cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of cell polarity in budding yeast

The development of cell polarity involves virtually every aspect of cell biology. Yeast are less complex than cells traditionally used for studies on cell polarity and are amendable to sophisticated genetic analysis. This has resulted in a growing number of molecular markers for yeast cell polarity and an increasingly well-defined progression of molecular events required for bud formation. Together, these factors provide a favorable context in which to understand how the interplay between a large number of processes can polarize a cell. Many genes required for morphogenesis have been identified, and genetic interactions provide evidence that the products of these genes function together. Studies on cell polarity development in S. cerevisiae have demonstrated a requirement for small GTP-binding proteins and have established functional relationships between temporally coincident events. With the continued identification and analysis of genes required for morphogenesis, and the pursuit of these studies on a cytological and biochemical level, studies on yeast will continue to contribute to our understanding of cell polarity development.
Does temporary socket removal affect residual limb fluid volume of trans-tibial amputees?:

Background:Lower-limb prosthesis users typically experience residual limb volume losses over the course of the day that can detrimentally affect socket fit.Objectives:To determine whether temporari...
Three-Dimensional Structure of Immunoglobulins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study analyzing the three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulins. Heavy atom derivatives were obtained. The compounds used were (1) p -chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS), (2) mercuric cyanide Hg(CN) 2 , and (3) chloroplatinate ion, (PtCl 6 −− ). X-ray diffraction data were measured for the native crystals and each of the heavy atom derivatives to a Bragg spacing of 6 A. Electron micrographs were prepared of sections of the Dob crystals, cut perpendicular to the short c axis. The crystals were fixed with glutaraldehyde, washed, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Maraglas prior to sectioning. The sections were further stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions. The method of optical integration was applied in which the periodicity of the crystal was used to reduce the background noise and reveal the molecular outline. An electron density map was calculated with phases obtained from the heavy atom derivatives. The examination of the map showed that one pair of asymmetric units (containing one complete molecule) had density corresponding to three globular regions. One region lay on the twofold axis relating the two halves of the Dob molecule.
Antiplatelet constituents of garlic and onion

We have identified three main antiplatelet constituents, namely adenosine, allicin and paraffinic polysulfides in both garlic and onion. Adenosine and allicin both inhibited platelet aggregation without affecting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. The trisulfides inhibited platelet aggregation as well as thromboxane synthesis along with induction of new lipoxygenase metabolites. The data indicate that the observed in vivo antiplatelet effects of ingesting onion and garlic are attributable more to the adenosine than to the allicin and paraffinic polysulfide constituents.
Autism in Down’s syndrome: a family history study

Several recent reports have described the occurrence of autism in subjects with Down's syndrome (DS). However, relatively little is known about the family history of these subjects, especially with reference to autism. In order to address this issue, the present author examined 11 subjects with DS and autism (DSM-III-R; nine males), and compared them with seven controls with DS but without autism (DSM-III-R; three males). Details about family psychiatric history were obtained from both groups with an emphasis on autism and related disorders. Subjects with both DS and autism had an excess of first-degree relatives who met the description of the broader phenotype of autism. Seven (64%) of the subjects with autism had an affected parent as against one (14%) of the control group. Similarly, four out of 11 siblings (36%) in the DS with autism group showed features suggestive of the broader autistic phenotype compared to none in the control group. These findings suggest that, at least in some cases, autism-specific genetic factors may be important even when autism occurs in the presence of known medical conditions. Further studies of the mechanism of comorbidity of autism with medical conditions may help clarify the aetiology of the disorder.
High-peformance liquid chromatographic-fluorometric determination on cinnamaldehyde in perfume, cologne and toilet water

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-fluorometric method is described for the determination of trans-cinnamaldehyde in fragrances. The fragrance is added to isooctane and extracted with an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of 6-aminocaproic acid to isolate the aldehyde fraction. After dilution with water, an aliquot of the extract is added to a solution of 1,2-diaminonaphthalene monosulfate in dilute formic acid. The fluorescent derivative of cinnamaldehyde, 2-styrylnaphth[1,2-d]imidazole, is prepared by incubating and then cooling the solution and adding pyridine. Aliquots of the fluorophore solution are analyzed on a reversed-phase C18 HPLC column by using a buffered tetrahydrofuran-water eluent. Cinnamaldehyde is quantitated by comparing fluorescence emission intensity with that of a standard. Recoveries from samples of various commercial fragrances, spiked with cinnamaldehyde at the 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% levels, ranged from 94 to 112% with a mean of 103% and a standard deviation of 5.3. The limit of detection is approximately 1 ng.
Joint Factor Analysis of the DAS and WISC-R:

The joint factor structure of the Differential Abilities Scale (DAS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) was investigated. Principal components analysis with varimax r...
Calculation of the titanium-aluminum phase diagram

