cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driving a Wedge Between Self-Control and Self-Ownership

Frederick Gilbert's (2015) account of predictive brain implants (PBIs) suggests the intriguing possibility that greater control over our impulses can be acquired by treating them like external forc...
Coaxially electrospun fiber-based microbicides facilitate broadly tunable release of maraviroc

Electrospun fibers show potential as a topical delivery system for vaginal microbicides. Previous reports have demonstrated delivery of anti-HIV and anti-STI (sexually transmitted infection) agents from fibers formulated using hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or pH-responsive polymers that result in rapid, prolonged, or stimuli-responsive release, respectively. However, coaxial electrospun fibers have yet to be evaluated as a highly tunable microbicide delivery vehicle. In this research, we explored the opportunities and limitations of a model coaxial electrospun fiber system to provide broad and tunable release rates for the HIV entry inhibitor maraviroc. Specifically, we prepared ethyl cellulose (EC)-shell and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-core fibers that were capable of releasing actives over a range of hours to several days. We further demonstrated simple and effective methods for combining core-shell fibers with rapid-release formulations to provide combined instantaneous and sustained maraviroc release. In addition, we investigated the effect of varying release media on maraviroc release from core-shell fibers, and found that release was strongly influenced by media surface tension and drug ionization. Finally, in vitro cell culture studies show that our fiber formulations were not cytotoxic and that electrospun maraviroc maintained similar antiviral activity compared to neat maraviroc.
Is It Appropriate to Have Appropriateness Criteria for Radiology Testing

The proliferation of imaging tests in number and variety has stimulated an effort to present guidelines directing the best way to work up a particular clinical presentation. This notion has been codified in the elaboration of published appropriateness criteria which seek to offer algorithms purported to reveal the best sequence of tests to reach a diagnosis. Is this approach valid or are these reasons to doubt its credibility or effectiveness?
Design Developments for Advanced General Aviation Aircraft

Design study results are presented for two advanced general-aviation aircraft incorporating fly-by-light/fly-by-wire controls and digital avionics and cockpit displays. The design exercise proceeded from a database of information derived from a market survey for the 4-10 passenger aircraft range. Pusher and tractor propeller configurations were treated, and attention was given to the maximization of passenger comfort. 'Outside-in' tooling methods were assumed for the primary structures of both configurations, in order to achieve surface tolerances which maximize the rearward extent of laminar flow.
High Throughput Hierarchical Heavy Hitter Detection in Data Streams

Detecting heavy activity aggregation in data streams is a critical task for many networking, data base and data-mining applications. The aggregation points often belong to hierarchical domains (e.g. IP domain, XML data tree, etc.). These aggregation points are referred to as hierarchical heavy hitters. The hierarchical domains is usually very large with respect to both the number of aggregation points and the number of levels in the hierarchy. Due to the huge amount of intermediate data to be maintained and the dependency between hierarchy levels, it is challenging to detect hierarchical heavy hitters in very large hierarchical domains at high throughput. In this work, we propose a novel Sketch-counter-hybrid algorithm that decomposes the online hierarchical heavy hitter detection to independent and parallel online heavy hitter detection at each hierarchy level. We then propose a fully pipelined architecture suitable for FPGA implementation to accelerate the algorithm. We use IP network monitoring as an example of application. The post place-and-route results on a state-of-the-art FPGA show high throughput and scalability. Our architecture achieves 123 Gbps throughput assuming minimum-sized IPv4 packets while supporting the entire 32-bit IPv4 hierarchy on a single FPGA device. It sustains 100+ Gbps throughput while supporting various hierarchy sizes, stream sizes and accuracy requirements. Our architecture achieves much higher throughput than other techniques when accelerating Sketches of similar number of rows and columns, and counter sizes.
Urea activation of α-nitrodiazoesters: an organocatalytic approach to N-H insertion reactions.

The combination of a urea catalyst and an α-nitro-α-diazo ester gives rise to a reactive species able to undergo insertion into the N–H bonds of anilines. This new strategy to achieve N–H insertion reactivity is in contrast to typical metal-catalyzed conditions for the generation of carbenoids from α-diazocarbonyl compounds. This report includes the extension of the insertion reaction to a three-component coupling for the construction of α-amino-α-aryl esters in high yield.
Multiexciton annihilation and dissociation in quantum confined semiconductor nanocrystals.

