cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
261 Using the national health interview surveyto study workplace psychosocial exposures in the u.s

Introduction The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is an annual, in-person health survey that is the primary source of information on the health of Americans. In 2010 and 2015, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sponsored sets of work-related questions in the NHIS, called Occupational Health Supplements (OHSs) in order to estimate the prevalence of workplace exposures, including psychosocial exposures, and common work-related health conditions. Methods The 2015 NHIS-OHS included questions about several psychosocial exposures: work-life interference, worry about losing one’s job, hostile work environment, job demands, job control, and supervisory support. The data are publicly available, and NIOSH has estimated the prevalence of all of these exposures using statistical procedures that take the complex sample design into account and applying NHIS sample adult record weights to produce nationally representative results. Result The 2015 NHIS-OHS collected data on more than 19 000 employed adults, representing almost 158 million American workers. The overall prevalence of work-life interference was 25.5%, ranging from 23.9% among workers employed in wholesale and retail trade to 31.1% among workers employed in transportation, warehousing and utilities industries. The overall prevalence of worry about losing one’s job was 11.0%, ranging from 10.0% among those employed in services industries to 29.0% among those employed in mining. The overall prevalence of a hostile work environment was 6.9%, ranging from 1.5% among those employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing to 9.9% among those employed in healthcare and social assistance. High job demands were reported by 14.4%, low job control was reported by 13.7%, and low supervisory support was reported by 9.9% of workers. Discussion Many U.S. workers experience workplace psychosocial exposures that may adversely impact their health, and the prevalence of these exposures varies by industry. Workplace or industry-specific interventions, developed with worker participation, may be warranted.
Digital Breadcrumbs: A Lack of Data Privacy and What People Are Doing About It

With the seemingly ubiquitous presence of technology, interactions and transactions constantly take place over websites, apps, text, and email. Despite the convenience and efficiency of these modes of communication, these online interactions give many parties access to personal information and can leave individuals’ information vulnerable to misuse and attack. As people use electronic devices for more and more tasks, they leave behind evidence of their activities, a trail of digital breadcrumbs providing behavioral and demographic information about where they go, whom they talk to, what they do, and what they believe. Consumers are often unaware of who has access to these data and how they might be used. In this mixed methods study, researchers conducted a series of surveys and focus groups in the United States to examine the everyday digital breadcrumb trail people leave behind when using technologies on a daily basis, people’s awareness of this trail of data, and what measures they take to protect their digital information and prevent it from being collected or misused. Participants discussed their attitudes about data privacy, sharing, and trust. Implications for research, business, and policy are provided.
Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism: Associations with Alcohol Use, Alcohol Problems and Problem Recognition.

Objective: This study fills a gap in the literature by examining the relationship between two types of narcissism, vulnerable and grandiose, and five alcohol-related outcomes (ie, alcohol use, alco...
Transcriptional regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor beta chain genes.

Transcription of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain genes is controlled in a tissue and developmental stage specific manner (Calame, 1985; Kronenberg et al., 1986). We are studying the DNA sequence elements and cellular proteins which regulate transcription of these two important gene families. Early in B-cell ontogeny IgH transcription is activated as a result of VDJ joining which brings a transcriptional enhancer within functional proximity of the rearranged promoter (Mercola et al., 1983; Banerji et al., 1983; Gilles et al., 1983; Neuberger, 1983; Wang and Calame, 1985). Similar gene rearrangements occur in the beta chain locus during T cell ontogeny; however, the elements responsible for regulation of TCR beta genes have not been well defined.
Epigenetic Regulation of GABAergic Targets in Psychiatry

One of the more consistent findings observed in post mortem tissue from schizophrenia (SZ) patients is that the genes encoding reelin and glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67 or GAD1) are downregulated in cortex and other brain regions. Reelin is important for cortical migration during development and for synaptic plasticity and memory acquisition in the adult. GAD1 is one of two enzymes that synthesize the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system. Those neurons that make GABA are GABAergic and they serve a role in dampening excitatory neurotransmission throughout the brain. In addition, reports also show that NMDA receptor subunit expression and excitatory neurotransmission are reduced in cortical GABA neurons of SZ patients. Conditional knockout mice in which the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor is selectively reduced in GABA neurons of the brain show a downregulation of GAD67 and parvalbumin (PV) mRNAs and also exhibit behaviors characteristic of SZ. These findings allow us to conceptually integrate two major schools of thought regarding the neurotransmitter deficit responsible for the symptoms of this psychiatric disorder. That is, if reduced glutamatergic neurotransmission occurs on GABAergic interneurons, the net effect would be reduced GABA output impacting the neuronal synchronization of pyramidal cell firing. Since it has also been shown that in GABAergic neurons, the mRNA encoding DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is increased in SZ patients, this and other data suggest an epigenetic mechanism by which certain genes may be selectively downregulated contributing to SZ symptomatology. We propose that enzymes that methylate DNA and selectively reduce gene expression are hyperactive in patients with SZ and that this may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we discuss these concepts in more detail and present our integrated view of synaptic transmission in SZ.
Effects of MPTP on Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Systems in Young and Aged Mice

