cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Religious and Nonreligious Targets: Exploring the Effects of Perceivers' Religious Fundamentalism

While research has shown that religious individuals are perceived as being more moral than the nonreligious, the present studies suggest that these findings are affected by in-group bias. Participants low and high in religious fundamentalism (RF) were asked to form an impression of a target’s moral and social dimensions. The target’s religious identity was presented either explicitly (in Studies 1 and 2) or implicitly (Study 3). Participants high in RF consistently rated the religious target more favorably than the nonreligious target on both dimensions. In contrast, LF individuals’ morality ratings did not differ as a function of target religiosity across all 3 studies. Our results suggest that future research exploring the religion‐morality link must control for perceiver religiosity. jasp_810 2123..2143 The seemingly effortless manner in which we form unified and elaborate impressions of others, often in the face of very little information, has long captivated social psychologists. Asch (1946) was the first to demonstrate that when forming an impression of another individual, we readily move beyond the available information and frequently infer characteristics, traits, and motives not mentioned or observed. These inferences reflect our implicit sense of which traits are consistent with one another (Bruner & Tagiuri, 1954; Peabody & Goldberg, 1989) and often lead to biased impression formation. For example, when we learn that an individual possesses a positive trait (e.g., honesty), we assume that he or she possesses a variety of other positive characteristics as well. This halo effect is robust and well documented (e.g., Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani, & Longo, 1991). The personal attribute “religious” is perceived as a meaningful social category (Weeks & Vincent, 2007) and has been shown to cause a halo effect across a wide variety of judgment domains. Religious individuals are rated as being more moral (Hout & Fischer, 2002) and likable than are nonreligious individuals (Bailey & Young, 1986), and regular churchgoers are perceived more positively than are those who do not regularly attend church (Isaac,
Governing Climate Engineering: Scenarios for Analysis

Geoengineering is a broad concept that encompasses a variety of large-scale, intentional, and "unnatural" technologies to control climate change, including both techniques to limit how much sunlight reaches the earth (usually referred to as "solar radiation management") as well techniques to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere ("carbon dioxide removal"). The potential of geoengineering to reverse global warming rapidly and cheaply makes it alluring to groups across the political spectrum, in particular, as a means of addressing rapid, catastrophic climate change. But geoengineering also poses significant risks, and raises the spectre of technology gone awry. This discussion paper for the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements reviews the various geoengineering approaches, analyzes their permissibility under existing international law, and explores the governance issues raised by four scenarios of particular concern: premature rejection, inadequate funding, unilateral action by an individual, and unilateral action by a single state or small group of states.
Serpulidicola Josephellae Sp. Nov. (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) From a Deep-Water Polychaete West of Ireland 1)

[On decrit Serpulidicola jorephellae, espece nouvelle de copepode cyclopoide, de l'hote polychete serpulide Josephella sp., de 2506 m de profondeur a l'ouest d'Irlande. La description ne concerne que la femelle; le mâle est inconnu., On decrit Serpulidicola jorephellae, espece nouvelle de copepode cyclopoide, de l'hote polychete serpulide Josephella sp., de 2506 m de profondeur a l'ouest d'Irlande. La description ne concerne que la femelle; le mâle est inconnu.]
Signal-to-noise ratios for possible stellar occultations by pluto

Successful observation of a stellar occultation by Pluto would make it possible to obtain information regarding the presence of an atmosphere at the planet. If an atmosphere is found, the determination of its structure might be feasible. Two or more occultation chords could make it possible to obtain the precise diameter of Pluto. Mink and Klemola (1985) have presented a list of ten stars which might be occulted by Pluto during the period 1985-1990. In this paper, BVR photometry of the occultation candidate stars are presented, and a calculation is conducted of the S/N which could be achieved with a 1-m telescope. It is pointed out that from a photometric standpoint, the best potential occultation (after that of P2) would be that of P8. However, even the faintest stars on the list should give interesting results if their occultations by Pluto can be observed with a 1-m telescope and sensitive photometric equipment.
Design of Ultrahigh Speed Alternator Systems for Mobile Power

To meet the demand for light-weight mobile power, turboalternator sets can be operated at ultra-high speeds approaching 100 000 r/min. The high frequency alternator output is converted by static devices to standard ac frequencies and/or dc power for utilization. This paper describes the design of brushless alternator systems for such applications. The particular suitability of the homopolar inductor generator is cited. Special features are described, including methods of limiting pole face losses, windage and other losses. The operating conditions require particular attention to material selection. Interface problems between the alternator and turhine are also discussed.
On the Mean-Square Error of Various Spectrum-Recovery Techniques in Hadamard Transform Spectrometry

