cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early endosome as a pathogenic target for antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a major phospholipid species with important roles in membrane trafficking and reorganization. Accumulating clinical data indicate that the presence of circulating antibodies against PE is positively correlated with the symptoms of antiphospholipid syndromes (APS), including thrombosis and repeated pregnancy loss. However, PE is generally sequestered inside a normal resting cell, and the mechanism by which circulating anti-PE antibodies access cellular PE remains unknown. The studies presented here were conducted with synthetic PE-binding agents, plasma samples from patients with anti-PE autoimmunity, and purified anti-PE antibodies. The results suggest that the cellular vulnerability to anti-PE antibodies may be mediated by the binding of PE molecules in the membrane of the early endosome. Endosomal PE binding led to functional changes in endothelial cells, including declines in proliferation and increases in the production of reactive oxygen species, as well as the expression of inflammatory molecules. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the etiology of anti-PE autoimmunity and, because endosomes are of central importance in almost all types of cells, could have important implications for a wide range of biological processes.
Fragmentation alters home range and movements of the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus)

Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss and among reptiles has been attributed as a cause of species decline. The negative effect of habitat fragmentation has also been shown t...
A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Happiness

This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and happiness through systematically reviewing the existing literature. A systematic search of major databases including PubMed/Medline, PsychInfo, SportDiscus, and Embase was performed in 2017 for original research articles published post-1980 with the related keywords of happiness and physical activity. From 1142 retrieved records, fifteen observational studies (thirteen cross-sectional studies and two longitudinal studies) and eight intervention studies (six randomized controlled trials and two non-randomized trials) were included for further analysis. These studies involved a wide range of population from various countries and areas. All the observational studies reported positive associations between physical activity and happiness. As little as 10-min physical activity per week or 1 day of doing exercise per week might result in increased levels of happiness. Mediation effects were examined in two studies indicating the positive relationship between physical activity and happiness might be mediated by health and social functioning. The randomized controlled trials mostly focused on older adults and cancer survivors, and suggested that both aerobic exercise and stretching/balancing exercise were effective in improving happiness. Evidence showed a consistent positive relationship between physical activity and happiness. However, due to the limited number of randomized controlled trials, we cannot draw firm conclusions regarding the causal relationship between physical activity and happiness. Future research is suggested to explore the mechanism of how physical activity influences happiness and to determine the optimal dose and type of physical activity for gaining the benefits of happiness.
Novel analytical methods to assess the chemical and physical properties of liposomes.

Abstract Liposomes are used in commercial pharmaceutical formulations (PFs) and dietary supplements (DSs) as a carrier vehicle to protect the active ingredient from degradation and to increase the half-life of the injectable. Even as the commercialization of liposomal products has rapidly increased, characterization methodologies to evaluate physical and chemical properties of the liposomal products have not been well-established. Herein we develop rapid methodologies to evaluate chemical and selected physical properties of liposomal formulations. Chemical properties of liposomes are determined by their lipid composition. The lipid composition is evaluated by first screening of the lipids present in the sample using HPLC-ELSD followed by HPLC-MSMS analysis with high mass accuracy (
Anticholesteremic property of Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt fed to mature boars.

Three strains of Lactobacilus acidophilus (LA) were isolated from the feces of mature boars that were not being fed antibiotics from the Nebraska Gene Pool (NGP). All three LA isolates were screened in vitro for anticholesteremic and antimicrobial activities. One strain, LA16, caused the greatest reduction in cholesterol and inhibited both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli the most. LA16 was used to produce 16, 18.9-liter quantities of acidophilus yogurt (AY), over a period of 8 wk, for use as a feed ingredient in diets for the NGP boars. Colony forming units (cfu), pH, protein, energy, Ca and P were consistent across all 16 batches of yogurt. All of the 18 boars were fed a high-cholesterol diet for a period of 56 d at a rate of 2.268 kg/(hd.d) to furnish 6.661 g/(hd.d) of cholesterol. Nine of the boars then were fed 1.81 kg/(hd.d) of a second diet that was supplemented with .454 kg/(hd.d) of AY. The other nine boars were fed the original diet. Cholesterol intake was the same for the two dietary treatments. Blood samples were collected weekly from the brachial-jugular region and the sera were analyzed for lipids. Acidophilus yogurt reduced serum cholesterol (P less than .01) and low density lipoproteins (P less than .08), but it had no effect on serum triglycerides (P greater than .23) or on high density lipoproteins (P greater than .11).
Ideals and filters

If f is a Boolean homomorphism, from B to A say, the kernel of f is the set of those elements in B that f maps onto 0 in A. In symbols the kernel M of f is defined by $$ M = {f^{{ - 1}}}\left( {\left\{ 0 \right\}} \right), $$ or, equivalently, by $$ M = \left\{ {p:f\left( p \right) = 0} \right\}. $$
Phase-II trials in patients with urothelial tract tumors. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

