cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, up-regulation of MYCC and accumulation of stabilized p53 constitute hallmarks of CNS-PNET animal model

Recently, we described a new animal model of CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CNS-PNET), which was generated by orthotopic transplantation of human Radial Glial (RG) cells into NOD-SCID mice's brain sub-ventricular zone. In the current study we conducted comprehensive RNA-Seq analyses to gain insights on the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis in this mouse model of CNS-PNET. Here we show that the RNA-Seq profiles derived from these tumors cluster with those reported for patients' PNETs. Moreover, we found that (i) stabilization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which are involved in mediation of the hypoxic responses in the majority of cell types, (ii) up-regulation of MYCC, a key onco-protein whose dysregulation occurs in ~70% of human tumors, and (iii) accumulation of stabilized p53, which is commonly altered in human cancers, constitute hallmarks of our tumor model, and might represent the basis for CNS-PNET tumorigenesis in this model. We discuss the possibility that these three events might be interconnected. These results indicate that our model may prove invaluable to uncover the molecular events leading to MYCC and TP53 alterations, which would be of broader interest considering their relevance to many human malignancies. Lastly, this mouse model might prove useful for drug screening targeting MYCC and related members of its protein interaction network.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Amine-Reactive Multilayers Using an Azlactone-Functionalized Polymer and Small-Molecule Diamine Linkers

We report the reactive layer-by-layer assembly of amine-reactive polymer multilayers using an azlactone-functionalized polymer and small-molecule diamine linkers. This approach yields cross-linked polymer/linker-type films that can be further functionalized, after fabrication, by treatment with functional primary amines, and provides opportunities to incorporate other useful functionality that can be difficult to introduce using other polyamine building blocks. Films fabricated using poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PVDMA) and three model nondegradable aliphatic diamine linkers yielded reactive thin films that were stable upon incubation in physiologically relevant media. By contrast, films fabricated using PVDMA and varying amounts of the model disulfide-containing diamine linker cystamine were stable in normal physiological media, but were unstable and eroded rapidly upon exposure to chemical reducing agents. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to fabricate functionalized polymer microcaps...
Computational Shear Strength of Ultrahigh-Performance API Class H Cement-Silica-Fume Paste Cylinders via Direct Shear Tests

AbstractAn important type of ultra-high-performance concrete uses the hydrated mixture of the American Petroleum Institute (API) Class H cement and silica fume to produce the required binder. In th...
High-Index DAE Systems in Modeling and Control Of Chemical Processes

Abstract Examples of chemical processes are presented that are modeled by high-index DAEs under quasi-steady-state assumptions of phase, thermal, reaction equilibrium etc. While the high index in these models can be avoided by replacing the equilibrium assumptions with rate expressions, the resulting models are not suitable for controller design. This is illustrated through simulations in two reactor examples.
Subchronic Toxicity Study of Sodium Arsenite in Methyl-Deficient Male C57BL/6 Mice

Publisher Summary Arsenic (As) is an established human carcinogen. The mechanistic pathway by which As causes cancer is not understood. In preparation for a 24-month chronic study assessing cancer in methyl deficient male C57BL/6 mice, a 130-day subchronic study of sodium arsenite was undertaken to establish baseline toxicity data. Mice were administered As via drinking water: 0, 2.6, 4.3, 9.5, or 14.6 mg sodium arsenite/kg/day. Dosing continued 7 days a week for the length of the study. Deaths of 3 of the control animals (methyl-sufficient/no As) at Day 111 of the study did not appear to be compound-related. The death of a single animal in the high-dose group did appear to be treatment-dependent. A dose-related reduction was observed for liver weight. Mild to severe fatty infiltration was observed in the livers of methyl-deficient/As treated animals. Severe liver damage was noted in 2 animals from the 2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg/d groups. In addition, hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the bladder was found in 43/60 mice treated with sodium arsenite. No histopathological changes were evident in any other tissue examined. The no observed effect level (NOEL) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of this study could not be determined as the lowest dose administered produced detrimental effects. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for animals maintained on methyl-deficient diets was 2.6 mg/kg/d.
Cervical Spine Stabilization

Injury to the bony structure or ligamentous support of the cervical spine can cause instability. The consequences of instability range from pain to the potential for injury to the nerve roots or spinal cord. Such instability can be caused by direct trauma, degenerative disease, and conditions affecting the joints such as rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. Depending on the nature of the instability, different approaches can be used to allow the spine to heal and restore its own stability. An adequate stability of the spine is essential to prevent injury to the spinal cord or exiting nerve roots. If the intrinsic stability of the cervical spine is disrupted, various degrees of external and internal stabilization may be needed to facilitate surgical fusion that will restore stability.
Perspectives on Integrating Ethnographic Film into Psychological Anthropology

