cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy and cost assessment of packaged ice energy storage implementations using OpenStudio Measures

Abstract As renewable portfolio standards enforce the expansion of renewables on the U.S. grid in the coming years, old storage technologies must be re-evaluated for a dynamic, interactive future grid. Ice thermal storage, traditionally for diurnal load shifting on large central chiller plants, is also viable in packaged devices for most buildings that lack central plants. However, modeling of these unitary thermal storage systems (UTSS) has been very limited to-date. To help make packaged thermal storage modeling more accessible, this paper presents a recently developed OpenStudio measure for rapid analysis of UTSS. Using this measure, we assess the UTSS implementation in new and retrofit retail buildings with both packaged single zone air conditioners (PSZAC) and packaged variable air volume (PVAV) systems. Each implementation is evaluated on annual energy use, fan energy use, load shifting efficiency, daily unused ice availability, and potential cost savings under various time-of-use rates. Deficiencies with schedule-based control are highlighted by comparing the daily unused ice and the cooling-electricity load duration curve. Annual energy use increases by 1.2–3.7%, but on-peak electric demand is reduced by 32.2–36.6%.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Generation Control of Wind Farms

This paper provides a model-free framework for real-time control of wind farms to accurately track a power reference signal. This problem requires tractable dynamical models for capturing the aerodynamic interaction between wind turbines and controllers that can make decisions in realtime given varying atmospheric conditions. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning framework to provide real-time yaw control of a wind farm. Modifications have been made to FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS), a modeling tool that incorporates transient wake behavior. The control problem is formulated to track a synthetic power reference signal based on historical atmospheric (wind speed and direction) information, price signals, and regulation deployment data from U.S. regional transmission operators. Results indicate that a wind farm, with this control paradigm, can achieve good tracking performance when tested with real atmospheric data.
The Effectiveness and Ethics of Incentives for Research Participation: Two Embedded Randomized Recruitment Trials

Background: Using financial incentives to improve research participation is controversial and variably regulated due to uncertainty regarding whether incentives serve as undue inducements by blunting peoples’ sensitivity to research risks, or unjust inducements by preferentially increasing enrollment among disadvantaged persons. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to incentives of $0, $200, or $500 for participating in a trial comparing smoking cessation interventions, and to $0, $100, or $300 for participating in a trial evaluating an ambulation intervention. Each incentive trial was powered to rule out interactions between incentive size and perceived research risk (undue inducement), and between incentive size and income (unjust inducement), on the primary outcome of consenting to the parent trial. Findings: Incentives significantly increased enrollment among 654 patients in the smoking cessation trial (adjusted odds ratio (OR) for each increase in incentive = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.34 – 2.17; p < 0.001), but not among 642 patients in the ambulation trial (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.64 – 1.22; p = 0.45). In both trials, undue and unjust inducement were ruled out (upper confidence limits of ORs for undue inducement = 1.15 and 0.99, both p < 0.001; upper confidence limits of ORs for unjust inducement = 1.21 and 1.26, p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). In both trials, larger incentives were associated with more time spent reviewing consent forms (both p < 0.005). Incentives were not associated with perceived research risks, trial understanding, perceptions of coercion, or therapeutic misconceptions in either trial. Interpretation: Financial incentives increased trial enrollment in one of two trials, and did not produce undue or unjust inducement or other unintended consequences in either trial. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02697799. Funding Statement: National Cancer Institute. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Approved by IRBs at the University of Pennsylvania and Northwestern University, using a waiver of the requirement for informed consent. The trials were also guided by an Ethics Advisory Board and overseen by a Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB).
A distributed word-based approach to parsing

People have an incredible facility for organizing and selecting word senses in arriving at the intended meaning of sentences in context. The process takes place with such unnoticed and subconscious ease that it has been often overlooked in the study of language. To those building computer programs to understand language, however, this phenomenon represents a central problem. While many syntactic constructions and conceptual relations can be described through systems of rewrite rules, the word sense selection problem remains. The reason for this lies in the incompatibility of the sense discrimination problem and the rule-based problem-solving method.
Unusual Spacecraft Materials

For particularly innovative space exploration missions, unusual requirements are levied on the structural components of the spacecraft. In many cases, the preferred solution is the utilization of unusual materials. This trend is forecast to continue. Several hypothetic examples are discussed.
Error Problems in Aerial Photogrammetry

