cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shedding Light on Single Molecules

Technical advances over the past few decades have led to the birth a new field, dubbed “single molecule biophysics.” Single-molecule methods can record molecular characteristics that are otherwise obscured using traditional, ensemble-based approaches, and thereby reveal rich new behaviors in biomolecules of interest. An entire arsenal of techniques boasting single-molecule sensitivity has already been developed, including single-channel recording, atomic- and scanned-force microscopy, single-molecule fluorescence and FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer), magnetic tweezers, and more. Prominent among the enabling technologies has been the optical trap, or “optical tweezers,” which is based on radiation pressure produced by an infrared laser. When combined with suitable in vitro assays for function, optical trapping microscopes can measure macromolecular properties with unprecedented precision, right down the atomic level (currently achieving a resolution of 1 angstrom over a bandwidth of 100 Hz), all while exerting exquisitely controlled forces in the piconewton (pN) range. Ultrasensitive systems for measuring force and displacement permit the nanomechanical properties of individual biomolecules to be explored noninvasively. Among the more notable successes for optical traps have been measurements of the fundamental steps (and forces) generated by motor proteins and processive nucleic acid enzymes, the strengths of noncovalent bonds between proteins, and the kinetics and energetics of folding in biopolymers, including proteins, DNA, and RNA. This talk will celebrate the success of optical traps in helping to establish single molecule biophysics.
Job Satisfactions in Different Occupational Areas Among Psychology Baccalaureates

(1985). Job Satisfactions in Different Occupational Areas Among Psychology Baccalaureates. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 21-22.
Origin of Urinary Pyrocatechol

THE formation of pyrocatechol in rats fed shikimic and quinic acids has recently been reported by Booth et al. 1 They proposed that human urinary pyrocatechol might have a similar origin since these acids are present in some edible plants. However, pyrocatechol also could arise from the oxidation of phenol, a compound formed in the gut by the action of bacteria on protein2. If pyrocatechol excretion-rates were shown to be dependent on gut bacteria, support for the proposed relationship would be obtained. An examination was therefore made of the pyrocatechol excretion-rates in several normal persons who later were treated with large doses of neomycin, a drug which can virtually sterilize the gut.
Protein band spreading in capillary zone electrophoresis effects of sample zone length and presence of polymer.

Abstract It is commonly accepted that intra-column zone dispersion in CZE rests on multiple mechanisms, viz. diffusion, interaction of analyte with the capillary walls, Joule heat and conductivity differences between sample zone and the surrounding buffer. The most important extra-column contributor to bandwidth is thought to be the starting zone width. The present study shows that the length of the starting zone above 10 mm is linearly related to the bandwidth of R-phycoerythrin (Mr290·103). Below that length, bandwidth demonstrates a plateau preceded by a slight rise. Within the ‘plateau range’ the ratio of bandwidth to effective capillary length is close to constant while it is independent of electric field strenght in the range of 37 to 370 V cm−1 and of protein concentration in the range of 0.1 to 1000 μg ml−1. The experimental observations support the notion that the analyte-wall interaction is the determining source of intra-column zone dispersion. A slight rise observed at initial zone lengths of less than 2 mm was accounted for by a diffusion model taking into account a non-local initial concentration of analyte. The presence of polyethyleneglycol in the buffer within a concentration range up to 6% does not affect bandwidth. Above that concentration, the level of constant bandwidth is raised.
Synthesis and structure of a thiolate-ligated Ni cluster which contains an unusual thiolate bridging mode and an exposed Ni site

Abstract The synthesis and structure of an aromatic thiolate-ligated trinuclear cluster Ni3((μ2)2-bdt)((μ2,μ′2)-bdt)2(PPh3)2 (6) is reported, which contains two potentially reactive sites; a weak bridge that is susceptible to cleavage, and an ‘exposed’ four-coordinate Ni site. Cluster 6 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a = 11.106(2), b = 11.406(2), c = 25.638(5) A , α = 85.16(2), β = 85.80(2), γ = 64.46(2)° and Z = 2. Both the solid state and solution properties indicate that 6 consists of two weakly connected charged fragments, dicationic [Ni2((μ2)2-bdt)(PPh3)2]2+ and dianionic [Ni(bdt)2]2−. The weak nature of the bridge which connects these fragments is probably a consequence of strain introduced by an unusual μ2,μ2′-bdt bridging mode. Cluster 6 remains intact in THF, toluence and CHCl3, but cluster fragmentation occurs in polar coordinating solvents DMF and DMSO.
A Fast Classification Scheme in Raman Spectroscopy for the Identification of Mineral Mixtures Using a Large Database With Correlated Predictors

