cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Unconstitutionality of Contribution and Expenditure Limits in Ballot Measure Campaigns

Supreme Court precedent dating back to the 1970s and 1980s precludes state and local jurisdictions from limiting financial contributions to committees formed to support or oppose ballot measures or from barring corporate expenditures in ballot measure campaigns. These precedents emerged from the Supreme Court at a time of its greatest hostility to campaign finance regulation, when it viewed such laws as impermissibly impinging on the rights of free speech and association guaranteed by the First Amendment. These precedents are ripe for reexamination in light of the Supreme Court's new-found deference to campaign finance regulation, culminating in 2003's McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, a case upholding the major provisions of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.This Article considers three potential ballot measure campaign finance regulations and their likelihood of passing constitutional muster under the more recent precedents: a law limiting contributions to ballot measure committees controlled by officeholders; a law limiting contributions to all ballot measure committees; and a law limiting expenditures in ballot measure campaigns by corporations and labor unions. Although all three proposed laws pretty clearly would have been struck down by the Supreme Court in earlier decades, they have a surprisingly good chance of passing muster today.One (obvious) purpose of this Article is to consider constitutional questions over ballot measure limits that courts inevitably will confront in coming years. But a second and equally important purpose is to use this analysis to consider the role that evidence plays in the Court's campaign finance jurisprudence. The Court's demand for evidence in campaign finance cases is shifting and imprecise. In fact, evidentiary analysis appears often to be a proxy for a determination on the merits made more on faith than evidence. In the final part of this Article, I consider the appropriate role that evidence should play in campaign finance cases. I argue that a more precise and transparent evidentiary inquiry into the connection between the goals of campaign finance laws and the means of achieving them will assist fair-minded judges in the inevitable constitutional balancing. I argue decidedly against the role that evidence currently plays in Supreme Court analysis of campaign finance cases as well as against Professor Pildes's alternative proposed "motive" test for judging campaign finance constitutional challenges.
Charge‐transfer complex formations of tetracyanoquinone (cyanil) and aromatic electron donors

Single-electron oxidants are the primary reagents for investigations of the new oxidants and the development of electron-accepting materials for application in optoelectronics. Quinones are the well-known class of the neutral single-electron oxidants. Here, we present the properties of the strongest neutral electron acceptor of this class tetracyanoquinone (cyanil) and investigate its electron-accepting strength by analyzing the charge-transfer complex formations with the aromatic donor molecules. Charge-transfer complexes of tetracyanoquinone with aromatic electron donors are characterized spectroscopically in solution and isolated as the single crystals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization and zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of chrysene: a comparison with tetracene.

We report the electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of chrysene using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy. As an isomer of tetracene, chrysene contains a kink in the middle of the four fused hexagonal rings, which complicates not just the symmetry but, more importantly, the molecular orbitals and hence vibronic transitions. Incidentally, the two nearby electronically excited states of chrysene have the same symmetry, and vibronic coupling introduces no out-of-plane vibrational modes. As a result, the REMPI spectrum of chrysene contains essentially only in-plane ring deformation modes, similar to that of tetracene. However, density functional calculations using Gaussian even after the inclusion of vibronic coupling can only duplicate the observed REMPI spectrum in a qualitative sense, and the agreement is considerably worse than our recent work on a few pericondensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and on tetracene. The ZEKE spectr...
Goldbach, Lemoine, and a Know/Don't Know Problem

Sum knowledge is productive, product knowledge is better, but Goldbach and Lemoine determine the limits.
Research of multiple QoS constraints routing problem based on PSO

Multiple QoS constraints routing problem in network was researched.After analyzed the characters of this problem,a new PSO algorithm was presented by replacing the speed tactics and anti-congestion tactics with new ones.An 8×8 mesh network topology was used in the simulation experiment.Experiment results show that the new algorithm might be feasible and effective in solving multiple QoS constraints routing problem.
Effects of Six Visual Stimulus Conditions on Defensive and Exploratory Behavior in Two Species of Rattlesnakes

Presentation of faces of living animals (dog, human) and nonliving models (coyote, mink) to prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis, and Western Massasauga rattlesnakes, Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus, for 10-sec. intervals of visual inspection established that movement is the primary component in eliciting defensive and exploratory responses. These snakes probably are not sensitive to any particular static conformational features of the faces of canids or mustelids, indicating the incorrectness of an initial working hypothesis that such features are releasers of defensive behavior. Since small moving objects tend to release predatory attack behavior while large moving objects release defensive behavior, we offer the hypothesis that a movement-size feature detection system mediates these visually guided behaviors.
DECIDING TO DISCOVER ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES: A MULTI-LEVEL INVESTIGATION BASED ON INFORMATIONAL ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE DEPENDENCE THEORY

