cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LET's CONNECT community mentorship program for youths with peer social problems: Preliminary findings from a randomized effectiveness trial.

This study examined the effectiveness of LET's CONNECT (LC), a community mentorship program for youths who report peer social problems, which is based on a positive youth development framework. Participants were 218 youths (66.5% girls), aged 12 to 15 years, who were recruited from an urban medical emergency department and screened positive for bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, and/or low social connectedness. Youths were randomized to LC (n = 106) or the control condition (n = 112). Six-month outcomes were assessed with self-report measures of youth social connectedness, community connectedness, thwarted belongingness, depression, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation. LC was associated with a significant increase in only one of these outcomes, social connectedness (effect size = 0.4). It was associated consistently with trend-level positive changes for thwarted belongingness (decreased), depression (decreased), community connectedness, and self-esteem (effect sizes = 0.2). There was no effect on suicidal ideation (effect size = 0.0), and although not a primary outcome, eight youths in the LC condition and seven youths in the control condition engaged in suicidal behavior between baseline and follow-up. Although LC effect sizes are consistent with those from previous studies of community mentorship, there were multiple challenges to LC implementation that affected dosage and intervention fidelity, and that may account for the lack of stronger positive effects.
Arbeit als Handeln

Fur die Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie ist Arbeit eine wesentliche Grundlage menschlicher Entwicklung. Sie knupft damit an die anthropologische Begrundung von Arbeit als Grundlage der individuellen und gattungsgeschichtlichen – ontogenetischen und phylogenetischen – Entwicklung des Menschen an. Durch Arbeit werden demnach sowohl die auseren Lebensbedingungen als auch der Mensch selbst verandert.
Inferring a User’s Propensity for Elaborative Thinking Based on Natural Language

Natural language-based aids (e.g., intelligent cognitive assistants) that assist humans with various tasks and decisions, often need to recognize the user’s propensity (low-high) to elaborate on the task or decision, to ensure that the information provided matches the user’s thinking level. We conducted two qualitative studies of natural language usage in customers’ written product reviews (Study 1) and conversational transcripts of customer-store associate interactions (Study 2) to generate (Study 1) and validate (Study 2) four rules that can be employed to infer a user’s propensity for elaborative thinking. These include: consideration of multiple (2+) attributes/alternatives; detailed description (word count) about a single attribute/alternative; demonstration of specific knowledge (use of specific terms) about an attribute/alternative; and consideration of pros and cons about an attribute/alternative. Implications for natural language-based, intelligent cognitive assistants emerge as a result of this work.
Cell Markers: Green Fluorescent Protein

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was discovered, purified, and characterized by Shimomura in a jellyfish beginning in 1962. Prasher cloned the gene for GFP and gave it to Tsien and Chalfie who made color mutants of GFP and expressed it in other organisms, respectively. Natural red and other color fluorescent proteins and those that could change color were discovered by Matz, the Lukyanov brothers, Miyawaki, and Salih. In vivo imaging using GFP was pioneered by Hoffman’s group. GFP and other fluorescent proteins have revolutionized cell biology and led to the new field of in vivo cell biology.
Preventive visit among older adults with Medicare's introduction of Annual Wellness Visit: Closing gaps in underutilization.

Preventive visit rates are low among older adults in the United States. We evaluated changes in preventive visit utilization with Medicare's introduction of Annual Wellness Visits (AWVs) in 2011. We further assessed how coverage expansion differentially affected older adults who were previously underutilizing the service. The study included Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 to 85 from a mixed-payer multispecialty outpatient healthcare organization in northern California between 2007 and 2016. Data from the electronic health records were used, and the unit of analysis was patient-year (N = 456,281). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess determinants of "any preventive visit" use. Prior to the AWV coverage (2007-2010), Medicare beneficiaries who were older, with serious chronic conditions, and with a fee-for-services (FFS) plan underutilized preventive visits such that odds ratio (OR) for age groups (vs. age 65-69) ranges from 0.826 (age 70-74) to 0.522 (age 80-85); for Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (vs. 0 CCI) ranges from 0.77 (1 CCI) to 0.65 (≥2 CCI); and for FFS (vs. HMO) is 0.236. With the Medicare coverage (2011-2016), the age-based gap reduced substantially, but the difference persisted, e.g., OR for age 80-85 (vs. 65-69) is 0.628, and FFS (vs. HMO) beneficiaries still have far lower odds of using a preventive visit (OR = 0.278). The gap based on comorbidity was not reduced. Medicare's coverage expansion facilitated the use of preventive visit particularly for older adults with more advanced age or with FFS, thereby reducing disparities in preventive visit use.
Multi-Mode Micromechanical Resonant Tags for Traceability and Authentication Applications

