cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early born lineage of retinal neurons express class III β-tubulin isotype

Abstract Aim: Class III β-tubulin, a constituent of neuronal microtubules, has been frequently used as a marker for the neuronal lineage in developmental biology. In retina, it is often used as a marker for ganglion cells. We investigated the developmental expression of this protein in retina and identified the cell types expressing it to gain a better understanding of whether preferred expression of this isotype in certain retinal neurons plays a cell specific role, or whether it is only a part of an intrinsic developmental program. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was done using an antibody against class III β-tubulin and other retinal cell specific markers in adult retinae of mice. Rabbit and human retinae were used to investigate if there are any species-specific differences. Results: Class III β-tubulin was found in ganglion cells, certain amacrine cells, some horizontal cell processes and cone photoreceptors. Class III β-tubulin was already expressed in the earliest developmental stage studied (Embryonic day 14) in developing nerve fiber layer but became distinct at the day of birth when immunoreactive cells were located in the ganglion cell layer (ganglion and displaced amacrine cells), proximal parts of neuroblastic/inner nuclear layer (amacrine cells) and distal part of neuroblastic/outer nuclear layer (photoreceptors). In one animal, class III β-tubulin containing bodies were found in the retinal pigment epithelium cells. Conclusions: Class III β-tubulin is not solely expressed by ganglion cells and, therefore, cannot be used as an exclusive marker for these cells. Results show that the expression of class III β-tubulin was not related to cell morphology or cell function, but rather to the cell lineage (early born retinal neurons) suggesting that the expression of class III β-tubulin in certain cell types may be due to the cell specific developmental program.
A model of two-phase bedload transport in an oregon coast range stream

A descriptive model for bed material routing in small sand and gravel bedded channels with sequences of pools and armoured riffles was developed. Aspects of the model are demonstrated at Flynn Creek, a 202-ha, third-order drainage in the Oregon Coast Range. Assuming that channel geometry, sediment transport competence, and the availability of sediments for transport are all non-uniform in the downstream direction, the model described bedload transport as occurring in two phases. Phase I involves the transport of fine, predominantly sand-sized bed materials over stable gravel-armoured riffles. Phase II occurs at higher flows that can entrain riffle armour and transport riffle sediments, in addition to Phase I sediments. Phase I bedload transport was sampled during three moderate flow events. A power function related Phase I bedload transport to water discharge. The relationship was consistent between storms and between two successive years. Phase II bedload transport, sampled during a 1.8-yr return period streamflow event in February, 1979, proved non-uniform in a downstream direction and unsteady over time at a given stream discharge. Transport rates closely correlated with the rapid scour and redeposition of the riffle at the bedload sampling cross-section; transport peaks corresponded to scour and transport decreased greatly during deposition. The transport of large (> 12.5 mm diam.) bed material increased up to 12-fold during riffle scour.
Melanoma cells show a heterogeneous range of sensitivity to ionizing radiation and are radiosensitized by inhibition of B-RAF with PLX-4032

Purpose To assess the relative radiosensitivities of a large collection of melanoma cell lines and to determine whether pharmacologic inhibition of mutant B-RAF with PLX-4032 can radiosensitize B-Raf+ melanoma cells.
Efficiency of silicone-grease-coated denuders for collection of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The overall efficiency of silicone-grease-coated denuders was determined for the collection of selected 3- and 4-ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH studied were fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, acenaphthene and pyrene. Fluorene was subsequently eliminated from consideration because of analytical problems caused by the reactivity of this compound. Results are interpreted in terms of the collisional reaction efficiencies (γ) for these compounds. An analysis of the effects of uncertainties in diffusion coefficients and γ values for these compounds on overall phase distributions derived from experimental data suggests that the consequences of these uncertainties are less significant than normal variations due to sampling and analysis effects.
Two-lattice models of trace element behavior: A response

Abstract Two-lattice melt components of Bottinga and Weill (1972), Nielsen and Drake (1979), and Nielsen (1985) are applied to major and trace element partitioning between coexisting immiscible liquids studied by RYERSON and Hess (1978) and Watson (1976). The results show that (1) the set of components most successful in one system is not necessarily portable to another system; (2) solution non-ideality within a sublattice severely limits applicability of two-lattice models; (3) rigorous application of two-lattice melt components may yield effective partition coefficients for major element components with no physical interpretation; and (4) the distinction between network-forming and network-modifying components in the sense of the two-lattice models is not clear cut. The algebraic description of two-lattice models is such that they will most successfully limit the compositional dependence of major and trace element solution behavior when the effective partition coefficient of the component of interest is essentially the same as the bulk partition coefficient of all other components within its sublattice.
At Whose Table? Stories of Elites and Social Climbers in 1-2 Samuel

