cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanism of sodium conductance changes in nerve : the role of electron transfer and energy migration

This paper shows that the Na conductance changes can be explained quantitatively, based on the following assumptions: (1) there exist in nerve membranes the electron transfer (ET) complexes and traps, (2) there is energy migration among them. The gating mechanism is explained in physical terms. Its mathematical expression differs from the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, but resembles the Hoyt formulation. In the present model, the physical parameters for the squid axon can be estimated from currently available experimental data. The density of the ET complexes is on the order of 105/μm2, and the density of the traps is 103/μm2. The magnitude of the energy transfer rate between ET complexes is about 106/sec at large depolarization and decreases with decreasing depolarizations, as does the Na inactivation rate. The energy gap between the two stable states of the transfer electron in the ET complex is estimated to be around 0.1 eV, which is approximately the same as that for the photosynthetic systems.
Distance education in a global age: An international perspective on online learning

Online courses can become international learning environments, but different factors can affect the successes of globalized online classes. This paper examines factors of technology and culture that can affect interactions in global learning environments.
Improved time-zero biomechanical properties using poly-L-lactic acid graft augmentation in a cadaveric rotator cuff repair model.

Hypothesis Rotator cuff repair failure rates range from 20% to 90%, and failure is believed to occur most commonly by sutures cutting through the tendon due to excessive tension at the repair site. This study was designed to determine whether application of a woven poly-L-lactic acid device (X-Repair; Synthasome, San Diego, CA) would improve the mechanical properties of rotator cuff repair in vitro. Materials and methods Eight pairs of human cadaveric shoulders were used to test augmented and non-augmented rotator cuff repairs. Initial stiffness, yield load, ultimate load, and failure mode were compared. Results Yield load was 56% to 92% higher and ultimate load was 56% to 76% higher in augmented repairs. No increase in initial stiffness was found. Failure by sutures cutting through the tendon was reduced, occurring in 17 of 20 non-augmented repairs but only 7 of 20 augmented repairs. Conclusions Our data show that application of the X-Repair device significantly increased the yield load and ultimate load of rotator cuff repairs in a human cadaveric model and altered the failure mode but did not affect initial repair stiffness.
Anticipating potential linezolid-SSRI interactions in the general hospital setting: an MAOI in disguise.

Linezolid, a novel antimicrobial with activity against gram-positive bacteria including pathogens resistant to traditional antimicrobials, also inhibits monoamine oxidase. This latter property can cause potentially lethal adverse interactions with antidepressant medications. Long known to psychiatrists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and complications of their use may be unfamiliar to medical and surgical practitioners who may thus unwittingly precipitate a hypertensive crisis or serotonin syndrome. We review the pharmacology of MAOIs and describe 3 clinical situations in which linezolid-selective serotonin inhibitor (SSRI) interactions, actual or potential, figured prominently.
MicroRNAs and reprogramming

MicroRNAs offer the most efficient method yet devised for reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells.
General and Localized Corrosion of Austenitic and Borated Stainless Steels in Simulated Concentrated Ground Waters

Boron containing stainless steels are used in the nuclear industry for applications such as spent fuel storage, control rods and shielding. It was of interest to compare the corrosion resistance of three borated stainless steels with standard austenitic alloy materials such as type 304 and 316 stainless steels. Tests were conducted in three simulated concentrated ground waters at 90 C. Results show that the borated stainless were less resistant to corrosion than the witness austenitic materials. An acidic concentrated ground water was more aggressive than an alkaline concentrated ground water.
Qualitative and quantitative reactions of lymphocytes to x rays.

The effect of x rays on lymphocytes of man and lower animals was studied by the slide-chamber method and the method of unstained cell counts. Large doses of x rays (4000 r or more) killed lymphocytes by delayed fixation. Moderate doses (1000 r or less) killed lymphocytes by intranuclear vacuolization. Nonirradiated lymphocytes also died by intranuclear vacuolization, but at a slower rate. Irradiation with 10 r produced a perceptible decrease in the survival time of human lymphocytes incubated at 37 deg C in slide chambers. Human lymphocytes were slightly more radiosensitive than lymphocytes of the rat, rabbit, and guinea pig. The effect produced by irradiation was a linear function of the logarithm of the dose. Blood lymphocytes from rats irradiated in vivo with 50 r had a shortened 10 per cent survival time: 0.75 days as compared to 2.3 days for lymphocytes from nonirradiated rats. This shortened survival time demonstrated that irradiation in vivo produced a deleterious change in circulating lymphocytes of rats.
Resurrecting the past: Historical documents as materials for readers theatre

After tracing the emergence of historical documents as literature in the twentieth century, this essay describes a particular method for devising an historical/documentary drama for readers theatre. The method relies on a central historical event (the Army‐McCarthy Hearings) as the drama's nucleus, and integrates tangential historical incidents to unify the major action in dramatizing the repressive nature of the McCarthy Era.
Central Diabetes Insipidus in the Setting of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

