cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress cages and fracture cages in stress trajectory models of wellbores: Implications for pressure management during drilling and hydraulic fracturing

Abstract This study visualizes in high resolution the stress trajectory patterns around a wellbore resulting from the interaction between the induced, effective borehole pressures with and without far-field tectonic stresses. Near-wellbore stress trajectory maps are produced using non-dimensional solutions of the stress function for balanced, overbalanced and underbalanced borehole sections. Particular attention is paid to the isotropic points, where no deviatoric stress occurs, as these mark the locations where principal stress reversals occur, an aspect that has not been highlighted before. When wellbores are overbalanced, stress cages develop, and the region occupied by a stress cage grows when the net pressure (positive) on the wellbore is much larger than the far-field principal stress. Fracture cages are a complementary phenomenon occurring in underbalanced wellbores. Fracture cages occupy larger areas when the absolute value of the (negative) net pressure grows larger relative to the far-field (native) stress state. A novel nomogram visualizes the continuous range of stress trajectories around overbalanced as well as underbalanced borehole sections, and is scalable by a single dimensionless number, 1/ζ, coined the Frac number. A proper understanding of the principal stress trajectories is extremely useful for predicting the planes of least resistance for fracture initiation. The Frac number can thus contribute to the optimization of well design and hydraulic fracture placement.
Increasing hip and knee flexion during a drop-jump task reduces tibiofemoral shear and compressive forces: implications for ACL injury prevention training.

ABSTRACTAlthough most ACL injury prevention programmes encourage greater hip and knee flexion during landing, it remains unknown how this technique influences tibiofemoral joint forces. We examined whether a landing strategy utilising greater hip and knee flexion decreases tibiofemoral anterior shear and compression. Twelve healthy women (25.9 ± 3.5 years) performed a drop-jump task before and after a training session (10–15 min) that emphasised greater hip and knee flexion. Peak tibiofemoral anterior shear and compressive forces were calculated using an electromyography (EMG)-driven knee model that incorporated joint kinematics, EMG and participant-specific muscle volumes and patella tendon orientation measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants demonstrated a decrease in peak anterior tibial shear forces (11.1 ± 3.3 vs. 9.6 ± 2.7 N · kg−1; P = 0.008) and peak tibiofemoral compressive forces (68.4 ± 7.6 vs. 62.0 ± 5.5 N · kg−1; P = 0.015) post-training. The decreased peak anterior tibia...
Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature

The current review aims to summarize the state of research on cannabis and sleep up to 2014 and to review in detail the literature on cannabis and specific sleep disorders from 2014 to the time of publication. Preliminary research into cannabis and insomnia suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of insomnia. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) may decrease sleep latency but could impair sleep quality long-term. Novel studies investigating cannabinoids and obstructive sleep apnea suggest that synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone and dronabinol may have short-term benefit for sleep apnea due to their modulatory effects on serotonin-mediated apneas. CBD may hold promise for REM sleep behavior disorder and excessive daytime sleepiness, while nabilone may reduce nightmares associated with PTSD and may improve sleep among patients with chronic pain. Research on cannabis and sleep is in its infancy and has yielded mixed results. Additional controlled and longitudinal research is critical to advance our understanding of research and clinical implications.
Creating Rural Wealth: A New Lens for Rural Development Efforts

In the aftermath of the Great Recession, economic policy is understandably focused on jobs and income. As important as these indicators are, investment that strengthens the Nation’s public and private capital base is key to long-term prosperity. Rural economic development efforts build on previous investments made in a broad range of assets, such as transportation and communication infrastructure, agricultural technologies, education and training, and preservation and development of natural resources. Recognizing the connection between rural wealth and economic prosperity, rural development practitioners have begun to focus more attention on investing in a broad set of assets and building upon linkages among different types of assets. For example, the Appalachian Regional Commission has embraced an “asset-based development” approach, emphasizing investment strategies that build upon the cultural, natural, physical, and leadership assets of Appalachian communities. The Ford Foundation has launched a program to promote wealth creation in poor rural communities that ■ Creating and maintaining a broad portfolio of wealth may be central to sustainable rural prosperity. However, the impacts that rural development strategies have on wealth and the impacts of existing wealth on those strategies are generally not well understood.
CEO Compensation Structure and Asymmetric Timely Loss Recognition - An Empirical Analysis from Debt Contracting Perspective