1-2 Samuel and indeed the entire Deuteronomistic History include several stories of elite members of society and their lifeways, concentrating on their use of economic resources, proper self-display as rhetors, and obedience or otherwise to those around them. Like other traditional societies, ancient Israel had a fairly deeply articulated sense of appropriate behavior by such persons. This paper draws on contemporary studies in both anthropology and rhetoric, as well as comparative evidence from the ancient Near East and other Israelite texts, to examine the stories of Nabal (1 Sam 25) and Barzillai (2 Sam 19) in their ancient social settings and locations in 2 Samuel. It argues that stories of such landed gentry reflect the interests of the readers and authors of these texts and reveal part of the social location of the entire DH. As such, they allow us to question a simplistic attribution of these texts either to the royal court or its critics, illustrating the complex interrelationships among various settings in Israelite life.
The Lawyer as Decision-Maker in the American State Legislature

D E TOCQUEVILLE'S THESIS regarding the political power of American lawyers has long been a concern of both the legal profession and political scientists. This concern over the lawyer in American politics stems from several considerations. First, the lawyers are demonstrably "overrepresented" as an occupational group among American decision-makers. Second, it is generally assumed that the lawyer, through training, aptitudes, and skills peculiar to his profession, is better fitted to become a powerful political figure than the person without these benefits. Third, the long association of legal practitioners with the wealthy economic interests in the society has created an image of the lawyer as a conservative spokesman standing in the way of social progress, and it is thus felt that the policy end-product of the lawyer as decision-maker will differ considerably from that of the non-lawyer. Finally, there is the public image of the legal profession as the legitimate source of public leadership. Both the public and the legal profession wonder whether the lawyer is fulfilling this high calling with the nobility and devotion to the public interest associated with the "golden age" of public leadership by the bar in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.3
The status of women in the parks and recreation profession in the United States

Almost two decades have passed since a national study was undertaken in the United States to examine the status of women employed in parks and recreation. The purpose of the present article is to provide an overview of the current status of women within parks and recreation. The theoretical framework incorporates a career development model. Data were collected from 1146 professional women in parks and recreation during March 2010 via an online survey. The women were satisfied with their jobs but senior managers were more satisfied than those at other levels of employment. All women rated family/work/leisure balance issues as important. Gender equity issues were identified concerning unconscious discrimination. Results are compared to a similar study conducted in 1992, indicating small positive changes in women's career development opportunities over the past two decades.
Estuarine ecosystem response to three large-scale Mississippi River flood diversion events

Large inflows of nitrogen (N)-rich freshwater to estuaries can lead to expressions of eutrophication including harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs). Lake Pontchartrain is a large, oligohaline estuary that occasionally receives episodic diversions of N-rich Mississippi River water via the Bonnet Carre Spillway to alleviate flood threats to New Orleans, LA. The extreme flood stage of the Lower Mississippi River in May 2011 prompted the tenth opening of the spillway since 1937. The 2011 opening occurred later in the season than the previous two lower discharge events (1997 and 2008) and was characterized by dissolved inorganic N loads 1.7 and 2.6 times greater than the 1997 and 2008 events, respectively. Rapid depletion of riverine nitrate (21 days) occurred post-spillway closure in 2011 with no associated CyanoHAB and was followed by an internal pulse of phosphorus (P) from sediments to restore N-limitation. Our analysis of recent spillway openings indicates that there is not a simple stimulus-response relationship between N loading and CyanoHAB formation. We investigate the systemic causal relationships that determine ecosystem response to these nutrient-rich freshwater inflows and highlight several important parameters including: external N loading, timing, magnitude, plume hydrodynamics, nutrient molar ratios, internal P loading, weather, and northern tributary discharge. Our results suggest that the turbulent, fluctuating environment and nutrient composition during diversions does not favor CyanoHAB formation and that the immense size and timing of the 2011 diversion may have resulted in near complete post-diversion CyanoHAB suppression by hydraulic flushing.
METABOLIC FATE OF TWO CHRYSANTHEMUMIC ACID ESTERS: BARTHRIN AND DIMETHRIN.

