cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of CREB degradation and KChIP2 gene transcription in cardiac memory.

Background Left ventricular pacing (LVP) to induce cardiac memory (CM) in dogs results in a decreased transient outward K current (I to ) and reduced mRNA and protein of the I to channel accessory subunit, KChIP2. The KChIP2 decrease is attributed to a decrease in its transcription factor, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB). Objective This study sought to determine the mechanisms responsible for the CREB decrease that is initiated by LVP. Methods CM was quantified as T-wave vector displacement in 18 LVP dogs. In 5 dogs, angiotensin II receptor blocker, saralasin, was infused before and during pacing. In 3 dogs, proteasomal inhibitor, lactacystin, was injected into the left anterior descending artery before LVP. Epicardial biopsy samples were taken before and after LVP. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) were incubated with H 2 O 2 (50 μmol/l) for 1 hour with or without lactacystin. Results LVP significantly displaced the T-wave vector and was associated with increased lipid peroxidation and increased tissue angiotensin II levels. Saralasin prevented T-vector displacement and lipid peroxidation. CREB was significantly decreased after 2 hours of LVP and was comparably decreased in H 2 O 2 –treated NRCM. Lactacystin inhibited the CREB decrease in LVP dogs and H 2 O 2 -treated NRCM. LVP and H 2 O 2 both induced CREB ubiquitination, and the H 2 O 2 -induced CREB decrease was prevented by knocking down ubiquitin. Conclusion LVP initiates myocardial angiotensin II production and reactive oxygen species synthesis, leading to CREB ubiquitination and its proteasomal degradation. This sequence of events would explain the pacing-induced reduction in KChIP2, and contribute to altered repolarization and the T-wave changes of cardiac memory.
The senescent primate brain

Abstract Aged nonhuman primates develop many of the neurobiological hallmarks of aging that occur in humans, including degenerative and compensatory neuronal changes, senile plaques, and cerebrovascular β-amyloidosis. Alterations in neurons and their transmitters are often subtle and variable in monkeys, making correlations between cerebral and behavioral changes difficult to detect and interpret. Future studies should increasingly focus on specific phenomena that are characteristic of the senescent primate brain. For example, monkeys presently are the best animal model of cerebral βamyloidosis, and have yielded significant data on the composition of senile plaques. With the development of new methods for studying β-amyloid in primates, we can achieve important new insights into the genesis, detection and treatment of age-associated diseases such as cerebrovascular amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease.
JAK2 V617F is a rare finding in de novo acute myeloid leukemia, but STAT3 activation is common and remains unexplained

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are phosphorylated and activated by Janus kinases (JAKs). Recently, several groups identified a recurrent somatic point mutation constitutively activating the hematopoietic growth factor receptor-associated JAK2 tyrosine kinase in diverse chronic myeloid disorders - most commonly classic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), especially polycythemia vera. We hypothesized that the JAK2 V617F mutation might also be present in samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially erythroleukemia (AML-M6) or megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML-M7), where it might mimic erythropoietin or thrombopoietin signaling. First, we documented STAT3 activation by immunoblotting in AML-M6 and other AML subtypes. Immunoperoxidase staining confirmed phosphorylated STAT3 in malignant myeloblasts (21% of cases, including all AML-M3 samples tested). We then analyzed genomic DNA from 162 AML, 30 B-cell lymphoma, and 10 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples for JAK2 mutations, and assayed a subset for SOCS1 and FLT3 mutations. Janus kinase2 V617F was present in 13/162 AML samples (8%): 10/13 transformed MPD, and three apparent de novo AML (one of 12 AML-M6, one of 24 AML-M7, and one AML-M2 - all mixed clonality). FLT3 mutations were present in 5/32 (16%), while SOCS1 mutations were totally absent. Lymphoproliferative disorder samples were both JAK2 and SOCS1 wild type. Thus, while JAK2 V617F is uncommon in de novo AML and probably does not occur in lymphoid malignancy, unexplained STAT3 activation is common in AML. Janus kinase2 extrinsic regulators and other proteins in the JAK-STAT pathway should be interrogated to explain frequent STAT activation in AML.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium confusum, and Lasioderma serricorne

Lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal; rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); and cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), were exposed to various levels of gamma radiation from a Co60 source. All 4 metamorphic stages of each insect were used. Dosages were 13.2±10%, 17.5, 25, 45, and 100 krad and, on all insects except the lesser grain borer, a fractionated dosage of 13.2 krad ±10% repeated 5 times at hourly intervals. The dose rate for all treatment levels was about 330 krad per hour. In all species the adults were the most tolerant, followed by the pupae, then the larvae, and then the eggs. No dosage used was high enough to produce immediate complete mortality of all species. All 4 species were sterilized by gamma radiation in a single continuous dose of 25 had or more.
On the Air–Sea Boundary in Transient Marine CSEM Detection Modeling of Subseafloor Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