Aerial photography has its greatest use in mapping, in which the problem is basically one of stereoscopy. The normal case that exists when both photographic images are coplanar is used to develop the fundamental relationships that (1) the y-coordinates in both photographs for a specific point are equal, and (2) the differences in the x-coordinate value is a measure of the elevation of a point on the ground. Error sources occur in both image space and object space, and include earth curvature. Regarding photographic problems, relative orientation in which two photographs are properly oriented with respect to each other, and absolute orientation in which the two photographs are properly oriented in the object space are examined both theoretically and practically. Finally, the role of a more detailed error analysis of the photogrammetric system is demonstrated as offering the most promise for the future. Mathematical mapping is suggested as a suitable method for expressing the error relationships in photogrammetry.
Map Worlds: A History of Women in Cartography. By Will C. van den Hoonard

Given the technological shifts within cartography between 1966 and 2002, the author, Will C. van den Hoonard, a social scientist, wondered how the social organization of cartographers had changed a...
The electron microprobe as a metallographic tool

The electron microprobe (EMP) is shown to represent one of the most powerful techniques for the examination of the microstructure of materials. It is an electron optical instrument in which compositional and topographic information is obtained from regions smaller than 1 micron in diameter on a specimen. Photographs of compositional and topographic changes in 1-sq-mm to 20-sq-micron areas on various types of specimens can also be obtained. These photographs are strikingly similar to optical photomicrographs. Various signals measured in the EMP (X-rays, secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, etc.) are discussed, along with their resolution and the type of information they may help obtain. In addition to elemental analysis, solid state detecting and scanning techniques are reviewed. Various techniques extending the EMP instrument capabilities, such as deconvolution and soft X-ray analysis, are also described.
Nonproductive Infection of Guinea Pig Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus was capable of adsorbing to and penetrating guinea pig cells, but was unable to replicate new virus. Cultures infected with virus inoculum of high titer showed a cytopathic effect (CPE) characterized by cell rounding. This CPE depended upon the presence of infectious virus, and its extent was directly related to the multiplicity of infection. Staining by indirect immunofluorescence by using human convalescent sera was positive as early as 4 h postinfection. Maximal fluorescence was observed 24 h postinfection when 50% of the cells contained fluorescent antigens both in nuclei and cytoplasm. No evidence for viral replication was found, and no defective particles were detected by electron microscopy. Treatment with actinomycin D or with cycloheximide strongly inhibited both the fluorescent antigens and the CPE, whereas 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and bromodeoxyuridine were ineffective.
Information distribution in complex systems to improve team performance

This thesis hypothesizes that providing task specific information to individual team members will improve coordination and decision-making, and therefore team performance, at time critical tasks. Major themes addressed in this research include teams and team processes, mental models, team mental models, work domain analysis, and hierarchical task analysis. Furthermore, the theory behind the development of complementary models is introduced. A unique method to identify the information sources and requirements in a complex team environment is first discussed in general and then specifically applied in two domains. The findings are presented of two experiments examining the effects of imposing different information distribution strategies that range from no complementariness to full complementariness of information. Team communication, team and individual task performance, workload, and timeliness and effectiveness of team decision making were assessed in nominal and off-nominal conditions. The first experiment used an automobile simulator and examined team navigation while driving. A second experiment was designed to incorporate additional measures to more specifically investigate individual performance, team workload, and clarity of information requirements using a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter simulator. The procedures used for both experiments provided for dynamic yet controlled environments through which critical factors that influence team process and performance could be evaluated accurately. Results of these experiments provide empirical evidence that providing task relevant information to individual team members in a time critical environment, while limiting their access to non-relevant information, improves individual and team performance. Furthermore, there is evidence of increased individual performance that indicates this method of distributing information among team members may provide individual crewmembers with a more accurate “task relevant” mental model of their own environment. This research provides new insight into how the distribution of information among team members effects the development of mental models, information requirements, team and individual performance, and communications, and highlights several directions for future research. The information distribution design principles presented in this thesis address the heterogeneity of teams; teams cannot be thought of as groups of identical individuals. The results concerning the communication, workload, performance and team of mental models were consistent across the domains in this research.
Performance analysis of slotted direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access networks

The author presents a throughput analysis of slotted direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access networks operating in the presence of background noise. The network consists of an infinite population of transceivers and the traffic is characterized by Poisson arrivals. The packets are protected by using forward-error correction coding along with hard decision decoding. The dependency of the optimal processing gain and code rate on system parameters is examined in detail. It is shown that, for a specified traffic intensity and signal-to-noise ratio, there is an optimal code rate and processing gain that maximizes the throughput. It is concluded that many important properties were revealed that are, quite likely, general characteristics of CDMA networks. >
Does Non-Conforming Tax Avoidance Affect Investment Decisions?

