cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density Functional Theory Study of Fe(CO)3(η2-C3H6), HFe(CO)3(η3-C3H5), and the Iron−Allyl Bond Energy

Geometries and energies have been calculated for the pseudoaxial and pseudoequatorial isomers of singlet and triplet state Fe(CO)3(η2-C3H6) and three isomers of HFe(CO)3(η3-C3H5) using density functional theory, with the BP86, BLYP, B3P86, and B3LYP functionals. The triplet state pseudoaxial olefin isomer is lower in energy than the pseudoequatorial isomer, while for the allyl hydride species the facial isomers are lower in energy than the meridional isomer. The energy of the Fe−allyl bond in XFe(CO)3(η3-C3H5) (X = H, I) has been calculated, and an effective upper limit of 54 kcal/mol can be set for X = H and 45 kcal/mol for X = I. A comparison of the calculated ΔH values with estimates for the Fe−allyl BDE, obtained via thermodynamic cycles, emphasizes that bond energies are not necessarily transferable from one complex to another. Comparison of our calculations with data obtained from matrix experiments, known gas phase experimental data, and data for ligand addition reactions to iron carbonyl complexes...
Design of a brain tissue scanner

Abstract A brain tissue scanner for massively parallel tracing of neurons and mapping of their mutual connections is described. The tissue scanner (currently in design) works as follows: From an opaque tissue block, consecutive 1 μm sections of tissue are milled off. Each newly exposed surface is scanned at the limit of optical resolution to generate a volumetric data set of the brain tissue. All brain tissue is destroyed by the sectioning. Starting with volumetric data sets generated by the tissue scanner, virtual microscopy software (Burton, McCormick Neurocomputing, 1999, in press) reconstructs the stained neurons and fibers of the tissue and recreates the virtual environment at the cellular and tissue level.
Temperature induced structural changes for coadsorbed H and CO on Ni(100)

Abstract Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) data are reported which show interesting changes with temperature in the structure of carbon monoxide adsorbed on hydrogen-presaturated Ni(100). These results are compared with vibrational and electron spectroscopy data, and some structural models are proposed.
Sodium bicarbonate to correct widened QRS in a case of flecainide overdose

A 16-yr-old male attempted suicide by ingesting approximately 4000 mg of flecainide. He developed coma, hypotension, and ventricular tachycardia. In addition to supportive care and antidysrhythmics, he received intravenous sodium bicarbonate for the wide complex dysrhythmia. Animal studies and anecdotal human experience have suggested that increasing the extracellular sodium improves cardiac conduction in flecainide toxicity. The patient's QRS narrowed immediately following sodium bicarbonate infusion. Sodium bicarbonate may be useful in the treatment of widened QRS and ventricular ectopy resulting from flecainide toxicity.
Dual actions of S-nitrosylated derivative of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a vasoactive intestinal peptide-like mediator and a nitric oxide carrier.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been postulated as a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitter in the relaxation of vascular and non-vascular systems. In order to synergize the vasoactivities of VIP with nitric oxide (NO), we synthesized a S-nitrosylated derivative of VIP, VIP-Gly-Cys-NO (VIPGC-NO). On aortic rings, VIPGC-NO exhibited a dose-dependent vasorelaxation similar to S -nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and both induced complete vasorelaxation at 1 μM, whereas, VIP at 1 μM only produced 19% relaxation. The degree of vasorelaxation was proportional to the increases in cyclic GMP with no significant enhancement in cyclic AMP (cAMP) level. On precontracted tracheal rings, VIP, VIPGC-NO, VIPGC and GSNO produced relaxation with EC 50 of 74±5, 32±6, 59±9, and 251±32 nM, respectively, which was consistent with increases in cyclic GMP (cGMP). A marked increase in cAMP was observed from the tracheal rings pretreated with VIP, VIPGC-NO and its parent VIP-Gly-Cys (VIPGC) as well as isoproterenol. Propranolol only blocked the airway relaxation induced by isoproterenol, but did not antagonize the relaxation induced by VIP, VIPGC and VIPGC-NO. On rabbit sphincter of Oddi, VIP, VIPGC-NO and VIPGC inhibited both basic and acetylcholine-induced contraction frequency and amplitude, whereas, GSNO was less potent than VIP and its derivatives over a range of 2 log units in this respect. On rat gastric fundus, these compounds inhibited contraction amplitude and frequency induced with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the order of inhibitory potency VIP>VIPGC-NO>VIPGC>isoproterenol>GSNO. Our data suggest that: (1) NO is selective in relaxing vascular smooth muscle via the cGMP pathway, whereas VIP is selective in relaxing non-vascular smooth muscles via the activation of both cGMP and cAMP pathways; (2) VIPGC-NO preserves the intrinsic function of VIP but acquires NO-like vasoactivities.
Ordered alloys reveal fundamental mechanisms of neutron damage production

