cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults A Statement for Health Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association

In 1957 the American Heart Association proposed that modification of dietary fat intake would reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), which had become the leading cause of disability and death in the United States and other industrialized countries.1 Since then the AHA has issued seven policy statements on diet and CHD as reliable new information has become available.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 In each of these statements emphasis was placed on consumption of total fat, saturated and certain unsaturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, and sodium because of their significant contribution to risk of CHD. Later, excessive alcohol intake was considered because of its association with hypertension, stroke, and other diseases. Such knowledge has encouraged other health organizations and the federal government to make similar recommendations. In May 1989 representatives of nine health organizations and governmental bodies met under the aegis of the AHA, reviewed the scientific evidence, and concluded that most Americans can improve their overall health and maintain it with a few specific but fundamental dietary changes.9 The following guidelines are consistent with those promoted by each organization: • Eat a nutritionally adequate diet consisting of a variety of foods. • Reduce consumption of fat, especially saturated fat, and cholesterol. • Achieve and maintain an appropriate body weight. • Increase consumption of complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber. • Reduce intake of sodium. • Consume alcohol in moderation, if at all. Children, adolescents, and pregnant women should abstain. Current AHA recommendations regarding diet and related lifestyle practices for the general population are based on evidence indicating that modification of specific risk factors will decrease incidence of CHD.8 These risk factors include cigarette smoking; elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; increased blood …
Hydrocortisone normalizes phosphodiesterase-5 activity in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

AbstractPhosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) is the primary phosphodiesterase in the pulmonary vasculature. It degrades cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and inhibits cGMP-mediated vasorelaxation. We previously reported that hydrocortisone treatment decreased hyperoxia-induced PDE5 activity and markers of oxidative stress in lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) ventilated with 100% O2. The objective of our study was to determine the molecular mechanism by which hydrocortisone downregulates PDE5 and oxidative stress in fetal pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (FPASMCs) from PPHN lambs. PPHN FPASMC were incubated for 24 hours in either 21% or 95% O2. Some cells were treated with 100 nM hydrocortisone and/or ±1 μM helenalin, an inhibitor of nuclear factor κ B (NFκB), a redox-sensitive transcription factor. Exposure to hyperoxia led to increased PDE5 activity, oxidative stress, and NFκB activity. Pretreatment of PPHN FPASMC with hydrocortisone normalized PDE5 activity, decreased cyto...
Workers' Compensation — An Adequate Employee Benefit?

Since first enacted over 60 years ago, Workers' Compensation laws have been considerably revised. Although they have moved closer to realizing their enactment objectives, they still do not provide adequate protection for the worker and his/her family. Thinking concerning social responsibility may have progressed enough that adequate legislation can now be enacted.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of A ?111? oriented aluminum single crystal

Abstract Recently, the electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) and secondary electron spectroscopy (SES) of the interaction of oxygen with polycrystalline aluminum were reported for primary energies in the range 30 ⩽ Ep ⩽ 250 eV. Two new transitions were resolved in the ELS spectra (one at 4 eV for clean aluminum and the other at 12 eV for oxide-covered aluminum) for low primary energies (Ep ≈ 30 eV). In this paper we report on experiments utilizing a {111} oriented single crystal of aluminum that confirm the existence of these loss peaks for low primary energies and show that the 4 eV peak position for pure aluminum depends on the primary beam energy. This suggests that this low energy loss peak is due to direct nonvertical inter- and intraband transitions which differs from the previous assignment.
MAVIS: a special purpose neural computational system for ATR

Abstract Continuing work at the Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, on the application of neural network technology to weapons systems for the US Navy has resulted in the design, fabrication and testing of a massively parallel neural computer. The Missileborne Artificial Vision System (MA VIS) is designed around a paradigm which emulates the computational form of vertebrate retina and visual cortex. This form is called corticomorphic processing. This system is built around the Adaptive Solutions CNAPS chip and operates in real-time with a wide variety of imaging sensors. The actual measured capacity to compute is beyond 12,000 multiply accumulate type operations per pixel per frame at 60 frames per second for a missile sized focal plane array. The hardware is designed to be packaged into a very small volume compatible with aircraft and missile constraints. Several biologically motivated models have been demonstrated on the system.
Nibrin Forkhead-Associated Domain and Breast Cancer C-terminal Domain Are Both Required for Nuclear Focus Formation and Phosphorylation

