cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Structures in Open Fluid Systems

In this chapter, an introduction into the analysis of structures in open fluid systems and their dynamics is given. In addition to presenting an overview over this area of research, we describe three particularly important approaches to a mathematical definition of the notion of a “structure”, and we discuss two examples of the application of these concepts from our own work. We also briefly review a number of important studies by other authors. Due to the vast amount of material that is available and constantly being added to in this field, this introduction necessarily has to be partial, and can only cover a small part of the activity that is centered around the study of flow structures.
The Ascendant Cycle of Cyber Crimes: An Ordeal for the Present Legal Framework

The ubiquitous expansion of the world wide web (www) and as predicted by Gordon Earle Moore – The Moore’s law technology has evidenced an exponential advancement globally leading to the escalation of innovative types of white collar crimes, in particular the web based. Also the web space is expanding exponentially with an unregulated upswing in web based business transactions and what not. Novel business formats and models are emerging at a drop of a hat and yet more are being explored and designed. From AirBnB, Amazon, Myntra to Zomato an endless list of website are witnessing a stupendous growth in E-biz, but always lurking in the digital world are dark net pilferers - the hackers, the phish-ers, site squatters and a host of other dark net denizens. These crimes are in the virtual world and as there are no physical boundaries that constrain the world wide web they have the potential to distress any person across the globe including even Hillary Clinton. Today cyber crime has turned into a career choice and the demographic of a representative cyber criminal is shifting swiftly from a geeky nerd to a conventional mafia gangster generally linked to money laundering, drug-trafficking and extortion etc. The present paper is a conceptual paper which endeavors to explain the challenges that confront the legal governance in the country.
Online Verification of Transactive Control for Commercial Buildings

Commercial buildings account for a significant portion of electrical energy demand in the United States. Thus, they serve as an ideal target for energy efficiency improvements, which can reduce congestion on the electrical grid and result in lower payments for building owners. One of the proposed approaches to improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings is transactive control, which allows system components to negotiate for resources within a market. The market is designed so that the control objective is met when components consume their allocation of energy. In this paper, a method is proposed to verify that the consumption of market participants matches their allocation. The method regards energy allocations at the beginning of market periods as predictions. Using collected measurements, actual consumption is then estimated at the end of the market period. Agreement between the predicted and estimated use indicates that the system component is behaving as expected. Initial results from the deployment of this verification method in a commercial building are reported, demonstrating the practicality and utility of the method.
Bevacizumab-associated intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with CNS malignancy: A single-center retrospective cohort study.

e13509Background: Gliomas are a known risk factor for the development of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) independent of therapies directed against them, with studies reporting an incidenc...
Recurrent network based planning and management of PV based islanded microgrid

Solar energy is an intermittent source and purely Photo-voltaic (PV) based, or PV and storage based microgrids require characterization and modelling of PV resources for an effective planning and effective operations. In this research work long-short term memory (LSTM) as a recurrent neural network model is created for forecasting the PV solar resources, in which can assist in quantifying PV generation in various time intervals (hourly, daily, weekly). PV based microgrids often experience expensive or inaccurate resources planning due to the lack of accurate forecasting tools. The proposed LSTM model is simulated based on a real-time basis and the results are analyzed for its impact on planning and operations, and compared with conventional models such as Support Vector Machines - Regression (SVR). Hence, this model can be integrated further with existing energy management (demand side) and monitoring systems to streamline microgrid operations in its entirety.
“Like, Share, Comment,” and Learn: Transformative Learning in Online Anti-Trump Resistance Communities:

This article explores adult participation in online social media resistance groups that formed after the 2016 U.S. presidential election (e.g., Indivisible), why individuals participate, and how th...
Intermediate Dynamics for Engineers: Newton-Euler and Lagrangian Mechanics

Suitable for both senior-level and first-year graduate courses, this fully revised edition provides a unique and systematic treatment of engineering dynamics that covers Newton–Euler and Lagrangian approaches. New to this edition are: two completely revised chapters on the constraints on, and potential energies for, rigid bodies, and the dynamics of systems of particles and rigid bodies; clearer discussion on coordinate singularities and their relation to mass matrices and configuration manifolds; additional discussion of contravariant basis vectors and dual Euler basis vectors, as well as related works in robotics; improved coverage of navigation equations; inclusion of a 350-page solutions manual for instructors, available online; a fully updated reference list. Numerous structured examples, discussion of various applications, and exercises covering a wide range of topics are included throughout, and source code for exercises, and simulations of systems are available online.
Desiring the Bomb: Communication, Psychoanalysis, and the Atomic Age

As depicted in the critically revered eighth episode of 2017’s Twin Peaks: The Return, the detonation of an atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, unleashes an inhuman evil upon the...
Overcoming challenges for achieving high in-situ training accuracy with emerging memories

