cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic study of (La1−xGdx)1.85Sr0.15CuO4 (0≤x≤1): structure, superconductivity, resistivity, and magnetic properties

A room-temperature structural phase diagram has been determined in (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Gd}}_{\mathit{x}}$${)}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ system (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1). There exist three stable phases (T, ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and T'), in which the local Cu-O unit is an octahedron, a pyramid, and a square, respectively. The Jahn-Teller distortion is reduced in the order of T, ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$, and T'. For each phase, there is a solubility region. No magnetic ordering is found in the T and ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$ phase, both of which exhibit paramagnetism with a constant Gd magnetic moment consistent with that of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$. In ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, the initial susceptibility indicates a N\'eel state in the Cu-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ plane at ${T}_{N}$=285 K and another magnetic transition at low temperature. ${T}_{N}$ is not sensitive to the Sr doping at all, indicating that extra holes cannot be doped onto the Cu-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ plane. While the ${T}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and T' phases are insulating, exhibiting a variable-range hopping behavior, the Gd-doped (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Gd}}_{\mathit{x}}$${)}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (x\ensuremath{\le}0.1) is superconducting with ${T}_{c}$ reducing with increasing Gd concentration. The suppression of ${T}_{c}$ is not due to a variation of the electron-boson coupling strength which remains unchanged in the system, but correlates closely with the low-temperature resistivity anomaly. Such an anomaly can be best described by a logarithmic temperature dependence.
Persistence pays off for PCOS gene prospectors

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of anovulatory infertility associated with hyperandrogenemia/hyperandrogenism. Based on observations demonstrating familial clustering of PCOS, which are consistent with a genetic component to the disorder, there has been worldwide interest in the identification of genes that contribute to disease risk (1). The incidence of PCOS is thought to be similar across different racial and ethnic groups, affecting 5–7% of women of reproductive age, despite phenotypic differences in its expression among different populations (2). Thus, it can be assumed that similar genes or gene networks may be involved in PCOS across populations.
Experimental method for the measurement of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone tissue

A procedure has been developed to measure the elastic modulus of small, irregularly shaped specimens without significantly disturbing the specimen's internal or surface structure. This procedure was developed to measure the average elastic modulus of isolated trabeculae from human cancellous bone tissue. The procedure combines direct testing of a cantilever beam-type specimen, along with finite element modeling of the specimen and the testing conditions. Initial estimates for the bone tissue material properties are input into the finite element model; differences between the calculated finite element displacement and the experimentally observed displacement allows the actual material modulus to be determined. Machined aluminum and cortical bone specimens were used to test the accuracy and repeatability of the procedure. Manipulations of the finite element models were performed to examine the effect that mesh construction errors might have on the accuracy of the results. None of the parameters examined resulted in changes in the measured finite element displacements of greater than 8%. In tests on six trabecular bone speciments, an average elastic modulus of 7.8 GPa was calculated. Even taking into account the possible sources of error, this value remains significantly less than the accepted value for cortical bone.
Suggested classification of stream trophic state: distributions of temperate stream types by chlorophyll, total nitrogen, and phosphorus

Abstract Aquatic scientists and managers have no conventional mechanism with which to characterize and compare nutrients and algal biomass in streams within a broader context analogous to trophic state categorization in lakes by chlorophyll (chl) and nutrients. We analyzed published data for a large number of distinct, temperate, stream sites for mean benthic chl ( n =286), maximum benthic chl ( n =176), sestonic chl ( n =292), total nitrogen ( n =1070), and total phosphorus ( n =1366) as a first effort to establish criteria for trophic boundaries. Two classification systems are proposed. In the first system, the boundary between oligotrophic and mesotrophic categories is defined by the lower third of the cumulative distribution of the values. The mesotrophic–eutrophic boundary is defined by the upper third of the distribution. In the second system, individual streams are placed more precisely in a broad geographic context by assessing the proportion of streams that have greater or lesser nutrient and chl values. The proposed relationships for streams were compared to trophic criteria published for lakes. The proposed trophic boundaries for streams generally include a broader range of values in the mesotrophic range than conventional criteria for lakes. The ratio of maximum to mean benthic chl for streams was significantly higher than that found for planktonic chl in lakes, reflecting the greater variance in streams. This high variance in streams suggests that the proposed stream trophic criteria should be viewed only as a general first approach to categorizing stream ecosystems.
Dissecting the functions of conserved prolines within transmembrane helices of the D2 dopamine receptor.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contain a number of conserved proline residues in their transmembrane helices, and it is generally assumed these play important functional and/or structural roles. Here we use unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, employing α-hydroxy acids and proline analogues, to examine the functional roles of five proline residues in the transmembrane helices of the D2 dopamine receptor. The well-known tendency of proline to disrupt helical structure is important at all sites, while we find no evidence for a functional role for backbone amide cis–trans isomerization, another feature associated with proline. At most proline sites, the loss of the backbone NH is sufficient to explain the role of the proline. However, at one site, P210^(5.50), a substituent on the backbone N appears to be essential for proper function. Interestingly, the pattern in functional consequences that we see is mirrored in the pattern of structural distortions seen in recent GPCR crystal structures.
BIFUNCTIONALITY OF PALLADIUM-BASED CATALYSTS USED IN THE REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE BY METHANE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

