cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natriuretic Peptide Gene Expression after β-Adrenergic Stimulation in Adult Mouse Cardiac Myocytes

The role of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) in cardiac pathophysiology are of increasing interest. Isolated neonatal mouse cardiac myocytes express increased levels of ANP mRNA in the absence of growth factors in culture. Expression of ANP and BNP mRNA has not been studied in isolated adult mouse cardiac myocytes (AMCM). We examined expression of ANP and BNP mRNA in isolated AMCM with and without stimulation with beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists. AMCM were isolated and maintained in culture for 24-48 h with and without stimulation with the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (Iso), the beta1-antagonist CGP20712A (CGP), or the beta2-antagonist ICI-118,551 (ICI). Northern blot analysis was performed using probes for mouse ANP and BNP mRNA. TUNEL assay was performed after beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of AMCM. BNP mRNA expression was increased fivefold (P < 0.001) after 48 h in culture without adrenergic stimulation. BNP mRNA expression was reduced (P < 0.0001) after stimulation with Iso while ANP expression remained similar to unstimulated cells. CGP prevented the Iso reduction in BNP mRNA. Iso stimulation at doses that reduced BNP mRNA expression increased TUNEL positive nuclei, an effect blocked by the beta1-antagonist CGP. In conclusion, we have demonstrated differential gene expression of ANP and BNP in AMCM in culture. Expression of BNP mRNA increases in AMCM in culture and beta1-adrenergic receptor stimulation attenuates increased BNP gene expression and results in apoptosis.
Infrared imaging of surface waves interaction with a submerged object

The goal of this study is to investigate thermal signatures left at the water surface by waves interacting with a submerged sphere. Two possible mechanisms for the appearance of detectable signatures are identified: 1) turbulence generated by the interaction of the wave's orbital motions and the sphere propagates away from the sphere and disturbs a pre-existing thermal gradient, and 2) the sphere is sufficiently close to the water surface to cause shoaling waves, which break and disturb the thermal gradient. In both cases if the existing thermal gradient and the turbulence intensity are 'strong enough' a detectable thermal signature will be left. In this laboratory study a high-resolution infrared camera was used to observe these temperature fluctuations for a variety of cases. Spheres of 3 different diameters were rigidly mounted at different depths and subjected to mechanically generated waves of varying amplitude. A set of critical conditions for the appearance of detectable signatures is identified and possible scalings are discussed.
Interaction of Accelerator Controls and Diagnostics

Computer control systems have been in use on operating accelerators for several years. This paper discusses and gives examples of ways in which the capability of the control-system equipment can be used by accelerator engineers and physicists to study beam properties and operating characteristics of accelerator components.
Alcohol Use and Abuse, Life Crisis Events, and the Elderly

The literature on alcohol use and abuse among the elderly is less than consistent. Many clinical observations have been confused with "facts" about the elderly. One clear case of confusion is reported, with some tracing of the problem. Issues in the analysis of life crisis events are discussed, and data are presented based on the NORC General Social Survey. The lack of studies that are comprehensive is noted, and problems associated with designs of a limited nature for group comparisons are discussed.
Experience with a cross-disciplinary aggregated glossary of technical terms

A glossary typically provides a binding of terminology to concepts specific to a particular document or specialty. What would an aggregation of these concept descriptions reveal about how specialists in various fields use terminology? In particular would it help students and educators understand how terminology is used by specialists with whom they need to communicate? This paper provides a status report on an effort to find out. Starting with ISO/IEC 24765: Systems and software engineering vocabulary which aggregated the glossaries from 120 standards, we have created a database of 131 glossaries gathered from various sources. Though only 4% of terms have 3 or more concept descriptions, some have 10 or more. Initial analysis indicates that such a glossary can provide useful insights into potential areas of miscommunication. Simple exposure to the diversity of concepts associated with a given term will help sensitize people to the issues.
An autoradiographic study of the postnatal development of pericruciate cortical projections to the neostriatum and the claustrum of the cat.

Abstract The postnatal development of corticostriatal and corticoclaustral projections was traced by light-microscopic autoradiography following injections of tritiated proline and leucine into the pericruciate cortex of kittens, 2–56 days of age, and adult cats. A medial-lateral topography of the corticostriatal pathways was present at birth, with a smaller and more restricted projection arising from the lateral pericruciate region. During postnatal development, the volume of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus filled by labelled corticostriatal fibers was reduced by 30% and these projections became constricted within the dorsolateral head and body of the caudate nucleus. During the first postnatal week, terminal fields were diffuse but lacked homogeneity since irregular patches of intensely labelled elements clustered near the internal capsule. By the end of the first month, a fenestrated organization became apparent within the caudate nucleus where elongated clusters of intensely labelled fibers radiated from the internal capsule and partially or completely surrounded islands of neuropil virtually devoid of label. Pericruciate inputs were confined to the dorsal parts of the rostral putamen and claustrum and the patchy nature of these terminal fields was limited to small labelled clusters close to the capsular margins. Contralateral terminal fields were labelled less intensely and occupied areas symmetrical to those within the ipsilateral neostriatum and claustrum.
Solitary cells and enzyme exchange in tetraparental mice.

