cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methyl terminal-4-O-methylmalto-oligosaccharides

Abstract Malto-oligosaccharides substituted at only one hydroxyl group of the non-reducing end were prepared by the following sequence of reactions; tri- O -benzyl-amylose was prepared by treating amylose with benzyl chloride and sodium hydroxide in methyl sulfoxide, and was methanolyzed to give perbenzylated methyl malto-oligosaccharides having only the hydroxyl group at C-4 of thenonreducing end unsubstituted. Methylation with methyl iodide and sodium hydride in N , N -dimethylformamide yielded perbenzylated methyl terminal-4- O -methylmalto-oligosaccharides; debenzylation was effected by hydrogenolysis with the use of large amounts of Raney nickel catalyst, to yield methyl terminal-4- O -methylmalto-oligosaccharides having D.P. 1–16. Separation by carbon—Celite column chromatography gave individual components having degrees of polymerization of 1 to 3 which were characterized, by thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatography before and after hydrolysis.
Pyrimidines. XIV. Synthesis of 1‐substituted 5,6‐dihydrocytosines and an improved synthesis of 1‐substituted uracils

1-Substituted 5, 6-dihydrouracils (VI) and 1-substituted 5, 6-dihydrocytosines (V) were prepared by cyclization of N-substituted N-β-cyanoethyl ureas (IV) in acid and basic medium, respectively. Compounds N were synthesized from cyanic acid and β-(substituted amino)propionitriles (III), the latter in turn were prepared from primary amines (I) and acrylonitrile (II). Preparations of 1-substituted uracils (VII) from VI were carried out by known procedures.
Volatile and trace elements in basaltic glasses from Samoa: Implications for water distribution in the mantle

Abstract We report volatile (H2O, CO2, F, S, Cl) and trace element data for submarine alkalic basalt glasses from the three youngest Samoan volcanoes, Ta'u, Malumalu and Vailulu'u. Most samples are visibly sulfide saturated, so have likely lost some S during fractionation. Cl / K ratios (0.04–0.15) extend to higher values than pristine MORBs, but are suspected to be partly due to source differences since Cl / K roughly varies as a function of 87Sr / 86Sr. There are no resolvable differences in the relative enrichment of F among sources, and compatibility of F during mantle melting is established to be nearly identical to Nd. Shallow degassing has affected CO2 in all samples, and H2O only in the most shallowly erupted samples from Vailulu'u. Absolute water contents are high for Samoa (0.63–1.50 wt.%), but relative enrichment of water compared to equally incompatible trace elements (Ce, La) is low and falls entirely below normal MORB values. H2O / Ce (58–157) and H2O / La (120–350) correlate inversely with 87Sr / 86Sr compositions (0.7045–0.7089). This leads us to believe that, because of very fast diffusion of hydrogen in mantle minerals, recycled lithospheric material with high initial water and trace element content will lose water to the drier ambient mantle during storage within the inner Earth. The net result is the counter-intuitive appearance of greater dehydration with greater mantle enrichment. We expect that subducted slabs will experience a two-stage dehydration history, first within subduction zones and then in the ambient mantle during long-term convective mixing.
GnRH agonist therapy before myomectomy or hysterectomy.

Uterine leiomyomata, also known as fibroids or myomas, are the most common pelvic tumor, found in at least 20% to 25% of women by the age of 35 1 and in more than 50% of all women. 2 Though the majority of myomas (50%‐ 80%) are asymptomatic, they can be the cause of pelvic pressure and pain, excessive menstrual bleeding, spontaneous abortion, and infertility. 3 The standard treatment for symptomatic myomas has been surgical; approximately 40% of abdominal hysterectomies are performed for the treatment of myomas. 4 In those women who wish to preserve fertility, myomectomy is performed. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy before myomectomy and hysterectomy.
Hydrophobic Zippers: A Conformational Search Strategy for Proteins

We describe a computational method for constructing hydrophobically clustered compact conformations of polymer chains having hydrophobic and polar monomers. We call the method “hydrophobic zippers.”1,2 We have used hydrophobic zippers to construct conformational ensembles that resemble the compact denatured and molten globule states of proteins. We have also used hydrophobic zippers to attempt to find global minimum (“native”) conformations of simple HP (H: hydrophobic, P: polar) copolymers in lattice models. In addition, we believe that the sequence of serial steps followed by the hydrophobic zippers construction process closely parallels the sequence of kinetic events in the fast stages of the folding processes of globular proteins.
Adenosinergic Regulation of the Expansion and Immunosuppressive Activity of CD11b+Gr1+ Cells

