cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Observational Study on Riboflavin Prophylaxis in Child and Adolescent Migraine.

Abstract Background We evaluated the efficacy of riboflavin in pediatric migraineurs. Methods A retrospective observational study was performed on 42 patients (aged six to 18 years) with migraine who were evaluated from January to December 2019 at Dell Children’s Medical Center in Austin, Texas. Weight-based dosing of riboflavin was recommended for migraine prevention. Descriptive statistics were used to study the population demographics. Nonparametric tests were used for inferential statistics to study the effect of riboflavin on headache frequency, intensity, and duration. Results Patients treated with riboflavin had a significant reduction in headache days per month (frequency) at the first follow-up visit at 2 to 4 months (T1) (11.07 ± 10.52 days) compared with the baseline T0 (21.90 ± 9.85 days); P Conclusions Patients treated with riboflavin had a reduction in headache frequency, use of acute medications, and days of school missed. Riboflavin prophylaxis also reduced migraine intensity and duration. Riboflavin is recommended as a safe, inexpensive, and effective nutraceutical in the treatment of pediatric migraine.
“You want to build a wall?”: politics in the music classroom

In recent years, the United States and Western world experienced rises in nationalism, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and anti-immigrant racism, with heightened awareness of these issues in the wake of...
Minding the Gatekeepers: Referral and Recruitment of Postpartum Mothers with Depression into a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Internet Parenting Intervention to Improve Mood and Optimize Infant Social Communication Outcomes

Mothers in the United States (U.S.) who are of non-dominant culture and socioeconomically disadvantaged experience depression during postpartum at a rate 3 to 4 times higher than mothers in the general population, but these mothers are least likely to receive services for improving mood. Little research has focused on recruiting these mothers into clinical intervention trials. The purpose of this article is to report on a study that provided a unique context within which to view the differential success of three referral approaches (i.e., community agency staff referral, research staff referral, and maternal self-referral). It also enabled a preliminary examination of whether the different strategies yielded samples that differed with regard to risk factors for adverse maternal and child outcomes. The examination took place within a clinical trial of a mobile intervention for improving maternal mood and increasing parent practices that promote infant social communication development. The sample was recruited within the urban core of a large southern city in the U.S. and was comprised primarily of mothers of non-dominant culture, who were experiencing severe socioeconomic disadvantage. Results showed that mothers self-referred at more than 3.5 times the rate that they were referred by either community agency staff or research staff. Moreover, compared to women referred by research staff, women who self-referred and those who were referred by community gatekeepers were as likely to eventually consent to study participation and initiate the intervention. Results are discussed with regard to implications for optimizing referral into clinical intervention trials.
Making Sense of Perceptual Experience

This chapter introduces the methodological and conceptual tools I use for capturing and making sense of perceptual experience. It begins with a discussion of sensory ethnography, the methodological tradition within which this research is located. The second section introduces the conceptual framework that underpins my analysis of perceptual meaning-making in skilled work, which draws heavily from the work of Heidegger. This philosophical position provides a perspective from which tools and materials can be understood as functions of the practices in which they are used; consequently, learning can be seen as constituting these objects within one’s phenomenal world, rather than discovering them in some human-external material reality. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the contributions intended by this research, which are ultimately anthropological rather than philosophical.
Race and gender in silicon valley

I am a Lecturer of Computer Science, and typically teach programming (CS2 and systems) and theory (discrete math and automata) course. This autumn, I introduced a new seminar course, Race & Gender in Silicon Valley, offered in the Computer Science Department but in a format more typical of a humanities or social science course. One of the primary feedbacks from students about the course was that every computer scientist should be required to learn this material! I believe that presenting the syllabus and an overview of the students' class projects would be useful for attendees of the mini-symposium, either to inspire similar courses at other universities, or simply to give faculty ideas for individual readings and modules that they might insert into other courses at different levels, such as a CS Principles or Machine Learning. Some of the student projects were also on the topic of repackaging the course for a target audience of high school students, so K12 educators at the mini-symposium would also have directly actionable takeaways. (Course syllabus on the web: http://bit.ly/racegenderinsiliconvalley)
The semiotics of writing: How adult L2 learners with emergent literacy make meaning in assessment texts through writing

Abstract This research investigates how adult L2 learners with emergent literacy make meaning in assessment texts through writing. It examines their meaning-making processes, both perceptual and productive, on three iterations of assessment texts for students enrolled in a local English as a Second Language and English literacy program. The research explores what participants wrote and how they wrote it, as well as what they did not write. Under consideration was one type of test task: written short responses (e.g., “Write three sentences about the image”), with a variety of different multimodal designs for each writing task. Results show that the choices test designers make in the multimodal design of test tasks matter, in that there was a significant difference in response and meaning-making for different design variants. The results also illuminate participant engagement on assessment texts, revealing their beliefs about the purpose of writing, as well as their strategies for making meaning and engaging in dialogue with the absent test grader through writing. The study has implications for raising teachers’ awareness about what writing is for adult L2 learners with emergent literacy, as well as for how educators assess and evaluate the writing of this population.
Packet Squeezing of Random Access with 5G Real-Time Services for Internet of Things

