cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital and acquired mandibular asymmetry: Mapping growth and remodeling in 3 dimensions

Introduction Disordered craniofacial development frequently results in definitive facial asymmetries that can significantly impact a person's social and functional well-being. The mandible plays a prominent role in defining facial symmetry and, as an active region of growth, commonly acquires asymmetric features. Additionally, syndromic mandibular asymmetry characterizes craniofacial microsomia (CFM), the second most prevalent congenital craniofacial anomaly (1:3000 to 1:5000 live births) after cleft lip and palate. We hypothesized that asymmetric rates of mandibular growth occur in the context of syndromic and acquired facial asymmetries. Methods To test this hypothesis, a spherical harmonic-based shape correspondence algorithm was applied to quantify and characterize asymmetries in mandibular growth and remodeling in 3 groups during adolescence. Longitudinal time points were automatically registered, and regions of the condyle and posterior ramus were selected for growth quantification. The first group (n = 9) had a diagnosis of CFM, limited to Pruzansky-Kaban type I or IIA mandibular deformities. The second group (n = 10) consisted of subjects with asymmetric, nonsyndromic dentofacial asymmetry requiring surgical intervention. A control group (n = 10) of symmetric patients was selected for comparison. A linear mixed model was used for the statistical comparison of growth asymmetry between the groups. Results Initial mandibular shape and symmetry displayed distinct signatures in the 3 groups ( P P P P = 0.47). Conclusions Forms of CFM are characterized by active and variable growth of the dysplastic side, which has a distinct pattern from other disorders of mandibular growth.
Control Strategies for Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

Batteries are one of most cost-effective energy storage technologies. However, the use of batteries as energy buffers is somehow problematic, since it is hard, if not impossible, to recover from rapid power fluctuations without dramatically reducing the batteries' lifetimes. In a supercapacitor, energy storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electrochemical process as in a battery; thus the supercapacitor has a higher power density than a battery. It is then advantageous to combine these two energy storage devices to accomplish better power and energy performances. This paper presents an active hybrid energy storage system that comprises a rechargeable battery, a supercapacitor bank and two corresponding DC/DC power converters. The battery and the super-capacitor may be charged or discharged simultaneously with the current or power appropriately split between them. The battery may be predominant in either the charging or discharging mode. Three different control strategies for power sharing between them are developed for the hybrid energy storage system. These control strategies are verified and compared against each other under some certain operating conditions. The effects of controller parameter variations on the system performance are also studied.
Abstract A30: Chronic inflammation induces severe stromal damage and early pancreatic tumors in mice with activated Akt1 and KRas

Inflammation and the immune environment is implicated as a risk for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), especially in chronic conditions. However, a mechanistic link is unknown. Recently, radiotherapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors are being tested and show promising results, thereby introducing immune modulation as a new investigational area for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. A potential barrier is that pancreatic fibrosis and desmoplastic reactivity are common characteristics of PDAC and makes therapeutic delivery difficult. To define how inflammation and desmoplasia effects the immune-pancreatic stromal environment and progression of PDAC, we have chronically injected caerulein into genetically engineered mice that we previously showed spontaneously develop PDAC through the cooperation of mutant active Akt1 and KRas. We show that injected Akt1Myr/KRasG12D mice have increased tissue remodeling, stellate cell activation, collagen production, and mucin production when compared to KRasG12D mice. They also have increased ductal proliferation, accelerated tumor formation, and increased immune cell infiltration in the pancreas ducts and stroma compared to control PBS- and caerulein-injected KRasG12D mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages likely activate stellate cells, which in turn facilitate additional cytokines to enhance a pro-tumor immune environment. Other than macrophages, the role that innate immune cells contribute to pancreatic cancer has not been well studied. Ongoing studies will delineate the immune cell infiltration, cytokine levels, and the effect on tumor formation in double mutant Akt1Myr/KRasG12D mice. Understanding the mechanisms by which inflammation affects tumor formation can lead to strategies to inhibit pro-tumor changes, impede PDAC development and improve overall patient survival. Citation Format: Sarah B. Gitto, Kathryn A. Cline, Amr S. Khaled, Deborah A. Altomare.{Authors}. Chronic inflammation induces severe stromal damage and early pancreatic tumors in mice with activated Akt1 and KRas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2016 May 12-15; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
Dawn of the Dead Domain: Measuring the Exploitation of Residual Trust in Domains

An individual who re-registers an expired domain implicitly inherits the residual trust associated with the domain's prior use. Adversaries can, and increasingly do, exploit these ownership changes to undermine the security of both users and systems. In fact, many seemingly disparate security problems share a root cause in residual trust abuse. As we enter the dawn of the dead domain, new techniques and policies are needed to fight this growing threat.
A thermo-electrodynamic electric field dependent molecular ionization model to realize positive streamer propagation in a wet-mate DC connector

