cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional baroclinic instability of a Hadley cell for small Richardson number

A three-dimensional, linear stability analysis of a baroclinic flow for Richardson number, Ri, of order unity is presented. The model considered is a thin horizontal, rotating fluid layer which is subjected to horizontal and vertical temperature gradients. The basic state is a Hadley cell which is a solution of the complete set of governing, nonlinear equations and contains both Ekman and thermal boundary layers adjacent to the rigid boundaries; it is given in a closed form. The stability analysis is also based on the complete set of equations; and perturbation possessing zonal, meridional, and vertical structures were considered. Numerical methods were developed for the stability problem which results in a stiff, eighth-order, ordinary differential eigenvalue problem. The previous work on three-dimensional baroclinic instability for small Ri was extended to a more realistic model involving the Prandtl number, sigma, and the Ekman number, E, and to finite growth rates and a wider range of the zonal wavenumber.
What Could Justify Physician Refusal of Puberty Suppressive Therapy

In his commentary on Andrea's case, Alex Kon (2014) enumerates well the professional position papers that concern transgendered individuals. Kon's survey is quite useful and germane to the case, an...
Nonlinear model predictive control of styrene polymerization at unstable operating points

Abstract Model predictive control and coordinated control strategies are combined to accomplish the control of a simulated, nonlinear, open-loop unstable process. The process is the free radical solution polymerization of styrene in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The controls are the flowrate of cooling water supplied to the CSTR jacket and the flowrate of styrene monomer to the reactor. A model predictive control algorithm uses a process model to estimate unmeasured disturbances and to compute the control effort(s) required to suppress disturbances and force the process to follow a desired response trajectory toward the set point. A coordinated controller uses multiple controls to force the controlled process variable to follow the desired trajectory. In the case of the styrene reactor, the cooling water flow is selected as the primary control effort while the monomer flow is the secondary control effort. If the cooling water can maintain the desired process variable trajectory, the monomer flow remains at its nominal level (which is normally set by the operator). Otherwise, the monomer flow changes in order to assist the cooling water in maintaining the desired reactor temperature trajectory. In this way secure control is maintained even for large disturbances to the reactor. The extension of the model predictive control algorithm to incorporate a coordinated control strategy is straighforward. Further, the ap algorithm to a fourth-order, nonlinear, unstable process presents no special difficulties. The control effects are computed using a single-step algorithm with a time horizon of either one or two sampling time(s). This algorithm chooses the control so that the model output exactly tracks the desired model output at the next time horizon. Time horizons greater than one sampling time have been used previously to stabilize the algorithm when it is applied to high-order, stable, linear process models. A time horizon of two is necessary to stabilize the cooling water flow for the unstable, fourth-order styrene reactor. A time horizon of one sampling time yields a stable controller for the monomer flow. The control effort calculations use a Newton's algorithm to solve separately for each control effort (first cooling water and then monomer flow). The performance of the model predictive, coordinated control algorithm applied to the styrene reactor is illustrated for both perfect and imperfect models. Model prediction errors that actually arise from modeling errors are assumed to be due to changes in the unmeasured initiator level in the reactor. By adjusting the initiator level, stable control and exact tracking of the set point at steady state are accomplished in spite of significant modeling errors.
Effects of channel stoichiometry and processing temperature on the electrical characteristics of zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors

Thin-film transistor (TFT) structures with zinc tin oxide channel layer are fabricated and electrically characterized; zinc tin oxide composition (Zn:Sn ratio) and post-deposition anneal temperature are varied so as to explore their effects on electrical performance. Channel mobility and turn-on voltage are extracted from measured electrical characteristics, thus mapping TFT performance (for the process and structure used here) across the zinc tin oxide composition/processing temperature space. In general, mobility reaches a broad peak for intermediate compositions and anneal temperatures, while turn-on voltage decreases (becomes increasingly negative) with increasing anneal temperature and decreasing Zn:Sn ratio. These results comprise key information in assessing the potential of zinc tin oxide as a candidate TFT channel layer material.
An Educational Program for Underserved Middle School Students to Encourage Pursuit of Pharmacy and Other Health Science Careers.