Random Access techniques are many, most of which are designed for a limited number of mobile nodes. However, in a 5G Internet of Things environment, the design of random access must accommodate a very large number of devices which are heterogeneous in nature, and packets are in general short and come in a variety of lengths. Variable lengths of short packets may waste bandwidth if each packet transmits at the beginning of a time slot. In this paper, packet squeezing allows for a packet to make a selection between aligning to the beginning and aligning to the ending of a time slot. Two or more nodes transmitting at the same time slot may not result in a collision if two conditions are met simultaneously. First, one node selects an alignment mode different from that of the remaining nodes. Secondly, the sum of the time durations of two “representative” packets is shorter than the duration of a time slot. The performance analysis demonstrates that the throughput gain due to the packet squeezing is significant. The gain of packet squeezing can be enhanced by time slot management, where a transmitting node randomly selects a set of points of Finite Projective Plane and transmits at the time slots corresponding to the points of the chosen set. Due to the rather uniform distribution of the transmitting nodes and fewer empty time slots, the gain of packet squeezing is further improved for the entire frame. Based on the simulation results and analysis, we have observed that the time slot management extends the range of packet arrival rate of peak throughput for packet squeezing. Lastly, we compare and contrast the combining of packet squeezing and time slot management with well-known random access protocols of IoT such as slotted ALOHA and NOMA, and simulate real systems to verify the results of performance analysis.
NeTOIF: A Network-based Approach for Time-Series Omics Data Imputation and Forecasting

Abstract Motivation High-throughput studies of biological systems are rapidly generating a wealth of ‘omics’-scale data. Many of these studies are time-series collecting proteomics and genomics data capturing dynamic observations. While time-series omics data are essential to unravel the mechanisms of various diseases, they often include missing (or incomplete) values resulting in data shortage. Data missing and shortage are especially problematic for downstream applications such as omics data integration and computational analyses that need complete and sufficient data representations. Data imputation and forecasting methods have been widely used to mitigate these issues. However, existing imputation and forecasting techniques typically address static omics data representing a single time point and perform forecasting on data with complete values. As a result, these techniques lack the ability to capture the time-ordered nature of data and cannot handle omics data containing missing values at multiple time points. Results We propose a network-based method for time-series omics data imputation and forecasting (NeTOIF) that handle omics data containing missing values at multiple time points. NeTOIF takes advantage of topological relationships (e.g., protein-protein and gene-gene interactions) among omics data samples and incorporates a graph convolutional network to first infer the missing values at different time points. Then, we combine these inferred values with the original omics data to perform time-series imputation and forecasting using a long short-term memory network. Evaluating NeTOIF with a proteomic and a genomic dataset demonstrated a distinct advantage of NeTOIF over existing data imputation and forecasting methods. The average mean square error of NeTOIF improved 11.3% for imputation and 6.4% for forcasting compared to the baseline methods. Contact smollah@wustl.edu
Deep learning from small labeled datasets applied to medical image analysis

Abstract Deep learning has been a hot topic and applied in various applications. However, a crucial requirement of deep learning in medical image applications is the ability to produce generalizable learning from small and often heterogeneous image sets. In this chapter, we will present some deep learning approaches for learning from small datasets. These approaches use the following idea: leverage information from a different related modality for learning. While approaches exist even for learning generalizable models from the same modality, we particularly focus on the problem where learning is done by using a different imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) with MRI, T1-weighted MRI with FLAIR MRI, CT with positron emission tomography, etc. Learning using from different modalities is called cross-modality learning.
Bayesian Inference-based Approach for Sustainable Product Design Risk Assessment

Abstract Risk analysis to assess potential risks before the introduction of a new product design is an important step in the engineering product design process (EPDP); it helps evaluate events that pose adverse effects on the sustainability performance of the product. However, most literature on product design risk assessment focus on the manufactured products rather than conceptual designs, the methods used are unable to capture the interdependencies between risk factors and they do not provide insight into the risks that most influence the performance measures. This paper extends a previously developed Bayesian inference-based approach to evaluate the risk of new product designs by employing backpropagation to calculate the likelihood of parent risks based on the likelihood of the child risk, thus identifying the critical path of risk events. Assessment of the methodology through an industrial case study gives insight into the major risk drivers affecting the achievement of sustainability objectives.
Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis

Computer manufacturers often give peak performance numbers (MIPS, MFLOPS) that are considerably higher than the performance numbers based on real applications, therefore, meaningless for the users of these machines. The performance of a parallel system is a complicated issue and a function of many interrelated quantities. These quantities include: the application, the algorithm, the problem size, the high-level language, the implementation, the level of human effort used to optimize the program, the compiler’s ability to optimize, the age of the compiler, the operating system, the architecture of the computer, the system size, and the hardware characteristics, etc.
Physical activity as a treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review