Abstract We have studied the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide by methane over palladium on several acidic and non-acidic supports in the presence of excess oxygen. We have found that the acidity of the support promotes the nitric oxide conversion. Both palladium and acid sites are necessary to achieve high catalytic activity. On Pd/H-ZSM-5 catalysts, the level of palladium loading is important. The activity and selectivity for nitric oxide reduction pass through a maximum with increasing Pd wt.-%. On low palladium loading catalysts, the activity and selectivity also reach a maximum with increasing oxygen concentration. The H-ZSM-5 support was not unique in promoting the activity of palladium, but it was the most effective among the acidic supports investigated when palladium was directly supported on it. Enhancements in activity and selectivity were also observed when acidic materials were mechanically mixed with a Pd/SiO 2 catalyst. In this case, the most effective material to promote the activity of palladium was sulfated zirconia. Therefore, it seems that the acidity is more important than the zeolitic structure in determining the activity of these catalysts. The observed catalytic behavior is consistent with a two-step bifunctional mechanism previously proposed for the nitric oxide reduction on Ga and In/H-ZSM-5 catalysts.
Differential expression patterns of two cellulose synthase genes are associated with primary and secondary cell wall development in aspen trees

The quality and quantity of cellulose deposited in the primary and secondary cell walls of plants vary in accordance with their biological function. However, the molecular basis of such cellulose heterogeneity has so far remained unclear. Since enrichment of better-quality cellulose, in terms of increased degree of polymerization and crystallinity, is one of the goals of forest biotechnology, our main objective is to decipher the roles of distinct cellulose synthase (CesA) genes in tree development, with special reference to wood production. Here, we report two full-length CesA cDNAs, PtrCesA3 and PtrCesA4, from an economically important tree aspen (Populus tremuloides). PtrCesA3 is orthologous to the Arabidopsis AtCesA4 gene involved in secondary wall formation, whereas PtrCesA4 is orthologous to the Arabidopsis AtCesA1 gene involved in primary cell wall formation. To define the specific cell types expressing these CesA genes, we explored the natural distribution patterns of PtrCesA3 and PtrCesA4 transcripts in a variety of aspen organs, such as leaves, petiole, stem, and roots, using in situ hybridization with hypervariable region-specific antisense riboprobes. Such a side-by-side comparison suggested that PtrCesA3 is exclusively expressed in secondary-wall-forming cells of xylem and phloem fibers, whereas PtrCesA4 is predominantly expressed in primary-wall-forming expanding cells in all aspen organs examined. These findings suggest a functionally distinct role for each of these two types of PtrCesAs during primary and secondary wall biogenesis in aspen trees, and that such functional distinction appears to be conserved between annual herbaceous plants and perennial trees.
Heat transfer characterization of the solidification process resulting from a spray forming process

Spray forming is achieved by atomizing a liquid metal sheet with an inert gas to form molten droplets, which are then subsequently deposited onto a moving cold substrate. During spray deposition processes, the developing pre-form loses thermal energy through a combination of heat transfer processes. To investigate such issues, a heat transfer model was developed to simulate the pre-form growth. This investigation involves the simultaneous heat transfer in the growing solid and mushy/melt region. The deposition rate is assumed to be continuous rather than discrete. Thus, the heat transfer process describing the growth of the deposit layer is mathematically formulated employing a continuous flow assumption. The influence of the system's controllable parameters such as substrate temperature and velocity, mass deposition rate, the superheat of the impinging metal droplets and environment conditions in the spray chamber on the final deposit and solidification are presented. All the parameters are found to have significant impact on the deposit development.
Legitimacies, Indian Identities, and the Law: The Politics of Sex and the Creation of History in Colonial New England

In an early-eighteenth-century legal contest on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, an Indian leader, Jacob Seeknout, appealed a ruling that undermined his political authority. Seeknout's lawyer, Benjamin Hawes, crafted an argument that intertwined the sexual legitimacy of Seeknout's ancestors with his political legitimacy; at the same time, Hawes also linked Indians' collective chastity as a “nation” to their sovereign status. This paper examines the economic, religious, criminal, and historical contexts of this argument, exploring the history of Indians' conjugal practices and their reinvention as the criminal acts of fornication. The case illustrates some of the diverse sources of early American law, links between these legal structures and colonialism, and the importance for scholars of attending to the local level in exploring the power of colonial law to shape new racial identities.
Courtship and remating in field populations of Drosophila

