cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the New Indian History: Recent Trends in the Historiography on the Native Peoples of North America

Since its emergence over thir ty y ears ago , the New Indian history has had a tremendous impact on studies of Native peoples in North America. Nonetheless, in cr ucial ways and for various reasons, scholarship on American Indians often remains isolated from larger currents of North American history. Just over the last decade, a handful of works have built on the foundations of the New Indian history and more consciously put American Indians into wide ranging conversations about North American culture and society. It is this current wave of scholarship that holds the most promise for moving the study of American Indians beyond the New Indian history and into an even more fruitful period where the connections between the experiences of American Indians and those of other North Americans draw increasing interest and examination. It has now been thirty years since the emergence of the New Indian history. Grounded in the rise of social history, the growing interest in race and ethnicity, and the dramatic resurgence of Native people into the national spotlight, the New Indian history marked the first time that historians began taking American Indians seriously. The studies of Indian wars and United States-Indian relations that had up to then constituted written Indian history – and which cast Native people as savages, noble or otherwise, swept aside by the forces of Euro-American progress – were joined by works that sought Indian perspectives, stressed Indian agency, and took a critical view of U.S. colonialism. Perhaps most importantly, the New Indian history legitimated the study of Native peoples within the historical profession by arguing that without considering American Indians, one could not understand the development of North America. 1 The energy that drove this movement was palpable, especially at such annual conferences as the American Society for Ethnohistory (ASE) and the Western History Association (WHA), the New Indian history’s most fertile venues. When prodded, a few seasoned scholars might even recount how the work of the meetings often spilled, at times raucously, into the host cities’ bars and hotel rooms. Altogether, it seemed a movement fit for a generation raised in an atmosphere of social protest
Codon-Dependent tRNA Fluctuations Monitored with Fluorescence Polarization

During protein synthesis dictated by the codon sequence of messenger RNA, the ribosome selects aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) with high accuracy, the exact mechanism of which remains elusive. By using a single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer method coupled with fluorescence emission anisotropy, we provide evidence of random thermal motion of tRNAs within the ribosome in nanosecond timescale that we refer to as fluctuations. Our results indicate that cognate aa-tRNA fluctuates less frequently than near-cognate. This is counterintuitive because cognate aa-tRNA is expected to fluctuate more frequently to reach the ribosomal A-site faster than near-cognate. In addition, cognate aa-tRNA occupies the same position in the ribosome as near-cognate. These results argue for a mechanism which guides cognate aa-tRNA more accurately toward the A-site as compared to near-cognate. We suggest that a basis for this mechanism is the induced fit of the 30S subunit upon cognate aa-tRNA binding. Our single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer time traces also point to a mechanistic model for GTP hydrolysis on elongation factor Tu mediated by aa-tRNA.
Visceral Reflex Activity: Development in Postnatal Rabbit

In postnatal rabbits there is progressive development of central regulation of the micturition reflex. During the first 1 to 2 days of postnatal life a coordinated sustained reflex may be obtained from the bladder which has been isolated from the central nervous system. Changes in reflex integration occur over the following 7 to 12 days, which result in a coordinated reflex dependent upon supraspinal influiences.
EFFECT OF I-131 ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN EWES.

The reproductive performance of seventeen ewes fed single doses of 3 mC I/sup 131/ 4-5 years ago was evaluated. The performance of the hypothyroid animals was compared with that of a group of euthyroid ewes of the same age kept under identical conditions. The estrus cycles, times in estrus during a 60-day period, and gestation periods of the hypothyroid ewes were not significantly different from those of the controls; however, there was greater variation within the hypothyroid group. The serum proteinbound iodine (PBI) values, determined prior to breeding and at intervals throughout and following the gestation period, indicated a slight rise at 50-100 days of pregnancy in both the experimental and control group. All of the control ewes (six/six) conceived after the first mating. Three of seventeen hypothyroid ewes failed to conceive or experienced early embxyonic death, two of these three ewes manifested signs of estrus at regular intervals. Thyroid uptake of an I/sup 131/ tracer dose in the hypothyroid ewes ranged from 5.6-20% in those that were pregnant and 3-11% in those that were not pregnant. The two ewes with the lowest thyroid I/sup 131/ tracer uptake (5.6 and 6%) died during the course of pregnancy. There were nomore » cases of spontaneous abortion or still births in either the hypo- or euthyroid groups. The lambs from the hypothyroid group did not gain weight as rapidly during the first month of life and their PBI values at birth were lower than those of the control lambs. (auth)« less
Implications of different fluid overload definitions in pediatric stem cell transplant patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy

In critically ill pediatric patients, fluid overload (FO) >10% has been identified as a threshold for possible interventions, including initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, multiple definitions have been reported, and there remains no consensus method for FO calculation. The goal of this study was to compare different methods of FO determination and to assess their relative value in predicting outcomes. This is a retrospective single-center review of 21 pediatric stem cell transplant patients (PSCT) that required CRRT from 2004 to 2009. We compared eight definitions (4 weight-based and 4 fluid-balance based) that varied by baseline weights. Outcome measures were pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) mortality and pediatric logistic organ dysfunction (PELOD) scores. The number of patients identified as having >10% FO varied significantly according to the definition used, from 14 to 48% (p = 0.002). Significant intra-subject variability was observed; the median difference between individual minimum and maximum %FO scores was 11.4% (IQR 6.8, 17.1%). %FO was not significantly associated with PICU mortality, but five of eight FO definitions were predictive of higher subsequent PELOD scores. Our study is one of the first to compare different FO definitions and the impact on predicting outcomes. Our findings suggest that depending on the FO definition used, there is significant variability in the calculated %FO in PSCT patients, and this has important implications for clinical decision-making. Further studies are necessary to determine an optimal FO definition that is clinically relevant and predictive of important outcomes.
Minimizing exposure to electromagnetic radiation in portable devices

Portable devices sold around the world number in the billions, and they are used daily because of their ability to provide connectivity by integrating processing power, touch screens, cameras, and motion sensors with multiple radios. Many of the radios can run simultaneously, and each radio exposes the user to some level of electromagnetic radiation. The exposure levels are potentially cumulative in the number of transmitters and number of carrier frequencies used. Fourth-generation (4G) device designers are looking forward to placing four separate transmitting elements for the 4G radio alone.
Quantum memory: write, read, reset, and decoherence

An essential component of any quantum computer is the quantum memory, the content of which is a pure quantum state. A program to study the quantum memory is initiated here, where the spatial variables are of central importance. The presence of the spatial variables makes it possible to apply the powerful and well-developed theory of scattering: The fundamental operations of writing on, reading and resetting the quantum memory are all performed through scattering from the memory. The requirement that the quantum memory must remain in a pure state after scattering implies that the scattering is of a special type, and only certain incident waves are admissible. Models based on the coupled-channel Schrodinger equation for potential scattering are formulated, where there is indeed the required large collection of admissible incident waves. On the basis of these models, certain types of decoherence are unavoidable. Such decoherence and the necessity of using the relativistic Schrodinger equation are discussed. One of the implications of quantum memory is the possible lack of security for the quantum key distribution in quantum cryptography.
Children's attitudes toward products and recall of product information over time

Abstract The current investigation examined changes over time in children's attitudes toward products, recall of product information, and the relationship between attitudes and recall. Fifty-six fifth-graders were read five positive and five negative attributes of a product. The children's recall for these attributes was then assessed, in addition to their attitudes toward the product. A week later, recall and attitudes were assessed for a second time. Results indicated better recall for product attributes at immediate rather than delayed testing sessions. Although children's immediate recall showed traditional recency and primacy effects, delayed recall showed only a primacy effect. Product attributes which were recalled first at the immediate test were found to be least likely to be recalled at delayed testing. Attitudes toward the product were found to be relatively stable. Finally, intrusions were found to increase over time, in addition to being related to initial attitudes toward the product. Implications of these results in terms of the formation of product attitudes and memory processes in children are discussed.
Recycling of porcelain stoneware scraps in alkali bonded ceramic composites

Abstract Ground porcelain stoneware scraps have been recycled as a partially reactive filler in alkali bonded ceramic composites. Sandwich panels were prepared by varying the dimension and amount of scraps in the core and skins. The alkali bonding was realized by using highly reactive metakaolin powder and alkaline KOH/K2SiO3 aqueous solution. The setting was performed at 80 °C for 24 h. The thermal conductivity of the panels at room temperature was 0.7 W m−1 K−1. Investigations on the extent of capillary water absorption and water release indicated the possibility to exploit the water retention properties of the binder for cooling by water evaporation.
Model of metallic cohesion: The embedded-atom method.

