cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic polarity sequence and radiolarian zones, brunhes to polarity epoch 20

Abstract Superposition of paleomagnetic polarity logs of seven chronologically overlapping piston cores from the central equatorial Pacific, using the established tropical radiolarian zonation as a stratigraphic reference, produced a nearly continuous correlation of magnetic and radiolarian events ranging from late Pleistocene to earliest Miocene. Twenty magnetic polarity epochs, and possibly as many as 30 polarity events, occur during this time span. Epoch 16 (reversed polarity) appears to be the longest interval ( ∼ 14.8–17.6m.y. B.P.) among these Neogene magnetostratigraphic units. The middle/late Miocene boundary is shown to fall within latest Epoch 11 (normal) and its approximate age is between 10.5 and 11 m.y. B.P. The early/middle Miocene boundary occurs within the top of Epoch 16 at a suggested age of about 15 m.y. B.P.
Geometry of the three-qubit state, entanglement and division algebras

We present a generalization to three qubits of the standard Bloch sphere representation for a single qubit and of the seven-dimensional sphere representation for two qubits presented in Mosseri et al (Mosseri R and Dandoloff R 2001 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34 10243). The Hilbert space of the three-qubit system is the 15-dimensional sphere S15, which allows for a natural (last) Hopf fibration with S8 as base and S7 as fibre. A striking feature is, as in the case of one and two qubits, that the map is entanglement sensitive, and the two distinct ways of un-entangling three qubits are naturally related to the Hopf map. We define a quantity that measures the degree of entanglement of the three-qubit state. Conjectures on the possibility of generalizing the construction for higher qubit states are also discussed.
Comparison of AIRS, IASI, and CrIS radiances and trends at Dome C

This paper describes observations of radiances and radiance trends at DomeC in Antarctica made by three sensors—the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). It includes comparisons with independently measured surface temperatures. AIRS and IASI have been in simultaneous routine operations since May 2007. All three instruments have been producing operational data simultaneously since April 2012. DomeC is on a high plateau and provides a source of nearly uniform dry scenes with a temperature range from about 190 K to about 250 K. Located on this plateau is an operational automated weather station that provides ground truth, including temperature measurements two meters above the surface every ten minutes. Calibration of infrared radiometers at cold scene temperatures is very difficult. But high accuracy even at cold temperatures is critical for establishing a climate-quality data record. Since CrIS is presently planned to serve as a follow-on to AIRS, it is important to understand any differences in their observed radiances. We will compare AIRS, IASI, and CrIS brightness temperatures in the window channel at 900 cm -1 .
Observation of the conductivity coherence peak in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals.

We have measured the surface impedance of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ single crystals and have evaluated the conductivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$ at millimeter-wave frequencies. We observe a peak below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ which we suggest is due to case-II coherence factors, like the Hebel-Slichter peak observed in the NMR relaxation rate of classical superconductors. A comparison with theory leads to a large gap, suggesting strong coupling.
The adsorption of acetic acid on clean and oxygen-covered Au/Pd(100) alloy surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of acetic acid is studied on clean and oxygen-covered Au/Pd(100) alloys as a function of gold content by temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy. Au/Pd(100) forms ordered alloys such that, for gold coverages above ~ 0.5 monolayers, only isolated palladium atoms surrounded by gold nearest neighbors are present. Predominantly molecular acetic acid forms on Au/Pd(100) alloy surfaces for gold coverages greater than ~ 0.56 ML, and desorbs with an activation energy of ~ 59 kJ/mol. Heating this surface also forms some η 1 -acetate species which decompose to form CO and hydrogen. On alloy surfaces with palladium–palladium bridge sites, η 1 -acetate species initially form, but rapidly convert into η 2 -species. They thermally decompose to form CO and hydrogen, with a small portion rehydrogenating to form acetic acid between 280 and 321 K depending on gold coverage. The presence of oxygen on both Pd(100) and Au/Pd(100) alloys facilitates acetate dehydrogenation so that only η 2 -acetate species form on these surfaces. The presence of oxygen also serves to stabilize the acetate species.
Association between Plasma IL-6 Response to Acute Stress and Early-Life Adversity in Healthy Adults

Increased production of peripheral cytokines and other pro-inflammatory markers has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Recent research has pointed to early-life stress, particularly childhood maltreatment, as an independent and preventable risk factor for systemic inflammation in adulthood. Some data suggest that adults with a history of childhood maltreatment exhibit a heightened inflammatory response to acute stress challenge. To further elucidate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, we examined plasma IL-6 response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in 69 healthy adult subjects without depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Serial plasma IL-6 concentrations were measured during a standardized psychosocial stressor in n=19 subjects with moderate–severe childhood maltreatment (MAL), and n=50 controls without maltreatment (CTL), as indicated by self-ratings on the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). CTQ total scores were positively correlated with overall change in IL-6 response, as well as the maximum IL-6 concentration during the TSST. Greater acute IL-6 release and higher IL-6 concentrations over time were observed for the MAL group relative to the CTL group. Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult physical and mental health. The results of this preliminary study warrant further investigation in a larger sample.
Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance

Organisms require an appropriate balance of stability and reversibility in gene expression programmes to maintain cell identity or to enable responses to stimuli; epigenetic regulation is integral to this dynamic control. Post-translational modification of histones by methylation is an important and widespread type of chromatin modification that is known to influence biological processes in the context of development and cellular responses. To evaluate how histone methylation contributes to stable or reversible control, we provide a broad overview of how histone methylation is regulated and leads to biological outcomes. The importance of appropriately maintaining or reprogramming histone methylation is illustrated by its links to disease and ageing and possibly to transmission of traits across generations.
Agents of change: educating software engineering leaders

Most professional degree programs for software engineering focus on solving today's problems with today's technologies. Carnegie Mellon's Master of Software Engineering program takes a different approach, preparing engineers to work with new science and technology throughout their careers and helping them become agents of change in the industry. The approach aims to cultivate future leaders in software engineering. It combines a long-term, mentored software development project with an unusual core curriculum that stresses broad-based models and problem-solving skills.
TIME TAKEN TO SWITCH ATTENTION BETWEEN MODALITIES AS A FUNCTION OF MENTAL EFFORT

-The time taken to switch attention between modalities was measured by giving 15 Ss an RT task having conditions of certainty and uncertainty. The task was repeated twice with positive and negative reinforcement contingent upon giving faster RTs than i n the previous session. RTs were reduced ( p < .01), and the measure of switching time also decreased ( f i < .05). It was suggested that the effort induced by the reinforcement conditions decreased the time taken to switch attention between modalities (light and tone).
Mock Board Hearing: Giving Students New Insights Through Experiential Learning

Abstract Engaging students in learning the interface of nursing practice with the regulatory role of boards of nursing is a desired learning outcome of baccalaureate education. Kolb's experiential theory was the catalyst to design a teaching method for this content. The innovative learning strategy that mimics simulation techniques used in legal education is the mock proceeding technique. The aspect covered in the script of the mock proceeding was a nurse with a positive drug test. Colleges of law, have utilized mock trial methods to assist their students to engage the complexities of process of trial and administrative law. This is a description of the steps in the process that occurred to allow this learning strategy to occur and discusses some of the outcomes that were noted.
Real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography

We have developed a novel real-time phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT) system using optical Hilbert transformation. By combining circularly polarized reference and linearly polarized sample signals, in-phase and quadrature interference components are produced in separate channels and treated as the real and imaginary parts of a complex signal to obtain the phase information directly. Using a resonant scanner at an axial scanning speed of 4 kHz in the reference arm of the interferometer, both structure and blood flow velocity images with 200 axial scans can be acquired at 20 frames per second with high sensitivity and large dynamic range. Real-time videos of in vivo blood flow in the chick chorioallantoic membrane using this interferometer are presented.
Propositions and inscriptions

IN The Anatomy of Inquiry Israel Scheffler proposes a method for escaping commitment to abstract "states" (propositions) in statements that ascribe belief.' Scheffler's method is to construe belief statements as relating persons to variously shaped concrete particulars which he calls "inscriptions." When the inscription is a sentence its shape is most easily characterized by its spelling. If the sentence we are considering is "Socrates is wise" and we wish to describe its shape, we may do so by employing a predicate formed by writing "a that-" followed by the sentence with hyphens inserted between its constituent words, "a that-Socrates-is-wise." In this instance, the inscription "Socrates is wise" satisfies the predicate "a that-Socrates-iswise," a predicate true only of those sentences which are spelled in the manner of "Socrates is wise." It should be noticed that hyphenated expressions like "a that-Socrates-is-wise" are not names, but predicates true only of sentences appropriately spelled. Our discussion of Scheffler's method will be clearest if we proceed with respect to a specific example; let us consider (1) John believes that Socrates is wise.
Early endosomal escape of a cyclic cell-penetrating peptide allows effective cytosolic cargo delivery.