Major progress has been made in the treatment of patients with advanced urothelial tract tumors, using a systematic phase II approach in selected patients. At this time, DDP and MTX, singly, seem to induce the largest number of responses, while VLB and ADM, singly, are good secondary agents. The combinations of DDP+ADM, and VLB+MTX appear to be somewhat more effective than the single drug components, and hopefully a four-drug combination may be even more effective. Since significant antitumor activity is achieved with the drugs now available, we plant to initiate a randomized phase-III study in patients with stage-D tumors after preoperative irradiation and radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection. The data at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center indicate a 70% death rate at 1 year, and 87% at 2 years, despite radiation therapy and cystectomy; for such cases, therefore, chemotherapy may be useful in prolonging survival. While new drugs still need to be defined, transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract must be considered a tumor responsive to chemotherapy; we may possibly be on the threshold of chemotherapeutically curative therapies.
The Role of Calcium in Inflammation-Associated Bone Resorption

The aim of this mini-review is to discuss the role of calcium in the process of cytokine-mediated bone resorption in an effort to understand the role circulating calcium may play in the resorption of bone. The liberation of calcium and possibly phosphorus and magnesium by bone resorption may sustain and intensify the inflammatory response. We used a burn injury setting in humans and a burn injury model in animals in order to examine the effects on the bone of the systemic inflammatory response and identified the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor as the mediator of increasing bone resorption, hence higher interleukin (IL)-1 production, and decreasing bone resorption, hence the lowering of circulating ionized calcium concentration. Thus, extracellular calcium, by means of the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor, is able to modulate inflammation-mediated resorption.
Epic Backslide: The Supreme Court Endorses Mandatory Individual Arbitration Agreements, #TimesUp on Workers' Rights

The United States Supreme Court dealt a serious blow to workers’ rights in Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. __ (May 21, 2018) when it held that employers may require employees to waive their rights to class or collective action. Employees had hoped the Court would find that mandatory individual arbitration provisions are illegal because Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act guarantees employees the right to engage in concerted activities for mutual aid or protection. The Court, however, held that the Federal Arbitration Act requires arbitration provisions to be enforced as written. While the three cases before the Court involved wage and hour claims, the Court’s Epic decision impacts many other types of employment disputes that are diverted from courts to individual arbitration – including workplace discrimination and sexual harassment, as well as in consumer agreements. In the #MeToo era, employers may consider exempting sexual harassment claims from mandatory arbitration agreements and thereby allowing claimants their full statutory rights. Employer-mandated arbitration provisions cover 60 million U.S. workers, and those requiring class waiver in arbitration keep labor and employment claims hidden, and foreclose full vindication of employees' rights with appropriate remedies. This research paper discusses the Court’s decision in Epic Systems, what workers' rights remain after the decision, and what steps employee advocates and Congress might take to remedy the negative impact of the Court’s decision on workers’ rights to act collectively.
Evaluation of the First US PhD Program in Network Science: Developing Twenty-First-Century Thinkers to Meet the Challenges of a Globalized Society

With this chapter, we present Northeastern University’s doctoral program in network science. The program began in 2014, representing the first (and currently the only) PhD program in network science in the United States. We present the vision for the program, an overview of the curriculum, the supervision and advisor process, and an evaluation of the program. We describe adjustments and revisions that we have implemented and provide a more holistic vision for how we anticipate the program will contribute to society. The chapter is structured as follows: (a) discussion of the purpose of our PhD program in network science (section 1), (b) description of the objectives and curriculum of the PhD program (sections 2, 3 and 4), and (c) evaluation of the program, discussion of the changes we have already introduced and strategies for further addressing the needs of the growing workforce in data and computational sciences (section 5). The hope is that documenting the process of curriculum development, particularly in interdisciplinary STEM fields, will both inspire new initiatives and provide a framework for growing new educational programs.
Perceived individual and societal values of news and paying for subscriptions

This study examines antecedents of paying for news subscriptions. Taking the customer-perceived value approach, we investigate the impact of perceived quality and perceived journalistic and societa...
Comparison of Plant-Based Diet Indices Scoring and Risk with Hypertension (OR33-06-19)

