cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Man-to-machine communication and automatic code translation

The ACT system is a programmed adjunct to a general purpose computing machine (currently considered for the MOBIDIC) whose purpose is to facilitate the initial encoding and subsequent application of specific "code-to-code translation" procedures. The phrase "code-to-code translation" is primarily meant to cover the conversion of problem oriented pseudo-codes into machine code equivalents. The ACT system provides for the "housing" of many distinct translation procedures - carrying algebraic, data-processing, simulation languages, etc., into any of a variety of computer codes - within the bounds of a single controlling system.The programmed components of the ACT system include:1. An allocation interpreter - AI2. A "core library" of basic translation functions3. A general translation library whose content varies with use of the system.The allocation interpreter permits the formation of large translation programs out of large (and small) pre-stored sub-programs. Without greatly impeding computation speed, AI determines internal and external storage allocations for all space-taking portions of information as part of problem computation. This facility is shown to be essential to the construction of ACT, and perhaps widely useful in other types of programs.The core library contains translation functions which play a fundamental role in a wide range of code-to-code translations. Included are many functions which usually play an important part in machine assembly programs. Other functions provide for general library handling, code reordering, etc.Also associated with ACT is a writing convention called "canonical form" which governs the presentation of data (i.e., programs in source code submitted for translation). Canonical form, while flexible enough to permit highly diverse problem codes, still standardizes all those signals which the basic ACT components decode.The ideas presented herein were developed at the University of Pennsylvania under contract to the U.S. Army Signal Corps in connection with the FIELDATA family of data-processing equipment. Although reference is made to the FIELDATA family in the presentation below, the ideas should be applicable to other families of equipment. Because of the prevailing tendency towards modular design in computing systems, such families are rapidly becoming more numerous.
Executive Functions: Formative Versus Reflective Measurement

The primary objective of this article was to critically evaluate the routine use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for representing an individual’s performance across a battery of executive function tasks. A conceptual review and statistical reanalysis of N = 10 studies that used CFA methods of EF tasks was undertaken. Despite evidence of excellent global model fit for CFA models, studies were uniformly characterized by weak correlations among EF tasks and weak to moderate levels of maximal reliability of latent EF constructs. Vanishing tetrad tests raised the possibility that individual tasks may be better conceptualized as causal rather than as effect indicators of the latent construct of EF. The use of CFA methods with EF tasks that are weakly correlated results in latent variables that have poor to modest maximal reliability. This undermines efforts to use latent variables of EF as predictors or outcomes in empirical studies and has implications for theory development. Greater attention to and res...
A Triple Response Method for Determining Biological Value of Phosphorus Sources with Young Turkeys

Abstract A NUMBER of studies have been conducted to determine the availability of phosphorus or biological value of phosphorus sources for chicks and poults. Several research avenues have been followed in the evaluation of phosphorus sources. In spite of these research efforts, or perhaps because of them, there is presently no standard phosphorus assay technique or procedure. Commercial feed manufacturers at times may have difficulty recognizing real differences in phosphorus sources relative to availability or biological value. REVIEW OF PHOSPHORUS BIOASSAY RESEARCH Researchers have tended to disagree on three or four main factors pertinent to phosphorus bioassays. These factors include: (1) type of basal diet, (2) response criterion or criteria used, (3) specie of animal or bird, and (4) length of assay period. It is interesting to note how these factors have varied in previous studies. Gillis et al. (1948) used a purified diet composed largely of corn starch, dried blood …
Skin Cancer Education among Massage Therapists: A Survey at the 2010 Meeting of the American Massage Therapy Association

Massage therapists encounter skin on a daily basis and have a unique opportunity to recognize potential skin cancers. The purpose of this study was to describe the skin cancer education provided to massage therapists and to assess their comfort regarding identification and communication of suspicious lesions. An observational retrospective survey study was conducted at the 2010 American Massage Therapy Association Meeting. Sixty percent reported receiving skin cancer education during and 25% reported receiving skin cancer education after training. Massage therapists who examine their own skin are more likely to be comfortable with recognizing a suspicious lesion and are more likely to examine their client’s skin. Greater number of clients treated per year and greater frequency of client skin examinations were predictors of increased comfort level with recognizing a suspicious lesion. Massage therapists are more comfortable discussing than identifying a potential skin cancer. Massage therapists may be able to serve an important role in the early detection of skin cancer.
Carrier transfer from InAs quantum dots to ErAs metal nanoparticles

