cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consular Authority Specifically Defined

A particular situation concerning activity on board or involving a vessel may give rise to possible criminal liability of one or more of the persons involved, as well as potential civil liability, and may also raise questions of administrative control of the problem. In Chapter IV it was attempted to clarify the areas of possible conflict generally between the jurisdiction of a state where a vessel happens to be and that of the state of the vessel’s nationality. The suggestion is that whenever official action by the flag state is indicated, the consul is the most likely official of the flag state to carry it into effect.
Ovarian Epithelial Tumors

Surface epithelial tumors are the most common group of ovarian tumors in general and represent approximately 90 % of ovarian malignancy; hence, they are one of the most frequently encountered gynecologic specimens in the frozen section laboratory. Preoperative diagnostic workup of ovarian tumors is usually limited to imaging studies and serum markers, both of which suffer from low sensitivity and specificity. Intraoperative frozen section evaluation therefore is crucial for determining the required extent of surgery: limited cystectomy or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for benign tumors—especially in young patients desiring fertility preservation—or extensive staging procedure with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, lymph node dissection, omentectomy, and peritoneal biopsies for ovarian carcinomas. Accurate diagnosis and classification of borderline (atypical proliferative) tumors may also allow for conservative surgical management and fertility preservation in the reproductive age group. Misinterpretation of the frozen section, on the other hand, may result in unnecessary extensive surgical procedure or will put the patient at risk for a second surgery.
China's Economic Revolution: The Chinese development model

Introduction China's economic performance – based on the criteria of growth and stability – and the elements shaping it were appraised in the preceding chapters. The role of the past in conditioning ideological pre-dispositions, in imposing resource constraints, and in shaping institutional arrangements was explored in Chapter 1. This legacy combined with the prevailing ideology defined the goals and to some extent the policy and institutional instruments chosen for their implementation. This in turn required a far-reaching transformation of economic institutions to assure a high rate of resource mobilization and control over resource allocation. The latter issues were explored in Chapters 3 and 4. To what extent can the combination of ends and means, objectives and instruments, used by the Chinese in the course of their economic development during the last quarter of a century be characterized as a distinct development model? What are the key elements of this model and is it transferable either as a whole or in part to other underdeveloped areas? These are the questions to be explored here based on the different strands of analysis in the earlier chapters. It would be misleading to think of the Chinese development model as a static, frozen, unchanging system. On the contrary, as was indicated in Chapter 2, the Chinese have experimented with three or possibly four models since 1949. The original First Five-Year Plan strategy based on a more or less Stalinist development pattern was gradually modified through a process of trial and error until it evolved into the model associated with the 1970s, that is, the period since the Cultural Revolution.
Modeling the Instructional Effectiveness of Responsible Conduct of Research Education: A Meta-Analytic Path-Analysis

Predictive modeling in education draws on data from past courses to forecast the effectiveness of future courses. The present effort sought to identify such a model of instructional effectiveness in scientific ethics. Drawing on data from 235 courses in the responsible conduct of research (RCR), structural equation modeling techniques were used to test a predictive model of RCR course effectiveness. Fit statistics indicated the model fit the data well, with the instructional characteristics included in the model explaining approximately 85% of the variance in RCR instructional effectiveness. Implications for using the model to develop and improve future RCR courses are discussed.
Electronics technology for low-power computing and wireless communication

The information age has gone mobile. Over the next two decades, the energy of this rejuvenated information revolution will create the majority of new electronics applications and illuminate key electronic device technology drivers. New-age mobile information appliances will be small, light, inexpensive, numerous, and connected to international-scale information services. At the forefront of high-tech will be low-cost consumer electronic distributed systems. To meet this challenge will require increased emphasis on adaptive wireless communications, interface technologies (such as displays and microelectromechanical systems), advanced packaging, and low power techniques. >
Design and pilot evaluation of competitive and cooperative exercise games for arm rehabilitation at home

People with chronic arm impairment should exercise intensely at home after completing their clinical rehabilitation program, but frequently lack motivation. To address this issue, we present a home rehabilitation system that motivates patients by allowing them to perform arm exercises together with friends or relatives in competitive and cooperative games. Inertial sensors are used to track the patient's arm and control the game. The system was tested with seven adults with arm impairment as well as their friends or spouses. They tested four exercise games (single-player, competitive and two different cooperative games) for 3 minutes each. Of the 7 participants, 4 preferred the competitive game, 2 preferred a cooperative game, and 1 preferred to exercise alone. Competition also increased exercise intensity (measured using inertial sensors) compared to exercising alone. Though preliminary, these results indicate that competitive exercise games could improve arm rehabilitation at home for survivors of neurological and orthopedic injuries.
INTEREST RATE PROMINENCE IN CONSUMER DECISION‐MAKING

