cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of average, minimum, and maximum end-of-day recall assessments of pain and fatigue

Abstract End-of-day (EOD) diary assessments of symptoms have the potential to reduce recall bias associated with longer recall periods, and therefore be useful for generating accurate patient reported outcomes (PROs). In this report we examine the relative validity of diary questions about the experience of daily pain and fatigue, including several questions about experience for the entire day and questions about minimum and maximum daily levels, with previously collected data [1] . Validity estimates are based on comparisons of EOD reports with momentary recordings of pain and fatigue from the same days. One hundred and six participants with rheumatologic diseases yielded 2852 days for analysis. Differences in levels as assessed by EOD and momentary reports were small (just a few points), although in many instances were significantly different. Correlational analyses indicated that “how much,” “how intense,” and “on average” EOD questions were more strongly associated with momentary reports (rs = 0.85–0.90 for pain and 0.81–0.83 for fatigue) than were minimum and maximum questions (rs = 0.73–0.80 for pain and 0.67–0.75 for fatigue). Overall, the pain measures had higher EOD-momentary correspondence than the fatigue measures. Analyses of difference scores between EOD and momentary reports confirmed the better correspondence of the average questions compared with minimum and maximum questions. There was little evidence of individual differences in level and correspondence analyses. The implication of these results is that over-the-day diary measures may yield superior PROs than those based on minimum or maximum daily levels.
Malware Target Recognition of Unknown Threats

Organizations traditionally use signature-based commercial antivirus products as a frontline defense against malware, but advanced persistent threats craft custom malicious tools to achieve their objectives. Organizations safeguarding sensitive information have difficulty in identifying new malware threats among millions of benign executables using only signature-based antivirus systems. This paper extends a performance-based malware target recognition architecture that currently uses only static heuristic features. Experimental results show that this architectural component achieves an overall test accuracy of 98.5% against a malware set collected from operational environments, while three commercial antivirus products combine for a detection accuracy of only 60% with their most sensitive settings. Implementations of this architecture will enable organizations to self-discover new malware threats, providing enhanced situation awareness for cyberspace operators in hostile threat environments.
Enhancing young children’s mathematical knowledge through a pre-kindergarten mathematics intervention

Abstract There is growing evidence that socioeconomic (SES)-related differences in mathematical knowledge begin in early childhood, because young children from economically disadvantaged families receive less support for mathematical development than their middle-class peers receive. A pre-kindergarten mathematics intervention, including a pre-kindergarten mathematics curriculum, was developed and implemented in public and private preschools serving low- and middle-income families. Mathematical knowledge of intervention and comparison children was comprehensively assessed. A significant SES-related gap in mathematical knowledge was found at the beginning of the pre-kindergarten year. The intervention significantly enhanced the mathematical knowledge of children at both levels of SES. Low-income children acquired more knowledge, relative to their starting point, than middle-income children. The extent of mathematical knowledge was similar in low-income intervention children and middle-income comparison children. Implications of this research for early childhood education curricula and educational policy are discussed.
Genetic and molecular biological characterization of a vaccinia virus gene which renders the virus dependent on isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (IBT)

We have sequenced and analyzed the transcription of a gene capable of rendering vaccinia virus (VV) dependent upon isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT) for growth. Marker rescue analysis of an IBT-dependent mutant of VV, IBTd-1, and a temperature-sensitive mutant of VV, ts56, both of which require IBT to grow at 40 degrees, showed that both lesions mapped to gene G2R. VV mutants with G2R deletions were constructed and shown to also be dependent upon IBT for growth. The nucleotide sequence changes responsible for IBTd-1, ts56, and the gene G2R deletion mutants were determined, and taken together show that IBT dependence results from inactivation of the orf G2R gene product. Gene G2R, which has the capacity to encode a 26-kDa protein, is transcribed solely early during infection. The 1.3-kb mRNA contains a 5' untranslated region of almost 600 nucleotides, and terminates about 20 nucleotides downstream from an early transcription termination signal. Transcription analyses of three flanking genes, as well as the map positions of the VV mutants ts11 and ts60 are also presented.
Some evidence in the trading and pricing of equity LEAPS

Abstract This paper documents some evidence in the trading and pricing of equity Long-term Equity AnticiPation Securities (LEAPS). The main findings on trading are that LEAPS open interest, trading volume, and put/call ratio are seasonal on a yearly basis possibly due to the impact of the “melding” process that is unique to equity LEAPS. This paper also finds that the Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model, in general, overprices or underprices out-of-the-money (OTM) or in-the-money (ITM) equity LEAPS calls, respectively, and the model tends to overprice when the options are very deep in-the-money (VDITM). Furthermore, the evidence indicates that the deviations of the Black–Scholes prices from the observed option market prices are more pronounced in equity LEAPS than in standard options, suggesting that the Black–Scholes Option Pricing Model is less well suited to the pricing of equity LEAPS than to the pricing of standard options.
Dynamic in vivo 3-dimensional moment arms of the individual quadriceps components

