cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Self-Efficacy on Behavior and Weight in a Behavioral Weight-Loss Intervention.

Objective To determine whether eating self-efficacy (ESE) and physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) are predictive of dietary intake, physical activity, and weight change within a behavioral weight-loss intervention, and whether dietary intake and physical activity mediate relationships between self-efficacy and weight change. Method The study sample included 246 participants from a randomized trial with complete data on study variables at 12 months. ESE, PASE, calories consumed, minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and weight were measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Results ESE at baseline was associated with 12-month percent weight loss (PWL), and was mediated by average calories consumed at 6 and 12 months. Change in ESE from baseline to 6 months was associated with calories consumed at 12 months and 12-month percent weight loss, but the mediated relationship was not significant. Baseline PASE was not associated with average MVPA at 6 and 12 months or 12-month PWL, but change in PASE from baseline to 6 months was associated with 12-month PWL through its effect on MVPA at 12 months. Conclusion Increases in ESE and PASE during the active phase of the intervention are predictive of dietary intake, physical activity and weight loss at later points, but further research should include explorations of the reciprocal relationship between behavior and self-efficacy to better inform intervention strategies that target self-efficacy and promote behavior change. (PsycINFO Database Record
Size Regulation: Big Insights from Little Cells

Reporting in Cell, Harris and Theriot (2016) use modeling and quantitative imaging to analyze bacterial cell growth and division. By manipulating surface and volume growth rates, the authors provide insight into bacterial cell size regulation and propose that a threshold level of unincorporated cell wall material specifies when cells divide.
Are Grocery Store Tours Capturing the Right Audience? Characteristics of Students Who Volunteer to Receive a Grocery Store Tour

The goal of this research is to examine the demographics of students volunteering to receive a grocery store tour in order to assess if these students represent those most in need of the information. Dietetics students trained in giving grocery store tours through a Produce for Better Health grant provided store tours to college student volunteers, “tourists”. Tourists provided demographic and health behavior data which was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-tests, and chi-square. Twenty-three student trainees gave tours to 49 student tourists. Most tourists were female (77.8%), of healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) (64.9%), and reported being healthy eaters (47.3%). Results indicated that tourists who were not healthy eaters, did not cook daily, and were not likely to increase produce intake after the tour had higher BMI’s. Few tourists were male, obese, or reported having less healthy eating habits. Future research should examine who is participating in store tours in order to optimize their impact on healthy eating and shopping habits by assuring recruitment of individuals most in need of the experience.
Female Prostitution: Current Research and Changing Interpretations

(1996). Female Prostitution: Current Research and Changing Interpretations. Annual Review of Sex Research: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 158-180.
P-MASS and P-GBA: Two new hardware developments for growing plants in space

Plant growth, and especially plant performance experiments in microgravity are limited by the currently available plant growth facilities (low light levels, inadequate nutrient delivery and atmosphere conditioning systems, insufficient science instrumentation, infrequent flight opportunities). In addition, mission durations of 10 to 14 days aboard the NSTS Space Shuttle allow for only brief periods of microgravity exposure with respect to the life cycle of a plant. Based on seed germination experiments, using the Generic BioProcessing Apparatus hardware (GBA), two new payloads have been designed specifically for plant growth. These payloads provide new opportunities for plant gravitational and space biology research and emphasize the investigation of plant performance (photosynthesis, biomass accumulations) in microgravity. The Plant-Module for Autonomous Space Support (P-MASS) was designed to utilize microgravity exposure times in excess of 30 days on the first flight of the recoverable COMET satellite (Commercial Experiment Transporter). The Plant-Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (P-GBA), is designed for the National Space Transportation System (NSTS) Space Shuttle middeck and the SPACEHAB environment. The P-GBA is an evolution from the GBA hardware and P-MASS (plant chamber and instrumentation). The available light levels of both payloads more than double currently available capabilities.
Suppressing spiritual struggles: The role of experiential avoidance in mental health☆

Abstract We examined the relation between experiential avoidance and mental health in a sample of 307 American adults reporting spiritual struggles. Experiential avoidance was consistently related to poorer mental health. Specifically, both general and spiritual struggle-specific avoidance were correlated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and emotion regulation difficulties. Moreover, experiential avoidance tended to exacerbate the relation between spiritual struggles and adverse symptoms. The association between struggles and poorer mental health was stronger in people with higher levels of experiential avoidance. These findings were particularly robust for the measure of struggle-specific experiential avoidance. Finally, we discuss the importance of attending to the spiritual domain in experiential avoidance and outline future directions for clinical research and practice.
Internationalization and global citizenship: Policy and practice in education

