cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dicopper μ-Oxo, μ-Nitrosyl Complex from the Activation of NO or Nitrite at a Dicopper Center

Treatment of a dicopper(I,I) complex with nitric oxide produces a dicopper μ-oxo, μ-nitrosyl complex [LCu2(μ-O)(μ-NO)]2+, representing the first structurally characterized μ-oxo, μ-nitrosyl metal complex. This compound can also be synthesized from the reaction of nitrite with an [LCuIICuI]3+ synthon. Full characterization of the thermal-sensitive [LCu2(μ-O)(μ-NO)]2+ complex with IR, EPR, and X-ray crystallography suggests a localized mixed-valent CuIII, CuII, O2-, NO- formulation. The [Cu2(μ-O)(μ-NO)]2+ core efficiently oxidizes exogenous substrates, such as phosphine, cyclohexadienes, and isochroman to afford phosphine oxide, benzene, and 1-isochromanone. Since both nitrite and nitric oxide are proposed oxidants in denitrifying methane oxidation, the oxidative reactivity of [Cu2(μ-O)(μ-NO)]2+ core is potentially relevant to anaerobic methane oxidation observed in methanotrophic archaea.
Oxoammonium Salts. 9. Oxidative Dimerization of Polyfunctional Primary Alcohols to Esters. An Interesting β Oxygen Effect

The use of the oxidant 4-acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate in combination with pyridine for the oxidative, dimeric esterification of primary alcohols is described. The ester is the predominant product of the reaction with alcohols containing a β oxygen. In the absence of a β oxygen, the corresponding aldehyde is found in appreciable amounts, but a concentration effect can be observed. In the absence of pyridine, little ester is formed, and no appreciable reaction takes place with β-oxygenated compounds. δ Lactones have been prepared from diethylene glycol and 2,2‘-thiodiethanol, without sulfur oxidation.
Modular, Circuit-Based Interventions Rescue Hippocampal-Dependent Social and Spatial Memory in a 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Mouse Model.

Abstract Background 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) manifests with myriad symptoms, including multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Complications associated with the polygenic haploinsufficiency make 22qDS symptoms particularly difficult to manage with traditional therapeutic approaches. However, the varying mechanistic consequences often culminate to generate inappropriate regulation of neuronal circuit activity. We explored whether managing this aberrant activity in adults could be a therapeutically beneficial strategy. Methods To assess and dissect hippocampal circuit function, we performed functional imaging in acute slices and targeted eloquent circuits (specific subcircuits tied to specific behavioral tasks) to provide relevant behavioral outputs. For example, the ventral and dorsal CA1 regions critically support social and spatial discrimination, respectively. We focally introduced chemogenetic constructs in 34 control and 24 22qDS model mice via adeno-associated viral vectors, driven by excitatory neuron-specific promoter elements, to manipulate circuit recruitment in an on-demand fashion. Results 22qDS model mice exhibited CA1 excitatory ensemble hyperexcitability and concomitant behavioral deficits in both social and spatial memory. Remarkably, acute chemogenetic inhibition of pyramidal cells successfully corrected memory deficits and did so in a regionally specific manner: ventrally targeted constructs rescued only social behavior, while those expressed dorsally selectively affected spatial memory. Additionally, manipulating activity in control mice could recapitulate the memory deficits in a regionally specific manner. Conclusions These data suggest that retuning activity dysregulation can rescue function in disease-altered circuits, even in the face of a polygenetic haploinsufficiency with a strong developmental component. Targeting circuit excitability in a focal, modular manner may prove to be an effective therapeutic for treatment-resistant symptoms of mental illness.
Should climate scientists fly

I inquire into argument at the system level, exploring the controversy over whether climate scientists should fly. I document participants’ knowledge of a skeptical argument that because scientists fly, they cannot testify credibly about the climate emergency. I show how this argument has been managed by pro-climate action arguers, and how some climate scientists have developed parallel reasoning, articulating a sophisticated case why they will be more effective in the controversy if they fly less. Finally, I review some strategies arguers deploy to use the arguments of others against them. I argue that only by attending to argument-making at the system level can we understand how arguers come to know the resources for argument available in a controversy and to think strategically about how to use them. I call for more work on argument at the system level.
Infusion-related angioedema associated with infliximab-abda: Case report.

