cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Stage Framework for Classification of Unconstrained Image Data from Mobile Phones

During the past decade, the number of mobile electronic devices equipped with cameras has increased dramatically and so has the number of real-world applications for image classification. In many of these applications, the image data is captured in an uncontrolled manner and in complex environments and conditions under which existing image classification techniques may not perform well. In this paper, the authors provide a detailed description of an efficient multi-stage image classification framework that is robust enough to remain effective also under challenging imaging conditions, and demonstrate its effectiveness in the context of classification of real-world images of dumpsters captured by mobile phones in the metropolitan city of Hyderabad. Their system is able to achieve accurate classification of the cleanliness state of the dumpsters by utilizing a multi-stage approach, where the first stage is the efficient detection of the dumpster and the second stage is the classification of its state. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the performance of the system as well as comprehensive experimental results on real-world image data.
Measure of morphological and performance properties in polymeric silicone foams by X-ray tomography

In the absence of nuclear weapons testing, assuring comparable material performance for replacement of no-longer-available material with modern formulations is difficult. The replacement material must completely replicate the performance of the original. Quantification of morphological characteristics in three dimensions by micro X-ray computed tomography (μCT) lends statistics and property values not otherwise achieved. This allows for the measurement of lot-to-lot, synthesis formula variations, as well as pre- and post-experimental structural changes that would be invisible to qualitative image comparison techniques. Owing to the unavailability of the original material, several novel formulations of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) foams were imaged and quantitatively compared to aid in choosing a replacement material. In this study, bulk properties were measured with μCT including, percent void volume, average void equivalent diameter and others, and were collected for four different formulations of PDMS foams from pristine, return for service, as well as samples that were aged by gamma ray exposure. Performance characteristics (e.g., Poisson ratio) were measured and compared. From this study, we will be able to provide more information for the selection of the material that most closely matches the performance of the original material.
Mass Transport through Carbon Nanotube Membranes in Three Different Regimes: Ionic Diffusion and Gas and Liquid Flow

Transport phenomena through the hollow conduits of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are subjects of intense theoretical and experimental research. We have studied molecular transport over the large spectrum of ionic diffusion to pressure-driven gaseous and liquid flow. Plasma oxidation during the fabrication of the membrane introduces carboxylic acid groups at the CNT entrance, which provides electrostatic “gatekeeper” effects on ionic transport. Diffusive transport of ions of different charge and size through the core of the CNT is close to bulk diffusion expectations and allows estimation of the number of open pores or porosity of the membrane. Flux of gases such as N2, CO2, Ar, H2, and CH4 scaled inversely with their molecular weight by an exponent of 0.4, close to expected kinetic theory velocity expectations. However, the magnitude of the fluxes was ∼15- to 30-fold higher than predicted from Knudsen diffusion kinetics and consistent with specular momentum reflection inside smooth pores. Polar liquids such as ...
Trauma in Transgender Populations: Risk, Resilience, and Clinical Care

The transgender community is disproportionately affected by violence (Wilchins, Lombardi, Priesing, & Malouf, 1997). Transphobia—prejudice, discrimination, and gender-related violence due to negative attitudes toward transgender identity—may pose a risk factor for experiencing trauma in transgender individuals. Other risk and resiliency factors associated with experiencing traumatic violence among transgender populations are addressed in this article. Finally, culturally competent treatment suggestions are provided for clinicians working with transgender survivors of trauma in a clinical setting.
Reduced isotopic scrambling in neutralization–reionization mass spectra

Facile ion isomerization compromises isotopic position characterization by mass spectrometry, particularly for hydrocarbons. For example, hydrogen atom loss does not provide such characterization for [C6D5CH3]+˙ ions from electron impact ionization of toluene-ar-d5, as this loss is preceded by 89% H/D scrambling. Similarly, the corresponding low-energy molecules formed from these ions by neutralization with Hg yield, on reionization, mass spectra that exhibit 78% scrambling. This is true for reionization to either positive or negative ions, collection of neutralized products scattered at larger angles and after collisional activation of the fast toluene neutral species. However, when these ions are neutralized with Cs vapor to form excited (∼5 eV) toluene molecules, half of the resulting losses occur before H/D scrambling. The resulting neutralization–reionization mass spectra are thus more useful for isomeric isotopic characterization. The method is not effective for ions such as [styrene]+˙ with an isomerization pathway(s) requiring far less energy than that for direct dissociation.
Attitude and orbit error in n-dimensional spaces

