cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Coherence Tomography: Basic Concepts and Applications in Neuroscience Research

Optical coherence tomography is a micrometer-scale imaging modality that permits label-free, cross-sectional imaging of biological tissue microstructure using tissue backscattering properties. After its invention in the 1990s, OCT is now being widely used in several branches of neuroscience as well as other fields of biomedical science. This review study reports an overview of OCT's applications in several branches or subbranches of neuroscience such as neuroimaging, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, and neuroembryology. This study has briefly summarized the recent applications of OCT in neuroscience research, including a comparison, and provides a discussion of the remaining challenges and opportunities in addition to future directions. The chief aim of the review study is to draw the attention of a broad neuroscience community in order to maximize the applications of OCT in other branches of neuroscience too, and the study may also serve as a benchmark for future OCT-based neuroscience research. Despite some limitations, OCT proves to be a useful imaging tool in both basic and clinical neuroscience research.
Repurposing paper by-product lignosulfonate as a sulfur donor/acceptor for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries

The recovery and repurposing of biomass are critically important and make a significant contribution to environmental preservation. Lignosulfonate, a by-product of the paper manufacturing industry, is an abundant low cost material with unique potential as a sulfur precursor for high performance cathode materials. In this work, we develop a practical green method of using lignosulfonate as both the donor (decomposition of sulfonic groups (–SO3H)) of sulfur and the sulfur acceptor in lignosulfonate derived activated carbon. Through a circulatory pyrolysis process with carbon activation and sulfur capture, a high surface area carbon/sulfur composite was obtained. This material was successfully developed into a cathode for a lithium–sulfur battery, which demonstrates outstanding cycling stability with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.1% per cycle over 200 cycles. When the sulfur loading was further increased to 68 wt%, the capacity still reaches as high as 1100 mA h g−1, suggesting its promising potential for applications in the field of high energy storage devices.
Wheel Theory of Love

Ira Reiss's Wheel Theory of Love was one of the first developmental stage models to conceptualize courtship, relationship development, and mate selection as an ongoing progression. The circular and sequential process consists of four interrelated phases understood as the spokes of a wheel: rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and intimacy need fulfillment. Each of the four integrated processes is influenced by cultural role conceptions which serve to define perceptions, expressions, and expectations within a loving relationship. Keywords: intimacy; love; romance; Sternberg's triangular theory of love
An aged human heart tissue model showing age-related molecular and functional deterioration resembling the native heart

Deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease increased by 41.7% from 1990 to 2013. This is primarily due to an increase in the aged population, however, research on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been overlooking aging, a well-documented contributor to CVD. The field heavily depends on the use of young animals due to lower costs and ready availability, despite the prominent differences between young and aged heart structure and function. Here we present the first human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (iCM)-based, in vitro aged myocardial tissue model as an alternative research platform. Within 4 months, iCMs go through accelerated senescence and show cellular characteristics of aging. Furthermore, the model tissues fabricated using these aged iCMs, with stiffness resembling that of aged human heart, show functional and pharmacological deterioration specific to aged myocardium. Our novel tissue model with age-appropriate physiology and pathology presents a promising new platform for investigating CVD or other age-related diseases.
Immersed Finite Element Particle-in-Cell Simulations of Plasma Charging at the Lunar Terminator

A fully kinetic particle-in-cell model combined with a nonhomogeneous interface immersed finite element field solver is presented for simulations of the plasma charging at the lunar terminator. Thi...
Adaptation of Traditional Human Resources Processes for Total Quality Environments

Imagefile:The worldwide total quality (TQ) movement, which emphasizes quality, continuous improvement, empowerment, and teamwork, is redefining the context in which workers behave in organizations. Traditional human resources (HR) processes appear to be..
Addressing cumulative effects, maritime conflicts and ecosystem services threats through MSP-oriented geospatial webtools

Abstract To solve conservation and planning challenges in the marine environment, researchers are increasingly developing geospatial tools to address impacts of anthropogenic activities on marine biodiversity. The paper presents a comprehensive set of built-in geospatial webtools to support Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and environmental management objectives implemented into the Tools4MSP interoperable GeoPlatform. The webtools include cumulative effects assessment (CEA), maritime use conflict (MUC) analysis, MSFD pressure-driven CEA and a CEA-based marine ecosystem service threat analysis (MES-Threat). The tools are tested for the Northern Adriatic (NA) Sea, one of the most industrialized sea areas of Europe using a case study driven modelling strategy. Overall results show that coastal areas within 0–9 nm in the Gulf of Trieste, Grado-Marano and Venice lagoon and Po Delta outlet are subjected to intense cumulative effects and high sea use conflicts mainly from port activities, fishery, coastal and maritime tourism and maritime shipping. Linking MES into CEA provided novel information on locally threatened high MES supporting and provisioning habitats such Cymodocea beds and infralittoral fine sands, threats to cultural MES are most pronounced in coastal areas. Results are discussed for their geospatial relevance for regional planning, resource management and their applicability within MSP and environmental assessment.
Individualism and corporate social responsibility reporting

