cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dioxygen Activation and Transport by Dinuclear Copper(I) Macrocyclic Complexes

Recent papers1,2 reported the synthesis of a 24-membered macrocyclic tetra Schiff base, MX2(DIEN)2, 1, 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexatricyclo[23.3.1.111,15]triaconta-1(29),2,9,11(30),12(13),14,16,23,25,27-decane, C24H30,N6, by the 2+2 condensation of m-phthaldehyde and diethylenetriamine by the general procedure of Zagwinski et al.3 This non-template one-step procedure for forming the macrocyclic ligand is straightforward and gives a high yield. The Schiff base product obtained is an equilibrium mixture of the parent tetra Schiff base and imidazole-containing lower Schiff bases in which the central nitrogen of the diethylenetriamine moiety has added to an imine (Schiff base) group. The two main constituents of this mixture are believed to be those illustrated in Scheme I (1, 1a). Incomplete formation of the macrocycle 1 because of its equilibrium with other species such as 1a caused no difficulty since the equilibrium was shifted on the addition of Cu(CH3CN)4ClO4 to give a nearly quantitative yield of the binuclear Cu(I) complex, 2. When the solution of the orange complex 2, obtained in CH2Cl2 solution under argon, was exposed to dioxygen at ambient room temperature, the color gradually turned to green indicating the formation of the binuclear Cu(II) complex, 3. The green product was hydrolyzed in 6 M HCl and extracted with chloroform to give a 74% yield of the 2-hydroxy-m-phthaldehyde, 4. An 18O2 tracer study showed that all of the phenolic oxygen came from the dioxygen that reacted with 2.
Factors influencing user trust in online games

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a theoretical overview of the factors influencing user trust in online games. It offers a set of guidelines that help online game marketers to better understand how users form their trust in online games, and fully reap the benefits of this new medium.Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews literature from the perspectives of considering an online game player as both a consumer of web‐based entertainment and a computer user. It explores factors related to the web environment as well as those of the games themselves. In particular, it examines a user's perceptions about the company, the online gaming site, and an individual game.Findings – A number of factors influencing user trust in online games are largely within the control of the company sponsoring the sites or marketing the games. Based on the analysis of these factors, this paper provides a set of guidelines that would help marketers win user trust in their online gaming products or services.Practical im...
Instability and degeneracy in the BMN correspondence

Non-degenerate perturbation theory, which was used to calculate the scale dimension of operators on the gauge theory side of the correspondence, breaks down when effects of triple trace operators are included. We interpret this as an instability of excited single-string states in the dual string theory for decay into the continuum of degenerate 3-string states. We apply time-dependent perturbation theory to calculate the decay widths from gauge theory. These widths are new gauge theory data which can be compared with future calculations in light cone string field theory.
Specific contact resistivity of InGaAs/InP p-isotype heterojunctions

The specific contact resistivity of lattice matched InGaAs/InP p-isotype heterojunctions has been measured through the use of an interface transmission line model structure. The measured resistance values are comparable to or greater than those of the metal/semiconductor interface and depend heavily on the doping and the abrupt or graded nature of the interface.
The Wecken property for random maps on surfaces with boundary

Abstract A selfmap is Wecken when the minimal number of fixed points among all maps in its homotopy class is equal to the Nielsen number, a homotopy invariant lower bound on the number of fixed points. All selfmaps are Wecken for manifolds of dimension not equal to 2, but some non-Wecken maps exist on surfaces. We attempt to measure how common the Wecken property is on surfaces with boundary by estimating the proportion of maps which are Wecken, measured by asymptotic density. Intuitively, this is the probability that a randomly chosen homotopy class of maps consists of Wecken maps. We show that this density is nonzero for surfaces with boundary. When the fundamental group of our space is free of rank n, we give nonzero lower bounds for the density of Wecken maps in terms of n, and compute the (nonzero) limit of these bounds as n goes to infinity.
Changes in the expression and function of arterial potassium channels during hypertension

Altered function of K+ channels associated with hypertension has been inferred from the effects of K+ channel blockers on contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and from K+ efflux measurements. Of the classes of K+ channels known to exist in the smooth muscle, the contribution of voltage-gated (KV) and high-conductance, Ca2+ gated K+ (BKCa) channels to the regulation of arterial SMC contractile function has been the most studied in hypertension. The effects of selective and nonselective K+ channel blockers on tonic contraction suggest that these two K+ channel gene families contribute differently to total K+ conductance in arterial SMCs from normal and hypertensive subjects. Direct measurements of K+ channel properties by electrophysiological methods generally support this conclusion. Studies have demonstrated larger BKCa currents in SMCs from several arteries of hypertensive rats, which have been reported to result from a greater Ca2+ sensitivity of BKCa channels and/or from greater protein expression. Some, but not all, studies have shown decreased KV currents in arterial SMCs from hypertensive animals measured under Ca(2+)-replete conditions. However, when external Ca2+ is removed or when Ca2+ influx is inhibited, KV currents are larger in SMCs exposed to chronic hypertension. Gene expression studies of Shaker KV1 transcripts have shown that of the dominant species present in arterial SMCs, KV1.2 expression is higher, whereas KV1.5 is the same in SMCs from hypertensive compared to normal animals. This finding is consistent with the larger KV currents in vascular SMCs from hypertensive animals under low Ca2+ conditions and suggests that Ca2+ influx and/or intracellular Ca2+ per se exerts a greater inhibitory effect on KV currents in the myocytes from these animals. The pathways by which these K+ channel differences are produced during hypertension remain to be elucidated, as does the potential for these channel proteins to be targeted by novel antihypertensive therapies.
Naturally-occurring nitro compounds

