cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyamidoamine dendrimer hydrogel for enhanced delivery of antiglaucoma drugs

Dendrimer hydrogel (DH), made from ultraviolet-cured polyamidoamine dendrimer G3.0 tethered with three polyethylene glycol (PEG, 12,000 Da)–acrylate chains (8.1% w/v) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS), was studied for the delivery of brimonidine (0.1% w/v) and timolol maleate (0.5% w/v), two antiglaucoma drugs. DH was found to be mucoadhesive to mucin particles and nontoxic to human corneal epithelial cells. DH increased the PBS solubility of brimonidine by 77.6% and sustained the in vitro release of both drugs over 56–72 hours. As compared to eye drop formulations (PBS-drug solutions), DH brought about substantially higher human corneal epithelial cells uptake and significantly increased bovine corneal transport for both drugs. DH increased timolol maleate uptake in bovine corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium by 0.4- to 4.6-fold. This work demonstrated that DH can enhance the delivery of antiglaucoma drugs in multiple aspects and represents a novel platform for ocular drug delivery.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF A TRANSPLANTABLE, MAMMOSOMATO-TROPIC PITUITARY TUMOR (MtT-W10)1

The infrastructure of a transplantable, pituitary tumor secreting growth hormone and prolactin has been studied from 1 to 5 weeks of growth. The tumor is a chromophobic cell carcinoma with multiple necrotic areas and numerous atypical mitoses. Invasion into surrounding muscle and skin is seen. Only one type of parenchymal cell could be identified in the tumor despite the production of two different hormones. The cell appeared metabolically active having a well-developed Golgl apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous polyribosomes. Very few granules were occasionally present in the cytoplasm. Numerous atypical mitoses along with a slight polymorphism of nucleus were observable. Early degenerative changes appeared in the nucleus or cytoplasm of some cells near the periphery of some necrotic areas of tumor. With the nucleus, heterochromatln exhibited periodic margination, enchromat-in occupying the center of the nucleus. In the cytoplasm of other cells, a sparslty of cytoplasmic organelles was observed.
The recurrent groin hernia: therapeutic solutions.

Attention to the problem of groin hernia problems has focused on the primary type of operative repair. Because of this, major advances have been made in the surgical cure of these entities. It is important in the primary operation to individualize the type of operative procedure to the specific hernial problem.
Histological, fine-structural and histochemical differences in the testicular glands of gobiid and blenniid fishes

The testicular gland (t.g.) is a glandular tissue situated adjacent to the testis of blenniid and several gobiid species. In the present study the t.g. of Blennius pavo Risso and Gobius niger L. were compared by histological and histochemical methods. In B. pavo the spermatozoa have to cross the t.g. to reach the vas deferens and thus they come into contact with the gland cells, whereas in G. niger the vas deferens is situated between the testis and the t.g. The fine structure and histo-chemistry of the t.g. cells reveal that in B.pavo the cells of the t.g. have exocrine as well as endocrine functions. The t.g. cells of B. pavo contain large amounts of lipids, form a secretion containing acid mucopolysaccharides, show positive reaction for acid phosphatase, and some cells stain for 3β-HSD and G6PD. The function of the t.g. of G. niger is exclusively endocrine. Characteristics of the gland cells of this species are well developed smooth ER and tubulovesicular or paracristal-line mitochondria. The stainings for 3β-HSD, G6PD and UDPGD give strong positive results in the whole t.g., indicating the presence of steroids and steroid glucuronides.
Characteristics of plastic deformation field in polycrystalline fretting contacts

Abstract The plastic deformation field produced by fretting occurs over subsurface distances comparable to the grain size. Therefore, a more physically realistic constitutive model should be used to take into account the discrete grains and their crystallographic orientation distribution in this region to better capture the heterogeneity of the dislocation slip in the fretting damage process volume. This is accomplished by using a continuum crystal plasticity material model developed to represent these effects in Ti–6Al–4V. A two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to simulate an ideal fretting condition. This study examines how the characteristics of the plasticity produced by fretting changes with key fretting parameters including the normal contact force, the tangential force amplitude, and the coefficient of friction at the contact. The results produced using a continuum crystal plasticity model show that the distribution of plastic strain is highly heterogeneous and it contains both cyclic and ratchetting components.
Dielectronic recombination of the B-like ions: N2+, O3+, and F4+

The first measurements of dielectronic recombination rate coefficients associated with the 2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p excitation in the B-like ions (${\mathrm{N}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{4+}$) are reported. In this case, three levels ${(}^{2}$D, $^{2}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{2})$ of the excited state exist and are partially resolved. We observed the amount of electron capture attending the passage of MeV/nucleon ion beams through a collinear, magnetically confined, space-charged-limited electron beam as a function of relative energy. The experimental rate coefficients are consistent in magnitude with rates determined from distorted-wave calculations of the dielectronic recombination cross sections.
BASIDIAL DEVELOPMENT, LIFE HISTORY, AND THE ANAMORPH OF KRIEGERIA ERIOPHORI

