cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FW/SM: A Prototype Structured Modeling Environment

A research prototype implementation has been evolving for several years in parallel with the vision, theory, language, and applicative aspects of structured modeling. The objective of this article is to describe the capabilities of this implementation as it now stands, and to comment on how it contributes toward fulfilling a previously published agenda for the development of a new generation of modeling environments. The intended audience is all modeling system designers and evaluators, including those who do not happen to take a structured modeling approach.
A Close-Up of the Soviet Fourth Five-Year Plan

I. Introduction, 139. — II. The Fourth Five-Year Plan not a real plan, 141. — III. Major developments in prices, 151. — IV. Output and investment, 159. — V. Checks, 168. — VI. Labor productivity and labor force, 170. — VII. Conclusion, 170.
Two learning schemes in information retrieval

Two methods are given to improve weighting schemes by using relevance information of a set of queries. The first method is to estimate parameter values of two independence models in information retrieval — the binary independence model and the non-binary independence model. The parameters estimated here are used to calculate optimal weights for terms in a different set of queries. Performance of this estimation is compared to the inverse document frequency method, the cosine measure, and the statistical similarity measure. The second method is to learn optimal weights of the non-binary independence model adaptively by a learning formula. Experiments are performed on three different document collections CISI, MEDLARS, and CRN4NUL for both methods, and results are reported. Both methods show improvements compared to the existing weighting schemes. Experimental results show that the second method gives slightly better performance than the first one, and has simpler implementation.
Divergence of substrate specificity and function in the Escherichia coli hotdog-fold thioesterase paralogs YdiI and YbdB.

The work described in this paper, and its companion paper (Wu, R., Latham, J. A., Chen, D., Farelli, J., Zhao, H., Matthews, K. Allen, K. N., and Dunaway-Mariano, D. (2014) Structure and Catalysis in the Escherichia coli Hotdog-fold Thioesterase Paralogs YdiI and YbdB. Biochemistry, DOI: 10.1021/bi500334v), focuses on the evolution of a pair of paralogous hotdog-fold superfamily thioesterases of E. coli, YbdB and YdiI, which share a high level of sequence identity but perform different biological functions (viz., proofreader of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-holoEntB in the enterobactin biosynthetic pathway and catalyst of the 1,4-dihydoxynapthoyl-CoA hydrolysis step in the menaquinone biosynthetic pathway, respectively). In vitro substrate activity screening of a library of thioester metabolites showed that YbdB displays high activity with benzoyl-holoEntB and benzoyl-CoA substrates, marginal activity with acyl-CoA thioesters, and no activity with 1,4-dihydoxynapthoyl-CoA. YdiI, on the other hand, showed a high le...
Language, Culture and Power: Intercultural Bilingual Education among the Urarina of Peruvian Amazonia

An Urarina elder made this statement at a community assembly meeting in July 1996, which adults from the primary long house community on the Pangayacu River had called to discuss the educational future of their children. The unrelenting economic, cultural, and political pressures accompanying Peruvian national expansion into Amazonia have led indigenous peoples like the Urarina to question their prospects for future linguistic and cultural survival. Over the past decade I have worked with the Urarina, both as a social anthropologist and as an advocate working on behalf of the Amazonian Peoples' Resources Initiative (APRI). In 1995 APRI launched an integrated community defense program among the Urarina. In collaboration with a local NGO (Programa de Formacion de Maestros Bilingues de la Amazonia Peruana), APRI has begun developing an educational program that promotes the political and economic empowerment of the Urarina peoples. It works to secure Urarina access to primary health care, culturally appropria...
Ensemble modulation as an origin of denaturant-independent hydrogen exchange in proteins

Abstract Native state hydrogen exchange (HX) has become a powerful tool for the analysis of conformational states that exist under native conditions. However, the interpretation of HX data in terms of conformational fluctuations is still controversial. In particular, it has been shown that many residues display exchange behavior that is independent of denaturant concentration. It has been postulated that this lack of denaturant dependence results from local fluctuations that do not expose appreciable amounts of buried surface area. Here, we use a general thermodynamic description of HX to explore the different possibilities for this behavior. We find that the denaturant dependence seen in HX experiments under native conditions is not a de facto indication of the amount of surface area exposure required for exchange. Instead, this behavior results from the relatively homogenous character of the conformational ensemble that exists under native conditions and the non-specific nature of denaturant effects. Furthermore, a comparison of the HX behavior from a stabilized mutant of Staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) with that predicted for the wild-type SNase from the COREX algorithm suggests that denaturant-independent exchange of many residues is consistent with significant (∼10 %) surface area exposure for this protein.
Effects of ethanol and salsolinol on catecholamine function in LS and SS mice

