cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoxic Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB Is Mediated by a Ras and Raf Signaling Pathway and Does Not Involve MAP Kinase (ERK1 or ERK2)

We have previously shown that hypoxia causes the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), and the phosphorylation of its inhibitory subunit, I kappa B alpha, on tyrosine residues. With the use of dominant negative mutants of Ha-Ras and Raf-1, we investigated some of the early signaling events leading to the activation of NF-kappa B by hypoxia. Both dominant negative alleles of Ha-Ras and Raf-1 inhibited NF-kappa B induction by hypoxia, suggesting that the hypoxia-induced pathway of NF-kappa B induction is dependent on Ras and Raf-1 kinase activity. Furthermore, although conditions of low oxygen can also activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1 and ERK2), these kinases do not appear to be involved in regulating NF-kappa B by low oxygen conditions, as dominant negative mutants of mitogen-activated protein kinase do not inhibit NF-kappa B activation by hypoxia. Since Ras and Raf-1 have been previously shown to work downstream from membrane-associated tyrosine kinases such as Src, we determined if the Src membrane-associated kinase was also activated by low oxygen conditions. We detected an increase in Src proto-oncogene activity within 15-30 min of cellular exposure to hypoxia. We postulate that Src activation by hypoxia may be one of the earliest events that precedes Ras activation in the signaling cascade which ultimately leads to the phosphorylation and dissociation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappa B, I kappa B alpha.
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Long Term and Short Term

Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy is a form of psychological treatment that attends to the playing out of transference and countertransference; the centrality of the therapeutic relationship or alliance as a key feature that allows therapy to progress and influences its outcome; the clarification and interpretation of resistance and defense; and the attainment of insight through the exploration of feelings, fantasies, and behavior. It can be open-ended and long term or time-limited and relatively brief. Techniques to make it briefer include a psychodynamic focus, a specified time limit, therapist activity, and goal setting. Empirical research has supported the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy, especially the brief to medium-length varieties, for several disorders, such as depression and borderline personality disorder. Keywords: brief psychodynamic therapy; Freud, Sigmund; psychoanalytic therapy; psychotherapies; psychoanalysis; therapy
A hybrid framework for assessing socioeconomic drought: linking climate variability, local resilience, and demand.

Socioeconomic drought broadly refers to conditions whereby the water supply cannot satisfy the demand. Most previous studies describe droughts based on large scale meteorological/hydrologic conditions, ignoring the demand and local resilience to cope with climate variability. Reservoirs provide resilience against climatic extremes and play a key role in water supply and demand management. Here, we outline a unique multivariate approach as a measure of socioeconomic drought, termed Multivariate Standardized Reliability and Resilience Index (MSRRI). The model combines information on the inflow and reservoir storage relative to the demand. MSRRI combines: (I) a “top-down” approach that focuses on processes/phenomena that cannot be simply controlled or altered by decision makers, such as climate change and variability, and (II) a “bottom-up” methodology that represents the local resilience and societal capacity to respond or adapt to droughts. MSRRI is based on a nonparametric multivariate distribution function that links Inflow-Demand Reliability (IDR) indicator to Water Storage Resilience (WSR) indicator. These indicators are used to assess socioeconomic drought during the Australian Millennium Drought (1998–2010) and the 2011–2014 California Drought. The results show that MSRRI is superior to univariate indices because it captures both early onset and persistence of water stress over time. The suggested framework can be applied to both individual reservoirs and a group of reservoirs in a region, and it is consistent with the currently available standardized drought indicators. MSRRI provides complementary information on socioeconomic drought development and recovery based on reservoir storage and demand that cannot be achieved from the commonly used drought indicators.
Some Applications of Superconducting Magnets

At the symposium a year ago, Paul Craig [1] presented a great deal of useful information about superconducting magnets and showed how such magnets can be incorporated in a Mossbauer spectrometer. Since then several new records have been achieved: Schrader and Kolondra [2] have described a 107-kG 1-in. bore solenoid in considerable detail. Sampson [3] at Brookhaven has attained 112 kG in a solenoid with an inside diameter (ID) of 3.175 cm. Rosner [4] at General Electric has reported intensities above 120 kG in an ID of 1/4 in. Laverick and Lobell [5] have produced 67 kG in an ID of 17.8 cm; although their magnet is much larger than one needs in a Mossbauer experiment, we call attention to their work because their techniques are useful in the construction of smaller magnets.
Application of instrumental radioanalytical techniques to nuclear waste testing and characterization