The Ti-Al phase diagram has been calculated by optimization of Gibbs energies with respect to phase diagram and thermochemical data.T 0 curves, the locus of compositions and temperatures where the Gibbs energies of the liquid and one of the solid phases are equal, have been calculated over the entire composition range. In order to assure physically reasonable extrapolations of theT 0 curves of the ordered phases far from their equilibrium stability ranges, the Bragg-Williams approximation was used to provide start values for the empirical optimizations. This approximation led to good convergence of the optimizations, and only small deviations from the Bragg-Williams Gibbs energies were needed to obtain excellent agreement with experimental data.
Mean sample spacings, sample size and variability in an auction-theoretic framework

In terms of a standard model for English auctions and sealed-bid auctions, we study the impact of an increase in bidding competition and in variance of the distribution of valuations on the winner's expected rent using tools from order statistics and stochastic ordering.
A bound for the complexity of a simple graph

Abstract Let G be a simple (nondirected) graph with degree sequence d1, d2,…, dn. The number of spanning trees of G is bounded above by ( n n−1 ) n−1 Πd i ∑d i .
Postthoracotomy atrial fibrillation.

Purpose of reviewRapid atrial arrhythmias affect the elderly who undergo cardiac or noncardiac operations annually and have been associated with prolonged hospital stays. This article focuses on new issues leading to the improved understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of postoperative a
Prediction and verification of a woman’s intention to participate in a mammography screening program

Abstract The purpose of this study was to predict intention to obtain a mammogram on a mobile medical van, using Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action. Verification of intention through behavior follow-up was conducted on 199 women ages 40 and older through use of a medical center's mobile medical van. Using regression equations, the results showed that (a) the model failed to predict intention when using the mobile van for screening breast cancer, yet (b) intention was significantly predicted in regard to obtaining a mammogram within the next two years. Attitude was a significant predictor of intention over and above subjective norm, whereas subjective norm was not a significant predictor of intention over and above attitude. The test for interaction between attitude and subjective norm was a significant predictor of intention. In view of this, the attitudinal component should receive greater emphasis with regard to designing health promotion activities aimed toward encouraging women to particip...
Medical management of Cushing's disease.

Cushing’s disease (CD), caused by excess adrenocorticotropin secretion from tumorous pituitary corticotrophs, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The primary, definitive therapy for patients with CD is selective pituitary adenomectomy, generally performed via a transsphenoidal approach. Medical therapy has an important adjunctive role in the management of patients with CD, including preoperative patient preparation in patients with severe disease, and temporizing management of hypercortisolism while awaiting the effects of radiation therapy to occur in patients who are not in remission postoperatively. Medical therapy can also be used in patients with hypercortisolism of unclear origin or in the few patients who decline or are unfit for surgery. Available medical options for patients with CD include centrally acting agents (cabergoline and pasireotide), steroidogenesis inhibitors (ketoconazole, metyrapone, mitotane and etomidate) and a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone). Pasireotide and mifepristone have been recently granted regulatory approval in some countries for use in patients with CD, whereas other medications are used “off label” in this patient population. As clinical trials using comparator agents have not been reported, the choice between different medications is based on patient characteristics and preference. Despite impressive advances in pharmacotherapy for patients with CD, much remains to be done. The long term efficacy and safety of medical therapies for hypercortisolism need to be evaluated and the role of combination therapy must be further characterized. As the pathogenesis of CD becomes better understood at the molecular level, it is likely that novel, targeted medical therapies will be developed to treat CD.
Preparing students and new practitioners for the real-world of OR/MS

Abstract Most OR/MS textbooks and literature and many professors with no in-plant industrial experience do not properly prepare students and new practitioners for what they can expect when they start their careers in industry. The usual structured approach to OR/MS education, although necessary and valuable, gives students little insight into the true nature and extent of industrial problems and what is required to get usable solutions in a short time-frame. The word “optimization” is overplayed because of its mathematical sophistication; whereas, the words “good-enough”, “better”, and “quick-and-dirty” are all but ignored. This article gives students and new practitioners some insight, based on the author's extensive industrial and teaching experience, into what to expect and not to expect when applying OR/MS in industry.
ELINOR OSTROM – NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS 2009

Elinor Ostrom's groundbreaking studies on self-governance systems and on how people solve common-pool resource problems have challenged the theory and practice of economic development. Two theses stand at the core of this challenge. Firstly, any single, comprehensive set of formal laws intended to govern a large expanse of territory containing diverse ecological niches is bound to fail. Secondly, improving the abilities of those directly engaged in the particulars of their local conditions to organise themselves is potentially a better strategy than attempting to implement idealised, theoretically optimal institutional arrangements. From there to tangible national-level economic growth strategies in developing countries is a long road but Ostrom and her team have pointed the direction and opened the way.
Epitaxy, Oxidation and Surface Structure of Copper on Gold Films by High Resolution Electron Microscopy

