cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B vaccine: Should we give it a shot?

Objective: To determine clinical and economic consequences of alternative vaccination strategies for preventing hepatitis B virus infection (HBV). Methods: Decision analysis was used to evaluate costs, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of three HBV management strategies (“no vaccination,” “universal vaccination,” and “screen and vaccinate”) in four populations (newborns, 10-year-old adolescents, a high-risk adult population, and the general adult U.S. population). Information on HBV incidence and prevalence, clinical course, and management of acute illness and chronic sequelae was obtained from the literature and a panel of experts. Actual payments (costs) were obtained from Blue Cross/Blue Shield and local pharmacies. Incremental cost-effectiveness was calculated from the perspective of the payer of medical care and subjected to sensitivity analysis. Results: Vaccination (with or without screening) prevents more disease at somewhat increased cost than no vaccination for the neonatal, adolescent, and adult populations. Vaccination (with or without screening) is a dominant strategy in adult high-risk populations (lower cost and greater benefit than no vaccination). Optimal cost-effectiveness, with nonmonetary benefits not discounted, results if all pregnant women are screened for active HBV infection, and HBV vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin are administered to babies born to mothers with positive screening tests. Then HBV vaccine is administered to all children at age 10 and again 10 years later (incremental cost-per-year-of-life-saved relative to the “no vaccination” strategy is $375). A strategy of universal newborn vaccination alone leads to an incremental cost-per-year-of-life saved of $3332. If adolescents are vaccinated at age 10, incremental cost-per-year-of-life saved is $13,938; for the general adult population, the incremental cost-per-year-of-life saved of universal vaccination is $54,524. Discounting benefits will increase cost-per-year-of-life saved 7 to 12 times for all strategies. Conclusions: HBV vaccine is most cost-effective when a strategy of screening newborns is combined with routine administration to 10-year-old children. The means to achieve substantial improvements in the health of the public in a cost-effective fashion are now available and should be pursued aggressively.
What Do You Tell Parents who Ask why Their Preschooler Can't See Out of One Eye?

The diagnosis has been made and confirmed: amblyopia. But what exactly does it mean to the parent and child who are most likely hearing it for the first time? Essentially nothing until the time is taken by us, ophthalmic medical personnel, to adequately explain the condition, the treatment options available, the goals for treatment, and the prognosis. How does one educate parents and children alike about amblyopia? How does one communicate in such a way as to facilitate and promote a favorable response to treatment? One hundred families of children with amyblopia, as well as a large consortium of orthoptists, were surveyed regarding the diagnosis and methods employed to communicate more efficiently and effectively. The diagnosis, it turns out, is only the beginning. Our responsibility to the parents and child does not simply end there: with good interpersonal skills and open communication, a team is established, and the task at hand of obtaining equal acuities should prove to be less daunting.
Human choriogonadotropin (hCG): comparisons between determinations of intact hCG, free hCG beta-subunit, and "total" hCG + beta in serum during the first half of high-risk pregnancy.

We have studied the concentrations of intact human choriogonadotropin (hCG) and the free hCG beta-subunit in blood samples from singleton pregnancies at risk for habitual or threatened abortion. The samples were obtained weekly between the 6th and 12th weeks and in the 14th and 16th weeks of gestational age. The concentrations of intact hCG, of the free hCG beta-subunit, and of "total" hCG (i.e., intact hCG and the free hCG beta-subunit: hCG + beta) were measured in serum by specific immunoassays. The distributional statistics (the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles) of "total" hCG + beta and of intact hCG showed very similar patterns, whereas the response curves for the free hCG beta-subunit showed very much lower serum concentrations. From these data we also estimated distributional statistics of the percent molar ratios of free hCG beta-subunit to intact hCG. We conclude that (a) the relatively small proportion of free hCG beta-subunit in serum during the first half of singleton pregnancy is far too low to interfere with the applied "total" hCG assay, as compared with the serum values obtained for intact hCG, and (b) the percent molar ratios of free hCG beta-subunit to intact hCG, or to "total" hCG + beta, never exceeded 1.0% throughout the period of pregnancy studied.
Knowledge management needs security too

Purpose – This paper proposes that research should be conducted in how to manage the tension between the conflicts of interest between knowledge sharing and knowledge protection.Design/methodology/approach – This paper gives an overview of the security needs of knowledge management.Findings – A particularly interesting challenge is the conflict of interest between individuals (including enterprises) and communities of practice. Innovation spurred through common interest can be dangerous for individuals in the short term, while beneficial to the community as a whole. Greater understanding of these tensions can assist managers in understanding how and when to apply protections in knowledge management.Originality/value – Contains useful information on the security needs of knowledge management.
Vitamin D and Chronic Lung Disease: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Studies

