cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of carcass data in the study and management of African elephants: a modelling approach

Summary Due to their size, both live elephants and elephant carcasses can be counted with reasonable accuracy during aerial censuses of African savanna ecosystems. The carcass ratio [i.e. the proportion of dead to total (live plus dead) elephants seen from the air] can be computed from this data. A population model was used to investigate how elephant population trends are reflected in carcass numbers and carcass ratio patterns over a 15-year period under different scenarios. Two submodels separately tracked live and dead elephant numbers. The former comprised a variable projection matrix similar to previous models, while the latter was based on new analytical techniques derived from a review of recent work in the field of taphonomy. Results showed that carcass ratio patterns over time generated in the absence of human hunting are clearly distinguishable from those produced by hunting and, furthermore, that unselective and selective hunting patterns can produce carcass ratio patterns which are quite distinct. Although the efficiency of the model could be improved with better information on spatial and temporal variations in carcass decay and disappearance rates, the interpretation of carcass data using this type of model appears to offer the potential to provide considerable useful information to protected area managers. As a further step in evaluation, the model should be compared to an existing set of elephant population and carcass data. Resume En raison de leur taille, les elephants, vivants ou morts, peuvent etre denombres de facon raisonnablement fiable lors de recensements aeriens en ecosysteme de savane africane. Le ratio de carcases-c.a.d. le rapport d'animaux morts par rapport au total morts + vivants-vues d'avion peut etre extrait de ces donnees. On a utilise un modele de population pour rechercher comment la tendance evolutive de la population etait refletee par le nombre de carcasses et les schemas de ratios de carcasses sur une periode de 15 ans, selon sept scenarios. Deux sous-modeles recherchent separement les nombres d'elephants vivants et morts. Le premier comprenait une matrice de projection variable comparable aux modeles anterieurs, alors que le second se besait sur de nouvelles techniques analytiques derivees d'une revision d'un recent travail de terrain en taphonomie. Des resultats montrent que le scheama a long terme du ratio de carcasses existant en dehors de toute chasse par l'homme est tres different de celui releve quand il y a chasse et que de plus, les schemas peuvent etre assez differents selon que la chasse est selective ou non. Bien que l'efficacite du modele puisse etre amelioree avec de meilleures informations sur les variations du degre de decomposition et de disparition des carcasses, l'interpre-tation des donnees sur les carcasses d'apres ce type de modele, il semble permettre de retirer beaucoup d'informations utiles aux gestionnaires d'aires protegees. Une etape suivante dans l'evaluation serait de comparer ce modele a d'autres donnees sur une population existante et ses carcasses.
Tubule formation in rat brains by monkey kidney cells previously grown in vitro.

THE brain has been employed in this laboratory as a site for the transplantation of malignant cells from tissue culture to rat1, and such transplantations are proving useful for both oncological and virological investigations. On the assumption that this procedure may also provide a new approach for the study of the nature and mechanism of alterations occurring in cells grown in vitro it was decided to apply the procedure to normal monkey cells grown in tissue culture.
MESFET fabrication and hall mobility measurements in LPE-grown InxGa1−xP layers lattice-matched to GaAs

Abstract The procedure for the LPE growth of indium gallium phosphide layers lattice matched to (111)B and (100) semiinsulating gallium arsenide is presented. The growth uses a self correcting technique and a growth temperature of 748°C. The resulting layer thicknesses and surface morphologies are presented. The electron Hall mobilities were measured for these layers from 17°C to 245°C. The mobilities measured varied from 1500 cm 2 /v - s to 450 cm 2 /v - s decreasing at elevated temperatures. In addition the fabrication and demonstration of MESFETs in this material are reported.
Photoelectron Imaging and Spectroscopy of MI2- (M = Cs, Cu, Au): Evolution from Ionic to Covalent Bonding

We report a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of MI(2)(-) (M = Cs, Cu, Ag, Au) to explore the chemical bonding in the group IA and IB diiodide complexes. Both photoelectron imaging and low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy are applied to MI(2)(-) (M = Cs, Cu, Au), yielding vibrationally resolved spectra for CuI(2)(-) and AuI(2)(-) and accurate electron affinities, 4.52 ± 0.02, 4.256 ± 0.010, and 4.226 ± 0.010 eV for CsI(2), CuI(2), and AuI(2), respectively. Spin-orbit coupling is found to be important in all the diiodide complexes and ab initio calculations including spin-orbit effects allow quantitative assignments of the observed photoelectron spectra. A variety of chemical bonding analyses (charge population, bond order, and electron localization functions) have been carried out, revealing a gradual transition from the expected ionic behavior in CsI(2)(-) to relatively strong covalent bonding in AuI(2)(-). Both relativistic effects and electron correlation are shown to enhance the covalency in the gold diiodide complex.
The spherical components of ion-neutral interaction potentials fail to reproduce gaseous ion transport data