Under what circumstance do entrepreneurs decide to discover entrepreneurial opportunities to start new businesses? Informational economics suggests when entrepreneurs possess prior specific knowledge, they decide to discover opportunities. This paper contributes to informational economics perspective by taking resource dependence theory into consideration. Utilizing a conjoint experiment and a multilevel analysis of 66 student entrepreneurs, we found that students’ prior specific knowledge significantly influences students’ decision to discover opportunities. Further, we found that power imbalance moderates the relationship between prior specific knowledge and students’ decisions to discover opportunities. Our paper has theoretical implications and practical implications for entrepreneurs, educators and policy makers.
Authors’ reply to Bosco-Lévy and Salvo

We thank Bosco-Levy and Salvo for their comments,1 2 and we deal with each in turn. Warfarin dosing is hard to measure in a claims database (because of important interaction with patient physiology), but glipizide/glimepiride dosing is more readily assessed. Bosco-Levy and Salvo are correct that hypoglycemia risk increases with dose. Our findings reflect low and high dose users, and future research should …
Lateral attitude change on environmental issues: implications for the climate change debate

As it becomes increasingly urgent to address climate change, scholars have begun to explore how attitudes toward climate change are shaped, including the influence of messages people hear in the context of the ongoing climate change debate. What has not yet been addressed, however, is how these arguments might be affecting not only climate change attitudes (direct attitude change), but other environmental attitudes as well (lateral attitude change). To explore this possibility, two experimental studies were conducted in which participants read a message either supporting or opposing climate change action. Attitudes toward climate change, the closely related issues of recycling and alternative energy, and the distantly related issues of mandatory vaccination and gun control were assessed before and after message exposure. Results indicated that lateral attitude change (specifically, generalization) occurred for recycling and alternative energy, but not vaccination or gun control. Several possible moderators of these effects were explored, but were found to have only a limited impact. General implications for public opinion are discussed.
On a FOX hunt: functions of FOX transcriptional regulators in bladder cancer

Genomic and transcriptional studies have identified discrete molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. These observations could be the starting point to identify new treatments. Several members of the forkhead box (FOX) superfamily of transcription factors have been found to be differentially expressed in the different bladder cancer subtypes. In addition, the FOXA protein family are key regulators of embryonic bladder development and patterning. Both experimental and clinical data support a role for FOXA1 and FOXA2 in urothelial carcinoma. FOXA1 is expressed in embryonic and adult urothelium and its expression is altered in urothelial carcinomas and across disparate molecular bladder cancer subtypes. FOXA2 is normally absent from the adult urothelium, but developmental studies identified FOXA2 as a marker of a transient urothelial progenitor cell population during bladder development. Studies also implicate FOXA2 in bladder cancer and several other FOX proteins might be involved in development and/or progression of this disease; for example, FOXA1 and FOXO3A have been associated with clinical patient outcomes. Future studies should investigate to what extent and by which mechanisms FOX proteins might be directly involved in bladder cancer pathogenesis and treatment responses.
Exploring preschool teachers' perspectives on linguistic diversity: A Q study

Abstract Twenty-one preschool teachers in California participated in a Q methodology study exploring beliefs about linguistic diversity. Four perspectives emerged from the factor analysis: Aesthetic Caregivers emphasized the importance of effectively negotiating student differences, Bilingualism Advocates supported bilingualism to reinforce family ties, Diversity Accommodators focused on adapting teaching methods to meet English learners' individual needs, and an English Acquisition Supporter highlighted the need to learn English. All teachers agreed that linguistic diversity contributes positively to the classroom. Findings present a nuanced picture of these teachers’ beliefs about linguistic diversity, illustrating the usefulness of Q methodology as a mixed-methods exploration of perspectives.
On the structure of generalized symmetric spaces of SLn&#x1d53d;q)

ABSTRACTIn this paper we extend previous results regarding SL2(k) over any finite field k by investigating the structure of the symmetric spaces for the family of special linear groups SLn(k) for any integer n>2. Specifically, we discuss the generalized and extended symmetric spaces of SLn(k) for all conjugacy classes of involutions over a finite field of odd or even characteristic. We characterize the structure of these spaces and provide an explicit difference set in cases where the two spaces are not equal.
Input-to-State Stability with Respect to Noncompact Sets 1

Abstract Our object is to study the input-to-state stability with respect to closed, not necessarily compact, sets. A previous result on feedback stabilization with respect to equilibria is generalized to the case of noncompact sets. A Lyapunov characterization for the input-to-state stability is also established for time-varying systems.
Controversies, Authority, and the Limits of Participation: Chicago's 49th Ward

