cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER VII. THE RESPONSE OF THE SKIN OF MACACUS RHESUS AND ANTHROPOID APES TO INOCULATION WITH BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS.

Bartonella bacilliformis failed to induce lesions when merely rubbed on the surface of the intact skin of a chimpanzee, an ourang-utan, and numerous Macacus rhesus monkeys, although when applied to the scarified skin of the same animals it gave rise to extensive lesions. Application of infectious material to the scarified skin did not always induce verruga lesions, but intradermal inoculation almost invariably gave rise to nodule formation. The localization of Bartonella bacilliformis in the skin is not, in experimental animals, determined by mechanical factors, since scarification of the skin or intradermal injection of foreign substances in monkeys infected with Bartonella bacilliformis does not give rise to verruga formation. The degree of susceptibility of the skin tissues appears to be considerably diminished during the course of experimental infection with Bartonella bacilliformis. Inoculation of the scarified skin of infected animals gave uniformly negative results, and intradermal inoculation induced only a mild local reaction. In a few exceptional instances, however, of animals previously infected with the strain of Bartonella bacilliformis derived from a human verruga nodule, reinoculation with the same strain gave rise to unusually marked reactions. The evolution of the skin lesion induced in experimental animals by Bartonella bacilliformis may be divided into four stages, the period of incubation, the initial stage, the mature and vascular stage, and the regression. In the initial stage the lesion is a pure angioendothelioma, but in the stage of full development the histological picture is complicated by connective tissue proliferation and occasionally also by penetration of epidermis into the lesion. The demonstration of Bartonella bacilliformis in the endothelial cells distinguishes the lesion from others which simulate it. The cutaneous lesions known as verruga nodular, verruga mular, and verruga miliar have been reproduced in monkeys.
Management of Pellucid Marginal Corneal Degeneration

Purpose: This study was designed to determine how patients with pellucid marginal corneal degeneration (PMCD) are managed in a tertiary corneal practice. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 45 patients with PMCD from a corneal referral practice was performed. Information collected from the medical records included demographic data, best-corrected visual acuity, videokeratography, contact lens use, and surgical procedures. Results: Forty-five patients (85 eyes; 30 males, 15 females) with PMCD were included in this study. They were followed-up for an average of 4.7 years (standard deviation (SD), 68.7). Seventy-five eyes (88.2%) were managed nonsurgically with spectacles in 31 eyes (36.4%) or contact lenses in 44 eyes (51.8%). Contact lens management was initially attempted in 51 eyes (60%); however, 7 eyes failed contact lenses. Visual acuity of 0.5 (20/40) or better was noted in 34 eyes (75.5%) after contact lens fit. Ten eyes (11.8%) underwent penetrating keratoplasty with an average postoperative follow-up of 9 years (SD, 68.2; 1.5‐20.5). Clear grafts were present in all 10 eyes at the end of the study (average, 9 years; SD, 682). Conclusions: Nonsurgical management of PMCD continues to play a predominant role in the management of this disorder. Poor bestcorrected visual acuity at presentation of 0.2 (20/100) or worse and long follow-up (8 years or more) were significantly associated with surgery.
Acid-degradable polyurethane particles for protein-based vaccines: biological evaluation and in vitro analysis of particle degradation products.

Acid-degradable particles containing a model protein antigen, ovalbumin, were prepared from a polyurethane with acetal moieties embedded throughout the polymer, and characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The small molecule degradation byproduct of the particles was synthesized and tested in vitro for toxicity indicating an LC50 of 12,500 μg/mL. A new liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry technique was developed to monitor the in vitro degradation of these particles. The degradation byproduct inside RAW macrophages was at its highest level after 24 h of culture and was efficiently exocytosed until it was no longer detectable after 4 days. When tested in vitro, these particles induced a substantial increase in the presentation of the immunodominant ovalbumin-derived peptide SIINFEKL in both macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition, vaccination with these particles generated a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response that was superior to both free ovalbumin and particles...
Demonstration of Brillouin enhanced four-wave mixing and phase conjugation in a plasma.

Brillouin enhanced four-wave mixing and phase conjugation of microwaves in an unmagnetized hydrogen plasma are observed. Transient and steady-state responses of the plasma and the phase conjugate wave are presented. Low-power, low-density operation agrees well with predictions of simple two-fluid plasma theory.
SENSES OF REALITY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: A NEUROEPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

. The phenomenology of certain mystical states is contrasted with the sense of “baseline” reality in an exploration of primary senses of reality. Nine theoretical and eight actual primary senses of reality are described. A neurophysiological model is presented to account for these states, and their possible adaptive significance is considered from an evolutionary perspective. Finally the state of absolute unitary being is contrasted with baseline reality, and their competing claims for primacy are evaluated in an epistemological context.
A pump-independent function of the Na,K-ATPase is required for epithelial junction function and tracheal tube-size control.