This paper examines the relation between CEO compensation structure and the demand for asymmetric timely loss recognition (AT) from debt contracting perspective. Prior studies demonstrate that high CEO compensation risk encourages managers to engage in risk-seeking behavior, thus intensifying agency conflicts between creditors and borrowers. By constraining managers to recognize economic losses in a timely fashion, AT is arguably to reduce managers’ incentive to undertake risky projects, and therefore creditors have greater demand for accounting conservatism when CEO compensation risk is high. We empirically test this prediction and find a positive relation between accounting conservatism and CEO compensation risk, and this positive relation is stronger for firms with high leverage. Further evidence shows that the negative relation between accounting conservatism and cost of debt increases in CEO compensation risk, suggesting that creditors value AT more in the presence of greater asset substitution problem. Last, we find that the positive relation between AT and CEO compensation vega is weakened for firms with high proportional use of short-term debt and for debt contracts containing covenants or collateral restrictions. Hence, the results indicate that accounting conservatism and other contracting mechanisms serve as substitutes in mitigating agency costs of debt arising from CEO compensation incentives.
Methods for Multiple Attribute Decision Making

There are some classical decision rules such as dominance, maximin and maximum which are still fit for the MADM environment. They do not require the DM’s preference information, and accordingly yield the objective (vs. subjective) solution. However, the right selection of these methods for the right situation is important. (See Table 1.3 for references).
Growth Patterns in the Irish Pyridoxine Nonresponsive Homocystinuria Population and the Influence of Metabolic Control and Protein Intake

A low methionine diet is the mainstay of treatment for pyridoxine nonresponsive homocystinuria (HCU). There are various guidelines for recommended protein intakes for HCU and clinical practice varies. Poor growth has been associated with low cystine levels. This retrospective review of 48 Irish pyridoxine nonresponsive HCU patients assessed weight, height, body mass index (BMI), protein intake, and metabolic control up to 18 years at nine set time points. Patients diagnosed through newborn screening (NBS) were compared to late diagnosed (LD) patients. At 18 years the LD group ( , mean age at diagnosis 5.09 years) were heavier (estimated effect +4.97 Kg, ) and taller (estimated effect +7.97 cm ) than the NBS group ( ). There was no difference in growth rate between the groups after 10 years of age. The HCU population were heavier and taller than the general population by one standard deviation with no difference in BMI. There was no association between intermittently low cystine levels and height. Three protein intake guidelines were compared; there was no difference in adult height between those who met the lowest of the guidelines (Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International) and those with a higher protein intake.
Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C. Difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with poor outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Data are scarce on efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) for recurrent CDI in IBD patients. Methods We reviewed health records of IBD patients (18 years of age or older) with recurrent CDI who underwent FMT. Outcomes of FMT for CDI were assessed on the basis of symptoms and stool test results. Results We included 145 patients (75 women [51.7%]; median age, 46 years). Median IBD duration was 8 (range, 0-47) years, 36.6% had Crohn disease, 61.4% had ulcerative colitis, and 2.1% had indeterminate colitis. Median number of prior CDI episodes was 3 (range, 3-20), and 61.4% had received vancomycin taper. Diarrhea resolved after FMT in 48 patients (33.1%) without further testing. Ninety-five patients (65.5%) underwent CDI testing owing to post-FMT recurrent diarrhea; 29 (20.0%) had positive results. After FMT, 2 patients received empiric treatment of recurrent CDI without symptom resolution, suggesting IBD was the cause of symptoms. The overall cure rate of CDI after FMT was 80.0%, without CDI recurrence at median follow-up of 9.3 (range, 0.1-51) months. Forty-three patients (29.7%) had planned IBD therapy escalation after CDI resolution; none de-escalated or discontinued IBD therapy. Overall, 7.6% had worsening IBD symptoms after FMT that were treated as new IBD flares. No clinical predictors of FMT failure were identified. Conclusions Few patients had new IBD flare after FMT. Fecal microbiota transplantation effectively treats recurrent CDI in IBD patients but has no apparent beneficial effect on the IBD course.
Abstract MP39: A Multi-component Intervention Increased Physical Activity in Preschool Children