Abstract Abstract. Data on courtship and remating in field populations of Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster were gathered to determine whether the timing of female remating was related to the number of sperm females retain in storage. Several types of female rejection behaviour commonly terminated courtships, and did so after brief courtships. Efficacious rejections by females are necessary to any hypothesis that relies upon female influences on the timing of remating. To examine the sperm load of remating females, mating pairs were collected and separated as they initiated copulation, well before sperm transfer had occurred. When subsequently cultured in the laboratory, females from these interrupted matings produced significantly fewer progeny than randomly collected non-mating females. The difference in progeny production between remating and control females was significantly greater for D. melanogaster than for D. simulans , but in both species females carried fewer than average number of sperm at the time of remating. Correspondence (and the lack of it) between these field observations and those obtained in different laboratory-based experimental set-ups is discussed.
Preventing dance injuries: current perspectives

Dancers are clearly athletes in the degree to which sophisticated physical capacities are required to perform at a high level. The standard complement of athletic attributes - muscular strength and endurance, anaerobic and aerobic energy utilization, speed, agility, coordination, motor control, and psychological readiness - all are essential to dance performance. In dance, as in any athletic activity, injuries are prevalent. This paper presents the research background of dance injuries, characteristics that distinguish dance and dancers from traditional sports and athletes, and research-based perspectives into how dance injuries can be reduced or prevented, including the factors of physical training, nutrition and rest, flooring, dancing en pointe, and specialized health care access for dancers. The review concludes by offering five essential components for those involved with caring for dancers that, when properly applied, will assist them in decreasing the likelihood of dance-related injury and ensuring that dancers receive optimum attention from the health care profession: (1) screening; (2) physical training; (3) nutrition and rest; (4) specialized dance health care; and (5) becoming acquainted with the nature of dance and dancers.
Determination of net flux of 14 amino acids inTetrahymena pyriformis

1. Influx of14C-labeled aspartate, leucine and glycine intoT. pyriformis occurs from substrate concentrations as low as 1 μM. The relation between concentration and the rate of influx of14C-aspartate is adequately described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, suggesting a carrier-mediated pathway. The influx of14C-labeled leucine and glycine requires an additional term for diffusional exchange, or a second carrier-mediated system. 2. Fluorometric determination of changes in primary amines in the medium showed a steady increase with time, regardless of the amino acid substrate supplied in the medium, provided the ambient concentration is 25 μM or less. At an ambient amino acid concentration of 70 μM, net entry of primary amines was observed. 3. Changes in the ambient level of 14 amino acids supplied at initial levels of 0.5 μM and 5.0 μM are studied using high pressure liquid chromatography. There was a net increase in total amino acids in the medium at the lower substrate level (7.0 μM total) and a net decrease at the higher level (70 μM). Observance of a net increase or decrease in the medium of specific amino acids depends on the level supplied initially and the particular substrate. 4. We conclude that carrier-mediated influx of labeled substrate may be accompanied by a net entry or net loss of that substrate. A general model of amino acid transport is provided. In addition, our findings suggest that influx of free amino acids, intoT. pyriformis from low environmental concentrations plays only a minor role, if any, in providing nutrients.
A numerical method for solving variable coefficient elliptic equation with interfaces

A new 2nd order accurate numerical method on non-body-fitting grids is proposed for solving the variable coefficient elliptic equation in disjoint subdomains @W^+/- separated by interfaces @C. The variable coefficients, the source term, and hence the solution itself and its derivatives may be discontinuous across the interfaces. Jump conditions in solution and its co-normal derivative at interface are prescribed. Instead of smooth, the interfaces are only required to be Lipschitz continuous as submanifold. A weak formulation is developed, the existence, uniqueness and regularity of the solutions are studied. The numerical method is derived by discretizing the weak formulation. The method is different from traditional finite element methods. Extensive numerical experiments are presented and show that the method is 2nd order accurate in solution and 1st order accurate in its gradient in L^~ norm if the interface is C^2 and solutions are C^2 on the closures of the subdomains. The method can handle the problems when the solutions and/or the interfaces are weaker than C^2. For example, [email protected]?H^2(@W^+/-), @C is Lipschitz continuous and their singularities coincide, see Example 18 in Section 4. The accuracies of the method under various circumstances are listed in Table 19.
Quasi‐Classical Trajectory Studies of H + HX → H2 + X (X = Cl, Br, I) Reaction at High Collision Energy

Quasi-classical trajectory calculations have been performed to investigate the dynamics of the H+HX→H 2 +X reactions, where X=Cl, Br, and I. Calculations were performed for two collision energies, 16 and 36 kcal mol −1 . The results show that the dynamics of the abstraction reactions at these high collision energies are rather unusual. The product energy and angular distributions can be accounted for by a mechanism that involves an isolated interaction between the two H atoms in the system to form H 2 followed by hard-sphere scattering of this newly formed H 2 off the X atom
The Shanghai Corporate Pavilion design for World Expo in Shanghai 2010

