cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsafe Drugs Were Prescribed More Than One Hundred Million Times in the United States Before Being Recalled

For some drugs, safety concerns are only discovered after they have been on the market, sometimes for several years. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has adopted several policies that could increase the likelihood of approving a potentially unsafe medication. We attempted to quantify the number of exposures in the United States to drugs that were newly approved but later withdrawn from the market. We obtained a list of all drugs approved and subsequently withdrawn from the U.S. market due to safety concerns between 1993 and 2010. Using a representative sample of outpatient physician office visits in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, we estimated the number of visits in the United States at which these unsafe drugs were prescribed. Seventeen drugs were approved and later withdrawn during this 18-year period and were prescribed at 112 million physician office visits in the United States. Nine of these drugs were prescribed more than 1 million times before their market withdrawal. New drugs that are later withdrawn due to being unsafe are frequently prescribed in the United States. To minimize the negative health consequences of prescribing potentially unsafe medications, we should reconsider some of the FDA policies that encourage the rapid approval and dissemination of new drugs.
Deportation, Crime, and Victimization

We study whether the forced removal of undocumented immigrants from the United States increases crime and victimization in Mexican municipalities. Using individual and municipal panel data on victimization, safety perceptions, and violent crime matched with annual deportation flows from the United States to Mexico, we assess whether municipalities and individuals in closer proximity to geographic repatriation points experience higher crime and perceived insecurity with surges in deportation flows. We also assess the degree to which victimization is concentrated on repatriated immigrants themselves. We find that individuals with greater geographic exposure to deportation flows have a higher likelihood of being victims of robberies and also experience lower perceived personal safety. Deportees themselves are most likely to be crime victims.
A comparison of strain calculation using digital image correlation and finite element software

Digital image correlation (DIC) data are being extensively used for many forming applications and for comparisons with finite element analysis (FEA) simulated results. The most challenging comparisons are often in the area of strain localizations just prior to material failure. While qualitative comparisons can be misleading, quantitative comparisons are difficult because of insufficient information about the type of strain output. In this work, strains computed from DIC displacements from a forming limit test are compared to those from three commercial FEA software. Quantitative differences in calculated strains are assessed to determine if the scale of variations seen between FEA and DIC calculated strains constitute real behavior or just calculation differences.
Infections in returning travelers

The spectrum of travel-related infections includes illnesses that might be absent or uncommon in the patient's country of origin and thus require a cautious and geographically specific evaluation for accurate diagnosis. Pretravel counseling, drug prophylaxis, and vaccination are important preventive strategies. Emerging global threats, changing disease patterns, and recent developments in the management of common illnesses such as malaria and traveler's diarrhea need to be considered in ill patients with a recent travel history.
Development- and experience-dependent plasticity in the dorsomedial habenula

Of the two major subdivisions of the habenula, the medial and lateral nuclei, the medial habenula is the least understood in terms of synaptic transmission, intrinsic properties and plasticity. The medial habenula (MHb) is composed of glutamatergic neurons which receive the majority of their inputs from the septal region and project predominantly to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). To understand the synaptic transmission, we studied both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the dorsal region of the medial habenula (dMHb). While glutamatergic transmission dominates during early development, an attenuation of glutamatergic transmission and an enhancement of GABAergic transmission occur during development leading into adulthood. Furthermore, as reported previously, GABAA receptor-mediated transmission is excitatory in the adult dMHb, which is consistent with the reduced expression of the K-Cl co-transporter KCC2. Given the potential role of the dMHb in aversive behaviors, we examined whether fear conditioning or exposure to foot shock affects excitability in dMHb neurons. We observed a suppression of the excitability of dMHb neurons in mice that either underwent fear conditioning or were exposed to foot shock. Furthermore, we observed a suppression of GABAergic but not glutamatergic transmission in the dMHb neurons following fear conditioning. These results suggest that aversive experience produces a suppression of the dMHb neuronal activity. Given that the medial habenula is upstream of the median raphe nucleus which is believed to be involved in the negative regulation of aversive memory, the suppression of dMHb neurons following an aversive experience might play a role in strengthening of aversive memories.
Beyond Visas and Vaccines: Preparing Students for Domestic and Global Health Engagement.

