cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating the insertion reactions of (NHC)Cu-H via remote ligand functionalization.

Most ligand designs for reactions catalyzed by (NHC)Cu–H (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene ligand) have focused on introducing steric bulk near the Cu center. Here, we evaluate the effect of remote ligand modification in a series of [(NHC)CuH]2 in which the para substituent (R) on the N-aryl groups of the NHC is Me, Et, tBu, OMe or Cl. Although the R group is distant (6 bonds away) from the reactive Cu center, the complexes have different spectroscopic signatures. Kinetics studies of the insertion of ketone, aldimine, alkyne, and unactivated α-olefin substrates reveal that Cu–H complexes with bulky or electron-rich R groups undergo faster substrate insertion. The predominant cause of this phenomenon is destabilization of the [(NHC)CuH]2 dimer relative to the (NHC)Cu–H monomer, resulting in faster formation of Cu–H monomer. These findings indicate that remote functionalization of NHCs is a compelling strategy for accelerating the rate of substrate insertion with Cu–H species.
Back to Our Future: Text Analytics Insights

Abstract–Each year, the Journal of the American Statistical Association (ASA) publishes the presidential address from the Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM). Here, we present the 2020 address verbati...
The Wolbachia CinB Nuclease is Sufficient for Induction of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility

Wolbachiaare obligate intracellular bacteria that can alter reproduction of their arthropod hosts, often through a mechanism called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, uninfected females fertilized by infected males yield few offspring, but if both are similarly infected, normal embryo viability results (called rescue). CI factors (Cifs) responsible for CI are pairs of proteins encoded by linked genes. The downstream gene in each pair encodes either a deubiquitylase (CidB) or a nuclease (CinB). The upstream gene products, CidA and CinA, bind their cognate enzymes with high specificity. Expression of CidB or CinB in yeast inhibits growth, but growth is rescued by expression of the cognate CifA protein. By contrast, transgenic Drosophila male germline expression of both cifAand cifBwas reported to be necessary to induce CI-like embryonic arrest; cifAexpression alone in females is sufficient for rescue. This pattern, seen with genes from several Wolbachiastrains, has been called the 2-by-1 model. Here we show male germline expression of the cinBgene alone, from a distinct clade of cifgenes from wNoWolbachia, is sufficient to induce nearly complete loss of embryo viability. This male sterility is fully rescued by cognate cinAwNoexpression in the female germline. The proteins behave similarly in yeast. CinBwNotoxicity depends on its nuclease active site. These results demonstrate that highly divergent CinB nucleases can induce CI, that rescue by cognate CifA factors is a general feature of WolbachiaCI systems, and that CifA is not required in males for CI induction.
Sense and Nonsense of Statistical Inference: Controversy: Misuse, and Subtlety

Part 1 Fads and fallacies in hypothesis testing: examples - the t-test a two-stage test-of-significance more examples - a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test mechanical application of statistical tests data snooping an appreciation of non-significant results type I and type II errors - for decision making type I and type II errors - for general scientists. Part 2 Quasi-inferential statistics: randomness or chaos? Hume's problem unobservables, semi-unobservables and grab sets is statistics a science? grab sets and quasi-inferential statistics concluding remarks - quasi- and pseudo-inferential statistics. Part 3 Statistical causality and law-like relationships: sense and nonsense in causal inference - examples Rubin's model and controlled experiments Rubin's model and observational studies causal inference in sample survey and other observational studies causes, indicators and latent variables. Part 4 Amoeba regression and time-series models: discovering causal structure - science now can be easily cloned regression and time-series analysis - science or lunacy? (part I) regression and time-series analysis - science or lunacy? (part II) regression and time-series analysis - science or lunacy? (part III) statistical correlation versus physical causation. Part 5 A critical eye and an appreciative mind toward subjective knowledge: the sorry state of statistical evaluation - a case study in educational research modeling interaction effects - a case study from the social-behavioural sciences. Part 6 On objectivity, subjectivity and probability: statistical justification of scientific knowledge and scientific philosophy classical probability, common sense and a strange view of nature intuition and subjective knowledge in action - the Bayes theorem (and its misuse) Bayesian time-series analysis and E. T. (extra time-series) judgment a pursuit of information beyond the data in randomized and nonrandomized studies women and love - a case study in qualitative/quantitative analysis. Part 7 A delicate balance between order and chaos: reliability order within chaos - heartbeats, brainwaves, simulated annealing and the fiddling of a system. Part 8 The riddle of the ubiquitous statistics: information and misinformation statistical quality control and the conflicting teachings of Q.C. Gurus. Epilogue - toward a new perspective on statistical inference.
The Prism of Grammar: How Child Language Illuminates Humanism

