cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical data card for medical imaging

Stimulable phosphor cassettes, personal computers, optical discs and optical data cards permit the design of a filmiess radiographic system. X-ray cassettes are read by a laser scanner and images are displayed and stored at the small computer. More than 100 images can be stored on the computer hard disk and recalled by the radiologist for interpretation. Four high resolution monitors permit the system to be used in the same way as a radiographic alternator (multiple viewer). A report can be prepared, the images annotated and the results stored on an optical disc used by the clinic/hospital as a permanent archive. Individual records and images can be copied to credit card-size optical data cards for use by the referring physician or surgeon. The data cards can be displayed on an inexpensive independent viewer. The computer can be coupled to external medical imaging systems, CT, MRI, etc., via an Ethernet port or an ACRINEMA interface. The first system is being developed for the US Army Medical Research and Development Command under Contract DAMD17-88C-8058.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stimulation by 5′-methylene cyclic phosphonate analogue of cAMP of sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibres

1. 1. The Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibres is stimulated by microinjection of 5′-methylene phosphonate analogue of cAMP, more so when fibres are pretreated with ouabain. 2. 2. Concentrations as low as 10−6 M (i.e. 10−8 M in the myoplasm) of the analogue cause 27·4±4·2% stimulation of the Na efflux and 114·1±29·3% stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux. Experiments with 100 mM-EDTA and 100 mM-EGTA fail to show that the response of the Na efflux to the analogue depends on myoplasmic pCa. 3. 3. This contrasts sharply with the finding that in the absence of external Ca2+, the response of the Na efflux to microinjection of the analogue is markedly reduced.
A normative analysis of public capital

A normative analysis of short-term public capital investment is carried out using cost benefit analysis. This cost benefit approach explicitly incorporates the durability of capital into the computation and thus include an aspect of public capital omitted from previous studies which focus on productivity. Estimation methods used else where have been improved by properly handling several concerns that have been raised. In addition, this behavioural model yields many structural equations suitable for estimation which results in highly efficient parameter estimates. Although a small elasticity is found for public capital, the benefit is greater than the cost.
Georgia on my mind? Russian sanctions and the end of the ‘Rose Revolution’

Abstract In recent years Russia has launched a concerted effort to undermine pro-Western regimes in the former Soviet area by using economic sanctions. Most studies of this economic offensive have focused on Russia's obvious use of natural gas as a political weapon. This paper adds to that literature by showing how the Kremlin in fact uses many kinds of sanctions simultaneously. The case of Georgia illustrates this clearly. To undermine President Saakashvili Moscow used not only energy sanctions, but also trade and financial sanctions, as well as restrictions on Georgian migrant workers. As this case shows, democratic regimes may be particularly vulnerable to such economic sanctions, since even a relatively small economic decline can cause an incumbent to lose an election. The Russian effort in Georgia seems to have succeeded, as Saakashvili's party was driven from office in the 2012 and 2013 elections by Georgian Dream, a new coalition founded by Bidzina Ivanishvili, a billionaire who made his fortune in Russia. However, Ivanishvili has now found that he, too, faces Russian economic pressure.
High rates of regional failure in squamous cell carcinoma of the hard palate and maxillary alveolus.

The risk of neck metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the hard palate and upper (maxillary) alveolus has not been well defined but has traditionally been believed to be low. Therefore, the node-negative neck is usually observed, rather than electively treated. Historical studies have reported variable outcomes but are difficult to interpret because hard and soft palate tumors were often grouped together, as were maxillary and mandibular alveolus tumors.1-9 Because of the relative rarity of these cancers, the contemporary literature consists entirely of small case series lacking survival or other outcome analyses.10-14 The rate of clinical and occult neck metastases arising from these primary sites has not been systematically studied, and prognostic factors have yet to be defined. Our objectives were to determine the incidence and characteristics of regional failure in these patients and to identify patient or tumor-related characteristics which are predictive of regional recurrence.
Centroid detection based on optical correlation

We propose three correlation-based methods to simultaneously detect the centroids of multiple objects in an input scene. The first method is based on the modulus of the moment function, the second method is based on squaring the moment function, and the third method works with a single intensity filter. These methods are invariant to changes in the position, orientation, and scale of the object and result in good noise-smoothing performance. We use spatial light modulators (SLMs) to directly implement the input of the image and filter information for the purpose of these approaches. We present results showing simulations from different approaches and provide comparisons between optical-correlation- and digital-moment-based methods. Experimental results corresponding to an optical correlator using SLMs for the centroid detection are also presented.
Acid Hydrolases of the Epidermis: Subcellular Localization and Relationship to Cornification

