cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
August Wilson Estate, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and August Wilson House Establish August Wilson Century Cycle Awards

August Wilson House, the August Wilson Estate, and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette have teamed-up to celebrate the work of August Wilson by co-sponsoring the August Wilson Century Cycle Awards for those theaters that have successfully staged all ten plays of the Cycle.
Financial analysis of Agricultural Development Cooperatives: a case of Western Mediterranean Region, Turkey

In Turkey, Agricultural Development Cooperatives are very important for bringing the resources in rural area to the economy, establishment of agro-industrial facilities for processing agricultural products and preventing migration from rural area to cities. While the number of Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Turkey was 6000 in 1974, it rose to 7196 in 2017. Total number of partners of these cooperatives is 775255. The aim of the study is to reveal financial structures of Agricultural Development Cooperatives within the scope of the research by using ratio analyses. Data in this study were retrieved from income statement and balance sheets belonging to 2016 of 70 Agricultural Development Cooperatives in the Western Mediterranean Region. Ratio analyses were classified as financial structure ratios, activity efficiency ratios and profitability ratios in this study. Financial analysis was conducted for Agricultural Development Cooperatives by comparing the values obtained as a result of analysis with the standard values. Findings obtained from this study and other similar studies suggest that one of the most significant problems of agricultural development cooperatives is finance. As a result of the study, it was determined that the cooperatives studied were not in financial sufficient level. The financial weaknesses of the cooperatives examined mean that they can face financial problems in the long run. Financial insufficiency poses a risk in terms of the continuity of the surveyed cooperatives.
Counseling Students’ Emotions During Cultural Immersion: Impact on Reactance

Counselor trainees’ multicultural development is a process that engenders strong emotions. The authors inventoried students’ emotions in cultural immersion activities and assessed their impact on course reactance. Findings indicated that reactance was shaped by both negative and positive emotions and that cultural immersion can be universally challenging for students.
Hormonal Therapy or Chemotherapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer - Playing the Right CARD.

Since 2004, eight therapeutic agents have received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer. Four are androgen-signaling–targeted inhibi...
Evolution of Hydrogen-Bond Interactions within Single Levitated Metastable Aerosols Studied by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy.

Atmospheric aerosols can exist as supersaturated (metastable) liquid or glassy states, with physical and chemical properties that are distinct from the solid or liquid phases. These unique properti...
Many-body wavefunctions for quantum impurities out of equilibrium. II. Charge fluctuations

We extend the general formalism discussed in the previous paper (A. B. Culver and N. Andrei, [Phys. Rev. B 103, 195106 (2021)]) to two models with charge fluctuations: the interacting resonant level model and the Anderson impurity model. In the interacting resonant level model, we find the exact time-evolving wavefunction and calculate the steady-state impurity occupancy to leading order in the interaction. In the Anderson impurity model, we find the nonequilibrium steady state for small or large Coulomb repulsion $U$, and we find that the steady-state current to leading order in $U$ agrees with a Keldysh perturbation theory calculation.
Defending Against Package Typosquatting

Software repositories based on a single programming language are common. Examples include npm (JavaScript) and PyPI (Python). They encourage code reuse, making it trivial for developers to import external packages. Unfortunately, the ease with which packages can be published also facilitates typosquatting: uploading a package with name similar to that of a highly popular package, with the aim of capturing some of the popular package’s installs. Typosquatting frequently occurs in the wild, is difficult to detect manually, and has resulted in developers importing incorrect and sometimes malicious packages.
Open repair of type III endoleak with preservation of the endograft for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after endovascular aneurysm repair

Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is rare, but remains a significant limitation of endovascular technology. Preservation of the endograft during open conversion of a post-EVAR rupture has been shown to be associated with improved perioperative outcomes. An interposition Dacron graft with felt pledgets is a novel bail-out option for the open reconstruction of a type III endoleak with total endograft preservation. This technique is useful in high-risk patients presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after EVAR and no clear source of endoleak.
Analyzing Students’ Computational Thinking Practices in a First-Year Engineering Course

This study investigates the relationship between two related computational thinking practices: data practices and computational problem-solving practices in acquiring related computational thinking practices during a first-year undergraduate engineering course. While computational thinking theory is still developing, empirical studies can help further understand how students demonstrate this knowledge and their progression in attaining the practices. Therefore, with this empirical study, the following questions are addressed. RQ1: What are the differences in students’ computational thinking practices at the beginning of an undergraduate introductory programming course? RQ 2: How do these differences correspond to the acquisition of more advanced computational thinking practices? The use of a descriptive non-experimental design that aims to understand the correlation between practices related to data and computational problem-solving is presented. A machine learning technique is employed, utilizing historical data from introductory programming for a problem-solving course with more than 1000 first-year engineering students. After identifying groups of students defining different profiles, data from posterior performance in more advanced programming topics were descriptively analyzed. This study supports the characterization of four different student profiles demonstrating differences in their performance at the beginning of the semester. From these four profiles, two of them show a subsequent differential progression besides their similarity at the beginning of the semester. In this particular case, troubleshooting and debugging appear as a relevant competency when distinguishing these two learners’ groups. These findings suggest that previous knowledge or exposure to different practices can result in different progressions of more complex computational practices, emphasizing the relevance of troubleshooting and debugging as a practice required for a successful and timely progression on the acquisition of other computational thinking practices.
Principal S1-bundles

