cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of Genetically Targeted and Optimized Calcium Sensors

We have recently developed a series of FRET-based genetically encoded sensors for calcium. These sensors (dubbed “cameleons”) are made from cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins combined with engineered calcium sensing elements. These optimized cameleon sensors have now been genetically targeted to specific locations within cells including: the ER, mitochondria, Golgi, nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytosol. In the present work we put these sensors to the test in both standard tissue culture cells and in primary hippocampal neurons. We have now used these sensors to define how ER and mitochondrial calcium handling is altered by mutations in the calcium regulatory protein presenilin. Presenilin is an integral membrane protein that localizes to the ER, secretory pathway, and plasma membrane. There is emerging evidence from a number of research groups that presenilin plays a critical role in modulating ER calcium signaling. Using a combination of genetically targeted and small molecule sensors we have identified how mutations in presenilin alter calcium homeostasis in the ER and calcium release through the IP3R. In another line of research aimed at testing the sensitivity and versatility of our sensors, we have identified localized calcium signals generated upon invasion of a host mammalian cell by bacteria. In this work we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of genetically encoded calcium sensors and potential avenues for further improvement and optimization.
Proctocolectomy–Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis After Liver Transplantation for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Multi-institutional Analysis

Background The association between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) often mandates their contemporaneous management. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) has emerged as the only curative therapy for PSC, and total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the definitive treatment for refractory UC. The published experience to date describing IPAA after OLTX has been limited; we sought to examine outcomes associated with proctocolectomy-IPAA after OLTX.
Investigation of Solvent Isotope Effects on Raman and Fluorescence Intensity of LDS750 in CH3OH and CD3OD

The resonance Raman spectra of LDS750 in methanol-h4 and methanol-d4 have been determined at excitation wavelengths on the blue side of the absorption maximum. In contrast to our previous studies of the solvatochromic molecule betaine-30, Raman intensities of LDS750 are observed to be independent of solvent isotopomer. The fluorescence quantum yield, however, was significantly larger in methanol-d4 than in methanol-h4. The results suggest that the dephasing dynamics that determine the resonance Raman intensities are dominated by intramolecular relaxation rather than solvent motion. Excited-state population relaxation, on the other hand, is perturbed by solvent isotope and the more intense emission in deuterated solvent is a consequence of less favorable Franck−Condon factors for radiationless decay. The radiative lifetime calculated from the quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime is considerably longer than that found using the Strickler−Berg equation, suggesting that the transition moment in the relaxed...
Einstein and Duhem

Pierre Duhem's often unrecognized influence on twentieth-century philosophy of science is illustrated by an analysis of his significant if also largely unrecognized influence on Albert Einstein. Einstein's first acquaintance with Duhem's La Theorie physique, son objet et sa structure around 1909 is strongly suggested by his close personal and professional relationship with Duhem's German translator, Friedrich Adler. The central role of a Duhemian holistic, underdeterminationist variety of conventionalism in Einstein's thought is examined at length, with special emphasis on Einstein's deployment of Duhemian arguments in his debates with neo-Kantian interpreters of relativity and in his critique of the empiricist doctrines of theory testing advanced by Schlick, Reichenbach, and Carnap. Most striking is Einstein's 1949 criticism of the verificationist conception of meaning from a holistic point of view, anticipating by two years the rather similar, but more famous criticism advanced independently by Quine in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’.
Implementing Novel Defense Functionality in MPLS Networks Using Hyperspeed Signaling

Imagine if a network administrator had powers like the superhero Flash – perceived invisibility, omnipresence and superior surveillance and reconnaissance abilities – that would enable the administrator to send early warnings of threats and trigger mitigation efforts before malicious traffic reaches its target.
Definitive combined modality therapy of carcinoma of the anus. A report of 30 cases including results of salvage therapy in patients with residual disease.

Thirty patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the anus, ranging in age from 40 to 89 years, were treated with combined chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT) in lieu of abdominoperineal resection. Two courses of 5-FU (1000 mg/m2/day×four days) by continuous infusion and mitomycin-C (10–15 mg/m2 IV bolus on day 1 of each course) were given 3 to 4 weeks apart simultaneously, with whole pelvis RT to 4140 to 4500 cGy. Twenty-one of 28 patients had T3-T4 primaries and ten had positive nodes (N1). Two of the 30 patients were treated for local recurrence following surgical excision and one was treated immediately after local excision. Twenty-six of the 30 patients attained biopsy-confirmed complete remission. Four of the 30 patients demonstrated residual disease at completion of therapy but all subsequently achieved complete remission with additional nonsurgical treatment. One patient, initially treated for local recurrence following excision failed locally at four years and was salvaged with chemotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection. No patient has experienced distant failure. Twenty-seven of 30 patients were alive and disease free after 9 to 76 months of follow-up and three died, disease-free, of unrelated causes. Acute toxicities were mild and did not necessitate interruption of treatment. A brisk perineal reaction and diarrhea were noted in all patients. Late complications were unusual. All patients were treated in a community-based, private practice setting. The authors conclude that combined CT-RT, as employed herein, represents a first-line curative treatment for the majority of patients with epidermoid anal carcinoma. For patients who demonstrate residual disease following this therapy, salvage regimens such as 5-FU infusion and cisplatin, or sequential MTX-5-FU-Leucovorin with additional synchronous RT should be employed before resorting to radical surgery.
A computer aided technique for shaft design through monte carlo simulation