High resolution electron microscope studies were undertaken of the epitaxy and oxidation of thin layers (<30A) of vapor deposited Cu on single crystal Au films. The metal/metal and oxide/metal orientation relationships were analyzed for both the diffraction and imaging modes, before and after the Cu oxidation was significant. For the oxide overlayers two cases were studied: (111) Cu which transforms into three (110) variants of Cu2O, each rotated by 120° and (110) Cu transforming to a layered (211) oxide overgrowth. A lateral displacement of the surface top layer of Cu atoms was found for the (110) orientation of Cu2O. The (211) orientation of Cu2O had two structural variants of surface ordering rotated by 90° relative to the underlying metal. One of these cases directly exhibits a 3.01A × 7.39A supercell structure characteristic of a 0.58A atomic step height of the (211) planar layers perpendicular to the surface.
Slow flow in regenerating C-fibers

Abstract An identical rate of slow flow was measured in 3 different populations of regenerating C-fibers which have very different growth abilities as expressed by a 6-fold difference in their elongation velocities. At 21 °C, this rate of slow flow is 3.5 times faster than the rate measured in intact nerves and is identical to the elongation velocity of the most rapidly regenerating fibers. Slow flow may constitute the upper limit of the elongation velocity of a regenerating axon but other factors determined by the perikaryon (such as protein synthesis) might prevent the neuron from reaching the maximal growth rate.
On the Importance of the Intention/Foresight Distinction

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la distinction entre l'intention et la prevision, soutenue par les partisans de la doctrine catholique du double effet (DDE), se fonde dans le langage ordinaire, s'inscrit dans le cadre de la philosophie morale catholique et souleve un vaste debat concernant la definition juridique de l'intention
Characterization of inhibitors acting at the synthetase site of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B.

Asparagine synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of l-asparagine from l-aspartate and l-glutamine, via a β-aspartyl-AMP intermediate. Since interfering with this enzyme activity might be useful for treating leukemia and solid tumors, we have sought small-molecule inhibitors of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B (AS-B) as a model system for the human enzyme. Prior work showed that l-cysteine sulfinic acid competitively inhibits this enzyme by interfering with l-aspartate binding. Here, we demonstrate that cysteine sulfinic acid is also a partial substrate for E. coli asparagine synthetase, acting as a nucleophile to form the sulfur analogue of β-aspartyl-AMP, which is subsequently hydrolyzed back to cysteine sulfinic acid and AMP in a futile cycle. While cysteine sulfinic acid did not itself constitute a clinically useful inhibitor of asparagine synthetase B, these results suggested that replacing this linkage by a more stable analogue might lead to a more potent inhibitor. A sulfoximine r...
Radial distribution functions of amorphous silicon

Substantial changes in the radial distribution function of amorphous Si films have been observed in neutron-diffraction studies. The spectra indicate changes in short-range order associated with an approx.11% modification in the bond-angle distribution width. The results allow the first direct comparison of structural and vibrational Raman probes of variations in local order in thin-film amorphous solids. Good agreement is obtained between the measured bond-angle variation and that based on Raman estimates.
Investigation of a grid-free density functional theory (DFT) approach

Density functional theory (DFT) has gained popularity, because it can frequently give accurate energies and geometries. Because evaluating DFT integrals fully analytically is usually impossible, most implementations use numerical quadrature over grid points, which can lead to numerical instabilities. To avoid these instabilities, the Almlof-Zheng (AZ) grid-free approach was developed. This approach involves application of the resolution of the identity (RI) to evaluate the integrals. The focus of the current work is on the implementation of the AZ approach into the electronic structure code GAMESS, and on the convergence of the resolution of the identity with respect to basis set in the grid-free approach. Both single point energies and gradients are calculated for a variety of functionals and molecules. Conventional atomic basis sets are found to be inadequate for fitting the RI, particularly for gradient corrected functionals. Further work on developing auxiliary basis set approaches is warranted.
Role of NH3 as an intermediate in reduction of NO with CH4 over sol-gel Pd catalysts on TiO2

Abstract Our previous studies [Catal. Commun., in press; J. Catal., in press] on sol–gel-prepared Pd catalysts for reduction of NO with CH 4 suggested that one of the key surface species for the NO–CH 4 –O 2 reaction involved NH x species. In this study, the use of NH 3 as the reducing agent for NO reduction on the Gd–Pd/TiO 2 catalyst was investigated under steady-state conditions. Also, temperature-programmed desorption using mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) were used to study the adsorption/desorption characteristics of NH 3 on Gd–Pd/TiO 2 . It was found that NH 3 was effective in reduction of NO on the reduced catalyst in the absence of O 2 at 300 °C (100% NO conversion). This result was consistent with our earlier suggestion that NH x species formed through the interaction of methane and NO adspecies could act as a reducing agent for Pd–NO species. In the presence of O 2 , however, NH 3 oxidation takes place faster than NO reduction and NO conversion decreased. Our NH 3 -TPD experiments indicated that the reversible NH 3 adsorption capacity was higher on the reduced catalyst compared to the oxidized catalyst. Also, there was a strong evidence obtained by DRIFTS that adsorbed NH 3 is transformed into monodentate nitrate species on the oxidized catalyst.
SU‐FF‐T‐334: Activation Induced by Proton Interactions in a Multileaf Collimator in Proton Therapy

