cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor in rat laryngeal muscles during reinnervation.

Objectives/Hypothesis Nonspecific, synkinetic reinnervation is one of the causes of poor functional recovery after a peripheral nerve lesion. Knowledge of the differential expression of neurotrophic factors that subserve axon guidance, as well as neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance in the denervated muscles, may allow appropriate interventions that will improve the functional nonsynkinetic reinnervation. Study Design Laboratory experiment. Methods The expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was studied in the abductor and adductor muscles of the larynx in the rat utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction at different times following transection, anastomosis, and reinnervation of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Immunostaining of GDNF, axons, and the motor endplates were performed. This data was correlated with intramuscular mRNA GDNF expression. Results Significant upregulation of GDNF was observed until 14 days after RLN injury. The highest level of the GDNF expression was reached at different times in posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA), lateral thyroarytenoid (LTA), and medial thyroarytenoid (MTA). These expression peaks correlated with the timing of reinnervation observed on immunohistochemistry, where PCA was reinnervated first, followed by MTA and LTA. Conclusion Differences of GDNF expression are linked to the differential timing of RLN axon regeneration and individual muscle reinnervation. The present finding suggests the need to further investigate the role of GDNF and other neurotrophic factors in the timing of reinnervation, axon guidance, and neuromuscular junction formation as it relates to synkinetic and nonsynkinetic RLN reinnervation. Future experimental results may provide insight to therapeutic options that could stimulate appropriate neuromuscular junction formation and nonsynkintic functional reinnervation following RLN injury. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:2750–2756, 2014
Set It and Forget It: The One-Way Use of Social Media by Government Agencies Communicating Science

As traditional thinking about science communication is modified to emphasize engagement with science, public relations theorizing—particularly related to dialogic communication—may contribute to science communication theory and practice. Despite calls to move beyond the deficit model, we argue that many science organizations continue to practice one-way communication and underutilize social media’s potential for dialogue. To support our argument, we provide data to illustrate how U.S. federal government science agencies use new media platforms for information dissemination rather than engagement. We call for a clearer integration of public relations theories and science communication models to inform communication best practices.
Formation of Lead(IV) Oxides from Lead(II) Compounds

Lead(IV) oxide (PbO(2)) is a corrosion product that can develop on lead pipes used for drinking water supply, and its stability can control lead concentrations in tap water. A set of batch experiments were performed to determine the extent of PbO(2) formation as a function of time, pH, the presence of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and free chlorine concentration. Experiments were conducted with four lead(II) compounds that are precursors of PbO(2) formation: dissolved lead(II) chloride, massicot (β-PbO), cerussite (PbCO(3)), and hydrocerussite (Pb(3)(OH)(2)(CO(3))(2)). While PbO(2) formed in the presence and absence of DIC, the presence of DIC accelerated PbO(2) formation and affected the identity of the PbO(2) (scrutinyite vs plattnerite) product. For some conditions, intermediate solids formed that affected the identity of the PbO(2) produced. When no intermediate solids formed, hydrocerussite led to the formation of pure scrutinyite, and lead(II) chloride and massicot led to mixtures of scrutinyite and plattnerite. Based on the experimental results, a conceptual model of lead(IV) oxide formation pathways was proposed.
Approximate Solutions to the One-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation by the Method of Comparison Equations

The method of "comparison equations" for obtaining approximate solutions to the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation is discussed. In this method, one Schr\"odinger equation, ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(x)+{k}^{2}(x)\ensuremath{\psi}(x)=0$, is transformed into another, ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(z)+{K}^{2}(z)v(z)=0$, by a simultaneous change of independent and dependent variables, $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}z$, $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}v$. Then $\ensuremath{\psi}(x)$ and $v(z)$ are related by $\ensuremath{\psi}(x)=v(z){(\frac{\mathrm{dz}}{\mathrm{dx}})}^{\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{2})}$ whenever ${k}^{2}(x)$ and ${K}^{2}(z)$ satisfy the relation ${K}^{2}(z){(\frac{\mathrm{dz}}{\mathrm{dx}})}^{2}={k}^{2}(x)\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{2}) 〈z;x〉$. Here $〈z;x〉=\frac{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{3}{2}){(\frac{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}}})}^{2}$ is the Schwarzian derivative of $z$ with respect to $x$ and the prime indicates $\frac{d}{\mathrm{dx}}$. A set of "best" criteria for the transformed potential ${K}^{2}(z)$ is obtained, where by "best" is meant that we can completely neglect $〈z;x〉$ in first approximation and yet not have the turning-point problems that plague the WKB method (which is a special case of the comparison-equation method). The WKB method sets ${K}^{2}(x)\ensuremath{\equiv}1$ and neglects $〈z;x〉$; the result is that the transformation $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}z$, $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}$ is singular at the turning points, where ${k}^{2}(x)=0$. We choose ${K}^{2}(z)$ to have the proper asymptotic behavior far from the turning points, so that ${z}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\approx}1$; hence $〈z;x〉\ensuremath{\approx}0$ in these regions, and we match the zeroes of ${k}^{2}(x)$ and ${K}^{2}(z)$ in order to keep the transformation regular. This method is applied to various potentials with one and two turning points. Transmission and reflection coefficients $T$ and $R$ and transmitted and reflected phase shifts $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}$ are calculated for potentials with one turning point and potential barriers, and expressed in terms of the energy $E$ and the quantity $W=|\ensuremath{\int}{{x}_{1}}^{{x}_{2}}k\mathrm{dx}|$, where ${x}_{1,2}$ are the possibly complex turning points, ${k}^{2}({x}_{1,2})=0$. Quantization rules, in terms of the classical action, are derived for various types of potential wells.
Elevated vaginal pH and neutrophils are associated strongly with early spontaneous preterm birth