The sedge parasite Kriegeria eriophori was examined with light and electron microscopy to elucidate its basidial development and life history. Hyphae occur in xylem vessels in the leaf. Thin-walled, saccate probasidia form within the leaf and are the site of karyogamy and meiosis I through late prophase. They develop filaments that break through the probasidial wall and grow through the stomata to the underside of the leaf and there form metabasidia. Meiosis is completed in the metabasidia, which produce both ballistospores and yeast cells. Spores may reproduce asexually in the field and in culture by budding as a yeast with candelabra-like morphology, and this anamorph is named here as Zymoxenogloea eriophori. Basidial development is compared to that of other heterobasidiomycetes and its phylogenetic significance is discussed.
Resistance to mass transfer inside droplets

An experimental investigation of the effects of various physical properties on the dispersedphase mass transfer coefficient was carried out for both nonoscillating and oscillating liquid droplets falling in a single stream through stationary continuous liquid phases. The Colburn and Welsh two-component technique was used to isolate and measure the disperesed-phase resistance to mass transfer. This technique limited the experimental study to systems with low interfacial tensions, between 2.5 and 5.8 dynes/cm. Solute was transferred into the droplets, and the droplet concentration was measured after droplet-fall heights ranging from about 2 cm. to 103 cm. Precautions were taken to minimize end effects. The experimental mass transfer rates on nonoscillating droplets in general were greater than that predicted by the Kronig and Brink model for nonoscillating circulating droplets. Experimental Sherwood numbers for four liquid systems were correlated in terms of a relationship involving the dispersed-phase Schmidt number, the Weber number, and the time group, 4DLtc/d2e, which allows for the time dependency of the transfer mechanism. The data were correlated with an average absolute deviation of 34%. The Kronig and Brink and Newman relations fitted the experimental data for nonoscillating droplets with an average absolute deviation of 46 and 54%, respectively. The experimental results for the oscillating droplets were correlated by two relationships with an average absolute deviation of 10.5%. The Handlos and Baron model fitted the experimental results for oscillating droplets with an average absolute deviation of 38%.
Changes in cell surface molecules associated with in vitro culture of prostatic stromal cells.

BACKGROUND Prostate stromal cells can be readily cultured in vitro. Are these proliferating cells representative of stromal cells in situ? Since the expression of cell surface molecules, like the cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens, can be affected by changes in physiological conditions cultured stromal cells may differ from uncultured stromal cells in their complement of CD molecules. METHODS Prostate stromal cells were prepared from tissue specimens and cultured. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of 107 CD molecules in the resultant cells. Expression of the CD molecules by prostate cells in situ was done by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of a number of cell surface molecules such as CD10, CD13, CD26, and CD44 is elevated in prostatic stromal cells cultured in vitro. These are markers of epithelial cells in tissue. Other molecules expressed by the cultured stromal cells include CD29, CD49a, CD49b, CD49d, CD49f, CD51/61, CD54, CD55, CD56, CD58, CD59, CD61, CD71, CD79b, CD81, CD82, CD90, CD95, CD107a, CD130, and CD147. Among these are stromal, epithelial, and nonstromal/nonepithelial markers as defined by tissue immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Cultured stromal cells express a number of CD molecules normally found in other cell types of the prostate. Cells can express different CD molecules under different conditions. Prostate 45:303–312, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nephrology Crossword: Genetics and glomerulopathies

