cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 12 – Nanotechnology safety in the marine industry

Abstract Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have been used extensively in the marine industry because of their attractive properties, including light weight, high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios, ease of installation on the field, high overall durability, and less susceptibility to environmental deterioration than conventional materials. However, due to their organic nature, PMCs will degrade, decompose, and yield smoke and toxic gases when subjected to fire, leading to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, the primary focus of this chapter is on the fire safety issues of PMCs and methods to improve the fire safety for marine applications. To improve these materials’ flame-retardant performance, traditional flame retardants are reviewed, including halogenated, intumescent, and intrinsic flame retardants. The flame-retardant application of nanomaterials such as nanoclay, carbon nanotubes, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane is then introduced. Finally, the concept of hybrid flame-retardant nanocomposite coating is presented. It is concluded that a desirable flame-retardant coating system should have such necessary characteristics, including low thermal conductivity in the thickness direction to prevent heat transfer, high in-planar thermal conductivity to dissipate heat as soon as possible, high thermal stability and heat capacity, low heat absorption, and compact char structure to prevent mass loss.
Knowledge-Theoretic Properties of Strategic Voting

Results in social choice theory such as the Arrow and Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorems constrain the existence of rational collective decision making procedures in groups of agents. The Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem says that no voting procedure is strategy-proof. That is, there will always be situations in which it is in a voter’s interest to misrepresent its true preferences i.e., vote strategically. We present some properties of strategic voting and then examine – via a bimodal logic utilizing epistemic and strategizing modalities – the knowledge-theoretic properties of voting situations and note that unless the voter knows that it should vote strategically, and how, i.e., knows what the other voters’ preferences are and which alternate preference P′ it should use, the voter will not strategize. Our results suggest that opinion polls in election situations effectively serve as the first n–1 stages in an n stage election.
Quasiparticle thermalization and recombination in high-temperature superconductors excited by femtosecond optical pulses

The discovery of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) and associated expectations of application of these materials in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics has created an urgent need for a comprehensive experimental characterization of time-resolved dynamics of carriers in HTS and their response to pulsed, external optical perturbations. The above goal was accomplished via comprehensive transient photoexcitation measurements of light-induced nonequilibrium phenomena in high-quality, epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) thin-film microbridge samples. The photoresponse from < lOOfs-wide laser pulses was measured in the temperature range from 20 K to 80 K, using a subpicosecond electro-optic sampling system. The physical origin of the signal was attributed to the nonequilibrium electron heating effect, in which only electron states are perturbed by laser radiation, while the film phonons remain in thermal equilibrium. From the observed single-picosecond electrical transients, measured in the resistive state, we were able to extract, using the two-temperature model, the characteristic electron thermalization and electron-phonon relaxation time constants to be 0.56 ps and 1.1 ps, respectively. The nonequilibrium kinetic-inductive response was measured in the superconducting state, fitted into both the two-temperature and Rothwarf-Taylor models, and compared to the predictions of s- and d-wave pairing mechanism models. No phonon trapping effect (typical for low-temperature superconductors) was observed in YBCO; thus, the quasiparticle lifetime was given by the quasiparticle recombination time and estimated from the Rothwarf-Taylor equations to be well below lps, and approximately 1.8 ps from the two-temperature model. From the point of view of applications, the single-picosecond intrinsic response of a YBCO superconductor demonstrates that hot-electron HTS photodetectors should exhibit intrinsic bit rates exceeding 300 Gbit/s, making them one of the fastest optoelectronic switches, well suited for digital and communication applications
Direct Drag and Hot-Wire Measurements on Thin-Element Riblet Arrays

An experimental study of stream wise, near-wall, thin-element riblet arrays under a turbulent boundary layer has been conducted in low-speed air. Hot-wire data show that a single, isolated thin-element riblet causes formation of counter-rotating vortex-pairs with a spanwise wavelength of 130 viscous lengths. Abrupt shifts in turbulence intensity magnitude and peak location are observed for stream wise riblet arrays as spanwise riblet spacing is varied. Direct drag measurements show net drag reduction (up to 8.5 percent) over a wide range of riblet spacings along with behavior at discrete non-dimensional spacings indicative of vortex activity. Overall, the data suggest that more than one drag reduction mechanism may be involved.
Malaria control in the highlands of Burundi: an important success story.

