cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of capillary column diameter on the performance of thermal conductivity detectors

The concentration sensitivity of a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) depends, among other factors, on the amount of sample mixture in the detector's sensing cell. Since the cell volume has to be appropriately matched with column diameter, it makes the concentration sensitivity of a TCD dependent on column diameter and, therefore, on the speed of gas chromatography. Through reduction of column diameter, higher speed tends to lead to a reduction in the concentration sensitivity of the cell. The factor which the most directly affects the concentration sensitivity of a TCD cell is the heat power conducted through the cell. The higher the power, the greater the sensitivity. The limit of detection of a TCD depends on the concentration-sensitivity of its cell and on the level of statistical errors in the measurement. The errors increase with increasing analysis speed. As the column diameter is reduced, the errors cause additional worsening (on top of the decrease in concentration sensitivity) of the detection limit, dynamic range, and other performance characteristics of the TCD.
Theory of depleted zone annealing during pulsed irradiation

Abstract Depleted zone annealing during pulsed irradiation at high damage rate, at low doses and over a narrow temperature range increased the predicted rate of microstructural development compared to steady irradiation predictions. The rates of defect annihilation at voids and dislocations were calculated for both pulsed and steady irradiation. Subsequently, the irradiation and material parameters that control the predicted pulsing influence were examined for pulsed ion and pulsed neutron irradiation of molybdenum. Pulsed ion effects, but not pulsed neutron effects were significant.
Auto-induction medium for the production of [U-15N]- and [U-13C, U-15N]-labeled proteins for NMR screening and structure determination.

Protocols have been developed and applied for the high-throughput production of [U- 1 5 N]- or [U- 1 3 C-, U- 1 5 N]-labeled proteins using the conditional methionine auxotroph Escherichia coli B834. The large-scale growth and expression uses a chemically defined auto-induction medium containing salts and trace metals, vitamins including vitamin B 1 2 , and glucose, glycerol, and lactose. The results from nine expression trials in 2-L of the auto-induction medium (500 mL in each of four polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles) gave an average final optical density at 600 nm of ∼5, an average wet cell mass yield of ∼9.5 g L - 1 , and an average yield of ∼20 mg of labeled protein in the six instances in which proteolysis of the fusion protein was observed. Correlations between the cell mass recovered, the level of protein expression, and the relative amounts of glucose, glycerol, and lactose in the auto-induction medium were noted. Mass spectral analysis showed that the purified proteins contained both 1 5 N and 1 3 C at levels greater than 95%. 1 H- 1 5 N heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy as well as 1 3 C; 1 5 N-edited spectroscopy showed that the purified [U- 1 5 N]- and [U- 1 3 C, U- 1 5 N]-labeled proteins were suitable for structure analysis.
The effect of group membership on hiding behaviour in the northern rock barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides

Animals living in groups are thought to gain fitness through decreased predation risk, while often paying a cost in terms of increased competition in foraging. Thus, the balance struck between predator avoidance and foraging should be affected by group membership. For animals that avoid predation by withdrawing into a refuge (i.e. ‘hiding’), such as the northern rock barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, that balance should be particularly important since predator avoidance excludes foraging altogether. We tested the hypothesis that barnacles living in groups should spend less time hiding when faced with a perceived threat than should solitary barnacles. We presented group-living and solitary barnacles with a simulated threat and measured hiding time with the prediction that barnacles in groups would return to foraging more quickly than solitary barnacles. Hiding time for group-living barnacles was significantly less than for solitary barnacles. We then manipulated barnacle group size with the prediction that an individual barnacle's behaviour would change based on group membership alone. We tested individual barnacles three times in an A–B–A design in which barnacles were tested in one of two sequences, solitary–group–solitary, or group–solitary–group. We found that group membership had a significant effect on barnacle foraging behaviour in that individuals emerged from hiding sooner when tested in a group than when tested alone. We conclude that, as predicted by optimality theory, group membership strongly affects foraging decisions by this refuge-using animal. We argue that the proximate mechanism for such behaviour may involve a simple binary reaction to living in a group.
Predator biomass, prey density, and species composition effects on group size in recruit coral reef fishes

Group incidence and size are described for recruit parrotfishes, wrasses, and damselfishes on Hawaiian reefs over 3 years (2006–2008) at sites spanning the archipelago (20–28°N, 155–177°W). Coral-poor and coral-rich areas were surveyed at sites with both low (Hawaii Island) and high (Midway Atoll) predator densities, facilitating examination of relations among predator and recruit densities, habitat, and group metrics. Predator and recruit densities varied spatially and temporally, with a sixfold range in total recruit densities among years. Group (≥2 recruits) metrics varied with time and tracked predator and recruit densities and the proportion of schooling species. Groups often included heterospecifics whose proportion increased with group size. A non-saturating relationship between group size and recruit density suggests that the anti-predator benefits of aggregation exceeded competitive costs. Grouping behavior may have overarching importance for recruit survival–even at high recruit densities–and merits further study on Hawaiian reefs and elsewhere.
Correlation between ORange ® (Gen 1, pseudophakic) intraoperative refraction and 1-week postcataract surgery autorefraction

