cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A micro spherical rolling and flying robot

This paper presents the design, fabrication, modeling, and demonstration of a micro spherical rolling and flying robot, with a total mass and payload of 35 g and 10 g, respectively. The micro aerial terrestrial robot (ATR) has the ability to fly through the air or roll on the ground, for applications that include search and rescue, mapping, and surveillance. Its unique size makes is easily portable and enables the robot to enter and maneuver around in tight spaces such as air ducts. The design centers around a micro-quadcopter encased in a lightweight spherical exoskeleton that can rotate about the quadcopter. The spherical exoskeleton offers agile ground locomotion while maintaining characteristics of a basic aerial robot in flying mode. Details of the system modeling, design and fabrication are discussed, including the robot's turning capabilities over ground and the lightweight spring-steel exoskeleton. The prototype ATR is experimentally validated in aerial and terrestrial mode, and results show that the ATR traveling over the same distance in rolling mode is 260 percent more efficient than a traditional flying-only robot and in flying mode the system is only 39 percent less efficient. Experimental results also demonstrate transition between modes of locomotion and curved, rolling trajectories.
Evaluation of coagulase--mannitol test strips.

Coagulase–mannitol paper strips for staphylococci combine tests for bound coagulase (read in 1 hr.) and mannitol oxidation (read in 6 hr.). Recent clinical isolates of Micrococcaceae were tested by slide and tube coagulase, tube mannitol, and strip coagulase and mannitol tests. All but one of the isolates of Micrococcus and Gaffkya were negative by the strip tests. In 188 isolates, the strip and slide coagulase tests agreed in only 87.2% of cases. Many (12.2%) isolates oxidized mannitol (strip positive) but did not ferment it (tube negative). The strip gave 13 false positive results and 15 false negative results. This amounts to only 6.9% and 7.9%, respectively, of all 188 isolates, but 14.3% of the positive reactions and 15.5% of the negative reactions were incorrect. The paper strip test does not appear to be sufficiently accurate for clinical use.
The role of sensory cortex in behavioral flexibility

To thrive in a changing environment, organisms evolved strategies for rapidly modifying their behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. In this review, we investigate the role of sensory cortical circuits in these flexible behaviors. First, we provide a framework for classifying tasks in which flexibility is required. We then present studies in animal models which demonstrate that responses of sensory cortical neurons depend on the expected outcome associated with a stimulus. Last, we discuss inactivation studies which indicate that sensory cortex facilitates behavioral flexibility, but is not always required for adapting to changes in environmental conditions. This analysis provides insights into the contributions of cortical and subcortical sensory circuits to flexibility in behavior.
Synthesis And Characterization Of 1,3-Bis(Dicyanomethylene)Indane (Bdmi) Derived Second Order Nlo Materials

Difunctionalized aminophenylenethienylidene-l,3-bisdicyanomethyleneindane (BDMI) derived second order push-pull chromophores and polymers have been synthesized and characterized. Preliminary studies of doped polymeric composite thin films reveal large SHG signals as well as good chemical and thermal stabilities under poling conditions.
Optimization of Separation and Purification Technology for Chlorogenic Acids in Leaves of Lonicera japonica with Polyamide Resin

Objective:To optimize separation and purification technology of chlorogenic acid in leaves of Lonicera japonica.Method:With the content of chlorogenic acid as index,static and dynamic absorption,desorption properties of polyamide resin were observed by single factor test,and sample amount,the amount of washing water,type and dosage of eluent were investigated;With purity and retention rate as index,effects of elution flow rate,the concentration and volume of eluent on separation and purification technology was investigated by orthogonal test.Result:Optimized separation and purification technology was as following:sample amount 10 mg·g-1 resin,washed impurity with 2 BV water,and eluated with 3 BV the amount of 65% ethanol,flow rate of 0.4 BV·h-1,collected eluent.Conclusion:This optimized technology was stable and practicable,it could provide reference for industrial separation and purification of chlorogenic acid.
Determination of Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Their Metabolites in Fishes by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Purpose: Malachite green(MG), leuco malachite green(LMG), crystal violet(CV) and leuco crystal violet(LCV) residues in fish were determined simultaneously using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS-MS). Methods: Fish samples after addition of internal standards D5-MG, D6-LMG, D5-CV, and D6-LCV were extracted with acetonitrile and centrifuged, and then the supernatants were applied on a neutral alumina column, blown almost dry under a stream of nitrogen and re-dissolved in 50% aqueous acetonitrile(by volume) before being subjected to UPLC-MS-MS analysis. Results: A linear relationship was observed over a concentration range of 1–50 ng/mL for MG and LMG, and over a concentration range of 1–100 ng/mL for CV and LCV. The limits of detection(LOD) for MG, LMG, CV and LCV were 0.05 μg/kg and the limits of quantification(LOQ) for all of them were 0.15 μg/kg. Average recoveries from blank samples spiked at levels of 50, 100 and 200 ng/mL ranged from 87.80% to 110.82%, with relative standard deviation smaller than or equal to 4.32%(n = 6). Conclusions: This method proved sensitive, accurate and reliable.
Application of GIS in typhoon disaster loss assessment in agriculture

