cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Hispanic Cultural Factors and Sexual Behaviors of Hispanic Men Who Have Sex with Men

Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority group in the U.S. and account for 21% of new cases of HIV infection. Previous researchers have examined the relationship of Hispanic cultural factors and the sexual behaviors of Hispanic men who have sex with men (HMSM). However, the exact influence of Hispanic culture factors on the sexual behaviors of these men is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of selected Hispanic cultural factors and the sexual behaviors of a sample of HMSM. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 125 Hispanic men in Miami-Dade County, FL. Participants completed standardized measures of Hispanic cultural factors, sexual behaviors, and a demographic questionnaire. Statistically significant positive correlations were noted between age and total cultural constructs, familism, personalism, and machismo. Statistically significant negative correlations were noted between education and total cultural constructs, and education and fatalism. No statistically significant correlation coefficients were noted between total cultural constructs and total sexual behaviors. However, statistically significant positive correlations were noted between condom use and personalism, and assertiveness and personalism. A statistically significant negative correlation was noted between familism and anal sex. Nurses and other clinicians providing care for HMSM need awareness of certain Hispanic cultural factors (personalism and familism) that may be related to sexual behaviors among HMSM. More research is needed to understand how personalism and familism may be used as protective factors to decrease sexual risk of HMSM.
Serial intraocular lens opacifications of different designs from the same manufacturer: Clinical and light microscopic results of 71 explant cases.

Purpose To report clinical findings and light microscopic results of 71 opacified hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs). Setting Vivantes Klinikum Neukoelln, Ophthalmology Department, Berlin, Germany. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Sixty-three patients (71 eyes) were referred to the clinic because of vision-impairing IOL opacification between December 2012 and September 2016 after routine cataract surgery elsewhere. The explanted IOLs were analyzed with light microscopy at the John A. Moran Eye Center (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Medical records were reviewed for visual acuity, comorbidities, and complications. Clinical follow up was 6 months. Results Seventy-one opacified 1-piece or 3-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOLs (Lentis) of different designs from 2009 to 2012 (LS-502-1, LS-402-1Y, LS 312-1Y, LS-313-1Y, L-402, L-312) were found. Morphological findings were surface, subsurface, or deep calcifications of the IOL material. Explantation was performed 4 years ± 1.2 (SD) after initial phacoemulsification. The mean patient age was 78.6 ± 8.2 years. Ocular and systemic comorbidities were found without statistical correlation: the most frequent were diabetes, uveitis, and glaucoma. The preoperative mean corrected distance visual acuity changed from 0.63 ± 0.47 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) to 0.20 ± 0.28 logMAR postoperatively (P Conclusions Different designs of IOLs by the same manufacturer, implanted between 2009 and 2012, developed late calcification with significant visual loss after routine cataract surgery. No medical, surgical, or ophthalmologic trigger could be determined. A manufacture issue might be the reason for the opacification.
Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization in ab initio emulsion

Abstract Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) performed in ab initio emulsion provides access to well-defined polymers in a low-cost, eco-friendly environment. Herein, photoinduced ab initio emulsion ATRP of various (meth)acrylate monomers is reported. The polymerization rate increased with the solubility of the monomer in water. Well-controlled (co)polymerizations were achieved under violet light and low catalyst loading, even in an open-to-air system through enzymatic degassing.
Racial Disparities in Federal Sentencing Outcomes: Clarifying the Role of Criminal History:

Racial and ethnic sentencing disparities are frequently conditioned by offender and case characteristics (e.g., gender, crime type). Offenders’ criminal history is a potentially important condition...
Structural, electrical and spectroscopic studies of the diffuse phase transition relaxor-like ferroelectric material Ba[(Ho,Sb)0.05Ti0.9]O3

AbstractSpectroscopic, structural and electrical properties of Ba[(Ho,Sb)0.05Ti0.9]O3 have been characterized to determine the effects of charge compensated dipole-like (Ho3+, Sb5+) substitutions o...
A personal history of sensory science

This article traces the history of Sensory Science in America. It starts with the roots of psychophysics in nineteenth-century Germany, following from Weber to Fechner to Wundt to Titchener to Bori...
Acute flaccid myelitis: Rehabilitation challenges and outcomes in a pediatric cohort

Purpose To describe one institution's experience in the rehabilitation of children with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). This study reviews the medical and rehabilitative course and functional outcomes of a cohort of children who underwent Activity Based Restorative Therapy (ABRT) at a single center. Methods Children with AFM presenting for rehabilitation between March 2005 and January 2017 were identified and a retrospective chart review was conducted. Changes in medical and functional status were assessed using multiple standardized instruments, as well as a chart review of medical progress. Results Thirty-one children with AFM treated at our institution in the study time period were identified. Of these, seventeen received inpatient treatment, and fourteen received solely outpatient interventions. Their medical and functional outcomes are described with use of standardized measures when available. Conclusions Children with flaccid paralysis due to AFM undergoing structured, comprehensive rehabilitation interventions, even when these are initiated long after paralysis onset, can make significant neurologic and functional gains. Recovery of function and prevention of comorbidities are the main therapeutic targets for interventions in this population.
Image-Guided Percutaneous Management of Skull and Spine Giant Cell Tumors: Case Report of 2 Challenging Cases Successfully Treated with Doxycycline Sclerotherapy

