cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ARPP-21, a cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (Mr = 21,000) enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. Amino acid sequence of the site phosphorylated by cyclic AMP in intact cells and kinetic studies of its phosphorylation in vitro

ARPP-21 (cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr = 21,000) is a cytosolic neuronal phosphoprotein that is highly enriched in regions of mammalian brain that receive dopaminergic innervation, in particular the striatum. The state of phosphorylation of ARPP-21 in brain slices prepared from rat striatum was shown to be regulated by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on seryl residues contained within a single tryptic phosphopeptide as analyzed by two-dimensional thin layer electrophoresis/chromatography. The tryptic phosphopeptide derived from ARPP-21 phosphorylated in intact cells comigrated with the tryptic phosphopeptide derived from purified ARPP-21 phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro. Purified cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalyzed the incorporation of 1.1 mol of [32P]phosphate/mol of ARPP-21 exclusively on seryl residues. The amino acid sequence surrounding the site in purified ARPP-21 phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro was determined by analyzing two overlapping chymotryptic peptides isolated from [32P]phospho-ARPP-21 by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. A combination of gas phase and solid phase amino acid sequencing yielded a phosphorylation site sequence of -Glu-Arg-Arg-Lys-Ser(P)-Lys-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-. Initial rate studies of the phosphorylation of purified ARPP-21 by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase yielded an apparent Km of 0.78 microM and a kcat of 2.2 s-1. A synthetic peptide based on the phosphorylation site of ARPP-21 was phosphorylated on the corresponding seryl residue with an apparent Km of 40 microM and a kcat of 4.0 s-1. These results are compatible with a physiological role for the phosphorylation of ARPP-21 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in vivo, regulated by first messengers acting via cyclic AMP, e.g. dopamine and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
Alignment of schlieren and Rayleigh optical systems in the ultracentrifuge: II. A general procedure

Abstract A variety of independent optical tests have been combined into an over-all alignment procedure that is specifically adapted for the schlieren and interference optical systems of the ultracentrifuge. Taken in conjunction with the focusing technique for the camera and cylindrical lenses and the design and positioning of the interference mask described in Parts 1 and 3 of this series, this alignment procedure is convenient to use and sensitive with regard to the placement of all optical elements. Special consideration was given to the selection of a frame of reference that is readily reproducible and provides a convenient starting point for the optical adjustments required when a new drive is installed in the ultracentrifuge. Many of the individual steps in the alignment procedure stemmed from earlier work performed in a variety of laboratories. Some were modified to increase their sensitivity or their application to the optical systems of the ultracentrifuge was facilitated by the construction of special aligning tools. Emphasis was directed toward the development of a versatile procedure for aligning the interference mask precisely without the tedium characteristic of earlier methods.
Bilirubin Measurement Problems

To the Editor.— A conjugated bilirubin fraction in the neonate in excess of 20% of total serum bilirubin concentration or, alternatively, greaten than 1 mg/dL is cited as identifying cholestasis.1,2 It is common practice, therefore, for pediatricians to request fractionation of serum bilirubin at least once for any significantly jaundiced neonate. The patients described in the following case reports were seen 1 month apart at the same hospital with elevated conjugated bilirubin levels. CASE REPORTS Patient 1 This 2,750-g girl was born after 36 weeks of gestation.
Probing the optical depth of spirals using multi-waveband observations

We have investigated whether the reddening of stars can be used to determine the amount and extent of obscuring dust in galaxies. We find evidence for significant optical depths in the central regions of these galaxies, but optical depths of less than unity at ~ 2 scale lengths from the centre.
Development of quantitative structure property relationships for predicting the melting point of energetic materials

The accurate prediction of the melting temperature of organic compounds is a significant problem that has eluded researchers for many years. The most common approach used to develop predictive models entails the derivation of quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), which are multivariate linear relationships between calculated quantities that are descriptors of molecular or electronic features and a property of interest. In this report the derivation of QSPRs to predict melting temperatures of energetic materials based on descriptors calculated using the AM1 semiempirical quantum mechanical method are described. In total, the melting points and experimental crystal structures of 148 energetic materials were analyzed. Principal components analysis was performed in order to assess the relative importance and roles of the descriptors in our QSPR models. Also described are the results of k means cluster analysis, performed in order to identify natural groupings within our study set of structures. The QSPR models resulting from these analyses gave training set R(2) values of 0.6085 (RMSE = ± 15.7 °C) and 0.7468 (RMSE = ± 13.2 °C). The test sets for these clusters had R(2) values of 0.9428 (RMSE = ± 7.0 °C) and 0.8974 (RMSE = ± 8.8 °C), respectively. These models are among the best melting point QSPRs yet published for energetic materials.
Optically controlled switch-mode current-source amplifiers for on-coil implementation in high-field parallel transmission.