The published scientific literature provides extensive results and discussion of approximate finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational modeling of marine controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) detection of hydrocarbon reservoirs buried under the seafloor. “Approximate” here refers to the neglection of displacement currents in the calculation to reduce the computational burden of the simulation. This leads to the widely used approximate continuation boundary conditions at the ocean-air interface to avoid the free-space region in the simulation where inclusion of displacement currents is required. However, an analysis of when the use of such continuation boundary conditions sufficiently reduces the accuracy of the calculated results is lacking in the published literature. This letter addresses this issue and reports the application of the complete and standard, three-dimensional full-vector Maxwell's equations FDTD method to modeling CSEM hydrocarbon detection. We provide accurate results for shallow and deep-water CSEM problems and determine that the continuation boundary condition is inadequate at large (>; 4.5 km) source-to-receiver distances in deep-water detection problems and at all distances in shallow-water problems.
An economic perspective on escalating commitment

This paper highlights the significance of escalating commitment to strategy formulation, briefly examines behavioral explanations of escalating commitment to a losing course of action, and finally proposes an economic theory of the escalating commitment phenomenon. An example of escalating commitment to an outdated technology is presented. It is shown mathematically that there are economic justifications for escalating commitment to a failing strategy. Strategic implications for the first move advantage and for the U.S. steel, auto and semiconductor industries are discussed.
Effect of Post‐Cooking Storage Conditions on Shear‐Force Values of Beef Steaks

One hundred twenty beef rib steaks were used to determine the effects of post-cooking storage for 2 or 4 hr at room temperature (22°C) or 4 or 24 hr at refrigerated temperature (2°C) on shear-force values of 1.3-cm cores. Steaks were cooked on an electric broiler to 40°C, turned over, cooked to 70°C and subjected to treatments. Neither time of storage nor temperature of storage affected appreciably shear-force values or variation of shear-force values within treatments. Valid shear-force values were obtained regardless of post-cooking storage conditions.
Clark's invitation to the dance: An instructional Designer's response

responded sooner, but I've been very busy designing instruction. Nonetheless, I'm finally accepting his invitation. In this paper, I will examine the issues raised by Clark,1 and I will try to do so from the perspective of an instructional designer, rather than a researcher or theorist (although the three terms are certainly not mutually exclusive). By examining the debate from a slightly different viewpoint, I hope to shed some new light on the issues that have been raised. However, I must note that given all that has been said about the matter over the past eleven years, there is not much new to be added. This is particularly true in light of two insightful articles Robert Kozma (1991, 1994) has written.
Oncologic imaging using MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging

Summary form only given. Prostate cancer (PCa) remains an area of great clinical challenge. Knowledge of cancer volume, stage and aggressiveness are essential if minimally invasive, patient and disease-specific therapy are to be achieved. Historically, in a patient with newly diagnosed PCa, imaging was limited to the use of plain radiographs to detect bony metastases and IVP to demonstrate hydronephrosis secondary to bladder outlet obstruction. Modern imaging techniques offer a much wider role, encompassing applications in detection, staging and follow-up.
The quasi static deformation and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 7150

This paper highlights the results of an experimental study aimed at understanding the tensile deformation and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy 7150. Uniaxial tensile tests results reveal the alloy to have acceptable strength and ductility in both the longitudinal and transverse orientations. The ductility in the transverse orientation is inferior to the longitudinal orientation. No drastic change in fracture mode was observed with sample orientation. On a macroscopic scale, tensile fracture surface revealed features reminiscent of locally ductile and brittle mechanisms. The fracture behavior of the alloy is discussed in light of intrinsic microstructural features, deformation characteristics of the alloy, grain boundary failure and local stress state.
Kinetics of Supercritical-Phase Thermal Decomposition of C10−C14 Normal Alkanes and Their Mixtures

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of C10−C14 n-alkanes and their mixtures was studied under near-critical and supercritical conditions. Supercritical-phase thermal decomposition of n-alkanes can be represented well by an apparent first-order kinetics, even though the decomposition was not a true first-order process. A generalized expression was developed to predict the apparent first-order rate constants for the decomposition of C8−C16 n-alkanes at 425 °C. Pressure had a significant effect on the apparent first-order rate constant in the near-critical region. This large pressure effect can be attributed to the significant changes in density and possibly to the changes in the rate constants of elementary reactions with pressure in this region. Individual compounds interacted with each other in the thermal reaction of n-alkane mixtures. The overall first-order rate constants for n-alkane mixtures can be predicted satisfactorily from the rate constants for pure compounds.
TEMPORAL AND PHYSICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS AND FLARES