We present 2 patients with central diabetes insipidus in the setting of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Both patients had months of polyuria and polydipsia compensated by increased fluid intake. Decreased oral intake in the setting of acute illness with continued polyuria led to the development of hypernatremia and the recognition of the underlying diabetes insipidus. Both patients responded well to treatment with desmopressin. Hematologic abnormalities in patients with a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus should prompt clinicians to consider the possibility of a new AML diagnosis or a relapse in patients with known AML in remission.
Myth and Metrology: The Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade

Coins and weights provide evidence which can throw light on the origins of the trans-Saharan gold trade. Such a trade does not seem to have existed before the end of the third century a.d., but from 296 to 311 an irregular gold coinage was issued at Carthage, and by the end of the fourth century there were significant changes in the North African tax system to enable more gold to be collected. The solidus, a coin first issued in 312, provided the standard used for weighing gold-dust in the trans-Saharan trade, while copper, a major item of merchandise in that trade, was being imported to Jenne-Jeno by a.d. 400. This strongly suggests that the gold trade first assumed significance in the fourth century. The trade was evidently flourishing before the Arab conquest, for the Byzantine mint of Carthage produced a copious output of gold between 534 and 695. For weighing gold-dust, the standard based on the Roman ounce and the solidus was retained by the Arabs, and survived until the nineteenth century in the Western Sudan. It was also adopted by the Akan of Ghana and Ivory Coast, who made it the basis of their weight-system from about 1400 to 1900.
Fire and mice: Seed predation moderates fire's influence on conifer recruitment

In fire-adapted ecosystems, fire is presumed to be the dominant ecological force, and little is known about how consumer interactions influence forest regeneration. Here, we investigated seed predation by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and its effects on recruitment of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings in unburned and recently burned fire-adapted montane forests in west-central Montana, USA. Deer mice were almost twice as abundant in burned than unburned stands. Deer mouse removal of seeds from petri dishes was two times higher in burned than in unburned stands, and seed removal levels were 8% higher for ponderosa pine than for the smaller Douglas-fir seeds. In seed-addition experiments, emergence of seedlings in deer mouse-exclusion cages was almost six times higher in burned compared to unburned forest. In both burned and unburned forest, emergence was lower for ponderosa pine than for Douglas-fir. Seedling survival to establishment did not differ between conifer species but was considerably higher in burned than in unburned forest. However, effects of seed predation on recruitment prevailed over fire effects: in cages allowing access by deer mice, emergence and establishment were extremely rare for both conifer species in both burned and unburned forest. This research suggests that consumer interactions can substantially influence recruitment even in fire-adapted forest ecosystems.
301 SOMATOMEDIN-C (SM-C) LEVELS IN FETAL SHEEP ARE INDEPENDENT OF SERUM PLACENTAL LACTOGEN LEVELS

The factor(s) regulating fetal growth remain obscure and classic hormones appear not to be involved. Fetal size correlates with fetal SM-C levels; however, fetal growth hormone appears to have no effect either on fetal SM-C or fetal growth. Placental lactogen has been suggested as a modulator of fetal somatomedins. To assess this possibility in the sheep model, time-dated pregnant ewes with singleton fetuses (n=7) underwent fetal arterial catheterization at 111±3 d of gestation (term=150 d). Daily blood samples were obtained from each fetus until parturition or death. (Mean survival=20 d). Serum samples were assayed for both placental lactogen and SM-C. There was no correlation between placental lactogen and SM-C during the study period (r=.03, n=82). A second group of fetuses (n=5) underwent single umbilical artery ligation at 111±3 d of gestation. This procedure results in markedly elevated levels of placental lactogen in the fetus. Chronically catheterized animals were sampled daily and samples were assayed for both placental lactogen and SM-C. Despite the increased plasma placental lactogen levels in these single umbilical artery ligated fetuses, there was no demonstrable correlation between plasma placental lactogen and SM-C concentrations (r=.03, n=66). Conclusion: Somatomedin-C levels in fetal sheep are independent of serum placental lactogen levels during the third trimester.
Magnetism of MnBi-Based Nanomaterials

Nanostructured MnBi ribbons doped with impurity elements including B, C, Fe, Hf, Sm and Tb were prepared using the arc melting and melt-spinning techniques. The melt-spun ribbons were annealed in vacuum furnace at 350°C to obtain the intended hexagonal structure. The external impurity doping made a significant change in the magnetic properties of the nanostructured MnBi ribbons including a decrease in saturation magnetization (Ms) and anisotropy energy (K) and an increase in coercivity (Hc). However, Hf and C co-doping showed the opposite effect with a small increase in both Ma and K. Interestingly, the anisotropy energy of the boron doped sample increased by about 15% irrespective of the small decrease in magnetization. A significant increase in Hc of MnBi ribbons was found due to Hf, Tb and Sm doping. Hc as high as 13 kOe was achieved in Hf-doped sample after the sample was aligned in a magnetic field. A thermal hysteresis was observed at the structural phase transition of MnBi, which shifts by about 5 K towards higher temperatures due to impurity doping. The observed magnetic properties of the impurity doped MnBi ribbons are explained as the consequences of the disorder and the competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
Modulus constraints in adaptive radar waveform design