This paper describes the validation of a multi-technique analytical methodology that uses inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, α-spectrometry, and γ-spectrometry for the routine analysis of samples containing transuranic radionuclides. This methodology is capable of the determination of concentrations of both238Pu and241Pu in the presence of238U and241Am without the need for chemical separations. The relative merits of these three techniques were evaluated as they are applied in a nuclear waste material and spent nuclear fuel testing program by analytical (1) standards and (2) solutions prepared from the dissolution of glasses doped with237Np,239Pu, and241Am. The uncertainty associated with technique was within ±4% for standards and ±10% for doped nuclear waste glasses. The methodology was then used to analyze three fully radioactive waste glasses.
Usage of electronic journals and their effect on interlibrary loan: A case study at the University of Nevada, Reno

As libraries increase their electronic journal collections, would dependence on interlibrary loan decrease? This paper reports a case study at the University of Nevada, Reno, University Libraries (UNR) focusing on the usage of the Elsevier online journal package and interlibrary loan (ILL) borrowing activities. It analyzes four-years' worth of UNR usage and ILL statistics, gathered between July 1999 and June 2003. It also provides observations and explanations from a perspective beyond statistics, at the level of library services and the campus demographic and research environments.
Psychometric Properties of the Grade 4 Reading Level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised with Offenders

The reliability and validity of the Grade 4 reading level Multiple Affect Adjective Check List was assessed with offenders in four settings within the criminal justice system. With the exception of the Sensation Seeking Scale, the MAACL-R4 scales showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability and adequate convergent and discriminant validity, but not for the Depression scale for 53 female arrestees and the Hostility scale with 51 male arrestees. Correlations with self-ratings of health and stress and with the Family Environment scales were in expected directions. It is concluded that the MAACL-R4 has the basic qualities necessary for use in research with offenders.
Whither Tradition? Evidence of Generational Differences in HR Satisfaction from Pakistan

This study explores the antecedents and complexities of values of employees and organizations in Pakistan where, following a decade of deregulation and increased globalization, a striking change ha...
Prospective changes in Taiwan's International Trade Specialization

Abstract In this paper, prospective changes in Taiwan's trade pattern are analyzed using a factor endowment model of net exports. Equations are estimated for 46 industries, spanning the traded goods sector for a pooled sample of 30 countries over the period 1968–1984. Time-series techniques are used to project the endowment vector for Taiwan, and these are combined with the estimated parameters to generate forecasts of trade patterns for the year 2000 which are analyzed in detail.
Parallelizing motion segmentation by perceptual organization of XYT

The front end of many motion analysis algorithms is usually a process that generates bounding boxes around each moving object, roughly segmenting the objects from the background. Processing to finely define the moving object boundary can follow, but only within these rough bounding boxes. We consider a method that exploits the structure and organization in the spatio-temporal block (XYT) of motion data to create bounding boxes around moving objects. This method has been shown to be robust with respect to illumination changes, noise, and occlusion events. This algorithm, however, begins with a 3D edge detection step across a sequence of images, which is a time consuming process. We have mapped this 3D edge detection to run on any MPI enabled parallel computer, thus achieving significant speedups especially for large image frames. We present results on sequences of various sizes and lengths from the recently formulated human ID gait challenge problem dataset. We compare the quality of the automatically created bounding boxes with the semi-autonomously generated boxes that come with the gait challenge dataset.
The Effects of Vitamin B12 and Thyroprotein on Egg Production, Egg Weight, Shell Quality and Hatchability

Abstract IT HAS been demonstrated repeatedly that diets made up almost entirely of plant materials are satisfactory for egg production, but require supplements such as marine products or animal protein concentrates for good hatchability (Parkhurst, 1927; Byerly, Titus and Ellis, 1932, 1933; Gillis, Heuser and Norris, 1942; Wilgus and Zander, 1944; Cravens, Halpin and McGibbon, 1946; Whitson, Titus and Bird, 1946a, 1946b; Bethke and co-workers, 1946; and Peterson, Wiese and Lampman, 1948). The announcement by Rickes and co-workers (1948a) that a biologically active crystalline compound, tentatively named vitamin B12, had been isolated from liver concentrates was soon followed by the report of Ott et al. (1948) that crystalline vitamin B12 exerted animal protein activity for chicks. During the same month Stokstad et al. (1948) announced that concentrates of a material, synthesized by a micro-organism isolated from hen feces, had high “animal protein factor” activity for chicks. Rickes and co-workers (1948b) were . . .
A New Look at the Gender Gap in Offending

A consistent research finding is that males commit more crime than females—a phenomenon known as the gender gap in offending. Recently it has been reported that this gap in violent offending has narrowed. What is unclear is whether the reported convergence in offending is an accurate reflection of changes in violent offending or an artifact of the data used: official records and self-report offending data. An additional lack of clarity is whether the reported convergence remains once the race and age of offenders are accounted for. This study used an alternative source of data—victimization data—to address 2 fundamental questions: Has the gender gap in violent crime offending changed over time? And has the gender gap changed once the offender's race and age are accounted for? Examining 18 disaggregated offender groups from the 1992 to 2001 National Crime Victimization Survey, this study demonstrates virtually no change in the violent crime gender gap over time. Results clearly point to gender stability re...
The Duty to Protect a Patient’s Right to Confidentiality: Tarasoff, HIV, and Confusion