This article analyzes an innovative, and relatively successful, experience in Chicago: its participatory budgeting (PB) process. Treating it as process-in-the-making, we are attentive to moments of uncertainty and controversy over the first year of its development. As a process of direct democracy, PB is profoundly ambiguous: it is, in principle, open to all, but it has no way to adjudicate between different ways of knowing and making claims by technical experts, democratically elected office holders, and newly established neighborhood leaders. Because it is a bottom-up process that in principle does not privilege certain groups, it generates ambiguity over who gets to speak for and on behalf of the whole. In Chicago, each of these ambiguities generated controversies, which generated political talk that implied utopian alternatives that were then settled in ways that closed off these alternatives, in the end reinforcing the power of experts and revaluing the role of established community leaders against newcomers. We contend that the critical literature on participation should be more attentive to moments of conflict, ambiguity, and closure when the outlines of participatory processes are collectively produced.
Cataract Surgery Cancellations: An Analysis of Financial and Resident Training Implications at a Major Eye Institution

Purpose The objective of this study was to assess reasons for cancellation of resident-performed cataract surgery, identify modifiable barriers to completion of the surgery on the scheduled date, and analyze the healthcare reimbursements and educational experiences lost as a result of cancellations. Setting General eye clinic staffed by residents in a major urban center. Design Retrospective, observational study. Methods The study compared patients (older than 18 years) who canceled their cataract surgery to patients who underwent surgery on their scheduled date. Cancellation and reimbursement information was obtained from the surgical coordinator's scheduling book and billing information. Demographic information was obtained from patient electronic medical records, and scheduling logs. A brief phone survey was implemented to identify patient's barriers to surgery if a reason for cancellation was undocumented. Results The overall cancellation rate over 1-year was 29.54% and most common overall reason for cancellation was that preadmission testing (PAT) was not completed in time for the procedure. Overall, 72% of the cancellations were made within 7 days of the surgery. The total estimated lost potential reimbursement due to cancellation was $844,370. The relative loss of surgical opportunities for residents throughout this 1-year period was 230 cases or 29 surgeries per resident. Conclusion These findings have prompted a new study testing whether on-site mandatory PATs conducted on the same day as the patient's ophthalmology evaluation will reduce cataract surgery cancellation rates.
VIDIA: A HUBzero gateway for data analytics education

Abstract We describe a scientific gateway collaboration undertaken by members of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. The University at Buffalo’s Center for Computational Research (CCR) partnered with SUNY College at Oneonta to offer a gateway for teaching data analytics. The result, called Virtual Infrastructure for Data Intensive Analysis (VIDIA), hosts open-source tools that have been used by more than 300 students enrolled in 18 SUNY courses. Additional tools enable researchers across the SUNY system to submit larger jobs to CCR’s compute cluster; altogether, 5 SUNY campuses benefit from the resource to date. VIDIA supports data-intensive computation for teaching and research at campuses that lack access to traditional high-performance computing (HPC) resources.
Case studies: Public domain, multiple mining tasks systems: DBMiner

DBMiner is an online analytical mining system, developed for interactive mining of multiple-level knowledge in large relational databases and data warehouses (see Chapters 6.1 and 13). The distinct feature of the system is its tight integration of online analytical processing (OLAP) with a wide spectrum of data mining functions, including characterization, association, classification, prediction, and clustering (see Chapters 16.1, 16.2.2, 16.2.3 and 16.5). The system facilitates query-based, interactive mining of multidimensional databases (see Chapter 6.3) by implementing a set of advanced data mining techniques, including OLAP-based induction, multidimensional statistical analysis, progressive deepening for mining refined knowledge, meta-rule guided mining, and data and knowledge visualization (see Chapter 20). DBMiner integrates smoothly with commercial relational database and data warehouse systems, and provides a user-friendly, interactive data mining environment with high performance. With extensions to the DBMiner system, several specialized data mining system prototypes, including GeoMiner, MultiMediaMiner, and WeblogMiner, have been designed and developed for mining complex types of data with interesting applications.
Rapid Response Systems: History and Terminology

The Rapid Response System (RRS) concept has matured substantially since its inception in the early 1990s when critical care physicians, primarily in Australia; Pittsburgh, PA; and the UK started asking some crucial questions regarding why and how patients on general hospital ward deteriorate and often arrest without effective intervention prior to a terminal or near-terminal event. Specifically, they asked exactly what is happening to general hospital ward patients in the minutes and hours prior to their cardiorespiratory arrests and whether we can do something to intervene and halt these deteriorations prior to arrest. This was a sea change in thought and perspective since, at that time, resources focused on resuscitation were primarily concerned with how to improve performance of CPR and ACLS rather than preventing the event to start with. Critical care physicians were well aware, in a general sense, that patients admitted or readmitted to the ICU from the general ward uncommonly went from “just fine” to critically ill. This sense was confirmed by early studies that clearly showed that arrests and deteriorations were not sudden but rather commonly heralded by long periods of obvious hemodynamic and respiratory instability that was often unappreciated by general ward providers. Deteriorating general ward patients were not “suddenly critically ill”; they were only “suddenly recognized” as critically ill, and there is clearly time to intervene.
The use of XAPA in the New Testament and its background in Hellenistic moral philosophy