Purpose We tested the feasibility of implementing parallel transmission (pTX) for high-field MRI using a radiofrequency (RF) amplifier design to be located on or in the immediate vicinity of an RF transmit coil. Method We designed a current-source switch-mode amplifier based on miniaturized, nonmagnetic electronics. Optical RF carrier and envelope signals to control the amplifier were derived, through a custom-built interface, from the RF source accessible in the scanner control. Amplifier performance was tested by benchtop measurements as well as with imaging at 7T (300 MHz) and 11.7 T (500 MHz). The ability to perform pTX was evaluated by measuring interchannel coupling and phase adjustment in a two-channel setup. Results The amplifier delivered in excess of 44 W RF power and caused minimal interference with MRI. The interface derived accurate optical control signals with carrier frequencies ranging from 64 to 750 MHz. Decoupling better than 14 dB was obtained between two coil loops separated by only 1 cm. Application to MRI was demonstrated by acquiring artifact-free images at 7 T and 11.7 T. Conclusion We propose an optically controlled miniaturized RF amplifier for on-coil implementation at high fields that should facilitate implementation of high-density pTX arrays. Magn Reson Med, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: Gastric Involvement Diagnosed by MDCT

Chronkhite-Canada is a rare nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that usually presents as chronic malabsorption in adults. We present a case of a-73-year old woman with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and malnutrition. On CT imaging she was found to have massive gastric polyps, which on biopsy was most consistent with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome.
Testing of a Causal Model: Acceptance of Death in Hospice Patients

This survey study examined a proposed causal model of acceptance of death, through a chart review and interviews of sixty-nine home hospice patients, their primary caregivers, and hospice staff. Path analysis revealed an overall significant effect of the model, explaining 23 percent of the variance in the dependent variable planning for death. Patient values was found to have a significant direct effect upon planning for death. Spirituality was negatively related to death anxiety and positively related to social support. Age had a direct effect upon spirituality, with older patients having a higher level of spirituality. Ethnicity was related to patient social support, with whites having higher social support. Correlations conducted between variables further specified the model, revealing relationships between age and ethnicity, and social support and hospice values.
Ethnic differences and disease phenotypes.

It is difficult to determine whether diseases are similar across different ethnic groups, because of the paucity of clinicopathological studies in non-Caucasians. This has led to a fundamental although flawed assumption in epidemiological cross-cultural comparisons of disease that clinically defined
Binding and immobilization of catecholamines by liposomes

The polarization of the native fluorescence of dopamine and noradrenaline has been used to measure their binding and immobilization by liposomes suspended in aqueous buffers. Whereas both catecholamines are significantly immobilized by brain phosphatidyl serine and yeast phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol from brain are ineffective. Dopamine is immobilized to a greater degree than noradrenaline. The dissociation constants determined from modified Scatchard plots of the polarization data are 1.7 X 10(-4) and 9.6 X 10(-5)M for dopamine with yeast phosphatidyl inositol and brain phosphatidyl serine, respectively. Apomorphine binds to a hydrophobic region of phosphatidyl serine liposomes with a KD value of 69 micrometer. It is suggested that a fraction of dopamine is complexed with membranous phosphatidyl serine in nerve terminals.
Relating Callous-Unemotional Traits to Physically Restrictive Treatment Measures Among Child Psychiatric Inpatients

We examined the association of callous-unemotional (C/U) traits with the rates of seclusion and restraint among a sample of child psychiatric inpatients (N = 101). Analyses focused on the incremental value of C/U traits as a predictor over and above the influence of other risk factors for physically restrictive treatment measures found in previous research, including gender, age, verbal intelligence, ethnicity, the diagnosis of a conduct disorder or an oppositional defiant disorder, maltreatment history, and the other dimensions of psychopathy (i.e., narcissism and impulsivity). Results of hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that younger age and C/U traits predicted seclusion rates, whereas only C/U traits predicted restraint rates. The discussion of these findings focuses on the necessity of developing effective intervention programs for inpatient children with prominent C/U traits, to help forestall the physically dangerous behavior that necessitates a seclusion or restraint.
AN INTERCEPTION PROBLEM

We investigate some aspects of a simple interception problem: what course should a ship steer in order to meet a second ship in the least possible time? The courses of both ships are to be straight; and except where otherwise noted the first ship (the pursuer) is assumed to be faster than the fugitive, but both are to maintain constant speeds.
A negative feedback signal that is triggered by peril curbs honey bee recruitment.