Parkinson’s disease is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that seldom occurs in patients below the age of sixty. It is characterized by decreased dopamine in the striatum and a loss of pigmented dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Forno, 1982; Hornykiewicz, 1982). However, in addition to degeneration of this nigrostriatal system, other monoamine systems also degenerate including the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system, the cholinergic nucleus basalis system, and the cholinergic dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (Alvord et al., 1974; Burns et al., 1984; Greenfield and Bosanquet, 1953; Whitehouse et al., 1983). Furthermore, decreased levels of norepinephrine and serotonin and their metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid have been reported in patients with Parkinson’s disease (Burns et al., 1983; Hornykiewicz, 1982). Normal aging, in the absence of a neurodegenerative disorder, also has been associated with a decline of dopamine levels in the striatum, although the age related decline is more gradual than the decline seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Substantia nigra neurons diminish in number with age, leading to decreased synthesis and levels of dopamine in terminal striatal fields (McGeer et al., 1977). Thus, the Parkinson patient appears to have a rapid neurodegenerative process superimposed on top of this age-related decline in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system.
Clinical outcomes, ultrastructure and immunohistochemical features of canine high‐grade olfactory neuroblastoma

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare intranasal neoplasm in both dogs and humans. Similar clinical presentation and overlapping histologic and immunohistochemical features of ONB with other intranasal neoplasms can make diagnosis and treatment of intranasal neoplasia challenging. Furthermore, in part because of their rarity, there is a lack of reporting on therapeutic regimen for these neoplasms. In humans, initial debulking surgery is usually followed by radiation therapy. Here we report on the histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of canine ONB and report on the clinical progression of cases treated with radiation therapy. In all nine canine ONB examined here, neoplastic cells were arranged in a lobular manner amidst a prominent neurofibrillary matrix and had features consistent with Grade III (high grade) ONB. The neoplastic cells demonstrated positive immunohistochemical staining for TuJ-1, a Class III beta-tubulin neuronal cytoskeletal protein, and variable staining for other markers, including chromogranin, synaptophysin, AE1/AE3 and MAP2. The longest surviving case was treated with a regimen similar to that used in humans, consisting of debulking surgery followed by definitive radiation therapy. Our study found that TuJ-1 is a useful marker for ONB and that radiation therapy, even in cases of advanced disease, may result in prolonged survival.
Thyroid hormone therapy in congenital hypothyroidism and pediatric hypothyroidism

The evaluation and management of hypothyroidism in children are similar to adults, but there are important differences based on the dependence on normal thyroid function for neurocognitive and physical development. In the pediatric population, hypothyroidism is frequently categorized as congenital or acquired hypothyroidism, depending on the age of presentation and the underlying etiology. The evaluation and management of children and adolescents with hypothyroidism are determined by the etiology as well as by the age at diagnosis, severity of the hypothyroidism, and the response to thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Children and adolescents require higher weight-based doses for thyroid hormone replacement than do adults, likely due to a shorter half-life of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in children, but weight-based dose requirements decrease as the child advances into adulthood. Multiple gaps in knowledge remains regarding how to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism in pediatric patients, including (but not limited to) the selection of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism for treatment, and the potential benefit of combined LT3/LT4 therapy for patients with persistent symptoms and/or low T3 on LT4 monotherapy. The life-long impact on growth and development, and potentially on long-term cardiovascular and psychosocial health, are significant and highlight the importance of future prospective studies in pediatric patients to explore these areas of uncertainty.
Behavioral Skills Training to Increase Appropriate Reactions of Adolescent Males in Residential Treatment.

Adolescents in secured residential facilities may engage in excess behavior immediately following verbal directives or corrective statements from staff. Excess behavior may include verbal aggressio...
Bioimpedance Sensing Surgical Drill – Computational Modelling and Experimental Validation

Surgical drilling to fixate dental implants is associated with high risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and the maxillary sinus. Current common practice is to use pre-operative radiographs to plan and drill with no real-time feedback of drill tip position with respect to these critical structures. Real-time proximity sensing of the IAN and maxillary sinus by measuring the electrical impedance properties of tissues, directly from the drill tip, while drilling may reduce and eventually eliminate this risk. Sensing impedance to detect tissue boundaries needs sensor geometry optimization for maximum detection distance. We have created a finite element method (FEM) based simulation platform that yields accurately impedances for different conductivities, frequencies and sensor geometries.
The Prevention of Abuse and Addiction to Alcohol and Drugs