EnglishThis study investigates the uses of χαρά in the NT against the backdrop of ancient theories of emotions, especially those developed in Hellenistic moral philosophy. This offers an assessment of a noteworthy example of the influence of Stoic ethics on the NT, within the treatment of πάθη, προπάθeιαι, and eὐπάθeιαι therein. italianoQuesto saggio analizza gli usi di χαρά nel NT alla luce delle teorie antiche sulle affezioni, specialmente quelle delle dottrine etiche ellenistiche. Cio offre una valutazione critica di un esempio notevole di influsso dell’etica stoica sul NT, entro la presentazione neotestamentaria di πάθη, προπάθeιαι ed eὐπάθeιαι.
Insights into Hydrometeorological Factors Constraining Flood Prediction Skill during the May and October 2015 Texas Hill Country Flood Events

AbstractThis study evaluates the May and October 2015 flood prediction skill of a physically based model resembling the U.S. National Water Model (NWM) over the Texas Hill Country. It also investig...
Why Is Impaired Sexual Function Distressing to Men? Consequences of Impaired Male Sexual Function and Their Associations With Sexual Well-Being.

Abstract Introduction According to theoretical models of sexual dysfunction, the complex association between male sexual function and subjective sexual well-being (ie, sexual satisfaction and distress) may be partially mediated by specific “consequences” of impaired function, but little research has assessed the frequency of specific consequences or their association with well-being. Aim To pilot a scale assessing consequences of impaired male sexual function, and test whether specific consequences (eg, disruption of sexual activity, negative partner responses) mediated the association between sexual function and well-being. Methods 166 men in sexually active heterosexual relationships completed self-report measures. A majority of men self-identified as experiencing impaired sexual function in the past month. Main Outcome Measure Sexual Satisfaction Scale, International Index of Erectile Function, and Measure of Sexual Consequences. Results 17 specific consequences were reported with at least moderate frequency and were rated at least somewhat distressing. A factor analysis suggested 3 distinct categories of consequences: barrier to sex and pleasure, negative partner emotional responses, and impaired partner sexual function. These factors and the overall scale exhibited acceptable internal and test-retest reliability and each was significantly associated with multiple facets of sexual function and well-being. Frequency of sexual consequences significantly mediated the association between sexual function and well-being, with the strongest and most consistent indirect effects being found for the barrier to sex and pleasure factor. Clinical Implications Consequences of impaired sexual function on one’s sexual experiences may be an important maintaining factor of sexual dysfunction and reduction in these consequences may represent a mechanism of action for psychological treatments. Strength and Limitations Strengths included a relatively large sample with a diverse range of sexual function and well-being, as well as modern statistical analyses to assess factor structure and mediation effects. Limitations included the use of self-report scales with limited independent evidence of validity and reliability for use with male samples, as well as the cross-sectional methods that preclude strong conclusions regarding causal relationships. Conclusion Sexual consequences represent potential maintaining factors of male sexual dysfunction and may represent key targets of cognitive behavioral treatments. Stephenson KR, Truong L, Shimazu L. Why is impaired sexual function distressing to men? Consequences of impaired male sexual function and their associations with sexual well-being. J Sex Med 2018;15:1336–1349.
A Local Italian American Youth Style Tradition: Anticipating Guido

This chapter places Guido in the even more remarkably spare scholarly research on Italian American youth especially as actors performing ethnicity in youth social and cultural spaces. Several patterns emerge in the literature for youth peer group relationships: (1) they are stunted by the family as the central institution of ethnic Italian life; (2) they have a deviant orientation; (3) American popular culture has assimilation outcomes. There is little mention of a youth formation at the intersection of ethnicity and American popular culture and there is no sign of an Italian American subculture, a youth formation with clear defined boundaries. The second part of the chapter fills in the gaps in New York City historically, delineating a local youth style tradition leading up to the coalescence of Guido in the 1970s.
Distributed Power Management Implementation for Zonal MVDC Ship Power Systems

Recent efforts in the development of MVDC ship power systems have been focused on finding affordable and efficient ways to interface with high-power, pulsed loads presented by advanced weaponry. To achieve this goal, advanced controls are required to regulate the power sharing among distributed resources within the ship system and maintain the voltage stability during the varying loading conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive droop control method that is applied to the power management layer of a notional MVDC ship power system to achieve these goals when faced with the various loading conditions and pulsed loads. The algorithm is then applied in a real-time experiment to validate its performance under a notional battle scenario.
Bhutanese refugee adolescents’ school adjustment: the role of acculturation and familial social capital

