cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood Sexual Abuse: Sources of Trauma

Many American women who were sexually abused as children seek mental health services to help them heal from their abuse. An appreciation of the varied sources of trauma that may stem from a sexual abuse experience may guide clinicians in facilitating a meaningful discussion with survivors of the ways in which their childhood development and their current lives have been influenced by their sexual abuse. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a beginning delineation of possible sources of trauma in the abuse situation, based on the retrospective reflections of women who have survived abuse. One hundred and eighty-six survivors were asked to identify the most traumatic aspects of their abuse experience. A content analysis was performed on their written responses, and the following eight categories, reflecting different sources of trauma, were identified: abandonment, powerlessness, violence, betrayal, guilt and shame, loss of self, loss of childhood, and impact on sexual adjustment. Possible treatment implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Language: en
Perceptions of the Wellness Model of Supervision among Counseling Interns

We implemented a qualitative case study research design to evaluate the perceptions of four internship students participating in a model of supervision that integrates wellness while completing a counseling internship at a community-based trauma clinic. Participant interviews and supervisor reflections revealed seven themes within three categories of inquiry. Participants reported experiences related to Initial Reactions, Engagement, Understanding, Benefits to Self, Translation to Professional Practice, Translation to Professional Relationships, and Commitment to Wellness. Recommendations for supervisors and future research are identified.
Comparison of polarization and analyzing power for the 15N(p, n)15O reaction

Abstract The analyzing power A y ( θ ) and polarization P y ( θ ) for the 15 N(p, n 0 ) 15 O reaction have been measured for E p = 4.5–11.3 MeV. The values of the two observables are nearly the same above 11 MeV, where a “quasi-elastic” view of the (p, n) reaction to the analog state should be applicable. Below 10 MeV, however, large spin-flip amplitudes and isospin-mixing ratios provide the two major conditions needed to obtain P y ( θ ) ≠ A y ( θ ), and dramatic differences between the two observables are observed. The size of the differences and their dependence on energy are similar to the results predicted by shell-model calculations. The P y ( θ ) and A y ( θ ) measurements have been combined with existing cross-section data to provide information about spin-flip processes. We also comment on the connection between comparisons of P y ( θ ) and A y ( θ ) in charge-symmetric (p, n) reactions and the recent controversial measurements of a difference between the values of P y ( θ ) for a reaction and A y ( θ ) for the inverse reaction.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation: An Upstream Signal for Transition of Quiescent Astrocytes into Reactive Astrocytes after Neural Injury

Modulating the behaviors of reactive astrocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. We found that upregulation and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occur in astrocytes after different injuries in optic nerves in vivo. Activation of EGFR regulates genes and cellular processes representing most major markers of reactive astrocytes and genes related with glaucomatous optic neuropathy and other neural disorders. These results suggest that activation of EGFR is a common, regulatory pathway that triggers quiescent astrocytes into reactive astrocytes in response to neural injuries in the optic nerve, and perhaps other parts of the CNS. Targeting EGFR activation using an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor prevents the loss of retinal ganglion cells in a model of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Because these inhibitors are currently used clinically, our results present an approach to reactive astrocytes as a potential new target for the treatment of neurodegenerations.
Abstract LB-228: Association of XRCC1 SNPs with clinical response in AML patients

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL DNA repair system is critical in maintaining genome stability and integrity in response to various exogenous and endogenous stress factors. It is a multistep processes involving several enzymes including XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing group1) protein which plays a vital role in DNA repair activities and therefore is important for maintenance of genetic stability. The current study involves investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the XRCC1 gene and their association with clinical response in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with cytarabine (ara-C) based anti-leukemic chemotherapy in the St. Jude AML02 clinical trial. The St. Jude AML02 trial enrolled 232 AML patients less than 22 years of age, randomized to receive induction I therapy containing high-dose cytarabine or low-dose cytarabine plus daunorubicin and etoposide. A total of eighteen XRCC1 SNPs were genotyped using MALDI-TOF based Sequenom assay and screened for association with 3 endpoints, namely: in vitro ara-C LC50 determined in leukemic cells obtained at diagnosis (which was measured by treating leukemic cells in vitro with varying concentrations of ara-C), event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Jung statistic was used to determine association of the number of minor alleles with EFS and OS. Association of genotypes with EFS and OS was measured using Cox regression models while considering previously identified prognostically important variables. Our results showed significant association of 4 XRCC1 SNPs with survival and ara-C LC50 in pediatric AML patients. Three of these were present in the coding region, while one was a regulatory SNP located in the promoter region of the XRCC1 gene. XRCC1 SNPs have also been shown to be associated with cancer susceptibility and survival in previous studies. Our results now demonstrate clinical significance of XRCC1 SNPs in pediatric AML and suggest a role of these SNPs as prognostic factors in AML chemotherapy. These results might open up opportunities for tailored chemotherapy based on genomic markers to improve therapeutic outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-228. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-228
Effect of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on endogenous production and utilization of glucose in the dog

Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated in 15 dogs with untreated hyperadrenocorticism by measuring basal plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin and determining the rates of hepatic glucose production and overall glucose uptake by tissues using 6-3H-glucose as the tracer. Of the 15 dogs, 8 (53%) had fasting hyperglycemia and 12 (80%) had insulin resistance, evidenced by mild to severe endogenous hyperinsulinemia together with euglycemia or hyperglycemia. Mean rates of both hepatic glucose production (323.1 mg/kg/hr) and tissue utilization of glucose (319.2 mg/kg/hr) were significantly (P<0.001) increased in the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, compared to the glucose turnover rate in normal dogs (169.9 mg/kg/hr). Despite the increased glucose utilization rates, the mean rate of glucose clearance remained normal in the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. In 6 dogs re-evaluated after treatment of hyperadrenocorticism, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance improved or resolved, evidenced by decreases in the mean plasma concentrations of both insulin and glucose into the normal range. After correction of glucocorticoid excess and associated insulin resistance, elevated rates of glucose production and utilization also decreased significantly (P<0.005) and normalized in all dogs. In results of this study indicate that increased glucose production and utilization are characteristic of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism. Despite the increased rates of glucose tissue uptake, the normal glucose clearance rates found in these dogs suggest relative impairment of overall glucose utilization. Nevertheless, it appears that hepatic glucose overproduction plays the major role in the development of the hyperglycemia commonly associated with canine hyperadrenocorticism.
Cell division by swelling stresses

It is demonstrated that, if the variations of viscosity throughout a cell are considered, swelling stresses may produce elongation and division. To do this it is necessary to generalize Betti's theorem to cover systems containing viscosity gradients and such a generalization is presented.
Nitric oxide production affects cerebral perfusion and metabolism after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

Background Use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in infant cardiac surgery is associated with reduced cerebral perfusion and metabolism during the recovery period. We investigated the impairment of nitric oxide production as a possible cause. Methods A group of 1-week-old piglets underwent normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (group A); three other groups (B, C, and D; n=6 per group) underwent 60 minutes of DHCA at 18°C and 60 minutes of rewarming. The animals were then treated as follows: Groups A and B received l- ω -nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (l-NAME, 50 mg · kg −1 ); group C, saline solution; and group D, l-arginine (600 mg · kg −1 ). Results In group A, global cerebral blood flow decreased to 37.3% ± 4.2% of baseline after l-NAME administration ( p p p −1 · 100 g −1 after DHCA to 2.42 ± 0.25 mL · min −1 · 100 g −1 ( p Conclusions Tonal production of nitric oxide is impaired in the brain after DHCA and is partly responsible for the circulatory and metabolic changes observed. Stimulation of nitric oxide production (l-arginine) significantly improved recovery of cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen metabolism after DHCA.
Use of posaconazole delayed-release tablets for treatment of invasive aspergillosis

A 65-year-old man developed Aspergillus brain abscesses following surgical resection of a sinus aspergilloma. He was treated with voriconazole for 1 year but infection recurred. We elected to treat with posaconazole delayed-release tablets, currently only indicated as antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk patients. A maintenance dose of 300 mg Q24 h resulted in a therapeutic serum concentration and appears safe and clinically effective thus far. This is the first report of successful use of posaconazole tablets for treatment of invasive aspergillosis.
Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy to molecular cytogenetics.

Phenomena studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, including differential perturbations of dye fluorescence by variations in DNA composition and interdye energy transfer, can be applied to cytological studies of chromosome structure, replication, and repair. When combined with fluorescence-activated flow sorting, fluorescent differentiation between metaphase chromosomes can be exploited to obtain recombinant DNA libraries enriched for all or parts of individual chromosomes. Cloned DNA segments from such libraries continue to find application in studies of human chromosome structure and function and in molecular linkage analyses, thus leading to molecular genetic investigations of human disease states.
Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric determination of zinc and cadmium with 2,2'-pyridil bis(2-quinolylhydrazone).

Abstract The chelating ligand, 2,2'-pyridil bis(2-quinolylhydrazone), has been used for the spectrophotometric determination of zinc and cadmium in synthetic samples. The molar absorptivities of these metal complexes in 80% ethanol-water solution at pH 8 were found to be 4.60 × 10 4 and 5.10 × 10 4 1.mole −1 .cm −1 for zinc and cadmium respectively. Beer's law was obeyed for metal-ion concentrations between 1.0 × 10 −6 and 2.5 × 10 −5 M . The limits of detection were found to be 52 and 79 ng ml for zinc and cadmium respectively. The complexes fluoresced in 80% ethanol-water at pH 8 for zinc and at pH 10 for cadmium. The linear range for fluorescence as a function of metal-ion concentration was found to be 5 × 10 −7 –5 × 10 −6 M for both zinc and cadmium. Transition-metal ions interfere severely with both the spectrophotometric and fluorimetric determinations, and must be removed beforehand. An ion-exchange procedure is suitable for this.
Gross Segmentation Of Color Images Of Natural Scenes For Computer Vision Systems