Variations in consumers' responsiveness to interest rates across households and over time have important implications for monetary transmission. Responses from the Michigan Survey of Consumers provide an indication of the degree to which interest rates are a prominent consideration in spending decisions, news recollection, and financial situations. Prominence is strongest in housing attitudes, increases with income, education, and homeownership, and declined in the Great Recession. Rate prominence is associated with stronger responsiveness of consumption attitudes to monetary policy. (JEL D84, D91, E21, E40, E50)
A fast algorithm for neutrally-buoyant Lagrangian particles in numerical ocean modeling

As numerical ocean simulations become more realistic, analysis of their output is increasingly time consuming. As part of a larger effort to make ocean model output more accessible for analysis, we have developed a fast particle-tracking algorithm for exploring the kinematics of the simulated flow. The algorithm is independent of operating system and fully vectorized and parallelized. Furthermore, it enables sliding of particles along solid boundaries according to the 3D along-boundary flow field. The new algorithm can easily simulate several million particle trajectories, thus opening the way for Lagrangian analysis of large-scale and multi-time scale oceanic phenomena.
Immediate effects of microclimate modification enhance native shrub encroachment

Shrubs have become more dense and expanded beyond their range all over the world for a variety of reasons including increased temperatures, overgrazing, and alteration of historical fire regime. Native shrubs have been encroaching on Virginia barrier island grasslands for over half a century for unknown reasons. Species composition, soil nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and ground and air temperature were recorded across the shrub to grass transition and at free-standing shrubs in a coastal grassland in order to determine the effect of shrub encroachment on plant community and microclimate. Species richness was significantly lower inside shrub thickets. Soil water content, organic matter, nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and LAI were higher in shrub thickets and free-standing shrubs compared to grasslands. Summer and fall maximum temperatures were lower and more moderate where shrubs were present. Fall and winter minimum temperatures were highest inside shrub thickets. Native shrubs impact microclimate and species composition immediately upon encroachment. These shrubs lower overall species composition, increase soil nutrients and moisture, moderate summer temperature, and increase winter temperature, which has consequences on a larger scale. As barrier islands are critical for protecting marsh and mainland habitats, understanding this mechanism for shrub expansion is important to predict future encroachment of shrubs and displacement of grassland habitat.
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PROTEIN BIOMARKERS PREDICT RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE EVENTS: RESULTS FROM MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (MESA)

Background: Multiple protein biomarkers have been associated with coronary atherosclerosis, however, biomarkers failed to show a strong impact on the incremental prediction of cardiovascular events in prior studies. The aim of this study is to determine whether protein biomarkers predict coronary
Anisotropic Hall effect in single crystal heavy fermion YbAgGe

Temperature- and field-dependent Hall effect measurements are reported for YbAgGe, a heavy fermion compound exhibiting a field-induced quantum phase transition, and for two other closely related members of the RAgGe series: a non-magnetic analogue, LuAgGe and a representative, ”good local moment”, magnetic material, TmAgGe. Whereas the temperature dependent Hall coefficient of YbAgGe shows behavior similar to what has been observed in a number of heavy fermion compounds, the low temperature, field-dependent measurements reveal well defined, sudden changes with applied field; in specific for H ⊥ c a clear local maximum that sharpens as temperature is reduced below 2 K and that approaches a value of 45 kOe - a value that has been proposed as the T = 0 quantum critical point. Similar behavior was observed for Hk c where a clear minimum in the field-dependent Hall resistivity was observed at low temperatures. Although at our base temperatures it is difficult to distinguish between t field-dependent behavior predicted for (i) diffraction off a critical spin density wave or (ii) breakdown in the composite nature of the heavy electron, for both field directions there is a distinct temperature dependence of a feature that can clearly be associated with a field-induced quantum critical point at T = 0 persisting up to at least 2 K.
Reduction of Circulating Cancer Cells and Metastases in Breast-Cancer Models by a Potent EphA2-Agonistic Peptide–Drug Conjugate

EphA2 overexpression has been associated with metastasis in multiple cancer types, including melanomas and ovarian, prostate, lung, and breast cancers. We have recently proposed the development of peptide–drug conjugates (PDCs) using agonistic EphA2-targeting agents, such as the YSA peptide or its optimized version, 123B9. Although our studies indicated that YSA– and 123B9–drug conjugates can selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells in vivo, the relatively low cellular agonistic activities (i.e., the high micromolar concentrations required) of the agents toward the EphA2 receptor remained a limiting factor to the further development of these PDCs in the clinic. Here, we report that a dimeric version of 123B9 can induce receptor activation at nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the conjugation of dimeric 123B9 with paclitaxel is very effective at targeting circulating tumor cells and inhibiting lung metastasis in breast-cancer models. These studies represent an important ...
The American Psychological Association and Value Pluralism