Within the taxonomy of adaptive waveform generation methodologies is the family of arbitrary waveform design algorithms, which are capable of designing both the modulus and phase of a complex-valued waveform in response to changes in the operational environment of the sensor. Algorithms of this kind have been the subject of renewed research interest as a consequence of the relatively recent advances in linear RF power amplifiers, arbitrary waveform generators, and computational capability. In this paper, we use hardware considerations to argue that constraints on the maximum waveform modulus will generally supersede the total energy constraint commonly found in the literature. In order to illustrate the deleterious effects on system performance that can arise when these modulus constraints are not accounted for, we subjected recently published waveform design algorithms to maximum modulus limitations in simulation, and we present the results here. We also propose a novel arbitrary waveform design algorithm that accounts for both maximum modulus constraints and constraints on the waveformpsilas autocorrelation function. Simulation results that demonstrate the efficacy of this algorithm are presented.
Police and the State: A Comparative Perspective

PHILLIP THURMOND SMITH, Policing Victorian London: Political Policing, Public Order and the London Metropolitan Police. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985. Pp. 229. $35.00. CLIVE EMSLEY, Policing and Its Context, 1750-1870. New York: Schocken Books, 1984. Pp. 200. $20.00. SIDNEY L. HARRING. Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1865-1915. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1983. Pp. xii + 301. $30.00. PHILIP JOHN STEAD, The Police of Britain. New York: Macmillan, 1985. Pp. 185. $19.95; and The Police of France. New York: MacMillan, 1983. Pp. 190. $19.95. ERIC H. MONKKONEN, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. Pp. xx + 220. $27.95.
Delineating the role of the HLA-DR4 "shared epitope" in susceptibility versus resistance to develop arthritis.

In humans, HLA-DR alleles sharing amino acids at the third hypervariable region with DRB1*0401(shared epitope) are associated with a predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 is not associated with such a predisposition. Both DRB1*0402 and DRB1*0401 occur in linkage with DQ8 (DQB1*0302). We have previously shown that transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HLA-DRB1*0401 develop collagen-induced arthritis. To delineate the role of “shared epitope” and gene complementation between DR and DQ in arthritis, we generated DRB1*0402, DRB1*0401.DQ8, and DRB1*0402.DQ8 Tg mice lacking endogenous class II molecules, AE°. DRB1*0402 mice are resistant to develop arthritis. In double-Tg mice, the DRB1*0401 gene contributes to the development of collagen-induced arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 prevents the disease. Humoral response to type II collagen is not defective in resistant mice, although cellular response to type II collagen is lower in *0402 mice compared with *0401 mice. *0402 mice have lower numbers of T cells in thymus compared with *0401 mice, suggesting that the protective effect could be due to deletion of autoreactive T cells. Additionally, DRB1*0402 mice have a higher number of regulatory T cells and show increased activation-induced cell death, which might contribute toward protection. In DRB1*0401.DQ8 mice, activated CD4 + T cells express class II genes and can present DR4- and DQ8-restricted peptides in vitro, suggesting a role of class II + CD4 T cells locally in the joints. The data suggest that polymorphism in DRB1 genes determines predisposition to develop arthritis by shaping the T cell repertoire in thymus and activating autoreactive or regulatory T cells.
A Stress Management Intervention for Adolescents With Type I Diabetes

PURPOSE The purpose of this project was to examine the effectiveness of a stress management training program in helping adolescents with diabetes cope with stress. METHODS Youths who displayed evidence of metabolic control problems received training in the use of both cognitive-restructuring and problem-solving strategies. Treatment impact was assessed on measures of coping, anxiety level, diabetes-specific stress, and metabolic control. RESULTS Analyses of covariance showed no differences between the training group and a control group at posttest and follow-up. However, the small sample size and within-group variability may have precluded finding significant results. Therefore, within-group comparisons were conducted, and improvements were found in the training group on pretest to posttest and pretest to follow-up comparisons for anxiety, stress, and coping measures. No differences were found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the intervention had some positive impact, although this interpretation must be considered preliminary. Future research should replicate this study and explore the applicability and effectiveness of this intervention in specific populations.
Real-time edge detection using TMS320C6711 DSP