This paper focuses on the theoretical aspects associated with the definition of error for Special Orthogonal and General Linear transformations, in any dimensional space, real or complex, including both Euclidean and Riemannian spaces. In particular, we show that the orbit error can be described by a complex number with phase representing the orbit orientation error and modulus describing the orbit shape error. We also show that the angle between two quaternions has a specific geometrical meaning. More specifically, the QR decomposition allows us to see a General Linear transformation as a combination of two subsequent effects: a dilation and a rigid rotation. This decomposition is also applied to the Lorentz transformations, highlighting the relativity effects of length change and coordinate axes bending.
Effect of Salinity on Leaf Gas Exchange in Two Populations of a C4 Nonhalophyte

Gas exchange measurements were made on plants from two natural populations differing in salt tolerance of Andropogon glomeratus, a C4 nonhalophyte, to examine the effect of salinity on components responsible for differences in photosynthetic capacity. Net CO2 uptake and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing salinity in both populations, but to a greater extent in the inland (nontolerant) population. The intercellular CO2 concentrations increased with increasing salinity in the inland population, but decreased in the marsh (tolerant) population. Water use efficiency decreased as salinity increased in the inland population, and remained unchanged in the marsh population. Carboxylation efficiency decreased and CO2 compensation points increased with increasing salinity in both populations, but to a lesser extent in the marsh population. Carboxylation efficiencies were higher with 2% relative to 21% atmospheric O2 in salt stressed plants, suggesting that a decrease in the carboxylation:oxygenation ratio of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was partly responsible for the decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Populational differences in photosynthetic capacity were the result of greater salinity-induced changes in carboxylation efficiency in the inland population, and not due to differences in the stomatal limitation to CO2 diffusion.
Search with probabilistic guarantees in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Search is a fundamental service in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, despite numerous research efforts, efficient algorithms for guaranteed location of shared content in unstructured P2P networks are yet to be devised. In this paper, the authors presented a simple but highly effective protocol for object location that gives probabilistic guarantees of finding even rare objects independently of the network topology. The protocol relies on randomized techniques for replication of objects (or their references) and for query propagation. The authors proved analytically, and demonstrated experimentally, that this scheme provides high probabilistic guarantees of success, while incurring minimal overhead. The performance of this scheme was quantified in terms of network messages, probability of success, and response time. The robustness of this protocol was also evaluated in the presence of node failures (departures). Using simulation, it is shown that this scheme performs no worse than the best known access-frequency based protocols, without compromising access to rare objects.
Risk-based methodology for assessing and managing the severity of a terrorist attack

Terrorist attacks on a physical site can be detrimental in terms of lives and monetary loss. A major component of preparing for such an attack is deciding how to allocate funds; insufficient budgeting may expose the site to worst-case consequences, whereas over-budgeting may create inefficiency. Thus deciding how many funds to allocate for attack preparation should incorporate information regarding the anticipated severity of the terrorist attack.
Indirect Readout of DNA Sequence by P22 Repressor: Roles of DNA and Protein Functional Groups in Modulating DNA Conformation

The repressor of bacteriophage P22 (P22R) discriminates between its various DNA binding sites by sensing the identity of non-contacted base pairs at the center of its binding site. The "indirect readout" of these non-contacted bases is apparently based on DNA's sequence-dependent conformational preferences. The structures of P22R-DNA complexes indicate that the non-contacted base pairs at the center of the binding site are in the B' state. This finding suggests that indirect readout and therefore binding site discrimination depend on P22R's ability to either sense and/or impose the B' state on the non-contacted bases of its binding sites. We show here that the affinity of binding sites for P22R depends on the tendency of the central bases to assume the B'-DNA state. Furthermore, we identify functional groups in the minor groove of the non-contacted bases as the essential modulators of indirect readout by P22R. In P22R-DNA complexes, the negatively charged E44 and E48 residues are provocatively positioned near the negatively charged DNA phosphates of the non-contacted nucleotides. The close proximity of the negatively charged groups on protein and DNA suggests that electrostatics may play a key role in the indirect readout process. Changing either of two negatively charged residues to uncharged residues eliminates the ability of P22R to impose structural changes on DNA and to recognize non-contacted base sequence. These findings suggest that these negatively charged amino acids function to force the P22R-bound DNA into the B' state and therefore play a key role in indirect readout by P22R.
An application of template methodology: rapid prototyping of user interface management systems

Probably the most important characteristic of a user interface is its 'look and feel'. One can model the 'look and feel' of user interfaces via rapid prototyping. However, the behavior of a particular user interface is greatly influenced by the particular user interface management system (UIMS) upon which it is built, so it is necessary to prototype an interface with regard to a particular user interface management system. Moving an application and its user interface to a different UIMS may result in a user interface that behaves in a substantially different manner. The authors describe a methodology that may be used to develop a UIMS prototype using a template. This template will assist developers not only in developing new UIMSs but in evaluating the behavior of user interfaces when the underlying UIMS changes. >
Evaluation of stimulus preference assessment methods with general education students

