cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy in congestive heart failure.

Although research and development of gene therapy have encountered several difficulties in recent years, they have also begun to show potential for the treatment of acquired and inherited human diseases. Gene therapy may have wide applicability for the treatment of numerous cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure (CHF), ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. CHF remains a leading cause of death and morbidity in industrialized nations, and the number of patients with CHF continues to increase as the population ages. Pharmacological therapies control symptoms, reduce left ventricular (LV) dilation, improve function, and reduce mortality. These therapies control the disease but do not cure it. Currently, however, the growing knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in myocardial dysfunction has allowed the identification of potential therapeutic targets designed with the aim of curing CHF. Several studies in animal models have provided hope that gene therapy may be one of the future strategies for the treatment of clinical CHF. In these studies, myocardial gene transfer has been used to target at least 3 different biological pathways that play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of CHF: Intracellular calcium signaling, β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) signaling, and antiapoptotic signaling. The activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a) is decreased in failing myocardium, and this results in abnormal Ca2+ handling.1 In an animal model of heart failure, Miyamoto et al2 showed that in vivo overexpression of SERCA2a, achieved by catheter injection of an adenovirus carrying the SERCA2a gene into the aortic root, restored systolic and diastolic function to normal levels. In another study, Muller et al3 analyzed the chronic overexpression of SERCA2a in both normal and pressure-overloaded hearts (induced by abdominal aortic banding of transgenic rats). Overexpression of SERCA2a resulted in a …
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly, affecting millions of people worldwide and representing a substantial economic burden. AD is a progressive disease associated with memory loss and impaired cognitive function. The neuropathology is characterized by cortical accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid plaques are small, aggregated peptides called beta amyloid (Aβ) and NFTs are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Because Aβ disrupts multiple intracellular signaling pathways, resulting in some of the clinical symptoms of AD, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms has implications for the diagnosis and treatment of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that Aβ regulates striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) (PTPN5). Aβ accumulation is associated with increases in STEP levels and activity that in turn disrupts glutamate receptor trafficking to and from the neuronal membrane. These findings indicate that modulating STEP levels or inhibiting its activity may have beneficial effects for patients with AD, making it an important target for drug discovery. This article reviews the biology of STEP and its role in AD as well as the potential clinical applications.
Transport ATPase--the different modes of inhibition of the enzyme by various mercury compounds.

Abstract The effects of a number of mercurials on the partial reactions of Na+, K+-ATPase were studied. Results of these studies allow a classification of the mercurials into two groups: selective modifiers of the enzyme and unspecific inhibitors. Thimerosal, ethylmercury and methylmercury were shown to selectively inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase while not affecting K+-NPPase, Na+-ATPase, ADP-ATP exchange reaction and phosphoenzyme formation. In contrast, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, mersalyl and mercuric chloride inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase as well as several partial reactions of the enzyme in a parallel manner. The selective modification of Na+, K+-ATPase by compounds such as ethylmercury and methylmercury makes these agents useful probes of the reaction mechanism of the enzyme. Whether this mode of inhibition of the enzyme is related to the mechanism of toxicity of short-chain alkylmercury compounds remains to be determined.
Personality and Social Influence Strategies in the Workplace

Two studies were conducted to examine the relation between personality and the use of social influence strategies in the workplace. In Study 1, MBA students reported how often they used various influence tactics with their peers at work. They also completed measures of the Big Five personality dimensions, desire for control, and self-monitoring. Canonical correlation analyses found several significant relations between the reported use of influence strategies and personality. High scores on extra-version, self-monitoring, and desire for control predicted more and more varied use of influence strategies. In Study 2, coworkers of the Study 1 participants indicated the extent to which they believed the student used each of the influence strategies and how effective they believed that person was at influencing them. The use of rational persuasion and efforts to involve the other person were related to perceived effectiveness, whereas relying on others to influence a coworker was seen as ineffective.
KIERKEGAARD ANTE LOS PROBLEMAS DE LA PURA IRONÍA