The physical connection between the eruption of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and associated flare energy release is examined. The trajectories of five CMEs are determined using LASCO/SOHO or SECCHI/STEREO data, and the associated soft X-ray (SXR) light curves are obtained from GOES 1-8 A data. As the theoretical description of CME physics, the existing erupting flux-rope model is used in which an initial flux rope is driven out of equilibrium by the increasing poloidal magnetic flux {Phi}{sub p}(t) (poloidal 'flux injection'). Mathematically, this is represented by d{Phi}{sub p}(t)/dt. For each CME, this function is adjusted to obtain the solution that best fits the observed height-time data. The resulting d{Phi}{sub p}(t)/dt is shown to be strongly constrained by the CME height data. This function and the attendant electromotive force (EMF) given by E(t){identical_to}-(1/c)d{Phi}{sub p}(t)/dt constitute predictions of the theory for each CME trajectory. It is shown that the best-fit solutions fit the CME trajectories within 1%-2% of the CME height data and that the temporal profile of the predicted d{Phi} {sub p}(t)/dt is correlated with that of the associated X-ray light curve regardless of the flare duration. Specifically, we find that the observed duration of SXR emission {Delta}T{sub SXR} is comparablemore » to and scales with the predicted duration {Delta}T{sub p} of poloidal flux injection, i.e., {Delta}T{sub SXR} {approx_equal} {Delta}T{sub p} . Neither the predicted d{Phi} {sub p}(t)/dt nor the input CME height data contain any information on X-ray data. Thus, the correlation is nontrivial, constituting evidence that poloidal flux injection is physically connected to flare energy release. It is suggested that this connection is provided by the EMF that produces electric fields to accelerate particles.« less
A new approach to observer design for time-delay systems

Through the introduction of operator matrices and the partitioning of the state vector space, a new approach to the design of stable observers for linear time-delay systems is developed. A judicious resolution of the state vector into two component vectors allows one to make an appeal to standard, finite-dimensional Luenberger theory ; resulting in an observer whose eigenvalues can be designer-specified, a priori. Several illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the application.
In Situ Investigation of Water Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Neutron Radiography

This paper investigates the water content within operating polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells using neutron radiography. We consider fuel cells with various PTFE loadings in their gas diffusion layers (GDL) and microporous layers (MPL), and examine the impacts of MPL/GDL properties on the liquid water behavior and fuel cell performance. Fuel cells are tested at both dry and fully hydrated conditions with different serpentine flow fields. Water contents in the projected areas of channel and land regions are probed. We find that the fuel cell may be subject to more flooding at low current-density operation. In addition, both MPL and GDL wetting properties have substantial impacts on the water content in fuel cell. The cell performance also varies on different scenarios of the MPL/GDL wetting properties. The quad-channel flow field exhibits higher water content without remarkable change in performance at low current densities. Liquid water profile along the channel is presented and liquid water on-set clearly indicated.
Therapy for Superficial Telangiectasias of the Lower Extremities

A practical treatment for superficial telangiectasias of the lower extremities is described that is a modification of sclerotherapy commonly used for the treatment of varicose veins. The key to our technique lies in the use of 32-gauge needles and precise injection of small amounts of sodium tetradecyl sulfate as sclerosant. The cosemtic results of our method are good and our patients are appreciative.
A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation...
The magnetostratigraphy of the Chitarwata and lower Vihowa formations of the Dera Ghazi Khan area, Pakistan

Abstract Three sections of the Chitarwata and lower Vihowa formations were sampled along the Dalana River on the southeastern flank of the Zinda Pir Dome in the southern Sulaiman Range near Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. Together they provide nearly 800 m of a continuous sedimentary record of the Miocene derived from the uplifted Himalayan highlands. Previous studies have examined the Middle and Upper Miocene sediments, the Siwalik Group, of the Potwar Plateau to the north. However, detailed investigations of earlier periods are impossible in that area due to the absence of Oligocene and Lower Miocene sediments caused by continued overthrusting associated with the Himalayan orogeny. Fortunately, the Sulaiman basin to the south, which was further removed from the tectonic activity, provides a record of the Early Miocene in the form of the Chitarwata Formation. The Dalana A, B, and C sections (DGA, DGB, and DGC) were examined and sampled for this study. A magnetostratigraphic analysis was carried out to correlate and date the Chitarwata and Vihowa formations exposed in this area. The samples were subjected to step-wise demagnetization to resolve the primary and secondary remanent magnetization components. Thermal demagnetization trajectories indicate that the majority of samples have sufficient internal consistency that their calculated polarities are reliable. Likewise, the majority of the 126 measured sites showed statistically significant agreement between the three measured samples per site. However, the bimodal data set does not pass the reversal test and so is deemed unsuitable for tectonic interpretations. The individual sections were initially correlated using lithologic and stratigraphic methods, and the relationship was reinforced by the magnetostratigraphy. The composite DG section was tentatively correlated with the standard magnetic polarity time scale placing the disconformable base of the Chitarwata in the DGA section at just older than 22 Ma, the Chitarwata/Vihowa contact at 18.6 Ma, and the top of the Vihowa in the DGC section at about 16 Ma. The assignment of these dates to the Chitarwata will aid in future biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic correlation of Early Miocene sediments, effectively extending the well-established Siwalik faunal sequence back by four million years.
Effect of tobacco on INR