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between firm tax avoidance and firm capital expenditures. In theory, a dollar saved through tax avoidance activities is an immediate extra dollar available for the firm and its shareholders in the current period. We conjecture that firms with high levels of tax avoidance generally have higher new capital expenditures, even if they invest in negative net present value projects. Using a sample of firms with data from 1990 to 2008, we hypothesize and find that firms with higher levels of tax avoidance generally have higher capital expenditures and have higher deviations from expected capital expenditures after controlling for year and industry. In additional we find that firms with higher levels of capital expenditures generally are less likely to underinvest and more likely to overinvest as compared to firms in their industry. We suggest that this is evidence that firms with higher levels of tax avoidance are more likely to grow the firm beyond its optimal size by investing in negative net present value projects. Our further analysis examines the relationship between firm tax avoidance and firm capital expenditures after controlling for corporate governance. Our analysis indicates that firms with poor shareholder protections had higher excess firm capital expenditures and were more likely to overinvest. Overall our results suggest that firms use tax savings from tax avoidance activities and excessively invest those proceeds in new capital expenditures.
Destruction of 3-beta-hyroxy 17-ketosteroids during hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid.

Acid hydrolysis has long been used to free the urinary 17-ketosteroids from the water-soluble combinations in which they are excreted. Both hydrochloric acid (13,5,11) and sulfuric acid (15)’ have been employed, for this purpose. The acid treatment, while effecting relatively complete hydrolysis, may also result in destruction (13, 5, 6,3, IS), chlorine substitution (2), dehydration (20,4, 12), and in stereoisomeric transformations (6, 16). Attempts to obviate the destructive action of acid hydrolysis have been made by Talbot and his associates. They described an enzymatic hydrolytic procedure (18) and also a method of hydrolysis utilizing barium chloride at pH 5.8 (19). Their studies were conducted on urine from patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma and adrenal cortical hyperplasia (18). We have investigated the BaClz hydrolysis of the conjugated 17ketosteroids in specimens of normal male urine and have obtained by this method a much higher P (C, hydroxyl cis to the Cl0 methyl) fraction than is usually reported for normal urine. The experiments reported below further indicate that a large proportion of the p-17-ketosteroids is changed to an “a” fraction (no cis Ct hydroxyl group) by the usual HCl hydrolytic technique.
Applications of a recently proposed anisotropic yield function to sheet forming

In this paper the predictive capabilities of a recently proposed yield criterion, CB2001, are assessed. Also, a numerical scheme for identifying the material coefficients is presented. It is shown that although convexity is not a default property of the criterion, it can be achieved numerically. Applications to two sheet forming operations are presented. Using the commercial FE code ABAQUS, simulations of the deep-drawing of a cylindrical cup and springback analysis for unconstrained bending are performed. Two aluminum alloys were considered and modelled with Hill’48 (ABAQUS) and CB2001 (UMAT). The results are also compared with another popular criterion, Yld’96. We conclude that for sheet forming operations were large plastic deformations are involved, accurate fit of the initial plastic anisotropy is a basic condition for successful FE simulations.
Improving availability of opioid pain medications: testing the principle of balance in Latin America.

FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS, my colleagues and I have been working through a process to formulate an idea into a model that can be used to evaluate and then improve anti-drug abuse policies so they do not interfere with the use of opioid analgesics for pain relief. We refined this idea into the principle of “balance.” Our work started in Wisconsin and led ultimately to the development of policy evaluation guidelines that were endorsed by key agencies associated with the United Nations. Real world testing of the model with regulators and clinicians took place in several countries, including in Latin America.
Artifacts in urinary tract ultrasonography.

Ultrasound is the only technique that uses artifacts in diagnosis. “Good through transmission” and a “refractive artifact” indicate fluid. Acoustic shadowing can be produced by different tissues leading to different types of shadows and specific diagnoses. Fat produces a decrease in the speed of sound as compared with soft tissue leading to the writing of structures behind fat distal to their actual position. Other artifacts are also described.
Coupled expression of troponin T and troponin I isoforms in single skeletal muscle fibers correlates with contractility.

Striated muscle contraction is powered by actin-activated myosin ATPase. This process is regulated by Ca2+ via the troponin complex. Slow- and fast-twitch fibers of vertebrate skeletal muscle expre...
Structure and dynamics of dextran in binary mixtures of a good and a bad solvent

The structure and dynamics of the common polysaccharide dextran have been investigated in mixed solvents at two different temperatures using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and viscosity measurements. More specifically, binary mixtures of a good solvent (water, formamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanolamine) and the bad solvent ethanol as the minority component have been considered. The experimentally observed effects on the polymer conformation (intrinsic viscosity, coil radius, and radius of gyration) of the bad solvent addition are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding density and are correlated with the Hansen solubility parameters and the surface tension of the solvent mixtures. Hydrogen bonding appears to be an important contributor to the solubility of dextran but is not sufficient to capture the dextran coil contraction in the mixtures of good+bad solvents.
Oral ingestion of Capsaicin, the pungent component of chili pepper, enhances a discreet population of macrophages and confers protection from autoimmune diabetes

Vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is expressed on immune cells as well as on sensory neurons. Here we report that VR1 can regulate immunological events in the gut in response to its ligand Capsaicin (CP), a nutritional factor, the pungent component of chili peppers. Oral administration of CP attenuates the proliferation and activation of autoreactive T cells in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) but not other lymph nodes, and protects mice from development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This is a general phenomenon and not restricted to one particular strain of mice. Engagement of VR1 enhances a discreet population of CD11b(+)/F4/80(+) macrophages in PLN, which express anti-inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-10 and PD-L1. This population is essential for CP-mediated attenuation of T-cell proliferation in an IL-10-dependent manner. Lack of VR1 expression fails to inhibit proliferation of autoreactive T cells, which is partially reversed in (VR1(+/+) → VR1(-/-)) bone marrow chimeric mice, implying the role of VR1 in crosstalk between neuronal and immunological responses in vivo. These findings imply that endogenous ligands of VR1 can have profound effect on gut-mediated immune tolerance and autoimmunity by influencing the nutrient-immune interactions.
Phonological encoding of young children who stutter.

Abstract Purpose Several empirical studies suggest that children who stutter, when compared to typically fluent peers, demonstrate relatively subtle, yet robust differences in phonological encoding. Phonological encoding can be measured through the use of tasks that reflect the underlying mechanisms of phonological processing, such as phonological awareness. This study investigated the phonological encoding abilities of five- and six-year old children who stutter. Methods Young children who stutter were paired according to language ability, maternal education, and sex to their typically fluent peers. Participants completed multiple measures of phonological awareness abilities (i.e., sound matching, phoneme blending, elision), as well as measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary and articulation. Results Young children who stutter performed significantly less well than nonstuttering peers on tasks of elision and sound blending. No between-group differences were found in sound matching abilities or in any of the background language measures. Conclusions Results suggest that young children who stutter have subtle, yet robust, linguistic differences in certain aspects of phonological encoding that may contribute to an unstable language planning system in young children who stutter. Educational Objectives: The reader will be able to: (a) describe how phonological awareness can inform our understanding of phonological encoding; (b) summarize the findings of previously published studies that examined some aspects of phonological awareness in children who do and do not stutter; and (c) compare the results of the current study with other investigations of phonological awareness skills in children who stutter and their typically fluent peers.
The Effects of Social Trust and Institutional Trust on Formal Volunteering and Charitable Giving in Japan

This study is part of the growing literature on the effects on civic engagement of attitudinal predictors, such as trust, along with structural predictors. Drawing data from the 2005 Japanese General Social Survey, it examines the association between trust and the probabilities of formal volunteering and charitable giving. A bivariate probit analysis of the data suggests that trust, institutional trust in particular, matters more to predict giving than volunteering. Although the number of membership affiliations is positively and significantly associated with both types of civic engagement, the association between membership affiliations and formal volunteering is significantly greater. Implications of these and other findings are discussed for future studies linking trust to civic engagement in group-collectivist societies such as Japan.
In situ neutron powder diffraction investigation of the hydration of tricalcium aluminate in the presence of gypsum

Abstract The hydration of a 1:3 molar ratio of tricalcium aluminate, Ca 3 Al 2 O 6 , to gypsum, CaSO 4 ·2D 2 O, was investigated at temperatures of 25, 50, and 80 °C using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction combined with multiphase Rietveld structural refinement. It was shown that ettringite, Ca 6 [Al(OD) 6 ] 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·∼26D 2 O, was the first and only hydration product of the system, in contrast to a prior investigation which suggested the occurrence of a precursor phase prior to the formation of ettringite. Kinetics data showed that the hydration reaction is very sensitive to temperature: hydration at 25 °C was characterized by a single kinetic regime while hydration at higher temperatures consisted of two distinct kinetic regimes. The presence of two kinetic regimes was attributed to a change in either the dimensionality of the growth process or a change in the rate controlling mechanism in the hydration reaction.
SEDPHAT - An Analysis Platform for the Biophysical Analysis of Reversibly Assembled Multi-protein Complexes in Solution

