cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Complications of Chemotherapy for Germ Cell Tumours

Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumour among young males aged 15-35 years. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy has changed the outlook of this disease. Disseminated testicular cancer, once uniformly fatal, now has a cure rate of more than 80% with combination chemotherapy. Systematic randomised trials have shown that cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin (PEB) combination chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. While there is a high cure rate with chemotherapy in patients with this disease, some long-term complications from chemotherapy have now been recognised, including secondary leukaemia, therapy-related solid tumours, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, vascular toxicity and infertility. Etoposide, a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, is a significant risk factor for developing leukaemia; the risk appears to be correlated with the total dose given. Patients receiving cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for testicular cancer also appear to have a higher relative risk for developing second non-germ cell malignancies; the greatest risks for therapy-related solid tumours were seen with a combination of radiation therapy plus chemotherapy. Long-term vascular toxicities associated with chemotherapy include Raynaud's phenomenon, acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events. Bleomycin is thought to be the most important drug in the pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon, while cisplatin is the most likely agent involved in myocardial infarction. Peripheral neuropathy is the most common form of neurotoxicity observed with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Risk factors for the development of neural damage include a high cumulative dose of cisplatin, the use of vinblastine and the concomitant development of Raynaud's phenomenon. Cisplatin is also well known to cause significant nephrotoxicity. Approximately 25% of patients present with azoospermia after undergoing combination chemotherapy with a follow up of 2-5 years. Physician awareness of complications associated with chemotherapy is vital to maximise efficacy, minimise toxicity, and preserve quality of life after treatment. Sperm cryopreservation should be considered for patients who desire children. Close monitoring during therapy allows for the early diagnosis of complications, and close follow up of patients after the completion of therapy is necessary to monitor for relapse and development of long-term complications such as myelodysplastic syndrome and leukaemia. Despite these complications, given the potential for cure rates in this young group of patients, the benefits far outweigh the risks.
Superconducting detector for minimum ionizing particles

Abstract Although the detection of α-particles by thin superconducting films has been demonstrated previously, detection of the significantly smaller energy d
Some Challenging Typing Issues in Object-Oriented Languages

Abstract In this paper we discuss some of the remaining problems in the design of static type systems for object-oriented programming languages. We look at typing problems involved in writing a simple interpreter as a good example of a simple problem leading to difficult typing issues. The difficulties encountered seem to arise in situations where a programmer desires to simultaneously refine mutually interdependent classes and object types.
Generalized radiance and measurement

The generalized radiance can never be measured at a given point of phase space, on account of the finite resolution of any real instrument; instead the instrument averages the radiance over some region of phase space. Thus a negative radiance is never measured, in spite of the fact that the generalized radiance can take on negative values. The relationship between the generalized radiance and the measurement process can be quantified by the instrument function, which is a property of the measurement apparatus and which allows one to calculate the response of the apparatus to any given incident wave field. The instrument function reveals a kind of reciprocity between the wave field being measured and the measurement apparatus. The theory of the instrument function is developed, and examples are discussed.
Propagation in circular tunnels: ring source excitation

We present a model for propagation in lossy circular tunnels. Our study has potential application to wireless communication in highway and railroad tunnels where the cross-sectional geometry is often circular except for the roadbed. In addition, the circular tunnel model has relevance to wireless communication in underground nuclear waste storage facilities, such as that planned for Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. Our principal goals are: (1) to provide insight into strategies for the placing of transmitting antennas and receiving sensors at various positions in a tunnel; and, (2) to provide criteria for antenna design.
POS Tagging of Dialectal Arabic: A Minimally Supervised Approach

Natural language processing technology for the dialects of Arabic is still in its infancy, due to the problem of obtaining large amounts of text data for spoken Arabic. In this paper we describe the development of a part-of-speech (POS) tagger for Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. We adopt a minimally supervised approach that only requires raw text data from several varieties of Arabic and a morphological analyzer for Modern Standard Arabic. No dialect-specific tools are used. We present several statistical modeling and cross-dialectal data sharing techniques to enhance the performance of the baseline tagger and compare the results to those obtained by a supervised tagger trained on hand-annotated data and, by a state-of-the-art Modern Standard Arabic tagger applied to Egyptian Arabic.
BAICALEIN, AN ANTIOXIDANT 12/15-LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITOR IMPROVES CLINICAL RATING SCORES FOLLOWING MULTIPLE INFARCT EMBOLIC STROKES