Long Sleep (LS) and Short Sleep (SS) mice differ in duration of ethanol-induced sleep time because of differences in brain sensitivity to the depressant effects of alcohols. These lines of mice also differ in their sensitivity to salsolinol, the condensation product of acetaldehyde with dopamine. Some of ethanol's acute effects may be due to salsolinol interactions with catecholamine systems. In the present study, the half-lives of salsolinol were found to be 12.8 min (LS) and 12.3 min (SS). Salsolinol administration resulted in a decrease in brain norepinephrine content in LS but not SS mice. Dopamine levels were not altered by salsolinol. Ethanol or salsolinol, in vitro, inhibited dopamine uptake by striatal synaptosomes. The IC50 values for ethanol were 491 mM (LS) and 514 mM (SS), and for salsolinol, 300 microM (SS). Thus, the mouse line which is most sensitive to the behavioral effects of salsolinol is also most sensitive to salsolinol's effects on norepinephrine levels and inhibition of dopamine uptake. However, much higher concentrations are required to alter dopamine uptake in vitro than are required to alter behavior in vivo.
Dyson spectrometers for infrared earth remote sensing

ABSTRACT The Dyson spectrometer form is capable of providing high throughput, excellent image quality, low spatial and spectral distortions, and high tolerance to fabrication and alignment errors in a compact format with modest demands for weight, volume, and cooling resources. These characteristics make it attractive for hyperspectral imaging from a space-based platform. After a brief discussion of history and basic principles, we present two examples of Dyson spectrometers being developed for airborne applications. We conclude with a concept for an earth science instrument soon to begin development under the Instrument Incubator Program of NASA's Earth Science Technology Office. Keywords: remote sensing, imaging spectroscopy, hypersp ectral imaging, infrared, concentric spectrometer 1. INTRODUCTION Concentric optical systems with 1:1 magnification, such as the Offner and Dyson forms, are known to be well suited to imaging spectrometric applications by virtue of their simplicity and low intrinsic aberrations. Both were first proposed for high numerical aperture imaging of fine spatial features for microlithography
Herpes Simplex Virus Associated Erythema Multiforme (HAEM) is Mechanistically Distinct from Drug-Induced Erythema Multiforme: Interferon-γ is Expressed in HAEM Lesions and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Drug-Induced Erythema Multiforme Lesions

Erythema multiforme follows administration of several drugs or infection with various agents, including herpes simplex virus, a syndrome designated herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme. Lesional skin from 21 of 26 (81%) herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme patients was positive for herpes simplex virus gene expression as evidenced by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction with primers for DNA polymerase and/or immunohistochemistry with DNA polymerase antibody. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry studies indicated that herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme lesional skin from 16 of 21 (76%) DNA polymerase positive herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme patients was also positive for interferon-γ, a product of T cells involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity (p
What will it take to fully protect all American children with vaccines? An update.

In my article that appeared in the May 1991 issue of the American Journal of Diseases of Children , 1 I mentioned several factors responsible for the low levels of immunization in inner-city preschool children, including the lack of a uniform data system, missed opportunities, overinterpretation of contraindications, and administrative barriers. I recommended the development of an effective tracking system, parent education, removal of barriers and increased access to services, incentives (positive or negative), and provider education. At least 10 actions and initiatives that have occurred through the end of 1992 should help us achieve our goals. They include the following: Direct involvement of the president. On June 13,1991, and again on May 11, 1992, President George Bush held Rose Garden ceremonies emphasizing White House concern about low immunization levels in preschool children. The first of these ceremonies led to visits to six cities by the highest-level federal health officials: the
Identifying the Pairing Mechanism in High-Tc Superconductors

It is argued that the origin of the high transition temperatures observed in Ba1−xKxBiO3 and the copper-oxide superconductors with perovskite-related structures is due to two factors: (1) overlap of a partially filled σ* band of primarily cation character and a π or π* band of mostly O-2pπ parentage permits charge transfer between cation and anion subarrays with oxygen-atom displacement perpendicular to a M-O-M bond axis and (2) bondlength mismatch places the M-O-M bondlength under a compressive or tensile stress. Relief of a compressive stress by the bending of a M-O-M bond from 180° introduces a strong electron-lattice interaction with holes; a 180° Cu-O-Cu bond allows strong electronlattice coupling with electrons of a Cu2+/+ redox couple, but not with holes in a Cu3+/2+redox couple.
Targeting the oncogene and kinome chaperone CDC37

CDC37 is a molecular chaperone that physically stabilizes the catalytic domains found in protein kinases and is therefore a wide-spectrum regulator of protein phosphorylation. It is also an overexpressed oncoprotein that mediates carcinogenesis by stabilizing the compromised structures of mutant and/or overexpressed oncogenic kinases. Recent work shows that such dependency of malignant cells on increased CDC37 expression is a vulnerability that can be targeted in cancer by agents that deplete or inhibit CDC37. CDC37 is thus a candidate for broad-spectrum molecular cancer therapy.
Analysis of Eight Oil Spill Dispersants Using Rapid, In Vitro Tests for Endocrine and Other Biological Activity

