cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estudio morfológico del verbo español

En el presente trabajo nos proponemos estudiar, sobre todo, las irregularidades que presentan los verbos espanoles que no se ajustan totalmente a los paradigmas de los tres verbos modelos cantar, temer y partir. Antes, sin embargo, estudiaremos los principales problemas que ofrecen las tres conjugaciones regulares. Nuestro trabajo tendra un caracter exclusivamente sincronico o descriptivo. Sin dejar de reconocer la gran importancia de los estudios historicos, creemos conveniente mantener una estricta separacion metodologica entre ambos planos, el descriptivo o sincronico y el historico o diacronico.
Quantification of Reductive Species Produced by High Voltage Electrical Discharges in Water

The formation of reductive species has already been documented in various advanced oxidation-reduction processes (AORP) such as ultrasound and radiation processes. Reductive species are important in degrading mixed aqueous wastes and intro- and chloro-contaminants to achieve higher degradation efficiencies than can be attained by the reaction of contaminants with hydroxyl radicals (the, primary reactive species produced by all AORP). The present study quantifies the total amount of reductive species produced by aqueous phase high voltage pulsed electrical discharge, using chemical probes tetranitromethane and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride. The effects of various electrical, physical, and chemical parameters on the generation of reductive species are investigated.
The Effect of Heating Rate and Gas Atmosphere on Template Decomposition in Silicalite-1

Template evolution from TPABr/silicalite powder was studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer as a function of heating rate and gas atmosphere to determine the maximum rate of weight loss and the temperature at which the rate of weight loss was a maximum. Through the application of TPD theory, the activation energies of the thermal decomposition reactions in various gaseous atmospheres (helium, oxygen, air, ozone/air mixture) were also calculated. The results of these investigations showed that an increased calcination heating rate had a direct correlation with an increased rate of weight loss. The template removal reaction in an inert atmosphere (helium) was endothermic; however, the presence of oxidizing components in the gas atmosphere gave rise to significant exothermic reactions. We found that the least stressful conditions for template removal occurred with a heating rate of 0.5 K/min in an atmosphere containing a mixture of air and ozone (1%). For these conditions, the maximum rate of weight loss was 0.061%/min, and the temperature at maximum weight loss was 487 K; the template was fully removed at a final temperature of ca 723 K.
Dislocation Density-Based Grain Refinement Modeling of Orthogonal Cutting of Titanium

Recently, orthogonal cutting has been exploited as a means for producing ultrafine grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline microstructures for various metal materials, such as aluminum alloys, copper, stainless steel, titanium and nickel-based super alloys, etc. However, no predictive, analytical or numerical work has ever been presented to quantitatively predict the change of grain sizes during plane-strain orthogonal cutting. In this paper, a dislocation density-based material plasticity model is adapted for modeling the grain size refinement mechanism during orthogonal cutting by means of a finite element based numerical framework. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) finite element model embedded with the dislocation density subroutine is developed to model the severe plastic deformation and grain refinement during a steady-state cutting process. The orthogonal cutting tests of a commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) material are simulated in order to assess the validity of the numerical solution through comparison with experiments. The dislocation density-based material plasticity model is calibrated to reproduce the observed material constitutive mechanical behavior of CP Ti under various strains, strain rates, and temperatures in the cutting process. It is shown that the developed model captures the essential features of the material mechanical behavior and predicts a grain size of 100–160 nm in the chips of CP Ti at a cutting speed of 10 mm/s. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4027207]
Expression and fast-flow purification of a polyhistidine-tagged myoglobin-like aerotaxis transducer.

Abstract A Co 2+ -affinity, fast-flow perfusion chromatography method to purify a polyhistidine-tagged myoglobin-like aerotaxis transducer HemAT- Hs has been developed. The method relies upon a six-histidine affinity tag fused to the C-terminus and N-terminus of HemAT- Hs for expression in the native host, an extremely halophilic Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum , and in the heterologous host Escherichia coli , respectively. The His-tagged HemAT- Hs can be purified rapidly using either low or high ionic strength buffers. Purified His-tagged HemAT- Hs in high or low salt buffers demonstrated no difference in spectral characteristics and retained reversible oxygen binding capacity. This fast-flow Co 2+ -affinity perfusion chromatography provides a simple method for preparation of halophilic heme containing soluble proteins for biophysical and structural studies.
Tyrosine and glutamic acid in plasma and urine of patients with altered thyroid function