Soren Kierkegaard’s thesis, The Concept of Irony, contains an interestingcritique of pure irony. Kierkegaard’s critique turns on two main claims: a)pure irony is an incoherent and thus, unrealizable stance; b) the pursuit ofpure irony is morally enervating, psychologically destructive, and culminates in bondage to moods. In this essay, first I attempt to clarify Kierkegaard’sunderstanding of pure irony as “infinite absolute negativity”. Then I setforth his multilayered critique of pure irony. Finally, I consider briefly adistinctly theological component in Kierkegaard’s critique. I argue that thisfeature of Kierkegaard’s account can and should be distinguished from thebroadly ethical critique of pure irony that I sketch in the second section,even if these components of Kierkegaard’s position are found together as aunified whole in The Concept of Irony. My overall goal in this essay is toreveal the subtlety and plausibility of Kierkegaard’s critique of pure irony. Ialso attempt to disclose the richness of the Hegelian account of ethical life towhich Kierkegaard recurs in his thesis.
An altered immune response, but not individual cationic antimicrobial peptides, is associated with the oral attenuation of Ara4N-deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) uses two-component regulatory systems (TCRS) to respond to stimuli in the local microenvironment. Upon infection, the Salmonella TCRSs PhoP-PhoQ (PhoPQ) and PmrA-PmrB (PmrAB) are activated by environmental signals in the intestinal lumen and within host cells. TCRS-mediated gene expression results in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance. The PmrA-regulated pmrHFIJKLM operon mediates 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) production and attachment to the lipid A of LPS. A ΔpmrF S. Typhimurium strain cannot produce Ara4N, exhibits increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP)-mediated killing, and attenuated virulence in mice upon oral infection. CAMPs are predicted to play a role in elimination of Salmonella, and may activate PhoPQ and PmrAB in vivo, which could increase bacterial resistance to host defenses. Competition experiments between wild type (WT) and ΔpmrF mutant strains of S. Typhimurium indicated that selection against this mutant first occurs within the intestinal lumen early during infection. However, CRAMP and active cryptdins alone are not responsible for elimination of Ara4N-deficient bacteria in vivo. Investigation into the early immune response to ΔpmrF showed that it differed slightly from the early immune response to WT S. Typhimurium. Further investigation into the early immune response to infection of Peyer’s patches suggests a role for IL-13 in the attenution of the ΔpmrF mutant strain. Thus, prominent CAMPs present in the mouse intestine are not responsible for the selection against the ΔpmrF strain in this location, but limited alterations in innate immune induction were observed that affect bacterial survival and virulence.
Retrieval of an Available Water-Based Soil Moisture Proxy from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing. Part I: Methodology and Validation

Abstract A retrieval of available water fraction ( fAW) is proposed using surface flux estimates from satellite-based thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and the Atmosphere–Land Exchange Inversion (ALEXI) model. Available water serves as a proxy for soil moisture conditions, where fAW can be converted to volumetric soil moisture through two soil texture dependents parameters—field capacity and permanent wilting point. The ability of ALEXI to provide valuable information about the partitioning of the surface energy budget, which can be largely dictated by soil moisture conditions, accommodates the retrieval of an average fAW over the surface to the rooting depth of the active vegetation. For this method, the fraction of actual to potential evapotranspiration ( fPET) is computed from an ALEXI estimate of latent heat flux and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The ALEXI-estimated fPET can be related to fAW in the soil profile. Four unique fPET to fAW relationships are proposed and validated against Oklahoma Meso...
Reproductive rights approach to reproductive health in developing countries

Background: Research on reproductive health in developing countries focuses mostly on the role of economic development on various components of reproductive health. Cross-sectional and empirical research studies in particular on the effects of non-economic factors such as reproductive rights remain few and far between. Objective: This study investigates the influence of two components of an empowerment strategy, gender equality, and reproductive rights on women’s reproductive health in developing countries. The empowerment strategy for improving reproductive health is theoretically situated on a number of background factors such as economic and social development. Design: Cross-national socioeconomic and demographic data from a number of international organizations on 142 developing countries are used to test a model of reproductive rights and reproductive health. Results: The findings suggest that both economic and democratic development have significant positive effects on levels of gender equality. The level of social development plays a prominent role in promoting reproductive rights. It is found that reproductive rights channel the influences of social structural factors and gender equality on reproductive health. Keywords: globalization; reproductive rights; gender equality; reproductive health; millennium development goals; social development; abortion rights; developing countries (Published: 14 December 2011) Citation: Global Health Action 2011, 4 : 8423 - DOI: 10.3402/gha.v4i0.8423
Enhanced Labeling Efficiency Using Ultrasmall Immunogold Probes: Immunocytochemistry

Detection of antigen-antibody interactions in immunocytochemistry relies on a reporter system. The most commonly employed reporter systems used are fluorochromes, enzymes, and particulate probes. This article considers the advantages and disadvantages associated with ultrasmall immunogold particles as the reporter system in immunocytochemical applications.
H 2 model matching feedforward control for tape head positioning servo systems

