cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5-HT 1B receptor inhibition of alcohol-heightened aggression in mice: comparison to drinking and running

Rationale Serotonin 5-HT1B receptors are promising targets for the management of several mood and impulse disorders.
First measurement of the BO B 2Σ+ radiative lifetime by laser-induced fluorescence via the B 2Σ+–X 2Σ+ transition

Abstract Observation of the temporal evolution of the fluorescence following laser excitation of boron monoxide molecules to the B 2 Σ + state is used to extract the radiative lifetime and collisional removal rate constant with N 2 as the colliding partner. The two lowest vibrational levels in the 11 BO B 2 Σ + state are examined. The radiative lifetimes are 101 ± 8 ns for υ ′ = 0 and 108 ± 8 ns for υ ′ = 1. The rate constant for collisional removal of B -state υ ′ = 0 11 BO molecules by N 2 is (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10 −11 cm 3 s −1 .
Proofreading and Aminoacylation of tRNAs Before Export from the Nucleus

After synthesis and processing in the nucleus, mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are exported to the cytoplasm in a Ran·guanosine triphosphate–dependent manner. Export of defective or immature tRNAs is avoided by monitoring both structure and function of tRNAs in the nucleus, and only tRNAs with mature 5′ and 3′ ends are exported. All tRNAs examined can be aminoacylated in nuclei of Xenopusoocytes, thereby providing a possible mechanism for functional proofreading of newly made tRNAs. Inhibition of aminoacylation of a specific tRNA retards its appearance in the cytoplasm, indicating that nuclear aminoacylation promotes efficient export.
A STOCKADED BASKETMAKER III VILLAGE AT YELLOW JACKET, COLORADO

Total excavation of a seventh century A.D. Basketmaker III village revealed an arrangement of semisubterranean earth and timber houses, storage pits and structures, and ramadas surrounded by a wooden stockade. In addition to several practical functions including defense, windbreak, and containing young children, the stockade demarcated the village boundary. The complete village plan further enhances our knowledge of Pueblo Indian culture history.
Electrocardiographic changes in acute arsenic poisoning

We describe a patient with acute arsenic poisoning. A prolonged Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram was present within 24 hours of ingestion of the arsenic. Gradual return towards normal of the electrocardiogram followed treatment with dimercaprol. The possible pathophysiology of Q-T prolongation in acute arsenic poisoning is discussed.
Electronic Modulation of Dithienothiophene (DTT) as π-Center of D-π-D Chromophores on Optical and Redox Properties: Analysis by UV−Vis−NIR and Raman Spectroscopies Combined with Electrochemistry and Quantum Chemical DFT Calculations

In this paper, we study three symmetrical D-π-D chromophores containing dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]thiophene (DTT) as the π-center and various donor end moieties, by means of UV−vis−NIR and FT-Raman sp...
From Oblivion to Apotheosis: The Ironic Journey of Alexis de Tocqueville

Scholarship on the theme of Alexis de Tocqueville's changing roles in American culture constitutes a remarkably coherent discourse with distinctive conventions, structures, metaphors, and plots. Especially pronounced in the literature is a constantly repeated narrative – really a myth – that portrays Tocqueville as a vanished hero who suffered a prolonged period of oblivion and then made a celebrated return to play the role of guide to Americans as they faced the perils of the postwar world. Because of the lack of empirical support for this narrative, scholars inadvertently find themselves violating or disregarding elementary rules of evidence and logical argument when they address it. The extraordinary stability and coherence of this discourse are its most notable features: they have persisted, with no oppositional counternarrative, decade after decade for the past forty years. But all discourses have cracks and fissures. This essay reveals the ubiquity as well as the banality of the standard tragic-heroic narrative, and it provides a taxonomy of Tocqueville metaphors – Tocqueville as Orpheus, as Proteus, and as Christ. The supposed facts of Tocqueville's reception (with which these metaphoric clusters are identical) are false. There was no departure, oblivion, or triumphant return of Tocqueville. The mythic discourse advanced an account that had no support in the historical record.
The utility of item response modeling in marketing research

Item response modeling (IRM/IRT) has been known to marketing scholars for a number of years. However, with the exception of some notable and important applications in international (cross-cultural) marketing and consumer behavior, even a cursory reading of marketing journals reveals a general lack of interest in applying IRM, despite its ability to provide highly useful measurement-related information. To address and hopefully remedy the paucity of adoption, we offer an application-oriented discussion of the utility of IRM for marketing and related business research to enable researchers to utilize the strengths and realize the benefits of this methodology in their empirical work. After a short discussion of the history of IRM, we focus on its fundamentals within a modern statistical framework based on the generalized linear model and closely related non-linear factor analysis. We then engage major concepts of IRM, including item characteristic curve, local independence, and dimensionality, as well as parameter estimation and information functions. The popular one- and two-parameter logistic models are next discussed, as is the issue of model selection. Several polytomous item response models are subsequently dealt with, followed by a discussion of multidimensional IRM and data illustrations of item response models using widely available software. References to exemplar marketing applications are provided along the way, and a discussion of limitations of IRM concludes the article.
Effects of attachment style and relationship context on selection among relational strategies