New technologies are becoming today’s basic building blocks. This paper presents a case study of the Shanghai Corporate Pavilion for the 2010World Expo in Shanghai. From the shape of the building to the use of solar energy, the Shanghai Corporate Pavilion incorporates the state-of-art technologies to convey the spirit of the architecture. It addresses the pressing issue of energy, environment, and sustainability and reflects the spirit of Shanghai as a historically progressive yet still fast moving international metropolis.
Adaptive weighted highpass filters using multiscale analysis

We propose a general framework for studying a class of weighted highpass filters. Our framework, based on a multiscale signal decomposition, allows us to study a wide class of filters and to assess the merits of each. We derive an automatic procedure to tune a filter to the local structure of the image under consideration. The entire algorithm is fully automatic and requires no parameter specification from the user. Several simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
A radar array to locate buried landmines using the radar/acoustic technique

An array of compact, inexpensive radars has been developed that utilizes commercial Doppler radar transceivers and box horn array antennas operating in the near field. The 25 x 25 radar unit array acts as a set of vibrometers that detect the acoustic mechanical resonances of buried land mines by sensing the ground motion above them. Operating with the antenna apertures 35 cm above the ground, spatial resolution, grid spacing, and location accuracy are 10 cm. The outputs of each radar unit, voltages directly proportional to the amplitude of the ground vibration displacement, include in-phase and quadrature components that are digitized to 18 bits resolution. A portable PC based LabVIEW program serves as the data processor to provide 25 simultaneous DFT spectra that isolate the mine resonances. Tests showed that the radar derived spectra are clearly discernible but, to some extent, subject to fluctuations due to coherent scattering from features on rough ground surface. One partially successful attempt to ameliorate these fluctuations is discussed.
Utility of urinary cytology for diagnosing human polyoma virus infection in transplant recipients: A study of 37 cases with electron microscopic analysis

Human polyoma vines (HPOV) infection is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and renal transplant dysfunction/allograft loss. We evaluated the utility of cytologic examination to detect HPOV infection in 37 urinary cytology (UC) samples (3 bladder washings, and 34 voided samples) from 29 transplant patients, compared to electron microscopic studies (EMS). Evidence of viral infection was found in 11 specimens (30%). Five cases were diagnosed as HPOV by both UC and EMS. One was positive for HPOV by EMS only. Two cases diagnosed as HPOV by UC were demonstrated to be adenovirus (AV) with EMS. Two cases diagnosed as cytomegalovirus (CMV) by EMS had negative UC. One was called HPOV by UC; EMS in this case was negative. Compared to EMS, the sensitivity and specificity of UC for detecting HPOV were 83% and 90%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 63% and a negative predictive value of 96%. We conclude that UC is a relatively sensitive and specific method for detecting active HPOV infection in transplant patients, and is important in light of the clinical significance of HPOV infection in transplant recipients. The sensitivity and accuracy of UC for diagnosing HPOV can be increased by adding EMS.
Consumer Trust and Advice Acceptance: The Moderating Roles of Benevolence, Expertise, and Negative Emotions

I explored advice acceptance for high-stakes decisions (i.e., those with subjectively important and risky outcomes), focusing on the relative influence of two components of consumer trust—benevolence and expertise—as well as perceived emotional decision difficulty. Participants solicited advice from experts when their decisions were low in perceived emotional difficulty but favored the advice of predominantly benevolent providers when making highly emotionally difficult decisions. Although consumers who faced emotionally difficult decisions were willing to trade off expertise for benevolence, they did not perceive this non-normative trade-off to influence decision quality. Instead, the results support a “stress buffering” effect whereby consumers were more confident in the accuracy of predominantly benevolent providers’ advice.
Imaging Gold Nanorods by Plasmon-Resonance-Enhanced Four Wave Mixing

The current work investigates the four-wave mixing (FWM) signal from gold nanorods (NRs) using two synchronized lasers and its potential applications in bioimaging. Using the lightning rod model, we show that the strongest FWM occurs when the pump laser wavelength is tuned to be resonant with the longitudinal plasmon resonance wavelength of NR. The calculation is experimentally demonstrated by comparing the intensities of FWM from NRs with different plasmon resonance wavelengths. The FWM signal is further found to be enhanced by aggregation of NRs and is strongly dependent on pulse width. The FWM intensity from NRs is ∼39 times stronger than the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering intensity from melamine beads. This plasmon-resonance-enhanced FWM signal enables NRs to be used as a nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging probe.
Depth profile detection limit of 3×1015 atom cm−3 for As in Si using Cs+ bombardment negative secondary ion mass spectrometry

Depth profiles of As‐implanted silicon samples have been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry in order to establish a practical detection limit for As in Si. By monitoring the AsSi− species, produced in high yield by Cs+ ion bombardment, it is shown that As is detectable down to a background count limit of ∼3×1015 atom cm−3 (50 ppb) during a depth profile of a 250‐μm square area.
A New Upper Limit to the Galactic Deuterium-to-Hydrogen Ratio