The multiplexing inherent in the Hadamard transform (HT) spectrometer can result in an improved spectrum-estimate when the detector is the major source of noise. A spectrum-estimate may be further improved by taking into account any nonidealities in the system. In this paper, observations concerning the errors associated with such estimates are presented, with the use of results obtained from computer simulations. Three spectrum-recovery techniques for an HT spectrometer having a nonideal electro-optic mask are considered in terms of the mean-square error (MSE) associated with a given estimate. The discussion of the MSE is with respect to the input spectrum to be estimated, the detector noise, the transmittances of the nonideal mask, and the use of coaddition. Included is a review of the computational efficiency and the statistical bias of each method. The relative performances of the spectrum-recovery methods are presented with examples to help identify the sources of error for each of the techniques.
Language and the communication datum

Abstract Language is a highly structured system with two functions: communication and signification. The signification function is recognized by all theories of language, even if only by the inclusion of some kind of “lexicon” in the descriptive model. This paper argues that communication is the primary function of language and that the signification function can be derived from it. Several theories of language (stratificationalism, Tagmemics, Bloomfieldian structuralism, and Chomskyan structuralism) are scrutinized for their attitude toward the communication function. The contributions made by stratificationalism and Tagmemics which can be attributed to their attention to the communication function are outlined. Some consequences of ignoring communication are outlined with respect to the Bloomfieldian and Chomskyan schools. The consequences of one of Chomsky's anti-communicative postulates are considered in some detail. They are shown to render his theory empty, suggesting that the postulate be abandoned.
End-to-End Performance Aware Association in Wireless Municipal Mesh Networks

In wireless municipal mesh (muni mesh) networks, a client station needs to associate with a mesh access point (MAP) in order to access the network. The end-to-end performance of a station depends on the access link quality between the station and the associated MAP as well as the multi-hop path quality from the associated MAP to the Internet gateway. However conventional association mechanisms used for single-hop WLANs assume that the wireless access link is the bottleneck and do not take the backhaul conditions into account, which may result in poor performance in muni mesh networks. In this paper, we propose a new joint MAP association mechanism for muni mesh networks to achieve optimal end-to-end communication performance from the station to the gateway. A station associates to one of its nearby MAPs by jointly considering the transmission capability of the access link and the backhual path. In addition, we design a new metric, called CAETT, to measure the access link quality. Different from previously proposed link metrics, CAETT takes into account the impact of 802.11 MAC layer contention on bandwidth sharing among the stations with multi-rate capability. It yields more accurate link throughput estimation. Furthermore, in order to reduce the association time, we develop an analytical model and propose a hybrid measurement/estimation method to enable a station to quickly determine the CAETT. We evaluate the performance of our system through simulations and demonstrate that the proposed joint association mechanism with the CAETT metric can greatly improve the end-to-end performance for the stations.
Effect of intraoperative ketorolac on postanesthesia care unit comfort

Abstract The efficacy of intraoperatively administered ketorolac for the prophylactic treatment of pain in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) was examined in a prospective, double-blinded study. Thirty patients undergoing general anesthesia for orthopedic or lower abdominal surgery were randomized into two groups. Both groups received equivalent doses of opioids intraoperatively. Upon surgical closure, one group received intramuscular (IM) ketorolac 60 mg (2 mL) and the other group received normal saline 2 mL, IM. The saline control group more frequently required opioid-analgesic supplementation in the PACU than did the ketorolac group (P
Regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene by the AP-1 transcription factor

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor, and AP-1 (Fos/Jun or Jun/Jun) is a transcription factor whose components are nuclear proteins encoded by c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes. Serum stimulation of serum-starved NIH 3T3 cells resulted in an approx 188-fold induction of c-fos mRNA at 30 min and an approximately ninefold induction of c-jun mRNA at 1 h, followed by an increase in GR mRNA levels at 3–12 hour (twofold). Sequential induction of cFos, cJun, and GR protein levels also occurred. Overexpression of the cFos protein in NIH 3T3 cells (NIH 3T3 [cFos 3] and NIH 3T3 [cFos 10]) caused an increase in the endogenous GR protein. Previous and present studies showed that a putative AP-1 site within the GR promoter binds AP-1 proteins (both Jun and Fos family members). To address the molecular mechanism involved in transcriptional activation of the GR gene, we investigated the relevance of AP-1 binding complexes in this activation and in overall regulation of GR gene transcription. Transient transfection with a full length GR promoter linked to a luciferase gene into both NIH 3T3 (cFos 3) and NIH 3T3 (cFos 10) cells gave rise to an induction of luciferase activity. This induction was abolished following mutation or deletion of the GR AP-1 site from the promoter. These findings suggest that cFos is responsible for the induction of GR expression in serum-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells, and serum growth factors may stimulate GR transcription by a cFos-dependent mechanism at the putative AP-1 site. These studies support a role for the AP-1 transcription factor in regulating GR gene expression
Temporal course of thermal adaptation.