The current exploratory study examined the ability of three stimulus preference assessments to identify effective reinforcers for general education students. Four students from Grades K through 5 and their teachers participated. A student nomination, teacher nomination, and ongoing (daily) stimulus preference assessment were evaluated. The results demonstrate that reinforcers identified by both general education students and their teachers increased behavior similarly, although correspondence between teacher- and student-selected items themselves were low. Evaluation of the procedures indicated the highest rate of responding occurred under the ongoing reinforcer assessment condition for 3 of the 4 students. Limitations and future research are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review:

The importance of ethical behavior to an organization has never been more apparent, and in recent years researchers have generated a great deal of knowledge about the management of individual ethical behavior in organizations. We review this literature and attempt to provide a coherent portrait of the current state of the field. We discuss individual, group, and organizational influences and consider gaps in current knowledge and obstacles that limit our understanding. We conclude by offering directions for future research on behavioral ethics in organizations.
Expression of α-Adrenoceptor Subtypes by Smooth Muscle Cells and Adventitial Fibroblasts in Rat Aorta and in Cell Culture

Previous radioligand binding reports of vascular α-adrenoceptor (AR) density have been limited to total α1- or α2-ARs. Studies using whole blood vessel homogenates have not differentiated among receptor or mRNA expression by medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) versus adventitial fibroblasts (AFBs). Therefore, we used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and radioligand binding to measure α-AR subtypes in media, adventitia, and cultured SMCs and AFBs from rat aorta. Both media and adventitia expressed α1A-, α1B-, α1D-, and α2D-AR mRNAs, but in markedly different abundances. Total α1-AR density was the same for media and adventitia ( B max = 101 ± 10 versus 96 ± 16 fmol/mg of protein). However, densities for α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-AR subtypes in media were 19 ± 2, 26 ± 4, and 55 ± 2%, and in adventitia were 44 ± 3, 37 ± 5, and 19 ± 2%. No α2B- or α2C-AR transcripts were detected in either layer or in cultured SMCs or AFBs. Total α1-AR densities in cultured SMCs and AFBs ( B max = 111 ± 4 and 48 ± 6 fmol/mg of protein, respectively) were similar to media and adventitia, with α1B- and α1D-AR transcript levels and receptors largely sustained. However, α1A- and α2D-AR expression in cultured SMCs and AFBs was strongly reduced, compared with media and adventitia, an effect not prevented by 30 different culture conditions. Like SMCs, exposure of AFBs to norepinephrine induced protein synthesis and proliferation of AFBs. This is the first study to quantitate α-AR subtype expression in media and adventitia and in cultured SMCs and AFBs. In addition, we report the intriguing finding that AFBs express α1-ARs in similar abundance as medial SMCs and that norepinephrine induced them to proliferate.
Validation of Geant4 Physics Models Using Collision Data from the LHC

CMS experiment has designed a strategy to validate GEANT4 physics models using collision data from the Large Hadron Collider. Isolated charged particles are measured simultaneously in the tracker as well as in the calorimeters. These events are selected using dedicated triggers and are used to measure the response in the calorimeter. Measurements of mean response, resolution, energy sharing between the electromagnetic and hadron calorimeters, shower shapes are directly compared with predictions from the Monte Carlo. Single particle response is also used in calibrating the calorimeters and in improving jet energy measurements. GEANT4 physics models are also used to understand the source of anomalous high energy deposits in the calorimeter.
Optimal Control of Generic Fluid Milk Advertising Expenditures

Optimal expenditures of the New York State milk promotion program are determined for three markets. Spending level in New York City and Albany should be reduced by about 10%, while that for Syracuse should be increased three times. Further, there exists an optimal seasonal advertising pattern which reflects the seasonal pattern of the Class 1 differential. In addition, the optimal spending level and seasonal pattern of the state promotion program depends on those of the national program. Thus, coordination between the two promotional units is essential to achieve optimality. Generic dairy promotion is big business. Dairy farmers now invest over $200 million annually in promoting the consumption of milk and dairy products. Nonoptimum allocations of funds miss opportunity to achieve high returns. The possibility of potential losses emphasizes the importance of understanding the economics of dairy promotion. The continuing effect of advertising on sales after the original period of expenditure is aptly summarized by Waugh's statement that "old advertisements never die-they just fade away." The lingering impact of advertising suggests the use of a dynamnic setting in which to explore promotion issues. Thus far, most of the atten
Sensor performance specifications

