cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal Gasoline Consumption, Population Patterns, and Metropolitan Structure: The United States, 1960–1970

Using a 864 county study area 1 containing all Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) as of 1975 and an 8% random sample of nonmetro counties this study explores the relationships among population characteristics and change metropolitan structure and gasoline purchases for personal vehicles in the period 1960-70. Gasoline purchases used as a proxy measure of energy consumption for personal travel were estimated using information from the Censuses of Retail Trade and state gasoline tax data. 3 findings are particularly important. 1) Population redistribution among regions and 3 major categories of places--central city and ring counties within SMSAs and nonmetro counties--during the 1960s produced little or no appreciable change in gasoline used for personal vehicles at the national level. 2) During this period of sharply rising consumption a decided convergence occurred in mean per capita values among regions and residential categories with an especially notable increase in central city counties. 3) Surprisingly within SMSAs a negative association existed between suburbanization and SMSA levels of per capita consumption. This suggests that the more extended a metropolitan area and inferentially the more highly developed and integrated its periphery the greater the fuel efficiency in personal transportation. It also suggests the need to reconsider our standard models of metropolitan structure. Because of major changes in socioeconomic conditions the authors cannot safely extrapolate their findings into the 1970s and 1980s. (authors modified)
Contemporary Trends In Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery

Hemal has assembled a comprehensive textbook that covers a broad range of topics. Subjects are divided into sections related to basic laparoscopy and established techniques, including ablative and reconstructive applications. Several chapters are devoted to hand assisted urological techniques, and there is also a section covering emerging applications, including robotic surgery. Impressively this book, which was published in 2002, contains references from that same year. The breadth of covered subjects in this book is extensive and includes uncommon applications, such as laparoscopic treatment of chyluria and genitourinary fistula. There are occasional nice color plates in the text but some figures are of poor quality. The procedural chapters would be markedly augmented by drawn illustrations. As variability is inevitable with complications, biases and platitudes are sprinkled throughout. Some of the chapters are quite well written, including the outstanding introductory chapter, which gives a historical perspective of urological laparoscopic surgery. However, some chapters contain dated information (for example regarding incontinence) and personal limited viewpoints. In summary, this is a useful reference text that covers the gamut of urological laparoscopic surgery. The book may be of interest to beginners as well as individuals well grounded in laparoscopic techniques. Louis R. Kavoussi, M.D. James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland
Comparative motility of hydroxyapatite and alloplastic enucleation implants.

Abstract Objective To compare the motility of scleral-covered hydroxyapatite and alloplastic enucleation implants. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized comparative trial. Participants Measurements were obtained after surgery in 76 anophthalmic patients who had received either hydroxyapatite or alloplastic enucleation implants. Methods/main outcome measures Horizontal and vertical excursions of the enucleation implants. Results There is no clinically important difference between the movement of hydroxyapatite and alloplastic enucleation implants. Implant movement appears to decline with advancing age. Conclusion Scleral-covered alloplastic and hydroxyapatite enucleation implants show similar movement. Although directly coupling hydroxyapatite implants to the prosthesis via the motility peg provides enhanced prosthetic movement, there appears to be no motility benefit of nonpegged hydroxyapatite over spherical alloplastic implants.
Evaluating Product Plans Using Real Options

Product planning helps a company to strategically plan its current and future product platforms and offer product variants in the marketplace. Product platforming is widely touted as a successful strategy for mass customization. However, due diligence should be exercised before implementing any product platform strategy. The product planning exercise should account for future uncertainties. Traditional financial tools such as the net present value (NPV) are static since they do not compensate for any exogenous and endogenous uncertainties during the course of the project. The crux of the problem lies in the evaluation model that is used for evaluating the product planning projects. While many view uncertainties in a product planning project as problematic, it can also be viewed as a source of new opportunities. We argue that uncertainties should be an integral part of the evaluation model. If the future possibilities (or strategic options) are not considered in the evaluation model, a corporation may face...
Radioactive labeling of DNA in cells in culture

Abstract We have compared and evaluated various methods for recovery and deproteinization of DNA from cells in culture and for obtaining labeled DNA at high specific activities with [ 3 H]thymidine. The kinetics of labeling cells in culture with [ 3 H]thymidine were examined using the Chang human liver cell line. The extent of labeling was limited by the presence of the radioactive nuclides in the intracellular pool, and the limitation was associated with cessation of cell multiplication after approximately one doubling. Incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine was found to be most cost-efficient at low cell densities and at a precursor concentration of 3 μCi/ml in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine; however, higher precursor concentrations led to greater DNA specific activity. The extent of label incorporation varied with different vertebrate cell lines tested.
Present and future prospects of accelerator mass spectrometry