Erbium arsenide (ErAs) is a semi-metallic material that self-assembles into nanoparticles when grown in GaAs via molecular beam epitaxy. We use steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence to examine the mechanism of carrier transfer between indium arsenide (InAs) quantum dots and ErAs nanoparticles in a GaAs host. We probe the electronic structure of the ErAs metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and the optoelectronic properties of the nanocomposite and show that the carrier transfer rates are independent of pump intensity. This result suggests that the ErAs MNPs have a continuous density of states and effectively act as traps. The absence of a temperature dependence tells us that carrier transfer from the InAs quantum dots to ErAs MNPs is not phonon assisted. We show that the measured photoluminescence decay rates are consistent with a carrier tunneling model.
Evolving Biosimilars Marketplace

Biologic therapies represent a drug class toward which there is continued development and production in a number of disease states. The development of an approval pathway allowing for the introduction of biosimilars into the US pharmaceutical market poses new challenges for health care systems and institutions. The potential difference in cost is a major driver for the development and use of biosimilars in practice. The manufacturing process for biosimilar compounds is complicated and requires specific detailing of each step, including development of the large-molecular component. Requirements for safe manufacturing of these therapies are crucial, as downstream effects may influence clinical efficacy and immunological properties. As these therapies enter the US marketplace, health care professionals will be asked to take prudent measures as they consider and evaluate these therapies for substitution into their formularies.
Influence of Fibrinogen on Cardiovascular Disease

Results from prevalence, case-control, angiographic and echocardiographic investigations incriminate elevated fibrinogen levels as a strong independent risk factor for the occurrence of initial and recurrent cardiovascular events. Average fibrinogen levels are higher in women and persons with other risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, obesity, elevated haematocrit value and dyslipidaemia. Fibrinogen tends to cluster with most of these major atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors and further enhances their risk. Prospective data indicate a relationship between fibrinogen and the subsequent development of all the major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events including coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral artery disease. Fibrinogen adds to the multivariate risk of cardiovascular events, especially in the high risk subset of the population. In the Framingham Heart Study, a comparison of risk gradients, exemplified by their regression coefficients, was similar for all outcomes (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease) in men, whereas, in women, the risk gradient for fibrinogen appeared weakest for stroke. Fibrinogen exerts an independent influence on the frequency of cardiovascular disease in general, and coronary heart disease in particular. For example, in both men and women, each standard deviation increase in fibrinogen level (about 0.56 g/L) within the range of usual values is associated with about a 20% age- and risk factor-adjusted increase in the incidence of an initial cardiovascular event. Fibrinogen should be added to the list of major atherogenic cardiovascular risk factors; in addition, there is a need for intervention trials designed to test the efficacy of lowering fibrinogen in individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
Reaction Mechanism for Cocaine Esterase-Catalyzed Hydrolyses of (+)- and (−)-Cocaine: Unexpected Common Rate-Determining Step

First-principles quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical free energy calculations have been performed to examine the catalytic mechanism for cocaine esterase (CocE)-catalyzed hydrolysis of (+)-coca...
The effect of power sources on compliance in a channel of distribution: A causal model

Abstract In the typical day-to-day business operation in a channel of distribution, more powerful channel members make requests of less powerful channel members. An interesting and heretofore unexamined question is: What factors affect the probability that the less powerful channel member will comply with the wishes of the more powerful channel member? This study investigates the question above in a manufacturer-manufacturer's representative channel of distribution. The authors develop unidimensional measures of sources of power and demonstrate the effect each source has on compliance. In addition, the manufacturer's representative's desire for autonomy and the importance the representative places on the decision variable that is being influenced are hypothesized to be negatively related with the representative's probability of complying with the wishes of the manufacturer. Finally, original theory is extended through the use of LISREL V modification indices.
A chromosome study of radiation sensitization by 5-bromodeoxyuridine.

Abstract Mammalian cells grown in vitro have been utilized to study radiosensitization following BUDR treatment. Maximum radiation sensitivity of BUDR treated and untreated cell populations, measured in terms of chromosome damage, was found in metaphase cells sampled at the first mitosis following irradiation. A nonrandom distribution of chromatid breaks was found in chromosome No. 1 of Chinese hamster cells treated with BUDR prior to irradiation. A cell line, derived from strain L of the mouse, resistant to BUDR did not show maximum radiosensitivity.
In vitro Cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis Free of Demonstrable Bacteria

Histomonas meleagridis was successfully cultured without demonstrable bacteria in a modified tissue culture medium enriched by fresh hamster liver and metal ions.
Thermodynamic Magnetization Discontinuity at the A - B Transition in Superfluid H 3 e