Multi-protein complexes are ubiquitous in cellular activities, and found in metabolism, transcription control, and intracellular signaling and motility. In many areas, intense research is devoted to understanding the functional mechanism of these complexes, for example, dissecting the energetics of the total assembly process from the individual components to form the functional active multi-protein complex. This is particularly difficult for complexes that are only transiently assembled by relatively low-affinity interactions. Our research is devoted to developing new biophysical methods for the characterization of the number, size and hydrodynamic shape of protein complexes as well as quantifying the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly from purified components in solution. One approach utilized is to make measurements from orthogonal perspectives of the reaction coordinate and to integrate these data in a global analysis. To this end, we have developed the analysis software platform SEDPHAT that allows us to analyze globally multiple data sets collected from one of several different biophysical techniques. We present here an overview of the analytical tools available in this software.
The use of synthetic LH-RH analogue to spawn Chinese carps *

. The synthetic LH-RH analogue, des-GLY10[D-Ala6] LRH ethylamide was shown to be effective for induced spawning of Chinese carps. Ovulation was induced in 23 of 34 female grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., receiving a single injection of synthetic LH-RH analogue. Spawning success was 92% for 3-year and older fish at optimum temperatures (22–26°C). Reduced spawning success was noted for 2-year-old female fish, and when temperature exceeded 27°C. No mortality of study fish was observed following a single injection. Hybrid carp, grass carp x bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis Val., and grass carp x silver carp, Hypophthal-michthys molitrix Val., were produced using synthetic LH-RH analogue. Male grass carp, bighead carp and silver carp exhibiting pearl organs were stimulated to produce milt regardless of the presence or absence of free flowing milt at the time of injection. The potential importance of synthetic LH-RH analogue in fish culture and mechanisms of hormonal action are briefly discussed.
Letter by Sutton et al regarding article, "Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden".

To the Editor: Dr Ballantyne and colleagues report modest regression of atherosclerosis after 24 months of rosuvastatin, 40 mg, as measured by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) in a follow-up analysis of the A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rosuvastatin on Intravascular Ultrasound–Derived Coronary Atheroma Burden (ASTEROID) trial.1 The authors conclude that a decrease in minimal lumen diameter and percentage diameter stenosis by QCA correlate with …
Novel Bipolar Transistor Isolation Structure Using Combined Selective Epitaxial Growth and Planarization Technique

A novel bipolar isolation structure with capability of significantly reducing collector-base capacitance and base resistance is presented. A silicon-on-insulator (SOI) region surrounding the collector opening is used to minimize the collector window width, and to increase the thickness of the extrinsic base contact layer for a given device topography. This partial-SOI isolation structure can be combined with any type of emitter-base self-alined bipolar transistor structure.
FILTER AID REMOVAL OF SELECTED VOLATILE COMPOUNDS: EFFECT ON SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRENCH FRIES

French fries were fried in oil which had been used for up to 21 days but filtered through magnesium silicate (MS), diatomaceous earth (DE) or unfiltered after each day's use. Volatiles were generally higher in French fries fried in nonfiltered oil than in those fried in filtered oil. Nonanal and hexanal were the most abundant volatiles in all three treatments. Nonanal concentration was higher after all oil use times in unfiltered and DE-filtered than in MS-filtered oil. Total volatiles concentrations generally changed very little over time in MS-filtered oil fried French fries, while they decreased in the other two treatments. Nonanal was well-correlated with buttery and sweet odors of French fries (r = 0.74 and 0.71, respectively; t, 2-octenal was moderately correlated with grassy, rancid, and painty odors and with overall odor quality (r = 0.58, 0.59, 0.51, and −0.58, respectively). Hexanal, t, 2-hexenal, heptanal, t, 2-heptenal and 2-pentylfuran were not correlated with sensory characteristics.
Diallel Analysis of Shoot-Forming Capacity Among Selected Tomato Genotypes

Summary Twenty-one tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were evaluated for shootforming capacity from leaf disc explants. Quantitative differences in shoot-forming capacity were present among the genotypes. A diallel cross was performed using 6 parental genotypes selected for diversity in shoot-forming capacity. The linear regression of hybrid shoot formation on mid-parent values revealed a high heritability for shoot-forming capacity (h2 = 0.98). General combining ability effects, measuring additive gene action, accounted for a large part of the shoot-forming variability within the F1 hybrids of the diallel cross. Specific combining ability, measuring dominance or epistasis, was also significant. In the Jinks and Hayman analysis, recessive genes were associated with high shoot-forming capacity in 2 of 3 high shoot-forming genotypes.
Prediction of the molecular weight for a vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride resin during shear-related thermal degradation in air by using a back-propagation artificial neural network

Thermal degradation of a copolymer is characterized by time-dependent molecular weight change mainly resulting from syntheses of chain-scission and cross-linking reactions. The kinetics models for thermal degradation have been well established. However, the kinetics mathematical model is limited for shear-related thermal degradation of polymers in air because shear stress has uncertain effects on the degradation process. In this paper, the back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) is adopted to predict both the number-average molecular weight and the weight-average molecular weight of vinylidene chloride (VDC)/vinyl chloride (VC) during shear-related thermal degradation in air. The optimum architectures of ANN, 3−9−9−1 and 3−10−1, have been found for predicting the number-average molecular weight and the weight-average molecular weight of VDC/VC during shear-related thermal degradation, respectively.
Temporal and spatial distribution of fibronectin during development of the embryonic chick limb bud.