A very important theorem in the geometry of contact manifolds, and the start of the modern theory, is the Boothby–Wang theorem, which states that a compact regular contact manifold is a principal circle bundle over a symplectic manifold of integral class. We will prove this result in Section 3.3. In preparation for this we review principal circle bundles in this chapter.
Thermodynamic Modeling and Analysis of Proton Ceramic Fuel Cells: Power Optimization

The principal objective of the present work is to realize thermodynamic modeling and analysis of the Proton Ceramic Fuel Cell (PCFC); particular attention is given to evaluate and optimize the power density generated by PCFCs according to the electrolyte, anode, and cathode thicknesses, water content in the oxidant and fuel, operating temperature, current density, and voltage. To implement the thermodynamic model, the PCFC voltage is represented by the difference between the Nernst potential and the total voltage loss generated in the electrolyte and electrodes (ohmic, activation, and concentration overpotentials) during PCFC operation. A FORTRAN program is developed to study the impact of these parameters on PCFC power density. After comparing the obtained results in this investigation to those of literature that are measured experimentally, they are presented a good concordance with root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error of 0.0572 and 0.0058, respectively. The conducted optimization, in this work, is realized based on the graphical method. The most important conclusions are summed in two points, PCFC power density is proportional to the operating temperature, and it is inversely proportional to the electrolyte and electrodes thicknesses and fuel and air humidification.
Integrating robot ethics and machine morality: the study and design of moral competence in robots

Robot ethics encompasses ethical questions about how humans should design, deploy, and treat robots; machine morality encompasses questions about what moral capacities a robot should have and how these capacities could be computationally implemented. Publications on both of these topics have doubled twice in the past 10 years but have often remained separate from one another. In an attempt to better integrate the two, I offer a framework for what a morally competent robot would look like (normally considered machine morality) and discuss a number of ethical questions about the design, use, and treatment of such moral robots in society (normally considered robot ethics). Instead of searching for a fixed set of criteria of a robot's moral competence I identify the multiple elements that make up human moral competence and probe the possibility of designing robots that have one or more of these human elements, which include: moral vocabulary; a system of norms; moral cognition and affect; moral decision making and action; moral communication. Juxtaposing empirical research, philosophical debates, and computational challenges, this article adopts an optimistic perspective: if robotic design truly commits to building morally competent robots, then those robots could be trustworthy and productive partners, caretakers, educators, and members of the human community. Moral competence does not resolve all ethical concerns over robots in society, but it may be a prerequisite to resolve at least some of them.
Presidential Address: The Visible or Invisible Hand? The Balance Between Markets and Regulation in Agricultural Policy

The recent crisis in global financial markets has brought into question reliance on markets to determine the conduct of economic affairs and generated pressure for greater regulation and government control. Neither a neoliberal nor a neoregulatory approach is likely to be able to solve pressing problems affecting agriculture and natural resources, such as a deterioration in environmental quality and the challenge of climate change. To find solutions we need to employ a more realistic behavioural model than that typically used in economic analysis, and to recognise the key role played by values in individual and collective decision making. A more devolved approach to policy formation based on collective action seems to offer the greatest chance of success. More effort needs to be directed to understanding the drivers and processes of collective decision making, and how it can be harnessed to address pressing policy issues.
Heat shock response of murine Chlamydia trachomatis.