Edge detection is a cornerstone in any computer, robotic or machine vision system. The edge image contains critical information about the scene. In this paper we describe a real-time implementation of edge detection in grayscale image signals using the Canny algorithm. The algorithm is implemented in real time using TI TMS320C6711 imaging developer kit composed of the 6711 DSP and daughter board to communicate with the main DSP. The results show that the execution time is low while the edge results are accurate and thus presenting a suitable algorithm for on-line vision systems applications such as industrial assembly lines, surveillance systems (intruder detection), and on-line hand written document reading. Details of the implementation, required hardware composition, implementation issues, and performance results of real-time real images are presented.
Multicategory prediction of multifactorial diseases through risk factor fusion and rank-sum selection

A generalized strategy is developed to predict the occurrence of a multicategory-multifactorial disease from a set of medical risk factors that are most often used to screen patients for the disease. The prediction problem is formulated as an M-class classification problem. The strategy employs fusion to combine risk factors into a single feature vector, normalization to fuse risk factors which have different formats and ranges, rank-sum ordering for feature selection, discrete Karhunen-Loeve transform-based transformation to facilitate parametric classifier development, and the design of parametric classifiers. Two methods, which differ on how the features are selected, are developed. In the first method, features are selected from a set consisting of linear combinations of all risk factors. In the second method, the features are linear combinations of a preselected subset of the risk factors. The methods are applied to predict the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) into three classes: Probable-AD, Possible-AD, and Uncertain. It is shown that a classification accuracy of over 71% can be obtained. This result is quite encouraging given that AD is very difficult to clinically diagnose. Higher classification accuracies can be expected for diseases that are not as complex to diagnose as AD. Most importantly, it is concluded that the generalized strategy can not only be applied to the multicategory-multifactorial disease prediction problem but also to other multiclass pattern recognition problems involving diverse information collected from different sources.
Predictors of Gait Speeds and the Relationship of Gait Speeds to Falls in Men and Women with Parkinson Disease

Gait difficulties and falls are commonly reported in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Reduction in gait speed is a major characteristic of Parkinsonian gait, yet little is known about its underlying determinants, its ability to reflect an internal reservation about walking, or its relationship to falls. To study these issues, we selected age, disease severity, and nonmotor factors (i.e., depression, quality of life, balance confidence, and exercise beliefs and attitudes) to predict self-selected (SELF), fast-as-possible (FAST), and the difference (DIFF) between these walking speeds in 78 individuals with PD. We also examined gender differences in gait speeds and evaluated how gait speeds were related to a retrospective fall report. Age, disease severity, and balance confidence were strong predictors of SELF, FAST, and, to a lesser extent, DIFF. All three parameters were strongly associated with falling. DIFF was significantly greater in men compared to women and was significantly associated with male but not female fallers. The results supported the clinical utility of using a suite of gait speed parameters to provide insight into the gait difficulties and differentiating between fallers in people with PD.
Gamma protocadherin expression in the embryonic chick nervous system.

Protocadherin γ (pcdh-γ) family expression was examined in the embryonic chick central nervous system by in situ hybridization. Transcripts were visualized in discrete regions of fore-, mid-, and hindbrain at stages 23 and 25 and in spinal cord and optic lobe at stages 27 and 43, respectively. Results suggest that pcdh-γ may function cooperatively with other cell adhesion molecules in neuronal differentiation and establishment of neural networks in several areas of the developing brain, particularly regions involved in visual processing.
Some new results for multiple-valued genetic algorithms

The paper describes each of the operations involved in a genetic algorithm: reproduction, mutation, and selection, and discusses each in the language of classical multiple-valued logic. The differences among forms of reproduction that have been used by various researchers are examined and the relative importance of each of the operations in searching for highly fit members of a population is evaluated. The role of mutation in ensuring the completeness of the set of genetic operators is established. A recently proposed form of selection is shown to force convergence of the genetic algorithm, independently of reproduction and mutation. Finally, the theorems developed are applied to practical problems in the use of genetic algorithms.
Home-Based Family Therapy: An Illustration of Clinical Work with a Liberian Refugee

In this paper the author provides a case illustration of home-based systemic therapy performed in the U.S., with a female survivor from a war-affected region of West Africa. Providing clinical services in a person’s home has been shown to be an effective way to engage those who are otherwise unlikely to seek out mental health services. In this paper, first-person narrative vignettes about the therapy endeavor illustrate how working in the context of the client’s home assisted the clinician in eliciting rich information about the resourcefulness of the client in constructing a new life for herself in her host country. Such information tends to be overlooked in literature about work with refugee survivors of war. Every Friday at 10 a.m., I travel to West Africa. I drive one hour from my suburban neighborhood, down city streets, across the big bridge, and through neighborhoods I never have reason to visit otherwise. When I arrive at my destination, 45 minutes after I’ve begun, I am at an apartment building with a distinct 1970s look to it. Parking my car neatly in a tiny guest spot near the office, I walk to the second floor of a building adjacent to the apartment office. Outside her door, I knock, and a few minutes pass before a smiling, well-coiffed young woman, Veronique, 1 welcomes me inside. For the next hour I will be a guest in her home, her personal representation of a small piece of Liberia, West Africa, transplanted to a living room in the U.S.
Pitfalls of drug development: lessons learned from trials of denufosol in cystic fibrosis.