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has become a powerful technique for measuring extremely low abundances (10 −10 to 10 −15 relative to stable isotopes) of long-lived radioisotopes with half-lives in the range from 10 2 to 10 8 years. With a few exceptions, tandem accelerators turned out to be the most useful instruments for AMS measurements. Both natural (mostly cosmogenic) and manmade (anthropogenic) radioisotopes are studied with this technique. In some cases very low concentrations of stable isotopes are also measured. Applications of AMS cover a large variety of fields including anthropology, archaeology, oceanography, hydrology, climatology, volcanology, mineral exploration, cosmochemistry, meteoritics, glaciology, sedimentary processes, geochronology, environmental physics, astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics. Present and future prospects of AMS will be discussed as an interplay between the continuous development of new techniques and the investigation of problems in the above mentioned fields. Depending on the specific problem to be investigated, different aspects of an AMS system are of importance. Typical factors to be considered are energy range and type of accelerator, and the possibilities of dedicated versus partial use of new or existing accelerators.
Epithelial and hematopoietic cell chimerism in intestinal allografts

Abstract Background In intestinal transplantation recipient lymphocytes infiltrate the allograft soon after reperfusion. Recently, it has been demonstrated that long-surviving small bowel transplants bear enterocytes of recipient origin. We investigated whether epithelial cells (enterocytes) persisted in long-term allografts based on studies of biopsies. Methods The biopsies of four male intestinal transplant recipients of female grafts with a previous graft biopsy positive for recipient enterocytes were examined at least 6 months after previous positive assessment. Using the FISH technique, we searched for Y-chromosome-positive enterocytes in the female allograft. Results Recipient male enterocytes were identified in all biopsies at low percentages ranging from 0.18 to 0.26. The lymphocytes within the graft were of both recipient (male) and donor (female) origin. Conclusion The four types of cells—enterocytes and lymphocytes of recipient and donor origin—coexist in long-term graft biopsies.
Intermolecular dynamics and function in actin filaments.

Abstract Structural models of F-actin suggest that three segments in actin, the DNase I binding loop (residues 38–52), the hydrophobic plug (residues 262–274) and the C-terminus, contribute to the formation of an intermolecular interface between three monomers in F-actin. To test these predictions and also to assess the dynamic properties of intermolecular contacts in F-actin, Cys-374 pyrene-labeled skeletal α-actin and pyrene-labeled yeast actin mutants, with Gln-41 or Ser-265 replaced with cysteine, were used in fluorescence experiments. Large differences in Cys-374 pyrene fluorescence among copolymers of subtilisin-cleaved (between Met-47 and Gly-48) and uncleaved α-actin showed both intra- and intermolecular interactions between the C-terminus and loop 38–52 in F-actin. Excimer band formation due to intermolecular stacking of pyrene probes attached to Cys-41 and Cys-265, and Cys-41 and Cys-374, in mutant yeast F-actin confirmed the proximity of these residues on the paired sites (to within 18 A) in accordance with the models of F-actin structure. The dynamic properties of the intermolecular interface in F-actin formed by loop 38–52, plug 262–274 and the C-terminus may account for the observed cross-linking of these sites with reagents
A theoretical study of the coupling effects in piezoelectric ceramics

Abstract The objective of this study is to delineate electro-mechanical coupling in piezoceramic materials. The model system investigated is a two-dimensional linear piezoceramic strip polarized in the thickness direction, and it is subjected to local symmetric pressures on the upper and lower edges, traction-free boundary conditions on both end surfaces, and voltages on portions of the upper and lower edges. Under a simplifying assumption of the gradient of the electric potential, closed form solutions of the elastic field have been obtained. It is noticed that instead of the nine constants (including the elastic compliance constants, si j, the piezoelectric constants, di j, and the dielectric permittivity constants, ei j) , the elastic and piezoelectric characteristics of the material can be represented by three parameters, β1, β2 and β3. β1 consists of elastic compliance constants only. β2 and β3 signify the piezoelectric effect. Furthermore, higher values of β2 imply a more pronounced piezoelectric effect on the elastic field. The identification of these parameters greatly facilitates the study of coupling effects in piezoelectric ceramics.
Determination of diffusion length and surface recombination velocity by light excitation

Abstract The current induced by a monochromatic light source in a Schottky barrier or p−n junction perpendicular to the sample surface is analyzed. Expressions for the induced current are derived for a scanning light spot and for uniform illumination with part of the sample shadowed. A uniform illumination induces a current that is more nearly an exponential function of the distance between the junction and the illuminated area than a moving spot. When the effect of surface recombination is strong, an alternative method of deducing the diffusion length from the measured current is suggested. The surface recombination velocity may be determined from the dependence of the collected current on the optical penetration depth in a simple manner.
Retrograde reactions involving galena and Ag-sulphosalts in a zoned ore deposit, Julcani, Peru