Abstract At campuses across the United States, scores of students are embarking on global health experiences in low- and middle-income countries. The desire to improve the health of poor communities while preparing for future health careers is often the main driver. The spotlight on domestic health issues also has fueled a resurgence of interest in underserved communities in the United States. Regardless of the destination, rigorous preparation is needed to ensure that the students' presence benefits the communities they aim to serve. Development of mutually beneficial programs with host communities coupled with thoughtful preparation of students is essential to the future of these university programs but, more importantly, to achieve the goal of shared learning and capacity building across borders. US program leaders may not fully consider the potential risks that can occur to their programs from involving poorly prepared students, or these risks may appear largely theoretical. However, many experienced practitioners and their international collaborators can relate examples of damaged partnerships, adverse consequences on community structures, dangers to patient safety, and harmed professional reputations and credibility. Domestic health experiences do not require a visa or vaccines but bring students in contact with many of the same ethical, professional, and cross-cultural challenges as overseas endeavors. Fortunately, best practices for preparing students to confront these challenges have emerged from years of experience in domestic and global contexts alike. It all begins with establishing institutional partnerships built on principles of reciprocity and respect. Through careful program design, universities can align missions, goals, and expectations to best serve all invested parties: local partners, students, faculty, staff, and the communities where they will be working. A second critical component is appropriate student selection. Matching student skills with partner needs can optimize benefits for both the host organization and student. Finally, universities can prepare students to navigate in cross-cultural settings in a professional and ethical manner through careful training. Just as negative experiences can have lasting negative consequences, the best ones can lead to strengthened partnerships; durable benefits for local and global communities; and optimal learning for students, their supervisors, and hosts.
Checkpoint Inhibitors: Common Immune-Related Adverse Events and Their Management .

Background Immunotherapy, specifically the use of checkpoint inhibitors, offers patients with cancer an alternative to chemotherapy, targeting different pathways to destroy cancer cells. The side effects of immunotherapies, as well as their impact on normal tissue, need to be assessed and managed based on their mechanisms of action. Objectives This article presents an overview of immune-related adverse events (AEs). . Methods Common immune-related toxicities, as well as rare and refractory toxicities, are reviewed. . Findings Immunotherapy treatment is an option for many patients with cancer, and nurses must understand the distinct side effect profile of these agents. Prompt identification and expert management are the cornerstones of success when dealing with immune-related AEs, and oncology nurses play a key role in improving patient care.
The Next Decade of Eurogang Program Research

This chapter discusses barriers to effective future Eurogang comparative research as well as suggestions for new emphases in such research. The barriers are similar to those in non-gang research studies, but to these, I add pressing issues of a standardized definition of street gangs as well as greater attention to group-level processes. Recommended emphases for the future include prospective research designs, multimethod designs, longitudinal designs, and involvement in evaluations of gang control programs.
Residential House Prices, Commercial Real Estate and Bank Failures

The Great Recession resulted in bank failures that exceeded the savings and loan (S&L) crisis in terms of percentage of institutions and the volume of assets of banks that failed. While much of the literature focuses “subprime” mortgages and its role in this financial crisis, we focus on the effects of residential housing prices. While construction and development loans have typically been a major cause of bank failures, we show that regional residential house prices and construction and land development loans are significant in explaining bank failures through 2011 but the regional residential house price movements have been significant through 2015. Furthermore, we show how the regional residential house price index (HPI) values have significant effects over the Great Recession, particularly in the South Atlantic and Pacific states (better known as the “sand states”).
Analysis of Third-order Aberration Nodes of Off-axis Two-mirror Telescopes

We discuss the location of the third order aberrations nodes in an unobscured off-axis telescope formed by two spherical mirrors as a function of tilt, magnification, and object conjugate.
Broadcasting and Bandwidth

This chapter will briefly review eight spectrum skirmishes that precede and parallel the 1996 American DTV spectrum decision. We outline the general political and economic contours of these battles and conclude that regulators and lawmakers are at a distinct disadvantage in trying to promote competition, flexibility and a digital paradigm shift against the arrayed forces of incumbent spectrum users. In response we propose some models and concepts loosely drawn from computer science and political economics that might provide a resource to outgunned and well-intended policymakers. The first is the Consumer Value Integral, a theoretical and generalized model of spectrum valuation. One of the conservatizing factors in the spectrum wars is that incumbents can clearly and precisely identify financial gains and potential losses based on current business practices while challengers can identify only potential demand and usage. Furthermore, these valuations struggle to compare public good and private good components. Then drawing on Moore’s Law from computer science we speculate on some historical patterns of the next few decades and predict first an increase and then a decline in incumbent-challenger spectrum battles
Energy Storage for Desalination

Abstract Desalination has become imperative as a drinking water source for many parts of the world. Owing to the large quantities of thermal energy and high-quality electricity requirements for water purification, the desalination industry depends on waste heat resources and renewable energy sources such as solar collectors, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, geothermal, and wind and tidal energy sources. Considering the mismatch between the source supply and demand and intermittent nature of these energy resources, energy storage is a must for the reliable and continuous operation of desalination facilities. Thermal energy storage (TES) requires a suitable medium for storage and circulation while the PV/wind-generated electricity needs to be stored in batteries for later use. Energy accumulation, storage, and supply are the key components of energy storage concept which improve process performance along with better resource economics, and minimum environmental impact. Similarly, the battery energy storage (BES) is essential to store electrical energy for electrodialysis, reverse osmosis (RO), and mechanical vapor compression (MVC) technologies. This chapter discusses current energy storage options for different desalination technologies using various renewable energy and waste heat sources with focus on TES and BES systems. The principles of energy storage (thermal and electrical energy) are discussed with details on the design and sizing for desalination process applications.
Increasing Opportunity for Lung Transplant in Interstitial Lung Disease With Pulmonary Hypertension

