cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New nurses' perceptions of hostility and job satisfaction: Magnet versus non-Magnet.

PURPOSE:This study investigated the perceptions of nursing hostility and job satisfaction of new RNs, comparing the working settings of Magnet® and non-Magnet hospitals.METHODS:An online survey of new graduate RNs was conducted using the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised, the McCloskey/Mueller Sat
Ectopic placental proteins in nontrophoblastic tumors. Serial measurements following chemotherapy

Four men with metastatic carcinoma (two bronchus, one stomach, one primary unknown) and ectopic placental protein production (one chorionic gonadotropin (hCG and its alpha subunit; one placental lactogen (hPL); one hCG alone; one hCG and hPL) were studied with serial retrospective measurements of the ectopic protein concentrations in serum, correlated with objective assessment of clinical status. The biochemical marker and clinical response were documented during treatment with a variety of agents and during periods without therapy. Of nine assessable periods, seven showed concordance of biochemical marker and clinical responses.
Characteristics of wear particles produced during friction tests of conventional and unconventional disc brake materials

Abstract Recent attention to the improvement of line-haul truck brake effectiveness, to compensate for lowered aerodynamic drag and to increase road safety, has prompted the US Department of Energy to support several projects aimed at the development of lightweight, high-performance friction materials. Using a specially designed, sub-scale disc brake testing system, a series of experiments was conducted to study the friction, wear, and frictional heating characteristics of both conventional and unconventional candidate disc brake materials. The selected sliding speed (11.0 m/s) was comparable to that experienced by a commercial disc brake surface on a truck travelling 60 miles/h (96.6 km/h). Material combinations included a commercial friction material on a gray cast iron disc, a commercial friction material on an aluminum metal matrix composite disc, a commercial friction material on a cast iron aluminide (Fe 3 Al) alloy disc, and a carbon/silicon carbide material pad on a disc of similar composition. An adhesive extraction method was used to remove the loose wear particles from the surfaces of the test discs. The characteristics of brake material wear particles differed significantly between the four sliding material combinations studied and are correlated with both surface roughness changes and wear modes.
Using process performance measures for substance use disorders: Linkage to outcomes, unintended consequences and specification issues

Drug treatment courts are an increasingly important tool in reducing the census of those incarcerated for non-violent drug offenses; medication assisted treatment (MAT) is proven to be an effective treatment for opioid addiction. However, little is known about the availability of and barriers to MAT provision for opioid-addicted people under drug court jurisdiction. Using an online survey, we assessed availability, barriers, and need for MAT (especially agonist medication) for opioid addiction in drug courts. Ninety-nine percent reported opioid-addicted participants, 49% offered agonist medication (54% for all MAT including naltrexone). Barriers included cost and court policy. Responses revealed significant uncertainty, especially among non-MAT providing courts. Political, judicial and administrative opposition appear to affect MAT's inconsistent use and availability in drug court settings. These data suggest that a substantial, targeted educational initiative is needed to increase awareness of the treatment and criminal justice benefits of MAT in the drug courts.
The road to health is a battle hard fought: support for requiring coverage of bariatric surgery for an expanded group of qualified individuals.

At five feet 11 inches tall, Terry Johnson weighs 260 pounds. 1 He has “diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.” 2 His insurer has repeatedly denied his requests for bariatric surgery, an...
Effect of chronic sodium nitrite therapy on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder that without treatment is progressive and often fatal within 3 years. The treatment of PH involves the use of a diverse group of drugs and lung transplantation. Although nitrite was once thought to be an inactive metabolite of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO), there is increasing evidence that nitrite may be useful in the treatment of PH, but the mechanism by which nitrite exerts its beneficial effect remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic sodium nitrite treatment in a PH model in the rat. Following induction of PH with a single injection of monocrotaline, 60 mg; daily ip injections of sodium nitrite (3 mg/kg) starting on day 14 and continuing for 21 days, resulted in a significantly lower pulmonary arterial pressure on day 35 when compared to values in untreated animals with monocrotaline-induced PH. In monocrotaline-treated rats, daily treatment with ip nitrite injections for 21 days decreased right ventricular mass and pathologic changes in small pulmonary arteries. Nitrite therapy did not change systemic arterial pressure or cardiac output when values were measured on day 35. The decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure in response to iv injections of sodium nitroprusside, sodium nitrite, and BAY 41-8543 were not different in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and rats with chronic nitrite therapy when compared to responses in animals in which pulmonary arterial pressure was increased with U46619. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms that convert nitrite to vasoactive NO, activate soluble guanylyl cyclase and mediate the vasodilator response to NO or an NO derivative are not impaired. The present data are consistent with the results of a previous study in monocrotaline-induced PH in which systemic arterial pressure and cardiac output were not evaluated and are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrite is effective in the treatment of monocrotaline-induced PH in the rodent.
Near atomic scale studies of electronic structure at grain boundaries in Ni3Al.