Robust classification methods are vital to the successful implementation of many material characterization techniques, particularly where large databases exist. In this paper, we demonstrate an extremely fast classification method for the identification of mineral mixtures in Raman spectroscopy using the large RRUFF database. However, this method is equally applicable to other techniques meeting the large database criteria, these including laser-induced breakdown, X-ray diffraction, and mass spectroscopy methods. Classification of these multivariate datasets can be challenging due in part to the various obscuring features inherently present within the underlying dataset and in part to the volume and variety of information known a priori . Some of the more specific challenges include the observation of mixtures with overlapping spectral features, the use of large databases ( i.e., the number of predictors far outweighs the number of observations), the use of databases that contain groups of correlated spectra, and the ever present, clouding contaminants of noise, undesired background, and spectrometer artifacts. Although many existing classification algorithms attempt to address these problems individually, not many address them as a whole. Here, we apply a multistage approach, which leverages well-established constrained regression techniques, to overcome these challenges. Our modifications to conventional algorithm implementations are shown to increase speed and performance of the classification process. Unlike many other techniques, our method is able to rapidly classify mixtures while simultaneously preserving sparsity. It is easily implemented, has very few tuning parameters, does not require extensive parameter training, and does not require data dimensionality reduction prior to classification.
SU‐DD‐A2‐03: Assessment of Four‐Dimensional CT Image Acquisition Quality

The purpose of the present work is to develop and validate a series of tests to assess the quality of four‐dimensional (4D) computed tomography(CT)imaging as applied to radiation treatment planning. Using a commercial motion phantom and two programmable moving platforms with a CT phantom, we acquired 4D CT datasets on two commercial multislice helical CT scanners using different approaches to 4D CTimage reconstruction. 4D CTimagedata sets were obtained as the platform moves in different patterns designed to simulate various breathing patterns. Known inserts were contoured and statistics were generated to evaluate properties important to radiation therapy, namely phase‐binning accuracy, geometric accuracy, volume accuracy, and CT number accuracy. Phase‐binning accuracy varied by as much as 5% for a 4D procedure in which images were reconstructed, then binned, but exhibited no variation for a 4D procedure in which projections were binned prior to reconstruction. Geometric distortion was found to be small as was volume error. Partial volume effects in the direction perpendicular to the axial planes of reconstruction affected volume accuracy, however. CT numbers were reproduced accurately, but 4D images exhibited significantly more noise than static CTimages. Characterization of such properties can be used to better understand and optimize the various parameters that affect 4D CTimage acquisition.
A multinational test of determinants of corporate disclosure

Abstract This paper develops a model of cultural, national, and corporate factors that influence the financial disclosure of corporations. This model is then tested empirically using a sample of companies from 33 countries. The paper extends the literature on disclosure by considering a larger number of variables that represent determinants of disclosure and by empirically testing the model using a larger number of countries than prior studies. The model is tested using disclosure scores included in International Accounting and Auditing Trends. The model considers the influence of culture, national political and economic systems, and corporate financial and operating systems on the amount of corporate financial disclosure. The results of the regression model indicate that disclosure is influenced by culture, national systems, and corporate systems. The model developed is shown to provide a reasonably good explanation of the disclosure decision. Differences among the components of the model help explain differences in observed financial disclosure between companies in different countries and between companies within the same country. The results indicate that the financial-disclosure decision for a company is complex and influenced by many national and corporate factors.
High-resolution field desorption/ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass analysis of nonpolar molecules.

We report the first field desorption ionization broadband high-resolution (m/Δm50% ≈ 65 000) mass spectra. We have interfaced a field ionization/field desorption source to a home-built 9.4-T FT-ICR mass spectrometer. The instrumental configuration employs convenient sample introduction (in-source liquid injection) and external ion accumulation. We demonstrate the utility of this configuration by generating high-resolution positive-ion mass spectra of C60 and a midboiling crude oil distillate. The latter contains species not accessible by common soft-ionization methods, for example, low-voltage electron ionization, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. The present work demonstrates significant advantages of FI/FD FT-ICR MS for analysis of nonpolar molecules in complex mixtures.
Homology 4-spheres with distinct k-invariants

Abstract We exhibit integral-homology 4-spheres with isomorphic π 1 and π 2 (as π 1 -modules), but with distinct k -invariants.
Pancreatic cancer stroma: friend or foe?

Pancreatic cancer desmoplasia is thought to confer biological aggressiveness. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Ozdemir and colleagues and Rhim and colleagues demonstrate that targeting the stroma results in undifferentiated, aggressive pancreatic cancer that responds to checkpoint blockade or antiangiogenic therapy, uncovering a protective role by stroma in this cancer.
Preliminary investigations of the chemiluminescent response in normal and pollutant-exposed fish

Abstract A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) assay is currently being developed and tested with macrophages isolated from the kidneys of spot (Leiostomus xanthrus) and hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus). Both peak amplitude and time of maximum response have been observed to vary with the species tested and the stimulus used. In York River (reference), spot zymosan elicited the most immediate response with a peak at 18 min, while the response induced by Staphylococcus aureus was delayed (28 min). In York River (reference) hogchoker, the most immediate response was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with a peak at 7min. S. aureus and zymosan elicited somewhat delayed responses (13 min and 15 min, respectively). Macrophages from spot captured in the Elizabeth River, which is highly contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were markedly deficient in generating a zymosan-induced CL response compared with York River reference fish. Spot exposed in the laboratory to contaminated sediments showed a similar decrease in the CL response.
Orofacial pain of cardiac origin.