Exploring the creativity of mind through children's language: how the tiniest utterances can illustrate the simple but abstract principles behind modern grammar-and reveal the innate structures of the mind. Every sentence we hear is instantly analyzed by an inner grammar; just as a prism refracts a beam of light, grammar divides a stream of sound, linking diverse strings of information to different domains of mind-memory, vision, emotions, intentions. In The Prism of Grammar, Tom Roeper brings the abstract principles behind modern grammar to life by exploring the astonishing intricacies of child language. Adult expressions provide endless puzzles for the child to solve. The individual child's solutions ("Don't uncomfortable the cat" is one example) may amuse adults but they also reveal the complexity of language and the challenges of mastering it. The tiniest utterances, says Roeper, reflect the whole mind and engage the child's free will and sense of dignity. He offers numerous and novel "explorations"-many at the cutting edge of current work-that anyone can try, even in conversation around the dinner table. They elicit how the child confronts "recursion"-the heartbeat of grammar-through endless possessives ("John's mother's friend's car"), mysterious plurals, contradictory adjectives, the marvels of ellipsis, and the deep obscurity of reference ("there it is, right here"). They are not tests of skill; they are tools for discovery and delight, not diagnosis. Each chapter on acquisition begins with a commonsense look at how structures work-moving from the simple to the complex-and then turns to the literary and human dimensions of grammar. One important human dimension is the role of dialect in society and in the lives of children. Roeper devotes three chapters to the structure of African-American English and the challenge of responding to linguistic prejudice. Written in a lively style, accessible and gently provocative, The Prism of Grammar is for parents and teachers as well as students-for everyone who wants to understand how children gain and use language-and anyone interested in the social, philosophical, and ethical implications of how we see the growing mind emerge.
Electron demagnetization and heating in quasi‐perpendicular shocks

[1] Field and plasma measurements made during a quasi-perpendicular terrestrial bow shock crossing by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) E spacecraft on 21 August 2010 show that the measured electric field, being as great as 300 mV/m in the ramp, produced potential fluctuations over an electron gyrodiameter, which were as much as 15 times greater than the electron temperature. This fact requires that the electrons were unmagnetized in the ramp as a result of being scattered many times in a single gyroperiod by the fluctuating electric field. Supporting observations include the facts that the perpendicular electron heating and the parallel electron heating were equal in magnitude and simultaneous in time within experimental uncertainties and a factor of about five smaller than expected for perpendicular adiabatic heating of magnetized electrons. The conclusion that the electrons were unmagnetized is generalized through observations of 70 bow shock crossings on THEMIS and 140 shock crossings on Cluster to conclude that electrons are at least frequently unmagnetized in shock ramps such that their trajectories are more random than adiabatic and that they are energized during their chaotic traversal of the shock by the cross-shock quasi-DC electric field in the Normal Incidence Frame.
Semantic desensitization: A paradigmatic intervention approach to anxiety disorders

Studied the effectiveness of semantic desensitization in alleviating public speaking anxiety. Thirty speech-anxious clients, matched on the severity of their problem, were assigned randomly to one of the following treatment conditions: (a) semantic desensitization; (b) attention placebo; and (c) waiting list control. The semantic desensitization group received a self-instructional, anticipatory-anxiety hierarchy paired with visually induced, relaxing, pleasant scenes. Semantic desensitization therapy resulted in significant reductions of both the affective and behavioral components of anxiety as compared to the two controls. The placebo control also showed improvement in several indices of subjective anxiety as compared to the no-treatment waiting list control. The beneficial effects of semantic desensitization therapy were maintained on follow-up.
Evaluation of a Midhumeral Block of the Radial, Ulnar, Musculocutaneous and Median (RUMM Block) Nerves for Analgesia of the Distal Aspect of the Thoracic Limb in Dogs

Objective: To evaluate a technique for midhumeral peripheral nerve blockade in the dog. Study Design: Cadaveric technique development; in vivo placebo-controlled, prospective crossover study. Animals: Canine cadavers (n=38) and 8 clinically healthy, adult hound dogs. Methods: A technique for peripheral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves (RUMM block) was evaluated using cadaver limbs. Eight purpose-bred, research dogs were anesthetized; a RUMM block was performed on each thoracic limb. One limb from each dog randomly received 0.5% bupivacaine and the opposite limb was assigned to receive sterile saline solution as a control. After recovery from anesthesia, skin sensation at selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours using a mechanical stimulus. Weight-bearing, conscious proprioception, and withdrawal reflex were also evaluated. One month after initial testing, each dog was reanesthetized and each limb received the opposite treatment. Results: Sensory thresholds were significantly increased over baseline measurements when compared with control limbs for all nerves. Complete sensory block was achieved in radial (15/16), ulnar (3/16), musculocutaneous (8/16), and median (11/16) nerves, using a mechanical stimulus of analgesia. Complete simultaneous block of all nerves was only obtained in 1 of 16 limbs. Conclusion: RUMM block resulted in desensitization of the skin in the associated dermatomes for 4–10 hours. Complete sensory block of the dermatomes supplied by the radial nerve was most consistent. Clinical Relevance: RUMM block may be an effective technique to provide adjunctive analgesia for dogs undergoing surgery of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb.
The Solar Maximum observatory