Introduction: A majority of preschool-age children spend a significant portion of every weekday in a preschool or child care setting. Studies have shown that children in these settings spend a majority of their time in sedentary behavior and very little time in physical activity. Hypothesis: A multi-component preschool physical activity intervention will increase the amount of time young children spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and decrease the time they spend in sedentary activities, compared to children in control preschools. Methods: The study included 16 preschools with 4-year-old classrooms, paired and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention focused on increasing children’s physical activity by changing instructional practices and the classroom environment. Research staff trained preschool teachers to engage children in physical activity throughout the school day and provided physical activity materials, ongoing support and technical assistance. Intervention components included physical activity opportunities in the classroom, physical activity outdoors, and active lessons. The intervention was designed to be flexible, and research staff encouraged teachers to adapt it to their classroom environment. Four-year-old children and their parents were recruited in two waves at each school. Measures included child height and weight, child physical activity by accelerometry, and parent questionnaires, measured during the fall and spring of each wave. Mixed model analysis of covariance with preschool as a random variable tested the effects of the intervention on physical activity in the total group and by sex. Results: A total of 379 children (188 intervention and 191 control) were measured at baseline. Children were 4.5±0.4 years of age, and 50% were boys. The intervention schools included a higher percentage of white children compared to the control schools (44.2% versus 39.3%). After adjusting for wave, parent education and length of the school day (half day vs. full day), children in the intervention schools engaged in significantly more MVPA than children in the control schools (7.4±0.2 and 6.7±0.2 minutes/hour, respectively). In the sex-specific analyses, differences between intervention and control were significant for girls (6.9±02 vs. 6.1±0.2 minutes/hour of MVPA, respectively) but not for boys (7.8±03 vs. 7.3±0.3 minutes/hour, respectively). No differences in time spent in sedentary behavior were observed between intervention and control preschools. Conclusions: In conclusion, a flexible, multi-component physical activity intervention that trains teachers to provide children with opportunities to be active throughout the school day increased MVPA in preschool children.
The Cyclin/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (cdk) Complex: Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and Nuclear Disassembly

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various aspects of the cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complex. The cyclin/cdk gene families include a large and growing group of paired polypeptides which encode a cdk and a cell cycle phase-specific cyclin cofactor. The different cdks are generally present throughout the cell cycle, while the cyclins are transiently synthesized and then degraded, facilitating activation of the appropriate cdk during the appropriate cell cycle phase. In mammalian cells, regulation of the G 1 /S transition is controlled by the activities of cyclin D and cyclin E in complex association with cdk2, cdk4, cdk5, and cdk6. The increase in cdkl activity at the onset of mitosis leads to chromosome condensation and localization of the cdkl cofactor cyclin in the nucleolus. Due to its location in the nucleolus and because nucleolin contains the target phosphorylation motif for cdkl as well as its tight association with chromatin, nucleolin was investigated as a potential cdkl substrate responsible for nuclear rearrangements at mitosis. It is suggested that cdkl phosphorylation of caldesmon plays a functional role in the mitotic cell rounding and cytokinesis.
Analysis of soil liquefaction using centrifuge tests of a site subjected to biaxial shaking

Abstract This study investigated the dynamic response and liquefaction of level saturated-sand deposits subjected to biaxial shaking using a number of centrifuge tests. Dense and loose sandy soil deposits were built in a 2D laminar container and subjected to a series of biaxial base excitations that approximate in somewhat realistic fashion the conditions of a site subjected to earthquake shaking. A dense array of accelerometers and pore pressure sensors was used to monitor the deposit response. The recorded accelerations and pore pressures were employed along with a non-parametric identification procedure to estimate the corresponding dynamic shear stress-strain histories. In turn, these histories were employed to assess the effects of non-proportional loading on soil contraction and dilation mechanisms. Pore water pressure buildup was found to be affected by load non-proportionality and a direct function of the phase angle of the induced shear stresses. The loose and dense soil deposits had contrasting as well as similar response patterns.
Regular Expression Guided Entity Mention Mining from Noisy Web Data

Many important entity types in web documents, such as dates, times, email addresses, and course numbers, follow or closely resemble patterns that can be described by Regular Expressions (REs). Due to a vast diversity of web documents and ways in which they are being generated, even seemingly straightforward tasks such as identifying mentions of date in a document become very challenging. It is reasonable to claim that it is impossible to create a RE that is capable of identifying such entities from web documents with perfect precision and recall. Rather than abandoning REs as a go-to approach for entity detection, this paper explores ways to combine the expressive power of REs, ability of deep learning to learn from large data, and human-in-the loop approach into a new integrated framework for entity identification from web data. The framework starts by creating or collecting the existing REs for a particular type of an entity. Those REs are then used over a large document corpus to collect weak labels for the entity mentions and a neural network is trained to predict those RE-generated weak labels. Finally, a human expert is asked to label a small set of documents and the neural network is fine tuned on those documents. The experimental evaluation on several entity identification problems shows that the proposed framework achieves impressive accuracy, while requiring very modest human effort.
Detecting iliac vein thrombosis with current protocols of lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound.