Throughout Africa, successful high-impact malaria control programs are being implemented that emphasize sound vector control as an essential component of integrated national malaria control programs. Most programs are using insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) and/or indoor residual spraying with insecticides (IRS). There are important considerations regarding which technique or combinations of the two work best for different epidemiologic situations and whether additional vector control measures are necessary to achieve significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality.
Exploring Evolving Media Discourse Through Event Cueing

Online news, microblogs and other media documents all contain valuable insight regarding events and responses to events. Underlying these documents is the concept of framing, a process in which communicators act (consciously or unconsciously) to construct a point of view that encourages facts to be interpreted by others in a particular manner. As media discourse evolves, how topics and documents are framed can undergo change, shifting the discussion to different viewpoints or rhetoric. What causes these shifts can be difficult to determine directly; however, by linking secondary datasets and enabling visual exploration, we can enhance the hypothesis generation process. In this paper, we present a visual analytics framework for event cueing using media data. As discourse develops over time, our framework applies a time series intervention model which tests to see if the level of framing is different before or after a given date. If the model indicates that the times before and after are statistically significantly different, this cues an analyst to explore related datasets to help enhance their understanding of what (if any) events may have triggered these changes in discourse. Our framework consists of entity extraction and sentiment analysis as lenses for data exploration and uses two different models for intervention analysis. To demonstrate the usage of our framework, we present a case study on exploring potential relationships between climate change framing and conflicts in Africa.
Characterization and analysis of drain-stress induced hot-carrier effects on NMOSFETs

Abstract The effects of drain avalanche stress (DAS) on device degradation in small geometry NMOSFETs are analyzed by characterizing the substrate, gate, and drain currents in both normal and source/drain reversed configurations. In addition, the hot-carrier effects induced by the DAS have been compared to those caused by the triode region channel current stress (TCS). It is suggested that the localized interface trap generation near the drain and the possible more widely distributed hole trapping in the oxide are essentially responsible for the observed DAS induced degradation behaviors in NMOSFETs. This newly explored degradation mechanism of NMOSFET characteristics presents a severe reliability limitation for ultra-high-density floating-gate non-volatile memory devices designed to be programmed near the drain avalanche regime.
Fatigue Performance Improvement in AISI 4140 Steel by Dynamic Strain Aging and Dynamic Precipitation During Warm Laser Shock Peening

Warm laser shock peening (WLSP) is a thermomechanical treatment technique combining the advantages of laser shock peening and dynamic strain aging (DSA). Through DSA, WLSP of steel increases the dislocation density and stabilizes the dislocation structure by pinning of mobile dislocations by carbon atoms. In addition, WLSP generates nanoscale carbide precipitates through strain-induced precipitation. The carbide precipitates stabilize the microstructure by dislocation pinning. This results in higher stability of the dislocation structure and thus improves the stability of the compressive residual stress. In this study the mechanism of fatigue performance improvement in AISI 4140 steel by WLSP is investigated. It is found that microstructures formed after WLSP lead to a higher stability of dislocation structures and residual stress, which are beneficial for fatigue performance.
Interferogram reduction for radial-shear and local-reference-holographic interferograms.

In local reference holographic interferometry and radial shear interferometry, a small portion of the test beam is magnified and used as the reference for the rest of the wave front. The reference portion may be off-center or contain aberrations that complicate measurement of the wave front. An iterative method for correcting the measurement is described here. Information about the aberration in the reference is derived from the interferogram and is used to improve the estimate of the wave front shape. A computer simulation is used to verify operation of the algorithm and estimate the effect of certain input errors.
Our Stories, Our Future: The Eastern Delaware Nations Oral History Project

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania takes the stance that there are no Native Americans within the borders of the state, but as in the rest of the United States there has been over the last three decades a rising consciousness among Pennsylvanians with some native ancestry of their cultural heritage. These people contend that they are descended from intermarriages between colonial Europeans and the indigenous Lenape or Susquehannock peoples, and that their ancestors did not leave Pennsylvania in the 18th century, as history books assert, but rather stayed behind, assimilated, and hid their native background for fear of reprisals. Today these individuals are proud of their background and have formed a number of organizations to promote greater awareness of their existence. In recent years, a number of challenges have arisen to the authenticity of these claims, charging that people calling themselves Native Americans in Pennsylvania are frauds. The authors have partnered with the largest native organization in...
Occurrence of cytochrome P-450 in hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome P-450 was detected in the hepatopancreas of Homarus americanus. 2. 2. The cytochrome was identified (a) by the characteristic 450 nm spectral peak of its carbon monoxide complex; (b) by conversion to the P-420 form on treatment with potassium thiocyanate; and (c) by giving characteristic type I spectra when interacted with ethylmorphine or hexobarbital, and type II spectra with aniline or nicotinamide.
Persistent Themes in Colleges of Business

In this article, the author examines a number of issues in colleges of commerce in their formative period from 1900 to 1930. He discusses 4 areas: content of business curriculum, professional nature of business and business schools, social responsibility of corporate managers, and integration of the business curriculum. Many of the topics are still important today and can arguably be considered persistent themes in colleges of business.
Radioautographic evidence for equatorial wall growth in a gram-positive bacterium. Segregation of choline-3H-labeled teichoic acid.

