cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capital Mobility, Capital Controls, and Globalization in the Twenty-First Century

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of economic openness and increasing capital mobility on the economic growth. The author argues that "anti-globalization" views are based on incomplete evidence and tend to ignore important historical evidence. In the pare the author discusses the relationship between market-distortions and economic growth according to the economic theory. The author also deals with the debate on the "sequencing" of economic reforms and the effectiveness of controls on capital inflows based on the Chilean 1991-1998 experience.
Strategic human capital management in SMEs: An empirical study of entrepreneurial performance

How can human resource management (HRM) practices promote entrepreneurial performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)? This article discusses the association between human capital management (HCM) and other contemporary HRM practices and the ability of SMEs to be entrepreneurial. In a study of 99 SMEs, HRM practices that promote employee discretionary behavior, knowledge sharing, and organizational learning are found to be positively associated with entrepreneurial performance. Two contingencies are also identified for this relationship. First, the use of strategic HCM practices enhances the observed positive association. Second, these relationships are strongest for SMEs operating in high-technology industries. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical modeling demonstrates how multiple slow processes can provide adjustable control of islet bursting

Pancreatic islets exhibit bursting oscillations that give rise to oscillatory Ca2+ entry and insulin secretion from β-cells. These oscillations are driven by a slowly activating K+ current, Kslow, which is composed of two components: an ATP-sensitive K+ current and a Ca2+-activated K+ current through SK4 channels. Using a mathematical model of pancreatic β-cells, we analyze how the factors that comprise Kslow can contribute to bursting. We employ the dominance factor technique developed recently to do this and demonstrate that the contributions that the slow processes make to bursting are non-obvious and often counter-intuitive, and that their contributions vary with parameter values and are thus adjustable.
Cyberspatial Cognition and Individual Access to Information: The Behavioral Foundation of Cybergeography

In this paper I will examine individual access to information on the Internet through a cognitive^behavioral perspective. I argue that the objective structure of information resources in cyberspace is not helpful for understanding the experience of individual accessibility in cyberspace. Instead, cyberspatial cognition is crucial in constituting the effective cyber-environment and shaping human cyberspatial behavior. I propose a behavioral model of cyber-accessibility and examine how notions underlying conventional accessibility measures such as impedance and opportunity set can be extended for measuring individual cyber-accessibility. I argue that theories about spatial learning, cognitive mapping, and decisionmaking behavior are helpful for understanding individual cyberspatial behavior. This suggests that behavioral theories and models may provide a theoretical foundation for cybergeography.
Micro-aperture chip system for high-throughput immunomagnetic cell detection

We report a microchip system based on a combination of immunomagnetic separation and microfluidics for high-throughput detection of whole cells. In this system target cells bound to magnetic beads flow parallel to a microchip with flow rates of mLs/min. A magnetic field draws the bead-bound cells toward the microchip which contains apertures that allow passage of unbound beads while trapping the target cells. The cells can be analyzed clearly under a microscope and released from the chip for further analysis by removing the magnetic field. The system was characterized by detecting breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and lung cancer cells (A549) in culture media using anti-EpCAM conjugated magnetic beads. We were able to detect MCF-7 cells with > 90% yield using a flow rate of about 4 mL/min, and A549 cells with 78% yield with 1 mL/min. We also demonstrated high-throughput detection of cells with concentrations as low as 0.8 cells/mL in large sample volumes (12 mL). We expect this system to be useful in a wide variety of settings including detection of rare cells for clinical applications.
Rethinking the size of scientific specialties: correcting Price’s estimate

I aim to advance our understanding of the size of scientific specialties. Derek Price’s groundbreaking work has provided us with valuable conceptual tools and data for making progress on this issue. But, I argue that his estimate of 100 scientists per specialty is flawed. He fails to take into account the fact that the average publishing scientist publishes only 3.5 articles throughout her career. Hence, rather than consisting of 100 scientists, I have suggested that specialties are probably somewhat larger, perhaps somewhere between 250 and 600 scientists.
Potassium deprivation upregulates expression of renal basolateral Na+-HCO3 −cotransporter (NBC-1)

The purpose of the present experiments was to examine the effect of potassium deprivation on the expression of the renal basolateral Na+-HCO3 − cotransporter (NBC-1). Rats were placed on a K+-free ...
From Energy Flows to Purpose and Back

In earlier papers (e.g., Abbott 2010) I established a taxonomy of entities one of whose categories was the dynamic entities—those that depend on a continual flow of energy to persist. This paper explores some of the consequences of the existence of dynamic entities, including (a) how energy flows establish mechanisms within entities, (b) the functional consequences of those mechanisms, (c) how functions that enhance the likelihood that the entity will survive and reproduce appear to be purposes, and (d) how functionalities that serve the needs of one entity can become, in effect, specialized energy flows that can serve the needs of others.
Bid Week Shirts: Tees R Us