Abstract Background Deep venous thrombosis isolated to the iliac veins is uncommon. Venous duplex ultrasound (DU) is widely accepted as the screening modality of choice for lower extremity deep venous thromboses. This investigation evaluated the accuracy and efficacy of DU in diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective review of patients who were diagnosed with iliac vein thrombosis between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2015. Patients included in our analysis needed to have both DU and cross-sectional imaging performed within a month of each other. The efficacy of DU in diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis was determined using cross-sectional imaging as a standard for diagnosis. Results In total, our query yielded 80 patients with a diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis in the medical chart; 48 patients had both cross-sectional imaging and DU performed within 1 month of each other. There were 36 patients who had cross-sectional imaging positive for iliac vein thrombosis; only 10 (27.8%) of these patients were found to have iliac vein thrombosis by DU. Thus, 26 patients (72.2%) were not diagnosed accurately by DU. On the basis of our data, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of DU compared with cross-sectional imaging in diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis were 27.8% and 76.9%, respectively. We did not identify any patient-specific factors that influenced the discrepancy between DU and cross-sectional imaging. Conclusions Our current protocol of lower extremity venous DU is not an effective tool in diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis. All patients with clinically suspected iliac vein thrombosis should be evaluated with specific pelvic ultrasound protocols or cross-sectional imaging.
Using the PhenX Toolkit to Add Standard Measures to a Study, Unit 1.21

The PhenX (consensus measures for Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit (https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/) offers high-quality, well-established measures of phenotypes and exposures for use by the scientific community. The goal is to promote the use of standard measures, enhance data interoperability, and help investigators identify opportunities for collaborative and translational research. The Toolkit contains 395 measures drawn from 22 research domains (fields of research), along with additional collections of measures for Substance Abuse and Addiction (SAA) research, Mental Health Research (MHR), and Tobacco Regulatory Research (TRR). Additional measures for TRR that are expected to be released in 2015 include Obesity, Eating Disorders, and Sickle Cell Disease. Measures are selected by working groups of domain experts using a consensus process that includes input from the scientific community. The Toolkit provides a description of each PhenX measure, the rationale for including it in the Toolkit, protocol(s) for collecting the measure, and supporting documentation. Users can browse measures in the Toolkit or can search the Toolkit using the Smart Query Tool or a full text search. PhenX Toolkit users select measures of interest to add to their Toolkit. Registered Toolkit users can save their Toolkit and return to it later to revise or complete. They then have options to download a customized Data Collection Worksheet that specifies the data to be collected, and a Data Dictionary that describes each variable included in the Data Collection Worksheet. The Toolkit also has a Register Your Study feature that facilitates cross-study collaboration by allowing users to find other investigators using the same PhenX measures. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: genome-wide association studies (GWAS); PhenX; phenotypes; environmental exposures; epidemiology; research; standard measures
A Systematic Review of Psychological Trauma Interventions for Juvenile Offenders

Purpose:This review discusses the efficacy of trauma-specific interventions among juvenile offenders.Method:The reviewers conducted a comprehensive search of trauma intervention studies completed i...
Political Assassination and Social Movement Outcomes: Martin Luther King and the Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike:

Despite a growing literature on social movement leadership, few studies consider how assassination shapes movement trajectories. Using event structure analysis, this study examines whether and how ...
Synthesis of Classical/Nonclassical Hybrid Cannabinoids and Related Compounds

A considerable number of cannabinoid compounds have been designed and synthesized since the Mechoulam group reported the first isolation and stereospecific synthesis of natural (−)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the 1960s. Following the introduction of nonclassical bicyclic cannabinoids by Pfizer, a number of groups have developed classical/nonclassical hybrid cannabinoids. These typically have an additional chiral center at C6 in the benzopyran ABC-tricyclic framework and contain four pharmacophores associated with cannabinergic activity. Other hybrid cannabinoids and related compounds are derived from the combination of structural elements of classical cannabinoids with those of other classes of cannabinoids (e.g., aminoalkylindoles, diarylpyrazoles, endocannabinoids) or with other groups of chemical compounds (e.g., quinones, isoxazoles, lactones). These have been used as pharmacological probes. This chapter describes the synthesis of some representative classical tricyclic cannabinoids, nonclassical bicyclic cannabinoids, hybrid cannabinoids, and related compounds.
Forward of special issues on separations for energy applications

Following a tradition of 40 years, since 1979, these two special issues focus on separation science and technology (SS&T) for energy applications. They contain papers that have been presented at th...
Negligence, Strict Liability, and Responsibility for Climate Change

