cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLRT-Based Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio with Prior Information

We consider the spectrum sensing problem in cognitive radio networks. We offer a framework for optimal joint detection and parameter estimation when the secondary users have only a small number of signal samples. We discuss the finite-sample optimality of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and derive the corresponding GLRT spectrum sensing algorithms by exploiting the statistics of the received signal and the prior information on the channel, noise, as well as the data signal. An iterative GLRT sensing algorithm, and a simple non-iterative GLRT sensing algorithm are developed for slow and fast-fading channels, respectively, with the latter also serving as an approximate sensing method for slow-fading channels. The proposed techniques are also extended for spectrum sensing in orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems and in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. It is seen that the proposed simple non-iterative fast-fading GLRT sensing algorithm offers the best performance in all systems under considerations, including slow fading channels, fast fading channels, OFDMA systems, and MIMO systems, and it significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art spectrum sensing methods in these systems when there is noise uncertainty.
Introductory lecture at the international symposium ‘phosphorus in freshwater ecosystems’, Uppsala, Sweden in October 1985

About twelve or thirteen years ago I stood here in Uppsala and delivered a lecture entitled ‘My Life Among the Phosphates’. Some years later I escaped from the Phosphates and returned to civilization where I undertook other sorts of activities somewhat more biological in nature than before. Now the organizers of this conference have asked me to do something that is virtually impossible, and that is to summarize research in aquatic phosphorus up to the 1970’s. No one in their right mind would really try to do that in detail and, as I believe I am in my right mind, despite my years among the Phosphates, I will not try it either. What I propose to do, however, is to try and trace what I feel have been the highlights of research in the aquatic aspects of phosphorus.
Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Affecting the Young Athlete’s Spine

The young athlete requires a healthy spine for optimal performance. Orthopedists, especially those caring for young athletes, must be familiar with spinal pathologies as the spine is vulnerable to a variety of insults from infection and inflammation. Spine infections result from bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and parasitic infections. The most commonly observed infections include pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis, and discitis, less commonly, spinal Brucellosis, and Pott’s disease. In addition to trauma, infection, and normal degeneration, inflammatory disease is a well-established cause of spinal dysfunction. Inflammatory diseases affecting the pediatric spine in particular include enthesitis-related arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis, and undifferentiated arthritis. Some inflammatory diseases affect the adult spine more often but may have early presentation in the pediatric population and include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and the other seronegative spondyloarthropathies.
Response of spatially tailored structures to thermal loading

The paper presents the formulation and analysis of composite plates serving as STATs, i.e., spatially tailored advanced thermal structures where the distribution of the constituent phases varies throughout the surface as well as through the thickness. This is an extension of the well-known concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) and structures with the constituent phases varying only in the latter direction. As a result of two- or three-dimensional grading it is possible to optimize the response and properties of the structure providing multitask and multi-scale optimization. The response of plates with two- or three-dimensional grading to an arbitrary thermal loading is elucidated, including the conditions that result in thermal bending versus thermal instability.
Inter-rotational Effects of Fertilization and Weed Control on Juvenile Loblolly Pine Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics

The inter-rotational effects of fertilization and weed control treatments on the productivity and soil nutrient availability of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands growing on a North Florida Spodosol were investigated using two replicated, randomized complete block design experiments. The first rotation treatments were: control (C), fertilizer only (F), weed control only (W), and fertilizer + weed control (FW). One experiment was actively retreated as in the previous rotation, while the second was left untreated (C C , C F , C W , and C FW ). A common full-sib loblolly pine family was planted in both experiments. After three growing seasons, the second-rotation pine growth consistently outperformed the first rotation. The actively retreated FW treatment had fourfold higher aboveground pine biomass than the C treatment (7.7 Mg ha −1 ); the untreated C F (17.9 Mg ha −1 ) treatment had 1.5-fold higher pine biomass than the C FW treatment. While a suite of improved cultural practices (e.g., advanced genetics and site preparation) and environmental factors may be responsible for higher growth responses in the second rotation than the first in both experiments, lower growth response in the C FW treatment compared with the C F treatment was associated with lower soil P availability (r = 0.8, p < 0.01) and historical P movement from the E to Bh and Bt horizons. These results suggest that the understory vegetation and forest floor from the first rotation served as an important nutrient sink, especially for P, which then subsequently became a nutrient source (through mineralization) in the second rotation. Historical P fertilization on flatwoods Spodosols may thus alleviate the need for P fertilization during stand establishment when an intact understory was present in the previous stand.
EFFECT OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ON INVASION SUCCESS AND RATE