Taylor Taggart, a sales rep for Tees R Us, received earlier in the afternoon an inquiry and specifications for a rush order of T-shirts for Alpha Sigma Eta sorority, a regular customer of Tees R Us. Having now confirmed production availability and estimated costs, Taggart was prepared to return Darcy Elliot's phone call and hopefully close the deal -- there was more urgency than usual to secure contracts because the order volume had fallen below budget.
Visible-light OCT to quantify retinal oxygen metabolism(Conference Presentation)

We explored, both numerically and experimentally, whether OCT can be a good candidate to accurately measure retinal oxygen metabolism. We first used statistical methods to numerically simulate photon transport in the retina to mimic OCT working under different spectral ranges. Then we analyze accuracy of OCT oximetry subject to parameter variations such as vessel size, pigmentation, and oxygenation. We further developed an experimental OCT system based on the spectral range identified by our simulation work. We applied the newly developed OCT to measure both retinal hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) and retinal retinal flow. After obtaining the retinal sO2 and blood velocity, we further measured retinal vessel diameter and calculated the retinal oxygen metabolism rate (MRO2). To test the capability of our OCT, we imaged wild-type Long-Evans rats ventilated with both normal air and air mixtures with various oxygen concentrations. Our simulation suggested that OCT working within visible spectral range is able to provide accurate measurement of retinal MRO2 using inverse Fourier transform spectral reconstruction. We called this newly developed technology vis-OCT, and showed that vis-OCT was able to measure the sO2 value in every single major retinal vessel around the optical disk as well as in micro retinal vessels. When breathing normal air, the averaged sO2 in arterial and venous blood in Long-Evans rats was measured to be 95% and 72%, respectively. When we challenge the rats using air mixtures with different oxygen concentrations, vis-OCT measurement followed analytical models of retinal oxygen diffusion and pulse oximeter well.
Image Thresholding Method Based on Fuzzy Connectedness

This paper presents a novel thresholding algorithm, and proposes the definition of fuzzy connectedness. The algorithm uses image cut measure as the thresholding principle to distinguish an object from background. The weight matrices used in evaluating the image cut measure are based on the gray levels of an image, instead of the commonly used image pixels. For most images, the complexity of the algorithm can be reduced and the speed of the algorithm can be improved. Simulation results show that the algorithm can bring better segmentation effect compared with most other image thresholding methods.
Abstract A65: IACS-10759: A novel OXPHOS inhibitor that selectively kills tumors with metabolic vulnerabilities

Tumor cells normally depend on both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to provide the energy and macromolecule building blocks for rapid growth. Metabolic vulnerabilities caused by inactivation of glycolysis render tumor cells highly dependent on OXPHOS, and represent a therapeutic opportunity. Through an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign, we have identified IACS-10759 as a potent inhibitor of complex I of OXPHOS. IACS-10759 effectively inhibits ATP production and oxygen consumption in isolated mitochondria, and inhibits the conversion of NADH to NAD+ in immunoprecipitated complex I in low nM range. The exact subunit that IACS-10759 binds to is under investigation. Importantly, IACS-10759 is orally bioavailable with excellent physicochemical properties in preclinical species, and shows significant efficacy in multiple tumor indications both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, in a glycolysis-deficient xenograft model, IACS-10759 causes robust tumor regression, but has no effect in the same model when glycolysis is restored. In addition, in AML where tumor cells have been shown to be highly OXPHOS-dependent, IACS-10759 robustly suppresses cell growth and induces apoptosis in both primary AML samples and cell lines in vitro, but not in normal patient-derived bone marrow cells. Significantly, IACS-10759 extends median survival by over 50 days in an AML orthotopic xenograft model. Furthermore, IACS-10759 also shows selective efficacy in other cell line panels including pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer, and has synergism with glycolysis inhibitors. In light of these results, we are currently performing IND enabling studies for IACS-10759, with first-in-human studies targeted for fourth quarter of 2015. Citation Format: Marina Protopopova, Madhavi Bandi, Yuting Sun, Jennifer Bardenhagen, Christopher Bristow, Christopher Carroll, Edward Chang, Ningping Feng, Jason Gay, Mary Geck Do, Jennifer Greer, Marina Konopleva, Polina Matre, Zhijun Kang, Gang Liu, Florian Muller, Timothy Lofton, Timothy McAfoos, Melinda Smith, Jay Theroff, Jing Han, Yuanqing Wu, Lynda Chin, Giulio Draetta, Philip Jones, Carlo Toniatti, M. Emilia Di Francesco, Joseph R. Marszalek. IACS-10759: A novel OXPHOS inhibitor that selectively kills tumors with metabolic vulnerabilities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A65.
Evaluation of commercially available fluoride containing toothpastes