The heterodimeric Na,K-ATPase has been implicated in vertebrate and invertebrate epithelial cell junctions, morphogenesis and oncogenesis, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We previously showed that the Drosophila Na,K-ATPase is required for septate junction (SJ) formation and that of the three β-subunit loci, only Nrv2 isoforms support epithelial SJ barrier function and tracheal tube-size control. Here we show that Nrv1 is endogenously co-expressed with Nrv2 in the epidermis and tracheal system, but Nrv1 has a basolateral localization and appears to be excluded from the Nrv2-containing SJs. When the normally neuronal Nrv3 is expressed in epithelial cells, it does not associate with SJs. Thus, theβ -subunit is a key determinant of Na,K-ATPase subcellular localization as well as function. However, localization of the Na,K-ATPase to SJs is not sufficient for junctional activity because although several Nrv2/Nrv3 chimericβ -subunits localize to SJs, only those containing the extracellular domain of Nrv2 have junctional activity. Junctional activity is also specific to different α-subunit isoforms, with only some isoforms from the majorα -subunit locus being able to provide full barrier function and produce normal tracheal tubes. Importantly, mutations predicted to inactivate ATPα catalytic function do not compromise junctional activity, demonstrating that the Drosophila Na,K-ATPase has an ion-pump-independent role in junction formation and tracheal morphogenesis. These results define new functions for the intensively studied Na,K-ATPase. Strikingly, the rat α1 isoform has full junctional activity and can rescue Atp α-null mutants to viability, suggesting that the Na,K-ATPase has an evolutionarily conserved role in junction formation and function.
A Note On Standardized Coefficients as Structural Parameters

Claims that standardized coefficients, such as path coefficients, are inappropriate for assessing the invariance of a causal process across populations are critically examined. It is argued that su...
Quantitative blood flux measurement using MUSIC

In this paper, we propose a method to quantify red blood cell (RBC) flow through capillary loops and microvessels using optical microangiography (OMAG). Current existing methods of capillary flow quantification either require a very long scanning time (~few minutes) or a large acquisition number per location (+100 scans per location) to form a highresolution spectral estimation. We utilize a model-based super-resolution spectral estimation technique based on principle of orthogonality to quantify moving RBCs within a voxel. The scanning protocol required for our method is very similar to 3D ultrahigh sensitive OMAG that requires few scans per location (8) and can be performed in few seconds that makes it applicable for in vivo experiments. This method is analogous to power Doppler in ultrasonography and estimates the number of red blood cells passing through the beam as opposed to the velocity of the particles. The technique is tested both qualitatively and quantitatively by using OMAG to image microcirculation within mouse ear flap in vivo.
Severity of illness and the welfare effects of moral hazard

The extent to which the moral hazard caused by health insurance represents economic inefficiency has been the subject of much debate. This paper incorporates health status in a model of moral hazard, and finds that seriously ill patients are likely to exhibit greater moral hazard than healthier patients but the proportion of moral hazard that is inefficient declines with the severity of illness. Because of these competing tendencies, the cost of resource misallocation is parabolic in the severity of illness. The effect of the consumer’s initial wealth endowment is also considered.
Experience and the swamp creature

Rejetant la these individualiste de l'experience sensible, l'A. montre qu'une position naturaliste anti-individualiste est compatible avec une theorie des sensations, qui fait communement difficulte a la position anti-cartesienne. Examinant l'argument de la creature developpe par T. Burge, l'A. confronte la these autonomiste a la these naturaliste
Estrogen receptor mRNA splice variants produced from the distal and proximal promoter transcripts

Relative proportions of the estrogen receptor (ER) alternatively spliced mRNA variants from the proximal (A) and distal (B) promoter pre-mRNA transcripts were measured in normal human uterus, an endometrial tumor, and in T47D, MCF-7, and BT-20 breast tumor cell lines. A single tube RNA-PCR method was developed to determine the proportions of the individual transcripts and a nested, competitive RNA-PCR method to determine the proportions of the alternatively spliced variants. Except for the BT-20 cells, the patterns of splice variants produced from each transcript were very similar. In BT-20 cells no splice variants were detected for the minor (< or = 1%) A promoter transcript, although the B promoter transcript was alternatively spliced similarly to the other samples, with the exon 7 variant as the major mRNA form. These results indicate that the mRNA spliced variant patterns in most tissues and tumors will be essentially unaffected by any changes in the A and B promoter ER mRNA transcript ratios that may occur. At least one exception does exist, however, and only more comprehensive studies can determine whether the BT-20 cells are unique or part of a larger subgroup.
Two new species of Serjania section Serjania (Sapindaceae)

Two new species ofSerjania sect.Serjania,Serjania neei from Bolivia andS. rhytidococca from Mexico, are described, illustrated, and compared with their closest relatives.
Stenophagous, herbivorous sea slugs attack desiccation-prone, green algal hosts (Codium spp. ): indirect evidence of prey-stress models (PSMs)?

