cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Couplings, Container Type and Box Size on Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of couplings, shape of the container, and width of the tote box on maximum acceptable weight of lift. Ten male college students were required to lift three different tote boxes with handles, one tote box without handles and one mailbag from floor to a bench height (76 cm). A psychophysical methodology was employed to determine the maximum acceptable weight of lift. The results indicated that size, shape and couplings are significant variables to consider when establishing guidelines for maximum acceptable weight.
Strong seismic shaking of randomly prestressed brittle rocks, rock damage, and nonlinear attenuation

Strong seismic waves produce frequent episodes of transient oscillating dynamic stress in the shallow subsurface within seismically active areas. Dynamic stress drives slip on a network of preexisting small fracture planes and leaves residual stresses once shaking ceases. The residual stresses act as prestresses during the next strong earthquake. Local failure occurs on fractures at low dynamic stresses where the prestresses are favorably aligned, while most of the bulk rock remains intact. Hence nonlinear attenuation of strong seismic waves commences at dynamic stresses well below those for pervasive Coulomb failure. Consideration of the fractal distribution of prestresses indicates that nonlinear attenuation increases rapidly with dynamic stress. Vertically propagating shear waves provide simple scaling relationships for quick application: (1) Nonlinear attenuation is concentrated near the quarter wavelength depth. (2) The Coulomb stress ratio (dynamic/lithostatic stress) above the quarter wavelength depth scales with the sustained dynamic acceleration in g's. Rate and state friction thus provides estimates of the maximum sustained acceleration from Coulomb stress ratio at failure: ∼1 for regolith that has repeatedly failed, ∼1.5 for shallow intact sandstone, and ∼2 for shallow intact granite. A potentially observable effect occurs with shallow brittle regolith on hillslopes where gravity causes net downslope creep during strong shaking. Analogous crack network behavior with prestress occurs in the damage zone surrounding the rupture zone of major faults. Pulverized rock forms at shallow depths when rock is repeatedly deformed in strong shaking to just beyond the elastic limit, but strain does not localize into a crack network.
Review of the book entitled Manual de terapias cognitivo-comportamentais

Keith. S. Dobson, PhD, e professor titular e diretorde Psicologia Clinica do Departamento de Psicologiada Universidade de Calgary, em Alberta, Canada. Epesquisador nas areas de depressao e psicoterapiacognitivo-comportamental, com mais de uma centenade publicacoes. No presente livro, por ele organizado,uma versao atualizada da primeira edicao de 1988,Dobson reune os trabalhos de 23 autores da area dapsicoterapia cognitivo-comportamental. Os autoressao provenientes de renomados centros academicosdos Estados Unidos, Canada e Inglaterra. Entre eles,podemos destacar Aaron T. Beck e Robert J. DeRubeis,da Universidade da Pensilvânia; Albert Ellis, doInstituto Albert Ellis de Terapia ComportamentalRacional-Emocional de Nova York; Larry E. Bleutler,Roslyn Caldwell, Joan Davdson T. Mark Harwood eJacqueline B. Persons, da Universidade da California;Windy Dryden, da Universidade de Londres; e Kirk R.Blanstein e Zindel V. Segal, da Universidade deToronto.Como pesquisador e clinico no campo daspsicoterapias cognitivo-comportamentais, Dobsonteve a oportunidade, nas ultimas duas decadas, detestemunhar o crescimento da riqueza clinica, assimcomo dos avancos na avaliacao da eficacia de seusmodelos de intervencao, como menciona em seuprefacio. O editor salienta a importância das inovacoesdas psicoterapias cognitivo-comportamentais e refereque o livro reflete esse crescimento. O objetivo da obrae o de abordar as terapias cognitivo-comportamentais apartir de uma perspectiva teorica, fugindo do modelode livro em que os transtornos psiquiatricos servemcomo organizador para a exposicao de tratamentosdiferenciados. A ideia e a de explorar o crescimento dosvarios modelos cognitivo-comportamentais,fornecendo um arcabouco conceitual atualizado aosleitores interessados.Dobson considera como psicoterapia cognitivo-comportamental aquela intervencao que se baseia nomodelo mediacional, ou seja, em que uma mudancacognitiva deva mediar ou levar a uma mudancacomportamental. Destaca que algumas psicoterapiastem enfoque mais cognitivista, outras maiscomportamentalistas, mas que todas buscammudancas adaptativas e que a avaliacao de resultadossegue sendo fundamental. Dobson reconhece aconsideravel resistencia para a implementacao depraticas psicoterapicas de base empirica, mas apoia o
Psychologic differences between breast and bottle feeding