Dentists should not assume that all orofacial pain is of dental origin. A case of orofacial pain caused by impending myocardial infarction is described.
Absorbable polydioxanone suture and results in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Background. Despite theoretical advantages of absorbable suture in the growing vascular anastomosis, there has not been a documented advantage over nonabsorbable suture in preventing late anastomotic stenosis in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Methods. We reviewed our experience from 1982 to 1994 with 65 hospital survivors of total TAPVC repair to examine the influence of suture type on survival and incidence of late pulmonary venous obstruction. From 1982 until 1988, we used continuous nonabsorbable polypropylene suture for the pulmonary venous-left atrial anastomosis in supracardiac, infracardiac, and mixed types of TAPVC. In 1989, we adopted a running absorbable polydioxanone suture technique. Cardiac catheterization and echocardiography were used to evaluate late pulmonary venous obstruction. Results. Late pulmonary venous obstruction occurred in 17% (4/23) of survivors after repair with polypropylene suture compared with 3.2% (1/32) after repair with polydioxanone suture ( p Conclusions. Continuous absorbable polydioxanone suture for the repair of TAPVC results in a low incidence of late pulmonary venous obstruction and death and appears to offer advantages over a continuous nonabsorbable suture. A continuous nonabsorbable suture may limit growth of a vascular anastomosis, particularly one involving a "low-pressure" anastomosis such as in the repair of TAPVC.
Two terabyte optical archival store

Abstract We describe a very large archival store which has been built and is now being used as a cluster device on a cluster of VAX computers at the Physical Sciences Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We also give measured performances and data on the first use. The Optical Archival Store has been built to write and read files of all sizes from 1 byte to 1 Gbyte. The total capacity is 2 Tbyte (terabyte). The store has a general directory capability, and preserves the VMS protection scheme. The first access time to a random file is 35 s, and the second access time to a file on the same volume is 4 s. The principal need is for use by High Energy Physics, but other UW groups can also use the system.
Homicide in black and white

African-Americans are six times as likely as white Americans to die at the hands of a murderer, and roughly seven times as likely to murder someone. Young black men are 15 times as likely to be murdered as young white men. This disparity is historic and pervasive, and cannot be accounted for by individual characteristics. Culture-of-violence and tail-of-the-distribution theories are also inadequate to explain the geographic and demographic pattern of the disparity. We argue that any satisfactory explanation must take into account the fact that murder can have a preemptive motive: people sometimes kill simply to avoid being killed. As a result, disputes can escalate dramatically in environments (endogenously) perceived to be dangerous, resulting in self-fulfilling expectations of violence for particular dyadic interactions, and significant racial disparities in rates of murder and victimization. Because of strategic complementarity, small differences in fundamentals can cause large differences in murder rates. Differences in the manner in which the criminal justice system treats murders with victims from different groups, and differences across groups in involvement in street vice, may be sufficient to explain the size and pattern of the racial disparity.
Synaptic contacts between embryonic Xenopus neurons and myotubes formed from a rat skeletal muscle cell line

Abstract Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) accumulate at the junctional region during early development. In an attempt to characterize this process of AChR accumulation, we combined embryonic Xenopus neurons with myotubes formed from a rat skeletal muscle cell line. Xenopus neurons in culture are known to induce AChR accumulation in Xenopus muscles [Anderson, M. J., Cohen, M. W., and Zorychta, E. (1977). J. (London), 268, 731–756]. Rat myotubes, however, do not exhibit AChR accumulation in culture even when they are functionally innervated by the fetal rat spinal cord explant [Kidokoro, Y. (1980) Develop. Biol., 78, 231–241]. Establishment of synaptic transmission was examined electrophysiologically by recording synaptic potentials, while the distribution of AChR clusters was visualized using fluorescent α-bungarotoxin. Our results indicate that embryonic Xenopus neurons formed functional synaptic contacts but did not cause AChR accumulation in L6-myotubes. It seems that the ability of a nerve to cause AChR accumulation is separate from that to form the functional synapse. We also found that the mean amplitude of synaptic potentials in L6-myotubes interacted with Xenopus neurons was about half of that in L6-myotubes innervated by fetal rat spinal cord explants. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
Comparative mycelial protein and enzyme patterns in four species of Ceratocystis.

