cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Port Site, Retroperitoneal and Intra-Abdominal Recurrence after Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Apparently Isolated Metastasis

A 55-year-old woman who had previously undergone resection of stage IIB nonsmall cell lung cancer followed by chemotherapy and irradiation was found to have a 2.5 cm. left adrenal nodule suspicious for solitary metastasis on computerized tomography (CT) (fig. 1). Subsequent evaluation with positron emission tomography, head CT and spine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no additional disease. The patient was advised that resection of the isolated metastasis might produce a long-term disease-free outcome. At transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (standard instrumentation, 4 ports) the mass was considerably larger than suspected. As such, the wide field of dissection included the margins of the kidney laterally, aorta medially, lumbar musculature posteriorly, renal vein inferiorly and spleen superiorly. The specimen was dissected free without gross violation and was removed intact in an entrapment sack through the primary port site (mid clavicular line 2 cm. cephalad to the umbilicus) enlarged to 4 cm. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 1. On the self-reported questionnaire she indicated a return to normal nonstrenuous activity on postoperative day 3. The surgical specimen weighed 72 gm. and measured 8.0 6.0 3.0 cm. Pathological examination revealed a 5.0 1.5 1.5 cm. normal adrenal gland and an immediately adjacent 5.0 5.0 3.5 cm. mass consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma. The specimen was not inked for margins, but there was cautery artifact at the edge of the malignant mass. A bowel obstruction developed 5 months postoperatively. A large mass was palpable at the port site used for extraction. CT showed advanced disease in the retroperitoneum, abdomen and anterior abdominal wall (fig. 2). After receiving palliative external beam radiotherapy, the patient died 10 months following laparoscopic adrenalectomy secondary to multiple metastases.
Monitoring and fault diagnosis of the steam generator system of a nuclear power plant using data-driven modeling and residual space analysis

Abstract An advanced fault detection and isolation (FDI) technique was developed for the steam generator system of a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant. The system characterization module used the group method of data handling method for modeling the interrelationship among the various process variables associated with a U-tube steam generator (UTSG). A principal component analysis algorithm was utilized for the generation of representative fault signatures. The accuracy of fault identification was quantified using normalized vector projections on to fault spaces. Other classical pattern classification methods were executed in parallel to increase the robustness of FDI results. Six typical static faults and one transient fault were successfully detected and isolated using a full-scope simulation of a four-loop PWR. The results demonstrate the implementation of the FDI algorithm for both instrument and actuator monitoring.
THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF INSTITUTIONAL COMMITMENT: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The present study examined the underlying structure of the variable Institutional Commitment by testing for the convergence, or lack thereof, among different indicators of the construct as represented by three theoretical frameworks (Tinto, 1975, 1987; Bean, 1985; Huselid and Day, 1991). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that Institutional Commitment could be decomposed into two multiple indicators of the same latent construct: a general factor that groups items related to institutional quality, practical value of an education, utility of an education, fit between student and institution, and loyalty to the institution and another factor represented by items indicating similarity of values (Affinity of Values). Moreover, the study established the predictive validity of each subcomponent on different outcomes related to student persistence. While Institutional Commitment was found to have a significant direct effect on both students' intents to persist and actual persistence behavior, Affinity of Values was not as equally predictive of measures of student retention.
Implications of Globalization in the Teaching of Public Administration in Africa: The Case of Nigeria

Abstract This article examines the implications of globalization in the teaching of public administration in Nigeria. It explores the teaching of public administration in Nigeria before and after 1986. The study argues that the teaching of public administration in Nigeria followed the British educational pattern before 1986, but changed to the United States model between 1987 and 2002. It also argues that for public administration training to be meaningful in Nigeria, it should be designed and implemented with relevance to the sustainable development mission of the nation. The article examines the poor fit between the British and American models and the political environment in Nigeria. This wrong fit between the western models of teaching public administration and the appropriate model for Nigeria has been a major concern to those advocating sustainable development in the nation. Some suggestions are given on how to improve the teaching of public administration in Nigeria in the future.
Pathway switching in templated virus-like particle assembly

Assembly pathways of virus-like particles formed from a virus coat protein cage encapsulating a metal nanoparticle were studied by intrinsic fluorescence quenching. Depending on buffer conditions, the in vitro formation of a virus-like particle can take place through cooperative or non-cooperative adsorption of protein subunits on the nanoparticle template. Simple equilibrium models provided estimates for the thermodynamic forces driving the assembly as well as the size of the critical nucleus in the case of cooperative growth.
Breaking and Making Norms: American Revisionism and Crises of Legitimacy

