cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obeah-Illness Versus Psychiatric Entities among Jamaican Immigrants: Cultural and Clinical Perspectives for Psychiatric Mental Health Professionals

In order to provide culturally authentic healthcare, psychiatric-mental health nurses and other professionals must familiarize themselves with the culture-specific syndromes, idioms of distress, beliefs and practices that may present among the diverse patient groups with whom they work. Psychiatric conditions relating to the Jamaican belief in "Obeah" are specific, culturally-interpreted phenomena that psychiatric nurses may encounter among Jamaican patients. This paper describes the phenomenon of Obeah and its influences on the worldview of life, health, illness; psychiatric conditions in the form of culture-bound syndromes; and help-seeking behaviors throughout Jamaican cultural communities. Inability to understand the obeah-illness concept from a culturally-interpreted perspective may be constrictive and result in less-than-optimal care. Armed with the knowledge of the concept of Obeah from a core belief perspective, how it influences psychiatric presentations, and embracing its significance to the Jamaican health belief model will assist in building a workable, caring, best-practice framework aimed toward a clinical and practice paradigm for this unique folk-health belief system.
Possible causal heterogeneity in spina bifida cystica

A study was performed to determine whether causal heterogeneity can be demonstrated among the nonsyndromal spina bifida cysticas based on the vertebral level of the defect. Two groups were compared, probands with defects at or above T 11, likely representing defects of neuralization, and probands with defects at or below T 12, likely defects of canalization. Differences between the two groups were found with respect to reproductive history and occurrence of other malformations. A high degree of concordance for the type of defect among affected sib pairs was also observed. These findings indicate that there is probably heterogeneity within the spina bifida cysticas based on the level of the defect.
Automatic tuning of a fuzzy batch job scheduler using a genetic algorithm

The paper presents the application of a genetic algorithm to automatically tune a fuzzy batch job scheduler for maximum throughput. This genetic algorithm varies fuzzy membership functions, fuzzy rules and resource limits on processors to optimize for maximum job throughput and load balancing across processors of a distributed system. Unlike most research done in the realm of load balancing and job scheduling, the paper presents an algorithm that has been evaluated in a production processing environment rather than in simulation only.
Bilateral partial ruptures of the flexor carpi radialis tendon secondary to trapezial arthritis

This is a report of bilateral partial ruptures of the flexor carpi radialis tendons associated with trapezial osteoarthritis. Splinting for 4 weeks was curative. One of the tendons was exposed 4 months after rupture in conjunction with carpal tunnel release and the abnormal healed tendon was revealed.
Regionalization of multiscale spatial processes by using a criterion for spatial aggregation error

Summary The modifiable areal unit problem and the ecological fallacy are known problems that occur when modelling multiscale spatial processes. We investigate how these forms of spatial aggregation error can guide a regionalization over a spatial domain of interest. By ‘regionalization’ we mean a specification of geographies that define the spatial support for areal data. This topic has been studied vigorously by geographers but has been given less attention by spatial statisticians. Thus, we propose a criterion for spatial aggregation error, which we minimize to obtain an optimal regionalization. To define the criterion we draw a connection between spatial aggregation error and a new multiscale representation of the Karhunen–Loeve expansion. This relationship between the criterion for spatial aggregation error and the multiscale Karhunen–Loeve expansion leads to illuminating theoretical developments including connections between spatial aggregation error, squared prediction error, spatial variance and a novel extension of Obled–Creutin eigenfunctions. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated through an analysis of two data sets: one using the American Community Survey and one related to environmental ocean winds.
Improved Method for Calculating Exact Geodetic Latitude and Altitude

Abstract : An efficient model for transforming Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinates to geodetic coordinates is presented. The model systematically derives exact expressions for the geodetic latitude and altitude, which are free of singularities. To the author's best knowledge, no such expressions exist in the literature.
Access to pain treatment as a human right

Background: Almost five decades ago, governments around the world adopted the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs which, in addition to addressing the control of illicit narcotics, obligated countries to work towards universal access to the narcotic drugs necessary to alleviate pain and suffering. Yet, despite the existence of inexpensive and effective pain relief medicines, tens of millions of people around the world continue to suffer from moderate to severe pain each year without treatment. Discussion: Significant barriers to effective pain treatment include: the failure of many governments to put in place functioning drug supply systems; the failure to enact policies on pain treatment and palliative care; poor training of healthcare workers; the existence of unnecessarily restrictive drug control regulations and practices; fear among healthcare workers of legal sanctions for legitimate medical practice; and the inflated cost of pain treatment. These barriers can be understood not only as a failure to provide essential medicines and relieve suffering but also as human rights abuses. Summary: According to international human rights law, countries have to provide pain treatment medications as part of their core obligations under the right to health; failure to take reasonable steps to ensure that people who suffer pain have access to adequate pain treatment may result in the violation of the obligation to protect against cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment.
TIME-DEPENDENT TWO-DIMENSIONAL DETONATION: THE INTERACTION OF EDGE RAREFACTIONS WITH FINITE LENGTH REACTION ZONES.