Extracellular adenosine and purine nucleotides are elevated in many pathological situations associated with the expansion of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Therefore, we tested whether adenosinergic pathways play a role in MDSC expansion and functions. We found that A(2B) adenosine receptors on hematopoietic cells play an important role in accumulation of intratumoral CD11b(+)Gr1(high) cells in a mouse Lewis lung carcinoma model in vivo and demonstrated that these receptors promote preferential expansion of the granulocytic CD11b(+)Gr1(high) subset of MDSCs in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis of MDSCs generated from mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells revealed that the CD11b(+)Gr-1(high) subset had the highest levels of CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) expression (Δmean fluorescence intensity [MFI] of 118.5 ± 16.8), followed by CD11b(+)Gr-1(int) (ΔMFI of 57.9 ± 6.8) and CD11b(+)Gr-1(-/low) (ΔMFI of 12.4 ± 1.0) subsets. Even lower levels of CD73 expression were found on Lewis lung carcinoma tumor cells (ΔMFI of 3.2 ± 0.2). The high levels of CD73 expression in granulocytic CD11b(+)Gr-1(high) cells correlated with high levels of ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzymatic activity. We further demonstrated that the ability of granulocytic MDSCs to suppress CD3/CD28-induced T cell proliferation was significantly facilitated in the presence of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase substrate 5'-AMP. We propose that generation of adenosine by CD73 expressed at high levels on granulocytic MDSCs may promote their expansion and facilitate their immunosuppressive activity.
Graph-based Semi-Supervised Learning of Translation Models from Monolingual Data

Statistical phrase-based translation learns translation rules from bilingual corpora, and has traditionally only used monolingual evidence to construct features that rescore existing translation candidates. In this work, we present a semi-supervised graph-based approach for generating new translation rules that leverages bilingual and monolingual data. The proposed technique first constructs phrase graphs using both source and target language monolingual corpora. Next, graph propagation identifies translations of phrases that were not observed in the bilingual corpus, assuming that similar phrases have similar translations. We report results on a large Arabic-English system and a medium-sized Urdu-English system. Our proposed approach significantly improves the performance of competitive phrasebased systems, leading to consistent improvements between 1 and 4 BLEU points on standard evaluation sets.
Competitive Environment and the Relationship Between IT and Vertical Integration

The information systems (IS) literature suggests that by lowering coordination costs, information technology (IT) will lead to an overall shift towards more use of markets. Empirical work in this area provides evidence that IT is associated with a decrease in vertical integration (VI). Economy-wide data, however, suggests that over the last 25 years the average level of VI has, in fact, increased. This paper studies this empirical anomaly by explicating the moderating impact of two measures of competitive environment, demand uncertainty, and industry concentration, on the relationship between IT and VI. We examine firms included in 1995 to 1997 InformationWeek 500 and the COMPUSTAT database. Consistent with the IS literature, the analysis suggests that IT is associated with a decrease in VI when demand uncertainty is high or industry concentration is low. However, contrary to the IS literature, IT is found to be associated with an increase in VI when industry concentration is high or demand uncertainty is low. Furthermore, as demand uncertainty increases, less vertically integrated firms invest more in IT, while as industry concentration increases, more vertically integrated firms invest more in IT. The analysis also suggests that firms' choice of the level of VI and IT investment, under different levels of demand uncertainty and industry concentration, are rational. When demand uncertainty is high or industry concentration is low, increase in VI may increase coordination and production costs. Thus, less VI is rational. However, when industry concentration is high or demand uncertainty is low, increase in VI may decrease coordination and production costs. Thus, firms choose more VI in such industries. The implications for research and practice are discussed.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Mental Representations of Time: Evidence From an Implicit Nonlinguistic Task

Across cultures people construct spatial representations of time. However, the particular spatial layouts created to represent time may differ across cultures. This paper examines whether people automatically access and use culturally specific spatial representations when reasoning about time. In Experiment 1, we asked Hebrew and English speakers to arrange pictures depicting temporal sequences of natural events, and to point to the hypothesized location of events relative to a reference point. In both tasks, English speakers (who read left to right) arranged temporal sequences to progress from left to right, whereas Hebrew speakers (who read right to left) arranged them from right to left, replicating previous work. In Experiments 2 and 3, we asked the participants to make rapid temporal order judgments about pairs of pictures presented one after the other (i.e., to decide whether the second picture showed a conceptually earlier or later time-point of an event than the first picture). Participants made responses using two adjacent keyboard keys. English speakers were faster to make ‘‘earlier’’ judgments when the ‘‘earlier’’ response needed to be made with the left response key than with the right response key. Hebrew speakers showed exactly the reverse pattern. Asking participants to use a space-time mapping inconsistent with the one suggested by writing direction in their language created interference, suggesting that participants were automatically creating writing-direction consistent spatial representations in the course of their normal temporal reasoning. It appears that people automatically access culturally specific spatial representations when making temporal judgments even in nonlinguistic tasks.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonia in a heart transplant: Diagnosis and therapy