I REPORT here studies on tetraparental mice made with a greatly improved histochemical method for the enzyme β-glucuronidase. There were two unexpected findings: first, small clusters and solitary cells were found in many mosaic tissues of the tetraparental mice, and second, there was evidence that enzyme exchange occurs normally among cells.
130-nm reticle inspection using multibeam UV-wavelength database inspection

The TeraStar family of reticle inspection systems were introduced in 2000 with die-to-die and STARlightT capability. These tools set the standard for high-resolution reticle inspection for the 130 nm design rule and below. The latest addition to the TeraStar family is the TeraStar SLF77, which extends the tool platform to include die-to-database inspection capability. Sensitivity for Chrome on Glass is 100 nm with much greater tolerance for inspecting aggressive OPC features such as serifs and assist lines. Many advanced reticles that are not inspectable on previous generation inspection tools are all inspectable on the TeraStar SLF77. Data prep times and file structure have been significantly improved with the average prep time being less than 10 percent of the 365UV-HR and average output file size less than 25 percent of the GigaPrep. The TeraStar SLF77 incorporates all the features of the TeraStar family such as triple-beam optics and TeraPro HP High Productivity Modes with the ability to run STARlight inspections concurrently with either die-to-die or die-to-database pattern inspections. Advanced registration algorithms accommodate subtle plate and machine errors to provide high sensitivity with low false detections. Advanced image overlay inspects small lines and OPC features and is very independent of defect shape and location. The TeraStar SLF77 has removed the barriers that existed with previous generation database inspection tools and made advanced reticle die-to-database inspection cost effective. Last October, KLA-Tencor introduced the TeraStar SLF77 and the three beta sites have recently completed beta evaluation. Here we present the first results from the use of the TeraStar in a production environment triple beam die-to-database inspection system. We have also shipped more than ten systems to customers worldwide. This paper describes the implementation of productivity improvements at the beta sites, performance on 130nm node customer product reticles, and KLA-Tencor's continued development on advanced inspection reticles.
Effect of ice-covered element on the performance of a UHF Yagi antenna

Results of an experimental study to determine the effect of ice-covered elements on the pattern and impedance characteristics of a UHF Yagi antenna are given. Practical design guidelines to minimize the detrimental effects of the ice are proposed.
Normative nerve conductions in the tail of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Background The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using the tail of Macaca mulatta for neurophysiological testing of the peripheral nervous system. Methods Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the tail were obtained by surface stimulation and recording. The technique utilized was novel. Unlike other NCS obtained from other peripheral nerves, this technique did not require any special neurophysiological expertise. Results The latency of the motor and sensory response was 2.5 ± 0.71 and 1.1 ± 0.27 ms respectively. The amplitude of the motor and sensory response was 8.1 ± 5.1 mV and 14.6 ± 9.4 μV respectively. Similar to human beings, there was a statistically significant relationship between age and motor amplitude, motor latency and sensory latency. Conclusions Based on our results, a relatively simple, reproducible neurophysiological monitoring technique of the peripheral nervous system is possible.
Phospholipids and fat secretion by cows on normal and low fiber diets: lactational trends.

Abstract Daily yields of milk, milk fat, phospholipids, and fatty acids were measured weekly during lactations of two groups of cows on a normal and restricted roughage diet. Milk yield was higher in normal cows during the initial 15 wk of lactation. Fat production decreased and was consistently lower in milk from cows on restricted roughage (from 1.2 to .4 in normal and from .8 to .3 kg/day for restricted). Phospholipid secretion decreased from an average 7 g to 3 g/day in both groups. The concentration of phospholipid in both milks fluctuated during lactation (20 to 30 mg/100 ml milk), but in milks from restricted cows it tended to increase with progress of lactation. Milk lipids from cows on restricted diets had higher phospholipid to fat ratio, (1.0 to 1.5 compared to .5 to .6 g phospholipid/100 g fat for milk from normal cows). Composition of the phospholipid classes changed slightly during lactation. Phosphatidylinositol changed most, increasing from 4 to 10 and 6 to 8% in normal and restricted milks, respectively. Fatty acids of short and medium chain lengths (C6 to C14) followed a typical quadratic regression in normal milks increasing from 10 to 30% of the total fatty acids during the first 25 wk of lactation. In restricted milk these fatty acids were already high (25%) within 2 wk and followed a linear regression with lactation. Both palmitic and stearic acid were lower in milk from restricted cows while oleic and linoleic acid were higher particularly after 10 wk of lactation.
Sequence of the cDNA encoding human GP-2, the major membrane protein in the secretory granule of the exocrine pancreas

Abstract GP-2 is the major membrane protein in the pancreatic secretory granule of the exocrine pancreas. The nucleotide sequence of the human GP-2 gene was determined from cDNA clones isolated from a λgt1 1 pancreatic library.
Wood fiber reinforced bacterial bioplastic composites: Fabrication and performance evaluation

