cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of genetic diversity informs conservation of a rare, clonal wetland plant Lilaeopsis schaffneriana subsp. recurva (Apiaceae)

Cienegas and other marshland habitats distributed throughout mid-elevations in the American Southwest have declined dramatically over the past century. This decline has likely affected natural processes for many plants and animals dependent on these unique habitats. The primary goal of this study is to describe genetic diversity within and among populations of the U.S. federally endangered Huachuca water umbel, Lilaeopsis schaffneriana subsp. recurva, an herbaceous aquatic perennial endemic to cienegas and river edges of southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico, to learn about its basic biology and inform conservation management. Population samples were collected from 13 sites across the range (287 total samples), and genetic diversity data were gathered for 13 microsatellite loci (five of which were discovered to be monomorphic). Results of data analyses of eight variable microsatellite loci revealed that most populations are dominated by a single multilocus genetic clone; only two populations have more than one multilocus genetic clone present (represented by more than one individual). Genetic diversity is low within populations, but genetic differences do exist among most populations. Those populations that are very similar to one another likely experienced recent or historical gene flow. Conservation considerations should include preserving multiple, genetically distinct populations as well as maintaining local population connectivity and quality of suitable habitat for the establishment of new clones.
Optimal Marketing for Really New Products: Using a Consumer Perspective to Improve Communications

(First paragraph) Twenty years ago two inventors set out to improve upon one of the most ubiquitous of all inventions “the wheel.” Franco Sbarro and Dominique Mottas separately patented two new designs that eliminated the central hub. The appearance of the hubless (or centerless) wheel is striking and with the development of prototype cars, motorcycles, and bikes developers were excited about the prospects for their really new products. In fact, the web site for the Osmos Orbital wheel touts such positive keys to success as: “level of innovativeness, use improvement, market stability, broad target market, and competitive prices and quality such that “the success of the product will be guaranteed.” Of course, these products have yet to make any dent in the approximate 4 million wheels that are produced daily around the world, highlighting the challenges that even something as straightforward as “reinventing the wheel” does not guarantee success in the marketplace. In fact, one of the facts that we would like to assert with respect to really new products is that the decisions that managers face with respect to the marketing strategies that are employed will play a greater role in the success (or failure) of a really new product.
The Human Relations Area Files: Two Perspectives.

The Human Relations Area Files was founded at Yale University during the 1930s by Professor George Peter Murdock, a social anthropologist. HRAF was intended to assemble and organize ethnographic data that could be readily retrieved for cross cultural and related behavioral studies. Today, it consists of approximately 4000 books, essays, and manuscripts available to member institutions on paper slips or microfilm cards. This paper attempts to evaluate the ethnographic information that has been drawn from a worldwide sample of cultural units. What has long been needed by scholars, the authors believe, is a thoughtful discussion of both the advantages and disadvantages of this database.
Introduction to fractal sums of pulses

In this paper, the classical Levy flights are generalized, their jumps being replaced by more involved “pulses.” This generates a wide family of selfaffine random functions. Their versatility makes them useful in modeling. Their structure throws new conceptual light on the difficult issue of global statistical dependence, especially in the case of processes with infinite variance.
Use of double-blind peer review to increase author diversity.

Two recent New York Times articles highlight the “Mystery of Missing Women in Science” (Angier 2013) and ask the question, “Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science?” (Pollack 2013). The underrepresentation of women is an issue that scientists, educators, and policy makers continue to tackle. While there have been large gains toward equality over the past decades, there is also hard evidence of continued disparities (Moss-Racusin et al. 2012; Lariviere et al. 2013). Gender inequalities occur in hiring, funding, collaborations, academic patents, job satisfaction, and citation rates (Holden 2001; Ding et al. 2006; Bornmann et al. 2007; Moss-Racusin et al. 2012; Lariviere et al. 2013). There are more male senior scientists and thus fewer female role models at upper levels, and there is a striking wage gap between men and women in leadership positions (Shen 2013). This situation does not only reflect a gender gap in the upper tiers of science leadership; in many countries, minority and international scientists are also missing (e.g., NSF 2013). Such disparities can feed a subtle but inherent bias about the value and contributions of women, minorities, and international scientists. There are obviously many factors that might be associated with these trends. The question is, what can we do about it? One solution is to ensure that research contributions are fairly evaluated, particularly in the peer review process. Publications are widely used as metrics of a scientist’s productivity and success, but the peer review process is not free from subjectivity and bias (Wold & Wenneras 1997; Moller & Jennions 2001; Lortie et al. 2007; but see Park et al. 2013). For example, most journals use single-blind review, whereby a reviewer’s identity is hidden but the authors are revealed. This can allow unintentional or subconscious biases to affect how a reviewer judges a paper based on its authors. An alternative system is double-blind review, in which the identities of both reviewers and authors are concealed. The value of
Limitations of acetate as a substrate for measuring cholesterol synthesis in liver.