Three lysosomal-type acid hydrolases were examined in subcellular fractions of the developing epidermis of fetal rats to assess the relationship of degradative enzymes to cornification. As the granular layer developed and cornified between 18 and 20 days (D) of gestation, epidermal acid phosphatase increased, acid phospholipase A remained constant, and β-glucuronidase activity declined. The enzymes were present in 3,000, 17,000, and 100,000 g particulate fractions and soluble cytoplasm. However distribution differed: acid phosphatase and phospholipase A were more preferentially localized than was glucuronidase in the 17,000 g fraction which excluded mitochondria and ribosomes and was enriched in lamellar granules. The findings suggested that acid phosphatase and phospholipase were present in membrane-bound organelles (e.g., lamellar granules) in the granular layer. Particulate acid phosphatase increased with granular layers on days 19 and 20 while a 7-fold increase in soluble enzyme coincided with cornification on day 20. As shown by isoelectric focusing, the enzyme became more heterogeneous at day 20 than at day 18, suggesting increased glycosylation. The particulate fraction displayed lysosomal characteristics with respect to release of acid phosphatase, which was inhibited by hydrocortisone and enhanced by retinol. When fetal epidermis was allowed to cornify in organ cultures, similar increases in acid phosphatase occurred. The presence of hydrocortisone did not affect increase in total enzyme but a greater proportion remained in the particulate fraction. The findings suggest that particulate acid phosphatase and phospholipase are compartmentalized in organelles with lysosomal characteristics during development of granular cells and that release of phosphatase is coincident with cornification. This may reflect not only exocytosis of lamellar granules but also intracellular release of the hydrolytic enzyme.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1990.

This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosley and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We have also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies. We have included a number of pre-1990 citations not listed in previous bibliographies because we continue to terminate our search in June. A noteworthy observation about this year's bibliography concerns the increase in the number of articles reporting research on college teaching in general and on the education of women, minorities, and nontraditional students in particular.
Designating user communities for scientific data: challenges and solutions

Defining a "designated user community" for a data collection is essential to good scientific data stewardship. It enables data managers to determine what information is necessary to ensure the usability of the data now and into the future. It helps managers present and enable access to the data and may determine the format of the data. However, defining a community is difficult, and it is impossible to predict how the use of a data collection may change over time. This creates a series of data management problems for data stewards that may be mitigated by a set of best practices.
Approximate solution for electron correlation through the use of Schwinger probes

Abstract Quantum energies and two-particle reduced density matrices (2-rdms) may be determined without using the N -particle wavefunction by combining the reconstruction of higher rdms from lower rdms and the contracted Schrodinger equation. In this letter we derive a systematic procedure for obtaining reconstruction functionals through the use of Schwinger probes. Previous functionals for the 3 and 4-rdms are generated as well as new functionals for higher rdms. Through a quasi-spin model we demonstrate that the 5-rdm, normalized to unity, may be reconstructed from lower rdms with the accuracy of its elements ranging from 10 −4 for five fermions to 10 −8 for fifty fermions.
Time of Change? The Spiritual Challenges of Bereavement and Loss:

Coping with grief can include, in part, trying either to assimilate the loss into the existing worldview and its spiritual and religious components, or changing those components in congruence with ...
Transport of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by human kidney cortex.

Abstract Alpha-methyl-D-glucoside has been shown to be a nonmetabolizable sugar accumulated against a concentration gradient by human renal cortical slices. The uptake process was substrate dependent and saturable with an apparent K m of 5.26 m M . The velocity of uptake was sodium dependent; low sodium increased the apparent K m without affecting the maximum velocity. A pH maximum of transport occurred between 7.0 and 7.4. D-glucose and D-galactose inhibited glucoside accumulation. The inhibition by D-glucose was competitive. D-glucose accelerated the efflux of α-methyl-D-glucoside from preloaded cells. The glucoside appears to be transported by a mechanism shared to some extent with that of D-glucose.
Jean van Heijenoort’s Conception of Modern Logic, in Historical Perspective

I use van Heijenoort’s published writings and manuscript materials to provide a comprehensive overview of his conception of modern logic as a first-order functional calculus and of the historical developments which led to this conception of mathematical logic, its defining characteristics, and in particular to provide an integral account, from his most important publications as well as his unpublished notes and scattered shorter historico-philosophical articles, of how and why the mathematical logic, whose he traced to Frege and the culmination of its formative period in the incompleteness results of Godel, became modern logic, as distinct from the traditional logic of Aristotle, and why and how the logistic tradition that led from Frege through Russell, rather than the algebraic tradition that led from De Morgan and Boole through Peirce and Schroder, came, in his view, to define modern logic.
Using Linear Programming to Determine Post-Facto Consistency in Performance Evaluations of Major League Baseball Players

We use linear programming to judge the consistency of the performance appraisals that Bill James has made of major league baseball players. In particular, we use a linear programming model to determine whether weights for the set of performance measures can be found such that the players' ordinal ratings can be reconstructed. This approach can be used to judge the consistency of performance appraisals for groups of employees.
Excitation of deformation vibrations by radiationless muonic transitions

