cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical morphological markers in children with autism: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study of thickness, area, volume, and gyrification

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been characterized by altered cerebral cortical structures; however, the field has yet to identify consistent markers and prior studies have included mostly adolescents and adults. While there are multiple cortical morphological measures, including cortical thickness, surface area, cortical volume, and cortical gyrification, few single studies have examined all these measures. The current study analyzed all of the four measures and focused on pre-adolescent children with ASD. We employed the FreeSurfer pipeline to examine surface-based morphometry in 60 high-functioning boys with ASD (mean age = 8.35 years, range = 4–12 years) and 41 gender-, age-, and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) peers (mean age = 8.83 years), while testing for age-by-diagnosis interaction and between-group differences. During childhood and in specific regions, ASD participants exhibited a lack of normative age-related cortical thinning and volumetric reduction and an abnormal age-related increase in gyrification. Regarding surface area, ASD and TD exhibited statistically comparable age-related development during childhood. Across childhood, ASD relative to TD participants tended to have higher mean levels of gyrification in specific regions. Within ASD, those with higher Social Responsiveness Scale total raw scores tended to have greater age-related increase in gyrification in specific regions during childhood. ASD is characterized by cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities that are age-, measure-, statistical model-, and region-dependent. The current study is the first to examine the development of all four cortical measures in one of the largest pre-adolescent samples. Strikingly, Neurosynth-based quantitative reverse inference of the surviving clusters suggests that many of the regions identified above are related to social perception, language, self-referential, and action observation networks—those frequently found to be functionally altered in individuals with ASD. The comprehensive, multilevel analyses across a wide range of cortical measures help fill a knowledge gap and present a complex but rich picture of neuroanatomical developmental differences in children with ASD.
CONTEXTUAL EVIDENCE OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION: THE ASCENDANCE OF “SOCIAL FRAMEWORKS”

In Dukes v. Wal-Mart, the Ninth Circuit upheld the certification of the largest employment discrimination class in history, with more than 1.5 million women employees seeking over $1.5 billion in damages. A crucial piece of evidence supporting class certification came from a sociologist who testified that he performed a social framework analysis to evaluate Wal-Mart against what social science research shows to be factors that create and sustain bias and found the company wanting. As authority for introducing this analysis, the expert and the Ninth Circuit relied on our prior work introducing the concept of social framework to refer to the use of general social science research to provide a context for the determination of specific factual issues in litigation. In this article, we review and recast the procedures originally proposed for apprising juries of general research results to assist in resolving the case before them. We then apply these updated procedures to the expert testimony in Dukes v. Wal-Mart, which promises to be a template for future employment discrimination litigation.Experience over the past 20 years has shown that that courts will typically allow general contextual information from social science research to be conveyed to the jury by expert witnesses rather than via instructions, as originally envisioned. Where this occurs, we believe it essential that courts limit expert testimony to a description of the findings of relevant and reliable research and of the methodologies that produced those findings, and preclude the witness from linking the general research findings to alleged policies and practices of a specific firm. The landmark class action of Dukes v. Wal-Mart illustrates the centrality of social framework evidence to modern employment litigation, as well as the need for courts to clarify and circumscribe the role of the experts who introduce them.
Automatic Crater Detection Using Convex Grouping and Convolutional Neural Networks

Craters are some the most important landmarks on the surface of many planets which can be used for autonomous safe landing and spacecraft and rover navigation. Manual detection of craters is laborious and impractical, and many approaches have been proposed in the field to automate this task. However, none of these methods have yet become a standard tool for crater detection due to the challenging nature of this problem. In this paper, we propose a new crater detection algorithm (CDA) which employs a multi-scale candidate region detection step based on convexity cues and candidate region verification based on machine learning. Using an extensive dataset, our method has achieved a 92 % detection rate with an 85 % precision rate.
Pseudo-sedimentation dialysis: an elliptic transmission problem

In this paper we propose and analyze a novel membrane-based fractionation process that combines conventional countercurrent dialysis with a phenomenon of pseudo-sedimentation. An elliptic transmission problem is formulated to describe the steady-state concentration field of a given chemical species. Matching of spectral expansions at the transmission boundary yields an infinite system of linear algebraic equations for the eigenfunction expansion coefficients of the solution
Apples, oranges, and national databases: commentary on an article by Daniel D. Bohl, MPH, et al.: "Variations in data collection methods between national databases affect study results: a comparison of the nationwide inpatient sample and national surgical quality improvement program databases for lumbar spine fusion procedures".

