cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An aggregate analysis of professional sports, suicide, and homicide rates: 30 U.S. metropolitan areas, 1971-1990

Abstract Research on fan behavior in the sociology of sport has discussed the issue of fan behavior at or shortly after the sporting event in detail. Less prevalent in the sociology of sport literature, however, are how successes and failures of sports teams are related to the general public. In this article, suicide and homicide rates are compared to the successes and failures of professional sports teams in 30 metropolitan areas from 1971–1990. Using Gabennesch's (1988) theory of broken promises as a theoretical framework, statistical analyses reveal that making the playoffs is significantly related to a decline in suicide and homicide rates, while winning championships is significantly related to a decline only for suicide rates. Explanations for these associations are offered.
An Overview of the Multiagent Systems Engineering Methodology

To solve complex problems, agents work cooperatively with other agents in heterogeneous environments. We are interested in coordinating the local behavior of individual agents to provide an appropriate system-level behavior. The use of intelligent agents provides an even greater amount of flexibility to the ability and configuration of the system itself. With these new intricacies, software development is becoming increasingly difficult. Therefore, it is critical that our processes for building the inherently complex distributed software that must run in this environment be adequate for the task. This paper introduces a methodology for designing these systems of interacting agents.
Scan-based registration of range measurements

This paper introduces an automatic approach for registration estimation between successive viewpoints of a laser range camera that takes advantage of the raw measurements and does not require any external device for pose estimation nor complex feature extraction or triangulation. Assuming only object rigidity and some overlap between the scan areas, the approach allows to estimate the six rotation and translation parameters that link 3-D scans gathered from different viewpoints. A compact modified Gaussian sphere representation is used to encode a simple planar patch approximation of the objects surface and to validate mapping between the measurements as the appropriate rotation and translation parameters are computed. This solution results in an important reduction of the computational workload and a sufficient accuracy for most robot navigation applications. The proposed approach is demonstrated in an experimental context using real range measurements collected from a series of viewpoints.
Haemophilus influenzae Type b in a Day Care Center: Relationship of Nasopharyngeal Carriage to Development of Anticapsular Antibody

In the article "Haemophilus influenzae Type b in a Day Care Center: Relationship of Nasopharyngeal Carriage to Development of Anticapsular Antibody" by Granoff et al (Pediatrics 65:65-68, 1980), on p 66 in Table 2 the geometric mean antibody level for adult blood bank donors should read 698 not 459.
Low-frequency sound wave parameter measurement in gravels

Abstract Experiments were performed to measure the various sound-wave propagation parameters of two kinds of gravel, a crushed limestone and a stream-formed “pea gravel”, at frequencies between 25 and 200 Hz. The apparatus was a very large standing-wave tube with an array of microphones along its entire length. Measurements were made with the tube in the vertical position, filled to various depths, with a pressure-doubling barrier at the bottom. Values were determined for wavelength and attenuation in the gravel and for input impedance at the boundary between gravel and air. The basic analysis method was to fit the parameters of a presumed Green’s function representing the standing wave in the tube to the measured sound pressure amplitudes measured by the microphones. This worked well for some frequencies and some depths of gravel. In other cases, various modifications of the method gave more consistent results. For crushed limestone, the estimates of phase velocity and attenuation increased monotonically with frequency, ranging between 150 and 250 m/s and 0.1 and 0.8 Np/m, respectively. For pea gravel, the estimates increased monotonically with frequency, with values between 160 and 205 m/s and 0.4 and 1.1 Np/m, respectively.
In vivo stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis by porphobilinogen

Abstract Porphobilinogen (PBG) reverses the repressive effects of acetate and darkness on chlorophyll synthesis by the green alga Golenkinia. Under these conditions, PBG increases chlorophyll levels almost ten-fold, an effect saturated at 2–3 mM PBG. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which also stimulates chlorophyll production in Golenkinia, is less than one-fourth as effective as PBG. Possible mechanisms for the increased stimulatory effect of PBG are discussed.
Use of computer graphic images in teaching dermatology

A microcomputer-based system for copying, storing, retrieving, and displaying color still images was assembled from commercially available components. The system was tested against 35-mm color photographic transparencies by measuring the performance of 91 medical students in a task of identifying the primary morphology of eight skin lesion images from the displayed images. There was no significant difference in the students' performance between the two display media.
Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America

Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America. Cecilia Menjivar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xiii. 301 pp., map, tables, appendixes, notes, references, index.
Effect of short-term constant light or constant darkness on the nyctohemeral rhythm of type-II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in rat anterior pituitary and pineal.