This paper examines the data on responsibility for climate change due to past emissions. It addresses two aspects of responsibility. First it shows that the data present a mixed picture. By some measures, developed or wealthy countries are responsible for most past emissions while on other means, responsibility is spread widely with poor countries responsible for a majority of emissions. The differences in the measurements are due two factors: whether the data uses a comprehensive measure of emissions and the extent to which the data is aggregated into regions. The more comprehensive the measure and the less aggregation, the more that poor countries are responsible for past emissions. Second, it examines how theories of responsibility apply to the data. The most well developed theories of responsibility that impose an obligation on injurer to make a payment to victims are the theories underlying tort law. The paper shows that standard fault-based tort theories cannot be used to support climate change obligations. Instead, the theory would have to rely on strict liability, give up on the normally required connection between injurer and victim, and accept undesirable distributive consequences. Moreover, it would not be a basis for ongoing obligations to reduce emissions because relative emissions of nations will change over time. Instead, were such a theory of obligation to be sustainable, it could only be used to support a one-time payment for harm.
MrMine: Multi-resolution Multi-network Embedding

Network embedding has become the cornerstone of a variety of mining tasks, such as classification, link prediction, clustering, anomaly detection and many more, thanks to its superior ability to encode the intrinsic network characteristics in a compact low-dimensional space. Most of the existing methods focus on a single network and/or a single resolution, which generate embeddings of different network objects (node/subgraph/network) from different networks separately. A fundamental limitation with such methods is that the intrinsic relationship across different networks (e.g., two networks share same or similar subgraphs) and that across different resolutions (e.g., the node-subgraph membership) are ignored, resulting in disparate embeddings. Consequentially, it leads to sub-optimal performance or even becomes inapplicable for some downstream mining tasks (e.g., role classification, network alignment. etc.). In this paper, we propose a unified framework MrMine to learn the representations of objects from multiple networks at three complementary resolutions (i.e., network, subgraph and node) simultaneously. The key idea is to construct the cross-resolution cross-network context for each object. The proposed method bears two distinctive features. First, it enables and/or boosts various multi-network downstream mining tasks by having embeddings at different resolutions from different networks in the same embedding space. Second, Our method is efficient and scalable, with a O(nlog(n)) time complexity for the base algorithm and a linear time complexity w.r.t. the number of nodes and edges of input networks for the accelerated version. Extensive experiments on real-world data show that our methods (1) are able to enable and enhance a variety of multi-network mining tasks, and (2) scale up to million-node networks.
Aerodynamics of stops in continuous speech

Abstract: Simultaneous intraoral air pressure and acoustic recordings were collected from three adult males during a spontaneous monologue and citation logoteme speaking tasks. Peak intraoral air pressure (P0), duration of consonantal closure (Dc) and peak r.m.s. sound pressure associated with the consonantal release (Pb) for selected English plosives were obtained from the recordings. Systematic changes in aerodynamic parameters associated with a conversational context vs citation contexts were probed. Intraoral pressures were found to be comparable to published values for plosives in syllable- and sentence-contexts, and voiceless plosives were consistently produced with greater magnitudes of P0 than were voiced plosives. The data also indicate weak to moderate correspondences among P0, Dc and Pb, show that contextual and idiosyncratic effects significantly modify aerodynamic parameters of stop consonant articulation.
Predictors of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia in Individuals with Diabetes: a Classification and Regression Tree Analysis.

Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and are associated with increased mortality. Information on the predictors of potassium in individuals with diabetes in routine clinical practice is lacking. To identify predictors of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in adults with diabetes. Retrospective cohort study, with classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. 321,856 individuals with diabetes enrolled in four large integrated health care systems from 2012 to 2013. We used a single serum potassium result collected in 2012 or 2013. Hyperkalemia was defined as a serum potassium ≥ 5.5 mEq/L and hypokalemia as < 3.5 mEq/L. Predictors included demographic factors, laboratory measurements, comorbidities, medication use, and health care utilization. There were 2556 hypokalemia events (0.8%) and 1517 hyperkalemia events (0.5%). In univariate analyses, we identified concordant predictors (associated with increased probability of both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia), discordant predictors, and predictors of only hyperkalemia or hypokalemia. In CART models, the hyperkalemia “tree” had 5 nodes and a c-statistic of 0.76. The nodes were defined by prior potassium results and eGFRs, and the 5 terminal “leaves” had hyperkalemia probabilities of 0.2 to 7.2%. The hypokalemia tree had 4 nodes and a c-statistic of 0.76. The hypokalemia tree included nodes defined by prior potassium results, and the 4 terminal leaves had hypokalemia probabilities of 0.3 to 17.6%. Individuals with a recent potassium between 4.0 and 5.0 mEq/L, eGFR ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73m2, and no hypokalemia in the previous year had a < 1% rate of either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. The yield of routine serum potassium testing may be low in individuals with a recent serum potassium between 4.0 and 5.0 mEq/L, eGFR ≥ 45 mL/min/1.73m2, and no recent history of hypokalemia. We did not examine the effect of recent changes in clinical condition or medications on acute potassium changes.
Inner Ear Gene Delivery: Vectors and Routes

