cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topographic Mapping Evolution: From Field and Photographically Collected Data to GIS Production and Linked Open Data

Whither the topographic map? Topographic mapping historically has been approached as a map factory operation through the period 1879–1990. During this time, data were field and photogrammetrically ...
Acute Stress Symptoms After Forcible and Substance-Involved Rapes:

In the early aftermath of a sexual assault, survivors often experience symptoms of distress including reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, less is known about associations between rape characteristics and the nature of early reactions. We designed the current study to examine the unique and combined associations between force and substances during rape on acute stress symptoms. Participants were 56 women (ages 18 to 58) who completed a sexual assault medical forensic exam in the emergency department within 120 hours of the rape and then completed a follow-up clinical phone screening within 30 days of the forensic exam. Follow-up assessments included characteristics of the recent rape (force, substances), history of prior sexual assault, demographics, and symptoms of acute stress. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for prior sexual assault, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity, there were no significant differences on any symptom cluster by rape type. However, this study involved a small, difficult-to-reach sample and, therefore, was only powered to detect large effect sizes. We encourage more research examining potentially unique, early symptom presentations for substance-involved rapes.
Critical Diagnoses in Ophthalmic Pathology: Suspected Important Unanticipated Diagnoses in Surgically Removed Eyes.

Aim To describe the 5-year profile of anatomic critical diagnoses from an ophthalmic pathology laboratory and raise awareness of the challenges of establishing guidelines for these diagnoses. Methods Medical records of patients who had consecutively submitted surgically removed globes or eviscerated eyes from 1 October 2009 to 31 October 2014 were examined for a critical diagnosis, as defined by a verbal communication for a serious, unanticipated diagnosis.Important discordant anatomic and clinical diagnoses were reviewed to determine whether the anatomic finding was truly unanticipated. Results During the study period, 313 eyes were submitted to the laboratory as primary specimens. Twenty (6.4%) had critical (alert) diagnoses. Six of the 20 anatomic diagnoses (30%) were known or suspected prior to surgery but were not communicated on the pathology request form. Five diagnoses (25%) were not clinically suspect before surgery. In 9 cases (45%) medical-care providers were alerted to the critical findings but insufficient clinical information was provided about preoperative conditions. Conclusions The proportion of critical diagnoses among surgically removed eyes is small, but not inconsequential. Some "critical alerts" would be unnecessary if relevant clinical information was provided when the tissue is submitted to the laboratory. Laboratory guidelines for critical values in surgical pathology should be flexible since they need to anticipate the vicissitudes of clinical practice. Surgeons need to appreciate that relevant clinical information must be provided to pathologists because it can play a role in formulating anatomic diagnoses.
Pathways of Prevention: A Scoping Review of Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Neurocognition.

Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) represent an increasingly urgent public health concern, with an increasing number of baby boomers now at risk. Due to a lack of efficacious therapies among symptomatic older adults, an increasing emphasis has been placed on preventive measures that can curb or even prevent ADRD development among middle-aged adults. Lifestyle modification using aerobic exercise and dietary modification represents one of the primary treatment modalities used to mitigate ADRD risk, with an increasing number of trials demonstrating that exercise and dietary change, individually and together, improve neurocognitive performance among middle-aged and older adults. Despite several optimistic findings, examination of treatment changes across lifestyle interventions reveals a variable pattern of improvements, with large individual differences across trials. The present review attempts to synthesize available literature linking lifestyle modification to neurocognitive changes, outline putative mechanisms of treatment improvement, and discuss discrepant trial findings. In addition, previous mechanistic assumptions linking lifestyle to neurocognition are discussed, with a focus on potential solutions to improve our understanding of individual neurocognitive differences in response to lifestyle modification. Specific recommendations include integration of contemporary causal inference approaches for analyzing parallel mechanistic pathways and treatment-exposure interactions. Methodological recommendations include trial multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) design approaches that leverage individual differences for improved treatment outcomes.
Radiation Therapy for Oncologic Spine Pain

Spinal metastases are a common occurrence for many cancer patients. They can cause a variety of debilitating symptoms related to the spinal levels involved and have a significant impact on quality of life. External beam radiotherapy is a safe – often very effective – treatment modality for oncologic spine pain. In this chapter, clinical evaluation of patients with spinal metastases will be discussed along with indications for treatment and various approaches with radiation therapy. The evidence base for both traditional external beam radiotherapy and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy is also explored with examples of both treatment modalities. Finally, future developments in the role of radiotherapy in the management of oncologic spine pain are examined, including a brief discussion of the timing and role of systemic agents concurrently with radiotherapy.
Modular Hamiltonians for Euclidean Path Integral States

