cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feminist perspectives on empowering research methodologies

Abstract This paper focuses on what feminist thought and practice add to the emergence of a postpositivist era in the human sciences. After delineating key assumptions regarding postpositivism, three questions are addressed: What does it mean to do feminist research? What can be learned about research as praxis and practices of self-reflexivity from looking at feminist efforts to create empowering research designs? And, finally, what are the implications of poststructuralist thought and practice for feminist empirical work?
Enhanced photoluminescence properties of Sm3+ ions in Cu + and Sn2+ co-doped P2O5:BaO glass

Abstract Luminescent glasses activated with Sm 3+ ions are of current interest given their potential for a wide range of photonic applications. In this work, Sm 3+ -containing P 2 O 5 :BaO glasses are prepared by a simple melt-quench method, and the influence of CuO and SnO co-doping on Sm 3+ photoluminescence (PL) is investigated. Optical absorption, solid-state 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and PL spectroscopy are employed in the assessment of material optical and structural properties. The data indicates that monovalent copper ions and twofold-coordinated Sn centers are successfully stabilized in the matrix and both species can enhance the orange–red emission of Sm 3+ ions. The optical properties of the material after heat treatment have been also assessed. Results indicate the chemical reduction of ionic copper via Sn 2+ ultimately producing Cu nanoparticles as evidenced by the surface plasmon resonance. As a result, Sm 3+ PL diminishes consistent with an excitation energy transfer to plasmonic Cu particles, i.e. the “plasmonic diluent” effect prevails.
The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences

The surface of ice exhibits the swath of phase-transition phenomena common to all materials and as such it acts as an ideal test bed of both theory and experiment. It is readily available, transparent, optically birefringent, and probing it in the laboratory does not require cryogenics or ultrahigh vacuum apparatus. Systematic study reveals the range of critical phenomena, equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase-transitions, and, most relevant to this review, premelting, that are traditionally studied in more simply bound solids. While this makes investigation of ice as a material appealing from the perspective of the physicist, its ubiquity and importance in the natural environment also make ice compelling to a broad range of disciplines in the Earth and planetary sciences. In this review we describe the physics of the premelting of ice and its relationship with the behavior of other materials more familiar to the condensed-matter community. A number of the many tendrils of the basic phenomena as they play out on land, in the oceans, and throughout the atmosphere and biosphere are developed.
Pulsatile newtonian frictional losses in a rigid tube

Analytic expressions for the instantaneous average velocity and friction factor have been obtained for pulsatile Newtonian laminar flow with mean flow. Experimental pulsatile pressure gradients were found to be complex wave forms whose characteristics strongly influenced the experimental pulsatile average velocity and friction factor. Experimental and theoretical reduced instantaneous friction factor histories varied in a non-sinusoidal manner throughout the pulse cycle and exhibited extremum points. At high pulsation pressure ratios, substantial deviation occurred in the portion of the pulse cycle where the instantaneous average velocity approached zero. At low pulsation pressure ratios, the experimental and theoretical time average friction factor equaled unity and was independent of pulsation modulus. One potential application of this result is in the study of blood flow through small blood vessels.
The relationship between variable hydroperiod, production allocation, and belowground organic turnover in forested wetlands

Belowground processes in forested wetland ecosystems are exceptionally important, yet most attention seems to focus on surface flooding regimes and other aboveground features of these systems. Field studies in the Dismal Swamp and several manipulative experiments examined belowground dynamics in relation to a flood intensity gradient. Generally, more extensive flooding results in less production allocation belowground. Erroneous conclusions regarding wetland production are reached if aboveground parameters alone are considered. Root decomposition rates are slowest where the duration of soil saturation is the longest. Organic accumulation rates in wetlands are determined by the amount of production of particular biomass types (eg., leaves vs. roots) and the rate at which they decompose. Biomass allocation patterns seem to change in response to a flooding gradient. This represents a major implication for wetland ecosystem functions, as carbon allocation patterns determine the array of litter types that affect decomposition rates and thus nutrient availability. The hydroperiod data from the Dismal Swamp demonstrate the highly variable nature of flooding in forested wetlands, especially during the growing season. The data suggest that it is unwise to rely on hydroperiod as a direct criterion for identifying a jurisdictional wetland.
Monthly oceanic rainfall from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) data

