cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in cell-based permeability assays to screen drugs for intestinal absorption

Introduction: Successful oral therapy requires sufficient intestinal absorption to enable the drug to reach its site of action. Evaluation of intestinal permeability is important for candidate selection during drug discovery and development. In vitro cell assays that correlate with human intestinal absorption serve as an alternative to more expensive and low-throughput preclinical or clinical in vivo methods to investigate a drug's intestinal permeability.Areas covered: This article focuses on cell-based models utilized to predict in vivo intestinal drug permeability. This includes the utilization of the Caco-2 and other cell epithelial lines, human primary intestinal cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Additional topics include co-cultures, three-dimensional models, and microfluidic systems.Expert opinion: In vitro permeability assays are utilized to predict a drug's permeability class or intestinal fraction absorbed. Newer Caco-2 co-cultures, intestinal epithelial cells, and three-dimensional models better replicate the architecture of the mucus and multi-cellular epithelium layer. Such models may result in an improved understanding of a drug's intestinal permeability mechanism(s). Nevertheless, these newer models require validation with larger sets of drugs having known intestinal absorption before they can be routinely utilized to estimate human intestinal drug absorption.
Trauma-informed exercise for women survivors of sexual violence

Compared to their male counterparts, women experience alarmingly high rates of sexual violence (SV). Nearly 20% of women in the USA have been victims of SV, and prevalence of sexual assault among female service members is reported to be even higher, up to 50%. SV results in negative health outcomes like posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, obesity, poor body image, and pain-related disability. Exercise has been shown to positively impact both mental and physical health outcomes in populations experiencing posttraumatic symptoms, yet women survivors of SV are often excluded from exercise trials in trauma-affected populations. The purpose of this paper is to comment on the importance of incorporating women-specific trauma-informed principles in the content and delivery of exercise interventions in trauma-affected populations, particularly as it relates to SV. Researchers discuss the implications of female-specific and trauma-informed exercise considerations for SV survivors. This commentary highlights the need for trauma-informed implementation efforts and outcome measurements in exercise interventions involving women affected by SV. Researchers call for (a) increased qualitative work on trauma-specific implementation efforts across exercise intervention domains and (b) increased assessment of trauma-specific outcomes in exercise trials.
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion for risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism.

INTRODUCTION Risk stratification for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) incorporates metrics of right ventricle (RV) function. Significant RV dysfunction influences left ventricular (LV) function, though LV function metrics are not utilized for stratifying outcomes in patients with PE. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is a linear echocardiographic (TTE) measure that evaluates longitudinal LV function and may aid in risk stratification for acute PE. METHODS Using a single-center database of patients with PE from 2007 to 2014, MAPSE was calculated for all TTE's available with sufficient quality (n = 362). A MAPSE of ≥11 mm was used as a normal reference. Thirty-day adverse outcomes were defined as administration of vasopressor, fibrinolytic therapy, open embolectomy, or 30-day PE-related mortality. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measurements were incorporated to determine the additive benefit of MAPSE. RESULTS Compared with the reference MAPSE ≥ 11 mm and LVEF > 50%, patients with MAPSE 50% had worse outcomes (AOR 2.94 [95% CI: 1.08-7.98], P = 0.035). Among patients with LVEF > 50%, the presence of both a MAPSE < 11 mm and TAPSE < 16 mm was associated with greater odds of adverse outcomes compared with isolated depressed TAPSE (AOR 10.75 [95% CI: 3.06-37.8], P < 0.01 vs AOR 1.68 [95% CI: 0.18-15.6], P = 0.65). CONCLUSION A depressed MAPSE, in patients with preserved LVEF, is associated with worse outcomes in patients with acute PE. The addition of MAPSE to TAPSE appears to have a greater prognostic value than either alone and may further aid in risk stratification, but for confirmation further prospective data are needed.
Apoplexy in Richard Bright's (1789-1858) reports of medical cases.

This study examines Bright’s cases in the section on pressure in Volume II of his Reports of Medical Cases of intracranial hemorrhages, cerebral congestion, and the “effusion of serum,” which Brigh...
Identification of an Atypical Variant of Logopenic Progressive Aphasia (P06.074)

Although the subcellular localization of mRNA transcripts is a well-established mechanism for controlling protein localization, the basis for the recognition of mRNA localization elements is only now emerging. For example, although localization elements have been defined for many mRNAs that localize to apical cytoplasm in Drosophila embryos, no unifying properties have been identified within these elements. In this study, we identify and characterize an apical localization element in the 3′UTR of the Drosophila wingless mRNA. We show that this element, referred to as WLE3, is both necessary and sufficient for apical RNA transport. Full, unrestricted activity, however, requires the presence of one of several downstream potentiating elements. Comparison of WLE3 sequences within the Drosophila genus, and their predicted secondary structures, defines a highly conserved stem-loop structure. Despite these high levels of sequence and predicted structure conservation, however, mutagenesis shows significant leeway for both sequence and structure variation in the predicted stem-loop. Importantly, the features that emerge as crucial include an accessible distal helix sequence motif, which is also found in the predicted structures of other apical localization elements.
The Incredible Shrinking Motor Drive: Accelerating the Transition to Integrated Motor Drives