Recent reports of multiexciton generation (MEG), a process by which one absorbed photon generates multiple excitons, in lead chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) have intensified research interest in using this phenomenon to improve the efficiency of solar energy conversion. Practical implementation of MEG processes in solar cells and solar-to-fuel conversion devices requires the development of materials with higher MEG efficiencies and lower excitation thresholds than are currently available, as well as schemes for efficient multiexciton extraction before the ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation occurs.This Account focuses on the extraction of multiexcitons by interfacial electron transfer in model NC-molecular acceptor complexes. We provide an overview of multiexciton annihilation and multiexciton dissociation (MED) processes in NC–acceptor complexes of (i) CdSe quantum dots (QDs), (ii) CdSe/CdS quasi-type II core/shell QDs, (iii) CdSe quantum confined nanorods (QRs), and (iv) PbS QDs. We show that ultrafa...
Use of the Tablet PC for Human Factors Instruction

Tablet PCs are laptop computers that allow the instructor to use a special stylus to write digital ink on the screen which then can be saved to an electronic file. This offers human factors courses...
Research Progress of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

The ecological distribution,description,phosphate solubilizing mechanism,and the application of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms were reviewed,and the research about phosphate solubilizing microorganisms was forecasted.
Effect of Different Sowing Date and Sites on Grain Quality of Nanjing 44

In this trial,the effects of different sowing date and sites on grain quality of Nanjing 44 were studied with sowing date by stage in different sites. The results showed that along with sowing date postponing,the rice milling quality traits of Nanjing 44 were meliorated,the change of the chalky rice rate,chalkiness degree and amylose content took on curve,and the protein content and the gelatinization temperature increased,but the gel consistency and the eating value decreased. Along with the decrease of latitude,the rice milling quality traits and the gelatinization temperature of Nanjing 44 decreased,the chalky rice rate and chalkiness increased,and the change of amylase content and eating value took on curve of descend firstly then ascend. The effects of different sowing dates and different sites on chalkiness and chalky rice rate were the greatest,and next those of head rice rate,protein content and eating value. Brown rice rate,milled rice rate,grain length,grain width and ratio of length and width were fairly stable in different treatment. For amylose content,gel consistency and gelatinization temperature,the effects of different sowing dates were greater than that of different sites.
Foraging Among an Overabundance of Similar Variants

Foraging among too many variants of the same artifact can be problematic when many of these variants are similar. This situation, which is largely overlooked in the literature, is commonplace in several types of creative tasks, one of which is exploratory programming. In this paper, we investigate how novice programmers forage through similar variants. Based on our results, we propose a refinement to Information Foraging Theory (IFT) to include constructs about variation foraging behavior, and propose refinements to computational models of IFT to better account for foraging among variants.
National Evaluation of Hospital Performance on the New Commission on Cancer Melanoma Quality Measures.

To increase adherence to cancer management guidelines, the Commission on Cancer (CoC) developed and approved five melanoma quality measures in 2015. Our objectives were to evaluate formally the national performance of these melanoma measures and to examine patient, tumor, and hospital characteristics associated with adherence. From the National Cancer Data Base (2012), patients with invasive, nonmetastatic melanoma were identified. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on the CoC definition for each measure. Patient-level and hospital-level adherence rates were calculated for the five measures. A hospital was deemed “compliant” if it met the CoC standard, which requires 80 % of patients to receive the measure-specific recommended care. Patient, tumor, and hospital characteristics potentially associated with higher likelihood of adherence at the patient-level were estimated using hierarchical random-effects logistic regression models. A total of 31,598 patients from 1343 hospitals were examined. Patient-level adherence rates varied from 31.6 % (Measure 5: ≥10 axillary lymph nodes removed/examined) to 72.6 % (Measure 1: sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) appropriateness measure). Hospital-level adherence rates, ranged from 19.3 % of hospitals (N = 538 hospitals for Measure 5) to 44.8 % of hospitals (N = 1090 hospitals for Measure 3: completion lymph node dissection after positive SLNB). No hospital-level factors (e.g., teaching status) were consistently associated with better adherence. National adherence rates to the five new CoC melanoma quality metrics are low, and most hospitals would not meet the CoC requirement of 80 % adherence. Feedback for performance of these measures to hospitals, decisions support tools, and educational initiatives are needed to improve guideline adherence.
Menkes’ Syndrome with Cerebellar Hypoplasia

A 14-month-old boy with Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome (MS) associated with deafness and inferior cerebellar vermian hypoplasia was admitted with convulsions and urinary infection at Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
Thermal History of a Deep Well in the Michigan Basin: Implications for a Complex Burial History

Most of the Paleozoic strata in the Michigan Basin exhibit levels of thermal maturity that are higher than expected given present-day geothermal gradients, burial depths, and heat flow. Because of the complexity of the basin’s thermal history, no previous study has resulted in a single model that predicts the observed thermal maturity for the entire stratigraphic section in the basin. Two hypotheses, however, have resulted from previous studies. They are: (1) that elevated basal heat flow affected the basin during its early history, and (2) that a significant amount of Late Carboniferous and Permian strata must at one time have been present in the basin.
Performance bounds of multi-relay deployment of wireless data networks

