cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal remote sensors trajectory planning for downscaling and assimilation problems

In this paper, our efforts focus on the downscaling problem in the framework of surface soil moisture. Our purpose is to introduce a new methodology to transform low-resolution remote sensing data (for example from a satellite) about soil moisture to higher resolution information that contains better information for use in hydrologic studies or water management decision making. Our goal is to obtain a high resolution data set with the help of a combination of ground measurements and low-altitude remote sensing (typically images obtained from a UAV). In the following, we first describe the methodology developed using only low-resolution information and ground truth. Then we introduce in two different way the optimal trajectories of remote sensors, first to solve the problem of maximum coverage knowing the location of ground measurements, then to solve the problem of optimal data assimilation to optimally improve the assimilation problem using remote sensors.
Frequency of HIV-Related Medication Errors and Associated Risk Factors in Hospitalized Patients

BACKGROUND:Retrospective studies of hospitalized HIV-infected patients have noted a high occurrence of drug-related errors, ranging from 5% to 30%.OBJECTIVE:To prospectively evaluate errors in antiretroviral (ARV) prescribing in the inpatient setting of a hospital tertiary care center and the association of risk factors with the occurrence of errors.METHODS:HIV-infected patients who received care and continued their ARVs for HIV infection on admission to a large academic teaching hospital between January and April 2006 were included in this study. The care and assessment of these patients was conducted on a daily basis by an infectious diseases/HIV specialized clinical pharmacist. All errors were documented and classified based on a severity scale.RESULTS:Among the 68 patients who met the study's eligibility criteria, at least one error in the initial HIV regimen occurred in 72% of patients, and in 56% of patients, the error had the potential to cause moderate-to-severe discomfort or clinical deterioratio...
Social Constructivism and the School Literacy Learning of Students of Diverse Backgrounds

This theoretical review builds on the idea that social constructivism offers implications for reshaping schooling in ways that may correct the gap between the literacy achievement of students of diverse backgrounds and that of mainstream students. A diverse social con-structivist perspective may encourage literacy educators to progress from a mainstream orientation toward a serious consideration of the significance of students' ethnicity, primary language, and social class to literacy learning. From a social constructivistperspective, 5 explanations for the literacy achievement gap appear plausible: linguistic differences, cultural differences, discrimination, inferior education, and rationales for schooling. Incorporating these 5 explanations and building on the work of Cummins (1986, 1994), a conceptual framework for addressing the literacy achievement gap is proposed. This framework suggests that the school literacy learning of students of diverse backgrounds will be improved as educators address the g...
The Maximal Length of a k-Separator Permutation

A permutation $\sigma\in S_n$ is a $k$-separator if all of its patterns of length $k$ are distinct. Let $F(k)$ denote the maximal length of a $k$-separator. Hegarty (2013) showed that $k+\left\lfloor\sqrt{2k-1}\right\rfloor-1\leq F(k)\leq k+\left\lfloor\sqrt{2k-3}\right\rfloor$, and conjectured that $F(k)=k+\left\lfloor\sqrt{2k-1}\right\rfloor-1$. This paper will strengthen the upper bound to prove the conjecture for all sufficiently large $k$ (in particular, for all $k\geq 320801$).
Corpus Luteum Function in Early Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The plasma levels of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and HCG were measured serially after the induction of ovulation by gonadotropins with resulting single pregnancies. The plasma steroid levels increased until peak concentrations were attained at 3–4 weeks of gestation; then both steroids declined at the same rate. The plasma progesterone level reached a nadir at 6–8 weeks, after which it increased again as a result of placental secretion. By contrast, plasma 17-OHP levels continued to decline until a level somewhat higher than normal luteal phase values was reached. Plasma HCG was increasing throughout the period that plasma progesterone and 17-OHP were declining. The data suggest that the corpus luteum of pregnancy functions maximally during the first 4 weeks following ovulation, and that its functional life span may be about 10 weeks. The lack of correlation between plasma HCG levels and steroid secretion raises important questions about the control of function of the corpus lut...
Hematocrit effects on blood flow in curved and straight artery models

The methods and results of a blood flow experiment using porcine blood at various hematocrits in oscillatory flow through a curved artery model are presented. Porcine blood, which models both the viscous and elastic components of human blood, was used to examine the relationship between hematocrit levels and shear stress patterns in a curved artery model under fixed oscillatory flow conditions. An increase in hematocrit caused a corresponding decrease in wall shear rate reversal on the inside wall of a curved tube. Peak wall shear rates increased as the hematocrit was increased. Wall shear rate sensitivity to blood rheology for a fixed flow condition is demonstrated. >
Price‐matching policy with imperfect information