This paper describes a new systematic method for gross segmentation of color images of natural scenes. It is developed within the context of the human visual system and mathematical pattern recognition theory. The eventual goal of the research is to integrate these two concepts to obtain visually distinct image segments which are more reliable and tractable for higher level analysis or interpretation process involved in a computer vision system. This new computational technique is proposed in accordance with the human color perception to detect the image clusters efficiently using only one-dimensional (1-D) histograms of the L*,H°,C cylindrical coordinates of the (L*,a*,b*)-uniform color system selected as the feature space. The method is employed together with the Fisher linear discriminant function to isolate and extract the detected image clusters correctly. In order to obtain the features most useful for a given image, a new feature extraction technique is proposed. It is a statistical-structural method which makes use of the spatial and spectral information contained in the local areas of the image domain. A set of smoothing and line templates are developed and used to refine the extracted image regions in the spatial domain. They can also be applied to the binary images for smoothing purposes.
Control of Meloidogyne Javanica in Potato Tubers and M. Hapla in the Roots of Young Rose Bushes By Means of Heated Water

Water temperatures of between 46°C and 47.5°C with an immersion period of 2 hrs, killed all stages of M. javanica contained within moderately to severely blistered potato tubers, without adversely affecting subsequent sprouting of the tubers during a 3 months storage period. Immersion of the roots of dormant rose bushes to just below the bud union, for 60 min in water heated to 45.5°, killed all eggs and larvae of M. hapla, without adversely affecting the subsequent growth of a vigorous floribunda and a non vigorous hybrid tea variety budded on vigorous thornless Mexican Briar rootstocks.
Killer Applications in Digital Humanities

The emerging discipline of 'digital humanities' has been plagued by a perceived neglect on the part of the broader humanities community. The community as a whole tends not to be aware of the tools developed by DH practitioners (as documented by the recent surveys by Siemens et al.), and tends not to take seriously many of the results of scholarship obtained by DH methods and tools. This article argues for a focus on deliverable results in the form of useful solutions to common problems that humanities scholars share, instead of simply new representations. The question to address is what needs the humanities community has that can be dealt with using DH tools and techniques, or equivalently what incentive humanists have to take up and to use new methods. This can be treated in some respects like the computational quest for the 'killer application'-a need of the user group that can be filled, and by filling it, create an acceptance of that tool and the supporting methods/results. Some definitions and examples are provided both to illustrate the idea and to support why this is necessary. The apparent alternative is the status quo, where digital research tools are brilliantly developed, only to languish in neglect and disuse.
The direct alpha-zincation of amides, phosphonates and phosphine oxides by H-Zn exchange.

Stoichiometric or catalytic quantities of simple 2° amines greatly increase the rate of H–Zn exchange between ZnPh2 and a range of relatively non-acidic substrates, allowing for the convenient and direct preparation of α-functionalized organozincs.
The Influence of Various Calcium and Phosphoras Levels on Tibia Strength and Eggshell Quality of Pullets During Peak Production

Abstract One thousand and eighty DeKalb XL pullets were randomly allocated to nine treatments and arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial to determine the effects of three levels of dietary calcium (2.75, 3.75, and 4.25%) and three levels of dietary available phosphorus (.30, .40, and .50%) on eggshell quality and tibia weight, tibia breaking strength, tibia ash, and bone mineral content of pullets during peak production. Feed consumption increased as dietary calcium or phosphorus increased. Increasing dietary calcium caused a significant linear increase in egg specific gravity, but dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on egg specific gravity. Calcium and phosphorus levels did not significantly affect egg production, body weight, plasma chloride, or phosphorus. Ionized calcium increased significantly as dietary calcium increased. Tibia breaking strength, tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content increased significantly with increasing dietary calcium. Dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on these parameters. However, when 2.75% calcium was fed, reducing dietary phosphorus significantly decreased tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content.
The social metaphor for distributed processing

Abstract Social systems are asynchronous distributed processors characterized by (i) a large and variable population of small individuals and (ii) a random and changing communications architecture. Individual interactions produce global computations or processes which are immune to minor structural changes. Termite colonies are a good example. Global processes—such as the construction of a mound—are essentially unaffected by most details of colony structure. How are global computations programmed locally? What types of programs are immune to structural changes? Given the ability to program at the individual level, can social systems be viewed as general purpose computers? These and similar questions have motivated this paper. We present (i) precise definitions for social systems and related concepts, (ii) seven programs resulting in interesting global processes, (iii) theorems describing the effect of structural changes on various global processes, and (iv) some questions for further research.
Phase behavior of actinide trihalides under pressure