Why does boron doping improve the room temperature ductility of polycrystalline Ni{sub 3}Al? Besides preventing environmental embrittlement, B changes the fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular, suggesting an increase in the cohesive strength of the grain boundaries. This change in bonding at the grain boundary has been measured using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. The Ni {ital L}{sub 2,3} core edge, which is sensitive to the filling of the Ni {ital d} band, shows that only the B-rich regions of the grain boundary have a bonding similar to that of the bulk material. These changes suggest a simple model to describe the cohesion of the boundary. {copyright} {ital 1995 The American Physical Society.}
Characterization and validation of a pharmacokinetic model for controlled-release oxycodone

1. Oxycodone is a strong opioid agonist that is currently available in immediate-release (IR) formulations for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Recently, controlled-release (CR) oxycodone tablets were developed to provide the benefits of twice-a-day dosing to patients treated with oxycodone. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate a pharmacokinetic model for CR oxycodone tablets in comparison with IR oxycodone solution. 2. Twenty-four normal male volunteers were enrolled in a single-dose, randomized, analytically blinded, two-way crossover study designed to compare the pharmacokinetics of two 10 mg CR oxycodone tablets with 20 mg IR oxycodone oral solution. Pharmacokinetic models describing the oxycodone plasma concentration vs time profiles of CR tablets and IR solution were derived using NONMEM version IV. The predictive performance of the models was assessed by comparison of predicted oxycodone plasma concentrations with actual oxycodone plasma concentrations observed in a separate group of 21 volunteers who received repeated doses of IR and CR oxycodone for 4 days. 3. The unit impulse disposition function of oxycodone was best described by a one-compartment model. Absorption rate of the IR solution was best described by a mono-exponential model with a lag time, whereas absorption rate of the CR tablet was best described using a bi-exponential model. The absorption profile of the CR tablets was characterized by a rapid absorption component (t1/2abs = 37 min) accounting for 38% of the available dose and a slow absorption phase (t1/2abs = 6.2 h) accounting for 62% of the available dose. Two 10 mg tablets of oral CR oxycodone hydrochloride were 102.7% bioavailable relative to 20 mg of IR oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution. The population model derived after administration of a single dose accurately predicted both the mean and range of oxycodone concentrations observed during 4 days of repeated dosing. The mean prediction error was 2.7% with a coefficient of variation of 54%. 4. The absorption characteristics of CR oxycodone tablets should allow effective plasma concentrations of oxycodone to be reached quickly and for effective concentrations to be maintained for a longer period after dosing compared with the IR oral solution. The CR dosage form has pharmacokinetic characteristics that permit 12 hourly dosing.
Systemic High-Dose Corticosteroid Treatment Does Not Improve the Outcome of Ipilimumab-Related Hypophysitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose: To examine the onset and outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis and the response to treatment with systemic high-dose corticosteroids (HDS). Experimental Design: Twenty-five patients who developed ipilimumab-related hypophysitis were analyzed for the incidence, time to onset, time to resolution, frequency of resolution, and the effect of systemic HDS on clinical outcome. To calculate the incidence, the total number (187) of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ipilimumab at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI; Boston, MA) was retrieved from the DFCI oncology database. Comparisons between corticosteroid treatment groups were performed using the Fisher exact test. The distributions of overall survival were based on the method of Kaplan–Meier. Results: The overall incidence of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis was 13%, with a higher rate in males (16.1%) than females (8.7%). The median time to onset of hypophysitis after initiation of ipilimumab treatment was 9 weeks (range, 5–36 weeks). Resolution of pituitary enlargement, secondary adrenal insufficiency, secondary hypothyroidism, male secondary hypogonadism, and hyponatremia occurred in 73%, 0%, 64%, 45%, and 92% of patients, respectively. Systemic HDS treatment did not improve the outcome of hypophysitis as measured by resolution frequency and time to resolution. One-year overall survival in the cohort of patients was 83%, and while it was slightly higher in patients who did not receive HDS, there was no statistically significant difference between treatment arms. Conclusion: Systemic HDS therapy in patients with ipilimumab-related hypophysitis may not be indicated. Instead, supportive treatment of hypophysitis-related hormone deficiencies with the corresponding hormone replacement should be given. Clin Cancer Res; 21(4); 749–55. ©2014 AACR .
Correctional Officers’ Perceptions of Powerlessness

Abstract Correctional officers are commonly assumed to be powerful agents within the correctional facility. This paper attempts to measure how correctional officers perceive their position and its attendant power. One hundred twenty-six correctional officers at an Intermountain state prison responded to a questionnaire concerned with their role within the prison environment. Perceived powerlessness among these officers was measured by utilizing the powerlessness subscale in Dean's Alienation Scale. Additionally, pertinent demographic information, information concerning structural variables within the prison, and the correctional officers’ custody orientation were measured. The data were then analyzed to establish a profile of those officers who were most likely to feel powerless within the correctional environment. The implications for corrections are discussed.
What does the medical record reveal about functional status? A comparison of medical record and interview data.