Summary Decision making in superorganisms such as honey bee colonies often uses self-organizing behaviors, feedback loops that allow the colony to gather information from multiple individuals and achieve reliable and agile solutions. Honey bees use positive feedback from the waggle dance to allocate colony foraging effort. However, the use of negative feedback signals by superorganisms is poorly understood. I show that conspecific attacks at a food source lead to the production of stop signals, communication that was known to reduce waggle dancing and recruitment but lacked a clear natural trigger. Signalers preferentially targeted nestmates visiting the same food source, on the basis of its odor. During aggressive food competition, attack victims increased signal production by 43 fold. Foragers that attacked competitors or experienced no aggression did not alter signal production. Biting ambush predators also attack foragers at flowers. Simulated biting of foragers or exposure to bee alarm pheromone also elicited signaling (88-fold and 14-fold increases, respectively). This provides the first clear evidence of a negative feedback signal elicited by foraging peril to counteract the positive feedback of the waggle dance. As in intra- and intercellular communication, negative feedback may play an important, though currently underappreciated, role in self-organizing behaviors within superorganisms.
Specifying and implementing nonparametric and semiparametric survival estimators in two-stage (nested) cohort studies with missing case data

Since 1986, we have been studying a cohort of individuals from a region in China with epidemic rates of gastric cardia cancer and have conducted numerous two-stage studies to assess the association of various exposures with this cancer. Two-stage studies are a commonly used statistical design. Stage one involves observing the outcomes and accessible baseline covariate information on all cohort members, and stage two involves using the stage one observations to select a subset of the cohort for measurements of exposures that are difficult to obtain. When the outcomes are censored failure times, such as in our studies, the most common designs used are the case-cohort and nested case-control designs. One limitation of both these designs is that the estimators of the cumulative hazards, and hence survivals and absolute risks, are biased when some cases are missing the stage two measurements. In our experience, such missingness is present in virtually all two-stage studies that (like ours) use biological speci...
Mineral oil-chitosan emulsion coatings affect quality and shelf-life of coated eggs during refrigerated and room temperature storage

Effects of mineral oil (MO) and 4 emulsions (prepared with different emulsifier types) of MO and chitosan solution (CH) at a fixed ratio of MO:CH = 25:75 as coating materials in preserving the internal quality of eggs were evaluated during 5 wk at 25 °C and 20 wk at 4 °C. Generally, as storage time increased, Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased whereas weight loss increased. However, MO and/or 4 emulsion coatings minimized the weight loss (<1.5%) and preserved the albumen and yolk quality of eggs (with the final B grade) for at least 3 wk longer than those observed for noncoated eggs at 25 °C. At 4 °C, all coated eggs changed from AA to A grade after 5 wk and they maintained this grade for 10 wk (5 wk longer than that of noncoated eggs). Although refrigeration (4 °C) alone could maintain the B grade of noncoated eggs for up to 20 wk, coating treatments were necessary to keep the weight loss below 2%. Compared with 4 °C, the increasing weight loss showed stronger negative correlation (P < 0.01) with the decreasing Haugh unit (-0.46 to -0.89) and yolk index (-0.36 to -0.89) at 25 °C. The emulsifier type used in this study generally did not affect the internal quality of eggs. Salmonella spp. detection was negative for all coated and noncoated eggs. This study demonstrated that MO and MO:CH emulsion coatings preserved the internal quality, prolonged the shelf-life, and minimized weight loss (<2%) of eggs.
Delayed myocardial preconditioning by α1-adrenoceptors involves inhibition of apoptosis

Abstract Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that α1-adrenoceptor activation increases myocardial resistance to ischemic injury 24 hours later. Here we tested the hypothesis that delayed protection is associated with limited infarction and involves altered expression of pro-apoptotic and/or anti-apoptotic proteins. Methods : Rabbits were treated with phenylephrine or an equivalent volume of vehicle (n = 6 per group). Twenty-four hours after pretreatment, isolated hearts were perfused with a bovine erythrocyte suspension in modified Krebs solution, subjected to 45 minutes of global ischemia (37°C), and reperfused for 120 minutes. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Apoptosis was quantified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Left ventricular tissue from separate groups of animals (n = 5 per group), 24 hours after pretreatment with phenylephrine or vehicle but without ischemia and reperfusion, was analyzed by Western blotting for content of the anti-apoptotic protein, bcl x , and pro-apoptotic protein, bax. Results : Isolated hearts after phenylephrine pretreatment had increased end-reperfusion developed pressures (56.8 ± 4.9 vs 36.2 ± 3.9 mm Hg for vehicle, P = .008) and decreased elevated end-diastolic pressures (26.7 ± 4.5 vs 42.3 ± 5.0 mm Hg for vehicle, P = .04). Phenylephrine pretreatment abrogated infarction (9.9 ± 2.4% vs 42.6 ± 6.3% for vehicle, P = .002) and reduced the number of apoptotic nuclei (24 ± 4.8 vs 51 ± 4.6 for vehicle, P = .038). Analysis by Western blotting showed that the ratio of bcl x to bax protein increased in phenylephrine-pretreated hearts (2.65 ± 0.5 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 for vehicle, P = .008). Conclusion : Delayed myocardial protection to infarction mediated by α1-adrenoceptor activation involves an increased bcl x /bax ratio, thereby limiting apoptotic cell death. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:980-6)
How is sexual aggression related to nonsexual aggression? A meta-analytic review