The role of fluorides in caries prevention has been well established in the epidemiological studies of fluoridated areas. Without water fluoridation, dentists in Taiwan face the challenge to optimize the use of other forms of fluoride products to reduce caries incidence. Toothpaste containing fluoride constitutes an effective and practical way of exposing teeth to fluoride on a regular basis. The present study evaluated 62 commercially available toothpaste products, of which 35 lacked a proper Chinese label and product information. Forty-one products contained fluorides which were sodium fluoride and/or sodium monofluorophosphate. Half of the children's toothpastes did not contain fluoride. The statement of CNS 439 only indicated that the fluoride concentration of the toothpaste was below 1000 ppm. More information about type of fluoride and its concentration must be provided for the user or dental professionals to make a proper selection. Parental supervision of their children's toothbrushing needs to be reinforced. Certain products used for dental hypersensitivity contained high concentrations of fluoride. Young children must be guarded from accidentally ingesting an overdose of fluoride.
Disorders of the nail unit

Nail disorders are often given little regard in clinical practice. The myriad relations between nail disease and other disease entities merits each practitioner's attention. Whether the cause is heritable, infectious, post-traumatic, environmental, neoplastic, biomechanical, or secondary to systemic disease, podiatrists are in a unique position to examine, properly diagnose, and treat nail disorders.
User Interface for Customizing Patents Search: An Exploratory Study

Prior art searching is a critical and knowledge-intensive step in the examination process of a patent application. Historically, the approach to automated prior art searching is to determine a few keywords from the patent application and, based on simple text frequency matching of these keywords, retrieve published applications and patents. Several emerging techniques show promise to increase the accuracy of automated searching, including analysis of: named entity extraction, explanations of how patents are classified, relationships between references cited by the examiner, weighing words found in some sections of the patent application differently than others, and lastly using the examiners’ domain knowledge such as synonyms. These techniques are explored in this study. Our approach is firstly, to design a user interface that leverages the above-mentioned processing techniques for the user and secondly, to provide visual cues that can guide examiner to fine tune search algorithms. The user interface displays a number of controls that affect the behavior of the underlying search algorithm—a tag cloud of the top keywords used to retrieve patents, sliders for weights on the different sections of a patent application (e.g., abstract, claims, title or specification), and a list of synonyms and stop-words. Users are provided with visual icons that give quick indication of the quality of the results, such as whether the results share a feature with the patent-at-issue, such as both citing to the same reference or having a common classification. This exploratory study shows results of seven variations of the search algorithm on a test corpus of 100500 patent documents.
Abstract P321: Hospital Angioplasty Volumes and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patient Admission Patterns: Improvement in Florida from 2001-2007

Background: The ACC/AHA guidelines recommend percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at high-volume centers with at least 400 procedures per year for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but fewer than 25% of acute care hospitals in the US are PCI capable. In Florida, a statewide system for regional STEMI patient care does not yet exist, but some local STEMI care coalitions have formed. We examined trends over time in the percent of STEMI patients admitted to hospitals categorized by PCI volume. Methods: Using comprehensive statewide hospital discharge data, we classified 191 acute care hospitals according to annual PCI volume: no PCI capability (n=90), low-volume (1-199 PCIs; n=33) medium volume (200-399 PCIs; n=4) and high-volume (400+ PCIs; n=64). Hospital classifications were specific for a 3-month time window; therefore a single hospital's category could vary over time. We determined the percent of STEMI patients treated at each type of hospital for the first and second half of each year from 2001-2007. Results: From early 2001 to late 2007, the percent of STEMI patients treated at non-PCI capable hospitals declined from 31.0 to 7.9%, while the proportion at high-volume PCI centers rose from 58.3 to 72.3%. Low- and medium-volume hospitals typically accounted for <15% of total patient volume but realized slight increases from 2001 to 2007. The percentage of STEMI patients seen at low-volume PCI hospitals rose from 6.6 to 8.7% from 2001-2007, and from 4.2% to 11.1% at medium-volume hospitals. No differences in the hospital admission trends were observed by race/ethnicity or gender. Conclusions: The pattern of STEMI care has changed substantially from 2001-2007 in Florida, with a greater proportion of patients seen at high-volume PCI hospitals and fewer than 10% admitted to non-PCI hospitals by 2007. These trends are likely due to implementation of STEMI protocols by many large emergency medical services (EMS) providers across the state and the positive impact of local STEMI care coalitions in some metropolitan areas. Further research is needed to determine if there has been increased STEMI patient awareness of the value of undergoing PCI at high-volume centers. A positive trend toward regionalized STEMI care appears to be in progress in Florida.
The Formation of Neural Connections II: Dendritic Development and the Establishment of Synaptic Connections