Abstract Ordered alloys have historically played an important role in investigating basic mechanisms of neutron irradiation damage. We have been particularly active in this field at Argonne National Laboratory, and in this paper we will review four different areas of our experimentation using ordered alloys. We will briefly review and critically re-examine our magnetic saturation measurements performed on Ni 3 Mn during neutron irradiations. Disordering during thermal-neutron bombardment at 5 K uniquely revealed the existence, number and average length of replacement collision sequences. Confirmation of our analysis by others will be presented; some refinements will be introduced; comparisons with recent molecular-dynamic calculations will be drawn; and the (n, γ) recoil spectrum in Ni 3 Mn will be reanalyzed. Overall, we conclude that 112 to 150 〈110〉 replacements occur, within one or two sequences, per (n, γ) recoil with an average energy of 492 eV. Similar measuremens on Ni 3 Mn during fast-neutron bombardment at 5 K yielded the total number of replacements per typical 30 keV cascade and demonstrated that very few interstitials were produced at large distances from the cascade by 〈110〉 replacement sequences. We will discuss our very recent results on high-resolution TEM measurements of disordered zones in fast-neutron irradiated Cu 3 Au. These results have been compared with damage calculations for the accurately measured fast-neutron flux and energy spectrum in CP5 and reveal the spatial characteristics of the deposited energy in individual cascades. Resistivity measurements of Cu 3 Au during fast-neutron bombardment at 150°C have revealed both the disordering process within cascades and ordering by irradiation-enhanced vacancy diffusion. These experiments provide a means of comparing different neutron energy spectra and studying irradiation-enhanced diffusion in a system amenable to theoretical treatments.
Recombinant squalene synthase. Synthesis of non-head-to-tail isoprenoids in the absence of NADPH

Squalene synthase (SQase) catalyzes two consecutive reactions in sterol biosynthesis. The first is the condensation of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to form a cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate, presqualene diphosphate (PSPP). The subsequent conversion of PSPP to squalene (SQ) involves an extensive rearrangement of the carbon skeleton and a NADPH-dependent reduction. Incubation of a truncated soluble form of recombinant yeast SQase with FPP in buffer lacking NADPH gave (1R,2R,3R)-PSPP. As the incubation continued, SQase catalyzed the subsequent conversion of PSPP to a mixture of triterpenes. Two of the major products, (Z)-dehydrosqualene (DSQ) and (R)-12-hydroxysqualene (HSQ), have the same 1‘−1 linkage between the farnesyl units from FPP that is found in squalene. The other major product, (10S,13S)-10-hydroxybotryococcene (HBO), has a 1‘−3 linkage between the farnesyl units. Small quantities of (S)-HSQ and (10R,13S)-HBO were also formed. Three additional triterpenes, the allylic isomers of HS...
The sensitivity of three methods to nonnormality and unequal variances in interval estimation of effect sizes

Confidence interval (CI) estimation for an effect size (ES) provides a range of possible population ESs supported by data. In this article, we investigated the noncentral t method, Bonett’s method, and the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap method for constructing CIs when a standardized linear contrast of means is defined as an ES. The noncentral t method assumes normality and equal variances, Bonett’s method assumes only normality, and the BCa bootstrap method makes no assumptions. We simulated data for three and four groups from a variety of populations (one normal and five nonnormals) with varied variance ratios (1, 2.25, 4, 8), population ESs (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8), and sample size patterns (one equal and two unequal). Results showed that the noncentral method performed the best among the three methods under the joint condition of ES = 0 and equal variances. Performance of the noncentral method was comparable to that of the other two methods under (1) equal sample size, unequal weight for each group, and the last group sampled from a leptokurtic distribution, or (2) equal sample size and equal weight for all groups, when all are sampled from a normal population, or only the last group sampled from a nonnormal distribution. In the remaining conditions, Bonett’s and the BCa bootstrap methods performed better than the noncentral method. The BCa bootstrap method is the method of choice when the sample size per group is 30 or more. Findings from this study have implications for simultaneous comparisons of means and of ranked means in between- and within-subjects designs.
Lung Cancer Screening

Advances in imaging technology have ushered in a new era for lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals using computed tomographic (CT) scans. Although most published studies are nonrandomized observational cohorts of volunteers, the ability of CT scans to detect early stage lung cancer is undisputable. What is unresolved is the ability of spiral CT screening to affect lung cancer-related mortality. A large randomized trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute to address this question is currently under way. Genomic and proteomic approaches promise to complement the ability of spiral CT to detect early lung cancer in the next few years. Currently, the decision to screen for lung cancer should involve a careful discussion with the individuals involved about the potential advantages, costs, and drawbacks of the approach.
Measurements and Models of the Level Structure of 42Sc