Mycelial protein and alkaline phosphatase complements from 13 isolates of Ceratocystis cocrulescens, C. fagacearum, C. fimbriata and C. ulmi were extracted from acetone powders, separated on Polyac...
Physicians as a resource for psychosocial problems.

Abstract This study had two related goals. The first was to investigate the difference between a model family practice center and an ambulatory medical clinic staffed by internal medicine residents and attending physicians. The three hypotheses selected for testing reflect the general tenets of family medicine: 1) patients at a family practice center perceive and utilize their physicians as psychosocial resources more often than do patients at a general medical clinic; 2) they are more involved in their own health care; and 3) they have fewer but longer visits with their physicians. The results supported the first and third hypotheses. The second goal was to determine whether those patients who utilized their physicians for psychosocial problems could be differentiated from those who did not. The data indicated that such a differentiation could be made reliably and that it had significant predictive ability. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for behavioral science training in family medicine.
Testing the Effects of the Addition of Videos to a Website Promoting Environmental Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Practices: Are Videos Worth It?

Searching for ways to reach wider audiences in more comprehensible ways, health promotion agencies might add videos to their current web offerings. While potentially costly and time consuming to create, the effect of these videos on websites has not received much attention. This study translated research about the potential breast cancer risk for young girls associated with the household chemical perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) into two websites in which mothers with young daughters were randomly assigned to view (website with videos vs. website without videos). Results revealed that participants in the video condition found the advocated risk protective behaviors easier to perform and stated they were more likely to perform them than those in the non-video condition. Approximately 15 days after exposure, those in the video condition performed on average one more protective behavior than those in the non-video condition. Results also suggest that agencies' efforts should focus on creating one quality video ...
Design of a Library of Parallel Preconditioners

The authors outline the design principles underlying the ParPre library of parallel preconditioners. ParPre is a message-passing library of distributed preconditioners for linear systems, written using MPI and Petsc. It comprises Schwarz methods, Schur system domain decompositioning, various parallel incomplete factorizations, and multilevel methods.
Reconciling competing motives in self-evaluation: The role of self-control in feedback seeking.

On the basis of the assumption that positive experiences enhance perceived ability to cope with the discomfort associated with negative performance feedback (NF), it was hypothesized that (a) positive experiences increase willingness to accept negative but useful feedback and that (b) individuals seek positive experiences before accepting NF. Experiment 1 found that past success increased Ss' interest in unrelated NF. Experiment 2 found that positive mood increased Ss' interest in NF. Experiment 3 investigated the amount of time Ss spent reading about their past success while waiting for new feedback. When the new feedback was mandatory, the time Ss spent reading about their past success increased with the anticipated negativity of the new feedback. However, when the new feedback was optional, the time Ss spent reading about their past success was an inverted-U function of the anticipated negativity of the new feedback. Results are discussed in terms of self-control processes. Everyday life provides people with numerous opportunities to obtain feedback about themselves. The feedback can come from performance outcomes, others' opinions about people's performance, and comparison with others' performance. What people actually learn from these sources, however, depends on the amount and kind of feedback they are willing to receive. Recognizing the selectivity in feedback seeking and its intrapersonal and interpersonal significance, social psychologists have devoted considerable research efforts to understanding feed
Structure specification with a procedural hardware description language

Describes the extension and formalization of the hardware description language AHPI to form AHPL III. This language provides for nesting AHPL descriptions within descriptions. It incorporates a general index extension mechanism which permits the efficient representation of sets of duplicate descriptions of any complexity. Three types of structures, procedural structures, functional registers, and combinational logic units are permitted. Procedural structures may be primitive or nonprimitive. All but primitive procedural structures share a common syntax. Nesting, declaration, and invocation rules for these distinct structures are specified in a semantics table.
Connectednesses and Disconnectednesses

: This is the first of two survey articles on Connectednesses and Disconnectednesses. While this paper deals mainly with topological spaces, we do investigate topological categories in order to determine those properties of connectednesses and disconnectednesses in topological spaces that also hold in all topological categories. In addition, we look at the problem of characterizing connectednesses and disconnectednesses both in topological spaces and in topological categories.
Possible Early Emergence of In-Field Second Neoplasms Following Cranial Irradiation, Chemotherapy, and Stereotactic Irradiation: Report of Two Cases

We report two patients with intracranial mass lesions, both treated with initial external-beam cranial irradiation (EBRT), subsequent linear accelerator-based stereotactic irradiation, and chemotherapy, who developed second unrelated malignancies inside the field of both the conventional and the stereotactic irradiation within 13 months of completion of EBRT. One was a 48-year-old man with a right temporal glioblastoma who developed a neurofibrosarcoma of the ipsilateral temporal scalp, and the other was a 53-year-old woman who developed a glioblastoma that enveloped a previously successfully treated metastasis from a non–small cell lung primary. We believe that these cases may reflect radiation-induced neoplasms and that the early occurrence of such second malignancies may be a new toxicity attributable to the combination of stereotactic and conventional irradiation and, possibly, systemic chemotherapy.
Reichenbach on Convention