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to lung transplantation for end-stage interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) has varying results based on ECMO configuration. We compare our experience using venovenous (VV) and venoarterial (VA) ECMO bridge to transplantation for ILD with PH on survival to successful transplantation. Methods A single-center retrospective review was done of patients with ILD and secondary PH who were placed on either VV or VA ECMO as bridge to transplantation from 2010 to 2016. Comparisons for factors associated with survival to transplantation between VV and VA ECMO strategies were made using Cox proportional hazards model. Subgroup analysis included comparisons of VV ECMO patients who remained on VV or were converted to VA ECMO. Results A total of 50 patients with ILD and PH were treated initially with either VV (n = 19) or VA (n = 31) ECMO as bridge to lung transplantation. Initial VA ECMO had a significantly higher survival to transplantation compared with initial VV ECMO (p = 0.03). Cox proportional hazards modeling showed a 59% reduction in risk of death for VA compared with VV ECMO (hazard reduction 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.92, p = 0.03). Patients converted from VV to VA ECMO had significantly longer survival awaiting transplant than patients who remained on VV ECMO (p = 0.03). Ambulation on ECMO before transplantation was associated with an 80% reduction in the risk of death (hazard reduction 0.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.08 to 0.48, p Conclusions Venoarterial ECMO upper body configuration for patients with end stage ILD and PH significantly improves overall survival to transplantation.
Perspectives on U.S. Fiscal Policy

Under current policies the deficit may get to 7% of GDP in 10 years. Our political process is not coming to grips with responsible fiscal policy. We have both parties agreeing a deficit is a great way of attracting votes. Future increases in spending are coming from entitlements. We need incentives in health care to do things more efficiently and encourage competition. The biggest risk for the U.S. economy is the global bond market. We need to get moving. If not, eventually inflation, or a crisis of confidence, will be the wake-up call on the growth of U.S. debt.
Using imaging data in making orthopedic diagnoses.

At some point in their training,pathologists learn that the diagnosis of bone lesions should not be undertaken without first reviewing the clinical radiographs. If a pathologist strictly adheres to this philosophy, the orthopedic surgeon will eventually provide the patient’s x-rays (better to share x-rays than get no diagnosis). When this happens, a pathologist who knows little about x-ray interpretation may begin to feel like a dog running and barking at passing cars (if the car ever stopped and the dog jumped inside, what would the dog do with it?). This is because pathologists are seldom taught in their residencies how radiographic data are actually incorporated into the formulation of histological diagnosis.
Influence of Stress on Protein Metabolism

Stress has many definitions and causative agents. These causes range from social interactions, confinement, and temperature extremes to tissue trauma, inflammation, and disease. It is common practice to stereotype the action of varied environmental stimuli into several well-defined physiological responses (5, 36). Among these specific responses to stress is a change in protein metabolism. These changes are most obvious after chronic stress but can be detected during the initial (acute) response. It is generally accepted that the pituitary-adrenal axis plays a key role in regulating the physiological responses to stress; however, several other hormones or hormonelike factors have been implicated as mediators of the changes in protein metabolism that follow at least some types of stress.
Classification of Tumor Epithelium and Stroma by Exploiting Image Features Learned by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) reflected on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histological images is a potential prognostic factor for survival. Automatic image processing techniques that allow for high-throughput and precise discrimination of tumor epithelium and stroma are required to elevate the prognostic significance of the TSR. As a variant of deep learning techniques, transfer learning leverages nature-images features learned by deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to relieve the requirement of deep CNNs for immense sample size when handling biomedical classification problems. Herein we studied different transfer learning strategies for accurately distinguishing epithelial and stromal regions of H&E-stained histological images acquired from either breast or ovarian cancer tissue. We compared the performance of important deep CNNs as either a feature extractor or as an architecture for fine-tuning with target images. Moreover, we addressed the current contradictory issue about whether the higher-level features would generalize worse than lower-level ones because they are more specific to the source-image domain. Under our experimental setting, the transfer learning approach achieved an accuracy of 90.2 (vs. 91.1 for fine tuning) with GoogLeNet, suggesting the feasibility of using it in assisting pathology-based binary classification problems. Our results also show that the superiority of the lower-level or the higher-level features over the other ones was determined by the architecture of deep CNNs.
A dosimetric analysis of a spine SBRT specific treatment planning system.