This paper sets out to discuss the legal complexities that arise when a clinician is faced with an HIV-positive patient who reveals an intention to engage in sexual activity with an unknowing partner. The landmark Tarasoff case and notion of a clinician’s duty to protect are reviewed. Actual courtroom decisions in cases involving similar issues of disease transmission are examined. The criminalization of HIV-positive individuals who are sexually active without making partners aware of their seropositivity is also discussed. Although no definitive guidelines exist for what to do in this specific situation, clinicians who know the legal landscape and practice defensive medicine are in the best position to fulfill legal and moral responsibilities in protecting third parties, patients, and themselves.
Confidence intervals for endpoints of a c.d.f. via bootstrap

Abstract We propose methods of constructing confidence intervals for endpoints of a distribution. Under a mild condition on the tail of distribution, asymptotically correct confidence intervals are derived by bootstrapping Weissman's (Comm. Statist. Theory Method A 10 (1981) 549–557) statistics. It is also shown that a modification of this method works for type II censored data.
Induction of proto-oncogene JUN /AP-1 by serum and TPA

The response of a cell to mitogens and differentiation agents involves the transcriptional induction of several cellular genes. Prominent among these so-called 'immediate early' or 'competence' genes are the nuclear oncogenes fos and mycl–7. Although the precise function of these early response genes in growth control is not understood, it is likely that many of them are involved in the transition from G0 to G1 in the cell cycle. The findings that the products of nuclear proto-oncogenes jun and erbA are transcriptional factors supports the notion of the role of the nuclear oncoproteins in the regulation of gene expression8–11. Recently, it has been reported that the FOS protein is associated in transcriptional complexes with the product of the jun oncogene, the transcription factor AP-1 (refs 12–15). As the fos gene is induced in response to mitogens during initiation of cell growth, we investigated whether expression of the nuclear transcription factor AP-1 is also inducible. We report that mouse c-jun gene transcription is rapidly induced by serum and phorbol-ester 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Furthermore, induction is transient and the mRNA is superinduced by inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Interest on reserves

Abstract In a general equilibrium setting, we study versions of the proposal to pay interest on reserves at the market rate. We argue that the proposal makes the demand for total reserves indeterminate, whether interest is paid on total reserves or on required reserves only. One consequence is that tax financing of the proposal gives rise to a continuum of equilibria, equilibria which differ in real returns and consumption allocations. Another consequence is that financing through earnings on the central bank's portfolio either gives rise to an equilibrium with a zero nominal interest rate or to no equilibrium.
The Place of Anthropology in the Future of Africa

Most of us in African studies today belong to that generation of scholars who started their work at a time when virtually all the genuine knowledge we had of Africa was gathered by anthropologists. What we knew about Africa was anthropological knowledge. Anthropologists dominated the field, for better or for worse, when most of Africa was under colonial control, when Africa was politically an extension of Europe and economically within the metropolitan sphere of influence or control. That was, we all know, the past of Africa, and anthropologists, like most Africans, knew their place.
Cell culture. Progenitor cells from human brain after death.

Culturing neural progenitor cells from the adult rodent brain has become routine1,2 and is also possible from human fetal tissue3,4, but expansion of these cells from postnatal and adult human tissue, although preferred for ethical reasons, has encountered problems5,6,7,8. Here we describe the isolation and successful propagation of neural progenitor cells from human postmortem tissues and surgical specimens. Although the relative therapeutic merits of adult and fetal progenitor cells still need to be assessed, our results may extend the application of these progenitor cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Pathology of late-onset anthracycline cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Introduction Anthracyclines are known to have acute cardiotoxicity. Anthracycline-induced dilated cardiomyopathy may have late onset and present years after administration of the drug. Several studies have described the clinical findings in patients with late-onset cardiomyopathy, including electrocardiography, exercise testing, echocardiography, and histological findings in endomyocardial biopsies; however, there is little information on the pathological changes that are found in explanted or autopsy hearts. Methods We reviewed the medical records and microscopic slides of heart tissue from one patient who had an autopsy and from nine patients who had cardiac transplants between 2001 and 2008. Heart weights were compared to historic controls (heart weights normalized for the patient's heights). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides were semiquantitated for evidence of necrosis, myocytolysis, interstitial fibrosis, replacement fibrosis, and the presence of inflammation. Results The average heart weight ranged from 231 to 470 g (mean=317±65 g, median=303 g). Review of the histological sections revealed no evidence of significant necrosis or myocytolysis. Interstitial fibrosis was identified in all 10 patients, with six patients showing multifocal fibrosis, three patients showing diffuse fibrosis, and only one patient showing focal fibrosis. Replacement fibrosis was identified in six patients, with two patients displaying multifocal and four patients displaying focal replacement fibrosis. Conclusion Late-onset cardiomyopathy is a serious consequence of anthracycline therapy resulting in death or the need for cardiac transplantation in some patients. Unlike most other forms of dilated cardiomyopathy, the major pathological changes appear to be interstitial and/or replacement fibrosis without significant cardiac hypertrophy.
Small Human Group Detection and Event Representation Based on Cognitive Semantics