Recently, several distinct diet indices have been developed to characterize adherence to plant-based diets. We deconstructed and compared 6 plant-based diet indices (PDI) in a community-based cohort with respect to their scoring and their associations with incident hypertension. Using food frequency questionnaire data from middle-aged adults (n = 8041) without hypertension in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we constructed overallPDI, healthyPDI, unhealthyPDI, provegetarian diet index, PDI from Rotterdam Study (PDI-Rotterdam), and comprehensive diet quality index (cDQI). For the overallPDI, provegetarian diet index, and PDI-Rotterdam, higher intakes of all or selected plant foods received higher scores. For the healthyPDI, higher intakes of plant foods identified as healthful received higher scores. For the unhealthyPDI, higher intakes of plant foods identified as unhealthful received higher scores. For the cDQI, higher intakes of healthful plant foods, dairy, and seafood received higher scores, but all other indices scored higher intakes of animal foods uniformly lower. We examined the magnitude of correlations and agreement between all pairs of indices, and assessed whether higher scores on these indices were associated with hypertension using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for socio-demographic factors, other dietary factors, and health behaviors. All indices had moderate to strong correlations (r > 0.4) and largely consistent rankings of subjects except for the PDI-Rotterdam and unhealthyPDI. Differences existed in how alcohol, potatoes, poultry, eggs, and dairy were scored. Greater adherence to overallPDI, healthyPDI, provegetarian diet, and cDQI was associated with a 9–26% lower risk of hypertension compared to lesser adherence (all P-trend < 0.05, Table). Greater adherence to the unhealthyPDI was associated with a 12% higher risk (P-trend = 0.03) when clinical factors were additionally adjusted; no association was observed with the PDI-Rotterdam. Analyses revealed moderate agreement in ranking across subjects, suggesting that they are capturing similar dietary patterns. However, the way in which plant-based diets are operationalized can affect the ability to detect diet-disease associations. IH Departmental Scholarship, NIDDK and NHLBI.
Determination of wave-function functionals: The constrained-search variational method

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 130401 (2004)], we proposed the idea of expanding the space of variations in variational calculations of the energy by considering the approximate wave function $\ensuremath{\psi}$ to be a functional of functions $\ensuremath{\chi}$, $\ensuremath{\psi}=\ensuremath{\psi}[\ensuremath{\chi}]$, rather than a function. A constrained search is first performed over all functions $\ensuremath{\chi}$ such that the wave-function functional $\ensuremath{\psi}[\ensuremath{\chi}]$ satisfies a physical constraint or leads to the known value of an observable. A rigorous upper bound to the energy is then obtained via the variational principle. In this paper we generalize the constrained-search variational method, applicable to both ground and excited states, to the determination of arbitrary Hermitian single-particle operators as applied to two-electron atomic and ionic systems. We construct analytical three-parameter ground-state functionals for the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion and the He atom through the constraint of normalization. We present the results for the total energy $E$, the expectations of the single-particle operators $W={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i}{r}_{i}^{n}$, $n=\ensuremath{-}2,\ensuremath{-}1,1,2$, $W={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i}\ensuremath{\delta}({\mathbf{r}}_{i})$, and $W={\ensuremath{\sum}}_{i}\ensuremath{\delta}({\mathbf{r}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathbf{r})$, the structure of the nonlocal Coulomb hole charge ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}(\mathbf{r}{\mathbf{r}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, and the expectations of the two particle operators ${u}^{2},u,1∕u,1∕{u}^{2}$, where $u=\ensuremath{\mid}{\mathbf{r}}_{i}\ensuremath{-}{\mathbf{r}}_{j}\ensuremath{\mid}$. The results for all the expectation values are remarkably accurate when compared with the 1078-parameter wave function of Pekeris, and other wave functions that are not functionals. We conclude by describing our current work on how the constrained-search variational method in conjunction with quantal density-functional theory is being applied to the many-electron case.
Lymph node–directed simultaneous integrated boost in patients with clinically lymph node–positive cervical cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy: clinical outcomes and toxicity

Lymph node (LN)–positive cervical cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. We report outcomes for women with LN-positive cervical cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with dose-escalated simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to involved LNs. Between 2005 and 2017, 59 women with LN-positive, non-metastatic, cervical cancer underwent definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with an image-guided LN boost to a median dose of 56.25 Gy in 25 fractions. Acute and late adverse events (AEs) were recorded per common terminology criteria for adverse events. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LRC). Median age was 49 years (IQR 37–56). Women had involved LNs in the pelvis (56%) or pelvis and para-aortic (PA) LNs (44%), with a median of 3 (IQR 2–6) grossly involved LNs per patient. Median follow-up was 30 months (IQR 11–45). Estimated 3-year OS, PFS, and LRC were 67% (95% CI, 51%–84%), 60% (95% CI, 45%–76%), and 89% (95% CI, 76%–99%), respectively. PA LN involvement (HR 2.51; 95% CI, 1.05–5.99; p = 0.04) and the presence of ≥ 4 grossly involved LNs (HR 2.79; 95% CI, 1.16–6.71; p = 0.02) were associated with a higher risk of disease progression on univariate analysis. The incidence of treatment-related acute grade 3+ acute GI or GU AEs was 3%, while late GI or GU treatment-related AEs occurred in 12%. Chemoradiation with a LN-directed SIB for women with LN-positive cervical cancer is well tolerated and is associated with excellent oncologic outcomes. In this report, we evaluated the oncologic efficacy and adverse events associated with definitive chemoradiotherapy with a simultaneous integrated boost to grossly involved lymph nodes for women with lymph node–positive cervical cancer. We have identified acceptable rates of adverse events and excellent oncologic outcomes, even in a very high risk cohort of women with cervical cancer.
Micronutrient Fortification of Commercially Available Biscuits Is Predicted to Have Minimal Impact on Prevalence of Inadequate Micronutrient Intakes: Modeling of National Dietary Data From Cameroon.