ACROSS 3. Monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, a disorder caused by mutations in regulatory components of complement system. 5. Protein originally identified in lymphocytes but also critical in slit diaphragm structure and assembly; mutations in encoding gene result in proteinuric renal disease and foot process effacement (abbv). 7. Syndrome of isolated glomerular hematuria caused by mutations in type IV collagen (abbv). 9. First ion channel to be implicated in hereditary nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS); mutation results in increased calcium influx, which disrupts podocyte structure and function (abbv). 10. Gene critical for normal embryonic development of the urogenital system and kidneys; mutation results in nephrotic syndrome, urogenital anomalies, and predisposition to urogenital tumors (abbv). 11. Transmembrane protein critical to slit diaphragm structure and podocyte function; mutations in encoding gene cause congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type. 15. Distinct clinical syndrome of hematuria, proteinuria, sensorineural deafness, and ocular abnormality caused by mutations in type 4 collagen family. 16. Gene encoding glomerular basement membrane (GBM) protein laminin b2; mutation results in clinical syndrome of ocular defects (microcoria), neurological abnormalities, and mesangial sclerosis with onset shortly after birth (abbv). 17. Gene identified to confer additional risk for FSGS and glomerulosclerosis from secondary causes in African Americans (abbv). DOWN 1. Mutation in encoded protein __ results in dysregulation of cross-linking of actin filaments in podocyte foot processes and presents as FSGS. 2. Mutation in the encoding gene results in __ enzyme deficiency and accumulation of glycol-sphingolipids, presents as renal failure in the third to sixth decade. 4. Gene critical in dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrae limb; mutations cause nail patella syndrome (abbv). 6. Recently identified mutation that results in hemolytic uremic syndrome without complement activation, suggesting alternate pathophysiological mechanisms1 (abbv). 8. __ deficiency causes abnormalities of lipid metabolism and proteinuric kidney disease with foamy appearance of GBM secondary to lipid deposition (abbv). 12. Hairpin-shaped protein of podocytes; mutation results in malfunction of slit diaphragm and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children. 13. Mutation in this gene results in defective podocyte development, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and infantile nephrotic syndrome (abbv). 14. Mutation in this formin gene causes mislocalization of encoded protein, resulting in FSGS in early adolescence to adulthood (abbv). http://www.kidney-international.org m a k e y o u r d i a g n o s i s
Flea and ANT: Mapping the mobility of the Plague, 1330s–1350s

Bruno Latour's Actor-Network Theory (ANT) serves as a useful heuristic for thinking about the fourteenth-century Plague as well as about the interdiscipline of plague studies. Examining medieval narrative ‘maps’ of the mobility of the Plague, modern geographical maps, computer simulations of the movement of the Plague, and maps of the Y. pestis and rat genome demonstrates different types and scales of mobility, and also raises questions about the place of humanists in plague studies.
Cardiac CT for acute chest pain in the emergency department: advantages of prospective triggering

Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is emerging as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and characterization of coronary artery disease. In the emergency department (ED) setting, the high negative predictive value of CCTA has been shown to reduce the length of stay and the cost of care in the evaluation of patients at low and intermediate risk for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In addition, CCTA and triple-rule-out protocol CT examinations which simultaneously evaluate the coronary arteries, aorta and pulmonary arteries, have the potential to diagnose not only significant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary artery anomalies, but noncoronary etiologies of chest pain, including pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, infection, pleural and pericardial disease. Caution has been raised about the widespread use of CCTA in this setting, particularly given the prevalence of repeat ED visits for chest pain, due to the radiation exposure associated with retrospectively-gated CCTA. However, the recent development of prospectively-triggered coronary artery CTA makes the ED evaluation possible with a substantially lower radiation exposure to the patient. Although most studies of CCTA to date are performed with retrospective ECG gating, early reports on prospectively triggered CCTA demonstrate equivalent image quality and accuracy when compared to studies acquired with retrospective ECG gating.
Controlled Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Telechelic Polybutadienes by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

High molecular weight telechelic [dicyano- and dichloro-] polybutadienes (TPBs) have been synthesized via ring-opening metathesis (ROM) polymerization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) in the presence of the difunctional chain transfer agents (CTAs), 1,4-dicyano- or 1,4-dichloro-2-butene. To achieve high molecular weights, it was critical that the COD monomer contained very low levels of the contaminating, isomeric 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH), since the latter serves as a competing CTA. An NMR method for determining the level of VCH was developed as well as “reactive purification” strategy in which the VCH was selectively depleted by its (faster) hydroboration. A “two-stage” protocol for preparation of the TPBs was developed wherein a small portion of the eventual charge of COD and the entire quantity of the CTA were first copolymerized to produce telechelic oligomeric butadiene (TOB) of low viscosity. After all of the CTA had been consumed, the remaining COD was charged. This protocol allowed for better MW contro...
Selective inhibition of oat glutathione‐S‐transferase activity by tetrapyrroles

Inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase activity by various tetrapyrroles (bilirubin, biliverdin, chlorophyllin and hemin) has been studied. Addition of 77 μM bilirubin or biliverdin inhibited glutathione-S-transferase activity only by 15–19% whereas 77μM chlorophyllin or hemin inhibited the enzyme activity by 83–86%. The data suggest that oat glutathione-S-transferases can distinguish between open and closed tetrapyrroles. Possible physiological significance of the observed results is discussed.
TEMPERATURE AND FORWARD MOVEMENT OF PARAMECIUM