T he life-shortening genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF gene on both alleles, resulting in failure of a defective CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) glycoprotein to normally regulate chloride and bicarbonate flux at the airway surface. According to a leading theory of CF pathogenesis, the “volume depletion” hypothesis, this abnormal anion transport leads to reduced airway surface liquid, airway dehydration, and impairedmucociliary clearance, resulting in vulnerability to airway obstruction, microbial infection, and inflammation. In 1991, investigators at the University of North Carolina discovered that triphosphate nucleotides, such as adenosine5’-triphosphate and uridine-5’-triphosphate, stimulated chloride secretion in both normal and CF respiratory epithelia, offering a potential bypass mechanism for defective CFTR. Triphosphate nucleotides transduce a signal by binding to purinergic receptors on respiratory epithelial cells specifically responding to purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, termed P2Y2 receptors. This leads to release of intracellular calcium and activates calcium-dependent chloride channels (CaCCs) distinct from CFTR. In vitro tissue culture studies have confirmed that adenosine-5’-triphosphate and uridine5’-triphosphate can restore liquid transport in CF cultures within a few minutes, enhance tracheal mucus velocity in sheep models, and acutely increase sputum volume and mucociliary clearance in smokers. Additional actions of P2Y2 agonists also have been reported from cell culture experiments, including stimulation of ciliary beat frequency, increased mucin secretion from goblet cells and surfactant from type II alveolar cells, and inhibition of epithelial sodium absorption, the net sum of these plausibly resulting in improved airway hydration and increased mucociliary transport that should be beneficial in treating CF. Native triphosphate nucleotides are rapidly metabolized by ectonucleotidases in an autocrine/paracrine manner, however. This has led to the development of dinucleotides, INS365 and INS37217, that are more resistant to enzymatic degradation as assessed in 2 preclinical models: ex vivo exposure of the nucelotides to CF sputum samples and in vitro addition to human nasal ciliated epithelial cell cultures. In these models, these dinucleotides had sufficient stability to merit consideration for drug development, with INS37217 (later named denufosol) outperforming INS365. Denufosol’s
Concise Review: Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Immunobiology, Prevention, and Treatment

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical features, prevention, and treatment of acute GVHD. Specifically, we explain how new discoveries in immunology have expanded our understanding of GVHD, in which tissue damage from chemotherapy or radiation results in cytokine release, which activates T cells, resulting in proliferation and differentiation, trafficking to target organs, and tissue destruction and inflammation. Insights into the mechanisms of this disease relate directly to the development of preventive strategies and therapies, such as immunosuppression, T-cell depletion, calcineurin inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, gut decontamination, extracorporeal photopheresis, and more. We also discuss how GVHD affects the gut, liver, and skin, as well as diagnosis, grading, and scoring. We end by examining future directions of treatment, including new immunomodulators and biomarkers. Understanding the immunobiology of GVHD and developing effective preventions and treatments are critical to the continuing success of AHSCT.
Multiple Schedule II Prescriptions: The Final Rule

Multiple same-day prescriptions for Schedule II medications offer the flexibility to provide continuous access to necessary medication without requiring that stabilized patients unnecessarily visit their prescriber on a monthly basis. The federal Drug Enforcement Administration recently promulgated a new regulation that specifically authorizes the use of multiple prescriptions. This is a change in policy within the agency. Health care professionals must communicate to each other that this useful practice is now recognized as being completely legal.
Equivalence verification of arithmetic datapaths with multiple word-length operands

This paper addresses the problem of equivalence verification of RTL descriptions that implement arithmetic computations (add, mult, shift) over bit-vectors that have differing bit-widths. Such designs are found in many DSP applications where the widths of input and output bit-vectors are dictated by the desired precision. A bit-vector of size n can represent integer values from 0 to 2/sup n/ - 1; i.e. integers reduced modulo 2/sup n/. Therefore, to verify bit-vector arithmetic over multiple word-length operands, we model the RTL datapath as a polynomial function from Z/sub 2n1/ /spl times/ Z/sub 2n2/ /spl times/ ... Z/sub 2nd/ to Z/sub 2m/. Subsequently, RTL equivalence f /spl equiv/ g is solved by proving whether (f - g) /spl equiv/ 0 over such mappings. Exploiting concepts from number theory and commutative algebra, a systematic, complete algorithmic procedure is derived for this purpose. Experimentally, we demonstrate how this approach can be applied within a practical CAD setting. Using our approach, we verify a set of arithmetic datapaths at RTL where contemporary approaches prove to be in feasible.
Appealing Images Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Production of Authoritative Knowledge