Cyclic heptapeptide cyclo(FΦRRRRQ) (cFΦR4, where Φ is l-2-naphthylalanine) was recently found to be efficiently internalized by mammalian cells. In this study, its mechanism of internalization was investigated by perturbing various endocytic events through the introduction of pharmacologic agents and genetic mutations. The results show that cFΦR4 binds directly to membrane phospholipids, is internalized into human cancer cells through endocytosis, and escapes from early endosomes into the cytoplasm. Its cargo capacity was examined with a wide variety of molecules, including small-molecule dyes, linear and cyclic peptides of various charged states, and proteins. Depending on the nature of the cargos, they may be delivered by endocyclic (insertion of cargo into the cFΦR4 ring), exocyclic (attachment of cargo to the Gln side chain), or bicyclic approaches (fusion of cFΦR4 and cyclic cargo rings). The overall delivery efficiency (i.e., delivery of cargo into the cytoplasm and nucleus) of cFΦR4 was 4–12-fold h...
Case for Expanding the Claim Dispute Resolution Training of TxDOT Personnel

Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) currently uses general alternative dispute resolution and dispute management tactics to resolve construction claims. The successful application by TxDOT of project partnering methods, critical path management, and the Contract Claims Committee has resulted in a relatively low number of claims filed. However, one weakness in TxDOT’s current methodology is the lack of specific protocol for project-level personnel and administrators. The following survey of TxDOT dispute resolution methods emphasizes the importance of developing a personnel training catalog for Area Engineers in order to avoid costly claim dispute escalation. As the individual primarily responsible for resolving project and district-level disputes, the Area Engineer should be equipped with dispute resolution training if TxDOT wishes to improve the efficiency of its alternative dispute resolution protocol.
A Java-enabled interactive graphical gas turbine propulsion system simulator

This paper describes a gas turbine simulation system which utilizes the newly developed Java language environment software system. The system provides an interactive graphical environment which allows the quick and efficient construction and analysis of arbitrary gas turbine propulsion systems. The simulation system couples a graphical user interface, developed using the Java Abstract Window Toolkit, and a transient, space- averaged, aero-thermodynamic gas turbine analysis method, both entirely coded in the Java language. The combined package provides analytical, graphical and data management tools which allow the user to construct and control engine simulations by manipulating graphical objects on the computer display screen. Distributed simulations, including parallel processing and distributed database access across the Internet and World-Wide Web (WWW), are made possible through services provided by the Java environment.
Diurnal Variation of Outgoing Longwave Radiation in the Vicinity of the South China Sea: Effect of Intraseasonal Oscillation

Abstract It has been observed in numerous studies that (a) tropical cumulus convection undergoes a distinct diurnal variation, and (b) this diurnal variation exhibits a significant contrast between land and sea. In addition, tropical cumulus convection, particularly over the Asian monsoon region and the maritime continent, is greatly modulated by the eastward propagation of the global intraseasonal (30–60-day) oscillation (ISO). Conceivably, the diurnal variation of tropical cumulus convection is affected by this global ISO mode. In order to answer this question, the equivalent blackbody temperature TBB observed by the Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite over the South China Sea and its vicinity were analyzed. The major findings in this study are as follows. 1) Centers of the TBB diurnal cycles during the northern summers are located over land around the South China Sea region north of the equator, while those in the northern winter exist over land around the southern part of this sea. 2) In t...
Bisensory signal detection

In an experiment comparing unimodal with bimodal signal detection, groups of Ss performed a four-alternative spatial forced-choice visual and a “yes-no” auditory task either singly or simultaneously. The results were a significant decrement in bisensory visual discriminability and a comparable decrement in bisensory auditory performance, with little evidence for other interactions between tasks.
Exploring 5-40 AU scales around AB Aurigae with an upgraded Palomar Fiber Nuller

With a null precision of a few 10^(-4) at all azimuth angles inside a field-of-view extending from 35 to 275 mas, the Palomar Fiber Nuller (PFN) is able to explore angular scales intermediate between those accessed by coronagraphic imaging and by long baseline interferometry. We first briefly summarize the recent performance improvements of the PFN (sensitivity, azimuthal coverage, duty cycle efficiency on-sky) over the 2011-2014 time period. Then we report on recent K-band observations of the young pre-main sequence star AB Aurigae obtained with the PFN. It is shown that a mean astrophysical null of 1.52% was detected around AB Aur at all probed azimuthal angles, and this inside a field-of-view corresponding to projected separations between 5 and 40 AU. In addition, we also report a slight ±0.2% modulation in addition to this average null level. The isotropic astrophysical null is indicative of circumstellar emission dominated by an azimuthally extended source, possibly a halo or one or more rings of dust. The modest azimuthal variation may be explained by some skewness or anisotropy of the spatially-extended source, e.g. with an elliptical or spiral geometry, or clumping, but it could also be due to the presence of a point-source located at a separation of ~120 mas (17AU) and carrying ~6*10-3 of the stellar flux.
SECONDARY GAS INJECTION IN A CONICAL ROCKET NOZZLE