Previous methods for measuring the range and temporal course of adaptation to thermal stimuli are difficult to use. A technique requiring subjects to adjust the temperature of the stimulator to maintain a just-de-tectable sensation is described. Complete adaptation occurs to temperatures within the range between 28° and 37.5° C in about 25 minutes.
QUANTITATIVE RELATION BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL AND IRON IN GREEN AND CHLOROTIC PEAR LEAVES

Lime-induced chlorosis is known to be curable by iron, and for this reason is attributed to iron deficiency. Chlorotic leaves should accordingly contain less iron than green leaves. It has been found by several investigators, however, that chlorotic leaves may contain more iron than green leaves. Similar results were obtained also by the writer, regardless of whether the iron content was reported on the dry or on the fresh-weight basis. No positive correlation could be observed between the iron content and the amount of chlorophyll of leaves obtained from chlorotic trees (table II, columns 4 and 5), although iron was the limiting factor in these leaves in so far as chlorophyll formation was concerned. This fact may be explained by either of the following hypotheses: 1. All the iron present in the leaves is equally (or nearly equally) active in chlorophyll formation. The efficiency of its activity, however, may vary considerably in leaves of the same tree. The green leaves would accordingly be those leaves which may contain small amounts of iron, but in which the efficiency of the iron in chlorophyll formation is very great. 2. Only a fraction of the iron in the leaves is active in chlorophyll formation. This active fraction is more abundant in the green leaves than in the chlorotic ones, although the reverse may be true in the case of the total amount of iron in the leaves.
Biological effects of cigarette smoke, wood smoke, and the smoke from plastics: The use of electron spin resonance

This review compares and contrasts the chemistry of cigarette smoke, wood smoke, and the smoke from plastics and building materials that is inhaled by persons trapped in fires. Cigarette smoke produces cancer, emphysema, and other diseases after a delay of years. Acute exposure to smoke in a fire can produce a loss of lung function and death after a delay of days or weeks. Tobacco smoke and the smoke inhaled in a burning building have some similarities from a chemical viewpoint. For example, both contain high concentrations of CO and other combustion products. In addition, both contain high concentrations of free radicals, and our laboratory has studied these free radicals, largely by electron spin resonance (ESR) methods, for about 15 years. This article reviews what is known about the radicals present in these different types of smokes and soots and tars and summarizes the evidence that suggests these radicals could be involved in cigarette-induced pathology and smoke-inhalation deaths. The combustion of all organic materials produces radicals, but (with the exception of the smoke from perfluoropolymers) the radicals that are detected by ESR methods (and thus the radicals that would reach the lungs) are not those that arise in the combustion process. Rather they arise from chemical reactions that occur in the smoke itself. Thus, a knowledge of the chemistry of the smoke is necessary to understand the nature of the radicals formed. Even materials as similar as cigarettes and wood (cellulose) produce smoke that contains radicals with very different lifetimes and chemical characteristics, and mechanistic rationales for this are discussed. Cigarette tar contains a semiquinone radical that is infinitely stable and can be directly observed by ESR. Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar, which contain this radical, reduce oxygen to superoxide and thus produce both hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxyl radical. These solutions both oxidize alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (a1PI) and nick DNA. Because of the potential role of radicals in smoke-inhalation injury, we suggest that antioxidant therapy (such as use of an inhaler for persons brought out of a burning building) might prove efficacious.
Testing for homogeneity in cross-lagged panel studies

Panel studies are statistical studies in which two or more variables are observed for two or more subjects at two or more points In time. Cross- lagged panel studies are those studies in which the variables are continuous and divide naturally into two effects or impacts of each set of variables on the other. If a regression approach is taken5 a regression structure Is formulated for the cross-lagged models This structure may assume that the regression parameters are homogeneous across waves and across subpopulations. Under such assumptions the methods of multivariate regression analysis can be adapted to make inferences about the parameters. These inferences are limited to the degree that homogeneity of the parameters Is 'supported b}T the data. We consider the problem of testing the hypotheses of homogeneity and consider the problem of making statistical inferences about the cross-effects should there be evidence against one of the homogeneity assumptions. We demonstrate the methods developed by applying...
Characterization of microsatellite loci developed for song wrens Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus

We developed six microsatellite loci for song wrens (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus). Polymorphism ranged from four to 12 alleles with heterozygosities ranging from 21 to 90%. Three of the six loci deviated significantly from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium suggesting the presence of one or more null alleles. Cross-species amplification indicated that these loci will have limited utility in other wren species.
On the Intractability of Protein Folding with a Finite Alphabet of Amino Acids