As noted in Chapter 6, the initial outgrowth of both axons and dendrites is apparently determined by factors that are intrinsic to the neuron. Very shortly after emerging from the cell body, axons reorient themselves based upon the tissue environment, responding exclusively to extrinsic influences. A useful generalization is that dendrites are less sensitive to the tissue environment and that many aspects of dendritic form are determined by factors that are intrinsic to the neurons. As will be seen, however, the relative role of intrinsic versus extrinsic influences in the further elaboration of the dendritic arbor is not clear-cut.
Abstract 292: Magnetic-based Multi-layer Microparticles for Stem Cell Isolation, Enrichment, and Detachment

Due to the extensive therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in regenerative medicine, various techniques have been developed to isolate and expand them ex vivo . Yet these methods are limited by the use of harmful chemicals and difficulty in ex vivo stem cell expansion. The aim of this research was to develop multi-layer microparticles (MLMPs) that can magnetically isolate EPCs without using Ficoll and harsh shear forces, provide sequential proliferating and differentiating growth factor release for stem cell enrichment, and detach cells in response to temperature changes without the use of chemicals such as Trypsin. MLMPs consisted of a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) core embedded with magnetic nanoparticles and the temperature-sensitive polymer (poly( N -isopropyl acrylamide-allylamine): PNIPAAm-AH) shell. MLMPs were formulated and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Studies to investigate growth factor release, optimization concentrations of MLMPs and antibodies as well as the time required for maximal cell isolation were also carried out. Finally, effects of MLMPs on the growth of isolated cells were studied. MLMPs had core-shell structure with spherical morphology of 50-75 μm, and their growth factors were released in a sequential manner required for cell proliferation and differentiation. EPCs successfully attached to the polymer surface, while maintaining their morphology as verified from staining and SEM. Moreover, 64% EPCs were isolated over a period of 2 hours with 1 mg/ml MLMPs conjugated with 3 μg/ml CD34 antibodies. Cells were successfully detached from the particle surface by lowering the surrounding temperature to room temperature for a short time. MLMPs loaded with growth factors show an enhanced cell growth compared to those of commercial beads. These results indicate that MLMPs might have a significant impact on cell isolation and expansion technologies.
A Review of the Value of Procalcitonin as a Marker of Infection.

Abstract Septicemia is a growing problem within the United States (US), which increases mortality and the cost of care. Procalcitonin is a pro-inflammatory marker that could be useful in the diagnosis of infection. In the past, procalcitonin levels have been evaluated to diagnose sepsis or guide antibiotic therapy, but it was not determined if it would differentiate between sepsis and other causes of inflammation. Studies reviewed here showed procalcitonin to be a useful biomarker as an indication of bacterial infection. Infections can be diagnosed earlier and managed appropriately to avoid progression to septicemia, reduce mortality, and overall medical costs.
Spinal cord injury.

The evaluation and treatment of spinal cord injury continues to evolve, enhanced by new imaging modalities. Their application in reference to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine is discussed. Treatment options, both conservative and surgical, are outlined.
Antibiotic-Resistant Environmental Bacteria and Their Role as Reservoirs in Disease

Antibiotic use has steadily increased since its introduction in the 1940s. This has led to millions of metric tons of antibiotics produced and used worldwide with contamination of both natural and man-made environments, as well as domestic and wild animals, man, and plants. This contamination has influenced the increase in antibiotic resistance over time. It is now recognized that a global “One Health” approach is needed to understand how antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes spread among and between animals, humans, and the environment. In this chapter, I will discuss specific examples of how environmental bacteria have played roles in the development of specific antibiotic resistance genes as well as their roles as reservoirs for these genes which have impacted the health of humans and animals globally.
Changes in Movements of Chinook Salmon between Lakes Huron and Michigan after Alewife Population Collapse

AbstractAlewives Alosa pseudoharengus are the preferred food of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Alewife populations collapsed in Lake Huron in 2003 but remained comparatively abundant in Lake Michigan. We analyzed capture locations of coded-wire-tagged Chinook Salmon before, during, and after Alewife collapse (1993–2014). We contrasted the pattern of tag recoveries for Chinook Salmon released at the Swan River in northern Lake Huron and Medusa Creek in northern Lake Michigan. We examined patterns during April–July, when Chinook Salmon were primarily occupied by feeding, and August–October, when the salmon were primarily occupied by spawning. We found evidence that Swan River fish shifted their feeding location from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan after the collapse. Over years, proportions of Swan River Chinook Salmon captured in Lake Michigan increased in correspondence with the Alewife decline in Lake Huron. Mean proportions of Swan River fish captured in Lake Michigan...
A Descriptive Analysis of Care Provided by Law Enforcement Prior to EMS Arrival in the United States.