PURPOSE The Brainlab Elements treatment planning system utilizes distinct modules for treatment planning specific to stereotactic treatment sites including single or multiple brain lesions as well as spine. This work investigates the hypothesis that an optimization tailored specifically to spine can in fact create dosimetrically superior plans to those created in more general use treatment planning systems (TPS). METHODS Ten spine patients at our institution were replanned in Brainlab Elements, Phillips Pinnacle3 , and Elekta Monaco. The planning target volume (PTV) included the vertebral body (in either the thoracic or lumbar spine), pedicles, and transverse processes. In all plans, the target was prescribed 20 Gy to 95% of the PTV. Objectives for the study included D5%<25 Gy and spinal cord D0.035cc < 14 Gy. Plans were evaluated by the satisfaction of the objectives as well total monitor units (MU), gradient index (GI), conformity index (CI), and dose gradient (distance between 100% and 50% isodose lines) in a selected slice between the vertebral body and spinal cord. RESULTS All TPS produced clinically acceptable plans. The sharpest dose gradient was achieved with Elements (mean 3.3 ± 0.2 mm). This resulted in lowest spinal cord maximum point doses (6.6 ± 1.0 Gy). Gradient indices were also the smallest for Elements (3.6 ± 0.5). Further improvement in gradient index and spinal cord sparing were not performed due to the subsequent violation of the PTV D5% < 25 Gy constraint or the loss of conformity due to the loss of coverage at the PTV-spinal canal interface. CONCLUSIONS Brainlab Elements planning which relies on arc duplication to specifically optimize for spine anatomy did result in dosimetrically superior plans while holding prescription levels constant. While any planning system can improve upon specific dosimetric objectives, the simultaneous satisfaction of all constraints was best achieved with Brainlab Elements.
Ventral attention and motor network connectivity is relevant to functional impairment in spatial neglect after right brain stroke

Abstract Emerging research suggests spatial neglect after right stroke is linked to dysfunctional attention and motor networks. Advanced functional connectivity analysis clarified brain network recovery, however we need to know how networks participate in adaptive motor performance. We need to verify network changes associated with validated functional measures and spatial-motor performance in spatial neglect, especially in patients with large brain lesions and significant disability. This study tested whether disability-relevant spatial neglect associates with different patterns of resting state functional connectivity between motor, dorsal and ventral attention networks (MN, DAN and VAN). Right stroke patients had spatial neglect (n = 8) or not (n = 10) on the Behavioural Inattention Test-conventional. Spatial neglect patients had weaker intranetwork VAN connectivity, and reduced internetwork connectivity between VAN and left frontal eye field (DAN), and between VAN and the left primary motor area (MN). These network impairments might explain the co-occurrence of attention and motor deficits in spatial neglect, and open a path to assessing functional connectivity in clinical trials of combined spatial retraining and motor rehabilitation after stroke.
Developing an optimized strategy with transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance the endogenous pain control system in fibromyalgia.

Introduction: Fibromyalgia affects more than 5 million people in the United States and has a detrimental impact on individuals’ quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments provide limited b...
The Preparation of Luminescent, Mechanochromic Molecular Containers from Non‐Emissive Components: The Box Cations, [Au6(Triphos)4Br]5+ and [Au6(Triphos)4Br2]4+

Two new molecular boxes, the mono-bromo box [Au6 (Triphos)4 Br](SbF6 )5 ⋅6(CH2 Cl2 ), 4 mB, and the dibromo box, [Au6 (Triphos)4 Br2 ⋅H2 O](SbF6 )4 ⋅4(CH2 Cl2 ), 5 dB, have been prepared in crystalline form. Although constructed from non-luminescent components, both are strongly luminescent. Like its chloro counterpart, the mono-bromo box [Au6 (Triphos)4 Br](SbF6 )5 ⋅6(CH2 Cl2 ), 4 mB, is mechanochromic. Under grinding, it loses its luminescence. The bromo-bridged helicate, [(μ-Br){Au3 (Triphos)2 }2 ](CF3 SO3 )5 ⋅2(CH2 Cl2 ), 3μ-H, with a cation that is isomeric with the box [Au6 (Triphos)4 Br]5+ , has also been prepared and crystallographically characterized. Unlike its chloro analogue, [(μ-Br){Au3 (Triphos)2 }2 ](CF3 SO3 )5 ⋅2(CH2 Cl2 ) is not luminescent. Thus, the cation produced upon grinding may be the cation present in the bromo-bridged helicate, [(μ-Br){Au3 (Triphos)2 }2 ](CF3 SO3 )5 ⋅2(CH2 Cl2 ), 3μ-H. The dibromo box, [Au6 (Triphos)4 Br2 ⋅H2 O](SbF6 )4 ⋅4(CH2 Cl2 ), 5 dB, is not significantly mechanochromic.
The Collective Construction of Green Building: Industry Transition Toward Environmentally Beneficial Practices

