cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land application of lime stabilized septage

Abstract Lime stabilized septage was applied to an Evesboro loamy sand soil at rates of 66,300 and 747,000 L/ha. Corn was grown on half of the plots and the other half of the plots were left fallow. Corn yields varied from 2030 to 3550 kg/ha. Ground‐water monitoring data indicates the septage did not cause nitrate or bacteria contamination. Lead concentrations increased slightly in the soil profile after the septage was applied. There was no change in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc or copper concentrations. Nitrate was leached out of the top 150 cm of the soil profile during the winter months. Regulations recently adopted by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) for land application of sludges requires that all sludges be stabilized. Septage is classified as a sludge. In Sussex County, Delaware, many of the coastal developments are on individual septic tanks that are pumped every three to five years. There is also a large rural populatio...
Conversion of a Micro-CT Scanned Rock Fracture Into a Useful Model

Within geologic reservoirs the flow of fluids through fractures is often orders of magnitude greater than through the surrounding, low-permeability rock. Because of the number and size of fractures in geological fields, reservoir-scale discrete-fracture simulators often model fluid motion through fractures as flow through narrow, parallel plates. In reality fractures within rock are narrow openings between two rough rock surfaces. In order to model the geometry of an actual fracture in rock, a ~9 cm by 2.5 cm fracture within Berea sandstone was created and the aperture distribution was obtained with micro-Computed Tomography (CT) scans by Karpyn et al. [1]. The original scans had a volume-pixel (voxel) resolution of 27 by 27 by 32 microns. This data was up-scaled to voxels with 120 microns to a side to facilitate data transfer and for practicality of use. Using three separate reconstruction techniques, six different fracture meshes were created from this up-scaled data set, each with slightly different final geometries. Flow through each of these fracture meshes was evaluated using the finite-volume simulator FLUENT. While certain features of the fracture meshes, such as the shape of the fracture aperture distributions and overall volume of the void, remained similar between the different geometricmore » reconstructions, the flow in different models was observed to vary dramatically. Rough fracture walls induced more tortuous flow paths and a higher resistance to flow. Natural fractures do vary in-situ, due to sidewall dissolution and mineral precipitation, smoothing and coarsening fracture walls respectively. Thus for our study the range of fracture properties was actually beneficial, allowing us to describe the flow through a range of fracture types. A compromise between capturing the geometric details within a domain of interest and a tractable computational mesh must always be addressed when flow through a physical geometry is modeled. The fine level of detail that is currently available from micro-CT scanning equipment can compound this problem. This study evaluates several methods of obtaining rational CFD meshes from a complex physical geometry, and discusses the benefits and disadvantages of the different procedures as they pertain to flow through a natural fracture in rock.« less
Purification and characterization of a Galactomyces reessii hydratase that converts 3-methylcrotonic acid to 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid

Cell free extracts of Galactomyces reessii contain a hydratase as the key enzyme for the transformation of 3-methylcrotonic acid to 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid. Highest levels of hydratase activity were obtained during growth on isovaleric acid. The enzyme, an enoyl CoA hydratase, was purified 147-fold by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and successive chromatography over columns of DE-52, Blue Sepharose CL-6B and Sephacryl S-200. During purification, hydratase activity was measured spectrophotometrically (OD change at 263 nm) for 3-methylcrotonyl CoA and crotonyl CoA as substrates. The enzyme displayed highest activity with crotonyl CoA with a Kcat of 1,050,000 min(-1). The ratio of crotonyl CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl CoA activities was constant (20:1) during all steps of purification. The Kcat for crotonyl CoA was also about 20 times greater than the Kcat for 3-methylcrotonyl CoA (51,700 min(-1). The enzyme had pH and temperature optima at 7.0 and 35 degrees C, a native Mr of 260 +/- 4.5 kDa and a subunit Mr of 65 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme was a homotetramer. The pI of the purified hydratase was 5.5, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence was VPEGYAEDLLKGKMMRFFDS. Hydratase activity for 3-methylcrotonyl CoA was competitively inhibited by acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA.
Standardized Slow Enteral Feeding Protocol and the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.

Background: Compared with early enteral feeds, the delayed introduction and slow advancement of enteral feedings to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are not well studied in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Objective: To study the effects of a standardized slow enteral feeding (SSEF) protocol in ELBW infants. Methods: ELBW infants who followed an SSEF protocol (September 2009 to December 2012) were compared with a similar group of historical controls (January 2003 to July 2009). Short-term outcomes between the 2 groups were compared by propensity score (PS) analysis. Results: One hundred twenty-five infants in the SSEF group were compared with 294 historical controls. Compared with the controls, feeding initiation day, full enteral feeding day, parenteral nutrition (PN) days, and total central line days were longer in the SSEF group. There was no significant difference in overall NEC (5.6% vs 11.2%, respectively; P = .10) or surgical NEC (1.6% vs 4.8%, respectively; P = .17...
Mechanical properties of human amniotic fluid stem cells using nanoindentation