Objective. To develop and implement an active, hands-on program for underrepresented minority (URM) seventh grade students and to determine if participation in the program increased interest in health care careers and understanding of pharmacy and physician assistant (PA) professions. Design. A hands-on educational program was developed in conjunction with local middle school administrators and staff for URM 7th grade students. The program was designed to be hands-on and focus on pharmacy and PA laboratory skills. A discussion component was included, allowing participants to interact personally with pharmacy and PA students and faculty members. Assessment. Students’ responses to survey questions about interest in health care careers and knowledge about health professions were compared before and after 2 separate offerings of the program. After the program, significant increases were seen in participants’ understanding of the pharmacy and PA professions. An increased percentage of participants reported interest in health care careers after the program than before the program. Conclusion. Introducing middle school-aged URM students to the pharmacy and PA professions through a hands-on educational program increased interest in, and knowledge of, these professions.
Analytical Solutions to a Generalized Growth Equation

Abstract Systems of the form x i = α i Π n j=1 X gij j − β i Π n j=1 X hij j i = 1,…,n occur in the analysis of biological networks. They also include as special cases the known growth laws and probability functions, famous differential equations like those of Bessel, Chebyshev, and Laguerre, and solutions to important physical problems. These systems have no known analytical solution. However, an important subclass comprising many of the special cases mentioned above is solved.
Contested cartographies: Maïssa Bey's Bleu, blanc, vert

This article analyses Algerian-language politics in Bey's Bleu, blanc, vert [2006. Paris: L'Aube], a novel that tracks the 30-year period following independence (1962–1992) through the lives of two Algerians. Drawing on Rafael's theorisation of the interplay of ‘foreign’ and ‘native’ in the language of Filipino nationalism, I show how French – at once embraced by the post-independence education system and reviled by revolutionary political rhetoric – placed a generation of Algerians like Bey's characters in the paradoxical position of both incarnating and betraying a nationalist future. I suggest that the ‘return’ to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) – championed to different ends by the Front de Liberation Nationale-dominated state and those with ‘Islamist’ sympathies – refused to recognise the foreignness of the so-called native (MSA) for many post-independence Algerians, eliding the impact of over 130 years of colonial history. By exposing the disjunction between ‘language’ as theorised in post-independence...
Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in neurosurgical patients.

Introduction: Tracheostomy is often performed in patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation after severe neurological injury. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) is an alternative to traditional surgical tracheostomy (TST) for creating a tracheostomy. We compared these techniques in neurosurgical patients and assessed the impact on cost and clinical course. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 81 neurosurgical patients treated with either PDT (n=43) or TST (n=38). Several clinical endpoints were examined, including days intubated prior to tracheostomy, length of hospital stay, procedural complications, and overall procedure costs. Results: No serious complications occurred with PDT, whereas two minor postoperative complications occurred in the TST group. The time from intubation to tracheostomy was 8 days for the PDT group versus 13 days for the TST group (p<0.001), and the time from intubation to discharge from the hospital was 20 days for the PDT group compared to 27 days for the TST group (p<0.005). In our institution, the average cost of PDT was $980.69 less than the cost for TST. Conclusion: PDT appear to have a low incidence of complications in neurosurgical patients and may shorten the length of hospitalization and the overall cost compared with TST.
The “quasiparticle” peak in the angular resolved spectrum of the superconducting underdoped Bi $\mathsf{_2}$ Sr $\mathsf{_2}$ CaCu $\mathsf{_2}$ O $\mathsf{_8}$

We study the reconfiguration of the angular resolved photoemission spectrum near M point which occurs in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 upon cooling below the superconducting transition temperature. Restricting our attention to the case of underdoped samples we offer a phenomenological mechanism-independent explanation for this effect. It is demonstrated that under certain circumstances the emergence of a peak can be linked to the normal state pseudogap. All of the basic experimental observations, including weak peak dispersion, “dip-and-hump” shape of the superconducting state spectrum and appearance of the peak at the temperatures somewhat higher than the critical temperature, are naturally explained.
Tunable Permittivity of Polymer Composites through Incremental Blending of Raw and Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

A method is reported for controlling the permittivity of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) polymer composites based on variations in the amount of raw and functionalized SWNTs (f-SWNTs) that are incorporated. The total weight percent of SWNTs included in the composites remains constant at 0.5%. Measurements were taken at a frequency range of 1-1000 MHz. The magnitude of the real permittivity varied between 20 and 3.3, decreasing as higher fractions of f-SWNTs are added. This type of control over the permittivity is important for applications including passive RF antenna structures, electromagnetic interference mitigation, and other radio frequency applications.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein Rv2623 regulates bacillary growth by ATP-Binding: requirement for establishing chronic persistent infection.