AIM: To review the effectiveness of exercise as a therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and potential benefits in treating insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. METHODS: Medline (EBSCOhost) and PubMed were searched for English-language randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies in human adults aged ≥ 18 which investigated the various effects of exercise alone, a combination of exercise and diet, or exercise and diet coupled with behavioral modification on NAFLD from 2010 to Feburary 2015. RESULTS: Eighteen of 2298 available studies were chosen for critical review, which included 6925 patients. Nine (50%) studies were randomized controlled trials. Five (27.8%) studies utilized biopsy to examine the effects of physical activity on hepatic histology. The most commonly employed imaging modality to determine change in hepatic steatosis was hydrogen-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Only two studies examined the effects of low impact physical activity for patients with significant mobility limitations and one compared the efficacy of aerobic and resistance exercise. No studies examined the exact duration of exercise required for hepatic and metabolic improvement in NAFLD. CONCLUSION: While exercise improved hepatic steatosis and underlying metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD, more studies are needed to define the most beneficial form and duration of exercise treatment.
Experimental Structural Stiffness and Damping in a 2nd Generation Foil Bearing for Increasing Shaft Temperatures

Demonstrated gas foil bearing (GFB) operation at high temperature is of interest for gas turbine applications. The effects of (high) shaft temperature on the structural stiffness and damping parameters of a foil bearing must be assessed experimentally. Presently, a hollow shaft warmed by an electric heater holds a floating 2nd generation FB that is loaded dynamically by an electromagnetic shaker. In tests with the shaft temperature up to 184°C, the measurements of dynamic load and ensuing FB deflection render the bearing structural parameters, stiffness and damping, as a function of excitation frequency and amplitude of motion. The identified FB stiffness and viscous damping coefficients increase with shaft temperature due to a reduction in the FB clearance. The bearing material structural loss factor, best representing mechanical energy dissipation, decreases slightly with shaft temperature while increasing with excitation frequency.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
9. The Instant of Being Everywhere: Options and Obstacles in Technology-mediated Education

Contemporary technological advancements create new forms of human experiences – most notably the speed of communication, and the linking of the here-and-now and there-and-now settings. We analyze the new hybrid setting that is created for the teaching/learning contexts through seminars that use videoconferencing between remote locations, and emphasize that through these technological means teaching and learning activities move into the liminal place – heterotopia – where time and space of actions is set up under new constraints of immediacy. Human relations of our time emulate new technological devices in ways that let us forget them. Once mastered, we forget all the confusions we lived through when trying to use a computer, cell phone, or i-pod for the first time. Moreover, reliance on such hard-attained technological devices becomes a primary psychological necessity – as anyone forgetting one’s cell phone may understand. Objects which once – not so long ago – were foreign and somewhat untrusted interventions into our ordinary ways of living quickly become hyper-ordinary. Yet information technology is special; it changes us more than technological breakthroughs in other life areas – cooking technology (microwaves), water reprocessing technology, or laundromats – do. The old social boundaries or private public kind are broken down (e.g. receiving a phone call while in bathroom) and newly established (e.g., switching off one’s cell phone at the beginning of a relevant social event). We turn around while walking in a street hearing somebody behind us saying a loud «hello» to meet the friendly stranger, only to find her deeply attached to her cellphone. Even more curious are the street scenes where seemingly normal human beings can be seen talking loudly to themselves. The hands-free sets make the difference between ordinary street and an insane asylum that of a matter of degree. The nature of social institutions is likewise changing. The historic difference between formal (school) and informal (community) education crumbles with the wireless internet connections arriving inside school classrooms, and the cell phone photo cameras used to communicate exam questions to the peer elsewhere. Technology makes us free – or, more precisely – makes us dependent in new ways. These new ways both enable and restrict our ways of living; the speed of sending a message instantly to the other side of the world is balanced by the slow agony of trying to remember one’s own forgotten password among the many.
TIRAP: how Toll receptors fraternize

Although some cellular responses induced by TLRs are abolished in MyD88-deficient mice, TLR4, unlike TLR9, can still induce activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. The discovery of a cytoplasmic adapter protein for TLR4, called TIRAP, helps explain this phenomenon.
Stellar Dynamical Processes in the Evolution of Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters

Many important effects which influence the observed structure of galaxies and of galaxy clusters are purely stellar dynamical in nature and can be viewed as different manifestations of relaxation processes in inhomogeneous non-equilibrium systems. Three general types of relaxation process may be distinguished. The first, kinematic phase mixing, is the stellar dynamical analogue of Landau damping and results in the effective loss of much information about initial conditions in systems which have been in existence for many characteristic dynamical times. It is the supposition that phase-mixing can be highly efficient within the lifetime of a galaxy which leads to the traditional assumption that the phase space distribution of stars in an elliptical galaxy must satisfy Jeans’ theorem and be a function only of the isolating integrals of motion.
rSQP++ : An Object-Oriented Framework for Successive Quadratic Programming