In studies designed to measure rates of hepatic cholesterogenesis, rat liver slices were incubated with [14C]acetate in the presence of unlabeled octanoate and with [14C]octanoate in the presence of unlabeled acetate to assess the degree of intracellular dilution and compartmentalization of the acetyl-CoA pools. It was observed that when increasing concentrations of [14C]acetate were used, the incorporation rate of this substrate into cholesterol became constant under circumstances where the specific activity of the ketone bodies continued to rise. Second, the addition of unlabeled acetate reduced the flow of radiolabeled C2 units from [14C]octanoate into cholesterol but not into ketone bodies or CO2. Third, use of the specific activity of the ketone bodies was shown to yield an appropriate correction for the flux of [14C]octanoate into cholesterol: in contrast, this correction was shown to be inappropriate in experiments in which cholesterogenesis was measured using radiolabeled acetate. Taken together, these findings indicate that [14C]acetate gives rise to a cytosolic pool of acetyl-CoA that is used for cholesterol synthesis but is not in isotopic equilibrium with the mitochondrial pool of acetyl-CoA used for ketogenesis. From a combination of experiments using acetate and octanoate, singly and together and alternately labeled, the apparent and absolute fluxes of C2 units through both pools were measured. Maximum rates of sterol synthesis were obtained in the presence of octanoate. In contrast, with [14C]acetate as substrate the flux of labeled C2 units into cholesterol was only 47% of maximum while total C2 flux was 75% of that observed with octanoate. Thus, in addition to the errors associated with intracellular dilution when [14C]acetate is used, a further limitation to the use of this substrate appears to be the presence of a partially rate-limiting step in its metabolism prior to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase.
The effect of prostaglandins on the multiplication and cell-to-cell spread of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) after infecting an individual has the ability to remain latent in nervous tissues. The factors that control herpesvirus infection, latency, and reactivation are poorly understood. Fever, menstruation, emotional stress, exposure to sunlight, and surgical resection have been associated with activation of latent herpes. The situations which activate latent herpes are associated with a local or systemic rise in prostaglandins. The data presented show that prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α )and E 2 (PGE 2 ) enhanced cell-to-cell spread of HSV-2 in an in vitro model. Ibuprofen, a prostaglandin inhibitor, suppressed HSV-2 multiplication as well as cell-to-cell spread. Prostaglandins may play an important role in herpesvirus infections and latency.
Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations.

Citation Levy JK. Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 63–70 Free-roaming unowned stray and feral cats exist throughout the world, creating concerns regarding their welfare as well as their impact on the environment and on public health. Millions of healthy cats are culled each year in an attempt to control their numbers. Surgical sterilization followed by return to the environment is an effective non-lethal population control method but is limited in scope because of expense and logistical impediments. Immunocontraception has the potential to be a more practical and cost-effective method of control. This is a review of current research in immunocontraception in domestic cats. Functional characteristics of an ideal immunocontraceptive for community cats would include a wide margin of safety for target animals and the environment, rapid onset and long duration of activity following a single treatment in males and females of all ages, and sex hormone inhibition. In addition, product characteristics should include stability and ease of use under field conditions, efficient manufacturing process, and low cost to the user. Two reproductive antigens, zona pellucida and GnRH, have been identified as possible targets for fertility control in cats. Zona pellucida, which is used successfully in multiple wildlife species, has achieved little success in cats. In contrast, immunization against GnRH has resulted in long-term contraception in both male and female cats following a single dose. GnRH is an ideal contraceptive target because it regulates pituitary and gonadal hormone responses in both males and females, thus suppressing nuisance behaviors associated with sex hormones in addition to preventing pregnancy. The responsiveness of cats to fertility control via GnRH suppression should encourage researchers and cat control stakeholders to continue efforts to optimize vaccines that induce multiyear contraception following a single dose in a high proportion of treated cats.
Tight uniform algebras and algebras of analytic functions

Abstract A uniform algebra A on a compact space X is tight if for each g ϵ C(X), the Hankel-type operator f → gf + A from A to C A is weakly compact. Two families of uniform algebras are shown to be tight: the algebras such as R(K) that arise in the theory of rational approximation on compact subsets of the complex plane, and algebras of analytic functions on domains in C n for which a certain ∂ -problem is solvable. A couple of characterizations of tight algebras are given, and one of these is used to show that the property of being tight places severe restrictions on the Gleason parts of A and the measures in A⊥.
Effect of L-364,718 on pancreatic endocrine function following partial pancreatectomy.