The chapter reviews different historical and theoretical movements in ethnographic film and psychological anthropology that provide a foundation for visual psychological anthropology (VPA). It traces 20th-century developments in popular cinema and documentary, attending to ethnographic film pioneers such as John Marshall, Robert Gardner, Timothy Asch, Margaret Mead, and Gregory Bateson; exploring relevant trends such as direct cinema and experimental ethnography; and drawing parallels to the methodology, main concerns, and trajectory of psychological anthropology—as reflected in recent theory—and ethnography, in the increasing concern with subjectivity, phenomenology, and textured individual accounts. VPA proves to be a synergistic practice that extends the toolkit of psychological anthropologists while offering an invigorating approach towards ethnographic film, even when depicting sensitive and fraught issues around mental illness.
In Memoriam: Deanna A. Sutton, Ph.D.

It is with deep sadness that we report the death of Deanna A. Sutton, PhD. Dr. Sutton passed away on 4 July 2017 and leaves behind a daughter, a son-in-law, and two granddaughters as well as numerous friends and colleagues. Deanna was a tremendous individual, both personally and professionally, and
Author's response to Porter and Keefe letter to the editor regarding 'new frontiers in couple-based interventions in cancer care: refining the prescription for spousal communication'.

Sir,Recently, Drs. Porter and Keefe wrote a letter to the editor [1] regarding my 2017 review article, ‘New Frontiers in couple-based Interventions in Cancer Care: Refining the Prescription for Spo...
Metallic fixation of the mandible by open reduction. Case report of mandibular plating.

T he use of metallic implants for the fixation of fractured facial bones provokes an interesting study into the development and tissue tolerance of metallic alloys. Certain basic principles appear to have evolved over the years from trial-anderror methods in use before a sound scientific approach began. Some of the early observations form the basis of present-day research and are responsible for the promulgation of today’s metallic-fixation techniques. Some of the interesting high lights and techniques are outlined and discussed in this article.
Gender, Intra-Household Dynamics, and Household Hurricane Preparedness: An Exploratory Study Employing a Dyadic Interview Approach

This exploratory study targets married, heterosexual couples living in Sarasota County, Florida and uses a dyadic interview approach to understand how the interactions of married couples, or intra-household dynamics, could affect household hurricane preparedness. Interview results reveal that couples consider household hurricane preparedness to be a joint process between husband and wife, but in many cases, partners do not have the same opinions about these preparations. This study also shows the relations between household hurricane preparedness and household division of labor, and how the tendency of wives to prioritize relational preparedness activities could be an answer to understanding why some quantitative studies show that females have lower preparedness levels than males. Other potential problems with this previous research, including the selection of survey participants and the measurement of household hurricane preparedness, are likewise discussed.
Metabolic activation-driven mitochondrial hyperpolarization predicts insulin secretion in human pancreatic beta-cells.

Abstract Mitochondrial metabolism plays a central role in insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Generation of protonmotive force and ATP synthesis from glucose-originated pyruvate are critical steps in the canonical pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Mitochondrial metabolism is intertwined with pathways that are thought to amplify insulin secretion with mechanisms distinct from the canonical pathway, and the relative importance of these two pathways is controversial. Here I show that glucose-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) hyperpolarization is necessary for, and predicts, the rate of insulin secretion in primary cultured human beta-cells. When glucose concentration is elevated, increased metabolism results in a substantial MMP hyperpolarization, as well as in increased rates of ATP synthesis and turnover marked by faster cell respiration. Using modular kinetic analysis I explored what properties of cellular energy metabolism enable a large glucose-induced change in MMP in human beta-cells. I found that an ATP-dependent pathway activates glucose or substrate oxidation, acting as a positive feedback in energy metabolism. This activation mechanism is essential for concomitant fast respiration and high MMP, and for a high magnitude glucose-induced MMP hyperpolarization and therefore for insulin secretion.
3D CFD simulation of a CI engine converted to SI natural gas operation using the G-equation

Abstract The conversion of heavy-duty CI engines to natural gas (NG) SI operation have the potential to increase the use of NG in the transportation sector in the United States. More, the increased turbulence of a bowl-in-piston combustion chamber can increase the flame speed under more efficient lean conditions. The main objective of this study was to investigate if a 3D G-equation-based RANS simulation (i.e., reasonable computational costs and running times) can predict the efficiency and emissions of such converted engine, for various NG compositions and operating conditions. The model was validated with experimental data from a single-cylinder CI research engine that replaced the fuel injector with a spark plug and fumigated NG inside the intake manifold using a low-pressure gas injector. Using a unique set of model tuning parameters, the model was able to qualitatively predict the effect of NG composition on engine performance and emissions over a range of operating conditions that changed spark timing, equivalence ratio, and engine speed. The model also captured the double-peak heat release rate seen at advanced spark timing in the experiments. The results showed that a lower methane number (MN) increased peak pressure and indicated mean effective pressure. Higher H/C ratio advanced combustion phasing. More, higher MN lowered nitrogen oxides but increased unburned hydrocarbons emissions. However, while a lower MN increased carbon monoxide (CO) production during the combustion process, there was no clear trend for engine-out CO emissions. Overall, the predicted gas composition effects on engine efficiency and emissions were relatively small, at least for the range of operating conditions investigated here. However, the results suggest that the 3D CFD model described here is suitable for combustion phenomena analysis such the flame behavior in a bowl-in-piston combustion chamber.
Natural stress used to obtain linear elastic and optical properties of a rubber under large strains