BACKGROUND This study aimed to find the strength of the correlation between ORange(®) (intraoperative wavefront aberrometer) objective refraction during pseudophakic cataract surgery (Gen 1) and 1-week objective autorefraction postcataract surgery in order to establish the clinical degree of confidence in the ORange. Gen 1 was used because Gen 2 was not available at the time of the study. However, Gen 1 can still be a good reference. METHODS Thirty-two consecutive eyes were included in this prospective nonrandomized study. ORange was used after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. There were no complications and no withdrawals from the study. The refraction data from the ORange were recorded in spherical equivalents and put into Excel. One week postoperatively, autorefraction was done and the data were again recorded in spherical equivalents and put into Excel. Both sets of data were then transferred to SPSS for a correlation study. Because ORange is an objective refractor, it is necessary to use another objective refractor, such as the Zeiss Autorefractor, for comparison. Measurement at 1 week postoperatively is for cornea clearance for autorefraction and is the closest time to intraoperative assessment for comparison. RESULTS The Pearson correlation was r = +0.56, P < 0.01, which qualifies for a moderate or good correlation (0.5-0.75). CONCLUSION Intraoperative refraction using the ORange Gen 1 after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation is moderate to good when correlated with objective autorefraction 1 week after cataract surgery.
Overload-state downlink resource allocation in LTE MAC layer

This paper presents a quality of service-aware resource scheduling algorithm targeted for downlink traffic in the UMTS Long-Term Evolution Medium Access Control layer with emphasis for support in an overload state. Specifically, multiple real-time traffic metrics including latency, loss, and queue depth are normalized and processed via an array of ranking functions and multiplexed into an aggregate rank. This aggregate rank is then used in a fractional knapsack scheduling implementation. Experiments with this scheduling mechanism show improved traffic processing intelligence over existing scheduling models, especially in overload states.
Probe of the Surface of a Heterogeneous Catalyst: Double NMR of Carbon Monoxide Chemisorbed on Highly Dispersed Platinum

The detailed NMR line of $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ atoms in the surface layer of small particles of Pt metal on which CO has been chemisorbed has been observed. The surface $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ are resolved from the $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ resonances of atoms deeper in the particle by spin-echo double resonance between $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$. The $^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ resonance position and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$-$^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ indirect spin coupling are found to be very similar to those in diamagnetic Pt-carbonyl molecules. The results show that CO bonds via the C atom and verify that concepts deduced from studies of large single crystals are valid for the small particles.
Separation of conjugated linoleic acid‐containing mono‐, di‐ and triacylglycerols by silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography

L'acide linoleique conjugue, present dans les produits laitiers et le boeuf, pssede chez l'animal des proprietes anticarcinogenes, antiatherogenes, antidiabetiques, favorisant la croissance et augmentant la masse musculaire. La chromatographie Ag + -HPLC est une technique appropriee pour separer des melanges simples d'isomeres de triacylglycerols (TAG) ou de TAG contenant des acides gras de diverses longueurs de chaine mais cette technique est peu appliquee pour l'analyse de melanges complexes de TAG. Deux a quatre colonnes en serie devraient suffire pour analyser les TAG d'oleagineux contenant des acides gras conjugues.
Effects of nitroglycerin and nifedipine on coronary and systemic hemodynamics during transient coronary artery occlusion

Nitroglycerin (NTG) and nifedipine (NIF) have the potential to augment coronary blood flow in addition to reducing peripheral determinants of myocardial oxygen demand as a synergistic protective mechanism during ischemia. To examine these effects, systemic and coronary hemodynamic responses were measured continuously before and during brief periods of myocardial ischemia induced by left anterior descending coronary balloon occlusion in 26 patients undergoing angioplasty (PTCA). Data were compared for two matched occlusion periods, one control and one "drug" occlusion. In 17 patients (NTG group), 200 micrograms of intracoronary NTG was given immediately before coronary occlusion. In nine patients (NIF group), 10 mg of sublingual NIF was given 15 minutes before the "drug" occlusion. NTG significantly but transiently reduced mean arterial pressure (91 +/- 11 to 82 +/- 15 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) and augmented basal coronary blood flow (95 +/- 38 to 127 +/- 54 ml/min, p less than 0.05) but did not alter great vein blood flow (59 +/- 29 vs 61 +/- 29 ml/min) or coronary occlusion pressure (25 +/- 7 to 24 +/- 7 mm Hg) during ischemia. NIF significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (119 +/- 21 to 95 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and heart rate-pressure product from control. NIF maintained basal great vein blood flow (125 +/- 41 to 106 +/- 57 ml/min) during reduced myocardial oxygen demand, but did not affect great vein blood flow (73 +/- 29 to 79 +/- 37 ml/min) or coronary occlusion pressures during ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isolation of 3-Hydroxy-β-ionol from Burley Tobacco