Abstract Type-II iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase activity (5′-D) in both anterior pituitary and pineal was significantly elevated at 2400 h, approximately 0.5- and 20-fold higher than the noon value, respectively. The nocturnal rise in both organs was abolished by 6 h additional light. Short-term constant darkness did not alter 5′-D rhythmicity in either organ. These data suggest that environmental lighting plays an important role in the control of the 5′-D nyctohemeral rhythm in both anterior pituitary and pineal.
Theory and experiments on the structure of 7 Å alumina films grown on Ni3Al

Abstract Recently, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments confirmed a theoretical prediction that the surface of the two O-layer, or 5 A, alumina film on NiAl(1 1 0) has 50% tetrahedral and 50% octahedral Al-site occupancy, a distorted A-plane of κ-alumina. Now density functional theory (DFT) calculations for a 7 A (i.e., three oxygen layer) alumina film are compared with experiments on Ni 3 Al(1 1 0). To minimize the surface energy, we assume that the first two planes of the thicker film are the A- and B- planes of the κ-phase. As with the thinner film, significant distortions occur from the crystalline form. However, a 2 × 1 unit cell occurs with rows separated by ∼1 nm. STM of this film confirms this structure. Finally, an earlier theoretical conjecture is confirmed using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) on the same film: the bottom oxygen layer is chemisorbed on a plane of Al(1 1 1), and these are rotated against the substrate to produce the observed domain structures. Thus this system is tri-layered as κ-alumina (A–B planes)/O(1 1 1) on Al(1 1 1)/Ni 3 Al.
Ossification of the metacarpal and metatarsal centers as a measure of maturation

Summary The ossification of certain metacarpal and metatarsal epiphyses is useful in assessing bone age between the ages of one and 5 years.
Transitions within bottomonium

Abstract A summary of two lectures given at the 1995 ITEP Winter School in Moscow is presented. Radiative and hadronic decays connecting excited bb bound states to lower energy bb states are discussed. In general, the simple model of two heavy quarks interacting in a non-relativistic potential which is attractive at short distances and confining at large distances fits the data well.
Some properties of soluble ribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli

1 Soluble ribonucleic acid has been prepared from E. coli by the phenol method. 2 The hypochromicity and the reactivity with formaldehyde suggest that the molecule has intramolecular hydrogen bonds. 3 Its sedimentation coefficient is 4 s, and there is little concentration dependence in salt solutions. 4 In water the molecule extends and the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient is increased. 5 The molecular weight, calculated from sedimentation, diffusion, and partial specific volume, is 25,500 ± 10%. 6 Evidence is presented suggesting that S-RNA is free, i.e. not bound to any large molecule, in cell-free extracts.
Inhibition of oxalate biosynthesis: in vivo studies in the rat.

In the rat approximately 34% of intravenously administered [14C] glyoxylate is converted to [14C]oxalate, as measured by urinary excretion during 24 hr after correction for the rate of recovery of [14C]oxalate in the urine. Glyoxylate may be partially trapped and decarboxylated nonenzymatically in vitro by sulfhydryl compounds, with enhancement of the decarboxylation by FMN. This does not as yet represent a feasible method for reducing oxalate synthesis in vivo. Ethanolamine is not an important source of oxalate in the rat, less than 0.05% of that administered being recovered as urinary oxalate. Isocarboxazide hydroxymeth-anesulfonate, and l-glycerate did not inhibit oxalate synthesis from [14C] glyoxylate. Two analogs of oxalate, oxalatehydrazide and oxamatehydrazide, partially inhibited oxalate synthesis when administered intravenously with [14C]glyoxylate. These pharmacologically active compounds should receive further evaluation for long-term effectiveness and toxicity on oral administration.
Colitis cystica profunda, an unusual solitary tumor: Report of three cases.

Colitis cystica profunda manifests as a nodular or polypoid defect, either localized or diffuse, on barium enema examination. Differentiation from a neoplasm by histologic examination is necessary, as the lesion may resemble a mucoid carcinoma.
Realignment Theory and British Party Development: A Critique

. This article examines the applicability of critical election theory to British party development under the Third Reform Act. Contrary to claims by several authors, the general elections of 1886 and 1906 showed none of the features associated with critical realignments— high rates of participation, electoral instability, durable changes in the social basis of party support. The realignment model, which grew out of distinctive features of the American polity, does not seem appropriate in the British system.
Integrated aversion therapy and psychotherapy: Two sexual deviation case studies