The Mre11·Rad50·nibrin protein complex plays an essential role in the mammalian cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. The disorder Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) results from mutations in the NBS1 gene that encodes nibrin, and NBS cells are radiosensitive and defective in S-phase checkpoint activation following irradiation. In response to radiation, nibrin is phosphorylated by Atm, and the Mre11·Rad50·nibrin complex relocalizes to form punctate nuclear foci. The N terminus of nibrin contains a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a breast cancer C-terminal (BRCT) domain, the functions of which are unclear. To determine the role of the FHA and BRCT domains in nibrin function, we have performed site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues in these motifs. Mutations in the nibrin FHA and BRCT domains did not affect interaction with Mre11·Rad50 or nuclear localization of the complex. However, mutation of conserved residues in either domain disrupted nuclear focus formation and blocked nibrin phosphorylation after irradiation, suggesting that these events may be functionally interdependent. Despite an effect on nibrin phosphorylation, expression of the FHA or BRCT mutants in NBS cells restored the downstream phosphorylation of Chk2 and Smc1, necessary for S-phase checkpoint activation. None of the mutations revealed separate functions for the FHA or BRCT domains, suggesting they do not function independently.
Theory of Impurity-Induced Infrared Absorption

The problem of impurity-induced absorption of light due to a localized mode is studied on the basis of the Kubo linear-response theory. The equation of motion for the dipole-moment correlation function with respect to the localized mode is derived using Zwanzig's projection-operator method, and solved with the assumption that the anharmonic coupling between the localized mode and the remaining modes (the bath) is of the form $Q\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ and weak enough to allow a perturbation treatment. The variables $Q$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ represent the localized-mode normal coordinate and an arbitrary function of the bath coordinates, respectively. The first nonvanishing contribution is shown to be of second order in the coupling and to give an absorption band of Lorentzian shape whose width and shift are given by the real and imaginary parts of the half-interval Fourier transform of the correlation function ${〈[\ensuremath{\Gamma},\ensuremath{\Gamma}(t)]〉}^{0}$, where ${〈\ensuremath{\cdots}〉}^{0}$ denotes an average over the canonical ensemble which represents the uncoupled bath. It follows directly from this result that the width and shift functions satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relations. In an Appendix, the width and shift expressions for the special case of an anharmonic crystal having up to quartic terms in the potential are derived and shown to be equivalent to Maradudin's calculation based on many-body diagram techniques.
Elevated Serum Nicked and Urinary Beta-Core Fragment hCG in Preeclamptic Pregnancies

Abstract Objective: To determine whether different molecular forms of hCG in serum and urine are elevated in preeclamptic pregnancies. Methods: Forty-three pregnant women were studied: 25 preeclamptic women and 18 normotensive women. Immediately after blood and urine samples were collected, the protease inhibitors leupeptin (0.35 mM) and phenanthroline (22 mM) were added. Various molecular forms of hCG in serum (complete hCG, nonnicked hCG, complete free beta hCG) and in urine (complete hCG, beta-core fragment hCG) were measured by matched immunoassays with a common enzyme-labeled tracer antibody. The nicked hCG assay used a coating of beta-subunit monoclonal antibody with the addition of scavenger antibody to remove nonnicked hCG. Mann-Whitney U test and χ 2 test were used for statistical analyses. Results: Preeclamptic women had significantly higher median (range) levels of serum complete and nicked hCG than did normotensive women (3620 [850–12,000] versus 2420 [310–4850] ng/mL, P = .024; and 102 [45–275] versus 71 [11–143] ng/mL, P = .010, respectively). Both median (range) urinary complete hCG-creatinine and beta-core fragment-creatinine ratios were significantly higher in preeclamptic women than in normotensive women (37.6 [0.5–185] versus 11.3 [1.9–54], P = .013; and 11.8 [2–67] versus 5.3 [0.3–29], P = .009, respectively). Conclusion: Various molecular forms of hCG in serum and urine were significantly higher in preeclamptic than in normotensive pregnancies.
Fungal bezoar and bladder rupture secondary to Candida tropicalis

Candidal urinary tract infections typically occur in a host with compromised immune function. Although usually associated with aerobic bacterial infections, emphysematous cystitis occasionally complicates fungal infections of the lower urinary tract, especially in diabetics. Another uncommon occurrence is formation of a "fungus ball" leading to obstructive uropathy. We present a case of bladder rupture in a patient with emphysematous cystitis and obstructing fungal bezoar caused by Candida tropicalis. Various factors predispose to fungal urinary tract infection, including diabetes mellitus, neurogenic bladder, antibiotic usage, and the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter.
Production of cellulose II by Acetobacter xylinum in the presence of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile

This report provides X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral evidence that, when 2,6-dichlorobezonitrile is present in the culture medium, Acetobacter xylinum, which is a model system for investigation of the biosynthesis of native cellulose, produces cellulose II, as well as cellulose I. The significance of the observations with respect to the mechanism of biosynthesis of cellulose is discussed briefly.
Short Ga⋯HN distances in gallium amine and amide complexes

Abstract The reaction of Cy 2 GaCl with LiNHR in diethylether at −78°C produces the dinuclear primary amido bridged complexes [Cy 2 GaNHR] 2 (R  Interestingly, compounds 1 – 3 feature short Ga⋯HN distances, which are 2.113 A, 2.33 A and 2.28(9) A for 1 , 2 and
Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and cardiac arrest secondary to status dystonicus in a child with glutaric aciduria type I.