The embedded-atom method (EAM) [Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443 (1984)] has proven to be a significant improvement in simplified total-energy calculations for metallic systems. In the current work, the ansatz used in the EAM is derived from the local-density functional for the energy. The expression demonstrated here is most appropriate for simple metals and for transition metals with nearly empty or nearly full d bands. An embedding energy is defined as a function of an optimal constant background density, and an equation for that optimal background density is obtained. The cohesive energy is then related to the embedding energy and an electrostatic two-body interaction. It is shown that lowest-order electronic relaxations can be absorbed into the same ansatz. Model calculations are presented for fcc nickel within the Thomas--Fermi--Dirac--von Weizs\"acker model for the kinetic energy, with local exchange and correlation and frozen-electron distributions. The model is shown to provide a good description of the ground-state properties of nickel (e.g., energetics and structure of vacancies and surfaces) and also a good framework for evaluating the approximations used in justifying the EAM form. In particular, the model exhibits a simple relationship between the optimal constant background density and the background density at the atomic site. Corrections involving the gradient of the background density are shown to be important in the calculation of the surface energy. This work then provides a basis for the use of the EAM in semiempirical applications.
Determination of Forces in a Magnetic Bearing Actuator: Numerical Computation With Comparison to Experiment

Calculations of the forces exerted on a journal by a magnetic bearing actuator are presented, along with comparisons to experimentally measured forces. The calculations are based on two-dimensional solutions for the flux distribution in the metal parts and free space, using finite but constant permeability in the metals. Above a relative permeability of 10,000 the effects of changes in permeability are negligible, but below 10,000 decreases in permeability cause significant decreases in the force. The calculated forces are shown to depend on the metal permeability more strongly when the journal is displaced from its centered position. The predicted forces in the principal attractive direction are in good agreement with experiment when a relatively low value of permeability is chosen. The forces measured normal to the axis of symmetry when the journal is displaced from that axis, however, are significantly higher than predicted by theory, even with a value of relative permeability larger than 5000. These results indicate a need for further work including nonlinear permeability distributions.
Multifetal pregnancy reduction and selective termination

The incidence of multifetal pregnancies has increased dramatically since the advent of assisted reproductive technologies. Preterm delivery accounts for most of the mortality associated with multifetal pregnancies. Multifetal pregnancy reduction is a safe and effective procedure designed to decrease the adverse outcomes associated with very preterm deliveries. The increased incidence of multifetal pregnancies combined with reliable techniques for prenatal diagnosis of genetic and structural fetal anomalies have led to an increase in the diagnosis of abnormal fetal conditions in parents carrying multiple gestations. The development of the procedure of selective termination has provided prospective couples the option of selective termination of the abnormal fetus and continuation of the pregnancy.
Economic Sector Choices of Mexican Migrants to the USA: Evidence from the 2011 EMIF Border Survey

This paper investigates the economic sector choices of Mexican labor migrants who intended to cross the US border in 2011 using data from the EMIF Norte Border Survey. We identify migrants accordin...
Daily streamflow conditions map now online

A new daily streamflow conditions map for the United States is now available online from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The map depicts streamflow as a percentile of its longterm value for each day Located at http://water.usgs.gov/public/dwc/national_map.html, it is updated every 3 hours. The flows are grouped into seven color-coded percentile categories. More than 2000 realtime stations from the USGS stream gaging network, each having at least 30 years of continuous records, are represented. Changes in daily streamflow over the past several weeks can be viewed in an animated sequence.
Disentanglement of the acute kidney injury syndrome.

Purpose of reviewAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome with many different causes. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes consensus AKI definition has harmonized the study of AKI, yet effective clinical therapeutics are not available to treat most cases of AKI. In order to develop
Use of Landmarks in Three Species of Food-storing Corvids

The use of landmarks by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), pinyon jays (Gymnorbinus cyanocepbalus), and Western scrub jays (Apbelocoma coerulescens) was investigated in three experiments. In the first experiment, birds were trained to find a hidden food reward beneath wood chips near a plastic landmark located 20 cm from one edge of a stationary tray. During unrewarded test trials, all species displaced their searching in response to movement of the landmark in both parallel and perpendicular directions; however, searching was displaced significantly more in the parallel direction. In a second experiment, the landmark was removed with the tray stationary or shifted. When the tray was shifted, all species responded by searching relative to the shifted tray. This indicates that the global (room) cues were not being used as salient landmarks. In the third experiment, the tray was placed in different positions for each trial, making global cues unreliable. As in experiment 1, all species displaced their searching in response to parallel and perpendicular movement of the landmark, with movement being similar in both directions. These results indicate no species differences on this landmark-use task.
Perceptions of effective leadership among Central Eurasian managers: A cultural convergence–divergence examination within a globalization context

Abstract The purpose of this study is to report on a research project that examined the responses of leaders from eight Central Eurasian countries concerning their perceptions of work-related values of effective organizational leaders. The respondents were participants in a two-week leadership development program held in Istanbul, Turkey. Content analysis of interview protocols and SYMLOG assessment methodology were used to explore two inter-related research questions regarding effective leadership concepts. The results yielded a profile of effective leadership for those interested in working in cross-national settings. The results also provided a cursory indication of the extent of trends in the processes of globalization and cultural convergence of Central Eurasian values, norms, and practices toward those of Western cultures regarding how effective leadership in organizations ought to be executed.
CloudPD: Problem determination and diagnosis in shared dynamic clouds