Abstract The levels of 42Sc were investigated by means of the reaction 42Ca(3He, t) 42Sc at 26 MeV with an energy resolution of 9 keV up to an excitation energy of 4.0 MeV. Possible spins, parities, and isospins were assigned to many levels. Difficulties in making parity assignments on the basis of angular distributions are discussed. A level scheme for 42Sc is proposed on the basis of a comparison of these results with data from experiments using other reactions. Below 4.0 MeV there are at least 44 levels compared with 9 levels obtained in shell model calculations of the (1f2p)2 configurations. To account for the many additional states, a weak coupling model for 4 particle-2 hole states has been invoked which is in good qualitative agreement with shell model calculations of similar configurations. Arguments for the existence of at least 8 negative parity states are presented, although only one level, at most, could be assigned negative parity experimentally.
A Design Methodology for System Parameters Synthesis of Elastic Planar Linkages: Theory

Existing formulations predict the displacement and stresses in multi-body systems that result from known system parameters. In contrast, the proposed design methodology enables structured selection of system parameters necessary to produce desired elastic displacements, stresses, and frequencies. This design process involves the development of inverse design equations, the finite element analysis, and the design sensitivity equations to obtain converged solutions satisfying desired design constraints. Part 1 (Theory) considers the theoretical considerations involved. Part 2 (Applications) applies the methodology to design a four-bar linkage and a six-bar linkage.
Design Evaluation of Sheet Metal Joints for Dimensional Integrity

The design of joints between parts is one of the most critical issues in the design of sheet metal assemblies. This paper presents a new part-to-part joint design evaluation index developed for dimensional control of sheet metal assemblies. The proposed index provides a new analytical tool to address the dimensional capabilities of an assembly process in the early product design stage. It covers the three basic types of joints, which encompass the whole domain of joints used in sheet metal assembly. The part-to-part interactions for each type of joint are studied, and an analytical model is provided. Two evaluation indices, (1) product joint design evaluation and (2) critical part determination, are developed. The developed methodology is demonstrated using two industrial design examples of sport-utility automotive bodies.
Gamma-ray intensity standards: The reactions 14N(n,γ) 15N, 35Cl(n,γ) 36Cl and 53Cr(n,γ) 54Cr

Abstract The relative and absolute intensities of γ-rays from thermal-neutron capture in 53Cr, 52Cr, 50Cr and 35Cl have been determined over the energy range 1.8–11 MeV. The absolute intensities were measured by a method in which transition intensities are compared with the well-known 100% intensity of the 7368-keV transition in 208Pb. Detector-efficiency curves were computed from the previously reported relative intensities for transitions in 14N(n,γ) 15N and 53Cr(n,γ) 54Cr, and the good agreement between their shapes over a wide energy range suggests that both sets of intensities are reliable.
Free torsional vibrations of a hollow cylinder with laminated periodic structure

Abstract The theory of torsional vibrations of a circular cylinder, with a periodic variation of elastic constants and density normal to the axis of the cylinder, is developed in terms of Floquet waves. Floquet waves are quasi-periodic waves, whose amplitude profile has the same periodicity as that of the material and repeats with the periodicity of the cell. Using Floquet's theory, the dispersion spectrum is obtained for time-harmonic waves propagating in a laminated cylinder with periodic structure. It is shown that the dispersion spectrum has a band structure, consisting of passing bands and stopping bands. Motion in the case of grazing incidence, and motion at the end of the zones is discussed. It is also shown that as the radius of the cylinder tends to infinity, the torsional waves in a circular cylinder degenerate to SH-waves in laminated plates.
Why protein R-factors are so large: a self-consistent analysis.

The R-factor and R-free are commonly used to measure the quality of protein models obtained in X-ray crystallography. Well-refined protein structures usually have R-factors in the range of 20-25%, whereas intrinsic errors in the experimental data are usually around 5%. We use molecular dynamics simulations to perform a self-consistent analysis by which we determine the major factors contributing to large values of protein R-factors. The analysis shows that significant R-factor values can arise from the use of isotropic B-factors to model anisotropic protein motions and from coordinate errors. Even in the absence of coordinate errors, the use of isotropic B-factors can cause the R-factors to be around 10%; for coordinate errors smaller than 0.2 A, the two errors types make similar contributions. The inaccuracy of the energy function used and multistate protein dynamics are unlikely to make significant contributions to the large R-factors.
Are Jobs and the Quality of the Environment Mutually Exclusive

In this paper it is shown that there is no support in economic theory for the suggested trade-off between jobs and the environment. Moreover, improved environmental quality may accelerate economic growth via improved health and productivity of workers, lower maintenance costs, and enhanced productivity of capital inputs. Also, empirical evidence is presented on the preference of the general public regarding environmental quality. The empirical evidence indicates that people are ready to trade part of their income for improved environmental quality.
WITHDRAWN: The use of nanoparticles in LHRH receptor targeted therapy for cancer.