Abstract We have investigated the heat shock response in the mouse pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia trachomatis. The kinetics of the chlamydial heat shock response resembled that of other procaryotes: the induction was rapid, occurring over a 5- to 10-min time period, and was regulated at the level of transcription. Immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitations with heterologous antisera to the heat shock proteins DnaK and GroEL demonstrated that the rate of synthesis, but not the absolute amount of these two proteins, increased after heat shock. Using a general screen for genes whose mRNAs are induced by heat shock, we identified and cloned two of these. DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that one of the genes is a homolog of dnaK. Further sequence analysis of the region upstream of the dnaK gene revealed that the chlamydial homolog of the grpE gene is located just adjacent to the dnaK gene. The second locus encoded three potential nonoverlapping open reading frames. One of the open reading frames was 52% homologous to the ribosomal protein S18 of Escherichia coli and thus presumably encodes the chlamydial homolog. Interestingly, this ribosomal protein is not known to be induced by heat shock in E. coli. S1 nuclease and primer extension analyses located the start site of the dnaK transcript to the last nucleotide of the grpE coding sequence, suggesting that these two genes, although tandemly arranged, are transcribed separately. No promoter sequences resembling the E. coli consensus heat shock promoter could be identified upstream of either the C. trachomatis dnaK, grpE, or S18 gene. The induction of the dnaK and S18 mRNAs by heat shock occurred at a transcriptional level; their induction could be blocked by rifampin. The mechanisms of induction for these two loci were not the same, however; they were differentially sensitive to chloramphenicol. Whereas the induction of dnaK mRNA required de novo protein synthesis, the induction of the S18 mRNA did not. Thus, C. trachomatis utilizes at least two different pathways to induce the transcription of mRNAs encoding proteins induced in the heat shock response.
Employment problems in West Germany : A comment

As Soltwedel’s paper documents, the labor-market functioning of the West German economy has been weak by a number of measures: unemployment has been rising, the rate of growth of employment has slowed and the prospects for near-term improvement seem dim. Unemployment for 1987 is averaging close to 8 percent, even though capacity utilization is higher than in any of the last 27 years except 1979. (See Graph 1 in this paper.) Why has this happened? Was not Germany the advanced industrialized country (AIC) with the exemplary record of growth and low unemployment which was used as a benchmark by critics of United States labor-market performance? What happened to the unemployment rates of less than 2 percent which prevailed during- the 196Os? According to the paper, this sorry state of affairs is the consequence of a wide range of policy and institutional constraints on the market process which have given rise to wage rigidity and barriers to resource mobility. Soltwedel argues that the policy and institutional restrictions have given rise to the labor market problems, and that existing theories of the relation between unemployment and wage rigidity, such as the efficiency wage hypothesis, the implicit contract model, and even his somewhat preferred alternative, the “insider-outsider” approach, are weak reeds in the wind when compared to a more straightforward interpretation of goverrxaental and institutional failure. Since I agree with most of his main points, perhaps I was not a good choice as a discussant. Rather than ending here, I would like to provide a broader framework within which to interpret these failures and to look at additional evidence on the costs of market restrictions, some of which supports his general view and some of which does not. My main thesis is that much of what he documents as labor-market
Design of high-performance CMOS charge pumps in phase-locked loops

Practical considerations in the design of CMOS charge pumps are discussed. The non-ideal effects of the charge pump due to the leakage current, the mismatch, and the delay offset in the P/FD are quantitatively analyzed. To use the appropriate charge pump in various PLL applications, several architectures are investigated and their performances are compared. The improved design of both the single-ended and the differential charge pumps are presented with the simulation result.
Landscape evolution models

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of some historical perspectives on landscape evolution, identifies the key qualitative studies that have moved the science of large-scale geomorphology forward, explores some of the new numeric models that simulate real landscapes and real processes, and provides a glimpse of future landscape evolution studies. Landscape evolution models come in two basic types, qualitative and quantitative, that can be applied across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The chapter focuses on models that address large-scale landforms and processes over the graded and cyclic scales of Schumm & Licthy (1965). The geomorphologic equivalent to the much sought unified theory of physical forces is a single landscape evolution model that can successfully explain the bewildering display of landforms and landscapes at all spatial and temporal scales and successfully predict the time-dependent changes in that landscape. One of the frontiers of landscape evolution research may include the direct reconstruction of the mean elevation of topography, as a global response to glacial climates, and the reconciliation of the present disparity of erosion rates from landscape of markedly similar relief and mean elevation.
Magnetic ionic liquids as PCR-compatible solvents for DNA extraction from biological samples

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer was systematically designed to relieve the inhibition caused by hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids (MILs). We describe a simple, rapid method for MIL-based plasmid DNA extraction from crude bacterial cell lysate in which DNA-enriched MIL is transferred directly to a PCR tube for analysis.
The future of satellite magnetic anomaly studies is bright

Magnetometers aboard satellites (e.g., POGO and Magsat) have recorded anomalies that provide a unique perspective on the thermal regime and the nature, thickness, and evolution of the earth’s lithosphere; as a result, these anomalies aid in the identification of geologic provinces of interest in petroleum and mineral exploration. The literature regarding the uses of satellite magnetic anomalies is vast, but the daunting task of summarizing it was achieved in a recent book by Bob Langel and Bill Hinze.
Three-dimensional in-vivo cervical spine kinematics: Preliminary comparison of fusion patients and normal control subjects

