cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protozoal Double-Stranded RNA Virus That Infects the Enteric Pathogen Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia virus (GLV) is a small, nonenveloped, nonsegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus infecting Giardia lamblia, the most common protozoan pathogen of the human intestine and a major agent of waterborne diarrheal disease worldwide. GLV (genus Giardiavirus) is a member of family Totiviridae, along with several other groups of protozoal or fungal viruses, including Leishmania RNA viruses and Trichomonas vaginalis viruses. Interestingly, GLV is more closely related than other Totiviridae members to a group of recently discovered metazoan viruses that includes penaeid shrimp infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Moreover, GLV is the only known protozoal dsRNA virus that can transmit efficiently by extracellular means, also like IMNV. In this study, we used transmission electron cryomicroscopy and icosahedral image reconstruction to examine the GLV virion at an estimated resolution of 6.0 Å. Its outermost diameter is 485 Å, making it the largest totivirus capsid analyzed to date. Structural comparisons of GLV and other totiviruses highlighted a related “T=2” capsid organization and a conserved helix-rich fold in the capsid subunits. In agreement with its unique capacity as a protozoal dsRNA virus to survive and transmit through extracellular environments, GLV was found to be more thermoresistant than Trichomonas vaginalis virus 1, but no specific protein machinery to mediate cell entry, such as the fiber complexes in IMNV, could be localized. These and other structural and biochemical findings provide a basis for future work to dissect the cell entry mechanism of GLV into a “primitive” (early-branching) eukaryotic host and an important enteric pathogen of humans. IMPORTANCE Numerous pathogenic bacteria, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella enterica, and Vibrio cholerae, are infected with lysogenic bacteriophages that contribute significantly to bacterial virulence. In line with this phenomenon, several pathogenic protozoa, including Giardia lamblia, Leishmania species, and Trichomonas vaginalis are persistently infected with dsRNA viruses, and growing evidence indicates that at least some of these protozoal viruses can likewise enhance the pathogenicity of their hosts. Understanding of these protozoal viruses, however, lags far behind that of many bacteriophages. Here, we investigated the dsRNA virus that infects the widespread enteric parasite Giardia lamblia. Using electron cryomicroscopy and icosahedral image reconstruction, we determined the virion structure of Giardia lamblia virus, obtaining new information relating to its assembly, stability, functions in cell entry and transcription, and similarities and differences with other dsRNA viruses. The results of our study set the stage for further mechanistic work on the roles of these viruses in protozoal virulence.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide (Librium®) on fixated behaviour in rats

Abstract 1. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium ® ) was studied in rats, with regard to quantitative parameters of fixated behaviour, as well as with respect to discriminative learning and the learning of a new cue. 2. The major effect of chlordiazepoxide is the marked reduction of decision time of rats. This includes fixated rats and rats in two learning experiments. It occurs in spite of the obvious depressant and sedative effect of chlordiazepoxide on rat behaviour and is a function of the dosage of the drug. The decrease of the decision time is not associated with any increase of errors in learned responses. 3. The decrease of the decision time persists for some time after the drug withdrawal. 4. The effect of chlordiazepoxide on decision time is opposite to that of chlorpromazine, reserpine and phenobarbital, previously studied. It also, surprisingly, differs from that of another spinal depressant, meprobamate, and of certain stimulating agents. 5. Chlordiazepoxide prevented development of fixation in some rats but this does not seem to be a consistent finding. It seems to prevent fixation by favouring a trial and error learnng process.
A cohesive model based fragmentation analysis: effects of strain rate and initial defects distribution

A one-dimensional fragmentation analysis that incorporates elastic wave propagation and a cohesive failure process is presented. An irreversible cohesive law models the internal crack nucleation and opening process, and the elastodynamic states of the intact material are calculated using the method of characteristics. Both the average fragment size and the fragment size distribution are obtained. The fragmentation of a model ceramic system is simulated over a wide range of strain rates, and the calculated results are compared to existing theoretical, numerical and experimental results. In the high strain-rate regime, the calculated average fragment size is smaller than that predicted by energy models, but at quasistatic rates the calculated average size is larger than that estimated by such models. The intrinsic mechanisms leading to these deviations are discussed. The fragment size distributions exhibit similarity under all strain-rate range. The effect of the distribution of internal defects on the fragmentation and fragment size distribution is also investigated using this methodology.
Development of polymer blend morphology during compounding in a twin-screw extruder. Part I: Droplet dispersion and coalescence—a review

The theoretical and experimental data on the breakup of droplets are reviewed. Several factors influence development of droplets: flow type and its intensity, viscosity ratio, elasticity of polymers, composition, thermodynamic interactions, time, etc. For Newtonian systems undergoing small, linear deformation, both the viscosity ratio and the capillary number control deformability of drops. On the other hand, the breakup process can be described by the dimensionless breakup time and the critical capillary number. Drops are more efficiently broken in elongational flow than in shear, especially when the viscosity ratio λ≥3
Global warming at the poles