Vitamin D is classically recognized for its role in calcium homeostasis and skeletal metabolism. Over the last few decades, vitamin D deficiency has increased in prevalence in adults and children. Potential extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have been under investigation for several diseases. Several cross-sectional studies have associated lower vitamin D status with decreased lung function. This finding has prompted investigators to examine the association of vitamin D deficiency with several chronic lung diseases. One major focus has been the link between maternal vitamin D status and childhood asthma. Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with increased risk of respiratory infection from influenza A and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other chronic respiratory diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency include cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This review will examine the current clinical literature and potential mechanisms of vitamin D in various pulmonary diseases.
Evaluating Alternative Prescribed Burning Policies to Reduce Net Economic Damages from Wildfire

We estimate a wildfire risk model with a new measure of wildfire output, intensity-weighted risk and use it in Monte Carlo simulations to estimate welfare changes from alternative prescribed burning policies. Using Volusia County, Florida as a case study, an annual prescribed burning rate of 13% of all forest lands maximizes net welfare; ignoring the effects on wildfire intensity may underestimate optimal rates of prescribed burning. Our estimated supply function for prescribed fire services is inelastic, suggesting that increasing contract prescribed fire services on public lands may produce rapidly escalating costs for private landowners and unintended distributional and “leakage” effects.
A sequential algorithm for motion estimation from point correspondences with intermittent occlusions

Practical applications of estimating an objects motion from an image sequence must address the occlusion of feature points. A sequential algorithm for estimating an object's motion and structure based upon minimizing a conditional least squares criterion is formulated. In comparison to a batch least squares solution based upon twenty image frames, this structure achieved a 98.7 fold reduction in computation time at the cost of an overall 3% increase in estimation error.
Omic approaches to preventing or managing metastatic breast cancer

Early detection of metastasis-prone breast cancers and characterization of residual metastatic cancers are important in efforts to improve management of breast cancer. Applications of genome-scale molecular analysis technologies are making these complementary approaches possible by revealing molecular features uniquely associated with metastatic disease. Assays that reveal these molecular features will facilitate development of anatomic, histological and blood-based strategies that may enable detection prior to metastatic spread. Knowledge of these features also will guide development of therapeutic strategies that can be applied when metastatic disease burden is low, thereby increasing the probability of a curative response.
Teachers' perceptions of students with late emerging reading disabilities

The purpose of this study was to determine teachers’ perceptions of students who begin displaying signs of reading difficulty in the upper elementary grades (fourth grade and higher). The research additionally aims to identify differences in perceptions of teachers teaching grades one through three as compared to those teaching grades four through six regarding their awareness of Late Emerging Reading Disability and areas of intervention for these students. The research also investigates the areas, which teachers associate with reading difficulty among children beyond fourth grade. An online survey was utilized to collect data from teachers in six schools in Central Iowa districts. Seventy-nine teachers responded to the survey amongst which 58 were early elementary teachers and the other 21 were intermediate elementary teachers. Significant differences between early elementary and intermediate elementary teachers were found for the likelihood of a child being identified with reading difficulties in elementary grades, with the early elementary teachers indicating a higher likelihood of identification of students with reading difficulties in early elementary grades. The research study also found significant differences for the likelihood of identification of students with reading difficulties in intermediate grades, with intermediate elementary teachers indicating a lower likelihood that students with reading difficulties in intermediate grades will be identified. The results also showed that both groups of teachers prioritized intervention for early elementary students struggling in reading in the areas of phonemic awareness and phonics. Both groups of teachers shifted the areas of intervention to vocabulary and comprehension for a student struggling with reading in intermediate elementary grades. The study however did not find significant differences between the two groups of teachers in prioritizing intervention for
State-feedback optimal controllers for deterministic nonlinear systems

A full-state feedback optimal control problem is solved for a general deterministic nonlinear system. The solution method is based on transforming Hamilton-Jacobi equation into an algebraic equation using the pseudo-inverse. Then we interpret the value function in terms of the control Lyapunov function and provide the stabilizing controller and the stability margins. We also derive an optimal controller for a nonlinear system which requires a solution of the state dependent Riccati equation. Simple examples demonstrate each method.
A parallel finite element contact/impact algorithm for non‐linear explicit transient analysis: Part II—Parallel implementation

A parallel implementation of the contact algorithm discussed in Part I of this paper has been developed for a non-linear dynamic explicit finite element program to analyse the response of three-dimensional shell structures. The parallel contact algorithm takes advantage of the fact that in general only some parts of the structure will actually be in contact at any given time. Special interprocessor communication routines and a method which enables individual processors to dynamically build local contact domains during execution have been developed. The performance of the parallel contact algorithm has been studied by executing the program on 128 processors of a distributed-memory multiprocessor computer.
Doctoral Study in Rehabilitation: III. Status and Trends.