GIS technology has functions of data storage, query, statistical analysis, simulation, decision making and prediction, and can rapidly collect and process meteorological information, directly analyze, demonstrate geographic information of disaster area and agricultural industry structure. Based on analyzing the links of GIS technology in the typhoon disaster in application and its key technologies, this paper established the evaluation system of agricultural losses by typhoon disaster based on GIS and virtual technology, realized the dynamic simulation of typhoon information display, agricultural loss assessment, to provide straightforward, scientific support for making the agricultural insurance policy, agricultural subsidy policy.
Lp(a) is not related to retinopathy in diabetic subjects.

Purpose To examine the association between Lp(a) concentrations and the severity of retinopathy in 22 younger-onset and 48 older-onset diabetic subjects from the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR), a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy. Methods We used a subset of the WESDR population with standardized protocols and stereoscopic color fundus photography to determine the severity of diabetic retinopathy in relation to Lp(a) concentrations. Lp(a) concentrations were measured by a monoclonal anti-Lp(a) antibody. Results Lp(a) levels were not significantly different between younger-onset or older-onset subjects with and without retinopathy. Conclusion Our results do not support a link between higher levels of Lp(a) and severe retinopathy in either younger-onset or older-onset diabetic subjects but this needs confirmation in larger prospective studies.
A Short Presentation and Discussion of Digital Research Data Sets in Central America, and for the Field Schools of La Suerte (Costa Rica) and Ometepe (Nicaragua)

Successful conservation should be based on reason and science, employing the best possible management schemes. Science is based on evidence. It is meant to be transparent and repeatable in the public eye. In the year 2014, this can easily be achieved with digital data and online delivery. While virtually the entire world uses Facebook, Twitter, etc., relatively few people and institutions make use of data shared online or through web portals (for a justification and guidance on data sharing in the wildlife and conservation sciences). Data formats are easy to set up and to follow.
Follow-up studies of child and adolescent suicide attempters.

This chapter summarizes findings from follow-up studies of adolescent suicide attempters, and reviews four major areas: continued psychiatric disturbance, rates of repeat attempts, rates of completed suicide, and treatment compliance. Many studies present data on combined adolescent and adult samples, but adult findings are probably not generalizable to adolescents. The chapter highlights data on general adjustment, academic functioning, social functioning, behavior, and psychopathology. There is a high level of continued behavioral dysfunction among adolescent suicide attempters, suggesting that, for most, the suicide attempt is not an isolated problem. The risk factors for repeat attempts include gender, severity of the initial attempt, affective and conduct disorders, and family conflict. In the literature on adult suicidal behavior, the use of survival analysis has been recommended in order to clarify risk factors. To improve the cost-effectiveness of interventions, studies which provide a more in-depth investigation of the postattempt course are also needed.
The Rejuvenated International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund was dismissed as almost irrelevant to the global economy, but during the 2008 financial crisis, it returned to center stage, providing financial rescues for developing countries.
Mechanism of Viral Injury to the Nervous System

The mechanism of viral injury to the nervous system is dependent on the interaction of both viral and host factors. The initial factors involved include entry of virus, spread to the central nervous system, and cell tropism within the CNS. Specific patterns of viral injury include destruction of CNS elements and/or alteration of their function, establishment of persistent infections, and virally directed immune damage to the nervous system. The molecular basis for some of these processes are now beginning to be elucidated.
Two New Diazonium Bis(perfluoroalkyl)arylsulfonyl Imide Zwitterionic Monomers from Perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentene)sulfonyl Fluoride for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Abstract Two new bis(perfluoroalkyl)arylsulfonyl imide monomers, which contain the aryl diazonium moiety and intramolecular zwitterionic fragment, have been designed and prepared for the first time from perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentene)sulfonyl fluoride. As promising monomer candidates for high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrolytes, these two monomers have furnished perfluorinated electrolytes that include the polymers from perfluorinated sulfonic acid or perfluorinated sulfonimide monomers. The synthesis strategies and NMR analysis are summarized and discussed in details.
Spokeo: The Quasi-Hohfeldian Plaintiff and the Non-Federal Federal Question

In Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, the Supreme Court held that, even when a federal statute creates a cause of action, Article III requires federal courts to ensure that the plaintiff has suffered a sufficiently concrete injury before exercising jurisdiction over the claim. Spokeo invites us to re-think the traditional dichotomy between Hohfeldian plaintiffs, who have suffered a concrete and particularized injury, and non-Hohfeldian (or ideological) plaintiffs, who have suffered no such harm. The case requires recognition of a third category: the quasi-Hohfeldian plaintiff, who has suffered a particularized injury because its statutory rights were violated, but no concrete harm because the violation caused no real damage. At first blush, Spokeo appears to bar quasi-Hohfeldian plaintiffs from federal court. Congress can easily allow federal courts to exercise jurisdiction over their claims, however, by statutorily redesignating such plaintiffs as relators, relabeling statutory damages as civil fines, and recharacterizing private rights of action as qui tam claims brought on behalf of the Government. Even under current law, Spokeo will not eliminate quasi-Hohfeldian plaintiffs’ claims under federal statutes, but simply cause them to be litigated in state court instead. Courts should construe federal statutes creating private rights of action as implicitly limited to Hohfeldian plaintiffs, absent a clear statement in the statute’s text or legislative history to the contrary, for three reasons. First, the constitutional avoidance canon counsels in favor of such a restriction. A federal law creating a cause of action for anyone whose statutory rights are violated, including quasi-Hohfeldian plaintiffs, would have a substantial number of unconstitutional applications in federal court under Spokeo. Second, by enacting 28 U.S.C. § 1331, a sweeping grant of federal-question jurisdiction to federal district courts, Congress demonstrated its intent that they be able to exercise jurisdiction over federal claims. Other laws therefore should not be construed as authorizing federal claims that fall outside district courts’ jurisdiction. Finally, allowing quasi-Hohfeldian plaintiffs to enforce federal laws raises serious questions under the President’s Article II Take Care Power. Federal statutes therefore should not be interpreted as creating “non-federal” federal questions.
Neighborhood Variation and Successful Adolescent Development

This chapter reports a major groundbreaking study of how young people in disadvantaged neighborhoods of Denver and Chicago nevertheless manage to overcome adversity and “make it.” The research reveals that within neighborhood variation is large and often larger than that between neighborhoods. Understanding neighborhood effects, therefore, requires a grasp on the social contexts within neighborhoods: the family, the school, and the peer group. A major conclusion is that, despite growing up under disadvantage and limited resources, most youth do manage to make it and to achieve a successful transition to young adulthood.
Introduction to The Dynamic Free Speech Clause: Free Speech and Its Relation to Other Constitutional Rights (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018)

This is a draft of the Introduction to my forthcoming book, The Dynamic Free Speech Clause: Free Speech and Its Relation to Other Constitutional Rights (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018).
Hexagonal waveguides: New class of waveguides for mm-wave circulaly polarized horns

In this work, we develop a class of broadband circularly polarized (CP) horn antennas that are realizable at sub-mm-wave and terahertz frequencies. Here, the underlying technology is a hexagonal waveguide that act as linear to circular polarizer enabling the generation circularly polarized (CP) wave in a waveguide environment. We have developed analytical models to characterize these waveguides and thus optimize the designs of CP horns. The optimized designs have shown 3dB axial-ratio bandwidths upto 30–40% with 18–21 dBi gain in WR-8 band.
Some useful data of continuous variation method

Conditions for the correct application of continuous variation are presented. The data (parameterRmn, effective stability constant and total concentration) that enable a safe determination of the molar ratio metal∶ligand (m/n) in the complex are computed. The possibility of the determination of true valuesm andn and effective stability constant from one continuous variation curve are discussed and demonstrated on the example of the iron(III)-chrome azurol S complex.
Reverse engineering convolutional neural networks through side-channel information leaks

A convolutional neural network (CNN) model represents a crucial piece of intellectual property in many applications. Revealing its structure or weights would leak confidential information. In this paper we present novel reverse-engineering attacks on CNNs running on a hardware accelerator, where an adversary can feed inputs to the accelerator and observe the resulting off-chip memory accesses. Our study shows that even with data encryption, the adversary can infer the underlying network structure by exploiting the memory and timing side-channels. We further identify the information leakage on the values of weights when a CNN accelerator performs dynamic zero pruning for off-chip memory accesses. Overall, this work reveals the importance of hiding off-chip memory access pattern to truly protect confidential CNN models.
Attacks on Ecstasy: Pathologizing in Academia

In this chapter, we examine some major approaches to the study of ecstasy. In philosophy, it has been a symptom of ignorance, fanaticism, and superstition. In sociology, it has been associated with deprivation and genetic deficiency. In political science, it has been a tool manipulated by tribal groups against powerful colonial interests. In anthropology, it is a strategy of marginalized people to gain social status within their groups. For psychoanalysis, ecstatic states may be interpreted as mania, psychosis, and schizophrenia. In History of Religions, they have been symptoms of traumas and power concerns. Ecstasy has been medically classified as a symptom of psychiatric ailments, brain misfirings, and epilepsy. While some of these arguments for a negative view of ecstasy have been left behind by history, the negative view has remained.
Flexibility matters: do more rigid loan contracts reduce demand for microfinance?