This paper reports, for the first time, on a novel ultra-miniaturized identification technology that enables non-cionable tags for a wide range of applications, ranging from consumer electronic systems to commercial goods and products. The new labeling technology is based on micromechanical resonators with spectral signatures composed from multiple resonance modes with high quality factors. Such a unique spectral signature defines the digital tag attributed to the resonant label. Benefitting from highly randomized variations induced by the microfabrication processing, an array of resonant labels can serve as a set of watermarks with a large entropy. Proof-of-concept array of resonant labels are implemented demonstrating 9 randomly distributed resonance modes in a ~20 MHz span. A unique digital translation procedure, based on the frequency and magnitude of resonance peaks, is developed yielding rigid digital tags with 14-bit length. The micromechanical resonant labels are measured over wide temperature variations and excitation powers to verify their consistency over several performance metrics including digital tag randomness, uniqueness and repeatability.
Bruce & Borg’s Psychosocial Frames of Reference: Theories, Models, and Approaches for Occupation-Based Practice (4th Edition)

Bruce & Borg’s Psychosocial Frames of Reference has been a widely used text in the education of psychosocial performance in occupational therapy programs for over 20 years. The latest edition of th...
Perioperative stroke-related mortality after non-cardiovascular, non-neurological procedures: A retrospective risk factor evaluation of common surgical comorbidities:

BackgroundPerioperative stroke-related mortality in the non-cardiovascular, non-neurological surgery population is an uncommon, yet devastating outcome. A combination of emboli and hypoperfusion ma...
Effect of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy on the overall survival of premenopausal patients with stage I low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma; a National Cancer Database analysis.

Abstract Objectives Investigate the prevalence of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) for women ≤50 years with early stage low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) and its impact on overall survival (OS). Methods Women ≤50 years, diagnosed with stage I LGESS and managed with hysterectomy between 2004 and 2015 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Patient demographics were recorded and compared with the chi-square test. OS for patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 with at least one month of follow-up was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves, and compared with the log-rank test. Results A total 743 patients with a median age of 44 years met the inclusion criteria. Use of radiatiotherapy (9%), chemotherapy (0.8%) and hormonal therapy (11%) was infrequent. BSO was performed in 541 (72.8%) patients. Patients who had ovarian preservation (OP) were younger (median age 43 vs 45 years, p Conclusions Ovarian function was preserved in approximately one third of women ≤50 years with stage I LGESS with no clear detriment to overall survival. As BSO is associated with long term health effects in this patient population OP could be considered in selected women with stage I LGESS.
The anorexigenic effect of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone involves corticotrophin-releasing factor and mesotocin in birds.

Abstract Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), when centrally injected, induces anorexigenic effects in rodents and chickens but its mechanism remains unclear. Thus, the primary goal of this research was to elucidate the hypothalamic mechanism using chickens. Intracerebroventricular injection of 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 nmol of β-MSH decreased food intake for 540 min. Expression of hypothalamic mRNAs were affected by β-MSH injection, including corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and its receptor subtype 1 (CRFR1), mesotocin (MT) and its receptor (MTR), pro-opiomelanocortin, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor subtype 5 (NPYR5). Within the arcuate nucleus, expressions of NPY, agouti-related peptide, MT and MTR were increased by β-MSH injection. β-MSH-treated chicks had more CRF, CRFR1, CRF receptor subtype 2, GHSR, NPY receptor subtype 1 (NPYR1) and NPYR5 mRNA but lower levels of CART and ghrelin, in the paraventricular nucleus. Greater amounts of mRNA for MTR, GHSR, NPYR1 and NPYR5 and less CRF expression were observed in the ventromedial hypothalamus. In conclusion, central injection of β-MSH potently reduced food intake and was associated with changes in mRNA expression of some anorexigenic factors in a hypothalamic nucleus-specific manner.
Algorithmic precarity in cultural work

While work in the media and cultural industries has long been considered precarious, the processes and logics of platformization have injected new sources of instability into the creative labor eco...
The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition

This article explores the inter-church and church-state relations of the Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria. The strong historic role of the Catholic Church in Austria's political landscape provides the central framework to understand the “story of success” regarding relations with both the Catholic Church and state authorities in Austria. Summarizing the history of migration and establishment of diaspora churches in Austria, the article explores the impact of the support of the Catholic Church in the process of institutionalization. In addition, state recognition and examples of church-state interaction are highlighted. The findings support the conclusion that minority churches from the Oriental Orthodox tradition have benefitted strongly from their relations with the majority church and the state. However, their authority in both religious and political contexts also affects personal leadership and internal affiliations which can lead to divisions within the church communities.
Crafting a culture of secrecy

Secrecy was a defining aspect of the creation of the atomic bomb and, 75 years later, nuclear secrecy remains a feature of American democracy. In Restricted Data, Alex Wellerstein examines the health of democracy in the face of big science, big government, and big weapons. "The bomb," he points out, "may have been born in secrecy, but that secrecy was always controversial and always contested."
Clinical Efficiency and Safety Outcomes of Virtual Care for Oncology Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE:Telehealth has been an integral response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no studies to date have examined the utility and safety of telehealth for oncology patients undergoing systemic t...
Why Are Species’ Traits Weak Predictors of Range Shifts?