Studies of bacterial wall growth, employing fluorescent antibodies to label specific areas of the growing walls, have suggested that in Gram-positive bacteria wall growth occurs by the intercalation of newly synthesized wall materials into discrete, specific equatorial zones of the preexistent wall (2, 3, 5, 11) . In the Gram-positive bacterium, Diplococcus pneumoniae, choline is required for growth. It has been shown that choline becomes incorporated solely into the cell wall teichoic acid of this organism (8, 6) . When deprived of choline, these cells can incorporate the amino alcohol analogue, ethanolamine, into teichoic acid in lieu of choline . Ethanolamine-grown cells exhibit several unusual properties, all of which are reversible upon restoration of choline to the culture medium (6, 9) . Among these deviant properties is the inability of daughter cells to completely separate after division . Thus, continued growth with ethanolamine as the sole available amino alcohol results in the eventual formation of long coccal chains instead of diplococci . This chaining phenomenon was exploited in the experiments to be described, in which radioautographic techniques were employed to provide new evidence for zonal wall growth . Media
Resonance capture in a damped three-degree-of-freedom system: Experimental and analytical comparison

Abstract The dynamical behavior of a three-degree-of-freedom system is considered in the presence of a 1:1 resonance between two components with non-linear inertial coupling. One of the resonant frequencies is fixed, characterizing a translational oscillation, while the second frequency varies slowly in time and describes the angular velocity of an unbalanced rotational component. As the angular velocity approaches the translational frequency of oscillation, the system can either become locked into a sustained resonance or pass through the 1:1 resonance depending on the parameter values and initial conditions. When the system is attracted to a state of sustained resonance, the amplitude of the translational oscillations and the steady-state frequency of the sustained resonance vary, depending on the parameter values of the system. As the applied torque increases, both the resonant frequency and oscillation amplitude increases. If the applied torque is too large, the sustained resonance no longer exists and the system cannot be attracted to a long-term resonant motion. These variations in the response with parametric changes are described from a reduced-order model obtained with the method of averaging and are also seen in numerical simulations of the original equations of motion. Finally, the results are verified in an experimental rotordynamic system.
Effects of Bovine Somatotropin and Evaporative Cooling Plus Shade on Lactation Performance of Cows During Summer Heat Stress

Thirty-two Holstein cows (8 per treatment) averaging 195 d in milk were assigned to 70 d of treatment on the basis of production during a 14-d pretreatment period, which was used for covariate analysis. The experiment was a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were normal shade or shade plus evaporative cooling with pressurized spray, plus with or without the administration of bovine somatotropin (bST). Cows receiving bST were injected with 500 mg of bST every 14 d. All cows were fed the same total mixed rations twice daily at approximately 10% in excess of appetite, and water was offered free choice. There were no interactions between bST and the cooling system for any of the variables measured. Milk yield was increased by bST and tended to be greater for cooled cows. Fat percentages were increased by bST, and yields of fat, protein, and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and the efficiency of conversion of dry matter to milk, whereas evaporative cooling increased body weights and protein yields, but decreased SNF and milk protein percentages. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates also were lower for cooled cows. And, bST increased nonesterified fatty acids in blood serum, suggesting that a part of the energy for increased milk production came from mobilization of body fat. Administration of bST effectively improved performance of cows under hot summer conditions whether evaporatively cooled or not.
Specificity of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Comparison of Fluvoxamine and Desipramine

• To evaluate whether serotonin reuptake inhibition is critical to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 40 outpatients with a principal diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 8 weeks of treatment with either the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine maleate (n = 21) or the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine hydrochloride (n =19). Fluvoxamine was significantly better than desipramine in reducing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and by the global response rate ("responder" equaling "much improved"). Eleven of 21 patients were responders with fluvoxamine compared with 2 of 19 patients with desipramine. Fluvoxamine, but not desipramine, was also effective in reducing the severity of "secondary" depression. Fluvoxamine-induced improvement in symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder was not correlated with the severity of baseline depressive symptoms. This study provides additional evidence that the acute serotonin reuptake properties of a drug are predictive of its anti—obsessive-compulsive efficacy. It is hypothesized that the mechanism of action of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder may be related to chronic treatment-induced adaptive changes in presynaptic serotonin receptor function (eg, autoreceptor desensitization) and/ or indirect influences on dopaminergic function (eg, in the basal ganglia).
Permeability Transition Pore-dependent and PARP-mediated Depletion of Neuronal Pyridine Nucleotides During Anoxia and Glucose Deprivation

