cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary on the Appellate Body Report in Australia–Apples (DS367): judicial review in the face of uncertainty

To justify certain sanitary and phytosanitary measures vis-a-vis New Zealand apple fruit, Australian authorities performed an import risk assessment that was riddled with scientific uncertainty. The quality and reliability of this assessment was the central bone of contention between the parties in the Australia–Apples dispute. In consequence, it featured prominently in the Appellate Body's discussion. In commenting on the Appellate Body Report, we are concerned with the standard of review of Members' decisions that are taken in situations of factual uncertainty. We discuss the elements in a Member's risk assessment that, in our view, should be considered ‘off limits’ for review by Panels if such assessment was performed in the presence of uncertain scientific facts, and how high degrees of uncertainty affect a Panel's ability to assess alleged less-trade-restrictive alternatives. Relying on findings from the disciplines of economics, decision analysis, and risk management, we introduce a basic framework for decisionmaking in conditions of uncertainty. We submit that certain types of decisions taken by the risk assessor cannot be subject to external review, since they necessarily contain subjective trade-offs on the part of the risk assessor. Applying our theoretical insights to the Apples case, we offer a series of recommendations concerning Panels' discretion to review Members' risk assessments and suggest concrete modifications to the standard of review currently applied by the Appellate Body.
DOMINANT SPECIES IDENTITY, NOT COMMUNITY EVENNESS, REGULATES INVASION IN EXPERIMENTAL GRASSLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES

While there has been extensive interest in understanding the relationship between diversity and invasibility of communities, most studies have only focused on one component of diversity: species richness. Although the number of species can affect community invasibility, other aspects of diversity, including species identity and community evenness, may be equally important. While several field studies have examined how invasibility varies with diversity by manipulating species identity or evenness, the results are often confounded by resource heterogeneity, site history, or disturbance. We designed a mesocosm experiment to examine explicitly the role of dominant species identity and evenness on the invasibility of grassland plant communities. We found that the identity of the dominant plant species, but not community evenness, significantly impacted invasibility. Using path analysis, we found that community composition (dominant species identity) reduced invasion by reducing early-season light availability and increasing late-season plant community biomass. Nitrogen availability was an important factor for the survival of invaders in the second year of the experiment. We also found significant direct effects of certain dominant species on invasion, although the mechanisms driving these effects remain unclear. The magnitude of dominant species effects on invasibility we observed are comparable to species richness effects observed in other studies, showing that species composition and dominant species can have strong effects on the invasibility of a community.
Hydrogen dissociations on small nickel clusters

The relation between geometry and nickel reactivity was explored using density functional theory. The reactivity was gauged by hydrogen and methane dissociations on atomic nickel and the tetrahedral clusters where binding energies and dissociation barriers were calculated. The results were then compared to Ni13 icosahedral clusters and (1 1 1) crystal surfaces.
Applications of simulated annealing to the conformational analysis of flexible molecules

We describe in this article our solution to the global minimum problem which uses the simulated annealing algorithm of Kirkpatrick. This method is a Metropolis (e-ΔE/kT) Monte Carlo sampling of conformation space with simultaneous constraint of the search by lowering the temperature T so that the search converges on the global minimum. The Anneal-Conformer program has been extensively tested with peptides and organic molecules using either the Amber or MM2 force fields. A history file of the simulated annealing process allows reconstruction of the random walk in conformation space for subsequent examination. Thus plots of distance and dihedral angle changes during the search for the global minimum can be examined to deduce molecular shape and flexibility. A separate program Conf-Gen reads the history file and extracts all low energy conformations visited during the run.
Design and evaluation of an ultra-area-efficient fault-tolerant QCA full adder

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has been studied extensively as a promising switching technology at nanoscale level. Despite several potential advantages of QCA-based designs over conventional CMOS logic, some deposition defects are probable to occur in QCA-based systems which have necessitated fault-tolerant structures. Whereas binary adders are among the most frequently-used components in digital systems, this work targets designing a highly-optimized robust full adder in a QCA framework. Results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed full adder in terms of latency, complexity and area with respect to previous full adder designs. Further, the functionality and the defect tolerance of the proposed full adder in the presence of QCA deposition faults are studied. The functionality and correctness of our design is confirmed using high-level synthesis, which is followed by delineating its normal and faulty behavior using a Probabilistic Transfer Matrix (PTM) method. The related waveforms which verify the robustness of the proposed designs are discussed via generation using the QCADesigner simulation tool.
Physico-Genetic Determinants in the Evolution of Development