Abstract The plasma concentrations of glutamic acid and tyrosine were measured in euthyroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid patients. In the group of normal individuals, plasma concentrations of glutamic acid were more variable than were those of tyrosine. Levels of glutamic acid in plasma were elevated proportionately more than were those of tyrosine in hyperthyroidism, but were normal in hypothyroidism. Oral sodium glutamate tolerance in hyperthyroid patients did not differ from that of normal subjects in the mean increments attained from fasting to peak levels. This contrasts with altered tyrosine tolerance previously reported in hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroid patients, after ingestion of a load of sodium glutamate the mean increments from fasting to peak levels were slightly greater than normal. Daily variations in the plasma concentrations of glutamic acid were undemonstrable in normal individuals and were not modified by either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. An unexplained elevation in the plasma concentration of glutamic acid at 2 a.m. was observed in several hyperthyroid patients. The urinary excretion of glutamic acid in a 24-hr period was increased nearly tnefold in hyperthyroid patients compared to results obtained in normal subjects. A similar percentage of the total glutamic acid (31–37%) was excreted during the period from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. in both normal and hyperthyroid patients. The urinary excretion of tyrosine was also increased in hyperthyroidism; the magnitude of the increase (nearly twofold) was less than that of glutamic acid. These data provide further evidence that in hyperthyroid patients increases in the concentrations of tyrosine and glutamic acid in plasma are consistent findings and demonstrate that the urinary excretion of both of these amino acids is also markedly increased.
Transformed growth phenotype of mouse mammary epithelium in primary culture induced by specific fetal mesenchymes.

When mesenchyme from fetal mammary or salivary gland is implanted into adult mouse mammary gland, adjacent epithelium responds with intense hyperplasia. The hyperplastic cells are more vulnerable than are non-stimulated cells to transformation in vivo by a chemical carcinogen or by mammary tumor virus. This system provides a potentially useful model for determining how stroma contributes to mammary tumorigensis. We have developed co-culture systems and used them to investigate in more detail the nature of the signal produced by the mesenchyme cells. Monolayers of mesenchyme cells were prepared on tissueculture wells. The mesenchyme cells were trapped on the surface by a thin overlay of agarose. Primary mammary epithelial cells were cultured atop this barrier layer, either as organoids in collagen gels for assessment of anchorage-dependent growth, or as single-cell dispersions in soft agarose for assessment of anchorage independent growth. Our procedures for assay of anchorage-independent growth allow us for the first time to detect and measure this transformation-defining characteristic in non-immortalized mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. Fetal mammary fat pad precursor tissue and fetal salivary mesenchyme both stimulated anchorage-dependent growth of mammary epithelium with cell number increasing as much as fifteenfold during a 6-day culture period. These same fetal tissues also stimulated anchorage-independent growth of the mammary epithelial cells, with colony-forming efficiencies of up to 40% in co-cultures with salivary mesenchyme. No colonies formed in the absence of mesenchyme. Cells of colonies contained keratin, which indicates that the colonies grew from epithelial cells and not from a contaminant of another cell type. When co-cultured epithelial cells were subsequently re-cultured in the absence of mesenchyme, they lost their ability to grow independent of anchorage. No colonies grew in co-cultures with fetal cells from heart, kidney, or lung, which is consistent with the lack of stimulation by these tissues in the mammary gland in vivo. A tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA), also caused anchorage-independent growth of the dispersed mammary epithelial cells. Culture medium conditioned by primary or early-passage salivary mesenchyme cells was capable of stimulating growth under both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent conditions, confirming that these effects are mediated by a paracrine factor. The results indicate that stimulatory fetal mesenchymes produce soluble molecules that act analogously to transforming growth factors. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Local-scale invasion pathways and small founder numbers in introduced Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis)

Given the general pattern of invasions with severe ecological consequences commonly resulting from multiple introductions of large numbers of individuals on the intercontinental scale, we explored an example of a highly successful, ecologically significant invader introduced over a short distance, possibly via minimal propagule pressure. The Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) has been introduced to two coastal rivers in northern California where it poses a risk to threatened and endangered fishes. We assayed variation in seven microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA gene to identify the source populations and estimate founder numbers for these introductions. Our analysis suggests that successful invasion of the Eel River was likely the result of a single transfer of 3–4 effective founders from nearby within the species’ native range: Clear Lake or its outflow Cache Creek. The other introduced population (Elk River), known from only seven individuals, likely represents secondary expansion from the introduced Eel River population. Our findings highlight the threat posed by close-range invaders and the ability of some fishes to rapidly invade ecologically suitable areas despite small effective founding numbers.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone Labelled with 131I as an Agent for the Diagnosis of Radiation Injury in Rats

SummaryFollowing exposure of the gastro-intestinal tract of the rat to x-rays, either in situ or after being surgically exteriorized, plasma albumin was markedly decreased (Palmer and Sullivan 1959). Using a labelled plasmaprotein substitute, polyvinylpyrrolidone (P.V.P.), we have demonstrated that this substance, and presumably plasma protein as well, is lost through the intestinal wall in amounts proportional to the radiation dose absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract.
Opportunities-to-Learn at Home: Profiles of Students with and without Reaching Science Proficiency.