The sulphide ores from the Julcani mining district (Peru) display many retrograde reactions that may be attributed to solid-state processes accompanying cooling. Fahlores [~(Cu,Ag) 10 (Zn,Fe) 2 (Sb,As) 4 S 13 ] from the Herminia mine exhibit pronounced downstream enrichments in molar Ag/(Ag+Cu) ratios that are strongly correlated with the abundance of PbS-AgSbS 2 -AgBiS 2 phases. These correlations, discontinuous core to rim Sb/(Sb+As) enrichments in bournonites, and prominent reaction textures involving fahlores, bournonites and galenas provide strong evidence that the fahlores in these ores have been enriched in Ag by the Ag–Cu exchange reaction \[\frac{1}{10}{Cu_{10}(Zn,Fe)_{2}Sb_{4}S_{13}_{Cu-fahlore}^{}}\ +\ {AgSbS_{2}_{in\ galena}^{}}\ +\ {Pb_{S}_{galena}^{}}\ =\ {CuPbSbS_{3}_{bournonite}^{}}\ +\ \frac{1}{10}{Ag_{10}(Zn,Fe)_{2}Sb_{4}S_{13}_{Ag-fahlore}^{}}\] which occurred during cooling following mineralization of a PbS-AgSbS 2 -AgBiS 2 galena and has been documented elsewhere. Secondary PbS-AgSbS 2 -AgBiS 2 minerals aramayoite, bismuthian diaphorite [Pb 2 Ag 3 (Bi,Sb) 3 S 8 ], and diaphorite were produced from primary galenas with cooling of ores with high Pb/Cu and Bi/Sb; pyrargyrite formed from the breakdown of the Ag 10 Zn 2 Sb 4 S 13 component in the most Ag-rich fahlores, as an exsolution product of galena, and from replacement of aramayoite and galena with the evolution of semimetal sulphides. Based on mineral compositions, phase equilibria, a thermochemical database for sulphides and sulphosalts, and the reintegrated composition for primary grains of Ag-rich PbS-AgSbS 2 -AgBiS 2 phases, we estimate that the primary temperature of hydrothermal mineralization was >320±10°C, that these reactions ceased to affect fahlore Ag/(Ag+Cu) ratios and Bi/(Bi+Sb) ratios of aramayoite and miargyrite after cooling through 220±10°C. Galenas, however, appear to have continued to adjust their compositions to reflect even lower temperatures by continued exsolution of semimetals and production a diverse suite of sulphosalts that occur in fine intergrowths with galena.
Operational impacts of space weather

[1] Space weather events on the Sun, such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares, can lead to a worldwide disturbance of the geomagnetic field and associated ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances. These events can, and do, impact the performance and reliability of space-based and ground-based operational systems. This paper presents specific examples of the operational impact of space weather events on space surveillance systems. The paper concentrates on the 14 July 2000 event during which the solar-terrestrial environment experienced its largest disturbance in the past 11 years. We report on effects that were detected during the July storm with the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor, a visible-band electro-optical system that operates as a contributing sensor for the U. S. Space Surveillance Network. We also discuss the impact of this space weather event on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and on satellite tracking observations by ground-based radars.
The persistence of inferences in memory for younger and older adults: remembering facts and believing inferences.

Research shows that younger adults have difficulty forgetting inferences that they make after reading a passage, even if the information that the inferences are based on is later shown to be untrue. The present study examined the effects of these inferences on memory in the lab and tested whether older adults, like younger adults, are influenced by the lingering effects of false inferences. In addition, this study examined the nature of these inferences, by examining younger and older adults’ subjective experiences and confidence associated with factual recall and incorrect inference recall. The results showed that younger and older adults were equally susceptible to the continued influence of inferences. Both younger and older adults tended to remember facts from the stories but to believe their inferences, although confidence judgments did not differ for facts and inferences.
Stress, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, and Coping: Comparisons Among Plateaued and Non-Plateaued Employees

Results of this study extend research on the outcomes of hierarchical and job content plateaus by considering stress and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Plateaus were positively related to stress and negatively related to OCBs. We also examined differences in coping strategies by incorporating responses from non-plateaued as well as three groups of plateaued employees. Non-plateaued employees reported higher usage of non-work coping strategies compared to double plateaued employees and those reporting no hierarchical plateau had higher usage of non-work coping strategies than hierarchically plateaued employees, offering some initial insights on how non-plateaued employees might be successfully avoiding plateaus in their careers. Lastly, job involvement and non-work coping strategies were negatively related to stress. Implications of these results for research and practice are also discussed.
Discovery of new enzymes and metabolic pathways by using structure and genome context