Tuberculous latency and reactivation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, yet the mechanisms that regulate these processes remain unclear. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis universal stress protein (USP) homolog, rv2623, is among the most highly induced genes when the tubercle bacillus is subjected to hypoxia and nitrosative stress, conditions thought to promote latency. Induction of rv2623 also occurs when M. tuberculosis encounters conditions associated with growth arrest, such as the intracellular milieu of macrophages and in the lungs of mice with chronic tuberculosis. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that Rv2623 regulates tuberculosis latency. We observed that an Rv2623-deficient mutant fails to establish chronic tuberculous infection in guinea pigs and mice, exhibiting a hypervirulence phenotype associated with increased bacterial burden and mortality. Consistent with this in vivo growth-regulatory role, constitutive overexpression of rv2623 attenuates mycobacterial growth in vitro. Biochemical analysis of purified Rv2623 suggested that this mycobacterial USP binds ATP, and the 2.9-A-resolution crystal structure revealed that Rv2623 engages ATP in a novel nucleotide-binding pocket. Structure-guided mutagenesis yielded Rv2623 mutants with reduced ATP-binding capacity. Analysis of mycobacteria overexpressing these mutants revealed that the in vitro growth-inhibitory property of Rv2623 correlates with its ability to bind ATP. Together, the results indicate that i) M. tuberculosis Rv2623 regulates mycobacterial growth in vitro and in vivo, and ii) Rv2623 is required for the entry of the tubercle bacillus into the chronic phase of infection in the host; in addition, iii) Rv2623 binds ATP; and iv) the growth-regulatory attribute of this USP is dependent on its ATP-binding activity. We propose that Rv2623 may function as an ATP-dependent signaling intermediate in a pathway that promotes persistent infection.
Multiple HLA Epitopes Contribute to Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility

Disease susceptibility for type 1 diabetes is strongly associated with the inheritance of specific HLA alleles. However, conventional allele frequency analysis can miss HLA associations because many alleles are rare. In addition, disparate alleles that have similar peptide-binding sites, or shared epitopes, can be missed. To identify the HLA shared epitopes associated with diabetes, we analyzed high-resolution genotyping for class I and class II loci. The HLA epitopes most strongly associated with susceptibility for disease were DQB1 A(57), DQA1 V(76), DRB1 H(13), and DRB1 K(71), whereas DPB1 YD(9,57), HLA-B C(67), and HLA-C YY(9,116) were more weakly associated. The HLA epitopes strongly associated with resistance were DQB1 D(57), DQA1 Y(80), DRB1 R(13), and DRB1 A(71). A dominant resistance phenotype was observed for individuals bearing a protective HLA epitope, even in the presence of a susceptibility epitope. In addition, an earlier age of disease onset correlated with significantly greater numbers of susceptibility epitopes and fewer resistance epitopes (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of both DQ and DR susceptibility epitopes was higher in patients than in control subjects and was not exclusively a result of linkage disequilibrium, suggesting that multiple HLA epitopes may work together to increase the risk of developing diabetes.
Effects of Partial and Total Meniscectomy on Kinematics of the Knee: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Meniscal injuries frequently occur in combination with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Tears in the menisci that occur acutely with ACL injury are located either medially or laterally, but in ACL deficient knees chronic instability most commonly leads to meniscal tears in the posterior horn of medial meniscus (Smith & Barrett, 2001). Levy et al. (1982) suggested that medial meniscus might act as a mechanical wedge preventing tibial anterior translation due to its firm attachment to the tibia at the posterior horn. Previous biomechanical studies infer the role of the meniscus through measurements of alternations in forces or knee motions (Shoemaker & Markolf, 1986; Allen, 2000), however no study has provided clear images of the motion or deformation of the meniscus itself. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anterior cruciate ligament resection, as well as partial and complete meniscectomies on knee kinematics in response to anterior loading. Application of loads during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging allows us to visualize the motion and deformation of the menisci, and therefore obtain a more clear understanding of its role in knee stability.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Prospective Evaluation of CT in Acutely Paraparetic Chondrodystrophic Dogs

The clinical usefulness of computed tomography (CT) as a sole diagnostic modality in identifying disc lesion(s) in chondrodystrophic breeds presenting with acute signs of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is incompletely characterized. CT was used prospectively to determine the validity of this tool. Neurologic examinations and CT scans were performed on all dogs at presentation. Surgical decompression was based on those findings. Clinical follow-up examinations were performed on days 1 and 14 postsurgically. CT detected a lesion consistent with clinical findings in 63 of 69 cases (91%). All 63 dogs with Hansen type I IVDD lesions were identified on CT alone. The surgeon and radiologist agreed on lesion level in 72 of 78 lesions (92%) and lateralization in 71 of 78 lesions (91%). Improvement in neurologic grade was documented in 60 of 69 dogs (87%) by 14 days. CT imaging can be used as a single imaging modality in chondrodystrophic dogs presenting with acute paresis. CT used in this manner is a reliable and noninvasive tool for detecting spinal compression secondary to IVDD in chondrodystrophic dogs.
Phosphinidene group-transfer with a phospha-Wittig reagent: a new entry to transition metal phosphorus multiple bonds

The phosphanylidene-σ4-phosphorane reagents Me3PPAr (Ar = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2 and 2,6-Mes2C6H3) are good delivery vehicles of the terminal phosphinidene moiety, PAr, to early-transition metals composed of zirconium and vanadium.
18.7 A 2.4mm 2 130mW MMSE-nonbinary-LDPC iterative detector-decoder for 4×4 256-QAM MIMO in 65nm CMOS