Although invasion has long been recognized as an important ecological pro- cess, there are very few experimental studies of invasion in natural communities and vir- tually no studies that determine how trophic structure affects the probability of invasion. We introduced novel protozoans and rotifers into the natural communities found in the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. The communities were ma- nipulated in a factorial design of removal of predators (larvae of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii) and addition of resources (dead insects). Three of the six protozoan species suc- cessfully established populations when introduced into pitchers, suggesting that these spe- cies are migration limited. The other three protozoans and a rotifer did not successfully invade established communities, although all four are naturally found in these inquiline communities. Of the three successfully invading protozoans, two were more likely to invade when resources were added and one of those even more frequently when predators were removed. Invasion by the third was unaffected by these experimental manipulations. Similar effects of predators and resources were found on population sizes of these three species. This study is one of very few that have addressed invasion experimentally; its results suggest that a variety of factors, including migration, predation, and resource availability, can have different influences on invasion by fairly similar protozoans.
Importance of k-space trajectory in echo-planar myocardial tagging at rest and during dobutamine stress.

Hybrid fast gradient echo/echo-planar imaging (FGRE-EPI) can be used to increase temporal resolution, enhance tag contrast, and/or decrease scan time for breathhold myocardial tagging. However, off-resonance effects and motion can lead to local phase discontinuities in FGRE-EPI raw data when a conventional interleaved bottom-up k-space trajectory is used. These discontinuities can be particularly problematic for myocardial tagging, where the image energy is not only concentrated near the k-space origin, but is also concentrated in multiple spectral peaks centered throughout k-space. In this study, tag distortion artifacts in FGRE-EPI tagging due to off-resonance and velocity-induced phase discontinuities were characterized at rest and dobutamine stress, and the flyback and gradient moment smoothing (GMS) methods were shown to reduce these artifacts. For the specific parameters used in this study, flyback and GMS resulted in improved image quality at rest and stress, increased myocardium-tag contrast-to-noise ratio (11.4 ± 2.1 vs. 10.0 ± 2.9, P < 0.01 at rest; 11.1 ± 1.8 vs. 8.1 ± 2.4, P < 0.01 at stress), and reduced full width at half maximum of the tag profile (3.6 vs. 3.8 pixels at rest; 4.0 vs. 5.1 pixels at stress) compared to the conventional trajectory. A limitation of the improved trajectory is a parameter-dependent decrease in data acquisition efficiency. For the specific imaging protocol used, the repetition time of the improved trajectory increased by 36% compared to the conventional trajectory. Magn Reson Med 50:813–820, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Routing architecture exploration for regular fabrics

In an effort to control the parameter variations and systematic yield problems that threaten the affordability of application-specific ICs, new forms of design regularity and structure have been proposed. For example, there has been speculation [6] that regular logic fabrics [1] based on regular geometry patterns [2] can offer tighter control of variations and greater control of systematic manufacturing failures. In this paper we describe a routing framework that accommodates arbitrary descriptions of regular and structured routing architectures. We further propose new regular routing architectures and explore the various performance vs. manufacturability trade-offs. Results demonstrate that a more regular, restricted routing architecture can provide a substantial advantage in terms of manufacturability and predictability while incurring a moderate performance penalty.
Activation of silanes by Grubbs’ carbene complex Cl2(PCy3)2RuCHPh: dehydrogenative condensation of alcohols and hydrosilylation of carbonyls

Abstract This manuscript describes two catalytic methods for silyl ether synthesis using Grubbs’ catalyst Cl 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 RuCHPh. Silyl ethers are obtained from the reaction of a variety of silanes with alcohols by dehydrogenative condensation and by the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds. Both reactions occur under neat conditions.
Molecular horizons of cancer therapeutics: 11th Pezcoller symposium.

The 11th Pezcoller Symposium, `Molecular Horizons of Cancer Therapeutics', was held on June 5, 6 and 7, 1999, in Rovereto, Italy. The meeting covered a remarkably diverse number of topics with the objective of integrating diierent ¢elds of cancer therapeutics. Several presentations focused on the development of new technologies for drug discovery and screening, as well as on the identi¢cation of gene determinants to drug action. A session was dedicated to immunological approaches to cancer therapeutics with particular emphasis on the manipulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses in tumor immunotherapy. Many presentations elucidated novel strategies designed to target diverse factors involved in regulation of cell cycle progression and of apoptotic responses, such as signal transduction molecules, transcription factors and components of the ubiquitin pathway. The purpose of this synopsis is to highlight presentations focused on signal transduction pathways that are emerging as more promising points of attack by anti-tumor agents (illustrated in Fig. 1), and on technological breakthroughs that could foster the drug discovery process. 2. The penalties of a life without constraints
A New Species of Mastigosporium from Tropical Soil

