cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and initial validation of the Career Barriers Inventory

Abstract The primary purpose of this research was to construct a psychometrically sound instrument for the assessment of career-related barriers. A preliminary version of the Career Barriers Inventory (CBI) was pilot tested on 558 college students (313 females and 245 males). After item and factor analyses, the CBI was reduced from 112 to 102 items comprising 18 barrier scales. Significant gender differences were observed on six of the 18 barrier scales; the structure and composition of underlying barrier dimensions also varied by gender. Principal-components analyses of subjects' CBI scale scores revealed four underlying barrier dimensions for women and five for men.
Combinations of lifestyle modification and drug treatment in management of mild-moderate hypertension: a review of randomized clinical trials.

Several randomized clinical trials have compared combined lifestyle and drug treatment of hypertension to drugs alone, lifestyle alone, or no treatment. Lifestyle interventions tested have included: weight loss, sodium reduction, potassium increase, and combinations of these and other modalities. Each trial has found combined therapy to be superior to the comparison group(s) in terms of blood pressure reduction and/or control, or to amount of drugs required, except in the U.S. TAIM study for the sodium/potassium regimen, where the lifestyle changes were small. Combined therapy has also been consistently better regarding side effects/quality of life, and there is evidence for greater reduction in cardiovascular risk. Some findings suggest variation among drugs for optimal combinations. Information on cost-effectiveness is lacking.
CPIB as a factor in stress-mediated effects on cholesterol synthesis in metabolism

Abstract In a previous paper (1) it was found that stress had definite effects on lipid deposition in rats on high cholesterol diet. In that paper it was found that there was increased deposition of cholesterol in the aortas, livers, and sera of stressed animals as compared to the controls. There was only a transient elevation in the kidneys of the stressed antimals. Additionally, evidence was presented that the kidney had a better mechanism for clearing cholesterol than the aorta. Also, in other work it has been found that clofibrate seemed to have some effect in mobilizing cholesterol from tissues (2). In this paper an attempt was made to see if CPIB would have any effect on cholesterol deposition in the stressed rat.
Parents' Strategies for Limiting Children's Television Watching:

83 families were surveyed to assess whether parents were aware of problems with their children's television watching and the extent to which the parents tried to remedy the situation. Analysis indicated that children watched an average of 6.5 hr. per week more than their parents wished. Also, the parents had tried to reduce the amounts of television viewing by placing limits on the location of the set or the hours of viewing permitted, by making viewing conditional upon first completing some prosocial act, or by fighting with their children.
Generalized polynomial decomposable multiple attribute utility functions for ranking and rating multiple criteria discrete alternatives1All rights reserved. This study, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the authors.1

This paper describes a class of nonlinear polynomial functions which are far more complex than linear and additive functions and other types of well-known utility functions. Although the assessment of such nonlinear polynomial functions may require more time and possibly more cognitive burden, the advantage of using more complex and nonlinear functions is that more complex preferential behaviors can be represented, and hence a larger set of decision problems can be solved. In this paper, we develop a generalized decomposable multiattribute utility function (GDMAUF) for representing the Decision Maker's (DM's) preferential behavior. We show that any polynomial function can be represented by the GDMAUF, and that such a function can be assessed to represent the DM's behavioral preferences (or so-called the utility function). Our approach is based on the use of holistic responses (numerical rankings and rating of alternatives) from which we assess the gradients of the DM's unknown utility function. From assessed gradients, we then construct a generalized decomposable multiattribute utility function that mimics and represent the DM's preferential behavior. This assessed generalized decomposable multiattribute utility function can be used directly to rank and rate all alternatives without any further interaction from the DM. We also demonstrate that the generalized utility function (GDMAUF) is more general and flexible than some other well-known utility structures such as additive, multiplicative, multilinear, quasi-concave and quasi-convex. The underlying assumptions for GDMAUF are that it is differentiable and that it can be expressed in a polynomial form. Some classes, extensions and properties of the generalized utility function are explored to simplify its assessment. Several examples and experimental results are provided.
The cloud paradigm: Geostable molecules as proxies for surface oxygenation

Roger E Summons*, Christian Hallmann Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Jacob R Waldbauer Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Laura Sherman Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Acetate activation and acetoacetate formation in plant systems.

