cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Glyoxylate on the Sensitivity of Net Photosynthesis to Oxygen (the Warburg Effect) in Tobacco

The addition of glyoxylate to tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) leaf discs inhibited glycolate synthesis and photorespiration and increased net photosynthetic 14 CO 2 fixation. This inhibition of photorespiration was investigated further by studying the effect of glyoxylate on the stimulation of photosynthesis that occurs when the atmospheric O 2 level was decreased from 21 to 3% (the Warburg effect). The Warburg effect is usually ascribed to the increased glycolate synthesis and metabolism that occurs at higher O 2 concentrations. Photosynthesis in control discs increased from 59.1 to 94.7 micromoles of CO 2 per gram fresh weight per hour (a 60% increase) when the O 2 level was lowered from 21 to 3%, while the rate for discs floated on 15 millimolar glyoxylate increased only from 82.0 to 99.7 micromoles of CO 2 per gram fresh weight per hour (a 22% increase). The decrease in the O 2 sensitivity of photosynthesis in the presence of glyoxylate was explained by changes in the rate of glycolate synthesis under the same conditions. The rate of metabolism of the added glyoxylate by tobacco leaf discs was about 1.35 micromoles per gram fresh weight per hour and was not dependent on the O 2 concentration in the atmosphere. This rate of metabolism is about 10% the amount of stimulation in the rate of CO 2 fixation caused by the glyoxylate treatment on a molar carbon basis. Glyoxylate (10 millimolar) had no effect on the carboxylase/oxygenase activity of isolated ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. Although the biochemical mechanism by which glyoxylate inhibits glycolate synthesis and photorespiration and thereby decreases the Warburg effect is still uncertain, these results show that cellular metabolites can regulate the extent of the Warburg effect.
Multiple parietal operculum subdivisions in humans: tactile activation maps.

We focused the present analysis on blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses evoked in four architectonic subdivisions of human posterior parietal operculum (PO) during two groups of tasks involving either vibrotactile stimulation or rubbing different surfaces against the right index finger pad. Activity localized in previously defined parietal opercular subdivisions, OP 1–4, was co-registered to a standard cortical surface-based atlas. Four vibrotactile stimulation tasks involved attention to the parameters of paired vibrations: (1) detect rare target trials when vibration frequencies matched; (2) select the presentation order of the vibration with a higher frequency or (3) longer duration; and (4) divide attention between frequency and duration before selecting stimulus order. Surface stimulation tasks involved various discriminations of different surfaces: (1) smooth surfaces required no discrimination; (2) paired horizontal gratings required determination of the direction of roughness change; (3) paired ...
Evolution of microstructure in displacive phase transformations

Recent years have seen the successful use of continuum models--based on the minimization of an appropriate nonconvex free energy--to explain some of the complicated microstructure which is commonly observed in shape memory alloys, magnetostrictive materials, ferro- electrics, etc. However, due to their inherent static nature such models cannot provide insight into important dynamic phenomena such as: the growth of microstructure, the evolution of phase boundaries, or the eventual fate of metastable structures. We describe the behavior of some simple dynamical models of shape-memory alloys which display the formation of microstructure. The focus is on models whose underlying bulk free energy do not attain a minimum, possessing sequences of configurations with finer and finer microstructure that converge weakly to nonminimizing states. The effects of viscoelastic damping on the stability of steady state solutions, the propagation of phase boundaries, and the long-time approach to minimum energy states is discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Internet integration into the industrial selling process: A step-by-step approach

Abstract The Internet has evolved into an outstanding tool for industrial salespeople. Reps use the Internet to prospect new accounts more efficiently, serve existing customers more effectively, and build more enduring business buyer relationships. This paper examines these practices and possibilities in detail while offering ways to facilitate and augment WWW usage. Each phase in the selling process is addressed by proposing specific websites, web-based tools, and techniques that industrial salespeople can use to further enhance their selling competitiveness and effectiveness. Examples of how the Internet is used by salespeople in a variety of industries are described. A series of propositions and a new conceptual model summarizes the positive effects of the increased Internet utilization on individual selling effort. The paper concludes with a discussion of managerial implications for sales management and recommendations for future research.
The role of stratum corneum in electrically facilitated transdermal drug delivery. I. Influence of hydration, tape-stripping and delipidization on the DC electrical properties of skin