Current treatments for hearing loss offer some functional improvements in hearing, but do not restore normal hearing. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in viral and non-viral v...
Campaigning for retirement: State teacher union campaign contributions and pension generosity

Abstract Since Tullock (1972) first asked why there is so little money in U.S. politics, several studies have found evidence that political activism has the potential to yield significant returns. This study is the first to directly investigate the returns to public sector union activism by leveraging a transactions-level dataset from the National Institute on Money in Politics to estimate the relationship between teachers' union campaign contributions and the generosity of teacher pension systems. Our results show that more politically engaged teachers’ unions, as evidenced by their aggregate campaign contributions, are successful at both securing a higher level of retirement benefits and at shifting a greater burden of the financing of those benefits to the sponsoring government. Our estimates are in line with recent related studies and imply an investment return on campaign contributions of nearly 1500%.
Evaluation of conflict-resolution policies on controller taskload

Abstract In an effort to maintain safety while satisfying growing air traffic demand, air navigation service providers are considering the inclusion of advisory systems to identify potential conflicts and propose resolution commands for the air traffic controller to verify and issue to aircraft. To understand the potential workload implications of introducing advisory conflict-detection and resolution tools, this paper examines a metric of controller taskload: how many resolution commands an air traffic controller issues under the guidance of an advisory system. Through a simulation study, the research presented here evaluates how the underlying protocol of a conflict-resolution tool affects the controller taskload (system demands) associated with the conflict-resolution process, and implicitly the controller workload (physical and psychological demands). Ultimately, evidence indicates that there is significant flexibility in the design of conflict-resolution algorithms supporting an advisory system.
Quantitatively Investigating Inservice Elementary Teachers' Nature of Science Views

Many nature of science (NOS) studies have demonstrated that teachers can improve their understandings of NOS with explicit and reflective instruction; however, the field has relied heavily on qualitative methods. Because qualitative studies can be difficult to compare across studies and contexts, our study sought to determine if a quantitative instrument, Students’ Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI) (Liang et al., 2008), could detect differences in NOS understandings that might make large studies and comparisons across studies easier. This study investigated changes in 60 elementary teachers’ NOS views during a year-long extensive science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professional development program designed for elementary teachers. We found four NOS constructs (Social and Cultural, Collaborative, Creative and Imagination, and Scientific Method) out of the eight on the SUSSI had an acceptable Cronbach’s alpha values and we found that quantitative assessment could detect interesting differences in participants’ NOS views from pre- to post-assessment.
Electromagnetic interference from left ventricular assist device in patients with transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

Background Many advanced heart failure patients have both a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). This study examines incidence, clinical impact, and management of LVAD-related EMI. Methods We performed a three-center retrospective analysis of transvenous ICD implanted patients with LVAD implanted between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2020. The primary outcome was EMI after LVAD implantation, categorized as LVAD-related noise or telemetry interference. Results The rate of LVAD-related EMI among the 737 patients (mean age 58.6 ± 12.8 years) studied was 5.0%. Telemetry interference (1.5%) compromised ICD interrogation in all patients. This was resolved successfully with use of a metal shield, encased wand, radiofrequency tower, different ICD programmer or by increasing distance between ICD programmer and LVAD (n = 6). ICD replacement was required to reestablish successful communication in three patients. LVAD-related noise (3.5%) led to oversensing (n = 4), inappropriate mode switches (n = 4), noise reversion (n = 3), inhibition of pacing (n = 2), inappropriate detection as atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 2) and inappropriate detection as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and/or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (n = 2). This noise interference persisted (n = 3), resolved spontaneously (n = 16), resolved with programming change (n = 6) or required lead revision (n = 1). Conclusions EMI from LVAD impacts ICD function, although, the incidence rate is low. Physicians implanting both, LVAD in patients with ICD (more common) or ICD in patients with LVAD, should be aware of possible interferences. Telemetry failure not resolved by metal shielding was overcome by ICD generator replacement to a different manufacturer. In most cases, LVAD-related noise resolves spontaneously.
Exploring self-assembly in functionalized acenes

Silylethyne substitution is a versatile approach to control solubility and crystalline order in high aspect ratio chromophores such as acenes. We have developed some simple rules to predict crystal packing in such substituted systems, and these rules were more recently refined by careful computational analysis. We also found that trialkylgermylethynyl-substituted acenes and heteroacenes followed nearly identical rules to the silyl derivatives. Due to their lower cost and more versatile synthetic variability, we have now begun to prepare trialkyl-carbon substituted alkynes to use in the crystal engineering of acenes and heteroacenes. We were rather surprised to discover that these carbon-based systems did not follow the same rules for packing as the silyl or germyl alkynes. We will present a systematic study of acene crystal packing in relation to several classes of carbon-based alkyne systems, the low-cost, scalable syntheses of these alkynes, computational assessment of the resulting crystal packings, and FET studies of select materials. We have also expanded the dimensionality of the backbones under study by incorporating pyrene units - the impact of pyrene insertion on the electronic structure of acenes will be covered in detail.
Cloacal Exstrophy and Covered Cloacal Exstrophy