Abstract An 8-½ year old boy with glutaric aciduria type I (GA1) and chronic dystonia presented with severe rhabdomyolysis in association with a febrile illness. His clinical course was complicated by acute renal failure, cardiac arrest and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. As acute neurological decompensation is typically not seen in patients with GA1 beyond early childhood, this case report serves as an important reminder that patients with GA1 and status dystonicus may be at risk for acute life-threatening rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and further neurological injury at any age.
Surface-Grafted, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Grown from Silica Gel for Chromatographic Separations

Imprinted polymers were grafted successfully from silica gel via atom-transfer radical polymerization. Measured binding kinetics for protected amino acid templates onto the molecularly imprinted polymers on silica gel (MIP-SG) and MIPs prepared by conventional solution-phase synthesis demonstrated that the MIP-SG had improved mass-transfer properties and also had higher binding capacity per unit mass of polymer. In addition, a high-performance liquid chromatography column packed with MIP-SG showed higher column efficiency and better resolution for the enantiomers, Boc-l-tryptophan and Boc-d-tryptophan, relative to a column packed with the conventionally prepared MIP. When Boc-l-Trp was used as the template molecule during MIP-SG synthesis, the column packed with the resulting polymer retained the Boc-l-Trp to longer elution time than the Boc-d-Trp. This order of elution was switched when Boc-d-Trp was used as template.
Interface reorientation during coherent phase transformations

The universal thermodynamic driving force for coherent plane interface reorientation (IR) during first-order phase transformations (PT) in solids is derived. The relation between the rates of IR and interface propagation (IP) and the corresponding driving forces are derived for combined athermal and drag interface friction. The coupled evolution of IR and IP during cubic-tetragonal and tetragonal-orthorhombic PTs under three-dimensional loading is studied. An instability in the interface orientation is shown to have the features of a first-order PT.
Surrogate measures to optimize structures for robust and predictable progressive failure

Optimizing complex structures for robust and predictable progressive failure using probabilistic approaches is computationally expensive. In this paper we investigate the progressive failure characteristics of structures subjected to random variability and deduce patterns to identify surrogate measures that correlate with robustness and predictability of the design’s progressive failure. The procedure is demonstrated for the optimization of robustness and predictability in progressive failure of truss structures. Deterministic optimization of trusses was used to generate candidate designs to compare and contrast robustness and predictability. The stochastic analyses of the candidate designs are then used to identify surrogate features that correlate to robustness and predictability of progressive failure response. These features are converted to numerical surrogate objectives or constraints and used in optimization to demonstrate their effectiveness and computational efficiency. The example shows that surrogate measures can be developed for robustness and predictability optimization, and that such measures are computationally efficient compared to robustness optimization using sampling based methods.
Reactive Path Planning for Micro Air Vehicles Using Bearing-only Measurements

Autonomous path planning of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) in an urban environment is a challenging task because urban environments are dynamic and have variety of obstacles, and the locations of these obstacles may not be available a priori. In this paper we develop a reactive guidance strategy for collision avoidance using bearing-only measurements. The guidance strategy can be used to avoid collision from circular obstacles and to follow straight and curved walls at safe distance. The guidance law moves a obstacle in the sensor field-of-view to a desired constant bearing angle, which causes the MAV to maintain a constant distance from the obstacle. We use sliding mode control theory to derive the guidance law, which is fast, computationally inexpensive, and guarantees collision avoidance.
Aplastic Anemia Complicating Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis

Aplastic anemia developed in 9 of 32 patients (28 percent) undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, at one to seven weeks after the procedure. No patient previously had evidence of hematologic dysfunction or conditions known to be associated with aplastic anemia. No other cases of aplastic anemia were identified among 1463 patients undergoing liver transplantation for all other indications at the four centers participating in the study (chi-square = 415, P less than 0.001; 95 percent confidence interval for the incidence of aplastic anemia after transplantation for non-A, non-B hepatitis, 13 to 44 percent, vs. 0.00 to 0.13 percent for all other indications). The operative and postoperative treatment of these patients was not otherwise different, indicating that the aplastic anemia was a complication of the hepatitis, not of the transplantation procedure. Four of the nine patients died of complications due to infections. Three of the surviving patients have been followed for less than six months, one for one year, and one for two years. The two patients followed the longest have recovered marrow function to an appreciable degree, and two of the others have evidence of early recovery. We conclude that patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for non-A, non-B hepatitis are at a high risk for the development of aplastic anemia.
Review Essay Cultural Exchange: New Developments in the Anthropology of Commodities