The successful retrieval and repair of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite by Shuttle astronauts in April 1984 permitted continuance of solar flare observations that began in 1980. The SMM carries a soft X ray polychromator, gamma ray, UV and hard X ray imaging spectrometers, a coronagraph/polarimeter and particle counters. The data gathered thus far indicated that electrical potentials of 25 MeV develop in flares within 2 sec of onset. X ray data show that flares are composed of compressed magnetic loops that have come too close together. Other data have been taken on mass ejection, impacts of electron beams and conduction fronts with the chromosphere and changes in the solar radiant flux due to sunspots.
Joining up land and marine seismic data: Case study from Procida and Ventotene Islands (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

ABSTRACTThe seismic refraction survey, routinely used to obtain information on subsurface geology, has a limited use in the foreshore zone. We have evaluated a nonstandard approach to acquire seismic data in the backshore-foreshore area, joining up land and marine seismic data. The innovative part was the acquisition of a continuous seismic profile that allowed the recording of high-resolution data in a transition zone (TZ) to establish an integrated approach for improving the land-marine seismic model in areas characterized by a complex near surface geology. To achieve this objective, two seismic tests were carried out along the beaches of the Tyrrhenian islands of Procida and Ventotene. We defined the P-wave VP and S-wave velocities VS with depth by integrating the tomography of the refracted first arrivals (VP velocities versus depth) with the inversion of the phase velocities dispersion curves extracted from the surface waves (1D VS velocities models). Working with both seismic methods allowed us to o...
ClinLabGeneticist: a tool for clinical management of genetic variants from whole exome sequencing in clinical genetic laboratories

Routine clinical application of whole exome sequencing remains challenging due to difficulties in variant interpretation, large dataset management, and workflow integration. We describe a tool named ClinLabGeneticist to implement a workflow in clinical laboratories for management of variant assessment in genetic testing and disease diagnosis. We established an extensive variant annotation data source for the identification of pathogenic variants. A dashboard was deployed to aid a multi-step, hierarchical review process leading to final clinical decisions on genetic variant assessment. In addition, a central database was built to archive all of the genetic testing data, notes, and comments throughout the review process, variant validation data by Sanger sequencing as well as the final clinical reports for future reference. The entire workflow including data entry, distribution of work assignments, variant evaluation and review, selection of variants for validation, report generation, and communications between various personnel is integrated into a single data management platform. Three case studies are presented to illustrate the utility of ClinLabGeneticist. ClinLabGeneticist is freely available to academia at http://rongchenlab.org/software/clinlabgeneticist.
Product partial orders with the sperner property

Sufficient conditions are established for the product of two ranked partially ordered sets to have the Sperner property. As a consequence, it is shown that the class of strongly Sperner rank-unimodal rank-symmetric partially ordered sets is closed under the operation of product. Counterexamples are given which preclude most small variations in the hypotheses or conclusions of the two main results.
Model Deformation Measurements of Sonic Boom Models in the NASA Ames 9- by 7-Ft Supersonic Wind Tunnel

The deformations of two sonic-boom models were measured by stereo photogrammetry during tests in the 9- by 7-Ft Supersonic Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. The models were geometrically similar but one was 2.75 times as large as the other. Deformation measurements were made by simultaneously imaging the upper surfaces of the models from two directions by calibrated cameras that were mounted behind windows of the test section. Bending and twist were measured at discrete points using conventional circular targets that had been marked along the leading and trailing edges of the wings and tails. In addition, continuous distributions of bending and twist were measured from ink speckles that had been applied to the upper surfaces of the model. Measurements were made at wind-on (M = 1.6) and wind-off conditions over a range of angles of attack between 2.5 deg. and 5.0 deg. At each condition, model deformation was determined by comparing the wind-off and wind-on coordinates of each measurement point after transforming the coordinates to reference coordinates tied to the model. The necessary transformations were determined by measuring the positions of a set of targets on the rigid center-body of the models whose model-axes coordinates were known. Smoothly varying bending and twist measurements were obtained at all conditions. Bending displacements increased in proportion to the square of the distance to the centerline. Maximum deflection of the wingtip of the larger model was about 5 mm (2% of the semispan) and that of the smaller model was 0.9 mm (1% of the semispan). The change in wing twist due to bending increased in direct proportion to distance from the centerline and reached a (absolute) maximum of about -1 at the highest angle of attack for both models. The measurements easily resolved bending displacements as small as 0.05 mm and bending-induced changes in twist as small as 0.05 deg.
Heterogeneity in gene loci associated with type 2 diabetes on human chromosome 20q13.1.