Embedded artificial intelligence (AI) prefers the adaptive learning capability when deployed in the field, thus in- situ training on-chip is required. Emerging non-volatile memories (eNVMs) are of great interests serving as analog synapses in deep neural network (DNN) on-chip acceleration due to its multilevel programmability. However, the asymmetry/nonlinearity in the conductance tuning remains a grand challenge for achieving high in-situ training accuracy. In addition, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at the edge of the memory array introduces an additional challenge - quantization error for in-memory computing. In this work, we gain new insights and overcome these challenges through an algorithm-hardware co-optimization. We incorporate these hardware non-ideal effects into the DNN propagation and weight update steps. We evaluate on a VGG-like network for CIFAR-10 dataset, and we show that the asymmetry of the conductance tuning is no longer a limiting factor of in-situ training accuracy if exploiting adaptive "momentum" in the weight update rule. Even considering ADC quantization error, in-situ training accuracy could approach software baseline. Our results show much relaxed requirements that enable a variety of eNVMs for DNN acceleration on the embedded AI platforms.
A mixed-methods analysis of younger adults' perceptions of asthma, self-management, and preventive care: "This isn't helping me none"

BACKGROUND Young adults (ages 18-44) have increased emergency department use for asthma and poor adherence to medications. The objective of this mixed-methods study was to understand experiences with and approaches to managing asthma, of which little is known in this age group. METHODS Surveys (Asthma Control Questionnaire, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire) and 1:1 semi-structured interviews were used to explore experiences with asthma, symptoms, self-management behaviours, and relationship to asthma control and quality of life. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis techniques. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations were used to examine distributive characteristics and associations between variables. RESULTS Forty urban adults participated (mean age 32.7 ± 6.2, 1σ). Coughing was reported nearly 46% more often than wheezing, with 42.5% (17/40) coughing until the point of vomiting most days. Most participants delayed using medication for symptoms due to misperceptions about inhalers. Higher symptom frequency and worse asthma control were associated with greater use of non-pharmacologic symptom management strategies (r = 0.645, P < .001; r = 0.360, P = .022, respectively). Five themes were identified regarding young adults experiences with asthma: (1) having asthma means being limited and missing out on life; (2) health care for asthma is burdensome, and other things are more important; (3) there is not enough personal benefit in medical interactions to make preventive care worthwhile; (4) there are insufficient support and education about asthma for adults; and (5) people normalize chronic symptoms over time and find ways of coping that fit with their lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Young adults may tolerate symptoms without using quick-relief medication or seeking preventive care. Increasing engagement with preventive services will require decreasing perceived burdens and increasing the personal benefits of care. Evaluating for non-pharmacologic approaches to managing symptoms and asthma-related coughing may identify uncontrolled asthma. Enhanced training for clinicians in patient-centric asthma care may be needed.
“State ineffectiveness in deterring organized crime style homicide in Mexico: a vicious cycle”

Institutional weaknesses in the criminal justice system (limited court capacity and the increasingly sophisticated armament of splintering drug trafficking organizations) limit the effectivity of Mexican states to deter organized crime style homicide. Court capacity, expressed by increasing sentencing rates in states where the oral court system was institutionalized, remains insufficient against the post-2006 organized crime related homicide epidemic. The illegal arms market, combined with long-standing deficits in firepower between organized crime and municipal police forces, limit the state’s capacity to alter the arms balance toward policing forces. Taken together, limited court capacity and the tactical imbalance of weapons held by drug trafficking organizations create a vicious cycle which continually perpetuates state ineffectiveness to deter and punish organized crime style homicide.
Organic Carbon Dots for Mitigating Neurodegenerative Diseases

With the increase in the lifespan of individuals across the world, the frequency of neurodegenerative diseases is also increasing. The most common type of neurodegenerative diseases is Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) arising due to the progressive degeneration and destruction of the neuronal cells. This destruction either results in ataxia (e.g., PD) or develops into dementia (e.g., AD). The molecular outcomes of AD and PD include amyloid misfolding, oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, and impaired autophagic efflux. Although extensive research is going on in this area, the development of effective treatment for AD and PD is still a far-fetched dream. Recent studies have shown the effectiveness of carbon dots (CDs) in mitigating the oxidative stress and disrupting the protein aggregates. Therefore, this book chapter focuses on the ability of CDs as promising therapeutics to reduce the pathophysiological conditions arising from these neurodegenerative diseases.
Asthma biologic trial eligibility and real-world outcomes in the United States.