Organ transplants are frequently complicated by viral infections. The period of maximum immunosuppression, 1 to 6 months posttransplantation, predisposes one to intracellular pathogens. The most common intracellular viral pathogens in transplant recipients include cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Cytomegalovirus and HSV are common viral pathogens in the early transplant period (0-1 month posttransplant). Although respiratory syncytial virus commonly presents in the late posttransplant period (> or =6 months posttransplant), HSV pneumonia may be acquired in organ transplants by endogenous reactivation caused by immunosuppression or may be introduced from colonized oropharyngeal secretions into the lower respiratory tract during intubation in patients on ventilators. In ventilated patients without severe preexisting lung disease, HSV pneumonia presents with otherwise unexplained profound/prolonged hypoxemia or "failure to wean." As other viral pneumonias, HSV pneumonia is characterized by profound hypoxemia requiring a high FIo(2), and a highly increased A-a gradient (> or =30). These findings are indicative of an oxygen diffusion defect typical of noninfectious (eg, sarcoidosis) or infectious disorders (eg, HSV, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia) primarily affecting the interstitium of the lung. We present a case of HSV pneumonia in a heart transplant recipient and include a review of the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and therapy of HSV pneumonia.
Identifying Indicators of Behavior Change: Insights from Wildfire Education Programs.

Environmental educators are challenged to document behavior changes, because change rarely depends solely on outcomes of education programs, but on many factors. An analysis of 15 communities in the United States that have increased their preparedness for wildfire allowed us to explore how education programs encouraged individual and community change. Agency-sponsored adult educational programs helped communities change their philosophy about firefighting, pass ordinances that restrict individual property rights, and empower residents to reduce their wildfire risk. This article explores several outcomes of these programs and offers suggested indicators of change that might be useful for education program evaluation.
Modeling and control of solar/fuel cell powered hybrid power systems

In this paper, a modeling and supervisory control strategy for a solar/fuel cell powered hybrid power system are developed for stand-alone residential applications. Using Ultra-Capacitors(UC) and PhotoVoltaic (PV) panel together with a Fuel Cell(FC) system is a possible solution to provide sufficient power supplies for residential areas. Each model for the FC, PV and UC are developed, and four modes of operations of the proposed hybrid power system are defined for the proposed supervisory control. The proposed hybrid power system is simulated and analyzed based upon the modeling and the supervisory control algorithm in Matlab/Simulink environment.
On the Streets: Mobility Paths of the Urban Homeless

THE MOBILITY PATTERNS of homeless people, as they traverse city streets, provide insights into the resources available to homeless people in different urban communities. Mobility paths are also central to the social networks and coping strategies of the homeless. This article reports on ethnographic research conducted at homeless service facilities in two urban Los Angeles–area communities. Findings suggest that service philosophy, the configuration of urban resources, and community attitudes and public policy influence the formation of homeless social networks, mobility routines, and coping success, [homelessness, geographic mobility, social networks, urban geography]
Labor and the Cold War: A Fifty-Year Perspective

Roughly fifty years after the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) purged communist-led unions from its membership, the Southwest Labor Studies Association met in San Francisco from April 29 to May 1, 1999, to reconsider the history and implications of this event and, more broadly, to attempt to untangle the connections between and among McCarthyism, anticommunist liberalism, and the political trajectory of organized labor during the postwar era. Bringing together labor activists, union members, and academics, panels considered these themes from a number of perspectives and methodological approaches. Papers focused on such topics as the dynamics of political repression, the effectiveness of liberal anticommunist politics for organized labor, and the role of the state in shaping the labor movement.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Parent and Family-Based Interventions for Children and Adolescents With Chronic Medical Conditions

Objective To quantify the effects of parent- and family-based psychological therapies for youth with common chronic medical conditions on parent and family outcomes (primary aim) and child outcomes (secondary aim). Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to April 2013. 37 randomized controlled trials were included. Quality of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE criteria. Data were extracted on parent, family, and child outcomes. Results Pooled psychological therapies had a positive effect on parent behavior at posttreatment and follow-up; no significant improvement was observed for other outcome domains. Problem-solving therapy (PST) improved parent mental health and parent behavior at posttreatment and follow-up. There was insufficient evidence to evaluate cognitive-behavioral and systems therapies for many outcome domains. Conclusions Parent- and family-based psychological therapies can improve parent outcomes, with PST emerging as particularly promising. Future research should incorporate consensus statements for outcomes assessment, multisite recruitment, and active comparator conditions.
Properties of Two Marine Bacteriophages