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) of the cervical spine is a common condition that causes significant pain and disability. Treatment for DDD in 2000 exceeded 110,000 patients in the United States alone [1]. A common treatment option for patients involves removal of the degenerated disc and fusion of the adjacent vertebral bodies. However, previous research has shown that as many as 25–92% of patients treated with fusion have disc degeneration at the adjacent levels within 10 years after surgery [2,3]. It has been hypothesized that this is the result of a change in adjacent vertebral segment motion [4]. However, it is unknown if spinal fusion alters motion at these segments. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) motion of the cervical spine in normal control subjects and spinal fusion patients.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
High-speed optical demultiplexing

ABSTRACT Optical demultiplexing is an important technique for retrieving data from high speed optical transmissionsystems. In this technique, the data bits are first demultiplexed to much lower data rate bit streams fromwhich the information is retrieved using conventional electronic techniques. We have performed opticaldemultiplexing experiments for 80 Gb/s and 160 Gb/s optical time division multiplexed signals. Theseexperiments include data generation, clock recovery and optical demultiplexing to lower data rate ( 10 and20 Gb/s ) bit streams. The optical devices used for demultiplexing are, LiNbO3 modulators, four wavemixing in semiconductor amplifiers, and semiconductor amplifier based Mach-Zehnder interferometers.The high speed performance limits of these devices would also be discussed. INTRODUCTION Future communication networks will require total transmission capacities of few Tb/s. Such capacitiescould be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or time division multiplexing (TDM)[l-5].Although WDM technologies could be employed to achieve these capacities using single channel rates of10 or 20 Gb/s, it is very likely in the future these rates would approach 100 Gb/s or higher. Thus bothWDM and TDM technologies are going to coexist. The speed of electronic circuits necessary to count thebits ( 1' 5
SU-EE-A1-05: Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) as An Alternative to Adjuvant High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy in Endometrial Cancer Patients

Purpose: To evaluate the role of IMRT as an alternative to HDR brachytherapy for the adjuvant treatment of endometrial cancer patients following surgery. Method and Materials: The CT scans of five patients previously treated with adjuvant HDR were used in this study. All patients were scanned with a vaginal cylinder in place, and HDR planning was performed using the BrachyVision (Varian Medical Systems) software. In all cases, a dose of 700 cGy/fraction was prescribed at a distance of 0.5 cm from the cylinder surface. The same planning CT scans were then used for IMRT planning (Eclipse, Varian Medical Systems). In this paradigm, the vaginal cylinder is a component of a hypothetical immobilization system that would be indexed to the linactreatment table. The goal of IMRT planning was to deliver the prescription dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) while minimizing the volume of rectum and bladder irradiated. Dose volume histograms (DVHs) of the bladder, rectum and CTV were recorded and compared for both HDR and IMRT plans. Results: The mean bladder doses (as a percentage of the prescription dose) were 31.8% and 32.2% (p = 0.93) for the HDR and IMRT plans, respectively. However, in 4 of the 5 plans, IMRT produced lower maximum bladder doses compared to HDR (averages: IMRT = 99.1% vs. HDR = 158.4%). IMRT plans also resulted in lower mean rectal doses (21.6%) than HDR plans (30.9%) (p = 0.01). Moreover, the maximum rectal doses were lower in all IMRT plans compared to the HDR plans (95.1% vs. 165.8%). On average, the minimum dose to CTV was slightly higher using IMRT (97.8% vs. 95.5%). Conclusion: These results suggest than when used in conjunction with a suitable immobilization system, IMRT may provide an alternative to HDR brachytherapy in women with endometrial cancer following hysterectomy.
THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM: LABOR MARKET INFLUENCES ON CEO COMPENSATION

Although the “war for talent” at the executive level should theoretically have implications for executive pay, labor market competition and CEO career considerations have not been the focus of much executive compensation research to date. In this study, I utilize a multitheoretical perspective to examine the determinants of CEO annual compensation, with particular attention to external labor market factors and also to executive characteristics (e.g., experience and performance trajectory) that are conventionally believed to increase the labor market attractiveness (and alternative employment opportunities) of CEOs. In a sample of publicly traded firms, I find that these labor market-related factors and characteristics explain additional variance in annual pay beyond that predicted by firm size, annual performance, board composition, risk, and measures of CEO power, and that the variance explained by labor market variables is of a magnitude comparable to that explained by many of these more commonly studied variables. Results are consistent with the idea that corporate boards design CEO pay with retention concerns in mind: Total pay and stock option grant levels are strongly influenced by competitors’ pay levels, and CEOs who are especially likely to be “raided” receive higher pay in some cases and, in other cases, have less risky (weaker) annual firm performance–pay relationships.
Iron, nutrient and phytoplankton biomass relationships in upwelled waters of the California coastal system

