cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midlife Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events During Extended Follow-Up.

Background Studies demonstrate an association between visit-to-visit blood pressure variability (BPV) and cardiovascular events and death. We aimed to determine the long-term cardiovascular and mortality effects of BPV in midlife in participants with and without cardiovascular risk factors. Methods This is a post-hoc analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in the Community study. Long-term BPV was derived utilizing mean systolic blood pressure at Visits 1-4 (Visit 1: 1987-89, Visit 2: 1990-1992, Visit 3: 1993-95, Visit 4: 1996-98). The primary outcome was mortality from Visit 4 to 2016 and secondary outcome was cardiovascular events (fatal coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac procedure, or stroke). We fit Cox proportional hazards models and also performed the analysis in a subgroup of cardiovascular disease-free patients without prior stroke, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, or diabetes. Results We included 9,578 participants. The mean age at the beginning of follow-up was 62.9±5.7 years, and mean follow-up was 14.2±4.5 years. During follow-up, 3,712 (38.8%) participants died and 1,721 (n=8,771, 19.6%) had cardiovascular events. For every standard deviation higher in systolic residual standard deviation (range 0-60.5 mm Hg, standard deviation = 5.6 mm Hg), the hazard ratio for death was 1.09 (95% CI 1.05-1.12) and for cardiovascular events was 1.00 (95% CI 0.95-1.05). In the subgroup of cardiovascular disease-free participants (n=4,452), the corresponding hazard ratio for death was 1.12 (95% CI 1.03-1.21) and for cardiovascular events was 1.01 (95% CI 0.89-1.14). Conclusion Long-term BPV during midlife is an independent predictor of later life mortality but not cardiovascular events.
Anticorruption Law and Systemic Corruption: The Role of Direct Responses

Recent discussions of systemic corruption have cast doubt on the effectiveness of direct legal responses, that is to say, responses that involve the enforcement of explicit legal prohibitions on corrupt activity. This essay argues that there are sound reasons to believe that anticorruption law can play an affirmative role in controlling systemic corruption, but the advantages or disadvantages of alternative legal responses are likely to vary depending on both the preferred evaluative criteria and the context. The analysis is premised on the idea that corruption becomes systemic when it is widespread, persistent, subversive, structural or normalized. There are three general ways in which law enforcement agencies might usefully respond to these forms of corruption: enhanced effort (“big push enforcement”), getting more agencies involved (“institutional multiplicity”), and confronting powerful actors using tactics such as communication strategies designed to win over the general public (“political engagement”). Although each of these responses has limitations and dangers, they also have potential advantages. Accordingly, calls to entirely dismiss direct legal responses to systemic corruption appear misguided.
Dynamic Grounding of Concepts: Implications for Emotion and Social Cognition

Concepts shape experience and create understanding. Accordingly, a key question is how concepts are created, represented, and used. According to embodied cognition theories, concepts are grounded in neural systems that produce experiential and motor states. Concepts are also contextually situated and thus engage sensorimotor resources in a dynamic, flexible way. Finally, on that framework, conceptual understanding unfolds in time, reflecting embodied as well as linguistic and social influences. In this chapter, we focus on concepts from the domain of affect and emotion. We highlight the context-sensitive nature of embodied conceptual processing by discussing when and how such concepts link to sensorimotor and interoceptive systems. We argue that embodied representations are flexible and context dependent. The degree to which embodied resources are engaged during conceptual processing depends upon multiple factors, including an individual’s task, goals, resources, and situational constraints.
A Narrative Understanding for Counselors: An Inquiry into Gay Christian Male Identity

Gay individuals may have a variety of experiences, both positive and negative, as they integrate their Christian and gay identities. These experiences can lead to internal struggles and mental heal...
Repetition in Arabic discourse : paradigms, syntagms, and the ecology of language

In this examination of expository prose in contemporary Arabic, structural and semantic repetition is found to be responsible both for linguistic cohesion and for rhetorical force. Johnstone identifies and discusses repetitive features on every level of analysis. Writers in Arabic use lexical couplets consisting of conjoined synonyms, which create new semantic paradigms as they evoke old ones. Morphological roots and patterns are repeated at close range, and this creates phonological rhyme as well. Regular patterns of paraphrase punctuate texts, and patterns of parallelism mark the internal structure of their segments. Johnstone offers an explanation for how repetition of all these kinds can serve persuasive ends by creating rhetorical presence , and discusses how the Arabic language and the Arab-Islamic cultural tradition especially lend themselves to this rhetorical strategy. She suggests, however, that discourse repetition serves a crucial function in the ecology of any language, as the mechanism by which speakers evoke and create underlying paradigmatic structure in their syntagmatic talk and writing.
Multifunctional agriculture: An engine of regional economic growth?