The evolving model of health-care delivery in the United States has necessitated a closer evaluation of how we deliver musculoskeletal medicine. Population-based medicine will shift reimbursement models to financially reward quality and value. Organizations will be paid a fee for the care of a population of patients. Maintaining a healthy population will result in fewer hospitalizations and the necessity of expensive medical services. Although opponents may argue that patients will receive poorer treatment with this strategy in cost control, maintaining a healthy population through preventative care, lifestyle support, improved outpatient management of patients with chronic diseases, and helping people remain active will be the foundation of keeping the covered population healthy. Ultimately, it is postulated that health-care organizations will be financially successful if they are successful in sustaining a healthy population. Orthopaedic surgeons will be an integral component of this new model. Our care of people restores function, improves quality of life, and allows individuals to remain active and working. The initial increased cost of operative and nonoperative treatment of musculoskeletal disease meets the vital need of keeping individuals active and healthy. The initial upfront costs of arthroscopic surgery, total joint arthroplasty, or spine surgery provide both quality and long-term value. Unfortunately, our rapidly expanding armamentarium of technologically advanced interventions has often grown more rapidly than the clinical evidence and outcome studies to support their use. The challenge for the future to be able to deliver both quality and value is to identify what interventions work …
OXIMETRY PARADOXUS: SUPERIORITY OVER PULSUS PARADOXUS IN THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Cardiac tamponade is life threatening. Expedient diagnosis by echocardiography may not be immediately available. Early signs such as pulsus paradoxus can be difficult to obtain especially in an age where physical exam skills are less prioritized in education. We investigated the use of respirophasic
Artibeus lituratus in Morelos, Mexico

In the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas there is a specimen of Artibeus lituratus palmarum Allen and Chapman (No. 28031, KU) taken by Bernardo Villa-R. at Cuernavaca in the state of Morelos. Large size, especially marked in the …
Microhabitat and Temperature Effects Explain Accelerated Development During Outbreaks of the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Within heavily defoliated areas, gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae develop 1–3 wk faster than they do in lightly defoliated sites. On sunny days, we found that larvae in an outbreak population were 2–6°C warmer than those in a nearby low-density population. This temperature difference appears to result largely from density-related shifts in the microhabitat of the larvae. Data from a subsequent laboratory rearing study indicate that this temperature difference is sufficient to account for the relatively rapid larval development that occurs during outbreaks.
Heuristics for Classroom Design

AbstractEducators have long debated the question of optimal social design for the classroom. Particularly controversial have been the issues of leadership style and structural design of the classroom or learning environment. Perhaps the best answer to the question, “What is the ‘optimal’ social design that can be applied in the classroom?” is, “It all depends.” The purpose of this paper is to present a set of heuristics which provides a systematic approach for developing social designs for classroom leaming under various contingencies.
Controlling quantum dynamics with tailored femtosecond light pulses

Quantum dynamics can be controlled, at least in principle, by tailoring the frequencies and phases (i.e. coherence) of a light filed which interacts with atoms or molecules. In this experiment we use a tailored, ultra-short pump pulse to control the vibrational dynamics of iodine molecules. Our objective is to excite a wave packet in the bound region of the B electronic state of I2, which maximally overlaps a minimum-uncertainty target state localized near the outer turning point with a negative momentum.
Formal verification analysis of load-voltage power dynamics and control

This paper introduces an application of a Formal Verification (or model checking) technique to improve performance in a voltage collapse power control system. The model of the control system has a hybrid character and is comprised of a continuous-time load dynamics model, algebraic equations of the power balance on the load bus, and a discrete tap changer controller. Formal Verification of hybrid control system relies on the possibility to construct a finite state transition model of a discretized system. An efficient search procedure is used to check whether a desired system property holds true in that model. Formal verification methods provide full coverage of all possible cases (scenarios), and thereby check whether the specified system properties are satisfied. In order to apply FV to a hybrid control system, the system needs to be discretized. The power control system properties were verified with the help of RuleBass, a formal verification tool developed by the IBM Haifa Research Laboratory. We verify that relay controllers work according to specification and can stabilize a system after the collapse of the voltage transmission Line. Our results shows that formal verification techniques are capable of finding heuristic control parameters for these kind of control problem.
Micro, mezzo, and macro considerations for understanding the role and meaning of religion and spirituality in meeting the needs of the world

Ongoing wars, the refugee crises, and other national and world events continue to draw our attention to the humanitarian issues that challenge national, state, and local governments across the glob...
Keeping things local: Subpopulation Nb and Ne in a stream network with partial barriers to fish migration