Abstract This study was designed to determine the effect of a potent cholecystokinin antagonist, L-364,718, on canine pancreatic endocrine function following partial pancreatectomy. Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon were determined over a 2-hr interval following an intravenous bolus of 0.5 g/kg glucose in a 50% solution. The following groups were established: normal animals (group A, n = 5), normal animals pretreated with 20 nmole/kg L-364,718 (group B, n = 5), partially pancreatectomized animals (group C, n = 5), and partially pancreatectomized animals pretreated with 20 nmole/kg L-364,718 (group D, n = 5). In contrast to animals with an intact pancreas, pretreatment with L-364,718 following partial pancreatectomy resulted in a significant decrease in peak insulin (group C = 132.8 ± 13.0 μU/ml vs Group D = 90.4 ± 16.1 μU/ml, P P K value) was significantly increased in the partially pancreatectomized animals given the antagonist (group C = −1.22 ± 0.22%/min vs group D = −2.79 ± 0.427%/min) and there were no significant differences in basal or peak glucose when comparing the groups given L-364,718 with the groups given placebo (group A vs B and group C vs D). Thus, the CCK antagonist L-364,718 significantly decreases peak insulin in partially pancreatectomized animals but not in nonoperative control animals. There is a paradoxical increase in the rate of glucose utilization but no effect on glucose homeostasis. The effect of this antagonist in other models of reduced islet cell reserve (i.e., pancreas transplantation) remains to be determined.
Subwavelength confinement in an integrated metal slot waveguide on silicon.

We demonstrate propagation losses of less than 0.8 dB/µm in a metal slot waveguide on silicon with a predicted confinement substantially below the optical wavelength (~1.55 µm). We also show compact and efficient coupling of the high-confinement metal slot waveguide with a standard silicon dielectric waveguide with a coupling efficiency of approximately 2.5 dB per facet.
Simple 1-mm receivers with fixed tuned double sideband SIS mixer and wideband InP MMIC amplifier

We report on attempts to broaden the IF bandwidth of the BIMA 1mm SIS receivers by cascading fixed tuned double-sideband (DSB) SIS mixers and wideband MMIC IF amplifiers. To obtain the flattest receiver gain across the IF band we tested three schemes for keeping the mixer and amplifier as electrically close as possible. In Receiver I, we connected separate mixer and MMIC modules by a 1" stainless steel SMA elbow. In Receiver II, we integrated mixer and MMIC into a modified BIMA mixer module. In Receiver III, we devised a thermally split block where mixer and MMIC can be maintained at different temperatures in the same module. The best average receiver noise we achieved by combining SIS mixer and MMIC amplifier is 45 -50 K DSB for νLO = 215 - 240 GHz and below 80 K DSB for νLO = 205 - 270 GHz. The receiver noise can be made reasonably flat over the CARMA IF band (νIF = 1 - 5 GHz). Noise temperatures for all three receivers are comparable to or better than those obtained with the BIMA receiver.
Direct determination of citric acid in milk with an improved pyridine-acetic anhydride method.

Summary The determination of citric acid with pyridine and acetic anhydride has been investigated at reaction temperatures from 17 to 60° C. The optimum proportions of pyridine, acetic anhydride, water, and acetic acid for maximum color intensity and stability are given for each temperature. The procedure has been modified to eliminate the violent nature of the reaction, even when the analysis is done at a reaction temperature of 60° C. Details of a method for the determination of 25–200 μ g. of citric acid, at a reaction temperature of 32° C., are presented. In comparison with previously published methods based on the reaction, the recommended technique results in improved sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility without requiring careful timing. The method has been successfully applied to the routine analysis of milk and milk products. Milk and serum can be analyzed directly, after suitable dilution. Corrections for the interference caused by fat in homogenized milk, and by trichloroacetic acid in T.C.A. serum, can be made easily. Results of direct analysis of milk were from 5 to 15% higher than those for the corresponding sera and are believed to represent the true values for the citric acid content of milk.
Determination of an antipsychotic agent (ICI 204,636) and its 7-hydroxy metabolite in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract ICI 204,636 (I) is an orally active antipsychotic agent under development for the treatment of schizophrenia in humans. It is partially converted in animals to an active 7-hydroxy metabolite (II). Methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of both analytes in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC—MS). The analytes were extracted from plasma using phenyl solid-phase extraction columns. Quantification by isocratic HPLC was performed in the reversed-phase mode with detection at 250 nm. Extracts were derivatized to trimethylsilyl ethers for quantification by GC—MS using selected-ion monitoring. Both assays were evaluated for consistency of response, precision, accuracy and specificity. Limits of quantification for I and II by HPLC were 15 and 20 ng/ml, respectively; limits of quantification for I and II by GC—MS were 2 and 5 ng/ml, respectively. Both methods were applied to the analysis of clinical samples from oral dosing studies with I.
Islam and Democracy: Is Modernization a Barrier?