In a multi-rate wireless data network, the data rate is a function of the distance from the Access Point (AP). To extend the coverage range of the data network and to increase the throughput to a target terminal outside the AP coverage range, relay nodes are inserted between the AP and the target terminal. Therefore, for a given throughput-distance relationship and a given distance between the access point and the target receiver, there must be a minimum number of nodes that provides the maximum throughput to the target receiver. In this paper we present an analytical approach to determine the optimal performance bounds and the number of relays for the optimal deployment of a multi-hop multi-rate wireless data network. The optimal number of relays is chosen to optimize the throughput for two scenarios. The first is to maximize the spatial throughput up to a desired coverage distance. The seconds is to maximize the throughput for a target receiver located at a specific distance from the access point.
A study of surface degradation of polymeric, high voltage, insulating materials due to UV exposure

High voltage transmission technology has now reached a point where presently operating lines carry 765 kV and lines to carry over one million volts are being comtemplated for the near future. To achieve these goals, considerable effort is being expended to develop well-designed insulators suitable for use in these transmission line systems. These insulators must possess the following three properties: i) excellent breakdown characteristics that do not drift as a function of ordinary loading conditions and time, ii) low weight, and iii) high mechanical resistance. Excellent insulating characteristics of certain organic materials coupled with the desired insulating and mechanical characteristics of fiberglas structures have led to the development for use in extra high voltage transmission lines of a composite insulator made of a fiberglas core with sheds of a suitable organic material. It is hoped that these composite insulators will be of economical engineering use.1
Global Patents: Limits of Transnational Enforcement – Preface and Chapter 3: Protecting an Invention Outside the Protecting Country

There is no global patent that will secure protection for an invention globally, and as the title of the book Global Patents: Limits of Transnational Enforcement (Oxford University Press, 2012) suggests, holders of national patents have a limited ability to enforce their patents across national borders. While national patent systems have undergone significant internationalization in the past 140 years, and international treaties and agreements among national patent offices have been designed to simplify the process of obtaining multiple parallel national patents, patent holders still face significant limitations on where they can protect their inventions, particularly if some holders, such as individuals or small and medium enterprises, are constrained by significantly limited resources.Because of the practical limitations on the territorial scope of patenting, patent holders seek ways to protect their inventions beyond the borders of the countries in which they have secured patents. The third chapter of the book Global Patents: Limits of Transnational Enforcement reviews the various possibilities for extraterritorial extensions of patent protection and their limitations; the chapter employs a comparative perspective of the problem and focuses on the laws of the United States and Germany.The chapter begins with an historical look at the protection of inventions in the means of transportation that have crossed national borders and continues with a discussion of the protection of inventions that are in transit through a country, including the recent controversy concerning customs border measures in the European Union. The chapter explains the extraterritorial reach of provisions that protect the right to offer to sell a patented invention and provisions that aim at preventing the assembly of inventions abroad or preventing secondary infringements of patents through acts committed abroad. To complete the analysis of the extraterritorial reach of patent protection, the chapter reviews instances of territorially divided infringements that consist of acts committed in multiple countries.
Symptom severity and life satisfaction in brain injury: The mediating role of disability acceptance and social self-efficacy

Background Although the negative impact of symptom severity on subjective well-being outcomes has been established among individuals with brain injury, the mediating and protective role that positive human traits might have on this relationship has not been adequately explored. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of social self-efficacy and disability acceptance on the relationship between symptom severity and life satisfaction among individuals with brain injury. Methods Hierarchical regression analysis and correlation techniques were used to test a hypothesized dual-mediation model of life satisfaction in a sample of 105 adults with acquired brain injury. Results Results indicated that social self-efficacy and disability acceptance fully mediated the relationship between symptom severity and life satisfaction, lending support for a dual-mediation model with disability acceptance being the strongest contributor. Conclusions These findings suggest there may be considerable value for rehabilitation providers to develop strengths-based service strategies and/or specialized intervention programs that focus on capitalizing these positive human traits to promote life satisfaction and well-being for clients with brain injury. Implications for clinical practice and future research direction are also discussed.
Stock Market Returns, Expected Returns, and Economic Fundamentals in an Emerging Market: The Case of Korea

This paper investigates the feedback relationship between stock market returns and economic fundamentals in an emerging market. Starting from an intertemporal consumption-based CAPM (CCAPM), we obtain a restricted VAR model for stock returns and macroeconomic variables. We then apply this model to Korea and find statistically significant departures from the restrictions implied by CCAPM. Consequently, an unrestricted VAR model is used to analyze the variations of expected and unexpected returns in the Korean stock market. It is shown that the expected market returns vary with a set of macroeconomic variables, and that the predictable component is substantial. Reflecting richer dynamics in the data, relative to the usual single equation modeling in the literature, the estimated VAR model shows considerable predictive ability for both real economic activity and real returns. Using the model for a variance decomposition of unexpected returns, we find that, although we cannot directly observe the market's revision of expected future dividend growth, we can estimate a large part of the revision with the news in the expected industry output growth from our VAR model. Finally, we also find that economic fundamentals can explain only a small portion of the variation in unexpected returns in the Korean stock market.
Impacts of Fertilization and Tidal Inundation on Elevation Change in Microtidal, Low Relief Salt Marshes