For organisms with overlapping generations that occur in metapopulations, uncertainty remains regarding the spatiotemporal scale of inference of estimates of the effective number of breeders (N^b) and whether these estimates can be used to predict generational Ne. We conducted a series of tests of the spatiotemporal scale of inference of estimates of Nb in nine consecutive cohorts within a long-term study of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We also tested a recently developed approach to estimate generational Ne from N^b and compared this to an alternative approach for estimating N^e that also accounts for age structure. Multiple lines of evidence were consistent with N^b corresponding to the local (subpopulation) spatial scale and the cohort-specific temporal scale. We found that at least four consecutive cohort-specific estimates of N^b were necessary to obtain reliable estimates of harmonic mean N^b for a subpopulation. Generational N^e derived from cohort-specific N^b was within 7%-50% of an alternative approach to obtain N^e, suggesting some population specificity for concordance between approaches. Our results regarding the spatiotemporal scale of inference for Nb should apply broadly to many taxa that exhibit overlapping generations and metapopulation structure and point to promising avenues for using cohort-specific N^b for local-scale genetic monitoring.
Descending projections from the basal forebrain to the orexin neurons in mice

The orexin (hypocretin) neurons play an essential role in promoting arousal, and loss of the orexin neurons results in narcolepsy, a condition characterized by chronic sleepiness and cataplexy. The orexin neurons excite wake-promoting neurons in the basal forebrain (BF), and a reciprocal projection from the BF back to the orexin neurons may help promote arousal and motivation. The BF contains at least three different cell types (cholinergic, glutamatergic, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons) across its different regions (medial septum, diagonal band, magnocellular preoptic area, and substantia innominata). Given the neurochemical and anatomical heterogeneity of the BF, we mapped the pattern of BF projections to the orexin neurons across multiple BF regions and neuronal types. We performed conditional anterograde tracing using mice that express Cre recombinase only in neurons producing acetylcholine, glutamate, or GABA. We found that the orexin neurons are heavily apposed by axon terminals of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the substantia innominata (SI) and magnocellular preoptic area, but there was no innervation by the cholinergic neurons. Channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping (CRACM) demonstrated that glutamatergic SI neurons frequently form functional synapses with the orexin neurons, but, surprisingly, functional synapses from SI GABAergic neurons were rare. Considering their strong reciprocal connections, BF and orexin neurons likely work in concert to promote arousal, motivation, and other behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1668-1684, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micropatterned substrates to promote and dissect reprogramming of human somatic cells

Reprogramming of human somatic cells to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generates valuable precursors for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. However, the reprogramming process can be inefficient and noisy, creating many partially reprogrammed cells in addition to fully reprogrammed iPSCs. To address these shortcomings, we developed a micropatterned substrate that allows for dynamic live-cell microscopy of thousands of cell subpopulations undergoing reprogramming. Micropatterning facilitated a change in shape, size and clustering of nuclei to promote somatic identity erasure. Increased proliferation, cell density and decreased intercellular YAP signaling accompanied these nuclear changes. A combination of eight nuclear characteristics could be used to track reprogramming progression and distinguish partially reprogrammed cells from those that were fully reprogrammed. Micropatterned substrates constitute a new tool for facile iPSC production and can be used in high-throughput to probe and understand the subcellular changes that accompany human cell fate transitions.
Improvement of fault location method based on sparse PMU measurements

This paper is concerned about fault location in power systems using a sparse set of PMU measurements and proposes an improvement to a previously presented solution [1]. This fault location method, associated with sparse optimization and wide-area synchronized phasor measurements, provides an accurate fault location tool independent of fault type or fault resistance. However, this method assumes the availability of post-fault steady state voltages, which are typically not readily measured by the PMUs due to the fast operation of protective relays. A voltage estimation method based on Prony analysis is presented in order to solve this impediment. It is shown that with a small set of recorded voltage samples during fault transients, it is possible to estimate the post fault steady state voltage using a digital filter based on Prony analysis. Effectiveness of the filter is verified by simulations and the results are presented for typical cases.
Reflections on telomere dynamics and ageing-related diseases in humans

