cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Panax Ginseng as a Potential Immunomodulator: Studies in Mice

There has been continuing interest in the development of synthetic and natural compounds which modify the immune response, particularly for the treatment of AIDS and cancer. Panax ginseng, employed for its putative medicinal properties in South Asia, was examined for its immunomodulatory properties in mice. A systematic evaluation of multiple immune system components revealed that Panax ginseng stimulated basal natural killer (NK) cell activity following subchronic exposure and helped stimulate recovery of NK function in cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed mice but did not further stimulate NK activity in poly I:C treated mice. Other immunological parameters examined, including T and B cell responses were not affected. Panax ginseng provided a degree of protection against infection with L. monocytes but did not inhibit the growth of transplanted syngeneic tumor cells. Increased resistance to L. monocytogenes was not detected in challenged mice previously given immunosuppressive doses of cyclophosphamide. Taken together, these data suggest that Panax ginseng has some immunomodulatory properties, primarily associated with NK cell activity.
Circular dichroism spectrum of peptides in the poly(Pro)II conformation.

The poly(Pro)II (PII) conformation is increasingly recognized as an important element in peptide and protein conformation. Circular dichroism (CD) is one of the most useful methods for detecting and characterizing PII. Although the standard exciton-based model for predicting peptide CD spectra works well for α-helices and β-sheets, it fails to reproduce the PII CD spectrum because it does not account for mixing of the nπ* and ππ* transitions with transitions in the deep UV, which is significant for the PII conformation. In this work, the exciton model is extended to include this mixing, using ab initio-derived bond polarizability tensors to calculate the contributions of the high-energy transitions. The strong negative 195-nm and weaker positive 220-nm CD bands of PII are reproduced for (Ala)n conformers in the PII region of the Ramachandran map. For the canonical PII conformation from fiber diffraction of poly(Pro)II (−77, +146), the results are poor, but conformations with less negative ϕ (∼ −60°) and m...
Determination of 27Al-29Si connectivities in zeolites with 2D 27Al-->29Si RAPT-CPMG-HETCOR NMR.

The recently introduced concept of the combined use of rotor assisted population transfer (RAPT) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) techniques to boost the sensitivity of cross polarization (CP) based NMR experiments is applied to a synthetic zeolite (ZSM-4). The sensitivity was increased by a factor of 4, which enabled acquisition of a high quality two-dimensional {sup 27}Al-{sup 29}Si HETCOR (heteronuclear correlation) spectrum. By separating the resonances in two dimensions, through-space connectivities between spins were revealed and the effective resolution was improved in both dimensions, which allowed determination of the existing ambiguities in spectral assignments in this material. The spectra provided clear indication of random distribution of aluminum and silicon within the ZSM-4 network. Additionally, unexpected correlations were observed between different components of inhomogeneously broadened {sup 29}Si and {sup 27}Al lines, which are most likely due to differences in the second coordination sphere environments.
U-series isochron dating: A generalized method employing total-sample dissolution

The age of a sedimentary deposit can be determined by measuring 238U, 234U, 232Th, and 230Th in two or more samples of the deposit, with the requirement that these samples have different U/Th ratios but an identical 230Th232Th ratio when deposited. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental aspects of the dating method. The latter involves techniques for securing samples of varied U/ Th ratios from the same deposit, plotting isochrons of the radiochemical data (obtained on totally dissolved samples) for age analysis, and estimating the errors involved. Although applications to impure carbonates and lacustrine evaporite sediments are given as examples in this paper, the method potentially can be generalized for dating a variety of authigenic deposits such as rock varnish, peat, opal, sulfate minerals, and marine phosphorites.
Scientific and legal aspects of space debris

Abstract If success is to mark future space activities measures must be formalized to mitigate, and if possible to eliminate the real and potential dangers occasioned by the presence of man-made debris in outer space. If there is to be a legal regime for space debris it will be necessary to assign a legal meaning to that term. What can be done in the immediate future to address the dangers and to formulate relevant legal principles, standards, and rules? Moreover, it will be necessary to create procedures for managing the problem. What kind of institution should be contemplated and what powers should be accorded to such an entity? Who will be the mid-wife? What impact will it have on assuring the peaceful and safe uses of outer space, per se, the Moon, and other celestial bodies?
Interactions Between the Yeast Ogataea pini and Filamentous Fungi Associated with the Western Pine Beetle