A theory of time-dependent two-dimensional detonation is developed for an explosive with a finite-thickness reaction zone. A representative initial–boundary-value problem is treated that illustrates how the planar shock of an initially one-dimensional detonation becomes non-planar in response to the action of an edge rarefaction that is generated at the explosive's lateral surface. The solution of this time-dependent problem has a wave-hierarchy structure that at late times includes a weakly two-dimensional hyperbolic region and a fully two-dimensional parabolic region. The wave head of the rarefaction is carried by the hyperbolic region. We show that the shock locus is analytic at the wave head. The dynamics of the final approach to two-dimensional steady-state detonation is controlled by Burgers’ equation for the shock locus. We also present some results concerning the stability of the solutions to our problem.
Simulating properties of in vitro epithelial cell morphogenesis.

How do individual epithelial cells (ECs) organize into multicellular structures? ECs are studied in vitro to help answer that question. Characteristic growth features include stable cyst formation in embedded culture, inverted cyst formation in suspension culture, and lumen formation in overlay culture. Formation of these characteristic structures is believed to be a consequence of an intrinsic program of differentiation and de-differentiation. To help discover how such a program may function, we developed an in silico analogue in which space, events, and time are discretized. Software agents and objects represent cells and components of the environment. “Cells” act independently. The “program” governing their behavior is embedded within each in the form of axioms and an inflexible decisional process. Relationships between the axioms and recognized cell functions are specified. Interactions between “cells” and environment components during simulation give rise to a complex in silico phenotype characterized by context-dependent structures that mimic counterparts observed in four different in vitro culture conditions: a targeted set of in vitro phenotypic attributes was matched by in silico attributes. However, for a particular growth condition, the analogue failed to exhibit behaviors characteristic of functionally polarized ECs. We solved this problem by following an iterative refinement method that improved the first analogue and led to a second: it exhibited characteristic differentiation and growth properties in all simulated growth conditions. It is the first model to simultaneously provide a representation of nonpolarized and structurally polarized cell types, and a mechanism for their interconversion. The second analogue also uses an inflexible axiomatic program. When specific axioms are relaxed, growths strikingly characteristic of cancerous and precancerous lesions are observed. In one case, the simulated cause is aberrant matrix production. Analogue design facilitates gaining deeper insight into such phenomena by making it easy to replace low-resolution components with increasingly detailed and realistic components.
Determining toxicant bioavailability using a constitutively bioluminescent human cell line

Despite excessive expenditures by governments and private corporations, the toxicological effects of many chemicals and human relevant compounds are not well understood. Current methods for screening the toxicological effects of these chemicals are expensive, time consuming, and have been proven to produce results that must be interpreted with caution when extrapolating to human bioavailability and toxic impact. Here we demonstrate the use of a constitutively bioluminescent human HEK293 cell line expressing the genes of the bacterial luciferase gene cassette as a simple, low cost method for initial screening of toxic compounds. The autonomous nature of the bacterial bioluminescence cassette negates concerns over substrate addition, while providing a facile means for detection of reduced cellular growth or metabolism as a biomarker for toxic chemical exposure.
Six-Degree-of-Freedom Modeling of Semi-Autonomous Attitude Control During Aerobraking

The automation of a Mars aerobraking vehicle that uses reaction wheels for attitude and angular momentum control during atmospheric flythrough is investigated. In a previous study, single-axis control laws were developed for minimum onboard instrumentation to compensate for large variations in entry time and atmospheric density. Modifications of those control laws to provide two-axis control in high-fidelity simulations that include six degrees of freedom, nearly ideal reaction wheels, spherical harmonics, and oblate atmosphere are now tested. Preliminary results indicate that our approach may be highly practical for an autonomous aerobraking mission at Mars.
Genetic and Chemical Reductions in Protein Phosphatase Activity Alter Auxin Transport, Gravity Response, and Lateral Root Growth