Prevention, as a subject in medicine, is very similar to alcoholism among the attitudes of the physicians. Unfortunately, too many physicians give up too easily in the battle against the onset of an illness. If a fraction of effort and money that is expended in treatment of illness would be devoted to prevention, much savings in cost, suffering, and lives might result.A physician feels compelled to “go all out” to save lives almost irrespective or age and illness and cost, that is, expensive intensive care room treatment, in cases of catastrophic illness, in the very young and the very old, and any age in between. The attitude is against weighing the cost versus benefit except in extremely obvious cases.
Universities and COVID-19 Growth at the Start of the 2020 Academic Year

The global pandemic of 2020 caused by the novel coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) has uprooted the education system of the United States. As American colleges and universities try to resume regular instruction for the 2020-2021 academic year, outbreaks have begun to emerge and university towns across the country are now virus hotspots. The current paper provides two studies. First, the current work investigates how the growth of COVID-19 compares in areas with large universities against those without. Results showed markedly increase case growth in counties with large universities at the start of the fall 2020 semester. Secondly, this work provides a highly accessible and modifiable epidemiological tool known as a susceptible-infected-removed model for educational administrators that will allow users to see the impact of COVID-19 historically and predictively. The results of an exemplar model using a large public research university, Texas Tech University, are discussed.
BAASH: lightweight, efficient, and reliable blockchain-as-a-service for HPC systems

Distributed resiliency becomes paramount to alleviate the growing costs of data movement and I/Os while preserving the data accuracy in HPC systems. This paper proposes to adopt blockchain-like decentralized protocols to achieve such distributed resiliency. The key challenge for such an adoption lies in the mismatch between blockchain's targeting systems (e.g., shared-nothing, loosely-coupled, TCP/IP stack) and HPC's unique design on storage subsystems, resource allocation, and programming models. We present BAASH, Blockchain-As-A-Service for HPC, deployable in a plug-n-play fashion. BAASH bridges the HPC-blockchain gap with two key components: (i) Lightweight consensus protocols for the HPC's shared-storage architecture, (ii) A new fault-tolerant mechanism compensating for the MPI to guarantee the distributed resiliency. We have implemented a prototype system and evaluated it with more than two million transactions on a 500-core HPC cluster. Results show that the prototype of the proposed techniques significantly outperforms vanilla blockchain systems and exhibits strong reliability with MPI.
Modelling and simulation of vehicle bump and skid response using bond graphs

A vehicle model and sample simulation results are presented which are used to evaluate safety aspects of full–skid motion and the encountering of large bumps at speed. The model consists of a linearized heave, pitch and roll submodel coupled to nonlinear suspension, tyre–force and lateral dynamics submodels. A vector word bond graph provides an overview of the complete system. The submodels are also represented in bond graph form and are coupled using multiport transformers. Causality considerations facilitate equation formulation and the writing of computer subroutines. Results show the vehicle trajectory during skids and the tyre side–force or bump parameters which will cause the vehicle to overturn under dynamic conditions.
Hyperspectral feature detection onboard the Earth Observing One Spacecraft using superpixel segmentation and endmember extraction

We present a demonstration of onboard hyperspectral image processing with the potential to reduce mission downlink requirements. The system detects spectral endmembers and then uses them to map units of surface material. This summarizes the content of the scene, reveals spectral anomalies warranting fast response, and reduces data volume by two orders of magnitude. We have integrated this system into the Autonomous Science craft Experiment for operational use onboard the Earth Observing One (EO-1) Spacecraft. The system does not require prior knowledge about spectra of interest. We report on a series of trial overflights in which identical spacecraft commands are effective for autonomous spectral discovery and mapping for varied target features, scenes and imaging conditions.
Primary progressive aphasia and kindred disorders.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes that the PPA diagnosis is made in any patient in whom a language impairment (aphasia), caused by a neurodegenerative disease (progressive), constitutes the most salient aspect of the initial clinical picture (primary). Minor changes in personality and behavior may be present but are not the leading factors that bring the patient to medical attention or that disrupt daily living activities. Primary progressive aphasia has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Early in the course of the disease, agrammatic-dysfluent, semantic, logopenic variants can be identified. The manifestations of primary progressive aphasia are distinctly different from those of probable Alzheimer's disease (PRAD). Different aspects of daily living activities are impaired and require different sorts of intervention. Some patients can learn sign language, others find it useful to carry laminated cards with specific messages, and still others benefit from voice synthesizers or laptops containing digitally stored words and phrases. An evaluation by a speech therapist is useful for exploring alternative communication strategies. The chapter concludes that it is safe to predict that future work on PPA will yield pivotal insights into human language, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, and the molecular underpinnings of system-based selective vulnerabilities.
Immunization with a Live, Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Leads to Restriction of Viral Diversity in Rhesus Macaques Not Protected from Pathogenic Challenge