To evaluate conflicting theories that perpetration of sexual aggression and perpetration of nonsexual aggression are either manifestations of one another (i.e., derived from the same underlying factors) or completely divergent in origin, we performed a meta-analysis of 68 independent data points that measured perpetration of both forms of aggression. Our findings indicated that research literature only partially supports the view that these aggression forms are similar in origin. While associations of significant magnitude were found between sexual and nonsexual aggression perpetration, they were limited to specific groups of perpetrators (i.e., adult perpetrators, nonincarcerated perpetrators, perpetrators who target adult victims). Important methodological moderators were also identified, including the use of self-report instruments and use of nonaggressive comparison groups, which resulted in stronger associations between sexual and nonsexual aggression. We discuss implications for theory refinement, as well as the identification, treatment, and prevention of sexual aggression.
Advanced Analytics -- Issues and Challenges in a Global Environment

Modern businesses require a suite of appropriate analytical tools - both quantitative and qualitative - that go beyond data mining, because of issues with scalability, parallelizability, and numeric vs. symbolic representation that may well affect analytic utility and the results of an analytic. However, there is limited formal or structured guidance for new and complex problem spaces providing criteria for what analytics to use and how they are to be cascaded or integrated to obtain useful results and generate a range of alternate explanations of what is happening now, what is likely to happen soon, and what could happen in the long term. In this paper, we describe sixteen classes of analytics in which we extend previous work by Kaisler and Cioffi-Revilla [7]. We examine some issues and implementation challenges for analytics in the global business environment. We suggest several applications of these analytics to modern business problems and draw several conclusions that lead to further research.
Coherent beam combining of diode arrays

Summary form only given. There is continuing interest in increasing the power and improving the beam quality of laser sources for a variety of applications. An approach, particularly relevant to semiconductor and fiber lasers, is to beam combine large arrays of lasers.
From Charity to Justice: The Potential of University-Community Collaboration for Social Change

The authors synthesize what has been learned from the two-issue series of American Behavioral Scientist on universities' responses to troubled times. They argue that educators and community leaders should channel the vast resources of volunteerism toward social change for a more just society and discuss ways that service-learning endeavors contribute to this process. They contrast the current state of higher education with a vision of a transformed institution they think preferable to the status quo and then focus on the difference between charity and social justice. Through service learning, acts of charity—which typically end up reproducing the status quo—can facilitate the politicization of students and help them to become active promoters of a more just society. Six questions are posed to assess the extent to which community-based education or research endeavors engage in charity or facilitate social justice.
Particle Dispersion in Flowing Gases—1994 Freeman Scholar Lecture

Particle-laden gas flows are common in many man-made and natural environments. Their importance to industrial processes, agriculture, and human health has made them of great theoretical and practical interest over the past 50 years. Because particles are often carried by a turbulent gas stream, progress in understanding and predicting behavior of particle-laden flows has closely followed developments in understanding and prediction of turbulent flow. The motion of a particle in a gas flow is governed by gravity and the particle`s interaction with the turbulent fluid surrounding it. However, to determine the location and thus the local turbulence surrounding the particle, the trajectory of the particle must be known. It is this nonlinear coupling between the particle motion and the turbulence that makes predicting particle dispersion in gas flow difficult. During the past two decades, fundamental understanding of the dispersion of particles in simple turbulent gas flows has been reached, and the capability of predictive tools has increased exponentially as a result. This review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge about gas-particle flows, and to highlight areas where more research is needed.
DETERMINATION OF INSULIN REQUIREMENTS: EXCESSIVE INSULIN DOSAGES COMMON IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

ABSTRACT Objective: To report our experience of determining insulin requirements for initiating continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump therapy, using an algorithm for intravenous administration of insulin, in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Methods: We describe assessment of insulin requirements and analyze data from 27 consecutive admissions. All patients had type 1 diabetes mellitus and were being converted to CSII pump therapy. Twenty-four-hour intravenous insulin requirements were used to initiate CSII pump therapy, and further dose adjustments were undertaken, to optimize glycemic control. Basal, bolus, and total daily insulin requirements were calculated before, during, and 3 months after conversion to CSII therapy. Results: At entry, the mean glycohemoglobin was 11.2% (normal, 5.0 to 8.0%), and the mean daily insulin dose were 45.8 U (0.59 U/kg). Calculated daily insulin requirements using an algorithm for intravenously administered insulin were 37.3 U (0.50 U/kg). At 3 months, mean daily insulin requirements had increased to 39.2 U (0.52 U/kg), and glycohemoglobin improved to 9.4%. Most patients (78%) remained on insulin doses within 10% of the calculated requirements. All patients who were receiving more than 0.6 U/kg daily before assessment required a reduction in insulin dosage to improve glycemic control. Conclusion: Many patients with type 1 diabetes are receiving excessive insulin doses. An algorithm for intravenous administration of insulin may be useful for determining requirements and appropriate insulin doses for CSII pump therapy, especially in patients with poor glycemic control. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:133-136)
Using tsunami deposits to improve assessment of tsunami risk