Covering: up to the end of 2010 Naturally-occurring nitro compounds display great structural diversity, and a wide range of biological activities. This review summarizes current information on the structures of naturally-occurring nitro compounds and on the biosynthesis of the nitro group.
A presynaptic role for PKA in synaptic tagging and memory

Protein kinase A (PKA) and other signaling molecules are spatially restricted within neurons by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Although studies on compartmentalized PKA signaling have focused on postsynaptic mechanisms, presynaptically anchored PKA may contribute to synaptic plasticity and memory because PKA also regulates presynaptic transmitter release. Here, we examine this issue using genetic and pharmacological application of Ht31, a PKA anchoring disrupting peptide. At the hippocampal Schaffer collateral CA3-CA1 synapse, Ht31 treatment elicits a rapid decay of synaptic responses to repetitive stimuli, indicating a fast depletion of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. The interaction between PKA and proteins involved in producing this pool of synaptic vesicles is supported by biochemical assays showing that synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), Rim1, and SNAP25 are components of a complex that interacts with cAMP. Moreover, acute treatment with Ht31 reduces the levels of SV2. Finally, experiments with transgenic mouse lines, which express Ht31 in excitatory neurons at the Schaffer collateral CA3-CA1 synapse, highlight a requirement for presynaptically anchored PKA in pathway-specific synaptic tagging and long-term contextual fear memory. These results suggest that a presynaptically compartmentalized PKA is critical for synaptic plasticity and memory by regulating the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles.
Direct messenger-matter interactions in gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking models

Abstract We categorize general messenger and matter interactions in gauge-mediated SUSY breaking models by an R -parity for the messengers and study their phenomenological consequences. The new interactions may induce baryon- and lepton-number violating processes as well as flavor-changing neutral currents. Bounds on the couplings from low-energy data are generally weak due to the large messenger mass suppression, except for the constraint from proton decay. The soft masses for the scalar particles receive negative corrections from the new interactions. Consequently, in certain region of SUSY parameter space the μ -parameter is greatly reduced. The pattern of radiative electroweak symmetry breaking, SUSY particle mass spectrum and decay channels are also affected, leading to observable experimental signature at the current and future colliders.
A Model of Expertise

We study a model in which perfectly informed experts offer advice to a decision maker whose actions affect the welfare of all. Experts are biased and thus may wish to pull the decision maker in different directions and to different degrees. When the decision maker consults only a single expert, the expert withholds substantial information from the decision maker. We ask whether this situation is improved by having the decision maker sequentially consult two experts. We first show that there is no perfect Bayesian equilibrium in which full revelation occurs. When both experts are biased in the same direction, it is never beneficial to consult both. In contrast, when experts are biased in opposite directions, it is always beneficial to consult both. Indeed, in this case full revelation may be induced in an extended debate by introducing the possibility of rebuttal.
Anisotropy of small-scale scalar turbulence

The anisotropy of small-scale temperature fluctuations in shear flows is analysed by making measurements in high-Reynolds-number atmospheric surface layers. A spherical harmonics representation of the moments of scalar increments is proposed, such that the isotropic part corresponds to the index j = 0 and increasing degrees of anisotropy correspond to increasing j . The parity and angular dependence of the odd moments of the scalar increments show that the moments cannot contain any isotropic part ( j = 0), but can be satisfactorily represented by the lowest-order anisotropic term corresponding to j = 1. Thus, the skewnesses of scalar increments (and derivatives) are inherently anisotropic quantities, and are not suitable indicators of the tendency towards isotropy.
Acceleration of Type II Spicules in the Solar Chromosphere