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme which catalyzes the formation of acetyl CoA from acetate, ATP, and CoA has been purified from a plant source, spinach. 2. 2. The acetate activating enzyme, which may be associated with the mitochondria, has been found in all plant tissues in which it has been sought. 3. 3. The preparation of the partially purified enzyme is active with a variety of normal and branched-chain fatty acids in addition to acetate. 4. 4. Acetoacetate formation by the acetate activation system indicates the presence in the plant of acetoacetate cleavage enzyme.
Nationwide Survey of Transportation Planning Courses: Introduction, Findings, and Recommendations

This paper reports on a nationwide survey that was conducted from November 2004 through April 2005. The survey is part of a project titled the National Transportation Planning Course Syllabus and Associated Case Studies, funded by the Dwight David Eisenhower Transportation Fellowship program at the U.S. Department of Transportation. The primary objective of the survey was to determine what topics are currently being covered and their level of emphasis. The secondary objective was to identify topics for which educators would use case studies and references provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Instructors of transportation planning courses from 47 universities were chosen for the survey, and they returned 32 completed survey instruments. On the basis of the survey efforts, it was found that, first, the survey and the project that it serves can be useful in improving transportation planning instruction at U.S. universities; second, the survey and the project were welcomed by most universities and educators surveyed; third, the survey results can potentially be used for multiple purposes; fourth, not having a list of the institutions offering a transportation planning course(s) posed challenges for sample selection for the survey and validation of the survey results; and fifth, it is difficult to design a survey instrument for a discipline such as transportation planning, which is dynamic and ever changing.
The Significant Dream as Emblem of Uniqueness: The Fertilizer Does Not Explain the Flower

Recent, renewed attention to “big” or significant dreams calls into question many widely held assumptions about dreams. This essay focuses on the assumption that dreams can be accounted for in terms of the dominant emotions and concerns of the dreamer at the time of the dream. That assumption is found to be inadequate to account for at least some significant dream experiences. Archetypal psychology's aesthetic, phenomenological approach to dreams is presented as providing an instructive, illuminating alternative for understanding the on-going significance of significant dreams.
An examination of factors in adapting a technical and vocational education and training programme within South Africa

Countries look to borrow those educational systems that have been successful at meeting particular needs in other parts of the world. However, whether looking to Europe, Asia or the United States, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programmes are not easily replicated in a new context. Even with well-intentioned government policy and support, they become more or less successful when aligned with the needs of industry, how TVET is viewed and utilized, and cultural and societal impacts of how youth transition to work and career. This paper presents an aspect that is often missing from the literature onthis subject: anexamination of the factors influencing how the TVET implementation plays outwithin a particular industry and country. This paper considers a case involving the process of borrowing a manufacturing skill development programme from theUnited States for implementation in South Africa.
Baryon magnetic moments in the 1 / N(c) expansion

Abstract Relations among the baryon magnetic and transition magnetic moments are derived in the 1 N c expansion. Relations which hold to all orders etc. in SU(3) breaking and to leading and first subleading orders in the 1 N c expansion are obtained. Additional relations are found which are valid up to SU(3) breaking at first subleading order in the 1 N c expansion. The experimental accuracy of these relations fits the pattern predicted by the 1 N c expansion. The predictions of the 1 N c expansion are compared in detail with those of the non-relativistic quark model. The 1 N c expansion explains why certain quark model relations work to greater accuracy than others.
The effect of hematin on the development of microsomal enzyme induction and physical dependence in mice following repeated oral propoxyphene administration.

Male ICR mice (25 - 30 g) were pretreated with bovine hematin (20, 40 or 50 mumoles per kg per day, i.p.) for three days. During the next six-day period, animals received either 50 mg per kg per day propoxyphene-HCl or saline, p.o., in addition to the daily hematin injections. Only the highest hematin regimen depressed the induction of propoxyphene-N-demethylase activity significantly in the drug-treated animals. A similar depression below control levels was noted in the animals receiving only saline (p.o.) and hematin (i.p.). While hematin treatment abolished the metabolic tolerance to propoxyphene analgesia such treatment failed to generate any appreciable degree of physical dependence to propoxyphene as assessed by a challenge with naloxone. These findings may be helpful in assessing the risk factors associated with the widespread use of propoxyphene.
Pulmonary edema following skin absorption of organophosphate insecticide

We report a case of acute pulmonary adema following exposure to organophosphate insecticide. Hypoxia, respiratory failure, and parasympathetic discharge are implicated in the pathogenesis and are related to the anticholinesterase activity of the toxicant. Rapid onset of acute pulmonary edema without cardiomegaly followed by prompt clearing are the radiographic features.
Effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on skeletal muscle enzyme activity in female rats.