The latest multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems have adopted iterative detection and decoding (IDD) to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required fora reliable transmission. An IDD system consists of a soft-in soft-out (SISO) detector to cancel interference, and a SISO forward-error correction (FEC) decoder to remove errors. The two blocks exchange soft information to improve the SNR iteratively. State-of-the-art IDDs based on sphere decoding (SD) and low-density parity-check (LDPC) FEC have been demonstrated in [1], [2] for up to 4×4 64-QAM MIMO, achieving 396Mb/s detection [1] and 586Mb/s decoding [2]. Compared to an SD detector [1]-[3], a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detector [4] has a lower complexity and can be easily scaled to support a high-order modulation for a high data rate and spectral efficiency. Compared to LDPC FEC [1-3], nonbinary LDPC (NBLDPC) FEC offers better coding gain [5] and improves the detection-decoding performance [6]. Despite NBLDPC's higher complexity, efficient approximate decoding [5] is possible and it is well suited for a high-order modulation.
Reduction of duplicate names in data entry forms

This paper describes current problems with data-entry forms used in offices and discusses a method, called the syntax method, through which some of the problems can be eliminated. In particular, the technique used in this method for identifying duplicate names and improving the names of the elements is described. Results from a test of the method on three Dept. of Defense Contractor Cost Performance Forms are provided.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat food processing equipment by chlorine dioxide gas

Abstract The effectiveness of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas to control Listeria contamination on food contact and environmental surfaces was investigated in order to comply with the zero tolerance policy. Different ClO2 gas concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) were evaluated in order to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes (planktonic cells and biofilms) on stainless steel coupons. An ideal condition was then selected, and its applicability was studied on a commercial meat slicer and an industrial hot-dog peeler (using a surrogate organism). L. monocytogenes biofilm cells initially showed more sensitivity to ClO2 treatments, as compared to planktonic cells, but after 10 min, ∼4 log CFU/cm2 reduction was observed for all the concentrations used. The treatment at 2 mg/l for 30 min was selected for the further validation study. Complete pathogen inactivation, >5 log CFU/cm2, was obtained on both the meat slicer and peeler, demonstrating the potential applicability of ClO2 gas as a sanitizing agent for RTE meat processing equipment.
A Wavelength Streak Camera

We have demonstrated the recording of 8 Ghz electrical signals by optically encoding time into wavelength and deflecting, by means of a diffraction grating, the optical signal across a readout array. The experiments were performed at 820 nm and show promise for circumventing the material dispersion in fibers at this wavelength to allow propagation of high bandwidth microwave signals (up to 10 Ghz) over 1 km distances.
Stopping power of 0.3–2.6 MeV 4He ions in Fe and Ni

Abstract New measurements have been made of stopping powers for 0.3–2.6 MeV 4He ions in films of Fe and Ni. The films were deposited in situ in excellent vacuum, and were well characterized. Results are quite consistent with systematic predictions.
ASSESSING HEAD START AT 20: An Invited Commentary

In a critique of the preceding articles by Valor a Washington and Ura Jean Oyemade, one of the originators of Head Start points up the accomplishments of the program over the past two decades, takes note of some of its limitations, and assesses the prospects for Head Start in the current era of conservative fiscal policy.
Planning for People, Not Buildings:

The almost exclusive orientation of American planners to the physical aspects of planning is stressed, and the historical development in America of this bias described. The influence of the class and professional background of planners in producing the cultural prejudice in their attitudes and efforts is also brought out. It is argued that economic, social and cultural relationships have a more significant effect on behaviour than does the physical environment, and that it is the former which should be, therefore, the chief concern of the planner. Consequently it is necessary to discover the needs of the specific group of people affected. The problem of allocating resources between competing groups is discussed, and the importance of planning for choice is stressed.
Towards systematic roadmaps for networked systems

Networked systems have benefited from unprecedented growth in hardware capabilities, but, as we move closer to the end of the Moore's law era, future networked systems are likely to be more constrained by hardware capabilities than they have been in the past. We take the position that the networking community should, in response to this development, proactively and systematically develop networking roadmaps, which attempt to predict how trends in hardware capabilities will impact networked systems. In this paper, we discuss a possible methodology for developing networking roadmaps, and present two case studies that illustrate the methodology and reveal how increasing hardware unreliability can affect the performance of routing and transport protocols.
Student perspectives on training in gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues: A survey of behavioral clinical psychology programs

Practicing psychologists frequently are asked to provide services to individuals whose backgrounds may differ from their own. Education in multicultural issues increasingly is being considered an important component of doctoral training programs. This article discusses the results of a survey of behavioral doctoral students concerning their graduate training on gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) issues. The results indicate that participants (a) have received minimal training in GLB issues, (b) feel inadequate in working with GLB individuals, and (c) express significantly more favorable attitudes toward gay men than a sample from the general population. Included are recommendations for improving training in sexual orientation issues in behavioral clinical psychology programs.
Long Term Effects of Quinine on Food Intake and Body Weight in the Rat

Abstract Adulteration of a chow diet with 0.75% quinine sulfate produces a short-lived decrement in food intake in both ad lib-fed and previously food-restricted adult female rats. In contrast, quinine produces a long-lasting depression in body weight; ad lib access to quinine-treated chow results in a plateauing of body weight at a lower level until quinine is removed from the diet, despite recovery of food intake.
Noise propagation and scaling in regulation of gonadotrope biosynthesis.