Animal bodies and the embryos that generate them exhibit an assortment of stereotypic morphological motifs that first appeared more than half a billion years ago. During development, cells arrange themselves into tissues with interior cavities and multiple layers with immiscible boundaries, containing patterned arrangements of cell types. These tissues go on to elongate, fold, segment, and form appendages. Their motifs are similar to the outcomes of physical processes generic to condensed, chemically excitable, viscoelastic materials, although the embryonic mechanisms that generate them are typically much more complex. I propose that the origins of animal development lay in the mobilization of physical organizational effects that resulted when certain gene products of single-celled ancestors came to operate on the spatial scale of multicellular aggregates.
Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: A brief review

Resistance exercise has a positive effect on many tissues, including heart, bone, skeletal muscle, and nervous tissue. Eccentric muscle actions offer a unique and a potentially beneficial form of exercise for maintaining and improving health. During resistance exercise, the effects of gravity, and mechanical properties of the sarcomere and connective tissue in skeletal muscle allow a greater muscle load during an eccentric (lengthening) muscle contraction than a concentric (shortening) muscle contraction. Consequently, older patients, patients with muscle or limb movement limitations or injuries, as well as cancer patients may be able to benefit from isolated eccentric muscle actions. There are specific physiological responses to eccentric muscle contractions. This review will describe the effects of different eccentric muscle contraction protocols on endocrine responses that could have positive effects on different tissues and recommend direction for future research.
Use of and interaction with medical interpreters.

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) defines persons with limited English proficiency (LEP) as “individuals who do not speak English as their primary language and who have a limited ability to read, write, speak, or understand English.”[1][1] Barriers to communication in the health
Combining CAT with cognitive diagnosis: A weighted item selection approach

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) was originally proposed to measure θ, usually a latent trait, with greater precision by sequentially selecting items according to the student's responses to previously administered items. Although the application of CAT is promising for many educational testing programs, most of the current CAT systems were not designed to provide diagnostic information. This article discusses item selection strategies specifically tailored for cognitive diagnostic tests. Our goal is to identify an effective item selection algorithm that not only estimates θ efficiently, but also classifies the student's knowledge status α accurately. A single-stage item selection method with a dual purpose will be introduced. The main idea is to treat diagnostic criteria as constraints: Using the maximum priority index method to meet these constraints, the CAT system is able to generate cognitive diagnostic feedback in a fairly straightforward fashion. Different priority functions are proposed. Some of them are based on certain information measures, such as Kullback-Leibler information, and others utilize only the information provided by the Q-matrix. An extensive simulation study is conducted, and the results indicate that the information-based method not only yields higher classification rates for cognitive diagnosis, but also achieves more accurate θ estimation. Other constraint controls, such as item exposure rates, are also considered for all the competing methods.
Transition in the relaxation dynamics of a reversible diffusion-limited reaction.

The reversible one-species diffusion-limited reaction X+X\ensuremath{\rightleftarrows}X is solved exactly in one dimension. We find that the asymptotic approach to equilibrium exhibits a sharp (second-order-type) transition depending on the initial density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$. The exponential relaxation time becomes infinitely long as ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. .AE
Artificial neural networks in accounting and finance: modeling issues

This article reviews the literature on artificial neural networks (ANNs) applied to accounting and finance problems and summarizes the ‘suggestions’ from this literature. The first section reviews the basic foundation of ANNs to provide a common basis for further elaboration and suggests criteria that should be used to determine whether the use of an ANN is appropriate. The second section of the paper discusses development of ANN models including: selection of the learning algorithm, choice of the error and transfer functions, specification of the architecture, preparation of the data to match the architecture, and training of the network The final section presents some general guidelines and a brief summary of research progress and open research questions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ignition and extinction of liquid fuel drops—Numerical computations

Abstract The equations for the steady state combustion of liquid fuel drops in an oxidizing atmosphere were integrated numerically for various fuel-oxygen systems. The results give a continuous description of the drop behaviour from the low mass burning rate kinetic controlled region to the high mass burning rate diffusion controlled region. Ignition was defined as the transition from kinetic to diffusion control and extinction as the reverse transition process. Ignition and extinction conditions were obtained as a function of ambient oxygen concentration for various reaction rates, reaction orders and stoichiometric ratios.
Antibiotic therapy in surgery of the Colon: Rationale and application

Although intestinal antiseptics do have relative dangers, and although only 7 of 35 different intestinal antiseptics can be recommended for general use, the value of antibiotics in surgery of the colon has been experimentally demonstrated in protection of a colon anastomosis. Based upon clinical studies of 559 patients prepared for surgery with kanamycin, 79 who received postoperative intraluminal kanamycin, and 360 who received intraperitoneal antibiotic therapy at operation for some form of peritonitis, judicious use of antibiotics in conjunction with colon surgery is highly recommended.
PERCEPTION OF ROLE OF THE PRESIDENT.