There are conflicting data about the effect of tobacco products on the International Normalized Ratio (INR). However, we believe our statement that tobacco products have been shown to decrease INR values is correct, though the effect may vary from patient to patient. Mungall et al.[1][1] showed
Adenosine signaling and the regulation of chronic lung disease

Abstract Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease are characterized by inflammation and tissue remodeling processes that compromise pulmonary function. Adenosine is produced in the inflamed and damaged lung where it plays numerous roles in the regulation of inflammation and tissue remodeling. Extracellular adenosine serves as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule by engaging cell surface adenosine receptors. Preclinical and cellular studies suggest that adenosine plays an anti-inflammatory role in processes associated with acute lung disease, where activation of the A2AR and A2BR has promising implications for the treatment of these disorders. In contrast, there is growing evidence that adenosine signaling through the A1R, A2BR and A3R may serve pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling functions in chronic lung diseases. This review discusses the current progress of research efforts and clinical trials aimed at understanding the complexities of these signaling pathway as they pertain to the development of treatment strategies for chronic lung diseases.
The role of data use agreements in specifying legally compliant software requirements

Security and privacy requirements are often not explicitly stated and are often not easy to elicit. In this paper, we discuss data use agreements (DUAs) as a source of security and privacy requirements that can be leveraged by requirements engineers. Within the healthcare domain, regulations created pursuant to the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) specify that a DUA must exist for certain uses and disclosures of protected health information as a limited data set. For compliance reasons, it is important for requirements engineers to ask for and evaluate DUAs, as they are legally binding on the parties. We discuss HIPAA-governed DUAs and the information contained within them. Using four DUAs, we apply commitment, privilege, and right (CPR) analysis to identify legally compliant requirements. Through this work, we have identified contractual compliance requirements while also identifying compliance problems in relation to DUAs.
Equilibrium in economies without ordered preferences or free disposal

Abstract Recent work in competitive equilibrium analysis, pioneered by Mas-Colell (1974), ‘An equil- brium existence theorem without complete or transitive preferences’, has established existence of equilibrium in an economy in which preferences are not orderings. The purpose of this note is to show that the assumption of free disposal is not necessary for existence.
Rapid algorithm for modeling daylight distributions in office buildings

Abstract We present a daylighting simulation tool, designed to predict the distribution of daylight in an office room using a rapid calculation procedure. Results from this simulation are compared to the output from a professional rendering program, and are found to agree within 10% normalized error. A method for finding average light levels in an office room is described, and these calculations are used to infer a minimum required energy cost to supplement daylighting with artificial lighting. Finally, we present programming strategies that have been used to reduce computation times from 15 min to 3–5 s.
Posterior Scleritis in Children

Posterior scleritis was diagnosed in four adolescent boys. These patients represented a distinct subgroup of patients with posterior scleritis that differed from the adult variant by gender, lack of systemic disease, and absence of the associated ocular findings often seen in the adult variant of the disorder. The four patients had diminished visual acuity, ocular pain, and exudative retinal detachments at initial examination. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated multiple pinpoint leaks at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in three patients with late-phase patchy staining of a mass-like lesion in one patient. B-scan ultrasonography demonstrated choroidal and scleral thickening with increased acoustic density of the choroid in all patients. Systemic evaluation of these patients disclosed no underlying disease. Clinical signs and symptoms resolved in three of the patients after treatment with low-dose, orally administered corticosteroid or noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory medication. High systemic doses of corticosteroid in combination with noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory medication and local corticosteroid therapy was required to induce remission in one patient. All patients recovered good visual acuity.
A comparison of methacholine and histamine inhalations in asthmatics

Bronchial provocation tests using aerosolized serially diluted histamine and methacholine were given to nearly 200 asthmatics. Results were usually reproducible for a given patient and corticosteroids did not influence the procedures. Those patients who could tolerate high doses of methacholine were statistically the least severe asthmatics as measured by their discharge dose of corticosteroids. Reaginmediated asthmatics could not tolerate the higher doses of histamine. These tests help delineate subgroups of asthmatics and may have clinical usefulness since, when combined with other data, they differentiate pathogenetic mechanisms in some patients and suggest therapeutic approaches in others.
Molecular Dynamic Simulations of the Effect on the Hydration of Nafion in the Presence of a Platinum Nanoparticle