While isolating fungi from soil samples obtained in the South Pacific area by Dr. L. S. Olive in 1956, the writer discovered an interesting phragmosporous fungus with white mycelium. Upon attempting the identification of this organism, it was soon found that, while quite definitely related to the genus Mastigosporium, the organism was considerably different from all known species (Hughes, 1951). Only one species of Mastigosporium was found to appear similar to the new organism, that being Mastigosporium rubricosum (Dearn. and Barth.) Sprague. Sprague (1938) briefly described the colonies of M. rubricosum (= M. calvum) on various media. Only on Mix's agar was the colony white. In all cases the colonies were flattened, leathery, and wrinkled. The new organism, on several agars tested (Czapek's, potato-dextrose, and rose-bengal-streptomycin agars), formed floccose, rapidly spreading, white colonies with an abundance of spores. Only on corn meal agar (with 0.1% yeast extract) was the mycelium partially submerged, but even in this instance, the conidiophores were scattered over the whole mycelium, and not clumped as described as being characteristic of the genus. Growth on potato-dextrose agar was rapid, single-conidial inoculation reaching a diameter of one centimeter in 48 hours and 3-4 centimeters in one week, as contrasted to the much slower growth of previously described species. In the description of the latter, no mention was made of any production of chlamydospores. The new organism, after some time in culture, produces 1-3-celled chlamydospores of rather striking appearance. While the conidia of both M. rubricosum and the new organism are usually three-septate, the size of the spores differs considerably. Bollard (1950) lists spore measurements as follows:
Every finite lattice in \( \mathcal{V} (M_3) \)

We prove that every finite lattice in the variety generated by M 3 is isomorphic to the congruence lattice of a finite algebra.
Heteroepitaxy of GaAs on Si and Ge by low-Energy ion Beam Deposition Using Alternating Beams

In this paper, we demonstrate the growth of heteroepitaxial thin films of GaAs at low temperatures on Si(100) and Ge(100) substrates by direct deposition from controlled, low-energy (30-50 eV), mass-separated beams of 69Ga+ and 75As+ ions. This represents the first use of two fully ionized beams for the growth of compound semiconductor thin films. Mixing of the constituents was accomplished by periodically switching tile analyzing magnet to alternate between deposition of Ga and As at approximately monolayer intervals. Ion channeling and transmission electron microscopy show that GaAs films grown on Ge substrates at 400°C are free of the microtwins and stacking fault defects which emanate from the interface of GaAs similarly grown on Si. Single-crystal GaAs films with ion channeling minimum yields of around 6% have been grown on Ge(100) substrates at temperatures from 520°C down to as low as 320°C.
ASSESSMENT OF INTER-CHAMBER FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SEVERE PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION USING SIMULTANEOUS STRAIN MEASUREMENTS IN FOUR CARDIAC CHAMBERS

Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has high mortality, often secondary to right ventricular failure. It is difficult to predict when PAH patients may decompensate. We hypothesized that inter-chamber relationships using simultaneous measurement of longitudinal strain (LS) in all 4 cardiac
Identifying Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Using a Microliter Plate Panel

The identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci to the species level was achieved by adapting 12 conventional biochemical test procedures to a microtiter plate format. The tests included production of urease and phosphatase, reduction of nitrate to nitrite, and acid production from nine carbohydrates. There were separate assessments of susceptibility to novobiocin and capability for beta hemolysis. This technique yielded consistent biochemical reactions for all 33 stock strains used for quality control, although one of the strains may have been incorrectly identified. In addition, 110 of 113 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci could be identified.
Pregnancy and congenital heart disease.

What events that occur during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease? Not all facts are in, but it is certain that first-trimester rubella, thalidomide ingestion, excessive vitamin D intake, and maternal phenylketonuria can lead to cardiac defects in the unborn infant. To help prevent defects, physicians should discourage self-medication, recommend proper doses of vitamins, and encourage good prenatal care.
Analysis on epidemiologic feature and pathogenic surveillance of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Chenzhou city in 2010

