cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actions of finite groups on homotopy 3-spheres

It is conjectured that the action of a finite group of diffeomorphisms of the 3-sphere is equivariantly diffeomorphic to a linear action. This conjecture is verified if both of the following conditions hold: (i) Each isotropy subgroup is dihedral or cyclic. (ii) There is a point with cyclic isotropy subgroup of order not 1,2,3 or 5. 0. Introduction. The generalized Smith conjecture says that the effective action of a finite group G of orientation preserving diffeomorphisms on a homotopy 3-sphere I is essentially linear. If Y is diffeomorphic to S3, then "essentially linear" is equivalent to "equivariantly diffeomorphic to a linear action." Work by Thurston, Johannson, Jaco, Shalen, Bass, Meeks and Yau established this conjecture when G is generated by a diffeomorphism with fixed points. This is the classical Smith conjecture. Davis and Morgan improved this in certain cases by proving that if every isotropy subgroup of G is cyclic and if at least one of these subgroups has order greater than 5, then the action is essentially linear. The group G ig finite and the action is differentiable and effective. Thus, the isotropy subgroup of a point in E acts on the tangent space at the point and so is a finite subgroup of GL' (R). Therefore this group is cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral or icosahedral. In this paper, the result of Davis and Morgan will be extended to include the case where one of the isotropy subgroups has order 4. We also show that the actions is essentially linear if every isotropy subgroup is either dihedral or cyclic and one of the cyclic isotropy subgroups has order not equal to 1, 2, 3 or 5. The results of this paper first appeared in the author's 1981 thesis at Columbia University. Subsequently, William Thurston announced a theorem that includes these results as a special case. For another proof of the Davis-Morgan extension of the Smith conjecture, see Culler and Shalen [1]. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, John Morgan. I would also like to thank Michael Davis. I. Preliminaries. We start with pertinent definitions from orbifold theory and recall some results of Davis and Morgan [2]. Other results of that paper are extended to include the dihedral case. For more on orbifolds, see Thurston [5]. Received by the editors March 9, 1982 and, in revised form, June 20, 1983. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 57S17. ?1984 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/84 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Glucose and the Structure of the Gycloses

THE cyclohexanols C6H12−n(OH)n and their methyl derivatives are of considerable interest from the point of view of biochemistry. It has been known for some time that these substances can, according to theory, exist in a great number of isomeric forms.1 The following table shows the number of possible isomers for various values of n, on the assumption of a plane ring structure for the cyclohexane nucleus:
SPECULATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE-BOSON MASS.

It is shown that the algebra generated by the space integrals of the fourth components of the electromagnetic current and the weak-interaction current is that of an $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(1)$ group. Let $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{K}}$ be the generator of this SU(2) group. By requiring the $|\ensuremath{\Delta}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{K}}|=1$ part of these current operators, including their respective coupling constants, to form a $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{K}}=1$ triplet, one finds that the semiweak coupling constant $g$ is related to the fine-structure constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ by ${(4\ensuremath{\pi})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{g}^{2}=\frac{1}{8}\ensuremath{\alpha}$; therefore, in the absence of radiative corrections, the mass of the (hypothetical) spin-1, charged intermediate boson is 37.29 GeV.
An EM algorithm for mapping quantitative resistance loci

Many disease resistance traits in plants have a polygenic background and the disease phenotypes are modified by environmental factors. As a consequence, the phenotypic values usually show a quantitative variation. The phenotypes of such disease traits, however, are often measured in discrete but ordered categories. These traits are called ordinal traits. In terms of disease resistance, they are called quantitative resistance traits, as opposed to qualitative resistance traits, and are controlled by the quantitative resistance loci (QRL). Classical quantitative trait locus mapping methods are not optimal for ordinal trait analysis because the assumption of normal distribution is violated. Methods for mapping binary trait loci are not suitable either because there are more than two categories in ordinal traits. We developed a maximum likelihood method to map these QRL. The method is implemented via a multicycle expectation-conditional-maximization (ECM) algorithm under the threshold model, where we can estimate both the QRL effects and the thresholds that link the disease liability and the categorical phenotype. The method is verified in simulated data under various combinations of the parameters. An SAS program is available to implement the multicycle ECM algorithm. The program can be downloaded from our website at www.statgen.ucr.edu.
Divining the Sacred in the Modern World: Ritual and the Relational Embodiment of Spirit

This essay explores the relationship of spirituality to religious practice, asserting that spirituality is directly related to ritual, but that the rituals that relay a sense of the sacred are not necessarily ecclesially-based nor are they detached from “ordinary,” material life.
Quasilinear spin-torque nano-oscillator via enhanced negative feedback of power fluctuations

We report an approach to improving the performance of spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) that utilizes power-dependent negative feedback to achieve a significantly enhanced dynamic damping. In combination with a sufficiently slow variation of frequency with power this can result in a quasi-linear STNO, with very weak non-linear coupling of power and phase fluctuations over a range of bias current and field. An implementation of this approach that utilizes a non-uniform spin-torque demonstrates that highly coherent room temperature STNOs can be achieved while retaining a significant tunability.
Using a Cohort Model for School Counselor Preparation to Enhance Commitment to Social Justice