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting has become an integral part of today's business model and as such represents a form of commercial accountability to stakeholders thus necessitating the identification of characteristics that determine the approach and reception of these reports. One of these characteristics is cultural differences which have been examined in extant studies and found to have associations with CSR practices and performance; however, no studies have examined the relationship between the cultural dimension of individualism/collectivism on CSR reporting, specifically as it pertains to reporting credibility and external validation of the report. Thus, this study examines those relationships by collecting data from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), one of the primary organisations that provide standards for CSR reporting. We find that individualism is negatively related to the credibility of CSR reporting. In addition, we find that external validation of CSR reports is positively related to their credibility. The findings demonstrate how aspects of culture, specifically individualism, influence the execution, perception, and likely acceptance of CSR reports.
Hearing Beethoven: A Story of Musical Loss and Discovery

Musicologist Robin Wallace has spent his career studying Beethoven, particularly the original reviews of the musician’s work from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. His first book wa...
Radiation Heating Effects on Oxidizer-to-Fuel Ratio of Additively Manufactured Hybrid Rocket Fuels

Recently, multiple authors have investigated the use of additive manufacturing for precision fabrication of hybrid rocket fuels. Extensive regression rate data for 3-D printed motors with thrust le...
Gumbel regression models for a monotone increasing continuous biomarker subject to measurement error

Abstract Right- or left-skewed continuous biomarker measurements are often confronted in practice. The extreme values located in the long tail of skewed distributions indicate abnormal health status, and characterizing the features of a subgroup with abnormally high(or low) values is important for risk management. Furthermore, a biomarker is usually subject to measurement error. In the presence of these two challenging issues, existing methods for analyzing skewed biomarker data are no longer applicable. In this paper, we propose a semiparametric method based on Gumbel distributions while accounting for measurement error in a biomarker and adjusting for a monotone age effect on biomarker levels. We estimate the model parameters using the nonparametric maximum likelihood approach and implement computation via the EM algorithm. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators and summarize simulation results to assess the numerical performance of the proposed method. The method is illustrated through an application to data from a diabetes ancillary study to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Soft Sterilization: Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in the Carceral State:

In the United States, between 1907 and 1978, the proliferation of eugenic state practices routinely targeted institutionalized women with legalized involuntary sterilization. Sterilization laws and...
Decentralized Control Framework for Mitigation of the Power-Flow Fluctuations at the Integration Point of Smart Grids

In this paper, a decentralized control framework for reducing power-flow fluctuations at the integration point of DC smart microgrids (SMGs) is proposed. The output powers of non-dispatchable renewable energy resources are unpredictable and vary time to time. In this work, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are employed as distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) in order to minimize the power-flow fluctuations at the integration point. In this regards, the proposed control system increases the charging rates of PEVs in excess power generation and reduces the charging rates in power shortage. The simulations are performed using Matlab/Simulink. According to the simulation results, the proposed method is able to lessen the fluctuations. It also reduces the dependency of SMGs on the main grid and improves the overall power quality in the main power systems as it minimizes the integration point power-flow fluctuations.
Supporting Self-Regulation of Children with ADHD Using Wearables: Tensions and Design Challenges

The design of wearable applications supporting children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) requires a deep understanding not only of what is possible from a clinical standpoint but also how the children might understand and orient towards wearable technologies, such as a smartwatch. Through a series of participatory design workshops with children with ADHD and their caregivers, we identified tensions and challenges in designing wearable applications supporting the self-regulation of children with ADHD. In this paper, we describe the specific challenges of smartwatches for this population, the balance between self-regulation and co-regulation, and tensions when receiving notifications on a smartwatch in various contexts. These results indicate key considerations-from both the child and caregiver viewpoints-for designing technological interventions supporting children with ADHD.
Patient-Centered Communication to Address Young Adult Breast Cancer Survivors’ Reproductive and Sexual Health Concerns

Women faced with a diagnosis of breast cancer as young adults commonly experience negative effects of cancer and cancer treatment on their reproductive and sexual health (RSH) that are inadequately...
Lean flammability limit of high-dilution spark ignition with ethanol, propanol, and butanol

Ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and sec-butanol are six potential carbon-neutral fuels of the future. One application of these carbon-neutral fuels is in high-dilution spar...
Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity from young adulthood to middle age and metabolic disease: a 30-year population-based cohort study.