【Objectives】 To analyze epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Chenzhou city,and to understand the main type of the HFMD pathogen so as to provide scientific evidence for disease control and prevention.【Methods】 Descriptive epidemiological study was applied to analysis of epidemiologic feature of HFMD.The real-time RT-PCR detection was used to detect viral nucleic acid of HFMD samples and identify the main type of the HFMD pathogen.【Results】 A total of 5 904 HFMD cases were reported in Chenzhou city in 2010,and the annual incidence rate was 132.67/100000,including 61 severe cases,9 death cases and 10 aggregation cases.The onset time was mainly from April to July.The onset ages ranged from 0 to 5 years old.Male patients were more than female ones(the ratio of male to female was 2.19 : 1.00).Most of the patients were sporadic cases,and part local areas presented a higher incidence of HFMD.The results of pathogenic surveillance showed that the EV positive rate in Chenzhou in 2010 was 72.78%,the positive rate of enter virus 71(EV71) was 40.15%,the positive rate of Coxsackie virus(CoxA16) was 13.53%,and the positive rate of other enter viruses was 19.10%.The EV positive rate and EV71 positive rate of general cases both were statistic different from that of severe cases and dead cases.【Conclusion】 The occurrence of HFMD has obvious season,region,gender and age differences.Infants and children lived scattered under 5 years old are the work emphasis of HFMD control and prevention in Chenzhou.The mainly kind of pathogen that causes HFMD is EV71 in Chenzhou city which could more easily causes severe HFMD and death.EV71 infection may be related to the epidemic strength of HFMD.
Duo positive airway pressure versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for preterm neonates after extubation

Objective To compare extubation failure rate in preterm neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome( RDS) receiving duo positive airway pressure( DuoPAP) ventilation with nasal continuous positive airway pressure( NCPAP) ventilation. Methods Infants( gestational age 29- 34 weeks,admitted to NICU during 2012) with severe RDS who needed endotracheal intubation and met specific predetermined criteria for extubation within 4 weeks after birth were recruited. Each infant was randomized to DuoPAP or NCPAP group soon after extubation. Extubation was deemed successful if no re-intubation required for 72 h at least. If noninvasive ventilation was not effective,intubation and mechanical ventilation were used. The primary outcome was the rate of extubation failure within the first 72 h of extubation. PaCO 2,PaO 2 and Oxygenate Index( OI) were compared between the two groups at 1 h,12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after extubation. Results A total of 69 infants were enrolled( 35 in DuoPAP and 34 in NCPAP group). Comparing with NCPAP group,the rate of extubation failure in DuoPAP group was lower( 11. 4% vs. 35. 3%); OI at 12 h,24 h in DuoPAP group were higher [( 228. 1 ± 44. 4) vs.( 204. 2 ± 44. 6),( 254. 6 ± 39. 5) vs.( 230. 4 ± 44. 4) ],and lower in PaCO 2 [( 35. 1 ± 8. 3) vs.( 40. 5 ± 8. 9),( 36. 8 ± 8. 4) vs.( 42. 1 ± 8. 8) ]; PaO 2 at 12 h in DuoPAP group was significantly higer than NCPAP group [( 89. 0 ± 12. 5) vs.( 74. 5 ± 13. 8) ]. No significant differences were found between the two groups for pneumothorax,NEC,IVH( grades 3 and 4) and ROP. Conclusions DuoPAP can decrease the rate of extubation failure comparing with NCPAP in preterm neonates with severe RDS and this ventilation strategy worth promoting.
Study of Current Situation and Suggestions of Delegation Funding Management in Women and Child Health Care Institutions

A large proportion of health programs and researches of the National Center for Women and Children's Health Care are implemented in coordination with local women and child health care institutions and related organizations.Funding of some programs will be delegated to the local partner agencies to ensure the successful implementation of the delegated programs.The funding will be used according to the related national financial regulations.
Centralities in large networks: Algorithms and observations

Node centrality measures are important in a large number of graph applications, from search and ranking to social and biological network analysis. In this paper we study node centrality for very large graphs, up to billions of nodes and edges. Various definitions for centrality have been proposed, ranging from very simple (e.g., node degree) to more elaborate. However, measuring centrality in billion-scale graphs poses several challenges. Many of the “traditional” definitions such as closeness and betweenness were not designed with scalability in mind. Therefore, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to compute them both accurately and efficiently. In this paper, we propose centrality measures suitable for very large graphs, as well as scalable methods to effectively compute them. More specifically, we propose effective closeness and LINERANK which are designed for billion-scale graphs. We also develop algorithms to compute the proposed centrality measures in MAPREDUCE, a modern paradigm for large-scale, distributed data processing. We present extensive experimental results on both synthetic and real datasets, which demonstrate the scalability of our approach to very large graphs, as well as interesting findings and anomalies.
The Roles of Physical Activity and Electric Blankets in Breast Cancer Occurrence

intervention. Ovarian hormones, and particularly estrogens, play a major role in the development of breast cancer.4 In fact, most accepted breast cancer risk factors can be interpreted as surrogate measures of a woman's cumulative exposure to estrogen and possibly, progesterone. These risk factors include early age at menarche, late age at menopause, nulliparity or late age at first birth, lack of or short-term breast feeding, alcohol intake of at least one drink per day, obesity after menopause, and long-term use of hormone replacement therapy.5-7 During the 1980s and early 1990s new hypotheses related to potentially hazardous exposures (those that might result in greater accumulative exposure to es? trogen) and potentially protective exposures (those that might result in decreased estrogen exposure) were proposed. Two of these hypotheses, one related to a potentially putative environmental exposure and the other related to a potentially protective lifestyle mod?
Pertussis in infants: an underestimated disease