We study half-space/Rindler modular Hamiltonians for excited states created by turning on sources for local operators in the Euclidean path integral in relativistic quantum field theories. We derive a simple, manifestly Lorentzian formula for the modular Hamiltonian to all orders in perturbation theory in the sources. We apply this formula to the case of shape-deformed half spaces in the vacuum state, and obtain the corresponding modular Hamiltonian to all orders in the shape deformation in terms of products of half-sided null energy operators, i.e., stress tensor components integrated along the future and past Rindler horizons. In the special case where the shape deformation is purely null, our perturbation series can be resummed, and agrees precisely with the known formula for vacuum modular Hamiltonians for null cuts of the Rindler horizon. Finally, we study some universal properties of modular flow (corresponding to Euclidean path integral states) of local operators inside correlation functions in conformal field theories. In particular, we show how the flow becomes the local boost in the limit where the operator being flowed approaches the entanglement cut.
Measuring the frequency response of the honeybee thorax

Insects with asynchronous flight muscles are believed to flap at the effective fundamental frequency of their thorax-wing system. Flapping in this manner leverages the natural elasticity of the thorax to reduce the energetic requirements of flight. However, to the best of our knowledge, the fundamental frequency of the insect wing-muscle-thorax system has not been measured. Here, we measure the linear frequency response function (FRF) of honeybee Apis mellifera thoraxes about their equilibrium state in order to determine their fundamental frequencies. FRFs relate the input force to output acceleration at the insect tergum and are acquired via a mechanical vibration shaker assembly. When compressed 50 μm, the thorax fundamental frequency averaged across all subjects was about 50% higher than reported wingbeat frequencies. We suspect that the measured fundamental frequencies are higher in the experiment than during flight due to boundary conditions and posthumous muscle stiffening. Next, we compress the thorax between 100-300 μm in 50 μm intervals to assess the sensitivity of the fundamental frequency to geometric modifications. For all specimens considered, the thorax fundamental frequency increased nearly monotonically with respect to level of compression. This implies that the thorax behaves as a nonlinear hardening spring when subject to large displacements, which we confirmed via static force-displacement testing. While there is little evidence that insects utilize this non-linearity during flight, the hardening characteristic may be emulated by small resonant-type flapping wing micro air vehicles to increase flapping frequency bandwidth. Overall, methods established through this work provide a foundation for further dynamical studies on insect thoraxes moving forward.
Graphene-Based Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for Potentiometrically Sensing Neuropeptide Y in Physiologically Relevant Environments

Wearable electronics with real-time biosensing capabilities are very important for future applications in monitoring and augmenting human health and performance. Graphene-based potentiometric sensi...
Performing Gender, Doing Politics: Social Media and Women Election Workers in Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Women political workers adopt a range of tactics to navigate the hyper-masculine space of electoral politics in South India, both offline and, increasingly, online. Using interviews and observations over three months of election campaigning, we examine women's outreach work in online and offline adversarial spaces through the lens of Michel de Certeau's, The Practice of Everyday Life, which examines the "tactics" through which people negotiate change and everyday challenges in daily situations. We find that the everyday logistics of election work have changed significantly, and that these bring up two important ways in which "tactics" framework is helpful - first, in the changing ways in which representations need to be managed, as political work requires an interactive digital public face, and second, in ways that which online interactions need to be managed as new and increasingly demanding forms of communication are necessitated for effective voter outreach.
A psycholinguistic method for measuring coarticulation in child and adult speech

A perceiver's ability to accurately predict target sounds in a forward-gated AV speech task indexes the strength and scope of anticipatory coarticulation in adult speech (Redford et al., JASA, 144, 2447-2461, 2018). This suggests a perception-based method for studying coarticulation in populations who may poorly tolerate the more invasive or restrictive techniques used to measure speech movements directly. But the use of perception to measure production begs the question of confounding influences on perceiver performance and thus on the reliability and generalizability of the proposed method. The present study was therefore designed to test whether a gated AV speech method for measuring coarticulation provides reliable results across different study populations (child versus adult), different task environments (in-lab versus online), and different coarticulatory directions (forward/anticipatory versus backward/carryover). The results indicated excellent measurement reliability across age groups in the forward/anticipatory measurement direction, though more perceivers are needed to achieve the same levels of agreement and consistency when the task is completed online. Accuracy was lower in the backward/carryover direction, and although agreement and consistency were still reasonably high across perceivers, the effect of age group differed between the laboratory and online environments, suggesting measurement error in one or both environments. Overall, the results support using in-lab or online perceptual judgments to measure anticipatory coarticulation in developmental studies of speech production. Further validation study is needed before the method can be extended to measure carryover coarticulation.
Employment Protection Legislation and the Macroeconomy: Evidence from Brazil

This paper exploits tenure-dependence in the design of employment protection legislation (EPL) to identify its equilibrium impacts. In our setting, Brazil, EPL applies after a three-month probationary period, incentivizing firms to terminate jobs at exactly 3 months. We develop a structural model in which firms learn about match quality to map this effect on job termination to equilibrium macroeconomic outcomes. We find that EPL without a probationary period leads to a 2.4 percent increase in unemployment and 3.3 percent decrease in output. However, introducing a probationary period completely negates these effects by effectively increasing the value of an initial match.
Update on establishing and managing an overnight emergency radiology division.