Auxin transport is required for important growth and developmental processes in plants, including gravity response and lateral root growth. Several lines of evidence suggest that reversible protein phosphorylation regulates auxin transport. Arabidopsis rcn1 mutant seedlings exhibit reduced protein phosphatase 2A activity and defects in differential cell elongation. Here we report that reduced phosphatase activity alters auxin transport and dependent physiological processes in the seedling root. Root basipetal transport was increased in rcn1 or phosphatase inhibitor-treated seedlings but showed normal sensitivity to the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Phosphatase inhibition reduced root gravity response and delayed the establishment of differential auxin-induced gene expression across a gravity-stimulated root tip. An NPA treatment that reduced basipetal transport in rcn1 and cantharidin-treated wild-type plants also restored a normal gravity response and asymmetric auxin-induced gene expression, indicating that increased basipetal auxin transport impedes gravitropism. Increased auxin transport in rcn1 or phosphatase inhibitor-treated seedlings did not require the AGR1/EIR1/PIN2/WAV6 or AUX1 gene products. In contrast to basipetal transport, root acropetal transport was normal in phosphatase-inhibited seedlings in the absence of NPA, although it showed reduced NPA sensitivity. Lateral root growth also exhibited reduced NPA sensitivity in rcn1 seedlings, consistent with acropetal transport controlling lateral root growth. These results support the role of protein phosphorylation in regulating auxin transport and suggest that the acropetal and basipetal auxin transport streams are differentially regulated.
A nitric oxide processing defect of red blood cells created by hypoxia: Deficiency of S-nitrosohemoglobin in pulmonary hypertension

The mechanism by which hypoxia [low partial pressure of O2 (pO2)] elicits signaling to regulate pulmonary arterial pressure is incompletely understood. We considered the possibility that, in addition to its effects on smooth muscle, hypoxia may influence pulmonary vascular tone through an effect on RBCs. We report that exposure of native RBCs to sustained hypoxia is accompanied by a buildup of heme iron-nitrosyl (FeNO) species that are deficient in pO2-governed intramolecular transfer of NO to cysteine thiol, yielding a deficiency in the vasodilator S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb). S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-deficient RBCs produce impaired vasodilator responses in vitro and exaggerated pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses in vivo and are defective in oxygenating the blood. RBCs from hypoxemic patients with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) exhibit a similar FeNO/SNO imbalance and are thus deficient in pO2-coupled vasoregulation. Chemical restoration of SNO-Hb levels in both animals and patients restores the vasodilator activity of RBCs, and this activity is associated with improved oxygenation and lower PAPs.
Self-Incompatibility in Petunia inflata: The Relationship between a Self-Incompatibility Locus F-Box Protein and Its Non-Self S-RNases

The highly polymorphic S (for self-incompatibility) locus regulates self-incompatibility in Petunia inflata; the S-RNase regulates pistil specificity, and multiple S-locus F-box (SLF) genes regulate pollen specificity. The collaborative non-self recognition model predicts that, for any S-haplotype, an unknown number of SLFs collectively recognize all non-self S-RNases to mediate their ubiquitination and degradation. Using a gain-of-function assay, we examined the relationships between S2-SLF1 (for S2-allelic product of Type-1 SLF) and four S-RNases. The results suggest that S2-SLF1 interacts with S7- and S13-RNases, and the previously identified S1- and S3-RNases, but not with S5- or S11-RNase. An artificial microRNA expressed by the S2-SLF1 promoter, but not by the vegetative cell-specific promoter, Late Anther Tomato 52, suppressed expression of S2-SLF1 in S2 pollen, suggesting that SLF1 is specific to the generative cell. The S2 pollen with S2-SLF1 suppressed was compatible with S3-, S5-, S7-, S11-, and S13-carrying pistils, confirming that other SLF proteins are responsible for detoxifying S5- and S11-RNases and suggesting that S2-SLF1 is not the only SLF in S2 pollen that interacts with S3-, S7-, and S13-RNases. Petunia may have evolved at least two types of SLF proteins to detoxify any non-self S-RNase to minimize the deleterious effects of mutation in any SLF.
High-content affinity-based proteomics: unlocking protein biomarker discovery

Single protein biomarkers measured with antibody-based affinity assays are the basis of molecular diagnostics in clinical practice today. There is great hope in discovering new protein biomarkers and combinations of protein biomarkers for advancing medicine through monitoring health, diagnosing disease, guiding treatment, and developing new therapeutics. The goal of high-content proteomics is to unlock protein biomarker discovery by measuring many (thousands) or all (∼23,000) proteins in the human proteome in an unbiased, data-driven approach. High-content proteomics has proven technically difficult due to the diversity of proteins, the complexity of relevant biological samples, such as blood and tissue, and large concentration ranges (in the order of 10(12) in blood). Mass spectrometry and affinity methods based on antibodies have dominated approaches to high-content proteomics. For technical reasons, neither has achieved adequate simultaneous performance and high-content. Here we review antibody-based protein measurement, multiplexed antibody-based protein measurement, and limitations of antibodies for high-content proteomics due to their inherent cross-reactivity. Finally, we review a new affinity-based proteomic technology developed from the ground up to solve the problem of high content with high sensitivity and specificity. Based on a new generation of slow off-rate modified aptamers (SOMAmers), this technology is unlocking biomarker discovery.
Education policies for raising student learning: the Finnish approach

