cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental influences on fruit and vegetable intake: results from a path analytic model.

Objective Fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is influenced by behavioural and environmental factors, but these have rarely been assessed simultaneously. We aimed to quantify the relative influence of supermarket availability, perceptions of the food environment and shopping behaviour on F&V intake. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Eight counties in South Carolina, USA, with verified locations of all supermarkets. Subjects A telephone survey of 831 household food shoppers ascertained F&V intake with a seventeen-item screener, primary food store location, shopping frequency and perceptions of healthy food availability, and supermarket availability was calculated with a geographic information system. Path analysis was conducted. We report standardized beta coefficients on paths significant at the 0·05 level. Results Frequency of grocery shopping at primary food store (β = 0·11) was the only factor exerting an independent, statistically significant direct effect on F&V intake. Supermarket availability was significantly associated with distance to utilized food store (β = -0·24) and shopping frequency (β = 0·10). Increased supermarket availability was significantly and positively related to perceived healthy food availability in the neighbourhood (β = 0·18) and ease of shopping access (β = 0·09). Collectively considering all model paths linked to perceived availability of healthy foods, this measure was the only other factor to have a significant total effect on F&V intake. Conclusions While the majority of the literature to date has suggested an independent and important role of supermarket availability for F&V intake, our study found only indirect effects of supermarket availability and suggests that food shopping frequency and perceptions of healthy food availability are two integral components of a network of influences on F&V intake.
Nonlinear Phase Modulation Inside an MQW Optical Modulator

Nonlinear optical phase modulation inside a quantum well phase modulator can be tailored to facilitate frequency down-conversion of RF signals. We examined the mechanisms of the nonlinear phase modulation. We presented a theoretical model for the nonlinear phase modulation and derived a closed form solution. We found that carrier transport dynamics only restrict the IF bandwidth in the frequency down-conversion operation. Numerical simulation and measurements were conducted to validate the theoretical results.
Yield Potential,Stability and Components of a New Hybrid Rice Variety Minyou 93

In order to provide a basis for popularization and application of a new hybrid early-maturing rice variety Minyou 93,the yielding ability,yield stability and yield components of Minyou 93 was analyzed by using the data of regional tests and production tests of rice in Guizhou in the years of 2012 and 2013.Results:Minyou 93was of excellent yielding ability and yield stability,the yield level concentrated in 9 000~10 500kg/hm2,the average number of productive ear,spikelet number per panicle and thousand seed weight was respectively 2 336 thousand ears/hm2,148.8 grains and 28.3g.Per unit number of productive ear and spikelet number per panicle were very significantly positively correlated with the yield,thousand seed weight was positively correlated with the yield but not significant.Per unit number of productive ear contributed the most to the yield directly,the spikelet number per panicle took the second place.
Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. XXIII. Typhoid fever.

Although present throughout the world, S. typhi infection is particularly prevalent in countries with warm climates and with less developed sanitary facilities for sewage disposal and water treatment. Nevertheless, several hundred cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. Clinically, typhoid fever is characterized by prolonged fever, abdominal pain, rash, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Although typhoid fever is often included among diarrheal diseases, it is important to note that diarrhea is an uncommon feature of this disease. The mortality rate may be high, and death is related to severe toxemia, intestinal hemorrhage, or intestinal perforation. Treatment with chloramphenicol or other effective drugs shortens the course of fever and significantly reduces mortality.
Assessment of Endoscope Reprocessing Using Peer-to-Peer Assessment Through a Clinical Community.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization (CDS) of medical devices are intended to help prevent health care–associated infections (HAIs), a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. In February 2013 the Johns Hopkins Health System (JHHS; Baltimore) formed a clinical community of experts and stakeholders—physicians, nurses, administrators, infection control practitioners, risk managers, and regulatory staff—to assess CDS practices across facilities. Methods A survey administered to leadership indicated endoscopy areas of risk. An endoscopy tracer tool with eight major performance areas was then created from best practices identified in the literature, regulatory requirements, and national guidelines for endoscope reprocessing. Peer-to-peer (P2P) assessments using the tracer tool were performed at five Johns Hopkins Medicine gastrointestinal endoscopy sites (three hospital-based; two freestanding ambulatory surgery centers) selected on the basis of their large procedural volumes and their operational ability to participate in further areas of the project. Results The P2P assessments revealed that 20 (42%) of the 48 possible criteria had a noted deficiency at one or more sites. Three of the eight major performance areas on the tracer tool had no deficiencies identified at any of the five sites. Deficiencies were mostly minor process improvements, and only one critical process required immediate alteration of practice. Because the assessments were nonpunitive, horizontal communication enabled feedback on process improvements, alternate methods to achieve outcomes, and solutions to common issues. Conclusions A nonpunitive and collaborative peer methodology was successful in capturing and sharing best practices in endoscopy areas. Successful replication in other clinical areas can be an effective way to assess CDS processes and facilitate dialogue for improvements.
Bioenergy harvest impacts to biodiversity and resilience vary across aspen-dominated forest ecosystems in the Lake States region, USA

