cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of double brooding on productivity of crested Caracaras

-During at least one of three nesting seasons, 13 breeding pairs of Crested Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in south-central Florida made a second nesting attempt following a successful first attempt. Ten pairs successfully fledged young in both attempts. Only early nesting pairs attempted a second brood. Most double-brooded pairs fledged their first brood before 1 March. The time interval between first and second nesting attempts was positively correlated with the number of young fledged from the first attempt. Clutch size declined between first and second nests of double-brooded pairs, and second nests failed more often, but pairs that attempted two broods in a season fledged significantly more young than did single-brooded pairs. Estimates of survivorship to recruitment were higher for young from first broods than for young from single or second broods. Although the influence of double brooding on annual productivity seems only marginal, this strategy likely persists because of the potential increase in fitness incurred by individuals that successfully fledge two sets of young in a single nesting season. Received 24 February 1997, accepted 19 March
Carcinogenicity of 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 3-Nitroso-2-oxazolidinone Administered in Drinking Water to Male MRC-Wistar Rats: Induction of Bone, Hematopoietic, Intestinal, and Liver Tumors

A previous report was made on the carcinogenicity of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea [(HENU) CAS: 13743-07-2] in rats. Because the cyclic nitrosocarbamate 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidinone (NOZ) is readily produced during the synthesis of HENU and can be confused with HENU, HENU was retested and NOZ was tested for carcinogenicity. Improved syntheses of both compounds are described. They were administered in drinking water to male MRC-Wistar rats for 1 year, starting at 3 or 9 weeks of age. The HENU-treated rats showed incidences of 48% for bone tumors, 32% for intestinal tumors (mostly duodenal adenocarcinomas), and 53% for lymphoma-leukemia. Of the bone tumors, which were evaluated microscopically and radiologically, 68% were osteosarcomas and 32% were osteoblastomas. The skeletal distribution of these tumors was similar to that of human osteosarcoma, with the tumors occurring most frequently in the lower limbs near the knees. Of the hematopoietic tumors, the majority were lymphoblastic lymphoma-leukemia, which showed a diffuse organ distribution resembling human B-cell (Burkitt's-like) lymphoblastic lymphoma-leukemia, and differed from the usual type of convoluted T-cell lymphoma-leukemia induced by other nitrosoureas in rats and mice. NOZ induced intestinal tumors (mostly duodenal adenocarcinomas) in 80% and liver tumors (mostly hepatocellular adenomas) in 53% of the rats.
Beyond Paternalism: Rethinking the Limits of Public Health Law

This comment on David Friedman’s Public Health Regulation and the Limits of Paternalism challenges Friedman’s claim that the rejection of paternalism creates a "limit" on public health law’s potential for addressing the obesity epidemic and offers a defense of public health laws as exercises of self-governance. The comment begins by showing why many of the laws that Friedman classifies as paternalistic are not actually paternalistic. Nor are most public health laws as unpopular as Friedman presumes. Moreover, the public’s disapproval of some public health laws may be due to factors other than their paternalism, including their origination at times by out-of-touch public health agencies. Public health laws, the comment argues, can be justified as an exercise of self-governance; they should be the laws that populations enact to protect their own health. When officials act, as the New York Board of Health did in banning the sale of large portions of sugary soda, without regard to that popular foundation, a backlash may follow, whether or not the law is paternalistic. Thus policymakers should worry less about whether a proposed law is paternalistic and more about whether it is responsive to the needs and concerns of the population it seeks to protect.
Changes and Clinical Significance of Inflammatory Cytokines before and after the Operative Treatment of Secretory Otitis Media in Children

Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of the inflammatory cytokines in middle ear effusion and plasma in children suffered from secretory otitis media( SOM) before and after operative treatment. Methods 57 SOM children( SOM group,93 ears) admitted to our hospital from 2009 to 2011 were all given tympanostomy tube before given antibiotic and eucalyptol-limonene-pinene enteric-coated capsules after operation. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α( TNF-α),interleukin 2( IL-2),interleukin 6( IL-6) and interleukin 10( IL-10) in the patients' middle ear effusion and plasma were detected before and after operation. 10 healthy children were selected as the control group. Results Middle ear effusion was successfully obtained from 51 children( 84 ears),and the positive rate of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and IL-10 was 84. 5%( 71 /84),78. 6%( 66 /84),86. 9%( 73 /84) and 82. 1%( 69 /84). SOM children with disease course≤14 days had higher levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in middle ear effusion than those 14 days( P 0. 05),indicating that the disease course was negatively correlated with the levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in middle ear effusion( r =-0. 476,P 0. 05; r =-0. 366,P 0. 05). SOM children with disease course 14 days had higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10 than those≤14 days( P 0. 05), indicating that the disease course was positively correlated with the levels of TNF-α and IL-10( r = 0. 387,P 0. 05; r = 0. 484,P 0. 01). Before treatment,the levels of TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and IL-10 in the middle ear effusion of SOM group were higher than those in the plasma of SOM group and control group( P 0. 05). The levels of IL-2 and IL-6 in the plasma of SOM group were higher than those in the plasma of the control group( P 0. 05). Middle ear effusion of 93%( 53 / 57) SOM children disappeared after tympanostomy tube and their listening ability also recovered. The levels of the above four inflammatory cytokines were also decreased( P 0. 05). Conclusion The inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the occurrence,development and prognosis of children SOM. Their expression levels can be changed with the progress of the disease and surgical treatment. Inflammatory cytokines can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic index for SOM morbidity and cure diagnosis.
Early Experience with Direct Vision Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy of Ureteral Calculi