Exposure of rat cortical neurons to combined oxygen and glucose deprivation results in loss of NAD(P)H autofluorescence that is only partially reversible following restoration of oxygen and glucose, suggesting catabolism of pyridine nucleotides. This study tested the hypothesis that metabolic inhibition caused by cyanide-induced chemical anoxia plus glucose deprivation promotes both release of mitochondrial NAD(H) in response to opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) and NAD(P)(H) degradation through activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The NAD(P)H autofluorescence of rat neonatal cortical neurons was monitored during and following acute (10–30 min) exposure to the respiratory inhibitor, cyanide, in the absence and presence of glucose. Because nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite is a known activator of PARP, we additionally assessed the effect of a nitric oxide generating agent on the NAD(P)H autofluorescence response to chemical anoxia plus glucose deprivation. Cyanide induced a rapid increase in autofluorescence, followed by a steady decline promoted by the presence of nitric oxide. This decline was primarily due to NAD(H) catabolism, as verified by measurements of total NAD(H) present in cellular extracts. Catabolism was partially blocked by an inhibitor of PARP, by a PTP inhibitor, and by either glucose or pyruvate as a source of reducing power. Overall, data suggest that metabolic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress during in vitro neuronal anoxia and glucose deprivation result in release of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides in response to PTP opening and rapid, extensive NAD(H) degradation mediated by PARP activation. These events may contribute to the metabolic dysfunction that occurs in vivo during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and therefore represent prime targets for neuroprotection.
Effect of catalytic hydropretreatment of petroleum vacuum resid on coprocessing with coal

The coprocessing of coal with petroleum vacuum resids can be used to produce distillable oils. Improved coprocessing performance by using hydrotreated resids as host oils in coprocessing with coal was studied. Four host oils were prepared from petroleum vacuum resids (538 °C+/1000 °F+) by catalytic hydrogenation and hydrocracking. The untreated and pretreated resids were then thermally coprocessed with an Illinois No. 6 and with a Wyodak coal. Using solubility in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and pentane, products were separated into asphaltenes, pentane-soluble oils (PSO), coke, and gas. Phenolic compounds, derived mainly from coal, were present in the PSO products and their concentration, measured by IR spectroscopy, was used to estimate the fraction of coal liquids in the PSO products. The yield of PSO was strongly affected by the concentration of coal in the feed; depending on the pretreatment used, the yields of PSO from a 33% coal/resid mixture varied from 48 to 78 wt %. The yield of PSO from Illinois No. 6...
Pyrimidoquinazoline-based antitumor agents. Design of topoisomerase II to DNA cross-linkers with activity against protein kinases.

A series of pyrimidoquinazoline analogues, possessing either 4,5-g or 5,4-g fusion, were studied with respect to cytotoxicity, topoisomerase II inhibitory activity, in vivo activity, and DNA cleavage and DNA−protein cross-linking properties. These analogues were designed as electron-deficient anthraquinones with dual alkylating centers to cross-link DNA with topoisomerase II. Our studies verified the presence of DNA−protein cross-linking in vitro as well as topoisomerase II poisoning by pyrimidoquinazoline analogues. In addition, COMPARE analysis revealed that the pyrimidoquinazolines possess inhibitory activity against both topoisomerase II and protein kinases, such as the paullones, a dual property observed in other antineoplastic agents influencing phosphoester transfer.
The 12C(18O, α)26Mg and 12C(18O, 8Be)22Ne reaction

Abstract Excitation functions for α-emission leading to the ground and first excited states of 26 Mg and 8 Be emission leading to the ground and first and second excited states of 22 Ne have been measured at several forward angles for E c.m. = 15 to 22.4 MeV. There is little evidence for correlated structure. The angular distribution at 16.5 MeV for the α + 26 Mg(g.s.) channel is rather structureless while that for the 8 Be+ 22 Ne(g.s.) channel appears to be dominated by a J = 13 contribution. Statistical model calculations indicate that much of the yield for both the α and 8 Be exit channel is compound nuclear in origin, with some indication of a larger direct contribution for the 8 Be channel at the lower end of the bombarding energy range.
Hair care in the black patient.

Abstract Transcultural health care involves a sensitivity by the health professional to cultural values, beliefs, and practices of patients. Leininger's theory of transcultural care diversity and universality provides a framework in which cultural understanding can enhance the patient-provider relationship. Hair care practices among black patients are deeply embedded in the cultural beliefs and practices of black people. Practices such as braiding or plaiting the hair and the use of heat and chemicals to straighten the hair are popular. Folk culture and recent advances in cosmetic chemistry also play an important role. Incorporating the patients' cultural beliefs into practices enhances a holistic approach to health care for black patients.
Former Science Advisors and Others Respond to White House Scientific Integrity Guidelines