Purpose A case of infusion-related angioedema associated with the use of an infliximab biosimilar (infliximab-abda) is reported in order to bring awareness that this adverse effect is still highly possible in biosimilars, similar to the reference infliximab biologic. Summary A 37-year-old white male with a past medical history significant for ileocolonic fistulizing Crohn's disease, depression, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) presented to an emergency department with shortness of breath, urticaria, and tongue swelling that had developed shortly after initiation of an infusion of infliximab-abda. The patient had no documented allergies at the time of presentation. The patient was taking oral budesonide 9 mg daily and oral azathioprine 50 mg daily for treatment of Crohn's disease. Other medications included oral omeprazole 40 mg every morning for GERD and oral sertraline 100 mg daily for depression. The patient's tongue swelling worsened, and he was intubated for airway protection. The patient received supportive care treatment for angioedema with intravenous (IV) dexamethasone 8 mg every 8 hours, IV diphenhydramine 50 mg every 8 hours, and IV famotidine 20 mg every 12 hours. He was extubated approximately 43 hours later and observed overnight in a medical intensive care unit. He was transferred to a general medicine unit the next day for further care. The total hospital length of stay was 4 days. Conclusion A 37-year-old man developed infusion-related angioedema with use of infliximab-abda. Discontinuation of the biosimilar product along with supportive care brought about resolution of angioedema. There are no prior published reports of infusion-related angioedema reactions secondary to infliximab-abda use.
Childhood trauma moderates morphometric associations between orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala: implications for pathological personality traits.

Background Research has demonstrated that chronic stress exposure early in development can lead to detrimental alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-amygdala circuit. However, the majority of this research uses functional neuroimaging methods, and thus the extent to which childhood trauma corresponds to morphometric alterations in this limbic-cortical network has not yet been investigated. This study had two primary objectives: (i) to test whether anatomical associations between OFC-amygdala differed between adults as a function of exposure to chronic childhood assaultive trauma and (ii) to test how these environment-by-neurobiological effects relate to pathological personality traits. Methods Participants were 137 ethnically diverse adults (48.1% female) recruited from the community who completed a clinical diagnostic interview, a self-report measure of pathological personality traits, and anatomical MRI scans. Results Findings revealed that childhood trauma moderated bilateral OFC-amygdala volumetric associations. Specifically, adults with childhood trauma exposure showed a positive association between medial OFC volume and amygdalar volume, whereas adults with no childhood exposure showed the negative OFC-amygdala structural association observed in prior research with healthy samples. Examination of the translational relevance of trauma-related alterations in OFC-amygdala volumetric associations for disordered personality traits revealed that trauma exposure moderated the association of OFC volume with antagonistic and disinhibited phenotypes, traits characteristic of Cluster B personality disorders. Conclusions The OFC-amygdala circuit is a potential anatomical pathway through which early traumatic experiences perpetuate emotional dysregulation into adulthood and confer risk for personality pathology. Results provide novel evidence of divergent neuroanatomical pathways to similar personality phenotypes depending on early trauma exposure.
Effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance in transwomen and transmen: implications for sporting organisations and legislators

Objective To examine the effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance among transwomen and transmen. Methods We reviewed fitness test results and medical records of 29 transmen and 46 transwomen who started gender affirming hormones while in the United States Air Force. We compared pre- and post-hormone fitness test results of the transwomen and transmen with the average performance of all women and men under the age of 30 in the Air Force between 2004 and 2014. We also measured the rate of hormone associated changes in body composition and athletic performance. Results Participants were 26.2 years old (SD 5.5). Prior to gender affirming hormones, transwomen performed 31% more push-ups and 15% more sit-ups in 1 min and ran 1.5 miles 21% faster than their female counterparts. After 2 years of taking feminising hormones, the push-up and sit-up differences disappeared but transwomen were still 12% faster. Prior to gender affirming hormones, transmen performed 43% fewer push-ups and ran 1.5 miles 15% slower than their male counterparts. After 1 year of taking masculinising hormones, there was no longer a difference in push-ups or run times, and the number of sit-ups performed in 1 min by transmen exceeded the average performance of their male counterparts. Summary The 15–31% athletic advantage that transwomen displayed over their female counterparts prior to starting gender affirming hormones declined with feminising therapy. However, transwomen still had a 9% faster mean run speed after the 1 year period of testosterone suppression that is recommended by World Athletics for inclusion in women’s events.
Prediction of Drug-Induced Long QT Syndrome Using Machine Learning Applied to Harmonized Electronic Health Record Data:

Background:Drug-induced QT prolongation is a potentially preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, however there are no widespread clinical tools utilized to predict which individuals are at gr...
Eliciting primary care and oncology provider perspectives on diabetes management during active cancer treatment.

