cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skeuomorphs, Pottery, and Technological Change

Skeuomorphs are copies of prototype artifacts replicated in different physical materials in the derivative objects. The skeuomorph copy may or may not have a utilitarian function, and the original function of the prototype attribute may change or become less functional with successive copying. Because skeuomorphs are an imitation of the prototype model, they are iconic representations. Archaeological examples of pottery vessel skeuomorphs are presented and interpreted with evidence from ethnography, psychology, and modern material culture. This review lends support to the proposal that skeuomorphism is a causal factor in technological change. Skeuomorphs facilitate acceptance of innovations in artifacts by (1) materializing the pre-existing familiar value of prototypes as attributes transferred to unfamiliar derivative objects; (2) evoking positive social memories associated with the prototype; and (3) creating broader scales of value by creating novel variants of similar objects. RESUMEN Los esqueumorfos son copias de los artefactos prototipos replicados en materiales fisicos diferentes en los objetos derivativos. La copia esqueumorfa puede o no tener una funcion utilitaria, y la funcion original del atributo prototipo puede cambiar o llegar a ser menos funcional con copiado sucesivo. Debido a que esqueumorfos son una imitacion del modelo prototipo, ellos son representaciones iconicas. Ejemplos arqueologicos de vasos de ceramicas esqueumorfas son presentados e interpretados con evidencia de etnografia, psicologia, y cultura material moderna. Con esta revision, preste apoyo a la propuesta que esqueumorfismo es un factor causal en cambio tecnologico. Los esqueumorfos facilitan la aceptacion de las innovaciones en artefactos al (1) materializar el preexistente valor familiar de los prototipos como atributos transferidos a objetos derivativos no reconocidos; (2) evocar memorias sociales positivas asociadas con el prototipo; y (3) crear escales mas amplias de valor disenando variantes innovadoras de objetos similares.
An animal model for studying the pathogenesis of chikungunya virus infection

Newborn and 14-day-old mice inoculated subcutaneously with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) developed lethargy, difficulty walking, dragging of hind limbs, and reduced weight gain within 7-10 days after infection (PI). During the initial 6-7 days PI, the animals had viremia; high levels (10(6)-10(8) PFU) of CHIKV were also present in leg muscle. The virus persisted in muscle for several days after viremia disappeared. The major histopathologic changes were in skeletal muscle, which were focal necrosis and inflammation, followed by fibrosis and dystrophic calcification. Some mice also showed dystrophic calcification in the joint cartilage, but there were few deaths, and most of the animals eventually recovered. CHIKV antigen was shown by immunohistochemistry in the muscle for several weeks after infection. Based on the clinical and pathologic similarities with CHIKV infection in humans, young ICR and CD-1 mice offer a useful and realistic model for further study of the pathogenesis and treatment of CHIKV infection.
Macro basis functions for accurate and fast solution of scattering from elements comprising of junctions of wires and strips

In this paper we introduce a set of macro basis functions for efficient representation of the currents induced on elements comprising of junctions of wires or strips. The use of these functions leads to a relatively small and well-conditioned matrix, only a 3×3 size for a cross-shaped element, for instance. Furthermore, an important advantage of using these basis functions is that the fields they generate can be expressed in close forms, circumventing the need to use the Green's function and to handle the singularity problem associated with these functions. We show that by taking advantage of these two features we can solve the scattering problem, either from a single element or from an array of the same, in an accurate and numerically efficient manner. The results are presented and compared well with those generated by a commercially available EM simulation software package. Our proposed method is accurate and fast. The computational time is reduced by orders of magnitude.
Prevalence of Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Like Illness in Children and Adolescents

AbstractA community-based screening of over 12,000 households was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of fatigue and CFS-like illness in a sample of 5- to 17-year olds. Results indicate that over 4% of the sample was fatigued and that 2.05% were diagnosed with CFS-like illness. Adolescents had a slightly higher rate of CFS-like illness (2.91%) than did pre-pubescent children (1.96%). Those with CFS-like illness were almost evenly divided between male (47.5%) and female (52.5%). Youngsters of Latino origin had the highest representation in the CFS-like group. Symptom data, family patterns, and other data are presented for both the CFS-like group and the entire sample.
Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement:

This article discusses the recent increase in the use of solitary-like confinement, especially the rise of so-called supermax prisons and the special mental health issues and challenges they pose. After briefly discussing the nature of these specialized and increasingly widespread units and the forces that have given rise to them, the article reviews some of the unique mental-health-related issues they present, including the large literature that exists on the negative psychological effects of isolation and the unusually high percentage of mentally ill prisoners who are confined there. It ends with a brief discussion of recent caselaw that addresses some of these mental health issues and suggests that the courts, though in some ways appropriately solicitous of the plight of mentally ill supermax prisoners, have overlooked some of the broader psychological problems these units create.
Scaling Teamwork to Very Large Teams