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain nanomechanical properties of living cells focusing on human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cell using nanoindentation techniques. We modified the conventional method of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in aqueous environment for cell imaging and indentation to avoid inherent difficulties. Moreover, we determined the elastic modulus of murine osteoblast (OB6) cells and hAFS cells at the nucleus and cytoskeleton using force–displacement curves and Hertz theory. Since OB6 cell line has been widely used, it was selected to validate and compare the obtained results with the previous research studies. As a result, we were able to capture high resolution images through utilization of the tapping mode without adding protein or using fixation methods. The maximum depth of indentation was kept below 15% of the cell thickness to minimize the effect of substrate hardness. Nanostructural details on the surface of cells were visualized by AFM and fluorescence microscopy. The cytoskeletal fibers presented remarkable increase in elastic modulus as compared with the nucleus. Furthermore, our results showed that the elastic modulus of hAFS cell edge (31.6 kPa) was lower than that of OB6 cell edge (42.2 kPa). In addition, the elastic modulus of nucleus was 13.9 kPa for hAFS cell and 26.9 kPa for OB6 cells. Differences in cell elastic modulus possibly resulted from the type and number of actin cytoskeleton organization in these two cell types.
Design of low-rise buildings for extreme wind events

Damages from hurricanes and various windstorm events represent a loss of several billions of dollars in the United States. A loss of $30 billion was attributed to Hurricane Andrew alone in Florida in 1993. In 2004 and 2005, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and other locations in the southeast United States and the Caribbean saw an unprecedented wave of major hurricanes causing great destruction and property damage. This paper discusses the topic of home design for high winds and hurricanes, and sums up a recently completed practical research on this subject.
A large-strain elastic-plastic finite element analysis of rolling process

A three-dimensional large-strain non-steady-state elastic-plastic finite element analysis has been performed for the flat rolling process. This analysis is based on E.H. Lee's theory of plasticity which begins with the decomposition of the deformation gradient into the product of elastic and plastic deformation gradients. The updated Lagrangian virtual work equations in incremental form and in rate form are derived. The detailed finite element procedures are outlined. The contact and frictional problem at the interface between the workpiece and the rolls is treated by using a modified Coulomb friction law. The numerical results, including the evolutions of the roll torque and roll forces, interfacial normal and shear stresses, lateral spread, spring-back, volume change, and stress distributions displayed on deformed shape, are presented and discussed.
Discovery of Associated Absorption Lines in an X-Ray Warm Absorber:Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph Observations of MR 2251-178

The presence of a 'warm absorber' was first suggested to explain spectral variability in an X-ray spectrum of the radio-quiet quasi-stellar object (QSO) MR 2251-178. A unified picture, in which X-ray warm absorbers and 'intrinsic' UV absorbers are the same, offers the opportunity to probe the nuclear environment of active galactic nuclei. To test this scenario and understand the physical properties of the absorber, we obtained a UV spectrum of MR 2251-178 with the Faint Object Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The HST spectrum clearly shows absorption due to Lyalpha, N v, and C IV, blueshifted by 300 km s(exp -1) from the emission redshift of the QSO. The rarity of both X-ray and UV absorbers in radio-quiet QSOs suggests these absorbers are physically related, if not identical. Assuming the unified scenario, we place constraints on the physical parameters of the absorber and conclude the mass outflow rate is essentially the same as the accretion rate in MR 2251-178.
Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources

This essay argues for the usefulness of approaching social movement ideology as a set of “cultural resources” that can be understood in many of the same ways as are conventional structural resources. One important type of cultural resource is the rhetorical frame with which movements make public political claims. Using a specific substantive example of a cultural resource — rhetoric about the “public good” — I focus on the linkages between collective action frames and the wider cultural repertoire from which movements adapt their meanings. Three ideal-typical versions of public good rhetoric appear: the covenant; the contract; and the stewardshi
Arterial injury repair in nonhuman primates: The role of PDGF receptor-β

Abstract Background This study documents the time course of the response to injury of the saphenous artery in baboons and the role of the platelet-derived growth factor-β. Fundamental differences with the well-characterized rat arterial injury model have been found. Materials and methods Thirty-eight baboons received a unilateral balloon injury to the saphenous artery and were treated with a chimeric blocking antibody to PDGFR-β or vehicle control for 7, 14, or 28 days. The arteries were evaluated morphologically and for cell proliferation. Results Both medial and intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation were elevated 7 days after injury and were back close to baseline at 14 days. Unlike the rat, blockade of PDGFR-β inhibited medial proliferation over 80% at 7 and 14 days, while intimal proliferation was only inhibited at 14 days (>95%). Also, unlike the rat, the baboon arterial media, as well as the intima, increased in size by 14 days after injury. Blockade of PDGFR-β completely inhibited both intimal and medial growth at 14 days, but there was less of an effect on intimal growth at 28 days. Conclusion Blockade of PDGFR-β may be a clinical approach to inhibit intimal hyperplasia in humans, but this study raises concerns about the long-term efficacy of this treatment.
The ecological conditions that favor tool use and innovation in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.).