This article argues that system‐wide excellence in student learning is attainable at reasonable cost, using education policies differing from conventional market‐oriented reform strategies prevalent in many other countries. In this respect, Finland is an example of a nation that has developed from a remote agrarian/industrial state in the 1950s to a model knowledge economy, using education as the key to economic and social development. Relying on data from international student assessments and earlier policy analysis, this article describes how steady improvement in student learning has been attained through Finnish education policies based on equity, flexibility, creativity, teacher professionalism and trust. Unlike many other education systems, consequential accountability accompanied by high‐stakes testing and externally determined learning standards has not been part of Finnish education policies. The insight is that Finnish education policies intended to raise student achievement have been built upon...
Design of semiconductor-based back reflectors for high V oc monolithic multijunction solar cells

State-of-the-art multijunction cell designs have the potential for significant improvement before going to higher number of junctions. For example, the V oc can be substantially increased if the photon recycling taking place in the junctions is enhanced. This has already been demonstrated (by Alta Devices) for a GaAs single-junction cell. For this, the loss of re-emitted photons by absorption in the underlying layers or substrate must be minimized. Selective back surface reflectors are needed for this purpose. In this work, different architectures of semiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) are assessed as the appropriate choice for application in monolithic multijunction solar cells. Since the photon re-emission in the photon recycling process is spatially isotropic, the effect of the incident angle on the reflectance spectrum is of central importance. In addition, the DBR structure must be designed taking into account its integration into the monolithic multijunction solar cells, concerning series resistance, growth economics, and other issues. We analyze the tradeoffs in DBR design complexity with all these requirements to determine if such a reflector is suitable to improve multijunction solar cells.
A new species of Crepidula (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from Chile: additional characters for the identification of eastern Pacific planar Crepidula group

A new species of Crepidula is described. It was collected together with Pagurus edwardsii Dana and Pagurus perlatus H. Milne Edwards, inhabiting the inside of empty shells of Tegula euryomphala Jones and other gastropods. The shell is low convex-oval in juveniles, low convex-oblong in males and concave-oblong elongated in females. In the adult phases the apex projects slightly at the posterior border. The sinusoidal septum is ‘V’ shaped at its centre, with a smooth sulcus in the left quarter. The osphradium has 2–13 digitiform leaflets according to phases of the life cycle. The characteristically thin, external-lateral teeth of the taenioglossate radula possess a row of denticles. In addition, evidence is given that: (1) males have a lanceolate penis with a spermatic tube; (2) the intracapsular-embryonic development starting with many embryos, occurs with a decrease at the larvae-protoconch stage, each one with an adhered-vitelline mass, and culminates with a few prehatching juveniles of 1 mm size. In the...
Experimental epicardial potential mapping in mouse ventricles: effects of fiber architecture

The purpose of this study is to introduce unique experimental measurements of extracellular potentials mapped from the epicardial surface of mouse hearts that reflect the same structural features seen in larger mammalian hearts. The measurements obtained in this study provide an important tool for studying the impacts of structural changes on propagation in genetically modified mouse models of cardiac disease. Unipolar electrograms were recorded using a high-resolution electrode array to map the epicardial surface of mouse hearts during atrial drive and at increasing transmural pacing depths. The extracellular potential maps revealed the underlying fiber structure of the mouse heart that is shown to be similar to those previously published from other species. This imaging technique, when integrated with computer models and diffusion tensor imaging can substantially contribute to our understanding of innovative genetic mouse models being used in the study of human cardiac disease.
alpha-Amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase II from carpophores of Amanita species accumulating amatoxins.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities have been partially purified from carpophores of the amanitin (amatoxin)-accumulating species Amanita hygroscopica and Amanita suballiacea and the non-accumulating species Amanita brunnescens and Amanita alliacea. RNA polymerase II activities purified by ion-exchange chromatography were characterized with respect to ionic strength, template, and divalent metal ion requirements and sensitivities to inhibition by alpha-amanitin. The Ki values of alpha-amanitin for RNA polymerase II activities were: 2.0 . 10(-3) M for A. hygroscopica; 3.3 . 10(-3) M for A. suballiacea; 9.8 . 10(-6) M for A. brunnescens; 10.0 . 10(-6) M for A. alliacea. Further purification with DNA affinity chromatography of activities from A. suballiacea and A. brunnescens did not alter the apparent dissociation constants of alpha-amanitin from either enzyme. The correlation between amanitin sensitivity of RNA polymerase II and the quantity of amatoxins found in carpophores suggests these peptides may play a role in regulating transcription of messenger RNA during carpophore development.
Helix bundle quaternary structure from alpha/beta-peptide foldamers

