cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Men, Women, Nets, and Archaeologists

“Man is thus nothing by himself; he owes what he is to society; the greatest Metaphysician, the greatest philosopher, if he were abandoned for ten years on the Isle of Fernandez, would come back transformed into a brute, dumb and imbecile, and would know nothing in the whole of nature” (cited in Gerbi 1973:53). The Abbe Cornelius de Pauw expressed this sentiment in 1768 in his Recherches philosophiques sur les Americains ou memoires interessants pour servier a l’histoire de l’espece humaine. The learned father was referring specifically to the famous story of Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk’s story is a minor though intriguing footnote in history. In 1704, while on a trip to the South Seas, Selkirk fell into an acrimonious argument with his captain. So violent was their disagreement that Selkirk asked to be released from the ship. The captain happily agreed and left him on a tiny Pacific island about 640 km (400 mi) west of Chile. Selkirk remained on the island, totally alone, for the next four years. Captain Woodes Rogers rescued him in 1709, and it was in Rogers’s autobiographical account that Europe first learned Selkirk’s compelling story As history would have it, Selkirk did not become famous because of Rogers’s literary efforts. Instead, he entered the annals of history as the main character in Robinson Crusoe, which Daniel Defoe published 10 years after Selkirk’s rescue. One of the ironies of history is that the island of Selkirk’s self-imposed exile is today named Robinson Crusoe.
The Aftermath of the Sherman Act on the Road to Agriculture’s Magna Carta

In considering whether the Sherman Act served the purpose for which it was intended, especially from the standpoint of agriculture, let’s review what the Act does. As seen in Fig. 4.1, it declared that Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.
Trans textuality: Dysphoria in the depths of medieval skin

This article proposes a theoretical method of approaching manuscripts, such as the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, through transgender theory, called trans textuality. Beyond looking for transgender identities in medieval texts, such a method asks, ‘what is a trans way of reading?’ and ‘how might non-human objects function in trans ways?’ The study is informed by foundational texts in trans psychoanalysis concerning the processes that trans skin undergoes during transition, texts which are put in conversation with medieval manuscript studies and new materialisms. The resulting response focuses on the threefold work of trans textual skins: depth, duration, and dysphoria. Whether the object is the organ of a transgender body or a medieval manuscript, such trans texts are skin constructs which relate through materiality and metaphor the ongoing narrative of bodies in transition. The article concludes with a twofold study of Fragment VI of the Ellesmere manuscript where the images and writing of the Physician and Pardoner demonstrate the principles of trans textuality: the depth of meanings from other times and genders, the duration of a body through transitions in form, and a dysphoric soul striving in the deeps of medieval skin.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimation in China.

Lu and colleagues estimated the prevalence of high CVD risk in a cohort of almost 1.7 million Chinese adults aged 35 to 75 years with no history of a CVD event. The editorialists see these findings...
Abstract 195: External Validations of Clinical Prediction Models for Cardiovascular Disease: A Field Synopsis

Background: Clinical prediction models (CPMs) hold the potential to improve decision-making and individualize care for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it is increasingly recogn...
Variations in Precipitation and Streamwater Chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest during 1964 to 1977

In 1975 at the First International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem in Ohio, we summarized the changes relative to sulfur, nitrogen and hydrogen ion input in precipitation during 1964 to 1974 for the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire (Likens et al. 1), In some ways this paper is an update of those data.
Mind-Body Interventions in the Management of Chronic Cancer Pain

Abstract Objectives To describe mind-body interventions used in the management of chronic cancer pain including their mechanisms of action, dosing, and delivery methods based on available evidence to date. Data Sources Peer-reviewed publications. Conclusion Further high-quality research is needed to establish the effectiveness and mechanisms of actions for mind-body interventions in chronic cancer pain management. Implications for Nursing Practice Mind-body interventions for chronic cancer pain management are generally safe and well-accepted by individuals with cancer. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about these interventions to explain their level of effectiveness and any safety issues with patients.
Blood Pressure Trends in Patients With Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared With Controls Without Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) conveys an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it imperative that traditional CVD risk factors are well controlled. This study compared blood pressure (BP) trends over 13 years among patients with seropositive RA and patients without RA who received care within a large health care system in Minnesota. Methods This retrospective cohort study compared 774 patients with seropositive RA and 3254 patients without RA who were matched on sex and year of birth (±5 years) and observed between 2005 and 2017. Generalized estimating equation models were used for longitudinal analyses, with adjustment for demographics, body mass index, smoking status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, number of BP measurements, and number of antihypertensive and oral glucocorticoid medications. Results Patients both with and without RA had a mean age of 55 and were predominately female (78% with RA; 79% without RA). The mean follow-up was 6.3 (SD 3.4) years for patients with RA and 7.2 (SD 3.3) years for patients without RA. Overall, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and the number of prescribed antihypertensive medications did not differ between groups. Patients with RA were more likely to be current smokers compared with patients without RA (23% vs 11%; P < 0.01) and were less likely to have serum lipid measurements (75% vs 85%; P < 0.01). Conclusion BP was similarly controlled in patients with seropositive RA and patients without RA. However, diastolic BP in patients with RA was trending up in most recent years. Patients with RA were also more likely to smoke compared with controls and were less likely to have serum lipid measurements.
Organ Donor Trusts and Durable Powers of Attorney for Organ Donation: New Twists on the Living Trust and Living Will

