cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Test to Infer Mode of Selection in Metagenomics Time Series of Evolving Asexual Populations

We introduce a simple test to infer mode of selection (STIMS) in metagenomic time series of evolving asexual populations. STIMS compares the tempo of molecular evolution for a gene set of interest against a null distribution that is bootstrapped on random gene sets. We test STIMS on metagenomic data spanning 62,750 generations of Lenski9s long-term evolution experiment with E. coli (LTEE). Our method successfully recovers signals of purifying selection and positive selection on gold standard sets of genes. We then use STIMS to study the evolution of genetic modules in the LTEE. We find strong evidence of ongoing positive selection on key regulators of the E. coli gene regulatory network. Key regulatory genes show evidence of positive selection over the entire time series, even in some hypermutator populations. By contrast, we found no signal of selection on the genetic modules that show the strongest transcriptional responses to changes in growth conditions. In addition, the cis-regulatory regions of key regulators are evolving faster than the cis-regulatory regions of their downstream regulatory targets. These results indicate that one mechanistic cause for ongoing fitness gains in the LTEE is ongoing fine-tuning of the gene regulatory network.
Optimize the Co-expansion of Generation and Transmission Considering Wind Power in the US Eastern Interconnection.

This paper studies the generation and transmission expansion co-optimization problem with a high wind power penetration rate in large-scale power grids. In this paper, generation and transmission expansion co-optimization is modeled as a mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem. A scenario creation method is proposed to capture the variation and correlation of both load and wind power across regions for large-scale power grids. Obtained scenarios that represent load and wind uncertainties can be easily introduced into the MIP problem and then solved to obtain the co-optimized generation and transmission expansion plan. Simulation results show that the proposed planning model and the scenario creation method can improve the expansion result significantly through modeling more detailed information of wind and load variation among regions in the US EI system. The improved expansion plan that combines generation and transmission will aid system planners and policy makers to maximize the social welfare in large-scale power grids.
Integrating SAP R/3 into a College of Business curriculum: Lessons learned

In the Fall semester of 1996, California State University Chico was the first school in the U.S. to implement the SAP ERP system into its College of Business curriculum. While the effort so far has been very successful by almost any means of measurement, many challenges still remain. This paper presents the problems encountered by the college and the approaches taken to overcome these problems. Five major areas of concern are identified. They include: 11.8cm forming a faculty team and then getting them to agree on how the ERP system should be incorporated into the curriculum, including the order of introducing courses into the curriculums acquiring adequate funding to support all of the resources needed to implement a system of this magnitude, including funding for equipment, faculty training, new teaching facilities, etc.s setting up a technical infrastructure and a corresponding support team to install, monitor and administrate the ERP systemss properly managing the recruiting activities of companies recruiting the students, and retaining the faculty that have SAP experience in a competitive market that offers financial rewards well in excess of academic salaries. All of these issues must be addressed to successfully implement an ERP system. However, our experience has been overwhelmingly successful and all of the hard work has had a significant academic return on our investment.
Interpretation of the first data on central Au+Au collisions at √s = 56A and 130A GeV

We compare three semimicroscopic theories to the first data on particle production in central Au+Au collisions taken at RHIC by the PHOBOS Collaboration as well as to existing data on central Pb+Pb collisions taken at the SPS by the NA49 Collaboration. The Linear Extrapolation of Ultrarelativistic nucleon-nucleon Scattering to nucleus-nucleus collisions (LEXUS) represents the SPS data quite well but predicts too many particles at RHIC. The wounded nucleon model predicts too few particles at both the SPS and RHIC; the collective tube model predicts fewer particles still. This suggests a transition in the dynamics of particle production between s=17 and 56A GeV as one goes from the SPS to RHIC.
Families and Early Childhood Interventions

This chapter examines the role of families in early childhood interventions, with a primary focus on variations in the design of programs aimed at enhancing children's outcomes through assistance to families. The purpose is to identify potentially critical characteristics of effective family interventions designed to improve the well-being of at-risk children birth to 5 years of age. Emphasis is on early interventions with economically disadvantaged families. The chapter describes conceptual and empirical influences on program design, and offers a case illustration of the development of the parenting content framework for a federally sponsored family literacy program. Seven major areas of decisions in determining programmatic elements of support to families are examined: content, participants (including fathers), format; intensity, staffing, targeting and recruiting families, and supports for program implementation. The chapter also describes five basic intervention designs derived from different combinations of program content (child rearing versus a range of family functioning) and participant roles (parent as adjunct, supplementary or primary participant). The chapter ends with an identification of needed directions in research aimed at discerning what works in approaches to families in early childhood interventions, including incremental use of experimental research designs and the development of interventions that are responsive to contemporary family circumstances. Keywords: early childhood intervention; early education; family influences on children; family-oriented early childhood programs; family support programs; parenting education; parent involvement
Total body potassium and body fat: relevance to aging.