Abstract Actinide trihalides exhibit in common a limited number of crystal structures. The range of existence of each structure correlates well with the cationic:anionic radius ratio. It is the efficiency of packing of the actinide cations and halide anions that determines which crystal structure is exhibited by a particular actinide trihalide. It appears that the packing efficiency and this ionic radius ratio control the high pressure phase behavior of the actinide trihalides as well. From other studies of lanthanide trihalides under pressure, the following series of crystal structures, in order of increasing packing efficiency, can be derived: AlCl 3 -type monoclinic a BiI 3 -type rhombohedral a UCl 3 -type hexagonal a PuBr 3 -type orthorhombic . Arguments based on cation coordination number (CN) changes with increasing pressure can be used to justify this series of structures and to speculate on the identity of a new, even higher pressure phase that f element trihalides may exhibit. We have used several spectroscopic techniques to monitor the phase behavior of selected f element trihalides under pressure. The results of our studies are summarized, correlated with packing efficiency, and used to propose the potential existence of a “new”, higher pressure, trihalide phase with a cation CN of 6.
Neurological assessment of the preterm infant

Coinciding with improved overall management of the very preterm infant, more techniques have become available to assess the neurological well-being of these high-risk infants. An overview is given of the different techniques which are now used in many neonatal intensive care units, and their value in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome is discussed. Attention is mainly focused on cranial ultrasound, electroencephalography and the different evoked potential modalities.
Plato’s Heroic Vision: The Difficult Choices of the Socratic Life

Faced with charges of impiety and corruption of the youth, Socrates attempts a defence designed to vindicate the philosophic way of life. In this he seems to be successful, as Socrates is today highly regarded for his description of the good life and for his unwillingness to live any other sort of life, a position that is most obviously exemplified by his defence in the Apology. After his sentencing, Socrates’ arguments and actions—in the Crito and the Phaedo—also lend considerable support to the idea that the philosopher is committed to living a particularly good sort of life. While the sequence of dialogues that culminates in Socrates’ execution might seem to be the most obviously critical of the life of the philosopher, these dialogues actually serve to enshrine the character of Socrates as the quintessential moral hero.
Novel graph theoretical approach to heteroatoms in quantitative structure—activity relationships

Abstract A novel approach to characterization of heteroatoms in graph theoretical approaches to quantitative structure—activity relationships (QSAR) is outlined. The basis of the approach is the use of diagonal entries of the adjacency matrix as variable parameter, in full analogy to the well known generalization of the Huckel Molecular Orbitals (HMO) method when extended to heteroconjugated systems. The approach is illustrated on clonidine-like compounds where carbon and chlorine atoms are discriminated by using x = −0.20 as the diagonal entry for chlorine atoms. Derived weighted path numbers are used as descriptors and a multiple regression based on three descriptors resulted in the correlation coefficient R = 0.977 and the standard error S = 0.233. This represents a substantial improvement over the best traditional QSAR analysis which involves five descriptors (in a nonlinear correlation equation with R = 0.964 and S = 0.301). A detailed comparison is made with available QSAR results, and the advantages (as well as limitations) of graph theoretical descriptors are discussed.
Influence of buffers on the phenol extraction of liver microsomal ribonucleic acids.

Abstract A linear relationship was found between yields of microsomal RNA and the pH of the aqueous phase after phenol extraction. The yield could be controlled by buffers which produced either consistently high yields or reproducible fractions of RNA. The range in pH of these buffers was in the vicinity of 7.0. We therefore avoided submitting RNA to harsh alkalinity or acidity.
Space applications of superconductivity: Low frequency superconducting sensors

Although this paper deals with several low-frequency instruments and devices, most of the discussion relates to SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) magnetometers and gradiometers, since these are perceived as the instruments with the greatest potential for space applications. The discussion covers SQUID for magnetic field measurements; present state of the art of SQUID technology; ultimate potential performance; applications to magnetic measurements in space; SQUID galvanometers, voltage and current sensors, and wide-band amplifiers; magnetic shielding, and superconducting dc transformer. SQUIDS are superior to all other magnetic sensors in sensitivity, frequency response, range, and linearity. It is suggested that SQUID instruments, both magnetometers and gradiometers, would be valuable in studies of the dynamics of interplanetary and planetary fields. SQUID gradiometers are useful for detection and mapping of magnetic anomalies at short to moderate ranges.
The interaction of solar p-modes with a sunspot. I - Observations

Time series of velocity maps of two isolated sunspots and their surroundings were recorded in the Fe I line and the umbral line Ti I. Both 3 and 5 min umbral oscillations were detected at photospheric heights. The 5 min oscillations have reduced amplitude in the umbra, which appears to act as a filter in transmitting selected frequencies in the power spectrum of 5 min p-mode oscillations of the surrounding convection zone. The k-omicron power spectrum of the umbral oscillations shows this selective transmission and also shows a shift of power to longer horizontal wavelengths. This behavior is exhibited by a simple theoretical model of the interaction of p-modes with a sunspot. The 3 min umbral oscillations are concentrated in the dark central part of the umbra. In both sunspots, the kinetic energy density of the 3 min umbral oscillation in the photosphere is much greater than the corresponding kinetic energy density at chromospheric heights measured in other sunspots.
Stromal derived growth factor-1 (CXCL12) modulates synaptic transmission to immature neurons during post-ischemic cerebral repair