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the association of vaginal pH≥5.0 and vaginal neutrophils >5 per oil-field with early preterm birth. Study design This is a secondary analysis of the vaginal infections and prematurity cohort comprised of 13,917 women at 23 and 26 weeks of gestation. All women were tested for sexually transmitted infections and vaginal pH. Gram-stained smears were used for the detection of neutrophils. Results There were 5751 women (41.3%) with neutrophils >5 per oil-field and 2500 women (18.0%) with pH≥5.0. Both elevated pH and neutrophils were present in 1149 women (8.3%). Neutrophils and pH were each significantly associated with spontaneous preterm birth, and the point estimate of the strength of that association increased as the gestational age at delivery decreased. Conclusion Elevated vaginal pH and neutrophils are associated most strongly with the earliest preterm births.
Comment on “Freezing by Heating in a Driven Mesoscopic System”

A Comment on the Letter by Dirk Helbing, Illes J. Farkas, and Tamas Vicsek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1240 (2000).
The effect of alkyl substitution on the thermodynamic stability and kinetic reactivity of α-anions of metal—carbene complexes

Abstract Alkyl substitution was found to have only small effects on the thermodynamic and kinetic acidity and on the reactivity of anions generated α to the carbene carbon atom in metal—carbene complexes. The thermodynamic acidities of (2-oxacyclopentylidene)pentacarbonylchromium(0), I, and of (5-methyl-2-oxacyclopentylidene)pentacarbonylchromium(0), II, were found to be nearly equal. The rate of the base catalyzed deuterium exchange of the less substituted complex I, is 1.57 times faster than that of II. The reactivity of the anions generated from the less substituted complex I is 2.6–5.2 times less than that of anions generated from II.
Construction and Use of Reflecting Multiple-Pass Absorption Cells for the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared

Methods of increasing the sensitivity of uv and visible spectrophotometric analysis have generally been confined to decreasing the volume of sample solution required. Some workers1–4 placed inserts in conventional cuvettes which limit the sample volume just to that occupied by the beam in passing through the cell. Others5–21 designed special absorption cells with apertures much less than the cross section area of the beam.
Public Support for American Presidents A Cyclical Model

The approval accorded to Presidents by the American public is found to follow a cyclical pattern over time. All Presidents begin their terms with great popularity, experience parabolic declines, steadily lose popular support for about three years, and then recover some at the ends of their terms. These distinctive cycles, it is argued, reflect regular expectation/disillusionment cycles among the less wellinformed segments of the public and are tied to the four-year election calendar. The extraordinary fit of parabolic curves to actual presidential approval leads to the suspicion that presidential approval may be almost wholly independent of the President's behavior in office, a function largely of inevitable forces associated with time. James A. Stimson is Associate Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Files with semantics