Objective: To compare the outcomes of real-world patients who would have been eligible for asthma biologics to those who would not have been eligible.Methods: We used data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse (OLDW) to categorize patients into eligible and ineligible groups based on clinical trials (n = 19 trials) used for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. We then compared the change in the number of asthma exacerbations before and after biologic initiation between the two groups.Results: The percentage of people who would have been eligible for asthma biologic clinical trials ranged from 0-10.2%. The eligible group had a greater reduction in number of asthma exacerbations compared to the ineligible group based on eligibility criteria from 1 omalizumab trial (1.52, 95% CI 1.25, 1.8 in eligible vs. 0.47, 95% CI 0.43, 0.52 in ineligible) and from 1 dupilumab trial (1.6, 95% CI 0.92, 2.28 in eligible vs. 0.52, 95% CI 0.38, 0.65 ineligible). Notably, 15 of the 19 trials had fewer than 11 eligible people, limiting additional comparisons.Conclusions: Fewer than 1 in 10 people in the United States treated with asthma biologics would have been eligible to participate in the trial for the biologic they used. Where comparisons could be made, trial eligible people have a greater reduction in exacerbations.
Fluoroscopic Evaluation of the Upper GI Tract and Small Bowel

Radiopaque enteric contrast material is commonly employed for radiographic visualization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Traditionally for the upper GI tract, a barium sulfate mixture is ingested and traced radiographically as it passes through the oropharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and more distal GI tract. When there is a concern of perforation or obstruction, water-soluble contrast may be used.
Early and often or too late and not enough

Van Overtveldt's “c” is no worse than other books at that stage – his fault lies in not having pursued the research technique he so obviously admires. As a result, his book was rejected by more than one academic publishing house (Van Overtveldt apparently did not use the critical comments provided to him by those referees to construct a worthwhile project).
A Candidate You Can Believe In? Voter Perceptions of Candidate Character in the 2008 Presidential Elections

This study examines voter perceptions of the character traits of the presidential candidates in 2008. We find that voters were influenced by their perceptions of these traits. We find that perceptions of optimism and leadership were quite important in 2008. Optimism has not been investigated very much by previous research, so these findings suggest that more work might be done on this trait. Overall, Obama did better than McCain on trait perceptions. In particular, McCain had only a slight lead on leadership, which normally is a trait that the Republican candidate has a big advantage on.
Abolition of Swarming of Proteus by p-Nitrophenyl Glycerin: General Properties

Para-nitrophenyl glycerin (PNPG) was shown to be an effective agent to abolish the swarming of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris on predried solid culture media. The level required to abolish swarming varied with the strain of Proteus, the components of the medium, and also with the conditions of incubation. Generally 0.1 to 0.2 mM PNPG effectively abolished swarming for at least 24 h with aerobic incubation. Levels of PNPG that abolished swarming showed no effect upon the growth of the cells, little or no effect upon the motility characteristics of the organisms, and no effect upon the cellular morphology. PNPG was found to be freely water soluble, stable to autoclaving, and to retain biological activity for at least one month in prepared culture media stored under refrigeration.
Optical limiting of silver-containing nanoparticles

Abstract Silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles in stabilized suspensions, prepared via a supercritical fluid processing technique under various conditions, were evaluated systematically for optical limiting toward the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. These nanoparticle samples had very different average particle sizes and size distributions, and their suspensions were protected by different stabilization agents. However, the results show that all these variables have little effect on the optical limiting performance of the nanoparticles, suggesting that the observed limiting responses are likely dominated by a nonlinear absorption mechanism. The implication of the performance stability demonstrated by these optical limiting nanomaterials to their potential applications is discussed.
Michael Faraday and his contribution to anesthesia.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was a protege of Humphry Davy. He became one of Davy's successors as Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Of Faraday's many brilliant discoveries in chemistry and physics, probably the best remembered today is his work on electromagnetic induction. Faraday's contribution to introduction of anesthesia was his published announcement in 1818 that inhalation of the vapor of ether produced the same effects on mentation and consciousness as the breathing of nitrous oxide. He most likely became familiar with the central nervous system effects of nitrous oxide through his association with Davy, an avid user of the gas. Sulfuric ether was a common, convenient, cheap, and easily available substance, in contrast to nitrous oxide, which required expensive, cumbersome, and probably not widely available apparatus for its production and administration. The capability for inhaling intoxicating vapors eventually became commonly available with the use of ether instead of the gas. The first surgical anesthetics were a consequence of the resulting student "ether frolics." The 1818 announcement on breathing ether vapor was published anonymously; however, notations in Faraday's handwriting in some of his personal books clearly establish Michael Faraday as the author of this brief communication.
Detecting Perched Water Bodies Using Surface Seismic Time-lapse Travel-time Tomography