A plea for a unified management of this devastating defect is presented. These patients suffer from serious gastrointestinal, urologic, orthopedic, and neurosurgical defects and are frequently treated with emphasis in one particular area, not putting enough attention to other anatomic territories. An effort should be made to integrate different specialized teams to create a unified approach. In addition, these patients should be treated in specialized centers dedicated to the management of complex anorectal, urogenital, and orthopedic malformations. The importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is emphasized. The authors present their experience, one of the largest in the literature. Special emphasis is placed on the fact that there is a misconception consisting in believing that these patients will remain with an intestinal stoma for life. Also, a frequent serious mistake done during the early management of these cases consists in opening an ileostomy. The authors put emphasis on the fact that leaving an unused defunctionalized distal colon attached to the urinary tract has serious negative implications for these patients and, therefore, describes the best potential initial neonatal approach, creating a real end colostomy and bringing together all portions of the gastrointestinal tract, separated from the urinary tract. Also, the authors emphasize the importance of not making any decisions to use the gastrointestinal tract to repair the urinary tract until the decision has been reached on whether or not the patient is a candidate for a pull-through.
Does Impaired Social Motivation Drive Imitation Deficits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

There is clear evidence that children with autism spectrum disorder display deficits in imitation but little consensus on the reasons for these deficits. In this paper, we review evidence that suggests that the presence of imitation deficits may be explained in part by social communication deficits, specifically by impaired social motivation. First, we discuss the social role that imitation serves in typical development and how imitation may facilitate the forming of social connections. Then, we describe evidence that suggests that both the impairments in imitation that have been seen in some areas, and the relative sparing of imitation in other areas, can be explained by impairments in social motivation. Lastly, the importance of therapies to incorporate social communication skills when targeting imitation is emphasized. As more research needs to be done to empirically examine this hypothesis, suggestions of directions for future studies are discussed.
Establishment of the Department of Anaesthesia at Harvard Medical School-1969.

Abstract Background The first academic departments of anesthesia were established in the United States at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1927, with Ralph M. Waters named as chairman, and in the UK at Oxford University in 1937, with Robert Macintosh as chairman. Compared to these early departments, more than 3 decades would pass before Harvard Medical School decided it was time to establish a department of anaesthesia, in 1969. We examine the forces on both sides of the issue, for and against, and how they played out in the late 1960s. Methods Published articles, books, interviews, and biographical and autobiographical notes as well as primary source documents such as reports of department and medical school committee meetings were examined to obtain information relevant to our investigation. Results The late 1960s were an ideal time for the chiefs of anesthesia at the various Harvard teaching hospitals to make a strong argument in favor of establishment of an independent department of anaesthesia. Although strongly opposed by Francis Daniels Moore, Chief of Surgery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, an independent department at Harvard was established in 1969. Conclusions The recognition of anesthesia as a distinctive specialty at universities across the country as well as the specific concerns over administration, hiring, and the future of the clinical service in the 1960s provided overwhelming support for the establishment of a separate, free-standing department of anaesthesia at one of the most tradition-bound universities in the United States—Harvard.
A Commentary on Rind (2015)

Rind's commentary (this issue) on Riegel (2011) examines evolutionary explanations for human male same-sex eroticism and evaluates Riegel's argument of the evolutionary role of androphilia in light...
The Decision to Privatize: Finance and Politics

We investigate the influence of political and financial factors on the decision to privatize government-owned firms using firm-level data from India. We find that the government significantly delays privatization in regions where the governing party faces more competition from opposition parties. This result is robust to firm-specific factors and regional characteristics. The results also suggest that political patronage is important as no government-owned firm located in the home state of the minister in charge is ever privatized. Using political variables as an instrument for the endogenous privatization decision, we find that privatization has a positive impact on firm performance.
Postnatal environment affects behavior of adult transgenic mice.