OBJECTIVE: Functional status measures are potent independent predictors of hospital outcomes and mortality. The study objective was to compare medical record with interview data for functional status.
The functional role of the periphery in emotional language comprehension.

Language can impact emotion, even when it makes no reference to emotion states. For example, reading sentences with positive meanings (“The water park is refreshing on the hot summer day”) induces patterns of facial feedback congruent with the sentence emotionality (smiling), whereas sentences with negative meanings induce a frown. Moreover, blocking facial afference with botox selectively slows comprehension of emotional sentences. Therefore, theories of cognition should account for emotion-language interactions above the level of explicit emotion words, and the role of peripheral feedback in comprehension. For this special issue exploring frontiers in the role of the body and environment in cognition, we propose a theory in which facial feedback provides a context-sensitive constraint on the simulation of actions described in language. Paralleling the role of emotions in real-world behavior, our account proposes that (1) facial expressions accompany sudden shifts in wellbeing as described in language; (2) facial expressions modulate emotional action systems during reading; and (3) emotional action systems prepare the reader for an effective simulation of the ensuing language content. To inform the theory and guide future research, we outline a framework based on internal models for motor control. To support the theory, we assemble evidence from diverse areas of research. Taking a functional view of emotion, we tie the theory to behavioral and neural evidence for a role of facial feedback in cognition. Our theoretical framework provides a detailed account that can guide future research on the role of emotional feedback in language processing, and on interactions of language and emotion. It also highlights the bodily periphery as relevant to theories of embodied cognition.
A stability criterion for Hamiltonian systems with symmetry

Abstract We find a simple criterion for orbital stability for the general hamiltonian systems with symmetry in the equivariant symplectic and in the corresponding Poisson context.
Chlorine Isotope Investigation of Natural Attenuation of Trichloroethene in an Aerobic Aquifer

Natural attenuation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) can be an important mechanism for groundwater remediation. It is difficult to determine the effectiveness of natural CAH attenuation from chemical analyses of groundwater samples because mixing, dispersion, and secondary reactions can mask the chemical evidence of attenuation. In this paper, we explore the application of stable chlorine isotope ratio measurements as a new tool for for evaluating natural attenuation of CAHs. We report stable isotope ratios of chlorine in both trichloroethene (TCE) and inorganic chloride in groundwater from an aerobic aquifer beneath an extensively contaminated industrial site, the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in western Kentucky. Variations in the concentrations and chlorine isotope ratios of TCE and chloride in the groundwater are consistent with those expected from natural attenuation. These data support a model in which partial TCE degradation occurred in relatively impermeable, clay-rich sediments abov...
In Honor of Israel M. Kirzner

Israel M. Kirzner has been a pivotal figure in the development of modern Austrian economics. His scholarly contributions have been, of course, his main contribution. However, it is less well known that he has been a successful academic entrepreneur who established an important program at New York University. This program has educated many influential figures in the current renaissance of Austrian thought and continues to hold an internationally recognized weekly colloquium devoted to the enrichment of the Austrian tradition.
Role of Ultrasound and Other Advanced Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Gout

Imaging of gout with conventional radiography has been described since shortly after roentgenography was invented. Ultrasound (US) detects more erosions than conventional radiography in rheumatoid arthritis, and the same seems to be true for gout. MRI is being used to assess articular and periarticular masses, including gouty tophi. However, MRI findings in gout can lack specificity. Monosodium urate (MSU) tophi are very echogenic when US is used. Typical US features of gout include a double-contour sign or "urate icing." The double-contour consists of the hyperechoic bony contour and a parallel hyperechoic line of MSU crystals that deposit on the hypoechoic or anechoic hyaline cartilage. Tophi can have a "wet clumps of sugar" appearance, often surrounded by an anechoic halo. Tophi are closely related to the formation of erosions. If serum urate levels are lowered consistently below 6.0 mg/dL, the disappearance of MSU crystals can be observed sonographically.
The representative agent model of probabilistic social choice

Abstract Suppose a random preference relation is defined on a finite set of mutually exclusive actions. This paper proposes a method for aggregating the random preference relation into a determinate preference relation on random actions. If we interpret the random preference relation as the distribution of tastes for a population of rational decision-makers, then the determinate preference relation can be regarded as the tastes of a representative agent, whose optimal behavior is equivalent to the collective behavior of the underlying population. We analyze this aggregation procedure from the viewpoint of normative social choice theory, suggesting a probabilistic resolution to the dilemma surrounding the impossibility theorems.
Studies on viral interference in two lines of HeLa cells.