1. The rate of forward movement in Paramecium as affected by changes in temperature can be described accurately in terms of the Arrhenius equation. See PDF for Equation 2. For the range from 6–15°, µ = 16,000; from 16–40°, µ = 8,000. These values fall within the limits characteristic for chemical processes. 3. On the principle of velocity control by the slowest rate, it is assumed that in Paramecium at temperatures above normal, control passes from one underlying reaction to another. 4. The views expressed by Rice, the recent results of Crozier, and certain µ values given by Arrhenius all suggest that µ = 16,000 may represent an oxidation, and µ = 8,000 either a modified oxidation or an hydrolysis. 5. For the system of controls, the catenary series O → A → E with the lower µ value attached to the precursor reaction is adequate. We may also assume a cyclical system analogous to Meyerhof's conception of carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. In this case it is necessary to assign µ = 16,000 to the oxidation of A and E and µ = 8,000 to the synthesis E → O. This model also accounts for the fact that the data might be interpreted as involving, apparently, a depletion of A at the higher temperature.
A QSAR Model of the OH Radical Reaction with CFC's

Abstract An equation modeling the rate of hydroxyl radical extraction of hydrogen from CFC's has been created. Three non-empirical structure indices have been identified in this QSAR equation; a molecular connectivity branching index, a kappa shape parameter and a carbon atom electrotopological state value. The interpretation of the indices in structural terms is straightforward. The statistical quality of the equation suggests that it may be of general utility in predicting reactivities of CFC's.
The Institute for Security Technology Studies (ISTS): overview

The Institute for Security Technology Studies (ISTS) was founded at Dartmouth College in 2000 as a national center of security research and development. The Institute conducts interdisciplinary research and development projects addressing the challenges of cyber and homeland security, to protect the integrity of the Internet, computer networks, and other interdependent information infrastructures. ISTS also develops technology for providing the information and tools necessary to assist communities and first responders with the evolving, complex security landscape. ISTS is a member of and administers the Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection (I3P), a consortium of 24 leading academic institutions, non-profits and federal laboratories that brings industry, academia and government together to articulate and focus on problems that need to be solved to help ensure the nation's information infrastructure is safe, secure, and robust.
Temperature responses of standard, aerobic metabolism by the California legless lizard, Anniella pulchra.

Abstract 1. 1. Standard metabolic rates, measured for the lizard Anniella pulchra at 6 and 13°C, were statistically identical, showing notable thermal-independence at low temperature. 2. 2. Metabolic rates, measured at 25 and 30°C, were significantly less than the rates predicted by standard equations. 3. 3. Thermal-independence and reduced aerobic metabolism at temperatures above the preferred range may result in water and energy savings in the fossorial habitat. 4. 4. Body-mass adjusted comparisons with other lizards suggest that reduced metabolism may be a correlative adaptation in small, fossorial lizards.
Cluster Analysis-Based Approaches for Geospatiotemporal Data Mining of Massive Data Sets for Identification of Forest Threats

We investigate methods for geospatiotemporal data mining of multi-year land surface phenology data (250 m2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) in this study) for the conterminous United States (CONUS) as part of an early warning system for detecting threats to forest ecosystems. The approaches explored here are based on k-means cluster analysis of this massive data set, which provides a basis for defining the bounds of the expected or “normal” phenological patterns that indicate healthy vegetation at a given geographic location. We briefly describe the computational approaches we have used to make cluster analysis of such massive data sets feasible, describe approaches we have explored for distinguishing between normal and abnormal phenology, and present some examples in which we have applied these approaches to identify various forest disturbances in the CONUS.
Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity.

There is evidence that the "acid mantle" of the stratum corneum is important for both permeability barrier formation and cutaneous antimicrobial defense. The origin of the acidic pH of the stratum corneum remains conjectural, however. Both passive (e.g., eccrine/sebaceous secretions, proteolytic) and active (e.g., proton pumps) mechanisms have been proposed. We assessed here whether the free fatty acid pool, which is derived from phospholipase-mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids during cornification, contributes to stratum corneum acidification and function. Topical applications of two chemically unrelated secretory phospholipase sPLA 2 inhibitors, bromphenacylbromide and 1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol, for 3 d produced an increase in the pH of murine skin surface that was paralleled not only by a permeability barrier abnormality but also altered stratum corneum integrity (number of strippings required to break the barrier) and decreased stratum corneum cohesion (protein weight removed per stripping). Not only stratum corneum pH but also all of the functional abnormalities normalized when either palmitic, stearic, or linoleic acids were coapplied with the inhibitors. Moreover, exposure of intact murine stratum corneum to a neutral pH for as little as 3 h produced comparable abnormalities in stratum corneum integrity and cohesion, and further amplified the inhibitor-induced functional alterations. Furthermore, short-term applications of an acidic pH buffer to inhibitor-treated skin also reversed the abnormalities in stratum corneum integrity and cohesion, despite the ongoing decrease in free fatty acid levels. Finally, the secretory-phospholipase-inhibitor-induced alterations in integrity/cohesion were in accordance with premature dissolution of desmosomes, demonstrated both by electron microscopy and by reduced desmoglein 1 levels in the stratum corneum (shown by immunofluorescence staining and vizualized by confocal microscopy). Together, these results demonstrate: (i) the importance of phospholipid-to-free-fatty-acid processing for normal stratum corneum acidification; and (ii) the potentially important role of this pathway not only for barrier homeostasis but also for the dual functions of stratum corneum integrity and cohesion.
Laser-induced metal cluster growth and segregation in granular metal-insulator systems.