The difference between total thermodynamic magnetizations in the $A$ and $B$ phases of superfluid ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ was measured at the equilibrium $A$- $B$ transition temperature over the entire range of applicable magnetic fields at pressures from 0 to 27 bars. We present evidence that dynamic measurements (NMR) only partially account for the thermodynamic magnetization changes in the superfluid. The present experiment also measures the nontrivial strong-coupling correction to the magnetic field coupling strength in the Landau-Ginzburg free energy.
Isotope Dilution Analysis of Bromate in Drinking Water Matrixes by Ion Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection

Bromate is a disinfection byproduct in drinking water which is formed during the ozonation of source water containing bromide. This paper describes the analysis of bromate via ion chromatography−inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The separation of bromate from interferences such as bromide and brominated haloacetic acids is achieved using a PA-100 column in combination with a 5 mM HNO3 + 25 mM NH4NO3 mobile phase. Polyatomic ions are observed on masses 79 and 81 in a synthetic phosphate matrix and in ozonated drinking waters. These polyatomic ions have been tentatively identified as PO3+ and H2PO3+. These polyatomic ions do not interfere with the detection of bromate because phosphate elutes prior to bromate. A polyatomic ion is observed on mass 81 in a synthetic sulfate matrix and in ozonated drinking waters. This polyatomic ion has been tentatively identified as HSO3+ and does not interfere with the detection of bromate because sulfate elutes after bromate. Isotope dilution analysis produces ...
Gene organization in the bleomycin-resistance region of the producer organism Streptomyces verticillus.

Abstract A nucleotide sequence of 7 kb is reported, encompassing two bleomycin-resistance (Bm R -encoding) genes and five other open reading frames (ORFs) from the Bm-producing organism Streptomyces verticillus ATCC 15003. The deduced ORFs, in sequence order, encode for (i) a protein homologous to an amino-acid dioxygenase; (ii) BlmA, the Bm R -binding protein described by Sugiyama et al. [Gene 151 (1994) 11–16]; (iii) a product containing three copies of a sequence homologous to the ankyrin repeat; (iv) a product lacking homology to any of the sequences in the Protein Identification Resource database (PIR), release 37; (v) BlmB, the Bm R acetyltransferase described by Sugiyama et al. (1994); (vi) an unidentified protein which augmented resistance determined by ORF2 (BlmA); (vii) a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transport proteins. Predicted translational frameshifts in the — 1 frame occur at the junctions between ORF3 and ORF4, ORF4 and ORF5, and ORF6 and ORF7. Sequences homologous to ORF2 and ORF3 were identified in the genome of the producer organism for the related antibiotic phleomycin.
Portable Power Supply for Continuous Mechanical Ventilation During Intrahospital Transport of Critically III Patients With ARDS

Patients with respiratory failure and poor pulmonary compliance requiring high levels of positive pressure ventilation are at high risk during intrahospital transportation. Most ICU ventilators currently do not have a built-in power supply. Manual bag-valve ventilation frequently is used but often without optimum mean airway pressures or minute ventilation guarantees. Transport ventilators also are limited in their ability to provide high positive end-expiratory pressure, variable inspiratory-expiratory ratios, or pressure-controlled ventilation. The 3M SARNS HELP (Hospital Emergency Limited Power) 115, a portable battery, provides continuous power to ICU ventilators and eliminates ventilator circuit interruption for the critical period of patient transportation.
Financial Reporting Outcomes under Rules-Based and Principles-Based Accounting Standards

SYNOPSIS: This archival study addresses whether the presence or absence of “bright lines” in a lease accounting standard influences the classification of leases as capital or operating. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first archival research to address the association between lease classification decisions and the use of U.S. GAAP and IFRS lease accounting standards. We examine firms' lease classification decisions using 2007–2009 data from a matched sample of members of the Fortune Global 500 that report under U.S. GAAP and IFRS. Consistent with experimental work by Agoglia et al. (2011), we find strong evidence that U.S. GAAP firms using a lease standard containing bright-line guidance (i.e., ASC 840) are more likely to classify leases as operating than IFRS firms adhering to a lease accounting standard that lacks the bright lines of the U.S. standard (i.e., IAS 17). Also consistent with Agoglia et al. (2011), we find little evidence of increased dispersion accompanying financial reportin...
Knowledge Enrichment and Conceptual Change in Folkbiology: Evidence from Williams Syndrome