We sought to elicit the perspectives of primary care providers (PCPs) and oncologists regarding their expectations on who should be responsible for diabetes management, as well as communication mode and frequency about diabetes care during cancer treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with PCPs (physicians and nurse practitioners) and oncologists who treat cancer patients with type 2 diabetes. Interviews were audio-recorded and professionally transcribed. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze the qualitative data and identify key themes. Ten PCPs and ten oncologists were interviewed between March and July 2019. Two broad themes emerged from our interviews with PCPs: (1) cancer patients pausing primary care during cancer treatments, and (2) patients with poorer prognoses and advanced cancer. The following theme emerged from our interviews with oncologists: (3) challenges in caring for cancer patients with uncontrolled diabetes. Three common themes emerged from our interviews with both PCPs and oncologists: (4) discomfort with providing care outside of respective specialty, (5) the need to individualize care plans, and (6) lack of communication across primary and oncology care. Our findings suggest that substantial barriers to optimal diabetes management during cancer care exist at the provider level. Interventions prioritizing effective communication and educational resources among PCPs, oncologists, and additional members of the patients’ care team should be prioritized to achieve optimal outcomes.
My Kind of Guy: Social Dominance Orientation, Hierarchy-Relevance, and Tolerance of Racist Job Candidates.

Social psychology suggests that racism, as captured by explicit prejudice and racial discrimination, is perceived negatively in the United States. However, considering the hierarchy-enhancing natur...
Towards a Rigorous Statistical Analysis of Empirical Password Datasets.

In this paper we consider the following problem: given $N$ independent samples from an unknown distribution $\mathcal{P}$ over passwords $pwd_1,pwd_2, \ldots$ can we generate high confidence upper/lower bounds on the guessing curve $\lambda_G \doteq \sum_{i=1}^G p_i$ where $p_i=\Pr[pwd_i]$ and the passwords are ordered such that $p_i \geq p_{i+1}$. Intuitively, $\lambda_G$ represents the probability that an attacker who knows the distribution $\mathcal{P}$ can guess a random password $pwd \leftarrow \mathcal{P}$ within $G$ guesses. Understanding how $\lambda_G$ increases with the number of guesses $G$ can help quantify the damage of a password cracking attack and inform password policies. Despite an abundance of large (breached) password datasets upper/lower bounding $\lambda_G$ remains a challenging problem. We introduce several statistical techniques to derive tighter upper/lower bounds on the guessing curve $\lambda_G$ which hold with high confidence. We apply our techniques to analyze $9$ large password datasets finding that our new lower bounds dramatically improve upon prior work. Our empirical analysis shows that even state-of-the-art password cracking models are significantly less guess efficient than an attacker who knows the distribution. When $G$ is not too large we find that our upper/lower bounds on $\lambda_G$ are both very close to the empirical distribution which justifies the use of the empirical distribution in settings where $G$ is not too large i.e., $G \ll N$ closely approximates $\lambda_G$. The analysis also highlights regions of the curve where we can, with high confidence, conclude that the empirical distribution significantly overestimates $\lambda_G$. Our new statistical techniques yield substantially tighter upper/lower bounds on $\lambda_G$ though there are still regions of the curve where the best upper/lower bounds diverge significantly.
Symptoms of distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the United States can negatively impact physical and mental health. Participants were asked about psychosocial factors associated with experiencing symptoms of distress via surveys distributed on Social Media. Results showed that younger age, unemployment/losing wages/job, worse perceived general health (compared to excellent health) and recent smoking were consistently associated with increased odds of feelings of depression and anxiety. Further, females (aOR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.11) was associated with increased odds of feelings of depression. Findings reinforce a call for widespread, targeted prevention and treatment interventions for particular groups.
Association between pesticide exposure and sleep health among a representative sample of US adults: evidence from NHANES 2009-2014.

BACKGROUND Data suggest that pesticides interact with the melatonin receptor, which may influence sleep. However, the link between pesticides and sleep remains unexplored among the general adult population. This study evaluated unstratified and sex-stratified associations between urinary pesticide exposure (N = 4,478) and self-reported acute household pesticide exposure (N = 14,956), with sleep health outcomes within a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009-2014 were combined for analysis of aim 1 and aim 2. Urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations served as biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Acute household pesticide exposure (if any chemical products were used in the home in the past seven days to control pests) was self-reported (yes/no). Insufficient sleep duration (< 7 h/night) and trouble sleeping (yes/no) were self-reported. Log-binomial regression models that accounted for complex survey weights and adjusted for confounders were used to compute prevalence ratios and 95% CI. RESULTS Log urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) was related to a higher probability of insufficient sleep [1.09 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.20), p = 0.04] and trouble sleeping [1.14 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.27), p = 0.02] among males. Self-reported acute household pesticide exposure was associated with a higher probability of insufficient sleep duration [1.16 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.32), p = 0.03] and trouble sleeping [1.20 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.44), p = 0.04] in the unstratified sample. Sex-stratified findings showed that associations between acute household pesticide exposure and trouble sleeping only persisted among males [1.69 (95% CI: 1.27, 2.24), p < .001]. CONCLUSIONS In summary, acute pesticide exposure may be detrimental to adult sleep health, particularly among US males.
Binocular Goggle Augmented Imaging and Navigation System provides real-time fluorescence image guidance for tumor resection and sentinel lymph node mapping

Binocular Goggle Augmented Imaging and Navigation System provides real-time fluorescence image guidance for tumor resection and sentinel lymph node mapping
Single Degree of Freedom Forced Vibration

Let’s continue our study of the lumped parameter spring–mass–damper model, but now consider forced vibration. While the oscillation decays over time for a damped system under free vibration, the vibratory motion is maintained at a constant magnitude and frequency when an external energy source (i.e., a forcing function) is present.
Immunocompromised tumor-bearing mice show a selective loss of STAT5a/b expression in T and B lymphocytes.