Ecologically important microbes other than filamentous fungi can be housed within the fungal-transport structures (mycangia) of Dendroctonus bark beetles. The yeast Ogataea pini (Saccharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae) was isolated from the mycangia of western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) populations in northern Arizona (USA) with a frequency of 56%. We performed a series of in vitro assays to test whether volatile organic compounds produced by O. pini affected radial growth rates of mutualistic and antagonistic species of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in association with the beetle including Entomocorticium sp. B, Ophiostoma minus, Beauvaria bassiana, and an Aspergillus sp. We determined the compounds O. pini produced when grown on 2% malt extract agar using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of headspace volatiles. Volatiles produced by O. pini on artificial media significantly enhanced the growth of the mutualistic Entomocorticium sp. B, and inhibited growth of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. GC/MS revealed that O. pini produced ethanol, carbon disulfide (CS2), and Δ-3-carene in headspace. The results of these studies implicate O. pini as an important component in D. brevicomis community ecology, and we introduce multiple hypotheses for future tests of the effects of yeasts in the symbiont assemblages associated with Dendroctonus bark beetles.
Paradigm lost … paradigm gained: a hermeneutical rejoinder to Banville and Landry’s ‘Can the Field of MIS be Disciplined?’

This study offers an alternative interpretation to Banville and Landry’s (B&L, 1989) Can the Field of MIS Be Disciplined?, the canonical text that argued persuasively against the adoption of the Kuhnian view of scientific progress for the information systems (IS) field. Much has transpired in the quarter of a century since its publication, which provides us with new sources of understanding about paradigms and how they relate to the challenges faced by the IS field. On the basis of the hermeneutical principles of tradition, prejudice, temporal distance, history of effect and application, this study describes the context from which B&L was written, its dependence on Whitley’s (1984) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences, and examines several of its claims and assertions. In contrast to B&L, this study finds the Kuhnian model of scientific progress well suited for a multidisciplinary and pluralistic field like IS and concludes with guidelines on how to reclaim the more transformative aspects of the paradigm concept, engender a culture of contextual borrowing from reference disciplines, and encourage conceptual development and autonomous theory construction.
NI-20ADC HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS FOLLOWING RADIOTHERAPY PREDICTS RESPONSE TO ADJUVANT TEMOZOLOMIDE IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED GBM.

INTRODUCTION: The current standard of care for newly diagnosed GBM consists of concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) plus adjuvant TMZ. We hypothesize there is a subset of patients that will have a significant benefit from this adjuvant therapy. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to identify a diffusion imaging phenotype for patients with newly diagnosed GBM that will benefit from adjuvant TMZ following concurrent radiotherapy and TMZ. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with: 1) histologically confirmed glioblastoma, 2) treated with concurrent radiotherapy and TMZ followed by adjuvant TMZ; and 3) high quality diffusion MR data were included in the current study. Diffusion and standard structural MRI were performed approximately 10 weeks after the start of radiotherapy and concurrent TMZ. ADC histogram analysis was performed by fitting a double Gaussian mixed model to ADC data extracted from contrast enhancement tumor. ADCL was defined as the mean ADC of the lower Gaussian distribution. We hypothesize that patients with a high ADCL have a lower tumor burden and thus favorable response to adjuvant TMZ in terms of TTP and OS. RESULTS: Results demonstrate that patients with an ADCL lower than 1 um2/ms has a significantly shorter PFS compared with patients having a higher ADCL (Log-rank, P < 0.0001), showing almost twice the median PFS (297 days vs. 156 days). Additionally, patients with a high ADCL had a significantly longer OS (Log-rank, P = 0.0049). Patients with a high ADCL had a median OS of 648 days while patients with a low ADCL had a median OS of only 407 days from the start of adjuvant TMZ. CONCLUSION: Newly diagnosed GBM patients with elevated tumor diffusivity after completion of radiotherapy and concurrent TMZ have a favorable prognosis.
Restructuring and the retail residential market for power in Pennsylvania

Abstract In January 2010 electricity retail residential rate caps expired in a large part of Pennsylvania, allowing consumers to shop for electricity in the retail market. In this paper we employ customer-level data from the relevant territory to analyze what residential customer and community characteristics impacted the decision of whether or not to switch to an alternative electricity provider, and when to make the switch. Results show that customers with higher usage levels (especially around the time of the program's introduction), electric heating, and those living in more urban and more educated communities with lower unemployment rates and higher median household incomes were both more likely to switch, and more likely to do so faster. Lower switching rates and a slower switching response was observed from customers with more variable month to month usage (perhaps this made them unsure of future benefits from switching), those on alternative residential electricity rates (time-of-day and thermal storage programs), and those new to the relevant area (perhaps due to lack of information about the residential choice program). Critics of retail electricity competition have suggested that it disadvantages poor and elderly ratepayers. Our results do not support this contention. Customers living in communities with higher poverty rates were actually more likely to switch (and do so faster) than middle-income consumers. Communities with higher shares of senior population were not found to have lower switching rates from younger communities.
A study of vehicle performance in snow

Abstract The snow trafficability problem is studied by calculating the energy absorbed by snow while being compacted by vehicle tracks. Using a constitutive law for snow which is valid for large volumetric strains and high strain rates, the rate of energy dissipation due to viscoplastic compaction of the snow is calculated and related parametrically to vehicle speed, track loading and snow density. Energy dissipated by shear effects is neglected. The results indicate that such studies can provide design guidelines for track geometry, track loading, and vehicle speed in terms of snowpack properties.
Cell-mediated immunity in the blood of women with inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the ovary.