The systematic value (i.e., religious) assumptions of many areas of psychology are being increasingly explored. This article focuses on the organizational values reflected by actions of the America...
Workshop on Confidence Limits

In early 2000, workshops were held at CERN and at Fermilab to discuss the topic of confidence limits. I report on some of the key issues that were addressed at these meetings.
Iterative Solution of Linear Variational Problems in Hilbert Spaces: Some Conjugate Gradients Success Stories

Conjugate gradient was introduced in the early 50s (see refs. [1], [2]) as an iterative method for the solution of finite dimensional linear systems associated to matrices with special properties such as symmetry and positive definiteness. If round-off errors are not taken into account, the conjugate gradient method enjoys the finite termination property, namely: for any initialization, conjugate gradient algorithms will converge in d iterations at most, assuming that the matrix of the linear system, one is trying to solve, is a d × d one. Actually, for large problems (let say as soon as d > 102) the finite termination property has no practical interest, unlike an estimate of the speed of convergence involving the square-root of the condition number. In fact conjugate gradient algorithms can also be applied (theoretically, at least to the solution of linear problems in Hilbert spaces and by the late 60s a solid foundation for the convergence properties of such algorithms was in place (see [3] and the references therein. Such development was most important, since it opened the door to the efficient iterative solution of optimal control problems and of large classes of linear partial differential equations via an appropriate variational formulation in a well-chosen Hilbert space. Examples of such applications can be found in, e.g., [4]–[7], and of course, in various parts of this volume.
An Efficient Cell Sorting Protocol for Maize Protoplasts

Maize is one the most widely cultivated crops worldwide and an important model system for the study of genetics and cytogenetics. Although the availability of a genome sequence has enabled new quantitative genomic studies, developing methods to isolate specific types of cells will enable useful approaches for transcriptomic analysis in the crop plant. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique for cell isolation and the study of transcriptional profiles from specific cell populations. The use of FACS on plant cells requires the generation of protoplasts by tissue digestion and cell wall removal. Although some protocols are available, they mainly focus on dicot species and obtaining sufficient protoplasts from inner tissue layers has been challenging in both monocots and dicots. Here, we report a new protocol that dramatically increases protoplast yield from maize for subsequent cell isolation by FACS. This protocol is efficient in generating protoplasts from root and shoot inner layers and can also be applied successfully to Arabidopsis thaliana. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment during pregnancy: An exploratory factor analysis associated with adherence.

Abstract Background : The treatment of pregnant women with opioid use disorder is challenging due to the myriad of physical, mental, and social complications. Factors influencing adherence to buprenorphine during pregnancy have not been identified. Materials and methods : Pregnant women with opioid use disorder followed in a tertiary clinic were included in a retrospective chart review from buprenorphine induction through delivery. All women who had been evaluated and treated with buprenorphine from January 1, 2014, to September 31, 2016, were included. Adherence was defined as follows: 1) adherent: attended follow up visits, negative urine toxicology screens, and phase advancement; 2) moderately adherent: attended follow up visits until delivery, had not completed six negative urine toxicology screens, or had positive urine toxicology screens (i.e., no phase advancement); 3) non-adherent: missed follow up visits and did not stay in treatment until delivery. Sociodemographic characteristics, family psychiatric history, current and lifetime psychiatric and childhood trauma along with treatment factors were compared by category of adherence. Results : 64 women met criteria for inclusion in this study with 41 (64%) adherent; eight (13%) moderately adherent; and 15 (23%) non-adherent. In the non-adherent group compared to the adherent group, the clinician-rated opioid withdrawal scale score was significantly higher, and the daily buprenorphine dose at last visit was significantly lower. Conclusions : Women who were non-adherent to buprenorphine during pregnancy had higher severity of opioid withdrawal symptoms and lower doses of buprenorphine. These findings should be further explored with the goal of optimizing care without increasing risk for neonates.
Improved Survival Outcomes for Kidney Cancer Patients With Brain Metastases.

