cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Break-Up of Stepped Platinum Catalyst Surfaces by High CO Coverage

Stepped single-crystal surfaces are viewed as models of real catalysts, which consist of small metal particles exposing a large number of low-coordination sites. We found that stepped platinum (Pt) surfaces can undergo extensive and reversible restructuring when exposed to carbon monoxide (CO) at pressures above 0.1 torr. Scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy studies under gaseous environments near ambient pressure at room temperature revealed that as the CO surface coverage approaches 100%, the originally flat terraces of (557) and (332) oriented Pt crystals break up into nanometer-sized clusters and revert to the initial morphology after pumping out the CO gas. Density functional theory calculations provide a rationale for the observations whereby the creation of increased concentrations of low-coordination Pt edge sites in the formed nanoclusters relieves the strong CO-CO repulsion in the highly compressed adsorbate film. This restructuring phenomenon has important implications for heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
ADAM12-L is a direct target of the miR-29 and miR-200 families in breast cancer.

ADAM12-L and ADAM12-S represent two major splice variants of human metalloproteinase-disintegrin 12 mRNA, which differ in their 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs). ADAM12-L, but not ADAM12-S, has prognostic and chemopredictive values in breast cancer. Expression levels of the two ADAM12 splice variants in clinical samples are highly discordant, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of the ADAM12 gene. The miR-29, miR-30, and miR-200 families have potential target sites in the ADAM12-L 3′UTR and they may negatively regulate ADAM12-L expression. miR-29b/c, miR-30b/d, miR-200b/c, or control miRNA mimics were transfected into SUM159PT, BT549, SUM1315MO2, or Hs578T breast cancer cells. ADAM12-L and ADAM12-S mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR, and ADAM12-L protein was detected by Western blotting. Direct targeting of the ADAM12-L 3′UTR by miRNAs was tested using an ADAM12-L 3′UTR luciferase reporter. The rate of ADAM12-L translation was evaluated by metabolic labeling of cells with 35S cysteine/methionine. The roles of endogenous miR-29b and miR-200c were tested by transfecting cells with miRNA hairpin inhibitors. Transfection of miR-29b/c mimics strongly decreased ADAM12-L mRNA levels in SUM159PT and BT549 cells, whereas ADAM12-S levels were not changed. ADAM12-L, but not ADAM12-S, levels were also significantly diminished by miR-200b/c in SUM1315MO2 cells. In Hs578T cells, miR-200b/c mimics impeded translation of ADAM12-L mRNA. Importantly, both miR-29b/c and miR-200b/c strongly decreased steady state levels of ADAM12-L protein in all breast cancer cell lines tested. miR-29b/c and miR-200b/c also significantly decreased the activity of an ADAM12-L 3′UTR reporter, and this effect was abolished when miR-29b/c and miR-200b/c target sequences were mutated. In contrast, miR-30b/d did not elicit consistent and significant effects on ADAM12-L expression. Analysis of a publicly available gene expression dataset for 100 breast tumors revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between ADAM12-L and both miR-29b and miR-200c. Inhibition of endogenous miR-29b and miR-200c in SUM149PT and SUM102PT cells led to increased ADAM12-L expression. The ADAM12-L 3′UTR is a direct target of miR-29 and miR-200 family members. Since the miR-29 and miR-200 families play important roles in breast cancer progression, these results may help explain the different prognostic and chemopredictive values of ADAM12-L and ADAM12-S in breast cancer.
Assessing the Domestic Violence Training Needs of Benefits Workers

Domestic violence victims often have economic and employment needs that either directly or indirectly stem from their victimization. In their efforts to seek services, victims may turn to benefits workers who are given the task of providing clients with short-term financial help, job training, access to health care, and assistance in obtaining a job. It is not clear whether benefits workers are adequately prepared to help domestic violence victims. In this study, 189 social services workers from the Commonwealth of Virginia were surveyed to assess the training needs of all social services workers. This article focuses on the specific training needs of benefits workers and draws comparisons between benefits workers’ training needs and other workers’ needs. The findings suggest that benefits workers are perceived as knowing less about domestic violence than other social services workers. Implications are discussed.
The plasticizing of plant cell walls and tylose formation—a model

Abstract The deposition, composition and structural organization of cell walls is reviewed, the basis for cell wall stability is discussed, and a two-step model system for plasticizing walls during tylose formation is presented. This model is based on a diurnal fluctuation in pH which conditions the cell walls, and the presence of common metabolic acids which remove calcium from the wall to permit wall extension. A metabolic basis for the plasticizing of cell walls is proposed.
The impact of early administration of low-dose atorvastatin treatment on inflammatory process, in patients with unstable angina and low cholesterol level.