Purpose: The design of a computer‐controlled multileaf collimator(MLC) for use in a protonradiotherapy beamline requires investigation of issues of neutron and radioactive isotope production due to activation, which result in an increase of dose to patients and personnel. Method and Materials:Materials such as tungsten (W), tungsten‐copper (10%) alloy (WCu10), iron (Fe), low‐carbon steel (LCS), medium‐carbon steel (MCS), and brass have been studied to explore proton‐induced radiation activation and generation of neutrons under proton bombardment of energy up to 250 MeV. Analysis was based on a wide variety of experimental and nuclear reaction simulation data. Neutrons generated will induce additional radioactivity in the MLC, in other materials in the treatment room, and will deposit undesirable dose in the patient. The size and cost of the materials need to be considered as well. Results: The probability of neutron production per 25 MeV energy interval of incident protons has been calculated for the selected materials as the proton stop. Furthermore, the probability for generation of radioactive products has been studied. The predominate radioactive nuclides with half‐lives greater than 1 hour generated in three materials were as follows. For Fe: 27 Co 58,57,56,55 , 26 Fe 55,53,52 , 24 Cr 51,58 , 25 Mn 54,52,51 , and 23 V 49,48,47 . For brass: 29 Cu 64,62,61 , 30 Zn 65,63,62 , 31 Ga 68,67,66,65,64 , 27 Co 60,58 , 82 Pb 203,202,201 , 83 Bi 203,204,205,206,207 , 81 Tl 204,201 , 80 Hg 203 . For W: 74 W 185,181,179,178 , 75 Re 186,184,183,182,181 , 73 Ta 183,182,179,177,176 , 72 Hf 184,181,179,178,177,175,172,173 . In terms of neutron production W has three times higher neutron multiplicity compared to Fe; however, W density is also 2.5 times as high to Fe and because of the higher atomic number may have better self‐shielding properties. Conclusion: These results are being used to select an optimal material, not only for an MLC, but also for other patient devices used in proton therapy.
Detection and some properties of an enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster that releases the side chain from dihydroneopterin triphosphate

Abstract The conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate to simpler pteridines such as pterin or isoxanthopterin requires the removal of the three-carbon side chain. Also, the structure of drosopterin can be considered as two pterin-type aromatic structures condensed with a single three-carbon component; the removal of the other three-carbon side chain may be inferred. An enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster is described that cleaves the three-carbon side chain of dihydroneopterin triphosphate. The enzyme is optimally active in 1,4-piperazinediethanesulphonic acid buffer at pH 7, requires Mg 2+ as cofactor, and is relatively stable at 50°C. The activity can be inhibited by EDTA and also by Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Ni 2+ and Be 2+ . No metal ion completely replaced Mg 2+ as a cofactor although Mn 2+ and Co 2+ were partially effective. Removal of the phosphates from the substrate results in little or no reaction with this enzyme; no appreciable inhibition is found by pterin or its derivatives containing -CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CHO or -COOH at the 6 position nor by neopterin monophosphate. The larger proportion of the enzyme activity is found in the head compared with that of the thorax-abdomen. Of the cellular subfractions the soluble cytoplasm has the majority of activity. Among the developmental stages examined the one- to two-day-old adult has the greatest amount of activity, but no stage was found to be completely without the enzyme.
Simulation of interaction forces between nanoparticles in the presence of Lennard-Jones polymers: Freely adsorbing homopolymer modifiers

The force between two nanoscale colloidal particles dispersed in a solution of freely adsorbing Lennard−Jones homopolymer modifiers is calculated using the expanded grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation method. We investigate the effect of polymer chain length (N), nanoparticle diameter (σc), and colloid−polymer interaction energy (ecp) on polymer adsorption (Γ) and polymer-induced forces (FP(r)) between nanoparticles in the full thermodynamic equilibrium condition. There is a strong correlation between polymer adsorption and the polymer-mediated nanoparticle forces. When the polymer adsorption is weak, as in the case of smaller diameters and short polymer chain lengths (σc = 5, N = 10), the polymers do not have any significant effect on the bare nanoparticle interactions. The adsorbed amount increases with increasing particle diameter, polymer chain length, and colloid−polymer interaction energy. In general, for strong polymer−particle adsorption the polymer-governed force profiles between nanoparticles...
N,O-Polydentate Scorpionate Ligands

New bis- and trispyrazolylborate (scorpionate) ligands derived from 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrazole have been synthesized. They can function as N,O-polydentate donors, as was demonstrated in the st...
Risk managed technical specifications