We evaluated the performance of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) at-launch algorithm for monthly oceanic rain rate using two years (January 1998 - December 1999) of TMI data. The TMI at-launch algorithm is based on Wilheit et al.'s technique for estimating monthly oceanic rainfall that relies on histograms of multichannel microwave measurements. Comparisons with oceanic monthly rain rates derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-13 and F-14 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data show the average rain rates over the TRMM region (between 400S and 40N) are 3.0, 2.85 and 2.89 mm/day, respectively for F-13, F-14 and TMI. Based on the latest version of TB data (version 5), both rainrate and freezing height derived from TMI are similar to those from the F-13 and F-14 SSM/I data. However, regionally the differences are statistically significant at the 95% confidence. Three hourly monthly rainrates are also computed from 3-hourly TB histograms to examine the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Over most of the oceanic TRMM area, a distinct early morning rainfall peak is found. A harmonic analysis shows that the amplitude of the 12h harmonic is significant and comparable to that of the 24h harmonic.
2 μm Spectrophotometry of Jovian Stratospheric Aerosols—Scattering Opacities, Vertical Distributions, and Wind Speeds

Abstract Narrow-band 2.0–2.35 μm spectrophotometric observations of Jupiter at nine wavelengths were taken with the 5-m Hale Telescope at Palomar during the month following the impact of Comet P/Shoemaker–Levy 9. Spectra were obtained for the principal impact sites, and also for regions not affected by the comet impacts (the South Polar Region, North Equatorial Zone, South Equatorial Zone, and the Great Red Spot). A technique by which near-infrared reflection spectra can be inverted to yield vertical profiles of scatterer density is presented. For our wavelengths and bandwidths, the sensitivity of the inversions extends from pressure levels near 1 bar up to about 20 mbar. We find that all comet-induced aerosol clouds lie near or above the vertical limit of our sensitivity, i.e., 20 mbar. The lower limit of the clouds is around 50 mbar. The total scattering opacity of the clouds decreased by a factor of about 1.7 over the 35 days spanned by these observations, while the area covered by them increased by a factor of about 1.5. West et al. (West, R. A., E. Karkoschka, A. J. Friedson, M. Seymour, K. H. Baines, and H. B. Hammel 1995. Science 267, 1296–1301.) suggest particle coagulation during this time which fits with our observations, but particle fallout is also likely. All the aerosols comprise a volume the equivalent of a ∼ 0.6-km radius sphere assuming a particle size of 0.25 μm. We also measured the drift speeds of these clouds using two different techniques. One involved scaling down Voyager-measured cloud-top winds (Limaye, S. S. 1986. Icarus 65, 335–352.) and deforming early images to match later images, while the other involved directly cross-correlating longitudinally shifted images of spots from different times. Both techniques indicate wind speeds of order 5 m/sec, or ∼30% of the tropospheric wind speeds measured by Voyager in this region.
Screening for induced herbivore resistance in Swedish intertidal seaweeds

Terrestrial plants have long been known to induce resistance towards herbivores in response to direct grazing, and strong evidence of inter-plant information transfer through volatile signals has been reported recently. Still, little is known about information exchange in aquatic plant–herbivore interactions. In this study, 12 Swedish seaweed species were exposed either to direct grazing by a generalist crustacean herbivore (Idotea granulosa), or to waterborne signals produced by actively feeding herbivores for 1 week. In order to test for the presence of induced chemical resistance in the different seaweed species, the dried and homogenized seaweed tissues were incorporated into an agar matrix, and herbivores were allowed to choose between the resulting control and induced artificial diets in two different two-choice feeding trials. The herbivores were actively feeding from all seaweed species in the induction experiments, although the amount of seaweed tissue consumed differed significantly between species. A chemically based induced herbivore resistance was found in response to direct grazing in four of the tested seaweed species (two red, one brown, and one green seaweed species). Furthermore, four seaweeds (one red, two brown, and one green seaweed species) induced resistance towards further grazing in response to waterborne chemical signals. Several seaweed species responded differently when exposed to different herbivore-related cues, indicating that both cues and responses can be highly specific. The results show that herbivore-induced resistance is present in 7 of 12 of the tested Swedish seaweed species, but that different signals (i.e., direct grazing and waterborne cues) elicit complex responses in the seaweeds.
Simultaneous Determination of Sulthiame and Diphenyl-hydantoin Serum Levels by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

SUMMARY This report describes a GLC method for the simultaneous determination of serum levels of DPH and sulthiame. Methylation with TMH was employed with extraction and readout accomplished in no more than 45 min. RESUME Ce travail decrit une methode de determination simultanee des niveaux seriques de la diphenylhydantoine et de l'ospolot par chromatographic en phase liquide. On a fait la methylation avec TMH et la lecture peut se faire en 45 minutes seulement.
Empirical global anharmonic vibrator spectra and the IBA model