This paper examines the theory that breastfed and bottlefed infants are psychological equivalents. There are 2 patterns of breastfeeding most often encountered unrestricted and token breastfeedings. There are maternal differences between those who breastfeed and those who do not. The initial experience of breastfeeding is culturally dependent. A mother who practices unretricted breastfeeding is receiving sustained stimulation to her nipples and experiences a generalized body response. Likewise such a breastfeeding mother experiences other long-term psychophysiologic reactions such as lactation amenorrhea and changes in hormonal balance. Breastfeeding women are often interested in a quick return to sexual intercourse and display a more general attitude towards men. A mothers personality and her ability to adjust to life situations often varies with the choice of feeding. 1 study found that mothers who breastfed displayed significantly less neuroticism than those who did not. Breastfeeding behavior appears to be sensitive to even minor variations in the social milieu. The type of breastfeeding practiced is likewise a significant variable for the infant. The initial feeding of an unrestricted breastfed infant is usually smooth unlike the situation for the token breastfed. Both feeding patterns involve assuagement of hunger needs but are dependent on social setting. For the breastfed infant comfort as well as nourishment are presented with the mother as part of the package. These 2 experiences are often split in bottlefed and token breastfed infants. The 2 sucking patterns resemble each other superficially and the breastfed infant seems to develop more interest in sucking. Different activity levels manifest themselves by the 3rd day postpartum with the breastfed showing a greater propensity toward activity. Intelligence scores are also related to feeding patterns with those exclusively breastfed for 4-9 months displaying the highest scores in relation to their age.
Folate Status Response to Controlled Folate Intake Is Affected by the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677C→T Polymorphism in Young Women

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C→T polymorphism on folate and homocysteine response in nonHispanic women consuming a low folate diet followed by a diet providing the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for folate. Women (aged 20-30 y old) with either the TT (n = 19) or CC (n = 22) MTHFR 677C→T genotype participated in a folate depletion-repletion study (7 wk, 115 μg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/d; 7 wk, 400 μg DFE/d). Overall serum folate decreased (P < 0.0001) during depletion and increased (P < 0.0001) during repletion with lower (P = 0.03) postdepletion serum folate in women with the TT versus CC genotype. Folate status was low (serum folate < 13.6 nmol/L) in more women with the TT (59%) compared with the CC genotype (15%) postdepletion. Red blood cell folate for all subjects decreased during depletion (P < 0.0001) and repletion (P = 0.02) with lower (P = 0.04) red blood cell folate in women with the TT compared with the CC genotype postrepletion. Homocysteine increased (P < 0.0001) for both genotype groups postdepletion and decreased (P = 0.02) postrepletion for the CC genotype group only. Homocysteine concentrations tended to be higher (P = 0.09) in the TT versus CC genotype group postdepletion and postrepletion. These data suggest that the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism negatively affects the folate and homocysteine response in women consuming low folate diets followed by repletion with the RDA. These results may be important when evaluating the impact of the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism in countries in which low folate diets are chronically consumed.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Obesity

The sobering facts are that over one-third of the population of the United States is overweight and one-fifth is obese as defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 (Table 1). As a society, Americans spend over 140 billion healthcare dollars trying to treat the epidemic. The magnitude of the problem is most evident in comparing obesity trends among US adults from 1985 to 2000 with a noted rise in the super obese. The population with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 has increased twofold, with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 has increased fourfold and with a BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2 has increased fivefold (Figure 1).1 The disease of obesity is spreading past the boundaries of North America to all countries and cultures. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that one billion adults are overweight, and 300 million are obese. In 2002, the WHO reported that obesity contributes to diabetes, ischaemic heart disease and certain cancers.2 Obesity is no longer a disease of the middle-aged. Obesity is now becoming more and more prevalent among our children and adolescents. Obesity is not just about how you look. Increased body weight is associated with numerous comorbid conditions. These illnesses include hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnoea, hypoventilation syndrome, gastrooesophageal reflux, urinary incontinence, venous insufficiency, pseudotumour cerebri, osteoarthritis and cancer. Most of these comorbid conditions severely affect quality of life. Unchecked, obesity leads to significant disease and decrease in life expectancy. For example, in obese adolescents 55 years later, obesity increases heart disease 230%, increases cerebral vascular mortality 1,300% and increases colorectal cancer mortality 900%.2 And in the United States, morbid obesity with a BMI > 45 as a young adult decreases life expectancy. Black males will lose 22 years, white males 12 years, white females 8 years and black
Underlying Motives of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Comparing Egoistic and Altruistic Motivations

This study examined organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) from a motivational perspective by investigating two underlying motives of employee OCB: egoism and altruism. Drawing on Batson’s theor...
Comparison of androgen synthesis in human fetal testis and adrenal: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and 17β-steroid dehydrogenase activities