Natural climate variability and limited observational records have made identifying human-influenced climate change at the poles difficult. But a human signature is now emerging in rising Arctic and Antarctic temperatures.
On the geographic distribution of auroral absorption

Abstract A study of the results of a recent coordinated analysis of riometer data taken during 60 “substorm events” in IQSY (1964–1965) and IASY (1969) leads to the conclusion that auroral absorption is distributed nonuniformly in longitude, thereby lending support to earlier results based on a study of ƒ/ min . It is suggested that this nonuniform distribution must be considered if valid inferences are to be drawn about the large scale temporal and spatial distribution of energetic particle precipitation.
Trails of OH emissions from small comets near Earth

The results are reported for a successful search for the OH emissions associated with an influx of small comets into Earth's upper atmosphere with a camera on board the Polar spacecraft. The spatial distributions of the OH emissions are characterized by a bright core of intensities at or less than the spatial resolution of the camera which is surrounded by a larger dim region of luminosities. The Earth's shadow is employed in order to obtain a coarse determination of the altitudes of these OH trails, i.e., an altitude range < 3000 km.
On the spectrum of a stretched spiral vortex

Corrections are found to the k^–5/3 spectrum of Lundgren [Phys. Fluids 25, 2193 (1982)] for a stretched spiral vortex model (a is the stretching strain rate and k the scalar wave number) of turbulent fine scales. These take the form of additional terms arising from the early time evolution, when the stretching of vortex lines is small. For the special case when the spiral takes the form of a rolled-up shear layer, it is shown that the composite spectrum is divergent, thus requiring the introduction of a finite early cutoff time tau1 in the time integral for the nonaxisymmetric contribution. The identity nuomega2 = 2nu[integral] 0 [infinity] k^2E(k)dk which gives the dissipation is then satisfied self-consistently. Direct numerical calculation of the energy spectrum from the approximate vorticity field for a special choice of spiral structure nevertheless indicates that the one-term k^–5/3-spectrum result is asymptotically valid in the inertial range provided atau1 is O(1) but that the numerically calculated dissipation spectrum appears to lie somewhere between an exp(–B1k2) and an exp(–B2k) form. It is also shown that the stretched, rolled-up shear-layer model predicts asymptotic shell-summed spectra of the energy dissipation and of the square of the vorticity, each asymptotically constant, with no power-law dependence, for k smaller than the Kolmogorov wave number.The corresponding one-dimensional spectra each show –log(k1) behavior for small k1. The extension of the model given by Pullin and Saffman [Phys. Fluids A 5, 126 (1993)] is reformulated by the introduction of a long-time cutoff in the vortex lifetime and an additional requirement that the vortex structures be approximately space filling. This gives a reduction in the number of model free-parameters but introduces a dependence of the calculated Kolmogorov constant and skewness on the ratio of the initial vortex radius to the equivalent Burgers-vortex radius. A scaling for this ratio in terms of the Taylor microscale Reynolds number is proposed in which the stretching strain is assumed to be provided by the large scales with spatial coherence limited to the maximum stretched length of the structures. Postdictions of the fourth-order flatness factor and of higher moments of the longitudinal velocity gradient statistics are compared with numerical simulation.
The Application of Control Theory to the Automation of I.C. Manufacturing: Progress and Problems

This paper provides an overview of process control in integrated circuit manufacturing. Manufacturing process control has been implemented as part of a computer-integrated manufacturing system. The disciplines of systems engineering, software engineering, and operations research have made major impacts on the automation effort. Control problems involved in the automation of semiconductor manufacturing will be described. The relevance of control theory to these problems will be evaluated, in particular the role of stochastic control.
Palmitate induced mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid damage and apoptosis in l6 rat skeletal muscle cells.

A major characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. A growing body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress that results from increased production of reactive oxygen species and/or reactive nitrogen species leads to insulin resistance, tissue damage, and other complications observed in T2DM. It has been suggested that muscular free fatty acid accumulation might be responsible for the mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance seen in T2DM, although the mechanisms by which increased levels of free fatty acid lead to insulin resistance are not well understood. To help resolve this situation, we report that saturated fatty acid palmitate stimulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and the production of reactive oxygen species and NO in L6 myotubes. Additionally, palmitate caused a significant dose-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and a subsequent decrease in L6 myotube viability and ATP levels at concentratio...
Paroxysmal Fibrillation Within an Isolated Pulmonary Vein