In response to ischemic injury, the brain mounts a repair process involving the development of new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, the manner in which new neurons integrate into existing brain circuitry is not well understood. Here we observed that during the four weeks after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), doublecortin (DCX)-expressing neural progenitors originating in the subventricular zone (SVZ) were present in the ischemic lesion borderzone, where they received γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inputs, a feature that is common to newly developing neurons. The chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) was enriched in lesional endothelial and microglial cells for up to four weeks after transient MCAO, and application of SDF-1 to acute brain slices enhanced GABAergic inputs to the new neurons. These observations suggest that SDF-1 is in a position to coordinate neovascularization and neurogenesis during the repair process after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
The Lucké Frog Kidney Tumor and its Herpesvirus

Northern leopard frogs are afflicted with a spontaneous malignant neoplasm of the mesonephros. A herpesvirus is invariably associated with tumors obtained from frogs hibernating 30 days or longer and in tumors of frogs taken from breeding ponds. Tumors obtained from prehibernating frogs do not have viruses as detected by electron microscopy but virus particles are found in some tumors within 7 days after the onset of hibernation. Tumors of frogs maintained at warm temperature in the laboratory do not have viruses and tumors of frogs maintained at cold temperatures in the laboratory do contain viruses. However, the production of viruses in the laboratory follows a distinctly slower chronology than that which occurs in nature. Injection of cell fractions containing the herpesvirus into frog embryos induces tumors near the time of metamorphosis in many experimental animals. Embryos injected with tumor extracts not containing herpesviruses do not develop tumors. Environmental and laboratory observations are discussed which may relate to natural transmission of this presumed viral oncogenic agent.
Treatment of glioblastoma in "elderly" patients.

The number of patients over 65 with newly diagnosed glioblastoma is anticipated to increase significantly in coming decades as a result of demographic shifts in the United States. Older patients with this disease have a significantly worse life expectancy compared with patients under 65. Mounting clinical evidence suggests that fit elderly patients with glioblastoma benefit from the addition of temozolomide to standard surgery and radiation. As a result, for healthy patients over 65 we recommend maximal surgical debulking followed by involved-field radiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions) with concurrent temozolomide (75 mg/m2/day) and 6 months of adjuvant temozolomide (150–200 mg/m2/day for five consecutive days/month). Patients over 65 with newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma should also be considered for inclusion in clinical trials. MGMT is a validated prognostic marker in patients over 65 and may be useful in clinical decision-making in frail elderly patients. Age alone should not be a factor in deciding how patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma should be treated.
CO2 reduction potential of coal-to-liquids (CTL) plants

Abstract Coal-to-liquids (CTL) processes generate synthetic liquid fuels like gasoline and diesel fuel from coal. One main concern of coal liquids, however, is the large emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the CTL process. These emissions can be mitigated using carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology. A comprehensive techno-economic assessment model of liquids-only and poly-generation (producing liquid fuels plus electricity) CTL plants, capable of incorporating CCS is developed. To account for inherent uncertainties and variability, ranges and probability distributions are given to different cost parameters. Finally, the capability of a poly-generation CTL plant in mitigating CO2 emissions by displacing conventional coal-fired power plants while producing liquid fuels is also investigated.
Identification and characterization of a tolerogenic T cell determinant within residues 181-209 of chick type II collagen.

Abstract The murine model of collagen-induced arthritis is characterized by the development of an immune response against joint cartilage. Arthritis can be significantly suppressed by the administration of type II collagen (CII) or one of the CNBr peptides, CB11 (CII 124-402) as a tolerogen prior to immunization. We have previously shown that two synthetic peptides, representing sequences CII 260-270 and CII 181209, are effective tolerogens. In this paper, we now characterize the T cell determinant with CII 181-209. A series of synthetic peptides overlapping CII 181-209 and analogs of chick CII 181-209 containing site-directed amino acid substitutions was developed and cultured with T cells from DBA/1 mice immunized with CII. Supernatants were collected and analyzed for the presence of the T cell lymphokine IFN-γ. These data indicate the critical T cell determinant to be located within CII 190-200. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that an unodecapeptide representing CII 190-200 was just as effective as CII 181-209 in suppressing arthritis and anti-CII antibody response when tested as a tolerogen. Analogs containing single amino acid substitutions at residues 191, 194, 197, 198, or 200 were significantly less effective in inducing T cell responses. Each of these peptide analogs was then given as neonatal tolerogens to DBA/1 mice. Mice were subsequently immunized and observed for the development of arthritis. These studies identified residues 194, 197, 198, and 200, and probably residue 191, as critical for tolerance and the suppression of arthritis. Elucidation of the fine structures of T cell determinants which are critical for suppression of arthritis should allow these techniques to be used for developing specific immunotherapeutic approaches to autoimmune arthritis.
T Cell Tolerance: Giles F. Filley Lecture