Understanding the mechanisms that govern sarcopenia (depletion of muscle mass with age) may suggest ways to preserve lean tissue and functional capacity, and to maintain quality of life in the elderly. We investigated the body-composition changes in normal aging in a cross-sectional study of 188 healthy volunteers aged 20-89 y, which examines the differences in body cell mass and fat as a function of age. In aging, the assumptions of indirect body-composition-measurement techniques, such as the "constant" hydration coefficient of lean body mass or the "constant" density of fat-free mass, may not hold. Therefore, we selected body-composition-measurement techniques that are not sensitive to assumptions about the composition of lean tissue. Cellular mass, lean body mass, and fat were assessed "directly" by total body potassium (TBK) measurements and neutron inelastic scattering. Our results show that TBK content declines at a rate of 7.20 +/- 1.00 mg K.kg body wt-1.y-1 for females (r = 0.601, P < or = 0.001) and 9.16 +/- 0.96 mg K.kg body wt-1.y-1 for males (r = 0.710, P < or = 0.001). Body fat measurements by neutron inelastic scattering have shown a significant increase of percentage body fat with age for female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 50 y and a continuous increase for male volunteers throughout adult life.
A High Elevation Record of the Star-nosed Mole ( Condylura cristata ) in Northeastern Vermont

A single male Star-nosed Mole, Condylura cristata , was captured in a rock pile at the top of East Mountain (elevation 1042 m; 3240 ft) in northeastern Vermont. Although known from high elevations (up to 1676 m; 5500 ft) in southern U.S. states, this species was not known to occur above 573 m (1880 ft) in the northern part of its range. This record is also important in confirming that C. cristata has some climbing ability when travelling above ground.
Gate oxide reliability: the use of simulation to quantify important aspects of lifetime projection from TDDB data

We use simulations to study the consequences of applying the effective thickness theory of oxide reliability to both the Berman and Chen oxide electric field models for the time-to-failure of Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) data. The focus is on understanding the effects of errors in the analysis of TDDB data on the accuracy of lifetime prediction. There are three aspects which are studied for their effects on the accuracy of lifetime prediction (which are in addition to the frequently discussed field model sensitivity): extrapolation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) F to small values of F (as required by specific reliability criteria); conversion from measured gate voltage V/sub g/ to internal oxide voltage V/sub ox/; polarity dependence.
The Structure And Properties Of Chalcohalide Glasses

The chalcohalide glasses which are mixtures of halides and chalcogenides have received very little attention. This paper reviews the structures and properties of the known chalcohalide glass forming systems. These glasses possess interesting optical properties which makes them candidates for potential applications in the mid-IR, especially the CO2 laser which operates at 10.6μm.
ENCOUNTER PROBABILITIES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ROTIFERS

Abstract The relationship between population density and sexual reproduction is explored for planktonic rotifer populations. It has been argued that selection favors sex at population maxima because of favorable probabilities of encounter. Factors determining the probability of encounter are examined. Experimentally determined parameters for males and females (swimming speed, duration of fertility, net fecundity, and encounter distance) are used to investigate density effects on the probability of encounter. As population density increases, the probability of encounter also increases sigmoidally. The probability of a female encountering a male during her fertile period begins to increase rapidly at ≈ 50 males/1. The increase continues until it becomes asymptotic at ≈ 1000 males/1, where the probability of a female encountering, at least one male during her fertile period approaches one. The duration of female fertility is less than that of males, causing the female curve to be displaced toward higher population densities. Critical density, the population density where R o ′ is exactly equal to one, for males and females is 11.7 and 141 individuals/1, respectively. The precision of the model was evaluated by observing the frequency of male-female encounters during 212 5-min observation periods. The observed encounter rate was 1.49/min, compared to a predicted rate of 1.53/ min. These values are not significantly different as determined by t -test. The constraints placed on the timing of sex by population density are discussed.
Toward real-time clamping load measurement using DSPI

Finding a reliable technique to determine clamping load in bolted joint has been a challenging problem for several years. A new technique that was recently introduced, addresses this problem by deploying the Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry (DSPI) technique to measure the deformation of the surface being clamped and correlate it to the clamping load. The optical part of the system has been developed using the Spatial Phase Shifting technique to determine the deformation caused by the applied torque. The images produced by this technique are of low signal-to-noise ratio and require filtering in order to achieve accurate deformation calculation. However, image filtering requires significant processing time, particularly in video streams, which can cause delays in the system and therefore undesirable results. In this paper we propose a method to automate the process of calculating the deformation in a suitable time frame. This method uses a new filtering technique to reduce the computation overhead of the controlling software and therefore increase the overall speed of the system by up to seven times. Achieving a practical processing time in the software will result in more robust and reliable control over the fastener and therefore higher accuracy of clamping load. The methods used to design this system ultimately can automate the entire process of clamping and provide a reliable closed-loop clamping load controller for bolted joint.
On Error-Saturation Nonlinearities in NLMS Adaptation