Despite the rapid expansion of microfinance services in the past several decades, the low use of formal credit exhibited by poor households, the high dropout rates experienced by many microfinance institutions, and the prevalence of dual credit markets, even in the most saturated markets, suggest that microcredit may fail to meet the needs of many poor households. This paper examines the importance of repayment rigidity in explaining these three phenomena. While repayment terms are one of many components of a credit contract, they may be of paramount importance for poor borrowers who face high levels of risk and limited means to manage it. Flexible repayment terms are a common feature of the informal loans that dominate poor households\x{201f} financial lives, and significant evidence suggests they are a valued feature of informal contracts. Examining the importance of flexibility may illuminate the role that microfinance plays in the lives of poor households and improve understanding of how it can be used most effectively as a poverty alleviation tool.
The Relationship Between Ecosystem Health and Delivery of Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services is a term applied to any functional attribute of natural systems that is easily perceived by policy makers as beneficial to human society. If a society were highly environmentally literate, it would probably accept the assertion that every ecosystem function is, in the long term, beneficial to human society. However, because environmental literacy is less robust than it should be for the present decisions society must make, it would be best to use only those services that are likely to be persuasive at the present level of literacy. A biologically impoverished natural system delivers services of poorer quality and dramatically reduced quantity and may even perform some functions (such as concentrating persistent toxic substances) that are harmful to human health. As one reviewer noted, a non-impoverished system may also concentrate toxic substances. However, it seems probable that biotic impoverishment may lead to reduced functional capabilities, which, in this case, would mean reduced ability to transform obnoxious wastes into something less so. This attribute, which ecologists regard as an ecosystem function, would be regarded by laypersons as an ecosystem service which otherwise might have to be carried out in waste treatment plants or other treatment systems. However, the correspondence of ecosystem health and the delivery of environmental services is poorly documented. The rapid rate of ecological destruction and the concomitant rapid increase in human population make a drastic reduction in ecosystem services per capita inevitable by the year 2000 and in the period immediately thereafter when the human population is expected to exceed 10 billion.
Home and community-based services coordination for homebound older adults in home-based primary care

Medically complex vulnerable older adults often face social challenges that affect compliance with their medical care plans, and thus require home and community-based services (HCBS). This study describes how non-medical social needs of homebound older adults are assessed and addressed within home-based primary care (HBPC) practices, and to identify barriers to coordinating HCBS for patients. An online survey of members of the American Academy of Home Care Medicine (AAHCM) was conducted between March through November 2016 in the United States. A 56-item survey was developed to assess HBPC practice characteristics and how practices identify social needs and coordinate and evaluate HCBS. Data from 101 of the 150 surveys received were included in the analyses. Forty-four percent of respondents were physicians, 24% were nurse practitioners, and 32% were administrators or other HBPC team members. Nearly all practices (98%) assessed patient social needs, with 78% conducting an assessment during the intake visit, and 88% providing ongoing periodic assessments. Seventy-four percent indicated ‘most’ or ‘all’ of their patients needed HCBS in the past 12 months. The most common needs were personal care (84%) and medication adherence (40%), and caregiver support (38%). Of the 86% of practices reporting they coordinate HCBS, 91% followed-up with patients, 84% assisted with applications, and 83% made service referrals. Fifty-seven percent reported that coordination was ‘difficult.’ The most common barriers to coordinating HCBS included cost to patient (65%), and eligibility requirements (63%). Four of the five most frequently reported barriers were associated with practices reporting it was ‘difficult’ or ‘very difficult’ to coordinate HCBS (OR from 2.49 to 3.94, p-values < .05). Despite the barriers to addressing non-medical social needs, most HBPC practices provided some level of coordination of HCBS for their high-need, high-cost homebound patients. More efforts are needed to implement and scale care model partnerships between medical and non-medical service providers within HBPC practices.
Automatic detection, classification, and quantification of sciaenid fish calls in an estuarine soundscape in the Southeast United States

