cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ Raman spectroscopy studies of bulk and surface metal oxide phases during oxidation reactions

Bulk V-P-O and model supported vanadia catalysts were investigated with in situ Raman spectroscopy during n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride in order to determine the fundamental molecular structure-reactivity/selectivity insights that can be obtained from such experiments. The in situ Raman studies of the bulk V-P-O catalysts provided information about the bulk crystalline phases, the hemihydrate precursor and its transformation to vanadyl pyrophosphate. However, the Raman experiments could not provide any molecular structural information about the amorphous and surface phases also present in this bulk metal oxide catalyst because of the strong Raman scattering from the crystalline phases. In contrast, in situ Raman studies of the model supported vanadia catalysts, where the active phase is present as a two-dimensional surface metal oxide overlayer, provided new insights into this important hydrocarbon oxidation reaction. In addition, the surface properties of the supported vanadia catalysts could be molecularly engineered to probe the role of various functionalities upon the structure-reactivity/selectivity relationship of n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride. These fundamental studies revealed that the oxidation of n-butane required only one surface vanadia site and that the critical rate determining step involved the bridging V-O-P or V-O-support bonds. The selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride could occur over one surface vanadia site as well as multiple adjacent surface vanadia sites, but the reaction is more efficient with multiple sites. The n-butane oxidation TOF increased with the introduction of both surface Briinsted and Lewis acid sites, but only the surface Lewis acid sites increased the maleic anhydride selectivity.
A functional differentiation of STM and LTM

The study investigated the recovery from within list proactive inhibition while recalling a previously learned item. It is shown that while performing on this item in LTM recovery from proactive inhibition in STM occurred. The result indicates that STM and LTM refer to more than just a time dimension, thus confirming previous findings.
Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative performance

Despite considerable attention to the creative process and its relationship with personal characteristics, there is no published study focused directly on the relationship between the recently recognized core construct of psychological capital (PsyCap) and creative performance. Drawing from a large (N = 899) and heterogeneous sample of working adults, this study investigates PsyCap and its components (i.e., efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) as predictors of creative performance. Overall PsyCap predicted creative performance over and above each of the four PsyCap components. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of individual DNA molecules responding to changing electric fields

Individual ethidium stained DNA molecules, 50 kbp to 2Mbp in length, are observed with a fluorescence microscope, image intensifier, and video camera. The microscope slide is equipped with electrodes to . introduce an electric field across the sample. An array of electrodes, controlled by computer, can select both field strength and direction. When embedded in a thin (10-20 micron) layer of agarose and electrophoresis buffer, linear DNA molecules snake through the gel toward the positive electrode. The linear polymers alternately stretch and contract as they become hooked around obstacles and then slip off. Mechanisms responsible for size separation in pulse field gel electrophoresis are explored. Open circular plasmids become permanently trapped on gel obstructions in a strong electric field. They behave like negatively charged rubber bands as they elongate in a strong field and contract as the field is reduced. Measurement of plasmid elongation in various fields allows calculation of the effective electrophoretic charge on DNA. Measurement of random coil diameters permits calculation of DNA's persistence length.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Jung and Gnosticism

Abstract Carl Jung interprets Gnosticism the way he interprets alchemy: as a hoary counterpart to his analytical psychology. As interpreted by Jung, Gnostic myths describe a seemingly outward, if also inward, process which is in fact an entirely inward, psychological one. The Gnostic progression from sheer bodily existence to the rediscovery of the immaterial spark trapped in the body and the reunion of that spark with the immaterial godhead symbolize the Jungian progression from sheer ego consciousness to the rediscovery of the unconscious within the mind and the integration of the ego with the unconscious to forge the self. For Jung, Gnostics are the ancient counterpart to present-day Jungian patients. Both constitute a psychological elite. Where most persons are satisfied with traditional means of connecting themselves to their unconscious, Gnostics and Jungians are sensi tive to the demise of those means and are seeking new ones. Where, alternatively, most other persons are oblivious to the existence ...
Cousins Photometry and Temperatures for the Hyades, Coma, NGC 752, Praesepe, and M67