Abstract It is shown that the remarkable nearly-universal anharmonic vibrator behavior recently discovered for yrast states in collective non-rotational nuclei is naturally reproduced by the IBA. The results shed light on the microscopic basis for the IBA.
Polarity on the semantic differential and release from proactive interference in short-term memory

Word triads rated on the semantic differential were used as the to-be-remembered items in three successive short-term memory tests. For both the experimental and control conditions the dimension of the semantic differential from which a triad was drawn varied on each of the three tests. In the control condition, however, polarity was held constant across the tests, and in the experimental condition the polarity of the triad on the third test differed from the polarity of the triads on the preceding two tests. A release from proactive interference was observed with change in polarity and proactive interference was observed to develop across the evaluative, activity, and potency dimensions of the semantic differential when polarity was held constant.
Who's Watching Me: Female Siamese Fighting Fish Alter Their Interactions in Response to an Audience

It is well established that interactions between conspecifics are often influenced by the presence of passive bystanders. Individuals have been found to alter their behavior in a variety of contexts, from foraging to aggression, based on the presence, sex, or identity of an audience. This audience effect may influence not only the nature of a signaling event but also the evolution of signal structure as signals may have to convey information across a distance. Additionally, audience individuals may use information obtained by watching in later encounters with these individuals, which may act as a selection pressure on communication. Communication networks in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, are particularly well studied, with audience effects influencing both male–male interactions and male–female interactions. However, the effects of an audience on female–female interactions have not been examined in this species or any other. This study examined the interactions of pairs of females in three different audience conditions (male, female, and no audience). The results suggest that female–female interactions are affected by the presence of an audience as interactant-directed gill flaring, the most commonly performed behavior, was performed more with an audience present. Additionally, the sex of the audience seemed to be influential, reflected by a difference in the frequency of interactant-directed behaviors when a female vs. a male audience was present. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that females modify their behavior as a result of being watched and stresses the importance of examining audience effects in a variety of social contexts.
From "Freedom of Marriage" to "Self-Determined Marriage": Recasting Marriage in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region of the 1940s

AbstractThis article is based on recently released archival documents produced by the High Court in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during the 1940s. Through analysis of a number of legal cases concerning marriage disputes, this article challenges the previous scholarly assumption, prevalent since the 1980s, that the CCP failed at its promised project of liberating women. This article argues that the CCP indeed adjusted its policies on women and marriage in the new revolutionary base, but this adjustment was for the purpose of adapting to a new social and cultural ecology that differed from the previous revolutionary bases where radical policy had been formed. In implementing the regulation, the legal system gradually developed a new principle of “self-determination” in judging marriage disputes, which granted female litigants choice regarding their marriages. The author argues that this new principle aimed to disentangle women from the old patriarchal system, thereby undermining patriarchal power...
Lack of thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelet aggregation induced by factor VIII/von willebrand factor

Abstract Thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) synthesis during factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) induced-platelet aggregation was studied in human platelets prelabeled with (1- 14 C)-arachidonic acid ( 14 C-AA). Although previous studies demonstrate that thrombin, collagen or epinephrine induced platelet aggregation is associated with TXA 2 synthesis, no TXA 2 synthesis was detected in FVIII/vWF induced aggregation. Nevertheless, an increased release of 14 C-AA and its probable conversion into HETE was detected during platelet aggregation induced by FVIII/vWF in the presence of ristocetin. When thrombin was added to 14 C-AA labeled platelet suspensions, similar amounts of TXA 2 were synthesized with or without stirring, despite the fact that no platelet aggregation occurs without stirring. These results indicate that TXA 2 is not synthesized during FVIII/vWF induced platelet aggregation, and that aggregation of platelets is not a pre-requisite for TXA 2 synthesis.
A Nonmotor Microtubule Binding Site in Kinesin-5 Is Required for Filament Crosslinking and Sliding