In many places in the world the written record of tsunamis is too short to accurately assess the risk of tsunamis. Sedimentary deposits left by tsunamis can be used to extend the record of tsunamis to improve risk assessment. The two primary factors in tsunami risk, tsunami frequency and magnitude, can be addressed through field and modeling studies of tsunami deposits. Recent advances in identification of tsunami deposits and in tsunami sedimentation modeling increase the utility of using tsunami deposits to improve assessment of tsunami risk. WHY STUDY TSUNAMI DEPOSITS? Makers of public policy require a better understanding of where future destructive tsunamis might occur and what the possible magnitude, frequency, and history of occurrence of such events might be. Such information would help guide coastal development, location of emergency facilities, and tsunami evacuation planning (Geist et al. 2000). In many places in the world, the written record of tsunamis is too short to accurately assess the risk of tsunamis. Sedimentary deposits left by tsunamis can be used to extend the record of tsunamis to improve risk assessment. When sediment is deposited by a tsunami and preserved, a geologic record of that tsunami is created. By looking at the sedimentary record in an area, geologists may be able to identify such deposits and infer the occurrence of past tsunamis. The recognition of deposits from past tsunamis allows geologists to extend the relatively short or non-existent historical record of tsunamis in an area. Because scientists cannot yet predict when a tsunami will occur, obtaining a geologic record of past events may be one of the only means to assess future risk.
Mechanistic studies on direct arylation of pyridine N-oxide: evidence for cooperative catalysis between two distinct palladium centers

Direct arylations of pyridine N-oxide (PyO), a convenient method to prepare 2-arylpyridines, catalyzed by Pd(OAc)(2) and PtBu(3) have been proposed to occur by the generation of a PtBu(3)-ligated arylpalladium acetate complex, (PtBu(3))Pd(Ar)(OAc) (1), and the reaction of this complex with PyO. We provide strong evidence that 1 does not react directly with PyO. Instead, our data imply that the cyclometalated complex [Pd(OAc)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))](2), which is generated from the decomposition of 1, reacts with PyO and serves as a catalyst for the reaction of PyO with 1. The reaction of PyO with 1 occurs with an induction period, and the reaction of 1 with excess PyO in the presence of [Pd(OAc)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))](2) is zeroth-order in 1. Moreover, the rates of reactions of PyO with bromobenzene catalyzed by [Pd(OAc)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))](2) and [Pd(PtBu(3))(2)] depend on the concentration of [Pd(OAc)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))](2) but not on the concentration of [Pd(PtBu(3))(2)]. Finally, the reaction of 1 with a model heteroarylpalladium complex containing a cyclometalated phosphine, [(PEt(3))Pd(2-benzothienyl)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))], rapidly formed the arylated heterocycle. Together, these data imply that the rate-determining C-H bond cleavage occurs between PyO and the cyclometalated [Pd(OAc)(tBu(2)PCMe(2)CH(2))](2) rather than between PyO and 1. In this case, the resulting heteroarylpalladium complex transfers the heteroaryl group to 1, and C-C bond-formation occurs from (PtBu(3))Pd(Ar)(2-pyridyl oxide). This mechanism proposed for the direct arylation of PyO constitutes an example of C-H bond functionalization in which C-H activation occurs at one metal center and the activated moiety undergoes functionalization after transfer to a second metal center.
Development and dismemberment of a Middle Devonian continental-margin submarine fan system in east-central California

A submarine fan system of Middle Devonian age, developed along the middle Paleozoic continental margin in east-central California, apparently is unique for a Paleozoic fan in the exposure of all elements of the system. The fan itself, the main distributary channel, and the lower interchannel slope are represented in pendants (or sedimentary rock septa) in the eastern Sierra Nevada. To the east, in the Inyo Mountains, a middle slope channel, lower and middle to upper interchannel slopes, two upper slope channels, and the shelf are exposed. The quartz sand and lime mud composing the fan were derived from the east or southeast and transported across the shelf during a lowstand of sea level preceding the great Taghanic overlap. This sediment was then swept into the heads of submarine channels in the western Inyo Mountains prior to being transformed episodically into sediment gravity flows that constructed the fan at the base of the slope. Similar successions of Middle Devonian calcareous sandstone and sandy limestone in extreme west-central Nevada and southeastern California, possibly dispersed parts of the Mount Morrison fan, can be utilized to estimate displacements on several major strike-slip faults in this region characterized by long-term tectonic activity.
Property rights and coastal protection: the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

