cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palpitations, cardiac awareness, and panic disorder☆

This article reviews and appraises a variety of studies on panic disorder, visceral sensitivity, and cardiac disease. The literature reviewed includes descriptive surveys, small-scale experimental manipulations, and clinical interventions. Instruments have included structured diagnostic interviews, clinical observation, self-report inventories, direct measures of perceptual sensitivity, and cognitive tests. The subjects in these studies have ranged from community residents to carefully defined samples of designated patients with psychiatric or cardiac disease. We then outline a prospective investigation to examine the prominence of palpitations in panic anxiety and speculate on the importance of sensitivity to cardiac sensation in several other clinical conditions characterized by marked discrepancies between cardiac activity and cardiac symptoms.
Non-Gaussian 1/f noise: Experimental optimization and separation of high-order amplitude and phase correlations

The experimental optimization of the detection of non-Gaussian effects in resistance fluctuations was studied. Sensitivity-optimization criteria for the second spectrum, an important fourth-order statistical spectrum, were calculated and confirmed by experiment. Also, two additional fourth-order statistical spectra were introduced to separately and independently quantify the correlations in the amplitudes and in the phases of the Fourier coefficients of a noise signal. For a carbon resistor exhibiting non-Gaussian 1/f noise, the non-Gaussian effects were predominantly due to high-order phase correlations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Subcellular positioning of the origin region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome is independent of sequences within oriC, the site of replication initiation, and the replication initiator DnaA

Regions of bacterial chromosomes occupy characteristic locations within the cell. In Bacillus subtilis, the origin of replication, oriC, is located at 0 degrees /360 degrees on the circular chromosome. After duplication, sister 0 degrees regions rapidly move to and then reside near the cell quarters. It has been hypothesized that origin function or oriC sequences contribute to positioning and movement of the 0 degrees region. We found that the position of a given chromosomal region does not depend on initiation of replication from the 0 degrees region. In an oriC mutant strain that replicates from a heterologous origin (oriN) at 257 degrees , the position of both the 0 degrees and 257 degrees regions was similar to that in wild-type cells. Thus, positioning of chromosomal regions appears to be independent of which region is replicated first. Furthermore, we found that neither oriC sequences nor the replication initiator DnaA is required or sufficient for positioning a region near the cell quarters. A sequence within oriC previously proposed to play a critical role in chromosome positioning and partitioning was found to make little, if any, contribution. We propose that uncharacterized sites outside of oriC are involved in moving and/or maintaining the 0 degrees region near the cell quarters.
Slow ion-atom collisions

Abstract Progress is reported on charge transfer in ion-atom collisions at low to intermediate collision energy. Special emphasis is placed on application of the molecular orbital (MO) expansion method. The importance of including electron translation factors within the MO expansion is also emphasized. Results for one- and two-electron systems are discussed in conjunction with those obtained by the atomic orbital (AO) expansion method. Comparison with experimental data is made.
THE PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF FLOWERING: PROGRESS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF INDUCTION

— The mechanism of photoperiodic flower induction remains a major unsolved problem in plant development. Although it is firmly established that phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor in photoperiodic responses including flowering, the intermediate processes of induction including signal transduction, biochemistry of the induced state, and synthesis and identification of the floral stimulus are still obscure. In this review, advances in key areas of research that have contributed to our understanding of photoperiodic flower induction are discussed. These include the role of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering, physiological characterization of the photoperiodic flowering response, the mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement during induction, and the nature of flower-promoting and flower-inhibiting substances. Finally, the role of alterations in gene expression in mediating photoperiodic flower induction is considered along with emerging opportunities for future research that may increase our understanding of the mechanism of flower induction.
Signal processing approach to designing gradient index correctors for wide-field, concentric lenses

The signal processing method used in transaxial tomography, reconstruction from projections, is applied to the design of a spherical gradient index corrector for the concentric “noflare” lens. The method yields a spherical gradient index lens that corrects the entire field of the lens. Motivation for the method is provided by a comparison of the Schmidt and super-Schmidt camera designs.
Tidal-Flat Sedimentation from Hurricane Kate, Caicos Platform, British West Indies