The function of a protein generally depends on adoption of a specific folding pattern, which in turn is determined by the side chain sequence along the polypeptide backbone. Here we show that the sequence-encoded structural information in peptides derived from yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 can be used to prepare hybrid α/β-peptide foldamers that adopt helix bundle quaternary structures. Crystal structures of two hybrid α/β-peptides are reported along with detailed structural comparison to α-peptides of analogous side chain sequence. There is considerable homology between α- and α/β-peptides at the level of helical secondary structure, with modest but significant differences in the association geometry of helices in the quaternary structure.
Remote Forcing versus Local Feedback of East Pacific Intraseasonal Variability during Boreal Summer

AbstractDuring boreal summer (June–October), interactions between intraseasonal variability in the Eastern Hemisphere and east Pacific warm pool are often described as a local amplification of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability. The MJO in the Eastern Hemisphere emits eastward-propagating dry Kelvin waves that are a source of rapid communication with the east Pacific. However, the precise mechanism by and degree to which intraseasonal variability in the Eastern Hemisphere interacts with the east Pacific are not well understood. To quantify the relationship, sensitivity tests in two separate models are used: the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and the International Pacific Research Center Regional Atmosphere Model (IRAM). Different methods are employed to isolate the east Pacific from outside intraseasonal signals in each model. When isolated from Kelvin wave fronts associated with the MJO, the CAM pr...
Fibromuscular dysplasia and thrombosed aneurysm of the popliteal artery in a child

A case is reported of bilateral congenital popliteal aneurysms in a 10-year-old girl. Spontaneous thrombosis of the left aneurysm resulted in acute ischemia of the left leg below the knee, and the aneurysm was bypassed with an autogenous saphenous vein graft. Elective resection of the right aneurysm revealed fibromuscular dysplasia, of the medial hyperplasia type, as the cause of the aneurysm. One year after operation, the grafts remained patent, and the patient was asymptomatic.
On the minimum expected duration of a coin tossing game

The following coin tossing game is analysed: A store of N fair coins is given and it is desired to achieve M heads in a round of tosses of the coins. To allow for unfavorable sequences of tails, restarts are permitted at any epoch in the game where, in any restart, all coins are returned to store and tosses are begun anew from tabula rasa. A restart strategy is a prescription which specifies when a restart should be made. It is desired to estimate the minimum expected duration of the game over all restart strategies, and to find an optimal strategy which minimises the expected duration of the game. This simple coin tossing game, proposed by R. L. Rivest, has cryptographic roots and is linked to issues in the factoring of integers. It is shown that there exists an optimal deterministic strategy which minimises the expected duration of the game, and a backward induction algorithm is derived which efficiently yields the optimal strategy. The properties of the optimal strategy are characterised, and some sub-optimal strategies analysed. In particular, it is shown that if the desired number of heads M is less than or equal to one-half the number of coins N in the store, then the minimum expected duration of the game grows linearly in N; if, on the other hand, M exceeds one-half N, then the minimum expected duration of the game grows exponentially fast in N.
Advanced Programming Environments

In Chapter 5 some basic facilities provided by a conventional programming environment were discussed. Chapter 11 discusses some advanced concepts related to the programming environment that were explored in the past. These include knowledge-based programming environments (Section 11.1), visual programming environments (Section 11.2), distributed programming environments (Section 11.3), programming environments that support concurrent engineering (Section 11.4), and component software (Section 11.5).
Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters for Selective In Situ Probing of Mycomembrane Components in Mycobacteria

The global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species in the suborder Corynebacterineae possess a distinctive outer membrane called the mycomembrane (MM). The MM is composed of mycolic acids, which are either covalently linked to an underlying arabinogalactan layer or incorporated into trehalose glycolipids that associate with the MM non-covalently. These structures are generated through a process called mycolylation, which is central to mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis and is an important target for tuberculosis drug development. Current approaches to investigating mycolylation rely on arduous analytical methods that occur outside the context of a whole cell. Herein, we describe mycobacteria-specific chemical reporters that can selectively probe either covalent arabinogalactan mycolates or non-covalent trehalose mycolates in live mycobacteria. These probes, in conjunction with bioorthogonal chemistry, enable selective in situ detection of the major MM components.
Reduction of coronary flow in the native circulation after bypass. Observations in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system.