The purpose of this study was to provide the first in vivo 3-dimensional (3D) measures of knee extensor moment arms, measured during dynamic volitional activity. The hypothesis was that the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) have significant off-axis moment arms compared to the central quadriceps components. After obtaining informed consent, three 3D dynamic cine phase contrast (PC) MRI sets (x,y,z velocity and anatomic images) were acquired from 22 subjects during active knee flexion and extension. Using a sagittal-oblique and two coronal-oblique imaging planes, the origins and insertions of each quadriceps muscle were identified and tracked through each time frame by integrating the cine-PC velocity data. The moment arm (MA) and relative moment (RM, defined as the cross product of the tendon line-of-action and a line connecting the line-of-action with the patellar center of mass) were calculated for each quadriceps component. The tendencies of the VM and VL to produce patellar tilt were evenly balanced. Interestingly, the magnitude of RM-P(Spin) for the VM and VL is approximately four times greater than the magnitude of RM-P(Tilt) for the same muscles suggesting that patellar spin may play a more important role in patellofemoral kinematics than previously thought. Thus, a force imbalance that leads to excessive lateral tilt, such as VM weakness in patellofemoral pain syndrome, would produce excessive negative spin (positive spin: superior patellar pole rotates laterally) and to a much greater degree. This would explain the increased negative spin found in recent studies of patellar maltracking. Assessing the contribution of each quadriceps component in three dimensions provides a more complete understanding of muscle functionality.
Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population

Intergroup conflict is a persistent feature of many human societies yet little is known about why individuals participate when doing so imposes a mortality risk. To evaluate whether participation in warfare is associated with reproductive benefits, we present data on participation in small-scale livestock raids among the Nyangatom, a group of nomadic pastoralists in East Africa. Nyangatom marriages require the exchange of a significant amount of bridewealth in the form of livestock. Raids are usually intended to capture livestock, which raises the question of whether and how these livestock are converted into reproductive opportunities. Over the short term, raiders do not have a greater number of wives or children than nonraiders. However, elders who were identified as prolific raiders in their youth have more wives and children than other elders. Raiders were not more likely to come from families with fewer older maternal sisters or a greater number of older maternal brothers. Our results suggest that in this cultural context raiding provides opportunities for increased reproductive success over the lifetime.
More on the way we “see” letters from words within memory

Abstract The present experiment is a replication and an extension of an earlier study ( Johnson, 1986 , Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 558–570) which demonstrated that when subjects are asked to scan a word in order to detect a predesignated target letter, the strategy they adopt is quite reminiscent of a memory scan, rather than a visual scan, in that they appear to engage in an exhaustive search. On the other hand, when the displays to be scanned visually were consonant arrays, the resulting pattern of data did appear to reflect the type of self-terminating search that is typical of a visual scan. The present experiment replicated that differential effect and demonstrated that whether or not subjects knew the nature of the display in advance was irrelevant. In fact, the small differences that did occur suggested an enhanced processing efficiency when subjects did not have such advance knowledge. The data were interpreted as indicating that: (1) words are processed holistically; (2) such processing is not under the strategic control of the perceiver; and (3) component-level (letter) information can be obtained only by deriving it within memory from the word-level representation. Finally, it was suggested that the usual difference in scan rate obtained between words and nonwords may not reflect any direct influence of that factor on the scan rate itself, but rather it may be a derivative effect that stems from a difference in the type of scan.
Exceptional Charge Transport Properties of Graphene on Germanium

The excellent charge transport properties of graphene suggest a wide range of application in analog electronics. While most practical devices will require that graphene be bonded to a substrate, such bonding generally degrades these transport properties. In contrast, when graphene is transferred to Ge(001) its conductivity is extremely high and the charge carrier mobility derived from the relevant transport measurements is, under some circumstances, higher than that of freestanding, edge-supported graphene. We measure a mobility of ∼5 × 105 cm2 V–1 s–1 at 20 K, and ∼103 cm2 V–1 s–1 at 300 K. These values are close to the theoretical limit for doped graphene. Carrier densities in the graphene are as high as 1014 cm–2 at 300 K.
Repeated stress persistently elevates morning, but not evening, plasma corticosterone levels in male rats.