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor . The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Monitoring and source apportionment of fine particulate matter at Lindon, Utah

Under the EPA Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and the Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking (EMPACT) programs an intensive sampling campaign was performed during the month of August 2002 at the state of Utah Air Quality monitoring site in Lindon, Utah. The concentrations and composition of PM2.5 were measured using a variety of continuous samplers including a TEOM monitor to measure non-volatile PM2.5, a RAMS monitor to measure total PM2.5 including semi-volatile species, an ion-chromatographic based instrument to measure sulfate and nitrate, and an Anderson Aethalometer to measure elemental carbon and UV adsorption. Integrated PM2.5 data were collected using a PC-BOSS sampler, for the determination of detailed particle composition. Continuous gas phase concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, H2O2, and O3 were also monitored. One-hour average PM2.5 data have been combined with continuous gas phase data to perform source apportionment using the EPA UNMIX program. Sources of fine parti...
Effects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Upper respiratory tract infection symptoms are a common cause of morbidity. Herbal preparations of the plant Echinacea purpurea have immune-enhancing properties. Objective To compare the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms in individuals receiving E purpurea capsules and those receiving placebo to evaluate the preventive efficacy of echinacea. Methods In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 90 volunteers recruited from hospital personnel were randomly assigned to receive 3 capsules twice daily of either placebo (parsley) or E purpurea for 8 weeks during the winter months. Upper respiratory tract symptoms were reported weekly during this period. Results Fifty-eight individuals were included in the final data analysis: 28 in the echinacea group and 30 in the placebo group. Individuals in the echinacea group reported 9 sick days per person during the 8-week period, whereas the placebo group reported 14 sick days ( z = −0.42; P = .67). Mild adverse effects were noted by 8% of the echinacea group and 7% of the placebo group ( P = .24). Conclusion Prophylactic treatment with commercially available E purpurea capsules did not significantly alter the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms compared with placebo use.
Interrupt and Opportunistic Replacement Strategies for Systems of Deteriorating Components

In some factories production epochs occur that allow system components to be replaced at reduced cost. Over a long production run the unit cost of replacing these stochastically deteriorating components can be controlled by decisions which govern when production is to be interrupted for component replacement and when components are to be replaced at the reduced cost replacement opportunities. This paper develops and analyses models for optimizing "interrupt and opportunistic" replacement strategies in simple systems. Numerical results are given that illustrate the advantages of combining interrupt replacement with opportunistic replacement.
Mammography and Women Under 50: Déjà Vu All Over Again?

“The USPSTF recommends against routine screening mammography in women aged 40 to 49 years. The decision to start regular biennial screening mammography before the age of 50 should be an individual one and take into account patient context, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits
Intermediate bus architectures: A practical review

Three basic intermediate bus architectures are reviewed for electronic power system developers. Salient features for practical system development are then discussed in detail, including power efficiency, regulation, component selection, load cross regulation, and board thermal flux density. The double regulated intermediate bus architecture has the best overall efficiency, regulation, size, and thermal performance.
Factors Related to Growth and Condition of the Alabama Subspecies of Spotted Bass in Reservoirs

Abstract Growth and condition were estimated for Alabama spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus henshalli from 10 Alabama reservoirs. Faster growth to 300 mm total length (TL) was associated with higher levels of chlorophyll a, alkalinity, and conductivity, and with reservoirs at lower elevation with minimal water level fluctuations. Drainage area, alkalinity, and lower Secchi depth transparency were related to time for spotted bass to reach memorable size (430 mm TL). Spotted bass grew to 300 mm and 430 mm TL faster in eutrophic reservoirs. Relative weights (Wr ) of various length categories were positively related to drainage area, chlorophyll a, alkalinity, conductivity, and the morphoedaphic index, and were negatively correlated with Secchi disk transparency. Spotted bass from eutrophic reservoirs expressed higher values of Wr than fish from oligo-mesotrophic systems. Correlations between growth and Wr were not significant for some length categories of spotted bass. Because growth of largemouth bass Mic...
The effects of moderate generalized hypothermia on the ballistocardiogram of the dog.

Abstract The marked slowing of the heart rate by generalized hypothermia, without serious impairment of myocardial function, affords an excellent opportunity to study the temporal relationships of the various ballistocardiographic waves to the different phases of the cardiac cycle. The present report presents the effects of moderate generalized hypothermia on the dog ballistocardiogram and the temporal relationship of the individual waves to the aortic pressure pulse and electrocardiogram.
Introduction to project ALIAS: adaptive-learning image analysis system

As an alternative to preprogrammed rule-based artificial intelligence, collective learning systems theory postulates a hierarchical network of cellular automata which acquire their knowledge through learning based on a series of trial-and-error interactions with an evaluating environment, much as humans do. The input to the hierarchical network is provided by a set of sensors which perceive the external world. Using both this perceived information and past experience (memory), the learning automata synthesize collections of trial responses, periodically modifying their memories based on internal evaluations or external evaluations from the environment. Based on collective learning systems theory, an adaptive transputer- based image-processing engine comprising a three-layer hierarchical network of 32 learning cells and 33 nonlearning cells has been applied to a difficult image processing task: the scale, phase, and translation-invariant detection of anomalous features in otherwise `normal' images. Known as adaptive learning image analysis system (ALIAS), this parallel-processing engine has been constructed and tested at the Research institute for Applied Knowledge Processing (FAW) in Ulm, Germany under the sponsorship of Robert Bosch GmbH. Results demonstrate excellent detection, discrimination, and localization of anomalies in binary images. Recent enhancements include the ability to process gray-scale images and the automatic supervised segmentation and classification of images. Current research is directed toward the processing of time-series data and the hierarchical extension of ALIAS from the sub-symbolic level to the higher levels of symbolic association.
Classification and Identification of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-Like Species