Abstract To assess comparative 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase and 17β-steroid dehydrogenase activities in human fetal testis and adrenal, equal weights of adrenal and testicular tissue from the same fetuses were incubated with dehydroepiandrosterone or pregnenolone, under identical conditions. Tissues from five fetuses were investigated. The following products were isolated and quantitated: dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenediol, androstenedione and testosterone. The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity, expressed as pmoles found in androstenedione plus testosterone per mg protein incubated, was 3·5–138 times higher in testicular than in adrenal tissue. 17β-Steroid dehydrogenase activity expressed as pmoles found in testosterone plus androstenediol per mg protein incubated was 73–313 in testicular tissue compared to 0–2.64 in adrenal tissue. When the same activities were expressed in terms of activity per total adrenal and testicular tissue per fetus, the 17β-steroid dehydrogenase activity was still considerably higher in testes than in adrenals, while the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity was higher in the testes of the three smaller fetuses investigated. These data provide additional evidence that the human fetal testis is geared to the formation of testosterone which is essential for genital development in the male fetus.
US–Swiss term structures and exchange rate dynamics

Abstract In this study, a multi-country nonlinear model is constructed to simultaneously estimate the exchange rate dynamics and the term structure of interest rates in the US and in Switzerland. The model has better empirical performance compared to the earlier well-known affine international models. Risk premiums of bond yields vary between the two countries. The estimated state variables exhibit local characteristics. These conclusions imply the potential advantages of international diversification and demonstrate the Home Bias puzzle. Exchange rate dynamics estimated by the models account for the Forward Premium Anomaly.
The effect of high temperatures on spore germination of Ascosphaera aggregata

Abstract Vials containing spores of Ascosphaera aggregara were subjected to temperatures of 65°, 75°, 85°, and 95°C for 8-, 16-, and 24-hr periods at each temperature level in order to simulate disinfection heat treatments and determine the effect of temperature on spore viability. Significant ( P > 0.0001) differences were noted for spore germination after heat treatment relative to the origin of the spores, the temperatures to which they were exposed, and for the duration of the heat treatment. An analysis of test responses of all isolates demonstrated significant overall differences in germination by geographic location of origin and temperature relative to duration of the treatment, by location and treatment duration relative to temperature, and temperature and duration of treatment relative to the geographic location of origin.
A longitudinal comparison of hemodynamics and intraluminal thrombus deposition in abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is often accompanied by in traluminal thrombus (ILT), which complicates AAA progression and risk of rupture. Patient-specific computational fluid dynamics modeling of 10 small human AAA was performed to investigate relations between hemodynamics and ILT progression. The patients were imaged using magnetic resonance twice in a 2- to 3-yr interval. Wall content data were obtained by a planar T1-weighted fast spin echo black-blood scan, which enabled quantification of thrombus thickness at midaneurysm location during baseline and followup. Computational simulations with patient-specific geometry and boundary conditions were performed to quantify the hemodynamic parameters of time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and mean exposure time at baseline. Spatially resolved quantifications of the change in ILT thickness were compared with the different hemodynamic parameters. Regions of low OSI had the strongest correlation with ILT growth and demonstrated a statistically significant correlation coefficient. Prominent regions of high OSI (>0.4) and low TAWSS (<1 dyn/cm2) did not appear to coincide with locations of thrombus deposition.
Heterogeneous production of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere

Model calculations are presented which indicate that newly created particles in the marine atmosphere will commonly only be able to achieve sizes, by means of gas-phase processes, sufficient to activate in cumuliform clouds. Aqueous sulfate production in such clouds will be generally necessary to grow them large enough to activate in marine stratus clouds.
Maintenance of Northern Summer Stationary Waves in a GCM

Abstract The maintenance of northern summer stationary waves is studied with data from a 15-year integration of the general circulation model (GCM) experiment performed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. The model has relatively high resolution (rhomboidal 30 wavenumbers, 9 vertical levels) and simulates the summertime stationary waves reasonably well. A steady, linear, baroclinic model is used to understand the various forcing mechanisms for the northern summer stationary waves. The linear model response to global diabatic heating is found to play a dominant role in maintaining the summertime stationary waves in the GCM, especially in the subtropics. This response to diabatic heating shows a baroclinic structure in the vertical with a node at about σ = 0.5. On the other hand, stationary nonlinear interaction terms are found to be largely responsible for the extratropical, equivalent barotropic stationary wave features. It is hypothesized that this nonlinear interaction is a result of the therm...
PKC modulation of GABAA receptor endocytosis and function is inhibited by mutation of a dileucine motif within the receptor β2 subunit