To recognize concurrent human activities in videos, we proposed a cognitive semantics based novel event representation for small human group detection and event recognition. Given a video with human detection and tracking results, the video is firstly described by cognitive linguistic primitives, including "paths", "places", "things", "actions", and "causes". Then the structural and semantic distance of "things" (i.e. human individuals) in the same "place" will be calculated, and all the similar "things" will be merged together to reduce the semantic social entropy with regard to the entire "path". Once a group of "things" (i.e. a human group) is identified, its "actions" will be classified into atom group activities by their corresponding spatial and temporal semantics. The spatial and temporal similarity of atom group activities is examined and a probabilistic context free grammar is derived from these atom activities based on Minimum Description Length (MDL) criterion. The induced grammar rules will then be used to parse test videos represented by cognitive linguistic primitives. The proposed novel video event representation can be used to describe and recognize complex human activities, including both individual and group actions. The experimental results on the BEHAVE and Collective datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Exciton and Magneto-Absorption of the Direct and Indirect Transitions in Germanium

Low-temperature, high resolution experiments on magneto-absorption effects in germanium have resolved fine structure in the direct interband transition and, in addition, have revealed structure in the indirect transition. In each case, exciton absorption was also observed and the experimental binding energy of the lowest exciton level was measured. The values of the direct-transition energy gap found were (1) at 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, 0.898\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 ev; (2) at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, 0.889\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 ev; and (3) at 293\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, 0.805\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 ev. The binding energy of the "direct" exciton was 0.0025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005 ev. The magneto-absorption at photon energies slightly greater than the indirect energy gap has the appearance of a series of absorption edges unlike the series of absorption maxima observed in the direct case. The experimental findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions described in the following article. The detailed spectra were observed by means of a new low-temperature, high-resolution magneto-spectrophotometric system providing spectral resolution of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ electron volt and steady magnetic fields up to 38.9 kilogauss. An accurate measure of the minimum of the conduction band was obtained by extrapolating a plot of the photon energies of the centers of the absorption edges as a function of magnetic field to zero field. The indirect energy gap, 0.744\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 ev at 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, was then obtained by subtracting the energy of the emitted longitudinal acoustical phonon which is involved in the indirect transition. This accurate value of the energy gap permits the measurement of the exciton binding energy. The "indirect" exciton ground state was found to be split into two components 0.0011 ev apart with a mean value of the binding energy of 0.0025\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004 ev. These values are consistent with preliminary theoretical calculations. The Zeeman effect of both the direct and indirect exciton absorptions has also been measured and found to be quadratic in accordance with theory.
Autoradiographic studies of protein and polysaccharide synthesis during vitellogenesis in Drosophila

Quantitative light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography was used to evaluate metabolic processes that occur during late developmental stages (10–14) of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Major differences in radiolabelling patterns were found after in vivo (10–45 min) uptake of [3H]-monosaccharides and [3H]-L-lysine. Several different methods of data analysis were required to facilitate interpretation of these patterns. [3H]-L-lysine produced extensive cytoplasmic labelling at all developmental stages. In addition, about 15% of alpha yolk spheres were intensely labelled at stage 10, reflecting the incorporation of radiolabelled vitellogenins synthesized during the incubation period. Subsequent stages showed low silver grain density over alpha yolk spheres until stage 14, when a burst of [3H]-L-lysine incorporation by most alpha spheres was observed, possibly indicative of a maturation process for embryogenesis. [3H]-D-glucose and [3H]-D-galactose (10 min, in vivo) both induced intense labelling of the beta yolk spheres in a manner suggesting in situ assembly beginning at early stage 13. Inasmuch as the polysaccharide of beta yolk spheres has the properties of glycogen (e.g., rosette structure digested by α-amylase) and the radiolabelled monosaccharides were introduced intraabdominally, it is evident that transport systems as well as enzymes utilizing glucose and galactose for glycogenesis must be readily available. It is notable that wide-spread labelling of egg chambers was elicited by [3H]-D-glucose and [3H]-D-galactose (e.g., nurse cells, follicle cells, chorion, vitelline membrane), but the labelling induced by [3H]-N-acetylmannosamine was restricted mainly to the endochorion. A possible role of microtubules in distribution and assembly of yolk spheres was inferred when colchicine, admixed to the culture medium (2–5 ppm), produced abnormal distribution and diminution in number of both alpha and beta yolk spheres. In addition to revealing previously unknown metabolic events of vitellogenesis, the results provide additional criteria for stage characterization as well as a means to specifically label certain macromolecules for purposes of isolation.
Theoretical investigation of F2NNO and F2NNO2 with density functional theory methods