Dinoflagellates can be classified both botanically and zoologically; however, they are typically put in the botanical division Pyrrhophyta. As a group they appear most related to the protistan ciliates and apicomplexans at the ultrastructure level. Within the Pyrrhophyta are both unarmored and armored forms of the dominant, motile flagellated stage. Unarmored dinoflagellates do not have thecal or wall plates arranged in specific series, whereas armored species have plates that vary in thickness but are specific in number and arrangement. In armored dinoflagellates, the plate pattern and tabulation is a diagnostic character at the family, subfamily, and even genus levels. In most cases, the molecular characterization of dinoflagellates confirms the taxonomy on the basis of external morphology; this has been demonstrated for several groups. Together, both genetic and morphological criteria are becoming increasingly important for the characterization, separation, and identification of dinoflagellates species. Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like species are thinly armored forms with motile dinospore stages characterized by their distinct plate formulae. Pfiesteria piscicida is the best-known member of the genus; however, there is at least one other species. Other genetically and morphologically related genera, now grouped under the common names of "Lucy," "Shepherd's crook," and cryptoperidiniopsoid, are being studied and described in separate works. All these other heterotrophic dinoflagellate groups, many of which are thought to be benign, co-occur in estuarine waters where Pfiesteria has been found.
Ceftriaxone Potentiates Warfarin Activity Greater Than Other Antibiotics in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

Background: The cephalosporin class has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding among elderly patients receiving warfarin. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most prevalent infection in elderly patients. Objective: To determine the extent of interaction between antibiotics used in the treatment of UTI, particularly specific cephalosporins and warfarin. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on chronic warfarin patients with a diagnosis of UTI treated with ceftriaxone, a first-generation cephalosporin, penicillin, or ciprofloxacin. The primary outcome was the comparison of the extent of international normalized ratio (INR) change from baseline between each antibiotic group. Results: The ceftriaxone group was found to have a statistically significant higher peak INR value compared to all other studied antibiotics (ceftriaxone: 3.56, first-generation cephalosporins: 2.66, penicillins: 2.98, ciprofloxacin: 2.3; P ¼ .004), a statistically significant greater extent of change in INR value (þ1.19, þ0.66, þ0.8, þ0.275; P ¼ .006), and a statistically significant greater percentage change in INR value when compared to ciprofloxacin (54.4% vs 12.7%; P ¼ .037). Conclusion: Ceftriaxone interacts with warfarin to increase a patient’s INR value more than other commonly administered antibiotics for UTI treatment. Other antibiotics should be preferred for UTI treatment in patients on warfarin.
Greater female communalities in prenatal hand and dental development

Abstract As shown in 15 male and 17 female developmentally-normal, 6–9 week (15–47 mm crown-rump length) embryos, intercorrelations (communalities) involving both mesial and distal deciduous teeth and proximal and distal segments of the developing hand were systematically higher in female embryos than in male embryos, without exception, a finding in surprising accordance with postnatal dimensional and temporal development of the dentition and of the appendicular skeleton.
Computing short-time aircraft maneuvers using direct methods

This paper analyzes the applicability of direct methods to design optimal short-term spatial maneuvers for an unmanned vehicle in a faster than real-time scale. It starts by introducing different basic control schemes, which employ online trajectory generation. Next, it presents and analyzes the results obtained through two recently developed direct transcription (collocation) methods: the Gauss pseudospec-tral method and the Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto pseudosp ectral method. The achieved results are further compared with those found through the Pontryagin’s Maximum (Minimum) Principle, and the paper continues by providing another set of direct method simulations incorporating more realistic boundary conditions. Finally, the results obtained using the third direct method, based on inverse dynamics in the virtual domain, are presented and discussed.
Intracellular Na+ Concentration ([Na+]i) Is Elevated in Diabetic Hearts Due to Enhanced Na+–Glucose Cotransport

BackgroundIntracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) regulates Ca2+ cycling, contractility, metabolism, and electrical stability of the heart. [Na+]i is elevated in heart failure, leading to arrhythmias and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that myocyte [Na+]i is also increased in type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to enhanced activity of the Na+–glucose cotransporter. Methods and ResultsTo test this hypothesis, we used myocardial tissue from humans with T2D and a rat model of late‐onset T2D (HIP rat). Western blot analysis showed increased Na+–glucose cotransporter expression in failing hearts from T2D patients compared with nondiabetic persons (by 73±13%) and in HIP rat hearts versus wild‐type (WT) littermates (by 61±8%). [Na+]i was elevated in HIP rat myocytes both at rest (14.7±0.9 versus 11.4±0.7 mmol/L in WT) and during electrical stimulation (17.3±0.8 versus 15.0±0.7 mmol/L); however, the Na+/K+‐pump function was similar in HIP and WT cells, suggesting that higher [Na+]i is due to enhanced Na+ entry in diabet...
Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Poultry Growth: Required, Optimal, or Ineffective?