In the Southeast USA, major contributors to estuarine soundscapes are the courtship calls produced by fish species belonging to the family Sciaenidae. Long-term monitoring of sciaenid courtship sounds may be valuable in understanding reproductive phenology, but this approach produces massive acoustic datasets. With this in mind, we designed a feature-based, signal detector for sciaenid fish calls and tested the efficacy of this detector against manually reviewed data. Acoustic recorders were deployed to collect sound samples for 2 min every 20 min at four stations in the May River estuary, South Carolina, USA from February to November, 2014. Manual analysis of acoustic files revealed that four fish species, belonging to the family Sciaenidae, were the major sound producers in this estuarine soundscape, and included black drum (Pogonias cromis), silver perch (Bairdiella chrysoura), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Recorded calls served as an acoustic library of signature features that were used to create a signal detector to automatically detect, classify, and quantify the number of calls in each acoustic file. Correlation between manual and automatic detection was significant and precision varied from 61% to 100%. Automatic detection provided quantitative data on calling rates for this long-term data set. Positive temperature anomalies increased calling rates of black drum, silver perch, and spotted seatrout, while negative anomalies increased calling rates of red drum. Acoustic monitoring combined with automatic detection could be an additional or alternative method for monitoring sciaenid spawning and changes in phenology associated with climate change.
Effect of Hot Working on the High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of WE43 Rare Earth Magnesium Alloy

Monotonic and cyclic behavior of the alloy WE43 plates in two conditions is examined, with an emphasis on revealing microstructural features governing the differences in the behavior of the two plates. To facilitate the evaluation of the effect of hot working conditions on the behavior, the as-cast WE43 was converted into two rolled plates with one being rolled at a temperature for 16.5 °C higher than the other plate. The plates were further processed into the T5 condition. The T5 plate rolled at a lower temperature was found to have a higher strength and elongation to fracture in tension. Additionally, it exhibited superior high cyclic fatigue behavior at room and elevated temperatures. The interesting performance characteristics of the alloy in two conditions are rationalized in terms of their microstructures. The results reveal that it is possible to further optimize the hot working conditions to obtain the alloy exhibiting better performances.
Evaluating Patient-Reported Outcomes in Inguinal Hernia Clinical Trials

Abstract Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly reported in the literature and are subsequently relied on for clinical decision-making. In 2013, CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) added 5 guidelines for reporting PROs in randomized controlled trials, the PRO extensions. Adherence to the extensions among inguinal hernia trials is unknown. Methods A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to find RCTs evaluating inguinal hernia repair. Inclusion criteria were RCTs evaluating surgical management of inguinal hernia that included PROs as primary or secondary outcomes, published from January, 2014 through July, 2018. Exclusion criteria were nonelective repairs, age Results We identified 1548 articles, 78 of which met inclusion criteria. Four articles (5%) met all 5 extensions, whereas five (6%) did not meet any of the extensions. The extension requiring “identification of the PROs in the abstract as a primary or secondary outcome” was most commonly satisfied (83%), whereas that requiring the article “reference PRO instrument validity” was least satisfied (23%). Pain was the most frequently studied PRO and a visual analog scale was the most frequently used instrument. Conclusions Inguinal hernia trials demonstrate poor adherence to the PRO extensions. PRO data from these trials have been published widely; however, the lack of standardization in reporting calls into question the generalizability of these findings. Further education about these guidelines is necessary to improve PRO reporting and ensure optimal patient-centered care based on high quality evidence.
The National Ignition Facility: the world's largest laser

The National Ignition Facility (NIF), currently under construction at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is a stadium-sized facility containing a 192-beam, 1.8-Megajoule, 500-Terawatt, ultraviolet laser system together with a 10-meter diameter target chamber with room for nearly 100 experimental diagnostics. When completed, NIF will be the world's largest and most energetic laser experimental system, providing an international center to study inertial confinement fusion and the physics of matter at extreme energy densities and pressures. NIF's 192 energetic laser beams will compress fusion targets to conditions required for thermonuclear burn, liberating more energy than required to initiate the fusion reactions. Other NIF experiments will allow the study of physical processes at temperatures approaching 10/sup 8/ K and 10/sup 11/ bars, conditions that exist naturally only in the interior of stars, planets and in nuclear weapons. NIF has now completed the first phases of its laser commissioning program. The first four beams of NIF have generated 106 kilojoules of infrared light, exceeding design requirements. Operation of single beams at the second harmonic (531 nm) and third harmonic (351 nm) at greater than 10 kilojoules have also exceeded the performance criteria. NlF's target experimental systems are being commissioned and experiments have begun. This paper provides a detailed look the NIF laser systems, laser and optical performance and results from recent laser commissioning shots, and plans for commissioning diagnostics for experiments on NIF.
Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain: The overlooked issue of rater selection in psychotherapy observer ratings

Objective: Psychotherapy process research relies heavily upon trained raters to identify and code therapist and client behaviors. Raters are often selected out of convenience or availability with l...
Real-Time Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Detection and Quantification of Exogenously Administered Melatonin in Mice Brain.