The mechanical and optical properties of some rubbers, like the polyurethanes, used in experimental stress analysis are usually represented by highly nonlinear relationships. In this paper, uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests on a polyurethane rubber are described and the results are analyzed introducing the new concept of “natural stress.” It has been found that the natural stress-natural strain relationship is linear up to 100 per cent strain and seems to correspond to an intrinsic property of the material. The isochromatic fringes are also shown to be linear with respect to natural stress and natural strain.
The Genetic Mechanism: III Transcription, Processing, and an Analytical Synopsis

If this book were strictly faithful to the chronology of actual events, then transcription of the DNA molecule would have been among the first topics treated. Because of the structural and functional complexity of the various RNAs, however, much clarity is gained by delaying discussion of transcription of the DNA molecule and related events to this point. After these final aspects of the genetic mechanism have been viewed, an analysis then places the substance of the entire topic into context with the problem of life’s origins.
Ruin and Revelation: John Clare’s Eco-Apocalyptic Aesthetics

John Clare’s “The Lament of Swordy Well” has long been read as one of the poet’s many enclosure elegies, responding to the changes wrought upon Clare’s Northamptonshire home by the series of parlia...
Long-term trends in precipitation indices at eastern districts of Bangladesh

This study analyzed the trends of extreme daily rainfall indices over three meteorological stations located in the eastern region of Bangladesh from 1960 to 2000. The climate change-related indices included frequency-based indices: number of heavy rainfall days and consecutive dry and wet days, and intensity-based indices: annual wet-day rainfall total, daily and consecutive five-day maximum rainfall, very and extremely wet days and simple daily intensity index. The magnitude of trends in extreme rainfall indices time series was determined using the nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator method, and the statistical significance of the trends was analyzed using the Mann–Kendall test. The rainfall trends exhibited regional patterns. Overall, results suggested an increase in annual rainfall over the study area; however, a tendency toward reduction of rainfall in the wet season was observed. Analysis of extreme rainfall indices demonstrated non-significant increase in frequency of heavy rainfall days, decrease in consecutive dry days and increase in consecutive wet days coupled with regional decline in daily and consecutive five-day maximum rainfall in the monsoon.
Two paths to polysynthesis

West Circassian displays prominent polysynthetic morphology both in the verbal and nominal domains and both syntactic categories are subject to the same morphological ordering constraints. I argue that despite these similarities, nominal and verbal wordforms in West Circassian are in fact constructed via two distinct word formation processes: while the verbal root and any accompanying functional morphology are pronounced as a single phonological word by virtue of forming a single complex syntactic head via head displacement, the nominal head and its modifiers are pronounced as a single word due to rules of syntax-to-prosody mapping. Such a division of labor provides an account for why only nouns, and not verbs, exhibit productive noun incorporation in the language: West Circassian noun incorporation is prosodic, rather than syntactic. The evidence for the existence of these two avenues of word formation comes from a systematic violation of morpheme ordering observed in verbal nominalizations. In terms of broader theoretical impact, the proposed analysis provides insight into what factors shape a polysynthetic language: while it is tempting to reduce polysynthetic morphology to either simple head displacement or just a consequence of mapping complex syntactic structure to a single phonological word without any head displacement, the West Circassian data show that neither of these mechanisms can be dispensed with.
Pediatric Physical Therapists' Use of the Congenital Muscular Torticollis Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Qualitative Implementation Study.