Dolphins are well known for their exquisite echolocation abilities, which enable them to detect and discriminate prey species and even locate buried prey. While these skills are widely used during foraging, some dolphins use tools to locate and extract prey. In the only known case of tool use in free-ranging cetaceans, a subset of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia habitually employs marine basket sponge tools to locate and ferret prey from the seafloor. While it is clear that sponges protect dolphins' rostra while searching for prey, it is still not known why dolphins probe the substrate at all instead of merely echolocating for buried prey as documented at other sites. By ‘sponge foraging’ ourselves, we show that these dolphins target prey that both lack swimbladders and burrow in a rubble-littered substrate. Delphinid echolocation and vision are critical for hunting but less effective on such prey. Consequently, if dolphins are to access this burrowing, swimbladderless prey, they must probe the seafloor and in turn benefit from using protective sponges. We suggest that these tools have allowed sponge foraging dolphins to exploit an empty niche inaccessible to their non-tool-using counterparts. Our study identifies the underlying ecological basis of dolphin tool use and strengthens our understanding of the conditions that favor tool use and innovation in the wild.
Neonatal hyperglycemia and diminished long-term growth in very low birth weight preterm infants

To investigate the association between early hyperglycemia and growth and development from hospital discharge to 2 years corrected age (CA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Blood glucose levels during the first 14 days after birth, weight, length and occipital-frontal circumference (OFC) at birth, hospital discharge and 4, 12 and 24 months CA, Bayley developmental scores at 12 and 24 months CA, and information on multiple clinical variables were recorded on VLBW preterm infants (N=80). The relationships between hyperglycemia, growth and developmental scores were determined using linear mixed effects regression. Hyperglycemia was a strong predictor of poor rate of increase in weight, length and OFC until 24 months CA. Hyperglycemia was not associated with lower scores on the Bayley scales. Neonatal hyperglycemia was associated with poor physical growth until at least 2 years CA in this cohort of VLBW preterm infants.
Prior polyvascular disease: Risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute coronary syndromes

Aims The presence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is associated with higher likelihood of significant coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to assess the prevalence of PAD, CVD, prior CAD, or pre-existent disease in multiple arterial territories (‘polyvascular’ disease) in patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and its impact on adverse events. Methods and results Data from 95 749 patients enrolled from February 2003 to September 2006 at 484 sites in the CRUSADE registry were analysed. Patients were categorized as having prior 0, 1, 2, or 3 affected arterial beds. The rates of in-hospital mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure were analysed, as were the rates of non-bypass surgery-related red blood cell transfusion and major bleeding. On presentation, 11 345 (11.9%) patients had established PAD, 9973 (10.4%) had documented CVD, and 41 404 (43.2%) had prior CAD. In this cohort, 0, 1, 2, and 3 arterial bed disease before presentation was present in 46 814 (48.9%, 95% CI 48.6–49.2%), 36 704 (38.3%, 95% CI 37.8–39.0%), 10 675 (11.2%, 95% CI 10.9–11.9%), and 1556 (1.6%, 95% CI 1.5–1.8%) patients, respectively. The rates of ischaemic events increased with the number of affected vascular beds. The adjusted odds ratio for the composite of in-hospital ischaemic events for pre-existent disease in 1, 2, or 3 arterial beds (compared with 0 arterial bed involvement) increased from 1.07 to 1.26 to 1.31 ( P < 0.001). Similarly, the adjusted odds ratio for transfusion increased with greater disease burden from 1.11 to 1.28 to 1.30 ( P < 0.001), although the adjusted rates of protocol-defined non-bypass surgery-related major bleeding did not. Conclusion Prior polyvascular disease increases the risk of in-hospital adverse events, including mortality. Identification of these patients in clinical trial and real world populations may provide an opportunity to reduce their excess risk with intensive secondary prevention efforts.
Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: a clinical review.