This study examines the relationship between opportunity-to-learn (OTL) at home and students’ attainment of science proficiency. The data set used was the 2006 PISA science US national sample. Data mining was used to create patterns of association between home OTL variables and student attainment of science proficiency. It was found that students who failed to reach science proficiency are characterized by having fewer than 100 books at home; these students are also found to take out-of-school individual or group lessons with their teachers or with other teachers. On the other hands, students who reached science proficiency are characterized by having more than 100 books at home, not taking any out-of-school lessons, and having a highest parent level of graduate education. In addition to the above common characteristics, other home characteristics (e.g. computer and internet at home and language spoke at home) are also identified in profiles of students who have reached science proficiency. We explain the above findings in terms of current social-cultural theories. We finally discuss implications of the above findings for future studies and for improving science education policy and practice.
Kinetic Analysis of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling in Fibroblasts *

Isoforms of the serine-threonine kinase Akt coordinate multiple cell survival pathways in response to stimuli such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Activation of Akt is a multistep process, which relies on the production of 3′-phosphorylated phosphoinositide (PI) lipids by PI 3-kinases. To quantitatively assess the kinetics of PDGF receptor/PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling in fibroblasts, a systematic study of this pathway was performed, and a mechanistic mathematical model that describes its operation was formulated. We find that PDGF receptor phosphorylation exhibits positive cooperativity with respect to PDGF concentration, and its kinetics are quantitatively consistent with a mechanism in which receptor dimerization is initially mediated by the association of two 1:1 PDGF/PDGF receptor complexes. Receptor phosphorylation is transient at high concentrations of PDGF, consistent with the loss of activated receptors upon endocytosis. By comparison, Akt activation responds to lower PDGF concentrations and exhibits more sustained kinetics. Further analysis and modeling suggest that the pathway is saturated at the level of PI 3-kinase activation, and that the p110α catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase contributes most to PDGF-stimulated 3′-PI production. Thus, at high concentrations of PDGF the kinetics of 3′-PI production are limited by the turnover rate of these lipids, while the Akt response is additionally influenced by the rate of Akt deactivation.
Lot sizing for products with finite demand horizon and periodic review inventory policy

Abstract This paper analyzes and develops an efficient algorithm for solving a simple generalization of the classical economic order quantity (EOQ) model where the demand horizon is finite and a periodic review inventory policy is followed. Such problems could arise in production shops where the product under consideration is going to be discontinued and/or replaced by some other product after a certain known number of periods. Such problems could also arise as subproblems in large prodution-inventory problems were demand rate is constant in some periods and varying in others.
Actions speak louder than words: How experience and education relate to teachers’ behaviors

Abstract This study explored how background factors are related to teachers’ behaviors. Currently, it is unclear what variable most accurately predicts teaching behaviors; experience, general education, or specialized training. The participants in this study were 47 early childhood educators. Teachers were primarily female and all worked with children aged 3–5 years. Teachers had worked with children aged 3–5 years for an average of 7.6 years (range = 0–30 years). Many teachers had training in early childhood. Twenty‐nine had majored in early childhood and 26 held early childhood certificates. Teaching actions were assessed with four observational measures via videotape. The results showed that experience was a negative predictor of sensitive behavior and that early childhood certification was a positive predictor of verbalization behaviors.
AIERO: An algorithm for identifying engineering relationships in ontologies