Melatonin (MT) has been recently considered an excellent candidate for the treatment of sleep disorders, neural injuries, and neurological diseases. To better investigate the actions of MT in various brain functions, real-time detection of MT concentrations in specific brain regions is much desired. Previously, we have demonstrated detection of exogenously administered MT in anesthetized mouse brain using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Here, for the first time, we show successful detection of exogenous MT in the brain using fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) on electrochemically pre-activated carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs). In vitro evaluation showed the highest sensitivity (28.1 nA/μM) and lowest detection limit (20.2 ± 4.8 nM) ever reported for MT detection at carbon surface. Additionally, an extensive CFE stability and fouling assessment demonstrated that a prolonged CFE pre-conditioning stabilizes the background, in vitro and in vivo, and provides consistent CFE sensitivity over time even in the presence of a high MT concentration. Finally, the stable in vivo background, with minimized CFE fouling, allows us to achieve a drift-free FSCV detection of exogenous administered MT in mouse brain over a period of 3 min, which is significantly longer than the duration limit (usually < 90 s) for traditional in vivo FSCV acquisition. The MT concentration and dynamics measured by FSCV are in good agreement with SWV, while microdialysis further validated the concentration range. These results demonstrated reliable MT detection using FSCV that has the potential to monitor MT in the brain over long periods of time.
3-D Self-aligned Stacked NMOS-on-PMOS Nanoribbon Transistors for Continued Moore’s Law Scaling

We demonstrate 3-D self-aligned stacked NMOS-on-PMOS multiple Si nanoribbon transistors with successful integration of vertically stacked dual source/drain EPI process and vertically stacked dual metal gate process. Both top NMOS and bottom PMOS show high on-state performance and superior short channel control. A functional CMOS inverter is also demonstrated with well-balanced voltage transfer characteristics. The 3-D self-aligned stacked CMOS nanoribbon transistor is demonstrated as a promising transistor architecture to continue Moore’s law scaling.
Confronting a Compound Crisis: The School Principal’s Role During Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, bringing to the forefront and catalyzing long-unconfronted racial and economic inequities, in addition to economic collapse and deep political divisions - which all impact students and schools – has resulted in a compound crisis requiring a novel conceptualization of school leadership during times of crisis This qualitative study captures the leadership experience of principals during the apocalyptic crisis _ the COVID-19 pandemic - beginning from the time schools were closing in March 2020 to the end of the school year in June Crisis leadership, transformative leadership and social capital constitute the overarching framework for this study The purpose of this case study was to discover how principals engaged in their thinking and practice to handle the compound crisis, in order to generate a rich description and gain an understanding of school leadership during the first phase of the COVID 19 pandemic Our research questions were: What were the challenges and complications of leading during the initial phase of the compound crisis from the perspective of principals? How did principals respond? What were the emergent leadership practices? For this case study, we used a purposeful, maximum variation sample of nine principals in Florida We sought balance in gender, race and ethnicity, and grade level In-depth interviews were conducted using a structured protocol Analysis treated each principal as an individual case, then cross-case thematic analysis was employed to uncover common patterns and themes Three findings emerged First, participants drew upon their individual reservoirs of shared leader qualities, including personalized and pragmatic communicator;leading with flexibility, creativity and care;bending rules and shifting priorities;and showing resilience under pressure Second, they tapped into their schools’ strengths, including school context and in-house expertise Third, they made inter-school connections The first phase of the compound crisis pushed principals to prioritize care, safety, and wellbeing of students, teachers, and communities above accountability measures and systemic institutional constraints A call to action for equity is the next logical step for system consideration, and was echoed by participating principals, as well as a realization that going back to old ways is no longer an option © Copyright © 2021 Reyes-Guerra, Maslin-Ostrowski, Barakat and Stefanovic
Information Technology and Cultural Differences between China and the USA

The power distance in Chinese culture is about twice as much as in the United States. In Chinese culture is one of the highest when it comes to this category. It's normal and acceptable to have inequality between different people. In American culture, it’s very unusual to have people believing that there are some people that aren't equal to others. The difference between American and Chinese culture when it comes to individualism is huge! In American culture, the independence on society is very low. Unlike the Chinese culture, where the dependence on society is very high. The level of indulgence in Chinese society is very low. This means that society is very constraint. Unlike the US, where there aren't many restrictions or constraints on people. There are many difference and similarities within the comparison of China and The United States of America on Hofstede's six dimensions. More different than similar it seems. Out of the six dimensions there are large differences in four between both of these countries. In the current paper we use data from Hofstede's 6 dimensional cross cultural model in order to examine cross cultural differences between China and the USA in terms of information technology.
Making a Living after Serving Time? A Preliminary Study on Earning Potential after Incarceration