As a paradigm for coordinating cooperative agents in dynamic environments, teamwork has been shown to be capable of leading to flexible and robust behavior. However, when we apply teamwork to the problem of building teams with hundreds of members, fundamental limitations become apparent. We have developed a model of teamwork that addresses the limitations of existing models as they apply to very large teams. A central idea of the model is to organize team members into dynamically evolving subteams. Additionally, we present a novel approach to sharing information, leveraging the properties of small worlds networks. The algorithm provides targeted, efficient information delivery. We have developed domain independant software proxies with which we demonstrate teams at least an order of magnitude bigger than previously published. Moreover, the same proxies proved effective for teamwork in two distinct domains, illustrating the generality of the approach.
Routes to DNA Accessibility: Alternative Pathways for Nucleosome Unwinding

The dynamic packaging of DNA into chromatin is a key determinant of eukaryotic gene regulation and epigenetic inheritance. Nucleosomes are the basic unit of chromatin, and therefore the accessible states of the nucleosome must be the starting point for mechanistic models regarding these essential processes. Although the existence of different unwound nucleosome states has been hypothesized, there have been few studies of these states. The consequences of multiple states are far reaching. These states will behave differently in all aspects, including their interactions with chromatin remodelers, histone variant exchange, and kinetic properties. Here, we demonstrate the existence of two distinct states of the unwound nucleosome, which are accessible at physiological forces and ionic strengths. Using optical tweezers, we measure the rates of unwinding and rewinding for these two states and show that the rewinding rates from each state are different. In addition, we show that the probability of unwinding into each state is dependent on the applied force and ionic strength. Our results demonstrate not only that multiple unwound states exist but that their accessibility can be differentially perturbed, suggesting possible roles for these states in gene regulation. For example, different histone variants or modifications may facilitate or suppress access to DNA by promoting unwinding into one state or the other. We anticipate that the two unwound states reported here will be the basis for future models of eukaryotic transcriptional control.
Forensic analysis for tamper resistant software

This paper concerns the protection of a software program and/or the content that the program protects. Software piracy and digital media piracy have cost industries billions of dollars each year. The success of the content/software security technologies in a large part depends on the capability of protecting software code against tampering and detecting the attackers who distribute the pirate copies. In this paper, we focus on the attacker detection and forensic analysis. We shall talk about a proactive detection scheme for defeating an on-going attack before the compromise has occurred. We shall also briefly explain another detection scheme for post-compromise attacker identification. In particular, we consider real world scenarios where the application programs connect with their vendors periodically, and where a detection of attacking can bar a hacker user from further business.
Computation of the signal-to-noise ratio of high-frequency magnetic resonance imagers

A method of computing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in high-frequency magnetic resonance (MR) imaging systems is presented. The method uses a numerical solution to Maxwell's equations which can capture all relevant electrodynamic effects at high B/sub 0/-field strengths. Using this method, the intrinsic SNR of both volume and surface coils loaded with the human head is calculated as a function of frequency. It is shown that although the available SNR from any point scales favorably with frequency, phase inhomogeneity over the volume of the head may pose a challenge to achieving improved SNR with traditional imaging techniques at high B/sub 0/-field strengths.
CsPLDα1 and CsPLDγ1 are differentially induced during leaf and fruit abscission and diurnally regulated in Citrus sinensis

Understanding leaf and fruit abscission is essential in order to develop strategies for controlling the process in fruit crops. Mechanisms involved in signalling leaf and fruit abscission upon induction by abscission agents were investigated in Citrus sinensis cv. 'Valencia'. Previous studies have suggested a role for phospholipid signalling; hence, two phospholipase D cDNA sequences, CsPLDalpha1 and CsPLDgamma1, were isolated and their role was examined. CsPLDalpha1 expression was reduced in leaves but unaltered in fruit peel tissue treated with an ethylene-releasing compound (ethephon), or a fruit-specific abscission agent, 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP). By contrast, CsPLDgamma1 expression was up-regulated within 6 h (leaves) and 24 h (fruit peel) after treatment with ethephon or CMNP, respectively. CsPLDalpha1 expression was diurnally regulated in leaf blade but not fruit peel. CsPLDgamma1 exhibited strong diurnal oscillation in expression in leaves and fruit peel with peak expression around midday. While diurnal fluctuation in CsPLDalpha1 expression appeared to be light-entrained in leaves, CsPLDgamma1 expression was regulated by light and the circadian clock. The diurnal expression of both genes was modulated by ethylene-signalling. The ethephon-induced leaf abscission and the ethephon- and CMNP-induced decrease in fruit detachment force were enhanced by application during rising diurnal expression of CsPLDgamma1. The results indicate differential regulation of CsPLDalpha1 and CsPLDgamma1 in leaves and fruit, and suggest possible roles for PLD-dependent signalling in regulating abscission responses in citrus.
Numerical and Statistical Methods for the Coarse-Graining of Many-Particle Stochastic Systems