In this paper, new Cousins VRI data are presented for NGC 752 and Praesepe, and new and extant data are combined into an augmented database for M67. For those three clusters, catalogs containing Cousins VRI photometry, reddening-corrected values of (V − K)J, and temperatures are produced. The same is done for Coma by using both previously published and newly derived Cousins photometry. An extant set of catalogs for the Hyades is updated to include V magnitudes and values of (R − I)C that were published after the original catalogs appeared. Finally, M67 V magnitudes published previously by Sandquist are corrected for an effect that depends on location on the face of the cluster. The corrected data and values of (V − I)C given by Sandquist are then set out in a supplementary catalog. Data files containing all of these catalogs are deposited in the CDS archives. To assess the quality of the data in the catalogs, the consistency of extant Cousins VRI databases is tested by performing analyses with the following features: (1) quantities as small as a few millimags are regarded as meaningful; (2) statistical analysis is applied; (3) no use is made of data other than VRI measurements and comparable results; (4) no inferences are drawn from color-magnitude comparisons; (5) pertinent data that have not been included previously are analyzed; and (6) results based on direct comparisons of stellar groups at the telescope are featured. In this way, it is found that our updated M67 color data and those of Sandquist are on the E region zero point. In contrast, values of (V − I)C from Montgomery and collaborators are found to be too red by 27 ± 3 mmag, with an even larger offset being likely for unpublished data from Richer and his collaborators. Zero-point tests of our Cousins VRI colors for Coma, Praesepe, and NGC 752 are also satisfactory. Scale factor tests of the M67 colors are performed, and a likely scale factor error in the Montgomery et al. colors is found. However, it appears at present that the scale factors of our M67 colors and those of Sandquist are satisfactory. For the most part, zero-point tests of the assembled V magnitudes are also satisfactory, although it is found that further work on the V magnitudes for Praesepe and M67 would be useful. To put these results in perspective, it is pointed out that photometric tests that are satisfactory at the few-millimag level have been published for some two decades and so are not appearing for the first time in this paper.
Hybrid polymer-clay nanocomposites : A mechanical study on gels and multilayered films

Abstract The present contribution describes the preparation and characterization of polymer–clay nanocomposite gels and films containing poly(ethylene oxide) and various ratios of Laponite and Montmorillonite. The aim is to understand how clays with different chemistry, sizes and surface areas interact with each other and affect the structure and characteristics of polymer based nanocomposites in the form of both gels and multilayered films. The rheological behavior of the gels is compared to the spreading process during sample preparation and the resulting film structures and properties are analyzed. While gradually replacing Laponite clay with equivalent amounts of Montmorillonite clay decreases the viscosity of the resulting gels, we observed that the progressive increase of the Montmorillonite percent in the samples leads to a gradual increase of the storage and loss moduli in the multilayered films. At the nano-scale, SAXS and XRD measurements on films indicated that the clay platelets orient parallel to the film plane and that the polymer chains intercalate between silicate galleries. Thermal analysis shows that the polymer crystallinity can be controlled by combination and variation of different clays.
The Impact of Vertical Resolution in the Explicit Numerical Forecasting of Radiation Fog: A Case Study

Numerical experiments are performed with a comprehensive one-dimensional boundary layer/fog model to assess the impact of vertical resolution on explicit model forecasts of an observed fog layer. Two simulations were performed, one using a very high resolution and another with a vertical grid typical of current high-resolution mesoscale models. Both simulations were initialized with the same profiles, derived from observations from a fog field experiment. Significant differences in the onset and evolution of fog were found. The results obtained with the high-resolution simulation are in overall better agreement with available observations. The cooling rate before the appearance of fog is better represented, while the evolution of the liquid water content within the fog layer is more realistic. Fog formation is delayed in the low resolution simulation, and the water content in the fog layer shows large-amplitude oscillations. These results show that the numerical representation of key thermo-dynamical processes occurring in fog layers is significantly altered by the use of a grid with reduced vertical resolution.
On the pion and kaon production in nucleus-nucleus collisions near the absolute threshold

Abstract A simple phase-space model of particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions near the absolute threshold is developed. The model parameters are determined by comparison with pion production experimental data, and then the model is used to estimate the kaon production cross section.
A global synchronization network for a non-deterministic simulation architecture

Our previous work presented methods of accelerating nondeterministic discrete event simulation at the processing element level. Here, two algorithms are proposed for synchronizing a network of processing elements according to the next network minimum event timestamp. One method has an expected running time of O(k) while the second has an expected running time of O(k log(k)). A network architecture is developed and simulation results of the time expected to locate and broadcast the next network minimum timestamp are reported.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a duplication of the colon: Case report and literature review of squamous cell carcinoma of the colon and of malignancy complicating colonic duplication

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a duplication of the colon is reported, and the literature of squamous cell carcinoma of the colon and of malignancy complicating duplications of the colon is reviewed. This is the 23rd case of "pure" squamous cell carcinoma of the colon to be reported, and the second reported as arising in a duplication of the colon. Several possible mechanisms for the development of a squamous cell carcinoma in the colon are discussed.
CD-20 expression in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: Treatment with rituximab