An Object-Oriented (OO) framework called rSQP++ is currently being developed for Successive Quadratic Programming (SQP). It is designed to support many different SQP algorithms and to allow for extern al configur at ion of application-specific linear algebra objects such as matrices and linear solvers. In addition, it is possible for a client to modify the SQP algorithms to meet other specialized needs without having to touch any of th e source code within the rSQP++ framework or even having to recompile existing SQP algorithms. Much of this is accomplished through a set of carefully constructed interfaces to various linear algebra objects such as matrices and linear solvers. The initial development of rSQP++ was done in a serial environment and therefore issues related to the use of massively parallel iterative solvers used in PDE-constrained optimization have not yet been addressed. In order to more effectively support parallelism, rSQP++ needs the addition and integration of an abstract vector interface to allow more flexibility in vector implementations. Encapsulating vectors away from algorithmic code would allow fully parallel linear algebra, but could also greatly restrict the kinds of operations that need to be performed. The difficulty in developing an abstract vector interface and a proposed design for a remedy are discussed.
Ionospheric effects upon a satellite navigation system at Mars

[1] Trans-ionospheric radio propagation effects resulting in ranging errors are examined for a potential orbital network of communications and navigational satellites at Mars. Using recent results from the radio science experiment on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft and a photochemical model of Mars' ionosphere, we study the total electron content (TEC) at Mars to investigate how its latitude, local time, and solar cycle patterns would contribute to errors in positioning on the planet. In addition, we examine the relationship between TEC and peak density (Nmax) and find that their ratio, called the equivalent slab thickness, shows that integral preserving distortions of the Ne(h) profile can be rather substantial, implying that neutral atmosphere dynamics can have strong effects upon Mars' photochemical ionosphere. We use MGS observations to validate modeling results and determine the extreme cases for TEC at Mars (i.e., when the planet is at perihelion during solar maximum years and at aphelion during solar minimum years). If a proposed Mars Communication and Navigation (MC&N) System used UHF/L-band (1–2 GHz) transmission frequencies similar to those used for the terrestrial Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, upper limits to the magnitude and variability of the martian ionosphere (TEC < ∼few × 1016 el m−2, with σ ∼ 10%) would not be of concern unless extremely precise positional information were required (<1 m). The impact of the ionosphere would be greater along slanted ray paths, and especially if lower frequency UHF beacon frequencies (e.g., 400 MHz) were selected for use. Indeed, such effects could be used as a diagnostic for the global structure of Mars' ionosphere, much in the same way as GPS measurements are used in terrestrial ionospheric physics.
Multiethnic Coalitions in Africa: The Political Alignment of Business

The second decade of independence will see measures to intensify the class struggle and suppress the bourgeoisie…. Ahmed Sekou Toure, president of Guinea, 1968 This chapter explains how the political alignment of business in Africa has continued to be shaped by the state’s influence over capital despite the adoption of democratic constitutions in the 1990s. The onset of multiparty competition, if anything, has underscored the political import of the private resources in the hands of entrepreneurs. If the resources of business could be brought to bear on the electoral process, opposition parties would be more likely to mount a viable challenge against incumbents who are able to fund their own reelection campaigns through the state’s coffers. The evidence presented in the following pages shows how African leaders have prevented entrepreneurs from deploying their private resources toward political ends. Incumbents in most countries can leverage the state’s financial instruments and regulations to induce the acquiescence, if not active support, of business. Entrepreneurs are often obliged to publicly endorse the incumbent in an election or risk losing access to financial capital. But, in the African countries where liberalizing reforms have been undertaken, entrepreneurs are able to bypass the state in securing credit through multinational banks or locally owned private banks. No longer required to resort to political connections, these entrepreneurs are free to follow their partisan preferences, diversifying their political donations without fear of reprisals from the ruling party. It is under such conditions that business provides the opposition with the resources needed to become a viable alternative to the incumbent.
THE CHIRAL LAGRANGIAN APPROACH TO THE NON-UNIVERSAL EFFECTS IN THE $Z b \bar b$ VERTEX

We calculate the top quark loop corrections to the vertex in the chiral Lagrangian of the dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking theory. We use the effective Lagrangian based on coset space SU(2)×U(1)/U(1) with the electroweak gauge interaction switched off, so these corrections are directly related to the physics associated with the heavy top quark and the mass generation in the dynamical models.
Changes in the cetacean assemblage of a coastal upwelling ecosystem during El Niño 1997–98 and La Niña 1999