Abstract Numerous studies have examined attachment-style differences in social perception, emotion-regulation, and couple communication, but relatively little is known about how dispositional attachment style combines or interacts with relationship situations or contexts to influence the decisions people make about how to act in their relationships. In the present study, participants were presented twice with relationship scenarios and asked to indicate how they would respond to each one. They completed the task initially without a particular context in mind and then again with either a positive or a negative relationship context in mind. Results indicated that a deteriorating relationship context caused participants to choose less secure and more insecure behaviors, especially avoidant ones, but dispositional attachment style was still important as well. Both sets of factors produced main effects rather than interactions.
Assessment of the Flathead Catfish Population in a Lightly Exploited Fishery in Lake Wilson, Alabama

Abstract Population metrics and the fishery for flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris were examined in Lake Wilson, an impoundment of the Tennessee River in Alabama. We described the recreational and commercial exploitation, angler size selectivity, and population demographics and used modeling to assess the impact of exploitation and minimum length limits on the abundance of memorable (860-mm) and trophy (1,020-mm) fish. A total of 1,113 flathead catfish were collected, and 646 of these fish (≥300 mm) were tagged and released to estimate exploitation. The length distribution indicated that there was a high proportion of larger fish in the population, the relative stock densities of preferred-, memorable-, and trophy-length fish being 21, 8, and 2%, respectively. Ages were estimated from otoliths (N = 198), and it was found that fish were slow growing (von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, 0.066) and long-lived (maximum age, 34 years) and expressed a high annual survival rate (83%) and low instantaneous natu...
Dynamic Decisions and Work Load in Multitask Supervisory Control

A paradigm is developed for the problem of allocating in time a single resource to multiple simultaneous task demands which appear randomly, last for various periods, and offer varying rewards for service. Based upon a dynamic optimizing algorithm plus an estimator, and including response time and future discounting constraints, a model of the human decisionmaker is compared to experimental results for human subjects performing such a task at a computer-graphics terminal. Results indicate a reasonable fit, under various model parameters and task conditions, and suggest interesng hypotheses about the nature of human "planning ahead" and mental work load.
1786 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORAL METAPROTERENOL SULFATE - SYRUP (MS) IN YOUNG ASTHMATICS

The efficacy of three different single doses of MS (0.4 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg) was studied in 20 asthmatic children, 2-6 years of age, in a double blind randomized, four-period crossover fashion and compared to placebo (p). Between treatment comparison of mean changes from baseline in total respiratory conductance (TRC) by modified forced oscillation method showed that MS in all 3 doses was significantly more effective as a bronchodilator than placebo (p 0.05). Tachycardia and tremor was observed in 48% and 24% of children respectively and was proportionally dose dependent. We conclude that MS exerts its bronchodilator effect in asthmatic children <6 years for at least 4 hours with a peak at 30' - 60' and that a maximal response was achieved with 0.6 mg/kg. References: Nussbaum E, Galant SP: Measurement of Total Respiratory Resistance in Children by a Modified Forced Oscillation Method. Pediatr Research 18:139, 1984.
High affinity conformationally constrained nociceptin/orphanin FQ(1-13) amide analogues.

A series of cyclic analogues with a lactam linkage were prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis to explore possible biologically active conformation(s) of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ). cyclo[d-Asp7,Lys10]- and cyclo[Asp6,Lys10]N/OFQ(1−13)NH2 exhibit high affinity (Ki = 0.27 and 0.34 nM, respectively) and high potency in the GTPγS assay (EC50 = 1.6 and 4.1 nM, respectively) at human nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors. These analogues exhibit 2- to 3-fold higher affinity and 2- to 5-fold higher potency than the parent peptide.
Researcher Views About Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest in Nanotechnology