The effect of a saturation-type error nonlinearity in the weight update equation in normalized least mean-square (NLMS) adaptation is investigated for system identification for a white Gaussian data model. Nonlinear recursions are derived for the weight mean error and mean-square deviation (MSD) that include the effect of an error function (erf) saturation-type nonlinearity on the error sequence driving the algorithm. The nonlinear recursion for the MSD is solved numerically and shown in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulations, supporting the theoretical model assumptions. The theory is extended to tracking a Markov channel and accurately predicts the tracking behavior as well. The saturation behavior of the algorithm is easily studied by varying a single parameter in the error function, varying from a linear device to a hard limiter. For the white data case, the excess mean square-error (EMSE) is simply related to the MSD. The tradeoff between the extent of error saturation, steady-state EMSE, and algorithm convergence rate is studied using these results.
Determinants of bone mass in menopause.

Abstract Osteoporosis, one of the most prevalent diseases of the aged, is characterized by a reduced bone mass which increases the risk for skeletal fracture. The current research was designed to examine determinants of bone mass in 59 postmenopausal women. Information was obtained at baseline concerning anthropometric, nutritional, and physical activity factors. Bone mass in the arm and leg was measured by a computerized tomography (CT) scanner at baseline and 8 months later. The study revealed that the CT scanner is an effective, precise instrument for measuring bone mass, and significant bone loss was found over the 8-month period. The cross-sectional results indicated that the primary determinants of bone mass were age and physical activity.
Surgical correction of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis

Purpose Approximately 5% of patients with spinal tuberculosis will develop a severe kyphotic deformity resulting in increased potential for pain, spinal cord compression, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, costopelvic impingement and cosmetic concerns. This manuscript reviews the evaluation and surgical management of tuberculous kyphosis.
Biology of Trichobaris bridwelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a possible agent for the biological control of Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)

The weevil Trichobaris bridwelli Barber is a natural enemy of jimsonweed ( Datura stramonium L.) in the southern United States. The temporal distribution of all life stages showed that T. bridwelli is bivoltine in central Texas and overwinters principally in the adult stage inside the seed capsules of jimsonweed. Females oviposited in the leaves, flowers, and capsules. Subsequent development occurred both in the stems and capsules of its host plant. All life stages of T. bridwelli were attacked by hymenopterous parasitoids; Anaphes sp. and Microctonus sp. are new host records. In the laboratory, adult females lived an average of 16.1 wk and deposited an average of 324 eggs. Development in the laboratory required 37.8 d: egg 5.9 d, larval stage 20.2 d, prepupal period about 3 d, and pupal stage 8.7 d. The intrinsic rate of increase ( T m) of T. bridwelli was calculated from laboratory life table data to be 0.41 at 24°C. T. bridwelli was evaluated for its potential effectiveness as a biological control agent of jimsonweed and possibly chinese thornapple, Datura ferox L. Although T. bridwelli did not complete development on a critical test plant (tobacco) under laboratory conditions, extensive host specificity testing should be conducted to determine the limits of its host range.
Development and Use of a Tool to Guide Junior Faculty in Their Progression Toward Promotion and Tenure

Junior faculty have multiple roles and need to participate in a variety of activities that increase their likelihood of achieving promotion and tenure. Yet, these faculty often struggle when deciding how and when to expend effort along their career trajectory. In response to the need for structured guidance when setting priorities and making decisions about time management, faculty from a school of nursing at a research university have developed and begun to use a faculty progression tool. Introduced during orientation, this tool helps junior faculty weigh the relative importance of engaging in specific activities by offering a time frame and suggestions for prioritizing and pacing efforts to accomplish critical milestones. Although primarily aimed at tenure stream faculty in a research-intensive environment, this faculty progression tool serves as a model that may be modified for environments with less focus on research. Likewise, it may provide a foundation for development of a similar tool for nontenure stream faculty.
Synthesis of methyl 2-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-β-l-lyxo-hexopyranoside☆

Abstract The title glycoside, having the daunosamine structure but with amination at C-2 instead of C-3, was synthesized in nine steps from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose. The sequence also provided preparative access to methyl 2-acetamido-2,3-di-deoxy-α- d - ribo -hexopyranoside and its 4,6-benzylidene acetal.
Caring A Vision of Wholeness for Nursing

