cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telerobotic Ground Control of a Free-Flying Space Camera

NASA has developed a free-flying camera known as AERCam to assist Space Shuttle and Space Station operations. The first AERCam vehicle was controlled from within the Space Shuttle using a hand-held controller. We have developed a system for controlling AERCam remotely from the ground, which involves significant communication delays. We have tested its use with NASA's AERCam dynamics simulation in place of the actual vehicle. Our ground system uses a predictive display1 that is based on a similar simulation of Shuttle and AERCam dynamics. For both physical and numeric reasons, the behavior of the remote vehicle may drift from what is expected by the predictive display system. We have developed a mechanism to periodically re-establish correspondence of the ground simulation with the remote vehicle using tracking data that reports AERCam's recent behavior. Our system also provides a basis for future development of more advanced autonomous ground control for space vehicles such as AERCam.
Fiber-to-waveguide evanescent coupler for planar integration of silicon optoelectronic devices

We present a method for coupling from a single mode fiber, or fiber ribbon, into an SOI waveguide for integration with silicon opto-electronic circuits. The coupler incorporates the advantages of the tapered waveguides and prism couplers, yet offers the flexibility of planar integration. The coupler can be fabricated on a double polished silicon wafer using direct polishing or grayscale photolithography. Tapered waveguides or J-couplers are then used as lateral mode converters. An experimental setup with a rotational stage and a pneumatic plunger has been built for adjusting the incident angle and tunnel layer thickness, which are key factors in determining the coupling efficiency. When optimal coupling is achieved on the setup, the coupler can be packaged using epoxy bonding. Thus, a fiber-waveguide parallel coupler or connector can be easily constructed. Electromagnetic calculation predicts a coupling efficiency of 77%(-1.14dB insertion loss) for a silicon-to-silicon coupler with a uniform tunnel layer. The coupling efficiency is experimentally achieved to be 46%(-3.4dB insertion loss) excluding the loss in silicon and the reflections from the input surface and output facet.
Adiponectin Is Inversely Associated With Intramyocellular and Intrahepatic Lipids in Obese Premenopausal Women

Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, exerts beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and has been found to improve insulin resistance by decreasing triglyceride content in muscle and liver in obese mice. Adiponectin is found in several isoforms and the high-molecular weight (HMW) form has been linked most strongly to the insulin-sensitizing effects. Fat content in skeletal muscle (intramyocellular lipids, IMCL) and liver (intrahepatic lipids, IHL) can be quantified noninvasively using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between HMW adiponectin and measures of glucose homeostasis, IMCL and IHL, and to determine predictors of adiponectin levels. We studied 66 premenopausal women (mean BMI 31.0 ± 6.6 kg/m2) who underwent 1H-MRS of calf muscles and liver for IMCL and IHL, computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen for abdominal fat depots, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for fat and lean mass assessments, HMW and total adiponectin, fasting lipid profile and an oral glucose tolerance test (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR), glucose and insulin area under the curve). There were strong inverse associations between HMW adiponectin and measures of insulin resistance, IMCL and IHL, independent of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and total body fat. IHL was the strongest predictor of adiponectin and adiponectin was a predictor of HOMAIR. Our study showed that in premenopausal obese women HMW adiponectin is inversely associated with IMCL and IHL content. This suggests that adiponectin exerts positive effects on insulin sensitivity in obesity by decreasing intracellular triglyceride content in skeletal muscle and liver; it is also possible that our results reflect effects of insulin on adiponectin.
Effects of Heat Detection, Conception Rate, and Culling Policy on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Herds

Abstract A simulation model of the reproductive process in dairy herds was developed to examine the effects of heat detection, conception rate, and culling policy on measures of reproductive performance. Twenty-one 65-cow herds were simulated to quantify over 10 yr changes in days to first service, days open, calving interval, number of services required annually, and annual culling rate attributed to strategies of reproductive management. Increasing heat detection shortened first service interval, days open, and calving interval. Improved conception rate and earlier culling for reproductive failure decreased number of annual services required by herds and increased annual culling rate. Costs of implementing such management strategies were defrayed by savings in annual insemination and replacement costs alone. Although the model was insufficient to determine optimum reproductive management strategies, it did indicate relative merits of improvement to current typical dairy herd management policies.
Frozen storage of ovine and rat tissues adversely affects lipoprotein lipase activity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine effects of frozen storage (frozen in liquid N, stored for 6 weeks at −80°C) of ovine adipose, and skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues on dietary induced changes in total (intra- and extracellular) lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity previously determined in fresh tissue. Ewes were grown on either a low- (LE) or high-energy (HE) diet for 120 days (six per diet). In fresh tissue of HE ewes, LPL activity was higher (P
The Effects of Parental Teaching on Compliance Behavior of Children.