Abstract Renewable resource based green composites were prepared from wood fiber and a bacterial polyester i.e., polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) via extrusion–injection molding process. The fabricated PHBV based biocomposites contained 10–40 wt% of the maple wood fiber. The effects of increasing wood fiber weight contents on mechanical, thermomechanical and morphological properties of the PHBV based biocomposites were evaluated. The tensile and flexural modulus of PHBV based biocomposites reinforced with 40 wt% of wood fiber was improved by ∼167% when compared with neat PHBV. The theoretical tensile modulus values of PHBV based biocomposites obtained from Halpin-Tsai and Tsai-Pagano equations were consistent with the experimental tensile modulus values. The storage modulus values of the PHBV based biocomposites also exhibited the increasing trend with the enrichment of wood fiber in PHBV matrix. The effectiveness of fibers on the storage modulus of the composite was evaluated by a coefficient factor, C. The heat deflection temperature was increased by 21%, while coefficient of linear thermal expansion was reduced by 18% of PHBV based biocomposites having 40 wt% of wood fiber content. Morphological aspects and thermal stability of the biocomposites were studied using scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively.
Embedded absorbers for helicopter rotor lag damping

Abstract Radial and chordwise damped vibration absorbers embedded in the rotor blade are compared for rotor lag damping augmentation. Results show that the radial absorber is more effective in transferring damping to the rotor blade lag mode. The chordwise absorber needs to be at a more outboard location and have a larger mass to introduce levels of lag damping comparable to that introduced by the radial absorber. The 1/rev amplitude of a chordwise absorber at the blade tip, per degree of blade lead-lag motion in forward flight, is of the order of 35% of the blade chord, and such a stroke might be difficult to accommodate. The 1/rev amplitude of a radial absorber at 70% span (having significantly lower mass than the chordwise absorber and producing comparable lag damping) is of the order of 4% of the rotor blade span. The static displacement of the radial absorber under centrifugal load needs to be limited using a frequency-dependent (high static stiffness, low dynamic stiffness) or nonlinear spring. The chordwise absorber can also undergo a large static displacement under the chordwise component of the centrifugal load if there is an offset from the feather axis, and this would again have to be limited using a strategy such as a frequency-dependent spring. Significant advantages of the radial absorber are—higher lag damping, lower absorber mass, space for absorber mass travel, and no chordwise travel of blade center of gravity reducing susceptibility to aeroelastic instability and dynamic pitch-link loads.
Reduced basal ganglia volume associated with the gene for Huntington's disease in asymptomatic at‐risk persons

Article abstract –Previous investigations using linear CT measures found no evidence of caudate atrophy in asymptomatic persons who have the DNA haplotype linked to the Huntington9s disease (HD) gene. We measured volumes of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus on MRIs of 10 gene marker-positive and 18 gene marker-negative asymptomatic at-risk persons. The volumes of all basal ganglia structures were significantly reduced in the marker-positive group, even after controlling for age, total brain volume, and minor neurologic signs. Discriminant function analysis using basal ganglia volumes and age as predictor variables correctly identified genetic status in 86% of subjects. These results indicate that basal ganglia volume is reduced before individuals become symptomatic with HD.
Fatty acid alterations and n-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis

Specific fatty acid alterations have been described in the blood and tissues of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The two most consistent alterations include decreased levels of linoleic acid (LA) and decreased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Increased arachidonic acid (AA) release from membrane phospholipids, as well as changes in levels of AA and other monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have also been described in CF. Although mechanisms of fatty acid alterations have not yet been determined, these alterations may have an important role in the progression of the CF disease. There have been several clinical trials in which CF patients were supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. Most trials resulted in an increase in the levels of the supplemental fatty acids in the blood of CF patients in the absence of significant clinical improvement. It is recommended that future trials include a larger population of CF patients and measure multiple clinical outcomes.
Optical refrigeration achieves ΔΤ >180K

We report new records in optical refrigeration by cooling to 114K (ΔΤ>180Κ) as well as demonstrating a room-temperature heat lift of −750 mW in a 10% wt. Yb:YLF crystal at λ=1020ηιη.
Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by natural steroids: Relationship to the induction of δ-aminolevulinate synthase and porphyrin accumulation in the avian embryo

Abstract Certain steroid hormones and their metabolites are potent inducers of δ-aminolevulinate synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme for heme biosynthesis in the liver. In this study we examined the influences of a number of natural steroids on the induction of liver cytochrome P-450, δ-aminolevulinate synthase, and protoporphyrin in the chick embryo in ovo, and the effects of “priming” with a small dose of 3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), an inhibitor of ferrochelatase. There was a close relationship between the induction of cytochrome P-450 and δ-aminolevulinate synthase by steroids in experiments with, as well as in experiments without, DDC priming. In most instances, 5β steroids were more potent inducers than were the corresponding 5α epimers: 5β steroids more potently induced δ-aminolevulinate synthase and/or porphyrin accumulation for 11 of 15 steroid pairs tested and cytochrome P-450 for 10 of 14 pairs. With DDC priming, steroid induction of δ-aminolevulinate synthase and protoporphyrin was greatly accentuated, while the increase in cytochrome P-450 was partially prevented. This experimental model, is reminiscent of certain human porphyrias in which clinical expression is probably due in part to interactions of endogenous steroids with genetic deficiencies of heme pathway enzymes, and in which there is in the liver enhanced activity of δ-aminolevulinate synthase and accumulation of heme pathway intermediates, while hepatic cytochrome P-450 content is largely maintained. These features suggest that decreases in the regulatory “free” heme pool(s) in the liver can occur and produce pronounced δ-aminolevulinate synthase induction without the development of a marked deficiency of the major liver hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450.
THE ROTA METHOD FOR SOLVING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS: A MODERN APPLICATION OF INVARIANT THEORY