The relationship between Islam and democracy is a hotly debated topic. Usually the disagreements are expressed in a standard form. In this form, the debaters’ definitions of “Islam” and “democracy” determine the conclusions arrived at. It is possible, depending upon the definitions used, to “prove” both positions: Islam and democracy are compatible and that they are not. To escape from the predefined conclusions, it is necessary to recognize that “Islam” and “democracy” are concepts with many definitions. In the twenty-first century, important interpretations of Islam open the way for political visions in which Islam and democracy are mutually supportive.
Interaction energies associated with short intermolecular contacts of C—H bonds. Structure and energetics of the interaction between CH4 and CN−

Abstract On the basis of SCF and single reference MP2 calculations, the full potential energy surface of the interaction between CH 4 and CN − was studied using extended basis sets of up to near Hartree-Fock limit quality. Collinear arrangements CN − ⋯HCH 3 and NC − ⋯ HCH 3 are found to be the only two energy minima. The binding energies of these two structures are calculated to be 2.5 and 2.1 kcal/mol, respectively,at the MP2 level. The full vibrational analyses of the two structures show a red-shift of about 30 cm −1 for the ν s CH stretching.
Noise traders, excess volatility, and a securities transactions tax

Proponents of a securities transactions tax have suggested that such a tax may reduce stock return volatility. The argument is that, to the extent that short-term speculative trading volume is the source of excess volatility, a tax that reduces such volume will reduce volatility. In the context of a simple general equilibrium model, it is shown that this partial equilibrium argument is misleading and in large part incorrect. In the absence of a tax, the model generates equilibria in which the risky asset's price exhibits excess volatility and agents engage in excess trading activity owing to the presence of destabilizing noise traders. Within the context of the model, it is shown that, although a transactions tax can reduce the volatility of the risky asset's price, the reduction in price volatility is accompanied by a fall in the asset's price as agents discount the future tax liability associated with risky asset ownership. Consequently, although price volatility may decrease slightly, the fall in equilibrium prices more than compensates, and the volatiltiy of risky asset returns unambiguously increases with the level of the transactions tax.
Influence of repeated treatment with buspirone on central 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine synthesis

The anxiolytic agent buspirone was administered subcutaneously twice a day for 10 days to Sprague-Dawley rats, at a dose of 3 mg kg-1. Controls were given saline. On the eleventh day, the rats were given an injection of NSD-1015, an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, 30 min before decapitation. To another group of rats, only one injection of buspirone was given, followed 30 min later by NSD-1015. After a further 30 min the animals were decapitated. The brains were rapidly removed and the raphe nuclei, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum were dissected out on to dry ice. With the use of HPLC, the four regions of the brain were assayed for 5-hydroxytryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, reflecting the synthesis of 5-HT and dopamine, respectively. In those rats which had received an acute dose of buspirone, the synthesis of 5-HT was substantially reduced in all four regions of the brain. However, in those rats which had received buspirone for 10 days, no such alterations in the synthesis of 5-HT were observed. The synthesis of dopamine was unchanged in any of the regions of the brain, after the acute dose of buspirone. After 10 days of treatment with buspirone, however, the synthesis of dopamine in the striatum was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that repeated treatment with buspirone reduces the synthesis of dopamine in the striatum but that the synthesis of 5-HT is unaffected.
EXPOSURE TO PSOROPTES SP. MITES IS COMMON AMONG BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) POPULATIONS IN CALIFORNIA

Sera (n = 806) from 50 populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in California (USA) were evaluated for antibodies to Psoroptes sp. mites using a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Test values for each sample were determined to be either positive or negative at each of two ELISA cutoff values that provided either 100% sensitivity (low cutoff) or 100% specificity (high cutoff), respectively. One hundred sixty-eight (20.8%) sera were seropositive at the low cutoff value, and 87 (10.8%) of these sera also were seropositive at the high cutoff value. Eleven populations were designated as scabies-suspect and 25 populations were designated as scabies-positive because they had at least one seropositive animal at the low and the high cutoff values, respectively. Based on these results, exposure to Psoroptes sp. mites appeared to be widely distributed among bighorn sheep populations from 1980 to 1990 and infested animals may have been present prior to 1980.
Role of aztreonam in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in the critically ill surgical patient.

In 1995 the American Thoracic Society issued an official consensus statement on the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Classes of antimicrobials included in the list of antimicrobials deemed to be suitable for the empiric treatment of severe HAP were the aminoglycosides, quinolones, antipseudomonal penicillins, carbapenems, and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Aztreonam, a monobactam, was also listed and is unique among these agents based on its spectrum of activity being limited to the gram-negative bacillary bacteria combined with an excellent safety profile. This review focuses on the role of aztreonam in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in the critically ill patient.A review of the literature was performed using PubMed and secondary literature sources as to the clinical efficacy of aztreonam in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections as well as its pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. An analysis of aztreonam's potential pharmacoeconomic advantages compared with other agents was also performed. Numerous studies have documented that aztreonam has effectiveness that is equal or superior to that of other suitable antibiotics in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Its excellent safety profile makes it a particularly attractive agent compared with the aminoglycosides. Considering the potential costs of bacterial resistance from the use of broader-spectrum alternatives, a case can be made that aztreonam is a pharmacoeconomically sound choice as well.
When is replacement feeding safe for infants of HIV-infected women?