Study Objectives Law enforcement is increasingly viewed as a key component in the out-of-hospital chain of survival, with expanded roles in cardiac arrest, narcotic overdose, and traumatic bleeding. Little is known about the nature of care provided by law enforcement prior to the arrival of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) assets. The purpose of the current study was to perform a descriptive analysis of events reported to a national EMS database. Methods This study was a descriptive analysis of the 2014 National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) public release research data set, containing EMS emergency response data from 41 states. Code E09_02 1200 specifically identifies care provided by law enforcement prior to EMS arrival. Results A total of 25,835,729 unique events were reported. Of events in which pre-arrival care was documented, 2.0% received prior aid by law enforcement. Patients receiving law enforcement care prior to EMS arrival were more likely to be younger (52.8 [SD=23.3] years versus 58.7 [SD=23.3] years), male (54.8% versus 46.7%), and white (80.3% versus 77.5%). Basic Life Support (BLS) EMS response was twice as likely in patients receiving prior aid by law enforcement. Multiple-casualty incidents were five times more likely with prior aid by law enforcement. Compared with prior aid by other services, law enforcement pre-arrival care was more likely with motor vehicle accidents, firearm assaults, knife assaults, blunt assaults, and drug overdoses, and less likely at falls and childbirths. Cardiac arrest was significantly more common in patients receiving prior aid by law enforcement (16.5% versus 2.6%). Tourniquet application and naloxone administration were more common in the law enforcement prior aid group. Conclusion Where noted, law enforcement pre-arrival care occurs in 2.0% of EMS patient encounters. The majority of cases involve cardiac arrest, motor vehicle accidents, and assaults. Better understanding of the nature of law enforcement care is required in order to identify potential barriers to care and to develop appropriate training and policy recommendations. Klassen AB , Core SB , Lohse CM , Sztajnkrycer MD . A descriptive analysis of care provided by law enforcement prior to EMS arrival in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(2):165-170.
Perspectives on the Wilderness Therapy Process and Its Relation to Outcome

This study examined the wilderness therapy process in order to better understand how the intervention effects change in problem behavior of adolescent clients. A review of literature reveals multiple definitions of wilderness therapy, numerous studies evaluating treatment outcomes, and a need to focus research on how the process facilitates change. This study investigated four established wilderness therapy programs using a multisite case study approach and a variety of qualitative data collection methods to carefully examine the wilderness therapy experience of 12 clients in four wilderness therapy programs. Findings indicate that physical exercise and hiking, primitive wilderness living, peer feedback facilitated by group counseling sessions, and the therapeutic relationship established with wilderness guides and therapists were key change agents for adolescents. These factors helped adolescents come to terms with their behavior and facilitated a desire to want to change for the better.
Insurance Price Volatility and Underwriting Cycles

This chapter reviews the literature on underwriting cycles and volatility in property-casualty insurance prices and profits. It provides a conceptual framework for assessing unexplained and possibly cyclical variation. It summarizes time series evidence of whether underwriting results follow a second-order autoregressive process and illustrates these findings using US property-casualty insurance market data during 1955–2009. The chapter then considers (1) evidence of whether underwriting results are stationary or cointegrated with macroeconomic factors, (2) theoretical and empirical work on the effects of shocks to capital on insurance supply, and (3) research on the extent and causes of price reductions during soft markets.
Clinical experience with CF-FUra.

Two trials of CF-FUra in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were performed, both using a 3 day loading dose and then weekly maintenance doses to minimize toxicity. The first trial used CF by IV infusion with constant dose of FUra 400 mg/m2, and the second trial used oral CF with escalating doses of FUra.
Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury resulting in permanent paralysis and loss of sensation may appear to many individuals as one of the most devastating experiences imaginable. Emptying one’s bladder with a catheter, using a wheelchair, having difficulty entering one’s home and public buildings, being unable to participate in enjoyed activities, and disrupted sexual expression may seem to the outsider a life not worth living. Yet the experience of most persons who live with spinal cord injury (SCI) is quite different. Advances in acute care and rehabilitation practices have reduced morbidity and mortality dramatically over the past 10 years (Brown, 1992; DeVivo, Stover, & Black, 1992). People who sustain SCI do live independent and fulfilling lives. The process by which they deal with disability-related limitations and attain a meaningful quality of life is the focus of this chapter.
"I Just Kept It to Myself": The Shaping of Latina Suicidality Through Gendered Oppression, Silence, and Violence

Suicide is a critical issue among Latina youth. In this study, we use family case analysis to explore how gendered oppression, silencing, and violence shape suicidal behaviors among a sample of Latina daughters (n = 10), and their parents. For comparison, we include family narratives from Latina adolescents with no histories of suicide attempts (n = 10). Results suggest how secrets and silence, as indicative of gendered oppression, may catalyze a suicide attempt. The risks are particularly salient when daughter and mother both have experienced violence that conflicts with gendered cultural scripts. Findings highlight the importance of parental engagement and exploration of histories of violence in the treatment of Latina suicide attempters. Future research should incorporate the risk factors of gendered oppression and violence to better understand the development of suicidality among Latina women.
Editorial Commentary: "A Rush of Blood From the Head"-Predicting and Preventing Cerebral Deoxygenation During Beach-Chair Shoulder Surgery.