Rhesus macaques immunized with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239Deltanef but not protected from SIVmac251 challenge were studied to determine the genetic and biological characteristics of the breakthrough viruses. Assessment of SIV genetic diversity (env V1-V2) revealed a reduction in the number of viral species in the immunized, unprotected macaques, compared to the number in nonimmunized controls. However, no evidence for selection of a specific V1-V2 genotype was observed, and biologically cloned isolates from the animals with breakthrough virus were similar with respect to replication kinetics and coreceptor use in vitro.
Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence for the role of the nucleus accumbens in cocaine self-administration in freely moving rats

The goal of this study was to clarify the role of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) in the expression of cocaine self-administration behaviors. Rats were trained in a continuous reinforcement schedule to press a lever to activate a pump that provided an intravenous injection of cocaine. Once the rats were trained, neuronal activity in the NAS was monitored during cocaine self-administration with chronic recording techniques using permanently implanted microwires. In the NAS, 19% of 181 neurons exhibited either increased or decreased firing rates seconds prior to lever pressing (termed “anticipatory responses”), and 48% had altered, predominantly decreased, firing rates for a few minutes after lever pressing (“postcocaine responses”). Two-thirds of the neurons with anticipatory responses had postcocaine responses. Neurons with either of these response patterns were localized histologically to both core and shell regions of the NAS, with no statistically significant differences in the proportion of response types in either area. Analysis of videotaped cocaine self- administration behaviors revealed that anticipatory responses were specifically associated either with the animal orienting toward and pressing the lever or only with movements directly related to pressing the lever. Anticipatory-like phasic spike activity was not observed during similar movements unrelated to lever pressing. In some animals, D1 (SCH 23390) or D2 (pimozide) receptor antagonists were injected systemically prior to or during self-administration sessions to assess the effects of dopamine receptor blockade on anticipatory and postcocaine responses. Each antagonist, given separately, often produced extinction of lever pressing. Both antagonists blocked the post-cocaine inhibitory response of neurons that had anticipatory responses. Neither antagonist modified anticipatory unit responses, nor did they affect postcocaine inhibitory responses in neurons that did not exhibit anticipatory responses. Taken together, these results suggest that the role of the NAS in cocaine self-administration may consist of two different mechanisms: (1) An initiation or trigger mechanism, as represented by the anticipatory neuronal responses, in which the NAS participates in triggering or mediating the goal-directed behaviors (e.g., lever pressing) that lead to the acquisition of the reinforcing agent (e.g., cocaine).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
R for Cloud Computing

The book aims to provide step-by-step instructions for painlessly and quickly getting the novice user into the cloud. It does succeed in this for the most part, but any such effort will not be 100% painless after all. Readers who lack background in the cloud may feel overwhelmed at times at the beginning, given all the possible choices and myriad terms. In fact, some terms seem to be undefined, and there is no index (though there is a good bibliography). The figures are inline rather than referenced via numbers, and in some cases they are rather distant from the associated text. The font size in the figures may be too small for comfortable reading for some people.
Neutron and Proton Form Factors

The conclusions of a paper of the above title by Hammer and Weber, recently published in this journal, are criticized.
A Cognitive Developmental Model of Rigidity in Senescence.

The rigidity construct is reinterpreted in terms of the cognitive developmental approach. A review of previous theory and research has revealed both cognitive and developmental themes, with an emphasis on the structural and operational properties of rigidity. Weaknesses of previous approaches to rigidity are noted, and implications and predictions from the proposed model are discussed.
Correlates of Depression in the Elderly: Sex Differences and Similarities.

Investigated the relationship between numerous age-related stresses and depression in the elderly. Sixty-eight residents of a retirement center completed a questionnaire that assessed depression and a wide range of possible losses or stresses. Depression was found to be related to poorer financial status, fewer and less satisfying interpersonal relationships, poorer physical health and greater concerns about death for women and to poorer physical health and lack of involvement in activities for men.
Linear wave‐vector dependence of zone center optical phonons

Symmetry arguments including time reversal show that the polar, degenerate optical zone center phonons exhibit a dispersion linear in wave-vector provided the crystal does not possess improper symmetry operations. After reviewing the theory, we present experimental results on the Raman spectra of α-quartz and bismuth germanium oxide which illustrate this effect.
In Situ Infrared Technique for Studying Adsorption onto Particulate Silica Surfaces from Aqueous Solutions