Several congeneric species of intertidal green algae inhabit shady, low-desiccation microhabitats. The N.E. Pacific green alga Codium setchellii occurs on sand-influenced rocky shores, particularly on shady, vertical surfaces on low intertidal rocky benches. The S. Pacific congener C. convolutum shows a similar, though less restrictive, distribution. The algal distributional patterns were inversely related to potential desiccation stress. Thallus abundance and/or size increased lower on the shore and on shady aspects. Because some thalli persist in desiccation-prone habitats, C. setchellii and C. convolutum can persist in alternative areas. Spatial patterns of specialist herbivore abundance indicated that stenophagous sea slugs that fed selectively on Codium were disproportionately more frequent on desiccation-prone algal hosts. On Oregon shores, USA, the sea slug Placida dendritica was more frequent on the alga C. setchellii (i) at the upper end of the alga's tidal distribution than at the lower end and (ii) on desiccation-prone, eastern aspects than on those with more benign, western aspects. Populations of slugs on Oregon shores peaked in spring and early summer during the period of peak desiccation to low intertidal species. The seasonal, habitat-associated pattern of slug distribution on algal hosts was geographically and taxonomically robust. On N.E. New Zealand shores, two species of ascoglossan slugs were significantly more frequent on thalli of C. convolutum at the upper end of the alga's tidal distribution than at the lower end. Increased larval settlement of slugs on desiccation-prone algal hosts contributed to this pattern whereas spatial variation in predator abundance did not. Larval metamorphosis experiments with the ascoglossan Elysia viridis from Scottish shores demonstrated that the frequency of larval metamorphosis was significantly greater in the presence of desiccation-prone algal hosts than unstressed ones. Thus, variable algal susceptibility and differential slug settlement and metamorphosis both contribute to this striking pattern of targeted slug attack. In contrast to the wealth of terrestrial examples, this is one of the few marine examples of prey-stress models.
An Algorithm to Construct Genetically Similar Subsets of Families with the Use of Self-Reported Ethnicity Information

We present a simple algorithm that uses self-reported ethnicity information, pedigree structure, and affection status to group families into genetically more homogeneous subsets. This algorithm should prove useful to researchers who wish to perform genetic analyses on more-homogeneous subsets when they suspect that ignoring heterogeneity could lead to false-positive results or loss of power. We applied our algorithm to the self-reported ethnicity information of 159 families from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of schizophrenia. We compared these estimates of population membership with those obtained using the program structure in an analysis of 378 microsatellite markers. We found excellent concordance between family classifications determined using self-reported ethnicity information and our algorithm and those determined using genetic marker data and structure; 158 of the 159 families had concordant classifications. In addition, the degree of admixture estimated using our algorithm and self-reported ethnicity information correlated well with that predicted using the genotype information.
The Shallow Weathered Fracture Layer in the Near–Stream Zone

The bedrock profile of an east–central Pennsylvania watershed contains a shallow weathered fracture layer. To begin quantifying the effects of this fracture layer on ground–water movement, two valley cross sections were chosen for detailed investigation. One section represents the typical upland watershed situation where the regional ground water is in contact with the stream for only part of the year, while at the other section the regional ground water is in perennial contact with the stream. Rock cores extracted from the sections reveal a pattern of extensive fracturing to approximately 50 ft directly under the stream thinning to a relatively uniform 30–ft deep fracture layer away from the channel. Limited seismic investigations support these observations. Piezometers within each cross section show that hydraulic conductivity differs between the shallow fracture layer and the relatively unfractured zone below and that there is great variability in conductivity within the fracture layer itself. Lateral flow generally occurs within the fracture layer to within approximately 50 ft of the stream; here a converging flow pattern indicates ground–water discharge to the stream. Under wet conditions, the stream in each section serves as a point of ground-water discharge, while under dry conditions, the more upland section shows no ground–water discharge to the land surface. Rather, subsurface flow is likely occurring beneath and parallel to the channel controlled by a discharge point at some downstream location. Finally, water–quality samples from the piezometers indicate a direct effect of overlying land use on water quality within the shallow fracture layer.
Static and dynamic molecular mechanics modelling and X‐ray scattering calculations for a cyclic siloxane macromolecule

A liquid crystalline system consisting of cyclic penta(methylsiloxane) cores with biphenylyl 4-propoxybenzoate mesogens is studied with respect to its molecular conformation and the intermolecular ordering of pendant groups by employing molecular mechaincs calculations, while a molecular dynamics simulation indicates the degree of conformational flexibility. The calculated X-ray scattering patterns for these structures provide insight into the origin of the experimentally observed results. A good agreement is found between the calculated and experimental reflections data, supporting the ‘cylinder’ global topology as the basis for forming a ‘columnar’ structure. Further, a comparison of the calculated and experimental meriodional sections shows a strong similarity of both the meridional intensities and d-spacings.
Transient multiple impulsive signal analysis for pneumatic percussive rivet tools