Abstract Both ab initio methods and density functional theory (DFT) with two basis sets, 3-21G ∗ and 6-311+G(2D), have been applied to model geometries of F 2 NNO, F 2 NNO 2 and their building components (NF 2 , NO and NO 2 ). The geometries and energies of the structures are discussed, and are compared with experimental values where available.
Cross-Linguistic Differences in Digit Span of Preschool Children

This study reports cross-linguistic differences in forward digit span between 4-, 5-. and 6-year-old American and Chinese children. Several explanations for the remarkable superiority of Chinese children are examined. Hypotheses concerning practice, counting systems, and use of strategies were not supported. Analyses related to pronunciation duration of digits favored the temporally limited store hypothesis. Nonsignificant cross-linguistic differences were found in backward digit span. The results support the notion that forward and backward digit span involve different mechanisms.
Observation of fast erase due to enhanced generation of holes caused by electron impact ionization

This letter describes an enhanced erase mechanism in flash memory cells due to impact ionization induced generation of holes. The increased population of holes is initiated by the impact ionization of electrons in the collector-base region of a parasitic bipolar transistor. Electrons injected from the emitter (drain) of a parasitic n-p-n bipolar transistor into the base (substrate) can drift to the collector (source) where the high electrical field in the collector-base space charge region causes impact ionization and carrier multiplication. The impact ionization generated holes that gain enough energy to overcome the oxide barrier can be injected into the floating gate, resulting a very fast erase.
Stability of gene expression in postmortem brain revealed by cDNA gene array analysis.

Abstract We utilized nylon arrays to measure gene expression in mouse brains after various postmortem intervals (PMIs). Gene expression after overnight refrigeration or 4 h at room temperature then overnight refrigeration correlated highly and ∼equivalently to that in brains processed immediately. After 8–24 h at room temperature and overnight refrigeration gene expression correlation and equivalency declined, but 90–95% of detected genes were within ±40% of baseline levels. Brain homogenate pH did not change with PMI.
A numerical investigation of transient detonation in granulated material

A two-phase model based upon principles of continuum mixture theory is numerically solved to predict the evolution of detonation in a granulated reactive material. Shock to detonation transition (SDT) is considered whereby combustion is initiated due to compression of the material by a moving piston. In particular, this study demonstrates the existence of a SDT event which gives rise to a steady two-phase Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation structure consisting of a single lead shock in the gas and an unshocked solid; this structure has previously been independently predicted by a steadystate theory. The unsteady model equations, which constitute a non-strictly hyperbolic system, are numerically solved using a modern high-resolution method. The numerical method is based on Godunov's method, and utilizes an approximate solution for the two-phase Riemann problem. Comparisions are made between numerical predictions and known theoretical results for 1) an inert two-phase shock tube problem, 2) an inert compaction wave structure, and 3) a reactive two-phase detonation structure; in all cases, good agreement exists.
Double beta-decay half-life of 82Se

Abstract We report the detection of 82Krss from the double beta-decay of 82Se in a troilite inclusion of the Cape York meteorite. The calculated half-life is compatible with the umangite result, but incompatible with the cloud-chamber value. The recommended 82Se half-life of T 1 2 = (1.2±0.3)×10 20 yr, does not suggest a violation of lepton number conservation.
Regulation of the l-arabinose catabolic pathway in Aerobacter aerogenes☆

Abstract Three enzymes of the l -arabinose catabolic pathway in Aerobacter aerogenes , l -arabinose isomerase, l -ribulokinase, and l -ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase, are specifically induced in the presence of l -arabinose. Mutants constitutive for kinase activity are also constitutive for the isomerase and 4-epimerase activities, suggesting that these three enzymes are coordinately controlled in A. aerogenes . l -Ribulokinase activity can still be induced in the presence of l -arabinose in an isomerase-deficient strain of A. aerogenes . Since l -arabinose is not converted to l -ribulose in such a strain, it appears that l -arabinose must be the inducer of l -ribulokinase, as well as the coordinately controlled isomerase and 4-epimerase. As in the metabolism of l -arabinose, growth of A. aerogenes on l -arabitol also requires a 4-epimerase for the conversion of l -ribulose-5-phosphate to d -xylulose-5-phosphate. However, loss of ability to metabolize l -arabinose, due to a deficiency in 4-epimerase synthesis in the presence of l -arabinose, does not affect growth on l -arabitol. In addition, synthesis of the 4-epimerase associated with l -arabitol metabolism is not accompanied by l -arabinose isomerase or l -ribulokinase synthesis. These results suggest either the existence of two different l -ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerases in A. aerogenes , or of two different regulatory mechanisms for the control of the same epimerase.
Inhibition of guinea‐pig and human sensory nerve activity and the cough reflex in guinea‐pigs by cannabinoid (CB2) receptor activation