Questions: Does the increase in disturbance associated with removing harvest residues negatively impact biodiversity and resilience in aspen-dominated forest ecosystems? How do responses of functional diversity measures relate to community recovery and standing biomass? Location: Aspen (Populus tremuloides, Michx.) mixedwood forests in Minnesota andMichigan, USA. Methods: Three levels for two factors, organicmatter removal and compaction, were fully crossed, resulting in nine experimental treatments that spanned a range of disturbance severity. Each treatment was replicated three times at each of three sites dominated by the same tree species but having different soil textures (clay, silty loam, sandy). Community composition and taxonomic diversity (species richness, species evenness, Shannon diversity index) were quantified based on woody species abundance sampled 5, 10 and 15 yr after disturbance. Community composition response was assessed using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, dispersion and divergence) was also estimated using eight species effect and response traits. Finally, we examined community recovery as well as responses of species and functional diversity to disturbance severity over time using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Two responses indicated a potentially negative impact of whole-tree harvest relative to conventional, stem-only harvest: functional richness on silty loam soils and species evenness on clayey soils. Otherwise, negative impacts were restricted to forest floor removal or increased compaction. Recovery in community composition was reduced by the most severe treatments, particularly forest floor removal, across the study, but the responses of functional and taxonomic diversity varied among sites, with some measures increasing as a result of severe disturbance. Conclusions: Maximization of standing biomass may mean a short-term sacrifice in species and functional diversity. Also, examinations of forest management impacts on species and functional diversity and composition should apply multiple metrics and indices to ensure potential impacts are not obscured by the reliance on a single approach.
Hispanics in the United States: The Demography of the Hispanic Population

Hispanics have had a demographic impact on the United States far beyond their relative importance within the total population because of their high fertility rates. In fact, it is quite clear that the United States would have had below population replacement rates of reproduction in the past few decades had it not been for the contribution of the Hispanic population, and above all Mexicans and Central Americans. When the Center for Disease Control first began enumerating Hispanic births in a systematic way in 1990, their fertility rate was already well above national averages. In that year the total fertility rate (defined as births per hundred women ages 15–44) among Hispanic women was 3.2 children, while the comparable rate for non-Hispanic white women was 1.9 children, a rate that had prevailed since the late 1970s. The rapid growth of the Latino population since 1990, and their consistently higher fertility rates compared with the rest of the population, has resulted in the national population growing naturally at or above a total fertility rate of 2.1 children, which is the threshold for the population replacement level. Without this Hispanic population growth U.S. fertility rates would have resembled those of most European countries, which have fallen below population replacement levels. Because of their relative weight within the Hispanic population, Mexicans, with a fertility rate of 3.0 children, heavily impacted the overall Latino fertility rate. Most other Latino national subgroups had total fertility rates that approximated the Mexican rates, with the average in 1990 at 2.9 children. Yet there were nationalities that varied considerably from the Mexican norm. The most extreme was the Cubans whose total fertility rate of 1.5 children in 1990 was the lowest for any major Hispanic national subgroup, even below that of non-Hispanic whites. Puerto Ricans had fertility rates that fell between Cubans and Mexicans and were comparable with those of non-Hispanic blacks. In 1990 the Puerto Rican total fertility rate was 2.3 children, and this compared with a rate of 2.5 children among non-Hispanic blacks (see Graph 4.1).
Bipolar Junction Transistors

Bipolar transistors are npn or pnp structures where the current flow across the base region is by minority carriers injected from an emitter region. This minority carrier flow is collected at a reverse-biased collector junction. The energy diagram for an npn transistor without bias is given in Fig. 4.1(a). With forward bias on the emitter-base junction, electrons are injected into the base and by diffusion make their way to the base-collector region which is reverse-biased so that the electric field in the depletion region aids the collection, as in Fig. 4.1(b). If the base region is graded in doping, as in Fig. 4.1(c), the transport of electrons across the base is aided by the electric field there and the frequency response of the transistor is increased.
Academic Factors that Predict Community College Students’ Acceptance of Evolution