We evaluated the importance of both tidal inundation and nutrient fertilization as drivers of elevation change in coastal salt marshes. The three sites investigated occurred along a 9-km stretch of the Atlantic Intracoastal Water Way in Central North Carolina. Despite their close geographic proximity, the sites varied in tidal range, elevation within the tidal frame, and stem height and stem density of Spartina alterniflora. Total standing aboveground biomass and marsh surface elevation change (measured by surface elevation tables; SETs) were documented during a 3-year period of nutrient fertilization and for two additional years after fertilization ceased. Measured elevation change rates in control plots varied from 0.2 to 1.2 cm year−1 and were negatively correlated with starting elevation (r 2 = 0.82, p < 0.05). Fertilization resulted in increases in both standing aboveground biomass and marsh surface elevation change. Fertilized sites gained 0.69 to 2.1 cm year−1 during the 3-year application period and 0.02 to 0.97 cm year−1 during the post application period. The magnitude of the fertilization-induced elevation response was mediated by position in the tidal frame with sites that were lower gaining less elevation relative to controls than sites that were higher. The data presented here suggest that nutrient fertilization may be an effective adaptive management strategy for helping minerogenic marshes keep pace with sea level, but that the impact of fertilization may depend on tidal inundation.
Real-Time Imitation Learning of Visual Behavior by a Mobile Robot

We describe a system for a human to train a webcam-equipped mobile robot by remote piloting. This robot learns to imitate the actions selected by the human. To make robotic imitation learning practical, each iteration of training (or classification) must complete quickly enough for the robot to act in a timely manner. Furthermore, it must be possible to interleave episodes of training and autonomous execution, so that the human pilot may correct behavioral problems with the robot as they are observed. To address these issues, we introduce a learning algorithm that executes in constant time and space relative to the number of labeled training samples. This system has enabled successful imitation learning of an obstacle avoidance behavior on a physical mobile robot.
Analyzing Hybrid Transactional Memory Performance Using Intel SDE

Due to the rapidly increasing use of big data, machines are stressed to provide more computing power at higher energy efficiency while maintaining simpler and more scalable computing paradigms. Transactional Memory (TM) is one such technique that can be used for synchronization instead of conventional locks used in critical sections since it has simpler paradigms, is scalable and has better energy efficiency. We used Intel Software Development Emulator (SDE) tool to collect statistics to explore the performance of both Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) and Hybrid Transactional Memory (HyTM). Our results shows that our designed Adaptive HyTM have higher commit successes (i.e. abort ratio 42x less) than HTM. Therefore, it takes fewer instructions and thus is more energy efficient.
How to Assess Universities: Defining Average Class Size in a Way Which Is Most Adequate for Teaching Effectiveness

When students select a university, one of the important parameters is the average class size . This average is usually estimated as an arithmetic average of all the class sizes. However, it has been recently shown that to more adequately describe students’ perception of a class size, it makes more sense to average not over classes, but over all students – which leads to a different characteristics of the average class size. In this chapter, we analyze which characteristic is most adequate from the viewpoint of efficient learning.
Development and Application of 3D Printed Mesoreactors in Chemical Engineering Education

3D printing technology has an enormous potential to apply to chemical engineering education. In this paper, we describe several designs of 3D printed mesoreactors (Y-shape, T-shape, and Long channel shape) using the following steps: reactor sketching, CAD modeling, and reactor printing. With a focus on continuous plug flow mesoreactors (PFRs, i.d. = 2 mm), fluid mixing phenomena were explored by using a passive mixing method. The small channel of mesoreactors facilitates the stability of a laminar flow in the system at low Reynolds number. With changes in flow rates (0.2 and 4.0 mL/min) and channel geometry (0° and 90° outlet angle), fluid mixing was controlled. Our results provided that 3D printed mesoreactors can be possibly used in teaching fluid dynamics, chemical kinetics, and reaction engineering, which are main courses of the chemical engineering undergraduate program. Furthermore, the cost of mesoreactor printing was suitable (<$1.00/microreactor) for education.
Bioelectrical control of positional information in development and regeneration: A review of conceptual and computational advances.