Caring as a new paradigm for nursing is rapidly gaining ascendance. As nurse scholars and practitioners recognize the power of caring, they are joining together in a "conspiracy" of caring. The purpose of this article is to set the stage for creative visioning that might generate new ways of thinking about caring, nursing practice, and research. A very brief review of caring scholarship in nursing over the last 15 years sets the context for the discussion of caring research and practice. It is suggested that when the phenomenon of interest is human caring, the perspective or vision of the scientist must necessarily change from a traditional, empirical view of what is real to a holistic vision of nursing as a human, caring science. The process for both personal and societal transformation is discussed.
Anaerobic transformation of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) by ovine rumen microorganisms.

Explosives such as octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) provide a challenge in terms of bioremediation. In the present study, sheep rumen was studied for its potential to detoxify HMX using analytical chemistry and molecular microbial ecology tools. Results indicated significant loss (p < 0.05) of HMX at 8 h post-incubation and complete disappearance of the parent molecule after 16 h. Qualitative LC–MS/MS analysis provided evidence for the formation of 1-NO-HMX and MEDINA metabolites. A total of 1006 16S rRNA-V3 clones were sequenced and the Classifier tool of the RDPII database was used to sort the sequences at their phylum level. Most sequences were associated with either the phylum Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes. Significant differences at the phylum level (p < 0.001) were found between 0 h and 8 h HMX treatments. Using LibCompare analysis, 8 h HMX treatment showed enrichment of clones (p < 0.01) belonging to the genus Prevotella. From these results, it could be concluded that members of the genus Prevotella are enriched in the rumen and are capable of detoxifying HMX.
Detection of multidecadal oceanic variability by ocean data assimilation in the context of a “perfect” coupled model

[1] The impact of oceanic observing systems, external radiative forcings due to greenhouse gas and natural aerosol (GHGNA), and oceanic initial conditions on long time variability of oceanic heat content and salinity is assessed by the assimilation of oceanic “observations” in the context of a “perfect” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report model. According to times and locations at which observations are available, the 20th century expendable bathythermograph (XBT) temperature and 21st century Argo temperature and salinity observations are drawn from a model simulation (set as the “truth”) with historical GHGNA radiative forcings. These model observations are assimilated into another coupled model simulation based on temporally varying or fixed year GHGNA values and different oceanic initial conditions. The degree to which the assimilation recovers the truth variability of oceanic heat content and salinity is an assessment of the impact of each factor on the detection of the oceanic “climate.” Results show that both the 20th century XBT and 21st century Argo observations adequately capture the basin-scale variability of heat content. The Argo salinity observations appear to be necessary to reproduce the North Atlantic thermohaline structure and variability. The addition of historical radiative forcings does not make a significant contribution to the detection skill. The initial conditions spun up by historical GHGNA produce better detection skill than the initial conditions spun up by preindustrial fixed year GHGNA due to reduced assimilation shocks. While the 20th century XBT temperature observations alone capture some basic features of salinity variations of the tropical ocean due to the strong T-S relationship from tropical air-sea interactions, the Argo salinity observations are important for global state estimation, particularly in high latitudes where haline effects on ocean density are greater.
Unusual swimming behavior of a magnetotactic bacterium

Magnetotactic bacteria of strain Mar 1–83, when swimming in an applied magnetic field, did not move as a homogeneous cell suspension, but aggregated in distinct wave-like structures. The waves remained stable during forward movement. The number of cells per wave ranged from a few cells in permanent lateral contact to hundreds of bacteria moving visibly within a wave. Wave formation required a horizontal and vertical magnetic component. Electron microscopy indicated at least 3 distinct parallel chains of magnetosomes inside the bacterium. The cellular magnetic dipole moment was determined. Cell-to-cell magnetic interaction could be ruled out as the sole mechanism that induced wave formation and kept waves stable. Other mechanisms are discussed.
Harmonic paper: interactive music interface for drawing

This paper describes the project 'Harmonic Paper', an interactive interface that converts a user's drawing into music. By means of a microcontroller and series of photocells, the installation can detect diverse features (location, thickness) of physical drawing in a letter-size paper, and convert them into musical components (note, volume, tempo) with visual feedback (color light). We also provide a custom-designed software that allows users to virtually practice this hardware installation. This set of software and hardware helps user to explore new musical and visual expression through an understanding of audio-visual relationship.
Abundance, size structure, and growth rates of Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) following a large-scale stream channel restoration in California