This article discusses two theoretical vehicles for promoting organ donation: the creation of a inter vivos organ trust, modeled after a pour-over trust or an unfunded life insurance trust; and utilizing a durable power of attorney for health care to allow agents to make organ donation decisions in accordance with the principal’s wishes following his or her death.
Catalytic Reductions Without External Hydrogen Gas: Broad Scope Hydrogenations with Tetrahydroxydiboron and a Tertiary Amine

Facile reduction of aryl halides with a combination of 5% Pd/C, B2(OH)4, and 4-methylmorpholine is reported. Aryl bromides, iodides, and chlorides were efficiently reduced. Aryl dihalides containing two different halogen atoms underwent selective reduction: I over Br and Cl, and Br over Cl. Beyond these, aryl triflates were efficiently reduced. This combination was broadly general, effectuating reductions of benzylic halides and ethers, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, and azides, as well as for N-Cbz deprotection. A cyano group was unaffected, but a nitro group and a ketone underwent reduction to a low extent. When B2(OD)4 was used for aryl halide reduction, a significant amount of deuteriation occurred. However, H atom incorporation competed and increased in slower reactions. 4-Methylmorpholine was identified as a possible source of H atoms in this, but a combination of only 4-methylmorpholine and Pd/C did not result in reduction. Hydrogen gas has been observed to form with this reagent combination. Experiments aimed at understanding the chemistry led to the proposal of a plausible mechanism and to the identification of N,N-bis(methyl-d 3)pyridine-4-amine (DMAP-d 6) and B2(OD)4 as an effective combination for full aromatic deuteriation.
Transitioning from Students of Teaching to Teachers of Students: Developing Professional Dispositions (Part 1)

The purpose of this article is to examine a series of professional dispositions and provide practical examples of purposeful behaviors and tangible decision-making strategies related to the topics ...
Fine-Needle Aspiration

This chapter describes in detail the technique of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration from the placement of the fine needle in the target to the rendering of a cytopathological diagnosis. The technique of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of solid masses is detailed, focusing on the critical step of manual aspiration. Tips and tricks are offered for the preparation of the slides, to ensure delivery of the best material possible to the cytopathologist. The importance of teamwork between the breast imager and the cytopathologist is emphasized.
Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition and Cardiorenal Syndrome in a Rodent Model of Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction

Background Effective clinical management of heart failure, particularly Heart Failure with a preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), is often challenged by concurrent renal dysfunction, known as the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Combined with the notable lack of evidence-based therapies for HFpEF, it is crucial to elucidate mechanisms of disease progression and targetable pathways in HFpEF with and without CRS. Using an established murine model, we investigated the presence of pathophysiological remodeling in the kidney in HFpEF. Methods Uninephrectomized wild-type mice were infused with d-aldosterone (HFpEF, n = 11) or saline (Sham, n = 10) and all received 1% NaCl drinking water. After 4 weeks, once HFpEF developed, mice were euthanized, and organ weights measured. Histology and RNA gene analysis were performed on the kidneys. Results This well-characterized HFpEF model features moderate hypertension, lung congestion, and exercise intolerance accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. Renal hypertrophy was evident as shown by a 46% increase of kidney-to-body weight mass in HFpEF (10.8±0.3 mg/g) vs. Sham (7.4±0.3 mg/g; P Conclusion This rodent model of HFpEF aptly mirrors the major hallmarks of clinical HFpEF, with evidence of concurrent renal hypertrophy and fibrosis. Activation of Endo-MT markers suggests this may mediate the presence of the cardiorenal syndrome in HFpEF. Further studies are warranted to investigate these findings in patients with HFpEF and elucidate potential therapeutic avenues for CRS in HFpEF patient populations.
Crosscast: Adding Visuals to Audio Travel Podcasts