We examine the evidence linking species’ traits to contemporary range shifts and find they are poor predictors of range shifts that have occurred over decades to a century. We then discuss reasons ...
A review of research on direct‐to‐consumer advertising of prescription drugs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review empirical research on direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs published in journals over the period from 1997 to 2012.Design/methodology/approach – A structured review of 130 published studies on direct‐to‐consumer advertising of prescription drugs was conducted.Findings – Based on the structured review, the authors identified seven key research themes in DTCA. These are: consumers' attitudes toward direct‐to‐consumer advertising, physician‐patient interaction, content of DTC advertisements, awareness, literacy and memory, consumer information source and search, effect of DTCA expenditures on financial performance, and physicians' attitudes toward DTCA.Research limitations/implications – Avenues for future research are proposed. Future research needs to focus on more empirical studies, television DTCA, online and emerging media DTCA, new and improved measures, ethical issues and regulations, diverse countries, and nurse and pharmacist at...
Accurate multihop clock synchronization in mobile ad hoc networks

Clock synchronization is a critical service for many network applications. In mobile ad hoc networks, traditional clock synchronization algorithms like NTP are not applicable due to the mobility of nodes. Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) takes advantage of the broadcast communication property in wireless networks and can achieve high accuracy in one broadcast domain, but RBS is not scalable to mobile and multiple hop situations. In this paper, we propose a new clock synchronization algorithm for multihop mobile ad hoc networks. Our approach utilizes RBS in one broadcast domain and uses an approximate Minimum Connected Dominating Set (MCDS) to extend RBS based synchronization to multiple hops. Simulations show that our algorithm achieves very high accuracy in synchronization and adaptive to the mobility of the network nodes.
How can Social Psychology Galvanize Teaching and Learning

Psychology instructors are lucky people. Social psychologists are particularly lucky. Psychology in general is fun to teach, but social psychology truly takes it upmany notches. Social psychology is the study of howwe are influenced by other people and the situations we find ourselves in. Is there a more relevant area to help study how teachers and the learning environment can influence learning? Some introductory instructors often move the social psychology section to early in the semester to grab their students’ attention. Others look forward to the social psychology segment at semester’s end to provide a booster shot of adrenaline to tired students. Social psychology is captivating, exciting, often counter-intuitive, and vastly underutilized in the very context where it is first exposed to students— the classroom. Whereas researchers have successfully used social psychology to tackle many contemporary problems (e.g., Abu Ghraib, Zimbardo, 2007; implicit prejudice, Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), social psychology’s potential contributions to teaching and learning have not been sufficientlymined. There is a sizable literature in the general area of scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) but little of this literature explicitly capitalizes on social psychological theories or is firmly grounded in theory at all (Hutchings, 2007). There are alsomany books that provide teaching tips (e.g., Davis, 2009) or offer advice on how to face challenges of teaching (e.g., Palmer, 2007), but these books only implicitly (if at all) draw on the richness of social psychology as it pertains to the classroom. This volume should begin the process to rectify these wrongs. In this chapter we set the stage for the launching of a new area, the social psychology of teaching and learning. First, we provide a brief history of the general area of SoTL. Then we review the scope of the field of social psychology. Finally, we review existing social psychological forays into SoTL and directly link key areas of social psychology to teaching and learning.
Fossils in Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Palaeontologists have begun to adapt mathematical algorithms to phylogenetic reconstruction and interpretation of the fossil record. Whereas most palaeontologists prefer phylogenetic methods that rely predominantly on character evidence, such as that used by most systematists, others have developed methodologies that variously incorporate temporal data, rely strictly upon temporal data, or utilize temporal data in testing phylogenetic hypotheses. Keywords: fossils; types and sources of data; completeness
Experimental study of subcritical laboratory magnetized collisionless shocks using a laser-driven magnetic piston

Recent experiments at the University of California, Los Angeles have successfully generated subcritical magnetized collisionless shocks, allowing new laboratory studies of shock formation relevant to space shocks. The characteristics of these shocks are compared with new data in which no shock or a pre-shock formed. The results are consistent with theory and 2D hybrid simulations and indicate that the observed shock or shock-like structures can be organized into distinct regimes by coupling strength. With additional experiments on the early time parameters of the laser plasma utilizing Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, and fast-gate filtered imaging, these regimes are found to be in good agreement with theoretical shock formation criteria.
Quercetin Protects Against Linoleic Acid-Induced Porcine Endothelial Cell Dysfunction