A 45-year-old man with idiopathic, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent a pulmonary vein isolation catheter procedure. A decapolar ring catheter (Lasso) and a conventional 4-mm tip quadripolar ablation catheter were positioned in the proximal left superior pulmonary vein. A spontaneous episode of atrial fibrillation was triggered by a pulmonary vein depolarization recorded by electrodes 7 to 8 of the Lasso catheter (Figure 1). Four applications of radiofrequency energy at the ostium of the vein resulted in conversion to sinus rhythm, …
Statin Inhibits IKs Internalization in Response to Prolonged Stress Stimulus

Statins are among the most commonly prescribed drug classes, and their use is expected to increase due to recent changes in therapy guidelines. Although statins have been suggested to shorten QT interval in heart failure patients, the effect of this drug class on cardiac electrophysiology has been incompletely studied. Here we study the effect of statins on one of the major repolarizing currents in the heart, IKs. We show that in response to a known stress stimulus (sustained alpha-AR stimulation), IKs undergoes clathrin-dependent internalization. Statin treatment inhibits this internalization. Our results suggest that statin regulates IKs internalization by inhibiting activation of Rab5, a GTPase involved in endocytic pathway regulation. We observe no significant effect of statin treatment on unstimulated IKs function and acute receptor regulation. Our results suggest that statins may prevent pathological QT prolongation in heart failure patients by inhibiting pathological remodeling and IKs internalization, while maintaining physiological trafficking and function of the channel.
A Review of Alcoholics Anonymous/ Narcotics Anonymous Programs for Teens

The investigation of the applicability of Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous (AA/NA) for teens has only been a subject of empirical research investigation since the early 1990s. In the present review, the author describes teen involvement in AA/NA programming, provides an exhaustive review of the outcomes of 19 studies that used an AA/NA model as part of their formal teen substance abuse treatment programs, and provides data on the effects of AA/NA attendance on abstinence at follow-up, on which youth tend to become involved in AA/NA, and on mediation of the benefits of AA/NA participation. In addition, the author suggests the reasons for somewhat limited participation by teens in more informal, community-based 12-step meetings, and makes suggestions for maximizing participation at meetings in the community. The author concludes that AA/ NA participation is a valuable modality of substance abuse treatment for teens and that much can be done to increase teen participation, though more research is needed.
Tumorigenesis of rat mammary epithelial cells by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in an in vitro system: characterization of the microtumors.

Chemical carcinogenesis is a lengthy process that involves the rather loosely defined stages of initiation, promotion, and progression. Several model systems of mammary carcinogenesis have been designed to elucidate the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Most of these systems have included animal models. While organ specific chemical carcinogenesis can be initiated in these systems, the subsequent stages of promotion and progression are difficult to study in detail. Investigations onin vitro carcinogenesis have shown transformation of mammalian cells in culture; the transformational event, however, is difficult to discern within the monolayer culture. We have recently reported the development of anin vitro carcinogenesis system that allows both the initiation as well as the progression of mammary cells in a collagen gel matrix culture system. The cells transformed by a chemical carcinogen develop into discernible microtumors with the three dimensions of a collagen gel culture. Isolation of these microtumors from the collagen gel an subsequent culture in monolayer has produced cells capable of colony formation in soft agar. The present study further characterizes these microtumors originatedin vitro by analysis of cell growth kinetics versus parallel control cells. In addition, flow cytometric and cytogenetic studies have been performed to investigate the chromosomal stability of these cells. It was also observed that the microtumors, producedin vitro from mammary epithelial cells of an inbred strain of rats, show the ability to form tumors upon transplantation into the fat pad of syngeneic hosts.
How trade/GNP ratio decreases with country size

Abstract The ratio of a country's foreign trade (i.e., exports plus imports) to its GNP has a known tendency to decrease with country size. Previous studies have used a single year's data; but trade fluctuates greatly from year to year. This paper makes available a compilation of 1953–1972 export/GNP and import/GNP figures for 110 countries. The average import/GNP figure is found to correlate strongly with population size; the simple expression, Imports/GNP = 40 P −1 3 , applies, within a factor of 2, in 94% of cases. No correlation with development level can be seen. The United States data throughout its history (1799–1972) follow the same inverse cube root pattern, but with a constant of 20 instead of 40. Correlation is much poorer in the case of export/GNP ration. Export and import figures are only marginally correlated to each other.
Immunization of mice with stable, acapsular, yeastlike mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans

Immune responses, including lymphocyte transformation and protection, were evaluated in a new model of experimental murine cryptococcosis. Newly developed, genetically stable, acapsular mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans were used to immunize C3H/HeN mice. Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of immunization without adjuvant were studied. Spleen cells and pooled popliteal and inguinal lymph node cells responded significantly to heat-killed, whole-cell C. neoformans antigen but not to Candida albicans antigen in lymphocyte transformation assays. No significant difference in lymphocyte transformation response to antigens was observed between intraperitoneally and subcutaneously immunized animals. Mean survival time of immunized mice was extended significantly in comparison to controls following intravenous challenge with virulent C. neoformans. Degree of protection was independent of route of immunization but dependent upon the magnitude of the challenge inoculum. This model should prove valuable in the study of immunoregulation of cryptococcosis and vaccine development.
Effect of measuring volume length on two-component laser velocimeter measurements in a turbulent boundary layer

The effects of finite measuring volume length on laser velocimetry measurements of turbulent boundary layers were studied. Four different effective measuring volume lengths, ranging in spanwise extent from 7 to 44 viscous units, were used in a low Reynolds number (Reθ=1440) turbulent boundary layer with high data density. Reynolds shear stress profiles in the near-wall region show that 〈u v〉 strongly depends on the measuring volume length; at a given y-position, 〈u v〉 decreases with increasing measuring volume length. This dependence was attributed to simultaneous validations on the U and V channels of Doppler bursts coming from different particles within the measuring volume. Moments of the streamwise velocity showed a slight dependence on measuring volume length, indicating that spatial averaging effects well known for hot-films and hot-wires can occur in laser velocimetry measurements when the data density is high.
Response properties of pigeon otolith afferents to linear acceleration

In the present study, the sensitivity to sinusoidal linear accelerations in the plane of the utricular macula was tested in afferents. The head orientation relative to the translation axis was varied in order to determine the head position that elicited the maximal and minimal responses for each afferent. The response gain and phase values obtained to 0.5-Hz and 2-Hz linear acceleration stimuli were then plotted as a function of head orientation and a modified cosine function was fit to the data. From the best-fit cosine function, the predicted head orientations that would produce the maximal and minimal response gains were estimated. The estimated maximum response gains to linear acceleration in the utricular plane for the afferents varied between 75 and 1420 spikes s-1 g-1. The mean maximal gains for all afferents to 0.5-Hz and 2-Hz sinusoidal linear acceleration stimuli were 282 and 367 spikes s-1 g-1, respectively. The minimal response gains were essentially zero for most units. The response phases always led linear acceleration and remained constant for each afferent, regardless of head orientation. These response characteristics indicate that otolith afferents are cosine tuned and behave as one-dimensional linear accelerometers. The directions of maximal sensitivity to linear acceleration for the afferents varied throughout the plane of the utricle; however, most vectors were directed out of the opposite ear near the interaural axis. The response dynamics of the afferents were tested using stimulus frequencies ranging between 0.25 Hz and 10 Hz (0.1 g peak acceleration). Across stimulus frequencies, most afferents had increasing gains and constant phase values. These dynamic properties for individual afferents were fit with a simple transfer function that included three parameters: a mechanical time constant, a gain constant, and a fractional order distributed adaptation operator.
Proust as Translator of Ruskin

This article deals with the committment of Proust to Ruskin as the moral authority of his time and, consequently, as a main influence on his own original work through the apprenticeship of translation. It examines these renderings (La Bible d’Amiens and Sesame et les lys) as transformations of allegory into symbol, foreshadowing his early Du cote de chez Swann and his final Le temps retrouve) with the conclusion that Proust managed to realize the unity of abstract and concrete. Allegory, a Proustian “rhetorical trope” on the Cathedral of Amiens (according to De Man) and the Victorian public building, is such an abstraction opposite the concreteness and privacy of symbolism, the reality behind the trope as realized behind the styles of both Ruskin and Proust.
Technology policy as a stealth agent of global change

Drawing upon a year of ethnographic research with the Los Angeles public school system, this article follows the translation and negotiation of several key technology grants and their policies. It argues that as a global trend, myths of technological neutrality and transparency merely cloud the panoply of negotiations taking place in public organizations, subsequently removing those decisions from public participation or scrutiny. Technology policy thereby becomes a stealth agent of global change, which, ironically in this case, reinforces Fordist rigidities in technological realms that are typically viewed as supporting post‐Fordist flexibilities. Only by engaging with technology policy in all its complexity, the article concludes, can public institutions hope to achieve democratic participation and outcomes.
The Interface Crack

It is known that oscillatory singularities appear in problems involving interface cracks that are assumed to have open tips. An unsatisfacory aspect of the oscillatory singularities is that they lead to overlapping of the crack faces. The interface crack in a tension field, originially treated by England among others, is thus reconsidered on the basis that the crack is not completely open and that its faces are in frictionless contact near the tips. The formulation leads to a pair of coupled singular integral equations. The singularities, no longer oscillatory, exhibit some unusual features and indicate that the spreading of the interface crack in a tension field is intimately connected with failure in shear. A new stress-intensity factor is obtained and compared to the stress-intensity factors for the completely open crack. /Author/
Limites techniques des dispositifs carotidiens de protection embolique