Reproductive physiology depends on the control of biosynthesis in the pituitary gonadotrope by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The responses to GnRH include activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induction of Egr1. Using population and single cell signaling assays, we investigated the signal and noise transmission through this signaling and gene circuit, analyzing data obtained from 43,775 individual cells in 40 experiments. After exposure to GnRH, phosphorylated ERK (pERK) is elevated in 50% of the cells at 1.7 (SD = 0.3) min. Studies of the cell-to-cell response showed that for both pERK and for Egr1 protein production the mean response (μ) and standard deviation (σ) within individual cells were linearly related (σ = kμ) and had similar values of k. To understand the basis for the scaling observed for noise propagation through this system, we determined the relationship between pERK and egr1 mRNA levels induced at varying concentration of GnRH. While both pERK and egr1 mRNA show a saturating sigmoidal relationship to the concentration of GnRH exposure, egr1 mRNA is linearly related to the levels of pERK. These results explain the basis for variation in cellular responses in an important mammalian signaling pathway leading to gene induction.
A Green-function-based multiscale method for uncertainty quantification of finite body random heterogeneous materials

Classical continuum theories are formulated based on the assumption of large scale separation. For scale-coupling problems involving uncertainties, novel multiscale methods are desired. In this study, by employing the generalized variational principles, a Green-function-based multiscale method is formulated to decompose a boundary value problem with random microstructure into a slow scale deterministic problem and a fast scale stochastic one. The slow scale problem corresponds to common engineering practices by smearing out fine-scale microstructures. The fast scale problem evaluates fluctuations due to random microstructures, which is important for scale-coupling systems and particularly failure problems. Two numerical examples are provided at the end.
Use of Pith Dust in Kundt's Tubes

DURING the summer of 1924, while experimenting at Indiana University with a Kundt's tube, I discovered that the striae could be most readily observed by using pith dust in the tube. I obtained the pith dust by grinding dry pith from sunflower on a fine-grained emery wheel. By the use of this dust I was able to obtain discs that extended completely across the tube and having the same diameter as the inside of the tube.
The annual testicular cycle in the turtle, Chrysemys picta: A histochemical and electron microscopic study

Abstract This work is a study of testicular function in Chrysemys picta using changes in ultrastructure and steroid histochemistry as indices of Leydig and Sertoli cell activity. The cytological features of these cells are described in reference to four periods of tubular development. Leydig and Sertoli cells show distinct changes in morphological appearance during the seasonal cycle. Leydig cells are hypertrophic with an active 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in early spring when androgen levels are high and animals mate and atropic in mid-summer when spermatogenesis is proceeding. Leydig cell atrophy is associated with a reduction in the volume of cytoplasm and SER. Leydig cells become active again in the fall showing a return toward the spring condition, with an increase in 3β-HSD activity. In contrast, although Sertoli cells show variations in abundance of organelles and inclusions during the annual cycle, no obvious degenerative changes could be seen and SER is always present. 3β-HSD enzyme activity in Sertoli cells is weak or absent in spring but intense during summer. Taken together, these observations suggest that Sertoli and Leydig cell functions are asynchronous.
Erectile Dysfunction and the “Window of Curability”: A Harbinger of Cardiovascular Events

In their landmark 2005 report of more than 9400 men, Thompson et al1 posed the following questions: “With the high prevalence of erectile dysfunction in aging men, do pharmacologic, lifestyle, or behavioral interventions that are cardioprotective also reduce or delay onset of erectile dysfunction? Could erectile dysfunction serve as a surrogate measure of treatment efficacy in preventive interventions for cardiac disease?” Today, 4 years later, these questions remain unanswered.
Purification of NADH-cytochromeb 5 reductase from rat liver plasma membranes

An NADH-cytochromeb5 reductase was purified from rat liver plasma membranes. Rat liver plasma membranes were prepared by aqueous two-phase partition. Peripheral proteins were removed by EDTA extraction and integral membrane proteins were solubilized with Triton X-100. The NADH-cytochromeb5 reductase was purified by hydroxyapatite, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatographies. The purified preparation was homogeneous and estimated to have an apparent molecular weight of 32 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two tryptic peptides of the purified enzyme had sequence homologies with rat, human, and bovine NADH-cytochromeb5 reductases.
Presynaptic depolarization of lingual and glossopharyngeal nerve afferents induced by stimulation of trigeminal proprioceptive fibers.