Abstract Repeated exposures to a stressor in our rat model of a chronic stress state cause elevated plasma corticosterone levels in the morning for several days after the last stressor. However, plasma corticosterone levels are normally characterized by a circadian rhythm with low levels for much of the morning and higher levels near the onset of darkness. The current experiment examined the question of whether the elevated morning levels after stressor exposures were accompanied by other changes in this circadian rhythm. Male rats were given restraint-shock stressor sessions for 0, 1, or 3 days, after which plasma samples were collected for 3 days at 0900 h and at three other times around the circadian peak (1400, 1800, and 2200 h). Plasma corticosterone levels at 0900 h were elevated for the first 2 days after three stressor exposures and for 1 day after a single stressor exposure compared to those in nonstressed controls. However, levels at 1400, 1800, and 2200 h were not different in stressed and control rats on the first 2 days after stressor exposures. In addition, the amplitude of the corticosterone rhythm was suppressed after three stressor exposures, but not after one. This decease in amplitude was mostly due to increased morning levels, inasmuch as the evening levels were similar in stressed rats and controls. Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is more sensitive to glucocorticoid feedback in the morning, our data suggest that the mechanisms mediating feedback at this time of day may be disrupted by repeated stressor exposures. However, when feedback sensitivity is lower in the evening, repeated stressor exposures had little or no effect on plasma corticosterone levels.
Effective interactions for self-energy. I. Theory

A systematic way of deriving effective interactions for self-energy calculations in Fermi-liquid systems is presented. The self-energy expression contains effects of density and spin fluctuations and also multiple scattering between particles. Results for arbitrarily polarized one-component Fermi-liquid systems and unpolarized two-component systems are explicitly given.
Hexaploid triticales from hybrids of ‘Langdon’ durum D-genome substitutions with ‘Gazelle’ rye

The formation of unreduced gametes in some hybrids between disomic D-genome substitutions (DS) of durum wheat cv. Langdon' and rye provides a convenient approach for the rapid introduction of D-genome chromosomes into hexaploid triticale. Meiotic pairing at metaphase I and seed fertility in spontaneous and colchicine-induced amphidiploids derived from F, hybrids between a set of Langdon' DS and 'Gazelle' rye were analysed. The purpose was to determine the effects of the substitution of D-genome chromosomes for their A- and B-genome homoeologues on hexaploid triticale and to select stable disomic D-genome substitutions of hexaploid triticale. The results showed that the disomic substitutions with D-genome slightly increased the frequency of univalents (1.0-3.13) compared with the 'Langdon' control primary hexaploid triticale (0.76). Substitutions 2D(2A) and 3D(3B) were partly desynaptic. The substitutions 1D(1A), 1D(1B) and 7D(7B) exhibited high seed fertility but the others had decreased fertility. Except for 2D(2A), 5D(5A), 3D(3B) and 5D(5B), 10 of the 14 possible hexaploid triticale D-genome disomic substitutions have been obtained. The results suggest that the poor compensation ability of some D-genome, chromosomes for their homoeologous A- and B-genome chromosomes is a major factor affecting meiotic stability and fertility in the hexaploid triticale D-genome substitutions.
Should childhood vaccination be mandatory? Yes

Paul Offit believes that mandatory vaccination is needed to protect vulnerable people from infection, but David Salisbury (doi:10.1136/bmj.e2435) argues that there are more workable ways to ensure high uptake
A comparison of 3D model results with observations for an isolated CCOPE thunderstorm

This paper is concerned with the simulation of deep convection for the CCOPE 19 July 1981 case study. Clark's three-dimensional (3D) cloud model modified to use the bulk water parameterization scheme of Lin et al. has been used in the simulation of the CCOPE 19 July 1981 case in coarse mesh, fine mesh, and interactive grid nested schemes, respectively. Comparisons with observations show this 3D grid nested cloud model is capable of both capturing both the dynamic and microphysical properties of the cloud.
The contradictions of state regulation of the banking sector: the challenge of moral hazard during the sub-prime mortgage crisis

The sub-prime crisis began in mid-2007 as a bursting of the US housing market bubble and became a truly global meltdown in 2008. Renewed instability in financial markets precipitated awareness of how policy makers must react to systemic failures. This paper discusses the primary policy issues raised by the Federal Reserve/Treasury intervention in order to contribute to the ongoing debate on crisis management and moral hazard. It argues that the guarantee of government rescue did not lead to a moral hazard embodied by the sub-prime crisis. Instead, the opposite took place – government failure to regulate highly leveraged institutions in the time period prior to the crisis created conditions that would lead to a perfect storm of financial collapse. In investigating the regulatory as well as market sources of the 2007 credit crunch, this paper describes the steps that policy makers must take to preempt systemic failures as an alternative to reliance on the Federal Reserve stepping in after a crisis breaks out.
ACTION OF PROGESTERONE ON THE GENITAL ORGANS OF THE UNPRIMED RHESUS MONKEY