Abstract The paper predicts the probability of failure of shafts subjected to reverse bending during the process of transfer of power. Since reliability and probability of failure are complementary to each other, the safety levels are calculated in terms of reliability factors. The shafts considered in this study are subjected to tension, compression, bending or torsional loads acting singly or in combination with one another. The static and fatigue strength become important design considerations in cases like these as the shafts are subjected to static stresses, completely reversed stresses and repeated cyclic stresses, all acting at the same time. All this is considered with the input parameters being probabilistic, as in reality, these are supposed to have some variations. Finally, theoretical equations are developed for the output coefficient of variation of shaft diameter as a function of the coefficient of variation of input parameter for various design theories existing in literature. The results are then checked with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. Excellent correlation was obtained between the two sets of results.
A Longitudinal Model for Interpreting Thirty Years of Bilingual Education Research.

This article summarizes the results from the re-analysis of two recent bilingual education studies: Greene’s (1998) meta-analysis and Thomas and Collier’s (1997) longitudinal study. First, the arti...
Determination of Upper Limit Temperature of Strain-induced Transformation of Low Carbon Steels

Two quenching methods were applied in the experiments carried out on Gleeble 1 500 thermomechanical simulator: (1) spurting water; (2) making the samples drop into water, and the cooling rate distributed un-uniformly in the samples quenched by the former and uniformly by the latter. The critical cooling rate of preventing ferrite precipitation was determined, and the microstructure observation position in which the microstructure could be frozen to room temperature in the samples quenched by spurting water was also determined, and using this method the A d3 was determined to be about 830°C for tested materials. Using second quenching method, single-pass deformation experiments at different temperatures were carried out, and the microstructure analysis indicates that, as the deformation temperature decreased, the ferrite morphology changed from Widmanstatten and allotriomorphs to equiaxed at about 800°C. Combining the dilation-temperature curves measured during cooling process after deformation at different temperatures, the A d3 was determined to be also about 830°C for tested materials.
A Survey of Metal and Pesticide Levels in Stormwater Retention Pond Sediments in Coastal South Carolina

During the summer of 2007, sediment samples were collected from 16 stormwater detention ponds and 2 reference ponds located in coastal South Carolina. The sediments were analyzed for more than 30 pesticides with current and historical uses, six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and seven metals. The results are compared with established screening assessment parameters, with copper found to be the contaminant of highest concern. Lead levels were found to correlate well with pond drainage area, while copper and zinc levels correlated with both pond drainage area and pond surface area. Chlorpyrifos levels were found to correlate with pond surface area. Our results also show that ponds draining commercial areas were likely to have higher levels of zinc and lead in the sediments compared to other pond classes.
Effect of Limited Proteolysis on the Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Soy Protein

The effects of limited proteolysis on the enzymatic phosphorylation of commercial soy protein isolate were evaluated for several proteases. Proteases were chosen on the basis of their ability to hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids and included trypsin (basic), chymotrypsin (aromatic), endoproteinase Glu-C from Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8 (acidic), and Pronase E (nonspecific). Hydrolyzed soy isolate was phosphorylated with the catalytic subunit of bovine cardiac muscle protein kinase, and phosphorylation was followed by incorporation of 32P into the protein. Phosphorylation decreased with increased proteolysis for all proteases. Decreased phosphorylation was most pronounced for Pronase E-hydrolyzed protein and least pronounced for trypsin-hydrolyzed soy isolate. The solubility−pH profile of the trypsin-hydrolyzed, phosphorylated soy isolate was compared to those of both the untreated and the hydrolyzed profiles. There was no significant difference in solubility among the profiles over...
A Bayesian Approach to Decision Making in Applied Meteorology

Abstract The problem of decision making in applied meteorology is approached from the point of view of decision theory and subjectivist statistics. The modern concept of “utility” is discussed, and optional rules for decision making based on the availability of a limited amount of meteorological data are presented and discussed. Bayes' theorem forms the basis for the statistical estimation of the frequencies of various alternative weather events. The method is applied to a single example for the purpose of illustration, but it is emphasized that the generality of these techniques is great and that they warrant further study.
Ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone release in rats with thermal injury: Synthesis of ghrelin