While both aversion therapy and psychotherapy can claim considerable success, they also fail occasionally. In view of this experience an attempt has been made to intergrate these therapies. Two cases are discussed in which such collaboration of representatives of both schools was achieved. After successful termination of the treatment, the patients filled out questionnaires in which they evaluated the contribution of each of these therapies. Behavior therapy has attained a respectable status for the treatment of sexual problems. For example, aversion therapy, a conditioning approach that involves the use of mild, unpleasant electric shock. has proven to be highly effective with patients having problems related to homosexuality, transvestism, and sexual fetishes. The aversion methodology has been described in detail by Marks (1968) and by Rachman and Teasdale (1969). While behavior therapy has proven to be effective, there have also been therapeutic failures, but these failures have received much less attention than the successes. An analysis of failures in behavior therapy revealed four possibiiities: opposition to treatment (of any kind); resistance to behavior therapy (as distinct from another form of therapy); misdiagnosis, i.e., failing to ascertain accurately the requisite reinforcers; and transference in behavior therapy, i.e., psychoanalytically-based reactions to the therapist as a person (Woody, 1971). An obvious objective would, of course, be to try to eliminate failures in treatment. This might take the form of increasing the expertise of the professional therapist or, and more cogent to this discussion, an integration of various therapeutic procedures. Integrative therapy is nothing new. Indeed, Thorne (1968a, 1968b) has, for several decades, continually supported the idea that therapists should be prepared to accept any theoretical principle and any therapeutic technique that might prove to be beneficial to the patient; the therapist should not be restricted by the boundaries of one
Stress state in tempered glass plate and determination of heat-transfer rate

Thermal tempering is widely used to manufacture safety glass for economic as well as for certain safety measures. Laboratory investigations of the tempering process and the resultant strengthening effect are generally limited to rectangular specimens. Results are, therefore, appropriate for this particular geometry. This paper describes a simple stress-state model of a tempered flat glass specimen. the model, developed using photoelastic equations to determine the three-dimensional stress components, was used to predict the transient birefringence in a rectangular glass specimen subjected to uniform and symmetrical heat-transfer conditions, at a temperature where glass behaves as a perfect elastic material with no stress relaxation within the experimental time. A method of determining the coefficient of heat-transfer rate was then developed based on the analysis of the transient birefringence. This technique uses the glass specimen as an optical transducer, and does not affect, in any way, the natural flow of heat by forced convection or contact cooling.
Investment commitment and the valuation of underwriting agreements for rights issues

Abstract I extend the option pricing framework for the underwriting of rights issues, by considering that the funds received at maturity may already have been committed to a project at the time of signing of the underwriting agreement (investment commitment). The model yields valuations that are up to several times the amount implied by no investment commitment, and this is most pronounced for large issues. An upper bound for the model’s explanatory power is obtained by assuming that all issues exhibit full investment commitment; under this assumption, the model explains 40–65% of the overpricing of underwriting agreements in the United Kingdom.
Thermodynamic parameters of the alkaline earth monofluorides

Abstract Potentiometry and calorimetry have been used to determine stability constants and heats of formation of the alkaline earth monofluoride complexes in aqueous solution at an ionic strength of 1·00 M (NaClO4). Enthalpies have been determined by calorimetry and by the temperature differential technique. The enthalpies of complexation were all found to be endothermic while the entropies are large and positive. Comparison with the acetate complexes indicates similarities in the trends of ΔH and ΔS from magnesium to barium. The larger entropy changes for the monofluoride complexes can be accounted for by the greater decrease in the overall water structure when the fluoride ion is complexed. The values for formation of MgF+ do not fall in line with those of the other alkaline earths and are interpreted as indicating that MgF+ exists as an outer sphere ion pair.
Emergent writing methodologies in feminist studies

Every time I sit down to work on this book review, I find myself laughing at the prospect of writing about a book on experimental writing. What might an ‘emergent’ book review look like? Do I dare ...
Investigation of the role of the micro-porous layer in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with hydrogen deuterium contrast neutron radiography.

In this study, the high resolution hydrogen-deuterium contrast radiography method was applied to elucidate the impact of the micro-porous layer (MPL) on water distribution in the porous fuel cell media. At the steady state, deuterium replaced hydrogen in the anode stream, and the large difference in neutron attenuation of the D2O produced at the cathode was used to track the produced water. It was found that the water content peaked in the cathode-side diffusion media (DM) for the cell without MPL, but with an MPL on the anode and cathode DM, the peak water amount was pushed toward the anode, resulting in a relatively flattened water profile through components and demonstrating a liquid barrier effect. Additionally, the dynamic water behavior in diffusion media was analyzed to understand the effect of a MPL and operating conditions. The water content in the DM changed with applied current, although there is a significant amount of residual liquid content that does not appear to be part of capillary channels. The effect of the MPL on irreducible saturation in DM and cell performance was also investigated.
Superconducting Transition-Temperature Widths in Neutron-Irradiated Single-Crystal V 3 Si

The superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ and its width $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}$ were determined for neutron-irradiated ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si for various fluences $\ensuremath{\phi}t$, using heat-capacity and resistivity measurements. It was found that, although the two determinations do not give identical results, in both cases $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}$ increases with fluence indicating the inhomogeneous nature of the damage.
Patient attitudes regarding pharmacist-administered memory screening in community pharmacies.