(1975). Isolation of 3-Hydroxy-β-ionol from Burley Tobacco. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 913-914.
An analysis of the localization of deformation and weight loss during single-particle normal impact

Localized lip formation and subsequent lip fracture is the dominant mechanism by which material is removed during the normal incidence of single spherical particles on ductile targets. A theoretical model which predicts the extent of lip formation as well as the weight loss during these single impact experiments is presented. The model postulates that the lip formation is the result of localization of deformation in the near-surface regions of the target and that the lip is removed either by inertial-stress-induced tensile fracture or by separation across adiabatic shear bands formed at the base of the lip. The single-impact data for copper, brass, thoria dispersed (TD) Nickel and nickel targets are shown to compare very well with the predictions of the model.
Cytochrome P450 aromatase in testis and epididymis of male rhesus monkeys.

To understand the role of estrogen in testicular and epididymal function of rhesus monkeys, we measured steroids in the spermatic and peripheral venus circulation and aromatase activity and its mRNA in testis and epididymis. Testosterone, estradiol-17β, and estrone, but not androstenedione, were elevated in the spermatic vein serum compared to the peripheral circulation. Aromatase activity in testis and in caput epididymis (259±16 [SEM] vs 274±47 fmol of 3H2O/mg of protein/h [n=10], respectively) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than in corpus and cauda (124±28 and 113±33 fmol of 3H2O/mg of protein/h [n=10], respectively). In the ribonuclease protection assay, two P450arom mRNA transcripts were identified in testis and epididymis. One corresponded with the aromatase full-length transcript and the other was a truncated isoform. The latter was significantly more abundant than the former (p<0.01). Our results demonstrate that the monkey testis and, to a lesser extent, the epididymis can aromatize androgens. However, in the epididymis, like in some areas of the brain, there was a discrepancy between the aromatase activity and the mRNA. The fact that P450arom mRNA and aromatase activity do not correlate in the epididymis may indicate that aromatase activity is not strictly regulated at the level of RNA expression and that other mechanisms for this regulation should be considered.
Household Equipment Research: Past Accomplishments, Challenges for the Future

Household equipment research has been conducted continuously, but at a rel atively low level, in a number of colleges and universities throughout the 75 year history of the American Home Economics Association. Researchers have re sponded to needs of families for information regarding new appliances or in novative features on appliances. Energy and consumer protection have been frequent topics in recent years. Titles of many studies prior to 1950 reflected concerns of engineers engaged in product development; those since 1950 are more reflective of the concerns of marketers. If household equipment research is to continue, researchers in the field must cooperatively address the interrelated problems of conceptualization, visibility, funding, and a “reactive” perspective.
Development and characterization of nanoporous carbon membranes for protein ultrafiltration

Abstract Nanoporous carbon ultrafiltration membranes could be very attractive for bioprocessing applications, but existing carbon membranes tend to have very low hydraulic permeability due to the large thickness of the carbon layer. We have developed a new method for producing nanoporous carbon membranes using a stainless steel support that has first been modified by slip-casting silica particles into the macropores of the support. The nanoporous carbon membrane is then formed by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol with polyethylene glycol used as the pore forming agent. The sub-micron-sized silica particles allow thin integral membranes to be formed after only two or three coats of the polyfurfuryl alcohol. Dextran sieving curves for the nanoporous carbon were similar to those of a commercial 100 kDa polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane, with a slightly broader pore size distribution. Performance characteristics for the nanoporous carbon were only slightly below those of commercial polymeric ultrafiltration membranes, but the nanoporous carbon was stable even after prolonged exposure to 3N NaOH. These results demonstrate that high performance nanoporous carbon ultrafiltration membranes can be made using silica-modified stainless steel supports.
A New Resonant Mode Amplifier Produces Clean AC Power

A new resonant mode power amplifier design is described which has a number of advantages over the power amplifiers available today. In particular, it has low or no EMI because of the nature of its operation. The new amplifier design is based upon a resonant mode dc-dc converter used in a push-pull configuration. All the advantages of the resonant mode power converters, such as high efficiency, small size and weight, excellent dynamic performance, low or no EMI (compared to PWM switch mode power converter), etc., are present in this new design.
Approximate predictive pivots and densities

SUMMARY This paper suggests two predictive likelihoods that can be applied in almost any parametric model setting. The first can sometimes be interpreted as an approximate predictive pivot (Barnard, 1986) while the second is often an approximation to a Bayesian predictive density with a flat prior. The issue of calibrating various predictive likelihoods in terms of long run predictive coverage is also discussed and a specific criterion by which these likelihoods can be compared is proposed.
New sunshine project and new trend of PV R&D program in Japan