The third in a series of studies was conducted to describe doctoral programs in rehabilitation over three successive time periods. Characteristics of programs were summarized for the 1999—2000 academic year, including degrees and majors offered, admissions, curriculum, students, and faculty. In addition, information was compiled on numbers of graduates and types of positions entered from calendar years 1991 to 1997, maintaining the series of 7-year intervals from the two previous studies. From the time of the first study to the second, substantial declines had previously been noted in both the numbers of doctoral programs and graduates, but these numbers were found to have stabilized from the second study to the present study, with the identification of 29 programs that produced 276 graduates during the 7-year period. As with the previous studies, considerable variability was found among programs in virtually all of the characteristics examined.
Outcome of the unoperated adult who presents with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the presentation and outcome of the unoperated adult with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Background The presentation of this disorder and the outcome in unoperated adults have not been well defined. Methods All unoperated patients ≥18 years old were evaluated for spectrum of disease, hemodynamic severity, timeliness of diagnosis and referral, and outcome. Results Forty-four patients aged 20 to 79 years (mean, 44) were followed up to 144 months. In 29 (66%), the correct diagnosis was first made at age ≥18 years; the diagnosis was missed in seven of these patients in a prior cardiology consultation, despite cardiac imaging. Systemic atrioventricular valve (SAVV) regurgitation (grade ≥3/4) was noted in 26 patients (59%). Thirty (68%) had surgical intervention, including SAVV replacement in all, with no early mortality. Preoperatively, this subset had significant dysfunction of the systemic ventricle (SV) (ejection fraction [EF], 40 ± 10%), and most had advanced symptoms (25 with ability index ≥2/4). In 16 (53%), SAVV regurgitation ≥3/4 and ventricular dysfunction had been documented for >6 months. The mean EF of the SV decreased significantly postoperatively (34 ± 11%, p = 0.006). Four patients (13%) eventually required cardiac transplantation. Poor preoperative EF of the SV predicted eventual need for transplantation (p = 0.001). Conclusions Patients with unoperated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries are often misdiagnosed in adulthood and are referred late despite symptomatic SAVV regurgitation and significant SV dysfunction. Although excellent early surgical results can be achieved, significant residual dysfunction of the SV is common.
On Meridional Heat Transports in the World Ocean

Abstract Updated estimates of meridional heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean water body derived from the surface energy badget agree with the evaluation of hydrographic sections, annual mean northward transports being about 8 and 11 × 1014 W at 30°8 and 25°N, respectively. For the World Ocean as a whole, a southward transport of 6 × 1014 W is obtained at 60°S. Concerning the satellite-derived not radiation at the top of the atmosphere, the five data sets published in the literature are adjusted to form a zero annual mean for the globe as a whole; the required adjustments are ±10 W m−2 for the various sets. Even so, the required poleward heat transport in the atmosphere-ocean system obtained from the five data sets differs conspicuously, with a range of 20 × 1014 W at 30°N. This range may reflect observational errors and real interannual variability. The comfortable numerical agreement notwithstanding, plausible error tolerances far exceed the differences between the heat transport estimates derived by va...
Feasibility of a Text Messaging Intervention to Promote Self-Management for Patients Prescribed Oral Anticancer Agents.

Purpose/objectives To determine proof of concept of a mobile health (mHealth) intervention delivering text messages (texts) to self-manage among patients prescribed oral anticancer agents (OAs) and to examine preliminary efficacy on symptoms and medication adherence. Design A longitudinal randomized, controlled trial. Setting Two community cancer centers in the midwestern United States and a national specialty pharmacy. Sample 80 adults with cancer who were newly prescribed OAs . Methods Adherence and symptoms were assessed weekly for 10 weeks in both groups. The intervention group received daily texts for adherence and weekly for symptoms for 21-28 days, and satisfaction with the intervention was assessed . Main research variables Medication adherence and symptom severity. Findings Mean age was 58.5 years (SD = 10.7 years), 48 participants were female, and 48 were Caucasian. Fewer symptoms were found in the intervention group with a moderate effect size. Adherence was higher in the text group using medical record and prescription data (n = 26) with greater relative dose intensity of moderate to large effect size. Regarding acceptability, 57% (83 of 145) of eligible participants consented, 39 of 40 participants completed the entire intervention, 30 participants read texts all of the time, and 34 participants were satisfied with the intervention. Conclusions Proof of concept and preliminary efficacy of an mHealth intervention using texts to promote self-management for patients prescribed OAs was demonstrated. Patients had high satisfaction with the texts, and adherence and symptoms improved after the intervention. Implications for nursing Texts show promise for patients with cancer who must manage their OAs. Additional research is needed prior to use in practice.
Direct to Consumer Mobile Teledermatology Apps: An Exploratory Study