Abstract This paper presents a systematic study on the analysis of the multiple impulsive transient signals generated by the pneumatic percussive rivet tools, i.e. rivet hammers and bucking bars. Detailed discussions are provided on how to conduct vibration measurements of the tools and the methods of analysing the multiple impulsive signals. Important issues such as triggering method, averaging, windowing, recording, and conversion from fast Fourier transform narrow band spectrum to a one-third octave-band spectrum are included in the paper. In addition, the implementation of ISO 5349 standard on this type of measurement is addressed. It is believed that the methods presented in this paper can be applied for similar transient signals generated by other types of mechanical systems.
Tuning the redox properties of a 1-D supramolecular array via selective deprotonation of coordinated imidazoles around a Mn(II) center

Abstract A neutral 1-D supramolecular array containing [Mn(H2)2] building blocks was synthesized by the selective deprotonation of two coordinated imidazole moieties from the cationic Mn(II) complex, [Mn(H22)2]2+. Upon deprotonation the redox potential of [Mn(H2)2] shifts significantly more negative, when compared to the cationic Mn(II) complex. However, X-ray crystallographic studies done on both complexes show a very similarly distorted octahedral geometry around the Mn(II) ion. Interestingly, while [Mn(H2)2] lacks both charge and counterion to assist in crystal packing, both the neutral and cationic complexes self-organize, using primarily π–π and edge-to-π aryl interactions, into very similar 1-D zigzag ribbons in the solid-state.
The effects of a starch based carbohydrate alone or in combination with whey protein on a subsequent bout of exercise performance – preliminary findings.

Background High-molecular weight, starch based carbohydrates have been shown to leave the stomach faster as well as replenish muscle glycogen more rapidly as compared to lower molecular weight, monomeric glucose and short-chain glucose oligomers (Leiper, et al. 2000 and Piehl Aulin et al. 2000). Furthermore, it has been shown that Vitargo® (a high molecular weight, low osmolality starch based carbohydrate) led to a greater work-output during a 15 minute time-trial 2 hours following cycling to exhaustion when compared to maltodextrin (a low molecular weight carbohydrate) (Stephens et al. 2008). The purpose of this study was to replace a portion of a high-molecular weight carbohydrate with whey protein to determine if it could enhance muscle glycogen re-synthesis following a heavy resistance training bout and/or enhance a subsequent bout of exercise (15 min cycle ergometer time trial) 2 hours later.
Yield and elemental composition of wheat grain as influenced by source and rate of nitrogen

Abstract Application of sewage sludges to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a possible mechanism to supply nutrients to the crop while simultaneously reducing the need for more expensive and less desirable disposal strategies. Research was conducted during 1986 and 1987 to determine the effect of fall applied sewage sludges on yield, N recovery, and elemental composition of wheat grain. The study was conducted in a corn (Zea mays L.)‐wheat‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation located on a Suffolk sandy loam soil (coarse, loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult). The N treatments applied consisted of 0 (control), 30, 60, and 90 kg N ha‐1 from UAN solution applied in the spring and two anaerobically digested sewage sludges (one lime conditioned and the other lime stabilized) designed to supply 80 kg of plant available N ha‐1 applied in the fall. Twenty kg of N as UAN solution were applied in the fall when the wheat was seeded to all treatments except the control and the sewage sludge treatments....
Noncovalent complexes of APS reductase from M. tuberculosis : Delineating a mechanistic model using ESI-FTICR MS

ESI-FTICR MS was utilized to characterize a 4Fe-4S containing protein Mycobacterium tuberculosis APS reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of APS to sulfite and AMP with reducing equivalents from the protein cofactor, thioredoxin. Under nondenaturing conditions, a distribution of the apoprotein, a 2Fe-2S intermediate, and the 4Fe-4S holoprotein were observed. Accurate mass measurements indicated an oxidation state of +2 for the 4Fe-4S cluster, with no disulfide bond in the holoenzyme. Gas-phase stability of the 4Fe-4S cluster was investigated using both in-source and collision induced dissociation, which provided information regarding the relative gas-phase binding strength of iron towards protein ligands and inorganic sulfides. Noncovalent complexes of the holoprotein with several ligands, including APS, thioredoxin, and AMP, were also investigated. Calculated values of dissociation constants for the complexes indicate that AMP binds with a higher affinity to the enzyme intermediate than to the free enzyme. The implications of the binary and ternary complexes observed by gas-phase noncovalent interactions in the mechanism of APS reduction are discussed.
Laser-induced dispersed fluorescence detection of polycyclic aromatic compounds in soil extracts separated by capillary electrochromatography

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrogen containing aromatic compounds (NCACs) are characterized in soil extracts and laboratory standards by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with laser-induced dispersed fluorescence (LIDF) detection using a liquid-nitrogen cooled charge-coupled device detector. The LIDF detection technique provides information on compound identity and, when coupled with the high separation efficiencies of the CEC technique, proves useful in the analysis of complex mixtures. Differences in fluorescence spectra also provide a means of identifying co-eluting compounds by using deconvolution algorithms. Detection limits range from 0.5 to 96×10 −10 M for selected PAHs and 0.9–3.7×10 −10 M for selected NCACs. Soil extracts are also injected onto the CEC column to evaluate chromatographic method performance with respect to complex samples and the ability to withstand exposure to environmental samples.
Integrated voice and data access schemes for multi-media satellite communications