Impaired immune responses are frequently observed in tumor-bearing hosts during progression of tumor growth, but the molecular basis of these functional defects remains unclear. To investigate tumor-induced immunosuppression, we first established that lymphocytes from mice bearing s.c. mammary adenocarcinoma (TS/A) tumors were severely impaired in their ability to generate cellular and humoral Ag-specific responses. Lymphocytes from these mice were then screened for abnormalities in the expression of signal transducing proteins known to be involved in the regulation of cellular immunity. Interestingly, purified T and B cells isolated from immunocompromised tumor-bearing mice displayed a marked decrease in the transcription activators STAT5a and -b at the protein level and to a lesser extent at the mRNA level. By contrast, no change in the expression of STAT1, -3, and -6 or of the TCR itself were detected. The correlation in the loss of T and B cell function with the selective decrease in STAT5a/b expression suggests that regulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway may provide a molecular mechanism for modulating the immune system.
Hyperon Photo- and Electro- Production Experiments at CLAS

Developments in strangeness photo- and electro- production off the proton, as investigated using the CLAS system in Hall B at Jefferson Lab, are discussed in this paper. By measuring sufficient spin observables one can decompose the reaction mechanism into elementary amplitudes. We discuss progress toward this end in recent data from CLAS, including cross sections and spin observables. We next discuss new results on the mass distribution of the Λ(1405), which shows signs of being a composite meson-baryon object of mixed isospin. The work on other hyperons such as the Ξ resonances will be mentioned, and future prospects outlined.
Sensitivity and specificity for mining data with increased incompleteness

This paper presents results of experiments on data sets that were subjected to increasing incompleteness by random replacement of attribute values by symbols of missing attribute values. During these experiments the total error rate and error rates for all concepts, results of repeated 30 times ten-fold cross validation, were recorded. We observed that for some data sets increased incompleteness might result in a significant improvement for the total error rate and sensitivity (with the significance level of 5%, two-tailed test). These results may be applied for improving data mining techniques, especially for domains in which sensitivity is important, e.g., in medical area.
Bridging or bonding?: A cross-cultural study of social relationships in social networking sites

Given the global expansion and social impact of social networking sites (SNSs hereafter), this study provides a cross-cultural examination of the nature of personal networks and social relationships college students hold in the online social space. Specifically, the present study investigates personal network composition, bridging and bonding social capital and relationship development of SNS users from the United States and Korea. Data were colleted via an online survey of 349 American and 240 Korean college students. Findings suggest that, although commonalities exist between the two groups, the use of SNSs for relational purposes and the resulting social capital and relationships are still culturally driven, reflecting the prevalent values and norms of the particular cultures in which the users belong. More specifically, American college students held larger but looser networks with a far greater portion of weak ties, whereas their Korean counterparts maintained smaller and denser networks with the rou...
Bromodeoxyuridine differential chromatid staining technique: a new approach to examining sister chromatid exchange and cell replication kinetics.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the methodology for Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) differential staining, both in vitro as well as in vivo, and an examination of the many applications of this technique. The chapter focuses on the BrdU labeling of mammalian chromosomes in vivo. They involve multiple subcutaneous injections, multiple intraperitoneal injections, or continuous intravenous infusion of BrdU. Examination of the concentrations of BrdU used in vitro for differential chromatid staining reveals extreme variation, even for the same cellular system. The chapter discusses the two most important areas of the applications of BrdU differential staining techniques are the utilization of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as an indication of DNA damage and repair and the employment of BISACK for examining cellular replication. SCE analysis potentially detects an agent, which may not be mutagenic for bacterial systems and yet be mutagenic, and perhaps even carcinogenic, for human cells. SCE analyses have been employed to examine various human genetic disorders. The system for analyzing cell replication kinetics (BISACK), permit new insight into the nature of replicating cell populations both in vivo and in vitro.
The Social Ecology of Addiction: Race, Risk, and Resilience