Audio travel podcasts are a valuable source of information for travelers. Yet, travel is, in many ways, a visual experience and the lack of visuals in travel podcasts can make it difficult for listeners to fully understand the places being discussed. We present Crosscast: a system for automatically adding visuals to audio travel podcasts. Given an audio travel podcast as input, Crosscast uses natural language processing and text mining to identify geographic locations and descriptive keywords within the podcast transcript. Crosscast then uses these locations and keywords to automatically select relevant photos from online repositories and synchronizes their display to align with the audio narration. In a user evaluation, we find that 85.7% of the participants preferred Crosscast generated audio-visual travel podcasts compared to audio-only travel podcasts.
Dynamics of local governance: The case of peatland restoration in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract Since 2016, peatland restoration policy is implemented in Central Kalimantan province through facilitation and coordination by Peat Restoration Agency (Badan Restorasi Gambut [BRG]), with the goals of reducing the peat subsidence, greenhouse gas emissions, and vulnerability to fire of peat areas. After years of implementation, local peat fires persist, however, and knowledge is still lacking about the challenges and opportunities for supporting the restoration process. This study examines policy implementation from the perspective of regional stakeholders by unraveling the dynamics of stakeholder interactions associated with the policy process. It reveals that the current state of governance somewhat restricts the ability of restoration actors to adaptively address emerging policy challenges and proposes measures for addressing these challenges.
Using Spatial Uncertainty to Dynamically Determine UAS Flight Paths

In the aftermath of radiation or chemical accidents, responders must rapidly map out regions of contamination as quickly and accurately as possible. One important and relevant statistical method for this kind of disaster response is spatial kriging, which makes predictions based on incomplete knowledge of spatially referenced observations. Given an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) equipped with radiation sensors, we develop a spatial statistics-based approach to optimally map out a contamination field over a geographic region. In this article, we evaluate three approaches to UAS mapping: a Variance Driven Sampling (VDS) approach that minimizes kriging variance, a more computationally intensive Hybrid Entropy Search (HES), and a baseline Levy Flight search. Considering limited UAS range, we also implement a restricted version of these approaches that only considers nearby points. We find that HES is optimal for small numbers of sampled points with the restricted versions of HES and VDS becoming optimal for larger samples. Ultimately, the best method is dependent on the number of samples to be taken, with each method providing clear benefits over a random search in terms of both mean squared error and path length. We demonstrate the advantages of our methodology using actual radiation field test data from the Idaho National Lab.
Palliative care education in surgery

Though incorporating palliative care principles with standard medical and surgical care has been associated with multiple benefits, surgical training devotes far less time to developing skills within the palliative care domains. In this review, we sought to explore the existing literature concerning palliative care education within the context of surgical training. Current studies may be categorized under two major areas: (I) measurement of trainee exposure through needs assessments and (II) implementation of novel palliative care-based training curricula. Within the former group, a number of studies found surgical trainees having substantial exposure to seriously-ill and dying patients, yet the application of palliative care approaches was informed by informal, on-the-job experiences. Further, a number of studies found that a minority of trainees had previously been involved in some type of formalized palliative care training, and among those who did, the majority reported the quality of this training to be inferior relative to the quality of training of clinical or technical skills. Among the latter group of studies examining palliative care training curricula, multiple studies demonstrated that trainees improved significantly post-intervention with respect to palliative care skills, knowledge, attitudes, and comfort. In addition, trainees regarded palliative care skills as important for surgeons, and supported adoption of palliative care curricula within surgical training. Finally, though multiple palliative care resources currently exist for practicing surgeons and surgical trainees, most of these opportunities are optional and must be sought out by the individual surgeon. Consequently, in an effort to standardize palliative care in conjunction with surgical care, widespread adoption of palliative care curricula during residency training may prove to be most beneficial.
Nursing Ethics in an Era of Pandemic

Abstract Background The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, regularly revised since 1896, may not provide guidance in an era of pandemic and sociopolitical unrest. Purpose This study explored whether the Code of Ethics comprehensively address current nursing challenges. Methods 23 nurses participated in six Zoom focus groups to discuss whether provisions were applicable to their current practice. An iterative approach was used to review transcripts independently and then merge findings to identify ethical themes. Findings Provisions 4, 6, and 8 were most relevant. None of the provisions addressed the guilt secondary to isolating patients from support systems and not being “on the front lines” of COVID care. Discussion The co-occurring crises of COVID-19 and social unrest created an ethical crisis for many nurses. The Code of Ethics provided a useful guide for framing discussion and formulating strategies for change, but did not eliminate distress during a time of novel challenges.
The Good and the Goal of Pre-conception and Pre-natal Genetic Testing from a Catholic Perspective

In the United States in particular, one institution that consistently resisted the social momentum to implement eugenic public policies was the Catholic Church. From the Catholic perspective, everyone is worthy, and the focus should be on figuring out how best to care for each individual human being, with access to scarce resources given first to those who need them the most. This chapter addresses the ethical challenge of eugenics and genetic technologies, including preconception and pre-natal genetic testing and genome editing, from the perspective of the medical moral tradition of the Roman Catholic Church. This perspective can contribute to a broad and rich description of human nature and experience, including many types of knowledge and experience, because genetic interventions can and will affect human beings on all levels of their existence.
CONJURING RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION IN THE ACADEMY