Diffusion of environmentally beneficial practices is often portrayed as either the result of regulatory action or the heroic leadership of powerful actors within an industry. But is this characteri...
Effect of fluid injection on turbulence and noise reduction of a supersonic jet

Supersonic jets, such as the ones used in high-performance military aircraft, have both downstream and upstream noise components due to the large-scale turbulent structures and the presence of shoc...
Photocleavable linkers: design and applications in nanotechnology

Abstract One of the primary benefits offered by a nanoscale conjugate in targeted delivery involves its design capability for controlling payload release in a precise manner. Access to such release capability leads to an important route for controlling its biological activity temporally and selectively in targeted cells or tissues. Applying a photocleavable linker in drug conjugation serves as an effective strategy for actively controlling such payload release using a light stimulus. This chapter presents various linker structures and drug linkage methods commonly used in drug delivery systems with a focus on photocleavable linkers. It describes the mechanistic aspects of photo linker cleavage related to payload release. It provides a comprehensive survey of their design principles and practical applications pertinent to light-controlled drug delivery.
An Integrated OFDR System Using Combined Swept-Laser Linearization and Phase Error Compensation

This article describes a flexible, compact, semiconductor laser (SCL)-based optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) design, incorporating swept-laser linearization functions (both passive and active), in situ phase error evaluation function, and phase error compensation function. At the core of the proposed design, a fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and its electronic digitization components (photodetector and zero-cross circuit) simultaneously perform all the abovementioned functions. Benefitting from the unique digital design, this system combines all functions in a compact fashion without increasing complexity and overhead. Experimental results demonstrate enhanced accuracy using the integrated design compared with prior methods, as well as improved cost-effectiveness, reduced complexity, and optimized form factor.
Disturbed Body Weight Control in Geriatric Rats: a Model for Anorexia in Alzheimers

Insufficient oral intake of food and undernutrition are common occurrences in the elderly. Community based surveys of elderly populations and studies of institutionalized elderly patients have found a significant percentage to have low food intake and to be undernourished (1). In one survey, caloric intake of less then 1000 kcal/day was found for more than one sixth of community-living elderly over age 60 in the United States (2). Studies of elderly residents of nursing homes and hospitals have also revealed a high percentage of persons to be undernourished, a situation associated with poor health outcomes (3–10). In a recent 2-year longitudinal study on a group of 300 outpatients at a Veterans Hospital, 11–13% demonstrated a significant (5 kg or more) weight loss over the period of follow-up (11). Weight loss is also commonly observed in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Several recent studies have shown that DAT patients weigh less (12–14) and have lower body fat (12, 13) then non-demented or multiinfarct demented patients.
Modeling the stability of polygonal patterns of vortices at the poles of Jupiter as revealed by the Juno spacecraft.

From its pole-to-pole orbit, the Juno spacecraft discovered arrays of cyclonic vortices in polygonal patterns around the poles of Jupiter. In the north, there are eight vortices around a central vortex, and in the south there are five. The patterns and the individual vortices that define them have been stable since August 2016. The azimuthal velocity profile vs. radius has been measured, but vertical structure is unknown. Here, we ask, what repulsive mechanism prevents the vortices from merging, given that cyclones drift poleward in atmospheres of rotating planets like Earth? What atmospheric properties distinguish Jupiter from Saturn, which has only one cyclone at each pole? We model the vortices using the shallow water equations, which describe a single layer of fluid that moves horizontally and has a free surface that moves up and down in response to fluid convergence and divergence. We find that the stability of the pattern depends mostly on shielding—an anticyclonic ring around each cyclone, but also on the depth. Too little shielding and small depth lead to merging and loss of the polygonal pattern. Too much shielding causes the cyclonic and anticyclonic parts of the vortices to fly apart. The stable polygons exist in between. Why Jupiter’s vortices occupy this middle range is unknown. The budget—how the vortices appear and disappear—is also unknown, since no changes, except for an intruder that visited the south pole briefly, have occurred at either pole since Juno arrived at Jupiter in 2016.
A class of solutions of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation

Abstract A method is proposed to systematically generate solutions of the two-dimensional Toda lattice equation in terms of previously known solutions ϕ ( x , y ) of the two-dimensional Laplace's equation. The solitonic solution of Nakamura's [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 52 (1983) 380] is shown to correspond to one particular choice of ϕ ( x , y ) .
Trade, Production, and Protection Database, 1976-2004

The database described in this article provides researchers with a broad set of data on trade, production, and protection for 28 manufacturing sectors at the three-digit level of the International Standard Industrial Classification, Revision 2. The database covers up to 100 developing and developed countries over the period 1976-2004, but data availability varies by country and year. The trade, production, and protection database is available online and can be freely accessed through the World Bank trade website.
Review: Gendered Ecologies: New Materialist Interpretations of Women Writers in the Long Nineteenth Century edited by Jillmarie Murphy and Dewey W. Hall