Ghrelin, a 28-residue octanoylated peptide recently isolated from the stomach, exhibits anti-cachectic properties through regulating food intake, energy expenditure, adiposity, growth hormone secretion and immune response. Burn injury induces persistent hypermetabolism and muscle wasting. We therefore hypothesized that ghrelin may also play a role in the pathophysiology of burn-induced cachexia. Overall ghrelin expression in the stomach over 10 days after burn was significantly decreased (p = 0.0003). Total plasma ghrelin was reduced 1 day after burn. Thus, changes in ghrelin synthesis and release may contribute to burn-induced dysfunctions. Ghrelin (30 nmol/rat, i.p.) greatly stimulated 2 h food intake in rats on five separate days after burn and in control rats. On post-burn day 15, plasma growth hormone levels were significantly lower than in controls, and this was restored to normal levels by ghrelin (10 nmol/rat, i.p.). These observations suggest that ghrelin retains its ability to favorably modulate both the peripheral anabolic and the central orexigenic signals, even after thermal injury despite ongoing changes due to prolonged and profound hypermetabolism, suggesting that long-term treatment with ghrelin may attenuate burn-induced dysfunctions.
Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer: evaluation of methotrexate, Baker's Antifol and levamisole.

Fifty-two untreated patients with colorectal cancer were randomized to receive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alternating either with methotrexate (MTX) or Baker's Antifol (BAF) with or without the immunostimulant, levamisole (Program I). Fifty-five patients who had received prior treatment were randomized to receive methyl-CCNU (Me) with MTX or BAF (Program 11). Fifteen of these patients had failed to respond to initial therapy with 5-FU plus MTX or BAF and subsequently received Me plus the alternate antifol. Overall response rate for each of programs I and I1 was 10%. The responses were 1/11 with 5-FU-MTX plus levamisole, 2/12 with 5-FU-MTX, 1/8 with 5-FU-BAF plus levamisole, 0/8 with 5-FU-BAF, 2/20 with Me-MTX and 2/21 with Me-BAF. The median survival times (MST) for patients receiving Programs I and I1 were 10 and 5 months, respectively. The MST for all patients receiving MTX was significantly longer than that of patients receiving BAF. Survival was not influenced by levamisole administration. Both chemotherapy programs were well tolerated. The sequential administration of 4 active agents failed to improve the results of treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer 42:2169-2176, 1978.
Magnetism of conjugated organic nitroxides: Structural scaffolding and exchange pathways

β-4-(N-Tert-butyl-N-aminoxyl)-1,1‘-biphenyl-3‘,5‘-dicarboxylic acid forms stacked, intercalated, 1-D hydrogen-bonded chains whose nitroxide groups interact with m-phenylene C−H bonds of neighboring radicals, yielding chains of NO···HC close contacts perpendicular to the hydrogen-bonded chains. The latter chain appears responsible for the radical's 1-D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic behavior (J/k = (−)3.86 K).
Role for p21-activated kinase PAK4 in development of the mammalian heart.

The serine-threonine kinase PAK4 plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation, survival, and control of the cytoskeleton. Mice that lack Pak4 die in midgestation prior to embryonic day E11 from unidentified causes. Analysis of PAK4 protein levels demonstrated that it was highly expressed in the whole embryo and in the developing heart but became low in the hearts of adult mice. In this study we analyzed development of the heart in conventional and conditional Pak4 knockout mice and embryos. We found that in conventional Pak4 knockout mice cardiogenesis is strongly affected from early developmental stages and by E9.5, hearts of Pak4−/− embryos developed multiple profound deficits. Conditional deletion of Pak4 in the progenitors of the secondary heart field led to abnormal development of the outflow tract, in which the pulmonary artery had a smaller diameter, and the aortal wall was thinner than in wildtype mice. The conditional knockout mice also displayed the characteristic enlargement of the right ventricles and right atria. Pak4−/− embryos and cardiomyocytes in which PAK4 was depleted exhibited low levels of LIMK1, a protein that plays key roles in cytoskeletal organization. Knock down of PAK4 in cultured cardiomyocytes led to severely compromised sarcomeric structure and deficits in contraction. These results indicate that PAK4 functions, including control of actin dynamics, are necessary for normal development of the heart.
Iteration of mapping classes and limits of hyperbolic 3-manifolds

Let ϕ∈Mod(S) be an element of the mapping class group of a surface S. We classify algebraic and geometric limits of sequences {Q(ϕ i X,Y)} i=1 ∞ of quasi-Fuchsian hyperbolic 3-manifolds ranging in a Bers slice. When ϕ has infinite order with finite-order restrictions, there is an essential subsurface D ϕ⊂S so that the geometric limits have homeomorphism type S×ℝ-D ϕ×{0}. Typically, ϕ has pseudo-Anosov restrictions, and D ϕ has components with negative Euler characteristic; these components correspond to new asymptotically periodic simply degenerate ends of the geometric limit. We show there is an s≥1 depending on ϕ and bounded in terms of S so that {Q(ϕ si X,Y)} i=1 ∞ converges algebraically and geometrically, and we give explicit quasi-isometric models for the limits.
Nerve injury-induced calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 protein dysregulation leads to increased pre-synaptic excitatory input into deep dorsal horn neurons and neuropathic allodynia.