Yemini, M. (2017). Internationalization and global citizenship: Policy and practice in education . Cham, CH: Palgrave Macmillan.
EHR on the Move: Resident Physician Perceptions of iPads and the Clinical Workflow

The electronic health record (EHR) provides access for physicians-in-training to complex clinical data and tools of documentation and order entry. As a result, physicians are tasked with spending significant amounts of time interacting with the EHR as opposed to time spent in direct patient care. With respect to resident physicians, in particular, the clinical workflow involving the EHR can supersede time spent at bedside or in educational pursuits. The Department of Medicine at Columbia University Medical Center provided tablet computers (Apple iPads) to medicine housestaff to provide mobile access to the necessary tools of the EHR. The integration of tablet computers into the clinical workflow as well as obstacles to the use of these devices will be discussed.
Strategic Identity Negotiation

Issues of language and culture have long been highlighted as significant factors impacting the social adaptation and academic achievement of immigrant students (Bialystok & Hakuta, 1994; Ima, 1998; Olsen, 1997; Valenzuela, 1999b; Zhou & Bankston III, 1998). While most immigrant students understand the importance of acquiring English and adapting to the new culture, many of them, such as Mai Xuan in the above excerpt, also feel strongly about maintaining their native language and cultural roots.
William’s Syndrome: Brain-Behavior Relationships and Implications for School Psychologist

William’s Syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a genetic abnormality, affecting about 1 in 10,000 people worldwide. While there are some behavioral similarities between WS and other high incidence disabilities, such as autism, several unique physical, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics are expressed in individuals with WS. Many of the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of individuals with WS are directly associated with neuroanatomical abnormalities. In order to best support students with WS in school settings, school psychologists must be able to recognize the distinctive characteristics of students with WS and utilize their specific areas of strength. Implications and suggestions for assessment and interventions practices are discussed.
Enzymatic Production, Bioactivity, and Bitterness of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Peptides

Chickpeas are inexpensive, protein rich (approximately 20% dry mass) pulses available worldwide whose consumption has been correlated with positive health outcomes. Dietary peptides are important molecules derived from dietary proteins, but a comprehensive analysis of the peptides that can be produced from chickpea proteins is missing in the literature. This review provides information from the past 20 years on the enzymatic production of peptides from chickpea proteins, the reported bioactivities of chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides, and the potential bitterness of chickpea peptides in food products. Chickpea peptides have been enzymatically produced with pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alcalase, flavorzyme, and papain either alone or in combination, but the sequences of many of the peptides in chickpea protein hydrolysates remain unknown. In addition, a theoretical hydrolysis of chickpea legumin by stem bromelain and ficin was performed by the authors to highlight the potential use of these enzymes to produce bioactive chickpea peptides. Antioxidant activity, hypocholesterolemic, and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme inhibition are the most studied bioactivities of chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides, but anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects have also been reported for chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides. Chickpea bioactive peptides are not currently commercialized, but their bitterness could be a major impediment to their incorporation in food products. Use of flavorzyme in the production of chickpea protein hydrolysates has been proposed to decrease their bitterness. Future research should focus on the optimization of chickpea bioactive peptide enzymatic production, studying the bioactivity of chickpea peptides in humans, and systematically analyzing chickpea peptide bitterness.
Toward an Integrated Model of Online Communication Attitudes, Communication Frequency, and Relational Closeness

This article proposes an integrative model of how attitudes about online communication are associated with relational closeness, extending the work of Ledbetter and colleagues. The model stipulates...
Chapter 13 – Wildlife Resources

Wildlife populations are declining in sub-Saharan Africa. Poor specification of property rights to land leads to market failure and a divergence between social and private costs. Market failure leads to destruction of wildlife habitats as explained by the concept of tragedy of the commons, and to excessive harvesting of species through hunting and bush meat export. The policy concern pertaining to wildlife is extinction. Economists have used market and non-market valuation approaches, including estimates of existence values to quantify the benefits and costs associated with wildlife conservation policies and programs. The Safe Minimum Standards and Precautionary Principles have been used in wildlife policy design to account for risk and uncertainty. Private individuals have been prosecuted for poaching and illegal wildlife exports. Plaintiffs in most wildlife cases are advocacy and volunteer groups, and the defendants have often been a governmental agency responsible for enforcing the wildlife laws of a country.
Ensuring an Exemplary Judiciary Workplace: An Alternative to a Mandatory Reporting Requirement for Judges