Dependence in nanotechnology on external funding and academic-industry relationships has led to questions concerning its influence on research directions, as well as the potential for conflicts of interest to arise and impact scientific integrity and public trust. This study uses a survey of 193 nanotechnology industry and academic researchers to explore whether they share similar concerns. Although these concerns are not unique to nanotechnology, its emerging nature and the prominence of industry funding lend credence to understanding its researchers’ views, as these researchers are shaping the norms and direction of the field. The results of the survey show general agreement that funding sources are influencing research directions in nanotechnology; many respondents saw this influence in their own work as well as other researchers’ work. Respondents also agreed that funding considerations were likely to influence whether researchers shared their results. Irrespective of their institutional affiliation or funding status, twice as many researchers as not considered financial conflicts of interest a cause for concern, and three times as many respondents as not disagreed financial conflicts of interest in nanotechnology were uncommon. Only a third was satisfied with the way that conflicts of interest are currently managed and believed current procedures would protect the integrity of nanotechnology research. The results also found differences in views depending on researchers’ institutional affiliation and funding status.
PREMATURE BIRTH AND CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTION

There are many reasons to expect disruption in the attachment of a caregiver to her preterm infant. A preterm infant would he subject, then, not only to increased risk from biological hazards but to increased risk of deficits in caretaking. In order to compare caretaking of preterm infants to caretaking of term infants, 16 normal term infants were matched by sex, birth order, and maternal education to 32 preterm infants. Time sampling of maternal behaviors, infant behaviors, and reciprocal behaviors were made during naturalistic home observations at 1, 3, and 8 months conceptional age for all infants. Few differences were found in the readiness to provide care and social interaction to term infants and to preterm infants. Term infants, however, were freer to explore the environment at 8 months. That difference may preview a restriction of autonomy for the preterm infant. Despite that difference, there was no evidence of major disruption in maternal attachment, as measured by our indices of caregiver-infant interaction. Important questions about the factors that influence human maternal attachment are raised hv the abnence of major differences. Further, there was little evidence that the vulnerability of preterm infants to developmental disabilities could be ascribed to gross disruptions in caregiving during the first year of life.
Applications of slow positrons to cancer research: Search for selectivity of positron annihilation to skin cancer

Slow positrons and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) have been applied to medical research in searching for positron annihilation selectivity to cancer cells. We report the results of positron lifetime and Doppler broadening energy spectroscopies in human skin samples with and without cancer as a function of positron incident energy (up to 8 μm depth) and found that the positronium annihilates at a significantly lower rate and forms at a lower probability in the samples having either basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in the normal skin. The significant selectivity of positron annihilation to skin cancer may open a new research area of developing positron annihilation spectroscopy as a novel medical tool to detect cancer formation externally and non-invasively at the early stages.
Interfacial mixing in a highly stratified estuary 1. Characteristics of mixing.

[1] This article is Part I of a set of papers addressing mixing in a highly stratified estuary. Measurements of interfacial turbulence were made in Columbia River estuary under conditions of moderate river flow and neap tides. A flux correlation method was used to determine buoyancy fluxes, and fits to theoretical velocity and temperature variance spectra were used to measure turbulent kinetic and potential energy dissipation rates. At the measurement site in the interior of the estuary, mixing along the top of the salt wedge is found to occur only on ebb, during periods when the internal Froude number is supercritical. The wedge cannot, therefore, be in a quasiequilibrium state, and vertical mixing plays a dominant role in its ebb retreat. The turbulent Froude number FrT, which represents the ratio of effects of shear and stratification on the mixing, was found to be close to FrT ≈ 1 during mixing episodes. This suggests an interplay between shear and buoyancy effects that corresponds to a condition of maximum mixing efficiency Γ. Γ is measured using both direct calculations of the buoyancy and dissipation terms in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) balance (this estimate of Γ is referred to as Γ0), and by estimating the buoyancy term B by its relationship to χT, the dissipation of temperature variance (this estimate of Γ is referred to as Γd). Averages over several mixing events give Γ0 ≈ 0.22 and Γd ≈ 0.36. Sources of bias in these measurements result from (1) approximations to the full TKE and available potential energy (APE) balances, (2) empirical constants used in fits of measured spectra in inertial subranges, (3) frame motion, and (4) high-pass filtering. The sign of the biases suggest that 0.22 < Γ < 0.36. Flood-ebb asymmetry in mixing also results in a time dependent force balance (discussed further by Kay and Jay [2003]). This asymmetry is analyzed using a new method to determine profiles of the momentum balance during ebb mixing events.
Atomic force microscopy observation of water-induced morphological changes in Y 2 O 3 monolayer coatings

Water-penetration-induced morphological changes in Y 2 O 3 monolayer coatings were studied by means of atomic force microscopy. In a standard laboratory environment, there appears a long-term growth kinetics for these morphological modifications. On a time scale of months, thin films undergo solid-state phase transformations converting the nano-scale columnar, porous film structure to micron-scaled crystallites and islands. We compare these phenomenological long-term observations with accelerated testing results using either a 100% relative humidity environment or artificial seeding of film surfaces by distilled H 2 O microdroplets.
Heat stress during differentiation of porcine adipocytes is accompanied by increased expression of adipocyte marker genes and downregulation of inflammatory genes (1033.2)