In this work, we address problem determination in virtualized clouds. We show that high dynamism, resource sharing, frequent reconfiguration, high propensity to faults and automated management introduce significant new challenges towards fault diagnosis in clouds. Towards this, we propose CloudPD, a fault management framework for clouds. CloudPD leverages (i) a canonical representation of the operating environment to quantify the impact of sharing; (ii) an online learning process to tackle dynamism; (iii) a correlation-based performance models for higher detection accuracy; and (iv) an integrated end-to-end feedback loop to synergize with a cloud management ecosystem. Using a prototype implementation with cloud representative batch and transactional workloads like Hadoop, Olio and RUBiS, it is shown that CloudPD detects and diagnoses faults with low false positives (<; 16%) and high accuracy of 88%, 83% and 83%, respectively. In an enterprise trace-based case study, CloudPD diagnosed anomalies within 30 seconds and with an accuracy of 77%, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-life operations.
Ideology, Telos, and the “Communist Vanguard” from Mao Zedong to Hu Jintao

This work discusses why Marxist vanguard parties require ideology in their struggle to gain and maintain political power. Despite being considered theoretically inconsistent with classical Marxism and western vernacular, I chart etymologically how “ideology” came to China and proliferated during the Mao era as a positively framed term via, in all likelihood, Japanese renderings of Leninism. After discussing ideological challenges under Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin, I explore whether Hu Jintao’s scientific development and harmony concepts might be understood as ideological campaigns which—by synthesizing Maoist and Dengist approaches to ideology—effectively address what otherwise be referred to as the Party’s telos problem, and thus resolve in part the threat to the Party’s vanguard claim.
Leukocyte-polytetrafluoroethylene interaction enhances proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via tumor necrosis factor-α secretion

Leukocyte-polytetrafluoroethylene interaction enhances proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. Intimal hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) at the venous anastomosis of arteriovenous grafts represents the most common cause of vascular access failure in hemodialysis patients. Upstream release of growth factors from leukocytes activated by adhesion to the graft material may play a role in this lesion. We evaluated the effect of interaction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on proliferation of VSMC. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation was significantly increased by conditioned media from human PBMC incubated with PTFE. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell adhesion to PTFE could not be antagonized by the β 1 integrin ligand-containing peptide GRGDSP, but was attenuated by EDTA consistent with β 2 integrin-mediated adhesion. Soluble scavenger receptor ligands at high concentrations had no effect on adhesion to PTFE excluding any contributory role of scavenger receptors in this interaction. Neutralizing antibodies to TNF- α significantly attenuated the mitogenic effect of PBMC/PTFE conditioned media and a marked increase in TNF- α secretion by PBMC on PTFE was detected by ELISA. These studies demonstrate that PBMC interaction with PTFE can promote proliferation of VSMC via increased production of TNF- α and perhaps other cytokines. Leukocyte interaction with PTFE causing enhanced secretion of TNF- α and consequent VSMC proliferation may account for the development of venous intimal hyperplasia in hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous grafts.
The use of dietary synthetic antioxidants at recommended levels does not alter rat immune cell eicosanoid production or hepatic vitamin E concentration

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary synthetic antioxidants at recommended levels altered rat immune cell eicosanoid production and vitamin E concentration. Weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76A diets containing 20% by weight corn oil, with no synthetic antioxidant, or 0.02% of either tertiary-butyhydroquinone (TBHQ) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After 6 wk, rats were killed and samples of blood and spleen were removed for immune cell isolation. Livers were removed for subsequent vitamin E analysis by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Immune cells were coincubated with and without calcium ionophore A23187 (20 μmol/L) for 30 min at 37°C. The amount of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) in the immune cell supernatants was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. Neither basal nor ionophore-stimulated release of PGE 2 and LTB 4 were significantly different across diet treatment groups. Furthermore, liver total lipids, vitamin E and phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acyl profiles were not significantly altered by these dietary antioxidants. In summary, the inclusion of the synthetic antioxidants, TBHQ or BHT, into rodent diets at recommended levels did not significantly alter in vitro eicosanoid production by rat immune cells or hepatic vitamin E concentration.
On the existence and uniqueness of flows multipolar fluids of grade 3 and their stability

Combining the theory of multipolar fluids with the theory of fluids of differential type we find a new model whose solutions exhibits reasonable stability characteristics
Correcting for amplitude effects in laser beam propagation through the turbulent atmosphere using a two-deformable-mirror technique

A two deformable mirror concept for correcting amplitude effects in laser beam projection through the turbulent atmosphere is presented. This system uses a deformable mirror and a Fourier transforming mirror to adjust the amplitude of the wave front in the telescope pupil. A second deformable mirror is used to correct the phase of the wave front before it leaves the aperture. The phase applied to the deformable mirror used for controlling the beam amplitude is obtained using a technique based on the Fienup phase retrieval algorithm. One dimensional simulation results are presented which indicate that the average on-axis energy is improved by 15% or more on average, and the 90% encircled energy radius can be reduced by up to 30% on average.
A pulse-recording system for radioactivity measurementsContribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Not subject to copyright.