There is great disagreement in the United States about with how evolution education should be dealt, as the acceptance of evolution is controversial among the general public of the United States. Furthermore, although a plethora of research has been conducted to understand which factors influence the understanding and acceptance of evolution among high school and university students – and the general public – there are few studies focusing on community college students. In an effort to help fill this gap in the literature, this dissertation investigates the relationship between the acceptance of evolution and academic factors among community college students. Specifically, 867 community college students were surveyed using aspects of validated instruments regarding their attitudes towards evolution and human evolution, understanding of evolution and the nature of science, previous science experience, career goals, and demographic information. The results indicated that the community college students accepted evolution at a higher level than the general public and they accepted human evolution relatively less than evolution in general. Acceptance of evolution and human evolution were highly correlated, and regression analysis revealed they were the best predictors for each other after controlling for all of the factors measured. Understanding of evolution and the nature of science were also highly correlated with the acceptance of evolution and moderately correlated with the acceptance of human evolution. The data also indicate that these community college students did not have a solid understanding of evolution. These findings have implications for the teaching of evolution as they serve to reinforce the importance of understanding both evolution and the nature of science and their relationship to the acceptance of evolution.
Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location

Abstract The rupture of an intracranial aneurysm has high rates of morbidity and mortality despite ever increasingly sophisticated medical and surgical treatments. To this end, the preemptive treatment of incidentally found aneurysms needs to be considered; however, endovascular and surgical aneurysm treatments can themselves cause harm and many aneurysms will not rupture in a patient’s lifetime. Much of the variability in aneurysm characteristics arises based on their location. Understanding these differences is paramount to deciding if and how to treat intracranial aneurysms.
Piezo2 in Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Mechanotransduction in Vertebrates.

Mechanosensitivity is a fundamental physiological capacity, which pertains to all life forms. Progress has been made with regard to understanding mechanosensitivity in bacteria, flies, and worms. In vertebrates, however, the molecular identity of mechanotransducers in somatic and neuronal cells has only started to appear. The Piezo family of mechanogated ion channels marks a pivotal milestone in understanding mechanosensitivity. Piezo1 and Piezo2 have now been shown to participate in a number of processes, ranging from arterial modeling to sensing muscle stretch. In this review, we focus on Piezo2 and its role in mediating mechanosensation and proprioception in vertebrates.
Abstract WP58: Evolution of FLAIR Volume and Signal Intensity Following Endovascular Stroke Therapy

Background: Infarct volume is an important surrogate marker for assessing the efficacy of acute stroke therapies. We studied the evolution of acute stroke lesions on FLAIR images over time following endovascular therapy in a subgroup of patients (n=35) from the DEFUSE 2 study. Methods: FLAIR images were acquired both post-revascularization (median 12h after symptom onset) and at day 5. Patients were separated into two groups based on the degree of reperfusion achieved on Tmax>6s perfusion imaging (>90% vs. <90%). After co-registration and signal normalization, lesion volumes and signal intensity were assessed in both initial infarct (lesion visible after revascularization), and recruited infarct (additional lesion visible lesion on day 5). Results: All 35 patients had FLAIR lesion growth between post-revascularization and day 5. Median infarct growth was significantly larger in patients with 90% (8.12ml, p=0.003). In the initial infarct, signal intensity did not change between post-revascularization and day 5 in the >90% reperfused group, while it increased in the <90% reperfused group (p = 0.01). In the recruited infarct, signal increased significantly in both groups between post-revascularization and day 5 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Compared with patients who have 90% reperfusion have significantly less infarct growth between post- endovascular revascularization and day 5. Therefore, reductions in ischemic lesion growth attributable to reperfusion therapies are likely to be more apparent at day 5 compared to early post-revascularization. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Why Are Some Home Values Resistant and Others Resilient

Data for 116 California communities reveal considerable variation in changes in the value of owner-occupied homes during 2005-2010, variation that is related to the price/rent ratios that existed in 2005, number of rental properties in the community, increase in home values between 2000 and 2005, and a variety of socioeconomic factors.
Transplacental treatment of fetal tachycardia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE Multiple transplacental medications can be used to treat fetal tachycardia. We sought to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether digoxin, flecainide, or sotalol was the most efficacious therapy for converting fetal tachycardia to sinus rhythm. METHOD We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare digoxin, flecainide, or sotalol as first-line therapy for fetal tachycardia. Studies were identified by a search of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, and Scopus. RESULTS There were 21 studies included. Flecainide (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0, I2 = 60%, P = 0.03) and sotalol (OR:1.4, 95% CI:1.1-2.0, I2 = 30%, P = 0.02) were superior to digoxin for conversion of fetal tachycardia to sinus rhythm. In those with hydrops, the benefit over digoxin was more notable for both flecainide (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 2.5-10.0, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001) and sotalol (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7-5.0, I2 = 0%, P < 0.001). When limited to atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, flecainide was superior to digoxin (OR:1.7, 95% CI:1.1-3.3, I2 = 62%, P = 0.03) and sotalol (OR:1.3, 95% CI:1.1-1.7, I2 = 0%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Digoxin should not be first-line therapy for fetal tachycardia, particularly in the presence of hydrops fetalis. Flecainide should be the first-line therapy of choice in atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Further study may identify further sub-populations responding differently.
Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Networks using Multi-view Time-Series Hypersphere Learning