This article describes a cohort model of school counselor preparation designed to enhance graduate student commitment to social justice. Foundational principles of group work are used as the vehicle for understanding self in context and for integrating the tenets associated with social justice advocacy. Key components related to program mission, admissions processes, and course sequence are discussed. Recommendations for other counselor education programs are also identified.
Pseudonymity and structuration: identity, interaction, and structure in online communities

As online identity services and discussion spaces become more prevalent, so do the effects on individuals, groups, and society as a whole. We present an analysis of the decisions in identity policies for online communities, viewed through the lens of a model for societal structuration -- that is, the mechanism by which individuals experience, act within, and decide societal structure. We show how identity policies and moderation choices function for individuals experiencing intersectional oppression. We conclude with discussion of how identity policy choices and moderation style that support pseudonymity can be viewed as acts centering on the alleviation of suffering, and as such, are acts of virtue and compassion.
A comparison of microwave radiometric data and modeled snowpack conditions for Dye 2, Greenland

Meteorological observations were recorded at Dye 2, Greenland during the summer of 1993 as part of a research program to identify interannual variations in melt occurrence on the Greenland ice sheet from satellite microwave data. The meteorological observations were used to drive and energy-balance model of the snowpack during 21 June to 13 July 1993. Time series of the meteorological observations and various model outputs were compared to a concurrent time series of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data for scan cells centered within 25 km of Dye 2. The satellite microwave observations clearly show an increase in snowpack emissivity at the same time that the model indicates liquid water forming in the snow. Diurnal melt-freeze cycles that occurred during mid June to early July resulted in an increase in the 37 GHz brightness temperature as great as 60K from the dry, refrozen snow in the morning to the wet snow of some afternoons. The effects of fresh snowfall, which tend to increase the brightness temperature, and of snow growth from melt-freeze metamorphism, which tend to decrease the brightness temperature, are also apparent in the microwave observations. The results of this work demonstrate the influence of daily weather variations on the microwave emissivity in the ice sheet's percolation zone and the usefulness of swath data to diagnose the diurnal cycle of melt.
On the effects of CMM measurement error on form tolerance estimation

This paper presents a study of the effects of CMM measurement error on form tolerance estimations. In this study, the effects of error on estimation have been classified into three categories: (1) the effect on the least squares (LS) substitute geometry estimation, (2) the effect on the LS tolerance zone estimation, and (3) the effect on the Minimax tolerance zone estimation. The results were investigated statistically and described quantitatively using Taylor sensitivity coefficients. The indices introduced in this paper reveal the sensitivity of those CMM data-fitting algorithms to measurement error, and can be used as a guideline to evaluate the precision of CMM measurement results in various manufacturing environments.
Rethinking vehicle classification with wide-angle polarimetric SAR

Wide-angle SAR presents an opportunity to explore new methods for CV classification. Polarization features are of particular interest and various examples of wide-aperture images using flight-collected and simulated data are shown to emphasize how odd and even reflectors are revealed in the imagery. Using the well-known frequency parameter from high-frequency scattering models and the Krogager polarization decomposition, wide-angle polarimetric SAR imagery is attributed with a basis of ASC primitive targets. We observe trends when extracting ASCs from 2D images and study the behavior for 10 civilian vehicles using the AFRL Civilian Vehicle Data Dome. Passenger cars categorized as the sedan class tended to exhibit scattering by cylinders, horizontal edges, and horizontal dihedrals at low elevation angle (30°) but primarily showed horizontal cylinders and horizontal dihedrals for the case of high elevation angle (60°). Likewise, the dominant scatterers for the SUV class were horizontal cylinders and horizontal edges for 30° elevation and primarily horizontal cylinders and dihedrals for 60° elevation. These results suggest that there are noticeable differences between the classes when viewed as primitives in the joint frequency/polarization/wide-angle SAR feature space. Thus, rethinking vehicle classification to include efficient primitive type extraction during image formation may lead to new, near real-time vehicle classification algorithms.
Disintegration‐of‐measure techniques for commuting multivariable weighted shifts

We employ techniques from the theory of disintegration of measures to study the Lifting Problem for commuting $n$-tuples of subnormal weighted shifts. We obtain a new necessary condition for the existence of a lifting, and generate new pathology associated with bringing together the Berger measures associated to each individual weighted shift. For subnormal $2$-variable weighted shifts, we then find the precise relation between the Berger measure of the pair and the Berger measures of the shifts associated to horizontal rows and vertical columns of weights.
Nitrosodimethylamine levels in fish cooked by natural gas and by electricity