Objectives To determine the association between moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) trajectories (course over age and time) through the adult life course and onset of metabolic disease (diabetes and dyslipidaemia). Methods We analysed prospective community-based cohort data of 5115 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, who were black and white men and women aged 18–30 years at baseline (1985–1986) at four urban sites, collected through 30 years of follow-up. Individualised MVPA trajectories were developed for each participant using linear mixed models. Results Lower estimated MVPA score at age 18 was associated with a 12% (95% CI 6% to 18%) higher odds of incident diabetes, a 4% (95% CI 1% to 7%) higher odds of incident low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a 6% (95% CI 2% to 11%) higher odds of incident high triglycerides. Each additional annual 1-unit reduction in the MVPA score was associated with a 6% (95% CI 4% to 9%) higher annual odds of diabetes incidence and a 4% (95% CI 2% to 6%) higher annual odds of high triglyceride incidence. Analysing various MVPA trajectory groups, participants who were in the most active group at age 18 (over 300 min/week), but with sharp declines in midlife, had higher odds of high low-density lipoprotein and low HDL incidence, compared with those in the most active group at age 18 with subsequent gains. Conclusion Given recent trends in declining MVPA across the life course and associated metabolic disease risk, young adulthood is an important time period for interventions to increase and begin the maintenance of MVPA.
HPV self-sampling in the follow-up of women after treatment of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia: A prospective study in a high-income country

Abstract Current follow-up strategy for women after large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) for cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) is burdened by a low compliance. We evaluated the performance of home-based Human Papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling (Self-HPV) after treatment for CIN with the aim to assess the (i) feasibility and (ii) follow-up compliance. This study took place at the Geneva University Hospitals between May 2016 and September 2020. Women aged 18 years or older, undergoing LLETZ for a biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or worse (CIN1 + ) were invited to participate. Agreement statistics, interpreted according to the scale of κ values, were calculated for Self-HPV and HPV performed by the physician (Dr-HPV). The samples were analyzed using GeneXpert and Cobas. Sample size was calculated to provide a 10% precision to estimate the kappa coefficient. A total of 127 women were included, with a median age of 35 years (interquartile range 30–41 years). There was a substantial agreement between Self-HPV and Dr-HPV using GeneXpert at 6 and 12 months, with a κ value of 0.63 (95%CI: 0.47–0.79) and 0.66 (95%CI: 0.50–0.82), respectively. Up to 9/10 (90%) women who did not come to their follow-up visit did not send their Self-HPV, either. In the follow-up after LLETZ treatment, home-based self-HPV is feasible, with substantial agreement between the two groups, however, concern remains regarding adherence to Self-HPV performance at home and loss to follow-up. The trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT02780960.
An International Consortium on High-Speed Propulsion

Recent demands for higher speed ocean vehicles and, at the same time, for more efficient propulsion, have made the appearance of cavitation inevitable. Thus, contemporary hydrofoil or propeller blade designs must take advantage of controlled cavitation in order to increase the efficiency of propulsion. An International Consortium on Cavitation Performance of High-Speed Propulsors has been put together by the author. The ultimate objective of this effort is to develop a new generation of reliable and user-friendly computational tools for the analysis and systematic design of efficient cavitating hydrofoils or propulsors. Fifteen participants have joined this consortium thus far. They include research centers, propeller manufacturers, shipyards, and high-speed boat industries from the U.S., Europe, and Asia. An overview of the research plan and the approach for some of the research tasks are presented.
Influence of Line Motion on Waterhammer Pressures

The large pressure increases following rapid valve closures in liquid flow pipe systems produce large forces which must be resisted by the system structure. These forces invariably produce motion of the pipe line. The motion which is usually of small amplitude is generally ignored in waterhammer analysis. It is shown, however, that the motion may produce pressures that differ significantly from those predicted using rigidly supported pipelines. Initial pressure surges with magnitudes greater than 20% above the commonly used maximum for instantaneous valve closure may result under certain combinations of structural parameters and closing conditions and subsequent surges can be much greater than the initial surge. Under other conditions, it is shown that the pressure buildup is significantly retarded and the line motion can be utilized to control the waterhammer pressures. The line motion associated with the waterhammer surge can also produce characteristics such as pressure overshoot and jagged portions of the pressure trace which have often been observed experimentally.
Ethical Reasoning in Action: Validity Evidence for the Ethical Reasoning Identification Test (ERIT)