Detecting anomalous patterns from dynamic and multi-attributed network systems has been a challenging problem due to the complication of temporal dynamics and the variations reflected in multiple data sources. We propose a Multi-view Time-Series Hypersphere Learning (MTHL) approach that leverages multi-view learning and support vector description to tackle this problem. Given a dynamic network with time-varying edge and node properties, MTHL projects multi-view time-series data into a shared latent subspace, and then learns a compact hypersphere surrounding normal samples with soft constraints. The learned hypersphere allows for effectively distinguishing normal and abnormal cases. We further propose an efficient, two-stage alternating optimization algorithm as a solution to the MTHL. Extensive experiments are conducted on both synthetic and real datasets. Results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline methods in detecting three types of events that involve (i) time-varying features alone, (ii) time-aggregated features alone, as well as (iii) both features. Moreover, our approach exhibits consistent and good performance in face of issues including noises, anomaly pollution in training phase and data imbalance.
Homotopies for Connected Components of Algebraic Sets with Application to Computing Critical Sets

Given a polynomial system f, this article provides a general construction for homotopies that yield at least one point of each connected component on the set of solutions of \(f = 0\). This algorithmic approach is then used to compute a superset of the isolated points in the image of an algebraic set which arises in many applications, such as computing critical sets used in the decomposition of real algebraic sets. An example is presented which demonstrates the efficiency of this approach.
A bounded model of the communication delay for system integrity protection schemes

This paper investigates the latency of system integrity protection schemes (SIPSs) and proposes a bounded model of the communication delay. To be specific, SIPSs can be divided into wide-area protection and substation-area protection. For the former, the data buffering of phasor data concentrators and the automatic protection switching of synchronous optical network/synchronous digital hierarchy are utilized to limit the latency of regional and backbone networks, respectively; then, the communication delay is modeled as bounded, instead of average or stochastic in the literature. For the latter, the network calculus theory is used to restrict the latency in switched Ethernet networks, and the communication delay is modeled as bounded. In practice, SIPSs need to preprogram the time delay of protective relays and expect the communication delay as predictable or predetermined. Hence, the proposed bounded model is more realistic than the average or stochastic model. Further, the bounded model suggests the network dynamics and worst-case performances. It can be a useful tool in the relay setting as well as in the planning, design, and assessment of SIPS networks.
Internal driveline damage under the costal margin several years after HeartMate II implant: a series of three cases.

Although the incidence of driveline failure has been significantly reduced with the major modification to the driveline connection to the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD), internal and external driveline damage continues to be a major reason for pump exchange or driveline repair. We report three cases of internal driveline damage under the costal margin and in the adjacent abdominal wall. All three cases developed occasional electrical disruptions 2–5 years after the original LVAD implant through the median sternotomy. Two patients underwent subcostal LVAD exchange and one had driveline externalization and repair. The driveline velour was well adhered to the costal margin and wire damage was found at the costal margin as well as the subsequent segment in the abdominal wall. Repeated ante-flex bending of the abdominal wall over years appeared to cause the chronic wear and tear of the vertically located driveline under the costal margin. This report will confirm a pitfall of the LVAD driveline location which can potentially cause driveline damage in the mid-to-long term.
Calcium Oxalate Is Associated With Benign Breast Tissue. Can We Avoid Biopsy

Breast biopsies are commonly performed for abnormal, usually clustered, calcifications detected by mammography. Calcium phosphate is the predominant form of calcium seen in breast tissue and is frequently associated with malignancy. Calcium oxalate, which can also be present in breast tissue, has been exclusively associated with benign lesions. Thus, if mammography could distinguish calcium phosphate from calcium oxalate, biopsy could be avoided in some patients. Pathologic findings and corresponding mammograms of 55 patients who underwent biopsy for abnormal calcifications were reviewed. The authors evaluated such pathologic features as type of calcification, anatomic location, and association with fibrocystic changes or carcinoma. Mammographically, calcifications were categorized by size, distribution, and morphology, and each was assigned a density rating of low, medium, or high. Of the 55 cases, 41 contained calcium phosphate only, 8 contained calcium oxalate only, and 6 contained both. If only calcium oxalate was present, the calcium was always associated with benign epithelium. Of 47 cases, calcium phosphate was associated with benign breast disease in 28 and with carcinoma in 19. Five of six cases with both calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate contained carcinoma; calcium phosphate was seen in the carcinoma area in all five. Radiologically, calcium phosphate was typically medium to high density, whereas calcium oxalate was characterized as amorphous, low to medium density. Other low-density calcifications were almost always benign, unless pleomorphic in shape. Although further work is necessary to confirm these findings, it appears that, radiologically, low-density, amorphous, calcifications, even if clustered, are associated with benign breast disease, and may represent calcium oxalate. Patients with such calcifications may be managed conservatively.
Onboard Stationkeeping of Geosynchronous Satellites Using a Global Positioning System Receiver