Abstract With a continually expanding market for poultry meat products, increased production demands of as much as 50% by the Year 2000 have been predicted. Indications already exist that this magnitude of expansion is not likely to be met by increased production output and genetic selection alone, and that other methods of improving growth performance per bird via exogenous manipulation of the growth process are needed. Studies in mammalian species clearly demonstrate the importance of growth hormone (GH) and its potential for enhancing productivity in domestic mammals. However, the role of GH in growth of poultry appears to be much more complex. Taken collectively, studies to date indicate that significant, positive effects of GH on growth performance of normal, growing poultry are possible. Expression of such effects appear to be largely contingent on the period of posthatch development (late posthatch being more responsive than early), and the pattern of several key metabolic regulatory hormones resulting in response to GH. Such regulatory hormone responses are largely influenced by the pattern or magnitude of exposure (acute versus chronic) to GH in birds. At this time, the available information on the potential for insulin-like growth factors to enhance growth is limited, and further studies are needed before a definitive role for these peptides in growth and development of poultry can be assigned.
A novel Bayesian detection approach for ack/nack signalling in third generation high speed packet data systems

In this paper we develop a novel framework for Bayesian detection that is generic in its formulation, and is referred to as Bayesian constrained false alarm detection. It is shown that this formulation serves as a bridge between classical and Bayesian detection approaches, and can be thought of as a generalization of both the classical Neyman Pearson detection framework as well as of the minimum risk Bayesian detection strategy. This problem formulation is motivated by an application of signaling (ack/nack) detection in third generation wireless packet data systems, such as HSDPA. In these systems, signaling information in the form of ack/nack are critical to be detected with high fidelity in order to ensure that the performance of a packet data system is not affected adversely. We also propose a provably convergent adaptive algorithm to estimate the a priori probabilities. These concepts and algorithms have widespread utility in any application of statistical signal processing. Simulation results are presented for their application to ack/nack detection in a realistic UMTS simulator.
Effects of Multiscale Anisotropy on Basin and Hyporheic Groundwater Flow

Various subsurface flow systems exhibit a combination of small-scale to large-scale anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity (K). The large-scale anisotropy results from systematic trends (e.g., exponential decrease or increase) of K with depth. We present a general two-dimensional solution for calculation of topography-driven groundwater flow considering both small- and large-scale anisotropy in K. This solution can be applied to diverse systems with arbitrary head distribution and geometry of the water table boundary, such as basin or hyporheic flow. In a special case, this solution reduces to the well-known Toth model of uniform isotropic basin. We introduce an integral measure of flushing intensity that quantifies flushing at different depths. Using this solution, we simulate heads and streamlines and provide analyses of flow structure in the flow domain, relevant to basin analyses or hyporheic flow. It is shown that interactions between small-scale anisotropy and large-scale anisotropy strongly control the flow structure. In the classic Toth flow model, the flushing intensity curves exhibit quasi-exponential decrease with depth. The new measure is capable of capturing subtle changes in the flow structure. Our study shows that both small- and large-scale anisotropy characteristics have substantial effects that need to be integrated into analysis of topography-driven flow.
High prevalence of anemia with lack of iron deficiency among women in rural Bangladesh: a role for thalassemia and iron in groundwater

Iron deficiency was absent in a recent population assessment of rural Bangladeshi women exhibiting anemia (57%), suggesting other causes of low hemoglobin. We assessed the relative influence on anemia of thalassemia, groundwater arsenic and iron, and diet among women of reproductive age living in rural Bangladesh. Women (n=207) sampled from a previous antenatal nutrient intervention trial in rural Bangladesh were visited during two seasons in 2008. Collected data included 7-day dietary and 24-hour drinking water intake recalls, 7-day morbidity recall, anthropometry, and drinking water arsenic and iron concentrations. Capillary blood was analyzed for iron (plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor), inflammation (C-reactive protein) and thalassemia (β thalassemia and Hb E) status. In stratified, adjusted analyses, only parity was associated with anemia (odds ratio, OR (95% CI): 11.34 (1.94, 66.15)) for those with thalassemia (28% prevalent). In contrast, groundwater iron intake (>30 mg/d, 0.48 (0.24, 0.96)) and wasting (2.32 (1.17, 4.62)) were associated with anemia among those without thalassemia. Elevated groundwater arsenic (>50 μg/L, 12% of tubewells) and a diverse diet were unrelated to anemia regardless of thalassemia diagnosis (p>0.70 and >0.47, respectively). Among women in this typical rural Bangladeshi area, the prevalence of thalassemia was high and, unlike iron deficiency which was absent most likely due to high iron intake from groundwater, contributed to the risk of anemia. In such settings, the influence of environmental sources of iron and the role of thalassemias in contributing to anemia at the population level may be underappreciated.
Characteristics of noninvoluting congenital hemangioma: a retrospective review.