The conventional concept of file is reexamined, and found to be unsatisfactory, both as a linguistic concept in a programming language and as a tool for data processing. A new file concept is proposed which unlike the conventional file attempts to simulate an intelligent archivist rather than a filing cabinet.
Evidence-based medicine should be practiced for primary prevention and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Evidence-based medicine should be practiced for primary prevention and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated, on numerous occasions, no difference or a worsening of clinical cardiovascular outcomes, whereas observational studies or studies relying on surrogate end points have shown a significant reduction in cardiovascular events by a therapeutic intervention. This editorial will discuss a few of these studies. Numerous studies have demonstrated that patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias associated with heart disease are at increased risk for new coronary events and for sudden cardiac death. 1 Antiarrhythmic drugs were used in widespread practice to suppress ventricular arrhythmias to prevent sudden cardiac death prior to CAST I (Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial I). 2 In fact, recruitment for this study was slowed because physicians were reluctant to allow their patients to be randomized because of a 50% chance of their patients being randomized to placebo. CASTIwasaprospective,double-blind,randomizedstudy in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias, in which 730 patients were randomized to encainide or flecainide and 725 patients to placebo. 2 Adequate suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by encainide or flecainide was required before randomization. Despite adequate suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by encainide or flecainide, at 10-month followup encainide and flecainide significantly increased mortality fromarrhythmiaorcardiacarrest(relativerisk[RR]:3.5,95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7-8.5) and significantly increased all-cause mortality (RR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6‐4.5). 2 Numerous studies have demonstrated that a low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). 3,4 We showed by multivariate analysis at 40-month follow-up of 664 older men and at 48-month follow-up of 1488 older women that there was a 1.70 times higher probability of developing new coronaryeventsinmenanda1.95timeshigherprobabilityof developing new coronary events in women for a decrement of 10 mg/dL of serum HDL cholesterol. 4
Panniculitis: a diagnostic algorithm

Abstract Panniculitis is broadly defined as inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. Although a number of diseases involve the panniculus, the spectrum of morphological patterns is limited, namely lobular and septal. Therefore, despite the perceived complexity of this topic, careful analysis of the pattern and the inflammatory infiltrate allows a histological diagnosis in a majority of cases. In this review we will cover the most important types of panniculitis, and will offer a diagnostic algorithm to help analyse this type of biopsy.
Achieving Enterprise Integration through the Formulation of Design Decisions: An Example from the Product Design Domain:

In manufacturing organizations there are at least three distinct design areas: product design, manufacturing process design, and design of the organization itself Historically these activities have been carried out in relative isolation, by separate people on different time- lines What If they could all be brought together into a domain-independent design process? We capture the heady nature of this prospect with the term enterprise design In this paper a method for achieving enterprise design is introduced, founded in the notion of formulating and solving Decision Support Problems (DSPs). This method for enterprise design grows from the foundation of the Robust Concept Explo ration Method (RCEM) and is illustrated through an example of the concurrent design of a Forward-Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) system, integrating robust models of product performance, manufacturing cost, and design process duration into a multiobjective formulation.
Modes of entry of strontium into plant roots.

Data are summarized from a series of experiments on the modes of entry of strontium into plant roots. Strontium-85 was used as a tracer. (C.H.)
Unit activity in monkey parietal cortex related to haptic perception and temporary memory.

The neural responses of 456 single units were recorded in parietal cortex of behaving monkeys during a haptic delayed matching-to-sample task. (1) In areas 2 and 5 together, 22% of the neurons were activated by the auditory cue that signalled the beginning of a trial. Virtually all of these cells were also activated during the arm movements required by the task. These neurons, showing both auditory-related and movement-related responses, may function in sensorimotor integration. (2) Responses related to arm projection frequently began before movement onset, sometimes as much as 320 ms before. Such “premovement” responses were approximately equally common, and showed the same latency distribution, in areas 2, 5a, and 5b. (3) There was a topographic rostral-to-caudal gradient of decreasing neural responsiveness to the animal's manipulation of the cue (sample) objects. Eleven percent of manipulation-activated cells responded preferentially to one of the sample objects. (4) Many cells showed sustained (> 3 s) activation during the delay period (the time between handling of the sample object and palpation of the choice objects), even though at that time the monkey was sitting quietly and without stimulation. (5) Cells with sustained activation throughout most or all of the 18-s delay period were rare in all areas tested except area 5a. These cells, especially those that were preferentially activated depending on which sample object was palpated, may function in the temporary retention of haptic attributes. (6) The population of cells activated during sample manipulation was largely distinct from the population of cells showing sustained activation during the delay period. These two cell populations may represent different but complementary aspects of haptic perception. (7) The most common response during the delay period was sustained inhibition. This may be an expression of a nonspecific mechanism for decreasing background noise and enhancing neural responses to an anticipated perceptual event. (8) Relatively little evidence was found to support a functional distinction between the neural response properties of areas 2 and 5 a. This suggests that area 2 may be at a higher level in the somatosensory heirarchy of the posterior parietal cortex than usually considered.
THE PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW WITH CHILDREN.