A 2.5D, time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic model is used to test the proposition that observed type II spicule velocities can be generated by a Lorentz force under chromospheric conditions. It is found that current densities localized on observed space and time scales of type II spicules and that generate maximum magnetic field strengths ?50 G can generate a Lorentz force that accelerates plasma to terminal velocities similar to those of type II spicules. Maximum vertical flow speeds are ~150-460?km?s?1, horizontally localized within ~2.5-10?km from the vertical axis of the spicule, and comparable to slow solar wind speeds, suggesting that significant solar wind acceleration occurs in type II spicules. Horizontal speeds are ~20 times smaller than vertical speeds. Terminal velocity is reached ~100 s after acceleration begins. The increase in the mechanical and thermal energy of the plasma during acceleration is (2-3) ? 1022?ergs. The radial component of the Lorentz force compresses the plasma during the acceleration process by factors as large as ~100. The Joule heating flux generated during this process is essentially due to proton Pedersen current dissipation and can be ~0.1-3.7 times the heating flux of ~106?ergs?cm?2?s?1 associated with middle-upper chromospheric emission. About 84%-94% of the magnetic energy that accelerates and heats the spicules is converted into bulk flow kinetic energy.
SNR 0453-68.5: AN ASYMMETRIC REMNANT AND ITS PLERION IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We present a comprehensive study of the X-ray emission from SNR 0453-68.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) as seen from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. This object is in a class of composite remnants that exhibit a shell of emission surrounding a central plerion, more commonly known as a pulsar wind nebula (PWN). This is one of only five remnants in the LMC with an identified PWN. We find that the shell of emission is not ejecta dominated, but rather due to shocked interstellar medium that has been swept up by the supernova (SN) blast wave or located in a precursor cavity wall. This is supported by the morphology of the local molecular cloud as seen with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The spectral properties are consistent with a middle-aged remnant >17,000 years old. A probable point source within the central knot is determined to be the pulsar powering the synchrotron emission of the PWN. Spectral fits show the nebula is well characterized by a power law with photon index Γ = 2.0. This index is constant over a spatial scale of 0.4-1.2 pc, which is inconsistent with younger PWN containing remnants such as the Crab Nebula and SNR 0540-69.3. These fits also contain significant contributions from an ejecta-dominated thermal plasma which we interpret as evidence of mixing during an evolved interaction of the PWN with the reverse shock of the supernova remnant. We observe no evidence that the central pulsar contains a significant velocity transverse to the line of sight and argue that despite the asymmetric surface brightness distribution the SN explosion giving birth to this remnant may have been quite symmetric.
Laser-assisted electron-argon scattering at small angles

Electron-argon scattering in the presence of a linearly polarized, low-frequency laser field is studied theoretically. The scattering geometries of interest are small angles where momentum transfer is nearly perpendicular to the field, which is where the Kroll-Watson approximation has the potential to break down. The Floquet $R$ matrix method solves the velocity gauge Schr\"odinger equation, using a larger reaction volume than previous treatments in order to carefully assess the importance of the long-range polarization potential to the cross section. A comparison of the cross sections calculated with the target potential fully included inside 20 and 100 a.u. shows no appreciable differences, which demonstrates that the long-range interaction cannot account for the high cross sections measured in experiments.
Values for Cooperative Games with Incomplete Information: an Eloquent Example

Myerson's (1984) extension of the lambda-transfer value to cooperative games with incomplete information focus among other things on the strength of the incentive constraints at the solution for determining the power of coalitions. We construct an intuitive three-player game where the player whose only contribution is to partly release the two other players from the incentive constraints they face when they cooperate, receives a zero payoff, according to Myerson's solution. On the contrary, the random order arrival procedure attributes a strictly positive payoff to him. Our example is thus an analog of the banker game of Owen (1972) that was designed for evaluating the lambda-transfer value under complete information. Asymmetric information now takes up the role that was formerly attributed to the lack of transferability of utilities.
Comparing Predictive Accuracy, Twenty Years Later: A Personal Perspective on the Use and Abuse of Diebold–Mariano Tests

The Diebold–Mariano (DM) test was intended for comparing forecasts; it has been, and remains, useful in that regard. The DM test was not intended for comparing models. Much of the large ensuing literature, however, uses DM-type tests for comparing models, in pseudo-out-of-sample environments. In that case, simpler yet more compelling full-sample model comparison procedures exist; they have been, and should continue to be, widely used. The hunch that pseudo-out-of-sample analysis is somehow the “only,” or “best,” or even necessarily a “good” way to provide insurance against in-sample overfitting in model comparisons proves largely false. On the other hand, pseudo-out-of-sample analysis remains useful for certain tasks, perhaps most notably for providing information about comparative predictive performance during particular historical episodes.
Weak rotating flow disturbances in a centrifugal compressor with a vaneless diffuser

A theory is presented to predict the occurrence of weak rotating waves in a centrifugal compression system with a vaneless diffuser. As in a previous study of axial systems, an undisturbed performance characteristic is assumed known. Following an inviscid analysis of the diffuser flow, conditions for a neutral rotating disturbance are found. The solution is shown to have two branches; one with fast rotation, the other with very slow rotation. The slow branch includes a dense set of resonant solutions. The resonance is a feature of the diffuser flow, and therefore such disturbances must be expected at the various resonant flow coefficients regardless of the compressor characteristic. Slow solutions seem limited to flow coefficients less than about 0.3, where third and fourth harmonics appear. Fast waves seem limited to a first harmonic. These fast and slow waves are described, and effects of diffuser-wall convergence, backward blade angles, and partial recovery of exit velocity head are assessed.
The Gas Turbine Heat Exchanger in the Fluidized Bed Combustor