In December 2017, the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, responding to a request from Chief Justice Roberts, formed a Working Group to recommend measures “to ensure an exemplary workplace for every judge and every court employee.” The Working Group issued its report in June 2018. On October 30, 2018, two committees of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the administrative policy-making body of the federal judiciary, held a hearing on proposed amendments to the Rules for Judicial-Conduct and Judicial-Disability Proceedings and the Code of Conduct for United States Judges. Both sets of proposed amendments responded in large part to Working Group’s recommendations. I submitted a statement in advance of the hearing, also available on SSRN, and testified orally. This supplementary statement incorporates some of my remarks at the hearing; it also comments on some points made by other witnesses. The Working Group wrote: “The most significant challenge for accountability …arises from the reluctance of victims to report misconduct.” The proposed amendments to the Code and the Rules address this problem primarily by imposing a mandatory requirement upon judges to report misconduct by other judges – a requirement that would be enforced through the disciplinary mechanism of the 1980 Act. At the October 30 hearing, some witnesses argued that the reporting requirement should be made even stricter. In my view, this approach is misguided. Second- or third-hand information can never be as efficient in promoting accountability as first-hand information. Moreover, the rigid reporting requirements in the September 2018 Draft, made enforceable though proceedings under the 1980 Act, could turn the Judiciary into a workplace of informers. I believe that the “significant challenge” identified by the Working Group is best addressed by removing barriers to reporting by the individuals directly affected. In this supplementary statement, I offer some detailed proposals along those lines. The statement also addresses other issues raised by the proposed amendments, including transparency and disclosure, disqualification of judges in misconduct proceedings, the scope of the Rules’ coverage, and the relationship between the Code of Conduct and the Rules for Judicial-Conduct and Judicial-Disability Proceedings.
Calculation of the energy transferred by radiation damping from nuclear spin system to receiver coil in NMR

Abstract In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments the free induction decay (FID) current is induced by the precession of the excited magnetization, and the FID signal carries energy. This energy must come from the spin system, but has never been investigated quantitatively. This letter finds a way to calculate the energy transformed from the magnetic potential energy in the spin system to the electric kinetic energy associated with the FID current by revisiting the radiation-damping-modified Bloch equations. The result shows that under strong radiation damping conditions, almost all of the energy stored in the excited spin system is transferred to FID with negligible energy loss.
Construction of stochastic hybrid path integrals using "quantum-mechanical'' operators

Stochastic hybrid systems involve the coupling between discrete and continuous stochastic processes. They are finding increasing applications in cell biology, ranging from modeling promoter noise in gene networks to analyzing the effects of stochastically-gated ion channels on voltage fluctuations in single neurons and neural networks. We have previously derived a path integral representation of solutions to the associated differential Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, based on integral representations of the Dirac delta function, and used this to determine ``least action'' paths in the noise-induced escape from a metastable state. In this paper we present an alternative derivation of the path integral, based on the use of bra-kets and ``quantum-mechanical'' operators. We show how the operator method provides a more efficient and flexible framework for constructing hybrid path integrals, which eliminates certain ad hoc steps from the previous derivation and provides more context with regards the general theory of stochastic path integrals. We also highlight the important role of principal eigenvalues, spectral gaps and the Perron-Frobenius theorem. We then use perturbation methods to develop various approximation schemes for hybrid path integrals and the associated moment generating functionals. First, we consider Gaussian approximations and loop expansions in the weak noise limit, analogous to the semi-classical limit for quantum path integrals. Second, we identify the analog of a weak-coupling limit by treating the stochastic hybrid system as the nonlinear perturbation of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. This leads to an expansion of the moments in terms of products of free propagators.
The Efficiency–Exposure Paradox: Reconciling the Conflicting Effects of Measured Website Browsing Behaviors for Non-Transactional Outcomes

Organizations invest heavily to develop and maintain websites to meet a variety of organizational goals, some transactional (e.g. online purchases) and others non-transactional (e.g. influencing brand attitude and disseminating product information). Although factors related to designing websites to promote transactional outcomes have been widely studied in the information systems (IS) literature, those related to non-transactional outcomes have not. In considering these non-transactional outcomes — specifically brand attitude formation and information dissemination — two streams of literature emerge, although they present conflicting recommendations. First, ‘cognitive attitude formation’ research recommends designing interfaces to promote an efficient experience that takes less time and requires less movement among pages. By contrast, the ‘mere exposure’ literature recommends that longer durations and more exposure to related ideas should improve non-transactional outcomes. To disentangle these two conflicting perspectives, we tested related hypotheses in a within-subjects experiment with a ten-day follow-up survey. Building on theory regarding task characteristics, we also included task type, whether a task was more or less goal-directed, as a hypothesized moderating variable. We found that more time spent on a website improves brand attitude and product knowledge retention, but that more page views reduced product knowledge. In addition, the task type influenced the relationships between pages viewed and brand attitude and between time spent and product knowledge retention. These results offer designers and website owners meaningful guidance on how to manage their websites to elevate brand attitudes and increase retention of product knowledge.
Impact of KRAS alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