The modulation of GABAA receptors by protein kinase C is complex and involves effects on both ion channel function and receptor trafficking. Although PKC regulates receptor cell surface expression the mechanism is not well understood. Using immunofluorescence studies in HEK 293 cells, we demonstrate that activation of PKC by the phorbol ester PMA promotes receptor endocytosis and is dependent on the presence of a gamma subunit. This endocytosis is blocked by the dominant negative dynamin mutant K44A indicating that PKC-induced receptor endocytosis involves the dynamin endocytic pathway. Mutation of a dileucine motif within the receptor beta2 subunit inhibits the effect of PKC activation on receptor endocytosis. Using patch clamp analysis, we show that PKC activation produces a robust inhibition of GABA-gated chloride currents in cells expressing wildtype GABAA receptors, but it is ineffective in modulating receptors lacking the dileucine motif. Furthermore, the introduction into the patch pipette of a 10-amino acid peptide corresponding to the dileucine motif present in the receptor beta2 subunit prevents PKC modulation of wildtype recombinant receptors. Furthermore, in cerebral cortical neuronal slices inclusion of this peptide in the patch pipette prevents PKC modulation of native GABAA receptors. Using limited chymotrypsin digestion assays, we also show that PKC increases receptor internalization in primary cultures of cerebral cortical neurons. Lastly, PKC inhibitors do not block constitutive receptor endocytosis or affect GABA-gated chloride currents suggesting that PKC-dependent phosphorylation is not required for GABAA receptor endocytosis but plays a modulatory role in the process.
Integration among unequals: The Southern African Customs Union and Development

Abstract The Southern African Customs Union agreement has been reappraised in several recent articles. This note attempts to extend the reappraisals in four ways. They deal with: (1) the 1976 amendment to the revenue-sharing formula, (2) the use of non-tariff barriers by South Africa, (3) the effects on real income distribution, and (4) questions of broader development possibilities and policies when the Customs Union is viewed within the broader context of integration in Southern Africa. The tentative conclusion is that membership of the Customs Union is probably advantageous for Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland unless conditions in South Africa change radically.
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus with an unusual EEG: A fresh look at lateralities of motor control and awareness

This article is an account of a patient with nonconvulsive status epilepticus associated with an unusual EEG. The importance of recording speed in lateralizing the hemisphere of onset of epilepsy is emphasized, on the basis of one-way callosal traffic theory. From this vantage point, the following were deemed responsible for the currently divergent views on the lateralizing significance of various signs and symptoms in epilepsy: (1) the dichotomous nature of laterality of motor control, which is the same as that of seizure onset; (2) the probabilistic nature of the availability of the callosal channel for transfer of epileptiform discharges from the major to the minor hemisphere (i.e., the random variability of synaptic transfer); (3) the dynamic (varying) expanse of the epileptic region within the major hemisphere. Other data reviewed indicated that measuring the reaction time of two symmetrically located effectors is the most robust way of determining the laterality of the major hemisphere, with the side of shorter reaction time being opposite to the major hemisphere. Clinical presentations of seizures reflect the probabilistic involvement of different regions of the major hemisphere by the epileptic process and the spread of the epilepsy to the minor hemisphere via the callosum. Termination of seizure activity with diazepam was associated with simultaneous recovery of awareness and speech in this case.
Dynamical mean field theory of the antiferromagnetic metal to antiferromagnetic insulator transition

The correlation driven metal insulator transition (MIT) or Mott transition is one of the central problems of condensed matter physics. Recently, a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the MIT using the dynamical mean field approach (DMFT), a method which becomes exact in the well-defined limit of infinite lattice coordination [1,2]. However, all studies so far have been confined to the paramagnetic metal (PM) to paramagnetic insulator (PI) transition. In this Letter, we use DMFT to study the transition from the antiferromagnetic metal (AM) to an antiferromagnetic insulator (AI) at zero temperature. The motivation for this work is twofold. Experimentally, the interaction or pressure driven MIT in V2O3 [3,4] and NiS22xSex [4,5] takes place between magnetically ordered states. The Neel temperatures are much smaller than the respective characteristic electronic energy scales. We interpret this as a sign of reduced effective magnetic correlations as compared to estimates obtained from a simple one band Hubbard model. Close to the MIT, the behavior of physical quantities like the specific heat coefficient is, however, different in these two materials. Furthermore, measurements of the magnetic moment seem to indicate that the magnetism in V2O3 is much weaker than in NiS22xSex [6]. This suggests that the strength of the magnetic correlations influences the MIT. We would therefore like to understand how magnetic correlations, which control the scale at which the spin entropy is quenched, affect the MIT and hence, various physical quantities. While we are still far from a realistic modeling of these materials (in this work we consider only commensurate magnetic order and ignore orbital degeneracy and realistic band structure), we present a simple model which, we believe, captures the generic effects of the magnetic correlations on the MIT. We consider a simple one band Hamiltonian,
Treatment of the Keloid: What is New?