Abstract Background Brain metastases (BM) occur frequently in patients with metastatic kidney cancer and are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Although historically associated with a poor prognosis, survival outcomes for patients in the modern era are incompletely characterized. In particular, outcomes after adjusting for systemic therapy administration and International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk factors are not well-known. Patients and Methods A retrospective database of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center between 2006 and 2015 was created. Data relevant to their diagnosis, treatment course, and outcomes were systematically collected. Survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients with BM were compared with patients without BM after adjusting for the timing of BM diagnosis, either prior to or during first-line systemic therapy. The impact of stratification according to IMDC risk group was assessed. Results A total of 56 (28.4%) of 268 patients with metastatic RCC were diagnosed with BM prior to or during first-line systemic therapy. Median overall survival (OS) for systemic therapy-naive patients with BM compared with matched patients without BM was 19.5 versus 28.7 months (P = .0117). When analyzed according to IMDC risk group, the median OS for patients with BM was similar for favorable- and intermediate-risk patients (not reached vs. not reached; and 29.0 vs. 36.7 months; P = .5254), and inferior for poor-risk patients (3.5 vs. 9.4 months; P = .0462). For patients developing BM while on first-line systemic therapy, survival from the time of progression did not significantly differ by presence or absence of BM (11.8 vs. 17.8 months; P = .6658). Conclusions Survival rates for patients with BM are significantly better than historical reports. After adjusting for systemic therapy, the survival rates of patients with BM in favorable- and intermediate-risk groups were remarkably better than expected and not statistically different from patients without BM, though this represents a single institution experience, and numbers are modest.
Angels and Amazons: Fox-hunting and Sporting Emancipation for Women

Women’s participation in equestrian sports, particularly fox-hunting, sky-rocketed after 1850, well before female presence in other activities such as tennis, golf, or bicycling. This involvement i...
Manifest Destiny, the Frontier, and "El Indio" in Argentina's Conquista del Desierto

This article reexamines the legacies of Argentina’s Conquista del Desierto (Conquest of the Desert, 1878–1884) by analyzing these expansionist campaigns through the lens of the ideology of manifest destiny in the United States. Using the racial, religious, and nationalist concepts constructed in the United States as part of the broader discourse of manifest destiny, I examine both the history of the Conquest of the Desert, focusing on how official narratives from the period created and sustained a notion of alterity, and more recent controversies over claims of “ownership” of the pampas and Patagonia, especially as they relate to ideas of originality and autochthony. The article draws on first-person accounts of the military expeditions of the late nineteenth century and situates these descriptions using literatures on whiteness, ethnicity, and nationalism in Argentina and the United States. I suggest that as a physical, discursive, and even religious space, the frontier became a critical site for national production in both countries. Further, “divine providence” played an integral role in justifying both the need for and the moral imperative of the state’s expansionism. This combination of religion and territoriality raises questions about the place of the Indian/el indio in the future imagined nation. I argue that reading these cases together provokes new conversations about historical perspectives on the Conquista and contributes to debates on indigenous autochthony and authenticity and to the broader discussion of understandings of Argentine nationalism.
Angle Diversity to Increase Coverage and Position Accuracy in 3D Visible Light Positioning

The most common approach to light-based indoor positioning relies on multilateration of received signals to the mobile device. Any deficiencies in the fidelity of these light signals can significantly distort position estimates. In this paper, we propose a method to dynamically control the light distribution from the overhead luminaires to mitigate fading effects that would otherwise occur under static lighting. By manipulating the direction of the luminaire, effectively the dispersion pattern, we introduce signal diversity in the form of multiple pointing angles and light distributions. In addition to providing angle diversity, steering and then tracking sustains the maximal line-of-sight path between a source and receiver, which reduces angle-dependent attenuation and optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio for any coordinate without needing to change the physical properties of the source or receiver. This gain in signal strength combats the limited field-of-view of luminaires and photodiodes to provide better overall coverage, which translates directly to increase positioning accuracy, particularly in a 3D space. In the results, we show field-of-view gains of 43&#x0025; and improvements in MSE of 20cm.
The Effect of Extended Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Changes in Lung Volumes in Stable Premature Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To compare changes in lung volumes, as measured by functional residual capacity (FRC), through to discharge in stable infants randomized to 2 weeks of extended continuous positive airway pressure CPAP (eCPAP) vs CPAP discontinuation (dCPAP). Study design Infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation requiring ≥24 hours of CPAP were randomized to 2 weeks of eCPAP vs dCPAP when meeting CPAP stability criteria. FRC was measured with the nitrogen washout technique. Infants were stratified by gestational age ( Results Fifty infants were randomized with 6 excluded, for a total of 44 infants. Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. The infants randomized to eCPAP vs dCPAP had a greater increase in FRC from randomization through 2 weeks (12.6 mL vs 6.4 mL; adjusted 95% CI, 0.78-13.47; P = .03) and from randomization through discharge (27.2 mL vs 17.1 mL; adjusted 95% CI, 2.61-17.59; P = .01). Conclusions Premature infants randomized to eCPAP had a significantly greater increase in FRC through discharge compared with those randomized to dCPAP. An increased change in FRC may lead to improved respiratory health. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT02249143 .
Evaluation of traffic management strategies for special events using probe data