T cell tolerance to self is induced by several mechanisms. Immature T cells may die, and mature T cells may die or be inactivated by contact with self. While we do not understand completely what governs which of these courses will be adopted by an autoreactive T cell, 2 points are clear. Self is in part distinguished from nonself by the fact that the former is always present, while the latter is only intermittently in the body. Secondly, it seems that the default response for T cells is «off» rather than «on.» That is, peripheral T cells will become tolerant to antigen unless some other phenomenon such as adjuvant triggers them to respond
Development of a long-pulse 1.3 GHz relativistic klystron amplifier

A research approach for obtaining kilojoule microwave pulses of microsecond duration at 1.3 GHz from the relativistic klystron amplifier is described. Achieving kilojoule microwave pulses requires extending electron beam pulse durations and maximizing the microwave extraction efficiency at the fundamental frequency. An electron beam diode has been constructed that delivers peak currents in excess of 5 kA with a monotonically increasing current pulse exceeding durations of 1 mu s at beam kinetic energies above 400 keV. Close attention has been given to minimizing the current losses from the diode. Maximum microwave extraction efficiency at the fundamental frequency has been related to the beam bunching amplitude and output cavity shunt impedance in terms of a simple circuit theory. The circuit theory predictions have been tested by particle-in-cell code calculations of the electron beam interactions with the proposed cavity structures. The successful cavity structures have been constructed and are awaiting testing. >
Immunotherapy of tumors with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein preparations

Immunotherapy of mice with preexisting cancers with heat shock protein preparations derived from autologous cancer resulted in retarded progression of the primary cancer, a reduced metastatic load, and prolongation of life-span. Treatment with heat shock protein preparations derived from cancers other than the autologous cancer did not provide significant protection. Spontaneous cancers (lung cancer and melanoma), chemically induced cancers (fibrosarcoma and colon carcinoma), and an ultraviolet radiation-induced spindle cell carcinoma were tested, and the results support the efficacy of autologous cancer-derived heat shock protein-peptide complexes in immunotherapy of cancers without the need to identify specific tumor antigenic epitopes.
Nernst-Hartley evaluation of the interdiffusion coefficient of aqueous nickel sulfamate using new measurements of the equivalent conductances of the ions

A diaphragm cell for measuring diffusion coefficients consists of two well stirred solution compartments on opposite sides of a membrane, which is usually a sintered glass disk [l-4]. Once the geometric cell constant for the device has been determined by calibration, the differential diffusion coefficient of a two-component system can be determined by following the time dependence of the concentration difference (of either solute or solvent) appearing across the sinter. Recent advances in theory have placed the diaphragm cell method on a sound mathematical basis [5,6]. Subject to question, however, is the accuracy of diaphragm cell measurements of interdiffusion coefficients of strong electrolytes at high dilution [7,8]. As this is the region where the diffusion coefficient depends steeply on concentration, it is important to check the experimental values against theoretical results involving the transport coefficients. The most useful of thes,e theoretical results is the NernstHartley equation,
Development of steroid-receptor systems in guinea pig brain. III. Nuclear progestin receptors.

Nuclear progestin receptors (NPR) were measured, with an exchange assay, in neonatal (4-6 days old) and adult (50-60 days old) guinea pigs of both sexes in order to further examine deficits in the neonatal hypothalamic progestin receptor system. Both neonatal and adult hypothalamus (HYPO) and cortex ( CORT ) contained a KCl extractable high affinity (Kd congruent to 0.1 nM) binder for R5020. In neonatal guinea pigs, given 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB), NPR accumulation in HYPO and CORT peaked 2-4 h after a 0.5 mg injection of progesterone (P). There was no dose response of NPR to EB in neonatal HYPO, CORT or adult CORT . In adult HYPO, 10 micrograms EB-priming resulted in a higher concentration of NPR than 1.6 micrograms EB-priming. Neonatal HYPO (1.6 or 10 micrograms EB) did not differ in concentration of NPR from adult HYPO (1.6 micrograms EB). Neonatal CORT (1.6 or 10 micrograms EB) showed a lower NPR concentration than adult CORT (1.6 micrograms EB). There was a sex difference (females greater than males) in NPR concentration in both neonatal and adult HYPO, but not CORT . These results are discussed with regard to deficits in cytoplasmic progestin receptors and behavioral insensitivity to estrogen-progestin treatment found in neonatal guinea pigs.
Preparation of thin undecalcified bone sections by rapid manual method.

Sections from 3 μ to over 100 μ thick of fresh, unfixed, unembedded, unde-calcified and undehydrated bone are made by grinding 1 to 2 mm slabs of the desired orientation on waterproof carborundum a...
Structure-guided programming of polyketide chain-length determination in chalcone synthase.