In 1986, David Lucas purchased two oceanfront lots on the Isle of Palms, South Carolina. Before he built on the lots, the South Carolina Legislature passed the Beachfront Management Act, restricting development along the coast. Unable to build a permanent structure on his property, Lucas sued the South Carolina Coastal Council. The case made its way to the US Supreme Court, and became one of the most significant cases in US planning history. This article situates the case in the context of the history of real property rights, chronicles the events leading up to the case, follows the case through the court system, and analyses its impact on planning practice. Although the case had less significant implications for planning than originally anticipated, it does carry important lessons for land-use planning, subdivision regulation, and planning in sensitive environmental areas. It was a defining moment for coastal conservation in the USA, and had a significant impact on implementation of the US Coastal Zone M...
Trophic relations in a stream food web: importance of fatty acids for macroinvertebrate consumers

Abstract Our study is a first attempt to characterize seasonal fatty acid (FA) profiles of foodweb components in a small forested stream. We measured FA content of autochthonous food sources (aquatic primary producers = periphyton, green algae, red algae, bryophytes), allochthonous food resources (terrestrial matter = benthic and transported organic matter [BOM and TOM, respectively]), and macroinvertebrate consumers (Hydropsyche spp., Ephemerella spp., isopods, oligochaetes). We examined whether FAs could be used as trophic markers and tried to identify which food sources best provided macroinvertebrates with essential FAs (EFA, ω3 and ω6 groups). Primary producers consistently had greater content of several EFAs (18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3 in green algae, 20:5ω3 in diatoms, 20:4ω6 in bryophytes) than did terrestrial matter. The ratio of Σω3/Σω6 FAs, a putative marker of the relative amount of autochthonous vs allochthonous matter, was greatest in macroinvertebrates, followed by algae, and was significantly corre...
Temporal Reorganization of the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei in Hamsters with Split Circadian Rhythms

A dual oscillator basis for mammalian circadian rhythms is suggested by the splitting of activity rhythms into two components in constant light and by the photoperiodic control of pineal melatonin secretion and phase-resetting effects of light. Because splitting and photoperiodism depend on incompatible environmental conditions, however, these literatures have remained distinct. The refinement of a procedure for splitting hamster rhythms in a 24-h light-dark:light-dark cycle has enabled the authors to assess the ability of each of two circadian oscillators to initiate melatonin secretion and to respond to light pulses with behavioral phase shifting and induction of Fos-immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Hamsters exposed to a regimen of afternoon novel wheel running (NWR) split their circadian rhythms into two distinct components, dividing their activity between the latter half of the night and the afternoon dark period previously associated with NWR. Plasma melatonin concentrations were elevated during both activity bouts of split hamsters but were not elevated during the afternoon period in unsplit controls. Light pulses delivered during either the nighttime or afternoon activity bout caused that activity component to phase-delay on subsequent days and induced robust expression of Fos-immunoreactivity in the SCN. Light pulses during intervening periods of locomotor inactivity were ineffective. The authors propose that NWR splits the circadian pacemaker into two distinct oscillatory components separated by approximately 180 degrees, with each expressing a short subjective night.
The Origins and Rationality of the “Legal versus Legitimate” Dichotomy Invoked in Mexico's 2006 Post-Electoral Conflict

Months after Mexico's independent electoral institute had validated the July 2, 2006, presidential elections, and weeks after the autonomous electoral court had certified National Action Party (PAN) candidate Felipe Calderon as president, runner-up Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador continued to cry foul. Days before the court's final September 5 ruling, Lopez Obrador (known widely as “AMLO”), representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Coalition for the Good of All, decided to disband the mobilizations blocking some of Mexico City's main transportation arteries, but to continue protesting indefinitely, and to name a “shadow cabinet,” to press Calderon. Lopez Obrador lost the election by a hair (a mere 233,831 votes, out of over 41,700,000 cast—the final certified number after electoral court rulings), but he did lose, and in a “free and fair” contest organized by one of the world's more respected electoral institutions.
Moves in online searching

Moves, or changes in query formulation, are made to resolve three problem situations: (1) when retrieved sets are too large; (2) when they are too small; or (3) when retrieved sets are off‐target. Observation and analysis of about ninety searches resulted in a list of eighteen operational moves, or modifications of query formulation, that keep the meaning of query components unchanged, and twelve conceptual moves which change the meaning of query components. All these moves are explained and then related to search tactics and strategies.
Planetary science: cracks under stress.