In this study, we examined how effectively parents learn and apply the techniques of reinforcement, effective praise, instructive praise, direct teaching, and corrective teaching with noncompliant children in their homes. Four children considered at risk for antisocial behavior problems participated with their parents in the project. The parents received training from a parent coach in techniques that they then implemented to teach their child to be compliant. A multiple baseline-probe design was used to evaluate the procedures. Throughout the study, the parents' implementation of the techniques and the children's responses were observed. The results showed an increase in the parents' application of these skills and an increase in the children's overall compliance in the home. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 337–350, 2004.
Traditional reflux parameters and not impedance monitoring predict outcome after fundoplication in extraesophageal reflux

Objectives/Hypothesis: Fundoplication is considered in patients with refractory extraesophageal reflux symptoms. However, postoperative symptom resolution is inconsistent. This analysis investigates which presenting symptoms and preoperative objective parameters predict postoperative symptom improvement. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: A total of 237 patients referred for extraesophageal reflux symptoms refractory to medical therapy underwent esophageal function testing. Fundoplication was performed in 27 patients with objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptomatic improvement was assessed at postoperative intervals. Logistic regression determined which symptoms and objective parameters predicted improvement of the presenting extraesophageal reflux symptom. Results: Overall, 59% of patients reported at least partial improvement of their presenting extraesophageal symptom after fundoplication. Predictors of symptomatic improvement were the presence of heartburn with or without regurgitation concomitant to their primary presenting symptom (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-44.9; P = .05) and pH < 4 more than 12% of a 24-hour period (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 1.36-81.1; P = .02). Probability of postoperative extraesophageal reflux symptom improvement was 90% if both conditions were present. Conclusions: Both heartburn with or without regurgitation and esophageal pH < 4 more than 12% of a 24-hour period predicted postfundoplication resolution of the presenting extraesophageal reflux symptom.
The 28,000 Mr microtubule-binding domain of microtubule-associated protein-2 also contains a neurofilament-binding site

Summary We have developed a thrombin proteolytic cleavage procedure to obtain higher yields of the M r 28,000 microtubule-binding and M r 240,000 microtubule-projection components of MAP-2. The former is a highly basic component, whereas the latter and intact MAP-2 are acidic polypeptides. Most notably, our studies reveal that this M r 28,000 fragment binds to neurofilaments, but the M r 240,000 projection domain fails to interact. These data indicate that microtubules and neurofilaments share a common binding site on high-molecular-weight MAP-2.
MULTIPLE PUNISHMENT SCHEDULE1

Concurrent schedules of punishment and fixed-ratio reinforcement were studied in six white Carneaux pigeons. Two stimuli were alternated on the translucent key which served as the response mechanism. The pigeons were exposed to continuous punishment in one stimulus and first response punishment in the other. It was found that continuous punishment suppressed the fixed-ratio performance more than did punishment of the first response. Typically, a ratio run of responses was completed in spite of the onset of continuous punishment. Responding was then reduced for the remainder of the continuous punishment stimulus, except for those times when responding was initiated near the end of the stimulus. The results indicate that a multiple schedule can be used to compare different schedules of punishment in the same organism.
Infant Bonding and Attachment to the Caregiver: Insights from Basic and Clinical Science

Early life infant-caregiver attachment is a dynamic, bidirectional process that involving both the infant and caregiver. Infant attachment appears to have a dual function. First, it ensures the infant remains close to the caregiver in order to receive necessary care for survival. Second, the quality of attachment and its associated sensory stimuli organize the brain to define the infant's cognitive and emotional development. Here we present attachment within an historical view and highlight the importance of integrating human and animal research in understanding infant care.
Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Prehistory

In this brief article, Davis outlined six possible reasons that the discovery by Avery and his colleagues was "taken for granted" by many in the scientific community, and specifically, by the Nobel Committee.
The influence of eating rate on satiety and intake among participants exhibiting high dietary restraint

Background: Studies show inconsistent results with regards to whether eating slower can enhance satiety and reduce intake in a meal. Some methodological differences are apparent and could potentially explain why results are not consistent across studies. Objective: To determine whether eating slower can enhance satiety and reduce intake when rate of eating is manipulated and not manipulated in a kitchen setting using a sample of participants who exhibit high dietary restraint (HDR). Design: Two samples of college students who exhibit HDR, which is a group likely to use behavioral strategies to manage intake, were selected in a prescreening session. Participants were told how fast or slow to eat (Variation 1) or allowed to eat at their own pace (Variation 2). Self-reported satiety during the meal and amount consumed was recorded. The types of foods, macronutrient intakes, weights of foods, order of food intakes, and the dimensions of foods were held constant between groups to control for group differences in the sensory and hedonic qualities of the meals. Results: Eating slower enhanced mid-meal satiety ratings, but only when instructions were given to eat fast or slow (Variation 1). In both variations, eating slower did not reduce amount consumed in the meal, although each variation had sufficient power to detect differences. Conclusion: Eating slower is not likely to be an effective strategy to control intake in a meal among those exhibiting HDR. Keywords: rate of eating; high dietary restraint; satiety; calorie intake; buffet (Published: 5 January 2012) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2012, 56 : 10202 - DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.10202
The Contingent Identity of Particulars and Universals