[1] The White House guidance memorandum on scientific integrity, issued on 17 December, begins to flesh out a 9 March 2009 White House memo on the issue. The guidance memo, which had been anticipated since July 2009, specifies that federal agencies should develop policies that ensure a culture of scientific integrity, strengthen the credibility of government research, and facilitate the free flow of scientific and technological information, among other measures (see Eos, 91(51), 503, 2010). Many people have commented favorably about the memo, while some have raised questions about it. For example, U.S. Rep. Paul Broun (R-Ga.), chairman-elect of the U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, indicated in a 20 December statement, “Upon initial review, these guidelines seem very similar to the standing guidance already in place. So it raises the questions: Why did they take this long? How were they developed? Why were they 18 months late? And how will the agencies ultimately implement them? I look forward to evaluating these guidelines in the upcoming Congress, because, as we have seen over the last 2 years, rhetoric without action only breeds additional abuses of scientific integrity.”
Use of transgenic mice to characterize the multipotent intestinal stem cell and to analyze regulation of gene expression in various epithelial cell lineages as a function of their position along the cephalocaudal and crypt-to-villus (or crypt-to-surface epithelial cuff) axes of the gut

Abstract The processes of cell proliferation, lineage allocation and differentiation occur continuously and rapidly along the crypt-to-villus axis of the small intestine and the crypt-to-surface epithelial cuff axis of the colon. The four principal epithelial cell lineages in the gut are derived from a multipotent stem cell. Current evidence suggests that each small intestinal and colonic crypt contains a single active stem cell. The biological properties of these stem cells can be inferred from the properties of their amplified, spatially constrained, descendants. Recent studies in transgenic mice have provided insights about how axial pattern formation is maintained in this perpetually renewing epithelium.
On-line bin packing in linear time

Abstract In this paper, we study the 1-dimensional on-line bin packing problem. A list of pieces, each of size between zero and unity are to be packed, in order of their arrival, into a minimum number of unit-capacity bins. We present a new linear-time algorithm, the Modified Harmonic Algorithm and show, by a novel use of weighting functions, that it has an asymptotic worst-case performance ratio less than 3 2 + 1 9 + 1 222 = 1.(615) ∗ . We show that for a large class of linear-time on-line algorithms including the Modified Harmonic Algorithm, the performance ratio is at least 3 2 + 1 9 = 1.61 ∗ . Then we show how to successively construct classes of improved linear-time on-line algorithms. For any algorithm in any of these classes, the performance ratio is at least 3 2 + 1 12 = 1.583 ∗ . We present an improved algorithm called Modified Harmonic-2 with performance ratio 1.612 … and present an approach to construct linear-time on-line algorithms with better performance ratios. The analysis of Modified Harmonic-2 is omitted because it is very similar to that of Modified Harmonic, but it is substantially more complicated. Our results extend to orthogonal packings in two dimensions.
IR spectral depth profiling using fourier transform photothermal beam deflection

Abstract FTIR photothermal beam-deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) was used to make spectral depth-profiling measurements with synthetic bilayer samples of polyethylene/nitrocellulose, with a commercial plastic having surface printing and with a single human hair. A Digilab interferometer modified to operate at several scan speeds was used to record the spectra, without the cell-resonance problems found with photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). The utility of spectral depth profiling is discussed; significant S/N improvements seem to be needed and, with either PBDS or PAS, a wider range of modulation frequencies is required for the methods to be useful.
Attitudes toward Middle Grade Certification: A National Survey.

Do educators who are working with or who aspire to work with middle level students require preparation and certification that is different from high school educators? Many teachers and administrators think so.
Approximate electron radial functions for beta decay and analysis of 12B and 12N spectra

Approximate electron radial functions for uniformly charged nucleus /UCN/ used in analyzing boron 12 and nitrogen 12 beta decay spectra
The General Energy and Material-Balance Computer System (GEMS) Applied to Hydrometallurgical Processes

This paper discusses the successful application of the computer method General Energy and Material-Balance Simulator (GEMS) in hydrometallurgy. GEMS is especially useful in handling material and energy balance calculations, of any complexity, for multistage, multicomponent countercurrent decantation. The main advantage of this computer system, developed at the University of Idaho, is the flexibility of application. The user can arrange a group of basic process blocks or subroutines in various configurations to describe the unit operations involved in the mill processes. Two sample problems, differing in complexity, in extractive metallurgy of CuSO4 are here solved to demonstrate GEMS’ flexibility. All the GEMS results agree with results from other proposed models. A simulation of an entire uranium mill is carried out, and various alternatives considered to demonstrate GEMS’ usefulness for design. Improvements for an actual operating mill, and for new designs are suggested based on GEMS calculations.
Relaxation of stresses in crazes at crack tips and rate of craze extension