Abstract We report results of ecosystem studies in Monterey Bay, California, during the summer upwelling periods, 1996–99, including impacts of El Nino 1997–98 and La Nina 1999. Random-systematic line-transect surveys of marine mammals were conducted monthly from August to November 1996, and from May to November 1997–99. CTDs and zooplankton net tows were conducted opportunistically, and at 10 predetermined locations. Hydroacoustic backscatter was measured continuously while underway to estimate prevalence of zooplankton, with emphasis on euphausiids, a key trophic link between primary production and higher trophic level consumers. The occurrences of several of the California Current’s most common cetaceans varied among years. The assemblage of odontocetes became more diverse during the El Nino with a temporary influx of warm-water species. Densities of cold-temperate Dall’s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, were greatest before the onset of El Nino, whereas warm-temperate common dolphins, Delphinus spp., were present only during the warm-water period associated with El Nino. Rorqual densities decreased in August 1997 as euphausiid backscatter was reduced. In 1998, as euphausiid backscatter slowly increased, rorqual densities increased sharply to the greatest observed values. Euphausiid backscatter further increased in 1999, whereas rorqual densities were similar to those observed during 1998. We hypothesize that a dramatic reduction in zooplankton biomass offshore during El Nino 1997–98 led to the concentration of rorquals in the remaining productive coastal upwelling areas, including Monterey Bay. These patterns exemplify short-term responses of cetaceans to large-scale changes in oceanic conditions.
Daniel James, Doña Maria's Story: Life History, Memory, and Political Identity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. 316 pp. $54.95 cloth; $18.95 paper; Maria de los Reyes Castillo Bueno, as told to her daughter Daisy Rubiera Castillo, Reyita: The Life of a Black Cuban Woman in the Twentieth Century. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. 182 pp. $45.95 cloth; $16.05 paper.

ldquo;Me./Just me. Willful/woman. As much have I of life/as I asked for.” These are the words of Cuban writer Georgina Herrera (quoted in Reyita: The Life of a Black Cuban Woman in the Twentieth Century, 141). They are words that have as much to do with a female meatpacking worker in Peronist Argentina, as they do with a poor black woman in twentieth-century Cuba. They are words that describe well the lives of Maria and Reyita, the narrators of their own histories in Daniel James' Dona Maria's Story: Life History, Memory and Political Identity and Maria de los Reyes Castillo Bueno's Reyita: The Life of a Black Cuban Woman in the Twentieth Century, as told to her daughter Daisy Rubiera Castillo.
Genomic counseling: next generation counseling.

Personalized medicine continues to expand with the development and increasing use of genome-based testing. While these advances present new opportunities for diagnosis and risk assessment, they also present challenges to clinical delivery. Genetic counselors will play an important role in ushering in this new era of testing; however, it will warrant a shift from traditional genetic counseling to “genomic counseling.” This shift will be marked by a move from reactive genetic testing for diagnosis of primarily single-gene diseases to proactive genome-based testing for multiple complex diseases for the purpose of disease prevention. It will also require discussion of risk information for a number of diseases, some of which may have low relative risks or weak associations, and thus, may not substantially impact clinical care. Additionally, genomic counselors will expand their roles, particularly in the area of health promotion to reduce disease risk. This additional role will require a style of counseling that is more directive than traditional counseling and require greater knowledge about risk reducing behaviors and disease screening.
Cellular energy sensing and signaling by AMP-activated protein kinase

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensing/signaling protein that, when activated, increases ATP production by stimulating glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation while at the same time inhibiting ATP = consuming processes such as protein synthesis. Chronic activation of AMPK inhibits expression of lipogenic enzymes in the liver and enhances expression of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes in skeletal muscle. Deficiency of muscle LKB1, the upstream kinase of AMPK, results in greater fluctuation in energy charge during muscle contraction and decreased capacity for exercise at higher work rates. Because AMPK enhances both glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, it has become a target for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Basal, diurnal, and stress-induced levels of glucose and glucocorticoids in captive bats.

Plasma levels of glucocorticoids and glucose were measured in three species of fruit bats (Chiroptera) sampled from captive populations. Three species of Old World bats (Pteropus vampyrus, P. Hypomelanus, and Rousettus aegyptiacus) had plasma levels of glucose that were within the normal mammalian range (80–100 mg/dl), with no difference between males and females. All animals had detectable levels of one or both of the major glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) found in mammals. Steroid levels were highest in P. hypomelanus (cortisol: 1,269 ± 207 ng/ml; corticosterone; 590 ± 154 ng/ml) and lowest in R. aegyptiacus (corticosterone: 36 ± 4 ng/ml; cortisol not determined). Diurnal changes in these steroids and the effects of handling and restraint stress were further investigated in P. hypomelanus. Experimental animals were captured in their roost quarters, bled once by venupuncture within 3 min, placed singly into a small holding chamber for 50–60 min, and bled again. This procedure was performed at four different times over the course of 24 h with different groups of animals. Glucose was at a minimum just before and a maximum just after the period of food presentation. Cortisol levels remained relatively constant throughout the day-roosting period and significantly declined to their lowest level in the period following food presentation. As expected, the effects of handling and isolation caused a significant increase in both plasma cortisol and glucose levels. When individual P. hypomelanus were subjected to 3 h restraint stress in small plastic wire-mesh restraining devices, cortisol levels rose approximately 800% by 2 h, with the first significant increase at 20 min. Thus, effects of sampling time (time of day) on plasma levels of cortisol and glucose should be considered when designing field and laboratory studies in which hormones and other blood borne parameters are being measured. Handling and bleeding times that exceeded 3 min were associated with elevated plasma levels of cortisol and glucose above resting (unstressed) levels, suggesting that field and laboratory protocols should be designed to reduce or eliminate this problem. Finally, the exceptionally high levels of plasma corticoids in P. hypomelanus, and to a lesser extent in P. vampyrus, place these bats among the highest known circulating adrenal steroid levels of all mammals. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A nuclear tRNA gene cluster in the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae and differential distribution of nuclear-encoded tRNAs between the cytosol and mitochondria.