Consumption of plant phenolics, such as quercetin, may be associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease by stabilizing and protecting vascular endothelial cells against oxidative and proinflammatory insults. The present study focused on the effect of quercetin on linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and the inflammatory pathways of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Because the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) was reported to downregulate inflammatory pathways, we further investigated the effect of quercetin on PPARgamma. Porcine pulmonary-arterial endothelial cells were activated with linoleic acid in the presence or absence of quercetin. Oxidative stress was markedly induced by endothelial cell exposure to linoleic acid and diminished by treatment with quercetin as measured via the oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin. Quercetin reduced linoleic acid-mediated binding activity of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Cotreatment of linoleic acid plus quercetin or vitamin E also decreased linoleic acid-induced binding activity of PPARgamma. These data suggest that quercetin has potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties and protects endothelial cells against linoleic acid-mediated cell dysfunction.
Amphiboles between the sheets: observations of interesting morphologies by TEM and FESEM

We observed interesting amphibole morphologies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in air samples collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in Libby, Montana. Individual amphibole particles were identified and photographed on approximately 200 randomly selected air samples. Transfer of the TEM grids and relocation of these amphiboles in the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) produced high-resolution secondary electron images that allowed a closer examination of these particles. Some of the amphiboles were perfect euhedral single crystals (several micrometers long and 200–500 nanometers wide) showing the classic {110} forms, while other single crystals appeared to be attached to sheet silicates and yet others appeared to have “wings” or “fins,” often less than one micrometer in width, attached to their edges. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) from the TEM confirmed that these particles were intergrown amphiboles and sheet silicates. Soil samples collected by the USEPA in Libby, Montana were also analyzed. FESEM investigation revealed that the soil samples contained amphiboles with the same morphologies as observed in the air samples, and were also intergrown with sheet silicates. Thus, these amphiboles occur as single crystals between the layers of vermiculite and hydrobiotite.
Multiple Global Conformational States of the Hexameric RepA Helicase of Plasmid RSF1010 with Different ssDNA-Binding Capabilities Are Induced by Different Numbers of Bound Nucleotides. Analytical Ultracentrifugation and Dynamic Light Scattering Studies

Global conformational transitions of the hexameric RepA helicase of plasmid RSF1010, induced by the nucleoside tri and di-phosphate binding, have been examined using analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering techniques. The global structure of the RepA hexamer in solution, modeled as an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, is very different from its crystal structure, with the axial ratio of the ellipsoid being approximately 4.5 as compared to only approximately 2.4 in the crystal structure. The large axial ratio and the experimentally determined partial specific volume strongly suggest that, in solution, the diameter of the cross-channel of the hexamer is larger than approximately 17 A seen in the crystal. The global conformation of the helicase is modulated by a specific number of bound nucleotides. The enzyme exists in at least four conformational states, occurring sequentially as a function of the number of bound cofactors. These conformational states are different for ADP, as compared to beta,gamma-imidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMP-PNP). Modulation of the global structure is separated into two phases, different for complexes with up to three bound nucleotides, from the effect observed at the saturating level of cofactors. This heterogeneity indicates different functional roles of the two modulation processes. Nucleotide control of helicase - single-stranded (ss)DNA interactions occurs through affecting the enzyme structure and the ssDNA affinity prior to DNA binding. Only one conformational state of the helicase, with two AMP-PNP molecules bound, has dramatically higher ssDNA-affinities than the complexes with ADP. Moreover the same state also has an increased site-size of the enzyme - ssDNA complexes. The implications of these findings for functional activities of a hexameric helicase are discussed.
Interaction of the BMPR-IA tumor suppressor with a developmentally relevant splicing factor.

Inactivation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling via mutation of the BMPR-IA TGF-β superfamily type I receptor causes familial juvenile polyposis, an inherited gastrointestinal cancer predisposition syndrome. In an effort to provide new insight into the mechanism(s) of BMP-mediated tumor suppression, we employed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify novel proteins that interact with the intracellular domain of BMPR-IA. 30/31 interacting clones encoded SAP49, a splicing factor that has been shown to be required for normal development in Caenorhabditis elegans. The remaining interacting clone was FKBP12.6, a known TGF-β type I receptor interactor. The interaction between BMPR-IA and SAP49 was confirmed via coimmunoprecipitation in human cells. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the GS domain of the receptor and the conserved proline-rich domain of SAP49 were required for the interaction. Co-localization studies suggested that the interaction may occur at the inner leaflet of the nuclear membrane. These data suggest that BMPR-IA may interact with and modulate the activity of a developmentally relevant splicing factor.
Drug-drug interactions involving antiplatelet agents.