Emergency department (ED) radiology divisions that serve to provide overnight attending coverage have become an increasingly common feature of radiology departments. The purpose of this article is to review the common ED radiology coverage models, describe desirable traits of emergency radiologists, and discuss workflow in the ED radiology setting. ED radiologists may be trained as ED radiologists or may develop the necessary skills and adopt the subspecialty. Choosing radiologists with the correct traits such as being a "night owl" and remaining calm under pressure and implementing an acceptable work schedule such as shift length of 9-10 h and a "one week on, two weeks off" schedule contribute to sustainability of the position. Strategies to address the unique stressors and workflow challenges of overnight emergency radiology coverage are also presented. Workflow facilitators including trainees, PAs, radiology assistants, and clerks all have roles to play in managing high case volumes and in making sure that the service is well staffed. Usage of artificial intelligence software is the latest technique to streamline workflow by identifying cases which should be prioritized on a busy worklist. Implementing such strategies will maintain quality of care for patients regardless of time of day as well as sustainability and quality of life for overnight emergency radiologists.
Robust Frequency and Phase Estimation for Three-Phase Power Systems Using a Bank of Kalman Filters

In this paper we propose a powerful frequency, phase angle, and amplitude estimation solution for an unbalanced three-phase power system based on multiple model adaptive estimation. The proposed model utilizes the existence of a conditionally linear and Gaussian substructure in the power system states by marginalizing out the frequency component. This substructure can be effectively tracked by a bank of Kalman filters where each filter employs a different angular frequency value. Compared to other Bayesian filtering schemes for estimation in three-phase power systems, the proposed model reformulation is simpler, more robust, and more accurate as validated with numerical simulations on synthetic data.
The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives

The sulfonamide moiety is present among a variety of biologically significant compounds. A facile synthesis is necessary to produce a variety of sulfonamides with the potential to improve human health. Herein, we report a facile methodology for the synthesis of 4-methylbenzenesulfonamides, amenable to a broad range of nitrogen nucleophiles. Implementing a semi-miscible biphasic solvent system resulted in higher yields, decreased reaction times, and a simplified workup over preliminary methods. Additionally, the crystal structures of five novel sulfonamide compounds and two polymorphs, have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Results obtained through spectroscopic characterization support the successful formation of the desired 4-methylbenzenesulfonamides.
The Effects of the Courtroom Context on Children's Memory and Anxiety:

Modifications of the courtroom environment have been proposed to enhance the ability of child witnesses to offer complete and accurate testimony and reduce system-induced stress. However, these int...
Differential response to ultraviolet versus ionizing radiation in zebrafish embryos pretreated with caffeine.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5179 Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos provide a unique model to study the radiation response in vertebrates. Previously, we demonstrated that ionizing radiation (IR), known to generate DNA breaks, produced time- and dose-dependent perturbations of zebrafish embryo morphology and viability that were distinct from ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which predominantly causes bulky lesions. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this differential response further, we focused on ATM and ATR, the signal transducers of IR- or UV-induced cytotoxicity, respectively. Transient knockdown of ATM expression was lethal in embryos injected with specific antisense oligonucleotide morpholinos before midblastula transition (3 hours post fertilization [hpf]). Similar inhibition of ATR was limited by incomplete sequencing of the zebrafish ortholog of this gene. Therefore, we evaluated the response of embryos to UV or IR following pretreatment with caffeine, commonly accepted as an inhibitor of both ATM and ATR. Wildtype zebrafish adults were mated, and viable embryos collected and exposed to 0-4 mM caffeine for 30 minutes prior to 0-20 mJ/cm2 UV (Stratalinker, Stratagene) or 0-10 Gy single-fraction 250 kVp IR (PanTak) at various stages of embryonic development. Embryos were maintained at 28.5°C then examined for morphologic abnormalities and viability up to 144 hpf. As expected, caffeine pretreatment sensitized the embryos to the effects of IR exposure, particularly before midblastula transition. In contrast, caffeine exposure protected the embryos from UV radiation-induced organ damage and lethality following midblastula transition, even at teratogenic doses (4 mM) of the inhibitor. Experiments evaluating the effect of blocking the downstream effectors of ATR (chk1) or ATM (chk2) on the radiation response in zebrafish embryos using the chk1-specific inhibitor CEP 3891 and chk2-specific inhibitor CEP 6367 (Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, PA) are ongoing. Collectively, these data suggest a distinct molecular response to UV versus IR-induced damage in zebrafish embryos. These studies were sponsored by the Radiological Society of North America Research and Education Foundation (Research Resident Grant RR0509 to MFM) and the Pennsylvania Department of Health, Tobacco Settlement Act of Pennsylvania (APD).
A Geometric Analysis of the Zeros and Residues via the Dual GHR