With the rise of conflict, persecution, and generalised violence worldwide there has been a drastic increase in the number of refugee youth displaced globally. Particularly noteworthy is the recent...
Republic of the Philippines Case Study

This chapter introduces the Philippine case study. It provides a list of features in the South China Sea that the Philippines controls and explains the relevance of the South China Sea to the Philippines. Sino-Philippine disputes in the South China Sea are assessed to provide context for the Philippines’ policy choices. In particular, it focuses on Sino-Philippine clashes in the South China Sea since the 1990s and how these events have galvanized the military modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The chapter provides an overview of the modernization program and the key acquisitions made, contending that while many improvements have been made, the AFP remains ill-equipped to defend its claims. It concludes by providing an account of Japan–Philippine relations and how mutual threat assessment in the South China Sea has prompted a deepening of economic and military cooperation between the two.
A Dual-Bladder Buoyancy Engine for a Cephalopod-Inspired AUV

This paper presents a nonlinear, backstepping depth and pitch controller for a dual-bladder buoyancy engine actuated by gear pumps. Flow-rate feedback is obtained using a custom flow sensor comprised of a differential pressure sensor and a small, 3D-printed attachment. The controller is simulated using a model of the CephaloBot, our in-house developed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Its depth control capability is also experimentally validated using a single-bladder buoyancy engine on-board a smaller-scale test cylinder. Lyapunov stability analysis shows global, asymptotic stability, which is exhibited in our simulation. Our experiments verify that this buoyancy engine is a feasible and effective depth controller for AUVs.
Automated Grain Yield Behavior Classification

A method for classifying grain stress evolution behaviors using unsupervised learning techniques is presented. The method is applied to analyze grain stress histories measured in situ using high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy from the aluminum–lithium alloy Al-Li 2099 at the elastic–plastic transition (yield). The unsupervised learning process automatically classified the grain stress histories into four groups: major softening, no work-hardening or -softening, moderate work-hardening, and major work-hardening. The orientation and spatial dependence of these four groups are discussed. In addition, the generality of the classification process to other samples is explored.
ReB6-: A Metallaboron Analog of Metallabenzenes.

Metallabenzenes are a class of molecules in which a CH unit in benzene is replaced by a functionalized transition-metal atom. While all-boron analogues of aromatic and antiaromatic hydrocarbons are well-known, there have not been any metallaboron analogs. We have produced and investigated two metal-doped boron clusters, ReB6- and AlB6-, using high-resolution photoelectron imaging and quantum chemical calculations. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra have been obtained and compared with the theoretical results. The ReB6- cluster is found to be perfectly planar with a B-centered hexagonal structure (C2v, 1A1), while AlB6- is known to have a similar structure, but with a slightly out-of-plane distortion (Cs, 1A'). Chemical bonding analyses show that the closed-shell ReB6- is doubly σ- and π-aromatic, while AlB6- is known to be σ-aromatic and π-antiaromatic. The out-of-plane distortion in AlB6- is due to antiaromaticity, akin to the out-of-plane distortion of the prototypical antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene. The π-bonding in ReB6- is compared with that in both benzene and rhenabenzene [(CO)4ReC5H5], and remarkable similarities are found. Hence, ReB6- can be viewed as the first metallaboron analog of metallabenzenes and it may be viable for syntheses with suitable ligands.
On Fixed-Width Confidence Limits for the Risk Ratio with Sequential Sampling

A sequential method is presented for determining confidence intervals of fixed-width and corresponding optimal sample sizes for the risk ratio of probabilities of the two independent binomial varia...
Pediatric cancer mortality and survival in the United States, 2001-2016

Background Although pediatric cancer mortality and survival have improved in the United States over the past 40 years, differences exist by age, race/ethnicity, cancer site, and economic status. To assess progress, this study examined recent mortality and survival data for individuals younger than 20 years. Methods Age-adjusted death rates were calculated with the National Vital Statistics System for 2002-2016. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were calculated with joinpoint regression. Five-year relative survival was calculated on the basis of National Program of Cancer Registries data for 2001-2015. Death rates and survival were estimated overall and by sex, 5-year age group, race/ethnicity, cancer type, and county-based economic markers. Results Death rates decreased during 2002-2016 (AAPC, -1.5), with steeper declines during 2002-2009 (APC, -2.6), and then plateaued (APC, -0.4). Leukemia and brain cancer were the most common causes of death from pediatric cancer, and brain cancer surpassed leukemia in 2011. Death rates decreased for leukemia and lymphoma but were unchanged for brain, bone, and soft-tissue cancers. From 2001-2007 to 2008-2015, survival improved from 82.0% to 85.1%. Survival was highest in both periods among females, those aged 15 to 19 years, non-Hispanic Whites, and those in counties in the top 25% by economic status. Survival improved for leukemias, lymphomas, and brain cancers but plateaued for bone and soft-tissue cancers. Conclusions Although overall death rates have decreased and survival has increased, differences persist by sex, age, race/ethnicity, cancer type, and economic status. Improvements in pediatric cancer outcomes may depend on improving therapies, access to care, and supportive and long-term care.
Drug Resistance Mutation Frequency of Single-Genome Amplification-Derived HIV-1 Polymerase Genomes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of HIV-1-Infected Individuals under Nonsuppressive Therapy.