Abstract Background Lipid-lowering agents are known to reduce long-term mortality in patients with stable angina or multiple risk factors. However, the effects of lipid-lowering treatment on inflammatory process during and immediately after the acute phase of unstable angina remain unclear. In this study we assessed the effects of low-dose atorvastatin treatment, on inflammatory process in patients admitted for unstable angina with low cholesterol level. Methods Forty-seven normocholesterolemic patients with unstable angina were randomized into two groups, and received atorvastatin 10 mg/day ( n =24) or no statin ( n =23) for 6 weeks. Circulating levels of inteleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) were measured by their admission, and at the 1st and 6th week of the study. Results Serum levels of MCP-1 and sVCAM-1 were significantly increased in the control group ( p Conclusion Low-dose atorvastatin treatment modifies inflammatory process in patients with unstable angina and low cholesterol level, an effect seen at 6 weeks but not 1 week after admission.
ANAESTHESIA AND PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

The presentation and features of Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy (Duchenne's PMD) are described and the increased risks associated with anaesthesia are considered. Hazards associated with induction of anaesthesia and immediate postoperative recovery have been stressed in recent case reports, and these are summarized. Features of a hyperpyrexia-like response including cardiac arrest, increased serum creatine phosphokinase concentration, myoglobinuria and metabolic acidosis following suxamethonium or halothane, or both, have been described in patients with Duchenne's PMD. Subsequent in vitro muscle tests have suggested that it is possible that a malignant hyperpyrexia response to general anaesthesia may occur. Six children known to have Duchenne's PMD who developed delayed respiratory insufficiency following anaesthesia and required controlled pulmonary ventilation are reported. In five of the children, cardiac arrest occurred despite apparently adequate respiratory support. Suxamethonium was common to the anaesthetic received by all six patients. In one of these patients subsequent anaesthetics, without suxamethonium, were uneventful and delayed muscle weakness did not occur.
N-Methylation dissociates methamphetamine's neurotoxic and behavioral pharmacologic effects

Abstract The present studies further examined the effect of N -methylation on the behavioral and neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. Drug discrimination studies employing a training dose of 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine were used to confirm and extend previous behavioral studies indicating that N -methylation reduced the behavioral activity of methamphetamine 5- to 10-fold. In subsequent neurotoxicity studies, rats received doses of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg, s.c., every 6 h ×5) or its N -methylated derivative, N , N -dimethylamphetamine (100 mg/kg, s.c., every 6 h ×5) that, based on the results of the behavioral studies, would be expected to produce behaviorally equivalent effects. Saline-treated rats served as controls. Two weeks after treatment, the status of brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons was assessed by measuring DA and 5-HT axon terminal markers. As anticipated, methamphetamine produced neurochemical deficits indicative of DA and 5-HT axon terminal damage. By contrast, despite the fact that it was given at a dose behaviorally equivalent to methamphetamine, N - N -dimethylamphetamine failed to produce signs of DA or 5-HT neurotoxicity. These results indicate that N -methylation dissociates methamphetamine's neurotoxic and behavioral pharmacologic effects, and suggest that it may be possible to separate the neurotoxic and pharmacologic effects of other substituted amphetamine derivatives with potentially useful clinical activity (e.g. fenfluramine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
Prevention of radiation-induced oral mucositis with benzydamine.

Benzydamine oral rinse was effective, safe, and well tolerated for prophylactic treatment of radiationinduced oral mucositis in patients receiving conventional radiotherapy to the head and neck.
From parts of speech to the grammar

Making dictionaries is a vital aid to completing a full grammatical analysis of a language, particularly if the dictionary requires the specification of the part of speech for each entry. English (or “universal”) parts of speech may not be relevant in all languages, as can be shown by structural comparisons of “adjectives” in San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec vs. Chickasaw and of “adpositions” in San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec (and Mixtec) vs. Chickasaw. Each language will present its own structurally determined inventory of parts of speech, relevant for its own grammatical facts. Thus, discovering the actual parts of speech of a language is a critical part both of dictionary making and of grammar writing. These aspects of linguistic analysis are crucially interconnected.
Liver nucleotide metabolism in relation to amino acid supply

Abstract Changes in the purine nucleotide metabolism of rat liver resulting from diurnal variations in food intake, from fasting and from consuming meals of protein have been correlated with alterations in liver polysome abundance and RNA content. De novo purine synthesis, measured by [ 14 C]glycine incorporation into free adenine and guanine nucleotides, was considerably stimulated by protein-containing meals and conversely underwent a decrease following a 12-h period of fasting. In addition, protein-containing meals caused a small decrease in the concentration of free adenine and guanine nucleotides in the liver and fasting resulted in a transient increase in these nucleotides, but these nucleotide changes were eliminated as factors regulating activity in the de novo pathway because they occurred some hours after alterations were evident in purine biosynthesis. Under the various nutritional conditions used, no significant changes could be detected in the liver content of the first enzyme of the de novo pathway, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, or in the levels of its substrates phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and glutamine. Consequently, the control mechanism regulating purine biosynthesis in response to changes in amino acid supply could not be identified. However, there was a close correlation between alterations in purine biosynthesis and changes in the state of polysome aggregation. It is suggested that amino acid-dependent alterations in polysome aggregation determine the rate of RNA breakdown and that an unidentified product of RNA degradation regulates purine biosynthesis.
Role of Bmi1 in H2A ubiquitylation and Hox gene silencing.