Background A giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign, locally aggressive tumor that is often challenging to treat. When complete resection is not possible, curettage with or without adjuvants is the most common treatment. The high frequency of local recurrence and risk of injury to adjacent structures can limit this surgical approach, especially with skull and spine lesions. Case Description We report 2 cases of axial skeleton GCTs, 1 in the skull of a 58-year-old woman in whom operative management failed, who experienced local recurrence, and 1 in the cervical spine of an 8-year-old girl that grew extracompartmentally to surround her brachial plexus. Both patients were referred to us because of the surgically challenging nature of their tumors. After completion of the same percutaneous doxycycline sclerotherapy protocol previously described for aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs), both patients were considered cured and were able to return to normal activities without loss of pretreatment function. After 4 and 10 years of follow-up, respectively, there has been no tumor recurrence in either patient. Conclusions We successfully treated 2 patients with very challenging axial skeleton GCTs using a percutaneous doxycycline sclerotherapy protocol previously shown to have success with ABCs. We believe that this minimally invasive procedure should be considered a potential alternative treatment for GCTs, especially axial skeleton lesions, which may not be easily approached with standard surgical techniques.
Microbial, Physical, and Chemical Changes in Galveston Bay Following an Extreme Flooding Event, Hurricane Harvey

Hurricane Harvey (category 4 storm) made landfall along the coast of Texas (USA) and then stalled out over Texas and Louisiana, releasing 1.29 x 1011 m3 of precipitation over 5 days. This caused extensive flooding that elevated freshwater river discharge and land runoff into Galveston Bay and eventually into the Gulf of Mexico. The floodwaters delivered a significant influx of terrigenous dissolved organic matter, organic pollutants and nutrients along with terrestrial and freshwater associated microbes. Over the 24 days following the flooding event, samples were collected on five cruises across Galveston Bay from the mouth of the San Jacinto River (Houston, TX) to the Gulf of Mexico. Parameters measured for this study include: water quality (temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen), nutrients (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, Pi, and HSiO3-), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals (cotinine, carbamazepine, carbamazepine-epoxide, and prednisone), biocide (imidacloprid), dissolved organic carbon, lignin phenols, bacteria and the eukaryotic community (16S and 18S rRNA genes). In the week after the flood event, bay-wide salinities decreased to 0-5 compared to the higher pre-Harvey salinities of 20-30 (recorded 5 days before the flood). Water treatment facilities and petrochemical plants were compromised due to the heavy flooding in the region. This led to increased concentrations of nutrients, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals and biocides across Galveston Bay immediately following the storm. In the 4 weeks following the storm, concentrations of nutrients and organic pollutants began to decrease coinciding with rising salinities as the freshwater was flushed into the Gulf of Mexico and seawater began moving back into the Bay. Successive blooms of chlorophytes, diatoms, and dinoflagellates occurred similar to post-storm communities from past hurricanes that have impacted estuarine systems along the Gulf of Mexico. The eukaryotic community changed substantially following Harvey and did not recover to pre-Harvey conditions during our study period, suggesting a longer recovery time compared to the prokaryotes. Although the water quality parameters and microbial community showed signs of returning to pre-Harvey conditions within the month following the flood event, long-term impacts need to be measured in the years following the flood.
Care Me Too, a Mobile App for Engaging Chinese Immigrant Caregivers in Self-Care: Qualitative Usability Study