L'amelioration des resultats du stenting de l'artere carotide (SAC) sont attribues au developpement des dispositifs de protection embolique (DPE). Les resultats et les echecs techniques de deux types de DPE ont ete rapportes : ballonnets d'occlusion distale et filtration distale. Nous presentons une revue retrospective de 206 procedures de SAC realisees d'avril 2001a septembre 2005. Des filtres (AccuNet, Angioguard, Filterwire, ou Emboshield) ont ete utilises dans 98 cas (48%), un ballonnet d'occlusion distale (PercuSurge) dans 94 (46%), et aucune protection dans 14. Les donnees incluent la demographie et les compte rendus des procedures. L'âge moyen etait de 70 ans (76 d'hommes , 24% de femmes). A 30 jours, il n'y avait aucune mort, aucun infarctus du myocarde, deux accident vasculaires homolateraux graves (1%), deux accidents vasculaires posterieurs mineurs (1%), quatre accidents ischemiques transitoires (2%), et une complication grave au niveau de l'acces vasculaire (0.5%). Les evenements neurologiques majeurs etaient egalement repartis entre les ballonnets d'occlusion et les filtres. Le temps moyen d'occlusion par ballonnet etait de 12 minutes, avec deux patients seulement presentant une intolerance neurologique reversible pendant le clampage endovasculaire. Dans les 100 derniers cas, les filtres etaient preferentiellement utilises pour conserver un flux anterograde. Cependant, dans 11 de ces 100 cas (11%) le recours peroperatoire a un ballonnet d'occlusion a ete rendu necessaire en raison de la tortuosite extreme ou d'une stenose serree de la lesion cible empechant le passage du dispositif de filtrage. L'equipement dedie au SAC a ameliore les resultats des procedures. En depit des avantages theoriques des DPE filtrants, 10% des lesions sont trop serrees ou tortueuses pour permettre le passage sur du dispositif filtrant. Le changement pour un systeme d'occlusion distale par ballonnet, qui est bien tolere, peut etre prefere a une predilatation non protegee. Les adeptes du SAC devraient etre familiers avec les deux types de dispositifs.
Visibility Management and the School Psychologist

Visibility management (VM) refers to a process by which individuals regulate the degree to which they disclose traits or characteristics that would otherwise be inconspicuous. This article defines VM, discusses the importance of VM for the school psychologist, reviews applications of VM in school settings, provides two case studies, considers ethical/legal issues and makes recommendations for future research. As child advocates, school psychologists are encouraged to consider how VM interfaces with the role of promoting the psychological well being of children.
Catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in metamorphosing larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae Bergh (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia).

The content of catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, norepinephrine and dopamine were identified in larvae of all ages examined (5 through 12 days post-fertilization). Dihydroxyphenylalanine could be accurately quantified only in larvae of ages 8 through 12 days, when its average concentration increased from 0.62 to 6.71 × 10−2 pmol μg protein−1. Between ages 5 and 12 days dopamine rose from 0.081 to 0.616 pmol μg protein−1, and norepinephrine from 0.45 to 2.17 × 10−2 pmol μg protein−1. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine and norepinephrine were also measured at different stages of metamorphic progress in 10- to 12-day larvae. Dihydroxyphenylalanine increased by a factor of 2.4 between the onset and completion of metamorphosis, but levels of dopamine and norepinephrine remained stable. One millimolar alpha-methyl-dl-m-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, inhibited natural metamorphosis and depleted endogenous norepinephrine and especially dopamine, respectively, to 75% and 35% of control values. The existence of unexpectedly high levels of catecholamines in metamorphically competent larvae, and the association of catecholamine depletion with inhibition of metamorphosis, indicate that these compounds may participate in the control of gastropod development.
A parametric approach to numerical modeling of TKR contact forces

In vivo knee contact forces are difficult to determine using numerical methods because there are more unknown forces than equilibrium equations available. We developed parametric methods for computing contact forces across the knee joint during the stance phase of level walking. Three-dimensional contact forces were calculated at two points of contact between the tibia and the femur, one on the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau, and one on the medial side. Muscle activations were parametrically varied over their physiologic range resulting in a solution space of contact forces. The obtained solution space was reasonably small and the resulting force pattern compared well to a previous model from the literature for kinematics and external kinetics from the same patient. Peak forces of the parametric model and the previous model were similar for the first half of the stance phase, but differed for the second half. The previous model did not take into account the transverse external moment about the knee and could not calculate muscle activation levels. Ultimately, the parametric model will result in more accurate contact force inputs for total knee simulators, as current inputs are not generally based on kinematics and kinetics inputs from TKR patients.
Growth characteristics of hemadsorption virus type 1 (myxovirus parainfluenza 3) in tissue culture.