See doi:10.1016/S1095-668X(03)00442-1 for the article to which this editorial refers Antiplatelet therapy used to be a simple proposition. ‘An aspirin a day keeps the cardiologist away’ is a modified aphorism that has been true for more than two decades. This is now evidence-based, with the Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration confirming that antiplatelet therapy in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease reduces non-fatal myocardial infarction by one third, non-fatal stroke by one quarter, and vascular mortality by one sixth.1No other pharmacologic agent can challenge the risk-benefit or cost-benefit ratios of aspirin therapy. Aspirin is mandatory treatment for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. However, antiplatelet therapy has become more complex. In recent years, aspirin has been proscribed for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in low risk patients because of a small risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke. Additionally, specific cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors (coxibs) have become attractive anti-inflammatory drug alternatives to aspirin, a COX-1 inhibitor, because they cause less gastrointestinal bleeding, although they may not be as effective in preventing thrombotic events. Now, aspirin resistance has been described and has been defined either as the failure of aspirin to prevent individuals from clinical thrombotic complications or as the failure to produce an expected response on a laboratory measurement of platelet activation or aggregation. Potential drug–drug interactions have also been described with aspirin. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of vasodilating prostaglandins, whereas angiotensin …
A Fruitful Plain: Fertility on the Tallgrass Prairie, 1810–1860

AbstractEarly Euroamerican settlers to the tallgrass prairie region of the Midwest considered how the environment benefitted or hindered their fertility. Both men and women sought the prairie as a ...
The influence of anerobiosis and nitrogen dioxide on the human erythrocyte

Nitrogen dioxide in concentrations of 224-510 ppM retains its ability to increase the calculated redox ratio (NAD/sup +/)/(NADH) of human erythrocytes despite exposure to relatively hypoxic atmospheres. This is interpreted as further evidence that this effect of NO/sub 2/ is mediated by a mechanism other than lipid peroxidation. It is hypothesized that the mechanism may involve NO/sub 2/-hemoglobin interaction. Since neither the reduction in redox ratio induced by hypoxia nor the increase induced by NO/sub 2/ are obscured with combined N/sub 2/ + NO/sub 2/ exposure, it is suggested that different parts of the hemoglobin molecule are altered by O/sub 2/ and NO/sub 2/.
Fatigue behavior and microstructure of 0001 and 1̄014 magnesium single crystals under compression–compression cyclic loading

Abstract Compression–compression cyclic tests were performed on the 0001 and 1014 single crystal samples for 50 loading cycles at room temperature. The compression stress varied in the range of 19 MPa–97 MPa. The tested samples were then studied using various microstructure characterization tools including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The two samples with different orientations had quite different mechanical behavior and microstructural features. For 0001 single crystal, the strain range and ratcheting strain were constant and very small. On the contrary, the sample heavily strained and deformed for 1014 single crystal, and the ratcheting strain was about ten times of that for 0001 single crystal. There was no cyclic hardening/softening for 0001 single crystal, while 1014 single crystal experienced cyclic strain hardening. Microstructural observations indicated that twinning was the main deformation mechanism for 0001 single crystal and basal slip, pyramidal slip, secondary pyramidal slip, and tension and compression twinning operated for 1014 single crystal. The basal slip resulted in the initial plastic deformation region for 1014 single crystal. The Schmid factor analyses demonstrated that the deformation mechanisms were consistent with those obtained from the microstructural observations.
The sanitation syndrome: Bubonic plague and urban native policy in the Cape colony, 1900-1909.

Infectious disease and concepts of public health, operating as societal metaphors, seem to have exercised a powerful influence on the origins and development of urban segregation in South Africa. Between 1900 and 1904 bubonic plague, threatening major centres, occasioned the mass removal of African urban populations to hastily established locations at the instigation of medical authorities and other government officials under the emergency provisions of the public health laws. Inchoate urban policy, under tentative consideration since the 1890s as economic development and social change began to stimulate black urban migration, was precipitated by this episode into specific legislation and permanent administration. Cape Town and Port Elizabeth were the two foci of this development in the Cape Colony, where the government locations at Ndabeni and New Brighton exemplify the process. These moves and the effort to consolidate them were to a large degree frustrated by practical administrative, legal, economic and human factors which have characterized the anomalies and contradictions of urban location policy ever since. A black ‘middle class’ resisted the loss of property rights and clung to aspirations of economic and social mobility or legal independence. Especially at Port Elizabeth, where independent peri-urban settlements proliferated, white officials and politicians laboured in an administrative and legal quagmire. White employers and black migrants proved only marginally amenable to location concepts modelled on the principles of quarantine. But ‘the sanitation syndrome’, equating black urban settlement, labour and living conditions with threats to public health and security, became fixed in the official mind, buttressed a desire to achieve positive social controls, and confirmed or rationalized white race prejudice with a popular imagery of medical menace. These issues of urban social order would be repeated again in connexion with such dire events as the 1918 influenza epidemic as the foundations of Union-wide policy and law were laid during and after World War I.
Orbital specific charge transfer distances, solvent reorganization energies, and electronic coupling energies: Electronic stark effect studies of parallel and orthogonal intervalence transfer in (NC)5Os(II)-CN- Ru(III)(NH3)5-