(2004). CONJURING RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION IN THE ACADEMY. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 23-30.
Effect of Exercise on Riboflavin Status of Rats

The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of male rats was studied after 6 or 8 wk of treadmill running. Sedentary and exercised rats were pair fed diets marginal in riboflavin (2.0 or 2.5 mg/kg), and their tissue riboflavin concentrations and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients (EGRAC) were compared. The rats exercised for 8 wk had similar body weights but significantly greater weights for heart, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, less epididymal fat and more total muscle nitrogen and riboflavin than their sedentary controls. Similar changes were evident after 6 wk of exercise, but some were not statistically significant. The EGRAC values of both exercised and sedentary rats responded to changes in dietary riboflavin but were not different from each other. The specific activity of mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (per milligram protein) of the soleus muscle was unaffected by exercise; however, when expressed per gram of tissue or per muscle, the activities in exercised rats were 25% (P less than 0.05) and 60% (P less than 0.01) higher, respectively, than in sedentary rats. On the basis of the riboflavin-dependent parameters measured in this study, exercise did not increase the dietary riboflavin requirement of growing rats but did increase total riboflavin retention in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
Independence and determination of probabilities

Suppose that P and Q are two probability measures on the same measurable space. We say that they have identical independent events if, for any pair of events A and B, P(AB) = P(A)P(B) if and only if Q(AB) = Q(A)Q(B). Two probability measures having the same independent events may be quite unrelated, as, for example, in simple point mass examples. A natural question then arises: "What properties, if any, are shared by two probability measures with identical independent events?" In this note, we show somewhat unexpectedly that the probability measures must actually coincide when point masses are disallowed, or, more precisely, in the nonatomic case. That the independence structure of a probability measure can determine its actual values appears to be a novel idea. In the next sections, we give the formal statement with two proofs and two related results.
Object-Oriented Simulation

Steady-state process simulation is used routinely in the evaluation, selection, and design of new processes (Biegler, 1989). In the past, all the pertinent design factors could be addressed with steady-state programs. Today, however, there are new factors to be considered, and some of these have more to do with the operation and control of the plant than with steady-state aspects. For example, product quality demands, increasing safety concerns, stringent environmental requirements, process flexibility, minimization of capital expenditure through process simplification and integration, and elimination of overdesign are all important factors that tend to influence process operations. However, the operational aspect of process design is difficult or impossible to glean from steady-state simulations, and we must, therefore, consider dynamic simulations for answers.
Accelerated Weathering Test for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GRP) Sheets

With the development of GRP's of improved durability to weathering it has become necessary to devise accelerated weathering tests that permit assessment of their performance and durability within a reasonable time. The new artificial weathering procedure subjects GRP materials to a cycle of 2 h xenon arc radiation (twice the intensity used in the previously reported cycle of 4 h radiation and 4 h cold water spray) and 0.67 h cold water spray. Exposure of fire-retardant, non-gel-coated, and conventional GRP sheets induced surface degradation similar to that produced by both the 4-4 cycle and outdoor exposure in a considerably shorter time. The acceleration rate was 2.0 to 3.5 (compared with the 4-4 cycle) and 5 to 30 (compared with outdoors).
Tone-TBU Disparity in Three Phonologies of Cantonese

I propose a restricted theory of tone-TBU association called Basic Tonal Theory (BTT). BTT includes six well-attested constraints, and a restricted GEN. The typology contains attested cases of tone over-crowding resolution such as tone deletion, mora epenthesis, and mora deletion, but also predicts unattested cases of languages that resolve tonal crowding by using a combination of the aforementioned mechanisms based on the number of the morae in the input. Cantonese has both monomaraic and bimoraic syllables, lexically specified tones, and a process of tonal suffixation that creates the context for tonal overcrowding. In an acoustic experiment, the duration and pitch of pairs of suffixed and underived forms were measured, and the analysis of the results shows that two of the three groups use a split-strategy to resolve tonal crowding. The experiment thus provides empirical evidence for the typology of BTT. Furthermore, the proposed analysis can account for a case of near mergers previously argued to be unexplainable in an optimality framework.
Becoming Educated: The Fight for Free and Appropriate Education by Parents of Children with Mental Retardation during the Post–World War II Decades

During the post—World War II years, obtaining an education for a child with mental retardation was a difficult, if not impossible, undertaking. Most public schools barred children who earned low scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) exams. Parents of children with mental retardation in Jefferson County, Colorado, organized to offer mutual support and to obtain services, especially education, for their children. These parents underwent a political transformation as they fought for access to public education. Over time, parents who initially made polite requests for token access to schools began making loud demands for a fair share of services for their children. Eventually they became politically sophisticated and aggressive in altering the educational status quo. Parents also slowly moved from an ideology that focused on their particular children to an inclusive ideology that addressed the needs of all disabled children. Keywords: mental retardation, education, children, parents, Colorado, post—World War II
Survival analysis with time varying covariates measured at random times by design