In this issue of PLoS Medicine, Renaud Becquet and colleagues report their findings from a new study looking at the long-term safety of infant feeding interventions aimed at reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission in Africa [1]. Over two years, the researchers studied the safety of infant feeding interventions (either formula feeding or shortened breast-feeding) among infants of HIV-infected mothers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
Prevention of Murine Lupus Nephritis by Carrier-Dependent Induction of Immunologic Tolerance to Denatured DNA

Four nucleosides were covalently bound to isogeneic mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and injected into New Zealand mice. Mice that received the tetranucleoside isogeneic IgG from birth to 5 months of age failed to make antibody to denatured DNA. In contrast, mice that were similarly treated with tetranucleoside bovine serum albumin or tetranucleoside free of carrier produced the same amount of antibody to denatured DNA as did untreated mice of this strain. Mice that were rendered tolerant to denatured DNA by tetranucleoside isogeneic IgG failed to develop the chronic membranous glomerulonephritis that characterizes the renal lesions in animals of this strain.
Comparisons between experimental and calculated rate constants for dissociation and combination reactions involving small polyatomic molecules

The experimental results on decomposition and combination reactions involving O3, HNO3, NH3, C2N2, and NO2Cl over extended temperature and pressure ranges are compared with the deductions from RRKM calculations. Quantitative fits of the data over the entire range are possible only if the external (overall) rotations are assumed to be involved in the reactions. Recommended rate constants for the reactions O + O2 + N2 O3 + N2 and OH + NO2 + N2 HNO3 + N2 are presented.
Communication: Direct measurements of nascent O(3P0,1,2) fine-structure distributions and branching ratios of correlated spin-orbit resolved product channels CO(ã3Π; v) + O(3P0,1,2) and CO(X̃Σ+1; v) + O(3P0,1,2) in VUV photodissociation of CO2

We present a generally applicable experimental method for the direct measurement of nascent spin-orbit state distributions of atomic photofragments based on the detection of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-excited autoionizing-Rydberg (VUV-EAR) states. The incorporation of this VUV-EAR method in the application of the newly established VUV-VUV laser velocity-map-imaging-photoion (VMI-PI) apparatus has made possible the branching ratio measurement for correlated spin-orbit state resolved product channels, CO(a(3)Π; v) + O((3)P0,1,2) and CO(X(1)Σ(+); v) + O((3)P0,1,2), formed by VUV photoexcitation of CO2 to the 4s(10 (1)) Rydberg state at 97,955.7 cm(-1). The total kinetic energy release (TKER) spectra obtained from the O(+) VMI-PI images of O((3)P0,1,2) reveal the formation of correlated CO(a(3)Π; v = 0-2) with well-resolved v = 0-2 vibrational bands. This observation shows that the dissociation of CO2 to form the spin-allowed CO(a(3)Π; v = 0-2) + O((3)P0,1,2) channel has no potential energy barrier. The TKER spectra for the spin-forbidden CO(X(1)Σ(+); v) + O((3)P0,1,2) channel were found to exhibit broad profiles, indicative of the formation of a broad range of rovibrational states of CO(X(1)Σ(+)) with significant vibrational populations for v = 18-26. While the VMI-PI images for the CO(a(3)Π; v = 0-2) + O((3)P0,1,2) channel are anisotropic, indicating that the predissociation of CO2 4s(10 (1)) occurs via a near linear configuration in a time scale shorter than the rotational period, the angular distributions for the CO(X(1)Σ(+); v) + O((3)P0,1,2) channel are close to isotropic, revealing a slower predissociation process, which possibly occurs on a triplet surface via an intersystem crossing mechanism.
Alteration of murine serum lipase activity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Abstract Applying a sensitive colorimetric method for serum lipase activity in murine serum, BALB/c were found to have high levels. By contrast. B6 mice and mice of several other strains studied showed low serum lipase activity. Selecting BALB/c and B6 mice for analysis, we studied the influence of genetic crossing and bone marrow transplantation to investigate mechanisms involved in control of serum lipase activity. Compared to BALB/c, F 1 hybrids of these two strains exhibited decreased serum lipase activity, as did B6 mice, suggesting that serum lipase levels may be genetically determined. High levels of serum lipase behaved as an apparent autosomal recessive trait; an autosomal codominant inheritance could not be ruled out, however. Bone marrow transplantation, using a method based on immunologic elimination of post-thymic cells to prevent graft-vs-host disease, showed that B 6→ BALB/c, B 6→ B 6, and BALB/c→ B 6 had low lipase levels, while BALB/c→ BALB/c had high lipase levels. These findings suggest that transplanted marrow cells can influence the level of serum lipase activity if the marrow comes from a donor bearing an apparent genetically dominant trait, even though bone marrow cells themselves, or their descendents, do not exhibit lipase activity or generate lipase.
Detoxified Endotoxin Vaccine (J5dLPS/OMP) Protects Mice Against Lethal Respiratory Challenge with Francisella tularensis SchuS4