Many space missions are considering the use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver as a means of onboard ephemeris determination due to its portability, accuracy, and low cost. A feasibility study of onboard Stationkeeping using a GPS receiver has been performed. This paper describes three strategies for onboard Stationkeeping utilizing onboard GPS measurements. Algorithms are developed and accuracies of orbit control are assessed based on proposed strategies and covariance analysis. Although this study is focused on the application to geosynchronous satellites, the same technique applies to other missions with circular orbits. The innovative strategy of formation keeping a satellite with a fictitious satellite whose ephemeris is predetermined can significantly improve the long-term prediction accuracy without ground support. Results of simulations show that the maximum deviations from a predetermined ephemeris range from less than 0.1 km to 0.3 km dependent on onboard hardware/software options.
Thoracic Spine Injury Biomechanics

Injury biomechanical studies on the human spinal column have been published in the 1970s and 1980s from different perspectives. Experimental studies in the 1970s and 1980s focused all three mobile regions: cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines [1–3]. In the 1980s and 1990s, computational modeling aspects of spinal injuries were published [4, 5]. Although these review articles provided data on the three regions of the human vertebral column, the presentation of the thoracic spine topic has been limited [6]. This chapter focuses only on the thoracic region and it describes the biomechanically relevant anatomy, followed by the determination of the biomechanical responses from component to mono- and multi-segment spines (one level functional and disc-body units, and more than one level spinal units) to intact human cadaver, termed post mortem human subject (PMHS) experiments. Field and clinical information are included along with radiological images to correlate some of the experimental model outputs. Biomechanical tolerances and injury mechanisms are given consideration in the brief chapter.
An Optimization Framework for Evaluating Logistics Costs in a Global Supply Chain: an Application to the Commercial Aviation Industry

This paper addresses logistics decisions for an aviation firm and its joint venture in Chengdu, China. The major logistics cost items for outsourcing aircraft engine components to the joint venture are identified and a number of transportation alternatives are examined based on cost effectiveness. Under the current structure of the company’s global supply chain, we have evaluated five transportation options for moving materials inbound and outbound: all air, water-railfull container load, water-rail less than container load, water-truck full container load, and water-truck less than container load. A cost optimization model for each of these transportation modes using shipping quantity as a major decision variable is developed and the associated solution procedure is provided. These models provide useful guidelines for formulating sound transportation policies. Although the evaluation framework is established based on a particular company’s global supply chain, it is applicable for many companies that are practicing global sourcing strategies.
Women and Coronary Heart Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), encompassing both coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease, is a major health burden worldwide in men and women. Although historically considered a “man’s disease,” this myth is quickly fading and for good reason.
Direct Sum Representations of Rings and Modules

If C is a class of right R-modules, a module M will be called sigma C, in case M is isomorphic to a direct sum of modules in C. We will write Σ-C for short. Also, if M is a class of right R-modules which is Σ-C then we say that R is right ℳ Σ-C. For example, if ℳ is the class of (injective) right R-modules, and C is the class of finitely generated right R-modules, then the corresponding statement is that R is right (injective) Σ-finitely generated. Also, the statement R is right (injective) Σ-cyclic means that every (injective) right R-module is a direct sum of cyclic modules. (Note that one applies these designations to R as an object of RINGS rather than as an object of mod-R; strictly speaking, it is mod-R (not R) that is (injective) Σ-finitely generated when we say that R is.)
External Tests of Peer Review Validity Via Impact Measures