Abstract Positional information describes pre-patterns of morphogenetic substances that alter spatio-temporal gene expression to instruct development of growth and form. A wealth of recent data indicate bioelectrical properties, such as the transmembrane potential ( V m e m ), are involved as instructive signals in the spatiotemporal regulation of morphogenesis. However, the mechanistic relationships between V m e m and molecular positional information are only beginning to be understood. Recent advances in computational modeling are assisting in the development of comprehensive frameworks for mechanistically understanding how endogenous bioelectricity can guide anatomy in a broad range of systems. V m e m represents an extraordinarily strong electric field (∼1.0 × 106 V/m) active over the thin expanse of the plasma membrane, with the capacity to influence a variety of downstream molecular signaling cascades. Moreover, in multicellular networks, intercellular coupling facilitated by gap junction channels may induce directed, electrodiffusive transport of charged molecules between cells of the network to generate new positional information patterning possibilities and characteristics. Given the demonstrated role of V m e m in morphogenesis, here we review current understanding of how V m e m can integrate with molecular regulatory networks to control single cell state, and the unique properties bioelectricity adds to transport phenomena in gap junction-coupled cell networks to facilitate self-assembly of morphogen gradients and other patterns. Understanding how V m e m integrates with biochemical regulatory networks at the level of a single cell, and mechanisms through which V m e m shapes molecular positional information in multicellular networks, are essential for a deep understanding of body plan control in development, regeneration and disease.
3D-printed polymers exhibit a strength size effect

Abstract This study is an investigation on the size dependence of strength of a 3D printed acrylic polymer. 3D printed beams are used in three-point bend fracture experiments. Three print modes of the PolyJet process are used to manufacture beams of dimensions commonly considered in 3D printed structures (1–5 mm). It is found that for that range of dimensions, the fracture response is in the nonlinear size-strength domain and specimens neither follow the limiting linear elastic fracture mechanics nor the strength criterion. Consequently, strength and toughness are size dependent. Moreover, a strong interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness was found. A size threshold exists below which there appears to be an interaction between specimen dimensions and print layer thickness, and for specimens of dimension below that threshold exhibit a declining strength with size. From the present experiments, the size threshold is estimated to be 50 times the print layer thickness. The finding of a maximum strength relative to geometric dimensions should be accounted for in designing with 3D printed materials.
Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome progress report and continuation proposal

Goals and objectives of the total Biome effort are to relate productivity, nutrient cycling, energy flow and other ecosystem parameters of the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome to geographical patterns, age-class distribution, and trophic structure; to analyze the processea regulating transfers of materials and energy among the components of these ecosystems and between local systems of various scales; and to synthesize the results of these and previoua studies into predictive models of scosystem behavior. A list is included of some 550 publications that report the results of studies made during 1970 through 1973. (CH)
Judging Myopia in Hindsight: Bivens Actions, National Security Decisions, and the Rule of Law

Liability in national security matters hinges on curbing both official myopia and hindsight bias. The Framers knew that officials could be short-sighted, prioritizing expedience over abiding values. Judicial review emerged as an antidote to myopia of this kind. However, the Framers recognized that ubiquitous second-guessing of government decisions would also breed instability. Balancing these conflicting impulses has produced judicial oscillation between intervention and deference. Recent decisions on Bivens claims in the war on terror have defined extremes of deference or intervention. Cases like Ashcroft v. Iqbal and Arar v. Ashcroft display a categorical deference that rewards officials’ myopia. On the other hand, courts in Padilla v. Yoo and al-Kidd v. Ashcroft manifest an equally categorical interventionism that institutionalizes hindsight bias. To break with the categorical cast of both deferential and interventionist decisions, this Article proposes an innovation-eliciting approach. Inspired by remedies for cognitive bias and regulatory failure, it gives officials a stake in developing alternatives to both overreaching and abdication. Officials who can demonstrate they have implemented alternatives in other contexts that are both proportional and proximate in time to the instant case buy flexibility and dismissal of the lawsuit before the qualified immunity phase. By leveraging officials’ experiences and expertise, the innovation-eliciting approach tames the “pendular swings” in policy that Justice Kennedy in Boumediene v. Bush viewed as undermining both liberty and security.
Introduction: A Framework for Analysis

Law is studied in various ways for many different purposes. The most common purposes are descriptive and predictive. Practicing lawyers study the law to obtain legal rules and principles describing the law and enabling them to predict what courts will decide and to persuade courts to so decide. Another purpose is to explain the law, especially as a sociological or economic phenomenon. Some philosophers study law to determine the conceptual elements of legal systems and to distinguish law from other institutions and practices. But the law can also be studied to determine what legal principles and rules are justifiable or desirable. This normative purpose is the dominant perspective of this book. However, because adequate normative analysis cannot occur in a vacuum, a secondary purpose is to describe the extant common law. The combination of normative principles and description will also provide a rational systematization of the law.
A Generic Design Protocol for Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Foundation