Rigid ureteroscopy is now an established technique for the management of ureteral stones. Manipulation of calculi can be done under direct vision using flexible forceps or stone baskets with increased safety and efficacy. We also have used a 5F electrohydraulic lithotripsy electrode to disintegrate stones that were too large to be removed by manipulation. Between October 1982 and January 1984, 36 ureteroscopies were performed for the removal of ureteral stones. In 26 cases (72 per cent) the stone was removed successfully. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used successfully to remove the stone in 9 cases (24 per cent) and there were no immediate complications. Followup with excretory urography in 7 of these patients 2 to 18 months after lithotripsy failed to reveal any evidence of long-term complications. We conclude that electrohydraulic lithotripsy under direct vision can be done safely if certain guidelines are adhered to strictly.
War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II: Politics and Memory in an Age of Apology

We live in an age of apology and recrimination. Over the past two decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented outpouring of expressions of contrition by political leaders for past injustices their countries are held responsible for. At the same time, there has been an upsurge in demands for apologies, restitution, and a variety of forms of compensation on the behalf of groups and nations that feel they have been victimized. The Federal Republic of Germany may well be the paradigmatic example of this trend. More than sixty years after the end of World War II, it continues to wrestle with the legacies of the Third Reich, offering long-overdue compensation to the hundreds of thousands of former slave laborers while arguing with the governments of Poland and the Czech Republic over how to commemorate the millions of ethnic Germans who were driven out of Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the war. Germany might seem a special case in this regard, burdened as it is by an especially terrible history. Yet other examples abound: the bitter disputes between Russia and its neighbors over how to view the Soviet Union, the disagreement between Israelis and Palestinians over whether the Arab population in Israel had fled or were driven from their homes in 1947, or repeated accusations in Asia that Japan has failed to apologize adequately for its history of atrocity and aggression before 1945, and the list could well be extended almost ad infinitum. That the past and how it is represented is of political importance is nothing new. Rulers have long realized George Orwell's dictum, “Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past.” What is novel about the current situation, however, is the degree to which history and memory have become contested, both domestically and internationally. In the past, states, by and large, have been able to promote laudatory depictions of their history by suppressing or driving under ground dissident, critical narratives, at least in the realm of public discourse. Under the modern Westphalian system of juridically independent, sovereign states, governments were given the right to do so without interference from outside actors. Yet in many liberal democracies, the dark and negative aspects of their national history have today become accepted, even required, parts of how the past is depicted.
Deformations in G2 manifolds

Here we study the deformations of associative submanifolds inside a G2 manifold M7 with a calibration 3-form f. A choice of 2-plane field ? on M (which always exists) splits the tangent bundle of M as a direct sum of a 3-dimensional associate bundle and a complex 4-plane bundle TM=EV, and this helps us to relate the deformations to Seiberg�Witten type equations. Here all the surveyed results as well as the new ones about G2 manifolds are proved by using only the cross product operation (equivalently f). We feel that mixing various different local identifications of the rich G2 geometry (e.g. cross product, representation theory and the algebra of octonions) makes the study of G2 manifolds look harder then it is (e.g. the proof of McLean's theorem [R.C. McLean, Deformations of calibrated submanifolds, Comm. Anal. Geom. 6 (1998) 705�747]). We believe the approach here makes things easier and keeps the presentation elementary
Recent advances in dynamic chemical characterization using Temporal Analysis of Products

The Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) technique is a pulse response methodology that reveals the time-dependent evolution of chemical processes between a gas phase molecule and a solid surface. By simplifying both the transport and kinetic processes the complexity of a multistep chemical processes can be distilled to where the underlying fundamental steps can be distinguished. Moreover, the technique is applicable to real materials (e.g. industrial catalysts) and hence the complexity of the solid is studied intact; a ‘top-down’ approach. In this short review we discuss key theoretical advancements in the interpretation of pulse response data; though not yet widely implemented, we will highlight the broader impacts of the Y-Procedure method [ 1•• ], momentary equilibrium phenomena [ 2•• ] and kinetic coherency discrimination [ 3•• ] over more commonly used analysis techniques. The conventional TAP approach for mechanism development is well-laid out in a recent work focused on the upgrading of ethanol to higher hydrocarbons. This includes detailed comparison of the time characteristics of reactant, intermediate and product pulses in both single pulse and pump/probe modes [ 4•• ]. This work calls to mind some of the challenges in the conventionally used residual gas analyzer for pulse response detection of homologous products. A new detection method using photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy (PEPICO) was recently demonstrated for a TAP-like setup [ 5•• ]. This method presents the exciting opportunity to better resolve complex product spectra and even isomeric species. This enables the mechanistic detail of the TAP technique to be applied to more complex probe molecules as are needed for the study of biomass conversion processes. Finally, we discuss directions for the future development of instrumentation that can directly connect this rich kinetic data to features of catalyst structural and composition.
Eyes Matched to the Prize: The State of Matched Filters in Insect Visual Circuits