In his later writings, Bertrand Russell argued that ordinary particulars, such as trees and books, are nothing but complexes of universals. 1 A striking feature of his later view is that it anticipates a distinction which has become commonplace in recent metaphysics and, indeed, central in the philosophy of mind. Russell did not hold that particulars in all possible worlds are reducible to universals or that the concept of a particular is the same as the concept of a complex of universals. Instead, he defended the more modest claim that particulars in the actual world are nothing but complexes of universals. Russell's position, therefore, is analogous to that of recent proponents of the identity theory of mind and body who hold that mental states are contingently identical with brain states. This version of materialism differs from that of the earlier behaviourists who argued that mental concepts are analysable in terms of physical concepts. For if logical behaviourism were true, then mental states and bodily states would be necessarily identical. Although recognition of the distinction between necessary and contingent identity has produced significant advances in the discussion of the mind-body problem, very few philosophers have appreciated this feature of Russell's theory. This oversight has resulted in rather superficial dismissals of the theory which parallel some of the unfounded criticisms of the identity theory. For example, one standard criticism of the theory is that it is committed to the necessary truth of the principle of the identity of indiscernibles and that the principle, if true, is only contingently true.2 Russell's theory has also been rejected on the grounds that his 'concept of a bundle of qualities is not equivalent ... to our concept of a qualified particular' .3 These criticisms clearly parallel familiar
Plasmon resonance in individual nanogap electrodes studied using graphene nanoconstrictions as photodetectors.

We achieve direct electrical readout of the wavelength and polarization dependence of the plasmon reso- nance in individual gold nanogap antennas by positioning a graphene nanoconstriction within the gap as a localized photo- detector. The polarization sensitivities can be as large as 99%, while the plasmon-induced photocurrent enhancement is 2� 100. The plasmon peak frequency, polarization sensitivity, and photocurrent enhancement all vary between devices, indicating the degree to which the plasmon resonance is sensitive to nanometer-scale irregularities.
A Thermal Model of a Fiber Optic Bundle for a Hybrid Solar Lighting System

Hybrid solar lighting (HSL) systems distribute natural sunlight to luminaires located in office or retail buildings in order to reduce energy consumption associated with conventional lighting systems. HSL systems reduce energy consumption directly by reducing the lighting energy and indirectly by reducing the associated cooling loads. A key component of the HSL system is the fiber optic bundle (FOB) that transmits the light from the collector to the luminaire. The observed thermal failure of the FOB when exposed to concentrated sunlight has motivated the development of a thermal model of this component. This paper describes the development of a predictive thermal model of the heat transfer in an FOB for an HSL system. The model is verified experimentally against temperature measurements obtained in the lab under controlled conditions and provides a powerful design tool that can be used to evaluate alternative thermal management strategies.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Surface evolution of two-component stone/ice bodies in the Jupiter region

Observational and theoretical data converge on the conclusion that planetesimals in Jupiter's region of the solar nebula were initially composed predominantly of a mixture of roughly 39-70% H2O ice by volume, and 30-61% dark stony material resembling carbonaceous chondrites. Recent observations emphasize a division of most asteroid and satellite surfaces in this region into two distinct groups: bright icy material and dark stony material. The present model accounts for these by two main processes: an impact-induced buildup of a dark stony regolith in the absence of surface thermal disturbance, and thermal-disturbance-induced eruption of 'water magmas' that create icy surfaces. 'Thermal disturbances' include tidal and radiative effects caused by nearness of a planet. A correlation of crater density and albedo, Ganymede's dark-ray craters, and other observed phenomena (listed in the summary) appear consistent with the model discussed here.
Politics, Culture, and the Rural Academy: A Response to Castle