Background: If osteoporosis is linked with vitamin A (Vit A) A consumption, millions of people could be affected. Methods: A MEDLINE search was performed with keywords retinol, β-carotene, and osteoporosis. Results: Of 20 clinical studies, 3 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 14 were observational studies, and 3 were case reports. Most (8) observational studies were cross-sectional. Oral retinoyl palmitate (RP) in high doses induces fractures and radiographic osteoporosis in animals. Retinol intake from diet or supplements is negatively associated with lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter bone mineral density (BMD). There is a graded increase in relative risk of hip fracture with increasing retinol intake, attributable primarily to retinol (either from diet or supplements) but not β-carotene intake. Higher serum retinol levels are associated with higher risk of any fracture and with higher risk of hip fracture, whereas there is no evidence of harm associated with β-carotene intake. The few RCTs inv...
Re/Making La Negrita: Culture as an Aesthetic System in Costa Rica

In this article, I examine the production of meaning in the veneration of La Negrita, the black Madonna and patroness of Costa Rica. Both an apparition and an icon, La Negrita is a 20-centimeter, dark-colored statue of the Virgin Mary that appeared to a mulata girl on the outskirts of the colonial city of Cartago in 1635. Throughout the ensuing 400 years, La Negrita has been remade in the image of hegemony, even as the experience of her perceived power has challenged that ideological and coercive project. Through an analysis of this historical progression, I argue for a theory of culture as an aesthetic system, where the egalitarianism of experience is always in conflict with the authoritarianism of meaning.
Spatial and temporal soil moisture and drought variability in the Upper Colorado River Basin

Summary This research investigates the interannual variability of soil moisture as related to large-scale climate variability and also evaluates the spatial and temporal variability of modeled deep layer (40–140 cm) soil moisture in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). A three layers hydrological model VIC-3L (Variable Infiltration Capacity Model – 3 layers) was used to generate soil moisture in the UCRB over a 50-year period. By using wavelet analysis, deep layer soil moisture was compared to the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), precipitation, and streamflow to determine whether deep soil moisture is an indicator of climate extremes. Wavelet and coherency analysis for the UCRB indicated a strong relationship between the PDSI, climate variability and the deep soil moisture. The spatial variability of soil moisture during drought, normal, and wet years was analyzed by using map analysis. Distinct regions showing higher vulnerability to drought and wet conditions were identified in the spatial analysis. The temporal variation in soil moisture was performed by utilizing map analysis in pre-drought, drought, and post-drought years for four drought events, 1953–1956, 1959–1964, 1974–1977, and 1988–1992. Less than 50% of the basin had dry conditions (soil moisture anomaly below −10 mm) for the pre-drought years. Soil moisture anomalies were lower than −10 mm for more than 50% of the basin in 15 out of 19 drought years. Generally, droughts did not end until the average soil moisture anomalies increased to positive values for two consecutive years.
Directions For In-Service Education

In a very broad sense, in-service education consists of those activities engaged in by school personnel during their service and which are designed to contribute to their effectiveness on the job.' These activities may be during regular school hours, after regular school hours, on weekends, during the summer months, or during an official leave. Pro-service education on the other hand. refers almost universally to attendance at an accredited school or college of education in a curriculum designed to prepare a person to teach in a specific field. For example, a person may prepare to be a lower-elementary teacher or a secondary science teacher. In-service education programs are conducted, not only for classroom teachers, but for principals, supervisors, and superintendents. Some school systems conduct in-service training activities for nonprofessional school personnel. These may include school custodial workers, lunchroom workers, and school bus drivers. Professional growth may be the result of activities or programs initiated by teachers, by principals, supervisors or superintendents, or by other groups. An individual school may have a planned inservice education program to increase the effectiveness of its teachers. Also, a school system may plan and implement a program designed generally to promote the growth of teachers and other personnel within the system. State Departments of Education sponsor district or statewide conferences and activities to inform school personnel and improve educational services. Professional organizations of school personnel sponsor district and state-wide meetings for teachers and supervisory and administrative personnel.
A clonal approach to the problem of neural crest determination.

Abstract A fundamental question regarding neural crest development is the possible pluripotential nature of this embryonic tissue. As a first step in examining this problem, clonal techniques are used to produce homogeneous populations of crest cells. Primary cultures of these cells are obtained by explanting neural tubes from Japanese quail in vitro and allowing crest cells to migrate away. The explant is removed, the outgrowth is isolated, dissociated with trypsin, and the cells plated at clonal density. Colonies derived in this manner fall into the following categories: all cells of the colony pigmented; none of the cells pigmented; and some of the cells pigmented, the remainder unpigmented. Pigmented colonies generally arise from small, round cells whereas the non-pigmented colonies usually originate from large, flattened polymorphous cells. Differentiation of melanocytes does not preclude their continued proliferation. The pigment phenotype, in addition, is stable through at least 25 generations. That the mixed colonies, in fact, are clonally derived is shown by physically isolating single cells. The identity of the non-pigment cells was not established in the present work. A possible neural fate is suggested, however, since nerve-like cells develop after the petri plates become overgrown. Neural clones did not form even though nerve growth factor activity is present as a normal constituent of the culture medium and was added as a supplement in some instances. These techniques permit the preparation of large, homogeneous populations of neural crest cells and afford an opportunity to examine aspects of crest determination heretofore impossible to study.
On the asymptotic power and relative efficiency of the frequency X2 test

