cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-D CFD simulation of the heat transfer and fluid dynamics in an experimental model of the hot end of a stirling engine

Experiments were conducted at the University of Minnesota (UMN) for simulating the hot end of a Stirling engine. This experimental test rig included the acceptor (normally a heater), expansion space, regenerator, and displacer. To establish a temperature difference for the purpose of measuring convective heat transfer coefficients between the heater wall and the flow, one was heated and the other cooled. The expansion space has a 127 mm (5-inch) diameter dome and a minimum spacing between the dome and the displacer of 4.8 mm (0.1912 inch), at maximum displacer amplitude. The regenerator was simulated as a porous medium. Velocity and temperature measurements were made at seven different locations (P1, P2,…and P7) along the dome surface and on lines normal to the dome surface that extended a distance from 4.5 to 6 mm (0.18 to 0.24 inches) into the flow field. In this paper a 2-D computational model was developed to simulate the UMN experimental test rig. The acceptor was modeled with a 2-D annular geometry that had three annuli matching the UMN hydraulic diameter, Dh, and approximating the UMN flow- and heat-transfer areas. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model has 2-D geometry, no metal thicknesses (heat capacities), laminar flow, and one thermal boundary conditions case Ts-315. These simplifications were made to reduce the computational (CPU) time required. Fluent, commercial software version 6.3.26 was used in this effort. The CFD simulations provided more insight into the details of the flow and thermal fields in the expansion space, acceptor channels and porous media. Many of these details were not obtained via the experiment (particularly for the acceptor and porous media) and will likely provide helpful information for future Stirling-device modeling and design efforts.
EXPECTATIONS FOR PARTICLE--NUCLEUS CROSS SECTIONS AT VERY HIGH ENERGIES AND THE HADRON MASS SPECTRUM.

Striking decreases in particle-nucleus total cross sections at high energies are predicted, due to the presence of coherent intermediate resonance contributions. A method of utilizing this effect to probe the high-mass hadron spectrum is outlined.
The Claude Organ Memorial Lecture: the practice of surgery: surgery as practice.

Abstract Compassion fatigue or “burn out” occurs in all surgeons at some point in their career. Compassion fatigue can be identified, prevented and treated by simple measures of self care. In addition, learning techniques of mindfulness can allow surgeons to see their work in a way that decreases stress.
Is large myelinated fiber loss associated with hyperalgesia in a model of experimental peripheral neuropathy in the rat

Recently it has been shown that placement of 4 loose chromic gut sutures around the rat sciatic nerve produces hyperalgesia. A possible mechanism underlying this hyperalgesia is a preferential loss of large myelinated fibers. A difficulty, however, is that neuropathic symptoms are not static and the time course of the axon loss has not been determined. To remedy this deficit, the present study relates axonal changes to the behavior of the animal at various times after induction of the neuropathy. The findings are that a loss of all axon types, with a preferential loss of large myelinated axons, is associated with the development of heat hyperalgesia. As the axon loss progresses, however, the hyperalgesia lessens. In addition, at 28 days post surgery there are essentially no large myelinated axons in the distal segment, but the signs of hyperalgesia have almost resolved. These findings indicate that the onset of the hyperalgesia is accompanied by a preferential loss of large fibers and by a lesser but still substantial loss of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons. The subsequent course of the hyperalgesia, however, is not in any obvious way related to the proportions of large myelinated fibers in the affected nerve.
Older Women, Marital Relationships, and Sexuality in China

Based upon field research conducted in China in the 1990s and 2000s, this article examines older Chinese women’s views and practices surrounding sexual interaction in later life. In contrast to local clinical depictions of middle-aged and elderly Chinese women as repressed by feudal superstitions concerning sex in later life, this research shows that more middle-aged and elderly Chinese women are sexually active than such clinical sources assume. Furthermore, there is no neat correspondence between sexual attitudes and sexual activity, and Chinese women’s attitudes concerning later life sex are often much more liberal than their behavior. Absence of sexual activity among older Chinese women is more closely related to problems in the marital relationship in general and/or to health problems than it is to attitudes about age and sex. At the same time, many Chinese women challenge the claims of western sexology that presume the marital relationship and sexual interaction to be a top necessity for a good quality of life in the later years. These findings have important implications for public health education, clinical training, and health and social service delivery in China.
Anisotropic phase separation kinetics in a polymer blend solution following cessation of shear studied by light scattering