The present study assessed whether baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), a polyphenolic antioxidant 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor would attenuate oxidative cell death in vitro using a mouse hippocampal HT22 cell assay. Moreover, we determined if baicalein would be useful to attenuate behavioral deficits associated with multiple infarct ischemic events in vivo using a rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM). Using HT22 cell in vitro, baicalein was shown to significantly promote cell survival with an estimated dose for 50% cell survival of 2 muM following incubation in the presence of iodoacetic acid (20 muM), an irreversible inhibitor of the glycolytic pathway that results in the free radical production, lipid peroxidation and cell death. Since baicalein was neuroprotective and attenuated iodoacetic acid (IAA) toxicity in vitro, we studied its effects in vivo in an embolic stroke model using behavioral measures as the endpoint. Quantal analysis for each treatment in the embolism model identifies the quantity of microclots (mg) that produce neurologic dysfunction in 50% of a group of animals (P(50)), with intervention considered neuroprotective if it increases the P(50) compared with controls. Baicalein (100 mg/kg, s.c.) injected 5 and 60 min post-embolization significantly (P<0.05) improved behavioral function. The calculated P(50) values were 2.85+/-0.64 mg (n=21) and 2.15+/-0.12 mg (n=14), respectively compared with 1.37+/-0.20 mg (n=23) for the control group. In conclusion, we have shown that baicalein effectively attenuated cell death in vitro using HT22 cells and also significantly reduced behavioral deficits in rabbits when given up to 1 h following an embolic stroke. The results suggest that baicalein, or derivatives of baicalein with multiple pharmacological activities may be useful to develop as novel treatments for acute ischemic stroke.
Metal affinity capture tandem mass spectrometry for the selective detection of phosphopeptides.

We report a new method called metal affinity capture that when coupled with tandem mass spectromery (MAC-MSMS) allows for the selective detection and identification of phosphopeptides in complex mixtures. Phosphopeptides are captured as ternary complexes with GaIII or FeIII and Nα,Nα-bis(carboxymethyl)lysine (LysNTA) in solution and electrosprayed as doubly or triply charged positive ions. The gas-phase complexes uniformly dissociate to produce a common (LysNTA + H)+ ion that is used as a specific marker in precursor ion scans. The advantages of MAC-MSMS over the current methods of phosphopeptide detection are as follows. (1) MAC-MSMS uses metal complexes that self-assemble in solution at pH <5, which is favorable for the production of positive ions by electrospray. (2) Phosphorylation at tyrosine, serine, and threonine is detected by MAC-MSMS. (3) The phosphopeptide peaks in the mass spectra are encoded with the 69Ga−71Ga isotope pattern for selective recognition in mixtures. Detection by MAC-MSMS of sin...
Analysis of kinematically constrained bubble chamber events

Abstract A method for reducing measuring table output for a particular bubble chamber event, to a set of vertex momenta obeying the appropriate constraint equations, is presented. The approach used is different from the one commonly employed. It combines the functions of the usual spatial reconstruction and kinematic itting programs and is based on a procedure which weighs all input data points equally.
Ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptor function in developing cerebellar granule neurons.

The mechanism by which ethanol inhibits the function of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor has not been elucidated. One possibility that has been suggested is that NMDA receptor subunit composition influences the sensitivity of the receptor to ethanol. We have taken advantage of developmental changes in subunit composition of the NMDA receptor in cultured neurons to examine possible changes in the effect of ethanol. We found an increase in expression of the NR2A subunit, and a decrease in expression of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons over time in culture, with no significant change in NR1 expression. This change in NR2 subunit expression was associated with the expected changes in functional properties of the NMDA receptor (measured as the NMDA-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+), i.e., ifenprodil sensitivity and glycine potency were higher when there was a relatively greater proportion of NR2B in the cultured neurons. However, the potency of ethanol to inhibit NMDA receptor function was lower when there was a greater proportion of NR2B subunits. Previous studies showed that ethanol inhibition of NMDA receptor function in cerebellar granule neurons resulted from an ethanol-induced decrease in potency of the co-agonist, glycine, and that this effect of ethanol was blocked by inhibitors of protein kinase C. Our current results suggest that the lower potency of ethanol to inhibit the response of NMDA receptors when cerebellar granule neurons are expressing a greater proportion of NR2B subunits is a result of the higher affinity of the NMDA receptors for endogenous levels of glycine at this point in time.
The value in the evidence: teaching residents to "choose wisely".