The first and major portion of the diagnostic interview with children should consist of free play and fantasy. Semi-projective techniques are introduced next and the interview ends with direct questioning and future planning. Throughout, the examiner should be assessing relationship and content in rigorous manner as they refer to the presenting problems of the child. Details of the organization and conduct of this interview are discussed in the body of the paper.
Molecular Mimicry, the Hygiene Hypothesis, Stealth Infections and Other Examples of Disconnect between Medical Research and the Practice of Clinical Medicine in Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune disorders have been on a steep rise in the industrialized countries over the past several decades and while research has been starting to develop a detailed understanding of pathophysiology and many of the underlying mechanisms, any meaningful incorporation of this information into clinical medicine has been painfully slow. Concepts of molecular mimicry, the hygiene hypothesis, intestinal hyper-permeability (leaky gut syndrome) and aggressive use of predictive antibody testing are explored in this article with examples given on how emerging information on these phenomena may aid the clinician in a new, more proactive, approach to management of these conditions.
Increasing the willingness of novices to use computer application software

Abstract The use of computer application software could be increased. The goal of this research was to determine which instruction module format most effectively motivates potential users to use the software. When incorporated into software such as decision support tools, this better instruction module would increase the willingness of novices to use the software for problem solving. We examined four instruction module formats, resulting from combining two types of media presentation (electronic and print) with two types of educational approaches (programmed learning and a help facility) in a laboratory experiment. Seventy-two subjects learned to use a financial decision support tool by accessing two of the four instruction modules. Throughout the experiment, we collected behavioral and attitudinal data concerning the subjects' willingness to use the instruction modules. The electronic programmed learning instruction module appears to be the format of choice. The research methodology successfully provides input for instruction module format for computer application software such as decision support tools.
Beyond the One-Male Group

Social systems are not necessarily equivalent to mating systems. Observation is prerequisite for control of one animal by another. It is not possible without extremely good visibility, which is rare. Nonetheless most social theories assume such control. Neither social position nor copulation guarantee paternity. It is important that biochemical tests provide certainty of paternity in as many studies as possible, so that assumptions about behavioural determinants of reproductive success can be tested. The function of fighting is discussed. Males spend more of their time cooperating than competing, and it is suggested that differences between these may not be so clear. To understand the behaviour of adult males it is necessary to consider behaviour throughout lifetimes, behaviour in all seasons, and behaviour throughout demes. Scepticism towards facile explanations is recommended.
The eyewitness, the expert psychologist, and the jury

The admissibility of expert psychological testimony on eyewitness matters is currently in debate. In this research we bring data to bear on some of the critical issues underlying the debate, specifically, jurors' understanding and use of expert testimony. Mock jurors viewed a realistic videotaped trial centered around eyewitness evidence. Several aspects of the evidence and the presence of expert testimony were varied orthogonally. Results showed that the presence of expert testimony improved juror sensitivity to eyewitness evidence. In comparison to jurors who heard no expert testimony, jurors who heart expert testimony gave more weight to witnessing and identification conditions and less weight to witness confidence when evaluating the accuracy of the identification. The expert testimony did not cause jurors to be more skeptical of the eyewitness evidence.
Barriers to calcium intake in African–American women

Summary Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine dietary intake of calcium, intake of food components known to inhibit calcium bioavailability, demographic factors related to calcium intake, and the knowledge needs and barriers related to calcium consumption among low-income African–American women in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Methods: Ninety subjects were interviewed at local grocery stores. Calcium intake was determined using a 24-h recall. In addition, a survey was administered to the subjects to determine knowledge needs and barriers towards calcium consumption. Results: Subjects’ mean dietary calcium intake was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), with 80% of the subjects having a calcium intake below 75% of the RDA. In addition, intakes of protein and sodium were above the recommended amounts. The general knowledge of the subjects concerning the role of calcium in osteoporosis was high, but this did not have an effect on the consumption of products containing calcium. The most important barriers to dairy product intake were perceived negative taste, perceived association with digestion problems and the perception that they already had adequate intake. Conclusion: Inadequate calcium intake in African–American women is affected by many factors including their lack of awareness of actual consumption. Nutrition education programmes need to address these factors.
Stability of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of simple electrolytes and humic acid

Abstract The stability of nanoparticles is closely related to the fate, transport, and bio-toxicity of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. Surface treatments and the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) have significant impacts on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles. The aggregation kinetics of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (O-SWCNT) was investigated in the presence of humic acid (HA). Results indicated that O-SWCNT was relatively stable in water with a critical flocculation concentration (CFC) of 0.16, 4.2 × 10−3 and 5.4 × 10−5 M for NaCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3, respectively. The aggregation of O-SWCNT was not sensitive to pH over the range of 3–8. The presence of HA can enhanced the stability of O-SWCNT dependent on the type of electrolyte present. The CFC of NaCl increased from 0.16 in the absence of HA to 0.19, 0.23, and 0.25 M at HA concentration of 1, 5, and 20 ppm, respectively. However, the effect of HA on the aggregation of O-SWCNT was negligible in the presence of CaCl2 and AlCl3. The findings highlighted the importance of surface treatments, water chemistry, and the presence of NOM on the aggregation behavior of nanomaterials, which should be considered when dealing with the fate and environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials.
On a leverage problem in the hypercube