4136Background: The genomic alterations which characterize PDAC holds great promise for novel therapeutic interventions. Constitutive signaling via mutated KRAS is considered the signature pathogno...
Targeted and cytotoxic therapies as maintenance treatment for non-transplant eligible patients with acute myeloid leukemia

In the recent years, there have been multiple approvals by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for therapeutics for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The role of maintenance therapy in AML has been rather unrealized mostly due to lack of efficacy and increased toxicity of classical chemotherapy agents. Many clinical trials have demonstrated a disease-free survival benefit for various therapeutics in the maintenance setting for patients with AML who are ineligible for stem cell transplant. Notably, oral hypomethylating agent therapy has recently shown an overall survival and disease-free survival benefit in the maintenance setting for AML. In this review, we summarize the relevant data on maintenance therapy with a specific focus on cytotoxic antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, hypomethylating agents, targeted agents, and immunotherapeutics. We discuss our approach to maintenance therapy in AML in 2021 and propose a measurable residual disease (MRD)-adapted, personalized approach based on the best available evidence.
Charm and Beauty Decays via Hadronic Production in a Hybrid Emulsion Spectrometer (Fermilab E653)

The goals of E653 are the measurement of lifetimes (especially those of charged and neutral beauty particles and of charmed baryons); study of production dynamics (total cross-section for charm and beauty, Feynman x and transverse momentum distributions, pair correlations, and multiple charm production); search for new states of charm (excited states, exotics); and search for unusual decay modes such as D S to τ (double-kink topology) which require a high-resolution visual technique. Because this visual technique can see nearly all decay vertices, the additional possibility of surprises is always present.
Impact of weight loss on obese adipose tissue immune cell function (CAM1P.154)

Obesity induces inflammation in adipose tissue involving the recruitment and activation of macrophages, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These cells play a critical role in the development of insulin resistance seen with obesity. Weight loss can improve insulin resistance and health, but little is known concerning the effects of weight loss on immune activity in adipose tissue. Diet switch from a 60% high-fat diet to 13% normal-fat diet was used to induce weight loss in diet-induced obese C57Bl/6 mice. Adipose tissue fibrosis and macrophage accumulation was evaluated by histology. Leukocyte populations were analyzed by flow, including sorting and cytokine expression comparisons of adipose tissue macrophages before and after weight loss. Weight loss improved glucose tolerance and reduced serum insulin. However extensive adipose fibrosis developed after diet switch and was associated with macrophage accumulation. Analysis of macrophages after weight loss showed they retained a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile and had high surface marker expression of T cell co-stimulatory markers, similar to macrophages found in obese adipose tissue. These adipose macrophages were comprised of both old and newly recruited cells that continued to be activated after weight loss. The continued inflammatory activation of leukocytes after weight loss may help explain the variation seen in metabolic improvements and long-term weight management of patients in response to weight loss interventions.
Hydrogenation and Isomerization over Zinc Oxide

Publisher Summary Hydrogenation and isomerization of olefins are classic examples of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Both metals and oxides are catalysts for these reactions. This chapter describes the adsorption of hydrogen at room temperature and 128 mm on freshly activated zinc oxide. Rapid initial adsorption is followed by a slow adsorption that continues for days. This behavior is typical for oxides. When a metal surface is exposed to ethylene, self-hydrogenation and dimerization occur. These are surface reactions—the extent of these reactions is determined by the amount of surface available as a reactant. The over-all result is that a metal surface exposed to an olefin forms a variety of carbonaceous species of variable stoichiometry. The presence of this variety of relatively inert species confounds attempts to use physical techniques, such as infrared to characterize reactive surface species. Therefore, evidence for the surface species and intermediates over metals is based primarily on mechanistic inference.
Changing Expressions of Knowledge for Communication from One Form and Style to Another

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Sets and Relations Establishing Open Expressions and Open Sentences Selecting Subsets of Open Expressions Applying the Results of the Above Analysis Summary and Conclusions Exercises
Inhibition of the Peptide Bond Synthesizing Cycle by Chloramphenicol