Seismic timelapse methods have typically been constrained to large-scale geologic investigations associated with petroleum exploration and exploitation; however, there is growing interest in using geophysical methods for monitoring near-surface phenomena such as fluid flow in fractured or karstic geologic media, hydraulic infiltration, and near-surface anthropogenic manipulations during environmental remediation. To demonstrate additional utility of surface seismic time-lapse travel-time tomography for near-surface investigations, we monitored a site through time with the objective of attributing increases in seismic P-wave velocity with development of a perched water body in the vadose zone. Our study was conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, during a multi-disciplinary investigation on the fate and transport of contaminants. Seismic data are processed using a wavepath eikonal traveltime tomography approach, and a modified trend analysis technique is applied to remove the regional velocity component. The final ‘residual’ velocity anomaly images are compared to the wellbore hydrologic data and error analysis, and used to interpret the presence or absence of a perched water body. Our study suggests that velocity estimates, obtained from surface seismic traveltime methods, are effective for indicating spatial and temporal distribution of near-surface perched water bodies.
Clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging characteristics of systemic aspergillosis in 30 dogs.

Background: Systemic aspergillosis is a serious disease of dogs for which the clinical characteristics are poorly described. Objective: To describe the clinical and diagnostic imaging characteristics of dogs with systemic aspergillosis. Animals: Thirty dogs with systemic aspergillosis. Methods: Retrospective case review. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical features, and results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging. Diagnosis was confirmed by culture of Aspergillus terreus (n = 13), Aspergillus deflectus (n = 11), or other Aspergillus spp. (n = 6). Results: Compared with the background hospital population, German Shepherd dogs and female dogs were overrepresented (odds ratio [OR] 43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20–91, P < .0001, and OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–6.7, P= .02), respectively, with 20 of the 30 dogs being German Shepherd dogs and 77% (23 of 30) of the dogs being female. The median age was 4.5 years (range 2–8 years). Anemia, leukocytosis, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoalbuminemia were present in 8, 21, 12, 9, 8, and 6 dogs, respectively. Diskospondylitis, osteomyelitis and thoracic lymphadenomegaly were present in 16, 10, and 5 dogs, respectively. Sonographic findings were enlarged hypoechoic lymph nodes (n = 12), mottled and irregular kidneys with or without masses (n = 12), pyelectasia, and an aggregate of echogenic material in the renal pelvis (n = 9). Thirteen dogs were treated with antifungal drugs, with survival times ranging from 0 to 25 months after diagnosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Systemic aspergillosis typically involves young to middle-age female German Shepherd dogs, and there are characteristic abdominal ultrasound findings with the disease process. Infection with A. deflectus was as common as A. terreus, and in rare cases, long-term survival was associated with antifungal therapy.
Dynamics of 1:2 coordination : Temporal scaling, latent 1:1, and bistability

The simplest interlimb multifrequency coordination of 1:2 can be performed at different speeds and in at least two different styles or modes. The effects of speed and mode (in-phase or antiphase) were evaluated in a bimanual 1:2 rhythmic task in which participants (N = 8) oscillated hand-held pendulums with identical or different uncoupled frequencies. A motion equation in relative phase that captures the asymmetries of components and task predicted the 1:2 coordination equilibria resulting from temporal scaling. According to the experimental results, both coordination modes proved to be equally stable. More detailed analyses of individual trials showed signs that the more fundamental 1:1 coordination intruded into the 1:2 coordination.
School importance and dropout among pregnant adolescents.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the relationship of psychological well-being, social support, and demographic variables to school importance and school dropout among pregnant teens. Method: Fifty-one Caucasians and 68 African-Americans (mean age=16.7 years, mean weeks pregnant=23) were recruited from two Baltimore area prenatal teen clinics. The adolescents completed questionnaires measuring depression, self-esteem, mastery, parental and friend support, demographic characteristics (i.e., age, marital status, ethnicity, socioeconomic status), school importance, and status. Results: Most adolescents were enrolled in school or had graduated (69.7%), were receiving at least passing grades (78.7%), and perceived finishing high school as very important (76.7%). Blacks were more likely to say school was important ( p p p p p Conclusions: These findings suggest that dropping out of school among pregnant teens may be more strongly related to sociocultural factors than to individual characteristics such as emotional support and psychological well-being. Overall, this study reveals a positive picture of educational continuation and performance during pregnancy, with most adolescents recognizing the importance of education and remaining in school.
Thalamic synchrony and dynamic regulation of global forebrain oscillations