Abstract Special events can impose burdens to local roads. As these events are temporary and even seasonal in nature, concerned agencies need to identify cost-effective traffic management strategies to control this increased traffic. The current research empirically investigated the traffic flow, traffic volumes, and traffic management strategies for sporting events in Fort Myers, Florida. Extensive data were collected for over five consecutive years on an arterial road. These data contained traffic volumes from available loop detectors and travel time from Bluetooth sensors. Results showed that, like the experience curve effect, manual traffic control seemed to improve the traffic after the first year but leveled off thereafter. Signal retiming was effective for traffic entering games but not after games. The average travel time on a certain road segment for through traffic before the event starts was reduced by >40% after the signal retiming. Variable message signs (VMS), while appeared to help traffic management, might not considerably improve travel time before and after the events on the road investigated. Although an alternative route was introduced for through traffic, most of drivers still used the arterial road even during peak congestion. With an average penetration rate of >4%, this long-term study confirmed that the use of Bluetooth-based systems in collecting traffic probe data are still feasible in the near future. This current study contributes to the traffic management body of knowledge by empirically investigating the traffic management plans used for sporting events with objective and quantitative data in a five-year period.
Performance Impacts of Practical Fabrication Tradeoffs for a Radial Flux Coaxial Magnetic Gear with Halbach Arrays and Air Cores

This paper evaluates the impacts of various means of securing the magnetically active materials in a radial flux coaxial magnetic gear with Halbach arrays and air cores. Rods through holes in the modulators and spacers between adjacent modulators can be used to attach the modulators to their end caps with a minimal reduction of the design’s slip torque. A bridge between adjacent modulators simplifies assembly but significantly reduces the slip torque. Retention sleeves can secure the magnets, but, due to an increase in the effective air gaps, these sleeves drastically reduce the slip torque, especially if the effective outer air gap is increased. Nonmagnetic walls between adjacent magnets facilitate positioning and holding the magnets but significantly reduce the slip torque. However, extending the magnets axially beyond the modulators provides additional space for structural support while increasing the slip torque. A prototype with a 4.67:1 gear ratio was fabricated and tested. Its active material torque density of 25.2 N∙m/kg is competitive with commercially available mechanical planetary gear examples. However, when the structural mass of the prototype is considered, its torque density is 7.1 N∙m/kg. It achieves 99% efficiency, which is higher than the efficiency of the example mechanical gears.
Authentic Connections Groups: A Pilot Test of an Intervention Aimed at Enhancing Resilience Among Nurse Leader Mothers.

BACKGROUND Nurse leaders who are mothers are at significant risk for experiencing stress, burnout, and occupational fatigue. Authentic Connections (AC) Groups is an intervention shown to be effective for fostering resilience among at-risk moms, including physicians; however, it has not previously been tested with nurse leaders. AIMS Our aims were to test the feasibility and acceptability of the AC Groups intervention with nurse leader mothers and examine its effects on participant resilience, as measured by increased self-compassion and decreased distress, depression, perceived stress, and burnout. METHODS A randomized controlled trial design was employed for this pilot study, with 36 nurse leaders at Mayo Clinic. AC participants attended group sessions for an hour per week for 12 weeks. Control group members were provided 1 hr per week of free time over 12 weeks. Multiple self-report psychological measures were completed at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS The AC Groups intervention was feasible and well-received by nurse leaders. Session attendance rates averaged 92%. Despite the small n's, repeated measures of Analysis of Variance showed significantly greater improvements (p < .05) for participants in the AC Groups than control condition for depression, self-compassion, and perceived stress, with large effect sizes ( ηp2 0.18-0.22). In addition, effect sizes for anxiety and feeling loved approximated the moderate range ( ηp2 0.05 and .07). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION The AC intervention shows promise as a feasible intervention for mitigating nurse leader mothers' stress by positively impacting indices of well-being, including depression, self-compassion, and perceived stress. Given, the prevalence of stress and burnout among nurse leaders, the effectiveness of the AC intervention in fostering resilience in this population has significant implications for research and practice. Further research is warranted with larger numbers from multiple sites, longer follow-up periods, and biomarker measures of stress.
Human Rights in the Age of Nation-States: A Critical Engagement with Eric D. Weitz's A World Divided: A world divided: the global struggle for human rights in the age of nation-states, by Eric D. Weitz, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2019, 576 pp., USD$35.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780691145440

Stretching across the Havel river, the Glienicke Brucke (Glienicker Bridge) is one of the enduring physical reminders of the Cold War's divisions. Reconstructed during the late 1940s after it was h...
The Imposition of the Border and the Creation of a Public Health Problem

In this chapter Dube details the process of colonization, the demarcation of the border, and subsequent border restrictions, as well as the establishment of Christian mission stations which played a crucial role in the provision of health services for the Shona people of the border region.
Flexible multiplane structured illumination microscope with a four-camera detector

Abstract Fluorescence microscopy provides an unparalleled tool for imaging biological samples. However, producing high-quality volumetric images quickly and without excessive complexity remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a simple multi-camera structured illumination microscope (SIM) capable of simultaneously imaging multiple focal planes, allowing for the capture of 3D fluorescent images without any axial movement of the sample. This simple setup allows for the rapid acquisition of many different 3D imaging modes, including 3D time lapses, high-axial-resolution 3D images, and large 3D mosaics.
Extending the resolution limits of nanoshape imprint lithography using molecular dynamics of polymer crosslinking.