Platinum catalysts play a critical role in fuel cell technology. Current optimization efforts focus on reducing the amount of Pt in the system and optimizing the utilization of that which remains. The effect of the presence of Pt nanoparticles on the local structure and morphology of the polymer electrolyte membrane, water, and hydronium ions has been studied at molecular level in this work. Classical molecular dynamics simulation has been used to examine a system containing a 4 nm fcc cubic ({100} face) platinum nanoparticle at the center surrounded by Nafion polymer, water molecules, and hydronium ions at λ = 3, 6, 9, 15, and 22. The changes in density and orientation distribution of sulfonic acid groups in the side-chains, water, and hydronium as a function of distance from platinum surface are analyzed in this study. Sulfonic acid groups and hydronium ions show a very high increase in density near the platinum surface, and they approach the bulk value as they move away from the platinum surface. At lo...
PlayStation 3-based tele-rehabilitation for children with hemiplegia

The convergence of game technology (software and hardware), the Internet, and rehabilitation science forms the second-generation virtual rehabilitation framework. This reduced-cost and patient/therapist familiarity facilitate adoption in clinical practice. This paper presents a PlayStation 3-based hand physical rehabilitation system for children with hemiplegia due to perinatal brain injury (hemiplegic cerebral palsy) or later childhood stroke. Unlike precursor systems aimed at providing hand training for post-stroke adults in a clinical setting, the experimental system described here was developed for in-home tele-rehabilitation on a game console for children and adults with chronic hemiplegia after stroke or other focal brain injury. Significant improvements in Activities of Daily Living function followed three months of training at home on the system. Clinical trials are ongoing at this time.
The Semantic Vectors Package: New Algorithms and Public Tools for Distributional Semantics

Distributional semantics is the branch of natural language processing that attempts to model the meanings of words, phrases and documents from the distribution and usage of words in a corpus of text. In the past three years, research in this area has been accelerated by the availability of the Semantic Vectors package, a stable, fast, scalable, and free software package for creating and exploring concepts in distributional models. This paper introduces the broad field of distributional semantics, the role of vector models within this field, and describes some of the results that have been made possible by the Semantic Vectors package. These applications of Semantic Vectors have so far included contributions to medical informatics and knowledge discovery, analysis of scientific articles, and even Biblical scholarship. Of particular interest is the recent emergence of models that take word order and other ordered structures into account, using permutation of coordinates to model directional relationships and semantic predicates.
No Islets Left Behind: Islet Autotransplantation for Surgery-Induced Diabetes

For patients with severe chronic pancreatitis refractory to medical interventions, total pancreatectomy can be considered to relieve the root cause of pain. The goal of a simultaneous islet autotransplant is to prevent or minimize the otherwise inevitable surgical diabetes. Islet autotransplant can successfully preserve some endogenous islet function in the majority of recipients, which mediates protection against brittle diabetes. Most maintain reasonably good glycemic control, while 30 %–40 % successfully discontinue insulin therapy. With islet autotransplants reaching a wider clinical audience, refinements in islet isolation techniques and strategies to protect islet grafts post-transplant may further improve the success of this procedure.
Determination of the distribution of the aliphatic groups of glyceryl ethers by gas—liquid chromatography of the diacetyl derivatives

Abstract The alk-1-enyl and alkyl glyceryl ethers produced by hydrogenolysis of the parent lipids were separated from each other and from other hydrogenolysis products by silicic acid chromatography. The isolated ethers were acetylated and the diacetates fractionated by gas—liquid chromatography on the basis of the different aliphatic groups. The free and acetylated alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, chemical analysis and infrared spectroscopy in addition to gas—liquid chromatography. The feasibility of the method for the determination of the distribution of the aliphatic groups in the alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers of rat brain and of the alk-1-enyl and alkyl glyceryl ethers in ox brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was demostrated.
How parents make decisions to use medication to treat their child's ADHD: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence of efficacy, a substantial percentage of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) either do not begin medication prescribed for their core symptoms or fail to continue treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to understand (a) how parents decide to use medication to treat their child’s ADHD and (b) the factors that influence their adherence to medication over time. DESIGN: Grounded theory guided data collection and analysis. Sixteen semistructured interviews with parents (13 mothers, 3 fathers) of children with ADHD were conducted. RESULTS: The substantive theory developed from the data demonstrates that in seeking to help their child and restore a sense of stability around family life, parents engage in a process of “doing what helps most” in deciding to use medication to treat their child’s ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to support and guide parents throughout the decisional process are critical to meet the needs of families of children with...
Truncated Navier–Stokes equations with the automatic filtering criterion: Reynolds stress and energy budgets