The circuitry within the thalamus creates an intrinsic oscillatory unit whose function depends critically on reciprocal synaptic connectivity between excitatory thalamocortical relay neurons and inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons along with a robust post-inhibitory rebound mechanism in relay neurons. Feedforward and feedback connections between cortex and thalamus reinforce the thalamic oscillatory activity into larger thalamocortical networks to generate sleep spindles and spike-wave discharge of generalized absence epilepsy. The degree of synchrony within the thalamic network seems to be crucial in determining whether normal (spindle) or pathological (spike-wave) oscillations occur, and recent studies show that regulation of excitability in the reticular nucleus leads to dynamical modulation of the state of the thalamic circuit and provide a basis for explaining how a variety of unrelated genetic alterations might lead to the spike-wave phenotype. In addition, given the central role of the reticular nucleus in generating spike-wave discharge, these studies have suggested specific interventions that would prevent seizures while still allowing normal spindle generation to occur. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com).
A modeling study of perched water phenomena in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of a multiphase subsurface flow model to study perched water phenomena in vadose zones. Modeling studies are based on field investigations of the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Perched water data have been compiled, analyzed, and incorporated into a three-dimensional (3-D) UZ flow model developed to investigate perched water phenomena at Yucca Mountain. A conceptual model of perched water occurrences is discussed, and a series of comprehensive computer modeling studies on perched water at the site are presented. The model has been calibrated using perched water data observed in six boreholes, and reproduces water-perching conditions in the unsaturated zone of the mountain. Both steady-state and transient simulations have been conducted. The steady-state simulation results are in agreement with the observed perched water data, including water saturation and potential profiles and perched water elevations. Transient numerical pumping tests were performed using pumping testing data collected in the field from two boreholes. The numerical pumping test results match observed water levels collected during pumping and recovery periods.
Hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 in Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy

Hexahydrocoenzyme Q4, 250 mg. per day for 8 months followed by 1000 mg. per day for 4 months, did not improve muscle strength or alter serum and urine creatine and creatinine, serum creatine phosphokinase, or aldolase, or a battery of other clinical and laboratory indexes including oral glucose tolerance and associated insulin, growth hormone, and inorganic phosphorus levels in 19 boys with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type. The failure to observe beneficial or other changes during the ingestion of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 might have been because of: (a) the intrinsic inactivity of the substance in Duchenne dystrophy, and (b) the low dose level, particularly if this dystrophy should be one of the vitamin-dependent diseases of genetic nature which involves vitamins of both the water-and oil-soluble category. In any case, the effective dosage of hexahydrocoenzyme Q4 for the genetic muscular dystrophy of mice in a previously reported study was approximately 10-50 times that used in this clinical study. The dosage for the mice was “massive” in terms of their body content of coenzyme Q. Hence, the studies herein reported do not exclude the possibility that higher homologs of the coenzyme Q group, i.e., Q5-Q10, might have beneficial effects in human muscular dystrophy. In such trials, coenzyme Q10 would certainly be the most important, since it is present in human tissues.
Soil genesis, optical dating, and geoarchaeological evaluation of two upland Alfisol pedons within the Tertiary Gulf Coastal Plain

Abstract Much of the Gulf Coastal Plain is mantled by sandy A and E soil horizons overlying finer-grained Bt horizons. Researchers have applied optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to a variety of depositional settings, such as hillslopes and terraces, in an attempt to understand depositional versus pedogenic origins of the sandy horizons, and archaeological burial processes. These investigations have documented a range of integrity conditions from pristine to highly bioturbated. However, little work has been conducted in upland summits. Thus, we integrated field morphological descriptions, constituent mass balance reconstruction, and optical dating to reconstruct the timing and pedogenic pathways of two summit Alfisols on the Tertiary Gulf Coastal Plain in Texas. Investigations reveal that the sandy A and E horizons and the Bt horizons in each pedon are genetically related, with textural contrasts resulting from pedogenic processes. Optical dating revealed highly complex age structures strongly influenced by bioturbation, weathering, and the presence of coarse clay plus total silt particle-sizes. Pedogenic mixing is extensive in the A and E horizons, which effect apparent OSL ages
Extensive horizontal gene transfer, duplication, and loss of chlorophyll synthesis genes in the algae