We report on laser-induced segregation and growth of Au clusters in binary Au-${\mathrm{TeO}}_{2}$ cermetlike thin films. Besides nanosecond-time-resolved reflectivity and transmissivity studies, structural and compositional transformations were investigated by conductivity, Rutherford backscattering, x-ray photoemission depth profiling, x-ray diffraction, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy measurements. Our results indicate that the laser irradiation, above a threshold fluence, induces melting of the thin film leading to growth, segregation, and coalescence of Au crystallites in the amorphous ${\mathrm{TeO}}_{2}$. These changes in the film microstructure are responsible for the optical and electrical modifications observed.
Relative Deprivation, Attitude Contrast Projection, and Opinion Certainty

This research examines social projection between relatively deprived groups and its effect on opinion certainty. In Study 1, disadvantaged and advantaged group members indicated their own attitudes on six issues, and then estimated the positions either of their in-group, their respective rival out-group, a control out-group, or they received no opportunity to project. As expected, disadvantaged participants projected attitudinal contrast onto their advantaged rival out-group. Negative thoughts about the rival mediated subsequent increments in opinion certainty. Alternatively, advantaged participants assumed moderate consensus with their disadvantaged rival. They also exhibited ambivalent out-group thoughts and low opinion certainty. Study 2 replicated the effect of disadvantaged status on contrast projection and opinion certainty. Discussion focuses on the different perspectives of relatively deprived groups.
Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid: Biological and therapeutic implications

Helicobacter pylori is highly adapted to its unusual ecological niche in the human stomach. Urease activity permits H. pylori survival at a pH of <4 in vitro and is required for the organism to colonize in animal models. However, urease does not play an important role in the survival of the organism in a pH range between 4 and 7. Other mechanisms of pH homeostasis remain poorly understood, but preliminary studies indicate that novel proteins are produced when H.pylori cells are shifted from pH 7 to 3, and the gene encoding a P-type adenosine triphosphatase that may catalyze NH4+/H+ exchange across the cytoplasmic membrane has been cloned. Mechanisms of pH homeostasis in other enteric bacteria are reviewed and provide insight into additional pathways that may be used by H. pylori. An important adaptation of H. pylori to the gastric environment may be its ability to alter gastric acid secretion. Acute infection is associated with transient hypochlorhydria, whereas chronic infection is associated with hypergastrinemia and decreased somatostatin levels. Thus, the survival of H. pylori in the gastric environment may be attributed to both the development of specialized intrinsic defenses and the organism's ability to induce physiological alterations in the host environment.
Estrogen and haloperidol-induced versus handling-related catalepsy in male rats.

Abstract A single injection of 17 β-estradiol valerate produces, 6–7 days later, potentiation of neuroleptic catalepsy. Multiple behavioral measures demonstrate that this effect occurs with an acute dose of haloperidol of 0.25 mg/kg IP. An even lower dose of haloperidol (0.10 mg/kg), which fails to make control rats cataleptic, produces catalepsy in estrogen-treated animals. Thus, estrogen lowers the threshold of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Repeated testing alone induces cataleptic reactions in control rats. Estrogen suppresses such handling-related catalepsy in animals that subsequently show potentiation of catalepsy at a dose of haloperidol (0.10 mg/kg), which has virtually no effect on control rats. Thus, in these behavioral paradigms, estrogen by itself does not produce cataleptic effects, and estrogen-induced potentiation of haloperidol catalepsy is not merely additive to an antecedent, neuroleptic-like effect of this hormone. We interpret our results in terms of (1) the relationship of cataleptic reactions in normal rats to drug-induced cataleptic states; (2) the possible relevance of our behavioral results to basal ganglia disorders; and (3) the relationship of neuroleptic catalepsy to striatal DA receptors, and their modulation by estrogen.
The 1999 Lauriston S. Taylor lecture--back to background: natural radiation and radioactivity exposed.