Complete subsea factory concept, an equivalent of the full topsides processing facility to be operated on the seabed, is envisaged to power longer, deeper and colder subsea oil and gas fields in the future. This concept has been envisioned through a modular stacked subsea DC transmission and distribution system whose subsea umbilical cables and electrical power component on the seabed can be interfaced with each other by wet-mate (WM) DC connectors. Laboratory and theoretical investigations have been carried out to assess various electrical insulation systems and electrode geometries for a WM DC connector which should operate in the steady state as well as switching transients in a corrosive environment for high reliability and minimum maintenance in its lifetime. In this paper, the electrical insulation performance of a needle-sphere electrode geometry defined by IEC 60897 under a positive step voltage is studied. To approach the complicated solid-liquid insulation system envisaged in a WM DC connector after mating, the electrodes are covered by a dielectric solid and oil is enclosed by the dielectric solid as well. A full thermo-electrodynamic electric field dependent molecular ionization Multiphysics model was developed for the simulation of streamer initiation and growth in the oil while dielectric solid is modeled as a perfect insulator. It is shown that stabilization methods, mesh strategies and time step have a great influence on simulation results and guidelines to choose them properly are presented. Based on simulation results, it was found that the higher relative permittivity of the solid insulation the slower streamer propagation in the oil and the less electrical stress on the solid insulation.
Quantitative comparison of clustered microcalcifications in for-presentation and for-processing mammograms in full-field digital mammography.

Purpose Mammograms acquired with full-field digital mammography (FFDM) systems are provided in both “for-processing” and “for-presentation” image formats. For-presentation images are traditionally intended for visual assessment by the radiologists. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using for-presentation images in computerized analysis and diagnosis of microcalcification (MC) lesions. Methods We make use of a set of 188 matched mammogram image pairs of MC lesions from 95 cases (biopsy proven), in which both for-presentation and for-processing images are provided for each lesion. We then analyze and characterize the MC lesions from for-presentation images and compare them with their counterparts in for processing images. Specifically, we consider three important aspects in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of MC lesions. First, we quantify each MC lesion with a set of 10 image features of clustered MCs and 12 textural features of the lesion area. Second, we assess the detectability of individual MCs in each lesion from the for-presentation images by a commonly used difference-of-Gaussians (DoG) detector. Finally, we study the diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between benign and malignant MC lesions from the for-presentation images by a pre-trained support vector machine (SVM) classifier. To accommodate the underlying background suppression and image enhancement in for-presentation images, a normalization procedure is applied. Results The quantitative image features of MC lesions from for-presentation images are highly consistent with that from for-processing images. The values of Pearson's correlation coefficient between features from the two formats range from 0.824 to 0.961 for the 12 MC image features, and from 0.871 to 0.963 for the 12 textural features. In detection of individual MCs, the FROC curve from for-presentation is similar to that from for-processing. In particular, at sensitivity level of 80%, the average number of false-positives (FPs) per image region is 9.55 for both for-presentation and for processing images. Finally, for classifying MC lesions as malignant or benign, the area under the ROC curve is 0.769 in for-presentation, compared to 0.761 in for-processing (p-value = 0.436). Conclusion The quantitative results demonstrate that MC lesions in for-presentation images are highly consistent with that in for-processing images in terms of image features, detectability of individual MCs, and classification accuracy between malignant and benign lesions. These results indicate that for-presentation images can be compatible with for-processing images for use in CAD algorithms for MC lesions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Bach-Flat Kähler Surfaces

A Riemannian metric on a compact 4-manifold is said to be Bach-flat if it is a critical point for the $$L^2$$ -norm of the Weyl curvature. When the Riemannian 4-manifold in question is a Kahler surface, we provide a rough classification of solutions, followed by detailed results regarding each case in the classification. The most mysterious case prominently involves 3-dimensional CR manifolds.
Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Villamil Fossil Megagastropods of Isla Isabela

The study of Galapagos molluscan fossils has chiefly been one of documenting the systematics, biogeographic affinities, and distribution of the fauna. In conjunction with radiometric age dating, these fossils have also provided evidence for the geological youth of the islands, thereby setting the evolutionary time scale for this insular fauna (Dall and Ochsner, 1928; Hertlein, 1972; Emerson, 1978; James, 1984; Hickman and Lipps, 1985; Taviani, 1979).
Imagine a clinical world without family systems thinking.

Collaborative family health care acknowledges the importance of family and social context to yield a comprehensive understanding of health. In this editorial, we return to the concept of family systems thinking. (PsycINFO Database Record
Tools for Learning About the Referral and Consultation Process for Pediatric Residents

What's New? Management of referral and consultation is an entrustable professional activity for pediatric residents; however, few tools exist to teach these skills. We designed and implemented tools to prompt discussion, feedback, and reflection about the process of referral, notably including the family's perspective.
Changes in driver fatality rates and vehicle incompatibility concurrent with changes in the passenger vehicle fleet.

