cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rationalizing allocation data—a nonparametric Walrasian theory when prices are absent or non-Walrasian

Abstract In this paper we develop a nonparametric Walrasian theory for allocation data. We show, using the Tarski–Seidenberg Theorem, that for each such data set or social plan, there exist necessary and sufficient conditions on this data set to decide, whether it can be supported by prices. This demonstrates that the cooperative foundation of the Walrasian theory and the decentralization theory for social plans can be formulated independently of theoretical, unobservable notions. We state and prove these conditions for a Walrasian equilibrium of a two-agent, n -good economy with two observations on individual endowments and final consumptions. In doing so, we develop a general framework for deriving conditions on data sets in terms of linear programs that characterize utility-based solution concepts. Applying this framework, we extend the analysis to more agents and specialize to quasi-linearity.
Modeling radial filtration in squeeze flow of highly concentrated suspensions

Liquid-phase migration in highly concentrated suspensions undergoing constant-force squeeze flow is modeled numerically by taking into account the time and position dependence of the rheological properties due to changes in the volume fraction of solids. This is done by coupling the equation of motion for a non-Newtonian material that behaves approximately as a Bingham plastic with a continuity equation that includes diffusive flux. The developed model was first tested with experimental data and then used to study the effect of various parameters on liquid-phase migration.
Health outcomes in diabetics measured with Minnesota Community Measurement quality metrics

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to understand the relationship between optimal diabetes control, as defined by Minnesota Community Measurement (MCM), and adverse health outcomes including emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, 30-day rehospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 2009, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of empaneled Employee and Community Health patients with diabetes mellitus. We followed patients from 1 September 2009 until 30 June 2011 for hospitalization and until 5 January 2014 for mortality. Optimal control of diabetes mellitus was defined as achieving the following three measures: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol <100 mg/mL, blood pressure <140/90 mmHg, and hemoglobin A1c <8%. Using the electronic medical record, we assessed hospitalizations, ED visits, ICU stays, 30-day rehospitalizations, and mortality. The chi-square or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare those with and without optimal control. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the associations between optimal diabetes mellitus status and each outcome. RESULTS We identified 5,731 empaneled patients with diabetes mellitus; 2,842 (49.6%) were in the optimal control category. After adjustment, we observed that non-optimally controlled patients had higher risks for hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.23), ED visits (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.06-1.25), and mortality (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.09-1.53) than diabetic patients with optimal control. No differences were observed in ICU stay or 30-day rehospitalization. CONCLUSION Diabetic patients without optimal control had higher risks of adverse health outcomes than those with optimal control. Patients with optimal control defined by the MCM were associated with decreased morbidity and mortality.
Modeling the role of covalent enzyme modification in Escherichia coli nitrogen metabolism

In the bacterium Escherichia coli, the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) converts ammonium into the amino acid glutamine. GS is principally active when the cell is experiencing nitrogen limitation, and its activity is regulated by a bicyclic covalent modification cascade. The advantages of this bicyclic-cascade architecture are poorly understood. We analyze a simple model of the GS cascade in comparison to other regulatory schemes and conclude that the bicyclic cascade is suboptimal for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the free glutamine pool. Instead, we argue that the lag inherent in the covalent modification of GS slows the response to an ammonium shock and thereby allows GS to transiently detoxify the cell, while maintaining homeostasis over longer times.
Transmission of two viruses that cause Barley Yellow Dwarf is controlled by different loci in the aphid, Schizaphis graminum.

Clonal populations of the aphid, Schizaphis graminum, have been separated into biotypes based on host preference and their ability to overcome resistance genes in wheat. Recently, several biotypes were found to differ in their ability to transmit one or more of the viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf disease in grain crops, and vector competence was linked to host preference. The genetics of host preference has been studied in S. graminum, but how this may relate to the transmission of plant viruses is unknown. Sexual morphs of a vector and nonvector S. graminum genotype were induced from parthenogenetic females and reciprocal crosses made. Eighty-nine hybrids were generated and maintained by parthenogenesis. Each hybrid was evaluated for its ability to transmit Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV, and for its ability to colonize two wheat genotypes each expressing a different gene that confers resistance to S. graminum. The F1 genotypes were genetically variable for their ability to transmit virus and to colonize the aphid resistant wheat, but these traits were not genetically correlated. Individual F1 genotypes ranged in transmission efficiency from 0–100% for both viruses, although the overall mean transmission efficiency was similar to the transmission competent parent, indicating directional dominance. The direction of the cross did not significantly affect the vector competency for either virus, suggesting that maternally inherited cytoplasmic factors, or bacterial endosymbionts, did not contribute significantly to the inheritance of vector competency in S. graminum. Importantly, there was no genetic correlation between the ability to transmit Barley yellow dwarf virus and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV in the F1 genotypes. These results taken together indicate that multiple loci are involved in the circulative transmission, and that the successful transmission of these closely related viruses is regulated by different sets of aphid genes.
Ghrelin decreases motor deficits after traumatic brain injury