The model of price-matching policy emphasizes on the importance of information imperfection. The demand is derived based on the assumptions that consumers have different reservation prices and different preferences over location. When a firm undercuts its competitor's price, it changes the demand structure of the market. The result shows that price-matching policies are anticompetitive, but they do not facilitate monopoly price. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of macrophyte-induced hypoxia on fish communities in lakes with altered hydrology

AbstractAltered flow regimes in lakes can change macrophyte habitats from dynamic, species-rich communities to dense, monotypic communities that can change the physicochemical environment available to fish. We tested whether fish community composition, fish density, fish species richness, and fish species diversity changed across a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO; mg/L) in dense stands of several macrophyte species that are commonly the target of macrophyte control efforts in Florida lakes. We sampled fish communities within growths of 5 emergent macrophyte species including cattail (Typha spp.), pickerelweed (Pontedaria cordata), smartweed (Polygonum spp.), torpedograss (Panicum repens), and water primrose (Ludwigia spp.) at lakes Kissimmee and Istokpoga, Florida. Fish communities were sampled using 3 different enclosure gears treated with rotenone, and DO was measured in mid-water column at each site. Macrophyte biomass and DO concentrations were inversely related. Poeciliids accounted for ...
Multiple Motor Learning Experiences Enhance Motor Adaptability

Traditional motor learning theory emphasizes that skill learning is specific to the context and task performed. Recent data suggest, however, that subjects exposed to a variety of motor learning paradigms may be able to acquire general, transferable knowledge about skill learning processes. I tested this idea by having subjects learn five different motor tasks, three that were similar to each other and two that were not related. A group of experimental subjects first performed a joystick-aiming task requiring adaptation to three different visuomotor rotations, with a return to the null conditions between each exposure. They then performed the same joystick-aiming task but had to adapt to a change in display gain instead of rotation. Lastly, the subjects used the joystick-aiming task to learn a repeating sequence of movements. Two groups of control subjects performed the same number of trials, but learned only the gain change or the movement sequence. Experimental subjects showed generalization of learning across the three visuomotor rotations. Experimental subjects also exhibited transfer of learning ability to the gain change and the movement sequence, resulting in faster learning than that seen in the control subjects. However, transient perturbations affected the movements of the experimental subjects to a greater extent than those of the control subjects. These data demonstrate that humans can acquire a general enhancement in motor skill learning capacity through experience, but it comes with a cost. Although movement becomes more adaptable following multiple learning experiences, it also becomes less stable to external perturbation.
A generic approach towards finite growth with examples of athlete's heart, cardiac dilation, and cardiac wall thickening

The objective of this work is to establish a generic continuum-based computational concept for finite growth of living biological tissues. The underlying idea is the introduction of an incompatible growth configuration which naturally introduces a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a growth part. The two major challenges of finite growth are the kinematic characterization of the growth tensor and the identification of mechanical driving forces for its evolution. Motivated by morphological changes in cell geometry, we illustrate a micromechani- cally motivated ansatz for the growth tensor for cardiac tissue that can capture both strain-driven ventricular dilation and stress-driven wall thickening. Guided by clinical observations, we explore three distinct pathophysiological cases: athlete's heart, cardiac dilation, and cardiac wall thickening. We demonstrate the computational solution of finite growth within a fully implicit incremental iterative Newton-Raphson based finite element solution scheme. The features of the proposed approach are illustrated and compared for the three different growth pathologies in terms of a generic bi-ventricular heart model.
Nursing Behavior in Mexican Free‐tailed Bat Maternity Colonies

The nursing behavior of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) was examined in two large maternity cave roosts during six nursing seasons. After depositing pups in large creches, adults return to these creches two or more times daily to nurse. Densities, movements, and roosting associations of pups in creches were documented, and a night-vision device and infrared-sensitive video system were used to observe female-pup reunions and nursing affiliations. Densities of young (< 15 d) pups in creches averaged 4000 pups/m2. Pups moved independently of one another between milk meals. Stable roosting associations among pups were absent, and females evidently could not predict where a given pup would be relocated. Upon returning to the creche, females searched for and relocated pups using vocal and olfactory cues. Experiments with marked individuals demonstrated that females nursed the same pups on subsequent nights. These same experiments indicated that female/pup recognition was mutual and that the pup participated in reunions by moving toward its putative mother. However, pups also attempted to suckle from other females and 35 instances of apparently successful milk “theft” were observed. Observed milk theft was insufficient to account for the frequency of alloparental nursing that was estimated independently using genotype tests. The high densities of bats within roosts and the lack of stable roosting associations among individuals argue against selection for shared nursing via kin selection and/or reciprocity. Errors in pup recognition, milk-dumping by females, and adoption by mothers whose own pup had died may occur, but high pup survival to weaning suggests that adoption is rare. The estimate of alloparental nursing obtained from genotype tests may be inflated as a result of increased opportunities for milk theft caused by our disturbance of adults. Current evidence suggests that energetic costs to females of alloparental nursing and searching for pups are compensated by mutualistic benefits obtained from aggregative roosting.
State Variation in Nursing Home Mortality Outcomes According to Do-Not-Resuscitate Status