OBJECTIVE: With more sport utility vehicles (SUVs) on the road, public concern has been expressed about their influence on traffic safety. The present study examined changes in the mix of passenger vehicles between 1988 and 2004 and concurrent changes in driver fatality rates and vehicle incompatibility. METHOD: Vehicle registrations and driver deaths per registered vehicle were examined using data from R.L. Polk and Company and the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. RESULTS: Between 1988 and 2004, SUVs comprised an increasingly larger proportion of registered passenger vehicles (5% of one- to three-year-old vehicles in 1988 vs. 22% in 2004), yet driver deaths per registered vehicle decreased 43% to 47% for all passenger vehicle types. Reductions in driver fatality rates were greater for two-vehicle crashes than for single-vehicle crashes and greater for two-vehicle frontal crashes than for two-vehicle side-impact crashes. Driver death rates declined more on rural roads than on urban roads, and this difference was most pronounced for SUVs. Among cars struck by other vehicles, driver death rates in front-to-front and front-to-side impacts decreased more when the striking vehicle was an SUV than a pickup or car. CONCLUSIONS: Factors likely contributing to the overall reductions in fatality rates include advances in occupant protection, increases in average vehicle weight, increased availability of SUVs with car-based designs, and reductions in alcohol-impaired driving. Reductions of driver death rates in two-vehicle collisions between 1988 and 2004 are encouraging, but SUVs and pickups continue to pose a substantially higher risk to drivers of cars than when the striking vehicle is another car. Language: en
Social Capital and Breastfeeding Initiation among Puerto Rican Women

Little is known about breastfeeding rates and factors that affect the likelihood for ever breastfeeding (BF) among Puerto Rican women residing in the continental United States. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine acculturation and food behaviors among low-income Latinos in Hartford, CT. We examined the association of social capital with the likelihood of BF among women 17 to 40 years of age with a child less than 6 years of age. Chi-square analyses were used to examine the bivariate association between BF and independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the independent association between social capital and BF after controlling for confounders. Backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression results indicate that mothers who exchanged services with friends or relatives were more likely to have breastfed the previous child (OR=2.65; 95% CI=1.16–6.05) and also more likely to have ever breastfed the index child (OR=2.08; 95% CI=1.07–4.05) compared with their counterparts who did not exchange services. Mothers who listened to only Latino music (vs. those listening to non-Latino music) were less likely (OR=0.49; 95% 0=0.25–0.95) to have breastfed the index child. Findings suggest that social capital, as represented by exchange of services with friends or relatives, is associated with a higher likelihood of BF in this Puerto Rican community.
Selective Flocculation of Chrysocolla Fines with Anionic Polyacrylamide/Acrylate Polymer

Selective flocculation of chrysocolla fines has been examined with a variety of flocculants. Of those investigated, anionic polyacrylamide/acrylate polymers function the most effectively. The dissolution of cupric ion from the chrysocolla assumes a key role in flocculation behavior. Both chrysocolla and quartz/gangue are activated by hydrolyzed species of metal ions. Magnesium ion is found to adsorb specifically on chrysocolla and function as an activator under conditions in which significant hydrolysis of Mg++ does not occur.
Event-Related Brain Potentials in the Study of Consciousness

The electrical activity of the brain has always tantalized investigators interested in developing a psychobiology of consciousness. Hans Berger had been driven to his pioneering studies of the human electroencephalogram (EEG) by his interest in “psychic energy.” Jung (1975) reported that Berger “believed that the chemical energy of brain metabolism was transported into heat, electrical and ‘psychic’ energy, and he hoped to extrapolate the latter by measuring the heat production and electrical activity of the brain” (p. 484). The EEG, which Berger discovered, promised to allow insights into the mechanisms underlying consciousness. The rationale for this promise is evident. Because the phenomena of consciousness make themselves most readily available in the human, consciousness is best studied in the awake, alert, speaking individual. As electrical brain activity is one of the few means available for the observation of neural activity in the intact human, it is a natural object of interest to the student of consciousness.
Representing the Technology by Functions

Traditionally economists model the single output technology by the production function. This function is defined as the maximal output obtainable from given inputs. In Section 3.1, the production function is shown to exist, and the properties it inherits from the parent technology are discussed. Various parametric production functions are presented in Section 3.2. First weak disposability of input production functions are introduced and thereafter a family of parametric second order approximations is discussed.
Low-to-high b value DWI ratio approaches in multiparametric MRI of the prostate: feasibility, optimal combination of b values, and comparison with ADC maps for the visual presentation of prostate cancer