Abstract The effect of trigeminal proprioceptive input from masticatory muscles on the level of polarization of lingual and glossopharyngeal nerve afferents was studied in cats with complete precollicular transection of the brain. A modification of Wall's technique was utilized to determine excitability changes of the central terminals of lingual and glossopharyngeal fibers in nucleus oralis and nucleus parasolitarius, respectively. Primary afferent depolarization of these sensory nerves could be induced by electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve, anterior digastric nerve, or the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Primary afferent depolarization of lingual and glossopharyngeal fibers was also produced by brisk tension of jaw elevator muscles as well as of jaw openers, whereas moderate sustained tension of these muscles had no effect on the level of terminal polarization. It was concluded that masticatory proprioceptive activities, excluding those mediated in group IA fibers from spindle organs, are responsible for the observed primary afferent depolarization. It appears that the depolarization of presynaptic terminals of lingual and glossopharyngeal fibers plays an important role in the control of reflexly induced tongue movements.
Service quality in agronomic inputs: does the hierarchical model apply?

Research regarding the quality of services is increasingly important as services account for more of the national economy. In agriculture many services are used, but are not systematically assessed in a manner similar to how products are assessed. This research aims to identify the compatibility of proposed service quality structures to the agriculture inputs sector. Results of a survey of Midwest row crop producers lend support to the hierarchical model of service quality structure. Input suppliers can use these results to structure their services more efficiently. [EconLit classification codes: M, Q]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Invariant measures and arithmetic quantum unique ergodicity

We classify measures on the locally homogeneous space ?i\ SL(2,R) ?~ L which are invariant and have positive entropy under the diagonal subgroup of SL(2,R) and recurrent under L. This classification can be used to show arithmetic quantum unique ergodicity for compact arithmetic surfaces, and a similar but slightly weaker result for the finite volume case. Other applications are also presented. In the appendix, joint with D. Rudolph, we present a maximal ergodic theorem, related to a theorem of Hurewicz, which is used in theproof of the main result.
Phagocytes and Acute Lung Injury: Dual Roles For Interleukin-1

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and neutrophils are increased in lungs of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We found that rats given IL-1 intratracheally rapidly developed lung neutrophil accumulation and a neutrophil-dependent acute edematous lung leak. Lung leak was associated with increased lung lavage cytokine-induced chemoattractant (CINC) levels and increased oxidative stress that was manifested by increased exhaled H2O2 levels and increased lung oxidized glutathione levels. IL-1-induced lung leak was decreased by treatment with superoxide dismutase (SOD), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), supercritical fluid-aerosolized vitamin E, interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), or liposome-associated PGE1 (Lip-PGE1). Importantly, Lip-PGE1 treatment also reduced ventilator dependence in a small clinical study of ARDS patients. Another series of investigations revealed that IL-1 pretreatment could prevent lung leak in rats given IL-1 intratracheally. These findings point to the possible dual effects of IL-1 with respect to the development of acute lung injury.
Biliverdin concentrations in the plasmas of fresh and brackish water eels, Anguilla rostrata

Abstract 1. 1. The plasma biliverdm concentrations of American eels, Anguilla rostrata , acclimated to fresh and brackish water were determined. 2. 2. The brackish water-acclimated group exhibited significantly higher biliverdin concentrations than did their freshwater counterparts. 3. 3. Hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits and erythrocyte counts were greater for the freshwater-acclimated group. 4. 4. These data suggest that plasma biliverdin concentrations in eels may result from hemoglobin turnover which is environmentally dependent. Possible reasons for the retention of this biliprotein in the brackish water animals are discussed.
AURORAL ZONE EFFECTS ON HYDROGEN GEOCORONA STRUCTURE AND VARIABILITY

The instantaneous structure of planetary exospheres is determined by the time history of energy dissipation, chemical, and transport processes operative during a prior time interval set by intrinsic atmospheric time scales. The complex combination of diurnal and magnetospheric activity modulations imposed on the Earth's upper atmosphere no doubt produce an equally complex response, especially in hydrogen, which escapes continuously at exospheric temperatures. Vidal-Madjar and Thomas (1978) have discussed some of the persistent large scale structure which is evident in satellite ultraviolet observations of hydrogen, noting in particular a depletion at high latitudes which is further discussed by Thomas and Vidal- Madjar (1978). The latter authors discussed various causes of the H density depletion, including local neutral temperature enhancements and enhanced escape rates due to polar wind H + plasma flow or high latitude ion heating followed by charge exchange. We have reexamined the enhancement of neutral escape by plasma effects including the recently observed phenomenon of low altitude transverse ion acceleration. We find that, while significant fluxes ofneutral H should be produced by this phenomenon in the aurora1 zone, this process is probably insufficient to account for the observed polar depletion. Instead, the recent exospheric temperature measurements from the Dynamics Explorer-2 spacecraft suggest that neutral heating in and near the high latitude cusp may be the major contributor to depleted atomic hydrogen densities at high latitudes.
Glutamate receptor subtypes localize to patches in the developing striatum