Summary The nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content of fish has been measured in raw fish and after baking in pre-heated and not pre-heated ovens and after grilling using electrical and natural gas heated domestic cookers. In many cases there is an increase in NDMA levels with natural gas heated cookers but the increase is not great in comparison to variations observed in levels in raw fish obtained on different occasions. There is no significant increase in NDMA levels with electric cookers.
890 MECHANISM OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN TREATMENT IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA. COMPARISON OF F(ab) 2 VERSUS pFc CONTAINING IgG

Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins has been shown to be effective in several studies. It has not been demonstrated which part of the immunoglobulin molecule is decisive for the therapeutic effect. Based on a pilot study comparing 3.5 S, 5 S and 7 S-immunoglobulin (Ig) G which yielded treatment responses in each group, a prospective randomized study was conducted. This investigation compared a 7 S-IgG regimen to a 5 S-IgG regimen. The 7 S-IgG was prepared by limited sulfitolysis. The 5 S-F(ab)2-preparation was produced by pepsin cleavage. Thrombocytopenic patients (platelet counts <30×109/1) were assigned to the treatment regimens randomly. Both groups were given 400 mg/kg body-weight Ig over 5 days. 9/10 patients in the 7 S treatment group responded to therapy compared to 3/10 patients in the 5 S treatment group (p = 0.0099 by Fisher's exact test). The mean platelet count 4 days after the last infusion was 209.5±136.7 × 109/1 (x±S.E.M.) in the 7 S group compared to 79.7±75.0 × 109/1 in the 5 S group. The results of the study emphasize the necessity of the IgG molecule's pFc-part, which is contained in the 7 S preparation.
Social, institutional, and economic barriers to the exercise of patients' rights.

During the past 30 years, the autonomy of patients has displaced beneficence on the part of physicians as the chief tenet of medical ethics.1 Respect for patients' autonomy is now considered fundam...
Alternative developments of cyclic-permutation algorithms

Abstract Feijen, van Gasteren, and Gries (1987) give a formal development of an algorithm to invert a cyclic permutation stored in an array, and Xue and Gries (1988) give such a development for an algorithm to cube a cyclic permutation. These derivations are first done with an alternative representation of the permutation; then a coordinate transformation is used to express the algorithm in terms of the array representation. Here, we develop the algorithms in terms of the original array, using the standard strategies.
New approach to effective medium for composite materials: Application to electromagnetic properties.

A self-consistent method for determining an effective medium for composite materials and based on the power-series expansion of the action integral with respect to the t matrices is proposed. This method does not have the limitations of the self-consistent T-matrix approach. The method is applied to the calculation of an effective dielectric constant of a composite material with spherical grains in the dynamic case.
Benchtop instrument simulator for CERES EOS-AM1

The first CERES instrument was launched on NASA/NASDA's Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) platform Nov. 28, 1997. More CERES instruments will soon be launched on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites. CERES measures top of the atmospheric radiative fluxes using microprocessor controlled scanning radiometers. The CERES EOS-AM1 Instrument Simulator will serve as a testbed for the testing of custom instrument commands intended to solve in- flight anomalies of the instruments which could arise during the CERES EOS-AM1 mission. The concept of using an identical but non-flight qualified microprocessor and electronics ensemble linked to a virtual instrument PC running modeling software results in a relatively inexpensive simulation system capable of high fidelity. The first CERES Instrument Simulator resembles the TRMM CERES instrument sufficiently well to allow benchtop testing and functional verification of microprocessor loads for TRMM instrument unloads, circuitry identical to the flight unit's twin microprocessors and telemetry interface to the supporting spacecraft electronics and two personal computers (PC) connected to the I/O ports that control azimuth and elevation gimbals. Flight simulation software consists of the unmodified TRW developed Flight Code and Ground Support Software specific to the platform under study which serves as the instrument monitor and also links NASA/TRW developed engineering models of the gimballed instrument. The CERES engineering development software models were modified to provide a virtual instrument running in real-time on a second PC linked to the flight microprocessors instrument control ports. The cost of the electronics and development of such a simulation system is dwarfed by the cost to develop the actual flight software, which has already been invested in building the actual instrument. Thus for the simulator, flight software re-use is very cost effective. The concept of using dedicated electronics and specific flight software matched to the instrument being studied allows for high fidelity simulations of each instrument system. The differences in flight code that represent the final flight configurations from platform to platform are accurately modeled. The overall task of tailoring the simulation system hardware to a given instrument platform reduces to the art of interfacing and programming a pair of embedded microprocessors linked to a pari of commercially available PCs.
Efficacy of nonestrogenic hot flash therapies among women stratified by breast cancer history and tamoxifen use: A pooled analysis