Abstract We report measurements of dissolvable and particulate iron, particulate Al, nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in surface waters during the termination of one upwelling event and the initiation of a second event in August 2000. These events occurred in the area of the Ano Nuevo upwelling center off the coast of central California. The first event was observed after ∼8 days of continuous upwelling favorable winds, while the second event was observed through the onset of upwelling favorable winds to wind reversals ∼3 days later. Coincident with the upwelling signatures of low temperature and high salinity were significantly elevated concentrations of nitrate and silicate with average concentrations greater than 15 and 20 μM, respectively, during both upwelling events. Dissolvable Fe concentrations (TD-Fe) were significantly higher in the second event, 6.5 versus 1.2 nM Fe found in the first event. Nitrate was reduced by ∼5 μM day −1 within this second upwelled plume as compared to a drawdown of ∼2 μM day −1 within the first plume. Silicate was reduced in a ratio of 1.2 mol Si:mol NO 3 in the high Fe waters of the second plume as compared to a ratio of 2.2 in the lower Fe waters of the first plume. The observed differences in nutrient utilization are consistent with some degree of iron limitation. The area of increased dissolvable Fe in the second upwelling event was coincident with elevated particulate Fe concentrations, indicating the particulate pool as a possible source of the observed increase in TD-Fe. The elevated particulate Fe in surface waters was a result of resuspended sediments in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) of the shallow shelf being transported to the surface during upwelling. Particulate (and dissolvable) iron concentrations were significantly reduced as upwelling continued. This was most probably due to a decoupling of the BBL from upwelled source waters as the upwelling front moved offshore and/or reduced turbulence in the BBL as upwelling continued. The observed reduction in both particulate and dissolvable Fe, as upwelling continued to deliver macronutrients to surface waters, may result in varying levels of Fe limitation.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO AGROECOSYSTEM PREDATORS, PTEROSTICHUS MELANARIUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) AND COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), TO HABITAT-COMPOSITION AND FRAGMENTATION-SCALE MANIPULATIONS

Using alternating patches of weeds and crop [broccoli, Brassica oleracea (L.) (Brassicaceae)], vegetation composition and the spatial scale at which the vegetation was fragmented were manipulated in a factorial design field experiment. The effects of these manipulations were different for two common agroecosystem predators sampled. Sevenspotted lady beetles, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), were unaffected by vegetation-composition treatments but responded strongly to fragmentation-scale manipulations. The beetle Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) was unaffected by both fragmentation-scale and vegetation-composition manipulations. These findings highlight the challenge of developing a predictive theory of the effects of vegetation diversification on assemblages of predators in agroecosystems.
The Beverton–Holt dynamic equation

The Cushing–Henson conjectures on time scales are presented and verified. The central part of these conjectures asserts that based on a model using the dynamic Beverton–Holt equation, a periodic environment is deleterious for the population. The proof technique is as follows. First, the Beverton–Holt equation is identified as a logistic dynamic equation. The usual substitution transforms this equation into a linear equation. Then the proof is completed using a recently established dynamic version of the generalized Jensen inequality.
Biotechnology and ecological studies on the oral cavity.

Composition microbienne de la plaque dentaire. Etudes sur l'ecologie des bacteries orales a l'aide de cultures continues. Production d'acides organiques dans la plaque dentaire. Production industrielle d'acides organiques. Potentiel redox Methanogenese
SU-FF-J-35: A Comparison Between BAT and Tomotherapy MVCT On Inter-Fractional Prostate Localization

Purpose: To compare the clinical utilities of two image‐guided target localization systems in fractionated external beam radiotherapy: BAT™ ultra‐sound system and TomoTherapy™ mega‐voltage computed tomography (MVCT) system Method and Materials: Daily prostate setup verification data is obtained for 40 patients undergoing prostate external beam radiotherapy at University of California — Davis cancer center, using the ultra‐sound based target localization system (BAT™, North American Scientific, Chatsworth, CA). This set of data contains translation (superior‐inferior, lateral and anterior‐posterior) setup errors. At the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 12 prostate patients undergoing helical tomotherapy (TomoTherapy Inc., Madison, WI) are helped with onboard MVCT to guide inter‐fractional prostate setups. The obtained MVCT data contain both translation and rotational (pitch, yaw and roll) setup errors. Statistics analysis using Microsoft Excel is done for both data sets.Results: BAT™ and MVCT reported similar magnitude of inter‐fractional prostate setup errors in this study. This result agrees with another direct daily CT and BAT™ comparison study reported by Lattanzi et al. (1999). However, our data show a larger range of distribution due to different groups of patients at different institutions being used in this study (more detailed data analysis result and discussion is reported with the attached supporting document). Conclusion: Both BAT™ and Tomotherapy MVCT can be applied to image‐guided inter‐fractional prostate setup procedures. These techniques are principally more accurate than conventional skin tattoo based setups in clinical practice.
Some elastodynamic problems of cracks