Abstract The direct-current electrical properties of excised, full-thickness hairless rat skin were investigated as a function of hydration, tape-stripping and delipidization in order to determine the impact of physical and chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum on the barrier function of mammalian skin. Skin samples subjected to hypotonic conditions were most conductive, yielding the smallest electrical potential difference across the tissue. Such samples were also characterized by highly symmetrical currentpotential ( j - V ) profiles with respect to the sign and magnitude of the applied current strength. In comparison, samples subjected to isotonic or hypertonic conditions were markedly less conductive, and were characterized by highly asymmetric j - V profiles. Similar differences in electrical properties were observed in the case of tape-stripped samples and those selectively delipidized with either petroleum ether or a 2:1 blend of chloroform and methanol. Despite the ability of both solvents to extract equal quantities of epidermal lipids, skin exposed to petroleum ether behaved similarly to untreated (intact) skin. Such treatment groups were poorly conductive and exhibited both time-dependent and current-dependent electrical behavior, yielding strongly asymmetric j - V profiles. Alternatively, samples subjected to tape-stripping or immersion in chloroform/ methanol were highly conductive and displayed neither of the above characteristics. Collectively, such findings would indicate that the SC serves as the principal barrier to the transport of ionic permeants into and through the skin, and that specific lipid components likely regulate the integrity of the intercellular lipid domain under the influence of electric current.
Attack during differential reinforcement of a low rate of responding

Pigeons submitted to sessions of continuous reinforcement (CRF) and sessions of differential reinforcement of a low rate of responding (DRL 20 sec) attacked a restrained target pigeon during DRL 20 but not during CRF. Comparing these results to reviously reported data, it was suggested that reinforcement density, as well as the nonreinforced responses, contributed to the aggression elicited by intermittent schedules o f reinforcement.
Canine Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy, A Study of the Spontaneous Disease in Littermates

All members of a weimaraner litter had clinical and radiographic signs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy shortly after weaning. Three dogs were necropsied. Radiographic metaphyseal densities, which are used to make a clinical diagnosis of hypertrophic osteodystrophy, were found to result from elongation of the calcified cartilage lattice of the primary spongiosa. Intertrabecular acute inflammation was associated with necrosis, failure to deposit osseous tissue on the calcified-cartilage lattice, and trabecular microfractures. This process led to metaphyseal infraction and separation of the epiphysis. Defective bone formation (osteodystrophy) was considered a secondary process resulting from inflammation of osteochondral complexes, marrow, and periosteum. Enamel hypoplasia also was found to be associated with inflammation of the dental crypt, and abnormal enamel matrix was observed in the developing teeth. The histopathology of the bones and teeth was different from alterations which occur in infantile scurvy...
Transport of Quasilocalized Excitons in Molecular Crystals

A model is presented for electron–phonon coupling in molecular crystals and its effect on transport of excitons and charge carriers in aromatic hydrocarbon crystals. The model differs from the usual ones in that the coupling is taken quadratic instead of linear in the vibrational coordinates. It is shown that this coupling dominates in aromatic hydrocarbons, leading to large frequency shifts in out‐of‐plane molecular vibrations on electronic excitation or ionization. The present study is limited to weak intermolecular electronic coupling, implying quasilocalized excitons (or electrons). There are then two limiting modes of diffusion, governed by the rate either of exciton transfer between molecules or of phonon transfer. In either limit, at high temperatures, transport occurs by incoherent jumps between adjacent molecules (hopping) and increases or decreases gently with temperature, while at low temperatures, coherent transport decreasing rapidly with increasing temperature occurs. The diffusion coefficie...
A Burst Modulation/Demodulation Method for Narrowband Ubiquitous Communication Systems

This paper presents a wireless burst modulation/demodulation method for narrowband ubiquitous communication systems. This method especially suits those systems, whose traffic is especially dominated by short frame bursts. The proposed modulation method provides a preamble-less frame structure with training symbols, which improves both transmission efficiency and burst synchronization performance. Moreover, the proposed demodulation method achieves superior burst synchronization performance in low carrier-to-noise power ratio (CNR) environments by applying a synchronization method that includes symbol timing recovery, slot synchronization, carrier frequency correction and channel tracking. In addition, this paper presents the result of experiments on hardware prototypes of the proposed modulator and demodulator. The basic operation and practical performance of the proposed method is confirmed through testbed studies.
Anelasticity and viscoplasticity in metallic glasses

Abstract Low level constant-load tensile creep measurements and bend stress relaxation measurements were made on the metallic glasses Fe 40 Ni 40 B 20 and Fe 32 Ni 36 Cr 14 P 12 B 6 at various temperatures. The anelastic (recoverable) and viscoplastic (non-recoverable) components of flow were separated using pre-annealing treatments of various lengths of time, and multiple stress reversals for bend stress relaxation. The influence of the structural relaxation on the anelasticity was studied by continuous measurements of apparent viscosity. It was found that, while viscoplastic deformation drastically decreases with annealing, the anelastic behavior is only weakly affected. The viscosity versus time curves for pre-annealed samples are shifted on the time axis with respect to those for as-quenched samples. The relaxation rates calculated from the final stages of stress relaxation are higher than those estimated for pre-annealing periods. All these findings strongly imply that the spectrum of activation energies for anelastic relaxation is very broad and little affected by thermal treatments.
Genomic Imprinting: An Obsession with Depilatory Mice

Excessive grooming in mice has been promoted as a model of human obsessive-compulsive disorders. A recent paper adds Grb10 to the list of genes with effects on behavioral hair loss, with the added twist that this time the gene is imprinted.
Glottal Airflow Characteristics of Women's Voice Production Along an Aging Continuum

