A9 or A10 cells, but did reverse: (1) the increase in the number of spontaneously active A9 and/or A10 dopamine cells caused by the acute administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) or olanzapine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and (2) the decrease in the number of spontaneously active A9 and/or A10 dopamine cells caused by the chronic administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day x 21 days, s.c.) or olanzapine (10 mg/kg/day x 21 days, s.c.). However, SB-334867 did not block a different electrophysiological effect of olanzapine, as it did not block the olanzapine-induced activation of LC cells. These results indicate that activation of orexin-1 receptors plays an important role on the effects of antipsychotic drugs on dopamine neuronal activity and may play an important role in the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Social Experiments and the Habitual Force of Law

Advocates of pervasive social experimentation neglect to consider the effect that suchexperimentation might have on citizens' respect for the law and their inclination to obey it. Since habit plays a large part in law abidingness, frequent alterations in law, even when substantively justified on narrow policy grounds, weaken the power of law in general. Because of their great utility, we should use social experiments occasionally when they can shed light on crucial dimensions of truly important policy questions. But because pervasive experimentation threatens law abidingness and citizen support for the regime, we should decide against some otherwise justifiable experiments and neither expect nor wish for the sort of experimenting society advocated by many social scientists.
Experimental Lifetimes of the 5p Levels in Argon i

Mean lives of 7 of the 10 5p atomic levels in Ar i have been determined using electronic excitation and a method of delayed coincidence. The measured values, in nanoseconds, of the mean lives of the 3p1 and 3p5 through 3p10 levels (Paschen notation) in neutral argon are: 3p1, 71±2; 3p5, 95±2; 3p6, 124±3; 3p7, 149±3; 3p8, 166±5; 3p9, 141±2; and 3p10, 189±3. The error given with each lifetime is the standard deviation in the mean as evaluated from the dispersion of the individual measurements. Wavelengths used in the determinations ranged from 4159 to 4702 A. The lifetimes were estimated to contain systematic errors varying from 5% to 15% and are presented in comparison with values obtained by combining theoretical calculations with other experimental results.
The Effects of Images of African American Women in Hip Hop on Early Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Physical Attractiveness and Interpersonal Relationships

This qualitative study was designed to identify African American early adolescents’ subjective meanings of African American women’s sexuality through an examination of Stephens & Phillips (2003) sexual images—the Diva, Gold Digger, Freak, Dyke, Gangster Bitch, Sister Savior, Earth Mother, and Baby Mama. These eight sexual images both inform and reflect beliefs about African American women’s physical attractiveness. Interpersonal relationship decision making processes also were influenced by these conceptual frameworks of African American women’s sexuality. Findings from this study are important given the tendency of previous researchers to ignore race and intraethnic variations in studies of beliefs about attitudes toward sexuality.
A Moderately High Fat Diet Promotes Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Obese Zucker Rats by Impairing Nitric Oxide Production

The objective of this research was to examine the contribution of a moderately high fat (MHF) diet to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension in obese Zucker rats. Lean and obese Zucker rats were fed either a MHF diet or a diet of standard rat chow (control diet) for 10 weeks. From week 4 through week 10, the drinking water was supplemented with 1% NaCl. Blood pressure was measured weekly, and urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites (NO(x)) was determined at weeks 4 and 10. At week 10, renal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was assessed in kidney homogenates. Blood pressures of obese, but not lean, rats on the MHF fat diet were significantly increased by salt-supplementation, whereas blood pressures of rats on the control diet were not appreciably affected. NO(x) excretion was increased in response to salt-supplementation in rats on the control diet, with the effect being particularly dramatic in obese rats. After salt-supplementation, NO(x) excretion by rats on the MHF diet was lower than rats on the control diet. In obese rats on the MHF diet, this decrease in NO production was accompanied by a reduction in renal NOS activity. These results indicate that obese rats are more inclined than lean rats to develop diet-induced hypertension in response to a moderately high fat, salt-supplemented diet. Furthermore, they suggest that MHF diet-induced defects in NO production may promote the salt-sensitivity of blood pressure in obese Zucker rats, which appear to require more NO to maintain blood pressure during a salt challenge.
Patterned infrared spectral filter directly deposited onto cooled substrates

A method for depositing patterned infrared thin film spectral filters directly onto substrates at low temperatures (200 degrees C) is described. Energetic deposition methods (ion-assisted and laser-assisted) were used to avoid heating the substrates, while a multilayer photoresist lift-off technique was applied to pattern the structures. The process produced durable films capable of surviving harsh processing conditions. This is a promising method for depositing patterned coatings directly onto infrared focal plane detector arrays.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by Aquifer Bacteria from Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites

The potential for aerobic methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) degradation was investigated with microcosms containing aquifer sediment and groundwater from four MTBE-contaminated sites characterized by oxygen-limited in situ conditions. MTBE depletion was observed for sediments from two sites (e.g., 4.5 mg/liter degraded in 15 days after a 4-day lag period), whereas no consumption of MTBE was observed for sediments from the other sites after 75 days. For sediments in which MTBE was consumed, 43 to 54% of added [U-14C]MTBE was mineralized to 14CO2. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of these sediments indicated the enrichment of species closely related to a known MTBE-degrading bacterium, strain PM1. At only one site, the presence of water-soluble gasoline components significantly inhibited MTBE degradation and led to a more pronounced accumulation of the metabolite tert-butyl alcohol. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of oxygen and water-soluble gasoline components on in situ MTBE degradation will vary from site to site and that phylogenetic analysis may be a promising predictor of MTBE biodegradation potential.
Spinal Processing Before Gate Control

L ike many scientists in pain research today, I possess only a vague familiarity with how spinal sensory processing was envisioned before the formulation of the gate control theory. In my first neuroscience course, taken a little more than 10 years after the publication of the gate control theory of pain, the gate was one of the few things that we learned about pain. The other points taught were that pain receptors were "free nerve endings" connected to unmyelinated fibers and the signal traveled rostrally through the ventrolateral quadrant of the spinal cord. Although it was always called the gate control theory, it was presented with as much assurance as reciprocal inhibition of Renshaw cells on motor neurons. Looking at the latest edition of Principles of Neural Science.i» one of the more popular books for teaching both medical and graduate students, the familiar diagram can still be seen. Although the text labels it as "one explanation for the modulation of pain," no other explanation is considered; more recent studies mentioned are implied to merely expand on it or elucidate details. While acceptance by the popular press and longevity alone are not sufficient to define gate control theory as truth, it does indicate the degree to which the theory has inculcated itself into the thinking of more than a generation of basic scientists and, of equal importance, clinical practitioners. Professor Wall performed several seminal experiments that were necessary for the generation of the model. However, gate control was a synthesis, not only of his work, but of years of clinical observations and the results of basic science studies performed worldwide. The 1965 paper formulated this information into a coherent whole, whereupon it quickly reached the consciousness of the scientific public. We, however, were not taught any of the "available known facts" that were
Modeling of Mortgage Defaults

Mortgage defaults are involuntary prepayments caused by the liquidation of loans following delinquency and foreclosure. Default projections are required for projecting loss-adjusted cash flows for mortgage pools, and they are key to accurately quantifying mortgage credit risk. This article describes a model that projects default rates as a function of mortgage and borrower characteristics and economic variables such as home price appreciation, unemployment and interest rates. We use the model to examine defaults and losses on subprime and AltA mortgages, focusing in particular on recent vintage subprime loans and on the ABX indexes.