Abstract Human chromosome 20q12-q13.1 has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple studies. We screened a 5.795-Mb region for diabetes-related susceptibility genes in a Caucasian cohort of 310 controls and 300 cases with T2DM and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), testing 390 SNPs for association with T2DM-ESRD. The most significant SNPs were found in the perigenic regions: HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α), SLC12A5 (potassium-chloride cotransporter member 5), CDH22 (cadherin-like 22), ELMO2 (engulfment and cell motility 2), SLC13A3 (sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter member 3), and PREX1 (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent RAC exchanger 1). Haplotype analysis found six haplotype blocks globally associated with disease ( p PREX1 SNP association in an independent case-control T2DM population and inferred replication of CDH22, ELMO2, SLC13A3, SLC12A5, and PREX1 using in silico perigenic analysis of two T2DM Genome-Wide Association Study data sets. We found substantial heterogeneity between study results.
Kinetics of Two Pathways in Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence

It has been shown that 1,1'-oxalyldiimidazole (ODI) is formed as an intermediate in the imidazole-catalyzed reaction of oxalate esters with hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, the kinetics of the chemiluminescence reaction of 1,1'-oxalyldiimidazole (ODI) with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a fluorophore was investigated in order to further elucidate the mechanism of the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction. The effects of concentrations of ODI, hydrogen peroxide, imidazole (ImH), the general-base catalysts lutidine and collidine, and temperature on the chemiluminescence profile and relative quantum efficiency in the solvent acetonitrile were determined using the stopped-flow technique. Pseudo-first-order rate constant measurements were made for concentrations of either H2O2 or ODI in large excess. All of the reaction kinetics are consistent with a mechanism in which the reaction is initiated by a base-catalyzed substitution of hydrogen peroxide for imidazole in ODI to form an imidazoyl peracid (Im(CO)2OOH). In the presence of a large excess of H2O2, this intermediate rapidly decays with both a zero- and first-order dependence on the H2O2 concentration. It is proposed that the zero-order process reflects a cyclization of this intermediate to form a species capable of exciting a fluorophore via the "chemically initiated electron exchange mechanism" (CIEEL), while the first-order process results from the substitution of an additional molecule of hydrogen peroxide to the imidazoyl peracid to form dihydroperoxyoxalate, reducing the observed quantum yield. Under conditions of a large excess of ODI, the reaction is more than 1 order of magnitude more efficient at producing light, and the quantum yield increases linearly with increasing ODI concentration. Again, it is proposed that the slow initiating step of the reaction involves the substitution of H2O2 for imidazole to form the imidazoyl peracid. This intermediate may decay by either cyclization or by reaction with another ODI molecule to form a cyclic peroxide that is much more efficient at energy transfer with the fluorophore. The reaction kinetics clearly distinguishes two separate pathways for the chemiluminescent reaction.
Pattern analysis of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children-revised profiles of delinquent boys.

To help meet the prescriptive needs of juvenile delinquents more effectively, an analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), utilizing Lutey's model of Factor Analytic measures, was performed on 82 profiles obtained from male subjects (aged 13-16) in a Wisconsin correctional facility. Results support the trends of previous studies of juvenile delinquency; a significant 70% of the subjects (chi 2 6.4, p less than .05) had a higher Performance than Verbal score (M = 13.2). The Performance-Verbal results were also significant (t = 4.824, p less than .001). Object Assembly, Picture Completion, and Picture Arrangement were the three highest subtests and Information, Vocabulary, and Coding/Comprehension the lowest. Clusters that measure perceptual and psychomotor abilities yielded high scores, while most verbal ability clusters, Memory, Verbal Comprehension, Freedom from Distractability, and General Factor scores were the lowest. Results indicate that prescriptive models should consider these findings in planning successful educational programs for this population. The need for further studies that involve extensive assessments which include neurological testing for various age groups and gender populations is stressed.
Characterizations of advocacy by practicing nurses

This qualitative descriptive study explored nurses' views of patient advocacy. Seventeen hospital and community nurses were interviewed to determine whether and how they exercise the advocacy role and what they believe promotes or impedes the practice of advocacy. Findings suggested that the advocacy role was not uppermost in the minds of many of the respondents. However, when queried, the nurse-patient relationship emerged as a salient feature of advocacy; teaching, informing, and supporting were frequent activities of nurses in what they described as advocacy; and interpersonal relatedness, rather than issues of accountability and ethics, were central to the advocacy process. Work environment barriers—such as time, economics, acuity, and power hierarchies—combined with factors, such as lack of autonomy and fatigue, to create reasons not to advocate. Physicians contributed to nurses' willingness or unwillingness to advocate depending on their availability, openness to patients and nurses, and their personal demeanor. A conceptual model of client advocacy emerged from the data to guide further explorations of advocacy. The advocacy role is a critical, perhaps unique dimension of professional nursing that is changing rapidly and may be diverging from the usual role prescribed in the professional literature and taught in baccalaureate nursing curricula.
The nature and structure of infant form categories