Background Up-regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel α2δ1 subunit post spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury or in α2δ1-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice correlates with tactile allodynia, a pain state mediated mainly by Aβ sensory fibres forming synaptic connections with deep dorsal horn (DDH) neurons. It is not clear, however, whether dysregulated α2δ1 alters DDH synaptic neurotransmission that underlies tactile allodynia development post nerve injury. Methods Tactile allodynia was tested in the SNL and α2δ1 Tg models. Miniature excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic currents were recorded in DDH neurons from these animal models using whole-cell patch clamp slice recording techniques. Results There was a significant increase in the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSC) in DDH neurons that correlated with tactile allodynia in SNL and α2δ1 Tg mice. Gabapentin, an α2δ1 ligand that is known to block tactile allodynia in these models, also normalized mEPSC frequency dose-dependently in DDH neurons from SNL and α2δ1 Tg mice. In contrast, neither frequency nor amplitude of miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents was altered in DDH neurons from SNL and α2δ1 Tg mice. Conclusion Our data suggest that α2δ1 dysregulation is highly likely contributing to tactile allodynia through a pre-synaptic mechanism involving facilitation of excitatory synaptic neurotransmission in DDH of spinal cord.
Superplastic carbon nanotubes

Conditions have been discovered that allow extensive deformation of rigid single-walled nanotubes.
Differences in the soluble lens proteins from tadpole and adult bullfrogs

Abstract Soluble proteins from the whole lens of Rana catesbeiana at tadpole and adult stages were examined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The soluble proteins isolated from the periphery (cortex) and the core (nucleus) of the adult lens were also examined. Electrophoresis for 2 hours showed distinct quantitative differences between the profiles of tadpole and adult frog stages, while a similarity was noted between the whole tadpole lens and the nucleus of the adult lens. Electrophoresis for 50 minutes revealed distinct alpha crystallin fractions, differing in electrophoretic mobility and relative protein content, in adult nucleus, in adult cortex, and in tadpole lens preparations.
Isolation of Montana snowshoe hare serotype of California encephalitis virus group from a snowshoe hare and Aedes mosquitoes.

Two isolations of the Montana snowshoe hare serotype of the California encephalitis virus group were made in the summer of 1968 from materials collected at Rochester, Alberta, Canada. One isolation was made from the blood of a snowshoe hare approximately 24-days old while the other was from a pool of unengorged Aedes communis group mosquitoes. The isolation of the agent from mosquitoes demonstrates the continued endemicity of the virus in the area. The recovery of the virus from the hare represents the second time a California encephalitis virus has been recovered from a snowshoe hare and relates the virus recovered from the mosquito to the known serology of the virus in hares.
Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma

Existing models of the plasma distribution and dynamics in magnetosphere/ionosphere systems form a patchwork quilt of different techniques and boundaries chosen to define tractable problems. With increasing sophistication in both observational and modeling techniques has come the desire to overcome these limitations and strive for a more unified description of these systems. On the observational side we have recently acquired routine access to diagnostic information on the lowest energy bulk plasma, completing our view of the plasma and making possible comparisons with magnetohydrodynamic calculations of plasma moments. On the theoretical side, rising computational capabilities and shrewdly designed computational techniques have permitted the first attacks on the global structure of the magnetosphere. Similar advances in the modeling of neutral atmospheric circulation suggest an emergent capability to globally treat the coupling between plasma and neutral gases.
Mentoring Undergraduate Researchers: An Exploratory Study of Students’ and Professors’ Perceptions

Mentoring is believed to be one of the most influential factors in US efforts to encourage college‐aged students to seek careers in science, yet the role that mentoring plays in this process has not been elucidated. The researchers were interested in understanding whether the long‐held beliefs about the importance of mentoring would be revealed as what actually occurs in an undergraduate research program. They describe students’ perceptions of the mentoring process and students’ beliefs about how it impacted their experiences as undergraduate researchers and their development as scientists. Also described are professors’ perceptions of their roles and effectiveness as mentors in students’ development as scientists. A multi‐case narrative analysis was conducted of two groups, undergraduate science scholars (n=5) and mentoring professors (n=5), who were each interviewed on two occasions at the beginning and end of the first year of a funded research program. As this grounded research study shows, students a...
The next hundred years.