Abstract A type 1 hemadsorption virus infection of FL cells initiated the formation of giant cells which were first seen microscopically at 6 hours in tube cultures and at 12 hours in petri plates. New virus first appeared at 6 hours. Plaques could be detected microscopically at 12 hours by giant cell formation and by hemadsorption, and by 24–48 hours plaques were visualized macroscopically by hemadsorption and by necrosis. The half-life of the virus in tissue culture medium at 37° C was 1 hour.
Uneven Development Redux

I am very grateful to all of the contributors to this symposium – Emily Eaton; Julie Guthman; Nik Heynen, Peter Hossler and Andrew Herod; and Mazen Labban – for their generosity, not just in taking time to pass comment on Uneven Development (UD) but to do so with such critical magnanimity. I will resist the temptation to respond to most of the points but let me begin with a couple of engagements addressed directly to the comments, before taking a wider view. This article briefly picks up on several comments made in this exchange concerning the book Uneven Development, then raises several issues that emerge from the original arguments and extend the theory in light of empirical shifts over the last quarter of a century.
Angular Dependent Studies in Liquid Crystals Involving Permeability and Dielectric Anisotropies

Abstract This work shows that angular dependent studies are possible in liquid crystals of the nematic type when good measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and dielectric anisotropies or ratios of these quantities are available. It also attempts to help clear up some of the uncertainties in the literature regarding magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant measurements.
Mathematical models for predicting chemical vapor emissions from landfills

Abstract Mathematical models are described for estimating steady-state chemical vapor emissions from landfills. The various vapor-transport mechanisms that give rise to the chemical flux rates through soil cover layers are reviewed. Four different vapor-transport models are described and comparisons made between them by simulating results on benzene and Aroclor 1248 volatilization from a landfill cover. Specific recommendations are made as to the use of algorithms and procedures for computing vapor emissions from sources beneath the ground. The limitations of the models are also discussed.
Hierarchical self-assembly of complex polyhedral microcontainers.

The concept of self-assembly of a two-dimensional (2D) template to a three-dimensional (3D) structure has been suggested as a strategy to enable highly parallel fabrication of complex, patterned microstructures. We have previously studied the surface-tension-based self-assembly of patterned, microscale polyhedral containers (cubes, square pyramids and tetrahedral frusta). In this paper, we describe the observed hierarchical self-assembly of more complex, patterned polyhedral containers in the form of regular dodecahedra and octahedra. The hierarchical design methodology, combined with the use of self-correction mechanisms, was found to greatly reduce the propagation of self-assembly error that occurs in these more complex systems. It is a highly effective way to mass-produce patterned, complex 3D structures on the microscale and could also facilitate encapsulation of cargo in a parallel and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the behavior that we have observed may be useful in the assembly of complex systems with large numbers of components.
S.P.65 Immunogenicity of intramuscular versus subcutaneous administration of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) in individuals with neuromuscular diseases

Abstract TIV is recommended for patients with late stage muscular dystrophy/atrophy. However, their immune response to the standard intramuscular (IM) route versus a subcutaneous (SC) route has not been studied. Objective: To compare immunogenicity and safety of TIV administered IM vs. SC and (2) To assess immune responses to TIV in subjects receiving glucocorticoids. Study design: A prospective, randomized, open-label study. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers before and ⩾21 days after vaccine administration. Geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios against the three influenza antigen strains were compared for both routes. Seroprotection (SPN) against each strain was defined as HAI titer of ⩾1:40. Seroconversion (SCN) was defined as post-vaccination titer of ⩾1:40 for those with baseline titer of 0.5) between IM and SC routes. SCN for the IM vs. SC route was 45% vs. 55% for H1N1; 9% vs. 18% for H3N2; and 45% vs. 9% for B. For subjects receiving glucocorticoids (n = 10), baseline SPN rates were 100% for H1N1, 70% for H3N2, and 50% for B and rose to 100% for H1N1, 80% for H3N2, and 60% for B post-vaccination. TIV was well tolerated. The immediate pain score (visual analogue scale) was higher for the IM route; p = 0.013. Non-ambulatory subjects with late stage muscular dystrophy/atrophy had similar immune responses to IM vs. SC administration of TIV. SPN was not adversely affected by glucocorticoid therapy. Local tolerance was better with SC route.
Distal transformation in Drosophila leg imaginal disc fragments.

Abstract For an appendage to regenerate distal elements, it has been thought that the stump must contain a full set of circumferential positional information. We have shown that this rule is not binding for tarsus regeneration in the male foreleg imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster . Distal transformation was not restricted to fragments containing complete proximal segments, but was also observed in pieces with small or even substantial deficiencies that were not regenerated in their proximal segments.
Independent evidence for a commitment model of clonal attenuation.