Abstract The nature of form categories in 3 to 4-month infants was studied using the visual preference for novelty in the familiarization-novelty paradigm. Novelty preference indicates habituation to and recognition of the familiar. In a series of experiments employing three form categories composed of dot patterns, generalized habituation to new category members was used to assess categorization behavior in the recognition of visual forms. At 3 to 4 months of age, infants did not initially show any systematic preferences for “good” or symmetrical examples of a category relative to “distorted” examples (Experiment 1) and this was true for all three form categories used (i.e., square, triangle, and diamond). Evidence for categorization was seen in the recognition performance of 3- to 4-month infants (Experiment 2). Infants showed generalized habituation to the previously unseen category prototypes following exposure to six exemplars within each of the three form categories. Given evidence that infants could discriminate between the prototype and other category members (Experiment 3), “inability to discriminate” was ruled out as an explanation for this form categorization or generalized habituation effect. Four subsequent experiments were conducted to determine whether infants exhibit a prototypicality structure for their remembered categories and whether certain conditions which have been shown to enhance prototypicality effects with adults have similar effects with infants. No evidence of a prototypicality structure was found for the form categories of infants when the number of exemplars during familiarization was limited to 6 and the test for form recognition followed immediately (Experiment 4). However, a prototypicality structure for the remembered form categories was found when a 3-min delay was introduced between familiarization and tests for form recognition (Experiment 5), when 12 exemplars were presented during familiarization (Experiment 7), or when the prototype was included as one of the six exemplars during the familiarization period (Experiment 6).
Dynamic indentation for determining the strain rate sensitivity of metals

Indentation has long been established as a fundamental technique for materials characterization. Contrary to the well-studied static indentation, relatively little work has been done on dynamic indentation of materials. A dynamic indentation technique has been developed to measure time-resolved depth and load responses during the process of indentation. A moire interferometry-based displacement measurement technique is utilized to measure the depth of indentation and a quartz load transducer is used to measure the load. A new methodology to deduce the dynamic rate sensitivity of materials using the measured data is introduced. The application of this methodology is illustrated for oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper and is also validated numerically using dynamic finite element simulations. The measured strain rate sensitivity of OFHC copper is found to agree closely with the values obtained using other conventional high-strain-rate techniques.
Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN

We describe Doppler-only radar observations of near-Earth asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN that were obtained at Arecibo and Goldstone between 1984 and 1996. Estimates of the echo spectral bandwidths, radar cross sections, and circular polarization ratios of these objects constrain their pole-on breadths, radar albedos, surface roughnesses, taxonomic classes, rotation periods, and spin vectors.
Radial plasma response during intense beam heating

Abstract Heating by microscopic beam mechanisms proceeds until a longitudinal density gradient cuts off phase coherence between the beam and excited plasma waves. A thin plasma column produces this inhomogeneneity by radial transport. We find the maximum temperatures which result from several different regimes of the beam-plasma instability.
Monolithic HgCdTe MIS IR detectors with a floating-diode sense mechanism

Monolithic charge-transfer devices for use as electronic focal planes in infrared imaging systems have been tested under varying conditions to assess their operating limitations. These devices employ the charge imaging matrix [1] concept (CIM), which uses the potential change on a floating diode for charge detection. Unlike a charge injection device, the CIM READ operation does not involve the recombination of charge carriers. Charge is integrated in a metal-insulator-semiconductor well and then transferred to the sense diode. This allows for very fast READ operations and potentially high (2 MHz) data rates. The responsivity, charge transfer, crosstalk, uniformity, and noise characteristics have been evaluated using small arrays of up to 9 × 8 pixels having diode areas formed by ion implantation with boron. HgCdTe with optical cutoff wavelengths from 9 to 9.5 µm were used, and tests were conducted at liquid-nitrogen temperature.
Steganalysis on JPEG Decompressed Bitmaps Revisited

It's well known that the spatial ±1 steganography on JPEG decompressed images is relatively easier to detect than those never compressed ones. Though some targeted methods that are special for JPEG decompressed carriers are designed, there are still some drawbacks among them. First, most methods are not perfect or even don't work for embedding rate as low as 0.0003 bits per pixel, or even lower. Second, few methods are able to estimate embedding rate for LSB matching. Finally, many methods require estimation of the JPEG quality factor, which makes the methods slow and not so robust for big JPEG quality factors. This paper revisited a color based method raised by Westfeld ten years ago, unearthed the reason why it's so reliable and also extended it to a practical non-parameter quantitative steganalyzer for JPEG decompressed carriers. Error rates of our new method was evaluated in this paper.
Passive micro-assembly of modular, hot embossed, polymer microfluidic devices using exact constraint design