The effects of aorta-coronary bypass upon flow in the native coronary artery were investigated in a hydraulic model of the cardiovascular system. An aorta-coronary bypass with a diameter identical to the coronary artery was used, since a graft diameter-to-coronary diameter ratio of one has been described as optimal. Stenoses of increasing severity were created in the simulated coronary artery. Aorta-coronary bypass eliminated the pressure gradient across the stenotic coronary segments. This caused a 50% reduction of flow in the normal or mildly stenotic native coronary artery. A higher percentage reduction of flow occurred in the bypassed artery when it was severely stenotic. Such a reduction of flow in patients may accelerate the atherosclerotic-thrombotic process and contribute to the high prevalence of occlusion of natural vessels following bypass. This disadvantageous hydraulic circumstance should be considered, particularly when bypass of mildly stenotic vessels is contemplated.
The Josephus Problem: Once More Around

(2002). The Josephus Problem: Once More Around. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 12-17.
Inhibition of nitrifying chemolithotrophic bacteria by several insecticides.

Chemolithotropic nitrifiers in pure cultures are sensitive to extremely low concentrations (<10 μg per ml) of several insecticides. Nitrification by Nitrobacler agilis (Nelson) was sensitive to 3 chlorinated hydrocarbons, aldrin, lindane, and TDE, at concentrations of 1 μg per ml. At concentrations of 10 μg per ml both TDE and aldrin exerted complete inhibition during a 2-week period. Lindane was considerably less toxic, causing only a delay in nitrate production over a concentration range of 1-1000 μg per ml. Malathion and parathion, 2 organic phosphate compounds, differed widely in their toxicity for N. agilis . Malathion was the least toxic of all the compounds tested, causing only delayed nitrification at 1000 μg per ml. Parathion, which is as toxic as aldrin, gave complete inhibition at 10 μg per ml. Baygon® ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) delayed nitrification by Nitrobacter at concentrations of 10 μg per ml or greater. Lindane, malathion, and Baygon, were tested also against Nitrosomonas europaea (Winogradsky). Complete inhibition was obtained with all 3 compounds at 10 μg per ml but at lower concentrations delayed nitrification was not evident.
The Behavioral Sciences and Nursing Education: Some Problems and Prospects

A BASIC task of every occupation calling itself a profession is educating and indoctrinating recruits into its culture. The study of this process, its changes, and consequences is a major interest of the sociology of the professions. One purpose of this paper is to describe selected aspects of changes in nursing education with particular attention to collegiate nursing education and to nursing's interest in research. Nursing's effort to improve its services and professional status over the past two or three decades constitutes an area of social and educational change that is increasingly involving the behavioral sciences. These disciplines are part and parcel of the change and, at the same time, the changes are a legitimate object of study for them. A second purpose of this paper, then, is to examine features of this dual involvement and to suggest a few research possibilities in nursing. Before proceeding with the tasks, we should point out that many features and problems of nursing described here have parallels in other professions. Inasmuch as this is not a comparative study, these similarities will not be discussed.
Toward three-dimensional modeling of a wake vortex pair in the turbulent planetary boundary layer

A method for large-eddy simulation of aircraft wake vortices embedded in planetary boundary turbulence is outlined. A nested grid scheme and three-dimensional initial and boundary conditions are described and demonstrated. The nested grid scheme allows multiple one-way or two-way simulations using mass-conservative interpolation and averaging schemes along with radiative boundary conditions which lets unwanted wave energy pass out of the finer mesh domains. The three-dimensional wake vortex initial and boundary conditions enforce fully-developed wake vortices on the upstream boundary but permit the vortices within the domain to develop spatially and temporally. Future work will entail combining the two schemes for simulations of wake vortices embedded within the convective planetary boundary layer.
Nonoperative management of biliary ductal stenosis. Report of a most unusual case

A patient with documented iatrogenic stricture of the common duct is reported. Certain very unusual characteristics of this lesion suggested that it was not precisely similar to ordinary biliary strictures and that nonoperative care was worthy of trial. No reconstructive operation has been done. The strictured segment has resolved so that the patient is completely asymptomatic and has no direct or indirect laboratory or radiographic evidence of biliary obstruction.
Role of Paraventricular Nucleus Glutamate Signaling in Regulation of HPA Axis Stress Responses

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the main neuroendocrine arm of the stress response, activation of which leads to the production of glucocorticoid hormones. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are secreted from the adrenal cortex, and have a variety of effects on the body, including modulation of the immune system, suppression of reproductive hormones maintenance of blood glucose levels, and maintenance of blood pressure. Glutamate plays an important role in coordination of HPA axis output. There is strong evidence that glutamate drives HPA axis stress responses through excitatory signaling via ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling. However, glutamate signaling via kainate receptors and group I metabotropic receptors inhibit HPA drive, probably via presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. Notably, kainate receptors are also localized in the median eminence, and appear to play an excitatory role in control of CRH release at the nerve terminals. Finally, glutamate innervation of the PVN undergoes neuroplastic changes under conditions of chronic stress, and may be involved in sensitization of HPA axis responses. Altogether, the data suggest that glutamate plays a complex role in excitation of CRH neurons, acting at multiple levels to both drive HPA axis responses and limit over-activation.
Osteopathic physicians and international medical graduates in the rural primary care physician workforce.