Professionals in business and law, healthcare providers, educators, policymakers, consumers, and higher education practitioners value ethical reasoning (ER) skills. Because of this, we concentrated campus-wide reaccreditation efforts to help students actively engage in ER. In doing so, we re-conceptualized the ER process, implemented campus-wide ER interventions designed to be experienced by all undergraduate students, and created the ethical reasoning identification test (ERIT) to measure students’ ability to engage in a foundational step in the ER process. Using factor analysis, we demonstrated internal validity evidence for ERIT scores. More specifically, confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a unidimensional factor structure, meaning stakeholders can report and analyze ERIT total scores. The unidimensional factor structure was replicated using two independent samples. Across all samples, ERIT scores demonstrated reliability consistent with professional standards. In addition, we collected external validity evidence for ERIT scores. The ERIT was sensitive to slight differences in ER training. That is, students experiencing a 75-min intervention performed better on the test compared to students without this experience. Overall, results suggested that our ER intervention may effectively increase students ER abilities and the ERIT demonstrated great potential for assessing foundational ethical reasoning skills. To further examine validity, researchers should consider known groups analyses with varying “doses” of the ER intervention, as well as measurement invariance studies.
Chapter 16 Collision testing

Publisher Summary In routine clinical practice, collision testing is used most commonly during motor nerve conduction studies to allow for distinction among separate components of an evoked response that are conveyed via two different nerve pathways. Stimulations may be delivered simultaneously or separated by a time delay, termed interstimulus interval (ISI). In motor nerve conduction studies assessing for anatomic variants, the first stimulus is often applied to a distal nerve segment from which the clinician wishes to suppress (abolish) an evoked response. The second stimulus is applied to a more proximal nerve segment from which an evoked response is being assessed. Assuming appropriate timing, the nerve will be in the refractory period, when the volley from the second stimulation arrives, preventing further propagation and preventing the recording of a response derived from this nerve fiber. The recorded response, therefore, may reflect only those components that are conveyed via an alternate route. The most common application of this technique has been to aid in electrodiagnosis of patients with suspected Martin Gruber Anastomosis (MGA). The methodology for this indication is described in detail in this chapter. Additionally, there are several other applications used in clinical practice, and the technique has also been useful in some research studies.
Stress drops of repeating earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield

I calculate well-resolved corner frequencies and stress drops for 25 earthquakes (1989–2006) in the three repeating sequences targeted by the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, using borehole data and multiple, highly correlated empirical Green's functions (EGFs). The earthquakes in the largest magnitude (M ~ 2.1) cluster exhibit source spectra well-fit by a circular source model. The corner frequencies correlate with those from the regional study by Allmann and Shearer (2007), suggesting that the interevent variability is resolvable. The earthquakes have stress drops between 25 and 65 MPa, with a gradual increase before the 2004 M6 earthquake, followed by an immediate decrease, then a rapid return to previous levels. The spectra of the cluster of M ~ 1.9 earthquakes include high-frequency energy not fit by simple source models and so stress drops are unreliable, and probably underestimated (1–20 MPa). There is no correlation with previous studies, and interevent variation is not resolvable. The earthquakes in the smallest magnitude cluster (M ~ 1.8) have the highest corner frequencies, but similar stress drops (4–120 MPa). The stress drops exhibit the same temporal variation as the first cluster, but there is poor correlation with Allmann and Shearer (2007), probably because their frequency bandwidth is too limited.
Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions

Phototoxic and photoallergic reactions may be induced by the topical application of a compound followed by irradiation — phototoxic and photoallergic contact reactions. Alternatively, reactions may be induced after the systemic absorption of a compound followed by irradiation. Most of these latter reactions are probably phototoxic in nature, there being scanty evidence for photoallergy.
The hundred year spacecraft

Two major steps in the evolution of autonomous, longlife spacecraft computing systems have been the demonstrations of systems with one-year and ten-year life expectancies in space. This paper discusses the design concept of a distributed, diversified self-testing and self-repairing computing system that is embedded in an autonomous spacecraft and serves as its agent for automatic maintenance. The attainment of a hundred-year life expectancy is founded on the extensive use of diversity in materials, technologies and design of hardware elements. Diversity of hardware and software designs also provides tolerance of design faults. A hierarchical system structure and a rigorous design paradigm for the fault-tolerance defenses also support the goals of autonomy and long system lifetime.
Design and Development of the University of Wisconsin's Parallel Hybrid-Electric Sport Utility Vehicle

The University of Wisconsin - Madison FutureTruck Team has designed and built a four-wheel drive, charge sustaining, parallel hybrid-electric sport utility vehicle for entry into the FutureTruck 2002 competition. This is a two-year project with tiered goals; the base vehicle for both years is a 2002 Ford Explorer. Wisconsin's FutureTruck, nicknamed the 'Moolander', weighs approximately 2050 kg. The vehicle uses a high efficiency, 2.5 liter, turbo-charged, compression ignition common rail, direct-injection engine supplying approximately 100 kW of peak power and a AC induction motor that provides an additional 33 kW of peak power. This hybrid drivetrain is an attractive alternative to the large displacement V6 drivetrain, as it provides comparable performance with similar emissions and drastically reduced fuel consumption. The PNGV Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) model predicts a Federal Testing Procedure (FTP) combined driving cycle fuel economy of 16.74 km/L (39.4 mpg) with California Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) emissions levels. These goals will be met while maintaining the full passenger/cargo capacity, appearance, and towing capacity of 2495 kg.
Reliability of the RNA-DNA Filter Hybridization for the Detection of Oncornavirus-Specific DNA Sequences