HIV-1 evolution in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma may result in discordant drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in the compartments. Single-genome amplification (SGA) was used to generate partial HIV-1 polymerase genomes in paired CSF and plasma samples from 12 HIV-1-positive participants in the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study who were classified as neurocognitively unimpaired or with various degrees of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Subjects were viremic on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-1 DRMs and phylogenetic characteristics were determined using the Stanford HIVdb program and phylogenetic analyses. Individual DRMs were identified more frequently in plasma than in paired CSF (P = 0.0078). Significant differences in the ratios of DRMs in CSF and plasma were found in 3 individuals with HAND (3/7 = 43%). Two HAND subjects (2/7 = 29%) demonstrated one DRM in CSF not identified in paired plasma. Longitudinal analyses (n = 4) revealed significant temporal differences in the ratios of DRMs in the compartments. Statistically significant differences in the frequency of DRMs in the CSF and plasma are readily found in those on nonsuppressive cART. While compartment-based DRM discordance was largely consistent with increased drug-selective pressures in the plasma, overrepresentation of DRMs in the central nervous system (CNS) can occur. Underlying mechanisms of HAND are complex and multifactorial. The clinical impact of DRM discordance on viral persistence and HAND pathogenesis remains unclear and warrants further investigation in larger, longitudinal cohorts.IMPORTANCE Several antiretroviral agents do not efficiently enter the CNS, and independent evolution of HIV-1 viral variants in the CNS and plasma can occur. We used single-genome amplification (SGA) in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to uniquely define both the identity and relative proportions of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) on individual HIV-1 polymerase genomes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in individuals with incomplete viral suppression and known neurocognitive status. Statistically significant differences in the ratio of DRMs in the CSF and plasma were readily found in those on nonsuppressive cART, and overrepresentation of DRMs in the CNS can occur. Although questions about the clinical significance of DRM discordance remain, in the quest for viral eradication, it is important to recognize that a significant, dynamic, compartment-based DRM ratio imbalance can exist, as it has the potential to go unnoticed in the setting of standard clinical drug resistance testing.
Breton Masculine Human Plurals, Locality, and Impoverishment

This paper presents an apparent locality condition violation observed in Standard Breton masculine human plurals ending in -ou. It proposes a unique impoverishment rule deleting a syntacticosemanti...
Cannabis Use in Older Adults: A Perspective.

ABSTRACT The prevalence of cannabis use among older adults (aged 65 and above) for both recreational and medicinal purposes has significantly increased in recent years. Information regarding the safety of cannabis in this population is important since aging is associated with metabolic changes, multiple morbidities, increases in prescription medication use, and an overall decline in functioning. In this Perspectives article, we review special considerations pertinent to older adults-specifically, the impact of cannabis on cognition and on falls and injuries, its drug interactions, and its potential medicinal applications for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Knowledge about the role of cannabis in brain health, injury risk, and drug interactions remains limited since the available evidence stems primarily from adolescent and young adult cohorts, plus a limited number of small observational studies with older adults. In terms of utilizing certain cannabinoids to treat the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, some studies have found promising results, but because of the lack of consistency in the literature, it is premature to draw conclusions. Controlled research trials specifically with geriatric participants are needed to understand the effects of cannabis use in this vulnerable population.
Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Cytokine Storm in Experimental Models of Hyperinflammation Syndrome

Hyperinflammatory syndromes comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by severe inflammation, multiple organ dysfunction, and potentially death. In response to antigenic stimulus (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 infection), overactivated CD8+ T-cells and macrophages produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12. Multiple inflammatory mediators implicated in hyperinflammatory syndromes utilize the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) cascade to propagate their biological function. Our findings demonstrate that oral ruxolitinib dosing designed to mimic clinically relevant JAK-STAT pathway inhibition significantly reduces the harmful consequences of immune overactivation in multiple hyperinflammatory models. In contrast to monoclonal antibody therapies targeting a single cytokine, ruxolitinib effectively downregulates the functional effect of multiple cytokines implicated in hyperinflammatory states, without broad immunosuppression.
Flexible control of behavioral variability mediated by an internal representation of head direction