has primacy. I do not mean to suggest that people are unimportant to rural folk-far from it. But even rural socializing and recreation are much more closely tied to nature. If urban folk are people watchers, as Jane Jacobs once suggested, rural folk are nature watchersweather watchers, animal watchers, mountain, desert, or lake watchers, whatever the relevant nature may be. Recognizing the fundamental importance of nature and its resources to rural life and its quality also helps us to recognize what rural diversity is primarily about-and what produces it. Diversity in the physical geography of rural America, together with history, is the basic source of diversity in culture, organization, and wealth-from the fishing villages of New England to the irrigated farm communities of southern California. The difference between rural and urban is of course a relative one-cities are not (yet) totally artificial environments. Yet, it is a difference of fundamental importance, for it means that the quality of life in rural areas depends much more directly on the management and governance of natural resources, which present quite different management and governance problems due to their commonpool and/or flow characteristics. This strongly suggests that one important branch of rural studies is the study of common-pool resources and common-property institutions. Much progress h s occurred in the study of "the commons" over the last fifteen years, advances that should form part of the corpus of rural knowledge (see Bromley, Ostrom). Having distinguished the countryside, Castle proceeds to consider the normative base for a separate study of the countryside. He finds such a justification not in pure science but in applied science. Pure science suggests that "rural-urban" is a single variable, and to study the effects of that variable, it is necessary to observe its variation-to observe both rural and urban together. Applied science, however, is necessarily contextual. In this case, "rural" is not simply one category of an independent variable but a distinct context that potentially affects the relationships among a host of variables and constrains the application of general knowledge. Applied science also, as Castle indicates, requires a normative base. Here, Castle is in venerable company. Plato recognized the importance of the normative base of political inquiry precisely because he viewed it as an applied science. He proposed in part 1 of The Republic that politics and, by implication, the science that would improve it, be considered a "Techne" in the Greek, a craft or applied science that, like medicine, serves the good of its subject. From this presupposition proceeded centuries of productive political inquiry devoted to increasing the good of the governed. Applied science depends on conceptions of the good to be served. It seems a relatively short step-though one that required centuries to take-from the good of the governed to the consent of the governed as an instrument for securing their good. OrigThe author is in the Political Science Department, Houghton College, Houghton, New York.
The Sound and the Fury: Financial Conflicts of Interest in Oncology

Benjamin Djulbegovic, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute and the Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL Cara Angelotta and Kjersti E. Knox, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Charles L. Bennett, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University University Feinberg School of Medicine; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; and the Veterans Affairs Center for Management of Complex Chronic Care, Chicago, IL
Marketing in the Emerging World Order

The world order is changing. Marketing is touched by these changes in many different ways. This paper presents a brief review of the changes occurring in the world order in several economic dimensions such as investments, trade, aid, and technology. It is argued that these changes would alter the nature of marketing in the Western world, particularly in the United States. Potential and needed changes in marketing are explored under three categories: marketing as a system of institutions, marketing as a system of actions, and marketing as a system of ideas.
Copper Nanotubes for Packaging Applications

In this paper, we present a process for fabricating Copper (Cu) nanotubes, which can be utilized for novel electrical interconnect materials. Because of superior properties in electromigration and thermal management to aluminum, Cu technology has been attractive to the semiconductor industry. Cu nanotubes can be fabricated by electrodeposition using alumina nanopore templates. Nanotubes can provide high surface-to-volume ratio in nanostructures compared to nanorods. In addition, nanotubes provide lower resistively and high thermal conductivity. Cu nanotube arrays were electrodeposited into alumina nanopore membranes with pore diameters of approximately 30 nm and 50 nm, with estimated porosity of 43%, by nano template-based electrodeposition.
Interobserver agreement, reliability, and generalizability of data collected in observational studies.

Research in developmental and educational psychology has come to rely less on conventional psychometric tests and more on records of behavior made by human observers in natural and quasi-natural settings. Three coefficients that purport to reflect the quality of data collected in these observational studies are discussed: the interobserver agreement percentage, the reliability coefficient, and the generalizability coefficient. It is concluded that although high interobserver agreement is desirable in observational studies, high agreement alone is not sufficient to insure the quality of the data that are collected. Evidence of the reliability or generalizability of the data should also be reported. Further advantages of generalizability designs are discussed.
Enhanced spin-based sensing using light trapping in a bulk diamond system

We introduce a room-temperature diamond magnetometer based on a multi-pass cell design. We estimate that we address ~10^10 nitrogen vacancy centers, achieving a sensitivity of 93 nT/Hz^.5 while predicting a shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 25 fT/Hz^.5.
Management of H-type rectovestibular and rectovaginal fistulas