Abstract The S3 and F lines of HeLa cells were compared as to production of interferon and behavior in interference assays. Protection against vesicular stomatitis virus was readily established in both lines by ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDV uv ) but in neither by influenza virus (PR8 uv ). However, on exposure to NDV uv the S3 line yielded at least 10–50 times less interferon than either F or primary human amnion cells. The age of the culture had a pronounced effect on the sensitivity of S3 cells to NDV uv and to interferon, whereas the behavior of F cells was not age dependent. Thus, 1- to 2-day-old S3 cultures required much larger doses for protection than 6- to 10-day-old cultures, which were as sensitive to interferon as F HeLa, primary, and continuous human amnion cells. The implications of these findings as regards the cancerous origin of the HeLa lines and their sensitivity to interferon have been discussed.
Resolution-dependent mechanisms for bimodal switching-time distributions in simulated Fe nanopillars

We study the magnetization-switching statistics following reversal of the applied field for three separate computational models representing the same physical system: an iron nanopillar. The primary difference between the models is the resolution of the computational lattice and, consequently, the intrinsic parameters that must be rescaled to retain similarity to the physical system. Considering the first-passage time to zero for the magnetization component in the longitudinal (easy-axis) direction, we look for applied fields that result in bimodal distributions of this time for each computational system and compare the results to the experimental system. We observe that the relevant fluctuations leading to bimodal distributions are different for each lattice resolution and result in magnetization-switching behavior that is unique to each computational model. Correct model resolution is thus essential for obtaining reliable numerical results for the system dynamics.
Regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1/Sdi1) gene expression in hepatic regeneration.

WAF1/Cip1/Sdi1 (p21) is the prototype of a family of proteins that inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases and regulate cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells. In addition to normal cell cycle progression, p21 is involved in growth suppression mediated by p53 and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), differentiation, and apoptosis. To gain insight into the possible involvement of p21 in liver cell growth, the expression and regulation of the p21 gene was evaluated in rodent models of liver regeneration and specimens of human liver diseases. Little p21 mRNA was detected in normal liver tissue. After growth stimulation in vivo by 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), the p21 transcript was upregulated in a biphasic manner, with enhanced expression during G1 phase and following S phase. The induction of p21 after PH was regulated primarily at the post-transcriptional level and was due to enhanced mRNA stability. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide rapidly induced p21 expression, primarily by post-transcriptional stabilization of the transcript. Hepatic p21 mRNA was also induced by dietary protein deprivation in normal mice. Expression of the p21 gene after PH was similar in p53-deficient (p53 -/-) and wild-type mice, but was p53-dependent following protein deprivation. Primary hepatocytes in culture demonstrated increased p21 expression after treatment with hepatocyte growth factor, TGFβ, and activin A. p21 mRNA was upregulated in human liver diseases, suggesting a possible role in hepatic growth regulation in pathologic states. The present study demonstrates that p21 is regulated by p53-dependent and -independent pathways in the liver, and is influenced by both mitogenic and growth inhibitory stimuli.
Can the mean structure of the tropical pycnocline affect ENSO period in coupled climate models

Abstract The dynamical link between mean state biases and dominant timescales of interannual variability is examined using the output from two state-of-the-art coupled model simulations, results from an ocean-only simulation forced with observed surface fields, and various observational data sets. The focus of this study is the relative role of the mean upper ocean density structure vs. anomalous wind forcing in controlling the spectral characteristics of tropical Pacific interannual variability. It is shown that an extensive South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) creates a potential vorticity (PV) barrier in the Southern Hemisphere similar to the one associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Northern Hemisphere in both climate models. The PV barrier in the Southern Hemisphere strongly constrains the mean equatorward flow in the ocean model pycnocline, creating a “choke point” for the mean flow around 10°S. It is then examined whether the PV barrier can also limit the anomalous flow associated with mass recharge/discharge to/from the equatorial thermocline at interannual timescales. If the anomalous flow were impeded by the mean PV structure the meridional extent of the area involved in the mass recharge/discharge process would be narrower, leading to a shorter adjustment (and ENSO) timescale. Comparison of the two climate models, both of which have similarly erroneous PV structures in the southern tropical Pacific, but different interannual timescales, shows that the meridional extent of the anomalous meridional transport is primarily controlled by the latitudinal location of the wind stress curl anomalies, while the mean state bias in the Southern Hemisphere does not seem to have any significant influence.
Procedures Requiring Signed Consent: A Survey of Practice