Confronted with an ever-changing visual landscape, animals must be able to detect relevant stimuli and translate this information into behavioral output. A visual scene contains an abundance of information: to interpret the entirety of it would be uneconomical. To optimally perform this task, neural mechanisms exist to enhance the detection of important features of the sensory environment while simultaneously filtering out irrelevant information. This can be accomplished by using a circuit design that implements specific "matched filters" that are tuned to relevant stimuli. Following this rule, the well-characterized visual systems of insects have evolved to streamline feature extraction on both a structural and functional level. Here, we review examples of specialized visual microcircuits for vital behaviors across insect species, including feature detection, escape, and estimation of self-motion. Additionally, we discuss how these microcircuits are modulated to weigh relevant input with respect to different internal and behavioral states.
English language teaching in South America: policy, preparation and practices: edited by L. D. Kamhi-Stein, G. D. Maggioli, and L. C. de Oliveira, Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2017, 248 pp., $136.47 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-78309-797-5

The use of the English language has spread rapidly throughout the world during the last decades. As a result, English is the only language that has been able to gain a place in the language policy ...
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Polymers

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in combination with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is widely used for chemical state analysis of variety of chemical compounds. High beam sensitivity of substances like polymers hinders the possibility of exploring in-depth analysis provided through the high spatially resolved EELS spectroscopy. In this study, the electron beam irradiation damage on polymers were analyzed with varying dose of electron beams. The stability of the polymers under electron beam exposure depends on the chemical structure on the polymers. In this study the polymers with and without phenyl groups namely Polycarbonate, Polyethylene terephthalate, Polystyrene, Styrene Maleic Anhydride and Polymethylmethacrylate are selected for the comparative degradation study. Effect of varying the electron dose on the stability of polymers were monitored by recording the low-loss EELS spectrum in I€ to I€* transition and (I€+Iƒ) to (I€+Iƒ)* transition region.
Academic Service Learning: Development for Synthesis and Synergy

At the heart of academic service learning is the notion that community programs and academic programs can and should be synthesized to create synergy (Furco, A., 1996; Howard, J., 1998; Zlotkowski, E., 1999). But how does this occur? Based on our own efforts to promote academic service learning, we have some answers that might prove helpful. Our programs have to do with children, and some of the lessons learned are lessons about child-related programs. However, there are general lessons here as well — lessons about synthesis, synergy, and development. To define these lessons, we need first to describe our two programs — beginning with the community program. In each description, what is important to notice are the ways that academic service learning can address limitations and help everyone.
Origins and History of California Seismic Building Retrofit Regulations

California has a long history of enacting legislation to regulate how local governments and private organizations constructed buildings to enhance their resistance to earthquakes. This was most often done at the behest of science and engineering advocates and in direct response to earthquake events. California’s history of enacting legislation to force building owners to retrofit or replace buildings constructed before those regulations were put into place is also long but has followed a more difficult, perhaps more tortuous path. The history of the State’s efforts provides insights into the origins and the continuing story of SB 1953.
Substrate preference in age-0 red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus

We tested age-0 red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, for sand or shell substrate preference in a circular tank (1.5 m diameter × 0.6 m deep). The test tank was divided into two equal areas of whole oyster shell or sand substrates. All trials were video taped for 20 to 25 min. Tapes were viewed on a monitor and locations of all fish recorded and timed with respect to substrate. Mean ± SE time on shell was 11.6 ± 0.5 sec (4 fish trial−1) and 13.8 ± 1.1 sec (1 fish trial−1). Mean ± SE time on sand was 9.7 ± 0.4 sec (4 fish trial−1) and 8.9 ± 0.5 sec (1 fish trial−1). Fish spent significantly more time on shell compared to sand substrate in four-fish trials (paired t-test, p 100 mm TL) in the late fall they probably outgrow the shell habitat.
Corporate Philanthropy and the Cost of Equity Capital