THE detection of the 21-cm. hydrogen line, in 1951, created interest in the possibility of detecting a similar deuterium line at a wave-length of 91.6 cm. By comparing the strengths of the two lines, the galactic deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio, ND/NH, could be determined. This quantity is of astrophysical interest because it will give information about the composition and nucleogenesis of the interstellar medium1,2.
Unexpected effects of perinatal gonadal hormone manipulations on sexual differentiation of the extrahypothalamic arginine-vasopressin system in prairie voles

The sexually dimorphic extrahypothalamic arginine-vasopressin (AVP) projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the lateral septum (LS) and lateral habenula (LHb) are denser in males than females and, in rats, require males' perinatal exposure to gonadal hormones but the absence of such exposure in females. We examined perinatal hormone effects on development of this sex difference in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), which show atypical effects of hormones on sexual differentiation of some reproductive behaviors. Neonatal castration reduced the number of AVP mRNA-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and AVP immunoreactivity (ir) in the LS and LHb. Surprisingly, daily injections of 1000 μg of testosterone propionate (TP) during the first postnatal week did not maintain high levels of AVP-ir in neonatally castrated males. Furthermore, perinatal treatments with TP (75, 500, or 1000 μg), testosterone (100 μg), or dihydrotestosterone (200 μg) did not masculinize AVP-ir in the female LS or LHb. In fact, 1000 μg TP reduced it in some cases. However, 1000 μg TP lengthened anogenital distance, indicating that TP was biologically active. Neonatal estrogen receptor antagonism with tamoxifen reduced AVP-ir in the male LS, whereas treating neonatal females with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol increased septal AVP-ir. Tamoxifen and diethylstilbestrol had no effects in the LHb. Similar to rats, therefore, postnatal estrogen influences some components of the extrahypothalamic AVP system in prairie voles, but this developing system appears to be insensitive to exogenous androgens, including aromatizable androgens. Such insensitivity is atypical for a sexually dimorphic neural system in a rodent and may reflect the unusual effects of hormones on sexual differentiation of some behaviors in prairie voles.
Field-scale variability in optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate for corn

Applying only as much N fertilizer as is needed by a crop has economic and environmental benefits. Understanding variability in need for N fertilizer within individual fields is necessary to guide approaches to meeting crop needs while minimizing N inputs and losses. Our objective was to characterize the spatial variability of corn (Zea mays L.) N need in production corn fields. Eight experiments were conducted in three major soil areas (Mississippi Delta alluvial, deep loess, clay-pan) over 3 yr. Treatments were field-length strips of discrete N rates from 0 to 280 kg N ha - 1 . Yield data were partitioned into 20-m increments, and a quadratic-plateau function was used to describe yield response to N rate for each 20-m section. Economically optimal N fertilizer rate (EONR) was very different between fields and was also highly variable within fields. Median EONR for individual fields ranged from 63 to 208 kg N ha - 1 , indicating a need to manage N fertilizer differently for different fields. In seven of the eight fields, a uniform N application at the median EONR would cause more than half of the field to be over- or underfertilized by at least 34 kg N ha - 1 . Coarse patterns of spatial variability in EONR were observed in some fields, but fine and complex patterns were also observed in most fields. This suggests that the use of a few appropriate management zones per field might produce some benefits but that N management systems using spatially dense information have potential for greater benefits. Our results suggest that further attempts to develop systems for predicting and addressing spatially variable N needs are justified in these production environments.
Down-regulation of uPAR and cathepsin B retards cofilin dephosphorylation.

Cathepsin B and uPAR play key roles in cancer cell migration and invasion. Here, we demonstrate that the simultaneous, siRNA-mediated downregulation of uPAR and cathepsin B inhibits glioma cell migration and is accompanied by cytoskeletal condensation. We show that the dephosphorylation of cofilin is inhibited by the downregulation of uPAR alone and, to a lesser extent, by the downregulation of cathepsin B alone, and that the effect was much higher by the downregulation of both molecules by pUC. Using FACS analysis and western blotting for the αVβ3 integrin heterodimer, we determined that downregulating uPAR subsequently causes the downregulation of the αVβ3 integrin heterodimer. As evidenced from the western blot analysis of ERK1/2, pERK1/2, p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, AKT, pAKT and PI3-k, the MEK and PI3-k pathways are inhibited. From the cytoskeleton studies, we observed that the downregulation of uPAR caused cytoskeletal condensation and that the simultaneous downregulation of uPAR and cathepsin B was even more effective at inducing cytoskeletal condensation than uPAR alone. Our results demonstrate the relevance of uPAR in cytoskeletal dynamics and the potential of uPAR and cathepsin B as targets in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Possible source of error in studies of enzymatic formation of dimethyltryptamine.