Abstract A light scattering instrument capable of monitoring the scattering from samples under the influence of a simple shear field has been constructed. The apparatus consists of transparent cone-and-plate fixtures and a two-dimensional charge coupled device array detector. The detector unit is also capable of measuring the scattering patterns as a function of time. The phase separation kinetics of an 8% solution of a polystyrene/polybutadiene (50:50) blend in dioctyl phthalate following cessation of a steady shear is monitored with this instrument. The sample is two-phase in the quiescent state and the applied shear is sufficient to suppress all scattering observed from the quiescent sample (shear-induced mixing). The evolution of the scattering profiles following cessation of shear is quite different parallel and perpendicular to the original flow direction. In the normal direction, a spinodal growth and coarsening mechanism similar to that observed in temperature quench experiments is observed. In the parallel direction, a different mechanism is followed. We believe this is the first report of this type of anisotropic behaviour in the phase separation kinetics of a polymer blend.
Ge-doped laser fiber with suppressed stimulated brillouin scattering

Ge-doped laser fibers with suppressed SBS are proposed. By taking advantage of the difference between optical and acoustic properties, higher SBS thresholds of 3-5 dB are shown numerically while maintaining diffraction limited beam quality.
Falls in people with multiple sclerosis compared with falls in healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk, circumstances, consequences and causes of prospectively recorded falls between people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and healthy controls of similar age and gender. METHODS: 58 PwMS and 58 healthy controls, who are community-dwelling, were recruited in this 6-month prospective cohort study. 90% of PwMS and 84% of healthy controls completed the study. Participants counted falls prospectively using fall calendars and noted fall location, fall-related injuries, and the cause of the falls. Kaplan Meier survival analysis and log-rank tests were performed to compare the distributions of survival without falling between PwMS and healthy controls. RESULTS: 40.8% of controls and 71.2% of PwMS fell at least once. 48.1% of PwMS and 18.4% of healthy controls fell at least twice. 42.3% of PwMS and 20.4% of health controls sustained a fall-related injury. After adjusting for age and gender, the time to first fall (HR: 1.87, p = 0.033) and the time to recurrent falls (HR: 2.87, p = 0.0082) were significantly different between PwMS and healthy controls. PwMS reported an almost equal number of falls inside and outside, 86% of the falls in healthy controls were outside. Healthy controls were more likely to fall due to slipping on a slippery surface (39.5% vs 10.4%). PwMS more often attributed falls to distraction (31% vs 7%) and uniquely attributed falls to fatigue or heat. CONCLUSIONS: Fall risk, circumstances, consequences, and causes are different for PwMS than for healthy people of the same age and gender. PwMS fall more, are more likely to be injured by a fall, and often fall indoors. PwMS, but not healthy controls, frequently fall because they are distracted, fatigued or hot. Language: en
Defective renal dopamine D1 receptor function contributes to hyperinsulinemia-mediated hypertension.

Hyperinsulinemia is reported to play a role in hypertension, as abnormalities in blood pressure regulation and sodium handling exist in diabetes mellitus. Kidney dopamine promotes sodium excretion via the activation of renal D1 receptors. Because there is a close relationship between renal D1 receptor function and sodium excretion, it is hypothesized that a defect in this mechanism may contribute to decreased sodium excretion and hypertension during hyperinsulinemia. Renal D1 receptor function was studied in insulin-induced hypertension in male Sprague Dawley rats. Insulin pellets were implanted subcutaneously for controlled insulin release for three weeks; sham rats served as a control. Compared to control rats, insulin pellets increased plasma insulin levels by eight fold and decreased blood glucose by 40%. Insulin also caused a 22 mmHg increase in mean arterial blood pressure compared to control animals. The intravenous infusion of SKF-38393, a D1 receptor agonist, increased sodium excretion in control...
Fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its subset nonalcoholic steatohepatitis represent the liver manifestations of insulin resistance. This review briefly summarizes advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its prevalence, natural history and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: The recognition of the role the renin-angiotensin system in promoting insulin resistance is worth noting because of available drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum stress has also become a recent target of investigation because endoplasmic reticulum stress is common in obesity, diabetes and various forms of liver disease including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endoplasmic reticulum stress may be responsible for activation of c-Jun kinase, a process that may cause the hepatocellular injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Progress has also been made in estimating the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and children. Patients enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study were found to have a 33% prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and children dying of accidental deaths in San Diego were found to have a 13% prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Because about 10% of people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at risk for progressive fibrosis, the burden of this disease is now quite substantial. SUMMARY: Incremental progress in understanding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis promises to lead to new therapeutic options for this common disease.
Minimum area joining of compacted cells

We consider the problem of joining a row of compacted cells so as to minimize the area occupied by the cells and the interconnects. The cell joining process includes cell stretching and river routing. We propose several heuristics to join a row of cells in such a way that area is minimized. The proposed heuristics are compared, experimentally with that proposed by Cheng and Despain (1989). >
Improved Detection Rate of Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Other Mature B-Cell Neoplasms With Use of CpG-Oligonucleotide DSP30 and Interleukin 2 Stimulation

