cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health: The Razor-Sharp Double-Edged Sword

An extensive body of data shows concordant J-shaped associations between alcohol intake and a variety of adverse health outcomes, including coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, stroke, dementia, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and all-cause mortality. Light to moderate alcohol consumption (up to 1 drink daily for women and 1 or 2 drinks daily for men) is associated with cardioprotective benefits, whereas increasingly excessive consumption results in proportional worsening of outcomes. Alcohol consumption confers cardiovascular protection predominately through improvements in insulin sensitivity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The ethanol itself, rather than specific components of various alcoholic beverages, appears to be the major factor in conferring health benefits. Low-dose daily alcohol is associated with better health than less frequent consumption. Binge drinking, even among otherwise light drinkers, increases cardiovascular events and mortality. Alcohol should not be universally prescribed for health enhancement to nondrinking individuals owing to the lack of randomized outcome data and the potential for problem drinking.
Access to space: A new approach by the united nations office for outer space affairs

Abstract In the context of UNISPACE+50, which will mark the 50th anniversary of the first UNISPACE conference held in Vienna in 1968, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) has defined four pillars to address the future of space activities and their role in development: space economy, space society, space accessibility and space diplomacy. Under the space accessibility pillar, UNOOSA intends to enable all communities, particularly in developing countries, to use and benefit from space technologies and applications. Building on previous activities and new partnerships, UNOOSA facilitates and provides (i) access to space education; (ii) access to space data; (iii) access to space technology and research facilities; and finally, for the first time, (iv) direct access to space. At the core of these activities is microgravity research, from on-ground simulation to orbital opportunities, which is one of the main tools of the Human Space Technology Initiative. This shift from on-ground space education, applications, technology and simulation to on-orbit technology is directly linked to a UNISPACE+50 thematic priority on “Global partnerships in space exploration and innovation”. At this stage, three partnership programmes are incorporated in this strategy, with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the China Manned Space Agency, and Sierra Nevada Corporation. These programmes provide access to a wide spectrum of Low Earth Orbit opportunities.
Does the addition of dextrose to IV crystalloid therapy provide clinical benefit in acute dehydration? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives Intravenous dextrose aids in the resolution of ketosis in dehydrated patients not tolerating oral glucose and is often recommended in this clinical scenario. Our aim was to determine whether the addition of dextrose to intravenous rehydration solutions results in decreased hospital admissions or other clinically important benefits among dehydrated children or adults. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Library were searched by a medical librarian from inception through November 2017. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials comparing dextrose containing intravenous solutions with intravenous solutions without dextrose in patients being treated for dehydration, and not already hospitalized. Results The database and bibliographies search identified 1,472 unique citations. Only two trials (N = 333) met the inclusion criteria. Both compared normal saline with solutions of dextrose in normal saline. There was no statistically significant difference in admission rates (relative risk = 0.83; 95% confidence interval = 0.62 to 1.10) or revisits (relative risk = 0.54; 95% confidence interval = 0.24 to 1.22). Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 0). No other outcome results were eligible for pooling, but neither study found differences in any clinical outcomes. No adverse events were reported in either trial. Conclusions The addition of dextrose to intravenous saline has not been shown to improve clinical outcomes in dehydrated children presenting to the emergency department with gastroenteritis, but the confidence intervals around the estimate of effect are wide and include the possibility of substantial benefit.
Competencies and outcomes in public affairs education

To herald JPAE’s 25th volume, it is appropriate to look back at a bit of history and look forward to future research. Just as governments have faced demands to demonstrate results, so also did grad...
Enantioselective syntheses of (E)-γ,δ-disubstituted homoallylic alcohols via BF3·OEt2-catalyzed aldehyde allylboration and analysis of the origin of E-selectivity: A1,2 allylic strain vs. syn-pentane interaction

Abstract Enantioselective allylboration of aldehydes with α-substituted β-methyl allylboronate was reported. By using BF3·OEt2 as the catalyst, γ,δ-disubstituted homoallylic alcohols were obtained in good yields with high E-selectivities and enantioselectivities. Transition state analysis revealed that the disfavored transition state suffers from a syn-pentane interaction between the BF3 catalyst and axially oriented α-substituent of the allylboron reagent. Such a syn-pentane interaction is severe enough to overcome the A1,2 allylic strain between the β-methyl group and the α-substituent of the boron reagent that is present in the favored competing transition state. Consequently, the reaction proceeded with equatorial placement of the α-substituent to furnish γ-methyl substituted homoallylic alcohols with high E-selectivity.
Encounters with Belief in the Global City: Urban Humanities Filmmaking Pedagogy from Los Angeles to Shanghai