Increasing track densities on tape is a critical step to improve the areal storage capacity and the data transfer rate of tape storage technology. The tape industry envisions increasing track densities from 5,000 tracks per inch (TPI) to more than 50,000 TPI in the next decade. The higher track densities reduce the track pitch significantly and require the tape head servo system to position the read/write head assembly more precisely. While tape transports longitudinally, the tape moves in the lateral direction as well and this motion causes displacements between the head and the desired track. In order to improve the performance of the head positioning servo system to meet the requirements of higher track densities, the disturbance due to the lateral tape motion (LTM) has to be addressed. This paper applies H2 model matching methods to find an optimal feedforward controller that minimizes the norm of the transfer function from the disturbance to the position error. The existence of a non-trivial solution to the model matching problem is discussed, considering the dynamics of the plant and the disturbance. To constrain the size of the feedforward input to the tape head actuator, the H2 model matching problem is augmented to minimize the variance of the position error and the size of a weighted norm on the feedforward control simultaneously. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the feedforward control, provided a solution exists.
Prolonged activation of ERK2 by epidermal growth factor and other growth factors requires a functional insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor.

We have investigated the activation of ERK2, a serine/threonine kinase necessary for transmission of mitogenic signals, in cells derived from mouse embryos homozygous for a null mutation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R gene (R− cells) and from wild-type littermates (W cells), respectively. Stimulation of quiescent W cells with IGF-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or with a combination growth factors induced both a maximal transient and a prolonged activation of ERK2, whereas platelet-derived growth factor or a combination of platelet-derived growth factor and EGF resulted only in transient activation of ERK2. In contrast, stimulation of R− cells with IGF-1, EGF, or combinations of growth factors resulted in a transient and submaximal activation of ERK2. Reintroduction of a wild-type human IGF-1R or of a C-terminus IGF-1R mutant, but not of a juxtamembrane mutant IGF-1R, into R− cells was able to restore ERK2 activation to wild-type levels. Thus, prolonged ERK2 activation in mouse embryo fibrob...
Parallel and concurrent programming in Haskell

Haskell provides a rich set of abstractions for parallel and concurrent programming. This tutorial covers the basic concepts involved in writing parallel and concurrent programs in Haskell, and takes a deliberately practical approach: most of the examples are real Haskell programs that you can compile, run, measure, modify and experiment with. We cover parallel programming with the @[email protected] monad, Evaluation Strategies, and the @[email protected] monad. On the concurrent side, we cover threads, @[email protected], asynchronous exceptions, Software Transactional Memory, the Foreign Function Interface, and briefly look at the construction of high-speed network servers in Haskell.
The Standard of Value

Introduction: doubts concerning stabilization of prices, 251. — Purchasing power reducible to labor, 254; with certain qualifications, 256. — The nature of monetary instability, 259. — Bad effects of it, 260. — True stability eliminates these, 263. — Basic labor standard superior to others in this respect, 265. — The debtor-creditor problem, 266. — No allowance for subjective side of labor, 267; or for changes in efficiency, 268. — The problem of detection, 269; of measurement, 274. — Practical considerations: production data alone an inadequate guide, 275; mild inflation easier to attain than stability, 277; corrective measures not always advisable, 279.
Tolerance to etoricoxib in children with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity

Background: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been found to be safe alternatives in adults with cross-intolerant hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However they are usually not prescribed in children and there is little information about their tolerance in the pediatric age group. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the tolerance to etoricoxib in children with hypersensitivity to multiple antipyretics. Methods: A retrospective case series of children diagnosed with hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs and/or paracetamol who underwent a drug provocation test (DPT) with etoricoxib. Information on atopy, family history of allergic diseases, and medication usage was collected. Outcomes of the DPTs and tolerance to etoricoxib were also evaluated. Results: A total of 24 children, mean age 13.5 years, had a diagnosis of cross-intolerant hypersensitivity to NSAIDs and/or paracetamol. All except one patient successfully tolerated an oral challenge with etoricoxib. Of those who passed the DPT, the majority continued to use etoricoxib with no problems. It was found to be moderately effective in reducing fever and pain. Conclusion: Etoricoxib can be used as a safe alternative in older children with hypersensitivity to multiple antipyretics.
Quinone (QB) reduction by B-branch electron transfer in mutant bacterial reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides: quantum efficiency and X-ray structure.

The photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from purple bacteria converts light into chemical energy. Although the RC shows two nearly structurally symmetric branches, A and B, light-induced electron transfer in the native RC occurs almost exclusively along the A-branch to a primary quinone electron acceptor QA. Subsequent electron and proton transfer to a mobile quinone molecule QB converts it to a quinol, QBH2. We report the construction and characterization of a series of mutants in Rhodobacter sphaeroides designed to reduce QB via the B-branch. The quantum efficiency to QB via the B-branch ΦB ranged from 0.4% in an RC containing the single mutation Ala-M260 → Trp to 5% in a quintuple mutant which includes in addition three mutations to inhibit transfer along the A-branch (Gly-M203 → Asp, Tyr-M210 → Phe, Leu-M214 → His) and one to promote transfer along the B-branch (Phe-L181 → Tyr). Comparing the value of 0.4% for ΦB obtained in the AW(M260) mutant, which lacks QA, to the 100% quantum efficiency for ΦA al...
Selecting an Optimal Tool Sequence for 2.5D Pocket Machining while Considering Tool Holder Collisions

Milling using a sequence of tools has become very attractive with the advent of rapid tool change mechanisms in modern CNC machines. However, the commercial CAM systems used to generate G&M code rely on experienced process planners to select a good tool sequence. When a tool sequence is selected and tool paths are generated, NC-verify systems are used to check the tool paths for tool holder collisions. If tool holder collisions are detected, the part has to be re-planned ab-initio. In this paper, we describe a method to select an optimal tool sequence by formulating the problem under certain assumptions as the shortest path solution to a single source directed acyclic graph. Also described is a method to incorporate tool holder solution in the context of selecting an optimal tool sequence. Examples have been worked out to illustrate the workings of the algorithm.
Chronic Whiplash Pain

Although most patients recover from acute whiplash injuries, those with chronic whiplash syndrome develop signs of central nervous system (CNS) amplification of pain and have a poor prognosis. In this context, specific pain generators from acute whiplash have been identified through clinical, biomechanical, and animal studies. This article gives a clinical perspective on current understanding of these pain generators, including the phenomenon of CNS sensitization.
Solution of a 20-Variable 3-SAT Problem on a DNA Computer

oligonucleotide probes immobilized in polyacrylamide gel‐filled glass modules. Information-carrying DNA strands are moved through the modules by electrophoresis. Strands with subsequences complementary to those of the immobilized probes hybridize and are retained in the module; strands without complementary subsequences pass through the module relatively unhindered (21). Captured strands are released from the probes by running electrophoresis at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the probe/complement duplex. Released strands may be transported via electrophoresis to new modules for further separations. Using electrophoresis to transport DNA strands between gel-filled glass modules results in a computer that is “dry” and potentially automatable. Because covalent bonds are neither made nor broken during separations, DNA strands and glass modules are potentially reusable for multiple computations.
NEST-SITE SELECTION IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE BY THE LIZARD SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS

Development and survival of reptilian embryos are affected by the temperature and moisture within the nest. Moreover, thermal and hydric conditions during incubation also affect phenotypes of hatchlings. Thus, females should select nest sites that enhance hatching success and produce hatchlings with phenotypes fit for the local environment. The objective of this study was to determine the substrate temperature and moisture conditions selected by eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) for nesting. In the laboratory, gravid females were housed in a large enclosure that provided suitable nesting substrate. Gradients of temperature and moisture within the substrate were established to provide a wide range of conditions from which females could choose. Fifteen (65%) females selected nest conditions within the moisture and temperature range that results in successful embryonic development. Two females (9%) nested in extremely dry conditions, and six females (26%) oviposited on the substrate surface. Femal...
Mixing and Spreading of the Mediterranean Outflow

Abstract Hydrographic and current profiler data taken during the 1988 Gulf of Cadiz Expedition have been analyzed to diagnose the mixing, spreading, and descent of the Mediterranean outflow. The θ–S properties and the thickness and width of the outflow were similar to that seen in earlier surveys. The transport of pure Mediterranean Water (i.e., water with S ≥ 38.4 psu) was estimated to be about 0.4 × 106 m3 s−1, which is lower than historical estimates—most of which were indirect—but comparable to other recent estimates made from direct velocity observations. The outflow transport estimated at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar was about 0.7 × 106 m3 s−1 of mixed water, and the transport increased to about 1.9 × 106 m3 s−1 within the eastern Gulf of Cadiz. This increase in transport occurred by entrainment of fresher North Atlantic Central Water, and the salinity anomaly of the outflow was consequently reduced. The velocity-weighted salinity decreased to 36.7 psu within 60 km of the strait and decre...
Investor Attention and Stock Prices: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Investors pay attention to stocks when interesting, value-relevant events occur at firms, making it difficult to separate the effect of attention on equity prices from the effect of underlying events on prices. To identify the direct effect of investor attention, I study events that place millions of Americans’ attention on firms for reasons unrelated to fundamentals. For events drawing the most attention, I find cumulative abnormal returns of 1.51% in days 1-5, with a reversal of 1.09% the following week. These stocks experience abnormal turnover, individual investors are net buyers, and institutional investors drive the reversal towards fundamental values.
Transiently Pink-Tinged Serum in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma and Anemia Undergoing Lenalidomide Treatment.