Using the Million Dollar List dataset containing major corporate philanthropic gifts, we examine whether corporate philanthropy is associated with a firm’s cost of equity capital. On one hand, philanthropy is an allocation of shareholder returns to a third party with uncertain returns, thereby increasing business risk. On the other hand, corporate philanthropy may increase public perceptions of the firm resulting in higher and more certain cash flows, decreasing business risk. Given these competing predictions, the effect of corporate philanthropy on the cost of equity is unclear. We find that, on average, when firms make large philanthropic donations, they experience an increase in their cost of capital. However, this effect is mitigated among firms that are able to use corporate giving as a marketing tool and that have lower agency costs. Furthermore, our findings are robust to propensity score matching and Heckman’s two-stage procedure. Overall, our findings suggest that giving large individual gifts negatively affects a firm’s external financing costs.
Bias in Consumer Expectations of Services: Implications for Customer Satisfaction Measures

Self-reports of customer satisfaction are known to yield distributions that are biased toward satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction. An analyses of subjects’ responses to expectations of a service also yielded similar positively biased distributions. It is argued that these phenomena are a fall out of the Pollyanna Effect.
Progesterone receptor activation regulates seizure susceptibility.

Objective Progesterone is a potent neuromodulator that exerts effects on the brain through neurosteroids, progesterone receptors (PRs), and other molecules. Whether PR activation regulates seizures is not known. We determined whether PR activation increased seizure susceptibility. Methods Adult female rats that developed epilepsy following lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) were used. Seizures were recorded by continuous-video EEG and read by an individual blinded to the treatment of the animals. The animals were treated for a week with progesterone (50 mg/kg per day), and the effect of progesterone withdrawal on seizure frequency was assessed during the subsequent week. During the week of progesterone treatment, the animals were treated with PR antagonist RU-486 (10 mg/kg per day) or a vehicle control, which was administered 30 min before progesterone. In another set of animals, we determined the effect of the PR agonist Nestorone (3 mg/kg per day) on seizure frequency. The animals were treated with Nestorone or vehicle for a week, and seizure frequencies at baseline and during the treatment week were compared. Results Progesterone withdrawal induced twofold increase in seizures in 57% of animals (n = 14). RU-486 treatment in combination with progesterone, prevented this increase, and a smaller fraction of animals (17%) experienced withdrawal seizures (n = 13). The specific activation of PRs by Nestorone also increased the seizure frequency. Forty-six percent (n = 14) of Nestorone-treated animals experienced at least a 50% increase in seizures compared to only 9% of the vehicle-treated animals (n = 11). Interpretation PR activation increased seizure frequency in epileptic animals. Thus, PRs may be novel targets for treating catamenial epilepsy.
Tumor Cholesterol Up, T Cells Down

Highly suppressive tumor microenvironments often result in T cell dysfunction and inability to control tumors, but factors regulating this process remain elusive. A new study by Ma et al. (2019) reports that tumor cholesterol devitalizes T cells by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, revealing a new mechanism underlying T cell exhaustion.
ENGAGING GENERATION Z AND HELPING HURRICANE VICTIMS WITH A MARKETING PROJECT

Educators can foster the engagement of Generation Z students by leveraging their passions for social issues and collaboration. This article describes a marketing project, including the planning, pr...
Mouse embryo geometry drives formation of robust signaling gradients through receptor localization

Morphogen signals are essential for cell fate specification during embryogenesis. Some receptors that sense these morphogens are known to localize to only the apical or basolateral membrane of polarized cell lines in vitro. How such localization affects morphogen sensing and patterning in the developing embryo remains unknown. Here, we show that the formation of a robust BMP signaling gradient in the early mouse embryo depends on the restricted, basolateral localization of BMP receptors. The mis-localization of receptors to the apical membrane results in ectopic BMP signaling in the mouse epiblast in vivo. With evidence from mathematical modeling, human embryonic stem cells in vitro, and mouse embryos in vivo, we find that the geometric compartmentalization of BMP receptors and ligands creates a signaling gradient that is buffered against fluctuations. Our results demonstrate the importance of receptor localization and embryo geometry in shaping morphogen signaling during embryogenesis.
Acceptability of an Interactive Computer-Animated Agent to Promote Patient-Provider Communication About Breast Density: a Mixed Method Pilot Study

Half of women undergoing mammography have dense breasts. Mandatory dense breast notification and educational materials have been shown to confuse women, rather than empower them. This study used a mixed method, multi-stakeholder approach to assess acceptability of an interactive, computer-animated agent that provided breast density information to women and changes in knowledge, satisfaction, and informational needs. A pre-post survey and qualitative focus groups assessed the acceptability of the computer-animated agent among women. An anonymous, online survey measuring acceptability was delivered to a multi-stakeholder group. English-speaking, mammography-eligible women ages 40–74 were invited and 44 women participated in one of nine focus groups. In addition, 14 stakeholders representing primary care, radiology, patient advocates, public health practitioners, and researchers completed the online survey. A prototype of a computer-animated agent was delivered to women in a group setting; stakeholders viewed the prototype independently. Data collected included open-ended qualitative questions that guided discussion about the content and form of the computer-animated agent. Structured surveys included domains related to knowledge, acceptability, and satisfaction. Stakeholder acceptability was measured with a series of statements about aspects of the intervention and delivery approach and are reported as the proportion of respondents who endorsed each statement. Six of 12 knowledge items demonstrated improvement post-intervention, satisfaction with the agent was high (81%), but the number of unanswered questions did not improve (67% vs. 54%, p = 0.37). Understanding of the distinction between connective and fatty tissue in the breast did not increase (30% vs. 26%, p = 0.48). Results of the multi-stakeholder survey suggest broad acceptability of the approach and agent. Findings highlight the benefits of a brief interactive educational exposure as well as misperceptions that persisted. Results demonstrate the need for an evidence-based, accessible intervention that is easy to understand for patients.
Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine Blade Fault Signature Analysis using Continuous Wavelet Transform