Assigning valid functions to proteins identified in genome projects is challenging: overprediction and database annotation errors are the principal concerns. We and others are developing computation-guided strategies for functional discovery with 'metabolite docking' to experimentally derived or homology-based three-dimensional structures. Bacterial metabolic pathways often are encoded by 'genome neighbourhoods' (gene clusters and/or operons), which can provide important clues for functional assignment. We recently demonstrated the synergy of docking and pathway context by 'predicting' the intermediates in the glycolytic pathway in Escherichia coli. Metabolite docking to multiple binding proteins and enzymes in the same pathway increases the reliability of in silico predictions of substrate specificities because the pathway intermediates are structurally similar. Here we report that structure-guided approaches for predicting the substrate specificities of several enzymes encoded by a bacterial gene cluster allowed the correct prediction of the in vitro activity of a structurally characterized enzyme of unknown function (PDB 2PMQ), 2-epimerization of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine (tHyp-B) and cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline betaine (cHyp-B), and also the correct identification of the catabolic pathway in which Hyp-B 2-epimerase participates. The substrate-liganded pose predicted by virtual library screening (docking) was confirmed experimentally. The enzymatic activities in the predicted pathway were confirmed by in vitro assays and genetic analyses; the intermediates were identified by metabolomics; and repression of the genes encoding the pathway by high salt concentrations was established by transcriptomics, confirming the osmolyte role of tHyp-B. This study establishes the utility of structure-guided functional predictions to enable the discovery of new metabolic pathways.
Spectral and spatial uniformity in pushbroom imaging spectrometers

Two simple and compact pushbroom spectrometer forms are described that can satisfy stringent spectral and spatial uniformity requirements in terms of minimizing distortion as well as the variation of the pixel spectral and spatial response functions.
Evaluation of Radiographic Techniques, Including Pantomography

A suggested list of criteria useful in the evaluation of dental radiographic techniques is presented along with a brief discussion of the need for such criteria. The basic radiographic techniques are classified and evaluated, and some of the pros and cons of individual techniques are discussed. The role of rectangular collimation in intraoral radiography is outlined. Radiographs taken with the use of nine machines and one device are evaluated. Proper identification of criteria is important because dental prepayment plans are searching for performance evaluation systems for dental radiography
Computer-Based Education in Prison Schools:

The PLATO Corrections Project (PCP) is implementing PLATO computer-based education in Illinois prisons. Since October 1975, the PCP staff has assembled a pre-GED and GED curriculum of over 400 already available PLATO lessons; has developed the PCP instructional management, communications, and evaluation system; has designed an instructor training package; and more recently has developed forty hours of mastery-based instruction in adult reading comprehension and vocabulary development. Some 2,000 students and 120 staff in three Illinois prisons have used the system for over 32,000 hours. The PCP network also has expanded to the Minnesota Department of Corrections. Data collected on student/instructor usage, attitudes, and achievement demonstrate that the PCP System is feasible, attractive, and effective in corrections education. Moreover, educational strategies employed in PCP's current curriculum development program will form the basis for a comprehensive basic skills curriculum for educationally disadvan...
Growth on starch and extracellular production of thermostable amylase by Escherichia coli

Abstract A gene coding for a thermophilic α-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been cloned into Escherichia coli. The newly expressed enzyme demonstrated biochemical characteristics matching that of the parent Bacillus, including a molecular weight of 57 000 daltons and significant thermostability at 90°C in the presence of calcium ion. In L broth, a small amount of amylase was produced extracellularly. In minimal medium containing glycerol or starch, growth of the organism was suppressed by the presence of the cloned insert. Frequent spontaneous mutants were isolated allowing growth on both glycerol and starch with enhanced extracellular production of amylase .
Wireless wafer probing for on-chip analog voltage measurement

This paper demonstrates a method for wirelessly measuring analog voltage on DUTs. This technique can be used for test structure characterization. The proposed voltage-to-time converter enables analog voltage values to be wirelessly delivered through capacitive coupling. A dualslope architecture is adopted to mitigate the effects of onchip R and C variation, and an UWB pulse generator is used to relay accurate timing to the ATE with low-power consumption. A prototype, fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS achieves 8-bit resolution with 1 mV measurement steps. The total area of the on-chip wireless voltage measurement circuit is 0.013 mm2 excluding wireless pads.
Integrating Access Control into UML for Secure Software Modeling and Analysis