Abstract The development and application of new energy resources seems to promise significant effects in tackling the problems of reassembling Japan's feeble energy supply structure and of the damages done to global environment by acid rain, carbon dioxide and its offspring known as greenhouse effect. Now, the development of new energy is promoted under the ‘New Sunshine Program” started in 1993, following “Sunshine Project” started in 1974. As a result of technical development and legislative supports, the introduction and dissemination of photovoltaic (PV) power generation has been promoted recently. To promote new energy introduction in Japan including PV power generation, a “Basic Guidelines for New Energy Introduction” was decided upon in a December 1994 Cabinet meeting. In the “Guidelines” a policy was formulated whereby the introductory targets for PV power generation were set at 400MW in 2000 and 4,600MW in 2010. The state, local public bodies, and the private sector are cooperatively to promote accelerated introduction. Since its founding in October 1980, NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) has, as the central organization in Japan for development of new energy including PV power generation, strived to meet this obligation, with assistance from various spheres. The thesis is outline of the “New Sunshine Program” and Japan's contribution in the technological development and dissemination of PV power generation being made on the initiative of NEDO.
Extended (5-year) Outcomes of Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Using MammoSite Balloon Brachytherapy: Patterns of Failure, Patient Selection, and Dosimetric Correlates for Late Toxicity

Purpose Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with balloon and catheter-based brachytherapy has gained increasing popularity in recent years and is the subject of ongoing phase III trials. Initial data suggest promising local control and cosmetic results in appropriately selected patients. Long-term data continue to evolve but are limited outside of the context of the American Society of Breast Surgeons Registry Trial. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of 157 patients completing APBI after breast-conserving surgery and axillary staging via high-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy from June 2002 to December 2007 was made. APBI was delivered with a single-lumen MammoSite balloon-based applicator to a median dose of 34 Gy in 10 fractions over a 5-day period. Tumor coverage and critical organ dosimetry were retrospectively collected on the basis of computed tomography completed for conformance and symmetry. Results At a median follow-up time of 5.5 years (range, 0-10.0 years), the 5-year and 7-year actuarial incidences of ipsilateral breast control were 98%/98%, of nodal control 99%/98%, and of distant control 99%/99%, respectively. The crude rate of ipsilateral breast recurrence was 2.5% (n=4); of nodal failure, 1.9% (n=3); and of distant failure, 0.6% (n=1). The 5-year and 7-year actuarial overall survival rates were 89%/86%, with breast cancer–specific survival of 100%/99%, respectively. Good to excellent cosmetic outcomes were achieved in 93.4% of patients. Telangiectasia developed in 27% of patients, with 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year actuarial incidence of 7%/24%/33%; skin dose >100% significantly predicted for the development of telangiectasia (50% vs 14%, P Conclusions Long-term single-institution outcomes suggest excellent tumor control, breast cosmesis, and minimal late toxicity. Skin toxicity is a function of skin dose, which may be ameliorated with dosimetric optimization afforded by newer multicatheter brachytherapy applicators and a more rigorous skin dose constraint of ≤100%.
Cys34 adducts of reactive oxygen species in human serum albumin.

Long-term exposures to reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been linked to scores of chronic diseases. This has motivated interest in oxidation products of the only free cysteine residue (Cys34) of human serum albumin (HSA) as possible biomarkers of ROS exposure. However, Cys34 oxidation products have not been detected in human serum or plasma. Using liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, we report accurate masses and molecular compositions of Cys34 oxidation products in the 2432 Da peptide resulting from tryptic digestion of HSA. Peptides containing the expected sulfinic (Cys-SO2H) and sulfonic (Cys-SO3H) acids, as well as an adduct representing addition of one oxygen atom and loss of two hydrogen atoms, were detected in four archived samples of human plasma and one fresh sample of human serum. We speculate that this latter adduct is a sulfinamide formed by intramolecular reaction between either the Cys34 sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH) or sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H) and the adjacent glutamin...
The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene family in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans: Isolation and characterization of one of the genes

Abstract The isolation and genomic sequence of one of possibly four glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans is presented. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding as well as the noncoding flanking regions of this gene has been determined. The deduced amino-acid sequence agrees with the sequence of typical glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes and its molecular weight of 36 235 agrees with its size determined previously (Yarbrough, P. and Hecht, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14711–14720). That this isolated gene encodes a nematode glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is additionally confirmed by demonstrating its immunoreactivity to an anti-nematode glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase antibody after its expression as a fusion protein with dihydrofolate reductase. Codon utilization follows a pattern typical of other expressed nematode genes. The gene is split by two introns that are highly conserved in comparison to other introns observed in C. elegans. The placement of one of these introns is conserved with respect to the chicken glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Within the 5′ flanking sequence homology to actin and the homology 2 block of the major myosin gene (unc-54) is noted. It is of interest that the 3′ flanking region contains a CAAAT box, followed by a TATAAT box, before an open reading frame of a closely linked gene that also contains a small AT-rich intron with the nematode consensus splice junction.
Document-level classification of CT pulmonary angiography reports based on an extension of the ConText algorithm

