cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obamacare and the Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause: Identifying Historical Limits on Congress's Powers

Recently, Akhil Amar and Jack Balkin revived the idea that the exercise of unbridled Commerce Clause power is consistent with its original meaning. They assert that, in the eighteenth century, the word “commerce” meant “intercourse” — all interactions, not merely economic but also social and political. In this article, Professor Pushaw argues that the historical conclusions of Professors Amar and Balkin are hardly the most logical ones that can be drawn from the evidence. Drawing upon his prior work with Grant Nelson, wherein they compiled abundant historical documentation on the usage of "commerce,” Pushaw demonstrates that the Framers and Ratifiers most likely understood “commerce” as including only commercial interactions — voluntary sales of products and services and related activities intended for the marketplace. Furthermore, contrary to the assertions of Amar and Balkin, the Constitution’s drafters refused to grant Congress general legislative authority to enact any laws it deemed in the national interest or of interstate concern (the tentative Virginia Plan approach). Instead, they restricted Congress by enumerating its powers, thereby leaving all powers not listed to the states or the People (i.e., beyond the reach of any government, the better to promote freedom). It is this vision of popular sovereignty, limited government, federalism, and liberty that structures our Constitution. Part I of the article examines the Commerce Clause’s original “meaning” (the ordinary definition of its words), “intent” (its drafters’ purposes), and “understanding” (the way its Ratifiers and early implementers comprehended it). Part II describes how the Supreme Court initially embraced this conception of “commerce,” abandoned it after Reconstruction in favor of a narrow definition that confined Congress to regulating only trade and transportation, and invented the vacuous “substantially affects” test in the late 1930s. Part III illustrates the practical consequences of adopting different approaches to the Commerce Clause in the context of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA” or “Obamacare”), which imposes an “individual mandate” on Americans to purchase health insurance.
Synthesis and thin-film self-assembly of radical-containing diblock copolymers

Electronically active block polymers based on π-conjugated macromolecules have been investigated for applications where nanostructured electrodes are of prime import; however, controlling the nanoscale order of these materials has proven challenging. Here, we demonstrate that diblock copolymers that utilize a non-conjugated radical polymer moiety as the electronically active block assemble into ordered thin-film nanostructures. Specifically, the diblock copolymer polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PDMS–PTMA) was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization to generate polymers with readily controlled molecular properties. Importantly, solvent annealing of the PDMS–PTMA thin films led to well-defined nanostructures with domain spacings of the order of ∼30–40 nm.
Role transitions and substance use among Hispanic emerging adults: A longitudinal study using coarsened exact matching.

Abstract Introduction Emerging adulthood (ages 18 to 25) is characterized by changes in relationships, education, work, and viewpoints on life. The prevalence of substance use also peaks during this period. Among emerging adults, Hispanics have a unique substance use profile, and have been described as a priority population for substance use prevention. Cross-sectional studies among Hispanics have shown that specific role transitions (e.g., starting or ending romantic relationships) were associated with substance use. Negative affect from uncertainty/stress that accompanies role transitions in emerging adulthood may lead to substance use as a maladaptive coping mechanism. Longitudinal studies are needed to gain a more complete understanding of these associations. Methods Participants completed surveys for Project RED, a longitudinal study of substance use among Hispanics in Southern California. This study used Coarsened Exact Matching to overcome the methodological limitations of previous studies. Participants were matched on pretreatment variables including age, gender, substance use behavior in high school, and depressive symptoms. Past-month cigarette use, binge drinking, marijuana use, and hard drug use were the outcomes of interest. After matching, each outcome was regressed on each individual role transition in year one of emerging adulthood with this process repeated in year two of emerging adulthood. Results Role transitions in romance and work were positively associated with multiple categories of substance use. Conclusions Prevention programs should teach emerging adults ways to cope with the stress from role transitions. Individual role transitions may be used to screen for subgroups of emerging adults at high risk for substance use.
Interpreting genetic risks.

Prof. Peter Beighton has given a professional lifetime to helping patients and their families who have been afflicted by inherited disease. His clinical skills have brought certainty, confidence and support to those confronted with some of the most difficult decisions in life’s progress. Prof. Beighton’s research has led to the discovery of new syndromes and the elucidation of accurate genetic risks in many diseases. This in turn has empowered patients and their families to make informed decisions and has provided doctors with the scientific knowledge to help patients. On the occasion of this festschrift, I join with so many members of Peter’s international professional family to pay tribute to his leadership and service – not only in medical genetics – but also in the broadest domains of healthcare.
Population Growth and Poverty