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 31 Ss under the instruction to select those words which they felt described the kind of person the President of the United States should be. A significant cluster which included 29 of the 31 Ss was noted. The personality profiles located within the cluster correlated, on the average, +.93 with the group centroid. They are generally descriptive of a person who is socially outgoing; who displays a genuine interest in people; who is enthusiastic, but diplomatic in his social contacts; who is mentally and physically alert; and who exercises good moral judgment.
Uncertainties on flow calculated from stage-discharge rating curves in small streams

The vast majority of hydrological stations are set up such that discharge can be estimated from the measurement of the sole water height or stage above a local datum. Hydraulics laws show that in the right conditions there may be a unique and stable relationship between stage and discharge, which can be described by a rating curve. Because water stage can be quite easily measured on a continuous basis, the unique relationship between stage and discharge is at the basis of what is known in hydrology since the late 1800s. This article evaluates the uncertainties induced on instantaneous flow and cumulative annual flow volumes by the use of rating curves in small streams. For that we used reference data in upland and lowland watersheds where flow was calculated from stage and velocity data obtained by Doppler flow meters installed into trapezoidal wooden flumes. Rating curves were obtained by random sampling of the reference flow and stage data. Flow computed using the simulated rating curves were compared to the reference ones. For the four watersheds tested, errors did not decrease significantly when more than 20 manual gauging were performed. Significant under- and overestimations were found reaching -10 to +20% compared to the reference cumulative flow in a lowland station. The choice of the type of rating curve chosen had very significant effect, which is seldom reported.
Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the hydrogenation of cyanogen on Pt(111): Comparison with HCN and ethylenediamine

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectra as a function of anneal temperature are used to compare the thermally initiated chemistry of C2N2 + H2 on Pt(111) with that of C2N2, HCN and ethylenediamine. These spectra show that the product of the reaction of C2N2 with coadsorbed hydrogen (the γ state of C2N2 + H2/Pt(111)) is not HCN but is more likely to be a surface di-imine species. The N1s binding energy of this partially hydrogenated species is ∼ 399.3 eV. HCN adsorption on Pt(111) leads to two distinct chemical species with N1s binding energies of 398.6 and 396.9 eV which are interpreted in terms of molecular and dissociative adsorption respectively.
An Evaluation of Gamesourced Data for Human Pose Estimation

Gamesourcing has emerged as an approach for rapidly acquiring labeled data for learning-based, computer vision recognition algorithms. In this article, we present an approach for using RGB-D sensors to acquire annotated training data for human pose estimation from 2D images. Unlike other gamesourcing approaches, our method does not require a specific game, but runs alongside any gesture-based game using RGB-D sensors. The automatically generated datasets resulting from this approach contain joint estimates within a few pixel units of manually labeled data, and a gamesourced dataset created using a relatively small number of players, games, and locations performs as well as large-scale, manually annotated datasets when used as training data with recent learning-based human pose estimation methods for 2D images.
Sickle cell crisis and pregnancy

Pregnant women with sickle cell disease appear to be more likely to experience antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum complications when compared with unaffected women. Access to high-risk obstetric care, patient education, and close follow-up is important to minimize maternal morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion and good diagnostic acumen is necessary to obtain optimal results in the pregnant patient affected by sickle cell crisis.
Treatment of Reis-Bücklers' Corneal Dystrophy by Removal of Subepithelial Fibrous Tissue

We treated five eyes of three patients with Reis-Bucklers' corneal dystrophy by blunt dissection of the subepithelial fibrous tissue layer. The postoperative follow-up ranged from four months to three years. Four of the five eyes had improved vision, and all four symptomatic eyes had cessation of the recurrent erosions. This simple effective technique eliminated the need for corneal transplantation.
Moment–Rotation Parameters for Composite Shear Tab Connections

Shear tab connections, acting compositely with the floor slab, are capable of providing some lateral resistance in steel frame buildings. This resistance was suspected from the events of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake and verified in a series of tests. For performance evaluation of steel structures, it is necessary to quantify the non-negligible rotational strength and stiffness of these composite connections, a task that cannot be accomplished through the use of simple rules of thumb. Therefore, trends in the moment–rotation behavior of the connections are identified from comparison of the cyclic behavior against parameters such as number of bolts, type of concrete, use of slab reinforcement, and the presence of a column web cavity. Analysis of these trends leads to guidelines for determining parameters for a basic backbone moment–rotation curve. These guidelines depend heavily on applicable limit states for elements of the connections and connection geometry. Predicted values of moment and rotation capa...
Sputtered ion ejection from ionic materials

Abstract One view of the mechanism of ejection of atomic and molecular ions from salts and minerals, and of molecular ions from electrolyte solutions, is that the sputtering process simply desorbs pre-existing ions without alteration of their charge state. This article briefly discusses some current theoretical aspects of this approach for atomic ion emission, and draws some parallels with molecular ion emission.
Effect of Cross Linking Agent on Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer

Alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) multisystem flooding technique, which has an expansive application prospect, is one of the enhancing oil recovery (EOR) methods. By adding the organic chromium to the ASP, the molecular structure of polymer was made to change, and the capability of controlling mobility coefficient of ASP was improved. The results showed that multisystem could still keep ultra-low interfacial tension between the multisystem and crude oil after addition of Cr3+. The resistance factor and residual resistance factor, the indicator which describes the capability of controlling mobility, upgraded strikingly. However its storage modulus and loss modulus, the indicator which describes viscoelasticity, increased. The results of physical simulation experiment indicated that this type of improved ASP could increase the recovery ratio by 4.3% compared to common ASP multisystem.
Secondary circulation in fish: Anatomical organization and physiological significance

The secondary circulation is an arterial-capillary-venous system derived from, and in parallel with, the general (primary) circulation of fish. Narrow-bore (2–20 μm diameter × 200–300 μm length), tortuous arterioarterial (interarterial) anastomoses arise from the efferent filamental and efferent branchial arteries of the gill, dorsal aorta, and segmental arteries and condense to form progressively larger secondary arteries. Secondary capillaries have been identified in gills, skin, fins, peritoneal lining, and oral mucosa of bony fish and in gills of many nonteleostean species. Their endothelium is thin-walled with overlapping cell junctions reminiscent of mammalian lymphatic capillaries. Branchial secondary veins drain into primary veins of the head, systemic secondary veins primarily drain into the caudal heart, or into large cutaneous veins, and from there blood enters the primary venous system. Preliminary studies indicate that the secondary circulation is a large-volume (48.4 ml·kg−1, 1.5 times greater than the primary system), low-flow (∼0.3% of cardiac output) network. Microvillous endothelial cells in the primary artery guard the entrance to secondary vessels and restrict access of red blood cells. Close proximity of secondary capillaries to exposed epithelia is suggestive of an ion, volume or immunoregulatory function, although low flow through the secondary system may limit the efficiency of some of these processes. Recent studies indicate that fish lack a true lymphatic system and analogies between the secondary system and lymphatics have been noted. It remains to be determined whether the secondary system is the antecedent of a lymphatic system or a coincidentally similar structure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of non-enzymatic browning in amorphous solid systems: distinguishing the effects of water activity and the glass transition.

Debates have emerged recently on whether water activity or the state of the system as dictated by the glass transition temperature (Tg) impacts the rates of chemical reactions in reduced-moisture solid systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of brown pigment formation in polyvinylpyrrolidone model systems of different molecular weights so that the effects of water activity and the glass transition could be distinguished. Browning rates at different Tgs, but constant water activity, were significantly different except when all were in the glassy state. As the system changed from a glassy state to a rubbery state, the rate of browning increased 7-fold. The rate of browning also increased as water activity increased from 0.33 to 0.54, but then appeared to plateau with further increases in water activity. Thus, the rate of brown pigment formation is influenced significantly by the glass transition temperature of the system and less by the water activity. In addition, the concentration of reactants in the aqueous microenvironment had a significant impact on the rate of brown pigment formation.
System Engineering In Haze, Fog, Rain And Smoke

The simulation of the operational performance of systems utilizing optical subsystems is a design tool that is evolving with the rising cost of hardware development. The scope of existing individual sensor models and broad scope operational simulations is reviewed in terms of their suitability for use by the design engineer. The philosophy of an interemdiate category of models is presented in terms of an existing, evolutionary small scale operational model, PERTAM. The structure of PERTAM is described in terms of the integration of the individual sensor phenomenological simulations with the operational aspects of utilization. An example of the execution of the model is presented.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transgressing Boundaries as the Hybrid Global: Parody and Postcoloniality on Indian Television

This article analyzes the role of political satire on Indian television through a comparative study of two satire shows (one each in Hindi and English). It investigates the process by which these shows, both based on successful Western formats, “Indianize” themselves and find audiences at a new cultural site. It argues that the shows adapt themselves to the Indian cultural milieu in distinct ways by aligning themselves along a postcolonial social rift that is differentiated by language. By appealing to these culturally distinct audiences and tapping into the unique sensibilities that each of them represents the shows construct hybrid identities from global formats in innovative ways. Through this exploration, this article ponders over the inherent paradoxes within global cultural flows and echoes calls for a dialectical approach to studying it.
Solid hydrogen Raman shifter for the mid-infrared range (4.4–8 μm)