This paper analyzes the impacts that hydrodynamic asymmetry faults have on marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines and the challenges encountered when seeking to identify these faults using non-intrusive fault detection and condition monitoring methods. When hydrodynamic asymmetry faults occur, they induce vibrational kinetic energy upon the turbine's rotor shaft at a frequency equal to the rotational frequency of the low speed shaft (1P frequency). This vibrational energy is difficult to visualize when observing the frequency spectrum of generator's electrical power when only using FFT and windowed FFT signal processing methods. Such difficulties are a consequence of the low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and non-stationary nature of the generator's electrical power signals. This paper utilizes a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a complex Morlet wavelet basis function to identify and quantify vibrational frequency excitations contained within the generator's output power, with an aim towards performing machine condition monitoring and fault detection on MHK turbines.
Mutations in the SIGMAR1 gene cause a distal hereditary motor neuropathy phenotype mimicking ALS: Report of two novel variants

Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) is an inherited neuromuscular disease characterized by symmetric distal weakness and atrophy without sensory changes. There are about thirty known genes associated with dHMN, but together they explain only about a third of cases. Mutations in the sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 gene (SIGMAR1) has been linked to autosomal recessive dHMN with pyramidal signs in several families. This phenotype can mimic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We report a 39-year-old man who was referred to our ALS clinic with distal motor weakness and hyperreflexia. Whole exome sequencing identified two novel variants in the SIGMAR1 gene in the proband. Targeted Sanger sequencing of asymptomatic family members confirmed that each carried one of these two variants. Our findings expand the number of known SIGMAR1 pathogenic variants associated with dHMN, which should be clinically distinguished from ALS.
The urodynamic evaluation of the patients with hypospadias

Objective To study the urodynamic function of the patients with hypospadias and its clinical significance.Methods Comparative studies were performed between 60 children with hypospadias and 66 normal children.All patients aged from 2 to 6 years.All children underwent ultrasonography to examine the morphology of bladders and upper urinary tracts, uroflow ratio examination to calculate uroflow curve, maximum flow rate, average flow rate, voided volume, voiding time, flow time, maximum flow time, and bladder capacity test to determine the postvoid residual urine.Results There was no significant difference of the uhrasonic morphology of the bladders and upper urinary tracts between the hypospadias group and the normal control group.Of the patients with hypospadias,the maximum flow rate (Qmax) was 10.2±3.7ml/s, the average flow rate (Qave) was 6.7±2.7 ml/s, the voided volume was 126.1±58.0 ml, voiding time was 19.8s±10.8s, uroflow time was 19.1±10.7 s, maximum flow time was 8.7±6.0 s, and postvoid residual urine was 18.9±19.3 ml.Of the control group, the Qmax was 12.3±2.9 ml/s, the Qave was 8.0±2.3 ml/s, the voided volume was 104.5±54.0 ml, voiding time was 13.7±7.7 s, uroflow time was 12.6±6.7 s,maximum flow time was 6.6±4.0 s, and post void residual urine was 12.3±12.0 ml.Maximum flow rate, average flow rate of the hypospadias patients were significantly less than those in the control patients; while their voiding time, flow time, and maximum flow time were significantly longer than those of the control group.Of the hypospadias patients, 56.7% patients had bell-shaped uroflow curve, and 30.0% had platform uroflow curve; while 89.4% of the control group had bell-shaped uroflow curve, and 3.0% had platform uroflow curve.The difference of the uroflow curve between the 2 groups was significant.Conclusions Children with congenital hypospadias present urethra dysfunction such as asymptomatic obstruction. Key words: Hypospadias; Urodynamics; Urination
Inventing Johannes Müller

Muller9s Lab. By Laura Otis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007. 336 pp. $55, £32.99. ISBN 9780195306972. The author uses the contradictory accounts of Muller9s life and research left by seven of his influential students to explore the personal, social, and political circumstances that shaped the careers of the group.
Indigenous World Views and Social Work Field Practice: Reflections from Social Workers Advancing through Grounded Education Program (SAGE) Educators