Abstract The NIST Radioactivity Group is developing a computer-based pulse-recording system to use for radioactivity measurements. The system consists of a dual ADC module and a plug-in board for an industry-standard-architecture personal computer. The host computer (or another computer) can be programmed to simulate many different logic systems (coincidence, anticoincidence, selective sampling, correlation counting, etc.), so that the pulse data from a given measurement can be analyzed using a wide range of timing parameters and types of logic.
Solving Consensus and Semi-supervised Clustering Problems Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Consensus clustering and semi-supervised clustering are important extensions of the standard clustering paradigm. Consensus clustering (also known as aggregation of clustering) can improve clustering robustness, deal with distributed and heterogeneous data sources and make use of multiple clustering criteria. Semi-supervised clustering can integrate various forms of background knowledge into clustering. In this paper, we show how consensus and semi-supervised clustering can be formulated within the framework of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). We show that this framework yields NMF-based algorithms that are: (1) extremely simple to implement; (2) provably correct and provably convergent. We conduct a wide range of comparative experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of this NMF-based approach.
The perceptibility of long-distance coarticulation in speech and sign: A study of English and American Sign Language

This paper describes a cross-modality investigation of the perception of long-distance coarticulation. We present the results of a sign study investigating anticipatory location-to-location (LL) effects in American Sign Language (ASL), and compare these findings with results of analogous research on anticipatory vowel-to-vowel (VV) effects in English. While listeners in speech studies showed great sensitivity to coarticulatory effects, relatively little evidence of sensitivity to coarticulation was found among sign study participants, even for the closest-distance effects. This was the case for both signing and sign-naive subjects. In addition, deaf subjects’ results were not significantly influenced by their ages of acquisition of ASL. These results parallel those of earlier research finding that LL coarticulatory effects in ASL appear to be weaker than the coarticulatory effects that are present in speech, at least in the contexts examined here. The outcome of this perception study may thus be due to the apparent weakness of coarticulatory information in the sign signal relative to the speech signal: to the extent that such information is available, users will tend to make use of it, as appears to be the case in speech perception. Where such information is not generally available, users will be less accustomed to making use of it even in cases in which it is present
Region of interest reconstruction from truncated data in circular cone-beam CT

In many applications of circular cone-beam CT, it is not uncommon that the size of the field of view (FOV) is smaller than that of the imaging object, thus leading to transverse truncation in projection data. Exact reconstruction in any region is not possible from such truncated data using conventional algorithms. Recently, an exact algorithm for image reconstruction on PI-line segments in helical cone-beam CT has been proposed. This algorithm, which we refer to as the backprojection-filtration (BPF) algorithm, can naturally address the problem of exact region of interest (ROI) reconstruction from such truncated data. In this work, we modified this algorithm to reconstructing images in circular cone-beam scan. The unique property of this modified algorithm is that it can reconstruct exact ROIs in midplane and approximate ROIs in other planes from transversely truncated data. We have performed computer-simulation studies to validate the theoretical assertions. Preliminary results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides a solution to the truncation problems caused by limited FOV size.
Prediction of intercity freight flows, II: Mathematical formulations

Abstract This paper presents alternative mathematical representations of the predictive intercity freight model developed by Harker and Friesz (1986). A nonlinear complementary formulation is developed and is then used to develop criteria for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to this model. A variational inequality formulation of the model is also developed, and its relationship to an equivalent optimization problem is demonstrated.
Aspects of sterol metabolism in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae and inPhytophthora

Using 5 wild-type strains of yeast, nonequivalence in the isolation of sterol mutants was observed. Experiments are described on the effects of sterol modifications on growth, physical and enzymic properties ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae andPhytophthora cactorum. Although discontinuities in Arrhenius kinetics were observed by fluorescence anisotropy and enzymic measurements of mutants (but not wild-types) of yeast, evidence based on membrane permeability and differential scanning calorimetry failed to support bulk lipid phase transitions as the cause for the discontinuities.
Multiple Receptors on Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells for the Three Variants of Escherichia Coli K88 Fimbrial Adhesin