Abstract Spherical components of several potassium ion-small molecule interaction potentials, recently inferred from total cross sections measured in beam-scattering measurements, are used to compute the gaseous ion mobility and diffusion coefficients. Comparison with experimental transport data is used to show that these data are sensitive to the complete potential and to the effect of inelastic collisions.
Could organic matter have been preserved on Mars for 3.5 billion years

About 3.5 Gyr ago, when it is thought that Mars and earth had similar climates, biological evolution on earth had made considerable progress, such that life was abundant. It is therefore surmised that prior to this time period, the advent of chemical evolution and subsequent origin of life occurred on earth and may have occurred on Mars. Analysis for organic compounds in the soil buried beneath the Martian surface may yield useful information regarding the occurrence of chemical evolution and possibly biological evolution. Calculations based on the stability of amino acids lead to the conclusion that remnants of these compounds, if they existed on Mars 3.5 Gyr ago, might have been preserved buried beneath the surface oxidizing layer. For example, if phenylalanine, an amino acid of average stability, existed on Mars 3.5 Gyr ago, then 1.6 percent would remain buried today. Martian soil may exist from remnants of meteoritic and cometary bombardment, assuming that 1 percent of the organics survived impact.
Myeloid cells migrate in response to IL-24 ☆

IL-24 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 7 product) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that has been reported to possess anti-tumor activity. IL-24 is produced by immune tissues and its expression can be induced in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by pathogen-associated molecules. While immune cells are known to produce IL-24, the response of immune cells to IL-24 is unclear. Using recombinant human IL-24, we demonstrated that IL-24 induces human monocyte and neutrophil migration, in vitro. An in vivo chemotaxis model showed that IL-24 attracted CD11b positive myeloid cells. To further characterize the chemotactic IL-24 response and type(s) of receptor(s) utilized by IL-24, we treated monocytes with signaling pathway inhibitors. IL-24-induced migration was reduced by pertussis toxin treatment, thus implicating G-protein coupled receptors in this process. Additionally, MEK and JAK inhibitors markedly decreased monocyte migration toward IL-24. These results suggest that IL-24 activates several signaling cascades in immune cells eliciting migration of myeloid cells, which may contribute to the known anti-cancer effects of IL-24.
Evidence against involvement of the human erythrocyte plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase in Ca2+-dependent K+ transport.

Abstract Two tests were performed to assess the relationship between the Ca 2+ -activated K + channel and the Ca 2+ -pumping ATPase in human erythrocytes. Antibodies against the purified ATPase inhibited the ATPase in resealed erythrocytes, but had no effect on the K + channel (as assessed by Rb + efflux). Reconstituted liposomes containing the purified active Ca 2+ -pumping ATPase showed no Ca 2+ -activated Rb + influx. Both of these results suggest that some molecule other than the Ca + -ATPase is responsible for the K + channel.
FROM DUSK TILL DAWN: DIURNAL RHYTHM OF NEUROGENESIS IN LOBSTERS

![Figure][1] Life-long addition of neurons occurs in parts of the nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Although the functional meaning of adult neurogenesis is not known in most cases, there is considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms of adult neurogenesis, with
Synthesis of all-trans-[10′-3H]-8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid

The enzyme, 15,15′-β-carotene dioxygenase (BCDOX), facilitates the oxidation of β-carotene to yield retinal. This is a remarkable process in which one of 11 double bonds in β-carotene is selectively oxidized. To further probe the mechanistic aspects of BCDOX, the synthesis of all-trans-[10′-3H]-8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid is reported. This compound will be used as a photoaffinity labeling reagent to probe the β-carotene binding pocket within BCDOX. The synthesis outlines a simple and efficient route for the incorporation of tritium at the 10′ olefinic carbon of 8′-apo-β-carotenoic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of recombinant factor VIIa in US military casualties for a five-year period.

Abstract : Two prospective randomized trauma trials have shown recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) to be safe and to decrease transfusion requirements. rFVIIa is presently used in 22% of massively transfused civilian trauma patients. The US Military has used rFVIIa in combat trauma patients for five years, and two small studies of massively transfused patients described an association with improved outcomes. This study was undertaken to assess how deployed physicians are using rFVIIa and its impact on casualty outcomes. Methods: US combat casualties (n = 2,050) receiving any blood transfusion from 2003 to 2009 were reviewed to compare patients receiving rFVIIa (n = 506) with those who did not (n = 1,544). Propensity-score matching (primary analysis) and multivariable logistic regression were used to compare outcomes. Differences were determined at p less than 0.05. Results: Twenty-five percent of patients received rFVIIa. Significant differences were noted between groups in indices of injury severity (Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Scale score, and Glasgow Coma Scale score), admission physiology (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, base deficit, hemoglobin, and international normalization ratio), and use of blood products, indicating that patients treated with rFVIIa were more severely injured, in shock, and coagulopathic. For propensity-score matching, factors associated with death were used: Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, Hgb, and total packed red blood cell. A total of 266 patients per group were matched; 52% of the rFVIIa group. After pairing, there were no significant differences in any of the demographics, including incidence of massive transfusion (53% vs. 51%). There was no difference in the rate of complications (21% vs. 21%) or mortality (14% vs. 20%) for patients not treated or receiving rFVIIa, respectively.
Approximating MAP by Compensating for Structural Relaxations