Anatomical and physiological changes of the speech production mechanism that occur with aging may result in phonatory distinctions between older and younger speakers. This investigation examined am...
William James on consciousness beyond the margin

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsCh. 1An Outline of the Problem3Ch. 2Consciousness: The Focus of Experimental Psychology at Harvard before 18909Ch. 3Consciousness and the Subconscious: The Conundrum of The Principles25Ch. 4The Reality of Multiple States: Abnormal Psychology and Psychical Research40Ch. 5Mystical Awakening: An Epistemology of the Ultimate82Ch. 6The Anti-Jamesean Movement97Ch. 7James's Rejoinder: A Critique of Experimentalism in Psychology112Ch. 8James's Final Statement to Psychologists140Notes155Annotated Bibliography181Index209
Issues in debugging highly parallel FPGA-based applications derived from source code

Using high-level synthesis tools to map programs written in general-purpose languages to FPGA hardware has grown in popularity and it is becoming necessary to provide comprehensive debugging tools in order to verify the correctness of the synthesized hardware. Currently, post-synthesis debugging is done at the circuit level. This paper discusses the issues, as well as some early results, of creating a source level debugger for hardware synthesized from source code. This study is meant to provide some insight into what needs to be added or built into synthesizing compilers in order to allow debug of a synthesized circuit at the source level, which will provide the programmer with a familiar view of the program being debugged.
An accurate and efficient method for evaluating the kernel of the integral equation relating pressure to normalwash in unsteady potential flow

This paper describes an accurate economical method for generating approximations to the kernel of the integral equation relating unsteady pressure to normalwash in nonplanar flow. The method is capable of generating approximations of arbitrary accuracy. It is based on approximating the algebraic part of the non elementary integrals in the kernel by exponential approximations and then integrating termwise. The exponent spacing in the approximation is a geometric sequence. The coefficients and exponent multiplier of the exponential approximation are computed by least squares so the method is completely automated. Exponential approximates generated in this manner are two orders of magnitude more accurate than the exponential approximation that is currently most often used for this purpose. Coefficients for 8, 12, 24, and 72 term approximations are tabulated in the report. Also, since the method is automated, it can be used to generate approximations to attain any desired trade-off between accuracy and computing cost.
The 21st century hepatologist and a systems biology based approach to liver diseases.

It is striking how often it is that a 30- to 50-year-old patient will walk into my office with a seemingly mild yet enigmatic problem such as an abnormal aminotransferase level or epigastric pain that persists despite thorough investigation and treatment from their internist. These patients invariably have complicated family histories of multiple cancers or chronic diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and others. Recently, I began linking some of these clinical findings to potentially dysfunctional genetic pathways to effect a diagnosis, treatment, and management plan, and possibly avert disease escalation. Take one recent example of a patient who presented with abnormal aminotransferases and gastric fundic gland polyps (not on proton pump inhibitors). I noted her family history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric cancer spanning three generations. Familial adenomatous polyposis coli/Gardner’s syndrome with dysfunctional wnt signaling, epigenetic loss of E-cadherin, and silencing of transforming growth factor β signaling are some of the possibilities.1–3 With the right information at hand, this patient’s management plan could include: a screening strategy for HCC and gastric cancer; identifying mutations in affected family members; examining affected gastric tissue for loss of E-cadherin; instituting simple preventive/disease modifying measures such as vitamin D, calcium, and aspirin that switch off pro-oncogenic activated wnt signaling.4,5 Clearly, many patients will need to be studied carefully with genetic networks and a systems biology approach to identify key modifying factors that will effectively work on an individual basis.6 I have most definitely embarked on a steep learning curve as I continue to manage my patients. Possibly, as in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) studies, this patient and her family will eventually fall into a specific genetic group, and we will be able to look to future prevention of other cancers, such as the uterine cancers by earlier hysterectomies in HNPCC patients.7
Stroke risk factors and loss of high cognitive function.

Background: Modifiable stroke risk factors may contribute to age-associated declines in cognitive function. Individuals with high levels of cognitive function after midlife may have less exposure to these stroke risk factors or may be less susceptible to their effects on cognition. Methods: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)* is a population-based, longitudinal cohort study of 5,888 people age 65 years and older. Participants (n = 4,129) who were free of dementia, stroke, or TIA at the time of baseline cranial MRI were selected for analysis. High cognitive function at baseline was defined by performance at or above midlife norms on the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS). Results: The odds of having high cognitive function at baseline decreased by quartile of stroke risk (highest vs lowest risk quartile, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.68; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.88; p for trend = 0.005). Stroke risk was a predictor of decline on the 3MS in those with typical levels of cognitive function at baseline, even in the absence of incident stroke or TIA (highest vs lowest risk quartile for 3MS decline, adjusted OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.42 to 3.13; p for trend p = 0.03 for interaction). Conclusions: In a cohort of older adults without stroke, TIA, or dementia, cognitive function and incident cognitive decline were associated with risk for stroke. Additional studies are needed to determine whether modification of stroke risk factors can reduce the cognitive decline that is often attributed to normal aging.
A thermosensitive hydrogel capable of releasing bFGF for enhanced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell into cardiomyocyte-like cells under ischemic conditions.