We describe a proof of NP-hardness for a lattice protein folding model whose instances contain protein sequences defined with a fixed, finite alphabet that contains 12 amino acid types. This lattice model represents a protein's conformation as a self-avoiding path that is embedded on the three-dimensional cubic lattice. A contact potential is used to determine the energy of a sequence in a given conformation; a pair of amino acids contributes to the conformational energy only if they are adjacent on the lattice. This result overcomes a significant weakness of previous intractability results, which do not examine protein folding models that have a finite alphabet of amino acids together with physically interesting conformations.
Pleckstrin homology domains and the cytoskeleton

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are 100–120 amino acid protein modules best known for their ability to bind phosphoinositides. All possess an identical core β-sandwich fold and display marked electrostatic sidedness. The binding site for phosphoinositides lies in the center of the positively charged face. In some cases this binding site is well defined, allowing highly specific and strong ligand binding. In several of these cases the PH domains specifically recognize 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides, allowing them to drive membrane recruitment in response to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Examples of these PH domain-containing proteins include certain Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factors, protein kinase B, PhdA, and pleckstrin-2. PH domain-mediated membrane recruitment of these proteins contributes to regulated actin assembly and cell polarization. Many other PH domain-containing cytoskeletal proteins, such as spectrin, have PH domains that bind weakly, and to all phosphoinositides. In these cases, the individual phosphoinositide interactions may not be sufficient for membrane association, but appear to require self-assembly of their host protein and/or cooperation with other anchoring motifs within the same molecule to drive membrane attachment.
APPLIED GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Experience with five funded and three unfunded state and local-government research projects involving transportation, land use, and community planning problems reveal that state and local government agencies are usually understaffed and cannot divert resources from immediate needs. A major need is for data and analysis to satisfy short-term responsibilities. In-house staff and consultant companies can best fill this need. Information and analysis for the intermediate and long run can best be developed by the universities because of better-quality research at low costs. Such applied research opportunities at the local and state levels should be sought by geographers. Research of this kind is becoming more accepted vis-a-vis the goals and reward system of the university community.
Inhibition of inflammatory response in transgenic fat-1 mice on a calorie-restricted diet

Both n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and calorie-restriction (CR) exert anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of autoimmunity and inflammation. In the present study we investigated the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 FA and CR on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses using fat-1 transgenic mice that generate n-3 FA endogenously. Wild-type (WT) and fat-1 mice were maintained on ad libitum (AL) or CR (40% less than AL) diet for 5 mo; splenocytes were cultured in vitro with/without LPS. Our results show: (i) no difference in body weights between WT and fat-1 mice on AL or CR diets, (ii) lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio in splenocytes from fat-1 mice on both AL and CR diets, (iii) significant reduction in NF-kappaB (p65/p50) and AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) DNA-binding activities in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice following LPS treatment, and (iv) significant reduction in kappaB- and AP-1-responsive IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion following LPS treatment in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice. The inhibition of LPS-mediated effects was more pronounced in fat-1/CR mice when compared to fat-1/AL or WT/CR mice. These data show that transgenic expression of fat-1 results in decreased pro-inflammatory n-6 FA, and demonstrate for the first time that splenocytes from fat-1 mice on CR diet exhibit reduced pro-inflammatory response when challenged with LPS. These results suggest that n-3 lipids with moderate CR may confer protection in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Women foreclosed: a gender analysis of housing loss in the US Deep South

Women were a focus of subprime lending during the housing boom, increasing their risk of mortgage foreclosure during the Great Recession of 2007–2011. Following Valentine's (2007) call for a feminist geography on interactions between social categories and geographic patterns, this article investigates housing loss among women foreclosees in a southern US county with a history of residential segregation. We collected foreclosure data manually from legal notices and municipal property records, compared foreclosures with home mortgage rates for couples, sole men, and sole women homeowners between 2008 and 2012, and then combined the information with census tract data for GIS analysis. Women homeowners typically foreclosed within five years of buying modestly priced homes, which were mostly concentrated in African-American neighborhoods close to the county seat. Women were significantly more likely to foreclose than other homebuyers, a new twist on gender and race inequalities in US homeownership that increas...
Poor, Urban, Battered Women Who Are Stalked: How Can We Include Their Experiences?