The clinical diagnosis of pertussis is not easy in early infancy since clinical manifestations can overlap with several different diseases. Many cases are often misclassified and underdiagnosed. We conducted a retrospective study on infants to assess how often physicians suspected pertussis and the actual frequency of Bordetella pertussis infections. We analyzed all infants with age ≤90 days hospitalized from March 2011 until September 2013 for acute respiratory symptoms tested with a Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction able to detect Bordetella pertussis and with a Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for a multipanel respiratory virus. Therefore, we compared patients with pertussis positive aspirate, patients with respiratory virus positive aspirate and patients with negative aspirate to identify symptoms or clinical findings predictive of pertussis. Out of 215 patients analyzed, 53 were positive for pertussis (24.7 %), 119 were positive for respiratory virus (55.3 %) and 43 had a negative aspirate (20 %). Pertussis was suspected in 22 patients at admission and 16 of them were confirmed by laboratory tests, while 37 infants with different admission diagnosis resulted positive for pertussis. The sensitivity of clinical diagnosis was 30.2 % and the specificity 96.3 %. Infants with pertussis had more often paroxysmal cough, absence of fever and a higher absolute lymphocyte count than infants without pertussis. Pertussis is a serious disease in infants and it is often unrecognized; some features should help pediatricians to suspect pertussis, but clinical suspicion has a low sensitivity. We suggest a systematic use of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to support the clinical suspicion of pertussis in patients with less than 3 months of age hospitalized with acute respiratory symptoms.
Defining Medical Professionalism Across the Years of Training and Experience at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

ABSTRACTBackground: Many medical institutions have moved forward with curricular objectives aimed at teaching professionalism, but the question remains: are we teaching the most appropriate content at the most opportune times to maximize sustained learning? The students' point of view of professionalism is helpful in addressing this question. Aim: To describe the views of professionalism held by students and faculty at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Methods: In e-mailed surveys, students and faculty free-texted the three most important characteristics of a professional. Qualitative analysis was used to analyze the results. Data were compared on the basis of the percentage of each group affirming one of the characteristics. Results: Fourteen characteristics of professionalism were found. There were significant differences across all participant groups in the characteristics that each indicated were most important. Conclusion: Differences emerge between definitions of professional...
USE OF UTILITY FUNCTION IN EVALUATION OF NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR APPLICATION IN VITAL SIGNS DETECTION

ABSTRACT The principle aim of this study was to evaluate current literature on noninvasive methods and instruments in order to provide recommendations on direction of technical development which could lead to a system or device for measuring vital life signs of incapacitated military personnel in a toxic field environment. The specific aims of the study were (1) to determine the set of physiological parameters most likely to give the condition of an individual, (2) to evaluate current noninvasive techniques and medical instruments to perform the desired life sign detection in a field environment without violating the integrity of the chemical protective garment, and (3) to recommend areas of technological development which may lead to a noninvasive system or instrument for measurement or monitoring of vital life signs.
Alzheimer’s Dementia

Socio-pragmatic processing is a complex feature of human communication that relies on several cognitive systems such as attention, working memory, and the ability to access semantic information in the lexicon. This chapter examines socio-pragmatic processing in the context of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). We consider (a) the characteristics of communication in dementia, (b) how cognitive limitations associated with AD interact with the ability to fully process the contextual information necessary for attending to, and comprehending, socio-pragmatic information, and (c) the implications of interacting with people with AD for neuro-typical communication partners. Consideration of qualitative studies published in the past decade in addition to the examination of data collected in an ethnographic study suggest that people with AD are often adept at managing to sustain the use of small-talk and politeness tokens in conversational dyads. However, this may be due to the nature of these particular forms of talk which allow for more paradigmatic choices than other forms of talk that contain greater propositional density.
Urbanization may limit impacts of an invasive predator on native mammal diversity