Background Voluntarily fortified snack products are increasingly available but are not necessarily formulated to meet known dietary nutrient gaps, so potential impacts on population micronutrient intake adequacy are uncertain. Objectives We modeled the impacts of hypothetical micronutrient-fortified biscuits on inadequate micronutrient intake in children and women of reproductive age (WRA) in Cameroon. Methods In a nationally representative survey stratified by macro-region (North, South, and Yaounde/Douala), 24-h dietary recall data were collected from 883 children aged 12-59 mo and from 912 WRA. We estimated usual nutrient intake by the National Cancer Institute method for vitamin A, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and iron. We simulated the impact of biscuit fortification on prevalence of micronutrient intake below the estimated average requirement, given observed biscuit consumption, in the presence and absence of large-scale food fortification (LSFF) programs. Results Biscuit consumption in the prior 24-h by children and WRA, respectively, ranged from 4.5% and 1.5% in the South, to 20.7% and 5.9% in Yaounde/Douala. In the absence of LSFF programs, biscuits fortified with retinol (600 μg/100 g), folic acid (300 μg/100 g), and zinc (8 mg/100 g) were predicted to reduce the prevalence of inadequacy among children by 10.3 ± 4.4, 13.2 ± 4.2, and 12.0 ± 6.1 percentage points, respectively, in Yaounde/Douala. However, when existing vitamin A-fortified oil, and folic acid-fortified and zinc-fortified wheat flour programs were considered, the additional impacts of fortified biscuits were reduced substantially. Micronutrient-fortified biscuits were predicted to have minimal impact on dietary inadequacy in WRA, with or without LSFF programs. Conclusions Given observed patterns of biscuit consumption in Cameroon, biscuit fortification is unlikely to reduce dietary inadequacy of studied micronutrients, except possibly for selected nutrients in children in urban areas in the absence of LSFF programs. As voluntary fortification becomes increasingly common, modeling studies could help guide efforts to ensure that fortified products align with public health goals.
The effect of oral dexamethasone administration on testosterone levels in combat veterans with or without a history of suicide attempt.

Abstract Combat exposure has been linked to increased risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and death by suicide, and suicidality has been linked with altered testosterone levels. In this study, we examined morning baseline free and total testosterone levels and the effect of dexamethasone administration on testosterone levels in male combat veterans with or without a history of suicide attempt. Demographic and clinical parameters of the study participants were assessed and recorded. Blood samples were collected between 8:00 and 8:30 a.m. on the day prior to and following dexamethasone (0.5 mg) ingestion. Suicide attempters had higher schedule for suicidal ideation (SSI) scores in comparison to non-attempters. Baseline free and total testosterone levels were lower in suicide attempters compared to non-attempters. In the whole sample, both baseline free and total testosterone levels negatively correlated with SSI scores. Free testosterone levels decreased after dexamethasone administration among non-attempters but not among attempters. Free testosterone post-dexamethasone levels positively correlated with aggression scores among non-attempters but not among suicide attempters. Our findings indicate that there are substantial differences in the testosterone regulation between combat veterans with or without a history of suicide attempt. Studies of the relation between the testosterone function and suicidal behavior among combat veterans may lead to improvement in detection of suicidality and finding new pharmacological targets for prevention of suicide among veterans.
Sluggish diffusion in random equimolar FCC alloys

Compositionally complex alloys, also known as high entropy or multiple principle component alloys, can exhibit greatly improved mechanical properties. Researchers often ascribe this to sluggish diffusion that is thought to result from having multiple constituents. Here, the authors present a systematic investigation of diffusion in multielement alloys with molecular dynamics simulations. Only a small minority of the studied alloys show sluggish diffusion, whereas the large majority show diffusion that is faster or even vigorous. The authors find that diffusivities do not correlate with the number of constituents, but instead strongly correlate with the mismatch in lattice constants among the elements.
Bacterial Infections and Aspiration