: Blood samples from 181 women with inflammatory conditions and with benign or malignant neoplasms of the ovary and from 36 healthy women (control group) were examined by determining the following indicators of cell-mediated immunity: leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, absolute number of lymphocytes, percentage of rosette-forming T lymphocytes, absolute number of T lymphocytes, and phagocytic activity of granulocytes. In women with ovary inflammation, there was a very high phagocytic activity of granulocytes. It correlated with an increased leukocyte count. The activity and number of T lymphocytes were very low in this group. In this group was also the lowest percentage of lymphocytes. In the group with malignancies of the ovary, there were the same very low activity and number of T lymphocytes. The values of T lymphocytes in inflammations and malignancies were almost equal and did not differ significantly from one another. The phagocytic activity of granulocytes was the lowest in women with malignancies of the ovary. In blood of women with benign neoplasms of the ovary, the activity and number of T lymphocytes and the activity of granulocytes were significantly higher than in the malignancies group.
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (also called AF or A Fib) is the most common abnormal heart rhythm or arrhythmia. The heart's job is to pump blood to the rest of the body. During each heartbeat, the 2 upper chambers of the heart (atria) contract, followed by the 2 lower chambers (ventricles). The heart has its own electric circuit that coordinates activity among the different chambers of the heart so that they all pump efficiently together at the same time. The normal heartbeat begins in a specialized area of the heart called the sinoatrial node, which is located in the top right chamber. The electric signal then travels to the lower chambers of the heart, which pump the blood to the lungs and the body. Because this signal is sent at regular intervals, we normally have a regular heartbeat. In AF, instead of a single regular signal, there are multiple electric signals. Although not all of these extra signals are able to activate the electric system of the heart, some of them do. This usually leads to an irregular and fast heartbeat. Several factors and medical conditions make it more likely to develop AF. AF is more common in older people and in those individuals with conditions that can damage the heart's electric system. Damage can be caused by any of the following:
The Political Right in Israel: Its Origins, Growth, and Prospects

(1986). The Political Right in Israel: Its Origins, Growth, and Prospects. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 12-55.
Identification of multiple DNA elements regulating basal and protein kinase A-induced transcriptional expression of the rat prodynorphin gene.

The prodynorphin gene encodes the precursor molecule from which the dynorphin family of opioid peptides is generated. The gene is transcriptionally active in a wide variety of brain regions and endocrine tissues. Much is known regarding the physiological and receptor-mediated events that regulate prodynorphin gene expression in vivo. However, the molecular mechanisms by which specific cis- and trans-acting factors control activity of the prodynorphin promoter are not as clearly defined. In the study described here, transient transfection of prodynorphin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase plasmid constructs into CV1 cells served to identify three nucleotide sequence elements conforming to cAMP regulatory element motifs which regulate both basal and protein kinase A (PKA)-induced transcription. The three elements are clustered at positions -1543, -1627, and -1659 relative to the RNA cap site. Site-specific mutagenesis further reveals that although the sites can act independently to positively regul...
System simulation. Man plus

This analytical essay is drawn from a larger study which attempts to redefine the human condition in terms of the evolutionary relationships with those diverse technologies, institutions and organizational forms which have subtended our survival. The major premise is that, rather than being alien to or constraining upon human development, these supporting systems have made us human. We retain our human qualities only by externalizing various physical and intellectual capacities into autonomously evolving organismic systems which enable us to sidestep many of the natural processes of adapting the organism itself to the environment. Human artifice is the natural order for human beings. Given this hybrid position in the evolutionary scale, humans have remained uneasy and ambivalent about this symbiotic dependence on their survival extensions and amplifiers and have endowed this relationship with various mythologic and totemic qualities. The latter both obscure and reinforce the systemic nature of the overall process. The analysis is carried forward to suggest (a) that one of our major tasks is to reconceptualize these aspects of human systemic development, and (b) that the models of human society, of our institutions and social capabilities with which we operate, tend to restrict much of our thought and action within obsolete historical conditions. The urgency of mastering our new global complexities and of extending more positive control over our affairs underscores the need for the overall human system to become more consciously self-steering.
Effects of standing estrus and supplemental estradiol on changes in uterine pH during a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol.