In a current research and development program a coal-fired atmospheric fluidized bed combustor is being designed to supply the heat to a closed cycle gas turbine cogeneration system. The major technical effort is directed towards the design of the in-bed heat exchanger, which is required to operate near bed temperature. This high temperature (850/sup 0/ C) exposes the heat exchanger tubes to potentially severe sulfidation. The corrosion behavior depends upon the intimate details of the bed environment and may be related to the occurrence of localized areas of low oxygen partial pressure and high sulfur partial pressure. This paper describes a series of measurements of oxygen partial pressure at various locations within a fluidized bed. The bed, containing densely packed heat exchanger tubes, was operated under various conditions to observe the effect of coal mixing and devolatilization on local oxygen activity. Substantial variations of oxygen partial pressure (below 10/sup -14/ atmospheres) were observed. It was noted that these locally severe variations could be substantially modified by changes in coal mixing (as through coal port design). The experiments with varying coal size suggest that rapid devolatilization is desirable and would reduce the extent of locally corrosive environments.
A ten-year experience with bacterial aortitis.

Abstract Twenty-one patients with bacterial aortitis were treated in four institutions over a 10-year period. Clues to the diagnosis were a pulsatile mass; fever; positive blood culture; CT scan revealing aortic nodularity, an aneurysm of irregular configuration, or air in the aortic wall; and angiography revealing a lobulated aneurysm. The most commonly identified organisms were Salmonella and Staphylococcus . Excision with in situ repair was performed in nine patients; 11 patients underwent extraanatomic bypass grafting with aortic ligation. In situ graft repair was performed when the infected aorta could be removed entirely or when the thoracic or suprarenal aorta was involved. Axillofemoral bypass grafting was used when infection was extensive. There were eight disease-related deaths. No graft infections were encountered in patients who survived. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:439–49.)
Nitrene-transfer to olefins catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium: a universal catalyst for the [1+2] cycloaddition of C-, N-, and O-atom fragments to olefins

Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) was found to catalyze the transfer of the nitrene unit of [N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)imino]- iodobenzene to a number of olefins providing aziridines in moderate to good yields, establishing MTO as a universal catalyst for the [1 + 2] cycloaddition of carbene, nitrene, and oxo units to olefins.
Generalizing the notion of Koszul algebra

We introduce a generalization of the notion of a Koszul algebra, which includes graded algebras with relations in different degrees, and we establish some of the basic properties of these algebras. This class is closed under twists, twisted tensor products, regular central extensions and Ore extensions. We explore the monomial algebras in this class and we include some well-known examples of algebras that fall into this class.
Finding the Right Fit: Recruiting and Retaining Teachers in Milwaukee Choice Schools.

This article explores differential hiring and retention practices across schools of choice using data gathered as part of a comprehensive evaluation of a large-scale school voucher program in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A variety of interview, survey, and observation instruments are used to describe the challenges and strategies that 13 schools report regarding teacher recruitment and retention. We conclude that schools with established partnerships with institutions that share a religious or philosophical commitment experience the highest success with recruiting and retaining teachers. We describe the strategies used by these schools and make recommendations for improving teacher retention in schools of choice.
Unsplittable Load Balancing in a Network of Charging Stations Under QoS Guarantees

The operation of the power grid is becoming more stressed, due to the addition of new large loads represented by electric vehicles (EVs) and a more intermittent supply due to the incorporation of renewable sources. As a consequence, the coordination and control of projected EV demand in a network of fast charging stations becomes a critical and challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce a game theoretic based decentralized control mechanism to alleviate negative impacts from the EV demand. The proposed mechanism takes into consideration the nonuniform spatial distribution of EVs that induces uneven power demand at each charging facility, and aims to: 1) avoid straining grid resources by offering price incentives, so that customers accept being routed to less busy stations; 2) maximize total revenue by serving more customers with the same amount of grid resources; and 3) provide charging service to customers with a certain level of quality-of-service (QoS), the latter defined as the long term customer blocking probability. We examine three scenarios of increased complexity that gradually approximate real world settings. The obtained results show that the proposed framework leads to substantial performance improvements in terms of the aforementioned goals when compared to current state of affairs.
Preferential suppression of trisomy 8 compared with normal hematopoietic cell growth by autologous lymphocytes in patients with trisomy 8 myelodysplastic syndrome.