Denatured DNA from leukemic myeloblasts or uninfected chicken embryos, immobilized on nitrocellulose filters, was hybridized to a vast excess of [(3)H]70S RNA from purified avian myeloblastosis virus. The viral RNA was eluted from the RNA-DNA hybrids, purified, and then rehybridized in solution to an excess of either leukemic or normal chicken embryonic DNA. This study revealed that all the slow and the fast hybridizing viral RNA sequences detectable by liquid hybridization in DNA excess had hybridized to the filter bound DNA. Both techniques also gave similar values for the number of 28S ribosomal RNA genes contained in a chicken cell genome: 210 by the liquid hybridization procedure and 218 by the filter hybridization technique. Therefore, filter hybridization can accurately detect DNA sequences present in relatively few numbers in the genome of higher organisms.
Acanthamoeba Myosin I. ISOLATION FROM ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII OF AN ENZYME SIMILAR TO MUSCLE MYOSIN

Abstract An ATPase that accounts for about 0.3% of the total cell protein has been isolated in 90% purity from Acanthamoeba castellanii. The enzyme has been identified as a myosin-like ATPase by the following criteria. Maximal enzymatic activity occurs in the presence of EDTA and 0.5 m KCl, and is only 10 to 20% as high in the presence of Ca2+ and less than 1% in the presence of Mg2+. The Mg2+ ATPase is activated by actin under physiological conditions and the enzyme binds to actin filaments in the absence but not in the presence of ATP. Acanthamoeba myosin shows some activity toward nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP but does not hydrolyze ADP or AMP. In contrast to myosins from other sources, Acanthamoeba myosin is soluble under physiological conditions, and its partition coefficient on gel filtration suggests a native molecular weight of about 180,000, which is smaller than other myosins. Several different experiments show that the isolated molecule is not formed by proteolytic cleavage of a larger native protein. The purified enzyme consists of three polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 140,000, 16,000, and 14,000. The amino composition is remarkable for the absence of cysteine.
Reasoning about constructive concepts

We find that second order quantification is problematic when a quantified concept variable is supposed to function predicatively. This issue is analyzed and it is shown that a constructive interpretation of the falling under relation suffices to resolve the difficulty. We are then able to present a formal system for reasoning about concepts. We prove that this system is consistent and we investigate the extent to which it is able to interpret set theoretic and number theoretic systems of a more standard type.
Efficient enforcement of security policies based on tracking of mobile users

Recent advances to mobile communication, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies have propelled the growth of a number of mobile services. These require maintaining mobile object's location information and efficiently serving access requests on the past, present and future status of the moving objects. Moreover, these services raise a number of security and privacy challenges. To address this, security policies are specified to ensure controlled access to the mobile user's location and movement trajectories, their profile information, and stationary resources based on the mobile user's spatiotemporal information. Considering the basic authorization specification 〈subject, object, privilege 〉, in a mobile environment, a moving object can be a subject, an object, or both. Serving an access request requires to search for the desired moving objects that satisfy the query, as well as enforce the security policies. Often, enforcing security incurs overhead, and as a result may degrade the performance of a system. To alleviate this problem, recently Atluri and Guo have proposed an unified index structure, STPR-tree, to organize both the moving objects and authorizations specified over them. However, the STPR-tree is not capable supporting security policies based on tracking of mobile users. In this paper, we present an index structure, called SPPF-tree, which maintains past, present and future positions of the moving objects along with authorizations by employing partial persistent storage. We demonstrate how the SPPF-tree can be constructed and maintained, and provide algorithms to process two types of access requests, including moving object requests by stationary subjects such as locate and track, and stationary object requests by moving subjects.
High-throughput cytochrome P450 inhibition screening via cassette probe-dosing strategy. IV. Validation of a direct injection on-line guard cartridge extraction/tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2E1 inhibition assessment.