Global increase in ambient temperature as a result of climate change imposes heat stress on both humans and livestock. For pigs, an important food animal and a biomedical model, the implication of ...
Vectors and Gene Therapy

Gene therapy may be defined as the introduction of genetic sequences into cells of a living organism, resulting in an alteration of cell or tissue function in a manner that corrects or treats a pathological process. This might be accomplished in one of two broad ways: (1) The therapeutic genetic material is transported ex vivo into cells taken from a patient—the cells can be subsequently reintroduced, with or without expansion, as an homologous cell transplant. The reintroduced cells engraft and produce a therapeutic product that can alter the biology of the transduced cell to correct a genetic abnormality or deficiency, or may serve as a factory for production of a protein product used by other tissues exposed to the circulation. (2) The therapeutic genetic material is introduced into the cells of the body by direct in vivo gene transfer. Direct in vivo gene transfer may be used if procurement of appropriate cell explants requires unacceptably invasive procedures, or for gene transfer to essentially nonregenerating tissues (e.g. brain or heart). The genetic material transferred (“transgene”) may encode a complete therapeutic gene to replace a defective function, or coding sequences whose products interfere with an acquired or inherited pathologic cellular function. Gene transfer may also be used to enhance normal function to achieve a therapeutic effect, such as the induction of an immune response or the reversal of autoimmune activity. Finally, a large effort in gene therapy has been directed toward the use of gene transfer to destroy unwanted tissue, such as malignant cells, or fight infectious agents, such as human immune deficiency virus (HIV). The diverse potential gene therapy applications suggest that genes as molecular medicines hold great promise for the future. In part this promise is beginning to be realized, but much more research (and testing in patients) is required before gene therapy becomes standard medical practice. Keywords: Adeno-associated Virus; Adenovirus; Ex vivo Gene Transfer; Gene Therapy; Gene Transfer Vector; Herpes Simplex Virus; In vivo Gene Transfer; Lentivirus; Nonviral Vector; Replication defective; Tropism; Viral Vector
Toward an understanding of white-light generation in cubic media—polarization properties across the entire spectral range

We present an extensive investigation of the polarization properties of a femtosecond-laser-induced white-light (WL) continuum generated in a cubic crystal (CaF2). The WL spectrum and threshold energies have been examined for input polarizations with various degrees of ellipticity. For linear input polarization, the WL spectrum shows strong depolarization around the input wavelength, while the preservation of the input polarization is pronounced toward the blue spectral region. The observed depolarization effect has been elucidated in the framework of current models for WL generation.
A note on strategic sampling in agencies

This paper studies sample design for process control in principal-agent settings where deterrence rather than ex post detection is the main issue. We show how the magnitude of gains from additional sampling can be calculated and traded off against sampling costs. It is shown that the optimal sample size shrinks as target rates are lowered.
Helping Another in Distress: Lessons from Rats

Understanding and responding to an offspring’s nutritional, thermoregulatory, and safety needs are not optional actions for mammalian mothers. In mammalian communities, affective communication and pro-social acts support social cohesion, which in turn maximizes every individual’s chances of survival and reproductive success. Reflecting the value of social cohesion and affective communication to mammals of all ages and both sexes, pro-social behavior is observed in rodents as well as primates. Given a rat-appropriate challenge, adult rats help another in distress by liberating a trapped rat from a small restrainer tube. Rats perform this pro-social act day after day and at shorter and shorter latencies, acting consistently and intentionally. Helping behavior occurs even if social contact between the helper and the recipient of help is prevented, by having the trapped rat released into a separate space. This result demonstrates that the helper rat helps independent of earning an immediate social reward. As is true of modern humans, rats help strangers as well as familiars. In the case of rats, help is extended to individually unfamiliar rats but only if those rats are of a familiar type, even if the type is not the same as their own biological type. Remarkably, cohousing with a single rat of a different stock is enough to confer familiarity to all rats of that stock. The helping behavior test opens doors to empirical testing of findings in humans, such as the influence of bystanders on the likelihood of helping, to disambiguate cultural and biological influences on human social behavior.
The Expression of Determination: Similarities Between Anger and Approach-Related Positive Affect