Keloids are benign lesions that represent an exuberant collagen response to injury. These benign lesions are plagued with high recurrence rates. Multitudes of options are available for treatment of these lesions, which supports the theory that there is no superior treatment. A variety of treatment options are discussed.
Further Characterization and Species Specificity of Leukocytic Endogenous Mediator (LEM)1

Abstract : A degree of cross species susceptibility was observed on the effects of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) on serum zinc depression and amino acid flux. LEM was shown to be protein in nature, and relatively stable under a wider range of pH and conditions of storage. Although LEM shares several chemical and physical characteristics with endogenous pyrogen (EP), some differences between the chemical properties and species specificity of these two mediators were noted.
Raman scattering from antiferromagnetically coupled Mn2+ ion pairs in Cd1−xMnxS and Cd1−xMnxSe

Abstract Isolated pairs of antiferromagnetically coupled magnetic ions possess a series of energy levels whose separation is determined by the nearest-neighbor exchange constant J NN . We report Raman transitions between these energy levels in Cd 1− x Mn x S and Cd 1− x Mn x Se . At the lowest temperatures, the ground to first excited state transition is observed and allows direct measurement of J NN / k B : −10.6 ± 0.2 K in Cd 1− x Mn x S and −8.1 ± 0.2 K in Cd 1− x Mn x Se . Transitions to higher excited states occur at higher temperatures.
Imaging of Articular Cartilage

Nearly 1 million Americans are affected by chondral injuries annually. The current standard to evaluate articular cartilage is through arthroscopic evaluation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permits the noninvasive visualization of articular cartilage and offers additional advantages of cross-sectional information, multiplanar imaging, and ability to evaluate the underlying bone. Cartilage-specific MRI pulse sequences allow for improved visualization of articular cartilage than conventional MRI. Potential new developments for clinical MRI of articular cartilage include dGEMRIC, T1ρ relaxation, T2 mapping, and diffusion tensor imaging. Newer imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography show promise for nondestructive microscopic resolution imaging of articular cartilage. Continued development and validation of new techniques to directly image articular cartilage holds significant promise in both assisting clinicians to identify diseased and injured articular cartilage and for longitudinal assessment of cartilage degeneration and repair.
Investigation of structure factors in dense colloidal suspensions using frequency domain photon migration: polydisperse systems

Frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) technique was employed to investigate the structure factors of dense, polydisperse colloidal suspensions. The angle-integrated structure factors, [S(q)], extracted from FDPM measurements of scattering properties at volume fractions ranging from 0.05 to 0.4, were compared with the values predicted from the polydisperse hard sphere Percus-Yevick (HSPY) model, as well as decoupling approximation (DA) and local monodisperse approximation (LMA) models that incorporated independently measured particle size information. Results show that the polydisperse HSPY model is the most suitable for accounting for particle interactions which predominantly arise from volume exclusion effects. Furthermore, the influence of size polydispersity upon [S(q)] is most significant at high volume fractions. The static structure factors at small wave vector q, S(0), were also assessed from dual wavelength FDPM measurements by using the small wave number approximation as well as the local monodisperse approximation. The measured S(0) agrees well with the values predicted by the polydisperse HSPY model.
Changing Stigmatizing Perceptions and Recollections About Mental Illness: The Effects of NAMI’s In Our Own Voice

In Our Own Voice (IOOV) is a 90-min anti-stigma program that comprises face-to-face stories of challenges of mental illness and hopes and dreams commensurate with recovery. We pared down IOOV to a 30-min version, using information from two focus groups. In this study, effects of 90- versus 30-min IOOV are contrasted with 30 min of education. Two hundred research participants were randomly assigned to one of these three conditions and completed a measure of stigmatizing perceptions and recollections. People in the education group remembered more negatives than the two IOOV groups. To control for overall response rate, a difference ratio was determined (difference in positive and negative recollection divided by overall recollections). Results showed the two IOOV conditions had significantly better ratios than education. These findings suggest the 30 min version of IOOV is as effective as the 90 min standard.
Radiative lifetimes of the B2 ∑+u ν′ = 0 and ν′ = 1 levels of N+2

Abstract The ionic beam method has been used to measure the radiative lifetimes of the B2∑+u ν′ = 0 and ν′ = 1 levels of N+2. The lifetimes obtained were 58.6 ± 5 nsec and 62 ± 5 nsec, respectively.
SU-GG-T-195: Ion Chamber Collection Efficiency Considerations for Un-Flattened X-Ray Beams

Purpose: To assess the corrections necessary, due to loss of ion chamber collection efficiency, when measuring accelerator‐produced unflattened x‐ray beams. Method and Materials:Ion chambers typically used to map therapeutic x‐ray beams were used to map unflattened beams created by removing the flattening filter from a radiotherapy accelerator. Boag's two‐voltage technique was used to calculate the collection efficiency at the high dose‐per‐pulse attained in such fields. Results: Collection efficiency could be fit with a simple linear function of dose‐per‐pulse. At the center of the unflattened fields the collection efficiency was as much as 2.6% lower than at the lower‐intensity periphery. Different ion chamber types exhibited more or less loss of efficiency. Conclusion: When high intensity unflattened x‐ray beam distributions are measured, appropriate corrections for collection efficiency must be made for accurate determinatation of those distributiions. This can be accomplished using a simple linear correction function. These corrections will not be the same for all locations in the field.
Microfluidic Flow Control Using Induced-Charge Electroosmosis