Background. This study compares mortality outcomes of Medicaid-reimbursed nursing home residents with and without do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in two diverse states. Methods. We used 1994 Minimum Data Set Plus (MDS 1 ) information on 3215 nursing home residents from two states. We used Kaplan-Meier analyses to examine unadjusted mortality among those with and without DNR orders across states. We used a proportional hazard regression with main and interaction variables to model the likelihood of survival in the nursing home. Results. Approximately 27% of nursing home residents with DNR orders in State A die within the year, and approximately 40% of nursing home residents with DNR orders in State B die within the year. Regression results indicate that neither having a DNR order nor state of residence were independently associated with mortality. However, residing in State B and having a DNR order was associated with an increased risk of mortality compared with all others in the sample (risk ratio 5 1.73; 95% confidence interval 5 1.09, 2.75). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that DNR orders are associated with varying mortality across states. Future research is needed to identify the reasons why state level differences exist. ISCUSSIONS about end of life decisions, specifically the decision to implement a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order, are an important component of nursing home care.
Relationship Context and Intimate Partner Violence From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Abstract Purpose To assess changes in self-reported intimate partner violence (IPV) experience from adolescence through young adulthood. To examine whether individual change in indicators of relationship context—qualities and dynamics of the relationship, changes in partners, and relationship type (dating, cohabiting, and married)—were associated with change in self-reports of IPV. Methods Drawing on longitudinal population-based data, the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study, we used fixed-effects models to estimate within-person change in associations between features of respondents' intimate relationships and the proportion of relationships with IPV from adolescence through young adulthood. Analyses focused on 1,146 young men and women ages 13–29 years (51% female). Items measuring IPV were from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results More than half of respondents (53%) experienced discontinuity in IPV across relationships. Among those reporting violence, the vast majority (87%) did not experience violence in all of their relationships. Age-related patterns were similar for men and women with IPV peaking in young adulthood. Infidelity, frequency of disagreements, and partner continuity were associated with a higher proportion of relationships with IPV. Improvements in the nature and character of romantic relationships were associated with a lower accumulation of IPV experiences. Conclusions IPV, although prevalent, does not represent a consistent experience. As young adults develop higher quality relationships they move toward desistance from IPV. Yet, variability in these experiences is observed, supporting previous calls for programs that promote the development of healthy relationships among adolescents and young adults.
Tree community structure and changes from 1987 to 1999 in three Louisiana and three South Carolina forested wetlands

Paired plots were established across a soil moisture gradient (dry, periodically flooded, flooded) in three forested wetland watersheds in Louisiana and South Carolina, USA in 1986–1987. All trees greater than 10-cm diameter at breast height were tagged and measured annually through 1999 to determine density, basal area changes, ingrowth, and mortality. A greater number of tree species was found in South Carolina dry and periodically flooded sites than in Louisiana. Flooded sites in both states were dominated by water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). The overall trend in density in both states was flooded > periodically flooded > dry. From 1987 to 1999, density decreased in all of the Louisiana sites except one, while in South Carolina, density remained the same or increased in four of the sites and decreased in the other four. The greatest changes in density occurred in those sites where water-level changes were occurring and in areas where storm winds struck. Basal area in 1987 was similar in both states, ranging from 20.8 to 55.2 m2/ha in Louisiana and 24.0 to 49.5 m2/ha in South Carolina. Flooded sites had the greatest basal area, and periodically flooded and dry sites had similar basal areas. Mortality rates in Louisiana and South Carolina forested wetlands are typically low (around 2%/year) in areas that have not been altered hydrologically. Annual mortality in Louisiana plots with increased water levels rose from 4% in 1987 to 16% in 1997. Wind storm events significantly increased mortality rates, and mortality rates remained high for years after the event, as damaged trees died. Of special concern are areas like the Verret Basin site where the exotic, invasive species Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum) invaded after Hurricane Andrew and has the potential to become a dominant canopy tree in the future.
Nanoscale adsorbed structures as a robust approach for tailoring polymer film stability