Despite extensive discussion of informed consent within the medical and legal literature, those diagnostic or therapeutic procedures which may specifically require written consent remain poorly identified. Survey results from 105 JCAH-approved hospitals show that 56 percent set forth a general policy statement regarding when and for which procedures consent is needed. The remaining hospitals specify individual procedures for which signed authorization is required by the hospital or medical staff guidelines. The potential liability, advantages and disadvantages of a general versus specific consent practice are discussed. A listing of those procedures itemized by responding hospitals from this national survey is also presented.
Development of anodes for aluminium/air batteries -- solution phase inhibition of corrosion

The discharge characteristics of aluminium in inhibited and uninhibited 4 M KOH at 50°C have been explored. The performance of pure aluminium as a fuel is compared with that for two leading alloy fuels that had been evaluated in our previous work, Alloy BDW (Al−1Mg−0.1In−0.2Mn) and Alloy 21 (Al−0.2Ga−0.1In−0.1Tl). The inhibitors employed in this study, SnO 3 2− , In(OH)3, BiO 3 3− , Ga(OH) 4 − , MnO 4 2− , and binary combinations thereof, are either present in Alloys BDW and 21 or have been investigated previously (SnO 3 2− ). We found that potassium manganate (K2MnO4) and Na2SnO3+In(OH)3 are effective inhibitor systems, particularly at high discharge rates (400 mA cm−2), but at low discharge rates only manganate offers a significant advantage in coulombic efficiency over the uninhibited solution. Alloy BDW exhibits a very low open circuit (standby) corrosion rate, but its coulombic efficiency under discharge, as determined by delineating the partial anodic and cathodic reactions, was found to be no better than that of aluminium in the same uninhibited solution. Alloy 21 was found to exhibit a comparable performance to Alloy BDW under open circuit conditions and a much higher coulombic efficiency at low discharge rates (100 mA cm−2), but the performance of this alloy under high discharge rate conditions was not determined. Alloy 21 has the significant disadvantage that it contains thallium.
An alternative method for chronometric determinations involving curium

A method for quantifying ratios of isotopes of plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), and curium (Cm) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described that does not require radiochemical separations or a chemical yield monitor. This approach provides more rapid analysis, which is important for chronometric applications related to nuclear forensics analysis. To demonstrate its utility, we used it to quantify the ingrowth 240Pu (t1/2 = 6563 years) from 244Cm (t1/2 = 18.10 years) in a solution of unknown “age” (e.g. time since last separation). Results are compared to similar samples for which the time since separation was known. In addition, alpha spectrometry was used to validate the ICP-MS measurements. In this case, 238Pu and 241Am were used as chemical yield monitors for 240Pu and 244Cm, respectively. The relative standard deviation for the isotope ratio method using ICP-MS was slightly greater than the traditional radiometric approach, but sufficient for this application. Measured activity ratios of 240Pu and 244Cm provided an age for the unknown sample that linked it to research activities involving the production of curium isotopes for thermoelectric heat sources during the late 1970's.
Endogenous and synthetic neurosteroids in treatment of Niemann–Pick Type C disease

The functions for neurosteroids during development and in response to nervous system injury are beginning to be identified. We focused on a mouse model in which we believed neurosteroid production would be altered, and which had a neurodegenerative phenotype. Niemann-Pick Type-C (NP-C) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in NPC1 (95%) or NPC2 (5%), resulting in lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids. The NIH mouse model of NP-C has a mutation in the NPC1 gene, and exhibits several pathological features of the most severe NP-C patients. How lysosomal storage and trafficking defects lead to neurodegeneration is unknown. We found that these mice had normal neurosteroidogenic enzyme activity during development, but lost this activity in the early neonatal period, prior to onset of neurological symptoms. Neurons that expressed P450scc, 3beta HSD, as well as those that expressed 3alpha HSD and 5alpha reductase were lost in adult NP-C brains, resulting in diminished concentrations of allopregnanolone. We treated NP-C mice with allopregnanolone and found that a single dose in the neonatal period resulted in a doubling of life span, substantial delay in onset of neurological symptoms, survival of cerebellar Purkinje and granule cell neurons, and reduction in cholesterol and ganglioside accumulation. The mechanism by which allopregnanolone elicited these effects is unknown. Our in vitro studies showed that Purkinje cell survival promoted by allopregnanolone was lost by treatment with bicuculline, suggesting GABA(A) receptors may play a role. We treated NP-C mice with a synthetic GABA(A) neurosteroid, ganaxolone (3alpha-hydroxy-3beta-methyl-5alpha-pregnan-20-one). Ganaxolone treatment of NP-C mice produced beneficial neurological effects, but these effects were not as robust as those obtained using allopregnanolone. Thus, allopregnanolone may elicit its effects through GABA(A) receptors and through other mechanisms. Additional studies also suggest that allopregnanolone may elicit its effects through pregnane-X-receptors (PXR). Our data suggest that mouse models of neurodegeneration may be beneficial in establishing both physiologic and pharmacologic actions of neurosteroids. These animal models further establish the wide range of functions of these compounds, which may ultimately be useful for treatment of human diseases.
Overriding stimulus-driven attentional capture