Background: Pharmacologic therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) has remained relatively unchanged for decades. Ghrelin, an endogenously produced peptide, has been shown to prevent apoptosis and blood-brain barrier dysfunction after TBI. We hypothesize that ghrelin treatment will prevent neuronal degeneration and improve motor coordination after TBI. Materials and methods: A weight drop model created severe TBI in three groups of BALB/c mice: Sham, TBI, and TBI þ ghrelin (20 mg intraperitoneal ghrelin). Brain tissue was examined by hematoxylin and eosin and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining to evaluate histologic signs of injury, cortical volume loss, and neuronal degeneration. Additionally, motor coordination was assessed. Results: Ghrelin treatment prevented volume loss after TBI (19.4 � 9.8 mm 3 versus 71.4 � 31.4 mm 3 ; P < 0.05). Similarly, although TBI increased FJBepositive neuronal degeneration, ghrelin treatment decreased FJB staining in TBI resulting in immunohistologic patterns similar to sham. Compared with sham, TBI animals had a significant increase in foot faults at d 1, 3, and 7 (2.75 � 0.42; 2.67 � 0.94; 3.33 � 0.69 versus 0.0 � 0.0; 0.17 � 0.19; 0.0 � 0.0; P < 0.001). TBI þ ghrelin animals had significantly decreased foot faults compared with TBI at d 1, 3, and 7 (0.42 � 0.63; 0.5 � 0.43; 1.33 � 0.58; P versus TBI <0.001; P versus sham ¼ NS). Conclusions: Ghrelin treatment prevented post-TBI cortical volume loss and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, ghrelin improved post-TBI motor deficits. The mechanisms of these effects are unclear; however, a combination of the anti-apoptotic and inflammatory modulatory effects of ghrelin may play a role. Further studies delineating the mechanism of these observed effects are warranted.
The Nature of Creation: Examining the Bible and Science

In a world dominated by a scientific understanding of reality, many view the Bible as irrelevant, especially to the truths of the natural world and the domain of scientific pursuits. This irrelevan...
The Use of a Tuning Fork and Stethoscope to Identify Fractures

Abstract Context: Nonradiographic tests to identify fractures rely on a patient's report of increased pain at the site of injury. These tests can be misleading and produce false-positive or false-n...
Editorial: Predicting the risk of barrett's esophagus: Does the BERET fit

Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux are the only commonly used criterion for endoscopic screening for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Recent research has elucidated multiple other risk factors for both EAC and Barrett's esophagus (BE). Utilization of these risk factors may allow for the selection of a screening population with a much higher pre-test probability of disease. A recently developed risk-prediction model for BE is a significant step in the right direction; however, further refinements in this model will likely be necessary to optimize utility. Our inability to prognosticate cancer risk in BE does temper enthusiasm for increasing the pool of patients under endoscopic surveillance for BE, and again highlights the need for better, cheaper, and more accurate means of stratifying cancer risk in BE.
Nutritionally-induced changes in hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression in rats.

We have used [32P]-labeled human and mouse IGF-I cDNA probes to identify three hepatic IGF-I transcripts (8.0, 1.8 and 1.1 kilobase) in rats and to quantify nutritionally-induced changes. During fasting, the major (8.0 kilobase) transcript descreased progressively after 6 h, and at 30 h was only 39% as abundant as in the nonfasted control. Refeeding animals fasted 24 h caused a marked rise in the 8.0-kb mRNA by 6 h, and an 18-fold increase at 30 rw The two minor transcripts also appeared to behave in a similar manner. Serum IGF-I concentrations paralleled levels of the major hepatic transcript during periods of both fasting and refeeding, verifying the central role of nutrition in growth regulation.
Determination of Duplex Doppler Ultrasound Criteria Appropriate to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial

Background and Purpose The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) demonstrated the benefit of carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic patients with ≥70% carotid stenosis. Screening for detection of significant carotid occlusive disease has relied on duplex Doppler imaging. However, traditional duplex categories (50% to 79%, 80% to 99%) are not directly applicable to NASCET. We sought to evaluate duplex criteria for determination of ≥70% carotid stenosis. Methods Duplex scans and arteriograms of 110 patients (210 carotids), performed within 1 month of each other, were reviewed by blinded readers. Arteriographic stenosis was determined by the NASCET method. Duplex measurements of peak systolic and end-diastolic velocity (PSV, EDV) were recorded, and ratios of velocities in the internal and common carotid arteries (ICA, CCA) were calculated. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), and accuracy were...
Convertible Bonds and Hedge Funds

