cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems in Regulating Federal Executive Branch Publicity and Advertising Programs

This article deals with the problems of regulating executive branch advertising and publicity programs. Over the years, these programs have been the object of several laws intended to restrict their growth. However, the volume of these activities, along with specific examples of agency circumvention of limitations, shows that the general legal restrictions have not been effective. The Reagan Administration has developed a model control system to deal with executive branch publicity activities. It, too, is found wanting by the authors. They suggest that a number of persistent unresolved problems will have to be addressed in developing laws and regulations in this area.
Analysis of axial dispersion with time variable flow

Abstract A method is developed for finding the point function solution of the convective diffusion equation with time dependent flows. It is found that the time dependent dispersion coefficient, which enters the problem as an eigenvalue, is given by Eq. (27). This coefficient enables one to determine the average concentration distribution easily, which is given by Eq. (30) for a finite slug input.
Foot extrametricality and template mapping in Cupeño

This paper reanalyses the Cupeno habilitative construction (Hill, 1970; McCarthy, 1984; McCarthy and Prince, 1986, 1990) as association to a disyllabic template under initial foot and final consonant extrametricality. An advantage of the reanalysis is that it does not require a trisyllabic template proposed as part of earlier analyses (McCarthy, 1984; McCarthy and Prince, 1986, 1990), thereby making possible a more constrained inventory of template types. Other theoretical contributions of the paper are that it exemplifies two as yet uninstantiated predictions of prosodic circumscription theory: (i) foot extrametricality resulting from a morphological (as opposed to a metrical) operation and (ii) template mapping as an operation on the residue of negative prosodic circumscription. An empirical contribution of the paper is a synchronic metrical analysis of Cupeno accented and unaccented forms.
Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from porcine samples obtained from an abattoir.

Harmon, M.C., Swaminathan, B. & Forrest, J.C. 1984. Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species from porcine samples obtained from an abattoir. Journal of Applied Bacteriology56, 421–427. Swabs of swine carcasses and samples of porcine tongue and trim obtained from an abattoir were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species (Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii and Y. frederiksenii). Three enrichment media (phosphate buffered saline, sorbitol-bile salts-phosphate buffered saline, and a modified Rappaport's broth) were compared at 4dC for their efficiency of recovery of Y. enterocolitica and related species. Two secondary enrichment procedures (post-enrichment in modified Rappaport's broth for 2 d at 25dC and treatment with 0.5% KOH in 0.5% NaCl) also were evaluated. The porcine isolates were characterised by biochemical and serological examination, speciation, and biotyping. Eight of 43 samples were positive for Y. enterocolitica and related species. The combination of incubation in sorbitol-bile salts-phosphate buffered saline for 21 d at 4dC followed by post-enrichment in modified Rappaport's broth yielded maximum number of isolates. All isolates, except one, were avirulent as determined by auto-agglutination, calcium dependence at 37dC, and HeLa cell invasiveness tests.
Completely hierarchical p-version curved shell element for laminated composite plates and shells

This paper presents a new completely hierarchical three dimensional curved shell finite element formulation for linear static analysis of laminated composite plates and shells. The element displacement approximation can be of arbitrary polynomial orders pξ, pη and pξ in the ξ, η, and ξ directions thereby permitting strains of at least (pξ−1), (pη−1) and (pξ−1) order. The element approximation functions as well as the nodal variables are hierarchical. The element formulation ensures C0 continuity. The lamina properties are incorporated by numerically integrating the element stiffness matrix for each lamina. The formulation has no restriction on either the number of laminas or the layup pattern of the laminas. The geometry of the laminated shell element is described by the coordinates of the nodes lying on the middle surface of the element and the lamina thicknesses at each node. The element formulation is equally effective for very thin as well as very thick laminated plates and curved shells. The results obtained from the present formulation are compared with those available in the literature as well as available analytical solutions.
Progress in Turbulent Forced Convection

On souligne l'impact des progres technologiques en electronique et dans les methodes optiques
Quantifying repetitive hand activity for epidemiological research on musculoskeletal disorders – Part II: comparison of different methods of measuring force level and repetitiveness

This paper focuses on comparisons between the different methods of assessing repetitive hand activities. Various methods were used to measure hand force and repetitiveness of hand activities on 733 subjects in the study described by Bao et al. (2006). Two definitions of repetitiveness were used in analysis of detailed time studies of repetitive hand activities and four parameters of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) hand activity level (HAL) and the Strain Index methods were estimated by ergonomists and used to quantify repetitiveness. Hand forces were measured or estimated using three different methods: 1) measured with a force gauge or mimicked on a force gauge (force matching); 2) estimated by ergonomists using rating scales; 3) self-reports by subjects. The jobs were also evaluated using the ACGIH HAL and Strain Index methods when different repetitiveness quantification methods were used. Results showed that different definitions of repetitive exertion might lead to measuring different physical exposure phenomena and produce very different results. There were poor correlations between the measures of repetitiveness estimated by the different methods. Correlations between force quantifications using different methods were also poor. This suggests that parameters measured by different methods might not be interchangeable. Both the ACGIH HAL and Strain Index methods identified more 'hazardous' jobs when repetitiveness was estimated by ergonomists than when it was calculated by detailed time studies of forceful hand exertions. The Strain Index method identified more 'hazardous' jobs than the ACGIH HAL method. Overall, the between-methods agreements were found to be moderate to substantial.
The Twa Sisters: A Santal Folktale Variant of the Ballad