The stability or wettability of thin polymer films on solids is of vital interest in traditional technologies as well as in new emerging nanotechnologies. We report here that nanoscale structures of polymer chains adsorbed onto a solid surface play a crucial role in the thermal stability of the film. In this study, polystyrene (PS) spin-cast films (20 nm in thickness) with eight different molecular weights prepared on silicon (Si) substrates were used as a model. When low molecular weight (Mw≤ 50 kDa) PS films were subjected to thermal annealing at temperatures far above the bulk glass transition temperature, dewetting occurred promptly, while high molecular weight (Mw≥ 123 kDa) PS films were stable for at least 6 weeks at 150 °C. We reveal a strong correlation between the film stability and the two different interfacial structures of the adsorbed polymer chains: their opposing wettability against chemically identical free polymer chains results in a wetting-dewetting transition at the adsorbed polymer-free polymer interface. This is a unique aspect of the stability of polymer thin films and may be generalizable to other polymer systems regardless of the magnitude of solid-polymer attractive interactions.
Measuring the Impact of Various Dispatching Procedures on Response Time, Backlog, Availability and Patient Care in an Urban Setting

A study conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology concluded that in a large city, a minimum of eight ambulances per 500,000 population was desirable to assure a reasonable response time. How does a large city with less than this suggested minimum make best use of its available ambulance units ? A three week study was conducted in New York City to examine the impact of various dispatching procedures on response time, “backlog”, availability of “back-up” units and patient care.
How do bisphosphonates affect fracture healing

Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been in use for many years for the treatment of osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease, as well as a variety of other diseases in which there is reduced bone mineral density. Given that bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption, an important stage of fracture healing; this class of compounds has been widely studied in preclinical models regarding their influence on fracture healing. In animal models, bisphosphonate treatment is associated with a larger fracture callus, coincident with a delay in remodeling from primary woven bone to lamellar bone, but there is no delay in formation of the fracture callus. In humans, de novo use of bisphosphonate therapy after fracture does not appear to have a significant effect on fracture healing. Rarely, patients with long term use of Bisphosphonates may develop an atypical fracture and delay in fracture healing has been observed. In summary, bisphosphonates appear safe for use in the setting of acute fracture management in the upper and lower extremity in humans. While much remains unknown about the effects on healing of long-term bisphosphonates, use prior to “typical” fracture, in the special case of atypical fracture, evidence suggests that bisphosphonates negatively influence healing.
Some Epidemiologic Applications of Kriging

Environmental epidemiology is the study of the association between exposure to environmental agents and the occurrence of disease. Exposure data typically are expensive and difficult to collect, and epidemiologists try to make efficient use of all available data. Nonetheless, quantification of exposure is often the weakest link in the investigation of the chain of causation, and exposure assessment is the area most subject to improvement. In this study, I try to improve the use of exposure data by exploring methods which may increase the statistical power of the epidemiologic assessment. Since many environmental exposures are coherent in space (e.g., a plume of polluted air downwind of a factory, a path of polluted water downstream from a discharge point), the application of geostatistics offers a wide range of opportunities for improving exposure models and providing more meaningful epidemiologic assessment. In this paper, I discuss two applications of kriging to epidemiology from a recent investigation of a cancer excess on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. I note at the outset that this study is mainly exploratory and, given the nature of the environmental monitoring data used, substantive results should be interpreted cautiously and viewed as suggestive at best.
Patterned soft-micropolyhedra by self-folding and molding

It is extremely challenging to mass-produce polymeric microstructures with patterns in all three dimensions (3D). In this paper, we describe a highly parallel strategy to create such patterned soft-micropolyhedra with a range of polymers and even live mammalian cell-laden hydrogels. Specifically, we first patterned metallic micropolyhedra using photolithography and capillary force assisted self-folding. Inverse molds were created in the elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); interestingly, the patterns were imprinted on the side walls of the molds. The molds were then filled with pre-polymers such as NOA73, PEGDA, and pNIPAM-AAc and cell-laden hydrogel solutions and cross-linked to form soft patterned micropolyhedra. Our results suggest that the combination of self-folding and molding could be used to create a variety of smart particles and building blocks with precisely patterned surfaces for applications in colloidal science, self-assembly, drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Daniel's Influence on an Image in Pericles and Sonnet 73: An Impresa of Destruction

The device of a down-turned torch in Pericles and a similar image in Sonnet 73 suggest the influence of Samuel Daniel on Shakespeare.' In Act I, scene ii of Pericles, there is a procession of six knights bearing heraldic devices on their shields. The device of the fourth knight indicates a source in some prose commentary by Samuel Daniel. This device is described by Thaisa and interpreted by Simonides:
Residual and Topical Toxicity of Various Insecticides to the Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Experiments were conducted to determine the relative toxicities of seven insecticides to adult and late instar lesser mealworms and to compare the residual activity of permethrin and carbaryl on polystyrene and unpainted plywood. In the residual activity tests, insecticide performance was altered by differences in formulation, surface type, and life stage of the insect. Wettable powder formulations were more effective on polystyrene than were emulsifiable concentrate formulations. Residual activity of permethrin and carbaryl was longer and more effective on polystyrene surfaces than on unpainted plywood. Tetrachlorvinphos WP (0.50% AI) gave excellent control on both surfaces. In the topical application experiments, permethrin, famphur, and tetrachlorvinphos were most toxic. Dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, carbaryl, and propoxur were more toxic to late instars than to adults. The reverse was true for malathion. Protection administered to polystyrene insulation by surface sprays may be nullified by the burrowing habits of the insect. Toxicity profiles of different mealworm populations may depend on different spray regimes within poultry houses.
Toxicity of Seven Insecticides to Malathion-Resistant Red Flour Beetles