This chapter presents estimates of the number of people in poverty and changes over time in the number of people in poverty, identifies factors that are related to poverty, and evaluates the role that population growth plays in determining poverty. Attention is paid to both the standard definition of poverty and to the broader concept of well-being. Little direct evidence on the impact of population growth exists. Indirect evidence, however, suggests some possible links. First, rapid population growth is likely to reduce per capita income growth and well-being, which tends to increase poverty. Second, in densely populated poor nations with pressure on land, rapid population growth increases landlessness and hence the incidence of poverty. Finally, the adverse effects of rapid population growth on child health, and possibly on education, will likely increase poverty in the next generation. While the direction of the impact of these links is reasonably clear, whether they have a quantitatively important impact on poverty (conventionally measured) is unclear. What is clear, however, is that reduction of poverty is most likely to occur by direct interventions. Constraining population growth represents an indirect policy that probably will not have a particularly large independent impact on poverty reduction in the short-run, especially vis-a vis a host of alternative poverty alleviation policies.
Estimations of Linear Widths of the Classes B p , θ Ω of Periodic Functions of Many Variables in the Space L q

The exact-order estimates of linear widths are established for the classes B , Ω of periodic functions of many variables in the space L q for certain relations between on the parameters p and q.
Wearable conductive fiber sensor arrays for measuring multi-axis joint motion

This paper describes a technique that uses conductive fibers as part of a wearable sensor for continuous monitoring of joint movements. Conductive fibers are incorporated into flexible fabrics that are comfortable and acceptable for long-term wear in everyday settings. Continuous monitoring of single or multi-axis joint movement is therefore possible, even when not in the presence of a therapist. A brief overview of the sensor design is presented, including functional requirements and important design parameters. Misalignment errors that may be created every time the subject takes off and puts on the wearable sensor are accounted for by incorporating an array of fiber sensors around the joint and analyzing each sensor's sensitivity to joint movement during use. This eliminates any need for re-calibration after an initial calibration.
Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare condition in which compression myelopathy is due to an epidural hematoma, the cause of which is unidentified.
Anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of body segments in persons with spinal cord injury

People with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience bone and muscle loss in their paralyzed limbs that is most rapid and severe in the first 3years after injury. Restoration of mechanical loading through therapeutic physical activity may potentially slow or reverse post-SCI bone loss, however, therapeutic targets cannot be developed without accurate biomechanical models. Obesity is prevalent among SCI population, and it alters body composition and further affects parameters of these models. Here, clinical whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from people with acute (n=39) and chronic (n=61) SCI were analyzed to obtain anthropometric parameters including segment masses, center of mass location, and radius of gyration for both obese and non-obese individuals. Chronic SCI was associated with higher normalized trunk mass of 3.2%BW and smaller normalized leg mass of 1.8%BW in males, but no significant changes in segment centers of mass or radius of gyration. People with chronic SCI had 58.6% lean mass in the trunk, compared to 66.6% lean mass in those with acute SCI (p=0.01), with significant changes in all segments. Obesity was associated with an increase in trunk mass proportion of 3.1%BW, proximal shifts in thigh and upper arm center of mass, and changes to thigh and shank radius of gyration. The data presented here can be used to accurately represent the anthropometrics of SCI population in biomechanical studies, considering obesity and injury duration.
Cryptogenic Stroke: Research and Practice.

Background: Cryptogenic stroke accounts for 30% to 40% of ischemic stroke. It is essential to determine the possible culprit because this will improve secondary stroke prevention strategies. Methods: We performed a narrative nonsystematic review of the literature that included randomized trials, exploratory comparative studies, and case series on cryptogenic stroke. Results: There are several possible mechanisms implicated in cryptogenic stroke, including occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, patent foramen ovale, aortic arch atherosclerosis, atrial cardiopathy, and substenotic atherosclerosis. The heterogeneity of these mechanisms leads to differences in stroke prevention strategies among cryptogenic stroke patients. Conclusions: A thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential to determine the pathogenesis in cryptogenic stroke. This approach, in addition to risk factor management and lifestyle modifications, will lead to improved stroke prevention strategies in patients with cryptogenic stroke. This will allow for targeted clinical trials to improve stroke prevention strategies in this patient population.
Reduced subarachnoid fluid diffusion in enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy

Background and purposeEnlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in infancy (ESSI) is a common cause of macrocephaly without proven explanation. We have observed subarachnoid diffusion to be decreased in these patients. We aim to quantify the diffusivity of ventricular and subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid in ESSI patients, to determine if diffusion characteristics deviate from normocephalic infants, and to propose a unique mechanism for ESSI.Materials and methods227 consecutive brain magnetic resonance exams from different macrocephalic children were retrospectively reviewed after institutional review board waiver. Patients with noncommunicating hydrocephalus, substantial ventriculomegaly, atrophy, structural bone and/parenchymal abnormalities, abnormal brain signal, hemorrhages, meningitis, and normal imaging were excluded. A total of 53 exams from macrocephalic patients and 21 normocephalic subjects were analyzed. Mean quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained from the ventricul...
Pattern Analysis of Citation-Anchors in Citing Documents for Accurate Identification of In-Text Citations