A technology revolution is unfolding around us as every major mode of transportation is in some stage of electrification, whether on land, sea, or in the air. All of these transportation modes depend on electric machines that play critical roles in both propulsion systems as well as in a wide variety of accessory equipment. Fuel economy and reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants are major driving forces for electrified transportation. Despite the significant differences between these varied transportation modes, they all share strong motivations to make their electric machines and adjustable-speed drives smaller, lighter, and more efficient. An excellent example of this trend for the power electronic drives is provided by comparing the drive units in the Tesla S (2012) and Tesla 3 (2017). As shown in the side-by-side views provided in Figure 1, the drive unit shrank in size from an enclosure that matched the size of its main traction motor to a much smaller unit that, at first sight, appears to be a non-descript end-bell attached to one end of the motor. Rather than focusing here on how this impressive reduction in mass and volume was achieved (addressed later in this article), the key point here is that similar technology trends are under way in many of the other transportation modes as well, making electrified transportation increasingly appealing and competitive in the process.
Probing the Interface between Encapsulated Nanoparticles and Metal–Organic Frameworks for Catalytic Selectivity Control

Encapsulating metal nanoparticles (NPs) in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to control catalytic selectivity has recently attracted great attention; however, an understanding of the NP–MOF interface...
The Relevance of Philosophical and Religious Ideas to the United Nations Quest for Universalizing Criminal Justice

In the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, there are many calls for universal justice. This criminological chapter seeks to consider them against the background of a very polarizing question whether the “9/11” or other such attacks may be internationally defined as terrorism. Next, the chapter selectively reviews the UN-relevant roots of “justice” and goals of criminal punishment from the perspective of universalistic philosophers with their own views about justice vis a vis natural and positive law. In conclusion, the author points that the UN work has its own “Reason” whose ecumenism originated from the tragic Nazi Holocaust. With this “Reason” the Organization continues going its own way over the conceptual divides between the worlds of Member States, religious, and philosophical values.
Impact of the Whole Genome Duplication Event on PYK Activity and Effects of a PYK1 Mutation on Metabolism in S. cerevisiae .

Background: Evolution of aerobic fermentation (crabtree effect) in yeast is associated with the whole genome duplication (WGD) event, suggesting that duplication of certain genes may have altered yeast metabolism. The pyruvate kinase (PYK) gene is associated with alterations in cell metabolism, and duplicated during the WGD, generating PYK1 and PYK2. Thus, the impact of WGD on PYK activity and role of PYK in yeast metabolism were explored. Methods: PYK activity in the presence or absence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) was compared between pre- and post-WGD yeast. Glucose consumption, ethanol production, and oxygen consumption were measured in wildtype yeast and yeast with a T403E point mutation, which alters FBP binding affinity. Results: FBP stimulated increased PYK activity in pre-WGD yeast and in the PYK1 isoforms of post-WGD yeast, but not in the PYK2 isoforms of post-WGD yeast. Compared to wildtype, T403E mutant yeast displayed reduced glucose consumption, reduced ethanol production, and increased mitochondrial metabolism. Conclusion: The WGD event impacted the sensitivity of PYK activity to FBP. Mutations in the FBP binding domain of PYK induce metabolic shifts that favor respiration and suppress fermentation.
Assessment of Social Infrastructure Due to Growth and Development in Roads: A Case Study

Rural connectivity is essential for the socio-economic development of rural areas. Various studies reveal that a higher socioeconomic progress is occurring in areas with paved roads for a long time. The linkages are either direct or indirect. It has been observed in this study that places with better transportation systems lead to improved accessibility to education, healthcare and drinking water facilities. It has been found that improved road infrastructure also increases the transport facility which gives better access to healthcare and education. It has been observed that enrolment in secondary/higher secondary schools increases due to access to rural roads.
Rhetoric Versus Reality: The Pro-Marriage Supreme Court and the Decline of Marriage