This article critiques the intimate partner–stalking literature via the lens of an advocate who worked with poor, urban, battered women who were stalked. This article contends that the stalking literature could better assess the experiences of women affected by high rates of violent victimizations, chronic poverty, and population density. These issues often allow for these women to be easily monitored by their community, including the batterer’s friends and family, and government agencies. This article also suggests measurement strategies for researchers and practitioners who want to measure how poor, primarily minority and/or immigrant, urban women conceptualize their experience with stalking.
The effect of ordering on the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of Ni2Cr

Isothermal annealing at 500 °C for various lengths of time after rapid quenching from 900 °C results in different degrees of ordering in Ni2Cr. Tensile specimens of disordered and ordered Ni2Cr were subjected to hydrogen embrittling and nonembrittling environments before and during tensile testing. The hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility was determined by reduction-in-area losses (RA loss) after failure. The results of the tensile tests indicated that the disordered alloy and highly ordered alloy were the most susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The RA loss in each case was approximately 70 pct. The tests revealed a minimum susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement between 40 and 50 pct order. The fracture surfaces of the specimens, as examined by scanning electron microscopy, showed that the extent of embrittlement is correlated with the amount of intergranular failure. The mechanisms for failure in Ni2Cr appear to depend upon the extent of aging in the alloy.
Using Popular Media to Build Literacy.

This chapter focuses on the informal use of popular media by literacy workers to open up new possibilities for building literacy.
A Restriction Enzyme Map of the Sex-Linked Late-Feathering Locus of Chickens

A 34-kb restriction endonuclease map of the region associated with an endogenous virus integration site and K, the gene that confers sex-linked late-feathering (LF) in chickens, is presented. Hybridizations of genomic blots of DNA from early-feathering and LF White Leghorns indicated that the region also contains additional repetitive elements upstream from a chicken repetitive (CR1) element. This extended map and the probes described should be useful in identifying the molecular alterations associated with this locus.
Evaluation of pedestrian winds in urban area by numerical approach

Abstract A large eddy simulation CFD model based on the weakly compressible flow equations has been used to simulate the pedestrian wind fields around urban area. This paper presents some practical examples of the CFD model applications to environmental wind evaluation. Since numerical model can provide the detailed wind flow data at every grid points and every time step at different wind conditions, it has a great advantage over wind tunnel test to accurately evaluate the wind effects on pedestrian and other environmental issues. Furthermore, advanced computing technology has made the numerical modeling become fast and cheap. Currently, a typical case of the examples can be completed within 2–3 weeks. It is believed that the CFD method is now a feasible tool of wind engineering.
An Approach of Eigenvalue Perturbation Theory

This paper presents an approach of eigenvalue perturbation theory, which frequently arises in engineering and physical science. In particular, the problem of interest is an eigenvalue problem of the form (A + eB)φ(e) = λ(e)φ(e) where A and B are n × n matrices, e is a parameter, λ(e) is an eigenvalue, and φ(e) is the corresponding eigenvector. In working with perturbation theory, we assume that the eigenvalue λ(e) has a power series expansion. As such, a large effort presented in this paper involves the derivation of formulas for the power series coefficients, which are used to approximate λ(e). In the process, the analysis requires some basic background of complex function theory. The rest of this paper presents an application of this approach to a common problem in engineering, namely, the vibration of a square membrane under the effect of a small perturbation, which results in a shape of a trapezoid. The displacement of the membrane of this particular shape is described by the differential equation utt = c2Δu with a fixed boundary Γ and is subjected to the boundary condition u = 0 on Γ. While the solution of the unperturbed hyperbolic problem of this type is well known and easy to find, it becomes quite difficult when the domain is perturbed, giving rise to a slightly different shape other than the original standard shapes, such as squares, rectangles, or circles. This paper addresses one of these aspects in which the domain results in a shape of a trapezoid. The approach should apply to other shapes as well. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Forskolin potentiates the stimulation of rat striatal adenylate cyclase mediated by D-1 dopamine receptors, guanine nucleotides, and sodium fluoride.

: We report here that forskolin acts in a synergistic manner with dopaminergic agonists, guanine nucleotides, or sodium fluoride to potentiate the stimulation of rat striatal adenylate cyclase mediated by these reagents. In the presence of 100 μM GTP, 100 μM guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p], or 10 mM NaF, there is a greater than additive increase in forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity as well as a concomitant decrease (two-to fourfold) in the EC50 value for forskotin stimulation of striatal enzyme activity. In the presence of various concentrations of forskolin (10 nM–100 μM), the stimulation of adenylate cyclase elicited by GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and NaF is potentiated 194–1,825%, 122–1,141%, and 208–938%, respectively, compared with the stimulation by these agents above basal activity in the absence of forskolin. With respect to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) receptor-mediated stimulation of striatal enzyme activity, the stimulation of enzyme activity by dopaminergic agonists, in the absence or presence of forskolin, was GTP-dependent and could be antagonized by the selective D-1 antagonist SCH23390 (100 nM), indicating that these effects are mediated by D-1 dopamine receptors. In the presence of 100 μM GTP, forskolin at various concentrations markedly potentiates the stimulation elicited by submaximal as well as a maximally effective concentrations of dopamine (100 μM) and SKF38393 (1 μM). At higher concentrations of forskolin (10–100 μM) the stimulation elicited by the partial agonist SKF38393 is comparable to that of the full agonist dopamine. In contrast to the effects observed with GTP, in the presence of 100 μM Gpp(NH)p there was no significant stimulation by dopaminergic agonists in the absence or presence of forskolin. These data demonstrate that in rat striatal homogenates forskolin can stimulate adenylate cyclase by (1) its direct action at the catalytic subunit, (2) by potentiating the stimulation elicited by the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Ns), and (3) by markedly potentiating the stimulation elicited by partial and full dopaminergic agonists acting at D-1 dopamine receptors.
A perspective on equine infectious anemia with an emphasis on vector transmission and genetic analysis.