ABSTRACT Hurricane-generated, thinly bedded grainstones are the dominant style of stratification on the carbonate tidal-flat complex on Caicos Platform, British West Indies. This is in dramatic contrast to the winter-storm-generated millimeter-thick laminae which dominate stratification on the northwest Andros tidal flats and have become the general criteria for recognizing ancient carbonate tidal-flat sequences. Hurricane Kate, which passed directly across the Caicos tidal flats on 18 November 1985, provided an opportunity both to document the character and distribution of a specific storm-sediment layer and to evaluate the role of hurricanes in molding the geometry of the tidal-flat system. Though moderate in strength and producing only incomplete flooding, Hurricane Kate deposited a layer of fine to very fine peloidal grainstone 0.5-2 cm in thickness across significant portions of the extremely broad, low-relief shore and channel levees and the inland algal marsh. These storm layers are interbedded with organic-rich layers which represent prolonged periods of growth of Scytonema algal mat between hurricanes. Recognition that centimeter-thick grainstone layers dominate entire tidal-flat complexes necessitates both a thorough modification of criteria for defining ancient carbonate tidal-flat deposits and a reevaluation of supposedly subtidal, thinly bedded limestones.
Teaching International Business Negotiation: Reflections on Three Decades of Experience

The author has taught international business negotiation in a wide variety of university courses and executive training programs throughout the world during the last three decades. He has taught international business negotiation both as an end in itself and as a means to teach law, an approach that he calls “the law in the shadow of negotiation.” This article examines three fundamental dimensions of that experience: pedagogical goals, course content and teaching methods. His principal pedagogical goals in international business negotiation courses have been three-old: better negotiation analysis, improved negotiation skills, and increased international business knowledge. Depending on the time available, the content of his international business negotiation courses covers three broad areas: the fundamentals of conflict analysis and the negotiation process, basic themes in international negotiation, such as the importance of negotiation, preparation and the management of internal negotiations, and the special obstacles faced in international business negotiation, such as cultural differences among the parties, the actual or potential role of governments in the negotiation process, and challenges to the stability of negotiated agreements. The author’s teaching relies heavily on experiential methods and materials, such as exercises, simulations and cases, although more didactic methods also have a role.
NewsLab: Exploratory Broadcast News Video Analysis

In this paper, we introduce NewsLab, an exploratory visualization approach for the analysis of large scale broadcast news video collections containing many thousands of news stories over extended periods of time. A river metaphor is used to depict the thematic changes of the news over time. An interactive lens metaphor allows the playback of fine-grained video segments selected through the river overview. Multi-resolution navigation is supported via a hierarchical time structure as well as a hierarchical theme structure. Themes can be explored hierarchically according to their thematic structure, or in an unstructured fashion using various ranking criteria. A rich set of interactions such as filtering, drill-down/roll-up navigation, history animation, and keyword based search are also provided. Our case studies show how this set of tools can be used to find emerging topics in the news, compare different broadcasters, or mine the news for topics of interest.
Modeling and incorporation of system response functions in 3-D whole body PET

Appropriate application of spatially variant system models can correct for degraded resolution response and mispositioning errors. This paper explores the detector blurring component of the system model for a whole body positron emission tomography (PET) system and extends this factor into a more general system response function to account for other system effects including the influence of Fourier rebinning (FORE). We model the system response function as a three-dimensional (3-D) function that blurs in the radial and axial dimension and is spatially variant in radial location. This function is derived from Monte Carlo simulations and incorporates inter-crystal scatter, crystal penetration, and the blurring due to the FORE algorithm. The improved system model is applied in a modified ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm to reconstruct images from rebinned, fully 3-D PET data. The proposed method effectively removes the spatial variance in the resolution response, as shown in simulations of point sources. Furthermore, simulation and measured studies show the proposed method improves quantitative accuracy with a reduction in tumor bias compared to conventional OSEM on the order of 10%-30% depending on tumor size and smoothing parameter
Scenario 2: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization but Not Requiring Admission to an Intensive Care Unit

The patient is a 65-year-old woman with community-acquired pneumonia of sufficient severity to require hospitalization. Factors important for consideration in clinical trials are illustrated.
An interactive clustering-based approach to integrating source query interfaces on the deep Web

An increasing number of data sources now become available on the Web, but often their contents are only accessible through query interfaces. For a domain of interest, there often exist many such sources with varied coverage or querying capabilities. As an important step to the integration of these sources, we consider the integration of their query interfaces. More specifically, we focus on the crucial step of the integration: accurately matching the interfaces. While the integration of query interfaces has received more attentions recently, current approaches are not sufficiently general: (a) they all model interfaces with flat schemas; (b) most of them only consider 1:1 mappings of fields over the interfaces; (c) they all perform the integration in a blackbox-like fashion and the whole process has to be restarted from scratch if anything goes wrong; and (d) they often require laborious parameter tuning. In this paper, we propose an interactive, clustering-based approach to matching query interfaces. The hierarchical nature of interfaces is captured with ordered trees. Varied types of complex mappings of fields are examined and several approaches are proposed to effectively identify these mappings. We put the human integrator back in the loop and propose several novel approaches to the interactive learning of parameters and the resolution of uncertain mappings. Extensive experiments are conducted and results show that our approach is highly effective.
Four programmatic approaches to assisting students' transition from college