The intensely pro-marriage rhetoric in recent Supreme Court opinions protracts a pre-existing problem: the growing disjunction between the Court’s portrayal of marriage and the reality of the institution. For at least the past half century, as the Court has praised and promoted marriage, the institution has steadily declined in popularity and relevance. Marriage has become a less universal – and less universally desired – experience. The disjunction began at the advent of modern substantive due process in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), where marriage was lauded as a “sacred” and “noble” institution even as divorce rates began to rise. And the disjunction reached its apex at the culmination of the marriage equality movement in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), where marriage was described as central “to the human condition” and “essential to our most profound hopes and aspirations” even as marriage rates languished. From the mid-1960s through the present, the Court has appeared largely oblivious to shifting data trends and evolving social views. This article explores the disconnect between the Court’s portrayal of marriage and the actual status of the institution. It argues that the Court’s rhetoric is not only descriptively inaccurate but also normatively problematic. Descriptively, the Court characterizes marriage as a universally fulfilling experience – meaning an experience with the potential to benefit and elevate everyone. Yet at present, marriage rates are lower than at any point in over a century, only half of all adults are married, and nearly half of all marriages fail. Normatively, these statistics render the Court’s adulation of marriage problematic. By connecting marriage with such social goods as “happiness,” “personhood,” and “dignity,” the justices effectively marginalize the increasingly large numbers of unmarried Americans. Rather than encouraging assimilation into a failing institution, the Court should instead celebrate the rich diversity of family structures that exist outside of marriage.
Wind Vector and SST Dependence of Ku- and Ka- Band Ocean Surface NRCS at Low Incidence Angles

This paper presents characterization of collocated Ku- and Ka-band ocean surface normalized radar cross section ( $\sigma^{0}$ ) measurements over nadir-to-18° earth incidence angles using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission dual frequency precipitation radar (DPR) data. Empirical geophysical model functions (GMF) were derived, and isotopic and directorial sensitivity were evaluated at both bands. Finally, sea surface temperature dependence of radar backscatter were investigated. Ka-band exhibited higher vector wind sensitivity for low-to-moderate wind speeds regime, and the SST effects were also observed to be substantially larger at Ka-band than at Ku-band.
High-Precision Integrated GPS/INS/CCD System for Transportation Applications

The Ohio State University currently is developing a GPS/INS/CCD integrated system1 for precise (centimeter level) monitoring of highway center and edge lines. The positioning component of the system is based on a tightly integrated GPS/INS system, and the imaging component comprises a single down-looking, highperformance digital color camera. The high image rate provides sufficient overlap of the subsequent images at highway speed; therefore, stereo data processing is expected to be performed in real-time with the support of on-the-fly navigation solution.
Anticoagulation Therapy. Heparins, Factor II and Factor Xa Inhibitors

The use of anticoagulant therapy plays an important role particularly in the early management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and in those undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). These include a variety of agents available for parenteral administration which may be chosen depending on the level of ischemic and hemorrhagic risk of the patient as well as the planned early management (conservative vs. invasive). Indeed, not only the choice of therapy by also timing of administration and cessation are key determinant of short and long-term outcomes of anticoagulant therapies in the setting of ACS and PCI. Given that ACS patients persist with elevated thrombin levels following an ACS event, there also has been an emerging interest on adding oral anticoagulant therapy to standard antiplatelet regiment for long-term secondary prevention of ischemic event. The present chapter is an overview of the different options of anticoagulant therapy that are available for use in ACS and PCI patients. In particular, the basic principles of pharmacology, rationale for use, indications, contraindications, dosing considerations and side effects of currently available anticoagulant therapies are summarized and recent advances in the field provided.
Child Life and the Family Librarian

ABSTRACT In years past, hospitalization often produced short and long-term traumatic effects on children. While an inpatient stay is still stressful for children and their parents, the efforts of the Child Life profession to meet families' psychological needs have resulted in better outcomes for all. This column outlines the history of Child Life, competencies of specialists, and goals of Child Life programs. The holdings and activities of the family resource center of the Mount Sinai Children's Hospital are described, along with the ways in which its librarian collaborated with other members of the pediatric health care team.
Spectral analysis as a tool for model discrimination: An application to international capital movements

Abstract Empirical discrimination between ‘stock’ and ‘flow’ formulations of international investment based on regression tests has consistently proved unsuccessful. By applying the new technique of model discrimination in the frequency domain, this note provides unequivocal empirical support for the stock model.
Marketing Analysis Toolkit: Pricing and Profitability Analysis (CW)

Pricing is one of the most difficult decisions marketers make and the one with the most direct and immediate impact on the firm's financial position. This toolkit will introduce the fundamental terminology and calculations associated with pricing and profitability analysis. Users will learn how to produce and interpret demand curves and calculate the price elasticity of demand. The concepts of revenue, costs, and contribution margin, gross margin, and net income will be introduced to inform profitability analyses. Finally, retailer profitability metrics including retailer margin and penny profit are discussed. The note gives students a foundation for analyzing marketing cases, as well as providing an analytical structure and process for completing a marketing plan. The note is accompanied by a free Excel worksheet which contains sample problems, prebuilt Excel models to calculate demand curves, price elasticity, and profitability metrics for firms and their channel partners, and charts and graphs which help visualize the results.
Automobile emissions abatement and fuels policy

THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO DELINEATE THE AREAS OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE 1970 CLEAN AIR AMENDMENTS, WHICH PRESCRIBE AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS STANDARDS FOR 1975-76, AND NATIONAL FUELS POLICY. SOME OF THE IMPORTANT ISSUES AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR MEETING THE 1975-76 STANDARDS ARE FUEL LEAD-CONTENT REQUIREMENTS, REFINERY CAPITAL INVESTMENT, GASOLINE PRICE INCREASES, AND FOREIGN OIL IMPORTS. ALL OF THESE FACTORS ARE INTERRELATED, AND ARE DISCUSSED HERE IN THE OVERALL CONTEXT OF EMISSIONS STANDARDS. THE AUTHORS SHOW THAT THE 1976 EMISSIONS STANDARDS WOULD RESULT IN AN ADDITIONAL CASH OUTFLOW OF 1.09 BILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY. THE BUYING PREFERENCES OF THE PUBLIC ARE ALREADY MOVING TOWARD SMALLER CARS, AND THIS TENDENCY WILL BE MORE PRONOUNCED AS FUEL PENALTY COSTS BECOME HIGHER. /AUTHOR/
InterferenceAnalyzer: Tools for the analysis and simulation of multi-locus genetic data

Background Good statistical models for analyzing and simulating multilocus recombination data exist but are not accessible to many biologists because their use requires reasonably sophisticated mathematical and computational implementation. While some labs have direct access to statisticians or programmers competent to carry out such analyses, many labs do not. We have created a platform independent application with an easy-to-use graphical user interface that will carry out such analyses including the simulations needed to bootstrap confidence intervals for the parameters of interest. This software should make multi-locus techniques accessible to labs that previously relied on less powerful and potentially statistically confounded single interval or double interval techniques.
Treatment of two cases with refractory, metastatic intermediate-risk neuroblastoma with isotretenoin alone or observation.

Patients 90% overall survival following treatment with chemotherapy and surgery. We report two infants with favorable biology, stage 4 neuroblastoma with refractory disease after standard intermediate-risk chemotherapy and additional retrieval chemotherapy. One patient was treated with six additional cycles of isotretinoin and the other observed. Both remain clinically well with persistent disease but no evidence of tumor progression for 28 and 13 months following completion of cytotoxic treatment. Similar to residual tumor in primary sites, refractory metastatic disease may not portend a poor outcome in patients with favorable biology, intermediate-risk neuroblastoma.
An Apparent Relationship Between Methoxy-Substituted Terpenoid Aldehydes and the Resistance of Cotton To Meloidogyne Incognita

Five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars were rated for their resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on the basis of root-knot index, number of nematode egg masses/g of root, and number of nematode eggs/g of root. The most resistant cultivar was 'Auburn 623', followed by 'N6072' and 'Clevewilt'; 'Deltapine 16' was considered susceptible and 'M8' very susceptible. The terpenoid aldehydes (hemigossypol, methoxyhemigossypol, gossypol, methoxygossypol and dimethoxygossypol) were extracted from noninoculated and M. incognita-inoculated roots of the five cultivars. Individual terpenoid aldehydes were separated by thin layer chromatography and their concentrations determined colorimetrically. No significant correlations were apparent between host resistance and concentrations of the individual terpenoid aldehydes in either healthy or infected plants. The changes in the concentration of methoxy-substituted terpenoid aldehydes that occur as a result of infection were, however, significantly correlated with host resistance. These findings indicate that infection-induced synthesis of methoxy-substituted terpenoid aldehydes is involved in the resistance of cotton to the root-knot nematode.
Path geo-diversification: Design and analysis

The path geo-diversification mechanism introduced in this paper takes geographical diversity of physical network topology into consideration when making routing decisions. It enables the network to be more resilient against area-based challenges by exploiting nodes' multiple ingress and egress ports. It shows better performance compared to OSPF when the network is subject to area-based challenges since the end nodes have access to multiple geographically diverse paths for their communication. We further incorporate geographical diversity into a new graph resilience metric cTGGD (compensated geographical graph diversity). This way we can effectively compare the resilience level of different topologies under regional-based network failures.
Systematic characterization of thermodynamic and dynamical phase behavior in systems with short-ranged attraction

In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility and utility of an augmented version of the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo method for computing the phase behavior of systems with strong, extremely short-ranged attractions. For generic potential shapes, this approach allows for the investigation of narrower attractive widths than those previously reported. Direct comparison to previous self-consistent Ornstein-Zernike approximation calculations is made. A preliminary investigation of out-of-equilibrium behavior is also performed. Our results suggest that the recent observations of stable cluster phases in systems without long-ranged repulsions are intimately related to gas-crystal and metastable gas-liquid phase separation.
Generalized Koebe's method for conformal mapping multiply connected domains