Abstract Semantic technologies are playing an increasingly popular role as a means for advancing the capabilities of knowledge management systems. Among these advancements, researchers have successfully leveraged semantic technologies, and their accompanying techniques, to improve the representation and search capabilities of knowledge management systems. This paper introduces a further application of semantic techniques. We explore semantic relatedness as a means of facilitating the development of more “intelligent” engineering knowledge management systems. Using semantic relatedness quantifications to analyze and rank concept pairs, this novel approach exploits semantic relationships to help identify key engineering relationships, similar to those leveraged in change management systems, in product development processes. As part of this work, we review several different semantic relatedness techniques, including a meronomic technique recently introduced by the authors. We introduce an aggregate measure, termed “An Algorithm for Identifying Engineering Relationships in Ontologies,” or AIERO, as a means to purposely quantify semantic relationships within product development frameworks. To assess its consistency and accuracy, AIERO is tested using three separate, independently developed ontologies. The results indicate AIERO is capable of returning consistent rankings of concept pairs across varying knowledge frameworks. A PCB (printed circuit board) case study then highlights AIERO’s unique ability to leverage semantic relationships to systematically narrow where engineering interdependencies are likely to be found between various elements of product development processes.
Application of the phenomenological method to the concept of occupation

Phenomenology began as a movement in philosophy that deals with the essences of objects, or phenomena as they present themselves in human consciousness. The founding father of phenomenology, Husser...
Johnson noise at low temperature

It has long been accepted that Johnson noise in metals is proportional to absolute temperature, and is materials-independent. This is a semi-classical result, based on the equipartition of energy. Johnson noise in copper below 10 mK suggests a departure from this relation. The data have been fitted empirically to TJ = To coth ToT, where TJ is the “Johnson noise” temperature, T is measured by CMN, and To is chosen for best fit and is about 2 mK. To is now identifiable with a zero-point frequency of electronic charge imbalance, which moves with average Fermi velocity ν from end to end of the resistor of length l. To = hν2kl ≈ 2 mK, and so is materials- and geometry-dependent.
Three- and five-quasiparticle high-spin states in 143Nd.

The level structure of {sup 143}Nd has been studied via the {sup 130}Te({sup 18}O,5{ital n}) reaction. A level spectrum up to 5.3 MeV in excitation energy has been constructed from {gamma}-{gamma} coincidence spectra and {gamma}-ray angular distributions. In addition to the single particle 1.228 MeV (13/2){sup +} state, others states arising from three- and five-quasiparticle configurations are identified, and spins and parities are suggested for these states.
The Effect of Tissue Expansion on the Random Flap Viability and Wound Tensile Strength of Previously Irradiated Rabbit Skin

• Tissue expansion facilitates coverage of cutaneous defects both through the generation of additional skin surface area and by increasing random flap length/width viability factors. The opportunity to apply tissue expansion techniques to head and neck defects within previously irradiated skin fields continues to increase. To study the effect of tissue expansion on the cutaneous perfusion and wound-healing capacity of irradiation-damaged skin, rabbit scalps were subjected to 5 weeks of fractionated radiation followed at 4 months by prolonged tissue expansion. Standardized random flaps were then created and reset within the expanded skin and analyzed in parallel with nonirradiated and non-expanded control animals. Flap viability as expressed by area and mean maximum length was determined at 10 days postwounding followed by determination of wound-breaking strength. Irradiated tissues demonstrated a significantly reduced flap viability that was significantly increased by expansion. However, tissue expansion—related increases in flap length exceeded those expressed as percent of total area surviving for irradiated animals. Tissue expansion resulted in significant increases in wound tensile strength only in nonirradiated animals. These findings suggest that, compared with controls, several of the benefits of tissue expansion are less appreciable in radiation-damaged skin. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1993;119:417-422)
John Morley and the Irish question: Chart‐prayer‐dream

Attempts to circumscribe “the Burkean method” of rhetorical criticism can be frustrating. Critics more profitably might use Burke as an example and a prod, appropriating—as was done in this study—whichever of Burke's concepts, methods, and metaphors seem applicable to a given rhetorical event. Burke's “chart‐prayer‐dream” trilogy, together with his understanding of “strategies,” was employed to examine Morley's “Home Rule” speech before the Oxford Union in 1888. Morley's reply to Randolph Churchill abandoned propositional argument in favor of reviv‐alistic‐exhortation early in the speech; his strategies of form, argument, labelling, style, and mimesis are best understood as those of the High Priest seeking a confessional and an act of expiation from his auditors.
Cigarette smoking and othervascular risk factors in vasculogenic impotence