Low-cost microfluidic platforms have the potential to change accepted practices in many fields, including biology and medicine, in the near future. Micro-assembly of molded polymer microfluidic devices is one approach to cost-effective mass production of modular, microfluidic instruments. Polymer, passive alignment structures were used to precisely assemble molded polymer components to prevent infinitesimal motions and minimize the misalignment between assembled components and devices. The motion and constraint of the assemblies were analyzed using screw theory to identify combinations of passive alignment structures that would provide exact constraint of all degrees of freedom of the two mating parts without over-constraint. One option identified by kinematic analysis was a set of three v-groove and hemisphere-tipped pin joints, which are well known from precision engineering and suitable for microfabrication. To validate the passive alignment scheme, brass mold inserts containing alignment structures were micro-milled and used to hot emboss components in polycarbonate (PC). Dimensional and location variations of prototype alignment structures were measured to quantify the difference between the as-designed and actual dimensions and the locations of the alignment structures. The dimensional variation was 0.2–3% less than the designed dimensions and the location variation was 0.7% less. The alignment accuracy of an assembly was characterized by measuring the mismatch and vertical variation between molded alignment standards embossed on each pair of mating plates. With molded, polymer alignment structures the mean mismatch and mean vertical variation were as low as 13 ± 3 µm in the lateral plane along the x- and y-axes and −6 ± 15 µm with respect to the nominal value of 107 µm. This micro-assembly technology is applicable to the integration of all microsystems including the interconnection of microfluidic devices, the assembly of hybrid microsystems and the parallel assembly of microdevices.
A convergent synthetic strategy for the polyene macrolide pimaricin

Abstract The synthesis of two chiral fragments representing Cl-11 and C12-25 of the polyene macrolide pimaricin from dimethyl 3-hydroxyglutarate is described.
Light Dependent Increase of Triosephosphate Dehydrogenase in Pea Leaves

Data from 3 lines of investigation were presented indicating that chlorophyll is not necessary for the increase in the triphosphopyridine nucleotide-requiring triosephosphate dehydrogenase accompanying the illumination of etiolated pea plants. These include A) the kinetics of the development of chlorophyll and enzyme activity, B) the presence of enzyme activity in leaves grown in the dark on normal plants and C) the high specific enzyme activity in leaves of a chlorophyll-less mutant. It was also shown that the light-initiated increase of enzyme activity continues for several days after removal from the light and that illumination with far-red light before the dark period inhibited, but did not abolish, this increase. The ability of green plants to continue to produce the enzyme in the dark was eventually lost with time, for after 7 days in the dark a stimulation in leaf protein formation was not accompanied by an increase in enzyme activity.
Second-order coupled-mode equations for spatially periodic media*

A new pair of second-order coupled-mode equations are derived, solved, and applied to the case of reflection and transmission by a spatially modulated slab medium. The derivation is compared with those that arrive at first-order coupled-mode equations. The solutions of the second-order coupled-mode equations are facilitated by reducing them to two uncoupled Helmholtz equations. The solutions of the boundary-value problem for a slab medium are analytical and expressed in closed form. They are confirmed by the rigorous modal theory in the limit of small modulation strength. At the Bragg angle of incidence, energy conservation is shown to be preserved for all modulation strengths.
Boron sorption isotherm: A method to estimate boron fertilizer requirement

Abstract The boron sorption isotherm method of soil testing may provide an estimate of the fertilizer required to bring the soil to an optimum boron level. Data from the boron isotherm experiment suggests that at low concentrations a plot of added boron vs equilibrium solution boron will be linear. The boron concentration at which this plot becomes linear will depend on the characteristics of the soil tested. The data, from this and other studies, suggest that 0.5 ppm boron in the equilibrium solution should be the approximate upper limit of boron concentration where this relationship is linear. Since boron added is linear with respect to boron in equilibrium solution, boron fertilizer required to adjust the equilibrium solution concentration can be calculated from the least squares regression equation of these two variables. This fertilizer requirement can only be determined when the optimum level of boron in equilibrium solution is known. Thus, further study is needed to establish this optimum level for...
Ultrastructure of photoreceptors in the marine nematode Deontostoma californicum

Electron microscopic observations of the ocelli in the marine nematode Deontostoma californicum reveal that it consists of two cells, a pigment cell and a sensory cell. The pigment cell is cup-shaped with a cavity anterolaterally, which bears the sensory cell. The sensory cell is filled with a stack of concentric, convoluted lamellae. Each lamella consists of a pair of membranes and is approximately 240 A in thickness. The proximal end of the sensory cell narrows to join the lateral cephalic nerve. Thus, the sensory element is considered to be a modified bipolar neuron. Oval to ellipsoidal Schwann cell inclusions, apparently previously undescribed, in the lateral nerve are reported.
Intracoronary and Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Comparative Report