The historical role of agriculture in economic geography and recent conceptual developments – including multifunctional agriculture (MFA), the new economic geography, amenity-driven growth, and the “world is flat” and “creative class” hypotheses – are examined, and recent empirical research in NorthAmerica and Europe is reviewed, in order to assess the potential for MFA as an engine of regional economic growth. Ideal MFA policy corrects market failures and is mostly amenity-augmenting. It has the capacity to enhance opportunities for farmers on urban fringe; stimulate growth in high-amenity rural regions accessible to cities that offer opportunities for high-value work; and generate growth in relatively remote high-amenity regions. The scope for market-failure-correcting MFA policy to propel economic growth in lessfavored regions is limited – remoteness is non-responsive to policy in the short to medium term, and amenities that attract in-migration (e.g. proximity to sea, lakes, mountains, pleasant climate) are givens for favored locations but can at best be complemented by pro-active policy – but not trivial. While this paper focuses on regional economic growth, it well to rememberthat growth is not everything. Regions unlikely to experience growth need to create satisfying futures. Market-failure-correcting MFA policy has the potential to improve quality of life, well-being, and perhaps incomes in many if not all rural places regardless of location. This accomplishment would not be trivial – economic growth for all regions regardless of resources, amenities, and remoteness is not a serious prospect, and regions in decline face daunting problems maintaining essential services and quality of life.
Flexible traitor tracing for anonymous attacks

Copyrighted materials are divided into multiple segments and each segment has multiple variations that are differently watermarked and encrypted. The combination of watermark and encryption enables one to identify the actual users (traitors) who have engaged in the piracy. In this paper, we shall present a traitor tracing scheme that can efficiently and flexibly defend against anonymous attacks.
Numerical simulation of interacting three-dimensional vortex filaments

Unsteady three-dimensional fluid flows which are characterized by low viscosity and the presence of distinct regions of high vorticity embedded in an otherwise irrotational flow are considered, taking into account the case in which an intermingling of vortex filaments appears. Incompressible flows of the considered type are simulated with the aid of an approach in which the vorticity distribution is modeled in terms of continuous closed filaments. It is attempted to track these filaments in a Lagrangian reference frame.
Romantic Love and Sexual Behavior: Perspectives from the Social Sciences

Romantic Love and Sexual Behavior: Perspectives from the Social Sciences. Victor C. De Munck. ed. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.312 pp.
Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms of Pyrethroid Resistance in Heliothis virescens (F.)

Abstract Pharmacokinetic and physiological assays were used to determine mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis virescens (F.) that were collected from two cotton growing regions in Louisiana. Compared with those from a susceptible reference strain, levels of metabolism and excretion of cypermethrin were higher in larvae from some (but not all) field collections, and were highest in populations sampled during mid to late season. Adult insects also exhibited levels of cypermethrin metabolism and excretion that were higher than those measured in a laboratory reference strain but increased metabolism was not associated with reduced levels of mortality. Reduced neuronal sensitivity was detected in larvae from all field collections tested. Frequencies of individuals expressing target site resistance to allethrin were highest in an early-season (June) collection, but were reduced in late-season populations sampled from the same location. These results indicate that multiple mechanisms are associated with pyrethroid resistance in tobacco budworms, and that frequencies at which these mechanisms are expressed in populations of H. virescens may fluctuate during the growing season.
Studying Lipid Interactions of Perilipin 3/ Tip 47 using Phospholipid Monolayers

Lipid droplets are found in all eukaryotes and are considered as dynamic cell organelles. In addition to acting as neutral lipid stores, they are also involved in various biological processes such as membrane formation, cell signaling and hormone synthesis. Many aspects of lipid droplet biogenesis and function are not yet fully understood. The basic structure of a lipid droplet consists of a neutral lipid core of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, free cholesterol and proteins. Perilipin3 or TIP 47 is an exchangeable PAT family protein which is associated with the surface of lipid droplets and is ubiquitously expressed. The structure of perilipin 3 consists of a PAT domain, an 11-mer repeat region, a 4-helix bundle sequence and a hydrophobic cleft region. In this study we used several N-terminal truncation mutants of human perilipin 3 (117-434AA, 152-434AA and 187-434AA) to investigate the lipid binding properties of various domains of the protein. Interactions were measured as a function of the increase of surface pressure at a lipid- buffer interphase by inserting the proteins beneath a Langmuir monolayer of phospholipids which represents the monolayer surrounding the lipid droplet. This work sheds light on the regions responsible for the localization of perilipin 3 at the surface of lipid droplets.
Sex differences in psychopathology: of gonads, adrenals and mental illness.

Stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression are disproportionately prevalent in women. Women are more likely to experience depression and anxiety disorders during periods of marked hormonal fluctuations, suggesting that gonadal hormones are involved in stress pathology. Depression and anxiety are both associated with aberrant secretion of glucocorticoids, which also show marked fluctuations across the reproductive cycle and in response to gonadal steroids. Thus, interactions between gonadal and stress hormones may play a major role in predisposing females to stress-related disease. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight preclinical data regarding the role of estrogens in depression and anxiety-like behaviors. While it is evident the exogenous estrogens modulate affective behavior in rodents, there is some disagreement in the literature, perhaps related to experimental designs that vary with respect to administration parameters and stress. Beneficial effects of estrogens on mood are most likely due to estrogen receptor (ER)β signaling. The antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of ERβ are consistent with its role in attenuating glucocorticoid responses to stress, suggesting that estrogens, acting at ERβ, may improve mood by suppressing glucocorticoid hyperactivity. However, additional studies demonstrate that ERβ signaling in the hippocampus is sufficient to induce antidepressant and anxiolytic behaviors. Thus, ERβ may improve mood via primary actions on hypothalamic (i.e., paraventricular nucleus) and/or extra-hypothalamic sites. Overall, the preclinical research suggests that selective ER modulators targeting ERβ may be an attractive alternative or adjunct treatment to currently prescribed antidepressants or anxiolytics.
Mangrove zonation in the dry life zone of the Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras

The structural attributes and zonation patterns of mangrove forests in a dry environmental setting were evaluated in relation to gradients of soil resources, soil regulators, and hydroperiod between October 2000 and August 2001 in the Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras. Transects perpendicular to the edge of tidal channels were established at four mangrove sites, each sectioned into three mangrove zones (fringe, transition, and scrub) based upon distinct tree-height gradients. Porewater sulfide concentrations among zones were normally below levels of detection (<0.03 mM) and mean redox values ranged from 163.4±9.9 to −42.4±15.8 mv, indicating slightly reducing conditions in all zones. Mean porewater NOx − and PO4 3− concentrations were not significantly different among zones and ranged from 3.3±0.5 to 4.5±0.4 μM and from 0.05 ±0.02 to 0.18±0.04 μM, respectively. Soil nitrogen concentrations were 1–3 mg g−1 in all zones, and mean nitrogen:phosphorus atomic ratios were transition) and were coupled with differences in height within species and zones.Avicennia germinans occupied areas with higher elevations associated with higher salinities ranging from 80 to 140 g kg−1 in the dry season.Rhizophora mangle dominated lower elevations where salinities ranged from 38 to 57 g kg−1 in both the dry and wet seasons. Spatial analysis on mangrove seedlings along transects confirmed that seedling distribution along the intertidal profile was statistically correlated with conspecific adults, indicating that survival and growth of seedlings in different intertidal locations are closely matched to canopy membership. The sharp transition (<100 m) in forest structure and distribution of mangrove species along the intertidal zone of subhumid coastal environments demonstrate common zonation patterns where species distribution and species-specific habitat suitability are mediated closely with tolerance to soil regulators (high soil salinity) rather than resource availability.
The design and development of the EBIS LEBT solenoid power supply

This power supply was designed and developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) as part of a new ion pre-injector system called EBIS (Electron Beam Ion Source). It consists of a charging power supply, a capacitor bank, a discharge and recovery circuit and control circuits. The output is fed through cables into a solenoid magnet. The magnet's inductance is 1.9mH. The maximum charging voltage is 1000V. The power supply output is a half sine wave of 13ms duration. The repetition rate is 5Hz. The power supply output can be set to any value between 250A and 1900A in one second in order to accommodate the varying species of ions specified by different machine users.
In memory of a world-class thermographer

This manuscript is written in memory of a fellow thermographer who tragically lost his life in an automobile accident during the July 4th weekend in the year 2000. Craig Bidleman, a General Motors (GM) Level III Infrared Thermographer, was killed along with his wife Tina, daughter Dana and mother Florence. His 7-year old son Brandon survived the crash. The visible light and infrared images of Craig included in the main body of the presentation were taken from archives accumulated during the five years he worked in the planned maintenance predictive technology arena. Highlights of Craig's professional career in thermography and his impact on GM and his co-workers are emphasized. Craig's death brought an outpouring of disbelief and sadness from not only the thermographic community but outside as well. The most poignant memorial of all was expressed in a letter, written by fellow thermographer L.J. Broeker, entitled 'In Memory of Craig', which summarizes the feelings many people had when the news of Craig's death was revealed.
Motivations for social networking at work

The introduction of a social networking site inside of a large enterprise enables a new method of communication between colleagues, encouraging both personal and professional sharing inside the protected walls of a company intranet. Our analysis of user behavior and interviews presents the case that professionals use internal social networking to build stronger bonds with their weak ties and to reach out to employees they do not know. Their motivations in doing this include connecting on a personal level with coworkers, advancing their career with the company, and campaigning for their projects.
Sympathy for the Error Theorist: Parfit and Mackie