Abstract The asymptotic (Pitman) power of the X 2 test is investigated for particular classes of alternatives. A simple rule is introduced to identify ‘orthogonal alternatives’, for which the noncentrality parameter can be computed in a very simple way. In the sequel, restricted alternatives are considered and the ARE of the unrestricted test w.r.t. the restricted one is shown to depend only on the numbers of degrees of freedom. The concluding section discusses ‘undetectable alternatives’, i.e. alternatives for which the noncentrality vanishes.
Enhancing the Translation of Physical Activity Interventions in Afterschool Programs

Afterschool programs (3-6 pm, ASPs) represent a promising approach to promote physical activity (PA) and are positioned to make a substantial contribution to children’s overall daily PA. This artic...
Character of the Alleghanian orogeny in the southern Appalachians: Part II. Geochronological constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the eastern Piedmont in South Carolina

A nearly concordant U-Pb zircon age of 550 ± 4 Ma is interpreted to closely date crystallization of the epizonal Little Mountain metatonalite in the southeastern part of the Charlotte belt in South Carolina. This confirms field studies which indicate that the Charlotte belt contains a plutonic metaigneous complex that developed as a sub-volcanic-arc infrastructure, contemporaneous with vulcanism manifested in the Carolina slate belt. Both paleontological and geochronological controls indicate that the South Carolina slate belt is mostly younger than 570 Ma (Cambrian?), whereas the slate belt in North Carolina and Virginia is mostly of late Proterozoic age. A regionally significant mid-Paleozoic (ca. 340–360 Ma) thermal event is suggested by discordant 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock age spectra of slate/phyllite in the northwestern Carolina slate belt and from hornblende in the southeastern Charlotte belt. It is uncertain if this event was associated with deformation in the eastern Piedmont; however, mid-Paleozoic deformation has been previously documented elsewhere in the western Piedmont. A slightly disconcordant U-Pb zircon age of 317 ± 4 Ma is interpreted to closely date initial crystallization of the deformed Edge-field granite and confirms a record of late Paleozoic penetrative deformation in the Kiokee belt of South Carolina. U-Pb isotope data for the Lake Murray orthogneiss and Clouds Creek granite are discordant and suggest that the magmas of these plutons were derived by partial melting of a sialic Precam-brian source and then emplaced in the eastern Piedmont at ca. 315 Ma (prior to or during the early stages of the Alleghanian orogeny). The thermal maximum of Alleghanian regional metamorphism (amphibolite facies in the Kiokee belt; greenschist facies in the southeastern part of the Carolina slate belt) occurred during ca. 295–315 Ma. During the late Carboniferous and Early Permian, the eastern Piedmont experienced differential uplift, erosion, and relatively rapid postmeta-morphic cooling. Isothermal surfaces were folded into an antiform-synform-antiform configuration corresponding to the Kiokee, Carolina slate, and Charlotte belts, respectively. The geochronological data provide the following calibration for the late Paleozoic deformational chronology recorded in the Kiokee and Carolina slate belts: D2 (Lake Murray deformation), ca. 295–315 Ma; D3 (Clarks Hill deformation), ca. 285–295 Ma; and D4 (Irmo deformation), ca. 268–290 Ma.
Modeling uncertainty in periodic random environment: applications to environmental studies

Recently an active research on the effects of a random environment of periodic nature on the properties of uncertainty has been conducted by a number of authors. It reflects the resulting random variables and associated random processes, and involves theoretical research, writing and implementing models and algorithms. The research aspects are focused on the study of relevant uncertain quantities that result from the impact of a periodic random environment. This paper presents specific probability models relevant to environmental studies, with constant periodicity in additive models, and with periodicity with a driving non-stationary components. Some applications are briefly noticed. In particular, it is shown that varying effects are modeled by extended in time Poisson trials with periodically changed components. Such processes appear when modeling natural disasters like tornados, hurricane activities, etc. with a clear seasonal pattern. A representation of the waiting time up to the occurrence of such an event as a sum of independent components may be of considerable interest in the analysis of various environmental characteristics of periodic nature. Illustrations are given. We expect these results to be useful for application in environmental studies, insurance and risk, as well as for developing suitable approaches for statistical data analysis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WEIGHTED DENSITY APPROXIMATION APPLIED TO DIATOMIC MOLECULES

Early investigations into the weighted spin-density approximation (WSDA) report atomic energies which err by more than those in the much simpler local-spin-density approximation (LSDA). More recent work has refined the WSDA to obtain substantial improvement over the LSDA in atomic energies. These results suggest that a WSDA may improve quantum-chemistry calculations. The extension of the method from atoms to molecules is nontrivial, however, and we know of no published work applying a WSDA to molecules. We develop an energy functional which treats correlation locally, and exchange in the WSDA. The functional achieves a substantial improvement over the LSDA in atomic energies. We calculate bond lengths, dissociation energies, and vibrational frequencies for some first-row dimers. In particular, the hydrogen dimer is described well with this functional. Dissociation energies are also relatively accurate for the heavier dimers. Except for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, however, bond lengths tend to be longer than experiments indicate. We discuss features of the WSDA necessary to improve these findings. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
American Kin Terms and Terms for Kinsmen: A Critique of Goodenough's Componential Analysis of Yankee Kinship Terminology