A large eddy simulation (LES) technique has been previously developed using the combination of the truncated Navier–Stokes (TNS) methodology with the automatic filtering criterion. Numerical experiments were conducted to validate this model by comparing the computed low-order statistics in fully developed channel flows at low-to-moderate friction Reynolds numbers with the benchmark data. In this work, we show that in wall-resolved LES, the results are independent of the value of the filtering criterion as long as it falls into previously derived guideline range. Further, we analyze Reynolds stress and energy budgets in the simulations performed with this model. The analysis leads to better understanding of filtering effects on the energy transport and suggests how the filtering can be modified to manipulate the energy content in specific areas of the flow. Such selective filtering procedures improve results in marginally resolved LES and can be applied to transitional flows.
Momentum slip correction factor for small particles in nine common gases

Abstract Experimental data for the slip correction to Stokes drag law, required for particles with sizes of the order of the gas mean free path, are reviewed and re-evaluated for a variety of common gases. An accepted correlation for the slip factor, C(Kn)=1 + Kn[α + β·exp (−γ/Kn)], is assumed and the best values for α, β and γ are sought for the various gases (Kn is the Knudsen number equal to the ratio of the gas mean free path to the particle radius). The review focuses on the oil-drop work of Ishida [Ishida, Y. (1923) Phys. Rev.21, 550–563], whose experiments in the continuum-slip regime (Kn ≲ 0.4) provide accurate values for the parameter α for nine gases: air, argon, helium, hydrogen, methane, ethane, isobutane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide. Ishida's data are re-evaluated using the latest published values for the electric charge and gas properties. The resulting values for α range from 1.141 for hydrogen to 1.277 for helium; α for air fell mid-range at 1.207. Good agreement is found with other investigators. The oil-drop work of Eglin [Eglin, J. M. (1923) Phys. Rev.22, 161–170] and Millikan [Millikan, R. A. (1923) Phys. Rev.22, 1] provides slip correction data over a wider range of Kn for air, oxygen, carbon dioxide and helium, and shows that, within experimental uncertainty, (α + β) = 1.647 for all four gases in the free-molecular limit. The interpolation parameter γ was found to be 0.78, 0.92 and 2.0 for air, carbon dioxide and helium, respectively.
Moving beyond molecules: Patterning solid-state features via dip-pen nanolithography with sol-based inks

Herein, we described a new dip-pen nanolithography (DPN)-based method for the direct patterning of organic/inorganic composite nanostructures on silicon and oxidized silicon substrates. The approach works by the hydrolysis of metal precursors in the meniscus between an AFM tip and a surface according to the reaction 2MCln + nH2O → M2On + 2nHCl; M = Al, Si, and Sn. The inks are hybrid composites of inorganic salts with amphiphilic block copolymer surfactants. Three proof-of-concept systems involving Al2O3, SiO2, and SnO2 nanostructures on silicon and silicon oxide surfaces have been studied. Arrays of dots and lines can be written easily with control over feature size and shape on the sub-200 nm level. The structures have been characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. This work is important because it opens up the opportunity for using DPN to deposit solid-state materials rather than simple organic molecul...
Contact stress and wear study for type characters

To ensure the structural integrity of solid print characters subjected to millions of stress cycles, the contact stresses encountered in service must be known. In the present paper various type geometries are explored for their influence on stress distribution. A linear programming method of stress analysis is adopted. Experimental analysis and wear characteristics are considered.
Does New Information Technology Lower Media Quality? The Paradox of Commercial Public Goods

We define commercial public goods as goods that are broadcast via television, radio, newsprint, or websites for which consumption is non-rival and non-exclusive, and revenue is generated mainly through advertising alongside a product in a two-sided market. With new information technology the fixed cost of entry in these markets has substantially declined. We demonstrate that as fixed costs of entry decline in a competitive media market, lower industry concentration results in lower resources to each firm for the production of commercial public goods. The counterintuitive result of new information technology is that it may result in lower quality news reporting and a less-informed population. The result may hold even when consumers exhibit preferences for diversity in media outlets.
Computational and Experimental Analysis of Mach 5 Air Flow over a Cylinder with a Nanosecond Pulse Discharge

Abstract : A computational study is performed for Mach 5 air flow over a cylinder with a dielectric barrier discharge actuator set into the cylinder surface. The actuator is pulsed at nanosecond time scales, which rapidly adds energy to the flow, thereby creating a shock wave that travels away from the pulse source. As the shock wave travels upstream, it interacts with the standing bow-shock and momentarily increases the bow-shock standoff distance. This phenomenon is also observed in phase-locked schlieren photography captured duriing the experiment. The focus of this paper is to reproduce flow phenomena observed in the experiment using high-fidelity computations in order to provide additional insight into the shock-shock interaction, the effect the dielectric barrier discharge pulse has on the surface properties of the cylinder, and develop a reduced-order phenomenological model representative of the nanosecond pulse discharge system. Experimental and high-fidelity modeling studies of the nanosecond pulse dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators are known to operate with relatively low temperatures. This work explores the possibility that the induced compression wave is generated by rapid thermalization of the discharge which results in a local temperature rise occurring on longer time scales. Two-dimensional simulations are performed and provide many useful details about the discharge event while comparing with many measurements captured by the experiment.
A COMPARISON OF CME-ASSOCIATED ATMOSPHERIC WAVES OBSERVED IN CORONAL (Fe XII 195 A) AND CHROMOSPHERIC (He I 10830 A) LINES