The Wall Street Journal has reported that hedge funds might make up as much as 70% of the demand for convertible bonds. Most research on convertible bonds concentrates on the basic characteristics of the bonds, rather than their place as a component of a common stock portfolio. The hedge fund buyer of a convertible can hedge by selling short a non-convertible bond and selling a call option on the stock, or selling short some number of shares of the stock. The primary objective of the hedge fund is to realize gains, whether the stock price goes up or down. This is likely not to be possible for all possible prices. A hedge fund is an interesting investment alternative as a hedge of a common stock portfolio, when the hedge fund gains significantly with large stock price drops.
The effect of folic acid and folinic acid supplements on purine metabolism in methotrexate‐treated rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To determine if folinic acid supplementation during methotrexate (MTX) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reduces both urinary 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) and urinary adenosine excretion more than does folic acid supplementation. AICA and adenosine are markers for MTX interference with purine metabolism. Methods Forty patients with RA who received MTX for 6 weeks were randomized to receive either daily folic acid or folinic acid supplements during an additional week of MTX therapy. Colorimetric and radioimmunocompetition assays were used to measure 24-hour urinary AICA and adenosine excretion levels, respectively. Results At the end of 6 weeks, 24-hour urinary levels of AICA, but not adenosine, were elevated as compared with baseline levels (i.e., prior to MTX therapy). Folinic acid, but not folic acid, supplementation normalized urinary AICA levels during MTX therapy. Relatively high urinary levels of AICA were correlated with reduced disease activity. No similar correlations were seen with urinary adenosine levels. Conclusion The blockade of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by MTX at the AICA ribonucleotide transformylase–catalyzed step may be related to the efficacy of MTX, and this blockade is effectively relieved by folinic acid, but not by folic acid, supplementation.
Abstract 4531: INCB40093 is a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor with potent antiproliferative activity against human B-cell tumors

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) belong to a family of lipid signaling kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, giving rise to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 functions as a second messenger that controls a number of cellular processes, including growth, survival, adhesion and migration. The delta isoform of PI3K (PI3Kδ) plays an essential role in B-cell development and functions by mediating the signaling of key receptors on B cells including BCR, BAFF-R, IL-4R, CD40 and TLRs. In addition, increased malignant B cell proliferation and survival has been associated with aberrant activation of PI3Kδ, and data from recent clinical studies using idelalisib, a PI3Kδ specific inhibitor, indicate that the enzyme is a therapeutic target for the treatment of B cell lymphomas. INCB40093 is a novel, potent small molecule inhibitor of PI3Kδ with 74 to > 900-fold selectivity over the other PI3K family members. It also does not inhibit ( Citation Format: Niu Shin, Kathy Wang, Leslie Hall, Qian Wang, Gengjie Yang, Yanlong Li, Yun-Long Li, Maryanne Covington, Jordan Fridman, Robert Newton, Peggy Scherle. INCB40093 is a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor with potent antiproliferative activity against human B-cell tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4531. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4531
Women have a preference for their male partner to be HPV vaccinated.

Background Peer influence and social networking can change female adolescent and young adult behavior. Peer influence on preferences for male human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has not been documented. The primary aim of this study was to determine if women had preferences about male sexual partner HPV vaccination receipt.
Development and validation of a periarticular injection technique of the sacroiliac joint in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Sacroiliac joint osteoarthritis has been recognised as a significant cause of poor performance in competition and racehorses. Reliable diagnostic tools are currently lacking. The diagnosis has been based typically on exclusion of other possible causes of poor performance, back pain and hindlimb lameness. Objectives: To develop a safe, reliable and minimally invasive periarticular or intra-articular injection technique of potential use for diagnosis and therapy of sacroiliac joint disease in horses. Methods: Twenty-six horses were used to develop and assess a medial approach to the sacroiliac joint with a 15 gauge, 25 cm long spinal needle. In Part I, the cadaveric study, the spinal needle was introduced cranial to the contralateral tuber sacrale and advanced along the medial aspect of the ipsilateral iliac wing until the dorsal surface of the sacrum was encountered. One ml methylene blue (MB) was injected in both sacroiliac joint regions of the sacropelvic specimens. The location of MB-stained tissues relative to the sacroiliac joints was recorded after dissection and disarticulation of the sacroiliac joint. In Part II, the in vivo study, 18 horses were used to validate the in vivo application of the sacroiliac joint injection technique. Horses were restrained in stocks and sedated in preparation for needle placement. One ml MB was injected bilaterally prior to euthanasia. Stained tissues were identified and recorded at necropsy. Successful joint injections were characterised as having MB located intra-articularly or ≤2 cm periarticularly from the sacroiliac joint margin and localised to the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint. Results: Intra-articular MB was not observed in any specimen. However, MB-stained tissue was identified periarticularly in all injection sites (n = 48). Based on the predetermined success criteria, 96% of the methylene blue depots were located at the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint. Dye-stained tissue was located ≤2 cm from the sacroiliac joint margins in 88% of the specimens. Median distance of the MB from the sacroiliac joint margins was 1.0 cm (range 0.2–3.8 cm). The overall success rate considering both location and distance of the MB-stained tissue relative to sacroiliac joint margins was 83% (40 of 48 joints). Conclusions: The injection technique provides a reliable, easy to perform and consistent access to the medial periarticular aspect of the sacroiliac joint. Potential relevance: The described injection technique has the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the medical management of equine sacroiliac joint disease. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and potential adverse effects.
Spin: a photography turntable system for creating animated documentation