Data are presented on side forces generated by secondary gas injection in a 15° conical rocket exhaust nozzle. The side force was measured directly with a force transducer and the data examined in terms of an amplification factor I8/I8*9 where Is is the measured effective specific impulse of injectant, and Is* is the specific impulse of injectant for sonic flow into a vacuum. Injection was normal to the axis of the nozzle through a single circular orifice at a fixed point in the diverging portion of the nozzle. A variety of ambient temperature gaseous injectants (H2, He, He + Ar, N2, CO2, and Ar) and orifice diameters were carefully studied. Injectant flow rate was varied for each configuration. The main propellant was hot gas (catalytically decomposed 90% H2O2), and motor conditions were held essentially constant. Aj = A\ = CD = FN = F =
Valuations on tensor powers of a division algebra

Abstract We study the following question in this paper: If p is a prime, m a positive integer, and S = ( s m , … , s 1 ) an arbitrary sequence consisting of “Y” or “N,” does there exist a division algebra of exponent p m over a valued field ( F , v ) such that the underlying division algebra of the tensor power D ⊗ p i has a valuation extending v if and only if s m − i = Y ? We show that if such an algebra exists, then its index must be bounded below by a power of p that depends on both m and S, and we then answer the question affirmatively by constructing such an algebra of minimal index.
Results from prototype die-to-database reticle inspection system

A prototype die-to-database high-resolution reticle defect inspection system has been developed for 32nm and below logic reticles, and 4X Half Pitch (HP) production and 3X HP development memory reticles. These nodes will use predominantly 193nm immersion lithography (with some layers double patterned), although EUV may also be used. Many different reticle types may be used for these generations including: binary (COG, EAPSM), simple tritone, complex tritone, high transmission, dark field alternating (APSM), mask enhancer, CPL, and EUV. Finally, aggressive model based OPC is typically used, which includes many small structures such as jogs, serifs, and SRAF (sub-resolution assist features), accompanied by very small gaps between adjacent structures. The architecture and performance of the prototype inspection system is described. This system is designed to inspect the aforementioned reticle types in die-todatabase mode. Die-to-database inspection results are shown on standard programmed defect test reticles, as well as advanced 32nm logic, and 4X HP and 3X HP memory reticles from industry sources. Direct comparisons with currentgeneration inspection systems show measurable sensitivity improvement and a reduction in false detections.
Monooxygenase activity of human hemoglobin: NMR demonstration of different modes of substrate binding corresponding to different activities of hemoglobin derivatives

In the accompanying paper [Ferraiolo, B. L., Onady, G. M., & Mieyal, J. J. (1984) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)] we reported different aniline hydroxylase activities for ferrihemoglobin, its isolated subunits, and the converse pair of valency hybrids alpha 3+2(beta 2+-CO)2 and (alpha 2+-CO)2 beta 3+2 in a reconstituted system containing reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and cytochrome P-450 reductase. To investigate the molecular basis for the different activities, 1H NMR T1 relaxation studies of aniline were performed in the absence and presence of each of the hemoglobin (Hb) species. The paramagnetic contribution of the ferric heme iron atoms of each Hb derivative to the enhanced relaxation of the proton nuclei of aniline was determined relative to control experiments in which the hemoproteins had been converted fully to the corresponding (carbonmonoxy)ferrous forms, which are diamagnetic. According to the known distance dependence of the paramagnetic effect and the relative changes in T1 for the upfield and downfield signals in the spectrum of aniline, it was ascertained that aniline binds in the same manner to the beta-ferric hybrid and to ferrihemoglobin. These two forms displayed equivalent hydroxylase activities that were the highest among the Hb derivatives for the same aniline concentration. The T1 changes observed with the alpha-ferric hybrid suggest a different orientation for aniline in that complex. The T1 data for the isolated subunits alpha 3+ and beta 3+4 would indicate that overall binding of aniline includes a component of direct aniline-heme ligation in each case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN ANIMALS FIRST PAPER.

In summing up the results of these investigations attention is called in particular to the following facts. Dead pneumococcus culture material does not contain the active poisons formed in infection by living pneumococci. Characteristic lesions are not induced by dead cultures. But substances are present in the pneumococcus cells, and especially in culture filtrates free from pneumococcus cells, that give rise to an immunity in which the poisons of virulent pneumococci are inactive. In immune sera specific agglutinative, precipitative, lytic, and opsonic activities are present. But to the action of immune sera, virulent pneumococci are singularly insusceptible. This is due chiefly to qualities acquired by the organisms during their propagation through animals. In the test-tube this insusceptibility is overcome only under exceptional conditions which destroy these qualities or neutralize their effects. Lysis may be brought about by inhibition of growth, and phagocytosis by loss of virulence. In the tissues inhibition of growth and resistance to the poisons of the pneumococcus are brought about, but in ways more subtle if less exceptional, for both lysis and phagocytosis are active factors in the recovery of certain animals from infection.
Cytokinins and Tuber Initiation in the Potato Solanum tuberosum L.