Abstract Introduction H-type rectovestibular or rectovaginal fistulas are rare entities in the spectrum of anorectal malformations seen in North America. Management options described in the literature have included perineal repair, anterior perineal anorectoplasty, vestibuloanal pull-through, and limited or formal posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, with a reported recurrence rate of 5% to 30%. We describe our approach and outcome in the management of these patients. Methods In a series of 1170 females with anorectal malformation, we cared for 8 patients who had an H-type rectovestibular or rectovaginal fistula and reviewed their clinical presentation, diagnosis, operative technique, and postoperative course. Results The patients' presenting symptoms included passage of stool per vagina (6), constipation (3), labial abscess (1), and recurrent urinary tract infection (1). There was associated anorectal stenosis in 3 patients. The remaining 5 patients had normal anal openings. Endoscopy was not helpful in locating the fistulas, but the fistulas were all demonstrated on direct inspection under anesthesia. The fistula was located in the vestibule (4), vagina (3), or labia (1). One patient had an associated presacral mass. Two patients had been operated on twice previously using a perineal repair and a protective colostomy and presented with third recurrences. In 5 cases, a posterior sagittal approach was used, placing sutures circumferentially around the fistulous opening on the rectal side, ligating the fistula, and pulling down a normal segment of rectum to be placed in front of the repaired vaginal wall. In our last 3 cases, we performed a transanal mobilization of the anterior rectal wall, leaving the perineal body intact. After our repairs, the patients have been followed up for 3 months to 15 years with a median of 15 months, and we have seen no recurrences. Conclusions In addition to vaginal passage of stool, an H-type fistula should be suspected when there is a labial abscess in an infant, and an associated anal stenosis or presacral mass must be checked for. Direct inspection is the key, with a careful look in the vestibule, because endoscopy may miss the fistula. The essential technical point for repair is to get healthy anterior rectal wall to cover the area of fistula on the posterior vagina. A transanal approach, leaving the perineal body intact, is an excellent option for this repair.
A MEASURE OF STRESS FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE

The Athlete Stress Inventory of 49 items was developed. Using factor analysis on the intercorrelations of responses of 148 women student-athletes, four orthogonal factors of stress in athletes were identified-Negative Mood, Team Compatibility, Physical Well-being, and Academic Efficacy. Scales for these factors were reliable and valid. The predictive validity of these scores was investigated by correlations with the athletic performance of 32 women athletes on three intercollegiate teams-tennis, gymnastics, and basketball. Stress scores (except Emotional Mood) reported four days prior to competition tended to be significantly correlated with performance for the individual sports (tennis and gymnastics) but not for the group sport (basket-ball). The correlation involving Physical Well-being was not significant for gymnasts.
Exponential Decay Properties of Wannier Functions and Related Quantities

The spatial decay properties of Wannier functions and related quantities have been investigated using analytical and numerical methods. We find that the form of the decay is a power law times an exponential, with a particular power-law exponent that is universal for each kind of quantity. In one dimension we find an exponent of $\ensuremath{-}3/4$ for Wannier functions, $\ensuremath{-}1/2$ for the density matrix and for energy matrix elements, and $\ensuremath{-}1/2$ or $\ensuremath{-}3/2$ for different constructions of nonorthonormal Wannier-like functions.
A low-molecular-weight factor which stimulates loss of EDTA-resistant cell cohesion in Dictyostelium

Abstract During dedifferentiation, mutant HI4 of Dictyostelium discoideum loses the capacity to release and respond chemotactically to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in a normal fashion, but it retains EDTA-resistant cohesiveness, the membrane glycoprotein gp80, and the capacity to reaggregate rapidly by non chemotactic means [21]. In wild-type cells, these last three characteristics are lost at prescribed times in the normal program of dedifferentiation. In the present study, we tested whether dedifferentiating wild-type cells or medium conditioned by dedifferentiating wild-type cells will stimulate the loss of EDTA-resistant cohesiveness in dedifferentiating mutant cells. Results are presented which demonstrate that wild-type cells release a factor into the medium which causes the loss of EDTA-resistant cohesiveness in mutant cells at the correct time in the dedifferentiation program. The factor is heat sensitive, resistant to lyophilization, and exhibits a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons. However, although the factor stimulates the loss of EDTA-resistant cohesiveness, it does not stimulate the loss of the glycoprotein gp80, the membrane molecule implicated in cohesion. Several explanations for these results are proposed.
Robust regression for data with multiple structures

In many vision problems (e.g., stereo, motion) multiple structures can occur in the data, in which case several instances of the same model need to be recovered from a single data set. However, once the measurement noise becomes significantly large relative to the separation between the structures, the robust statistical methods commonly used in the vision community tend to fail. In this paper, we show that all these techniques are special cases of the general class of M-estimators with auxiliary scale, and explain their failure in the presence of noisy multiple structures. To be able to cope with data containing multiple structures the techniques innate to vision (Hough and RANSAC) should be combined with the robust methods customary in statistics. The implications of our analysis are illustrated by introducing a simple procedure for 2D multistructured data problematic for all known current techniques.
Moravian Music Education in America, ca. 1750 to ca. 1830