Summary Kinesin-5, a widely conserved motor protein required for assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle in eukaryotes, forms homotetramers with two pairs of motor domains positioned at opposite ends of a dumbbell-shaped molecule [1–3]. It has long been assumed that this configuration of motor domains is the basis of kinesin-5's ability to drive relative sliding of microtubules [2, 4, 5]. Recently, it was suggested that in addition to the N-terminal motor domain, kinesin-5 also has a nonmotor microtubule binding site in its C terminus [6]. However, it is not known how the nonmotor domain contributes to motor activity, or how a kinesin-5 tetramer utilizes a combination of four motor and four nonmotor microtubule binding sites for its microtubule organizing functions. Here we show, in single molecule assays, that kinesin-5 homotetramers require the nonmotor C terminus for crosslinking and relative sliding of two microtubules. Remarkably, this domain enhances kinesin-5's microtubule binding without substantially reducing motor activity. Our results suggest that tetramerization of kinesin-5's low-processivity motor domains is not sufficient for microtubule sliding because the motor domains alone are unlikely to maintain persistent microtubule crosslinks. Rather, kinesin-5 utilizes nonmotor microtubule binding sites to tune its microtubule attachment dynamics, enabling it to efficiently align and sort microtubules during metaphase spindle assembly and function.
Testing Theories of Consumption Behavior Using Information on Aggregate Shocks: Income Seasonality and Rainfall in Rural India

We develop an integrated framework for testing theories of consumption behavior by examining how agricultural households in rural India respond to anticipated and unanticipated seasonal income fluctuations. Using information on village-level rainfall surprises, we estimate idiosyncratic unanticipated income shocks by allowing weather risk to impact households differently depending on observable characteristics. In applying our methodology to unique panel data on consumption, debt, and intrahousehold gift exchanges, we address a number of shortcomings in previous tests of theories of consumption behavior. Yet, we find no evidence against the hypothesis that households smooth idiosyncratic fluctuations in their income. Our approach also uncovers several interesting features of rural credit and insurance markets.
Living systems theory: A framework for management

This article deals with living systems of all types at the level of the organization. It outlines a seven-step procedure for applying living systems theory (LST) to achieve effective management in a business enterprise. The invariant nature of LST makes it applicable to any type of organization and enhances its utility as a general theory of business. Eliminated is the need to develop separate theoretical frameworks which are dependent on organization type. The seven steps focus on identifying process structures and critical matter/energy and information flows necessary for an organization to achieve its goals.
High efficiency right-angle bending structures in continuous slot waveguides

We present two new high efficiency right-angle slot waveguide bends based on a corner mirror and a triangular or square cavity. In contrast to previous devices, the nanophotonic slot regions in these bends are continuous, leading to more robust designs and the ability to create nanofluidic slot regions. The additional layer also leads to higher bending efficiencies, 95.4% and 94.1% for the bends with the triangular and square cavity, respectively.
Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human Chromosome 20p)

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Discrimination of monkey faces by split-brain monkeys.

Abstract Eighteen split-brain rhesus monkeys were tested with each hemisphere for the ability to learn to discriminate photographs of the faces of other monkeys. Seven subjects also ran tests of generalization to new photographs of the discriminated monkeys; these tests confirmed that facial features pertaining to individual monkeys were learned. Equal numbers of male and female monkeys and nearly equal numbers of right and left handed monkeys were tested. Over all the monkeys there was no significant advantage in learning with either the left or right hemisphere or with the hemisphere contralateral or ipsilateral to the preferred hand. The group of 9 female monkeys, however, did show a significant advantage in learning with the left hemisphere. Furthermore, there was a tendency for monkeys older at the time of surgery to show greater hemispheric specialization.
Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: results of a prospective management approach.

Purpose To review the outcomes of a prospective management approach using ipsilateral neck radiotherapy in the treatment of node-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil with a well-lateralized primary lesion. Methods and Materials Between August 2003 and June 2007, 20 patients who presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, without involvement of the base of the tongue or midline soft palate, and with Stage N1-N2b disease were prospectively treated with radiotherapy to the primary site and ipsilateral neck. In addition, 18 patients received concurrent chemotherapy. The actuarial freedom from contralateral nodal and in-field progression was determined. Acute and late toxicity were prospectively evaluated using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3, and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. Results The nodal disease was Stage N1 in 4 patients, N2a in 3 patients, and N2b in 13 patients. At a median follow-up 19 months (range, 12–40), no in-field or contralateral nodal recurrences had been observed. The 2-year freedom from distant metastasis rate was 87.4%. The actuarial 2-year disease-free and overall survival rates were both 79.5%. Late Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 2 xerostomia occurred in 1 patient (5%). No late Grade 3 or greater toxicity was observed. No patient was feeding tube dependent at their last follow-up visit. Conclusion In carefully selected patients with node-positive, lateralized tonsillar cancer, treatment of the ipsilateral neck and primary site does not appear to increase the risk of contralateral nodal failure and reduces late morbidity compared with historical controls. Although the outcomes with ipsilateral radiotherapy in the present series were promising, these findings require longer follow-up and validation in a larger patient cohort.
Corticotropin-induced changes in protein labelling: Lack of molecular specificity