Background Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is considered by experts as one of the key elements in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) employed in oncological studies outside the brain. A low-to-high b value ratio DWI has been proposed as an approach to decrease acquisition time and simplify the analysis of DWI data without the need to use a mathematical model. Methods Forty-three men with biopsy-proven prostate cancer (PCa) who underwent mpMRI of the prostate were included. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were created in the MRI scanner using a mono-exponential algorithm [b value (× number of averages) =0 (×1), 10 (×1), 25 (×1), 50 (×1), 100 (×1), 250 (×1), 450 (×1), 1,000 (×2), 1,500 (×3), and 2,000 (×5) s/mm2]. DWI ratio images were calculated with three previously estimated optimal b value combinations: (I) b=100 and b=1,000 s/mm2 (R1); (II) b=100 and b=1,500 s/mm2 (R2); and (III) b=100 and b=2,000 s/mm2 (R3). For quantitative analysis, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between normal and cancerous tissue was compared between the ADC maps and the DWI ratio images in terms of noninferiority. For qualitative analysis, two radiologists read all images in a randomized order without knowing whether the presented image was an ADC map or a DWI ratio image. All images were scored in terms of artifacts, cancer conspicuity and overall image quality with a 5-point scale. Agreement between the readers was assessed by weighted kappa statistics. Agreement was considered as poor when kappa 0.4 and 0.75. Mean scores were compared between ADC and each of the DWI ratio images. Agreement between ADC maps and DWI ratio based synthetic ADC were assessed by intraclass correlation (ICC). Values less than 0.5, between 0.5 and 0.75, between 0.75 and 0.9, and greater than 0.90 were indicative of poor, moderate, good, and excellent reliability, respectively. Median difference between low and intermediate/high risk were tested. Results Quantitative analysis shows DWI ratio images were not inferior to ADC maps quantitatively [P=0.0298 (ADC vs. R1), <0.0001 (ADC vs. R2) and <0.0001 (ADC vs. R3)]. Qualitatively, DWI ratio images were no more than 0.5 point on Likert scale lower than ADC in overall quality [P=0.0043 (ADC vs. R1), <0.0001 (ADC vs. R2), <0.0001 (ADC vs. R3)]. Reader agreement for the qualitative analysis was good to excellent (weighted kappa =0.4-0.7). Agreement between ADC maps and the synthetic ADC's were excellent. Significant difference between low and intermediate/high risk were found in all measurements on average (all P values <0.05). Conclusions We presented an analytical method for searching for the optimal combination of high and low b values for DWI ratio images in terms of minimizing CNR between cancer and surrounding benign tissues. Optimized DWI ratio images are comparable both quantitatively and qualitatively to ADC maps for the interpretation of DWI data in the context of prostate mpMRI.
Known and novel ocular toxicities of biologics, targeted agents, and traditional chemotherapeutics

Increases in cancer with an aging population and the rapid development of new chemotherapeutics underscore the need for ophthalmologists to identify and manage potential ocular toxicities. This retrospective case series reports the ocular side effects of traditional and novel chemotherapeutic agents from a large center. The medical records of 3537 adult patients 18 years and older who presented to an academic ophthalmology department on high-risk medications identified by ICD-9 search between January 2010 and February 2015 were reviewed. A cancer diagnosis, as well as a temporal association with chemotherapeutic use and ocular side effect, was deemed necessary for inclusion in the study. The main measures were ocular side effects in cancer patients taking chemotherapy, ocular imaging abnormalities, and the outcome of each side effect. Of the 161 oncology patients referred to the ophthalmology clinic for chemotherapeutic screening or ocular side effect, 31 (19.3%) were identified as having an ocular adverse reaction due to a novel or traditional chemotherapeutic medication. A novel flattening of the corneal curvature with hyperopic shift and corneal microcysts was identified in a patient taking the antibody–drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine and was reversible with topical steroids. A bilateral medium-vessel choroidal vasculopathy with serous retinal detachment was seen with ipilimumab. The most frequent medication with ocular toxicity was interferon-α(2b) (IFN-α(2b)) (6/31, 19.4%); headache was typical in these patients (83.3%). Ibrutinib ocular toxicity was second most common (5/31, 16.1%), usually causing red or dry eye, while one patient developed branch retinal artery occlusion. Retinal abnormalities documented on OCT imaging occurred with IFN-α(2b), ipilimumab, binimetinib, and docetaxel, while rod-cone ERG abnormality was seen with cisplatin. Inflammatory conditions included anterior scleritis with zoledronic acid, focal eyelid inflammation with veliparib, bilateral chemosis with R-CHOP, iritis, and blepharospasm with IFN-α(2b). AION occurred with pemetrexed, and transient vision loss with hyperemic disc OS was seen with FOLFOX. Two patients (2/31, 6.5%) developed permanent vision loss. Six patients were lost to follow-up, and the clinical course was unknown (6/31, 19.4%). Cases of permanent visual loss were observed; yet, in the majority of side effects, they improved with topical therapy and/or holding the medication. Further research is needed to elucidate the incidence and the pathophysiology of these side effects and maximize patient quality of life.
t-wise Coverage by Uniform Sampling