We developed a pulsed, continuously tunable laboratory laser source for the mid-infrared spectral range of 4.4-8 microm, which is characterized by the spectral linewidth of 0.4 cm(-1). The device is based on the stimulated backward Raman scattering in solid para-hydrogen at T = 4 K. It is pumped by a focused beam obtained from a commercial near-infrared optical parametric oscillator with output energy of approximately 20 mJ (7-ns pulse). Output energies range from 1.7 mJ at 4.4 microm to 120 microJ at 8 microm, which correspond to quantum efficiencies of 0.53 and 0.08, respectively. Spectra of NO, H2O, and CH4 molecules in the mid-infrared were recorded. The operation of the Raman cell pumped with 532-nm radiation was also studied.
Quantization in generalized coordinates III-Lagrangian formulation

It is shown that if one incorporates the generalized coordinate quantum velocitiesQ1 as given byQ1=l[H,Q1](h=1) into the generalized classical Lagrangian for a free particle (the total energy),L=1/2Q1gtkQk one does not obtain (no matter what ordering of the operatorsq l ,q k andglkwe choose the correct quantum Lagrangian operator which is a transformation from -1/2V2 to generalized coordinates (Gruber, 1971, 1972).ql as given byql=i[H,ql] turns out to be the Hermitian part of a more generaiized operator which we call the total generalized velocity operator similar to the notation in ear previous articles (Gruber, 1971, 1972). This total velocity operator really determines the fundamental structure governing our system in the Lagrangian formulation. We show that ft is through the total velocity operator that we make the transition from classical to quantum mechanics and through our procedure we arrive at the correct quantum Lagrangian operator.
The oncogenic RNA-binding protein Musashi1 is regulated by tumor suppressor miRNAs.

Musashi1 (Msi1) is an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in processes like stem cell fate, nervous system development, and tumorigenesis via its activities as a specific regulator of translation. While Msi1 is barely detected in normal adult tissue, it has been observed to be highly expressed in numerous tumor types (e.g. breast, colon, medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, and et cetera). Unfortunately, the molecular cues that are responsible for Msi1 upregulation in cancer cells are largely unknown. Tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) are known for targeting genes with oncogenic properties like Msi1 and for being either downregulated or deleted in tumor tissue. We observed that Msi1 long 3’UTR region is potentially targeted by several tumor suppressor miRNAs (miR-34a, -101, -128, -137, and -138). Western blotting of endogenous Msi1 protein as well as luciferase assays confirmed Msi1 regulation by these tumor suppressor miRNAs. Furthermore, we observed when examining different...
Maintenance Treatment of Major Depression: A Review of the Literature

This review was undertaken to assess the indications for and efficacy of maintenance treatments for major depression. It was based on a search of the medical literature and a review of randomized clinical trials. The literature shows that antidepressant medications and, to a lesser extent, psychotherapy are both effective in preventing recurrence of major depression. Lithium and carbamazepine may also be effective. Antidepressant medications are probably more effective at full therapeutic doses than at the lower doses initially advised for maintenance treatment. Based on this review, maintenance treatment should be considered for any patient with recurrent major depression. It is clearly indicated in individuals with multiple frequent episodes. Patients with less-severe illness must weight the risks and benefits of treatment in light of their earlier course and symptoms, the current impact of treatment, and the likely future impact of additional episodes.
Four Perspectives on Educational Assessment

Educational achievement testing is considered from four perspectives. First, the political concerns for accountability provide a powerful impetus for state‐wide testing of students. Second, parents want evidence about their children's accomplishments but often do not receive nor understand much information regarding testing. Third, in the USA, teachers often spend 2 to 8 weeks preparing their students for achievement tests and administering them. The “high‐stakes” nature of the tests undermines teachers’ curricula and instruction and, according to critics, may place too much emphasis on discrete skills, rote recall of facts, and esoteric test‐taking strategies. Students’ views of testing are the fourth perspective considered. A series of studies has revealed that the trust placed in testing by young children is gradually eroded until many adolescents are sceptical about the purpose and value of standardized achievement testing. Low achievers are especially prone to give token effort and to use counterprod...
On the role of episodic future simulation in encoding of prospective memories

Simulating future events is dependent on a similar neural circuitry to that which supports retrieving contextual information about past events. The current study examined two novel predictions from recently reported episodic future simulation studies. Prospective memory is broadly defined as the usage of episodic memory processes to encode and retrieve intentions at some appropriate moment in the future. The results from two experiments are consistent with the idea that episodic future simulation is an important component of encoding prospective memories (i.e., forming intentions for the future). Furthermore, the results necessitate further neuroscientific investigations of encoding prospective memories and additionally suggest that current theories of prospective memory need to be updated to fully account for our ability to encode, retrieve, and fulfill intentions for the future.
Fast battery equalization with isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter for PHEV applications