I am profoundly grateful for being chosen as the twenty-third presenter of the Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture, and I share this honor with a list of distinguished scientists, including my husband, who pay tribute to the premier leader in radiation protection. In 1938, Laurie was working for the National Bureau of Standards and chaired the Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection, a group of 8 persons, who set the pace for all forthcoming radiation standards. NBS had, since 1913, been standardizing essentially all of the radium offered for sale in the U.S., and the problem arose to revise the handbook on proper conditions for handling radium based on the then current knowledge. This resulted in Handbook 23 (1938) superseding the 1934 work. At the time Laurie was a scientist working in the measurements side of radiation and though he contributed much to that field, his name is inseparably linked with guidance in radiation protection. Today we pay tribute for his leadership that he carried out with intelligence, grace, and personal warmth. My talk today deals mostly with measured data for naturally occurring internal radiation emitters and how these data can be used for predictive purposes in estimating the dose and risk from internal body contamination. This stresses the "and Measurements" part of the Council's title. The topic of this year's NCRP Annual Meeting is "Radiation Protection in Medicine: Contemporary Issues." I believe that physicians and State and Federal agencies will have to cope with complaints following various exposure situations resulting from the cleanup of background radionuclides during closure at nuclear facilities, military use of radioactivity, and occurrences of high natural background in some locations. They will find comfort in the knowledge that existing background radiation data can be the basis for predictions of realistic dose and risk in most situations.
Join the digital text revolution

This talk addresses computer graphics teaching, research, and authoring in the age of digital texts. Graphics content is best presented in a high-resolution, color, animated, and interactive medium; its authors are technically savvy and able to create their own tools; and the target audience values presentation quality and technological advances. This is the ideal domain for aggressive innovation in digital publishing. I present selected examples from the publication processes of four digital texts to advocate for that innovation and address concrete topics including:• Content authoring for an always-online reader• The economics of digital publishing• Practical technology for dynamic resolution and layout• Authoring, editing, marketing, and distribution for self-publishing• How I integrated web, mobile, and electronic text resources in my own undergraduate graphics course• Digital rights management and intellectual property• Free and open tools for managing publication
Does the Sharing of Execution Units Improve Performance/Power of Multicores?

Several studies and recent real-world designs have promoted sharing of underutilized resources between cores in a multicore processor to achieve better performance/power. It has been argued that when utilization of such resources is low, sharing has a negligible impact on performance while offering considerable area and power benefits. In this article, we investigate the performance and performance/watt implications of sharing large and underutilized resources between pairs of cores in a multicore. We first study sharing of the entire floating-point datapath (including reservation stations and execution units) by two cores, similar to AMD’s Bulldozer. We find that while this architecture results in power savings for certain workload combinations, it also results in significant performance loss of up to 28p. Next, we study an alternative sharing architecture where only the floating-point execution units are shared, while the individual cores retain their reservation stations. This reduces the highest performance loss to 14p. We then extend the study to include sharing of other large execution units that are used infrequently, namely, the integer multiply and divide units. Subsequently, we analyze the impact of sharing hardware resources in Simultaneously Multithreaded (SMT) processors where multiple threads run concurrently on the same core. We observe that sharing improves performance/watt at a negligible performance cost only if the shared units have high throughput. Sharing low-throughput units reduces both performance and performance/watt. To increase the throughput of the shared units, we propose the use of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Boosting (DVFB) of only the shared units that can be placed on a separate voltage island. Our results indicate that the use of DVFB improves both performance and performance/watt by as much as 22p and 10p, respectively.
Influence of lime and calcium:magnesium ratio on alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil yields

Abstract A study was established in 1974 to examine the effects of lime and calcium:magnesium (Ca:Mg) ratio in the limes on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) hay yields and botanical composition of the hay. Lime was applied at rates of 0, 6.7, 13.4, 20.2, and 33.6 Mg/ha to an acid (pH 4.7) Mardin silt loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic typic Fragiochrepts). Using four commercially available lime sources and two mixtures of these lime sources, six Ca:Mg ratios were established for each lime rate. Calcium and/or magnesium sulfate were applied to plots that received no lime to obtain Ca:Mg ratios similar to those on the limed plots. The initial Morgan's solution extractable Ca was 450 mg/kg and Mg was 25 mg/kg. A 5 × 5 Latin Square design with five lime rates and five replications was used with the six Ca:Mg ratios as lime subplots. To improve mixing, portions of each lime treatment were applied before and after plowing in 1974 and after plowing in April of 1975. Alfa...
LOX-1: A male hormone-regulated scavenger receptor for atherosclerosis

Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a unique scavenger receptor that mediates the binding and uptake of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) by vascular cells during the development of atherosclerosis. Exposure to ox-LDL induces LOX-1 expression and LOX-1-dependent biological activities, such as activation of NF-κB, a nuclear factor important for signal transduction in inflammation. Accumulating evidence indicates that male hormones may regulate expression of LOX-1 and NF-κB as well as atherogenesis. Deficiency or low levels of the male hormone testosterone promote LOX-1 expression and NF-κB activation, while testosterone replacement therapy reduces the expression of LOX-1 and the activation of NF-κB, thereby protecting the arterial wall against atherogenesis.
SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REAL AND APPARENT VISUAL MOVEMENT.