While project documentation can help young Makers showcase their learning, prototyping skills, and creativity, motivating documentation practices has remained a challenge. Current tools for photographing projects are often disruptive to the flow of creating a design project, and compiling documentation into a readable and sharable format can be time consuming. To address these issues, I introduce Spin, a photography turntable system for creating animated documentation. Spin consists of a motorized turntable that pairs with a mobile device to capture 360-degree views of a DIY project at a particular point in time. These photographs are compiled into an animation of the project called a spin. As a project is developed over time, spin animations are compiled into a set animation showcasing the evolution of the project. This paper describes the motivation for creating the Spin system, its current implementation, and a planned pilot study involving introducing the system to several Makerspaces across the United States for extended use.
Metabolism of propionate, glucose, and carbon dioxide as affected by exogenous glucose in dairy cows at energy equilibrium.

Abstract In vivo kinetic techniques were used to quantify changes in metabolism of propionate, glucose, and blood CO 2 when glucose was infused intravenously at 0, 342. or 737 g/d into four lactating cows. Neither production of milk or milk fat nor composition of milk was changed. Production of milk protein increased for the high glucose treatment. Isotope dilution data were used lo calculate irreversible losses of rumen propionate, plasma glucose, and blood CO 2 and to determine a unique solution for flux of C in this three-pool system. Irreversible losses of propionate and CO 2 were not changed. Infusions of glucose increased irreversible loss of glucose in proportion to amounts infused, thus indicating there was no change in endogenous production of glucose. For the control, 52% of the C flux of blood glucose was derived directly from rumen propionate and another 26% came from other gluconeogenic substrates. Flux of C into glucose from exogenous sources increased in proportion to amounts of glucose infused. Flux of C from rumen propionate remained constant. The rate of C leaving the glucose pool, other than as CO 2 , tended to increase with infusion of glucose, and oxidation of glucose tended to increase for the high glucose treatment. High producing cows adjusted to increased exogenous glucose by increasing glucose utilization and without decreasing endogenous glucose production.
The online discussion board

Discussion boards have the unique capacity to support higher-order constructivist learning and the development of a learning community, This chapter provides ten conditions that support the effective use of an online discussion.
Relationship between Mecp2 and NFκb signaling during neural differentiation of P19 cells

The pluripotent P19 embryo carcinoma cell line was studied to determine a signaling pathway regulating MeCP2 expression. P19 cells were induced to differentiate into neurons by RA and express β-III tubulin at one day after induction and synaptophysin by 7 days. MeCP2 was first observed after β-III tubulin expression was detected and continued to rise over the course of differentiation. Both Mecp2 e1 and e2 mRNA forms progressively increased in differentiating cells. MeCP2 expression was increased by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in early differentiating cells, which was blocked by NFκB inhibitors. TNF did not increase MeCP2 expression in naive cells. Moreover, TNF did not increase NFκB reporter gene activity in naive cells even though increases were observed in early differentiating cells. The protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased MeCP2 expression in naive P19 cells, which was also blocked by NFκB inhibitors. Interestingly, PMA increased NFκB reporter gene activity in naive cells. Finally, PMA, but not TNF, induced IκBα degradation in naive P19 cells. Taken together, our data indicates that MeCP2 expression is regulated in part by signaling pathways involving NFκB.
Circularization changes the folding transition state of the src SH3 domain

Abstract Native state topology has been implicated as a major determinant of protein-folding mechanisms. Here, we test experimentally the robustness of the src SH3-domain folding transition state to changes in topology by covalently constraining regions of the protein with disulfide crosslinks and then performing kinetic analysis on point mutations in the context of these modified proteins. Circularization (crosslinking the N and C termini) of the src SH3 domain makes the protein topologically symmetric and causes delocalization of structure in the transition state ensemble suggesting a change in the folding mechanism. In contrast, crosslinking a single structural element (the distal β-hairpin) which is an essential part of the transition state, results in a protein that folds 30 times faster, but does not change the distribution of structure in the transition state. As the transition states of distantly related SH3 domains were previously found to be very similar, we conclude that the free energy landscape of this protein family contains deep features which are relatively insensitive to sequence variations but can be altered by changes in topology.
Behaviour of carbon fiber reinforced cement composites in direct tension