Battery systems in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) suffer from voltage imbalance. This imbalance reduces the available capacity of certain charge/discharge cycles and shortens the battery life cycle. A new topology and smart balancing strategy for PHEV battery systems are proposed in this paper, which uses a bidirectional DC-DC converter to reduce balancing time and the number of switches needed. The simulation on a ten series connected battery cell is compared to a traditional switched capacitor equalizer.
The Reagan Rhetoric: History and Memory in 1980s America – By Toby Glenn Bates

The Reagan Rhetoric: History and Memory in 1980s America. By Toby Glenn Bates. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2011. 240 pp. Presidential scholars and everyday U.S. citizens apparently cannot escape the ghost of Ronald Reagan. In The Reagan Rhetoric: History and Memory in 1980s America, Toby Glenn Bates justifies his study because "not a single scholar who focused exclusively on Reagan's rhetoric approached the subject as a historian" (p. 5). The author contends that Reagan's consistency in his rhetoric about issues, such as states' rights, Vietnam, and the Iran-Contra affair, contributed to his ability to reframe public memory surrounding those events. The book analyzes Reagan's rhetoric through three case studies: a speech where he mentions states' rights at the 1980 Neshoba County (MS) Fair, his rhetoric about Vietnam, and his response to the Iran-Contra affair. Chapter 1 explores how local and national memory proceeded along divergent paths in response to Reagan's use of states' rights in the Mississippi speech. Reagan's words "created a national political firestorm" because the Neshoba County Fair is only a few miles from the location of the 1964 murders of three Freedom Summer volunteers (p. 22). Bates suggests that national memory viewed states' rights primarily through race, whereas local memory saw the issue as one that related to issues beyond race, including state versus federal power. Because the 1980 economic crisis was a more pressing national issue, media coverage about Reagan's controversial use of states' rights eventually subsided. Reagan was careful to maintain that message over time, reaching out to voters by giving some speeches to African American groups shortly after the Neshoba County Fair. Bates writes that "August 1980 ended with both local and national audiences satisfied," but his claim could use elaboration because the book operates with unclear definitions of local and national memory (p. 32). More specifically, this case study would benefit from an expansion of the interaction between these two concepts and how they shaped one another. The second case study of Reagan's rhetoric is about his role in framing public memory around Vietnam veterans. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 all focus on Vietnam from different cultural materials--through Reagan's speeches (Ch. 2); movies about Vietnam during the Reagan era, such as Rambo and Platoon (Ch. 3); and 1980s television shows and comics about the Vietnam War (Ch. 4). The analysis of both Reagan's rhetoric about Vietnam and the cultural uptake of that rhetoric is one of the strengths of the book because it provides a thorough analysis of how Reagan's reframed articulation of public memory about the Vietnam veteran gained presence in U.S. culture. Vietnam veterans needed a new narrative to explain their role in an unpopular war, and Reagan provided that narrative. Reagan consistently argued that "the American government had betrayed the soldier in Vietnam," displacing the blame from soldiers to the U. …
Developmental expression and cellular localization of glucose transporter molecules during mouse preimplantation development

Two general mechanisms mediate glucose transport, one is a sodium-coupled glucose transporter found in the apical border of intestinal and kidney epithelia, while the other is a sodium-independent transport system. Of the latter, several facilitated transporters have been identified, including GLUT1 (erythrocyte/brain), GLUT2 (liver) and GLUT4 (adipose/muscle) isoforms. In this study, we used Western-blot analysis and high resolution immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) to investigate the stage-related expression and cellular localization of GLUT1, 2 and 4. The Western blot results demonstrate that GLUT1 is detectable in the oocyte and throughout preimplantation development. GLUT2 isoforms were not detectable until the blastocyst stage, while the GLUT4 isoform was undetectable in the oocyte through blastocyst stages. The present findings confirm previous studies at the molecular level which demonstrated that mRNAs encoding the same GLUT isoforms are detectable at corresponding developmental stages. GLUT1 and GLUT2 display different cellular distributions at the blastocyst stage as shown by IEM studies. GLUT1 has a widespread distribution in both trophectoderm and inner cell mass cells, while GLUT2 is located on trophectoderm membranes facing the blastocyst cavity. This observation suggests a different functional significance for these isoforms during mouse preimplantation development.
Isolation and Characterization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses Associated with the 2013 Disease Outbreak among Swine in the United States