Derek Parfit claims that “Williams and Mackie…do not use the normative concepts that I and other Non-Naturalists use.” Whatever we think of Parfit’s interpretation of Williams, his interpretation of Mackie should be rejected. For understandable historical reasons, Mackie’s texts are ambiguous. But if we apply to the interpretation of Mackie the same principle of charity Parfit employs in interpreting Williams, we find decisive reason to interpret Mackie as using the same normative concepts as Non-Naturalists.
African Countries’ Political Independence at Fifty: In Search of Democracy, Peace and Social Justice

AbstractWhat lessons can we draw from the past fifty years of political independence in African countries? Which mistakes can we avoid in the future? Can there be peace without social justice? Four mistakes must be avoided if democracy, peace and social justice are to be achieved in African countries. Drawing on lessons from Central, East, North, West and Southern Africa, I use Fundi wa Africa – a multidisciplinary approach based on a long term historical perspective to argue that individual nationhood (the first mistake) has not resulted in democracy and peace. Only Pan-Africanism (based on the needs and interests of Africans as they define them) will lead to democracy and peace. The second mistake is that leading international financial institutions (IFI) and some Africans assume that democracy has to be introduced to Africa. This assumption is based on the belief that Africans and their culture have nothing to contribute to their own development. As a result liberal democracy is promoted by these agencies as the only option available for African countries. The third mistake is the belief that a colonial state which was developed to fulfill the market and labor needs of colonial powers can lead to democracy and peace for Africans. The fourth mistake is African leaders’ and their supporters’ conviction that neither African intellectuals nor women have any place in African development and may only be given symbolic positions. Without economic independence, the political gains of the past fifty years will be lost. The founding fathers and mothers of Africa’s freedom fought and achieved political independence, but it is up to the next generation to strive for economic empowerment. Only then will African countries cease to be homes for bankrupt ideas as they are freed from conflict and hunger.
De novo asymmetric syntheses of D-, L-and 8-epi-D-swainsonine

Abstract A highly enantioselective and stereocontrolled approach to d -, l - and 8-epi- d -swainsonine has been developed from achiral furan and γ-butyrolactone. A one-pot hydrogenolysis of both azide and benzyl ether followed by an intramolecular reductive amination has been employed as key step to establish the indolizidine ring system. The absolute stereochemistry was installed by the Noyori reduction and the relative stereochemistry by the use of several highly diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed glycosylation, Luche reduction, dihydroxylation, and palladium-catalyzed azide allylation reactions. This practical approach provide multigram quantities of indolizidine natural product d -swainsonine in 13 steps and 25% overall yield.
Secretion of human immunoglobulins by mouse myeloma × Daudi somatic cell hybrids

Somatic cell hybrids between nonproducer mouse myeloma cells and Burkitt lymphoma-derived Daudi cells that do not secrete human immunoglobulin chains secrete human IgM. The 33 000 dalton protein (P33) is also secreted by the hybrids as part of the IgM molecule. Since P33 and kappa chains cosegregate in all primary hybrid clones and subclones, it is concluded that they are coded for by the same human chromosome 2. The fact that both P33 and kappa' chains are immunoprecipitated by specific anti-human kappa chain antisera, and that both P33 and kappa' bands disappear and a single band immunoprecipitable by an anti-human kappa chain antiserum appears in tunicamycin-treated hybrid cells, suggest that they are differently glycosylated forms of the same polypeptide.
Context As a Critical Factor in Young Adolescents' Concepts of Caring

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which context played a role in young adolescents' descriptions of barriers to caring in four domains: self, intimate others (close friends and family), acquaintances (people in school), and strangers. Interviews with 101 students at two middle schools (an urban and a suburban) in the Midwest, as well as participant observations, indicate that the manner in which young adolescents talk about caring is highly contextual. The “context” identified in the students' responses was the nature of their relationship to the cared-for. Consequently, even though the majority of the students responded that “nothing” would stop them from caring for themselves or for their close friends and family, lack of reciprocity was the major barrier to caring for people in school, while fear of violence was identified as the main barrier to caring for strangers. The authors recommend that schools strive to develop caring communities in which an ethic of caring is nurt...
A knowledge-based artificial neural network classifier for pulmonary embolism diagnosis

This paper aims to demonstrate that knowledge-based hybrid learning algorithms are positioned to offer better performance in comparison with purely empirical machine learning algorithms for the automatic classification task associated with the diagnosis of a medical condition described as pulmonary embolism (PE). The main premise is that there exists substantial and significant specialized knowledge in the domain of PE, which can readily be leveraged for bootstrapping a knowledge-based hybrid classifier that employs both the explanation-based and the empirical learning. The modified prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED) criteria, which represent the pre-eminent collective experiential knowledge base among nuclear radiologists as a diagnosis procedure for PE, are conveniently defined in terms of a set of if-then rules. As such, it lends itself to being captured into a knowledge base through instantiating a knowledge-based hybrid learning algorithm. This study shows the instantiation of a knowledge-based artificial neural network (KBANN) classifier through the modified PIOPED criteria for the diagnosis of PE. The development effort for the KBANN that captures the rule base associated with the PIOPED criteria as well as further refinement of the same rule base through highly specialized domain expertise is presented. Through a testing dataset generated with the help of nuclear radiologists, performance of the instantiated KBANN is profiled. Performances of a set of empirical machine learning algorithms, which are configured as classifiers and include the [email protected]?ve Bayes, the Bayesian Belief network, the multilayer perceptron neural network, the C4.5 decision tree algorithm, and two meta learners with boosting and bagging, are also profiled on the same dataset for the purpose of comparison with that of the KBANN. Simulation results indicate that the KBANN can effectively model and leverage the PIOPED knowledge base and its further refinements through the domain expertise, and exhibited enhanced performance compared to those of purely empirical learning based classifiers.
On program synthesis knowledge