Internal representations are thought to support the generation of flexible, long-timescale behavioral patterns in both animals and artificial agents. Here, we present a novel conceptual framework for how Drosophila use their internal representation of head direction to maintain preferred headings in their surroundings, and how they learn to modify these preferences in the presence of selective thermal reinforcement. To develop the framework, we analyzed flies' behavior in a classical operant visual learning paradigm and found that they use stochastically generated fixations and directed turns to express their heading preferences. Symmetries in the visual scene used in the paradigm allowed us to expose how flies' probabilistic behavior in this setting is tethered to their head direction representation. We describe how flies' ability to quickly adapt their behavior to the rules of their environment may rest on a behavioral policy whose parameters are flexible but whose form is genetically encoded in the structure of their circuits. Many of the mechanisms we outline may also be relevant for rapidly adaptive behavior driven by internal representations in other animals, including mammals.
Interleukin-2 signaling and the maintenance of self-tolerance.

IL-2 plays an important and complex role in the immune system, serving as a growth factor, a differentiation factor, and a regulator of cell death. It shares many of these functions with other cytokines such as IL-15, which complicates the interpretation of the IL-2-deficient phenotype. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major indispensable role of IL-2 signaling, at least in mice, is to limit the number of activated T cells in the periphery after exposure to self- or environmental antigens. Although we still do not understand the mechanism by which this occurs, there emerge several general conclusions that provide a foundation for future work on this issue. The autoimmune phenotype associated with IL-2 deficiency results from the dysregulated activity of thymus-derived TCR alpha beta CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells. The process requires an initial antigenic stimulus (e.g., from intestinal flora or self-antigens), but can then spread to naive bystander T cells by an undefined mechanism. A key observation is that neighboring T cells with intact IL-2 signaling can suppress the dysregulated activity of IL-2- or IL-2R-deficient T cells in a dominant manner, indicating that IL-2-based immune regulation is a systemic rather than cell autonomous property. The IL-2R signal responsible for maintaining homeostasis is not dependent on either the Shc or Stat5 pathways, therefore AICD, which is Stat5-dependent in vitro, cannot be the critical mechanism. Finally, expression of the IL-2R in the thymus and not the periphery appears sufficient to suppress the autoimmune phenotype, suggesting that IL-2 signaling may be required for some aspect of thymocyte selection and/or differentiation that has so far gone undetected. These observations can be combined into a unified model wherein IL-2 signaling is required for the development of a regulatory T-cell subset that serves to terminate antigen-induced responses of TCR alpha beta T cells. On the other hand, the role of IL-2 in the maintenance of self-tolerance could be multifaceted, with no single model accounting for all experimental findings. Of note, most of our knowledge regarding IL-2 signaling and tolerance has come from studies of knockout mice. Conceptually, it is important to remember that the function of a molecule such as IL-2 is not simply the inverse of the phenotype seen when that molecule is absent, since necessity and sufficiency are not always coupled in physiological processes. In this regard, perhaps new insights into this important issue can be gained by better defining when and where IL-2 signaling normally occurs in wild-type animals and the functional status of the T cells involved.
Improvement of the photo-polymer sheet for the multi-layer disk with the high NA objective lens and blue-violet laser

In ODS2000, we reported experimental results for the triple-layer disk using the photo-polymer (2P) sheet (N. Shida et al, ODS 2000 Tech. Dig., pp. 27-29, 2000). The subjects of the 2P sheet were the high transmittance, low variation of thickness and duplicate performance. Therefore, we developed a new 2P sheet which has sufficiently high transmittance of over 95% and sufficiently small thickness variation of less than /spl plusmn/0.5 /spl mu/m to realize the multi-layer read-only disk. We evaluated the duplicate performance of an improved 2P sheet as the layer 0 (L0) in a dual-layer read-only disk. The disk had 25 Gbyte capacity on each information layer. We measured the jitter value of a sample disk using the reproduction system with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.85 and a blue-violet laser and the limit equalizer (Y. Tomita, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 40, pp. 1716-1722, 2001). As a result, the jitter values were 8.0% on L0 and 7.8% on layer 1 (L1).
WATERSHED HETEROGENEITY AND THE RESPONSE TO 2 × CO2 CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY FROM THE UPPER DESCHUTES BASIN, OREGON

A fully allocated surface water supply in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon, intensifies concern for the watershed's response to climate change. Such concern provides the impetus for this case study of the basin under a potential doubling of atmospheric trace gas concentrations (2 × CO2). Modeling the watershed as four sectors incorporates climate and landscape heterogeneity and defines a control climate that closely simulates adjusted gaged runoff. Monthly temperature and precipitation from a limited area model nested in a global circulation model define changes for modeling the watershed 2 × CO2 climate. Precipitation increases are greatest in the Wickiup sector and least in the Little Deschutes sector for a 2 × CO2 climate, but snow-water equivalent decreases substantially in all sectors. Summer water deficits are extended and magnified in all sectors and increase by 175% in the Wickiup sector. Water surplus increases range from 34% for Wickiup to 5% for Benham Falls. Average monthly runoff for the Upp...
Nanoparticle-Mediated Combinatorial Targeting of Multiple Human Dendritic Cell (DC) Subsets Leads to Enhanced T Cell Activation via IL-15–Dependent DC Crosstalk