In Gendered Ecologies: New Materialist Interpretations of Women Writers in the Long Nineteenth Century, Dewey Hall and Jillmarie Murphy insist on interconnections that undermine essentialist notion...
Recent Advances in the Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Detection of Esophageal Neoplasia

Given the poor outcomes associated with esophageal cancer, there is increasing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for early detection of esophageal neoplasia and its precursors. In this review, we examine the use of AI in the endoscopic detection of Barrett’s esophagus (BE)-related neoplasia, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and dysplasia. In addition, we summarize the findings, strengths, and limitations of recent studies evaluating the efficacy of AI in the detection of esophageal neoplasia. Over the past decade, AI has been successfully used to augment the endoscopic detection of BE neoplasia and esophageal carcinoma (EAC and ESCC) across multiple studies with promising results. During this time, the role of AI has evolved and progressed from detecting neoplasia in small image sets to real-time during endoscopy. AI in endoscopy has the ability to revolutionize the detection and characterization of esophageal dysplastic and neoplastic lesions. While studies to date have been promising, they are not without limitations. Additional prospective, multicenter studies are necessary to more precisely determine the utility of AI in the real-time endoscopic detection of esophageal neoplasia.
5G Multi-Band Numerology-Based TDD RAN Slicing for Throughput and Latency Sensitive Services

This paper extensively examines the impact of the numerology schemes on a sliced TDD radio access network. The slices are multiplexed over both the sub-6 GHz and mmWave bands. The incorporation of numerology schemes into network slicing, the impact of which has yet to be explored, will be highly instrumental in realizing the future 5G and 6G networks. Thus, this work demonstrates the enhanced capabilities of sliced networks utilizing numerology. To that end, two optimization problems are formulated, one to maximize the downlink average spectral efficiency of a throughput-sensitive slice, and the other to minimize the uplink transmission power of the users of the latency-sensitive slice. This work optimizes key parameters such as duplex ratio, numerology scheme and optimally allocates power and bandwidth under numerology-enabled slicing. The comparative analyses highlight that for high-throughput applications, lower numerology schemes are significantly more spectrally efficient and can often achieve throughputs characteristic of higher schemes. On the other hand, the higher schemes are the best choice for the minimization of user transmission power and latency, which are crucial in energy-efficient communications and edge computing applications, respectively.
An Inquiry-Based Lab Activity to Investigate Potential Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Seed Germination

Incorporating research experiences into undergraduate education is an effective way to foster interest in science and introduce students to the scientific process. We describe an original research investigation into the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on seed germination. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants roots, and although they have been shown to benefit plant growth, their effect on seed germination is less well understood. In this lab activity, students incubate seeds in the presence and absence of AM fungal inocula and compare the germination rates (% seeds germinated) and germination times (days to germination) between experimental (+AM fungi) and control (–AM fungi) groups. Students present their results through a group-written report, in addition to individually submitted assignments. This lab activity provides students the opportunity to learn about species interactions, sterile technique, plant development, data presentation and interpretation, and scientific communication.
Efficient Buffer Design and Implementation for Wormhole Routers on FPGAs

Several studies show that the overall network performance in worhmole routers is degraded due to congestion at a specific part in the network while other parts have little or no flow of data. Our design improves the performance of the wormhole router by adding a central channel that is shared among the physical channels. Experimental results using the uniform random traffic and the hotspot traffic show that enabling the central buffer increases the performance of the network by as much as 13%. On the implementation side, buffers consume more than half of the router’s area and power, and the coarse-grain nature of embedded BRAMs in most FPGAs has led to very inefficient utilization of such memory resources. We propose two different types of buffer sharing: 1. Sharing between the processors of a system on chip and router buffers; 2. Sharing BRAMs among different virtual and physical channels inside the wormhole router. Our designs target the Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGAs and the results show a decrease of 87.5% in BRAM usage on the expense of a slight register increase. Our techniques can be easily applied to any other FPGA-based buffer implementation.
Chemistry of fossil fuels and biofuels

1. Fuels and the global carbon cycle 2. Catalysis, enzymes and proteins 3. Photosynthesis and the formation of polysaccharides 4. Ethanol 5. Plant oils and biodiesel 6. Composition and reactions of wood 7. Reactive intermediates 8. Formation of fossil fuels 9. Structure-property relationships among hydrocarbons 10. Composition, properties and processing of natural gas 11. Composition, properties and classification of petroleum 12. Petroleum distillation 13. Heterogeneous catalysis 14. Catalytic routes to gasoline 15. Middle distillate fuels 16. Thermal processing in refining 17. Composition, properties and classification of coals 18. The inorganic chemistry of coals 19. Production of synthetic gas 20. Gas treatment and shifting 21. Uses of synthetic gas 22. Direct production of liquid fuels from coal pyrolysis 23. Carbonization and coking of coal 24. Carbon products from fossil and biofuels 25. Carbon dioxide.
EQUIVALENCIES IN THE FISHERY