This technical note presents a generic step-by-step design protocol based on consideration of bearing capacity of reinforced soil foundation (RSF) on a level ground. The technical note begins with a synopsis of notable studies on bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) and a brief description of an analytical model for load-carrying capacity of closely-spaced soil-geosynthetic composites. The generic RSF design protocol was developed based on findings of the notable studies and the analytical model. Specifically, the design protocol determines (i) reinforcement configuration of RSF (including reinforcement depths, spacing, and width), (ii) required reinforcement stiffness and strength for selection of reinforcement in RSF, and (iii) the increase in ultimate bearing capacity of RSF if the width of RSF is increased to fulfill design requirements A design example for RSF of a GRS bridge abutment is also given to illustrate how the design protocol can be applied.
Carrier envelope offset detection via simultaneous supercontinuum and second-harmonic generation in a silicon nitride waveguide.

We demonstrate a chip-scale f−2f interferometer for carrier-envelope-offset frequency (f CEO ) detection. This is enabled by simultaneously producing octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation and second-harmonic generation in a single dispersion-engineered silicon nitride waveguide. We measure the f CEO beatnote of an 80 MHz modelocked pump source with a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 dB. Our simple approach for f−2f interferometry enables a straightforward route towards a chip-scale self-referenced frequency comb source that can operate at low pulse energies.
Visualization of Choriocapillaris and Choroidal Vasculature in Healthy Eyes With En Face Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Versus Angiography.

Purpose To compare the visualization of the choriocapillaris and deeper choroidal vessels in healthy eyes in en face swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) versus SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA). Methods This is a cross-sectional study of consecutive eyes without chorioretinal disease. En face SS-OCT and SS-OCTA images of the choriocapillaris and choroid were assessed for visualization of the vasculature. Choroidal vessel densities (CVD) of the choriocapillaris, inner choroid, midchoroid, and outer choroid were calculated from binarized en face SS-OCT and SS-OCTA images. Paired t-tests and linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results Twenty-seven eyes of 27 patients were included. There was no statistically significant difference between the CVDs of the midchoroid assessed with en face SS-OCT versus SS-OCTA (P = 0.21). However, there were statistically significant differences between the CVDs for the choriocapillaris (P < 0.001), inner choroid (P < 0.001), and outer choroid (P = 0.006). Qualitative analysis revealed incomplete visualization of vessels in the inner choroid and exaggeration of vessel lumens in the outer choroid with SS-OCTA. Conclusions Visualization of the choriocapillaris is superior with SS-OCTA, but it has numerous limitations that make visualization of deeper choroidal vessels less reliable when compared with en face SS-OCT. It is important to understand such limitations when using these technologies to study the choroidal vasculature in chorioretinal disease. Translational Relevance The presented study of optimal imaging techniques for the choroidal vessels of healthy eyes provides an important foundation for future investigations into the role of the choroidal vasculature in chorioretinal diseases.
Electromagnetic Induction and Lenz’s Law Revisited

Many of the old demonstrations in electricity and magnetism can be performed more effectively and with greater visual appeal by using newly available neodymium magnets and color LEDs. For this reason several demonstrations, commonly used for teaching electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law, have received renewed attention in recent years. In particular strong neodymium magnets have been used in several new demonstrations and experiments to help students learn the subtleties of eddy currents and magnetic braking. Here we describe several demonstrations that use a strong neodymium magnet, a coil, and a few LEDs to teach students in introductory physics the fundamentals of electromagnetic induction. More importantly the addition of LEDs provides a visual demonstration of Lenz’s law, with which many students have some difficulty. The demonstrations described here are quite simple to construct, fun to do, and visually appealing; they may be used either in the laboratory or in the classroom.
Glycine in the lizard retina: comparison to the GABA system.

Neurons likely to utilize glycine (GLY) as a neurotransmitter were identified immunocytochemically in the “all-cone” lizard retina and the basic anatomical organization of the retinal GLY and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems was compared. Four types of GLY-immunoreactive (GLY-IR) neurons were identified. Most GLY-IR cells were amacrine cells, which comprised at least two types. GLY-IR interplexiform cells and ganglion cells also were identified. The first GLY-IR amacrine cell type was characterized by a small pyriform soma, located distal to the border of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and fine dendrites. Most GLY-IR amacrine cells were of this type and several subtypes may exist within this group. The second amacrine cell type was characterized by a large, distally located soma and a large descending process. This amacrine cell type showed colocalization of GLY-IR and GABA-IR and comprised about 4% of the total GLY-IR amacrine cell population.Comparison of GLY-IR and GABA-IR on serial sections showed that GLY and GABA were present in largely separate neuronal populations. Generally, GLY-IR amacrine cells were smaller, more distally located in the inner nuclear layer and had finer dendrites than GABA-IR amacrine cells. Distribution of GLY-IR and GABA-IR in the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer differed considerably.Based on the segregated distribution of GLY-IR and GABA-IR in the synaptic layers of the lizard retina, GLY and GABA may have fundamentally different roles in retinal processing.
1.14 /spl mu/m strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs-InGaP SQW lasers on ternary In/sub 0.03/Ga/sub 0.97/As substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