Citations play an important role in ranking of authors, journals, institutions, and organizations. Sometimes, citing documents cite a reference many times in their full-text, which is further used in many application scenarios, such as: 1) finding relationship between cited and citing papers; 2) identifying influential cited paper from set of references in citing paper; 3) identification of suitable citation functions; and 4) study of in-text citations in different logical sections of papers to conclude different findings. The accurate identification of in-text citations remained an open area of research. Recently, the complexities involving automatic identification of in-text citations have been reported with an accuracy rate of 58%. This is due to many issues as highlighted by the state-of-the-art research. This paper investigates such issues in further details: 1) by taking benefits from the previous research; 2) by analyzing different referencing formats; and 3) by experimenting on a comprehensive data set. Based on the investigation, this paper proposes a taxonomy and workable system, which utilizes a set of heuristics build from detailed study. The proposed model is then applied on unseen diversified data set taken from the Journal of Universal Computer Science and CiteSeer. The proposed model was able to achieve an average F-score of 0.97 as compared with the baseline 0.58.
Insomnia severity as a mediator of the association between mental health symptoms and alcohol use in young adult veterans

Purpose Prior research has documented associations between mental health and alcohol use, mental health and insomnia, and insomnia and alcohol use. This study examined insomnia severity as a mediator of the association between mental health and alcohol-related outcomes in young adult veterans.
Nanomaterials as stationary phases and supports in liquid chromatography

The development of various nanomaterials over the last few decades has led to many applications for these materials in liquid chromatography (LC). This review will look at the types of nanomaterials that have been incorporated into LC systems and the applications that have been explored for such systems. A number of carbon-based nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials have been considered for use in LC, ranging from carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and nanodiamonds to metal nanoparticles and nanostructures based on silica, alumina, zirconia and titanium dioxide. Many ways have been described for incorporating these nanomaterials into LC systems. These methods have included covalent immobilization, adsorption, entrapment, and the synthesis or direct development of nanomaterials as part of a chromatographic support. Nanomaterials have been used in many types of LC. These applications have included the reversed-phase, normal-phase, ion-exchange, and affinity modes of LC, as well as related methods such as chiral separations, ion-pair chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Both small and large analytes (e.g., dyes, drugs, amino acids, peptides and proteins) have been used to evaluate possible applications for these nanomaterial-based methods. The use of nanomaterials in columns, capillaries and planar chromatography has been considered as part of these efforts. Potential advantages of nanomaterials in these applications have included their good chemical and physical stabilities, the variety of interactions many nanomaterials can have with analytes, and their unique retention properties in some separation formats.
Proposed model for translational research at a teaching-intensive college of pharmacy.

Abstract Background Many American colleges of pharmacy are small, private, teaching institutions. Faculty are required to maintain a research agenda, although the publication quota is less compared with their publicly funded college of pharmacy peers. Faculty at these smaller schools conduct research with very little internal or external funding. This tends to lead to smaller, less impactful research findings. Translational research is becoming popular for research faculty as it bridges theory to practice. The Knowledge-to-Action (KTA) framework presents the steps to conduct translational research. Purpose To apply and determine if the KTA framework would be able to produce practice-impactful research at an institution that does not depend on grant funding as part of faculty research agendas. Procedures An interdisciplinary team was formed with providers at the clinical faculty's practice site. As the team moved through the KTA steps, authors documented the roles of each team member. It was clear that many different types of teams were formed throughout the KTA process. These teams were then categorized according to the Interdisciplinary Teamwork System. The final result is a proposed model of types of teams and required member roles that are necessary within each KTA step for faculty to conduct practice-impactful research at a small, private, teaching institution without substantial grant funding awards. Main findings Applying the KTA framework, two impactful original research manuscripts were developed over two academic years. Furthermore, the practitioners at the clinical faculty member's site were very pleased with the ease of conducting research, as they were never required to take a lead role. In addition, both faculty members alternated lead and support role allowing for a decreased burden of workload while producing theory-driven research. Conclusion The KTA framework can create a model for translational research and may be particularly beneficial to small teaching institutions to conduct impactful research.
Two Alternative Binomial Option Pricing Model Approaches to Derive Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model