Access control models are often an orthogonal activity when designing, implementing, and deploying software applications. Role-based access control RBAC which targets privileges based on responsibilities within an application and mandatory access control MAC that emphasizes the protection of information via security tags are two dominant approaches in this regard. The integration of access control into software modeling and analysis is often loose and significantly lacking, particularly when security is such a high-priority concern in applications. This article presents an approach to integrate RBAC and MAC into use-case, class, and sequence diagrams of the unified modeling language UML, providing a cohesive approach to secure software modeling that elevates security to a first-class citizen in the process. To insure that a UML design with security does not violate RBAC or MAC requirements, design-time analysis checks security constraints whenever a new UML element is added or an existing UML element is modified, while post-design analysis checks security constraints across the entire design for conflicts and inconsistencies. These access control extensions and security analyses have been prototyped within a UML tool.
Anisotropy-induced broadband stress wave steering in periodic lattices

Abstract This paper investigates two-dimensional periodic lattices as a means to induce strongly directional stress wave propagation in solids in the low-frequency broadband regime. The real 2D structure of the lattice is considered as opposed to traditional truss-like approaches, allowing the characterization of the system seamlessly between the extremes of grid-like systems, porous systems, and a continuum material. Wave directionality in structural lattices is associated to their effective anisotropic mechanical properties. When the wavelength of deformation is larger than the representative unit cell, the system behaves as an equivalent medium with orthotropic properties that are correlated to the lattice skewness and void volume fraction. Polar plots of wave velocities, computed through the application of Bloch’s theorem, provide insights into the effective anisotropy and wave directionality (or “steering”) of the structure. Such directional response is also correlated to the stiffness properties of an equivalent medium by means of proper homogenization techniques. The effects of the resulting anisotropy on wave propagation are also illustrated through wave propagation simulations for problems involving both harmonic excitations and impulsive loads.
Forest Fire Advanced System Technology (Ffast) Conceptual Design Study

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service completed a conceptual design study that defined an integrated forest fire detection and mapping system that will be based upon technology available in the 1990s. Potential system configuration options in emerging and advanced technologies related to the conceptual design were identified and recommended for inclusion as preferred system components. System component technologies identified for an end-to-end system include airborne mounted, thermal infrared (IR) linear array detectors, automatic onboard georeferencing and signal processing, geosynchronous satellite communications links, and advanced data integration and display. Potential system configuration options were developed and examined for possible inclusion in the preferred system configuration. The preferred system configuration will provide increased performance and be cost effective over the system currently in use. Forest fire management user requirements and the system component emerging technologies were the basis for the system configuration design. The conceptual design study defined the preferred system configuration that warrants continued refinement and development, examined economic aspects of the current and preferred system, and provided preliminary cost estimates for follow-on system prototype development.
Raman and infrared spectra of vitreous As 2 O 3

We report the polarized reduced Raman spectra, the infrared reflectivity, and dielectric constants of bulk ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ glass for vibrational frequencies up to 1500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Longitudinal and transverse optical modes are identified in the high-frequency region, as are some features of the second-order response. The atomic motions associated with several lines are inferred from an analogy with the spectra of the tetrahedral glass Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Our assignments bring into question the force constants previously deduced by Papatheodorou and Solin. The spectra of bulk ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ glass and ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ glass are also given a parallel interpretation.
International services: perspectives at century’s end

As the twentieth century draws to a close, trade in services has begun to dominate the economies of many nations. International trade in services has also grown significantly, yet little research has been undertaken to understand international services. Theory lags practice by a considerable degree. This paper examines the international trade and services marketing literature, develops a definition and classification scheme of four types of international services, discusses recent trends in international services data and presents some perspectives on the future of international services.
Differential response of cultured adult cardiac muscle cells to a tumor promotor: Analysis of myofibrillar organization

Abstract Cultured adult rat ventricular cardiac muscle cells were exposed to varying concentrations of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate (TPA) for two weeks. A considerable number of cardiac myocytes exposed to a medium with less than 200 ng/ml TPA were rich in myofibrils. The rest of the myocytes lacked organized myofibrils; the terminal parts of these myofibrils were transformed into cord-like structures largely consisting of dense Z-band materials. Some of these aberrant myofibrils contained short normal myofibrillar segments, with sarcomeres. A number of myocytes exposed to 200–250 ng/ml TPA contained myofibrils. which terminated in cord-like structures. The Z-band materials appeared as amorphous dense matrices and some sarcomeres were replaced completely or partially by leptomeres; the myocytes contained autophagosomes. The other myocytes did not contain myofibrils when exposed to the above higher concentrations of TPA. The patches of Z-band materials and structures containing Z-band materials attached to thin filaments on either side were scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of the cells, which were packed with myofilaments and 10 nm microfilaments. Some of these myocytes assumed a spindle shape and contained myofilaments. 10 nm microfilaments and leptomeres. Some of the myocytes, treated with TPA for 1–7 days and then allowed to recover in control medium for 7 days, contained various stages of myofibrillar organization, which did not differ significantly from those of the myofibril-containing cells exposed continuously to TPA as discussed above. The rest of the myocytes during the recovery period in control medium did not contain myofibrils. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in TPA-treated myocytes were found to be highly developed as compared to the controls. It is evident from these studies that the responsiveness of cardiac myocytes to TPA not only differs from that of skeletal muscle cells studied by others, but also varies within a population of cardiac myocytes.
Studies on the artificial feeding of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer)—II. Relative survival, development, and larviposition on different diets