A thermosensitive hydrogel capable of differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into cardiomyocyte-like cells was synthesized. The hydrogel was based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), N-acryloxysuccinimide, acrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate-poly(trimethylene carbonate). The hydrogel was highly flexible at body temperature with breaking strain >1000% and Young’s modulus 45 kPa. When MSCs were encapsulated in the hydrogel and cultured under normal culture conditions (10% FBS and 21% O2), the cells differentiated into cardiomyocyte-like cells. However, the differentiation was retarded, and even diminished, under low nutrient and low oxygen conditions, which are typical of the infarcted heart. We hypothesized that enhancing MSC survival under low nutrient and low oxygen conditions would restore the differentiation. To enhance cell survival, a pro-survival growth factor (bFGF) was loaded in the hydrogel. bFGF was able to sustainedly release from the hydrogel for 21 days. Under the low nutrient a...
Variant in the 3′ Region of the IκBα Gene Associated With Insulin Resistance in Hispanic Americans: The IRAS Family Study

The IKKbeta/NF-kappaB pathway is known to play an important role in inflammatory response and has also recently been implicated in the process of insulin resistance. We hypothesized that one or more variants in the IkappaBalpha gene (NFKBIA) or surrounding untranslated regions would be associated with insulin sensitivity (S(I)) in Hispanic-American families. We tested for association between 25 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and near NFKBIA and S(I) in 981 individuals in 90 Hispanic-American families from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis (IRAS) Family Study. SNP rs1951276 in the 3' flanking region of NFKBIA was associated with S(I) in the San Antonio (SA) sample after adjusting for age, gender, and admixture (uncorrected P = 1.69 x 10(-5); conservative Bonferroni correction P = 3.38 x 10(-4)). Subjects with at least one A allele for NFKBIA rs1951276 had approximately 29% lower S(I) compared to individuals homozygous for the G allele in the SA sample. Although not statistically significant, the effect was in the same direction in the San Luis Valley (SLV) sample alone (P = 0.348) and was significant in the combined SA and SLV samples (P = 5.37 x 10(-4); presence of A allele associated with approximately 20% lower S(I)). In SA, when adjusted for subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SAT, cm(2)), the association was modestly attenuated (P = 1.25 x 10(-3)), but the association remained highly significant after adjustment for visceral adipose tissue area (VAT, cm(2); P = 4.41 x 10(-6)). These results provide corroborating evidence that the NF-kappaB/IKKbeta pathway may mediate obesity-induced insulin resistance in humans.
XXXVIII. On the new action of magnetism on a permanent electric current

(1880). XXXVIII. On the new action of magnetism on a permanent electric current. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 10, No. 63, pp. 301-328.
Some exchange reactions involving phenyltin hydrides and organotin halides

Abstract Reaction of diphenyltin dihydride with diphenyltin dichloride or diphenyltin dibromide in a 1 : 1 mole ratio gives good conversion to diphenyltin chloride hydride and diphenyltin bromide hydride, respectively. Triphenyltin hydride with diphenyltin dichloride or diphenyltin dibromide in a 1 : 1 mole ratio gives fair conversion to the corresponding halide hydrides but less than in the case of diphenyltin dihydride. Diphenyltin dihydride reacts with dialkyltin dichloride in a 1 : 1 mole ratio to give a preponderance of organotin chloride hydride along with diphenyltin dihydride but no dialkyltin dihydride. However, triphenyltin hydride did not appear to react with dialkyltin dihidides in a 1 : 1 mole ratio to yield either the dialkyltin halide hydride or the dialkyltin dihydride. Reactions attempted between triphenyltin hydride and several trialkyltin chlorides confirm the tendency of the hydride hydrogen to become attached to the triphenyltin moiety rather than the trialkyltin or the dialkylchlorotin moieties.
Noble metal cathodic arc implantation for corrosion control of Ti-6A1-4V

Abstract Ti-6A1-4V samples have been implanted with iridium utilizing a cathodic arc metal ion implantation system. The bias voltage of the substrates was held at −40 kV, resulting in implantation energies of 40 keV for singly charged ions, 80, 120 and 160 keV for ions that are ionized two, three or four times, respectively. Samples were prepared with ion doses of 0.6 × 10 16 and 1.2 × 10 16 ions cm −2 . The samples were analyzed through anodic polarization tests and open circuit corrosion potential measurements in N 2 deaerated 1 N H 2 SO 4 solution. The results of these tests indicate that the potential of the sample surface increases in potential toward that of pure iridium, indicating continuous surface enrichment until a passivated state is reached. SIMS analysis, before and after corrosion tests confirm that the surface concentration of iridium increases from 2 and 4% to ca 65 and 90% (for doses of 0.6 × 10 16 and 1.2 × 10 16 ions cm −2 , respectively).
A design flow to maximize yield/area of physical devices via redundancy