Cows that exhibit estrus within 24 h of fixed-time AI have elevated concentrations of estradiol and greater pregnancy rates compared with cows not in estrus. Our objective was to determine whether estradiol, estrus, or both had an effect on uterine pH during a fixed-time AI protocol. Beef cows were treated with the CO-Synch protocol (100 mircog of GnRH on d -9; 25 mg of PGF(2alpha) on d -2; and 100 mircog of GnRH on d 0). One-half of the cows received an injection of estradiol cypionate (ECP; 1 mg) 12 h after PGF(2alpha). Cows detected in standing estrus within 24 h of the second GnRH injection were considered to be in standing estrus. Uterine pH was determined in all animals 12, 24, and 48 h after the PGF(2alpha) injection. For Exp. 1, pH was also determined 72 and 96 h after the PGF(2alpha) injection; in Exp. 2, pH was also determined at 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 90, and 96 h after the PGF(2alpha) injection or until ovulation. A treatment x time interaction (P 0.15) concentrations of estradiol at the time of ECP administration, but after ECP treatment all cows treated with ECP and control cows that exhibited estrus had greater (P 0.19) 24 h after the PGF(2alpha) injection. Control cows that did not exhibit estrus had a greater uterine pH compared with control cows that exhibited estrus (P 0.05). All cows had similar uterine pH 72 h after the PGF(2alpha) injection through ovulation (P > 0.06). In summary, uterine pH was similar among all animals that exhibited estrus, regardless of treatment with ECP.
Introduction to the Special Issue on “Social and Motivational Processes in After-School Settings: Bridging Gaps Between Theory, Research, and Practice”

This special issue of the Journal of Early Adolescence presents research exploring the social and motivational processes thought to contribute to early adolescent engagement and participation in after-school and out-of-school time as well as to targeted proximal and more distal developmental outcomes. Articles in the special issue address three broad themes, including (a) the role of internally and externally regulated motivation in joining programs and sustaining participation over time, (b) how programs may meet the developmental and relational needs of participants, and (c) social processes as mediators of proximal outcomes. Directions for future research on social and motivational processes in after-school programs are discussed.
To Internet or Not?: Assessing the Efficacy of Online Police Training

The field of police training is undergoing a paradigm shift due to technology, and this study used an andragogical lens to explore various considerations for the implementation of online education (OE) into police training regimens. This comprehensive assessment utilized quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the feasibility of OE for professional development among police officers in Tennessee. The study examined whether the potential performance of police officers in OE is related to various demographic factors and evaluated the perceptions of police regarding online education. Data analyses indicated a statistically significant relationship between potential online learning success and various factors, including formal educational level and previous exposure to OE. The majority of participants in the study said they preferred OE to traditional instruction, felt that OE is an appropriate delivery method for professional development, and believed that the use of OE for delivery of professional development provides increased training opportunities.
Adverse prognostic features in 251 children treated for acute myeloid leukemia

Potential predictors of event-free survival (EFS) were assessed in 251 consecutively diagnosed children treated for acute myeloid leukemia (AM) on three successive clinical trials. The lack of significant differences in 4-year EFS for these studies (20% ± 4%, 29% ± 4%, and 20% ± 7%) permitted combined analysis of presenting features. Splenomegaly (P = .002), coagulation abnormalities (P = .001), leukocyte count ⩾10 × 109/L (P = .002), and age >14 years (P = .01) were statistically significant predictors of a poorer EFS by univariate analysis and retained significance in multivariate analysis. Age <2 years and monocytic leukemias (often cited as adverse factors in AML) showed no prognostic influence in this study. The estimated relative risk of failure for a child with a single adverse feature at diagnosis was at least 1.4 times greater than that for a patient with no adverse features. For children with two or more adverse features, the relative risk increased by more than threefold. These clinical variables, alone or in combination, may identify important subgroups of patients with AML at high risk for failure and for whom improved or alternative therapies are especially important. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the “Demon” problem of Youden

Abstract We consider the problem of finding the probability of a sample mean falling between (n − k − 1)th and (n − k)th, 0 ⩽ k ⩽ n − 1, order statistics in a random sample of size n. Explicit expressions are obtained for uniform and exponential distributions. Under mild regularity assumptions, we also establish the asymptotic normality of the sample proportion above the sample mean when suitably standardized.
Matrix attachment regions and structural colinearity in the genomes of two grass species

In order to gain insights into the relationship between spatial organization of the genome and genome function we have initiated studies of the co-linear Sh2/A1- homologous regions of rice (30 kb) and sorghum (50 kb). We have identified the locations of matrix attachment regions (MARs) in these homologous chromosome segments, which could serve as anchors for individual structural units or loops. Despite the fact that the nucleotide sequences serving as MARs were not detectably conserved, the general organizational patterns of MARs relative to the neighboring genes were preserved. All identified genes were placed in individual loops that were of comparable size for homologous genes. Hence, gene composition, gene orientation, gene order and the placement of genes into structural units has been evolutionarily conserved in this region. Our analysis demonstrated that the occurrence of various 'MAR motifs' is not indicative of MAR location. However, most of the MARs discovered in the two genomic regions were found to co-localize with miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs), suggesting that MITEs preferentially insert near MARs and/or that they can serve as MARs.
Sliding Mode Coordination Control Design for Multiagent Systems