This paper presents a body of program synthesis knowledge dealing with array operations, space reutilization, the divide-and-conquer paradigm, conversion from recursive paradigms to iterative paradigms, and ordered set enumerations. Such knowledge can be used for the synthesis of efficient and in-place sorts including quicksort, mergesort, sinking sort, and bubble sort, as well as other ordered set operations such as set union, element removal, and element addition. The knowledge is explicated to a level of detail such that it is possible to codify this knowledge as a set of program synthesis rules for use by a computer-based synthesis system. The use and content of this set of programming rules is illustrated by the methodical synthesis of bubble sort, sinking sort, quicksort, and mergesort.
A nondestructive analytical method for stone meteorites—and a controversial discrepancy

— A method is described for whole rock analyses of major elements in stone meteorites using the electron microprobe and requiring only powdering of the sample, most of which can be retrieved after analysis for additional analytical studies, such as instrument neutron activation analysis (INAA), radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and O-isotopic analysis. Whole individual chondrules of > 1 mg can be analyzed. The method is especially attractive for meteorites in short supply or of great rarity. A total of 398 meteorites were analyzed by this method. The results compare favorably with wet chemical analyses. A study was made of seventeen ordinary chondrites to compare their whole rock (metal free) compositions with the averaged compositions of eleven to thirty-eight of their respective individual chondrules (a total of 374 chondrules). The oxide ratio Al2O3/CaO is generally lower in chondrules than in their respective chondrites, the disparity being larger for petrographic grade 5 than for grade 3. Ordinary chondrites are not simply the sum of their respective chondrules. Furthermore, correlations between CaO, Al2O3 and TiO2 are strong for chondrules in unequilibrated chondrites and nonexistent in equilibrated chondrites. Also H, L and LL chondrite groups have similar bulk compositions within their respective groups, in spite of the different proportions of chondrules, kinds of chondrules, chondrule debris, and matrix. All this brings into question the metamorphic classification in which high petrographic grades are the metamorphosed equivalents of low petrographic grades.
A Note on the Impact of Structural Federal Budget Deficits on Commercial Bank Interest Rates, 1963-1994:

For the period 1963-1994, this study (a) empiracally investigates the impact of structural federal budget deficits on the commercial bank cost of deposits and prime rate of interest and (b) provides currentlupdated information through 1994 on this important policy issue of the interest rate impact of budget deficits. The instrumental variables estimates in this study, which are based in a loanable funds framework, find the cost of deposits at commercial banks to be an increasing function of the structural deficit but the prime rate at banks to be unaffected by the deficit. The former result has potential implications for crowding out.
Congruence between the Indicative and Communicative Functions of Eye Contact in Interpersonal Relations

An experiment is reported which was designed to test, with posed stimulus materials, the degree of congruence between certain indicative functions of eye contact and the communicative value of this nonverbal cue. The hypothesized congruence in regard to the variables of attraction and interpersonal tension was strongly confirmed. The expectation that inferences drawn by female judges would differ from those drawn by male judges tended not to receive support. The results do suggest, however, that females are more accurate in judging the amount of eye contact present in the stimulus materials.
Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel scaffolds for artificial cornea periphery

Three-dimensional scaffolds based on inverted colloidal crystals (ICCs) were fabricated from sequentially polymerized interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels of poly(ethyleneglycol) and poly(acrylic acid). This high-strength, high-water-content IPN hydrogel may be suitable for use in an artificial cornea application. Development of a highly porous, biointegrable region at the periphery of the artificial cornea device is critical to long-term retention of the implant. The ICC fabrication technique produced scaffolds with well-controlled, tunable pore and channel dimensions. When surface functionalized with extracellular matrix proteins, corneal fibroblasts were successfully cultured on IPN hydrogel scaffolds, demonstrating the feasibility of these gels as materials for the artificial cornea porous periphery. Porous hydrogels with and without cells were visualized non-invasively in the hydrated state using variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy.
Burning mouth syndrome: Identification, diagnosis, and treatment.