The author explains sensor specifications which quantify the ability of sensor to provide measurements of physical variables. Sensor manufacturer typically provide information about sensor specifications in the form of a specification sheet. The concepts described will help one interpret the information on a specification sheet. They can be applied to all branches of science and engineering, not just control systems. However, the systems approach of control engineers provides a unique perspective on these topics and associated issues.
Torsade de Pointes and T-U Wave Alternans Associated with Arsenic Poisoning

Arsenic intoxication is a common form of heavy metal poisoning. Although arsenic-induced circulatory collapse, seizures, and syncope are well known, the potential for serious ventricular arrhythmias is less well recognized. Reported in this study are two cases of arsenic poisoning causing torsade de pointes. Furthermore, marked prolongation of the QT-U interval and the rarely observed phenomenon of T-U wave alternans are demonstrated. Thus, arsenic intoxication may be complicated by prolongation of the QT-U interval and torsade de pointes. T-U wave alternans occurs in the presence of a long QT-U interval and may be an electrocardiographic warning sign of torsade de pointes.
Zerotree design for image compression: toward weighted universal zerotree coding

We consider the problem of optimal, data-dependent zerotree design for use in weighted universal zerotree codes for image compression. A weighted universal zerotree code (WUZC) is a data compression system that replaces the single, data-independent zerotree of Said and Pearlman (see IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.6, no.3, p.243-50, 1996) with an optimal collection of zerotrees for good image coding performance across a wide variety of possible sources. We describe the weighted universal zerotree encoding and design algorithms but focus primarily on the problem of optimal, data-dependent zerotree design. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm by comparing, at a variety of target rates, the performance of a Said-Pearlman style code using the standard zerotree to the performance of the same code using a zerotree designed with our algorithm. The comparison is made without entropy coding. The proposed zerotree design algorithm achieves, on a collection of combined text and gray-scale images, up to 4 dB performance improvement over a Said-Pearlman zerotree.
Uses and limitations of Kohut's self psychology in the treatment of borderline patients.

The treatment of borderline patients provides a setting in which the analyst can evaluate the clinical usefulness of Kohut' theories. The issues that arise in this treatment can also highlight aspe...
FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF EXOTENSIONED COMPOSITE BEAMS

An exotensioned composite structure is developed as a light-weight and low-cost load carrying mem- bers for structural applications. The beam body, consisting of carbon-fiber composite skeletons with in- sertions of high-tension fiber strands, is externally weaved to provide extra structural integrity. Mono- tonic and cyclic flexural loading experiments are performed in this study to quantify the basic mechanical response of the structure. The bending strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance are specifically as- sessed.
The Role of Nonverbal Ability Tests in Identifying Academically Gifted Students: An Aptitude Perspective:

A B S T R AC T The fi rst goal of this article is to discuss the role of n o nverbal ability te sts in the identification of acad e m i c a l ly gifted ch i l d ren. I note that most nonve r b a l te sts measure ve r b a l ly mediated cognitive pro c e s s e s , that th ey are neither “culture free” nor “culture fa i r,” and that we have known these facts for a ve ry long time. I show that selecting students for gifted and ta le n ted pro grams on the basis of such te sts wo u l d exclude the maj o rity of the most academically a c c o mplished students in all ethnic groups. The second goal is to propose a bet ter method for identifying g i fted students. I argue that the critical issue is re a d iness for a particular type of educational opport u n i t y. The cognitive aspects of readiness are evidenced fi rst in students’ levels of knowl e d ge and skill in part i c u l a r domains and secondari ly in their abilities to reason in the symbol systems used to communicate new k n owl e d ge in these domains. This applies to both m i n o rity and maj o rity students. There fo re, the most a c a d e m i c a l ly ta l e n ted minority students are th o s e who show the st ro n ge st current ach i evement in particular domains and the best ability to reason in th e symbol systems re qu i red for the acquisition of new k n owl e d ge in those domains. I also argue th a t , a l though current accomplishment can be measure d on a common scale, judgments about potential must a l ways be made re l a t i ve to circ u m sta n c e s .
Polarimetric scatterometry: a promising technique for improving ocean surface wind measurements from space