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill has led to the use of >1 M gallons of oil spill dispersants, which are mixtures of surfactants and solvents. Because of this large scale use there is a critical need to understand the potential for toxicity of the currently used dispersant and potential alternatives, especially given the limited toxicity testing information that is available. In particular, some dispersants contain nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), which can degrade to nonylphenol (NP), a known endocrine disruptor. Given the urgent need to generate toxicity data, we carried out a series of in vitro high-throughput assays on eight commercial dispersants. These assays focused on the estrogen and androgen receptors (ER and AR), but also included a larger battery of assays probing other biological pathways. Cytotoxicity in mammalian cells was also quantified. No activity was seen in any AR assay. Two dispersants showed a weak ER signal in one assay (EC50 of 16 ppm for Nokomis 3-F4 and 25 ppm for ZI-400). NPs and ...
Geographic variation of thermal conductance in the house sparrow Passer domesticus.

Abstract 1. 1. Thermal conductance as assessed from cooling rates of carcasses of the house sparrow. Passer domesticus , is inversely related to latitude and isophane in North America. 2. 2. No significant difference in heat loss between sexes could be detected. 3. 3. Weight-specific thermal conductance varies inversely with body weight, but the slope of the equation for this relationship for southern localities is greater than that of northern localities. 4. 4. Conductance per unit surface area is linearly related to body weight in southern samples, but does not vary significantly with weight in northern samples. 5. 5. Heat loss per bird is a function of body weight within northern samples, but does not vary with weight in southern samples.
Kidney Alkaline Phosphatase in Mercuric Chloride Injected Chicks Resistant and Susceptible to Leukosis

Abstract TWO strains of chickens selected for resistance (R) and susceptibility (S) to avian leukosis have been developed by Bearse et al. (1963). Miller et al. (1959a, b, 1967) found that the R chicks retained two to four times as much mercury in the liver and kidneys as did the S chicks following injection of mercuric chloride (MC) or phenylmercuric acetate. Differences in alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the kidneys of the R and S chicks, and the effect of MC injection on the AP activity are reported in this paper. METHODS AND MATERIALS Chicks of the R and S strains were raised in wire floored batteries until four to six weeks of age. Commercial chick starter feed and water were given ad libitum. The effect of MC on the AP activity was determined by intramuscular injection of 3.0 mg. mercury as MC per kg. body weight. After time intervals of up…
The Platonic Acorn: A Case Study of the United Nations Volunteers

This article presents both a history and an administrative analysis of the United Nations Volunteers, an international organization established by a General Assembly resolution in December 1970. The hope that the new organization would presage a new era of multinational volunteerism has proven groundless. In seeking to explain the ineffectiveness of the UN Volunteers, I look inside the organization and find that it has little or no control over its six principal functions. This extreme decentralization of responsibility is then explained not by a static description of the institutional but by focusing on the dynamic process by which state and transnational actors exercised influence during the different stages of the organization's establishment and development. Those actors whose autonomy was most jeopardized by a new volunteer organization were most active in defining and limiting the scope of its operations. The relative lobbying advantages of state and transnational actors meshed with bureaucratic and budgetary constraints to ensure an enfeebled organization.
Black Space: imagining race in science fiction film

Black Space: imagining race in science fiction film ADILIFU NAMA Austin, TX, University of Texas Press, 2008 200 pp., illus., bibliography, index, $24.95 (paper) The election of America's first bla...
Application of a Solid-Phase β-Triphosphitylating Reagent in the Synthesis of Nucleoside β-Triphosphates

A β-triphosphitylating reagent was subjected to reaction with aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the corresponding polymer-bound β-triphosphitylating reagent. The ...
Computing the m=1 diocotron frequency via an equilibrium calculation in non-neutral plasmas

The m=1 diocotron mode in non-neutral plasmas has long been thought of as a shifted equilibrium, and its frequency has been approximately calculated in this way by Fine and Driscoll [Phys. Plasmas 5, 601 (1998)]. This article shows that this idea can be coupled with a standard axisymmetric equilibrium calculation on a grid to calculate the frequency of this mode to very high precision including both finite-length and thermal effects, provided that the Debye length is small enough. As the Debye length begins to approach the plasma size not only does the shifted equilibrium calculation fail to predict correctly the frequency of the mode, but the idea that the mode is a simple shift of the original equilibrium also becomes invalid.
The microcline-sanidine stability relations