The proposed multiple-access scheme for multimedia satellite networks is based on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and integrates both circuit- and packet-switching techniques. A circuit switching technique is used to transmit stream traffic, such as real-time voice. A packet switching technique is used to transmit bursty traffic, such as interactive data. A ground radio network is also assumed for control signaling, and a tone sense multiple access/partial collision detection (TSMA/PCD) scheme is implemented on the ground radio network to enhance the performance of the integrated access scheme. This TSMA/PCD scheme allows ground stations to detect collision of simultaneous transmissions quickly. The average transmission delays for both stream and bursty traffic are analyzed. >
Comparative compressibilities of majorite-type garnets

Relative compressibilities of five silicate garnets were determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction on crystals grouped in the same high-pressure mount. The specimens include a natural pyrope [(Mg2.84Fe0.10Ca0,06) Al2Si3O12], and four synthetic specimens with octahedrally-coordinated silicon: majorite [Mg3(MgSi)Si3O12], calcium-bearing majorite [(Ca0.49Mg2.51)(MgSi)Si3012], sodium majorite [(Na1.88Mgp0.12)(Mg0.06Si1.94)Si3O12], and an intermediate composition [(Na0.37Mg2.48)(Mg0.13Al1.07 Si080) Si3O12]. Small differences in the compressibilities of these crystals are revealed because they are subjected simultaneously to the same pressure. Bulk-moduli of the garnets range from 164.8 ± 2.3 GPa for calcium majorite to 191.5 ± 2.5 GPa for sodium majorite, assuming K′=4. Two factors, molar volume and octahedral cation valence, appear to control garnet compression.
Bio-inspired stretchable network-based intelligent composites:

The human skin hosts an array of sensors that are capable of detecting and interpreting many traits important to how we function and survive. The goal of mimicking this capability in composites to create intelligent composite materials has led to the development of a bio-inspired stretchable network composed of numerous micro-fabricated sensors capable of detecting multiple stimuli. The components of the network are small scale and flexible making the network embeddable within complexly shaped composite layups and flexible structures with minimal impact on the host structure. This paper outlines recent progress in ongoing work to develop the bio-inspired network in order to create intelligent composite materials.
Implementability of shading models for current game engines

With the advances in the processor technology, todaypsilas graphical processing unit (GPU) architectures have evolved tremendously. Their speed and computational power has increased to the giga-flops levels. This has brought about a new architectural innovation called Shaders, which are programmable processing units that make all of the resources of the GPUs available to the game programmers. By using shaders, heavy computational shading models, which could not be used before due to resource-limitations, can now be implemented in real-time using a current PC hardware. This paper describes prominent local and global shading models in the current game engines development and discusses implementability issues.
How Advertising Creatives Define Excellent Planning

Interviews conducted with advertising agency creatives regarding their perception of the account planning process identified a set of personality factors of planners and a set of functional factors of planning that lead to excellent planning. In addition, creatives identified a constantly changing environment that allows less time to do the work as negatively affecting the creative process.
Children's Immediate Understanding OF Vocabulary: Contexts and Dictionary Definitions

This study investigates children's ability to utilize context cues (forward or backward), dictionary definitions (original or revised), or combinations of the two to understand unfamiliar words. Significant word gains were found for all treatments and reading skill levels. Revised definitions produced significantly greater gains than forward context cues, backward context cues, and original definitions. Combined treatments produced significantly greater gains than backward context cues. Advanced readers demonstrated significantly greater gains than average or below-average readers. Implications for reading research and instruction are forwarded and the construct of Immediate Understanding is defined and explored.
CD44 Deficiency Attenuates Chronic Murine Ileitis

Background & Aims Lymphocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation requires the sequential engagement of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. In the current studies we analyzed the role of CD44 for the development of chronic small-intestinal inflammatory infiltrates in vivo. Methods By using a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-driven model of chronic ileitis (ie, B6.129P-TNF ΔAU-rich element [ARE] ) that recapitulates many features of Crohn's disease, we noticed dynamic changes in the expression and functional state of CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. In addition, we assessed the role of lymphocyte populations during induction of ileitis through adoptive transfer studies, and generated CD44-deficient TNFΔARE mice to assess the role of CD44 for development of ileitis. Results Soluble hyaluronan levels and expression of hyaluronan synthase-1 were increased in TNFΔARE mice. This coincided with increased expression of CD44 (including variant 7) and reactivity towards hyaluronan on CD4 + T cells. CD44 was spatially colocalized with the gut-homing integrin α 4 β 7 , spatially linking lymphocyte rolling with arrest. These cells had an effector phenotype because they lacked L-selectin and a higher proportion in diseased mice produced TNF and interleukin-2 compared with wild-type littermates. Lastly, CD4 + but not CD8 + T cells conferred ileitis to RAG −/− recipients and deficiency of one or both alleles of the CD44 gene resulted in attenuation of the severity of ileitis in TNFΔARE mice. Conclusions Our findings support an important role of CD44 expressed by CD4 + and CD8 + for development of ileitis mediated by TNF overproduction.
System effectiveness-a key to assurance (communication satellites)