Chalcone synthase (CHS) belongs to the family of type III polyketide synthases (PKS) that catalyze formation of structurally diverse polyketides. CHS synthesizes a tetraketide by sequential condensation of three acetyl anions derived from malonyl-CoA decarboxylation to a p-coumaroyl moiety attached to an active site cysteine. Gly256 resides on the surface of the CHS active site that is in direct contact with the polyketide chain derived from malonyl-CoA. Thus, position 256 serves as an ideal target to probe the link between cavity volume and polyketide chain-length determination in type III PKS. Functional examination of CHS G256A, G256V, G256L, and G256F mutants reveals altered product profiles from that of wild-type CHS. With p-coumaroyl-CoA as a starter molecule, the G256A and G256V mutants produce notably more tetraketide lactone. Further restrictions in cavity volume such as that seen in the G256L and G256F mutants yield increasing levels of the styrylpyrone bis-noryangonin from a triketide intermedi...
The Anterior Cervical Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction

To reach the upper thoracic vertebrae, a number of extensive approaches have been proposed combining thoracotomy, sternotomy, or clavicle resection with anterior dissection into the superior mediastinum. We present a simple anterior cervical approach for patients with disease limited to one vertebral level, in which midline ventral decompression is the goal of surgery. Regardless of the anterior approach used, the caudal extent of exposure is limited to T3 by the great vessels of the mediastinum, whereas the angle of the approach to the cervicothoracic junction is dictated by the manubrium. In the anterior cervical approach, lateral exposure to the uncovertebral joints is easily achieved. Five patients are reviewed in whom this anterior cervical approach was used at the first or second thoracic level. Decompression and instrumentation resulting in neurological improvement and axial stability were achieved in all five patients. The surgical anatomy of the cervicothoracic junction is reviewed with attention to the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the thoracic duct as they relate to the side of approach chosen.
The inositol phosphate pathway as a mediator in the proliferative response of rat calvarial bone cells to cyclical biaxial mechanical strain

Isolated newborn rat calvarial bone cells grown in monolayer on polyurethane membranes in specially constructed culture chambers and subjected to a cyclical biaxial mechanical strain of 0.17% at a frequency of 1 Hz for 30 min demonstrated a 16% increase in DNA synthesis during the subsequent 24 h. The metabolites of the inositol phosphate pathway, shown to be an important second messenger in many cell types, were shown to be elevated using high-performance liquid chromatography to separate and quantitate the various inositol polyphosphates. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate reached peak accumulations after 20 s of mechanical strain. Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate reached a peak accumulation after 2 min, and inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 phosphate reached a peak accumulation after 60 min of mechanical strain. Neomycin, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, a membrane-bound enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate to start the inositol phosphate cascade, completely inhibited accumulation of the above inositol phosphates during mechanical straining of the bone cells. Neomycin also completely abolished the increase in DNA synthesis that was seen after a mechanical strain of 0.17%. It is concluded from this study that the inositol phosphate pathway is activated by mechanical strain in bone cells and that this pathway is an important and primary mediator in the transduction of mechanical strain into cellular proliferation in these cells.
A top specified boundary layer (TSBL) approximation approach for the simulation of groundwater contamination processes

Abstract This paper presents improvements in the “classical boundary layer” (CBL) approximation method to obtain simple but robust initial characterization of aquifer contamination processes. Contaminants are considered to penetrate into the groundwater through the free surface of the aquifer. The improved method developed in this study is termed the “top specified boundary layer” (TSBL) approach. It involves the specification of the contaminant concentration at the top of the contaminated “region of interest” (ROI), which is simulated as a boundary layer. The TSBL modification significantly improves the ability of the boundary layer method to predict the development of concentration profiles over both space and time. The TSBL method can be useful for the simulation of cases in which the contaminant concentration is prescribed at the aquifer's free surface as well as for cases in which the contaminant mass flux is prescribed at the surface.
Distribution of 21:6 hydrocarbon and its relationship to 22:6 fatty acid in algae

Abstract We report the distribution and quantitation of 21:6 hydrocarbon and 22:6 fatty acid within the major groups of algae in both marine and freshwater environments. The absence of 21:6 hydrocarbon in nonphotosynthetic dinoflagellates and diatoms suggested its localization within the chloroplasts. The hydrocarbon accounted for 2–15 per cent of the total lipid of diatoms, which have low (⪢ 1 per cent of total fatty acids) amounts of the 22:6 fatty acid. In comparison the dinoflagellates have major amounts of the 22:6 fatty acid (20–30 per cent) and small quantities of 21:6 hydrocarbon (less than 2 per cent of the lipid). The synthesis of 21:6 hydrocarbon by a specific 22:6 fatty acid decarboxylase appeared probable, and the activity of this enzyme appeared to vary in different groups of algae.
Cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes and debris‐flow‐generating rainfall in the post wildfire environment: An exploratory study of the Mitchell Creek debris flow in western Colorado, summer 2002