International norms are influential when they are seen as legitimate, and recent American behaviour may undermine the legitimacy of norms on the use of force. I examine three kinds of legitimacy crisis that might arise from American revisionism. First, the US threatens to delegitimate the norms that it challenges, particularly on military preemption. Second, it threatens to undermine its own influence by disassociating American power from one source of legitimation. Finally, it may negate the basic idea of American hegemony as that term is understood in constructivist scholarship and so transform the structure of the international system. Any of these might lead to a crisis, though of different kinds. The American challenge to the customary law on preemption threatens to delegitimize both the existing norms and the social basis of US power, while also attempting to legitimize American interests and new understandings of the norms. It therefore shows the productive and destructive aspects of the power of legitimation in world politics. Legitimation is the link between states and the normative structures of international society.
Liquid scintillation and Cherenkov counting characteristics of109Cd

When109Cd is placed in a liquid scintillation counter, 146±1 counts are obtained for every 100109Cd nuclides which undergo decay. Thus, the average efficiency for each of the two steps in the decay process is ∼73%. In examining the distribution of energy among the windows available, it was noted that the distribution pattern is quite similar to that of14C. An average Cherenkov counting efficiency, in water, was found to be 0.0258±0.0005%. Both 0.010M K2Cr2O7 and CHCl3 quench the count rate, particularly in the lower energy channel, where count rates are suppressed by up to a factor of 20.
The virial series of the ideal Bose gas

The radius of convergence ρR of the virial series of the d‐dimensional ideal Bose gas is estimated by the method of Pade approximants, using at least thirty virial coefficients, which were numerically determined. A finite ρR is found for d=1 and 2, even though no phase transition occurs for these d. For d=3, ρR is consistent with Fuchs’ analytical bounds, and for d=4, 5, and 6, ρR is equal to the critical density ρc. These results are supported by some analytic results for the equation of state.
Low rates of bone mineral density measurement in Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer initiating androgen deprivation therapy.

Background Men with prostate cancer who undergo androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are at risk for bone loss and fractures. Our objective was to determine if Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer in the state of Texas underwent DXA scans when initiating ADT.
AraC Protein Can Activate Transcription from Only One Position and When Pointed in Only One Direction

At the araBAD promoter, the RNA polymerase-proximal half-site for AraC binding partially overlaps the -35 region. Random and explicit spacing experiments show that both this partial overlapping and AraC binding to the polymerase-proximal half-site are necessary and sufficient for strong transcriptional activation. Normally, this occupancy is generated by the presence of arabinose, which shifts AraC from a DNA looping interaction involving the polymerase-distal half-site and the araO2 site 210 base-pairs away, to an interaction with the two half-sites adjacent to RNA polymerase. Changing the polymerase-proximal half-site to a higher affinity AraC binding site gives activation in the absence of arabinose. Thus, arabinose is not required to transform AraC into an activating conformation. Because the two half-sites of araI are direct repeats, the RNA polymerase proximal and distal surfaces of AraC are not identical. When the araI site was turned around, no spacings were found from which AraC could activate transcription. In light of the strict spacing and orientation requirements for AraC activation, the interactions between AraC and RNA polymerase are likely to be specific and inflexible.
Experimental hybridization between chromosomal races in Kalotermes approximatus, a termite with extensive sex-linked translocation heterozygosity

In order to elucidate the evolutionary pathway of sex-chromosome translocations in the termite Kalotermes approximatus, reciprocal matings were made between the winged reproductives from two different colonies, one in which there was a multivalent chain of 13 in male meiosis, and one in which there was a chain of 17 (or 19, in some cells). From the cross in which the male parent came from the chain-of-13 colony, the male offspring had a chain of 13 (or 15, in some cells) in meiosis; from the reciprocal cross, the male offspring had a chain of 15. Careful analysis of the multivalent chains in the hybrid males, combined with previous observations on chromosome variation in this species (Syren and Luykx, 1981), permit the following conclusions: (i) The two parent colonies differ by five distinct translocations, involving both X and Y chromosomes. (ii) In the evolution of the sex-multivalent, all of these kinds of translocations have occurred: X-X, Y-Y, X-autosome, and Y-autosome. (iii) Out of a total of 8 sex-chromosome translocations that can now be unambiguously characterized, 6 have involved X-chromosomes, and 2 have involved Y-chromosomes. (iv) In this species, different chromosomal races in adjacent geographic locales may differ in both their males and their females (where translocations have involved X-chromosomes), or they may differ only in their males (where translocations have involved Y-chromosomes).
Repression of the vertebrate organizer by Wnt8 is mediated by Vent and Vox.