This report compares the results of intracoronary (IC) and intravenous (IV) streptokinase in two sequential series of 81 and 95 patients, respectively, admitted within 3 h of the onset of an acute myocardial infarction. Reperfusion was achieved in 71 of 81 (87·7%) patients in the IC group and in 90 of 95 (94·7%) patients in the IV group (P = NS), 35 ± 27 and 38 ± 28 min after commencement of treatment, respectively (P = NS). The interval from onset of symptoms to reperfusion was significantly longer in the IC than in the IV group, 235 ± 62 versus 169 ± 53 minutes (P<0·001). Mean values of peak creatine kinase-MB were 152 ± 117 IU l−1 in the IC group and 119 ± 81 IU l−1 in the IV group (P<0·05). There were 3 serious haemorrhagic complications in the IC group and 10 in the IV group. In-hospital mortality was 7 of 81 (8·7%) in the IC group and 7 of 95 (7·4%) in the IV group (P = NS). We conclude that intravenous administration of streptokinase is at least as efficacious as intracoronary administration in patients with an acute myocardial infarction.
Characterizing the Time- and Energy-Dependent Reactor n /γ Environment

In a reactor pulse, the early radiation has a neutron/gamma component resulting from the prompt fission neutron and gamma radiation and from the neutron-induced secondary gammas. However, after the primary reactor pulse, the radiation environment also includes a time-dependent delayed neutron and gamma component. At even later times, the material activation dominates the source term. When active tests are conducted in the reactor, the radiation environment at a particular time may not be well characterized by the time-integrated spectrum provided by the typical radiation transport calculations. This paper defines the steps that are required to adequately model the time- and energy-dependent radiation environment in the reactor environment. This paper also compares the time-dependent response from a range of active dosimeters in a reactor pulsed environment and shows how the n/γ mixed-field response for the dosimeters and the changing radiation field can influence the interpretation of the dosimetry.
Human aminoacylase-1: cloning, regional assignment to distal chromosome 3p21.1, and identification of a cross-hybridizing sequence on chromosome 18.

Aminoacylase-1 (ACY1, EC 3.5.1.14) is a cytosolic enzyme with a wide range of tissue expression and has been postulated to function in the catabolism and salvage of acylated amino acids. ACY1 has been assigned to chromosome 3p21, a region reduced to homozygosity in small-cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma, and has been reported to exhibit reduced or absent expression in small-cell lung cancer cell lines and tumors. Using monoclonal antibodies to human ACY1, we have isolated cDNA clones from a liver λgt11 cDNA library. As proof of identity, the fusion protein encoded by a putative ACY1 cDNA displayed ACY1 enzymatic activity. Additionally, it was determined that the putative ACY1 cDNA clones hybridize to an EcoR1 restriction fragment that has been mapped to chromosome 3p. Both ACY1 activity and this restriction fragment have been further demonstrated to be syntenic to distal 3p21.1 through the use of a panel of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids containing fragments of chromosome 3. An additional EcoR1 restriction fragment to which the probe hybridizes has been assigned to chromosome 18. The major mRNA species to which the ACY1 cDNA hybridizes is 0.9 kb; faint hybridization to a 4.2-kb mRNA species is also detected. These studies further refine a region of interest in the investigation of gene inactivation in small-cell lung cancer and provide a new marker on chromosome 18.
Diabesity: Palliating, curing or preventing the dysmetabolic diathesis

Abstract This opinionated evidence-based selective review addresses flawed concepts related to “obesity”, bariatric surgery and approaches to treatment and prevention of a dysmetabolic syndrome of overnutrition and underactivity from the perspective of developmental origins of diseases prevalent in mid-life and beyond. Innovations focus on methods affecting appetite regulation and energy expenditure applicable throughout the life-cycle on the individual level but with transgenerational population-wide implications. Readers can expect new knowledge and enhanced understanding of a global health problem: “diabesity”.
Automatic exposure selection for High Dynamic Range photography

High Dynamic Range photography involves fusing bracket images taken at different exposure values in order to compensate for the low dynamic range of image sensors in digital and smartphone cameras. Bracket images normally consist of an image taken by the auto-exposure setting of a camera as well as two other images at ±n exposure values where n is manually specified or selected. This paper discusses a method to automatically and optimally select exposures by using pixel clustering and local entropy. The results obtained show that the developed automatic exposure selection method provides more scene details compared to the manual or fixed exposure selection.
Multiple sequence alignment based on dynamic weighted guidance tree