Abstract The metabolic fate of two insecticides, barthrin and dimethrin, which are the chrysanthemumic acid esters of 6-chloropiperonyl alcohol and 2,4-dimethylbenzyl alcohol, respectively, were studied in the rabbit given the insecticides in the diet. The isolated metabolites from the urine indicate deesterification of the esters to yield chrysanthemumic acid and the respective alcohols. Some of the formed alcohols undergo oxidation and appear in the urine as the corresponding acids.
8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydroguanine Is Removed by a Nucleotide Excision Repair-Like Mechanism in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83

A consequence of oxidative stress is DNA damage. The survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the inflammatory microenvironment of the periodontal pocket requires an ability to overcome oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) is typical of oxidative damage induced by ROS. There is no information on the presence of 8-oxoG in P. gingivalis under oxidative stress conditions or on a putative mechanism for its repair. High-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection analysis of chromosomal DNA revealed higher levels of 8-oxoG in P. gingivalis FLL92, a nonpigmented isogenic mutant, than in the wild-type strain. 8-OxoG repair activity was also increased in cell extracts from P. gingivalis FLL92 compared to those from the parent strain. Enzymatic removal of 8-oxoG was catalyzed by a nucleotide excision repair (NER)-like mechanism rather than the base excision repair (BER) observed in Escherichia coli. In addition, in comparison with other anaerobic periodontal pathogens, the removal of 8-oxoG was unique to P. gingivalis. Taken together, the increased 8-oxoG levels in P. gingivalis FLL92 could further support a role for the hemin layer as a unique mechanism in oxidative stress resistance in this organism. In addition, this is the first observation of an NER-like mechanism as the major mechanism for removal of 8-oxoG in P. gingivalis.
Oncogenic function of the MUC1 receptor subunit in gene regulation

The mucin 1 (MUC1) oncoprotein is overexpressed by diverse human cancers; however, it has remained largely unclear how MUC1 contributes to tumorigenesis. In this issue of Oncogene and in concert with published work, Behrens et al. report that the MUC1 receptor subunit activates genes involved in invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
A history of reflector antenna development: Past, present and future

The purpose of a reflector antenna is to confine most of the electromagnetic energy over a distributed aperture into a focal plane for communication or energy transfer; whereas, the purpose of this article is to focus a good portion of the history of reflector antenna development over a large time frame - including present and future - into a few pages.
Optimization of CT-video registration for image-guided bronchoscopy

Global registration has been shown to be a potential reality for a bronchoscopy guidance system. Global registration involves establishing the bronchoscope position by comparing a given real bronchoscopic (RB) video view to target virtual bronchoscopic (VB) views derived from a patient's three-dimensional (3D) multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) chest scan. Registration performance depends significantly on the quality of the computer-generated VB views and the error metric used to compare the VB and RB views. In particular, the quality of the extracted endoluminal surfaces and the lighting model used during rendering has especial importance in determining VB view quality. Registration performance is also affected by the positioning of the bronchoscope during acquisition of the RB frame and the error metric used. We present a study considering the impact of these factors on global registration performance. Results show that using a direct-lighting-based model gives slightly better results than a global illumination model. However, the VB views generated by the global illumination model more closely resemble the RB views when using the weighted normalized sum-of-square error (WNSSE) metric. Results also show that the best global registration results are obtained by using a computergenerated bronchoscope-positioning target with a WNSSE metric and a direct-lighting model. We also identify the best airway surface-extraction method for global registration.
Handbook of Career Studies

The article reviews the book “Handbook of Career Studies,” edited by Hugh P. Gunz and Maury A. Peiperl, forward and afterward by Edgar Schein.
From interaction to performance with public displays

Interacting with public displays involves more than what happens between individuals and the system; it also concerns how people experience others around and through those displays. In this paper, we use "performance" as an analytical lens for understanding experiences with a public display called rhythIMs and explore how displays shift social interaction through their mediation. By performance, we refer to a situation in which people are on display and orient themselves toward an audience that may be co-located, imagined, or virtual. To understand interaction with public displays, we use two related notions of collectives--audiences and groups--to highlight the ways in which people orient to each other through public displays. Drawing examples from rhythIMs, a public display that shows patterns of instant messaging and physical presence, we demonstrate that there can be multiple, heterogeneous audiences and show how people experience these different types of collectives in various ways. By taking a performance perspective, we are able to understand how audiences that were not physically co-present with participants still influenced participants' interpretations and interactions with rhythIMs. This extension of the traditional notion of audience illuminates the roles audiences can play in a performance.
The analysis of bromide-chloride mixtures by amperometric titration: Application to halogen determination in organic compounds

Abstract The analysis of milligram quantities of a mixture of bromide and chloride can be carried out by the argentometric amperometric titration of two aliquots of the solution. Total halide is determined in one aliquot, while the second aliquot is titrated after the elimination of bromide by bromate oxidation. The procedure has been extended to permit the analysis of organic halogen compounds.
Observations of moon-plasma interactions by orbital and surface experiments