Efficiently testing large configuration spaces of Software Product Lines (SPLs) needs a sampling algorithm that is both scalable and provides good t-wise coverage. The 2019 SPLC Sampling Challenge provides large real-world feature models and asks for a t-wise sampling algorithm that can work for those models.We evaluated t-wise coverage by uniform sampling (US) the configurations of one of the provided feature models. US means that every (legal) configuration is equally likely to be selected. US yields statistically representative samples of a configuration space and can be used as a baseline to compare other sampling algorithms.We used existing algorithm called Smarch to uniformly sample SPL configurations. While uniform sampling alone was not enough to produce 100% 1-wise and 2-wise coverage, we used standard probabilistic analysis to explain our experimental results and to conjecture how uniform sampling may enhance the scalability of existing t-wise sampling algorithms.
Ultrasound Elastography Use in Lower Extremity Lymphedema: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Lower extremity lymphedema (LEL) is mainly assessed clinically. Ultrasound elastography (UE) is a promising imaging tool to assess this disorder. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe the studies evaluating the use of UE in LEL. The PubMed database was queried for studies that evaluated the use of UE in LEL. The keywords "elastography" AND "lymphedema" were used for the search. Original articles in English were included in our study, whereas reviews were excluded. Our search resulted in 12 articles, 4 of which met the inclusion criteria. UE methods included free-hand real-time tissue elastography and UE with transducer in B mode. The imaging parameters applied were the tissue strains and the area of red region, respectively. All studies tested UE use in the assessment of LEL, and only one considered its use for staging. All studies but one found a difference in strain parameters for assessment of patients with LEL. Our systematic review has shown that UE appears to be a great tool in the assessment of LEL in moderate-to-advanced stages of disease. However, further studies using new effective methods are needed to evaluate patients with early lymphedema.
Feasibility and design of a cloud-based digital platform in patients with advanced cancer.

211Background: Patient reported outcomes (PROs) allow for systematic and more continuous capture of the patient experience. PROs have been associated with improved symptom management and quality of...
Forcing Cooperation: A Strategy for Improving Tax Compliance

The current U.S. deterrence-based tax enforcement regime is failing, particularly with respect to large multinational corporations. Despite the continual passage of new penalties and reporting requirements, large businesses remain able to keep much of their income out of the reach of the federal treasury. While the IRS has struggled with the decreasing effectiveness of its enforcement efforts, jurisdictions such as Australia have been able to achieve increased compliance rates as a result of transitioning to a cooperative tax model. This type of regime focuses on resolving emerging taxpayer issues in real-time, providing taxpayers with helpful, readily available guidance, and creating positive incentives for compliant taxpayers, such as the ability to book tax benefits more quickly and lower compliance costs. This Article argues for an adoption of a cooperative tax regime in the U.S., and more importantly proposes a framework for its implementation. Because many businesses are already able to successfully game the current system, they may be reluctant to voluntarily cooperate with the IRS based on the mere expectation of cooperation-based benefits. In order to combat this resistance, I argue that the IRS will have to delineate sharper compliance choices for taxpayers by broadening the spectrum of applicable compliance standards. This Article proposes that the IRS implement a system in which non-cooperation is met with strict liability and heightened compliance standards, while cooperation is rewarded with expanded pre-filing programs, decreased liability standards, and lower compliance costs. When faced with these two choices, most taxpayers should, over time, choose to cooperate. Those who do not, however, will be met with more targeted enforcement. By widening the gap between the two enforcement regimes, taxpayers will be forced to signal their cooperative intentions to the IRS. The IRS can then dynamically use this information to make its post-filing efforts more effective and “force” more taxpayers onto the path of compliance.
More is better: combinatorial therapy to restore β-cell function in diabetes.

Current pharmacological options for diabetes treatment help patients control blood glucose levels but do not reverse the decline in insulin-secreting β-cells. A new study now shows that a pharmacological combination of insulin and a GLP-1–oestrogen conjugate not only decreases daily insulin requirements but also improves β-cell function.
Probabilistic seismic performance and loss evaluation of a multi-story steel building equipped with butterfly-shaped fuses