A total of 132 consecutive patients with erectile impotence underwent extensive evaluation, including vascular evaluation with intracavernous injection of papaverine and penile duplex ultrasonography, to determine the etiology of impotence. Three vascular risk factors, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, were investigated for their impact on vasculogenic impotence. The patients were divided into four groups: one with no risk factors, one with one vascular risk factor, one with two vascular risk factors, and one with all three risk factors. The results of penile vascular evaluation in these patient groups were compared. The incidence of penile vascular impairment was found to be higher in patients with one vascular risk factor than in those with none. The proportion of abnormal penile vascular findings significantly increased as the number of risk factors increased. These data confirm the important role of vascular risk factors, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, in the pathogenesis of organic impotence.
Increased visual cortex glucose metabolism contralateral to angioma in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Functional reorganization after focal brain injury can lead to altered cerebral metabolism of glucose. Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) with unilateral involvement is a clinical model for evaluating the effects of early focal brain injury on brain metabolism and function. In this study, 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure glucose metabolism in cortex and basal ganglia, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the angioma, in 17 children (eight males, nine females; age range 1y 8mo-10y 4mo; mean 5y 7mo [SD 2y 11mo]) with unilateral SWS and epilepsy. The PET findings were compared with those of a control group of 11 age-matched children (four males, seven females; age range 3y-10y 8mo; mean 6y [SD 2y 10mo]) with partial epilepsy but normal magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans. In the SWS group, visual and parietal cortex showed decreased glucose metabolism on the side of the angioma (p=0.001) but increased metabolism on the contralateral side (p=0.002). In particular, glucose metabolism was very high in contralateral visual cortex of childrenwith SWS, showing severe occipital hypometabolism on the side of the angioma. Eight children with visual field defect showed increased metabolism in the contralateral visual cortex (p=0.012). These findings indicate that early, severe unilateral cortical damage in SWS may induce increased glucose metabolism in the contralateral visual cortex, probably reflecting reorganization.
Characteristics of CD59 up-regulation induced in porcine endothelial cells by alphaGal ligation and its association with protection from complement.

BACKGROUND Activation of endothelial cells may result in proinflammatory and procoagulant changes, or in changes that protect the endothelial cells (EC) from injurious insults. Stimulation of porcine EC with human anti-porcine antibodies, or lectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia that bind terminal Galalpha(1-3)Gal (abbreviated alphaGal), can induce EC protection from cytotoxicity by human complement. These EC also exhibit up-regulation of CD59 protein and mRNA expression. Porcine CD59 has been reported to protect porcine cells from human complement. Therefore we investigated the specificity requirements and other characteristics of the induced CD59 up-regulation, as well as the role of up-regulated CD59 in lectin-induced protection of EC from human complement. METHODS Aortic EC were incubated in vitro with alphaGal-binding lectins B. simplicifolia lectin I isolectin B4 (IB4) and B. simplicifolia lectin I (BS-I) and CD59 expression was assessed by flow cytometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Binding requirement was studied using disaccharides containing either alphagalactosyl or betagalactosyl moieties to inhibit CD59 up-regulation. Protection from complement killing was assessed after incubation of EC with human serum as a source of anti-porcine antibodies and complement. The role of CD59 in lectin-induced protection was studied in the presence of an anti-pig CD59 antibody and after removal of CD59 using phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). RESULTS We found that induction of CD59 up-regulation required specific binding of the lectin to terminal alphaGal and was not induced either by soluble factors that may be released from EC by stimulation with the lectin or by TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, or IL-1alpha. Unstimulated or BS-I-treated EC showed little or no expression of decay accelerator factor (DAF). Removal of membrane-associated CD59 (and other proteins that are associated with the membrane through PI linkage) with PI-PLC from EC that had been exposed to lectin restored their complement sensitivity to various degrees, depending on the extent of lectin-induced protection. Cytotoxicity was completely restored in cells that exhibited partial protection induced with lectin at low doses or for a short period of time. However, EC that were fully resistant to complement did not regain sensitivity to complement after removal of CD59. Changes in CD59 expression did not modify the degree of C9 binding. CONCLUSIONS Induction of CD59 expression required specific binding of the lectin to terminal alphaGal and was not induced by soluble factors that may be released from EC by lectin stimulation. Increased CD59 expression may contribute to this form of protection from complement; however, mechanisms other than CD59 up-regulation appear to be essential for the development of full protection.
Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter mustelae in naturally infected ferrets.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter infection of the gastric antrum is responsible for a number of gastric disorders. Antibiotic therapy is lengthy and is not always effective. It has been shown previously that oral immunization against Helicobacter felis in mice can prevent colonization after challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of therapeutic immunization in eradicating an established Helicobacter infection and in reducing gastritis. METHODS: Domestic ferrets, confirmed to be infected with Helicobacter mustelae by gastric endoscopy, were orally immunized with varying doses of purified Helicobacter pylori urease in combination with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin. Ferrets were assessed 1 week and 6 weeks after treatment for infection and pathology. RESULTS: Therapeutic immunization eradicated Helicobacter colonization in 30% of all immunized ferrets, although there was no difference in efficacy between the varying doses of antigen tested. The difference was statistically significant when compared with animals administered cholera toxin alone or buffer (P = 0.04). The intensity of inflammation was also significantly reduced in immunized animals (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Oral immunization with purified H. pylori urease and cholera toxin can eradicate H. mustelae in a natural host pathogen model. Oral immunization of chronically infected animals markedly reduced gastric inflammation. (Gastroenterology 1996 Jun;110(6):1770-5)
Hip Arthroscopy by the Lateral Approach

