cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GRADUATE STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPACT OF TRAINING FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAINING MODEL

A school psychology training model that translates social justice from an aspiration to a model of practice for school psychologists will be examined. The strategies used to incorporate principles of social justice into the school psychology graduate training program with the goal of preparing school psychologists as agents of change will be discussed as well as key areas of training that were targeted (i.e., program mission, student body, program courses, community partnering, and community-based projects). Evaluative data from three cohorts about the impact of their training experiences on integrating social justice into their professional practice will be presented. Graduate student perceptions, implications of the training model, and suggestions for programs that are considering embracing a philosophy of social justice in an explicit way will be discussed.
Cell-cycle specific association of transcription factors and RNA polymerase ii with the human β-globin gene locus.

The human β-globin genes are regulated by a locus control region (LCR) and are expressed at extremely high levels in erythroid cells. How transcriptional fidelity of highly expressed genes is regulated and maintained during the cell cycle is not completely understood. Here, we analyzed the association of transcription factor USF, the co-activator CBP, topoisomerase I (Topo I), basal transcription factor TFIIB, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) with the β-globin gene locus at specific cell-cycle stages. The data demonstrate that while association of Pol II with globin locus associated chromatin decreased in mitotically arrested cells, it remained bound at lower levels at the γ-globin gene promoter. During early S-phase, association of CBP, USF and Pol II with the globin gene locus decreased. The reassociation of CBP and USF2 with the LCR preceded reassociation of Pol II, suggesting that these proteins together mediate recruitment of Pol II to the β-globin gene locus during S-phase. Finally, we analyzed the association of Topo I with the globin gene locus during late S-phase. In general, Topo I association correlated with the binding of Pol II. Inhibition of Topo I activity reduced Pol II binding at the LCR and intergenic regions but not at the γ-globin gene promoter. The data demonstrate dynamic associations of transcription factors with the globin gene locus during the cell cycle and support previous results showing that specific components of transcription complexes remain associated with highly transcribed genes during mitosis.
d-Amphetamine and gamma-butyrolactone alteration of dopamine synthesis in the terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons. Possible role of various autoreceptor sensitivities.

Abstract The rate of synthesis of dopamine (DA) was estimated in vivo in terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons by measuring the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA_ in the striatum and in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle of male rats following the administration of an inhibitor of aromatic L -amino acid decarboxylase. Low to moderate doses of d -amphetamine (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg) increased DA synthesis in the striatum but were without effect in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle; a higher dose (5.0 mg/kg) did not alter DA synthesis in any of the brain regions. Despite the lack of effect of d -amphetamine per se in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, in both of these regions, as well as in the striatum, this drug was effective in reversing the decreased DA synthesis induced by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (nialamide) or a DA agonist (apomorphine). γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) increased DA synthesis in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, but it was less potent, less effective, and had a shorter duration of action in the latter two regions. d -Amphetamine, like GBL, may exert part of its effect on DA synthesis by reducing impulse flow in ascending DA neurons, since a low dose of d -amphetamine (0.125 mg/kg) potentiated the GBL-induced increase in DA synthesis in striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. Regional differences in the actions of GBL and d -amphetamine on DA synthesis may be related to differences in receptor-mediated mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of this amine in neurons terminating in the striatum versus those terminating in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. At least one difference appears to be in the sensitivity of DA autoreceptors in these regions. The dose of apomorphine needed to reverse the GLB-induced increase of DA synthesis in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle was approximately 1/10 that necessary to cause the same effect in the striatum. Pretreatment with a DA antagonist (haloperidol) potentiated the GBL-induced stimulation of DA synthesis in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, but not in the striatum. These results suggest that the reduced abilities of GBL and amphetamine to increase DA synthesis in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle may result from a greater sensitivity of autoreceptors on mesolimbic DA neurons permitting a tighter regulatory control over DA synthesis in these neurons.
Teachers in the 'Hood: Hollywood's Middle-Class Fantasy

The urban-high-school genre film has become one of Hollywood's most trusted formulas. In these films a classroom filled with socially troubled and low-achieving students is dramatically transformed by the singular efforts of a teacher or principal, an outsider who is new to the school and often new to teaching entirely. All of this is accomplished to the consternation of the inept administrative staff and other teachers, who never believed that these students had such potential. Invariably, the outsider succeeds where veteran professional teachers and administrators have repeatedly failed. I argue that the urban-high-school genre of film reinforces the “culture of poverty” thesis and represents the fantasies that suburban middle-class America has about life in urban high schools and the ease with which the problems in urban high schools could be rectified—if only the right type of person (a middle-class outsider) would apply the right methods (an unconventional pedagogy with a curriculum of middle-class norms and values). The teacher- or principal-hero represents middle-class hopes that the students in urban schools can be rescued from their troubled lives not through significant social change or school reform, but by the individual application of common sense, good behavior, a positive outlook, and better choices.
Implications of a Continuous Approach to Chaotic Modeling