Theeuwes (1992) found a distracting effect of irrelevant-dimension singletons in a task involving search for a known target. He argued from this that selectivity is determined solely by stimulus salience; the parallel stage of visual processing cannot provide top-down guidance to the attentive stage sufficient to permit completely selective use of task-relevant information. We argue that in the task used by Theeuwes, subjects may have adopted the strategy of searching for an odd form even though the specific target form was known. In Experiment 1, we replicated Theeuwes’s findings. Search for a circle target among diamond nontargets was disrupted by the presence of a diamond nontarget that was uniquely colored. In two subsequent experiments, we discouraged the singleton detection strategy, forcing subjects to search for the target feature. There was no distracting effect of a color singleton in these experiments, even with displays physically identical to those of Experiment 1, demonstrating that top-down selectivity is indeed possible during visual search. We conclude that goal-directed selection of a specific known featural identity may override stimulus-driven capture by salient featural singletons.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFESSION EVIDENCE

Basic questions are raised concerning police interrogations, the risk of false confessions, and the impact that such evidence has on a jury. On the basis of available research, it was concluded that the criminal justice system currently does not afford adequate protection to innocent people branded as suspects and that there are serious dangers associated with confession evidence. The spec~[ic problems are threefold: (a) The police routinely use decx~ption, trickery, and psychologically coercive methods of interrogation; (b) these methods may, at times, cause innocent people to confess to crimes they did not commit; and (c) when coerced self-incriminating statements are presented in the courtroom, juries do not sufficiently discount the evidence in reaching a verdict. It is argued that the topic of confession evidence has largely been overlooked by the scientific community and that further research is needed to build a useful empirical foundation.
Thermal analysis of PPM-focused rod-supported TWT helix structures

A thermal analysis, which can be implemented on a small computer system, has been developed for PPM (periodic permanent-magnet)-focused rod-supported TWT (traveling-wave tube) helix structures. The method fully accounts for the variable thermal conductivity of several of the materials used in helix assemblies and considers the nonuniform geometry of the various elements of the structure along the direction of heat flow. Including the effects of the thermal interface resistances, accurate predictions can thus be made of the thermal behavior of the circuit for a given power dissipation on the helix, and the influence on the helix temperature rise of the thermal and geometrical parameters of the various elements of the structure can be easily examined. An experimental test shows good agreement with the computed results and indicates that the method can be used to estimate the thermal interface resistance of experimental helix assemblies. >
Beta-gamma circular polarization correlation experiments

A circular polarization analyzer for γ rays is described. Measurements on circular polarization of bremsstrahlung due to β particles from P32 and Tm170 agree with previous and concurrent measurements and, together with Co60 circular polarization correlation studies, establish a check on the calculated calibration curve of the analyzer. We have studied the β-γ circular polarization correlation in the following allowed j-j transitions: Na24, Sc44, Sc46, V48, and Co58. The result for Sc46 indicates the presence of a strong interference between Gamow-Teller and Fermi couplings. The β interaction, therefore, should contain a combination of S and T, or (and) V and A, interactions with small or no phase difference between the interaction constants. If one assumes maximum interference, our experiments give information on the ratio of Gamow-Teller to Fermi interaction. The once-forbidden transition Au198 gives the maximum possible asymmetry. All results are in agreement with the 2-component neutrino theory and the assumption of V, A or alternatively S, T, P interaction.
B-banyan and B-delta networks for multiprocessor systems

A new class of graphs, B-banyan, and a new class of multistage interconnection networks based on B-banyans, B-delta networks, in multiprocessor environments are proposed in this paper. A B-banyan is a regular rectangular SW-banyan augmented with a backward link at each vertex, in a way that preserves the destination control. A backward link can be taken when there is a conflict at a node, or when a faulty link or node is encountered. As such, backward links in B-delta networks significantly increase the network performance while at the same time providing a degree of fault tolerance. The performance of B-delta networks is analyzed and shown to be comparable to that of single-buffered delta networks. Different switches and control complexities of these two types of delta networks are discussed.
Chimeric RNase H-competent oligonucleotides directed to the HIV-1 Rev response element

Chimeric oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides containing centrally located patches of contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and terminating in a nuclease resistant 3'-methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage were prepared. The oligonucleotides were targeted to the 3'-side of HIV Rev response element (RRE) stem-loop IIB RNA, which is adjacent to the high affinity Rev protein binding site and is critical to virus function. Thermal denaturation experiments showed that chimeric oligonucleotides form very stable duplexes with a complementary single-stranded RNA, and gel electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that they bind with high affinity and specificity to RRE stem-loop II RNA (K(D) approximately 200 nM). The chimeric oligonucleotides promote RNase H-mediated hydrolysis of RRE stem-loop II RNA and have half-lives exceeding 24h when incubated in cell culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. One of the chimeric oligonucleotides inhibited RRE mediated expression of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) approximately 60% at a concentration of 300 nM in HEK 293T cells co-transfected with p-RRE/CAT and p-Rev mammalian expression vectors.
Regulation of interleukin-6 gene expression in brain of aged mice by nuclear factor κB