THE CORPUS LUTEUM HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED as the organ responsible for many of the specific structural and functional modifications which occur in the secondary sex organs of mammals during the reproductive period. Among these changes may be mentioned the progestational proliferation of the endometrium and the lobular development of the mammary gland. In the menstruating primates the corpus luteum also plays an important although less clearly defined r6le in the initiation of menstruation. In the course of physiologic events the corpus luteum exercises its functional activity upon organs which have previously been subjected to estrogenic stimulation; and in the primates at least, the luteal body continues to produce estrogenic hormone in addition to its specific secretion, progesterone. Previous experiments designed to test the various functions of progesterone haveindicated the necessity for the preliminary or concurrent administration of estrogens (the “one-two reaction” of Hisaw). Castrated animals, w...
Ultrastructure and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Several Macular and Papular Telangiectases

Eight types of telangiectases were studied by light and electron microscopy and by 3-dimensional reconstruction from photomicrographs. Five were macular: mat telangiectasia of scleroderma, generalized essential telangiectasia, nevus flammeus, and 2 macular types not previously described. Three were papular: cherry angioma, angiokeratoma (Fabry), and angiokeratoma (Fordyce). The macular telangiectases were produced by dilatation of postcapillary venules of the upper horizontal plexus. There was no evidence of neovascularization or vascular malformation. The walls of the dilated venules were thickened by the peripheral deposition of basement membrane-like material admixed with reticulin fibers. The ultrastructure and configuration of the papular telangiectases were different. The cherry angioma was produced by spherical and tubular dilatations of capillary loops in dermal papillae. Each abnormally dilated loop was connected to the neighboring loop or loops by tortuous vascular channels. The vessels in the upper horizontal plexus were not involved. Ultrastructurally, the cherry angiomas were composed of both venous capillaries and postcapillary venules whose walls were thickened in a manner identical to that observed in the macular telangiectases. The angiokeratomas of Fabry and Fordyce were also produced by vascular abnormalities predominantly involving the dermal papillae. Ultrastructurally these vessels were similar to the small collecting veins which are normally found at the dermal-subcutaneous interface. Thus, the papular telangiectases also arose by alterations of the existing micro-vasculature rather than by proliferation of new vessels with random anastomoses. Reconstruction of the upper horizontal plexus from normal skin showed an undulating network of arterioles and their accompanying postcapillary venules. A 3-layered plexus arranged as venules, arterioles, and venules was not found.
Gallstones preventing ultrasonographic visualization of the gallbladder.

Ultrasonography can be used to diagnose the presence of multiple gallstones, despite the fact that the gallbladder, per se, may not be demonstrated. The finding of many echoes in the area occupied by the gallbladder that cast a large acoustical shadow is strongly suggestive of gallstones.
Female flânerie and coming of age: Henri Decoin’s Abus de confiance (1937)

During the 1930s Danielle Darrieux emerges as a distinctly ‘mobile’ star and inhabits urban space in a more modern and itinerant fashion than other female stars of the 1930s, both in terms of the characters she plays (student, orphan, lawyer) and the city spaces in which she is represented. The film Abus de confiance/Abused Confidence (Henri Decoin, 1937) stages the importance of the city experience in a young woman’s coming of age in 1930s Paris, inviting spectators to journey through Paris from a young woman’s point of view. One the film’s most striking features is the nearly eight-minute scene during which Lydia (Darrieux) embarks on a night-time walk through the streets of Paris to reflect on the troubling events of her recent past. As a flâneuse, Lydia appropriates what Friedberg calls the ‘mobile gaze’, endowing her with spatial mobility that is challenged at different points in the narrative by male characters who serve as threatening obstacles to her journey through Paris. One of the rare films of...
Blood type and the five factors of personality in Asia

Research investigating the association of blood type with personality has yielded mixed results. Two recent studies (Cramer & Imaike, 2002; Rogers & Glendon, 2003) used inventories based on the widely accepted five-factor model and found no significant relationship between blood type and personality. Our study is the third published article to examine this relationship using the five-factor model. We analyzed 2681 Taiwanese high school students who completed the Chinese version of NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992a) and reported their blood type. An ABO blood group test was performed on a sub-sample of 176 students in the pilot study to assess the accuracy of blood type recall. Multiple linear regression analysis showed no significant relationship between blood type and personality except for Type AB females who scored lower on the Conscientiousness domain. MANOVA results showed that the combined dependent variables were not significantly affected by blood type or its interaction. We concluded that the potential effect seen in Type AB females on Conscientiousness might be a chance finding because of the small sample size (78). Academic achievement was positively related to Openness and negatively related to Extraversion. However, BMI was inversely related to Extraversion in females.
A Comparison of Doxorubicin and COP for Maintenance of Remission in Cats With Lymphoma

Thirty-eight cats with lymphoma were treated with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (COP). They were randomized at entry to receive maintenance chemotherapy consisting of either single-agent doxorubicin or continued COP therapy, starting on week 4 of treatment and continuing for 6 months or until relapse. Eighteen cats achieved complete clinical remission after COP induction chemotherapy. The median remission duration for 11 cats continuing to receive COP was 83 days, which was significantly shorter than for 7 cats that received doxorubicin (281 days). Thus, doxorubicin should be considered a well-tolerated and efficacious agent for the maintenance of remission in cats with lymphoma.
Sex difference in methylation of single-copy genes in human meiotic germ cells: implications for X chromosome inactivation, parental imprinting, and origin of CpG mutations.