Chen, Peter K. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.), Ronald V. Citarella, Omar Salazar, and Rita R. Colwell. Properties of two marine bacteriophages. J. Bacteriol. 91:1136–1139. 1966.—Various properties have been determined for two bacteriophages, NCMB 384 and 385, and their host, NCMB 397, a Cytophaga sp., isolated from the marine environment. The purified bacteriophages have been subjected to serological analysis, results of which indicate a high degree of relatedness. Purified, highly polymerized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prepared from the host strain showed an overall base composition of 37 moles% guanine + cytosine (buoyant density of 1.696 g/cc). The bacteriophage DNA, in the native configuration, from NCMB 384 and 385 banded at 1.691 g/cc in a CsCl gradient and the denatured bacteriophage DNA demonstrated a bimodal peak. Stability tests of the bacteriophages in various buffers and diluents suggest a requirement for inorganic cations, most likely Na+ and Mg++, for retention of viability.
The surgical treatment of spasticity.

Many neurosurgical procedures have been designed for or applied to the treatment of spasticity arising from different disorders, including cerebral palsy; traumatic, ischemic, or hypoxic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Neurosurgical procedures are primarily aimed at reducing spasticity by interrupting the stretch reflex at various sites along the spinal reflex arc or attempting to increase the centrally mediated inhibitory influence on the pool of motor neurons in the anterior horn. Surgical interventions for spasticity can be classified into peripheral ablative procedures, such as rhizotomy or peripheral neurectomy, and central ablative procedures, such as cordectomy, myelotomy, or stereotactic procedures. Non-ablative procedures include peripheral nerve or motor point blocks, the implantation of cerebellar or spinal stimulators, and the implantation of subdural catheters for infusion of pharmacologic agents to increase inhibitory activity. Several proposed mechanisms for spasticity are reviewed so that the rationale for the various surgical interventions for spasticity described may be better understood.
Dnm1 forms spirals that are structurally tailored to fit mitochondria

Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are large self-assembling GTPases whose common function is to regulate membrane dynamics in a variety of cellular processes. Dnm1, which is a yeast DRP (Drp1/Dlp1 in humans), is required for mitochondrial division, but its mechanism is unknown. We provide evidence that Dnm1 likely functions through self-assembly to drive the membrane constriction event that is associated with mitochondrial division. Two regulatory features of Dnm1 self-assembly were also identified. Dnm1 self-assembly proceeded through a rate-limiting nucleation step, and nucleotide hydrolysis by assembled Dnm1 structures was highly cooperative with respect to GTP. Dnm1 formed extended spirals, which possessed diameters greater than those of dynamin-1 spirals but whose sizes, remarkably, were equal to those of mitochondrial constriction sites in vivo. These data suggest that Dnm1 has evolved to form structures that fit the dimensions of mitochondria.
On the Role of Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase I and of T4 Gene 32 Protein in Recombination of Phage T4

As discussed repeatedly during this symposium, recombination between DNA molecules proceeds in several steps (see Fig. 1): (A) Breakage or nicking of parental molecules (Meselson and Weigle, 1961), (B) formation of “joint” intermediates (Anraku and Tomizawa, 1965), some of them branched (Broker and Lehman, 1971; Benbow et al., this symposium), (C) conversion of “joint” into covalently linked “recombinant” molecules, which may still contain mismatched base pairs in the heteroduplex regions (Tomizawa, 1967; Kozinski et al., 1967), (D) repair of mismatches in heteroduplex regions (Spatz and Trautner, 1970; Fox, Meselson, this symposium), and (E) replication of “recombinant” DNA molecules, which resolves unrepaired mismatches in heteroduplex regions. The temporal sequence of some of these steps is not well defined; i.e., breakage may precede or follow the formation of “joint” molecules and repair may precede or follow the conversion of “joint” into “recombinant” molecules.
Removal of Calcium from Uterine Blood During Shell Formation in the Chicken

Abstract THE uterus or shell-gland has long been known to be that part of the oviduct responsible for shell formation. In all but two of the reports of the effect of shell formation on various plasma constituents, blood samples were obtained from a brachial vein or the heart and not from a uterine blood vessel. Blood obtained from a source other than a uterine vein will not necessarily reflect changes that occur in the uterus. Venous blood from the uterus flows into the left renal vein, is mixed with blood from the kidneys and renal portal system, and flows into the posterior vena cava (Stresemann, 1928; Hunsaker, 1959). Here the blood is further mixed with venous blood from the abdominal area and lower limbs. Changes in arterial blood during its passage through the uterus can be detected only by comparing the composition of the blood entering and leaving the organ. There…
The Reagan Administration's Policy Toward Revolutionary Movements