1. There is considerable interest in novel therapies for cough, since currently used agents such as codeine have limited beneficial value due to the associated side effects. Sensory nerves in the airways mediate the cough reflex via activation of C-fibres and RARs. Evidence suggests that cannabinoids may inhibit sensory nerve-mediated responses. 2. We have investigated the inhibitory actions of cannabinoids on sensory nerve depolarisation mediated by capsaicin, hypertonic saline and PGE2 on isolated guinea-pig and human vagus nerve preparations, and the cough reflex in conscious guinea-pigs. 3. The non-selective cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist, CP 55940, and the selective CB2 agonist, JWH 133 inhibited sensory nerve depolarisations of the guinea-pig vagus nerve induced by hypertonic saline, capsaicin and PGE2. These responses were abolished by the CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528, and unaffected by the CB1 antagonist SR141716A. Similarly, JWH 133 inhibited capsaicin-evoked nerve depolarisations in the human vagus nerve, and was prevented by SR144528. 4. Using a guinea-pig in vivo model of cough, JWH 133 (10 mg kg-1, i.p., 20 min) significantly reduced citric acid-induced cough in conscious guinea pigs compared to those treated with the vehicle control. 5. These data show that activation of the CB2 receptor subtype inhibits sensory nerve activation of guinea-pig and human vagus nerve, and the cough reflex in guinea-pigs, suggesting that the development of CB2 agonists, devoid of CB1-mediated central effects, will provide a new and safe antitussive treatment for chronic cough.
Prosthodontic treatment with implant fixed prosthesis for a patient with ectodermal dysplasia: A clinical report

Oral characteristics of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) include hypodontia or anodontia of the primary or permanent teeth, impacted teeth, malformed and widely spaced peg-like teeth, and underdeveloped alveolar ridges. Patients with this disease often need a multidisciplinary approach to treatment planning and dental treatment to regain appropriate function, esthetics, and comfort. The definitive treatment plan may include removable, fixed, or implant-supported prostheses or a combination of these options. Depending on the remaining available alveolar bone and the pattern of missing teeth, the ideal treatment option for an adult ED patient often includes the use of implants. This clinical report describes the multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment of ED in a 37-year-old woman. The treatment included a mandibular implant-supported fixed denture and a maxillary conventional overdenture fabricated to establish acceptable occlusal vertical dimension, esthetics, and oral function.
Electrokinetic Phenomena, VII. Relationship between electric mobility, charge, titration curve, and optical rotation of protein

The specific rotation of egg albumin, gliadin, and gelatin (40°C.) is discussed in connection with available data on (a) mobility, (b) titration curve, and (c) osmotic pressure. It seems likely that the change in specific rotation with pH of protein solutions is proportional to the change in net charge.
Validity of random microstructures simulation in fiber-reinforced composite materials

Abstract This paper establishes a set of criteria to check two microstructures in fiber-reinforced composites for geometrical equivalence. The criteria are based on a combination of a point process, one-point and two-point probability functions; convergence of microstructure size; and equality of fiber radius distribution. The criteria were shown to distinguish different microstructures and identify similar ones. Also, a reconstruction technique is proposed that can efficiently reconstruct a microstructure while satisfying the criteria. Results show the reconstruction technique exceeded the 5% tolerances set by multiple samples of an experimental observation.
Emerging ecosystem service markets: trends in a decade of entrepreneurial wetland banking

Markets in ecosystem services are now commonly considered by policy makers to be effective ways of achieving the goals of federal environmental protection laws. However, little empirical data currently informs policy development around such markets. Can a market-like arrangement solve the problems of compensatory wetland replacement under the Clean Water Act? This research examines the dynamics of the Chicago, Illinois market in wetland credits over a 9-year period, and shows that, although successful in many ways, it is prone to regulatory turbulence and may not fully address losses of wetland function. Market-based approaches to environmental policy problems will proliferate as more policy makers become convinced of the power of markets to achieve effective environmental conservation. Due to the new challenges of standardized commodity measurement that are present in these markets, environmental scientists are likely to be increasingly drawn into policy development and evaluation. This article is intend...
Challenges and benefits of time-parallel simulation of wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper we discuss time-parallel simulation of wireless ad hoc networks. Such systems are rarely amenable to analytical modelling due to the complexity of the models involved. Thus, to obtain a quantitative evaluation of such models we often resort to simulation. Yet, current simulation techniques do not allow us to study systems consisting of thousands of nodes for extended periods of time.We introduce the notion of perturbation of measurements and present a layer-by-layer analysis of the impact of perturbations on the functioning of the wireless network. This model allows us to predict the accuracy of the simulation for several measures of performance through an analysis of the protocols involved at the various layers.We also present an implementation of time-parallel simulation based on iterative extension of the warmup period. In a series of experiments, we find good concordance between the predicted findings and the results of the simulations.
Bovine T lymphocyte response to bovine herpesvirus-1: cell phenotypes, viral recognition and acid-labile interferon production.