This study examined the legal income ex-inmates earned in 1986. The mean income was $5496.70. The median Income was $2900.00. Income had a positive skew of 1.62172. Our research hypothesis was that four quarters of employment in 1986 was the biggest factor affecting income (r=.71, p<.05). Recent unemployment duration was the second largest (r=-.34, p<.05). We completed a correlational matrix to test interaction effects. We then completed a multiple regression model evaluating employability, recidivism and incarceration effects. The model predicts the income of mock ex-inmates. Employment was the largest factor (t value=43.334, p< 2e-16). The R Code utilized is provided.
Diagnostic Role of Diffusion-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging in Paragangliomas and Schwannomas in the Head and Neck.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distinguishing schwannomas from paragangliomas in the head and neck and determining succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutation status in paragangliomas are clinically important. We aimed to assess the clinical usefulness of DWI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging in differentiating these 2 types of tumors, as well as the SDH mutation status of paragangliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study from June 2016 to June 2020 included 42 patients with 15 schwannomas and 27 paragangliomas (10 SDH mutation-positive and 17 SDH mutation-negative). ADC values, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI parameters, and tumor imaging characteristics were compared between the 2 tumors and between the mutation statuses of paragangliomas as appropriate. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant differences in these parameters. RESULTS: Fractional plasma volume (P ≤ .001), rate transfer constant (P = .038), time-to-maximum enhancement (P < .001), maximum signal-enhancement ratio (P < .001) and maximum concentration of contrast agent (P < .001), velocity of enhancement (P = .002), and tumor characteristics including the presence of flow voids (P = .001) and enhancement patterns (P = .027) showed significant differences between schwannomas and paragangliomas, though there was no significant difference in ADC values. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, fractional plasma volume was identified as the most significant value for differentiation of the 2 tumor types (P = .014). ADC values were significantly higher in nonhereditary than in hereditary paragangliomas, while there was no difference in dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters show promise in differentiating head and neck schwannomas and paragangliomas, while DWI can be useful in detecting SDH mutation status in paragangliomas.
"An Outsider with Inside Information:" The 1.5 Generation in Lan Cao's Monkey Bridge

In Family Frames: Photography, Narrative, and Postmemory, Marianne Hirsch uses the term "postmemory" to describe the transmission of traumatic memory from Holocaust survivors to their second-generation children, but with the exception of the work of Susan Rubin Suleiman, little work has been done on the perspective of the 1.5 generation Holocaust survivors. In response to this discursive gap, I want to turn our critical lens to another part of the world, Southeast Asia, and examine the 1.5 generation's experience of the Viet Nam conflict by analyzing the mother-daughter relationship in Lan Cao's Monkey Bridge . In this paper, I argue that Cao presents us with two types of post-traumatic memory: the traumatic adult memory of the mother Thanh and the traumatic child memory of her 1.5 generation daughter Mai. As someone who experienced the Viet Nam Conflict as an adult, Thanh has the knowledge and understanding to explain the historical and familial forces behind her family's separation, but desires nothing more than to protect her daughter from her family's painful past. Mai, as someone who survived the war at a young age, is unaware of the potentially damaging truth about her family's history. As a 1.5 generation survivor whose identity is not yet fully formed, Mai needs guidance from her mother to make sense of her fragmented memory, inherit what Thanh calls "the family's karma," (229) and incorporate this past into her Vietnamese-American identity.
Disciplined Exceptions in Logic Programming

This paper1 presents a disciplined exception mechanism to cope with program failure and a continuation mechanism for labels and jumps. We separate error detection from error handling. The discussion includes exception signals, handlers, and exception continuations for logic programs. Short examples illustrate the difficulty of recovering from error conditions in logic programs using traditional control constructs, and show how easily they can be handled using our approach.
Bullying, Litigation, and Populations: The Limited Effect of Title IX

During the past few years, the problem of school bullying has gained national prominence. Scholars, policy-makers, and media outlets have belatedly begun to address the long-term physical consequences of bullying for children, as well as the corrosive effect of this destructive conduct on the learning environment. Because the problem is complex and multi-factored, however, solutions remain elusive.This article examines and compares two approaches to dealing with bullying. First, litigation is considered as a way of responding to the most serious cases. Suing school districts that allow bullying to go unchecked can be helpful: victims are often entitled to compensation, officials in other school districts can be deterred by news of liability against other schools, and the ability to have one’s story heard in court can be a powerful balm in some cases. Yet litigation has substantial limitations. It is only an option in a small number of cases involving the most serious harms, but most bullying does not result in that level of injury. And even where settlements compel a student to create antibullying initiatives, often the resulting programs are designed to avoid litigation rather than to address the deeper issues that cause bullying in the first place.With the limitations of a litigation strategy thus described, the article moves on to consider how a public health approach can lead to better outcomes. Public health takes account of all affected populations, and is committed to an evidence-based model of problem-solving. The article examines state laws and policies for fit with sound public health principles, and provides analysis of how these initiatives might result in an overall reduction in the incidence and prevalence of bullying.
What is Constitutional Theory