Abstract In female rats, ovariectomy (OVX) is associated with increased body fat and insulin resistance, and estradiol replacement prevents these alterations. These metabolic changes related to the estrogen-deficient state might be due, in part, to alterations in skeletal muscle substrate metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that estradiol affects the regulation of enzymes involved in substrate oxidation and storage within skeletal muscle. Specifically, we examined enzymes involved in the regulation of glycogen synthesis (glycogen synthase [GS]), glycolysis (phosphofructokinase [PFK]), tricarboxylic acid cycle activity (citrate synthase [CS]), and [beta ]-oxidation ([beta ]-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [[beta ]-HADH]). Twenty-two, female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 to 8 weeks old) were separated into 3 groups: OVX + placebo (P; n = 8), OVX + estradiol (E 2 ; n = 8), and sham-operated (S; n = 6). Rats from E 2 and P groups were pair-fed to the S group to control for OVX-induced changes in food intake. After 16 days, activities of GS, PFK, CS, and [beta ]-HADH were measured in vastus medialis muscle. GS fractional velocity was significantly lower ( P [lt ] .05) in P (mean [plusmn] SE; 39.7% [plusmn] 6.2%) compared with both S (61.9% [plusmn] 8.8%) and E 2 (65.8% [plusmn] 8.4%) rats. In addition, E 2 rats (41.4 [plusmn] 2.0) had significantly higher ( P [lt ] .05) CS activity than P (34.9 [plusmn] 2.0) and S (33.9 [plusmn] 1.4 [mu ]mol/min/g) groups. There was no effect of OVX or estradiol replacement on [beta ]-HADH or PFK. Our results suggest that, independent of alterations in food intake, estradiol availability affects the regulation of enzymes involved in nonoxidative glucose disposal (GS) and oxidative metabolism (CS) in skeletal muscle.
Did Ontario's Zero Tolerance & Graduated Licensing Law Reduce Youth Drunk Driving?.

On April 1, 1994, Ontario, Canada, instituted a new graduated driver license (GDL) system that effectively set the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) threshold at zero for the first few years of a youths driving eligibility. I use data from the 1983-2001 Ontario Student Drug Use Surveys (OSDUS) to examine whether the Zero Tolerance (ZT) policy reduced self-reported drinking and alcohol-involved driving among youth. I find that rates of drunk driving reported by 16- to 17-year-olds-who faced new, lower legal limits after adoption of the ZT policy-were about 5 percentage points lower after the law was implemented. Visual inspection of the data, however, shows that the estimated reduction is an artifact of a pre-existing trend: Drunk driving rates in this age group were falling steadily throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. Estimates that account for this pre-existing trend or that consider shorter windows around the 1994 implementation date return effects on alcohol-involved driving that are either small and statistically insignificant or large and implausibly signed (positive). These null findings are robust to using the associated change in outcomes for slightly younger (14-15) or slightly older (19-20) youths as controls in a difference-in-differences framework. I similarly find no robust effect on drinking participation. This suggests that Ontario age-targeted drunk driving law-despite being harsher than similar policies in the United States-was not responsible for reductions in Canadian youth road fatalities over the past two decades. (c) 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Proteomic analysis of Col11a1-associated protein complexes

Cartilage plays an essential role during skeletal development within the growth plate and in articular joint function. Interactions between the collagen fibrils and other extracellular matrix molecules maintain structural integrity of cartilage, orchestrate complex dynamic events during embryonic development, and help to regulate fibrillogenesis. To increase our understanding of these events, affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify proteins that interact with the collagen fibril surface via the amino terminal domain of collagen α1(XI) a protein domain that is displayed at the surface of heterotypic collagen fibrils of cartilage. Proteins extracted from fetal bovine cartilage using homogenization in high ionic strength buffer were selected based on affinity for the amino terminal noncollagenous domain of collagen α1(XI). MS was used to determine the amino acid sequence of tryptic fragments for protein identification. Extracellular matrix molecules and cellular proteins that were identified as interacting with the amino terminal domain of collagen α1(XI) directly or indirectly, included proteoglycans, collagens, and matricellular molecules, some of which also play a role in fibrillogenesis, while others are known to function in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Characterization of these molecular interactions will provide a more thorough understanding of how the extracellular matrix molecules of cartilage interact and what role collagen XI plays in the process of fibrillogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity. Such information will aid tissue engineering and cartilage regeneration efforts to treat cartilage tissue damage and degeneration.
Female Gametophyte Development

Early in their evolution, plants acquired a life cycle that alternates between a multicellular haploid organism, the gametophyte, and a multicellular diploid organism, the sporophyte. Angiosperms have both female and male gametophytes. The female gametophyte is critical to many steps of the
The tracheobronchial epithelium of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata): a quantitative ultrastructural study