The short films en-Counter Chinatown (2014) and 1933: The Shanghai Projector (2015) were created by an interdisciplinary team of university students as part of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)s Urban Humanities Initiative (UHI), a Mellon-funded graduate certificate program that investigates the intersections between global cities across the Asia-Pacific Rim. Themes of migration, the transnational flow of cultural identity, and how old belief systems are established in new places emerge, building a moving portrait of a neighborhood in flux—between generations, traditions, and forces of gentrification—within the global city. This setting created an intersection between universities, belief systems, culture, and film. The film displays the student’s interests—cities, planning, Buddhism, migration, narrative, Chinese diaspora, and poetry—synthesizing them into a new form of representation. As it was unfamiliar to most of the students, the medium of film served this leveling function, acting as a pedagogical tool for connecting and equalizing ideas, pushing each participant into unfamiliar territory. This chapter uses the example of the films to examine the transdisciplinary pedagogy that is a foundation of the Urban Humanities, focusing on how it allows for a multileveled investigation of the diverse and transnational epistemologies that are present in global cities like Los Angeles. The chapter explores both the students’ encounter with temple’s neighborhood and between their respective disciplines. The global city, as it contains a myriad of experiences beyond the academic, is what stimulates such a learning situation, facilitating multileveled communication that is more than just interdisciplinary and, thus, allowing for the possibility to integrate other systems of belief into the normal higher education discourse. The chapter engages with the volume topic as an example of a higher education program encountering issues of religious and belief systems in a way that is more than just as a traditional academic object, instead of representing such knowledge in alternate ways to more diverse audiences while also creating a unique space of learning.
Response of bark beetles and woodborers to tornado damage and subsequent salvage logging in northern coniferous forests of Maine, USA

Abstract In July 2013, an EF1 tornado and straight line winds caused extensive forest damage in the Scientific Forest Management Area of Baxter State Park in northern Maine, USA. Subsequent salvage operations removed damaged trees from some areas, while leaving blowdown in other areas. Undisturbed control, blowdown, and blowdown + salvage (hereafter, salvage) treatments were established within and adjacent to damaged forests. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and woodborers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae; Hymenoptera: Siricidae) were trapped using semiochemical-baited traps from within each of these areas over a three-year period (2014–2016). Disturbance-initiated outbreaks of Dendroctonus rufipennis were a major concern after the windstorm. However, D. rufipennis populations were low throughout the three-year experiment, and were captured more often in controls than in the two disturbed treatments. Overall, bark beetles and woodborers were captured at higher numbers in the two disturbed treatments, relative to controls. Individual species responses varied, with many species found more often in one of the disturbed treatments compared to controls. Species richness and abundance were generally higher in disturbed treatments than in controls. Blowdown and salvage treatments were also more similar to one another than to controls. Large amounts of dead wood provided easily exploitable habitat for wood-inhabiting insects in treatments; however, no evidence of alarming population increases of primary bark beetles were observed, suggesting that salvage operations are not always necessary to protect residual trees from attack by damaging bark beetles.
Paramagnetic solid-state NMR of proteins

Abstract The paramagnetic properties of metal ions and stable radicals can affect NMR spectra, which can lead to changes in peak intensities, relaxation times and chemical shifts. The changes from paramagnetic effects provide intriguing opportunities for solid-state NMR studies of proteins. In this review, we summarized the trends and progress of paramagnetic solid-state NMR of proteins in the past decade, and showed that paramagnetic effects have great potential applications for sensitivity enhancement, structure determination and topological analysis for microcrystalline proteins, protein complexes, protein aggregates and membrane proteins.
Retail Tobacco Marketing in Rural Versus Nonrural Counties: Product Availability, Discounts, and Prices:

Objectives. To assess tobacco product availability, advertised discounts, and prices in rural and nonrural stores, comparing results for two definitions of rural. Method. This geospatial study linked data from marketing surveillance in a representative sample of licensed tobacco retailers in California (n = 1,276) and categorized rural/nonrural stores at the county and tract levels. Data were collected from January to March, 2017, and mixed-models analyses tested for differences by location (rural vs. nonrural). Results. Compared to nonrural stores, rural-county stores were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI; 1.2, 3.6]) times more likely to sell chewing tobacco and 2.5 (95% CI [1.4, 4.2]) times more likely to sell roll-your-own. Rural-county stores sold larger packs of cigarillos for less than $1 (coefficient = 0.22, 95% CI [0.05, 0.39]) and charged less for the cheapest cigarette pack regardless of brand (estimated mean difference = $-0.21, 95% CI [-0.39, -0.03]). Contrary to expectation, a popular brand of chewing tobacco cost more in rural-county stores. A tract-level definition of rural reclassified only 1 in 10 stores, and did not substantially alter the results. Overall, 32.9% of stores advertised discounts on chewing tobacco, but this was more common in rural than nonrural census tracts (adjusted odds ratio = 1.81, 95% CI [1.14, 2.88]). Discussion. Evidence that $1 buys more cigarillos in rural-county stores than elsewhere adds to health equity concerns that the prevalence of cheap, flavored tobacco is not limited to neighborhoods characterized by socioeconomic disadvantage, higher proportions of African Americans, and higher proportions of school-age youth. Policies that focus on the retail environment for tobacco are needed to make tobacco less attractive and more costly everywhere, including rural areas.
Strategies for Mast Cell Inhibition in Food Allergy.