To study the mechanism by which chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, we examined the kinetics of the puromycin-induced release of peptides from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) in the presence and in the absence of chloramphenicol. Washed Escherichia coli ribosomes with nascent peptides which had been radioactively labeled in vivo were used for this study. When such ribosomes were incubated in the presence of 10 μg of puromycin per ml, approximately one-fourth of the radioactive peptide material was rapidly released from tRNA. This rapid, puromycin-dependent reaction is assumed to be equivalent to the peptidyl transferase reaction. Chloramphenicol inhibited the extent of the puromycin-induced release of peptides by only 50%, demonstrating that some of the peptide chains which are present on active ribosomes react with puromycin, even in the presence of chloramphenicol. The addition of the supernatant fraction and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) increased the extent of the puromycin-induced release; this additional release was completely inhibited by chloramphenicol. Peptidyl chains on washed ribosomes prepared from chloramphenicol-inhibited cells were not released by puromycin in the presence of chloramphenicol and reacted slowly with puromycin in the absence of chloramphenicol. The release of peptidyl groups from these ribosomes became largely insensitive to chloramphenicol after preincubation of the ribosomes with GTP and the supernatant fraction. We conclude that chloramphenicol does not inhibit the peptidyl transferase reaction as measured by the puromycin-induced release of peptides from tRNA, but rather inhibits some step in the peptide synthesis cycle prior to this reaction.
Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture

Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture. Arthur K. Spears (ed.). African American Life Series. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999. vi. 242pp. (Cloth USS39.95; Paper USS 19.95)
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with MS/MS to detect and quantify dicarboxyethyl glutathione, a metabolic biomarker of the fumarate hydratase deficient cancer cell

The identification of a glutathione (GSH) fumarate conjugate, dicarboxyethyl glutathione, formed during the nonenzymatic succination of GSH by fumarate was confirmed in fumarate hydratase deficient cells using a product ion scan approach followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with MS/MS. GSH and its conjugates, including dicarboxyethyl glutathione and glutathione disulfide, were successfully separated on a zwitterionic stationary phase and detected by MS/MS operated under negative ESI mode. The relative quantitation of the analytes in cell extracts was carried out and a correction model was established to determine correction factors under matrix effects and the response mismatch between the analytes. These factors were calculated and iteratively used to measure all analytes in cell extracts, based on calibration curves constructed in neat solution. The model was a closed-loop calculation, consisting of two sides with each side of the loop presenting a calculation pathway. Deviation of the correction factors obtained from these pathways manifested the model accuracy. The model was evaluated and there was no significant difference between the two pathways.
Critical Communication History| Risk Assessment of Nuclear Power by Japanese Newspapers Following the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

This article examines how the editorial sections of three Japanese national newspapers The Asahi , The Yomiuri , and The Nihon Keizai discussed Japan’s nuclear safety following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. This article starts by describing the relationship between Japanese newspapers and Japan’s nuclear policy before the major disaster, which allows for analyses of the editorials. Three key findings emerged. First, the newspapers sought to enhance nuclear safety, but did not critically discuss any possibilities related to giving up nuclear power. Second, The Asahi and The Nihon Keizai used historically loaded symbols in their risk assessment. Third, The Yomiuri and The Nihon Keizai dismissed public concerns about nuclear risk, while The Asahi promoted dialogue between concerned citizens and policymakers following the disaster.
Effects of Exercise Training Added to Ongoing Hormone Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Frail Elderly Women

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether exercise training added to ongoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases bone mineral density (BMD) in physically frail elderly women. DESIGN: Prospective controlled trial. SETTING: University-based research center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight women on HRT, aged 75 and older with physical frailty. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were assigned to 9 months of supervised (EXER) or home (HOME) exercise. The EXER program started with physical therapy and gradually incorporated resistance and endurance training. The HOME program consisted of flexibility exercises. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in BMD and body composition. RESULTS: There were larger increases in lumbar spine BMD in response to EXER than with HOME (3.5% vs 1.5%, P = .048), with a trend for larger increases in total body BMD (1.5% vs 0.2%, P = .058). There were no significant between-group differences in hip BMD. The EXER group had decreases in weight (−2.2 ± 0.3 kg, P = .010) and fat mass (−2.7 ± 0.4 kg, P = .018) and increases in muscle strength (9–30%, P < .05). CONCLUSION: In physically frail elderly women on HRT, relatively vigorous exercise training significantly increased lumbar spine BMD. The improved BMD and strength in response to exercise could reduce fracture risk in frail women already on HRT.
Relationship marketing and distribution channels: Exploring fundamental issues

He received his Ph.D. in marketing from the University of Illinois. His research has primarily been concentrated in three conceptual areas of marketing: channels of distribution, legal aspects of marketing, and international marketing. His articles have appeared in theJournal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of Retailing, Journal of Marketing and Public Policy, Journal of Marketing Channels, Law and Society Review, and others.
Time Lapse Observation Based Modeling and Identification of Cell Behaviors in Angiogenic Sprout Development