Dorsoventral (DV) patterning of vertebrate embryos requires the concerted action of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways. In contrast to our understanding of the role of BMP in establishing ventral fates, our understanding of the role of Wnts in ventralizing embryos is less complete. Wnt8 is required for ventral patterning in both Xenopus and zebrafish; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. We have used the zebrafish to address the requirement for Wnt8 in restricting the size of the dorsal organizer. Epistasis experiments suggest that Wnt8 achieves this restriction by regulating the early expression of the transcriptional repressors Vent and Vox. Our data show that vent and vox are direct transcriptional targets of Wnt8/β-catenin. Additionally, we show that Wnt8 and Bmp2b co-regulate vent and vox in a dynamic fashion. Thus, whereas both Wnt8 and zygotic BMP are ventralizing agents that regulate common target genes, their temporally different modes of action are necessary to pattern the embryo harmoniously along its DV axis.
Utilization of a Double-Wire Technique to Treat Long Extended Spiral Dissection of the Right Coronary Artery

While coronary artery dissection caused by a guiding catheter, which is one of the most commonly occurring complications during diagnostic cardiac catheterization or coronary intervention, has various forms, extensive antegrade and retrograde dissections of the right coronary artery (RCA) are rarely observed during these procedures. Within the last three years, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with 12,600 consecutive patients who underwent either diagnostic cardiac catheterization or coronary angioplasty, and found that 17 (0.14%) of the patients displayed extensive antegrade and retrograde RCA dissection. The antegrade dissection always propagated to the distal RCA either on bifurcation of the posterior descending artery and posterolateral artery (PLA) or to the proximal PLA. The retrograde dissection was always observed close to the ostium of the RCA or extending to the ostium of the RCA. TIMI-0 flow in the RCA was immediately observed in all the patients. Chest pain associated with an electrocardiogram showing ST-segment elevation was soon observed in most of the patients. The true lumen could be entered successfully using a single wire in 8 of 17 patients. However, a double-wire technique was required for 7 patients. This technique involved first advancing a wire along to the false lumen and then pulling back the guiding catheter away from the ostium of the RCA for a few millimeters followed by anchoring with the wire. Another wire was then gently inserted into the true lumen from the dissection entrance point, which was located near or at the ostium of RCA, and carefully advanced to the distal RCA. Coronary stenting was successfully deployed in 15 patients. However, the procedure failed in 2 patients. Furthermore, this complication caused 7 patients to have acute myocardial infarctions, 2 patients to develop atrial fibrillation, and 1 to die from ischemic enterocolitis due to cardiac embolism after 7 months of follow-up. In conclusion, with an increase in experience, we now better understand this complication. However, this complication, which is a formidable challenge for coronary intervention, may be a life-threatening complication, and patients with this complication may face the potential risk of a nonfatal myocardial infarction, or even a long-term fatal outcome in the long-term. Accordingly, it is important to learn how to promptly manage this complication.
Energy-efficient dynamic circuit design in the presence of crosstalk noise

This paper describes the impact of crosstalk noise on low power design techniques based on voltage scaling. It is shown that this power saving strategy aggravates the crosstalk noise problem and reduces circuit noise immunity. A new energy-efficient, noise-tolerant dynamic circuit technique is presented to address this problem. In a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and at a given supply voltage, the proposed technique provides an improvement in noise immunity of 1.8X (for an AND gate) and 2.5X (for an adder carry chain) over domino at the same speed. We use this fact to operate the noise-tolerant circuit at a lower supply voltage to obtain energy savings of about 30%, while expending 30% more area. Also, to achieve a given noise immunity, the proposed technique consumes 40% less energy compared to existing noise-tolerance techniques.
Enhancing of semigroups

Given a semigroup T t , and an excessive measure ν a new semigroup ~T t , is constructed in such a way that v is invariant with respect to ~T t and ~T t is larger than the original semigroup. A sufficient condition for ~T t to be uniquely determined by T t and ν is given.
Total hysterectomy and anterior vaginal wall suspension for concurrent uterine and bladder prolapses: Long-term anatomical results of additional vault and/or posterior compartment prolapse repair

Abstract Objective To review the long-term results of an intraoperative decision to repair or not repair associated vault and posterior compartment defects after total hysterectomy (TH) and anterior vaginal wall suspension (AVWS) for uterine and bladder prolapses. Methods After gaining Institutional Review Board approval, the operative records of women receiving TH and AVWS concurrently with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were reviewed. Two groups were identified: Group 1 (G1) underwent TH + AVWS and intraoperative apical and/or posterior repairs, and Group 2 (G2) had TH + AVWS alone. The definition of prolapse recurrence was Pelvic Organ Prolapse—Quantification ≥ Stage 2 and/or any reoperation for prolapse. Results From 1998 to 2009, a total of 94 women were evaluated. At the mean 3 years follow-up, the rates of overall prolapse recurrence following initial surgeries between G1 and G2 were 30% and 24%, respectively. Additional operative repair for G1 and G2 was 18.5% and 16%, respectively. The progression rate for both groups was Conclusion At long-term follow-up, nearly one in five apical recurrences in these two surgical groups was observed with stable results in the anterior compartment. The posterior compartment required the least surgical intervention.
Cartilage viability with interpolated skin flaps: An experimental study ☆ ☆☆ ★