Elastodynamic problems of both stationary and moving cracks are discussed. Previous work on the dynamics of fracture has been limited mostly to the model of a semi-infinite crack. In this paper, special emphasis is placed on the configuration of a crack having finite length. By retaining the additional characteristic dimension in the dynamic problem, namely the crack length, several typical features of the dynamical stress solution can be exhibited. These are the peak values of the crack-tip stress-intensity factors occurring at certain wave length for cracks opened by periodic cyclic loadings, and at a given time for cracks opened by rapidly applied tractions. A general solution to the problem of cracks travelling at constant speed is also given. It is shown that the extension of Dugdale's plasticity model to the case of a moving crack is straightforward.
Reward magnitude effects as a function of within-day trial-by-trial analysis

Two groups of rats received 112 large- or small-reward training trials, respectively, in a straight runway. Trials were administered at the rate of four per day. A comparison of within-day trial-by-trial analyses, performed over the last 6 days of training, indicated that the occurrence (or lack) of reward magnitude effects was a function of which daily trials were analyzed.
The Impact of Real Estate Political Action Committees on Congressional Voting and Elections

This study examines the effectiveness of 1977–78 Real Estate Political Action Committee (REPAC) contributions in influencing voting patterns on real estate legislation. A simultaneous twenty-one equation model is built to test relationships among the endogenous variables of votes, electoral margin, PAC contributions, and constituent and congressional ideology. The results indicate that REPAC was only minimally successful in influencing real estate votes. Results further indicate that other PAC groups were more successful in influencing voting patterns, suggesting that REPAC contribution allocation procedures could be more effective.
Breast cancer family history as a risk factor for early onset breast cancer.

Since full breast cancer screening is not generally recommended for young women, it is important to identify individuals who are at higher risk for early onset breast cancer. We investigated the relationship between age of onset of breast cancer in 328 probands (consecutively ascertained patients from our oncology clinic) and breast cancer incidence and age of onset in their female relatives. We found that a family history of early onset breast cancer was associated with higher risk of early onset breast cancer. A family history of early onset breast cancer occurred more frequently among young (<40) breast cancer probands than among older (⩾40) breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 23). This relationship was particularly evident when the analysis was restricted to thehereditary breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 44). We also observed a positive family history of breast cancer (any age) more frequently in young breast cancer probands than in older breast cancer probands (p<0.001; OR = 2.8). These observations have important pragmatic implications for surveillance. We recommend intense surveillance for breast cancer, initiated earlier, for women with close relatives diagnosed with early onset breast cancer.
Tests and Properties of Variance Ratios in Microstructure Studies

The properties of variance ratio tests across trading and non-trading periods are examined using the generalized method of moments. For the case of opening and closing return variances, the joint tests indicate that the null hypothesis that the variance of opening returns equals the variance of closing returns cannot be rejected for a sample of New York Stock Exchange stocks. This example demonstrates the importance of accounting for overlapping observations and cross correlation in such frameworks. The conventional average (across assets) variance ratio test is shown to be biased against the null in small samples. Specifically, when non-zero correlations are ignored, previous tests have the wrong asymptotic size. This bias persists in other frameworks as well: although this study confirms earlier findings that the return variance during non-trading periods is significantly lower than during trading periods, test statistics that ignore correlations are shown to be inflated.
An algorithm for linearly constrained nonlinear programming problems

Abstract In this paper an algorithm for solving a linearly constrained nonlinear programming problem is developed. Given a feasible point, a correction vector is computed by solving a least distance programming problem over a polyhedral cone defined in terms of the gradients of the “almost” binding constraints. Mukai's approximate scheme for computing the step size is generalized to handle the constraints. This scheme provides an estimate for the step size based on a quadratic approximation of the function. This estimate is used in conjunction with Armijo line search to calculate a new point. It is shown that each accumulation point is a Kuhn-Tucker point to a slight perturbation of the original problem. Furthermore, under suitable second order optimality conditions, it is shown that eventually only one trial is needed to compute the step size.
Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings: New Model

In current design practice, spatiotemporally varying wind loads on buildings are modeled as equivalent static wind loads. This loading description serves as pivotal information for estimating response under the combined action of wind and other loads. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the equivalent static wind load for any given peak response of buildings with uncoupled responses in the three primary directions. A new description of the background loading based on the gust loading envelope/peak dynamic loading is presented. The resonant loading is expressed in terms of the inertial load following the respective fundamental structural mode. The equivalent static wind loading for the total peak response is then expressed as a linear combination of the background and resonant components. Following this framework, closed-form formulations using an analytical wind loading model are presented. The gust response factors and the equivalent static wind loads for various alongwind response components ...
Visual Discrimination in the Cat: V. The Postoperative Effects of Removal of the Striate Cortex Upon Intensity Discrimination

* Accepted for publication by Leonard Carmichael of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on March 23, 1937. 1 Preliminary reports of certain aspects of the present study have been given previously by the writer (70, 74, 75).
Governance Through Ownership: Centuries of Practice, Decades of Research

The governance of organizations with dispersed ownership has received academic attention for over seven decades. Early research focused largely on managerial opportunism and mechanisms for minimizi...
Communicative value of self cues in aphasia: A re-evaluation.