Objectives: While in vitro hemolysis is a preanalytical interferent, in vivo hemolysis is a pathologic process requiring investigation. We present a case of an anemic patient with multiple myeloma undergoing chemotherapy with lenalidomide who had multiple serum samples drawn before and after chemotherapy treatment. Some of these samples showed hemolysis. This triggered further investigations to differentiate the cause of the hemolysis. Methods: Various laboratory tests and additional investigations were necessary to establish the root of the hemolytic process. Results: Multiple laboratory tests and a rigorous review of the samples, time of collection, and laboratory results revealed that only samples collected shortly after lenalidomide administration showed hemolysis. This indicates that the chemotherapeutic agent itself was most likely the proximate cause of the in vivo hemolysis in a non–immune-mediated manner. Conclusions: Upon administration, chemotherapeutic agents, such as lenalidomide, can immediately induce transient hemolysis, which can be visualized as transiently pink-tinged serum samples.
An Aerodynamic Study of an Urban Maglev Vehicle

This paper will summarize the aerodynamic qualities of a magnetically levitated concept vehicle designed to be installed on Old Dominion University’s campus. The vehicle, designed by MagneMotion Inc., is representative of a class of small, low-speed Maglev systems commonly referred to as Urban Maglev. A 1:12 scale model underwent testing in Old Dominion's low speed wind tunnel. Force and moment coefficients were measured over a wide range of yaw angles. Results give insight into crosswind effects and how these may affect vehicle behavior. Force coefficients range from 0 – 4 based on vehicle frontal area. The relative velocities for the full scale vehicle were established based on a combination of vehicle forward speed plus ambient wind. Lateral forces and rolling moments in crosswind conditions were found to be very significant, resulting in undesirable redistribution of levitation forces among the vehicles electromagnets. At zero yaw (vehicle facing flow) the drag force is predicted to be around 3000 N (670 lbf) with maximum vehicle speed and headwind. With the vehicle yawed, the side force can exceed 10,000 N (2250 lbf), worst case. Significant lift forces can also be developed in crosswinds, although simple aerodynamic modifications were successful in alleviating lift.
Weights of parents and infants: Is there a relationship?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between the measures of body weights of parents and those of their children during the first two years of life. SUBJECTS: Seventy-eight infants born to obese (‘high risk’) or nonobese (‘low risk’) mothers. METHODS: Weight, weight for length and skinfold thicknesses of the high and low risk infants were measured at 3 months, 12 months and 24 months of age. A multiple linear regression analysis assessed the contributions of nine risk factors, including paternal and maternal body mass index (BMI: kg=m 2 ), to the weight and weight for length of infants at 12 months and 24 months of age. RESULTS: There were no differences between the high and low risk groups in weight, weight for length or skinfold thicknesses at 3 months, 12 months or 24 months of age. Neither paternal nor maternal BMI entered the multiple regression. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that genetic influences on the body weight of infants may be independent of those that influence BMI in adults, a circumstance that could complicate the search for genetic determinants of obesity.
The Need to Know our Global Past

Dramatic changes of the present suggest to some that we need not worry about the past. But these same changes have revealed important new knowledge about the past and have convinced leading researchers that we are still governed by past processes. Continental drift, genetic change, and social history each show our tight connection to the past. This chapter identifies key historical variables and shows how they reveal change and continuity over the past five centuries. It emphasizes that, to document the history of human society, one needs to account for numerous factors interacting in a social system at local and global scales. Nevertheless, new technology makes it possible to create a large-scale connected record of the human experience.
Graded Semantic Vectors: An Approach to Representing Graded Quantities in Generalized Quantum Models

Semantic vector models are traditionally used to model concepts derived from discrete input such as tokenized text. This paper describes a technique to address continuous and graded quantities using such models. The method presented here grows out of earlier work on modelling orthography, or letter-by-letter word encoding, in which a graded vector is used to model character-positions within a word. We extend this idea to use a graded vector for a position along any scale. The technique is applied to modelling time-periods in an example dataset of Presidents of the United States. Initial examples demonstrate that encoding the time-periods using graded semantic vectors gives an improvement over modelling the dates in question as distinct strings. This work is significant because it fills a surprising technical gap: though vector spaces over a continuous ground-field seem a natural choice for representing graded quantities, this capability has been hitherto lacking, and is a necessary step towards a more complete vector space model of conceptualization and cognition.
Examining Female Entrepreneurs' Management Style: An Application of a Relational Frame