Abstract Background: Since 2012, “Direct to Consumer” mobile teledermatology apps have become more available, relinquishing many data collection tasks normally done by healthcare professionals directly to patients. Introduction: To determine user friendliness, diagnostic quality, and service of commercially available mobile teledermatology apps. Materials and Methods: All mobile teledermatology apps available at the Apple App Store were reviewed. The two most popular mobile teledermatology apps were identified and tested together with three apps having similar functionality using a single case of a patient who was also examined by a dermatologist in-person. Results: Apps varied in diagnostic scope, data gathering methods, services, rendered results, and in geographic coverage and cost. Discussion: None of the apps take a history as thoroughly as recommended by textbooks. Key medical questions like current medications and allergies are not asked often. Most apps rendered concordant results, except for the ...
Permutation by Adjacent Interchanges

(1965). Permutation by Adjacent Interchanges. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 72, No. sup2, pp. 36-46.
Investigation on an outbreak of mumps in kindergarten

[Objective]To investigate the epidemic characteristics of an outbreak of mumps and the protective effect of the vaccine on mumps.[Methods]Mumps cases were searched according to the diagnosis criteria of mumps to describe the epidemic situation,and the vaccination information of children were collected.The vaccine protection efficiency(VE) was calculated by this formula: VE(%) =(incidence rate of unvaccinated group-incidence rate of vaccinated group) / incidence rate of unvaccinated group × 100% =(1-RR) × 100%.[Results]A total of 126 cases were searched,and the attack rate was 11.42%(126 /1 103).Among 22 classes in the kindergarten,the cases were reported in 16 classes.The attack rate of unvaccinated children was 27.47%(64/233),and that of vaccinated children was 10.78%(56/519),with VE of 61%.Vaccine protective efficacy showed a decreasing trend with time interval of once vaccination.[Conclusion]Mumps vaccine is a protective factor of mumps.The vaccine protective efficacy shows a decreasing trend with time interval,so it is recommended that an additional dose of vaccine should be carried out three years after first dose mumps vaccination.
Interstitial cystitis(Report of 15 cases)

Purpose:We reported our experience to improve the diagnosis and therapy of interstitial cystitis(IC), Method: A total of 15 patients identified as IC were treated with oral drugs, intravesical perfusion therapy, transurethral resection,partial cystectomy and sigmoid conduit respectively. Result: All cases were followed up for 6 months to 8 years,except for 1 patient,among which 12 cured,1 improved,1 recurred after perfusion therapy. Conclusion:Sufficient attention should be paid on the accurate diagnosis ;regular intravesical perfusion of DSMO and BCG were clarified to be satisfactory in a long term.
Determination of air stannum in workplace by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Determination of air stannum in workplace by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was studied.The interferences produced by the transition metal elements like Co,Ni,Cu etc.were observed and were suppressed efficiently by the masking agents,K3Fe(CN)6 and C2H2O4.2H2O.The accuracy of this method was improved enormously.In the range from 0 to 150 μg / L,the linear correlation coefficient was 0.999 7,and the RSD of different concentrations of standard solution were 0.9 % ～3.6 %.As well as the recoveries were 95.0%～103.0% and the detection limit was 0.7 μg/L.
Doing What Is Right: The Role of an Applied Ethicist

This chapter not only describes some of the major schools of ethics but uses them to uncover additional critical assumptions that startups and existing organizations often make to justify their existence. For instance, from the standpoint of Kantian Ethics, Facebook, Uber, and Airbnb were unethical because they did not subscribe to the following moral maxim: Whenever the probability, however small, is such that a person will be harmed in any way by a product or service, whether it’s through its misuse or initial design, then the provider is obligated ethically to involve those stakeholders that are necessary to monitor and to remediate potential harmful effects.
THE THEORY OF SIMPLE GASES

The derivations of the macroscopic properties of a large variety of physical systems run into serious mathematical difficulties that restrict the analysis of either simpler kinds of systems or of simplified models of actual systems. In practice, even these restricted studies are carried out in a series of stages, with the first stage of the process being highly idealized. The best example of such an idealization is the familiar ideal gas—a study of which is not only helpful in acquiring facility with the mathematical procedures but also throws considerable light on the physical behavior of gases actually met with in nature. It also serves as a basis on which the theory of real gases can be founded. This chapter mathematically derives and discusses the most basic properties of simple gaseous systems obeying quantum statistics. The discussion includes some of the essential features of diatomic and polyatomic gases as well. Thus, the central problem in this study is to derive an explicit expression for the function j ( T ) from knowledge of the internal states of the molecules. The internal state of a molecule is determined by the electronic state, the state of the nuclei, the vibrational state, and the rotational state. These four modes of excitation mutually interact; however, they can also be treated independently of one another.
Liquid-Membrane Coupling Response and Measurement of Absolute Displacement Amplitudes with a Submersible Electrostatic Acoustic Transducer

In order for a transducer to give useful information to the investigator, it should have well known and well understood properties. Its frequency response, amplitude sensitivity, and phase shift, are important characteristics of its output. If it is to be used as a device for measuring finite amplitude and non-linear effects in a medium, it must be capable of an absolute calibration. The Electrostatic Acoustic Transducer (ESAT)1 is such a transducer. It can also be used for calibration of other transducers.
Morel-Lavallée Lesion in Sports.