Spaceborne wind scatterometers provide useful measurements of ocean surface winds and are important to climatological studies and operational weather forecasting. Past and currently planned scatterometers use measurements of the copolarized backscatter cross-section at different azimuth angles to infer ocean surface wind speed and direction. Although successful, current scatterometer designs have limitations such as degraded wind performance in the near-nadir and outer regions of the measurement swath and a reliance on external wind information for vector ambiguity removal. Theoretical studies of scattering from the wind-induced ocean surface indicate that polarimetric measurements provide orthogonal and complementary directional information to aid the wind retrieval process. In this paper, potential benefits of making polarimetric backscatter measurements to improve wind retrieval performance are addressed. To investigate the performance of a polarimetric scatterometer, a modified version of the SeaWinds end-to-end simulator at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA, is employed. To model the effect of realistic measurement errors, expressions for polarimetric measurement variance and bias are derived. It is shown that a polarimetric scatterometer can be realized with straightforward and inexpensive modifications to a current scanning pencil-beam scatterometer system such as SeaWinds. Simulation results show that such a system ran improve wind performance in the nadir region and eliminate the reliance on external wind information.
Enhancement of Treatment Completion for Latent Tuberculosis Infection With 4 Months of Rifampin

Background Isoniazid is the standard medication used to treat latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The lengthy treatment with isoniazid, its perceived hepatotoxicity, and the increasing influx of foreign-born persons from countries with a higher prevalence of isoniazid resistance have compromised this regimen. In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommended 4 months of rifampin (4R) as an acceptable alternative regimen to 9 months of isoniazid (9H). In a county chest clinic in northern New Jersey, a self-administered 9H regimen for patients with LTBI was generally prescribed until the year 2002. After recognizing poor completion rates, LTBI treatment was shifted predominantly to the alternative 4R regimen. Methods Medical records of patients placed on LTBI treatment during 2000 (predominantly a 9H regimen) and 2003 (predominantly a 4R regimen) were reviewed. A total of 474 patients were included in the study. χ 2 , Fishers exact, two-sample t , and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The main outcome variable was treatment completion. Results A total of 80.5% of patients receiving 4R and 53.1% receiving 9H completed treatment (p Conclusions Patients receiving 4R were significantly more likely to complete therapy than those receiving 9H.
The decline of the urban horse in American cities

Urban horses were phased out gradually, function by function, over the course of a century. Between 1850 and 1880 the number of urban horses grew dramatically, since most freight on the new railroad network required local delivery and rapidly growing cities required more passenger service. The displacement of the horse was slow: for stationary purposes beginning around 1830, for street railways from 1885 to 1895, for light passenger use from 1895 to 1915 and for heavy freight from 1915 to 1930. Equine technology, supposedly made obsolescent by the steam engine, showed remarkable resilience, persisting for more than a century after its supposed replacement.
An Introduction and Practitioner's Guide to the Louisiana Business Corporation Act

This article introduces Louisiana’s new Business Corporation Act. It describes the Act’s foundations in the Model Business Corporation Act and argues that Louisiana’s connection to this model statute will provide benefits to the understanding and maintenance of its corporate law. It then produces a detailed practitioner’s guide to the new statute, describing many of the specific changes to corporate practice that the new law will require.
Sources of bias in the perception of heading in the presence of moving objects: Object-based and border-based discrepancies

The focus of expansion (FoE) specifies the heading direction of an observer during self-motion, and experiments show that humans can accurately perceive their heading from optic flow. However, when the environment contains an independently moving object, heading judgments may be biased. When objects approach the observer in depth, the heading bias may be due to discrepant optic flow within the contours of the object that radiates from a secondary FoE (object-based discrepancy) or by motion contrast at the borders of the object (border-based discrepancy). In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated the object's path angle and distance from the observer to test whether the heading bias induced by moving objects is entirely due to object-based discrepancies. The results showed consistent bias even at large path angles and when the object moved far in depth, which is difficult to reconcile with the influence of discrepant optic flow within the object. In Experiment 3, we found strong evidence that the misperception of heading can also result from a specific border-based discrepancy ("pseudo FoE") that emerges from the relative motion between the object and background at the trailing edge of the object. Taken together, the results from the present study support the idea that when moving objects are present, heading perception is biased in some conditions by discrepant optic flow within the contours of the object and in other conditions by motion contrast at the border (the pseudo FoE). Center-weighted spatial pooling mechanisms in MSTd may account for both effects.
Effect of Isopropanol and Ethanol on the Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Latex Condoms

The use of isopropanol as a means to remove lubricants from natural rubber latex (NRL) condoms prior to tensile testing is considered acceptable per ASTM D3492-08. However, there is some indication in the technical literature that isopropanol may be detrimental to NRL. In this study, three different brands of NRL condoms were tested for tensile properties after exposure to either isopropanol or one of two different ethyl alcohols, and a control group was tested without exposure to any alcohol. Tensile rings cut from NRL condoms were soaked in the respective alcohols for one hour at 25°C and 50 % relative humidity before undergoing tensile testing. The results of this study are presented along with statistical analysis of the data (thickness, force at break, tensile strength, and elongation). Although the analysis shows there were a few statistically significant differences in some of the measured parameters, the differences were relatively small in magnitude and likely of minimal scientific importance. Consequently, we conclude that under the conditions used in this study, the alcohols tested do not have a detrimental effect on the tensile properties of NRL condoms.
Patterns of Polyacetylene Production I. The Diatretynes