Abstract The phenotype of bovine cells that proliferate to bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1) were identified by peanut agglutinin (PNA) and monoclonal antibodies with specificity for Pan T cells (B29), a T cell subset (B24), and an MHC class II (Ia-like) antigen (R-1). PNA + cells but not PNA − cells separated by fluorescent activated cell sorting responded to BHV-1. Virally-activated T cells expressed MHC class II antigens, and possibly antigen specific receptors for virus. Binding of radiolabeled virus increased six-fold beyond the expected value for activated cells suggesting specificity of the lymphocytes for the virus. Finally, cells that responded to BHV-1 produced high levels of acid sensitive interferon. Taken together these results characterize the phenotypes of bovine lymphocytes that interact with BHV-1.
Significance of the Q wave in acute myocardial infarction

Acute myocardial infarction may be associated with the development of Q waves on the electrocardiogram (ECG), or with changes limited to the ST segment or T wave. The ECG changes do not accurately differentiate transmural from nontransmural infarction. However, the presence or absence of a Q wave does correlate with some aspects of the clinical course of patients after myocardial infarction, and is therefore of prognostic value. Q-wave infarctions are more likely to be complicated by congestive heart failure during hospitalization. The in-hospital mortality is also higher after a Q-wave infarction than after a non-Q infarction. Both of these findings are probably due to the association of a Q wave with a larger mass of infarcted myocardium. The long-term mortality, however, is the same for Q-wave and non-Q-wave infarctions. This is probably due to an increased late mortality after non-Q infarctions, related in part to a higher rate of reinfarction. The differences between Q-wave and non-Q-wave infarctions are not due to obvious differences in extent and location of coronary artery obstructions. However, there may be differences in the collateral circulation, with more extensive collaterals associated with non-Q infarcts. Appreciation of the prognostic significance of the ECG changes in acute myocardial infarction may help direct the evaluation and management of the patient after myocardial infarction.
GLCMass Spectrometry of Several Important Anticancer Drugs I: Pertrimethylsilylation and O-Methoxime Formation

Procedures are reported for the formation of pertrimethylsilyl and pertrimethylsilyl methoxime derivatives of the aglycones of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, carminomycin, chromomycin A3, and mithramycin. The mass spectra are consistent with the formation of these derivatives. Fragmentation patterns highly specific for these derivatives are proposed, and the potential application for the identification of metabolites of these compounds is discussed.
Increased risk of suicide attempt in mood disorders and TPH1 genotype

Background The tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene is reported to be associated with suicidal behavior. This has not been confirmed by prospective studies of suicide and clinical or biological mediators of this genetic risk have not been identified.
Magnetic pumping by magnetosonic waves in the presence of noncompressive electromagnetic fluctuations

In a quiescent collisionless plasma the motion of charged particles within a magnetosonic wave is reversible, but in the presence of electromagnetic plasma waves that pitch‐angle scatter the particles, this is no longer true, and the plasma may be magnetically pumped by the magnetosonic wave, extracting energy from the wave. The particles that are energized are in resonance with the catalyst electromagnetic waves but gain their energy from the magnetosonic wave. To study this mechanism, three types of numerical simulations are used. In the first type, the magnetic pumping of an element of plasma is numerically simulated in detail by following the magnetosonic‐wave‐driven convection of the particle distribution through pitch‐angle/momentum space and by computationally solving a pitch‐angle diffusion equation for the distribution‐function evolution under the action of the electromagnetic fluctuations. It is found that the magnetosonic‐wave energy is transferred predominantly to high‐energy particles. In the second type of simulation, the absorption of magnetosonic waves by a semi‐infinite plasma and the resulting plasma heating and expansion are followed. It is found that magnetosonic waves produce a hot surface layer on the plasma that is ablated by the wave energy. In the third type of simulation, a Fokker–Planck equation for the magnetic‐pumping process is numerically solved. It is found that this momentum‐diffusion description is a satisfactory representation of magnetic pumping by small‐amplitude magnetosonic waves.
Making complete dentures for research purposes

A method for construction of complete dentures for research purposes has been described. According to this method, a baseplate is fabricated of hard acrylic resin in combination with resilient denture liner. These dentures can be repeatedly used by interchanging denture teeth of the same mold.
A proposed intergenerational model of substance abuse, family functioning, and abuse/neglect