Ballads (1882-1898),' been found in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Equally popular with the Scandinavians, the ballad had also appeared in Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Fair6e, Swedish, and Finnish versions. In the first half of this century, ballad scholars were giving considerable critical attention to this ballad, especially to the relationship between the variants. Lutz Mackensen summarised these variants, and those of the closely related folktale known as 'The Singing Bone' (AT 780), in his study, Der singende Knochen, published in 1923.2 Archer Taylor discussed the English version of the ballad and its relationship to its American counterpart in 'The English, Scottish, and American Versions of "The Twa Sisters,'"3 and came to the conclusion that the American versions were derived exclusively from the English. Harbison Parker's study, '"The Twa Sisters'L-Going Which Way?' (1951), 4 proved important in providing alternatives to previously established belief (in Knut Leistol's 'Dei tvo systar' in 1909)' that the ballad originated in Britain, and travelled from there to Scandinavia in two separate traditions. For the most part, these scholars concentrated on variants of the ballad in verse form. But in their common search for an Ur-form, they looked ultimately to the tale that appeared to be the source of the ballad. Paul Brewster, in 1953, produced a complete survey of both the song and the tale.6 In 1977, Tristram Potter Coffin, in his The British Traditional Ballad in North America,' brought to our attention the large number of American story variations of this song. More recently, Roger de V. Renwick, in his structural/semiological study, English Folk Poetry: Structure and Meaning (1980),8 considered the ballad in terms of its signifiers: the setting of the river, the plot element of the victim floating down the stream, etc., and showed how these 'codes' brought 'The Twa Sisters' within the ballad cluster surrounding the popular English ballad, 'The Bold Fisherman.' These studies show that 'The Twa Sisters' either in verse or in tale form, continues to be an ongoing tradition. The popularity of the story of the two sisters, and its adaptability to a range of cultures, is attested to by the appearance of a variant among the storytellers of the Santals, a tribal group in West Bengal, India. The story, a variant of Aarne and Thompson type 780, was collected in 1891 by A. Campbell9 in the district of Manbhum, from Santal storytellers. 'The Story of Two Princesses,' the Santal tale version of Child B, incorporates the traditional features of the ballad: the attraction of the older sister's lover to the beautiful younger sister, the death of the younger sister, the transformation of her body into a musical instrument, and the mysterious song that issues from the instrument, revealing the secret of her death. The Santal story, however, encodes these in a way that is different from either the European or the American versions, so that they become particularly meaningful within the structure of Santal tribal society. The import of the song's message shifts away
A Note on Testing Hypotheses about Trimmed Means

A well known result is that skewness can cause problems when testing hypotheses about measures of location, particulary when a one-sided test is of interest. Wilcox (1994) reports both theoretical and simulation results showing that when testing hypotheses about trimmed means, control over Type I error probabilities can be substantially better than methods for means. However, at least in some situations, control over the probability of a Type I error might still be judged to be inadequate. One way of adressing this concern is to combine trimmed means with the bootsrap method advocated by Westfall and Yuong (1993). This note reports simulation results indicating that there are situations where substantial improvements over Type I error probabilities are indeed obtained.
Separation of organic pollutants by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes: Mathematical models and experimental verification

Predictive reverse osmosis (RO) models have been well-developed for many systems. However, the applications to dilute organic−water systems require the modification of transport models and the understanding of solute−polymer interactions. Studies with various substituted, nonionized phenolic compounds showed that these could cause substantial membrane water flux drop, even in dilute solutions with negligible osmotic pressure. Further, the organics could significantly adsorb on the cross-linked aromatic polyamide active layer. In some cases, even concentrations as low as 0.2 mM, 2,4-dinitrophenol (solution in particle-free, double-distilled water) can cause as much as a 70% flux drop with an aromatic polyamide membrane. Two models are presented in this paper: a modified steady-state solution diffusion model and an unsteady-state diffusion adsorption model which are able to predict flux and permeate concentrations from a single RO experiment. Further, the development of these models allows for the understa...
Development of a nonlinear continuum model for wave propagation in joined media: theory for single joint set