Hip arthroscopy performed with patients positioned on their sides is designed to help visualize the hip joint and maneuver instruments in obese patients and to enter the hip joint in patients with spurs on the anterolateral aspect of the acetabulum. The patient is placed on his/her side with the hip for surgery on top. The leg is placed in traction and a well-padded perineal post is applied for counter traction. An image intensifier is placed around the hip to aid in directing the instruments into the hip joint. Traction is necessary to reach the depths of the hip joint. After traction is applied, 2 portals are made over the greater trochanter and one directly anterior. To help in maintaining the portals and in maneuvering the arthroscope and instruments, a capsulotomy is performed at each portal sight. To visualize the intracapsular area around the femoral neck, traction is released and the hip flexed. An additional, ancillary portal may be required to reach the intracapsular portion around the femoral neck. This portal is made anterior and distal to the first direct anterior portal. We found this approach to be highly effective in all cases. A regular traction table requires adjustments of the perineal and traction posts to apply traction on legs in patients on their sides. Special traction devices make the set up easier. The lateral approach to the hip for arthroscopy provides a safe and consistent way of entering, visualizing and performing surgical procedures in the hip.
Role of Ku70 in deubiquitination of Mcl-1 and suppression of apoptosis.

Mcl-1 is a unique antiapoptotic Bcl2 family member with a short half-life due to its rapid turnover through ubiquitination. We discovered that Ku70, a DNA double-strand break repair protein, functions as a deubiquitinase to stabilize Mcl-1. Ku70 knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells or depletion from human lung cancer H1299 cells leads to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated Mcl-1 and a reduction in its half-life and protein expression. Conversely, expression of exogenous Ku70 in Ku70−/− MEF cells restores Mcl-1 expression. Subcellular fractionation indicates that Ku70 extensively colocalizes with Mcl-1 in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus in H1299 cells. Ku70 directly interacts with Mcl-1 via its C terminus (that is, aa 536–609), which is required and sufficient for deubiquitination and stabilization of Mcl-1, leading to suppression of apoptosis. Purified Ku70 protein directly deubiquitinates Mcl-1 by removing K48-linked polyubiquitin chains. Ku70 knockdown not only promotes Mcl-1 turnover but also enhances antitumor efficacy of the BH3-mimetic ABT-737 in human lung cancer xenografts. These findings identify Ku70 as a novel Mcl-1 deubiquitinase that could be a potential target for cancer therapy by manipulating Mcl-1 deubiquitination.
Gastrin and insulin hypoglycaemia. A review of studies on gastrin determination and hypoglycaemic release of gastrin in man.

This review summarizes the historical contradictions and inconsistencies that form the labile arguments advocating neutralization or inhibition of secretion of gastric acid for the prevention or treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers. Re-evaluation of old concepts is needed in the wake of recognition that even the most potent antisecretory agents do not change the natural history of ulcer disease; that is, the recurrence is high after termination of treatment. New biochemical, functional, and structural targets are listed for pharmacologic intervention in ulcer disease. As a supplement or alternative to the antisecretory agents, we should now consider prosecretory agents (for example, for bicarbonate and mucus secretion) and antioxidants (for example, free radical scavengers). Gastroduodenal motility, smooth muscle, the vascular endothelial cell, and the basement membrane seem to represent additional pharmacologic targets toward which new gastroprotective drugs can be directed even though the biochemical mech...
CMOS chip chemical detection system comprising mass-sensitive nanocantilevers

An attempt has been made to design a CMOS single-chip chemical detection system for integrating nanocantilevers with low power readout electronic circuits for the detection of traces (few molecules) of hydrocarbon-based gases in the environment. The design is divided into two following building blocks: nanocantilevers as chemical sensors and readout electronics. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based cantilevers have been chosen for high-sensitivity chemical sensing for on-chip integration with the interface electronics. An experimental technique is presented for the fabrication of CNT cantilever beams. Design of a readout interface electronics using a switched capacitor technique is presented in 0.5 μm n-well CMOS process for integrating CNT cantilever sensors.
Objective burden, resources, and other stressors among informal cancer caregivers: A hidden quality issue?