We introduce a new perspective on approximations to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) task in probabilistic graphical models, that is based on simplifying a given instance, and then tightening the approximation. First, we start with a structural relaxation of the original model. We then infer from the relaxation its deficiencies, and compensate for them. This perspective allows us to identify two distinct classes of approximations. First, we find that max-product belief propagation can be viewed as a way to compensate for a relaxation, based on a particular idealized case for exactness. We identify a second approach to compensation that is based on a more refined idealized case, resulting in a new approximation with distinct properties. We go on to propose a new class of algorithms that, starting with a relaxation, iteratively yields tighter approximations.
Determination of Solubility of Polymorphs Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

In this paper, we present a technique for determining the solubility of both stable and metastable polymorphs. The technique was developed during a study of the thermodynamic relationships, between the polymorphic forms of carbamazepine (forms I and III), glycine (α and γ forms), and mefenamic acid (forms I and II), using a Mettler Toledo 822e differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The three systems under investigation were found to be enantiotropic with transition points at 78 °C (carbamazepine), 177 °C (glycine), and 86.6 °C (mefenamic acid). Solubility determination of the metastable polymorphic form of the systems was carried out by slow heating (0.08 K/min) of the sample, and using heat flow derivative curves, where the saturation point and hence the solubility at a known weight percentage are given by the peak of a heat flow curve.
Insights on the marine microbial nitrogen cycle from isotopic approaches to nitrification

The microbial nitrogen (N) cycle involves a variety of redox processes that control the availability and speciation of N in the environment and are involved with the production of nitrous oxide (N2O), a climatically important greenhouse gas. Isotopic measurements of ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and N2O can now be used to track the cycling of these compounds and to infer their sources and sinks, which has lead to new and exciting discoveries. For example, dual isotope measurements of NO3- and NO2- have shown that there is NO3- regeneration in the ocean’s euphotic zone, as well as in and around oxygen deficient zones, indicating that nitrification may play more roles in the ocean’s N cycle than generally thought. Likewise, the inverse isotope effect associated with NO2- oxidation yields unique information about the role of this process in NO2- cycling in the primary and secondary NO2- maxima. Finally, isotopic measurements of N2O in the ocean are indicative of an important role for nitrification in its production. These interpretations rely on knowledge of the isotope effects for the underlying microbial processes, in particular ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation. Here we review the isotope effects involved with the nitrification process, the insights provided by this information, and provide a prospectus for future work in this area.
Antenna’s effects on a MIMO radar for angle estimation: A Cramer-Rao lower bound analysis

The CRLB for the estimation of the targetpsilas direction is presented for a MIMO radar scheme. The parameters of a real antenna array is incorporated in the formulation. The CRLB is obtained by deriving the distribution of collected data at the receiving side followed by deriving the FIM. As an example, a 4-element linear DRA array is investigated in a MIMO-Radar context by quantitative exploring the CRLB for angle estimation.
Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand.

Objective. —To determine the sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in two cohorts of young men selected for military service in northern Thailand. Design. —Military conscripts were studied cross-sectionally after conscription in May 1991 and November 1991. Risk factors were assessed by interview with trained nonmilitary interviewers. Setting. —Two military training bases in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Participants. —A total of 2417 young men aged 19 to 23 years (mean age, 21 years) conscripted by lottery into military service in the Royal Thai Army or Royal Thai Air Force from six provinces in northern Thailand. Main Outcome Measures. —Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed by Western blot and univariate and multivariate analyses of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV seroprevalence. Results. —Overall, 289 (12.0%) of 2417 men were HIV-seropositive at baseline. The strongest associations with being HIV positive were heterosexual activities. History of sex with a female commercial sex worker (CSW) was frequent (96.5% of men who were HIV-positive and 79.0% of men who were HIV-negative) and strongly associated with HIV infection on univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60 to 2.07, depending on the frequency of CSW contact). Also, sexually transmitted diseases were common and associated with HIV infection in both univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted odds ratio, 3.36). Sex with other males and injection drug use were uncommon and not associated with HIV infection. Condom use was reported in 61.5% of men at last sex with a CSW but was not shown to be protective of prevalent HIV infection. Conclusion. —The epidemic of HIV infection has spread widely among young men in northern Thailand, despite reported frequent and recent use of condoms during sex with female CSWs. Control of HIV infection in this population will probably require more regular and effective use of condoms, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and reduction in the frequency of CSW contact. (JAMA. 1993;270:955-960)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Does Not Alter Taste Reactivity to Sucrose Conditioned to be Aversive

Glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) transection in rats is known to markedly reduce gaping, a stereotypical aversive oromotor behavior, in response to intraorally delivered quinine. In this experiment we tested whether GL transection would reduce gaping in response to an otherwise palatable stimulus (sucrose) but conditioned to be aversive. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with intraoral cannulae. Five received bilateral transection of the GL and five served as sham-operated controls. Water-deprived rats were presented with 0.3 M sucrose for 15 min immediately followed by an injection of 0.15 M LiCI on three occasions. Rats were then habituated to the taste reactivity chamber and intraoral fluid infusion for 3 days, and tested on day 4 with a 1 ml infusion (1 min) of 0.3 M sucrose. All rats drank negligible amounts of sucrose by the third conditioning session and there were no differences in sucrose intake between the groups. There were no significant differences in gapes, or any other measured oromotor response, to sucrose between GL-transected and sham-operated rats. These results show that the GL is not a necessary afferent limb for gaping in response to conditionally aversive taste compounds.
Cerebral metabolite abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus are associated with cortical and subcortical volumes

Cerebral metabolite disturbances occur among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people, and are thought to reflect neuropathology, including proinflammatory processes, and neuronal loss. HIV-associated cortical atrophy continues to occur, though its basis is not well understood, and the relationship of cerebral metabolic disturbance to structural brain abnormalities in HIV has not been well delineated. We hypothesized that metabolite disturbances would be associated with reduced cortical and subcortical volumes. Cerebral volumes were measured in 67 HIV-infected people, including 10 people with mild dementia (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] dimentia complex [ADC] stage >1) via automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure levels of cerebral metabolitesN-acetylaspartate (NAA),myo-inositol (MI), choline-containing compounds (Cho), glutamate/glutamine (Glx), and creatine (Cr) from three brain regions (frontal gray matter, frontal white matter, basal ganglia). Analyses were conducted to examine the associations between MRS and cerebral volumetric measures using both absolute and relative metabolite concentrations. NAA in the mid-frontal gray matter was most consistently associated with cortical (global, frontal, and parietal), ventricular, and caudate volumes based on analysis of absolute metabolite levels, whereas temporal lobe volume was associated with basal ganglia NAA and Glx, and Cho concentrations in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Hippocampal volume was associated with frontal white matter NAA, whereas thalamic volume was associated with both frontal white matter NAA and basal ganglia Glx. Analyses of relative metabolite concentrations (referenced to Cr) yielded weaker effects, although more metabolites were retained as significant predictors in the models than the analysis of absolute concentrations. These findings demonstrate that reduced cortical and subcortical volumes, which have been previously found to be linked to HIV status and history, are also strongly associated with the degree of cerebral metabolite disturbance observed via MRS. Reduced cortical and hippocampal volumes were most strongly associated with decreased NAA, though reduced Glx also tended to be associated with reduced cortical and subcortical volumes (caudate and thalamus) as well, suggesting both neuronal and glial disturbances. Interestingly, metabolite-volumetric relationships were not limited to the cortical region from which MRS was measured, possibly reflecting shared pathophysiological processes. The relationships between Cho and volumetric measures suggest a complicated relationship possibly related to the effects of inflammatory processes on brain volume. The findings demonstrate the relationship between MRI-derived measures of cerebral metabolite disturbances and structural brain integrity, which has implication in understanding HIV-associated neuropathological mechanisms.
Biocultural implications of oral pathology in an ancient Central California population.

Bioarchaeologists have long noted two unusual trends in the dentitions of prehistoric Native Californian populations: high rates of wear and low prevalence of caries. The Central California site of CA- CCO-548 offers a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between oral pathology and extreme den- tal wear in a large (n 5 480), ancient (4,300-3,100 BP), and temporally well-defined population sample. This study specifically examines three interrelated processes of the oral cavity in this population: dental wear, den- tal caries, and periodontal disease. The results show high levels of dental wear (average of 6.1, Smith sys- tem), low frequencies of carious lesions (2.5%), low fre- quencies of periodontal disease (17.8%), and high frequencies of periapical abscesses (10.7%). The patho- logical processes examined here have complicated mul- tifactorial etiologies. However, they all share the common primary etiological agents of facultative path- ogenic bacteria proliferation in the oral biofilm. Inte- gration of the current etiological explanations for infections of the oral cavity, information from the eth- nographic record pertaining to subsistence and activity patterns in Native Californian populations, and statis- tical analysis of specific disease and wear patterns leads to a novel explanation for the observed pattern of oral pathology in this population sample. Specifi- cally, the introduction of antibacterial compounds through dietary items and non-alimentary tooth use is suggested as the most likely explanation for the unusually low prevalence of dental caries and peri- odontal disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:171-188,
Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of Dictyocoela diporeiae n. sp. (Microsporidia), a parasite of Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea)