Although composite cartilage grafts are often used in conjunction with a midline forehead flap to repair full-thickness nasal defects, the timing of pedicle division, which optimizes cartilage viability, has yet to be determined. A rabbit animal model was designed to investigate this question. The skin flap pedicle was divided at 0 days, 4 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 10 weeks in each of five groups of five animals. Although early pedicle division led to partial skin flap necrosis, the cartilage grafts tolerated this ischemic period better. Cartilage viability was approximately 70% and did not differ significantly between the five groups. It is concluded that a larger composite graft and better definition of the skin flap's critical period are needed to determine optimum timing for pedicle division in this animal model.
A new regulatory role for the chloroplast ATP synthase.

One of the challenges of modern biology is the synthesis of vast amounts of data into a deep understanding of organism structure and function. At present, the most visible effort toward meeting this challenge is the use of computing technology to effectively reassemble organisms that have been fragmented and processed into DNA sequences, relative abundances of RNA transcripts, peptide patterns, or profiles of metabolites (1–8). An important complement to this approach is the use of nondestructive methods to observe function in intact organisms as they live. Quantitative analysis of specific functions at the molecular level is often difficult in intact organisms, owing to their complexity, but such analyses must be attempted, if only to validate models derived from the fragmentation and computation approach. In cases where the function of interest is perturbed by the extraction of chemical information or occurs too rapidly to be resolved by such extraction, in vivo study is essential. The intimacy of plants with their physical environment, including the fact that they cannot move, has rendered them highly sensitive and responsive to physical factors.
Remodeling of the leg sensory system during metamorphosis of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta.

The adult legs of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta are supplied by a diverse array of sensory organs and associated neurons (Kent and Griffin [1990] Cell Tissue Res. 259:209-223) that differ from those in the larval legs. In the present study, a combination of nerve-tracing techniques [biocytin, 1,1;-dioctadecyl-3,3,3;, 3;-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)], birth date labeling (5-bromodeoxyuridine), confocal microscopy, and electrophysiology were used to describe the remodeling of the prothoracic leg sensory system. Four primary sensory branches carry the axons of all of the sensory neurons in the larval leg. At the onset of metamorphosis, the imaginal leg epidermis develops underneath the larval cuticle and encircles the sensory neurons, thus separating them from their target-organs. Most of the larval neurons degenerate during the larval-to-pupal transition and are replaced by new-adult sensory neurons that are born and differentiate in the pupa. Six sensory neurons that supply hair sensilla in the larval leg, together with 13 femoral and tibial chordotonal organ neurons, persist into the developing adult leg to serve similar functions. Early in the pupal stage, electrical activity can be recorded from these neurons despite the absence of target sensory structures. During the differentiation of the adult sensory system, the axons of the new-adult sensory neurons contact and fasciculate with the axons of the persistent neurons. Thus, five of the primary sensory branches of the adult leg are built on the preexisting larval sensory trajectories. Two sensory branches, however, are established de novo by the axons of specific adult sensory neurons.
Diversity of practice within one mathematics classroom

In this article, I use the construct of genre to analyse classroom episodes drawn from a year-long study of a third-grade mathematics classroom. The notion of genre supported the identification of diverse teaching practices, which had conflicting goals and norms, within a single classroom. This article describes the opportunities for student participation offered by the genres of group work, discussions and game shows, and argues that attention to the diversity of teachers' practices offers new possibilities for thinking about how to support teachers in welcoming more children into mathematics.
The effects of chlorine dioxide on reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract Reverse osmosis membrane systems generally require treatment with a sanitizing agent to prevent microbiological growth. As many membrane materials are intolerant to chlorine, alternative sanitizers have to be considered. This work presents the results of a study on the compatibility of several commercially available RO membranes to chlorine dioxide, an oxidizer which compares favorably to chlorine in terms of bactericidal efficacy. The compatibility of the membranes was determined as a function of chlorine dioxide concentration, solution pH, and exposure time. A kinetic model of the membrane degradation phenomena was derived, correlated to the data, and then used to predict useful membrane lifetime in feedwaters containing chlorine dioxide.
An olivine to beta phase transformation mechanism Mg2SiO4

Fine-grained powder samples of Mg2SiO4 forsterite (α phase) have been partially transformed to the beta phase in a 2000-ton uniaxial split-sphere apparatus (USSA-2000) at P = 15 GPa and T = 1000 °C in runs of 5 minutes duration. This technique allowed us to catch the first steps of the α --> β transformation in Mg2SiO4. A TEM study of the run products showed that a structurally disordered phase is an intermediate of the reaction. The oxygen sublattice of this intermediate phase is well ordered, but a very large density of planar faults on (010) planes destroys the long range order in the cation sublattices. A two-steps mechanism for the α --> β transformation is therefore probable, involving first the nucleation of the structurally disordered phase, then the ordering of this phase. These two steps may be associated with low energy activation barriers and could thus explain the fast kinetics of the α --> β transformation.
The effect of sealants on dental caries: a review