In this chapter, we review two famous models on binomial option pricing, Rendleman and Barter (RB 1979) and Cox et al. (CRR 1979). We show that the limiting results of the two models both lead to the celebrated Black-Scholes formula. From our detailed derivations, CRR is easy to follow if one has the advanced level knowledge in probability theory but the assumptions on the model parameters make its applications limited. On the other hand, RB model is intuitive and does not require higher level knowledge in probability theory. Nevertheless, the derivations of RB model are more complicated and tedious. For readers who are interested in the binomial option pricing model, they can compare the two different approaches and find the best one that fits their interests and is easier to follow.
Ontology mediation method for building multilingual ontologies

Ontology is an emerging technology in building knowledge based information retrieval systems. It is used to conceptualize the information in human understandable manner. Over the years, much importance was given to the systematic development of ontologies. As a result many methods and strategies to build ontology in different domains came up in the field of ontological engineering. These methods contained different steps to plan, design and build ontology efficiently. Most of these methods provided a generic structure to construct ontology. The development of ontology has cut across different domains and applications and this has arisen a need to develop methods to build ontologies in various applications. Nowadays, multilingual ontology applications are developed in various domains to have Knowledge based information retrieval according to the language preferred by user. Multilingual ontology allows sharing of information and data in different languages and thus facilitates multi-language users. A method to develop multilingual ontologies is in need now. In this paper, we propose an ontology mediation method to develop multilingual ontology applications. It explains the steps involved in the development process. A six step method is followed which is done iteratively to develop multilingual ontologies. Merging and mapping techniques are also used in mediation of multilingual ontologies. New algorithms are proposed for merging and mapping multilingual ontologies. The proposed method is experimented by developing multilingual ontology application for Thirukkural, the famous Tamil literature. The experimental results show that multilingual ontologies can be developed using the proposed method and semantic knowledge can be retrieved from the multilingual ontology.
Navigating Turn-Taking and Conversational Repair in an Online Synchronous Course

In face-to-face conversations, speaker transitions (or hand-offs) are typically seamless. In computer mediated communication settings, speaker hand-offs can be a bit more challenging. This paper presents the results of a study of audio communication problems that occur in an online synchronous course, and how, and by whom, those problems are resolved. Data were collected from chat transcripts and audio transcripts from a graduate level discourse and conversation analysis course that used WebEx, an audioconferencing software application that also has a chat channel. Using a conversational analysis approach, data were analyzed to identify when speaker hand-offs occurred to determine related patterns of confirmation strategies and repair sequences. Findings showed several different approaches to smooth speaker hand-offs. In cases where hand-offs were not smooth, corrections were attempted by either fixing the problem or moving on. There were also instances in which parties encountered technical difficulties with the audio or Internet connectivity. Parties used the chat channel to indicate they were having trouble. The instructor’s role was to troubleshoot, call upon students, and move the discussion along. This study provides some insight on how chat can be used in a discussion-based, online synchronous course to identify technical difficulties with a called-upon speaker and how the correction is made.
On the future of macroeconomics: a New Monetarist perspective

This article argues that a pressing goal for macroeconomics is to incorporate financial considerations, but we need models with solid microfoundations. In particular, the use of assets in facilitating exchange, as well as different credit (or other financial) arrangements, should be outcomes of, not inputs to, theories. As a preview, I suggest that mainstream macro does a good job explaining many phenomena, and a financial crisis does not disprove such theory. But understanding crises requires better incorporating factors related to money, credit, banking, and liquidity. The approach called New Monetarist economics can help a lot in this regard.
Periodontal treatment for the prevention of adverse birth outcomes.

Cochrane Oral Health and Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trial Registries, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Library, Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid and LILACS BIREME, clinicaltrials.com and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for published and ongoing trials until October of 2016. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of periodontal treatment in reducing or preventing perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality with no exclusions of language or date of publication. Primary perinatal outcomes included: gestational age at birth, birth weight, small for gestational age and perinatal mortality, while the primary maternal outcomes included mortality, pre-eclampsia and treatment adverse effects. Two authors independently screened for inclusion and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ‘risk of bias’ tool. Dichotomous results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and continuous data were expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence interval. Random-effects model was used for combining results. The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE. Fifteen studies with a total of 7,161 participants met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies (n = 5671) compared periodontal treatment with no treatment. For the outcome preterm birth before <37 weeks a calculated RR of 0.87, 95% CI 0.70-1.10 shows no clear difference. From seven studies (n = 3470) there is evidence that periodontal treatment may reduce birth weight <2500g (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.48-0.95). There is unclear evidence on the effect of periodontal treatment on preterm birth <35 weeks, <32 weeks, perinatal mortality and pre-eclampsia. Three studies with 3,610 participants showed no evidence of difference in the outcome small for gestational age: RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81-1.16. There is no clear evidence that periodontal treatment during pregnancy has an effect on preterm birth. There is some evidence that it may reduce incidence of low birth weight. There is insufficient evidence to define what type of periodontal treatment is superior in preventing any adverse pregnancy outcome.
Integration of sudden death syndrome resistance loci in the soybean genome