Posttraumatic soft tissue swelling is a relatively common presenting complaint among athletes. Due to its broad differential diagnosis, a comprehensive evaluation beginning with history and physical examination are recommended. Imaging including radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are preferred modalities. Aspiration of a fluid collection, preferably under ultrasound guidance, may help with the diagnosis and management of some of these conditions. Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is an uncommon condition consisting of a closed degloving injury caused by forces that create pressure and shear stress between the subcutaneous tissue and the superficial fascia or bone. Most commonly, MLL is found over the greater trochanter and sacrum, but in rare cases can be found in other regions of the body. In most cases, concurrent severe injury mechanisms are present. Sports-related MLL are rare and underreported. Depending on the stage and type of MLL, therapeutic strategies may vary from compression wraps and aspiration to surgical evacuation.
A new approach to optimized negative selection

The Negative Selection (NS) algorithm is the first algorithm to come from the study of natural immune systems, and is the most widely known and applied algorithm in the field. It has been used to build intrusion detection systems along with many other security-related tasks. However, it has not been possible to use the Negative Selection algorithm on many real-world scenarios. The present research shows an optimization of the negative selection algorithm to make its execution faster. The optimized algorithm remains functionally the same, providing the same results as the unoptimized algorithm. Details are given about the optimization scheme used and the optimized negative selection algorithm is tested on the UCI Breast Cancer data set. The performance of the unoptimized negative selection algorithm is compared to the performance of the algorithm with the proposed optimization. Three claims about the function of the optimized negative selection algorithm are made and tested with four experiments. The results of the experiments are used to demonstrate that the algorithm is faster and does not change the negative selection algorithm or lower its accuracy. Although there has been research into the optimization of the Negative Selection algorithm, this work will only apply to hyper-sphere detectors, which has not been done before.
COMPARISON OF CZT SPECT AND CARDIAC MR DERIVED CARDIAC FUNCTION AND VOLUMES IN PATIENTS WITH SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION

Background: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is widely used for prognostication and revascularization decisions. Compared to traditional nuclear cameras, cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) cameras provide improved definition, faster scan times and lower radiation exposure. Although previous studies have
Emerging Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities

The ever-increasing demand for storing renewable energy sources calls for novel battery technologies that are of sustainably low levelized energy cost. Research into battery chemistry has evolved to a stage where a plethora of choices based on earth-abundant elements can be compared during their development. One of the emerging candidates is the nonaqueous potassium-ion battery. K-ion’s unique properties as a charge carrier have aroused intense interest in exploring high-performing cathode and anode materials for this battery. Rapid progress has been made, where leading candidates of electrodes have been proposed, i.e., hard carbon as anode and Prussian white analogues as cathode. In this new battery technology’s infancy, it is our opinion that the focus should be given to potentially scalable, inexpensive electrode materials and the understanding of their cycle-life-property correlations. It may be the ultralong cycle life that differentiates potassium-ion batteries from sodium-ion batteries in the futur...
It’s a Noisy Planet—Protect Their Hearing: A Review of Noisy Planet

The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, a division of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, initiated a national public campaign designed to incre...
Self and Reminiscence of Place: A Conceptual Study

This conceptual study looks at reminiscence of past places and selfhood for older people, especially people with dementia, living in long-term care facilities. Although the therapeutic potential of reminiscence, as well as the importance of places in one's life have been recognized, the potential benefits of place-based reminiscence remains untapped. This study critically reviews the existing literature in related substantive areas, synthesizes emergent major themes, and proposes a conceptual framework in approaching the relevant concepts. It is suggested that reminiscence of events and aspects associated with significant places from the past can offer a potentially therapeutic process in holding onto one's life experiences, and in turn present opportunities for preserving one's sense of self-identity.
The Abuse of Agents Used to Induce or Maintain General Anesthesia: Intravenous Hypnotics and the Halogenated Hydrocarbons