Abstract A study was made of the survival and larviposition of adult apterous Myzus persicae given access to various fluids via a membrane of stretched Parafilm “M” (R) . Aphids fed only on water survived somewhat longer and gave birth to more larvae than starved individuals. The ingestion of sucrose solutions of various concentrations extended survival further and resulted in the birth of a greater number of larvae. Survival and larviposition was greatest on a complex synthetic diet described in detail. Neutral red in the feeding fluids had an adverse effect on survival and larviposition. The diet enabled 50 per cent of instar I larvae to develop into apteriform and alatiform instar IV larvae and 10 per cent to become apterous adults, whereby they increased their original weight fourfold.
Isolation and characterization of a 25K serine proteinase from bovine lens cortex

Abstract A lens serine proteinase with trypsin-like specificity has been purified to homogeneity. This is one of two serine proteinases associated with the α-crystallin fraction from bovine lens. The purification was accomplished by a combination of isoelectric precipitation, activation to release the proteinase, gel-filtration and affinity chromatography. The purified proteinase showed a single protein band of 25000 daltons on SDS-PAGE. A single protein band was also seen on non-denaturing gels which correlated with the location of the proteinase activity. The proteinase had a pH optimum between 7·2 and 8·2, was stable between pH 5·8 and 8·6 but was unstable above 40°C upon heating. The enzyme lacked any requirement for metal ions and hydrolyzed arginine, lysine and asparagine substrates. α-Crystallin, and especially the B-chain of α-crystalline, was rapidly hydrolyzed by the proteinase compared to other lens crystallins. Metallo- and cysteine-proteinase inhibitors had no effect upon the enzyme activity whereas three different serine-proteinase inhibitors completely abolished all activity. A number of protein and peptide trypsin inhibitors also completely inhibited the lens 25K serine proteinase.
COMMENTS ON EDWARD ULLMAN'S “AMENITIES AS A FACTOR IN REGIONAL GROWTH”

The novelty of the notion that amenities could be an important mobility magnet takes us back to the beginning of what would be a historically lengthy, sustained post–World War II period of prosperity. New industries and urban landscapes were blossoming in the previously peripheral states of California, Florida, and Arizona, whose populations in the decade of the 1940s increased by a net of 53 percent, 50 percent, and 46 percent, respectively (Ullman 1954, 121). Their climatological charms were starting to attract a wave that would reshape the American urban, economic, and political landscape. Seven years after the publication of Edward Ullman‘s classic article, my family became part of the midwestern migration that followed the defense industry to sunny Southern California. The notion that ‘climate and legend’ could motivate an industry as mighty as the U.S. military to choose to relocate and prosper there seemed farfetched (Ullman 1954, 120). But, as Ullman began his article, the times were unleashing a revolutionary prosperity.
Effect of neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure on volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in female rats of known anogenital distance at birth.

The effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure on the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (SDN-POA) and on GnRH-stimulated LH secretion were investigated in castrated female rats of known anogenital distance (AGD) at birth. The AGD was measured in females on the day of birth, and 0.1 μg DES or corn oil was injected from Days 1 through 10 of life. The volume of the SDN-POA was significantly larger in animals that had received DES than in those that had received corn oil. The largest SDN-POA volumes were seen in DES-treated animals that had long (>1.4 mm) AGDs, and the smallest volumes in corn oil-treated females that had short (≤1.4 mm) AGDs
The real costs of aspect-oriented programming

As a software developer, one of my principal objectives is to deliver the highest quality software possible. Unfortunately, as a human being, my abilities are also my limitations, and I always make mistakes of one kind or another. To remedy this, I use tools to help ameliorate as many of my limitations as possible. One of rny concerns is to understand how using a particular tool affects my ability to meet objectives. How does it help with the various software development tasks? What does it Cost me to use a particular tool? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? If so, what degree is the benefit? If not, then the tool is of little use. There must be a significant benefit gain to justify using a tool. The essence of aspect-oriented programming is that crosscutting concerns are factored into distinct abstractions (that is, aspects) that are solely responsible for a particular crosscutting concern. This raises the system's modularity and increases cohesion of the abstractions that are primary concerns. Researchers and software developers must understand and address the various significant weaknesses before AOP's benefits can be realized.
Measurement of surface area of polymer shavings