The recent publication of Arjun Appadurai's edited collection The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (1986) is a milestone in the development of a new, culturally informed economic anthropology. Here, I hope to use a general discussion of this book, especially the challenging and ambitious theoretical introduction by Appadurai, as an opportunity to reflect not only on this exciting collection, but at the same time on a number of important new developments in the anthropology of commodities. These developments, I believe, point the way toward a fruitful integration of cultural and economic analysis. In the conclusion, I add a few observations on the theoretical moment that makes such new developments possible. In the classical, holistic anthropology of the founding fathers and mothers, economy and culture were inevitably connected. Whether economic institutions or practices were seen as "total social facts" (Mauss), as parts of an interdependent, "functioning whole" (Malinowski), or as aspects of a total "culture pattern" (Benedict, Kroeber), their analysis was inseparable from the analysis of the larger cultural whole. The foundational works of "economic anthropology"from Mauss's The Gift (1976) and Malinowski's analysis of the kula (1922) to Bohannan's account of spheres of exchange among the Tiv (1959) and Douglas's ethnography of the Lele (1963)-were based on the premise that since economic life is culturally ordered, economic analysis is inseparable from cultural analysis. Indeed, it is arguable that the founding insight of "economic anthropology" was precisely the realization that the economic could not be separated from the cultural and the symbolic.
Stress-strength interference theory for a pin-loaded composite joint

Abstract Considering the increasing applications of composites as structural components, the reliability of these materials is an important issue. In this paper, stress-strength interference theory is used to determine the reliability of a component that is characterized having a Weibull strength distribution and is under the effects of an applied load that is not deterministic, but follows a probability distribution. The assumption that failure is caused by the maximum of a sequence of applied loads is the basis for describing the applied load distribution as a Gumbel Type 1 extreme value distribution. Reliability plots are given for a class of strength parameters that are typical of graphite/epoxy laminates. A numerical example for a pin-loaded composite laminate is shown using experimentally obtained data.
Towards analyzing and improving robustness of software applications to intermittent and permanent faults in hardware

Although a significant fraction of emerging failure and wearout mechanisms result in intermittent or permanent faults in hardware, their impact (as distinct from transient faults) on software applications has not been well studied. In this paper, we develop a distinguishing application characteristic, referred to as similarity from fundamental circuit-level understanding of the failure mechanisms. We present a mathematical definition and a procedure for similarity computation for practical software applications and experimentally verify the relationship between similarity and fault rate. Leveraging dependence of application robustness on the similarity metric, we present example architecture independent code transformations to reduce similarity and thereby the worst-case fault rate with minimal performance degradation. Our experimental results with arithmetic unit faults show as much as 74% improvement in the worst case fault rate on benchmark kernels, with less than 10% runtime penalty.
Molecular-orbital cluster calculations on MBa2Cu3O7 for M = Y, Pr, Nd, Ho and Cm

Abstract We present and analyze the results of crystal-embedded molecular-orbital calculations for several members of the orthorhombic MBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 series: M = Y, Pr, Nd, Ho or Cm. Most of our results are nonrelativistic but we also report some fully relativistic results for the Cm compound. Calculated charge distributions indicate trivalent behavior for all these compounds. For Ho, Nd, Pr, and Cm, the orbital character of the primarily f-electrons changes greatly. Only Ho and, to a lesser extent, Nd show the classically expected isolation of the f-orbitals from mixing with orbitals of other atoms. For the occupied molecular orbital of the Pr and Cm compounds, the energy eigenfunctions show unusual mixing between the f-orbitals and the d-orbitals of the planar-coordinated Cu atoms. These results correlate well with the presence or absence of superconductivity for the various members in the series.
Use of Communication Resources in a Networked Collaborative Design Environment

The goal of this exploratory study is to examine student use of a prototype networked collaborative design environment to support or augment learning about engineering design. The specific goals of the research are to characterize design activities and practices and to examine the use of multiple communication resources to augment activities in a three-way group collaboration. This paper examines the communication resource use of students engaged in a collaborative design activity. Students use the channels for a variety of activities to increase depth of communication, increase breadth of communication, and overcome technical difficulty. Conclusions suggest that students need multiple representations of design information to effectively move the design process forward.
God, Tribe, and Nation: Ethno-Religious History at Middle Age. A Review Article