To determine the methylation status of female germ cells in reference to the programmed reversal of X chromosome inactivation in these cells, we examined human fetal ovaries at developmental stages from the time germ cells initiate meiosis to when they cease to synthesize DNA (8–21 weeks gestation). Using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, we analyzed 57 MspI sites (32 sites in the CpG islands, and 25 nonclustered sites) from five X-linked housekeeping genes (HPRT, G6PD, P3, PGK, and GLA) and two tissue specific genes (X-linked F9 and autosomal EPO). Methylation patterns were compared to those of male germ cells, sperm, and somatic tissues of both sexes. All 32 MspI sites in CpG islands were unmethylated in germ-cell fractions of fetal ovary and adult testes, which could explain the reversibility of X inactivation in these tissues. However, whereas male meiotic germ cells were extensively methylated outside the islands (in the body of genes) and the methylation patterns resembled those of most somatic tissues, none of the 25 nonclustered CpGs was methylated in DNA contributed by the germ-cell component of fetal ovaries. The presence of faint MspI-like fragments in HpaII digests of fetal testes as well as fetal ovary prior to the onset of meiosis suggests that DNA of primordial germ cells is unmethylated in both sexes. Our observations of meiotic germ cells suggest that the female germ cells remain unmethylated, but that methylation in male germ cells occurs postnatally, prior to or during the early stages of spermatogenesis. In any event, the striking sex difference in methylation status of endogenous single-copy genes in meiotic germ cells could provide a molecular basis for parental imprinting of the mammalian genome.
Fast Spatiotemporal Smoothing of Calcium Measurements in Dendritic Trees

We discuss methods for fast spatiotemporal smoothing of calcium signals in dendritic trees, given single-trial, spatially localized imaging data obtained via multi-photon microscopy. By analyzing the dynamics of calcium binding to probe molecules and the effects of the imaging procedure, we show that calcium concentration can be estimated up to an affine transformation, i.e., an additive and multiplicative constant. To obtain a full spatiotemporal estimate, we model calcium dynamics within the cell using a functional approach. The evolution of calcium concentration is represented through a smaller set of hidden variables that incorporate fast transients due to backpropagating action potentials (bAPs), or other forms of stimulation. Because of the resulting state space structure, inference can be done in linear time using forward-backward maximum-a-posteriori methods. Non-negativity constraints on the calcium concentration can also be incorporated using a log-barrier method that does not affect the computational scaling. Moreover, by exploiting the neuronal tree structure we show that the cost of the algorithm is also linear in the size of the dendritic tree, making the approach applicable to arbitrarily large trees. We apply this algorithm to data obtained from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells with experimentally evoked bAPs, some of which were paired with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). The algorithm recovers the timing of the bAPs and provides an estimate of the induced calcium transient throughout the tree. The proposed methods could be used to further understand the interplay between bAPs and EPSPs in synaptic strength modification. More generally, this approach allows us to infer the concentration on intracellular calcium across the dendritic tree from noisy observations at a discrete set of points in space.
Mapping abandoned river channels in Mali through directional filtering of thematic mapper data

Abstract The Inland Niger Delta of Mali is composed of an anastomosing channel network flowing northward across the Sahel to Tombouctou, where the distributaries converge and the Niger changes course to flow eastward. Processing of Landsat digital TM data to extract high frequency information reveals morphologic elements of a former northward continuation of the anastomosed system into the Saharan Azaouad Depression, and confirms prior northward, internal drainage of the Niger River. Morphologic relationships between the channels and semistabilized dunes of the Azaouad suggest that these channels were active as recently as 6000–8000 years before present.
Complexity Estimates for the Schmüdgen Positivstellensatz

LetKbe a closed basic set inRngiven by the polynomial inequalities ?1? 0, ... , ?m? 0 and let ? be the semiring generated by the ?kand the squares inRx1, ... ,xn]. Schmudgen has shown that ifKis compact then any polynomial function strictly positive onKbelongs to ?. Easy consequences are (1)f? 0 onKif and only iff?R++ ? (Positivstellensatz) and (2) iff? 0 onKbutf? ? then asdtends to 0+, in any representation off + das an element of ? in terms of the ?k, the squares and semiring operations, the integerN(d) which is the minimum over all representations of the maximum degree of the summands must become arbitrarily large. A one-dimensional example is analyzed to obtain asymptotic lower and upper bounds of the formcd?1/2?N(d) ?Cd?1/2log (1/d).
Laser probe measurements of material properties and elastic vibration distributions in counterpoled ceramics

Abstract A number of specialized ceramic transducer structures using the principle of counterpoling (or reverse poling) have been described in the literature, e.g., Fresnel zone plate focused transducers1 and surface acoustic wave transducers.2 For these devices, a uniformly poled piece of ceramic is reverse poled in certain regions in order to effect a desires spatial pattern of reversed piezoelectric coupling. This paper describes the use of a laser probe for determining the spatial distributions of polarization, strain and elastic vibration amplitude in non-uniformly poled ceramics by simultaneously measuring the pyroelectric response, the surface distortion and the mechanical surface displacement.
Bone dysplasias in man: molecular insights.