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education mandates that training physicians “incorporate considerations of cost awareness” into practice. However, medical education has traditionally avoided addressing costs, and most residency programs currently lack curricula to fulfill this requirement. With the recent widespread emphasis on unsustainable costs, inefficiencies, and waste in healthcare, the need to appropriately train physicians in this domain is increasingly apparent. In this article, we describe the implementation of a resident-led, case-based cost awareness curriculum for medicine residents at the University of California, San Francisco, sharing our keys to success and defining guiding principles.
Primitive reflexes and cognitive function in the elderly

Primitive reflexes were studied in patients with presumed Alzheimer disease and in age-matched nondemented controls. A snout reflex occurred with equal frequency (54%) in the two groups. An abnormal glabellar reflex was elicited more often in the demented patients (23%) than the controls (8%). The presence of a snout reflex was directly correlated with increasing age; the glabellar reflex showed a similar but nonsignificant trend. Neither reflex finding correlated with the presence of apparent cerebral atrophy by CT scan or the results of psychometric tests. The finding of primitive reflexes has little clinical value in the evaluation of the elderly.
106 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY STUDY OF PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE (PVR) IN POLYCYTHEMIC NEONATES

Polycythemia in the newborn may be associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Echocardiography has recently been shown to be a useful non-invasive method of evaluating PVR. Twenty-five term infants were studied with serial echocardiograms using simultaneous strip chart recordings of the echocardiogram and EKG at 100 mm. sec. Echocardiograms were taken on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day of life and/or prior to and within 12 hours following partial exchange transfusions. The RPEP, RVET, LPEP, LVET, mitral EF slope and LA/Ao ratio were measured in the standard manner. The infants were divided into 3 groups: Gr-I, with central Hct values 70 (n=6) Eight infants including the six in Gr-III, had partial exchange transfusions. The RPEP/RVET and La/Ao ratio were higher in Gr-II and Gr-III, as compared to Gr-I. There was an apparent decrease in the LPEP/LVET and mitral EF slope in Gr-II and Gr-III, as compared to Gr-I. Following exchange transfusion, the RPEP/RVET declined 23% compared to a 3% increase in Gr-I over the same period of time. From day-1 to day-4, there was a 30% decline in the mean RPEP/RVET in infants after exchange compared to a 17% decline in Gr-I. The data indicates that echocardiography is useful in evaluating PVR in polycethemia. Serial echocardiographic determinations are helpful in monitoring the response to exchange transfusion.
Using Video Data to Map the Social Construction of Authorship

This essay explains how video records reshaped the logic of inquiry in a study of a college composition classroom. Excerpts from the study's video data are used to illustrate how it was analysed synchronically and diachronically to construct a warranted complex picture of authorship.
Using Medical Malpractice Data to Predict the Frequency of Claims: A Study of Poisson Process Models with Random Effects

Abstract I use the Florida state data base (1975–1987) of settled malpractice claims to develop Poisson process models for the frequency of claims filed against individual physicians. These models incorporate random effects and covariates that represent physician attributes and are natural generalizations of the negative binomial model that is typically used to study claims frequency. I predict claims frequencies during 1981–1982 using models that are selected and estimated from claims data during 1975–1980 and then compare these predictions to the actual frequencies.
Energy dependence of correction factors for two models of Keithley diagnostic ion chambers.

The energy dependence for each of two models of ionization chambers compatible with the Keithley model 35020 Digital Dosimeter, is determined by measurement of the exposure correction factors determined over the diagnostic x‐ray range (0.4–4.9 mm AL HVL) for several samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x‐ray beams evaluated, with a relative standard error of less than 1% for both cases. Energy‐dependence curves for the two chamber models are given, and their use is described.
Processing attention and question density in computer-based instruction.

The effect of density of embedded post-questions on learning from computer-based instruction (CBI) was studied among 90 sixth-graders randomly assigned to three versions of a CBI programme — high density, low density, and no embedded questions. Children made significant achievement gains across each increase in question density, consistent across the continuum of reading ability represented in the study. High question density facilitates student learning from embedded post-questions in CBI and does not appear to seriously diffuse processing attention.
Somatic stimuli exciting spinothalamic projections to thalamic neurons in cat and monkey.

Abstract The influence of various somatic stimuli on unitary discharges recorded from thalamic nuclei was examined in lightly anesthetized (barbiturate) cat and monkey with lesions of the spinal cord which divided the dorsal funiculus and one ventrolateral column. In the regions explored, the ventrobasal complex and immediately adjacent structures, only a small fraction of the units encountered could be made to alter their activity by nerve volleys or “natural” stimuli. Elements receiving an excitatory projection from the surviving sensory pathways responded to a single volley with a burst of impulses of widely varying initial latency, duration, and recurrence rate. A few estimates of conduction velocity for excitatory primary afferent fibers indicated a large range, 6 to 80 m per second. Each unit of the ventrobasal complex studied was excited by receptors located in a restricted portion of the contralateral body, the effective stimulus being one of the following: hair displacement, light mechanical distortion of the skin, distortion of muscle-fascial relations, joint rotation, pressure, or heat of tissue damaging intensity. Units located in the posterior nuclear group were evoked to discharge by mechanical stimulation of the hair or skin, the most common effective form being a “tap” with a few instances of sound also eliciting a response. The receptive field for posterior group neurons was usually large, often scattered, and frequently bilateral. Penetrations of the intralaminar nuclei and centrum medianum yielded unitary activity excited only by noxious stimuli to bilaterally located regions. A possible artifactitious excitation of neurons by noxious stimuli is discussed. Units are described with “spontaneous activity” in which the only evoked change noted was inhibition as well as a few instances of inhibitory effects on other cells. It was concluded that ventrolateral spinal tracts have projections to thalamic nuclei of a receptor specific place, specific type, and of another type organized in a different manner: each type of projection passing to different nuclear regions and presumably subserving different sensory mechanisms.
A Lexical Knowledge representation Model for natural Language understanding