Anthropogenic disturbances have degraded habitat quality of watersheds worldwide, ultimately leading to river and stream restoration projects. Historically, these restoration attempts have focused on augmenting the populations of species with economic and ecologic value, such as salmonids in California. Yet, few studies have looked into how other native species are affected by efforts to restore salmon populations. Here, we present the results of a study that assessed how an abundant and widespread native fish species fared in a river segment that was ‘restored’ relative to an upstream, “unrestored” reach. Designed to create spawning habitat for salmon, the restoration project consisted of a large-scale channel re-configuration and gravel augmentation effort in a reach of California's Merced River. We examined the abundance, population size structure and growth rates of juvenile Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) collected in the restored channel and compared with those of the juvenile Sacramen...
Reasoning about nonatomic operations

A method is presented that permits assertional reasoning about a concurrent program even though the atomicity of the elementary operations is left unspecified. It is based upon a generalization of the dynamic logic operator [α]. The method is illustrated by verifying the mutual exclusion property for a two-process version of the bakery algorithm.
Non-viral delivery of interleukin-2 and soluble Flk-1 inhibits metastatic and primary tumor growth in renal cell carcinoma

Treatments for renal cell carcinoma, while promising, are still limited by toxicity and cost. In the hopes of finding a novel compound or combination, we developed a plasmid containing the genes for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (msFlk1). The plasmid, p2CMVIL2/msFlk1, demonstrated similar in vitro transgene expression of IL-2 or msFlk1 compared to their single-agent counterparts. Subcutaneous tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 group when delivered locally by the non-viral water soluble polymer, WSLP and exhibited a 50% increase in survival over glucose and single-agent controls. In vivo experimentation demonstrated that WSLP/msFlk1 decreased microvessel density in pCMVmsFlk1 and p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 treated groups. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressing CD45RO and CD68 were increased within the tumor microenvironment upon p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 treatment. To determine the effects of p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 in an experimental RENCA lung metastases model, therapeutic DNA was delivered systemically following complexation with the angiogenic endothelial-targeting polymer PEI-g-PEG-RGD. The p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 treatment significantly reduced metastases by 56% over single-agent therapy and increased survival proportions by 50% over all groups. Our work clearly demonstrates that non-viral delivery of p2CMVIL2/msFlk1 can inhibit RENCA growth in a synergistic manner and may represent a new treatment for renal carcinoma.
The estrous cycle of the rat: effects on the accumulation of estrogenic metabolites in brain and peripheral tissues.

Summary Female rats exhibiting regular 4 day viginal estrous cycles were injected with tritiated estradiol and tested for sexual receptivity 1 h and sacrificed 2 h later. Upon sacrifice wet weights of uterus and pituitary were taken. Samples from the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, anterior mesencephalon, cerebral cortex, liver, and blood plasma were assayed for retained estrogenic metabolites. Samples from the cortex, uterus, pituitary, liver, and blood plasma were assayed for total retained radioactivity. Results suggest an anterior > posterior gradient in basal brain for the retention of estradiol and an opposite pattern for the retention of estrone. During the estrous cycle the highest levels of retained estradiol in the hypothalamus were found during the periods of presumed low endogenous estrogen titers (diestrus and estrus), while the lowest levels were found during periods of presumed high endogenous estrogen titers (early and late proestrus). Retention of neither estradiol nor estrone showed any other significant fluctuations in the tissues in which this was examined. Total radioactivity levels retained in the uterus and pituitary were also highest during diestrus and lowest during proestrus. Total retained radioactivity did not fluctuate the other tissues examined. Females were found to be sexually receptive only during the evening of proestrus, at a time when uterine and pituitary wet weights were also found to be at their maxima. Results were discussed in terms of the possible specialized role of regionally localized estrogenic metabolites in the control of reproductive behavior and physiology in the female rat.
SEMICLASSICAL TREATMENT FOR INELASTIC PROCESSES IN EXAFS

Inelastic processes in EXAFS (extended x-ray absorption fine structure) are studied using an extension of the semiclassical model of dynamical screening of a core hole and a photoelectron. This treatment effectively includes both extrinsic and intrinsic inelastic losses as well as interference between them. A complex, energy-dependent potential which accounts for these inelastic effects is derived. This potential is compared with static final state potentials and with empirically determined mean free paths. An local relaxation method is developed to calculate the core hole Green's function in an inhomogeneous system. Application is made to the EXAFS amplitude of the diatomic molecule Br2.
A linear structural equation model for covert verb generation based on independent component analysis of FMRI data from children and adolescents.