Previous studies in this and other laboratories have indicated that corticotropin (ACTH) administered to intact or hypophysectomized rats or mice increased the labelling of cerebral proteins by radioactive amino acids, presumably indicative of increased protein synthesis. This study was designed to reveal whether this increased labelling was specific for particular proteins by studying labelling patterns in SDS polyacrylamide gels using a double isotope procedure. Two strains of mice, two different amino acid precursors, leucine and lysine, and both peripheral and central administration of ACTH and amino acids were used. In no case were treatment dependent changes in labelling observed in any region of the gel. This included regions containing S-100 or NSP, two brain specific proteins whose content had been reported to be increased by treatment of rats with an ACTH analog.
Exploring non-equilibrium many-body physics with alkaline earth atoms and polar molecules

Among of the ultimate goals of modern science is the understanding of emergent complex properties of matter in the strongly interacting regime from simple constituents and their interactions. This understanding can lead towards the development of new materials and devices with novel functionalities both at the level of basic research and for numerous technological applications. Richard Feynman's pioneering ideas of quantum simulation [1] constitute a promising path to reach such goals. A major push to implement them has been possible thanks to advances in cooling and trapping atoms in optical lattices [2]. These systems are not only a defect-free replica of electrons in crystalline lattices but, in addition satisfy the requirement of full controllability.
Occurrence in human bone marrows of an antigen released from continuous cell cultures derived from human leukemia.

SummaryFluorescent antibodies prepared against extracellular particles from a continuous culture of cells derived from a monocytic leukemia stained JIII cells but not cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus or simian sarcoma virus. These antibodies reacted with 38% of bone marrow preparations from patients with lymphoma, 26% of preparations from patients with nonmalignant blood disorders and 6% of preparations from patients with leukemia. Bone marrow films from patients with lymphoma over the age of 50 stained less frequently than those from patients under 50. These particles released from JIII cells are not antigenically related to two of the commonly studied oncornaviruses, but may be indicative of the etiology or disease process of lymphoma in young patients.
Present and future applications of supercapacitors in electric and hybrid vehicles

This paper is concerned with supercapacitors (electrochemical capacitors) and their applications in electric drive vehicles in place of or in combination with batteries. The electric drive vehicles considered are hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The first section of the paper presents recent test data for advanced proto-type devices. The data for the new carbon/carbon device from Skeleton Technologies showed an energy density of 9 Wh/kg and 95% efficient power capability of 1730 W/kg. Both of these characteristics are significantly better than those of commercially available devices. Test data are shown for a hybrid supercapacitor from Yunasko that has an energy density greater than 30 Wh/kg and a 95% efficient power capability of 3120 W/kg. This device has the best performance of any supercapacitor device tested at UC Davis to date. Various vehicle applications of supercapacitors have been reviewed in detail. Simulation results are presented for light duty vehicles using supercapacitors in place of lithium batteries in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. It was found in all cases that the vehicles using the supercapacitors had the same as or better performance than those using batteries and in general were more efficient. The cost of supercapacitors compared to lithium batteries was discussed briefly. It was shown that when one recognizes that the energy stored in the capacitors is less than 1/10 that in the batteries for hybrid applications, the price of supercapacitors needs to decrease to about .5–1 cent Farad for capacitors to be cost competitive with high power batteries at $500–700/kWh. In addition, there is a good possibility that the life of the capacitors would be equal to that of the hybrid vehicles.
Structural relationships between the orientationally disordered (plastic) and ordered phases of tetrahedral molecules

Abstract A systematic study of the crystal structures of both the plastic and ordered phases of a number of pseudo-spherical tetrahedral molecules has revealed some generalized relationships which apply to all the molecular crystals studied, including those which exhibit significant hydrogen bonding. The following rule is proposed: equal-sphere closest-packing principles control the crystal structures of both orientationally-disordered and ordered phases of tetrahedral, pseudo-spherical molecules.
Overexpression of a truncated growth hormone receptor in the sex-linked dwarf chicken: evidence for a splice mutation.