A highly efficient direct injection on-line guard cartridge extraction/tandem mass spectrometry (DI-GCE/MS/MS) method has been validated for high-throughput evaluation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2D6 and 2E1 inhibition potential via cassette dosing of midazolam, dextromethorphan and chlorzoxazone using human hepatic microsomes and 96-well microtiter plates. Microsomal incubations were terminated with formic acid, centrifuged, and the resulting supernatants were injected for analysis by DI-GCE/MS/MS. Due to the novel use of an extremely short C18 guard cartridge (4 mm in length), this method exhibits several advantages such as no sample preparation, excellent on-line extraction, short run time (2.5 min), and minimized source contamination and performance deterioration. The DI-GCE/MS/MS method demonstrates acceptable accuracy and precision for the simultaneous quantification of 1′-hydroxymidazolam, dextrorphan and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone in microsomal incubations. The inhibition potential of CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2E1 has been evaluated using their known selective inhibitors. The IC50 values measured by the cassette dosing approach (high-throughput) are consistent with those observed by an individual dosing regimen (conventional) and are all in good agreement with the literature values. The results suggest that the cassette probe-dosing strategy may provide an in vitro approach to minimize cost while maximizing throughput of CYP inhibition evaluation of new chemical entities in support of drug discovery and development. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of elastic constants from a replica Monte Carlo simulation

A Monte Carlo method, combining a replica Monte Carlo simulation with a cumulant analysis of the generated replica energies, is employed in order to calculate efficiently and accurately the second-order, isothermal elastic constants of a defect-free, Lennard-Jones crystal. The advantages of this method are that it is easy to implement, that it does not require the calculation of stresses or their strain derivatives, and that only one constant-strain simulation is required. It is shown that other methods presently used to calculate elastic constants can be regarded, more generally, as alternative, cumulant expansions. This method is further extended to calculate higher-order elastic constants and, in particular, the dependence of the bulk modulus on strain.
Using computational simulations to discover optimal training paradigms

Abstract The organization of training is an important determinant of how well subjects learn a cognitive task. To understand why different training schedules produce different learned performance, we used a hippocampal model to compare three training paradigms for the hippocampally dependent cognitive task called transverse patterning. Simulations reproduce training effects seen in humans and rats. As in behavioral studies, progressive training produces robust learning while random training renders the task essentially unlearnable. The simulations predict that a third training paradigm, called staged learning, will produce more robust learning on average than the progressive paradigm used in published behavioral studies. Possible mechanisms underlying performance differences between paradigms are investigated and discussed.
Power system reactive power optimization based on improved PSO

In order to improve optimize performance of basic particle swarm optimization (PSO), a new improved PSO algorithm is presented. In this paper, the mechanisms of bee evolution and inherit selection are involved into particle swarm optimization. At the optimization prophase, the bee evolution particle swarm optimization is adopted in order to enhance the whole optimization ability and increase the diversity of particles. At the optimization anaphase, the inherit selection particle swarm optimization is adopted in order to improve the convergence speed. The improved PSO algorithm is used to the IEEE14 node system and the Daqing real power system, the reactive power optimization result shows that the improved PSO has the better global convergence and the quickly convergence speed compare with other optimization algorithms. It also shows that it's a successful and feasible approach for reactive power optimization.
Time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure

Abstract We have constructed a time-resolved extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometer for measuring transient structures of dynamic systems. Its time resolution can be varied from nanoseconds to 1000 μs.
Extraction and Separation of the Bright-Greenish-Yellow Fluorescent Material from Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. Infected Cotton Lint by HPLC−UV/FL

To isolate the bright-greenish-yellow-fluorescence (BGY-F) material associated with aflatoxin contamination on cotton lint, various in vitro chemical and in vivo natural BGY-F reaction products were prepared. BGY-F material was obtained from reactions involving (1) kojic acid (KA) and H 2 O 2 , (b) KA, peroxidase, and H 2 O 2 , (c) fresh cotton locules treated with KA and H 2 O 2 , (d) detached cotton locules inoculated with an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus spore suspension, and (e) live developing cotton bolls inoculated with aflatoxigenic A. flavus. BGY-F preparations separated on TLC resulted in the same R f value (0.52), indicating the possibility of the same compound. Under HPLC conditions, at a 380 nm wavelength setting, BGY-F retention times ranged 5.74-6.09 min; under fluorescent detection at 435 nm (excitation) and 494 nm (emission), retention times ranged from 5.75 to 6.09 min. Apparently, in all methods used to form the BGY-F compound, both in vivo and in vitro, only one compound with specific chromatographic characteristics was produced, and the product is likely an oxidized form of KA.
Virginia's Workhouses for the Poor: Care for “Divers Idle and Disorderly Persons”

Commencing in 1661, the responsibility for providing welfare assistance to the poor was assigned to the colony's parish churches, whose members rendered care, for which they were paid. During the mid-18th century, as the ranks of the poor swelled and the cost of providing for them became increasingly burdensome, parish churches embarked upon a major social experiment: they began operating workhouses, where the indigent could be sheltered and, in theory, also earn their keep. Archaeological research at Bruton Parish poorhouse provided a glimpse into the material culture of one such workhouse.
Effect of nickel content of 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels on the aging and irradiation response of impact properties