Background: Caregiving and self-care are challenging for Chinese immigrants in the United States due to limited accessible support and resources. Few interventions exist to assist Chinese immigrant caregivers in better performing self-care. To address this gap in the literature, our team developed the Care Me Too app to engage Chinese immigrant caregivers in self-care and conducted a user experience test to assess its usability and acceptability. Objective: This paper aims to report the results of the app’s usability and acceptability testing with Chinese immigrant caregivers and to solicit participants’ feedback of the app design and functions. Methods: A total of 22 Mandarin-speaking Chinese caregivers participated in the study, which consisted of 2 parts: the in-lab testing and the 1-week at-home testing. In-depth face-to-face interviews and follow-up phone interviews were used to assess user experience of the app’s usability and acceptability and to solicit feedback for app design and functions. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Among the 22 participants, the average age was 60.5 (SD 8.1) years, ranging from 46 to 80 years; 17 (77%) participants were women and 14 (64%) had an associate degree or higher. Participants reported uniformly positive ratings of the usability and acceptability of the app and provided detailed suggestions for app improvement. We generated guidelines for mobile health (mHealth) app designs targeting immigrant caregivers, including weighing flexibility versus majority preferences, increasing text sizes, using colors effectively, providing engaging and playful visual designs and functions, simplifying navigation, simplifying the log-in process, improving access to and the content on the help document, designing functions to cater to the population’s context, and ensuring offline access. Conclusions: The main contribution of this study is the improved understanding of Chinese caregivers’ user experiences with a language-appropriate mHealth app for a population that lacks accessible caregiving and self-care resources and support. It is recommended that future researchers and app designers consider the proposed guidelines when developing mHealth apps for their population to enhance user experience and harness mHealth’s value.
Mixed phenotype acute leukemia in a child associated with a NUP98-NSD1 fusion and NRAS p.Gly61Arg mutation.

Background Mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) is a rare subset of acute leukemia in the pediatric population associated with genetic alterations seen in both acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Case We describe a patient with MPAL with a NUP98 (nucleoporin 98)-NSD1 gene fusion (nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein1) and NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog mutation) p.Gly61Arg mutation who was treated with upfront AML-based chemotherapy, received hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), but unfortunately died from relapsed disease. Conclusion This case highlights the challenges faced in choosing treatment options in MPAL patients with complex genomics, with predominant myeloid features.
An integrated quantum network node in diamond

We present quantum network nodes that leverage integration of nanophotonic, electromechanical, and microwave technology to control the optical and spin properties of silicon-vacancy (SiV) color-centers in diamond. We demonstrate strain induced quantum interference between SiV color centers coupled to nanophotonic devices.
On the Benefit of Syntactic Supervision for Cross-lingual Transfer in Semantic Role Labeling

Although recent developments in neural architectures and pre-trained representations have greatly increased state-of-the-art model performance on fully-supervised semantic role labeling (SRL), the task remains challenging for languages where supervised SRL training data are not abundant. Cross-lingual learning can improve performance in this setting by transferring knowledge from high-resource languages to low-resource ones. Moreover, we hypothesize that annotations of syntactic dependencies can be leveraged to further facilitate cross-lingual transfer. In this work, we perform an empirical exploration of the helpfulness of syntactic supervision for crosslingual SRL within a simple multitask learning scheme. With comprehensive evaluations across ten languages (in addition to English) and three SRL benchmark datasets, including both dependency- and span-based SRL, we show the effectiveness of syntactic supervision in low-resource scenarios.
Developing and Maintaining an Object-Oriented Distributed Multimedia Information System

As object-oriented analysis and design techniques mature, the promises of object-orientation become more realizable. The advent of multimedia hardware and software technology give rise to a need for generalized multimedia data access methods. This paper describes the object-oriented development and subsequent maintenance of ENFORMS, an object-oriented distributed multimedia information system. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using object-oriented analysis and design techniques to develop a general client–server architecture for browsing, retrieving, and analyzing distributed multimedia data. We also describe lessons learned from this project, including the impact of a rigorous application of object-oriented analysis and design techniques.
Ionic interation with bone mineral: II. The control of Ca2+ and PO43−exchange by univalent cation-Ca2+ substitution at the hydroxyapatite crystal surface

Abstract Evidence is presented for one-to-one substitution of Ca2+ by Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ at the surface of synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals. Such cation substitution alters the surface charge asymmetry, which is then compensated by an altered balance in the opposite sign of ions (Ca2+ and PO43−) in the hydration shell of the crystals. Exchangeable PO43− and Ca2+ in the hydration shell were calculated from the 45Ca2+ and 32PO43− studies. Li+, Na+, K+ and Cs+ increased the exchangeable Ca2+ without altering exchangeable phosphate. This suggests that Ca2+ accumulate in the hydration shell to compensate for the reduction in the net positive charge at the crystal surface which is brought about the substitution of divalent Ca2+ by univalent cations. Conversely, Ca2+ in the solution reduced Ca2+ exchange, probably by producing a net increase in the positive charge at the crystal surface. By these criteria, it could be shown that tetramethylammonium (TMA+) and tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris+) do not participate in cation substitution. Additional proof for cation substituttion was obtained from 22Na+ and 42K+ wash-out studies indicating that Na+ and K+ exchange with the crystal surface, and from the estimation of net Ca2+ loss from the crystal, demonstrating depletion of surface Ca2+ with cation substitution.
Numerical Modelling of Enhancing Suspended Solids Removal in a CSO Facility