In this talk, we present the design and device results of strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs-InGaP separate confinement heterostructure lasers emitting at 1.14 /spl mu/m fabricated on a ternary In/sub 0.03/Ga/sub 0.97/As substrate. The InGaAs substrate used for the devices in this talk was measured by FTIR spectroscopy to have an indium molar percent of 3.03%.
Recurrent Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: AUA/CUA/SUFU Guideline.

ABSTRACTPurpose:This document seeks to establish guidance for the evaluation and management of women with recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) to prevent inappropriate use of antibiotics, decrease the risk of antibiotic resistance, reduce adverse effects of antibiotic use, provide guidance on antibiotic and non-antibiotic strategies for prevention, and improve clinical outcomes and quality of life by reducing recurrence of urinary tract infection (UTI) events.Materials & Methods:The systematic review utilized to inform this guideline was conducted by a methodology team at the Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center. A research librarian conducted searches in Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to January Week 1 2018), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (through December 2017) and Embase (through January 16, 2018). An update literature search was conducted on September 20, 2018.Results:When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), ...
A novel technique for the preparation of transport-active membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: observations on gluconate transport.

Abstract Membrane vesicles were prepared from glucose-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa by osmotic lysis of cells treated with LiCl and lysozyme. These vesicles accumulated gluconate by coupling active transport with electron flow via FAD-linked l -malate dehydrogenase or d -glucose dehydrogenase. Glucose was not transported as the free sugar; instead, it was first oxidized to gluconate which was then transported by the gluconate transport system. Evidence was presented that suggested that a component(s) of the glucose transport system was lost during vesicle preparation.
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins inhibit cell fusion mediated by trophoblast syncytins

Type I interferon (IFN) induced by virus infections during pregnancy can cause placental damage, but the mechanisms and identities of IFN-stimulated genes that are involved in this damage remain under investigation. The IFN-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit virus infections by preventing virus membrane fusion with cells and by inhibiting fusion of infected cells (syncytialization). Fusion of placental trophoblasts via expression of endogenous retroviral fusogens known as syncytins forms the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated cell structure essential for fetal development. We found here that IFN blocks fusion of BeWo human placental trophoblasts. Stably expressed IFITM1, -2, and -3 also blocked fusion of these trophoblasts while making them more resistant to virus infections. Conversely, stable IFITM knockdowns in BeWo trophoblasts increased their spontaneous fusion and allowed fusion in the presence of IFN while also making the cells more susceptible to virus infection. We additionally found that exogenous expression of IFITMs in HEK293T cells blocked fusion with cells expressing syncytin-1 or syncytin-2, confirming the ability of IFITMs to block individual syncytin-mediated fusion. Overall, our data indicate that IFITMs inhibit trophoblast fusion and suggest that there may be a critical balance between these antifusogenic effects and the beneficial antiviral effects of IFITMs in virus infections during pregnancy.
On contexts and cores: is there a core body of knowledge taught in social context of education courses?

Research on interdisciplinary fields has mainly focused on knowledge production – the creation of new ideas – rather than on knowledge socialization, the process by which a scholarly community iden...
Cardiac Transplantation Using Hearts With Transient Dysfunction: Role of Takotsubo-Like Phenotype

Background The impact of different types of regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMAs), including the Takotsubo syndrome–like (TTS-like) phenotype, on posttransplant outcomes when using donor hearts with transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is unknown. We evaluated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic association of different RWMAs including TTS-like hypokinesis and posttransplant outcomes when using donor hearts with transient LVSD. Methods From all adult (≥18 years) heart transplants in United Network of Organ Sharing between January 2007 and September 2015, we identified 472 donor hearts with improving or transient LVSD, defined as left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40% on initial transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) that improved to ≥50% on follow-up TTE during donor evaluation. These improved LVSD donors were then subdivided into 3 groups based on RWMAs on the initial TTE, TTS-like (49, 10.38%), non-TTS RWMAs (74, 15.68%), and diffuse global hypokinesis (349, 73.94%), and compared for baseline characteristics and posttransplant outcomes with follow up until June 2018. Results Donors with TTS-like LVSD were older and more likely to be female. The type of RWMA on initial TTE (including TTS-like) of transient LVSD donor hearts was not associated with 1-year or 5-year posttransplant mortality. Posttransplant functional status scores of recipients (at 1 year) and donor left ventricular ejection fraction (at median follow-up of 3.6 years) improved in all 3 subgroups. Rates of stroke or pacemaker predischarge were also similar. Conclusions In the largest analysis of transplanted donor hearts with transient LVSD, 1 in 4 had RWMAs on the initial TTE, but this was not associated with adverse posttransplant outcomes. Donor hearts with initial LVSD should be pursued irrespective of TTS-like hypokinesis or other RWMAs.
Gender and Financial Misconduct: A Field Experiment on Mobile Money