Abstract The recent explosion in the number of identified genes involved in the human skeletal dysplasias has dramatically advanced this particular field. While linkage efforts are mapping hereditary disorders of the skeleton at an ever accelerating pace, progress in the Human Genome Project is providing tools for rapid gene discovery after the map location is known. Emerging themes in the molecular analysis of the skeletal dysplasias include the identification of allelic series of disorders and the existence of mutational and genetic heterogeneity in many of these conditions. Allelic series include those conditions caused by mutations in the genes encoding type II collagen COL2A1 ), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein ( COMP ), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 ( FGFR3 ) and the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter ( DTDST ). The recognition of these phenomena has initiated the analysis of the relationship between disease phenotype and gene.
Bovine luteal cells in tissue culture.

Abstract Luteal cells obtained from bovine corpus luteum were grown in tissue culture in a medium consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle supplemented with 10% horse serum. The cells grew under these conditions for at least 30 days. When the cells were seeded at low density they grew in an epithelioid pattern. After high density seeding they took a fibroblast-like appearance. The cells showed a lacy cytoplasm with vacuoles of various sizes, which contained material identified as lipid by staining with Sudan Black B and Oil Red O and they do react strongly for 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. They secreted progesterone and 20α Hydroxy pregn-4-en-3-one, and were able to metabolize pregnenolone into progesterone and 20α Hydroxy pregn-4-en-3-one at a high rate. These two steroids were produced in a ratio similar to that observed in vivo. When the luteal cells were cultured in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH), the daily secretion of progestin decreased slowly over a period of 14 days. In the absence of LH, the rate of progestin secretion diminished drastically during the first week in culture, and the subsequent addition of LH caused only a slight stimulation of progestin secretion as compared to the rate of secretion of cells cultured from the start in the presence of LH.
Quantifying Laboratory Compaction Effects on the Internal Structure of Asphalt Concrete

The performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures is influenced by its internal structure, which refers to the arrangement of aggregates and their associated air voids. Currently, most of the discussion on the effects of internal structure on AC performance is qualitative. This study proposes computer-automated image analysis procedures to quantify the internal structure of AC. Internal structure is quantified in terms of aggregate orientation, aggregate contacts, and air void distribution. The new procedures are useful tools to describe and compare AC materials produced by different compaction methods and mix designs. The new procedures are used to study the difference in internal structure of AC specimens compacted with the Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) and the linear kneading compactor (LKC). Specimens compacted with the SGC were found to have aggregates with more preferred orientation and fewer contacts than specimens compacted with the LKC. In addition, SGC specimens were found to have more air ...
Analysis for potassium, sodium, chloride, and water in a 2-μl sample of extracellular fluid

Abstract Methods are described for analyzing Na, K, Cl, and water on a single 2-μl sample of extracellular fluid, with an accuracy and reproducibility of better than 2%. Conventional glassware was used throughout. Cl was determined colorimetrically; Na and K were measured by a flame photometer of special design (Baird-Atomic Inc. of Cambridge, Mass.) with a modified system for atomization. Considerable further reduction in sample size is probably possible with slight modifications of these methods.
Second-Generation Turkish Youth in Europe: Explaining the Academic Disadvantage in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.

Abstract This investigation examines the role of students’ home and school variables in producing the achievement gap between second-generation Turkish students and their native peers in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Using the data from PISA 2006, this study supports past findings that both home and school resources affect the educational outcomes of immigrant students in their host society's school system. Specifically, the findings reveal that in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, second-generation Turkish students had significant disadvantages in terms of allocated resources at home and in school. More often than not, these disadvantages were found to have significantly negative effects in terms of second-generation Turkish students’ test outcomes relative to their native peers. In all three countries, however, the differences between the second-generation Turkish students and their native peers in terms of their family/home resources were found to explain more of the achievement gap than the differences in their schooling resources.
Uniform WKB, Multi-instantons, and Resurgent Trans-Series