THE combination of a good anthropologist and an intelligent informant is very hard to beat as this paper by Goodenough clearly shows. If we really want to see just what componential analysis can do, this is the very best place to see it. It is the best place to see what componential analysis can do for a number of different reasons. One is that this paper provides a fine instance of the great difference between a systematically undertaken adequate analysis that aims at completion and programmatic efforts that merely aim at illustration. But the most important reason this paper is the best place to see just what componential analysis can do and how it does it is that the reader can evaluate every step of the procedure. The American reader, like the Yankee author and his informant, is a fluent speaker of the language. The American reader, like the Yankee author, is his own informant. The American reader can easily call on other informants to check the material. But the American reader can do one more thing which is perhaps most important of all, and that is to consider the product of the analysis and evaluate it in terms of his own knowledge of American culture and kinship. In other words, he can take the analytic outcome of this componential analysis and ask if it fits with a new body of ethnographic data which was not used in the analysis. This is a test we can seldom use, but it is one of the best tests of the validity of any analysis. This point is fundamental. When Goodenough provides us with a componential analysis of Trukese kinship terms, he has collected the material himself, analyzed it himself and he is about the only person who really has any command over the basic data. Since practically none of his readers knows Truk as Goodenough does, one of the major bases for the evaluation of any analysis is therefore not generally available to his readers. He knows how his analysis fits the data and, if it did not fit, he would tell us so and tell us where it didn't fit. If there had been inconsistent data he would have resolved the inconsistencies or acknowledged them. But the evaluation by the reader would have to be based on marginal considerations-the connection between data and conclusion, redundancy, internal consistency, and of course, the great "So What!"' The relationship between the basic data and the Procrustean bed in which it is displayed is an especially important one where componential analysis is concerned, for componential anaysis is useful precisely insofar as it
Differences in the responses of heterozygous carriers of colorblindness and normal controls to briefly presented stimuli.

Two experiments were conducted in order to investigate the possible effects of X-inactivation (Lyon, 1961) on female carriers of colorblindness. The results of the first experiment, like those of Grutzner et al. (1976), were consistent with the prediction of the Lyon (1961) hypothesis that the retinas of female carriers are composed of mosaic patches of colorblind and normal areas. In this first experiment, rows and columns of colored spots were presented tachistoscopically, and subjects were asked to identify the colors of the spots. In the second experiment, plates from the Ishihara test of colorblindness were presented tachistoscopically and subjects were asked to identify the number which was embedded in the pattern of colored dots. Both experiments support the Lyon hypothesis in that female carriers were found to have more difficulty in perceiving patterns of colored stimuli than did control subjects, and they suggest that the amount of time that a carrier has to scan colored stimuli plays an important role in her ability to accurately perceive them.
Placental estrogen biosynthesis during human pregnancy.

Overwhelming evidence has been accumulated which indicates that the placenta is the principal source of the greatly increased amounts of estrogen produced by pregnant women. This view received strong support from the elegant in vitro studies of Ryan, who first demonstrated net estrogen synthesis when testosterone or Δ4-androstenedione3 (1) and androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol (2) are incubated with placental preparations. Until recently, however, the exact sequence of the in vivo events which precede these final reactions has been unclear. The possible biochemical pathways and some of the important intermediates leading to the three classic estrogens, estrone, estradiol and estriol, are outlined in Fig. 1.
Recontracting, trustworthiness, and the stability of vote exchanges

Tullock (1981) has recently restated a discrepancy between theory and observation that exists in collective decisions, and made a start toward explaining the discrepancy. The discrepancy, stated simply, is this: The theory of rational action in collective decisions implies that any outcome which requires vote exchanges to be achieved is unstable in that it can be overturned by a coalition all of whom find it their interest to do so. Yet, a high degree of stability is observed in legislation, despite the fact that much of this legislation required vote exchanges in order to be passed. Tullock accounts for this stability in part by pointing out that defections necessary to create the instability (e.g., a defector induced to become an 'aristocrat' in an inegalitarian coalition) create an exposed position for the defector and the possible instability is likely to inhibit the defection in the first place. Tullock looks at two extreme forms that a winning coalition could take, given a set of bills each of which has a special interest for one legislator: a logrolling form which encompasses all of nearly all the legislature, and a minimal winning coalition. Although the latter dominates the former in a game theoretic sense, Tullock argues that the latter will be unstable because of the power of enticement held by the excluded minority. Logrolling which includes nearly all the legislature is, although formally dominated, stable because of the absence of this potential enticement. Thus for Tullock if I understand correctly his argument the potential instability of minimal winning coalitions leads any one of them to be succeeded, not by another minimal winning coalition, but by a non-minimal winning coalition that it formally dominates. Shepsle and Weingast in a subsequent paper argue that the institutional structure of actual legislatures restricts the richness of logrolling and coalition possibilities that under pure majority rule without such institutions could overturn a proto-coalition or reverse an outcome (Shepsle and Weingast, 1981: 511). Thus they explain stability by stability-inducing institutions.
Clearance of Bilirubin from Rat Brain after Reversible Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier

Utilizing multicomponent spectrophotome- try, we assayed the bilirubin content of rat cerebral hemi- spheres. With this assay, we determined the clearance of bilirubin from the rat brain following reversible, osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Clearance was rapid, with a half-time of 1.7 h. This half-time was the same as that for clearance of bilirubin from the serum, suggesting that brain bilirubin was removed by transport or diffusion back into the general circulation. Osmotic opening does not damage brain tissue. Thus, in the undamaged rat brain, bilirubin is rapidly cleared, in contrast to its persistence in autopsy-proven human kernicterus. The potential for clear- ance of bilirubin from human neonatal brain should be considered, especially in the absence of underlying tissue damage. (Pediatr Res 19: 1040-1043,1985)
Intestinal biosynthesis of apolipoproteins in the rat: apoE and apoA-I mRNA translation and regulation

Rat intestinal poly(A) RNA was translated in wheat germ and reticulocyte lysate systems in vitro. ApoA-I and apoE were demonstrated to be specific products by immunoprecipitation and fractionation on sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gels. They were identical in size to the respective products from rat liver. In pulse-labeling studies, apoE was shown to be synthesized by slices of rat intestine in situ. Furthermore, a high cholesterol diet stimulated the synthesis of apoE and apoA-I at the pretranslational level.
(1R)-2-[(3R,4S)-3-Methyl-4-(N-phenyl-N-propionyl­amino)­piperidin-1-yl]-1-phenyl­ethyl p-bromo­benzoate and N-{(3R,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-(4-bromo­phenyl)-2-hydroxy­ethyl]-3-methyl-piperidin-4-yl}-N-phenyl­acryl­amide

Both title compounds, C30H33BrN2O3 and C23H27BrN2O2, respectively, are brominated derivatives of the potent opioid cis-β-hydroxy-3-methyl­fentanyl (ohmefentanyl). Ohmefentanyl has three asymmetric C atoms and, therefore, has eight possible stereoisomers. The absolute configurations of the title compounds were determined to assign the proper configuration of two of these stereoisomers and the compounds have the same stereochemistry at two of the three asymmetric C atoms.
Some results for moment-empirical cumulative distribution functions

An unknown probability cumulative distribution function (CDF) can be recovered from its moments and estimated from its empirical moments. In this paper, some further results for such moment-empiric...
Psychological causality in the attribution of responsibility for rape

According to a legal model of the attribution of responsibility for rape, judgments of physical and psychological causality of an alleged rapist are combined into overall evaluations of attacker responsibility. It was hypothesized that observers evaluate psychological causality by reconstructing the thought patterns of the accused rapist and by classifying this mental activity along dimensions of responsibility. Subjects read crime briefs, rated dimensions of responsibility, and assigned sentences. Factor analysis and analyses of variance indicate that observers organize psychological causality of the rapist around dimensions of intended violence, and the extent to which the attacker's thoughts are attributable to the victim. Multivariate analysis of variance confirmed the expected effects of the attacker's thoughts on judgments of culpability.
Effect of Relative Positions of Segments on Strength of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion

Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits (1966) postulated that the Mueller-Lyer illusion results from the misapplication of normally valid visual inference habits related to depth perception. To test the ...
Postmortem Analysis of Bone Growth into Porous-Coated Acetabular Components*

Microradiography, backscattered electron microscopy, and histological analysis were used to conduct a quantitative postmortem study of seven consecutively retrieved anatomical porous replacement acetabular components that had been inserted during total hip arthroplasties. Screws had been used for the initial fixation of six components. The microradiographic analysis of all seven components showed that an average (and standard deviation) of 84 ± 9 per cent (range, 72 to 93 per cent) of the porous coating was in direct apposition to the periprosthetic bone. The backscattered electron images demonstrated that an average of 12 ± 6 per cent (range, 4 to 21 per cent) of the space available in the porous coating was occupied by ingrown bone. The amount of bone ingrowth was not significantly different among the three zones delineated by DeLee and Charnley. Uniformity of bone growth into the porous coating suggests that the preferential loading that occurs in the superior region did not differentially affect the bone ingrowth. The present study showed that consistent bone growth into anatomical porous replacement acetabular components can be achieved.
THE ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS ON ERYTHROCYTES TREATED WITH TANNIC ACID AND SUBSEQUENT HEMAGGLUTINATION BY ANTIPROTEIN SERA

Treatment of sheep erythrocytes with suitable concentrations of tannic acid render them capable of adsorbing certain protein molecules from solution in saline. Red cells which have adsorbed proteins in this way are agglutinated after washing by the homologous antiprotein sera, even by high dilutions. Through hemagglutination sera can be titrated for antibodies against antigens adsorbed on the cells exposed to tannic acid. Furthermore, small amounts of the antigens can be detected through their power to inhibit hemagglutination of the treated cells.
Impact of deletion of the Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus PEP gene on viral potency: expression of the green fluorescent protein prevents larval liquefaction.