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was detected in May 2013 for the first time in U.S. swine and has since caused significant economic loss. Obtaining a U.S. PEDV isolate that can grow efficiently in cell culture is critical for investigating pathogenesis and developing diagnostic assays and for vaccine development. An additional objective was to determine which gene(s) of PEDV is most suitable for studying the genetic relatedness of the virus. Here we describe two PEDV isolates (ISU13-19338E and ISU13-22038) successfully obtained from the small intestines of piglets from sow farms in Indiana and Iowa, respectively. The two isolates have been serially propagated in cell culture for over 30 passages and were characterized for the first 10 passages. Virus production in cell culture was confirmed by PEDV-specific real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence assays, and electron microscopy. The infectious titers of the viruses during the first 10 passages ranged from 6 × 102 to 2 × 105 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/ml. In addition, the full-length genome sequences of six viruses (ISU13-19338E homogenate, P3, and P9; ISU13-22038 homogenate, P3, and P9) were determined. Genetically, the two PEDV isolates were relatively stable during the first 10 passages in cell culture. Sequences were also compared to those of 4 additional U.S. PEDV strains and 23 non-U.S. strains. All U.S. PEDV strains were genetically closely related to each other (≥99.7% nucleotide identity) and were most genetically similar to Chinese strains reported in 2011 to 2012. Phylogenetic analyses using different genes of PEDV suggested that the full-length spike gene or the S1 portion is appropriate for sequencing to study the genetic relatedness of these viruses.
Repeated Reading Interventions for Students with Learning Disabilities: Status of the Evidence:

T: For students with or at risk for learning disabilities, developing fluency with reading connected texts remains a formidable challenge. In response, teachers often use repeated reading practices designed to provide students with multiple exposures to the same words. This study exam- ined research focused on determining the efficacy of repeated reading approaches for, improving reading fluency for students with or at risk for learning disabilities. Studies employed experimen- tall quasi-experimental and single-subject research designs. Results suggest that repeated reading is not supported by rigorous research as deflned by the quality indicators used and, therefore, is not an evidence-based practice based on those criteria for students with and at risk for learning disabili- ties. Implications for future research and for practice are discussed.
"The Path to Freedom"? Transocean and German Wireless Telegraphy, 1914-1922

Der Weg ins Freie"? Transocean und die deutsche drahtlose Te legraphie, 1914-1922?. This article examines the early years of Transocean, a news agency owned and run by the German government, and its use of wire less telegraphy from 1914 to 1922. This investigation of the infancy of wireless technology demonstrates that technology plays a constitutive role in defining news. The German government used the new possibilities innate in the medium of wireless to carve out their own sphere of operation in the seas and on conti nents where German telegraph news had never played a major role, in particu lar East Asia. Wireless telegraphy enabled the German government to circum vent the British communications blockade in World War I. Afterwards, Transocean's wireless transmissions to East Asia and ships en route caused an uproar in Britain disproportionate to its circulation. It was the Germans' inno vative use of wireless telegraphy that other nations, particularly the British, found most disturbing, rather than the content of the reports themselves.
Effects of experimental degradation of microtubules on the growth of cultured nerve fibers.

Nerve fiber outgrowth and elongation were studied in spinal ganglia explants cultured with NGF. The effects of cold and colchicine treatments on the degradation of microtubules and on the outgrowth and elongation of nerve fibers were determined. Colchicine inhibited nerve fiber outgrowth and elongation, and degraded the microtubules of the nerve cells, producing an abundance of 100 A filaments. Cold treatment inhibited fiber outgrowth and elongation, but did not induce degradation of the microtubules of the nerve fibers. The effect of cold treatment on the growth of nerve fibers was reversible. The microtubules of these nerve fibers therefore exhibited differential stability in reaction to microtubule degradative agents, in that they were degraded by colchicine and were resistant to cold treatment. The results indicate also that microtubules may be involved in the outgrowth and elongation of nerve fibers. However, since nerve fibers exposed to colchicine did not retract, it is suggested that microtubules may not be solely responsible for the maintenance of the fiber processes of these cells, but that contacts with other cells and with a supporting matrix could be important in the maintenance of the asymmetric nerve cell processes.
Paracontrast and metacontrast in schizophrenia: clarifying the mechanism for visual masking deficits

Schizophrenic patients consistently demonstrate performance deficits on visual masking procedures. Visual masking can occur through two distinctly different mechanisms: interruption and integration. One highly effective way to limit the masking mechanism to interruption is to use a mask that surrounds, but does not spatially overlap, the target. These procedures are called paracontrast and metacontrast (for forward and backward masking, respectively). Despite their clear advantages for interpretation, paracontrast and metacontrast have not been used previously in schizophrenia. In the present study, we examined the reliability of the paracontrast and metacontrast procedures by administering these tasks to 103 schizophrenic patients and 49 normal control subjects. In addition, we compared the results to those from a low-energy masking condition, which is an alternative way to limit masking to interruption. Patients showed deficits on both the paracontrast and metacontrast procedures. The deficits in paracontrast and metacontrast were comparable to those seen previously with low-energy masking. These results suggest that the paracontrast/metacontrast procedure and the procedure using a low-energy mask are roughly equally sensitive to deficits in early visual processing among schizophrenic patients. These results bolster previous conclusions that schizophrenic patients show deficits on visual masking tasks even when masking on those tasks occurs entirely through the interruption mechanism.
Rasburicase for the Treatment and Prevention of Hyperuricemia