For the mixed-valent chromophore, (NC)5OsII−CN−RuIII(NH3)5-, spin−orbit coupling and ligand-field asymmetry effects lead to multiple visible region intervalence (metal-to-metal) charge transfer transitions (Forlando et al. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1994, 223, 37). The higher energy transition is associated with transfer from an Os 5dπ orbital that is nominally orthogonal to the charge transfer axis. The lower energy transition, on the other hand, involves a degenerate pair of Os 5dπ donor orbitals directed along the charge transfer axis. Low-temperature electronic Stark effect measurements of the partially resolved transitions permit donor-orbital-specific one-electron-transfer distances to be directly evaluated. The distances, R, are remarkably dependent upon donor orbital orientation (R(parallel) = 2.8 ± 0.2 A; R(orthogonal) = 4.0 ± 0.4 A) and significantly shorter than simple geometric estimates (5.0 A). From the distance information, donor-orbital-specific coupling energies and solvent reorganization energies...
Psychosocial correlates of adolescent smokeless tobacco use

Abstract The current study investigated psychosocial correlates of adolescent smokeless tobacco use. Subjects viewed smokeless tobacco use as less of a health danger than smoking and as more socially acceptable. The social image associated with smokeless tobacco use was an ambivalent one that is some ways matched the masculine, athletic image features in advertising. Subjects' beliefs about the health consequences of smokeless tobacco use, its social acceptability, and its associated social image related to current tobacco use and (among nonusers) to intentions to use tobacco in the future.
Parallel molecular dynamics simulations of alkane/hydroxylated α -aluminum oxide interfaces

Abstract In this paper we describe a practical implementation of parallel computation for the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of an alkane/aluminum oxide interface. A serial MD program was converted into a parallel code utilizing the message passing interface (MPI). This code was evaluated on a twelve processor symmetrical multiprocessor as well as on a cluster of four processor SMPs. A maximum speedup of 5.25 was achieved with twelve processors on the large shared memory machine. The cluster performance saturated at a speedup of 4.5 with two nodes. High communication costs and considerable load imbalance in the system were identified as areas that need further investigation for obtaining better performance.
Cognition and illness experience are associated with illness knowledge among older adults with hypertension

We investigated how cognitive abilities and illness experience relate to illness knowledge. One hundred and forty-eight community-dwelling older adults including hypertensive patients and healthy adults completed a battery that measured illness knowledge, fluid cognitive abilities, crystallized abilities, and health history. Results suggested that hypertension knowledge was primarily associated with illness duration (despite a negative relationship between illness duration and fluid ability) and crystallized ability. Also, greater illness knowledge was associated with an illness perception that may be more consistent with self-care (e.g., greater sense of control). Implications for patient education and training are discussed.
Computational issues in micro-genetic algorithms for traffic management

Emerging artificial intelligence techniques such as genetic algorithms (GAs) allow a more realistic representation and solution of difficult and combinatorial problems such as the dynamic traffic queue management problem. Computational experience in solving such complex large-scale problems by use of micro-GAs is described. In addition to providing evidence of the ability of micro-GAs to successfully identify optimal traffic management schemes, some micro-GA-associated computational issues that warrant attention are highlighted. Choosing a proper population size is a critical decision, and internal variability must be accounted for to assess the goodness of the optimization results properly. A simple rule for deciding the best population size for micro-GAs is proposed. Micro-GAs may converge to low-quality solutions, particularly with very small population sizes; convergence of micro-GAs by itself is not a sufficient indication of good performance. The size of the search space for some real-world systems ...
Facility location under demand uncertainty: Response to a large-scale bio-terror attack

Abstract In the event of a catastrophic bio-terror attack, major urban centers need to efficiently distribute large amounts of medicine to the population. In this paper, we consider a facility location problem to determine the points in a large city where medicine should be handed out to the population. We consider locating capacitated facilities in order to maximize coverage, taking into account a distance-dependent coverage function and demand uncertainty. We formulate a special case of the maximal covering location problem (MCLP) with a loss function, to account for the distance-sensitive demand, and chance-constraints to address the demand uncertainty. This model decides the locations to open, and the supplies and demand assigned to each location. We solve this problem with a locate-allocate heuristic. We illustrate the use of the model by solving a case study of locating facilities to address a large-scale emergency of a hypothetical anthrax attack in Los Angeles County.
Social Workers' Interest in Building Individuals' Financial Capabilities