B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are rare but serious complications of solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. We report that these tumors frequently express the CD-20 antigen, and immunotherapy directed at this antigen may be a well-tolerated and effective treatment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas are common tumors located in the suprasellar region. Contrast enhancement, cyst formation, and calcification are the three characteristic features of craniopharyngiomas on computed tomographic scan. More than 90% of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas exhibit at least two of these three features, thus providing easy radiologic detection. We treated a 41-year-old man in whom a large suprasellar craniopharyngioma producing severe visual loss was not detected by computed tomography but was easily identified with magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, despite high-resolution computed tomographic scan, large suprasellar craniopharyngiomas can be missed. Magnetic resonance imaging may be superior to computed tomography in detecting these tumors.
Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the dynamic wind loads and evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures in the near wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (i.e., aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the wind turbine model by using a high-sensitive force-moment sensor unit, a high-resolution digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent vortex flow in the near wake of the wind turbine model. Besides conducting “free-run” PIV measurements to determine the ensemble-averaged statistics of the flow quantities such as mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distributions in the wake flow, “phase-locked” PIV measurements were also performed to elucidate further details about evolution of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake flow in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades. The effects of the tip-speed-ratio of the wind turbine model on the dynamic wind loads and wake flow characteristics were quantified in the terms of the variations of the aerodynamic thrust and bending moment coefficients of the wind turbine model, the evolution of the helical tip vortices and the unsteady vortices shedding from the blade roots and turbine nacelle, the deceleration of the incoming airflows after passing the rotation disk of the turbine blades, the TKE and Reynolds stress distributions in the near wake of the wind turbine model. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind load measurements to elucidate underlying physics in order to gain further insight into the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads and turbulent vortex flows in the wakes of wind turbines for the optimal design of the wind turbines operating in atmospheric boundary layer winds.
The feasibility and efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for prevention of chemotherapy induced ovarian failure in patient with gynecological malignancies.

Objective To assess the effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) depot (Leuprolide acetate) in women with gynecologic cancer receiving chemotherapy while taking a continuous add-back on the prevention of premature ovarian failure. Methods Fourteen premenopausal patients with gynecological malignancies who had undergone conservation of ovaries surgery received a GnRH-a depot plus add-back until chemotherapy was completed. Four weeks thereafter, a hormonal profile (follicle stimulating hormone) was measured. Results The mean follicle stimulating hormone level was 15.8 IU/L. All patients exhibited a restoration of ovarian failure during follow-up. One patient became pregnant during the follow-up period. Conclusion In the short term, GnRH-a appears to protect ovarian function and ability to achieve pregnancy following chemotherapy. The result of our study needs further elucidation in a large randomized controlled trial.
An Experimental Study of a Radial Coaxial Gaseous Discharge

Experimental measurements of a radial coaxial gaseous discharge were made using an adjustable Langmuir probe and a microwave interferometer. Excellent agreement of these results is observed when inhomogeneities of both the electron number density and temperature are accounted for and the electronneutral collisions are assumed to be "hard-sphere" collisions.
Ultra-high-Q (>100-million) micro-cavities on silicon for stimulated and parametric lasers sources

Summary form only given. A new chip-based micro-cavity capable of Q factors as high as 500 million is reviewed. Fiber-coupled Raman and parametric oscillators having microwatt level threshold powers are demonstrated as well as narrow-linewidth erbium lasers.
Self-control in children: Further analyses of the Self-Control Rating Scale

Three studies examined children's self-control, as measured by the Self-Control Rating Scale (SCRS). In Study 1, 98 randomly selected elementary school children performed persistence, delay of gratification, social perspective taking, means-ends problem solving, and verbal IQ tasks. Teachers completed the SCRS and a measure of the internalization-externalization dimension of maladjustment. Results supported the relationship between the SCRS and maladjustment, especially for externalized behavior problems, and the SCRS and cognitive social perspective taking. However, means-ends problem solving, persistence, and delay of gratification measures were not intercorrelated and were not related to SCRS scores. In Study 2, in-class observations of six behavior codes on 100 randomly selected elementary school children and teachers' SCRS ratings evidenced several significant relationships. Study 3 compared the rates of observed in-class behaviors and SCRS ratings of children referred for self-control training and matched nonreferred children. Referred children were rated significantly less self-controlled and observed to engage in significantly greater rates of several behaviors than nonreferred children. Taken together, these data question the existence of a single unitary construct of self-control, yet provide some support for the utility of the SCRS as a rating scale method of assessing children's self-control.
pH dependent conformational changes in the T- and R-states of insulin in solution: circular dichroic studies in the pH range of 6 to 10.