SEVERAL experiments have implicated the presence of a specific stimulus responsible for the initiation of tuber formation1, but there are few reports of the effect of cytokinins on the process2,3. Courduroux2 suggested that the specific tuber forming substance may be related to cytokinins but he did not demonstrate a requirement for cytokinins in tuber induction. The interplay of gibberellins and endogenous growth inhibitors in the regulation of tuber initiation is suggested by the extraction of gibberellin-like substances from plants and stolons in non-inductive conditions4. The disappearance of these substances and the appearance of inhibitors during the early stages of tuberization have also been demonstrated4,5. It has been claimed that tuber formation is initiated by high concentrations of soluble sugars at the stolon tip6, but Lovell and Booth found no correlation between sugar level in stolons and tuberization7. Exogenous applications of hormones have been confined mostly to foliar sprays or application of paste to stems. There is very little information on the influence of growth regulators on the stolons themselves. We have now demonstrated a requirement for cytokinins in the tuberization of isolated stolons in vitro.
Retrograde open mesenteric stenting for acute mesenteric ischemia is a viable alternative for emergent revascularization.

Objectives: Significant comorbidities and an exhausted physiologic reserve lead to high mortality rates during operations for acute mesenteric ischemia. We present our experience with retrograde open mesenteric stenting. Methods/Results: A total of 3 female patients (mean age = 74.1 years) with acute mesenteric ischemia underwent exploratory laparotomy. Operative technique included isolating the superior mesenteric artery for cannulation and retrograde endovascular angioplasty and stenting. One required small bowel resection. All 3 patients survived. Mean follow-up was 8.4 months (range: 1.2-16.6). All remain with a 100% primary patency rate. Conclusion: Retrograde open mesenteric stenting for acute mesenteric ischemia is a viable alternative to bypass.
Possible Identity of Miocene Tali from Kenya

Day and Wood have very elegantly shown that three hominoid tali from the early Miocene of Kenya are functionally similar to those from the living pronograde quadrupedal African apes, Pan and Gorilla, and unlike modern bipedal man1. Two of the tali (CMH 145 from Songhor and CMH 147 from Rusinga) were described first by Maclnnes2 and later more fully by Le Gros Clark and Leakey3; Le Gros Clark subsequently described a second talus from Rusinga4. I have some tentative suggestions concerning their identification.
Comparison of the Steady-State and Dynamic Performance of Two Fixed-Geometry Journal Bearings

This paper evaluates two different journal bearings: a cylindrical bore plain journal bearing and a tri-lobe taper land bearing. Each bearing has the same nominal diameter (89mm) and aspect ratio (L/D = 0.7). The shaft rotational speed ranged from 6krpm to 14krpm and the bearing specific load from 700kPa to 2800kPa. The bearings’ steady-state performance is evaluated according to relative bearing and shaft displacement, bearing operating temperature and power loss. A frequency-domain analysis is used to determine bearing rotordynamic coefficients — it treats the bearing as a mass-spring-damper system. Excitation frequencies range between 20Hz and 350Hz. Ultimately, the tri-lobe taper land bearing offers better stability whereas the cylindrical bore plain journal bearing has a lower eccentricity and runs cooler for a given operating condition. The dynamic properties of the two bearings are found to be similar, although the higher stability of the tri-lobe taper land bearing is also reflected in the dynamic coefficients.Copyright © 2011 by Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada
Some global issues in string perturbation theory

Abstract Calculations of the type II string vacuum amplitude using the picture changing prescription have been shown to lead, in general, to a positive cosmological constant. We show that there is a global obstruction to the choices of gauge slice for super-Teichmuller space that lead to such measures. We discuss the general restrictions on gauge slices appropriate for use in explicit fermionic string calculations. We also discuss the relation of the functional determinant and conformal field theory versions of the path integral measure, and show that, at arbitrary genus and in arbitrary backgrounds preserving tree level N = 1 supersymmetry, the measure is an exact differential. We evaluate the boundary integrals of this total derivative at genus two in two ways for target space R 10 to show that the integrals are zero. Finally, we use the factorization hypothesis to show that in appropriate compactified spacetimes the boundary integrals continue to vanish.
Effect of various antilipolytic compounds on adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activity in isolated fat cells.