We consider the management of a resource by a sole owner whose utility depends on income and leisure. Income is generated from time spent harvesting the resource and time spent working for a wage in the nonfishing sector. Our analysis produces two results. (i) The sole owner maximizing discounted utility will seek to achieve the same steady-state optimum as a manager seeking to maximize discounted net revenue. (ii) The approach paths to the common steady-state optimum will be the same if the utility function is linear in income and separable in income and leisure. These equivalencies are illustrated in a numerical example.
A framework for compiler driven design space exploration for embedded system customization

Designing custom solutions has been central to meeting a range of stringent and specialized needs of embedded computing, along such dimensions as physical size, power consumption, and performance that includes real-time behavior. For this trend to continue, we must find ways to overcome the twin hurdles of rising non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs and decreasing time-to-market windows by providing major improvements in designer productivity. This paper presents compiler directed design space exploration as a framework for articulating, formulating, and implementing global optimizations for embedded systems customization, where the design space is spanned by parametric representations of both candidate compiler optimizations and architecture parameters, and the navigation of the design space is driven by quantifiable, machine independent metrics. This paper describes the elements of such a framework and an example of its application.
Effects of salinity on survival, growth, metabolism, and behavior in juvenile hogchokers, Trinectes maculatus fasciatus (Achiridae)

To understand the biological significance of the southern hogchoker's seasonal migration pattern, the effects of salinity (0, 7 and 15 ppt) on survival, growth, metabolism, and behavior were examined. Survival averaged 96% and salinity did not affect (p = 0.25) the growth rates of juvenile hogchokers during the 60 day experimental growth period. However, oxygen consumption rates suggest that juvenile metabolism is influenced by salinity. Circadian patterns of metabolic rates were present in the 7 and 15 ppt treatments, but absent in the freshwater group. The juveniles in the 7 ppt treatment exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower overall rates than the freshwater fish, while the fish in the 15 ppt condition had intermediate metabolic rates. Juvenile hogchokers also showed shifts in diel activity and feeding patterns among salinities, with the active time period shortening with increasing salinity. The main conclusion is that juvenile salinity intolerance is not the driving mechanism of their migration pattern, but salinity does affect juvenile metabolism and behavior. The metabolic effects of salinity can explain summer migration in juvenile hogchokers. Additionally, the shifts in their behavioral responses can generally be explained by the summer migration movements.
Cancer Caregiver: Perceived Benefits of Technology.

Abstract Background: The burden associated with caregiving has been well documented. Caregivers have multiple responsibilities, and technology may be accessible as a potential burden-alleviating resource. Materials and Methods: We surveyed cancer caregivers regarding current technology use and willingness to use technology for easing burden or distress. Because age has been associated with technology use, responses were compared between geriatric (≥65 years old) and nongeriatric (18–64 years old) caregivers. Results: We had 112 respondents. Based on nonmissing responses, 66% (n=71) were women, 95% (n=106) were white, and 84% (n=91) had post–high school education. Almost all caregivers reported having Internet (105 [94%]) and e-mail (102 [91%]) access. Nongeriatric caregivers indicated more willingness to access Internet-based tools that help caregivers (54 [93%] versus 41 [76%]; p=0.04) and were more frequent users of social media (37 [64%] versus 16 [30%]; p=0.01), smartphones (33 [57%] versus 16 [30%]; ...
Unique solvability of RLC nullor networks

Sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of linear active networks modelled as RLC nullor networks are given. an interpretation of these sufficient conditions in terms of subnetworks of the network being studied is also given. A simple procedure for calculating the matrices involved in these sufficient conditions is described and illustrated by example.
Lockdown: towards a safe and practical architecture for security applications on commodity platforms

We investigate a new point in the design space of red/green systems [19,30], which provide the user with a highly-protected, yet also highly-constrained trusted ("green") environment for performing security-sensitive transactions, as well as a high-performance, general-purpose environment for all other (non-security-sensitive or "red") applications. Through the design and implementation of the Lockdown architecture, we evaluate whether partitioning, rather than virtualizing, resources and devices can lead to better security or performance for red/green systems. We also design a simple external interface to allow the user to securely learn which environment is active and easily switch between them. We find that partitioning offers a new tradeoff between security, performance, and usability. On the one hand, partitioning can improve the security of the "green" environment and the performance of the "red" environment (as compared with a virtualized solution). On the other hand, with current systems, partitioning makes switching between environments quite slow (13-31 seconds), which may prove intolerable to users.
Topology in Motion Planning