Abstract Zinc insulin hexamer has been shown to undergo a phenol-induced T 6 to R 6 conformational transition in solution. Our circular dichroic (CD) studies demonstrate that insulin undergoes pH-dependent conformational changes over the pH range of 6–10 in the T-state and in the R- state. In order to determine which specific amino acid residues may be responsible for these pH-dependent changes, a series of insulin analogs were utilized. In the T-state, the pH dependent CD changes monitored in the far UV region have a pK of 8.2 and appear to be related to the titration of the A1-Gly amino group. Using the near UV CD a second pH-dependent conformational change was detected with a pK of 7.5 in the T-state. 1 H N.M.R. studies suggest that B5-His may be responsible for this conformational transition. In the presence of m-cresol (R-state), the pK value was found to be 6.9. During this titration, the increased ellipticity for the R-state is diminishing as pH decreases from pH 8 to 6, and no difference in ellipticity was observed at 255 nm between T- and R-states at pH 6. Therefore, this may be due to the transition from the R back to the T-state.
The Changing Association between Prenatal Participation in WIC and Birth Outcomes in New York City: What Does it Mean?

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 24, No. 4, 687–690 (2005) © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/pam.20132 Many previous studies of WIC conclude that “WIC works,” but in their article in this issue, Ted Joyce, Diane Gibson, and Silvie Colman come to the opposite conclusion (Joyce, Gibson, & Colman, 2005). They arrive at this position even though their actual estimates are consistent with those of previous studies. For example, like our largescale study of women on Medicaid in 19 states (Bitler & Currie, 2005), they find that prenatal participation in the WIC program reduces the incidence of low birth weight and preterm birth. We also find that WIC participation is associated with decreases in birth weight adjusted for gestation, the nights an infant or woman was in the hospital at delivery, and positively associated with weight gain during pregnancy, gestation, birthweight, and use of prenatal care during the first trimester. Why then are Joyce, Gibson, and Colman’s conclusions so different than those of previous authors? The crux of the matter is that Joyce et al. reject the idea that WIC could have any effect on preterm birth, while neglecting discussion of other possible positive impacts of WIC. Hence, they reason that any estimated effects of WIC on preterm birth reflect selection effects in the data and ought to be discounted out of hand. Further, they argue that WIC should only affect birth weight through effects on fetal growth, and they do not find any effects on fetal growth (except in their subsample of Black twins). We think that this line of reasoning is flawed on several counts, and perhaps too narrowly focused. First, Joyce et al. overstate the degree of medical consensus that exists over the question of whether or not prenatal intervention can affect the probability of preterm birth. They cite several studies describing specific clinical interventions that were not effective in preventing preterm births. But the clinical literature also suggests, for example, that smoking causes preterm labor, so that interventions that were effective in reducing smoking might be expected to have an effect on prematurity (compare Werler, 1997).1 Similarly, gestational diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy that can lead to preterm birth, but it is easily controlled if it is detected early (Xiong, Saunders, Wang, & Demianczuk, 2001). Maternal infections are thought to account for up to a third of preterm births, and some trials have shown that treatment of high-risk women for specific infections can increase the length of pregnancy (Gibbs & Eschenbach, 1997; Goldenberg, Hauth, & Andrews, 2000; Locksmith & Duff, 2001), while others have shown a possible positive impact of treatment for wider groups of women (Lamont, Duncan, Mandal, & Bassett, 2003; Kiss, Petricevic, & Husslein, 2004; Ugwumadu, Manyonda, Reid, & Hay,
Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and the inorganic arsenic methylation phenotype

Inorganic arsenic is enzymatically methylated; hence, its ingestion results in exposure to the parent compound and various methylated arsenicals. Both experimental and epidemiological evidences suggest that some of the adverse health effects associated with chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic may be mediated by these methylated metabolites. If iAs methylation is an activation process, then the phenotype for inorganic arsenic methylation may determine risk associated with exposure to this metalloid. We examined inorganic arsenic methylation phenotypes and arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase genotypes in four species: three that methylate inorganic arsenic (human (Homo sapiens), rat (Rattus norwegicus), and mouse (Mus musculus)) and one that does not methylate inorganic arsenic (chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes). The predicted protein products from arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase are similar in size for rat (369 amino acid residues), mouse (376 residues), and human (375 residues). By comparison, a 275-nucleotide deletion beginning at nucleotide 612 in the chimpanzee gene sequence causes a frameshift that leads to a nonsense mutation for a premature stop codon after amino acid 205. The null phenotype for inorganic arsenic methylation in the chimpanzee is likely due to the deletion in the gene for arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase that yields an inactive truncated protein. This lineage-specific loss of function caused by the deletion event must have occurred in the Pan lineage after Homo-Pan divergence about 5 million years ago.
Is In-Prison Treatment Enough? A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Prison-Based Treatment and Aftercare Services for Substance-Abusing Offenders