Since there are major differences between the airway epithelium of man and that of common laboratory species, the tracheobronchial epithelium of the bonnet macaque was characterized to evaluate its usefulness as a model for study of human conducting airways. This study compared the light microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, and ultrastructural appearance of epithelium from the posterior membranous and anterior cartilaginous trachea and mainstem bronchus. Population densities, epithelial volumetric densities, and frequency distributions of cross-sectional areas of nuclei were determined for cell types present on electron micrographs. Four epithelial cell types were distinguished by ultrastructural criteria. Basal cells were 31% of the population and were similar to those described in other species. Ciliated cells were also similar to those of other species and composed 41% of the population; their nuclei were larger than those of other cell types. Mucous goblet cells had large numbers of secretory granules with electron-dense cores and a lucent periphery. They were only 8% of the population by nuclear count but composed 20% of the epithelial volume. The fourth cell type had multiple small vesicles containing small amounts of granular material and was termed a "small mucous granule cell." Small mucous granule cells (16% of the population) were present in greater numbers than mucous goblet cells but were a smaller proportion of the epithelial volume (8%). While population densities of cell types determined from transmission electron micrographs did not vary between sample sites, scanning electron microscopy demonstrated longitudinal streaks of secretory cells in the posterior trachea suggesting that regional differences in epithelial organization exist. We conclude that the macaque extrapulmonary airway epithelium differs from published descriptions of laboratory rodents in both cell types present and relative abundance of those cell types. Although detailed quantitative studies of human extrapulmonary airways are not available, the primate airways resemble those of man in both the types of cells present and the complexity of pseudostratification.
Comparison of the techniques of transmitted caustics and photoelasticity as applied to fracture

A comparison of the optical techniques of photoelasticity and caustics as applied to fracture mechanics is presented. Static as well as dynamic experiments were conducted using the two methods with the same specimen geometry and under the same loading conditions. The results for the crack-tip stress-intensity factor as a function of crack length were obtained from both techniques in three different specimen geometries. A comparison of the results shows good agreement under static conditions but large differences for running cracks.
Education of Selected Movement Patterns of Preschool Children.

To determine the effects of a program of guided instruction in locomotor, stability, and manipulative movement patterns on the physical performance patterns of nursery school children, 36 Ss took a...
Evaluability Assessment From 1986 to 2006

This article presents the state of practice of evaluability assessment (EA) as represented in the published literature from 1986 to 2006. Twenty-three EA studies were located, showing that EA was c...
Quadratic shape descriptors. 1. Rapid superposition of dissimilar molecules using geometrically invariant surface descriptors.

In this paper, we present a novel approach to shape-based molecular similarity searching. The method that we introduce is able to superimpose dissimilar molecules by using geometrically invariant molecular surface descriptors. The shape descriptors are calculated by least-squares fitting of a quadratic function to small sections of the molecular surface of a ligand. Invariant geometric properties of the approximated surface patch are then extracted from the fitted quadratic function. The extracted properties are used to quantify the shape and to obtain a canonical orientation for this section of surface. The superimposition algorithm uses these geometric invariants to recognize similar regions of surface shape existing on two molecules and to bring these regions (and consequently the molecules) into registration. Because these geometric descriptors are based upon local surface shape, the superimposing algorithm is insensitive to the connectivity and the relative sizes of the molecules being matched. The c...
A new approach to monitoring the social environment for natural resource management and policy: The case of US national forest benefits and values

This paper describes a new approach for monitoring the social environment for natural resource management and policy, based on content analysis of online news media stories. Content analysis of the media has repeatedly been shown to produce results that are closely correlated with attitude surveys and opinion polls. Computer methods were used to analyse almost 30 000 online news stories about the US national forests for expressions of four broad categories of benefits and values. Recreation benefits and values were expressed more often than other categories, both at the national and regional levels, followed by commodity, ecological and moral/spiritual/aesthetic benefits and values. Over the years 1992 through 1996, a gradual upward trend was found in expressions of recreation and moral/spiritual/aesthetic benefits and values and a gradual downward trend was found in expressions of commodity-related benefits and values at the national level, suggesting shifting environmental values and the need to ensure that natural resource management and policy are responsive to changing social values. Computer content analysis of online news stories provides a new method for the continuous monitoring and assessment of a broad range of trends in the social environment in which natural resource decision making takes place.
The growth and properties of high performance AlGaInP emitters using a lattice mismatched GaP window layer

The growth and properties of high performance surface light emitting diodes which utilize a GaP window layer are presented. The devices consist of an AlGaInP double heterostructure lattice matched to a GaAs substrate. A lattice mismatched GaP layer is then grown on top of the heterostructure. The resulting upper confining and window layers have high electrical conductivity and optical transmissivity allowing for the fabrication of red-orange and yellow emitters with performance superior to existing commercial technologies. The effect of different confining and window layer structures on device performance is described, including characteristics of the shortest wavelength AlGaInP green emitters yet reported.
Ontogeny of androgen receptor expression in the ovine fetal central nervous system and pituitary.