The increasing demands for long life and reliability performance in space for communication satellites has focused increased attention on those critical parts. (Materials, processes, subassemblies, assemblies, and products) whose individual performance is essential to the success of the mission. Various case histories, problems, concerns, and uncertainties that arose during the design, manufacture, test, and acceptance of critical items on several communications satellite programs are reported. It is shown how they were resolved by system effectiveness activities. Subsequent corrective action taken is also discussed. >
Conclusions and Recommendations for Assessing the Population-Level Effects of Power Plant Exploitation: The Optimist, the Pessimist, and the Realist*

Two questions are addressed: ''To what extent can we presently assess the population-level effects of power plant exploitation'' and ''What can we do to improve these assessments.'' Each of these questions is addressed from the point of view of an optimist, a pessimist, and a realist. The realist adopts a flexible blend of the optimist's and the pessimist's positions. He envisions a continuum of possible assessment situations. At one extreme, population-level assessments are not feasible because of the dominating influence of the pessimist's unavoidable limitations. At the other extreme, population-level assessments are both necessary and possible using the tools proposed by the optimist.
The Chimakurti, Errakonda, and Uppalapadu plutons, Eastern Ghats Belt, India : an unusual association of tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism

Abstract Mesoproterozoic tholeiitic and alkalic magmatism is widespread in the southern segment of the Eastern Ghats Belt, India, and is particularly well recorded in three cospatial plutons: Chimakurti, a pluton consisting of clinopyroxenite, anorthosite, and gabbro; Errakonda, a ferrosyenite pluton; and the Uppalapadu nepheline syenite. U–Pb zircon ages of ferrosyenite and nepheline syenite suggest that these cospatial plutons were intruded at approximately 1352 Ma, and Nd and Sr isotope compositions suggest that each pluton experienced varying degrees of crustal assimilation. Petrography, mineral chemistry, geochemistry and isotopic compositions suggest that the clinopyroxenite, anorthosite, and gabbro of the Chimakurti suite were derived from a high-Al tholeiitic parental magma. The ferrosyenite exhibits A-type characteristics and are interpreted as a differentiate or partial melt of a tholeiitic source. The Uppalapadu nepheline syenites were derived from an alkaline (basanitic) parental magma. These three plutons illustrate the spectrum of basaltic magmas that may be involved in producing intraplate intrusive complexes. Tholeiitic magmas emplaced at depth in the crust may differentiate to produce massif anorthosites and related A-type differentiates, represented in the Eastern Ghats Belt by the Chimakurti and Errakonda plutons. More alkalic basalts, such as basanites, will evolve to nepheline syenites like those of the Uppalapadu pluton. The 1352 Ma magmatism in the Eastern Ghats is unusual in that it documents a spatial and temporal association of both tholeiitic and alkaline endmembers of continental rift magmatism.
Point mutations in yeast CBF5 can abolish in vivo pseudouridylation of rRNA.

In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the majority of box H/ACA small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) have been shown to direct site-specific pseudouridylation of rRNA. Among the known protein components of H/ACA snoRNPs, the essential nucleolar protein Cbf5p is the most likely pseudouridine (C) synthase. Cbf5p has considerable sequence similarity to Escherichia coli TruBp, a known C synthase, and shares the “KP” and “XLD” conserved sequence motifs found in the catalytic domains of three distinct families of known and putative C synthases. To gain additional evidence on the role of Cbf5p in rRNA biosynthesis, we have used in vitro mutagenesis techniques to introduce various alanine substitutions into the putative C synthase domain of Cbf5p. Yeast strains expressing these mutated cbf5 genes in a cbf5D null background are viable at 25°C but display pronounced cold- and heat-sensitive growth phenotypes. Most of the mutants contain reduced levels of C in rRNA at extreme temperatures. Substitution of alanine for an aspartic acid residue in the conserved XLD motif of Cbf5p (mutant cbf5D95A) abolishes in vivo pseudouridylation of rRNA. Some of the mutants are temperature sensitive both for growth and for formation of C in the rRNA. In most cases, the impaired growth phenotypes are not relieved by transcription of the rRNA from a polymerase II-driven promoter, indicating the absence of polymerase I-related transcriptional defects. There is little or no abnormal accumulation of pre-rRNAs in these mutants, although preferential inhibition of 18S rRNA synthesis is seen in mutant cbf5D95A, which lacks C in rRNA. A subset of mutations in the C synthase domain impairs association of the altered Cbf5p proteins with selected box H/ACA snoRNAs, suggesting that the functional catalytic domain is essential for that interaction. Our results provide additional evidence that Cbf5p is the C synthase component of box H/ACA snoRNPs and suggest that the pseudouridylation of rRNA, although not absolutely required for cell survival, is essential for the formation of fully functional ribosomes.
Vibrational population distribution and the gas temperature in the compact helicon nitrogen plasma source chewie