Abstract The effect of carbon fibers on the tensile strength of cement paste matrix was experimentally and analytically investigated. The tensile strength values were obtained using the cementitious composites axial tensile technique (CCATT) [1,2]. The addition of 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 volume percent of polyacrylonitrite-based (PAN) carbon fiber to a cement matrix results in an increase in the uniaxial tensile strength of 32, 42, 48 and 56 percent, respectively. A predictive model based on the rule of mixtures is developed. The model accounts for the tensile strength of composites with short and randomly dispersed carbon fibers. In addition, the developed equation of the tensile strength accounts for the orientation and the length of fibers, the specimen geometry and the effectiveness of the reinforcement with increasing fiber content. The developed constitutive model compares satisfactorily with experimental results and it can be used as a practical tool for approximating the tensile strength of CFRC composites.
Mutations in G Protein-Linked Receptors: Novel Insights on Disease

David E. Clapham Department of Pharmacology Mayo Foundation Rochester, Minesota 55905 The importance and versatility of the G protein-linked re- ceptors have once again been demonstrated, this time by explaining the poor control of serum Ca*+ in two related diseases involving a recently cloned Ca2+-sensing recep- tor (Pollak et al., 1993). The G protein-linked receptors couple extracellular signals as diverse as single photons, odorants, peptides, small molecules, proteases, and now even ions to a relatively small number of intracellular sec- ond messenger pathways. Using expression in Xenopus oocytes, Brown et al. (1993) cloned a Ca*+-sensing G pro- tein-linked receptor, dubbed the bovine parathyroid Ca2+- sensing receptor (BoPCaRl). The receptor senses the level of freeCa2+ in the blood (normally 1.2-l .3 mM ionized serum Ca*+) and triggers a ubiquitous signal transduction pathway that elevates, ironically, intracellular Ca*+. The Brown et al. (1993) evidence suggests that this 1085 amino acid membrane protein is in a class of putative seven trans- membrane-spanning structures that activate the phospho- tidylinositol pathway through G proteins (Figure 1). The exact set of steps the receptor regulates in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion has not been determined, but receptor activation presumably elevates intracellular Ca*+ to inhibit secretion of PTH from the parathyroid gland. Pollak et al. (1993 [this issue of Cell]) show that two related diseases, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism, are due to muta- tions in the human homolog of BoPCaRl. Familial hypo- calciuric hypercalcemia is an autosomal dominant con- dition in which individuals have moderate elevations of serum Ca2+, low excretion of urinary Ca*+, and inappropri- ately normal PTH levels. Familial hypocalciuric hypercal-
Impact of a clinical preventive medicine curriculum for primary care faculty: results of a dissemination model.

Abstract Background. This study was designed to test a dissemination model for providing clinical preventive medicine (CPM) training to general internal medicine faculty across the United States. Methods. The model incorporated direct instruction of a few faculty as seminar facilitators who, in turn, taught a CPM curriculum to their faculty colleagues, who then could teach it to housestaff and students. The CPM curriculum consisted of six seminars that focused primarily on the risk factors for chronic diseases and on behavior change methods for modifying smoking, diet, and exercise. Results. Faculty who participated in the seminars had significant pre- to post-test increase in knowledge and reported self-efficacy to implement CPM strategies with patients, as well as changes in CPM clinical practices. These faculty, in turn, successfully disseminated CPM information to their housestaff, who also had increases in self-efficacy and changed clinical practices regarding CPM topics. Conclusions. The successful implementation of the dissemination model attests to its viability as a mechanism for disseminating CPM curricula and increasing the emphasis on CPM issues in both clinical teaching and clinical encounters with patients.
SS-FM: A Telemetry Technique for Wide-Band Data

A telemetry technique is discussed which promises to alleviate an enigma facing the telemetry engineer: How to adequately transmit the avalanche of vibration and other wide-band data desired in the development phase of large missiles and launch vehicles. The data channels are stacked in the frequency spectrum as single-sideband subcarriers which frequency-modulate the RF carrier. The system design utilizes to advantage the statistical properties of vibration data to achieve maximum data transmission efficiency from the available RF carrier deviation. However, in contrast to proposed statistical predigestion techniques, the data is transmitted in raw form. The background and philosophy of the technique is given, followed by a general description of the SS-FM vehicle and ground telemetry equipment utilized in the Saturn vehicle program and a summary of system characteristics and performance.
COMPUTERIZED FLUOROSCOPY TECHNIQUES FOR NON-INVASIVE CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING.