Clinical observations and experimental evidence link bone marrow failure in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with a T cell–dominated autoimmune process. Immunosuppressive therapy is effective in improving cytopenias in selected patients. Trisomy 8 is a frequent cytogenetic abnormality in bone marrow cells in patients with MDS, and its presence has been associated anecdotally with good response to immunotherapy. We studied 34 patients with trisomy 8 in bone marrow cells, some of whom were undergoing treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). All had significant CD8+ T-cell expansions of one or more T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ subfamilies, as measured by flow cytometry; expanded subfamilies showed CDR3 skewing by spectratyping. Sorted T cells of the expanded Vβ subfamilies, but not of the remaining subfamilies, inhibited trisomy 8 cell growth in short-term hematopoietic culture. The negative effects of Vβ-expanded T cells were inhibited by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and Fas antagonist and required direct cell-to-cell contact. Sixty-seven percent of patients who had de novo MDS with trisomy 8 as the sole karyotypic abnormality responded to ATG with durable reversal of cytopenias and restoration of transfusion independence, with stable increase in the proportion of trisomy 8 bone marrow cells and normalization of the T-cell repertoire. An increased number of T cells with apparent specificity for trisomy 8 cells is consistent with an autoimmune pathophysiology in trisomy 8 MDS.
Unitarity and the Hilbert space of quantum gravity

Under the premises that physics is unitary and black hole evaporation is complete (no remnants, no topology change), there must exist a one-to-one correspondence between states on future null and timelike infinity and on any earlier spacelike Cauchy surface (e.g., slices preceding the formation of the hole). We show that these requirements exclude a large set of semiclassical spacetime configurations from the Hilbert space of quantum gravity. In particular, the highest entropy configurations, which account for almost all of the volume of semiclassical phase space, would not have quantum counterparts, i.e. would not correspond to allowed states in a quantum theory of gravity.
Stratospheric and upper tropospheric aerosol retrieval from limb scatter signals

Solar occultation observations made by the SAGE family of space instruments have provided a record of global stratospheric and upper tropospheric aerosols that extends over 25 years. Since the demise of SAGE II and SAGE III however, there are presently no space instruments devoted to continuing this aerosol data set. The paper aims to demonstrate that aerosol extinction profiles, together with a moment of the size distribution, can be accurately retrieved from Limb Scatter measurements. The methodology is described, and retrieval examples are presented using data from a Limb Scatter instrument, namely SAGE III. The retrieved extinction profiles are compared with SAGE II and SAGE III occultation aerosol products for a series of wavelengths. It is shown that the relative retrieval accuracy is good (less than 5%), with a relative precision on the order of 25%. Once operational, it is planned to apply the retrieval method to the data collected by the two still-operating Limb Scatter instruments (namely OSIRIS and SCIAMACHY) in order to extend the aerosol data record into the present time. In the future, the OMPS Limb Profiler instrument, which is presently manifested on NPP with a launch date of September 2009, will be used for additional stratospheric aerosol research.
Embracing the giant component

Consider a game in which edges of a graph are provided a pair at a time, and the player selects one edge from each pair, attempting to construct a graph with a component as large as possible. This game is in the spirit of recent papers on avoiding a giant component, but here we embrace it. We analyze this game in the offline and online setting, for arbitrary and random instances, which provides for interesting comparisons. For arbitrary instances, we find that the competitive ratio (the best possible solution value divided by best possible online solution value) is large. For "sparse" random instances the competitive ratio is also large, with high probability (whp): If the instance has 1/4(1 + e)n random edge pairs, with 0 < e ≤ 0.003, then any online algorithm generates a component of size O((log n)3/2) whp, while the optimal offline solution contains a component of size Ω(n) whp. For "dense" random instances, the average-case competitive ratio is much smaller. If the instance has ½(1 - e)n random edge pairs, with 0 < e ≤ 0.015, we give an online algorithm which finds a component of size Ω(n) whp.
Informatic selection of a neural crest-melanocyte cDNA set for microarray analysis

With cDNA microarrays, it is now possible to compare the expression of many genes simultaneously. To maximize the likelihood of finding genes whose expression is altered under the experimental conditions, it would be advantageous to be able to select clones for tissue-appropriate cDNA sets. We have taken advantage of the extensive sequence information in the dbEST expressed sequence tag (EST) database to identify a neural crest-derived melanocyte cDNA set for microarray analysis. Analysis of characterized genes with dbEST identified one library that contained ESTs representing 21 neural crest-expressed genes (library 198). The distribution of the ESTs corresponding to these genes was biased toward being derived from library 198. This is in contrast to the EST distribution profile for a set of control genes, characterized to be more ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues (P < 1 x 10(-9)). From library 198, a subset of 852 clustered ESTs were selected that have a library distribution profile similar to that of the 21 neural crest-expressed genes. Microarray analysis demonstrated the majority of the neural crest-selected 852 ESTs (Mel1 array) were differentially expressed in melanoma cell lines compared with a non-neural crest kidney epithelial cell line (P < 1 x 10(-8)). This was not observed with an array of 1,238 ESTs that was selected without library origin bias (P = 0.204). This study presents an approach for selecting tissue-appropriate cDNAs that can be used to examine the expression profiles of developmental processes and diseases.
Inertia and Discrimination in the California State Civil Service