Detection of cytogenetic abnormalities requires successful culture of the clonal population to obtain metaphase chromosomes for study, and as such, has been hampered by low mitotic indices of mature B cells in culture. Our study presents data on the improved abnormality detection rate with the use of a CpG-oligonucleotide/interleukin 2 (OL/IL-2) culture protocol for mature B-cell neoplasms, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-CLL specimens. The increased detection rate of abnormalities, compared with unstimulated culture and traditional pokeweed mitogen culture, was statistically significant for both CLL and non-CLL neoplasms. For CLL specimens, our data also showed that for cytogenetically visible aberrations, OL/IL-2 was as, if not more, sensitive than detection with interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). Use of OL/IL-2 allowed a number of abnormalities to be detected, which were not covered by specific iFISH panels, especially balanced translocations. Therefore, OL/IL-2 stimulation improves diagnostic sensitivity and increases discovery rate of novel prognostic findings.
Preparation Of Potassium Molybdenum Chalcogenide (K x MoS 2 ) By Chemical Method And Material Characterization

KxMoS2 (0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) thin films have been deposited by electroless deposition technique. As deposited films are p-type.The resistivity and the Hall mobility have been measured over the temperature range 290 to 77K. The optical absorption spectrum has been found to show the absorption edge at ~2.75μm at 77°C. These films have shown superconducting transition at 15-20°K.
Beamline and exposure station for deep x-ray lithography at the Advanced Photon Source

APS is a third-generation synchrotron radiation source. With an x-ray energy of 19.5 keV and highly collimated beam ( 1 mm) using deep x-ray lithography (DXRL). The 2-BM beamline was constructed and will be used for DXRL at APS. Selection of appropriate x-ray energy range is done through a variable-angle mirror and various filters in the beamline. At the exposure station, the beam size will be 100(H) x 5(V) mm{sup 2}. Uniform exposure will be achieved by a high-speed (100 mm/sec) vertical scanner, which allows precise angular ({approximately}0.1 mrad) and positional (< 1 {mu}m) control of the sample, allowing full use of the highly collimated beam for lateral accuracy and control of sidewall slopes during exposure of thick resists, as well as generation of conicals and other profiles. For 1-mm-thick PMMA, a 100 x 25 mm{sup 2} area can be fully exposed in about 1/2 hr, while even 10-mm-thick PMMA will require only 2-3 hours.
Near Sudden Death From Cardiac Lipoma in an Adolescent

A previously healthy 13-year-old boy collapsed at home. The emergency medical service diagnosed ventricular tachycardia and cardioverted to sinus rhythm. The left cardiac contour was abnormal on radiography (Figure 1). Echocardiography showed a large mass at the lateral mitral annulus (Figure 2), without impediment to valvar function or blood flow. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an encapsulated, homogenous, 5×4×5-cm mass, embedded in the myocardium, adjacent to but not involving the circumflex coronary artery. This mass had hyperintense MRI T1-weighted …
Jet noise simulations for realistic jet nozzle geometries

Abstract This paper describes a methodology for the direct calculation of noise from realistic nozzle geometries. The focus of the paper is on the numerical approach to this problem to provide noise predictions to engineering accuracy in an efficient manner. In addition, issues related to grid generation are discussed. The methodology uses structured multiblock grids. The block surrounding the jet centerline has a Cartesian form and the surrounding grid blocks have a cylindrical polar form–at least for nearly axisymmetric jet nozzle geometries. Appropriate block interface conditions are used. In the case of military style jet nozzles the nozzles are not smooth in the azimuthal direction but have facets representative of the movable flaps in such variable area nozzles. These features must be included in the grid. To enable efficient calculations, in addition to parallel computation, a dual time-stepping approach is used. The sub-iterations in the fictitious time are accelerated using a two-level multigrid approach. A Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) approach based on the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) one-equation turbulence model is used. Comparisons are made between flow predictions using the DES with the S-A model everywhere and with the turbulence model turned off in the jet external flow. Noise predictions are made with the permeable surface Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) solution. Noise predictions are presented for both a smooth convergent-divergent nozzle as well as a nozzle representative of a military aircraft engine. Comparisons are made with available experimental data.
Clinical trials of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: evidence of progress

It is widely held that major progress has been made during the past decade in the medical management of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and that with the regimens of the late 1970s some 15%-20% of patients now achieve complete remission (CR) and do not relapse ( 18, 2 1, 28, 3 1, 32, 43, 45, 49). H owever, in a previous review on this subject covering studies published in the late 1960s through 1979, we were not able to corroborate this (4). The current review covers progress since 1979, examining recent advances in remission-induction, consolidation and maintenance regimens. Unlike our last review the present one is cautiously encouraging and suggests ANLL is yielding to the intervention of the medical oncologist. As in the previous review only clinical studies consisting of 15 or more patients with ANLL have been examined and papers published from 1980-83 are the focus of the present review. Except for several abstracts dealing with consolidation or selected for data on high remission rates with prolonged survival following short-term chemotherapy, only full manuscripts were considered. When available, the following data were extracted: (i) number of patients treated, (ii) drugs used for remission-induction, consolidation and maintenance, (iii) CR rate, (iv) median duration of remission, (v) median survival of all patients, and (vi) median survival of those who achieved a CR. In addition, an attempt was made to identify the percentage of patients who entered CR and who were alive and free of disease 3, 4, and 5 years later.
Cell-cluster and self-consistent calculations for a model sodium chloride crystal