Objectives To describe patient attitudes toward pharmacist-administered memory screening in community pharmacies and assess patient satisfaction with screening in this venue. Methods One pharmacist in each of two pharmacies performed a background assessment and administered the Mini-Mental State Examination, the category (animal) fluency test, and the clock-drawing test to participants 60 to 75 years of age with no previous diagnosis of cognitive impairment and who were not taking a prescribed medication for dementia. Participants then completed a 28-item Likert-type scale evaluation. Responses to survey items of “agree” and “strongly agree” were aggregated. Results 26 participants were recruited with a mean (±SD) age of 66.7 ± years. Agree and strongly agree response rates of 75% or greater were considered indicative of strongly positive attitudes or beliefs and likely to influence participants’ decisions to be screened in community pharmacies. The majority of participants responded favorably to several aspects of offering memory screening in pharmacies, including the accuracy of testing by a trained pharmacist (84%), willingness to be screened by a trained pharmacist (80%), willingness to undergo annual screening (92%), and convenience of the pharmacy as a location for memory screening (100%). A slightly lower percent of participants (72%) agreed or strongly agreed that they would be willing to have their memory tested in any pharmacy offering the service. Less than one-half of participants (45.5%) indicated that they would be willing to pay out of pocket for the screening. Conclusion Responses to the evaluation and statistically significant correlations among evaluation items suggested that memory screening by pharmacists in community pharmacies was a feasible, acceptable, and convenient venue for routine screening.
On macroeconomic instability from a monetarist policy rule

Abstract In macroeconomic models that include government budget restraints, following a monetarist policy rule will often result in instability. Here, that result is shown to be crucially dependent upon the assumption that government bonds represent private wealth.
Unpacking the temporal advantage of distributing complex visual displays

Spatial arrangement of information can have large effects on problem solving. Although such effects have been observed in various domains (e.g., instruction and interface designs), little is known about the cognitive processing mechanisms underlying these effects, nor its applicability to complex visual problem solving. In three experiments, we showed that the impact of spatial arrangement of information on problem solving time can be surprisingly large for complex real world tasks. It was also found that the effect can be caused by large increases in slow, external information searches (Experiment 1), that the spatial arrangement itself is the critical factor and the effect is domain-general (Experiment 2a), and that the underlying mechanism can involve micro-strategy selection for information encoding in a response to differing information access cost (Experiment 2b). Overall, these studies show a large slowdown effect (i.e., approximately 30%) that stacking information produces over spatially distributed information, and multiple paths by which this effect can be produced.
Sea-level rise acceleration and the drowning of the Delaware Bay coast at 1.8 ka

Cores from Delaware Bay tidal marshes separated by over 100 km reveal correlative transgressive overlap boundaries dated at 1.8 to 2.0 ka. Sedimentary facies at these boundaries that show strong marine influence abruptly (but conformably) overlie facies showing strong terrestrial influence. The transgressive overlap boundaries correlate with a transgression in wetland deposits of the New Jersey shore of Delaware Bay, further suggesting the occurrence of a significant regional sea-level movement. Because other mechanisms (rapid subsidence, autocompaction, rapid lateral erosion by tidal streams, and reduced sediment supply) are less likely, we propose that these transgressive facies transitions were produced by an acceleration in the rate of sea-level rise at 1.8 ka in the Delaware Bay.
Simulation of submicrometer metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet photodiodes on gallium nitride

Abstract Ultrafast metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet photodetectors on GaN with 0.3-μm finger width and spacing were fabricated and packaged with a specially designed fast circuit. The assembly was simulated using a distributed circuit approach with optical illumination at λ = 270 nm. The results from simulations showed a 30-ps response time at a low illumination level. At high illumination, the response time increases significantly due to the space-charge screening effect. This is the first theoretical simulation report of this effect in ultrafast ultraviolet photodetectors on GaN. Comparison of simulations and measurements was made in a wide range of optical energies, and a close agreement was achieved with a single energy-scaling factor.
Time dependence of the resonant and near resonant photon moleculaar interactions

Abstract Using scattering theory we have derived an explicit expression for the time dependence of the resonant interaction of lorentzian photons with molecular systems. A discussion is presented on the dependence of molecular states on the nature of the exciting photon with an additional regard for the appropriate choice of basis sets. By examining the time dependence of the scattered photon a clear resonance Raman scattering resonance fluorecence limit emerges based on the temporal relationship of the scattered photon to that of the resonant state and incident photon. The influence on the resonant scattering of random fluctuation and relaxation processes that lead to dissipation is discussed with reference to scattering experiments performed in the gas and condensed phases.
Stimulation of NREM Delta EEG by Ketamine Administration during Waking: Demonstration of Dose Dependence

Stimulation of NREM Delta EEG by Ketamine Administration during Waking: Demonstration of Dose Dependence
Approximate Solution to the N D Equations