Mast cells are tissue resident allergic effector cells that drive IgE-mediated food allergies. There are several steps leading to mast cell activation in the context of allergic disease that can be targeted to prevent mast cell activation and degranulation. These include blocking IgE-FceRI crosslinking and type 2 cytokine receptor activation; modulating cell-surface neural chemical receptors; stabilizing mast cell membranes to prevent co-localization of activating receptors; impeding intracellular signaling; and engaging cell surface inhibitory receptors. This review highlights several ITIM-containing inhibitory mast cell surface receptors that could serve as pharmaceutical targets to prevent mast cell activation and degranulation in the context of food allergy. When activated, these ITIM-containing inhibitory receptors recruit the phosphatases SHP-1, SHP-2, and/or SHIP to dephosphorylate the tyrosine kinases responsible for activation signals downstream of the IgE-FceRI complex. We describe several members of the Ig and Ig-like inhibitory receptor and C-type lectin inhibitory receptor superfamilies. Fundamental studies exploring the behavior of these receptors within the context of experimental food allergy models are needed. A deeper understanding of how these receptors modulate mast cell-driven food allergic responses will shape future strategies to harness these inhibitory receptors to treat food allergy.
Lower Oxygen Saturation Threshold (< 93% vs. 95%) for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening at High Altitude Prevents False Positives

Background: The false positive rate for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) oxygen saturation (SpO2) screening is 0.14% but is likely higher at high altitude. Physiologic models suggest there is ∼35 mmHg decrease in PO2 at 6,000 feet elevation with associated decrease in SpO2. We evaluated the prevalence of false positive CCHD screen at a hospital at >6,000 feet elevation with standard SpO2 cut-off of 6,000 feet). We estimated 144 newborns in each group would provide power 0.9 with alpha …
Abstract IA006: Metastasis initiating cells and ecosystems

Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to distant organs, in the main cause of cancer death. Metastasis is initiated and sustained by a subset of cancer cells with stem-like and immune evasive properties, called metastasis initiating cells (MICs). We are investigating the mechanisms underlying the emergence and selection of MICs within primary tumors, and their microenvironment interactions during metastasis formation and resistance to therapy. Our recent progress suggests that MICs in carcinomas result from the adoption of a normal regenerative progenitor phenotype by malignant cells, a phenotype with intrinsic programs to survive the stresses of the metastatic process, undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, enter a slow-cycling state for dormancy, evade immune surveillance, establish profitable interactions with organ-specific niches, and co-opt systemic factors to establish metastatic growth and recurrence after therapy. Our current work on lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer MICs is providing insights into the emergence and regenerative phenotype of these cells and their mechanisms of brain colonization and avoidance of immune surveillance. An improved understanding of the molecular detereminant of MIC phenotypes and their host ecosystems could yield therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. Citation Format: Joan Massague. Metastasis initiating cells and ecosystems [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on the Evolving Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities; in association with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Working Group; 2021 Jan 11-12. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA006.
Relative risk of hepatotoxicity associated with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK4/6i): A systematic review and meta-analysis of phase 3 randomized controlled trials.

e13037Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) such as palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib have changed the landscape of management of estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-n...
Origins of the change in mechanical strength of silicon/gold nanocomposites during irradiation.

Silicon-based layered nanocomposites, comprised of covalent-metal interfaces, have demonstrated elevated resistance to radiation. The amorphization of the crystalline silicon sublayer during irradiation and/or heating can provide an additional mechanism for accommodating irradiation-induced defects. In this study, we investigated the mechanical strength of irradiated Si-based nanocomposites using atomistic modeling. We first examined dose effects on the defect evolution mechanisms near silicon-gold crystalline and amorphous interfaces. Our simulations reveal the growth of an emergent amorphous interfacial layer with increasing dose, a dominant factor mitigating radiation damage. We then examined the effect of radiation on the mechanical strength of silicon-gold multilayers by constructing yield surfaces. These results demonstrate a rapid onset strength loss with dose. Nearly identical behavior is observed in bulk gold, a phenomenon that can be rooted to the formation of radiation-induced stacking fault tetrahedra which dominate the dislocation emission mechanism during mechanical loading. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the interaction between radiation-induced point defects and metal-covalent interfaces.
Do Politicians Affect Political Violence? Evidence from Pakistan