Surface parameterization refers to the process of mapping the surface to canonical planar domains, which plays crucial roles in texture mapping and shape analysis purposes. Most existing techniques focus on simply connected surfaces. It is a challenging problem for multiply connected genus zero surfaces. This work generalizes conventional Koebe's method for multiply connected planar domains. According to Koebe's uniformization theory, all genus zero multiply connected surfaces can be mapped to a planar disk with multiply circular holes. Furthermore, this kind of mappings are angle preserving and differ by Mobius transformations. We introduce a practical algorithm to explicitly construct such a circular conformal mapping. Our algorithm pipeline is as follows: suppose the input surface has n boundaries, first we choose 2 boundaries, and fill the other n -- 2 boundaries to get a topological annulus; then we apply discrete Yamabe flow method to conformally map the topological annulus to a planar annulus; then we remove the filled patches to get a planar multiply connected domain. We repeat this step for the planar domain iteratively. The two chosen boundaries differ from step to step. The iterative construction leads to the desired conformal mapping, such that all the boundaries are mapped to circles. In theory, this method converges quadratically faster than conventional Koebe's method. We give theoretic proof and estimation for the converging rate. In practice, it is much more robust and efficient than conventional non-linear methods based on curvature flow. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the method.
Software implementation of MPEG-II video encoding using socket programming in LAN

This contribution will examine the parallel characteristics of MPEG video encoding and explore the feasibility of using a group of workstations under a LAN to perform MPEG-II encoding. An analysis of partitioning the MPEG algorithm into several tasks is presented. This is followed by the details of implementation by using socket programming as a means to coordinate the workstations. The following conclusions have been reached: (1) Since each slice header has a start code which is byte-aligned, each slice is a good basic unit for parallel processing. This is the case for I- P- and B-pictures. (2) All the most computationally expensive operations, such as Motion Estimation and DCT, can be conducted in parallel. (3) The quantization parameter is processed in a sequential manner since it should be derived from the history of the encoding. Computer simulations have been conducted, and the bitstreams generated are the same as those of a sequential encoder and can be decoded by an MPEG-II decoder.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the parallel solution of parabolic equations

We propose new parallel algorithms for the solution of linear parabolic problems. The first of these methods is based on using polynomial approximation to the exponential. It does not require solving any linear systems and is highly parallelizable. The two other methods proposed are based on Pade and Chebyshev approximations to the matrix exponential. The parallelization of these methods is achieved by using partial fraction decomposition techniques to solve the resulting systems and thus offers the potential for increased time parallelism in time dependent problems. We also present experimental results from the Alliant FX/8 and the Cray Y-MP/832 vector multiprocessors.
Kinematic performance of a six degree-of-freedom hand model (6DHand) for use in occupational biomechanics☆

Abstract Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders represent an important health issue across all industry sectors; as such, the need exists to develop models of the hand that provide comprehensive biomechanics during occupational tasks. Previous optical motion capture studies used a single marker on the dorsal aspect of finger joints, allowing calculation of one and two degree-of-freedom (DOF) joint angles; additional algorithms were needed to define joint centers and the palmar surface of fingers. We developed a 6DOF model (6DHand) to obtain unconstrained kinematics of finger segments, modeled as frusta of right circular cones that approximate the palmar surface. To evaluate kinematic performance, twenty subjects gripped a cylindrical handle as a surrogate for a powered hand tool. We hypothesized that accessory motions (metacarpophalangeal pronation/supination; proximal and distal interphalangeal radial/ulnar deviation and pronation/supination; all joint translations) would be small (less than 5° rotations, less than 2 mm translations) if segment anatomical reference frames were aligned correctly, and skin movement artifacts were negligible. For the gripping task, 93 of 112 accessory motions were small by our definition, suggesting this 6DOF approach appropriately models joints of the fingers. Metacarpophalangeal supination was larger than expected (approximately 10°), and may be adjusted through local reference frame optimization procedures previously developed for knee kinematics in gait analysis. Proximal translations at the metacarpophalangeal joints (approximately 10 mm) were explained by skin movement across the metacarpals, but would not corrupt inverse dynamics calculated for the phalanges. We assessed performance in this study; a more rigorous validation would likely require medical imaging.
Molten polystyrene structures above the glass transition, T > Tg

The old controversial idea of structures in molten amorphous polymers is being accepted with theoretical and experimental evidence. Wool's twinkling fractal theory of the glass transition and recent atomic force micrographs are convincing proof of the dynamic, solid aggregate presence below and above Tg. This article offers detailed analysis of the experimental data from high-pressure dilatometry, as well as from the oscillatory shear tests in the glassy and the molten state of polystyrenes. The results indicate the presence of a transient structure at T > Tg; transient as it depends on the structure of the vitreous polymer and the rate of heating it across Tg. Thus, molten polymer is not always at the thermodynamic equilibrium. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 1369–1380, 2011
Commentary on Sauvé Meyer