Abstract The Lymantria dispar multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ld M NPV) is an effective biological control agent of the gypsy moth, L. dispar, but is not in general use because the high cost of production limits availability. In an effort to generate a more cost efficient Ld M NPV biopesticide, two recombinant baculoviruses were generated to evaluate the impact of deleting the polyhedral envelope protein ( PEP ) gene on viral potency. One of these baculoviruses had the PEP gene inactivated by insertional mutagenesis with the green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) gene from Aequorea victoria (vGFP:PEP-); and the other contained a partial deletion of the PEP gene from the Ld M NPV viral genome (vPEP-). Both recombinant baculoviruses produced polyhedra that were lacking a polyhedral envelope and displayed an unusually pitted surface as analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Polyhedra produced by vGFP:PEP- were considerably smaller than those produced by vPEP- or wild-type virus. Although vPEP- and vGFP:PEP- polyhedra exhibited abnormal phenotypes, bioassay results indicated that there was no significant difference in the potency of these polyhedral envelope-lacking polyhedra in comparison to wild-type polyhedra. In addition, expression of GFP prevented virus-induced larval liquefaction upon death, and the deletion of PEP prevented lysis of infected cells in culture.
Detection and processing of electromagnetic and near-field acoustic signals in elasmobranch fishes.

The acoustic near field of quietly moving underwater objects and the bio–electric field of aquatic animals exhibit great similarity, as both are predominantly governed by Laplace's equation. The acoustic and electrical sensory modalities thus may, in directing fishes to their prey, employ analogous processing algorithms, suggesting a common evolutionary design, founded on the salient physical features shared by the respective stimulus fields. Sharks and rays are capable of orientating to the earth's magnetic field and, hence, have a magnetic sense. The electromagnetic theory of orientation offers strong arguments for the animals using the electric fields induced by ocean currents and by their own motions in the earth's magnetic field. In the animal's frame of reference, in which the sense organs are at rest, the classical concept of motional electricity must be interpreted in relativistic terms. In the ampullae of Lorenzini, weak electric fields cause the ciliated apical receptor–cell membranes to produce graded, negative receptor currents opposite in direction to the fields applied. The observed currents form part of a positive–feedback mechanism, supporting the generation of receptor potentials much larger than the input signal. Acting across the basal cell membranes, the receptor potentials control the process of synaptic transmission.
A Note on Pooling Variances

Abstract The estimation of variance in the normal distribution is studied under statistical inference based on conditional specification. When there are two samples available for estimating the variance and it is not certain whether the two samples are from the same population, the experimenter usually uses a test to resolve the uncertainty. When the test is not significant, the samples are pooled to obtain a pooled estimator; otherwise, the individual sample variance is used. The bias and mean squared error of such a preliminary test estimator are studied. It is shown that the preliminary test estimator has a smaller mean squared error than the usual unbiased estimator when the level of significance for the preliminary test is appropriately chosen.
DigiParty - a decentralized multi-party video conferencing system

The increased speeds of PCs and networks have made media communication possible on the Internet. However, nearly ten years after the first release of Microsoft NetMeeting, Internet video telephony is still limited to the point-to-point communication mode. Today, people have a need for an easy-to-use multi-party video conferencing tool that can connect families and friends around the world over the Internet. We present DigiParty, a fully distributed multi-party video conferencing system. DigiParty employs a full mesh conferencing architecture and adopts a loosely coupled conferencing mode. A novel conference control protocol is designed with the system. DigiParty can be integrated with any existing instant messaging services and is applicable to all types of Internet connections.
Managing Environmental Risks through Private Sector Cooperation: Cooperation: Theory, Experience and a Case Study of the California Code of Sustainable Winegrowing Practices

There is growing interest in voluntary agreements as an economic policy tool for managing environmental risks. Numerous studies have been published about the theory of such arrangements, how they work, and what they accomplish. They demonstrate that voluntary agreements can create value for both regulators and firms. Little has been written, however, that analyzes various voluntary arrangements in the winegrowing sector. The evidence accumulated from other sectors indicates that efforts in the winegrowing sector may be following an appropriate path for attaining management objectives. The California Sustainable Winegrowing Practices (SWP) project indicates a number of strategies that may be useful in developing voluntary agreements in other regions. The recommendations include using an integrated approach with the initiative from the bottom toward the top, involving interest groups early in the process, and evaluating the need for a certification program.