Peer review is used commonly across science as a tool to evaluate the merit and potential impact of research projects and make funding recommendations. While potential impact is likely difficult to assess ex-ante, there have been relatively few attempts made to get a sense of the predictive accuracy of review decisions using impact measures of the results of the completed projects. Although many outputs, and thus potential measures of impact, exist for research projects, the overwhelming majority of evaluation of research output is focused on bibliometrics. We review the multiple types of potential impact measures with an interest in their application to validate review decisions. A review of the current literature on validating peer review decisions with research output impact measures is presented here; only 48 studies were identified, about half of which were US based and sample size per study varied greatly. 69% of the studies employed bibliometrics as a research output. While 52% of the studies employed alternative measures (like patents and technology licensing, post-project peer review, international collaboration, future funding success, securing tenure track positions, and career satisfaction), only 25% of all projects used more than one measure of research output. Overall, 91% of studies with unfunded controls and 71% of studies without such controls provided evidence for at least some level of predictive validity of review decisions. However, several studies reported observing sizable type I and II errors as well. Moreover, many of the observed effects were small and several studies suggest a coarse discriminatory power, able to separate poor proposals from better ones, but no discrimination amongst the top tier proposals or applicants (although discriminatory ability depended on the impact metric). This is of particular concern in an era of low funding success rates. More research is needed, particularly in integrating multiple types of impact indicators in these validity tests, as well as considering the context of the research outputs relative to goals of the research program and concerns for reproducibility, translatability and publication bias. In parallel, more research is needed focusing on the internal validity of review decision making procedures and reviewer bias.
Correction to: Evaluating author name disambiguation for digital libraries: a case of DBLP

In the original publication of the article, in Abstract, the size of labeled data was incorrectly reported.
A Review of Approaches to Detecting Malingering in Forensic Contexts and Promising Cognitive Load-Inducing Lie Detection Techniques

Malingering, the feigning of psychological or physical ailment for gain, imposes high costs on society, especially on the criminal-justice system. In this article, we review some of the costs of malingering in forensic contexts. Then the most common methods of malingering detection are reviewed, including those for feigned psychiatric and cognitive impairments. The shortcomings of each are considered. The article continues with a discussion of commonly used means for detecting deception. Although not traditionally used to uncover malingering, new, innovative methods are emphasized that attempt to induce greater cognitive load on liars than truth tellers, some informed by theoretical accounts of deception. As a type of deception, we argue that such cognitive approaches and theoretical understanding can be adapted to the detection of malingering to supplement existing methods.
Assessment of a Web-Based Learning Game in an Information Systems Course

For decades, instructors have used games to facilitate student learning. More recently, the availability of the World Wide Web and Web authoring tools have greatly expanded the opportunities for in...
2-Deoxy-2-iodo-alpha-mannopyranosyl and -talopyranosyl acetates: highly stereoselective glycosyl donors for the synthesis of 2-deoxy-alpha-glycosides.

TMS-OTf- or TBS-OTf-promoted glycosidation reactions of 2-deoxy-2-iodo-α-mannopyranosyl acetates 8−10 and the 2-deoxy-2-iodo-α-talopyranosyl acetate 11 provide the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-iodo-α-py...
Preterm birth subtypes, placental pathology findings, and risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities during childhood.

Abstract Introduction Preterm birth (PTB) and in-utero inflammation are recognized risk factors of neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs); however, their combined role in NDDs is unknown. We examined the independent and joint association of PTB and placental histological findings with the childhood risk of NDDs (overall and by subgroups including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD). Methods We analyzed data from the Boston Birth Cohort, where mother-infant pairs were enrolled at birth and followed from birth onwards. Birth outcomes, placental pathology and NDDs were obtained from electronic medical records. Placental pathology was categorized using a standardized classification system proposed by the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group. Results PTB (all, including spontaneous, medically indicated) was an independent risk factor for NDDs. Placental histological chorioamnionitis (CA) and PTB additively increased the odds of NDDs (aOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.37, 3.39), as well as ADHD (aOR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.55, 4.90), other developmental disabilities (aOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.25) and possibly ASD (aOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 0.99, 5.39). The above associations were more pronounced in spontaneous than medically indicated PTB. PTB alone in the absence of CA only had a moderate association with ASD and ADHD. Placental maternal vascular malperfusion alone or in combination with PTB was not associated with the risk of NDDs. Discussion Our study provided new insights on PTB and NDDs by further considering preterm subtypes and placental histology. We revealed that children of spontaneous PTB along with histological CA were at the highest risk for a spectrum of NDDs.
Very Early MRI During Therapeutic Hypothermia to Measure Severity of Brain Injury in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Despite therapeutic hypothermia (TH), half of all neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) still die or suffer severe neurologic sequelae. The secondary energy failure (SEF) is the most vulnerable period for brain injury and its severity correlates with degree of impairment. The SEF begins 8-16 hr post insult and peaks at 24-48 hr. A quantitative, early method of measuring brain viability and injury severity is needed to guide application of adjuvant neuroprotective agents. Magnetic resonance H1-spectroscopy (MRS) measures concentrations of cerebral metabolites to elucidate derangements in aerobic metabolism. MR diffusion weighted …
The Impact of Cumulative Depression Along the HIV Care Continuum in Women Living With HIV During the Era of Universal Antiretroviral Treatment.