Reichenbach articulated and defended a distinction between conventional and factual components within a scientific theory. For example, he argued that the axioms of geometry are factual while the coordinative definitions for geometry are conventional.1 The scientific spirit with which Reichenbach approached philosophical discussion is illustrated by the manner in which he clarified his doctrine when confronted with criticism. His reply to Einstein represents, I shall argue, a fundamental discovery that refutes both the conventionalism of Poincare and Quine’s claim that no categorical distinction can be drawn between those statements that are true as a matter of fact and those that are true by convention. I shall conclude with a comparison between Reichenbach’s doctrine and a similar one proposed by Carnap.
Finite element mass matrix lumping by numerical integration with no convergence rate loss

Abstract Using numerical integration in the formation of the finite element mass matrix and placing the movable nodes at integration points causes it to become lumped or diagonal (block diagonal) with the optimal rate of energy convergence retained.
A recursive do for Haskell

Certain programs making use of monads need to perform recursion over the values of monadic actions. Although the do-notation of Haskell provides a convenient framework for monadic programming, it lacks the generality to support such recursive bindings. In this paper, we describe an enhanced translation schema for the donotation and its integration into Haskell. The new translation allows variables to be bound recursively, provided the underlying monad comes equipped with an appropriate fixed-point operator.
Cytokines up-regulate Ia expression in organotypic cultures of central nervous system tissue

Abstract Myelinated cultures of embryonic SJL/J mouse spinal cord tissue have been tested for their ability to express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Ia) molecules in the presence of two recombinant cytokines, mouse interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Both cytokines up-regulated class II MHC in a dose-dependent manner and interacted synergistically to increase Ia when applied together. The principal cell type involved were glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes along the surface of the cultures. Immunocytochemistry in combination with light microscope examination of whole mounts and epoxy sections as well as electron microscopy, were used to assess the phenomena. These findings add further weight to previous observations on astrocytes being capable of serving as antigen-presenting cells within the central nervous system.
FAILURE TO RECONSTITUTE NEONATALLY THYMECTOMIZED MICE BY 'SUCCESSFUL' RAT THYMUS TRANSPLANTATION.

Failure to Reconstitute Neonatally Thymectomized Mice by ‘Successful’ Rat Thymus Transplantation
Novel Drosophila Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1)/Origin Recognition Complex-associated Protein (HOAP) Repeat Motif in HP1/HOAP Interactions and Chromocenter Associations

Association of the highly conserved heterochromatin protein, HP1, with the specialized chromatin of centromeres and telomeres requires binding to a specific histone H3 modification of methylation on lysine 9. This modification is catalyzed by the Drosophila Su(var)3-9 gene product and its homologues. Specific DNA binding activities are also likely to be required for targeting this activity along with HP1 to specific chromosomal regions. The Drosophila HOAP protein is a DNA-binding protein that was identified as a component of a multiprotein complex of HP1 containing Drosophila origin recognition complex (ORC) subunits in the early Drosophila embryo. Here we show direct physical interactions between the HOAP protein and HP1 and specific ORC subunits. Two additional HP1-like proteins (HP1b and HP1c) were recently identified in Drosophila, and the unique chromosomal distribution of each isoform is determined by two independently acting HP1 domains (hinge and chromoshadow domain) (47). We find heterochromatin protein 1/origin recognition complex-associated protein (HOAP) to interact specifically with the originally described predominantly heterochromatic HP1a protein. Both the hinge and chromoshadow domains of HP1a are required for its interaction with HOAP, and a novel peptide repeat located in the carboxyl terminus of the HOAP protein is required for the interaction with the HP1 hinge domain. Peptides that interfere with HP1a/HOAP interactions in co-precipitation experiments also displace HP1 from the heterochromatic chromocenter of polytene chromosomes in larval salivary glands. A mutant for the HOAP protein also suppresses centric heterochromatin-induced silencing, supporting a role for HOAP in centric heterochromatin.
A Sequential Model of the Farm Firm Growth Process

Multiperiod linear programming and computer simulation techniques are integrated into a single recursive-sequential model of the farm firm growth process. The model is tied to dynamic theories of the firm's planning behavior first developed by Hicks and more recently by Modigliani and Cohen. A central Kentucky beef farm empirically illustrates predictive features of the model. Three alternative beef production management strategies are compared to demonstrate the model's potential for explaining and predicting alternative farm firm growth processes.
Microcomputer control and data analysis for a far infrared Fourier spectrometer