A great deal of clinical cancer care is delivered in the home by informal caregivers (e.g. family, friends), who are often untrained. Caregivers' context varies widely, with many providing care despite low levels of resources and high levels of additional demands. Background: Changes in health care have shifted much cancer care to the home, with limited data to inform this transition. We studied the characteristics, care tasks, and needs of informal caregivers of cancer patients. Methods: Caregivers of seven geographically and institutionally defined cohorts of newly diagnosed colorectal and lung cancer patients completed self-administered questionnaires (n = 677). We combined this information with patient survey and chart abstraction data and focused on caregivers who reported providing, unpaid, at least 50% of the patient's informal cancer care. Results: Over half of caregivers (55%) cared for a patient with metastatic disease, severe comorbidity, or undergoing current treatment. Besides assisting with activities of daily living, caregivers provided cancer-specific care such as watching for treatment side effects (68%), helping manage pain, nausea or fatigue (47%), administering medicine (34%), deciding whether to call a doctor (30%), deciding whether medicine was needed (29%), and changing bandages (19%). However, half of caregivers reported not getting training perceived as necessary. In addition, 49% of caregivers worked for pay, 21% reported poor or fair health, and 21% provided unpaid care for other individuals. One in four reported low confidence in the quality of the care they provided. Conclusions: Much assistance for cancer patients is delivered in the home by informal caregivers, often without desired training, with a significant minority having limited resources and high additional demands. Future research should explore the potentially high yield of addressing caregiver needs in improving quality of cancer care and both survivors' and caregivers' outcomes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of epinephrine on acquisition of conditioned fear

Abstract In two separate experiments it was shown that injected epinephrine had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned fear. In both experiments, fear conditioning (and epinephrine injections) were separated in time from behavioral tests designed to measure fear acquisition, thus precluding confounding of results by possible side effects of the hormone on performance. Experiment 1 showed, specifically, that epinephrine did not affect suppression of an appetitive response by a CS associated with shock; Experiment 2 indicated that epinephrine did not affect escape reaction to a CS associated with shock.
Incidence of persistent left superior vena cava in esophageal atresia

Abstract Purpose Esophageal atresia is known to be associated with a variety of additional congenital anomalies in multiple organ systems. Emphasis on cardiovascular anomalies has been focused on aortic arch and intrinsic cardiac malformations. Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common venous thoracic anomaly in the general population and creates a problem when central venous access is required. This review was undertaken to define the incidence of PLSVC in infants with esophageal atresia and to determine if any subgroup of associated anomalies poses additional risk. Methods A retrospective, institutional review board–approved review of all children treated for esophageal atresia from 1993 to 2002 at Riley Hospital for Children was undertaken. Of 118 children, 89 had sufficient data for inclusion. Charts were reviewed for gestational age, weight, type of atresia, echocardiogram, and associated anomalies. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's Exact test. Results Of 89 children, 8 (9.9%; confidence interval, 4%-17%) had PLSVC compared with the reported incidence of 0.3% in the general population. Presence of additional organ system anomalies did not significantly increase relative risk for PLSVC. Conclusion The incidence of PLSVC is significantly increased in children with esophageal atresia when compared with the general population. This increased incidence of PLSVC is not influenced by the presence of cardiac or other associated anomalies. This finding should be kept in mind when central venous access is required in this patient population.
Digitalization of coastal management and decision making supported by multi-dimensional geospatial information and analysis

This paper presents the status and outcomes of the third year of an NSF-funded Digital Government Program project. The goal of the three-year project is to investigate and develop technologies to enhance the operational capabilities of federal, state, and local agencies responsible for coastal management and decision making. During this three-year period, successful collaborations have been established among research laboratories and government agencies such as NGS/NOAA, COOPS/NOAA, NIMA, ODNR, and the Lake County (OH) Planning Commission, in the areas of data collection and analysis, hydrodynamic modeling, development of web-based systems, and real-life application of research results.
Isolation and Structural Analysis of Two-Dimensional Crystals of Photosystem II fromHordeum vulgare viridis zb63