Social workers have many opportunities to integrate a focus on personal finance into their practice with mostly lower-income and vulnerable client populations. However, little is known about social workers’ interest in personal finance. Results of a survey of social workers (N = 56) interested in integrating personal finance content into their practice are reported in this paper. Ways in which social workers might further develop knowledge and skills in personal finance are discussed. Professional perspectives that social workers may lend to inform financial education and counseling and the emerging field of financial therapy are also explored. Social workers can offer an understanding of the environmental risks that affect the financial health of low-income individuals and families and resources that can help build financial capability.
Kairos in Aristotle's Rhetoric

Many authorities have come to recognize the critical importance of the Greek notion of kairos (right timing and due measure) in contemporary rhetoric. But Aristotelian scholars have generally ignor...
Three-dimensional thermomechanical analyses of reentry vehicles

Abstract The three-dimensional structural analysis of reentry vehicles presents a considerable challenge to the analyst. This is due to the mechanics of the problem as well as to the incorporation of results from several disciplines into the environmental description of the problem. Separate results from aero-analyses, frequently computed in one-dimensional form, must be combined into a three-dimensional format suitable for a structural finite element analysis. Features required for the analysis include the ablated thickness of the heatshield structure, as well as pressure on the vehicle and the temperature distribution through the heatshield. By combining these environments, a complete description of all factors which affect the structural performance of reentry vehicles is included in one analysis. A method is presented for analyzing the structural response of reentry vehicles using the complete three-dimensional environmental load description. In addition, this method permits the timely completion of such analyses on a production basis without making assumptions or simplifying the loading environments. Results from an analysis are presented which illustrate this method. The analysis uses a composite material description of the aeroshell with temperature dependent properties.
Corematal function in Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): Hydroxydanaidal is devoid of intrinsic defensive potency

Hydroxydanaidal, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived male corematal pheromone active in the close-range precopulatory interactions of the moth Utetheisa ornatrix, appears not to contribute to the chemical defense of this moth. The compound failed to manifest feeding deterrency as an additive to mealworms, in assays with a lycosid spider (Lycosa ceratiola). Moreover, contact with the male’s coremata, such as appears to occur inevitably in consequence of courtship in Utetheisa, does not in itself reduce the palatability of the female moth.
Regional Human Lung Dose Following Inhalation of Radioactive Particles at Ages One Month to Adulthood

Abstract A model was developed to relate respiratory tract deposition of inhaled aerosol particles to age at exposure, beginning at 1 month old. The model was expanded to include calculation of radiation dose to the lung when the exposure was continuous through 70 years of life. An aerosol simulating 239PuO2 particles of 0.3μm aerodynamic diameter and in an air concentration of 1 Bq m–3 was used to establish the cumulative radiation doses over the lifetime exposure, using retention half-lives of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 days in the pulmonary region. A computer program was written to use the model in deposition calculations. The program is sufficiently flexible to accept all variables pertinent to lung deposition and dose calculations as a function of age at exposure.
Encapsulation of fluidic tubing and microelectrodes in microfluidic devices: integrating off-chip process and coupling conventional capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

In this paper, an approach to fabricate epoxy or polystyrene microdevices with encapsulated tubing and electrodes is described. Key features of this approach include a fixed alignment between the fluidic tubing and electrodes, the ability to polish the device when desired, and the low dead volume nature of the fluidic interconnects. It is shown that a variety of tubing can be encapsulated with this approach, including fused silica capillary, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), with the resulting tubing/microchip interface not leading to significant band broadening or plug dilution. The applicability of the devices with embedded tubing is demonstrated by integrating several off-chip analytical methods to the microchip. This includes droplet transfer, droplet desegmentation, and microchip-based flow injection analysis. Off-chip generated droplets can be transferred to the microchip with minimal coalescence, while flow injection studies showed improved peak shape and sensitivity when compared to the use of fluidic interconnects with an appreciable dead volume. Importantly, it is shown that this low dead volume approach can be extended to also enable the integration of conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical detection. This is accomplished by embedding fused silica capillary along with palladium (for grounding the electrophoresis voltage) and platinum (for detection) electrodes. With this approach, up to 128 000 theoretical plates for dopamine was possible. In all cases, the tubing and electrodes are housed in a rigid base; this results in extremely robust devices that will be of interest to researchers wanting to develop microchips for use by non-experts.
Peierls potential of screw dislocations in bcc transition metals: Predictions from density functional theory