Knowledge representation is essential for semantics modeling and intelligent information processing. For decades researchers have proposed many knowledge representation techniques. However, it is a daunting problem how to capture deep semantic information effectively and support the construction of a large-scale knowledge base efficiently. This paper describes a new knowledge representation model, SenseNet, which provides semantic support for commonsense reasoning and natural language processing. SenseNet is formalized with a Hidden Markov Model. An inference algorithm is proposed to simulate human-like natural language understanding procedure. A new measurement, confidence, is introduced to facilitate the natural language understanding. The authors present a detailed case study of applying SenseNet to retrieving compensation information from company proxy filings.
The ecology, restoration, and management of southeastern floodplain ecosystems: A synthesis

Floodplain ecosystems of the southeastern United States provide numerous services to society, but hydrologic and geomorphic alterations, agricultural practices, water quality and availability, and urban development continue to challenge restorationists and managers at multiple spatial and temporal scales. These challenges are further exacerbated by tremendous uncertainty regarding climate and land use patterns and natural variability in these systems. The symposium from which the papers in 2009 ensued was organized to provide a critical evaluation of current natural resource restoration and management practices to support the sustainability of floodplain ecosystem functions in the southeastern United States. In this paper we synthesize these concepts and evaluate restoration and conservation techniques in light of our understanding of these ecosystems. We also discuss current and future challenges and attempt to identify new approaches that may facilitate the long-term sustainability of southeastern floodplain systems. We conclude that integration of disciplines and approaches is necessary to meet the floodplain conservation challenges of the coming century. Integration will not only include purposeful dialogue between interdisciplinary natural resource professionals, but it also is necessary to sincerely engage the public about goals, objectives, and desirable outcomes of floodplain ecosystem restoration.
Multiple roles of ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferases in the conversion of B12 to coenzyme B12

Our mechanistic understanding of the conversion of vitamin B12 into coenzyme B12 (a.k.a. adenosylcobalamin, AdoCbl) has been substantially advanced in recent years. Insights into the multiple roles played by ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ACA) enzymes have emerged through the crystallographic, spectroscopic, biochemical, and mutational analyses of wild-type and variant proteins. ACA enzymes circumvent the thermodynamic barrier posed by the very low redox potential associated with the reduction of cob(II)alamin to cob(I)alamin by generating a unique four-coordinate cob(II)alamin intermediate that is readily converted to cob(I)alamin by physiological reductants. ACA enzymes not only synthesize AdoCbl but also they deliver it to the enzymes that use it, and in some cases, enzymes in which its function is needed to maintain the fidelity of the AdoCbl delivery process have been identified. Advances in our understanding of ACA enzyme function have provided valuable insights into the role of specific residues, and into why substitutions of these residues have profound negative effects on human health. From an applied science standpoint, a better understanding of the adenosylation reaction may lead to more efficient ways of synthesizing AdoCbl.
Accurate modeling and prediction of energy availability in energy harvesting real-time embedded systems

Energy availability is the primary subject that drives the research innovations in energy harvesting systems. In this paper, we first propose a novel concept of effective energy dissipation that defines a unique quantity to accurately quantify the energy dissipation of the system by including not only the energy demand by the electronic circuit, but also the energy overhead incurred by energy flows amongst system components. This work also addresses the techniques in run-time prediction of future harvested energy. These two contributions significantly improve the accuracy of energy availability computation for the proposed Model-Accurate Predictive DVFS algorithm, which aims at achieving best system performance under energy harvesting constraints. Experimental results show the improvements achieved by the MAP-DVFS algorithm in deadline miss rate. In addition, we illustrate the trend of system performance variation under different conditions and system design parameters.
Hygroscopicity of glasses with high water content

Abstract Glasses with high water content were found to gain weight when exposed to moist atmospheres and the rate of weight gain increased with water content. The mechanism of this hygroscopicity was investigated by comparing the weight gain rate, hydration rate and the sodium diffusion coefficient at room temperature. It was concluded that the process is controlled by the diffusion of molecular water in the glass.
Two Distinct Pathways for Metabolism of Theophylline and Caffeine Are Coexpressed in Pseudomonas putida CBB5