Background Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH) is a distinct vascular tumor of infancy. Objective We describe the clinical characteristics, histopathology, imaging, and natural history of NICH and compare our findings with previous reports. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of charts and photographic databases from 2 vascular anomaly centers over a 15-year period. Results Thirty cases of NICH were identified. All patients had fully formed vascular lesions at birth that demonstrated a nonprogressive course. The trunk and lower extremities were preferred sites and there was a female predominance. Thirteen of 30 patients reported pain. Focal necrosis and scarring was seen in a minority. Doppler studies, when performed, confirmed high vascular flow. Microscopic evaluation of 4 excised lesions showed lobular areas of endothelial cell proliferation directly adjacent to ectatic malformed vessels. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated absence of glucose transporter-1 protein expression in every case. Wilms tumor–1 positivity was observed in lobular areas. The larger vessels did not stain with Wilms tumor–1, but some displayed D2-40 positivity. Limitations Patients were referred to university-based pediatric vascular anomaly centers, with potential bias toward more severe or extensive cases. Conclusions This retrospective study highlights the unique clinical and histopathologic features of NICH.
Motor skill training assistance using haptic attributes

In this paper we describe our efforts to develop a new strategy for providing assistance using haptics in a virtual environment when training for a motor skill. Using a record and play strategy, the proposed assistance method provides closest possible replication of expert's skill. We have defined a new paradigm called "haptic attributes" where we relate a unique haptic force profile to every task performed using motor skills. This has been combined with an earlier concept called sympathetic haptic to develop a new paradigm in training complex skill based tasks such as writing, surgery or playing musical instruments. As a demonstration, a virtual environment that can be used for training handwriting was designed and implemented. Position based feedback assistance and training with no assistance were tested against our method in a series of human subject tests. Results prove our method to be superior to training methods tested which use position based or no assistance.
Separate neural systems support representations for actions and objects during narrative speech in post-stroke aphasia.

Abstract Background Representations of objects and actions in everyday speech are usually materialized as nouns and verbs, two grammatical classes that constitute the core elements of language. Given their very distinct roles in singling out objects (nouns) or referring to transformative actions (verbs), they likely rely on distinct brain circuits. Method We tested this hypothesis by conducting network-based lesion-symptom mapping in 38 patients with chronic stroke to the left hemisphere. We reconstructed the individual brain connectomes from probabilistic tractography applied to magnetic resonance imaging and obtained measures of production of words referring to objects and actions from narrative discourse elicited by picture naming tasks. Results Words for actions were associated with a frontal network strongly engaging structures involved in motor control and programming. Words for objects, instead, were related to a posterior network spreading across the occipital, posterior inferior temporal, and parietal regions, likely related with visual processing and imagery, object recognition, and spatial attention/scanning. Thus, each of these networks engaged brain areas typically involved in cognitive and sensorimotor experiences equivalent to the function served by each grammatical class (e.g. motor areas for verbs, perception areas for nouns). Conclusions The finding that the two major grammatical classes in human speech rely on two dissociable networks has both important theoretical implications for the neurobiology of language and clinical implications for the assessment and potential rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic aphasia due to stroke.
Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution

 Premise of the study: The opuntias (nopales, prickly pears) are not only culturally, ecologically, economically, and medicinally important, but are renowned for their taxonomic diffi culty due to interspecifi c hybridization, polyploidy, and morphological variability. Evolutionary relationships in these stem succulents have been insuffi ciently studied; thus, delimitation of Opuntia s.s. and major subclades, as well as the biogeographic history of this enigmatic group, remain unresolved.  Methods: We sequenced the plastid intergenic spacers atpB-rbcL, ndhF-rpl32 , psbJ-petA , and trnL-trnF , the plastid genes matK and ycf1 , the nuclear gene ppc , and ITS to reconstruct the phylogeny of tribe Opuntieae, including Opuntia s.s. We used phylogenetic hypotheses to infer the biogeographic history, divergence times, and potential reticulate evolution of Opuntieae.  Key results: Within Opuntieae, a clade of Tacinga , Opuntia lilae , Brasiliopuntia , and O. schickendantzii is sister to a well-supported Opuntia s.s., which includes Nopalea . Opuntia s.s. originated in southwestern South America (SA) and then expanded to the Central Andean Valleys and the desert region of western North America (NA). Two major clades evolved in NA, which subsequently diversifi ed into eight subclades. These expanded north to Canada and south to Central America and the Caribbean, eventually returning back to SA primarily via allopolyploid taxa. Dating approaches suggest that most of the major subclades in Opuntia s.s. originated during the Pliocene.  Conclusions: Opuntia s.s. is a well-supported clade that includes Nopalea . The clade originated in southwestern SA, but the NA radiation was the most extensive, resulting in broad morphological diversity and frequent species formation through reticulate evolution and polyploidy.
The effect of strain rate history on the ductility in superplastic AA-5083