Abstract When a target stimulus is flashed in the path of an objectively moving line of light, threshold for the target increases with a decrease of the distance between the two forms. A parallel experiment was performed when the line of light was in apparent movement (“beta movement”); the target was flashed in its path. It was found that the “position” of the object in apparent movement did not affect the probability of detecting the target. The experiment was also performed of presenting supra-threshold objects in the path of apparent movement. These objects were found to affect the path, so that it curved into three dimensions. Thus an asymmetrical influence was revealed between the object in apparent movement and objects in its path. The results are taken to show that, the identity of appearance of the two perceptions notwithstanding, the mechanisms underlying real and apparent movement seem to be quite different. The asymmetrical influence between objects and the path of apparent movement is interpreted as evidence for sequential processing of visual information.
Cognition, Construction of Knowledge, and Teaching

The existence of objective knowledge and the possibility of communicating it by means of language have traditionally been taken for granted by educators. Recent developments in the philosophy of science and the historical study of scientific accomplishments have deprived these presuppositions of their former plausibility. Sooner or later, this must have an effect on the teaching of science. In this paper I am presenting a brief outline of an alternative theory of knowing that takes into account the thinking organism’s cognitive isolation from ‘reality’. This orientation was proposed by Vico at the beginning of the 18th century, disregarded for two hundred years, and then propounded independently by Piaget as a developmentaly grounded constructivist epistemology. The paper focuses specifically on the adaptive function of cognition, Piaget’s scheme theory, the process of communication, and the subjective perspective on social interaction. In the concluding section it then suggests some of the consequences the shift of epistemological presuppositions might have for the practice of teaching.
A direct integral equation method for the solution of dual-or triple-series equations with applications to heat conduction and diffusion–reaction systems

Abstract A direct integral equation method is presented for the solution of dual- or triple-series equations obtained from separation-of-variables solutions to mixed boundary- value problems. The approach is based upon transformation of the dual- or triple- series to a single or set of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind whose kernel and forcing function aren an infinite series that can be systematically obtained from generalized formulas. Solution values for the integral equation are ontained by application of an appropriate quadrature method that accounts for the presense of logarithmic singularities in the kernel. The integral equation method is applied to several application-type problems such as heat conduction and simultaneous diffusion with chemical reaction. Comparisons are made to exact where available and also to other approximate solutions based upon the method of wieghted residuals. The results of various numerical experiments suggest that the integral equation method can yield results of the same or superior accuracy with less computational effort than those based upon MWR.
Defined Contribution Plans and the Distribution of Pension Wealth

Over the past 20 years, the defined benefit (DB) plan has been replaced by the defined contribution (DC) plan as the most popular form of pension plan. This study examines the likely consequences of this transformation for both the level and distribution of future pension wealth using a sample of DB and DC plans from the Survey of Consumer Finances. The results reveal that the shift from DB to DC plans is likely to simultaneously increase the level and inequality of pension wealth at retirement. The evidence also suggests that the shift to DC plans may result in less pension wealth at retirement for low-income workers, women, and minorities.
Vitamin k and maintenance of skeletal integrity in adults

Abstract Purpose: To determine the role of vitamin K status in the maintenance of skelet al integrity in adults. Patients and Methods: 1. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by quantitative digital radiography (QDR) in 50 patients taking a vitamin K antagonist (warfarin) who were recruited from a large urban cardiology practice, and 50 age-, sex- and race-matched controls recruited from the community. 2. The relationship of BMD versus indices of vitamin K status (determined by measuring levels of vitamin K and descarboxyprothrombin in the plasma) in 113 nonanticoagulated adults was assessed. Results: Measurements of BMD in the hip and spine were similar in anticoagulated subjects and matched controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that use of warfarin was not associated with a lower BMD. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals excluded a 0.06 g/cm 2 reduction in BMD associated with the use of warfarin. Indices of vitamin K status did not correlate with BMD in normal subjects. Conclusions: Patients receiving long-term maintenance therapy with a vitamin K antagonist have normal bone density. BMD is unrelated to vitamin K status in nonanticoagulated subjects. These data suggest that vitamin K does not have a major role in maintenance of skelet al integrity in adults.
Numerical characterization and modeling of particle clustering in wall-bounded vertical risers