Dictyocoela diporeiae n. sp. is described from Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) collected from Lake Superior (USA), and its morphology and taxonomic affiliation are discussed. In hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections of infected amphipods, the microsporidian was observed to infect muscle tissue surrounding the ovaries. Melanized hemocytic encapsulations were often observed in or near masses of microsporidians. The microsporidians appeared as spores measuring 1.99 ± 0.09 μm long by 1.19 ± 0.05 μm wide. Each spore contained eight coils of isofilar polar filaments that were arranged in single ranks. Polar filaments measured 71 ± 3 nm in diameter. A prominent lamellar polaroplast composed of ordered concentric membranes was found at the apical end of the spore surrounding the polar filament. A distinct posterior vacuole was observed at the distal end of the spore. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16s RNA sequences showed that the microsporidian belongs to the genus Dictyocoela, and is most similar to D. berillonum, yet distinctly different. The species is new, based on its morphology, genetic sequence, host, and location within the host.
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and PI 4-kinase binding to the CD4-p56lck complex : the p56lck SH3 domain binds to PI 3-kinase but not PI 4-kinase

Abstract CD4 serves as a receptor for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and as a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral coat protein gp120. It is coupled to the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck, an interaction necessary for an optimal response of certain T cells to antigen. In addition to the protein-tyrosine kinase domain, p56lck possesses Src homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3) domains as well as a unique N-terminal region. The mechanism by which p56lck generates intracellular signals is unclear, although it has the potential to interact with various downstream molecules. One such downstream target is the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), which has been found to bind to activated pp60src and receptor-tyrosine kinases. In this study, we verified that PI 3-kinase associates with the CD4:p56lck complex as judged by the presence of PI 3-phosphate generated from anti-CD4 immunoprecipitates and detected by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. However, surprisingly, CD4-p56lck was also found to associate with another lipid kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI 4-kinase). The level of associated PI 4-kinase was generally higher than PI 3-kinase activity. HIV-1 gp120 and antibody-mediated cross-linking induced a 5- to 10-fold increase in the level of CD4-associated PI 4- and PI 3-kinases. The use of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins carrying Lck-SH2, Lck-SH3, and Lck-SH2/SH3 domains showed PI 3-kinase binding to the SH3 domain of p56lck, an interaction facilitated by the presence of an adjacent SH2 domain. PI 4-kinase bound to neither the SH2 nor the SH3 domain of p56lck. CD4-p56lck contributes PI 3- and PI 4-kinase to the activation process of T cells and may play a role in HIV-1-induced immune defects.
Bronchoscope reprocessing and infection prevention and control : bronchoscopy-specific guidelines are needed

Background: It has been recommended that bronchoscopists familiarize themselves with national recommendations for bronchoscope reprocessing practices, but the extent of guideline awareness is unclear. Methods: We distributed a survey to practicing bronchoscopists at two meetings. Questions addressed infection control issues related to bronchoscopy and specific reprocessing recommendations. Results: A total of 46 surveys were completed by medical directors of bronchoscopy suites (26%) and attending bronchoscopists (74%) who had graduated from medical school a median of 22 years ago and performed a median of 19 procedures per month. Sixty-five percent of respondents, including 55% of directors, were not familiar with national reprocessing recommendations, and 39% did not know the approach to reprocessing at their own institution. Respondents who did > 20 procedures per month trended toward being more likely to be aware of guidelines (54% vs 26%, p 0.09) and were less likely to answer “do not know” to more than one question about specific reprocessing details (25% vs 70%, p 0.003). Seventy-eight percent of respondents did not know local practices for at least one of the reprocessing details. Forty-six percent of respondents stated their institutions followed recommendations that records be kept of the specific bronchoscope used in each case. Conclusions: Many experienced bronchoscopists are unfamiliar with national guidelines and local practices related to bronchoscope reprocessing. Publication of bronchoscope-specific, comprehensive reprocessing guidelines in the pulmonary literature may help increase familiarity with this crucial process. (CHEST 2004; 125:307–314)
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI : IV. RELATED T BUT DISTINCT M ANTIGENS IN TYPES 15, 17, 19, 23, 30, AND IN TYPES 4, 24, 26, 28, 29, 46. IDENTIFICATION BY SLIDE AGGLUTINATION.