Algebraic invariants are defined for the purpose of gaining insights into solving polynomial equations. Polynomial invariants are disclosed here as an alternative to and to clarify the umbral method of Gian-Carlo Rota. A process for solving cubic polynomial equations is examined and extended to quintic (or 5th degree) polynomial equations. It is proved that a general cubic polynomial is “apolar” to a quadratic polynomial. It is proved that a quadratic polynomial and cubic polynomial which are apolar either both have repeated roots or both have distinct roots. In the case of repeated roots, these roots are shared by the cubic and quadratic polynomials that are apolar. In the case, in which the derived quadratic which is apolar to a given cubic has distinct roots, it is shown the cubic polynomial px may be transformed to px = c1x − r1 + c2x − r2, where r1 and r2 are the distinct roots of the quadratic polynomial. This will allow the roots of the cubic to be found using algebraic operations. It will be shown that these methods can be extended to show that a given quintic polynomial is in general apolar to a cubic polynomial. Some remaining questions are posed at the end of the article. AMS Subject Classification: 13A50
Olefin complexes of rhodium(I) containing the ligands but-3-enyldiphenylphosphine and diphenylpent-4-enylphosphine

Abstract But-3-enyldiphenylphosphine (mbp) and diphenylpent-4-enylphosphine (mpp) react with Rh2Cl2(C2H4)4 (molar ratio 2 1 to form the four coordinate dimeric complexes Rh2Cl2(mbp)2 and Rh2Cl2(mpp)2 respectively, while but-3-enyldiphenylphosphine reacts with Rh2Cl2(C2H4)4 (molar ratio 4 1 ) to form RhCl(mbp)2, a five coordinate complex in the solid state. The dimers further react with sodium tetraphenylborate to give the π-bonded tetraphenylborate complexes Rh[mbp][C6H5)4B] and Rh[i-mpp][(C6H5)4B] where i-mpp = (C6H5)2P(CH2CH2CHCHCH3). RhCl(CO)(mbp)2 reacts with sodium tetraphenylborate to form the five coordinate cationic complex [Rh(CO)(mbp)2][(C6H5)4B]. Both RhCl(CO)(mbp)2 and RhCl(mbp)2 react with hydrogen in methanol saturating the olefin to form RhCl[CO][(C6H5)2P(C4H9)]2 and Rh2Cl2[(C6H5)2P(C4H9)]2 respectively.
Errors incurred in a plane-wave-type expansion of a Gaussian beam

The multipole expansion obtained by Morita et al. (1968) of the Gaussian laser beam used to levitate an aerosol particle in order that its complete phase matrix may be measured is compared with that of Tsai and Pogorzelski (1975) in order to demonstrate the effect of the incorrect expansion used by Morita. Errors incurred by the use of an equation in which one side satisfies the scalar wave equation while the other side does not and can be reduced to a plane wave amplitude are calculated as functions of the inverse of the wave number times the beam waist, the wave number times the radial spherical coordinate and the angular spherical coordinate. Errors on the order of a few percent, considered undetectable are obtained in the squared-field amplitudes due to the expansion, however, they are found to become significant (several tens of percent) when the angle is zero. It is concluded that the expansion of Morita should only be used in the regions where the spherical angle is less than 0.01 and its product with the wave number and the radial spherical coordinate is less than unity.
Fine Root Development of Alfalfa as Affected by Wheel Traffic

Root development in alfalfa (Medicago satire L.) is dependent of many factors including the soil environment which is influenced by crop management procedures. Soil compaction, which is unavoidable under current management procedures, can have a detrimental effect on root development. The purpose of this field experiment was to compare the effects of controlled and conventional traffic management on alfalfa fine root growth in a Wasco sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, nonacid thermic Typic Torriorthent). No wheel traffic and traffic only before planting were compared to two conventional systems that varied in the amount of traffic applied during crop production. Twenty months after planting, there was a significant decrease in fine root density (FRD) from single passes of traffic after each harvest down to a 0.45-m depth while several passes after each harvest significantly decreased FRD down to 1.8-m depth. Regardless of treatment, root density was greatest in the upper 0.1 m of soil decreasing to 1.8 m in the first summer. By the second summer FRD showed bimodal distribution with significantly fewer roots at 0.3 to 0.6 m compared to layers above and below this depth. Seasonally there was a significantly higher root density during the winter than the summer in the upper 0.3 m of soil. The results of this study shows that alfalfa fine roots more thoroughly exploit the soil volume in the absence of wheel traffic and that compaction from traffic diminished root growth to different depths depending on its intensity.
Quantification of transient stretch effects on kernel–vortex interactions in premixed methane–air flames