The Dual Generalized Hessenberg Representation (Dual GHR) is a canonic form for single input single output systems which identifies the input output properties of the system. Here it is shown how the Dual GHR can be used to identify almost pole-zero canceliations and small residues of the corresponding poles. This connection between the state space representation and transfer function is established using geometrical arguments. Near unobservability and near uncontrollability, measures relying on angles between subspaces, play a key role.
THE EFFECT OF QUINONES ON MITOCHONDRIAL PHOSPHORYLATION, PI-ATP EXCHANGE, AND ATPASE ACTIVITIES. I. PHYLLOQUINONE AND MENADIONE.

Abstract Benzo- and napthoquinones have been suggested as intermediates in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Several methods used to investigate the possible role quinones may assume have required their addition to inactivated mitochondrial systems. In the present report the effect of two napthoquinones on mitochondrial phosphorylation reactions has been examined. The two quinones, phylloquinone and menadione, were found to effect phosphorylation associated with beta-hydroxybutyrate oxidation, P i -ATP exchange activity with ATPase activities differently. Menadione may inhibit these various related phosphorylation reactions by undergoing addition with essential sulfhydryl groups of the enzymes catalyzing the several-step reactions concerned.
DISPERSION METHODS IN THE 2V SECTOR OF THE LEE MODEL.

The $2V$ sector of the Lee model is examined from the standpoint of dispersion theory. In this approach, vertices of the type pointed out by Blankenbecler and Cook are used for the purpose of establishing the bound state and eigenvalue condition corresponding to the static interaction of two $V$ particles. Following Amado, we also determine the scattering and production amplitudes characteristic of this sector. In relying on his methods, we carry out exact dispersion calculations involving the contraction of a composite particle (the $\mathrm{VN}$ bound state). The states found in the $V$ and $\mathrm{VN}$ sectors are the only intermediate states used throughout.
The Feasibility of a Smart Surgical Probe for Verification of IRE Treatments Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Significance: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is gaining popularity as a focal ablation modality for the treatment of unresectable tumors. One clinical limitation of IRE is the absence of methods for real-time treatment evaluation, namely actively monitoring the dimensions of the induced lesion. This information is critical to ensure a complete treatment and minimize collateral damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. Goal: In this study, we are taking advantage of the biophysical properties of living tissues to address this critical demand. Methods: Using advanced microfabrication techniques, we have developed an electrical impedance microsensor to collect impedance data along the length of a bipolar IRE probe for treatment verification. For probe characterization and interpretation of the readings, we used potato tuber, which is a suitable platform for IRE experiments without having the complexities of in vivo or ex vivo models. We used the impedance spectra, along with an electrical model of the tissue, to obtain critical parameters such as the conductivity of the tissue before, during, and after completion of treatment. To validate our results, we used a finite element model to simulate the electric field distribution during treatments in each potato. Results: It is shown that electrical impedance spectroscopy could be used as a technique for treatment verification, and when combined with appropriate FEM modeling can determine the lesion dimensions. Conclusions: This technique has the potential to be readily translated for use with other ablation modalities already being used in clinical settings for the treatment of malignancies.
Residual stress mapping with a scanning phase-measuring acoustic microscope

A high-resolution scanning phase-measuring acoustic microscope (SPAM) has been developed, and using the acoustoelastic effect, has been used to image the near-surface residual stress field around features etched in sputtered alumina. This microscope operates at 670 MHz and has a resolution of 5-10 mu m, depending upon the amount of defocus. Relative-velocity changes of sample surface waves as small as 50 parts per million are resolved. Images of the stress field at the tip of a 400- mu m-wide slot etched in alumina are presented and compared with a finite element simulation. The SPAM uses an unconventional acoustic lens with an anisotropic illumination pattern which can measure anisotropic effects and map residual stress fields with several-micrometer resolution and a stress sensitivity of 1/3 MPa in an alumina film. >
Spatial And Size Distributions Of Submicron Particles In rf Plasmas

Submicron diameter particles were grown and observed in an rf plasma while etching silicon. The plasma, created by an rf discharge in argon-CF2Cl2 mixtures in a parallel plate geometry, was probed by light from a pulsed dye laser. The scattered laser light provided a measure of the size and space distribution of the particles. The particles were observed to be spatially distributed, reaching a peak density just outside the plasma-sheath boundary. Particle size distributions, determined from the pulse-height spectrum of the scattered light intensity, were estimated to peak at radii of less than one micron.
Drift-insensitive dim-target detection using differential correlation