A commercial general-purpose microcomputer is used to provide real-time experimental control, data acquisition and data analysis for a far infrared Fourier spectrometer. The interfacing and programming procedures are described. The microcomputer gives excellent performance at a low cost.
An analysis of vehicle power requirements in deep snowpack

Abstract Power requirements for tracked vehicles moving in deep medium-to-high density snow are calculated. A volumetric constitutive law is used to determine the energy absorbed by the pressure bulb under the vehicle. Also shearing effects along the pressure bulb wall and in the pressure bulb are taken into account. A parametric study is made to determine the effect of initial density, track pressure, vehicle speed and track geometry on track efficiency. The results show that if the snow material properties are expressible in terms of a constitutive law, the method presented can be of considerable use for predicting certain aspects of vehicle performance in snow and for evaluating the structure of the pressure bulb below the vehicle track.
RENAL RESPONSE OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL-TREATED RATS TO INJECTED MINERALOCORTICOIDS.

Chronic administration of the antithyroid drug, propylthiouracil (PTU), not only induces hypothyroidism but also significantly increases rate of excretion of water and sodium during 5 hr after loading rats with either water or isotonic saline (2.5 ml/100 g body wt ip). After saline loading only, significantly greater amounts of potassium are also excreted. Neither deoxycorticosterone acetate (250 μg/100 g body wt) nor dl-aldosterone (5 μg/100 g body wt), administered prior to water loading, is effective in returning renal sodium loss to the sodium level of euthyroid controls. However, after loading with isotonic saline, both steroids are effective; the minimal doses of aldosterone for significant sodium retention are 0.055 μg/100 g body wt for euthyroid controls and 0.50 μg/100 g body wt for PTU-treated rats. Earlier studies suggested that the increased renal sodium loss of PTU-treated rats could result singly or in combination from: a) decreased renal production of renin and, hence, angiotensin; b) decre...
Bose-Einstein statistics of an excitonic gas in two dimensions: Excitons and biexcitons in a GaAs quantum well

Intense photoexcitation of a GaAs quantum well produces a dense gas of free excitons that can pairwise combine to form biexcitons. At sufficiently high density where interparticle spacing is comparable to the thermal deBroglie wavelength, such a two-component gas confined to two-dimensional motion may exhibit quantum-statistical behavior. In this paper, we theoretically show how quantum statistics modifies the equilibrium-density relationship between excitons and biexcitons from that of a classical square law. We also experimentally examine a gas of excitons and biexcitons in GaAs quantum wells and find the predicted signature of Bose-Einstein statistics: a saturation of the exciton density with a continued growth of the biexciton density, as the pair density is increased. For a two-dimensional excitonic gas at a temperature of 5 K inside a 100-\AA{} GaAs quantum well, the calculated pair density at the onset of excitonic saturation is only about $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2},$ a density readily attained by photoexcitation with 5-ps laser pulses focused to a $3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ spot. Concurrent with the saturation behavior with increasing density, we observe a gradual broadening and blueshifting of the luminescence peaks, indicating the onset of many-particle effects. Also, the deduced ratio of the total radiative rate of a biexciton to that of an exciton is considerably smaller than what might be expected from simple kinetic arguments. Thus, it seems that a rigorous understanding of the spectral line shapes and luminescence intensities is needed to support our interpretation of Bose-Einstein statistics in this system.
Increased Stimulated Release and Uptake of Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens After Repeated Cocaine Administration as Measured by In Vivo Voltammetry

Electrically stimulated dopamine (DA) release (overflow) and uptake were measured with in vivo voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens (N ACC) of anesthetized rats that had previously received repeated cocaine treatments. Electrically stimulated DA release was induced by a 10-s stimulation in the medial forebrain bundle (2-ms, 200-microA, biphasic pulses at 100 Hz). DA overflow and uptake were measured with fast chronoamperometry using a Nafion-plated, carbon fiber electrode. Animals given repeated doses of cocaine (10 mg/kg s.c. from day 1 to 5, 20 mg/kg s.c. from day 6 to 10) showed marked increases in DA uptake (5.47 +/- 0.28 vs. 2.93 +/- 0.26 microM/s) and in stimulated DA overflow (27.3 +/- 1.1 vs. 18.9 +/- 1.3 microM) compared with DA uptake and stimulated overflow in saline control animals. The increased uptake was shown to be independent of the increased overflow. Uptake was monitored as a function of stimulation current, and the data were extrapolated to zero stimulation, resulting in calculated rates of uptake of 2.43 and 3.71 microM/s in the control and cocaine-treated groups, respectively. These effects were found to be temporary, as there were no significant differences in stimulated release or uptake between saline control animals and animals given 10 days of cocaine followed by a 10-day abstinence period. These alterations in the N ACC produced by repeated cocaine administration may be a compensatory response to prolonged uptake blockade of synaptic DA.
Full-Scale Instrumented Testing and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Airfield Matting Systems