Abstract In the present report on assay of an enzyme derived from red blood cells capable of catalyzing the formation of DMT from C14-SAM, as a methyl donor, and appropriate precursor is described. We used a hemoglobin free soluble fraction of the red cell as an enzyme source. Enzyme protein was incubated with C14 -SAM and N-methyltryptamine. Enzyme activity was low but reproducible, and over 80% of extractable radioactivity was authentic DMT product. The product of incubation was identified by chromatography and co-crystallization with authentic DMT carrier. In contrast to the above procedure, if hemoglobin rich undialysed supernate was used as the enzyme source, and C14 -SAM in ethanol as the methyl donor, only 11% of the recovered radioactivity migrated with authentic DMT carrier and 89% was confined to the 2 methyltetrahydrobetacarboline (THBC) on TLC. In the hemoglobin rich fraction of the red cell supernate formation of THBC predominates. Formation of C14 -formaldehyde from C14 -SAM via methanol in the red cell and non-enzymatic condensation with indoleamine substrates followed by formation of THBC is discussed. Proof of THBC formation is presented.
Human Perceptions of Nonverbal Behavior Presented Using Synthetic Humans

Synthetic humans are computer-generated characters that are designed to behave like humans for the purpose of training or entertainment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of subjects interacting with synthetic humans to determine their responses to nonverbal behaviors, realism, and character personality. This study was part of a research program to develop a virtual game to train awareness of nonverbal communication for cross-cultural competency (3C).Three synthetic humans were created with different levels of realism with respect to their facial movements and skin textures. Low realism characters were defined as models purchased from the company Evolver, with additional facial action units (FAU) added to the character’s face. High realism characters were created based on a model of a real person’s head using 3D imaging cameras and a digital video camera. The same FAUs available in the Evolver characters were also coded into the high realism character as well as more realistic skin texture. During a virtual scenario the subject was asked to interview three characters in the U.S. Army. The subject interviewed each character one-on-one. The three computer characters included two white males, and one black female.The results of this study showed that it is possible to create synthetic humans that include nonverbal behaviors and personalities that are perceived by subjects, and that the subject’s own personal lens affected how they perceive the character. For example, the character Brent was rated similarly by most subjects with respect to personality traits as defined by the Big Five Factor Model. However, half the subjects indicated they liked him (friendly and confident), while about half the subjects did not like him (too confident as to be arrogant).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Sub-80-nm contact hole patterning using Step and Flash Imprint Lithography

Recently, the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) has included imprint lithography on its roadmap, to be ready for production use in 2013 at the 32 nm node. Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL TM ) is one of the promising new methods of imprint lithography being actively developed. Since S-FIL is a 1X printing technique, fabrication of templates is especially critical. S-FIL has previously demonstrated the ability to reliably print high resolution line/space and contact hole features into a silicon-rich etch barrier material. Beyond printing with S-FIL however, there is the requirement to develop low or zero bias, high selectivity dry etch processes needed to transfer printed images into the substrate. In this study, the feasibility and methodology of imprinting sub-80 nm contacts, and pattern transferring this image into an underlying oxide layer is demonstrated. Critical parameters such as e-beam dose and etch biases associated with template pillar fabrication, and biases associated with pattern transfer processes for sub-80 nm 1:1 and 1:2 pitch contacts are discussed. Wafer imprinting was done on 200 mm wafers using Molecular Imprints Inc., Imprio 100 TM system.
Trellis coded vector quantization

A vector generalization of trellis coded quantization (TCQ), called trellis coded vector quantization (TCVQ), and experimental results showing its performance for an i.i.d. Gaussian source are presented. For a given rate, TCVQ yields a lower distortion that TCQ at the cost of an increase in implementation complexity. In addition, TCVQ allows fractional rates, which TCQ does not. >
A new approach for ductile fracture prediction on Al 2024-T351 alloy

Abstract The aim of this investigation is to establish a universal, accurate and efficient fracture criterion for ductile metals. First, new experiments including pure torsion, uniaxial tension followed by torsion and non-proportional biaxial compression on the Al 2024-T351 alloy are presented. These experimental results, along with published data on same material by Stoughton and Yoon (2011) , are used to establish a phenomenological fracture criterion using the magnitude of stress vector and the first invariant of stress tensor. The results are compared to, and shown better than, the maximum shear stress fracture criterion proposed by Stoughton and Yoon, J 2 fracture criterion and the Xue–Wierzbicki fracture criterion. Moreover, the proposed fracture criterion is used to correlate the ductile fracture data of another aluminium alloy published by Brunig et al. (2008) .
Control of Threshold Voltage on the Excimer Laser Annealed Poly-Si TFTs by Oxygen Plasma Treatment on Poly-Si Surface