Abstract Photosystem II (PS II), found in the photosynthetic membranes of plants, has the unique ability to split water, evolving atmospheric oxygen as a byproduct. In the photosystem I deficient barley mutant, viridis zb 63 , PS II is found in 2D crystals but has normal activity [D. Simpson, (1983) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 31, 305–314]. We have isolated these PS II crystals from the mutants and obtained a projection map at 2.0 nm resolution. This map was compared to a projection map of PS II in crystals derived from spinach. The unit cell for the barley crystal was 16.1 × 24.1 nm; for spinach, the unit cell was 11.9 × 16.6 nm. In both cases, there was p2 symmetry and each half of the unit cell included five subareas. After isolation, the barley crystals were unstable, suggesting that, in this case, interactions across membranes within the grana are required to retain ordering of PS II. A comparison of the estimated masses within the PS II dimer from each species indicated that the two crystals probably did not contain the same complement of polypeptides, suggesting that PS II is labile. Nevertheless, the projection maps contained similar structural features, suggesting that PS II lability is restricted and that there is an underlying stable structure.
Searching for a specific person in broadcast news video

People as news subjects play an important role in broadcast news and finding a specific person is a major challenge for multimedia retrieval. Beyond mere content-based general retrieval, this task requires exploitation of the structure, time sequence and meaning of news content. We introduce a comprehensive approach to discovering clues for finding a specific person in broadcast news video. Various information aspects are investigated, including text information, timing information, scene detection, and face recognition. Experimental results on the TREC 2003 video search task show that our approach can achieve surprisingly high performance by exploiting broadly diverse information to find specific named people.
Different Behavioral and Physiological Responses in Two Genetic Lines of Laying Hens After Transportation

Physiological and behavioral responses to transportation stress were examined in a chicken strain selected for high group productivity and survivability (HGPS) resulting from reduced cannibalism and flightiness in colony cages and in chickens from Dekalb XL (DXL) commercial strain. At 13 wk of age, 96 pullets per strain were randomly assigned to 4-bird cages within the same strain. At 17 wk of age, half of the cages of each strain (n = 12) were randomly used as experimental group. The birds of the experimental group were crated by line, with a caution to ensure all the birds in the same cage were unfamiliar to each other, and then transported for 2 h on a country road. After transportation, the birds were recaged in groups of 4 within the same line. Behavioral data were collected immediately after the recaging of the birds. Physical parameters (BW and organ weight), plasma corticosterone levels, blood and brain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, and 5-HT1A receptor mRNA expressions were measured at 1 d posttransportation. Results showed that, compared with the control birds of each strain, transportation stress-induced behavioral changes in eating, drinking, and preening were found in the birds from both strains, but the HGPS birds showed a greater increase in drinking and preening (P < 0.01). In addition, after transportation stress, the HGPS birds had heavier adrenal glands (P < 0.01) with higher concentrations of plasma corticosterone (P < 0.01) and a trend to higher central 5-HT levels (P = 0.09) with a downregulated 5-HT1A receptor gene expression (P < 0.05), whereas the DXL birds had a higher H:L ratio (P < 0.05). The data indicate that there are a genetic basis of variations in chickens in response to transportation stress. The HGPS birds may have a better coping capability to transportation stress than DXL birds.
Reachability Graph of Finite and Deterministic DEVS Networks

This paper shows how to generate a finite-vertex graph, called a reachability graph for discrete-event system specification (DEVS) network. The reachability graph is isomorphic to a given original DEVS network in terms of behavior but the number of vertices as well as the number of edges of the reachability graph are finite.
Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability

Building collisions, and particularly collisions with windows, are a major anthropogenic threat to birds, with rough estimates of between 100 million and 1 billion birds killed annually in the United States. However, no current U.S. estimates are based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. We reviewed the published literature and acquired unpublished datasets to systematically quantify bird–building collision mortality and species-specific vulnerability. Based on 23 studies, we estimate that between 365 and 988 million birds (median ¼ 599 million) are killed annually by building collisions in the U.S., with roughly 56% of mortality at low-rises, 44% at residences, and ,1% at high-rises. Based on .92,000 fatality records, and after controlling for population abundance and range overlap with study sites, we identified several species that are disproportionately vulnerable to collisions at all building types. In addition, several species listed as national Birds of Conservation Concern due to their declining populations were identified to be highly vulnerable to building collisions, including Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa), and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum) .T he identification of these five migratory species with geographic ranges limited to eastern and central North America reflects seasonal and regional biases in the currently available building-collision data. Most sampling has occurred during migration and in the eastern U.S. Further research across seasons and in underrepresented regions is needed to reduce this bias. Nonetheless, we provide quantitative evidence to support the conclusion that building collisions are second only to feral and free-ranging pet cats, which are estimated to kill roughly four times as many birds each year, as the largest source of direct human-caused mortality for U.S. birds.