Human language is a complex and protean cognitive ability. Young children, following well defined developmental patterns learn language rapidly and effortlessly producing full sentences by the age of 3 years. However, the language circuitry continues to undergo significant neuroplastic changes extending well into teenage years. Evidence suggests that the developing brain adheres to two rudimentary principles of functional organization: functional integration and functional specialization. At a neurobiological level, this distinction can be identified with progressive specialization or focalization reflecting consolidation and synaptic reinforcement of a network (Lenneberg 1967; Muller, Rothermel et al. 1998; Berl, Vaidya et al. 2006). In this paper, we used group Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and linear structural equation modeling (LSEM) (McIntosh and Gonzalez-Lima 1994; Karunanayaka, Holland et al. 2007) to tease out the developmental trajectories of the language circuitry based on fMRI data from 336 children ages 5-18 years performing a blocked, covert-verb generation task. The results are analyzed and presented in the framework of theoretical models for neurocognitive brain development. This study highlights the advantages of combining both modular and connectionist approaches to cognitive functions; from a methodological perspective, it demonstrates the feasibility of combining data driven and hypothesis driven techniques to investigate the developmental shifts in the semantic network.
Sales force evaluation with expectancy theory

Abstract The salespeople and their sales managers of two national firms were surveyed to examine the relationships between the salespeople's effort, performance, satisfaction, and propensity to leave their job. The 399 salespeople participating in the study were evaluated by their sales managers. Research results provide insights into the problems associated with correctly measuring performance and testing expectancy theory when salespeople are not evaluated on objective performance measures.
Control/structure interactions of Space Station solar dynamic modules

Potential control/structures interaction problems of large flexible multibody structures in the presence of pointing and tracking requirements are addressed. A control approach is introduced for the simultaneous tracking and vibration control of multibody space structures. The application that is discussed is the planned Space Station Freedom configured with solar dynamic modules. The solar dynamic fine-pointing and tracking requirements may necessitate controller frequencies above the structural natural frequencies of space station and the solar dynamic modules themselves. It is well known that this can give rise to control/structure interaction problems if the controller is designed without giving due consideration to the structural dynamics of the system. Possible control/structure interaction problems of Freedom's solar dynamic power systems are investigated. A finite element model of Freedom is used to demonstrate these potential control/structure interaction problems and the proposed tracking and vibration control approach.
Estrogen-induced efflux of endogenous catecholamines from the hypothalamus in vitro

Abstract Short-term organ cultures of the intact hypothalamus were used to study the effects of various estrogenic compounds on catecholamine release. Estradiol-17s (0.1–20 μM) produced a concentration-dependent efflux of norepinephrine and dopamine while its biologically inactive enantiomer, estradiol-17α, was ineffective at concentrations up to 20 μM. Diethylstilbestrol, a potent non-steroidal estrogen, was as effective as estradiol-17s in inducing catecholamine efflux. In contrast, weakly or non-estrogenic steroids such as estrone, estriol, and corticosterone were without effect. The time course of the estrogen-induced efflux of hypothalamic catecholamines was similar to that previously reported for the estrogen-induced accumulation of hypothalamic cAMP, providing further evidence for the involvement of catecholamines in this effect. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate the release of catecholamines within the hypothalamus.
Recognition of the scope of oral and maxillofacial surgery by the public and health care professionals

Abstract Purpose : A recent British study has reported a lack of awareness among the general public as to the benefits provided by the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Medical and dental practitioners surveyed had a greater awareness of OMFS than the general public, yet were deficient in knowledge of the wide range of services provided by them. Therefore, a similar survey was conducted in the Boston area to determine the awareness among the general public and health professionals of the proper providers of treatment for the maxillofacial region and the level of knowledge of the specialty of OMFS. Materials and Methods : The study incorporated five groups of respondents: dental students, dental practitioners, medical students, medical practitioners, and the general public. The survey was mailed, or distributed, randomly to persons representing each group in the Boston area. Between 200 and 300 surveys were sent to each group, and data collection was stopped at 100 responses per group. Surveys from the general public were screened to eliminate responders involved in health professions. For each of 20 specific situations or treatments, respondents were asked to choose a source of treatment from among four categories of specialists: ear nose and throat surgery (ENT), plastic surgery, OMFS, and periodontology. A chi-square analysis was performed for each question to compare the pattern of responses among categories of respondents. Results : The data showed that most of the health professionals, 90% of students, and 98% of practitioners had heard of OMFS, whereas only 62% of the public have heard of this specialty. Furthermore, only 22% of the lay responders had ever been treated by an OMFS. The results also suggested that many health professionals had a lack of understanding about the wide scope of surgical procedures that OMFSs offer. Conclusion : Despite all the progress that has occurred in OMFS, a large portion of the American population is still unaware of the specialty. If patients are to receive the best treatment available, it is essential to educate health care consumers and providers about the different specialties available and their role within the health profession.
Movements of Marked Walleyes, Stizostedion Vitreum Vitreum (Mitchill), in the Fishery of the Red Lakes, Minnesota