Application of chaos theory to medicine has yielded intriguing and controversial results. In this paper, a continuous conjecture for the solution of the Poincare equation suggests that chaos provides a framework for the measurement of disorder within a system. However, as demonstrated by the behavior of the continuous versus the discrete approach to chaos, the general use of the term chaos must be used with care. The theoretical results are illustrated in two medical applications dealing with hemodynamic flow and congestive heart failure.
The Impact of Self-Components on Attitudes Toward Sex Among African American Preadolescent Girls: The Moderating Role of Menarche

The purpose of this study was to identify the protective factors that help to prevent attitudes that are tolerant of risky sexual behavior among inner-city, African American, preadolescent girls. It was hypothesized that aspects of the self would significantly predict attitudes toward sexual behavior among this population. It was also expected that the predictive power of the self-components (i.e., ethnic identity, self-concept, and masculine and feminine gender role orientation) would be increased in African American girls following menarche. Two hundred and five African American, preadolescent girls from a northeastern, inner-city community participated in this study. The age for this sample ranged from 10 to 13. Findings of this study lend partial support to the hypotheses. Examination of the predictive relationship between the self-components and attitudes toward sex indicated that self-concept and the masculine and feminine gender role characteristics were significant predictors of attitudes toward sex. In addition, the impact of ethnic identity on functioning was found to be most significant for girls who had experienced menarche.
Cumulative Benefits of Secondary School-Based Treatment of Students With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

School-based services are well suited for youth with chronic conditions who manifest much of their impairment in the school setting, such as youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADH...
Optimal Contracts Under Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection:A Continuous-Time Approach

In spite of the importance of optimal contracting problems under moral hazard and adverse selection, current literature offers no optimal solutions to contracting problems under moral hazard and adverse selection with risk averse agents. The agent's risk aversion, however, appears to be critical for understanding managerial compensation problems. We present a continuous-time agency model with a risk-averse agent and a risk-neutral principal to show that moral hazard and adverse selection can be optimally resolved with a menu of linear contracts. In application, we discuss a few managerial compensation problems involving managerial project selection and capital budgeting decisions, and show that a flat-wage contract is sometimes optimal.
Two frequency scale decomposition of positive real and bounded real transfer matrices

In this paper, it is shown that the positive real property of a two frequency scale transfer matrix can be deduced from the positive real property of its slow and fast transfer matrices. The same has been shown for the bounded real property. Dual results are also presented. As an application, a two frequency model reduction scheme is presented which preserves the BR property of a two frequency scale system.
Effects of canyon topography on strong ground motion

The two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of SH waves of arbitrary angle of incidence from irregular, canyon-shaped topography is formulated in terms of an integral equation. Taking advantage of the simple boundary conditions of SH-wave problems, the method of images is applied to reduce the integral equation to one with a finite integral, which can readily be solved numerically by available methods. The method is first applied to the analytically solved case of a cylindrical canyon to verify its accuracy, and then to two idealized cross sections based upon Pacoima Canyon to investigate the effects of topography in a more realistic case. The results of the harmonic analysis include wave amplification patterns and transfer functions for different wavelengths and for different angles of incidence. The study also includes analysis of transient motions. With the N76°W component of the Pacoima Dam accelerogram specified to occur at one point in the cross section, the effects of different angles of incidence upon the required input motion and upon the motion at several other points in the cross section were examined by calculating accelerograms and response spectra. The effects of canyon-shaped topography are seen most prominently in the amplification patterns and transfer functions for harmonic response, wherein shielding and focusing can cause variations up to a factor of six for wavelengths comparable to, or shorter than, the canyon width. In the case of transient motions, the accelerograms at different points show significant differences, but not as large as seen in the harmonic analysis. The response spectra show the smallest differences; significant effects are confined to the higher frequencies.
Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on long-latency auditory event-related potentials

Abstract Seizure patients on anticonvulsant monotherapy were studied with long-latency auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). Twenty non-epileptic controls were compared with 10 patients taking carbamazepine (CBZ) and 13 patients taking valproate (VPA). Patients taking CBZ had significantly longer N1 and NII latencies than controls or patients on VPA. These findings suggest that CBZ and VPA may have differential effects on the hippocampal and limbic structures, which are thought to generate ERPs and may be related to the effects of antiepileptic drugs and behavior. No significant differences were noted between controls or patient groups in latency of the PII or PIII components.
Role of p38 MAP Kinase in Myocardial Stress