In this article we discuss recent work on coarse-graining methods for microscopic stochastic lattice systems. We emphasize the numerical analysis of the schemes, focusing on error quantification as well as on the construction of improved algorithms capable of operating in wider parameter regimes. We also discuss adaptive coarse-graining schemes which have the capacity of automatically adjusting during the simulation if substantial deviations are detected in a suitable error indicator. The methods employed in the development and the analysis of the algorithms rely on a combination of statistical mechanics methods (renormalization and cluster expansions), statistical tools (reconstruction and importance sampling) and PDE-inspired analysis (a posteriori estimates). We also discuss the connections and extensions of our work on lattice systems to the coarse-graining of polymers.
Partitioned external-memory value iteration

Dynamic programming methods (including value iteration, LAO*, RTDP, and derivatives) are popular algorithms for solving Markov decision processes (MDPs). Unfortunately, however, these techniques store the MDP model extensionally in a table and thus are limited by the amount of main memory available. Since the required space is exponential in the number of domain features, these dynamic programming methods are ineffective for large problems. To address this problem, Edelcamp et al. devised the external memory value iteration (EMVI) algorithm, which uses a clever sorting scheme to efficiently move parts of the model between disk and main memory. While EMVI can handle larger problems than previously addressed, the need to repeatedly perform external sorts still limits scalability. This paper proposes a new approach. We partition an MDP into smaller pieces (blocks), keeping just the relevant blocks in memory and performing Bellman backups block by block. Experiments show that our algorithm is able to solve large MDPs an order of magnitude faster than EMVI.
Management of Hepatic Complications in HIV-Infected Persons

In the era of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), liver disease is the second most common cause of death among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Liver disease-related deaths mostly result from chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, recent reports suggest that HCV infection may be transmitted sexually between HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Management of these conditions in HIV-infected persons requires careful consideration, balancing the potential benefits of therapy with the potential for significant treatment-related adverse effects (HCV infection) and viral resistance and/or hepatitis flares (HBV infection). Furthermore, several antiretroviral agents are active against HBV infection, including lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, and, more recently, entecavir. Despite the complexity and potential for antiretroviral-associated hepatotoxicity, ART usually is safe for patients with viral hepatitis coinfection, and, in some cases, treatment for HIV infection may be beneficial for the liver.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF MALE CORN EARWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), EGG NUMBERS, AND PHENOLOGY IN CORN

Relationships among catches of corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea (Boddie), in pheromone traps, numbers of corn earworm eggs, and corn ears with fresh silks were investigated in eight corn fields during a 2-year period in Brazos River Valley, Texas. Cross-correlation analysis indicated that the catches of corn earworm moths in pheromone traps were closely associated with egg numbers in seven of eight fields with a time differential varying between −1 to +2 days. Cross-correlation peaks for new silks versus eggs occurred with time differentials being mostly positive, indicating that corn earworm egg numbers reached a maximum after corn produced large numbers of fresh silks on ears.There was a weak but significant linear relationship between egg numbers and corn earworm catches in pheromone traps when corn was in the whorl stage of growth. A stepwise regression model of the form: log (eggs/ha + 1) = 3.71 + 0.22*log(S + 1)*log(T + 1) − 0.3*log(S + 1), where S = numbers of corn ears with new silks per hectare, and T = mean corn earworm moths per trap, explained 52.5% of the variance. These results emphasize the mediating effects of fresh silks on corn earworm oviposition on corn.
Assistant teachers in prekindergarten programs: What roles do lead teachers feel assistants play in classroom management and teaching?

Assistant teachers are a ubiquitous yet virtually overlooked part of the early education workforce. Assistant teacher education level and its relationship to various classroom characteristics and the roles lead teachers feel assistants play in classroom management and teaching were examined in a nationally representative sample of 3,191 state-funded prekindergarten classes. Research Findings: Most classrooms had at least 1 paid assistant teacher, and classrooms with multiple assistants were more likely to be in Head Start. Lead teachers in public schools were more likely to have a bachelor's degree or higher, to be paired with an assistant with a high school degree, and to report fewer release hours for planning (alone or shared with assistants) than teachers in Head Start. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that assistant teachers were rated as most useful to teaching duties when the classroom was in a Head Start setting, when the discrepancy between the lead and assistant teachers’ education was...
Technology Acceptance in Social Work Education: Implications for the Field Practicum