Purpose This study is a follow-up to the quantitative survey to examine the perceptions of pediatric physical therapists (PTs) on the application of the 2013 Congenital Muscular Torticollis Clinical Practice Guideline (CMT CPG). Method Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews were completed. Interview questions focused on how the guidelines influenced practice, facilitators and barriers to implementation, and knowledge translation activities. Results Thirteen pediatric PTs from a variety of practice settings participated. Positive perceptions about the CMT CPG included the use of flow charts, synthesized literature in one place, and validation of examination and intervention approaches. Negative perceptions included its length and that approaches without published evidence were not addressed. Three major themes were identified: knowledge and evidence for practice, education of clinicians, and the CPG structure and components that influenced practice. Conclusions The CMT CPG provided a number of benefits. Recommendations for future enhancement and development are provided.
Watt’s in a name? Units of power and energy

The origins and adoption of the units of power and energy watt and joule are examined, along with their relationships to the achievements of their namesakes, James Watt and James Prescott Joule. The watt and joule came about as part of a group of practical electrical units named and defined in the second half of the nineteenth century. The development of that system and its relationship to the French revolutionary metric system and the current SystemeInternational (SI) is outlined. William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and the Siemens brothers had important parts in the story; their roles and the units names after them are also described.
Physician attitudes towards-and adoption of-mobile health.

ObjectiveSmartphone apps and mobile devices are an emerging method of healthcare data collection. This study sought to understand how physicians currently view mobile health (mHealth) technologies ...
Characterizing Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Spectrum of Outcomes.

Background The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are conceptualized as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) as the most severe. Many find it more difficult to characterize behavioral and cognitive effects of exposure on the central nervous system when physical signs are not present. In the current study, an operational definition of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) was examined to determine its usefulness in discrimination of children classified as ARND based on behavior (ARND/B) and cognition (ARND/C) from children in 4 contrast groups: (i) children exposed to study-defined "risky drinking"; (ii) children with any reported PAE; (iii) children classified as "Higher Risk" for developmental problems; and (iv) children classified as "Lower Risk." Methods A total of 1,842 children seen as part of a surveillance study (J Am Med Assoc, 319, 2018, 474) were evaluated for alcohol exposure and physical characteristics of FAS, and completed neurodevelopmental testing. Ninety-one were identified as either ARND/B or ARND/C and contrasted with other groups to further identify distinguishing patterns. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was used to examine the accuracy of classification and to identify factors contributing to such classification. Results Children described as ARND/C were distinct from other groups based on cognition and behavior as well as demographic factors (e.g., age, race, SES), child characteristics (e.g., gestational age; sex), and other drug exposures, while those described as ARND/B differed only on behavior and other drug exposures. MLR models successfully discriminated ARND groups from children in other groups with accuracy ranging from 79% (Higher Risk) to 86.7% (Low Risk). Conclusions ARND has been a subject of debate. This analysis suggests the effects of alcohol on behavior and cognition even in the absence of the characteristic facial features and growth deficiency that can be identified. The results also indicate that it may be possible to distinguish such children from those in other high-risk groups.
Comparative fitness of malathion-resistant and susceptible Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Three factors contributing to fitness of a species (fertility, fecundity, and development time) were measured in the susceptible Savlab strain and the > 100-fold malathion-resistant Statesboro stra...
Multimodal assessment of nigrosomal degeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Approximately forty percent of all dopaminergic neurons in SNpc are located in five dense neuronal clusters, named nigrosomes. T2- or T2*-weighted images are used to delineate the largest nigrosome, named nigrosome-1. In these images, nigrosome-1 is a hyperintense region in the caudal and dorsal portion of the T2- or T2*-weighted substantia nigra. In PD, nigrosome-1 experiences iron accumulation, which leads to a reduction in T2-weighted hyperintensity. Here, we examine neuromelanin-depletion and iron deposition in regions of interest (ROIs) derived from quantitative-voxel based morphometry (qVBM) on neuromelanin-sensitive images and compare the ROIs with nigrosome-1 identified in T2*-weighted images. Methods Neuromelanin-sensitive and multi-echo gradient echo imaging data were obtained. R2* was calculated from multi-echo gradient echo imaging data. qVBM analysis was performed on neuromelanin-sensitive images and restricted to SNpc. Mean neuromelanin-sensitive contrast and R2* was measured from the resulting qVBM clusters. Nigrosome-1 was segmented in T2*-weighted images of control subjects and its location was compared to the spatial location of the qVBM clusters. Results Two bilateral clusters emerged from the qVBM analysis. These clusters showed reduced neuromelanin-sensitive contrast and increased mean R2* in PD as compared to controls. Cluster-1 from the qVBM analysis was in a similar spatial location as nigrosome-1, as seen in T2*-weighted images. Conclusion qVBM cluster-1 shows reduced neuromelanin-sensitive contrast and is in a similar spatial position as nigrosome-1. This region likely corresponds to nigrosome-1 while the second cluster may correspond to nigrosome-2.
Practice Patterns of Central Venous Catheter Placement and Confirmation in Pediatric Critical Care