One of the most common methods of combined sewer overflow (CSO) treatment is by conventional settling, the efficiency of which depends on the properties of solid particles and the characteristics of the flow transporting these solids. Since the geometry and hydraulics of CSO facilities are often very complex, traditional design methods based on many simplifying assumptions may not predict well the actual operational performance. Therefore, there is a growing need for new tools assisting engineers in design or operation of CSO storage and treatment facilities. In a study of such a CSO facility, a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (FLUENT) was used to investigate flow and sediment behaviour, and to explore the ways of optimizing the overall facility performance by adding flow conditioning baffles to improve particle settling. A two-stage approach was adopted; flow patterns were simulated first by means of a volume of fluid (VOF) model and subsequently formed a basis for simulating particle transport by the discrete phase (DP) model. The simulation results for water surface, flow fields in different structure configurations, and particle capture rates in three parallel CSO storage/treatment tanks are presented for various flow conditions.
Aggrecan synthesized by mature bovine chondrocytes suspended in alginate. Identification of two distinct metabolic matrix pools

Proteoglycans synthesized by chondrocytes in alginate beads are found in two compartments: the cell-associated matrix and the further removed matrix (Hauselmann, H. J., Aydelotte M. B., Schumacher B. L., Kuettner K. E., Gitelis, S. H., and Thonar, E. J.-M. A. (1992) Matrix 12, 116-129). To study the metabolism of aggrecan in these two compartments, mature bovine articular chondrocytes in alginate beads were pulsed with [35S]sulfate for 30 min or 16 h on day 7 of culture and then chased in isotope-free medium for up to 21 days. At different times, the two matrix pools were separately isolated, and the 35S-proteoglycans quantified, purified, and characterized. Radiolabeled aggrecan molecules exhibited a very long average half-life in the beads (t1/2 = 95 days). In contrast, small non-aggregating proteoglycans, which made up approximately 4% of the 35S-proteoglycans synthesized, were rapidly lost from the beads (t1/2 = 95 days versus 15 days). Radiolabeled aggrecan subunits in the two matrix compartments had a similar average hydrodynamic size and polydispersity; importantly, the size of these molecules did not change during the chase period. Catabolism of 35S-aggrecan in the cell-associated matrix was the only significant contributor to the appearance in the medium of partially degraded 35S-aggrecan which had lost the ability to bind to hyaluronan. These results strongly suggest aggrecan molecules which reside in the pericellular and territorial matrix compartments in close proximity to the chondrocytes have a much faster rate of turnover than their counterpart in the interterritorial areas further removed from the cells.
The ontology of character traits in Hume

This paper argues that Hume can account for character traits as lasting mental qualities without violating his reductionist account of the mind as a changing bundle of ideas and impressions. It argues that a trait is a disposition to act according to certain passions or motivations, explained entirely with reference to the ideas and impressions constituting one's current self. This account is consistent with Hume's view of the mind, and relies solely on his accounts of the association of impressions and ideas, and of the relationship between belief and passion, to establish relations that can properly be called lasting mental qualities.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of bronchus in a pediatric patient: 18 F-FDG PET findings

In children, primary neoplasms of the tracheobronchial tree and lungs are rare; most are malignant. Of the primary malignant pulmonary neoplasms arising in childhood, mucoepidermoid carcinoma accounts for approximately 10%. Due to its well-confined local growth within the airway, mucoepidermoid carcinoma commonly produces respiratory symptoms from progressive tracheal or bronchial obstruction. Mucoepidermoid tumor has minimal metastatic potential in children, and local resection alone is the current treatment of choice. Early detection, diagnosis, and surgical resection of mucoepidermoid tumor are especially important in pediatric patients since the bulk of the remaining pulmonary parenchyma can be preserved, thereby decreasing the thoracic deformity and pulmonary functional morbidity. Radiographic and CT imaging findings of bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma in children have been described in several case reports. However, to the best of our knowledge, imaging findings of 2-(18F)-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus in pediatric patients have not been well established. We report a mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from the right upper lobe bronchus in a 15-year-old girl with an emphasis on the 18F-FDG PET findings.
Early surgical correction of massive refluxing megaureter in babies by total ureteral reconstruction and reimplantation.

Abstract Massive ureteral dilatation secondary to vesicoureteral reflux represents a threat to renal function in infants and young children. Conservative treatment of severe reflux may result in an unacceptable morbidity, whereas early and aggressive surgical correction proved to be gratifying.
New approaches to the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: the American College of Surgeons experience

In honor of the seminal contributions of Dr. Shukri Khuri to the foundation and development of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), a review of recent work and new directions within the American College of Surgeons (ACS) NSQIP is presented, according to the following outline:
‘The barbarism of representation’: The Nazi critique of modern art and the American New Right's Kulturkampf

(1994). ‘The barbarism of representation’: The Nazi critique of modern art and the American New Right's Kulturkampf. Patterns of Prejudice: Vol. 28, No. 3-4, pp. 37-56.
Effect of clopidogrel premedication in off-pump cardiac surgery: are we forfeiting the benefits of reduced hemorrhagic sequelae?