(1962). Patterns of Polyacetylene Production I. The Diatretynes. Mycologia: Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 249-257.
Sulphur-Impregnated Clothing to Protect Against Chiggers

The successful use of sulphur in impregnating clothing is reported in this paper. The sulphur was used in powdered form in suspension in a strong soap solution. Both inner and outer garments were treated and in each case almost perfect protection was obtained. When sulphur is dusted on the skin or sifted inside of loose garments, according to the usual custom in this country, it may collect along seams or in folds of the garments where it causes burning. Effective protection is more easily obtained by impregnating a part of the clothing.
Electrostatic Domination of the Effect of Electron Correlation in Intermolecular Interactions.

The electron-electron correlation energy is negative, and attractive dispersion interactions are entirely a correlation effect; therefore, the contribution of correlation to intermolecular binding is commonly assumed to be negative, or binding in nature. However, there are many cases where the long-range correlation binding energy is positive, with certain geometries of the water dimer as a prominent example. Geometries with dipoles misaligned can also have an electrostatically dominated, though negative, long-range correlation binding. In either case, the interaction decays as R(-3). This has its origin in the systematic overestimation of dipole moments by Hartree-Fock theory, leading to a reduction in the calculated electrostatic attraction upon inclusion of correlation. Thus, energy decomposition analyses that include correlation but do not correct mean field electrostatic terms are suboptimal. Attenuated second-order Moller-Plesset theory, which smoothly truncates long-range electron correlation effects to zero, can, paradoxically, have the correct long-range behavior for many intermolecular interactions.
Graphene Nanomesh As Highly Sensitive Chemiresistor Gas Sensor

Graphene is a one atom thick carbon allotrope with all surface atoms that has attracted significant attention as a promising material as the conduction channel of a field-effect transistor and chemical field-effect transistor sensors. However, the zero bandgap of semimetal graphene still limits its application for these devices. In this work, ethanol-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a grown p-type semiconducting large-area monolayer graphene film was patterned into a nanomesh by the combination of nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching and evaluated as a field-effect transistor and chemiresistor gas sensors. The resulting neck-width of the synthesized nanomesh was about ∼20 nm and was comprised of the gap between polystyrene (PS) spheres that was formed during the reactive ion etching (RIE) process. The neck-width and the periodicities of the graphene nanomesh (GNM) could be easily controlled depending on the duration/power of the RIE and the size of the PS nanospheres. The fabricated GNM transistor device exhibited promising electronic properties featuring a high drive current and an I(ON)/I(OFF) ratio of about 6, significantly higher than its film counterpart. Similarly, when applied as a chemiresistor gas sensor at room temperature, the graphene nanomesh sensor showed excellent sensitivity toward NO(2) and NH(3), significantly higher than their film counterparts. The ethanol-based graphene nanomesh sensors exhibited sensitivities of about 4.32%/ppm in NO(2) and 0.71%/ppm in NH(3) with limits of detection of 15 and 160 ppb, respectively. Our demonstrated studies on controlling the neck width of the nanomesh would lead to further improvement of graphene-based transistors and sensors.
Arithmetic Accuracy in Children From High- and Low-Income Schools: What Do Strategies Have to Do With It?

This study investigated income group differences in kindergartners’ and first graders’ (N = 161) arithmetic by examining the link between accuracy and strategy use on simple and complex addition problems. Low-income children were substantially less accurate than high-income children, in terms of both percentage of correctly solved problems and the magnitude of errors, with low-income first graders being less accurate than high-income kindergartners. Higher-income children were more likely to use sophisticated mental strategies than their lower-income peers, who used predominantly inefficient counting or inappropriate strategies. Importantly, this difference in strategies mediated the relation between income group and addition. Examining underlying strategies has implications for understanding income group differences in arithmetic and potential means of remedying it via instruction.
The Use of Prophylactic Low Dose Heparin in Transurethral Prostatectomy

AbstractLow dose heparin prophylaxis has proved effective in reducing postoperative thromboembolic complications in a series combining multiple types of surgical procedures. Our series confirms its safety for transurethral operations. We recommend its use in patients with predisposing factors to thromboembolic complications.
Theory’s Secret History

Nearly every major political theorist of the past 2,000 years has had something important to say about secrecy. The reasons for this are not difficult to understand. The ability to keep something secret is an exercise of power, and power is a concept that is integral to understanding how communities function. This chapter will be dedicated to recovering this tradition of secrecy within political theory by concentrating on the secrecy/revelation opposition within different traditions of theorizing.
Optical centers and their depth distribution in electron irradiated CVD diamond