An in situ infrared technique is described which allows the detection of adsorbed surface species on metal oxide particles in an aqueous environment. The technique involves first formulating a "coating" comprised of high-surface-area silica particles and a polymeric binder in a suitable solvent. The resulting coating is applied to the surface of an internal reflection element and mounted in a flow-through attenuated total reflection (ATR) apparatus. The technique is demonstrated with a ZnSe element coated with fumed silica particles in a polyethylene (PE) matrix. Access of the silica surface in the matrix to adsorbates was evaluated by comparing the gas-phase reaction of silanes on silica/PE-coated CsI windows in transmission with silica/PE-coated ZnSe in an ATR evacuable cell. It is shown that the PE weakly perturbs about 25% of the surface hydroxyl groups, and that all surface groups are available for reaction with silanes. The silica/PE is indefinitely stable in an aqueous environment and has advantages of at least 2 orders higher sensitivity and a wider spectral range over studies using oxidized silicon wafers. The usefulness of this technique for studying adsorption on metal oxide surfaces is demonstrated with the reaction of succinic anhydride on an aminosilanized silica surface. This reaction sequence is a common method used to prepare glass surfaces in the attachment of probe oligonucliotides for microarray biochip technology.
Production of Piglets after Cryopreservation of Embryos Using a Centrifugation-Based Method for Delipation Without Micromanipulation

It is still difficult to successfully cryopreserve in vitro-produced (IVP) swine embryos, as they are sensitive to chilling due to the abundance of intracellular lipids. Mechanical delipation through micromanipulation is successful, but this method increases the potential of pathogen transmission because of the damage inflicted upon the zona pellucida during micromanipulation, and it is labor intensive. Reported here is a method to remove the lipid of IVP porcine embryos, without significantly compromising the zona pellucida, by trypsin treating the embryos or exposing the embryo to a high-osmolality solution to enlarge the perivitelline space so that the lipid could be polarized and separated completely after subsequent centrifugation without micromanipulation. The procedures work both for nuclear transfer-derived embryos and in vitro-fertilized embryos. Both methods provide a high-throughput process that leaves the zona pellucida intact (or relatively intact for the trypsin treatment) to aid in preventing disease transmission. It is also demonstrated that this procedure results in viable piglets, a claim that could not be made in many previous reports. Although the efficiencies of cryopreservation have not been dramatically improved, these procedures allow a single person to process very large numbers of embryos without the necessity of manipulating each individual embryo on a micromanipulator. Such high-throughput processing overcomes the lack of high efficiency (i.e., the system can be overloaded with embryos for transfer to surrogates).
Response variability patterns in complex tasks

Fifty-three subjects were given a video block-design task, and measures were made of beat-to-beat latencies of heart rate both during the task and during a subsequent rest period. The results indicated a decreased heart rate variance in the puzzle-solving period when compared to heart rate in the resting period. In addition, relationships were found between heart rate and other response variances for males. The results are discussed in terms of a behavioral variability hypothesis of mild stress effects (Crow, 1977).
Loss of laminin and type IV collagen in uterine luminal epithelial basement membranes during blastocyst lmplantation in the mouse

Background: Removal of the uterine luminal epithelium and its basement membrane is necessary for successful implantation of invasive blastocysts. Few reports, however, have specifically addressed the penetration and loss of the uterine luminal epithelial basement membrane (UEBM). We investigated the loss of UEBM by examining the distribution of laminin and type IV collagen. Methods: Blastocyst implantation sites were collected from mice on days 5,6, and 7 of pregnancy. Paraffin sections were prepared from these tissues and processed with standard immunoperoxidase techniques to reveal the distribution of laminin and type IV collagen. Results: On day 5 of pregnancy blastocysts were adherent to the uterine epithelium. The epithelium and UEBM were complete and uninterrupted. On day 6 the juxtaembryonic uterine epithelium was lost and focal discontinuities were seen along the UEBM. By 1200 hr the UEBM had receded to the region near the ectoplacental cone, but staining was reduced for both antigens over the entire region surrounded by decidual cells. This decreased staining of the UEBM occurred in areas not yet occupied by trophoblast cells. On day 7 the UEBM was lost over the entire embryonic half of the uterine lining, corresponding to the distribution of decidual cells. Conclusions: Progressive loss of the UEBM occurred in a consistent spatiotemporal pattern following the onset of blastocyst implantation. Diminished immunoreactivity of laminin and type IV collagen in the UEBM was closely correlated with the area occupied by decidualized endometrial stroma and occurred in areas not yet in contact with trophoblast cells. We conclude that decidual cells are instrumental in the removal of UEBM during early pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Necessary and Sufficient Determinant for Protein-selective Glycosylation in Vivo