Abstract In fetal sheep, circulating androgens influence fetal stress responsiveness and the timing of parturition. Nevertheless, little is known about the presence and development of androgen receptors (ARs) in the fetal brain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that expression of androgen receptor occurs in fetal brain and pituitary, and that the abundance of the AR is ontogenetically regulated. We isolated mRNA from pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem in fetal sheep that were 80, 100, 120, 130, and 145-day gestation, and 1 and 7 days postnatal ( n = 4–5 per group). Using real-time RT-PCR, we measured mRNA expression levels of the receptor in these brain regions and pituitary. In a separate study, we isolated protein from the same brain regions in fetal sheep that were 80 ( n = 3), 120 ( n = 4), and 145 ( n = 4) days. AR mRNA expression in hypothalamus increased in late gestation, starting at 145 days, and increasing progressively after birth. A trend of increasing AR protein in hypothalamus was not significant. AR mRNA expression in pituitary was elevated after 80 days gestation, but with no further increases or decreases in late gestation, while AR protein increased significantly at the end of gestation. In hippocampus and brainstem AR mRNA was constant throughout the latter half of gestation, and AR protein was below the sensitivity of our Western blot assay. We conclude that the fetal brain and pituitary are target sites for circulating androgens or androgen precursors in fetal plasma, and we speculate that the increase in hypothalamic action of androgens immediately prior to birth might be integral to the timing of parturition.
Human Factors and Advanced Traffic Management Systems

Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) are those components of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) that integrate traffic detection, communication, and control functions to be responsive to dynamic traffic conditions and increase the efficiency of existing traffic networks. ATMS provide the management foundation that will enable and integrate other IVHS components such as Commercial Vehicle Operations, Advanced Traveler Information Systems, Advanced Vehicle Control Systems, and Advanced Public Transportation Systems. This paper defines Advanced Traffic Management Systems. It also describes the functions that may take place within an ATMS-class Traffic Management Center (TMC), a scenario that a future TMC operator may encounter, and some of the human factors issues that must be addressed in the design of an ATMS-class TMC.
Calculation of high-order rotational centrifugal-distortion matrix elements for a Hund's case (a) basis set

Abstract The derivation of explicit expressions for the Hund's case (a) matrix elements of R2k is discussed, where R is the mechanical rotational angular momentum operator of the molecule. A recursion relation is developed that permits matrix elements of R2k to be expressed in terms of those of R2(k−1), thus affording a straightforward means of calculating the case (a) matrix elements of rotational centrifugal-distortion constants Dv, Hv, Lv, Mv, etc., to an arbitrarily high order. The explicit matrix elements of Lv are listed.
A characterization of Baire one functions of two variables

We show that every Baire class one real-valued function f of two real variables is the pointwise limit of a sequence of continuous, piecewise linear functions, all of whose vertices lie on the graph of f.
MARKETING TO A KEIRETSU

As the Japanese economy has become increasingly international, the issue of keiretsu relations has become a focus of attention. Keiretsu is an indigenous feature of Japan's production and distribution systems that some say leads to unfair competitive practices, triggering intense discussions from the United States government. American businesses realize that a major reason for their failures in the Japanese market lies in the nature of Japanese business practices, as exemplified by exclusive keiretsu relations. However, like it or not, keiretsu related firms dominate Japanese economic life. If U.S. firms are to penetrate the market in the “land of the rising sun,” they must learn to successfully market to keiretsu‐member Japanese firms. This paper shows how the present keiretsu system can be traced back to the culture of ancient Japan and is itself a revival of the modern zaibatsu system of business organizations which, for all practical purposes, it replaced after World War II and, paradoxically, while the occupation and restructuring of the country incumbed to its victorious foe, the United States.
Speech and language delay are early manifestations of juvenile-onset Huntington disease

The neurocognitive features of juvenile-onset Huntington disease (HD) are not well understood. We present three patients with onset of HD symptoms before age 10 years in whom speech delay was the first symptom. Speech delay predated motor symptoms by at least 2 years, and language function was consistently impaired on formal testing. Screening for speech delay is particularly important in children with a family history of HD.
What's new in urology