BACKGROUND Data are limited on cumulative impacts of depression on engagement in care and HIV outcomes in women living with HIV (WLWH) during the era of universal antiretroviral therapy (ART). Understanding the relationship of accumulated depression with HIV disease management may help identify benefits of interventions to reduce severity and duration of depressive episodes. SETTING A cohort of WLWH (N = 1491) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study at 9 sites across the US. METHODS This longitudinal observational cohort study (2013-2017) followed WLWH for a maximum of 9 semiannual visits. Depression was quantified as a time-updated measure of percent of days depressed (PDD) created from repeated assessments using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Marginal structural Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effects of PDD on the risks of missing an HIV care appointment, <95% ART adherence, and virological failure (≥200 copies/mL). RESULTS The risk of missing an HIV care appointment [risk ratio (RR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 0.93 to 1.45; risk difference (RD) = 0.01, -0.01 to 0.03], being <95% ART adherent (RR = 1.27, 1.06-1.52; RD = 0.04, -0.01 to 0.07), and virological failure (RR = 1.09, 1.01-1.18; RD = 0.01, -0.01 to 0.03) increased monotonically with increasing PDD (comparing those with 25 to those with 0 PDD). The total effect of PDD on virological failure was fully (%100) mediated by being <95% ART adherent. CONCLUSIONS Time spent depressed increases the risk of virological failure through ART adherence, even in the era of universal ART regimes forgiving of imperfect adherence.
Towards the Record Efficiency of Si Based Solar Cells

High-efficiency back-contact heterojunction crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cell with a record-breaking conversion efficienciy of 26.7% is reported. The importance of thin-film Si solar cell technology for heterojunction c-Si solar cells with amorphous Si passivation layers in improving conversion efficiency and reducing production cost is demonstrated. Owing to the recent improvement of c-Si solar cells and perovskite solar cells, conversion efficiencies over 30% have become a realistic target by using a two-terminal tandem structure with a heterojunction c-Si solar cell and a perovskite solar cell.
Reduced adhesion of sparkling water droplets

This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2018 APS/DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available online at the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2018.GFM.V0097
Walking, talking, and suppressing: Executive functioning mediates the relationship between higher expressive suppression and slower dual-task walking among older adults.

Objective: Dual-task walking, which is related to fall risk, has also been shown to relate to executive functioning (EF). EF is known to be vulnerable to the effects of an emotion-regulation strate...
Immediate plastic surgery closure at index spinal surgery minimizes complications compared to delayed reconstruction: A retrospective cohort review.

Summary Background Complex spine surgery in patients with major comorbidities leads to increased need for midline back wound reconstruction by plastic surgeons. Literature suggests that back wound reconstruction concurrent with high-risk immediate/index spine surgery may lead to fewer complication. This study aimed to validate this claim in a large cohort treated at a tertiary center. We hypothesize that immediate reconstruction may lead to fewer adverse events in comparison to delayed reconstruction. Methods This was a retrospective single-center review of 659 patients who underwent spinal surgery with/without reconstruction by plastic surgeons between November 2011 and December 2015. Three main cohorts were evaluated: patients who underwent spinal surgery with no reconstruction, patients with delayed reconstruction after spine surgery, and patients with immediate back wound reconstruction with index spine surgery. Demographic, clinical, and outcomes data were collected from electronic medical records. Primary endpoints were the incidence of any complications such as dehiscence, infection, seroma/hematoma, and exposed hardware. The secondary endpoint was return to the operating room and most recent follow-up. Results Forty-three patients underwent index reconstruction (follow-up 25.3 ± 12.7 months), 33 were delayed (follow-up 23.7 ± 12.5 months), and 583 had no reconstruction (follow-up 22.1 ± 15.2 months). Patients who underwent index reconstruction had more spinal levels involved than delayed reconstruction (7.8 ± 0.75 vs 5.6 ± 0.68 ; p = 0.03). The overall complications rate was 7.7%, most commonly wound dehiscence (2.7%), infections (0.9%), exposed hardware (2.0%), cerebrospinal fluid leaks (0.6%), and return to OR (3.8%). Patients who underwent index spinal wound reconstruction had a significantly lower complication rate (4.65%) than secondary spinal surgery patients (27.3%; p = 0.048). Conclusions The data confirmed significantly decreased complication rates for index back wound reconstructions for high-risk patients compared to delayed spine wound reconstruction. Increased rates of wound dehiscence, exposed hardware, and revisions occurred with delayed reconstruction. Early employment of tension free, robust vascular flap closure may attribute to a decreased complication profile.
Examining Jurors: Using Conversation Analysis to Explore the Influence of Race on Prosecutor Speech in North Carolina Capital Jury Selection