Abstract A method for constructing dispersive, nonlinear continuum models of jointed media is described herein and exemplified for the case of a single regular joint set. System nonlinearities in the example treated result from nonlinear joint properties. Model construction is based upon a homogenization technique which employs multivariable asymptotic expansions in conjunction with certain weighted residual procedures. The methodology furnishes the equations of motion, the appropriate initial and boundary conditions, and a set of consistent constitutive relations. For linear response, the derived model is validated by comparing the predicted phase velocity spectra with the exact spectra. For nonlinear response, model validation is accomplished by comparing predicted results for several transient wave propagation problems with “exact” data obtained by use of detailed FEM analyses wherein the microstructure of the joined media is modeled explicitly. The validation studies reveal that the derived continuum model provides good simulation of complex wave phenomena and furnishes an economical alternative to detailed, explicit FEM models. The studies performed reveal the importance of wave dispersion effects for nonlinear as well as linear joint responses. The research presented is in response to a need for an advanced computation model to be used in conjunction with explosive source identification.
Evolution of anaerobic-energy-yielding metabolic pathways of the procaryotes.

A scheme for the evolution of anaerobic energy-yielding metabolic pathways of the procaryotes is proposed. This proposal is based on the environmental pressures which would have been placed on the early procaryotes and the selective advantages which would have accrued to the procaryotes which developed mechanisms to overcome these pressures. It is assumed that each of the major metabolic types of anaerobic micro-organisms existing today is composed of those species which have survived from the corresponding stages in procaryote evolution.
Future directions in electroplated materials for thin-film recording heads

The need for recording heads to write on high-coercivity media at high frequencies has created new requirements for the write-head material that cannot be met by Ni80Fe20, the nickel-iron alloy traditionally used in the fabrication of the device. Electroplating through a mask, the method of choice for depositing nickel-iron alloys, makes it possible to pattern and orient the magnetic film more readily than by other methods. We review here research performed mostly in the United States and in Japan to develop electroplated magnetic materials that can meet the new challenges of data storage technology. High-iron nickel-iron alloys (Ni45Fe55) have higher magnetic moment and resistivity than their low-iron counterparts and are increasingly being used in head fabrication. The addition of impurities in a controlled manner has been shown to produce drastic improvement in the properties of electroplated materials. And technology has been developed to fabricate laminated materials by electroplating from a single plating solution. Despite these advances in the electrodeposition of magnetic alloys, more research is required for electroplating processes to meet all of the challenges of data storage technology.
A convenient preparation and the molecular structure of trans-bis(dimethylglyoximato)(trifluoromethyl)(pyridine)cobalt(III): a cobaloxime with a very short CoC(sp3) bond

In this letter, we describe an efficient synthesis of [pyCo(DH) 2 CF 3 ] (wherepy=pyridine and DH=the monoanion of dimethylglyoxime), utilizing Co(I) methodology
Fatty infiltration of the torn rotator cuff worsens over time in a rabbit model.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to document quantitatively and qualitatively the changes that occur over time in the rotator cuff muscle after surgical detachment, simulating a chronic, unrepaired rotator cuff tear. Methods: The supraspinatus muscle was unilaterally detached from the greater tuberosity in 20 New Zealand white rabbits. All tendons were tagged and retracted from the insertion on the greater tuberosity. Five rabbits were killed at each designated time interval of 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, or 1 year after surgery. All animals underwent whole-body perfusion at the time of death for tissue preservation. Gross and histologic evaluations were performed to quantify the progression of fatty infiltration over time. Results: Loss of muscle and fatty infiltration were evident 6 weeks after detachment of the supraspinatus tendon. The fatty infiltration increased over time from 6 weeks to 1 year ( P = .002, analysis of variance). The fatty infiltration was most pronounced near the supraspinatus insertion, and it progressed from the musculotendinous junction toward the muscle origin (Pearson correlation, r = −0.51; P Conclusions: In this rabbit model of a surgically created rotator cuff tear, fatty infiltration is a progressive, infiltrative process that increases over time in the unrepaired rotator cuff. In addition, the muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration seen in rotator cuff tears progress from the musculotendinous junction toward the muscle origin. Clinical Relevance: This animal model of a chronic rotator cuff tear shows that fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus muscle appears as early as 6 weeks and worsens over time in the unrepaired rotator cuff. This may have implications on both the timing and management of rotator cuff tears.
Efficient calculation of the electromagnetic dyadic Green's function in spherical layered media