This short comment on Professor Sauve Meyer’s paper attempts to draw attention to two issues that influence our understanding of Divine responsibility in the Timaeus. The first concerns the question of the literalness of the argument. If there is no creation, per much of the ancient tradition of commentators on the Timaeus, then there can be no divine responsibility. The second is the Timaeus’ account of the origin of non-human animals. Since they come from ‘fallen humans,’ and since they are necessary in order for the Demiurgic creation to be complete or perfect, in some sense they, and the fall of humans, must be part of the divine plan.
Can the family group be a global symmetry

Abstract We consider the possibility that the family group may be a spontaneously broken continuous global symmetry. In the context of grand unification, the couplings of the associated Goldstone bosons to fermions can be sufficiently suppressed so as to satisfy the phenomenological bounds. For a maximal family symmetry this requires a large number of Higgs fields.
The force field of phosphorus

Abstract The infrared spectrum of P 4 in CS 2 solutions was obtained for path lengths up to 5 mm. A breakdown in the T d selection rules due to intermolecular interaction allowed all fundamentals and binary combinations to be observed in the infrared. The resulting anharmonicity constants were used to estimate the zero-order frequencies, and from these the force field and mean amplitudes of vibration were calculated. The general quadratic valence force constants are f r = 2.19, f rr = −0.13, f rr ' = 0.08, all in mdyn/A.
Zinc biochemistry: A perspective

Abstract It has become increasingly apparent that many functions of zinc in biology are very similar to those of the vitamins: it serves as a coenzyme.
Changes in Brain Functioning From Infancy to Early Childhood: Evidence From EEG Power and Coherence During Working Memory Tasks

Using measures of EEG power and coherence with a longitudinal sample, the goal of this study was to examine developmental changes in brain electrical activity during higher order cognitive processing at infancy and early childhood. Infants were recruited at 8 months of age and performed an infant working-memory task based on a looking version of the A-not-B task. At age 4.5 years, one half of the original sample returned for a follow-up visit and were assessed with age-appropriate working-memory tasks. At infancy, working memory was associated with changes in EEG power from baseline to task across the entire scalp, whereas in early childhood, working memory was associated with changes in EEG power from baseline to task at medial frontal only. Similar results were found for the EEG coherence data. At infancy, working memory was associated with changes in EEG coherence from baseline to task across all electrode pairs and by 4.5 years of age, EEG coherence changed from baseline to working-memory task at the ...
A differential effect of L-serine on the incorporation of3H-deoxycytidine and3H-thymidine into DNA of rat thymocytes

The addition of L-serine to short-term cultures of rat thymocytes stimulated the incorporation of3H-deoxycytidine into DNA, but simultaneously depressed the incorporation of3H-thymidine into DNA.
Right amygdala volume in adolescent and young adult offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism.

Abstract Background: Neurobiological factors have been implicated in the increased susceptibility for developing alcohol dependence that offspring from alcoholic families exhibit. The P300 component of the event-related potential shows developmental changes during childhood and adolescence that appear to be related to risk status. The underlying structural changes that accompany these neurophysiological changes are not well understood. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure cerebral, amygdala, and hippocampal volumes in 17 high-risk adolescent and young adult offspring from multiplex alcoholism families and 17 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched control subjects without a family history for alcoholism or other substance dependence. Twenty-two of the subjects are part of a longitudinal prospective study and have been followed an average of 7.3 years, making it possible to relate P300 developmental trajectories to structural volumes. Results: High-risk adolescents and young adults showed reduced right amygdala volume in comparison with control subjects. Right amygdala volume was significantly correlated with visual P300 amplitude. Conclusions: Offspring from families having a high density of alcoholism differ in both neurophysiological and neuroanatomical characteristics that could not be explained by personal drinking history or particular childhood and adolescent psychopathology. Because the amygdala tends to increase in volume during childhood and adolescence, smaller volumes in high-risk children may indicate a developmental delay that parallels delays seen in visual P300 amplitude.
Abnormal TSH secretory dynamics in congenital hypothyroidism