Behavioral phenotypes of knockout mice are often interpreted as the effects of the absence of the gene product on adult behavior, yet behavioral differences among genotypes may be exaggerated or blurred by the postnatal environment. For example, mice develop in litters of varying sex ratios and genotypes, and it is possible that some of these behavioral differences may result from the composition of the litter. To determine whether these factors might play a role in the development of the behavioral characteristics that have become diagnostic of the knockout, offspring of parents heterozygous for a null mutation of estrogen receptor a (ERKO) were sexed and genotyped within 2 days of birth. Litters were then reconstituted, forming same-sex litters of equal numbers of ERKO and wild-type (WT) individuals that were tested in a standard resident-intruder paradigm. In this manner the effect of genotype would be evident without the potential confound of the presence of the opposite sex in the litter. Behavioral differences between the genotypes were more sharply defined than reported previously. ERKO females displayed only aggressive behavior whereas their WT littermates displayed only mounting behavior; both aggression and mounting behavior were greatly reduced in ERKO males. These data suggest that the postnatal environment such as litter composition may influence the development of sociosexual behaviors in ERKO mice. Exp Biol Med 229:935– 939, 2004
The News Media, Education, and the Subversion of the Neoliberal Social Imaginary: An Introductory Essay

In this introductory essay, the special issue editors examine the relationship between the media and the neoliberal privatization of education in the U.S. They first take up an examination of news media journalism in late modernity and highlight how neoliberal politics under the guise of democratization of the news media have resulted in both the gutting of professional education journalism and the intensification of the representation of the interests of the economic elite. They next turn to the task of establishing a common and critical understanding of the term neoliberalism , locating it as an extension of Marx’s concept of primary accumulation, an important logic that defines the relationships between individuals, communities, the state, and capital. Finally, they consider how people can disrupt the powerful processes that serve the interests of the neoliberal social imaginary. Highlighting the political actions of Raymond ‘Boots’ Riley to disrupt the destructive practices of neoliberalized education, they illustrate the possibilities of engaging with alternative media to reframe educational debates, while remaining critical of alternative media.
Experience of Duration as a Function of Number of Responses, Task Difficulty, and Sex

Summary.-Subjects (40 men and 54 women) judged the duration of a 250-sec. interval during which they engaged in one of four free-association tasks. The tasks were to give one common response, two common responses, one original response, or two original responses to each of 25 stimulus words presented at 10-sec. intervals. Contrary to previous research, the easy tasks (giving common responses) resulted in shorter estimates of duration than the hard tasks (giving original responses). Subjects giving one response to each stimulus word did not give longer estimates than subjects giving two responses per stimuIUS word. Males gave shorter estimates of duration than females in the lowresponse tasks; the sexes did not differ in the high-response tasks. A consistent finding in studies concerned with temporal estimation has been that difficult tasks or those having greater "assumed cognitive demand," e.g., number series completion, number cancellation, anagrams, result in shorter estimates of duration than easier tasks, e.g., doing nothing, tapping a pencil, reading numbers (DeWolfe & Duncan, 1959, p. 153). Another consistent finding has been that estimates of duration increase as the number of events occurring within an interval increases (Block, 1974; Burnside, 1971). Ornstein's ( 1969) storage-size hypothesis offers a convenient framework within which to conceptualize and interpret both findings. He suggests that experience of duration is determined by the storage-size of an interval, which in turn is determined by the number of events in memory associated with an interval and the complexity with which those events are coded. Experience of duration will increase as the number of events or the complexity of coding increases. If one assumes that difficult tasks would be coded more complexly than easier tasks, it is apparent that difficult tasks should result in longer estimates of duration than easier tasks. Thus, the storage-size hypothesis appears to contradict the notion that experience of duration will lengthen as the difficulty of a task decreases.
Hepatitis C in the pediatric population: transmission, natural history, treatment and liver transplantation.

The number of children affected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States is estimated to be between 23000 to 46000. The projected medical cost for children with HCV in the United States is upwards of 200 million over the next decade. The implementation of routine screening of blood supply has virtually eliminated transmission via transfusion and vertical transmission is now the most common mode of infection in children. Infections acquired during infancy are more likely to spontaneously resolve and fibrosis of the liver tends to increase with age suggesting slow progressive histologic injury. Anti-viral treatment may be warranted in children with persistently elevated liver enzymes or with significant fibrosis on liver biopsy. Current standard of care includes weekly pegylated interferon and ribavirin twice daily. Predictors of high sustained viral response include genotype 2 and 3 and low viral load in children with genotype 1 ( 90%). Only 34 pediatric patients were transplanted with hepatitis C between January 2008 and April 2013. The majority of pediatric patients were born prior to universal screening of blood products and, as of June 2013, there are only two pediatric patients awaiting liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis C. Pediatric survival rates post-transplant are excellent but graft survival is noticeably reduced compared to adults (73.73% for pediatric patients at one year compared to 87.69% in adult patients). New safe potent, and all-oral effective antiviral therapies for recurrent HCV should help increase graft survival.