Tonight we complete 99 years of this great fellowship in the city where it all began. At the First Convocation of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in the autumn of 1913, President JMT Finney (Fig. 1) said, “Today the history of surgery in the United States and Canada is opened to a new page.” And now our centennial year is upon us. The founders of this College did remarkable things. And I hope you read about them and their successors this week, in the excellent history by Drs Nahrwold and Kernahan called A Century of Surgeons and Surgery. Carry it around with you and page through it at quiet moments to learn what surgery was like in the Americas before Dr Franklin H Martin (Fig. 2) and his colleagues had the courage to change things. How they and their successors transformed our profession from the risky business of 100 years ago to the true science of relieving suffering should make you proud to have cast your lot with ACS. So you are the 100-year class of Fellows of the American College of Surgeons of the United States and Canada. Who are you? Introduce yourselves to your colleagues on either side of you, tell them your name, your specialty, and where you’re from. You could make a friend for life. It is possible, and even likely, that one of you has either just met the future President of the American College of Surgeons, who will take office roughly 30 years from now, or that you are that person yourself. In fact, there has been one astonishingly fertile fellowship class, of October 24, 1974, which met at the Clinical Congress in Miami Beach, FL, the first and last time it was ever held there. That one class produced 5 presidentsda fact I doubt they know themselvesdincluding our first 2 women, pediatric surgeon Dr Kathryn Anderson and my immediate predecessor, Dr Patricia Numann, as
Confounding factors for sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: focus on dosing regimen, dosage form, and formulation.

i c u a e a W t l Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacoynamics have frequently been attributed to the distincion in the intrinsic factors between men and women at he molecular or physiologic level. However, often eglected by the scientists in the field are some of the xtrinsic factors such as route of administration (eg, intraenous or oral), dosing regimen (eg, single or multiple ose), dosage form (eg, immediateor extended-release ablets), and formulation (eg, composition or makeup of he dosage form) used in the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharacodynamic (PD) studies. It is noted that, although nformation on the route of drug administration and osing regimens is generally provided in the reports, hese factors (particularly the latter) are seldom taken nto consideration when the study results are interpreted n relation to sex. Furthermore, several reports have ailed to distinguish the dosage form or formulation sed in these studies. The potential influence of these actors on the PK/PD in either men or women is likely o result from the interplay among the characteristics of ex, dosage, dosing design, duration of drug adminisration, and the pharmaceutic product under study. The im of this commentary is to bring to the attention of he scientific community that disparities in the dosing egimen, dosage form, or formulation used for the
Alveolar Recruitment During and After Tracheal Instillation of LiquiVent® in Infants on Partial Liquid Ventilation (PLV). ♦ 1501

Alveolar Recruitment During and After Tracheal Instillation of LiquiVent® in Infants on Partial Liquid Ventilation (PLV). ♦ 1501
Analytical structure characterization and stability analysis for a class of Mamdani fuzzy controllers

We study how the components of a general class of Mamdani fuzzy controllers dictate the controller's input-output relationship. The controllers can use input fuzzy sets of any types, arbitrary fuzzy rules, arbitrary inference methods, either Zadeh or the product fuzzy logic AND operator, singleton output fuzzy sets, and the centroid defuzzifier. We theoretically prove that regardless of the choices for the other components, if and only if Zadeh fuzzy AND operator and piecewise linear (e.g., trapezoidal or triangular) input fuzzy sets are used, the fuzzy controllers become a peculiar class of nonlinear controllers. This necessary and sufficient condition becomes a sufficient condition if the product AND operator is employed instead. Taking advantage of this new structure knowledge, we have established a necessary and sufficient local stability condition for the fuzzy control systems. It can be used not only for the stability determination, but also for practically designing a fuzzy control system that is at least stable at the equilibrium point even when model of the controlled system is mathematically unknown.
High-resolution numerical simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003) over North Carolina

Two numerical simulations were performed to study the ability of a high-resolution mesoscale model to predict the track and structure of Hurricane Isabel over North Carolina. One simulation (Control) used standard NCEP climatologically-based sea surface temperature (SST) data for the lower boundary condition while another simulation (Experimental) prescribed real-time high-resolution SST data for the lower boundary. Results from this study show that both simulations predict the track of Isabel over North Carolina reasonably well, although the track predicted by the experimental simulation agrees more closely with observations. The experimental simulation more closely agrees with observations of the intensity of Isabel and the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation. These results reinforce the importance of accurate high-resolution SST data on numerical simulations of tropical cyclones.
Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Optics