Background— Premedication with clopidogrel has reduced thrombotic complications after percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures. However, because of the enhanced and irreversible platelet inhibition by clopidogrel, patients requiring surgical revascularization have a higher risk of bleeding complications and transfusion requirements. A principal benefit of surgical coronary revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass is its lower hemorrhagic sequelae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative clopidogrel administration in the incidence of hemostatic reexploration, blood product transfusion rates, morbidity, and mortality in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery using a large patient sample and a risk-adjusted approach. Methods and Results— Two hundred eighty-one patients (17.9%) did and 1291 (82.1%) did not receive clopidogrel before their surgery, for a total of 1572 patients undergoing isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass graft sur...
Effect of Sm valence changes on photoemission spectra

We have used low-energy (h\ensuremath{\nu}=17--45 eV) photoemission to study thin films of Sm evaporated on Nb. We find that Sm evaporated onto a room-temperature Nb substrate is initially entirely divalent. On a time scale of the order of 50 min at room temperature a valence transition to mixed-valent or trivalent Sm occurs. This is accompanied by dramatic changes in the photoemission spectra, including a large increase in the total yield of photoelectrons and the appearance of a series of new constant-kinetic-energy peaks. The photon-energy dependence of these peaks indicates that they are due to Auger recombination of the Sm 5p level. We also observe a 5p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d resonance in Sm for the first time. The underlying cause of these effects appears to be an ordering transition in the Sm film, which changes the Sm 5d occupancy and increases the resonance amplitude. This mechanism is evidently a very sensitive indicator of a Sm valence change.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a novel role for thyroxine in peroxide-induced hemolysis.

Abstract G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes undergo hemolysis during exposure to hydrogen peroxide and thyroxine. Normal erythrocytes do not show this effect unless incubated in the absence of glucose. The inability of G-6-PD deficient cells to detoxify hydrogen peroxide apparently exposes them to the cytotoxic actions of thyroxine. It is suggested that the hemolysis and anemia associated with this genetic disorder is a consequence of the actions of both peroxide and thyroxine on erythrocyte membranes.
The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Post-Mongol Context of the Ottoman Adoption of a School of Law

This article proposes a comparative analytical framework to study changes in Islamic law during the post-Mongol period, particularly the rise of the official school of law (or state madhhab). Taking as my case study the Ottoman adoption of a particular branch within the Sunni Hanafi school of law, I suggest that this adoption marks a new chapter in Islamic legal history. In earlier periods, while rulers appointed judges and thus regulated the adjudication procedures, they did not intervene, at least theoretically, in the structure and doctrine of the schools of law, which remained the relatively autonomous realm of the jurists. The Ottoman adoption of the school, by contrast, was not merely an act of state patronage, since the dynasty played an important role in regulating the school's structure and doctrine. To this end, it employed a set of administrative and institutional practices, such as the development of an imperial learned hierarchy with standardized career and training tracks and the appointment of jurisconsults (muftis). Some of these practices were found in other polities across the eastern Islamic lands in the post-Mongol period, but these similarities have not been treated comparatively in modern historiography. They suggest that the Ottoman case was part of a broader legal culture that spanned several polities across the region. This article outlines a framework that will enable historians of Islamic law to treat these similarities in a more coherent manner. The framework raises key issues in the historiography of Islamic law and its nineteenth-century modernization.
CHILDREN AND THEIR INVISIBLE NEEDS

(1999). CHILDREN AND THEIR INVISIBLE NEEDS. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 253-257.
Spectroscopic study of the seasonal variation of carbon monoxide vertical distribution above Kitt Peak

A method to retrieve elements of the carbon monoxide (CO) vertical distribution from ground-based high-resolution infrared solar spectra has been developed. The method is based on the fact that the total column amount retrieved by nonlinear least squares spectral fitting techniques depends on the shape of the assumed a priori profile and this dependence is a function of the absorption line intensity and the lower state energy of the transition. Four CO lines between 2057 and 2159/cm have been selected and the method has been tested on synthetic spectra. The CO total column content and average concentrations in two atmospheric layers (surface to 400 mbar and 400 mbar to the top of the atmosphere) can be retrieved with precisions of about 1% and less than 10%, respectively. Solar spectra recorded at Kitt Peak from 1982 to 1993 have been analyzed. The CO total column and the average concentration in the two layers show an asymmetrical seasonal cycle with extreme values of (1.1-2.1) x 10(exp 18) molecules cm(exp -2), (50-80) parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in the top layer and (80-160) ppbv in the bottom layer, and precisions of 1, 3, and 6%, respectively; a spring maximum and late summer minimum are observed.
Fish introductions in California: History and impact on native fishes