Analysis of the California State Civil Service indicates that its occupational wage structure is very stable. Salaries established in 1931 continue to influence current wages, over 60 years later, even while controlling for market wages. This results from the California Civil Service's policy of maintaining the relative wage structure that was established initially in 1931 despite conflicting market wages. Because the California Civil Service explicitly lowered salaries for female-dominated jobs when it established its initial salary structure, these jobs remained underpaid by $1.6 billion from 1973 to 1993. These findings support notions of wage rigidity and fairness in efficiency wage and institutional labor market theories.
Sonographic evaluation of renal masses

Basic technique of evaluating renal mass lesions is presented. The analytic criteria of separating cystic from solid lesions are reviewed along with the differential points of the intermediate mass lesion that does not meet the classical hallmark of a simple cyst. Experience has shown that sonography could be the first evaluation step in a renal mass since it is not invasive, does not employ ionizing radiation, and is cost effective.
The Market Share Profitability Relationship: Testing Temporal Stability Across Business Cycles

Several studies have demonstrated a generally positive association between market share (MS) and business profitability (BP) and that this relationship is dependent on environmental and strategic contexts, but the stability of such results across distinct time periods representing differing business cycles has not yet been demonstrated. This article, employing a comparative static methodology, assesses the stability of the nature of the relationships among strategic resource deployments, market share position, and profitability across two different time periods representing significantly different macroeconomic conditions. The results indicate that the general level of association (i.e., correlation) between MS and BP is stable, but the set of significant strategic factors contributing to both MS and BP is different, indicating variations in strategies for the two different cycles. Some explanations for the observed differences as well as limited generalizations on the market share-profitability relations...
Shot noise of interference between independent atomic systems

We study shot (counting) noise of the amplitude of interference between independent atomic systems. In particular, for the two interfering systems the variance of the fringe amplitude decreases as the inverse power of the number of particles per system with the coefficient being a non-universal number. This number depends on the details of the initial state of each system so that the shot noise measurements can be used to distinguish between such states. We explicitly evaluate this coefficient for the two cases of the interference between bosons in number states and in broken symmetry states. We generalize our analysis to the interference of multiple independent atomic systems. We show that the variance of the interference contrast vanishes as the inverse power of the number of the interfering systems. This result, implying high signal to noise ratio in the interference experiments, holds both for bosons and for fermions.
Penetration depth limits of in vivo confocal reflectance imaging.

We present experiments to predict the maximum penetration depth atwhich typical biological structures in amelanotic tissue can bedetected with confocal microscopy. The detected signal is examinedas the signal source strength (index of refraction mismatch), thesource depth, and the medium scattering coefficient are varied. Thedetected background produced by scattering outside the focal volume isexamined as the medium scattering coefficient, the depth in the medium, the dimensionless pinhole radius, nu(p), and theshape of the scattering phase function are varied. When the systemapproaches ideal confocal performance (nu(p) ? 3), the penetration depth is limited by the signal-to-noiseratio to approximately 3-4 optical depths (OD's) for a 0.05 indexmismatch. As nu(p) increases to 8, thepenetration depth is limited by the signal-to-background ratio and isdependent on the scattering coefficient. At mu(s) = 100 cm(-1) (l(s) = 100 mum) and an index mismatch of 0.05, the maximum penetrationdepth is approximately 2 OD.
Markovian models and numerical analysis of computer system behavior

The advent of multiple-access computing, the increasing variety of processors in systems, and the growing use of multiprocessing and multiprogramming in computing systems has put many new burdens on the computing system designer-planner-programmer. The selection of suitable system structure and programming structure, as well as the selection of scheduling rules, requires a much more detailed and precise understanding of the stochastic behavior of system traffic than has been required in the past. In short, the "architect" of system hardware and software is finding a need for more and more insight into the behavior of computers as networks of queues and processors.
A New Concept in Artificial Gravity Systems