Aim Our understanding of the effects of invasive species on faunal diversity is limited in part because invasions often occur in modified landscapes where other drivers of community diversity can exacerbate or reduce the net impacts of an invader. Furthermore, rigorous assessments of the effects of invasive species on native communities that account for variation in sampling, species-specific detection and occurrence of rare species are lacking. Invasive Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) may be causing declines in medium- to large-sized mammals throughout the Greater Everglades Ecosystem (GEE); however, other factors such as urbanization, habitat changes and drastic alteration in water flow may also be influential in structuring mammal communities. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of how mammal communities simultaneously facing invasive predators and intensively human-altered landscapes are influenced by these drivers and their interactions. Location Florida, USA. Methods We used data from trail cameras and scat searches with a hierarchical community model that accounts for undetected species to determine the relative influence of introduced Burmese pythons, urbanization, local hydrology, habitat types and interactive effects between pythons and urbanization on mammal species occurrence, site-level species richness, and turnover. Results Python density had significant negative effects on all species except coyotes. Despite these negative effects, occurrence of some generalist species increased significantly near urban areas. At the community level, pythons had the greatest impact on species richness, while turnover was greatest along the urbanization gradient where communities were increasingly similar as distance to urbanization decreased. Main conclusions We found evidence for an antagonistic interaction between pythons and urbanization where the impacts of pythons were reduced near urban development. Python-induced changes to mammal communities may be mediated near urban development, but elsewhere in the GEE, pythons are likely causing a fundamental restructuring of the food web, declines in ecosystem function, and creating complex and unpredictable cascading effects.
Chemical microscopy: Seeing the invisible using intrinsic molecular spectroscopic signatures

This tutorial talk will describe various modalities recently developed for high-speed chemical imaging of cancer, neuron and infectious diseases, with a focus on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy, pump-probe microscopy, and mid-infrared photothermal microscopy.
Preservice and Early Career Teachers' Preconceptions and Misconceptions About Making in Education

This qualitative study examined preservice and early career teachers' preconceptions and misconceptions about making in education. Eighty-two preservice and early career teachers participated in br...
Intravital mucosal imaging of CD8+ resident memory T cells shows tissue-autonomous recall responses that amplify secondary memory.

CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance dynamics influence the outcome of intracellular infections and cancer. Here we used two-photon intravital microscopy to visualize the responses of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM cells) within the reproductive tracts of live female mice. We found that mucosal TRM cells were highly motile, but paused and underwent in situ division after local antigen challenge. TRM cell reactivation triggered the recruitment of recirculating memory T cells that underwent antigen-independent TRM cell differentiation in situ. However, the proliferation of pre-existing TRM cells dominated the local mucosal recall response and contributed most substantially to the boosted secondary TRM cell population. We observed similar results in skin. Thus, TRM cells can autonomously regulate the expansion of local immunosurveillance independently of central memory or proliferation in lymphoid tissue. Masopust and colleagues show that mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells proliferate in situ in response to local antigen and dominate the local recall response.
Kinetics of glucose delivery to subcutaneous tissue in rats measured with 0.3-mm amperometric microsensors

The time between intravenous injection of a glucose bolus and the time the glucose concentration peaked in the subcutaneous tissue was measured in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats with implanted 290-microns-diameter amperometric sensors. Boluses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body wt were injected. The glucose concentration in the jugular vein was monitored by frequent withdrawal and analysis of samples. The glucose concentration in the subcutaneous tissue was continuously monitored with the sensors. The times required for the subcutaneously implanted sensor to reach its maximum current, corrected for sensor response times, were 7.5 +/- 3.9, 9.8 +/- 5.5, and 10.0 +/- 4.4 min for the smallest to the largest dose, respectively. The shorter delay in response to the smallest dose was statistically significant (P < 0.03). The results were consistent with dilution of the bolus in the cardiovascular system and transport of glucose by both diffusion and facilitated transport via a saturable mediator. An understanding of the differences in the dynamics of venous vs. subcutaneous response to a glucose dose is important in developing algorithms for the control of blood glucose based on a subcutaneous measurement.
Languages and Language Loss

Language as a human tool kit has several parts (sound system, vocabulary, word, and sentence structure). Language, as a tool kit of a community of the people who speak it, has emotional, ethnic marking, as well as informational uses. Language loss occurs when a speech community shifts away from one language to another as the medium of daily usage. In order to evaluate what people think about language in general or a specific language (structure, function/use), we must first understand how a language works and how it fits into context.
Computer-aided drafting with interface for finite element mesh generation

Publisher Summary Draft-Mesh is a computer program that graphically and interactively drafts a planar or axially symmetric solid model. Thereafter, the program allows interactive graphic input of finite element mesh generation information about that model. The generated meshes can be viewed by an existing mesh generation program, and the resulting file can be retained to generate the meshes. This can be done in less than an hour provided the user has spent a short time with the user's manual and has a mesh conceptualized. Either the program alone can serve as a drafting routine or it can be used to yield a data file that can be reused and altered. In addition to the tangible results of the program, the user can also accrue learning benefits in drafting techniques, mesh conceptualization, and the use of computer packages in general. The drafting routine could be studied in three ways. The picture input could be revised to include a selective erasing routine, better response and instruction, and additional case models.
Characterization of Ionic Water Absorbent Polymers: Determination of Ionic Content and Effective Crosslink Density