The agents used to induce or maintain general anesthesia have been shown time and time again, in multiple studies involving both humans and animals, to carry considerable abuse liability. These drugs are capable of producing pleasurable sensations and altering consciousness in a manner that some find pleasing. They have a demonstrated ability to reinforce drug-taking behaviors, can produce tolerance, and many are associated with the development of a withdrawal syndrome, yet these drugs are not very well controlled. Many are not scheduled by the DEA and those that are been given the least restrictive schedule IV status. These drugs are almost universally available in unsecured hospital supply rooms or anesthesia carts and few facilities keep specific usage records.
Employer Perspectives on the Skills Needed by Business School Graduates: A Review of the Literature

Business is consistently among the most popular college majors in the United States. In order to better understand the skills business employers believe recent business school graduates need to possess and the degree to which business graduates are prepared for the workplace, this study reviewed the literature pertaining to employers’ perceptions of the skills needed by recent business school graduates and the degree to which business graduates possess these skills. This literature review provides insight into the skills business employers are considering when assessing business graduates for possible employment opportunities. Sources were reviewed and analyzed for reoccurring ideas or themes in the literature. Three themes emerged from the review: (a) the skills desired by business employers, (b) the skills gap between competencies required by business employers and those possessed by graduating business students, and (c) the need to align business school curricula with the needs of the workplace. Suggestions for institutions and future research are offered based on the emergent themes.
Communication Deficits Among Surgical Residents During Difficult Patient Family Conversations.

Objectives To qualitatively analyze videotaped data of surgical residents and fellows interacting with standardized patients to identify communication weaknesses. To correlate our qualitative data with their quantitative scores. Design We used discourse analysis to identify negative communication patterns among 10 surgical residents and fellows who were tested on interpersonal competencies during an objective structured clinical examination in 2014. We then correlated our findings with the validated evaluation outcomes. Descriptive statistics were then used to quantify our findings. Setting The setting was an objective structured clinical examination performed in 2014 using standardized patient surrogate family members. Participants The participants were a mix of first and third year surgical residents and critical care fellows. Results The item that most strongly differentiated the bottom 5 from the top 5 performers was not answering the patient appropriately. This was exhibited in 3 ways among the lowest performers in our study: (1) paternalism, (2) vagueness, and (3) dehumanization. Our statistical analyses showed that the overall number of negative communication behaviors correlated with negative staff scores (r = −0.653, p Conclusions We found the lowest performers responded inappropriately to the patient, which we further delineated into vagueness, paternalism, and dehumanization. We propose positive communication strategies be taught to residents to improve how they are perceived by patients.
I Can See You… But Should I Trust You? Moderating Effect of Product Review Modality on Valence: An Abstract

Consumers today shop online. They rely greatly on public opinion in the form of online reviews when making decisions. These online reviews contain both crucial and useful information (e.g., users’ experience, ratings, etc.), and they are presented in a variety of formats (pictures, videos, and/or text) with different degrees of valence. Consumers may be overwhelming by them and not sure which one they should believe between ones that they watch/hear “live” on videos or ones written by unidentified individuals. The presentation of reviews could also increase or decrease source credibility. This research examines the effects of online reviews in different formats and valence.
Cytotoxicity and permeability enhancement of Capmul®MCM in nanoemulsion formulation.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the following factors affecting the cytotoxicity of Capmul®MCM (C8/10MD) in self-emulsified nanoemulsions (SENs): concentration, triglycerides, and droplet size, and how these factors influence permeability of lipid droplets. Two triglycerides (C8T and C18T) and six formulations were used: SEN1(C18T:C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40 = 7:3:10, 257 nm), SEN2(C8T:C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40 = 1:1:2, 30 nm), SEN3(C18T:Kolliphor®RH40 = 1:4, 26 nm), SEN4(C8T:Kolliphor®RH40 = 1:4, 27 nm), SEN5(C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40 = 1:1, 120 nm) and SEN6(C8/10MD:Kolliphor®RH40 = 1:4, 15 nm). There was no cytotoxicity from SEN3-4 (5% preconcentrate), but there was concentration-dependent cytotoxicity from the SENs containing C8/10MD. The presence of triglycerides in SEN1-2 reduced the toxicity of C8/10MD as compared to SEN5-6. SEN2 and SEN6 showed higher toxicity than SEN1 and SEN5, respectively, due to the smaller size. 14C-Triolein-loaded droplets from SEN1 (0.45–0.6% C8/10MD) and SEN2 (0.3–0.6% C8/10MD) could permeate across the MDCK monolayer, resulted in intact droplets and radioactivity in the receiver chamber. The TEER was reduced as the C8/10MD concentration increased, and not recovered after 24 h from SEN1 (0.6% C8/10MD) and SEN2 (0.45–0.6% C8/10MD), resulted in significantly higher (p
Exploring the Crabs in the Barrel Syndrome in Organizations