Extensive magnetic field observations together with crucial plasma measurements by the Explorer 35 lunar orbiter and Apollo surface and orbital experiments have established the basic nature of the moon's interaction with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. The effective absorption of the incident solar wind by the moon creates a plasma void or cavity behind the moon. The cavity-associated magnetic signature is characterized by an enhancement in magnetic field magnitude B within the cavity as compared with the mean level of B in the surrounding interplanetary plasma and dips or decreases in B near the cavity boundaries with the solar wind. Apollo particle and field measurements on the lunar surface have provided evidence of a regional interaction of the highly conducting solar wind with lunar remanent magnetic fields. Simultaneous plasma and magnetic field data, from the spectrometer and the lunar surface magnetometer at the Apollo 12 location, show the compression of the local remanent field by large solar wind and magnetosheath plasma dynamic pressures.
Hyperinsulinism in Dogs with Neoplasia of the Pancreatic Islets. A Clinical, Pathologic, and Ultrastructural Study

Neoplasms of the pancreatic islets in 6 of 9 dogs were functionally active and were associated with a syndrome of hyperinsulinism. The serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin in a dog with beta-cell carcinoma was increased compared to normal dogs. Metastases in the liver and lymph nodes remained functionally active and were responsive to tolbutamide following excision of the primary neoplasm. The cells comprising functional islet-cell neoplasms had ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of beta cells. At the level of ultrastructure the neoplastic cells had definitive evidence of secretory activity and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis were well developed. Secretory granules were numerous and had unique bar-shaped or round internal cores with a wide electron-lucid halo, characteristic of the insulin-secreting cell of the canine pancreas.
Health Literacy and Health Disparities: The Role They Play in Maternal and Child Health

Maternal health literacy is a significant concern because pregnancy may be the initial encounter a woman has with the health care system and also because a woman's health status and her understanding of health information directly affect her child before conception, during pregnancy and during the formative years.
Rapid combined synchronization/demodulation structures for DS-CDMA systems. I. Algorithmic developments

Blind adaptive linear receivers are considered for the demodulation of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access signals in asynchronous transmissions. The proposed structures are self-synchronized in the sense that adaptive synchronization and demodulation are viewed and treated as an integrated receiver operation. Two computationally efficient combined synchronization/demodulation schemes are proposed, developed, and analyzed. The first scheme is based on the principles of minimum-variance distortionless-response processing, while the second scheme follows the principles of auxiliary-vector filtering and exhibits enhanced performance in short data-record scenarios. In both cases, the resulting receiver is a linear structure of order exactly equal to the system processing gain. Simulation studies included in this paper demonstrate the coarse synchronization as well as the bit-error rate performance of the proposed strategies.
LD-Spline: Mapping SNPs on genotyping platforms to genomic regions using patterns of linkage disequilibrium

Background Gene-centric analysis tools for genome-wide association study data are being developed both to annotate single locus statistics and to prioritize or group single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) prior to analysis. These approaches require knowledge about the relationships between SNPs on a genotyping platform and genes in the human genome. SNPs in the genome can represent broader genomic regions via linkage disequilibrium (LD), and population-specific patterns of LD can be exploited to generate a data-driven map of SNPs to genes.
Dose‐ and time‐related effect of troleandomycin on methylprednisolone elimination

Effects of varying doses of troleandomycin (TAO) on methylprednisolone disposition were examined in five steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. The characteristic reduction in methylprednisolone elimination in the presence of TAO after a 40 mg IV methylprednisolone was also present after methylprednisolone doses as low as 4 mg. In patients receiving continuous TAO on an every-other-day basis, inhibition of methylprednisolone elimination was impaired to a greater extent on the “day on” TAO than on the “day off” TAO. Methylprednisolone elimination on the day off TAO was still slower than that before TAO, however. TAO on a multiple-dose schedule resulted in greater reduction of methylprednisolone elimination than after a single TAO dose. These results suggest that TAO induces immediate and continued inhibition of methylprednisolone disposition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 166–171; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.143
Communications-Inspired Sensing: A Case Study on Waveform Design

Information theory, and particularly the mutual information (MI), has provided fundamental guidance for communications research. In Bell's 1993 paper, the MI was first applied to radar waveform design. Similar to its communications counterpart, the solution comes in a water-filling form. However, the practical meaning of MI in the sensing context remains unclear to date. Recently, Yang and Blum's 2007 paper shows that under the white noise assumption, the optimum water-filling scheme simultaneously maximizes the MI and minimizes the estimation minimum mean square error (MMSE). Such an equivalence, however, does not hold when the target parameter statistics are not perfectly known as shown in Yang and Blum's subsequent work. To further the understanding of the practical meaning of MI and to establish a connection between the MI and commonly adopted MSE measures for sensing, this paper takes a fresh look at the target estimation problem. We consider the general colored noise, incorporate the normalized MSE (NMSE), and develop joint robust designs for both the transmitter (waveforms) and the receiver (estimator) under various target and noise uncertainty models. Our results show that i) the optimum waveform designs resulted from the MI, MMSE and NMSE criteria are all different and ii) compared to MMSE, the NMSE-based designs share more similarities with the MI-based ones, especially when the target and noise statistics are not perfectly known.
Prophylactic treatment with paroxetine ameliorates behavioral deficits and retards the development of amyloid and tau pathologies in 3xTgAD mice.