A number of methods for visualizing the cardiovascular system of dogs and humans in real time have been developed and are grouped under the heading computerized fluoroscopy. Such techniques provide images capable of high contrast sensitivity and moderate spatial resolution (~ 1 mm). A standard image intensifier - television chain used in connection with a Lpecially constructed digital video image processor (V.I.P.) is capable of producing contrast enhanced difference images at rates up to 60/second. Such difference images can isolate small concentrations of iodine which have been administered intravenously through peripheral veins. Such non-invasive techniques have been used to visualize: 1) The carotid arteries and fine structures in dogs and humans at typical rates of 2 per second, and 2) the heart chambers of both dogs and humans at typical display rates of 15-60 per second. For such studies 0.6-1.0 gms (Iodine)/kg (body mass) have provided excellent visualization of the cardiac chamber dynamics.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
12-month follow-up outcomes for youth departing an integrated residential continuum of care

This study examined the 12-month post-departure outcomes for youth who exited a residential treatment program at differing levels of restrictiveness. Study participants were 120 youth who entered an integrated residential continuum of care at its most restrictive level and then either departed the program at the same level or stepped down and departed at a lower level of restrictiveness. Results indicate that youth who stepped down and exited at the lowest level of restrictiveness were the most likely to be living at home or in a homelike setting and experienced fewer formal post-departure out-of-home placements. However, there were no differences in post-departure rates of substance use, arrests, or being in school or having graduated. These results suggest that youth who were served in the integrated continuum and departed at the lowest level of restrictiveness had more positive outcomes at 12-month post-discharge.
The Science Journalist and Early Popular Magazine Coverage of Nuclear Energy

This article is a sample of science and technology stories about the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, drawn principally from popular magazines which reported nuclear news in the 1940s and 1950s. It...
Technologic innovations in surgery: a philosophic reflection on their impact on operations for cancer.

Technologic advances this past half-century have clearly had a positive effect on our ability to both diagnose and treat human cancer as well as on the operative treatment of other diseases. However, the impact of these innovations on the surgical treatment of cancer is not as clear as it is for many other problems that are managed surgically. This review is an “opinion piece” that attempts to assess the successes and failures of technologic innovations that have been introduced for the purpose of improving the operative treatment of cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:163–168. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neural tube-derived factors influence differentiation of neural crest cells in vitro: Effects on activity of neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes☆

Previously, we have demonstrated that a factor present in chick embryo extract or medium conditioned by neural tube cells supports adrenergic differentiation of some neural crest cells in vitro. These studies have been extended here to examine the effects of this factor(s) on the development of enzymes involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The time course of expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a marker for cholinergic cells, and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), a marker for adrenergic cells, was examined in neural crest cell cultures grown under three conditions: (1) in medium containing 10% embryo extract, (2) in medium containing 2% embryo extract, and (3) in medium containing 2% embryo extract that was conditioned by neural tube cells (NTCM). Significant levels of DBH activity were measured in neural crest cell cultures grown in 10% embryo extract containing medium or in NTCM, while only low levels were present in cultures grown in medium containing 2% embryo extract. In contrast, ChAT activity was inhibited by NTCM in comparison to levels in both 10 and 2% embryo extract containing medium. As a preliminary characterization of the factor(s) present in chick embryo extract, we have fractionated embryo extract and find that a pool of 10 kDa or less can support adrenergic differentiation of some neural crest cells. These results suggest that low molecular weight factors present in embryo extract and NTCM support adrenergic expression of neural crest cells, whereas NTCM suppresses cholinergic expression.
A relation-checking algorithm for maintenance of rule-based systems

Abstract A representation for a complex knowledge base is proposed. This representation is used to define the relations that may exist between a pair of rules. The relations defined are cause-effect, mutual exclusion, redundancy, conflict, subsumption, implication and unnecessary condition. An algorithm to detect these relations is presented. An example of the application of this algorithm to a power system problem is given.
The Impact of Child Protective Service Training: A Longitudinal Study of Workers' Job Performance, Knowledge, and Attitudes:

A longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the impact of an entry-level training program on caseworkers'performance, knowledge, and attitudes. The skill competencies of 152 trainees were compared to a random sample of 51 caseworkers who did not participate in such training. Pre- and post-training results of knowledge tests and attitudinal measures were analyzed. Improved skill levels were found within both training and nontraining groups across time. Trainees did better on knowledge tests, and their perceived knowledge levels were significantly higher after training. Significant improvements were found in trainees' perceptions of ethnic awareness and value of family preservation. The 3-month training with a field practice compo nent has been perceived as helpful m prepanng caseworkers for child protective service (CPS) tasks. Caseworkers'knowledge, skills, and attitudes improved after training, but there still is no statistical evidence to indicate that the trained workers performed better than the un...
A unified description of localization for application to large-scale tectonics