Background and objectives Primary care physician (PCP) shortages are a longstanding problem in the rural United States. This study describes the 2005 supply of two important components of the rural PCP workforce: rural osteopathic (DO) and international medical graduate (IMG) PCPs. Methods American Medical Association (AMA) and American Osteopathic Association (AOA) 2005 Masterfiles were combined to identify clinically active, non-resident, non-federal physicians aged 70 or younger. Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes were used to categorize practice locations as urban, large rural, small rural, or isolated small rural. National- and state-level analyses were performed. PCPs included family physicians, general internists, and general pediatricians. Results DOs comprised 4.9% and IMGs 22.2% of the total clinically active workforce. However, they contributed 10.4% and 19.3%, respectively, to the rural PCP workforce, although their relative representation varied geographically. DO PCPs were more likely than allopathic PCPs to practice in rural places (20.5% versus 14.9%, respectively). IMG PCPs were more likely than other PCPs to practice in rural persistent poverty locations (12.4% versus 9.1%). The proportion of rural PCP workforce represented by DOs increased with increasing rurality and that of IMGs decreased. Conclusions DO and IMG PCPs constitute a vital portion of the rural health care workforce. Their ongoing participation is necessary in addressing existing rural PCP shortages and handling the influx of newly insured residents as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) comes into effect. The impact on rural DO and IMG PCP supply of ACA measures intended to increase their numbers remains to be seen.
Genetic Testing and Counseling

Over the past several decades, genetic testing and counseling have become increasingly complex and challenging. As knowledge about genetic disorders, including genetic disorder of bone, has expanded greatly over the past few years, the number of disorders for which genetic testing is commercially available has increased. The explosion in the number of tests available, and the introduction of new types of genetic tests being performed, has made counseling patients undergoing this testing more complex and challenging. In this chapter, we will discuss the types of genetic testing available, suggest an approach to genetic testing in individuals with a disorder of bone, and provide an overview of genetic counseling for individuals with a presumed genetic diagnosis and those undergoing genetic testing.
Clinical Use of Parathyroid Hormone in Osteoporosis

The availability of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as an anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis has expanded our therapeutic options. By stimulating processes directly associated with bone formation, PTH reduces fracture incidence. It does so by improving bone qualities in addition to increasing bone mass. Approved forms of PTH include the full-length molecule PTH(1-84) available in a number of countries outside the United States and the human recombinant fragment PTH(1-34) available throughout the world, including the United States. The 1-34 fragment of PTH, known generically as teriparatide, has emerged as a major approach to selected patients with osteoporosis. The means by which teriparatide reduces fracture risk is by increasing bone density and bone turnover, improving microarchitecture, and increasing bone size. The incidence of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures is reduced. A current concept in the mechanism of teriparatide action is related to its effect to stimulate processes associated with bone formation before it stimulates processes associated with bone resorption. This chronology has led to the concept of the anabolic window, the period of time when teriparatide is maximally anabolic. Newer approaches to the use of teriparatide alone and in combination with antiresorptive agents have led to ways in which the anabolic window can be expanded. Since teriparatide or PTH(1-84) is used for a limited period of time, it should be followed by an antiresorptive agent to maintain the densitometric gains achieved during its use.
Predictors of improved survival for patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma

Background Retroperitoneal sarcomas are rare tumors that can be locally aggressive with high rates of recurrence. Given that data on survival in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas are conflicting, we sought to use a nationwide cancer database to identify factors associated with survival in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was utilized to identify patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas from 2002 to 2012. Univariable and multivariable survival analysis was performed using a generalized gamma parametric survival function. Results A total of 2,920 patients were included; overall 5- and 10-year survivals were 58.4% and 45.3%, respectively. On multivariable survival analysis, age, histologic type, grade, size, local extension, lymph node, and distant metastasis were associated with decreased survival (all P Conclusion During the past decade, retroperitoneal sarcoma patients treated with radiation demonstrate longer survival compared with patients who did not receive radiation. Further study is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the radiation-related survival benefit observed in this study.
Transportation of an Artifical Cargo by a Par-Min Hybrid System