A history of depression is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting the possibility that antidepressants administered prophylactically might retard the disease process and preserve cognitive function. Here we report that pre-symptomatic treatment with the antidepressant paroxetine attenuates the disease process and improves cognitive performance in the 3xTgAD mouse model of AD. Five-month-old male and female 3xTgAD and non-transgenic mice were administered either paroxetine or saline daily for 5 months. Open-field activity was tested in 7-month-old mice and performance in passive avoidance and Morris swim tasks were evaluated at 10 months. 3xTgAD mice exhibited reduced exploratory activity, increased transfer latency in the passive avoidance test and impaired performance in the Morris spatial navigation task compared to nontransgenic control mice. Paroxetine treatment ameliorated the spatial navigation deficit in 3xTgAD male and female mice, without affecting swim speed or distance traveled, suggesting a preservation of cognitive function. Levels of amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) and numbers of Aβ immunoreactive neurons were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of male and female paroxetine-treated 3xTgAD mice compared to saline-treated 3xTgAD mice. Female 3xTgAD mice exhibited significantly less tau pathology in the hippocampus and amygdala compared to male 3xTgAD mice, and paroxetine lessened tau pathology in male 3xTgAD mice. The ability of a safe and effective antidepressant to suppress neuropathological changes and improve cognitive performance in a mouse model suggests that such drugs administered prophylactically might retard the development of AD in humans.
A theoretical analysis and experimental confirmation of the optimally loaded and overdriven RF power amplifier

Although the conventional Class B approach to RF amplifier design yields high output power and reasonable collector efficiency (78.5 percent at maximum output power), neither the power nor the efficiency are optimum, and both are dependent on RF drive level. This paper presents an analysis of appropriately selected collector voltage and current waveforms which determine the load impedance at the fundamental and harmonically related frequencies; these conditions define the ClassB "optimum efficiency" case with 100 percent collector efficiency and 1.27 times the conventional Class B value of output power. If the RF drive level is increased, and the collector voltage and current waveforms are appropriately selected so that the amplifier is overdriven, a different load impedance is determined; these conditions define the "optimum power" case with 1.46 times the conventional Class B value of output power and 88 percent collector efficiency. The "optimum power" case has the added advantage that the output power and collector efficiency are essentially constant over a predetermined range of drive level. Finally, the theory is verified by the construction and testing of a UHF power amplifier having a power output of 46 watts and an over-all dc to RF conversion efficiency of 65 percent with a 1 dB for 10.5- dB insensitivity of output power to RF drive.
Dynamics of stomatal patches for a single surface of Xanthium strumarium L. leaves observed with fluorescence and thermal images

Fluorescence and thermal imaging were used to examine the dynamics of stomatal patches for a single surface of Xanthium strumarium L. leaves following a decrease in ambient humidity. Patches were not observed in all experiments, and in many experiments the patches were short-lived. In some experiments, however, patches persisted for many hours and showed complex temporal and spatial patterns. Rapidly sampled fluorescence images showed that the measurable variations of these patches were sufficiently slow to be captured by fluorescence images taken at 3-min intervals using a saturating flash of light. Stomatal patchiness with saturating flashes of light was not demonstrably different from that without saturating flashes of light, suggesting that the regular flashes of light did not directly cause the phenomenon. Comparison of simultaneous fluorescence and thermal images showed that the fluorescence patterns were largely the result of stomatal conductance patterns, and both thermal and fluorescence images showed patches of stomatal conductance that propagated coherently across the leaf surface. These nondispersing patches often crossed a given region of the leaf repeatedly at regular intervals, resulting in oscillations in stomatal conductance for that region. The existence of these coherently propagating structures has implications for the mechanisms that cause patchy stomatal behaviour as well as for the physiological ramifications of this phenomenon.
Prehospital correlates of sleep in patients hospitalized with cardiac disease