Epidemiological studies have principally relied on measurements of telomere length (TL) in leucocytes, which reflects TL in other somatic cells. Leucocyte TL (LTL) displays vast variation across individuals-a phenomenon already observed in newborns. It is highly heritable, longer in females than males and in individuals of African ancestry than European ancestry. LTL is also longer in offspring conceived by older men. The traditional view regards LTL as a passive biomarker of human ageing. However, new evidence suggests that a dynamic interplay between selective evolutionary forces and TL might result in trade-offs for specific health outcomes. From a biological perspective, an active role of TL in ageing-related human diseases could occur because short telomeres increase the risk of a category of diseases related to restricted cell proliferation and tissue degeneration, including cardiovascular disease, whereas long telomeres increase the risk of another category of diseases related to increased proliferative growth, including major cancers. To understand the role of telomere biology in ageing-related diseases, it is essential to expand telomere research to newborns and children and seek further insight into the underlying causes of the variation in TL due to ancestry and geographical location.This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics'.
The Influence of Judgment Decomposition on Auditors' Fraud Risk Assessments: Some Trade-Offs

ABSTRACT Auditing standards recommend separate assessments of the likelihood and magnitude of risks (hereafter, LM decomposition). Prior research shows that decomposition can focus individuals on t...
Unpacking Care Coordination Through a Multiteam System Lens: A Conceptual Framework and Systematic Review.

Background The 2016 President's Cancer Panel Connected Health report calls for thoroughly characterizing the team structures and processes involved in coordinating care for people with chronic conditions. We developed a multilevel care coordination framework by integrating existing frameworks from the teams and care coordination literatures, and used it to review evidence examining care coordination processes for patients with cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and combinations of these conditions. Methods We searched Pubmed/MedLINE, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane, PsycINFO (December 2009-June 2016), and references from previous reviews. Studies describing behavioral markers of coordination between ≥2 US health care providers caring for adults with cancer, chronic heart disease, diabetes, or populations with a combination of these conditions were included. Two investigators screened 4876 records and 180 full-text articles yielding 33 studies. One investigator abstracted data, a second checked abstractions for accuracy. Results Most studies identified information sharing or monitoring as key coordination processes. To execute these processes, most studies used a designated role (eg, coordinator), objects and representations (eg, survivorship plans), plans and rules (eg, protocols), or routines (eg, meetings). Few examined the integrating conditions. None statistically examined coordination processes or integrating conditions as mediators of relationships between specific coordination mechanisms and patient outcomes. Limitations Restricted to United States, English-language studies; heterogeneity in methods and outcomes. Conclusions Limited research unpacks relationships between care coordination mechanisms, coordination processes, integrating conditions, and patient outcomes suggested by existing theory. The proposed framework offers an organizer for examining behaviors and conditions underlying effective care coordination.
LTI Learning Control via Parameter Estimation

In the previous chapter we were interested in a qualitative assessment of the nature of a linear time-invariant (LTI) learning scheme. Because we wanted to get some idea of the best possible performance, we assumed the system dynamics were known. In this chapter we partially relax this assumption. We now consider the learning control problem when the plant has a known structure, but unknown parameters. Our approach to this problem will be based on parameter estimation techniques. Previously we found that, if the plant is known, then iteration is not necessary. However, if the plant is not known, then it seems reasonable to expect that learning would be useful in improving the system response. Below we describe a learning control scheme for this situation. We begin with a description of the scheme. Then we present our main result, followed by some comments on the implications of the result.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A MICROSOMAL ENZYME SYSTEM CATALYZING THE REACTIVATION OF REDUCED RIBONUCLEASE AND LYSOZYME

In this follow-up to an earlier article, Anfinsen, Goldberger, and Epstein reported "the solubilization and partial purification of the active microsomal protein," and described some of the properties of the soluble system. This and other studies seemed to make clear that the integrity of microsomes as organized particles was not required for catalyzing the reactivation of the reduced forms of ribonuclease and lysozyme. Their findings suggested that the microsomal system might function to facilitate the conversion of at least two different polypeptide chains to the corresponding native proteins during the synthesis of most proteins containing disulfide bonds.
IPSP REVERSAL: EVIDENCE FOR INCREASED POTASSIUM CONDUCTANCE COMBINED WITH DECREASED SODIUM CONDUCTANCE

Publisher Summary This chapter examines evidence for increased potassium conductance combined with decreased sodium conductance in postsynaptic potential generation. The progressive reduction of slow inhibitory-postsynaptic potential (IPSP) amplitude observed with increasing membrane depolarization and the enhancement of the slow IPSP observed in many experiments with moderate hyperpolarizing current are characteristic of a decreased Na+ conductance mechanism. On the other hand, the reduction and the K+ dependent reversal of the slow IPSP with strong membrane hyperpolarization provide evidence for the involvement of a K+ conductance. It is found that if a K+ conductance alone was responsible for the electrogenesis of the slow IPSP, the PSP would reverse at EK. The observation that the slow IPSP has a reversal potential that is significantly more negative than EK indicates that the generation of the slow IPSP cannot be explained by an increase in K+ conductance alone. In addition, the observation that the slow IPSP exhibits the characteristics of a decreased Na+ conductance at depolarized membrane potentials, and the characteristics of an increased K+ conductance at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, suggests that the conductance's involved may be voltage sensitive.
Estimating Quadratic Polynomials with Applications to Square Root Normalizing Transformations