Abstract The Barenblatt theory of cohesive stresses at crack tips is used to investigate the effect of the relaxation of craze stresses at crack tips on the rate of craze extension. The craze stresses are equated to the cohesive stresses of the Barenblatt theory. The cancellation by the cohesive/craze stress of the singularity that would exist at the crack tip in their absence is assumed to hold for an extending craze. With this assumption, relaxation of the craze stresses produces craze extension, an effect which has been called ‘relaxation controlled growth’ by Williams and Marshall. A general equation relating the rate of change of craze length to the rate of change of stress intensity factor ( K 1 ) and the rate of change of the craze stress is derived. It is argued from this equation that uniform crack growth with a constant craze length can occur only at constant K 1 . Using plausibility arguments for the behaviour of the craze stress with time and position in the craze, and assuming a generalized Dugdale model, differential equations for the rate of craze extension with no crack growth are derived for the constant load and constant K 1 cases. These equations relate the rate of change of craze length to the craze stress at the tip of the crack. Assuming a specific form for the time dependence of this stress, the equation for the constant K 1 case is solved to yield an expression for the craze length as a function of time.
Toward Model Curricula in Software Engineering

This paper is a progress report from the IEEE Computer Society's Subcommittee on Model Curricula in Software Engineering. Both undergraduate and graduate curricula are discussed, and the current status of the effort is summarized. Some of the problems that remain to be solved are mentioned. The paper describes work in progress and should not be considered a final document.
Expression in bacteria of gB-glycoprotein-coding sequences of Herpes simplex virus type 2.

Abstract A plasmid with an insert that encodes the glycoprotein B(gB) gene of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been isolated. DNA sequences coding for a portion of the HSV-2 gB peptide were cloned into a bacterial lacZα. expression vector and used to transform Escherichia coli. Upon induction of lacZpo-promoted transcription, some of the bacteria became filamentous and produced inclusion bodies containing a large amount of a 65-kDal peptide that was shown to be precipitated by broad-spectrum antibodies to HSV-2 and HSV-1. The HSV-2 insert of one of these clones specifies amino acid residues corresponding to 135 through 629 of the gB of HSV-1 [Bzik et al., Virology 133 (1984) 301-314].
Hot Spots on the Fermi Surface of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ : Stripes versus Superstructure

A Comment on the Letter by N. L. Saini et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3467 (1997). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
The impact of Massachusetts' reduced drinking age on auto accidents

Abstract The effect of Massachusetts' reduced drinking age on auto accidents is examined by employing an interrupted time series analysis of monthly accident data covering the period January, 1969, through September 1973. These raw data were adjusted using monthly mileage and seasonal indices or where possible, a control group not affected by the drinking law. Correlograms of the adjusted series were computed to check for remaining systematic bias. Finally, the average accident rates for the adjusted, well-behaved series before and after the March 1973 change were compared using standard t -tests. Accident rates among 18–20 year olds did increase significantly—about 40% for involvement in fatalities. Nevertheless, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that, as a result of the reduced drinking age, 18–20 year old driving-after-drinking behavior has become comparable to that of older drivers.
Al2SiO5-bearing segregations in the Lepontine Alps, Switzerland: Aluminum mobility in metapelites

A genetic model is proposed for pegmatitic Al2SiO5-bearing segregations in regionally metamorphosed rocks of the Lepontine Alps. Components that form the segregations were derived from the host rocks by dissolution of minerals in alkali-bearing aqueous fluids produced by metamorphic dehydration reactions. The segregations formed syntectonically within extensional (dilatant) fractures; infiltrations of fluids into the fractures was driven by fluid-pressure gradients ("tectonic pumping"). Precipitation of aluminum silicates from alkali aluminum complexes (rather than alkali silicates) was favored by reduced f H2O within the segregations. The transformation of kyanite to andalusite within the segregations resulted from localized pressure reduction (via dilatancy) during the later stages of decompression of the Pennine nappes subsequent to the main Alpine metamorphism.
Early modern childbirth

THIS 16TH-CENTURY WOODCUT shows a pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair, attended by 3 women, at least 1 of whom (seated, at left) is a midwife. This image was published in Ein schon lustig Trostbuchle von den Empfengknussen und Geburten der Menschen (A Very Cheerful Booklet of Encouragement Concerning the Conception and Birth of Man) in 1554.1 The book was written by Jacob Rueff (1500–1558), a surgeon and obstetrician in Zurich. Rueff was responsible for the instruction and examination of midwives in Zurich and, indeed, had copies of his book sent to all the midwives in the region. Much of Rueff’s book is essentially copied from Eucharius Rosslin’s Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosegarten (The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives), 1513, the first printed work dealing exclusively with obstetrics—and also intended as an instruction guide for midwives.2 In the later work, Rueff added some new material from his own experiences and placed more emphasis on the use of instruments as aids to childbirth. In this image, for example, one can see the obstetrical instruments and equipment on the table behind the women, whereas in Rosslin’s almost identical image, the background is plain. Rueff advocated new obstetrical instruments such as the toothed duck beak forceps and the use of internal and external manipulation for footling (feet first) presentations. Some version of the birthing stool or chair had been used for millennia, there being evidence of its use in Egyptian papyri and the Old Testament.3,4 The chair shown here incorporates certain early modern technical innovations, such as the sloping back that allows the birthing woman to recline slightly during contractions. One scholar even argues that this birthing chair was itself a technical innovation inspired by male professionals as a way to gain control over the birthing process and to displace earlier practices in which pregnant women sat on the laps of their birth attendants.5 As male midwives and obstetrical attendants gradually wrested control of the birth process from female midwives and from women themselves, the birthing chairs would be replaced by flat beds, these being more convenient to the person in charge of the “delivery.” Birthing chairs are now making something of a comeback in modern obstetrics as case– control studies are finding that their use may reduce the pain of childbirth, diminish perineal trauma, decrease the need for episiotomies, and increase the mother’s satisfaction with her birthing experience.6–9
Diagnosis and Treatment of Aggression in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