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among selected endogenous factors and sleep patterns during hospitalization in patients with cardiac disease. Participants included 33 male and female patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Wrist actigraph recordings and a computerized sleep algorithm demonstrated that the participants slept for a mean of 424.55 min (SD = 114.52), had a mean sleep efficiency of 77.30% (SD = 15.80), and experienced from 5 to 32 awakenings each night (M = 13.94, SD = 6.29). The mean duration of nighttime awakenings was 9.24 min (SD = 5.60). Self-reports of sleep efficiency, sleep supplementation, and sleep disturbance, using the Verran and Snyder-Halpern (1990) sleep scale, were better than normative data reported for hospitalized patients. The combination of age, gender, New York Heart Association Functional Classification scores (NYHA Criteria Committee, 1964), and prehospitalization sleep loss explained 29% of the variance in objectively measured sleep efficiency and 46% of the variance in duration of nighttime awakenings. These findings suggest the importance of prehospitalization variables as predictors of sleep patterns in hospitalized cardiac patients and provide baseline data for future study. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 21: 27–37, 1998
A Monte Carlo simulation of plasmid replication during the bacterial division cycle

Plasmids have cell cycle replication patterns that need to be considered in models of their replication dynamics. To compare current theories for control of plasmid replication with experimental data for timing of plasmid replication with the cell cycle, a Monte Carlo simulation of plasmid replication and partition was developed. High-copy plasmid replication was simulated by incorporating equations previously developed from the known molecular biology of ColE1-type plasmids into the cell-cycle simulation. Two types of molecular mechanisms for low-copy plasmid replication were tested: accumulation of an initiator protein in proportion to cell mass and binding of the plasmid origin to the cell membrane. The low-copy plasmids were partitioned actively, with a specific mechanism to mediate the transfer from mother to daughter cells, whereas the high-copy plasmids were partitioned passively with cell mass. The simulation results and experimental data demonstrate cell-cycle-specific replication for the low-copy F plasmid and cell-cycle-independent replication for the high-copy pBR322, ColBM, and R6K plasmids. The simulation results indicate that synchronous replication at multiple plasmid origins is critical for the cell-cycle-specific pattern observed in rapidly growing cells. Variability in the synchrony of initiation of multiple plasmid origins give rise to a cell-cycle-independent pattern and is offered as a plausible explanation for the controversy surrounding the replication pattern of the low-copy plasmids. A comparison of experimental data and simulation results for the low-copy F plasmid at several growth rates indicates that either initiation mechanism would be sufficient to explain the timing of replication with the cell cycle. The simulation results also demonstrate that, although cell-cycle-specific and cell-cycle independent replication patterns give rise to very different gene-expression patterns during short induction periods in age-selected populations, long-term expression of genes encoded on low-copy and high-copy plasmids in exponentially growing cells have nearly the same patterns. These results may be important for the future use of low-copy plasmids as expression vectors and validate the use of simpler models for high-copy plasmids that do not consider cell-cycle phenomena. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is Viewing a Nature Video After Work Restorative? Effects on Blood Pressure, Task Performance, and Long-Term Memory

Can a brief exposure to nature at the end of a workday enhance sustained attention and long-term memory? Student advisors viewed a video of either a natural environment or a busy city street after ...
Toward Greater Specificity in Identifying Associations Among Interparental Aggression, Child Emotional Reactivity to Conflict, and Child Problems

This study examined specific forms of emotional reactivity to conflict and temperamental emotionality as explanatory mechanisms in pathways among interparental aggression and child psychological problems. Participants of the multimethod, longitudinal study included 201 two-year-old children and their mothers who had experienced elevated violence in the home. Consistent with emotional security theory, autoregressive structural equation model analyses indicated that children’s fearful reactivity to conflict was the only consistent mediator in the associations among interparental aggression and their internalizing and externalizing symptoms 1 year later. Pathways remained significant across maternal and observer ratings of children’s symptoms and with the inclusion of other predictors and mediators, including children’s sad and angry forms of reactivity to conflict, temperamental emotionality, gender, and socioeconomic status.
Simultaneous detection and quantitation of diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and the toxic alcohols in serum using capillary column gas chromatography.

I Determination of toxic glycols and alcohols in an emergency setting requires a rapid yet accurate and reliable method. To simultaneously determine diethylene glycol (DEG) along with ethylene glycol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, and ethanol, we modified a previously developed gas chromatographic (GC) method. The system used a Hewlett-Packard 6890 GC with EPC, a Gooseneck
Low-level numerical characteristics and inductive learning methodology in texture recognition

A method for applying inductive learning to the texture recognition problem is proposed. The method is based on a three-level generalization for the description of texture classes. The first step, scaling interface, is to transform local texture features into their higher symbolic representation as numerical intervals. The second step is the incorporation of the AQ inductive learning algorithm in order to find description rules. The third step is to apply the SG-TRUNC method for rule optimization. The medium recognition ratio for this method was over 90%, and all classes of texture were recognized. In comparison, the k-NN pattern recognition method failed to recognize all classes of textures and had a recognition ratio of 83%. >
Cutaneous toxicities of antiretroviral therapy for HIV