Francisella tularensis is a category A select agent. J5dLPS/OMP is a novel vaccine construct consisting of detoxified, O-polysaccharide side chain-deficient, lipopolysaccharide non-covalently complexed with the outer membrane protein of N. meningitidis group B. Immunization elicits high-titer polyclonal antibodies specific for the highly-conserved epitopes expressed within the glycolipid core that constitutes gram-negative bacteria (e.g., F. tularensis). Mice immunized intranasally with J5dLPS/OMP exhibited protective immunity to intratracheal challenge with the live vaccine strain, as well as the highly-virulent SchuS4 strain, of F. tularensis. The efficacy of J5dLPS/OMP vaccine suggests its potential utility in immunizing the general population against several different gram-negative select agents concurrently.
A linear iterative algorithm for distributed sensor localization

This paper presents a distributed sensor localization algorithm with inter-sensor distance information in m-dimensional Euclidean space using only m + 1 anchors (sensors that know their exact locations). Under the assumption that the M sensors (with unknown locations) lie in the convex hull of the m + 1 anchors and the underlying network is connected, we derive a linear algorithm that employs barycentric coordinates and Cayley-Menger determinants. The algorithm is iterative and the iterations on each of the m coordinates (that describe the location of a sensor) are decoupled. The convergence of the algorithm is proved using the results from the theory of absorbing Markov processes. As the algorithm converges, the solution almost surely resides in the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors corresponding to the m+1 anchors. With the locations of these m + 1 anchors known, we achieve a unique solution in that subspace with respect to the locations of the anchors.
Hodgkin's disease and Vietnam service

Earlier studies that showed an association between exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of malignant lymphomas have sparked concerns among Vietnam veterans over Agent Orange exposure. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) undertook a hospital-based case-control study to examine the association between military service in Vietnam and several histologic types of malignant lymphomas. This is a report of 283 Vietnam-era veteran patients who were treated in one of 172 VA hospitals from 1969 to 1985 with a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease (HD). Four hundred and four Vietnam-era veteran patients with diagnosis other than malignant lymphoma served as a comparison group. Military service in Vietnam was not associated with any significant increase in the risk of HD (adjusted odds ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval = 0.94, 1.76). Surrogate measures of potential Agent Orange exposure such as service in a specific military branch, in a certain region within Vietnam, in a combat role, or extended Vietnam service time were not associated with any significant increased risk of HD.
Thermodynamic properties of vanadium

This work reviews and discusses the data and information on the various thermodynamic properties of vanadium available through March 1985. These include the heat capacity and enthalpy, enthalpy of melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. The existing data have been critically evaluated and analyzed, and the recommended values for heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy function covering the temperature range from 1 to 3800 K have been generated. These values are referred to temperatures based on IPTS-1968. The units used for various properties are joules per mole (J · mol−1). The estimated uncertainties in the heat capacity are ±3% below 15 K, ±10% from 15 to 150 K, ±3% from 150 to 298.15 K, ±2% from 298.15 to 1000 K, ±3% from 1000 to the melting point (2202 K), and ±5% in the liquid region.
EURO‐AMERICAN COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF AFRO‐AMERICANS

In race‐centered societies dominant racial populations create and maintain society through constructing collective representations of The Other Races. These collective representations of racial subordinates by the dominant are cultural commodities produced through typification and stereotypical processes and structures. They became powerful sources of socialization which institutionalize race‐centerness in societies through normalizing cultural interpretations of social and political stratification categories defined as races.
The "subdural" space: a new look at an outdated concept.

ABSTRACTTHIS REVIEW CONSIDERS the structure of the meninges, as seen at the electron microscopic level, with particular emphasis on the dura-arachnoid junction and whether a naturally occurring space is found at this interface. The classic view has been that a so-called subdural space is located bet
Experience with the adipofascial turn-over flap

Use of the adipofascial turn-over flap has been extended to cover such complex wounds of the extremities as defects over exposed joints and fracture sites. Experience with 10 consecutive cases and long-term follow-up confirmed that this flap is easy to plan and quick to raise, with minimum donor site morbidity and high success rate.
A quantitative method for identifying active contrasts in unreplicated factorial designs based on the half-normal plot