Abstract This paper aims at investigating the capability of numerical models to accurately capture the physical characteristics of particle clustering in vertical risers. Within the energy sector, particle clustering in vertical risers of circulating fluidized bed reactors are known to play a key role in the multiphase dynamics as well as secondary processes such as catalytic conversion and heat transfer. Recent experiments suggest that particle clustering is most significant in the fully developed flow region of the riser, hence this study focuses on this region. To explore such flows, a high-fidelity large-eddy simulation framework is combined with a Lagrangian particle tracking solver to simulate statistically stationary gravity-driven risers in vertical pipes for a large range of Archimedes numbers. The walls of the reactor are modeled using a conservative immersed boundary scheme integrated with the Lagrangian particle tracking framework. A structure tracking algorithm akin to particle image velocimetry is used to accumulate statistics on individual clusters. Cluster descent velocities display excellent agreement with experimental measurements for the range of flow conditions considered. Predicted volume fraction fluctuations and mean solid concentration within the clusters also match experimental correlations. The probability distribution function of solid concentration and radial distribution function provide insight on the degree of clustering and the characteristic cluster length scale. The degree of particle clustering is found to be independent of the Archimedes number, and models for the volume fraction distribution are discussed. Statistics on the solid concentration and phase velocities for two- and three-dimensional configurations are compared, and the ramifications of simulating risers in two dimensions are discussed.
The intellectual field, intellectual history, and the sociology of knowledge

This essay was written as an introduction to a book about French ideas of education and of culture, of learning and of science, during the period between about 1890 and 1920. Part of my purpose in the projected book is to compare these French ideas with beliefs on similar subjects held among German academics around 1890-1920. The new book thus draws upon what I initially argued in my The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890-1933 (1969). Some of the problems I want to raise in the current essay arose simply because I was forced to confront the difficulties that arise when one tries to compare ideas located in different cultures.
Distribution of commissural axon terminals in the rat neocortex.

Abstract The corpus callosum of adult albino rats was sectioned and the brain prepared with the Fink-Heimer technique 5 days postoperatively. The laminar distribution of neuron terminations in the cerebral cortex showed three distinct patterns: fronal-parietal-occipital-insular, and a variant in temporal region; cingular; and retrohippocampal. In the first type, the degenerating terminals were more numerous in supragranular than infragranular layer, while in the second type, they were limited to infragranular layers. In the third type, they were confined to supragranular layers. Comparison of the total callosal projection in the rat with that in opossum, racoon, cat, and rhesus monkey shows that the findings in the rat are similar to that in opossum.
Blockage of the lacrimal drainage apparatus as a side effect of docetaxel therapy.

BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to report the severity and management of canalicular and nasolacrimal duct stenosis as a side effect of docetaxel therapy and to report the outcomes of surgical intervention for this condition. METHODS The records of 148 patients with epiphora associated with docetaxel therapy who were evaluated at the Ophthalmology Service at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed. The frequency of docetaxel administration, the dose intensity, the cumulative dose of docetaxel, and any concomitant chemotherapeutic agents were recorded. Each patient underwent an ophthalmologic examination and in-office probing and irrigation. The patients either were treated with topical steroids or offered a surgical procedure for canalicular stenosis– (silicone intubation, dacryocystorhinostomy [DCR] with the placement of silicone tubes, or DCR with the placement of Pyrex glass tubes), depending on the severity of the canalicular stenosis. RESULTS Docetaxel was given weekly in 71 patients, every 2 weeks in 5 patients, and every 3 weeks in 72 patients. Thirty patients (59 eyes) who received weekly docetaxel underwent surgery to correct epiphora. Twenty-three patients (39 eyes) were treated with temporary silicone tube placement, 9 patients (13 eyes) were treated with DCR with temporary silicone tube placement, and 4 patients (7 eyes) were treated with DCR with permanent Pyrex glass tube placement. Twenty-nine of the 30 patients who underwent surgery reported improvement or total resolution of epiphora after the procedure. Ten additional patients (20 eyes) who received weekly docetaxel had complete closure of their canaliculi but elected not to undergo surgery. Of special note were two patients who received weekly docetaxel in the neoadjuvant setting and developed complete closure of the canaliculi. Of the patients who received docetaxel every 2 or 3 weeks, only 3 required a surgical intervention to correct epiphora; none required Pyrex glass tube placement. CONCLUSIONS Canalicular and nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common side effect of weekly docetaxel therapy and can occur even when this drug is used in the neoadjuvant setting. The results of the current study indicate that early temporary silicone intubation in symptomatic patients receiving weekly docetaxel can prevent further closure of the lacrimal drainage apparatus and obviate more involved surgical interventions and permanent Pyrex glass tube placement. Cancer 2003;98:504–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11527