We have calculated the thermodynamic properties of a simple rigid-ion model of sodium chloride, using both cell and cell-cluster, and self-consistent- and improved self-consistent-phonon formalisms, to compare with recent Monte Carlo results. The cell-cluster results are good for the thermal expansivity and the bulk modulus, which involve the volume dependence of the free energy, but some discrepancies remain for the heat capacities. The improved self-consistent theory gives a better result for ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{v}}$, although the volume-dependent properties are less well described. The simple cell model is surprisingly successful in giving a description of the solid at high temperatures.
Size-consistent wave functions for bond-breaking: the equation-of-motion spin-flip model

Abstract A new approach to the bond-breaking problem is proposed. Both closed and open shell singlet states are described within a single reference formalism as spin-flipping, e.g., α → β , excitations from a triplet ( M s =1) reference state for which both dynamical and non-dynamical correlation effects are much smaller than for the corresponding singlet state. Formally, the new theory can be viewed as an equation-of-motion (EOM) model where excited states are sought in the basis of determinants conserving the total number of electrons but changing the number of α and β electrons. The results for two simplest members of the proposed hierarchy of approximations are presented.
Placement Tests in Spanish

ALL data and opinions in this article may be summarized at the beginning in the truism that the true measure of education lies in knowledge and not in paper credits. A student should be measured by what he knows and not by the years, semester-hours, or courses that he has completed. Course, term, comprehensive, and other types of examinations are all means to the end of assuring ourselves that a student is making progress. This type of final examination alone, however, leaves much to be desired. In many cases it is proceeding in the reverse direction. It is also important to test a student's knowledge of a subject at the beginning of a course, so that he may be located at the right level in the freshman class in college. In fact, this is so important that the average student who is correctly and scientifically located as to course-material and as to his classmates will have small need to worry about the outcome of his final examinations. For many years certain of our colleges of better rank have required students to submit to entrance examinations, hoping by this procedure to enroll only those students capable of carrying on the college course successfully. In some instances, however, it is neither possible nor expedient for a college to compel its prospective students to undergo such an examination. Some state universities, for example, cannot morally refuse admission to the better graduates of the accredited high schools of those states. This difficulty may be overcome by giving the entering students placement tests. In other words, each student should be "placed" in his college class according to the knowledge of the subject he has acquired in high school, and not according to the number of units or credits presented in the subject. There seems to be no valid reason why these tests should not be given in all high-school subjects that are continued in college, such as English, modern foreign languages, mathematics, classics, sciences, and, possibly, even history. How can placement tests be employed in locating the high-school students in the first-year college Spanish course? Is the time, and trouble, worth the effort as far as both student and teacher are concerned? The
Investigation on the Use of Nanofluids to Enhance Heat Pipe Performance

This paper reports on preliminary experimental results on using nanofluids to enhance the thermal performance of heat pipes. Our experience with preparing copper oxide (CuO) nanofluids is described. Contrary to earlier studies which report infinite shelf life, we found that nanofluid stability lasted for about three weeks only; an issue which merits further study. We have also conducted various experiments to measure the variation of thermal conductivity and surface tension with CuO nanofluid concentration. Actual experiments on nanofluid heat pipes were also performed which indicated an average 12.5% decrease in the overall thermal resistance of the heat pipe using nanofluid of 3% vol concentration. This observed improvement is fairly consistent with our predictions using a simple analytical thermal network model for heat pipe overall resistance and the measured nanofluid conductivity. The results, though encouraging, need more careful and elaborate experimental studies before the evidence can be deemed conclusive.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Population Dynamics and Clonal Comparisons of Cowpea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Resistant and Susceptible Cowpea Cultivars

Survivorship, growth, and reproductive performance of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, were studied on whole plants and excised plant tissues of aphid-resistant (‘ICV-12’) and aphid-susceptible (‘ICV-1’) cultivars of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. In a greenhouse study, clonal populations derived from individuals that were originally collected from 5 different locations were studied on plants of the 2 cultivars to assess possible development of aphid biotypes. In the laboratory, performance of 1 clone was studied on excised leaves, flowers, and pods to assess tissue localization and effect of injury on ICV-12 resistance. Aphid life table parameters measured included survivorship, reproductive period, intrinsic rate of increase, net rate of reproduction, number of generations and generation time. Aphid reproductive performance and life table parameters were significantly reduced on seedlings and excised tissues of ICV-12 plants compared with ICV-1. Survivorship, intrinsic rate of increase and net rate of reproduction of populations were most adversely affected. Antibiosis appeared to contribute to aphid resistance in ICV-12. Effects of excised ICV-12 foliage were stronger than those of flowers or pods. Thus, the resistant factor in ICV-12 apparently was based in seedling foliage. However, there were no differences among excised tissues of ICV-1. Trends in the results indicated that there was no variability among the different populations in their demographic statistics on each cultivar. Thus, there did not seem to be biotype development or breakdown of ICV-12 resistance in any of the A. craccivora populations.
Stable isotope labeled 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid derivatives of glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids.