We investigate a dim-target-detection approach for pixellated focal-plane-arrays based on differential correlation detection. The change in the temporal correlation of the output signals between an illuminated pixel and a dark reference pixel is measured in real time over some number of samples and may enable more sensitive detection of dim targets whose signal amplitudes are on the order of the noise levels of the sensor. If successful, target detection may be possible with target signal-to-noise-ratios of less than 1 under practical conditions where dark drift may occur.
Clustering of Internet risk behaviors in a middle school student population

BACKGROUND: Internet safety is a growing public concern especially among adults and youth who live in an "instant messaging" world of technological communication. To better understand how early adolescents are using the Internet, a study was undertaken to more clearly identify the online general use, safety knowledge, and risk behaviors of middle school students. METHODS: This exploratory study adapted from Finkelhor et al's (2000) Youth Internet Safety Survey to identify the usage and characteristics of online youth, solicitation of youth, and searching for pornography or delinquent behaviors. The 404 students who were recruited from public and parochial schools consisted of both boys and girls with a mean age 12 years. RESULTS: These students reported the beginnings of high-risk Internet behavior, specifically, giving out personal information, using the Internet to harass or embarrass another person, and for a small number of students, chatting with strangers and starting relationships. The students who posted their picture online were more likely to have sent their picture to someone, made rude comments to others, played online jokes, harassed or embarrassed someone, and sought out pornographic sites. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that middle school students who are early adolescents are beginning risky behaviors on the Internet. Risk-taking behavior is not unique to adolescents, but the consequences can be detrimental to their development. Educators, clinicians, health care providers, and other professionals need to be informed of Internet behaviors in order to assess for children at risk, to make referrals, intervene, and to educate parents. Language: en
β1-adrenergic receptor activation enhances memory in Alzheimer's disease model.

Objective Deficits in social recognition and learning of social cues are major symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we studied the role of β1-noradrenergic signaling in cognitive function to determine whether it could be used as a potential therapeutic target for AD. Methods Using pharmacological, biochemical, and behavioral tools, we assessed social recognition and the β1-adrenergic receptor (ADR) and its downstream protein kinase A (PKA)/phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) signaling cascade in the medial amygdala (MeA) in Thy1-hAPPLond/Swe+(APP) mouse model of AD. Results Our results demonstrated that APP mice display a significant social recognition deficit which is dependent on the β1-adrenergic system. Moreover, betaxolol, a selective β1-ADR antagonist, impaired social but not object/odor learning in C57Bl/6 mice. Our results identifies activation of the PKA/pCREB downstream of β1-ADR in MeA as responsible signaling cascade for learning of social cues in MeA. Finally, we found that xamoterol, a selective β1-ADR partial agonist, rescued the social recognition deficit of APP mice by increasing nuclear pCREB. Interpretation Our data indicate that activation of β1-ADR in MeA is essential for learning of social cues, and that an impairment of this cascade in AD may contribute to pathogenesis and cognitive deficits. Therefore, selective activation of β1-ADR may be used as a therapeutic approach to rescue memory deficits in AD. Further safety and translational studies will be needed to ensure the safety of this approach.
Development of a coding system for marital problem solving efficacy.

Abstract Efficacy in marital problem solving has received little attention, and work on general problem solving efficacy does not address marital issues. This study examined the ability to discriminate between groups and criterion validity of an efficacy-focused marital problem solving measurement method, the Marital Efficacy Coding System, which combines marital problem scenarios with general social problem solving assessment procedures. This system was administered to nondistressed married subjects, participants in marital therapy, and divorced or separated individuals. Participants were asked to develop a set of discrete steps or ‘means’ as solutions to marital problem scenarios. The content was coded by a number of means, participants' ratings of problem frequency and typicality of response, and coders' ratings of efficacy and equality. Overall percentage agreement between coders was 73.4%. Marital Efficacy Coding System variables, including problem frequency, solution typicality, and solution efficacy, were shown to significantly differentiate between participants high and low in marital satisfaction and to possess significant predictive ability.
Energy optimization in wireless medical systems using physiological behavior

Wearable sensing systems are becoming widely used for a variety of applications, including sports, entertainment, and military. These systems have recently enabled a variety of medical monitoring and diagnostic applications in Wireless Health. The need for multiple sensors and constant monitoring lead these systems to be power hungry and expensive, with short operating lifetimes. In this paper, we introduce a novel methodology that takes advantage of the influence of human behavior on signal properties and reduces those three metrics from the data size point of view. This, in turn, directly influences the wireless communication and local processing power consumption. We exploit intrinsic space and temporal correlations between sensor data while considering both user and system behavior. Our goal is to select a small subset of sensors to accurately capture and/or predict all possible signals of a fully instrumented wearable sensing system. Our approach leverages novel modeling, partitioning, and behavioral optimization, which consists of signal characterization, segmentation and time shifting, mutual signal prediction, and subset sensor selection. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique on an insole instrumented with 99 pressure sensors placed in each shoe, which cover the bottom of the entire foot, resulting in energy reduction of 56% to 96% for error rates of 5% to 17.5%.
A Characterization of the Computational Power of Rule-based Visualization