Many dentists are concerned that caries may progress if inadvertently sealed within a tooth by a pit and fissure sealant. Several research studies have been performed to determine whether this is an important concern. This report reviews the methods and results of those studies.
Effect of seed treatment in preventing transmission of dwarf bunt of winter wheat to new areas

The effectiveness of various fungicide formulations containing carboxin and thiabendazole in eradicating teliospores of Tilletia controversa (dwarf bunt) from winter wheat seed was evaluated in the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory tests, the viability of teliospores washed from treated infested seed was greatly reduced as compared to the viability of teliospores washed from untreated infested seed, suggesting that carboxin and thiabendazole were primarily fungicidal. Field tests in two different years were established to determine if teliospores from treated infested seed could infect nearby untreated noninfested seed. Formulations containing carboxin were highly effective in reducing infection of healthy seed. No dwarf bunt infected plants developed in either year from seed treated with ‘Vitaflo 250’. Furthermore, seedborne common bunt caused by Tilletia foetida was nearly eradicated by carboxin-containing formulations in one field test. Carboxin treatment of winter wheat seed infested with dwarf bunt teliospores will greatly reduce the danger of introducing this pathogen into new areas.
MemZip: Exploring unconventional benefits from memory compression

Memory compression has been proposed and deployed in the past to grow the capacity of a memory system and reduce page fault rates. Compression also has secondary benefits: it can reduce energy and bandwidth demands. However, most prior mechanisms have been designed to focus on the capacity metric and few prior works have attempted to explicitly reduce energy or bandwidth. Further, mechanisms that focus on the capacity metric also require complex logic to locate the requested data in memory. In this paper, we design a highly simple compressed memory architecture that does not target the capacity metric. Instead, it focuses on complexity, energy, bandwidth, and reliability. It relies on rank subsetting and a careful placement of compressed data and metadata to achieve these benefits. Further, the space made available via compression is used to boost other metrics - the space can be used to implement stronger error correction codes or energy-efficient data encodings. The best performing MemZip configuration yields a 45% performance improvement and 57% memory energy reduction, compared to an uncompressed non-sub-ranked baseline. Another energy-optimized configuration yields a 29.8% performance improvement and a 79% memory energy reduction, relative to the same baseline.
A novel androgen receptor-binding element modulates Cdc6 transcription in prostate cancer cells during cell-cycle progression

The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer by promoting cellular proliferation. Recent studies suggest AR is a master regulator of G1-S progression and possibly a licensing factor for DNA replication yet the mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here we report that AR targets the human Cdc6 gene for transcriptional regulation. Cdc6 is an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells and its mRNA expression is inversely modulated by androgen or antiandrogen treatment in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. AR binds at a distinct androgen-response element (ARE) in the Cdc6 promoter that is functionally required for androgen-dependent Cdc6 transcription. We found that peak AR occupancy at the novel ARE occurs during the G1/S phase concomitant with peak Cdc6 mRNA expression. We also identified several of the coactivators and corepressors involved in AR-dependent Cdc6 transcriptional regulation in vivo and further characterized ligand-induced alterations in histone acetylation and methylation at the Cdc6 promoter. Significantly, AR silencing in prostate cancer cells markedly decreases Cdc6 expression and androgen-dependent cellular proliferation. Collectively, our results suggest that Cdc6 is a key regulatory target for AR and provide new insights into the mechanisms of prostate cancer cell proliferation.
Utilization Of An In-House Videodisc Recorder In Image Intensive Medical Specialties And Development Of Educational Strategies For Large Image Bases

The videodisc offers an excellent medium for handling and presenting visual information. It has attributes which make it applicable for situations in which video cassettes, 35mm slides, and microfilm were previously used. Its capabilities for random frame access and large image volume have spawned its utilization in, and the vigorous growth of, interactive video (IVD) and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Until recently the creation of videodiscs was confined to production studios to which program materials had to be sent. Now available is a videodisc recorder (VDR) that can be used on site and has excellent quality.
Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part II. Thermal modeling