Patterns of lung involvement can vary, depending on the virulence of the organism and immune status of the host. The same organism can have different presentations in different hosts (for instance, MTB in immunocompetent patients and AIDS can have dissimilar imaging signs), whereas multiple different organisms may have similar imaging appearances depending on mechanism of injury and host response (for example, lobar consolidations commonly due to community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as from organisms such as Legionella and gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella).
Exploring the use of machine learning to predict metrics related to asphalt mixture performance

Abstract Agencies responsible for construction and maintenance of roadways often use some measure of performance to qualify asphalt mixtures before being used in construction. As of this writing, the state of Texas uses the Hamburg wheel tracking test and indirect tensile strength test to qualify a hot mix asphalt produced for roadway construction and maintenance. Optimizing the mixture design to produce mixtures with the desired performance criteria has been a topic of interest for asphalt researchers and industry personnel. This study explores the use of machine learning methods to estimate the rut depth from the Hamburg wheel tracking test and the indirect tensile strength from the mixture design and volumetric information. Support vector regression analysis and decision tree based ensemble methods, including bagging, random forests, extra-trees, and gradient boosting algorithms were trained with data collected by the Texas Department of Transportation for quality control and quality assurance purposes. Metrics related to mixture design including aggregate gradation and absorption, asphalt binder content and performance grade, use of warm mix asphalt, recycled materials, and laboratory-molded density as well as test information, such as number of wheel-passes applied in the Hamburg wheel tracking test, were used as input variables. The analysis showed that all of the machine learning algorithms adopted in this study were able to estimate the mixture performance criteria from the mixture design and volumetric properties when the models were trained with curated and sufficient data. While extra-trees provided the best performance in terms of the coefficient of determination, gradient boosting and support vector regression models were found to learn from the imbalanced data better than the other methods. This study offers opportunities for the development of data-driven performance-oriented mixture design optimization technique that can potentially replace the trial and error, mostly experience based, and time consuming processes preceding the laboratory verification during the mix design process.
#AUAMatch: The Impact of COVID-19 on Social Media Use in the Urology Residency Match.

Objectives To examine changes in Social Media (SoMe) use among urology residency applicants before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We distributed surveys to individuals who applied to our residency program for application cycles ending in 2018, 2019, and 2021. The surveys included questions about applicants’ SoMe use and perceptions of programs’ SoMe use during the application process, both before (2018/2019) and after (2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was SoMe use for professional purposes. Results We received survey responses from 33% (162 of 496) and 29% (84 of 294) of applicants from the 2018/2019 and 2021 cohorts, respectively. There was a significant increase in professional SoMe use in the 2021 cohort (80%) compared with the 2018/2019 cohort (44%) (P Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a period of unprecedented SoMe usage among urology applicants, who used it to learn about and connect with residency programs in new ways. The use of SoMe by residency programs has become an important component of trainee recruitment and is likely to continue in the future.
Quantitation of uterine activity in 100 primiparous patients.

Abstract An on-line technique for quantitating uterine activity by measuring the total area under the intrauterine pressure curve was utilized during the labor of 100 primiparous patients. Uterine activity was measured in uterine activity units (one UAU = one Torr minute). UAU's were calculated for each patient in both cumulative and noncumulative fashions. The rate of uterine activity (UAU per unit of time) increased as labor progressed, yet the total UAU's expended at each centimeter of dilatation progressively decreased with advancing dilatation. Thus, the rate of cervical dilatation increased faster than could be accounted for by the increase in uterine activity. The implication being that the efficiency of uterine contractions increases with advancing labor. It no longer appears reasonable to refer to labor in terms of elapsed time. Information regarding the “pattern of cervical dilatation” and uterine activity appears to be much more meaningful to the evaluation of progress in labor. Quantitation of uterine activity may provide useful information for the ongoing management of labor. Quantitation of UA does provide a means of evaluating the effects of specific events such as medication, anesthesia, and manipulation on UA.
Caste: Religion and Society in India

References to caste are common in religious texts from the classical period in South Asian history and even before. In the colonial era, caste was understood by the British as a defining characteristic of social life, and in independent India it has taken on new salience in the political mobilization especially of lower caste communities. Clearly, caste is an institution that must be reckoned with by students who seek to understand religion in India. This article will introduce some of the basics about caste, proceeding more or less in reverse chronological order from the more recent times backwards, with a section at the end on theories about caste.
Moving Toward Self-Forgiveness: Removing Barriers Related to Shame, Guilt, and Regret