This paper examines popular narratives used to discuss magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in the USA. It shows that these narratives equate the image with the physical body, progress, an...
Right before Our Eyes: The Failure to Recognize Non-Prototypical Forms of Prejudice:

Two studies examined accessibility as the key construct in explaining people’s tendency to recognize prototypical forms of prejudice more than non-prototypical forms. Pilot studies suggested that for the present population, race and sex were highly accessible and age and weight were less accessible forms of prejudice. Both studies established that for the more accessible forms of prejudice, participants were more likely to label discriminatory actions as prejudice and were more likely to rate such prejudice as more severe than in cases of less accessible forms of prejudice. Study 1 indicated that explicitly priming participants to look for prejudice increased detection for less accessible forms of prejudice only. Increasing cognitive processing requirements in Study 2 significantly decreased participants’ ability to detect prejudice and this was most noticeable in cases of non-prototypical discrimination. The data support the notions that prototypical prejudice is more likely to be detected than non-proto...
Interactions and Relationships between Kindergarten Teachers and English Language Learners.

Presence of English Language Learners (ELLs) is ever-increasing in our kindergarten–Grade 12 sector. With this influx of students who may need specialised attention, it is essential for educators and teacher education programmes alike to focus on preparation for serving such a population. While research depicts lack of training, it also elicits an assumed responsibility to successfully educate these students. The aims of this study are to (1) examine relationships between native-English-speaking kindergarten teachers and ELL and non-ELL children within their own classroom and (2) examine if native-English-speaking kindergarten teachers differ in their interactions with ELL and non-ELL children within their own classrooms. Through theoretical application of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Bronfrenbrenner's ecological systems theory, classrooms in Eastern North Carolina were surveyed, using a demographic survey and the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale, and observed, using the Emerging Academics Snapsh...
Continuities and Discontinuities in the Experiences of Felt and Enacted Stigma Among Women With HIV/AIDS

In the post-1996 era, the effectiveness of antiviral therapies (such as highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART]), which transformed HIV/AIDS into a more manageable disease, raised expectations that the disease’s stigma would decrease. The authors compared focused-interview data from a pre-HAART (1994 to 1996) and a HAART-era (2000 to 2003) sample of African American, Puerto Rican, and White women living with HIV/AIDS to identify changes in stigma experiences and suggest reasons for continued stigmatization. In both eras, general stereotypes about HIV/AIDS, as well as gender- and race-related stereotypes about the disease, were identified. Internalizing any of these stereotypes was a necessary and sufficient condition for feeling stigmatized. Instances of enacted stigmatization were more frequent and intense in the pre-HAART era. Nevertheless, misinformation and irrational fears of contagion, which triggered stigmatizing behavior, persisted into the HAART era. This analysis revealed that although enac...
Satellite-Derived Surface Radiation Budget over the African Continent. Part II: Climatologies of the Various Components

Abstract The temporal and spatial variabilities of the surface radiation budget over the African continent are examined using Meteosat data acquired during 1983–88. Continental maps of land surface albedo, downward solar irradiance, and net radiation are presented for the midseasonal months of January, April, July, and October. Surface albedo is further compared with Special Sensor Microwave Imager polarization difference of brightness temperature at 19 GHz and with the normalized difference vegetation index to assess the results and to test proposed explanations for some of the unanticipated results. An example of the latter is the finding that albedo increases throughout most of the Southern Hemisphere and in the lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the wet season. Overall, the study demonstrates the complexity of the relationships among surface albedo, vegetation, and soils and underscores a strong interhemispheric contrast in radiation regimes.
Systemic rapamycin to prevent in-stent stenosis in peripheral pulmonary arterial disease: early clinical experience.

Objectives We have taken a novel approach using oral rapamycin – sirolimus – as a medical adjunct to percutaneous therapy in patients with in-stent stenosis and high risk of right ventricular failure. Background Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis can result in right ventricular hypertension, dysfunction, and death. Percutaneous pulmonary artery angioplasty and stent placement acutely relieve obstructions, but patients frequently require re-interventions due to re-stenosis. In patients with tetralogy of Fallot or arteriopathy, the problem of in-stent stenosis contributes to the rapidly recurrent disease. Methods Rapamycin was administered to 10 patients (1.5–18 years) with peripheral pulmonary stenosis and in-stent stenosis and either right ventricular hypertension, pulmonary blood flow maldistribution, or segmental pulmonary hypertension. Treatment was initiated around the time of catheterisation and continued for 1–3 months. Potential side-effects were monitored by clinical review and blood tests. Results Target serum rapamycin level (6–10 ng/ml) was accomplished in all patients; eight of the nine patients who returned for clinically indicated catheterisations demonstrated reduction in in-stent stenosis, and eight of the 10 patients experienced no significant side-effects. Among all, one patient developed diarrhoea requiring drug discontinuation, and one patient experienced gastrointestinal bleeding while on therapy that was likely due to an indwelling feeding tube and this patient tolerated rapamycin well following tube removal. Conclusions Our initial clinical experience supports that patients with peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis can be safely treated with rapamycin. Systemic rapamycin may provide a novel medical approach to reduce in-stent stenosis.
Research in the Early Twenty-First Century: The Year-Round Research Program Comes of Age