Work with dc electrokinetics has demonstrated that is works well for bulk transport of fluid an particles. However, it is difficult to achieve control of individual or groups of particles. This paper investigate the use of induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) as a means of providing control over particles within bulk dc electroosmotic flow. ICEO flow develops when an electric double layer is induced by an applied electric field at the surface of a conducting object. Here conducting posts are positioned in a microfluidic channel and ICEO flow develops around them due to an applied ac electric field. A dc electric field is applied across the length of the channel to induce electroosmotic flow past the ICEO region. Around one arrangement of posts the ac and dc flow fields combine to produce a region of recirculation which could be useful for holding a particle or particles within a fixed region of the channel. An alternative arrangement of posts functions to focus the flow into the center of the channel. A numerical model of the system is developed and used to explore means of adapting the ICEO flows to many situations. A method for fabricating a microfluidic system for ICEO flows is presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
ONE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE PROPAGATION IN A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED ELASTIC MEDIUM

Abstract In this study the one-dimensional wave propagation in a functionally graded elastic slab is considered. It is assumed that the stiffness and density of the medium vary continuously in thickness direction and it is initially at rest and stress-free. The slab is subjected to a pressure pulse on one surface and a vanishing stress or displacement condition on the other. The solution is obtained in wave summation form. Propagation of a rectangular pressure pulse in a graded medium that consists of either nickel/zirconia or aluminium/silicon carbide is studied as examples. It is shown that there is considerable wave distortion in time and the distortion is much more pronounced in slabs with fixed/free boundary conditions. A simple approximate expression giving the peak stress is developed. Also it is demonstrated that the energy balance principle may be used as a convergence criterion in the calculation of stresses.
Surgical Management of Crohn's Disease

Although medical management can control symptoms in a recurring incurable disease, such as Crohn's disease, surgical management is reserved for disease complications or those problems refractory to medical management. In this article, we cover general principles for the surgical management of Crohn's disease, ranging from skin tags, abscesses, fistulae, and stenoses to small bowel and extraintestinal disease.
Enhanced inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli by nisin at 6·5°C

While the use of natural antimicrobials such as nisin is useful to inhibit and/or inactivateListeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulinum , it is not effective on Salmonella and Escherichia coli , presumably due to the inaccessibility of target sites for nisin. Disruption of the outer membrane permeability barrier by several methods including chelation of cations by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and various physical stresses including osmotic shock, heat shock, acid and freezing, have been shown to sensitize Gram-negative cells to nisin. We discovered that nisin enhanced inactivation of S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 when stored at 6·5°C in peptone water. Cell numbers, enumerated on trypticase soy agar (TSA) decreased over 2 weeks in the presence of nisin more rapidly than in the absence of nisin. Salmonella typhimurium exhibited a 1·7 log decrease in cell numbers (average of 17 trials), in the presence of 100IU nisin compared to controls (P<0·0001). Likewise, four strains of E. coli , including O157:H7, also showed a significant (P<0·001) 1·6 log decrease in cell numbers after 7 days in the presence of nisin at 6·5°C. This effect of nisin was completely reversed by the presence of 25 mM magnesium or 100 mM sodium or potassium. Nisin may be a means for providing an additional barrier to enhance the safety of refrigerated foods.
Structural Features of L-Tryptophan Required for Activation of TRAP, the trp RNA-binding Attenuation Protein of Bacillus subtilis

A filter binding assay was used to determine the structural features of L-tryptophan required for activation of TRAP, the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein of Bacillus subtilis. We examined the ability of L-tryptophan and 26 of its analogs to activate TRAP. Our findings show that TRAP activation by L-tryptophan is highly cooperative. We also observed that TRAP activation is stereospecific; D-tryptophan did not activate. Our results further indicate that the alpha-amino group and the carbonyl moiety of the alpha-carboxyl group of the ligand are required for TRAP activation and that the heterocyclic amino nitrogen of L-tryptophan greatly enhances TRAP activation. We also found that changes at several positions of the indole ring of L-tryptophan resulted in reduced TRAP activation. In addition, indole and 5-methylindole were shown to be effective competitors of L-tryptophan activation of TRAP.
Paired-associate learning by young children as functions of initial associative strength and percentage of occurrence of response members.