Optimal practices for the placement of central venous catheters (CVCs) in critically ill children are unclear. This study describes the clinical practice of pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) providers regarding CVC placement, including site selection, confirmation practices and assessment of complications. Two-hundred fourteen PCCM providers responded to an electronic survey, including 170 (79%) attending physicians, 30 (14%) fellow physicians, and 14 (7%) advanced practice providers. PCCM providers most commonly place internal jugular (IJ) and femoral CVCs, with subclavian CVCs and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) placed less commonly (IJ 99%, femoral 95%, subclavian 40%, PICC 19%). The IJ is the most preferred site (128/214 (60%)); decreased infection risk is the most common reason for preferring this site. The subclavian is the least preferred site (150/214 [70%]) due to concern for increased risk of complications (51%) and personal discomfort with the procedure (49%). One-hundred twenty-six (59%) of respondents reported receiving formal ultrasound (US) or echocardiography training. Respondents reported using dynamic US guidance for placement in 90% of IJ, 86% of PICC, 78% of femoral, and 12% of subclavian CVCs. Plain radiography (X-ray) was the most preferred modality for confirming CVC tip position (85%) compared with US (9%) and no imaging (5%). Most providers reported using X-ray to evaluate for pneumothorax following upper extremity CVC placement, with only 5% reporting use of US and none relying on physical exam alone. This study demonstrates wide variability in PCCM providers' CVC placement practices. Potential training gaps exist for placement of subclavian catheters and use of US.
“Trying to be everything else”: Examining the challenges experienced by youth development workers

Abstract Youth development research and practice have evolved significantly in the last forty years, as theoretical orientations shifted to reflect the focus on youth strengths and assets. While research on youth development has evolved, research with an emphasis on those who work with youth in this context is strikingly limited. This study aimed to bridge this research gap by using a constructivist grounded theory approach to explore the challenges experienced by youth development workers. Semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews were used to garner perceptions of challenges. Nineteen participants completed a total of 26 interviews. Participants explained the complex and intertwining relationship of internal and external challenges they experienced. Participants grounded these challenges within the context of their work environment. Their shared meaning across these topics informed the development of a context specific framework including three themes of (a) “trying to be everything else” (b) emotional response and (c) youth behavior, with a subtheme of (d) youth behavioral health. The field of youth development often focuses on building more professional development opportunities however, results from this study show a need to address challenges youth workers experience within the bounds of the youth program and larger organization. Specifically, there is a need for organizations to support youth workers by clearly defining their role, and identifying areas where additional capacity and support are needed.
SU-D-BRA-07: A Phantom Study to Assess the Variability in Radiomics Features Extracted From Cone-Beam CT Images

Purpose: Several studies have demonstrated the prognostic potential for texture features extracted from CT images of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if these features could be extracted with high reproducibility from cone-beam CT (CBCT) images in order for features to be easily tracked throughout a patient’s treatment. Methods: Two materials in a radiomics phantom, designed to approximate NSCLC tumor texture, were used to assess the reproducibility of 26 features. This phantom was imaged on 9 CBCT scanners, including Elekta and Varian machines. Thoracic and head imaging protocols were acquired on each machine. CBCT images from 27 NSCLC patients imaged using the thoracic protocol on Varian machines were obtained for comparison. The variance for each texture measured from these patients was compared to the variance in phantom values for different manufacturer/protocol subsets. Levene’s test was used to identify features which had a significantly smaller variance in the phantom scans versus the patient data. Results: Approximately half of the features (13/26 for material1 and 15/26 for material2) had a significantly smaller variance (p<0.05) between Varian thoracic scans of the phantom compared to patient scans. Many of these same features remained significant for themore » head scans on Varian (12/26 and 8/26). However, when thoracic scans from Elekta and Varian were combined, only a few features were still significant (4/26 and 5/26). Three features (skewness, coarsely filtered mean and standard deviation) were significant in almost all manufacturer/protocol subsets. Conclusion: Texture features extracted from CBCT images of a radiomics phantom are reproducible and show significantly less variation than the same features measured from patient images when images from the same manufacturer or with similar parameters are used. Reproducibility between CBCT scanners may be high enough to allow the extraction of meaningful texture values for patients. This project was funded in part by the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT). Xenia Fave is a recipient of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Graduate Fellowship.« less
How to Improve Instructional Leadership: High School Principal Selection Process versus Evaluation Process

Abstract The selection process for a high school principal rather than the principal evaluation process should be the focus of efforts to improve instructional leadership in high schools.
Optimization of geometric discontinuities in stress fields

The ideal boundary of a discontinuity is defined as that boundary along which there is no stress concentration. Photoelastically an isochromatic coincides with the ideal boundary. This property is used to develop experimentally ideal boundaries for some cases of technological interest. The concept of ‘coefficient of efficiency’ is introduced to evaluate the degree of optimization. The procedure to idealize boundaries is illustrated for the two cases of the circular tube and of the perforated rectangular plate, with prescribed functional restraints and a particular criterion for failure. An ideal design of the inside boundary of the tube is developed which decreases its maximum stress by 25 percent, at the time it also decreases its weight by 10 percent. The efficiency coefficient is increased from 0.59 to 0.95. Tests with a brittle material show an increase in strength of 20 percent. An ideal design of the boundary of the hole in the plate reduces the maximum stresses by 26 percent and increases the coefficient of efficiency from 0.54 to 0.90.
Deliberations and Evaluations of the Approaches, Endpoints and Paradigms for Magnesium Dietary Recommendations