Abstract Orthopaedic surgeons and anesthesiologists need to work together to avoid catastrophic cerebral ischemic injuries when surgery is performed with patients in the beach-chair position. Patient risk factors include body mass index but are not strongly predictive. Anesthetic management choices, such as regional anesthesia with sedation or normotensive general anesthesia with gradual and limited head elevation and hypercapnia, can significantly decrease the risk of cerebral deoxygenation.
Data-driven modeling of diabetes care teams using social network analysis

Objective We assess working relationships and collaborations within and between diabetes health care provider teams using social network analysis and a multi-scale community detection. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of claims data from a large employer over 2 years was performed. The study cohort contained 827 patients diagnosed with diabetes. The cohort received care from 2567 and 2541 health care providers in the first and second year, respectively. Social network analysis was used to identify networks of health care providers involved in the care of patients with diabetes. A multi-scale community detection was applied to the network to identify groups of health care providers more densely connected. Social network analysis metrics identified influential providers for the overall network and for each community of providers. Results Centrality measures identified medical laboratories and mail-order pharmacies as the central providers for the 2 years. Seventy-six percent of the detected communities included primary care physicians, and 97% of the communities included specialists. Pharmacists were detected as central providers in 24% of the communities. Discussion Social network analysis measures identified the central providers in the network of diabetes health care providers. These providers could be considered as influencers in the network that could enhance the implication of promotion programs through their access to a large number of patients and providers. Conclusion The proposed framework provides multi-scale metrics for assessing care team relationships. These metrics can be used by implementation experts to identify influential providers for care interventions and by health service researchers to determine impact of team relationships on patient outcomes.
Strongly-coupled aeroelastic free-vortex wake framework for floating offshore wind turbine rotors. Part 2: Application

Abstract This two-part paper presents the integration of the free-vortex wake method (FVM) with an aeroelastic framework suitable to model the rotor-wake interactions engendered by floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) rotors in operation. Part 1 of this paper introduces the numerical development and validation of an aeroelastic framework. Due to a lack of experimental aeroelastic benchmarks for FOWTs, a series of validation studies are conducted against the rotor aerodynamic and structural performance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference wind turbine. Part 2 of this paper focuses on the modeling and simulating different aeroelastic operational conditions of FOWTs. Numerical results of the current framework capture consistently the aerodynamic rotor performance, such as power, thrust, and torque of wave-induced pitching FOWTs. In addition, the presented aeroelastic framework yields additional information about the power, thrust, and torque fluctuations due to the out-of-phase blade passing frequency and corresponding blade deflections. The fidelity of the presented framework demonstrates, for the first time, an FVM-based aeroelastic method capable of carrying out investigations on rotor-wake interactions and relevant aeroelastic phenomena of FOWTs.
The quantity of unheated milk tolerated as a predictor of tolerance to baked milk.

BACKGROUND Tolerance of baked milk indicates a good prognosis in IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the predictors of baked milk tolerance, particularly the amount of milk tolerated in the first oral food challenge (OFC) test, in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. METHODS The study included 35 cases who were diagnosed with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy upon open OFC testing in the Pediatric Allergy Clinic. Four weeks after the diagnosis, skin prick test (SPT) and OFC were performed with baked milk. Cases who did and did not develop reactions during OFC with baked milk were compared regarding clinical and laboratory parameters. RESULTS Twelve cases (33.3%) did not develop a reaction during OFC with baked milk. Those who had low levels of casein sIgE, β-lactoglobulin sIgE, and β-lactoalbumin sIgE; small SPT wheal diameter for baked milk and β-lactoalbumin; and a large amount of unheated milk tolerated in the first OFC were found to be tolerant to baked milk (p < 0.05). For predicting baked milk tolerance, a cut-off level of the amount of unheated milk tolerated in OFC was calculated as 620 mg [with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.99) in ROC curve analysis]. CONCLUSIONS If a child with cow's milk allergy is able to tolerate more than 620 mg of milk protein during challenge with unheated milk, this may show that this child will tolerate baked milk, meaning that the child will be able to tolerate cow's milk in the future.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Marked Global Disparities in Fatalities According to Geographic Location and Universal Health Care

Since its outbreak, COVID-19 pandemic has been the biggest global concern with exponentially increasing number of cases and associated deaths across all habitable continents. Various countries around the world with their diverse health care systems, have responded to the pandemic in very distinctive ways. In this paper, we: compared COVID-19 mortality rates across global geographic regions; and assessed differences in COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) based on presence or absence of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). We found that as of May 6, 2020, Europe had experienced the highest CFR globally of 9.6%, followed by 5.9% in North America. Although the pandemic originated in Asia, the continent ranked second to the last in terms of CFR (3.5%). Countries with UHC had lower number of cases of 37.6%, but the CFR of countries with UHC was twice that of countries without UHC (10.5% versus 4.9%). In conclusion, UHC does not appear to protect against mortality in a pandemic environment such as with COVID-19.
Cannabis and the Impact on the Pediatric and Adolescent Population