Objective. The purposes of this article are to inform pediatricians and other health professionals of key contextual risk factors that elevate black and Hispanic Americans9 likelihood to use substances and to discuss selected protective mechanisms that may shield members of these populations against substance use. Method. The article selectively reviews the literature on the epidemiology, etiology, and consequences of alcohol and other drug use among white, black, and Hispanic adults and youth. Results. The extant research suggests that historical and contemporary racialized practices and ideologies influence racial/ethnic differences in substance use outcomes, both directly and indirectly, through their influence on the communities in which people of different racial/ethnic groups are placed, through their influence on the structure and process of people9s interpersonal relationships, and through the impact that they have on individuals9 psychology and behavior. Conclusions. Although the emphasis of pediatricians9 and many other helping professionals9 work focuses on individuals and individual-level behaviors, these behaviors can only be properly examined, diagnosed, and treated when they are understood in light of the community and societal contexts in which they occur.
VII. The Relaxation Spectra of Enzymatic Reactions

The formation of enzyme-substrate complexes in many cases appears to be a diffusion controlled reaction. Such reactions are too fast to study by conventional techniques, but relaxation methods should be applicable. A general method for deriving the expressions for the relaxation times for chemical reaction mechanisms is presented, and an n-intermediate enzyme mechanism is discussed in particular — including the effects of competitive inhibitors and pH changes. The desirability of supplementing steady state rate measurements with transient state measurements is pointed out. Maintes fois la formation des complexes substrate-enzyme est une reaction contrǒlee par la diffusion des reactifs, Cettes reactions sont trop rapides pour l'application des techniques usuelles, mais la methode de relaxation devrait etre applicable. Une methode generale pour la derivation des expressions des temps de relaxation est presentee. Un mecanisme enzymatique a n intermediares est discute en detail - les effets d'inhibiteurs competitives et des chaugements du pH sont inclus. l'avantage des informations supplementaires procurees par des mesures du comportement transitoire est mis en evidence. Die Bildung von Enzym-Substratkomplexen ergibt sich in vielen Fallen als diffusionsbestimmte Reaktion. Solche Reaktionen sind zu schnell fur die Untersuchung mit Hilfe konventioneller Methoden; Relaxations-verfahren jedoch sollten anwendbar sein. Eine allgemeine Methode zur Ableitung von Ausdrucken fur die Relaxationszeiten chemischer Umwandlungen wird dargestellt und ein Enzymmechanismus mit n Zwischenstufen wird im einzelnen besprochen. Wirkungen konkurrierender Inhibitoren und pH-Veranderungen sind mit berucksichtigt. Die Notwendigkeit der Erganzung stationarer Messungen durch Unter-suchungen der Anlaufvorgange (Relaxationsmessungen) wird hervorgehoben.
The Organization of Mitochondrial Quality Control and Life Cycle in the Nervous System In Vivo in the Absence of PINK1.

Maintenance of healthy mitochondria is crucial in cells, such as neurons, with high metabolic demands, and dysfunctional mitochondria are thought to be selectively degraded. Studies of chemically uncoupled cells have implicated PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation. However, the role of the PINK1/Parkin pathway in mitochondrial turnover is unclear in the nervous system under normal physiological conditions, and we understand little about the changes that occur in the mitochondrial life cycle when turnover is disrupted. Here, we evaluated the nature, location, and regulation of quality control in vivo using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system, with deletion and overexpression of genes in the PINK1/Parkin pathway. We tested the hypotheses that impairment of mitochondrial quality control via suppression of PINK1 function should produce failures of turnover, accumulation of senescent mitochondria in the axon, defects in mitochondrial traffic, and a significant shift in the mitochondrial fission–fusion steady state. Although mitochondrial membrane potential was diminished by PINK1 deletion, we did not observe the predicted increases in mitochondrial density or length in axons. Loss of PINK1 also produced specific, directionally balanced defects in mitochondrial transport, without altering the balance between stationary and moving mitochondria. Somatic mitochondrial morphology was also compromised. These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system.
Logic, discovery, and the foundations of computing machinery

This paper describes the logical nature of computing machines in terms of languages and the types of problems that can be solved by logical operations on languages. The problem of discovery in mathematics and empirical science is discussed, and an “inductive” machine is described which would be able to formulate hypotheses, modify them in the light of new experience and eventually discover the laws of a very simple universe.
Layer-by-layer assembly of titanate nanosheets/poly- (ethylenimine) on PEN films

Abstract Alternating layers of TiO 2 nanosheets and poly(ethylenimine) were sequentially dip coated onto a polyethylene naphthalate substrate (PEN) using layer-by-layer assembly. UV–vis spectroscopy shows a linear growth of the PEI/nanosheets bilayer on the PEN substrate. The cross-section microstructure of the LBL film was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Helium permeability measurement showed that the titania nanosheet/PEI bilayers reduced the permeation rate of He through the coated PEN film.
Symmetrical reduction of M3 and hypoconulid loss in M. mulatta