Objective: Various nonestrogenic therapies have been found to be effective in mitigating hot flashes, but it has been unclear whether the efficacy varies by whether women have had breast cancer and/or were taking tamoxifen. Methods: This study used data from Mayo Clinic/North Central Cancer Treatment Group clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of any nonestrogenic agent for hot flashes and had information on breast cancer history or tamoxifen use. Statistically significant changes from the fourth treatment week versus the baseline week, using individual patient data, were assessed using Student's t test. Results: A total of 1,396 women from 20 hot flash studies were eligible for analysis. Overall, women without breast cancer had a similar percentage of baseline hot flash score at week 4, as did those with breast cancer (53% vs 50%, P = 0.92). Women who were not taking tamoxifen had a significantly lower percentage of hot flash score at week 4 as compared with those who used tamoxifen (54% vs 61%, P = 0.01). However, this was due to a higher reduction in hot flash scores in the placebo arms among women not receiving tamoxifen; the percentage reduction in hot flash scores at week 4 from baseline in the active therapy arms of the randomized placebo-controlled trials (ie, excluding placebo arms) was similar among the tamoxifen users and nonusers (difference in mean percentage reduction, 5.7; 95% CI, ―1.76 to 13.16). Conclusions: Some nonestrogenic therapies seem to be useful for reducing hot flashes, irrespective of the etiology of hot flashes.
The duke university library automated acquisitions system

Abstract The Duke University Library automated acquisitions system provides online ordering, receiving, accounting, and in-process control. Remote terminals provide access to order and processing records to branch libraries and other public services points.
Incidence and onset of delayed seizures after overdoses of extended-release bupropion

Abstract Background Delayed seizures have been reported with overdoses of bupropion extended-release (XL). This study systematically evaluates the frequency and timing of seizures and an association between other toxic effects (ie, agitation, tremors, and hallucinations) and seizures. Methods A 3-year multi–poison center observational study of hospitalized patients with ingestion of bupropion XL ≥600 mg in adults and ≥4 mg/kg in children was performed. Patients with coingestants or a medical history that could affect seizure occurrence were excluded. Data collection forms captured onset time of seizure(s), other symptoms, and treatment. Results One hundred seventeen patients met inclusion criteria: median age of 22 years (range, 1.3-65 years) with 16 children ≤ 3 years. Seizures occurred in 37 (31.6%) patients, with initial seizure at 0.5 to 24 hours after ingestion; 12 (32%) patients had initial seizure at > 8 hours. Subsequent seizures occurred in 49%. Children ages 1.3, 3, and 7 years, developed seizures. In patients ≥ 13 years of age, median dose with seizures was 4350 mg (range, 600-54 000) compared to 2400 mg (range, 600-9000) in patients without seizures. Agitation, tremors, and hallucinations occurred in 29.7%, 40.5%, and 18.9% of patients with seizures, respectively, compared with 12.5 %, 17.5%, and 10% in patients without seizures. The neurologic effects agitation (P = .045) and tremors (P = .005) occurred more frequently. Conclusion Delayed seizure onset suggests a minimum observation period of 24 hours after bupropion XL overdose. Although patients experiencing agitation or tremors may be at greater risk, seizures can occur without preceding central nervous system toxicity.
Selection for yield, protein, and oil in soybean crosses between adapted and introduced parents

Abstract Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders can sometimes increase genetic variability in their germplasm through wide crosses with plant introduction (PI) material, and in that way lead to slow progress in developing high-yielding cultivars. A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of crosses of adapted × introduced soybean lines for improving yield and protein and oil concentrations. Five soybean cultivars adapted to South Dakota were crossed in selected combinations with four PI lines to develop F 3 -derived lines. The adapted and PI lines were selected for wide variation in protein and oil concentration. Thirty F 3:5 lines and parents from each of eight different crosses, including two adapted × adapted, were evaluated in a replicated group balanced block experiment. Significant genetic variability for yield occurred among progenies of two adapted × PI crosses, and for protein and oil concentrations among progenies of two adapted × PI crosses. No significant genetic variability for any trait was found among progenies of adapted × adapted crosses. Progenies of adapted × adapted crosses generally yielded more seed and had higher oil concentrations than those from adapted × PI crosses. PI parents with high trait expression produced populations with high expression for that trait, and combined better with some adapted parents than with others. With single-trait selection, simultaneous improvement of yield and oil concentration was more successful than for yield and protein concentration, or for protein and oil. Increases in the sum of protein and oil concentrations were small, and were achieved through increased protein concentration. In addition to measuring the trait of interest before crossing with PI lines, it seems that genetic variability of populations and combining ability of adapted parents should be determined. Relationships of yield, protein, and oil should be determined for each cross, even if only one trait is of interest in the selection program.
Heat transfer measurements in the Bridgman configuration

Abstract A heat transfer measuring device was developed to help characterize a vertical Bridgman furnace. The actively heated device, the heat transfer sample HTX, measures the temperature difference created between it and the furnace wall as a function of input power. This allows the heat transfer coefficient to be measured without having to know the physical properties of the sample, the ambient gas, or the furnace. However, if some of these physical properties are known, then the HTX can be used to determine others. Heat transfer measurements were made under a variety of conditions. The convective heat loss was varied by making measurements in air, argon, helium, and vacuum environments. The radiative heat loss was varied by using fused silica, oxidized inconel, and platinum foil sleeves placed over the HTX heater. A convection coefficient for air and the emissivities of the different sleeves were determined.
Dropouts and turnover: The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition

The purpose of this research is to investigate the determinants of student attrition in institutions of higher education. A causal model was developed which synthesized research findings on turnover in work organizations and on student attrition. Questionnaires were distributed to university freshmen (N = 1,171). The data was analyzed using multiple regression and path analysis. The regressions produced anR 2 = .36 for females and .27 for males. Findings indicate that three surrogate measures for pay were significantly related to intent to leave for both sexes and that the theories and determinants developed in research on turnover are useful in studies of student attrition.
Electrode and pH effects on electrochemical reactions during ohmic heating

Undesirable electrochemical phenomena at electrode|solution interfaces during ohmic heating can be avoided or effectively inhibited by choosing an appropriate electrode material. We attempted to understand the electrochemical behavior of four types of electrode materials: titanium, stainless steel, platinized-titanium, and graphite at pH 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5. The electrodes were examined comparatively using a 60 Hz sinusoidal alternating current. Analyses of surface morphologies of the electrode surfaces, electrode corrosion, hydrogen gas generation, and pH change of the heating media were performed. The results highlight the relatively inert electrochemical behavior of platinized-titanium electrodes at all the pH values. A pilot scale study at 39.8 kW further demonstrates the potential use of platinized-titanium electrodes for ohmic heating of foods with commonly available low-frequency alternating currents.
Heat transfer to a near-separating laminar boundary layer

Abstract Two aspects of heat transfer to a laminar boundary layer are discussed. First, an exact solution to the thermal-energy equation is given for a flow, with continuously zero wall shear stress, subjected to a steep change in wall temperature. The principle of superposition is used to obtain an expression for the heat-transfer rate for a power-law variation of surface to free-stream temperature difference. The second part of this note concerns the use of the above result, for the case of uniform surface temperature, to improve Spalding's [1] refinement of Lighthill's [2] general method for the calculation of heat transfer through laminar boundary layers. Spalding's correction function is extended further into the regime of extreme adverse pressure gradient, and an analytical formula given for its asymptotic behavior at the separation point.
Vibrational spectra and assignments for phenazine

Abstract Assignments of 56 of the 60 fundamental vibrations of phenazine are reported. Assignments were made from infrared and Raman spectra, comparison to the vibrational assignments of anthracene, and the results of a normal coordinate calculation of the fundamentals.
Technical Note-A Note on Computational Modifications to the Gilmore-Gomory Cutting Stock Algorithm

This note describes modifications to the Gilmore-Gomory cutting stock algorithm that improve the characteristics other than trim loss of the solutions generated. Changes are proposed for the procedures that generate the initial solution and subsequent basis entering patterns. The major point is that controlling the pattern generation by using a more restrictive and therefore less efficient formulation of the knapsack problem may reduce rounding problems and pattern changes, and generally broaden the scope of applications of the algorithm. A set of sample problems is solved and computational times are provided.
The Brownian Ratchet and Power Stroke Models for Posttranslational Protein Translocation into the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A quantitative analysis of experimental data for posttranslational translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum is performed. This analysis reveals that translocation involves a single rate-limiting step, which is postulated to be the release of the signal sequence from the translocation channel. Next, the Brownian ratchet and power stroke models of translocation are compared against the data. The data sets are simultaneously fit using a least-squares criterion, and both models are found to accurately reproduce the experimental results. A likelihood-ratio test reveals that the optimal fit of the Brownian ratchet model, which contains one fewer free parameter, does not differ significantly from that of the power stroke model. Therefore, the data considered here cannot be used to reject this import mechanism. The models are further analyzed using the estimated parameters to make experimentally testable predictions.
Iron Status of Toe Nursing Home Elderly

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Iron intakes as well as stores were adequate among nursing home elderly. However, below normal levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum transferrin saturation were prevalent. Iron intakes of 114 elderly nursing home residents (86 females and 28 males), aged 53 to 103 years (85 ± 7, mean ± SD) were studied. Iron intakes were calculated individually from three-day food consumption records and liquid and pill supplements. Total daily iron intakes ranged from 3.9 to 208mg (21.4 ± 29.5, mean ± SD) from foods and supplements combined. 36 (32%) residents took supplements which ranged from 3.6 to 195mg daily. 88 elderly out of 110 took above 100% of the RDA of iron. 13 took 99-75%, 7 took 74-50%, and only 2 took less than 50% of the RDA. 61 out of 65 elderly tested had normal serum iron concentrations (6 ± 23mg/dl, mean ± SD). All 44 elderly tested had the normal serum ferritin concentration (164 ± 194mg/ml) and the normal total iron binding capacity (268 ± 45mg/dl, ranged 195-396). However, 27% of the elderly (n=83) had below normal levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit and 33% (n=45) had below normal levels of serum transferrin saturation. This research demonstrated that iron intakes as well as stores among elderly were adequate. High incidences of low hemoglobin and hematocrit might be the result of low saturation of serum transferrin.
Photorefractive keratectomy for pediatric anisometropia: safety and impact on refractive error, visual acuity, and stereopsis