Complexity and inconsistencies in resistance mapping publications of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) result in interpretation difficulty. This review integrates SDS mapping literature and proposes a new nomenclature system for reproducible SDS resistance loci. Soybean resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS) is composed of foliar resistance to phytotoxins and root resistance to pathogen invasion. There are more than 80 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and dozens of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with soybean resistance to SDS. The validity of these QTL and SNPs is questionable because of the complexity in phenotyping methodologies, the disease synergism between SDS and soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the variability from the interactions between soybean genotypes and environments, and the inconsistencies in the QTL nomenclature. This review organizes SDS mapping results and proposes the Rfv (resistance to Fusarium virguliforme) nomenclature based on supporting criteria described in the text. Among ten reproducible loci receiving our Rfv nomenclature, Rfv18-01 is mostly supported by field studies and it co-localizes to the SCN resistance locus rhg1. The possibility that Rfv18-01 is a pleiotropic resistance locus and the concern about Rfv18-01 being confounded with Rhg1 is discussed. On the other hand, Rfv06-01, Rfv06-02, Rfv09-01, Rfv13-01, and Rfv16-01 were identified both by screening soybean leaves against phytotoxic culture filtrates and by evaluating SDS severity in fields. Future phenotyping using leaf- and root-specific resistance screening methodologies may improve the precision of SDS resistance, and advanced genetic studies may further clarify the interactions among soybean genotypes, F. virguliforme, SCN, and environments. The review provides a summary of the SDS resistance literature and proposes a framework for communicating SDS resistance loci for future research considering molecular interactions and genetic breeding for soybean SDS resistance.
A high-frequency inverter architecture for providing variable compensation in wireless power transfer systems

This paper introduces a new high-frequency inverter architecture that can compensate for coupling variations in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, while operating at a fixed frequency and maintaining high efficiency. This architecture, termed the variable compensation inverter (VCI), comprises multiple high-frequency inverters feeding a lossless resonant network, with the inputs of the inverters fed by controllable voltages. By appropriately controlling the input voltages of the individual inverters and their relative phase-shift, the VCI can maintain near-resistive, and slightly inductive, loading of the inverters even as the reactance of the WPT coupler changes; hence, providing compensation while maintaining zero-voltage and near-zero-current switching. The VCI also ensures that the output power of the WPT system is maintained at a fixed level even during coupling variations. A prototype VCI is designed, built and tested with a 1.5-MHz 65-W capacitive WPT system for laptop charging applications. The system is able to fully compensate for up to 50% lateral misalignments in the capacitive coupler while maintaining a fixed output power level of 65 W and achieving 82% efficiency.
Multiphase Flow Handbook

BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS C.T. Crowe and E.E. Michaelides GAS-LIQUID TRANSPORT IN DUCTS R.V.A. Oliemans and B.F.M. Pots BOILING AND CONDENSATION S.G. Kandlikar and J.N. Chung FLUID-SOLID TRANSPORT IN DUCTS S. Dhodapkar, K. Jacobs, and S. Hu FLUIDIZED BEDS J.R. Grace, B. Leckner, J. Zhu, and Y. Cheng AEROSOL FLOWS Y. Drossinos and C. Housiadas PARTICLE SEPARATION SYSTEMS C. Kanaoka , H. Yoshida, and H. Makino SPRAY SYSTEMS U. Fritsching DRY POWDER FLOWS G.I. Tardos and P.R. Mort POROUS MEDIA FLOWS M. Dong and F.A.L. Dullien MICROSCALE AND MICROGRAVITY FLOWS A. Serizawa and K.S. Gabriel MULTIPHASE INTERACTIONS G.F. Oweis, S.L. Ceccio, Y. Matsumoto, C. Tropea, I.V. Roisman, Y. Tsuji, R. Lyczkowski, T.R. Troutt, J.K. Eaton, and F. Mashayek MODELING E. Loth, G. Tryggvason, Y. Tsuji, S.E. Elghobashi, C.T. Crowe, A. Berlemont, M. Reeks, O. Simonin, Th. Frank, Y. Onishi, and B. van Wachem ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES E.A. Hammer, G.A. Johansen, T. Dyakowski, E.P.L. Roberts, J.C. Cullivan, R.A. Williams, Y.A. Hassan, and C.S. Claiborn INDEX
Single Molecule Fluorescence Methods in Enzymology

Single-molecule methods, with their ability to remove ensemble averaging and monitor molecular actions in real time, have proven powerful in studying enzyme. This chapter summarizes recent advances in single-molecule enzymology, focusing on fluorescence microscopy-based methods. We discuss the principles of these methods, their general features and experimental challenges, and use specific examples from recent literature as illustrations.
Some Obstacles on the Road to ATM