In this paper we describe an application called peFinder for document-level classification of CT pulmonary angiography reports. peFinder is based on a generalized version of the ConText algorithm, a simple text processing algorithm for identifying features in clinical report documents. peFinder was used to answer questions about the disease state (pulmonary emboli present or absent), the certainty state of the diagnosis (uncertainty present or absent), the temporal state of an identified pulmonary embolus (acute or chronic), and the technical quality state of the exam (diagnostic or not diagnostic). Gold standard answers for each question were determined from the consensus classifications of three human annotators. peFinder results were compared to naive Bayes' classifiers using unigrams and bigrams. The sensitivities (and positive predictive values) for peFinder were 0.98(0.83), 0.86(0.96), 0.94(0.93), and 0.60(0.90) for disease state, quality state, certainty state, and temporal state respectively, compared to 0.68(0.77), 0.67(0.87), 0.62(0.82), and 0.04(0.25) for the naive Bayes' classifier using unigrams, and 0.75(0.79), 0.52(0.69), 0.59(0.84), and 0.04(0.25) for the naive Bayes' classifier using bigrams.
Quantum tunneling of electrons through superlattices in metal-semiconductor ohmic contacts

Abstract Ohmic contacts of n+-GaAs using InAs/GaAs strained-layer superlattices are investigated. It is shown that quantum tunneling through superlattice conduction bands plays an essential role in the effective barrier lowering leading to extremely low contact resistance. An estimate based on the transfer matrix calculation of the tunneling coefficient for the specific contact resistance agrees well with reported experimental results. Numerical simulation also indicates that even smaller contact resistances can be obtained by optimizing structural parameters.
Remediation of college freshmen in punctuation

For several years Miami University has been endeavoring to help freshmen who are preparing for teaching to overcome deficiencies in background essentials. This article reports the procedures utilized and the results attained in a remedial project in punctuation. The remedial work was administered on an individual basis. The time devoted to the project varied from three to fifteen hours according to the needs of the students concerned. On the average, the time did not exceed seven hours per student. During the first week of the school-year 1929-30, the Guiler-Henry Preliminary Diagnostic Test in Punctuation was given to 349 freshmen, who were enrolled in the School of Education. This test was selected because of its diagnosticsurvey character. By means of the test it was possible both to discover the students who were weak in punctuation and to identify their individual difficulties. The test covers twenty-six uses of punctuation marks, each of which is measured two or more times. Each test item has a value of one point, and the highest possible score is 120 points. The particular uses of punctuation marks included in the test are given in Table II. The scores of the 349 freshmen tested in the preliminary survey are shown in Table I. TABLE I SCORzs or 349 CouLLGe FRSHMEN ON THE PaRrIMNARY PUNcTUATIN TEST
Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory

Do causal attributions serve the need to protect and / or enhance self-esteem? In a recent review, Miller and Ross (1975) proposed that there is evidence for self-serving effect in the attribution of success but not in the attribution of failure; and that this effect reflects biases in information-processing rather than self-esteem maintenance. The present review indicated that self-serving effects for both success and failure are obtained in most but not all experimental paradigms. Processes which may suppress or even reverse the self-serving effect were discussed. Most important, the examination of research in which self-serving effects are obtained suggested that these attributions are better understood in motivational than in information-processing terms.
Cellular and molecular toxicology of lead. II. Effect of lead on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase of cultured cells.

The effect of lead nitrate on δ‐ aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), the first and rate‐limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, was studied by using an established rat liver cell line (RLC‐GAI). Lead was shown to produce a time‐dependent increase in ALA synthetase activity, with a maximum after incubation of the cells for 24 h with 10‐5 M lead nitrate. The effect of lead was not liver‐specific in that increases in enzyme activity were produced in other tissue‐derived cell lines. Cycloheximide but not actinomycin D, cordycepin, or hydroxyurea, at concentrations that inhibit the synthesis of protein, RNA, and DNA, prevented the lead‐associated increase in ALA synthetase activity. Heme, added to the cells as hemin, also prevented the effect of lead. These results indicate that lead induced the synthesis of ALA synthetase secondary to an inhibition of the synthesis of heme.
Retention and biodistribution of microspheres injected into ischemic myocardium.