Malathion-resistant adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were tested to determine their susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl, dichlorvos, naled, methamidophos, acephate, bufencarb, and permethrin. Cross resistance was not detected to any of the insecticides at the LD50 level, and only low levels of cross resistance were observed to acephate and naled at the LD50 level. All 7 insecticides were as toxic to the resistant strain as they were to the susceptible strain. Bufencarb, which was the least toxic, was 7× and 56× more toxic at the LD50 and LD95 levels, respectively, to the malathion-resistant strain than to the susceptible strain. Pirimiphos-methyl was the most toxic to both the susceptible and resistant strains and was more toxic than malathion.
Ankyloglossia and the Breastfeeding Infant: Assessment and Intervention

Background Our current culture defines breastfeeding and the use of human breast milk as the preferred criterion standard for infant nutrition. Medical and health professionals have a responsibility to support breastfeeding in the mother-infant dyad. This includes the recognition of anatomical barriers to breastfeeding such as a tongue-tie, ankyloglossia. Purpose The purpose of this article is to enrich and expand the clinical knowledge of health professionals about the physical assessment of ankyloglossia and its impact on breastfeeding. Techniques for assessing anterior and posterior ankyloglossia and interventions across the spectrum are discussed. We also explore maternal emotional experiences of breastfeeding an infant with ankyloglossia. Methods/search strategy A systematic literature search from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was performed. The search results consisted of qualitative and quantitative studies performed involving infants with anykloglossia and breastfeeding experiences. Data and findings from the search results were analyzed and reviewed. Findings Ankyloglossia, commonly referred to as tongue-tied, can result in weight loss, painful breastfeeding, and a cessation of breastfeeding prematurely. Depending on severity, interventions to alleviate breastfeeding difficulties can range from a lactation consultation to surgical intervention. The options for treatment and intervention must be discussed thoroughly with caregivers. Implications for practice Thorough assessment of the breastfeeding dyad is essential to discovering ankyloglossia and its role in breastfeeding difficulties. Intervening appropriately can prevent negative outcomes associated with ankyloglossia and breastfeeding. Implications for research Future studies should be focused on developing universal tools for grading ankyloglossia and the effects of ankyloglossia on speech development. There is also a gap in the knowledge regarding ankyloglossia in the preterm infant and its impact on developing breast and bottle-feeding technique in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Notes on the Mammals of Jackson County, Indiana

When Lyon published his mammals of Indiana (Amer. Midl. Nat., 17: 1-384, 1936), Jackson County was represented by only a single specimen ( Cryptotis parva ) and a few sight records, despite its location in a taxonomically important part of the State. Mumford's residence in the county from June 7, 1952, until August 1, 1954, and occasional visits through April, 1955, gave opportunity for gathering additional data. Since other field work had priority, no intensive mammal survey could be attempted, but, as time permitted, collections and observations of mammals were made. Most trapping was conducted at the edge of the hill region near Freetown, with lesser amounts near Vallonia and Brownstown. Some selective trapping was done in small isolated habitats to capture species not found in other situations. Unfortunately, many habitats could not be adequately sampled. Handley identified the specimens, most of which are now in the United States National Museum (US). A few are in the Joseph Moore Museum, Earlham College (J); in the Chicago Natural History Museum (C); and in the private collections of Philip Kahl (K), Mumford (M), and Alex Walker (W). Handley also examined 704 mammal items from owl pellets gathered at Starve Hollow Lake and near Houston, three and one-half miles northwest of Freetown. Topography .—Jackson County, located within the unglaciated, hill region of south-central Indiana, is nearly rectangular, about 520 square miles in area, and varies from about 490 to 940 feet in elevation. The western and northwestern one-third of the county is rough and hilly, traversed by a series of northeast-southwest ridges. With the exception of the White and Muscatatuck River bottoms and scattered ridges and high “knobs” southeast of Brownstown, much of the remainder of the county is rolling. Most of the county is drained by the East Fork of the White River, a …
Migration and Bioenergetics of Flight in the Pacific Golden Plover