Abstract Acquisition of verbal paired-associates by preschool-aged and kindergarten-aged children was related to initial strength of associations between stimulus members and response members (IAS), facilitative or competitive patterns of the pairing of those members (P), and percentage of occurrence of response members (%ORM). Across and at both age levels, rate of acquisition was a direct function of %ORM. With the facilitative pattern, for kindergarten-aged children but not for preschool-aged children rate of acquisition was a direct function of IAS. With the competitive pattern, IAS had no significant effects at either age level.
Multitrait-multimethod model of adolescent deviance, drug use, academic, and sexual behaviors

A multitrait-multimethod design was used to test Jessor and Jessor's (1977) problem behavior theory with a sample of adolescents, their parents, and peers. Behaviors included general deviance, drug use, low academic motivation, and precocious sexual behavior. While research has supported this theory, the reliance on self-report data for the majority of this work may threaten the validity of these findings. Results from hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the convergent and discriminant validity of the seven behavior constructs was high and method effects were low. A two-factor second-order model, representing General Drug Use and Other Problem Behavior, accounted for a larger proportion of variance in the lower order factors compared to a single-factor model.
Uninformed and probabilistic distributed agent combinatorial searches for the unary NP-complete disassembly line balancing problem

Disassembly takes place in remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal, with a line being the best choice for automation. The disassembly line balancing problem seeks a sequence which: is feasible, minimizes workstations, and ensures similar idle times, as well as other end-of-life specific concerns. Finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive due to exponential growth. Combinatorial optimization methods hold promise for providing solutions to the disassembly line balancing problem, which is proven here to belong to the class of unary NP-complete problems. Probabilistic (ant colony optimization) and uninformed (H-K) search methods are presented and compared. Numerical results are obtained using a recent case study to illustrate the search implementations and compare their performance. Conclusions drawn include the consistent generation of near-optimal solutions, the ability to preserve precedence, the speed of the techniques, and their practicality due to ease of implementation.
High-Efficiency Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers by Proteins

The fluorescence of the water-soluble anionic conjugated polymer, poly[lithium 5-methoxy-2-(4-sulfobutoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MBL-PPV), is quenched in dilute aqueous solution by cytochrome c, a small, naturally occurring electron-transfer protein. The large value obtained for the Stern−Volmer constant (Ksv = 3.2 × 108 at pH 7.4, and ∼109 in acidic solutions) is attributed to a combination of two factors: (1) facile ET between the luminescent semiconducting polymer and the protein and (2) the Columb attraction between the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. This system shows significant potential for biosensor applications.
Toward a Strategic Theory of Risk Premium: Moving Beyond Capm

We propose a framework of risk premium that offers a resolution to CAPM's challenge to the field of strategy. Our core assumption is that investors bear firm-specific risk because they are not as diversified and markets not as perfect as CAPM assumes. We therefore hypothesize that investors require lower risk premiums from firms that are able to reduce firm-specific risk, and we ground this prediction on theories from information economics, risk management, and strategy, as well as recent empirical challenges to CAPM.
Measuring physicians' tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing.

Despite uncertainties in medicine, attempts to study physicians' tolerance for uncertainty have been few, and limited by the measurement instruments available. This paper describes development of a modified tolerance for ambiguity (TFA) scale, and correlates it with several physician characteristics and reported behaviors. Eighteen TFA items were included in a national survey of physicians' knowledge and attitudes about genetic testing. Sixty-five percent (n = 1,140) of 1,759 obstetricians, pediatricians, internists, family practitioners, and psychiatrists responded. After psychometric analyses, the scale was reduced to 7 items, demonstrating an acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .75). TFA was higher among psychiatrists than other specialties, among those who were older when they graduated from medical school, and among those willing to offer a new low-cost, accurate predictive test when none of their colleagues do. TFA was lower among those who indicated that attendance at religious services was important, among those who would make a recommendation to their patients regarding pregnancy termination after prenatal diagnosis, and among those who would withhold negative genetic test results. Future research is needed on the scale itself, and to assess factors affecting TFA, such as its susceptibility to modification, and its potential association with clinical practice in other areas of medicine that are characterized by ambiguity.
Assessing the sensitivity of the evaluation of social interaction: comparing social skills in children with and without disabilities.

OBJECTIVE. We examined the sensitivity of the Evaluation of Social Interaction (ESI) as a measure of the overall quality of social interaction in children as they engage in social exchanges in a natural context with typical social partners. METHOD. We compared the ESI measures of 23 children with disabilities with those of 23 children without disabilities, matched by age and gender. RESULTS. Paired t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant difference, t(22) = −4.065, p = .001, in the quality of social interaction for the two groups of children, indicating sensitivity of the ESI. CONCLUSION. The results support the use of the ESI to measure quality of social interaction in a natural context
Not just glue: cell-cell junctions as cellular signaling centers

Proper cell-cell adhesion and communication are essential for normal development and are often perturbed during tumor formation. We have come to realize that cell-cell junctions not only mediate intercellular adhesion, but also serve as organizing centers for specific cell-cell signaling pathways. The characterization of protein components of adhesive and tight/septate junctions in vertebrates and Drosophila is reviewed, and their roles in adhesion and signaling discussed. Many molecules that mediate intercellular signaling, including certain tumor suppressor gene products, are localized to particular cell-cell junctions, suggesting that disruption of junctional signaling pathways contributes to tumorigenesis.
Respecting Persons, Respecting Preferences