An approximate solution to the N/D equations which does not have the limitations of the determinantal method developed by Baker and yields a closer approximation to the actual solution for some cases is presented. The result of a numerical example is given. The advantages of both methods are discussed. (L.B.S.)
Bone and serum calcium in normothermic, cold-acclimated and hibernating hamsters

Abstract 1. 1. An examination of calcium homeostasis in a facultative hibernator, the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was made. 2. 2. Fresh bone length and weight, and ash bone calcium and phosphorus were examined in normo-thermic, cold-acclimated and hibernating hamsters. 3. 3. Although fresh bone weight changes were noted, when corrected for body weight, no change was seen in either hibernating or cold-acclimated animals. Bone calcium and phosphorus were similarly unaffected by these forcings. 4. 4. The data are supported by histologie studies of bone and constant plasma calcium values, and are discussed in terms of mechanisms underlying alterations in mineral balance.
Molecular basis of gating charge immobilization in Shaker potassium channels

Voltage-dependent ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential by means of charged voltage sensors intrinsic to the channel protein. Changes in transmembrane potential cause movement of these charged residues, which results in conformational changes in the channel. Movements of the charged sensors can be detected as currents known as gating currents. Measurement of the gating currents of the Drosophila Shaker potassium channel indicates that the charge on the voltage sensor of the channels is progressively immobilized by prolonged depolarizations. The charge is not immobilized in a mutant of the channel that lacks inactivation. These results show that the region of the molecule responsible for inactivation interacts, directly or indirectly, with the voltage sensor to prevent the return of the charge to its original position. The gating transitions between closed states of the channel appear not to be independent, suggesting that the channel subunits interact during activation.
PRESERVICE EDUCATION IN READING: WHAT DO THE TEACHERS SAY?

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine teachers’ perceptions of reading courses at the undergraduate level. Survey data obtained from graduates of 37 institutions were analyzed using frequencies, t‐test, analysis of variance, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and orthogonal contrast to provide the following results: Graduates between 1970‐80 have not taken more reading courses than earlier graduates. Persons with degrees in elementaty education, early childhood education, and special education have taken reading courses while those in other areas of education have not. Graduates who have taken three or more reading courses feel prepared to teach reading. The most helpful topic in an undergraduate reading course is “how to plan a reading lesson.” The topic which needs to be added to the undergraduate reading courses is “how to organize and manage reading instruction.”
Extensive gene flow characterizes the phylogeography of a North American migrant bird: Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)

We describe range-wide phylogeographic variation in the Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus), a songbird that is widely distributed across North American scrublands and forests. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, n=424) revealed three geographically structured clades. One widespread clade occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, and Mexican Plateau, a second clade is found on the Pacific coast and in coastal ranges; and, a third in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca and Guerrero. Some geographical structuring occurs in Mexican Plateau and Sierra Madre Oriental mtDNA clade, presumably because these populations have been more stable over time than northern populations. Multiple mitochondrial groups are found sympatrically in the Okanogan River Valley in Washington, the eastern Sierra Nevada, and the Transvolcanic Belt across central Mexico, indicating that there is a potential for introgression. Analyses of 12 nuclear loci did not recover the same geographically structured clades. Population analyses show high levels of gene flow in nucDNA from the Interior into the Sierra Madre del Sur and Pacific population groups, possibly indicating expansion of the Interior population at the expense of peripheral populations.
Sediment geochemistry of Al, Fe, and P for two historically acidic, oligotrophic Maine lakes

Phosphorus (P) may be liberated from lake sediments by reductive dissolution of Fe(OH)(3(S)) during periods of hypolimnetic anoxia. P, however, remains adsorbed to Al(OH)(3(S)) regardless of redox conditions. During chronic or episodic acidification of a catchment, ionic Al is mobilized from soils to receiving waters. A fraction of the mobilized Al may precipitate as a consequence of higher pH of the receiving waters. We hypothesized that phosphorus retention in lake sediments is directly related to the magnitude of Al loading in response to low pH in the watershed. We studied cores representing over 200 years of sediment accumulation in historically acidic Mud Pond and Little Long Pond in eastern Maine, USA. Sequential chemical extractions of sediment were used to assess the history of Al, Fe, and P interactions. Mud Pond is a first-order pond with a pH of approximately 4.7, having acidified slightly in response to anthropogenic acidification from approximately 1930. The inlet stream to Mud Pond has dissolved Al concentrations often exceeding 500 microg/L, of which more than half is organically-bound. Mud Pond drains into Little Long Pond, a second-order pond with a historical pH of <6, and which has shown little pH or alkalinity response to increases or decreases in atmospheric SO(4)(2-) input. Sequential extractions show that Al and P are predominantly in the 0.1 M NaOH-extractable fraction in the sediments from both ponds throughout the cores. The concentration of the likely biogenic and non-reactive P within the NaOH fraction increases up core from <30% to approximately 60%. Extractable Fe (<20% of extractable Al) is mainly in the 0.1 M NaOH-extractable fraction, except for the top few cm, which are predominantly in the bicarbonate-dithionite reducible fraction. Accumulation rates of sediment, Al, Fe, and P in both ponds have increased in the last 50-60 yr, but fractions remain in the same proportion. Throughout both sediment cores the molar ratio of specific Al:P fractions greatly exceeds 25, and molar ratio of specific Al:Fe fractions greatly exceeds 3, the thresholds proposed by Kopacek et al. [Kopacek J, Borovec J, Hejzlar J, Ulrich K-U, Norton SA, Amirbahman A. Aluminum control of phosphorus sorption by lake sediments. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39: 8784-89.] for P release during anoxia. The data illustrate a continuous association of P with Al in both ponds during the last two centuries, likely due to the persistent natural acidity of the catchments.
Simultaneous visible and near-infrared spectrophotometry of comet Austin 1989c1