[1] Localized regions of deformation such as faults and shear zones are ubiquitous in the Earth's lithosphere. However, we lack a simple unified framework of localization that is independent of the mechanism or scale of localization. We address this issue by introducing the effective stress exponent, ne, a parameter that describes how a material responds to a local perturbation of an internal variable being tested for localization. The value of ne is based on micromechanics. A localizing regime has a negative ne, indicating a weakening behavior, and localization is stronger for more negative 1/ne. We present expressions for the effective stress exponent associated with several mechanisms that trigger localization at large scale: brittle failure with loss of cohesion, elastoplasticity, rate- and state-dependent friction, shear heating, and grain-size feedback in ductile rocks. In most cases, localization does not arise solely from the relation between stress and deformation but instead requires a positive feedback between the rheology and internal variables. Brittle mechanisms (failure and friction) are generally described by ne of the order of −100. Shear heating requires an already localized forcing, which could be provided by a brittle fault at shallower levels of the lithosphere. Grain size reduction, combined with a transition from dislocation to diffusion creep, leads to localization only if the grain size departs significantly from its equilibrium value, because either large-scale flow moves rocks through different thermodynamic environments or new grains are nucleated. When shear heating or grain-size feedback produce localization, 1/ne can be extremely negative and can control lithospheric-scale localization.
Changing distribution of the black population: Florida cities, 1970-1980.

Changes in segregation and the spatial distribution of the urban black population of Florida are examined using U.S. census data for 1970 and 1980. The author notes that the urban black population in Florida increased rapidly in numbers over the course of the 1970s. Although a degree of segregation caused primarily by economic factors persists a trend toward more residential integration is noted. (ANNOTATION)
Off-label uses of biologics in dermatology: Rituximab, omalizumab, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, efalizumab, and alefacept (Part 2 of 2)

Recently, dermatologists have witnessed a revolution in our therapeutic armamentarium with the development of several novel biologic immunomodulators. Although psoriasis remains the only condition in dermatology for which the use of biologic immunomodulators has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, these drugs have the potential to significantly impact the treatment of several inflammatory conditions in dermatology. This article includes a review of the mechanism of action, dosing, and side-effect profile, as well as a review of the current literature on off-label uses of the CD20-positive B-cell antagonist rituximab, the IgE antagonist omalizumab, the tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab, and the T-cell response modifiers efalizumab and alefacept.
Predicting interpersonal attraction toward strangers presented in three different stimulus modes

Attraction toward a stranger is a positive linear function of the proportion of his responses to an attitude scale which are similar to those of the S. Though various experimenters have utilized different stimulus modes for presenting the stranger, the effects of such stimulus differences have not been systematically compared nor has the linear function been demonstrated to be generalized across conditions. Ss were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which a stranger was either depicted in a sound 8mm color movie, recorded on tape, or represented by responses on a mimeographed attitude scale. After learning 12 of the stranger’s opinions, Ss were asked to evaluate him. In all three stimulus modes, attraction was found to be a function of proportion of similar attitudes, with no significant differences attributable to conditions. A straight-line function was fitted to the data, yielding the formula Y = 6.74X + 5.06. This finding adds to the generality of the attitude-attraction relationship and also provides a methodological improvement.
Measurements of generation‐recombination effect by low‐frequency phase‐noise technique in AlGaN/GaN MOSHFETs

Generation-recombination processes in AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MOSHFETs) with HfAlO gate dielectric has been investigated through low-frequency phase-noise. Some devices tested exhibited noise spectra deviating from the well-known (1/fγ)spectrum. These devices showed broad peaks attributed to generation-recombination (GR) in the noise-spectral-density vs. frequency plots, which shifted toward higher frequencies at elevated temperatures. The unannealed and annealed MOSHFETs exhibited trap energy values as 0.22 eV and 0.11 eV at drain bias values of 6.3 V and 10 V, respectively. We also monitored the effect of source-drain bias on the excess GR noise. The time constant of the traps decreased from 16.7 ms to 2.1 ms as we increased the VDS from 10 V to 18 V for the annealed devices. This effect can be explained by the potential barrier lowering (Frenkel-Poole effect) of the traps by electric field (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A joint model of binary and longitudinal data with non-ignorable missingness, with application to marital stress and late-life major depression in women

Understanding how long-term marital stress affects major depressive disorder (MDD) in older women has clinical implications for the treatment of women at risk. In this paper, we consider the problem of predicting MDD in older women (mean age 60) from a marital stress scale administered four times during the preceding 20-year period, with a greater dropout by women experiencing marital stress or MDD. To analyze these data, we propose a Bayesian joint model consisting of: (1) a linear mixed effects model for the longitudinal measurements, (2) a generalized linear model for the binary primary endpoint, and (3) a shared parameter model for the missing data mechanism. Our analysis indicates that MDD in older women is significantly associated with higher levels of prior marital stress and increasing marital stress over time, although there is a generally decreasing trend in marital stress. This is the first study to propose a joint model for incompletely observed longitudinal measurements, a binary primary endp...
The dedicated high-resolution grazing-incidence X-ray scattering beamline 8-ID-E at the Advanced Photon Source