The distribution of glutamate receptors in the developing striatum of the rat was studied using antibodies specific to AMPA and NMDA subtypes. Immunocytochemistry revealed a greater density of GluR1, GluR2/3, NMDAR1, and NMDAR2A/2B receptors in patches that matched the patches of substance P-immunoreactive neurons and dopaminergic terminals. GluR1-immunoreactive patches were the most distinctive and were present already at embryonic day 19.
Data Sets Having Integer Means and Standard Deviations

(1981). Data Sets Having Integer Means and Standard Deviations. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 51-51.
Tritiated leucine incorporation in the developing hamster facial nucleus with injury: An autoradiographic study

Abstract Tritiated leucine incorporation was examined after axotomy of the hamster facial nerve in development in an attempt to correlate structural maturation of the nucleolus with levels of competence in the metabolic response to axon section. Changes in neuronal tritiated leucine incorportation were characterized by autoradiographic examination of the facial neuronal population after axotomy as specific stages in nucleolar development. The ability to increase incorporation over the normal as a result of injury in development coincided with the time of final nucleolar maturation, between 20 and 24 days postnatal age. Thus, there was a correlation between a specific morphologic event, the appearance of the adult nucleolar configuration, and the appearance of the mature protein metabolic response to injury of increased leucine incorporation.
Spontaneous Anti-Resolution in Heterochiral Clusters of Serine

Chirality plays an important role in the formation and stability of noncovalent clusters which are made of chiral molecules. It is shown that clusters can exhibit a preference for both homochirality and heterochirality. Serine cluster formation is dominated by the formation of heterochiral aggregates, with the exception of the previously observed homochiral serine octamer. Thus, the majority of serine clusters lead to chiral anti-resolution, or the racemic mixing of enantiomers.
Lesbianism and Motherhood: Implications for Child Custody

T HE LAST TWO DECADES have witnessed a number of dramatic changes in the pattern of American family life; the participation of women and particularly mothers in the labor force has grown rapidly (U.S. Department of Labor 1975); the divorce rate has risen steadily while the rate of remarriage has declined (Lipman-Blumen 1976; Norton and Click 1976; Weiss 1979a); and the proportion of femaleheaded families has markedly increased (Bane 1976; Keniston 1977; Ross and Sawhill 1975). These developments, among others, have undermined the dominance of the traditional, two-parent nuclear family, and have led to the increased salience of a variety of alternative family forms, including those headed by single parents. Among these single-parent families, perhaps least is known about the lesbian mother and her children.' In recent years, however, these families have been brought increasingly into view through publicity surrounding several contested custody cases, most of which resulted in removal of the children from the custody of their mother.' While this litigation has generally been centrally concerned with allegations that lesbianism compromises the mother's ability to provide adequate care, little research has addressed the situation of the lesbian mother directly or has examined the questions that the judicial system has raised. In this paper I examine some of the assumptions that govern the decisions of the courts in custody cases involving lesbian mothers and contrast them with data gathered on lesbian mothers and their families in the San Francisco Bay area. The findings indicate that the structural positions of lesbian and nonlesbian single mothers place similar constraints on both populations, giving rise to similar patterns of parental behavior. Actual o r threatened custody challenges do, nevertheless, have a differential impact on lesbian mothers, and require them to make distinctive adaptations to what they experience as a source of extreme vulnerability.
Dermatoglyphics in trisomy 8 mosaicism.

Dermatoglyphic data on a patient with trisomy 8 mosaicism and of his immediate family are reported and compared with those of other known cases of trisomy 8 and other unidentified C trisomies. Similarities of the dermatoglyphics of trisomy 8 and unidentified C trisomy cases suggest that at least some of the latter represent chromosome 8 trisomy or its mosaicism. These similarities include arch patterns on the fingertips, low total finger ridge count, high palmar and plantar pattern intensity, simian creases and bilateral arches on the great toes.
Nitrogen concentrations in spring wheat at several growth stages