A numerical methodology is proposed for the evaluation of the electromagnetic fields of an electric or magnetic dipole of arbitrary orientation in spherical stratified media. The proposed methodology is based on the numerical solution of the differential equation in the radial coordinate that is satisfied by each coefficient in the spherical harmonics expansion of the governing Helmholtz equation. More specifically, the finite-difference solution of this equation may be cast in a pole-residue form that allows the analytic evaluation of the spherical harmonics series by means of the Watson transformation. Thus, a closed-form expression is obtained for the electromagnetic fields in terms of a short series of associated Legendre functions P/sup m//sub /spl nu//(cos(/spl theta/)) of integer order m and complex degree /spl nu/. The number of terms in the series is strongly dependent on the angle /spl theta/, and decreases very fast when the point of observation moves away from the source. The method allows for arbitrary variation in the permittivity and permeability profiles in the radial directions.
Effects of Differential Diffusion on Predicted Autoignition Delay Times Inspired by H2/N2 Jet Flames in a Vitiated Coflow Using the Linear Eddy Model

Mixing and chemistry interactions in a H2/N2 jet flame into a vitiated coflow are considered key factors affecting autoignition. A 1-D numerical model under laminar flow condition first is simulated to reveal the effects of fuel species, pressure, and coflow properties on the autoignition with and without the consideration of preferential diffusion among species. Proper laminar reference autoignition delays are proposed and examined for different diffusion models. Next, the reference autoignition delays defined from laminar simulations are investigated in an example turbulent flow using the Linear Eddy Model (LEM). LEM is used to model the effect of turbulent mixing on autoignition, where we specifically investigate if the effect of turbulence on autoignition can be classified in two regimes, which are dependent on a proper reference laminar autoignition delay and turbulence time scale. The trend of the effect of differential diffusion on autoignition versus turbulence Reynolds is simulated and analyzed, and several tentative conclusions are drawn.
A class of randomized strategies for low-cost comparison of file copies

A class of algorithms that use randomized signatures to compare remotely located file copies is presented. A simple technique that sends on the order of 4/sup f/log(n) bits, where f is the number of differing pages that are to be diagnosed and n is the number of pages in the file, is described. A method to improve the bound in the number of bits sent, making them grow with f as flog(f) and with n as log(n)log(log(n)), and a class of algorithms in which the number of signatures grows with f as fr/sup f/, where r can be made to approach 1, are also presented. A comparison of these techniques is discussed. >
Motivation to Learn and Achievement

This chapter guides the reader through the theories of motivation and how learning is enhanced by understanding such theories. Moving through the concepts of self-regulated learning, locus of control, self-efficacy, student engagement, task value, beliefs about intelligence and goal orientation, the reader is presented with components critical to students’ achievement motivation. The chapter ends with practical ideas for teachers and administrators to enhance learning in the school setting.
Critical role of FoxO3a in alcohol-induced autophagy and hepatotoxicity.

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process that degrades long-lived cellular proteins and damaged organelles as a critical cell survival mechanism in response to stress. We recently reported that acute ethanol induces autophagy, which then reduces ethanol-induced liver injury. However, the mechanisms by which ethanol induces autophagy are not known. In the present study, ethanol treatment significantly increased both mRNA and protein levels of various essential autophagy-related genes in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes and in mouse liver. Both nuclear translocation of FoxO3a and expression of FoxO3a target genes were increased in ethanol-treated primary hepatocytes and mouse liver. Overexpression of a dominant negative form of FoxO3a inhibited ethanol-induced autophagy-related gene expression and enhanced ethanol-induced cell death in primary hepatocytes, which suggests that FoxO3a is a key factor in regulating ethanol-induced autophagy and cell survival. Resveratrol, a well-known SIRT1 agonist, further enhanced ethanol-induced expression of autophagy-related genes, likely via increased deacetylation of FoxO3a. Moreover, acute ethanol–treated Foxo3a−/− mice exhibited decreased autophagy-related gene expression, but enhanced steatosis and liver injury, compared with wild-type mice. FoxO3a thus plays a critical role in ethanol-induced autophagy in mouse liver. Modulating the FoxO3a autophagy pathway may offer novel therapeutic approaches for treating alcoholic liver pathogenesis.
Blood Ties: Life and Violence in Rural Mexico

Blood Ties: Life and Violence in Rural Mexico. James Greenberg. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989. 282 pp. $35.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–8165–1091–1.
Radiation monitoring with diamond sensors in BABAR

In order to safeguard the silicon vertex tracker in the BABAR detector from excessive radiation damage, cumulative dose and instantaneous dose rates are continuously monitored. As an upgrade to the current radiation monitoring system, which uses silicon p-i-n diodes, we are examining the possible use of single-crystal and/or polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamonds. The radiation responses of several CVD diamonds have been tested on time scales from tens of nanoseconds to thousands of seconds in order to determine their integrity in monitoring accumulated doses and their response to large sudden changes in dose rates. Two polycrystalline CVD diamonds have been installed near the silicon vertex tracker near existing silicon p-i-n diodes for comparative studies. CVD diamond radiation sensors have also been tested using /sup 60/Co and in various magnetic field configurations.
Photo-induced self-cleaning functions on 2-anthraquinone carboxylic acid treated cotton fabrics