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a method for collecting real-time data in subjects' environments. It often uses electronic devices to obtain information on psychological state through administration of questionnaires at times selected from a probability-based sampling design. This information can be used to model the impact of momentary variation in psychological state on the lifetimes to events such as smoking lapse. Motivated by this, a probability-sampling framework is proposed for estimating the impact of time-varying covariates on the lifetimes to events. Presented as an alternative to joint modeling of the covariate process as well as event lifetimes, this framework calls for sampling covariates at the event lifetimes and at times selected according to a probability-based sampling design. A design-unbiased estimator for the cumulative hazard is substituted into the log likelihood, and the resulting objective function is maximized to obtain the proposed estimator. This estimator has two quantifiable sources of variation, that due to the survival model and that due to sampling the covariates. Data from a nicotine patch trial are used to illustrate the proposed approach.
Strange fluctuations at RHIC

Net charge fluctuations measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC agree with hadronic event generators, suggesting that more sensitive fluctuation observables are needed to extract information on collision dynamics. Important information on isospin fluctuations can be extracted from K 0 SK ± measurements. Gavin and Kapusta proposed that disoriented chiral condensate can produce extraordinary isospin fluctuations in both strange and non-strange mesons. However, even in the absence of such a contribution, we argue that this observable is very sensitive to the collision dynamics.
Performance Analysis of a Multithreaded PDES Simulator on Multicore Clusters

The performance of fine-grained applications such as Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) is limited by communication overheads. Multi-core architectures with tightly integrated cores on a single chip can substantially reduce the communication cost. The number of cores available on such machines remains low. To scale the simulation, it is important to be able to effectively use Clusters of Multicores (CMs). However, the high communication overheads between remote machines can significantly limit scalability. It is unclear if, in the presence of relatively slow links, there is a benefit of having the low latency between the cores on the same machine. In this paper, we first extended a multithreaded PDES simulator to support CMs. In addition, we show that remote communication forms a primary challenge to scalability due to both latency and message processing software overheads.
Effects of triparanol administration on certain aspects of protein and steroid metabolism, serum lipids and lipoproteins

Summary Utilizing metabolic balance techniques, certain parameters of adrenal steroid function have been studied, together with serum lipids and lipoproteins, in 3 subjects given triparanol to inhibit sterol synthesis. Triparanol was administered in doses of 1–3 g/day for several months to 2 subjects with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia. In the first subject (a woman) nitrogen balance became positive, body weight increased and excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids (17-OHCS) diminished, indicating decreased glucocorticoid activity. In the male subject nitrogen loss was diminished and nitrogen equilibrium achieved during triparanol administration, sodium diuresis with loss of body weight occurred and urinary 17-OHCS excretion diminished. These effects suggest that mineralocorticoid as well as glucocorticoid activity was suppressed. In the third subject who had undergone oophorectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma, triparanol administration, 2 g/day for 22 days, diminished calciuria, indicating suppression of adrenal estrogens. In 2 subjects adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH was tested and found moderately diminished but qualitatively unchanged as a result of triparanol administration. Desmosterol appeared in the serum of each subject during triparanol administration but serum Liebermann-Burchard sterols diminished only in the first and third subjects. When the dose of triparanol was increased to 3 g/day in the second subject, hyperlipemia developed. The study serves to emphasize some of the problems inherent in the use of drugs which interfere with sterol biosynthesis.
Oxygen permeation and oxidative coupling of methane in yttria doped bismuth oxide membrane reactor

Disk-shaped dense membranes made of 25 mol% yttria doped bismuth oxide (BY25) in the fluorite-type fcc phase structure (δ-Bi2O3 phase) were fabricated by using press/sinter method from the citrate-derived BY25 powders. Oxygen permeation fluxes through these membranes were measured at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The bulk-diffusion is the rate-limiting step for oxygen permeation through a 1.4-mm BY25 membrane with activation energy of about 70 kJ/mol and exponent of 0.25 for oxygen partial pressure dependency. C2 (C2H4 + C2H6) selectivity and yield achieved for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) in the BY25 membrane reactor were, respectively, in the range of 20–90% and 16–4%. At the same C2 yield, the membrane reactor gives C2 selectivity of about 30% higher than the cofeed fixed-bed reactor packed with BY25 pellets under similar conditions. After OCM the BY25 membrane remained in good integrity but the reaction caused formation of some impurity phases on the membrane surface exposed to the methane stream.
Self-contained pulsed HF laser-amplifier with super-high output energy in a pulse