In this set of studies, we examine the perceptual similarities between emotions that share either a valence or a motivational direction. Determination is a positive approach-related emotion, whereas anger is a negative approach-related emotion. Thus, determination and anger share a motivational direction but are opposite in valence. An implemental mind-set has previously been shown to produce high-approach-motivated positive affect. Thus, in Study 1, participants were asked to freely report the strongest emotion they experienced during an implemental mind-set. The most common emotion reported was determination. On the basis of this result, we compared the facial expression of determination with that of anger. In Study 2, naive judges were asked to identify photographs of facial expressions intended to express determination, along with photographs intended to express basic emotions (joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, neutral). Correct identifications of intended determination expressions were correlated with misidentifications of the expressions as anger but not with misidentifications as any other emotion. This suggests that determination, a high-approach-motivated positive affect, is perceived as similar to anger. In Study 3, naive judges quantified the intensity of joy, anger, and determination expressed in photographs. The intensity of perceived determination was directly correlated with the intensity of perceived anger (a high-approach-motivated negative affect) and was inversely correlated with the intensity of perceived joy (a low-approach-motivated positive affect). These results demonstrate perceptual similarity between emotions that share a motivational direction but differ in valence.
Analysis of Matched Data Using Logistic Regression

Our discussion of matching begins with a general description of the matching procedure and the basic features of matching. We then discuss how to use stratification to carry out a matched analysis. Our primary focus is on case-control studies. We then introduce the logistic model for matched data and describe the corresponding odds ratio formula. Finally, we illustrate the analysis of matched data using logistic regression with an application that involves matching as well as control variables not involved in matching.
Incidence of stroke symptoms among adults with chronic kidney disease: results from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

Background. Reduced glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are associated with an increased risk for stroke. Their association with stroke symptoms is not known.
A Potentiometric Microbial Biosensor for Direct Determination of Organophosphate Nerve Agents

An easy to construct and inexpensive potentiometric microbial biosensor for the direct measurement of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents was developed. The biological sensing element of this biosensor was recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing the plasmid pJK33 that expressed organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) intracellularly. The cells were immobilized by entrapment behind a microporus polycarbonate membrane on the top of the hydrogen ion sensing glass membrane pH electrode. OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides to release protons, the concentration of which is proportional to the amount of hydrolyzed substrate. The sensor signal and response time were optimized with respect to the buffer pH, ionic concentration of buffer and temperature, using paraoxon as substrate. The best sensitivity and response time were obtained using a sensor operating in pH 8.5, 1 mM HEPES buffer and 378C. The biosensor was applied for measurement of paraoxon, ethyl parathion, methyl parathion and diazinon.
Thermal behavior of hydrotalcite and of anion-exchanged forms of hydrotalcite

Chloride-, sulfate-, and perchlorate-exchanged forms of hydrotalcite have been prepared and their layer spacings determined after equilibration in hydrous atmospheres and after heat-treatments up to the temperature of decomposition in the range 300–400°C. The initial carbonate form of hydrotalcite and also brucite, for purposes of comparison, have been similarly studied. Only chloride-hydrotalcite and brucke exhibit a single phase stable to the decomposition temperature. The other anionic forms exhibit various phases with different layer spacings which are interpreted in terms of the size, orientation, and stability of the anions and, in some cases, the presence of additional water. A regularly interstratified form of sulfate-hydrotalcite (layer spacing = 19.80 A) is obtained at room temperature and relative humidity <50%; at higher humidities, a fully hydrated phase is obtained, and at 50°C a collapsed form is obtained. In the preparation of perchlorate-hydrotalcite, an interstratified phase (layer spacing = 17.0 A) was recognized with alternating carbonate and Perchlorate layers, although the evidence is less certain.
Bactericidal activities of two daptomycin regimens against clinical strains of glycopeptide intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations

Daptomycin is an investigational lipopeptide antibiotic active against gram-positive organisms. The mechanism of action is unique, resulting in interference with cell membrane transport. The bactericidal activity of daptomycin was evaluated against glycopeptide-intermediate susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (GISA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in an in vitro infection model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Simulated regimens of daptomycin at 6 mg/kg/day (D6) and 10 mg/kg/day (D10) were utilized. MICs and MBCs for daptomycin were determined in the absence and in the presence of albumin with the following results (MIC/MBC): for GISA-992, 0.5/1.0 and 16/16; for VREF-590, 2.0/2.0 and 32/32; and for MRSA-494, 0.25/0.25 and 1.0/4.0 μg/ml, respectively. During the first 8 h daptomycin significantly reduced the inoculum for all organisms. Daptomycin at 6 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day had log10 CFU/g reductions of 5 and 6, 3.4 and 5, and 6.4 and 6.5 by 8 h for GISA-992, VREF-590, and MRSA-494, respectively. Against both GISA-992 and VREF-590, the D10 regimen achieved the limit of detection at 72 h, with D6 regimens showing slight regrowth. A concentration-dependent killing effect was noted to occur, with daptomycin demonstrating a more rapid and greater kill from the D10 versus the D6 regimen. The results of this study suggest that daptomycin demonstrates significant (P < 0.05) activity against gram-positive organisms in a simulated sequestered infection site.
Expression of RON Proto-oncogene in Renal Oncocytoma and Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Abstract:Recently, it was reported that RON proto-oncogene, encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase, was strongly expressed in renal oncocytomas but not in any renal cell carcinomas, including 5 chromophobe renal cell carcinomas, which morphologically resemble oncocytomas. To determine its diagnostic va
Finding an Optimal Set of Cutter Radii for 2D Pocket Machining