Abstract Ten participants with Williams syndrome (WS) (average verbal mental age of 11;5) were compared to two groups of normally developing children (average mental ages 10;11 and 6;7 years) with respect to intuitive biological knowledge about people, animals, and plants. Participants in the older control group were individually matched to the participants with WS on verbal mental age. The probes for biological understanding were drawn from the existing literature on the development of folkbiology and were divided into two batteries based on the hypothesized distinction of (1) general knowledge consistent with the conceptual repertoire of normally developing preschool children (the T1/T2-Neutral Animal Knowledge battery) and (2) folkbiological concepts normally acquired between ages 6 and 12 which require conceptual change for their construction ( life , death , people-as-one-animal-among-many , species kind as determined by origin of the animal; the T2-Dependent battery). The two task batteries were equated for task demands, differing only in the content of the concepts probed. It was hypothesized that if this distinction is a false one, and the construction of folkbiology is accomplished entirely by enrichment of the preschooler's knowledge, there should never be a population with differential performance on these two batteries. People with WS were nonetheless found to be differentially impaired on the T2-Dependent battery. They performed at the level of the older control group on the T1/T2-Neutral battery, but at the level of the 6-year-olds on the T2-Dependent battery. These data support the distinction between two types of conceptual knowledge acquisition: acquisition of new knowledge formulated over an existing conceptual base (enrichment), on the one hand, and knowledge acquisition that results in genuine conceptual change, on the other. The implication of these results for a precise characterization of how concepts of people with “cocktail party syndrome” may be “superficial” is also discussed.
Toward a More Comprehensive Theory of Food Labels

Food labels play important third-party roles in the food marketing system through their impact on product design, advertising, consumer confidence in food quality, and consumer education on diet and health. However, current analysis focuses overwhelmingly on the label's direct use as a point-of-purchase shopping aid, even though such use is limited by consumers' information processing abilities and time. In rewriting label regulations, policy makers should consider the benefits and costs of the broad array of roles labels serve, with evaluation of alternative regimes based on their impacts on consumer behavior and seller strategy.
Models of Inference in Evaluating Brain-Behavior Relationships in Children

Neuropsychologists generally measure behavior as a means for making inferences about brain function. Regardless of whether such measurement takes place in the clinic or the laboratory, the basic process is the same: Behavioral and cognitive performances that are readily observable “stand in,” as it were, for the less observable “brain states” they are thought to reflect. Once measurement is completed, the quantitative and qualitative relationships among such performances are assembled according to certain rules in order to make probabilistic statements about brain function. The rules that are applied in the given case depend on the inferential model one uses in relating behavioral performance to brain function. This basic process characterizes all of neuropsychology, transcends theoretical persuasion or tests employed, and, in fact, is a fundamental aspect of the clinical-inferential method in general.
Fast iterative alignment of pose graphs with poor initial estimates

A robot exploring an environment can estimate its own motion and the relative positions of features in the environment. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms attempt to fuse these estimates to produce a map and a robot trajectory. The constraints are generally non-linear, thus SLAM can be viewed as a non-linear optimization problem. The optimization can be difficult, due to poor initial estimates arising from odometry data, and due to the size of the state space. We present a fast non-linear optimization algorithm that rapidly recovers the robot trajectory, even when given a poor initial estimate. Our approach uses a variant of stochastic gradient descent on an alternative state-space representation that has good stability and computational properties. We compare our algorithm to several others, using both real and synthetic data sets
Large reflector antenna pattern computation using moment methods

A technique, whereby the radiation patterns of large size reflector antennas can be approximated by computers using a moment method without excessive computer time or memory, is described. Computational time increases only linearly with antenna size. There is no limit on the minimum reflector size (a single wire reflector can be analyzed). An example is discussed showing the radiation patterns of a truncated parabolic reflector excited by feeds displaced from the parabola focus.
III. State Treason Trials During the Puritan Revolution, 1640–1660

The government of the parliamentary party during the Puritan Revolution of 1640–60 instituted changes in judicial and legal procedures to maintain its power and subdue its enemies. This study of treason trials conducted by the state will examine their legal basis and the events and activities considered treasonable. It will show the ways in which the concept of treason changed under a revolutionary government, and to what extent those trials conducted during the interregnum differed in their legal—judicial bases and content from those held before the King's death. Although there were hundreds of treason convictions during the interregnum throughout England, either by military courts-martial, or by common-law courts sitting in the provinces — as is shown by the Acts providing for die sale of estates forfeited to the Commonwealth for treason — this discussion will limit itself to trials initiated by the government in London. These state trials illustrate die political use of the treason charge; diey provide a direct link between the enactment of the interregnum treason laws and their implementation by the same legislative body. Not only was the meaning of treason determined, and die machinery of trial set up, by parliament; but who was to be tried was also decided eidier by parliament or die Council of State, and, after 1654, by the Protector and his council. It will dierefore be instructive to examine the types of treasonous action considered sufficiendy threatening to warrant parliamentary attention.
Involvement of Ethylene in Potato Microtuber Dormancy