Sex-linked dwarfism in chickens is a form of GH resistance that resembles the Laron syndrome in humans. The dwarfism found in chickens is due to a mutant gene (dw) carried on the sex chromosome. The homozygous dwarf (dwdw) chicken is characterized by reductions in stature and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. Despite the absence of hepatic GH-binding activity, Southern blot analysis shows that there is no gross structural change in the gene for the GH receptor (GHR) in this strain of dwdw chicken. GH-dependent IGF-I production can be restored in cultured dwdw hepatocytes after transfection and transient expression of a chicken GHR (cGHR) cDNA, indicating that other factors that participate in GH-mediated IGF-I synthesis are intact. Northern blot analysis of liver, muscle, fat, and pituitary RNA from normal (DwDw) chickens shows a major transcript of 4.3 kilobases (kb) and three minor transcripts (0.8, 1.7, and 3.2 kb), which correspond to the cGHR. In contrast, the 0.8-kb transcript is t...
CT in head trauma: A review

The diagnosis and management of head trauma has changed significantly with the availability of computed tomography. CT not only demonstrates the presence of a mass, but also delineates acute bleed from brain swelling. CT is useful in determining whether the hematoma is intracerebral or extracerebral, as well as its volume, extent, and multiplicity. CT provides the opportunity for noninvasive sequential studies in the management of the patient with severe head trauma. Sequential CT studies have also been useful in understanding the long-term effects of head trauma. CT has eliminated the need for other diagnostic studies in all but the most exceptional situations.
A novel device for the study of somatosensory information processing

Current methods for applying multi-site vibratory stimuli to the skin typically involve the use of multiple, individual vibrotactile stimulators. Limitations of such an arrangement include difficulty with both positioning the stimuli as well as ensuring that stimuli are delivered in a synchronized and deliberate manner. Previously, we reported a two-site tactile stimulator that was developed in order to solve these problems (Tannan et al., 2007a). Due to both the success of that novel stimulator and the limitations that were inherent in that device, we designed and fabricated a four-site stimulator that provides a number of advantages over the previous version. First, the device can stimulate four independent skin sites and is primarily designed for stimulating the digit tips. Second, the positioning of the probe tips has been re-designed to provide better ergonomic hand placement. Third, the device is much more portable than the previously reported stimulator. Fourth, the stimulator head has a much smaller footprint on the table or surface where it resides. To demonstrate the capacity of the device for delivering tactile stimulation at four independent sites, a finger agnosia protocol, in the presence and absence of conditioning stimuli, was conducted on seventeen healthy control subjects. The study demonstrated that with increasing amplitudes of vibrotactile conditioning stimuli concurrent with the agnosia test, inaccuracies of digit identification increased, particularly at digits D3 and D4. The results are consistent with prior studies that implicated synchronization of adjacent and near-adjacent cortical ensembles with conditioning stimuli in impacting TOJ performance (Tommerdahl et al., 2007a,b).
Near threshold mixed mode I–II fatigue crack propagation: Parallel superposition model

Etude sur un acier ferrito martensitique Ni 3%-Cr 1,6% Mo 0,5%-C 0,18% apres differents traitements thermiques. Modele mathematique de la tenacite dans un mode mixte I-II. Verification experimentale
The influence of prey distribution on the foraging strategy of the lizard Oligosoma grande (Reptilia: Scincidae)

The grand skink, Oligosoma grande, is a diurnal rock-dwelling lizard from the tussock grasslands of Central Otago, New Zealand, whose diet includes a variety of arthropods and fruit. We conducted a field experiment to examine the influence of prey distribution on foraging behavior and spacing patterns. On sites where prey distribution was unaltered (control sites), males and females differed in diet and foraging behavior. Most male feeding attempts were directed at large strong-flying insects, and males used a saltatory search pattern that involved relatively infrequent moves of long duration. Females spent more effort catching small weak-flying insects and visiting fruiting plants. Their search behavior involved frequent moves of short duration. The placement of meat-bait on experimental sites led to a redistribution of large flies without influencing other prey types. Experimental females switched foraging strategy by adopting a search pattern of relatively infrequent moves of long duration, increasing the frequency of attempts to capture large prey, and reducing the importance of fruit in their diet. The experimental manipulation appeared to influence space use. On control sites, both sexes had comparably sized home ranges. On experimental sites, male home ranges were significantly larger than female home ranges.
Integration of Undergraduate Education and Field Campaigns: A Case Study from Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry

An undergraduate course was taught at the University of North Dakota (UND) that examined the objectives and motivation of the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. The course included discussions about particular challenges involved in making chemical transport measurements and field campaign forecasts; hands-on forecasting exercises for all three DC3 regions were also included. Subsequently, UND undergraduate students traveled to the University of Alabama in Huntsville to participate in DC3 campaign operations. While in the field, students actively participated in radiosonde operations (including instrument preparation and launch, field log documentation, and data quality control) as well as mission planning and daily forecast discussions. During the field period, a hands-on internship was held at UND that gave both graduate and undergraduate students a chance to forecast for the campaign (offline) and then listen in on the live forecast discussion. Formal assessment of the undergrad...
Ring Opening of Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid via a Metal Chelate

l-Pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) is a cyclic compound derived on intramolecular dehydration of l-glutamic acid. The conventional method used for the conversion of PCA to glutamic acid has been hydrolysis with strong acids or alkalis at high temperatures. On the reaction of metallic ions such as zinc with PCA, a chelate compound of glutamic acid, and not a metallic salt of PCA, was found to precipitate. This chelate compound dissolved in a dilute mineral acid and glutamic acid crystallized out at the isoelectric point. The yield achieved with this novel direct ring opening of PCA at neutral pH reached 93.1 %.
Binding of [3H]substance P to putative substance P receptors in rat brain membranes