The leverage of a set S of elements (vertices and edges) of a graph G, with respect to a graphical parameter P, is the change induced in P by the removal of S. We consider the case in which G is a hypercube and P is the sum of the distances between vertices. The determination of the minimum leverage of any set of k edges leads to the question of the existence of a perfect matching in which no two edges lie on a 4-cycle. We give a constructive proof of the existence of such a matching and note additional interesting problems.
Reactive power compensation in hybrid AC/DC Networks for Smart Grid applications

In this paper, the utilization of hybrid AC/DC micro grids as a reactive power compensator is investigated. Wide Area Monitoring (WAM), Wide Area Protection (WAP), and Wide Area Control (WAC) systems will enhance the future of Smart Grid operation in terms of reliability and security. A proposed architecture for a hybrid AC/DC Smart Grid hardware test-bed system is presented. Design details of the various components and their connectivity in the overall system architecture are identified. The utilization of the DC side of the network as a reactive power source to the main grid is developed and presented. In order to allow this reactive power compensation process and voltage regulation on the AC side, a vector decoupling controlled pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI) was used as an interface between the DC micro grid and the main AC grid. This converter has the capability of controlling the active and reactive power independently. Hence, any extra power available from renewable energy sources connected to the DC micro grid will be used to regulate the voltage on the AC side. Experimental results were obtained from a hardware test-bed system totaling 72 kW (with 35 kW on the AC side and 37 kW on the DC side) to verify the ideas and concepts presented in the paper. Experimental and simulation results show excellent comparisons.
Introduction of the a-SiC:H/a-Si:H heterojunction solar cell and update on thin film Si:H solar modules

Hydrogenated a-Si:H, first reported by the late professor Walter Spear, has found an application in solar cells and, via tremendous R&D efforts, a series of industrial technologies have been developed to produce large area thin film Si solar modules. Thin film Si:H solar modules began production in 1999 and became a major industry due to environmental concerns. Our proposed solar module is now the global standards. In this paper, the history of thin film Si solar cell technologies are reviewed.
Sonification as Sensemaking in Control Room Applications

Traditional analog alarms are nearly always exclusively binary, resulting in a single audio signal display sounding in order to inform users of a particular system parameter which has varied from within its predefined limits. During emergency situations, users can be faced with multiple simultaneous alarms, each relaying information concerning different, but usually related, system parameters. Using advanced sonification principles, achieved real-time with digital sound manipulation according to established human factors principles, new multi-parameter alarms can be created to better inform users of suboptimal conditions. These high-tech alarms also serve to help users maintain high levels of situational awareness, while aiding in sensemaking and decreasing stress caused by alarm flooding and cognitive overload.
An Exploratory Analysis of Employee Participation

In this study, the key factors in Edward Lawler's conceptualization of employee involvement are examined with respect to program c participative management efforts reported by Fortune 1000 firms. The results support the proposition that the degree of employee involvement existing within an organization is related to both the use of participative management programs and average participation within programs. In addition, the results support the contention that measurement issues continue to hinder efforts to clarify the definitional questions surrounding employee participation.
Keep the Change: Using Reflection to Frame the Transformative Qualities of Learning.

A Week of Reflection brings learning outcomes to the center stage of teaching and learning at Saint Louis University.
Tumour epithelial vimentin expression and outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.

Tumour epithelial vimentin expression is a marker of mesenchymal differentiation and may be a useful marker of carcinomas with more aggressive behaviour. The aim of this study was to determine the extent and prognostic significance of vimentin expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Vimentin expression was detected by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas from 387 patients. The percentage of vimentin-immunolabelled neoplastic cells was correlated with outcome and with clinico–pathological factors using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox multivariate survival models. In all, 45% of primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas contained neoplastic cells that expressed vimentin, and in 27.5% of the cancers >10% of cells expressed vimentin. Vimentin expression was correlated with poor histological differentiation. By both uni- and multivariate survival analysis, neoplastic vimentin expression (P<0.01, HR 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.04) was an indicator of a shorter postsurgical survival independent of other clinico–pathological variables. The presence of vimentin-expressing tumour epithelial cells in surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinomas independently predicted a shorter postsurgical survival.
Matching Mind and Method with Material: John Imbrie and Quantitative Facies Analysis