This paper discusses the optical design and performance of the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer (SISEX) optical system, which is being planned for the next generation of Earth remote sensing instruments. This optical system represents a new approach to remote sensing in which wide-field optics, dispersing elements, and area detector arrays are used in place of mechanical scanners, filters, and discrete detector elements or linear arrays. While the SISEX optical system is designed specifically for flight on Shuttle, the same optical approach is being used in the design of other remote sensing instruments, such as the High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, which is expected to fly on the Earth Observing System.
Conversion of dissolved “water” into molecular hydrogen and peroxy linkages

Abstract Peroxy linkages in silica glass represent particular structural and electronic defects which can probably be introduced either by dissolving excess oxygen (interstitial oxygen) or by charge transfer (CT) conversion of SiOH pairs into SiOOSi + H2, followed by outdiffusion of the H2. The latter step is reversible. Studies on crystalline oxides and silicates have helped to understand the CT reaction. They indicate that the peroxy entities may decay thermally by releasing mobile positive holes which, migrating via the oxygen sublattice, become trapped at the surface and cause release of oxygen. Thus the surface becomes positively charged. This in turn confines further holes to the bulk. Alternatively and maybe preferentially in silica, the peroxy linkage may decay by the diffusion of an oxygen atom without generation of a mobile charge carrier.
A LEELS and auger study of the oxidation of liquid and solid tin

Abstract The oxidation of liquid and solid tin from 25 to 240°C has been investigated using 75 eV low energy electron loss spectroscopy (LEELS) and Auger spectroscopy over an oxygen exposure range from zero to 107 L. LEELS was chosen for two reasons. First it can distinguish Sn, SnO and SnO2 from each other. Second, we show that at 75 eV incident energy LEELS has a penetration depth of only one monolayer. As a result the continuity and stoichiometry of the oxide layer could be studied as a function of thickness from submonolayer to several monolayer thicknesses. Although unable to distinguish SnO from SnO2 the larger penetration depth of the Auger technique complemented the LEELS study. From zero to one monolayer the oxide grows as islands containing both SnO and SnO2. Above one monolayer coverage the oxide is continuous and free of metallic tin with its outer most surface enriched in SnO2. Although oxide films grew more rapidly on polycrystalline tin than on single crystal tin the composition and continuity as a function of thickness remained unchanged. Very little change in oxide growth rate, continuity, or stoichiome- try was observed for solid tin up to temperatures near the melting point. However at 229°C, just 3°C below the melting point of tin, dissolution of oxygen into the metal was observed. A continuous, metal free solid oxide, primarily SnO, could be grown on liquid tin at 240°C than remained stable for 20 min after removal of the oxygen gas. Our model for the early stages of the oxidation of tin is different from that previously proposed on the basis of UPS, XPS, and 400 eV LEELS with respect to the continuity and relative ordering of the SnO and SnO2 phases. Quantitative comparison of our results with those previously reported shows that the previous results are consistent with our model for the structure and stoichiometry of the initial oxide grown on tin.
Counselling and primary prevention

Abstract Counsellors/therapists have much to contribute to preventionists concerning the social causes of individual distress. Such insights will lead to efforts to change society to reduce the environmental stresses, including racism, sexism, ageism and homophobia that lead to emotional problems in members of groups at risk. Political efforts by conservatives stress the medical model argument that all mental disorders are diseases or dejects of the brain and/or genes, thereby making social changes unnecessary. An alliance between counsellors and preventionists is necessary to oppose this personal defect position. The struggle for a more just and equalitarian society goes on. We must work together in this struggle.
Seeking Intelligence from Patient Experience Using Text Mining: Analysis of Emergency Department Data

The Hospital Consumer Assessment Health Providers and Systems survey on patient satisfaction has taken on greater significance with the introduction of the Hospital Value Based Purchase program by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Content analysis of open-ended comments by patients has seen limited use in spite of the insight in can provide into factors contributing to patient dissatisfaction. This article uses an emergency department setting to gain insight from patient experience.
Antibodies to denatured deoxyribonucleic acid in lupus erythematosus serum. IV. Evidence for purine determinants in DNA

Abstract A lupus serum, G.B., reactive with relatively large amounts of denatured DNA preparations, has been characterized as containing antibodies directed to the DNA. RNA, polyriboadenylic acid, apurinic acid, and partially digested DNA fail to react directly by C' fixation, but do react as measured by inhibition. Further inhibition studies show that the specificity of the antibodies in serum G.B. involve purines, and that polymers containing purines are not markedly more reactive than monomeric purines, nucleosides, and nucleotides.
Nutrient-genetic drive hypothesis of biological expression

The cellular change from an ordered to anaplastic state occurs as a part of a normal biological process which works to increase the chance of survival of the genome. This change of state is driven primarily by changes in the micronutrient environment. The anaplastic state of cells provides a framework for dramatic changes in biological expression, and offers a means for the introduction of new species. Neoplasms are a product of this natural mechanism for survival of the genome with unfortunate consequences for the host cell population.
Effects of the degradation products of fructose on the glycolytic pathway