Another aspect of the Reagan Administration's critique of Cart­ er's foreign policy was that the Carter Administration had been at best ineffectual and at worst indifferent toward what the Reagan Administration saw as the threat posed to U.S. national security by certain revolutionary movements. The new administration came in determined to pursue a coherent and comprehensive policy toward such revolutionary movements. Specifically, this policy consisted of four steps. First, the issue of human rights was to be deemphasized, and, instead, emphasis was to be placed on the need to help U.S. allies who were engaged in struggles with Soviet-supported terrorist movements. Second, convinced that its election indicated that the post-Vietnam era in American foreign policy was finally over, the Reagan Administration supported renewed emphasis on American willingness to undertake covert operations and unconventional war. To this end the covert operations branch of the CIA was expanded, and the Administration sought to repeal the Clark Amendment (which banned U.S. aid to any of the groups fighting in Angola). Third, the Reagan Administration felt that, ultimately, nothing effective could be done about revolutionary movements unless the U.S. and its allies were willing to face up to what the Administration saw as 'The Soviet Connection.' It emphasized the fact that such movements were being trained and armed by the Soviet Union and its client states. Therefore, the Administration ordered the intelli­ gence agencies to carefully document Soviet involvement with such groups and enthusiastically praised Claire Sterling's book The Terror Network (published in early 1981) which supported many of the U.S. charges concerning Soviet support of terrorist movements.1 Finally, the Reagan Administration also announced a tough line against those it saw as other sponsors of terrorist movements such as Libya, Nicaragua and Cuba. U.S. citizens were ordered to leave Libya, while Nicaragua and Cuba were given warnings that the U.S. would not tolerate their support of terrorist movements in the Western
Smoking Behaviors and Arterial Stiffness Measured by Pulse Wave Velocity in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background Though smoking is strongly associated with peripheral vascular disease and arteriosclerosis, smoking's association with arterial stiffness has been inconsistent and mostly limited to a single arterial segment. We examined the relationship between smoking behaviors with arterial stiffness in multiple arterial segments among community dwelling older adults. Methods The cross-sectional relationship between smoking behavior with carotid-femoral (cfPWV) and femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV) was examined in 5,002 men and women, separately, of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study. Brachial-ankle PWV was also assessed and presented in Supplementary Material. Heckman selection models were used to control for selective attrition and death in the ARIC cohort. Results In women, faPWV was lower in current smokers compared to never smokers (-66.0cm/s; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -94.6, -37.4), and was 1.0cm/s lower (95% CI: -1.8, -0.2) for every additional year a woman smoked, after adjustment for confounders. Among women, cfPWV was not associated with smoking status or cigarette pack-years. Additionally, no associations of smoking status and cigarette pack-years with PWV were observed among men. Years since smoking cessation was not associated with PWV in either gender. Conclusion Both smoking status and cumulative smoking exposure were associated with lower peripheral arterial stiffness among women, but not among men. We did not observe an association between central arterial stiffness and smoking status in either gender. The profound and well-documented adverse effects of cigarette smoking on the vasculature may not include a sustained stiffening of the arteries measured at older age.
Three-equation model for the self-similar growth of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meskov instabilities

In the present work, the two-equation $k\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ model [G. Dimonte and R. Tipton, Phys. Fluids 18, 085101 (2006)] is extended by the addition of a third equation for the mass-flux velocity. A set of model constants is derived to satisfy an ansatz of self-similarity in the low Atwood number limit. The model is then applied to the simulation of canonical Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov test problems in one dimension and is demonstrated to reproduce analytical self-similar growth and to recover growth rates used to constrain the model.
Learning and Grounding Haptic Affordances Using Demonstration and Human-Guided Exploration

We present a system for learning haptic affordance models of complex manipulation skills. The goal of a haptic affordance model is to improve task completion by characterizing the feel of a particular object-action pair. We use learning from demonstration to provide the robot with an example of a successful interaction with a given object. We then use environmental scaffolding and a wrist-mounted force/torque (F/T) sensor to collect grounded examples (successes and unsuccessful "near misses") of the haptic data for the object-action pair. From this, we build one "success" Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and one "near-miss" HMM for each object-action pair. We evaluate this approach with five different actions on seven different objects to learn two specific affordances (open-able and scoop-able). We show that by building a library of object-action pairs for each affordance, we can successfully monitor a trajectory of haptic data to determine if the robot finds an affordance.
Independent Agencies in the United State - Law, Structure, and Politics

The authors of this book believe that the President and the Congress are engaged in a constitutional tug of war over the federal administrative agencies. I argue that this view fails adequately to address the politicization of agencies due to partisan congressional influence and oversight. Further, agency capture undermines an agency’s mission.
Exploring the Context of Chronic Illness Self-Care Using Geospatial Analyses:

Chronic illnesses are managed across clinical settings as well as in homes and communities. Chronic illness self-care is also pervasive because it often involves diet, physical activity, and other ...
Limitations in Using Multiple Imputation to Harmonize Individual Participant Data for Meta-Analysis

Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis is a meta-analysis in which the individual-level data for each study are obtained and used for synthesis. A common challenge in IPD meta-analysis is when variables of interest are measured differently in different studies. The term harmonization has been coined to describe the procedure of placing variables on the same scale in order to permit pooling of data from a large number of studies. Using data from an IPD meta-analysis of 19 adolescent depression trials, we describe a multiple imputation approach for harmonizing 10 depression measures across the 19 trials by treating those depression measures that were not used in a study as missing data. We then apply diagnostics to address the fit of our imputation model. Even after reducing the scale of our application, we were still unable to produce accurate imputations of the missing values. We describe those features of the data that made it difficult to harmonize the depression measures and provide some guidelines for using multiple imputation for harmonization in IPD meta-analysis.
Active Shape Model vs. Deep Learning for Facial Emotion Recognition in Security

As Facial Emotion Recognition is becoming more important everyday, A research experiment was conducted to find the best approach for Facial Emotion Recognition. Deep Learning (DL) and Active Shape Model (ASM) were tested. Researchers have worked with Facial Emotion Recognition in the past, with both Deep learning and Active Shape Model, with wanting to find out which approach is better for this kind of technology. Both methods were tested with two different datasets and our findings were consistent. Active shape Model was better when tested versus Deep Learning. However, Deep Learning was faster, and easier to implement, which means with better Deep Learning software, Deep Learning will be better in recognizing and classifying facial emotions. For this experiment Deep Learning showed accuracy for the CAFE dataset by 60% whereas Active Shape Model showed accuracy at 93%. Likewise with the JAFFE dataset; Deep Learning showed accuracy at 63% and Active Shape Model showed accuracy at 83%.
The kidney allocation system does not appropriately stratify risk of pediatric donor kidneys: Implications for pediatric recipients.

Kidney Allocation System (KAS) was enacted in 2014 to improve graft utility, while facilitating transplantation of highly-sensitized patients and preserving pediatric access to high-quality kidneys. Central to this system is the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI), a metric intended to predict transplant outcomes based on donor characteristics but derived using only adult donors. We posited that KAS had inadvertently altered the profile and quantity of kidneys made available to pediatric recipients. This question arose from our observation that most pediatric donors carry a KDPI over 35 and have therefore been rendered relatively inaccessible to pediatric recipients under KAS. Here we explore early trends in pediatric transplantation following KAS, including 1) use of pediatric donors, 2) use of Public Health System (PHS) high infectious risk donors, 3) wait time, and 4) living donor transplantation. We note some concerning preliminary changes following KAS implementation, including the allocation of fewer deceased donor pediatric kidneys to children and stagnation in pediatric wait times. Moreover, the poor predictive power of the KDPI for adult donors appears to be even worse when applied to pediatric donors. These early trends warrant further observation and consideration of changes in pediatric kidney allocation if they persist. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Exercise and the cortisol awakening response: a systematic review

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collate studies that incorporate both exercise and CAR, in an effort to better understand (a) whether CAR is a useful marker for monitoring exercise stress and (b) how CAR may be most appropriately used in future research. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PsychInfo databases, using search terms related toCAR and exercise and physical activity. 10,292 articles were identified in the initial search, with 32 studies included in the final analysis. No studies investigated the effects of laboratory-controlled exercise on CAR. Variable effects were observed, possibly due to inconsistencies in study design, methodology, population, and CAR analysis. The available literature suggests a threshold of exercise may be required to alter the HPA axis and affect CAR. Moreover, CAR may represent a combination of previous exercise load and upcoming stress, making current interpretation of field-based observational research challenging. More research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of exercise on CAR and address a number of gaps in the literature, including controlling exercise load, consistent sample collection, and CAR calculation and analysis.
The Role of Ovarian Hormones and the Medial Amygdala in Sexual Motivation.

Although research into the neurobiology of sexual desire in women is active, relatively little is understood about the origins of sexual motivation in women. The purpose of our review is to discuss factors that influence a central sexual motivational state and generalized arousal as potential drivers of sexual motivation in women and female rats. Sexual motivation is the product of interactions of the central motive state and salient sexually relevant cues. Ovarian hormones and generalized arousal influence the central motive state, and endogenous levels of estradiol and progesterone correlate with sexual motivation and behavior in women. The amygdala is a key integratory site for generalized arousal and sexual sensory stimulation, which could then increase sexual motivation through its downstream projections. Our model of enhanced female sexual motivation suggests that the combined effects of dopamine and progesterone receptor activation in the medial amygdala increase the incentive properties of a sexual stimulus. Further study into the interactions of ovarian hormones and mediators of generalized arousal on the processing of sexually relevant cues informs our understanding of the neurobiology of female sexual motivation and could lead to the development of therapeutics to treat the dysfunctions of sexual desire in women.
Food Allergy Management