We illustrate the physical significance and mathematical origin of resurgent trans-series expansions for energy eigenvalues in quantum mechanical problems with degenerate harmonic minima, by using the uniform WKB approach. We provide evidence that the perturbative expansion, combined with a global eigenvalue condition, contains all information needed to generate all orders of the nonperturbative multi-instanton expansion. This provides a dramatic realization of the concept of resurgence, whose structure is naturally encoded in the resurgence triangle. We explain the relation between the uniform WKB approach, multi-instantons, and resurgence theory. The essential idea applies to any perturbative expansion, and so is also relevant for quantum field theories with degenerate minima which can be continuously connected to quantum mechanical systems.
An Instructional Design Case Event: Exploring Issues in Professional Practice

Cases have been recommended as an important instructional tool for developing professional knowledge across disciplines. In this paper, we begin by defining case methods, a potentially valuable instructional tool for encouraging authentic, active learning. We describe our approach to the design and use of instructional design (ID) cases, and go on to report on the design and use of a Web-based ID case in a team case competition involving six universities. Students and most officials were enthusiastic about the use of ID cases and about this event. Team collaboration and competition were noted as motivating factors for students. The findings are being used to inform ongoing research and development, which is also described.
Negative feedback as an obligatory antecedent to the estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized pigs.

In ovariectomized pigs, estradiol treatment induces a preovulatory-like luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, but only after serum LH concentrations are suppressed for 48 h. This inhibition of LH release is attributable in large part to inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. The present report examines the dependency of the estradiol-induced LH surge on this preceding phase of negative feedback. Ten ovariectomized gilts were given an i.m. injection of estradiol benzoate (10 micrograms/kg BW). Beginning at the time of estradiol treatment, 5 of these gilts received 1-microgram GnRH pulses i.v. every 45 min for 48 h, i.e. during the period of negative feedback. The remaining 5 control gilts received comparable infusions of vehicle. Estradiol induced the characteristic biphasic LH response in control gilts. On the other hand, the inhibitory LH response to estradiol was prevented and the ensuing LH surge was blocked in 4 of the 5 gilts given GnRH pulses during the negative feedback phase. These results indicate that suppressing release of GnRH and/or LH is an important antecedent to full expression of the LH surge in ovariectomized pigs. Assimilation of this observation with the existing literature provides novel insights into the neuroendocrine control of LH secretion in castrated and ovary-intact gilts.
Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI) in pregnancy, usually diagnosed based on findings of bacteriuria ≥105 colony-forming units per mL of urine, are a risk factor for maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. They are usually classified as either symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Improved CdTe layers on GaAs and Si using atomic layer epitaxy

In this paper, we report on the atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of CdTe on GaAs and Si by the organometallic vapor phase epitaxial process at atmospheric pressure. Self-limiting growth at one monolayer was obtained over the temperature range from 250°C to 320°C, under a wide range of reactant pressure conditions. A study of growth mechanism indicates that DMCd decomposes into Cd on the surface and the Te precursors react catalytically on the Cd covered surface. We have used this ALE grown layer to improve the crystal quality and the morphology of conventionally grown CdTe on GaAs. Improvement in the crystal quality was also observed when ALE CdTe nucleation was carried out on Si pretreated with DETe at 420°C. Atomic layer epitaxy grown ZnTe was used to obtain (100) oriented CdTe on (100) silicon.
New squashed solutions of d=11 supergravity

Abstract We construct two homogeneous Einstein metrics on an SO(3) bundle over CP 2 , one of which corresponds to the N 010 solution of Castellani and Romans. The new metric is analogous to the squashed Einstein metric on S 7 . We then show that there is a second Einstein metric on each N pqr space.
Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users.

Rationale Little is known about the smoking topography characteristics of heavy cannabis users. Such measures may be able to predict cannabis use-related outcomes and could be used to validate self-reported measures of cannabis use.
Site mutations disrupt inter-helical H-bonds (α14W–α67T and β15W–β72S) involved in kinetic steps in the hemoglobin R→T transition without altering the free energies of oxygenation

Abstract Three recombinant mutant hemoglobins (rHbs) of human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A), rHb (αT67V), rHb (βS72A), and rHb (αT67V, βS72A), have been constructed to test the role of the tertiary intra-subunit H-bonds between α67T and α14W and between β72S and β15W in the cooperative oxygenation of Hb A. Oxygen-binding studies in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at 29 °C show that rHb (αT67V), rHb (βS72A), and rHb (αT67V, βS72A) exhibit oxygen-binding properties similar to those of Hb A. The binding of oxygen to these rHbs is highly cooperative, with a Hill coefficient of approximately 2.8, compared to approximately 3.1 for Hb A. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies show that rHb (αT67V), rHb (βS72A), rHb (αT67V, βS72A), and Hb A have similar quaternary structures in the α 1 β 2 subunit interfaces. In particular, the inter-subunit H-bonds between α42Tyr and β99Asp and between β37Trp and α94Asp are maintained in the mutants in the deoxy form. There are slight perturbations in the distal heme pocket region of the α- and β-chains in the mutants. A comparison of the exchangeable 1 H resonances of Hb A with those of these three rHbs suggests that α67T and β72S are H-bonded to α14W and β15W, respectively, in the CO and deoxy forms of Hb A. The absence of significant free energy changes for the oxygenation process of these three rHbs compared to those of Hb A, even though the inter-helical H-bonds are abolished, indicates that these two sets of H-bonds are of comparable strength in the ligated and unligated forms of Hb A. Thus, the mutations at αT67V and βS72A do not affect the overall energetics of the oxygenation process. The preserved cooperativity in the binding of oxygen to these three mutants also implies that there are multiple interactions involved in the oxygenation process of Hb A.
Association of the 5′-upstream regulatory region of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7) with schizophrenia