Abstract Purpose To establish the safety and possible efficacy of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for treatment of pediatric anisometropia. Design Interventional case series Methods This is a prospective, noncomparative interventional case series at an individual university practice of photorefractive keratectomy in 11 children aged 2 and 11 years with anisometropic amblyopia who were unable or unwilling to use contact lens, glasses, and occlusion therapy to treat the amblyopia. The eye with the higher refractive error was treated with PRK using a standard adult nomogram. The refractive treatment goal was to decrease the anisometropia to 3 diopters or less. Main outcome measures were cycloplegic refraction, refractive correction, degree of corneal haze, uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and stereopsis over 12 months. Results All patients tolerated the procedure well. The mean refractive target reduction was −10.10 ± 1.39 diopters for myopia and +4.75 ± 0.50 diopters for hyperopia. The mean achieved refractive error reduction at 12 months for myopia was −10.56 ± 3.00 diopters and for hyperopia was +4.08 ± 0.8 diopters. Corneal haze at 12 months was minimal. Uncorrected visual acuity improved by 2 or more lines in 6 (75%) of the eight children able to perform psychophysical acuity tests. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity improved by 2 lines in 3 (38%) of patients. Stereopsis improved in 3 (33%) of nine patients. Conclusions Pediatric PRK can be safely performed for anisometropia. The refractive error response in children appears to be similar to that of adults with comparable refractive errors. Visual acuity and stereopsis improved despite several children being outside the standard age of visual plasticity. Photorefractive keratectomy may play a role in the management of anisometropia in selected pediatric patients.
The economic factors behind international legal harmonization: a jurimetric analysis of the Latin American experience

Abstract This paper shows that the international harmonization of commercial legal rules and commercial legal standards in Latin America have been the result of very specific legal and economic country-specific factors. The paper proposes that international legal harmonization within a regional bloc of countries is a function of the convergence of three broad conditions: (1) first, the a priori international country-to-country compatibility in the form and scope of their legal rules applied to domestic commercial transactions; (2) the emergence and growth of intra-sectoral international markets supported by foreign direct investment; and (3) the emergence and growth of domestic trade-related industries seeking compatible legal rules in their exporting markets abroad. A jurimetric model is introduced showing that the drive to seek international legal harmonization has been explained by these specific economic and legal domestic factors.
The Nonlinear Behavior of Elastic Slender Straight Beams Undergoing Small Strains and Moderate Rotations

The nonlinear behavior of slender and initially straight beams is investigated. A set of equilibrium equations for a beam undergoing moderate rotations and small strains is derived. The derivation includes several assumptions which are clearly stated and explained. These equations are used to investigate the deformations of a cantilevered beam which is loaded by a concentrated transverse load at the free end. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the experimental results.
Electronic structure and total energy calculations for transition metal hydrides

Abstract The self-consistent electronic energy band structure of palladium and nickel hydrides and titanium dihydride have been calculated. For comparison the band structure and total energy of palladium dihydride was also calculated. The first two exhibit a minium in the total energy curve as a function of lattice constant and in fact show an exothermic heat of formation. Palladium dihydride is repulsive and unbound. For titanium dihydride a minimum in the total energy vs. lattice constant is also observed. This minimum and its value were found to be a sensitive function of the core approximation utilized. A significant improvement over previous results for the heat of formation for the Ti-H system was obtained.
Hot-electron immunity of SiO/sub 2/ dielectrics with fluorine incorporation

The effect of fluorine incorporation in the gate oxide on the NMOSFET hot-electron immunity is examined. Fluorine is implanted in the polysilicon gate and diffused into the gate oxide. The hot-electron immunity of NMOSFETs is shown to increase with increasing fluorine doses. Measurement of device lifetime against substrate current shows that higher doses of fluorine lead to a change in the immunity to interface trap generation. Based on the results of Auger measurements, this has been correlated with a fluorine deficient layer near the interface. >
Small-angle cleavage of semiconductors for transmission electron microscopy

Abstract A small-angle cleavage technique has been developed that produces significantly improved TEM samples of semiconductors and related materials. These samples do not exhibit amorphous surface layers or thermal damage in cross-sectional (XTEM) samples, or preferentially thinned regions in XTEM heterostructures as is typical of samples prepared by conventional atom milling. Using this technique, TEM samples can be produced in approximately one hour using standard laboratory equipment.
Chromatographic characterization of nitrobenzylthioinosine binding proteins in band 4.5 of human erythrocytes: purification of a 40 kDa truncated nucleoside transporter.