A modified BET apparatus has been developed to measure the surface area of polymer samples in the range 0.2–3.0 m2. The sample holder is designed to permit easy entry for bulky samples, such as polymer shavings, which cannot be loaded through a capillary or exposed to the high temperature required to seal glass. Other apparatus modifications, which allow the accurate measurement of surface area, include the addition of a dibutyl phthalate differential manometer in conjunction with a pressure reservoir. Corrections for the dead volume, nonideality of nitrogen, and the thermal gradient in the sample holder are developed. Calibrations of the equipment with inorganic samples of known areas from 1.81 to 11.8 m2 gave highly accurate values of 1.74 to 11.6 m2. Results on high-density polyethylene shavings showed precision in determinations and very close agreement in the value of 49.7 for C in the BET equation with the published value, 47.7.
BEARING WITNESS IN SILAS MARNER : GEORGE ELIOT'S EXPERIMENT IN SYMPATHY

There is a curious narrative moment near the middle of George Eliot's novel Silas Marner. Marner, on discovering the theft of his gold, runs to the Rainbow Inn, the village's popular gathering place, intending to broadcast the theft and demand justice. This is a climatic moment in the plot; as readers we turn the page with mounting anticipation: how will the villagers react to the strange weaver's first intrusion into this most sacred of spaces in Raveloe? The reader must immediately be disappointed, then, on turning the page and coming to chapter six. We do go inside the Rainbow Inn but leave Marner on the other side of the yet-unopened door; instead of an exciting confrontation between Marner and the villagers, we are made to listen to a meandering exchange of retold stories by a cast of unimportant characters. This narrative interruption within the novel echoes the much larger interruptions that surround the production and reception of this text. Silas Marner most literally interrupted Eliot's work on Romola. She says in her journal that the idea “thrust itself between me and the other book I was meditating” (Journals 87). The novel also disrupts most critical consensus about Eliot as a realist writer. No one seems quite sure what to do with this half fable, half realist work alongside such masterpieces as Middlemarch. In addition, the character of Marner interrupts what we have come to expect from Eliot's characters; whether an earlier hero like Adam Bede or a later heroine like Gwendolen Harleth, her characters have at least some endearing qualities despite, or maybe because of, their flaws. When one turns to Silas Marner, however, a reader can be hard pressed to find anything appealing about the peculiar weaver.
Cell–cell communication in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens induces the formation of crown gall tumours at wound sites on host plants by directly transforming plant cells. This disease strategy benefits the bacte...
The Modern Chinese Family: In Light of Economic and Legal History

Most social science theory and the currently powerful Chinese ideology of modernizationism assume that, with modern development, family-based peasant farm production will disappear, to be replaced by individuated industrial workers and the three-generation family by the nuclear family. The actual record of China’s economic history, however, shows the powerful persistence of the small family farm, as well as of the three-generation family down to this day, even as China’s GDP becomes the second largest in the world. China’s legal system, similarly, encompasses a vast informal sphere, in which familial principles operate more than individualist ones. And, in between the informal-familial and the formal-individualist, there is an enormous intermediate sphere in which the two tendencies are engaged in a continual tug of war. The economic behavior of the Chinese family unit reveals great contrasts with what is assumed by conventional economics. It has a different attitude toward labor from that of both the ind...
The immunologists' debt to the chicken.

1. The immune system of the chicken is an invaluable model for studying basic immunology and has made seminal contributions to fundamental immunological principles. Graft versus host responses and the key role of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity were first described in work with chicken embryos and chickens. 2. Most notably, the bursa of Fabricius provided the first substantive evidence that there are two major lineages of lymphocytes. Bursal-derived lymphocytes, or B cells, make antibodies while thymus-derived, or T cells, are involved in cell-mediated immune responses. 3. Gene conversion, the mechanism used by the chicken to produce its antibody repertoire, was first described in the chicken and requires the unique environment of the bursa. Subsequently it has been shown that some mammals also use gene conversion. 4. The chicken's Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), the first non-mammalian MHC to be sequenced, is minimal, compact and some 20-fold smaller than that of mammals. Uniquely, the chicken M...
Functional maturation of motor nerve terminals in the avian iris: ultrastructure, transmitter metabolism and synaptic reliability.