The working group on magnesium considered a number of issues relevant to establishing allowances and to providing other pertinent information on this ion for the next edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). An accurate and specific marker for assessing the importance of magnesium nutriture in health and disease remains to be identified. Thus, it is unknown whether marginal magnesium depletion results in a disease. Although it is apparent that abnormal serum concentrations are unusual and obvious signs of acute depletion of magnesium are absent in the U.S. populace, one cannot assume that the associated cellular and intracellular pool sizes are optimal for health. There is a need for systematic studies of these and other parameters in healthy individuals with controlled intakes and during depletion. To address the question of how magnesium allowances should be set, previous editions of the RDA that included magnesium were reviewed; this review indicated the need for the adoption of objective criteria for acceptance of published balance studies and the inclusion in the discussion of an analysis of the balance studies and the specific calculations used in establishing the RDA. Such criteria and evaluations should be placed in a technical addendum to allow readers to evaluate the data. It is recommended that future RDA Committees consider expressing metabolic balance data on a basis other than weight, e.g., energy expenditure, lean body mass or body cell mass. Claims that magnesium nutriture has a role in preventing or ameliorating chronic disease such as heart disease and hypertension need to be critically evaluated if they are to be used to set the next RDA. The pharmacologic effects of magnesium are significant and need to be recognized. Because excess oral magnesium can be toxic to persons with advanced renal disease, more attention should be given to this topic by future RDA Committees.
Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism

Cultural attractions play an important role in tourism at all levels, and attract huge numbers of tourists interested in heritage and the arts. Cultural Heritage Tourism has positive economic and social impacts but can also have negative impacts on communities and regions. This book draws together and links ideas of tourism from sustainable marketing perspectives and embeds it within a heritage management setting. Through a discussion and analysis of existing literature and practices this book aims to propose a marketing strategy framework grounded in sustainable principles that can be used to sustain and preserve the authenticity of cultural heritage for future generations, whilst appealing to the suppliers, the regulators, and the consumers. The book first explains the dynamics of cultural heritage with its authenticity underpinnings, marketing, and tourism, and proposes a strategic praxis drawn from core sustainable principles. This is followed by a pragmatic examination of the proposed framework from the shaper’s (provider’s) perspective. The material presented in this book is not merely an agglomeration of documented secondary research, but the theoretical concepts are grounded in empirical research and interactive discussions with students and the travel and tourism industry. A variety of heritage institutions across the globe are used as starting points to test the applicability of the proposed paradigm: these include museums, historic house museums, heritage hotels/resorts, festivals, and heritage merchandize. This is a timely offering to a growing and vibrant area of research; what is most pertinent is that it is a thorough and fresh take on the topic with primary research included. It will find a place in student materials for a variety of courses and it should be read by practicing academics and researchers.
Analogical Reasoning, Psychology of

Analogical reasoning is a kind of reasoning that applies between specific exemplars or cases, in which what is known about one exemplar is used to infer new information about another exemplar. The basic intuition behind analogical reasoning is that when there are substantial parallels across different situations, there are likely to be further parallels. Keywords: mapping; alignment; inference; relational structure; structural consistency; systematicity; pragmatic mapping; structure-mapping; structural mapping
The absorption spectrum of potassium hexafluoronickelate(IV): Electronic spectra☆

Abstract Compounds of the formula M2NiF6 containing tetravalent nickel and the three heavy alkali metals were prepared and their electronic spectra studied. The observed peaks were assigned to the crystal-field energy levels for an octahedral low-spin d6 configuration. The crystal-field parameters for K2NiF6 are Dq = 2090 cm−1 and B = 485 cm−1. The fine structure components appearing on the 1 A 1v → 1 T 1 transition have been correlated with data for the ground state vibrational frequencies, and the occurrence of a Jahn-Teller distortion is postulated for this level.
Autoradiographic study of the “X cells” in the human placenta☆

Abstract In vitro autoradiographic studies with tritiated thymidine were applied to normal human term placentas. Labeling patterns were observed in each component of these placentas, especially within the “X-cells.” In foci of fibrin deposits, occasional “X-cells” featured mitotic activity. This suggests that these cells maintain their capacity to replicate, despite apparently poor local conditions. The most active labeling occurred in the cytotrophoblast. There was no activity in the amnion, Hofbauer cells, syncytiotrophoblast, or syncytial giant cells. The finding of “X-cells” in the placenta of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and baboon suggests that placental studies of this subhuman primate may be of further interest.
IFN-α Induces Transcription of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α to Inhibit Proliferation of Human Endothelial Cells

Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, a transcription factor subunit increased by protein stabilization in response to hypoxia, is increased in human endothelial cells (ECs) by IFN-alpha under normoxic conditions. IFN-alpha increases HIF-1alpha transcript levels within 2 h by up to 50% and doubles HIF-1alpha protein expression. Based on pharmacological inhibition studies, the increase in HIF-1alpha mRNA involves new transcription, is independent of new protein synthesis, and requires JAK signaling. Protein knockdown by small interfering RNA confirms the involvement of JAK1 and TYK2, as well of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3). IFN-gamma does not significantly induce HIF-1alpha mRNA, but increases the magnitude and duration of the IFN-alpha effect. IFN-alpha-induced HIF-1alpha protein translocates to the nucleus and can bind to hypoxia response elements in DNA. However, IFN-alpha treatment fails to induce transcription of several prototypic HIF-responsive genes (VEGF-A, PPARgamma, and prostacyclin synthase) due to an insufficient increase in HIF-1alpha protein levels. Although certain other HIF-responsive genes (PHD3 and VEGF-C) are induced following IFN-alpha and/or IFN-gamma treatment, these responses are not inhibited by siRNA knockdown of HIF-1alpha. Additionally, IFN-alpha induction of ISGF3-dependent genes involved in innate immunity (viperin, OAS2, and CXCL10) are also unaffected by knockdown of HIF-1alpha. Interestingly, knockdown of HIF-1alpha significantly reduces the capacity of IFN-alpha to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. We conclude that IFN-alpha induces the transcription of HIF-1alpha in human endothelial cells though a JAK-ISGF3 pathway under normoxic conditions, and that this response contributes to the antiproliferative activity of this cytokine.
Modeling of Continuous-Discrete Processes

Models of industrial processes often contain discrete phenomena superimposed on the continuous system behavior. Simulation of batch processes, start-up and shutdown procedures, fault diagnosis and alarms fall under this category. Models for such processes require a mathematical framework for both its continuous and discrete state transitions. A key problem in hybrid simulation lies in the detection and exact location of discontinuities that delineate state changes. Hence, hybrid systems require special numerical procedures, which are not available in conventional integration methods. In this paper, important issues pertaining to the numerical aspects in hybrid simulation will be discussed. We will demonstrate a new approach to event handling. The main target of this new approach is enhanced computational performance without loss of rigor. The authors anticipate the significance of high speed in the advent of new challenges in optimal control and dynamic optimization problems. The improvements are due to the exploiting local monotonicity and smooth function properties observed in varaible step-size integration algorithms.
Paradigms of Positive Change: Reordering the Nation's Land Use System

The general perception of the American land use system is that it is disorganized, disorderly, and inefficient. The nation’s landscape is coherent, but when dissected by the jurisdictions of federal, state, and local governments, its physical development becomes woefully fragmented. Imagine, for example, trying to implement a cogent plan for flood prevention in the Mississippi watershed. Following the great Mississippi floods of 1993, in the Upper Mississippi Basin alone there were six federal agencies, 23 state agencies in five states, and 233 local governments involved in concocting a recipe for mitigating damage caused by flooding. Nationally, there are now up to 40,000 local governments that have some legal authority to control private land use, 50 states adopting laws and spawning agencies with significant influence on the land, and countless federal laws and regulations administered by dozens of federal agencies directing their attention to how the land is used. All of these influences are legitimate - each level of government has serious interests that must be protected and advanced. The defect in the system is its lack of coherence. In examining how the system should be reformed and assessing particular examples of land use law reform, attention must be paid to how greater coordination can be achieved. This article begins with a brief look at the system’s familiar dysfunctions, continues with a lengthier examination of positive examples of reform, emphasizes the importance of coalition building in the reform process, and ends with the observation that reform efforts should be organized by the task of creating essential connections among the governments involved.
A wearable wireless sensor for real time validation of bowling action in cricket

This paper presents a wireless, low power and low cost wearable for real time monitoring and analysis of bowling action in the game of cricket. Utilizing flex sensor as an enabling component, the device performs continuous measurement of arm angle within one degree accuracy. The wearable also utilizes a force sensor enabling it to detect the time instant at which the ball is released. The device wirelessly communicates to a smart phone using BLE 4.0, where a complete visual and graphical analysis is performed on the received data, and decision about the legality of action is displayed.
Understanding the supports of and challenges to community engagement in the CTSAs

Background The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program has raised the profile and the available funding for engagement in biomedical research. Such increased funding and attention may address known barriers to engagement. However, little work has been done to describe experiences across multiple CTSAs, especially how the CTSA structure supports or challenges engagement.
C–V Profiles