Summary The effect of various antilipolytic compounds on adenyl cyclase was studied in homogenates of fat cells. Propranolol, imidazole, and nicotinic acid inhibited epinephrine stimulated activity. In addition, nicotinic acid inhibited basal and sodium fluoride stimulated activity. Insulin had no effect on adenyl cyclase under any of the conditions studied. None of the antilipolytic compounds studied stimulated phosphodiesterase activity assayed in extracts of isolated fat cells.
The within-nest behaviour of honeybee pollen foragers in colonies with a high or low need for pollen

Abstract Numerous studies have documented that honeybee colonies can rapidly adjust the number of foragers collecting pollen in response to changes in quantities of brood, pollen and nectar in the nest. However, few studies have examined the behaviour of individual pollen foragers while in the nest between trips. Thus, little is known about how a pollen forager actually assesses its colony's needs. To understand this process better, we observed the behaviour of 319 pollen foragers while in their nests between foraging trips. We observed foragers in two types of nest environments: one with a relatively high need for pollen and one with a relatively low need for pollen. Foragers performed as many as 14 activities during two phases demarcated by the unloading of pollen loads. They inspected empty cells and cells with pollen, and performed the waggle dance at higher relative frequencies before unloading ( P≤ 0.0004 each act). They antennated nestmates, autogroomed and received trophallaxis at higher relative frequencies after unloading ( P≤ 0.0004 each act). All acts were performed both before and after unloading, but not always by each bee. Pollen foragers discriminated among cells based on cell contents in two contexts. First, they inspected cells already containing pollen more often than expected by chance. Second, their pattern of inspecting cells with different contents differed from their pattern of unloading pollen loads in those cells. Pollen foragers performed 42.3±4.6% (least square mean±SE) of preunloading inspection events on empty cells, but unloaded in them only 19.9±4.6% of the time. They performed 42.2±4.6% of preunloading inspection events on cells already containing pollen, but unloaded in them 79.4±4.6% of the time ( P 0.0001). Our data show that pollen foragers can determine the contents of cells in the nest and suggest that the regulation of pollen collection involves direct assessment of colony need by pollen foragers. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
The protein cryptogram I. Non-random occurrence of amino acid “alleles”

Abstract Some complications of the “overlapping” hypothesis of nucleic acidprotein coding are discussed, and a procedure outlined for elucidating such a code, using a minimum of assumptions concerning its detailed structure. Using only data from published protein sequences, a non-overlapping code would be unsolvable. An overlapping code would, however, impose constraints on adjacent linkages, such that not all mathematically possible sequences could be produced. There are a large number of ways in which the known sequence data can be organized so as to develop patterns which would be non-random if such constraints occur. Finally, if these results are positive, given enough original data, it should be possible to use such patterns to predict the sequences which are missing from the data, but consistent with it. From these, a detailed formulation of the code should eventually be possible. The first result of this approach shows that the reported “alleles” do not occur at random; certain pairs occur with greater than chance frequency. This may be interpreted as a “constraint” imposed by the context of the adjacent links.
Structure-guided engineering enhances a phytochrome-based infrared fluorescent protein

Phytochrome is a multidomain dimeric red light photoreceptor that utilizes a chromophore-binding domain (CBD), a PHY domain, and an output module to induce cellular changes in response to light. A promising biotechnology tool emerged when a structure-based substitution at Asp-207 was shown to be an infrared fluorophore that uses a biologically available tetrapyrrole chromophore. We report multiple crystal structures of this D207H variant of the Deinococcus radiodurans CBD, in which His-207 is observed to form a hydrogen bond with either the tetrapyrrole A-ring oxygen or the Tyr-263 hydroxyl. Based on the implications of this duality for fluorescence properties, Y263F was introduced and shown to have stronger fluorescence than the original D207H template. Our structures are consistent with the model that the Y263F change prevents a red light-induced far-red light absorbing phytochrome chromophore configuration. With the goal of decreasing size and thereby facilitating use as a fluorescent tag in vivo, we also engineered a monomeric form of the CBD. Unexpectedly, photoconversion was observed in the monomer despite the lack of a PHY domain. This observation underscores an interplay between dimerization and the photochemical properties of phytochrome and suggests that the monomeric CBD could be used for further studies of the photocycle. The D207H substitution on its own in the monomer did not result in fluorescence, whereas Y263F did. Combined, the D207H and Y263F substitutions in the monomeric CBD lead to the brightest of our variants, designated Wisconsin infrared phytofluor (Wi-Phy).
Removal of technetium from Hanford tank waste supernates

Abstract SuperLig® 639 ion exchange resin manufactured by IBC Technologies is currently being evaluated for technetium removal from Hanford tank‐waste supernates as part of the design for the U.S. Department of Energy/Office of River Protection Project—Waste Treatment Plant. Small‐scale testing of the SuperLig® 639 was performed with four Hanford tank‐waste supernates using a dual‐column configuration, each containing a 5‐mL resin bed. Two tank‐waste supernates exhibited a high fraction of nonextractable technetium (nonpertechnetate): AN‐102/C‐104 was 50% nonpertechnetate, and AP‐104 was 69% nonpertechnetate. The pertechnetate removal was excellent for all tested supernates, showing an average of 99% removal for supernates that were essentially all pertechnetate and >86% removal for supernates that contained a high fraction of nonpertechnetate. The column elution was effective using 65°C water, resulting in 99% elution on average within 16 bed volumes of eluant. This article is not subject to U.S. copyrig...
Full reconstruction of Markov models on evolutionary trees: Identifiability and consistency