Emerging nanoscale applications in energy, electronics, optics, and medicine can exhibit enhanced performance by incorporating nanoshaped structures (nanoshape structures here are defined as shapes enabled by sharp corners with radius of curvature < 5 nm). Nanoshaped fabrication at high-throughput is well beyond the capabilities of advanced optical lithography. Although the highest-resolution e-beams and large-area e-beams have a resolution limit of 5 and 18 nm half-pitch lines or 20 nm half-pitch holes, respectively, their low throughput necessitates finding other fabrication techniques. By using nanoimprint lithography followed by metal-assisted chemical etching, diamond-like nanoshapes with ~3 nm radius corners and 100 nm half-pitch over large areas have been previously demonstrated to improve the nanowire capacitor performance (by ~90%). In future dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) nodes (with DRAM being an exemplar CMOS application), the implementation of nanowire capacitors scaled to <15 nm half-pitch is required. To scale nanoshape imprint lithography down to these half-pitch values, the previously established atomistic simulation framework indicates that the current imprint resist materials are unable to retain the nanoshape structures needed for DRAM capacitors. In this study, the previous simulation framework is extended to study improved shape retention by varying the resist formulations and by introducing novel bridge structures in nanoshape imprinting. This simulation study has demonstrated viable approaches to sub-10 nm nanoshaped imprinting with good shape retention, which are matched by experimental data.
A Primer on Risk-Free Bonds

This note explores the first principles of pricing financial contracts. Debt contracts go by many names, but the term bond is used in this note to denote any market-traded debt contract. The note is divided into three sections. The first section examines the simplest of financial contracts—the zero-coupon risk-free bond contract. The second section examines bonds with the additional complexity of coupon payments. The third section examines the expectations theory, the fundamental theory for why yields vary over different maturities, and introduces the construct of a yield curve. The basic concepts and principles associated with the risk-free bonds discussed in this note provide an important foundation for understanding more complex securities. Excerpt UVA-F-1861 Feb. 1, 2019 A Primer on Risk-Free Bonds One of the central principles of finance is that things that pay identical amounts have identical values. This principle is called the law of one price. The law of one price implies that one can value one financial contract by observing the value of another financial contract with similar expected payments and risk. A related concept used in finance is that of “home cooking.” In financial markets one can home cook a version of a prevailing contract by combining existing financial products to create a home-cooked version. As such, the home-cooked version has the same value as, say, the store-bought version. As an example of this concept, suppose that you often buy chicken teriyaki sandwiches at a local food truck called the Big Kahuna. Your brother Rupert, an enterprising young man, has figured out how to replicate the truck's signature dish—the Big Kahuna chicken teriyaki sandwich. What is the value of Rupert's home-cooked replication of the Big Kahuna sandwich? Since the two sandwiches are identical, both have the same value according to the law of one price. In finance, we will determine the value of a financial contract by observing the value of an identical contract that we “cook up” by combining other contracts that are traded in security markets. . . .
Discrimination and Stereotypical Responses to Robots as a Function of Robot Colorization

Past research has shown that color can evoke an emotional response from people in various situations. Exploring this finding for robots, this paper presents a study with 175 participants who evaluated how eight robots designed with different colors would be viewed by society along a number of dimensions. The results indicated that subjects thought society would discriminate against a black or rainbow colorized robot more so than a robot portrayed as white. Further, the black colorized robot was thought to be stronger than a white or yellow colorized robot and subjects indicated that a red and black robot would be selected more often to commit an assault than the other robots. Additionally, the data revealed that a rainbow-colored robot was more likely to be selected as an elementary school teacher and personal friend but would receive more disrespect within society.
Patterns of Medical Cannabis Use among Patients Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis.