This paper deals with using redundancy to maximize the number of “workable” die one can produce from a silicon wafer. When redundant modules are used to enhance yield, several issues need to be addressed, such as power, performance degradation, testability, area, and partitioning the original logic design into modules. The focus of this paper is on the long ignored issue of partitioning and clustering to form modules that are to be replicated. For this purpose we propose a design flow with two phases. The first phase consists of a partitioning process that generates all combinational logic blocks (CLBs) of a given logic circuit. CLB partitioning addresses design and test constraints such as timing closure and testing complexity, by using redundancy at finer levels of granularity. In the second phase we carry out an overall optimization of the generated CLBs to find the optimal level of granularity for replication to maximize yield/area. Using a real design (OpenSPARC T2) and defect densities projected in the near future, the experimental results show that the output of our design flow outperforms the traditional redundant design with spare core, e.g. we achieved 1.1 to 13.3 times better yield/area as a function of defect density.
Ovarian differentiation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in relation to growth rate

Abstract Growth rate is influenced by density-dependent factors and in turn may affect the ontogeny of some systems. Population density gradients were established in common carp nursery ponds to develop differential growth rates. Ovarian development at the anatomical and cytological stages of differentiation were examined in relation to growth. Size at the end of 66 ± 2 and 155 ± 5-day periods was inversely related to population density, and the size/age relationship of differentiation of the ovary was affected. Mitotic gametogenesis was initiated sooner within populations with more rapid growth but generally at larger sizes than in populations with slower growth rates. Application of this phenomenon can be important to selection of appropriate size and/or age of common carp and to determine the required duration of androgen-induced sex reversal treatments.
Injecting utility into anonymized datasets

Limiting disclosure in data publishing requires a careful balance between privacy and utility. Information about individuals must not be revealed, but a dataset should still be useful for studying the characteristics of a population. Privacy requirements such as k-anonymity and l-diversity are designed to thwart attacks that attempt to identify individuals in the data and to discover their sensitive information. On the other hand, the utility of such data has not been well-studied.In this paper we will discuss the shortcomings of current heuristic approaches to measuring utility and we will introduce a formal approach to measuring utility. Armed with this utility metric, we will show how to inject additional information into k-anonymous and l-diverse tables. This information has an intuitive semantic meaning, it increases the utility beyond what is possible in the original k-anonymity and l-diversity frameworks, and it maintains the privacy guarantees of k-anonymity and l-diversity.
Conformation of biphenyl in a cyclohexane host at 10 K

Abstract The site-selected fluorescence, phosphorescence, and luminescence excitation spectra of biphenyl in a cyclohexane Shpol'skii matrix have been measured. There are three principal sites. The relative population of the sites depends on the freezing protocol. The S1 ↔ S0 0&.sbnd;0 band, a forbidden gg transition in D2h planar biphenyl, is weakly observed for one of the sites. For this site the zero-phonon lines in fluorescence and phosphorescence are accompanied by prominent sidebands but such sidebands are nearly completely absent in the excitation spectrum. The other two sites have negligibly weak 00 bands in fluorescence and minimal sidebands. We attribute the sidebands to translational and/or librational motion of biphenyl in the cyclohexane cage.
Kinetics of reactions of OBrO with NO, O3, OClO, and ClO at 240–350 K

Kinetics for the reactions of OBrO with NO, O 3 , OCIO, and ClO at 240-350 K were investigated using the technique of discharge flow coupled with mass spectrometry. The Arrhenius expression for the OBrO reaction with NO was determined to be k 1 = (2.37 ′ 0.96) × 10 - 1 3 exp[(607 ′ 63)/T‖ cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 . The reactions of OBrO with O 3 , OClO, and ClO are slow chemical processes at 240-350 K. Upper limit rate constants for the OBrO reactions with O 3 , OClO, and ClO at 240-350 K were estimated to be k 2 < 5.0 × 10 - 1 5 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 , k 3 < 6.0 x 10 - 1 4 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 , and k 4 < 1.5 × 10 - 1 3 cm 3 molecule - 1 s - 1 , respectively.
Reservation-Based Industry: A Case from Zuni, New Mexico

This article is concerned with the process of industrial decentralization as it is illustrated by an electronics factory located on the Zuni Indian reservation. Research conducted during the summer of 1973 indicates the necessity for understanding the cultural demands of a new industrial work force as well as the functional prerequisites of industry. Through direct interviews with the current Zuni and Navajo workers, analysis of industrial personnel records, and interviews with tribal and BIA planners, a view emerges of how the factory has been successfully established. The research indicates some of the worker-manager conflicts which have arisen and some of the mutually satisfactory solutions which have been developed. For planners the point is clear: successful industrial decentralization requires (1) an awareness of cultural and/or subcultural differences between workers and managers and (2) the establishment of mutual accommodations in personnel policies which are satisfactory to both workers and mana...
The influence of irradiation on fracture and impact properties of fusion reactor materials