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) single-node explants undergoing in vitro tuberization produced detectable amounts of ethylene throughout tuber development, and the resulting microtubers were completely dormant (endodormant) for at least 12 to 15 weeks. The rate of ethylene production by tuberizing explants was highest during the initial 2 weeks of in vitro culture and declined thereafter. Continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the noncompetitive ethylene antagonist AgNO3 via the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent increase in precocious sprouting. The effect of AgNO3 on the premature loss of microtuber endodormancy was observed after 3 weeks of culture. Similarly, continuous exposure of developing microtubers to the competitive ethylene antagonist 2,5-norbornadiene (NBD) at concentrations of 2 mL/L (gas phase) or greater also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in premature sprouting. Exogenous ethylene reversed this response and inhibited the precocious sprouting of NBD-treated microtubers. NBD treatment was effective only when it was begun within 7 d of the start of in vitro explant culture. These results indicate that endogenous ethylene is essential for the full expression of potato microtuber endodormancy, and that its involvement may be restricted to the initial period of endodormancy development.
Twelve year summary of selection for parthenogenesis in Beltsville small white turkeys.

Synopsis Parthenogenetic development was found in 16.7 per cent of 934 Beltsville Small White turkey eggs in 1952. This development, occurring during incubation, was chiefly of an unorganised type, blood or embryos being encountered only on rare occasions. In 1954, a selective breeding programme was initiated which was designed to intensify this trait. This has resulted in marked yearly increases in the average level of parthenogenetic development. Since 1952 there has been a three‐fold increase in the overall incidence of parthenogenesis and presently 45 per cent of all unfertilised eggs incubated can be expected to undergo development to some extent. The most marked increases have come in the number of eggs giving rise to well‐formed embryos. At the present time from 12–13 Per cent of all eggs can be expected to contain embryos, representing a 65‐fold increase over the level found in eggs of the original stock. Corresponding increases have likewise occurred in embryo viability. The few embryos encounter...
Stochastic modeling of a power-managed system-construction and optimization

The goal of a dynamic power management policy is to reduce the power consumption of an electronic system by putting system components into different states, each representing a certain performance and power consumption level. The policy determines the type and timing of these transitions based on the system history, workload, and performance constraints. In this paper we propose a new abstract model of a power-managed electronic system. We formulate the problem of system-level power management as a controlled optimization problem based on the theories of continuous-time Markov derision processes and stochastic networks. This problem is solved exactly using linear programming or heuristically using "policy iteration." Our method is compared with existing heuristic methods for different workload statistics. Experimental results show that the power management method based on a Markov decision process outperforms heuristic methods by as much as 44% in terms of power dissipation savings for a given level of system performance.
Carcinomas arising in multilocular thymic cysts of the neck: a clinicopathological study of three cases.

Aims : To report three cases of primary carcinoma of the neck arising in multilocular thymic cysts (MTC). Methods and results : The patients were three men aged 47, 50 and 52 years who presented with a painless neck mass of several weeks' duration. The patients had no history of previous surgical procedures or of malignancy elsewhere. The tumours in all three patients were located on the right lateral side of the neck; all patients underwent complete surgical resection of the mass. Grossly, the tumours were cystic and measured between 20 and 30 mm in greatest diameter. Histologically, the tumours showed cyst walls lined by squamous epithelium. The cyst walls contained prominent germinal centres with lymphoid hyperplasia, cholesterol cleft granulomas, and scattered keratinized structures reminiscent of Hassall's corpuscles. In addition, a neoplastic cellular proliferation composed of round to oval cells arranged in sheets and originating from the lining of the cystic structures was present. The neoplastic cells showed moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei, and, in some areas, prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures were easily found, and cellular pleomorphism was present in several areas. In two cases the tumours showed features of basaloid carcinoma of the thymus, while in one case the pattern was that of squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies for keratin showed a strong positive reaction in the tumour cells, while leucocyte common antigen strongly stained the lymphoid background. Follow-up information obtained in two patients showed them to be alive 6 months after initial diagnosis. One patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion : The cases described here represent an unusual variant of carcinoma arising in multilocular thymic cyst in the neck region.
Pollination- or wound-induced kaempferol accumulation in petunia stigmas enhances seed production