Political violence is among the most serious threats facing democracies in the developing world. Using geo-coded data on individual incidents of political violence in a close-election regression discontinuity design, this study aims to estimate the causal effects of the local politician's partisanship on subsequent political violence in Pakistan, a country that has suffered from significant political violence in recent times. Results suggest that constituencies that elect a ruling party politician experience significantly less political violence than constituencies that elect a non-ruling party politician. I show that these ruling party effects hold for a range of outcomes and are robust to a wide range of RD specification choices. Shedding light on possible mechanisms, first I show that ruling party effects are concentrated in areas with low exposure to media, suggesting that politicians fear electoral penalties from well-informed voters. Second, I show that ruling politician effects are concentrated in areas with high police penetration, highlighting the importance of state machinery in influencing violence.
Nationwide variation in outcomes and cost of laparoscopic procedures

Healthcare systems and surgeons are under increasing pressure to provide high-quality care for the lowest possible cost . This study utilizes national data to examine the outcomes and costs of common laparoscopic procedures based on hospital type and location. The National Inpatient Sample was queried from 2008 to 2011 for five laparoscopic procedures: colectomy (LC), inguinal hernia repair, ventral hernia repair (LVHR), Nissen fundoplication (NF), and cholecystectomy (LCh). Outcomes, including complication rate and inpatient mortality, were stratified by region and hospital type. Both univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed using regression-based survey methods; risk-adjusted mean costs for hospital were calculated after adjusting for patient characteristics. In univariate analysis, the rates of minor complications varied significantly between geographic regions for LCh, LC, NF, and LVHR (p 0.05). Rural and urban centers had similar rates of complications (p > 0.05), except for higher rates of major complications following IHR and LC in rural centers (p 0.05). For hospital ownership, private investor-owned facilities were substantially more expensive (p 0.05). In multivariate analysis, while patient factors helped explain differences between outcome differences in different hospital types and locations, in general, the difference in cost remained statistically significant between hospitals. Though patient demographics and characteristics accounted for some differences in postoperative outcomes after common laparoscopic procedures, higher cost of care was not associated with better outcomes or more complex patients.
Avian mite dermatitis.

Avian mites are known to infest humans accidentally, causing a dermatitis characterized by widespread pruritic papular lesions. Because of the lack of awareness of this phenomenon and the small size of the mite, this diagnosis is often missed. We report two siblings with a papular eruption secondary to contact with avian mites identified as Dermanyssus gallinae. CASE REPORT A young college student awakened one morning in August with severe pruritus and a generalized eruption. On examination in the clinic, she was noted to have numerous wheals (50 to 100), most densely distributed on her waist, thighs, shoulders, and ankles, but involving most areas of the body.
Was the Tea Party Responsible for the Republican Victory in the 2010 House Elections

We test the hypothesis that the Tea Party won the House for Republicans. We find no support for the hypothesis. Instead, we find that variables long cited in the congressional elections literature — in particular, the incumbent’s previous electoral performance, the normal party vote in the district, candidate spending, and challenger experience — best explain the results of the 2010 elections.
A Formalist Reborn

Rudolf Arnheim _Film Essays and Criticism_ Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997 ISBN: 0-299-15260-X ISBN: 0-299-15264-2 253 pp.
Upper and lower airways associations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and bronchiectasis

Background Bronchiectasis is an uncommon disease of the lower airways characterized by bronchial wall destruction and permanent bronchiolar dilation. Several etiologic categories exist, and patients with bronchiectasis often complain of symptoms suggestive of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The present study investigates the association between bronchiectasis and CRS using radiologic and bacteriologic data. Methods Retrospective chart review from a tertiary care respiratory hospital was performed. Sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were examined for extent of disease and relationship to pulmonary disease severity. Statistical analysis was performed with Student t test and linear regression. Upper and lower airway cultures from patients with both bronchiectasis and CRS were compared using the chance adjusted agreement. Results Patients with bronchiectasis were found to have a significantly higher Lund-Mackay score when compared to patients with allergic rhinitis (p = 0.047). Lund-Mackay CT score did not correlate with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1:forced vital capacity (FVC), or presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Correlation of upper and lower airway bacterial cultures in patients with both bronchiectasis and CRS was noted (kappa = 0.294, p = 0.004), particularly when P. aeruginosa was present (kappa = 0.49, p < 0.0001). Conclusion The current study suggests that the upper and lower airways may be linked in CRS and bronchiectasis from both an objective radiologic standpoint and a bacteriologic perspective. This finding carries implications for disease pathogenesis, clinical care, and future research.
Burden and Competence in Caregivers of Alzheimer's Disease Patients

In relationship to the number of studies on caregiving burden, few studies have assessed the relationship between burden of caregivers and the extent and nature of care given to elderly persons in need of assistance (defined as competence). A study of 96 caregivers of Alzheimer's Disease patients found only a relatively low, and statistically insignificant, relationship between caregiver burden and competence. The development and measurement of competence is described, as is the need to consider both burden and competence as constructs, independent of one another, in work with caregivers of impaired older persons.
90 nm generation, 300 mm wafer low k ILD/Cu interconnect technology

This paper presents a 90 nm generation and 300 mm wafer size interconnect technology with 7 layers of Cu metallization and low k ILD. Carbon doped oxide (CDO) low k ILD is used to achieve > 20% inter- and intra-layer capacitance improvement and 25-30% RC improvement over 130 nm generation SiOF interconnect process with equivalent electromigration performance.
Use of prostate-specific antigen testing as a disease surveillance tool following radical prostatectomy.