Abstract The current study focuses on the role of p38 MAP kinase in response to acute preconditioning stimuli and ischemia. Exposure of the rat myoblast cell line H9C2 to preconditioning stimuli, viz. brief duration of ischemia (metabolic inhibition) and adenosine, led to activation of p38 MAP kinase. The protective preconditioning effect of these stimuli against lethal ischemic insult was abolished in the presence of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB 203580 but not in the presence of MEK inhibitor PD 98509. Phorbol myristate acetate, PMA, which activates protein kinase C, PKC, activates p38 MAP kinase, and this activation is inhibited by PKC inhibitor Go6850. The preconditioning effect of PMA was abolished by SB 203580 and also by protein kinase C inhibitor Go6850. This indicates that the protective action of preconditioning by PKC is mediated via activation of p38 MAP kinase. Paradoxically, the presence of SB 203580 and Go6850 during the lethal stress protected the cells against cell death. The mode of cell death in this study whether necrotic or apoptotic has not been established. Lethal ischemic stress activates p38 MAP kinase. Preconditioning the cells decreases the activation of p38 MAP kinase in response to the second lethal stress. These findings highlight the role of p38 MAP kinase in ischemic preconditioningvischemia. Furthermore, our findings in anin vitromodel using a proliferating cell line indicate that the duration and/or intensity of stimuli activating p38 kinase probably determines whether it would play a beneficialvdeleterious role in cell survival in response to stress.
Flux-difference split algorithm for unsteady thin-layer Navier-Stokes solutions

An efficient flux-difference split scheme for calculating steady and unsteady thin-layer Navier-Stokes solutions for airfoils and wings is presented. Steady solutions for a flat plate laminar boundary-layer profile are correctly modeled with only three grid cells internal to the boundary layer. The flux-difference split algorithm was used to evaluate the scheme for unsteady viscous calculations. The diffusive terms are time lagged in the solution process. The scheme is second-order accurate in space and first-order accurate in time due to the explicit treatment or the diffusive terms
A new instrument system to investigate sediment dynamics on continental shelves

Abstract A new instrumented tripod, the GEOPROBE system, has been constructed and used to collect time-series data on physical and geological parameters that are important in bottom sediment dynamics on continental shelves. Simultaneous in situ digital recording of pressure, temperature, light scattering, and light transmission, in combination with current velocity profiles measured with a near-bottom vertical array of electromagnetic current meters, is used to correlate bottom shear generated by a variety of oceanic processes (waves, tides, mean flow, etc.) with incipient movement and resuspension of bottom sediment. A bottom camera system that is activated when current speeds exceed preset threshold values provides a unique method to identify initial sediment motion and bed form development. Data from a twenty day deployment of the GEOPROBE system in Norton Sound, Alaska, during the period September 24 – October 14, 1976 show that threshold conditions for sediment movement are commonly exceeded, even in calm weather periods, due to the additive effects of tidal currents, mean circulation, and surface waves.
High-level production of active HIV-1 protease in Escherichia coli

Abstract High levels of active HIV-1 protease (PR) were produced in Escherichia coli, amounting to 8–10% of total cell protein. High production levels were achieved by altering the following parameters: (1) codon preference of the coding region, (2) A + T-richness at the 5′ end of the coding region, and (3) promoter. To circumvent the toxicity of HIV-1 PR in E. coli, the gene was expressed as a fusion protein with two different proteolytic autocleavage sequences. In both the cases, the fusion protein could be cleaved in vivo to give an active molecule with the native sequence at the N terminus.
Direct and Indirect Behavioral Effects of Different Genetic Disorders of Mental Retardation

Direct and indirect behavioral effects of genetic disorders of mental retardation were identified. Three models of direct effects were examined: the no-specific effect model (all genetic disorders lead to identical behavioral outcomes), the totally specific model (each genetic disorder leads to unique outcomes), and the partially specific model (two or more genetic disorders lead to outcomes not shared by others with mental retardation). Although several cases of totally specific outcomes have been identified, partially specific effects most often occur. Persons in the surrounding environment are indirectly affected by behavioral propensities of different genetic disorders. Direct and indirect effects are also related to biological and developmental theory.
Comparative induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by physical and chemical agents in non-proliferating primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Abstract The incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into DNA due to unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced by N -OH-2-acetylaminofluorene ( N -OH-AAF), aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ultra-violet light was quantitated by autoradiography and by scintillation spectrometry on acid precipitable macromolecules or DNA insolated by isopycnic banding in cesium chloride (CsCl). Dose-dependent increases in UDS due to N -OH-AAF and AFB 1 treatment were found. Only 2-fold increases at the highest dose levels were found, however, when incorporated [ 3 H]thymidine was quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. Seven, 11, and 25-fold increases in UDS induced by AFB 1 , N -OH-AAF and ultra-violet light, respectively, were found when incorporated [ 3 H]thymidine was quantitated by autoradiography, indicating a high sensitivity for detecting ‘long patch’ repair by this technique. Scintillation spectrometry was completely ineffective in detecting EMS-induced UDS, whereas autoradiography demonstrated a small, but significant induction in [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation at high dose levels. The non-proliferative nature of the primary hepatocyte prohibits the uniform radioactive prelabeling of DNA, necessary in other techniques, for the detection of ‘short patch’ repair induced by compounds such as EMS. Therefore, the sensitivity of the primary cultured rat hepatocyte in conjunction with UDS for detecting DNA damage caused by mutagens and carcinogens which induce ‘short patch’ repair may be limited to the autoradiographic analysis of the unscheduled incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine.
The New Global Order: The Power of Principle in a Pluralistic World