In the present report we discuss new physical principles for creating super-high-energy pulsed HF lasers and amplifiers based on a photon-branched chain reaction (PBCR). In the proposed mechanism, no external energy is consumed. We also formulate the demands for constructing lasers of this type. It is shown that a multi-pass optical scheme of a pulsed chemical HF laser allows for the initiation of an auto-wave PBCR by external radiation. Self-supporting cylindrical zones of photon branching sequentially initiated by multiple reflections by the mirrors of an unstable telescopic cavity. Such cylindrical zones of photon branching can be considered as amplifying cascades enclosed by each other. The energy emitted by each subsequent amplifying cascade considerably exceeds the energy of the previous cascade, and the number of such cascades is determined by the cavity parameters: the diameters of the mirrors, the radius of curvature of the mirrors and the diameter of the input hole for the master oscillator. Thus, this multi-pass optical scheme allows for an effective scaling of the laser output energy up to extreme high values, even for a rather small working volume of the laser. We have conducted a parametrical study of the main laser units and we offer a specific design for a self-contained pulsed HF laser with multi-mega-joule output energy in a pulse. Also, a brief historical review of chemical lasers and the idea of a PBCR is presented in this report.
Cutaneous Oncology 1950–1975

Sociopolitical and economic climates between 1950 and 1975 favored the funding of cancer research, attracted imaginative policy makers, encouraged investigators, and generated new knowledge for clinical application. Important advances during this period include the discovery that DNA alteration is requisite for carcinogenesis and that DNA repair processes are important deterrents in the development of cancer. The better understanding of the histogenesis of epidermal cancer and melanoma has potential clinical value. More easily grasped is the progress made in the therapeutic control of mycosis fungoides and epidermal cancer. Complete control of epidermal cancer is now a foreseeable reality.
Relative effects of various chlorinated hydrocarbons on liver and kidney function in mice.

Abstract Hepatic function was determined in mice by sulfobromophthalein retention and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase activity following intraperitoneal injections of chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride. Median effective doses for inducing dysfunction were calculated and compared to the lethal doses. Moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction was seen with carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. Moderate dysfunction was observed with 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Only mild hepatic dysfunction was obtained with trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane when these agents were administered at near-lethal dosages. Renal function was tested by urinary phenolsulfonephthalein, glucose, and protein excretion. Renal dysfunction was detected only with chloroform and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Some renal histologic changes were seen with tetrachloroethylene and dichloromethane when these agents were administered in the lethal range. Enhancement of hepatic and renal dysfunction produced by the hydrocarbons was assessed using ethanol in intoxicating doses.
Non - Surgical Chemotherapeutic Treatment Strategies for the Management of Periodontal Diseases

Synopsis Periodontal diseases are initiated by subgingival periodontal pathogens in susceptible periodontal sites. The host immune response towards periodontal pathogens helps to sustain periodontal disease and eventual alveolar bone loss. Numerous adjunctive therapeutic strategies have evolved to manage periodontal diseases. Systemic and local antibiotics, antiseptics, and past and future host immune modulatory agents are reviewed and discussed to facilitate the dental practitioner’s appreciation of this ever-growing field in clinical periodontics.
Physical Sciences: Two New Point Sources of High Energy Cosmic Gamma Rays

MORRISON1 was the first to suggest that certain astronomical objects might emit a measurable flux of γ-rays. By the middle of the last decade much theoretical work had been done on the flux to be expected from neutral pion decay, inverse Compton collisions and bremsstrahlung2–6. Evidence for the detection of such a point source of cosmic γ-rays above 50 MeV, Sgr γ-1, was reported by the CWRU–Melbourne collaboration7 and Fazio8 reviewed high energy γ-ray astronomy in early 1970, but as far as we know, no other observation of this source has been made at γ-ray, X-ray or longer wavelengths. The identification of Sgr γ-1 was based on preliminary analysis of spark chamber data from two high altitude flights in Australia and a third flight has confirmed this source. The combined data from the three flights make possible the identification of two other point sources of high energy γ-rays which agree in position with known hard X-ray sources. We find no evidence on any flight for a diffuse line source along the galactic plane.
Hysterosonography as an adjunct to transvaginal sonography in the evaluation of intraluminal lesions of the uterine cavity.