This chapter describes four programs designed to assist students in the transition to after-college life.
Association of Socioeconomic Position and Medical Insurance With Fetal Diagnosis of Critical Congenital Heart Disease

Background— Access to beneficial novel healthcare technology has been inequitable in the United States. Fetal echocardiography, used with increasing frequency for prenatal diagnosis (PD) of congenital heart disease, allows for optimal neonatal management and possible improved outcomes. We sought to evaluate whether PD of critical congenital heart disease is related to socioeconomic (SE) position, medical insurance, and race. Methods and Results— In a retrospective review of infants with critical congenital heart disease who underwent surgical or catheter intervention at age <30 days in our institution during 2003 to 2006, we extracted 6 SE variables for the block groups of patient residence from 2000 US Census and calculated a previously validated composite SE score for each patient. PD occurred in 222 (50%) infants. Race was not significantly associated with PD. Private insurance patients were much more likely to have PD (odds ratio, 3.7 versus public insurance; 95% CI, 2.4 to 5.7; P<0.001), as were pati...
Parser Combination by Reparsing

We present a novel parser combination scheme that works by reparsing input sentences once they have already been parsed by several different parsers. We apply this idea to dependency and constituent parsing, generating results that surpass state-of-the-art accuracy levels for individual parsers.
Perceptions of physical therapists toward patient education.

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of physical therapists regarding their involvement in patient education. We developed a questionnaire to assess procedures or activities taught, methods or tools used, important physical therapist behaviors, techniques used to assess the effectiveness of teaching, barriers to delivering effective education, relative value of patient care activities as compared with other activities, and factors contributing to the development of teaching skills. Subjects and Methods. The questionnaire was sent to 300 American Physical Therapy Association members nationwide chosen by a random sample. Two hundred questionnaires, or 69% of the eligible responses were used in the data analysis. Results. Most respondents indicated they teach 80% to 100% of their patients. Nearly all respondents teach range-of-motion techniques, home programs, and treatment rationale through the use of demonstration and verbal discussion. Most respondents recognize the importance of many therapist behaviors related to patient teaching and use observation and evaluation to assess the effectiveness of their teaching. Barriers to patient education most frequently cited were psychological factors of the patient. Interaction with patients was considered most important to the development of respondents' teaching skills. Conclusion and Discussion. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Knowledge of Validity

What accounts for how we know that certain rules of reasoning, such as reasoning by Modus Ponens, are valid? If our knowledge of validity must be based on some reasoning, then we seem to be committed to the legitimacy of rule-circular arguments for validity. This paper raises a new difficulty for the rule-circular account of our knowledge of validity. The source of the problem is that, contrary to traditional wisdom, a universal generalization cannot be inferred just on the basis of reasoning about an arbitrary object. I argue in favor of a more sophisticated constraint on reasoning by universal generalization, one which undermines a rule-circular account of our knowledge of validity.
Electron-ion recombination and photoionization of Fe XXI

Abstract Results for electron–ion recombination and photoionization of ( Fe XXI + h ν ↔ Fe XXII + e ) , with emphasis in high-temperature region, are presented from ab initio unified method. The unified method, based on close coupling (CC) approximation and R-matrix method, (i) subsumes both the radiative recombination (RR) and dielectronic recombination (DR), (ii) enables self-consistent sets of photoionization and recombination cross sections from using an identical wavefunction for both the processes, and (iii) provides state-specific recombination rates of a large number of bound states. A large CC wavefunction expansion, which includes the ground and 28 core excitations of n = 2 and 3 complexes and span a wide energy range, has been used. Compared to Δ n = 2 – 2 , Δ n = 2 – 3 core excitations are found to introduce strong resonant structures and enhance the background photoionization cross sections ( σ PI ) in the high-energy region. These features along with prominent photoexcitation-of-core (PEC) resonances at n = 3 core thresholds have increased the unified total recombination rate coefficients ( α R ( T ) ) at temperatures T > 10 6 K , region of maximum abundance of the ion in collisional equilibrium, by a factor of 1.6 over previous calculations. State-specific recombination rate coefficients α R ( nLS ) , which include both the RR and DR, are presented for the first time for 685 bound states with n ⩽ 10 and l ⩽ 9 . The unified total recombination rate with photoelectron energy α R ( E ) is presented and the role of low-energy near-threshold fine structure resonances is illustrated. The present results should provide a reasonably complete self-consistent set of recombination rates and photoionization cross sections for astrophysical modelings of high-temperature plasmas from optical to far-ultraviolet wavelength regions.
Infant Pulmonary Mechanics During Tidal Breathing