Flavonols are essential for pollen germination and tube growth in petunia and can be supplied by either the pollen or stigma at pollination. HPLC analysis and a sensitive bioassay demonstrated that both pollination and wounding induce flavonol accumulation, especially kaempferol, in the outer cell layers and exudate of the stigma. Pollination and wounding induced nearly identical flavonol kinetics and patterns of accumulation in the same target tissue, suggesting that they share elements of a common signal transduction pathway. The wound response was systemic, because kaempferol accumulated in the stigma when distal tissues, such as the corolla, stamens, or sepals, were wounded. We have exploited the germination requirement for flavonols and the high level of kaempferol that accumulates after wounding to enhance plant fecundity. Seed set was significantly increased by mechanically wounding the corolla and stamens prior to the application of pollen to the stigma. A reproductive role for a plant secondary metabolite and the specific function of stigmatic kaempferol are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
Responses of Abies grandis to attack by Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

The reactions of resistant and susceptible Abies grandis to attacks by Scolytus ventralis are described. Resistant reactions were characterized by the production of secondary resin in the cells of the phloem parenchyma and the formation of callus tissue and traumatic resin cavities at the cambium–sapwood interface. S. ventralis exhibited varying degrees of gallery establishment on resistant hosts. Some individuals were repelled by phloem resinosis before reaching the vascular cambium while others were able to construct galleries of varying length before they were repelled by resin flow from the phloem and traumatic cavities. The degree of gallery establishment appeared to be inversely associated with the rapidity of the host’s response. Necrotic resinous lesions developed around the attack and extended vertically to various distances from the attack. Callus tissue, produced at the margins of this lesion, eventually grew over and healed the wound. Vulnerable grand firs were characterized by the lack of resinosis in the phloem parenchyma, and the absence of extensive callus production and traumatic cavity formation.
Proteobactin and a yersiniabactin‐related siderophore mediate iron acquisition in Proteus mirabilis

Proteus mirabilis causes complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). While the urinary tract is an iron-limiting environment, iron acquisition remains poorly characterized for this uropathogen. Microarray analysis of P. mirabilis HI4320 cultured under iron limitation identified 45 significantly upregulated genes (P ≤ 0.05) that represent 21 putative iron-regulated systems. Two gene clusters, PMI0229-0239 and PMI2596-2605, encode putative siderophore systems. PMI0229-0239 encodes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-independent siderophore system for producing a novel siderophore, proteobactin. PMI2596-2605 are contained within the high-pathogenicity island, originally described in Yersinia pestis, and encodes proteins with apparent homology and organization to those involved in yersiniabactin production and uptake. Cross-feeding and biochemical analysis shows that P. mirabilis is unable to utilize or produce yersiniabactin, suggesting that this yersiniabactin-related locus is functionally distinct. Only disruption of both systems resulted in an in vitro iron-chelating defect; demonstrating production and iron-chelating activity for both siderophores. These findings clearly show that proteobactin and the yersiniabactin-related siderophore function as iron acquisition systems. Despite the activity of both siderophores, only mutants lacking the yersiniabactin-related siderophore have reduced fitness in vivo. The fitness requirement for the yersiniabactin-related siderophore during UTI shows, for the first time, the importance of siderophore production in vivo for P. mirabilis.
Narcolepsy and the hypocretins

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and one or more of three additional symptoms (cataplexy, or sudden loss of muscle tone; vivid hallucinations; and brief periods of total paralysis) related to the occurrence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at inappropriate times. The daytime sleepiness typically presents as a sudden overwhelming urge to sleep, followed by periods of sleep that last for seconds or minutes, or even longer. During daytime sleep episodes, patients may exhibit "automatic behavior," performing conventionalized functions (eg, taking notes), but not remembering having done so once they are awake. About 10% of narcoleptics are members of familial clusters; however, genetic factors alone are apparently insufficient to cause the disease, inasmuch as the most common genetic disorder, a mutation in chromosome 6 controlling the HLA antigen immune complex, although seen in 90% to 100% of patients, also occurs in as many as 50% of people without narcolepsy. A dog model of narcolepsy exhibits a mutation on chromosome 12 that disrupts the processing of the peptide neurotransmitter hypocretin. No such mutation characterizes human narcolepsy; however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin levels are profoundly depressed in narcoleptic patients, and a specific reduction in hypocretin-containing neurons has been described. One hypothesis concerning the pathophysiology of narcolepsy proposes that the HLA subtype resulting from the mutation on chromosome 6 increases the susceptibility of hypocretin-containing brain neurons to immune attack. Because hypocretin may normally participate in the maintenance of wakefulness, the loss of neurons that release this peptide might allow REM sleep to occur at inappropriate times, ie, while the patient is awake, in contrast to its normal cyclic appearance after a period of slow-wave sleep. The cataplexy, hallucinations, and/or paralysis associated with REM episodes normally are unnoticed-or, at least, not remembered-when the transition to REM follows slow wave sleep, as is normally the case; however, they are remembered when, in people with narcolepsy, the REM episode starts during a period of wakefulness. The association of narcolepsy with a deficiency in a specific neurotransmitter, in this case, hypocretin, is reminiscent of the associations between Parkinson disease and dopamine, or early Alzheimer disease and acetylcholine.
Direct blind equalization with best delay by channel output whitening