Abstract Diagnosis of N deficiency in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important in the North Central region because it is the principal grain crop and N is the nutrient most often limiting its growth. Plant analysis may provide a means by which this objective can be realized. This study was undertaken to establish N levels of sufficiency and deficiency in spring wheat at several growth stages. Five cultivars of spring wheat were grown in the field at rates of 0, 40, 80, and 160 kg/ha of N on a Maddock sandy loam (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls) for two years. Plant samples were collected at Feekes growth stages 3, 5–6, 9–10, and 10.5–10.5.1. Nitrogen concentration trends in the plant tissue showed a rapid drop between stages 3 and 10.5–10.5.1. Nitrogen concentration growth curves exhibited a curvilinear pattern at stages 5–6, 9–10 and 10.5–10.5.1, and a linear relationship at stage 3. For the whole plant samples N concentrations of 5.2–5.6%, 4.2–5.1%, 2.4–3.5% and 1.8–2.6% at stages 3, 5–6, ...
Cerebral Blood Flow and Personality: A Positron Emission Tomography Study

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe brain regions associated with the personality dimension of introversion/extraversion. METHOD: Measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were obtained from 18 healthy subjects by means of [15O]H2O positron emission tomography. Correlations of regional CBF with introversion/extraversion were calculated, and a three-dimensional map of those correlations was generated. RESULTS: Overall, introversion was associated with increased blood flow in the frontal lobes and in the anterior thalamus. Regions in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the temporal lobes, and the posterior thalamus were found to be correlated with extraversion. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study lend support to the notion that introversion is associated with increased activity in frontal lobe regions. Moreover, the study suggests that individual differences in introversion and extraversion are related to differences in a fronto-striato-thalamic circuit.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES, MORAL REQUIREMENTS, AND MORAL MOTIVATION

Abstract: Kant has argued that moral requirements are categorical. Kant's claim has been challenged by some contemporary philosophers; this article defends Kant's doctrine. I argue that Kant's claim captures the unique feature of moral requirements. The main arguments against Kant's claim focus on one condition that a categorical imperative must meet: to be independent of desires. I argue that there is another important, but often ignored, condition that a categorical imperative must meet, and this second condition is crucial to understanding why moral requirements are not hypothetical. I also argue that the claim that moral requirements are not categorical because they depend on desires for motivation is beside the point. The issue of whether moral requirements are categorical is not an issue about whether moral desires or feelings are necessary for moral motivation but are rather an issue about the ground of moral desires or moral feelings. Moral requirements are categorical because they are requirements of reason, and reason makes moral desires or feelings possible.
DNA Cross-Linking by Dehydromonocrotaline Lacks Apparent Base Sequence Preference

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are ubiquitous plant toxins, many of which, upon oxidation by hepatic mixed-function oxidases, become reactive bifunctional pyrrolic electrophiles that form DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-links. The anti-mitotic, toxic, and carcinogenic action of PAs is thought to be caused, at least in part, by these cross-links. We wished to determine whether the activated PA pyrrole dehydromonocrotaline (DHMO) exhibits base sequence preferences when cross-linked to a set of model duplex poly A-T 14-mer oligonucleotides with varying internal and/or end 5'-d(CG), 5'-d(GC), 5'-d(TA), 5'-d(CGCG), or 5'-d(GCGC) sequences. DHMO-DNA cross-links were assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of 3 2 P endlabeled oligonucleotides and by HPLC analysis of cross-linked DNAs enzymatically digested to their constituent deoxynucleosides. The degree of DNA cross-links depended upon the concentration of the pyrrole, but not on the base sequence of the oligonucleotide target. Likewise, HPLC chromatograms of cross-linked and digested DNAs showed no discernible sequence preference for any nucleotide. Added glutathione, tyrosine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, but not phenylalanine, threonine, serine, lysine, or methionine competed with DNA as alternate nucleophiles for cross-linking by DHMO. From these data it appears that DHMO exhibits no strong base preference when forming cross-links with DNA, and that some cellular nucleophiles can inhibit DNA cross-link formation.
Immunological aspects of genital chlamydia infections

Chlamydia trachomatis ascends from the cervix to the Fallopian tubes where it forms a persistent infection. The immune response to this infection results in tubal occlusion and infertility. In its persistent formC. trachomatis produces high levels of a 60-kDa heat shock protein (c-hsp60). There is a human hsp60 (h-hsp60) which shares a 50% amino acid sequence homology with the c-hsp60. Therefore, a chlamydial Fallopian tube infection can induce the development of autoantibodies to h-hsp60. H-hsp60 is one of the first proteins synthesized following fertilization. It is also expressed by epithelial cells in the decidua. Therefore, expression of h-hsp60 in early pregnancy can reactivate the c-hsp60-sensitized lymphocytes, leading to immune rejection of the embryo. The role of C. trachomatis in male infertility requires clarification. Because most C. trachomatis infections occur without defined symptoms, only the screening of sexually active women will reveal whether a woman is infected with this organism. Detection and treatment of a recently acquired infection can prevent development of h-hsp60 autoantibodies and tubal occlusion, preserve fertility, and prevent complications such as ectopic pregnancy.