Abstract Normal or half-normal plots are often used to judge the significance of effect contrasts in unreplicated factorial or fractional factorial designs. Many quantitative procedures have also been proposed in recent literature to reduce the subjectivity of the graphical methods. In this paper we describe a new method for judging significance of effects that is both quantitative and graphical. The method consists of fitting a simple least-squares line and prediction limits to the half-normal probability plot. The rational for the statistic comes from recent papers by Lenth and Loh. This new method is a blend of Lenth's and Loh's method. It has the computational simplicity of Lenth's method with the graphical interpretation and increased power of Loh's method. We describe the calculations of this new statistic which is a supplement to the half-normal plot. We present a table of critical values for the statistic and show a simulation study to describe the power properties of the test. Finally, we present an example of the new technique using a data set from Box and Meyer. The new statistic developed in this paper is a powerful quantitative tool for reducing the subjectiveness of the half-normal plot in accessing the significance of effects in unreplicated designs. It can be computed simply with commands available in standard statistical program such as SAS, MINITAB or S-PLUS, and can be used graphically or numerically for more accuracy.
Spontaneous pushing to prevent postpartum urinary incontinence: a randomized, controlled trial

The risk for urinary incontinence can be 2.6-fold greater in women after pregnancy and childbirth compared with their never-pregnant counterparts, with the incidence increasing with parity. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence of de novo postpartum urinary incontinence in primiparous women is reduced with the use of spontaneous pushing alone or in combination with perineal massage compared with women who experienced traditional directed pushing for second-stage management. This was a prospective clinical trial enrolling and randomizing 249 women into a four-group design: (1) routine care with coached or directed pushing, (2) spontaneous self-directed pushing, (3) prenatal perineal massage initiated in the third trimester, and (4) the combination of spontaneous pushing plus perineal massage. Self-report of incontinence was assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA) models in 145 remaining women at 12 months postpartum using the Leakage Index, which is sensitive to minor leakage. No statistical difference in the incidence of de novo postpartum incontinence was found based on method of pushing (spontaneous/directed) (P value = 0.57) or in combination with prenatal perineal massage (P value = 0.57). Fidelity to pushing treatment of type was assessed and between-groups crossover detected. Spontaneous pushing did not reduce the incidence of postpartum incontinence experienced by women 1 year after their first birth due to high cross-over between randomization groups.
Flotation of hydrophobic contaminants from soil

Abstract Application of flotation for the removal of hydrophobic compounds from soils was studied. Bench scale flotation tests were conducted on artificially contaminated soil, using both a conventional mechanically agitated machine and a flotation column. Flotation parameters tested include collector type, conditioning time, flotation time, surfactant dosage, pulp pH, solid/liquid ratio in conditioning and pulp temperature. It was found that, with conventional flotation, 74% removal of the contaminant was achieved from soil particles in the range of 75–830 μm; with column flotation up to 80% of oil could be removed from the 250–830-μm soil fraction, and 65% from the 75–830-μm fraction. Flotation was found to have considerable potential for cleaning up contaminated soils.
Animal models of female pelvic organ prolapse: lessons learned

Pelvic organ prolapse is a vaginal protrusion of female pelvic organs. It has high prevalence worldwide and represents a great burden to the economy. The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, aberrant connective tissue, obesity, advancing age, vaginal delivery and other risk factors. Owing to the long course prior to patients becoming symptomatic and ethical questions surrounding human studies, animal models are necessary and useful. These models can mimic different human characteristics – histological, anatomical or hormonal, but none present all of the characteristics at the same time. Major animal models include knockout mice, rats, sheep, rabbits and nonhuman primates. In this article we discuss different animal models and their utility for investigating the natural progression of pelvic organ prolapse pathophysiology and novel treatment approaches.
Optical spectrophotometry of Wolf-Rayet galaxies

We have obtained long-slit optical spectra of 10 Wolf-Rayet galaxies and four other starburst galaxies. Using the nebular emission lines we have determined the electron temperatures, electron densities, extinctions, oxygen abundances, mass of ionized hydrogen, and numbers of ionizing photons due to hot stars in these galaxies. The various forbidden line ratios clearly indicate a stellar origin for the emission-line spectrum. From the flux of the broad He II 4686 A emission feature we have estimated the number of Wolf-Rayet stars present. We have accounted for the contribution of these stars to the total ionizing flux and have calculated the ratio of the number of these stars to the number of O stars. Wolf-Rayet galaxies are among the youngest examples of the starburst phenomenon, which we observed at a propitious moment.
The case against planning—the beloved community

“… the whole 1968 planning process is predicated on the false and untenable position of serving the public's interest by means of expert representation… false because in reality the public's interest is to plan, to mean something in the planning process, to be a master, not a servant, in the planning system.”
Late intrauterine Cytomegalovirus infection: Clinical and neuroimaging findings

Fetal Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in early pregnancy usually results in severe neurological handicap and sensorineural hearing loss with typical neuroradiological findings of calcification, migrational anomalies, disturbed myelination, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Infections acquired in late pregnancy have less prominent signs, such as microcephaly, hearing deficits, and minor neurological handicap. We report 7 children who presented with a similar clinical complex of signs: microcephaly, sensorineural hearing impairment, behavior problems with hyperactivity, reduced apprehension for pain in 5 of the 7, ataxia in 3, and hypotonia with clumsiness in 3 others. All manifested mild to severe developmental problems. Cranial CT revealed calcification in 4 of 6 patients. MRI in all 7 children showed patchy to confluent nonprogressive dysmyelination. Only 2 children had acute neonatal signs of congenital CMV infection. We assume that these children acquired CMV infection in the third trimester of gestation, leading to microcephaly, hearing loss, and neurological and developmental problems with typical neuroradiological signs.
A method for the determination of toxaphene in the presence of DDT.