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define what compliance and resistance represent when used to describe the respiratory system. 2. Calculate dynamic pulmonary compliance and resistance. 3. Characterize passive mechanics and how they are invoked. 4. Describe the single-compartment series elastic-resistive model of the lung. Tests of infant pulmonary function continue to evolve, broadening our understanding of normal growth and development of infant lungs and airways and providing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for management of respiratory disease. Traditionally, measurements made during tidal breathing in infants have provided valuable information about lung mechanics, namely, compliance and resistance. In this article, we discuss the physiology on which these measurements are made and briefly describe how several tests are performed in infants to calculate tidal mechanics. Both clinical applications and limitations of the various techniques also are reviewed. Compliance describes the change in volume for a given change in pressure (ΔV/ΔP). When used to describe the respiratory system, compliance represents the elastic properties of the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, and chest wall. Resistance is defined as the amount of pressure required for a given flow rate (ΔP/V) and describes the nonelastic or frictional properties of the respiratory system, including resistance to airflow and tissue resistance. Because pressure change (ΔP=P1-P2), is a common factor in both compliance and resistance measurements, the choice of where P1 and P2 are measured defines the system or structures described by these mechanics. Thus, if pressures are measured at the proximal and distal ends of an airway, compliance and resistance of the airway can be calculated. If pressures are measured at the airway opening and in the pleural space (transpulmonary pressure), the airways, alveoli, and lung parenchyma are included, and lung compliance and resistance can be calculated. If pressures are measured at the airway opening …
Arp2/3 complex–dependent actin networks constrain myosin II function in driving retrograde actin flow

The Arp2/3 complex nucleates actin filaments to generate networks at the leading edge of motile cells. Nonmuscle myosin II produces contractile forces involved in driving actin network translocation. We inhibited the Arp2/3 complex and/or myosin II with small molecules to investigate their respective functions in neuronal growth cone actin dynamics. Inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex with CK666 reduced barbed end actin assembly site density at the leading edge, disrupted actin veils, and resulted in veil retraction. Strikingly, retrograde actin flow rates increased with Arp2/3 complex inhibition; however, when myosin II activity was blocked, Arp2/3 complex inhibition now resulted in slowing of retrograde actin flow and veils no longer retracted. Retrograde flow rate increases induced by Arp2/3 complex inhibition were independent of Rho kinase activity. These results provide evidence that, although the Arp2/3 complex and myosin II are spatially segregated, actin networks assembled by the Arp2/3 complex can restrict myosin II–dependent contractility with consequent effects on growth cone motility.
Soy protein intake by active young adult men raises plasma antioxidant capacity without altering plasma testosterone

Soy protein contains antioxidant factors, such as isoflavones, which may help prevent heart disease and cancer. Nonetheless, many active men avoid soy protein because of reports that isoflavones lower testosterone levels. However, soy isoflavone effects on testosterone readings in active young adult males have not been reported. This study found that in such men, a 4-week intake of high-isoflavone soy protein (41.5 g/70 kg body weight per day) had no effect on plasma testosterone values. The soy protein intake did elevate plasma total antioxidant status values (a measure of free radical scavenging). By comparison, intake of whey protein or a placebo (cake mix) had no effect on plasma total antioxidant status readings. Thus, soy protein was found to produce an antioxidant effect in active young adult men without lowering testosterone concentrations.
Interference of thrombin in immunological assays for hirudin specific antibodies

Recombinant hirudins (desirudin, lepirudin) are direct thrombin inhibitors administered as anticoagulants for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Although these small polypeptides are widely used, concern exists over reports of antigenicity. In the largest study of r-hirudin immunogenicity to-date, we evaluated the prevalence, quantity and specificity of IgG immune responses to desirudin (15 mg SC q12h for as long as clinically required) in 245 surgical and medically-ill subjects enrolled in DESIRABLE, a multicenter, open-label, clinical trial of hospitalized patients requiring VTE prophylaxis. Sera obtained before and 30 days after desirudin administration were analyzed for IgG anti-desirudin by immunoenzymetric assay using immobilized desirudin to bind desirudin-reactive antibody and peroxidase conjugated monoclonal-anti-human IgG Fc to detect bound IgG antibody. Of 245 study subjects, 19 (7.7%) were antibody "responders" (>2-fold increase in IgG antibody levels with >50% inhibition by desirudin 30 days post-treatment). There were no differences between responders and non-responders in incidence of clinical outcomes or bleeding-related adverse events. Forty-six patients had detectable desirudin-reactive IgG antibody prior to treatment, with no significant increase in antibody levels after exposure and no increase in clinical events. The origin of pre-existing hirudin-reactive IgG antibody requires further investigation involving suspected anti-thrombin-thrombin interactions. These results indicate a low potential for immunogenicity, with <8% of patients developing IgG antibodies after desirudin administration for VTE prophylaxis. In contrast to reports on lepirudin, production of anti-hirudin antibodies to desirudin has no apparent effect on clinical events.
Head injuries in men's and women's lacrosse : a 10 year analysis of the NEISS database