The sections in this article are 1 Capacitance and Semiconductor Devices 2 Capacitance of Semiconductor Devices 3 Doping Profiles 4 Surface States 5 Response Time 6 C–V Profiling on Wide Band-GAP Semiconductor Substrates
The Context of Intergroup Commvnication

This article discusses the background of intergroup communication research, comments on the articles presented in this special issue, and suggests some issues and methods that may be prevalent in the future. It is proposed that intergroup communication research has been influenced by the Western bias toward individual-level analysis, resulting in an excessive focus on cognition at the expense of contextual factors. This tendency may be balanced in future research by a greater consideration of context, an integration of levels of analysis, and attention to the influence of emotion. Also in the future, an expansion of methodologies will better incorporate the complexity and emergent qualities inherent in intergroup communication. It is concluded that the future of intergroup communication research is promising.
Practical experience with OS/2 installable file systems

The installable file system (IFS) faculty on OS/2 offers an efficient mechanism for expanding the abilities of the OS/2 kernel. Two prototypes illustrate the usefulness of the IFS facility. An OS/2 port of the Andrew File System (AFS) allows users to access global community files while retaining the private local file system on the OS/2 machine. An IFS implementation of a network protocol mapper, which maps TCP/IP socket calls to SNA Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) calls, provides the ability to run any socket program on an APPC network after simply re-linking with the mapping library. The only impediment to the development of these prototypes is the lack of kernel-level interfaces to operating system devices, resulting in time-consuming data movement back up to the user level to access the network and the local disks. This impediment will disappear as OS/2 and its associated support software matures.
Toeplitz minimal flows which are not uniquely ergodic

We study minimal symbolic dynamical systems which are orbit closures of Toeplitz sequences. We construct 0–1 subshifts of this type for which the set of ergodic invariant measures has any given finite cardinality, is countably infinite or has cardinality of the continuum.
Methodological problems in the study of memory development: A critique of the Perlmutter and Myers experiment

It is argued that in their report of a study of recognition memory in 2- to 4-year-olds, Perlmutter and Myers (1974): (a) arrive at an unwarranted conclusion regarding an age-related difference in “retention capacity,” and (b) incorrectly attribute better performance on “new” than “old” items to a developmental lag in “proficiency.” Suggestions are made regarding more appropriate methods for assessing developmental changes in retention.
Emittance studies of high intensity negative ion sources equipped with continuous surface cylindrical and spherical geometry tungsten ionizers

A digitally controlled emittance measurement, data acquisition and processing system has been designed, implemented and used to determine emittances of negative ion beams extracted from high intensity negative ion sources equipped with cylindrical and spherical geometry cesium surface ionizers. Comparative studies indicate that the emittances of ion beams extracted from the source equipped with a spherical geometry ionizer are lower by 13–21% than those extracted from the source equipped with a cylindrical geometry ionizer. This difference may be attributable to geometric factors rather than differences in the sizes of the emission areas at the points of negative ion generation. Studies reveal that the emittances of these sources are independent of ion mass for most of the materials investigated and independent of ion current over the range of ion currents used in these investigations (4–12 μA).
The Actomyosin Contractile Ring Regulates Septation during Fission Yeast Cytokinesis

In fungi and metazoans, cytokinesis involves constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring. The role of the ring remains unclear: it is unknown if it sets the constriction rate or has some other function. We combined mathematical modelling and quantitative image analysis of experimental septum measurements to study the interaction between the constricting ring and septation, the growth of new cell wall in the wake of the constricting ring. We hypothesize local mechanosensitivity of the Bgs complexes that synthesize septum: the bigger the inward force exerted by the ring at some location, the faster the synthesis rate. Mathematical modeling shows the ring tension then maintains circularity of the inward-growing septum leading edge, suppressing the roughness of the irregular septal edges that unregulated septum growth would produce. A roughness exponent of 0.5 is predicted, a quantitative measure of the roughness of the septum edge over a range of scales, from 120 nm to 1.5 microns. We tested these predictions by experimentally measuring the septum edge and its roughness. Using fabricated microwells to image the fission yeast septum with labeled Bgs4 and myosin Rlc1, with image analysis we extracted the roughness of septum edges. Power law fits yielded exponents of 0.43 ± 0.09, closely agreeing with the predicted value of 0.5. The model predicts the net ring growth rate is independent of ring size, agreeing with present and previous measurements (Pelham and Chang, Nature (2002)), and with experiments where rings were disintegrated with Latrunculin A, when the quantitative roughness of septa was much higher. Thus, our results suggest the primary function of the ring in fission yeast is to regulate septal shape, maintaining circularity to ensure controlled closure and separation of the daughter cells.