Objective: Hysteroscopy is a simple technique that can be used to outline the contours of the uterine cavity under real-time ultrasound guidance. This study was undertaken to determine whether hysterosonography can be used as an adjunct to transvaginal sonography in predicting either the presence or absence of intraluminal lesions in the uterine cavity and in distinguishing these lesions from subendometrial or myometrial lesions.Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 1,467 transvaginal sonograms performed in the office of a single gynecologic oncology practice from March 1996 through June 1997 were reviewed. Of these, 38 sonograms were considered to have possible intraluminal lesions of the uterine cavity and thus further evaluated by hysterosonography. The principle investigator performed all the hysterosonograms by infusing 15-30 mL of sterile saline directly into the uterine cavity using a Soules 5.3F transcervical catheter. Real-time transvaginal sonography was performed simultaneously, and representative images were compared with the initial transvaginal sonograms.Results: Successful hysterosonograms were obtained in 36 patients (97.3%). One patient had cervical stenosis from a previous conization, precluding access to the uterine cavity. The hysterosonography was tolerated well by the patients with minimal discomfort. There was no incidence of endometritis. The median age was 56.2 years. Postmenopausal bleeding was the most common presenting symptom (30.0%). The indications for hysterosonography were abnormal findings on the initial transvaginal sonograms including lesions suggestive of intraluminal mass (73.0%), thickened endometrial stripe (13.5%), and increased echogenicity (10.8%). Hysterosonography revealed presence of intraluminal masses in only 11 of the 31 cases (35.5%) that had been suggested to contain either a mass or thickened endometrial stripe. Subsequent hysteroscopy, dilatation, and curettage confirmed the presence of endometrial polyp in all 11 cases. The remaining 65.5% contained no intraluminal masses or thickened endometrial stripe.Conclusion: Hysterosonography can be a valuable adjunct to transvaginal sonography and may be used in selected cases to eliminate the need for hysteroscopy, dilatation, and curettage.
Measuring individual variation in colour: a comparison of two techniques

Abstract Objective and reliable assessment of animal colouration is of great value to workers in the biological sciences. We present the results of a comparison between two colour measurement techniques: Munsell colour standard matching and spectroradiometry. As part of ongoing research on sexual selection in red jungle fowl ( Gallus gallus ), feather and comb colour of 49 roosters was measured using both techniques. Previous research showed that hens use variation in feather and comb colour in mate choice, and we allowed hens to choose between paired roosters. Colour matching and spectroradiometry scores were generally correlated, but spectroradiometry was more sensitive in detecting variation and also provided a better estimate of the role of secondary sexual characters in male mating success.
String adjunct grammars: I. Local and distributed adjunction

In this paper [and in Joshi et al. (1972) which is a sequel to this paper] a new style of formal grammar called String Adjunct Grammars (AG) has been studied. The rules in an AG have a character essentially different from the “rewrite rule” in a Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG). Such a study of formal grammars of different styles is of great interest because each style is well suited for characterizing certain aspects of natural language structure but has inherent difficulty in characterizing certain other aspects. Several subclasses of AG's motivated by strong linguistic considerations have been studied. Linguistic relevance of these grammars and other grammars suggested by this study has also been discussed.
Learning where it counts: an ecological argument for online education

The implementation of learning technologies for online instruction and relevant testing raises issues concerning the ready availability and use of external reference materials that students may consult during evaluation but are not commonly found in in-class courses, such as the internet, class notes, and so on. Yet, the presence of such materials may be ecologically valid with respect to daily cognitive performance in any domain (e.g., reasoning and decision-making in everyday life). This paper reviews three related theories of cognitive science as they argue for an integrative cognitive system that includes external artefacts, and thus go beyond |internal| processes as the sole purveyors of cognition. The paper then uses these theories to frame an argument that the use of online learning technologies could be considerably more ecologically valid than in-class testing based on this integrated external cognitive approach. The paper ends with some suggestions on improving online testing and increasing its ecological validity by embracing the view that cognition extends beyond the brain.
Social disability and psychiatric morbidity in sickle cell anemia and diabetes patients

Abstract Thirty diabetes mellitus patients and 30 sickle cell anemia patients were studied to ascertain whether impaired social functioning, psychiatric morbidity, and physical complications of the diseases were related. Responses on the Social Functioning Schedule revealed a majority of both groups to be socially disabled. The General Health Questionnaire showed at least half of both groups to have psychiatric morbidity. Unexpectedly, no significant relationship existed between the psychosocial impairment and the presence or absence of physical complications of the two medical disorders.
OK‐432 and lymphatic malformations in children: the Starship Children's Hospital experience