The introduction of ATM will take place in the local environment first. ATM will make very high speed LANs a reality. These future LANs will be based on switches, unlike their low speed predecessors which used shared media. ATM technology will contribute to making the distinctions between LANs, MANs and WANs eventually disappear. ATM will also be the transport mechanism of choice for multimedia. However there are some alternatives to ATM. One of them is FCS which can play the role of a very high speed LAN and is positioned with respect to ATM in this paper. When it is realized, the vision of a “world wired with fibers” where the videophones have replaced the conventional telephone sets and where videoconferencing are part of the normal working environment, will draw heavily upon ATM. We are discussing some of the significant problems which remain to be solved such as the distributed support of video-conferencing. The likely rollout of ATM products and the different approaches considered to address these problems are addressed here.
Surface functionalization in combination with confinement for crystallization from undersaturated solutions

Crystallization from undersaturated solutions was demonstrated using functionalized nanoporous silica (Zorbax® chromatographic media). The silica matrix acts as a source of bound groups within the nanopores which act to reduce the solubility within the small pore volume resulting in the formation of nanocrystals within the pores. Experiments were conducted within sealed capillaries which were monitored via X-ray powder diffraction. Experiments were conducted for a number of solutes and concentrations and clearly demonstrated a critical concentration in the undersaturated region below which crystals would not form. Concentrations above this critical concentration would form crystals. Batch experiments confirmed that the crystallization yield could be calculated from the difference between the initial concentration before the addition of Zorbax® and the critical (effective saturation) concentration.
PCB Edge Shielding Effectiveness Evaluation and Design Guidelines

Edge plating and via stitching connecting ground planes are two common edge treatments to suppress electromagnetic interference (EMI) from multilayer printed circuit boards (PCB). One critical parameter for stitching via is the spacing between vias. At higher frequencies, it is desirable to plate the edges of PCB, and a gap is required in the plating to accommodate the break-off tabs. In this paper, the shielding performance of these two scenarios are studied in both simulation and measurement. By sweeping the parameters of via pitch size and the length of each plated edge, the near-field shielding effectiveness (SE) of these different cases are compared. In general, the edge plating cases have much better shielding performance than the stitching via ones. Since edge plating implements the shielding on PCB walls, it leaves no interference with signals and moreover saves space for dropping GND stitching vias, with a trade-off of 5% more cost. Design guidelines for PCB edge treatments are provided in the end of the paper.
An integrated approach to map landslides in Chittagong Hilly Areas, Bangladesh, using Google Earth and field mapping

This paper presents a landslide inventory map for the Chittagong Hilly Areas of Bangladesh based on Google Earth and field mapping. We developed a set of criteria to identify landslides in Google Earth and introduced a method to assess the accuracy of mapped landslides when they are recorded as points rather than polygons in the field. In total, 230 landslides (mainly occurred between 2001 and 2016) were mapped in Google Earth. Field mapping identified 548 landslides and most of them occurred during Summer 2017. In total, the inventory includes 730 landslides for Chittagong Hilly Areas from 2001 to 2017. The field validation suggests that the accuracy of mapped landslides using Google Earth varies from 69 to 88%. Field work is preferred to map detailed landslides in or near urban areas, road networks, human settlements, and other accessible areas, while Google Earth has the advantage to map landslides in inaccessible areas. The combination of these two approaches provides a means to prepare the landslide inventory for an entire area.
Direct dynamic nuclear polarization of 15N and 13C spins at 14.1 T using a trityl radical and magic angle spinning.

Abstract We investigate solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization of 13C and 15N nuclei using monoradical trityl OX063 as a polarizing agent in a magnetic field of 14.1 T with magic angle spinning at ∼100 K. We monitored the field dependence of direct 13C and 15N polarization for frozen [13C, 15N] urea and achieved maximum absolute enhancement factors of 240 and 470, respectively. The field profiles are consistent with polarization of 15N spins via either the solid effect or the cross effect, and polarization of 13C spins via a combination of cross effect and solid effect. For microcrystalline, 15N-enriched tryptophan synthase sample containing trityl radical, a 1500-fold increase in 15N signal was observed under microwave irradiation. These results show the promise of trityl radicals and their derivatives for direct polarization of low gamma, spin-½ nuclei at high magnetic fields and suggest a novel approach for selectively polarizing specific moieties or for polarizing systems which have low levels of protonation.
Better Beware: Comparing Metacognition for Phishing and Legitimate Emails