Application of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) technology has become an essential component in the decision-making processes associated with the operation and regulation of commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs). As PRA technology has matured, it increasingly has been utilized to provide risk insights in the support of both operational and regulatory decision-making. This paper describes the next significant application of PRA technology to risk inform NPP operation. This Risk Managed Technical Specification (RMTS) application utilizes the results of the plant PRA to determine risk-informed technical specification (TS) allowed out of service times (AOTs). The RMTS process utilizes the PRA results to specify appropriate configuration specific TS AOTs and ensures the risk of events that could result in core damage or large early release are maintained below acceptable levels. In addition, RMTS requires development of integrated risk management actions to actively mitigate risks associated with the inoperability of TS structures, systems and components (SSCs). RMTS has been approved for implementation at commercial NPPs in the United States with the South Texas Project Electric Generating Station (STPEGS) serving as the initial application. In this paper we describe the programmatic requirements necessary to implement RMTS and provide several examples illustrating its application; thus demonstrating the applicability of RMTS to manage nuclear safety risk while simultaneously enhancing operational flexibility.
Evaporation from a Limonene Emulsion

A publication to honor the legacy of Per Ekwall, the Finnish colloid chemist, whose research was on the forefront for several decades in the area of colloidal association structures. In the article an algebraic method was applied to obtain information about the conditions during evaporation of the volatile compounds in a system of limonene, water and Laureth 4 (a commercial tetraoxyethylene dodecyl ether). The evaporation path was calculated using published information about the phase diagram of the system and about the vapor pressures of the components at selected compositions. In the calculations intervals between steps were made proportional to the difference between the excess vapor pressure of water at the selected level of relative humidity and its full vapor pressure at zero relative humidity. This calculation method inherently gave linear time dependence of the remaining water in the emulsion because of its constant vapor pressure. The calculations also revealed the amount of limonene to be close ...
Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous?: An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure

Scholars have traditionally argued that Islamist terrorist groups tend to commit higher casualty attacks. Noting that casualty rates of attacks vary widely across Islamist terrorist groups, this study advances an alternative hypothesis that group organizational features and goal structures better explain differing casualty rates than does the overarching ideological type. Using both cross-national analysis and a case study of post-invasion Iraq, I demonstrate that there are two basic types of Islamist terrorist groups whose organizational and goal-structure features explain divergent casualty rates: “strategic groups” that function similarly to secular national-liberation and regime-change movements and “abstract/universal groups” that are affiliated with the global al-Qaeda network.
Water can be messy, but that’s OK: reflections on preparing elementary teachers to teach science

Building on Christina Siry and Johaira Lara’s account of one teacher’s (Johaira’s) identity formation, we describe how our own experiences with elementary teacher candidates inform, and are informed by, this account. Chris and Johaira provide a lens that helps us consider how experiences in elementary science teacher preparation courses and in elementary classrooms impact the development of a teacher candidate’s identity as a teacher. The course taught by Chris was one in which teacher candidates encountered uncertainty and ambiguity in the teaching process. While uncertainty and ambiguity can be uncomfortable, we suggest that uncertainty and ambiguity can help teacher candidates view science teaching as a process of continuous inquiry. Concomitantly, working within a context marked by ambiguity and uncertainty can prompt teacher candidates to confront—and possibly transform—their own assumptions about students and science. We suggest that the account by Chris and Johaira illustrates the importance of providing teacher candidates with a set of experiences and theoretical tools to assist them in conceptualizing the possibilities of practice as they construct their identities as teachers.
The viscoelastic properties of crosslinked poly(ethylene tetrasulfide). I

Abstract A range of crosslink densities has been introduced into poly(ethylene tetrasulfide) by use of the trifunctional agent, 1,2,3-trichloropropane. The formation of a cross-linked structure has been established by torsional modulus measurements over a range of temperatures from the glass transition region to a region of rapid stress decay due to interchange reactions between polysulfide linkages. Estimates have been made of the deviation from ideal rubber elasticity by calculating the front factors times the crosslink efficiency.
Inversionless decoding of binary BCH codes

The iterative algorithm for decoding binary BCH codes presented by Berlekamp and, in an alternative form, by Massey is modified to eliminate inversion. Because inversion in a finite field is time consuming and requires relatively complex circuitry, this new algorithm should he useful in practical applications of multiple-error-correcting binary BCH codes.
Visual Excitation and Blood Clotting

Both processes involve extremely large amplification between the stimulus and the response. In vision it had been suggested that thismight be achieved by a chain of successive proenzyme-enzyme activations. Such a chain has now been found to underlie the mechanism of blood clotting. Methods are suggested for pursuing this comparison further.
Validating Timber Harvesting Productivity and Cost Information in Michigan Loggers’ Survey Using Field-based Studies