An adult male rhesus macaque from Morgan Island was found to have reduced third upper molars and to have lost the hypoconulid on the lower third molar. The pattern of reduction was symmetrical, with hypocone, metacone, and eleven of thirteen upper cheek tooth measurements markedly diminished in size. Mandibular cheek teeth were less affected. The pattern of size reduction yields a specimen whose individual teeth resemble in size those of Cercopithecus aethiops in particular and the Cercopithecini in general in its ‘derived’ features of M3 reduction, hypoconulid loss, and reduced cheek tooth size.
Automatic methods for detection of tachyarrhythmias by antitachycardia devices

Abstract Electrical devices play an increasingly important role in the control of tachyarrhythmias. Antitachycardia pacing and automatic defibrillation have been severely limited by the poor specificity of tachycardia discrimination in commercially available devices. Although absolute heart rate has been the principal means of automatic diagnosis, several new detection algorithms and methods are being investigated. Multiple electrode timing comparison, signal processing and pattern recognition are employed in these newer techniques. Although each offers some improvement over present technology, none is capable of identifying all arrhythmias. The methods employing comparison of atrial and ventricular rates, without additional criteria, are unable to detect ventricular tachycardia in the presence of 1:1 retrograde conduction. Electrographic analysis techniques require very stable electrodes and may not tolerate normal morphologic variations. A combination of two or more approaches may ultimately be required. All techniques will require that certain critical variables be programmable to allow for individualization in each clinical situation. Software-controllable devices and those capable of sensing from both the atria and the ventricles will provide the sophistication necessary for the implementation of complex tachycardia detection algorithms. This report reviews automatic tachycardia detection techniques in current use and under investigation.
Symmetry of approximate Hamiltonians generated in Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form.

Previous investigators have shown how the Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form (BGNF) procedure can be used to develop an integrable Hamiltonian which approximates a nonintegrable Hamiltonian system. We discuss the symmetry properties of these approximate Hamiltonians and how a certain flexibility inherent to the BGNF procedure can be used to affect this symmetry. Because the BGNF procedure involves a transformation of the coordinates, the symmetry issue has been somewhat neglected due to its complexity. The techniques we demonstrate here with the H\'enon-Heiles Hamiltonian are easily generalized for use in molecular Hamiltonians of arbitrary symmetry. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Super-efficient rational proofs

Information asymmetry is a central problem in both computer science and economics. In many fundamental problems, an uninformed principal wants to obtain some knowledge from an untrusted expert. This models several real-world situations, such as a manager's relation with her employees, or the delegation of computational tasks in mechanical turk.Because the expert is untrusted, the principal needs some guarantee that the provided knowledge is correct. In computer science, this guarantee is usually provided via a proof, which the principal can verify. Thus, a dishonest expert will get caught and penalized (with very high probability). In many economic settings, the guarantee that the knowledge is correct is usually provided via incentives. That is, a game is played between expert and principal such that the expert maximizes her utility by being honest.A rational proof is an interactive proof where the prover, Merlin, is neither honest nor malicious, but rational. That is, Merlin acts in order to maximize his own utility. Rational proofs have been previously studied when the verifier, Arthur, is a probabilistic polynomial-time machine \cite{AzarMicali}.In this paper, we study super efficient rational proofs, that is, rational proofs where Arthur runs in logarithmic time. Our new rational proofs are very practical. Not only are they much faster than their classical analogues, but they also provide very tangible incentives for the expert to be honest. Arthur only needs a polynomial-size budget, yet he can penalize Merlin by a large quantity if he deviates from the truth.We give the following characterizations of which problems admit super-efficient rational proofs.(1)Uniform TC0 coincides with the set of languages L that admit a rational proof using O(log n) time, O(log n) communication, a constant number of rounds and a polynomial size budget.P║NPcoincides with the set of languages having a rational proof using O(log n) time, poly(n) communication, one round and a polynomial-size budget.Furthermore, we show that when Arthur is restricted to have a polynomial-size budget, the set of languages which admit rational proofs with polynomial time verification, polynomial communication and one round is P║MA
iBeam: Intelligent client-side multi-user beamforming in wireless networks

Frequently, client-side wireless devices have a view of multiple WiFi access points, whether from open residential and commercial networks, corporate networks, or mesh networks. Given the increasing number of radios and antennas in today's wireless devices, residual capacity from these multiple APs could be leveraged if client devices communicate with multiple APs simultaneously. In this paper, we exploit multi-user multi-input multi-output (MU-MIMO) technology to improve throughput and reliability in both directions of a wireless connection. For uplink, we use multi-user beamforming to enable the client devices to send multiple data streams to multiple APs simultaneously. For downlink, we leverage interference nulling technology to allow the client devices to decode parallel packets from multiple APs. This iBeam system requires no changes to existing APs or backhaul networks and is compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standards. We experimentally evaluate iBeam and show significant throughput improvements over both single-AP connections and multi-AP connections in a time division mode. The client's reliability and stability are also significantly improved due to the multi-AP diversity gain. Index Terms—Multi-user; Multi-AP; Beamforming; Interfer- ence Nulling; Channel Reciprocity; WiFi Networks; Rate Adap- tation;
Experimental allergic orchitis in mice: IV. Preliminary characterization of the major murine testis specific aspermatogenic autoantigen(s)