In this paper, we describe methods for computing fractionally spaced blind equalizers directly from second-order statistics of the observations. The equalizers with all possible delays are computed simultaneously and the one with the best delay is picked by a blind constant modulus index. Our algorithm utilizes the equalizer output whitening property of the blind equalizers, i.e., output whitening yields equalization; thus, no channel identification is required. This may reduce the performance degradation that is caused by channel estimation errors of channel estimation based approaches such as the subspace methods. In addition, existing channel output whitening-based approaches require nonlinear optimization and are unable to choose equalizer delays. In contrast, our algorithm has simple closed-form solutions for equalizers with all possible delays. Comparison of our algorithm with some other algorithms in the similar category is given, which shows that our algorithm has more efficient computations. Simulations demonstrate the good performance of our method.
Monopsony Power, Collective Bargaining and College Football

The collision of sports and labor law has prompted a rise in scholarly activity best exemplified by the recent Workshop on Sports Law at the Southeastern Association of Law Schools (SEALS). Featuring a number of scholars, the workshop moderated by Professor William Berry surveyed an array of issues. One issue concerns the implications that correspond with the question whether or not the football players at Northwestern University, who receive grant-in-aid scholarships, ought to treated as employees within the meaning of Section (2)(3) of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA).Although Richard Posner’s understanding of economic theory suggests that the NLRA can be viewed as a kind of reverse Sherman Act designed to encourage cartelization of labor markets, it is equally possible to adduce evidence showing that universities, as putative employers, richly defended by the NCAA, possess unjustified market power. If universities are properly seen as employers, they can be viewed as monopsonies that extract unjustified benefits from their employees who possess inferior bargaining power in spite of the NCAA’s self-proclaimed mission to prevent exploitation of student-athletes under the umbrella of “amateurism.” This brief essay suggests that an economic case can be established favoring the unionization of Division I football players grounded in the likelihood that college players face employers with monopsony power. This remains true despite the fact that complications arise with regard to the possible adverse effects of unionization on both the status of Division II and Division III programs and university athletic programs outside of the domain of football.
Asymmetric Hybridization of Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon in the St. Marys River, Michigan

Natural hybridization between pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) has been observed only in the Great Lakes, where both species have been introduced. The direction of hybridization between these species is poorly understood, thus the present study analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to determine whether the maternal parents were pink or Chinook salmon. During annual salmon population surveys on the St. Marys River (1998–2002), fifty putative hybrids of pink salmon and Chinook salmon were identified from meristic, morphometric and color characters. We designed primers to amplify a fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop control region that included both a variable and a control restriction site (BstNI). Polymerase chain reaction, restriction endonuclease digestion and capillary electrophoresis of mtDNA were used in order to identify the maternal parent of each hybrid salmon. In addition, the amplified fragments from the three fish species were sequenced to further verify the results. All hybrid salmon specimens were found to possess Chinook salmon mtDNA, indicating that hybridization between Chinook salmon and pink salmon is asymmetrical and likely unidirectional, occurring only between male pink salmon and female Chinook salmon. Influences contributing to the hybridization of these salmonid species could include limited spatial and temporal segregation of spawners, sexual selection, a limiting number of Chinook males, and/or physiological factors.
Sleep Health and Appropriate Use of OTC Sleep Aids in Older Adults—Recommendations of a Gerontological Society of America Workgroup