Many migratory birds undertake long-distance, nonstop flights over vast expanses of water. Such flights have attracted the attention of ornithologists for many years, but only recently have intensive attempts been made to understand related phenomena such as navigation and the energy requirements of migratory flight. The recent literature contains several reports of studies of lipid reserves in migrant passerines, and other papers have dealt with flight-distance estimates and flight-energy requirements. One of the earliest observational studies of long-distance migrants among shorebirds was that of Henshaw (1910) on the Pacific form of the Golden Plover, Pluvialis dominica fulva. Henshaw pointed out that these birds perform overwater flights of about 2400 miles between Hawaii and Alaska. We have had the opportunity in recent years to study this species on Wake Island, and in the present report attention is focused principally on the special energy requirements of the plovers migrating to and from this island. Wake Island is a coral and shell atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean (lat 190 17' N, long 1660 39' E). It consists of three small, contiguous islets arranged in a "V" shape atop the rim of an extinct volcano and encircling a triangular lagoon. The total land area of the atoll is less than three square miles; average elevation above sea level is 12 feet, the maximum elevation being 20 feet. The island is comparatively isolated, the nearest landfall being Taongi Atoll, 375 miles to the south. Eastward are Johnston Atoll (1600 miles) and Midway Atoll (1200 miles). To the west are Marcus Island (900 miles) and the Mariana Islands (1400 miles). Several species of migrating shorebirds stop on Wake Island, and some of these, especially the Golden Plover, winter on the island. During seven visits (ranging from 9 to 23 days each) between June 1963 and May 1965 we have observed the movements, numbers, and ecology of the migratory avifauna. Our objectives have been (1) to obtain data on migratory movements of the plovers, (2) to collect representative samples in different seasons for carcass analysis, (3) to relate molt and morphologic features to migratory movements, (4) to obtain basal rates of metabolism from captive plovers, and (5) to estimate flight-distance capabilities of plovers based upon our knowledge of lipid levels, flight speed, and basal rates of metabolism. Our samples, all collected in 1964, included 27 birds from April, 11 from August, and 12 from December. For details of the technique of carcass analysis, see Johnston (1962, 1964). Basal rates of metabolism were determined by measuring the oxygen consumption of two plovers netted on Wake Island and transported to our laboratories at the University of Florida. Oxygen consumption was measured with the use of a Beckman paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, model F3.
Reforming Solitary-Confinement Policy--Heeding a Presidential Call to Action.

The U.S. health professions can work with criminal justice policymakers to assess the risk of health-related harm underlying correctional practices such as solitary confinement. A compelling model for such a partnership exists in Norway.
Determination of phthalate esters in environmental water

Objective:To establish a method for determination of phthalate esters in environmental water by gas chromatography.Methods:Using all kinds of technique for the pretreatment of the water samples and phthalate esters were extracted and enriched,and separated by gas chromatography.Results:The six kinds of phthalate esters were absolutely separated.Determination limit was between 1.9 and 2.9 μg/L,the recoveries between 83.8% and 94.0% and RSD between 2.02% and 2.95%.Conclusion:The proposed method has been applied to the analysis of samples for the benzene series and samples can be separated better and quickly.
Study on the Reasonable Allocation of Human Resources in the area of Immunization Program Implementation

This is to understand the actual situation of human resources allocation in the area of immunization program implementation in Huizhou city and discuss the reasonability of human resources allocation. A survey on specific human resources allocation was conducted in 95 immunization outpatient clinics in Huizhou city. The results showed that there were great differences among various districts in service area coverage per person, immunization service frequency, and income in the area of immunization program implementation. The unreasonable allocation of limited resources may affect the implementation of immunization program in the city.
Single-Cell Imaging of Mechanotransduction in Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to chemical and mechanical microenvironment in vivo. In mechanotransduction, cells can sense and translate the extracellular mechanical cues into intracellular biochemical signals, to regulate cellular processes. This regulation is crucial for many physiological functions, such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival, as well as the progression of disease such as atherosclerosis. Here, we overview the current molecular understanding of mechanotransduction in ECs associated with atherosclerosis, especially those in response to physiological shear stress. The enabling technology of live-cell imaging has allowed the study of spatiotemporal molecular events and unprecedented understanding of intracellular signaling responses in mechanotransduction. Hence, we also introduce recent studies on mechanotransduction using single-cell imaging technologies.
Do calcium antagonists protect the human hypertensive kidney

The natural course of essential hypertension, and hypertension associated with advanced renal parenchymal disease, is characterized by a progressive deterioration of renal function. If calcium antagonists can control both systemic and glomerular hypertension, they may be able to attenuate this process. Short-term studies in our laboratory suggest that the calcium antagonists amlodipine, diltiazem, and nifedipine preserve and/or improve renal function; there were no adverse effects on glomerular filtration, effective renal plasma flow, and/or urinary protein excretion. However, long-term clinical trials are required to determine if the observed short-term renal responses are sustained and if calcium antagonists protect the human kidney from systemic and glomerular hypertension.
Asserting the Right to Be