Abstract States that are structurally intermediate between the triclinic and monoclinic modifications of KAlSi3O3 are described and discussed with relation to order-disorder in alloys. X-ray powder diffraction data on microcline are given. Intermediate states were produced by heating microcline well above the temperature of its inversion to sanidine. These states could not be produced in the approximate range of the transition, either by dry heating, or hydrothermally. Microcline is readily converted to sanidine, however, under hydrothermal conditions at temperatures well below those necessary in the dry state. The lowest temperature observed for the hydrothermal conversion of a microcline to sanidine was 525°C. The hydrothermal conversion takes place by a mechanism that differs from that of the simple diffusive transformation that occurs when microcline is heated dry above ca. 1000°C. The mechanism of this conversion, which involves solution of microcline and re-precipitation of sanidine is discussed. Some doubt is cast on the validity of using this type of conversion in placing transformation temperatures in the alkali feldspar system.
Use of dietary supplementation with β-guanidinopropionic acid to alter the muscle phosphagen system, postmortem metabolism, and pork quality

Abstract Rate and extent of postmortem metabolism control pork quality development. Our objective was to evaluate the role of the phosphagen system (phosphocreatine, PCr; and creatine, Cr) on metabolism and pork quality. Muscle PCr and Cr were manipulated by feeding pigs the creatine analogue, β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA). In experiment 1, pigs received standard (control) diet or β-GPA supplemented (2%) diet (1 wk or 2 wk). Supplementation with β-GPA (2 wk) decreased total Cr (PCr + Cr; P = 0.02) and improved pork color (decreased reflectance, P = 0.003); however, β-GPA supplementation reduced growth performance (P = 0.007). To separate effects of phosphagen system and growth, a second experiment was conducted with control, pair-fed, and 2 wk β-GPA (1%) supplementation; pigs were also offered a control or β-GPA supplemented flavored beverage. Neither treatment influenced pork quality. Immediately postmortem, ATP/ADP was higher in control compared to pair-fed (P
New horizons in lung cancer diagnosis

Lung cancer is rarely diagnosed and treated while still localized. Sputum cytology allows detection of radiologically occult tumors but conventional endoscopic procedures frequently prove inadequate for localization. It is the purpose of this report to outline the endoscopic observations and methods we have developed in successfully localizing 17 consecutive, radiologically occult carcinomas discovered in the sputum of 15 patients. A detailed examination of the upper respiratory tract demonstrated occult tumors in two patients. A segment by segment fiberbronchoscopic study under anesthesia allows multiple brushings and meticulous handling of specimens. Lesion localization is provided as well as identification of synchronous second primary tumors. Biopsies at the lobar spur and carina assist in determining the proximal extent of carcinoma in situ at potential surgical margins. Newer methods should enhance our recognition of inapparent carcinoma in situ allowing more efficient and more accurate tumor localization and a better appreciation of its extent.
Depression Burden, Self-Help Interventions, and Social Support in Women Receiving Treatment for Breast Cancer

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the interaction effects of depression burden (depressive symptoms experienced as a burdensome side effect) with a set of oncology support interventions on social support for women receiving treatment for breast cancer. A repeated measures design was used with measurement occurring at three points in time: T1 (baseline after adjuvant medical treatment was initiated), T2 (six to eight weeks after T1) and T3 (three months after T2). Two hundred forty-seven women were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 194) or control (n = 53). The treatment group consisted of women participating in three different, but complimentary self-help interventions. Depression burden, even at low levels, influenced the critical dimensions of social support structure, function, and nature.
Intervention to improve psychological functioning for newly diagnosed patients with cancer.

Purpose/objectives To test the effects of a computer-based nursing intervention designed to provide patients and family caregivers with concrete, objective information on symptom management; provide education about disease and treatment; coordinate medical resources; and provide emotional support and counseling. Design Two-site, randomized clinical trial. Settings A large, urban, midwestern, tertiary-cancer center and a community-based cancer center in a medium-sized midwestern city. Sample 109 patients newly diagnosed with breast, colon, or lung cancer who were receiving chemotherapy; 54 received standard care, and 55 participated in the intervention group. Methods Outcome data were collected via structured telephone interviews at three time points: baseline, midway through the intervention, and one month postintervention. The intervention consisting of nine visits, five in person and four by telephone, was conducted over 18 weeks by advanced practice oncology nurses. Main research variables Psychosocial functioning, anxiety, and depression. Findings Patients who received the intervention had significantly less depression between baseline and the midway point, as well as less anxiety and greater improvement in the role-emotional and mental health subscales of the Medical Outcomes Study 36 Short Form. Conclusions Cancer-care nursing interventions can decrease psychosocial morbidity and improve quality of life for newly diagnosed patients with cancer undergoing treatment. Additional research is needed to understand who benefited most from the intervention. Implications for nursing This nurse-directed intervention resulted in improved mental health for patients; however, physical subscales were not changed. Further work is needed to determine why depression and mental health were affected yet physical health and symptoms did not differ between groups. Results support the important role of nurses in addressing mental health issues in patients and families experiencing cancer.
BSP and RANKL Induce Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption Synergistically