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is increased in brain of aged mice. The purpose of this study was to determine if binding of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) to the IL-6 promoter is responsible for the age-related increase in brain IL-6. In an initial study, the effect of age on IL-6 in brain was verified as IL-6 protein was increased in brain of aged mice compared to adult and juvenile mice. Competitive RT-PCR showed that IL-6 mRNA concentration was at least 4-fold higher in aged brain compared to adult brain. Next, binding of the transcription factor NFkappaB to the IL-6 promoter in brains of 1-, 6-, and 24-month-old mice was determined. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that NFkappaB activity was increased in aged brain compared to adult and juvenile brain. Moreover, glial cells cultured from aged mice showed more NFkappaB DNA-binding activity and more IL-6 mRNA and protein expression than glia from adults. However, incubating glia from aged mice in the presence of kappaB decoy inhibited these effects of age. The same was observed in vivo as intracerebroventricular injection of kappaB decoy in aged mice decreased NFkappaB activity and IL-6 mRNA and protein in brain. These results show that the DNA-binding activity of NFkappaB is increased in the brain of aged mice and that at least one consequence is increased expression of IL-6.
Official English in the constitutions and statutes of the fifty states in the United States

The constitutions and legislative statutes of the fifty states in the United States are given an exhaustive screening to identify legal language defining the linguistic obligations of the state and the language rights of individuals and groups. The author suggests that in the United States, “hands-off” is good language policy not only nationwide but also statewide because states adopting a hands-off linguistic policy are consistent with the Constitution of the United States while states adopting a “hands-on” policy are in conflict with it. States adopting hands-on language legislation in their constitutions or statutes are deemed to be “nativist” because they seem unfavorable toward speakers of minority languages, while states adopting a hands-off policy are “non-nativist” because they seem favorable (or at least neutral) toward speakers of minority languages.
Method for the prediction of wing maximum lift

This article describes the development of a semiempirical three-dimensional method for the prediction of maximum lift for complex multielement wing geometries. The method is a combination of cost effective and reliable CFD technology (a surface panel method), and an empirically observed phenomenon occurring at maximum lift conditions that is introduced here as the pressure difference rule. The panel method solutions used in conjunction with the pressure difference rule yield surprisingly accurate predictions of maximum lift for both clean wings as well as multielement wings. Comparisons with experimental data are presented for increasingly complex high-lift wing geometries including full transport aircraft configured for landing.
Reactions of BBrn+ (n = 0–2) at fluorinated and hydrocarbon self‐assembled monolayer surfaces: observations of chemical selectivity in ion–surface scattering

Ion-surface reactions involving BBr(n)(+) (n = 0--2) with a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (F-SAM) surface were investigated using a multi-sector scattering mass spectrometer. Collisions of the B(+) ion yield BF(2)(+) at threshold energy with the simpler product ion BF(+)* appearing at higher collision energies and remaining of lower abundance than BF(2)(+) at all energies examined. In addition, the reactively sputtered ion CF(+) accompanies the formation of BF(2)(+) at low collision energies. These results stand in contrast with previous data on the ion-surface reactions of atomic ions with the F-SAM surface in that the threshold and most abundant reaction products in those cases involved the abstraction of a single fluorine atom. Gas-phase enthalpy data are consistent with BF(2)(+) being the thermodynamically favored product. The fact that the abundance of BF(2)(+) is relatively low and relatively insensitive to changes in collision energy suggests that this reaction proceeds through an entropically demanding intermediate at the vacuum--surface interface, one which involves interaction of the B(+) ion simultaneously with two fluorine atoms. By contrast with the reaction of B(+), the odd-electron species BBr(+)* reacts with the F-SAM surface to yield an abundant single-fluorine abstraction product, BBrF(+). Corresponding gas-phase ion--molecule experiments involving B(+) and BBr(+)* with C(6)F(14) also yield the products BF(+)* and BF(2)(+), but only in extremely low abundances and with no preference for double fluorine abstraction. Ion--surface reactions were also investigated for BBr(n)(+) (n = 0-2) with a hydrocarbon self-assembled monolayer (H-SAM) surface. Reaction of the B(+) ion and dissociative reactions of BBr(+)* result in the formation of BH(2)(+), while the thermodynamically less favorable product BH(+)* is not observed. Collisions of BBr(2)(+) with the H-SAM surface yield the dissociative ion-surface reaction products, BBrH(+) and BBrCH(3)(+). Substitution of bromine atoms on the projectile by hydrogen or alkyl radicals suggests that Br atoms may be transferred to the surface in a Br-for-H or Br-for-CH(3) transfer reaction in an analogous fashion to known transhalogenation reactions at the F-SAM surface. The results for the H-SAM surface stand in contrast to those for the F-SAM surface in that enhanced neutralization of the primary ions gives secondary ion signals one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those obtained when using the F-SAM surface, consistent with the relative ionization energies of the two materials.
Chiral layers on planar surfaces