Many motion planning, artificial intelligence, and mobile robot planning techniques exploit topology, as encoded in the free space, to aid in generating concise maps and efficient planners. Prior work of the authors has used the generalized Voronoi diagram, which is a topological map that has a natural embedding into the free space. Topological maps have been used in the AI community, starting with Ben Kuipers insightful work on distinctive places and edges that connected them (although he used a Voronoi diagram-like structure also). In this paper, we put forth a more rigorous definition of a topological map, and then overview problems that exploit a topological map to achieve tasks including path planning, SLAM, and hybrid controls.
Comparative Studies of Delignification Caused by Ganoderma Species

Abstract Isolates of six species of Ganoderma in the G. lucidum complex were evaluated for their ability to decay wood of Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus and Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr. by using in vitro agar block decay tests. Morphological, ultrastructural, and chemical studies of decayed wood were used to determine the extent of delignification or simultaneous decay caused by each species of Ganoderma. All species decayed both white fir and oak wood; however, less percent weight loss (%WL) occurred in white fir than oak. In white fir, isolates of two undescribed Ganoderma species (RLG16161, RLG16162, JEA615, and JEA625) caused significantly higher%WL (21 to 26%) than that in G. colossum, G. oregonense, G. meredithiae, and G. zonatum (10 to 16%). Only Ganoderma sp. isolates JEA615 and JEA625 caused delignification, with JEA615 causing a lignin-to-glucose gram loss ratio of 1.6:1. Morphological and ultrastructural studies confirmed delignification by this fungus and showed that some delignification had occurred by all of the species, although areas of delignification were limited to small regions adjacent to simultaneously decayed cells. In oak, G. colossum caused significantly less%WL (22 to 35%) than the other species (38 to 52%). All of the species, except G. meredithiae, caused delignification with lignin-to-glucose gram loss ratios ranging from 1.4 to 4.9:1. Extensive delignification by isolates of G. colossum and G. oregonense was observed; moderate delignification was caused by the other species. Ganoderma meredithiae caused a simultaneous decay, with only small localized regions of cells delignified, while delignification by G. zonatum was irregular, with specific zones within the cell wall delignified. The thermophilic and chlamydosporic G. colossum has the capacity to cause extensive delignification and appears ideally suited for use in lignin degradation studies and biotechnological applications of lignin-degrading fungi.
Ab initio optimization of phonon drag effect for lower-temperature thermoelectric energy conversion

Although the thermoelectric figure of merit zT above 300 K has seen significant improvement recently, the progress at lower temperatures has been slow, mainly limited by the relatively low Seebeck coefficient and high thermal conductivity. Here we report, for the first time to our knowledge, success in first-principles computation of the phonon drag effect—a coupling phenomenon between electrons and nonequilibrium phonons—in heavily doped region and its optimization to enhance the Seebeck coefficient while reducing the phonon thermal conductivity by nanostructuring. Our simulation quantitatively identifies the major phonons contributing to the phonon drag, which are spectrally distinct from those carrying heat, and further reveals that although the phonon drag is reduced in heavily doped samples, a significant contribution to Seebeck coefficient still exists. An ideal phonon filter is proposed to enhance zT of silicon at room temperature by a factor of 20 to ∼0.25, and the enhancement can reach 70 times at 100 K. This work opens up a new venue toward better thermoelectrics by harnessing nonequilibrium phonons.
Dietary lipid and postnatal development. II. Palmityl coenzyme A oxidation in heart and liver.

Extract: There is only indirect evidence to suggest that the sudden postpartum appearance of dietary lipid regulates the perinatal development of the enzyme pathways required for fatty acid oxidation. To test this idea directly, rabbit pups were maintained on diets containing lipid to equal either 14.2% (LF) or 77.6% (HF) of the total caloric intake. Palmityl coenzyme A oxidation rates in the presence of excess ADP and carnitine were measured polarographically in heart and liver homogenates. No significant difference in oxidation rates between HF and LF groups was observed even at 10 days of age. Palmityl coenzyme A oxidation in both groups was carnitine dependent and was in general the same as that of mother-fed animals. Similarly, an evaluation of cytochrome oxidase activity and glutamate + malate-supported respiration in heart and liver homogenates revealed no difference attributable to diet.
Information-based clustering.

In an age of increasingly large data sets, investigators in many different disciplines have turned to clustering as a tool for data analysis and exploration. Existing clustering methods, however, typically depend on several nontrivial assumptions about the structure of data. Here, we reformulate the clustering problem from an information theoretic perspective that avoids many of these assumptions. In particular, our formulation obviates the need for defining a cluster “prototype,” does not require an a priori similarity metric, is invariant to changes in the representation of the data, and naturally captures nonlinear relations. We apply this approach to different domains and find that it consistently produces clusters that are more coherent than those extracted by existing algorithms. Finally, our approach provides a way of clustering based on collective notions of similarity rather than the traditional pairwise measures.