This study performed a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of the Amity in-prison Therapeutic Community (TC) and Vista aftercare programs for criminal offenders in California. For the average treatment participant, the cost of treatment was $4,112, which led to approximately fifty-one fewer days incarcerated (36% less) than the average individual in the control group. This implies that, for the average offender, treatment reduced recidivism at a cost of $80 per incarceration day. For participants who received both in-prison treatment and aftercare services, an additional day of incarceration was avoided at a cost of $51 per day relative to those that received in-prison treatment only.
Close-field optical analysis of an explosive-loading function - Dynamic photoelasticity methods were used to investigate the formation of a stress wave in a region very close to an explosive detonation in a two-dimensional model. Results provide an accurate description of the loading function for use in future analytical and experimental studies

This research program was conducted to study the formation of a stress wave resulting from the detonation of an explosive charge in a circular hole in a large thin plate. Dynamic photoelasticity methods were employed. The isochromatic-fringe patterns were recorded with a Cranz-Schardin multiple-spark camera operating at a framing rate of 500,000 exposures/second. Experimental procedures developed during the course of the investigation eliminated fracturing of the model in the vicinity of the explosive and permitted recording of the dynamic fringe patterns at the boundary of the hole during the entire period of loading.
A serious convective disturbance which occurs during ultracentrifugation using duralumin centerpieces.

Evidence is presented indicating that a convective disturbance occurs during ultracentrifugation of dilute solutions in duralumin centerpieces in weakly alkaline medium above pH 8.6. H2 gas is liberated from a duralumin centerpiece at a pH value as low as pH 9.7, probably due to the oxidation of aluminum by aqueous OH−. Another reaction which consumes OH− is also present which is more rapid than the oxidation reaction and probably is the dissolution of the Al2O3 coating. The nature of the convective disturbance which results is discussed.
Introspection and misdirection

(1989). Introspection and misdirection. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 410-422.
Congenital levojuxtaposition of the right atrial appendage. Association with persistent truncus arteriosus, type 4.

Congenital levojuxtaposition of the right atrial appendage is a rare malformation most commonly associated with a transposition of the great arteries. We report a case of levojuxtaposition of the right atrial appendage associated with a persistent truncus arteriosus, type 4. Juxtaposition of the atrial appendage is a sign of severe cyanotic congenital heart disease, and this is best diagnosed by a selective right atriogram or superior venacavogram.
Diverse multidrug-resistance-modification agents inhibit cytolytic activity of natural killer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the phenomenon in which cultured tumor cells selected for resistance to one chemotherapeutic agent simultaneously acquire resistance to several apparently unrelated drugs. MDR in tumor cells is associated with the over-expression of P-glycoprotein, an ATP-dependent cell-membrane transport molecule. P-glycoprotein is also expressed in several normal tissues but its physiological role(s) is unknown. We recently observed that a hierarchy of MDR-like activity exists among human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the order CD8>CD4>CD20 (cytoxic/suppressor T cells, helper T cells and B cells respectively). In this study, we report that natural killer (NK) cells also express MDR-like activity. This activity could be inhibited with verapamil or solutol HS-15, two agents that reverse MDR in tumor cells. These, and four additional reversing agents, were used to investigate the possible role of P-glycoprotein in NK cells. We observed that at 10% of their IC50, five of six reversing agents inhibited NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity; at higher (but non-toxic) doses, all six agents were inhibitory. These data suggest that NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity may require the functional expression of an efflux molecule similar or identical to P-glycoprotein.
Therapeutic potential of HIV protease-activable CASP3

Development of a therapeutic application of CASP3/caspase 3/CPP32, an executor of apoptosis, has been challenging because regulation of its activation is complicated. This study aimed to inhibit cancer cell growth and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) propagation through a CASP3 mutant, CASP3*, activable by HIV-1-encoded aspartate protease. Active CASP3* was delivered to leukemic cells using a protein transduction vehicle, the lentivirus-like nanoparticle (LENA), which should contain thousands of CASP3*-Gag protein molecules and release the activated CASP3* into the target cell cytoplasm. CASP3*-LENA induced apoptosis in various types of leukemic cells. In addition to being effective against leukemic cells, constitutive expression of CASP3* restricted HIV-1 propagation in SUP-T1 cells. The attenuation of HIV-1 replication in SUP-T1/CASP3* cells was attributed to the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by apoptosis. These data suggest that CASP3* has therapeutic potential against both lymphoid malignancies and HIV-1 infection.
Quantum hopping in metallic polymers