In this paper, we develop a coordination control technique for a group of agents described by a general class of underactuated dynamics. The objective is for the agents to reach and maintain a desired formation characterized by steady-state distances between the neighboring agents. We use graph theoretic notions to characterize communication topology in the network determined by the information flow directions and captured by the graph Laplacian matrix. Furthermore, using sliding mode control approach, we design decentralized controllers for individual agents that use only data from the neighboring agents which directly communicate their state information to the current agent in order to drive the current agent to the desired steady state. Finally, we show the efficacy of our theoretical results on the example of a system of wheeled mobile robots that reach and maintain the desired formation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Combinatorial study of the crystallinity boundary in the HfO2–TiO2–Y2O3 system using pulsed laser deposition library thin films

Abstract HfO2–TiO2–Y2O3 is an interesting high-k dielectric system, with the potential for higher values of k than the end members. Combinatorial library films of this system enable the study of the role of composition on phase formation as well as optical and mechanical properties. A library film of this system deposited at 400 °C exhibited a boundary line evident visually as well as in characterization. Mapping X-ray analysis showed the line corresponds to a crystallinity boundary, separating an amorphous phase and a face-centered cubic crystalline phase of yttrium hafnium oxide. Mapping nanoindentation across the boundary also revealed a sharp change in mechanical properties. The combinatorial technique is a powerful tool for high-throughput materials science, and by realizing this particularly unique pulsed laser deposition library film, allows many interesting materials phenomena and properties to be measured.
Phase diagram of the A-B transition of superfluid3He

Abstract We have measured the A-B phase transition temperature of superfluid3He at pressures from zero to 29 bars, and in all magnetic fields up to the highest field limit of the B phase (∼0.59 Tesla). We have also devised a simple function which accurately describes the entire pressure-temperature-magnetic field phase diagram of the A-B transition. This function intrinsically satisfies all correct asymptotic behaviors in the low- and high-field limits. Using thermodynamic identities we can measure properties which previously could not be directly measured.
Contemporary trends in necrotizing soft-tissue infections in the United States.

Background Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI) are rare, potentially fatal, operative emergencies. We studied a national cohort of patients to determine recent trends in incidence, treatment, and outcomes for NSTI. Methods We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998–2010) for patients with a primary diagnosis of NSTI. Temporal trends in patient characteristics, treatment (debridement, amputation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy [HBOT]), and outcomes were determined with Cochran-Armitage trend tests and linear regression. To account for trends in case mix (age, sex, race, insurance, Elixhauser index) or receipt of HBOT on outcomes, multivariable analyses were conducted to determine the independent effect of year of treatment on mortality, any major complication, and hospital length of stay (LOS) for NSTI. Results We identified 56,527 weighted NSTI admissions, with an incidence ranging from approximately 3,800–5,800 cases annually. The number of cases peaked in 2004 and then decreased between 1998 and 2010 (P 3 comorbidities (14.5–39.7%, P Conclusion There were potentially important national trends in patient characteristics and treatment patterns for NSTI between 1998 and 2010. Importantly, though patient acuity worsened and complication rates increased, but LOS remained relatively stable and mortality decreased. Improvements in early diagnosis, wound care, and critical care delivery may be the cause.
Colour neglect in an artist

Keywords: Art ; Color Note: Letter Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-154902doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12304-5 Record created on 2010-11-16, modified on 2016-08-08
Open reduction with internal fixation of moderately displaced mandible fractures is not a cost-effective alternative to closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Do the benefits of rigid internal fixation of mandible fractures justify the added costs? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Shetty V, Atchison K, Leathers R, Black E, Zigler C, Belin TR. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66(11):2203-12. Reviewer O. Ross Beirne, DMD, PhD Purpose/Question In patients with moderately severe mandible fractures, does open reduction with internal fixation result in fewer complications than closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation? Source of Funding Government: National Institute of Drug Abuse and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Level B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Induction of reproductive diapause in Empoasca fabae (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) and its implications regarding southward migration

To determine if the phenology of Empoasca fabae (Harris) includes reproductive diapause, the progeny of females collected in Louisiana were reared under various conditions of photoperiod and temperature. Adults were paired, and the oviposition of each female was recorded for 40 d at 4-d intervals. Short day lengths resulted in a lower proportion of E. fabae ovipositing, a longer preoviposition period, and a decreased rate of oviposition. These responses constitute evidence for the induction of reproductive diapause. To determine whether reproductive diapause is expressed in northern populations in the field, 4th and 5th instars from New York state were reared at intervals through summer and fall. and tested for response to photoperiod. The proportion of E. fabae females becoming reproductively mature decreased as the season progressed. Less than 50% of field-reared females became gravid after mid-July. In the laboratory, reproductive maturation in field-reared females was retarded by short day lengths, but not by long day lengths. The induction of reproductive diapause in late summer supports the hypothesis that E. fabae engages in a diapause-mediated southward migration to its overwintering area.
Treatment participation related to hospitalization goals of alcoholic patients and their families.