Matting systems are used for temporary applications on soft soils to reduce ground pressure exerted by aircraft, heavy equipment, vehicles, and construction material. They have been used for military airfields, construction platforms, and similar applications. Previous evaluation studies of matting systems have typically consisted of full-scale testing, with only a limited amount of numerical modeling found in the literature. This paper presents results of full-scale accelerated testing of 21 test sections encompassing five matting systems, five soil-support conditions, and two aircraft loadings. One of the soil-support conditions was instrumented and tested in conjunction with three matting systems and one aircraft loading. Three-dimensional finite-element modeling was performed on the instrumented sections using the measured test data for calibration. Good matches of measured soil stresses were obtained with the model for two of the mats, whereas the model underpredicted stresses in the third mat. Modeling of the type performed in this paper was capable of correctly ranking the performance of the matting systems modeled relative to the full-scale test results.
A new, delay-line-discriminator-based, hybrid RF/digital phase noise cancellation technique

A new, hybrid RF/digital phase noise cancellation technique is presented. The proposed phase noise cancellation technique estimates the phase noise using an RF delay-line-discriminator (DLD), digitizes the DLD output, performs proper digital signal processing (DSP) and then compensates for the phase noise at the digital baseband. This new technique is applicable to both transmitter and receiver and is independent of the modulation and waveform. As part of the DSP, an adaptive linear prediction filter (ALPF) is applied to compensate the analog delay associated with the DLD, low-pass filters, and data conversion. Such delay compensation enhances the phase noise cancellation bandwidth. 30 dB of phase noise cancellation is achieved in simulation using realistic phase noise and component models.
Engaging a corporate community to manage technology and embrace innovation

It has been estimated that approximately 50 percent of technology implementation failures are due to scheduling and budget issues and 27 percent are due to customer dissatisfaction. If typical technology solutions face these odds, how can riskier emerging technology and innovation activities succeed? This paper describes the IBM Technology Adoption Program (TAP), an effort by its technology and innovation team to formalize its innovation management discipline. Instead of using structured governing processes, the program uses an organic approach for accelerating change. TAP is focused on cultivating and harnessing the existing early adopter and innovator communities within the enterprise to shorten the technical development cycle and deliver solutions that engage a variety of users, ensuring rapid, widespread accommodation. We describe TAP in the context of the challenges enterprises face in fostering and measuring innovation, focusing on three key areas: rallying the community, encouraging the technical investment supporting the community, and gauging the priority and value of new technology. We present several examples to illustrate the benefits that materialize from overcoming obstacles and delivering significant innovation.
Ontogeny of high- and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in the lumbar spinal cord of the developing chick embryo.

Abstract The binding of 125 I-labeled nerve growth factor-β (NGF) to soluble extracts of intact or dissociated embryonic chick lumbar cords was used to investigate the kinetic properties and to quantify the levels of NGF receptors (NGFRs) in the developing chick between Embryonic Day 6 (E6) and E10. Both high-affinity (type I; K d = 7.4 × 10 −11 M ) and low-affinity (type II; K d = 2.4 × 10 −9 M ) NGFRs were detected by Scatchard analysis of 125 I-NGF binding to E6 spinal cord extracts. A total of 4 × 10 9 type I and 5 × 10 10 type II receptors/cord were found in extracts of E6·cords. As development progressed, there was a decline of both types of NGFRs; however, the decline of type I receptors occurred more rapidly than that of type II. Between E6 and E8 >90% of the type I but only 25% of the type II receptors were lost. These relative rates of loss were maintained over the next week of development, with type I receptors no longer detectable by E12, and type II receptors reduced to 0.025% of their E6 numbers by E15. Analyses of NGFR levels in subpopulations of E6 and E8 lumbar cord cells, prepared by metrizamide density gradient centrifugation, showed that during this period there is an enrichment of both types of NGFRs in the motoneuron-containing subpopulation, relative to other cell populations. The loss of NGFRs does not appear to be influenced by those peripheral-trophic interactions which control other aspects of motoneuron development: curarization of the embryos between E6 and E9 increased motoneuron number in E10 embryos by 30%, but did not significantly affect the loss of NGFRs. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that type I and type II NGFRs are differentially regulated in the spinal cord during embryonic development and raise the possibility that distinct cellular mechanisms may govern their expression.
CYP2C19 Genotype and Proton Pump Inhibitors in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients Does It Take Two to Tango?