Posttranslational histone modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene activity. In previous studies, we identified the histone H2A ubiquitin ligase as Ring2, together in a complex with Ring1, Bmi1, and HPH2 (human polyhomeotic 2). We report here that the oncogene Bmi1 stimulates H2A ubiquitylation both in vitro and in vivo and that Bmi1-regulated H2A ubiquitylation is required for Hox gene silencing and normal cell growth. Our studies indicate that Bmi1 maintains the integrity of the complex through simultaneous interactions with the other subunits. We reconstituted the functional human H2A ubiquitin ligase complex and a panel of subcomplexes of different subunits. Comparisons of the H2A ubiquitin ligase activities of these different complexes revealed that Bmi1 stimulates the H2A ubiquitin ligase activity of Ring2 (and Ring1). Additionally, we demonstrated that the HoxC5 gene is regulated by ubiquitylated H2A in HeLa cells and that ubiquitylated H2A is localized on 5′ regulatory regions of the HoxC5 gene. The role of Bmi1 in H2A ubiquitylation and HoxC5 gene expression in vivo was analyzed by RNA interference experiments. Knockdown of Bmi1 causes a global and loci-specific loss of H2A ubiquitylation, up-regulation of the HoxC5 gene, and slower cell growth. Intriguingly, Ring2 binds to its target regions in Bmi1 knockdown cells. Therefore, our studies reveal that Bmi1 is required for H2A ubiquitylation and suggest that H2A ubiquitylation regulates Bmi1-mediated gene expression.
Activation of T cells by cross-linking Qa-2, the ped gene product, requires Fyn.

Problem Qa-2, the product of the Ped (preimplantation development) gene, regulates the rate of cell division of preimplantation mouse embryos by an unknown mechanism. Due to the limited availability of preimplantation embryos, T cells were used as a model system to assess the possible roles of Fyn and Lck, and two downstream effectors, PI-3 kinase and Akt, in Qa-2 induced cell proliferation. Method of study Resting T cells were stimulated to proliferate by treating with mouse anti-Qa-2 antibody, cross-linking with anti-mouse immunoglobulin, and adding PMA. The effects of kinase inhibitors on this proliferation were studied. Co-immunoprecipitates of T-cell lysates were analyzed for possible associations between Qa-2 and Fyn or Lck. Fyn knockout mice (Fyn−/−) were used to determine whether Fyn is required for T-cell activation induced by cross-linking Qa-2. Results An inhibitor of Src family kinases and inhibitors of PI-3 kinase and Akt suppressed proliferation of resting T cells induced by cross-linking Qa-2. Fyn, but not Lck, co-immunoprecipitated with Qa-2. Fyn−/− T cells failed to proliferate in response to Qa-2 cross-linking. Conclusion Fyn, PI-3 kinase, and Akt are required for the activation of T cells by cross-linking Qa-2.
An innovative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the identification of six historical red lakes and dyestuffs

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used in this work to obtain highly detailed spectra of artists' red lake pigments and colorants. In the past, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully employed to identify many pigments and modern synthetic dyes. Unfortunately, red lake pigments and dyes commonly employed in artistic production from antiquity to the mid-nineteenth century are often extremely fluorescent, making identification with Raman spectroscopy difficult or impossible. This work presents an innovative SERS technique that quenches fluorescence, significantly enhances the weak Raman scattering effect, and requires very little sample material and minimal sample handling. A silver island film (AgIF), approximately 6–8 nm thick, is deposited on the substrate by electron beam (e-beam) deposition. The SERS-active surface is then analyzed with a confocal dispersive Raman microscope, at an excitation wavelength of 632.8 nm. Reference materials including the synthetic dyestuffs alizarin, purpurin, and eosin, high-purity carminic acid, and historic red lake pigments such as madder lake, cochineal, brazilwood, lac lake, and kermes were studied. The proposed method has great potential for the unambiguous identification of red dyes applied in different media on a variety of substrates, as demonstrated by the highly detailed Raman spectra presented here. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13.1: Invited Paper: Medical Imaging and the Performance of Softcopy Displays

This paper reviews digital imaging methods used in Diagnostic Radiology, discusses the benefits of digital vs. traditional methods of displaying X-ray images to the radiologist, considers various approaches to presenting digital images in Diagnostic Radiology, details the requirements for the display of these images, and assesses the relative merits of AMLCD and CRT technologies for this application.
Influence of heteroanion and ammonium cation size on the composition and gas-phase fragmentation of polyoxovanadates