Background Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is recommended every 6 to 12 months for the first 5 years following radical prostatectomy as a means to detect potential disease recurrence. Despite substantial research on factors affecting treatment decisions, recurrence, and mortality, little is known about whether men receive guideline-concordant surveillance testing or whether receipt varies by year of diagnosis, time since treatment, or other individual characteristics.
Febrile seizures: the role of intermittent prophylaxis

Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common seizure type of the childhood and known as a benign condition which usually does not require any acute intervention or long-term therapy [1,2]. “No treatment” approach for febrile seizures was universally accepted and recommended between the periods 1930 and 1950. However, later, between 1960 and 1980, with the emerging reports in neurosurgical literature describing the association between the prolonged febrile seizure and temporal lobe epilepsy led the implementation of continuous prophylaxis with phenobarbital without carefully review of the results from clinical trials. It was aimed to prevent the temporal lobe epilepsy secondary to mesial temporal sclerosis with continuous prophylaxis. The relationship between the FS and temporal lobe epilepsy still has remained controversial. Retrospective and prospective studies showed supporting evidence as well as contradictory results [3]. It is widely recognized now that the cumulative evidence from randomized controlled studies has revealed that febrile seizures mostly are self-limited benign conditions with good outcome [4–7]. Most children with FS, never developed epilepsy, but 2–3% may develop unprovoked recurrent seizures by 7 years of age with slightly higher incidence than the one in normal population [8]. Three
COMO OS DIREITOS DE PROPRIEDADE INTELECTUAL INCENTIVAN A INOVAÇÃO NA INDÚSTRIA FARMACÊUTICA DOI: 10.5585/rai.v5i3.236

With patent laws governments intervene into the marketplace to provide incentives to innovators to invest their know-how, time, and money into the creation of inventions under circumstances of the appropriability problem associated with intangible assets. The intellectual property notion of trade secrecy means specific information that possesses commercial value and that reasonable efforts have been taken to keep it secret. Innovative pharmaceuticals, both radical and incremental, are especially susceptible to the appropriability problem in knowledge-based economic activity, for turning a prospective molecule as identified in the laboratory into a medicine that may be distributed in the public health system requires many years of computer modeling, animal-testing and, finally, clinical trial testing. Clinical trials are performed in three phases and each phase results in a plethora of data. Drug laws specify that such data are kept confidential by health regulatory authorities for a period of 5 years in the United States and for longer periods in most of Europe. Sufficiently strong appropriability regimes facilitate licensing and cross-licensing relationships between and among universities and business. Substantial empirical research supports the utility of the Bayh-Dole model and doubts the existence of a patent anti-commons (editor note: the existence of numerous rights holders frustrates achieving a socially desirable outcome), in the life sciences.
Interferon-γ: The Jekyll and Hyde of Malaria.

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a key mediator of inflammatory immune responses induced primarily by interleukin-12 (IL-12). IFN-γ secretion by both innate and adaptive immune cells is essential for control of intracellular pathogens and tumors, yet aberrant production of IFN-γ contributes to autoimmunity and inflammation in certain disease settings. These divergent roles are well illustrated in the context of malaria, a disease caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. IFN-γ is a central cytokine in controlling Plasmodium infection in both the liver and blood stages of the parasite life cycle, but it can also exacerbate the severity of malarial disease depending on the temporal and spatial production of IFN-γ. Here, we review the types of immune cells that produce IFN-γ during malaria and discuss the IFN-γ-induced effector mechanisms that can aid in killing Plasmodium parasites but also contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria.
Measures matter: the relative contribution of anxiety and depression to suicidal ideation in clinically referred anxious youth using brief versus full length questionnaires.