As an increasingly important structural-characterization technique, grazing-incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) has found wide applications for in situ and real-time studies of nanostructures and nanocomposites at surfaces and interfaces. A dedicated beamline has been designed, constructed and optimized at beamline 8-ID-E at the Advanced Photon Source for high-resolution and coherent GIXS experiments. The effectiveness and applicability of the beamline and the scattering techniques have been demonstrated by a host of experiments including reflectivity, grazing-incidence static and kinetic scattering, and coherent surface X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The applicable systems that can be studied at 8-ID-E include liquid surfaces and nanostructured thin films.
Inappropriate experimental designs impede progress in bioacoustic research: A reply

Reponse a un article critique sur les problemes poses par les experimentations de restitutions d'emissions sonores
A unified modeling and solution framework for combinatorial optimization problems

Combinatorial optimization problems are often too complex to be solved within reasonable time limits by exact methods, in spite of the theoretical guarantee that such methods will ultimately obtain an optimal solution. Instead, heuristic methods, which do not offer a convergence guarantee, but which have greater flexibility to take advantage of special properties of the search space, are commonly a preferred alternative. The standard procedure is to craft a heuristic method to suit the particular characteristics of the problem at hand, exploiting to the extent possible the structure available. Such tailored methods, however, typically have limited usefulness in other problems domains.
Evidence of indirect spin–spin coupling in crystalline and glassy As–chalcogen compounds

Abstract Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) studies on crystalline and glassy As–S/Se compounds reveal that the spin echo intensities as a function of pulse separation in the Hahn echo sequence exhibit oscillations superimposed on an exponential decay, given by the spin–spin relaxation time, T2. We have conducted systematic investigations of the nature of these T2 oscillations in glassy and crystalline As2S3 and As2Se3. T2 oscillations in c-As2S3 at 71.94 MHz are of the order of a kHz. T2 oscillations were also observed in glassy As2S3 and As2Se3. We will present calculations of indirect spin coupling between inequivalent As atoms to explain the nature of the T2 oscillations in glassy and crystalline As2S3 and As2Se3.
The Benefits of Gainsharing Programs in a Not-for-Profit Setting

ABSTRACT Times are changing for not-for-profit corporations. Rapid growth of the not-for-profit sector, coupled with corporate downsizing, has created increased competition for funds and volunteers. Not-for-profit organizations must work “smarter and harder” to keep even with past performance. Organizations desiring growth must become more aggressive. Gainsharing is a new concept in the not-for-profit sector. The rules for gainsharing are presented and successful approaches for gainsharing plans are identified.
Participation of Rab5, an Early Endosome Protein, in Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Machinery

Like most positive-strand RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is believed to replicate its genome on the surface of rearranged membranes. We have shown previously that HCV NS4AB, but not the product NS4B, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi protein traffic (K. V. Konan, T. H. Giddings, Jr., M. Ikeda, K. Li, S. M. Lemon, and K. Kirkegaard, J. Virol. 77:7843-7855). However, both NS4AB and NS4B can induce "membranous web" formation, first reported by Egger et al. (D. B Egger, R. Gosert, L. Bianchi, H. E. Blum, D. Moradpour, and K. Bienz, J. Virol. 76:5974-5984), which is also observed in HCV-infected cells (Y. Rouille, F. Helle, D. Delgrange, P. Roingeard, C. Voisset, E. Blanchard, S. Belouzard, J. McKeating, A. H. Patel, G. Maertens, T. Wakita, C. Wychowski, and J. Dubuisson, J. Virol. 80:2832-2841) and cells that bear a subgenomic NS5A-green fluorescent protein (GFP) replicon (D. Moradpour, M. J. Evans, R. Gosert, Z. Yuan, H. E. Blum, S. P. Goff, B. D. Lindenbach, and C. M. Rice, J. Virol. 78:7400-7409). To determine the intracellular origin of the web, we examined NS4B colocalization with endogenous cellular markers in the context of the full-length or subgenomic replicon. We found that, in addition to ER markers, early endosome (EE) proteins, including Rab5, were associated with web-inducing protein NS4B. Furthermore, an immunoisolated fraction containing NS4B was found to contain both ER and EE proteins. Using fluorescence microscopy, we showed that wild-type and constitutively active Rab5 proteins were associated with NS4B. Interestingly, expression of dominant-negative Rab5 resulted in significant loss of GFP fluorescence in NS5A-GFP replicon cells. We also found that a small reduction in Rab5 protein expression decreased HCV RNA synthesis significantly. Furthermore, transfection of labeled Rab5 small interfering RNAs into NS5A-GFP replicon cells resulted in a significant decrease in GFP fluorescence. Finally, Rab5 protein was found to coimmunoprecipitate with HCV NS4B. These studies suggest that EE proteins, including Rab5, may play a role in HCV genome replication or web formation.