Like the Hegelian world spirit, the 1960s never die, yet are born anew every year in discussions across the media spectrum, from the Chronicle of Higher Education to "Entertainment Tonight." Beneath all the canned images of "civil rights," "Vietnam," the "radical curriculum," and the "women's movement" tossed about in such exchanges, two momentous and often intertwined developments of that decade go little noticed: the reemergence of ethnic consciousness and the reassertion of traditional-or traditionalistic-
The use of brief isolation to suppress delusional and hallucinatory speech

Abstract Isolation of 15 min duration (time-out, TO) was used to consequate the delusional and hallucinatory speech of a 33-yr-old female, chronic psychotic impatient. Delusional speech was defined as saying any one of 30 false statements; hallucinatory speech was defined as saying any audible verbalization to an unobservable stimulus. Delusional speech was recorded during two different types of conversations: six daily 5 min conversations conducted in a specific locale; 18 daily 1-min conversations conducted at any place on the patient's unit. TO was applied, withdrawn, and then reapplied first to the 5-min conversations and then to any delusional or hallucinatory verbalization emitted everywhere on the unit. Results indicated that TO was effective in suppressing delusional and hallucinatory speech, but the effects did not generalize from the 5-min to the 1-min conversations. When an attempt was made to fade TO from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, delusional speech increased to baseline levels. Additional observations made during the periods of TO indicated that the patient significantly increased the frequency of her delusional and hallucinatory verbalizations. This suggested that TO functioned as a punisher rather than as removal from social reinforcement which had initially been hypothesized as maintaining delusional and hallucinatory speech.
microRNAs: runts of the genome assert themselves.

Abstract microRNAs form an abundant class of 21–22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA that is common to diverse species of multicellular life. Although they are currently the subject of intense, directed study, the path toward their discovery has been dominated by chance and serendipity. In this review, I examine how these tiny molecules have risen from genetic obscurity to scientific stardom, and discuss the emerging biological functions of these novel riboregulators.
MRI of Recurrent Cystic Mesothelioma: Differential Diagnosis of Cystic Pelvic Masses

A case of recurrent cystic pelvic mesothelioma in a woman who developed pelvic fullness, frequent urination, and pressure sensation in the lower abdomen with interesting magnetic resonance imaging findings is presented. The differential diagnosis of cystic pelvic masses is briefly discussed.
The expression patterns of minor fibrillar collagens during development in zebrafish.

Abstract Minor fibrillar collagens are recognized as the organizers and nucleators during collagen fibrillogenesis but likely serve additional functions. The minor fibrillar collagens include collagens type V and XI. Mutations of collagens type V and XI can cause Ehlers–Danlos, Stickler’s, and Marshall’s syndromes in human. We have characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Col11a1, Col11a2, Col5a1 as well as Col5a3 in zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization. Col5a1 is expressed in developing somites, neural crest, the head mesenchyme, developing cranial cartilage, pharyngeal arches and vertebrae. Col5a3 is detected in the notochord, mesenchyme cells in the eyes and lens. Both Col11a1 and Col11a2 have similar expression patterns, including notochord, otic vesicle, and developing cranial cartilages. Zebrafish may therefore serve as a valuable vertebrate model system for the study of diseases associated with collagens type V and XI mutations.
Device Performance Improvement of PMOS Devices Fabricated by $\hbox{B}_{2}\hbox{H}_{6}$ PIII/PLAD Processing

It has been shown that plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII)/plasma doping (PLAD) processing offers unique advantages over conventional beam-line ion implant systems, including system simplicity, lower cost, higher throughput, and device performance improvements. A 78-nm channel length PMOS device, which is fabricated by a B2H6/H2 PIII/PLAD process on source/drain doping, can offer better device performance that includes a 50% lower contact resistance (RCS), 11%-16% higher drive current (IDS), and transconductance (KL) than those fabricated by beam-line implantation. The physical mechanisms behind the device performance improvement can be correlated to the much lower RCS, which in turn results from the unique dopant profiles of the PIII/PLAD process.
Brief fruit and vegetable messages integrated within a community physical activity program successfully change behaviour

Consumption of the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables is associated with several health benefits. Currently less than 25% of the American population meets the minimum recommendation of five servings a day. In order to change this health behaviour, interventions should be based on theory and include community-wide social support. A low intensity intervention was developed in which participants (n = 86) were randomly assigned to either the fruit and vegetable intervention (FVI) or standard control condition. The intervention was integrated into an ongoing community physical activity program and study participants were drawn from the sample of community members enrolled in the program. The FVI consisted of brief social cognitive theory-based messages delivered in nine weekly newsletters designed to improve participant outcome and self-efficacy expectations related to fruit and vegetable consumption. Participants in the FVI condition increased in their fruit and vegetable consumption by approximately one to one and one-third servings per day. The control condition showed no change in consumption. The effect of the intervention was enhanced when examined by the extent to which it was adopted by participants (i.e., the number of newsletters read). Those participants who read seven or more newsletters showed an increase of two servings per day. This intervention was effective at improving fruit and vegetable consumption among adults. Minimal interventions, such as newsletters, have the ability to reach large audiences and can be integrated into ongoing health promotion programs. As such, they have potential for a strong public health impact.
Treading the ground of contested memory: archivists and the human rights movement in Chile