Kegley asks whether in a culturally pluralistic global community it is possible to find a common normative principle that statesmen from diverse ethical traditions might embrace to discipline democratic behavior. He sets the stage for a discussion of ethical precepts that transcend artificial boundaries between East and West, North and South.
Early corrosion monitoring of prestressed concrete piles using acoustic emission

The depassivation and corrosion of bonded prestressing steel strands in concrete bridge members may lead to major damage or collapse before visual inspections uncover evident signs of damage, and well before the end of the design life. Recognizing corrosion in its early stage is desirable to plan and prioritize remediation strategies. The Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is a rational means to develop structural health monitoring and prognosis systems for the early detection and location of corrosion in concrete. Compelling features are the sensitivity to events related to micro- and macrodamage, non-intrusiveness, and suitability for remote and wireless applications. There is little understanding of the correlation between AE and the morphology and extent of early damage on the steel surface. In this paper, the evidence collected from prestressed concrete (PC) specimens that are exposed to salt water is discussed vis-a-vis AE data from continuous monitoring. The specimens consist of PC strips that are subjected to wet/dry salt water cycles, representing portions of bridge piles that are exposed to tidal action. Evidence collected from the specimens includes: (a) values of half-cell potential and linear polarization resistance to recognize active corrosion in its early stage; and (b) scanning electron microscopy micrographs of steel areas from two specimens that were decommissioned once the electrochemical measurements indicated a high probability of active corrosion. These results are used to evaluate the AE activity resulting from early corrosion.
The LINK system: MUC-4 test results and analysis

The University of Michigan's natural language processing system, called LINK, was used in the Fourth Message Understanding System Evaluation (MUC-4). LINK's performance on MUC-4's two test corpora is summarized in figure 1.
Hermite methods for hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems

We study arbitrary-order Hermite difference methods for the numerical solution of initial-boundary value problems for symmetric hyperbolic systems. These differ from standard difference methods in that derivative data (or equivalently local polynomial expansions) are carried at each grid point. Time-stepping is achieved using staggered grids and Taylor series. We prove that methods using derivatives of order m in each coordinate direction are stable under m-independent CFL constraints and converge at order 2m + 1. The stability proof relies on the fact that the Hermite interpolation process generally decreases a seminorm of the solution. We present numerical experiments demonstrating the resolution of the methods for large m as well as illustrating the basic theoretical results.
The Somali Youth League constitution: a handwritten Arabic copy (c. 1947?) from the Ethiopian Security Forces Archives in Harär

Abstract The group founded in 1943 as the Somali Youth Club (SYC) and reorganized in 1947 as the Somali Youth League (SYL) dominated Somali politics for decades, yet has been subjected to little focused scholarship. This article briefly summarizes the SYL's history; reproduces and translates an Arabic copy of the party's constitution which is housed in the Hararge branch of the Security Forces Archives in neighboring Ethiopia; and comments on the problematic nature of the document's Arabic. This version of the SYL constitution is part of the SYL's history in Ethiopia, as well as the group's changing and poorly understood relationships with the Addis Ababa government and Ethiopia's security forces headquarters in Jijjiga and Harar.
Mass spectrometric detection of nanoparticle host-guest interactions in cells.

Synthetic host–guest chemistry is a versatile tool for biomedical applications. Characterization and detection of host–guest complexes in biological systems, however, is challenging due to the complexity of the biological milieu. Here, we describe and apply a mass spectrometric method to monitor the association and dissociation of nanoparticle (NP)-based host–guest interactions that integrates NP-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix assisted laser desoption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. This LDI/MALDI approach reveals how NP surface functionality affects host–guest interactions in cells, information difficult to achieve using other techniques.
A framework for analyzing the quality of the customer interface