Abstract This paper describes the results of a systematic experimental investigation of the influence of different size alkyl ammonium cations and heteroanions on the composition, ionic charge state and gas-phase fragmentation pathways of anionic polyoxovanadates synthesized in solution. Four separate solutions of polyoxometalates (POMs) were prepared using all possible combinations of the tetraethylammonium [(C2H5)4N+] cation, chloride (Cl−) heteroanion, tetrabutylammonium [(C4H9)4N+] cation and acetate (CH3CO2−) heteroanion. Employing electrospray ionization combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) we demonstrate that POM solutions synthesized using the small [(C2H5)4N+] cation and Cl− heteroanion are composed predominately of large doubly and triply charged chlorine containing species with a size distribution centered at 14 vanadium atoms. POM solutions prepared using the Cl− anion and a larger [(C4H9)4N+] cation are shown to contain slightly larger species with 15 and 16 vanadium atoms, thereby indicating that the size of the ammonium cation exerts only a weak influence on the size of polyoxovanadates formed in solution. POM solutions prepared using (C2H5)4NCl and (C4H9)4NCl also produced peaks consistent with the attachment of one and two ammonium cations to the larger vanadium oxide species. Solutions prepared using the large CH3CO2− heteroanion, in contrast, contain much smaller singly and doubly charged species with a size distribution centered at six vanadium atoms. In addition, while incorporation of one and two ammonium cations into the smaller vanadium oxide species was observed, no POMs containing the CH3CO2− heteroanion were identified. The gas-phase fragmentation pathways of representative POMs containing one and two ammonium cations were examined using collision induced dissociation (CID) and mass spectrometry. Similar primary fragmentation pathways involving partial loss of the ammonium cation were observed for species containing both one and two ammonium cations largely independent of the size, composition and charge state of the precursor ion. The [(C4H9)4N+] was found to exhibit stronger interactions with the core of the POMs resulting in higher abundance of fragment ions containing (C4H9) units compared to (C2H5) units originating from [(C2H5)4N+]. These results provide fundamental insight into the interactions between anionic metal oxides, heteroanions and ammonium cations that are responsible for the size and composition-controlled synthesis of POMs in solution.
Gevrey class regularity for the attractor of the laser equations

Constantin, Foais and Gibbon proved that the laser equations (Lorenz PDE) define a dynamical system in L2 with a C attractor. We extend this theorem to show that the attractor is contained in every Gevrey class, Gs, for 1<s<. This demonstrates a remarkable smoothing mechanism for this hyperbolic system. We consider the consequences of this theorem for finite-dimensionality of the dynamics.
A Biomechanical Evaluation of an Anatomical Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction

BackgroundDespite numerous surgical techniques described, there have been few studies evaluating the biomechanical performance of acromioclavicular joint reconstructions.PurposeTo compare a newly developed anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction with a modified Weaver-Dunn procedure and a recently described arthroscopic method using ultrastrong nonabsorbable suture material.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsForty-two fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (72.8 ± 13.4 years) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: arthroscopic reconstruction, anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction, and a modified Weaver-Dunn procedure. Bone mineral density was obtained on all specimens. Specimens were tested to 70 N in 3 directions, anterior, posterior, and superior, comparing the intact to the reconstructed states. Superior cyclic loading at 70 N for 3000 cycles was then performed at a rate of 1 Hz, followed by a load to failure test (120 mm/min) to simulate physiologic states at the acromioclavicular ...
The impact of psychiatric symptoms, drug use, and medication regimen on non-adherence to HIV treatment

Identifying which mental disorders, substance use, and regimen factors influence non-adherence is a critical step in developing patient-customized interventions. In this cross-sectional study, 120 adults with HIV taking antiviral therapy completed interviews and questionnaires on their medication regimen, adherence behaviours, mental distress, and substance use patterns. They provided access to medical records for measures of immune health. Demographic characteristics, regimen factors, mental health indicators, and substance use variables were evaluated as predictors of four dichotomous non-adherent behaviours: running out of medications, not always taking medications as directed, taking below 95% of protease inhibitor doses, or having notations of non-compliance in the medical record. Non-adherence was prevalent and was related to immune health. Recent crack cocaine use was a risk factor for both taking a low proportion of PI medication and charted non-compliance notations. Heroin use and screening positive for social phobia were risk factors for running out of medication. Screening positive for any anxiety disorder reduced the risk of failing to take medications as directed. Clinicians caring for patients with HIV should screen for non-adherence using multiple behavioural indicators, and assess and treat substance use and anxiety disorders to reduce the risk of non-adherence.
Pharmacologic modulation of parasympathetic activity in heart failure

In the congestive heart failure state, autonomic dysregulation involves an increase in sympathetic tone and decrease in parasympathetic tone and is associated with increased mortality. It is possible that augmentation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) with pharmacologic therapy may lead to improved symptoms and/or clinical outcomes. There are several new and established pharmacologic interventions that have been studied for their effect on the PNS, including antagonists of the renin–angiotensin system, beta-adrenergic antagonists, digoxin, and vasodilators. In this review, we discuss the current status of the published literature on pharmacologic influences on the PNS by both conventional and experimental drugs targeting heart failure as well as drugs that more directly influence vagal tone. While these analyses have been largely limited to putative surrogates for clinical outcomes like heart rate variability, and it is often difficult to differentiate between indirect and direct pharmacologic effects on the PNS, significant insight into potential mechanisms of action can be derived. The future evaluation of drugs in development for heart failure treatment should include a careful, scientifically sound exploration of the potential impact of the intervention on PNS activity.
Deep levels within the forbidden gap of silicon-on-sapphire films