This article examines the existence of the crabs in the barrel syndrome (CBS) in organizational settings, as well as the affiliated intragroup, intergroup, and organizational dynamics. CBS is a met...
Consumer willingness to pay for sustainability attributes in beer: A choice experiment using eco‐labels

Commercial and regional brewers are increasingly investing in sustainability equipment that reduces input use, operating costs, and environmental impact. These technologies often require significant upfront costs that can limit market access to microbreweries. One potential solution for these brewers is to market their product as sustainable and charge a premium for their product to offset some of the costs. A stated preference choice experiment of a nationally-representative sample is undertaken to elicit consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sustainability attributes in beer, thus determining whether a market for sustainably-made beer exists. The facets of sustainability, including water reduction, energy reduction, and landfill diversion, are portrayed through eco-labels affixed the front of the primary packaging (aluminum can or glass bottle). Multiple specifications are employed to handle model shortcomings and incorporate discrete heterogeneity. Across all model specifications, consumers show a positive and statistically significant marginal WTP for landfill diversion practices and carbon reduction practices, ranging from $0.40 to $1.37 per six-pack and $0.67 to $1.21 per six-pack, respectively. These results indicate consumers do in fact place value on beer produced using sustainable practices, and the demographics of consumers with the greatest WTP are similar to that of craft beer consumer.
Wattsworth: An Open-Source Platform for Decentralized Sensor Networks

Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks have the potential to deliver major benefits across a wide variety of industries, but designing the necessary data collection, processing, and presentation infrastructure can make them cost prohibitive. This has led to a Faustian bargain with centralized vendors who offer platform-as-a-service (PaaS) IoT solutions. Customers cede control of their sensors and all data they collect to a third party in exchange for convenient analytics. This type of perpetual subscription is a compelling revenue model that has stifled industry innovation in alternative architectures. This article presents Wattsworth, an open-source, decentralized alternative to PaaS-based IoT. Data collection, processing, and presentation are distributed across the network using a modular architecture. Lightweight “Data Apps” provide customizable user interfaces ensuring the information is relevant and actionable. Case studies of Wattsworth deployments across a variety of hardware platforms from single board computers to cloud-based servers demonstrate its utility in decentralized IoT applications. Full documentation, source code, and installation media are available online at https://wattsworth.net .
Public-Private Partnerships As Models for New Drug Development: The Future As Now

The international community is searching for ways to improve the system under which new pharmaceutical treatments, vaccines and diagnostics are discovered, developed and distributed. The predominant model relying on patents and regulatory market exclusivity, combined with pricing power, is creating enormous public and private budgetary pressures, and at least arguably is misallocating research and development (R&D) resources. The monolithic vertically integrated pharmaceutical originator is largely a myth. The drug discovery, development and distribution process has long involved a wide range of participatory arrangements, with basic discovery, follow-on research, translation and manufacturing technology functions distributed across in-house and external actors. A main distinguishing characteristic of the pharma originator company is its profit driven motivation, as compared with alternative models such as Public–Private partnerships (PPPs) and product development partnerships (PDPs) that are motivated in other ways. Each of these models already has a substantial public or nonprofit financing component. The question explored in this contribution is whether and how PPPs and PDPs should become a more significant part of the global pharmaceutical development and distribution system. The chapter begins by describing the current model of pharmaceutical R&D, including the blurry boundary between public and private R&D. Following this is a section surveying some current PPP and/or PDP models of R&D, and analyzing the advantages and limitations of PPPs and/or PDPs. The next part connects the R&D activities of these partnerships to capital markets and investment incentives in the R&D of public goods. This part of the chapter discusses the potential role of PPPs and/or PDPS as part of a delinkage of R&D from production and distribution functions. The chapter concludes that further experimentation with PPPs and PDPs is warranted.
Barrier Height Stability and Reverse Leakage Mechanisms in Ni/Ga 2 O 3 (001) Schottky Barrier Diodes

Ga 2 O 3 Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have shown promising performance as power rectifiers recently [1]–[3], showcasing the fast-improving material quality as well as the touted high electric field strength (6–8 MV/cm). In an SBD, the barrier height $(\mathrm{q}\phi_{\mathrm{B}})$ largely determines the turn-on voltage and the reverse leakage current. Previous studies on the barrier height of different metal contacts on Ga 2 O 3 indicate a certain level of Fermi-level pinning [4], [5], likely due to interface-trap states. Under different temperature $(T)$ or biasing conditions, the filling of those trap states could be altered and thus the barrier height could be unstable, as evidenced in previous studies [6]. For Ga 2 O 3 grown by halide vapor phase deposition (HVPE), a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process is used to flatten the surface. In this work, we examine the barrier height stability of Ni/Ga 2 O 3 SBDs fabricated on the CMP-ed surface via repeated and temperature-dependent $I-V$ measurements. We found that post metallization annealing (PMA) improves the barrier height stability. In addition, the reverse leakage mechanisms of the non-field-plated SBDs have been identified.
Suffocating in the eye of the storm: attempting to breathe at the epicentre of New York's COVID-19 pandemic.