Summary In Arabidopsis , Cardaminopsis and Hylandra plants grown on autoclaved fructose media the level of fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase enzyme is reduced. Comparable reduction are observed in the cleavage reaction with fructose-1,6-diphosphate and fructose-1-phosphate substrates as well in the condensation reaction. On glucose media autoclaved for the same duration, the level of the aldolase enzyme was not affected. Nutrition by autoclaved hexoses failed to influence the level of six other glycolytic enzymes and caused some reduction in fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Addition of fructose or autoclaved fructose to the incubation mixture did not affect the activity of aldolase. In Arabidopsis three, in Cardaminopsis and Hylandra four aldolase isozymes were distinguished but the isozyme spectrum was qualitatively unaffected by the conditions of nutrition. The partial failure of aldolase was indicated by other metabolic parameters related to glycolysis. The pathways of fructose degradation in various food products may be similar to that in the culture media of these crucifers thus the possible relevance of the findings for other biological systems and mechanisms is discussed.
Young Adults Remain Worse Off Than Adolescents

On a broad range of indicators pertaining to risk taking and access to care, young adults fare worse than younger adolescents or older adults. Vulnerable groups, such as those facing chronic illness and those with unstable living arrangements, fare especially poorly as they transition to adulthood. Fortunately, a confluence of factors, particularly the changing nature of the transition to adulthood in modern society, has led to renewed interest in this critical period of the life cycle. Health science research is increasingly focused on issues faced by young adults, and public health policies designed specifically to address the health and well-being of young adults--notably the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the United States--are now being implemented. Successful efforts at improving the health and well-being of adolescents should be mirrored in efforts to support young adults. A new report based on a broad range of United States national datasets lays out the challenges that must be addressed in these efforts.
Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease

A 5-month-old boy presented with a 3-week history of intermittent high-grade fevers and previous treatment for a presumptive pneumonia. Retrospectively, a strawberry tongue, bilateral conjunctival injections, and a cervical lymph-adenopathy had initially been present. His physical examination was remarkable for a grade 1/6 systolic ejection …
Water molecule binding and lifetimes on the DNA duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2.

Measurements of the water proton spin-lattice relaxation rate for aqueous solutions of the palindromic dodecamer, d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2, are reported as a function of the magnetic field strength. The magnitude of the relaxation rates at low magnetic field strengths and the shape of the relaxation dispersion curve permit assessment of the number of water molecules which may be considered bound to the DNA for a time equal to or longer than the rotational correlation time of the duplex. The data are examined using limiting models that arbitrarily use the measured rotational correlation time of the polynucleotide complex as a reference point for the water molecule lifetime. If it is assumed that water molecules are bound at DNA sites for times as long as or longer than the rotational correlation time of the duplex, then the magnitude of the relaxation rates at low field require that there may be only two or three such water sites. However, if the lifetime constraints is relaxed, and we assume that the number of water molecules bound to the DNA is more nearly the number identified in the X-ray structures, then the average water molecule lifetime is on the order of 1 ns. Measurements of 1H NOESY spectra demonstrate that some water molecules must have lifetimes sufficiently long that negative Overhauser effects are observed. Taken together, these results suggest a distribution of water molecule lifetimes in which most of the DNA-bound water molecule lifetimes are shorter than the rotational correlation time of the duplex, but where some have lifetimes of at least 1 ns under these concentrated conditions.
A Descriptive Analysis of Nursing Satisfaction: First-Time Versus Non-First-Time Medical-Surgical Patients

Patient assessment of satisfaction is very important in achieving high patient-retention rates in a highly competitive environment (Bendall-Lyon & Powers, 2004). This study's purpose was to analyze the perception of nursing satisfaction with first-time versus non-first-time medical-surgical patients. The study involved a patient satisfaction questionnaire sent to 2,265 discharged inpatients in a 537-bed teaching hospital in northeastern Ohio. Group means and standard deviations indicate no difference between first-time and non-first-time admits in nursing care satisfaction; therefore, it's difficult to conclude why patients' assessments were so similar. Quite possibly, all patients recognize the hard work and efforts of registered nurses.
Structural study of the epitaxial growth of fcc-Fe films, sandwiches, and superlattices on Cu(100)

Abstract The epitaxial growth of ultrathin films of pseudomorphic fcc-Fe on Cu(100) has been studied with several structure sensitive techniques. It has been found that the growth is not via a Frank-van der Merwe (layer-by-layer) mechanism, as proposed by several others, but exhibits Fe agglomeration, and at or slightly above 300 K, Cu surface segregation. This manner of growth is shown to be consistent with the generally recognized parameters which affect thin film growth. Several adsorbed gas species are found to affect strongly the growth process and the resulting film morphology. The conditions for growth of the best quality Fe films, sandwiches, and superlattices on Cu(100) are presented and are contrasted with the conditions which have been used in previous studies.
The 3′ terminus of 16S rRNA: secondary structure and interaction with ribosomal protein S1