Abstract The service encounter plays a critical role in determining customer satisfaction. It is the service firm's ‘moment of truth’. Surveying and building upon the existing literature, Gabriel Bitran and Maureen Lojo develop a framework for evaluating and improving the quality of the customer interface. They discuss the dimensions of quality and describe six basic phases of service encounters. The management of waiting time, personal interactions, and gaps between customers' expectations and perceptions are also addressed.
The reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate with lysine and lysine derivatives

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate with lysine and its derivatives has been investigated in water-dioxane solutions over the pH range 8.1–10.1. The reaction was found to be second order, and the unprotonated amino group was shown to be the reactive species. Intrinsic second-order rate constants were calculated.
'These strangers within our gates': race, psychiatry and mental illness among black Americans at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, 1900-40

During the early decades of the twentieth century, William Alanson White and the medical staff at St Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, DC, developed an ambitious programme for US psychiatry wherein the profession would dedicate itself to the reconstitution of mentally-fit and socially-productive American citizens. The racist assumptions beneath this programme led most physicians at the institution to expect little more than deference, dependence and common labour from their black patients, preventing them from comprehending the impact of substandard and racially-segregated care. Black men and women were acutely aware of the injustices they faced. When they rejected elements of the hospital's medical regimen, these patients were also rejecting a social vision that consigned them to the margins of US civic life.
The H-migration in the alkylation of sterols at C-24.

Abstract 1. 1. 24-Tritiolanosterol was prepared from lanosterol. 2. 2. Incubation in vivo of 24-tritiolanosterol with seeds of Pinus pinea yielded labeled 24-ethylidenecholesterol which was identified by ozonolysis to labeled 24-ketocholesterol. 3. 3. The position of the label in 24-ketocholesterol was shown to be C-25 by reduction to the labeled 24-hydroxy derivative followed by dehydration to desmosterol with loss of label. 4. 4. The results are in agreement with the predicted 1,2-H-migration3 during alkylation of the Δ24-bond.
Chain processes and their biophysical applications: Part I. General theory

A mathematical theory applicable to the biological effects of radiations as chain processes is developed. The theory may be interpreted substantially as a “hit theory” involving the concepts of “sensitive volume” or “target area”. The variability of the sensitivity of the organism to the radiation and its capacity of recovery between single hits is taken into account. It is shown that in a continuous irradiation of a biological aggregate in which the effect of each single hit cannot be observed, recovery and variation of sensitivity are formally equivalent to each other so that a discrimination between these two phenomena is possible only by discontinuous irradiation or by using different radiation intensities. Methods for the calculation of the “number of hits” and for the determination of the kinetics of the processes from “survival curves” or similar experimental data are given. The relation between the recovery and the Bunsen-Roscoe law is discussed. The case in which the injury of the organism is dependent on the destruction of more than one “sensitive volume” is also considered.
The influence of lithification on Cenozoic marine biodiversity trends

Recent research has corroborated the long-held view that the diversity of genera within benthic marine communities has increased from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic as much as three-to fourfold, after mitigating for such biasing influences as secular variation in time-averaging and environmental coverage. However, these efforts have not accounted for the considerable increase in the availability of unlithified fossiliferous sediments in strata of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. Analyses presented here on the Cenozoic fossil record of New Zealand demonstrate that unlithified sediments not only increase the amount of fossil material and hence the observed diversity therein, but they also preserve a pool of taxa that is compositionally distinct from lithified sediments. The implication is that a large component of the difference in estimates of within-community diversity between Paleozoic and Cenozoic assemblages may relate to the increased availability of unlithified sediments in the Cenozoic.
Tests for simultaneously determining numbers of clusters and their shape with multivariate data

Given a set of data, very little is known about tests to determine number of clusters and/or elements of the clusters. Even in the simplest case of detecting between only one or two clusters with multivariate normal data, theoretically the number of tests needed seems to be infinite. Alternatively, suppose N independent estimates of generalized variances (GVs) are computed from a given set of p-dimensional vector observations. Assuming multivariate normality, tests based on GVs are proposed which objectively and uniquely determine, simultaneously, the number of clusters and their corresponding elements. Only a reasonably small nunber of tests are required for this stepwise procedure. The exact percentage points are either available from existing tables or can be computed from a result presented.
Dopant distributions in rare-earth-doped alumina

The distribution of yttrium and lanthanum dopants has been mapped in yttrium- and lanthanum-doped polycrystalline aluminas using imaging secondary-ion mass spectrometry (imaging-SIMS). Both dopants segregate to grain boundaries and pore surfaces. On average, yttrium occupies 7.1%–9.0% of the available grain-boundary cation sites, whereas lanthanum occupies only 2.0%–5.2%. In 1000-ppm-yttrium-doped alumina, an abundance of yttrium aluminum garnet precipitates also is observed. Implications of these observations to the creep behavior of alumina are discussed. The similarity in the segregation behavior of yttrium and lanthanum highlights the potential of lanthanum-doped alumina for improved creep properties.
Who Influences the Fed? Presidential Versus Congressional Leadership