RANKL and BSP are upregulated in several bone resorptive disorders. However, the mechanisms by which these two factors might induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption synergistically under pathological conditions remain largely unknown. Introduction: RANKL and bone sialoprotein II (BSP) have been shown to be upregulated in the serum of individuals with abnormally high osteoclastogenic and bone resorptive activities. Here we provide experimental evidence that RANKL and BSP induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption synergistically but mediate opposite effects in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: RAW264.7 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages were treated with human recombinant BSP in the presence and absence of RANKL. TRACP stainings, bone resorption assays, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation analyses, and semiquantitative RT-PCR were used to evaluate the effects of BSP in osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Survival, DNA condensation, and caspase activity assays were used to determine the putative effects of BSP in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. Results and Conclusions: RANKL induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption at a higher extent in the presence than in the absence of BSP in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. c-Src-dependent c-Cbl phosphorylation was 8-fold higher in RAW264.7 cells treated with BSP and RANKL than in those treated with RANKL alone. Furthermore, BSP and RANKL activated the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-2 and increased the mRNA expression of other differentiation markers such as cathepsin K or TRACP. Inhibition of c-Src activity or chelating intracellular calcium inhibited the synergistic effects in bone resorption and the phosphorylation of the c-Src substrate c-Cbl. Inhibition of calcineurin or intracellular calcium elevation inhibited the synergistic effects in osteoclastogenesis and decreased NFAT-2 nuclear levels. On the other hand, BSP and RANKL mediated opposite effects in osteoclast survival and apoptosis. Thus, BSP increased survival and decreased apoptosis markers in differentiated RANKL-treated RAW267.5 cells and RANKL/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-treated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. In addition, RAW267.5 cells treated with BSP and RANKL exhibited decreased activation of the proapoptotic Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and increased activation of anti-apoptotic AKT pathway than cells treated with RANKL or BSP alone. Taken together, our findings suggest that BSP contributes to RANKL-mediated bone resorption by inducing osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast survival and decreasing osteoclast apoptosis.
Horseshoe crab eggs: A rare resource for predators in Long Island Sound

Abstract In Delaware Bay, the spawning of several million horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) coincides with the arrival of migratory shorebirds that feed on their eggs. High horseshoe crab spawning densities and resulting high egg densities drive egg availability and predation rates. At high spawning densities, female horseshoe crabs perturb previously deposited clutches causing eggs to rise to the sediment surface (surface egg densities average 100,000 eggs m− 2). At the surface (0–5 cm), the eggs are quickly depleted by shorebirds and other predators. This interaction between egg density and egg predation has not been explicitly explored on beaches with low spawning densities such as on the Connecticut (CT) shore of Long Island Sound (LIS). Spawning indices in LIS (range: 0.002 to 0.02 females m− 2) are two to three orders of magnitude less than in Delaware Bay (0.7–1.0 females m− 2). Given the low spawning density and correspondingly low subsurface egg density (x = 1.5 eggs cm− 2), we predicted that the frequency of egg predation would be rare. A series of exclosures was constructed on two known horseshoe crab spawning beaches to test the frequency and rate of predation on horseshoe crab eggs. There was no significant difference between egg masses initially placed in artificial nests and recovered at the conclusion of each experiment. While shorebirds were observed probing sediments within and outside of experimental plots, eggs were never observed at the surface during this study. Foraging by shorebirds for buried eggs may be energetically prohibitive given the lack of eggs on the surface and the low subsurface egg densities on CT beaches in LIS (range = 0.6–2.4 egg cm− 2). Limited egg predation by fish was observed but tidal scouring of eggs buried below mean tide primarily drove egg availability for these predators. We conclude that horseshoe crab egg predation is a rare occurrence in Connecticut due to low egg density as a direct result of low spawning densities.
The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity

The study examined the Pygmalion process for creativity among 140 R&D employees. Results generally supported the Pygmalion model. Supervisors holding higher expectations for employee creativity were perceived by employees as behaving more supportively of creativity. The effects of these behaviors on employee creative self-efficacy were mediated by employee view of creativity expectations. Creative self-efficacy mediated the effects of supervisor expectations, supervisor behaviors, and employee view, on creative performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Military training and education challenges in poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary

This article, the first of three on this vital issue, examines the military ramifications of NATO expansion in light of the educational and training needs of the armed forces of its three new prospective members. Given the decision to add Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary to the alliance fold, a decision which was largely political in nature, it questions whether sufficient attention has been paid to military realities, and in particular, the intellectual dimension of future integration. It does so by detailing the intellectual state of the three armed forces as perceived by those who serve in them and by those who work daily on assisting in this important transformation. It concludes that the intellectual dimension has been largely ignored, to the potential detriment to NATO's future expansion or performance.
Use of collagen corneal shields versus soft contact lenses to enhance penetration of topical tobramycin