SUMMARY The most important property of an absorbent polymer is its sorption capacity. The key variables which control this property are the polymer-solvent interaction parameter $cH 1 , the crosslink density, and the concentration of the ionic groups in the polymer matrix. For a polymer of given hydrophilicity (quantified by $cH 1 ), crosslink density ($rH 1 ) and ionic content (i) are the variables which can be most readily manipulated to adjust sorption capacity. Both $rH x and i must be measured experimentally, since they cannot be predicted reliably from synthesis data. Here, different methods for determining these parameters are critically evaluated. For samples of well defined geometry, compression experiments can be used to determine crosslink density; for particulate gels, equilibrium swelling measurements can be used to estimate $rH x . Ionic content can be determined in several ways, most directly by titration. Because titration is slow and tedious, a technique exploiting Donnan ion exclusion can be much more effective for routine assays.
The Hsp70 Family of Heat Shock Proteins in Tumorigenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities

The HSP70 family of molecular chaperones consists of at least eight members that are highly evolutionarily conserved. Whereas more than one member of this family is implicated in cancer, the most compelling and abundant data point to the involvement of the predominant stress-inducible form of this protein in cancer etiology and progression. High levels of HSP70 staining in tumors emerged as a significant marker of poor prognosis in human tumors over 20 years ago. Since that time, the important role of this protein in cellular transformation, viral infection, immune function, and the cellular stress response has come to be appreciated and understood. In the past 10 years, the findings that many different types of human tumors are addicted to this protein for survival, and that silencing HSP70 is cytotoxic to tumor but not normal cells, have led to the emergence of the first specific inhibitors of this family of molecular chaperones for cancer therapy. Here-in we review the pro-tumorigenic function(s) of this protein, our understanding of how HSP70 mediates protein quality control, and the current efforts to target and inhibit this protein for cancer therapy.
Copper catalyzed synthesis of conjugated copolymers using direct arylation polymerization

Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) has almost exclusively relied on noble metal catalysts, such as Pd. We report the first Cu-catalyzed synthesis of conjugated polymers using DArP. The polymers synthesized show an undetectable level of homocoupling or branching defects, good molecular weights (up to 10 kDa), and good yields (up to 97%).
Abstract B05: Pathologic complete response is an independent prognostic factor for locoregional recurrence in locally advanced breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been the standard approach for downstaging in locally advanced breast cancer and can improve breast conservation rates. Pathologic complete response (pCR) after NAC has been reported to have favorable long-term outcome. However, there is still high locoregional recurrence (LRR) rate after NAC. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship of pCR and LRR. Method: A retrospective study was analyzed from 2002 to 2011, and a total of 263 invasive breast cancer patients had NAC and, following mastectomy or breast conserving surgery (BCS) at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, were enrolled. Concurrent weekly epirubicin and docetaxel was standard NAC regimen and adjuvant therapy including hormone therapy, radiotherapy, and target therapy was started postoperatively according to the pathologic characters. Result: The median age was 48 years old (range 18-75). The mean tumor size at diagnosis was 6.0 cm (range 2.0-22.0). The median follow-up time was 54.6 months (range 9.2-126.9). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 200 (76%) patients underwent mastectomy and 63 (24%) patients underwent BCS. 29 (11%) patients achieved pCR in this study. In univariate analysis, age Conclusion: Our findings suggested that pCR and younger age are independent prognostic factors for LRR in breast cancer patients after NAC with concurrent eprubicin and docetaxel. Citation Format: Hsu-Huan Chou, Shin-Che Chen. Pathologic complete response is an independent prognostic factor for locoregional recurrence in locally advanced breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B05.
Rigor and reproducibility via laboratory studies of eating behavior: A focused update and conceptual review.