Abstract This paper reviews the existing data on the effects of neutron irradiation on the fracture and impact properties of the important fusion reactor structural materials: austenitic and ferritic/martensitic steels and recent data on vanadium alloys and other low activation materials. The mechanisms which are believed to cause irradiation-induced changes in fracture properties are also discussed, and recommendations for future research are considered.
A NEW MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SPECIES OF MICROTUS (PEDOMYS) FROM THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES, WITH COMMENTS ON THE TAXONOMY AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF PEDOMYS AND PITYMYS IN NORTH AMERICA

ABSTRACT Microtus (Pedomys) australis, sp. nov., is described from the Haile XVIA local fauna (1. f.) of Florida (ca. 1.3 to 1.6 Ma [million years ago]) and the Vera 1. f. of Texas (ca. 0.6 Ma). Microtus australis shares a number of plesiomorphic features with M. pliocaenicus and is related to both the subgenus Phaiomys, from which it evolved, and the subgenus Pedomys, to which it is referred. Microtus (Pedomys) guildayi is subsumed under M. pliocaenicus. The sample on which this taxon was based, from Cumberland Cave, is referred to as M. pliocaenicus/guildayi, a slightly modified form of the informal taxonomic usage proposed by Krishtalka and Stucky (1985). Microtus llanensis is synonymized with M. ochrogaster and is recognized as M. o./llanensis. It is considered an intermediate in the phyletic sequence from M. p. /guildayi to modern M. ochrogaster. Specimens reported by Repenning and Grady (1988) from the middle Pleistocene Hamilton Cave 1. f. as Pitymys hibbardi do not belong to that taxon and may rep...
A "block and rescue" pharmacogenetic approach to dissecting a biochemical pathway controlling germ cell migration.

Specific small molecule inhibitors of the de novo cholesterol synthesis pathway (statins) and the protein prenylation pathway were used to study their effect on germ cell migration. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway that produces isoprenoids and cholesterol. Pharmacological HMGCoAR inhibition by statins alters zebrafish development and germ cell migration. These effects were completely blocked by prior injection of mevalonate, the product of HMGCoAR activity, or the prenylation precursors farnesol and geranylgeraniol. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of geranylgeranyl transferase I activity, an enzyme downstream from mevalonate synthesis and responsible for the transfer of a lipid to target proteins, resulted in abnormal germ cell migration. These data together with new data from Drosophila demonstrate that protein prenylation is an evolutionarily conserved pathway mediating germ cell migration. Further, pharmacological block...
The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between prior cesarean delivery and placenta previa. METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study was conducted in which 316 multiparous women with placenta previa were identified. Controls consisted of 2051 multiparous women with spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Information on prior cesarean delivery was examined in three forms: as a dichotomous variable, as an ordinal variable, and as a set of three indicator variables for one, two, and three or more cesarean deliveries. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to obtain an adjusted estimate of this association. RESULTS: Women with a prior cesarean delivery were more likely to have a placenta previa than those without (odds ratio [OR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 2.08). The likelihood of placenta previa increased as both parity and number of cesarean deliveries increased. Thus, the adjusted OR for a primiparous woman with one cesarean delivery was 1.28 (95% CI 0.82, 1.99). For a woman who has four or more deliveries with only a single cesarean delivery, the OR increases to 1.72 (95% CI 1.12, 2.64). This trend continues with greater parity and a greater number of cesarean deliveries such that the likelihood of placenta previa for a woman with parity greater than four and greater than four cesarean deliveries was OR 8.76 (95% CI 1.58, 48.53). CONCLUSION: This study supports the association between prior cesarean delivery and placenta previa and demonstrates that the joint effect of parity and prior cesarean delivery is greater than that of either variable alone.
Isoamylases in Clinically Normal and Diseased Dogs

Summary Isoamylases in normal canine sera were separated on cellulose acetate membranes using a discontinuous buffer system without EDTA. Four peaks of amylase activity were present in 17 of 24 sera. Normal values were established. The majority of activity was present in Peak 4 (cathodal isoamylase). Tissue extracts of pancreas, duodenum, kidney, lung, testis, spleen and uterus-ovaries contained Peak 4 isoamylase. Liver and salivary gland lacked ail isoamylase activity. Pancreas contained Peak 3 in addition to Peak 4 isoamylase. A tissue origin for Peaks 1 and 2 was not identified. An overall lack of resolution resulted from the inclusion of EDTA in the electrophoresis buffer system. This may account for previous findings suggesting that pancreatic amylase is not present in normal canine serum. An increase in the Peak 3 isoamylase was present in dogs with pancreatitis while dogs with pancreatic atrophy had a decrease in all isoamylases. Total amylase activity was significantly (p ≪ 0.05) decreased in dogs with pancreatic atrophy.
Stubborn Reliance on Human Nature in Employee Selection: Statistical Decision Aids Are Evolutionarily Novel