When people believe that they have hurt or offended someone, one potentially adaptive response would be to forgive the self. In an ideal process of self-forgiveness, an offender would accept an appropriate amount of responsibility, experience enough guilt to prompt reparative behaviors and improvements in character, and then release excess guilty feelings that no longer serve a useful function. In real life, however, this process often goes awry. Sometimes people avoid guilty feelings altogether, taking emotional shortcuts to repair their moods and self-images without accepting responsibility or repairing relational damage. Others go to the opposite extreme, getting caught up in negative feelings such as shame, excessive guilt, and regret about their offenses. This article briefly reviews research on these potentially problematic responses and suggests ways that each one could be addressed in interventions to facilitate self-forgiveness.
Inflation and Controls, Pennsylvania, 1774–1779

In attempting to fit a phase of the American Revolutionary era into this program on economic unrest, I am not concerned with the factors leading up to the conflict. Historians have traced these in the evolution of the colonies, in changes in Great Britain and, for that matter, in much of Europe, over the long years of peace as well as in the era of controversy. They are complex factors in which thought, whether social, political, or economic, may be far removed from the action that it influences. My concern is with the economic setting in Pennsylvania at the end of the decade of protest and with the rapid changes in price relationships in the early war years which made for unrest within a period of unrest.
Exact radiation from two axisymmetric structures containing isorefractive materials

Summary form only given. The radiation from an electric or magnetic dipole located on the axis of symmetry of two structures made of perfect electric conductors and isorefractive materials is considered. The first structure consists of an oblate semi-spheroidal cavity flush-mounted to a metallic plane and filled with a material isorefractive to the medium above the plane. The semi-spheroidal cavity has a circular hole whose diameter is the interfocal distance of the semi-ellipse obtained by sectioning the oblate spheroid with any plane containing the symmetry axis z of the structure. The electric or magnetic dipole source is located on the z axis and is oriented parallel to the axis. The exact solution a this boundary-value problem is obtained in terms of oblate spheroidal wave functions. The second structure consists of a metallic oblate spheroid located at the interface between two isorefractive half-spaces. The electric or magnetic dipole source is located on the z axis and is oriented parallel to it. As in the first structure, the exact solution to the boundary-value problem is obtained in terms of oblate spheroidal wave functions by separation of variables and imposition of the boundary conditions. Two limiting cases are compared to each other, and an extension of Babinet's principle is formulated.
Direct Instruction in Written Expression: The Effects on English Speakers and English Language Learners with Disabilities

Students with disabilities often struggle with writing tasks. In order to improve the written expression performance of high school students with deficits in written expression, a Direct Instruction writing program was implemented. The participants were six high school students in programs for individuals with learning disabilities. Three of the six students were served in programs for students who are English Language Learners. Using a multiple-probe across-participants design, the effect of the writing program was examined. The intervention was implemented over a 5-week period with maintenance checks conducted 2 and 4 weeks after the termination of instruction. Results were variable, but there appeared to be a positive trend in student writing performance as measured by correct word sequence, length of text, and the TOWL-3. Implications for practice and future directions are also provided.
Dementia and Epistemic Authority: A Conversation Analytic Case Study

Introduction Imagine you have spent nearly all of the seventy years of your adult life being an organized and authoritative woman, raising three daughters, working as a clinical psychologist, maintaining many relationships and friendships. Now you’ve noticed more and more trouble remembering things, confusion about how to implement a plan or even what the right plan should be, even about things you know you used to do easily like shopping or making reservations. Imagine that, on top of all of this, one of those daughters you raised so competently is now sitting in front of you telling you that you’re so incompetent now that you don’t even know whether you’re capable of writing a letter to a friend. Recently, there has been much research applying the tools of discourse analysis to the talk of individuals with cognitive impairments (Cherney, Shadden, & Coelho, 1998). Many studies have examined the coherence, informational content, and topic management ability of older adults with various forms of dementia. In this case study I examine the interactions between a woman diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT) and her daughter from a slightly different angle. Specifically, I demonstrate that the mother, Sophia, 2 is sensitive to her daughter’s explicit challenges to her epistemic authority over domains of knowledge traditionally assumed to be her own, such as her abilities, experiences, and knowledge. Through skillful application of a range of
Figured World of History Learning in a Social Studies Methods Classroom

This paper considers how one teacher educator, Dr. Gomez, took up revisionist history and inquiry in her social studies methods classroom. The concepts of figured worlds (Holland et al., 1998) [Holland, D., Lachicotte, W. Jr., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press], and artifacts and mediation (Holland & Cole, 1995; Vygotsky 1978, 1986) [Holland, D., & Cole, M. (1995). Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 26(4), 465–490; Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Boston: The MIT Press] are used to present a case study. The study focuses on the artifacts that made up the figured world of history learning in Dr. Gomez’s social studies methods class and the learner identities afforded by this context. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) explore how teacher education classes can recruit primarily white, middle class students into a figured world of history learning that is culturally congruent with urban settings, and (b) demonstrate the application of the figured worlds framework to the study of learning in a teacher preparation program.
Regulation of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase activity in ras-transformed rat-1 fibroblasts.