Energy-based ablation techniques There are a plethora of new techniques available to eradicate renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that have recently been evaluated. 1 The promise of these techniques is the ability to apply them through percutaneous or laparoscopic approaches with maximum renal parenchymal preservation. The most studied of these methods to date is percutaneous or laparoscopic cryotherapy, which attempts to obtain a core tumor temperature of 40°C with a double freeze/thaw sequence, monitoring by ultrasonography the ice-ball in an attempt to get a freeze margin 1 cm from the tumor. Several series of less than 50 patients have been reported, with subsequent imaging results showing eradication of tumor and resultant fibrosis. In these studies several patients have been followed with subsequent biopsy and only one residual tumor has been documented. Other methods include thermal ablation by radiofrequency, 2 microwave, laser interstitial treatment, and high intensity focused ultrasound. For most of these modalities human studies are as yet quite limited. High intensity focused ultrasound has the potential to be the least invasive, but skin burns and focusing through bone are unresolved problems. Interstitial photons and radioimmunotherapy studies are also beginning but no definitive information is available. Cryotherapy has the most promise at the moment, but each of these modalities will have to be evaluated with regard to longterm local recurrence and metastatic rates in direct comparison with standard extirpative techniques.
The plastochron index as applied to a cadmium toxicity study

Abstract The plastochron index (PI) concept of developmental age was utilised to investigate the effect of low levels of cadmium on dry weight accumulation and rate of leaf initiation of honeylocust ( Gleditsia triacanthos L.) seedlings exposed to 0, 0·5, 1·0 or 2·0 ppm Cd 2+ in the rooting medium. Root dry weight of seedlings harvested after twelve weeks was significantly reduced by the 1·0 and 2·0 ppm Cd 2+ treatments whereas leaf and stem dry weights were not significantly reduced by Cd 2+ treatments No significant differences in leaf, stem or root dry weight resulted from Cd 2+ exposure in seedlings harvested at similar morphological age (PI = 17·0_. Cadmium accumulated in root tissue and increased with increasing Cd 2+ levels in rooting medium. Regressions of PI on time revealed that leaf initiation rates were significantly reduced by all Cd 2+ treatments. There were no visible symptoms of cadmium toxicity other than reduced growth rate. The PI concept permitted prediction of time required for Cd 2+ treated seedlings to attain the morphological age of untreated seedlings.
Knife-edge scanning measurements of subwavelength focused light beams.

This note describes a convenient working technique for measuring the minimum size focused spot formed by a lens system. The technique is routinely capable of measurement precision of better than ?lambda. The theory of knife-edge scanning is presented, and the relationship of the measured spot profile to the actual spot profile is shown to be relatively insensitive to the acceptance solid angle of the photodetector. Finally, some typical results of high resolution microscope objectives are presented.
726 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ANTERIOR SEGMENT DYSGENESIS WITH VARIABLE EXPRESSIVITY: PROBABLE LINKAGE TO MNS BLOOD GROUP ON CHROMOSOME 4

An autosomal dominant anterior segment dysgenesis (ADASD) with variable expressivity affecting members of at least eight generations was identified. One branch of the family involving five generations with 21 of 35 (60%) members affected was studied. This included sixteen affected (9 males and 7 females) who were still living. Clinical findings ranged from anterior Schwalbe's line with mild cataract to severe corneal opacification with moderate cataract while visual acuity varied from 20/20 to hand motion only. The propositus had a corneal transplant and cataract extraction on one eye at age 6 weeks. Light and electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that the cornea had the following abnormalities: basal epithelial cell protrusions into a thickened Bowman's layer (22-60μ), activated keratocytes throughout the entire stroma, no Descemet's layer or endothelial cells, an aggregation of keratocytes posteriorly. The lens showed focal aggregations of vesicles in cortical fibers with extensive epithelial atrophy. Maximum likelihood analysis between ADASD and 14 biochemical and serological markers showed probable linkage between ADASD and the MNS blood group on the long arm of chromosome 4 (Z = 3.48).
Reactive glow discharges: comparison of steady-state versus pulsed operation

In this work we compare glow discharges using traditional, inert gases and alternative reactive gases. More specifically, argon is systematically replaced by nitrogen (or oxygen) at increasing levels, culminating in a plasma completely sustained by nitrogen (or oxygen). To decouple the reactive plasma processes from potentially reactive surface reactions, we employed gold as a non-reactive cathode material. A common trend with nitrogen and oxygen addition is the significant loss of the Ar and ArH ion signals. As the argon ion signal decreases, the molecular oxygen ion increases; however the molecular nitrogen ion does not exhibit the same trend. Our studies include monitoring ions produced in the glow discharge, comparing direct current and pulsed discharges, and evaluating sputter rates.
Charge transfer induced chemical reaction of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane adsorbed on graphene