Traditional areas of research continued during this period, but new molecular techniques and new Investigators (some year-round toward the end of the decade) increased the breadth of the research at the MDIBL. Areas of interest included cell volume regulation, control of rectal gland secretion, ion transport and membrane trafficking, solute transport and protein expression in the skate liver, cross-linking in fish corneas, cardiac muscle electrophysiology, the control of fish opercular epithelium transport, xenobiotic transport, solute transport across the brain choroid plexus, killifish reproductive biology, sodium-glucose transport, vasoactivity of fish vessels, kidney microanatomy, molecular biology of crustacean gill transport, biomechanics of natural tissues, expression of the Na/H exchanger in the fish gill, intracellular control of the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter, intracellular architecture, copepod biochemistry, effects of temperature on fish muscle enzymes, the role of carbonic anhydrase in crab osmoregulation, structure and function of CFTR, fish kidney structure and development, intracellular trafficking of CFTR, effects of arsenic on fish osmoregulation, calcium regulation of vascular smooth muscle, behavior and physiology of copepods, solute transport across the fish choroid plexus, crustacean neurogenesis, the evolution of the vascular endothelium, the role of aquaporins in fish osmoregulation, chemical–gene networks, cell culture of marine tissues, production of craniofacial abnormalities by dioxin, evolutionary development (Evodevo) in the sea urchin, crustacean neuropeptide structure and function, and regeneration in skates.
First Evidence of Egg Deposition by Walleye (Sander vitreus) in the Detroit River

The importance of fish spawning habitat in channels connecting the Great Lakes to fishery productivity in those lakes is poorly understood and has not been adequately documented. The Detroit River is a reputed spawning and nursery area for many fish, including walleye (Sander vitreus) that migrate between adjacent Lakes Erie and St. Clair. During April–May 2004, near the head of the Detroit River, we collected 136 fish eggs from the bottom of the river on egg mats. We incubated the eggs at the Great Lakes Science Center until they hatched. All eleven larvae that hatched from the eggs were identified as walleye. These eggs and larvae are the first credible scientific evidence that walleye spawn in the Detroit River. Their origin might be a stock of river-spawning walleye. Such a stock of walleye could potentially add resilience to production by walleye stocks that spawn and are harvested in adjacent waters.
Investor Sentiment, Stock Characteristics, andReturns

Why were the returns of stocks with low book-to-market ratios and high market capitalizations lower, on average, than the returns of stocks with high book-to-market ratios and low market capitalizations? In this paper we pit the characteristics hypothesis against the affect hypothesis. The characteristics hypothesis says that some characteristics, such as low book-to-market ratio and high market capitalization, are associated with high future stock returns in typical investors’ minds. The affect hypothesis says that the names of some companies elicit positive affect which is associated with high future stock returns in typical investors’ minds. We find, through experiments, that the evidence is more consistent with the affect hypothesis than with the characteristics hypothesis.
Chromium (III) metabolism by the kidney

The kidney is the principal route of excretion of the essential trace element chromium. Previous studies suggest that five to 40 percent of plasma chromium (III) is ultrafilterable and that 60 to 95 percent of filtered chromium is reabsorbed in the renal tubule. However, less than five percent of a stable Cr (III)-EDTA chelate is reabsorbed; therefore, this complex has been used to measure glomerular filtration. An increased fractional excretion of chromium may result from a glucose challenge or from a volume diuresis. These mechanisms have been postulated to cause an increased urinary excretion of chromium in patients with diabetes mellitus. Investigations of chromium metabolism and excretion must be interpreted with caution because chromium analysis is known to be subject to many sources of error and chromium (III) salts may not be physiologically equivalent to biological chromium complexes. Analytical refinements should permit further delineation of normal chromium homeostatic mechanisms and allow better identification of abnormalities in chromium metabolism.
Entrepreneurial Activity and Wealth Inequality: A Historical Perspective