Social work plays a significant role in defining, implementing, and ensuring access to and accountability for human rights and human rights violations from direct practice to policy level issues. Examples in Indigenous communities include environmental destruction, inadequate access to clean and safe water and food, political disenfranchisement, limited access to healthcare, unlawful removal of children, racism, educational inequities, and restricted religious autonomy, to name a few. Field education provides opportunities to social work students to understand and practice human rights work. Students work within Indigenous organizations and cultures to better understand violations within these communities, as well as these communities’ strengths. The Social Workers Advancing through Grounded Education (SAGE) program increases the number social workers prepared to provide culturally respectful services and become leaders in social service settings to eliminate disparities and other human rights violations within Indigenous communities in the USA. The SAGE program creates applied learning opportunities and reduces student financial burden so students can train to be culturally respectful social workers who address human rights issues within Indigenous communities. This article provides reflections from SAGE program staff and field faculty.
Selective inhibition of gamma aminobutyric acid release from mouse hippocampal interneurone subtypes by the volatile anaesthetic isoflurane.

Abstract Background The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which general anaesthesia occurs is poorly understood. Hippocampal interneurone subpopulations, which are critical regulators of cognitive function, have diverse neurophysiological and synaptic properties, but their responses to anaesthetics are unclear. Methods We used live-cell imaging of fluorescent biosensors expressed in mouse hippocampal neurones to delineate interneurone subtype-specific effects of isoflurane on synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The role of voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) subtype expression in determining isoflurane sensitivity was probed by overexpression or knockdown of specific Nav subtypes in identified interneurones. Results Clinically relevant concentrations of isoflurane differentially inhibited synaptic vesicle exocytosis: to 83.1% (11.7%) of control in parvalbumin-expressing interneurones, and to 58.6% (13.3%) and 64.5% (8.5%) of control in somatostatin-expressing interneurones and glutamatergic neurones, respectively. The relative expression of Nav1.1 (associated with lower sensitivity) and Nav1.6 (associated with higher sensitivity) determined the sensitivity of exocytosis to isoflurane. Conclusions Isoflurane inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis from hippocampal glutamatergic neurones and GABAergic interneurones in a cell-type-specific manner depending on their expression of voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes.
Approximations to Optimal Sequences in Single-Gripper and Dual-Gripper Robotic Cells with Circular Layouts

This article considers the problems of scheduling operations in single-gripper and dual-gripper bufferless robotic cells in which the arrangement of machines is circular. The cells are designed to produce identical parts under the free-pickup criterion with additive intermachine travel time. The objective is to find a cyclic sequence of robotmoves that minimizes the long-run average time required to produce a part or, equivalently, that maximizes the throughput. Obtaining an efficient algorithm for an approximation to an optimal k-unit cyclic solution (over all k≥1) is the focus of this article. The proposed algorithms introduce a new class of schedules, which are refered to as epi-cyclic cycles. A polynomial algorithm with a 5/3-approximation to an optimal k-unit cycle over all cells is developed. The performed structural analysis for dual-gripper cells leads to a polynomial-time algorithm that provides at worst a 3/2-approximation for the practically relevant case in which the dual-gripper switch time is less than twice the intermachine robot movement time. A computational study demonstrates that the algorithm performs much better on average than this worst-case bound suggests. The performed theoretical studies are a stepping stone for researching the complexity status of the corresponding domain. They also provide theoretical as well as practical insights that are useful in maximizing productivity of any cell configuration with either type of robot.
Structures of outer-arm dynein array on microtubule doublet reveal a motor coordination mechanism.

Thousands of outer-arm dyneins (OADs) are arrayed in the axoneme to drive a rhythmic ciliary beat. Coordination among multiple OADs is essential for generating mechanical forces to bend microtubule doublets (MTDs). Using electron microscopy, we determined high-resolution structures of Tetrahymena thermophila OAD arrays bound to MTDs in two different states. OAD preferentially binds to MTD protofilaments with a pattern resembling the native tracks for its distinct microtubule-binding domains. Upon MTD binding, free OADs are induced to adopt a stable parallel conformation, primed for array formation. Extensive tail-to-head (TTH) interactions between OADs are observed, which need to be broken for ATP turnover by the dynein motor. We propose that OADs in an array sequentially hydrolyze ATP to slide the MTDs. ATP hydrolysis in turn relaxes the TTH interfaces to effect free nucleotide cycles of downstream OADs. These findings lead to a model explaining how conformational changes in the axoneme produce coordinated action of dyneins. Outer-arm dyneins (OADs) assemble in large arrays on the ciliary axoneme to drive rhythmic beating. Cryo-EM structures of microtubule-bound Tetrahymena thermophila OAD arrays reveal details of this complex assembly and suggest a model for its mechanism of coordinated action.
Intermediary protein metabolism in helminths: IV. The active absorption of methionine by the cestode, H. diminuta

Abstract A study on the absorption of methionine by the rat tapeworm, H. diminuta, revealed substantial evidence for an active absorption of this compound. This was not found for the absorption of Na22 Cl by this organism or for the uptake of methionine by rat diaphragm.
Chemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. II. Bromination and iodination.