Pseudomonas putida CBB5 was isolated from soil by enrichment on caffeine. This strain used not only caffeine, theobromine, paraxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine as sole carbon and nitrogen sources but also theophylline and 3-methylxanthine. Analyses of metabolites in spent media and resting cell suspensions confirmed that CBB5 initially N demethylated theophylline via a hitherto unreported pathway to 1- and 3-methylxanthines. NAD(P)H-dependent conversion of theophylline to 1- and 3-methylxanthines was also detected in the crude cell extracts of theophylline-grown CBB5. 1-Methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine were subsequently N demethylated to xanthine. CBB5 also oxidized theophylline and 1- and 3-methylxanthines to 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 1- and 3-methyluric acids, respectively. However, these methyluric acids were not metabolized further. A broad-substrate-range xanthine-oxidizing enzyme was responsible for the formation of these methyluric acids. In contrast, CBB5 metabolized caffeine to theobromine (major metabolite) and paraxanthine (minor metabolite). These dimethylxanthines were further N demethylated to xanthine via 7-methylxanthine. Theobromine-, paraxanthine-, and 7-methylxanthine-grown cells also metabolized all of the methylxanthines mentioned above via the same pathway. Thus, the theophylline and caffeine N-demethylation pathways converged at xanthine via different methylxanthine intermediates. Xanthine was eventually oxidized to uric acid. Enzymes involved in theophylline and caffeine degradation were coexpressed when CBB5 was grown on theophylline or on caffeine or its metabolites. However, 3-methylxanthine-grown CBB5 cells did not metabolize caffeine, whereas theophylline was metabolized at much reduced levels to only methyluric acids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of theophylline N demethylation and coexpression of distinct pathways for caffeine and theophylline degradation in bacteria.
Riparian corridors of Eastern Oregon and Washington: Functions and sustainability along lowland-arid to mountain gradients

Riparian corridors of eastern Oregon and Washington, like those in other regions, comprise small portions of river drainages but provide disproportionately important ecosystem functions. However, most riparian and fluvial (streams and rivers) systems have been greatly altered. Degraded ecosystems commonly reflect influences of land-uses (e. g., mining, logging, road construction, fire suppression, livestock grazing), hydro-developments (e.g., dams, irrigation, flood control) and other human actions. Some important consequences include: degradation and fragmentation of habitats, changes in riparian plant associations, isolated fish populations, and altered flow and sediment regimes. This synthesis paper evaluates some major environmental factors that can influence the sustainability of riparian corridors and fluvial systems along lowland-arid to mountain gradients within river drainages of eastern Oregon and Washington. Four tributary rivers of the Columbia River, the Grande Ronde and John Day Rivers in northeastern Oregon, and the Yakima and Methow Rivers on the eastside of the Cascade Mountains in Washington, provide perspectives on environmental conditions. Factors evaluated include: a) dominant riparian plant associations and distributions in relation to differences in precipitation and temperature regimes along elevation gradients; b) ecological and physiochemical functions of riparian and fluvial systems along elevation gradients; c) long-term historical and contemporary cumulative impacts of human actions; and d) management provisions that could restore and sustain ecosystem functions. Ecological functions of riparian and fluvial systems are viewed as being closely coupled because of their dependence on hydrological (surface and sub-surface) and sediment routing regimes. From a river landscape perspective, achieving greater connectivity can be a key objective for analyzing and integrating the management of riparian and fluvial ecosystems. Effective management should include ensuring the delineation of major limiting factors (e.g., erosion, water shortages and temperatures) and identification of streamside and channel networks that link critical habitats at multiple landscape scales (e. g., locations and spacing of refuge habitats for fish and wildlife). Management actions should encourage the connectivity of reaches and habitats and maintenance of riparian and fluvial functions so interactions can occur. Efforts should include renewal of natural flood and sediment routing regimes and the reestablishment of habitats adjacent to ecologically intact habitats.
Rancid fat in experimental diets.