Assume that the observed sample y1…,yn is approximately normalized by the square root transformation, x = 2(y1/2)-1) which belongs to the Box-Cox family of normalizing transformations. The unknown mean of the original y’s sample is a quadratic function of the normal parameters of the transformed sample We study the behavior of a natural estimator of this and more general quadratic functions of normal parameters and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for its admissibility under quadratic loss. In the case of inadmissibility, a class of better estimators is exhibited.
Na and Ca Channels in the Heart

Thanks to the development of the gigaseal patch-clamp method (34) cardiac membrane electrophysiology has entered the molecular phase thus allowing single- Na- and Ca-channel proteins to be studied in the living state. The application of this approach has been particularly fortuitous because the development of viable isolated adult cell preparations (48,49,78,79,93) so important for adequate voltage clamping involved enzymatic dispersion which also prepared the cell membranes in such a way as to allow gigaseals to be made. Although the single-channel method has the highest resolution of any electrophysiological method presently available, data analysis is tedious and the method itself suffers from bandwidth limitation. Therefore, application of the voltage-clamp method to single cells (11) has been very important and provides a necessary reference for interpreting the single-channel results.
Auto-Quantification of Various Contributing Factors on LiDAR-Camera Modalities Toward Autonomous Driving Environment

This study proposes a framework to quantify various factors (including weather condition, luminance conditions, and over-under exposures) that will influence the performance of LiDAR and camera in detecting objects. The proposed framework comprises of the frequency-based and spatial-based image analysis algorithms, which have been tested to achieve the expected results.
Top 20 poems of the past 20 years: A survey of practice-changing research for family physicians

POEMs (patient-oriented evidence that matters) are studies that address a relevant clinical question, demonstrate improved patient-oriented outcomes, and have the potential to change practice. For 20 years the authors of this article have reviewed more than 100 English language clinical journals monthly to identify POEMs in the medical literature relevant to primary care practice. This article identifies the POEMs in each of the last 20 years that were highest ranked for having recommended a major and persistent change in practice that year. They include POEMs that recommend a novel, effective intervention, a second group that recommends abandoning an ineffective practice, and a third group that recommends abandoning a potentially harmful practice. The top POEMs of the past 20 years illustrate the breadth of practice change in primary care and the need for family physicians to have a systematic approach to keeping up with the medical literature, such as that in POEMs, especially because many of these important articles did not appear in the primary care literature.
Non-invasive optical neuromonitoring of the temperature-dependence of cerebral oxygen metabolism during deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal swine.

Management of deep hypothermic (DH) cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a critical neuroprotective strategy, currently relies on non-invasive temperature to guide cerebral metabolic suppression during co...
Performance Evaluation of 5G Downlink Under Different Beamforming and Scheduling Methods

The millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology is considered to be a quantum leap in the wireless communication industry. The 60 GHz band is one of the most attractive fifth generation (5G) bands. That is due to the higher achievable throughput and lower latency when compared to the conventional 4G bands. This paper addresses the 60 GHz system performance evaluation for a cellular downlink transmission in an urban outdoor environment. Taking into consideration the effect of multipath fading, two packet scheduling algorithms are exploited, namely maximum rate (Max C/I) and Round Robin (RR). The performance is evaluated under various phased antenna configurations at both transmitter and receiver sides. From the simulation results, we conclude that scheduling scheme, beamforming and antenna array design play an essential role to offset the effect of fading and interference.
Metrology for Transient Reactor Characterization Using Uranium Wires

AbstractThe Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) facility, located at Idaho National Laboratory, restarted transient operations in 2018 following an extended shutdown. It is of interest to establish a methodology and capability to obtain an accurate estimate of the total number of fissions produced in a fissionable test item during a transient at TREAT. Uranium wires were irradiated in TREAT as part of a transient prescription test program, and gamma-ray spectrometry was performed on the wires following irradiation using a high-purity germanium detector. Many fission products are useful for estimating the number of fissions produced in a sample using gamma-ray spectrometry; at TREAT with the time periods used for analysis, the isotopes of interest include 95Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru, 140Ba, and 140La. The number of fissions per gram of 235U determined from these measurements establishes an estimate for future experiments to be performed in the core when a similar configuration is used with a similar transient prescription.
Short communication: Ketosis, feed restriction, and an endotoxin challenge do not affect circulating serotonin in lactating dairy cows

Circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) appears to be associated with various energetic disorders and hypocalcemia during the transition period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ketosis, feed restriction (FR), and endotoxin challenge (models in which energetic and calcium metabolism are markedly altered) on circulating 5-HT in lactating Holstein cows. Blood samples were obtained from 3 separate experiments; circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glucose were measured in all 3 experiments, whereas ionized calcium (iCa2+) was measured only in the endotoxin challenge. In the ketosis study, blood samples from cows clinically diagnosed with ketosis (n = 9) or classified as healthy (n = 9) were obtained from a commercial dairy farm at d -7, 3, and 7 relative to calving. Ketosis was diagnosed using a urine-based test starting at 5 d in milk. There was no effect of health status on circulating 5-HT and no association between 5-HT and BHB, NEFA, or glucose; however, 5-HT concentrations progressively decreased following calving. In the FR experiment, mid-lactation cows were either fed ad libitum (n = 3) or restricted to 20% of their ad libitum intake (n = 5) for 5 d. There were no FR effects on circulating 5-HT, nor was FR correlated with energetic metabolites. In the immune activation model, mid-lactation cows were intravenously challenged with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1.5 µg/kg of BW; n = 6) or sterile saline (control; n = 6). Administering LPS decreased (56%) blood iCa2+ but had no effect on circulating 5-HT, nor was there a correlation between circulating 5-HT and NEFA, BHB, or iCa2+. Circulating 5-HT tended to be positively correlated (r = 0.54) with glucose in Holstein cows administered LPS. In summary, in contrast to expectations, circulating 5-HT was unaffected in models of severely disturbed energetic and Ca2+ homeostasis.
An Integrative Review of Methods of Measurement of Polypharmacy.

Background and purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize research on the measurement of polypharmacy. Methods A comprehensive search of the literature databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed was conducted using a combination of terms/keywords to search existing studies to explore measures used to address polypharmacy. Results Several methods of measuring the existence of polypharmacy have been used in research. In addition to screening tools, the number of medications taken was used as an indicator of polypharmacy. Conclusions Multiple methods of the measurement of polypharmacy have been used throughout the literature. Most methods related to the intended study objectives and population. The most frequently reported measure of screening was the Beers Criteria.
Use of Donors Who Died by Traumatic Asphyxiation in Lung Transplantation: A Single Center Study

Purpose Lung transplant wait list mortality remains high and poses a serious risk to those with end-stage lung disease awaiting transplantation. All available organ donors must be fully evaluated to assure that each patient receives the chance for a life-saving transplant. There is concern in the field of lung transplantation that use of donors who died by traumatic asphyxiation (TA) will have inferior post transplant outcomes. This study is designed to review the outcomes for these donors at a single center. Clinical outcomes include early and late graft function and survival, and post transplant complications. Successful use of these donors may increase the available donor pool. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of all lung transplants at a single center over a 4-year time period (2014-2018). The original medical records as recorded by the onsite coordinator were reviewed to determine the patient cause of death and any evidence of early lung injury. Recipient hospital records were extracted to review early and late clinical outcomes and complications. Results There were 266 patients in this cohort, 15 of whom died from traumatic asphyxiation (generally by hanging as a means of suicide). In the donor, TA patients’ chest radiographs and computed tomography scans had no increased risk of an abnormal finding, except that the radiograph was more likely to show lung opacities in TA patients (57% vs 28%, p=0.02). Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was equivalent for the highest level and the peak level, though TA patients did have a higher “lowest” PaO2 (100 vs 81, p=0.05). Donor bronchoscopy did not demonstrate different findings for TA donors. Clinical outcomes were equivalent post-transplant, with no differences in early graft function or 1-year survival, need for ECMO, need for tracheostomy, length of hospital stay, or hospital readmission rate. Conclusion Lung donors who die from TA appear to have equivalent clinical outcomes when compared to other lung donors. These results suggest that lung grafts from these donors can be used routinely and may provide a source of additional donor organs.
Sustaining Water Resources