We evaluated intestinal epithelial membrane preparations from five phenotypes of pigs, distinguished by the variant of K88 fimbrial adhesin (K88ab, K88ac, K88ad) which bind to their intestinal epithelial cells (A-all three variants, B-K88ab and K88ac, C-K88ab and K88ad, D-K88ad, and E-none of the variants), for the presence of K88 adhesin receptors. Intestinal brush border membranes were prepared from 20 animals (four from each phenotype). Brush border proteins, that had been separated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, were overlaid with biotinylated K88 adhesin, 35S-labelled K88+ Escherichia coli, or biotinylated K88+ E. coli. Biotinylated K88ab and K88ac fimbrial adhesins and labelled E. coli expressing K88ab or K88ac adhesin bound to 210- and 240-kDa receptors in phenotype A and B, but not phenotype C, D, or E animals. In contrast, no phenotype-specific receptors were identified for the K88ad adhesin. Previously, purified K88ab and K88ac fimbriae were shown to block K88ad binding, but purified K88ad fimbriae were unable to block K88ab or K88ac binding in phenotype A animals. These results point to the existence of three K88 adhesin receptors to account for the observed phenotypes: (1) Receptor bcd binds all three variants and is found in phenotype A pigs, (2) Receptor bc (210- and 240-kDa receptors) binds K88ab and K88ac and is found in phenotype A and B pigs, and (3) Receptor d binds K88ad and is found in phenotype C and D pigs.
Energy levels of even nuclei on the hydrodynamical model with vibration-rotation interaction

Abstract The Davydov and Chaban model for even nuclei, in which the beta-vibration-rotation interaction is taken into account exactly, has been used to calculate the excited states of these nuclei. The calculated energies have been compared with experimental data, special attention being paid to nuclei with known 0+ excited levels. Where possible, comparison has been made also with the correlation of experimental data by means of the perturbation approach of Mallmann and Kerman and of the Bohr-Mottelson model.
On the amplitude and phase computation of the AM-FM image model

We propose an algorithm to compute modulation functions of the AM-FM image model. We show that previous algorithms suffer from the wrapped orientation problem where the discontinuities in the orientation map of the phase gradient cause undesirable artifacts in the computed modulation functions. We address this wrapped orientation problem by imposing a local smoothness constraint on the phase function and solve for the unwrapped phase. The proposed algorithm produces artifact free modulation functions that are in good agreement with underlying image structure. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of proposed algorithm with visual examples as well as quantitative measurement.
Peds Cup: An Innovative Simulation Competition to Improve Learning

Abstract The "Peds Cup" was designed to foster team-based attitudes toward patient care, to allow students the opportunity to learn in a controlled environment, and to make the simulation experience a positive one. Student-chosen teams prepared for the competition by completing online modules on the emergency care of children. Teams were given possible scenario topics to prepare for, but the actual competition scenario was unknown until the students arrived to compete. This means that they had to prepare for any age child with any of the possible conditions. The key to successfully completing the scenario was to follow the nursing process: assess, analyze, plan, implement, and evaluate. If teams followed this, then they most likely met all the expectations of the scenario and had a better chance of moving on to the next round of competition. A bracket system was followed for eliminating teams, and only three could advance to the final round of competition. The final round was projected live from the simulation laboratory into the classroom, allowing the students to choose the winning team. Multiple patients and/or child actors were used at once for this round, allowing the clinical skills of the finalists to be put to the test. The "Peds Cup Grand Champions" received either a trophy or certificate along with two bonus points for the course. The "Peds Cup" has been a very successful tool for engaging students in the challenges of human patient simulation, while also making it enjoyable.
When, why and for whom there is a relationship between physical activity and menopause symptoms

Abstract Objectives The relationship between enhanced physical activity and decreased menopause symptoms is equivocal. In this study we sought to better understand this relationship by examining the association of physical activity to different symptom domains and by examining mediating and moderating variables. Study design Women participating in a randomized control trial on physical activity were given a menopause symptom measure (MENQOL) at follow-up. Of the 280 women participating, 113 (mean age = 52) reported having symptoms they attributed to menopause. Regression analyses were run to examine if change in physical activity predicted fewer symptoms. Exercise self-efficacy was examined as a mediator and depressive symptoms as a moderator. Results An increase in physical activity from baseline was found to be related to reporting fewer total menopause symptoms (β = −0.22, p = .02). When the total menopause symptoms score was examined by domain, increased physical activity was found to be related to reporting fewer general symptoms attributed to menopause (psychosocial (β = −0.18, p = .05) and physical (β = −0.23, p = .01)), but had no effect on specific symptoms of menopause (vasomotor and sexual). Exercise self-efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between increased physical activity and total, physical and psychosocial menopause symptoms. Finally, for individuals with high depressive symptoms, those who increased physical activity the most reported fewer sexual symptoms of menopause. Conclusion This study suggests that physical activity participation is associated with lower general symptom reporting as opposed to specifically impacting menopause symptoms. Further, exercise self-efficacy mediates the relationship between physical activity and general menopause symptoms, suggesting a psychological pathway.
The evolution of organizational learning in new venture development