A concept is presented of a rotating artificial gravity system for manned orbital vehicles and stations which requires no expenditure of propulsive mass to attain full-vehicle rotation. The device proposed is a deployable reaction flywheel of large radius, consisting of small weights at the ends of light flexible cables driven by a motor through the leading action of cranks at the "flywheel" hub. Deployment and retrieval techniques are described. The device can be applied to most full-vehicle rotation configurations that have been proposed in the past, making it possible to start and stop rotation frequently for a negligible amount of hardware weight and power. This makes it practicable to schedule frequent periods of vehicle rotation for crew gravity therapy and convenience of operations such as internal maintenance 011 a minimum interference basis with periods of nonrotation for such operations as observation, experimentation, maneuver, rendezvous, and docking. Nomenclature /) = cable equivalent diameter, in. E = kinetic energy, ft-lb G = acceleration, g g = gravitational acceleration, ft/sec2 HP = horsepower / == moment of inertia, slug-ft2 I = crank normal offset, ft R — radius, ft s = stress, psf Sr = specific reactant consumption, Ib/kw-hr T = tension, Ib t = time, sec V = velocity, fps W = weight, Ib 77m = mechanical efficiency co = angular velocity, rad/sec Subscripts^
Phase Field Modeling of Interdiffusion Microstructure in Ni-Cr-Al Diffusion Couples

*† A phase field model was developed and employed to simulate the interdiffusion microstructure evolution in Ni-Cr-Al diffusion couples. Utilizing the thermodynamic and kinetic data for the Ni-Cr-Al system, simulations of multi-phase (fcc-γ vs. γ+B2-β and γ+β vs. γ+β) diffusion couples were performed. The model predicted the dissolution of β phase in γ vs. γ+β diffusion couples, where the dissolution rate was dependent on the alloy compositions. No dissolution was predicted for γ+β vs. γ+β couples. The simulations results were found to be in good agreement with reported experimental observations in literature. Nomenclature c i = composition of component i in mole fraction η = structure order parameter F = Cahn-Hilliard free energy functional f c = chemical free energy f grad = gradient energy β i = atomic mobility of component i M ij = chemical mobility L pq = relaxation constant κ i = gradient energy coefficient associated with i
A hover augmentation system for helicopters.

Although the ability to hover at a fixed point in space is one of the unique advantages of the helicopter over fixed-wing aircraft, it is achieved accurately only with a great deal of pilot attention and effort because four integrations occur between the pilot's input and the resulting displacement of the aircraft. By means of feedback proportional to the helicopter's translation and its derivatives, the hover augmentation system (HAS) reduces the pilot effort required to hover the helicopter or to maneuver from one point to another at nearly zero speed, and to permit these maneuvers to be achieved with greater accuracy. Implementation of the HAS is achieved by the use of automatic pilot sensors and a special purpose analog computer to perform the axis conversion from an aircraft-axis system to an earth-reference system. Addition of the HAS to a helicopter equipped with a stability augmentation system (SAS) allows the helicopter to be hovered at a point in space with a resulting reduction of the integral square error by an order of magnitude when compared to the SAS-equipped helicopter alone. The pilot task is reduced from one requiring full-time attention with the SAS alone to one requiring only sporadic attention when the HA S is used. 315
Ruthenium-catalyzed hydroxylation of unactivated tertiary C-H bonds.

The combination of catalytic RuCl3 and pyridine with KBrO3 as the stoichiometric oxidant is shown to efficiently promote the hydroxylation of unactivated tertiary C−H bonds. Substrates possessing different polar functional groups — ester, epoxide, sulfone, oxazolidinone, carbamate, and sulfamate — are found to engage in this reaction to give alcohol products in yields generally exceeding 50%. As judged based on efficiency, ease of operation, substrate scope, and selectivity toward tertiary C−H centers, the method appears competitive with other C−H hydroxylation processes.
Preparation and photoisomerization of 2-formylcinnamaldehyde in solution

Abstract Naphthalene, in dilute aqueous solution, reacts with ozone to form one or both isomers of 2-formylcinnamaldehyde an equilibrium mixture of the isomers also results upon irradiation of the E-isomer with long wavelength ultraviolet light.
The industrialization of fetishism or the fetishism of industrialization: A critique of Ivan Illich

Abstract This article critically assesses the ideology of industrialism in light of Ivan Illich's Medical Nemesis. The paper is divided in three sections. The first section is a description of the main features of that ideology, the most prevalent and influential one used in sociological literature to explain the state both of Western societies and of our health services. Also in this section, it is shown how these features appear in Illich's analysis of our societies, of our health services and of the different clinical, social and structural iatrogeneses that health services create. The second section examines the assumptions underlying Illich's analysis and discusses their validity to explain the nature and function of our Western health services and their iatrogenic effects. Where Illich's explanations are considered invalid, alternative explanations are presented. Among them, it is postulated that it is not industrialism, but the assumedly transcended category of capitalism that is the cause of the social and structural iatrogeneses. The third section discusses the political implications of Illich's analysis, in a moment when our Western societies are supposedly in crisis.
Open burning and open detonation PM10 mass emission factor measurements with optical remote sensing

Emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 microm (PM10) from the open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of energetic materials were measured using a hybrid-optical remote sensing (hybrid-ORS) method. This method is based on the measurement of range-resolved PM backscattering values with a micropulse light detection and ranging (LIDAR; MPL) device. Field measurements were completed during March 2010 at Tooele Army Depot, Utah, which is an arid continental site. PM10 EFs were quantified for OB of M1 propellant and OD of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). EFs from this study are compared with previous OB/OD measurements reported in the literature that have been determined with point measurements either in enclosed or ambient environments, and with concurrent airborne point measurements. PM10 mass EFs, determined with the hybrid-ORS method, were 7.8 x 10(-3) kg PM10/kg M1 from OB of M1 propellant, and 0.20 kg PM10/kg TNT from OD of TNT. Compared with previous results reported in the literature, the hybrid-ORS method EFs were 13% larger for OB and 174% larger for OD. Compared with the concurrent airborne measurements, EF values from the hybrid-ORS method were 37% larger for OB and 54% larger for OD. For TNT, no statistically significant differences were observed for the EFs measured during the detonation of 22.7 and 45.4 kg of TNT, supporting that the total amount of detonated mass in this mass range does not have an effect on the EFs for OD of TNT.
Existence and Stability of Standing Pulses in Neural Networks: II. Stability

We analyze the stability of standing pulse solutions of a neural network integro-differential equation. The network consists of a coarse-grained layer of neurons synaptically connected by lateral inhibition with a nonsaturating nonlinear gain function. When two standing single-pulse solutions coexist, the small pulse is unstable, and the large pulse is stable. The large single pulse is bistable with the "all-off" state. This bistable localized activity may have strong implications for the mechanism underlying working memory. We show that dimple pulses have similar stability properties to large pulses but double pulses are unstable.
The Extended Low Hierarchy Is an Infinite Hierarchy

Balcazar, Book, and Schoning introduced the extended low hierarchy based on the $\Sigma$-levels of the polynomial-time hierarchy as follows: for $k \geq 1$, level $k$ of the extended low hierarchy is the set $\elow{k} = \{ A \mid \sgm{k}(A) \subseteq \sgm{k-1}(A\oplus\SAT)\}$. Allender and Hemachandra and Long and Sheu introduced refinements of the extended low hierarchy based on the $\Delta$- and $\Theta$-levels, respectively, of the polynomial-time hierarchy: for $k \geq 2$, $\edlow{k} = \{ A \mid \dlt{k}(A) \subseteq \dlt{k-1}(A\oplus\SAT)\}$ and $\etlow{k} = \{ A \mid \tht{k}(A) \subseteq \tht{k-1}(A\oplus\SAT)\}$. This paper shows that the extended low hierarchy is properly infinite by showing, for $k \geq 2$, that $\elow{k} \subsetneq \etlow{k+1} \subsetneq \edlow{k+1} \subsetneq \elow{k+1}$. The proofs use the circuit lower bound techniques of H\aa stad and Ko. As corollaries to the constructions, for $k \geq 2$, oracle sets $B_k$, $C_k$, and $D_k$, such that $\PH(B_k) = \sgm{k}(B_k) \supsetneq \dlt{k}(B_k)$, $\PH(C_k) = \dlt{k}(C_k) \supsetneq \tht{k}(C_k)$, and $\PH(D_k) = \tht{k}(D_k) \supsetneq \sgm{k-1}(D_k)$ are obtained.
Perpendicular Dissections of Space

For each pair (Q i ,Q j ) of reference points and each real number r there is a unique hyperplane h \perp Q i Q j such that d(P,Q i ) 2 - d(P,Q j ) 2 = r for points P in h . Take n reference points in d -space and for each pair (Q i ,Q j ) a finite set of real numbers. The corresponding perpendiculars form an arrangement of hyperplanes. We explore the structure of the semilattice of intersections of the hyperplanes for generic reference points. The main theorem is that there is a real, additive gain graph (this is a graph with an additive real number associated invertibly to each edge) whose set of balanced flats has the same structure as the intersection semilattice. We examine the requirements for genericity, which are related to behavior at infinity but remain mysterious; also, variations in the construction rules for perpendiculars. We investigate several particular arrangements with a view to finding the exact numbers of faces of each dimension. The prototype, the arrangement of all perpendicular bisectors, was studied by Good and Tideman, motivated by a geometric voting theory. Most of our particular examples are suggested by extensions of that theory in which voters exercise finer discrimination. Throughout, we propose many research problems.
Motivation and Performance of Seasoned Offerings by Closed‐End Funds

We examine the motivation and performance of closed-end funds that engage in seasoned public or rights offerings. We find that closed-end funds are more motivated to engage in seasoned offerings when their shares exhibit a relatively high premium (compared to their corresponding NAV) and have a high degree of liquidity. We also find a significant negative valuation effect on average in response to seasoned offerings by closed-end funds. Our cross-sectional analysis reveals that the valuation effect at the time of the seasoned offering is more unfavorable for funds that have relatively high expense ratios and are relatively large. Furthermore, we find that the closed-end funds experience significant negative valuation effects over the three-year period subsequent to the seasoned offering, implying poor post-offering performance.