A set of four (D0, D4, D6, and D10) deuterium enriched 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMABA) N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester reagents was developed that react with the primary amine group of glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE) lipids to create derivatives where all subclasses of DMABA labeled PE are detected by a common precursor ion scan. The positive ion collision induced dissociation data from (D0, D4, D6, and D10)-DMABA labeled PE standards indicated that a precursor ion scan of m/z 191.1, 195.1, 197.1, and 201.1 could be used to selectively detect (D0, D4, D6, and D10)-DMABA modified PE, respectively, in a complex biological mixture. The PE lipids from a time course (0, 30, 60, and 300 min) of 2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) treatment of liposomes made of RAW 264.7 cell phospholipids were each labeled with the D0-, D4-, D10-, and D6-DMABA NHS ester reagents, respectively. The DMABA derivatives revealed loss of endogenous PE lipids and an increase in oxidized PE lipid throughout the t...
A1Σu+-X1Σg+ and B1Πu-X1Σg+ fluorescence of 6Li2 and 6Li7Li excited by a krypton ion laser

Abstract The A 1 Σ u + - X 1 Σ g + and B 1 Π u - X 1 Σ g + fluorescence of the 6 Li 2 and 6 Li 7 Li molecules has been studied for all krypton ion laser lines (468.0–799.3 nm) which might be expected to excite such fluorescence. Only two A - X fluorescence series of 6 Li 2 were found (one excited by 647.1 nm, and one by 752.5 nm). No A - X fluorescence series of 6 Li 7 Li was found. Five B - X fluorescence series of 6 Li 2 were found (one each excited by 468.0, 476.2, and 530.9 nm, and two by 568.2 nm). Four B - X fluorescence series of 6 Li 7 Li were found (one each excited by 468.0 and 482.5 nm and two by 520.8 nm). Calculated Einstein A coefficients and lifetimes for these transitions are also given.
Tumor Induction of VEGF Promoter Activity in Stromal Cells

We have established a line of transgenic mice expressing the A. victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Mice bearing the transgene show green cellular fluorescence around the healing margins and throughout the granulation tissue of superficial ulcerative wounds. Implantation of solid tumors in the transgenic mice leads to an accumulation of green fluorescence resulting from tumor induction of host VEGF promoter activity. With time, the fluorescent cells invade the tumor and can be seen throughout the tumor mass. Spontaneous mammary tumors induced by oncogene expression in the VEGF-GFP mouse show strong stromal, but not tumor, expression of GFP. In both wound and tumor models the predominant GFP-positive cells are fibroblasts. The finding that the VEGF promoter of nontransformed cells is strongly activated by the tumor microenvironment points to a need to analyze and understand stromal cell collaboration in tumor angiogenesis.
Initial rotational state product distributions using the pump-and-probe laser technique

The newly-developed laser “pump-and-probe” method has been utilized to determine the initial rotational-state distribution of a diatomic product of a chemical reaction. Cd(1P1) + H2 → CdH(v = 0,N) + H. The distribution closely approximates a Boltzmann distribution with Teff ≈ 5000 K.
Carbocationic polymerization of electron-rich olefins by a carbon Bronsted acid

Polymerization of electron-rich vinyl monomers, p-methoxystyrene (p-MeOSt), N-vinylcarbazole (NVCz), and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), were carried out with a carbon Bronsted acid, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) methane (BTM) at −78° to 0° in several solvents. High molecular weight polymers were obtained from p-MeOSt and NVCz, but without molecular weight control. The molecular weight of polymers obtained from IBVE was low, and the presence of a vinyl group and low molecular weight of the polymer indicate that chain transfer reaction occurred in the polymerization.
Currents on the shelf of north-eastern South America

From the continental shelf region extending 400 km north of the mouth of the Amazon River, current-meter data, data on salinity, temperature and suspended material were analyzed to study mean and tidal currents. Based on a grid-point system, the mean circulation patterns along the shelf are shown and the temporal variations in the tidal currents are depicted for the region at 2-h intervals. Maximum and minimum current speeds were studied for information on the spatial structure of the flow and on the along-shelf and across-shelf components.
Potential Impacts of Water Diversions on Fishery Resources in the Great Lakes: Contribution No. 610 of the Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