Active experimental allergic orchitis (EAO), characterized by inflammation of the testes (autoimmune orchitis), aspermatogenesis, epididymitis and vasitis was induced in mice using a panel of tissue antigens as immunogens. Immunization with allogeneic murine tissue homogenates emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) accompanied by the injection of pertussigen revealed that only adult murine testicular and epididymal homogenates are capable of eliciting murine EAO. All other tissue antigens studied including prepubertal mouse and epididymal homogenates failed to elicit significant disease. Immunization with xenogeneic testicular antigens also failed to elicit significant disease indicating that the major murine aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) is also highly species specific. Sensitization with allogeneic mouse testicular homogenates (MTH) from different disease resistant strains was for the most part no less potent in inducing significant disease than was immunization with mouse testicular homogenates from disease susceptible strains. However, testicular homogenates from NZB/B1NJUnm and MRL/MpJ-/+Unm mice were significantly less potent at inducing autoimmune epididymitis as compared to other strains, indicating possible interstrain differences in the immunogenicity of the aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) relevant to eliciting epididymitis. Attempts at solubilization and purification of the major murine aspermatogenic autoantigen(s) utilizing techniques employed for the purification of aspermatogenic autoantigens such as AP3 from guinea pig (GP) testes were unsuccessful. Additional extraction procedures resulted in solubilization of the relevant autoantigen(s) only after reduction in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. These data suggest that: (1) there may be a much more limited number of aspermatogenic autoantigens in murine testes as compared to GP testes; (2) the disease inducing determinant(s) may be expressed as either a sequential antigenic determinant(s) or as an antigenic determinant(s) in the carbohydrate portion of a glycoprotein or glycopeptide; and (3) the disease inducing autoantigen(s) may be present in situ in a highly insoluble form requiring active processing within the target organ in order to generate soluble antigen capable of being seen by immune reactants.
Chaotic motion of colliding oscillators

Abstract Colliding linear oscillators of unequal frequencies show KAM-type behavior with some unusual properties. The Fermi map and standard map are limiting cases of such systems. The problem of emittance growth of particle beams, in some cases of symmetry, can be viewed as chaos arising in colliding nonlinear oscillators. A condition for the onset of chaos in such systems has also been derived.
Weitwinkel - Nahaufnahme: Zeitperspektiven in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte

In the last decade, historians of science have shown a growing interest in the question of time. Especially when looking at the huge amount of valuable work performed within the methodological frames of microhistory, experimental and social history of science, the question has come up how to re-integrate 'longue-duree-perspectives' into historiography of science. The Society for History of Science has dedicated its 45th symposion (1 to 3 May 2008) in Halle to this question. This introduction deals with the problems of different and may be incommensurable modes of 'being-in-time'. How can different perspectives on time be combined, how can "close-ups", together with "long shots" (Gianna Pomata) make sense in the history of science? The quest for a narrative transporting the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous, or, as Koselleck's "Zeitschichten" could be translated, of different layers of time, may start with a criticism of the homogeneous and empty time (Benjamin) and its colonizing connotations, or, with re-examining historiographical concepts of discontinuity (e.g. scientific revolutions, breaks, eras and epochs) and their relationship to concepts of continuity. Recent accounts in the history of science have insisted on the non-disposability (Unverfugbarkeit) of historical events, on their contingency. And this is possibly an effect of the different time-structures of the objects of historiography.
How server designs will change as interface bandwidth demands continue to increase

This paper explores the trade-offs of how system designs will change as interface designs migrate from 10 to 25 to 56Gbit/lane applied to traditional scale-out systems and disaggregrated systems.
A QUALITATIVE LIMITATION ON VISUAL TRANSFER VIA THE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE ; EVIDENCE FROM A CASE OF CALLOSAL AGENESIS