Introduction: Although protective headgear is required in men's lacrosse, women's lacrosse is viewed as non-contact, and use of helmets and faceguards is prohibited. Yet, women remain at risk for injury to the head and face region from contact with the ball and stick. This study was designed to examine differences in lacrosse-related injuries between genders and amongst various age groups. Methods: Data on lacrosse-related injuries maintained through the Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, In-depth Investigation File, and Injuries/Potential Injuries File were analysed over a 10-year period (January 1990-April 2000). Results: A total of 1727 cases of lacrosse-related trauma, mean age 16.9 years, range 4-59 years, were recorded. Males accounted for 80.5% of cases. The head and face region was the most common area injured (20.4%). Injuries to the head and face were significantly more prevalent among females (30.1% of all injuries) than males (18.0% of all inju...
Laser Photography and Laser Holography

Photography is of interest in laser research not only as a technique of recording the effects of the laser but also of studying the dynamics of the actual impact including plume patterns.
A review of the safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy

Antidepressant treatment may be desirable or necessary during pregnancy; however, the benefit of treatment must balance the benefits to the mother with any risk to the developing fetus. In order to make educated, patient-specific, benefit-to-risk assessments, an understanding of possible risks associated with in-utero antidepressant exposure is important. We reviewed all published cohort-controlled studies (n=4) and prospective surveys (n=5) regarding SSRI use in pregnancy. Outcomes from over 1000 fluoxetine-exposed pregnancies, more than for any other antidepressant, indicate that first trimester fluoxetine exposure does not statistically significantly increase risk for spontaneous abortion or major malformation. Outcomes from nearly 300 pregnancies exposed to another SSRI (sertraline, paroxetine, or fluvoxamine) suggest the same conclusion. Following in-utero SSRI exposure, birthweight, rates of prematurity, and postnatal complications appear similar to control values. Preschool age children exposed to fluoxetine in-utero show no significant differences from controls in global IQ, language, or behavior; such long-term data are not available for other SSRIs. The substantial clinical experience with fluoxetine-exposed pregnancies and the preliminary data regarding other SSRIs is reassuring when considering depression treatment for women of child-bearing potential. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pheasant capitalism: Auditing South Dakota's state bird

The Chinese ring-necked pheasant was named South Dakota's state bird in 1943. Today this “immigrant that made good” remains important to South Dakotans who believe that having their state's symbol to hunt is both part of the good life and indicative that “culture” and “nature” remain in balance. Given ever-more-intensive monocropping, however, the pheasant is in trouble. With its habitat disappearing and its numbers significantly declining, many worry about a pending “ecological rift.” In an effort to recover pheasant numbers without offending agricultural interests, the state's governor held a “summit” that produced various “win-win” proposals, among them, ways to make the propagation of nature in the form of pheasant habitat profitable. In this social history of the pheasant in South Dakota, we use historical-materialist and phenomenological perspectives to explore efforts to harmonize culture and nature through pheasant capitalism. [South Dakota, ecological rift, farming, hunting, pheasants, capitalism, alterities]
Variable Speed Operation of Permanent Magnet Alternator Wind Turbines Using a Single Switch Power Converter

Advantages of operating wind turbine generators at variable speed are well known. Various approaches have been proposed to extract maximum power from the turbines by operating them at the optimum tip-speed ratio. Often, they feature a three-phase controlled rectifier d-c link followed by a three-phase inverter type of power converter topology to deliver constant frequency a-c output power from a variable speed generator coupled to the turbine. However, in stand-along power supply applications for remote sites, where the power level is a few kW or less, this approach is economically unjustifiable. This paper presents a single switch power electronic converter to regulate the power output of a permanent magnet alternator driven turbine feeding a battery, featuring minimal additional costs suitable for low power applications. Power converter operation and a control strategy to maintain optimum tip-speed ratio are discussed in the paper. Computer simulations of the complete system verifying the proposed concepts are presented.
Pluralism as a Culture: Religion and Civility in Southern California:

This article describes Southern California as a particular setting for the study of religious pluralism and civil society. The region's history of global religious and cultural encounters, lack of a religious establishment, hypermodernity, and fluid identities have all contributed to “pluralism as a culture,” or a style of inter-group interaction and cooperation characterized generally by openness and acceptance. Finally, the author discusses how this culture akin to what is sometimes called “rooted cosmopolitanism” and to core American values and democratic traditions.
The Management of Failure Events: Some Contextual Determinants of Accounting Behavior

This study sought to examine the impact upon actors' selection of strategies to manage failure events of several contextual factors: characteristics of the reproacher/actor relationship, communicative goal-orientation of the actors, severity of the failure event, character of the reproach for the failure event, and the actors' degree of expressed guilt. Results indicated that actors elected to make no response when they felt less guilt, when there was no overt reproach, when their instrumental goal (securing honoring) was unimportant, and when the failure event was a severe offense. Concessions were used when the reproachers said nothing or projected a concession, when the offense was severe, when the actors' instrumental goal was important, and when they felt guilty. Actors chose to justify their behavior in high intimate situations where their instrumental goal was less important. Refusal to account was most likely to occur when reproachers used an aggravating reproach form, when actors felt unjustly accused, and when reproachers were dominant. Excuses were fairly uniformly distributed across all contexts.
Re-defining historical geographic range in species with sparse records: Implications for the Mexican wolf reintroduction program

Abstract Reintroduction is often the only remaining option for recovery of extirpated species. According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act, species should be reintroduced to suitable habitats within their probable historical range. However, accurately defining historical range often proves difficult, especially for taxa with limited historical information, and may represent a significant impediment for successful recovery. Here, we combine ecological modeling methods with morphometric and phylogenetic data from museum specimens to define a more biologically realistic historical distribution. We apply this approach to the Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), the most endangered and genetically distinct wolf subspecies in the New World. Our model substantially increases the potential geographic range of the Mexican wolf to include areas in southern California and Baja California, areas not previously recognized as part of the historical range. Motivated by this prediction, we reanalyzed morphometric data and genetically typed the only historical specimen known from southern California, which was previously assigned to another wolf subspecies. We found that the specimen was in fact of pure Mexican wolf ancestry and fell within our predicted range for this subspecies. Our findings provide an impetus for reconsidering reintroduction sites for the Mexican wolf and highlight how critical taxonomic assignment can be to reintroduction programs and species recovery. Re-analysis of potential range in other extirpated species that have ranges defined by antiquated taxonomic approaches used on a limited number of specimens could enhance the success of future reintroduction programs and restore historical processes such as admixture that can preserve the adaptive legacy of endangered species.
The Fields of Bureaucracy and Public Administration: Basic and Applied Research

What's in a name? Sometimes a good deal. Tom Hammond organized the panels on "Public Administration" for the 1988 meetings of APSA. As he later told me, he decided that this section name had a narrower connotation than he wanted. He told prospective panelists that he wanted the section to encompass phenomena outside public agencies that affected the agencies, phenomena inside the agencies themselves, and the interaction between outside and inside phenomena. Not much omitted, one would think. But the title he chose for the section-"Bureaucracy"-elicited an intense reaction from several professors of public administration. One said in rather vigorous terms that Tom was trying to read public administration out of the APSA. This reaction puzzled and frustrated him; he had tried to be inclusive.
NCO-02DONEPEZIL THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH BRAIN TUMORS: A PILOT STUDY

BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent among brain tumor patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. However, there are no approved pharmacological interventions for improving cognitive functions in cancer patients. Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to provide cognitive and functional benefits in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases without known cholinergic deficiency. The goal of this pilot study was to examine the efficacy of donepezil in improving cognitive functions in brain tumor patients treated with RT + chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone. METHODS: Fifteen patients (mean age = 59 years, range = 43-85) received a single daily dose of donepezil (5mg for 4 weeks, 10 mg for 20 weeks), and completed cognitive evaluations prior to initiating therapy (baseline), and about 12 weeks (mid-study) and 24 weeks (end-of-study) subsequent to initiation of donepezil therapy. Twelve patients (80%) had primary brain tumors; 12 (80%) had been treated with RT + chemotherapy and 3 (20%) had chemotherapy alone. Mean time since treatment completion was 70 months (range = 7-161). Patients had no disease progression during the study period. RESULTS: The results of linear mixed models analysis, controlling for each patient's baseline cognitive test score, showed a significant post-baseline improvement in attention (WAIS-III Digit Span Forward; p = 0.037) and graphomotor speed (WAIS-III Digit Symbol; p = 0.035). There was also a significant improvement in visual memory (BVMT-R-delay; p = 0.025), but this was primarily due to improvement from baseline to 12 weeks, as scores at 24 weeks returned to near baseline levels. Four patients (27%) required dose reduction to 5 mg during the study due to adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this pilot study suggest that treatment with donepezil may improve some aspects of cognitive functions in brain tumor patients. Similar findings were reported in two prior trials of donepezil in brain tumor survivors (Shaw et al., 2006; Rapp et al., 2015).
Dendritic Spikes Provide a Mechanism for Hippocampal Replay and Sharp-Wave/Ripple Generation.