A limited number of glycoproteins including luteinizing hormone and carbonic anhydrase-VI (CA6) bear N-linked oligosaccharides that are modified with β1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). The selective addition of GalNAc to these glycoproteins requires that the β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (βGT) recognize both the oligosaccharide acceptor and a peptide recognition determinant on the substrate glycoprotein. We report here that two recently cloned βGTs, βGT3 and βGT4, that are able to transfer GalNAc to GlcNAc in β1,4-linkage display the necessary glycoprotein specificity in vivo. Both βGTs transfer GalNAc to N-linked oligosaccharides on the luteinizing hormone α subunit and CA6 but not to those on transferrin (Trf). A single peptide recognition determinant encoded in the carboxyl-terminal 19-amino acid sequence of bovine CA6 mediates transfer of GalNAc to each of its two N-linked oligosaccharides. The addition of this 19-amino acid sequence to the carboxyl terminus of Trf confers full acceptor activity onto Trf for both βGT3 and βGT4 in vivo. The complete 19-amino acid sequence is required for optimal GalNAc addition in vivo, indicating that the peptide sequence is both necessary and sufficient for recognition by βGT3 and βGT4.
Is Child Abuse a Human Instinct

The modern concept of instinct maintains that certain physical signs or events trigger the release of appropriate behavioural responses. According to Konrad Lorenz and other ethological theorists, the features and proportions of the infant body and face convey a sense of cuteness which releases a protective human instinct. Members of the Lorenz-Tinbergen school may also regard violent crime or war as manifestations of aggressive drives. A survey of medical and sociological literature shows that the rate of abuse and neglect of infants and children is higher than violent crimes against adults, which reveals a contradiction in basic premises. Language: en
Cultural practices for enhanced growth of young peach trees

A review of orchard soil management effects on tree growth and soil parameters is presented. It shows the gap between present common practices and results achievable in other systems. An alternative soil management system for newly planted peach trees, termed “killed-sod”, is described. This system has improved soil structure and rainfall infiltration and greatly increased early tree growth and yield. A fertilization study has demonstrated that the addition of a complete fertilizer in four different soil management systems could not account for the increased growth resulting from the improved soil environment in the killed-sod system.
Applications of Chaotic Digital Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to Cable Communication Systems

In this paper the technical details of chaotic digital code-division multiple access ((CD)2MA) communication systems used in cable communication systems are presented. The cable communication system may be a pure coaxial RF cable network, a hybrid fiber-coax network, or a pure optical fibre network for high-capacity data link. As an example of its many potential applications in cable communication systems, (CD)2MA is used to support the upstream digital data communications in cable TV systems occupying the very noisy 5–40 MHz portion of spectrum. Although the (CD)2MA proposed in this paper is only used to support current Internet services via cable TV networks, it can also be used to support the high-speed data-link provided in the 550–750 MHz band in hybrid fiber-coax networks. (CD)2MA is a new communication framework which uses band-limited chaotic carriers insted of linear ones. For the purpose of generality, in this paper the band-limited chaotic carriers are approximated by groups of linear sub-carriers, which distribute within the same bandwidth with a fixed amplitude, random phases and uniformly distributed frequencies. The theoretical result of the performance of (CD)2MA is given. We also provide the simulation results of the bit-error-rate (BER) performances of a synchronous (CD)2MA used in cable communication systems. The results show that the (CD)2MA system has a better performance than the synchronous CDMA system proposed for the same cable communication system. Technical details of (CD)2MA are also presented for the future design of prototype systems. We present the framework of the whole (CD)2MA system including carrier syncronization, timing recovery and the details of nonlinear carrier generators.
Intracellular O2 gradients in cardiac myocytes. Lack of a role for myoglobin in facilitation of intracellular O2 diffusion.

Abstract The P50 for oxygenation of myoglobin in intact cells was very high relative to that for isolated myoglobin, and was changed by addition of agents that altered respiratory rate. The P50 for cytochrome a oxidation in cells was very high relative to that for isolated mitochondria, but was unaffected by oxidation of myoglobin to metmyoglobin. These results demonstrate the existence of a substantial intracellular O2 gradient in myocytes and indicate that myoglobin does not have a significant role in facilitation of O2 diffusion to mitochondria.
Incidence of Down's syndrome in American Negroes

Summary The incidence of births of children with Down's syndrome identified in infants in Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee, is given by race from 1955 to 1966. There were 100 infants with Down's syndrome in the Caucasian population with a rate of 0.95 per 1,000 live births and 92 infants in the Negro population with a rate of 1.02 per 1,000 live births. Annual incidence rates show evidence of periodic aggregations of Down's syndrome which are similar in the two races. This suggests that there is no difference between rates of Down's syndrome in Caucasians and Negroes in the population observed.
SU-GG-T-120: Design of a Next Generation Treatment Planning System That Incorporates Motion and Uncertainty in Inverse Planning