Abstract Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to study the distribution of fibronectin during the course of embryonic chick limb morphogenesis and differentiation. At all stages of development from 19 through 25, fibronectin is distributed throughout the non-differentiating mesenchymal tissue directly subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), i.e. the mesenchyme extending 0.15 mm or so from the AER. Fibronectin is also distributed throughout the proximal condensing central core of the limb during the early stages of cartilage differentiation. In fact, fibronectin persists as a major component of the intercellular matrix in the central core of the limb following overt chondrogenic differentiation, since it is present as late as stage 27 throughout the well-differentiated cartilage rudiments of the radius, ulna, and humerus. The detection of fibronectin in differentiated cartilage is facilitated by pre-treatment of the sections with testicular hyaluronidase prior to immunofluorescent staining. In contrast to the chondrogenic central core of the limb, in the peripheral dorsal and ventral (myogenic) regions in which muscle differentiation is progressing, there is a progressive and striking diminution in fibronectin staining. By stage 27, little, if any, is present in the well-differentiated muscle primordia. Finally, at all stages of development, there is an accumulation of fibronectin at the ectodermal—mesenchymal interface, suggesting it is a component of embryonic limb basement membranes. On the basis of these observations, the possible role of fibronectin in limb cartilage and muscle differentiation and in other aspects of limb morphogenesis is discussed.
A tribo-dynamic model of a spur gear pair

Abstract In this study, a tribo-dynamics model for spur gear pairs is proposed. The model couples a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of a spur gear pair with a transverse–torsional dynamic model. The lubrication model provides the dynamic model with friction forces and moments that couple the vibrations of the gears along the off-line-of-action direction to other gear vibrations. In addition, it predicts damping coefficient at the gear mesh in a physics-based manner from the energy loss associated with viscous shearing across the fluid film. In return, the dynamic model predicts the dynamic tooth forces and surface velocities to be used in the lubrication model. An iterative computational scheme is proposed to implement the lubrication and dynamics models simultaneously to couple tribological and dynamic behaviors of a spur gear pair fully. An example gear pair is analyzed using the proposed model to demonstrate this two-way relationship and quantify the impact of operating conditions, surface roughness and lubrication characteristics on the tribo-dynamics response.
A universal scaling for noise-induced metastability

Abstract Two independent approaches have recently addressed the noise-induced metastability of noisy dynamical systems whose deterministic analogs are close to chaotic crises. These approaches are complementary; together they allow the formulation of a new and rather complete description of the scaling of characteristic times with respect to an arbitrary system parameter and the noise temperature. This scaling law is derived and confirmed experimentally by the behavior of a noisy magnetoelastic system.
The President's Page: Law of the Sea Conference: Implications for Research [Guest Editorial]

The Consensus of many who attended the Law of the Sea Conference in Caracas this past summer includes the following: (1) the chances of reaching agreement are at best fair when the conference reconvenes in Geneva in mid-March 1975; (2) if agreement is not reached in 1975, the chances of reaching agreement in subsequent years is even less likely; and (3) scientific research issues received a somewhat more sympathetic hearing in Caracas than during the three years of preparatory meetings that led to the conference. I do not wish to mislead anyone by the last statement. If a vote had been taken at Caracas, the agreed-upon regime would have included both an economic zone and an International Seabed Authority. The economic zone would extend 200 miles seaward of national boundaries and encompass 37% of the ocean, an area approximately equal to the emerged land mass of the earth. Within the 200-mile economic zone it would be necessary to receive explicit permission from the coastal nation to conduct any scientific research. The primary mission of the internationally controlled International Seabed Authority is the regulation of mining manganese nodules in the ocean beyond the economic zone. It is possible that this authority would have been voted at least token control over research on the deep seabed.
Dependence of in vitro fatigue properties of PMMA bone cement on the polydispersity index of its powder.