Abstract The Red Lakes commercial fishery is carried on in two connected lakes with a combined area of 275,000 acres. These lakes are shallow and support a large population of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) which is the principal commercial species. A marking study was carried on over a 3-year period to determine whether distinct populations exist in the two lakes. Monel-metal jaw tags were placed on 9,739 walleyes taken from the spawning runs of both lakes in the springs of 1949, 1950, and 1951. A total of 1,572 tags, or 16.1 percent, was returned during the 3-year period. Of the total tag recoveries 314, or 20.6 percent, moved between the two lakes. The greatest distance covered by any fish was 60 miles in 68 days and the fastest rate of travel was 41.5 miles in 33 days. The population of the two lakes was judged to be homogeneous on the basis of fish movement, similar rates of growth of fish taken from both lakes, and similar condition factor (K). Comparison of returns of marked fish at variou...
Cigarette Advertising in Popular Youth and Adult Magazines: A Ten-Year Perspective

Abstract Cigarette advertising for youth brands delivered sufficient impressions to reach youths at high reach and frequency levels during the 1993–2002 period. However, a precipitous drop in such advertising is also found at the end of the period. The authors reconcile the findings with those of previous studies and examine the efficacy of guidelines that have been used to evaluate cigarette advertising in publications with high youth readership.
CRITICAL MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN EuO.

The critical magnetic exponents are determined for EuO and found to be $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.368\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$, $\ensuremath{\delta}=4.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$. Within experimental error these values are consistent with the predictions of scaling theory. It is shown that the reduced magnetic field is expressible as a function only of the reduced magnetization in the critical region, with a functional dependence which differs for $T$ above and below ${T}_{c}$. However, the linear model of Schofield et al. leads to a single equation of state which gives a good approximation to our data throughout the entire critical region. Our results were analyzed in terms of high-temperature expansion for fcc lattices with nearest ${J}_{1}$ and next-nearest-neighbor ${J}_{2}$ interactions. It is shown that straightforward extrapolation procedures can lead to serious discrepancies. However, the analysis can be used in conjunction with our susceptibility measurements both immediately above ${T}_{c}$ and up to 370\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and with the observed ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}$ behavior to determine the value of the magnetic interactions. Our results indicate that ${J}_{2}$ is ferromagnetic and equal to $(0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2){J}_{1}$. The disagreement between this and the previously reported value is discussed.
Gravitational radiation from type-II supernovae: The effect of the high-density equation of state.

Odd-parity gravitational perturbations of detailed spherically symmetric type-II supernova models, which include realistic equations of state and neutrino transport, are studied in the linearized Einstein theory. To investigate the parameters affecting gravitational-wave production during core collapse, we have performed simulations in which we vary the equation of state at supernuclear densities, the free proton mass fraction, and the precollapse iron core. These variations span much of the range of conditions currently thought to occur during stellar collapse and lead to the production of core-bounce shock waves that vary from the very strong to those that stall almost immediately. We find little difference in the gravitational radiation output among any of these models, though models that use stiffer equations of state or higher-mass iron cores give somewhat more radiation output.
Communicating With and Motivating High Fatalists

In three studies responses of high and low fatalists to five dif- ferent types of communications messages were compared. The five types of information considered were single reward, multiple reward, reward explanations, conformity, and nonsense information. Nutritional, political, and reading behaviors were considered. Two field experiments were con- ducted with male heads of households and a laboratory experiment was conducted with students. The high fatalists were motivated by reward explanation information. The low fatalists were motivated by single and multiple reward information more than the high fatalists. Responses of the high and low fatalists converged, at the highest motivation level, in response to reward explanation information. Fatalism accounted for more response variance than income, education, or race characteristics. The so- cial significance of these findings is discussed in terms of: the need to motivate the high fatalists; who the high fatalists are; the growth of high fatalism; and the transferability of this paper's communication content findings to organizations dealing with problems of high fatalism.
Signal design for dispersive channels

An introduction to the principles of communications over dispersive channels — in which a heuristic channel model is developed, and simple formulas and curves are investigated for the selection of communications system parameters
On the use of simulation models to evaluate alternative schedules

The work presented here today is based on a simulation model of a portion of one of our stamping plants. The presentation begins by briefly describing a typical section of the stamping plant and the scheduling environment in which the plant operates. After describing the reality, the author will then proceed to describe the simulation model built and its verification and scheduling approaches. The presentation concludes with a summary of the results and some general remarks on the importance of scheduling in the factory of the future.
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy: The natural history of untreated patients