Abstract Since 1871 , at least 50 species of fish have been successfully introduced into California's inland waters, and numerous transfers of native fishes have been made between isolated drainage systems. Introductions were made of sport fish, commercial fish, forage fish, bait fish, fish for weed and insect control, and aquarium fish. Most of the introductions were authorised, reflecting a dissatisfaction with the native fishes, but in recent years unauthorised introductions have become common. The continuing decline of the native fish fauna seems to be largely the result of habitat change but introduced fishes may have contributed to this decline through competition, predation, and hybridisation. The lack of information on the native and introduced fishes of California, and their interactions, demonstrates the critical need for a statewide natural history survey.
The double heterostructure

The talk presents the initial evolution of the heterostructure idea in the years 1954–1963. Originally proposed for improving bipolar transistors, heterostructures made it possible to achieve cw laser at room temperature.
Harvesting-Aware Energy Management for Time-Critical Wireless Sensor Networks With Joint Voltage and Modulation Scaling

As Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPSs) evolve they will be increasingly relied on to support time-critical and performance-intensive monitoring and control activities. Further, many CPSs that utilize Wireless Sensor Networking (WSN) technologies will require the use of energy harvesting methods to extend their lifetimes. For this application class, there are currently few algorithmic techniques that combine performance sensitive processing and communication with efficient management techniques for energy harvesting. Our paper addresses this problem. We first propose a general purpose, multihop WSN architecture capable of supporting time-critical CPS systems using energy harvesting. We then present a set of Harvesting Aware Speed Selection (HASS) algorithms. Our technique maximizes the minimum energy reserve for all the nodes in the network, thus ensuring highly resilient performance under emergency or fault-driven situations. We present an optimal centralized solution, along with an efficient, distributed solution. We propose a CPS-specific experimental methodology, enabling us to evaluate our approach. Our experiments show that our algorithms yield significantly higher energy reserves than baseline methods.
Photofragmentation of OCS+ and CS+2

Abstract The photofragmentation of OCS + and CS + 2 was examined over the ultraviolet and visible spectral range from 6.2 eV to 1.77 eV. The OCS + was found to have a maximum cross section for photodissociation of 1.3 × 10 −18 cm 2 at a photon energy of 4.0 eV. As the photon energy decreases the cross section for photodissociation was observed to increase out to 5.17 eV. The photofragment was found to be S + at all wavelengths examined. The kinetic energy of the S + fragment at a photon energy of 4.0 eV (310 nm) was determined to be 0.55 ± 0.2 eV. It was also observed that rotational averaging played an important role in reducing the angular distribution of the S + cation at this wavelength. The CS + 2 was observed to dissociate in a narrow region from 4.77 eV to 5.64 eV with the S + ion as the photofragment.
Resection of the liver with a water jet

Intrahepatic dissection in ablative liver surgery can be accomplished easily and safely with a jet of normal saline generated by a standard agricultural electric sprayer. The jet washes away the intrahepatic parenchyma leaving the ducts and vessels undamaged and easily controlled during dissection. The technique, applied in 45 lobectomies in the dog and in 4 liver resections in man, reduced blood loss.
What role for IMF surveillance

Abstract This paper reviews two recent reports on the international monetary system, one by the Group of 10 (industrial countries) and the other by the Group of 24 (developing countries). It contrasts their recommendations for improving policy surveillance by the International Monetary Fund. Its own recommendations include the strengthening of “enhanced surveillance” to make it more formal without making it more onerous, the introduction of “shadow conditionality” to give guidance to governments about their eligibility to draw on the Fund, and the further development of multilateral surveillance along lines proposed at the Tokyo Summit. It would broaden that process, however, by shifting the focus from policy compatibility, defined with reference to exchange-rate behavior, to policy quality, defined with reference to the behavior of global aggregates such as the growth rate of world trade. The paper examines the use of target zones to manage exchange rates and argues that it would not weaken the case for multilateral surveillance, which is needed not only in setting the zones but also to make sure that policies adopted by participating countries do not impart an inflationary or deflationary bias to the international economy.
The relationship of galactose-1-phosphate accumulation and uridyl transferase activity to the differential galactose toxicity in male and female chicks.

Abstract An 18% galactose diet resulted in a significantly greater mortality in female chicks than in males. Galactose-1-phosphate was found to accumulate in the brains of both sexes. However, a much higher concentration was present in brains from female chicks. Galactokinase activity was similar in male and female chicks as was the UDP Gal-4-epimerase value. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity was significantly lower in tissues from female chicks as compared to males. This could account for the increased concentration of galactose-1-phosphate in the brain and the higher mortality in the female chick.
Relations among whole blood serotonin and sex, age, diet, and social status in Macaca nemestrina.