BACKGROUND: A cross-sectional design was used to examine links between suicidal ideation, depression, and anxiety using brief [Stark and Laurent, 2001: J Clin Child Psychol 30:552-567] and full length versions of the Children's Depression Inventory [CDI; Kovacs, 1980/1981: Acta Paedopsychiatr 46:305-315] and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [RCMAS; Reynolds and Richmond, 1985: Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. California: Western Psychological Services]. METHODS: The sample consisted of 252 children and adolescents (ages 7-16 years, M=9.94 years (SD=2.4)) seeking treatment at a childhood anxiety disorders specialty research clinic. RESULTS: Using structural equation modeling, results indicated that the relative contribution of anxiety and depression in the presence of suicidal ideation varies depending on the measures used. Specifically, anxiety had a significant direct and indirect effect on suicidal ideation presence using a brief version of the RCMAS, but only an indirect effect using the full length version. Depression had a significant direct effect on suicidal ideation presence using both brief and full versions of the CDI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that anxiety may play a role in predicting suicidal ideation in clinic-referred anxious youth, but whether this role is detected depends on the measurement strategy. Given that "measures matter," future studies using similar as well as different samples as the one used in this study need to consider careful measurement strategies, as different findings may emerge depending on whether brief or full length versions of questionnaires are used. Language: en
Preliminary Report: Functional MRI of the Brain May Be the Ideal Tool for Evaluating Neuropsychologic and Sleep Complaints of Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

The incidence, pattern, and severity of sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction has not been well characterized for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). There is no agreement on the mechanism of the development or resolution of such symptoms, and in no previous study has cerebral activity been functionally assessed and change documented following surgical cure of patients with PHPT. We undertook a prospective analysis to obtain pilot data on 6 patients with PHPT. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), formal neuropsychologic (NP) tests, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures that included sleep assessments were performed on patients before and after parathyroidectomy. Changes in cortical activation under both conflict and neutral conditions (distracting tasks) were recorded. Functional MRI demonstrated postoperative changes in medial prefrontal cortex activity during cognitive processing of conflict and nonconflict tasks. Further postoperative changes were noted in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex with shifts in activations. In addition to the fMRI findings, the patients demonstrated improvements in sleep and social behavior. They tended to experience less fatigue and their processing speed on cognitive tests improved. These data support the feasibility and willingness of patients with PHPT to undergo fMRI assessment. Preliminary findings reflected a generalized improvement in processing efficiency postoperatively compared with a patient’s preoperative state, and the HRQL measures showed improved sleep. These findings mirror those expected with sleep dysfunction. Longitudinal assessment with advanced brain imaging technology, neuropsychological (NP), and sleep evaluations is warranted to further explore cognitive, sleep, and HRQL improvement after parathyroidectomy.
Respiratory symptom perception differs in obese women with strong or mild breathlessness during constant-load exercise.

Background During constant-load exercise, some otherwise healthy obese women report substantially more dyspnea on exertion (DOE) than do others. The objective of this study was to investigate whether qualitative differences exist between the sensations of dyspnea felt by these women. Methods Seventy-eight women were categorized based on their ratings of perceived breathlessness (RPBs) (Borg 0-10 scale) after 6 min of 60-W cycling. Thirty-four women rated RPB ≥ 4 (+DOE) (34 ± 7 years, 36 ± 5 kg/m 2 BMI), and 22 women rated RPB ≤ 2 (−DOE) (32 ± 7 years, 37 ± 4 kg/m 2 BMI). Twenty-two women rated RPB as 3 (RPB = 3) (34 ± 7 years, 34 ± 4 kg/m 2 BMI) and were grouped separately to allow for a better delineation of the +DOE and the −DOE groups. After the exercise test, subjects were asked to pick three of 15 statements that best described their respiratory sensations. Results The +DOE and the −DOE groups were characterized differentially ( P Conclusions Not only is the intensity of dyspnea significantly different between the +DOE and the −DOE groups, but so are the self-reported qualitative aspects of their dyspnea. Women in the +DOE group reported an increased sensation of the work of breathing relative to women in the −DOE group, which may be associated with the elevated RPB.
Comparative effectiveness of the nicotine lozenge and tobacco-free snuff for smokeless tobacco reduction.

Abstract Long-term smokeless tobacco (ST) use is associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer, but not all ST users want to quit. Previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of nicotine lozenges and tobacco-free snuff for reducing ST use among ST users not ready to quit, but no comparative effectiveness trials of these two products have been conducted. We conducted a multicenter, randomized clinical pilot study evaluating the comparative effectiveness of the 4-mg nicotine lozenge and tobacco-free snuff for reducing ST use and increasing tobacco abstinence among ST users with no intention of quitting in the next 30 days. Participants received 8 weeks of treatment and behavioral counseling on tobacco reduction strategies with follow-up to 26 weeks. We randomized 81 participants (40 nicotine lozenges, 41 tobacco-free snuff). No significant differences in reduction were observed between the two groups at weeks 8, 12, and 26. No significant differences were observed between groups in nicotine withdrawal or tobacco craving. However, both groups significantly reduced ( p p = .615). The 4-mg nicotine lozenge and the tobacco-free snuff both appear to be effective and comparable for reducing ST use among ST users not ready to quit in the next 30 days.
Subject Access for a Culinary Collection: Experiments at the Longone Center for American Culinary Research