Abstract The halogenation of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-RNA was studied using low levels (molar ratio of reagent: nucleotide was 1:5 and less) of brominating and iodinating agents under conditions in which infectious TMV-RNA itself was stable. The site of reaction in RNA were the bases, of which only adenine was completely resistant to halogenation. N -Bromosuccinimide reacted with both guanine and cytosine at pH 7 and pH 9 although reaction with guanine was more favored at pH 9. Bromine showed a more specific action, reacting almost exclusively with cytosine at pH 7 and with guanine at pH 9. Although free uridylic acid was readily brominated by both reagents, the uracil residues in RNA were apparently less reactive than either guanine or cytosine. Consequently, very little, if any, bromination of uracil was detected in RNA under the conditions used. The loss of infectivity of TMV-RNA upon reaction with bromine or N -bromosuccinimide indicated that both reagents had a high efficiency of reaction. Using similar mild conditions, iodination of TMV-RNA was not achieved with iodine in potassium iodide solution. N -Iodosuccinimide, although about ten times less efficient than the brominating agents, did inactivate infectious TMV-RNA at pH 7 and 0°. Cytosine was the most readily iodinated base under these conditions. Using the reagent labeled with 131 I it was found that the binding of 2–3 atoms of iodine per infectious RNA molecule was lethal. The bromination and iodination of guanylic acid and cytidylic acid with these reagents under the conditions used for the halogenation of TMV-RNA provided some evidence regarding the probable nature of the chemical changes which occurred in the macromolecule. Some aspects of these reactions in relation to the mutation of TMV are discussed.
I Really Believe I Suffer From a Health Problem: Examining an Association Between Cognitive Fusion and Healthy Anxiety.

Objective This 2-part study provided the first known examination of an association between cognitive fusion and health anxiety. Method This association was examined using 2 samples of community adults recruited through the Internet (Study 1: N = 252, mean [M] age = 31.2 years, 65.5% male; Study 2: N = 371, M age = 33.1 years, 56.9% male). Results In Study 1, cognitive fusion shared a moderate association with health anxiety that was not attributable to negative affect. Along with replicating Study 1 findings using an alternative measure of health anxiety, the association between cognitive fusion and health anxiety was found to be independent of experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity in Study 2. Cognitive fusion was most relevant to the affective and cognitive dimensions of health anxiety. Conclusion The present findings are consistent with the possibility that cognitive fusion contributes to health anxiety. Future multivariate experimental and longitudinal studies are required to establish causality.
Low-cost patterned metallization technique for high density multilayer interconnect applications

Fabrication of high density multilayer hybrids such as multichip modules (MCMs) incorporates thin film metallization techniques to produce conductor layers. Highly uniform, fine line metallization patterns must be produced to achieve high speed, low-loss performance requirements. The widely used metallization processes contribute substantially to both fabrication costs and to initial capital equipment expenditures and operating expenses. Careful consideration, therefore, must be made in the selection of a metallization process with the capability to meet product requirements and the flexibility to address market changes. This paper presents preliminary work on the use of a vacuum deposition process known as enhanced ion-plating (EIP) for conductor metallization of high density multilayer substrates. >
Linked-Cluster Perturbation Theory for Closed- and Open-Shell Systems

Publisher Summary There are two types of perturbation theory— namely, the Brillouin-Wigner (BW) and the Rayleigh-Schrodinger (RS) forms. This chapter discusses the BW theory in detail and reviews the linked-cluster expansion for closed-shell systems. The essential ingredients of the linked-cluster result are: (1) the use of diagrams, (2) the RS form of perturbation theory, (3) the factorization theorem, and (4) ignoring the exclusion principle in intermediate states. The various formulations of the independent-pair approximation illustrate the fact that the appropriate “leading cluster approximation” can usually be derived and expressed equally well from several different viewpoints. The factorization theorem can be exploited to simplify the RS diagrams containing more than one open linked part. The extension of the Brueckner-Goldstone formalism to open-shell systems is discussed. As a specific application of the open-shell formalism, the chapter discusses how it can be used to resolve a specific many-body problem in the theory of magnetic insulator materials.
Collective vibrations in cluster models for semiconductor surfaces: Vibrational spectra of acetylenyl and methylacetylenyl functionalized Si(111)

The geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the acetylenyl and methylacetylenyl functionalized Si(111) surfaces are investigated using quantum chemical calculations. The vibrational spectra are computed using a previously introduced method whereby the collective vibrational modes that correspond to the vibrations of the infinite periodic system are derived from modest sized cluster models. Our predictions should be useful for the interpretation of the experimental spectra when they become available. The symmetry elements of the methylacetylenyl Si(111) surface that are derived from the space group of the optimized structure and a vibrational mode resulting from photon-adsorbate coupling are explored.
Algebraic properties of some quadratic dynamical systems