Purpose: The safety margin approach to handle uncertainty and motion in radiotherapytreatment planning has limitations. For example, in the context of respiratory motion, the safety margin concept is over‐conservative and leads to increased doses to lung or liver tissue. Furthermore, in intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), the safety margin approach fails and cannot be applied successfully. Therefore, future treatment planning systems should have the option to directly incorporate uncertainty and organ motion into treatment plan optimization for IMRT and IMPT. We suggest a mathematical basis and practical implementation guidelines for a next generation treatment planning system that can handle various types of uncertainty within a coherent framework. Method and Materials: Mathematically, our program follows the probabilistic approach: The delivered dose, and hence the objective function, depend on a set of random variables that parameterize the uncertainty. Treatment planning is performed by optimizing the expected value of the objective function. Practically, this approach was implemented in C++ in an object‐oriented setting. A key component of the program is an abstract base class called DoseDeliveryModel. A particular type of uncertainty is implemented in a derived class. Aspects that are specific to the type of uncertainty considered can be hidden in derived classes, whereas the remaining program communicates with the DoseDeliveryModel via standardized public member functions. Results and Conclusion: Different applications have been implemented: Those include setup errors, respiratory motion with variations in the breathing pattern, or range uncertainties in IMPT. As a result, we obtain treatment plans that are qualitatively different from conventional plans. For IMPT we obtain plans that are robust against range and setup errors that simply cannot be obtained by margin approaches. For moving lung tumors a reduction of integral lungdose in the order of 10 – 20% was observed. Research partially supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
Plasticity enhancement mechanisms in MoSi2

Abstract Low temperature plasticity enhancement mechanisms which are operative in body-centered cubic metals and B2 ordered alloys can be observed in MoSi 2 in appropriate stress-temperature-strain rate regimes. We illustrate effects of surface films (ZrO 2 ) and dispersoids (TiC) in enhancing plasticity of MoSi 2 in the ductile-to-brittle transition range of temperatures, 900–1400°C. We also show, through experiments involving high temperature (1300°C) prestrain, that effective operation of dislocation generation processes can extend the low temperature range to which polycrystalline MoSi 2 can be plastically deformed. The dislocation substructures of polycrystalline MoSi 2 deformed over this temperature range have also been characterized. The overall results illustrate that approaches to enhance toughness of MoSi 2 need not be limited to ductile phases characterized by weak interfaces.
Medium Effects on the Stability of Terbium(III) Complexes with Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate

Systematic investigation of the stability of mono-, bis-, and tris-terbium(III) complexes with dipicolinic acid is reported. The formation constants were extracted from emission titration data. For this purpose, a mathematical formalism for two complexation models was developed. Comparative studies were conducted by variation of the acidity of the medium (from H0 = −2 to pH = 7), the buffer composition (i.e., containing seven different anions), and the salt concentration (from 0.04 to 1 M). It became evident that elevating the pH and lowering the salt concentration were important, not only for increasing the values of the formation constants, but also for forming polynuclear Tb−DPA complexes. Inhibition of the latter phenomenon was observed when acetate or sulfate was present. The main purpose of the present investigation was to establish optimum conditions for conducting terbium(III)-mediated emission assays for bacterial endospore detection.
In-vitro activities of trospectomycin, cefpodoxime, and second-generation cephalosporins against Haemophilus influenzae type b

The in-vitro activities of trospectomycin, cefpodoxime, cefamandole, cefonicid, and cefuroxime against beta-lactamase-negative and -positive invasive clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b were determined by the agar dilution method. Trospectomycin and cefpodoxime inhibited 90% of the strains at concentrations of 5 and 0.06 mg/l, respectively, and no differences between the susceptibilities of the beta-lactamase-negative and -positive strains were noted. The activity of cefpodoxime was minimally affected by increased inoculum size, but significant inoculum effects were noted with cefamandole, cefonicid, and cefuroxime with beta-lactamase positive strains.
Selection of a clinical reference laboratory: General principles and some observations from Massachusetts General Hospital

Abstract Virtually all hospitals and physicians practices use outside reference laboratories to perform esoteric and some routine testing. A variety of reference laboratories are available from which to choose. These facilities vary in size, scope of services, geographic area served, and, in some cases, test quality. The evaluation and selection of an appropriate reference laboratory is an important responsibility for both the laboratory director and manager. The selection process requires careful consideration of many factors, including menu, price, quality, and customer service. Once the decision has been made to use a specific vendor, its performance should be reassessed periodically as part of the laboratory quality assurance program.
Science for whom? : Agricultural development and the theory of induced innovation