This article proposes a new definition of social justice that is based in liberation theology. It questions the relationship between archival practice and social justice and asks how (and whether) social justice can (or should be) a transformative force in the archival profession. These theoretical questions are examined through a case study of human rights archives. The author travelled to Chile in December 2011 to interview archivists and human rights activists and visit human rights archives, museums, and memorials. The article identifies three archival processes by which archivists in Chile engage in social justice activism: the act of documenting human rights violations that dictator Augusto Pinochet perpetrated during his rule from 1973 to 1990; by continually acquiring new documents that bear witness to these violations; and by providing, indeed encouraging and promoting, access to these materials. The article argues that the way that human rights archivists carry out these archival processes allows the community to participate in building both the archives and the memory of the dictatorship. It concludes by stating that this connection between the archives and the community is one of the primary ways in which social justice can be integrated into the archival profession.
Investor valuations of suppliers' major customer disclosures☆☆☆

Abstract I investigate whether or not investors in suppliers to retailers find the major customer disclosure value-relevant. Major customer retailers have buyer power because the retailer represents a significant portion of a supplier's sales. Buyer power can indicate reliance on one customer where the supplier is at a disadvantage in negotiating transaction terms. Alternatively, the existence of major customers may suggest the supplier is in a mutually-benefiting partnership with the retailer. I hypothesize that investors find the major customer disclosure value-relevant; however, the direction depends on whether the investor focuses on the partnership aspect or sales concentrated with one customer. My valuation results are consistent with investors focusing on the sales concentration for larger suppliers (higher risk) and the mutually benefiting partnership for smaller suppliers (lower risk). The findings provide insight on valuation implications of having and disclosing a major customer.
On the relations between Markovian master equations and stochastic differential equations

Abstract We have investigated the relationship between Markovian master equations (m.e.) and the corresponding stochastic differential equations (s.d.e.) for closed systems, i.e., systems not subjected to external pumping. We show that the form of the fluctuations in the s.d.e., i.e., additive or multiplicative, depends upon the properties of the kernel of the m.e. and the range of the state space of the stochastic variable(s), i.e., bounded or unbounded. The knowledge of these two properties of the m.e. permits the determination of the way in which the fluctuations enter into the s.d.e. (i.e., additive or multiplicative) and the calculation of their statistics. Several examples are presented to illustrate the general theory.
Undergraduate Engineering Majors' Beliefs About Mathematics

This study examined the mathematics beliefs of college students in 10 undergraduate mathematics classes at a large engineering school in the Midwest. The beliefs of 254 engineering majors were measured by the Indiana Mathematics Belief Scales and compared to the beliefs of elementary education majors and remedial college mathematics students obtained from earlier studies using the same instrument. The results were interpreted in terms of the students' daily attitudes towards their mathematics classes and corresponding academic and demographic parameters. The study showed that in many respects, the beliefs of the engineering majors were not that different from the other populations. The correlations among beliefs for the engineering group tended to be higher although there were relatively few significant correlations between belief and background variables. Attitude data were collected across a full semester for the engineering majors. The relatively modest day-to-day variation in those attitudes suggests that they are based on deeply seated beliefs.
Nitrotyrosine-modified SERCA2: a cellular sensor of reactive nitrogen species

The endo-/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA2) isoform of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase is sensitive to cellular conditions of inflammation and oxidative stress as evidenced by the common appearance of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified forms of SERCA2 in aging and disease in both striated and smooth muscle of humans and rodent models. Structure-function studies of nitrated SERCA2 in aging heart and skeletal muscle demonstrate stoichiometric nitration of vicinal tyrosines, Tyr(294) and Tyr(295), on the lumenal side of the membrane-spanning helix, M4, which correlates with partial inhibition of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity suggesting a possible regulatory function in down-regulating mitochondrial energy production and the associated generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. This review discusses recent work regarding the nitrative and oxidative sensitivity of SERCA2 in muscle with respect to general cellular mechanisms of turnover and repair of modified proteins.
Critical comparison of DH, SCH, and GRIN-SCH-SQW 780-nm ridge-waveguide lasers