Self-cleaning cotton fabrics were obtained via chemically incorporating photosensitive 2-anthraquinone carboxylic acid (2-AQC) onto the fibers through a mild and efficient esterification reaction. The 2-AQC structures on the treated cotton were confirmed by FTIR characterization. SEM images revealed that the cotton fiber surface became rougher than that of the original cotton fiber after the treatment. TGA analysis confirmed that thermal stability of the treated fibers was almost unchanged. The 2-AQC treated cotton fabrics demonstrated excellent photo-induced self-cleaning properties, including decomposition of 90% aldicarb in 3 hours of UVA exposure and inactivation of over 99% of both E. coli and S. aureus in 1 hour of the light exposure. The self-cleaning functions are a result of formation of reactive oxygen species on the light irradiated and 2-AQC treated cotton. The amount of H2O2 formed on the fabrics was determined by a titration method.
Embarrassment: Its Variable and Invariable Aspects

This paper deals with the generic process that underlies embarrassment in an attempt to understand its variable and invariable aspects. The theoretical framework is examined with data from nudist camps. The data show that the meaning of situations and the situational relevance of embarrassment are to specific social establishments. A simiiar type of analysis is indicated for other emotions. G offman,1 and Gross and Stone2 have presented papers on the ecology of embarrassment-how at various places in a social establishment events that are incompatible with the reality the establishment sustains, lead to embarrassment. This paper extends the analysis of the territoriality of emotions. It brackets the role problems that are the concern of the above papers, reducing the analysis to a more generic level. It seeks commonalities in the various breakdowns of role performance described by Goffman, and Gross and Stone, examining the questions of what basically the experience of embarrassment is, how it is brought about, and why the situations that evoke embarrassment are tied to the social establishment in which they occur. Data from nudist camps are used for illustration and a similar tvpe of analysis is proposed for the study of other emotions. It is believed that the perspective presented increases understanding of the social essence of embarrassment and thus also increases the predictability of when, where, and with whom embarrassment will
Primary Elections and Candidate Strength in Latin America

Political parties throughout Latin America rely increasingly on primary elections to select candidates for public office. Where they are adopted, primaries are generally touted as moves toward openness and internal party democracy. Yet politicians and party leaders are concerned with winning elections, and there are reasons to expect that primaries select candidates who are weaker in general election competition than other methods. Using data from every democratic presidential election in Latin America since the late 1970s, we test whether primaries systematically affect candidate strength. We find evidence of a primary bonus—that is, other things equal, primary-selected candidates are stronger than those selected by other procedures.
A critical appraisal of physician-hospital integration models

The economic environment and the current health care debate have prompted a critical reevaluation of previous and current physician-hospital integration models. Even though the independent, self-employed, private practice, medical staff remains the most common model, surgical specialists such as vascular surgeons are increasingly being employed and integrated into health care delivery systems. The degree of integration varies from minimal to full integration or full employment. This review defines the forces driving these changes and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each employment model from the physicians' point of view. Strategies for the successful implementation of a 21st century integrative employment model are discussed.
Coding DNA repeated throughout intergenic regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome: evolutionary footprints of RNA silencing.

Pyknons are non-random sequence patterns significantly repeated throughout non-coding genomicDNA that also appear at least once among coding genes. They are interesting because they portend an unforeseen connection between coding and non-coding DNA. Pyknons have only been discovered in the human genome, so it is unknown whether pyknons have wider biological relevance or are simply a phenomenon of the human genome. To address this, DNA sequence patterns from the Arabidopsis thalianagenome were detected using a probability-based method. 24 654 statistically significant sequence patterns, 16 to 24 nucleotides long, repeating 10 or more times in non-coding DNA also appeared in 46% of A. thalianaprotein-coding genes. A. thaliana pyknons exhibit features similar to human pyknons, including being distinct sequence patterns, having multiple instances in genes and having remarkable similarity to small RNA sequences with roles in gene silencing. Chromosomal position mapping revealed that genomic pyknon density has concordance with siRNA and transposable element positioning density. Because the A. thaliana and human genomes have approximately the same number of genes but drastically different amounts of non-coding DNA, these data reveal that pyknons represent a biologically important link between coding and non-coding DNA. Because of the association of pyknons with siRNAs and localization to silenced regions of heterochromatin, we postulate that RNA-mediated gene silencing leads to the accumulation of gene sequences in non-coding DNA regions.
Thalamic Stimulation for Epilepsy

With the growing applications for deep brain stimulators (DBS) in recent years, interest in using DBS as an option for patients with epilepsy has increased. Thalamic DBS appears to be a viable minimally invasive treatment for patients experiencing medically intractable seizures. Thalamic DBS has been associated with significant reduction in seizure frequency and an improvement in overall quality of life, especially in patients who have failed maximal antiepileptic drugs or other surgical alternatives. However, further work is necessary to identify the subgroups of patients experiencing medically intractable seizures who may benefit from DBS, and also to indentify optimal stimulation parameters and mode of stimulation.
THE VARIOUS FACTORS OF RESPIRATION IN PERSONS WITH PNEUMOTHORAX