CHARLES J. ISSEL1s4, KEITH RUSHLOW’, LANE D. FOIL’ and RONALD C. MONTELAR03 Departments of 'Veterinary Science, ‘Entomology and 3Biochemistry, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (U.S.A.) 4Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (U.S.A.) 5Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH (U.S.A.)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Stimulates Focal Adhesion Kinase Activity Required for Mitogen-activated Kinase-associated Interleukin 6 Expression

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase that promotes cell migration, survival, and gene expression. Here we show that FAK signaling is important for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA and protein expression in breast (4T1), lung (A549), prostate (PC-3), and neural (NB-8) tumor cells by FAK short hairpin RNA knockdown and by comparisons of FAK-null (FAK–/–) and FAK+/+ mouse embryo fibroblasts. FAK promoted TNFα-stimulated MAPK activation needed for maximal IL-6 production. FAK was not required for TNFα-mediated nuclear factor-κB or c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. TNFα-stimulated FAK catalytic activation and IL-6 production were inhibited by FAK N-terminal but not FAK C-terminal domain overexpression. Analysis of FAK–/– fibroblasts stably reconstituted with wild type or various FAK point mutants showed that FAK catalytic activity, Tyr-397 phosphorylation, and the Pro-712/713 proline-rich region of FAK were required for TNFα-stimulated MAPK activation and IL-6 production. Constitutively activated MAPK kinase-1 (MEK1) expression in FAK–/– and A549 FAK short hairpin RNA-expressing cells rescued TNFα-stimulated IL-6 production. Inhibition of Src protein-tyrosine kinase activity or mutation of Src phosphorylation sites on FAK (Tyr-861 or Tyr-925) did not affect TNFα-stimulated IL-6 expression. Moreover, analyses of Src–/–, Yes–/–, and Fyn–/– fibroblasts showed that Src expression was inhibitory to TNFα-stimulated IL-6 production. These studies provide evidence for a novel Src-independent FAK to MAPK signaling pathway regulating IL-6 expression with potential importance to inflammation and tumor progression.
Segmental Liver Ischemia/Infarction after Elective Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation: Clinical Outcomes in 10 Patients

Abstract Purpose To determine the clinical significance and potential mechanisms of segmental liver ischemia and infarction following elective creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 374 elective TIPS creations between March 2006 and September 2014 was performed, yielding 77 contrast-enhanced scans for review. Patients with imaging evidence of segmental perfusion defects were identified. Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores, liver volume, and percentage of liver ischemia/infarct were calculated. Clinical outcomes after TIPS creation were reviewed. Results Ten patients showed segmental liver ischemia/infarction on contrast-enhanced imaging after elective TIPS creation. Associated imaging findings included thrombosis of the posterior division (n = 7) and anterior division (n = 3) of the right portal vein (PV). The right hepatic vein was thrombosed in 5 patients, as was the middle hepatic vein in 3 and the left hepatic vein in 1. One patient had acute thrombosis of the shunt and main PV. Three patients developed acute liver failure: 2 died within 30 days and 1 required emergent liver transplantation. One patient died of acute renal failure 20 days after TIPS creation. A large infarct in a transplant recipient resulted in biloma formation. Five patients survived without additional interventions with follow-up times ranging from 3 months to 5 years. Conclusions Segmental perfusion defects are not an uncommon imaging finding after elective TIPS creation. Segmental ischemia was associated with thrombosis of major branches of the PVs and often of the hepatic veins. Clinical outcomes varied significantly, from transient problems to acute liver failure with high mortality rates.
IBM SOA "on the edge"

This paper introduces the concept of an SOA edge server and a set of complementary design patterns designed to optimize performance, improve manageability and enable customers to cost effectively deploy SOA applications into complex, mission-critical, high-volume distributed environments.
A Generic Strategy for Co-Presentation of Heparin-Binding Growth Factors Based on CVD Polymerization

A multifunctional copolymer with both aldehyde and alkyne groups is synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for orthogonal co-immobilization of biomolecules. Surface analytical methods including FTIR and XPS are used to confirm the surface modification. Heparin-binding growth factors [basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in this study] can be immobilized through interaction with heparin, which was covalently attached to the CVD surface through an aldehyde-hydrazide reaction. In parallel, an alkyne-azide reaction is used to orthogonally co-immobilize an adhesion peptide as the second biomolecule.
Using Least Squares for Error Propagation