The Moravians, descendants of the pre-Reformation Unitas Fratrum, were among many religious and ethnic immigrants to this country during the eighteenth century. Their frontier settlements in Pennsylvania and North Carolina soon became well-springs of educational and musical activity. A strong commitment to education resulted in the establishing of first-rate schools. An almost consuming love of music-sacred and secular, vocal and instrumental–led to achievements without peer in colonial times. It is not at all surprising, then, that they brought music and education together in optimum union. Music was regarded for its aesthetic as well as practical value, and music experiences were provided at all levels of instruction and enjoyed solid curricular status–something quite unique in American education at the time.
Principle or Pathology? Adjudicating the Right to Conscience in the Israeli Military

ABSTRACT The Israeli military's Conscience Committee evaluates and exempts pacifists from obligatory military service, based explicitly on concern for liberal tolerance. However, I found that liberal pacifist applicants’ principled objections to violence challenged the state, and as such, applicants who articulated their refusal in such terms are rejected by the military review board. By contrast, pacifist conscientious objection based in embodied visceral revulsion to violence did not challenge the state and moral order, and such cases were granted exemption. Objections based in understanding pacifism as a physical incapacity depoliticizes it by making it incommensurable with public moral debate concerning military service. The pathologization of pacifism demonstrates a contradiction between liberalism's ideology and its practices, revealing that the limits of liberalism are not only exterior, in nonliberal alterity, but also on liberalism's own interior frontiers. [conscience, military, liberalism, ethics]
Combining Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé Games

Ehrenfeucht-Fraisse games are a useful technique for proving inexpressibility results in first-order logic. Strategies for a few basic games (on long paths, set-powerset structures and random graphs, to name a few) can be used as a building blocks for strategies in more complicated games. In this talk, I will discuss a few general methods for combining strategies. Applications include results on the expressive power of successor-invariant logic and k-variable logic.
Mechanical Properties of Magnesia Single Crystals Corn pression

Stress-strain curves of single crystals of magnesia compressed in the [100] direction are reported at temperatures from –196° to 1200°C.; curves are also shown for different rates of loading at room temperature. The crystals show considerable ductility at all temperatures and at room temperature can be deformed plastically about 6% before fracture at stresses which are about one-quarter of reported polycrystalline fracture strengths. The macroscopic yield drops apparently exponentially from an extrapolated value of 50,000 lb. per sq. in. at absolute zero to about 4500 lb. per sq. in. at temperatures of 900°C. and higher. Heat-treatment has an appreciable effect on the yield stress. The resistance of the material to deformation increases with the number of slip systems and bands activated because of the barriers to dislocation movements which occur at slip band intersections. At about 2 to 3% strain, stress concentrations begin to be relieved by small internal cracks which are not easily propagated. This effect is extensive before final macroscopic failure of the crystal occurs. Preliminary creep tests above the macroscopic yield stress and in the temperature range 800° to 1000°C. show large instantaneous plastic deformations followed by slow constant-rate creep.
Inferring correlation between database queries: analysis of protein sequence patterns

Given a subset P of a database, the problem of finding the query phi in a given database attribute having the closest extension to P is addressed. In the particular case that is outlined, P is the set of protein sequences in a protein sequence database matching a given protein sequence pattern, whereas phi is a query in the annotation of the database. Ideally, phi is the description of a biological function. If the extension of phi is very similar to P, an association between the pattern and the biological function described by the query may be inferred. An algorithm that efficiently searches the query space when negation is not considered is developed. Since the query language is a first-order language, the query space may be mapped into a set algebra in which a measure of stochastic dependence-an asymptotic approximation of the correlation coefficient-is used as a measure of set similarity. The algorithm uses the algebraic properties of such a measure to reduce the time required to search the query space. A prototype implementation of the algorithm has been tested in different collections of protein sequence patterns. >
Selected Aspects of Tobacco Control in Bulgaria: Policy Review

This paper seeks to outline the challenges of tobacco consumption control in the transitional economy of Bulgaria. It focuses on issues of taxation, high unemployment, and smuggling while attempting to meet European Union (EU) requirements for tobacco control legislation that reduces smoking consumption. The issue of tobacco control is not a simple one and requires a multi-pronged approach. While Bulgaria has made some progress in adopting legislation, it needs to strengthen its efforts in terms of enforcement, stronger legislation and increased taxation of cigarettes.
A coset correlation for sequences with two-valued periodic autocorrelation

Defines a new coset correlation that generalizes previous coset correlation results for m-sequences. This new correlation can be computed in terms of the coset sizes for any sequence that has a two-valued periodic autocorrelation function and that is constant on cosets. Thus the results apply to a larger family of periodic sequences than just m-sequences. >
Path-sampling for state-dependent importance sampling