Purpose: To provide an overview of burning mouth syndrome (BMS), describe the role of the clinician when a patient presents with the burning mouth complaint, offer guidance in differentiating the cause of the complaint, and identify potential treatment options for the patient suffering from BMS. Data sources: A search of MD Consult, Medline, and EBSCO Host Research Databases with the terms “burning mouth” and “BMS.” Conclusions: BMS is a common, chronic disorder of unknown etiology with no underlying or systemic causes or oral signs identified. It affects more than 1 million people in the United States, predominantly postmenopausal women. Despite the common nature of the disorder, it is often misunderstood. Palliative treatment, education, and support should be offered to the patient with idiopathic BMS. A variety of treatment options exist, including benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, alpha-lipoic acid, topical capsaicin, and cognitive therapy can be added to the medication regimen for greater benefit. Implications for practice: The role of the clinician is to obtain a meticulous history and physical examination of the patient, order relevant diagnostic tests, and rule out treatable conditions that may be causing the burning mouth symptom. If secondary causes of BMS are ruled out, the clinician should present treatment options to the patient and consider referral to specialists as necessary. A combination of medications may be more effective than a single medication.
Wernicke's Encephalopathy in a Patient with Schizophrenia

Clinically, we most often associate Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) with an alcohol abusing population. However, it is important to consider other causes of malnutrition and vitamin deficiency as risk factors for the development of this disorder. We present a case of a 51-year-old man with schizophrenia and malnutrition who presented with delirium, ophthalmoplegia, and seizures. He responded rapidly to the administration of IV thiamine. Because of the high rate of mortality and morbidity, WE should be high on the differential of any patient at risk for malnutrition or with ophthalmoplegia, regardless of alcohol history. This is particularly important in psychiatric patients where the syndrome may be masked and thus treatment delayed.
A NEWTON METHOD FOR LOCATING INVARIANT TORI OF MAPS

This paper presents an iterative method for locating invariant tori of maps. Specifically, through the introduction of a shift function on the torus corresponding to the projection of the dynamics on the torus onto toral parameters, a discrete system of equations may be formulated whose solution approximates the spatial location of the torus. As invariant tori of continuous flows may be considered invariant under the application of the flow for a fixed time, or may correspond to invariant tori (of one less dimension) of suitably introduced Poincare maps, the methodology applies to discrete and continuous dynamical systems alike. Moreover, the insensitivity of the method to the local stability characteristics of the invariant torus as well as to the precise nature of the flow on the torus imply, for example, that the method can be employed for the continuation of unstable invariant tori on which the dynamics are attracted to a periodic trajectory as long as the torus is sufficiently smooth. The proposed methodology as well as reduced formulations that result from a priori knowledge about the invariant torus are illustrated through some sample dynamical systems.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity by disinfection and sterilization processes.

Abstract Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is a common cause of self-limited gastroenteritis in the normal host but may cause severe disease in immunocompromised persons. Person-to-person transmission has been well documented in households, child care centers, and hospitals. Because contaminated environmental surfaces and medical devices such as endoscopes may play a role in disease transmission, we studied the susceptibility of C parvum to chemical agents commonly used for disinfection and evaluated the efficacy of sterilization processes. Methods: Seven disinfectants were studied at their use dilution using a suspension test. Antimicrobial activity was assessed with the use of a cell infectivity assay. Results: All sterilization processes tested (steam, ethylene oxide, Sterrad 100) inactivated 3 logs or greater of C parvum . The only liquid disinfectant/sterilant able to inactivate greater than 3 logs of C parvum was 6% and 7.5% hydrogen peroxide. Agents that did not completely inactivate C parvum included hydrogen peroxide at lower concentrations or exposure times, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, a phenolic, a quaternary ammonium compound, 2% glutaraldehyde, and ortho-phthalaldehyde. Conclusions: Most high-level disinfectants used on endoscopes have limited efficacy against C parvum . However, the infectivity of C parvum on dry surfaces decreases rapidly. Therefore, current cleaning and high-level disinfection guidelines are adequate to prevent nosocomial transmission of C parvum by means of endoscopes. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:605-11.)
A sequential analysis of the effect of selective positive reinforcement in modifying anorexia nervosa

Abstract The effects of reinforcement procedures on physical complaints, eating behavior, and weight were examined in two cases of anorexia nervosa. Although physical complaints were eliminated when they were ignored, a normal pattern of eating was not reinstated by an extinction procedure. However, selective positive reinforcement of progressive gains in weight and amount eaten gradually restored caloric intake and weight to desired levels. Once changed, increased eating behavior was not disrupted by a temporary withdrawal of reinforcement. The effects of reinforcement were isolated from the effects of separation from home, expectation of therapeutic success imparted by physician's instructions, and non-contingent therapist attention.
Accessible web chat interface

Screen readers generally do not recognize widgets that dynamically appear on the screen; as a result, blind users cannot benefit from the convenience of using them. This work describes the development of accessible web chats, a pervasive "go-to" tool in web applications for real-time communication. The results of a user study with 18 blind screen-reader users are presented to demonstrate the utility of the accessible web chat interface.
Sales promotion influencing consumer brand preferences/purchases