Summary and ConclusionsStudies on the deleterious effects of rancid lard in an experimental diet indicate that it is important to choose fats that will supply the necessary nutrients and not introduce other complicating factors,. Rats on diets containing 6% rancid lard developed pathological lesions similar to those found in vitamin E deficiency. These changes were not present in rats receiving a diet in which corn oil replaced the lard. The observations are of particular importance in chronic toxicity studies in which animals are maintained on experimental diets for long periods of time.
Etanercept plus methylprednisolone as initial therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a principal cause of morbidity following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Standard therapy for GVHD, high-dose steroids, results in complete responses (CRs) in 35% of patients. Because tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is an important effector of experimental GVHD, we treated patients with new-onset GVHD with steroids plus the TNFalpha inhibitor etanercept on a previously reported pilot trial (n = 20) and a phase 2 trial (n = 41). We compared their outcomes with those of contemporaneous patients with GVHD (n = 99) whose initial therapy was steroids alone. Groups were similar with respect to age, conditioning, donor, degree of HLA match, and severity of GVHD at onset. Patients treated with etanercept were more likely to achieve CR than were patients treated with steroids alone (69% vs 33%; P < .001). This difference was observed in HCT recipients of both related donors (79% vs 39%; P = .001) and unrelated donors (53% vs 26%; P < .001). Plasma TNFR1 levels, a biomarker for GVHD activity, were elevated at GVHD onset and decreased significantly only in patients with CR. We conclude that etanercept plus steroids as initial therapy for acute GVHD results in a substantial majority of CRs. This trial was referenced at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00141713.
Four-wave mixing in one-dimensional optical molasses.

We present a detailed calculation of the four-wave-mixing signal from one-dimensional optical molasses, in which atoms are cooled by a pair of counterpropagating, cross-polarized fields. The contributions from both Raman and Rayleigh resonances between the discrete motional bound states and the recoil-induced resonances between the motional continuum states are analyzed. It is shown that the recoil-induced resonances can lead to a narrow central resonance peak in the four-wave-mixing signal with a width given by the transverse residual Doppler width. The calculated Raman sidebands also exhibit an asymmetry in the signal strength, a feature observed in recent experiments.
Correlates of occupational disability in a clinical sample of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Results— At the time of interview, 38% of the sample reported being unable to work due to psychopathology. OCD with occupational disability was associated with greater functional impairment in completing household duties, social functioning, and quality of life. Few differences in treatments received were found among individuals with and without occupational disability. Although number of years on psychotropic medications was similar among the two groups, those with disability had been on a greater number of serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) lifetime. Half of individuals with occupational disability had entered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) at some point but only one-third had received at least 13 sessions. Regression analyses revealed that OCD severity was the most powerful predictor of occupational disability, followed by depression severity, and presence of a lifetime substance use disorder. Conclusions—A substantial proportion of individuals in our sample were unable to work. CBT treatment was underutilized and reasons for this remain unclear. Comorbid depression and substance use present additional risk factors for disability. Further advances in biological and psychosocial treatments are needed to improve functioning and the overall prognosis of the disorder. OCD is a chronic psychiatric illness that affects from 1.6–3% of the worldwide population (1,2). The disorder is characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions), and repetitive intentional behaviors (compulsions). These symptoms persist despite individuals’ attempts to eliminate them, and are accompanied by marked and often overwhelming anxiety. Typical obsessions are unrealistic concerns with cleanliness, order, and harm avoidance that, in the extreme, can occupy nearly every waking moment. Typical compulsive behaviors are excessive hand washing, counting and checking rituals that can disrupt all routine activities.
Engineering overview of the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment

The National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX) is an ultra low aspect ratio (R/a=1.25; R=80 cm) device designed for a plasma current of 1 MA. It features auxiliary heating and current drive and a close-fitting conducting shell to maximize plasma pressure (43% beta). NSTX is designed for a 5 sec. experimental pulse to demonstrate quasi-steady state non-inductively driven advanced tokamak operation. The design takes maximum advantage of existing components and facilities from previous devices at PPPL to reduce the program costs. The device will be sited in the former Princeton Large Torus (PLT) test cell and will utilize the PLT radiation shielding, base structure, and cell utilities. NSTX will utilize the S-1 Spheromak vacuum vessel, poloidal field coils, and capacitor banks (for helicity injection). The Poloidal Beta Experiment-Modified (PBX-M) power supplies will be shared to power the PF and TF coil systems. Existing RF hardware and infrastructure will be used for heating systems. TFTR data acquisition and diagnostics resources are planned to be used. In total, NSTX will utilize site credits with a value of /spl sim/$50 M, reducing base construction cost of the device to $18.6 M. Twelve water-cooled copper demountable toroidal field (TF) coils provide the 5.4 kg (pulsed) and 3.5 kg (long pulse >5 sec) toroidal field at the plasma center. Poloidal fields are generated by windings contained in the center column and four pairs water-cooled copper coils supported directly on the vacuum vessel. One of the most critical components of the device is the center stack, which consists of the inner legs of the TF coils overwrapped with ohmic heating and poloidal field windings. The ohmic heating coil windings are designed to optimize the V-s and together with the PF coils, produce a flux swing of 1 V-s.
Isotopic connections between basement rocks exposed in the St. Francois Mountains and the Arbuckle Mountains, southern mid-continent, North America