The thermal history developed in laser metal deposition (LMD) processes has been shown to be quite complex and results in the evolution of an equally complex microstructure. A companion article (Part I. Microstructural Characterization) discussed the LMD of Ti-6Al-4V, where the resultant microstructure consists of a periodic, scale-graded layer of basketweave Widmanstatten alpha and a banding that consists of colony Widmanstatten alpha. In order to understand the microstructural evolution in Ti-6Al-4V, a numerical thermal model based on the implicit finite-difference technique was developed to model LMD processes. The effect of different laser-scan velocities on the characteristics of the thermal history was investigated using an eight-layer single-line build. As the laser-scan speed decreases and the position within a layer increases, the peak temperature increases. The heating rate and the peak thermal gradient within a deposited layer were shown to follow the same trend as the peak temperature after two layers were deposited on top of the substrate. In general, the laser-scan speed or z-position within a layer did not have a significant effect on the cooling rate. The cooling rate in a newly deposited layer decreases as the number of layer additions increases. Given the predicted temperature vs time profile from the thermal model, the evolution of phase transformations occurring in the deposit is mapped as each layer is deposited. As a result of the thermal cycling imposed by the periodic deposition of material, a characteristic layer, consisting of two regions heated above and below the beta transus, forms in layer n due to the deposition of layer n+1.
Phytochrome in Cultured Wild Carrot Tissue. I. Synthesis

Stable levels of P(FR) occur in light-grown suspension cultures of wild carrot. Upon darkening such tissue, P(R) accumulates until the high P(R) level characteristics of dark-grown tissue is reached. Data are compatible with the idea of an equilibrium between processes of synthesis and destruction in tissue grown in the light. Reappearance of phytochrome also follows light-induced pigment destruction in dark-grown tissue. The rate of P(R) appearance is similar in both cases. The rate of disappearance of P(FR), however, is slower in light-grown tissue than in dark-grown tissue.
Passive millimeter- and submillimeter-wave imaging for atmospheric research

In recent years there has been considerable advancement in millimeter and submillimeter wave radiometry applied to atmospheric remote sensing. Contributing to this advancement are the measurements made by the Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) and subsequent analysis of the data. The MIR is an imaging radiometer designed to fly aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) ER-2 high altitude aircraft with nine frequency channels between 89 and 325 GHz. Since its maiden flight in May 1992, the MIR has flown over 80 sorties comprising more than 300 flight hours. In addition, the instrument has participated in several ground-based experiments yielding hundreds of hours of data. The MIR data have been used for comparing atmospheric water vapor profiles derived from different measuring techniques. Images of the atmosphere reveal these frequencies are sensitive to the presence of liquid and ice clouds; analysis of the data suggests that characteristics of the clouds may be extracted from the data. The instrument has been used to support calibration and validation studies of satellite sensors. Analysis indicates ground-based radiometric observations near the 183 GHz water vapor absorption line may be useful for obtaining accurate ground-based measurements of low values (less than 1.0 cm) of precipital water vapor. This paper describes the application and utility of millimeter and sub-millimeter wave radiometric imaging for atmospheric research in the context of accomplishments attained with the MIR.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A magnesium current in Paramecium

Recent reappraisals of the role of ionized magnesium in cell function suggest that many cells maintain intracellular free Mg2+ at low concentrations (0.1 to 0.7 mM) and that external agents can influence cell function via changes in intracellular Mg2+ concentration. Depolarization and hyperpolarization of voltage-clamped Paramecium elicited a Mg2(+)-specific current, IMg. Both Co2+ and Mn2+ were able to substitute for Mg2+ as charge carriers, but the resultant currents were reduced compared with Mg2+ currents. Intracellular free Mg2+ concentrations were estimated from the reversal potential of IMg to be about 0.39 mM. The IMg was inhibited when external Ca2+ was removed or a Ca2+ chelator was injected, suggesting that its activation was Ca2(+)-dependent.
An automated highway system simulator

Abstract SmartPath is simulation package for an automated highway system (AHS). The program may be used to understand how an AHS would perform under various control policies in terms of highway capacity, traffic flow, and other performance measures of interest to transportation system planners and engineers. SmartPath also can be used to test, simulate, and evaluate the performance of the designs of different modules and instrumentations like engine models, sensors, and communications. The package consists of two separate modules: simulation and animation. The animation program runs on Silicon Graphics workstations and the simulation runs on Sun Spare or Silicon Graphics workstations. The animation program produces a three-dimensional color animation of AHS traffic. SmartPath is a microsimulation: the system elements and the control policies are each individually modeled. The control policies are, for the most part, parametrically specified, so users can study the performance variations by changing the specifications. In this paper, we discuss the modeling of the basic elements of SmartPath. We describe the organization of these elements in the simulation and the assumptions underlying the design, such as availability of certain communication infrastructure and appropriate sensors. We also summarize SmartPath's computational performance.
Sweep in a Transonic Fan Rotor: Part 2 — CFD and Stress Analyses