Most vaccines depend on coadministration of Ags and adjuvants that activate APCs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an attractive vehicle for synchronized delivery of Ags and adjuvants to APCs and can be targeted to specific cell types, such as dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent APCs. Which subset of human DCs should be targeted for optimal activation of T cell immunity, however, remains unknown. In this article, we describe a poly-lactic-coglycolic acid-based NP platform, wherein avidin-decorated NPs can be targeted to multiple human DC subsets via biotinylated Abs. Both BDCA3(+) and monocyte-derived DC-SIGN(+) NP-loaded DCs were equally effective at generating Ag-specific human T cells in culture, including against complex peptide mixtures from viral and tumor Ags across multiple MHC molecules. Ab-mediated targeting of NPs to distinct DC subsets led to enhanced T cell immunity. However, combination targeting to both DC-SIGN and BDCA3(+) DCs led to significantly greater activation of T cells compared with targeting either DC subset alone. Enhanced T cell activation following combination targeting depended on DC-mediated cytokine release and was IL-15 dependent. These data demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of multiple DC subsets may improve NP vaccines by engaging DC crosstalk and provides a novel approach to improving vaccines against pathogens and tumors.
Micromilling process planning and modeling for micromold manufacturing

In this paper, a model-based micro-end milling process planning guideline for machining micro mold cavities was proposed. The goal is to facilitate proper selections of the process parameters. Specifically, the axial depth of cut, the feed per tooth are critical in achieving performance objectives in terms of cutting forces, surface accuracy, tool life, etc. To this end, the finite element modeling was used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the underlying science base for the micro-machining (e.g., chip formation mechanisms, minimum chip thickness effect, material deformation flows, stress, strain and temperature distributions). Further, a mechanistic time-domain simulation model was utilized to provide predictive capability in practical machining performance, such as cutting forces, tool vibrations, surface accuracy, and surface roughness. The generalized process planning strategy consists of two steps: roughing and finishing. In roughing, the objective is to control the cutting force within a predefined threshold to prevent premature tool breakage and to maximize the material removal rate. In finishing, the primary objective is to control the form error within the tolerance and to obtain satisfactory surface roughness. The proposed process planning strategy was applied for micro-milling of a mold cavity in AL2024-T6.© 2007 ASME
Comparison Of Roughness Measurements By Differential Scatter And Total Integrated Scatter

AbstractThis paper discusses the problems involved in comparing the rms roughness values ob-tained from a plane of incidence differential scatterometer to those obtained from a TIS system. The theoretical justification for making the comparison and the importance of spa-tial frequency bandwidths are reviewed first. The two types of instruments are brieflydescribed and referenced. Several practical problems relating to the types of samplesthat allow the comparison are presented. The comparison is independent of the surfaceheight distribution (i.e., a Gaussian Distribution is not required); however, because thedata is taken in one plane only by the differential scatterometer only isotropic samples,one dimensional samples (grating like) or a combination of the two may be used to make thecomparison. Then two less obvious mechanisms associated with TIS devices are discussed.These are the small angle scatter assumption and the angle of incidence variation at thedetector. Both of these effects act to discriminate against high frequency roughness inthe calculation of rms roughness from TIS data. Finally, some experimental comparisons ofseveral samples are presented.IntroductionThis paper presents a technique for comparing scatter measurements from plane of inci-dence differential scatterometer and a total integrated scatterometerl. First the resultsof a vector perturbation theory presented some years ago by Church and others 2-4 isreviewed. This theoretical relationship has been used over the last decade as the basisfor building differential scatterometers that not only measure light scatter from reflectiveoptics as a function of angle but also allow calculation of the surface power spectraldensity (PSD) function. Integrating the PSD provides a bandwidth limited value of the rmsroughness, G.A more common way of obtaining the rms roughness from light scatter is to use some sortof optical integrating arrangement to produce the Total Integrated Scatter (TIS)1,5.
Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins

Mutations of APC appear to initiate sporadic and inherited forms of human colorectal cancer. Although these mutations have been well characterized, little is known about the function of the APC gene product. Two cellular proteins that associate with APC were identified by nucleotide sequence analysis and peptide mapping as the E-cadherin-associated proteins alpha- and beta-catenin. A 27-residue fragment of APC containing a 15-amino acid repeat was sufficient for the interaction with the catenins. These results suggest an important link between tumor initiation and cell adhesion.