Although "Moreton" waves have historically been observed in Hα data, more recently waves have also been observed in chromospheric He I λ10830 images obtained at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory. In an effort to better understand the nature of chromospheric waves and their relationship to coronal waves observed in EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) data, we focus on two events in which waves are observed simultaneously in He I λ10830 and Fe XII λ195, lines that are formed in the chromosphere and the corona, respectively. Comparing the waves observed in these two lines allows the determination of the spatial relationship between coronal and chromospheric waves and thus aids in the understanding of the underlying physics of waves in the solar atmosphere. The main goal of this work is to begin an investigation into whether both coronal and chromospheric waves are mechanical (e.g., MHD waves) by looking at their spatial relationship. We find that the chromospheric waves in these two events are cospatial with their coronal counterparts, indicating that they are not mechanical in nature but are chromospheric imprints of mechanical waves propagating through the corona. This conclusion is based on the nature of the formation of the He I absorption line.
Resolution of point sources of light as analyzed by quantum detection theory

The resolvability of point sources of incoherent thermal light is analyzed by quantum detection theory in terms of two hypothesis-testing problems. In the first, the observer must decide whether there are two sources of equal radiant power at given locations, or whether there is only one source of twice the power located midway between them. In the second problem, either one, but not both, of two point sources is radiating, and the observer must decide which it is. The decisions are based on optimum processing of the electromagnetic field at the aperture of au optical instrument. In both problems the density operators of the field under the two hypotheses do not commute. The error probabilities, determined as functions of the separation of the points and the mean number of received photons, characterize the ultimate resolvability of the sources.
Modelling the plasma dynamics of the CRRES G-9 and G-10 barium releases

Abstract The CRRES mission involved a number of chemical releases in the ionosphere and magnetosphere to study a multitude of scientific phenomena. In this paper two releases are discussed: the G-9 release and the G-10 release. One of the primary purposes of the G-9 release was to study the transverse motion (i.e., ‘skidding’) of plasma across magnetic field lines. Analysis of optical images indicates that the barium cloud ‘skidded’ ∼ 9 – 15 km. The simulation study is based upon a 2D electrostatic code which incorporates a time-dependent model of coupling to the background ionosphere. The simulation results indicate the densest portion of the barium cloud ‘skids’ ∼ 15 km within the first 3 sec following the release, consistent with observations. The G-10 release was designed to study, in part, the formation and evolution of a diamagnetic cavity, as well as the stability of the barium plasma. The simulation results are obtained from a 2D Hall MHD code and show that (1) the plasma and field structure at time t ≤ 22 sec, and develop scale sizes ∼ 10 – 15 km, and (2) the structuring of the plasma allows ‘blobs’ of plasma to drift across the magnetic field. These results are consistent with optical and in situ magnetometer measurements.
Nonuniform superconducting ring with dangling side branches

Abstract The linearized Ginzburg-Landau equation is solved exactly for a superconducting ring with an arbitrary number of dangling branches and transport currents. It is shown that dangling branches always enhance superconductivity. Finite port lengths couple the injected superfluid velocity to the circulating superfluid velocity which give rise to alternating normal and superconducting regions for certain temperature ranges as the magnetic field is varied.
Basicity and metal ion binding capability of amine-carboxyboranes, R3N·BH2COOH, boron analogs of glycine and N-methylated glycines

Abstract Ionization of the carboxylic acid proton from net zero charged amine-carboxyboranes, where amine = NH3, CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, and (CH3)3N, occurs with pKa values of 8.33, 8.23, 8.14, and 8.38, respectively, at 0.5 M ionic strength and 21 °C. There is no evidence for amine nitrogen deprotonation in the first three compounds at pH
Pancyclic graphs and linear forests

Given integers k,s,t with [email protected][email protected]?t and k>=0, a (k,t,s)-linear forest F is a graph that is the vertex disjoint union of t paths with a total of k edges and with s of the paths being single vertices. If the number of single vertex paths is not critical, the forest F will simply be called a (k,t)-linear forest. A graph G of order n>=k+t is (k,t)-hamiltonian if for any (k,t)-linear forest F there is a hamiltonian cycle containing F. More generally, given integers m and n with [email protected][email protected]?n, a graph G of order n is (k,t,s,m)-pancyclic if for any (k,t,s)-linear forest F and for each integer r with [email protected][email protected]?n, there is a cycle of length r containing the linear forest F. Minimum degree conditions and minimum sum of degree conditions of nonadjacent vertices that imply that a graph is (k,t,s,m)-pancyclic (or just (k,t,m)-pancyclic) are proved.
General Method of Plotting Kinetic Data for Reactions of Any Order