[3H]Substance P was used to label putative substance P receptors in rat brain membranes. [3H]Substance P binding was saturable, reversible, and displaceable by non-radioactive substance P. Association, dissociation and saturation experiments suggest a single site interaction of [3H]substance P to its binding site (k-1/k+1 = 0.56 nM; KD = 0.9 nM, Bmax 86.5 fmol/mg protein.
Serum Biomarkers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer

Importance Serum biomarkers may be useful in the evaluation of suspected head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and as indicators of treatment success or failure in adjuvant and chemopreventive clinical trials. Objective To determine serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations altered in patients with HNSCC compared with healthy volunteers to identify potential biomarkers. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective experimental laboratory study at Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport. Serum samples from 50 patients with stages II, III, and IV HNSCC and 20 healthy volunteers were available for study. Primary tumor sites represented in the patient group included the nasal cavity, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. Interventions Following institutional review approval and written informed consent, blood samples were drawn from patients. No intervention, to include any kind of diagnostic workup or treatment, was provided to patients during the course of this study. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measures were the quantification of cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum samples. Luminex multiplex panel technology was used for simultaneous measurement of 18 analytes, including fibroblast growth factor 2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, growth-related oncogene, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, inducible protein (IP)-10, soluble CD40 ligand, tumor necrosis factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Results The serum samples of patients with HNSCC contained lower levels of IFN-γ (mean patient serum level, 6.08 pg/mL, compared with the mean control level, 26.20 pg/mL; P = .004), IL-13 (mean patient serum level, 2.85 pg/mL, compared with the control mean level, 7.23 pg/mL; P = .02), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) (mean patient serum level, 14.91 pg/mL, compared with the mean control level, 28.98 pg/mL; P = .004), and elevated levels of IP-10 (mean patient serum level, 359.24 pg/mL, compared with mean control level, 216.40 pg/mL; P = .04). All other markers tested were not significantly different between patients with cancer and controls. Conclusions and Relevance This pilot study demonstrated a significant decrease in serum IFN-γ, IL-13, and MIP-1β levels and a significant elevation of serum IP-10 concentration in patients with HNSCC, irrespective of primary tumor site. If validated in larger, independent studies, these serum biomarkers may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC. In the future, a defined, multianalyte screening panel could facilitate early diagnosis of HNSCC, allowing for earlier treatment and thereby reducing patient mortality.
Efficient 3-D TOF PET Reconstruction Using View-Grouped Histo-Images: DIRECT—Direct Image Reconstruction for TOF

For modern time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) systems, in which the number of possible lines of response and TOF bins is much larger than the number of acquired events, the most appropriate reconstruction approaches are considered to be list-mode methods. However, their shortcomings are relatively high computational costs for reconstruction and for sensitivity matrix calculation. Efficient treatment of TOF data within the proposed DIRECT approach is obtained by 1) angular (azimuthal and co-polar) grouping of TOF events to a set of views as given by the angular sampling requirements for the TOF resolution, and 2) deposition (weighted-histogramming) of these grouped events, and correction data, into a set of ldquohisto-images,rdquo one histo-image per view. The histo-images have the same geometry (voxel grid, size and orientation) as the reconstructed image. The concept is similar to the approach involving binning of the TOF data into angularly subsampled histo-projections - projections expanded in the TOF directions. However, unlike binning into histo-projections, the deposition of TOF events directly into the image voxels eliminates the need for tracing and/or interpolation operations during the reconstruction. Together with the performance of reconstruction operations directly in image space, this leads to a very efficient implementation of TOF reconstruction algorithms. Furthermore, the resolution properties are not compromised either, since events are placed into the image elements of the desired size from the beginning. Concepts and efficiency of the proposed data partitioning scheme are demonstrated in this work by using the DIRECT approach in conjunction with the row-action maximum-likelihood (RAMLA) algorithm.
Demographic and population-genetic tests provide mixed support for the abundant centre hypothesis in the endemic plant Leavenworthia stylosa