Abstract Highly conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole in a metallic state have unusual frequency-dependent conductivity, including multiple zero crossing of the dielectric function. A low-frequency electromagnetic response in terms of a Drude metal is provided by an extremely small fraction of the total number of conduction electrons ∼0.1% but with extremely high mobility or anomalously long scattering time ∼10 −13 s. We show that a network of metallic grains connected by resonance quantum tunneling has a Drude-type response for both the high- and low-frequency regimes and behaves as a dielectric at intermediate frequency in agreement with experimental observations. The metallic grains in polymers represent crystalline domains of well-packed chains with delocalized electrons embedded in the amorphous media of poor chain order. Intergrain resonance tunneling occurs through the strongly localized states in the amorphous media.
Assessing Competition in the Market for Corporate Acquisitions

Abstract Several studies of mergers and tender offers examine the changes in the value of ownership claims associated with corporate acquisitions and use the observed value changes to address the degree of competition in the market for corporate acquisitions. These studies conclude that the takeover market is competitive on the basis of the abnormal stock price changes of bidding firms, the time series behavior of the market value of target firms, and the proportion of gains that accrue to target and bidding firms. Unfortunately, none of these tests are sufficient to conclude that the takeover market is competitive. A competitive acquisition market implies that the potential gain to unsuccessful bidders at the successful offer price is nonpositive. This implication is tested using data on tender offers in which there are multiple bidders. The results appear to be consistent with competition in the market for corporate acquisitions.
Building a New Foundation for the Ocean Sciences: The National Science Foundation and Oceanography, 1951-1965

The organization of the National Science Foundation in 1950 gave it a late start on supporting American science. It survived as a poorly funded sister to the Office of Naval Research until the late 1950s, when Sputnik opened up the federal coffers for science support and education. This was particularly true in the ocean sciences, where NSF financial commitment to research support remained extremely limited, until the lobbying of the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Oceanography, combined with the results of Sputnik, led to a dramatic new commitment of resources. One of the earliest major recipients of NSF resources in oceanography and the earth sciences was Project Mohole. Mohole gave the Foundation the opportunity to take a leadership role in oceanography and the earth sciences, although internal squabbles among supporters, along with projected cost over-runs, eventually led to a funding cut-off by Congress in 1966. However, the NSF's leadership role in the ocean sciences was by then well esta...
An immortalized human cell line bearing a PRKAR1A-inactivating mutation: effects of overexpression of the wild-type Allele and other protein kinase A subunits.

Context: Inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A, the regulatory subunit type 1A (RIα) of protein kinase A (PKA), are associated with tumor formation. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the role of PKA isozymes on proliferation and cell cycle. Methods: A cell line with RIα haploinsufficiency due to an inactivating PRKAR1A mutation (IVS2+1 G→A) was transfected with constructs encoding PKA subunits. Genetics, PKA subunit mRNA and protein expression and proliferation, aneuploidy, and cell cycle status were assessed. To identify factors that mediate PKA-associated cell cycle changes, we studied E2F and cyclins expression in transfected cells and E2F’s role by small interfering RNA; we also assessed cAMP levels and baseline and stimulated cAMP signaling in transfected cells. Results: Introduction of PKA subunits led to changes in proliferation and cell cycle: a decrease in aneuploidy and G2/M for the PRKAR1A-transfected cells and an increase in S phase and aneuploidy for cells transfected with PRKAR2B, a known PRKAR1A mutant (RIαP), and the PKA catalytic subunit. There were alterations in cAMP levels, PKA subunit expression, cyclins, and E2F factors; E2F1 was shown to possibly mediate PKA effects on cell cycle by small interfering RNA studies. cAMP levels and constitutive and stimulated cAMP signaling were altered in transfected cells. Conclusion: This is the first immortalized cell line with a naturally occurring PRKAR1A-inactivating mutation that is associated in vivo with tumor formation. PKA isozyme balance is critical for the control of cAMP signaling and related cell cycle and proliferation changes. Finally, E2F1 may be a factor that mediates dysregulated PKA’s effects on the cell cycle.
Harry Partch: A Biography

This engaging book is the first biography of one of the great ""originals"" of American classical music. It provides a full portrait of Harry Partch (1901-1974), a composer, theorist, and creator of musical instruments whose life and works were marginalized and unconventional, yet who had an enormous influence on later experimental composers.
Inelastic deformation and crosshatching