Two non-homologous, isofunctional enzymes catalyze the penultimate step of chlorophyll a synthesis in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and land plants: the light-independent (LIPOR) and light-dependent (POR) protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases. Whereas the distribution of these enzymes in cyanobacteria and land plants is well understood, the presence, loss, duplication, and replacement of these genes have not been surveyed in the polyphyletic and remarkably diverse eukaryotic algal lineages. A phylogenetic reconstruction of the history of the POR enzyme (encoded by the por gene in nuclei) in eukaryotic algae reveals replacement and supplementation of ancestral por genes in several taxa with horizontally transferred por genes from other eukaryotic algae. For example, stramenopiles and haptophytes share por gene duplicates of prasinophytic origin, although their plastid ancestry predicts a rhodophytic por signal. Phylogenetically, stramenopile pors appear ancestral to those found in haptophytes, suggesting transfer from stramenopiles to haptophytes by either horizontal or endosymbiotic gene transfer. In dinoflagellates whose plastids have been replaced by those of a haptophyte or diatom, the ancestral por genes seem to have been lost whereas those of the new symbiotic partner are present. Furthermore, many chlorarachniophytes and peridinin-containing dinoflagellates possess por gene duplicates. In contrast to the retention, gain, and frequent duplication of algal por genes, the LIPOR gene complement (chloroplast-encoded chlL, chlN, and chlB genes) is often absent. LIPOR genes have been lost from haptophytes and potentially from the euglenid and chlorarachniophyte lineages. Within the chlorophytes, rhodophytes, cryptophytes, heterokonts, and chromerids, some taxa possess both POR and LIPOR genes while others lack LIPOR. The gradual process of LIPOR gene loss is evidenced in taxa possessing pseudogenes or partial LIPOR gene compliments. No horizontal transfer of LIPOR genes was detected. We document a pattern of por gene acquisition and expansion as well as loss of LIPOR genes from many algal taxa, paralleling the presence of multiple por genes and lack of LIPOR genes in the angiosperms. These studies present an opportunity to compare the regulation and function of por gene families that have been acquired and expanded in patterns unique to each of various algal taxa.
Biopsy of Liver, Adipose Tissue and Mammary Gland of Lactating Cows☆

Abstract Concurrent biopsies of liver, subcutaneous or abdominal fat, and mammary gland from 11 lactating cows slightly reduced milk production (4.8%) 5 days after surgery. Repeated biopsies 30 days later reduced milk production 12.7%. The tissues were suitable for enzymic and chemical assays.
Urbanization, Disadvantage, and Petty Entrepreneurship: Street Peddling among African American Men in Southern and Northern Cities during the Early Twentieth Century

Two theories attempt to explain why minority groups are often involved in small-scale entrepreneurial activities. The urban adjustment hypothesis holds that when such groups urbanize, their members establish themselves economically through self-employment in pursuits that require little start-up capital. The disadvantage theory argues that exclusion from the labor market impels members of oppressed groups to become self-employed in marginal enterprises. Applying these theories, the author uses census data to analyze the participation of African American men in street peddling during the pre-World War II era. Consistent with the urban adjustment hypothesis, the involvement of African American men in street peddling increased markedly when African Americans urbanized during the period from 1890 to 1940. Consistent with disadvantage theory, the involvement of African American men in street peddling was positively associated with labor market disadvantage. Finally, in southern cities, African American men were overrepresented in street peddling, a finding that suggests that these men had a niche in the petty-trading sector of the South's informal economy.
CMOS floating-point unit for the S/390 parallel enterprise server G4

The S/390® floating-point unit (FPU) on the fourth-generation (G4) CMOS microprocessor chip has been implemented in a CMOS technology with a 0.20-µm effective channel length and has been demonstrated at more than 400 MHz. The microprocessor chip is 17.35 by 17.30 mm in size, and one copy of the FPU including the dataflow and control flow but not including the FPR register file is 5.3 by 4.7 mm in size. There are two copies on the chip for error-detection purposes only; both copies execute the same instruction stream and are checked against each other. The high-performance implementation has a throughput of one instruction per cycle and an average latency of three execution cycles, yielding approximately 70 MFLOPS at 300 MHz on the Linpack benchmark. Currently, the G4 FPU is the highest-performance S/390 CMOS FPU with fault tolerance. It uses several innovative and high-performance algorithms not commonly found in S/390 FPUs or other FPUs, such as a radix-8 Booth multiplier, a Goldschmidt division and square-root algorithm, techniques for updating the exponent in parallel with normalization, and avoidance of the remainder comparison in quadratically converging division and square-root algorithms. Also demonstrated is a practical design technique for designing control flow into the dataflow and early floorplanning techniques.
High performance topological insulator nanowire field-effect transistors

We show experimentally that single-crystal nanowires of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be used as the conduction channel in high-performance field effect transistor, a basic circuit building block. The current-voltage characteristics are superior to many of those reported for semiconductor nanowire transistors. The metallic electron transport at the surface with good mobility can be effectively separated from the bulk conduction and adjusted by field effect at a small gate voltage. These properties open up a many potential applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics.
INSULIN ACTION IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Research on insulin action in PCOS has been intensive after the identification of insulin resistance as a feature of the syndrome in 1980. It is now clear that PCOS is a metabolic as well as a reproductive disorder and an important cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in PCOS are distinct from those in other insulin resistance syndromes. Elucidating these mechanisms promises to provide considerable insight into insulin receptor signal specificity. Conversely, insulin resistance is now known to have an important role in the pathogenesis of the reproductive disturbances of PCOS. It is thought that one or several genetic defects may cause both the insulin resistance and reproductive abnormalities characteristic of PCOS.
Bacteremia caused by Achromobacter and Alcaligenes species in 46 patients with cancer (1989-2003).