Abstract Objective To survey the pattern and benefits of medical cannabis use (MCU) in a cross section of persons with multiple sclerosis (PWMS). Methods One hundred and fifteen subjects completed a 36-question survey online or on paper which queried aspects of their use of cannabis, including frequency of use, effect on symptoms, and changes in their use of prescription medications, as well asa number of key demographic variables such as age, gender, disease duration and clinical course, etc. All subjects were treated at a multiple sclerosis (MS) clinic in Connecticut and enrolled in the Connecticut Medical Marijuana Program (CTMMP). Results Self-reported benefit from cannabis use for two or more symptoms of MS was associated with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) vs progressive (PMS) (OR 3.043, 95% CI 1.026-9.028, p=0.038) and less benefit for two or more symptoms for those who required a wheelchair vs. those who ambulated without assistance (OR .246, 95% CI .195-.797, p=0.016). General benefit from cannabis use was reported for mood disorders (p Conclusion MCU among PWMS can lead to the reduction or discontinuation of several categories of prescription medications for symptoms of MS. Persons reporting the most benefit from MCU tended to have a milder form of MS with less disability, in contrast to previous studies. This study confirms the benefit of cannabis in several common MS symptoms, extending these findings to show that benefit can be related to baseline severity of some symptoms.
Smooth, Compactly Supported Wavelets

We have seen in Chapter 7 several examples of orthonormal wavelet bases. However, the only example we have seen so far of a compactly supported wavelet has been the Haar wavelet. In Section 5.4.1, we saw that the compact support of the Haar wavelets meant that the Haar decomposition had good time localization. Specifically, this meant that the Haar coefficients were effective for locating jump discontinuities and also for the efficient representation of signals with small support. We have also seen disadvantages in the fact that the Haar wavelets have jump discontinuities, specifically in the poorly decaying Haar coefficients of smooth functions (Section 5.4.3) and in the blockiness of images reconstructed from subsets of the Haar coefficients (Section 6.3.1).
Economic outcomes associated with switching individuals with schizophrenia between risperidone and olanzapine: findings from a large US claims database.

Objectives:To assess the impact of switching atypical antipsychotic treatment [from (i) risperidone to olanzapine or (ii) olanzapine to risperidone] on medication use patterns and treatment costs for individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: Using a large, integrated medical service and pharmacy claims database, 244 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases [9th revision]: 295.xx) who switched treatment from risperidone to olanzapine (n = 202) or from olanzapine to risperidone (n = 42) were identified. Changes in medication use patterns and treatment costs (1999 values) per patient from the pre- to the post-switch period were evaluated. McNemar’s tests were used to compare changes in use of antiparkinsonian, antidiabetic and antihyper-lipidaemic agents and typical antipsychotics, while the Wilcoxon signed rank tests were applied to examine changes in treatment costs. Results: After switching from risperidone to olanzapine, the percentage of patients using concomitant antiparkinsonian agents and typical antipsychotics decreased significantly from 30.20% to 21.29% (p = 0.0094) and from 30.69% to 18.32% (p = 0.0006), respectively. There was no significant change in the use of antidiabetic or antihyperlipidaemic drugs. For mental health-related treatment, annualised pharmaceutical costs increased by $US1761 (from $US1829 to $US3590, p < 0.0001) but medical service costs decreased by $US3511 (from $US11 292 to $US7781, p = 0.0036), driven primarily by significantly lower emergency room care and hospital outpatient costs. This resulted in no significant change in overall mental healthcare costs. Similar results were observed with total healthcare costs. In contrast, after switching from olanzapine to risperidone there was no significant change in treatment patterns for any of the medications assessed or in healthcare costs (mental healthcare-related or total), despite a significant decrease in mental health-related pharmaceutical costs. Conclusions: Switching from risperidone to olanzapine was associated with improved medication use patterns for antiparkinsonian and typical antipsychotic agents. While both mental health and total healthcare pharmaceutical costs increased significantly, this was not associated with a significant increase in overall mental health and total healthcare costs. These outcomes, however, were not evidenced in patients switched from olanzapine to risperidone.
Thermodynamic Coupling and Predictability of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature

Air-sea coupling involves the exchange of both momentum and heat between the atmosphere and the ocean. Dynamic coupling, which relates to the momentum exchange, is believed to play the dominant role in the tropics, especially in phenomena such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the tropical Pacific. However, thermodynamic heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean can also play a significant role in air-sea coupling. This is especially true in the tropical Atlantic, where dynamic coupling may be of secondary importance. In this study, the role of this thermodynamic air-sea coupling is studied using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model. Two thermodynamic feedback mechanisms are considered: the reduced thermal damping mechanism and the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback. It is shown that thermodynamic coupling leads to amplification and increased persistence of surface wind variability in the deep tropical Atlantic region. This effect is anisotropic, being stronger in the meridional component than in the zonal component of the surface wind. These features cannot be explained by the isotropic reduced thermal damping mechanism, and indicates a possible role for the WES feedback. Predictability experiments using observed December sea surface temperature (SST) initial conditions were also carried out. These show that thermodynamic coupling can lead to forecasts of north tropical Atlantic SST that are significantly better than persistence forecasts during the boreal spring. These results mean that thermodynamic coupling certainly leads to a richer, more complex set of interactions than a local, Hasselmann-type of red-noise model would imply.
College Students versus College Counseling Center Clients