Life depends on water and there are no substitutes. Fundamental to the functioning of the Earth’s system, water is a renewable natural resource that is available in finite amounts. Human appropriation of freshwater resources is mainly used for agriculture. To prevent loss of natural habitat and biodiversity, the growing demand for agricultural products will likely need to be met by enhancing crop yields in currently cultivated land rather than through farmland expansion. Because of local limitations in water availability, irrigation can be sustainably expanded only in part by the currently rain-fed farmland. Any further withdrawal from water bodies would deplete environmental flows or groundwater stocks. Local water deficits (i.e., gaps between availability and demand, including water for food) are often compensated for by food imports from water-rich regions and the associated transfers of “virtual water.” Thus, water is a strategic resource that has become strongly globalized and controlled by a few countries, while the rest of the world is in conditions of trade dependency. Water-saving strategies—based on food waste reduction, moderation of diets, use of more suitable crops, or increased water use efficiency—need to be adopted in order to meet human needs without compromising water sustainability.
Effect of integrating machine learning mortality estimates with behavioral nudges to increase serious illness conversions among patients with cancer: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial.

12002Background: Most patients with cancer die without a documented serious illness conversation (SIC) about prognosis and goals. Interventions that increase SICs between oncology clinicians and pa...
Prospective study of the association between sport-related concussion and brain morphometry (3T-MRI) in collegiate athletes: study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium

Objectives To determine the acute and early long-term associations of sport-related concussion (SRC) and subcortical and cortical structures in collegiate contact sport athletes. Methods Athletes with a recent SRC (n=99) and matched contact (n=91) and non-contact sport controls (n=95) completed up to four neuroimaging sessions from 24 to 48 hours to 6 months postinjury. Subcortical volumes (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus and dorsal striatum) and vertex-wise measurements of cortical thickness/volume were computed using FreeSurfer. Linear mixed-effects models examined the acute and longitudinal associations between concussion and structural metrics, controlling for intracranial volume (or mean thickness) and demographic variables (including prior concussions and sport exposure). Results There were significant group-dependent changes in amygdala volumes across visits (p=0.041); this effect was driven by a trend for increased amygdala volume at 6 months relative to subacute visits in contact controls, with no differences in athletes with SRC. No differences were observed in any cortical metric (ie, thickness or volume) for primary or secondary analyses. Conclusion A single SRC had minimal associations with grey matter structure across a 6-month time frame.
Geography, Islam, and Africa

This chapter examines the relationship between geography and Islam in Africa. Using data and maps, it highlights the distribution of Islam at the national and regional scales. It also discusses the role that expansion diffusion played in creating contemporary, religious spatial patterns across the continent. It lays out a geographical explanation of where Islam is most dominant in contrast to Christianity or traditional African religions and why, and describes how the siting of holy places influences the movement of people. The chapter shows how Islam encourages adherents to visit sacred sites, and the resultant pilgrimages become part of religious patterns across the land. It makes the argument that spatial phenomena must be ground truthed to yield the most accurate results on Islam’s distribution and dynamics.
Kidney Level Lupus Nephritis Classification Using Uncertainty Guided Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks

The kidney biopsy based diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis (LN) is characterized by low inter-observer agreement, with misdiagnosis being associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. Although various Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed for other nephrohistopathological applications, little has been done to accurately classify kidneys based on their kidney level Lupus Glomerulonephritis (LGN) scores. The successful implementation of CAD systems has also been hindered by the diagnosing physician's perceived classifier strengths and weaknesses, which has been shown to have a negative effect on patient outcomes. We propose an Uncertainty-Guided Bayesian Classification (UGBC) scheme that is designed to accurately classify control, class I/II, and class III/IV LGN (3 class) at both the glomerular-level classification task (26,634 segmented glomerulus images) and the kidney-level classification task (87 MRL/lpr mouse kidney sections). Data annotation was performed using a high throughput, bulk labeling scheme that is designed to take advantage of Deep Neural Network's (or DNNs) resistance to label noise. Our augmented UGBC scheme achieved a 94.5% weighted glomerular-level accuracy while achieving a weighted kidney-level accuracy of 96.6%, improving upon the standard Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture by 11.8% and 3.5% respectively.
Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Not Associated with Obstructive Lung Disease in the General Population: An NHANES Analysis (2007-2008 to 2009-2010)