Background: Adults with aphasia often try mightily to produce specific words, but their word‐finding attempts are frequently unsuccessful. However, the word retrieval process may contain rich information that communicates a desired message regardless of word‐finding success. Originally published as: Tompkins, C. A., & Marshall, R. C. (1982). Communicative value of self cues in aphasia. In R. Brookshire (Ed.), Clinical Aphasiology Conference Proceedings (pp. 75–82). Minneapolis, MN: BRK Publishers. Aims: The original article reprinted here reports an investigation that assessed whether patient‐generated self cues inherent in the word retrieval process could be interpreted by listener/observers and improve on communicative effectiveness for adults with aphasia. The newly added commentary identifies and reports tentative conclusions from 18 investigations of self‐generated cues in aphasia since the 1982 paper. It further provides a rationale for increasing research on self‐generated cueing and notes a surpri...
Synthetic seismograms in attenuating media

Synthetic seismograms are computed in a two‐dimensional medium that contains contrasts both in the elastic and in the attenuation (Q) properties with depth. The case of a liquid‐solid interface, with and without a Q contrast between the two media, is examined in detail. We show the results when the S velocity in the solid is greater than the P velocity in the liquid. The synthetic seismograms show that the effect of the attenuation contrast is not noticeable on precritical reflections when the change in elastic properties is large even in the case of large Q contrast. When this situation occurs, there is a relative increase in the amplitude of the postcritical reflections and a decrease in amplitude of the head waves. It is interesting to notice that when two head waves are generated, the P head wave always has a very low amplitude with respect to the S head wave. This result agrees with what has been observed in borehole data. We also show the results obtained at a solid‐solid interface with and without ...
Analysis and Comparison of Audible Noise Caused by Magnetic Components in Switch-Mode Power Supplies Operating in Burst Mode and Frequency-Foldback Mode

In this paper, it is theoretically shown and experimentally verified that operation of switch-mode power supplies in burst mode (BM) results in lower audible noise than operation in frequency-foldback mode (FFM). However, the selection of the switching frequency in a burst package can have a significant impact on the audible noise. In both BM and FFM, the audible noise can be reduced by decreasing the peak value of current pulses and proportionally increasing the burst frequency in BM and the switching frequency in FFM. In BM, the audible noise can be further reduced if instead of increasing the burst frequency, the number of burst pulses is increased without changing the burst frequency. The presented BM and FFM audible noise analyses are experimentally verified on a dc–dc boost test circuit.
Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy.

Although the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust has been linked to consumer products, the mechanism of transfer remains poorly understood. We conjecture that volatiliz...
Surface-Induced Aggregation of Beta Amyloid Peptide by ω-Substituted Alkanethiol Monolayers Supported on Gold

The primary pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease is the presence in the brain of self-assembled beta amyloid (Abeta) protein fibrils, consisting of 35-43 amino acid residues. The toxicity of the aggregated protein structures has previously been proposed to be related to the interaction of Abeta fibrils with neuronal membranes (phospholipid bilayers). Here, surfaces consisting of self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers with different end groups--supported on Au--are used to test the effect of surface chemistry on the structure and morphology of aggregates formed from an active fragment (Abeta10-35) of the Abeta peptide. The influence of monolayer nature (end group) on the aggregation of Abeta10-35 was examined using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and scanning force microscopy (SFM). Evaluation of the SFM and RAIRS data reveals the presence of Abeta10-35 protein on the various monolayer surfaces, with the surface protein possessing predominantly beta-sheet and random-coil conformations. Time-dependent studies of the extent of Abeta10-35 aggregation and deposition on the various surfaces and the effect of the monolayers on seeding of Abeta10-35 aggregates in solution are also discussed.
Effect of physical activity on hippocampal high affinity choline uptake and muscarinic binding: a comparison between young and old F344 rats