We reviewed the diagnostic features and clinical course of 140 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy who had their index renal biopsies performed at the Mayo Clinic between 1972 and 1984. There were 93 males and 47 females (average age, 50.8 +/- 17 years); 116 patients (83%) had the nephrotic syndrome and 42 (30%) were hypertensive at diagnosis. Eighty-nine patients were not treated with corticosteroid or immunosuppressive drugs and 51 patients were treated mainly with short-term courses of prednisone alone; a minority of patients also received meclofenamate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. Five-year survival, including patients who received dialysis or a renal transplant, was 85%, 75% at 10 years, and no different from expected survival; there was no difference between untreated and treated groups. Also, there were no differences in the outcomes of renal function and protein excretion between untreated and treated patients. Among 28 patients (20%) who developed end-stage renal disease, 17 showed rapid progression within 2.5 years after diagnosis. Fifteen of the 17 patients were males; all were severely nephrotic and had impaired renal function at diagnosis. Only 1 of 24 patients with nonnephrotic proteinuria at index renal biopsy progressed to end-stage renal disease. Overall, a level of baseline proteinuria of 10 g or more per 24 hours and variable blood pressure control in hypertensive patients were associated with renal progression.
Conductance fluctuations in thin silver films.

We have studied the behavior of thin Ag films at low temperatures. For samples with lengths and widths each approximately 1 \ensuremath{\mu}m, we have observed fluctuations of the conductance at temperatures below about 0.3 K. These fluctuations are observed in measurements of the conductance, G, as a function of time, and of magnetic field. The time-dependent fluctuations appear to be due to the motion of individual scattering centers, while the field-dependent fluctuations are similar to the aperiodic variations of G seen previously in other systems. The magntiudes of the time- and field-dependent fluctuations are approximately the same, and are in very reasonable agreement with the theory of universal-conductance fluctuations.
Regional Controls of Gas Accumulation in Oriskany Sandstone, Central Appalachian Basin

Available literature and production data were used to compile maps of stratigraphic relationships, structural configuration, and production trends of the Oriskany (Ridgeley) Sandstone, Lower Devonian (Deerpark Stage). Many of the Oriskany gas fields that occur in the western basin and northern portions of the Low Plateau and High Plateau provinces are stratigraphic traps associated with the Oriskany pinch-out. This pinch-out is a result of pre- and/or post-Oriskany unconformities, which are more pronounced along the basin margin. Pinch-out fields are characterized by intergranular porosity that probably developed soon after deposition on pre-Middle Devonian topographic highs. Entrapment generally results from an updip permeability barrier against the pinch-out. Oriskany fields that are not associated with the pinch-out are in structural traps characterized by fracture porosity and entrapment along anticlinal highs or against faults. Fields of this type are more common in the central and eastern parts of the basin, especially in the High Plateau province and the Valley and Ridge. Oriskany production is generally absent from areas within the Low Plateau province that are not in proximity to the pinch-out. This unproductive trend coincides with an area of gentle structural deformation and the occurrence of Huntersville Chert directly above the Oriskany.
REACH VA: Moving from Translation to System Implementation

Purpose of the study Resources for Enhancing All Caregivers Health in the Department of Veterans Affairs (REACH VA) has been implemented in the VA system as a national program for caregivers. Design and methods We describe the trajectory of REACH VA from national randomized clinical trial through translation to national implementation. The implementation is examined through the six stages of the Fixsen and Blase implementation process model: exploration and adoption, program installation, initial implementation, full operation, innovation, and sustainability. Different drivers that move the implementation process forward are important at each stage, including staff selection, staff training, consultation and coaching, staff evaluation, administrative support, program evaluation/fidelity, and systems interventions. Results Caregivers in the REACH VA 4 session intervention currently implemented in the VA had similar outcomes to longer REACH interventions, including Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregivers Health (REACH II). Caregivers experienced significant decreases in burden, depression, anxiety, number of troubling patient behaviors reported, caregiving frustrations, stress symptoms (feeling overwhelmed, feeling like crying, being frustrated as a result of caregiving, being lonely), and general stress. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) for these significant variables were between small and medium ranging from .24 to .46. Implications The implementation of REACH VA provides a road map for implementation of other behavioral interventions in health care delivery settings. Lessons learned include the importance of implementing a proven, needed intervention, support from both leadership and clinical staff, willingness to respond to staff and organization needs and modify the intervention while preserving its integrity, and fitting the intervention into ongoing routines and practices.
The propensity to patent

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between 1974 RD among the exceptions, the tendency was toward diminishing returns. Variables measuring overseas sales, federal R&D support, diversification, scope of invention use, and invention type had only modest explanatory power. There was no significant evidence of disproportionate patent accumulation in the more highly concentrated industries.