Abstract The resistivity of silicon-on-sapphire films doped with a constant majority carrier concentration increases as the film thickness decreases. Analysis of data taken on both P -type and N -type films indicates that the Fermi level is being pinned by deep levels within the forbidden gap. These levels appear to be a donor level located about 0.3 eV from the valence band-edge and an acceptor level located about 0.25 eV from the conduction band. The levels are not sharp and have over 0.1 eV spread in energy. The presence of these levels has been corroborated by optical absorption and photoconductivity measurements. The donor-acceptor pair appear to occur in approximately equal densities, with densities as high as 10 17 –10 18 /cm 3 being deduced. The presence of these levels is tentatively associated with crystalline defects in the films and the possibility of precipitates occurring on these defects is considered.
A fluence response study of lethality and mutagenicity of white, black, and blue fluorescent light, sunlamp, and sunlight irradiation in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Under a set of defined experimental conditions, the fluence response of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to various light sources was studies by measuring single-cell survival and mutation to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance. Fluorescent white, black, and blue lights were sightly lethal and mutagenic. Sunlamp light was highly lethal and mutagenic, exhibiting these biological effects within 15 sec of exposure under conditions recommended by the manufacturer for human use. Lethal and mutagenic effects were observed after 5 min of sunlight exposure; responses varied with hourly and daily variations in solar radiation. Sunlight-induced TG-resistant variants possessed
Paradoxical hyperalgesia induced by μ-opioid receptor agonist endomorphin-2, but not endomorphin-1, microinjected into the centromedial amygdala of the rat

The effects of endomorphin-2 or endomorphin-1 microinjected into the centromedial amygdala on the thermally induced tail-flick response were studied in male CD rats. Microinjection of endomorphin-2 (8.7–35.0 nmol) given into the centromedial amygdala time- and dose-dependently decreased the tail-flick latencies. On the other hand, endomorphin-1 (8–32.6 nmol) given into the same site did not cause any change of the tail-flick latency. However, endomorphin-1 (32.6 nmol) or endomorphin-2 (35.0 nmol) given into the basolateral site of amygdala did not affect the tail-flick latency. Pretreatment with the antiserum against dynorphin A(1–17) (200 µg) significantly reversed the decrease of the tail-flick latency induced by endomorphin-2. The decrease of the tail-flick latency induced by endomorphin-2 was also blocked by the endomorphin-2 selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist 3-methoxynaltrexone (6.4 pmol) and by the Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (30 nmol), but not by the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (6.6 nmol). It is concluded that endomorphin-2, but not endomorphin-1, given into the centromedial amygdala stimulates a 3-methoxynaltrexone-sensitive μ-opioid receptor subtype to induce the release of dynorphin A(1–17), which then acts on the NMDA receptor, but not κ-opioid receptor for producing hyperalgesia. This conclusion is further supported by the additional findings that dynorphin A(1–17) (2.3 nmol) given into the centromedial amygdala also caused the decrease of the tail-flick latency, which was similarly blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (30 nmol), but not κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (6.6 nmol).
Subhypothalamic grafts of human pituitary adenomas in total-body irradiated rats.

Human pituitary adenomas proliferate neither in cell culture nor in athymic “nude” mice. We propose that one or several of the humoral factors necessary for the growth of pituitary adenomas is missing in these experimental environments. The purpose of our experiments was to examine the possible influence of the hypothalamus in supporting cellular proliferation, and thus adenoma growth. Fragments from four human pituitary adenomas (three pituitary prolactinomas; one ACTH-secreting adenoma) were transplanted into the pituitary fossa of total-body irradiated, hypophysectomized rats. The rats were killed after two weeks and perfused with a mixture of formalin and India ink. Histologic examination of serial sagittal sections through the pituitary fossa and the adjacent brain showed: vascularization of the grafts from the pituitary stalk and from the scar tissue in the sphenoid bone; survival of some adenomas; and numerous mitoses in an ACTH-secreting specimen obtained from a patient who had Cushing's disease. We conclude from these experiments that as yet unidentified hypothalamic factors are essential for the growth of certain types of pituitary adenomas.
Flux of organic carbon in a riverine mangrove wetland in the Florida Coastal Everglades