1. The occurrence of closely related T antigens in the series composed of types 15, 17, 19, 23, and 30 accounts for most of the cross reactions observed among these types. Similarly T antigens, unrelated to the first series but mutually related, occur in a second series comprising types 4, 24, 26, 28, 29, and 46. 2. Matt variants of each of the eleven types studied possess type-specific M antigens demonstrable either by precipitin or agglutinin reactions. 3. In seven of these types, strains have been encountered which do not possess the T antigen usually associated with the type in question. 4. Procedures are outlined in the appendix for preparing specific antisera for the classification of these types by the slide agglutination technique.
Expansion of the tunica albuginea during penile inflation in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Artificial inflation of corpora cavernosa from the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) showed that the expansion of the tunica albuginea during erection increases both components of flexural stiffness: the second moment of area and Young's modulus of elasticity. Folded tissue and crimped collagen fibers in the tunica albuginea permit its expansion during erection. As the tunica albuginea's radii increase in size, its second moment of area also increases. The crimped collagen fibers permit the flaccid tunica albuginea to expand to strains of 25 % longitudinally and 15 % circumferentially, after which tissue stiffness increases by 3-4 orders of magnitude. Radial expansion of the corpus cavernosum is limited by collagenous trabeculae. The trabeculae maintain the non-circular cross section of the corpus cavernosum during erection. Restricting expansion appears to protect the corpus spongiosum and urethra from occlusion, but has the side effect of reducing the potential flexural stiffness of the corpus cavernosum by reducing the second moment of area of the tunica albuginea.
Ecotoxicity Test Data for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil: Plants and Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates

ABSTRACT Ecotoxicity benchmarks for petroleum mixtures can be used in a screening-level ecological risk assessment. Data from studies evaluating the toxicity of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to plants and soil invertebrates were reviewed for possible application to soil benchmark development. Toxicity data included LOAECs; estimated EC25s, EC20s, and LC50s; effective concentrations that caused greater than a 20% level of effect; and NOAECs. The variabilities in petroleum material, chemical analytical methodology, age of hydrocarbon-soil contact, nutrient amendment, and measured effects levels did not permit much meaningful aggregation of the data. Tenth, twenty-fifth, and fiftieth percentiles of toxicity and no-effects data are presented for unaggregated results within studies. Effects on invertebrates often occurred at concentrations of TPH lower than those associated with effects on plants. Lighter mixtures generally were associated with lower ranges of effects concentrations than heavier crude oil...
Legal And Ethical Implications Of The Foreign Outsourcing Of Tax Return Preparation

In recent years, the outsourcing of tax preparation to foreign service providers has grown substantially. The benefits of outsourcing include lower costs and obtaining additional assistance during the busy tax season. However, some have raised both legal and ethical questions regarding this process. Arguments against the practice include problems related to ensuring confidentially of the information transmitted and the inability to adequately supervise personnel in foreign locations. This paper explores the legal concerns and ethical questions regarding outsourcing in light of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Internal Revenue Service requirements, and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant’s Code of Professional Conduct. In addition, the paper summarizes the most recent pronouncement of the AICPA on the subject.
Abstract 226: Elevated Brain MCP-1 Contributes to Neuroinflammation in Hypertension

Inflammation has been identified as a major contributor to hypertension, and increased inflammation is associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In this study we hypothesized that the activated RAS increases monocyte attractant protein (MCP)-1, which recruits immune cells (both resident microglia and circulating monocytes) to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN),contributing to the elevated sympathetic tone in hypertension. Treatment of primary neurons cultured from the hypothalamus of newborn SD rats with Ang II or prorenin significantly increased the levels of MCP-1 in the medium (Con: 58±7; Ang II: 191±18; prorenin: 213±23 ng/ml). To determine the effects of MCP-1 on the recruitment of resident microglia, we examined primary microglial migration using a cell migration kit. MCP-1 caused a dose-dependent (10-100 ng/ml) increase in microglial migration (Con: 0±2.9; MCP-1 at 10 ng/ml: 3.7±1.3; 50 ng/ml: 10.7±1.7; 100 ng/ml: 35.2±2.6; unit is arbitrary). In comparison to normotensive WKY rats, SHR exhibited significant increases in blood pressure (148±5 mmHg vs. 98±7 mmHg, n=5 each group). The levels of MCP-1 were dramatically increased in blood serum (77±3.6 vs. 30±0.5ng/ml), cerebrospinal fluid (18±0.9 vs. 3±0.3 ng/ml), and PVN tissues (35±0.5 vs. 4±0.4 ng/ml) of the SHR vs. WKY rats. Bone marrow-derived monocytes dissociated from the same animals were found to express high levels of CCR2 mRNA (4 fold greater in SHR vs. WKY rats), the primary receptor for MCP-1. To examine whether there was an effect of MCP-1 on monocyte recruitment, the ability of monocytes to elicit migration was compared in SHR and WKY rats. The results showed that the migration of WKY monocytes reached a plateau by 50 ng/ml MCP-1. In contrast, SHR monocytes were recruited by MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 ng/ml). At 100 ng/ml, MCP-1 was significantly more effective in recruiting monocytes from SHR than WKY (94±5 vs. 38±6; unit is arbitrary). In summary, these data suggest that RAS components can increase MCP-1 expression, which in turn recruits immune cells such as resident microglia and circulating monocytes. The present study suggests a potential mechanism by which inflammation contributes to hypertension in the presence of RAS activation.
Subcutaneous heparin for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis.