Abstract All mitochondrial tRNAs in the protozoan Leishmania are believed to be encoded in the nuclear genome and imported selectively into the mitochondria by an as yet unknown mechanism. Previously, we reported that two tRNAs whose genes are tightly linked were imported by mitochondria. In contrast, a tRNA encoded by a lone tRNA gene was not detectable in mitochondria. The lone tRNA gene had flanking sequences that were different from the linked genes. These studies implied a possible correlation between tRNA gene organization and gene flanking sequence, and selective tRNA import into mitochondria. Here, we report the identification of a cluster of 10 tRNA genes and show the distribution of the corresponding tRNAs in cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. tRNA leu (CAG) and tRNA 2 arg (TCG) are abundant in the cytosol, but relatively scarce in mitochondria. Conversely, tRNA ile (TAT) and tRNA 1 lys (TTT) are abundant in mitochondria, but relatively scarce in the cytosol, tRNA val (TAC) and tRNA 2 thr (TGT) are barely detectable in either cellular compartment, while tRNA gln (TTG), tRNA 1 arg (ACG), tRNA gly (TCC), and tRNA trp (CCA) are detected in approximately equal levels in both compartments. Sequencing of the 2600 bp that comprise the tRNA gene cluster also encoding the genes for 5S RNA and URNAB RNA indicates that nucleotide composition, length, and location of genes within the cluster do not clearly correlate with import characteristics. The unexpected presence of the tRNA trp (CCA)-gene transcript in mitochondria is also reported. Evidence suggests that this tRNA may have unidentified base modifications at the anticodon triplet.
GENETICS OF GLOMERELLA. VI. LINKAGE

DOLJANSKI, L. AND G. GOLDHABER. 1942. Radiobiological studies in tissue culture. I. The immediate effects of X-ray on cell out-growth in cultures of fibroblast. Growth 6: 235-249. J. TRILLAT, P. LEcoMTE Du NOUEJ, AND A. ROGOZINSKI. 1931. L'action des rayous x sur la culture de tissue in vitro. Compt. Rend. l'Acad. Sci., Paris 192: 304-305. EPHRUSsI, B. 1933. Croissance et regeneration dans les cultures des tissues. Arch. Anat. Microsc. 29: 95-159. GOLDFEDER, A. 1938. Studies on the effect of radiation upon growth and respiration of various tissues in vitro. Radiology 31: 73-80. 1940. Further studies on the effects of irradiation in proliferation and metabolic processes of normal and malignant tissues. IV. Effects produced by different dosage rates of x-radiation in the proliferation of various tissues grown in vitro. Radiology 35:210-228. GRAY, L. H., MoTrRAM, J. R., AND F. G. SPEAR. 1940. Some experiments upon the biological effects of fast neutrons. Brit. Jour. Radiol. 13:371-399. , AND J. READ. 1944. The effect of ionizing radiation on the broad bean root. IV. Summation of the effects of radiation of different ion density. Brit. Jour. Radiol. 17:265-271. HABERSTAEDTER, W., G. GOLDHABER, AND L. DOLJANSKI. 1942. Comparative studies on the radio-sensitivity of normal and malignant cells in cultures. I. The effect of X-rays on cell out-growth in cultures of normal rat fibroblasts and rat benzpyrene sarcoma. Can. Res. 2:28-31. HAPWOoD, F. W., AND M. A. DONALDSON. 1930. A remarkable sequel to an attempt to determine the X-ray lethal dose for tissue cultures growing in vitro. Brit. Jour. Radiol. N.S. 3: 69. KERsTEN, H., AND C. H. DWIGHT. 1937. The viscosity sols made from X-radiated agar. Jour. Phys. Chem. 41: 687-689. KREBS, R. P., AND H. J. KERSTEN. 1942. Portable indicating X-ray dosimeter. Rev. Sci. Instr. 13: 332-334. SKOOG, F. 1935. The effect of X-irradiation in auxin and plant growth. Jour. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7: 227-270. . 1944. Growth and organ formation in tobacco tissue cultures. Amer. Jour. Bot. 31: 19-24. SMITH, GLADYS F., AND H. J. KERSTEN. 1941. Root modifications induced in Vicia faba by irradiating dry seeds with soft X-rays. Plant Physiol. 16:145159. -AND . 1942a. The relation between xylem thickenings in primary roots of Vicia faba seedlings and elongation, as shown by soft X-radiation. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69:221-234. , AND . 1942b. Auxin and caulines in seedlings from X-rayed seeds. Amer. Jour. Bot. 29: 785-791. WADDINGTON, C. H. 1942. Some effects of X-rays on Drosophila. Jour. Exp. Biol. 19: 101-117. WHITE, P. R. 1939a. Potentially unlimited growth of excised plant callus in artificial nutrient. Amer. Jour. Bot. 26:59-64. 1939b. Controlled differentiation in plant tissue culture. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66:507-513.
Microprocessor controlled scanning and measuring of bubble chamber film