The achievement of freedom throughout the Americas, however qualified, was very much a consequence of the myriad struggles of those of African descent. Their efforts would be supported by well-meaning whites and some indigenous groups. The American War of Independence and the French Revolution would contribute concepts and language to the struggle, but the enslaved did not need theoretical principles, developed to facilitate a breakaway republic in North America or to resolve class conflict in Europe, to know much more definitively than any enunciation of Enlightenment rationality could ever approximate, the depth of their anguish and yearning for deliverance. The fight against slavery would assume any number of shapes and was waged in a thousand theaters of war, both literal and figurative. Activities from large-scale revolt to marronage to absconding to work slowdowns to poisoning were employed throughout the period of legal enslavement. However, as the antislavery struggle progressed, it became clear that the African was not only combating a nefarious system of inequitable labor extraction but was also up against a force arguably even more insidious: the conviction that African ancestry was an immutable mark of inferiority. Slavery was to leave an indelible imprint upon the attitudes and opinions of all who lived in the Americas, particularly those of European ancestry, who by and large came to view Africans and their descendants as intellectually and morally deficient.
Financial Due Diligence in der Pre-Merger Phase

Grundsatzliche Bestandteile einer Financial Due Diligence (FDD) sind die Analysen der historischen Ertrags-, Finanz-, sowie der Vermogenslage. Typischerweise werden drei bis funf abgeschlossene Geschaftsjahre sowie das laufende Geschaftsjahr betrachtet. Im Fokus der Analysen stehen sowohl die Nachhaltigkeit der Ertrags- und Ergebnissituation, die Werthaltigkeit der Bilanzpositionen und die Hohe und der Zeitpunkt der Zahlungsstrome. Auf Basis historischer Zahlen und dokumentierter Annahmen gilt es, die zukunftige Geschaftsplanung des Zielunternehmens (ublicherweise zwei bis drei Geschaftsjahre) zu plausibilisieren. Das Zahlenwerk der Financial Due Diligence bildet in aller Regel die Grundlage fur die Post-Merger-Planung. Da trotz des verbreiteten FDD-Einsatzes noch immer zwischen ca. 60–90 % der Transaktionen nicht den angestrebten Wertbeitrag erzielen, sollte der klassische FDD-Zugang zum Zielunternehnmen um Post-Merger-Integration (PMI)-Aspekte erganzt werden. Findet der FDD-Prozess in enger Verzahnung mit der Post-Merger-Planung statt, konnen unrealistische Erwartungen zum zu erwartenden Wertbeitrag vermieden und der PMI-Prozess ohne die ublichen Reibungsverluste beim Ubergang vom Pre- zum Post-M&A-Prozess vorangetrieben werden.
Sources of comparative data used for chapter 5

(The Sources of comparative data used in chapter 5 are presented by geographic region; when author(s) provided data on trait(s) for more than one region, they are cited under the heading of multiple regions.) Multiple regions Carbonell, V.M. (1963). Variations in the frequency of shovel-shaped incisors in different populations. In Dental Anthropology, ed. D.R. Brothwell, pp. 211-34. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Hanihara, K. (1977). Dentition of the Ainu and the Australian aborigines. In Orofacial Growth and Development, eds. A.A. Dahlberg and T.M. Graber, pp. 195-200. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Hanihara, T. (1989). Affinities of the Philippine Negritos as viewed from dental characters: a preliminary report. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 97, 327-39. Harris, E.F. (1977). Anthropologic and Genetic Aspects of the Dental Morphology of Solomon Islanders, Melanesia. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe. Hellman, M. (1928). Racial characters in human dentition. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 67, 154-74. Hrdlicka, A. (1920). Shovel-shaped teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3, 429-65. Kanazawa, E., Sekikawa, M., Akai, J. and Ozaki, T. (1985). Allometric variation on cuspal areas of the lower first molar in three racial populations. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 93, 425-38. Kieser, J.A. and Becker, P.J. (1989). Correlations of dimensional and discrete dental traits in the post-canine and anterior dental segments. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 44, 101-3. Lavelle, C.L.B. (1971). Mandibular molar tooth configuration in different racial groups. Journal of Dental Research 50, 1353.
Calea Compliant Secure Voice Over IP System