This paper presents a method for deriving dynamic equations for Endothelial Cell (EC) motion and estimating parameters based on time lapse imagery of angiogenic sprout development. Angiogenesis is the process whereby a collection of endothelial cells sprout out from an existing blood vessel, degrade the surrounding scaffold and form a new blood vessel. Sprout formation requires that a collection of ECs all work together and coordinate their movements and behaviors. The process is initiated and guided by a collection of external growth factors. In addition, the individual cells communicate and respond to each other’s movements to behave in a coordinated fashion. The mechanics of cell coordination are extremely complex and include both chemical and mechanical communication between cells and between cells and the matrix. Despite the complexity of the physical system, with many variables that cannot be measured in real time, the ECs behave in a predictable manner based on just a few quantities that can be measured in real time. This work presents a methodology for constructing a set of simple stochastic equations for cell motion dependent only on quantities obtained from time lapse data observed from in vitro experiments. Model parameters are identified from time lapse data using a Maximum Likelihood Estimator.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Levels of Buchnera aphidicola Chaperonin GroEL During Growth of the Aphid Schizaphis graminum

Buchnera aphidicola is the prokaryotic, intracellular symbiont found in the aphid Schizaphis graminum. Using an immunological approach, we have quantitated the amount of the B. aphidicola chaperonin, GroEL, present in aphid cell-free extracts during the growth cycle of S. graminum at 23°C. Our results indicate that the increase in GroEL approximately follows the increase in aphid weight and endosymbiont number for the first 12 days after birth of the aphid. A 9-day-old aphid contains 1.6 × 105 molecules of GroEL per μm3 of cell volume. This number is similar to that found in Escherichia coli growing at 46°C, close to its maximal growth temperature, and a condition at which there is a major increase in the levels of chaperonins and other stress proteins. It is estimated that at 23°C, 10% of the B. aphidicola protein is GroEL. When S. graminum grown at 23°C was shifted to 33°C for 1 day and subsequently to 23°C, there was no change in the level of GroEL or the rate of growth. It is possible that the high level of GroEL in the endosymbiont masked an increase in the protein owing to a heat shock response.
Time-Continuous Assimilation of Remote-Sounding Data and Its Effect an Weather Forecasting

Methods were developed for the time-continuous assimilation of satellite-sounding temperature data: direct insertion method, asynoptic successive correction method, and local linear regression method. These methods were applied to DST-6 data from the operational and experimental temperature sounders aboard the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. Attention is given to a comparison of these methods and their effect on the accuracy of the initial states obtained, as well as the resulting forecasts generated from these initial states. The results suggest that (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest though statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the 2-3 day range; (2) the impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the method of satellite-data assimilation can substantially influence the magnitude of the impact obtained for the same data.
An analytic model of the core of a supernova

We have formulated the problem of the interior of a spherically symmetric star that is collapsing and radiating photons or neutrinos to infinity. The fully relativistic equations are used. This is a starting point for a complete description of a supernova. Boundary conditions are derived by the requirement that the interior metric and its normal derivative match continuously across the boundary to a metric describing the exterior. The metric used for the exterior is the one first derived by Vaidya. The boundary conditions impose severe constraints upon any solution of the equations of motion.
Analogue states in 47Ca

Abstract The 48Ca(3He, 4He)47Ca and 48Ca(p, d)47Ca reactions were used to observe six levels in 47Ca above 12 MeV excitation. Analysis of the data has yielded precise excitation energies for the lowest T = 9 2 levels in 47Ca; which are analogs of low-lying levels in 47K. Comparison of experimental and calculated Coulomb displacement energies for the K-Ca isotopes is made.
Effect of cathode catalyst layer thickness on methanol cross-over in a DMFC

The effects of cathode catalyst layer (CCL) thickness on the detrimental effect of methanol cross-over in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) under various operating conditions are studied. Three membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with different CCL thicknesses but identical catalyst loading and identical anode catalyst layer are used. The results show that, when a thicker CCL, approximately twice the thickness of the base case, is used, the fuel cell performance increases significantly. The increase in performance with a thicker CCL is attributed to the oxidation of the methanol crossed-over in part of the catalyst layer and leaving the rest of the catalyst layer free from methanol contamination, leading to mitigations of the effects of mixed potentials. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the charge transfer resistance for the fuel cell with twice the thickness of CCL is 30% lower compared to that for the base case, indicating that the active catalyst area available for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is indeed greater. The results of the electrochemical active surface areas (ECA) show that without methanol contamination, the ECA of the thicker CCL is actually lower, indicating that the better performance and the lower charge transfer resistance are not caused by a higher original ECA, but a higher active area for ORR. A much thicker CCL, about 5 times of that for the base case, is also used and the cell performance is also higher than that for the base case. The experimental results show that there exists an optimum cathode catalyst layer thickness and the thickness of cathode catalyst layer has a significant effect on DMFC performance.
Neural progenitor cells labeling with microbubble contrast agent for ultrasound imaging in vivo