The method of least-squares (LS) has a built-in procedure for estimating the standard errors (SEs) of the adjustable parameters in the fit model: They are the square roots of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. This means that one can use least-squares to obtain numerical values of propagated errors by defining the target quantities as adjustable parameters in an appropriate LS fit model. Often this will be an exact, weighted, nonlinear fit, requiring special precautions to circumvent program idiosyncrasies and extract the desired a priori SEs. These procedures are reviewed for several commercial programs and illustrated specifically for the KaleidaGraph program. Examples include the estimation of ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG°, and K°(T) and their SEs from K° (equilibrium constant) values at two temperatures, with and without uncertainty in T, which is included using the effective variance method, a general-purpose LS procedure for including uncertainty in independent variables. In some cases, the target quantities can be obtained from the original data analysis, by redefining the fit model to include the quantity of interest as an adjustable parameter, automatically handling correlation problems. Examples include the uncertainty in the fit function itself, line areas from spectral line profile data, and the analysis of spectrophotometric data for complex formation.
The visual analysis of emotional actions

Is the visual analysis of human actions modulated by the emotional content of those actions? This question is motivated by a consideration of the neuroanatomical connections between visual and emotional areas. Specifically, the superior temporal sulcus (STS), known to play a critical role in the visual detection of action, is extensively interconnected with the amygdala, a center for emotion processing. To the extent that amygdala activity influences STS activity, one would expect to find systematic differences in the visual detection of emotional actions. A series of psychophysical studies tested this prediction. Experiment 1 identified point-light walker movies that convincingly depicted five different emotional states: happiness, sadness, neutral, anger, and fear. In Experiment 2, participants performed a walker detection task with these movies. Detection performance was systematically modulated by the emotional content of the gaits. Participants demonstrated the greatest visual sensitivity to angry walkers. The results of Experiment 3 suggest that local velocity cues to anger may account for high false alarm rates to the presence of angry gaits. These results support the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human action depends upon emotion processes.
Characterization of an impact-modified nylon 66

The structure and chemical compositions of an impact-modified nylon 66 are investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. The morphology is found to contain spherical domains of a partially-crosslinked EPDM rubbery phase which are embedded within an N66 matrix. These spherical domains are 0.2 to 0.8 μm in diameter and comprise approximately 20 vol % of the blend; the N66 matrix in the toughened polymer contains spherulites which are 1 μm in diameter whereas the neat N66 solid contains 10 μm diameter spherulites. The crystalline fraction in N66 is found to be relatively independent of rubber content. The dynamic modulus is found to be more strongly affected by the addition of the rubbery phase than by changes in the morphology of the nylon.
Mutagenic effects on the fluorescence of tryptophan residues in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme: correlation with dynamics

Site-directed mutagenesis of specific residues in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme is shown to result in changes in the emission spectra of the tryptophan residues of this protein. In some cases a significant red-shift is observed. This is interpreted in terms of enhanced dielectric relaxation due to fluctuations that expose a buried residue to the aqueous solvent. For substitutions at position 146, the spectral shift is strongly correlated with the rate of a specific proteolytic digestion of the T4 lysozyme by trypsin as determined by Signor, Dalzoppo, and Schellman. In cases where a spectral shift is observed there is also an enhancement of internal mobility of a tryptophan residue as indicated by the amplitude of a short correlation time component of the anisotropy decay. All of these spectral and enzymatic susceptibility effects are reversed by introduction of a disulfide linkage spanning the two lobes of the protein. The interpretation of these results in terms of molecular dynamics is discussed. The effect of mutational changes on the average fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield of tryptophan fluorescence is also discussed in terms of collisional quenching of tryptophan residues by neighboring groups.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response generalization in behavioral safety: fact or fiction?

Abstract This paper details concerns with the potential misuse of the term “response generalization” in the behavioral safety literature. Stokes and Baer's (1977) technologies of generalization and the basic literature on response induction are used to make the claim. Ludwig and Geller's (2000) Journal of Organizational Behavior Management special issue describing their work with pizza delivery drivers is used as an example. The potential problems of non-technical use of language in a technological behavioral science are briefly discussed. Finally, Baer, Wolf, and Risley's (1968, 1987) criteria of applied behavior analysis are re-visited in this context in hopes of calling researchers of organizational behavior management to more closely align their work with the tradition of applied behavior analysis.
Marker-assisted best linear unbiased prediction of single-cross performance.