Abstract Uses of Great Lakes water within the Great Lakes basin are steadily increasing, and critical water shortages elsewhere may add to the demands for diversions of water out of the basin in the near future. The impacts of such diversions on fish in the Great Lakes must be considered in the context of in-basin uses of the water, because in-basin uses already adversely affect the fishery resources. Temporary in-basin water withdrawals from Lake Michigan by industry in 1980 equaled 260% of the total volume of water between the shoreline and the 10-meter depth—the littoral waters most heavily used by fish as spawning and nursery grounds. Nearly 100% of the fish removed by these water withdrawals were killed. Enough young alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in Lake Michigan and young yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in western Lake Erie have been removed at water intakes in recent years to reduce the productivity and biomass of adult fish stocks. Out-of-basin diversions of wa...
Heat Transfer Study of Direct Contact Condensation in the Presence of Noncondensable Gas

Direct Contact Condensation tests have been conducted by injecting a mixture of steam and nitrogen into a subcooled water pool in a stainless steel tank through a vertical nozzle. The condensation rate, related to the heat transfer rate in the liquid side, was obtained by the difference of the gas inlet flow rates and the mass accumulation due to the bubble growth. By the measurements of steam and nitrogen flow rates and visualization of the bubble size variation, the heat transfer parameters in the liquid domain during the bubble formation, are obtained. The Nusselt number has been correlated with the dimensionless combination of fluid flow, system state and thermal properties of fluids. A least square approach has been applied to determine the exponent coefficients of dimensionless numbers in the correlations. It was found that the Nusselt number can be correlated by a function of the Jakob number, gas Peclet number, noncondensable concentration, liquid and gas density ratio and Eotvos number based on the current database.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Sonication-induced gelation of silk fibroin for cell encapsulation.

Abstract Purified native silk fibroin forms β -sheet-rich, physically cross-linked, hydrogels from aqueous solution, in a process influenced by environmental parameters. Previously we reported gelation times of days to weeks for aqueous native silk protein solutions, with high ionic strength and temperature and low pH responsible for increasing gelation kinetics. Here we report a novel method to accelerate the process and control silk fibroin gelation through ultrasonication. Depending on the sonication parameters, including power output and time, along with silk fibroin concentration, gelation could be controlled from minutes to hours, allowing the post-sonication addition of cells prior to final gel setting. Mechanistically, ultrasonication initiated the formation of β -sheets by alteration in hydrophobic hydration, thus accelerating the formation of physical cross-links responsible for gel stabilization. K + at physiological concentrations and low pH promoted gelation, which was not observed in the presence of Ca 2+ . The hydrogels were assessed for mechanical properties and proteolytic degradation; reported values matched or exceeded other cell-encapsulating gel material systems. Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were successfully incorporated into these silk fibroin hydrogels after sonication, followed by rapid gelation and sustained cell function. Sonicated silk fibroin solutions at 4%, 8%, and 12% (w/v), followed by mixing in hMSCs, gelled within 0.5–2 h. The cells grew and proliferated in the 4% gels over 21 days, while survival was lower in the gels with higher protein content. Thus, sonication provides a useful new tool with which to initiate rapid sol–gel transitions, such as for cell encapsulation.
The Microenvironment in Hepatocyte Regeneration and Function in Rats With Advanced Cirrhosis

In advanced cirrhosis, impaired function is caused by intrinsic damage to the native liver cells and from the abnormal microenvironment in which the cells reside. The extent to which each plays a role in liver failure and regeneration is unknown. To examine this issue, hepatocytes from cirrhotic and age-matched control rats were isolated, characterized, and transplanted into the livers of noncirrhotic hosts whose livers permit extensive repopulation with donor cells. Primary hepatocytes derived from livers with advanced cirrhosis and compensated function maintained metabolic activity and the ability to secrete liver-specific proteins, whereas hepatocytes derived from cirrhotic livers with decompensated function failed to maintain metabolic or secretory activity. Telomere studies and transcriptomic analysis of hepatocytes recovered from progressively worsening cirrhotic livers suggest that hepatocytes from irreversibly failing livers show signs of replicative senescence and express genes that simultaneously drive both proliferation and apoptosis, with a later effect on metabolism, all under the control of a central cluster of regulatory genes, including nuclear factor κB and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α. Cells from cirrhotic and control livers engrafted equally well, but those from animals with cirrhosis and failing livers showed little initial evidence of proliferative capacity or function. Both, however, recovered more than 2 months after transplantation, indicating that either mature hepatocytes or a subpopulation of adult stem cells are capable of full recovery in severe cirrhosis. Conclusion: Transplantation studies indicate that the state of the host microenvironment is critical to the regenerative potential of hepatocytes, and that a change in the extracellular matrix can lead to regeneration and restoration of function by cells derived from livers with end-stage organ failure. (HEPATOLOGY 2011)
Constructional meanings of verb–noun compounds in Spanish: Limpiabotas vs. tientaparedes