We describe an approach to finding an optimal (within a requested approximation ratio) set of cutter radii for machining a given 2-dimensional pocket. We do not assume that there is a pre-determined set of cutter radii to choose from or a predetermined number of cutters to use. Given an initial set of cutters to choose from, we derive an upper bound on the approximation ratio of what is achievable choosing from this set compared to the ideal set. We then use this bound to subdivide the intervals between the given radii until the requested approximation ratio is achieved. We also look at the machinable area as a function of the tool radius. We show that this area is continuous everywhere, except at a certain set of radii determinable by constructing the Voronoi diagram of the pocket. This lets us avoid subdividing the intervals around the points of discontinuity, improving both running time and the size of the output tool set.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
New-Generation Hyperbolic Navier-Stokes Schemes: O(1=h) Speed-Up and Accurate Viscous/Heat Fluxes

In this paper, we introduce a first-order hyperbolic system model for viscous flows, and propose a unique way of computing steady viscous flows: integrate the hyperbolic NavierStokes system in time toward the steady state. We construct an upwind finite-volume scheme for the hyperbolic Navier-Stokes system and demonstrate remarkable advantages of the resulting Navier-Stokes code: O(1/h) speed-up over traditional Navier-Stokes codes, where h is the mesh spacing, and the capability of simultaneously computing the viscous stresses and the heat fluxes to the same order of accuracy as that of the main variables on irregular grids. The paper concludes with discussions on the future developments and the potential impact on the future algorithm development for computational fluid dynamics.
Statistical analysis of timing rules for high-speed synchronous VLSI systems

Timing skew has been the major limitation for high-speed synchronous operation of a VLSI system. In this paper, a statistical timing model that accounts for both static and random timing skew is proposed. Based on this model, we analyze the timing rules of a synchronous VLSI system consisting of multiple pipelined stages, establish the yield of the system as a function of its device characteristics, and derive the relationship between the maximum throughput of such a system and its timing skew. The following timing schemes are evaluated: conventional pipelining, in which the transmitter cannot initiate the next cycle until the receiver has received the data and wave pipelining, in which the transmitter initiates the next cycle as soon as the current data has been sent out. The results show that the yield of a VLSI system using either of the pipelining schemes exhibits threshold behavior for Gaussian distributed static skew. Furthermore, the system throughput is shown to be very sensitive to the random skew.
Video Content in Web Surveys Effects on Selection Bias and Validity

One of the benefits of web-based research is the capacity to deliver video content directly to individual survey participants. However, yet to be investigated is whether the participant demographic and attitudinal characteristics are distorted when respondents are asked to view and respond to videos on their personal computers. To address this question, this research paper focuses on two potential types of selection bias introduced into web-based studies with video content: (1) that resulting from respondents� differential ability to view videos; and (2) that resulting from demographic and motivational influences of adequate exposure to video content. Through a secondary analysis of two studies focusing on adult cigarette smokers living in the United States, this research paper investigates whether the ability to view videos differs between demographic groups, whether respondents who do not view videos for their full duration differ from those who view videos for an appropriate amount of time, and whether video characteristics influenced this relationship. Results show that age, education, sex, household internet access, and work status influence the likelihood of a respondent reporting an inability to view videos. In addition, age, employment status, and congeniality of and interest in issue topic affect adequate video viewing times. These outcomes suggest that although web-based studies offer many advantages, the inclusion of videos within these surveys has the potential to undermine the accuracy of study findings and distort the representative nature of the study sample. Recommendations for minimizing potential distortions are presented
Force is a signal that cells cannot ignore

Cells sense biochemical, electrical, and mechanical cues in their environment that affect their differentiation and behavior. Unlike biochemical and electrical signals, mechanical signals can propagate without the diffusion of proteins or ions; instead, forces are transmitted through mechanically stiff structures, flowing, for example, through cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules or filamentous actin. The molecular details underlying how cells respond to force are only beginning to be understood. Here we review tools for probing force-sensitive proteins and highlight several examples in which forces are transmitted, routed, and sensed by proteins in cells. We suggest that local unfolding and tension-dependent removal of autoinhibitory domains are common features in force-sensitive proteins and that force-sensitive proteins may be commonplace wherever forces are transmitted between and within cells. Because mechanical forces are inherent in the cellular environment, force is a signal that cells must take advantage of to maintain homeostasis and carry out their functions.
Effects of Specimen Age on Plumage Color