Intramyocardial injection of therapeutic agents may enhance heart repair after infarction. Incomplete retention of intramyocardial injections has been reported, but modes of loss are undefined. We determined the fate of neutron-activated microspheres injected into acutely ischemic rat myocardium using saline, Pluronic F127, or Matrigel as vehicle. Twenty minutes after injection in saline, 63% ± 12% of 10-μm microspheres was retained in the heart. Similar retention was observed after 6 days. Injection site leakage accounted for 14% ± 5% of the microspheres, whereas exit via coronary veins resulted in 11.2% ± 9.5% collecting in the lungs. Microspheres distribution to other organs was minimal. Retention of 40-μm microspheres was similar to that observed with the 10-μm microspheres. Pluronic F127 and Matrigel reduced immediate leakage to 4% ± 1% and 2% ± 1%, respectively. Surprisingly, microsphere retention in the heart was not improved at 20 min using either gelling vehicle, suggesting that leakage occurs over a prolonged period. Thus, most injected particles are retained in the ischemic rat heart following direct injection, but significant fractions are lost from the injection site and through coronary veins. Gelling agents reduced short-term leakage, but failed to enhance longer-term retention. Hydrogels with stiffer mechanical properties might enhance retention and reduce variability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Ultrasonically encoded photoacoustic flowgraphy in biological tissue.

Blood flow speed is an important functional parameter. Doppler ultrasound flowmetry lacks sufficient sensitivity to slow blood flow (several to tens of millimeters per second) in deep tissue. To address this challenge, we developed ultrasonically encoded photoacoustic flowgraphy combining ultrasonic thermal tagging with photoacoustic imaging. Focused ultrasound generates a confined heat source in acoustically absorptive fluid. Thermal waves propagate with the flow and are directly visualized in pseudo color using photoacoustic computed tomography. The Doppler shift is employed to calculate the flow speed. This method requires only acoustic and optical absorption, and thus is applicable to continuous fluid. A blood flow speed as low as 0.24 mm⋅s^(−1) was successfully measured. Deep blood flow imaging was experimentally demonstrated under 5-mm-thick chicken breast tissue.
A counterexample to Hilbert's Fourteenth Problem in dimension six

The kernel of a certain derivation of the polynomial ringk[6] is shown to be nonfinitely generated overk (a field of charactersitic zero), thus giving a new counterexample to Hilbert's Fourteenth Problem. As a corollary, we obtain a new proof for Roberts' well-known counterexample in dimension seven.
Recoverable creep deformation and transient local stress concentration due to heterogeneous grain-boundary diffusion and sliding in polycrystalline solids

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the influence of heterogeneity in grain-boundary diffusivity and sliding resistance on the creep response of a polycrystal. We model a polycrystal as a two-dimensional assembly of elastic grains, separated by sharp grain boundaries. The crystal deforms plastically by stress driven mass transport along the grain boundaries, together with grain-boundary sliding. Heterogeneity is idealized by assigning each grain boundary one of two possible values of diffusivity and sliding viscosity. We compute steady state and transient creep rates as functions of the diffusivity mismatch and relative fractions of grain boundaries with fast and slow diffusion. In addition, our results show that under transient conditions, flux divergences develop at the intersection between grain boundaries with fast and slow diffusivity, which generate high local stress concentrations. The stress concentrations develop at a rate determined by the fast diffusion coefficient, and subsequently relax at a rate determined by the slow diffusion coefficient. The influence of the mismatch in diffusion coefficient, loading conditions, and material properties on the magnitude of this stress concentration is investigated in detail using a simple model problem with a planar grain boundary. The strain energy associated with these stress concentrations also makes a small fraction of the plastic strain due to diffusion and sliding recoverable on unloading. We discuss the implications of these results for conventional polycrystalline solids at high temperatures and for nanostructured materials where grain-boundary diffusion becomes one of the primary inelastic deformation mechanisms even at room temperature.
Effects of leader‐member exchange on subordinates’ upward influence attempts

This research examined the extent to which subordinates’ perceptions of supervisory relationship quality affected how frequently they use different types of tactics in their self‐reported upward influence attempts. Based on their responses to the Leader‐Member Exchange Scale (1982), three hundred and thirty‐seven respondents from five different organizations were classified into an in‐group or out‐group supervisory relationship. As a part of a larger study, a typology of upward influence messages was created based on the extent to which: (1) the means employed to attempt influence are open or closed, and (2) the desired outcomes are openly expressed or left undisclosed. The resulting dependent variable consisted of three types of tactics: open persuasion, strategic persuasion and manipulation. MANOVA results indicated that in‐group subordinates used significantly more open persuasion and strategic persuasion, and significantly less manipulation in their upward influence attempts than did out‐group subordi...
Effects of notches on crack initiation in low-cycle fatigue

Abstract Analysis of low cycle fatique fracture surfaces by means of scanning electron microscopy yields quantitative information on crack initiation life. The procedure is based on crack growth information obtained from fatigue striation spacing measurements with the assumption that each striation is caused by one cycle. The procedure has been extended to quantify the effects on crack initiation life of circumferential notch geometries with theoretical stress concentration factors of 2, 3 and 4. The crack initiation measurements are used to determine the fatigue notch factor and the notch sensitivity and the implications of these results are discussed.
Analysis of the expression pattern of Ebp1, an ErbB-3-binding protein.