We compared the corneal penetration in rabbits of topical tobramycin in the presence of collagen corneal shields and bandage soft contact lenses. A collagen corneal shield was placed on six albino rabbit eyes, while therapeutic soft contact lenses (61.4% poly-2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate/38.6% water) were placed on six eyes. Four control eyes received no shield or contact lens. Topical tobramycin was applied to all 16 eyes every five minutes for six doses. Samples of aqueous humor were removed at 15 and 60 minutes following the last dose Collagen corneal shields allowed a significant (P< .05) increase in tobramycin penetration into the anterior chamber at 60 minutes compared with hydrophilic soft contact lenses or controls.
POLLINATION SYSTEMS IN PASPALUM DILATATUM POIR. (POACEAE): AN EXAMPLE OF INSECT POLLINATION IN A TEMPERATE GRASS'

The pollination of Paspalum dilatatum was studied in south-central Oklahoma during the summer of 1979. Pollen was liberated between 0700-0900 hr except on humid mornings (RH ? 80%), when there was a delay of 2-3 hr and a reduction in the total air-borne pollen concentration. A rapid decrease in air-borne pollen concentration with distance from the source results from: 1) individual pollen grains larger (50-70 , in diam) than typical wind-pollinated plants, and 2) some pollen dispersed as clusters of grains. Several floral characters of P. dilatatum led to a hypothesis that this perennial grass may be entomophilous as well as anemophilous. Not only were the pollen grains larger than most other wind-pollinated taxa but the species produced fewer than 2,500 pollen grains per ovule. Three additional observations corroborate this view: 1) solitary bees (Halictidae) actively collect pollen during the morning, 2) the number of pollen grains per stigma was significantly (P < 0.001) greater on racemes exposed to both wind and bees than on racemes exposed only to wind, and 3) the combination of bees and wind as pollinators significantly (P < 0.001) increased seed set compared to wind alone.
Steady and Dynamic Stall Analysis of the NLR 7301 Airfoil

The static and dynamic stall behavior of the supercritical NLR 7301 airfoil is analyzed with a 2D thin-layer Navier-Stokes code. The code solves the compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with an upwind biased numerical scheme in combination with the Baldwin-Lomax or the Baldwin-Barth turbulence models. The effect of boundary layer transition is incorporated using the transition length model of Gostelow et al. The transition onset location is determined with Michel’s formula or it can be specified as an input parameter. The two turbulence models yield significantly different steady-state lift coefficients at incidences greater than 8 degrees. Also, the lift hysteresis loops are strongly affected by the choice of the turbulence model. The use of the one-equation Baldwin-Barth model together with the Gostelow transition model is found to give substantially better agreement with the experimental data of McCroskey et al. than the Baldwin-Lomax model.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
The distribution of adenosine triphosphatase activity in differentiating and mature phloem cells of Nicotiana tabacum and its relationship to phloem transport

A cytochemical study has been made of the distribution of ATPase activity during the differentiation of phloem cells in Nicotiana tabacum . At early stages of differentiation, P-protein bodies consisting of compact aggregates of P-protein tubules are formed in the sieve elements. Cells at this stage of development show ATPase activity at their surfaces, in mitochondria, and in dictysomes; however, there is no evidence of activity associated with the P-protein bodies. At intermediate stages of sieve element differentiation, when the P-protein tubules begin to disperse in the cell lumen, reaction product indicating ATPase activity is observed associated with the P-protein. Activity is also found during this stage at the cell surfaces, in the mitochondria, dictyosomes, and plasmodesmata. In mature sieve elements, ATPase activity is associated with the dispersed P-proteins, at the cell surfaces, sieve-element reticulum, and in mitochondria. ATPase activity is demonstrated in companion cells and parenchyma cells at all stages at the surfaces, and in mitochondria and plasmodesmata. The increase in ATPase activity in the lumen of sieve elements during and after dispersal of the P-protein is discussed in relation to the onset of translocation and to the simultaneous conformation change from tubules to striated fibrils which occurs in Nicotiana .
Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable composites based on microfibrillated cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol

Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) based thin membrane-like fully biodegradable composites were produced by blending MFC suspension with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Desired MFC content in the composites could be easily obtained by varying the PVA solution concentration. Chemical crosslinking of PVA was carried out using glyoxal to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites as well as to make the PVA partially water-insoluble. Examination of composite surfaces and fracture topographies indicated that the MFC fibrils were well bonded to PVA and uniformly distributed. Infrared spectroscopy showed that acetal linkages could be formed in the MFC–PVA composites by a glyoxal crosslinking reaction. Sol–gel and swelling results indicated that crosslinking reaction made PVA partially insoluble and reduced its swelling ability. The MFC–PVA composites had excellent tensile properties which were further enhanced by crosslinking. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed higher thermal stability for MFC–PVA composites compared to PVA. The crosslinked MFC–PVA composites showed even higher thermal stability. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that crosslinking increased the glass transition temperature and reduced melting temperature and crystallinity of PVA in MFC–PVA composites. Results also indicated that nano- and micro-fibrils in MFC inhibit the crystallization of PVA. These composites could be good candidates for replacing today’s traditional non-biodegradable plastics.
New Confinement Phenomena and Neutron Production in a Linear Stabilized Pinch