We construct a census of the market for mobile money in village Ghana and estimate that 1 out of every 4 mobile money transactions is overcharged relative to mandated rates. In an experiment, we randomize the matches between vendors and customers, finding strong evidence of “gender misconduct gap”: female vendors are +37% more likely to commit such misconduct relative to male vendors. Misconduct is discriminatory and asymmetric: female customers are relatively more likely to suffer misconduct, and while female vendors discriminate against customers of their gender, male vendors favor their gender. We present evidence suggesting gender differences in empowerment, and beliefs about gender among vendors and customers as relevant mechanisms. Several other possible mechanisms are ruled out empirically. Our findings raise important issues at the intersection of economics and culture, and indicate that preexisting social distance (particularly unequal gender empowerment and gendered beliefs) can incentivize undesirable market outcomes and may be an important source of local financial market frictions.
Injector-coupled transverse instabilities in a multi-element premixed combustor:

Combustion instabilities in a high-pressure, multi-element combustor are studied in order to understand the relationship between the chamber and injector dynamics. A linear array of seven injectors...
Stahl, hergestellt in Damaskus

Fur die meisten Bewohner von Westeros und des mittelalterlichen Europas reichte normaler Stahl vollkommen aus. Er war nicht perfekt, aber erfullte seine Aufgabe. Valyria jedoch stieg tiefer in die Stahlbranche ein. Die Bewohner erfanden eine Methode, um Stahl herzustellen, der harter, stabiler, leichter und offensichtlich hervorragend dafur geeignet war, Weise Wanderer zu erledigen.
Eicosanoid production varies by sex in mesenteric ischemia reperfusion injury.

Abstract Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury is an inflammatory response with significant morbidity and mortality. The early inflammatory response includes neutrophil infiltration. However, the majority of rodent studies utilize male mice despite a sexual dimorphism in intestinal I/R-related diseases. We hypothesized that sex may alter inflammation by changing neutrophil infiltration and eicosanoid production. To test this hypothesis, male and female C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to sham treatment or 30 min intestinal ischemia followed by a time course of reperfusion. We demonstrate that compared to male mice, females sustain significantly less intestinal I/R-induced tissue damage and produced significant LTB4 concentrations. Male mice release PGE2. Finally, treatment with a COX-2 specific inhibitor, NS-398, attenuated I/R-induced injury, total peroxidase level, and PGE2 production in males, but not in similarly treated female mice. Thus, I/R-induced eicosanoid production and neutrophil infiltration varies between sexes suggesting that distinct therapeutic intervention may be needed in clinical ischemic diseases.
Postoperative Pain: An Analysis on Evolution of Research in Half-Century

Abstract Introduction Examining the evolution of research parameters helps scientists to discover the well-developed and neglected aspects of knowledge. Pain after root canal treatment is a health problem affecting millions of patients. Research in this field has a meaningful impact on quality of lives. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of research on postoperative pain over the past 50 years. Methods Electronic searches were performed in Scopus and MEDLINE databases to identify studies on pain after nonsurgical root canal treatments/retreatments. The full texts of eligible articles were reviewed to determine the study category and to extract and analyze the methodological variables. A series of statistical analyses were performed to determine the trend of publications based on the variable of interest over time. Results Four hundred twenty-four articles were included. There was a positive trend for systematic reviews, studies with sample size 8 weeks) (P > .05). Conclusions A paradigm shift is needed toward clinical studies with larger sample sizes, longer observation periods, and more focus on pulpal diagnoses associated with higher rates of postoperative pain. There is a need to view postoperative pain as an important patient-centered outcome and to develop and disseminate standard reporting guidelines for future studies.
La coopération militaire franco-britannique après le Brexit

Les questions de defense n’ont pas ete serieusement integrees aux negociations du Brexit. Mais la redefinition des priorites strategiques americaines laisse a Londres peu d’espoir d’un special partnership egalitaire. Le retour de la France a une conception « gaullienne » de puissance d’equilibre pourrait par contre ouvrir la voie a un nouveau partenariat, qui ne prendrait toute son efficacite que dans le cadre d’une Alliance reequilibree et plus « europeanisee ».politique etrangere
The Impact of High-Fidelity Simulation on Student Performance on the National Board Exams in Respiratory Therapy

Background: The National Board of Respiratory Care (NBRC) reports that the national first-time pass rate for the Clinical Simulation Exam (CSE) is