Tracking neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) that are used to target tumors, infarction or inflammation, is paramount for cell-based therapy. We employed ultrasound imaging that can detect a single microbubble because it can distinguish its unique signal from those of surrounding tissues. NPCs efficiently internalized positively charged microbubbles allowing a clinical ultrasound system to detect a single cell at 7 MHz. When injected intravenously, labeled NPCs traversed the lungs to be imaged in the left ventricle and the liver where they accumulated. Internalized microbubbles were not only less sensitive to destruction by ultrasound, but remained visible in vivo for days as compared to minutes when given free. The extended longevity provides ample time to allow cells to reach their intended target. We were also able to transfect NPCs in vitro when microbubbles were preloaded with GFP plasmid only when cells were insonated. Transfection efficiency and cell viability were both greater than 90%.
Supporting Science Teachers in Alignment with State Curriculum Standards through Professional Development: Teachers’ Preparedness, Expectations and Their Fulfillment

Since A Nation at Risk was released in the 1980s, standards-based reform has been the most dominant trend in American educational policy, and the No Child Left Behind Act pushed the trend further by requiring states to develop rigorous curriculum standards. Though much has been said about these new standards, less has been said about whether or how well professional development helps teachers link their instruction to these standards. This study examined the impact of a professional development program for K-12 science teachers in helping teachers meet state curriculum standards. Seventy-five science teachers in Michigan participated in a 2-week summer workshop that used Problem-Based Learning for improving teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Researchers surveyed participating teachers about the change of teachers’ preparedness for standards-based teaching, their expectations to meet state curriculum standards, and whether their expectations were met. In addition, the usefulness of workshop activities was examined. Data analysis showed that to align teaching with state curriculum standards, participating teachers expected to learn instructional strategies and enhance science content knowledge through professional development, and by and large their expectations were well met. Collaboration with colleagues and facilitators helped teachers achieve their goals in terms of teaching within state curriculum standards. These findings have important implications for designing professional development to help teachers align instruction with curriculum standards.
Lewis A. Conner Cornell’s Osler

Abstract—Lewis A. Conner, MD (1867 to 1950), was a pioneer in public health cardiology, cardiac rehabilitation, and cardiac psychology. He helped establish the Burke Rehabilitation Hospital and was the founding president of the New York and American Heart Associations (AHA). Dr Conner was the founder of the American Heart Journal, America’s first medical subspecialty journal, and the official publication of the American Heart Association until 1950, when Circulation was created. Conner spent more than a half-century on the staff of the New York Hospital and Cornell University Medical College and was Chairman of Medicine from 1916 to 1932. During this time, he created the innovative Cornell Pay Clinic and united the “old” New York Hospital with the new and scientifically-oriented Cornell University Medical College on a modern and inspiring urban campus. An extraordinary clinician and a humanist with great equanimity, Conner devoted his career to the Oslerian tradition of scholarship, leadership, and organi...
Antiretroviral drugs in development. A report from HIV DART 2008: Frontiers in Drug Development for Antiretroviral Therapies, 9-12 December 2008, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico.

HIV DART 2008, Frontiers in Drug Development for Antiretroviral Therapies, was held on 9 – 12 December 2008 in Puerto Rico. The stated purpose of this biannual international meeting is to assemble clinicians, researchers and basic scientists together to advance the knowledge of the ongoing drug development processes in antiretroviral research. However, there were also presentations of thematic reviews of clinical topics such as prevention and drug resistance; HIV therapy in developing countries; and HIV/hepatitis and other coinfections. This report focuses on the main theme of the conference, the antiretroviral drug development pipeline. The author is solely responsible for the selection of topics and presentations to be included in this report.
Nucleotide sequence, transcriptional mapping, and temporal expression of the gene encoding p39, a major structural protein of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata

The gene encoding the 39-kDa major structural protein (p39) of Orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) was sequenced and transcriptionally mapped, and its expression was examined at various times postinfection. By Northern hybridization, primer extension, and S1 nuclease analysis, we identified p39 mRNAs of approximately 2600 nt. By primer extension analysis, we identified two major sets of transcripts which initiated around -48 and -96 nt upstream of the translation start codon. The transcription start sites were located within the conserved baculovirus late gene consensus sequence, ATAAG, which is duplicated in the p39 5' flanking region. In OpMNPV-infected Lymantria dispar cells, the p39 mRNAs were expressed abundantly at 24 and 36 hr p.i. but were present in lower quantities at 48 hr p.i. The p39 gene contained an open reading frame of 1053 nt which encodes a predicted protein of 351 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 39.5 kDa. Three repeats of the amino acid sequence Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro were identified at the C-terminus of the predicted p39 protein.
Reflections on the whig interpretation of History