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Yuen P, Lin HJ, and Hutchinson JH: Copper deficiency in a low birthweight infant, Arch Dis Child 54:553, 1979. 2. Graham GG, and Cordano A: Copper deletion and deficiency in the malnourished infant, Johns Hopkins Med J 124:139, 1969. 3. Heller RM, Kirchner SG, O'Neil JA Jr, Hough AJ Jr, Howard L, Kramer SS, and Green HL: Skeletal changes of copper deficiency in infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition, J PEDIA'I-R 92:947, 1978. 4. Tanaka Y, Hatano S, Nishi Y, and Usui T: Nutritional copper deficiency in a Japanese infant on formula, J PEDIATR 96:255, 1980. 5. Hambidge KM: Trace elements in pediatric nutrition, Adv Pediatr 24:191, 1977. 6. Underwood EJ: Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, New York, 1977, Academic Press, Inc., pp 56108. 7. Chapman HL Jr, and Bell MC: Relative absorption and excretion by beef cattle of copper from various sources, J Anim Sci 22:82, 1963. 8. Mason KE: A conspectus of research on copper metabolism and requirements of man, J Nutr 109:1981, 1979. 9. Prasad AS, Brewer GJ, Schoomaker EB, and Rabbani P: Hypocupremia induced by zinc therapy in adults, JAMA 240:2166, 1978. 10. Tompsett SL: Factors influencing the absorption of iron and copper from the alimentary tract, Biochem J 34:961, 1940. 11. Nishi Y: Zinc levels in plasma, erythrocyte and leukocyte in healthy children and adults, Hiroshima J Med Sci 29:7, 1980.
Use of BI-RADS lesion descriptors in computer-aided diagnosis of malignant and benign breast lesions

The purpose of this study was to determine whether combining an automated computer technique that classifies calcifications in mammograms as malignant or benign with radiologist-provided BI-RADS lesion description improves classification performance. Three expert mammography radiologists who were MQSA certified and familiar with BI-RADS retrospectively interpreted 125 cases of mammograms containing calcifications and provided BI-RADS lesion descriptions. A computer technique was applied to the mammograms to extract eight image features that describe the size, shape, and uniformity of individual as well as groups of calcifications. We compared the performance of artificial neural networks that estimated the likelihood of malignancy based on input from either the computer-extracted image features alone, the BI-RADS lesion descriptors alone, or the combination of both. The leave-one-out method was used. Combining the BI-RADS lesion description provided by a single radiologist and computer-extracted image features resulted in improved performance. However, using two radiologists' BI-RADS lesion descriptions such that one radiologist's data was used to train and another radiologist's data was used to test the neural network diminished this improvement in performance. These results suggest that variability in radiologists' BI-RADS lesion description is large enough to offset a potential gain in performance from combining it with an automated computer technique.
Human axillary extracts: Analysis of compounds from samples which influence menstrual timing

Previous studies have shown that menstrual cycle length and fertility are affected by a regular pattern of either: (1) intimate contact with men; or (2) contact with extracts from male axillary secretions; and (3) the axillary extracts of women. Experiments utilizing axillary extracts employed a controlled, double-blind research design using either extract or placebo. The study reported here employed quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to determine the concentration of several steroids in the male and female axillary secretion extracts. The steroids examined were: androsterone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and the volatile steroid androstenol. The results suggest the following: (1) The concentration of androstenol produced by secretion donors varied during the collection period. Males appear to produce more androstenol at certain times; women's secretions show a menstrual variation in androstenol; the highest concentrations of this compound appear to be produced in the midfollicular phase, prior to ovulation. (2) The concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is significantly greater in men than in women. (3) In addition to the steroids, a series of aliphatic acids which range from C2 to C18 in chain length were found. The more volatile members of this series may contribute to the odor of the secretions.
An Application of the Micropipette Technique to the Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Cultured Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells

The mechanical properties of endothelial cells were measured using the micropipette technique. The cells employed were collected from bovine aortic endothelium and cultured in our laboratory. Endothelial cells from confluent monolayers under no-flow conditions were detached from their substrate by trypsin or by a mechanical method and suspended in modified Dulbecco medium (MDM). In the micropipette technique, a part of the cell is aspirated into the tip of the micropipette under a microscope, and the deformation measured from a photograph. In this study, the data obtained were analyzed using a model where the cytoskeletal elements, which are considered to be the primary stress bearing components, are assumed to reside in a submembranous, cortical layer. Detached cells were found to have almost homogeneous mechanical properties based on measurements from different regions of the surface of a single cell. However, a hysteresis loop was observed in the relation between pressure and cell deformation during the loading and unloading processes. The calculated elastic shear moduli obtained for the trypsin-detached cells were as much as 10-20 times larger than those of a red blood cell. Mechanically-detached cells had moduli approximately twice that of the trypsin detached cells. Passage time, i.e., cell culture age, had no influence on the mechanical properties of the trypsin-detached cells, but did have an effect on the mechanically-detached cells, with both the younger and older cells being somewhat stiffer.
Propagation of large amplitude waves in annealed brass

Abstract An experimental investigation of large amplitude wave propagation in annealed α-brass polycrystals demonstrates the applicability of the generalized parabolic stress-strain relationship to a binary alloy of low stacking-fault energy. Several discrete deformation modes are found to be operative depending on the material history prior to free-flight impact of rods. The results are found to be in agreement with quasi-static deformation of brass single crystals and polycrystals. It is concluded that, in spite of the large difference in the stacking-fault energies of brass and aluminum, the deformations of each can be precisely described without explicitly including “strain rate” into the constitutive equation of either.
The Relationship Between Sex and Aggression in Convict Cichlids (Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum Günther)