This paper examines political influences over U.S monetary policy, analysed quarterly from 1953 to 2o0o. We use indicators of presidential and congressional ideology as predictors of actor preferences and as representative of overhead democracy. We also include several economic variables predicting percent change in the federal funds rate. While not surprised to find that economic conditions are important in explaining Fed decisionmaking, we also find that the theory of overhead democracy also contributes to the explanation. Initially, both presidential and congressional ideology are important but in a combined model, presidential variables wash out influence of congressional variables. Thus, we conclude that overhead democracy must be included in models predicting Fed decisionmaking. Today monetary policy is just as important if not as salient as fiscal policy to the American public. Both elements are central in assessing economic policy. The public participates in rather than simply observing the economy, and monetary policy has a direct and dramatic impact on economic and political aspects of U.S. society. Almost every day, the news media covers changes in monetary policy and activities of its primary decisionmaker, the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed). Interest groups too are vitally interested in Fed decisions. Apart from these non-governmental actors, political officials are also concerned about monetary policy. Understanding and explaining monetary policy is crucial for studying U.S. economic policy. Thus, who influences the Fed is an important research question for scholars. The Federal Reserve System, the nation's central bank, has a hierarchical structure. The Fed's Board of Governors is its top decisionmaking body and formulates national monetary policy. The Federal
Prediction of the airblast wave effects near a tunnel advanced by drilling and blasting

In this paper, a semi-empirical model for the prediction of the air wave pressure outside a tunnel due to blasting inside is developed. The model reproduces properly the complex phenomenon of the airblast wave propagation, both inside the tunnel and outside, and allows estimating the air pressure level (this is, generally, higher along the axis tunnel direction than in other directions). After the assessment of a theoretical basis, the model is calibrated from measurements made during a tunnel advancing by drilling and blasting in two phases: normal advance of the crown part and advancing by benching of the lower part. After this, the utility of the model is shown through a real case with a double negative air wave effect: existence of buildings and existence of protected natural habitat. Finally, the method is tested with measurements done in other tunnels and a practical way for using the model in two phases is proposed: one is the quantitative estimation of the air pressure or noise level, and the other is the qualitative estimation of the negative effects.
Spontaneous activity of cat spinal ganglion neurons in vivo

Recordings were made from L4-S1 spinal ganglion neurons of anesthetized cats while their associated dorsal root and the sciatic nerve were left intact, locally anesthetized, or locally anesthetized and sectioned. In all three experimental conditions spontaneous discharges were recorded. These discharges occurred in the absence of any electrical stimulation of the dorsal root or sciatic nerve, and were not due to peripheral exploration of receptive fields or sustained firing in joint or muscle afferents. The spontaneous discharges were relatively rhythmic, and their firing frequency ranged from 5 to 100 impulses per s. Interactions between spontaneous and electrically evoked discharges were observed that depended on the impulse's frequency of firing. High frequency discharges always abolished low frequency impulses regardless of whether these latter were spontaneous or evoked. Extra spikes and postspike events that followed impulses evoked by stimulation of the dorsal root or sciatic nerve were also recorded from some spinal ganglion neurons. These results suggest that spontaneous discharges may originate within the spinal ganglion itself, and that they can occur under normal circumstances.
A Novel Protease-docking Function of Integrin at Invadopodia

Invadopodia are membrane extensions of aggressive tumor cells that function in the activation of membrane-bound proteases occurring during tumor cell invasion. We explore a novel and provocative activity of integrins in docking proteases to sites of invasion, termed invadopodia. In the absence of collagen, α3β1 integrin and the gelatinolytic enzyme, seprase, exist as nonassociating membrane proteins. Type I collagen substratum induces the association of α3β1 integrin with seprase as a complex on invadopodia. The results show that α3β1integrin is a docking protein for seprase to form functional invadopodia. In addition, α5β1 integrin may participate in the adhesion process necessary for invadopodial formation. Thus, α3β1 and α5β1 integrins play major organizational roles in the adhesion and formation of invadopodia, promoting invasive cell behavior.
Thermal and photochemistry of tert-butyl iodide on rutile TiO2(110).