Background The α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene (CHRNA7) is localized in a chromosomal region (15q14) linked to schizophrenia in multiple independent studies. CHRNA7 was selected as the best candidate gene in the region for a well-documented endophenotype of schizophrenia, the P50 sensory processing deficit, by genetic linkage and biochemical studies.
Conceptual Design And Requirements Of A Pushbroom Focal Plane

The versatility of Pushbroom Sensor Designs is outlined. Multiple line arrays of detectors are used in the focal plane to provide signal enhancement and track association data format for signal conditioning. Strong targets may be sensed without moving parts. Weak targets are sensed against earth background with a minimum of motion for alignment with a variable image motion direction. Very wide fields of view are covered by multiple telescopes and focal planes to illustrate a conceptual approach for meeting exceptionally wide swath coverage requirements. The options provided by using multiple line arrays of detectors in the pushbroom mode give unique capability to the sensor design.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epitaxial ternary nitride thin films prepared by a chemical solution method

It is indispensable to use thin films for many technological applications. This is the first report of epitaxial growth of ternary nitride AMN2 films. Epitaxial tetragonal SrTiN2 films have been successfully prepared by a chemical solution approach, polymer-assisted deposition. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the films are also investigated.
Cryoprobe-assisted removal of spinal cord tumors: Technical note

Abstract The application of a cryosurgical contact probe to assist in the removal of intraspinal neoplasms is described. Most often used by ophthalmic surgeons for intraocular extraction purposes, these .89–3 mm cryoprobes provide an ideal safe “handle” when attached to intramedullary or extramedullary spinal cord tumors and facilitate dissection and removal with standard microsurgical techniques.
Work-to-family conflict, positive spillover, and boundary management: A person-environment fit approach.

This study adopted a person-environment fit approach to examine whether greater congruence between employees’ preferences for segmenting their work domain from their family domain (i.e., keeping work matters at work) and what their employers’ work environment allowed would be associated with lower work-to-family conflict and higher work-to-family positive spillover. Different facets of work-to-family conflict (time-based and strain-based) and positive spillover (affective and instrumental) were examined. According to latent congruence modeling of survey data from 528 management employees, congruence was negatively related to both time-based and strain-based work-to-family conflict and positively related to work-to-family instrumental positive spillover as expected. However, contrary to expectations, congruence was negatively related to work-to-family affective positive spillover. Implications for how boundary management processes may affect both positive and negative experiences of the work–family interface are discussed.
Exponential Sums forGL(n) and Their Applications to Base Change

Abstract We prove an identity which lifts a hyper-Kloosterman sum to an exponential sum over a quadratic extension field. The identity matches two Shalika germs of a relative trace formula for GL ( n ) which might be used to characterize the image of quadratic base change for GL ( n ).
Cooperation in PD Games: Fear, Greed, and History of Play

The impact of the cardinal relationships amongpecuniary payoffs, and of social history and reputation, on thechoice of strategies in four one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma games isexperimentally examined. The results suggest that normalized payoffvalues linked to ``fear'' and ``greed'' are important as predictorsof behavior in the PD games. Success in coordinating on the payoffdominant equilibrium in previous plays of coordination games alsoincreases the probability of cooperative play in the PD games. Theeffect of past play is strongest when individuals are matchedrepeatedly with the same person in previous play, as contrasted tobeing matched randomly with another player.
Microsatellite evidence of facultative outcrossing in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum): Implications for the evolution of invasiveness

The presence or absence of heterozygous individuals and overall genetic variation were determined for the invasive exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum from four populations in northern Nevada using seven species-specific polymorphic di-nucleotide microsatellite markers. Allelic polymorphisms were found in all populations, but not at all loci within each population. Mean genetic diversity across loci within populations ranged from 0.009 ± 0.006 to 0.551 ± 0.073, across populations x = 0.234 ± 0.043. Fifteen individuals from the total sample (8.24%) were heterozygous at 1–4 loci. Two populations exhibited no heterozygosity and the remaining two populations had relative heterozygote proportions of 22.5% and 12.1%. Facultative outcrossing is discussed as an aspect of reproductive plasticity in cheatgrass and as a mechanism promoting the evolution of invasive genotypes.