Abstract Shear fuses are structural elements that protect surrounding members from damages by undergoing substantial yielding, and then are easily replaced after a major earthquake event. Butterfly-shaped shear fuse is a promising type of structural system, which can effectively align member's flexural capacity to the imposed moment demand due to its unique geometry. Although recent studies suggest that butterfly-shaped fuses exhibit substantial ductility and energy dissipation, their impact on the global performance of multi-story buildings requires further investigation. This study presents a comprehensive risk-based evaluation of a six-story eccentrically braced steel frame retrofitted with butterfly-shaped fuses. Two nonlinear finite element models of the original prototype building and retrofitted building with butterfly-shaped fuses are developed in OpenSees and incremental dynamic analysis is conducted. The results are used to derive global and story-based fragility and seismic demand hazard curves. Furthermore, earthquake-induced losses associated with structural and non-structural assemblies are quantified and the impact of butterfly-shaped fuses on the distribution of story acceleration and drift demands are evaluated. The results show that butterfly-shaped fuses significantly improve the structure's performance in terms of all drift-related damage states and the improvement is more pronounced at severe damage states. In particular, the risk of exceeding complete damage state in the retrofitted building's lifetime is reduced to approximately one-fourth of the original building's values. Furthermore, shear fuses effectively mitigate weak story formation at lower stories due to their large energy dissipation and ductility. The improved drift-related performance reduces the drift-induced loss of structural and non-structural assemblies, resulting in 44.64% smaller total annual loss for the studied building. In addition, although butterfly-shaped fuses reduce the probability of exceeding slight damage state for the floor acceleration, their impact is negligible at higher acceleration-related damage states.
Abstract PS19-21: Tak1 signaling regulates p53 through a mechanism involving ribosomal stress

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is among the most aggressive forms of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options. TAK1 is implicated in aggressive behavior of TNBC, while means are not fully understood. Here, we report that pharmacological blockade of TAK1 signaling hampered ribosome biogenesis (RBG) by reducing expression of RBG regulators such as RRS1, while not changing expression of ribosomal core proteins. Importantly, TAK1 blockade upregulated expression of p53 target genes in cell lines carrying wild type (wt) TP53 but not in p53-mutant cells. By examining involvement of the ribosomal stress response, we found that p53 activation by blockade of TAK1 was prevented by depletion of ribosomal protein RPL11. Further, siRNA-mediated depletion of TAK1 or RELA resulted in activation of p53 signaling and this response was dependent on RPL11. Knockdown of RRS1 disrupted nucleolar organization and resulted in activation of p53. Genomic TCGA data showed that TNBCs express high levels of ribosome biogenesis regulators, and elevated RRS1 levels correlate with unfavorable prognosis. Cytotoxicity data showed that TNBC cell lines are more sensitive to TAK1 inhibitor compared to luminal and HER2+ cell lines. Together, the data indicate that TAK1 regulates p53 activation by controlling ribosome biogenesis factors, and the TAK1-ribosome axis is a potential therapeutic target in TNBC. Citation Format: Andrei V. Bakin, Justin Zonneville, Vincent Wong. TAK1 signaling regulates p53 through a mechanism involving ribosomal stress [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 299.
Finite random coverings of one-complexes and the Euler characteristic

This article presents an algebraic topology perspective on the problem of finding a complete coverage probability of a one dimensional domain $X$ by a random covering, and develops techniques applicable to the problem beyond the one dimensional case. In particular we obtain a general formula for the chance that a collection of finitely many compact connected random sets placed on $X$ has a union equal to $X$. The result is derived under certain topological assumptions on the shape of the covering sets (the covering ought to be {\em good}, which holds if the diameter of the covering elements does not exceed a certain size), but no a priori requirements on their distribution. An upper bound for the coverage probability is also obtained as a consequence of the concentration inequality. The techniques rely on a formulation of the coverage criteria in terms of the Euler characteristic of the nerve complex associated to the random covering.
Common Information Belief based Dynamic Programs for Stochastic Zero-sum Games with Competing Teams.

Decentralized team problems where players have asymmetric information about the state of the underlying stochastic system have been actively studied, but games between such teams are less understood. We consider a general model of zero-sum stochastic games between two competing teams. This model subsumes many previously considered team and zero-sum game models. For this general model, we provide bounds on the upper (min-max) and lower (max-min) values of the game. Furthermore, if the upper and lower values of the game are identical (i.e., if the game has a value), our bounds coincide with the value of the game. Our bounds are obtained using two dynamic programs based on a sufficient statistic known as the common information belief (CIB). We also identify certain information structures in which only the minimizing team controls the evolution of the CIB. In these cases, we show that one of our CIB based dynamic programs can be used to find the min-max strategy (in addition to the min-max value). We propose an approximate dynamic programming approach for computing the values (and the strategy when applicable) and illustrate our results with the help of an example.
City-Scale Point Cloud Stitching Using 2D/3D Registration for Large Geographical Coverage