I read with great interest the article by Twilla and Mancell[1][1] on the use of insulin and heparin in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis. Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis in the United States and is associated with considerable morbidity.[2][2
Continuum Onset Parameter Based on Entropy Gradients Using Boltzmann's H-Theorem

In an eort to provide a means to quantify the validity and breakdown of the continuum equations of uid o w, we examine the concept of entropy generation. It is reasoned that since this quantity is fundamentally related to the physics of nonequilibrium it should provide a good tool for the examination of such phenomena. Furthermore, since one may formulate this parameter utilizing statistical mechanics and kinetic theory, there are no inherent mathematical limitations necessary in its calculation. We present an analysis based on statistical mechanics and kinetic theory which leads to a form of entropy generation rate in terms of energy distribution functions. This analysis is then applied to monatomic and diatomic molecules using the rigid-rotator and harmonic oscillator assumptions. A numerical procedure is presented which allows for computation of such values via DSMC. Results are presented for normal shock waves in argon at Mach numbers of 1.55, 5, and 10. These results are then compared to the entropy generation rate predicted via the one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for the same shocks. It is shown that the increase in entropy production entering the shock is predicted later by the Navier-Stokes equations than by DSMC, showing evidence that breakdown parameters based upon continuum data may fail to capture the initial nonequilibrium eects. The results also show at lower Mach numbers that the entropy production spike is on the order of the scatter in the DSMC data, which somewhat speaks to the ability of this parameter to characterize equilibrium onset.
Pathophysiologic differences in cerebral autoregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objective: To understand the physiologic basis of impaired cerebral autoregulation in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its relationship to neurologic outcomes. Methods: The cohort included 121 patients with nontraumatic SAH admitted to a neurointensive critical care unit from March 2010 to May 2015. Vasospasm was ascertained from digital subtraction angiography and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) was defined as new cerebral infarction on high-resolution CT. Cerebral blood flow and beat-by-beat pressure were recorded daily on days 2–4 after admission. Autoregulatory capacity was quantified from pressure flow relation via projection pursuit regression. The main outcome was early alterations in autoregulatory mechanisms as they relate to vasospasm and DCI. Results: Forty-three patients developed only vasospasm, 9 only DCI, and 14 both. Autoregulatory capacity correctly predicted DCI in 86% of training cohort patients, generalizing to 80% of the patients who were not included in the original model. Patients who developed DCI had a distinct autoregulatory profile compared to patients who did not develop secondary complications or those who developed only vasospasm. The rate of decrease in flow was significantly steeper in response to transient reductions in pressure. The rate of increase in flow was markedly lower, suggesting a diminished ability to increase flow despite transient increases in pressure. Conclusions: The extent and nature of impairment in autoregulation accurately predicts neurologic complications on an individual patient level, and suggests potentially differential impairments in underlying physiologic mechanisms. A better understanding of these can lead to targeted interventions to mitigate neurologic morbidity.
Detection method of 9 kinds of common trans fatty acids in dairy products

[Objective] To establish the determination method of 9 kinds of trans fatty acids content in dairy products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra-Mass Spectra(GC/MS/MS).[Methods]Fatty acids turned to its methyl esters by hydrolysis and methyl esterification with potassium hydroxide-methanol solution,then injected and analyzed by HP-88MS and GC/MS/MS.[Results] The instrument had high resolution,the RSD of precision was lower than 5%,and recoveries were 89.4%-97.7%,and its minimum detection limit could meet the requirements.[Conclusion]GC/MS/MS has more precise qualitative and quantitative function,it provide a better method for the determination of trans fatty acids content.
Monolithic Sol-gel Microchip Device for Efficient Isolation of Nucleic Acid From Clinical Samples

The feasibility of using monolithic sol-gels for micro-solid phase extraction (μSPE) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a microchip format is explored in this work. The monolithic sol-gel bed in a microchip allows efficient DNA purification and extraction with back pressures that are significantly lower than a particle-packed extraction bed. The applicability of the developed μSPE DNA extraction protocol to clinical samples, for example blood and serum, is successfully demonstrated.
The pharyngoesophageal closure mechanism: a manometric study.