Summary form only given. We report preliminary results on the development of a helicon plasma source with variable activated nitrogen composition for plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy of III/V-nitrides. The main idea is to alter the population of specific reactive nitrogen species in a helicon plasma source by modifying the electron energy distribution function through the resonant wave-particle interaction arising from electrons traveling at same velocity as the phase velocity of the helicon wave. The high plasma density and high ion exit flow speed (ne = 1013 cm-3 and v i = 8,000 m/s for argon) should yield significantly higher fluxes at the substrate surface and consequently an improved deposition rate over existing MBE plasma sources. Epilayer quality could also be improved by lowering kinetic energy of reactive species. The active nitrogen source is a steady state, high density, helicon plasma source CHEWIE (Compact HElicon Waves and Instabilities Experiment). The helicon vacuum chamber is a 12 cm long, Pyrex tube, 6 cm in diameter, connected to a stainless steel diffusion chamber, 30 cm long, 15 cm in diameter. Three magnetic field coils surround the source and are capable of generating an axial magnetic field up to 1200 G in the source and about 100 G at the end of the expansion chamber. A 7 cm long, water cooled, Boswell saddle type antenna couples the RF energy into the plasma. RF power of up to 600 W over a frequency range of 3-28 MHz is used to create the steady state plasma in the source which expands away into a region of decreasing magnetic field. Optical emission spectroscopy investigations in the plasma source show that under certain working conditions, the N2 first positive system (B3Pi g rarr A3 Sigmau +) are the dominant transitions in nitrogen, helicon-generated plasma. From band head intensities a Boltzmann relative vibrational population distribution is obtained. From the fit of the Deltav=+1 (at 891.24 nm), Deltav=+2 (at 891.24 nm) and Deltav=+3 (at 687.50 nm) bands, a gas temperature of ~350 K for an input power of 300 W, a magnetic field of 800 G and N2 gas pressure of 20 mtorr is inferred
The Curious Case of Baccio Bandinelli

He played a lot of dirty tricks: Reputedly he stole A design from Michelangelo And tore apart the whole. Hercules and Cacus (1525-1534), by Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560). This sculpture stands in front of the Palazzo Vecchio in the Piazza della Signoria of Florence, Italy. It is paired with Michelangelo’s David, which was recognized as superior even in Baccio’s day. Nonetheless, Baccio fought Michelangelo for commissions. He took credit for a gracious gift With sanctimonious tone: But the marble block he gave Cellini Was faulty pock-marked stone.
Testing Constructivist Identity: Developing Empirical Indicators from In-Depth Interviews

Constructivist conceptions of identity aim to capture the complex, subjective factors constituting identity, but they have not been tested empirically. In order to probe how subjective, or imagined identity is related to objective characteristics and to political attitudes, it is necessary to develop survey indicators drawing from respondents’ own discussions of ethnicity, religion, culture, and inter-ethnic relations. Building upon quantitative work on measuring ethnic identity (“Categorically Wrong? Nominal versus Graded Measures of Ethnic Identity," (with Henry E. Brady) Studies in Comparative International Development 35 (Fall 2000): 56-91) and qualitative and quantitative thinking about measuring ethnic identity ("Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Identity" (with Henry Brady), forthcoming, in Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Science Research, edited by Rawi Abdelal, Yoshiko Herrera, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Rose McDermott. New York: Cambridge University Press: 33-71), this paper uses the results of almost 100 in-depth interviews among Russians, Tatars, and Estonians during 2008 in developing measures for use on surveys. Respondents discussed historical events, cultural symbols and practices, personal religious and linguistic practices, state policy towards religion and language, and views of other ethnic groups with which they have contact. Interviews were conducted with self-identified ethnic Russians and Tatars in different contexts – the Republic of Tatarstan, a unit within the Russian Federation, (urban & rural areas), in a province of Russia in which Tatars and Russian live (Penza Oblast), in Moscow, and outside of Russia in Estonia (Russians only) -- and with ethnic Estonians (Tallinn, Tartu). The variation in context captures how identities may differ dependent upon local demographic factors, status of the administrative unit (independent state, republic within a federation, administrative province), and the state status of ethnic groups. The paper aims to help bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative understandings of identity, to contribute to our understanding of how contextual factors affect identity, and to show how inter-ethnic relations may shape the identity of the same ethnic groups living in different states.
Modeling and Design of EMI Noise Separators for Multiphase Power Electronics Systems

This paper first discusses the electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise in multiphase power electronics systems using symmetrical component theory and EMI theory. The theory for multiphase noise separators is developed. Multiphase noise separators are characterized by S-parameters based on symmetrical component theory, S-parameter theory, and EMI theory. A circuit is proposed for multiphase noise separators and techniques are explored for a high-quality design. A prototype is built, tested, and evaluated using the developed theory. The prototype is finally used in a practical EMI measurement.
RING Domain E3 Ubiquitin Ligases