Simultaneous visible and near-infrared spectra of Comet Austin were obtained wit the 1.5 m and 2.3 m telescopes of the University of Arizona Observatories on 1990 May 16. The visible spectrum obtained with the IHW spectrograph covers the 3126-9490 A wavelength interval, while the near-infrared spectrum obtained with the germanium spectrometer covers the 9036-12794 A wavelength interval. Simultaneous measurements of integrated band fluxes are presented for the CN B 2Sigma(+) - X 2Sigma(+) (violet) and A 2Pi - X 2Sigma(+) (red) systems. A CN spectrum and CN band flux ratios calculated from a fluoresence equilibrium model are also presented. From a comparison between the observed and calculated CN spectra and band flux ratios, it is found that red system oscillator strengths determined from recent ab initio calculations appropriately describe the radiative properties of CN molecules.
The projection of locus coeruleus neurons to the spinal cord in the rat determined by anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry.

Abstract Pontospinal noradrenergic neurons located in the A5, A7 and locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) nuclei are the major source of the noradrenergic innervation of the spinal cord. However, the specific terminations of spinally-projecting noradrenergic neurons located in these nuclei have not been clearly defined. The purpose of the experiments described in this report was to more precisely define the spinal terminations of neurons located in the LC/SC using the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in combination with dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) immunocytochemistry. In addition, the spinal cord regions in which LC/SC neurons terminate was assessed by measuring the reduction in the density of DβH-immunoreactive axon terminals in specific spinal cord regions after a unilateral electrolytic lesion that included LC/SC neurons. The results of these experiments indicate that the axons of LC neurons are located primarily in the ipsilateral ventral funiculus and terminate most heavily in the medial part of laminae VII and VIII, the motoneuron pool of lamina IX, and lamina X. LC neurons provide a moderately dense innervation of the ventral part of the dorsal horn, but only a very sparse innervation of the superficial dorsal horn. The SC projects ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral funiculus and terminates diffusely in the intermediate and ventral laminae of the spinal cord.
Cross-flow ultrafiltration of micellar surfactant solutions

A steady-state fouling-resistance and osmotic-pressure model is used to predict flux in the laminar, cross-flow ultrafiltration of micellar cetyl (=hexadecyl)pyridinium chloride (CPC) solutions at 0.01-M NaCl background electrolyte. The model assumes a constant overall hydraulic resistance including the effect of surfactant fouling and native membrane resistance. Measurements of osmotic pressures of CPC solutions at 0.01-M NaCl as a function of surfactant concentration describe the effect of concentration polarization on permeate flux. Two types of asymmetric polyethersulfone membranes are used: 5,000 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) membranes that allow partial monomer permeation, but quantitatively reject all micelles; 50,000 MWCO membranes that allow some micelle permeation. For the former, the intrinsic rejection coefficient for monomer, measured separately, is sufficient to describe surfactant rejection, without adjustable parameters. Predictions of the volumetric flux of the permeate, including the value of the limiting flux, agree well with the experimental results over the entire range of pressure drop, axial velocity, and bulk surfactant concentration. For the 50,000 MWCO membranes the data are described using a best-fit value of the overall surfactant rejection coefficient. For the first time, unusual behavior is observed experimentally in which the flux levels off with increasing pressure drop across the membrane, only tomore » increase sharply again at higher applied pressure drop. Both effects are in accord with the proposed model. No gel layer need be postulated to explain the flux behavior of either membrane type.« less
Assessment of abuse liability of stimulant drugs in humans: a methodological survey