It is well known that screw dislocation motion dominates the plastic deformation in body-centered-cubic metals at low temperatures. The nature of the nonplanar structure of screw dislocations gives rise to high lattice friction, which results in strong temperature and strain rate dependence of plastic flow. Thus the nature of the Peierls potential, which is responsible for the high lattice resistance, is an important physical property of the material. However, current empirical potentials give a complicated picture of the Peierls potential. Here, we investigate the nature of the Peierls potential using density functional theory in the bcc transition metals. The results show that the shape of the Peierls potential is sinusoidal for every material investigated. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of the potential scales strongly with the energy per unit length of the screw dislocation in the material.
Post-training cocaine administration facilitates habit learning and requires the infralimbic cortex and dorsolateral striatum

Human drug addiction is a complex disorder, in which exogenous substances are able to recruit and maintain behaviors involved in drug taking. Many drugs that are addictive in humans are able to act on natural brain systems for learning and memory, and while many memory systems may be affected by addictive drugs, work with operant tasks has shown that addictive drugs (e.g. cocaine and alcohol) are particularly effective in recruiting habit learning systems, compared to natural rewards. It is currently unknown if the ability of addictive drugs to facilitate habit learning depends on a direct action on habit learning systems in the brain, versus the rewarding properties of drug administration. To differentiate between these options, rats were trained to perform two actions (lever pressing), each of which was rewarded with a different natural reward. After acquiring the behavior, rats received three training sessions which were followed by post-training injections of saline or cocaine (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Using sensory-specific satiety, extinction tests revealed that lever pressing for actions which were paired with saline were sensitive to devaluation (typical of goal-directed behaviors) while actions which were paired with cocaine were not sensitive to devaluation (typical of habitual behaviors). Lesions of the infralimbic or dorsolateral striatum were able to block the action of post-training cocaine injections. These data indicate that, within individual rats, cocaine injections facilitate the transition of behavior to habitual control for actions that have been recently performed, without a general facilitation of habit learning, and that this action of cocaine requires brain areas that are critical for learning natural habits.
Combustion-driven flow reactor studies of thermal DeNOx reaction kinetics

Abstract A combustion-driven flow reactor (CDFR) has been developed and employed in an investigation of Thermal DeNox reaction kinetics. The CDFR consists of a laminar flat-flame burner, an ammonia injection section, and a plug-flow reactor section. Concentrations of NO, NH3, OH, and reactor temperature were measured along the CDFR centerline, providing a Thermal DeNOx data base over the temperature range 1050K to 1450K, for β between 1 and 3 ( β ≡ injected [NH 3 ] initial [NO] ). The data were modeled using a 55 reaction chemical kinetics mechanism, taken primarily from the work of Miller and coworkers. Key reactions in the model were found to be NH 2 + OH = NH 2 + H 2 O , NH 2 + OH = NH + H 2 O , N 2 H + M = N 2 + H + M . Optimal fits to data were achieved with a radical branching ratio α, defined by α ≡ k 21 (k 22 + k 21 ) , with α = 0.48 at 1050K, rising to α ≥ 0.8 at 1400K, and with k10 = 6.0 × 1012 mole/cm3 s.
Ultrasound-based guidance of intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Abstract In ultrasound-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) of prostate cancer, ultrasound imaging ascertains the anatomical position of patients during x-ray therapy delivery. The ultrasound transducers are made of piezoelectric ceramics. The same crystal is used for both ultrasound production and reception. Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound devices capture and correlate series of 2-dimensional (2D) B-mode images. The transducers are often arranged in a convex array for focusing. Lower frequency reaches greater depth, but results in low resolution. For clear image, some gel is usually applied between the probe and the skin contact surface. For prostate positioning, axial and sagittal scans are performed, and the volume contours from computed tomography (CT) planning are superimposed on the ultrasound images obtained before radiation delivery at the linear accelerator. The planning volumes are then overlaid on the ultrasound images and adjusted until they match. The computer automatically deduces the offset necessary to move the patient so that the treatment area is in the correct location. The couch is translated as needed. The currently available commercial equipment can attain a positional accuracy of 1–2 mm. Commercial manufacturer designs differ in the detection of probe coordinates relative to the isocenter. Some use a position-sensing robotic arm, while others have infrared light-emitting diodes or pattern-recognition software with charge-couple-device cameras. Commissioning includes testing of image quality and positional accuracy. Ultrasound is mainly used in prostate positioning. Data for 7825 daily fractions of 234 prostate patients indicated average 3D inter-fractional displacement of about 7.8 mm. There was no perceivable trend of shift over time. Scatter plots showed slight prevalence toward superior-posterior directions. Uncertainties of ultrasound guidance included tissue inhomogeneities, speckle noise, probe pressure, and inter-observer variation. Some published studies detected improvement in treatment based on gastrointestinal toxicity and the reduction of prostate movement.