Raman spectroscopy was used to study the interaction of 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) deposited on graphene films grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Different thickness layers (1 ML to 7 ML) of TCNQ deposited on single layer graphene were investigated. A distinct blue shift of the G band of graphene was observed depending on the TCNQ coverage, which indicated charge transfer from graphene to TCNQ. No charge transfer phenomenon was observed when TCNQ was adsorbed on graphite, reflecting the intrinsic difference in the electronic structure of graphene and graphite. The vibrational modes of TCNQ were identified. Moreover, new Raman bands not associated with TCNQ were discovered on the TCNQ/graphene sample and assigned to vibrational modes of α,α-dicyano-p-toluoylcyanide (DCTC−1). Our observations indicate that charge transfer occurs between graphene and TCNQ followed by chemical reaction with the atmosphere to form DCTC−1. We estimate the transfer of ≤0.03 electrons per C atom to the TCNQ adlayer. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of TCNQ to produce p-type graphene. It also demonstrates that the charged species at the graphene/organic layer may be readily susceptible to chemical reaction and that the resulting surface species may be more complex than a simple negative (or positive) ionization of the parent adsorbate. The final charge state of the graphene may depend upon the free energy change associated with the surface chemical reaction. Any detailed understanding of the graphene–adsorbate charged interface must include a thorough chemical study of the potential redox reactions that can occur following deposition of the primary organic species.
Fabrication of perovskite lead magnesium niobate

Abstract The perovskite relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate ( PbMg 1 3 Nb 2 3 O 3 ) is an important material because of its high dielectric constant and correspondingly large electrostrictive strains. However, it is difficult to prepare in polycrystalline ceramic form because of the formation of a stable pyrochlore phase. The reaction kinetics during calcining were investigated and an improved fabrication scheme was developed.
The inhibition of seedling growth by crop residues in soil inoculated withPenicillium urticae Bainer

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crop residues, without and withPenicillium urticae Bainer inoculation, on growth of wheat seedlings in soil. Fifty grams of Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil, containing 1% by weight of incorporated alfalfa, sorghum and corn stover residue, were placed in petri dishes, autoclaved, wetted to 40% moisture, and incubated at 24°C. for periods of 2, 3, and 4 weeks. One-half of the petri dishes were inoculated withP. urticae. Germination and seedling-shoot measurements were taken after 7 days of growth.
Portal blood flow and net absorption of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose in nonlactating Holstein cows.

Abstract Portal blood flow was measured in nonlactating Holstein cows by primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohip-puric acid into a mesenteric vein and periodic collection of blood from the portal vein and femoral artery. Cows ranged in age from 2 to 4 yr; average body weight was 472 kg. They were fed ad libitum orchardgrass-red clover silage. Results of Experiment 1 in which portal blood flow was measured in four cows at 10-min intervals over 3 h indicate that flow can vary by a factor of three in a given cow. In Experiment 2, portal blood flow and net absorption of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose were measured in cows for 10 to 12 h. Mean portal blood flow (liters/h) and net absorption (mmoles/h) of ammonia-nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, and glucose were 836 ± 32, 121 ± 8, −52 ± 14, and −39 ± 16.
Hepatic Glucose Phosphotransferases Variations Among Species

Glucokinase activity (ATP :D-glucose-6-phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.1.2) was assayed in various species, including man ( Homo sapiens ). Low or absent activities were found in the toadfish ( Opsanus tau) cat (Felis domesticus ), guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ), calf ( Bos taurus ), and man, and higher activities in the bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ), dog ( Canis familiaris ), rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), mouse ( Mus musculus ), rat ( Rattus norwegicus ), and sand rat ( Psammomys obesus). Fasted mice and dogs failed to show a decrease in activity. Sand rats with spontaneous diabetes or rendered diabetic by diet also failed to show a reduction in activity. The role of the enzyme in the regulation of blood glucose concentration remains speculative.
Comparing SQL and MapReduce to compute Naive Bayes in a single table scan

Most data mining processing is currently performed on flat files outside the DBMS. We propose novel techniques to process such data mining computations inside the DBMS. We focus on the popular Naive Bayes classification algorithm. In contrast to most approaches, our techniques work completely inside the DBMS, exploiting the DBMS programmability mechanisms wherein the user has full access to data, but is transparent to the DBMS internals. Specifically, SQL queries and User-Defined Functions (UDFs) are used to program the Naive Bayes algorithm. We compare these mechanisms with MapReduce, a popular alternative used for large-scale data mining. We study two phases for the classifier: building the model and scoring another data set, using the model as input. Both building and scoring phases with SQL queries involve a single table scan, whereas scoring with UDFs involve two additional scans on large temporary tables. Experiments with large data sets demonstrate SQL queries perform extremely well for building model, while UDFs are better for scoring. In both cases the DBMS performs better than MapReduce. Moreover, the DBMS is significantly more efficient to load data than the file system supporting MapReduce.
Male behavioural maturation rate responds to selection on pollen hoarding in honeybees