[1] Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash parameters collected by the National Lightning Detection Network were analyzed in conjunction with rainfall observations near Mitchell Creek (MC) at the Coal Seam Wildfire site in western Colorado, USA. Nine thunderstorms produced significant CG flashes in the area surrounding MC from 28 June (fire containment) to 5 August 2002. A debris flow was generated at MC by one of these storms at ∼2058 LT on 5 August 2002. This study compares the CG flash parameters and rainfall characteristics of the 5 August thunderstorm with the eight thunderstorms (control group) that did not produce a hazardous hydrologic response at MC. The CG flash patterns and a synoptic analysis suggest that the 5 August thunderstorms occurred during a North American Monsoon “burst” period with a strong southwesterly surge of moisture advecting as far north as central Wyoming. The 5 August thunderstorm sequence was bimodal and more intense in terms of CG flash totals and rainfall rates than the control group. Moist southwesterly flow at lower levels and dry southeasterly flow in the upper troposphere may have enhanced orographically forced convection during the evening of 5 August. CG flashes and rainfall at spatial scales of 100 × 100 km, 50 × 50 km, and 25 × 25 km around MC confirm that the 5 August episode was more intense than any of the control group. The analysis concluded that the time of first flash and the number of consecutive 5-min intervals with CG flashes were temporally related with intense rainfall at the debris flow site. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between flash clusters within 40 km of MC and rainfall intensity at the site. The results of this study suggest that CG flash parameters may prove beneficial in modeling rainfall intensity thresholds in areas burned by wildfire.
Thermal and spectral study of some divalent metal chelates of cupferron and dicupferron

Abstract The thermal properties of cupferron and dicupferron chelates with Pb(II), Ni, Cu(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Be, Pd(II), Zn, Hg(II) and Cd have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Except for the chelates of mercury and palladium, the cupferrates were less thermally stable than the dicupferrates. The metal dicupferrates decompose explosively, except the mercury chelate which slowly decomposes leaving very little residue. With a few exceptions, the thermal stability orders of the two series of chelates were generally the same. The thermal decomposition products of the dicupferron chelates of Cu(II), Pb(II), Ni, Zn, and Pd(II) were studied mass spectrometrically. Some of the gases observed included: N 2 , CO 2 , N 2 O, and NO. X-ray powder diffraction and i.r. spectral data are also reported.
Rare Copy Number Deletions Predict Individual Variation in Intelligence

Phenotypic variation in human intellectual functioning shows substantial heritability, as demonstrated by a long history of behavior genetic studies. Many recent molecular genetic studies have attempted to uncover specific genetic variations responsible for this heritability, but identified effects capture little variance and have proven difficult to replicate. The present study, motivated an interest in "mutation load" emerging from evolutionary perspectives, examined the importance of the number of rare (or infrequent) copy number variations (CNVs), and the total number of base pairs included in such deletions, for psychometric intelligence. Genetic data was collected using the Illumina 1MDuoBeadChip Array from a sample of 202 adult individuals with alcohol dependence, and a subset of these (N = 77) had been administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). After removing CNV outliers, the impact of rare genetic deletions on psychometric intelligence was investigated in 74 individuals. The total length of the rare deletions significantly and negatively predicted intelligence (r = -.30, p = .01). As prior studies have indicated greater heritability in individuals with relatively higher parental socioeconomic status (SES), we also examined the impact of ethnicity (Anglo/White vs. Other), as a proxy measure of SES; these groups did not differ on any genetic variable. This categorical variable significantly moderated the effect of length of deletions on intelligence, with larger effects being noted in the Anglo/White group. Overall, these results suggest that rare deletions (between 5% and 1% population frequency or less) adversely affect intellectual functioning, and that pleotropic effects might partly account for the association of intelligence with health and mental health status. Significant limitations of this research, including issues of generalizability and CNV measurement, are discussed.
Microswitches with sputtered Au, AuPd,Au-on-AuPt, and AuPtCu alloy electric contacts

This paper is the first to report on a new analytic model for predicting microcontact resistance and the design, fabrication, and testing of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metal contact switches with sputtered bimetallic (i.e., gold (Au)-on-Au-platinum (Pt), (Au-on-Au-(6.3at%)Pt)), binary alloy (i.e., Au-palladium (Pd), (Au-(3.7at%)Pd)), and ternary alloy (i.e., Au-Pt-copper (Cu), (Au-(5.0at%)Pt-(0.5at%)Cu)) electric contacts. The microswitches with bimetallic and binary alloy contacts resulted in contact resistance values between 1-2Omega. Preliminary reliability testing indicates a 3times increase in switching lifetime when compared to microswitches with sputtered Au electric contacts. The ternary alloy exhibited approximately a 6times increase in switch lifetime with contact resistance values ranging from approximately 0.2-1.8Omega