Background: Surgery has previously been the mainstay of treatment for lymphatic malformations but has attendant problems of marked scarring, high chance of recurrence and potential nerve damage. Alternative management for these lesions involves the intralesional injection of OK-432. The present paper reviews OK-432 use in lymphatic malformations in children. Methods: A retrospective chart review was carried out of children undergoing intralesional OK-432 therapy from the Departments of Paediatric Surgery, Paediatric Otolaryngology and Plastic Surgery at Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland. Results: Over the past 4 years, seven children under the age of 5 years underwent OK-432 therapy as day-case procedures requiring between one and seven procedures each. Four children had lesions involving the axilla/chest wall, two involved extra-mylohyoid tissues in the neck and one child had lymphatic malformation involving tongue, floor of mouth and an extramylohyoid component. Spontaneous haemorrhage into a cystic space may be the cause of the observed partial resolution of the lymphangiomas in two. A predictor of a successful outcome was the ability to aspirate fluid prior to injection. Ultrasound guidance was useful to localize the lesions for aspiration and injection. Macrocystic lesions respond well to OK-432 therapy but the response of microcystic or cavernous lesions to OK-432 is disappointing and surgery remains the definitive treatment for these microcystic lesions. Conclusion: OK-432 appears to be a safe and effective treatment for the macrocystic component of lymphatic malformations.
A time for silence: Booker T. Washington in Atlanta

Each act of participation in the discussion of social issues has rhetorical potential. Consequently, representatives of oppressed minority groups must decide whether and how to participate in such discussion without inadvertantly supporting their oppressors. Silence is sometimes preferable to participation—when it avoids confirming the efforts of those who seek social control. Such was the circumstance in 1895: a time for silence.
Volcano activity increases

The Cascade volcanos in the Pacific Northwest may be entering a period of heightened activity, reports the U.S. Geological Survey. Seismic rumblings also have increased along the northern part of the San Andreas fault, indicating additional tectonic activity. In response to these stirrings, the USGS plans to expand its volcano monitoring, hazards mapping, and risk management. This expansion includes four new starts scheduled for this fiscal year, according to Roy A. Bailey, coordinator of the Volcano Hazards Program at the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia. Monitoring equipment will be installed on Mount Ranier (Washington), Three Sisters (Oregon), Lassen Peak (California), and Mono-Inyo (California). Seismographs, tiltmeters, and geodimeters will be installed to monitor changes in these volcanos that could signal an impending eruption. Most of these monitoring systems will be installed in July or August, Bailey said, and will remain in place for several years until a data base has been established.
Duodenal Villus Area and Epithelial Cellular Migration in Conventional and Germ-Free Chicks

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine if the morphological and epithelial cellular kinetic differences noted in the small intestine of older germ-free animals would manifest themselves in week-old Leghorn chicks. The results of this study demonstrated that by day seven, the villus area was significantly (p
Theory of coupled translational-rotational glassy dynamics in dense fluids of uniaxial particles.

The na\"{\i}ve mode coupling theory (NMCT) for ideal kinetic arrest and the nonlinear Langevin equation theory of activated single-particle barrier hopping dynamics are generalized to treat the coupled center-of-mass (CM) translational and rotational motions of uniaxial hard objects in the glassy fluid regime. The key dynamical variables are the time-dependent displacements of the particle center-of-mass and orientational angle. The NMCT predicts a kinetic arrest diagram with three dynamical states: ergodic fluid, plastic glass, and fully nonergodic double glass, the boundaries of which meet at a ``triple point'' corresponding to a most difficult to vitrify diatomic of aspect ratio $\ensuremath{\sim}1.43$. The relative roles of rotation and translation in determining ideal kinetic arrest are explored by examining three limits of the theory corresponding to nonrotating, pure rotation, and rotationally ergodic models. The ideal kinetic arrest boundaries represent a crossover to activated dynamics described by two coupled stochastic nonlinear Langevin equations for translational and rotational motions. The fundamental quantity is a dynamic free-energy surface, which for small aspect ratios in the high-volume fraction regime exhibits two saddle points reflecting a two-step activated dynamics where relatively rapid rotational dynamics coexists with slower CM translational motions. For large-enough aspect ratios, the dynamic free-energy surface has one saddle point which corresponds to a system-specific coordinated translation-rotation motion. The entropic barriers as a function of the relative amount of rotation versus translation are determined.
Two Pathways to Instructional Delivery: Distinguishing between the Discipline-Based and the Development-Based Paradigms

Many faculty members, particularly in skills courses such as management communication or statistics, base their instructional delivery on a discipline-based paradigm. This paradigm assumes that instructors should focus exclusively on the content of their academic discipline, stressing the value therein. The purpose of this article is to define an alternative—the development-based paradigm. This paradigm would have instructors focus on the organization of information that is common to all disciplines as well as on the psychology of the learning process. It is suggested that instructors would benefit from basing their instructional delivery on explicit paradigm choices rather than on tacit paradigmatic assumptions.
EFFECTS OF ROOM COLOR ON MIRROR-TRACING BY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS

The effects of preferred and nonpreferred room color on mirror-tracing performance were examined. Girls in Grades 7, 8, and 9 practiced mirror-tracing in a neutral colored room to a criterion before being tested in their preferred or nonpreferred colored rooms. The errors decreased significantly in the preferred room, while the time to complete changed minimally.