Stereotypes about which demographic groups are more or less likely to sentence a defendant to death operate as implicit starting hypotheses in capital cases, informing how attorneys examine jurors during voir dire. This hypotheses-influenced information reinforces the starting stereotypes and potentially exacerbates the influence of the stereotypes themselves on strike decisions. Evidence also suggests that both prosecutors and defense counsel use race as a proxy for bias despite the constitutional prohibition. In these instances, voir dire may serve as a tool to develop race-neutral justifications for the anticipated race-based strikes. In either instance, the voir dire process itself might contribute to the improper influence of race. This study of jury selection for 600 potential jurors across twelve randomly selected North Carolina capital cases uses conversation analysis to look behind the race effects observed in the exercise of peremptory strikes for evidence of ways race influences the process that produces those decisions. We adapted the Roter Interaction Analysis System, a widely used framework for understanding the dynamics of patient–clinician communication during clinical encounters and a framework with well-established reliability and predictive validity, to the legal setting for the first time. Under this rigorous and exacting method of conversation analysis, we assigned one of 46 mutually exclusive codes to every complete thought any speaker expressed. In the analysis presented here, we grouped these codes into mutually exclusive categories of speech based on content and affect. This created a “conversation profile” with four distinct components: education/orientation speech, data gathering speech, relationship building speech, and conflict speech. The findings presented here focus on prosecutors’ conversations with 179 black and white jurors eligible to be dismissed by a state peremptory strike. These findings begin to suggest ways in which the evaluation of fitness for jury service itself is skewed and contributes to racial disparities in jury selection. Prosecutors not only struck potential black jurors at a higher rate, they spoke differently to the black potential jurors they struck, and showed more conflict with black potential jurors overall. Moreover, the racial diversity of the panel of jurors affected the discourse: when the proportion of black potential jurors was bigger, prosecutors engaged in less education and orientation and more data gathering with the black potential jurors. While these findings echo or perhaps restate the overwhelming evidence of racial bias shown by disparate strikes, they provide new insight into ways in which prosecutors may be approaching the decision-making process differently for black and white potential jurors. The results presented here provide an important foundation for future research.
Embedding active learning and design-based projects in a noise and vibration course for the undergraduate mechanical engineering program:

The content of noise, vibration, and harshness is an important part of the undergraduate mechanical engineering program education to prepare students ready for their future career, and it has recei...
Area-Efficient and Bias-Flexible Inline Monitoring Structure for Fast Characterization of RTN and Transistor Local Mismatch in Advanced Technologies

An improved set of Scribe Line Monitors (SLMs) with high device densities have been designed for inline monitoring of Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) and transistor local mismatch. This infrastructure offers increased statistics from measurement on a single wafer with parallel Device Under Test (DUT) testing capability thereby having an efficient testing time. The characterization results from engineering silicon are presented in this paper.
Electronic, vibrational, and charge-transport properties of benzothienobenzothiophene–TCNQ co-crystals

The electronic, vibrational, and charge-transport properties of a series of benzothieno-benzothiophene (BTBT)–FmTCNQ (m = 0, 2, 4) and diCnBTBT–FmTCNQ (n = 8, 12; m = 0, 4) donor–acceptor (DA) co-crystals have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. The electronic-structure calculations predict wide conduction bands and small effective masses for electrons along the DA stacking directions. The results indicate that the increase in the number of F atoms on the acceptor molecules results in an increase of superexchange couplings along the DA stacks, while the addition of the alkyl side chains results in a decrease of through-space transfer integrals between neighboring stacks. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the optical properties describe the lowest two optical transitions as having a charge-transfer character and being related to the two electronic coupling pathways that contribute to the superexchange couplings. The results also indicate that the ionicity parameter in the diCnBTBT–FmTCNQ cocrystals is somewhat larger than in the BTBT analogues. Overall, we find that DFT calculations based on periodic boundary conditions are a reliable tool to estimate the ionicity parameter in DA cocrystals.
Patent trolls as financial intermediaries? Experimental evidence

Recent work suggests that Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs)—or “patent trolls”—are a new form of financial intermediary. According to this view, individual patent holders are unable to contract with large manufacturers because they lack the financial resources necessary to litigate against infringement. Since individual patent holders are heterogeneous in their constraints and preferences, the market function of PAEs should depend on their specific demands. We conducted an experiment in which subjects from a population of interest were each assigned patents that were infringed by large manufacturers in a hypothetical scenario. We relaxed the financial constraints of some patent holders and evaluated whether this randomized intervention subsequently reduced the demand for PAEs relative to costly litigation. Our results indicate that PAEs served an intermediary function for two groups in our sample: subjects who identified as inventors rather than entrepreneurs, and subjects who were relatively more sensitive to financial losses.