Abstract DEAE-column-purified band 4.5 polypeptides of human erythrocyte membranes are mostly glucose transporters with nucleoside transporters as a minor component. The purpose of the present work was to differentially identify and isolate the nucleoside transporters in band 4.5 free from glucose transporters. Equilibrium binding studies demonstrated that the band 4.5 preparation binds nibrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), a potent nucleoside transport inhibitor, at two distinct sites, one with a high affinity (dissociation constant, KD of 1 nM) with a small capacity, BT (0.4 nmol/mg protein), and the other with a low affinity (KD of 15 μM) with a large BT (14–16 nmol/mg protein). The BT of the low-affinity site was equal to that of the cytochalasin B binding site in the preparation. A gel-filtration chromatography of band 4.5 photolabeled with [3H]NBTI and [3H]cytochalasin B identified three polypeptides of apparent Mr 55 000, 50 000 and 40 000. Of these, the 55 kDa polypeptide was specifically labeled by cytochalasin B (p55GT), indicating that it is a glucose transporter. Both the 50 and 40 kDa polypeptides were labeled with NBTI at low ligand concentrations (less than 0.1 μM), which was abolished by an excess (20 μM) of nitrobenzylthioguanosine, indicating that they are two forms (p50NT and p40NT, respectively) of the high affinity NBTI binding protein or nucleoside transporter. At higher (not less than 10 μM) NBTI concentrations, however, p55GT was also labeled with NBTI, indicating that the low-affinity NBTI binding is due to a glucose transporter. Treatment of band 4.5 with trypsin reduced the p50NT labeling with a concomitant and stoichiometric increase in the p40NT NBTI labeling without affecting the high-affinity NBTI binding of the preparation. These findings indicate that the nucleoside transporter is slightly smaller in mass than the glucose transporter and that trypsin digestion produces a truncated nucleoside transporter of apparent Mr 40 000 which retains the high-affinity NBTI binding activity of intact nucleoside transporter. Both p55GT and p50 NT were coeluted in a major protein fraction, P1 in the chromatography, while p40NT was eluted separately as a minor protein fraction, P1a. All three polypeptides formed mixed dimers, which were eluted in a fraction PO. We have purified and partially characterized the truncated nucleoside transporter, p40NT. The purified p40NT may be useful for biochemical characterization of the nucleoside transporter.
Histochemical Use Of Lead Tetra-Acetate I. Cleavage Of 1-2 Glycols

Lead tetra-acetate acts specifically to split the carbon-carbon single bond of the 1,2-glycol linkage to produce aldehyde radicals which may then be demonstrated by means of leucofuchsin, 2,4-dinitrophenlyhydrazine, or p-nitrophenylhydrazine. Routinely prepared slide sections from tissues fixed in 10% formalin are run down to 95% alcohol, rinsed in glacial acetic acid and then treated for 2 minutes in a saturated solution of lead tetra-acetate in glacial acetic acid with 5 g. of potassium acetate added for each 100 ml. of reagent. The sections are then washed in distilled water and placed in leucofuchsin for 10 minutes, or in a saturated 30% alcoholic solution of p-nitrophenylhydrazine for 5 minutes or 2,4-dini-trophenylhydrazine for 30 minutes. After staining, the sections are rinsed in 30% alcohol if the nitrophenylhydrazines were used, or in the standard dilute sulfite bath followed by running tap water for 5 minutes if leucofuchsin were used. Sections are routinely dehydrated, cleared, and covered. On...
Laminar mixed convection flow in a vertical tube

A computational study is conducted to quantify the buoyancy effects on laminar forced flow of air in a heated/cooled vertical tube. Buoyancy assisting and buoyancy opposing flow cases are considered for heating/cooling rates that provide either uniform wall temperature or uniform heat flux conditions. The nature of the observed effects of various heating/cooling rates and configurations on the velocity and temperature development, as well as on flow reversal, is explained. Critical buoyancy parameters that signal the onset of flow reversal, as well as axial locations where flow reversal first occurs, are determined in the study. The effects of the buoyancy parameter on friction factors, Nusselt numbers, and flow and thermal entry lengths are documented.
Ligand structure-dependent differences in activation of estrogen receptor α in human HepG2 liver and U2 osteogenic cancer cell lines

Abstract Differences in ligand-activation of estrogen receptor α (ER α ) were investigated in human HepG2 liver carcinoma and U2 osteogenic sarcoma cells transfected with wild-type ER (ER-wt) and variants expressing only activation function 1 (ERAF1) or AF2 (ER-AF2). The estrogen-responsive C3-luc construct containing the complement C3 gene promoter linked to a bacterial luciferase reporter gene was used to determine ligand-induced wild-type or variant ER activation. The quality pattern of ER-dependent responses was similar in both cell lines for a series of weakly estrogenic hydroxy and dihydroxyaromatic compounds including p -octylphenol, p -nonylphenol, 2′,4′,6′-trichloro-4-biphenylol, 2′,3′,4′,5′-tetrachloro-4-biphenylol, bisphenol A and 2,2′-bis( p -hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane. However, some significant quantitative differences in these compounds were also observed. The weakly estrogenic pesticide, kepone, and the phytoestrogens, resveratrol (a trihydroxystilbene) and naringen (a flavanone), induced distinctly different patterns of responses; induction by these compounds was not observed in either cell line cotransfected with ER-wt or ER-AF2. In contrast, naringen activated ER-AF1 in HepG2 cells and resveratrol activated ER-AF1 in U2 cells. In HepG2 cells cotreated with E2 plus the estrogenic compounds, only BPA and resveratrol exhibited ER α antagonist activity. Structure-dependent differences in ER α activation and inhibition are consistent with the increasingly complex patterns of ER action in various tissues and indicate that the estrogenic activity of an individual compound can only be determined by using an extensive testing protocol.
Pion-proton bremsstrahlung calculation