The exponential growth and sophistication of new information and computer technology (ICT) have greatly influenced human interactions and provided new metaphors for understanding the world. The acceptance and integration of ICT into social work field education are examined here using the technological acceptance model. This article also explores potential challenges regarding the adoption of ICT into social work field practica. The article concludes with implications for adopting and integrating ICTs in social work field education.
The Response of Simulated Nocturnal Convective Systems to a Developing Low-Level Jet

Some recent numerical experiments have examined the dynamics of initially surface-based squall lines that encounter an increasingly stable boundary layer, akin to what occurs with the onset of nocturnal cooling. The present study builds on that work by investigating the added effect of a developing nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) on the convective-scale dynamics of a simulated squall line. The characteristics of the simulated LLJ atop a simulated stable boundary layer are based on past climatological studies of the LLJ in the central United States. A variety of jet orientations are tested, and sensitivities to jet height and the presence of lowlevel cooling are explored. The primary impacts of adding the LLJ are that it alters the wind shear in the layers just above and below the jet and that it alters the magnitude of the storm-relative inflow in the jet layer. The changes to wind shear have an attendant impact on low-level lifting, in keeping with current theories for gust front lifting in squall lines. The changes to the system-relative inflow, in turn, impact total upward mass flux and precipitation output. Both are sensitive to the squall line‐relative orientation of the LLJ. The variations in updraft intensity and system-relative inflow are modulated by the progression of the lowlevel cooling, which mimics the development of a nocturnal boundary layer. While the system remains surfacebased, the below-jet shear has the largest impact on lifting, whereas the above-jet shear begins to play a larger role as the system becomes elevated. Similarly, as the system becomes elevated, larger changes to systemrelative inflow are observed because of the layer of potentially buoyant inflowing parcels becoming confined to the layer of the LLJ.
On frame indifferent formulation of the Maxwell-Cattaneo model of finite-speed heat conduction

A material-invariant (frame indifferent) version of the Maxwell–Cattaneo law is proposed in which the relaxation rate of the heat flux is given by Oldroyd’s upper-convected derivative. It is shown that the new formulation allows for the elimination of the heat flux, thus yielding a single equation for the temperature field. This feature is to be expected from a truly frame indifferent description.
Kinetics and product studies of the BrO + ClO reaction - Implications for Antarctic chemistry

Discharge flow-mass spectrometry and flash photolysis-UV spectrometry were used to investigate the reaction of ClO with BrO over the temperature range of 220-400 K and the pressure range of 1-760 Torr. Rate constants were determined for: (1) Br + ClOO, (2) Br + OClO, and (3) BrCl + O2. It is found that the rate constants for the overall reaction and each reaction branch are inversely dependent on temperature and independent of pressure. For temperatures found in the Antarctic stratosphere, the rate coefficients for the channels yielding ClOO and OClO are a factor of 2-3 larger than previously estimated.
The cephalopod nervous system: What evolution has made of the molluscan design

The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex of any invertebrate nervous system. Although species-specific differences exist, its high level of complexity almost certainly is due to the cephalopods’ very active, fast-moving, predatory life style, and their complex behavior and extreme flexibility of response to different environmental situations. Nevertheless, the basic morphological plan of the cephalopod nervous system is still of the ganglionated “molluscan” design. During the course of evolution some of the ganglia became increasingly complex and subdivided into lobes; also, new ganglia were added. This chapter describes the basic morphological plan of the cephalopod nervous system and outlines some species-specific differences that developed as adaptations to different life styles. Special emphasis will be given to those features of the cephalopod nervous system that, within the invertebrates, are unusual or even unique, often rivaling the equivalent parts of the vertebrate nervous system in sophistication; some of these features may characterize higher brain and nervous system function.
A Positive Model for Corporate Governance

Corporate governance in this country is heading in the wrong direction. The primary reason is that the governance strategies put in place, particularly the independent board required by Sarbanes-Oxley Act, may create turmoil, even animosity or adversarial relationship, in the boardroom. For instance, a strategic proposal that appears risky to an independent board member who believes that he/she has the force of law, may be opposed or denied approval. In addition, the present governance structure is founded on the agency theory of 'classical' economics whereby the relationship between shareholders and management is that of principal and agent. As agent of the shareholders, management is supposed to promote the interest of the principal. 'Classical' economists lead by such luminaries as Nobel Prize laureate, Milton Friedman, believe that management's responsibility to the shareholders is to obtain the maximum profit possible. Unfortunately, this relationship does not exist in the era of large modern corporations where investors, not owners, abound. The foundation of the agency theory are the small English merchants during the pre-Industrial Revolution where ownership is clear and well-defined. This environment has been gone since the turn of the 20th Century. Our proposal calls for a positive approach to corporate governance; a cooperative and supportive, not independent, board; the recognition of employees as key participants in the corporate process and serving as countervailing force in the boardroom against management fraud; the recognition of public trust as a social charter of the corporation and as a shared vision among the key participants of the corporate process - shareholders, management and employees; and making the profitability and success of the corporation as shared vision by these key corporate participants.
A new species of pantodont, cf. Haplolambda simpsoni (Mammalia) from Utah