ABSTRACT A collection of culinary and related materials at the William L. Clements Library has potential uses beyond the niche of culinary history, expanding into and beyond the emerging interdiscipline of food studies. The library is considering other holdings for related content. Such collections are inadequately served by existing subject access. Experiments with plentiful subject access are being tried, including an unusual use of MARC records for ephemera, a database recording mentions of food-related phenomena in Civil War correspondence, and experimentation with a controlled vocabulary. These experiments have drawn on a “community of interest,” including subject specialists and volunteer docents.
Stationary Occultations from Low Earth Orbit

The process of stationary lunar occultations is considered for observers in LEO. The orbit of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is used as a prototype. The noncoplanarity of the HST and lunar orbits disrupts many of the expected stationary events, and orbital drag complicates the prediction problem. In a typical year, the apparent speed of the lunar limb seen by the HST is slower than a typical ground-based event only about 0.7 percent of the time. The orbit prediction can be wrong by as much as 20 deg in 53 days, with most of the error lying in the plane of the orbit.
Recovery of deep-point injected soil nitrogen-15 by switchgrass, alfalfa, ineffective alfalfa, and corn

Removal of nitrates that have leached below the corn (Zea mays L.) rooting zone may be accomplished by deep-rooted plant species. This study evaluated the capacity of corn ('Pioneer 3732'), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. 'Saranac 7061'), ineffective alfalfa ('In Saranac 7496'), and switchgraw (Panicum virgatum L. 'Sunburst') to use point-injected 15 N. A 20% enriched 15 N KNO 3 was injected at 120 cm in the soil profile. Three points were injected In each plot with four replicates. One corn plant nearest the injection point and one 30 by 30 cm area surrounding the injection point in the other species were sampled. The amount of NO 3 -N removed by switchgrass from the soil profile below 120 cm was 20 kg ha -1 per year, compared with 1, 8, and 9 kg ha -1 for corn, alfalfa, and ineffective alfalfa, respectively. Switchgrass may be a management alternative for removing NO 3 -N from the soil at depths below the rooting zone of most crops.
Farm nutrient management practices in two geographically diverse watersheds in the cottonwood river watershed of Minnesota, USA

The characteristics of a river are shaped by the quality of the tributaries that flow into it and each of the tributaries in turn reflects the management practices that occur on the soils and landscapes in their drainage areas. In the Cottonwood River of Minnesota, USA and many of its tributaries, nutrient enrichment [primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] and suspended sediments contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Our objective was to assess farm characteristics and nutrient management practices among producer/operators in two southwestern Minnesota watersheds, and relate these characteristics to soil and landscape differences as reflected by agroecoregions. Producer/operators were interviewed in a face-to-face interview during summer 2002 about agricultural production management practices in two tributaries of the Cottonwood River. The Sleepy Eye Creek watershed (SECW) is located in gently rolling to flat soils formed in glacial till. The Highwater-Dutch Charley Creek watershed (HDCCW) is located in moderately steep, 2–6% slope, soils formed in glacial moraine. Nitrogen and P rates applied to corn were significantly greater in the SECW than the HDCCW, and more of the N was applied in the fall in the SECW than in the HDCCW, where more was applied in spring. More farmers tested soil for plant available P in the SECW than in the HDCCW. Results from both watershed indicated that forty-seven (29%) fields with soil test phosphorus records exceeded 25 ppm (Bray 1) or 20 ppm (Olsen). Nineteen (7.4%) fields received applications of both manure and N fertilizer, and 13 (5.1%) fields received applications of both manure and phosphate (P) fertilizer. Nitrogen and P application rates ranged from 234 to 315 kg N ha−1 and 134 to 168 kg P2O5 ha−1 for fields receiving both manure and fertilizer. Strategies for improving nutrient management practices in these two watershed areas should take into consideration soil and landscape differences that influence which nutrient management practices are most risky and which are most likely to improve water quality.
Pharmacoeconomics of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Understanding and appreciating the science of pharmacoeconomics have become even more important for health care providers and insurers during the recent economic downturn. Evaluating the true costs of any disease is complex; both direct costs, such as costs of drug therapy and the provision of care, and indirect costs, such as lost earnings and reduced quality of life, must be taken into account. With chronic liver disease, the most recent data indicate that direct costs were more than $2 billion whereas indirect costs were more than $450 million. Hepatic encephalopathy, a common complication of chronic liver disease, contributes to this economic burden. Although patients' length of stay during hospitalization for hepatic encephalopathy decreased from almost 9 days to 6 days (and has remained stable over the past few years) from 1993 to 2007, hospitalization costs rose from $13,000 to $30,000/hospital stay. In addition, 22% of patients were discharged directly to nursing homes or rehabilitation centers, which increases total costs. When assessing therapy for hepatic encephalopathy, it is important to consider the total costs of the disease, not just treatment costs. Although more expensive on a daily basis than lactulose, rifaximin has been shown to reduce hospitalization rates, has a better adverse-effect profile, and increases patient compliance. One study found that rifaximin produced a cost savings/patient/year of more than $3000 over lactulose therapy.
The Impact of Hearing a Fairy Tale on Children's Immediate Behavior