This paper reports the results of a qualitative analysis of female entrepreneurs' accounts of their role in their organizations using Relational Theory as the analytical frame. Content analysis of focus group comments indicated that the women used a relational approach in working with employees and clients. Relational skills included preserving, mutual empowering, achieving, and creating team. Findings demonstrate that Relational Theory is a useful frame for identifying and explicating women entrepreneurs' interactive style in their own businesses. Implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Revisiting AS-level graph reduction

The topological structure of the Internet - the interconnection of routers and autonomous systems (ASes) - is large and complex. Frequently it is necessary to evaluate network protocols and applications on “Internet-like” graphs in order understand their security, resilience, and performance properties. A fundamental obstacle to emulation and simulation is creating realistic Internet-like topologies of reduced order. We reexamine existing AS graph reduction algorithms and find that they struggle to capture graph theoretic properties of modern topologies and topologies obtained from different sources. We develop a new AS graph reduction method that performs well across time periods and data sets.
Ascending Aortic Slide for Interrupted Aortic Arch Repair

For repair of interrupted aortic arch, unfavorable anatomy challenges a tension-free anastomosis. We describe a useful alternative surgical technique used in five neonates/infants, involving splitting the ascending aorta from the sinotubular junction to the arch origin, leftward and posterior "sliding" of the flap with anastomosis to the distal arch creating a native tissue bridge, and reconstruction with a patch. With wide interruption gaps between proximal and distal aortic portions, the ascending aortic slide is a safe and reproducible technique, providing a tension-free native tissue bridge with potential for growth, and a scaffold for patch augmentation in biventricular hearts, or for Norwood stage I in univentricular palliation.
Trade Politics in Britain and Argentina

As the previous chapters on American trade politics demonstrated, capital and labor are unlikely to share the same trade policy preferences in the absence of profit-sharing institutions. Building off these findings, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that the effect of profit-sharing institutions on workers’ trade policy preferences is generalizable across space and time. This chapter presents two case studies of the political economy of trade from the past two centuries. First, Britain during the 1840s and the political economy of the repeal of the Corn Laws. Second, Argentina during the interwar years and the political economy of import-substitution industrialization. In both cases, the neoclassical approach makes clear predictions about the trade policy preferences of workers. In Britain, workers are predicted to join capital in favor of free trade and the repeal of the Corn Laws. In Argentina, workers are predicted to join capital in favor of trade protection and the implementation of import-substitution industrialization. Rogowski makes these precise predictions and goes on to claim that the historical record supports such claims. While Hiscox does not discuss Argentine trade politics, his predictions and historical account of the British case are both in complete agreement with Rogowski. In direct contrast, I will show that British workers were skeptical of the benefits of free trade, and argued that industrial profits would increase without an increase in wages. Argentine workers, whether organized as labor unions or political parties, actually opposed import-substitution industrialization throughout the 1930s. It was not until Juan Peron's pro-labor reforms in the early 1940s that Argentine workers obtained profit-sharing institutions and then joined their employers in favor of protection. The British and Argentine cases were carefully selected to accomplish two important methodological goals. First, both offer additional crucial cases for comparing my theory to extant political economy theories; my predictions and findings directly contradict the field's conventional wisdom in both cases. In this sense, the well-studied British case is particularly powerful in demonstrating the theoretical and empirical shortcomings of previous research, as well as the contributions of my own. Second, these cases allow me to test the generalizability of my theory using a “most different, similar outcome approach.” Despite the tremendous differences between the British, Argentine, and American cases, each displays the same timeless dynamic: workers disagree with their employers concerning international trade unless profit-sharing institutions establish a credible connection between an industry's profits and workers’ wages.
Proton Therapy Program

An important contribution to this discipline is the book Proton and Charged Particle Radiotherapy written and edited by Thomas Delaney and Hanne Kooy (2008) (Fig. 6.1) [4]. This book is a comprehensive and current presentation of the history, present status, and probable future of particle beam therapy. DeLaney and Kooy’s book is one of the first books in this field and clearly constitutes an important contribution to the understanding of the rationale, details of planning, and delivery of radiation dose by proton beams combined with substantial data on treatment outcomes.
The design and 200 day per year operation of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Sentry

The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Sentry has been in routine operation since 2009. It is a 6000m depth rated autonomous survey and sampling platform and is a “fly-away” system meaning it transports easily anywhere in the world to utilize vessels of opportunity. Sentry, initially a radical concept and experiment in AUV design, is now the AUV component of the National Deep Submergence Facility (NDSF) operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and as such spends up to 200 days per year in the field conducting operations for ocean scientists. Accordingly, Sentry must be reliable enough for a customer focused mission, but flexible enough to undertake previously unconceived missions on very short notice and with a high success rate. Field operations on a “Global Class” research vessel can easily exceed $100,000 per day placing a premium on efficiency. Here we describe not only the vehicle Sentry, but also, the systems and infrastructure which supports Sentry and the unique nature of operations within the NDSF.
Palliative and End-of-Life Issues in Patients with Advanced Respiratory Diseases