The operating characteristics of ridge-waveguide AlGaAs/GaAs lasers with conventional double heterostructure (DH), separate-confinement heterostructures (SCH), and graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure single quantum well (GRIN-SCH-SQW) active layer structures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) technique are reported. For conventional DH and SCH structures, an undoped Al0.15Ga0.85As active layer was used for an emission wavelength of 780 nm. An undoped 30 angstroms GaAs quantum well was centered in the 3000 angstroms thick graded AlxGa1-xAs (x equals 0.2 - 0.55) GRIN-SCH region with linear Al profile. The lasers with GRIN-SCH-SQE active layer exhibited lowest threshold current density among these three structures. The conventional DH laser has been shown to have better beam qualities and lower astigmatism than the other two types of lasers. Reliable operation for more than 1500 hrs was achieved at 50 degree(s)C for conventional DH lasers. However, GRIN-SCH-SQW lasers with very thin active layer (<EQ 30 angstroms) showed much higher degradation rate.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the philosophical foundations of free logic

The essay outlines the character of free logic, and motivation for its construction and development. It details some technical achievements of high philosophical interest, but urges that the role of existence assumptions in logic is still not fully understood, that unresolved old problems, both technical and philosophical, abound, and presents some new problems of considerable philosophical import in free logic.
Hardware and software perspectives in engineering computing

What perspectives for engineering computing? With the advances in silicon technology, Teraflops systems made of off-the-shelf microprocessors will be mainstream. The bigger challenge will arise for the management of the data those system will produce in Petabytes. New technologies to store, retrieve and analyse them are needed.
Distinguishing surface and bulk electron charge carriers for ZnO powders

Abstract A two-charge-carrier model that assumes coexisting high-mobility, low-concentration bulk, semiconduction electron charge carriers and low-mobility, variable-concentration surface-trapped-electron charge carriers is used to explain measured electrical and chemisorption properties of ZnO powders. This model resolves two serious quantitative issues not explained by the single-charge-carrier-type model used for our previously reported studies. Not explainable using a single-charge-carrier model are (1) wide variations in measured electron mobility values due to variations in surface treatments and (2) calculated electron number densities too low to match measured electron-transfer chemisorption results. Our two-charge-carrier model for ZnO powders assigns high-mobility bulk electrons to n-type ZnO semiconduction and low-mobility surface electrons to ( V o ) 2− and ( V o + ) − surface oxide ion electron trapping vacancies. This model results in a high variation in surface electron number density due to surface treatments, while the mobilities for both the bulk and surface charge carriers remain constant. The model also calculates much higher surface electron number densities that better match charge-transfer chemisorption results. The two-charge-carrier model is expected to have significant importance in explaining chemisorption and catalysis on ZnO and other similar powder oxides. In particular, the two-charge-carrier model can yield two to three orders of magnitude higher calculated concentrations of surface electrons than for the single-charge-carrier model for any powder with coexisting high-mobility, semiconduction, bulk charge carriers and variable concentrations of low-mobility, surface charge carriers.
The hard and soft acid-base principle and metal ion assisted ligand substitution processes

Abstract The hard and soft acid-base principle is shown to be a reliable guide of considerable generality in the correlation of metal ion assisted and metal ion catalyzed ligand substitution reactions of the type M (1) −X+M (2) −L M (1) −L+M (2) −X. Numerous examples of reactions of this type which have been reported in the literature are shown to be easily explained on the basis of a rearrangement to a more effective matching up to the hard and soft properties of the metal ions and ligands involved. Use of this principle also leads to the expectation that a very large number of such reactions should be possible, and some previously reported examples are presented to show the predictive advantages of such an approach.
Limit Analysis of a Stochastically Inhomogeneous Plastic Medium With Application to Plane Contact Problems

The extended theorems of the lower and upper bound theorems of plastic limit analysis provide bounds on the mean safety factor against plastic collapse. A three parameter yield function is treated by introducing a spatial correlation function for uniaxial yield strength. The plane problem of a truncated wedge under contact pressure is investigated.
Geometrical and Stereochemical Factors in Metal-Promoted Amide Hydrolysis

Synthese et hydrolyse promue par un metal (Cu, Ni, Zn, Co) de la [dimethylaminomethyl-6 picolyl-2]-1 perhydro diazepine-1,4one-5 et de l'α-[(oxo-5 perhydro diazepine-1,4yl-1 methyl)-6 picolyl-2] imino-2,2' bis-acetate
End-user optimization with spreadsheet models

Abstract End-user optimization is becoming more widespread. Current software coupling optimization with spreadsheet systems now makes it possible for a user without a mathematical background to develop useful and substantive decision support tools utilizing mathematical programming. This paper briefly compares three existing spreadsheet optimization systems, and describes industrial and educational experience with one, ifps /Optimum. Problems encountered in using such systems are also described.
The Effects of Pictorial and Verbal Instructional Materials On the Operational Performance of Deaf Subjects