Normal aging has been associated with a progressive decline in hippocampal cholinergic function. In the present study, specific markers of hippocampal cholinergic function, high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) and muscarinic quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) binding, were shown to be altered by endurance training (6 months of treadmill running, 5 days/week, 30 min/day). HACU and QNB binding were determined in synaptosomes of endurance trained F344 rats and their age-matched sedentary controls. Comparison of synaptosomes of sedentary rats ages 3 months, 12 months and 25 months (distinguished in this paper as young (Y), middle age (MA) and old (O), respectively) showed maximum HACU at 12 months and subsequent reduction in HACU and QNB binding at 25 months (P less than 0.05). This decline at 25 months is consistent with previous reports of an age-related decline in cholinergic function. Endurance trained rats (trained from 6 months to 12 months of age) showed a reduction (P less than 0.02) in HACU and an increase (P less than 0.05) in QNB binding compared to their age-matched sedentary controls whereas endurance trained rats (trained from 19 months to 25 months of age) showed no significant difference in either parameter from their age-matched sedentary controls. From these results, it appears that while both training and normal aging reduce HACU, the reductions may be different in presynaptic mechanism and postsynaptic consequence.
Density Functional Calculations of 19-Electron Organometallic Molecules. A Comparison of Calculated and Observed Anisotropic Hyperfine Coupling Constants for the CpCo(CO)2- Anion. Implications for Determining Orbital Spin Populations from EPR Data

The anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants for a 19-electron organometallic complex, CpCo(CO)2-, were calculated using the B3LYP density functional in conjunction with several all-electron basis sets. The calculated hfc constants are generally within 10% of the experimental values as determined by EPR. The calculated wave function indicates that the unpaired electron has a much lower occupancy of the cobalt dyz orbital (0.17−0.31) than the value of 0.56 obtained from the EPR data. It is concluded that the traditional method of calculating atomic orbital spin populations from EPR hyperfine coupling constants, which neglects spin polarization and covalency effects, should be used with caution when applied to organometallic systems. No significant structural changes occur in the ligands of CpCo(CO)2- as a result of having to accommodate an extra electron.
Simultaneous Viral and Non-Viral Interferon Production in Human Cell Cultures

SummaryHomogeneous monolayers of human fibroblasts were infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and 1 hr later treated with the synthetic RNA polycytidylate: polyinosinate (poly C:I). The induction of interferon by poly C:I and NDV could be distinguished on the basis of differences in (1) the kinetics of interferon production, and (2) the sensitivity to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The results indicated that both poly C:I and NDV were fully able to induce the production of interferon in these dually stimulated monolayers. The release of interferon induced by poly C:I appeared to be terminated shortly before the appearance of viral interferon in the extracellular medium. Our findings suggest that termination of the nonviral interferon response did not involve direct inactivation of interferon. It appears that a inhibitor substance blocked the continued formation of nonviral interferon, without significantly affecting the induction of viral interferon.
Depiction and plastic perception. A critique of Husserl's theory of picture consciousness

In this paper, I will present an argument against Husserl’s analysis of picture consciousness. Husserl’s analysis of picture consciousness (as it can be found primarily in the recently translated volume Husserliana 23) moves from a theory of depiction in general to a theory of perceptual imagination. Though, I think that Husserl’s thesis that picture consciousness is different from depictive and linguistic consciousness is legitimate, and that Husserl’s phenomenology avoids the errors of linguistic theories, such as Goodman’s, I submit that his overall theory is unacceptable, especially when it is applied to works of art. Regarding art, the main problem of Husserl’s theory is the assumption that pictures are constituted primarily as a conflict between perception/physical picture thing and imagination/picture object. Against this mentalist claim, I maintain, from a hermeneutic point of view, that pictures are the result of perceptual formations [Bildungen]. I then claim that Husserl’s theory fails, since it does not take into account what I call “plastic perception” [Bildliches Sehen], which plays a prominent role not only within the German tradition of art education but also within German art itself. In this connection, “plastic thinking” [Bildliches Denken] was prominent especially in Klee, in Kandinsky, and in Beuys, as well as in the overall doctrine of the Bauhaus. Ultimately, I argue that Husserl’s notion of picture consciousness and general perceptive imaginary consciousness must be replaced with a more dynamic model of the perception of pictures and art work that takes into account (a) the constructive and plastic moment, (b) the social dimension and (c) the genetic dimension of what it means to see something in something (Wollheim).
Complement-induced entry of membrane-impermeable material into living tumor cells: Possibilities for chemotherapy

Abstract Antibody-coated murine lymphoma cells treated with complement, a natural constituent of serum, develop nonlytic as well as lytic membrane lesions. Complement-induced [14C]sucrose uptake into tumor cells was observed at complement concentrations lower than those which result in lysis. In the absence of complement, sucrose is membrane impermeant. Hence, the entry of a toxic drug having permeability properties similar to sucrose might selectively kill tumor cells targeted by antibodies even with nonlytic levels of complement activation. Preliminary in vitro experiments with two drugs indicate that this approach is effective.