We study the interrelation between the algebraic properties and the dynamical behavior of elementary cellular automata and other deterministic quadratic dynamical systems. The examples presented indicate that complex behavior, often observed in these systems, can be connected to the nonassociativity of algebraic structures on which systems evolve.
Preparation and structural characterization of three tetracarboxylato dirhodium (RhRh) compounds with bulky ligands

Abstract The preparation and structures of three compounds, red-purple Rh 2 [O 2 C(2-C 6 H 5 )C 6 H 4 ] 4 (CH 3 CN) 2 ·3C 6 H 6 ( 1 ), light blue Rh 2 [O 2 C(1-adamantyl)] 4 (CH 3 OH) 2 ·5CH 3 OH ( 2 ), and red-purple Rh 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (O 2 CCPh 3 ) 2 (CH 3 CN) 2 ·C 6 H 5 CH 3 ( 3 ) are reported. Compound 1 crystallizes from a benzene/acetonitrile mixture, with benzene incorporated, in the triclinic system with a unit cell of dimensions a = 13.469(1) A , b =13.507(2) A , c = 9.908(1) A , α = 110.44(1)°, β = 92.78(1)°, γ = 107.92(1)°, V = 1582(3) A 3 and Z = 1. Two of the o -phenyl groups are positioned in the equatorial region while the other two are oriented one towards each end of the molecule. The axial CH 3 CN groups are tightly coordinated (RhN = 2.233(3) A , RhRhN ≈ 178°) and the RhRh distance is 2.396(1) A . Compound 2 was crystallized from methanol in the orthorhomic system with unit cell dimensions a = 10.587(2) A , b = 20.640(2) A , c = 24.693(2) A , V = 5396(2) A 3 and Z = 4. The RhRh bond length, 2.371(2) A , is equal to the shortest one known in Rh 2 (O 2 CR) 4 L 2 compounds. For compound 3 crystals were grown from a mixed acetonitriletoluene solvent and incorporate toluene molecules in a triclinic unit cell of dimensions a = 12.664(1) A , b = 21.876(2) A , c = 9.686(2) A , α = 99.00(1)°, β = 105.27(1)°, γ = 75.61(1)°, V = 2496(1) A 3 with Z = 2. The Ph 3 CCO 2 ligands are mutually cis . The RhRh and two independent RhN distances are 2.388(2) A , 2.21(1) A and 2.17(1) A .
Cavity-Enhanced Multispectral Photodetector on a Si Platform: Theory, Materials, and Devices

We report the design and fabrication of a novel multispectral photodetector capable of detecting multiple wavebands in a single pixel. Our prototypical device demonstrates spectral selectivity with a peak responsivity of 65.4V/W at 3.9μm wavelength.
The Goodman Simulation Center at Stanford.

The mission of the Department of Surgery at Stanford University, under the tutelage of Dr. Thomas Krummel, is to provide optimal patient care, to deliver outstanding graduate education, and to invent the future of surgery through a commitment to basic science, clinical research, and innovation. The Educational Institute of the Department of Surgery and the Goodman Simulation Center is an integral part of this mission and of the broad educational programs throughout Stanford University.
On Decentralized Detection With Partial Information Sharing Among Sensors

We study a decentralized detection architecture in which each of a set of sensors transmits a highly compressed summary of its observations (a binary message) to a fusion center, which then decides on one of two alternative hypotheses. In contrast to the star (or “parallel”) architecture considered in most of the literature, we allow a subset of the sensors to both transmit their messages to the fusion center and to also broadcast them to the remaining sensors. We focus on the following architectural question: Is there a significant performance improvement when we allow such a message broadcast? We consider the error exponent (asymptotically, in the limit of a large number of sensors) for the Neyman-Pearson formulation of the detection problem. We prove that the sharing of messages does not improve the optimal error exponent.
Cerebral blood flow in acute liver failure: A finding in search of a mechanism

In the last few years, several abnormalities of cerebral blood flow (CBF), namely loss of cerebral autoregulation, altered reactivity to carbon dioxide, and development of cerebral hyperemia, have been described in patients as well as experimental models of acute liver failure (ALF) and/or hyperammonemia. The development of cerebral hyperemia seems particularly relevant to the pathogenesis of brain edema in ALF. In addition to the potential increase of brain blood volume causing a rise in intracranial pressure, an increase of CBF could facilitate the movement of water across the blood brain barrier in an osmotically altered brain. Because maneuvers that abrogate the rise of CBF have been shown to prevent or ameliorate brain edema in ALF/hyperammonemia, elucidation of the mechanism by which the rise of CBF occurs is important. In the rat after portacaval anastomosis receiving an ammonia infusion, the signal resulting in cerebral hyperemia arises within the brain once maximal glutamine accumulation has occurred in astrocytes. Several mediators potentially involved in the development of cerebral hyperemia in ALF are examined in this review, but further work is needed to assess the role, if any, of each of them.