Abstract Declarative visualization is a paradigm in which the process of visualization is treated as a mapping from some domain (typically a program) to an image. One means of declaring such mappings is through the use of rules which specify the relationship between the domain and the image. This paper examines the computational power of such rule-based mappings, focusing on their ability to construct the types of images typically desired in program visualization applications.
Carbon Catabolite Regulation of Cephalosporin Production in Streptomyces clavuligerus

Cephalosporin production byStreptomyces clavuligerus isregulated bysome typeofcarbon catabolite control. Increasing concentrations ofpreferred carbon sources,suchasglycerol andmaltose, decreased production oftheantibiotics. Poorer carbon sources,such asa-ketoglutarate andsuccinate, ledtohighspecific production ofcephalosporins andshifted thedynamics offermentation to a greater degree ofassociation withgrowth. Theresults supporttheconceptthat thephase inwhich aproduct ismadebyamicroorganism isnotafunction ofthe particular molecule produced, butrather ofthenutritional environment presented totheorganism. Thebiosynthetic pathways leading totheproduction ofsecondary metabolites suchasantibiotics areoften connected toandinfluenced by thepathways ofprimary metabolism (4). For example, anendproduct oranintermediate of aprimary pathway frequently serves asaprecursor fortheantibiotic molecule. Suchintermediates orendproducts could bepartofa biosynthetic, amphibolic, orcatabolic pathway. Catabolic pathways involving energy metabolismoftheorganism areunder strict control in microorganisms. Whenafavored carbon/energy source isused, thecell isusually prevented from producing enzymes whichcatabolize other carboncompounds. Itispossible that suchacatabolic regulatory mechanism could also control theproduction ofsecondary metabolites. The strong influence ofcarbon sources ontheproduction ofantibiotics hasbeenreported inseveral cases (3). Ourinterest hasbeenfocused onStreptomyces ctavuligerus, whichwasfirst described byHiggensandKastner (6). Thisstrain produces four ,8-lactam antibiotics (2,7,11): twoofthese arecephalosporins [7-(5-amino-5-carboxyvaleramido)-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acidand7-(5-amino-5-carboxyvaleramido)- 7-methoxy-3 -carbamoyloxymethyl
The communication-information relationship in system-theoretic perspective

There is a growing recognition that information and communication are interrelated in very fundamental ways. The disciplines of Communication and Information/Library Studies have a long tradition of common interests and concepts—a tradition that has provided what might be termed a “scholarly push” toward increasing interdisciplinary linkages between the fields. But the intersection of Communication and Information Studies cannot be explained only, or even largely, in terms of “scholarly push.” Far more crucial to growing interest in the communication-information relationship is the momentum and rhetoric of the marketplace. These forces give urgency to the need for frameworks that clarify the theoretical relationship between communication and information by identifying similarities and differences, exploring ways in which differences may be complementary and/or supplementary, and facilitating theoretical integration in general. This article addresses these issues from a system-theoretic perspective. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the characterization and control of surface finishing damage in ceramics

Abstract Surface finishing induces damage such as plastic deformation, residual stresses, and cracking near the finished surface. This damage is characterized by measurement of the residual stress distribution and calculation of crack sizes. A single point indentation model for the evolution of surface damage is described. Finally, processes for controlling finishing induced surface damage are outlined.
An anatomy of anchors

While much attention is paid to defining and examining interactions with links, little is paid to the front end: the anchor. We examine what an anchor is, describe six anchor properties (density, location, function, decoration, format, and uniformity), and present examples of these properties. This paper describes the state-of-practice-anchors not as they may be or should be but as they are in 67 sites and works. Efferent (informational and promotional) and aesthetic (literary) works tend to use anchors in different ways. Anchor property combinations affect the way readers interpret content and navigate.
Testing exogeneity in a probit model

Abstract A Hausman test of the exogeneity assumption in a probit model is derived by comparing the standard probit and Amemiya's simultaneous equations estimator. The challenge is that estimators must be transformed since normalizations must be consistent across estimators.
31P NMR and 13C NMR studies of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae with altered glucose phosphorylation activities

Manipulation of cellular metabolism to maximize the yield and rate of formation of desired products may be achieved through genetic modification. Batch fermentations utilizing glucose as a carbon source were performed for three recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which the glucose phosphorylation step was altered by mutation and genetic engineering. The host strain (hxk1 hxk2 glk) is unable to grow on glucose or fructose; the three plasmids investigated expressed hexokinase PI, hexokinase PII, or glucokinase, respectively, enabling more rapid glucose and fructose phosphorylation in vivo than that provided by wild-type yeast.
Nonexpansive Matrices with Applications to Solutions of Linear Systems by Fixed Point Iterations