ABSTRACT Background Obstructive lung disease is a significant cause of morbidity and healthcare burden within the United States. A growing body of evidence has suggested that vitamin D levels can influence the course or incidence of obstructive lung disease. However, there is an insufficient previous investigation of this association. Study Design and Methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 spirometry results of individuals aged 40 years and older to assess the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and obstructive lung disease, as defined by the American Thoracic Society using the lower limit of normal (LLN). We used stage multivariate survey-logistic regression with backward selection. Results The final model included body mass index, pack-years smoking history, and ethnicity. In the primary model, there was no association between vitamin D levels and obstructive lung disease. We noted an association between “Other Hispanic” self-identified race and serum Vitamin D levels wherein higher levels were associated with higher odds of obstructive lung disease in this ethnicity, but not among other racial or ethnic groups (OR= 1.48, p= 0.02). Conclusions Serum Vitamin D levels among adults are not associated with the odds of obstructive lung disease in the general population. Results among non-Mexican Hispanic participants highlight the need for further research in minority populations. More work is needed to address the course and incidence of lung disease in the United States. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT What is the key question? In the general population, is there an independent association between Vitamin D and obstructive lung disease after controlling for relevant covariates? What is the bottom line? In exploring whether serum vitamin D levels are associated with odds of obstructive lung disease in the general US population, we did not find an independent association in the overall sample. Why read on? This paper adds nuance to the broad understanding of vitamin D’s role in lung pathophysiology.
Child physical activity as a modifier of the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and neurocognitive outcomes in offspring.

With rising obesity rates among pregnant women, more children are exposed in utero to maternal obesity. In prior epidemiological studies, exposure to maternal obesity was associated with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and worse cognitive abilities in offspring. Further studies have shown that offspring exposed to maternal obesity, exhibit differences in the white matter microstructure properties, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In contrast, physical activity was shown to improve cognition and white matter microstructure during childhood. We examined if child physical activity levels modify the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity with IQ and white matter microstructure in offspring. One hundred children (59% girls) age 7–11 years underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and IQ testing. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was abstracted from electronic medical records. White matter was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging with the measures, global FA, MD. The 3-day physical activity recall was used to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and vigorous physical activity (VPA). Linear regression was used to test for interactions between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child PA levels on child IQ and global FA/MD. The relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and child IQ and global FA varied by child VPA levels. Children exposed to mothers with overweight/obesity who engaged in more VPA had higher IQ scores and global FA compared to exposed children who engaged in less VPA. Associations were independent of child age, sex, BMI Z-score and socioeconomic status. Children born to normal-weight mothers did not differ in either IQ or global FA by time in VPA. Our findings support findings in rodent models and suggest that VPA during childhood modifies the relationship between prenatal exposure to maternal obesity and child IQ and white matter microstructure.
WebEvo: taming web application evolution via semantic structure change detection

In order to prevent information retrieval (IR) and robotic process automation (RPA) tools from functioning improperly due to website evolution, it is important to develop web monitoring tools to monitor changes in a website and report them to the developers and testers. Existing monitoring tools commonly make use of DOM-tree based similarity and visual analysis between different versions of web pages. However, DOM-tree based similarity suffers are prone to false positives, since they cannot identify content-based changes (i.e., contents refreshed every time a web page is retrieved) and GUI widget evolution (e.g., moving a button). Such imprecision adversely affect IR tools or test scripts. To address this problem, we propose approach, WebEvo, that first performs DOM-based change detection, and then leverages historic pages to identify the regions that represent content-based changes, which can be safely ignored. Further, to identify refactoring changes that preserve semantics and appearances of GUI widgets, WebEvo adapts computer vision (CV) techniques to identify the mappings of the GUI widgets from the old web page to the new web page on an element-by-element basis. We evaluated WebEvo on 10 real-world websites from 8 popular categories to demonstrate the superiority of WebEvo over the existing work that relies on DOM-tree based detection or whole-page visual comparison.
A concept analysis of trauma-informed care.

Aim This concept analysis aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the concept of trauma-informed care and explore the use of this concept in nursing, using Walker and Avant's method. Background Trauma-informed care is a priority for nurses caring for patients with previous trauma. Many forms of trauma exist. Various types of trauma may not be apparent without appropriate assessment. Therefore, nurses must approach all patients with the components of trauma-informed care. Design Concept analysis. Data source PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles in English. The final sample consisted of 23 documents published from 2015 to 2020. Review methods Concept analyzed using Walker and Avant's eight-step method. Results Four defining attributes of trauma-informed care were identified as recognition, knowledge, concern, and respect. Definitions, the use of the concept of trauma-informed care, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents are described. Model, borderline, and contrary cases are discussed. Conclusion Many forms of trauma exist. Various types of trauma may not be apparent without appropriate assessment. Therefore, establishing an operational definition of trauma-informed care has implications and significance in victim identification and the provision of trauma-informed care, advocacy, and nursing and interdisciplinary research.
Evaluation of Osseous Incorporation After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: Correlation of Computed Tomography Parameters With Patient-Reported Outcomes.

Background:Studies have reported favorable clinical outcomes after osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation to treat osteochondral defects and have demonstrated that healing of the osseous com...