Abstract Irradiating nickel-containing alloys in a mixed-spectrum reactor can simulate both transmutation helium and displacement damage expected in a fusion reactor first wall. Impact properties of 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels doped with nickel were determined in the as-heat-treated, thermally aged, and irradiated conditions to determine if nickeldoping affects the behavior. The irradiation was carried out in a fast-spectrum reactor which produces only an insignificant amount of helium during irradiation, thereby evaluating the effect of nickel alone. Only limited property changes resulted from thermal aging or irradiation to 12 dpa at 450 to 550°C. Irradiation of the 12Cr-1MoVW steel at 390°C produced severe degradation of impact properties. Nickel additions affected the unirradiated material properties, but subsequent radiationinduced changes were similar. The results indicate that nickel doping and subsequent irradiation in a mixed spectrum reactor is a viable method for simulating irradiation effects in a fusion reactor first wall.
Of nets and trees: Untangling the reticulate and dendritic in Madagascar's prehistory

Abstract Archaeological accounts of cultural origin and development often take one of two forms: a dendritic model of diversification and adaptation from a single root or a reticulate model of cultural blending and diversification from multiple ancestral stocks. Madagascar has been described as an example of a dendritic development. The formal features of dendritic and reticulate models are described, and then a summary is presented of the current evidence for Madagascar's settlement. These data neither strongly support a dendritic model nor support any specific reticulate model. The weaknesses of both of these models may derive from their implicit focus on origins, rather than historical process.
Resonant sum-frequency generation

A theoretical and numerical analysis of doubly or singly resonant sum-frequency generation of two laser beams in an external cavity is presented. The plane-wave equations for three-wave mixing-as applied to Gaussian beams using a Boyd-Kleinman overlap integral-are found to give excellent agreement with 3-D numerical simulations. In many regimes of practical interest, the present theory is also in excellent agreement with earlier work of Kaneda and Kubota. In particular, the generation of 589-nm CW sodium-resonance radiation in lithium triborate using two Nd:YAG lasers is considered. Matching the photon flux of the two laser beams is generally optimal. A suitable choice of input-coupler reflectivities (decreasing as the flux level increases) results in high-efficiency conversion with acceptable tolerance to input flux imbalance.
Supporting self-experimentation of behavior change strategies

Empowering individuals with tools and support that enables them to explore, test, and invent behavior change strategies and actualizing solutions to their uniquely personal needs, throughout their everyday lives, is likely to lead to more robust, personalized, and effective solutions. This research aims to understand how tools that foster self-experimentation of behavior change strategies for the creation of user-driven solutions can support fulfillment and increased self-control. I am equipping end-users with the capacity to construct sensor-augmented responsive environments by developing, deploying, and evaluating a toolkit that provides integrated hardware and software coupled with motivational support pertaining to self-efficacy.
Neurofibromin physically interacts with the N-terminal domain of focal adhesion kinase.

The NF1 gene that is altered in patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) encodes a neurofibromin protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. In this report, we show for the first time physical interaction between neurofibromin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the protein that localizes at focal adhesions. We show that neurofibromin associates with the N-terminal domain of FAK, and that the C-terminal domain of neurofibromin directly interacts with FAK. Confocal microscopy demonstrates colocalization of NF1 and FAK in the cytoplasm, perinuclear and nuclear regions inside the cells. Nf1+/+ MEF cells expressed less cell growth during serum deprivation conditions, and adhered less on collagen and fibronectin-treated plates than Nf1−/− MEF cells, associated with changes in actin and FAK staining. In addition, Nf1+/+ MEF cells detached more significantly than Nf1−/− MEF cells by disruption of FAK signaling with the dominant-negative inhibitor of FAK, C-terminal domain of FAK (FAK-CD). Thus, the results demonstrate the novel interaction of neurofibromin and FAK and suggest their involvement in cell adhesion, cell growth, and other cellular events and pathways. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of frictional shear stresses on bifurcation in layered solids

Abstract The effects of shearing on the emergence of bifurcation modes during the rolling of clad metals are studied. Previous studies of bifurcation modes in layered solids assumed that rolling could be modeled as a simple, homogeneous compression, with zero shear stress acting parallel to the layers. This clearly ignores friction which is necessarily present between the sheets and the rolls. In this paper, two new prebifurcation states, each reminiscent of a different type of shearing that occurs in rolled clad metals, are considered; their tendencies to provoke bifurcation modes are contrasted with previous predictions based on frictionless compression. As the governing differential equation for incremental deformations is substantially more complex than before, a numerical approach is devised to compute the bifurcation strains. The results of this approach, which are shown to be extremely accurate by comparison with previously obtained results, indicate that approximating rolling as a homogeneous, frictionless compression may lead to substantial errors.
Effects of mutating aromatic surface residues of the heme domain of human sulfite oxidase on its heme midpoint potential, intramolecular electron transfer, and steady-state kinetics