The abundant centre hypothesis (ACH) assumes that population abundance, population size, density and per-capita reproductive output should peak at the centre of a species’ geographic range and decline towards the periphery. Increased isolation among and decreased reproductive output within edge populations should reduce within-population genetic diversity and increase genetic differentiation among edge relative to central populations. The ACH also predicts asymmetrical gene flow, with net movement of migrants from the centre to edges. We evaluated these ecological assumptions and population-genetic predictions in the endemic flowering plant Leavenworthia stylosa. Although populations were more spatially isolated near range edges, the geographic centre was surrounded by and not coincident with areas of peak population abundance, and plant density increased towards range edges. Per-capita seed number was not associated with distance to the range centre, but seed number/m 2 increased near range edges. In support of ACH predictions, allelic diversity at 12 microsatellite loci declined with distance from the range centre, and pairwise FST values were higher between edge populations than between central populations. Coalescent analyses confirmed that gene flow was most infrequent between edge populations, but there was not an asymmetric pattern of gene flow predicted by the ACH. This study shows that among-population demographic variability largely did not support the ACH, while patterns of genetic diversity, differentiation and gene flow were generally consistent with its predictions. Such mixed support has frequently been observed in tests of the ACH and raises concerns regarding the generality of this hypothesis for species range limits.
Absence of IFN-γ or IL-12 Has Different Effects on Experimental Myasthenia Gravis in C57BL/6 Mice

Immunization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) causes experimental myasthenia gravis (EMG). Th1 cells facilitate EMG development. IFN-γ and IL-12 induce Th1 responses: we investigated whether these cytokines are necessary for EMG development. We immunized wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and IFN-γ and IL-12 knockout mutants (IFN-γ−/−, IL-12−/−) with Torpedo AChR (TAChR). WT and IFN-γ−/− mice developed EMG with similar frequency, IL-12−/−mice were resistant to EMG. All strains synthesized anti-AChR Ab that were not IgM or IgE. WT mice had anti-AChR IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c, IFN-γ−/− mice had significantly less IgG2c, and IL-12−/− mice less IgG2b and IgG2c. All mice had IgG bound to muscle synapses, but only WT and IFN-γ−/− mice had complement; WT mice had both IgG2b and IgG2c, IFN-γ−/− only IgG2b, and IL-12−/− neither IgG2b nor IgG2c. CD4+ cells from all AChR-immunized mice proliferated in response to AChR and recognized similar epitopes. After stimulation with TAChR, CD4+ cells from IFN-γ−/− mice secreted less IL-2 and similar amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 as WT mice. CD4+ cells from IL-12−/− mice secreted less IFN-γ, but more IL-4 and IL-10 than WT mice, suggesting that they developed a stronger Th2 response to TAChR. The EMG resistance of IL-12−/− mice is likely due to both reduction of anti-TAChR Ab that bind complement and sensitization of modulatory Th2 cells. The reduced Th1 function of IFN-γ−/− mice does not suffice to reduce all complement-fixing IgG subclasses, perhaps because as in WT mice a protective Th2 response is missing.
Atmospherics/Weather Works: A Spatialized Meteorological Data Sonification Project

Atmospherics/Weather Works is a performance, installation and distributed software project for the sonification of storms and other meteorological events, generated directly from data produced by a highly detailed and physically accurate simulation of the weather.
Reduction of Blood Usage in Open Heart Surgery

A series of 142 adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery were studied. All known blood-conserving methods were utilized in an attempt to use as little blood as possible. Hemodilution, autologous transfusion, prevention of wasting of blood, and management of postoperative anemia were the measures employed. An average of 2.66 units of Mood were given per patient during the entire hospital stay. Twenty patients were not given any blood at all. The patients were removed from cardiopulmonary bypass without difficulty when the hematocrit reading was in the high teens or low twenties. Later in the postoperative period the patients seemed to progress without difficulty with hematocrit readings of 22 to 25 percent.
The Development of Alloys Based on Ni3Si

Alloys with large volume fractions of the intermetallic phase Ni3Si have unique aqueous corrosion resistance that provides the driving force for an alloy design program to improve their generally poor room temperature mechanical properties. The target of the alloy design program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was to produce wrought alloys with at least 10% room temperature ductility while retaining good aqueous corrosion resistance. In this paper several important findings will be discussed. These include macro and micro alloying (B, C, Be) to produce superplastic wrought alloys with high strength and high room-temperature ductility. Some of the alloys developed are strong enough to be competitive with medium temperature structural alloys such as Inconel® 718.