Oxygen plasma treatment was performed on the excimer laser annealed poly-Si surface, followed by gate oxide deposition with low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) in order to control the threshold voltage of excimer laser annealed poly-Si thin film transistors (TFTs). Threshold voltages of n-channel TFTs increase from 0.4 to 2.8 V by varying the treatment time from 0 to 7 min. It is shown the effective charge density increased toward negative direction with increase of the treatment time. In addition to the increase of threshold voltage, the oxygen plasma treatment on the Si surface led to an increase in the deposition rate of LPCVD oxide films with an apparent reduction of carbon around the interface between gate insulator and poly-Si film after oxygen plasma treatment.
Power supply noise control in pseudo functional test

Pseudo functional K Longest Path Per Gate (KLPG) test (PKLPG) is proposed to generate delay tests that test the longest paths while having power supply noise similar to that seen during normal functional operation. Our experimental results show that PKLPG is more vulnerable to under-testing than traditional two-cycle transition fault test. In this work, a simulation-based X'Filling method, Bit-Flip, is proposed to maximize the power supply noise during PKLPG test. Given a set of partially-specified scan patterns, random filling is done and then an iterative procedure is invoked to flip some of the filled bits, to increase the effective weighted switching activity (WSA). Experimental results on both compacted and uncompacted test patterns are presented. The results demonstrate that our method can significantly increase effective WSA while limiting the fill rate.
Age and vocational choice.

(1946). Age and Vocational Choice. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 131-134.
On the psychophysical law and estimation procedures in psychophysical scaling

A general formulation of the power law is presented which has two special features: (1) negative exponents are admissible; and (2) the log law is a special limiting case. Estimation procedures, which provide joint estimates of the exponent and the absolute threshold, are derived for the direct ratio scaling methods. A solution is provided for theaveraging problem for ratio production and bisection scaling, two methods generating observations on the physical scale, and Monte Carlo methods are used to evaluate the resulting estimators.
Primary production and the anchovy population in the Southern California Bight: Comparison of time series1

Two new time series for the Southern California Bight are presented: anchovy biomass, 1951-1979, and primary production, estimated for the years 1920-1979 from 15 cruises conducted between 1974 and 1979. Annual and longer term averages show little relationship to each other except that values for both were low in the climatically warm water years 19571958. The primary production time series is similar to two existing time series: CalCOFI zooplankton in the bight and microplankton in Santa Monica Bay, 1951-1966. Thus estimated primary production does reflect the carrying capacity of these waters for lower trophic level consumers. Seasonal averages of anchovy larvae are highest in the winter and spring quarters when primary production is increasing. Interannual variation was pronounced in both seasonal average primary production and seasonal average abundance of anchovy larvae. About 50% of the variation in number of anchovy larvae was explained by variation in primary production in the same quarter and zooplankton standing stock three quarters earlier. In 1966, the year of maximum anchovy abundance, the energy expended in anchovy egg production was equivalent to about 1.8% of primary production. The anchovy ration was about 18% of primary production. The ratio of zooplankton biomass to primary production was highest in years when anchovy biomass was greatest.
Formation in Vitro and in Vivo of the Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide Analogue of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide by Lung Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Glycohydrolase

Mammalian lungs have relatively high levels of NAD glycohydrolase activity. The enzyme in this organ appears to occur exclusively in membrane fractions with high activities in the 25,000 x g and 105,000 x g sediments. Isolated rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages exhibited no enzyme activity, either as intact cells or as sonicated suspensions. The membrane-bound enzyme from rat lung was shown to have a broad pH optimum (5.9-6.9) and low NADP glycohydrolase activity. The enzyme was "insensitive" to isoniazid (INH), and, among a group of congeners tested, only nicotinamide, a reaction product, was a potent inhibitor. Transglycosidase activity in vitro , as measured spectrophotometrically and chromatographically, was observed in the presence of INH. Formation of the INH analogue of NAD in vitro was inhibited by nicotinamide. To examine lung transglycosidase activity in vivo , [14C]INH was injected intravenously into rats and the lungs were extracted and analyzed for the oxidized nucleotide analogue. Identification of significant levels of isotope covalently linked in the nucleotide support transglycosidase activity in vivo . The half-life of the analogue ( t 1/2 ∼ 60 min) in the lung was approximately twice that of the total organ 14C decay rate ( t l/2 ∼ 28 min). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author acknowledges the excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Sandra Gipson.
A CTRP5 Gene S163R mutation Knock-In Mouse Model for Late-Onset Retinal Degeneration