Abstract. A survey was developed in 2010 for Michiganâ€™s logging industry especially within the 150-mile radius of Kinross, MI. This survey included loggersâ€™ report about current timber harvesting machinery and productivity information. In order to have more confidence when using the results from loggersâ€™ survey, a series of field-based studies was designed to evaluate harvesting productivity and cost of a mechanized whole tree harvesting system for both hardwood stand clearcut and softwood stand 70% selective cut in Michigan. Detailed time and motion study results showed that at hardwood clearcut site, under the conditions of average target tree size (DBH) of 8.5 inches and average skidding distances of 515 feet, the system presented harvesting production rates of 28.00 BDT/PMH and 29.19 BDT/PMH for the feller-buncher and skidder, respectively. In the case of softwood 70% selective cut, when average target tree size was 5.36 inches and average skidding distances was 319 feet, the harvesting productivity was 9.59 BDT/PMH for the feller-buncher and 14.16 BDT/PMH for the skidder. The total felling and skidding production costs were determined to be 3.72 $/BDT and 9.19 $/BDT at site 1 and site 2, respectively. Comparison between survey-based and field-based harvesting system productivity showed that loggersâ€™ survey underestimated the production rate in hardwood stand clearcut, and overestimated the production rate in softwood stand selective cut. Missing of tree size information in the loggersâ€™ survey could be one reason that led to the difference between survey-based and field-based production rates. Use of assumed 50% green wood moisture content could also make the survey-based production rates measured in BDT/PMH deviate from their real value when wood moisture content was significantly different from 50%.
EFFECTS OF LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY IN THE RAT

THE more recent development of aviation medicine has revived and intensified interest and research in the study of the effects of low atmospheric pressures on the physiological mechanism (Dill, 1938; Armstrong, 1939; Van Liere, 1942; Hoff and Fulton, 1942; Sundstroem and Michaels, 1942). The experiments dealing with the endocrine glands have centered largely on the response of the adrenal cortex under these conditions. It has now been well established that one feature of the response of animals subjected to low atmospheric pressures is an initially increased adrenal-cortical activity (Giragossintz and Sundstroem, 1937; Armstrong and Heim, 1938; Langley, 1942; Sundstroem and Michaels, 1942). This is reflected in a marked hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex (Armstrong and Heim, 1938; Langley, 1942; Thorn, Jones, Lewis, Mitchell and Koepf, 1942; Langley and, Clarke, 1942; Dohan, 1942), and a reduction in the amount of osmiophilic substance in this gland (Sundstroem and Michaels, 1942; Thorn, et al, 1942; Pomer...
Analysis of Fifteen Estrogen Metabolites Using Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for the separation of estrone, estradiol, estriol, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, 16-ketoestradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, 2-methoxyestrone, 4-methoxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether, 2-methoxyestradiol, 4-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone, and 2-hydroxyestradiol. A gradient of methanol in carbon dioxide (0−30% methanol in 15 min, 2% change/min) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min and cyanopropyl silica column connected in series with a diol column, both 2.1 mm i.d. × 150 mm long, packed with 5-μm spherical silica-based particles, resulted in the separation and quantification of all 15 estrogens in less than 10 min. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this pSFC MS/MS method was determined to be 0.5 (S/N = 3), and 5 pg, respectively. Compared with RP-HPLC MS analysis of the same mixture in terms of speed of analysis and sensitivity, pSFC MS is much faster, 10 versus 70 min, with...
Turbulence Theory for the Current Carriers in Solids and a Theory of 1 f Noise

The theory of homogeneous isotropic turbulence of current carriers in metals and semiconductors is developed in terms of the magnetic field fluctuations. A quasinormality hypothesis is used to truncate the chain of equations for the correlation functions. A ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ spectrum in wave numbers and a $\frac{1}{f}$ spectrum in frequencies are obtained. The $\frac{1}{f}$ spectrum is also obtained for fluctuations of current and voltage in a ring-shaped circuit embedded in the turbulent field. These results are used to construct a universal theory of $\frac{1}{f}$ noise in electronic circuits.
Abstract 109: PET imaging of 89Zr-labeled Pertuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer xenografts

The sensitivity and quantitative properties of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging combined with the selectivity and high affinity of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) make a powerful tool in molecular imaging of diseases including breast cancer. Radiolabeling mAbs with the positron-emitting 89Zr has recently been useful in clinical trials due to its relatively long half-life (t1/2 = 3.3 days), which matches the pharmacokinetic properties of mAbs. Pertuzumab (Perjeta™) is an FDA-approved mAb for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer, in combination with Trastuzumab (Herceptin™) and chemotherapy. Herein, we evaluated 89Zr-labeled Pertuzumab as a PET imaging agent in transgenic mice-bearing human breast cancer. The 89Zr chelator, p-isothiocyanatobenzyl-desferrioxamine, was conjugated to Pertuzumab and subsequently radiolabeled with 89Zr. The immunoreactivity and specificity of 89Zr-Pertuzumab for HER2-expressing cells were determined in vitro and showed retention of 89Zr-Pertuzumab immunoreactivity and specific binding to HER2-expressing cells. Human breast cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously in severely immunocompromised NOG mice, a model which allows for the growth of HER2-positive tumors without exogenous stimuli. 89Zr-Pertuzumab was injected via tail vein and imaged and 5 and 7 days post-injection (p.i.) followed by biodistribution studies. Optimal contrast was achieved at 5 days p.i., with higher tumor uptake in the HER2-positive xenograft than the HER2-negative model. Immunohistochemical analysis of these tumors is in agreement with PET imaging analysis. These results illustrate that 89Zr-Pertuzumab may be beneficial for the noninvasive assessment of HER2 expression. Citation Format: Bernadette V. Marquez, Oluwatayo F. Ikotun, Brian Wright, Alexander Zheleznyak, Pierce Richard, Suzanne E. Lapi. PET imaging of 89Zr-labeled Pertuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer xenografts. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 109. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-109
Solar energy/utility interface: The technical issues