1. The transformation of easily fatigued embryonic neuromuscular junctions into highly reliable mature terminals was examined by studying functional and morphological changes during development of the avian iris. The mature ability to follow repetitive electrical nerve stimulation was correlated with the rate of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and choline uptake, and with the fine structure of the nerve terminals and the post-synaptic elements. 2. The terminals of the ciliary nerve of the chick initially form functional synaptic contacts with the iris muscle at embryonic St. 34-40. At the onset of this period, no Na+-dependent high affinity choline uptake can be demonstrated, and the low level of ACh synthesis present is sensitive to Na+ removal. At St. 36 [3H]ACh synthesis begins to increase, the increment being Na+-dependent. 3. ACh synthesis in the embryonic iris was insensitive to a conditioning [K+]o depolarization even as late as St. 43. Just before hatching, depolarization elicits some augmentation in synthesis, but by 2 days ex ovo this release-induced response has increased by an order of magnitude. 4. Concurrently with the acquisition of the ability to respond to depolarization with accelerated synthesis, neuromuscular transmission in the iris becomes reliable and secure during stimulation at 20 Hz. Embryonic junctions rapidly block during such stimulation, and the failure is shown to be presynaptic in origin, resulting most probably from failure to sustain adequate levels of transmitter release. 5. Ultrastructural examination of the developing ciliary terminals revealed few synaptic vesicles at early stages, and a dearth of other specializations. The sequence of development from these small structurally undistinguished endings to large en plaque junctions completely filled with vesicles was reconstructed and compared to other neuromuscular junctions. Morphological maturation appears progressive with little evidence of discontinuity signalling functional status, but it is only after the terminals enlarge and become closely packed with vesicles that mature synaptic reliability is found. 6. The temporal correlation between responsiveness of transmitter synthesis to depolarization and reliable neuromuscular transmission suggests that modulation of neurotransmitter metabolism in response to demand signals the achievement of junctional maturity.
Dominant mode field solutions in a chiral‐filled rectangular waveguide

There are two principle topics of this article. The first is the development of a numerical technique to compute the field patterns within a longitudinally invariant rectangular waveguide filled with a chiral material. The finite-difference method is used because of the complex nature of the solution to the chiral rectangular waveguide. Based on these field plots, a simple approximate series solution for the dominant mode is proposed for these guided-wave structures and verification comparisons are made. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Studies on Salivary Blood Group Substances

. The precision and relative accuracy of an automated system for the quantitative determination of salivary blood group substances has been defined in these studies. The system gives this form of serological quantitation a relatively high degree of accuracy in comparison with the traditional titration methods. Standard procedures have been developed from these studies to reduce errors which could arise from sample collection and processing. The magnitude of individual physiological variables has been defined. It is concluded that the method should lend itself well to studies on genetic, anthropological and pathological variables in relation to concentration of salivary blood group substances.
Large-scale phosphorylation analysis of alpha-factor-arrested Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein phosphorylation is essential for numerous cellular processes. Large-scale profiling of phosphoproteins continues to enhance the depth and speed at which we understand these processes. The development of effective phosphoprotein and peptide enrichment techniques and improvements to mass spectrometric instrumentation have intensified phosphoproteomic research in recent years, leading to unprecedented achievements. Here, we describe a large-scale phosphorylation analysis of alpha-factor-arrested yeast. Using a multidimensional separation strategy involving preparative SDS-PAGE for prefractionation, in-gel digestion with trypsin, and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) enrichment of phosphopeptides, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis employing a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we were able to catalog a substantial portion of the phosphoproteins present in yeast whole-cell lysate. This analysis yielded the confident identification of 2288 nonredundant phosphorylation sites from 985 proteins. The ambiguity score (Ascore) algorithm was utilized to determine the certainty of site localization for the entire data set. In addition, the size of the data set permitted extraction of known and novel kinase motifs using the Motif-X algorithm. Finally, a large number of members of the pheromone signaling pathway were found as phosphoproteins and are discussed.
The Air Transportation System as a Supply Chain

Implementation of NextGen operational concepts and procedures within the air transportation system will require the denition of appropriate measures of performance, as well as a deep understanding of the system’s limitations and margins for improvement. In this paper, we derive an analogy between the operation of the air transportation system and that of a supply chain by leveraging the similarities between the air transportation system and the beer distribution system, and conducting a thorough examination and comparison of the measures of performance and constraints in both systems. Based on the proposed analogy, as well as previous research conducted in the eld of supply chain modeling, we dene an equivalent supply chain framework and dene appropriate measures of performance for the air transportation system. Finally, we model a network of airports and ARTCCs to help illustrate the implementation of particular supply chain management methods and lean manufacturing strategies, and help identify margins for improvement in the operation of the air transportation system. This model is further used to study the consequences of the implementation of 4-D trajectory-based operations.