Abstract Museum specimens are valuable for studies of plumage color in birds, but feather color may fade over time and not accurately reflect the colors of live birds. In particular, it has been suggested that ultraviolet (UV) color may be more susceptible to degradation than human-visible colors. We used a reflectance spectrophotometer to measure feather color in five species of passerines for which museum specimens were collected consistently over the past 100 years. We found that the feather colors of museum specimens collected within the past 50 years were related closely to the feather colors of live birds. In fact, over a wide range of different colors, we found little change in color measurements for recent (<50 years old) specimens. Furthermore, UV color was not affected more severely by fading than human-visible colors when we confined our analyses to recent specimens. These results provide strong support for the continued use of museum specimens to examine coloration in birds, provided that the ...
Analysis for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn in estuarine water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry coupled with an automated flow injection system

Abstract A flow injection inductively coupled plasma magnetic sector mass spectrometry (FI-ICP-MS) method was developed for the analysis of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn in estuarine waters. The method uses just greater than 3 ml sample, and employs an automated on-line preconcentration step using a metal chelating resin (Toyopearl AF-Chelate 650 M). Acidified samples for the analysis of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were buffered on-line to pH of 5.6±0.2 with ammonia acetate just prior to loading onto the chelating resin, while samples for Mn analysis were adjusted to pH of 9.0±0.2 prior to concentration. Limits of detection were: Cd=1.4 ng l −1 (0.013 nM), Cu=17 ng l −1 (0.27 nM), Ni=28 ng l −1 (0.48 nM), Zn=46 ng l −1 (0.70 nM), and Mn=86 ng l −1 (1.6 nM). The blank concentrations were less than 1.5% of the SLEW-2 concentrations for each element analyzed, except Ni, which had a significant, but very constant blank from the Ni cones used. The detection limits were less than 5% of the concentrations observed in the San Francisco Bay estuarine samples, with the exception of Zn where the detection limit was 10% of the concentration of lowest San Francisco Bay sample analyzed. Using the FI preconcentration technique, we conducted medium resolution scans of potential isobaric interferences (mass units 55–66) using a magnetic sector ICP-MS to identify a number of interferent complications with evaluating certain isotopes, especially, 59 Co , and 60 Ni . Investigations of potential interferents illustrate the importance of appropriate isotope selection and, in some instances, the need to perform blank corrections with both an instrumental and a matrix blank. The method was verified by the analysis of an estuarine water standard reference materials (SLEW-2), and San Francisco Bay samples with previously reported values. Six estuarine samples run in triplicate generated the following average precision (presented as % R.S.D.); Cd=4.2%, Cu=3.2%, Ni=3.3%, Zn=4.4%, and Mn=2.2%.
On the utility of gamma PDF in modeling shadow fading (slow fading)

Shadow fading causes random fluctuations of the envelope mean at the mobile. The lognormal distribution is widely accepted for this phenomenon. In this paper we argue that, based on theoretical results and measured data, gamma distribution does the job as well. Then we show that by using the gamma distribution and in contrast with the use of the lognormal distribution, we can obtain easy-to-use and closed-form composite PDFs for fading channels, which in turn extremely simplify analytic calculations.
Noninvasive polarization eigenmode coupling in elliptical-core optical fiber based on bulk-shear acoustic waves

A novel noninvasive acousto-optic device for polarization coupling and frequency shifting in optical fiber based on bulk-shear acoustic waves is reported. By use of a coupled-mode theory, an expression is obtained to predict the amplitude coupling efficiency. An elliptical-core-fiber polarization modulator is demonstrated at a center acoustic frequency of 75 MHz. An amplitude coupling efficiency of 14.3% and a 3-dB bandwidth of 3.6 MHz were observed, comparing well with the predicted results and also comparing favorably with similar devices based on longitudinal strain waves.
Thyrohyoid vocal fold augmentation with calcium hydroxyapatite.

ObjectivesTo review the clinical results of the thyrohyoid approach for in-office vocal fold augmentation with calcium hydroxyapatite.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsThe charts of all persons who underwent in-office thyrohyoid vocal fold augmentation between June 1, 2005 and June 1, 2007 were reviewed. Information with respect to patient demographics, indications, complications, and clinical outcome was abstracted.ResultsFifty-one thyrohyoid vocal fold augmentations were performed in 33 patients (26 men; mean age, 66 years). Six (13%) procedures were aborted as a result of an inability to achieve an appropriate injection angle. Two (6%) self-limited complications included a vasovagal episode and a small ulcer near the petiole of the epiglottis. Pre- and postprocedure data were available for 62.5%. The mean 10-item Voice Handicap Index improved from 27.9 (±8.40) preprocedure to 13.5 (±10.52) postprocedure (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn-office vocal fold augmentation with the use of the thyrohyoid a...
Culture and Resilience