The present research compared the effectiveness of pictorial and verbal information in printed instructional materials for deaf subjects. Four types of instructional formats were prepared, varying in proportion of pictorial and verbal information: (a) all pictorial; (b) predominantly pictorial, with some ancillary verbal information; (c) all verbal; and (d) predominantly verbal, with some ancillary pictorial information. Each format was given to a separate group of deaf college students. The instructional materials described sequences of operational procedures to be carried out by subjects on a complex control-display apparatus. Performance was measured by task completion time and error rate. Results showed that when both performance variables were considered, the best instructional format was predominantly pictorial, with some ancillary verbal information. The all-pictorial format produced short task completion times but relatively high error rates. The all-verbal and predominantly verbal formats general...
Infrared Spectroscopic Signatures of Phase Segregation in P3HT−Porphyrin Blends

Phase segregation of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine ruthenium(II)carbonyl (RuOEP) and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) in thin films is investigated with infrared and UV−visible spectroscopies as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the ruthenium-bound CO symmetric stretching mode exhibits significant changes as these films are annealed in solvent vapors. The development of multiple inhomogeneously broadened microenvironments is observed, and UV−visible spectra and TEM support a model of homogeneous porphyrin distribution throughout the P3HT films that gradually becomes more heterogeneous as the P3HT and RuOEP molecules phase segregate. A complete model for the phase segregation process experienced by the embedded RuOEP is proposed to explain the collective experimental observations.
Satisfiability-based layout revisited: detailed routing of complex FPGAs via search-based Boolean SAT

1. ABSTRACT lier BDD-based methods. Boolean-based routing transforms the geometric FPGA routing task into a single, large Boolean equation with the property that any assignment of input variables that “satisfies” the equation (that renders equation identically “1”) specifies a valid routing. The formulation has the virtue that it considers all nets simultaneously, and the absence of a satisfying assignment implies that the layout is unroutable. Initial Boolean-based approaches to routing used Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) to represent and solve the layout problem. BDDs, however, limit the size and complexity of the FPGAs that can be routed, leading these approaches to concentrate only on individual FPGA channels. In this paper, we present a new search-based Satisfiability (SAT) formulation that can handle entire FPGAs, routing all nets concurrently. The approach relies on a recently developed SAT engine (GRASP) that uses systematic search with conflict-directed non-chronological backtracking, capable of handling very large SAT instances. We present the first comparisons of search-based SAT routing results to other routers, and offer the first evidence that SAT methods can actually demonstrate the unroutability of a layout. Preliminary experimental results suggest that this approach to FPGA routing is more viable than ear1.1
Integrated plasmonic nanobiosensors

We will demonstrate plasmonic and metamaterial based integrated nano-biosensors and ultrasensitive infrared absorption spectroscopy. These systems by enabling monitoring of molecular-protein interactions in real-time within aqueous solutions can be important for biomedical sciences and pharmacology.
Effects of Local Mechanical Stimulation on Cellular Behavior

Cell response to mechanical stimulation is a controlled and complex set of events that has been investigated by numerous groups. Understanding the behavior of cells from a localized perspective is even more challenging due to the integrated responses that play significant roles. After investigating the effect of local mechanical stimulation with respect to cell apoptosis, we find that the resulting ratio of apoptotic cells with respect to the deformation of the cells through using soft pyramid shaped microstructure versus rectangular microstructures is increased by 200% percent. These results may also have implications in understanding cell behaviors such as cell-cell communication under the mechanical stimulation and mechanotransduction.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
MIS diodes on n-InP with tantalum oxide interfacial layer grown by rapid thermal oxidation of tantalum

The electrical properties of MIS InP diodes where the interfacial layer is prepared by electron beam evaporation of Ta and subsequent rapid thermal oxidation of evaporated Ta film are studied. Ta and Al are used as the gate metals. Compared with the case of no interfacial film between metal and InP, the barrier height increases by 0.22 and 0.12 eV for Ta and Al gate metals, respectively. The MIS diode with Ta gate metal shows good thermal stability. In the case of Al gate metal the thermal stability is poor.
Enhanced plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to reduce fossil fuel use, decrease pollution, and allow renewable energy sources for transportation, but their lithium ion battery subsystems are presently too expensive. Three enhancements to PHEVs are proposed here that can improve the economics. First, the incorporation of location information into the car's energy management algorithm allows predictive control to reduce fuel consumption through prior knowledge of the upcoming route and energy required. Second, the use of the vehicle battery while parked, offsetting the short peaks in commercial-scale facility electrical demand to reduce demand charges, can provide additional revenue to pay for the battery. Third, the battery cycle life must be maximized to avoid high replacement costs; a model of battery wear out for lithium ion batteries is presented and is used to confirm that the above strategies are compatible with long battery life.