Aggressive behavior is a common referral problem for individuals with developmental disabilities (DD), placing them at risk for institutionalization, social isolation, physical restraint, over-use of medication to treat behavior problems, exclusion from services, and becoming a victim of abuse. Aggression strains relationships between individuals being supported and their caregivers, whether professionals or family members. The treatment of aggression is persons with DD, with or without comorbid mental illness, remains a controversial area and changes in practice have been slow to come. The evidence related to pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment is, in general, either lacking or poor. This does not suggest that these treatments are necessarily ineffective but that there is not enough good quality evidence to support their usefulness. This review considers the prevalence and correlates of aggression, as well as possible causative factors. The relationship between mental illness, intellectual disability and aggression is explored. The psychopharmacological and psychological treatment literature is reviewed with implications for clinical care and future research.
Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over ruthenium: Detection of surface species by reactive scavenging

Hydrocarbon species produced on the surface of a Ru/SiO2 catalyst during CO hydrogenation have been detected by analysis of the products formed when these species react with cyclohexene, benzene, cyclopentene, or cis-2-butene, added in low concentration to the synthesis gas mixture. The presence of adsorbed methylene groups is strongly supported by the formation of norcarane and 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane from cyclohexene and cis-2-butene, respectively, and by the formation of ethylcyclopropane from 1-butene produced by the isomerization of cis-2-butene. Methyl and higher-molecular-weight alkyl groups are detected through the observation of alkyl derivatives of cyclohexene and benzene when cyclohexene or benzene is used as the scavenger. The addition of a scavenger to the synthesis gas is found to decrease the formation of higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbons produced by CO hydrogenation. This suggests that the species removed by the scavenger are intermediates in the process of hydrocarbon chain growth.
Conformations of poly‐L‐valine in solution

In order to test theoretical predictions that poly-L-valine can exist in an α-helical conformation, water-soluble block copolymers of L-valine and D, L-lysine were prepared. By carrying out the synthesis on a resin support (with the use of N-carboxyanhydrides) contamination of the individual blocks by any unreacted monomer from the previous block was avoided. A single glycine residue was incorporated at the C-terminus of the chain for use in amino acid analyses. Using optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism criteria, about 50% of the short valine block of (D, L-lysine HCl)18-(L-valine)15-(D, L-lysine-HCl)16-glycine was found to be in the right-handed α-helical conformation in 98% aqueous methanol, in water, the polymer appears to be a dimer, with the valine block being involved in the formation of an intermolecular β-structure.
The effect of carbon graphite fiber reinforcentent on the strength of provisional crown and fixed partial denture resins

This study compared the moduli of elasticity of three provisional crown and fixed partial denture resins. Eighteen specimens of each resin were reinforced with carbon graphite fibers and 18 resin specimens from each group contained no fibers. Six specimens of each resin, with and without fibers, were tested within 6 hours of fabrication, after 30 days, and after 60 days of water storage. The mean moduli of elasticity of all the resins increased significantly with fiber incorporation. Water storage did not have a significant effect on the moduli of elasticity of the resins tested.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: A powerful tool to obtain samples from small lesions

BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a powerful imaging modality to identify and determine the extent of a lesion. In addition, EUS is superior to a computed tomography scan in detecting lesions < 3 cm. The objective of the current study was to determine whether small lesions (≤ 25 mm) affected the specimen adequacy and the diagnostic accuracy for lesions aspirated under EUS guidance. METHODS In the current study, 209 consecutive EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB) samples ≤ 25 mm (100 samples) or > 25 mm (109 samples) as determined by EUS were obtained from 151 patients with a mean age of 62 years (range, 39–94 years). A cytopathologist present in the endoscopy suite determined specimen adequacy. Yield of adequate samples for diagnosis, number of passes, and operating characteristics of EUS-FNAB for small (≤ 25 mm) and large lesions (>25 mm) were compared. RESULTS The overall yield of obtaining adequate samples for diagnosis was 96% (201 of 209). There was no difference noted with regard to the yield of obtaining samples (96% vs. 96%) from small or large lesions. A mean of 2.5 passes (range, 1–9 passes) was needed to obtain adequate samples from lesions ≤ 25 mm, whereas a mean of 4.5 passes (range, 1–11 passes) was needed to obtain adequate samples from lesions > 25 mm. The sensitivity (96% vs. 96%), specificity (100% vs. 100%), and diagnostic accuracy (98% vs. 97%) for EUS-FNAB were comparable whether the lesion was ≤ 25 mm or > 25 mm. CONCLUSIONS EUS-FNAB was a highly effective technique to obtain samples from small (≤ 25 mm) and large (> 25 mm) lesions without affecting the sensitivity, specificity, or diagnostic accuracy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of Layer Waviness in Flat Compression-Loaded Thermoplastic Composite Laminates