3D city-scale point cloud stitching is a critical component for large data collection, environment change detection, in which massive amounts of 3D data are captured under different times and conditions. This paper proposes a novel point cloud stitching approach, that automatically and accurately stitches multiple city-scale point clouds, which only share relatively small overlapping areas, into one single model for a larger geographical coverage. The proposed method firstly employs 2D image mosaicking techniques to estimate 3D overlapping areas among multiple point clouds, then applies 3D point cloud registration techniques to estimate the most accurate transformation matrix for 3D stitching. The proposed method is quantitatively evaluated on city-scale reconstructed point cloud dataset and real-world city LiDAR dataset, in which, our method outperforms other competing methods with significant margins and achieved the highest precision score, recall score, and F-score. Our method makes an important step towards automatic and accurate city-scale point cloud data stitching, which could be used in a variety of applications.
Phase evolution in driven alloys: An overview on compositional patterning

Abstract Irradiation of alloys with energetic particles leads to the forced chemical mixing of atoms and the creation of point defects. At elevated temperatures, the point defects are mobile and enhance diffusion. Since forced mixing occurs in energetic displacement processes, alloy constituents tend to flow down gradients in their concentration, while radiation enhanced diffusion is thermally activated and alloy components respond to gradients in their chemical potential. Phase evolution in irradiated alloys thus depends on the competition between these two dynamics. A similar situation occurs during severe plastic deformation, dislocation glide results in forced chemical mixing, while dislocation reactions lead to the creation of vacancies and enhanced thermally activated diffusion. One possible consequence of these competing dynamics is that alloys self-organize into compositional patterns, i.e., concentration variations adopt a fixed length scale determined by the nature of the driving forces and the internal dynamics of the alloy. The current perspective illustrates how the details of driving forces relate to the length scale of the compositional patterns and their morphology. A surprising finding is that irradiation and severe plastic deformation can both lead to compositional patterning even at low temperatures, i.e., in absence of thermally activated diffusion. While the compositional patterning again derives from competing dynamical processes, the characteristic length scales are determined by quite different aspects of the forced mixing. For irradiation, the ballistic recoil distance limits the maximum length scale for patterning at high temperatures, while it is the extent of the thermal spike at low temperatures. For severe plastic deformation, the glide distance of dislocations controls the largest length scale for patterning at high temperatures, whereas kinetic roughening of precipitates controls the maximum length at low temperatures.
High order sign-preserving and well-balanced exponential Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin methods for the shallow water equations with friction

Abstract In this paper, we propose a family of second and third order temporal integration methods for systems of stiff ordinary differential equations, and explore their application in solving the shallow water equations with friction. The new temporal discretization methods come from a combination of the traditional Runge-Kutta method (for non-stiff equation) and exponential Runge-Kutta method (for stiff equation), and are shown to have both the sign-preserving and steady-state-preserving properties. They are combined with the well-balanced discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization to solve the nonlinear shallow water equations with non-flat bottom topography and (stiff) friction terms. We have demonstrated that the fully discrete schemes satisfy the well-balanced, positivity-preserving and sign-preserving properties simultaneously. The proposed methods have been tested and validated on several one- and two-dimensional test cases, and good numerical results have been observed.
The US Dollar as a Global Currency

This chapter provides a summary overview of the contents of the book, beginning with a discussion of the various ways in which the dollar serves as the de facto currency of the global economy. The chapter identifies the main factors that account for this dominance of the dollar, as well as the benefits, costs and growing risks of this arrangement for global financial stability. Possible reforms of the current dollar-dominated reserve system are highlighted that are discussed in the closing chapters of the book.
Genocide's Aftermath: Neostalinism in Contemporary Crimea

The Crimean Tatars' genocide is one of the clearest, and yet least studied of twentieth-century genocides. This article explores that genocide's aftermath, beginning with the Crimean Tatars' attempts to reinscribe their presence in their historic homeland following the 1944 deportation. The ongoing contestations over the past are examined here as a historical habitus informing attitudes and behavior in the present. Drawing on unparalleled interview data with the Russian-speaking population in Crimea, I explore the durability and ontological resonance of constructions of Tatars as traitors both past and present. Ethnographic insight into the local understandings that feed exclusion, discrimination, and hatred enhance our understanding of genocide as a social process. Given the lack of either guilt or shame regarding the 1944 deportation, I suggest that Crimea currently lacks the cognitive and affective foundation to create a more inclusive future. The systematic erasure of the Crimean Tatars was holistic in nature. Crimean Tatar place names were changed to Soviet ones; mosques were turned into movie theatres (or worse); homes, livestock and gardens were given away; and mention of Crimean Tatars was deleted or abbreviated in reference works. Crimean Tatars were not allowed to reside in, or speak of, their homeland. It wasn't even possible to preserve a Crimean Tatar identity in personal documents. In Central Asia, before efforts to assimilate the survivors were underway, Crimean Tatars lived in a Special Settlement regime in which tens of thousands died of malnutrition, dehydration, and disease. They were also demonized. To give but one example, Crimean Tatars describe how children's heads were checked for horns by their Central Asian school teachers. This article unfolds in several steps. Considering that one component or aftermath of genocide is the attempt to erase the group from official history, I explore sites of memory, especially public commemoration. Although the ability of Crimean Tatars to commemorate their past as part of independent Ukraine at first suggests resilience, their efforts to reinscribe their presence on the peninsula and regain their rights have been met with opposition and resistance. Public commemorations interest me because they are one way in which competing interpretations of history become audible or legible and are then contested. Two insurrections of subjugated knowledge as part of independent Ukraine, billboards and a film, demonstrate these contestations. That the Crimean population, for the most part, does not recognize the treatment of the Crimean Tatars as genocide at all calls for deeper analysis. In the next part of the paper, I explore the thoughts and emotions behind the antipathy that continues to be directed at this indigenous people. Ethnographic insight into the local understandings that feed exclusion, discrimination, and hatred will enhance our understanding of genocide as a social process. My approach extends the work of other scholars of genocide by suggesting there is a historical habitus, or ingrained
Reflective, Self-Adaptive Problem Solvers