BACKGROUND Achromobacter and Alcaligenes are emerging infectious gram-negative bacterial species that can affect immunosuppressed patients. The authors sought to determine the incidence and characteristics of bloodstream infections caused by these organisms in patients with underlying malignancies. METHODS All consecutive episodes of hematogenous Achromobacter and Alcaligenes infections recorded from December 26, 1989, to July 27, 2003, were studied retrospectively. RESULTS Fifty-two episodes occurred in 46 patients; 31 patients (67%) had hematologic malignancies, and 24 (52%) experienced neutropenia ( 16), and use of mechanical ventilation and pressor support were significantly higher in patients who died (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that sepsis syndrome and high APACHE II scores were predictors of increased 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS Most infections caused by this group of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria were attributable to Ach. xylosoxidans, and only one-third were acquired during hospitalization. The presence of sepsis syndrome has evolved as an independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with high-risk malignancies accompanied by Achromobacter bloodstream infections. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Core system model: understanding the impact of reliability on high-throughput screening systems

Laboratory automation is an evolving technology that has grown in complexity and sophistication over the past decade. High-throughput screening (HTS) is the discipline that has driven the technology to the point at which principles can be stated about how much and what is appropriate to automate in an HTS laboratory. The following analysis discusses the principles that are central to a successful and productive HTS system. Furthermore, an approach to designing and programming HTS systems to achieve a higher degree of reliability than has been experienced in the past is described.
Tensile elastic recovery of elastomeric impression materials

Statement of problem Currently, a standard protocol exists to measure the elastic recovery of impression materials from compressive strain; however, no protocol exists for the measurement of elastic recovery from tensile strain. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare elastic recovery from tensile strain test with the ISO elastic recovery test for 5 vinyl polysiloxane materials (Aquasil Ultra, Examix, Genie, Imprint 3, and StandOut) and 1 hybrid material (Senn). Material and methods Specimens (n=5) were fabricated in a brass mold and loaded in tension with a crosshead speed of 300 mm/min to 50% or 100% strains. Two hours following specimen elongation, the change in length of the specimens was measured. Additional specimens (n=5) were tested in tension until failure at 200 mm/min. The maximum elongation at failure was recorded. Elastic recovery specimens (n=4) were prepared for each material following ISO standard 4823. The change in dimension of these specimens was measured following a 30% compressive strain. Group means were compared using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer HSD test (α=.05). Correlation between different tests was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results Vinyl polysiloxane materials of varying composition demonstrated significantly different elastic recovery, and the hybrid material demonstrated the least elastic recovery in both tests. All materials exceeded a 100% elongation before failure. Significant linear correlation was found between means of the ISO method and those of a 100% tensile strain (r 2 =0.69, P =.039), but not those of a 50% tensile strain (r 2 =0.56, P =.086). Conclusions Elastic recovery from compressive strain can only partially predict elastic recovery from tensile strain, suggesting that elastic recovery from tensile strain is a relevant test. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:29-33)
Post-entrapment modification of volatiles and oxygen fugacity in olivine-hosted melt inclusions

Abstract The solubilities of volatiles (H 2 O, CO 2 , S, F, and Cl) in basaltic melts are dependent on variables such as temperature, pressure, melt composition, and redox state. Accordingly, volatile concentrations can change dramatically during the various stages of a magma's existence: from generation, to ascent through the mantle and crust, to final eruption at the Earth's surface. Olivine-hosted melt inclusions have the potential to preserve volatile concentrations at the time of entrapment due to the protection afforded by the host olivine against decompression and changes to the oxidation state of the external magma. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that rapid diffusive re-equilibration of H 2 O and oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ) can occur within olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Here we present volatile, hydrogen isotope, and major element data from dehydration experiments and a quantitative model that assesses proposed mechanisms for diffusive re-equilibration of H 2 O and f O 2 in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Our comprehensive set of data for the behavior of common magmatic volatiles (H 2 O, CO 2 , F, Cl, and S) demonstrates that post-entrapment modification of CO 2 , and to a lesser extent S, can also occur. We show that the CO 2 and S concentrations within an included melt decrease with progressive diffusive H 2 O loss, and propose that this occurs due to dehydration-induced changes to the internal pressure of the inclusion. Therefore, deriving accurate estimates for pre-eruptive CO 2 and S concentrations from olivine-hosted melt inclusions requires accounting for the amount of CO 2 and S hosted in vapor bubbles. We find, however, that Cl and F concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions are not affected by diffusive re-equilibration through the host olivine nor by dehydration-induced pressure changes within the melt inclusion. Our results indicate that measured H 2 O, CO 2 and S concentrations and Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratios of included melts are not necessarily representative of the melt at the time of entrapment and thus are not reliable proxies for upper mantle conditions.
Molecular analysis as a conservation tool for monitoring the trade of North American sturgeons and paddlefish