Abstract Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P 2 ) stimulated glycolysis in cell-free extracts of both normal and ras -transfected rat-1 fibroblasts. The extract of the transformed cell glycolyzed more rapidly in both the absence and the presence of F-2,6-P 2 than the extract of the parent fibroblast. Addition of mitochondrial ATPase (F 1 ) or inorganic phosphate ( P i ) further stimulated lactate production in both cell lines. F-2,6-P 2 stimulated the 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) activity in extracts of normal and transfected cells. The activity in extracts of transformed cells tested with a fructose 6-phosphate regenerating system was considerably higher than in the extract of normal cells. Stimulation of PFK-1 activity by cAMP of both cell lines was not as pronounced as that by F-2,6-P 2 . In the absence of F-2,6-P 2 the PFK-1 activity was strongly inhibited in the transformed cell by ATP concentrations higher than 1 m m , whereas in the normal cell only a marginal inhibition was noted even at 2 or 3 m m ATP. F-2,6-P 2 reversed the inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) at 100 μ m (in the presence of 2 m m ATP and 1 μ m F-2,6-P 2 ) stimulated PFK-1 activity only in the transformed cell, whereas nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) inhibited PFK-1 activity (in the presence or absence of 1 μ m F-2,6-P 2 ) in extracts of both cell lines. No previous observations of stimulation or inhibition by NAD or NADP on PFK-1 activity appear to have been reported. A threefold increase in the intracellular concentration of F-2,6-P 2 was observed after transfection of rat-1 flbroblast by the ras oncogene. We conclude from these data that the PFK-1 activity of ras -transfected rat-1 fibroblasts shows a greater response to certain stimulating and inhibitory regulating factors than that of the parent cell.
Multifocal choroiditis in patients with familial juvenile systemic granulomatosis

Abstract PURPOSE: To document clinical features of uveitis in patients with familial juvenile systemic granulomatosis. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Ophthalmologic examination, medical history, and clinical course in 16 patients from eight families examined at six academic medical centers. RESULTS: Of the 16 patients, 15 had evidence of panuveitis with multifocal choroiditis. One patient had only an anterior uveitis. Ischemic optic neuropathy, presumably due to a small vessel vasculopathy, and retinal vasculopathy each occurred in one patient. Ocular complications were common, including cataracts in 11, glaucoma in six, band keratopathy in six, cystoid macular edema in six, and optic disk edema in six. All 16 patients had polyarthritis, and at least nine had skin rash. Often patients were misdiagnosed initially as having either juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS: Familial juvenile systemic granulomatosis is an uncommon genetic disease characterized by polyarthritis and uveitis. Panuveitis and multifocal choroiditis often may be present. Patients with a diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but having a family history of the disease and multifocal choroiditis should be suspected of having familial juvenile systemic granulomatosis.
Mycophenolic acid reduces renin-angiotensin-system activity in cultured mouse medullary thick ascending limb cells

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a promising immunosuppressive agent. The intra-renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of intra-renal hemodynamics. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the bioactive metabolite of MMF. The interaction between MPA and intra-renal RAS is still unclear. We hypothesized that MPA might affect intra-renal RAS activity. We chose models of cultured mouse medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells for the experiments, as the mTAL is one of the major sites of intra-renal RAS. We investigated the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity by means of enzymatic assay, and the angiotensin-receptor activity by means of a binding study with radiolabeled angiotensin II, and measured the intracellular calcium concentration in cultured cells treated with and without MPA. ACE activity changed neither in cells incubated with MPA nor in those treated without MPA. The binding study also indicated decreased angiotensin-II binding in MPA-treated (MPA 10–7 M) cells, up to 43.7%. The decreased intracellular calcium concentration in MPA-treated cells further confirmed the MPA-inhibitory effect on the angiotensin receptor. We conclude that MPA reduces intra-renal RAS activity mainly through the decrease of AT1 receptor activity without affecting ACE activity. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of MPA in the intra-renal RAS might play a role in the extra-immunosuppressive effect of MMF.
Endoscope-assisted suction extraction of lipomas.

The blunt technique of suction-assisted lipectomy partially evolved while proving to be an efficient, albeit blind, method for the removal of lipomas. Larger or poorly encapsulated tumors were acknowledged to be at a greater risk for recurrence probably because of an unrecognized residua. Just as li
Venous duplex imaging: Should it replace hemodynamic tests for deep venous thrombosis?

Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis has traditionally relied on detection of alterations in venous hemodynamics. Although phleborheography is among the most sensitive tests, it is inadequate for diagnosing infrapopliteal and nonocclusive proximal thrombi and for surveillance of patients at high risk for deep venous thrombosis. Venous duplex imaging is a new technique being rapidly accepted, however, without the same critical analysis given to previous diagnostic modalities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic acumen of venous duplex imaging compared to phleborheography and ascending phlebography in two distinct patient groups, and to determine whether patient selection, and thus the location or magnitude of thrombi have significant influence on these diagnostic tests. One hundred ten extremities in 103 patients were prospectively evaluated with venous duplex imaging, phleborheography, and ascending phlebography within the same 24-hour period. Patients were categorized into one of two groups: Diagnostic--patients evaluated because of clinical suspicion of acute deep venous thrombosis; and Surveillance--patients at high risk of postoperative deep venous thrombosis after total joint replacement, but not symptomatic. Patients in the diagnostic group had a greater frequency of deep venous thrombosis (p less than 0.001) and significantly more occluding above-knee thrombi (p = 0.054) compared to those in the surveillance group. Phleborheography detected 73% (27/37) of above-knee thrombi in the diagnostic group compared to 29% (2/7) in the surveillance group (p = 0.036). This difference was not noted with venous duplex imaging, which detected 100% of above-knee thrombi in both diagnostic and surveillance groups and 78% (7/9) of all below-knee thrombi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carnap, Formalism, and Informal Rigour†

Carnap's position on mathematical truth in The Logical Syntax of Language has been attacked from two sides: Kreisel argues that it is formalistic but should not be, and Friedman argues that it is not formalistic but needs to be. In this paper I argue that the Carnap of Syntax does not eliminate our ordinary notion of mathematical truth in favour of a formal analogue; so Carnap's notion of mathematical truth is not formalistic. I further argue that there is no conflict between Carnap's use of informal notions and his principle of tolerance; so Carnap's definition of mathematical truth need not be formalistic.
Mechanical Design of Lambertson Magnets for Injection into the Energy Saver

The design concept adopted for injection Lambertson magnets for Fermilab Energy Saver is described. The features discussed are lamination stacks and vacuum system.
Altered phosphorylation of growth-associated protein B50/GAP-43 in Alzheimer disease with high neurofibrillary tangle density

Abstract The growth-associated phosphoprotein B50/GAP-43, associated with axonal proliferation and regeneration, was isolated from superior temporal gyrus (area 22) of seven control and eight Alzheimer disease (AD) postmortem human brains. Membrane and cytoplasmic proteins were fractionated and B50/GAP-43 was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and gel electrophoresis. B50/GAP-43 was identified with rabbit polyclonal antibodies 4P3 (generated against the calmodulin binding domain of B50/GAP-43) and 1B5 (generated against whole bovine B50/GAP-43). B50/GAP-43 protein was further separated into phosphorylated and dephosphorylated species by calmodulin-Sepharose chromatography. The amounts of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated B50/GAP-43 forms were determined by electrophoresis, protein staining, and densitometry. Data on the relative phosphorylation of B50/GAP-43 protein in membrane and cytoplasmic fractions show a 10-fold difference in the ratio of cytoplasmic/membrane phosphorylation of B50/GAP-43 in AD brains with high neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) density compared to AD brains with low NFT density. This difference is due to a decreased percentage of phosphorylated B50/GAP-43 in the membrane fraction relative to that in the cytosolic fraction from high NFT density. No analogous relationship was found between the phosphorylation of B50/GAP-43 and the density of neuritic plaques in the brains examined. These data indicate differential distribution of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated B50/GAP-43 in normal and AD brains is related to NFT density but not to neuritic plaque density.
Electromechanically switchable diamagnetism for efficient terahertz modulation

A meta-surface with electromechanically switchable diamagnetic terahertz meta-molecules is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The presented reconfigurable meta-surface enables record-high modulation depths and modulation bandwidths at terahertz frequencies, without a compromise on modulation speed and modulation voltage.
High-Efficiency Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Application

In this paper, a contactless charging system for an electric vehicle (EV) battery is proposed. The system consists of three parts: 1) a high-frequency power supply from a full-bridge inverter with frequency modulation; 2) a loosely coupled transformer that utilizes series resonant capacitors for both the primary and secondary windings; and 3) a rectification output circuit that uses a full-bridge diode rectifier. With carefully selected compensation network parameters, zero-voltage switching can be ensured for all the primary switches within the full range of an EV battery charging procedure, which allows the use of low ON-state resistance power MOSFETs to achieve high-frequency operation and system efficiency. The design of loosely coupled transformer is simulated and verified by finite element analysis software. For a 4-kW hardware prototype, the peak dc–dc efficiency reaches 98% and 96.6% under 4- and 8-cm air gap conditions, respectively. The prototype was tested with an electronic load and a home-modified EV to verify the performance of constant current and constant voltage control and their transitions.