C. nigrofasciatum have been widely used as a preparation in the investigation of aggressive (threat/attack) behavior because of their reputation as a highly aggressive species. They have also frequently been used in studies of learning processes, especially habituation. The reproductive and aggressive behaviors of the family Cichlidae have been described extensively, however, the sexual behavior of C. nigrofasciatum has been treated only cursorily. Several investigators have postulated a mutually inhibitory relationship between sex and aggression such that any decrease in the level of one of these motivational states results in an increase in the level of the other. In order to test this hypothesized relationship between sex and aggression, male and female C. nigrofasciatum were exposed to either male or female stimulus fish for 24 consecutive hours. In the present investigation, performance of sexual behavior was found to inhibit performance of aggressive behavior and vice versa. A principle components statistical analysis was performed in order to reduce the number of dependent variables to a smaller number of underlying clusters of variables referred to as factors. The principle components analysis indicated that the data were characterized by two orthogonal factors, the first of which reflected qualitative differences between the sex and aggression variables, suggesting that a mutually inhibitory relationship exists between sex and aggression. Discriminant analyses indicated that females initiate courtship and perform more aggressive behaviors than males, males elicit more aggression than females, opposite sex dyads perform more sexual behaviors than same sex dyads, and same sex dyads perform more aggressive behaviors than opposite sex dyads. Habituation of aggression was demonstrated in all dyads. Significant decrements in sexual behaviors were not observed.
Backward Intergenerational Goods and Endogenous Fertility

This paper characterizes the consequences of introducing the public provision of intergenerational goods to the elderly in a model with endogenous fertility. With exogenous fertility, it has been shown that the government can mandate the first-best outcome by simply imposing the socially optimal transfer. By contrast, with endogenous fertility, the government can no longer enforce this outcome. This is due, in part, to the effects of mandatory provision on the birth rate. However, taxes may still have a salubrious effect on social welfare as they can eliminate particularly bad equilibria.
β-Blockers associated with no class-specific survival benefit in acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Objectives Despite the high mortality, there is currently no specific treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Research investigating optimum degree of blood pressure control in patients presenting with ICH and hypertension is ongoing. However, there is limited understanding of the potential benefits of specific classes of antihypertensive therapy. β-Adrenergic antagonists may provide neuroprotection from inflammation-induced injury by inhibiting sympathetic nervous system mediated immune activation. We examined mortality in ICH patients receiving β-adrenergic antagonists to determine whether this class of antihypertensive therapy was associated with improved survival.
Multi-scale Personalization for Voice Search Applications

Voice Search applications provide a very convenient and direct access to a broad variety of services and information. However, due to the vast amount of information available and the open nature of the spoken queries, these applications still suffer from recognition errors. This paper explores the utilization of personalization features for the post-processing of recognition results in the form of n-best lists. Personalization is carried out from three different angles: short-term, long-term and Web-based, and a large variety of features are proposed for use in a log-linear classification framework. Experimental results on data obtained from a commercially deployed Voice Search system show that the combination of the proposed features leads to a substantial sentence error rate reduction. In addition, it is shown that personalization features which are very different in nature can successfully complement each other.
Arterial blood gases and brain oxygen availability following infusion of intratracheal fluorocarbon neat liquids.

Eight adult New Zealand Swiss rabbits (3–5 kg) having previously implanted chronic bilateral platinum electrodes in the visual cerebral cortex and subcutaneous silver reference electrodes were tranquillized and monitored in multiple 2–3 hour sessions using voltammetric techniques. Six of these were given intratracheal neat liquid fluorocarbons ranging in boiling point from 132°C to 215°C at doses of 2 or 4cc/kg. Each animal received only one fluorocarbon liquid. Two additional rabbits were match-studied as controls. Half of the rabbits have survived more than five months. Both controls and two experimental rabbits were sacrificed after more than seven months due to gastric hairballs. The period of daytime monitoring sessions, when cathodic brain oxygen currents (aO2), arterial blood gases and pH were obtained, was between 34 and 263 days. In some animals the arterial pCO2 was increased during the first week but the pO2 and pH remained nearly normal in all eight animals throughout. The two best fluorocarbo...
Organosilanes in low volatile organic component coatings

Abstract Six organosilane dicarboxylic acids were used in the synthesis of conventional semi-drying oil based polyesters. Most of the organosilane modified coatings had appreciably lower viscosity than the non-silane control formulation even though the molecular weights were similar, and the non volatile content was identical. This allows for reductions in volatile organic components and thus the formulation of high solids coatings. The organosilane modified coatings possessed improved drying characteristics, impact resistance, flexibility, and hardness without loss in adhesion.