Abstract Detailed measurements of photoluminescence of commercial CVD diamond irradiated with 1 MeV commercial electron accelerator have been performed. It has been assumed that the depth distribution of radiation-induced defects can be described by contributions of two mechanisms: strong defect production by primary fast electrons and weak secondary irradiation by gamma rays. Thickness of the layer of the strong defect production has been found of 0.7 mm what is about half the theoretically predicted propagation depth of 1 MeV electrons in diamond (1.2 mm). The secondary gamma irradiation penetrates through the whole diamond sample (3.4 mm in the present case). Spectral features of several optical centers formed in as-irradiated CVD diamond and after subsequent annealing at moderate and high temperatures have been discussed. Some of these centers have been ascribed to modified 3H defects. A center with zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 733.2 nm has been ascribed to an intrinsic split-vacancy defect. The radiation-stimulated aggregation of nitrogen has been observed as the formation of H3 defects. It has been shown that the merging of NV defects into H3 defects is not a major pathway of the nitrogen aggregation. It has been confirmed that the temperature stability of NV defects in undamaged diamond lattice exceeds 2000 °C. Destruction of NV centers, frequently seen at temperatures below 2000 °C, is the result of interaction of NV defects with other mobile defects. Recently discovered centers with broad ZPLs at 462.5 and 498.8 nm, which are characteristic of CVD diamond, have been found to be very radiation and temperature stable and immune against any known treatment of diamond. It has been proposed to use detection of these centers as a method of recognition of CVD diamonds.
A cost-effective smartphone-based antimicrobial susceptibility test reader for drug resistance testing (Conference Presentation)

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is commonly used for determining microbial drug resistance, but routine testing, which can significantly reduce the spread of multi-drug resistant organisms, is not regularly performed in resource-limited and field-settings due to technological challenges and lack of trained diagnosticians. We developed a portable cost-effective smartphone-based colorimetric 96-well microtiter plate (MTP) reader capable of automated AST without the need for a trained diagnostician. This system is composed of a smartphone used in conjunction with a 3D-printed opto-mechanical attachment, which holds a set of inexpensive light-emitting-diodes and fiber-optic cables coupled to the 96-well MTP for enabling the capture of the transmitted light through each well by the smartphone camera. Images of the MTP plate are captured at multiple exposures and uploaded to a local or remote server (e.g., a laptop) for automated processing/analysis of the results using a custom-designed smartphone application. Each set of images are combined to generate a high dynamic-range image and analyzed for well turbidity (indicative of bacterial growth), followed by interpretative analysis per plate to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and drug susceptibility for the specific bacterium. Results are returned to the originating device within ~1 minute and shown to the user in tabular form. We demonstrated the capability of this platform using MTPs prepared with 17 antibiotic drugs targeting Gram-negative bacteria and tested 82 patient isolate MTPs of Klebsiella pneumoniae, achieving well turbidity accuracy of 98.19%, MIC accuracy of 95.15%, and drug susceptibility interpretation accuracy of 99.06%, meeting the FDA defined criteria for AST.
2.2 Role of Process Models in Composites Manufacturing

This chapter addresses how the science base of materials processing, which integrates material parameters with transport phenomena at various scales during manufacturing, can be used to create multi-physics models and implemented in simulations to describe the effect of material, geometric and process parameters on the final quality of the part. It has been shown that process models and simulations mitigate the cost and improve composite manufacturing processes. Examples of how the simulations can also be seamlessly interfaced with optimization, functional design and process control tools to improve the yield of the process despite the variability in the incoming materials and process parameters are presented. Future outlook suggests implementation of approaches to automate equipment that rely on sensors and simulations interfaced with actuators to address variability and disturbances in the process.
Proficiency analysis of VCCTL results for heat of hydration and mortar cube strength

Abstract This paper establishes proof of concept that computational modeling can emulate the performance of physical testing laboratories for heat of hydration and compressive strength testing of type I, II and III portland cements. Simulation of 20 reference cements in a modified Virtual Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory produced compressive strength and heat of hydration results with mean absolute differences of 5.0% and 6.5% compared to experimental data obtained from the same cements through the proficiency sample program of the Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory. The findings suggest computational modeling can be a practical, reliable and economical alternative to physical testing for portland cements.
Self-reported Health Status Differs for Amazon's Mechanical Turk Respondents Compared With Nationally Representative Surveys.