In this conceptual piece, the author describes the evolution of organizational learning by applying key aspects of Crossan, Lane, and White's (1999) 4I framework and Greeno, Collins, and Resnick's (1996) dominant learning classifications to the stages of new venture development. The overarching premise is that the firm must evolve from individual/small group learning, based in action learning, to advanced cognitive learning, built on critical dynamic capabilities. For each new venture stage, propositions regarding the relevance of each dominant learning classification, 4I framework level of learning, and 4I framework stage are presented, with a discussion of dynamic capability and critical skill development. The proposed evolution offers a framework for debate, empirical consideration and prescriptive guideline development.
Far-from-Equilibrium Quantum Magnetism with Ultracold Polar Molecules

Recent theory has indicated how to emulate tunable models of quantum magnetism with ultracold polar molecules. Here we show that present molecule optical lattice experiments can accomplish three crucial goals for quantum emulation, despite currently being well below unit filling and not quantum degenerate. The first is to verify and benchmark the models proposed to describe these systems. The second is to prepare correlated and possibly useful states in well-understood regimes. The third is to explore many-body physics inaccessible to existing theoretical techniques. Our proposal relies on a nonequilibrium protocol that can be viewed either as Ramsey spectroscopy or an interaction quench. The proposal uses only routine experimental tools available in any ultracold molecule experiment. To obtain a global understanding of the behavior, we treat short times pertubatively, develop analytic techniques to treat the Ising interaction limit, and apply a time-dependent density matrix renormalization group to disordered systems with long range interactions.
Positive Epstein-Barr virus heterophile antibody tests in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Abstract Purpose To describe three cases of primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients who had laboratory studies consistent with infectious mononucleosis. Subjects We describe 3 patients who presented with a viral syndrome, had a positive heterophile antibody test, and were diagnosed with primary HIV infection. Results The results of Epstein-Barr virus serology studies in each of these patients were consistent with chronic, but not acute, Epstein-Barr virus infection. HIV antibody tests were negative, and HIV RNA was >500 000 copies/mL in each patient. Conclusions Clinicians should recognize that a positive heterophile antibody test in the setting of an acute viral illness does not exclude the diagnosis of primary HIV infection, although reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection cannot be ruled out. Patients presenting with nonspecific viral syndromes should be assessed for HIV risk behaviors and tested for primary HIV infection when appropriate.
Proton spin relaxation for the nonlabile coordinated chelate in lanthanide shift reagents

Abstract The longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the skeletal dipivaloylmethanato (dpm) protons in lanthanide shift reagent complexes with 3,5-lutidine were determined for Ln = Pr, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. The linewidths of those complexes with large magnetic moments (i.e., Tb, Dy, Ho, and Tm) are shown to possess a substantial Curie spin contribution. For these complexes separation of this field-dependent contribution from the field-independent contributions directly yields the electron spin relaxation time, T1e, and the rotational correlation time, τr. A plot of the chelate proton longitudinal relaxation rates versus the square of the average magnetic moment for all the complexes studied is consistent with a straight line, suggesting that the T1e's are essentially invariant (∼7.8 × 10−13 sec) for the lanthanide complexes studied. Lastly, a revised “utility order” was determined based on shift/broadening ratios of the nonlabile dpm resonances.
Training subspecialty nurses in developing countries: Methods, outcome, and cost

Background As infections are controlled in developing countries, other pediatric subspeciality programs such as oncology become increasingly important. A major impediment to the development of such programs is a lack of trained nurses. Therefore, education of pediatric subspecialty nurses becomes a priority. Procedure We describe three models we have used for education of pediatric oncology nurses: a short series of classes or lectures with additional training of key nurses, an expanded 12 week series of classes at centers combining didactic and clinical instruction and a regional residential school offering regular 12 week courses in theory and clinical practice. Results Cost analysis showed that the cost per nurse trained was, respectively, $3,700; $4,350; and $5,500. Early effectiveness indicators show that retention rates are high, home institutions are satisfied, and nurses trained shared their knowledge with other nurses and improved nursing practices. Conclusions Programs to teach subspecialty nursing in developing countries are effective and can improve medical care. Such programs should be based on past experience and evaluated as to cost and effectiveness. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;41:136–140. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Becoming a person in the preschool: creating integrated gender, school culture, and peer culture positionings

This article explores social processes related to the social competence of children evident in preschools and to researchers’ collaborative efforts to understand it. Drawing examples from the authors’ respective programs of research in the United States and Australia, we demonstrate how preschool children struggle to construct their full social membership in classroom discourse to achieve the often simultaneous accomplishment of oneself as a student, peer, and gendered person. With regard to research processes, we demonstrate how researchers with different but compatible theoretical#shresearch perspectives may widen their interpretive lenses through collaborative dialogue, the yield being a more multifaceted vision of young children's social competence.
Central obesity is a more sensitive predictor of cardiovascular disease than body mass index in the Chinese population.