In this article, I argue that the state has a prima facie obligation to help its citizens satisfy their autonomous preferences. I argue that this obligation is grounded in the state's obligation to respect its citizens as persons, and that part of what is involved in respecting someone as a person is helping her satisfy her autonomous preferences. I argue that that which makes preferences autonomous is also that which makes them, and not their non-autonomous counterparts, worthy of respect. In addition, I reject other views of what makes preferences worthy of respect, in particular Ronald Dworkin's view that only preferences for one's own enjoyment of some goods or opportunities deserve political consideration. Finally, I consider the state's obligation towards immoral autonomous preferences, and I argue that the state's prima facie obligation to promote the satisfaction of autonomous preferences is quite strong.
Determination of Seed-Coat Fragments in Cotton by Solvent-Extraction and Infrared Spectrophotometric Analysis

A method to measure cottenseed oil and oily seed-coat fragments in raw cotton and waste residues has been developed. Carbon tetrachloride is used to extract cottonseed oil from the Shirley analyzer...
The comparative virogenesis of three serotypes of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

Studies were conducted to investigate the comparative ability of 3 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) to infect and replicate in Culicoides variipennis. The virogenesis or mode of development of each serotype of BTV in the fly was determined using a direct immunofluorescence technique. BTV serotypes 10, 11, and 17 were each found to be capable of infecting C. variipennis. Susceptibility of the flies to the different serotypes was comparable, and each virus serotype replicated in individual flies to an average titer of 3.2 ± 0.3 log10 TCID50. In addition, each serotype exhibited the same general virogenesis. Antigen was first detected in midgut cells and subsequently in secondary target tissues, including hindgut, fat body, salivary gland, thoracic muscle, and ovarian tissues excluding follicles and eggs. Nerve tissue infrequently contained detectable antigen. The 3 serotypes tested were similar in their respective abilities to infect and replicate in C. variipennis.
Cell Adhesion Regulates the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene Expression in Anchorage-Dependent Cells

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor of both tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (t-PA, u-PA). PAI-1 also regulates the attachment of cells to the adhesive glycoprotein vitronectin (VN). PAI-1 gene expression has been observed in various cell types, and many regulatory factors have been identified to play a role in PAI-1 gene transcription. The complete picture of how the PAI-1 gene is expressed when cells adhere to a culture plate has not been fully elucidated. We found that in anchorage-dependent cells, PAI-1 gene was up-regulated when cells were beginning to attach to a culture dish and was down-regulated when cells had attached completely. The PAI-1 gene expression was induced only in adhered cells but not in non-adhered cells. The regulation of PAI-1 protein was also found in both culture medium and cell lysate when cells were attached to a culture dish. Our experiment indicates that vitronectin and fibronectin, as components of ECM, may be the factors involved in the regulation of PAI-1 gene expression. PAI-1, as an inhibitor of the interaction between vitronectin and integrin αvβ3, may also be a regulator of its own expression.
Transmutation for systems by spectral methods

Working with half line systems we enlarge upon the theory which displays the fundamental quantities in various integral equations in terms of underlying transmutational spectral integrals. In particular we develop a spectral formulation for a Marcenko (M) type equation and for the Gopinath-Sondhi equation.
Intermolecular Forces and Vibrational Spectra of Crystalline Benzene and Naphthalene

Abstract Theoretical calculations are presented for the splittings, caused by intermolecular forces, of vibrational spectroscopic transitions in crystalline benzene and naphthalene. Semi-empirical potential functions for the interactions between pairs of molecules are assumed. The interaction between two molecules is further assumed to be composed of central forces acting between pairs of atoms, one on each molecule. Several semi-empirical potentials for hydrogen-hydrogen, hydrogen-carbon and carbon-carbon interactions are used in the computations. The infrared spectra of single crystals of naphthalene have been remeasured, and the observed splittings are compared with the theoretically calcualated values; comparisons are also made for benzene. It is concluded that short-range potentials similar to the ones assumed are primarily responsible for the observed splittings, that both hydrogen-hydrogen and hydrogen-carbon interactions are important, and that carbon-carbon interactions are only of marginal impor...
Lattice sum calculations for 1/rp interactions via multipole expansions and Euler summation

A method is developed here for doing multiple calculations of lattice sums when the lattice structure is kept fixed, while the molecular orientations or the molecules within the unit cells are altered. The approach involves a two-step process. In the first step, a multipole expansion is factored in such a way as to separate the geometry from the multipole moments. This factorization produces a formula for generating geometry constants that uniquely define the lattice structure. A direct calculation of these geometry constants, for all but the very smallest of crystals, is computationally impractical. In the second step, an Euler summation method is introduced that allows for efficient calculation of the geometry constants. This method has a worst case