The hippocampus, located in the medial temporal lobe, is essential for the formation of new declarative memories ([Scoville and Milner, 1957][1]). In areas CA3 and CA1, recurrent network connectivity allows for the strengthening of synapses between coactive neurons, acting as a mechanism for the
Secure Control Model of Sensitive Information Based on Dynamic Trust Measurement

With the rapid development of information technology,the size of sensitive information handled by computer systems is growing.To ensure the security of sensitive information becomes very important.In this paper,the traditional multi-level security model BLP model is analyzed and pointed out its lack of integrity protection of sensitive information which is security risks.Against the security risks,a secure control model of sensitive information based on the dynamic trust measurement(DTMSISCM) is designed in this paper and a framework for its implementation is also given.DTMSISCM implements sensitive information control through trust degree and it maintains the same confidentiality as BLP model.Furthermore,it can ensure the integrity of sensitive information and improve the system availability of sensitive information security controls.
Middle Cortex Formation in the Root: An Emerging Picture of Integrated Regulatory Mechanisms.

Located between the epidermis and endodermis, cortex is a major constituent of the ground tissue in plants. Cortex is initially derived from the same initial cell that gives rise to the endodermis, another cell type of ground tissue. Subsequently, the endodermis can divide repeatedly, producing multiple layers of cortex while maintaining a single layer of endodermis. This is the case in most plant species, but in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana there are generally only one or two cortex cell layers (Baum et al., 2002).
Prospective study of the A455V polymorphism in the thrombomodulin gene, plasma thrombomodulin, and incidence of venous thromboembolism: the LITE Study.

Summary. Plasma thrombomodulin (soluble TM; sTM) is considered to be a marker of endothelial injury, but a recent report indicated that the relationship of sTM with thrombosis is complex. Venous thromboembolic events were identified in adults in two longitudinal cohort studies, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Cardiovascular Health Study, totaling 21 690 participants. After 8 years of follow-up, sTM was measured in baseline plasma of 305 participants who developed venous thrombosis and 607 who did not. Thrombomodulin A455V genotype was determined in 302 cases and 626 controls. There was no difference in the prevalence of the three TM genotypes between cases and controls and no difference in age-adjusted mean values of sTM by genotype. There were no associations of age-adjusted sTM or TMA455V genotype with overall venous thromboembolism or with thrombosis in any subtype of venous thromboembolism.
Chapter 10 – Special Matrices

Publisher Summary This chapter describes special matrices of computational mathematics. It is apparent that the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of a matrix serve to characterize the matrix almost completely. With them, one can calculate the determinant of the matrix, determine its invertibility, find its Jordan canonical form, and compute functions of the matrix. On the other hand, it is impossible to obtain information of this sort and numerical methods must be employed for most matrices. However, there are certain classes of matrices whose structures are such that their eigenvalues and eigenvectors are particularly simple; these matrices are called special matrices. The eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix are real; however, the eigenvectors can always choose to be real. A real symmetric matrix is diagonalizable. A real matrix is orthogonal if and only if its columns and rows, considered as vectors, form an orthonormal set. The chapter presents a theorem that states that for every n × n real symmetric matrix A, there exists an n × n real orthogonal matrix P, such that P-1AP = D or, equivalently, such that PTAP = D, where D is a diagonal matrix. The chapter further presents Hermitian matrices. A Hermitian matrix is positive definite if and only if its eigenvalues are positive.
Indians in Local Public Schools

The policy goal over recent decades with respect to African-American children, Latino children, and every immigrant group has been their integration into the regular public school system serving the area where they live. Official policies had sometimes relegated them to separate public schools, as in the obvious case of black pupils both in the South and even in many cases in the North, and also—though less notoriously—in the case of Latino and Asian pupils in the West. Even when such de jure laws and policies have been absent, achieving integration of schools has had to contend with the opposition of white parents, and with patterns of segregated housing that allowed the phrase “neighborhood school” to become a code for racial separation. Consistently, advocates for integrated schooling have urged that it is essential to the full participation of marginalized groups in the wider society and that the benefits would accrue to children of the majority as well as to those of the minority. This logic was belatedly applied to Indian children and youth as well.
Unexpected diversity of Escherichia coli sialate O-acetyl esterase NanS