Summary There are nine acipenseriform species in North America: two on the Pacific Coast, two on the Atlantic Coast, and five purely freshwater forms. Six of these species are subject to commercial harvest and three to aquaculture. The North American sturgeon and paddlefish meat and caviar marketplace is comprised of legally and illegally acquired products from wild and captive populations of indigenous species as well as non-indigenous species from import and/or culture. Overall, at least 11 species can legally occur in the market. Future aquaculture development will most certainly increase this number. Some indigenous species subject to commercial harvest or culture are under partial or complete range protection, adding another layer of monitoring complexity at the population specific level. We identify four primary levels of confusion in the identification of caviar from North American acipenseriforms in North America: among North American species, among populations within a North American species, between wild and farmed specimens of a North American species, and between North American and imported non-North American species. This complexity reveals the need for additional research into forensic tools, species boundaries and population structure if effective enforcement of harvest and market restrictions is to ensue. For species not subject to commercial harvest and trade, research is needed to identify illegal products from the species.
Finite element analysis of stiffened laminated plates under transverse loading

A finite element model is developed to study the behavior of stiffened laminated plates under transverse loadings. Transverse shear flexibility is incorporated in both beam and plate displacement fields. A laminated plate element with 45 degrees of freedom is used in conjunction with a laminated beam element having 12 degrees of freedom for the bending analysis of eccentrically-stiffened laminated plates. The validity of the formulation is demonstrated by comparing with the available solutions in the literature. The numerical results are presented for eccentrically-stiffened layered plates having various boundary conditions and with stiffeners varying in number.
Structure and function of eukaryotic NAD(P)H:nitrate reductase.

Pyridine nucleotide-dependent nitrate reductases (NRs; EC 1.6.6.1–3) are molybdenum-containing enzymes found in eukaryotic organisms which assimilate nitrate. NR is a homodimer with an ∼100 kDa polypeptide which folds into stable domains housing each of the enzyme's redox cofactors—FAD, heme-Fe molybdopterin (Mo-MPT) and the electron donor NAD(P)H—and there is also a domain for the dimer interface. NR has two active sites: the nitrate-reducing Mo-containing active site and the pyridine nucleotide active site formed between the FAD and NAD(P)H domains. The major barriers to defining the mechanism of catalysis for NR are obtaining the detailed three-dimensional structures for oxidized and reduced enzyme and more in-depth analysis of electron transfer rates in holo-NR. Recombinant expression of holo-NR and its fragments, including site-directed mutagenesis of key acative site and domain interface residues, are expected to make large contributions to this effort to understand the catalytic mechanism of NR.
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

Sean Wilentz New York: W.W. Norton, 2005 xxiii + 1044 pp., ISBN 0-393-08520-4 ($35.00 hardcover) It is said that George Bancroft voted for Andrew Jackson on every page of his grand American histori...
Speech coding with wavelets

Speech is a very basic way for humans to convey information to one another. From a communications standpoint, information can be sent efficiently by sending it as just text. However, with a bandwidth of only 4 kHz, speech can convey information with the emotion of a human voice. People want to be able to hear someone's voice from anywhere in the world-as if the person was in the same room. As a result, new, efficient speech coding techniques have impacted areas such as cellular telephony, mobile radios and voice mail systems.
Genetic control of the target structures recognized in hybrid resistance

Hybrid resistance of lethally irradiated (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 and (C57BL/10 × C3H)F1 hybrid mice to the engraftment of parental C57BL/6 or C57BL/10 bone marrow cells is controlled by the H-2-linked Hh-1 locus. This resistance can be specifically blocked or inhibited by the injection of irradiated spleen cells from lethally irradiated, marrow reconstituted donor mice of certain strains. By testing the ability of regenerating spleen cells from various donor strains to block the resistance, we studied the genetic requirements for the expression of putative cell-surface structures recognized in hybrid resistance to H-2b marrow cells. Strains of mice bearing informative intra-H-2 or H-2/Qa-Tla recombinant haplotypes provided evidence that the Hh-1 locus is located telomeric to the H-2S region complement loci and centromeric to the H-2D region class I locus in the H-2b chromosome. Two mutations that affect the class I H-2Db gene have no effect on Hh-1b gene expression. The H-2D region of the H-2S haplotype contains an allele of the Hh-1 locus indistinguishable from that of the H-2Db region, as judged by the phenotypes of relevant strains and F1 hybrids. Collectively these data indicate that the Hh-1 locus is distinct from the class I H-2D (L) locus in the H-2b or H-2s genome, and favor the view that the expression or recognition of the relevant determinants is not associated with class I gene products.