It may be said that at rest all the factors of respiration, gaseous exchange, carbon dioxide tension, and the mechanical factors, are normal in persons with a collapsed lung, that the reaction to carbon dioxide is normal up to the point at which the respiration is trebled, or sometimes quadrupled, but that beyond that point a limit may be reached. The ventilation of the lungs can be accomplished in an entirely normal manner in spite of a greatly reduced vital capacity. The only difference between normal persons and persons with a collapsed lung is that the latter when called upon to increase their ventilation reach their limit a little sooner than the former. From these findings we might deduce that there will be no dyspnea except after moderate exertion. And this deduction is borne out by the histories of the patients. In other words, in the lungs, as in other organs, there is a large factor of safety, one lung being as efficient as two, except when the work done calls for more than a threefold increase in the normal ventilation.
The Disappearance of K42 from the Nonuniformly Mixed Circulation Pool in Dogs

The disappearance of injected labeled substances which disappear rapidly from the circulation is discussed theoretically and tested in experiments with injected K42 in the dog. Comparing the inflow and outflow from a capillary bed, using semilogarithmic plots of label concentrations, events upstream are repeated downstream but displaced in time by the amount of the mean circulation time between the points of observation. Downward displacement occurs owing to the intervening loss of material, and smearing of the time relations is produced by the dispersing action of variable path lengths in the capillary labyrinth. For the circulation as a whole, the time relations consist of the sum of a periodic component and an aperiodic component. The periodic component is governed by the mixing relations in a virtual circulation whose architecture approximates that of the real circulation. Extrapolating the aperiodic component to zero time yields the volume of dilution of the injected material in the virtual circulati...
Sticks with Stones: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Atlatl Weight on Atlatl Mechanics

Archaeologists debate the impact of the North American atlatl weight on atlatl performance. Some argue that the atlatl weight offers an advantageous effect. Others believe it has no meaningful effect, and still others believe it has a disadvantageous effect. Experimentation is well suited to resolving this debate, but previous experiments have not produced replicable results due to the use of human atlatlists, which introduce uncontrolled biomechanical variation. We redress this problem through the construction and use of an atlatl launch machine, which provides unprecedented experimental control over mechanical variables, and hence unprecedented experimental objectivity and reproducibility. Using the machine, we test the Range and Precision Hypotheses of atlatl weight impact. Statistical analyses of data from 350 mechanized launches indicate that compared to the unweighted atlatl, the weighted atlatl typically has a lower range but greater precision, when all variables except the presence/absence of the ...
Training our future endocrine surgeons: A look at the endocrine surgery operative experience of U.S. surgical residents

Background During the last 10 years, the number of endocrine procedures performed in the United States has increased significantly. We sought to determine whether this has translated into an increase in operative volume for general surgery and otolaryngology residents. Methods We evaluated records from the Resident Statistic Summaries of the Residency Review Committee (RRC) for U.S. general surgery and otolaryngology residents for the years 2004–2008, specifically examining data on thyroidectomies and parathyroidectomies. Results Between 2004 and 2008, the average endocrine case volume of U.S. general surgery and otolaryngology residents increased by approximately 15%, but otolaryngology residents performed more than twice as many operations as U.S. general surgery residents. The growth in case volume was mostly from increases in the number of thyroidectomies performed by U.S. general surgery and otolaryngology residents (17.9 to 21.8, P = .007 and 46.5 to 54.4, P = .04). Overall, otolaryngology residents also performed more parathyroidectomies than their general surgery counterparts (11.6 vs 8.8, P = .007). Conclusion Although there has been an increase in the number of endocrine cases performed by graduating U.S. general surgery residents, this is significantly smaller than that of otolaryngology residents. To remain competitive, general surgery residents wishing to practice endocrine surgery may need to pursue additional fellowship training.
Lasers in inkjet and beyond

Most people are familiar with the use of lasers for drilling inkjet nozzles. This presentation will give insight to the many applications where lasers are used for inkjet manufacturing, including uses for new products.
Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization, Seed Source, and Soil Type on Growth of Acacia koa

ABSTRACT The endemic tree Acacia koa is used to reforest abandoned agricultural lands in Hawaii. Growth may be constrained by soil infertility and toxic concentrations of aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) in acidic Oxisols and Ultisols. The effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization at time of planting, soil type, and seed source on koa growth were studied for three years. Phosphorus, applied as triple superphosphate and at rates of at least 300 kg P ha−1, significantly increased height, basal stem diameter, crown volume, and aboveground wood biomass of trees from the local (Oahu) seed source, but not those from off island (Hawaii). Manganese toxicity in the Oxisol probably slowed growth of the off-site trees. The local seed source grew similarly in both soil types, but the survival rate was lower in the Ultisol, possibly due to its lower water-holding capacity. Increased growth due to fertilization suggested improved P status, but such improvement was not detected by foliar analysis.
Micromagnetics of Percolated Perpendicular Media