Cannabis and Young Pediatric Exposures Adult recreational and medical use of marijuana and related products impacts the entire pediatric population. Exposures begin as early as the prenatal and postpartum time period, including pregnancy and breastfeeding exposures from both recreational and medical use to treat pregnancy-related conditions such as morning sickness, hyperemesis gravidarum, or postpartum pain, depression, or anxiety. Young children are subject to passive (secondhand) smoke exposures when caregivers use within the home or car environments. When marijuana products, such as edibles, are poorly stored, there are risks for unintentional ingestions leading to a spectrum of clinical symptoms. Marijuana is also used for medicinal indications in the pediatric population as in the adult population, with limited amount of evidenced-based literature to support its use. This chapter discussed the evidence behind marijuana exposures in young children.
History of Dual Diagnosis

Dual diagnosis, defined as the co-occurrence of intellectual disabilities (ID) and mental health issues and/or behavior problems, has undoubtedly been part of the human condition for many centuries. However, the scientific study of the field is of recent origins, dating to the 1960s. Research on many disorders used ID as a rule-out for the study of the condition. For example, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder was an example of this phenomenon. This chapter traces the early developments and steps that led to a professional awakening with respect to dual diagnosis. This field now represents a robust scientific discipline, which will be outlined in the remaining chapters of this volume.
Freemium Marketing: Use of Demand Side Research in Market Segmentation Strategy

Freemium business models are widely used, including by major companies such as Spotify, Pandora, SurveyMonkey, Dropbox and by many start-ups. They are very common in industry segments such as mobil...
Cross-Cultural Differences in the Presentation and Expression of OCD in Black Individuals: A Systematic Review

Abstract Previous research has examined the manifestation and symptomatology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and indicates the severity and expression of OCD symptoms are influenced by cross-cultural differences. Existing literature documents that OCD prevalence rates are similar across racial and ethnic groups, yet the presentation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among Black Americans remains understudied. When compared to White counterparts, prior research demonstrates that African Americans with OCD have greater contamination anxiety and concerns about animals. However, extant literature lacks clarity on whether these concerns are core features of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among African Americans with OCD, or if they are biological mechanisms in individuals with OCD. As a result, Black Americans are continually underrepresented in clinical research and treatment, experience higher discrimination levels, and have severe contamination/washing obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The underrepresentation of Black patients with OCD negatively impacts the ability to identify unique aspects of their clinical presentations and the development of culturally-specific treatments. Thus, this paper reviews culturally-specific expressions of OCD and examines sociocultural factors that impact the severity of this disorder in Black Americans. This paper also identifies how cultural differences in the presentation of OCD may increase misdiagnoses and barriers to treatment. Finally, it discusses clinical implications in diagnosis and treatment among Black Americans with OCD.
Algorithm-Based Meta-Analysis Reveals the Mechanistic Interaction of the Tumor Suppressor LIMD1 With Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the major type of lung cancer, which is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. LIMD1 was previously identified as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer, but their detailed interaction in this setting remains unclear. In this study, we have carried out multiple genome-wide bioinformatic analyses for a comprehensive understanding of LIMD1 in NSCLC, using various online algorithm platforms that have been built for mega databases derived from both clinical and cell line samples. Our results indicate that LIMD1 expression level is significantly downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in both lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), with a considerable contribution from its promoter methylation rather than its gene mutations. The Limd1 gene undergoes mutation only at a low rate in NSCLC (0.712%). We have further identified LIMD1-associated molecular signatures in NSCLC, including its natural antisense long non-coding RNA LIMD1-AS1 and a pool of membrane trafficking regulators. We have also identified a subgroup of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, especially neutrophils, whose tumor infiltration levels significantly correlate with LIMD1 level in both LUAD and LUSC. However, a significant correlation of LIMD1 with a subset of immune regulatory molecules, such as IL6R and TAP1, was only found in LUAD. Regarding the clinical outcomes, LIMD1 expression level only significantly correlates with the survival of LUAD (p 0.1) patients. These findings indicate that LIMD1 plays a survival role in LUAD patients at least by acting as an immune regulatory protein. To further understand the mechanisms underlying the tumor-suppressing function of LIMD1 in NSCLC, we show that LIMD1 downregulation remarkably correlates with the deregulation of multiple pathways that play decisive roles in the oncogenesis of NSCLC, especially those mediated by EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, Keap1, and p63, in both LUAD and LUSC, and those mediated by p53 and CDKN2A only in LUAD. This study has disclosed that LIMD1 can serve as a survival prognostic marker for LUAD patients and provides mechanistic insights into the interaction of LIMD1 with NSCLC, which provide valuable information for clinical applications.
Trends in Prevalence and Characteristics of Resolved and Current Hepatitis B Among US-Born Persons: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2018