Three groups of male, hospitalized alcoholics—a total of 105 patients—were studied. In addition, the expectancies from hospitalization of the relatives of one of the groups was related to the participation in treatment of that group.
Wear of Fluorapatite Single Crystals: III. Classification of Surface Failure

Modes of surface failure observed for natural fluorapatite single crystals under sliding were classified and related to wear and frictional behavior. The basal surfaces exhibited brittle or ductile failure depending on the combination of load and slider design. The transition occurred at penetrations of 0.3 to 0.5 μm.
Immunoanalysis of unique protein in Trichoplusia ni larvae parasitized by the braconid wasp Chelonus near curvimaculatus

Abstract Parasitization in insects brings about profound biochemical and physiological effects in the host which may include complete overriding of the normal endocrinological program, resulting in precocious metamorphosis and in blockage of pupal development. The subtle effects of parasitization include changes in the expression of hemolymph proteins and the appearance of proteins which are unique to parasitized hosts. One such protein has been identified in the hemolymph of Trichoplusia ni larvae parasitized by the braconid wasp Chelonus near curvimaculatus. In this study, purified preparations of the parasitism-specific protein were used to generate polyconal antibodies against the protein. Results from the immunocharacterization indicate the antibodies obtained are highly specific for the protein and are present in a high titer (1:8000 antiserum dilution yielded strong signals in analysis of the protein in 0.25 μl hemolymph). Subsequently, the expression of the parasitism-specific protein in the hemolymph and tissues was analyzed by immunoblotting during the entire course of development in normal and parasitized insects. The parasitism-specific protein was not detected in normal, unparasitized larvae. In parasitized insects, expression of the parasitism-specific protein appears to be stage-specific in that it is only detected during the last larval stadium of precociously metamorphosing larvae, but is absent from all earlier stages of development.
A soluble protein activator of (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase in human red cell membranes

Abstract 1. 1. (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase in human red cell membranes was stimulated about 2-fold by a soluble activator (or activators) in exhaustively dialyzed, membrane-free hemolysates. 2. 2. The Mg2+-dependent ATPase and (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase activities in the membranes were unaffected by the hemolysate. 3. 3. Activation of (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase by hemolysate obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, indicating that the activator binds to saturable sites on the enzyme.The activator increased the maximum velocity ( V ) of the enzyme. 4. 4. When membranes were exposed to N- ethylmaleimide or the heat, (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase and the hemolysate-dependent component of this activity were inactivated at the same rate, indicating that there is a single (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-dependent ATPase in the membrane which is activated by hemolysate. 5. 5. Evidence that the activator is a protein is based on the following observations: (a) it is non-dialyzable, (b) it is destroyed by trypsin, and (c) it appears to be heat labile. 6. 6. Human hemoglobin and bovine albumin produced a small activation of the enzyme, but it appears that the activator in hemolysate is probably a protein other than hemoglobin.
Heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons: single-unit recording and iontophoresis in awake, unrestrained rats.

Single-unit recording combined with iontophoresis of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate was used in awake, unrestrained rats to characterize the electrophysiological and receptor properties of neurons in the ventral tegmental area under naturally occurring behavioural conditions. All isolated ventral tegmental area units (n=90) were analysed and compared with cells (n=58) recorded from dorsally adjacent areas of the pre-rubral area and red nucleus. Two distinct neuronal groups were identified in the ventral tegmental area: units with triphasic, long-duration spikes (78/90) and units with biphasic, short-duration spikes (12/90). Although all long-spike units discharged in an irregular, bursting pattern with varying degrees of within-burst decrements in spike amplitude, they could be further subdivided into at least three distinct subgroups. Type I long-spike units (36/78) discharged at a relatively slow and stable rate (mean: 6.03 imp/s; range: 0.42–15.78) with no evident fluctuations during movement. These cells were inhibited by dopamine and GABA and responded to glutamate with a low-magnitude excitation accompanied by a pronounced decrement in spike amplitude and a powerful rebound inhibition. Type II long-spike units (23/78) had relatively high and unstable discharge rates (mean: 22.82 imp/s; range: 4.42–59.67) and showed movement-related phasic activations frequently followed by partial or complete cessation of firing. Some Type II cells (4/9) were inhibited by dopamine, but all were excited by glutamate at very low currents (0–10 nA). With an increase in current, the glutamate-induced excitation often (18/22) progressed into a cessation of firing. All these cells were inhibited by GABA followed by a strong rebound excitation (8/9), which also frequently (6/8) resulted in cessation of firing. Type III long-spike units (19/78) had properties that differed from either Type I or Type II cells, including a lack of spontaneous firing (5/19). Short-spike ventral tegmental area units were either silent (4/12) and unresponsive to dopamine and GABA or spontaneously active (range: 0.89–34.13 imp/s) and inhibited by GABA and, in some cases (2/8), by dopamine; all were phasically activated during movement and glutamate iontophoresis. It appears that ventral tegmental area neurons, including those with long-duration spikes, do not comprise a uniform population in awake, unrestrained rats. Type I, long-spike units match the characteristics of histochemically-identified dopamine neurons, and they appear to express dopamine autoreceptors, which may explain the relatively slow, stable rate of activity and the limited responsiveness to excitatory inputs. Although the nature of the other long-spike units in our sample is unclear, they may include dopamine neurons without autoreceptors as well as non-dopamine cells. The heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons is an important consideration for further attempts to assess the role of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system in motivated behaviour.
Differences between sub-populations of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes. I. Morphology and cartilage matrix production