North American pantodonts have mostly been recovered from the Rocky Mountain states. However, none has previously been accurately reported from Utah. Reference to Coryphodon was made by Cope in 1872 under the name Bathmodon, to which others (e.g., Marsh, 1876) later referred, but this probably was in error. The reported material apparently came from southwestern Wyoming rather than northeastern Utah. An undescribed coryphodontid jaw, though, has been collected from Eocene deposits in the Uinta Basin.
El Oleoturismo: Una Alternativa Para Preservar Los Paisajes Del Olivar Y Promover El Desarrollo Rural Y Regional De Andalucía (España) (Olive Oil Tourism: An Alternative to Preserve the Landscapes of Olive Groves and Promote Rural and Regional Development of Andalusia (Spain))

Spanish Abstract: Un aprovechamiento inteligente del capital territorial es fundamental para propi- ciar el desarrollo regional. En el caso de Andalucia, los paisajes del olivar resultan ser un elemento clave para entender la configuracion de su territorio. Desde hace anos, la cultura del olivo ha aportado a esta region un gran valor paisajistico y medioambiental. La diversidad de estos paisajes ofrece un marco idoneo para iniciativas que aprovechen, con fines turisticos, todos los elementos culturales vinculados a este cultivo. El oleoturismo permite reforzar el caracter multifuncional de los paisajes del olivar de manera que, aprovechando de forma sostenible los recursos existentes, se contribuya al aumento del bienestar de toda la poblacion rural. En este articulo se presenta al oleoturismo como una alternativa de diversificacion economica, para muchas localidades ubicadas en zonas olivareras, y que contribuye a preservar los paisajes del olivar y a promover el desarrollo rural y regional de Andalucia.English Abstract: An intelligent use of territorial capital is fundamental in the promotion of regional development. In the case of Andalusia, olive groves comprise a key element to understand the configuration of the territory. For many years the cultivation of the olive has afforded this region with great landscape and environmental value. The diversity of its landscapes presents an ideal framework for tourism initiatives that make use of all the cultural elements linked to this crop. Olive Oil Tourism allows the multifunctional facets of these olive plantations to be reinforced, so that utilization of this existing resources in a sustainable way contributes to an increase in the well-being of the whole rural population. This article presents olive oil tourism as an alternative for economic diversification in many olive-producing areas that contributes to the conservation of olive-growing areas and to the promotion of rural and regional development in Andalusia.
CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS OF DUCK HEPATITIS VIRUS IN DUCK EMBRYO KIDNEY CELL CULTURES.

SummaryThe cytopathic effect of duck hepatitis virus on duck embryo kidney cell cultures was characterized by marked degeneration and necrosis of the cells of the monolayers. Cytopathic effects occurred consistently through several viral passages and were usually apparent within 24 to 36 hours after inoculation. Inclusion bodies were not observed in the infected cells.
InAs/InAs1-xSbx type-II superlattices for high performance long wavelength infrared detection

We report InAs/InAs1-xSbx type-II superlattice base photodetector as high performance long-wavelength infrared nBn device grown on GaSb substrate. The device has 6 μm-thick absorption region, and shows optical performance with a peak responsivity of 4.47 A/W at 7.9 μm, which is corresponding to the quantum efficiency of 54% at a bias voltage of negative 90 mV, where no anti-reflection coating was used for front-side illumination. At 77K, the photodetector’s 50% cut-off wavelength was ~10 μm. The device shows the detectivity of 2.8x1011 cm.√Hz/W at 77 K, where RxA and dark current density were 119 Ω•cm2 and 4.4x10-4 A/cm2 , respectively, under -90 mV applied bias voltage.
Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy. Management of serious infections. Part I: Medical, socioeconomic, and legal issues. Pediatric considerations

Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) is less threatening to children than in-hospital treatment and most likely reduces the risk of nosocomial infection. Most pediatric infections can be treated in the home if patients are medically stable, parents are motivated to help with therapy, and appropriate resources, such as skilled pediatric nursing, are available. The cost of pediatric OPAT is similar to that of adult OPAT.
Critical Literacy in Inquiry Learning

Near the end of the school year, the atmosphere of my eighth grade language arts class shifted from excitement of the long-awaited summer break ahead to jitters and nerves as thoughts of entering high school loomed just beyond. My students shifted nervously in their seats as questions buzzed around the room: “What if I get lost?” “What if I can’t make friends?” “What if everyone thinks I am a nerd?” I sat in awe staring at my students realizing their questions were not centered on the academics of high school; they were genuinely worried about not being accepted by their peers.
Isolation and Characterization of Low Density Lipoproteins