Spatial organization and active transportation of organelles are essential processes for cellular division. This is true even in bacteria, which were once thought too simple to require much internal organization. The ubiquitous deviant Walker ATPase family of proteins has been shown to be involved in systems important for spatial coordination in bacteria, the two most highly studied examples of which are the DNA partitioning Par system and the divisome positioning Min system. Both these systems contain the eponymous deviant Walker A ATPase (ParA or MinD), a protein which stimulates the ATPase's hydrolysis activity (ParB or MinE) and a cargo to be transported or localized (a “centromere” DNA site bound by ParB or the divisome inhibitor MinC bound to MinD). Despite the similarities of their components these systems appear to behave quite differently in vivo: the Par system segregates large clusters of ParB bound DNA cargo into sister cells during division by displacing ParA non-specifically bound to the nucleoid whereas the Min proteins bind the inner membrane and are seen to oscillate from one cell pole to the other. These differences may arise due to the nature of the binding surface (DNA vs lipid) or the nature of the cargo (a large cargo bound a large number of stimulator protein molecules in Par vs small protein molecules individually bound to membrane-bound MinD dimers). Here we use TIRF microscopy to demonstrate that the Min system is capable of transporting a magnetic bead (a large cargo) along a supported lipid bilayer in a manner strikingly similar to our previous reconstitution of the Par system. This demonstrates that despite their clear differences in their system dynamics under conditions for their natural functions, Par and Min systems operate based on common underlying mechanistic principles.
Extremum seeking x-ray position feedback using power line harmonic leakage as the perturbation

Small x-ray beam sizes necessary for probing nanoscale phenomena require exquisite stability to prevent data corruption by noise. One source of instability at synchrotron radiation x-ray beamlines is the slow detuning of x-ray optics to marginal alignment where the onset of clipping increases the beam's susceptibility to higher frequency position oscillations. In this article, we show that a $1\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ amplitude horizontal x-ray beam oscillation driven by power line harmonic leakage into the electron storage ring can be used as perturbation for horizontal position extremum seeking feedback. Feedback performance is characterized by convergence to 1.5% away from maximum intensity at optimal alignment.
Existing and Emerging Payment and Delivery Reforms in Cardiology.

Importance Recent health care reforms aim to increase patient access, reduce costs, and improve health care quality as payers turn to payment reform for greater value. Cardiologists need to understand emerging payment models to succeed in the evolving payment landscape. We review existing payment and delivery reforms that affect cardiologists, present 4 emerging examples, and consider their implications for clinical practice. Observations Public and commercial payers have recently implemented payment reforms and new models are evolving. Most cardiology models are modified fee-for-service or address procedural or episodic care, but population models are also emerging. Although there is widespread agreement that payment reform is needed, existing programs have significant limitations and the adoption of new programs has been slow. New payment reforms address some of these problems, but many details remain undefined. Conclusions and Relevance Early payment reforms were voluntary and cardiologists’ participation is variable. However, conventional fee-for-service will become less viable, and enrollment in new payment models will be unavoidable. Early participation in new payment models will allow clinicians to develop expertise in new care pathways during a period of relatively lower risk.
Myocardial Ischemia without Coronary Artery Obstruction in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.

Objectives. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common single gene disorder in black Americans, with poorly described cardiovascular sequelae partly due to insensitive techniques to identify microvascular perfusion abnormalities. We employed cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CTA) to assess myocardium, microvascular perfusion and coronary arteries in SCD patients. Methods. Twelve adult patients with SCD (10 HbSS, 1 HbSC and 1 S-thal) age 20–45 years were enrolled. CMR protocol included: dark blood multiecho imaging, rest and stress myocardial perfusion, multiplane cines, and delayed post-gadolinium imaging (DME) for infarct imaging. Myocardial T2*, reflecting iron content, was calculated and verified using a T2* phantom. Left and right ventricular volumes and ejection fractions were quantified from short axis cines. Coronary CTA was performed in patients and five controls using a 64-slice scanner and 70cc of isotonic, isoosmolar contrast, with vessel review in multiple planes. Results. Three subjects, all SS genotype, had striking subendocardial ischemia (top image, arrows) with vasodilator stress that was not present at rest (signal intensity-vs-time curves, solid line=abnormal subendocardium, dotted and dashed=normal myocardium, dot-dash=blood pool). Myocardial T2* was normal in all subjects (25 to 33ms) as were DME, LV mass and LVEF. One subject with pulmonary hypertension had marked RV dysfunction (RVEF 26%). No subject had obstructive epicardial coronary disease, though proximal coronary diameters were significantly larger for SCD patients compared to controls (2.7mm/m 2 versus 1.9mm/m 2 , p Conclusions. A subset of SCD patients has quantifiable myocardial ischemia with coronary dilatation and absence of infarcted myocardium. Further studies are ongoing to correlate perfusion abnormalities with episodic chest pain and ischemia-based therapies.