John Imbrie (b. 1925) always had deep mathematical insight and facility. At Yale University he completed his PhD (1951) under Carl Dunbar working on Middle Devonian brachiopods where he employed a statistical technique—'reduced major axis regression'—to differentiate several subspecies. Later, in a study with Edwin Colbert at the American Museum of Natural History, he used the same technique to determine subtle, yet significant, variations in the growth patterns of Triassic Metoposaurid amphibians (1956). At about the same time as sedimentary facies analysis was becoming of increased interest, Imbrie sought to test what one might do with quantitative facies analysis by undertaking a decade-long study of the Lower Permian Florena Shale (Kansas) using multivariate cluster analysis to characterize different litho- and biofacies. Despite much hard work in the field and with a highdecibel desk calculator, the hoped for results were lackluster.But neither the man nor the methods were wanting. The materials—frag...
Cognitive issues in searching images with visual queries

In this paper, we propose our image indexing technique and visual query processing technique. Our mental images are different from the actual retinal images and many things, such as personal interests, personal experiences, perceptual context, the characteristics of spatial objects, and so on, affect our spatial perception. These private differences are propagated into our mental images and so our visual queries become different from the real images that we want to find. This is a hard problem and few people have tried to work on it. In this paper, we survey the human mental imagery system, the human spatial perception, and discuss several kinds of visual queries. Also, we propose our own approach to visual query interpretation and processing.
Finite element analysis of ship/ice interaction

Abstract The transient nonlinear dynamic response of an intermediately thick floating ice-field to ship impact forces has been determined. The finite element method has been utilized in the numerical analysis of the problem, using eight-noded plate elements. Step-by-step integration of the equations of motion has been carried out. Minimum dimension of the numerical model is taken as three times the characteristic length of the ice plate. The impact forces that cause failure in the ice-field have been determined for various parameters such as the velocity of impact, frame angle of the ship and thickness of the ice-field.
Synthetic histidine-containing polypeptides as catalysts for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate

Abstract Poly- l -histidine and copolymers of l -histidine with l -serine, l -aspartic acid, l -lysine and l -glutamic acid have been synthesized and their catalytic effect on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate determined. Calculating the catalytic activity per basic unionized histidine residue, all the polyamino acids tested showed activity of the same magnitude as that of l -histidine.
An Evaluation of a Career Development Seminar Using Crites' Career Maturity Inventory.

Abstract Holland's ( J. Holland, 1973 , Making vocational choices: A theory of careers . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall) theory served as a basis for designing a 15-hr career development seminar for 24 undergraduate students. A quasi-experimental design ( D. T. Campbell & J. C. Stanley, 1963 , Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research . Chicago: Rand-McNally) was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the seminar, with the Career Maturity Inventory ( J. O. Crites, 1973 , The career maturity inventory . Monterey, Calif.: McGraw-Hill) serving as the dependent measure. Seminar participants evidenced significant improvement over 22 control students on four of the six scales of the Career Maturity Inventory. Advantages of using a single theoretical approach to design career development seminars rather than an eclectic approach are discussed.
The role of hospital selection in ambulance logistics

Response time in emergency medical service is the time taken to reach patient after an emergency call is received, and it directly affects the welfare and safety of patients. An ambulance dispatched to a call serves patient on site and, if it is necessary to transfer to an emergency department (ED), a decision has to be made in selecting an appropriate hospital. The hospital selection is closely associated with the response time especially by influencing the availability of ambulances. The hospital selection problem is getting increasingly important because of the crowding problems EDs are struggling with. In this research, the impact of various hospital selection policies (including the diversion policy popularly used in practice) on response time is systematically investigated and a novel hospital selection policy—3C policy—is proposed that integrates three decision principles of closeness, congestion, and centrality. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed policy significantly and robust...
Water Based Silicone Elastomer Controlled Release Tablet Film Coating II - Formulation Considerations and Coating Evaluation

AbstractThe silicone elastomer latex in corporated with polyethylene glycol and colloidal silica produced controlled release film coating on potassium chloride tablets. The release pattern of potassium chloride from coated tablets was dictated by the composition of the coating. Significant formulation variables included the loading level of polyethylene glycol, the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol used, and the silicone to silica weight ratio in the coating. Non-formulation variables such as coating weight, drying temperature, dissolution medium pH and aging were shown to alter there leaser ate of the active ingredient from coated tablets.
Identifying Chemical Activity Residues on Prehistoric House Floors: A Methodology And Rationale For Multi‐Elemental Characterization of a Mild Acid Extract of Anthropogenic Sediments