Bovine articular chondrocytes cultured in agarose gel comprise a heterogeneous population when judged by morphological and histochemical criteria. The purpose of the present experiments was to compare, under the same conditions of culture, sub-populations of chondrocytes derived from different depths of articular cartilage. Sub-populations of chondrocytes were cultured separately following their isolation from slices of articular cartilage cut from successive depths of the tissue. Chondrocytes derived from superficial and deep zones differed significantly in morphology, rate of proliferation, and activity in secreting a proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix. The differences are sufficient to account for the heterogeneity observed in cultures of the entire cell population, and the correlate well with known variations with depth in morphology and histochemistry of intact articular cartilage. These results demonstrate that articular chondrocytes continue in culture to express metabolic differences which reflect their original anatomical location; such differences may have important functional significance.
Locally compact group actions on C∗-algebras and compact subgroups

be a compact subgroup. In this paper we shall give necessary and sufficient conditions in order that the crossed product G x, A be simple or prime. Our conditions are in terms of the dual 2 of the com- pact subgroup K. The paper is organized as follows. In the second section we summarize some preliminary definitions and results about continuous Banach representations of compact groups. The same section contains the definitions of the subspaces of spherical functions sn,,nl(~l 7 n, E e), those of the algebras S,, I,, and the relations between these subspaces. Section 3 contains a study of saturated actions of G on A in terms of the ideals S,,, * S,,,. We mention that for compact groups the notion of saturated action has been defined by Rieffel (see [ 19, Chap. 73). The same section contains conditions in order that the crossed product be simple. For compact abelian groups G, our result reduces to the following: G x,
Management of refractory chylothorax after pediatric cardiovascular surgery.

We investigated the optimal treatment for refractory chylothorax after pediatric cardiovascular surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 15 consecutive patients who developed chylothorax after congenital heart surgery performed between December 2004 and November 2010. Among the 15 patients (12 male and 3 female; median age 13.9 months) who developed postoperative chylothorax, 10 recovered with conservative therapy, such as a low-fat diet, medium chain triglyceride–enriched diet, or total parenteral nutrition. Of the remaining 5 patients who underwent surgical treatment followed by conventional therapy, 4 showed improvement, and 1 died from cardiac failure. Surgical treatment was performed at a median of 19 days after diagnosis of chylothorax. Average drainage output of thoracocentesis for the first 5 days before thoracic duct ligation was 33.1 ml/kg/day. Duration of chylous fluid drainage was significantly longer in surgical patients than in patients who recovered with conservative therapy (p 10 days. In cases of refractory postoperative chylothorax, surgical therapy such as thoracic duct ligation should be considered when discharge from the drainage tube is >30 ml/kg/day or chylothorax is not improved within 10 days.
Electron Accepting Oligomers and Polymers: Chain Scission Under Quaternization Conditions

The methylation of polybenzobisthiazole in dimethylsulfate produces an ndopable polymer which has previously been shown to have high electrical conductivity. The reaction conditions have been shown to chemically degrade the polymer chains, decreasing the molecular weight to about 20% of the original value. A methylationdemethylation scheme has been used to clarify the degree of chain scission.
A continuum of transformed phenotypes in C3H/10T1/2 derivatives