This study examines Spanish [Verb + Noun (V + N)] compounds based on insights drawn from Construction Grammar. In contrast to previous studies that treat Spanish [V + N] compounds as having one common structural and semantic property, this study proposes two types of [V + N] compound constructions in Spanish, each with its own respective constructional meaning. It argues that the acceptability, or the lack thereof, of Spanish [V + N] compounds is not based solely on the individual lexical items that constitute the compounds or the mere composition of those items, but the two constructions that sanction individual occurrences. In the case of a compound with multiple meanings and multiple compounds expressing one meaning, the interaction between constructional meanings and item-specific knowledge about individual instances is shown to be relevant as well.
Improvements in throughout maximization for real-time scheduling

We consider the problem of off-line throughput maximization for job scheduling on one or more machines, where each job has a release time, a deadline and a profit. Most of the versions of the problem discussed here were already treated by Bar-Noy et al.(Proc. 31st ACM STOC, 622-631, 1999). Our main contribution is to provide algorithms that do not use linear programming, are simple and much faster than the corresponding ones proposed in Bar-Noy et al., while either having the same quality of approximation or improving it. More precisely, compared to the results of in Bar-Noy et al., our pseudo-polynomial algorithm for multiple unrelated machines and all of our strongly-polynomial algorithms have better performance ratios, all of our algorithms run much faster, are combinatorial in nature and avoid linear programming. Finally, we show that algorithms with better performance ratios than 2 are possible if the stretch factors of the jobs are bounded.
Impact of serial changes in cardiac hemodynamics on exercise performance in patients with heart failure due to ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy

Although prior studies have examined the role of central and peripheral hemodynamics on exercise tolerance within populations of patients with heart failure, a clear relation between hemodynamics and exercise has not been demonstrated. This may be due to the inability to control for other factors that may influence exercise performance. To isolate the impact of hemodynamics on exercise, we studied the relation between changes in these factors within individual patients studied on 2 occasions. A consecutive series of 133 ambulatory patients with heart failure were evaluated on 2 separate occasions with right-sided cardiac catheterization and treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Linear regression models were constructed and correlation coefficients were determined to examine the relation between changes in hemodynamic variables and changes in exercise variables over time for each patient. A significant correlation between peak oxygen consumption (VO(2)) and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was found for both the first (r = -0.316, p <0.001) and second (r = -0.183, p = 0.029) tests. A stronger inverse correlation between the change in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and change in peak VO(2) was observed in the study patients (r = -0.470, p <0.001). Similar correlations were found between change in peak VO(2) and changes in pulmonary arterial pressures. Changes in left ventricular filling pressure influence exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the purpose of determining cardiac transplantation eligibility will be improved with knowledge of left ventricular filling pressure.
Influences on Students' Choice of College Major

In this study, the authors surveyed undergraduate students at a large northeastern business school concerning influences on their choices of major. The authors examined factors such as why students initially select particular majors and which positive and negative factors relate to any later changes in those choices. Results show that interest in the subject was the most important factor for incoming freshmen, regardless of gender. For women, the next most influential factor was aptitude in the subject. However, men were significantly more influenced by the major's potential for career advancement and job opportunities and the level of compensation in the field. Students appeared to be driven to change their major because of positive factors about the new major, rather than negative factors related to the old major.
Estimating immature populations of rice weevils in wheat by using subsamples.

Wheat was infested at three levels with rice weevil ( Sitophilus oryza (L.)), differing in age. Each level of infestation was replicated three times. Each replicate was subdivided Six times and one division sampled four times when the organism was in a particular immature form. Eventually all six divisions were sampled. Immature infestation was determined by counting adult emergence from samples. Various factors affecting emergence were studied by a mixed classification (factorial, nested) analysis of variance. It showed: (1) age of cultures used had no effect Oil total emergence; (2) level of infestation accounted for more than 63% of total variation in the experiment; (3) that greater efficiency could be obtained by using a single source of infested wheat; and (4) that consistency can be improved by taking samples for control and treatment from a population that contains a relatively high percentage of one stage. A table useful in estimating the number of samples necessary to obtain reliable estimates of immature infestation is given.
Inter-Related Effects of Experimental Set and External Reinforcement on Self-Reinforcement

Using 3 levels of pre-experimental set (high, low, none) and 3 levels of noncontingent external E reinforcement (75%, 25%, none), 2 types of self-reinforcement were investigated. 90 students responded to problem statements and then were asked to indicate those responses which they felt were helpful (self-reinforcement) and those which would be particularly helpful and deserving of reward. No differences were found in either self-reinforcement or “deserving of reward” rate for the 3-set groups. E-reinforcing rate produced significance in self-reinforcing rate with those receiving 75% E-reinforcement giving the greatest number of self-reinforcement and those receiving 75% E-reinforcement the least. There was no sex difference for self-reinforcement. The only significant difference in the “deserving of reward” rate was for sex, with males feeling more of their responses were deserving of reward than did females.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil triglycerides: Effect of pressure on selectivity