The experienced residue analyst is quite familiar with the indecisive and continuum-type curve produced by the pesticide toxaphene (a mixture of compounds described as "chlorinated camphene") when it is analyzed by gas chromatography and the concomitant problems involved in the interpretation of the analytical results obtained from a sample of an agricultural commodity that may be suspected of containing excess quantities (above legal tolerance limits) of this pesticide. The problem is enhanced if other pesticides, such as DDT, are present in the same residue mixture and it becomes acute in regulatory laboratories where the time factor between the receipt of the market sample and the required report of the chemical analysis may be no greater than twenty-four hours.
The Declining First Amendment Rights of Government News Sources: How Garcetti v. Ceballos Threatens the Flow of Newsworthy Information

In Garcetti v. Ceballos, the Supreme Court of the United States held that public employees have no First Amendment protection against retaliation for speech they engage in pursuant to their job duties. A number of subsequent lower court decisions have upheld discipline of public employees for contact with journalists. Because the Supreme Court failed to clearly define “job duty” speech, lower court judges are struggling to determine what constitutes speech pursuant to job duties. The result is inconsistency and unpredictability than can only discourage government news sources from cooperating with journalists.
Isolation, partial purification and in vitro characterization of osteogenic inhibitory protein.

A noncollagenous protein has been extracted and partially purified from adult cortical hone. This protein copurifies with another bone matrix protein, bone morphogenetic protein, until treatment with nonionic detergents. Characterization of the biological activity of this new protein has demonstrated it to be a potent osteogenic inhibitor in vitro. The inhibitor antagonizes the chondrogenic activity of devitalized, demineralized bone matrix as well as the activity of soluble hone morphogenetic protein. Bone matrix induced collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis are both inhibited in the presence of various concentrations of the osteogenic inhibitory protein. Inhibition of collagen synthesis required the presence of osteogenic inhibitory protein from the initiation of the tissue culture while glycosaminoglycan synthesis could be inhibited at any stage of differentiation. We postulate that this osteogenic inhibitory protein is essential in normal homeostatic bone metabolism, perhaps acting directly on bone...
International aid and beekeeping: is it working?

Over the past decades international programmes to assist in the development of beekeeping have abounded. Funding has come from a wide variety of sources both public and private. (As an aside I was at first tempted to title this editorial ‘Aid and acronyms’ due to the breadth of sources that have provided fiscal support for beekeeping development.)
Black-white regional migration and the impact of education: a multinomial logit analysis.

This study investigates the demographic determinants of regional migration within the United States for the periods 1965–70 and 1975–80. Primary focus of the paper concerns racial differences in an individual's choice of destination region and the influence of educational attainment on this decision. Data used in the analysis are drawn from the United States census public-use microdata samples. Strong evidence is provided demonstrating that an individual's choice of destination region differs by race and that educational attainment has a significant impact on racial differences in the direction of regional migration. Moreover, racial selectivity and the influence of education is shown to be significantly different between time periods.
The general surgery workforce

Background The workforce in general surgery has been the subject of studies in 1975 and 1994, as has the input of residency program graduates, their subsequent subspecialization, and the retirement pattern of practicing general surgeons. This study analyzes the distribution of general surgeons in the United States. Data sources Certified general surgeons were identified from files of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). Included were general surgeons with no additional certificates except for Surgical Critical Care. Excluded were surgeons certified only by an osteopathic board, noncertified surgeons, retirees, missionaries, federal employees, and military surgeons. The Area Resource File of the Bureau of Health Professions was used to classify metropolitan and rural areas, and primary care health professions shortage areas (PC-HPSA). Conclusions General surgeons are well distributed in the various states. More general surgeons are located in metropolitan than in rural areas, and few general surgeons practice in counties in which the whole county is designated as a PC-HPSA. The ratio of general surgeons to the population is similar to that found in 1975.
Features of High Quality Discharge Planning for Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND Hospital discharge planning is required as a Medicare Condition of Participation (CoP), and is essential to the health and safety for all patients. However, there have been no studies examining specific hospital discharge processes, such as patient education and communication with primary care providers, in relation to hospital 30-day risk standardized mortality rates (RSMRs) for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).