Whole blood serotonin (WBS) determinations were made in 56 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with approximately equal numbers in three age groups: young-adult (4-5 years), middle-aged (13-14 years), and old (over 18 years). The animals were housed in ten living groups with one female and male of each age group in each living group. Half of the groups were fed a diet high in lipid, cholesterol, simple sugars, and sodium; the other half received a restricted diet. Three determinations per animal showed WBS levels to be stable at two times of day and at a 1-week interval, and individual differences were stable over several months' time. The mean WBS concentrations in M. nemestrina were found to be considerably higher than those reported for other species. The mean levels in females were almost 25% higher than in males. No significant effects of age, diet, or dominance status were detected.
Absorbance changes at 520 nm caused by salt addition to chloroplast suspensions in the dark

Abstract 1. Absorbance changes near 520 nm, similar to those resulting from illumination, are produced by adding alkali cation salts to a suspension of fragmented chloroplasts in the dark. These absorbance changes depend on the osmolarity of the suspending medium, the anion of the salt added, the intactness of chloroplast thylakoids, and are modified by divalent cations and by valinomycin. The absorbance changes are insensitive to pH, from pH 5 to 9, and to electron transport inhibitors. They are changed only slightly if the chloroplasts are illuminated during salt addition. 2. A model is presented to explain both salt and light-induced absorbance changes in terms of a hypothetical electric field within the membrane.
Molecular Recognition between Genetically Engineered Streptavidin and Surface-Bound Biotin

This study examines the binding of wild-type streptavidin and streptavidin mutants to biotin-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a model of biomolecular recognition at solid−liquid interfaces. The types of streptavidin proteins employed in this work were wild-type, Tyr43Ala (Y43A), and Trp120Ala (W120A), which have biotin-binding affinities that span several orders of magnitude (Ka varies from ∼1013 M-1 for wild-type to 107 M-1 for W120A). Two types of biotin-terminated monolayers were examined: those formed by chemisorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic-(8-biotinoylamido-3,6-dioxaoctyl) amide (1) and those formed from mixtures of 12-mercaptododecanoic-(8-biotinoylamido-3,6-dioxaoctyl) amide (2) and 11-mercapto undecanol (3). Our findings support two previously published studies that found that 1 forms monolayers on gold that are disordered, while 2 and mixtures of 2 and 3 form closely packed, well-organized SAMs. The kinetics of binding and desorption of wild-type streptavidin and the mutants to a...
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Support and cobalt cluster size effects on kinetics over Co/Al2O3 and Co/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract The influence of support type and cobalt cluster size (i.e., with average diameters falling within the range of 8–40 nm) on the kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FT) were investigated by kinetic tests employing a CSTR and two Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts having different average pore sizes, and two Co/SiO2 catalysts prepared on the same support but having different loadings. A kinetic model - r CO = kP CO a P H 2 b / ( 1 + mP H 2 O / P H 2 ) that contains a water effect constant “m” was used to fit the experimental data obtained with all four catalysts. Kinetic parameters suggest that both support type and average Co particle size impact FT behavior. Cobalt cluster size influenced kinetic parameters such as reaction order, rate constant, and the water effect parameter. In the cluster size range studied, decreasing the average Co cluster diameter by about 30% led to an increase in the intrinsic reaction rate constant k, defined on a per g of catalyst basis, by 62–102% for the γ-Al2O3 and SiO2-supported cobalt catalysts. This increase was due to the higher active Co0 surface site density as measured by hydrogen chemisorption. Moreover, less inhibition by adsorbed CO and greater H2 dissociation on catalysts having smaller Co particles was suggested by the higher a and lower b values obtained for the measured reaction orders. Interestingly, irrespective of support type, the catalysts having smaller average Co particles were more sensitive to water. Comparing the catalysts having strong interactions between cobalt and support (Co/Al2O3) to the ones with weak interactions (Co/SiO2), the water effect parameters were found to be positive (indicating a negative influence on CO conversion) and negative (denoting a positive effect on CO conversion), respectively. No clear trend was observed for b values among the different supports, but greater a and a/b values were observed for both Al2O3-supported Co catalysts, implying greater inhibition of the FT rate by strongly adsorbed CO on Co/Al2O3 relative to Co/SiO2. For both supports, the order on PCO was always found to be negative (i.e., suggesting an inhibiting effect) and positive for P H 2 for all four catalysts. The order of the reaction on P H 2 was close to 0.5, suggesting that dissociated H2 is likely involved in the catalytic cycle. Finally, in the limited range of average pore diameters studied (13.5 and 18.2 nm), the average pore size of the Al2O3-supported Co catalysts displayed no observable impact on the reaction rate or water effect, suggesting either that the reaction is kinetically controlled, or that the pore size difference was not significant enough to elicit a measurable response.
Comparison of coronary heart disease risk factors in autopsied young adults from the PDAY Study with living young adults from the CARDIA study