Short-term (daily) and seasonal variations in concentration and flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were examined over 15 tidal cycles in a riverine mangrove wetland along Shark River, Florida in 2003. Due to the influence of seasonal rainfall and wind patterns on Shark River’s hydrology, samplings were made to include wet, dry and transitional (Norte) seasons. We used a flume extending from a tidal creek to a basin forest to measure vertical (vegetated soil/water column) and horizontal (mangrove forest/tidal creek) flux of DOC. We found significant (p < 0.05) variations in surface water temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH and mean concentration of DOC with season. Water temperature and salinity followed seasonal patterns of air temperature and rainfall, while mean DOC concentration was highest during the dry season (May), followed by the wet (October) and ‘Norte’ (December) seasons. This pattern of DOC concentration may be due to a combination of litter production and inundation pattern of the wetland. In contrast to daily (between tides) variation in DOC flux between the mangrove forest and tidal creek, daily variations of mean water quality were not significant. However, within-tide variation of DOC flux, dissolved oxygen content and salinity was observed. This indicated that the length of inundation and water source (freshwater vs. saltwater) variation across tidal cycles influenced water quality and DOC flux in the water column. Net DOC export was measured in October and December, suggesting the mangrove forest was a source of DOC to the adjacent tidal creek during these periods. Net annual export of DOC from the fringe mangrove to both the tidal creek and basin mangrove forest was 56 g C m−2 year−1. The seasonal pattern in our flux results indicates that DOC flux from this mangrove forest may be governed by both freshwater discharge and tidal range.
A prediction for the size of sunspot cycle 22

Based on 'annual' averages, a bivariate analysis of the maximum amplitude of the sunspot cycle against its minimum amplitude and the minimum value of the aa geomagnetic index (in the vicinity of sunspot cycle minimum) results in a fit that closely matches the observable record. The bilinear fit has a high coefficient of correlation (r = 0.982) and a small standard deviation (s = 9.5), suggesting that it may be useful for predicting the size of a sunspot cycle 3 to 4 years before maximum amplitude occurrence. Applying the fit to cycle 22, the annual average of maximum amplitude is found to be 92 + or - 19 (equivalent to 96 + or - 20 in terms of the 13-month running mean or smoothed sunspot number).
Models of revolution: Rural women and anarchist collectivisation in civil war Spain

This article explores revolutionary activities in rural Spain during the years of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), comparing two different (anarchist) perspectives on the nature of women's subordination and empowerment. One ‐ evident in the activities of the mainstream anarcho‐syndicalist movement ‐ understood women's subordination to be rooted in her economic domination and, consequently, viewed economic participation as the route to empowerment. The second — developed in the anarchist women's organisation, Mujeres Libres ‐ understood women's subordination to have broader cultural roots, and, consequently, saw the need for a multi‐faceted programme of education and empowerment as key to women's liberation. The article examines the agricultural collectivisation sponsored by the CNT, as well as the activities of Mujeres Libres, comparing the successes and failures of each approach.
A construção da religião como uma categoria antropológica

traduzido de: ASAD, Talal. Genealogies os religion. pp. 27-54. Copyright 1993 The Johns Hopkins University Press. Translated with permission os the Johns Hopkins University Press. traducao: BRUNO REINHARDT; EDUARDO DULLO revisao tecnica: DIANA PAOLA GOMEZ MATEUS
Longitudinal stress fracture: patterns of edema and the importance of the nutrient foramen

Abstract Design and patients. We reviewed the MR appearances of six cases of longitudinal stress fracture of the lower extremity. Results. One fracture was in the femur and five were in the tibia. Four of the tibial fractures showed edema starting in the mid-tibia at the level of the nutrient foramen with the fracture on the anteromedial cortex. The other tibial fracture started at the nutrient foramen. Three fractures (two tibial and the femur fracture) showed eccentric marrow edema; all fractures showed either eccentric periosteal reaction or soft tissue edema. Conclusion. Primary diagnosis of longitudinal stress fracture is made by finding a vertical cleft on one or more axial images. Secondary signs of position of the nutrient foramen and patterns of edema may be useful.
Evaluation of a cleavable stable isotope labeled synthetic peptide for absolute protein quantification using LC-MS/MS.

Protein cleavage coupled with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC−IDMS) has the potential to provide the absolute concentration of a specific protein, or multiple proteins, in complex mixtures. However, PC−IDMS differs from standard IDMS since the internal standard is a different molecule than the analyte at the start of the experiment, more specifically, the internal standard is a peptide and the analyte is a protein prior to cleavage. It is not until after the cleavage process that the stable isotope labeled synthetic peptide has the same physicochemical behavior as the peptide cleaved from the protein. The work presented here evaluates the use of tryptic cleavage sites incorporated into the internal standard synthetic peptide in an attempt to create an internal standard that has cleavage characteristics more similar to the protein being quantified. Results presented here suggest that an internal standard synthetic peptide incorporating internal cleavage sites does not improve the accuracy and precis...
Combination of buspirone and other drugs with β-CCE in monkeys: Effects on respiration and behavior☆