Abstract We previously reported a model of clonal attenuation which assumes three classes of cells: small highly replicative cells; intermediate size cells of limited replicative potential and large non-dividing cells. Computer simulations carried out with the model lead to predictions of how the relative proportion of each cell type varies throughout the in vitro replicative life span of a mass population. These predictions appear to be broadly confirmed by independent data recently reported by another laboratory.
The relationship between adult happiness and self-appraised childhood happiness and events.

Abstract The primary purpose of the present research was to relate questionnaire-assessed self-reported childhood happiness and events to adulthood happiness in 387 nonclinical participants. Although childhood happiness and adult happiness were found to be significantly correlated (r = .28, p < .001), there was little relationship between reported adult happiness and reported specific childhood events and circumstances. Childhood events and circumstances, however, were much more highly correlated with childhood happiness (R = .64). Thirty-four percent of the persons who said they were unhappy or very unhappy as a child, but only 9% who said they were happy or very happy as a child, reported that they were unhappy or very unhappy as adults.
Cnidarians and human skin

Cnidarians are aquatic animals including the jellyfish, the Portuguese man-of-war, fire coral, hydroids, sea anemones, and coral. Many of these can harm human skin and rarely some envenomations can lead to a serious or even fatal outcome. This article discusses the varied creatures in this group that can harm man and potentially lead to serious envenomation syndromes. Treatment of cnidarian injuries and stings is discussed.
Addressing Chronic Malnutrition through Multi-Sectoral, Sustainable Approaches: A Review of the Causes and Consequences

Chronic malnutrition, including stunting, is an important example of a global challenge that spans multiple sectors, specifically health, agriculture, and the environment. The objective of this paper is to review current knowledge on the causes and consequences of chronic malnutrition and their relationship with multiple sectors. Understanding the causes includes approaching chronic malnutrition from the basic, underlying, and immediate levels. The causes reach from macro-level environmental influences to specific micronutrient intake. In order to effectively address stunting, it is important to understand the timing of stunting and the ability of individuals to catch up in terms of linear growth, cognitive ability, and immune function. The consequences of chronic malnutrition are transgenerational and they have an impact at the individual, community, and national level in the short- and long-term. There are still many gaps in knowledge regarding both the causes and consequences of chronic malnutrition, particularly when it comes to the interaction with agriculture and the environment, and understanding these gaps is important to addressing the burden of chronic malnutrition through evidence-based interventions.
A TR ESR Study of the Quenching of Photoexcited Dioxouranium (VI) Salts by Stable Nitroxyl Free Radicals

TR ESR spectroscopy was applied to the study of the quenching of excited dioxouranium (VI) (uranyl) nitrate and sulfate by stable nitroxyl radicals of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) family. Photoexcitation of uranyl in solutions of alcohols of moderate viscosity (η = 3-10 cP) in the presence of TEMPO leads to CIDEP signals of TEMPO due to a radical triplet pair mechanism (RTPM). Polarized nitroxyls were also observed in solutions of polyelectrolyte sodium poly(styrenesulfonate), NaPSS, in the presence of the nitroxyl with a positively charged trimethylammonium group. Photolysis of uranyl salts in solutions of alcohols leads to the generation of free radicals of alcohols. No CIDEP of these radicals was observed, distinguishing U22+* from its organic analog, the triplet benzophenone. The probable reason for the lack of polarization in uranyl photoreduction reactions is the difficult access of free radicals to the U atom of the solvated radical UO2+ (V); this atom bears the unpaired electron. The role of polyelectrolytes in the enhancement of the quenching of excited states is discussed. Results are in agreement with the statement that photoexcited uranyl has a triplet multiplicity.
Determining What Works for Girls in the Juvenile Justice System A Summary of Evaluation Evidence

Despite increasing attention on gender-specific programming for girls involved in the juvenile justice system, not much is known about the effectiveness of gender-specific programs. The authors review the evidence base for the effectiveness of programs for girls in custody or under supervision by examining the evaluation evidence for nine gender-specific programs (which exclusively target girls) and six gender-non-specific programs (which target both girls and boys). Through this process, the authors summarize the evidence of effectiveness available to researchers and practitioners, identify barriers to determining what programs work for adjudicated girls, and make recommendations for building a solid evidence base on what works for adjudicated girls.
Automated Storage Reclamation Using Temporal Importance Annotations