Two-stage transformants have been isolated from C3H/10T1/2 cells exposed to UV-irradiation followed by treatment with TPA. These UV-TDTx cells form foci in co-culture with C3H/10T1/2 cells only in the presence of TPA. In the absence of TPA, UV-TDTx cells are indistinguishable from control C3H/10T1/2 cells in co-cultures. Single-step transformants of C3H/10T1/2 cells isolated after exposure to high doses of chemical carcinogens, however, show TPA-independent focus formation in co-culture with C3H/10T1/2 cells. We now show that three independently isolated two-stage UV + TPA transformants as well as a single-step, high dose methylcholanthrene (MCA) transformant (MCATx1e) isolated in our laboratory are anchorage-dependent and non-tumorigenic. In contrast, another single-step, high dose MCA transformant (MCACl#16/39) known to contain an activated c-Ki-ras gene shows TPA-independent focus formation in mixed culture with C3H/10T1/2 cells, anchorage independence and tumorigenicity. Analysis of UV-TDTx:C3H/10T1/2 and MCACl#16/39:C3H/10T1/2 somatic cell hybrids indicates that a similar percentage of hybrids of each cell type are able to form foci in co-culture with C3H/10T1/2 cells. However, focus-forming UV-TDTx:C3H/10T1/2 hybrids remain dependent on TPA for focus formation in mixed culture.
The Soviet enterprise director: an important resource before and after the coup

Executive Overview Privatization, eliminating monopolies and the vestiges of central planning, deregulating prices, introducing currency convertibility, establishing a modern financial infrastructure, and recovering from a failed three-day coup attempt are all intimidating tasks for policy-makers in the Soviet Union. However, in the long-run perhaps the most troubling circumstance facing the Soviet Union is preparing managers for a Soviet-style market-driven economy that can eventually compete in word markets. This article discusses some facts about Soviet managers, the historical fabric of Soviet and Russian cultures in which they must operate, as well as some of the attitudes and concerns of Soviet enterprise directors. Overthrowing Marxist-Leninist doctrine and overcoming a bungled attempt to take over the government may be the easiest parts of the new social experiment originally called perestroika. After seven decades of indoctrination to a centrally controlled system, it's not hard to understand shy...
Identifiability of kinetic models of isotope transient tracing in fixed bed plug flow reactors

A novel method is presented to address the identifiability of a class of kinetic models of monoatomic isotope transient tracing in plug flow reactors. It is shown that the identifiability of these models can be addressed solely from a knowledge of the rate functions.
Men and masculinities: scales for masculinity ideology and masculinity-related constructs.

This review evaluates 11 masculinity ideology measures that examine attitudes toward men and masculinities and 6 instruments for other masculinity-related constructs. Four conclusions regarding the available measures and the future development of instrumentation in the area are drawn from the review. First, there is evidence that measures of gender orientation and measures of gender ideologies are independent, and have differential correlates. Instruments that attempt to determine gender orientation and masculinity ideology concurrently will have limited utility by virtue of not distinguishing between these two constructs. Second, there is also evidence that gender ideologies about men are distinct from, and have differential correlates than, gender ideologies about women and gender relations in general. Thus, measures intending to index attitudes toward masculinities should not include gender-comparative items. Third, measures of the gender-related conflicts or stresses of manhood are likely to predict males’ behavior more directly than measures of masculinity ideology. Finally, a number of the existing instruments measuring either masculinity ideology or personal experiences with masculinity standards direct attention too narrowly toward a single definition of masculinity.
Comments on host dispersion in ultrashort pulse generation with GaAs lasers

In generating short pulses with GaAs lasers, the bandwidth limited by host dispersion is estimated to be about 1 ps. A simple way to evaluate the dispersive bandwidth of GaAs lasers is given.
Explosive cyclogenesis program planned

A research program to study explosive cyclogenesis of Atlantic winter storms is being planned by the Office of Naval Research (ONR; Washington, D.C.) and a team of investigators from universities and other meteorological and oceanographic institutions. The goals of the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones in the Atlantic (ERICA) are to develop an understanding of the fundamental physical processes in the atmosphere that lead to explosive cyclogenesis at sea, to identify measurable precursors that can be used for accurate operational dynamical meteorological forecast model predictions, and to determine the minimum set of these observations that is necessary for accurate forecasts of intense cyclogenesis at sea. The multiyear program efforts, including numerical modeling research, will benefit from the related Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) and Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) field measurement episodes, which were recently completed (January–March 1986). ERICA's phase of intensive measurements in the field is scheduled for January–March 1989 in the North Atlantic, centered at approximately 40°N and 60°W.
Economic Appraisal of Transporting Gas-to-Liquids Products through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS)

Abstract The Alaska North Slope oilfield is a potential candidate for the gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology. With over 38 Tcf of natural gas occurring on the slope, gas gathering for a GTL facility will be relatively easy. GTL fuels are environmentally friendly (sulfur free) with better ignition and burning properties than conventional petroleum products from crude oil. Evaluating the options of transporting GTL products through the existing Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) together with crude oil, either as a blend of crude oil and GTL (commingled) or as alternate slugs of each product (batching), is the main focus of this study. Economic evaluation model was employed using Rate of Return analysis to identify the most favorable mode of transportation of the GTL products. Batching, using modern tracking and sensor techniques, was found to be a more economic mode, yielding the highest rate of return on the investment.