Aligning multiple DNA/RNA/protein sequences to identify common functionalities, structures, or relationships between species is a fundamental task in bioinformatics. In this study, we propose a new multiple sequence strategy that extracts sequence information, sequence global and local similarities to provide different weights for each input sequence. A weighted pair-wise distance matrix is calculated from these sequences to build a dynamic alignment guiding tree. The tree can reorder its higher-level branches based on corresponding alignment results from lower tree levels to guarantee the highest alignment scores at each level of the tree. This technique improves the alignment accuracy up to 10% on many benchmarks tested against alignment tools such as CLUSTALW (Thompson et al., 1994), DIALIGN (Morgenstern, 1999), T-COFFEE (Notredame et al., 2000), MUSCLE (Edgar, 2004), and PROBCONS (Do et al., 2005) of the multiple sequence alignment.
Micellar properties of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether in anhydrous and hydrous cyclohexane

A polyoxyethylated nonylphenol ether containing an average of about 10 moles ethylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe was examined in hydrous and in anhydrous cyclohexane by light-scattering at 45C and by vapor-pressure measurements with the dry solvent at 39.1C. Stability was assessed by carrying out turbidity measurements over a period of two weeks. The aggregation number was found to increase with added water. The difference between weight and number average molecular weight was very small in dry cyclohexane.
Understanding income inequality

All three of these books offer valuable insights about income polarization. Levy unfolds a precise and well-documented description of recent trends. Braun surveys a remarkably broad array of findings, and provides a global perspective missing from the other two books. Harrison and Bluestone construct the most coherent theoretical account of the economic change underlying the “U-turns.”
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound: Current Potential and Oncologic Applications

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to introduce the reader to the principles and applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).CONCLUSION. Although a great deal about HIFU physics is understood, its clinical applications are currently limited, and multiple trials are underway worldwide to determine its efficacy.
Choice of dispersion relation to calculate the QCD correction to Gamma (H-->l+l-).

We use the operator product expansion of quark vacuum polarization functions to show that the dispersion relation of Kniehl and Sirlin will yield the correct result to all orders in {alpha}{sub {ital s}} when applied to the QCD correction to the leptonic decay width of the Higgs boson. i{copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Comparison of Tests of the Equality of Dependent Correlation Coefficients

Abstract When two correlation coefficients are calculated from a single sample, rather than from two samples, they are not statistically independent, and the usual methods for testing equality of the population correlation coefficients no longer apply. This article considers tests to be made using a sample from a multivariate normal distribution. Small sample level of significance and power are obtained using Monte Carlo methods for Hotelling's test of , Williams's modification of Hotelling's test, and for two tests of , based on Fisher's z transformation.
Reexamining the fundamental difference hypothesis: What can early bilinguals tell us?

The fundamental difference hypothesis (FDH), as formulated by Bley-Vroman (1990), claims that SLA tends to be nonconvergent because domain-specific linguistic mechanisms available in early childhood cannot be used for language learning in adulthood: Instead, second language (L2) learners deploy domain-general problem solving skills. I claim that nonconvergence is also true of some cases of unbalanced early bilingualism, when the target language was acquired in childhood, suggesting that nontarget attainment in these cases may have different roots—namely, inefficient learning mechanisms in L2 learners but insufficient input in early bilinguals. The FDH then predicts that early bilinguals should still be more successful at attaining nativelike knowledge than the L2 learners due to their early age of acquisition. This review article examines this prediction in light of recent studies of postpuberty L2 learners and unbalanced early bilinguals with nonconvergent knowledge of their first language. I show that the incidence of nativelike achievement is higher in the early bilingual groups than in the L2 groups and that differential performance by the two populations on different tasks lends some support to the processing claims of the FDH.
Nodule size is an independent predictor of malignancy in mutation-negative nodules with follicular lesion of undetermined significance cytology

Background In thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, the atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) category has a 5–15% malignancy risk that increases to 85–99% when mutation testing for BRAF , RAS , RET/PTC , or PAX8/PPARγ is positive. However, negative testing does not exclude malignancy. The study objective was to identify clinical and imaging features that predict cancer in mutation–negative AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules. Methods All patients were reviewed (April 2007 to April 2009) who had AUS/FLUS cytology, negative prospective molecular testing of FNA, and histopathology. Results Of the 230 nodules, 12 (5.2%) were malignant in 11 of 190 patients, and known clinical risk factors for thyroid cancer did not predict malignancy. On preoperative imaging, ≥1 suspicious ultrasound feature was identified in 33% of nodules and occurred regardless of histology ( P = .23). Malignant mutation-negative AUS/FLUS nodules were larger than benign nodules (mean maximum diameter, 33.6 vs 24.0 mm; P = .007). On multivariate analysis, nodule size remained an independent predictor of malignancy (odds ratio, 1.043; P = .018). We observed no malignancies in 88 mutation-negative AUS/FLUS nodules Conclusion Size is an independent predictor of malignancy in mutation-negative AUS/FLUS nodules and the risk increased 4.3% with every millimeter increase in nodule size. Selected patients with small, mutation-negative AUS/FLUS thyroid nodules may be managed with ultrasound surveillance in lieu of thyroidectomy.