Every electronic message poses some threat of being a phishing attack. If recipients underestimate that threat, they expose themselves, and those connected to them, to identity theft, ransom, malware, or worse. If recipients overestimate that threat, then they incur needless costs, perhaps reducing their willingness and ability to respond over time. In two experiments, we examined the appropriateness of individuals’ confidence in their judgments of whether email messages were legitimate or phishing, using calibration and resolution as metacognition metrics. Both experiments found that participants had reasonable calibration but poor resolution, reflecting a weak correlation between their confidence and knowledge. These patterns differed for legitimate and phishing emails, with participants being better calibrated for legitimate emails, except when expressing complete confidence in their judgments, but consistently overconfident for phishing emails. The second experiment compared performance on the laboratory task with individuals’ actual vulnerability, and found that participants with better resolution were less likely to have malicious files on their home computers. That comparison raised general questions about the design of anti-phishing training and of providing feedback essential to self-regulated learning.
Experimental Insights into the Genesis and Growth of Struvite Particles on Low-Solubility Dolomite Mineral Surfaces

Low-solubility Mg2+-containing mineral surfaces, including periclase (MgO) and magnesite (MgCO3), can act as sustainable sources of Mg2+ ions to yield green fertilizer struvite (MgNH4PO4) via a two...
Mortality in paediatric burns at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital (WCH), Adelaide, South Australia: 1960–2017

Abstract Background Burn injuries are the third leading cause of preventable death in children worldwide, resulting in over 100 000 annual hospitalisations. In the paediatric population, scalds are the commonest mechanism and burn injuries of greater than 40% total burn surface area (TBSA) are associated with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Aims The aim of this study was to review mortality in paediatric burns in a tertiary burns centre over a 60-year period, providing an understanding of local causes of mortality and directing future clinical research. Methods We reviewed data collected prospectively from patients treated for burn injuries at the WCH from 1960 to 2017. Data of age, gender, mechanism of injury and TBSA were collected. TBSA of 40% and greater were included in the study. Results All patients with total burn surface area (TBSA) less than 40% survived. There were a total of 75 patients who sustained burns of or greater than 40% TBSA. Overall mortality was 34% (26 of 75) of which 24 occurred in the 1960s. Of the 21 patients who died of flame burn injuries, 12 of them were described as clothes catching alight from being in close proximity to the source of flame. Average length of stay for patients who did not survive was 7 days (1–26). Conclusion Mortality has since declined and the prognosis for survival good, even in TBSA of greater than 90%. The investigations in fabric flammability led by Dr Thomas Pressley and Mr Murray Clarke prompted the rewriting of Australian standards for production of children’s clothing. This, in combination with advances in paediatric resuscitation, surgical techniques as well as wound care has improved survival rates and outcomes in extensive burn injuries. Future studies focus to see not only better survival rates, but also better aesthetic and functional outcomes in burn survivors.
V – Stochastic Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the stochastic differential equations. It focuses on the existence of solutions of stochastic differential equations. An important generalization is to add one or more second-order integrals along with the first-order integrals. There are several procedures for approximating the solutions of differential equations by computation of the approximation at the successive division points of a partition Π. The chapter also discusses the linear differential equations and their adjoints; one of the most venerable is that of Cauchy or of Euler. The chapter discusses the Cauchy–Maruyama approximation. An equation or inequality involving affixes or variables holds over the entire range of the indices or variables.
Operator Reliance on Automation: Theory and Data

This chapter describes the results of a series of studies to investigate these and further relationships. F. Lerch and M. Prietula examined how attributions of qualities to agents affected operator trust in the agent. Victor Riley suggested that an operator's decision to rely on automation may not depend only on the operator's level of trust in the system, but rather on a more complex relationship among trust, self-confidence, and a number of other factors. The "reliance" factor represents the probability that an operator will use automation and is influenced by the operator's self-confidence and level of trust in the automation. The use of automation has been either dictated by procedures or left to operator discretion without a good understanding of the various factors that can influence these decisions, even though they may be among the most important decisions an operator can make.
The Shape, Multiplicity, and Evolution of Superclusters in LambdaCDM Cosmology

We determine the shape, multiplicity, size, and radial structure of superclusters in the LambdaCDM concordance cosmology from z = 0 to z = 2. Superclusters are defined as clusters of clusters in our large-scale cosmological simulation. We find that superclusters are triaxial in shape; many have flattened since early times to become nearly two-dimensional structures at present, with a small fraction of filamentary systems. The size and multiplicity functions are presented at different redshifts. Supercluster sizes extend to scales of ~ 100 - 200 Mpc/h. The supercluster multiplicity (richness) increases linearly with supercluster size. The density profile in superclusters is approximately isothermal (~ R^{-2}) and steepens on larger scales. These results can be used as a new test of the current cosmology when compared with upcoming observations of large-scale surveys.
Towards interoperability: A sub-regional coastal ocean observing system experience