Abstract Relative flame speeds of time-dependent highly curved premixed methane–air flames (spark-ignited flame kernels) interacting with a laminar vortex have been quantified using high-speed chemiluminescence imaging, particle image velocimetry, and piezoelectric pressure measurements. The goals of this study are to improve fundamental understanding of transient stretch effects on highly curved premixed flames, to provide practical insight into the turbulent growth of spark-ignited flame kernels in internal combustion (IC) engines burning light hydrocarbon fuels, and to provide data for IC engine ignition and combustion model development. Lean and rich CH 4 –O 2 –N 2 flames were tested ( ϕ = 0.64 , 0.90, and 1.13, with nitrogen dilution to equalize the flame speeds ( S b ) in the absence of vortex interaction). Transient stretch rates were varied using three different vortex strengths, and the size of the flame kernel at the start of the vortex interaction controlled by time delay between ignition and vortex generation. Vortex interactions with small (∼5 mm radius) flame kernels were found to increase burning rates for lean ( ϕ = 0.64 ) flame kernels substantially. Burning rates for rich ( ϕ = 1.13 ) flames were decreased, with total flame kernel extinction occurring in extreme cases. These small flame kernel–vortex interactions are dominated by transient stretch effects and thermodiffusive stability, in agreement with premixed flame theory. However, vortex interactions with larger methane–air flame kernels (∼30 mm radius) led to slight flame speed enhancements for both lean and rich flame kernels, with the flame–vortex process dominated by increased flamefront area generated by vortex-induced flame wrinkling.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984

Abstract A summary of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season is given. Twelve tropical cyclones and one subtropical cyclone were tracked in the North Atlantic–Caribbean–Gulf of Mexico region. Diana was a landfalling hurricane on the North Carolina coast and Lili was a rare December hurricane.
A Blocking ELISA for Detection of Antibody to a Subgroup-Reactive Epitope of African Horsesickness Viral Protein 7 (VP7) Using a Novel Gamma-Irradiated Antigena

A novel gamma irradiated inactivated cell culture derived African horsesickness viral (AHSV) antigen was used in a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) for detecting antibody to a subgroup-reactive epitope of AHSV. A monoclonal antibody (MAB), class IgM, against an epitope on African horsesickness (AHS) viral protein 7 (VP7) was developed in BALBc mice and used in the B-ELISA. The MAB, designated F9H, was blocked by 69 serums from equidae with antibody to AHS, but its binding activity was not appreciably affected by 301 serums that did not contain antibodies to AHS virus. An ELISA protocol using a blocking format is described.
Ordering and stabilization of C 60 films on the ( 3×3 )R30° Sn/Pt(111) surface alloy

Abstract The deposition and growth of C60 on the ( 3 × 3 )R30° Sn/Pt(111) surface alloy is compared with that on the Pt(111) surface at submonolayer, monolayer and multilayer coverages. We find that alloying Pt(111) with Sn arrests the charge transfer from Pt to adsorbed C60, as seen from the absence of a shift in the T1u(1) vibrational levels of C60 probed by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). From low energy electron diffraction (LEED) observations it is determined that whereas ordering and graphitization of C60 on Pt(111) take place at 900 K, graphitization of C60 is inhibited by Sn alloyed into Pt(111). The rotated hexagonal LEED pattern of the ordered C60 monolayer is stabilized by the presence of Sn on Pt(111) until 1100 K, which is close to the fragmentation temperature of solid C60. Upon heating C60 films on the ( 3 × 3 )R30° Sn/Pt(111) surface alloy, Sn is dealloyed at about 500 K, and this dealloyed Sn reacts with C60 at 450–700 K, possibly resulting in polymerization. Auger electron spectroscopy annealing studies and the rise in intensity of the unpolarized Raman-active Ag(2) mode at 1467 cm−1 support this conclusion. High temperature fragmentation of C60 in the presence of Sn leads to HREELS peaks at 250 and 740 cm−1, prior to the formation of graphite.
Safe Practices for Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients

Promoting patient safety in the enterally fed critically ill patient is dependent on nursing surveillance and recognition of potential areas of patient harm and medical errors. Identifying areas for potential human error, administrative and organizational conditions that are conducive to error, and the patient's own tolerance to EN need to be recognized by the critical care nurse if the risk for EN complications is to be minimized.
Psychiatric treatment of abused children.