Background After decades of decline, US acute hepatitis B incidence flattened since 2011. In persons aged ≥40 years and in jurisdictions affected by the opioid crisis, there is an increase in new cases. Data suggest new infections are occurring among US-born persons. Methods We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data during 2001-2018 to examine changes in total antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence in US-born persons. During 2013-2018, the distribution of characteristics was examined. Results During 2001-2006, 2007-2012, and 2013-2018, anti-HBc prevalence was 3.5%, 2.5%, and 2.6% among US-born persons, respectively. This corresponded to 5.7 (range, 4.8-6.6) million US-born persons with resolved or current HBV infection during 2013-2018, including 344 600 persons aged 6-29 years. The largest increase and highest prevalence was among persons who reported injection drug use (IDU), which increased from 35.3% during 2001-2006 to 58.4% during 2013-2018 (P = .07). Conclusions Anti-HBc prevalence among US-born persons remained flat during the most recent period, coinciding with a doubling of prevalence among persons reporting IDU. These data are consistent with acute hepatitis B surveillance trends, showing increasing incidence in subpopulations where prevention could be strengthened.Anti-HBc prevalence among US-born persons decreased from 2001-2006 to 2007-2012 and remained flat during 2013-2018, coinciding with a near doubling of prevalence among US-born persons reporting a history of injection drug use.
Extreme hyponatremia as a risk factor for early mortality after liver transplantation in the MELD-sodium era.

The impact of hyponatremia on waitlist and post-transplant outcomes following the implementation of MELD-Na-based liver allocation remains unclear. We investigated waitlist and postliver transplant (LT) outcomes in patients with hyponatremia before and after implementing MELD-Na-based allocation. Adult patients registered for a primary LT between 2009 and 2021 were identified in the OPTN/UNOS database. Two eras were defined; pre-MELD-Na and post-MELD-Na. Extreme hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium concentration ≤120 mEq/l. Ninety-day waitlist outcomes and post-LT survival were compared using Fine-Gray proportional hazard and mixed-effects Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 118 487 patients were eligible (n = 64 940: pre-MELD-Na; n = 53 547: post-MELD-Na). In the pre-MELD-Na era, extreme hyponatremia at listing was associated with an increased risk of 90-day waitlist mortality ([ref: 135-145] HR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.97-4.87; P < 0.001) and higher transplant probability (HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.38-2.01; P < 0.001). In the post-MELD-Na era, patients with extreme hyponatremia had a proportionally lower relative risk of waitlist mortality (HR: 2.27; 95% CI 1.60-3.23; P < 0.001) and proportionally higher transplant probability (HR: 2.12; 95% CI 1.76-2.55; P < 0.001) as patients with normal serum sodium levels (135-145). Extreme hyponatremia was associated with a higher risk of 90, 180, and 365-day post-LT survival compared to patients with normal serum sodium levels. With the introduction of MELD-Na-based allocation, waitlist outcomes have improved in patients with extreme hyponatremia but they continue to have worse short-term post-LT survival.
Integration of germline multigene panel testing into breast and gynecologic oncology clinics.

164Background: Germline genetic testing plays an important role in informing cancer screening and risk-reducing strategies, as well as treatment decisions with PARP inhibitors for BRCA-associated m...
Why Do the Poor Not Have a Constitutional Right to File Civil Claims in Courts Under Their First Amendment Right to Petition the Government for Redress of Grievances

Since 1963, the United States Supreme Court has recognized the constitutional right of entities and persons to pursue civil legal claims in American courts under the First Amendment right to petition government for redress of grievances. However, in a series of three cases decided by the Supreme Court in the early 1970’s - Boddie v. Connecticut, United States v. Kras and Ortwein v. Schwab - the Court inexplicably declined to address the appellants’ claims that they have a constitutional right to access the courts to seek resolution of their civil legal claims. In each of these three cases, the indigent appellants had been initially denied the right to pursue their civil legal claims because they could not afford to pay the applicable civil filing fees. As a result of the Supreme Court’s decisions in these three cases, some poor persons in America can constitutionally be denied access to American courts to pursue their civil legal claims if they cannot afford to pay the court filing fees. The author contends that all Americans, including the poor, have a constitutional right under the first Amendment right to petition government to seek redress of grievances, including the right to file civil legal claims in courts. Like the right to vote, the exercise of this First Amendment right should not be limited by a person’s financial inability to pay a government fee. When this First Amendment right is made available to all Americans regardless of their ability to pay court filing fees, then the poor will be able to access the judicial branches of government to seek redress of their grievances.
Regulatory Conflicts: International Tender and Exchange Offers in the 1990s

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the Banking and Finance Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Conflicts of Law Commons, Corporation and Enterprise Law Commons, Foreign Law Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Legislation Commons, Secured Transactions Commons, and the Securities Law Commons