In this paper, we present a systematic micromagnetic analysis on the magnetic properties, thermal magnetic stability, and recording performance of percolated perpendicular media (PPM), a novel film microstructure of exchange coupled small-size magnetic grains with densely distributed nonmagnetic pinning sites. The analysis shows that the PPM microstructure can substantially reduce medium noise over the conventional granular perpendicular media while maintaining sufficient magnetic stability
Wesleyan and Methodist Historical Studies, 1960–70 A Bibliographical Article

This article, which continues the survey, “Methodist Historical Studies 1930–1959,”, covers both British and American fields, includes the most significant literature, and emphasizes strong developments, but does not attempt exhaustive listing of all items, and does not deal with missionary and global aspects. Moreover, it does little more than recognize the addition of “United” to the title of the major denomination involved as a result of merger in 1968 with the former Evangelical United Brethren. This article deals with a historical movement, not a denominational category.
Impaired exercise tolerance and skeletal muscle myopathy in sulfonylurea receptor-2 mutant mice

By sensing intracellular energy levels, ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels help regulate vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and cardioprotection. SUR2 mutant mice lack full-length KATP channels in striated and smooth muscle and display a complex phenotype of hypertension and coronary vasospasm. SUR2 mutant mice also display baseline cardioprotection and can withstand acute sympathetic stress better than normal mice. We now studied response to a form of chronic stress, namely that induced by 4 wk of daily exercise on SUR2 mutant mice. Control mice increased exercise capacity by 400% over the training period, while SUR2 mutant mice showed little increase in exercise capacity. Unexercised SUR2 mutant showed necrotic and regenerating fibers in multiple muscle skeletal muscles, including quadriceps, tibialis anterior, and diaphragm muscles. Unlike exercised control animals, SUR2 mutant mice did not lose weight, presumably due to less overall exertion. Unexercised SUR2 mutant mice showed a trend of mildly reduced cardiac function, measured by fractional shortening, (46 ± 4% vs. 57 ± 7% for SUR2 mutant and control, respectively), and this decrease was not exacerbated by chronic exercise exposure. Despite an improved response to acute sympathetic stress and baseline cardioprotection, exercise intolerance results from lack of SUR2 KATP channels in mice.
Surface Cavity Microenvironments in a Porous Ceramic Radiant Gas Burner

Abstract Abstract—A computer model has been developed that describes the microenvironment of a surface cavity in a porous radiant ceramic burner. The model suggests that these cavities generate a nearly adiabatic condition leading to high concentrations of gaseous radical species. Predicted degradation characteristics closely resemble those seen in commercial radiant burners. From these calculated gas compositions and substrate temperatures, three different modes for burner degradation are proposed.
Viscometric Behavior of Tomato Concentrates

SUMMARY Tomato purees have a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior which agrees reasonably well with the power-law model over substantial ranges of shear rates. Behavior is more consistent at higher shear rates (above 300 or 400 see-1), with values af the power-law exponent in the neighborhood of 0.4 over a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. Both concentration and temperature primarily affect the power-law coefficient rather than the exponent. Viscosity correlations in the lower shear-rate region are uncertain because of somewhat variable behavior, probably resulting from yield stresses, wall effects, and time dependency. Apparent viscosities are much higher in concentrates produced by direct evaporation than in concentrates made by centrifuging out the insoluble solids, concentrating the serum, and then reconstituting.
An Alternative Definition and Conception of Juvenile Delinquency: implications for Planning

Current psychological theories of juvenile delinquency may actually prevent or retard efforts to change the underlying political, social, and economic causes. The author offers an alternative conception and traces its implications for planning.
PATERNAL OCCUPATION AND BIRTH DEFECTS

The etiology of many birth defects among humans is not well understood, with most of the epidemiologic and laboratory research focusing on maternal factors. It has been stated that approximately 60% of all human birth defects have no known cause (Kalter and Warkany, 1983). The potential role of paternal exposures has not been extensively investigated. This has been due, in part, to the prevailing view that male-mediated developmental effects are unlikely (Brown, 1985). However, recent laboratory and epidemiologic investigations have reinforced earlier animal data suggesting that paternal exposures may be more important than previously suspected. The published literature on paternal occupational exposures and the risk of birth defects in offspring will be reviewed in this chapter.
Detecting and quantifying parasite-induced host mortality from intensity data: method comparisons and limitations