Archaeologists have employed sediment chemistry in site prospection for nearly a century. For example, phosphorus is a good indicator of human occupation, because it is a generic indicator of human activity. Recently, multi-element studies of sediments have successfully identified specific activity areas by analysing other elements in addition to phosphorus. To reach its full potential, however, sediment chemistry must be undertaken with an understanding of how these residues are formed and of the chemical indicators that can be used to identify specific activities. Methodologies that optimize the extraction of specific residues must be employed. Not to do so is a naive application of the technique.
Buried Markov models: a graphical-modeling approach to automatic speech recognition

Abstract In this work, buried Markov models (BMM) are introduced. In a BMM, a Markov chain state at time t determines the conditional independence patterns that exist between random variables lying within a local time window surrounding t . This model is motivated by and can be fully described by “graphical models”, a general technique to describe families of probability distributions. In the paper, it is shown how information-theoretic criterion functions can be used to induce sparse, discriminative, and class-conditional network structures that yield an optimal approximation to the class posterior probability, and therefore are useful for classification tasks such as speech recognition. Using a new structure learning heuristic, the resulting structurally discriminative models are tested on a medium-vocabulary isolated-word speech recognition task. It is demonstrated that discriminatively structured BMMs, when trained in a maximum likelihood setting using EM, can outperform both hidden Markov models (HMMs) and other dynamic Bayesian networks with a similar number of parameters.
Speaking Truth to Power

Whenever the author conducts an architectural assessment for software development projects, he endeavors to speak truth to power: those with true power never fear the truth. Sam Guckenheimer has observed that in software code there is truth. Code represents the stark reality of a software development organization's labor. There is also truth to be found in a system's architecture. Every system's architecture is molded by the forces that swirl around it, and the collective concerns of all the stakeholders represent the most dynamic forces shaping a system. The software development organization's unique task is to address all the essential concerns of all the important stakeholders and to ensure that they aren't blindsided by unexpected problems and stakeholders. This is why employing a process that incrementally and iteratively grows a system's architecture through the regular release of testable executables is so important. Such a process lets the software team engage the right stakeholders at the right time and to make the right decisions, neither too early nor too late. In creating a software-intensive system that's both relevant and beautiful, every stakeholder, no matter how close or how far from the code, deserves the truth
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Si(100)/SiO2 Interface Formed by Wet and Dry Oxidation

Interfacial strain and substoichiometric silicon oxides are the two principal causes that result in the redshift of the transverse and longitudinal optical phonons of the asymmetric stretch of O in the Si-O-Si bridging bond of thermal SiO2 with decreasing oxide thickness. Analyses to comprehend these effects, therefore, require consideration of both strain and interfacial substoichiometry. A method to isolate the contributions of strain and suboxide content towards the observed shifts is proposed. The procedure, which utilizes simple optical model and effective medium approximation, allows estimation of the average strain and suboxide concentration in films of different thickness. Analyses of oxides formed at two different temperatures (550 and 700°C) with dry and wet oxygen reveal how process conditions affect the interface properties.
Estuarine fronts: How important are they?

Estuarine fronts have a role in estuarine circulation, productivity, sediment dynamics, and water quality. Despite their importance, our understanding is rather modest. While some insight can be drawn from studies of oceanic fronts, the shorter time scales of estuarine fronts often exclude the role of Coriolis forcing and geostrophy from the hydrodynamics and exclude the prospect of physiological adaptation from ecosystem dynamics. Conservative processes and rapid nonconservative processes like aggregation, settling, and behavioral responses are expected to be most important at estuarine fronts. Although generally short-lived, the recurrent periodic nature of estuarine fronts does include longer time scales and some attention should be given to the importance of this recurrence to longer time scale ecological responses.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR studies of 13C and 15N labeled 2-methylthiooxazoline derivatives of pentoses and hexoses. Stereoelectronic effects on chemical shifts and mass fragmentation pathways

A facile synthesis of 2-methylthio-(glyco)oxazoline derivatives has been developed which involves methylation of 2-thiono-(glyco)oxazolidines prepared by condensation of aldoses with thiocyanate ion. The synthesis has been applied to the preparation of six 2-methylthiooxazoline derivatives in the pentose series and six derivatives in the hexose series. For several sugars, both pyranoid and furanoid forms were isolated, and the use of either 13C- or 15N-labeled thiocyanates yielded either 2-13C-labeled or 3-15N-labeled derivatives. The structures of the products have been studied by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy and by electron-impact and field desorption mass spectrometry. Multinuclear chemical shift correlations and analyses of fragmentation pathways have facilitated the assignment of ring size in the 2-methylthio-(glyco)oxazoline derivatives.
Bariatric Surgery to Correct Morbid Obesity Also Ameliorates Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Morbid obesity, a physiological dysfunction in humans associated with environmental, genetic and endocrinological origins, has significantly increased in the past few decades in the USA. Many methods have emerged for treating morbid obesity, such as diets, exercise, behavior modification, liposuction, drugs, and surgery; among these, bariatric surgery reduces weight and appears to have other curative effects. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the principal form of bariatric surgery, followed by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, gastric sleeve operation, duodenojejunal bypass and biliopancreatic diversion. This weight-loss surgery may also affect comorbidities of morbid obesity, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), atherosclerosis, hypertension and steatohepatitis. Weight-loss surgery, for example, is associated with a more than 80% diabetes (data indicates > 80%) remission rate in severely obese persons. Empirical evidence also suggests that the use of bariatric surgery reduces atherosclerosis, and may ameliorate other comorbities. This warrants closer examination.
The Historical and Structural Origins of Global Civil Society