Since the first isolation of lipoproteins by Macheboeuf1 in 1929, little progress was made in the investigation of lipoproteins until Pedersen2 found that the so-called “X protein” in human serum had a low hydrated density. Using this “low density” property, he isolated the “X protein” by ultracentrifugal flotation and determined its hydrated density to be 1.03–1.04 g/ml. This finding, and the use of the flotation technique, marked the beginning of a systematic ultracentrifugal study of low density lipoproteins.3–6 Gofman et al.4 suggested in 1950 that the solvent density of serum (excluding the density contributed by proteins or lipoproteins) be raised by the addition of NaCl to 1.063 g/ml to float the lipoproteins of hydrated density 1.04 g/ml or less by ultracentrifugation. Therefore, lipoproteins floating at d 1.063 g/ml came to be known as low density lipoproteins and lipoproteins sedimenting at d 1.063 g/ml were referred to as high density lipoproteins. The term, flotation coefficient, S f , was introduced by Gofman and coworkers4 as the negative sedimentation coefficient in a sodium chloride solution of d = 1.063 g/ml at 26°C.
Incorporating Dialectal Variability for Socially Equitable Language Identification

Language identification (LID) is a critical first step for processing multilingual text. Yet most LID systems are not designed to handle the linguistic diversity of global platforms like Twitter, where local dialects and rampant code-switching lead language classifiers to systematically miss minority dialect speakers and multilingual speakers. We propose a new dataset and a character-based sequence-to-sequence model for LID designed to support dialectal and multilingual language varieties. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple LID benchmarks. Furthermore, in a case study using Twitter for health tracking, our method substantially increases the availability of texts written by underrepresented populations, enabling the development of “socially inclusive” NLP tools.
Myeloablative busulfan/cytoxan conditioning versus reduced-intensity fludarabine/melphalan conditioning for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia

Fludarabine and melphalan (Flu/Mel) has emerged as a more tolerable chemotherapy-based conditioning regimen compared with busulfan and cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) for allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We conducted a retrospective review of a single-institution database including patients with AML who received allo-HSCT following conditioning with Mel/Flu or Bu/Cy-based regimens. We performed descriptive statistical analysis to examine patient demographics and clinical outcomes. We identified 156 patients meeting criteria between 2005 and 2014. Overall, patients conditioned with Bu/Cy were significantly younger, but more likely to be treated in an earlier era than those receiving Flu/Mel. Regimen choice was not associated with relapse rates (RR), relapse-free survival (RFS), or overall survival (OS) on both univariate and multivariable analyses. Bu/Cy was associated with increased non-relapse mortality (NRM) on multivariable analysis. These findings demonstrate that Flu/Mel provides non-inferior disease control and could be an appropriate regimen for selected patients.
Optimizing measurement SNR for weak near-field scanning applications

Conventional near-field scanning techniques often employ a general setup such as: broadband near-field probe output connected to a chain of amplifiers through a coaxial cable to a spectrum analyzer. In this paper, we investigated how the signal to noise ratio is influenced by the coaxial connection between the probe output and the first amplifier, types of probes, cooling the probes with liquid nitrogen and the amplifier's noise figure. Eliminating cabling between probe and first amplifier, and using a low noise amplifiers helped increase signal-to-noise ratio by ~10dB. Further, liquid nitrogen is used to cool down a tunable resonant probe. This increases quality factor of the resonance and improves sensitivity. Thus, SNR is further improved by 10-12dB compared to a similar broadband setup.
Toward a Comprehensive Water-Quality Modeling of Barnegat Bay: Development of ROMS to WASP Coupler

ABSTRACT Defne, Z.; Spitz, F.J.; DePaul, V., and Wool, T.A., 2017. Toward a comprehensive water-quality modeling of Barnegat Bay: Development of ROMS to WASP coupler. In: Buchanan, G.A.; Belton, T.J., and Paudel, B. (eds.), A Comprehensive Assessment of Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) has been coupled with the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) to be used in a comprehensive analysis of water quality in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. The coupler can spatially aggregate hydrodynamic information in ROMS cells into larger WASP segments. It can also be used to resample ROMS output at a finer temporal scale to meet WASP time-stepping requirements. The coupler aggregates flow components, temperature, and salinity in ROMS output for input to WASP via a hydrodynamic linkage file. The coupler was tested initially with idealized cases designed to verify the water mass balance and conservation of constituent mass using one-to-one and one-to-many connectiv...
Recent Increased Warming of the Alaskan Marine Arctic Due to Midlatitude Linkages