MATTHEW THOMPSONCentral Michigan UniversityThe limited use of decision aids has beena conundrum in our ﬁeld for years, andHighhouse’s (2008) article is one of severalattempts to explain and solve the problem.Lawshe and Bolda (1958) argued that man-agerscouldnotunderstandthemetricofval-idity coefficients, so they developed a moreuser-friendly metric, the expectancy chart.Others suggested that managers were notawareoftheeconomicvalueofvalidpredic-tors, and they worked out economic utilityequations(e.g.,Schmidt,Hunter,McKenzie,& Muldrow, 1979). Dawes (1971) com-plained that decision makers did not under-stand the value of mechanical methods forcombining predictor scores, and he encour-agedbettercommunicationabouttheirben-efits. Yet, none of this had much effect onpersuading managers to use decision aids(Hastie & Dawes, 2001; Latham & Whyte,1994). Highhouse offers another interpreta-tion: employers’ belief systems. People stillbelieve(erroneously)innear-perfectpredic-tionestimatesandthatpredictiveabilitycanbe improved with experience. He recom-mends that we do a better job of communi-cating to managers what the decision-making literature has found about uncer-tainty and error.These explanations and prescriptionshave two elements in common. First, theyassume that managers are ‘‘rational’’ actors:If presented with convincing data, theycan be persuaded to change their habits.Second, there is a communication problem.Industrial–organizational psychologists arenot effectively communicating the beneﬁtsof selection technologies to managers;if we did a better job communicating,managers would see the light. Of course,people can, to some degree, be persuadedby scientiﬁc evidence, and clear communi-cation can be effective. However, theproblemgoesdeeperthanthis.Somebeliefsare readily changed by new information,reﬂection, and analysis; others are morestubborn. Beliefs about assessing peopleand predicting their behavior fall into thelatter category. Therefore, a factual under-standing of the value of selection decisionaids doesnot guaranteethatthese technolo-gieswillbeincorporatedintopeople’sbeliefsystems or that they will be readily learnedand used. To make headway into changingthe effects of stubborn belief systems, weneed to understand both what the beliefsare and why people have them.People’sbeliefsabout,andpreferredmeth-ods for, predicting behavior are more thanproducts of current culture; rather, they stemfrom evolved psychological mechanisms.
A Framework for wavelet-Based Analysis and Processing of Color Filter Array Images with Applications to Denoising and Demosaicing

This paper presents a new approach to demosaicing of spatially sampled image data observed through a color filter array, in which properties of Smith-Barnwell filterbanks are employed to exploit the correlation of color components in order to reconstruct a subsampled image. The method is shown to be amenable to wavelet-domain denoising prior to demosaicing, and a general framework for applying existing image denoising algorithms to color filter array data is also described. Results indicate that the proposed method performs on a par with the state of the art for far lower computational cost, and provides a versatile, effective, and low-complexity solution to the problem of interpolating color filter array data observed in noise.
Rational therapeutic combinations with histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate the acetylation of a variety of histone and nonhistone proteins, controlling the transcription and regulation of genes involved in cell cycle control, proliferation, survival, DNA repair and differentiation. Unsurprisingly, HDAC expression is frequently altered in hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Two HDAC inhibitors (vorinostat and romidepsin) have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. As single agents, treatment with HDAC inhibitors has demonstrated limited clinical benefit for patients with solid tumors, prompting the investigation of novel treatment combinations with other cancer therapeutics. In this article, the rationales and clinical progress of several combinations with HDAC inhibitors are presented, including DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, hormonal therapies, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and various small-molecule inhibitors. The future application of HDAC inhibitors as a treatment for cancer is discussed, examining current hurdles to overcome before realizing the potential of this new approach.
Autism and social disconnection in interpersonal rocking.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have significant visuomotor processing deficits, atypical motoric behavior, and often substantial problems connecting socially. We suggest that the perceptual, attentional, and adaptive timing deficiencies associated with autism might directly impact the ability to become a socially connected unit with others. Using a rocking chair paradigm previously employed with typical adults, we demonstrate that typically-developing (TD) children exhibit spontaneous social rocking with their caregivers. In contrast, children diagnosed with ASD do not demonstrate such a spontaneous pull to a symmetrical rocking state with their parents. We argue that the movement of our bodies is one of the fundamental ways by which we connect with our environment and, especially, ground ourselves in social environments. Deficiencies in perceiving and responding to the rhythms of the world may have serious consequences for the ability to become adequately embedded in a social context.
Microcomputer solutions to Em/Ek/S queuing systems

Abstract This research resulted in the development of microcomputer software for performing computations for E m / E k / S queuing systems. The investigation established the viability of using Gaussian elimination to solve the E m / E k S rate balance equations in a reasonable length of time on a microcomputer. The use of dynamic storage for only the nonzero elements of the equations obviated the need for the time-intensive operations of swapping matrix contents between RAM and disk storage. With this software, a practitioner who confronts a design problem involving a E m / E k / S queuing system without ready access to the appropriate tables may use his personal microcomputer to obtain results quickly without the need for interpolation between table values.
Automating the analysis of voting systems