We characterize (i) matrices which are nonexpansive with respect to some matrix norms, and (ii) matrices whose average iterates approach zero or are bounded. Then we apply these results to iterative solutions of a system of linear equations.
Computer simulation of interactions of model Pt particles and films with the silica surface

The molecular dynamics method was used to simulate adsorption and particle growth behavior of model Pt metal on the vitreous silica surface. Analysis of depositions from single atoms through the development of a continuous film of metal were simulated, and were then compared to similar systems analyzed in the laboratory. Consistent with experimental findings, the single atom depositions showed both adsorption onto the surface of the substrate as well as penetration into the interior (subsurface) sections. Multiple Pt atom interactions resulted in more complex absorption behavior. This finding yielded better quantitative agreement with the ‘‘real’’ systems analyzed previously. Applications of this type of study are discussed.
Feeling safe during an inpatient hospitalization: a concept analysis

Aim This paper aims to explore the critical attributes of the concept feeling safe. Background The safe delivery of care is a high priority; however; it is not really known what it means to the patient to ‘feel safe’ during an inpatient hospitalization. This analysis explores the topic of safety from the patient's perspective. Design Concept analysis. Data sources The data bases of CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo and Google Scholar for the years 1995–2012 were searched using the terms safe and feeling safe. Methods The eight-step concept analysis method of Walker and Avant was used to analyse the concept of feeling safe. Uses and defining attributes, as well as identified antecedents, consequences and empirical referents, are presented. Case examples are provided to assist in the understanding of defining attributes. Results Feeling safe is defined as an emotional state where perceptions of care contribute to a sense of security and freedom from harm. Four attributes were identified: trust, cared for, presence and knowledge. Relationship, environment and suffering are the antecedents of feeling safe, while control, hope and relaxed or calm are the consequences. Empirical referents and early development of a theory of feeling safe are explored. Conclusion This analysis begins the work of synthesizing qualitative research already completed around the concept of feeling safe by defining the key attributes of the concept. Support for the importance of developing patient-centred models of care and creating positive environments where patients receive high-quality care and feel safe is provided.
Joint Determination of Regulations by the Regulator and the Regulated: Commercial Bank Reserve Requirements, 1875-1979

We apply the theory of clubs to bank decisions on choosing membership in the national system and being subject to federal regulations, or remaining outside the system and opting instead for state regulation. Although costs to national membership are typically higher, member banks can use their influence to reduce these costs. This is expected to be more prominent for the larger banks, which retain greater influence on the regulators. Thus, the theory predicts that membership depends on costs, which in turn depend on membership. We test these relationships in a system of simultaneous equations for the periods 1875–1913, 1914–34, and 1935–80. Our results are consistent with the notion of large bank memberships responding to changes in reserve ratios, and reserve ratios responding to membership rates for large banks. In addition, we find bank sensitivity to national reserve ratios to be the lowest when the Fed was given additional discretion in setting reserve ratios post-1935, and federal regulator responsiveness to large bank membership was the greatest during this time as well.
Use of cyanide and diethyldithiocarbamate in the assay on superoxide dismutases

Eucaryotes have two major forms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,ZnSOD and MnSOD; in most tissues Cu,ZnSOD is present in higher amounts than MnSOD. To assay MnSOD, Cu,ZnSOD can be inhibited selectively by millimolar concentrations of cyanide ion. However, calculation of MnSOD activity from the differential cyanide inhibition assay is complex and small experimental errors can cause large errors in the calculated MnSOD activity. We have assessed how interaction of cyanide and hydrogen peroxide with cytochrome c can lead to further errors in the xanthine oxidase-cytochrome c assay for SOD. Alternatively, Cu,ZnSOD can be completely inactivated by 50 mM diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) at 30 degrees C for 1 h without affecting the activity of MnSOD. Since DDC reduces cytochrome c, the treated samples must be thoroughly dialyzed or desalted before assay. In the case of lung homogenates, dialysis is not an extra step since fresh, untreated samples must also be dialyzed or desalted before assaying by the cytochrome c method. Cu,ZnSOD activity is equal to the activity in the untreated sample minus the activity in the DDC-treated portion of the sample. Another copper chelator, triethylenetetramine, did not inactivate Cu,ZnSOD and could not be used instead of DDC. For accurate measurement of both enzymes in samples where MnSOD contributes only a small fraction of the total SOD activity, the DDC method has the advantage that it provides a direct measure of the MnSOD activity without interference by Cu,ZnSOD.
Implementing bounded rationality in disaster agent behavior using OGA operators