Summary Two experiments compared the effects of a fairy tale with those of a cartoon and a trivial story on children's immediate behavior. The 75 boys and girls in Experiment 1 were 9- to 11-year-olds living in an urban ghetto; the 60 boys and girls in Experiment 2 were primarily 6-year-olds from a suburban working class community. Experiment 2 was essentially a replication of Experiment 1, using a different fairy tale and some additional measures of the children's responses. As anticipated from Bettelheim's writing and informal observations, both studies indicated that those who had heard the fairy tale subsequently played in the most subdued and self-absorbed manner. The fairy tales seemed to have touched on these children's inner concerns and left them in a quietly pensive mood.
Bottlenecks and roadblocks in high‐throughput XAS for structural genomics

Structural and functional characterization of the entire protein complement (the proteome) of an organism can provide an infrastructure upon which questions about biological pathways and systems biology can be framed. The technology necessary to perform this proteome-level structural and functional characterization is under development in numerous structural genomics and functional genomics initiatives. Given the ubiquity of metal active sites in a proteome, it seems appropriate to ask whether comprehensive local structural characterization of metal sites within a proteome (metalloproteomics) is either a valid or obtainable goal. With a proteome-wide knowledge of the active-site structures of all metalloproteins, one could start to ask how metal insertion, cluster assembly and metalloprotein expression are affected by growth conditions or developmental status etc. High-throughput X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HTXAS) is being developed as a technology for investigating the metalloproteome. In creating a pipeline from genome to metalloproteome, several bottlenecks to high-throughput determination of metal-site structures must be overcome. For example, automation of arraying small samples for XAS examination must be invented, automation of rapid data collection of multiple low-volume low-concentration samples must be developed, automation of data reduction and analysis must be perfected. Discussed here are the promises and the pitfalls of HTXAS development, including the results of initial feasibility experiments.
Replication of vaccinia virus DNA in enucleated L-cells.

Abstract Enucleated cells and cell fragments, made from L-cells using cytochalasin B, were infected with vaccinia virus. By radioautography it was shown that factories of viral DNA synthesis were set up in enucleated cells or cell fragments. The results prove that the presence of the host cell nucleus is not necessary for uncoating of vaccinia virus and establishment of viral DNA synthesis.
Acute effects of rearfoot manipulation on dynamic standing balance in healthy individuals

Dynamic standing balance is essential to perform functional activities and is included in the treatment of many lower extremity injuries. Physiotherapists utilize many methods to restore standing balance including stability exercises, functional retraining, and manual therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a rearfoot distraction manipulation on dynamic standing balance. Twenty healthy participants (age: 24.4 � 2.8 years; height: 162.9 � 37.7 cm; mass: 68.0 � 4.8 kg; right leg dominant ¼ 20) completed this study. Following familiarization, dynamic standing balance was assessed during: (1) an experimental condition immediately following a rearfoot distraction manipulation, and (2) a control condition. Dominant leg balance was quantified using the Y-balance test which measures lower extremity reach distances. Reach distances were normalized to leg length and measured in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions. Overall balance was calculated through the summing of all normalized directions. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon rank tests were used to compare balance scores for parametric and non-parametric data as appropriate. Significance was set at 0.05 a priori. Effect size (ES) was calculated to determine the clinical impact of the manipulation. Increased reach distances (indi- cating improved balance) were noted following manipulation for overall balance (p ¼ 0.03, ES ¼ 0.26) and in the posteromedial direction (p ¼ 0.01, ES ¼ 0.42). Reach distances did not differ for the anterior (p ¼ 0.11, ES ¼ 0.16) or posterolateral (p ¼ 0.11, ES ¼ 0.25) components. Dynamic standing balance improved after a rearfoot distraction manipulation in healthy participants. It is hypothesized that manual therapy applied to the foot and ankle may be beneficial to augment other therapeutic modalities when working with patients to improve dynamic standing balance.
Examining the Essence of Migraine—Is it the Blood Vessel or the Brain? A Debate

A debate is presented that examines whether it is the blood vessel or the brain that determines the essence of migraine.
Moral Luck and Business Ethics

Moral luck – which seems to appear when circumstances beyond a person’s control influence our moral attributions of praise and blame – is troubling in that modern moral theory has supposed morality to be immune to luck. In business, moral luck commonly influences our moral judgments, many of which have economic consequences that cannot be reversed. The possibility that the chance intervention of luck could influence the way in which we assign moral accountability in business ethics is unsettling. This paper argues that if we cannot explain moral luck away, we should give consideration to moral risk in our moral judgments and the associated assignment of economic rewards regarding episodes in which moral luck plays a role.