Abstract Ebp1, a member of the PA2G4 family, was isolated as an ErbB-3-binding protein in our laboratory using yeast two hybrid analysis. Although Ebp1 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed, little is known about either the expression of Ebp1 protein in vivo or its translation initiation site. Western blotting analysis of a wide range of cell lines and primary tissue indicated that in the majority of cases Ebp1 is expressed as a single protein which migrates at 48 kDa in SDS–polyacrylamide gels. We show using epitope-tagged expression constructs that the second, not the first, in-frame ATG is used for the initiation of translation of the endogenous protein, encoding a protein predicted to be 41.5 kDa. The molecular mass of endogenous Ebp1 protein derived from mouse liver and brain was determined by mass spectrometry and the data confirm that translation of endogenous Ebp1 in tissues is initiated from the second in-frame ATG.
Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta and matrix metalloproteinases by estrogen and prolactin in breast cancer cells.

Hormones, estrogen and prolactin, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) may modulate breast cancer progression. The goal of this research was to examine the regulation of expression of TGF-β and MMPs (MMP-1, 2, 9) by estrogen and prolactin, independently and in combination, at physiological doses, and at doses stimulating cancer cell (T47D) proliferation in vitro. Prolactin, and estrogen synergistically, and similarly, inhibited the expression of TGF-β and MMPs at physiological concentrations without altering cell proliferation, indicating a beneficial role of the hormones. The growth stimulating concentration of prolactin, but not estrogen, also inhibited the TGF-β and MMP expression.
Women's path into science and engineering majors: a structural equation model

The intent of this study was to investigate the adequacy of Weidman's (1985, 1989) theoretical undergraduate socialization model as an empirical-based causal model pertaining to women's career path choice into a science or engineering (SE) major via structural equation modeling. Data were obtained from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (1996–2001) from the U.S. Department of Education. Results indicate that Weidman's model was somewhat supported. Results from the evaluation of the causal model suggest that women's path into an SE major was influenced by both collegiate and non-collegiate factors, with 1st-year college grades and high school math grades being the dominant indirect influences.
Operator Linear-Fractional Relations: Main Properties and Applications

The existence of a global solution for a 2-dimensional discrete equation of kinetics, the expansion with respect of smoothness is obtained, and the effect of progressing waves generated by the operator of interaction is investigated.
Simultaneous detection of multiple biological targets using optimized microfluidic microsphere-trap arrays

We propose an analytical framework to build a microfluidic microsphere-trap array device that enables simultaneous, efficient, and accurate screening of multiple biological targets in a single microfluidic channel. By optimizing the traps’ geometric parameters, the trap arrays in the channel of the device can immobilize microspheres of different sizes at different regions, obeying hydrodynamically engineered trapping mechanism. Different biomolecules can be captured by the ligands on the surfaces of microspheres of different sizes. They are thus detected according to the microspheres’ positions (position encoding), which simplifies screening and avoids target identification errors. To demonstrate the proposition, we build a device for simultaneous detection of two target types by trapping microspheres of two sizes. We evaluate the device performance using finite element fluidic dynamics simulations and microsphere-trapping experiments. These results validate that the device efficiently achieves position encoding of the two-sized microspheres with few fluidic errors, providing the promise to utilize our framework to build devices for simultaneous detection of more targets. We also envision utilizing the device to separate, sort, or enumerate cells, such as circulating tumor cells and blood cells, based on cell size and deformability. Therefore, the device is promising to become a cost-effective and point-of-care miniaturized disease diagnostic tool.
Background Considerations in Infrared System Design

The problem of locating a radiant target against a cluttered background is discussed. The form of sky clutter and its representation are considered in a limited way, and two criteria for recognizing a radiant source against a background are put forward.
Measuring intracavity phase changes by use of double pulses in a linear cavity.

We report the use of a mode-locked linear-cavity Ti:sapphire laser as a sensitive phasemeter. We were able to generate two pulses in the cavity by placing an absorbing-dye jet in the middle of the cavity. A voltage applied to an intracavity LiNbO3 crystal modified the phase velocity for one of the two pulses at each of its passes. We could then measure accurately the change in optical cavity length by observing a beat frequency between the two pulses. We measured the ratio of the r33 to r13 electro-optic coefficients in LiNbO3 to be 3.57±0.1, in close agreement with the accepted value of 3.62.
The Utility of Male Domestic Violence Offender Typologies New Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice

The development of empirically based behavioral and psychological typologies provides clear evidence that offenders vary across types. A review and synthesis of the literature reveals three types of batterers common across current typology research-a low, moderate, and high-risk offender. Examination of these types demonstrates that most male offenders do not escalate over time from low to high levels of risk. This observation refutes previous claims regarding a common consensus among researchers that battering escalates in frequency and intensity over time. There are particular characteristics specific to each type that establish thresholds distinct to each classification. Thus, it is unlikely that an offender will move from one type to another. Interventions targeted to address the needs of subsamples of offenders can lead to more effectively protecting those most at risk for future violence. Addressing the issue of woman battering through the prism of typologies has significant implications for research, policy, and practice.
INTEGRATING THE UNOFFICIAL ECONOMY INTO THE DYNAMICS OF POST-SOCIALIST ECONOMIES: A FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS AND EVIDENCE