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate whether or not ongoing sales promotion contributed to the declines in “no brand preference” (NBP). Part of an ongoing series investigating the growth of US consumer’s responses of NBP for more than 1,500 frequently purchased consumer product brands. Data were drawn from responses to a very large (1.1 million) online longitudinal consumer questionnaire during 2002-2012. Design/methodology/approach – Additional research, combining this data set with two other major US longitudinal studies, confirmed results. This study focused on determining reasons for NBP increase. Initial data set included use of and influence of 23 in-store promotional tools. These were investigated to determine impact and effect. Findings – Four leading sales promotional tools, based on consumer influence, were coupons, home samples, in-store samples and retail shopper cards. Shopper cards had most influence on purchase of secondary, not primary brands in categories. Shopper cards are a clearly ...
Negative operant conditioning fails to deter white-tailed deer foraging activity

Abstract We hypothesized that free-ranging white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) could be conditioned to associate an audible sound cue (electronic metronome) with a negative stimulus (electric shock) as a means of damage control. Three plots with two feed stations each, were established in a pasture. Feed stations consisted of plastic trays with electric fence wire attached to the top creating grids, mounted on boxes housing an electric fence charger and an electronic metronome. Infrared game monitors were also utilized to monitor deer activity at each feeder. Consumption rate of corn (2.27 kg/day) and deer activity were recorded daily. The experiment consisted of alternating 5-day periods where the wire grid was electrified and the metronome activated in one feed station at each plot (EM), followed by periods where only the metronome remained functional (M) for a total of three replicates. During EM periods, corn consumption decreased ( P P
Involvement of Livertine, a hepatocyte growth factor family member, in neural morphogenesis

The formulation of the nervous system in vertebrate embryos involves extensive morphogenetic movements that include the folding of the neural tube and the migration of neural crest cells. Changes in cell shape and cell movements underlie neural morphogenesis but the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes in vivo are not well understood. Here, we show that a new member of the hepatocyte growth factor family, which we name Livertine, is expressed in frog embryos in neural cells including neural crest and midline neural plate cells which are undergoing pronounced morphogenetic movements. The ectopic expression of Livertine perturbs gastrulation and leads to positional changes in injected cells without apparently changing cell type. These results suggest that one of the normal functions of Livertine is the control of neural morphogenesis in the vertebrate embryo.
The association of urbanicity with infant sleep duration

Abstract Short sleep duration is associated with multiple adverse child outcomes. We examined associations of the built environment with infant sleep duration among 1226 participants in a pre-birth cohort. From residential addresses, we used a geographic information system to determine urbanicity, population density, and closeness to major roadways. The main outcome was mother’s report of her infant's average daily sleep duration at 1 year of age. We ranked urbanicity and population density as quintiles, categorized distance to major roads into 8 categories, and used linear regression adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, fetal growth, and television viewing at 1 year. In this sample, mean (SD) sleep duration at age 1 year was 12.8 (1.6) h/day. In multivariable adjusted analyses, children living in the highest quintile of urbanicity slept −19.2 min/day (95% CI:−37.0, −1.50) less than those living in the lowest quintile. Neither population density nor closeness to major roadways was associated with infant sleep duration after multivariable adjustment. Our findings suggest that living in more urban environments may be associated with reduced infant sleep.
The impact toughness of discontinuous boron-reinforced epoxy composites

Previous theories for the impact strength of discontinuously-reinforced composites predict that the toughness is a maximum when critical transfer length fibres are used. Experiments utilizing mini-Charpy specimens of unidirectional boron-fibre-reinforced epoxy composites have been conducted which corroborate this prediction. However, calculations of the fracture energy, based on a uniform interfacial shear stress during fibre pull-out, proved inadequate for the reinforced epoxy composites. Revisions to existing theories are presented to take into account the non-uniformity of the interfacial shear stress distribution along the fibre length and catastrophic failure of the interfacial bond.
Inhibin-like activity in plasma from ovariectomized ewes and serum albumin: pitfalls for radioimmunoassay.