Marxist social scientists have argued that the relationship between social and technical change is one of mutual interaction; innovation in the modes of production affects social organization, and social organization, in turn, has an impact on the development of novel modes of production. This consideration is of fundamental importance for the construction of any economic development policy. However, analyses of this critical relationship have been elaborated within a conceptual framework which most social scientists and policy makers who work within the framework of neoclassical economic thought find difficult to understand. When marxists argue that technical innovations are the product of a class conflict, non-marxist social scientists are left wondering about what the exact meaning of such a statement. Because marxists have been unable to communicate their message, their important insights into the relation between social and technical change have not been incorporated in contemporary development policy; this situation has often resulted in great social costs. In the past fifteen years, however, Yujiro Hayami and Vernon Ruttan have attempted to analyze the critical interaction of social and technical change using neo-classical economic concepts. I argue that their approach can be utilized to express marxist insights in a language accessible to non-marxist social scientists. The careful and critical adoption of this approach could provide the grounds for a more fruitful dialogue about the interaction of social and technical change, and aid the construction of a new development policy.
“Let Freedom Ring!” Black Women’s Spirituality Shaping Prophetic Christian Education

When I was a child, my mother and father shared stories about life in the segregated South during the 1930s, ‘40s, and ‘50s. My parents grew up in Bessemer, Alabama, a coal-mining town just outside...
Edgeworth expansions for compound Poisson processes and the bootstrap

One-term Edgeworth Expansions for the studentized version of compound Poisson processes are developed. For a suitably defined bootstrap in this context, the so called one-term Edgeworth correction by bootstrap is also established. The results are applicable for constructing second-order correct confidence intervals (which make correction for skewness) for the parameter “mean reward per unit time”.
The submicrosomal distribution of radioactive proteins released by puromycin from the bound ribosomes of rat liver microsomes labelled in vitro.

Abstract 1. The puromycin-mediated release of labelled-nascent proteins from bound ribosomes was examined in rat liver microsomes labelled in vitro with [ 14 C]leucine. Subfractions were prepared from labelled control and puromycin-treated microsomes either by treatment with 0.25 % sodium deoxycholate or by sonication. 2. When the microsomes were fractionated by sodium deoxycholate, the distribution of the acid-insoluble radioactivity among the microsomal subfractions indicated that the puromycin-mediated release could be directed either toward the microsomal membrane or toward the intravesicular space. An unequivocal interpretation is not possible because of subfraction contamination and protein binding phenomena. 3. However, the distribution of radioactivity following gel filtration of deoxycholate-solubilized labelled microsomal membranes, or dispersion of the labelled microsomes by sonication, suggest that the direction of the puromycin-mediated release is toward the microsomal membrane rather than toward the intravesicular lumen.
A kinetic model of rapidly reversible nonphotochemical quenching

Oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms possess nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) pathways that protect against photo-induced damage. The majority of NPQ in plants is regulated on a rapid timescale by changes in the pH of the thylakoid lumen. In order to quantify the rapidly reversible component of NPQ, called qE, we developed a mathematical model of pH-dependent quenching of chlorophyll excitations in Photosystem II. Our expression for qE depends on the protonation of PsbS and the deepoxidation of violaxanthin by violaxanthin deepoxidase. The model is able to simulate the kinetics of qE at low and high light intensities. The simulations suggest that the pH of the lumen, which activates qE, is not itself affected by qE. Our model provides a framework for testing hypothesized qE mechanisms and for assessing the role of qE in improving plant fitness in variable light intensity.
Blood parasites of House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) from Georgia and New York.

This study investigated the ecology of hematozoan parasites in two eastern populations of House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Blood smears were obtained from birds captured in Georgia during 2001–2003 (n=757) and New York during 2001 (n=282) and evaluated for the presence of hematozoans. Low-density infections of Haemoproteus fringillae and Plasmodium relictum were confirmed at each location. Infections were observed year-round in Georgia, but primarily between June and November in New York. Overall, hematozoa were more prevalent in House Finches from Georgia than New York (P≤0.01). The prevalence of infection was similar between finches of different age, sex, and reproductive status in Georgia. The low density of the infections observed suggests there is limited influence on host mortality.
Christopher Clavius and the classification of sciences

I discuss two questions: (1) would Duhem have accepted the thesis of the continuity of scientific methodology? and (2) to what extent is the Oxford tradition of classification/subalternation of sciences continuous with early modern science? I argue that Duhem would have been surprised by the claim that scientific methodology is continuous; he expected at best only a continuity of physical theories, which he was trying to isolate from the perpetual fluctuations of methods and metaphysics. I also argue that the evidence does not support the conclusion that early modern doctrines about mathematics and physics are continuous with the subalternation of sciences from Grosseteste, Bacon, and the theologians of fourteenth-century Oxford. The official and dominant context for early modern scientific methodology seems to have been progressive Thomism, and early modern thinkers seem to have pitted themselves against it.