Cutaneous manifestations of antiretroviral medications for HIV are common and potentially dangerous conditions encountered by dermatologists. Part II of this two-part series on the cutaneous effects of antiretroviral medications for HIV will discuss the four most recent classes of medications that have been developed and immune reconstitution syndrome—an important diagnostic consideration when evaluating a dermatologic patient who is taking antiretroviral medications. Learning objectives After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to recognize common and dangerous cutaneous adverse effects related to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and entry and fusion inhibitors, determine which of these toxicities need further investigation or medication cessation, and understand the dermatologic manifestations of immune reconstitution syndrome and their importance in the differential diagnosis of a drug reaction in HIV-positive patients.
Understanding Platform Overcrowding at Bus Rapid Transit Stations

Platform overcrowding is a very common but relatively poorly understood occurrence at most bus rapid transit (BRT) systems in cities in the developing world. Most literature on BRT capacity focuses on vehicle throughput for different types of lane and station configurations; relatively little is known about how different station layouts handle specific volumes of boarding and alighting passengers. In this paper, this gap in knowledge was addressed by building a microscopic simulation model to test the ability of a typical Latin American BRT station (median, high-platform, one bus bay per direction) to handle various volumes of passengers under different scenarios. With this modeling exercise, areas in a station most likely to experience overcrowding were first identified: the median refuge island at the main entrance and the turnstiles. The station performance at those critical points was then evaluated for different passenger volumes, with mainly pedestrian density (persons/m2) as an indicator. Results i...
The Spelling of /mo/ in Old Japanese

The general consensus of Japanese historical linguists is that the orthography in Kojiki (712) preserves more phonemic distinctions than Nihon shoki (720) – specifically the spelling of two varieties (mwo and mo) of what later merged to become mo – but the chronological proximity of these two works makes this consensus difficult to accept. This paper examines the phonetic orthography in Nihon shoki, and parts of Man'yoshu, to demonstrate that a careful screening of these data reveals vestiges of the orthographic tradition preserved in Kojiki in other records as well. The beginnings of the merger of mwo and mo are explored, and a tentative dating for this spelling change is proposed.
Unwanted Perturbations

When I arrived at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, in the fall of 1969 looking for a master's project, I had no idea what I was getting into. My adviser, Prof. Bob Meyer, suggested that I try to understand the sources of electrical noise in an integrated operational amplifier. This sounded like a challenging balance of potentially valuable work and dauntingly unfamiliar analytical techniques.
Emerging Microbial Threats: Communication Challenges and Opportunities: Coping with infectious disease outbreaks depends, in part, on communicating effectively with appropriate experts, policy makers, news media, and the public

In its 1992 consensus study on emerging infections, a committee of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in Washington, D.C., identified numerous challenges to face in coping with outbreaks caused by newly recognized infectious agents in the United States and around the world. One recurrent theme is the need for timely and effective communication regarding outbreaks involving infectious agents, areas of uncertainty, next steps, and preventive strategies targeting medical and public health professionals, news media, policy makers, and the public in an objective and balanced manner.
Parental social environment alters development of nutritionally independent nymphs in Cryptocercus punctulatus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae)

Split-brood field studies using the biparental, subsocial wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus indicate that parental absence in families of three different age classes of nutritionally independent juveniles results in significantly slower growth when compared to sib groups allowed to remain with adults, even when nymphs are more than 2 years old when parents are removed. In one family that was divided when nymphs were 15 months old and followed for 4 years after treatment, 69 % of nymphs allowed to remain with parents reached maturity in the third year of the study, while those isolated from parents remained in the subadult stage at the 3-year mark. In the fourth year, measurements of wet weights and head capsule widths of the newly mature adults in the two treatments of this family were not significantly different. A parental vs. non-parental social environment, then, resulted in different rates of growth to reproductive maturity, but nymphs in both treatments ultimately reached similar adult sizes. The results indicate that parental effects can modify offspring ontogeny independently of the direct transfer of resources in the form of trophallactic food and symbionts. Because cockroaches in this genus are sister group to the developmentally plastic and juvenilized termites, further exploration of the role of the social environment on development in Cryptocercus is warranted. Termites are eusocial cockroaches that exhibit weak or delayed post-embryonic development; the majority of colony members are arrested in the small, soft-bodied, altricial morphotype displayed by early juvenile stages of their subsocial sister group, Cryptocercus. Developmental dynamics in this cockroach genus can therefore provide insight into conditions that may have favored the origin of eusociality in the lineage. Here, we demonstrate that the parental social environment in Cryptocercus punctulatus modifies offspring development independently of the direct transfer of hindgut fluids and does so for more than 2 years after hatch. A system in which parent-offspring interactions modify juvenile ontogeny, whatever the mechanism, contributes to the unique set of circumstances that ultimately resulted in the evolution of termite eusociality.
Small intestinal calcium absorption in the rat with experimental diabetes.