Soybean oil contains five triglycerides that account for over 70% of the total. These include LLL, LLO, LLP, LOO, and LOP and their isomers (where L=linoleic, O=oleic, P=palmitic). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of samples taken during a typical hydrogenation run in which the iodine value (IV) was reduced from 130 to about 70 showed that the linoleate-containing triglycerides were reduced at a much faster rate than the linolenate-containing triglycerides. Results clearly show that hydrogenation proceeds through definite pathways rather than by random saturation of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecules. Pressure has a significant effect on the course of hydrogenation. At higher pressures (500 psi), the reaction is truly nonselective, since di-and trisaturated glycerides are formed at about 70 IV, whereas at 50 psi, the reaction becomes selective. At higher pressures, fat functionality and solid fat result primarily from di-and trisaturated fatt acid triglycerides as well as trans fatty acid triglycerides. At lower pressures, functionality results from trans acid triglyceride formation. Although the reactivity of linoleate containing triglycerides followed the pattern 6 double bonds>5 double bonds>4 double bonds, other factors may be important. For example, LLP is reactive and undergoes hydrogenation, while LLS remains unchanged. Triolein, which constitutes less than 3% of the total triglyceride in natural soybean oil, is a significant product of hydrogenation, which suggests that LLL and LLO are reduced directly while adsorbed on the catalyst surface.
Chemistry of Marine Water and Sediments

Chemistry of Marine Water and Sediments is a compilation of lectures presented at the 3rd International School on Marine Chemistry held in Ustica, Italy, in September 2000. The content of this offering is almost unique in the sense that it addresses topics from the air-sea interface to the sediments. Whether or not the organizers set out to collect the necessary group of individuals to cover this breadth is unclear. Regardless, the result is effective.
A 153Mb-SRAM Design with Dynamic Stability Enhancement and Leakage Reduction in 45nm High-Κ Metal-Gate CMOS Technology

We report a 153Mb SRAM design that is optimized for a 45nm high-K metal-gate technology (Mistry et al., 2007). The design contains fully integrated dynamic forward-body-bias to achieve lower voltage operation while keeping low the area and power overhead. The dynamic sleep design, which was developed at the 65nm node (Zhang et al., 2005), is further enhanced with op-amp-based active-feedback control and on-die programmable reference-voltage generator. The new sleep design reduces the effect of PVT variation, leading to further power reduction. The modular architecture of the design also enables the 16KB-subarray to be used directly as the building block for a 6MB L2 cache in the CoreTM 2 CPU (George, 2007). The design operates over 3.5GHz at 1.1V.
Interaction of CESR vacuum pumps with stored beam

The anomalous antidamping of some multibunch modes in the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) has been shown to depend on the distributed ion pumps being powered. The pumps also modify some other aspects of beam dynamics. These effects were observed in connection with studies of the behavior of the pumps themselves, which is affected in a complicated manner by the circulating beams. The results of some preliminary observations are reported. >
The locus of adhesive failure

The problem of the locus of adhesive failure is discussed. It is proposed that real systems will show departures from regularity and that the interaction between phases is frequently diminished by stearic effects leading to interfacial separation. This is counter to some recently proposed views. Estimates of the magnitude of these effects required to lead to interfacial separation are given in terms of failure criteria. Interferometry was used to provide experimental evidence that interfacial separation can occur between poly-isobutylene and a crosslinked alkyd resin. The performance of this system was also shown to be in harmony with the proposed failure criteria.
Dynamic multiport subsystems

When conducting simulations of large-scale dynamic systems in an engineering design context, one often wishes to obtain solutions subject to varying model parameters and input conditions. This desire points to a need to increase the efficiency of computing such solutions while retaining required accuracy. For many types of large-scale dynamic systems the bond graph has proven to be a valuable modeling tool. This paper reports on a new extension to the ENPORT software for bond graph simulation, namely, the dynamic multiport. One advantage of modeling with dynamic multiports is that they permit the use of multiple time-scales in the integration of subsystems. Such an approach can lead to gains in solution efficiency under suitable conditions. An example illustrates the potential of the approach. >
Structure, Electronic Properties, and Defects of GaN Using a Self-Consistent Molecular Dynamics Method

Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study defects in GaN. We use local basis density functional theory within the local density approximation where charge transfer between the ions is included in an approximate fashion. We find good agreement for the band structure of wurtzite and zincblende GaN compared to other recent calculations, suggesting the suitability of our method to describe GaN. A 96 atom GaN supercell is used to study the relaxations and electronic properties of common defects in the crystal structure, including Ga and N vacancies and antisites. We analyze the electronic signatures of these defects.