Abstract An interactive system based on the Intel 8080 microprocessor has been developed to control the scanning and image-plane digitizing of bubble chamber photographs. A conversational program written in the high level language, PL/M, guides the scanner through the process while recording the required data and making consistency checks. Use of the system with film from the FNAL 15 ft bubble chamber is described.
Frictional strengths of talc-serpentine and talc-quartz mixtures

[1] Talc is a constituent of faults in a variety of settings, and it may be an effective weakening agent depending on its abundance and distribution within a fault. We conducted frictional strength experiments under hydrothermal conditions to determine the effect of talc on the strengths of synthetic gouges of lizardite and antigorite serpentinites and of quartz. Small amounts of talc weaken serpentinite gouges substantially more than predicted by simple weight averaging. In comparison, mixtures of quartz and talc show a linear trend of strength reduction at talc concentrations ≤15 wt % and enhanced weakening at higher concentrations. All of the strength data are fit by a modified version of the Reuss mixing law that allows for the dominance of one mineral over the other. The difference in the behavior of serpentinite-talc and quartz-talc mixtures at low talc concentrations is a reflection of their different textures. Lizardite, antigorite, and talc all have platy habits, and displacement within gouges composed of these minerals is localized to narrow shears along which the platy grains have rotated into alignment with the shear surfaces. The shears in the mixed phyllosilicate gouges maximize the proportion of the weaker mineral within them. When mixed with a strong, rounded mineral such as quartz, some minimum concentration of talc is needed to form connected pathways that enhance strength reductions. The typical development of talc by the reaction of Si-rich fluids with serpentinite or dolomite would tend to localize its occurrence in a natural fault and result in enhanced weakening.
The relation of form recognition to concept development.

NELSON, KATHERINE. The Relation of Form Recognition to Concept Development. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 67-74. Children 18-24 months of age were required to identify pictures of objects in representations at 3 levels of perceptual detail. Pictures represented concepts at 2 levels of language familiarity and 2 levels of perceptual definition. It was hypothesized that more familiar and more ambiguous concepts would be less readily named in their less detailed representations. The hypothesis was confirmed. Implications of the findings for a theory of concept differentiation were discussed.
Regulation of Persistent Na Current by Interactions between β Subunits of Voltage-Gated Na Channels

The beta subunits of voltage-gated Na channels (Scnxb) regulate the gating of pore-forming alpha subunits, as well as their trafficking and localization. In heterologous expression systems, beta1, beta2, and beta3 subunits influence inactivation and persistent current in different ways. To test how the beta4 protein regulates Na channel gating, we transfected beta4 into HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells stably expressing Na(V)1.1. Unlike a free peptide with a sequence from the beta4 cytoplasmic domain, the full-length beta4 protein did not block open channels. Instead, beta4 expression favored open states by shifting activation curves negative, decreasing the slope of the inactivation curve, and increasing the percentage of noninactivating current. Consequently, persistent current tripled in amplitude. Expression of beta1 or chimeric subunits including the beta1 extracellular domain, however, favored inactivation. Coexpressing Na(V)1.1 and beta4 with beta1 produced tiny persistent currents, indicating that beta1 overcomes the effects of beta4 in heterotrimeric channels. In contrast, beta1(C121W), which contains an extracellular epilepsy-associated mutation, did not counteract the destabilization of inactivation by beta4 and also required unusually large depolarizations for channel opening. In cultured hippocampal neurons transfected with beta4, persistent current was slightly but significantly increased. Moreover, in beta4-expressing neurons from Scn1b and Scn1b/Scn2b null mice, entry into inactivated states was slowed. These data suggest that beta1 and beta4 have antagonistic roles, the former favoring inactivation, and the latter favoring activation. Because increased Na channel availability may facilitate action potential firing, these results suggest a mechanism for seizure susceptibility of both mice and humans with disrupted beta1 subunits.
Blanket materials for DT fusion reactors