Abstract A technique of psychotherapeutic intervention with physically abused children based on their typical ego deficits and psychopathology is described. A crucial ingredient of the treatment process is the modification of the pathological inner world of the abused child. Effective treatment interrupts the vicious cycle in which the child re-creates the original sadomasochistic relationship derived from interaction with parents. If unchecked, this can lead to further rejection and traumatization. Psychotherapy of the abused child is best carried out in the context of a multidisciplinary treatment of the family.
Utilization of Sulfur Oxides for the Production of Sodium Sulfate

The use of coal and other fossil fuels generates large quantities of sulfurous byproducts which could find an outlet in the manufacture of Na2SO4. In this work, the feasibility of converting SO2 and SO3 into Na2SO4 by employing modern technology, i.e., a fluidized-bed reactor, was investigated. Bench-scale and larger fluidized-bed reactors were used to study the reaction of SO2 or SO3 with NaCl, steam, and air at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 °C. Because the rate of reaction of SO2 with salt as in the Hargreaves process proved too low to be practical, only the results of reacting SO3 are reported. Reasonable rates of reaction and trouble-free operation were generally achieved by employing SO3 concentrations in the range of 1−3 vol % and temperatures in the range of 500−600 °C. With higher SO3 concentrations and lower temperatures, particle agglomeration and bed caking took place as a result of the formation of lower melting point byproducts believed to be NaHSO4 and Na2S2O7. This problem was overco...
Photochemical decomposition mechanisms for AZ-type photoresists

The photochemical decomposition mechanism of orthonaphthoquinonediazides has been investigated principally by infrared and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The results demonstrate that the decomposition proceeds via a ketene intermediate to a photoproduct, the nature of which depends on the reaction conditions. Model resist systems were prepared by mixing orthonaphthoquinonediazides and 2,3,6-trimethylphenol or the diazide plus Novolak resin. Under ambient thermal and humidity conditions, ultraviolet (UV) exposure of the diazide yields 3-indenecarboxylic acid as the final photoproduct. However, UV exposure in vacuo results in ester formation via a ketene-phenolic OH reaction. The decomposition pathway and ensuing reactions have been shown to be the same for both 1- and 3-ortho-naphthoquinonediazides attached to mono- and trihydroxybenzophenones. The technological implications for resist processing derived from these studies are also discussed.
High multiplicities of infection favor rapid and random evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract T 1 oligonucleotide mapping of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA shows that the genome undergoes continuous and extensive mutation during repeated high-multiplicity lytic passages in vitro . In contrast, repeated low-multiplicity lytic passages lead to few if any oligonucleotide map changes. Many factors such as intergenomic complementation, selection by defective interfering particles, and genome competition may be involved in the more rapid genome evolution occurring during high-multiplicity passages. In matched high-multiplicity passage series passaged in parallel, the accumulation of genome mutations proceeded not along determined pathways but rather randomly, since dissimilar map changes usually accumulated in matched sets of parallel-passage series. Random virus evolution was also observed in persistently infected cells maintained in parallel cultures, or in vivo as tumors in different nude mice. No attempt is made here to relate genome changes to phenotypes, but numerous interesting phenotypes emerge during persistence. One clone isolated following 70 months of persistent infection replicates very poorly, and produces enormous particle-to-infectious unit ratios. Such phenotypes could be partly responsible for low virus yields, and for difficulties and failures to isolate RNA viruses from persistently infected cells and tissues.
Constraining Premise Sets for Counterfactuals

This note is a reply to 'On the Lumping Semantics of Counterfactuals' by Makoto Kanazawa, Stefan Kaufmann and Stanley Peters. It shows first that the first triviality result obtained by Kanazawa, Kaufmann, and Peters is already ruled out by the constraints on admissible premise sets listed in Kratzer (1989). Second, and more importantly, it points out that the results obtained by Kanazawa, Kaufmann, and Peters are obsolete in view of the revised analysis of counterfactuals in Kratzer (1990, 2002).
Fabrication, assembly, and testing of RF MEMS capacitive switches using flexible printed circuit technology

A novel approach for cost effective fabrication, assembly, and packaging of radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) capacitive switches using flexible circuit processing techniques is reported. The key feature of this approach is the use of most commonly used flexible circuit film, Kapton-E polyimide film, as the movable switch membrane. The physical dimensions of these switches are in the mesoscale range. For example, electrode area and gap height of a capacitive shunt switch on coplanar waveguide are 2 /spl times/ 1 mm/sup 2/ and 43 /spl mu/m, respectively. Pull-down voltage is in the range of 90-100 V. In the ON state (up-position), the insertion loss is less than 0.3-0.4 dB up to 30 GHz. In OFF state (down-position), the isolation value is about 15 dB at 12 GHz and increases to 36 dB at 30 GHz. These switches are uniquely suitable for batch integration with printed circuits and antennas on laminate substrates.
Oxidant stress and constrictor reactivity impair cerebral artery dilation in obese Zucker rats