A finite element analysis was used to investigate layer waviness effects in flat compression-loaded composite laminates. Stress distributions in the vicinity of the layer waves as well as the locations and modes of failure were investigated. Two layer wave geometries were considered, each modeled within an otherwise wave-free thermoplastic composite laminate. These two wave geometries, classified as moderate and severe, corresponded to layer waves fabricated in actual laminates and tested under uniaxial compression loading. Material nonlinearities obtained from intralaminar shear and 0 and 90 deg tension and compression testing were incorporated into the analysis. The nonlinearity observed in the intralaminar shear stress-strain behavior was assumed to be valid for interlaminar shear stress-strain behavior, and the nonlinearity observed in the 90 deg tension and compression stress-strain behavior was assumed to be valid for interlaminar normal stress-strain behavior. Failure was predicted using a maximum stress failure theory. An interlaminar tension failure was predicted for the severe layer wave geometry, producing a large compression strength reduction in comparison to the wave-free laminate. Fiber compression failure was predicted for the moderate layer wave, producing only a slight compression strength reduction. Although significant material nonlinearity was present in the interlaminar compression and shear response of the material, the inclusion of material nonlinearity produced only slight decreases in predicted compression strengths relative to predictions based on linear material behavior.
Relative rates of carbon gasification in oxygen, steam and carbon dioxide

Rates of gasification of a cellulose char have been determined in 0.1 atm of O2, H2O, and CO2. Gasification was carried out in a reactor designed to provide precise control of reaction conditions and to reduce diffusion limitations of the reaction rate. Apparent activation energies were determined for each reaction to allow extrapolation of rates determined in different temperature ranges to a common temperature. The apparent activation energies for reaction in O2, H2O and CO2 were found to be 28.0, 38.1 and 66.8 kcal/mole, respectively. The relative rates of reaction of the same gases at 800°C and a reactant gas pressure of 0.1 atm were found to be 1.6 × 104, 18 and 1.0, respectively.
Data-glove-based fuzzy control of piezoelectric forceps actuator

This paper discusses a novel concept idea of utilizing smart structure in biomedical, minimum invasive surgery (MIS), MEMS manufacturing assembly line and also as a miniature robotic gripper system. The proposed prototype of a miniature piezoelectric forceps actuator (PFA) is composed of two symmetric slightly curved composite beams which each bonded with piezoelectric ceramic layer. The PFA is an innovative forceps actuator that comes with a data glove. The data glove is simply a custom-made glove with two embedded resistance-bending sensors located on thumb and index fingers. Any users can control opening and closing of the PFA by just wearing the data glove. A thin curved beam theory bonded with piezoelectric ceramic will be derived based on Hamilton's principle and its deflection behavior will be simulated based on distributed transfer function method (DTFM). A feasibility study of simulation open loop data glove-based fuzzy logic controller allows the user to open and close the PFA remotely. The bending movement of the thumb and index finger will be formulated in a table of rules based to produce the necessary output controller gain to control the PFA.
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION BY TITANATE POWDERS

— Uncoated powders of TiO2 or SrTiO3 did not produce H2 or O2 on UV irradiation of aqueous suspensions of the powders. TiO2 powders coated with platinum or rhodium photoproduced H2 on irradiation (effective wavelengths 334 and 366 nm) and the reaction was stimulated by catalytic quantities of methyl viologen. The turnover numbers for H2 production relative to TiO2 were very low suggesting that the powders were not acting catalytically. Hydrogen production was never stoichiometric with respect to TiO2 and the kinetics of H2 production were first order, not zero order as would be expected for catalytic photolysis of water. Oxygen was never detected and it appears that H2 did not arise from water photolysis but rather from oxidation of reduced sites in TiO2. A rhodium-coated SrTiO3 powder prepared photochemically produced both H2 and O2 on irradiation but the turnover numbers were very low. A Rh-SrTiO3 powder prepared thermally showed higher turnover numbers for H2 photoproduction and may be acting catalytically. However, little O2 was detected with this powder. When the turnover numbers for the different titanate powders were expressed with respect to the number of surface monolayer hydroxyl groups calculated from the surface area of the powders, some turnover numbers greater than one were obtained.