A method is presented for obtaining from kinetic experiments both order of reaction and rate constant by means of a single straight-line graph, in contrast to previous methods, which require several steps including more than one graph or repeated trial-and-error calculations whenever there is no prior knowldege of the order of reaction
CLINICAL CORRELATES OF OSTEOPENIA IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA (AN). † 11

Osteopenia is a known complication of AN. Possible predisposing factors include reduced calcium intake, prolonged amenorrhea, low body weight and estrogen deficiency. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical correlates of osteopenia in AN. METHODS Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and left hip were measured in 18 subjects with AN, mean age 17.7 yr.(range 13-23) by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Subjects met DSM IV criteria for AN and had been amenorrheic for > 6 months. Calcium intake was determined by 24-hr. dietary recall by a registered dietitian.RESULTS The patients were malnourished (77.9±10.7% of ideal body weight) and hypoestrogenemic (serum estradiol 16.8±8.5 pg/mL). Mean duration of amenorrhea was 19.8±16.8 mths and average calcium intake was 766.9±551.5 mg/24 hr, 63.9% of the RDA for adolescents. Mean BMD of the lumbar spine and left hip were 0.800±0.08 g/cm2 (2.3 SD below peak bone mass and 2.0 SD below expected for age) and 0.645±0.1 g/cm2 (1.4 SD below peak bone mass), respectively. Hip BMD correlated with body mass index (r=0.48, p < 0.05) and duration of amenorrhea (r=-0.67, p<0.01), but there was no relationship with calcium intake or serum estradiol levels. Clinical correlates for spinal BMD did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION In AN, the degree of osteopenia of the hip is related to the degree of malnutrition and the duration of amenorrhea, but not to calcium intake or serum estrogen levels. Similar correlates could not be demonstrated for spinal BMD despite the fact that bone loss was more profound than in the hip.
A Suggested Instrumental Technique for Studying Dynamic Flavor Release from Food Products

An instrumental technique is outlined which can be used to study the dynamic volatile flavor release from various food systems. A mass spectrometer coupled with a specially designed apparatus is utilized. The apparatus provides the capability to study several aspects of the in-mouth environment including thermal, work input, and salivation effects. Monitoring of the headspace concentration is essentially continuous. The technique yields accurate reproducible results and should be applicable to a wide range of food systems.
Maternal Dysphoric Mood, Stress, and Parenting Practices in Mothers of Head Start Preschoolers: The Role of Experiential Avoidance.

Maternal dysphoria predicts behavioral difficulties in preschool-aged children, and may contribute to negative child outcomes by exacerbating parenting stress. Parenting stress increases the likelihood of maladaptive parenting practices, especially when mothers face multiple contextual stressors. We explored maternal experiential avoidance (EA) as mechanism through which dysphoria amplifies parenting stress. One hundred and forty-four diverse, low-income mothers of Head Start preschoolers participated. Dysphoria, parenting stress, child behavior problems, and maladaptive parenting were positively correlated with EA. Further, EA mediated the relationship between dysphoria and parenting stress. Finally, parenting stress was uniquely predictive of inconsistent and punitive parenting practices.
“I Want to Talk Like Everyone”: On the Use of Multiple Means of Communication

This qualitative case study is a description of a young man with autism who communicated using speech, sign language, facilitated communication, body language, and his mother's conversational supports. Participant observation, interviews, and review of records were used to explore his current and past communication practices. These practices illustrate his preference for speaking and the complexity of choosing among communication means on an ongoing basis. Although the young man and his mother differed in their thinking about communication, they revealed a common goal: for Michael to participate in ordinary life activities as a member with a voice.
Feasibility of single-access laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in super-super obese patients

Background: The sleeve gastrectomy procedure has been gaining popularity because of its simplicity and favorable outcomes. This study reports the experience with a single-access approach to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in super-super obese patients. Methods: Four super-super obese patients having a mean body mass index of 62.7 kg/m2 underwent single-access laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The same perioperative protocol and operative techniques were implemented for all 4 patients. Results: A total of 4 single-access laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomies in super-super obese patients were successfully performed using this technique. Mean operating time was 126 minutes. One patient required the insertion of an additional trocar. There were no mortalities or postoperative complications noted. Most comorbidities either improved or resolved during a mean follow-up of 5.3 months. Conclusion: Single-access laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in the super-super obese is safe, feasible, and reproducible.