SummaryBoth uphill and downhill transport of calcium per unit weight of mucosa is decreased in duodenum of diabetic rats at 4 days of diabetes and shows a further decrease at 11 days. Absorption per duodenal segment is decreased in diabetics compared to controls despite much greater mucosal growth in diabetics. Calcium transport is normal in ileum of diabetic rats at 4 days, and only downhill transport is depressed at 11 days. Since the decreased absorption is the consequence of depressed 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the diabetic rat, the data suggest that the ileum is more resistant to vitamin D depletion than the duodenum.
Preparation of Elemental Cu and Ni Nanoparticles by the Polyol Method: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach

This paper discusses the relationship between synthesis conditions, crystal morphology, and theoretical modeling of copper and nickel nanoparticles prepared by a modified polyol process. The polyol serves as a solvent, a reducing agent, and a capping agent, and we investigate the role several polyol types play in the nucleation and growth of metallic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our results demonstrate that changing the solvent system from a short chain polyol (ethylene glycol) to a long chain polyol (tetraethylene glycol) greatly affects the resulting morphology of copper nanoparticles. These results suggest that the polyol is playing a major role as an in situ capping agent and that the various polyol chain lengths in-turn result in various particle morphologies by directly altering the nucleation and growth steps. We were also able to use theoretical modeling to investig...
Evaluating Cyanosis in the Newborn

Differentiation of cyanotic heart defects is carried out after exclusion of primary pulmonary, CNS, and hematologic disease. The classification most practical in approaching this clinical differentiation is on the basis of whether pulmonary blood flow is decreased or increased. When this has been determined, the electrocardiogram then serves as a guide to the specific anatomic diagnosis.
Vineland and Dystopian Fiction

Pynchon's Vineland (1990) presents a vivid and chilling picture of contemporary America as a land of lost hopes and broken dreams, a place where huge, impersonal forces have subtly gained the power to dictate the courses of individual lives. It therefore has much in common with the modern tradition of dystopian fiction, as its setting in 1984 indicates, including, in addition to George Orwell's 1984 (1949), Yevgeny Zamyatin's We (1924) and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932). All these dystopian fictions involve an opposition between rationality (usually the cold rationality of official control) and irrationality (typically the irrational passion of human feeling). This conflict between society and individual, or reason and passion, figures in dystopian fictions in a variety of ways. For example, the authoritarian governments depicted by authors of dystopian fiction tend to regard sexuality as a focus for social control of individual lives, just as those who rebel against such governments often consider sexual emancipation an important part of their rebellions. Dystopian governments also frequently proscribe practices (like the taking of mind-altering drugs) that might lead to alternative states of consciousness or ways of viewing reality. The treatment of the rationality-irrationality and society-individual oppositions by Zamyatin, Huxley, Orwell and Pynchon can be usefully illuminated within the framework of theories of modern culture like those proposed by Michel Foucault. Indeed, the treatment of this issue in dystopian fiction resonates with a number of modern theoretical debates concerning the merits of reason as the paradigm of modern society.
Systematic Detection of Capability Leaks in Stock Android Smartphones.

Recent years have witnessed a meteoric increase in the adoption of smartphones. To manage information and features on such phones, Android provides a permission-based security model that requires each application to explicitly request permissions before it can be installed to run. In this paper, we analyze eight popular Android smartphones and discover that the stock phone images do not properly enforce the permission model. Several privileged permissions are unsafely exposed to other applications which do not need to request them for the actual use. To identify these leaked permissions or capabilities, we have developed a tool called Woodpecker. Our results with eight phone images show that among 13 privileged permissions examined so far, 11 were leaked, with individual phones leaking up to eight permissions. By exploiting them, an untrusted application can manage to wipe out the user data, send out SMS messages, or record user conversation on the affected phones – all without asking for any permission.
Just when you thought it was safe.

Just When You Thought It Was Safe…: Commentary on the article by Soorani-Lunsing et al . on page 701
Suppression of human lymphocyte migration by PGE2

Prostaglandin (PG) E2 markedly inhibits casein- and C5a-stimulated lymphocyte migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition is observed with as low as 10−9 M PGE2 and requires that PGE2 be present during cell locomotion. Studies with PGE1, PGF1α, PGF2α and PGA1 indicate that only PGE1 and PGE2 inhibit lymphocyte migration. These studies indicate that PGE2 may play a role in the regulation of the immune response at the level of lymphocyte locomotion.