Getting a good night's sleep can be challenging for older adults with chronic medical conditions, which often interfere with sleep. As a result, many older adults turn to over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids, that is, products with diphenhydramine or doxylamine. However, these products are indicated only for occasional difficulty with sleep, not for chronic use; and their safety and efficacy has not been well established in general and in older adults specifically. To engage national stakeholders in a discussion of OTC sleep aids in older adults, the Gerontological Society of America (GSA) convened a multidisciplinary workgroup. The Workgroup examined differences between younger and older adults in sleep health and use of OTC sleep aids using data from the National Health and Wellness Survey; assessed the pharmacologic properties and medication effects of OTC sleep aids; and worked with stakeholders to promote strategies for safe and effective use. Older adults are more likely to take diphenhydramine or doxylamine products 15 or more days in a month, an indicator of inappropriate use. The Workgroup recommends research to investigate the ways older people use OTC sleep aids. The goal should be reduction in inappropriate use and associated risks, such as daytime sedation, compromised cognitive function, and falls. In addition, the Workgroup recommends a greater role for community pharmacists in counseling older adults on appropriate use of OTC sleep aids.
The Use Of Article Summaries In Accounting Courses: Improving Students Reading Comprehension, Learning, Thinking, And Communication Skills

This paper describes the use of article summaries in accounting courses. Article summaries promote active learning. They assist students in improving their reading comprehension, learning, thinking, and written communication skills. We provide a template for the writing assignments, a grading rubric, and a list of accounting related periodicals for various accounting courses. We also suggest strategies for administering and grading the assignments to minimize the workload for instructors.
An information communication system operated by a sole placed on a hetero-core optical fiber sensor mat

When people (e.g., performing players in an orchestra) are physically constrained from moving hands or speaking, it is difficult for them to operate an ordinary information device. This paper proposes an information communication system that is operated by the user's sole placed on a hetero-core optical fiber sensor mat. Specifically, messages are created from a series of 4 bits that are generated based on the position of the users' pressure on the mat. We have built an experimental system, and used it to evaluate two proposed message creation algorithms: one based on Euclid distance and the other on certain threshold values. We have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Ultraviolet Reflectivity Spectra of Cd S 1 − x Se x Single Crystals

The fundamental reflectivity of single-crystal platelets of $\mathrm{Cd}{\mathrm{S}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x}$ has been measured at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with linearly polarized light of wavelength longer than 1100 \AA{}. Measurements were performed with the electric vector parallel and perpendicular to the $c$ axis of the crystal. The transitions ${E}_{1}({A}_{1}, {A}_{2}, B)$, ${{E}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${F}_{1}$, ${E}_{2}$, a shoulder on the low-energy side of ${E}_{2}$, and ${{E}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ were followed across the composition range. The structure in the reflectivity curves is interpreted in terms of existing knowledge of the band structure of wurtzite materials.
Functional Representation in the International Labor Organization

A bloc system has superimposed itself upon national legislatures. Although their members are elected on a definite territorial basis, they associate themselves together in response to interests in their constituencies which have little relation to their electoral districts. Thus, in the United States, a foreign word has come into use to designate the organized agricultural interests which constitute the farm bloc. More or less definite aggregations of this kind have been formed throughout parliamentary history. Some of these have been the result of particular manufacturing or commercial interests; other groupings have followed religious or social-class lines of cleavage; nevertheless, the basis of representation, in the popularly elected chambers, has remained territorial. Since 1919, however, an international assembly has been built up on a new political pattern. This is the Conference of the International Labor Organization, which convened for its tenth session at Geneva, in May, 1927, and in the following October completed the eighth year of its history. Notwithstanding the fact that structurally this body has a national basis, in that the delegates are sent by different member states, the conferences derive their character and mode of operation, not so much from the member states as from the three component groups in which national differences are more or less subordinate. These groups represent, respectively, the governments, the employers, and the workers of the several countries.
Shakespeare's view of the laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum.

BACKGROUND The laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum is created and maintained in a physiologically homeostatic potential space that is 37-degrees Centigrade (°C) and covered by a wet film of peritoneal fluid. The currently used gas is carbon dioxide that is instilled at 21°C and extremely dry. Altering this privileged space is a violation of surgical safety, principles, and reason. Maintaining normal healthy conditions in their original state by humidifying and warming the gas eliminates the rub of dry gas and takes arms against a sea of troubles. DATABASE Literature search using PubMed and Cochrane databases identifying articles focusing on laparoscopy, pneumoperitoneum, hypothermia, evaporation, desiccation, peritoneum, and morphology. CONCLUSIONS Shakespeare's premonitions regarding the chilling effects and intentionally induced unhappy events perpetrated on the peritoneal cavity is not nor cannot come to good. The absence of water in the gas going into a wetted cavity causes perilous circumstances, resulting in evaporative hypothermia, tissue desiccation, and damage that precede adhesion formation. Providing the most protective canopy for the intraabdominal cavity with humidity and warmth prevents calamitous clinical outcomes and mirrors nature's intent. The virtue is in doing no harm.