This study tested the hypothesis that evolution of the metabolic syndrome in obese Zucker rats (OZR) leads to impaired dilator reactivity of cerebral resistance arteries vs. responses determined in lean Zucker rats (LZR). Middle cerebral arteries (MCA) from 17-wk-old male LZR and OZR were isolated and cannulated with glass micropipettes. Vascular reactivity was assessed in response to challenge with ACh, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), reductions and elevations in Po2, 5-HT, and increased intralumenal pressure. Vessels were treated with the free radical scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (tempol) to assess the role of superoxide production in altering reactivity, and passive vascular wall mechanics was assessed in each vessel. Vascular superoxide production was assessed in isolated arteries using fluorescence microscopy. Vessel dilation to ACh and hypoxia was impaired in OZR vs. LZR, although responses to SNP were normal. Vessel constriction to 5-HT, elevated Po2, and elevated intralumenal pressure was enhanced in OZR vs. LZR. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated an increased superoxide production in arteries of OZR vs. LZR, correctable by incubation with tempol. Although treatment of vessels from OZR with tempol improved dilation to ACh and hypoxia, constrictor responses to 5-HT, elevated Po2, and pressure were not altered by tempol treatment. Indexes of vessel wall mechanics were comparable between groups. These results suggest that vasodilator reactivity of MCA of OZR in response to endothelium-dependent dilator stimuli is impaired vs. LZR and that this may represent a reduced bioavailability of signaling molecules due to oxidant scavenging. However, oxidative stress-independent increases in myogenic tone and constrictor reactivity may contribute to blunted dilator responses of cerebral microvessels.
Characterization of the Role of the ToxR-Modulated Outer Membrane Porins OmpU and OmpT in Vibrio cholerae Virulence

ToxR, the transmembrane regulatory protein required for expression of virulence factors in the human diarrheal pathogen Vibrio cholerae, directly activates and represses the transcription of two outer membrane porins, OmpU and OmpT, respectively. In an attempt to dissect the role of the OmpU and OmpT porins in viability and virulence factor expression, in-frame chromosomal deletions were constructed in the coding sequences of ompU and ompT of V. cholerae. Two separate deletions were introduced into ompU; the first (small) deletion, ΔompU1, removed the coding sequence for 84 internal amino acids (aa), while the second (large) deletion, ΔompU2, removed the coding sequence for the entire amino-terminal 274 aa. The ΔompU1 strain had a growth defect that could not be complemented by episomal expression of full-length ompU. In contrast, a strain with ΔompU2 displayed wild-type growth kinetics in rich media, suggesting that this is the true phenotype of a strain lacking OmpU and that the truncated OmpU protein, rather than the absence of OmpU, may be the cause for the ΔompU1 phenotype. A large deletion removing the coding sequence for the entire N-terminal 273 aa of OmpT (ΔompT) was also constructed in wild-type as well as ΔtoxR and ΔompU2 strains, and these strains displayed wild-type growth kinetics in rich media. However, the ΔompU2 strain was deficient for growth in deoxycholate compared to wild-type, ΔompT, and ΔompU2 ΔompT strains, reinforcing a positive role for the OmpU porin and a negative role for the OmpT porin in V. cholerae resistance to anionic detergents. The ΔompU2, ΔompT, and ΔompU2 ΔompT strains exhibited wild-type levels of in vitro virulence factor expression and resistance to polymyxin B and serum and in vivo colonization levels similar to a wild-type strain in the infant mouse intestine. Our results demonstrate that (i) OmpU and OmpT are not essential proteins, as was previously thought; (ii) these porins contribute to V. cholerae resistance to anionic detergents; and (iii) OmpU and OmpT are not essential for virulence factor expression in vitro or intestinal colonization in vivo.
Altered Dynamics of Kv1.3 Channel Compartmentalization in the Immunological Synapse in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Aberrant T cell responses during T cell activation and immunological synapse (IS) formation have been described in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Kv1.3 potassium channels are expressed in T cells where they compartmentalize at the IS and play a key role in T cell activation by modulating Ca(2+) influx. Although Kv1.3 channels have such an important role in T cell function, their potential involvement in the etiology and progression of SLE remains unknown. This study compares the K channel phenotype and the dynamics of Kv1.3 compartmentalization in the IS of normal and SLE human T cells. IS formation was induced by 1-30 min exposure to either anti-CD3/CD28 Ab-coated beads or EBV-infected B cells. We found that although the level of Kv1.3 channel expression and their activity in SLE T cells is similar to normal resting T cells, the kinetics of Kv1.3 compartmentalization in the IS are markedly different. In healthy resting T cells, Kv1.3 channels are progressively recruited and maintained in the IS for at least 30 min from synapse formation. In contrast, SLE, but not rheumatoid arthritis, T cells show faster kinetics with maximum Kv1.3 recruitment at 1 min and movement out of the IS by 15 min after activation. These kinetics resemble preactivated healthy T cells, but the K channel phenotype of SLE T cells is identical to resting T cells, where Kv1.3 constitutes the dominant K conductance. The defective temporal and spatial Kv1.3 distribution that we observed may contribute to the abnormal functions of SLE T cells.
Latent Murine γ-Herpesvirus Infection Is Established in Activated B Cells, Dendritic Cells, and Macrophages

Intranasal infection of mice with the murine γ-herpesvirus MHV-68 results in an acute lytic infection in the lung, followed by the establishment of lifelong latency. Development of an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome correlates with the establishment of latency and is characterized by splenomegaly and the appearance of activated CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood. Interestingly, a large population of activated CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood expresses the Vβ4+ element in their TCR. In this report we show that MHV-68 latency in the spleen after intranasal infection is harbored in three APC types: B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Surprisingly, since latency has not previously been described in dendritic cells, these cells harbored the highest frequency of latent virus. Among B cells, latency was preferentially associated with activated B cells expressing the phenotype of germinal center B cells, thus formally linking the previously reported association of latency gene expression and germinal centers to germinal center B cells. Germinal center formation, however, was not required for the establishment of latency. Significantly, although three cell types were latently infected, the ability to stimulate Vβ4+CD8+ T cell hybridomas was limited to latently infected, activated B cells.
Feedback from Stock Prices to Cash Flows