A linear discharge device, Columbus S-4, was constructed to test the effect of increased tube diameter and inter-electrode spacing on the properties of a B/sub z/-stabilized pinched discharge. This device is briefly described and some data obtained with it are given. (M.H.R.)
Enzyme therapy for malabsorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Summary Fat malabsorption in patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis may lead to vitamin and essential fatty acid deficiency in addition to steatorrhea. In clinical practice it can be difficult to achieve complete correction of malabsorption and elimination of steatorrhea. The earliest treatment methods used the oral administration of porcine pancreatic enzyme preparations. These conventional enzymes, however, were unstable in the acidic intragastric environment. Subsequently, medications to neutralize or reduce gastric acidity (H,-blockers, antacids, or bicarbonate) were added to improve the stability of the conventional enzymes. Enteric-coated enzyme preparations were then developed that would release only in an alkaline milieu, protecting the enzymes from acid denaturation. The newest and potentially most exciting modalities for the treatment of fat malabsorption are acid-stable lipases, obtained either from a fungal source or through the expression of cloned genes for the enzymes utilizing recombinant DNA techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the various medications for the therapy of fat malabsorption in pancreatic insufficiency are reviewed.
Test methodology for evaluation of linearity of multibeam echosounder backscatter performance

Multibeam echosounders (MBES) are widely used for hydrographic surveys and are currently installed on numerous operational platforms. Many of these systems are capable of recording intensity information from the returned acoustic signal in addition to the detected depth solution. There is increasing interest in using this intensity data to remotely characterize the seafloor. Depending on the processing methodology used for this analysis, it may be necessary to compensate the system output for the characteristics of the sonar as well as operation parameters such as power, gain, and pulse width. Calibration techniques for MBES are a focus of current research. At one end of these efforts is a full calibration of the installed system such that the effects of beam patterns, hydrophone sensitivities, system gains, and all other operational parameters are known and can be compensated. Calibrations have been done with systems mounted in specially instrumented test facilities, but removal of an operational system for calibration at a specialized facility may not be practical. In addition, the installation environment of the system may have system may have significant effects on its operational characteristics. Field calibrations of installed systems have only recently been performed on a limited number of installed systems, but these techniques may not be applicable to all systems.
Thromboxane receptors in human kidney tissues.

Thromboxane (TX) A2 effects in the kidneys include contraction of glomerular mesangial cells and intrarenal vascular tissue. A kidney cDNA encoding a TX receptor expressed in rat renal glomeruli and rat renal arterial smooth muscle cells has been reported. However, TXA2 receptors in human kidneys have not been documented. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize TXA2 receptors in glomeruli and intrarenal arteries isolated from human kidneys. Normal kidneys, not used for transplant because of technical reasons, were kept at −70°C and used for research purposes. The glomeruli and intrarenal arteries were isolated from renal cortical tissue by a mechanical sieving technique. The equilibrium dissociation constant and receptor number were determined by nonlinear analysis of binding inhibition data. The data were generated in radioreceptor assays using [125I]-BOP, a stable analog of TXA2. The dissociation constants (mean ± SEM) for binding of I-BOP to human glomeruli and intrarenal arterial membranes were 6.6 ± 1.1 nM (n = 7) and 20 ± 6 nM (n = 7), respectively (p < 0.05). The receptor number was 311 ± 91 fmol/mg protein (n = 7) in glomeruli and 74 ± 16 fmol/mg protein (n = 7) in intrarenal arterial membranes (p < 0.04). The order of specificity of TXA2 analogs for [125I]-BOP binding sites was similar in glomeruli and in arterial membranes and was I-BOP ≥ U46619 ≥ pinane TXA2 ≥ carbocyclic TXA2 ≥ PGH2. These findings provide direct evidence for the presence of specific, high-affinity [125I]-BOP binding sites in human renal glomeruli and extraglomerular vascular tissue. These data also indicate that the human binding sites have higher affinity for the TXA2 agonist I-BOP than for PGH2.
Word and nonword superiority effects in a letter detection task

Subjects searched for predesignated consonant letters embedded in strings of consonants, consonants and vowels, or consonants and numbers. In Experiments 1-3, detection was quicker in the consonant-vowel and consonant-number strings than in the consonant strings. Apparently, vowels and numbers were less confusable distractors than are nontarget consonants. Experiment 4 tested whether psychophysical or categorical information about letters and numbers enabled subjects to process consonant-vowel and consonant-number strings more quickly. Results indicated that psychophysical characteristics of target and distractor letters mediated both word and nonword superiority effects.
Pong: diagnosing spatio-temporal internet congestion properties