Abstract Four variants of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement were used, the difference being in the method used to sterilize the powder (three different dosages of γ irradiation and ethylene oxide gas) and, hence, in the molecular weight of the powder. For each cement powder, the number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight (and, hence, the polydispersity index, PDI) were determined using gel permeation chromatography. For each of the cured cements, the fatigue lives ( N f ) of specimens, at loads corresponding to stresses ( S ) of ±10.0 MPa, ±12.5 MPa, ±15.0 MPa, and ±20.0 MPa, were determined using the protocol detailed in ASTM F2118-03. Hence, the values of the three Weibull parameters were determined for each cement set-S combination. From these results, one index of the fatigue life of the cement, namely, the Weibull mean fatigue life ( N W M ), was computed for each combination. For each cement, the Olgive equation was fitted to the S – N f results, yielding an estimate of another fatigue property, the cement’s fatigue limit. Best-fit empirical relationships (1) between ln N W M , S , and PDI, and (2) between the estimated fatigue limit and PDI were obtained. These relationships may be used in the development of new cement powder sterilization methods.
Choice Shifts In Political Decisionmaking: Federal Judges and Civil Liberties Cases

The purpose of this article is to investigate whether group-induced attitudinal shifts in decisionmaking take place outside the experimental laboratory and whether choice shift theory can be applied to the understanding of political behavior of actors engaged in socially relevant decisionmaking. A random sample of civil liberties decisions in Federal District Courts for the years 1963–1968 were examined. The hypothesis that there are systematic differences between single-judge and collegial court decisions was confirmed. Parties claiming a violation of constitutional rights increase the probability of successfully convincing a district judge when they are able to have their litigation heard by a three-judge court. The finding that judges are more likely to shift to a libertarian position when moving from the individual to the collegial decisionmaking condition holds when the data are examined in aggregate form as well as when the behavior of individual judges is studied under both decisionmaking settings.
Effect of cadmium on the accumulation of arsenic in a marine green alga, Dunaliellasp.

To investigate the effect of cadmium on the accumulation of arsenic by Dunaliella sp., the arsenic accumulated in the alga was determined as a function of time for coexistence of the algae with arsenic and cadmium, with batch methodology. Growth of Dunaliella sp. was affected by addition of arsenic (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) and cadmium (CdCl.2.5H2O). Growth inhibition of Dunaliella sp. was accelerated by coexistence of arsenic and cadmium. The content of arsenic in Dunaliella sp. became a maximum at 15 h after exposure. The arsenic content in the cells was influenced by addition of cadmium to the solution; the arsenic content in the alga derived from growth in a 10 mg As dm −3 solution decreased from 2.7 mg g−1 in the absence of cadmium to 0.35 mg g−1 for the addition of 100 mg Cd dm−3. Dunaliella sp. accumulated cadmium in large quantities but, in conditions of coexistence with arsenic and cadmium, the cadmium content in cells decreased with an increase in the concentration of arsenic in the growth medium Cadmium accumulation by Dunaliella sp. was observed in dead cells although arsenic accumulation was not observed. About 85% of arsenic in the cells was in the water-soluble fraction. On the other hand, about 42% of cadmium in the cells was in the water-soluble fraction, and about 55% was in a fraction soluble in cold trichloroacetic acid.
Thermosynthesis as energy source for the RNA World: a model for the bioenergetics of the origin of life.

The thermosynthesis concept, biological free energy gain from thermal cycling, is combined with the concept of the RNA World. The resulting overall origin of life model suggests new explanations for the emergence of the genetic code and the ribosome. It is proposed that the first protein named pF 1 obtained the energy to support the RNA World by a thermal variation of F1 ATP synthase’s binding change mechanism. It is further proposed that this pF1 was the single translation product during the emergence of the genetic machinery. During thermal cycling pF1 condensed many substrates with broad specificity, yielding NTPs and randomly constituted protein and RNA libraries that contained self-replicating RNA. The smallness of pF1 permitted the emergence of the genetic machinery by selection of RNA that increased the fraction of pF1s in the protein library: (1) an amino acids concatenating progenitor of rRNA bound to (2) a chain of ‘positional tRNAs’ linked by mutual recognition, and yielded a pF1 (or its main motif); this positional tRNA set gradually evolved to a set of regular tRNAs functioning according to the genetic code, with concomitant emergence of (3) an mRNA coding for pF1. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Drug use problem awareness and treatment readiness in dual-diagnosis patients

Problem awareness and treatment readiness are factors that influence treatment-seeking behavior, and thus, morbidity and outcome. The authors elucidated patterns of problem awareness and treatment readiness among hospitalized dually diagnosed patients by administering the Problem Awareness and Readiness for Treatment subscales of the Alcohol Use Inventory to 67 psychiatric inpatients with comorbid substance-related disorders and using a multivariate model approach to data analysis. The results suggested differential and interactive effects of gender, ethnicity, voluntary admission status, and a diagnosis of major depression (MDD) on drug abuse problem awareness and treatment readiness. Female gender, voluntary admission status, and a comorbid diagnosis of MDD were associated with increased awareness and readiness for treatment.
A new look at quantifying tobacco exposure during pregnancy using fuzzy clustering