Abstract Studies often equate mental health with the presence of psychological symptoms. Contemporary views are now focusing on well-being and life functioning rather than solely on symptomatic distress. The current study compared college counseling center clients, college students not in treatment, adults in outpatient psychotherapy, and adults not in treatment. The two student groups demonstrated differences in patterns of presenting problems. In addition, adults not in treatment (healthiest), college students, college counseling center clients, and adult outpatients (most distressed/dysfunctional) differed on severity of well-being, psychological symptoms, life-functioning, and global mental health. Implications for treatment planning and outreach programs for those working with college populations are discussed.
Disruption of dopamine homeostasis underlies selective neurodegeneration mediated by α‐synuclein

A key challenge in Parkinson's disease research is to understand mechanisms underlying selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons mediated by genetic factors such as alpha-synuclein (alpha-Syn). The present study examined whether dopamine (DA)-dependent oxidative stress underlies alpha-Syn-mediated neurodegeneration using Drosophila primary neuronal cultures. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to identify live dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures prepared on a marked photoetched coverslip, which allowed us to repeatedly access preidentified dopaminergic neurons at different time points in a non-invasive manner. This live tracking of GFP-marked dopaminergic neurons revealed age-dependent neurodegeneration mediated by a mutant human alpha-Syn (A30P). Degeneration was rescued when alpha-Syn neuronal cultures were incubated with 1 mm glutathione from Day 3 after culturing. Furthermore, depletion of cytoplasmic DA by 100 microm alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine completely rescued the early stage of alpha-Syn-mediated dopaminergic cell loss, demonstrating that DA plays a major role in oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration mediated by alpha-Syn. In contrast, overexpression of a Drosophila tyrosine hydroxylase gene (dTH1) alone caused DA neurodegeneration by enhanced DA synthesis in the cytoplasm. Age-dependent dopaminergic cell loss was comparable in alpha-Syn vs dTH1-overexpressed neuronal cultures, indicating that increased DA levels in the cytoplasm is a critical change downstream of mutant alpha-Syn function. Finally, overexpression of a Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter rescued alpha-Syn-mediated neurodegeneration through enhanced sequestration of cytoplasmic DA into synaptic vesicles, further indicating that a main cause of selective neurodegeneration is alpha-Syn-induced disruption of DA homeostasis. All of these results demonstrate that elevated cytoplasmic DA is a main factor underlying the early stage of alpha-Syn-mediated neurodegeneration.
Job Loss, Worker Disturbances, and State Welfare Response: China, France, and Mexico, 1980-2005

This paper compares the impact of early 1980s crises upon China, France, and Mexico to probe the linkage between global positioning and welfare response. It shows how crisis led, in all three cases, to leaders’ decisions to shift once-worker-friendly regimes to new policy sets that seemed to place global concerns above proletarian interests. Thus, battling inflation, privatizing state firms, liberalizing the terms for foreign investors, and cutting back on tariffs were undertaken, all tactics that attacked the privileged position these countries’ state-linked working classes had enjoyed for many years, abruptly throwing millions onto the streets. But it was only in China that layoffs rapidly spawned new and voluminous resistance. And it was only there that notable state welfare response emerged. Thus, I hypothesize a linkage between the reactions of the working class to job loss, on the one hand, and governmental largesse, or inaction, as the dependent variable, on the other. Furthermore, in all three countries, unions served as an intervening, or mediating, variable between the effects of global involvement upon jobs and benefits (with rising unemployment and declining benefits producing - or not producing - protest), on the one hand, and the state’s welfare effort, on the other. That is, where unions’ behavior allowed for and facilitated open opposition by workers, the effects of states’ global involvement prodded protest. Sudden, escalating protest, when it occurred, stimulated new welfare outlays, I claim.
The Extended Parabolic Equation Method and Implication of Results for Atmospheric Millimeter-Wave and Optical Propagation

The extended wide-angle parabolic wave equation applied to electromagnetic wave propagation in random media is considered. A general operator equation is derived which gives the statistical moments of an electric field of a propagating wave. This expression is used to obtain the first and second order moments of the wave field and solutions are found that transcend those which incorporate the full paraxial approximation at the outset. Although these equations can be applied to any propagation scenario that satisfies the conditions of application of the extended parabolic wave equation, the example of propagation through atmospheric turbulence is used. It is shown that in the case of atmospheric wave propagation and under the Markov approximation (i.e., the -correlation of the fluctuations in the direction of propagation), the usual parabolic equation in the paraxial approximation is accurate even at millimeter wavelengths. The methodology developed here can be applied to any qualifying situation involving random propagation through turbid or plasma environments that can be represented by a spectral density of permittivity fluctuations.