Feedback from financial market prices to cash flows arises when a firm's nonfinancial stakeholders, for example, its customers, employees, and suppliers, make decisions that are contingent on the information revealed by the price. Complementarities across stakeholders result in cascades, wherein relatively small stock price moves trigger substantial changes in asset values. This paper analyzes the relation between such feedback effects and parameters such as the information cost, the volatility of existing projects, the risk aversion of liquidity suppliers, and the precision of managerial information. TRADITIONAL VALUATION MODELS TAKE AS GIVEN an investment's cash-flow pattern, which, along with a discount rate, determines the price or value of the investment. Based on these models, we expect stock price movements to be associated with news about either future cash flows or discount rates. However, in reality, it is often quite difficult to attach significant economic news to large stock price movements. Indeed, CEOs, especially those of smaller technology companies, often express concerns about their stocks being punished by market movements which are not warranted by their assessment of company fundamentals. In an attempt to mitigate such movements, many firms expend considerable resources on investor relations in order to establish strong relationships with outside analysts, and, in other ways, facilitate the flow of information to investors (see, e.g., Graff (2000) and Mahoney (2000)). These expenditures on investor relations, however, are difficult to explain with traditional finance models which suggest that if stock prices fall for reasons unrelated to long-run fundamentals, the price change will be quickly reversed. A recent Wall Street Journal article by Robert McGough (2000, Cl) examines this issue, starting out by discussing the view of Lou Gerstner, CEO of IBM, who spends very little time trying to "sell" his stock to investment an
PAN-incorporated Nafion-modified spectroscopic graphite electrodes for voltammetric stripping determination of lead

Abstract A mercury-free Nafion-modified graphite electrode incorporated with the neutral chelating agent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) for voltammetric stripping determination of Pb(II) has been explored. The electrode was fabricated by spin-coating the PAN-containing Nafion polymer onto spectroscopic graphite. The modified electrode exhibited a significantly increased sensitivity and selectivity for Pb(II) compared with a bare spectroscopic graphite electrode. The electrode thus modified also showed some improvement in sensitivity and selectivity for Pb(II) over Cu(II), compared with the electrode modified with pure Nafion. The response of the modified electrode is pH-dependent with the optimum pH being 3.5–4.0. The electrode can be renewed with HCl solution. The effect of surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 on the voltammetric response of the electrodes was also investigated. The modified electrodes were less susceptible to peak depression than the bare electrode in the presence of SDS. Triton X-100 was found to greatly depress the voltammetric response at the bare electrode. At the modified electrodes, however, the presence of Triton X-100 resulted in an increase in the voltammetric response, which may be attributed to complexation between Pb(II) and the surfactant.
Integration of in situ spectral ellipsometry with MMST machine control

The transformation of desired physical effects to process settings has been achieved through extensive use of appropriate in situ sensors for the MMST program. In situ sensors like an ellipsometer can be used to monitor film thicknesses as well as etch or growth rate in real time, and to determine endpoint time. This capability is opposed to conventional processing, which uses pilot wafers and ex situ statistical process control. In situ sensors enable real-time wafer-to-wafer compensation for equipment and process drifts and also diagnosis of equipment status for preventive maintenance. This paper discusses the use of a spectral ellipsometer (SE) developed at Texas Instruments and the issues involved in the integration of this SE to the machine control as well as to the factory-wide computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment for feedforward and feedback control. >
Increased Erythrocyte and Protein Binding of Codeine in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Erythrocyte binding and plasma protein binding of codeine in sickle cell patients and healthy controls were determined. A reversed-phase HPLC procedure was used for codeine analysis. Codeine was extracted from alkalinized plasma, separated on a CN column, and assayed by fluorescence detection. The erythrocyte-buffer partition coefficient was significantly higher in sickle cell patients (1.72 +/- 0.21) than in healthy controls (1.25 +/- 0.14). No time dependence of partitioning was observed. The fraction of codeine bound to plasma proteins, determined by ultrafiltration, was significantly higher in sickle cell patients (66.0% +/- 8.6%) than in healthy controls (30.5% +/- 2.7%). No concentration dependence of erythrocyte or protein binding was observed. Further studies were performed to elucidate the binding mechanisms. From a ghost cell binding study it was concluded that the major binding sites for codeine are in the cell membrane. A decrease in codeine binding was observed in the presence of bilirubin. Codeine binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was found to be minimal. The levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and other glycoproteins in sickle cell patients and healthy controls were measured by glycoprotein electrophoresis. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups. Plasma protein electrophoresis was performed for the two groups. The results showed a significant difference in gamma-globulin levels between sickle cell patients and healthy controls. Codeine is known to bind to gamma-globulin, a fact that may explain in part the observed increase in the plasma protein binding of codeine in sickle cell patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)