Abstract Technical issues will arise across the solar energy/utility interface as the use of solar energy penetrates further into our society. These are not the issues of simply collecting solar energy or of utility energy production but those issues related to the interconnection of solar energy systems with utility systems. The authors address this task by classifying solar technologies and then by setting a present utility baseline. Then they approach the matter of solar end-use technologies and solar generating technologies, with emphasis on technical issues of their interface. Finally, they discuss the challenges to the utility industry and describe a program of research and development that they consider necessary to meet these challenges.
Studies of the mechanism of action of 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotides on hepatic glucose production.

Abstract In order to elucidate the mechanism of action of 3′5′ cyclic nucleotide-induced hepatic glucose production, isolated rat livers were perfused with a variety of cyclic nucleotides. Hepatic levels of cyclic AMP, which were increased 2 to 3 fold by glucagon perfusion, did not exceed control levels (1.12±20 picomoles/g) after perfusion with cyclic GMP or cyclic IMP, which were equipotent to cyclic AMP in stimulating glucose production, or with pyrimidine 3′5′ cyclic nucleotides (cyclic UMP, cyclic CMP, cyclic TMP), which were less potent. Measurement of the glycolytic intermediates demonstrated that cyclic GMP and cyclic IMP, like glucagon and cyclic AMP, induced a characteristic gluconeogenic stimulation of the pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate sequence. Pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides induced non-specific patterns of glycolytic intermediary metabolism.
Solid Solution Formation in Amphiphilic Organic−Inorganic Clay Heterostructures

Amphiphilic mixed ion smectite clays have been prepared by the reaction of inorganic ion exchanged forms of synthetic fluorohectorite with [C16H33EBu3+] onium ions, where E is N or P. Regardless of the initial inorganic exchange cation (Li+, Na+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Ce3+), heterostructures with regularly stacked galleries of organic and inorganic ions were formed at fQ = 0.50, where fQ is the fraction of surfactant onium ions. The stagelike segregation of cations into separate galleries is attributable to the steric restrictions of the headgroup and to hydrophobic interactions between the alkyl groups of the onium ions. The same 1:1 mixed ion intercalates were formed by ion redistribution reactions of the homoionic end-member clays, indicating their thermodynamic stability. Decreasing the fraction of onium ions from fQ = 0.50 to 0.33 resulted in the displacement of up to 30% of the onium ions (C16H33PBu3+) in the organic galleries by inorganic cations (Na+). The same gallery stacking sequence as in a 1:1 mi...
Histochemical observations on Posthodiplostomum minimum II. Esterases in subcuticular cells, holdfast organ cells, and the nervous system

Abstract The histology and histochemistry of the subcuticular cells and the holdfast organ cells have been studied in both the metacercariae and adults of Posthodiplostomum minimum. The primary secretory product of both cell types is a nonspecific esterase that is eserine-resistant but is inhibited by sodium fluoride. The contents of the subcuticular cells are granular and contain, in addition to nonspecific esterase, protein and RNA. The products of the subcuticular cells are apparently emptied to the exterior through the cuticle of the forebody. The contents of the holdfast organ cells react histochemically the same as do the contents of the subcuticular cells. These cells, however, have definitive ducts that communicate with the cuticle of the holdfast organ. Cholinesterase is found only in the nervous system of P. minimum, a description of which is included.
Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls

Summary Background Up to 25% of adolescent girls in the USA are iron deficient. This double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the effects of iron supplementation on cognitive function in adolescent girls with non-anaemic iron deficiency. Methods 716 girls who enrolled at four Baltimore high schools were screened for non-anaemic iron deficiency (serum ferritin ⩽12 μg/L with normal haemoglobin). 98 (13·7%) girls had non-anaemic iron deficiency of whom 81 were enrolled in the trial. Participants were randomly assigned oral ferrous sulphate (650 mg twice daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. The effect of iron treatment was assessed by questionnaires and haematological and cognitive tests, which were done before treatment started and repeated after the intervention. We used four tests of attention and memory to measure cognitive functioning. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were done. Findings Of the 81 enrolled girls with non-anaemic iron deficiency, 78 (96%) completed the study (39 in each group). Five girls (three control, two treatment) developed anaemia during the intervention and were excluded from the analyses. Thus, 73 girls were included in the per-protocol analysis. Ethnic distribution, mean age, serum ferritin concentrations, haemoglobin concentrations, and cognitive test scores of the groups did not differ significantly at baseline. Postintervention haematological measures of iron status were significantly improved in the treatment group (serum ferritin 27·3 vs 12·1 μg/L, p Interpretation In this urban population of non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls, iron supplementation improved verbal learning and memory.
Synthesis and neurotropic activity of new derivatives of piperazino-substituted pyrano[3,4- c ]pyridines