Two distinct crustal provinces have been identified in the southern mid-continent based on U–Pb crystallization ages. Both contain large volumes of undeformed granite and rhyolite, with minor amounts of metamorphic rock and mafic intrusions. The Eastern Granite-Rhyolite province is characterized by felsic rocks with crystallization ages of 1,470 ± 30 Ma and exposures are restricted to the St. Francois Mountains in southeastern Missouri. Similarly, the Southern Granite-Rhyolite (SGR) province is characterized by felsic units with ages of 1,370 ± 30 Ma with primary exposures in the eastern Arbuckle Mountains of southern Oklahoma. Within the SGR province three magmatic pulses can be identified starting at 1,400, 1,370, and 1,340 Ma. Although the crystallization ages are different, the Sm–Nd isotopic signatures are similar for the units exposed in these areas as well as the buried basement in between. Depleted mantle model ages for rocks within the Arbuckle Mountains range from 1,530 to 1,430 Ma with ɛNd(t) values of +3.2 to +4.1 while units of the St. Francois Mountains range from 1,550 to 1,430 Ma and +4.5 to +4.7. Comparison of Sm–Nd isotopic data also indicate similarities between the 147Sm/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios for the rock units in these areas suggesting a common source.
Lift, squeeze, stretch, and twist: Research-based Inquiry Physics Experiences (RIPE) of energy for kindergartners

This study examines changes in kindergarten students’ understanding of energy after participating in a series of lessons developed using an inquiry-based early childhood science teaching model: Research-based Inquiry Physics Experiences (RIPE). The lessons addressed where objects get their energy and what they use their energy to do, and how energy can be “stored” in ordinary objects such as toys. Many of the students moved from associating energy solely with living things to recognizing energy in mechanical processes and articulating how energy can be transferred (stored) by lifting objects or squeezing/stretching/twisting elastic objects.
Reflective program generation with patterns

Runtime reflection facilities, as present in Java and .NET, are powerful mechanisms for inspecting existing code and metadata, as well as generating new code and metadata on the fly. Such power does come at a high price though. The runtime reflection support in Java and .NET imposes a cost on all programs, whether they use reflection or not, simply by the necessity of keeping all metadata around and the inability to optimize code because of future possible code changes. A second---often overlooked---cost is the difficulty of writing correct reflection code to inspect or emit new metadata and code and the risk that the emitted code is not well-formed.In this paper we examine a subclass of problems that can be addressed using a simpler mechanism than runtime reflection, which we call compile-time reflection. We argue for a high-level construct called a transform that allows programmers to write inspection and generation code in a pattern matching and template style, avoiding at the same time the complexities of reflection APIs and providing the benefits of staged compilation in that the generated code and metadata is known to be well-formed and type safe ahead of time.
Chordee: varied opinions and treatments as documented in a survey of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section of Urology.

Abstract Objectives. Consensus has not been established as to the best treatment of congenital chordee. Outcomes analysis of treatment options are limited by the prevailing use of ambiguous terminology. We sought to clarify the frequently used term “significant chordee” and to measure the utilization of current treatment strategies. Methods. A survey covering current practice patterns concerning congenital chordee with hypospadias was sent to 236 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section of Urology. Results. Correction of chordee was the primary concern in hypospadias surgery of 31% of those responding, but it was not the primary goal of 54% of respondents. Findings indicate that “significant chordee” is clinically defined as curvature greater than 20°, in that 75% of respondents said they would proceed with further intervention. Placement of plicating sutures was the most common therapy chosen for 20° chordee, with 50% of respondents electing this approach. Consensus was reached at 30° chordee, with greater than 99% intervening at this degree of curvature. At 30° curvature, 48% used an incisional Nesbit procedure. As the degree of curvature increased, division or mobilization of the urethral plate became the most common intervention. With 50° chordee, urethral plate manipulation was used 34% of the time. Sixty percent of the respondents believed the urethral plate did not often contribute to chordee. Conclusions. “Significant chordee” was believed to be a curvature greater than 20° to 30°. With 20°, 30°, and 40° chordee, correction was most often approached dorsally. With 50° chordee, 54% approached the problem ventrally. We hope to encourage the use of more objective measurements and terminology. Objective measurements and long-term follow-up will improve our understanding of the natural history of chordee and improve outcomes analysis.
Proton conductivity in pure and doped KH2PO4

Abstract The electrical conductivity has been measured over a wide range of temperatures and under an equilibrium vapor pressure for pure and sulphate-doped KH2PO4. For pure KH2PO4 the conductivity perpendicular to the c-axis is given by log σ = −0.89−12.65 kcal 2.3 RT T kcal 2.3 RT T > 180°C with very similar results parallel to the c-axis. At 25°C the conductivity of doped samples is proportional to sulphate concentration. The results are analyzed in terms of defects likely to occur in KH2PO4.
Evaluation of Suicide Risk among Youths in Community Settings