Patients with advanced lung diseases commonly experience burdensome symptoms like dyspnea, cough, anorexia, fatigue, and comorbid psychiatric symptoms like anxiety and depression that need to be treated aggressively. Progression of these symptoms is associated with diminishing quality of life and impairments in activities of daily living. The pathophysiology, pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological management of symptoms will be discussed. An interdisciplinary palliative care approach is essential to optimally manage distressing symptoms.
Do peers affect childhood obesity outcomes? Peer-effect analysis in public schools

This study investigates whether obese peers are a contributing factor in childhood body-weight outcomes. Using an instrumental variables method on exogenously assigned peers (i.e., new peers), we find that the weight of peers within the same grade and school significantly impacts body mass index (BMI) z-score of an individual student. The size of the peer effect, however, is negligible. We find no evidence of interaction between newly assigned peer groups prior to assignment. Furthermore, the obese peers variable is significant only for those peers with whom a student interacts.
Top Cover: On Administrative Activism in the Neoliberal University

There must be acts of resistance to neoliberalism in academe. We must use our capacities for critical dialogue as a force of disruption, resistance, and revival. Instead of docile academic subjecivities, ones that play into neoliberal managerialism, we need to adopt a more paralogical approach to academic dialogue. Namely, we must use dialogue as a disruptive force rather than an affirmative one. Critical exchange is at the heart of academic freedom, and academic freedom—the freedom to teach as we choose without interference—is predicated on keeping the “critical” in critical exchange (or inquiry) activated. Neoliberal academic culture strives to stifle critical thought and thinking. We can be a force of resistance to neoliberal academe by awakening and privileging our critical capacities—and tough criticism may be the only way to awaken academe from its neoliberal slumbers. Without a strong auto-critique discourse to counter-act the strong discourse of neoliberalism, resistance becomes difficult, if not impossible.
The Fractal Size and Spatial Distribution of Hydrocarbon Accumulations

Objects in nature are often very irregular, so that, within the constraints of Euclidean geometry, one is forced to approximate their shape grossly. A rock fragment, for example, is treated as being spherical, and a coastline straight or smoothly curved. Upon examination, however, these objects are found to be jagged, and their jaggedness does not diminish when viewed at ever finer scales. In his monumental work, Mandelbrot (1982) developed and popularized fractal geometry, a geometry that applies to many irregular natural objects. The analytical techniques for treating fractal geometry and their inter-relationships have undergone rapid development and broad application (Feder, 1988). Fractal geometry has been applied to a wide variety of geological and geophysical objects and phenomena: for surveys see Scholz and Mandelbrot (1989), Turcotte (1989), Turcotte (1992)), and Barton and La Pointe (1995). During this same time, there have also been revolutionary developments in understanding the types of physical processes that produce patterns described by fractal geometry. Fractal patterns have been found to arise from a wide variety of nonlinear dynamical systems, particularly those that exhibit certain types of chaotic behavior (e.g., Schuster, 1988). Examples are dissipative systems with many degrees of freedom that show self-organized criticality, such as avalanches on the surface of a sand pile and earthquakes (Bak et al., 1988; Bak and Chen, 1991).
INTERACTION OF AMINOCYCLITOL ANTIBIOTICS WITH POLYPHOSPHOINOSITIDES IN MAMMALIAN TISSUES AND ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES

SUMMARY: Aminocyclitol antibiotics such as neomycin exert specific toxic effects on the kidney as well as on the inner ear, in which case chronic drug administration can lead to permanent hearing loss. We have previously provided evidence for an involvement of polyphosphoinositides in the actions of these drugs: 1. After chronic treatment of guinea pigs with neomycin, labeling of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate by [ 32 P]orthophosphate was reduced in inner ear tissues. 2. In the kidney after 6 days of treatment, the 32 P-incorporation into polyphosphoinositides, but not into other lipids, was reduced as was the amount of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate. 3. In acute experiments, in which cochlear perilymphatic spaces were perfused with artificial perilymph containing neomycin, concentration-dependent decreases of cochlear microphonic potentials were paralleled by decreased labeling of cochlear 32 P-phosphatidylinositol diphosphate. 4. Neomycin inhibited the labeling of phosphatidylinositol diphosphate from [γ- 32 P]ATP in subcellular fractions of guinea pig brain, and blocked the hydrolysis of previously labeled polyphosphoinositides. The actions of neomycin were shared by related ototoxic antibiotics, but not by chemically related non-toxic substances. 5. Low concentrations of neomycin competitively displaced Ca ++ from synaptosomal membranes as well as from polyphosphoinositides, while higher drug concentrations acted non-competitively.
Resampling Techniques for Learning Under Extreme Verification Latency with Class Imbalance