Although the link between substance abuse and child maltreatment has been relatively well established, there is a general recognition that this is not a simple cause-effect relationship. The current study explored the relationships among substance abuse, family functioning, and abuse/neglect in a sample of incarcerated substance abusers. Data were gathered on the earlier life experiences of 81 men and women serving sentences in two maximum security prisons, including assessments of their parents' substance abuse problems; levels of family competence within their families-of-origin; their exposure, as children and adults, to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and physical/emotional neglect; and their own levels of substance abuse. Results showed generally high percentages of parental substance abuse and abuse/neglect, and relatively low levels of family competence. Correlational analyses revealed significant direct and indirect relationships among parental substance abuse, family dynamics, and exposure to both child and adult maltreatment. These four variables were also significantly associated with respondents' own substance abuse in later life, suggesting the potential for continuation of these patterns into successive generations. An intergenerational model of these family and personal functioning variables is presented and implications for service delivery with correctional clients is discussed.
Non-explosive simulated blast loading of balsa core sandwich composite beams

Abstract A dynamic loading method for simulating explosive blast was developed using a crushing foam projectile launched by a gas gun at velocities ranging from 30 to 60 m/s. The objective of this test method is to dynamically load “small-scale” composite beam specimens so as to allow for the dynamic failure characterization of these materials subject to blast-type loads. Such non-explosive test methods are desirable since they are more easily implemented, less expensive, and safer than actual explosive blast tests. Furthermore, instrumentation and visual documentation of the experiment is more easily achieved in the absence of “spatially extended” blast pressures, fireballs, and other destructive phenomena associated with the use of explosives that obscure observation. This paper focuses on the description of the pressure pulse generating projectile development and the dynamic pressure profiles produced. Control of the pressure pulse is achieved via selection of foam density used as a crushable media in the projectile, developing peak pressures ranging from 3 to 6.5 MPa. Application of this projectile onto beam specimens show dramatic rate dependency of the composite compressive failure strain (143% higher for strain rate of 101 s−1 relative to quasi-static), whereas the tensile failure strain showed less, yet still significant, increase (29% for 101 s−1 strain rate relative to quasi-static) for dynamic loading rates. Sandwich beams all failed in core shear for the configuration tested, with no significant rate dependency for the shear failure strain of the balsa core material.
The Membrane Fusion Step of Vaccinia Virus Entry Is Cooperatively Mediated by Multiple Viral Proteins and Host Cell Components

For many viruses, one or two proteins allow cell attachment and entry, which occurs through the plasma membrane or following endocytosis at low pH. In contrast, vaccinia virus (VACV) enters cells by both neutral and low pH routes; four proteins mediate cell attachment and twelve that are associated in a membrane complex and conserved in all poxviruses are dedicated to entry. The aim of the present study was to determine the roles of cellular and viral proteins in initial stages of entry, specifically fusion of the membranes of the mature virion and cell. For analysis of the role of cellular components, we used well characterized inhibitors and measured binding of a recombinant VACV virion containing Gaussia luciferase fused to a core protein; viral and cellular membrane lipid mixing with a self-quenching fluorescent probe in the virion membrane; and core entry with a recombinant VACV expressing firefly luciferase and electron microscopy. We determined that inhibitors of tyrosine protein kinases, dynamin GTPase and actin dynamics had little effect on binding of virions to cells but impaired membrane fusion, whereas partial cholesterol depletion and inhibitors of endosomal acidification and membrane blebbing had a severe effect at the later stage of core entry. To determine the role of viral proteins, virions lacking individual membrane components were purified from cells infected with members of a panel of ten conditional-lethal inducible mutants. Each of the entry protein-deficient virions had severely reduced infectivity and except for A28, L1 and L5 greatly impaired membrane fusion. In addition, a potent neutralizing L1 monoclonal antibody blocked entry at a post-membrane lipid-mixing step. Taken together, these results suggested a 2-step entry model and implicated an unprecedented number of viral proteins and cellular components involved in signaling and actin rearrangement for initiation of virus-cell membrane fusion during poxvirus entry.
Immunology at Asilomar: from molecules to mice.

The Midwinter Conference of Immunologists is a popular annual fixture for immunologists to discuss the hot topics in immunology while enjoying the mild weather of the West Coast.
Are You Really Going to Read Us A Story? Learning Geometry Through Children's Mathematics Literature

This study analyzed how one teacher used contemporary children's literature to supplement middle-grades geometry. The teacher's students were matched to students in other classes on general reading, general mathematics, and geometry. Student and teacher interviews, observation notes, and video tape recordings provided insights into fluency and flexibility with mathematical vocabulary. On the three outcome measures, the groups showed little change in general reading and a modest increase in general mathematics abilities. In contrast, the students in the children's literature group showed markedly improved performance in geometry. Analyses indicated these students: (a) showed fluency with geometry vocabulary, (b) demonstrated flexibility in the application of geometry concepts, (c) explained formulae with rich descriptions, and (d) outperformed the non story group on geometry ability when controlling for pretest performance.