Parasites can significantly impact animal populations by changing host behaviour, reproduction and survival. Detecting and quantifying these impacts is critical for understanding disease dynamics and managing wild animal populations. However, for wild hosts infected with macroparasites, it is notoriously difficult to quantify the fatal parasite load and number of animals that have died due to disease. When ethical or logistical constraints prohibit experimental determination of these values, examination of parasite intensity and distribution data may offer an alternative solution. In this study we introduce a novel method for using intensity data to detect and quantify parasite-induced mortality in wildlife populations. We use simulations to show that this method is more reliable than previously proposed methods while providing quantitative estimates of parasite-induced mortality from empirical data that are consistent with previously published qualitative estimates. However this method, and all techniques that estimate parasite-induced mortality from intensity data alone, have several important assumptions that must be scrutinised before applying those to real-world data. Given that these assumptions are met, our method is a new exploratory tool that can help inform more rigorous studies of parasite-induced host mortality.
Mortality in Severe Experimental Burns as Affected by Environmental Temperature

SummaryEnvironmental temperature has a decisive influence on the 24-hr mortality following a severe cutaneous burn. The lowest mortality (32%) occurred at 75°F and increased to 100% with either an ...
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): The (Only) Means for Distinguishing Knowledge of Medical Causation From Expert Opinion in the Courtroom

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) was first established in the 1980s when physicians and medical educators purposed to more uniformly apply standards of evidence gained from the scientific method to assess questions of medical causation. Now widely employed by physicians in medical decision making and during their selections of medical treatment, and nearly omnipresent in modern medical student education, EBM allows doctors to separate scientific facts from opinions in determining clinical treatment efficacy. Accordingly, EBM — whether in a hospital or in a courtroom — is the systematic method capable of distinguishing expert pronouncements about medical or scientific questions of causation as either (1) authority-based opinions (derived from expert intuition or reasoning, principles of pathophysiology, or inference based on experimental or observational data of insufficient quality) or (2) evidence-based conclusions (objective knowledge arising from the availability of sufficient, high-quality evidence).This article recommends that EBM should supplement ineffective legal gatekeeper rules of scientific evidence and be incorporated into the courtroom to (1) accurately distinguish medical knowledge from mere expert opinion and (2) thereby assist the court in correctly adjudicating disputed medical matters and toxic industrial or environmental exposure cases.
Numerical investigation of indentation tests on a transversely isotropic elastic material by power-law shaped axisymmetric indenters

AbstractNowadays, there exist many well-known classical models of frictionless adhesive contact including the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model, the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) model, and the Maugis solution for the JKR-type-to-DMT-type transition regimes. These models are very helpful for studying molecular adhesion between two contacting linearly elastic isotropic spherical bodies. However, in experimental studies, such as nanoindentation tests, the shapes of the indenters are often more general than the spherical or flat ones. Moreover, very often, the materials to be tested are anisotropic. A special case of anisotropy is transverse isotropy, which contains a plane of isotropy, implying that the material can be rotated with respect to the loading direction about one axis without measurable effect on the material’s response. In this paper, numerical studies on JKR-type frictionless adhesive contact between power-law shaped indenters and transversely isotropic materials are presented. It shows that...
Stability of the Internal Structure of Consumption Expenditure II: Interpretation and Further Analyses

Results to this point thus suggest a reasonable stability in the ξ i vectors for food, housing, apparel, health, entertainment, and tobacco, as well as in certain of their elements for alcoholic beverages, personal care, and insurance. The next task is to analyze the “strengths” and “forces” that may be represented in these relationships, which in this context can be assumed to consist of two properties, size, as reflected in numerical values (including signs) of the estimated regression coefficients, and statistical strength, as reflected in estimates’ t-ratios. Evident quantities to use as these parameters are the mean values of the estimated coefficients and associated t-ratios over the 40 surveys. These are tabulated in Tables 3.1–3.3, coefficient means for expenditures and budget shares in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 and mean t-ratios for budget shares in Table 3.3. (Mean t-ratios for the estimated expenditure coefficients are very similar to those for budget shares and are consequently not tabulated.)
Microbial Diversity and Cellulase Production

Abstract Even though only a small fraction of bacterial species can grow on cellulose as a sole carbon source, there is extensive diversity among cellulolytic bacteria for aerobic and anaerobic species. Out of 29 cultured bacterial phyla, 6 contain cellulolytic species. About half of the known cellulolytic bacteria are saprophytes that degrade dead plant material either in the soil, in the rumen, or in termites. Some soil saprophytes are aerobic and some are anaerobic. Many of the other cellulolytic bacteria are plant pathogens, which can degrade living plants. Many fungi degrade cellulose with most being aerobes, but a few anaerobic fungi degrade cellulose and they are found in the rumen. At this time there are only two reported cellulolytic archaea: Desulfurococcus fermentans and Thermogladius cellulolyticus, although there are other archaea that contain cellulase genes.