A common, yet rarely addressed, real-world problem in computational intelligence applications is learning from non-stationary streaming data, where the underlying distribution of the data changes over time. This problem, also referred to as concept drift, is made even more challenging if, after initially receiving a small set of labeled data, the streaming data only consists of unlabeled data, requiring the learner to adapt to changing underlying distribution without the benefit of labeled data. This particular scenario is typically referred to as learning in initially labeled nonstationary environment, or as extreme verification latency (EVL), pointing to the fact that the label verification of the test data is indefinitely delayed. In our prior work, we have noted that current EVL algorithms - including the algorithm COMPOSE that we have developed - are largely unable to track changing distributions if the data drawn from those distributions are even mildly imbalanced. In this work, we integrate COMPOSE with 13 different resampling based modified algorithms, and compare accuracy, F1 score, and execution time. The results differed from what we originally expected and provided unique insight on how to choose a data rebalancing approach for different types of drift.
Resolvin D1, but not resolvin E1, transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor to increase intracellular calcium and glycoconjugate secretion in rat and human conjunctival goblet cells.

Abstract Purpose To identify interactions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the pro-resolving mediator receptors for RvD1 and RvE1 to stimulate an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion from cultured human and rat conjunctival goblet cells. Methods Goblet cells from human and rat conjunctiva were grown in culture using RPMI media. Cultured goblet cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors, and then stimulated with RvD1, RvE1, EGF or the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). Increase in [Ca2+]i was measured using fura-2/AM. Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay with UEA-1. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies against AKT and ERK 1/2. Results In cultured human conjunctival goblet cells RvE1 -stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i. RvD1-, but not the RvE1-, stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and siRNA for the EGFR. RvD1-, but not RvE1-stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i that was also inhibited by TAPI-1, an inhibitor of the matrix metalloprotease ADAM 17. Inhibition of the EGFR also blocked RvD1-stimulated increase in AKT activity and both RvD1-and RvE1-stimulated increase in ERK 1/2 activity. Pretreatment with either RvD1 or RvE1 did not block the EGFR-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. Conclusions We conclude that in cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells, RvD1 activates the EGFR, increases [Ca2+]i, activates AKT and ERK1/2 to stimulate mucin secretion. RvE1 does not transactivate the EGFR to increase [Ca2+]I and stimulate mucin secretion, but does interact with the receptor to increase ERK 1/2 activity.
ENTHALPY OF THE OLIVINE-SPINEL TRANSITION IN MAGNESIUM ORTHOGERMANATE AND THE THERMODYNAMICS OF OLIVINE-SPINEL-PHENACITE STABILITY RELATIONS

By solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO·B 2 O 3 at 785°C, the enthalpy of the reaction, Mg 2 GeO 4 (sp) = Mg 2 GeO 4 (ol) was found to be 3.03 ± 0.53 kcal/mol. The available thermodynamic data for transformation among olivine, spinel, and phenacite structures in silicates and germanates are summarized.
Cold-inducible RNA-binding Protein Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Lungs during Sepsis.

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) exaggerates inflammation and tissue injury in sepsis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released by activated neutrophils during sepsis. NETs contribute to pathogen clearance, but excessive NET formation (NETosis) causes inflammation and tissue damage. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is associated with NETosis by increasing histone citrullination and chromatin decondensation. We hypothesized that CIRP induces NETosis in the lungs during sepsis via upregulating PAD4 expression. Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and CIRP−/− mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After 20 h of CLP induction, NETs in the lungs of WT and CIRP−/− mice were quantified by flow cytometry by staining the single cell suspensions with MPO and CitH3 Abs. PAD4 expression in the lungs of WT and CIRP−/− mice after sepsis was assessed by Western blotting. In vitro effects of recombinant mouse (rm) CIRP for NETosis and PAD4 expression in the bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDN) were assessed by flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively. After 20 h of CLP, NETosis in the lungs was significantly decreased in CIRP−/− mice compared to WT mice, which also correlated with the decreased PAD4 expression. Intratracheal administration of rmCIRP into WT mice significantly increased NETosis and PAD4 expression in the lungs compared to vehicle-injected mice. In vitro culture of BMDN with rmCIRP significantly increased NETosis and PAD4 expression compared to PBS-treated control. Fluorescence microscopy revealed typical web-like structures consistent with NETs in rmCIRP-treated BMDN. Thus, CIRP serves as a novel inducer of NETosis via PAD4 during sepsis.