Despite significant changes in historiographical fashion in the twentieth century for the writing of English history, obituaries for the Whig interpretation of history have proved premature. So pervasive has this phrase remained that, despite frequent attacks, it has transcended English history and entered the lexicon of many other areas of investigation. This process ensures that Whig history will remain a vehicle for conflicting interpretations of English history for the foreseeable future.
Recent advances in the synthesis and properties of amorphous and crystalline carbon nitride

Abstract As a result of the prediction by Liu and Cohen that crystalline β‐C3N4 has mechanical properties similar to diamond, many research groups have attempted to synthesize carbon nitride using various deposition techniques. Most groups succeeded in producing amorphous carbon nitride coatings. These coatings, though softer than diamond, display excellent tribological properties and are now used as protective overcoats for computer hard drive systems. The lack of success to make crystalline coatings suggests that β‐C3N4 is metastable. Using TiN(111) and ZrN(111) as seeding layers (which have similar lattice symmetry and commensurate unit cell dimensions as β‐C3N4(001)), we were able to synthesize fully crystalline carbon nitride composite coatings with hardness in the 50 GPa range, which is in the low end of diamond films.
Measuring the local dimension of point clouds

A technique which measures the dimension of a point cloud in the vicinity of each observation in a multivariate data set is discussed. The basic idea is as follows. First, each observation is taken in turn as the center of a ball. A formula inspired by a stochastic model is applied to the observations contained in the ball. The result is a “raw” local dimension for the observation at the center. The raw dimensions are then smoothed, either by kernel smoothing or recursive partitioning. By measuring dimension locally, low-dimensional structure in the data can be recognized even if it is nonlinear.
Design and analysis of reconfigurable discrete dies for sheet metal forming

Abstract Discrete dies have been investigated for sheet metal forming since the early part of the 20th century. The reconfigurable nature of these dies lends itself well to flexible manufacturing systems; unfortunately, the state of knowledge on how to design and analyze discrete dies consisting of densely packed pins is very limited, thereby hindering industry's acceptance of this type of tooling. This paper addresses the design and analysis issues involved with movable die pins, turning a matrix of die pins into a rigid tool, and the pin matrix containment frame. A generalized procedure for designing discrete dies is developed and then applied to the design and fabrication of a pair of high-resolution sheet metal forming dies. These dies are set to shape and then used to stamp benchmark parts out of steel sheet.
Hybrid quantum/classical studies of photodissociation and recombination of I2 (A) in rare gas matrices: A linear chain model

A hybrid quantum/classical model is developed for the photodissociation and recombination dynamics of an I2 molecule in low-temperature rare-gas (Rg) matrices. The simplified model consists of an I2 molecule embedded in a linear chain of Rg atoms. The aggregate is partitioned into a quantum system and a classical bath, which are self-consistently coupled. Two partitioning schemes are used. The first treats the I-I coordinate quantum mechanically and the Rg coordinates classically. The second and more reliable scheme includes in the quantum system both the I-I mode and the symmetric motion of the two nearest Rg atoms. Both models show substantial energy transfer from the dissociating I2 to the solvent, followed by coherent vibrational motion of the recombined I2. It is found that the one-dimensional quantum/classical scheme is consistent with its higher dimensional counterpart, although the latter shows much faster dephasing. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dendrimer based non-competitive fluoroimmunoassay for analysis of cortisol

Abstract The use of immunoassays in clinical diagnostics has stimulated the development of many sensitive and highly specific techniques to measure the presence of specific antigens in samples. This research proposes a non-competitive fluoroimmunoassay method for analysis of cortisol based on the blocking of unbound sites of the capture antibody by means of a reagent that consists of a dendrimer molecule bound to cortisol. Dendrimers are ordered branched polymers. The dendrimer–cortisol complex binds to more than one antibody at the same time, so it is more strongly bound than the analyte to the immobilized antibody. In this way, when the fluorescent-labeled antigen is added, competition for the antibody occupancy allows the removal of the analyte molecules, but not the dendrimer molecule. The measured signal is directly related to the analyte concentration (i.e. cortisol). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) shows the presence of a high molecular weight component after dendrimer–cortisol synthesis. Results show cortisol covalently attached to PAMAM (Polyamidoamine) dendrimers can be used successfully as a blocking reagent in a non-competitive assay. The non-competitive assay standard curve shows increased fluorescence as the concentration of cortisol increases, which demonstrates that cortisol is being replaced by FITC-cortisol.