Many agent based models for disaster crowd behavior in closed spaces have been described in the literature. In this paper we propose an extension of the confined space models based on the bounded rationality theory (BRT) that is able to model crowd behavior during large area events with longer time constants, such as natural disasters. We model the BRT factor selection process using an ordered geometric average approach (OGA). Then, we present two examples of crowd behavior related to the evacuation of a hypothetical island.
Vertical transmission of Anaplasma marginale in cattle

Abstract Ten Hereford heifers in the third trimester of gestation and negative for Anaplasma marginale complement fixing (CF) antibody titers were used in this study. Six of the 10 heifers were inoculated with blood from a known anaplasma carrier animal. Four heifers served as uninoculated controls. Four fetuses from the principal heifers and 3 from control heifers were surgically recovered. All fetuses were alive at the time of surgical recovery. One inoculated heifer delivered a dead autolyzed fetus and one delivered a live healthy calf. One control heifer delivered a live healthy calf. Blood from 4 fetuses and 1 calf recovered from the inoculated heifers was subinoculated into splenectomized CF negative calves. Two of 5 subinoculated calves developed anaplasmosis. This study provides evidence of vertical (transplacental) transmission of Anaplasma marginale in pregnant heifers in the last trimester of gestation.
Hurricane Sandy in New York, extreme climate events and the urbanization of climate change: perspectives in the context of sub-Saharan African cities

Hurricane Sandy severely impacted the City of New York in October of 2012. The storm and its aftermath provides a window into potential opportunities for enhanced adaptation in a range of urban settings but also reveals much about the urbanization process and cities’ capacity to respond to climate change. This paper examines these insights with a focus on those that might be useful for decision-makers and stakeholders in subSaharan African cities.
Effect of in situ light reduction on the maintenance, growth and partitioning of carbon resources in Thalassia testudinum banks ex König

Abstract The effects of in situ light reduction on the subtropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig, in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas were examined from April 1993 to August 1994. The annual quantum flux at the seagrass canopy level was 5207 mol · m−2 · yr−1 or 46% of surface irradiance (SI) compared with two manipulated treatments that reduced underwater light to 1628 mol · m−2 · yr−1 (14% SI) and 864 mol · m−2 · yr−1 (5% SI). All plants subjected to 5% SI died after 200 days and over 99% of the plants receiving 14% SI died by the end of the experiment (490 days). Blade widths of plants in the control groups ranged from 6.4 to 7.0 mm, but decreased within months to 4.7 mm in both treatment group as a result of light reduction. Leaf production rates were significantly higher in control plants compared to plants within the 14 and 5% SI treatment groups, with all plants showing a seasonal trend of high productivity in July and low productivity in April. Blade chlorophyll (chl) concentrations increased, while the chl a-b ratio decreased with reduced light level. Soluble carbohydrate carbon content of controls was highest in rhizomes (102–152 mg C · g−1 dry wt.) and was relatively low in leaves (50–66 mg C · g−1 dry wt.) and in roots (57–74 mg C · g−1 dry wt.). In both light treatment groups, rhizome carbohydrate carbon content was 50% lower and leaf carbohydrate carbon content was about 15% lower than in controls, while the root carbon content did not differ significantly between the treatment groups and the controls. Ammonium and sulfide concentrations of pore water in the shaded cages were significantly higher than in control cages. We conclude that indices of shoot density, blade width, leaf growth, chl a:b ratio and blade chlorophyll content may be important early warning indicators of chronic underwater light stress in T. testudinum. A quantum flux of 1628 mol · m−2 · yr−1 (14% SI) was insufficient to maintain a positive carbon balance in T. testudinum in this bay system.
Reconstruction of the orientation distribution function in single- and multiple-shell q-ball imaging within constant solid angle

q-Ball imaging is a high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging technique that has been proven very successful in resolving multiple intravoxel fiber orientations in MR images. The standard computation of the orientation distribution function (the probability of diffusion in a given direction) from q-ball data uses linear radial projection, neglecting the change in the volume element along each direction. This results in spherical distributions that are different from the true orientation distribution functions. For instance, they are neither normalized nor as sharp as expected and generally require postprocessing, such as artificial sharpening. In this paper, a new technique is proposed that, by considering the solid angle factor, uses the mathematically correct definition of the orientation distribution function and results in a dimensionless and normalized orientation distribution function expression. Our model is flexible enough so that orientation distribution functions can be estimated either from single q-shell datasets or by exploiting the greater information available from multiple q-shell acquisitions. We show that the latter can be achieved by using a more accurate multiexponential model for the diffusion signal. The improved performance of the proposed method is demonstrated on artificial examples and high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging data acquired on a 7-T magnet.
The Darmon–Granville Equation with Algebraic Exponents

Abstract We will investigate solutions to the Darmon–Granville equation with Gaussian integer exponents.