Voting is a well-known technique to combine the decisions of peer experts. It is used in fault tolerant applications to mask errors from one or more experts using n-modular redundancy (NMR) and n-version programming. Voting strategies include: majority, weighted voting, plurality; instance runoff voting, threshold voting, and the more general weighted k-out-of-n systems. Before selecting a voting schema for a particular application, we have to understand the various tradeoffs and parameters and how they impact the correctness, reliability, and confidence in the final decision made by a voting system. In this paper, we propose an enumerated simulation approach to automate the behavior analysis of voting schemas with application to majority and plurality voting. We conduct synthetic studies using a simulator that we develop to analyze results from each expert, apply a voting mechanism, and analyze the voting results. The simulator builds a decision tree and uses a depth-first traversal algorithm to obtain the system reliability among other factors. We define and study the following behaviors: 1) the probability of reaching a consensus, "Pc"; 2) reliability of the voting system, "R"; 3) certainly index, "T"; and 4) the confidence index, "C". The parameters controlling the analysis are the number of participating experts, the number of possible output symbols that can be produced by an expert, the probability distribution of each expert's output, and the voting schema. The paper presents an enumerated simulation approach for analyzing voting systems which can be used when the use of theoretical models are challenged by dependencies between experts or uncommon probability distributions of the expert's output.
Similarity variables and first integrals of ordinary differential equations

Abstract Ordinary differential equations are transformed into first order partial differential equations. The theory of group invariants (similarity variables) is then utilized to reduce the number of independent variables to two. The resulting partial differential equation is solved by Lagrange's method. A non-linear example is analyzed in detail.
A common PCSK9 haplotype, encompassing the E670G coding single nucleotide polymorphism, is a novel genetic marker for plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and severity of coronary atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the effects of PCSK9 variants on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, severity of coronary atherosclerosis, and response to statin therapy in the Lipoprotein Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS) population. BACKGROUND Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal-dominant hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that PCSK9 variants could affect plasma LDL-C in individuals with polygenic hypercholesterolemia. METHODS We sequenced all 12 exons and boundaries to detect novel polymorphisms, and genotyped 372 subjects in LCAS and 319 subjects in a second independent population for six polymorphisms, including novel leucine repeats, by fluorescently tagged markers. We reconstructed haplotypes using a Bayesian algorithm. RESULTS Permutation test results showed statistically significant differences in global haplotype distribution among the tertiles of LDL-C (odds ratio [OR]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90 to 4.32, p = 0.005) and minimum lumen diameter of coronary lesions (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.01 to 3.55, p = 0.045). Regression analysis identified haplotype 3 as an independent determinant of LDL-C levels (adjusted R2 = 2.2%, F = 9.37, p = 0.002). Haplotype structure analysis identified E670G as the determinant variant, exerting a dose effect (GG > EG > EE) and accounting for 3.5% of plasma LDL-C variability (F = 14.6, p < 0.001). Plasma total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) levels were also associated with the E670G variant. Distributions of the E670G genotypes in an independent normolipidemic and the hyperlipidemic LCAS populations were significantly different (F = 7.2, p = 0.027). No significant treatment-by-genotype interactions were detected. The false positive report probability was between 2% and 8%. CONCLUSIONS Haplotype 3 encompassing the E670G variant is an independent determinant of plasma LDL-C levels and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
Evidence that rat Kupffer cells stimulate and inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis in vitro by different mechanisms

Kupffer cell control of hepatocyte protein synthesis may be an important mechanism involved in the regulation of normal liver function and may be one mechanism responsible for the alterations in liver function seen during sepsis. The present series of in vitro experiments compare the response to various inflammatory stimuli of hepatocytes cocultured with Kupffer cells with that of hepatocytes cultured alone. In the absence of inflammatory stimuli, Kupffer cells stimulated hepatocyte protein synthesis. Lipopolysaccharide or gentamicin-killed Escherichia coli triggered Kupffer cell-mediated inhibition of cocultured hepatocyte protein synthesis but had no effect on protein synthesis of hepatocytes cultured alone. Phorbol myristate acetate, muramyl dipeptide, and calcium ionophore had no effect on hepatocytes cultured alone but resulted in a loss of Kupffer cell-mediated stimulation of cocultured hepatocyte protein synthesis without inhibition. Addition of dexamethasone to cocultures prevented the Kupffer cell-mediated inhibition of hepatocyte protein synthesis triggered by lipopolysaccharide, but did not block Kupffer cell-mediated stimulation in the absence of lipopolysaccharide. The data suggest that Kupffer cells can stimulate and inhibit hepatocyte protein synthesis by independent mechanisms. Kupffer cells may be important regulators of hepatocellular function in health and disease.