Division of labour in social insect colonies relies on behavioural functional differentiation (specialization) of individuals with similar genomes. However, individual behavioural traits do not evolve independently of each other (behavioural syndromes). A prime example is the suite of behavioural differences in honeybee workers that has evolved in response to bidirectional selection on pollen hoarding of honeybee colonies (pollen-hoarding syndrome). More generally, these differences reflect functional differentiation between nectar and pollen foragers. We demonstrate here that this pollen-hoarding syndrome extends to drones. Similar to what has been shown in workers, drones from the high-pollen-hoarding strain had a higher locomotion activity after emergence, and they initiated flight earlier than did males derived from the low-pollen-hoarding strain, with hybrids intermediate. However, these two behavioural traits were unlinked at the individual level. We also found that social environment (the colony) affects the age at which drones initiate flight. The indirect selection responses of male behaviour suggest that male and worker evolution are not independent and may constrain each other's evolution. Furthermore, we identified three distinct peaks in the probability of flight initiation over the course of the experiment and a decreased phenotypic variability in the 'hybrid' males, contrary to quantitative genetic expectations.
Cardiovascular Screening Practices in Collegiate Student-Athletes

Objective To evaluate screening practices and preparticipation evaluation (PPE) forms used to identify, or raise suspicion of, cardiovascular abnormalities in collegiate student-athletes. Design Phone and e-mail survey. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I universities. Participants All 347 NCAA Division I universities were invited to participate in 2010-2011; 257 universities (74%) elected to participate. Main Outcome Measures Information about the preparticipation screening process was obtained from team physicians and/or certified athletic trainers. PPE forms were evaluated for the inclusion of the 12 specific American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations for cardiovascular screening of competitive athletes from the 2007 AHA Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism consensus panel endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Results All 257 participating universities (100%) required preparticipation screening for freshman and transfer athletes, and 83 universities (32%) required an annual PPE for returning athletes. The PPE was performed on campus at 85% of the universities, whereas 15% of universities allowed the PPE to be completed by the athlete's choice of physician before he or she arrived on campus. Eleven universities (4%) used the recently updated American College of Sports Medicine 4th edition PPE. Sixteen universities (6%) used the American College of Sports Medicine 3rd edition PPE. The remaining 260 universities (90%) did not use either of these forms. Of the 257 Division I universities, only 21 universities (8%) met the AHA recommendations by including all 12 cardiovascular screening items on their PPE forms. Conclusion The majority (92%) of NCAA Division I universities do not use PPE forms that meet the AHA recommendations for cardiovascular screening; therefore, they may not be effectively screening collegiate student-athletes for cardiovascular abnormalities that could lead to sudden cardiac death.
Operating Temperature Window for SiC Ceramics and Composites for Fusion Energy Applications

Limitations in operating conditions, primarily the steady-state operating temperature, of silicon carbide-based ceramics and composites for applications to structural and functional components in fusion blanket systems were critically examined based on the latest experimental results. Irradiation-induced high temperature swelling and irradiation creep were identified to be the likely factors limiting the upper temperature bound for structural applications, whereas irradiation-induced thermal conductivity degradation was identified to be the primary factor to limit the lower temperature bound when substantial heat flux is anticipated. For the application to flow channel inserts in liquid metal blankets, insulating properties will likely limit the upper temperature bound, whereas the lower temperature bound may be limited by swelling-induced secondary stress. Additionally, key scientific issues which need to be addressed for the better definition of design limitations were identified.
Three-Dimensional and 2.5 Dimensional Interconnection Technology: State of the Art

Three-dimensional (3D) packaging with through-silicon-vias (TSVs) is an emerging technology featuring smaller package size, higher interconnection density, and better performance; 2.5D packaging using silicon interposers with TSVs is an incremental step toward 3D packaging. Formation of TSVs and interconnection between chips and/or wafers are two key enabling technologies for 3D and 2.5D packaging, and different interconnection methods in chip-to-chip, chip-to-wafer, and wafer-to-wafer schemes have been developed. This article reviews state-of-the-art interconnection technologies reported in recent technical papers. Issues such as bump formation, assembly/bonding process, as well as underfill dispensing in each interconnection type are discussed. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026615]
Sexual Risk Behaviors of Young Adults with LD and the Need for HIV/AIDS Education

AIDS has become a leading cause of death among youth and young adults between the ages of 15 and 24. Given that there is no known cure for AIDS, effective and comprehensive health education is the strongest weapon available to prevent the spread of this deadly disease. The purpose of this exploratory study was to generate information that could be used to highlight the critical need to develop, implement, and evaluate comprehensive education for students with disabilities. Eighty-eight young adults with learning disabilities were recruited to complete a questionnaire. Fifty-one percent of the study participants reported that in high school they had engaged in behaviors that would put them at risk of contracting HIV and/or AIDS. Implications for future practice and research are discussed.