Abstract Background Disease is sometimes best studied by examination of tissue obtained from autopsied individuals. Results derived from autopsied persons are considered biased because many factors influence the decision to perform an autopsy, and variables measured postmortem may be affected by changes immediately prior to death and emergency medical treatment. Methods The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study measured coronary heart disease risk factors postmortem in autopsied young adults 23-34 years of age dying from external causes (accidents, homicides, suicides). The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study measured risk factors in living subjects of similar ages. Results Within sex, race, and age groups, the differences in body mass index between PDAY and CARDIA were significant but small. The prevalences of hyperglycemia/diabetes within sex, race, and age groups were similar in PDAY and CARDIA; overall, blacks in PDAY, but not in CARDIA, had a higher prevalence than whites. Serum lipoprotein concentrations were slightly and significantly higher and significantly more variable in PDAY subjects than in CARDIA subjects; the greater variability was interpreted as due primarily to emergency medical treatment. Prevalences of smoking and hypertension were substantially higher in PDAY subjects. Conclusions Although there were statistically significant differences, the overall similarity of the risk factors in the two studies supports the validity of investigating associations of risk factors measured postmortem with anatomically determined arterial lesions in autopsied young adults dying from external causes. The greater variability in postmortem serum measurements attenuates but does not obscure associations.
Due Date Assignment in a Multistage Job Shop

Abstract In a Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) system, component lead times are generally assumed to be known and constant. Since a requirement of a MRP system is that components finish on time, slack is often built into component lead times to insure that actual job flowtimes equal planned job lead times. In this study, job characteristics and shop characteristics are investigated to determine which has a greater impact on predicting job flowtimes. This is accomplished by determining which characteristic most greatly influences the deviation of planned job lead times from actual job flowtimes. After identifying those factors which have the greatest influence on the job's flowtime, due date assignment rules are developed. A simulation study is then made to determine. which of the due date assignment rules perform best for varying product structures, as defined by various Bills of Materials (BOMs), and various shop conditions. Simulation test results are presented and discussed.
Underserved Therapeutic Classes: Examples Which Should Not be Ignored in Infants and Children*:

For most new therapeutic agents, children have been excluded during the drug evaluation process. Commonly cited reasons for this exclusion include: unique ethical considerations in children, difficulty completing necessary pediatric studies, medicolegal risk, fear of regulatory delay, and a lack of appropriate financial incentives (1). Understanding these reasons and devising new strategies for drug evaluation in children has become a priority. Despite the aforementioned concerns, there are numerous examples of successful cooperation between government agencies, academic institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry. Current federal attitudes and initiatives, changes in the business structure of health care delivery, and the development of less traditional approaches to pediatric drug testing and approval provide new opportunities to achieve safer, more efficacious drug therapy for children (2).
Construction of optimal frequency hopping sequences for minimising bit errors in selective fading channels characteristic to digital cellular systems

The author discusses the problem of constructing frequency hopping patterns for use in TDMA-FDMA cellular systems that employ frequency diversity to minimise bursty errors occurring due to the fading channel. Conditions under which two frequency and time channels fade independently in mobile fading channels are reviewed. The construction of a family of effective frequency hop sequences for achieving maximum diversity is given. The construction is based on the theory of linear congruences, and the number of sequences for every integer is established. It is shown that when sequences are constructed using prime numbers they are also orthogonal. Examples of constructed sequences applicable to the GSM cellular system are given.
Role of Tie1 in Shear Stress and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerotic plaques develop in a nonrandom manner along the vasculature following a hemodynamically determined distribution profile. The pathogenesis of shear stress–induced inflammation and atherosclerotic lesion formation has led to discussions about personalized strategies in prevention and treatment. Recent discoveries involving the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie1 in (1) mechanotransduction, (2) inflammation, and (3) neovascularization have invigorated these efforts. In this review, we present the current understanding on Tie1 and its role in these key components of atherogenesis.
Comparison of telephotometer measurements of extinction coefficients with scattering and absorption coefficients

Abstract During the summer of 1979, coefficients for light extinction in the atmosphere were calculated from measurements made with a telephotometer placed 251 m from a black target in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The results are well correlated ( r = 0.92–0.96) with integrating nephelometer measurements of scattering coefficients and are highly correlated ( r = 0.99) with daily arithmetic averages of sums of scattering and absorption coefficients. The average sum of scattering and absorption coefficients accounts for about 90% of the average telephotometrically measured extinction coefficient. Scattering by particles and scattering by air contribute 75 and 7% of the measured extinction coefficient; absorption by particles and absorption by nitrogen dioxide contribute 7 and 2%, respectively. From measurements of the aerosol mass and elemental composition, it is inferred that sulfate and its cations account for at least 54% of the mass of particles smaller than 2.5 μm in dia.