Interhemispheric transfer of visual information was investigated in a patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum. CT scanning, pneumoencephalography, and neuropsychological evaluation failed to reveal any evidence of extracallosal cortical damage. The patient's performance was within normal limits both in the left and right visual fields on tasks requiring identification of briefly presented material. In contrast, his performance was abnormally poor when required simply to detect or localize a dot presented to the right of fixation. Performance with presentations in the left visual field was normal. These findings suggested that the absence of the corpus callosum may result in a selective impairment of visuospatial, but not identification, processes for material initially presented to the left hemisphere. To document this possibility further, the patient was tested on tasks designed to assess these processes simultaneously by requiring him both to identify and judge the exact location of each stimulus presented. Performance was normal in both lateral fields for identification accuracy, but significantly worse in the right visual field for location judgements. A similar pattern of results was found on a task requiring the identification of a stimulus and specification of its spatial orientation. These findings suggest a qualitative limitation on the type of information which may be transferred via the anterior commissure, possibly due to the inability of temporal lobe neurons to encode spatially organized information. Furthermore, the findings suggest that in the normal brain the right hemisphere may be crucially involved in visual attention and spatial functions, regardless of the field of presentation.
Shifting scintillator prototype large pixel wavelength-shifting fiber detector for the POWGEN3 powder diffractometer

Abstract A prototype neutron scintillation detector has been developed, specifically aimed at the needs of the powder diffractometer POWGEN3 at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This instrument requires a detector array with large (6 mm×40 mm) pixels and an area of several square meters. The prototype uses a two-dimensional grid of wavelength shifting fibers, with the fiber axes parallel to the scintillator screen, to collect the scintillation photons. The fiber ends for each pixel go to a specific set of four photomultiplier tubes, so that the position of each event can be determined by a 4-tube 2 C n × 2 C n coded coincidence. The observed maximum light yield with a 6 LiF/ZnS:Ag neutron scintillation screen, summed over four tubes, is greater than 200 photons/neutron. This is about 0.13% of the ∼150,000 photons/neutron produced in the scintillator. The light yield is sufficient to allow pulse discrimination between neutron signals and gamma-ray background. Further light collection gains should be achievable using double-clad fiber and green-enhanced photomultiplier tubes. Currently, the shape, structure, and specific composition of the scintillator are being investigated, on the assumption that 6 LiF/ZnS:Ag will be the chosen scintillator material.
Increased permeability of the rat biliary tree by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) treatment and protection by hepatoactive agents.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip on Day 0 with 0, 20, 50, or 100 μg/kg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and biliary tree permeability was evaluated on Days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, or 20 by segmented retrograde intrabiliary injection of [ 3 H]sucrose or [ 14 C]mannitol. Seven days after 100 μg/kg TCDD, the percentage recovery in bile of both [ 3 H]sucrose (73.9 ± 4.2 vs 27.6 ± 7.6, control vs TCDD, means ± SE) and [ 14 C]mannitol (22.7 ± 2.2 vs 12.1 ± 2.2) was decreased, demonstrating that the permeabilities of both the intracellular (canalicular) and paracellular pathways were increased. Seven days after 50 μg/kg TCDD, the recovery of [ 3 H]sucrose was decreased (73.5 ± 5.4 vs 39.0 ± 2.8) but the recovery of [ 14 C]mannitol was not (25.5 ± 1.5 vs 22.9 ± 1.9). Thus, an increase in paracellular permeability is obtained at a lower dose of TCDD. In rats treated with 100 μg/kg TCDD on Day 0, co-treatment with chlordecone (15 mg/kg/day on Days 2–6) or thyroxine (50 μg/kg on Day 2) had no effect. Pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (75 mg/kg/day on Days 4–6) treatment increased [ 14 C]mannitol recovery in both TCDD and control groups; its effect must not be specific. Methimazole given in drinking water (0.5%) on Days −7 through 7 reversed the increased permeability effects of TCDD (100 μg/kg) without affecting the biliary tree permeability ([ 14 C]mannitol recovery) of control animals.
340 BIOAVAILABILITY OF ORAL CHLORAMPHENICOL PALMITATE COMPARED TO INTRAVENOUS CHLORAMPHENICOL SUCCINATE

340 BIOAVAILABILITY OF ORAL CHLORAMPHENICOL PALMITATE COMPARED TO INTRAVENOUS CHLORAMPHENICOL SUCCINATE
An Accurate Acetylene Intermolecular Potential for Phase Behavior Predictions from Quantum Chemistry

We have developed an ab initio potential for acetylene by computing interaction energies for a range of orientations and center-of-mass separation distances. These energies are initially fit with a simple weighting schemeto a pairwise-additive, site-site Morse-C 6 intermolecular potential. Additional interaction energies were then calculated at separation distances determined to be important from the center-of-mass radial distribution function calculated from molecular simulation with use of the initial potential. The expanded set of interaction energies is then fit using Boltzmann-like weighting to obtain an improved intermolecular potential. The phase behavior calculated from Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations using this improved potential is in excellent agreement with experimental data. Also, the results of NVT ensemble Monte Carlo calculations show good agreement with experimental data at supercritical temperatures and pressures, and results are presented for conditions that would be hazardous experimentally. Additionally, the second virial coefficients calculated using this potential indicate that one set of experimental data reported in the literature is likely to be erroneous. The prescription described here for obtaining the optimum potential from quantum chemical methods should be applicable to other systems.