Human sulfite oxidase (hSO), an essential molybdoheme enzyme, catalyzes the oxidation of toxic sulfite to sulfate. The proposed catalytic cycle includes two, one-electron intramolecular electron transfers (IET) between the molybdenum (Mo) and the heme domains. Rapid IET rates are ascribed to conformational changes that bring the two domains into close proximity to one another. Previous studies of hSO have focused on the roles of conserved residues near the Mo active site and on the tether that links the two domains. Here four aromatic surface residues on the heme domain (phenylalanine 57 (F57), phenylalanine 79 (F79), tyrosine 83 (Y83), and histidine 90 (H90)) have been mutated, and their involvement in IET rates, the heme midpoint potential, and the catalytic activity of hSO have been investigated using laser flash photolysis, spectroelectrochemistry, and steady-state kinetics, respectively. The results indicate that the size and hydrophobicity of F57 play an important role in modulating the heme potential and that F57 also affects the IET rates. The data also suggest that important interactions of H90 with a heme propionate group destabilize the Fe(III) state of the heme. The positive charge on H90 at pH ≤ 7.0 may decrease the electrostatic interaction between the Mo and heme domains, thereby decreasing the IET rates of wt hSO at low pH. Lastly, mutations of F79 and Y83, which are located on the surface of the heme domain, but not in direct contact with the heme or the propionate groups, have little effect on either IET or the heme potential.
Are inter-segment revenues informative about future performance?

Abstract This study investigates the degree to which a specific component of segmental disclosure, intersegment transactions, informs future segment-level and firm-level profitability. By using segment data reported under the FAS No. 131 regime, we find a positive association between intersegment revenues and one-year-ahead segment operating profits; this association is weakened by agency costs but not proprietary costs. We also find that the aggregate intersegment revenue reported by a firm is positively associated with future firm-level earnings. However, analysts seem to underreact to information in aggregate intersegment revenue.
A Murine Model of Airway Granulation and Subglottic Stenosis

Objectives: The murine model, in which tracheas are transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of recipient mice and subsequently studied for signs of granulation tissue, has been particularly successful in studying airway disease. Mouse laryngotracheal complexes (LTC’s) will undergo airway injury and transplantation into syngeneic recipient mice in order to develop a functional model of airway granulation tissue and subglottic stenosis. Study Design: IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) approved animal study Methods: The LTC’s of donor mice underwent direct airway injury through mucosal scraping using a wire brush or through application of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution to the mucosa. A control group did not undergo any airway injury. LTC’s were harvested and transplanted heterotopically into the subcutaneous tissue of syngeneic recipient mice and harvested at 3 weeks posttransplantation. Harvested LTC’s underwent analysis by standard histochemistry using trichrome staining, specifically to highlight collagen formation and thus to examine degree of granulation tissue in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Results: At 3 weeks posttransplantation, trichrome staining showed that direct injury of the airway epithelium, both mechanically using a wire brush and chemically using HCl solution, results in the formation of granulation under the disrupted airway epithelium, with narrowing of the airway lumen and evidence of early fibrosis. Conclusions: The development of a murine model of airway granulation tissue is an efficient tool for characterizing the process and for establishing strategies to prevent granulation and subglottic stenosis. A Murine Model of Airway Granulation and Subglottic Stenosis
Bulk protonic conduction in Yb-doped SrCeO3 and BaCeO3

The bulk protonic conductivity of SrCeO 3 and BaCeO 3 ceramics, each doped with 5% Yb 3+ and treated in water vapor, was measured in the temperature range 25–250°C. In this range, the first arc in complex impedance analysis allowed determination of the true bulk conductivity; no distinct grain-boundary conductivity are was oberved. The activation energies obtained for proton migration were 0.63 eV for SrCeO 3 and 0.51 eV for BaCeO 3 . The value of the pre-exponential factor indicates that the concentration of hopping protons is only a fraction of the concentration of Yb dopant. The isotope effect was investigated for SrCeO 3 by replacing protons with devterons; the activation energy then increased by 0.04 eV, indicating non-classical behavior.
Cholesterol autoxidation inhibition varies among several natural antioxidants in an aqueous model system

Inhibition of cholesterol autoxidation by several natural materials was examined in an aqueous meat model system at pH 5.50 and 80°C. Antioxidant effectiveness was measured using the induction period for 7-ketocholesterol. An industrial rosemary oleoresin, quercetin, myr-icetin and BHA (included for comparison) had no antioxidant properties for cholesterol. All tocopherol treatments delayed cholesterol oxidation. The γ- and δ- treatments were most effective and α-toco-pherol was least effective. No synergistic effects were observed with tocopherol blends. Antioxidants effective against unsaturated fatty acid autoxidation may not inhibit cholesterol autoxidation.