Abstract The respiratory and behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) inverse agonist ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (βBCCE) were determined alone and in combination with buspirone, lorazepam, flumazenil, and SR 95195 in rhesus monkeys. For the respiratory studies, one group of monkeys inhaled either air or 5% CO2 mixed in air according to a fixed alternating schedule; respiratory frequency and minute volume were monitored. For the behavioral studies, another group of monkeys responded under a fixed-ratio (FR 30) schedule of food presentation. The respiratory stimulant effects of β-CCE in both air and 5% CO2 were enhanced by prior treatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) partial agonist buspirone (0.03 and 0.3 mg/ kg) and a weak BZR inverse agonist, SR 95195 (10.0 mg/kg). Coadministration of buspirone (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) also potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of β-CCE under the FR schedule. The BZR agonist lorazepam (3.0 mg/kg) and BZR antagonist flumazenil (1.0 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of β-CCE on respiratory frequency and minute volume particularly under the 5% CO2 condition, and lorazepam (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) attenuated the effects of β-CCE on FR responding. These latter results show that the respiratory and behavioral effects of β-CCE in rhesus monkeys are at least in part due to effects at BZRs. Moreover, the findings suggest either that coactivation of benzodiazepine and 5-HT1A sites lead to a greater than additive effect or that β-CCE and buspirone share a common mechanism of action that is unrelated to the receptor at which BZR inverse agonists act.
Reward system depression following chronic amphetamine: antagonism by haloperidol.

Abstract The effect of pre-treatment with haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, on chronic amphetamine's suppression of intra-cranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was investigated. Rats treated with 15 mg/kg d-amphetamine per day for seven days displayed a marked increase in reward threshold for electrical brain stimulation responding with an accompanying suppression of response rate. This disruption of intracranial self-stimulation responding was not observed when 30 min priorto each amphetamine injection, animals were injected with 1.0 mg/kg of haloperidol. This study demonstrates that post-synaptic mechanisms play an integral role in the development of chronic amphetamine depression, and suggests that changes at the dopamine receptor are involved in this reward system alteration.
Nano-CMOS scaling: Novel devices and materials

This paper will review recent progress of innovative devices and materials for nano-CMOS technology. This paper will discuss (1) various mobility enhancement techniques for faster carrier, (2) new materials and structures for device scaling, and (3) novel contact and silicide technology for parasitic resistance reduction.
The spacing effect in marketing: A review of extant findings and directions for future research

The spacing effect refers to the advantage in memory for information repeated at separate points in time over information repeated in massed fashion. This phenomenon has been extensively studied in psychology and has a wide scope of application. In spite of its possible applications, particularly related to advertising effectiveness, the spacing effect and its underlying theories have received limited attention in marketing. Evidence suggests that encoding variability theory, the one most frequently cited in marketing to explain the spacing effect, cannot explain existing empirical evidence as well as two other theories, reconstruction theory and study-phase retrieval theory. This paper reviews these theories, as well as extant research, and discusses implications for advertising and directions for future research in marketing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES OF HUMAN ANTISERA ELICITED BY A PURIFIED DWARF RAGWEED FRACTION.

Abstract 1.1. Precipitating antibodies have been revealed by microimmunoelectrophoretic analyses of unconcentrated and undiluted sera of 2 ragweed-sensitive subjects who had been treated with a purified dwarf ragweed fraction, Pool C. In addition to forming precipitin bands with the homologous antigen fraction, both antisera produced precipitin reactions with various other ragweed extracts. Precipitin patterns produced by the antisera of the 2 subjects with regard to a particular antigen extract were similar. 2.2. Pre-treatment and post-treatment sera of both subjects possessed the highest tanned cell (sensitized with Pool C) hemagglutination titers of all subjects (13 ragweed-sensitive, 12 not ragweed-sensitive) employed in the study. Multi-injection therapy with Pool C not only increased the Pool C titer but tended to increase the titers to whole ragweed extracts. Heating the Pool C antisera for 4 hours at 56° C. did not appreciably alter the hemagglutination titers but did diminish or abolish the precipitin reaction. 3.3. Although both subjects whose whole sera produced precipitin reactions obtained clinical relief during the ragweed season, relief was not complete.
Raman spectroscopic study of poly (β-benzyl-L-aspartate) and sequential polypeptides

Poly-β-benzyl-L-aspartate (poly[Asp(OBzl)]) forms either a lefthanded α-helix, β-sheet, ω-helix, or random coil under appropriate conditions. In this paper the Raman spectra of the above poly[Asp(OBzl)] conformations are compared. The Raman active amide I line shifts from 1663 cm−1 to 1679 cm−1 upon thermal conversion of poly[Asp(OBzl)] from the α-helical to β-sheet conformation while an intense line appearing at 890 cm−1 in the spectrum of the α-helix decreases in intensity. The 890 cm−1 line also displays weak intensity when the polymer is dissolved in chloroform–dichloroacetic acid solution and therefore is converted to the random coil. This line probably arises from a skeletal vibration and is expected to be conformationally sensitive. Similar behavior in the intensity of skeletal vibrations is discussed for other polypeptides undergoing conformational transitions. The Raman spectra of two cross-β-sheet copolypeptides, poly(Ala-Gly) and poly(Ser-Gly), are examined. These sequential polypeptides are model compounds for the crystalline regions of Bombyx mori silk fibroin which forms an extensive β-sheet structure. The amide I, III, and skeletal vibrations appeared in the Raman spectra of these polypeptides at the frequencies and intensities associated with β-sheet homopolypeptides. Since the sequential copolypeptides are intermediate in complexity between the homopolypeptides and the proteins, these results indicate that Raman structure–frequency correlations obtained from homopolypeptide studies can now be applied to protein spectra with greater confidence. The perturbation scheme developed by Krimm and Abe for explaining the frequency splitting of the amide I vibrations in β-sheet polyglycine is applied to poly(L-valine), poly-(Ala-Gly), poly(Ser-Gly), and poly[Asp(OBzl)]. The value of the “unperturbed” frequency, V0, for poly[Asp(OBzl)] was significantly greater than the corresponding values for the other polypeptides. A structural origin for this difference may be displacement of adjacent hydrogen-bonded chains relative to the standard β-sheet conformation.
Additive effect of theophylline on the cardiac response to isoproterenol