Abstract We report studies of the secondary structure and S1 ribosomal protein binding properties of the colicin fragment, containing 49 residues from the 3' terminus of E. coli 16S rRNA. Temperature jump relaxation kinetic measurements reveal two helices in the structure. One of these, melting at 81 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is associated with the 9-base pair hairpin helix predicted by the nucleotide sequence. The other melting transition, at 21 degrees C in 5 mM Mg2+, is assigned to a 4-base pair helix which constrains the pyrimidine tract of the colicin fragment into a bulge loop. S1 protein forms a strong 1:1 complex with the colicin fragment, with an association constant of 5 x 10(6) M-1 in 5 mM Mg2+. More protein molecules are bound, but with weaker affinity, when the S1 concentration is increased. S1 binding causes melting of the colicin fragment secondary structure, as inferred from the observed absorbance increase. The S1 binding site on the colicin fragment has been localized in the region of the bulge loop, since the melting transition corresponding to the 4-base pair helix is lost in the complex. We discuss current models for the role of S1 protein in polypeptide chain initiation in light of these and previous results.
Chromodyons and equivariant gauge transformations

Abstract It is shown that, in the Wu-Yang formalism, the isorotations appropriate for the semiclassical quantization of colored monopoles are equivariant, and hence the recent result concerning the nonexistence of smooth, equivariant global gauge transformations in the presence of a colored monopole is relevant to finding the dyonic excitations of colored monopoles, and reproduces the earlier results of the author about the nonexistence of chromodyons. It is also shown that the above-mentioned result is irrelevant to some of the more complicated problems such as the problem of the dyonic excitations of a monopole-antimonopole system.
Evaluation of crack growth in oxygenated high temperature water using full size pipe tests

Full size pipe tests have been conducted as part of EPRI Research Programs at the General Electric Company to verify IGSCC crack growth predictions made using a linear elastic fracture mechanics model. The tests on 10.16 cm (4'' pipes) were performed in oxygenated, high temperature, high purity water. The pipes were produced through standard manufacturing procedures which in turn led to characteristic field piping sensitization levels in the heat affected zones (HAZ) and characteristic through wall weld residual stresses. The tests were conducted at stesses equal to or below the yield strength under constant load with limited cycling. Ultrasonic inspection and metallography were used to characterize crack depth after several test phases and used to verify model predictions. Significant cracks were detected and radial and circumferential growth were documented. These test results support the predictions made using linear elastic fracture mechanics modeling, and are discussed in terms of crack growth data developed in CT specimens in the laboratory. The stress level and oxygen level are shown to influence the crack growth rates. Rates of circumferential crack growth are also evaluated. The paper discusses the results in the context of other stress corrosion evaluations as well.
Orientation of Aplysia californien to distant food sources

The behavior of the marine mollusc Aplysia was examined under different experimental conditions designed to determine the food searching strategy of the animals. In a small, open field tank with still water, the animals took an average of 42 min to find a piece of seaweed, even though the stimulus was never located more than 30 cm away from the animal. Observations of the animals indicated that their search was not directed, without a clear tendency towards the food, and during the course of a search, they often crawled through most of the area of the tank. The search time, the distance travelled, and the strategy of the search of the animals was similar for different types of seaweed. If animals were aroused into activity by the presence of seaweed extract, the time for them to contact a piece of odorless glass fiber paper in the open field was not significantly different than that for a piece of seaweed. The probability at which the animals contacted the seaweed, as a function of the distance travelled, resembled the detection probability determined according to a theory of random search. We thus propose that the aroused animals move in a random pattern until they are very close to the food. This strategy can be advantageous in still water since chemicals do not provide distinct gradients that can serve as cues for chemotactic orientation from distances greater than a few centimeters from the source. In a Y-maze in still water, Aplysia did not perform above chance in selecting the arm that contained the seaweed. In streaming water, the animals entered the arm that contained seaweed significantly above chance only if a large piece of seaweed was used, so as to provide a very strong stimulus. Similarly, presentation of a high concentration of glutamate or a high concentration of seaweed extract to one side of the animal could evoke turning towards the stimulus. In the Y-maze, animals that repeatedly entered and exited both arms before making a choice, performed better than those that went directly into one arm. We conclude that chemical food stimuli can evoke directed orientation only when the animal is very close to the stimulus (within a few centimeters, at most). For Aplysia, the role of distant chemical stimuli may not be to guide their orientation, but rather to evoke the food-induced arousal state. In this behavioral state, several behaviors, such as locomotion are altered, and these changes may provide the basis for locating food from a distance.