Problem-solving systems, situated in the real world are faced with a great challenge, that is, the dynamic nature of their environment. In any realistic environment the state of the world changes, and therefore, the system's knowledge about the world often becomes incomplete and incorrect. Furthermore, the constraints and the requirements imposed on the system's behavior may also evolve, and as a result, the system's functional architecture may become insufficient to meet the requirements of the evolving task environment. In principle, we would like our systems to be able to adjust themselves in their environments and to sustain quality performance across such environmental changes. To enable a system with the capability of self-adaptation, we have developed a framework for endowing it with the competence of reflection. In this framework, the system's problem-solving behavior is modeled in terms of a SBF model. This model captures a deep comprehension of the system's task structure, world knowledge and their inter-dependencies. The knowledge captured in the SBF model of a system enables it, when it fails, to identify the need to update its world knowledge and also appropriately redesign its functional architecture.
Significant Injury in Cruise Ship Passengers: A Case Series

Background The attention placed on cruise ship infectious epidemics has helped create important preventive strategies in improving food handling, sanitation, and overall cruise ship medical care. However, the incidence of serious injury in cruise ship passengers has never been fully described. In 2006, there was an increase in the number of cruise ship passengers receiving medical care at a Level I trauma center. This report provides a case series analysis of eight patients identified as suffering from significant cruise ship-related injuries. Methods A retrospective, descriptive study design was used. Data on trauma patients transported directly from cruise ships and admitted to a university Level I trauma center in 2003–2006 were reviewed. Results A total of 2132 patients were admitted as major trauma resuscitations in 2006. Eight were identified as being injured on a major cruise ship compared to an average of 1.7 patients/year in the preceding 3 years. All but one patient was female. Three patients had significant medical comorbidities. All eight patients suffered injuries from falls, five of which were in stairwells. Concussions were the most common injury. Five patients were discharged to home, two to extended rehabilitation facilities, and one died. Conclusions In this case series, falls were the sole cause of major injury among cruise ship passengers. Improved surveillance and characterization of injuries among cruise ship passengers is needed to inform safety policies and develop programs to prevent passenger injury.
Has the Sun Changed Climate? Modeling the Effect of Solar Variability on Climate

Satellite observations since 1978 have shown the sun's total irradiance changed by no more than 0.1% over solar cycles 21-23. However, observations of sunspot numbers, the concentrations of cosmogenic isotopes and sunlike stars suggest that the sun's irradiance may have increased by 0.3% from the 17th to the 20th century. A simple climate model used to determine the climate sensitivity, ΔT 2x -the change in global near-surface temperature resulting from doubling the pre-industrial CO 2 concentration-by replicating the observed changes of hemispheric-mean temperatures since 1856 has shown that ΔT 2x is nearly halved if the sun's irradiance changed before 1978 as constructed from surrogate data. Thus, in terms of future anthropogenic climate change impacts and policy it is important to determine whether the sun changed climate. To do so, fingerprint detection studies have been performed with coupled atmosphere/ocean general circulation models (A/O GCMs) to detect the geographical pattern of solar-induced temperature change. Successive studies performed at the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology and the Hadley Centre for Climate Research and Prediction have increasingly concluded that the sun did change climate during the first half of the twentieth century. However, these detection studies did not use spectrally dependent changes in solar irradiation. Other GCM studies using the change in solar ultraviolet observed during solar cycle 22 and constructed from 1610 to the present have shown significant changes in near-surface temperature resulting from changes in stratospheric ozone, temperature and wind. Thus it is now time to perform fingerprint detection studies with A/O GCMs that include spectrally dependent solar irradiance variations and comprehensive interactive photochemistry.