Two modelling studies provide complementary descriptions of how gravitational forces might help to form the plumes of water vapour that spout from cracks in Enceladus, one of Saturn's icy moons. The Cassini flyby of 14 July 2005 revealed plumes of water vapour and ice associated with the 'tiger stripe' features on the surface of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus. Since then the challenge has been to explain the nature of the plumes and the forces driving them. Two papers this week offer an explanation that accounts for both the plume characteristics and the presence of hot spots without the need to assume the existence of near-surface liquid water, a requirement of some previous models. Nimmo et al. identify tidally driven lateral fault motions near the tiger stripes as the most likely drivers of heat and vapour production. And Hurford et al. show that as Enceladus orbits Saturn, the parent planet's tides make the satellite's ice flex. This may cause the tiger stripes to open and close periodically, exposing volatile gases and allowing them to be released.
The PtdIns 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway Regulates Macrophage-Mediated ADCC against B Cell Lymphoma

Macrophages are important effectors in the clearance of antibody-coated tumor cells. However, the signaling pathways that regulate macrophage-induced ADCC are poorly defined. To understand the regulation of macrophage-mediated ADCC, we used human B cell lymphoma coated with Rituximab as the tumor target and murine macrophages primed with IFNγ as the effectors. Our data demonstrate that the PtdIns 3-kinase/Akt pathway is activated during macrophage-induced ADCC and that the inhibition of PtdIns 3-kinase results in the inhibition of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Interestingly, downstream of PtdIns 3-kinase, expression of constitutively active Akt (Myr-Akt) in macrophages significantly enhanced their ability to mediate ADCC. Further analysis revealed that in this model, macrophage-mediated ADCC is dependent upon the release of nitric oxide (NO). However, the PtdIns 3-kinase/Akt pathway does not appear to regulate NO production. An examination of the role of the PtdIns 3-kinase/Akt pathway in regulating conjugate formation indicated that macrophages treated with an inhibitor of PtdIns 3-kinase fail to polarize the cytoskeleton at the synapse and show a significant reduction in the number of conjugates formed with tumor targets. Further, inhibition of PtdIns 3-kinase also reduced macrophage spreading on Rituximab-coated surfaces. On the other hand, Myr-Akt expressing macrophages displayed a significantly greater ability to form conjugates with tumor cells. Taken together, these findings illustrate that the PtdIns 3-kinase/Akt pathway plays a critical role in macrophage ADCC through its influence on conjugate formation between macrophages and antibody-coated tumor cells.
Evaluation of a CCD-based film digitizer for digital mammography

Film digitalization is the process of mapping the optical densities of a radiographic film into a digital matrix. In this work, a film digitizer based on charge-coupled device was evaluated and optimized for digital mammography applications. The characteristics of the digital output were determined for various spatial resolutions and dynamic ranges. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the system was tested as needed for computer assisted diagnosis (CAD) applications. Practical and relevant to the application quality control procedures were established for the system that will allow early troubleshooting and close monitoring of image quality for consistent performance. Overall, the characteristics of the scanner matched the properties of the tested screen/films and its performance generally met digital mammography and CAD requirements.
The assignment of the 1600 cm−1 mystery band of carbons

Abstract The assignment of a band near 1600 cm−1 in IR spectra of carbons has been controversial for four decades. However, many different carbons have been studied: effectively, a single band assignment was sought for an absorption appearing with three different classes of carbon. As these differ in over-all structure, not one but three explanations are needed. These are discussed. However, undue emphasis has been placed on a single absorption; attention should also be paid to other absorptions accompanying the 1600 cm−1 band.
Human platelets mediate iron release from transferrin by adenine nucleotide-dependent and -independent mechanisms

We assessed the ability of platelet sonicates and mediators secreted by unstimulated and thrombin-stimulated platelets to facilitate the release of iron from transferrin. Platelet sonicates and platelet conditioned media potentiated the release of iron from transferrin. The rate of release of iron was dependent on the pH of the reaction and amount of platelet sample added. Conditioned media from thrombin-stimulated platelets was more effective in mediating the release of iron from transferrin than was conditioned media from unstimulated cells. The rate of iron released from transferrin following addition of ATP and ADP in amounts equivalent to that present in platelet conditioned media was significantly less than the rate of iron released following the addition of conditioned media from platelets. Depletion of ATP and ADP in platelet conditioned media by incubation with apyrase only partially inhibited their ability to enhance the rate of iron release from transferrin. These observations indicate that platelets enhance the release of iron from transferrin by adenine nucleotide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that platelets promote oxidant-induced tissue injury at sights of inflammation secondary to their ability to enhance the local release of iron from transferrin.
Professions and Burgertum: Etymological Ships Passing, Night into Day