The pharyngoesophageal high pressure zones of 18 human subjects were investigated using a special eight-lumen recording catheter whose lateral orifices were spaced at 45° intervals around the circumference of the catheter. In the body of the esophagus and in the pharynx, similar pressures were recorded from all orifices regardless of radial orientation. Within the high pressure zone, however, recorded pressure was strikingly related to orifice position. Greatest pressures (average 100 mm Hg) were recorded from orifices directed anteriorly and posteriorly, while least pressures (average 33 mm Hg) were detected by orifices pointing to the subjects’ right and left. In contrast, study of the anal sphincters of 5 subjects with the eight-lumen recording system revealed similar pressures regardless of orifice orientation. The results indicate that, whereas the anus is closed by an intrinsic, circular sphincter, pharyngoesophageal closure is achieved by a force not uniformly distributed about the circumference. The effect of an extrinsic structure, the cricopharyngeus muscle, best explains this finding.
Tax Avoidance — A Game for the Rich

Superstar Miss X is a nubile factor of production that has engaged in tax avoidance. She lived in Switzerland and worked elsewhere — Hollywood, London, Rome, and Budapest. Her dramatic abilities resulted in a magnificent income, nearly all from sources outside Switzerland. Because she was a Swiss resident, her income was not taxed in the United States or London or Italy. Swiss taxes on her income were much lower than US taxes would have been if she had lived in Hollywood, or than British taxes would have been if she lived in London.
New role of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in regulating metaplasia during tumorigenesis

Metaplasia is emerging as a key process in tumorigenesis. We discovered that 2 essential endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, 78-kilodalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and 94-kilodalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) have a role in metaplasia. Grp78 haploinsufficiency in the mouse pancreas impairs acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, whereas in the uterus, Grp94 loss induces squamous cell metaplasia; both resulting in tumor suppression.
Elevated native terrestrial snail abundance and diversity in association with an invasive understory shrub, Berberis thunbergii, in a North American deciduous forest

Abstract Invasive terrestrial plants often substantially reshape environments, yet how such invasions affect terrestrial snail assemblages remains understudied. We investigated how snail assemblages in deciduous forest soils with dense Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), an invasive shrub in eastern North America, differ from forest areas lacking the shrub. Leaf litter and soil samples were collected from forest patches with dense B. thunbergii understories and adjacent control areas within two exurban forest tracts in western Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Snails were identified to species and quantified by standard diversity metrics. Contrary to our expectations, snails were significantly more abundant and diverse in B. thunbergii-invaded areas. Despite differences in abundance, the snail community composition did not differ between invaded and control habitats. The terrestrial snail assemblage we observed, which was composed entirely of native species, appears to respond favorably to B. thunbergii invasion and therefore may not be negatively impacted by physicochemical changes to soils typically observed in association with the plant. Such findings could reflect the fact that B. thunbergii likely creates more favorable habitat for snails by creating cooler, more humid, and more alkaline soil environments. However, the snail assemblages we retrieved may consist mostly of species with high tolerance to environmental degradation due to a legacy of land use change and acid deposition in the region.
The Economic Condition at the Grassroots

The economic condition at the grassroots—the deterioration of the food supply in the cities, the beginning of famine in the countryside, Luddism, and the massive flight from the kolkhozes in 1936—provided an unfavorable background for the national discussion and for celebrating the achievements of socialism.
Deliberative Democracy, Public Work, and Civic Agency

This essay locates deliberation and deliberative theory as an important strand in a larger interdisciplinary and political movement, civic agency. The civic agency movement, and its related politics, a politics of civic empowerment, include a set of developing practices and concepts which enhance the capacities of diverse groups of people to work across differences to solve problems, create things of common value, and negotiate a shared democratic way of life. Stirrings of civic agency can be seen in many settings, including efforts to recover the civic purposes and revitalize the civic cultures of institutions such as schools and colleges.
Proton Relative Biological Effectiveness - Uncertainties and Opportunities.

Abstract Proton therapy treatments are prescribed using a biological effectiveness relative to photon therapy of 1.1, that is, proton beams are considered to be 10% more biologically effective. Deb...
Discovery of a recovering climax Acropora community in Kanton Lagoon in the remote Phoenix Islands Protected Area

A thermal stress that started in 2002 and peaked at 21 degree heating weeks resulted in near-100% mortality of corals in Kanton Lagoon. An expedition in 2015 documented a 52.8% recovery of hard corals in the lagoon. Despite temperatures reaching as high as 30.5°C there was almost no bleaching of Acropora stands within the lagoon, suggesting that recovering species are more resistant to thermal stress.
Military and Crime: A Systematic Review of the Literature

This study systematically analyzed the literature on the effects of military participation on later criminal behavior. When all studies were analyzed as a whole, the findings did not indicate a cle...
Connecting with Computer Science: Electronic Textile Portfolios as Ideational Identity Resources for High School Students

The development of student identities—their interests in computer science, perceptions of the discipline, and sense of belonging in the field—is critical for broadening participation of underrepresented groups in computing. This paper reports on the design of portfolios in which two classes of high school students reflected on the process of making electronic textile projects. We examine how students expressed self-authorship in relation to computer science and how the use of reflective portfolios shaped students’ perceptions of computer science. In the discussion we consider how reflective portfolios can serve as ideational resources for computer science identity construction.