Forward-swept and back-swept transonic rotor geometries were generated from a reference design using a new 3D surface representation for blade geometry. Flow fields and performance were calculated using a thin-layer Navier-Stokes code and rotational stresses were calculated using a finite-element code. Grid generation problems, due to interfacing with the new geometry package, were resolved to obtain a consistent data set that isolated the effect of sweep on rotor performance. The intent of the study was to exercise and demonstrate the new geometry package by introducing sweep into an existing rotor design. The package is intended for aero-structural-manufacturing optimization.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Changes in the Species Composition of the Fish Community in a Reach of the Kootenai River, Idaho, after Construction of Libby Dam

ABSTRACT I evaluated fish community structure and the density and growth of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) downstream of Libby Dam in a 1.0-km reach of the Kootenai River, Idaho, in 1994 and compared the results with those of a similar study in 1980, after closure of the dam. In 1980 seven species of fish were collected; mountain whitefish comprised 70% of the sample (42% by weight), and largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) represented 19% of the sample (49% by weight). In 1994 of the eight species caught, mountain whitefish represented only 40% by number (19% by weight), and the largescale sucker was 65% of the sample (70% by weight). Growth of mountain whitefish was also slower in the early 1990s compared to the later 1970s. Reduced productivity because of the nutrient sink effect of Lake Koocanusa, river regulation, the lack of flushing flows, power peaking, and changes in river temperature may have led to the changes in the fish community structure.
Power deposition and noise correlation in NMR samples

A general solution for the power deposited in an NMR sample by an rf coil is presented. The result is simplified in the long wavelength, long skin depth approximation. This formalism is used to derive an expression for noise correlation in two independent receiver coils. © 1989 Academic press, Inc. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
I/O and performance tradeoffs with the FunctionBus during multi-FPGA partitioning

We improve upon a new approach for automatically partitioning a system among several FPGAs. The new approach partitions a system's functional specification, now commonly available, rather than its structural implementation. The improvement uses a bus, the FunctionBus, for implementing function calls among FPGA's, The bus can be used with any number of and its protocol uses only a small amount of existing FPGA hardware, requiring no special hardware. While functional rather than structural partitioning can substantially reduce the number of input/output pins using (I/O) the FunctionBus takes such reduction even further. In particular, performance and I/0can be traded-off by varying the bus size, as demonstrated using several examples.
Effect of candicidin on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the rat.

Sterol metabolism studies were carried out in rats maintained on a diet containing a polyene antibiotic, candicidin, (30 mg/kg/day) for 2-1/2 months. Compared to the controls, the candicidintreated animals had a smaller food intake and weight gain during this period. There was no difference between the 2 groups in serum cholesterol levels, biliary cholesterol or bile acid concentrations. However, in the experimental group, liver cholesterol content decreased by 27% and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase increased by 36%. Candicidin administration produced an 84% increase in neutral sterol output without change in bile acid output. Cholesterol absorption was reduced 80% by candicidin feeding. The weight of ventral prostate was reduced 33% by candicidin administration. Prostatic HMG-CoA reductase levels were 3 times higher than those of the liver, but enzyme activity was unchanged by candicidin treatment.
Wearable Yagi microstrip antenna for telemedicine applications

This paper presents a button shaped antenna based on a microstrip Yagi array. The proposed antenna is suitable for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and telemedicine applications operating at 2.45 GHz. Antenna properties, such as far-field radiation patterns, coupling coefficient, measured by the scattering parameter S11, and gain are provided. Moreover, the simulated performance of the proposed antenna is compared to circular and rectangular patch button shaped antennas having similar sizes. Design and simulations are performed using CST Microwave Studio software which is based on the Finite Integration Technique (FIT). The proposed antenna achieved a gain of 6.7 dB, (F/B) ratio of 11.7 dB and a semi-directional radiation pattern required for on body and off body applications.
Changes in blood pressure and body sodium of rats fed sodium and potassium chloride.

Abstract Rats fed 9.8 per cent sodium chloride and 6.1 per cent potassium chloride and 9.8 per cent sodium chloride and 0.6 per cent potassium chloride exhibited systolic blood pressure elevation after four weeks. At 8 weeks the Na + K group had significantly higher blood pressures. At 14 weeks the elevations were more marked in the high Na group and from 19 weeks these elevations were significantly higher. Exchangeable sodium, (Na) E , in the controls, high Na and high Na + K groups was essentially equal at 11 and 22 weeks. At the twenty-seventh week, rats on the high Na diets had significantly more (Na) E than those fed the same high sodium with added potassium. The high Na group also showed a significant elevation of (Na) E over the control group. The rats fed Na + K had less (Na) E than the control rats. At sacrifice after 29 weeks measurements of total body sodium, (Na) T , showed the same group differences. There was no significant difference in the serum sodium concentrations in the three groups. Increases in sodium content tissues were found in the rats with increased exchangeable and total body sodium.
The Articulatory Target for Final –s Clusters