This work focuses on scenarios that require the storage of large amounts of data. Such systems require the ability to either continuously increase the storage space or reclaim space by deleting contents. Traditionally, storage systems relegated object reclamation to applications. In this work, content creators explicitly annotate the object using a temporal importance function. The storage system uses this information to evict less important objects. The challenge is to design importance functions that are simple and expressive. We describe a two step temporal importance function. We introduce the notion of storage importance density to quantify the importance levels for which the storage is full. Using extensive simulations and observations of a university wide lecture video capture and storage application, we show that our abstraction allows the users to express the amount of persistence for each individual object.
Difference-preserving codes

A code of integers into binary sequences is called a difference-preserving code (DP code) if it has the following two properties: 1) if the absolute value of the difference between two integers is less than or equal to a certain threshold, the Hamming distance between their codewords is equal to this value and 2) if the absolute value of the difference between two integers exceeds the threshold, then the Hamming distance between their codewords also exceeds this threshold. Such codes (or slight modifications thereof) have also been called path codes, circuit codes, or snake-in-the-box codes. This paper discusses the application of DP codes to pattern recognition and classification problems and presents a construction of efficient DP codes whose information content is asymptotically (in the length of codewords) of the order of theoretical upper bounds.
Rationality, Romanticism, and the Individual: Max Weber's `Modernism' and the Confrontation with “Modernity"

A discussion of rationality, romanticism, and the Individual in relation to Max Weber's `modernism' and the confrontation with “modernity"
Spatially Distinct Functional Output Regions within the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus: Implications for an Auditory Midbrain Implant

The inferior colliculus central nucleus (ICC) has potential as a new site for an auditory prosthesis [i.e., auditory midbrain implant (AMI)] for deaf patients who cannot benefit from cochlear implants (CIs). We have previously shown that ICC stimulation achieves lower thresholds, greater dynamic ranges, and more localized, frequency-specific primary auditory cortex (A1) activation than CI stimulation. However, we also observed that stimulation location along the caudorostral (isofrequency) dimension of the ICC affects thresholds and frequency specificity in A1, suggesting possible differences in functional (output) organization within the ICC. In this study, we electrically stimulated different regions along the isofrequency laminas of the ICC and recorded the corresponding A1 activity in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs using multisite probes to systematically assess ICC stimulation location effects. Our results indicate that stimulation of more rostral and somewhat ventral regions within an ICC lamina achieves lower thresholds, smaller discriminable level steps, and larger evoked potentials in A1. We also observed longer first spike latencies, which correlated with reduced spiking precision, when stimulating in more caudal and dorsal ICC regions. These findings suggest that at least two spatially distinct functional output regions exist along an ICC lamina: a caudal–dorsal region and a rostral–ventral region. The AMI will be implanted along the tonotopic axis of the ICC to achieve frequency-specific activation. However, stimulation location along the ICC laminas affects response properties that have shown to be important for speech perception performance, and needs to be considered when implanting future AMI patients.
Gender Ideology and Investment in Housework Postretirement Change

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we assessed change in the relation between gender ideology and investment in routine chores across the retirement transition. Retirement may change the relation between ideology and household labor because the direct influence of time pressures is minimized. Specifically, men who have egalitarian attitudes before retirement may act in accordance with these views when they are retired. Surprisingly, results showed that women with an egalitarian ideology increased their investment in routine tasks when retired. Egalitarian men, however, did not invest more in routine tasks postretirement. The retirement transition does not appear to be an event of sufficient significance to change the negligible relation between egalitarian gender ideology and the division of household tasks.
Why people punish defectors : weak conformist transmission can stabilize costly enforcement of norms in cooperative dilemmas

In this paper, we present a cultural evolutionary model in which norms for cooperation and punishment are acquired via two cognitive mechanisms: (1) payo!-biased transmission* at endency to copy the most successful individual; and (2) conformist transmission*a tendency to copy the most frequent behavior in the population. We "rst show that if a "nite number of punishment stages is permitted (e.g. two stages of punishment occur if some individuals punish people who fail to punish non-cooperators), then an arbitrarily small amount of conformist transmission will stabilize cooperative behavior by stabilizing punishment at some n-th stage. We then explain how, once cooperation is stabilized in one group, it may spread through a multi-group population via cultural group selection. Finally, once cooperation is prevalent, we show how prosocial genes favoring cooperation and punishment may invade in the wake of cultural group selection. ( 2001 Academic Press
A practical multiple model adaptive strategy for single-loop MPC

This paper details a multiple model adaptive control strategy for model predictive control (MPC). To maintain performance of this linear controller over a wide range of operating levels, a multiple model adaptive control strategy for dynamic matrix control (DMC), the process industry's standard for MPC, is presented. The method of approach is to design multiple linear DMC controllers. The tuning parameters for the linear controllers are obtained using novel analytical expressions. The controller output of the adaptive DMC controller is a weighted average of the multiple linear DMC controllers. The capabilities of the multiple model adaptive strategy for DMC are investigated through computer simulations and an experimental system.