Here the reflection from chiral coated planar surfaces is investigated. This canonical problem is formulated in terms of the Riccati equation for local reflection to provide an understanding of the fundamental physical processes involved with reflection and absorption by chiral layers. The link between chiral and achiral formulations is noted. We also derive jump conditions for thin chiral layers, introduce appropriate transmission-line models, and indicate methods for treating an arbitrary number of layers and surface impedances. A number of examples involving chiral coatings are examined and compared to their achiral counterparts for electric and magnetic screens. Through front surface matching and increased absorption, specified chiral coatings can offer enhanced broadband reduction of backscatter over their conventional achiral counterparts.
Credit Availability and the Structure of the Homebuilding Industry

We investigate the role of disruptions to the structure of the homebuilding industry due to fluctuations in the availability of bank credit. We find a sustained decline in the large private homebuilder market share series over the period from 1988 to 1993 when many banks with deteriorated health reduced their lending in order to raise capital ratios. Regression analysis at the metropolitan statistical area level supports the hypothesis that, in areas where banks were less well capitalized and had more problem construction loans, the market shares of large private homebuilders that relied primarily on bank credit to finance their production suffered at the expense of the public homebuilders that had better access to external funds, in large part due to their direct access to public capital markets.
What Makes an Intuition a Compatibilist Intuition? A Response to Sripada

So-called “manipulation arguments” have played a significant role in recent debates between compatibilists and incompatibilists. Incompatibilists take such arguments to show that agents who lack ultimate control over their characters or actions are not free. Most compatibilists agree that manipulated agents are not free but think this is because certain of the agent’s psychological capacities have been compromised. Chandra Sekhar Sripada has conducted an interesting study in which he applies an array of statistical tools to subjects’ intuitive responses to a manipulation case, and he insists that the results of his study provide compelling evidence that people favor compatibilist views of freedom. I argue that because the case that forms the centerpiece of his study is relevantly different from the sort of cases incompatibilists have developed and because he fails to build deterministic conditions into this case, Sripada’s data cannot help settle the disagreement between compatibilists and incompatibilists.
Determination of active HALS in automotive paint systems II: HALS distribution in weathered clearcoat/basecoat paint systems

ESR is used to quantify the steady-state concentration of HALS-based nitroxyl radicals and the concentration of nitroxyl radicals produced when HALS and its inhibition cycle products are oxidized with peracid for four clearcoat/basecoat paint systems differing in HALS type, HALS concentration, clearcoat chemistry, and outdoor exposure conditions. Clearcoat bulk and surface analysis results are compared. Step-wise analysis is used to determine the distribution of HALS and its inhibition cycle products in two paint systems as a function of exposure. Micro-UV spectroscopy is used to determine the distribution of ultraviolet light absorber additive in the same paint systems. Taken together, the results indicate that the concentration behavior of HALS and UVA additives during the early stages of weather exposure can provide direct insight into the long-term weathering performance of clearcoat/basecoat paint systems.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE : IX. THE CHANGES IN THE BONE MARROW AFTER SPLENECTOMY.

Splenectomy in the dog causes, as a rule, a transformation of the fatty marrow of the long bones to a richly cellular red marrow. During the early periods, one to three months, the change in the marrow is slight and either focal or peripheral; after six to twenty months the replacement of fat by marrow cells is complete or nearly so. Exceptions were, however, seen in four animals representing the 8th, 9th, 10th, and 22d months, respectively. The evidence at hand does not support the theory that this hyperplasia is compensatory either to the anemia caused by splenectomy or to an increased hemolysis in the lymph nodes. It is possible that it may be a concomitant of the activity of the bone marrow in taking over, in the absence of the spleen, the function of storing and elaborating the iron of old blood pigment for future utilization by new red cells, but our studies do not fully support this view.
Application of three-body recombination and attachment coefficients to tropospheric ions

A modification ofNatanson's three-body recombination theory is used to determine empirical values of the ion-ion trapping distance. The modified theory is shown to predict accurately the altitude variation of electrical conductivity in the troposphere. The empirical trapping distance for ion-ion recombination is then used to determine the ion-aerosol trapping distance and a three-body theory for calculating the ion-aerosol attachment coefficients is developed. The theory should be valid for the small aerosols (Aitken nuclei) found naturally in the troposphere.