State-dependent importance sampling (SDIS) has proved to be particularly useful in simulation (specially in rare event analysis of stochastic systems). One approach for designing SDIS is to mimic the zero-variance change-of-measure by using a likelihood ratio that is proportional to an asymptotic approximation that may be available for the problem at hand. Using such approximation poses the problem of computing the corresponding normalizing constants at each step. In this paper, we propose the use of path-sampling, which allows to estimate such normalizing constants in terms of one dimensional integrals. We apply path-sampling to estimate the tail of the delay in a G/G/1 queue with regularly varying input. We argue that such tail estimation can be performed with good relative precision in quadratic complexity (in terms of the tail parameter) - assuming that path-sampling is combined with an appropriate change-of-measure proposed by Blanchet and Glynn (2007a).
The development of the kinetic theory of gases IV. Maxwell

(1958). The development of the kinetic theory of gases IV. Maxwell. Annals of Science: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 243-255.
Redesign and improved performance of the tropospheric ozone lidar at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Table Mountain Facility

Improvements to the tropospheric ozone lidar at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Table Mountain Facility for measurements of ozone profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, between approximately 5-and 20-km altitude, are described. The changes were primarily related to the receiver optical subsystems and the data-acquisition system. The original 40-cm Cassegrain telescope was replaced with a faster (f/3) 91-cm Newtonian mirror. In the focal plane of this mirror, the lidar signal is divided into two parts by use of two separate optical fibers as field stops corresponding to different but neighboring 0.6-mrad fields of view. We then separate the two received wavelengths by aligning each transmitted beam to one of the fibers. In addition, two 50-mm telescopes are used for the collection of near-range returns. The four optical signals are brought to a chopper wheel for independent signal selection in the time and range domain. For each channel, an interference filter is used for skylight rejection and additional cross-talk prevention. The signals are detected with miniature photomultiplier tubes and input to a fast photon-counting system. The goals of these modifications were to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of the lidar, to extend the altitude range covered, to improve the quality of the raw data, and to enable regular and routine operation of the system for long-term measurements.
Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Assay Using the LightCycler System for Detection of Parvovirus B19 DNA

We evaluated the artus RealArt Parvovirus B19 LC PCR reagent (artus biotech USA, San Francisco, Calif.) for real-time PCR detection of parvovirus B19 DNA by retesting 71 specimens previously submitted to our laboratory. The artus assay, which produces a quantitative result and provides an internal PCR control, appeared to be slightly more sensitive than our conventional qualitative PCR assay.
Life history traits and abundance can predict local colonisation and extinction rates of freshwater mussels

SUMMARY 1. A critical need in conservation biology is to determine which species are most vulnerable to extinction. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionacea) are one of the most imperilled faunal groups globally. Freshwater mussel larvae are ectoparasites on fish and depend on the movement of their hosts to maintain connectivity among local populations in a metapopulation. 2. I calculated local colonisation and extinction rates for 16 mussel species from 14 local populations in the Red River drainage of Oklahoma and Texas, U.S. I used general linear models and AIC comparisons to determine which mussel life history traits best predicted local colonisation and extinction rates. 3. Traits related to larval dispersal ability (host infection mode, whether a mussel species was a host generalist or specialist) were the best predictors of local colonisation. 4. Traits related to local population size (regional abundance, time spent brooding) were the best predictors of local extinction. The group of fish species used as hosts by mussels also predicted local extinction and was probably related to habitat fragmentation and host dispersal abilities. 5. Overall, local extinction rates exceeded local colonisation rates, indicating that local populations are becoming increasingly isolated and suffering an ‘extinction debt’. This study demonstrates that analysis of species traits can be used to predict local colonisation and extinction patterns and provide insight into the long-term persistence of populations.
Development of situation-aware application software for ubiquitous computing environments

Ubiquitous computing represents the concept of computing everywhere, making computing and communication essentially transparent to the users. Applications in this type of environments are context sensitive. They use various contexts to adaptively communicate with each other across multiple network environments, such as mobile ad hoc networks, Internet, and mobile phone networks. The property of context-sensitivity often becomes inadequate in these applications, where combinations of multiple contexts and users' actions need to be analyzed over a period of time. Situation-awareness in application software is considered as a desirable property to overcome this limitation. In addition to being context-sensitive, situation-aware applications can respond to both current and historical relationships of specific contexts and device-actions. Currently, no well-defined concept of situation and no general method exist to facilitate the development of situation-aware application software for ubiquitous computing environments. In this paper, the concept of situation is formalized, and an approach to developing situation-aware application software is presented. The approach utilizes our reconfigurable context-sensitive middleware, and is illustrated by an example on Smart Classroom.
The Death of Sanskrit