Stimulant drugs have been illicitly consumed for non-medical purposes for centuries. Within the past several decades procedures for assessing the abuse liability of a compound prior to marketing have been developed, which should limit the introduction of new stimulants with high abuse liability to the public. Drugs with high abuse liability are positive reinforcers in that they maintain behavior leading to their consumption. Assessment of abuse liability has traditionally involved a comparison of the profile of effects of a known drug of abuse to that of a drug with unknown abuse liability. With respect to stimulant drugs, amphetamine and cocaine may be considered prototypic stimulants with high abuse liability. Various procedures have been used to study abuse liability including the measuring of (1) subjective effects, (2) drug 'liking', (3) estimates of value, (4) the accuracy of drug identification, (5) the ability of trained subjects to discriminate one drug from another and (6) drug self-administration. In this paper the behavioral effects of a number of stimulant drugs will be compared along these dimensions and the effects along each dimension will be related to each drugs' known abuse liability. Dissociations among the various measures will also be described, and the implications of these dissociations discussed. We conclude that the best single assessment of abuse liability is obtained from drug self-administration studies, but that the most accurate assessment of abuse liability is obtained when the effects of a drug are evaluated along as many of these dimensions as possible.
Large electrostrictive actuation of barium titanate single crystals

An experimental investigation of the electromechanical behavior of single crystals of the ferroelectric perovskite barium titanate is presented. An experimental setup has been designed to investigate large strain actuation in single crystal ferroelectrics subjected to combined electrical and mechanical loading. Experiments have been performed on initially single domain crystals of barium titanate with (1 0 0) and (0 0 1) orientation at compressive stresses between 0 and 5 MPa. Global strain and polarization histories have been recorded. The electrostrictive response is shown to be highly dependent on the level of applied stress with a maximum strain of 0.9% measured at a compressive stress of about 2 MPa and electric 8eld of about 10 kV/cm. This level of strain is about 5 times higher than in typical commercial piezoelectric PZT. Polarized light microscopy has been used to observe the evolution of the domain pattern simultaneously with the strain and polarization measurement. The observations reveal that the observed large strain behavior is the result of 90° domain switching.
Optimal Edge Mask Determination Using Simulated Annealing

We investigate the optimum form for edge masks for a variety of edge types and noise characteristics. This is done by creating two images: an input image containing an edge at a known location, and an ideal output image which consists of zeros everywhere except at the location of the edge. The optimization problem is to adjust the values in the edge mask so that the result of convolving the mask with the input image is as close to the ideal image as possible. This difference between the actual output of an edge mask and the ideal output is the cost function which is minimized using simulated annealing. In order to speed up the annealing algorithm, edge masks are forced to be zero-sum, anti-symmetric masks with a central column of zeros (similar to Sobel operators, although usually much larger.) In order to correctly approximate the magnitude of the first derivative, the values in each half of the mask must sum to plus one or minus one. Experiments confirm the general nature of such masks as found by Canny and by other authors. This method can be used when it is desired to find the best edge masks to use for a particular imaging situation using particular hardware. Variations of this method can be used to find optimal detectors for other types of image phenomena, for example corner detectors and texture energy measures.
Performance of the beam position monitor system of the final focus test beam

The Beam Position Monitor (BPM) system for the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) at SLAC is designed to meet challenging specifications in the areas of single-pulse resolution, ab initio installation accuracy, and time-stability of BPM electrical centroids. We review the tolerances on these quantities and the technical choices made to achieve same, and detail the results of several studies of the actual performance of the system. These results are then related to the BPM system requirements for a future high-energy e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} linear collider.
Ground wind convergence as source of deep convection initiation

Abstract The triggering of thunderstorms is a challenging matter in forecasting. Many physical descriptions, observations and simulations have been attempted by the scientific community. This work proposes to try an observational approach to the problem by calculating the 2-dimensional ground wind divergence, computed using 5′ time resolution meteorological wind measurements, and the radar reflectivity obtained by the OSMER ARPA FVG C-Band Doppler Polarimetric Radar operating in Friuli Venezia Giulia plain (north eastern Italy). The aim is to search for a correlation between the ground wind convergence (e.g. the negative divergence) and the deep moist convection development. The convergence is measured up to 180′ in advance with respect to a convective event that occurred in the same area as pointed out by the radar reflectivity. The continuity equation in Boussinesq approximation has been considered and the 2-dimensional divergence has been calculated with a triangles method. X 2 test has been performed over the divergence–reflectivity distribution. Time integration of divergence has been performed to calculate the maximum height which a parcel can be forcefully lifted to, in a purely dynamic sense, to be compared to the Level of Free Convection obtained through radiosounding measurements.
Dynamical mass and geodesic motion

We show that even though particles with dynamically generated masses do not have the standard point test particle energy-momentum tensor associated with them, their motion in an external gravitational field is nonetheless geodesic. We discuss dynamically massive conformal perfect fluids and construct conformal invariant particle trajectories for them, and show that such fluids behave just like standard kinematically massive perfect fluids in the particular conformal gauge in which the symmetry breaking field is taken to have a constant, spacetime independent vacuum expectation value.
„The Power of Protocol: Professional Identity Development and Governmentality in Post-socialist Health Care