The "Kuznets curve" suggests that economicinequality first increases and then decreases during times of rapid economicgrowth.As influenced by the Kuznets curve, this research examines thecorrelation between entrepreneurial activity and wealth inequality by analyzinghistorical data from nineteenth century Massachusetts. The data for this study were collected from a variety of sources, includingMassachusetts' federal census data between 1820 and 1910 and property taxrecords.The limitations and advantages of each data set werediscussed.The development of wealth inequality is analyzed according tothree measures, which are the shares of total wealth possessed by the toppercentiles of the wealth distribution, the Gini coefficient, and the Theilentropy measure.The relationship between wealth inequality andentrepreneurial activity is examined, and an operational definition andexamples of entrepreneurial activities are included in thestudy.Additionally, the link between entrepreneurship and thedistribution of wealth is examined. The results of the data analyses indicate that entrepreneurial activity wasincreasing toward the end of the century, coinciding with the growth ofindustry and with the growth of wealth inequality.However, this increasein equality was indicated to be a result of changes within the non-entrepreneurpopulation.The implications of fluctuating rates of self-employment arealso discussed. (AKP)
Synthetic long-read sequencing reveals intraspecies diversity in the human microbiome

Identifying bacterial strains in metagenome and microbiome samples using computational analyses of short-read sequences remains a difficult problem. Here, we present an analysis of a human gut microbiome using TruSeq synthetic long reads combined with computational tools for metagenomic long-read assembly, variant calling and haplotyping (Nanoscope and Lens). Our analysis identifies 178 bacterial species, of which 51 were not found using shotgun reads alone. We recover bacterial contigs that comprise multiple operons, including 22 contigs of >1 Mbp. Furthermore, we observe extensive intraspecies variation within microbial strains in the form of haplotypes that span up to hundreds of Kbp. Incorporation of synthetic long-read sequencing technology with standard short-read approaches enables more precise and comprehensive analyses of metagenomic samples.
Model of IC emissions into a TEM cell

A rigorous, full-wave computer model of an arbitrarily oriented IC-like source in a TEM cell and supporting measurements are presented. The mechanism by which power is delivered from the TEM cell is quantified, the relation between measurements taken in the TEM cell and above a ground plane is determined for some simple structures, and a method which models the contributions of a particular IC function to the total IC emissions is demonstrated. The TEM cell is specified by the Society of Automotive Engineers' recommended practice for measuring IC emissions.
Sex ratio in Escazú, Costa Rica, 1851-1901.

The long-term behavior of the secondary sex ratio (SSR) is of interest to human biologists partly because it could be responsive to cyclical environmental stress or to long-term changes in the environment. Indeed, the SSR has been reported to fluctuate in a seasonal pattern or to have a long-term trend in some populations but not in others. Here, I study the behavior of the SSR in Escazu, Costa Rica, from 1851 to 1901. Of particular interest is whether the SSR was seasonal, because Madrigal (1994) reported that in this population mortality is seasonal. The data were successfully modeled according to the Box-Jenkins methodology without incorporating a seasonal parameter. Thus the SSR did not fluctuate seasonally. For the time period under study no long-term trend was observed in the value of the SSR, which tended to fluctuate in accordance with the expected values. Finally, the behavior of the SSR was not observed to be influenced by the various epidemics that affected Escazu. These results indicate that, although severe epidemics and seasonal mortality affected the population, the community's SSR was not significantly affected by these stresses.
An Ecological Item-Response Model for Multiple Subsets of Respondents with Application to the European Court of Justice

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has fostered the development of a common European legal order, and in doing so, has asserted itself and its supremacy more, and more successfully, than any other international court. It has maintained features of international courts such as its composition of one judge per member state, while employing other tools of national high courts such as en banc decisions and organization into chambers, that together hide internal dissent and shield the ECJ from direct monitoring or curbing by the member states. The same shield has frustrated efforts to quantify the court's responsiveness to member states, with limited evidence that the ECJ yields to some member-state interest some of the time, but nonetheless has advanced integration beyond national governments' wishes. This equivocation arises at least in part from a failure to include relevant information about the court's composition and organization.In fact, the six-year renewable terms of judges, their previous qualifications and affiliations, and the internal organization into chambers all provide prior information that can and should be incorporated into a more complete model of judicial behavior. I develop an extension of the well-studied item-response model to infer judges' preferences, using the structured ecological data from the cases they heard and relevant prior information about judges and the national governments that appoint them as well as information about cases. I offer new, more rigorous tests for existing theoretical hypotheses about the ECJ's deference to certain actors and preference for integration. The model is applicable to other settings of structured ecological data. Many other national and international courts hear cases in subset chambers, and relevant prior information should be included rather than ignored in models of judicial behavior.
Diet Periodicity of Entomophthora gammae in the Soybean Looper

The soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), is a common pest of soybeans in South Carolina. Loopers contribute to a group of general defoliators which may reach population levels sufficient to cause economic damage. Working with P. includens in Alabama, Harper and Carner (1973) reported that larval populations often are infected with the fungus, Entomophthora sp., which under certain conditions may reduce or eliminate looper populations. Current opinion (MacLeod, personal communication) regards this pathogen as the same species ( Entomophthora ( Tarichium ) gammae ) described by Weiser (1965) infecting Plusia gamma (L.).