The debate continues regarding the existence of an adverse interaction between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and clopidogrel. Concerns for a drug-drug interaction first emerged when experimental pharmacodynamic data indicated that omeprazole might diminish the in vitro antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel.1,2 These concerns were escalated when retrospective data from 2 large observational studies demonstrated that use of a PPI was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events for patients treated with clopidogrel.3,4 In response to these findings, the US Food and Drug Administration updated the drug's label to warn that the effectiveness of clopidogrel is reduced when administered in combination with omeprazole.5 However, these findings have since been disputed by a growing number of analyses from clinical trial populations that have failed to show an increased risk of adverse outcomes when PPIs are administered in combination with clopidogrel.6,–,8 Furthermore, the results of the only randomized clinical trial to address this issue demonstrated similar cardiovascular risk regardless of whether subjects were assigned to clopidogrel alone or in combination with omeprazole.9 Article see p 474 In light of the accumulating evidence that suggests that PPIs can be administered safely in combination with clopidogrel, one may wonder why this continues to be a topic of heated debate. There are several valid reasons that support these theoretical concerns. Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires hepatic biotransformation that involves 2 CYP2C19-dependent steps to form its active metabolite.10 In turn, PPIs variably inhibit CYP2C19 enzyme activity.11 As well, genetic polymorphisms that naturally confer reduced CYP2C19 enzyme activity are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in clopidogrel-treated patients,12 thereby supporting the concept that the isoenzyme is an integral step in the metabolism of clopidogrel. …
Surgical aspects in the treatment of lung cancer.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The treatment of lung cancer has been most successful when surgery is involved. This review is a succinct overview of lung cancer treatment from the thoracic surgeon's perspective over the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Starting with the evidence-based guidelines developed by the American College of Chest Physicians, the main themes in the literature are a multimodality approach and the miniaturization of surgical approaches. Palliative procedures, staging, and extension of surgery to patients previously thought inoperable are other subjects covered. SUMMARY We are standing on the verge of having a definitive answer to the 20-year-old question whether adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy benefits patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Sufficient data will be available shortly to determine whether minimally invasive surgical approaches yield similar long-term outcomes as traditional approaches.
Folded-cascode CMOS operational amplifier with slew rate enhancement circuit

A slew-rate enhancement circuit for improving the nonsymmetric slew rate of the output stages is introduced. A signal-dependent dynamic biasing circuit is incorporated to only activate the slew rate enhancement circuit in large signal transients. This circuit is incorporated in the output stage of a folded-cascode opamp design fabricated in a 2 micron CMOS technology. Experimental results demonstrate the desired operation of the proposed circuit. >
Product-Error-Driven Uncertainty Model for Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Estimation with NEXRAD Data

Abstract Although it is broadly acknowledged that the radar-rainfall (RR) estimates based on the U.S. national network of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) stations contain a high degree of uncertainty, no methods currently exist to inform users about its quantitative characteristics. The most comprehensive characterization of this uncertainty can be achieved by delivering the products in a probabilistic rather than the traditional deterministic form. The authors are developing a methodology for probabilistic quantitative precipitation estimation (PQPE) based on weather radar data. In this study, they present the central element of this methodology: an empirically based error structure model for the RR products. The authors apply a product-error-driven (PED) approach to obtain a realistic uncertainty model. It is based on the analyses of six years of data from the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, WSR-88D radar (KTLX) processed with the Precipitation Processing System algorithm of the NEXRAD system...
Differential survival of bacteria ingested by zooplankton from a stratified eutrophic lake

Field studies were performed in stratified Lake Oglethorpe to isolate and identify culturable, free-living bacterioplankton from lake water and those associated within zooplankton. Heterotrophic colony counts of whole water were lower than acridine orange epifluorescent direct counts by 3-4 orders of magnitude, whereas colony counts were increased by an order of magnitude when the lake water was fractionated for zooplankton, then treated and sonicated to release bacteria from within zooplankton. Cultured bacterial species were segregated by sampling depth among the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion and the zooplankton fractions. Laboratory feeding experiments with Duphnia ambigua and mixed suspensions of these lake bacteria demonstrated that zooplankton-associated bacteria survived induced gut retention in D. ambigua for 23 h longer than free-living bacteria. Feeding rate experiments showed no difference between ingestion or clearance rates of the mixed cultured bacteria, but bacterial inhibition studies showed that survivors inhibited nonsurvivors. These studies suggest that some bacterioplankton can survive digestion and interact in guts of zooplankton.
CoDAC: A compressive depth acquisition camera framework

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems use time of flight (TOF) in combination with raster scanning of the scene to form depth maps, and TOF cameras instead make TOF measurements in parallel by using an array of sensors. Here we present a framework for depth map acquisition using neither raster scanning by the illumination source nor an array of sensors. Our architecture uses a spatial light modulator (SLM) to spatially pattern a temporally-modulated light source. Then, measurements from a single omnidirectional sensor provide adequate information for depth map estimation at a resolution equal that of the SLM. Proof-of-concept experiments have verified the validity of our modeling and algorithms.