Late-onset retinal macular degeneration (L-ORD) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by a single missense mutation (S163R) in the CTRP5/C1QTNF5 protein. Early phenotypic features of L-ORD include: dark adaptation abnormalities, nyctalopia, and drusen deposits in the peripheral macular region. Apart from posterior segment abnormalities, these patients also develop abnormally long anterior lens zonules. In the sixth decade of life the rod and cone function declines, accompanied by electroretinogram (ERG) abnormalities. Some patients also develop choroidal neovascularization and glaucoma. In order to understand the disease pathology and mechanisms involved in retinal dystrophy, we generated a knock-in (Ctrp5+/−) mouse model carrying the disease-associated mutation in the mouse Ctrp5/C1QTNF5 gene. These mice develop slower rod-b wave recovery consistent with early dark adaptation abnormalities, accumulation of hyperautofluorescence spots, retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities, drusen, Bruch's membrane abnormalities, loss of photoreceptors, and retinal vascular leakage. The Ctrp5+/−mice, which have most of the pathological features of age-related macular degeneration, are unique and may serve as a valuable model both to understand the molecular pathology of late-onset retinal degeneration and to evaluate therapies.
Evaluation of the positional difference between two common geocoding methods

Geocoding, the process of matching addresses to geographic coordinates, is a necessary first step when using geographical information systems (GIS) technology. However, different geocoding methodologies can result in different geographic coordinates. The objective of this study was to compare the positional (i.e. longitude/latitude) difference between two common geocoding methods, i.e. ArcGIS (Environmental System Research Institute, Redlands, CA, USA) and Batchgeo (freely available online at http://www.batchgeo.com). Address data came from the YMCA-Harvard After School Food and Fitness Project, an obesity prevention intervention involving children aged 5-11 years and their families participating in YMCA-administered, after-school programmes located in four geographically diverse metropolitan areas in the USA. Our analyses include baseline addresses (n = 748) collected from the parents of the children in the after school sites. Addresses were first geocoded to the street level and assigned longitude and latitude coordinates with ArcGIS, version 9.3, then the same addresses were geocoded with Batchgeo. For this analysis, the ArcGIS minimum match score was 80. The resulting geocodes were projected into state plane coordinates, and the difference in longitude and latitude coordinates were calculated in meters between the two methods for all data points in each of the four metropolitan areas. We also quantified the descriptions of the geocoding accuracy provided by Batchgeo with the match scores from ArcGIS. We found a 94% match rate (n = 705), 2% (n = 18) were tied and 3% (n = 25) were unmatched using ArcGIS. Forty-eight addresses (6.4%) were not matched in ArcGIS with a match score ≥80 (therefore only 700 addresses were included in our positional difference analysis). Six hundred thirteen (87.6%) of these addresses had a match score of 100. Batchgeo yielded a 100% match rate for the addresses that ArcGIS geocoded. The median for longitude and latitude coordinates for all the data was just over 25 m. Overall, the range for longitude was 0.04-12,911.8 m, and the range for latitude was 0.02-37,766.6 m. Comparisons show minimal differences in the median and minimum values, while there were slightly larger differences in the maximum values. The majority (>75%) of the geographic differences were within 50 m of each other; mostly <25 m from each other (about 49%). Only about 4% overall were ≥400 m apart. We also found geographic differences in the proportion of addresses that fell within certain meter ranges. The match-score range associated with the Batchgeo accuracy level "approximate" (least accurate) was 84-100 (mean = 92), while the "rooftop" Batchgeo accuracy level (most accurate) delivered a mean of 98.9 but the range was the same. Although future research should compare the positional difference of Batchgeo to criterion measures of longitude/latitude (e.g. with global positioning system measurement), this study suggests that Batchgeo is a good, free-of-charge option to geocode addresses.
Non-Perturbative Approach to the Long Distance Behavior of Yang-Mills Theory and the Problem of Quark Confinement in QCD

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of interacting quarks and gluons, is a natural generalization of quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory of interacting electrons and photons. In QCD the gauge symmetry of QED is generalized to a non Abelian SU(3) local symmetry in which the vector fields transform like the octet (adjoint) representation of SU(3) and hence carry the charge (color) associated with symmetry. This means that the gluons contribute to the vacuum polarization of the color charge which determines the forces and energies in QCD. All known hadrons are color singlets, i.e., their wave functions are invariant under SU(3) color rotations. This phenomenon, called color confinement, could be explained if the solution of the equations of QCD yield long range forces which impede the separation of color charge or equivalently give infinite energy to an isolated state of non-zero color.
Quality-of-Service for a High-Radix Switch

Communication in multi-processor systems-on-chip requires guaranteed throughput and latency. If the network is unaware of ongoing communication patterns, applications may not receive their necessary bandwidth or may suffer high network latencies. Many techniques have been proposed to provide quality-of-service (QoS) in the network by regulating network traffic; however, as network sizes have increased, the complexity of these techniques has grown as well, particularly in the case of multi-hop networks.In this paper, we propose an efficient QoS implementation for a single-stage, high-radix switch, which is readily scalable to 64 nodes. In addition to best effort and guaranteed throughput services, we implement a guaranteed latency traffic class with a latency bound. Our implementation allows systems significantly larger than most current multi-core chips to be implemented without the need for difficult and complex multi-hop QoS.