E3 ligases confer specificity to ubiquitination by recognizing target substrates and mediating transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitinconjugating enzyme to substrate. The activity of most E3s is specified by a RING domain, which binds to an E2∼ubiquitin thioester and activates discharge of its ubiquitin cargo. E2-E3 complexes can either monoubiquitinate a substrate lysine or synthesize polyubiquitin chains assembled via different lysine residues of ubiquitin. These modifications can have diverse effects on the substrate, ranging from proteasome-dependent proteolysis to modulation of protein function, structure, assembly, and/or localization. Not surprisingly, RING E3mediated ubiquitination can be regulated in a number of ways. RING-based E3s are specified by over 600 human genes, surpassing the 518 protein kinase genes. Accordingly, RING E3s have been linked to the control of many cellular processes and to multiple human diseases. Despite their critical importance, our knowledge of the physiological partners, biological functions, substrates, and mechanism of action for most RING E3s remains at a rudimentary stage.
Using student produced videos to increase knowledge of self-care topics and nonprescription medications

Abstract Objective To develop and implement a video production project to increase student knowledge of self-care and nonprescription medication topics. Methods Faculty created an innovative instructional design in which students produced videos to teach the public about common self-care topics and nonprescription medications. Videos were viewed by student peers, faculty, and community pharmacists. Before viewing the videos, a pre-exam was administered on a volunteer basis to second- and third-year pharmacy students to assess the baseline knowledge of self-care topics and nonprescription medications for second-year students and to assess the retention of knowledge learned regarding self-care topics and nonprescription medications of third-year students. Immediately after viewing the videos, a post-exam was administered to both groups. The exam evaluated students' knowledge of 14 self-care topics before and after the self-care video viewing. Results Sixty-nine (84%) second-year students participated in a pre/post exam. Results were analyzed using a two-sided Fisher's exact test under the null hypothesis that students would not gain additional knowledge from viewing student-produced self-care videos. Second-year students' scores increased in 12 of the 14 subject areas after viewing the self-care videos. Conclusions Implementation of a video production project improved pharmacy students' knowledge of self-care and nonprescription medication topics.
Effects of a cannabinoid on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Single unit electrophysiology was used to explore the role of cannabinoid receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of the potent and selective synthetic cannabinoid (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl](1-naphthalenyl) methanone (WIN 55,212-2) produced modest but significant increases in the spontaneous firing rate of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In a second set of experiments, WIN 55,212-2 (up to 1.0 mg/kg i.v.) antagonized the inhibition of firing produced in the substantia nigra pars reticulata by electrical stimulation of the striatum. The pharmacological specificity of this effect was demonstrated using the inactive enantiomer WIN 55,212-3. The possibility that WIN 55,212-2 exerts its effects by regulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from striatonigral fibers was suggested by the observation that bicuculline (up to 0.5 mg/kg i.v.) reversed the effect of striatal stimulation. It thus appears that cannabinoid receptors on striatonigral neuron terminals may regulate movement by disinhibiting the activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons, perhaps by inhibiting the release of GABA into the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Solute-atom segregation at high-angle (002) twist boundaries in dilute Au-Pt alloys

Solute-atom segregation is studied by Monte Carlo simulations for three high-angle symmetrical (002) twist boundaries in Au-1 at. % Pt and Pt-1 at. % Au alloys at T = 850 K. It complements our previous study, that focused mainly on low-angle boundaries in the same alloys. Solute enhancement occurs on the Pt-rich side of the phase diagram, while on the Au-rich side net depletion in solute is observed. Following the trend observed for low-angle boundaries, Au as a solute prefers the structural units of the perfect crystal type, while Pt as a solute is depleted at those sites. The solutc concentration at structural units depends on the planar fraction of those units in the boundary.
The cognitive functions of underlining as a study technique

Abstract To investigate the cognitive functions of underlining, college students studied and reviewed a history chapter under one of three conditions: underlining during study and reviewing the underlined text, underlining when studying but reviewing clean text, and studying and reviewing without underlining. Scores on an exam measuring recognition of facts and inferences indicated that subjects who underlined when studying and then reviewed their underlined chapter scored significantly lower on inferential recall than the other two groups. Results indicated that underlining apparently does not serve an encoding or review function, and may be counterproductive for inferential recall. Results are discussed in terms of students’ self‐reported use of underlining.
Exacerbation of bullous pemphigoid after hand, foot, and mouth disease treated with rituximab.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a chronic autoinflammatory, blistering disease typically affecting the elderly. It is the most common disorder within the pemphigoid group and represents the most frequent autoimmune blistering disease in general.1, 2 The etiopathogenesis involves the induction of an inflammatory cascade that is hypothesized to include many triggering factors, one of which includes infections.2 Here we present a man with a history of stable BP and subsequent severe flaring of his disease after contracting hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). We also discuss rituximab as an adequate therapy in treating refractory BP.
Mechanical retraction in laparoscopic surgery: intraoperative cholangiography.

ABSTRACT The utility of mechanical retraction in laparoscopic surgery is presented. The steps required for its utilization during intraoperative laparoscopic cholangiography are outlined.