Predicting the performance of untested single crosses is important in hybrid breeding programs. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of best linear unbiased prediction based on trait data alone (T-BLUP) and trait and marker data combined (TM-BLUP). The simulation procedure involved creating founder and recombinant inbreds in each of two heterotic groups, determining genetic and phenotypic values of 3025 single crosses, randomly partitioning the single crosses into 500 tested and 2525 untested hybrids, and calculating the correlation between the true and predicted performance of untested single crosses. The T-BLUP correlations ranged from 0.74 to 0.84, with n = 10, 50, or 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and trait heritability of 0.4 or 0.6. The advantage of TM-BLUP over T-BLUP decreased as n increased. With n = 50 or 100, the TM-BLUP correlations exceeded the T-BLUP correlations by 0.00 to 0.03, even when all QTL were tightly linked to flanking markers. The usefulness of TM-BLUP is doubtful, not only for predicting single-cross performance, but also for predicting breeding values of individuals within populations. The TM-BLUP procedure is useful when few QTL control a trait, or when genetic gain is sought only at a limited subset of QTL.
Induction of regional collateral sprouting following muscle denervation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Anecdotal clinical findings suggest that denervated muscle may regain modest functional recovery via spontaneous collateral sprouts from intact adjacent nerve fibers. The current study evaluates the conditions needed for the denervated masseter muscle to induce axonal sprouting from the facial nerve. We hypothesize that epineurial injury is required to induce collateral sprouting toward a neighboring denervated muscle. Study Design: Twelve thy1-yellow fluorescent protein-16 (thy1-YFP-16) transgenic mice whose axons express yellow fluorescent protein were allocated into six groups, with four degrees of facial nerve injury (intact, crush, transection, removed segment) with or without masseter denervation. Methods: Animals underwent serial in vivo imaging analyses under the fluorescent microscope weekly for 5 or 7 weeks and were subsequently perfused for analysis. Masseter muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were stained with Alexa Fluor 594 conjugated α-bungarotoxin, and whole mounts were imaged with confocal microscopy. Results: In groups with intact or crushed facial nerves, no evidence of collateral sprouting was demonstrated. Mice with transected facial nerve branches or removed segments demonstrated sprouting from the proximal stump into the denervated masseter. Staining of the AChRs confirmed that new neuromuscular junctions were established between the facial nerve and the denervated masseter. Conclusions: This study suggests that epineurial injury is required to stimulate axonal sprouting into adjacent denervated muscle. Nerves with compromised epineurium may be useful in promoting neo-neurotization after muscle denervation.
Optical Non-Invasive Evaluation of Ferroelectric Films/Memory Capacitors

NON-INVASIVE photoresponse (photocurrent/voltage, reflectance and transmittance) from ferroelectric thin films and memory capacitors, with its strong dependence not only on the remanent polarization, but also on the film microstructure, crystal orientation, and nature of the interfaces (state of formation/degradation, etc.) offers an excellent “tool” for probing the ferroelectric capacitors at virtually any stage of fabrication, including on-line quality control. In fact, simultaneous measurement of spectral photoresponse and spectral reflectance, as a distinctive signature of the device probed, is an ideal, high speed, non-invasive means of evaluation for such thin films at high spatial resolution (~ 100 nm) using beam scanning. This paper discusses three aspects of such evaluation. First, the spectral transmittance of the film as a direct function of the microstructure, second, the use of band-gap illumination (365 nm) to condition a fatigued capacitor; and third, the optical E field interaction with the ferroelectric capacitor, yielding a high speed photoresponse which is related to the remanent polarization and the operational history (status of internal fields) of the ferroelectric capacitor. Combined, these different kinds of photoresponses provide a good signature of the device quality.
Massively parallel single-amino-acid mutagenesis

Random mutagenesis methods only partially cover the mutational space and are constrained by DNA synthesis length limitations. Here we demonstrate programmed allelic series (PALS), a single-volume, site-directed mutagenesis approach using microarray-programmed oligonucleotides. We created libraries including nearly every missense mutation as singleton events for the yeast transcription factor Gal4 (99.9% coverage) and human tumor suppressor p53 (93.5%). PALS-based comprehensive missense mutational scans may aid structure-function studies, protein engineering, and the interpretation of variants identified by clinical sequencing.
Molecular biology of prion diseases

Prions cause transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases, including scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker diseases of humans. Infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein, which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. A posttranslational process, as yet unidentified, converts the cellular prion protein into an abnormal isoform. Scrapie incubation times, neuropathology, and prion synthesis in transgenic mice are controlled by the prion protein gene. Point mutations in the prion protein genes of animals and humans are genetically linked to development of neuro-degeneration. Transgenic mice expressing mutant prion proteins spontaneously develop neurologic dysfunction and spongiform neuropathology. Understanding prion diseases may advance investigations of other neurodegenerative disorders and of the processes by which neurons differentiate, function for decades, and then grow senescent.