The soft-photon approximation is applied to calculate the coplanar and noncoplanar pion-proton bremsstrahlung cross sections as a function of photon energy for various bombarding energies and photon angles. Results are in excellent agreement with the UCLA data.
Molecular characterization of hprt mutants induced by low- and hgh-LET radiations in human cells

Abstract Southern blotting techniques were employed to examine the spectrum of molecular alterations in DNA induced by internally emitting iodine isotopes and X-rays at and around the hprt locus in a human lymphoblastoid cell line. We analyzed 165 mutant clones using a cDNA probe for the human hprt locus, and 3 anonymous sequenceprobes for regions of the X-chromosome which are linked to hrpt. The results were compared with those for 35 spontaneously arising mutant clones. The majority of ionizing radiation-induced mutants showed changes in the normal restriction patterns at the hprt locus, whereas very few alterations were seen at linked markers along the X chromosome. Total hprt coding sequence deletions comprised 30–48% of the changes observed at this locus, while partial deletions and rearrangements comprised 14–54% of the observed changes. In the case of mutants induced by [125I]dUrd, a densely ionizing radiation, the spectrum of alterations was dose-dependent; at low doses it was not significantly different from that seen after sparsely ionizing X-ray exposure, whereas a higher proportion of gene deletions and rearrangements occurred after high doses of this incorporated isotope. Changes were rarely observed in the 3 linked markers examined. Overall, these results indicate that the distribution of mutational events at the hprt locus in irradiated human cells may not only be LET-dependent but dose-dependent, and that deletions involving large regions of the X chromosome surrounding the hprt locus are rae events.
A renormalization approach to quantum thermal annealing

The details of an efficient global optimization approach, quantum thermal annealing with renormalization (QTAR) (Y. H. Lee and B. J. Berne, J. Phys. Chem. A, in press (2000)) are presented in this paper. This method is based on the application of the Migdal-Kadanoff method for decimating Trotter time slices in the staging and primitive algorithms for sampling path integrals using Monte Carlo methods. In a nutshell, one starts in a strong quantum regime where the number of Trotter beads representing each quantum particle and the value of Planck's constant are large, thereby allowing for efficient tunneling through the barriers of a rough energy landscape typical in the folding of proteins, and anneals the system methodically to the classical limit where the values of the aforementioned quantities are 1 and 0, respectively. Global optimization of the system is achieved through the iterative use of such quantum-to-classical annealing cycles. The QTAR algorithm applied to a highly frustrated BLN model protein with 46 residues more efficiently locates the global energy minimum than established methods like simulated annealing.
Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: State of the ART

What is the state of the art worldwide in immobilized enzymes today? What technology is available for sale or licensing? Where are immobilized enzymes being used commercially? Why have some systems succeeded commercially while others have failed? How about the future outlook for immobilized enzymes in industrial applications? The purpose of this paper is to step back from the research bench and attempt to suggest answers to some of these questions to better guide the thinking and planning of those involved in immobilized enzyme development work. Emphasis will be placed on commercial aspects and concerns rather than indepth technical comparisons of available technologies and will be limited to technologies available for general sale or licensing. No attempt will be made to cover medical or analytical applications.
4,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl/propionyl cyclofructan stationary phases for gas chromatographic enantiomeric separations

4,6-Di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl cycloinulohexaose (DP-TA-CF6) and 4,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-propionyl cycloinulohexaose (DP-PN-CF6) were synthesized and used as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in gas chromatography (GC). The chiral recognition ability of the two CSPs was investigated. A total of 47 racemic compounds were separated on the two new CSPs, including derivatized amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols, tartrates and lactones. Interestingly, several analytes were only separated on either the DP-TA-CF6 or the DP-PN-CF6 phase. The chiral recognition mechanism was evaluated through thermodynamic analysis. The result indicated there was no inclusion complex formation involved in the chiral recognition process.
Atm and c-Abl cooperate in the response to genotoxic stress during nervous system development.

Abstract The c-Abl proto-oncogene is a target of the ATM kinase after DNA double strand breaks, although the physiological significance of these signaling events is not clear. Therefore, to delineate the roles of c-Abl and Atm during mouse development we generated mice with combinations of c-Abl and Atm mutant alleles. We found that dual inactivation of Atm and c-Abl usually resulted in midgestational lethality. However, mice with three mutant alleles, c-Abl −/− Atm +/− or c-Abl +/− Atm −/− , were viable but predisposed to neuro-developmental abnormalities after genotoxic insult. Thus, these genetic data link Atm and c-Abl signaling and underscore a significant interrelationship between the two during neural development.