Understanding the reciprocal relationship between humans and their environment is critical for being able to offer alternatives to the assumption that climate change and global warming will bring about increased levels of aggression and violence. Predicting what humans will do in a wide range of environments practicing different subsistence activities is challenging, but it also provides more information on what humans have actually done in situations of severe resource depletion. Anthropological studies provide a more robust and applicable way of approaching how humans respond to changes in the environment. Without incorporating the cultural and historical context, the research currently being used to examine the future impact of climate change relies on environmental determinism and crime statistics, both of which are problematic data sets to apply universally to all groups. Innovation, mitigation, migration, and violence are all possible responses that human groups may adopt when faced with extreme shifts in the climate. If groups under extreme stress do nothing, they may die of famine in the form of starvation, dehydration, prolonged malnutrition, or disease. While it is unlikely that humans will do nothing and succumb to starvation when faced with extreme resource stress, the reality is that famine and malnutrition are still very real consequences. Climate change can lead to people working together, seeking out resources, going to war with their neighbors, or simply failing to thrive in the environment. The important point is that there is a range of documented responses to severe climate change from past and historic groups.
The Role Of Ion Species On The Adhesion Enhancement Of ION Beam Mixed Fe/Al2O3 Systems

The role of the ion species on the adhesion enhancement of ion beam mixed Fe/Al2O3 systems has been investigated. The ion implantations were carried out after film deposition using Cr (300 keV), Fe (320 keV), or Ni (340 keV) ions. The adhesion of the films was measured by a pull test and a scratch test. While the three types of implantation result in similar ion concentration profiles (with the peak concentration at the interface) and similar damage profiles, the three species were not equally effective in improving the adhesion. The effects are proposed to be due to changes in the interfacial energy resulting from both the damage and the presence of the ion species at the interface.
Critical WBGT for 4 protective clothing made of fabrics with different Total Heat Loss values

Managing heat stress in the workplace while wearing protective clothing (PC) is critical for worker safety and health. There is a variety of PC, such as fire-fighting ensembles, emergency medical clothing, CBRN suits, etc., designed to protect the wearer's body from specific hazards, which have different levels of protection and thus different clothing thermal characteristics (thermal and vapour resistances). This study evaluated the critical wet bulb globe temperature (WBGTcrit) of PC ensembles with four different total heat loss values determined by a sweating hotplate (SHP) test.
Psycholinguistics Electrified II (1994–2005)

Publisher Summary In 1994, there were only two dominant noninvasive techniques to offer insight about the functional organization of language from its brain bases: the behavior of brain-damaged patients (neuropsychology), and event-related brain potential (ERPs). Positron emission tomographic and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) measures begin to contribute in understanding neuropsychology. Over the ensuing decade plus, these have been joined by functional magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, event related spectral changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG), and noninvasive optical imaging. These methods are closely related in their neural and physical bases: ERPs, event-related frequency changes in the EEG and MEG. The amplitude of the EEG is considerably smaller than invasively recorded field potentials because the skull is a strong electrical insulator. Like field potentials, the amplitude and polarity of the EEG depends on the number and amplitude of the contributing synaptic potentials, on whether current is flowing into or out of cells (i.e., movement of positive or negative ions, excitatory or inhibitory synaptic potentials), and on the geometric relationship between the synapses and electrode.
An Analysis of Successful Student-Run Public Relations and Advertising Agencies

Like other communication-related fields, such as broadcast journalism and print journalism that typically have their own student-led organizations, strategic communications students obtain hands-on experience through student-run agencies, which helps them secure internships and jobs after graduation. This study examined what factors are critical to the success of college student-run agencies, based on a survey sent to university student-run PR and advertising agencies nationwide. The survey identified three major trends that were related to successful agencies.
Notes on estimation in Poisson frequency data under an incomplete block crossover design

Abstract For comparison of two experimental treatments with a placebo under an incomplete block crossover design, we develop the weighted-least-squares estimator (WLSE) and the conditional maximum likelihood estimator (CMLE) of the relative treatment effects in Poisson frequency data. We further develop the interval estimator based on the WLSE, the interval estimator based on the CMLE, the interval estimator based on the conditional-likelihood-ratio test and the interval estimator based on the exact conditional distribution. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we find that all interval estimators developed here can perform well in a variety of situations. The exact interval estimator derived here can be especially of use when both the number of patients and the mean number of event occurrences are small in a trial. We use the data taken as part of a double-blind randomized crossover trial comparing salbutamol and salmeterol with a placebo with respect to the number of exacerbations in asthma patients to illustrate the use of these estimators.