None of the continental languages, either historically or during postwar decades, developed indigenously synonyms for professions or roughly equivalent terms. Even today, instead of studying professions in particular, continental sociologists typically study much broader socio-economic and socio-cultural formations. Thus, when Anglo-American sociologists were developing the sociology of professions before and after World War II, European sociologists had difficulty envisaging the point of the exercise. We review the evolution of the Anglo-American sociology of professions, the etymological divide just noted, and how the Continent's received Burgertum approach to middle class occupations differs from a professions approach.
Persistent Differences in Well‐Being Between Appalachian Subregions

Previously it was reported that regional variations in well-being (poverty, per capita income, and family income) among Appalachian counties did not originate from regional variations in urbanization, but from regional differences in well-being among nonmetropolitan counties. It was argued that southern Appalachian counties had higher levels of well-being at the end of the 1980s because nonmetropolian counties in southern Appalachia experienced greater economic growth during the 1980s than did nonmetropolitan counties in other Appalachian regions. In this paper these data are reanalyzed to test to what extent the original findings are affected by the presence (and failure to control) spatial autocorrelation. Using a spatial lag model it is shown that correcting for spatial autocorrelation statistically altered the original results. However, substantively, the conclusions from the original analysis did not change: regional differences in county well-being in Appalachia are largely the product of regional differences among nonmetropolitan counties, even after correcting the model for spatial autocorrelation.
Layoffs and unemployment discrimination: a new stigma

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to discuss and seek a better understanding of the stigmatization of unemployed workers who have been laid off.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper which addresses the factors that affect stigmatization and resulting discrimination against laid‐off individuals such as minority status, age, labor markets, job level, and length of unemployment. Issues of categorization and stereotyping of laid‐off workers are explored.Findings – The increased use of layoffs by organizations has created a large class of unemployed workers who, rather than being seen as victims, are perceived to be deficient in their skills and abilities. This stigmatization is seen as more detrimental to laid‐off minorities and older workers as well as those who have been unemployed for long periods of time. The amount of discrimination is likely to be affected by the job market and level of job.Research limitations/implications – Propositions are developed to examine the factors affec...
Resources for optics in middle school education

This paper describes some of our experiences in Tucson in support of optics education in the middle school. A workshop for middle school teachers and work with middle school classes has identified a number of approaches that may be effective for the integration of optics into the middle school science curriculum.
Choosing Among Living-Donor and Cadaveric Livers

The only therapy for a patient with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is liver transplantation, which is performed by using either a cadaveric liver from a deceased donor or a portion of a living-donor's liver. This study addresses the following decision problem for an ESLD patient with an available living donor. Should she have a transplantation now or wait? If she decides to have the transplantation now, should she use her living-donor liver or a cadaveric liver for transplantation? We formulate this problem as a discrete-time, infinite-horizon Markov decision process model and solve it using clinical data. Because living donors are typically related to the recipient, we incorporate a disutility associated with using the living-donor liver as opposed to using a cadaveric liver. We perform a structural analysis of the model, including a set of intuitive conditions that ensure the existence of structured policies such as an at-most-three-region (AM3R) optimal policy. Our computational experiments confirm that the optimal policy is typically of AM3R type.
Microstructural Evolution in Some Silicate Glass–Ceramics: A Review

Just as the microstructures in glass-ceramics encompass the range from nanocrystalline transparent materials to microcrystalline tough materials, so the paths of microstructural evolution in glass-ceramics vary widely. Evolution can proceed in numerous ways, their genesis being a perturbation of some type, including the surface nucleation used in glass frit processing, crystallization of the primary phase or phases upon distinct crystalline nuclei, and nucleation promoted by nano- or micro-scale amorphous phase separation in the parent glass. Examples of the crystallization history of several glass-ceramic materials are described, with emphasis on how their microstructural evolution influences their ultimate physical and optical properties.
In vivo administration of leptin activates signal transduction directly in insulin-sensitive tissues: overlapping but distinct pathways from insulin.

To determine whether leptin signal transduction is exerted directly upon insulin-sensitive tissues in vivo, we examined the ability of iv leptin to acutely stimulate phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT1, and MAPK, and activities of PI 3-kinase and Akt, in insulin-sensitive tissues of normal rats. Both leptin (1 mg/kg iv× 3 min) and insulin (10 U/kg iv × 3 min) stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 5.6- to 6.0-fold and of STAT1 4.0-fold in adipose tissue. Leptin tended to increase STAT3 phosphorylation in liver and muscle. Both hormones also increased MAPK phosphorylation: leptin increased it 3.2- to 3.8-fold in adipose tissue and liver, whereas insulin stimulated MAPK phosphorylation 5.0-fold in adipose tissue, 6.8-fold in liver, and 2.5-fold in muscle. Leptin was much less effective than insulin at stimulating IRS pathways. Leptin increased IRS-1-associated PI 3kinase activity in adipose tissue only 2.0-fold (P < 0.01) compared with the 10-fold effect of insulin. IRS-2-associated PI 3-kinase activity w...