A Markov model of evolution of characters on a phylogenetic tree consists of a tree topology together with a specification of probability transition matrices on the edges of the tree. Previous work has shown that, under mild conditions, the tree topology may be reconstructed, in the sense that the topology is identifiable from knowledge of the joint distribution of character states at pairs of terminal nodes of the tree. Also, the method of maximum likelihood is statistically consistent for inferring the tree topology. In this article we answer the analogous questions for reconstructing the full model, including the edge transition matrices. Under mild conditions, such full reconstruction is achievable, not by using pairs of terminal nodes, but rather by using triples of terminal nodes. The identifiability result generalizes previous results that were restricted either to characters having two states or to transition matrices having special structure. The proof develops matrix relationships that may be exploited to identify the model. We also use the identifiability result to prove that the method of maximum likelihood is consistent for reconstructing the full model.
Building a highly consumable semantic model for smarter cities

Despite enormous progress made in reconciling and simplifying semantic standards, industry-strength models are still few. In this work, we describe our challenges and approach in building semantic models for consumption in assembling large IT solutions in cyber-physical (Smarter Cities) domains. The result, called SCRIBE, is a large-scale semantic model for Smarter Cities based on data gathered from cities worldwide. We will discuss the design tradeoffs, designer/user experience, and some of the pragmatic challenges related to a model that integrates large, complex, heterogeneous data sources.
Experience Sharing on SOA Based Heterogeneous Systems Integration

More and more enterprises are realizing that SOA is a reality than a myth. Information system landscape of most enterprises is heterogeneous in nature and comprises of a combination of legacy and modern systems. In many cases, applications with in an IT landscape might not be able to communicate or share data among themselves due to lack of common standards. In order to address this interoperability problem, an SOA based integration approach can be adopted. To adopt SOA in an enterprise, IT requires intelligent service infrastructure that drives and simplifies service reuse and delivers reliable integration across an inherently heterogeneous, multi- vendor computing landscape. This abstract discusses an open standards based reengineered solution employing SOA principles and deployed on a SOA infrastructure for service provisioning business process of a major telecom provider. The solution addressed the complex integration requirements that existed in the customer's IT environment standards.
Thermopower of Cuprate Superconductors under Hydrostatic Pressure.

Measurements of thermopower versus temperature under hydrostatic pressure are reported for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ having no charge reservoir and the underdoped ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$, which we demonstrate to have a pressure-induced electron transfer from the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets to the $\mathrm{Cu}(1){\mathrm{O}}_{1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ reservoir planes. The ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets exhibit a thermopower $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}+\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ in which $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ at room temperature decreases with increasing hole concentration, and $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ is an enhancement having a maximum at ${T}_{\mathrm{max}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}100$--140 K. Correlation between ${\mathrm{dT}}_{c}/dP$ and $d(\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\alpha})/dP$ are discussed.
Development of Mathematical Tools to Determine Optimum Enclosure Designs for Controlling Electromagnetic Fields

Electromagnetic fields are present wherever sources of currents are found. Conventional shielding against these electromagnetic fields is accomplished by using com plete ferromagnetic enclosures. Maxwell's equations govern the phenomenon of electro magnetic fields in discontinuous media, and analytical solutions in the presence of enclo sures of arbitrary shapes are not available. Hence, Maxwell's equations are solved numerically using the finite element method in conjunction with the magnetic scalar potential approach. The test case for the verification of the numerical code is a long cylin drical ferromagnetic shell placed in a transverse uniform magnetic field for which an ana lytical solution is derived here. The comparison of analytical and numerical solutions vali dates the accuracy of the numerical code. As expected the magnetic field inside the complete enclosure varies inversely to the relative permeability of the enclosure. Using this approach, enclosures of different shapes can be designed.
The effect of major depression on preventive care and quality of life among adults with diabetes

Abstract Objective To examine the association between major depression and preventive care practices and quality-of-life indices among adults with diabetes. Methods Data from 16,754 participants with diabetes in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were examined. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between the presence of major depression and a range of (1) preventive care behaviors and (2) quality-of-life indices, after accounting for relevant covariates. Results With regard to preventive care practices, women with major depression were less likely to have received a mammogram in the past 2 years [OR 0.60 (95% CI 0.45–0.79) for women age 40 years and older and OR 0.52 (95% CI 0.37–0.71) for women age 50 and older] relative to their counterparts without major depression. With regard to quality-of-life indices, individuals with major depression were less likely to perceive their health as good [OR 0.24 (95% CI 0.19–0.31)], to report being satisfied with life [OR 0.10 (95% CI 0.07–0.14)] and to report receiving needed social support [OR 0.29 (95% CI 0.22–0.38)] relative to individuals without major depression. Individuals with major depression were also more likely to report one or more poor physical and poor mental health days in the past 30 days [OR 4.36 (95% CI 3.33–5.72) and OR 9.77 (95% CI 7.81–12.22), respectively] than those without major depression. Conclusions Major depression in adults with diabetes is associated with decreases in a wide range of quality-of-life indices as well as preventive self-care practices that were not entirely limited to diabetes-specific disease management.
58 NEONATAL HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME: LONG-TERM BENEFIT OF PARTIAL PLASMA EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