Identifying youths in imminent danger of suicide and in need of emergency psychiatric services is a difficult task. Although clinicians have often described the psychiatric profile of youths at risk for suicide, there is little empirical evidence of successful strategies for identifying suicidal risk. Researchers are faced with a number of problems when attempting to validate risk evaluation procedures: Suicide risk profiles vary with age and developmental stage; there appear to be several patterns or subtypes of suicidal patterns; suicidality depends on one's current emotional state; evaluators are likely to be biased in the direction of over-estimating risk and are not likely to have extensive clinical training; imminent danger for suicide is time-limited; and a youth's risk will depend on surrounding environmental stressors and supports. These considerations force researchers to assume a strategic approach in defining levels of suicide risk and imminent danger of suicide. An example of a potential strategy for identifying risk among youths is outlined in this chapter. Although this strategic approach appears useful, researchers continue to be faced with major problems in validating such procedures. Determining the predictive validity of potential suicide screening procedures requires researchers to evaluate and to follow longitudinally a large sample of youths, while deliberately refraining from intervening to help those youths who appear to be in crisis.
Maturation Leads to Gender Differences in Landing Force and Vertical Jump Performance: A Longitudinal Study

BackgroundFemale athletes have increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture after the onset of puberty.HypothesesMale athletes would demonstrate a longitudinal increase in vertical jump height compared with female athletes. There would be longitudinal gender differences in ground-reaction forces and loading rates.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsSixteen female and 17 male adolescent athletes were evaluated for 2 consecutive years. Subjects were included if they were classified as pubertal during the first year of testing and postpubertal during the second year. As subjects performed a drop vertical jump, ground-reaction force, and vertical jump height were measured. Data analysis consisted of a mixed design analysis of variance with post hoc analysis (paired t tests).ResultsThe male athletes demonstrated increased vertical jump height with maturation (P < .001); female athletes did not. Boys significantly reduced their landing ground-reaction force (P = .005), whereas girls di...
Modified Grid Laser Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema: The Effect on the Central Visual Field

Abstract Modified grid laser photocoagulation has been shown to stabilize visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema, but the effect on extrafoveal visual function is uncertain. Automated static threshold perimetry was performed on 64 eyes of 36 patients before and after modified grid therapy with the argon green or krypton red laser. Twenty-eight eyes underwent two grid treatments for persistent macular edema. For all eyes tested, average threshold sensitivity in the central 5° dropped 3.44 dB (standard deviation [SD], 3.79 dB) after the first treatment and 6.86 dB (SD, 5.02 dB) cumulatively after the second treatment. Qualitatively,. the grayscale displays of the central visual field were darker after treatment, but the scotomata from laser photocoagulation could not be distinguished from those due to macular edema. The foveal threshold showed no significant change. In a subgroup of patients tested, color vision was not significantly improved and nearly all patients exhibited a tritan defect before and after treatment. No difference was detected between the argon and krypton groups. This suggests that with modified grid laser photocoagulation visual acuity and foveal threshold are preserved at the expense of generalized loss of threshold sensitivity across the central 10° of the visual field.
Scientific contributions from the Hydrogen Research Center at Texas A&M, 1982–1987

Abstract This paper reviews the first five years of the work at the Hydrogen Research Center set up by NSF at the Texas AM The Splitting of Water; Electrocatalysis: The Photoelectrochemical Production of CO 2 ; New Methods of Producing Hydrogen developed at the Hydrogen Research Center; Fuels Cells; The “Grand Goal” of the Center is described as the economic production of hydrogen from water using light as the energy source. The funding and probable future direction is described.
Identification of Parental Origins of Naturally Produced Lake Trout in Lake Ontario: Application of Mixed-Stock Analysis to a Second Generation

Abstract Management decisions related to the restoration of a self-perpetuating population of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Ontario would be improved with information about differences in the reproductive success of stocked strains. Assessment of differential reproductive success of naturally spawning mixed-stock fish populations requires the use of genetic markers that are transmitted between generations. This paper describes the identification of hatchery lake trout strains that successfully reproduced on a single reef in Lake Ontario in 1986. The analysis used allozyme data from parental stocks and naturally produced young and represents a novel application of the maximum-likelihood method of mixed-stock analysis. Lake trout sac-fry captured in 1986 in Lake Ontario were estimated to have been produced by Seneca × Seneca strain (78%) and Seneca × Superior crosses (20%), although the Seneca × Superior estimate was not significantly different from zero. Eight other strains and strain hybrids wer...