The management of food allergies requires the cooperation of the food allergic person, physician, family, and social contacts. For children, school management of food allergies is a key component of the overall approach. Recognition of the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and preparation to administer the appropriate treatment of mild and severe symptoms in the event of accidental exposure is necessary. Avoidance of food allergens is facilitated by label reading and dietary guidance is extremely important to minimize nutritional deficiencies. Medications and vaccines with food-derived excipients generally do not need to be avoided because, in most cases, they contain little food protein.
New Perspectives on the Endocrine Regulation of the Rabbit Corpus Luteum

In many species a luteotrophic hormone has been identified which maintains the morphological and functional integrity of the corpus luteum. For example, in large domestic animals and in primates LH is thought to have the preeminent role as the luteotrophic hormone (Hansel et al., 1973; Niswender et al., 1980; Knobil, 1973), and prolactin is recognized as the major luteotrophic hormone in the rat (Rothchild, 1981). However, it has become evident that other hormones can act upon the corpus luteum, and thus potentially have a significant influence upon steroidogenic activity as well as lifespan of the gland. To illustrate this feature, progesterone synthesis can be stimulated in cow and sheep corpora lutea by catecholamines in vitro, and this action, at least in sheep, is directly upon steroidogenic luteal cells (Jordan et al., 1978; Condon and Black, 1976). The ultimate control of steroidogenesis in sheep luteal cells is unclear in view of the recent observation that the large luteal cells, which comprise the major progesterone secretory component of the ovine corpus luteum in vivo, exhibit no steroidogenic response either to LH or to elevated cyclic AMP (Fitz et al., 1982; Hoyer et al., 1983). The rat corpus luteum passes through an LH-sensitive period which is thought to be mediated by estrogen produced within the corpus luteum (Gibori et al., 1977; 1978). In the rabbit, 17β-estradiol of follicular origin is considered the essential luteotrophic hormone (Keyes et al., 1983), although the luteal tissue is clearly responsive to LH (Dorrington and Kilpatrick, 1969; Hunzicker-Dunn and Birnbaumer, 1976) and also possesses a catecholamine sensitive adenylyl cyclase (Hunzicker-Dunn, 1982).
Space Imaging and Prevention of Infectious Disease: Rift Valley Fever

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease causing febrile illness and death in domestic livestock (cattle, sheep, goats) and humans. In Africa, RVF erupts following abnormally high rainfall and flooding. Remote sensing surveillance of vegetative growth could provide early warning, weeks to months in advance of RVF emergence, and thus permit intervention strategies to ameliorate and prevent this infectious disease. To act on this advance notice, however, public health officials must quantify the economic cost associated with the disease (in terms of losses to agriculture and international trade as well as human morbidity and mortality) and weigh the averted losses against the diversion of financial and public health resources dedicated to other major ongoing health needs, such as malaria and HIV/AIDS. Other complications include the accuracy of the predictions, the shelf life of vaccines, and the effectiveness of vector control strategies.
Impact of Peanut Ball Device on the Duration of Active Labor: A Randomized Control Trial.

Objective To evaluate whether the use of a peanut ball device shortens the duration of active labor in nulliparas. Study Design Single-site, nonblinded randomized trial in nulliparous women admitted for labor or labor induction. English-speaking women > 18 years of age with singleton pregnancies were enrolled. Participants were randomized to the use of peanut ball or usual care upon reaching the active phase of labor (≥ 6 cm cervical dilation) with an epidural. Primary outcome was rate of cervical dilation. Secondary outcomes were rates of cesarean delivery and fetal presentation at time of full dilation or delivery. Results Ninety-six patients enrolled; 63 reached full cervical dilation. There was no statistically significant difference in rates of cervical dilation (0.98cm/h vs. 0.79cm/h, p = 0.27) or length of labor (315 minutes vs. 387 minutes, p = 0.14) between the groups. There was no difference in the rates of cesarean delivery (33% vs. 35%, p = 0.8) or occiput posterior presentation. (28% vs. 9%, p = 0.09). Among the subgroup who had labor arrest, fewer patients using the peanut ball experienced arrest of dilation; this approached but did not reach statistical significance (30% vs. 73% p = 0.05). Conclusion Use of the peanut ball does not significantly increase rates of cervical dilation or decrease time in active labor.
The information content of a scalar plume: A plume tracing perspective

The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander.
Augmenting Coding: Augmented Reality for Learning Programming

Augmented reality (AR) is breaking into every industry and is finding a home in many unique and novel applications, due in part to its ability to engage users and their physical surroundings in potentially immersive means. We present our early investigation into whether these qualities of AR may be leveraged to help people learn coding more easily and with more fun. Using a within-subjects design with 12 participants, our pilot study evaluated two interactive AR coding environments: (1) head-mounted AR with Microsoft HoloLens, (2) mobile AR with ARKit on an iPhone; together with a conventional 2D touch interface using Swift Playground on an iPad as baseline. Participants enjoyed using mobile AR the most, and they also completed programming tasks the fastest when using it. Our current results suggest AR may have potential in enhancing beginners' learning experience for coding, especially for tasks that are more interactive and benefit from visual feedback.
A SYSTEMS MODEL OF NURSING CARE AND ITS EFFECT ON QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE

ABSTRACT This paper describes a model of nursing care which views the person as an adaptive system. The relationships between the goal of adaptation wellness and quality of human life will be explored. Modes of intervention to promote adaptation and quality of life will be conceptualized. This theoretical portion is followed by clinical examples of how professionals have used these approaches and thus hopefully enriched human life in our society.
Bird and mammal use of vernal pools along an urban development gradient

Vernal pools in the northeastern US are of conservation concern primarily because of their role as habitat for specialized pool-breeding amphibians, but their use by birds and mammals may also be of interest, especially from the perspective of the impact of urbanization. We describe camera-trapped wildlife (CTW) at 38 vernal pools along an urban development gradient in greater Bangor, Maine, USA. We detected 20 mammal and 39 bird taxa (29 contacted pool water; 39 detected at >1 site). Land cover type within 1000 m (%), within-pool vegetation (%), and amphibian egg mass numbers explained a substantial portion of the variance (40.8%) in CTW assemblage composition. Submerged vegetation within pools and cover by water and impervious surfaces within 1000 m of pools were key site characteristics defining assemblages. We scored the urban-affiliation of taxa and modeled the relationship between weighted assemblage scores for each site and impervious cover. Impervious cover within 1000 m of pools was positively (p < 0.01) related to site urban-affiliation scores. Use probability for red fox increased and snowshoe hare decreased with impervious cover at 1000 m. These results indicate that within-pool vegetation and land cover types at 1000 m influenced bird and mammal assemblages that used study pools and greater impervious cover at 100 and 1000 m was correlated with a shift in assemblages from being dominated by urban-avoider to urban-adapted species. We encourage land use planners and managers to consider the influence of land use practices within 1000 m of vernal pools on birds and mammals, especially near amphibian breeding pools.
Brain Health and the Batterer

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important criminal justice and public health problem that negatively affects quality of life and health. Research is needed to better understand IPV p...
Aluminum and gallium complexes as homogeneous catalysts for reduction/oxidation reactions

Abstract The roles of Al(III) and Ga(III) complexes in the homogeneous catalysis of oxidation/reduction reactions is reviewed. Free metal salts and discrete complexes have primarily been used to catalyze hydride transfer between organic molecules, the epoxidation of alkenes, and the activation of allylic and aliphatic C–H bonds. The complexation of more highly coordinating ligands can improve the chemo-, regio-, and/or stereoselectivity of the reactions catalyzed by the free Al(III) and Ga(III) salts. The Al(III) and Ga(III) metal centers can accelerate the reactions by activating one or both of the redox-active starting materials and/or bringing the reagents together to orient them in a closer approximation of the reaction’s transition state. Complexation of a redox-active ligand can enable Al(III) and Ga(III) complexes to gain or lose electrons directly. The reactivities of complexes with non-innocent ligands can approximate those of transition metal complexes in that they can be converted into metal-based oxidants and reductants.
Phase II study of bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and progression on enzalutamide (enza).

5017Background: Androgen receptor (AR) overexpression is a common adaptive resistance mechanism in mCRPC. High dose testosterone in this setting may induce tumor responses and restore normal AR exp...
Application of Pitzer's equations on the system HCl+MnCl2+H2O at various temperatures. V.

Activity coefficients of hydrochloric acid in mixed solutions of manganous chloride at twelve ionic strengths, from 0.1 to 5.0 mole-kg−1, were obtained from emf measurements of cells without liquid junction at five temperatures from 5 to 45°C. The data were interpreted in terms of the simple and convenient Pitzer treatment. Activity coefficients for manganous chloride in the mixtures were also derived using Pitzer's equations. Hydrochloric acid follows Harned's rule fromI=0.1 to 3.0 mole-kg−1, as concluded by Downes, whereas quadratic terms are warranted fromI=3.5 to 5.0 mole-kg−1. Contrary to Downes' conclusion, Harned's rule clearly does not hold true for manganous chloride at most ionic strengths.
Trauma-Associated Sleep Disorder: A Posttraumatic Stress/REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Mash-Up?

Trauma-associated sleep disorder (TASD) is a parasomnia sharing characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) including dream-enactment behavior (DE...
Severe Hail Fall and Hailstorm Detection Using Remote Sensing Observations

AbstractSevere hail days account for the vast majority of severe weather–induced property losses in the United States each year. In the United States, real-time detection of severe storms is largel...