OBJECTIVE:To review the information currently available on rasburicase for treatment and prevention of hyperuricemia.DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE (1966–August 2002) was searched for primary and review articles.STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION:Studies evaluating rasburicase, including abstracts and proceedings, were considered for inclusion. English-language literature was evaluated for the pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and adverse effects of rasburicase.DATA SYNTHESIS:Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, has been shown to be effective in lowering uric acid and preventing uric acid accumulation in patients with hematologic malignancies who had hyperuricemia or who were at high risk for developing hyperuricemia. It has been approved for pediatric use in the US.CONCLUSIONS:In addition to allopurinol, hydration, and urinary alkalinization, rasburicase is a new alternative for the treatment and prevention of hyperuricemia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Its rapid ons...
Absorption and swelling characteristics of silver (I) antimicrobial wound dressings

An important characteristic of moist wound dressings is their ability to swell and absorb exudates from the wound, while maintaining a moist atmosphere at the wound site. At the SRRC, we have previously developed antimicrobial silversodium-carboxymethylated (CM)-cotton printcloth from the sodium salt of CM-cotton, and silver-Ca-Na alginates from four commercially available alginate moist wound dressings. As part of ongoing research on silver antimicrobials, this report delineates the swellabilty of these silver antimicrobial dressings compared to commercially available calcium-sodium alginate dressings and printcloth (controls) in water and in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (saline) after 8 hours and after one week of immersion. Additionally, the swelling characteristics are correlated with the absorption of saline g/g of the dressing. Silver treated Sorbsan, Kaltostat, Curasorb, Algisite, and cotton-CM-printcloth showed a very significant increase in diameter of the fibers: NaCl 8 hr > water 8 hr > dry, a...
From Autonomous Development to Dependent Modernization: The Catalan Case Revisited: A Reply to Pi-Sunyer

In a recent essay in CSSH (16:1) Oriol Pi-Sunyer has joined in debate with our article 'Modernization and Development...' (CSSH 14:3). The thrust of his critique is that our model of social change in the Western Mediterranean leads us inexorably to lump Sicily and Catalonia together with respect to general social and economic developments since World War II. He argues in terms of modernization theory that Catalans long ago developed industry and have always shown a propensity to organize in corporate groups whenever the central government gives them the opportunity to do so. In short, our model is lacking in 'time depth and political sensitivity' (pp. 128-9) since it puts the Catalans in the same class as the Sicilians. We wish here to demonstrate that (1) in our article we discussed the differences between Sicily and Catalonia in much the same way that Pi-Sunyer did in his critique; (2) that, in fact, Sicily and Catalonia have undergone similar processes of social change since World War II, in ways that threaten the historical continuity of these societies, both formed over centuries; and (3) that Pi-Sunyer's misreading of our materials is due to his unfortunate confusion of modernization with development, which is precisely what we tried to get away from in our essay. (1) At the onset of our essay and throughout we take some pains to emphasize the historical differences between Catalonia and Sicily, noting that Catalonia had undergone an industrial revolution, had generated a bourgeoisie long ago, and had generated corporate political institutions-
Fiddling the string of carbon nanotubes with amphiphiles

The field of carbon nanotube–amphiphile self assembly has been reviewed to address the ongoing debate regarding their binding. Based on our spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy studies, this report shows the binding of lysophospholipids onto carbon nanotubes is dependent on the charge and geometry of the lipids and the pH of the solvent, and independent of solvent temperature. From molecular dynamics simulations, the binding of lysophospholipids onto carbon nanotubes does not fully obey any of the models proposed in the literature. We also studied carbon nanotube diffusion using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, and carbon nanotube–lipid binding and dissociation using the technique of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The use of carbon nanotube–lipid assembly for enabling nanotoxicological studies is demonstrated by the uptake of the assembly in the living organism Daphnia magna.
Design of reduced testing for VLSI circuits based on linear code theory

Pseudo-exhaustive testing can detect all stuck-at faults in combinational circuits. Although the testing time is reduced compared to exhaustive testing, it still remains long. In this paper, a design procedure which requires a minimum number of test vectors to detect all stuck-at faults is presented. The process is based on linear code theory, and different generator polynomials are used to design the LFSR. Fault simulation is used to evaluate the faults detected by each test vector generated consecutively by the LFSR. The LFSR resulting in a minimum number of test vectors is chosen for circuit implementation. The results show that this approach greatly reduces the test time of the actual circuit. >