That bulging waistline is indeed a better predictor of cardiovascular diseases than body mass index certainly holds true for the Chinese population [2]. This has been found to be true whether the Chinese is a man [3] or a woman [3–5], an adult [3–5] or a child [2,6], or living in northern China [6], southern China [7] or Singapore [8]. Therefore, it is not how fat the person is but where the fat is that correlates better with cardiovascular diseases than body mass index throughout the world, including China [9–11].
Major acute-phase reactant synthesis during chronic inflammation in amyloid-susceptible and -resistant mouse strains.

Hepatic levels of mRNA specific for total serum amyloid A (SAA), the SAA1 and SAA2 isotypes, serum amyloid P (SAP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibronectin, as well as the plasma concentrations of SAA and SAP were examined in amyloid-resistant (A/J) and amyloid-susceptible (CBA/J) mice during azocaseininduced chronic inflammation. In both strains hepatic SAA and SAP mRNA levels and plasma SAA and SAP protein concentrations increased dramatically during the early stages of inflammation; this was followed by a decrease to concentrations that were maintained at levels considerably higher than background. The ratios of SAA1 and SAA2 mRNA and plasma protein were 1 ∶ 1 throughout. This indicated that there was no preferential accumulation of mRNA specifying a particular isotype and no preferential synthesis or clearance of a particular isotype during chronic inflammation and the early stages of amyloidogenesis in either strain. Similarly, hepatic SAP mRNA levels in both strains increased dramatically during the early stages of inflammation and were subsequently maintained at elevated levels. Plasma SAP concentrations increased rapidly during the first three days of the study in both A/J and CBA/J mice; however, during the later stages of inflammation, A/J plasma SAP levels decreased to a steady-state concentration that was approximately half that observed in CBA/J mice. Our results identify differences in the hepatic mRNA and plasma protein levels of the major mouse acute-phase reactants (APR) in the amyloid-resistant A/J and amyloid-susceptible CBA/J mouse strains. These findings are consistent with circulating inflammatory APR concentrations contributing, together with other factors, to the onset and pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis.
Reduction ofEscherichia coliandSalmonella senftenbergon pork skin and pork muscle using ultraviolet light

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on the reduction ofEscherichia coliandSalmonella senftenberg. Microbial reduction was measured by determining total reduction and inactivation rates of surviving bacteria after exposure to different UV treatments. Surfaces of tryptic soy agar, pork skin and pork muscle were inoculated with eitherE. coliorS. senftenbergand exposed to 20, 50, 80, 100, 500 and 1000 microwatts per square centimeter (μW cm−2) of UV light. On the agar surface after 120 s, a >5-log reduction ofE. colion agar was obtained at intensities of 100μW cm−2or greater and, after 960 s, a >7-log reduction was observed at intensities of 80μW cm−2or greater forS. senftenberg. For fresh pork muscle and after 1920-s exposure, greatest logarithmic reductions (P<0.05) were achieved at intensities of 100μW cm−2or greater forE. coliand at intensities of 80μW cm−2or greater forS. senftenbergwhere a 1.5- and 2-log reduction was observed, respectively. For pork skin exposed at 1920 s, maximum logarithmic reductions forS. senftenbergwere observed at intensities of 100μW cm−2. However, greatest logarithmic reduction ofE. colion pork skin was not observed until UV intensity reached 1000μW cm−2. After exposure to 100μW cm−2, UV D-values forE. coliwere 1370 s for pork muscle, 1282 s for pork skin, and 242 s for agar. WhenS. senftenbergwas exposed to 100μW cm−2, UV D-values were 1163 s for pork muscle, 595 s for pork skin, and 15 s for agar. When surfaces were inoculated withE. coliand exposed to 1000μW cm−2, UV D-values on muscle, pork skin and agar surfaces were 1205 s, 592 s, and 177 s, respectively. When surfaces inoculated withS. seftenbergwere exposed to 1000μW cm−2, UV D-values were 1064 s, 490 s, and 21 s on muscle, skin and agar, respectively, In all cases,E. coliappeared to be more resistant to UV treatment compared toS. senftenberg. This study demonstrates that UV light can be used to reduce certain pathogens on pork meat surfaces. More research is needed to determine the antimicrobial activity of UV light exposure to meat carcasses or meat cuts in a food-processing environment.