Abstract Progress to understand mechanisms that regulate inhibin secretion and action in farm animals has been handicapped by the shortage of simple, accurate assay methods to quantify inhibin in circulation. RIA would seem to provide the needed quantitative capability, but results of the following studies using inhibin RIA procedures reveal reasons to interpret inhibin immunological potency estimates with caution. Two sets of inhibin RIA reagents and various assay buffers were used. Initially, inhibin immunoactivity was estimated with an antiserum to a 32 amino acid peptide fragment from the alpha subunit of porcine inhibin [pIα(1–32)] and tracer to the peptide with tyrosine added in position 0 to permit radioiodination, pIα(0Tyr1–32). Later, an antiserum to pIα(1–29Tyr30) peptide and pIα(1–29Tyr30) tracer was evaluated as were several combinations of assay buffer and assay conditions. Both sets of assay reagents provided quantitative recovery of pIα(1–32) peptide from plasma, parallel response between the peptide and either ovine or bovine plasma, as well as adequate sensitivity to measure inhibin immunoactivity in 25 μl of plasma. However, plasma from long-term ovariectomized female sheep, swine or cattle appeared to contain nearly as much inhibin immunoactivity as intact animals. To explore the possibility that the adrenals may produce sufficient inhibin to account for unexplained high levels of inhibin immunoactivity in plasma from ovariectomized animals, ewes on days 12 and 13 of the estrous cycle were injected with either corn oil (CONT) or large doss of an adrenal steroid agonist, dexamethasone (DEX), to alter adrenal function. Likewise, ewes were either ovariectomized (OVX) on day 12 or injected on days 12 and 13 with estradiol-17β plus progesterone (E2+P4) to alter ovarian function. The plasma concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) increased following ovariectomy (P .1). When plasma was assayed using pIα(1–32) reagents and an assay buffer consisting of gelatin/phosphate/Tween-20 (Ge1T20), inhibin immunoactivity was not affected by any of the four treatments (P>.1), even including ovariectomy. Re-assay of these same samples with an RIA procedure that used ge1T20 assay buffer and pIα(1–29Tyr30) reagents produced good agreement with the previous assay (partial correlation P
Induced cytochrome P-450 in Fundulus heteroclitus associated with environmental contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Fundulus heteroclitus were collected from two sites in Rhode Island during the non-spawning season and analyzed for hepatic monooxygenase activities and for whole-body concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Microsomal protein, total spectral cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b 5 content did not differ between Seekonk River and Succotash Salt Marsh fish. Ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly higher (3-fold) in Fundulus from the Seekonk River than in fish from Succotash Salt Marsh. Similarly, levels of the immunodetectable homolog of P-450E in Fundulus , a representative of the major PAH-inducible P-450 form (P450IA1) in teleosts, were higher in fish from the Seekonk River. In contrast, rates of aldrin epoxidase (AE) activity were the same in fish from the two sites. Concentrations of PCB were 1000-fold, and PAH 60-fold, greater in Seekonk River sediment than in Succotash Salt Marsh sediment. The bioavailability of these contaminants is not known, but the relative degree of contamination in the sediments is reflected in the fish tissues. Fish from both sites had very low concentrations of PAH in their tissues, representing as little as 0·1% of the concentration in the sediment, with tissue concentrations in Seekonk River fish exceeding those of Succotash fish by 4-fold. Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in Seekonk fish (1860 ± 176 ng per g dry weight) were 3-fold higher than in Succotash Marsh fish (636 ± 217 ng per g). These concentrations were nearly the same (Seekonk fish) or 300-fold greater (Succotash Marsh fish) than PCB concentrations in the surrounding sediment. The result is consistent with a rapid metabolism of PAH while PCBs appear to be slowly eliminated by these fish. Tissue PCB concentrations in Seekonk River fish were similar to those known to elicit strong P-450 induction in Fundulus . Thus, levels of hepatic P-450E and EROD activity, but not AE activity, reflect relative tissue concentrations of PCB and PAH in Fundulus from two sites. Liver hypertrophy was also observed in Seekonk River fish, indicating that altered liver function may have occurred in these animals.
Co-localization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vesicular glutamate transporters within axon terminals of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus

Electrophysiological, microdialysis and behavioral studies support a modulatory role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in regulating the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-serotonin (5-HT) system. CRF and 5-HT are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, thus neuroanatomical substrates of CRF-DRN-5-HT interactions are of interest. Identification of co-transmitters within DRN CRF axon terminals is important for elucidating the complex effects underlying CRF afferent regulation of DRN neurons. This study investigated whether CRF-labeled axon terminals within the DRN contain immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporters (isoforms vGlut1 and vGlut2) indicative of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Dual immunohistochemistry for CRF and either vGlut1 or vGlut2 was conducted within the same tissue section and immunofluorescence results indicated patterns of immunoreactivity consistent with previous reports. Abundant vGlut1- and vGlut2-immunoreactivity was found in puncta exhibiting a largely uniform distribution, whereas CRF-immunoreactivity was localized to topographically distributed varicose processes within the DRN. Profiles containing both CRF- and either vGlut1- or vGlut2-immunoreactivity were apparent in the DRN. Electron microscopy confirmed that immunoreactivity for CRF and vGlut1 was localized primarily to separate axon terminals in the DRN, with a subset co-localizing CRF and vGlut1. Examination of CRF and vGlut2 immunoreactivities in the DRN indicated that CRF and vGlut2 were found within the same axon terminal more frequently than CRF and vGlut1. Overall, these anatomical findings suggest that CRF may function, in part, with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the modulation of neuronal activity in the DRN.