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the critical materials issues that must be considered in the development of a tritium breeding blanket for a tokamak fusion reactor that operates on the D-T-Li fuel cycle. The primary requirements of the blanket system are identified and the important criteria that must be considered in the development of blanket technology are summarized. The candidate materials are listed for the different blanket components e.g., breeder, coolant, structure, and neutron multiplier. Three blanket concepts appear to offer the most potential: 1. (1) liquid metal breeder/coolant, 2. (2) liquid metal breeder with separate coolant, and 3. (3) solid breeder with separate coolant. The major uncertainties associated with each of the design concepts are discussed and the key materials R&D requirements for each concept are identified.
Effects of Well Injection on a Basaltic Ghyben‐Herzberg Aquifer

In recent years, the practice of artificially recharging wastewater such as storm runoff, sewage effluent, and various industrial wastes into the subsurface has become of growing importance in Hawaii. In 1970 the Kahului Development Company began construction of a collection basin and four deep injection wells for the disposal of storm runoff from a residential development in Kahului, Maui. This presented a unique opportunity to evaluate the response of a basaltic Ghyben-Herzberg aquifer to well injection, and to measure the rate of movement of injected water in the aquifer. The results of pumping and injection tests of one completed well and one test hole indicate that the finished injection wells should be able to transmit sediment-free water at rates in excess of 5500 gallons per minute per well. Observation well measurements indicate that injected water moves at a gross velocity of one foot per minute in the basalt aquifer in the vicinity of the injection wells.
Silicate, borosilicate, and borate bioactive glass scaffolds with controllable degradation rate for bone tissue engineering applications. I. Preparation and in vitro degradation

Bioactive glass scaffolds with a microstructure similar to that of dry human trabecular bone but with three different compositions were evaluated for potential applications in bone repair. The preparation of the scaffolds and the effect of the glass composition on the degradation and conversion of the scaffolds to a hydroxyapatite (HA)-type material in a simulated body fluid (SBF) are reported here (Part I). The in vitro response of osteogenic cells to the scaffolds and the in vivo evaluation of the scaffolds in a rat subcutaneous implantation model are described in Part II. Scaffolds (porosity = 78-82%; pore size = 100-500 microm) were prepared using a polymer foam replication technique. The glasses consisted of a silicate (13-93) composition, a borosilicate composition (designated 13-93B1), and a borate composition (13-93B3), in which one-third or all of the SiO2 content of 13-93 was replaced by B2O3, respectively. The conversion rate of the scaffolds to HA in the SBF increased markedly with the B2O3 content of the glass. Concurrently, the pH of the SBF also increased with the B2O3 content of the scaffolds. The compressive strengths of the as-prepared scaffolds (5-11 MPa) were in the upper range of values reported for trabecular bone, but they decreased markedly with immersion time in the SBF and with increasing B2O3 content of the glass. The results show that scaffolds with a wide range of bioactivity and degradation rate can be achieved by replacing varying amounts of SiO(2) in silicate bioactive glass with B2O3.
Factor-Analytically Derived Subscales for the Reinforcement Survey Schedule Reinforcer Preferences as a Function of Drug Use and Sex

A total of 1004 male and female college students completed Cautela and Kastenbaum's (1967) Reinforcement Survey Schedule. Factor analysis of item intercorrelations for the entire sample and for males and females taken separately revealed similar factor structures, and sixteen common scales were derived from the more substantial factors. Comparisons of the scale profiles of the male and female students indicated that the scales were ordered in the same way, but that the absolute levels of preference differed. The students and a smaller sample of male industrial workers (n = 62) also were surveyed about their illicit use of drugs. Profiles differed as a function of drug use, although the patterns were dissimilar for the students and the workers. These findings showed the utility of dividing responses to the Reinforcement Survey Schedule into scales, as well as the value of the survey for the study of reinforcers in natural settings. However, it was cautioned that scale scores complement rather than substitu...
How Cognitive Maps are Learned and Remembered

Abstract This paper draws on research from geography and psychology to explain how people learn and remember both reference and thematic maps. The review describes how prior knowledge about maps interacts with task demands to produce mental representations that satisfy the constraints of the human information processing system. The paper then examines research that has used maps to assist people in answering questions about “What happened there” and concludes with some suggestions on directions for future research.
Designing Distributed Learning Systems

MANY COMPANIES are adopting an approach of hiring the skills they need, then discarding them and hiring others as needs change. Individuals must rapidly learn in their specialty and also develop new skill sets over the long-term. Access to intellectual capital and to learning and performance support systems is improving with developments in the World Wide Web. However access is not usability, and usability is not organizational impact. This paper provides principles and examples of distributed learning and support systems that can aid individual development. It considers motivation, speed of program development, and cost issues for some current projects where usability and impact are central design criteria.