The growth of the unofficial economy in the post-socialist economies of much of Eurasia suggests that economic reform should be accelerated - that even bolder stabilization, liberalization, and privatization efforts are called for. Incorporating the unofficial economy into the overall analysis also leads to different implications for tax policy and social protection. Kaufmann and Kaliberda challenge the conventional view of how post-socialist economies function by incorporating the unofficial economy into an analysis of the full economy. Then they advance a simple framework for understanding the evolution of the unofficial economy, and the links between both economies, highlighting the main characteristics of unofficialdom, contrasting conventional notions of informal or shadow economies, and focusing on what determines the decision to cross over from one segment of the economy to the other. The empirical evidence, based on both microsurveys and top-down (macro-electricity consumption) comparative country methodology, suggests the usefulness of the framework. Integrating the unofficial economy into the analysis of the whole economy sheds a different light on interpretations of national income, of sectoral trends (such as trade, services, and exports), and of labor markets and household patterns, often leading to a different interpretation. Over a third of economic activity in the former Soviet countries was estimated to occur in the unofficial economy by the mid-1990s; in Central and Eastern Europe, the average is close to one-quarter. Intra-regional variations are great: in some countries 10 to 15 percent of economic activity is unofficial, and in some more than half of it. The growth of unofficial activity in most post-socialist countries, and its mitigating effect on the decline in official output during the early stages of the transition, have been marked. The initial empirical results seem to support hypothetical explanations of what determines the dynamics of the unofficial economy. Kaufmann and Kaliberda emphasize the speedy liberalization of markets, macro stability, and a stable and moderate tax regime. Although widespread, most unofficialdom in the region is found to be relatively shallow - subject to reversal by appropriate economic policies. The framework and evidence presented have implications for measurement, forecasting, and policymaking - calling for even faster liberalization and privatization than already advocated. And the lessons in social protection and taxation policy differ from conventional advice. This paper - a product of Country Department IV, Europe and Central Asia -was presented as a draft at the Odessa conference on Economic Transition in the Newly Independent States, August 1995, and will be published in Economic Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, edited by B. Kaminsky (M. E. Sharpe, 1996).
Sum Frequency Generation Imaging of Microcontact-Printed Monolayers Derived from Aliphatic Dithiocarboxylic Acids: Contrast Based on Terminal-Group Orientation

The results of imaging μCP printed monolayers using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy are presented, where the image contrast is based on the orientation of the terminal methyl groups. The printed regions contain thiols with 16 carbon atoms (even), and the backfilled regions contain 17 carbon atoms (odd). In the odd/even effect, the terminal group alternates its orientation as the number methylene group changes from even to odd. On the basis of this result, SFG imaging microscopy (SFGIM) is used to image the C16 and C17 regions where the difference is based on the orientation of the terminal methyl group. Furthermore, we compared the patterns formed by C16/C17 n-alkanethiols and C16/C17 aliphatic dithiocarboxylic acids. We find that the dithiocarboxylic acids form much-better patterns where the degree of mixing between the stamped and backfilled regions is reduced compared to the n-alkanethiols. Furthermore, this results shows that SFGIM is a useful technique to visualize monolayers based ...
Molecular Mechanism of Drug-Dependent Ribosome Stalling

Inducible expression of the erm erythromycin resistance genes relies on drug-dependent ribosome stalling. The molecular mechanisms underlying stalling are unknown. We used a cell-free translation system to elucidate the contribution of the nascent peptide, the drug, and the ribosome toward formation of the stalled complex during translation of the ermC leader cistron. Toe-printing mapping, selective amino acid labeling, and mutational analyses revealed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) as the focal point of the stalling mechanism. In the ribosome exit tunnel, the C-terminal sequence of the nascent peptide, critical for stalling, is in the immediate vicinity of the universally conserved A2062 of 23S rRNA. Mutations of this nucleotide eliminate stalling. Because A2062 is located in the tunnel, it may trigger a conformational change in the PTC, responding to the presence of a specific nascent peptide. The cladinose-containing macrolide antibiotic in the tunnel positions the nascent peptide for interaction with the tunnel sensory elements.
Annealing effects on depletion voltage and capacitance of Float Zone and Magnetic Czochralski silicon diodes after 800 MeV proton exposure

A review of the depletion voltage obtained from capacitance measurements after irradiation and annealing is presented for four types of silicon (Si) diodes: n- and p-type Float Zone (Fz) and Magnetic Czochralski (MCz) silicon. The samples were irradiated with 800 MeV protons to fluences reaching 1.1×1015 n eq /cm2 and then annealed in several time steps at 60 °C.