The West Florida Shelf Coastal Ocean Monitoring Prediction System (COMPS), maintained by the University of South Florida (USF), College of Marine Science (CMS), is one of the largest sub-regional coastal ocean observing systems in the southeast US and Gulf of Mexico coastal region. COMPS collects and disseminates near real-time marine observations to researchers, educators, students, local, state and federal emergency management agencies, and the public via Internet. Realizing the importance of increasing data accessibility, enhancing data integration, and enabling interoperability between sub-regional, regional and federal coastal ocean observing systems, we have made significant improvements to our COMPS data management system. In this paper, we describe implementation of Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Data Management and Communications Committee recommended technologies to advance COMPS data system towards interoperability.
Total shoulder arthroplasty using a subscapularis-sparing approach: a radiographic analysis

Background Traditional total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) involves releasing the subscapularis tendon for exposure. This can potentially lead to subscapularis insufficiency, compromised function, and dissatisfaction. A novel TSA technique preserves the subscapularis tendon by performing the procedure entirely through the rotator interval, allowing accelerated rehabilitation. However, early reports on this approach have noted malpositioning of the humeral component and residual osteophytes. In a randomized trial, we examined the incidence of humeral head malpositioning, incorrect sizing, and residual osteophytes on postoperative radiographs after subscapularis-sparing TSA compared with the traditional approach. Methods Patients were prospectively randomized to undergo TSA performed through the traditional or subscapularis-sparing approach. The operating surgeon was blinded to the randomization until the day of surgery. Anatomic reconstruction measurements included humeral head height, humeral head centering, humeral head medial offset, humeral head diameter (HHD), and head-neck angle. Two independent reviewers analyzed the postoperative radiographs to determine anatomic restoration of the humeral head and the presence of residual osteophytes. Results We randomized 96 patients to undergo either the standard approach (n = 50) or the subscapularis-sparing approach (n = 46). There were no significant differences in humeral head height, humeral head centering, humeral head medial offset, HHD, head-neck angle, and anatomic reconstruction index between the 2 groups. However, significantly more postoperative osteophytes (P = .0001) were noted in the subscapularis-sparing TSA group. Although the overall mean was not statistically different, further analysis of HHD showed that more patients in the subscapularis-sparing TSA group were outliers (mismatch >4 mm) than in the traditional TSA group. Conclusions Although anatomic restoration of the shoulder can be accomplished using subscapularis-sparing TSA, retained osteophytes and significant mismatch of the HHD raise concerns regarding long-term outcomes.
Factors to Consider in Making Curriculum Decisions About Treatment Guidelines

As interventions based on practice guidelines spread within social work practice, educators must determine how, if at all, these guidelines may be incorporated into the curriculum of undergraduate and graduate social work education. This article provides an overview of the history and the debate surrounding practice guidelines and identifies key considerations that must be addressed in order for faculty to make a rational and deliberate decision regarding the inclusion of practice guidelines within the curriculum.
Temperature-Sensitive Initiation of Chromosome Replication in a Mutant of Escherichia coli

The properties of Escherichia coli mutant D2-47LT indicate that it is temperature-sensitive for a protein required for the initiation of chromosome replication. The results of several different experiments are consistent with this hypothesis, and no support was found for the alternate hypotheses tested. Although the strain is usually unable to initiate replication at 42 C, some of the initiation proteins are apparently synthesized at the restrictive temperature. This can cause initiation on partially replicated, but not completed, chromosomes. It appears that the temperature-sensitive protein is required for initiation on completed chromosomes.
Constructing Spatial Representations of Variable Detail for Sketch Recognition

Abstract : We describe a system which constructs spatial representations of sketches drawn by users. These representations are currently being used as the input for a spatial reasoning system which learns classifiers for performing sketch recognition. The spatial reasoning system requires representations at a level of detail sparser than that which the representation constructor normally builds. Therefore, we describe how the representation constructor ranks the expressions in its output so that the number of expressions in the representation can be decreased with minimal loss of information. We evaluate the overall system, showing that it is able to learn and utilize classifiers for complex sketches even when the representation size is sharply diminished.
Allport, Gordon W (1897–1967)

Gordon Allport, a major American psychologist of the mid-twentieth century, made significant contributions to both personality and social psychology. His 1937 book, Personality , helped to establish personality as an essential component of academic psychology. His 1954 book, The Nature of Prejudice, became a classic in social psychology and shaped the study of intergroup relations for half a century. In both areas, Allport's work is characterized by three interwoven features: a broad, eclectic balance of the many sides of psychology; the specification of central problems with initial approaches to their solution; and a uniquely consistent, seamless, and forceful perspective.