The thermal and photochemistry of t-butyl iodide (t-buI) dosed at 100 K on rutile TiO₂ (110) has been studied using isothermal (ISOMS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) mass spectrometry. Non-dissociative adsorption and desorption dominate the thermal behavior with dose-dependent t-buI desorption peaks at nominally 220 and 150 K. Ultraviolet photochemistry occurs readily but the behavior of submonolayers and multilayers differ qualitatively. Ejection of t-buI and i-C₄H₈ dominate during submonolayer photolysis at 100 K. Multilayer photolysis results are also dominated by ejection during irradiation but the t-buI component is strongly suppressed, and the maximum rates of i-C₄H₈ and HI ejection did not occur at the outset. A mechanistic model capturing the observations involves both direct and substrate-mediated electronic excitation t-buI. According to this model, ejection of t-buI occurs only from transient substrate-mediated formation of anionic t-buI. For either excitation path, the C-I dissociation probability is significant and the excited t-butyl product rearranges readily to form i-C₄H₈ that is ejected. For any local region where there is multilayer coverage, products formed at the adsorbate-vacuum interface are ejected promptly but products formed within the multilayer are trapped. Thus, ejection of t-buI is suppressed and trapped primary photodissociation products, t-butyl and I, react tomore » either reform t-buI or rearrange to i-C₄H₈ and HI. The latter two products remain trapped and are subsequently induced to desorb by acquisition of momentum from collisions with subsequently formed translationally excited photodissociation products.« less
Slutsky’s praxeology and his critique of Böhm-Bawerk

Abstract This is an introduction to and an analysis of two papers published in German by Eugen Slutsky (Evgenii Evgenievich Slutskii) in 1926 and 1927, and reproduced in accompanying English translations. The first of these (written in 1925 but not published until 1927) is a brilliant and quite devastating critique of Bohm-Bawerk’s theory of value and its hedonistic and cardinalist presuppositions. The second is an abstract formulation of a theory of human action (“praxeology”) underlying economic theory, modelled somewhat after Hilbert’s geometry—a paper that has been cited by von Mises, Hayek, Lange, and the Polish philosopher Kotarbinski. This introduction also brings to light a letter to Frisch in which Slutsky discusses his afterthoughts concerning his famous 1915 article as well as his opinions about the praxeology article.
Large-time-bandwidth-product surface-wave pulse compressor employing reflective gratings

A novel dispersive delay line with a time-bandwidth product in excess of 1500 has been developed. The device uses the reflection of elastic surface waves from sputter-etched gratings on LiNbO3. This reflective-array compressor is relatively free of the spurious signals which limit the performance of inter-digital transducer arrays.
The rhetoric of nukespeak

Nukespeak is the use of metaphor, euphemism, technical jargon and acronyms to portray nuclear concepts in a “neutral”; or positive way. This essay identifies two nukespeak strategies, domestication and bureaucratization. Nukespeak functions as a potentially dangerous “terministic screen”; for both speakers and audience: The moral and practical implications of nuclear war are ignored or underestimated by nukespeak users, and nuclear policy issues are rendered trivial or less accessible to the general public. Two cases of nukespeak strategy by President Ronald Reagan are examined as illustrations of the implications of nukespeak for the audience: the term “CORRTEX”; as an instance of bureaucratization and the use of domesticated metaphors to describe the purpose of the “Strategic Defense Initiative.”
Evolution of Hawaiian basalts: a hotspot melting model

Melt generation and extraction along the Hawaiian volcanic chain should be largely controlled by the thermal structure of the Hawaiian swell and the heat source underneath it. We simulate numerically the time- and space-dependent evolution of Hawaiian volcanism in the framework of thermal evolution of the Hawaiian swell, constrained by residual topography, geoid anomalies, and anomalous heat flow along the Hawaiian volcanic chain. The transient heat transfer problem with melting relationships and variable boundary conditions is solved in cylindrical coordinates using a finite difference method. The model requires the lithosphere to be thinned mechanically by mantle plume flow. Melting starts quickly near the base of the plate when the hotspot is encountered. Thermal perturbation and partial melting are largely concentrated in the region where the original lithosphere is thinned and replaced by the mantle flow. The pre-shield Loihi alkalic and tholeiitic basalts are from similar sources, which are a mixture of at least three mantle components: the mantle plume, asthenosphere, and the lower lithosphere. The degree of partial melting averages 10–20%, with a peak value of 30% near the plume center. As a result of continuous compaction, melts are extracted from an active partial melting zone of about 10–20 km thickness, which moves upwards and laterally as the heating and compaction proceed. The rate of melt extraction from the swell increases rapidly to a maximum value of ∼ 1 × 105 km3/m.y. over the center of the heat source, corresponding to eruption of large amounts of tholeiitic lavas during the shield-building stage. This volume rate is adequate to account for the observed thickness of the Hawaiian volcanic ridge. Melts from direct partial melting of the mantle plume at depth may be important or even dominant at this stage, although the amount is uncertain. At the waning stage, mixing of melts from the mantle flow pattern with those from low-degree partial melting of the lithosphere may produce postshield alkalic basalts. After the plate moves off the heat source, continuous conductive heating can cause very low degree partial melting (less than 1%) of the lithosphere at shallow depths for about one million years. This process may be responsible for producing post-erosional alkalic basalts. The extraction time for removing such small amount of melts is about 0.4–2 m.y., similar to the time gap between the eruption of post-erosional alkalic lavas and the shield-building stage. Our results show that multi-stage Hawaiian volcanism and the general geochemical characteristics of Hawaiian basalts can be explained by a model of plume-plate interaction.
Selection of a large sum-free subset in polynomial time

Abstract A set of E of integers is called sum-free if x+y≠z for all x,y,z∈E. Given a set A = {n1,…,nN} of integers we show how to extract a sum-free subset E of A with | E | > N⧸3. The algorithm requires polynomial time in the size of the input.
The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes.