“Toutes les civilisations sont mortelles” (Paul Valery) In the age of Hindu identity politics (Hindutva) inaugurated in the 1990s by the ascendancy of the Indian People’s Party (Bharatiya Janata Party) and its ideological auxiliary, the World Hindu Council (Vishwa Hindu Parishad), Indian cultural and religious nationalism has been promulgating ever more distorted images of India’s past. Few things are as central to this revisionism as Sanskrit, the dominant culture language of precolonial southern Asia outside the Persianate order. Hindutva propagandists have sought to show, for example, that Sanskrit was indigenous to India, and they purport to decipher Indus Valley seals to prove its presence two millennia before it actually came into existence. In a farcical repetition of Romantic myths of primevality, Sanskrit is considered—according to the characteristic hyperbole of the VHP—the source and sole preserver of world culture. The state’s anxiety both about Sanskrit’s role in shaping the historical identity of the Hindu nation and about its contemporary vitality has manifested itself in substantial new funding for Sanskrit education, and in the declaration of 1999 ‐2000 as the “Year of Sanskrit,” with plans for conversation camps, debate and essay competitions, drama festivals, and the like. 1 This anxiety has a longer and rather melancholy history in independent India, far antedating the rise of the BJP. Sanskrit was introduced into the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India (1949) as a recognized language of the new State of India, ensuring it all the benefits accorded the other fourteen (now seventeen) spoken languages listed. This status largely meant funding for Sanskrit colleges and universities, and for a national organization to stimulate the study of the language. With few exceptions, however, the Sanskrit pedagogy and scholarship at these institutions have shown a precipitous decline from preIndependence quality and standards, almost in inverse proportion to the amount of funding they receive. Sanskrit literature has fared no better. From the time of its founding in 1955, the Sahitya Akademi (National Academy of Letters) has awarded prizes in Sanskrit literature as one of the twenty-two officially acknowledged literary languages. But the first five of these awards were given for
Are all risk perceptions created equal? Comparing general risk assessments and specific risk assessments associated with climate change

ABSTRACTFor policy-making to address public risk perceptions effectively, policy-makers must have a clear understanding of the nature of public risks. Public opinion polls regularly solicit perceptions of risk toward a variety of topics. These assessments, though, tend to be general with no specificity offered for a nuanced interpretation. Yet, there is good reason to assume that risk perceptions are not based on the same criteria. If true, policy-makers may be unable to address risks adequately without a better understanding of the drivers of risk perceptions. This project focuses on two primary research questions: (1) Does the public weigh the risk associated with global climate change differently in specific sub-domains? (2) If so, which climate change sub-domains are various members of the public most concerned about when offering a general assessment of global climate change risk? We assess public risk perceptions of climate change in three sub-domains—public health, economic development, and environ...
Stochastic Multistability from Simple Network Motifs

Studying stochasticity in gene regulatory networks is essential for understanding important cellular processes, such as those involved in determining cellular fate. However, studying stochasticity is a challenging task. For example, stochastic simulation algorithm is inefficient in examining rare events. Direct solution of the discrete Chemical Master Equation requires enumeration and truncation of usually enormous state space. We developed the Multi-Finite Buffer method for direct solution of discrete Chemical Master Equation (mb-dCME method), which allows the probability landscape of a large class of stochastic networks to be computed exactly. Here we use the mb-dCME method to study the probability landscape of simple network motifs. Our results show that complex behavior such as multistability can arise in very simple motifs without feedback loops and cooperativity.
The Osmolarity of the Blood of a Mosquito Larva (Aedes aegypti L.) Reared under Several Different Culture Conditions

Throughout all 4 instars of Aedes aegypti (Rutgers strain), the osmolarity values of the blood average 262-359 milliosmoles (individuals range 210-480 mOs). A few determinations on blood from pupae and adults gave similar values. Tests showed no significant effects from variations in population density or from stagnation of the culture water. There was a significant elevation of the average value among heavily-fed larvae because these showed an absence of the lower osmolarity values. Larvae of this species can compensate for a culture medium hypotonic relative to the blood but not for a hypertonic one. As reported for tissues in general, the “best” fixation for ultrastructural details is obtained with fixing fluids that are approximately isotonic in terms of buffersucrose strength but considerably hypertonic if one adds the theoretical contribution from glutaraldehyde.
Aerodynamic Influences on the Modeling and Simulation of Instabilities on Dynamic Tethered Loads

A physics-based modeling and simulation tools for dynamic tethered loads has been developed for use in slung loads and airdrops. The model, validated with flight tests, has shown that the unsteady wind and vehicle degrees of freedom are important in determining the instabilities of the tethered model. Further assessment of the atmospheric turbulence on the model in six degrees of freedom motion is presented, and a random statistical turbulence model by Dryden is assessed and verified in comparison with flight test data of a CONEX container. The importance of the random number generator is discussed, and improvements to the computational speed, without loss of accuracy result in a model with 1.12:1 speed comparable to real time.