ABSTRACT The sialic acids (N-acylneuraminates) are a group of nine-carbon keto-sugars existing mainly as terminal residues on animal glycoprotein and glycolipid carbohydrate chains. Bacterial commensals and pathogens exploit host sialic acids for nutrition, adhesion, or antirecognition, where N-acetyl- or N-glycolylneuraminic acids are the two predominant chemical forms of sialic acids. Each form may be modified by acetyl esters at carbon position 4, 7, 8, or 9 and by a variety of less-common modifications. Modified sialic acids produce challenges for colonizing bacteria, because the chemical alterations to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) confer increased resistance to sialidase and aldolase activities essential for the catabolism of host sialic acids. Bacteria with O-acetyl sialate esterase(s) utilize acetylated sialic acids for growth, thereby gaining a presumed metabolic advantage over competitors lacking this activity. Here, we demonstrate the esterase activity of Escherichia coli NanS after purifying it as a C-terminal HaloTag fusion. Using a similar approach, we show that E. coli strain O157:H7 Stx prophage or prophage remnants invariably include paralogs of nanS often located downstream of the Shiga-like toxin genes. These paralogs may include sequences encoding N- or C-terminal domains of unknown function where the NanS domains can act as sialate O-acetyl esterases, as shown by complementation of an E. coli strain K-12 nanS mutant and the unimpaired growth of an E. coli O157 nanS mutant on O-acetylated sialic acid. We further demonstrate that nanS homologs in Streptococcus spp. also encode active esterase, demonstrating an unexpected diversity of bacterial sialate O-acetyl esterase. IMPORTANCE The sialic acids are a family of over 40 naturally occurring 9-carbon keto-sugars that function in a variety of host-bacterium interactions. These sugars occur primarily as terminal carbohydrate residues on host glycoproteins and glycolipids. Available evidence indicates that diverse bacterial species use host sialic acids for adhesion or as sources of carbon and nitrogen. Our results show that the catabolism of the diacetylated form of host sialic acid requires a specialized esterase, NanS. Our results further show that nanS homologs exist in bacteria other than Escherichia coli, as well as part of toxigenic E. coli prophage. The unexpected diversity of these enzymes suggests new avenues for investigating host-bacterium interactions. Therefore, these original results extend our previous studies of nanS to include mucosal pathogens, prophage, and prophage remnants. This expansion of the nanS superfamily suggests important, although as-yet-unknown, functions in host-microbe interactions.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Racial Disparities, and Access to Care.

Although it makes up only 15-20% of all strokes, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly lethal form of this potentially disabling condition. A recent meta-analysis of 122 studies concluded that the 1-year survival following ICH was 46%, and the 5-year survival was only 29%.1 Furthermore, quality of life for survivors is often very limited.2 A thorough understanding of how to prevent these events is therefore a high priority. In this issue of Circulation , the study by Walsh and colleagues sheds light on several important findings that suggest where attention should be directed to prevent these types of strokes.3 High blood pressure has long been associated with both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and this study including 958 white, 880 black, and 766 Hispanic ICH cases and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls confirmed this strong association overall and by location of the stroke. Two main findings relate to blood pressure: First, high blood pressure was associated with ICH for all ethnicities, and second, this study also showed the large role of untreated high blood pressure on the risk for ICH.
The Practical Evaluation of DNA Barcode Efficacy

This chapter describes a workflow for measuring the efficacy of a barcode in identifying species. First, assemble individual sequence databases corresponding to each barcode marker. A controlled collection of taxonomic data is preferable to GenBank data, because GenBank data can be problematic, particularly when comparing barcodes based on more than one marker. To ensure proper controls when evaluating species identification, specimens not having a sequence in every marker database should be discarded. Second, select a computer algorithm for assigning species to barcode sequences. No algorithm has yet improved notably on assigning a specimen to the species of its nearest neighbor within a barcode database. Because global sequence alignments (e.g., with the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, or some related algorithm) examine entire barcode sequences, they generally produce better species assignments than local sequence alignments (e.g., with BLAST). No neighboring method (e.g., global sequence similarity, global sequence distance, or evolutionary distance based on a global alignment) has yet shown a notable superiority in identifying species. Finally, “the probability of correct identification” (PCI) provides an appropriate measurement of barcode efficacy. The overall PCI for a data set is the average of the species PCIs, taken over all species in the data set. This chapter states explicitly how to calculate PCI, how to estimate its statistical sampling error, and how to use data on PCR failure to set limits on how much improvements in PCR technology can improve species identification.