The phone rings. A text, a call—‘Are you okay? Is it really that bad?’ It’s 4am and none of us are sleeping. My white noise machine can’t silence the sirens that fill the night. It echoes the same repetitive message: COVID-19. It’s here, it’s been here and we haven’t reached the peak yet. We’re emergency physicians on the frontline of this global pandemic. Lynn moved to New York to start her medical career. She studied, trained and stayed in the NYP Columbia-Cornell family. An original New Yorker, Stefan returned just a few months ago to pursue an academic career post Highland Hospital residency. Little did we know we would be signing up to join a war. A war where the enemy is conniving and silent, designed to hide in hosts days before anyone notices. An enemy so smart that by the time symptoms develop, you have already transmitted the disease to several others.1 2 The enemy was spreading among us, unnamed until a few months ago: the novel coronavirus. Each day begins with a deep breath, rubbing out the sleep nestled in the bags beneath my eyes. My Uber drives through the ghost town New York City has become. Make-shift divider flapping between us, the driver …
Graduate Medical Education, 2019-2020.

This Appendix presents 2019 National GME Census data detailing the numbers and types of ACGME-accredited training programs and the residents and fellows in them
When Technology Becomes Too Complicated: Implications of Unbalanced Technical Change

This paper examines the impact of unbalanced (skill-biased) technical change on the labor market and economic growth. It argues that when the gap between the technology of skilled and unskilled workers increases, it becomes harder to acquire the skills required to work as a skilled worker; therefore, the economic output is an inverse U-shaped function of the technological gap. In the full model, I endogenize the technical change to reflect the incentives of the inventors. I show that in the long run, the economy converges to a steady state with a balanced growth of the technology of the two groups. The model simultaneously explains several phenomena observed in developed countries over the past few decades, such as an increase in wage inequality, a decrease in low-skilled wages, educational attainment slowdown and a productivity slowdown.
The Influence of Time-dependent Surface Properties on Sprint Running Performance between Male and Female Athletes

Background: The body of research on field based player-surface interaction consists of some contradictory findings and the comparison of male and female physiological responses on different surfaces is limited. Objective: The study investigates the influence of surface properties on sprint running before and after completing a muscle fatiguing intervention. Methodology: Muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). The vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG), and the tibialis anterior (TA) sites were selected for analysis. The mechanical properties (MPs) of each field were shown to be different using ASTM F-3189 protocol. Results: A statistically significant three-way repeated measures ANOVA interaction between field properties, sprint trial and muscle groups was determined, F(3,36) = 10.82, p = .006, ηρ2 = .474. Further analyses revealed an interaction effect between field properties and sprint trial, F(1,12) = 26.57, p = .001, ηρ2 = .689, between muscle groups and field properties F(1,12) = 8.78, p = .012, ηρ2 = .422 and between muscle group and sprint trial F(1,12) = 7.29, p = .019, ηρ2 = .378. In addition, pre-intervention mean sprint time was less on the field possessing more energy return by 9.1%. Post-intervention sprint test results show a significant difference for BF peak muscle activity on the field displaying greater force attenuation. Conclusion: Both pre and post intervention sprint results suggest time-dependent properties associated with a sport field could potentially influence muscle activation patterns differently for males and females.
Further lead optimization on Bax activators: Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2-fluoro-fluorene derivatives for the treatment of breast cancer.

Abstract To further pursue potent Bax activators with better safety profiles for the treatment of breast cancer, structural optimization was conducted based on lead compound CYD-4-61 through several strategies, including scaffold hopping on the 2-nitro-fluorene ring, replacement of the nitro group with bioisosteres to avoid potential toxicity, and further optimization on the upper pyridine by exploring diverse alkylamine linkers as a tail or replacing the pyridine with bioisosteric heterocycles. F-containing compound 22d (GL0388) exhibited a good balance between the activity and toxicity, displaying submicromolar activities against a variety of cancer cell lines with 5.8–10.7-fold selectivity of decreased activity to MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cell line. Compound 22d dose-dependently blocked colony formation of breast cancer cells and prevented the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanism of action studies indicate that 22d activated Bax, rendering its insertion into mitochondrial membrane, thereby leading to cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, subsequently inducing release of apoptotic biomarkers. Further in vivo efficacy studies of 22d in human breast cancer xenografts arisen from MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated that this drug candidate significantly suppressed tumor growth, indicating the therapeutic promise of this class of compounds for the treatment of breast cancer as well as the potential for developing F-radiolabeled imaging ligands as anticancer chemical probes.