58 NEONATAL HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME: LONG-TERM BENEFIT OF PARTIAL PLASMA EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
Differences Between Third and Fourth Generation Programmers: A Human Factor Analysis

The use of nonprocedural fourth generation languages created a revolution in the manner in which computer-based information systems are being constructed. These languages are being used extensively by end-users and by programmers in end-user departments. They are being also used, to a less extent, by traditional programmers whose major computing environment is the mainframe. Programmers' performance is a function of two major groups of variables: those that are related to the person his/her attributes and those related to the environment. This paper reports the results of a study that compared the attributes of programmers in a large centralized third generation mainframe environment to the attributes of fourth generation programmers in the same company. Significant differences were detected. Based on this finding, this paper suggests a procedure for matching an individual's attributes with the characteristics of different software environments.
Baseline Mechanical Characterization of J774 Macrophages

Macrophage cell lines like J774 cells are ideal model systems for establishing the biophysical foundations of autonomous deformation and motility of immune cells. To aid comparative studies on these and other types of motile cells, we report measurements of the cortical tension and cytoplasmic viscosity of J774 macrophages using micropipette aspiration. Passive J774 cells cultured in suspension exhibited a cortical resting tension of approximately 0.14 mN/m and a viscosity (at room temperature) of 0.93 kPa.s. Both values are about one order of magnitude higher than the respective values obtained for human neutrophils, lending support to the hypothesis that a tight balance between cortical tension and cytoplasmic viscosity is a physical prerequisite for eukaryotic cell motility. The relatively large stiffness of passive J774 cells contrasts with their capacity for a more than fivefold increase in apparent surface area during active deformation in phagocytosis. Scanning electron micrographs show how microscopic membrane wrinkles are smoothed out and recruited into the apparent surface area during phagocytosis of large targets.
Stabilization of trapped-ion instability in two-component torus

Abstract The trapped-ion instability in a two-component torus reported by Ohkawa and Bhadra is stabilized with an extremely small spread in the drift velocity.
The Modulation of Oxygen Radical Production by Nitric Oxide in Mitochondria

Biological systems that produce or are exposed to nitric oxide (NO⋅) exhibit changes in the rate of oxygen free radical production. Considering that mitochondria are the main intracellular source of oxygen radicals, and based on the recently documented production of NO⋅ by intact mitochondria, we investigated whether NO⋅, produced by the mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase, could affect the generation of oxygen radicals. Toward this end, changes in H2O2production by rat liver mitochondria were monitored at different rates of endogenous NO⋅ production. The observed changes in H2O2 production indicated that NO⋅affected the rate of oxygen radical production by modulating the rate of O2 consumption at the cytochrome oxidase level. This mechanism was supported by these three experimental proofs: 1) the reciprocal correlation between H2O2production and respiratory rates under different conditions of NO⋅ production; 2) the pattern of oxidized/reduced carriers in the presence of NO⋅, which pointed to cytochrome oxidase as the crossover point; and 3) the reversibility of these effects, evidenced in the presence of oxymyoglobin, which excluded a significant role for other NO⋅-derived species such as peroxynitrite. Other sources of H2O2 investigated, such as the aerobic formation of nitrosoglutathione and the GSH-mediated decay of nitrosoglutathione, were found quantitatively negligible compared with the total rate of H2O2 production.
Building Social Communication Skills in Head Start Children Using Storybooks: The Effects of Prompting on Social Interactions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a prompt versus no prompt condition in combination with a peer-directed intervention package that targeted children with low language or beh...
Use of a Novobiocin-Containing Medium for Isolation of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from Urine

The use of a novobiocin-containing medium provided little benefit over observable quantitative growth on blood agar in detecting Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine cultures.
Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs

This article is one of a series that reassesses the dhāraṇī texts of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The article seeks to examine dhāraṇī texts by using the linguistic tools of pragmatics, especially historical pragmatics, to assist the understanding of their statements. Rather than the meaning of the term dhāraṇī as a subject term, the domain of truth-conditional semantics, this paper examines statements in texts labelled dhāraṇī. Pragmatics examines meaning in context, and the categories of speech acts developed by Searle has been especially helpful in mapping out differences within such texts and the formalization of statements across texts. The grammaticalization of specific speech elements, especially interjections, in the context of mantra-dhāraṇīs is also discussed.