Just what is constitutional theory? How can it be, as Professor Fallon rightly says, that constitutional theory is both descriptive and prescriptive, and is supposed to produce results that seem morally right but also some results that make the theory's proponents uncomfortable? In this Reply, Professor Strauss argues that a constitutional theory tries to draw upon bases of agreement that exist within a legal culture and to extend those agreed-upon principles to resolve more controversial issues. In our culture, for example, there is widespread agreement both on abstract principles-such as the idea that the text of the Constitution is important but that precedent also matters in interpreting the Constitution-and on specific points of law, such as the legitimacy of the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. A constitutional theory tries to organize these and other points of agreement in a way that prescribes results in cases where there is no agreement. So understood, a constitutional theory is comparable to an account of the rules of grammar for a language, or perhaps to a theory of scientific or mathematical truth.
Deal Risk, Liquidity Risk, and the Profitability of Risk Arbitrage

Previous research documents that risk-arbitrageurs earn positive abnormal returns. However, this research treats the sum of two risks, deal risk and liquidity risk, as a measure of deal risk alone. We employ a forward looking measure of liquidity risk – the VIX – and we show that arbitrageurs’ ‘abnormal’ returns are higher when liquidity risk is higher. Thus, observed risk-arbitrage spreads compensate arbitrageurs for liquidity risk and deal failure risk. We conclude that the risk in risk-arbitrage has been systematically underestimated. Finally, we document an interaction between deal risk (a technical risk) and liquidity risk (a market risk) which is consistent with the analysis of real options models.
Preliminary investigation of computer-aided detection of pulmonary embolism in three-dimensional computed tomography pulmonary angiography images.

Rationale and Objectives We sought to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for assisting radiologists in the detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) on computed tomography pulmonary angiographic (CTPA) images. Materials and Methods An adaptive three-dimensional (3D) voxel clustering method was developed based on expectation-maximization (EM) analysis to extract vessels from their surrounding tissues. Using a connected component analysis, the vessel tree was reconstructed by tracking the vessel and its branches in 3D space. The tracked vessels were prescreened for suspicious PE areas using a second EM analysis. A rule-based false-positive (FP) reduction method was designed to detect true PE based on the features of PE and vessels. In this preliminary study, 14 patients with positive CTPA for PE were studied. CT scans were performed at 1.25-mm collimation using a GE LightSpeed CT scanner; eight of these patients also had extensive lung parenchymal or pleural disease. One hundred sixty-three emboli were identified by two experienced thoracic radiologists. The emboli identified by the radiologists were used as the “gold standard.” For each embolus, the percent diameter occlusion (clot) and conspicuity of embolus (rating of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most conspicuous) were visually estimated. One hundred one emboli were identified in the six patients without lung diseases; 57 were proximal to the subsegmental and 44 were subsegmental. For the eight patients with lung diseases, 62 emboli were identified, of which 37 were proximal to the subsegmental and 25 were subsegmental. A computer-detected volume was counted as true-positive when it overlapped with an embolus volume identified by the radiologists. Results In the cases without lung diseases, if the PE had a conspicuity of >2 and only partially (20%−80%) occluded the vessel, our method detected 92.0% of proximal emboli and 77.8% of subsegmental emboli, with an average of 18.3 FPs/case. In the cases containing extensive lung disease, 66.7% and 40.0% of the PEs were detected with an average of 11.4 FPs/case under the same conditions. For the 14 PE cases, 13 of them were diagnosed as positive PE cases (case sensitivity was 92.9%). Conclusion This preliminary study indicates that our automated method is a promising approach to CAD of PE on CTPA. Further study is under way to collect a larger data set and to improve the detection accuracy for PE, especially those with 80% occlusion, and for very subtle PE. A fully developed CAD system is expected to provide a useful aid for PE detection on CTPA.
Ethylene-enhanced Synthesis of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Pea Seedlings.

The effect of ethylene on the development of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in segments excised from the epicotyl apex of pea seedling was studied. Although there was some increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in segments not treated with ethylene, a marked increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity occurred in ethylene-treated tissues during the incubation. The induction period was estimated to be about 6 hours. The activity reached a maxmum at 30 hours and then declined. On withdrawal of ethylene, the increase was sustained for a short period and then stopped. After retreatment with ethylene, the increase was resumed. Addition of CO2 reduced the effect of ethylene. Administration of cycloheximide or actinomycin D at an early period almost completely suppressed the increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. However, if these inhibitors were administered at a later period, while phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was approaching a maximum, they not only failed to reduce but rather stimulated the activity. These results are consistent with the view that there exist both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-synthesizing and -inactivating systems, and that the development of both systems may involve de novo synthesis of protein.