Abstract Background Prenatal tobacco exposure is a risk factor for the development of externalizing behaviors and is associated with several adverse health outcomes. Because pregnancy smoking is a complex behavior with both daily fluctuations and changes over the course of pregnancy, quantifying tobacco exposure is a significant challenge. To better measure the degree of tobacco exposure, costly biological specimens and repeated self-report measures of smoking typically are collected throughout pregnancy. With such designs, there are multiple, and substantially correlated, indices that can be integrated via new statistical methods to identify patterns of prenatal exposure. Method A multiple-imputation-based fuzzy clustering technique was designed to characterize topography of prenatal exposure. This method leveraged all repeatedly measured maternal smoking variables in our sample data, including (a) cigarette brand; (b) Fagerstrom nicotine dependence item scores; (c) self-reported smoking; and (d) cotinine level in maternal urine and infant meconium samples. Identified exposure groups then were confirmed using a suite of clustering validation indices based on multiple imputed datasets. The classifications were validated against irritable reactivity in the first month of life and birth weight of 361 neonates (Male _n = 185; Female _n = 176; Gestational Age_ Mean = 39 weeks). Results This proposed approach identified three exposure groups, non-exposed, lighter-tobacco-exposed, and heavier-tobacco-exposed based on high-dimensional attributes. Unlike cut-off score derived groups, these groupings reflect complex smoking behavior and individual variation of nicotine metabolism across pregnancy. The identified groups predicted differences in birth weight and in the pattern of change in neonatal irritable reactivity, as well as resulted in increased predictive power. Multiple-imputation-based fuzzy clustering appears to be a useful method to categorize patterns of exposure and their impact on outcomes.
Development of a continuous process to obtain a confectionery fat from tallow: Final status

A two-step pilot plant continuous process fractionally crystallized edible beef tallow into three fractions-a confectionery fat (14%), cooking oil (69%), and stearine (17%). The tallow was dissolved in acetone to a concentration of 11.6% by weight. The use of scraped surface heat exchangers with high external recycle permitted crystallizations at 60–65 F and 40–42 F, respectively, with only 5 min nominal dwell times in each crystallizer. A cost estimate indicated that the process to separate continuously a confectionery fat from tallow may be commercially feasible, dependent upon the price and market of the other two fractions.
Outsourcing maintenance operations to off-shore vendors: some lessons from the field

Ever since Eastman Kodak announced that it was outsourcing its information systems (IS) function in 1988 to IBM, DEC and Businessland, large companies have found it acceptable to transfer their IS assets, leases and staff to third party vendors. In the recent past, there is a trend towards selective sourcing in which organizations opt to use third party vendors for certain IS functions which represent 20-60% of the IS budget while still retaining a substantial internal IS department. This paper reports on issues involved in selective sourcing of maintenance operations. In particular, it addresses the issues involved in performance of maintenance services from an off-shore location. These issues are organized using a framework developed based on the knowledge gained from prior research in IS implementation and Socio- Technical approach to studying organizations. A number of lessons that we learned from the X-OIL - OCS case study are also presented.
Bilateral proptosis and jugular vein thrombosis after submandibular abscess.

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Recognition of Printed Chinese Characters

The problem of recognizing a large alphabet (1000 different characters) is approached using a two stage process. In the first stage of design, the data is partitioned into groups of similar characters by means of heuristic and iterative algorithms. In the second stage, peephole templates are generated for each character in such a way as to guarantee discrimination against other characters in the same similarity class. Recognition is preceded by establishing an order of search through the groups with a relatively small number of ``group masks.'' The character is then identified by means of the ``individual masks.'' through a threshold criterion. The effects on the error and reject rates of varying the several parameters in the design and test procedure are described on the basis of computer simulation experiments on a 20 000 character data set. An error rate of 1 percent with 7 percent rejects, is obtained on new data.
Studies in optical properties and optical radiation hardness of polyorganosiloxanes

A variety of polyorganosiloxanes containing dimethyl, diphenyl, and methylphenyl substituents were studied to determine transparency and optical radiation hardness. Siloxanes show superior optical radiation hardness when compared to optical thermoplastics such as PMMA. Transparency is diminished in polymers containing diphenyl units. This is attributed to the inability to remove traces of the crystalline monomer. Methylphenyl polymers are highly transparent. The maximum attainable refractive index in transparent systems is 1.53.