Alaskan Arctic waters have participated in hemispheric-wide Arctic warming over the last two decades at over two times the rate of global warming. During 2008–13, this relative warming occurred only north of the Bering Strait and the atmospheric Arctic front that forms a north–south thermal barrier. This front separates the southeastern Bering Sea temperatures from Arctic air masses. Model projections show that future temperatures in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas continue to warm at a rate greater than the global rate, reaching a change of +4°C by 2040 relative to the 1981–2010 mean. Offshore at 74°N, climate models project the open water duration season to increase from a current average of three months to five months by 2040. These rates are occasionally enhanced by midlatitude connections. Beginning in August 2014, additional Arctic warming was initiated due to increased SST anomalies in the North Pacific and associated shifts to southerly winds over Alaska, especially in winter 2015–16. While global warming and equatorial teleconnections are implicated in North Pacific SSTs, the ending of the 2014–16 North Pacific warm event demonstrates the importance of internal, chaotic atmospheric natural variability on weather conditions in any given year. Impacts from global warming on Alaskan Arctic temperature increases and sea-ice and snow loss, with occasional North Pacific support, are projected to continue to propagate through the marine ecosystem in the foreseeable future. The ecological and societal consequences of such changes show a radical departure from the current Arctic environment.
Delayed diagnosis of isolated ureteral injury from blunt trauma.

The ureter is an uncommonly injured organ in the setting of trauma, accounting for less than 1% of all non-iatrogenic injuries to the urinary tract. Low incidence of traumatic injury is secondary to the narrow diameter, mobility, and retroperitoneal location of the ureter with protection provided by surrounding structures including the psoas muscle, variable amounts of adipose, and the spine. Ureteric injuries are graded according to the American Association for Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS), ranging from a grade I hematoma or contusion to complete avulsion with devascularization (grade V).1 The majority of external ureteral injuries are from penetrating gunshot wounds. Blunt ureteric injuries are less common, and typically involve hyperextension or deceleration mechanisms, often in a child in pedestrian versus motor vehicle accident or fall from significant height. While ureteral injuries resulting from external trauma are rare, delayed diagnosis can result in significant morbidity including urinoma with septic complications, stricture, and renal loss.2
Performance analysis of current data hiding algorithms for VoIP

Steganography techniques attempt to hide pertinent information inside of other harmless information, so as to avoid detection by an adversary. A good amount of research has been done thus far on mediums that aren't processed in real-time. User-friendly products using these techniques can easily be purchased by average consumers. Real-time mediums have recently received attention as VoIP and other real-time media has entered the mainstream. Several approaches for hiding information within VoIP streams in real-time have been proposed, but little has been done to compare the performance of the algorithms proposed in the literature. In this paper, we test several current data hiding techniques on a variety of G.711 audio recordings, with the intent of giving readers a clearer understanding of which of the algorithms would best suit their purposes. We use important performance metrics to evaluate the algorithms, namely, throughput, noise-to-signal ratio and the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality algorithm. Our results show that the method by Aoki allows for best throughput during silence and low volume conditions, and both methods by Ito et al, and Miao and Huang offer good throughput in noisy environments. Vulnerability to steganalysis is also considered. We devise a technique that illustrates that the algorithm by Miao and Huang is detectable as well as other LSB-based algorithms which have already been shown to be detectable by other means.
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity have increased at an alarming rate worldwide not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Both type 2 diabetes and obesity are multifactorial diseases associated with multiple co-morbidities. Its etiology involves a complex interplay between environment, genetic, and epigenetic factors. In this chapter we will discuss especially the relationship between obesity and diabetes and the potential mechanisms involved. The major cause of death in diabetes is cardiovascular disease and the most devastating and financially costly diabetes microvascular complication is end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy and renal transplantation. Therefore, the chapter will concentrate on mortality, coronary artery disease, and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes within the context of obesity.
Relative-Frequency and Probability

This chapter discusses the rationale behind some of the formal structure of the concepts of random events, independence, and probability. The view of probability is that it is a physical characteristic or description of the occurrence of events in the performance of an experiment. As a physical or empirical property of random events, probability should be objectively measurable from data and should be interpretable in terms of predictions about random events. It describes the pattern of occurrence of outcomes of what seem to be nondeterministically predictable experiments. The chapter presents the range of a physical interpretation of probability to the frequency of outcomes in an indefinitely repeated sequence of experiments. It also explores the possibility of a less ambitious undertaking—the measurement of comparative rather than quantitative probability.
Oxidation of {100} and {111} surfaces of pyrite: Effects of preparation method

Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface structure and reactivity of two pyrite {l_brace}100{r_brace} surfaces, prepared by different means. Specifically, synchrotron-based S 2 p photoemission data for a {l_brace}100{r_brace} pyrite growth surface prepared by exposure to HCl, and one resulting from mechanical fracture suggested that the acid-washed growth surface showed a higher concentration of elemental sulfur and/or polysulfide impurities. The surfaces, however, showed a similar initial oxidation reactivity under a well-controlled H{sub 2}O/O{sub 2} gaseous environment, implying that the fraction of both surfaces that underwent the initial oxidation reaction were similar in structure. The amount of initial oxidation on these surfaces, however, was significantly lower than on an acid-washed {l_brace}111{r_brace} growth surface. Photoelectron and ion scattering spectroscopy offer some possible reasons for this structure sensitivity.
Discriminative training of subject-dependent Gaussian mixture models for portable SSVEP identification

Abstract Various factors and challenges have impeded Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems from moving outside laboratories towards real applications. Such impediments might be, reliability, information transfer rates, non-stationarity of Electroencephalogram (EEG), and subject variation. Moreover, due to the portable design requirements of our BCI systems, which consists of a wireless EEG device to record the data and an Android tablet that serves as visual stimuli, the system׳s performance is affected by the imprecise Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) paradigm generation and the intermittent Android system calls. As such, we follow our previous effort, in which we introduced a signal processing solution that entailed partitioning the score spaces of Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Power Spectral Density Analysis (PSDA), extracting useful information from each partition, and augmenting them to generate a robust representation of the biased SSVEP recordings. Then, we incorporate subject specific information via Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) training and adaptation utilizing Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) model adaptation. However, despite the robust performance of MAP, it is essentially a generative method which may not be very effective in capturing discriminative subject-specific information. As such, in this effort we introduce the Minimum Segment Classification Error (MSCE) algorithm for discriminative re-estimation of the GMM parameters in a time efficient manner by directly relating the parameters to the performance measure. Moreover, We conduct a comparison between the re-estimated subject-dependent GMMs utilizing our proposed discriminative MSCE algorithm and the standard GMM-MAP baseline model from our previous effort to demonstrate the significance of our proposed discriminative re-estimation algorithm. Additionally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed MSCE algorithm and compare it to a well-established SSVEP-identification method that utilizes Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR). Our 10-Fold Cross-Validation results demonstrated that while MLR achieved an overall 86% SSVEP identification accuracy, the GMM-MAP baseline model yielded an overall high identification accuracy of 92.9% and that accuracy is further improved to 97.41% when utilizing our proposed MSCE algorithm.
Determinants of county migrant regularization policymaking in the United States: Understanding temporal and spatial realities:

While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, research has documented increased instances of migration policymaking at sub-national levels across migr...
Protecting the weak: Efficacy of mandated auctions in minority buyouts

Abstract There is considerable debate among economists and legal scholars about the need for regulatory protection for minority shareholders when controlling shareholders seek to buy them out. We examine the impact of regulatory changes in India which mandated a reverse book building (RBB) process, wherein the buyout price was determined by minority shareholders rather than by the controlling shareholders. Accounting for differences in firm and deal characteristics, we find that the RBB process increased the gains to minority shareholders. Stock price reactions at deal announcement reflect these gains after a learning period during which market participants adjusted to this new mechanism.
Proceedings of the 7th conference on Information technology education

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 7th ACM SIG-Information Technology Education Conference -- SIGITE 2006. This year's conference continues its tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research results and classroom experience regarding the pillars of information technology education: programming, networking, web technologies, resource management and human-computer interaction. Our mission is to share novel, practical and generally applicable pedagogical approaches to all topics in IT education, demonstrate effective bridges between academia and industry, and provide an environment conducive to peer discussion, student engagement and inter-institutional cooperation. We believe you will see our theme for this year "IT Education -- The Engine of Innovation" exhibited throughout the conference events.The call for papers attracted 36 full-paper submissions from Asia, Europe, and the United States. The program committee accepted 25 papers and 12 posters that cover a variety of topics, including general IT Education as well as online education issues, IT Curriculum Development, as well as two new tracks: Research/Case Studies in IT and Tools/Systems Development. In addition, the program includes special sessions on ethical issues in the IT curriculum presented by SIGCAS (Special Interest Group on Computers and Society), a session devoted to exploring concerns around the involvement of women in IT and IT education -- in a fish bowl format, a special introduction to the Computer Science and Teaching Association (CSTA), presentations by our vendors and sponsors highlighting opportunities for creating custom textbooks (SafariU) and engaging in the Sun Academic Initiative. Capella University will also provide special sessions as a window into its totally online educational venue. We have two keynote speakers this year. The keynote speech by Michael Vinje will expound on the conference theme through highlighting the urgent needs of industry relevant to IT education. Our second keynote speaker, Dr. Eli Cohen, will discuss the resources used by education to teach IT and how educators can support each other through developing these resources.