Rapid oscillations of load during deformation of superplastic materials have been reported by several researchers. In an investigation on AA7475, Ghosh and Raj developed a model to study the oscillations observed within the strain rate range from 10{sup {minus}3}s{sup {minus}1} to 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}3}s{sup {minus}1}. The oscillations in the stress-strain curve were related to changes in the grain size due to refinement by dynamic recrystallization and grain growth during deformation. Using the same alloy Hamilton et al. observed oscillations in stress-strain curves at strain rates of 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}3}s{sup {minus}1} and 10{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}. These oscillations were attributed to dynamic strain aging. Yang et al. observed serrations in the stress-strain curves of AA7475 tested at temperatures ranging from 20 to 525 C. The amplitude of the load fluctuation was related to the strain-rate sensitivity. The explanation they gave for this was that serrations are caused by continuous shifting of multiple necks from one region to another, and dynamic change in the grain structure. Li and Blackwell studied load oscillations in tensile deformation of Al-Li and Al-Mg alloys at temperatures > 500 C and strain rate < 10{sup {minus}2}s{sup {minus}1}. They also observed that the amplitude of the fluctuations more » was found to very according to the strain rate sensitivity of the material. They concluded that load serrations observed in their study are a closed-loop controlled screw-driven machine effect. They also observed that cross-head speed varied in a cyclic manner. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of applying non-uniform strain rates on superplastic properties of AA5083 using a motor-driven system operating in an open-loop mode. « less
Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome simulating lymphoma.

plaque was gritty and firmly adherent to the underlying sclera. The adjacent conjunctiva was slightly raised and injected. The cornea was clear. Results of the remainder of the ocular examination were normal. The plaque was removed under local anesthe­ sia. The underlying sclera was intact and the area healed uneventfully. Histopathologically the plaque stained with Alizarin red, suggest­ ing that it was calcific. Mitomycin inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein. Several studies have demon­ strated that topical mitomycin reduces recur­ rence rates after pterygium excision.v" Compli­ cations include pain, photophobia, lacrimation, foreign-body sensation, and noninfectious scleral ulceration. Regimens of mitomycin 0.02%, twice daily for five days," or 0.04% four times daily for two weeks," have been reported to reduce recurrence rates with only mild and temporary side effects. Scleral calcification attributable to mitomycin has been previously described in the Japanese literature." Intramural bladder calcification was reported after bladder irrigation with mitomy­ cin for treatment of superficial bladder cancer.' Although the pathogenesis of calcification is not known, it may represent an extreme form of mitomycin-induced degenerative changes in the tissue. We report this case to alert ophthalmologists to another potential complication of topical mitomycin therapy after pterygium excision.
The Parasitism Insurance Hypothesis: Why Starlings Leave Space for Parasitic Eggs

Presentation d'une hypothese montrant comment l'etourneau se protege lui meme contre le parasitisme social intraspecifique et pourquoi la taille des couvees est generalement plus petite qu'il serait possible.L'hypothese est testee sur des couvees d'etourneaux du New Jersey
Empirical Research Based on China's Excessive Currency Supply and Inflation

Selects the annual data between 1991～2010 as the sample,evaluates China's excessive currency degree by using a few methods of "monetary overhang".Applying ADF test,Cointegration Test,Granger Causality Test,VAR model,Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition,to analyze the impact of currency inflation.The result shows that the phenomenon of excessive currency does exist in China,it has positive influence on inflation,which lasts a long time generally.On that basis,the paper gives some suggestions such as offsetting the excessive currency,make the balance between supplying and demanding of currency,managing inflation expectations.
Survey of formulary system policies and procedures

A telephone survey was conducted to determine the policies and procedures of hospital formulary systems. Directors of pharmacy at a random sample of 150 community hospitals were interviewed, and letters were sent to each respondent requesting copies of the formulary and drug evaluation form. One hundred thirty hospitals completed the interview (gross response rate of 87%), and 35 evaluation forms and 49 printed formularies were received. Almost all hospitals had a formulary system and a printed formulary; the most frequently stated purposes were to decrease costs and to ensure appropriate therapy. Most formularies received were simple drug lists with no supporting information. The typical pharmacy and therapeutics committee consisted of 11 members, met every month, and reported to the executive committee. About 80% of the responding institutions had formal procedures for considering formulary additions. Less than half had standardized drug evaluation forms. Most hospitals have a formulary system and a printed version of the formulary; however, the formulary often serves primarily as a drug list, with no supporting information.