Probstein and Gold have proposed that crosshatching patterns found on ablated materials are the result of an interaction between an inelastic deformable surface and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer. In this model the patterns can occur in the absence of ablation and are formed as the result of differential deformation due to either relaxation or creep within the material. This paper presents stability calculations which show the effects on the surface pattern characteristics of different boundary-layer profiles and deformation mechanisms. Also presented are detailed surface thickness measurements and pattern statistics on ablated bodies. These data support the proposed model.
Electro-luminescent cooling in the deep sub-bandgap bias regime

Recent work on electro-luminescent cooling has focused either on diodes at forward bias voltages just below the bandgap energy, where high cooling power density is possible, or voltages below the thermal voltage, where the effect is more tolerant to parasitic non-radiative recombination. Here we consider the possibilities for diodes designed to operate at intermediate voltages. Numerical calculations suggest that design for this regime may enable near- and mid-infrared devices capable of solid-state refrigeration with sufficient power density for some applications.
Web usage mining: discovery and applications of usage patterns from Web data

Web usage mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover usage patterns from Web data, in order to understand and better serve the needs of Web-based applications. Web usage mining consists of three phases, namely preprocessing, pattern discovery, and pattern analysis. This paper describes each of these phases in detail. Given its application potential, Web usage mining has seen a rapid increase in interest, from both the research and practice communities. This paper provides a detailed taxonomy of the work in this area, including research efforts as well as commercial offerings. An up-to-date survey of the existing work is also provided. Finally, a brief overview of the WebSIFT system as an example of a prototypical Web usage mining system is given.
VLSI design with object-oriented knowledge bases

Abstract One major technology that is needed is the development of a system that can integrate design tools and design databases, and is able to design an entire engineering system based on formal specifications. In this paper, a knowledge engineering framework for designing VLSI computer architectures is introduced. This framework introduces three core concepts: knowledge abstraction, object-oriented design, and very high-level design programming. The input to the system is a descriptive specification of the behaviour of a computing system. The description is then matched against the existing design knowledge in the knowledge base, where the knowledge is abstracted and organized as classes. If a match can be found, the abstract knowledge is instantiated and can be reused; otherwise a heuristic synthesis process will be performed according to the design knowledge stored in the system. In the worst case, the designer goes one level down and decomposes the system into a set of smaller systems, where a structural description among different modules is specified, but only the behavioural specification for each module is given. The process is then repeated until a complete structural description is developed. At the bottom level, the system is designed to support and automate the following tasks: integration of layout design tools; propagation of dynamic changes; propagation and abstraction of performance measurements; incremental design rule checking; and version control.
An Investigation of Play From the Voices of Fifth- and Sixth-Grade Talented and Gifted Students

The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of play through the eyes of talented and gifted (TAG) fifth- and sixth-grade students. Three focus groups consisting of fifth- and sixth-grade T...
Integrin α2β1 mediates the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities of angiocidin, a novel tumor-associated protein

We recently characterized an anti-tumor protein termed angiocidin. Here, we report that angiocidin may inhibit angiogenesis by binding collagen and its receptors. Angiocidin bound purified type I collagen and alpha2beta1 with high affinity. K562 cells expressing alpha2beta1 bound and adhered to angiocidin while K562 cells which only expressed alpha5beta1 integrin showed no binding and adhesion. Binding was specific since a neutralizing antibody against alpha2beta1 inhibited binding but antibodies against alpha5beta1 had no effect. Additionally, angiocidin co-localized with alpha2beta1 on K562 alpha2beta1 transfected cells, pancreatic cancer colo 357 cells, breast cancer MB-231 cells and human umbilical endothelial vein (HUVE) cells. In an alpha2beta1-dependent collagen gel angiogenesis assay, angiocidin showed potent inhibitory activity. We identified a 20-amino-acid amino terminal peptide of angiocidin that bound both alpha2beta1 and type I collagen. This peptide promoted alpha2beta1-dependent cell adhesion and inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis. Taken together, these results are consistent with the conclusion that the anti-tumor activity of angiocidin arises from its ability to ligate collagen and alpha2beta1 on endothelial cells and tumor cells. Our results provide support for the concept that targeting matrix-cell interactions is a viable strategy for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics.
Real-time video compression using entropy-biased ANN codebooks

We describe hardware that has been built to compress video in real time using full-search vector quantization (VQ). This architecture implements a differential-vector-quantization (DVQ) algorithm which features entropy-biased codebooks designed using an artificial neural network. A special-purpose digital associative memory, the VAMPIRE chip, performs the VQ processing. We describe the DVQ algorithm, its adaptations for sampled NTSC composite- color video, and details of its hardware implementation. We conclude by presenting results drawn from real-time operation of the DVQ hardware.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of feedback and inter-particle collisions in an idealized gas–liquid annular flow