Aim This paper presents a discussion of the development of a middle-range nursing theory of the effects of music on physical activity and improved health outcomes.
Role of Toll-like Receptors in Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Mounting evidence supports the tenet that innate immune responses to luminal microbes participate in the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. The gastrointestinal tract is relatively unique in that it has evolved in the presence of diverse enteric microflora. Intestinal flora is required to develop a normal adaptive immune response in the periphery. With the characterization of the innate immune system, we have begun to understand the adaptations the intestine has made to the microbiota. The interaction between the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is required to maintain intestinal homeostasis. In particular, intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria mononuclear cells such as antigen-presenting cells and T cells must respond to breaches in the mucosal barrier by activating TLR-dependent pathways that result in increased epithelial proliferation, wound healing and recruitment of acute inflammatory cells. In the setting of chronic inflammation such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the stomach or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, the process of repair may eventually result in carcinogenesis. The following review highlights human and animal data that support a role for innate immune responses and TLRs specifically in promoting gastrointestinal malignancies. Candidate pathways linking TLRs to gastrointestinal malignancies include activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2. Studying the link between innate immune signaling and gastrointestinal malignancies offers the possibility to identify novel ways to both prevent and treat gastrointestinal cancer.
The normal Achilles tendon reflex time in children as measured with the photomotograph

With the photomotograph, the Achilles tendon reflex time was measured in healthy children. The normal range of the reflex time, together with the effects of age, sex, and race, was established as a prerequisite to interpreting deviations from the normal. The difference between the ankle jerk time in children and values in adults is presented. The Achilles tendon reflex time, as measured with the photomotograph, can be used as an adjunct to the initial diagnosis and subsequent management in patients with thyroid dysfunction.
Dynamical color correlations in a SU(2)c quark exchange model of nuclear matter.

The quark exchange model is a simple realization of an adiabatic approximation to the strong-coupling limit of quantum chromodynamics: the quarks always coalesce into the lowest energy set of flux tubes. Nuclear matter is thus modeled in terms of its quarks. We wish to study the correlations imposed by total wave-function antisymmetry when color degrees of freedom are included. To begin with, we have considered one-dimensional matter with a SU(2) color internal degree of freedom only. We proceed by constructing a totally antisymmetric, color singlet [ital Ansatz] characterized by a variational parameter [lambda] (which describes the length scale over which two quarks in the system are clustered into hadrons) and by performing a variational Monte Carlo calculation of the energy to optimize [lambda] for a fixed density. We calculate the [ital q]-[ital q] correlation function as well, and discuss the qualitative differences between the system at low and high density.
On infinite products of quotients

Abstract The methodology used for proving the uniform convergence of the infinite product of quotients of the form, M(Z)= π k=1 ∞ (1−)Z/∂ k )/(1−Z/λ k ) where 0 M 1 (Z)= π k=1 ∞ (1−)Z/λ k )/(1−Z/∂ k ) where {∂k} and {λk} are defined as above is then examined, and its uniform convergence on any compact subset of the complex plane is shown. Finally, infinite products of the form P(Z)= π k=1 ∞ (1−f(Z)/∂ k )/(1−g(Z)/λ k ) B where f and g are single-valued analytic functions A ≠ B are considered.
Modeling Parenting Stress Trajectories Among Low-Income Young Mothers Across the Child's Second and Third Years : Factors Accounting for Stability and Change

This study investigated parenting stress trajectories among low-income young mothers and the factors that are associated with change and stability of parenting stress as children aged from 14 to 36 months old. With a sample of 580 young mothers who applied to the Early Head Start Program, growth mixture modeling identified 3 trajectory classes of parenting stress: a chronically high group (7% of the sample), an increasing group (10% of the sample), and a decreasing group (83% of the sample). Maternal personal resources distinguished between the increasing and decreasing classes, whereas maternal personal resources, child characteristics, and contextual influences explained differences between the chronically high and decreasing trajectory classes. Findings suggest that for interventions to be effective, programs need to assess maternal, child, and contextual factors to better address the particular unique needs of young mothers.