Background Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform has become a data source for peer-reviewed academic research publications, with over 24,000 Google Scholar search results. Although well-developed and supportive in other disciplines, the literature in health and medicine comparing results from samples generated on MTurk to gold standard, nationally representative health and medical surveys is beginning to emerge. Objective To compare the demographic, socioeconomic, and self-reported health status variables in an MTurk sample to those from 2 prominent national probability surveys, including the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Research design We analyze weighted and unweighted tabulations of the MTurk, MEPS, and BRFSS. Wald tests identify statistical significance. Measures Demographic, socioeconomic, and health status variables in an adult MTurk sample collected in 2016 (n=1916), the 2015 MEPS household survey component (n=21,210), and the 2015 BRFSS (n=283,502). Results Our findings indicate statistically significant differences in the demographic, socioeconomic, and self-perceived health status tabulations in the MTurk sample relative to the unweighted and weighted MEPS and BRFSS. The MTurk sample is more likely to be female (65.8% in MTurk, 50.9% in MEPS, 50.2% in BRFSS), white (80.1% in MTurk, 76.9% in MEPS, and 73.9% in BRFSS), non-Hispanic (91.1%, 82.4%, and 81.4%, respectively), younger, and less likely to report excellent health status (6.8% in MTurk, 28.3% in MEPS, and 20.2% in BRFSS). Conclusions We find significant differences across variables that warrant hesitation in using MTurk data as a replacement for the gold standard datasets in health services research.
Whose Experience Is It, Anyway? Psychological Ownership and Enjoyment of Shared Experiences

Every day people engage in numerous shared experiences – from having lunch with colleagues to going on a vacation with family. Despite the ubiquity of such experiences, little is known about how consumers organize and manage such experiences. In this chapter, we review past literature as well as our own research to answer two main questions: (1) why do consumers choose to share ownership over an experience by co-creating it with others, and (2) how could shared experiences be managed by the group in order to maximize the satisfaction obtained for all participants?
Pavement Friction Modeling using Texture Measurements and Pendulum Skid Tester

Pavement frictional behavior affects pavement performance in terms of vehicle safety, fuel consumption, and tire wear. Comprehending and interpreting pavement friction measurements is a challenging...
Epithelial Cells: Structure, Transport, and Barrier Function

Abstract Most mucosal surfaces are lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that mediate transport. These cells also form a physical barrier that prevents pathogens, toxins, and other unwanted materials from entering the body. The paracellular space between adjacent epithelial cells is sealed by the selectively permeable tight junction. Regulation of tight junction permeability is essential for physiologic and pathologic transport in the intestinal epithelium, and loss of barrier function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. However, it remains unclear as to whether loss of barrier function is a precursor to disease development or results from a local inflammatory response. Using the intestinal epithelium as an example, this chapter explores the regulation of epithelial barrier function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions and the intersection between intestinal paracellular permeability and mucosal immunity.
A Role for Data: An Observation on Empowering Stakeholders

Context This article discusses the role of data in the reform of the U.S. healthcare system by focusing on electronic health records (EHRs) and the role of stakeholders. Evidence acquisition Review of research published between 2005 and 2012 was conducted in 2012. Evidence synthesis Published literature supports the benefit of information technology in the healthcare field. Interoperability among systems is deemed key to successful use. However, incorporating information technology into medical practice will require methodically revamping the system, and consumers will need to learn how to use and manage their personal medical records. The healthcare industry's use of data-driven innovation needs to be based on modernized data systems, increased access to data, and implementation of easy-to-use technology that will enable stakeholders to participate actively in achieving desired health outcomes and cost reductions. Conclusions Stakeholders realize the power and potential benefit of data. Access to data and incentives to develop and adopt them must be supported to achieve cost-savings. However, serious challenges remain to achieving a national, interoperable system that provides healthcare data to all stakeholders. These challenges can be addressed only by innovation.
The Science and Politics of Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond

The 10th IAPTC&B Congress is the first large gathering of the international plant tissue culture and biotechnology community in the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. As such, it offers us the unique opportunity not only to take a critical look at the contributions of plant biotechnology during the 20th century, but more significantly, to consider how this technology can contribute to human welfare by meeting the many difficult challenges that we face in the 21St century.
Applications of Functional Thin Films for Mechanical Sensing

This chapter presents the most common fundamental mechanical transduction principles. Mechanical sensing is contrasted using thin films with alternative mechanical transduction mechanisms and the pros and cons of using thin films are touched on. A detailed discussion of displacement and stress development in various types of structures and loading conditions is included to prepare the reader for the final section. The final section is dedicated to a case study, where the typical steps for designing and developing a mechanical sensor are outlined, the materials selection and fabrication process are illustrated, and the multiple functions that mechanical sensors can fulfill are highlighted.