The Czech Republic is experiencing a growing trend of health-care worker emigration. Although some emigrate for long periods of time, many return after a few months or years abroad and re-enter the Czech health sys- tem. The nurses' narratives in this study draw on experiences in Czech, Brit- ish, and Saudi hospitals to explore the role standardised medical policies, pro- cedures, and protocols play in the development and maintenance of a nurse's professional identity in the post-socialist context. The author suggests that performance of protocols versus informality of practice in health-care settings provides a lens through which to view professional identity in post-socialism. In fi elds such as health care, standards operate as measures of security that create normative rules of governmentality, regulate behaviour, and prevent harm. The nurses in this study describe the majority of Czech hospitals as lacking standard protocols for patient care. Encountering strict rules of prac- tice in foreign hospitals leads them to evaluate the professionalism and qual- ity of Czech health care and their own selves as nurses. Their assessment is of- ten based on their own ability to effectively perform within the standardised system. The author's primary analysis for this presentation will concentrate on the ways that standardisation relates to ideas about professionalism and nursing autonomy and status.
Rb-Xe spin relaxation in dilute Xe mixtures.

We present measurements of spin-relaxation of Rb atoms in He(98%)-N2(1%)-Xe(1%) mixtures similar to those used in magnetic resonance imaging polarizers. The pressure dependence allows us to separate out contributions from Rb-Xe van der Waals molecules and binary collisions. For the first time, we observe the predicted increase in the molecular contribution at high pressure. Our data suggest that the deduced molecular breakup rate has a strong temperature dependence. The realization of magnetic resonance imaging of human subjects using hyperpolarized noble gases @1# has stimulated the intense development of Xe-Rb spin-exchange optical pumping @2# in high pressure buffer gases @3‐5#. The need to minimize the mismatch between the Rb absorption linewidth and the linewidth of inexpensive, high power but broadband diode laser sources requires pressure broadening the Rb resonance lines with many atmospheres of He gas, chosen for its weak spin-relaxation properties @6#. Despite the widespread use of high pressure He for Xe-Rb spin exchange, there exist no systematic studies of spin relaxation and spin exchange rates under such conditions, as most of the pioneering work in Xe spin-relaxation and spin-exchange either had no buffer gas @7# or used N2 buffer gas @8#. Two recent experiments report relaxation rates measured at a single pressure and temperature @4,5#. In this paper we report measurements of spin-relaxation rates at 80 and 150 °C, in
Kinetics and mechanism of carbon film deposition by acetylene pyrolysis

Abstract The pyrolysis of a mixture of 2.5% acetylene in helium in a flow system with and without added hydrogen has been studied between 1100 and 1250 K, under conditions favoring carbon film deposition. The rate of carbon deposition was measured continuously during pyrolysis as a function of the increasing conductivity of the growing film, while the effluent gas was analyzed for ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. An activation energy of 278 kJ/mol was obtained for carbon deposition. While an increase in the partial pressure of hydrogen in the input gas is accompanied by an increase in the concentration of ethylene in the effluent, no corresponding decrease in acetylene concentration is observed; the ratio of output acetylene to input remaining unchanged regardless of the amount of hydrogen added. Acetylene consumption is dependent solely upon residence time in the reaction zone, indicating a zero-order process. The rate of carbon deposition is inversely related to the hydrogen partial pressure. The isolation of carbon and ethylene formation from acetylene consumption is consistent with a process involving surface saturation. A mechanism is proposed involving a slow reaction at active sites, by which acetylene is chemically adsorbed as surface species which then serve as the common source of carbon, ethylene, and other pyrolysis products. Active sites are regenerated in the process, so that the total concentration of active sites remains constant.
Improved Error Correction in Wireless LANs Using Erasures Decoding with Collision Localization

In wireless networks, a major source of packet loss is packet collision. Typically when a collision occurs the entire packet is assumed to be lost. Most wireless networks use some form of forward error correcting code to insulate the packet from noise and interference. Side information in the form of erasures is a common technique for improving the performance of forward error correcting codes. We will propose an algorithm that will locate collided bits within packets, and use this information to improve the performance of forward error correcting codes such as Reed-Solomon and convolutional codes.
System identification of the human hand grasping a haptic knob

Accurate dynamic models of human hands grasping haptic devices can help to inform stability analyses, control algorithms, device design, and technology development efforts. The current study develops and tests a lumped second-order dynamic model for nine subjects holding a haptic knob in a simple pinch grasp. Results include steadily increasing damping and stiffness parameters with increasing grip force, and compare well to the findings of earlier investigators. Moment of inertia estimates, expected to remain constant, dropped for very large grip forces, illustrating limitations in the second-order model.