Voice over IP is one of the fastest growing internet based application in today's networking world. As more and more enterprises are moving towards IP based voice network, security has become an important issue. The type of threats that voice traffic is exposed to is similar to those experienced by normal data traffic. However with voice traffic, the issues are much more complicated. While it is important to protect the voice packets from spoofing and eavesdropping, it is equally important that law enforcement agencies have access to these voice packets. With the recent terrorist attacks and increased threat to national security, law enforcement agencies require the ability to tap voice calls and screen them for information pertaining to national security. With the deployment of security mechanisms like encryption, it isl becoming harder for law enforcement agencies to decipher the information hidden in these IP packets related to voice calls. Hence, it is important that the security mechanism used in these voice calls be standardized. This would provide law enforcement agencies easier access to the information during crisis situations. In this paper, the authors propose a new security mechanism that will help law enforcement agencies in gathering information pertaining to national safety. Initial analysis carried out by the authors indicates that the overhead caused by the proposed protocol has a minimal effect on the voice communication performance.
Evaluation of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program for women with trauma-related problems: A pilot study

Abstract The current pilot study examined the acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of a brief web-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for the treatment of trauma-related psychological difficulties in interpersonal trauma survivors. Participants consisted of a community sample of adult women ( N =25) who endorsed one or more forms of lifetime interpersonal victimization, including childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, adult sexual victimization, and intimate partner violence. All participants received the six-session web-based ACT program delivered over a period of six weeks and were assessed before and after the intervention. Significant improvements were found from pre- to post-treatment on primary outcome measures including symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Increases in ACT knowledge and psychological flexibility were evidenced and psychological flexibility in turn was correlated with the primary outcome measures. Results provide preliminary support for the feasibility and usefulness of a web-based ACT approach for women survivors of interpersonal trauma.
Advanced Routing Protocols Configuration

This chapter digs deeper into the routing worlds and explains advanced configuration of routing protocols. The chapter starts by detailing multiple-area OSPF configuration with special implementation comments. The chapter also explains the configuration of MPLS static switching, BGP, and IS–IS protocols. Finally, load balancing configuration in different routing protocols is explained. This chapter includes six training scenarios.
The Negative Impact of the Misdiagnosis of Schizophrenia upon Patients, Their Families, and Their Caretakers

Functionally psychotic patients misdiagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder are most likely to suffer from an undiagnosed psychotic mood disorder or, in a few percent, an unrecognized organic psychosis (Chap. 14 ; Tables 14.1 and 14.2). In either situation, such patients receive substandard care with increased morbidity and mortality. Without a correct diagnosis of a mood disorder, patients are unlikely to receive first-line mood-stabilizing medications, i.e., lithium, valproic acid (Depakote), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Evaluation of Fully Implicit Runge Kutta Schemes for Unsteady Flow Calculations

This paper presents the formulation of a dual time stepping procedure to solve the equations of fully implicit Runge–Kutta schemes. In particular the method is applied to Gauss and Radau 2A schemes with either two or three stages. The schemes are tested for unsteady flows over a pitching airfoil modeled by both the Euler and the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations. It is concluded that the Radau 2A schemes are more robust and less computationally expensive because they require a much smaller number of inner iterations. Moreover these schemes seem to be competitive with alternative implicit schemes.
The Impact of Reported Beta-Lactam Allergy in Hospitalized Patients With Hematologic Malignancies Requiring Antibiotics

Background Patients hospitalized with hematologic malignancy are particularly vulnerable to infection. The impact of reported beta-lactam (BL) allergy in this population remains unknown. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of adult inpatients with hematologic malignancy admitted at 2 tertiary care hospitals from 2010 through 2015. The primary outcome was hospital length of stay (LOS) after administration of the first antibiotic. Secondary outcomes included readmission, mortality, complications, hospital charges, and antibiotic usage. Our goal was to define the impact of BL-only allergy (BLOA) label on clinical outcomes compared to those with no BL allergy (NBLA) in hematologic malignancy inpatients who required systemic antibiotics. Results In our cohort (n = 4671), 38.3% had leukemia, 4.9% had Hodgkin lymphoma, 36.1% had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 20.7% had multiple myeloma. Among patients, 35.1% reported antibiotic allergy, and 14.1% (n = 660) had BLOA (including 9.3% with penicillin-only allergy and 3.3% cephalosporin-only allergy). Patients with BLOA had longer median LOS compared to patients with NBLA (11.3 vs 7.6 days, P < .001), which remained significant after multivariable adjustment. Patients with BLOA also had significantly worse outcomes in terms of mortality rate at 30 days (7.6% vs 5.3%, P = .017) and 180 days (15.8% vs 12.2%, P = .013), 30-day readmission rate, Clostridium difficile rate, hospital charges ($223 046 vs $173 256, P < .001), antibiotic classes used, and antibiotic duration. Conclusions In hospitalized patients with hematologic malignancy, patients with reported BL allergy had worse clinical outcomes and higher healthcare cost than those without BL allergy label.