Methods for the synthesis of new derivatives of substituted piperazines were developed. Syntheses were based on chloro derivatives of pyrano[3,4-c]pyridines. The anticonvulsive and predicted tranquillizer activities of the compounds synthesized here were studied. Compounds with neurotropic – anticonvulsive, antiamnestic, and sedative – properties were identified.
On Indonesia in the Satellite Age

When the former Dutch East Indies colony was internationally recognized as the independent Republic of Indonesia, there was little to hold the new nation together either geographically or culturally. Cobbling together a sense of common destiny and a national consciousness to unite its distant and disparate elements was one of the great challenges faced by the new nation’s leaders. Their efforts to produce an Indonesian “imagined community” have fascinated Western anthropologists, and the anthropology of Indonesia has been characterized by attention to the cultural politics of the state. Soeharto fancied himself Indonesia’s “Mr. Development,” and economic development was the centerpiece of his New Order regime. It served both as the promise of a glorious future and the justification for repression in the present. It was also an unending opportunity for personal enrichment, especially among those in the president’s inner circle. Soeharto’s grip on power unravelled in a wave of popular dissent in 1998, and since then observers have come to take a more nuanced view of state power, as the discourses of the state were revealed as brittle and contingent, contested from within as well as without. Barker’s (CA 46:703–27) article is located squarely within this anthropological tradition, and his excellent analysis moves it forward in several interesting ways. First, through his analysis of the creation of the “Palapa discourse” by the engineers and technocrats of what he calls the “satellite generation,” he effectively dismantles the notion of the foundational unity of the discourse of development. His analysis focuses on the function of these men (and one woman) as ideological “mediators” who established the political meaning of the Palapa satellite system as a national development project. They started with a vision of Indonesian modernity that had been at the heart of nationalist imaginings at least since the time of the Independence struggle: that an independent Indonesia could achieve technological parity on the global stage of nations and that independence would bring the material benefits of modernity to the masses. They added to this vision the unifying political aspect of the project—television and telephone signals reaching from one end of the archipelago to the other. Equally important, they played to nativist
Female Proclivity to the World of Business

SUMMARY This paper investigates entrepreneurial women confronted with the self-employment or business career choice. Optimistic women have a higher proclivity to be businesswomen. Businesswomen select self- over paid employment when they are young or old, less educated, married or with under-age children. There are no significant native-immigrant differences. However, among immigrant women those who are in Germany 6 to 12 years are more likely to go into self-employment. These results show that women in Germany who are in their prime working age, educated, not married, and with no under-age children are less likely to choose self-employment, as it is not viewed as a channel to achieving higher socio-economic standing.
Immunohistochemistry in Undifferentiated Neoplasm/Tumor of Uncertain Origin

Context.— Immunohistochemistry has become an indispensable ancillary study in the identification and classification of undifferentiated neoplasms/tumors of uncertain origin. The diagnostic accuracy...
Species-Specific Variation in the B30.2(SPRY) Domain of TRIM5α Determines the Potency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Restriction

Retroviruses encounter dominant postentry restrictions in cells of particular species. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is blocked in the cells of Old World monkeys by TRIM5alpha, a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein composed of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30.2(SPRY) domains. Rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(rh)) more potently blocks HIV-1 infection than human TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha(hu)). Here, by studying chimeric TRIM5alpha proteins, we demonstrate that the major determinant of anti-HIV-1 potency is the B30.2(SPRY) domain. Analysis of species-specific variation in TRIM5alpha has identified three variable regions (v1, v2, and v3) within the B30.2 domain. The TRIM5alpha proteins of Old World primates exhibit expansion, duplication, and residue variation specifically in the v1 region. Replacement of three amino acids in the N terminus of the TRIM5alpha(hu) B30.2 v1 region with the corresponding TRIM5alpha(rh) residues resulted in a TRIM5alpha molecule that restricted HIV-1 nearly as efficiently as wild-type TRIM5alpha(rh). Surprisingly, a single-amino-acid change in this region of TRIM5alpha(hu) allowed potent restriction of simian immunodeficiency virus, a phenotype not observed for either wild-type TRIM5alpha(hu) or TRIM5alpha(rh). Some of the chimeric TRIM5alpha proteins that are >98% identical to the human protein yet mediate a strong restriction of HIV-1 infection may have therapeutic utility. These observations implicate the v1 variable region of the B30.2(SPRY) domain in TRIM5alpha(rh) antiviral potency.