Like so many other concepts in contemporary political language, ‘global civil society’ (GCS) has become a trope, a term that means whatever the speaker wishes. As David Chandler makes clear in his ...
Retinoscopy and eye size.

Retinoscopy was performed on animals with different sized eyes, all of whom appeared hypermetropic. The data were well fitted by an equation of the form y = kx-2 where y is refractive error in diopters, and x is the corneo-retinal length of the eye. Apparent hypermetropia may be due to the reflection from the inner surface of the retins.
Enzyme levels in rachitic, healing, and normal rat cartilages

Abstract Extracts containing soluble components of rachitic, healing, and normal rat cartilages were assayed for activity of the following enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvic kinase, enolase, phosphoglyceromutase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase. In the enzymes studied, there was no difference between rachitic and healing littermates or between rachitic and normal littermates, although the level of activity was different between experiments. Except for NAD-malic dehydrogenase, the triose phosphate-metabolizing enzymes appeared more active than the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which were measured, and these were more active than the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase. Since no change in enzyme activity could be demonstrated between rachitic, healing and normal animals, it would indicate that the metabolic sites which control calcification are not located in the triose phosphate-metabolizing enzymes involved in glycolysis.
Factors affecting the response of lung clearance systems to acid aerosols: role of exposure concentration, exposure time, and relative acidity.

The ability of the lungs to clear deposited material is essential for maintenance of lung homeostasis. Acid aerosols have been shown to alter the efficiency of this process. This paper assesses the role of acid aerosol exposure concentration (C), exposure time (T), and relative acidity in producing changes in clearance from both the tracheobronchial tree and respiratory region of the lungs of rabbits. The response was found to be due to total exposure, i.e., some combination form of C x T, and was also related to relative acidity.
Adsorption of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) by cupric oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract Millions of people worldwide are exposed to chronic levels of arsenic poisoning due to drinking water with elevated concentrations of arsenic. To decrease these concentrations, various metal based compounds have been explored as arsenic adsorbents. We synthesized CuO nanoparticles and evaluated them as an adsorbent to remove As(III) and As(V) from groundwater. The CuO nanoparticles had a surface area of 85 m 2 /g and were 12–18 nm in diameter. Adsorption occurred within minutes and CuO nanoparticles effectively removed As(III) and As(V) between pH 6 and 10. The maximum adsorption capacity was 26.9 mg/g for As(III) and 22.6 mg/g for As(V). The presence of sulfate and silicate in water did not inhibit adsorption of As(V) but only slightly inhibited adsorption of As(III). High concentrations of phosphate (>0.2 mM) reduced the adsorption of arsenic onto CuO nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that As(III) was oxidized and adsorbed in the form of As(V) on the surface of CuO. The CuO nanoparticles were also able to remove arsenic (to less than 3 μg/L) from groundwater samples. These results suggest that CuO nanoparticles are an effective material for arsenic adsorption and may be used to develop a simple and efficient arsenic removal method.
Piezo-spectroscopic determination of the ratio of electron—To phonon to hole—To phonon interaction in silicon

Abstract An investigation of the stress-dependence of the normalized wavelength-modulated absorption spectra of the TO-phonon assisted indirect transition in silicon at 77 K has yielded a value of 1.4 for the ratio of the electron-phonon to hole-phonon scattering matrix elements for the TO-phonon.
Halogenation and nitration of naphtho[1,2‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole

Bromination of naphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (I) gives either an addition product, 4,5-dibromo-4,5-dihydronaphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (II), or a substitution product, 5,6-dibromonaphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (III), depending on the reaction conditions. Dehydrobromination of II gives 5-bromonaphtho[12-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (IV). Chlorination of I gives the corresponding addition product V or 5-chloronaphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (VI). Compound VI can also be obtained by dehydrochlorination of V. The nitration of I produces a mixture of isomeric substitution products, 9-nitro VIII and 6-nitronaphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles (VII).