Unlike many features of English pronunciation, the pronunciation of the set of final consonant clusters exemplified by the words tents: tense; bands: bans; acts: axe; and guests: guess (nasal, stop, or sibilant, with or without an additional stop, followed by /–s/ or /–z/) is not uniformly treated by dictionaries, phoneticians, and writers of ESL texts. These authorities recognize homophonous pronunciations to varying extents and give a variety of recommendations about pronunciation to ESL teachers and learners. But none of these treatments is adequate. Failure to recognize and teach homophonous pronunciations for these pairs of clusters is based on a longstanding but misguided allegiance to spelling pronunciations. There are, in fact, good reasons for treating the pairs of clusters as homophonous in ESL teaching. I discuss four grounds: linguistic observation, linguistic patterning, linguistic history, and linguistic and pedagogical simplicity. Finally, I claim that the patterns represented by homophonous pronunciations of the pairs should not only be recognized but should also be taught explicitly because doing so helps students to produce final suffixes and thereby to use more grammatical English.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations of Interaction of Amprenavir and Ritonavir

Data from three pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of amprenavir and ritonavir were used to develop a pharmacokinetic interaction model using NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect model). A two-compartment linear model with first-order absorption best fit the amprenavir data, while a one-compartment model was used to describe the ritonavir data. The inhibition of elimination of amprenavir by ritonavir was modeled with a maximum effect (Emax) inhibition model and the observed ritonavir concentration. Monte Carlo simulation was then used to predict amprenavir concentrations for various combinations of amprenavir and ritonavir in twice-daily and once-daily dosing regimens. Simulated minimum amprenavir concentrations in plasma (Cmin) in twice-daily and once-daily dosing regimens were compared with protein binding-adjusted 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) for clinical human immunodeficiency virus isolates with different susceptibilities to protease inhibitors (central tendency ratios). The model based on the first two studies predicted the results of the third study. Data from all three studies were then combined to refine the final model. The observed and simulated noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters agreed well. From this model, several candidate drug regimens were simulated. These simulations suggest that, in patients who have clinically failed a traditional amprenavir regimen, a regimen of 600 mg of amprenavir with 100 mg of ritonavir twice daily would result in Cmin-to-IC50 ratios similar to that of 1,200 mg of amprenavir twice daily alone for wild-type viruses. In addition, once-daily regimens that result in C(min)s above the protein binding-corrected IC50s for wild-type virus are clearly feasible.
Late neovascularization of longstanding left ventricular mural thrombus : a case report

Serial coronary angiography done in a patient with left ventricular mural thrombus demonstrated abnormal neovascularity from the coronary artery to the left ventricle occurring eight to eighteen months after thrombus formation. This is the first case report describing such late neovascularization of left ven tricular mural thrombus. The formation of coronary neovascularity to left ven tricular mural thrombus need not occur in the early stage of the thrombus.
Existence of almost periodic solutions to some functional integro-differential stochastic evolution equations

We investigate a class of abstract functional integro-differential stochastic evolution equations in a real separable Hilbert space. Under some suitable assumptions, we establish the existence and uniqueness of a quadratic mean almost periodic mild solution.
Arnold Gesell and the maturation controversy.

This article examines the work of Arnold Lucius Gesell and argues that he not only paved the way for contemporary research in motor development, but that he and colleagues anticipated fundamental issues about growth that must be addressed by psychologists and neuroscientists who are committed to the advancement of developmental science. Arnold Lucius Gesell was a pioneer in developmental psychology when the field was in its infancy. He worked diligently for the rights of physically and mentally handicapped children to receive special education that would enable them to find gainful employment. Gesell’s writings in books and popular magazines increased public awareness of and support for preschool education and better foster care for orphans. Despite these achievements, many of his successors have questioned his views about infant development. Developmental psychologists have criticized Gesell for proposing a stage theory of infant growth that has fallen into disfavor among contemporary researchers. His conception of development as a maturational process has been challenged for allegedly reducing complex behavioral, perceptual, and learning processes to genetic factors. The author rejects this overly simplistic interpretation and contends that Gesell’s work continues to stand the test of time.
Embracing a Customer Service Mindset: A Fresh Examination of Services for Distance Learners

Library literature and blogs frequently discuss customer service and user experience in physical libraries and Web sites, but little is said about this mentality toward services for distance learners specifically. This paper takes customer service best practices from well-known thinkers of the business world and makes connections to services for distance populations. A literature review establishes the current state of discussion in libraries regarding customer service and a directed self-reflection of the reader's own customer service approach sheds light on personal current practices. The paper presents a number of thought-provoking business ideologies and concrete applications in services for distance learners such as reference, Web presence, and interlibrary loan, ultimately showing the value of venturing out of library literature to gain a fresh perspective, evaluate, and improve interactions distance learners have with the library.