To ascertain the effect of theophylline on the cardiac chronotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation, isoproterenol dose-response curves in healthy young subjects were compared during saline and theophylline maintenance infusions. Each study was repeated 1 to 3 weeks later to evaluate reproducibility. Neither the dose of isoproterenol required to raise the heart rate by 25 bpm (2.32 ± 0.81 vs. 1.55 ± 0.46 μg on day 1 and 1.28 ± 0.22 vs. 1.27 ± 0.25 μg on day 2) nor the slopes of the dose-response curves were affected by theophylline. Higher heart rates were observed after isoproterenol bolus dosing during theophylline than during saline infusion because of additive chronotropic effects of theophylline and isoproterenol. Since theophylline does not interact in a synergistic fashion with isoproterenol, phosphodiesterase inhibition appears to be an unlikely mechanism of the chronotropic effect of methylxanthines at therapeutic concentrations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 289–296; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.30
Cation and anion sorption on granite from the Project Shoal Test Area, near Fallon, Nevada, USA

Abstract The fate and transport of dissolved contaminants are largely determined by the degree of contaminant interaction with mineral surfaces. Compounds with high sorption affinity for the mineral phases present are retarded compared with groundwater flow. To reduce the uncertainty in modeling the transport of radionuclides and other contaminants at the Project Shoal Underground Test Area, near Fallon, Nevada, USA, a parametric sorption study with three cations (lead, strontium, and cesium) and two anions (selenite and chromate) was conducted. The granite from the Project Shoal Test Area was characterized and used for equilibrium sorption experiments in simple electrolyte matrices and synthetic groundwaters from the test area. Lead displayed a typical cation sorption behavior with fractional uptake increasing with increasing pH. In addition, lead sorption was essentially ionic strength independent, suggesting strong binding and substantial retardation under these conditions. Sorption experiments with strontium could not be performed, because of the high strontium content of the rock. Sorption of cesium was weakly pH dependent, suggesting sorption on cation exchange sites. Chromate and selenite displayed typical anion sorption behavior. For both anions, it appeared as if increased ionic strength resulted in increased fractional uptake. Parameters describing linear and Freundlich isotherms were estimated for a variety of conditions. Context abstract : The fate and transport of contaminants dissolved in ground- and surface waters are largely dependent on the degree of contaminant interaction with the mineral surfaces present in the flowpath of the water. The degree of interaction depends on a number of factors including mineral composition, solution composition, pH and temperature. Changes in geochemical conditions may have dramatically different effects on the behavior of different ions. Contaminant transport models using sorption parameters that are outside their range of applicability may, therefore, lead to substantial errors in the prediction of contaminant migration. To minimize the uncertainty in radionuclide migration modeling at the Project Shoal Underground Test Area, near Fallon, Nevada, USA, a parametric sorption study with three cations (lead, strontium and cesium) and two anions (selenite and chromate) was conducted. The results clearly indicate that lead sorption was strongly pH dependent, whereas cesium sorption was almost pH independent. In addition, because of the high strontium content of the granite, strontium, a cation considered reactive in most geochemical environments, appeared to be very mobile. Although the sorption isotherm parameters derived are applicable only to the specific material and ions, this study clearly demonstrates the importance of detailed aquifer characterization studies and experimental studies that quantify the effects of changing geochemical conditions on sorption.
Impact and implications of the Iran‐contra affair on congressional oversight of covert action

(1994). Impact and implications of the Iran‐contra affair on congressional oversight of covert action. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 205-234.
The structure of norms and relations in patronage systems

Patronage systems are composed of a social relation (between patron and client), the norms associated with this relation (support, defend, not attack), and network-formation rules (governing the creation of patronage ties). Actors in a patronage system face moral dilemmas when they become obligated to fight on both sides of a conflict, and patronage systems are normatively consistent when these dilemmas can never arise. This paper examines the structure of normatively consistent patronage systems, exploring the logical relationships among norms and between norms and network structure. The paper illustrates how sociologically relevant concerns from deontic logic can be incorporated into network analysis using algebraic methods familiar to network analysts.