Abstract An idealized gas–liquid annular flow in a vertical rectangular channel was considered. Point sources of solid spheres were located on the walls to represent an atomizing wall film. The decrease in the deposition coefficient with increasing volume fraction, observed in laboratory studies, was examined by using a direct numerical simulation, which does not fully resolve scales of the size of particles, to calculate the fluid turbulence. The influence of particles on the fluid turbulence was modeled simply by introducing point forces at particle loci. Inter-particle collisions were also considered. Significant attenuation of fluid turbulence at very low concentrations could be observed as resulting from the feedback effect of particles. In the fluid momentum balance the fluid Reynolds shear stresses decrease with increasing the volume fraction in order to accommodate the particle forces. This leads to a decrease in the production of fluid turbulence and, therefore, to a decrease in particle turbulence. Particle turbulence is augmented by elastic inter-particle collisions and can be attenuated by inelastic inter-particle collisions. The decrease in the deposition coefficient, observed in gas–liquid annular flows, can be explained by the feedback effect if droplet collisions are highly inelastic. When feedback and elastic inter-particle collisions are considered, changes in the particle turbulence are mainly associated with elastic inter-particle collisions at large enough volume fractions. The observed influence of point forces on fluid turbulence has a kinship to findings on polymer drag reduction in that polymer molecules (or aggregates) create local stresses in the fluid and the Reynolds shear stresses decrease to accommodate these polymer stresses.
Cholinergic Immunoreactive Fibres in Monkey Anterior Temporal Cortex

Cholinergic processes in anterior temporal cortex of rhesus monkeys were identified using immunocytochemical techniques for ChAT. Labeled fibers were present throughout the temporal pole and anterior aspects of the superior temporal, middle temporal, and inferior temporal gyri. ChAT-immunoreactive fibers were most dense in layer I to superficial layer III throughout anterior temporal cortex. In temporal pole, agranular and dysgranular regions had a greater density of labeled fibers in superficial layers as compared to granular regions. In addition to the superficial concentration of cholinergic fibers in lateral temporal regions, numerous labeled fibers were also present in deep cortical layers in the inferior temporal gyrus of lateral temporal cortex, with lesser concentrations of immunoreactive fibers present in these layers in superior and middle temporal gyri. These patterns of cholinergic innervation may reflect the degree of cholinergic modulation of functions in anterior temporal cortex.
Building Instructional Leaders’ Capacity to Deliver Constructive Feedback to Teachers

The aim of this action research study was to enhance the instructional leadership capacity of aspiring school leaders, through a practical learning experience. The participants observed classes, collected classroom-based data, prepared and delivered written constructive feedback to teachers. Findings suggest that aspiring school leaders need to develop a knowledge foundation related to quality instruction, teachers respond in a positive way and appreciate the feedback offered, constructive feedback has potential to guide teachers’ professional development, aspiring instructional leaders must be professional as they deliver feedback, and schools need to set up system for the effective delivery of constructive feedback to teachers so that teaching and learning excellence can be achieved.
Norm-Constrained Kalman Filtering

The problem of estimating the state vector of a dynamical system from vector measurements when it is known that the state vector satisfies norm equality constraints is considered. The case of a linear dynamical system with linear measurements subject to a norm equality constraint is discussed with a review of existing solutions. The norm constraint introduces a nonlinearity in the system for which a new estimator structure is derived by minimizing a constrained cost function. It is shown that the constrained estimate is equivalent to the brute-force normalization of the unconstrained estimate. The obtained solution is extended to nonlinear measurement models and applied to the spacecraft attitude filtering problem.
Clinical indications for digital imaging in dento-alveolar trauma. Part 2: root resorption

Common complications of dento-alveolar trauma are pulp necrosis, pulp canal obliteration, periapical pathosis and root resorption. Different types of root resorption have been identified with traumatic injuries. Repair-related (surface), infection-related (inflammatory), ankylosis-related (osseous replacement) or extraradicular invasive cervical resorption are among the most common. Recent developments in imaging systems have enabled clinicians to visualize structural changes effectively. The diagnosis and three-dimensional imaging assessment of the resorption is important in order to determine the treatment complexity and expected outcome based on the location and extension of the root defect. This article discusses and illustrates the clinical application of cone beam computed tomography for diagnosis and treatment plan of root resorption. Four clinical cases are presented to illustrate the potential use of the NewTom 3G for root resorption.