The ability to accurately detect congestion events in the Internet and reveal their spatial (i.e., where they happen?) and temporal (i.e., how frequently they occur and how long they last?) properties would significantly improve our understanding of how the Internet operates. In this paper we present Pong, a novel measurement tool capable of effectively diagnosing congestion events over short (e.g., ~100ms or longer) time-scales, and simultaneously locating congested points within a single hop on an end-to-end path at the granularity of a single link. Pong (i) uses queuing delay as indicative of congestion, and (ii) strategically combines end-to-end probes with those targeted to intermediate nodes. Moreover, it (iii) achieves high sampling frequency by sending probes to all intermediate nodes, including uncongested ones, (iv) dramatically improves spatial detection granularity (i.e., from path segments to individual links), by using short-term congestion history, (v) considerably enhances the measurement quality by adjusting the probing methodology (e.g., send 4-, 3-, or 2-packet probes) based on the observed path topology, and (vi) deterministically detects moments of its own inaccuracy. We conduct a large-scale measurement study on over 23,000 Internet paths and present their spatial-temporal properties as inferred by Pong.
A motion-based communication system

For some applications in team robotics, a wireless electronic communication system is not ideal. We propose for some of these tasks that it is more appropriate to communicate through motion, that is by encoding symbols in locomotion and decoding symbols using sensor data. We discuss some of the challenges and requirements of such a system and derive for the LTI case control policies used to enact trajectories that optimize a joint expression of control energy and robustness to observation noise.
The sufficiency assumption of the reasoned approach to action

AbstractThe reasoned action approach to understanding and predicting behavior includes the sufficiency assumption. Although variables not included in the theory may influence behavior, these variables work through the variables in the theory. Once the reasoned action variables are included in an analysis, the inclusion of other variables will not increase the variance accounted for in behavioral intentions or behavior. Reasoned action researchers are very concerned with testing if new variables account for variance (or how much traditional variables account for variance), to see whether they are important, in general or with respect to specific behaviors under investigation. But this approach tacitly assumes that accounting for variance is highly relevant to understanding the production of variance, which is what really is at issue. Based on the variance law, I question this assumption.
A Defence of Scottish Common Sense

I provide a reading of Reid as an ‘encyclopaedist’, in Alasdair MacIntyre's sense, that is, as a scientist who conceives of himself as part of a broader scientific community, and who aims to make a contribution through work in a particular field. Reid's field is pneumatology. On this conception, Reid's recourse to ‘common sense’ is of a piece with the postulation, by any scientist, of a natural endowment for members of the same ostensible kind. Reid should therefore be understood as rejecting the classical tradition of epistemology and any conception of epistemology as first philosophy. His view resembles, rather, the modern position of ‘natural epistemology’, though admittedly, on account of his doctrine of active power, he is not committed to ‘naturalism’ in the contemporary sense.
Immunofluorescent antibody studies of a murine leukemia virus: comparison of human, bovine and murine systems.

Antikorper bei genesenden Mausen nach Infektion mit Leukamie-Viren (S-63) erzeugt, zeigen eine Kreuzreaktion mit den Leukamie-Antigenen aus Rinder- und Menschenserum und Gewebe. Diese Befunde sprechen dafur, dass die Viren-Antigene in den drei Systemen sehr ahnlich sind.
Diltiazem-associated hyperpigmentation.

A 59-year-old African American female presented with a one-year history of progressive skin darkening. Her only symptom was mild itching. Medications included diltiazem 180 mg daily (extended release), prescribed three years earlier. Examination revealed blue-gray reticular hyperpigmentation in a photodistributed pattern on the face, neck, “V of the chest,” and extensor forearms (Fig. 1a, b). Punch biopsy showed a predominantly lichenoid reaction with upper dermal melanophages. Figure 1. Blue-gray reticular hyperpigmentation on the face (a) and neck (b) at initial presentation (3 years after starting diltiazem). Lesions were not palpable. Diltiazem-associated hyperpigmentation was suspected and diltiazem was discontinued. Treatment with hydrocortisone 2.5 % cream for three months resolved the itching. Hydroquinone 4 % cream was applied twice daily to the face for 12 months with significant improvement in the hyperpigmentation. Eighteen cases of diltiazem-induced hyperpigmentation have been reported prior to this case.1–3 Darker skin types, especially those of African American and Asian descent, are more commonly affected. Onset of hyperpigmentation averages 25 months after starting diltiazem, but reports range from 1.5 months to 12.5 years. The extended release formulations have been implicated in most cases. This reaction to diltiazem may be under-recognized due to the delayed onset of hyperpigmentation. Discontinuing diltiazem is essential for improvement. Hydroquinone 4 % cream and strict sun protection can also help lighten the hyperpigmentation.