Objective The eating behavior of individuals with eating disorders has been examined in laboratory settings over the last 30 years. In this focused review, we build on prior research and highlight several feeding laboratory paradigms that have successfully demonstrated quantifiable and observable behavioral disturbances, and thereby add rigor and reproducibility to the examination of disturbances of eating behavior. This review describes the measures commonly obtained via these laboratory techniques. Supporting Information Appendices with detailed information about implementation are provided to allow for the reproducible execution of these techniques across labs. Methods/results Literature documenting the existence of objective abnormalities in eating behavior among individuals with eating disorders or in comparison to healthy controls (n > 40) is briefly summarized. These protocols, conducted across at least 17 independent labs, are sensitive and reproducible, can be used to assess subjective and physiological parameters associated with eating, and elucidate the impact of treatment. Laboratory studies from patients with eating disorders compared with healthy controls reproducibly demonstrate both that patients with Anorexia Nervosa ingest fewer calories and that individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder ingest more calories when asked to binge-eat. Discussion Feeding laboratory studies have the potential for quantifying the characteristic behavioral psychopathology of patients with eating disorders, and may provide a useful tool to explore the potential utility of new treatments for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder.
The Determinants of Municipal Structures on a Political-Administrative Dimension:

Adjusting municipal structures and cross-adoption of structural characteristics between mayor-council and council-manager municipalities have been common in the United States in recent decades. Thi...
SERVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION OF PAKISTAN

This study is about the support and services provided to the students with disabilities in higher education of Pakistan. One university of Islamabad with a national and international repute was selected as a case study. Twelve focus group discussions were carried out with 100 faculty members. The thematic analysis was done that helped to understand university teachers’ perceptions and experiences relating to facilitating students with disability. Major theme identified include understanding the concept of disability, services available to students, faculty members’ practices and need for a specified disability center. Recommendations are derived for higher education in Pakistan. Article visualizations:
Delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to the silicate Earth by a giant impact

Earth’s status as the only life-sustaining planet is a result of the timing and delivery mechanism of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and hydrogen (H). On the basis of their isotopic signatures, terrestrial volatiles are thought to have derived from carbonaceous chondrites, while the isotopic compositions of nonvolatile major and trace elements suggest that enstatite chondrite–like materials are the primary building blocks of Earth. However, the C/N ratio of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) is superchondritic, which rules out volatile delivery by a chondritic late veneer. In addition, if delivered during the main phase of Earth’s accretion, then, owing to the greater siderophile (metal loving) nature of C relative to N, core formation should have left behind a subchondritic C/N ratio in the BSE. Here, we present high pressure-temperature experiments to constrain the fate of mixed C-N-S volatiles during core-mantle segregation in the planetary embryo magma oceans and show that C becomes much less siderophile in N-bearing and S-rich alloys, while the siderophile character of N remains largely unaffected in the presence of S. Using the new data and inverse Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the impact of a Mars-sized planet, having minimal contributions from carbonaceous chondrite-like material and coinciding with the Moon-forming event, can be the source of major volatiles in the BSE.
Sickle Cell Disease: Comprehensive Screening and Management in Newborns and Infants

This Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians contains highlights from the Clinical Practice Guideline for Sickle Cell Disease: Screening, Diagnoses, Management, and Counseling in Newborns and Infants. An algorithm shows the sequence of events related to sickle cell screening, diagnosis, medical management, and counseling in newborns and infants. Clinicians should refer to the complete guideline for more detailed analysis and discussion of the available research, critical evaluation of the assumptions and knowledge of the field, health care decision making, and references.
Balancing Environmental Remediation, Environmental Justice, and Health Disparities: the Case of Lake Apopka, Florida

Agricultural production in the United States provides numerous economic contributions from the national scale to the local, providing farmworker and laborer jobs for hundreds of thousands of people [1]. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural operations are often associated with pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, which can cause environmental degradation and health problems. Large-scale conventional agriculture is often using pesticide, herbicide, and fertilizer intensive, and these chemicals may contaminate natural environments, harming wildlife, and degrading water quality. When contamination incidents occur, government agencies and non-profit organizations respond in various ways, including environmental remediation. These efforts can be successful in restoring water quality and improving biodiversity. But, what happens when clean-up efforts are able to improve the physical environment but do not address human health? We use the case of Lake Apopka, Florida, to analyze a case of agricultural contamination that resulted in damage to the environment and the health of the farmworkers who were exposed to these harmful chemicals. Our analysis explores how government agencies and non-profit organizations were successful in their conservation efforts, but failed to help the farmworkers and other people who were sick as a result of exposure to toxic chemicals. We conclude with recommendations for policy makers and environmentalists to better address and include marginalized or vulnerable communities in environmental remediation projects.
High-Redshift Galaxies

A consistent picture of large-scale structure appears to be emerging from different types of observations including the spatial distribution of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, narrow pencil-beam surveys, and quasars. I describe these observations below. A network of large-scale superclusters, up to ~ 150 Mpc in scale, is suggested. The supercluster network surrounds low-density regions of similar scales, suggesting a “cellular” structure of the universe. (Ho = 100 km /s/ Mpc is used).