Abstract An investigation is carried out for selected doubly even nuclei in the rare-earth and actinide regions for possible resonances between pairs of muonic levels of the appropriate quantum numbers and certain nuclear collective states. Such resonances can lead to the excitation of the particular nuclear state involved, and could be used as an alternate means of nuclear excitation. Electric monopole excitations were found which can result in the excitation of the nuclear 0 + level of the β-band. The muonic states involved, however, are such that the probability of nuclear excitation may be small. An electric quadrupole resonance in 182 W involving the excitation of the 2 + state of the β-band is found to be a very likely candidate. Dipole and octupole resonances were also investigated; however no possible resonances were found. Also unsuccessful was the search for quadrupole excitations of the 2 + state in the γ-band. The matrix elements involved in the EO and E2 resonances are calculated, the nuclear contribution being computed using the nuclear collective model of Davydov and Chaban. The probability for nuclear excitation in the E2 resonance in 182 W is computed.
Impacts of Channel Reconstruction on Invertebrate Assemblages in a Restored River

Ecosystem restoration often aims to recreate the physical habitat needed to support a particular life-stage of a focal species. For example, river channel reconstruction, a common restoration practice along the Pacific coast, is typically used to enhance spawning habitat for adult Chinook salmon, a species experiencing large population declines. These restoration efforts rarely consider, however, that altering spawning habitat could have indirect effects on other life-stages, such as juveniles, which might occur if, e.g. reconstruction alters the benthic food web. To determine how channel reconstruction impacts benthic macroinvertebrates, juvenile Chinook’s primary prey, we conducted two studies at a restoration site in the Merced River, California. We asked (1) has gravel enhancement altered invertebrate assemblages in the restored reach compared with an unrestored reach? and, if so, (2) can shifts in the invertebrate community be explained by increased substrate mobility and by reduced heterogeneity that results from restoration? We show that invertebrate abundance and biomass were lower in the restored reach and that these changes were accompanied by a shift from dominance by filter-feeding caddisflies (Hydropsyche) in the unrestored reach to grazing mayflies (Baetis) in the restored reach. Using an in situ manipulation, we demonstrated that this trend was driven by increased substrate mobility that reduces the abundance of Hydropsyche and by decreased substrate heterogeneity that reduces the abundance of Baetis. Our studies suggest that geomorphic changes typical of reconstructed rivers can alter food webs in ways that may have important implications for supporting the focal species of restoration efforts.
Perceived Origins of Teaching Behavior.

What impact does a teacher education program have as a source of ideas for subsequent teaching practice? To an swer this question, Clark and his col leagues collected "origins" behavior for 71 student teachers and first-year teachers. Through systematic class room observation of the subjects, 1,346 teaching behaviors were observed and analyzed. Immediately after a behavior was exhibited, the teacher described what he or she perceived as the origin of that behavior. The dominant behavior related to instructional activities and the most frequently perceived origin was "my own idea." Few behaviors were attributed by the teachers to their work with university faculty members. The authors discuss the reasons for their findings, and they propose several ways of mitigating the powerful influence of personal experience.
Acquisition based capacity of a synchronous direct sequence spread spectrum multiple access technique

In deriving the capacity of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) multiple access system using the bit error rate (BER), it is assumed that the receiver has already achieved chip synchronisation with the spreading sequence used. In the absence of any other timing information the acquisition based capacity is also very important. It has been found that asymptotically, that is as the length N of the matched filter used to achieve the synchronization tends to infinity and pfa, the probability of acquisition failure tends to zero, the acquisition based capacity is upper bounded by N/2ln N, denoted as J/sub a/symp. However, this bound J/sub a/symp is not tight for finite N. In fact for a specified pfa, and N, the actual maximum number of users can be orders of magnitude lower than the predicted J/sub a/symp. Thus, from a practical point of view the asymptotic bound is not very useful for a given problem at hand. We formulate the acquisition based capacity for a specified pfa and N. >
Commentary: A Closer Look at Task Analysis--Reactions to Wang, Schnipke, and Witt.

In the Spring 2005 issue, Wang, Schnipke, and Witt provided an informative description of the task inventory approach that centered on four functions of job analysis. The discussion included persuasive arguments for making systematic connections between tasks and KSAs. But several other facets of the discussion were much less persuasive. This article offers a critique in the form of four counterarguments: (1) The job analysis method must be appropriate to the nature of the work; (2) The capacity of the task analysis inventory method to describe a complex profession is questionable; (3) Task importance ratings are inherently deficient; and (4) Careful generation of KSAs does not assure systematic item development, which is also necessary in the chain of validity evidence.
Synaptic Inhibition Mediated by Glia

Abstract It has become increasingly clear over the past several years that astrocytes can release chemical transmitters in response to the activation of neurotransmitter receptors. In this issue of Neuron , Zhang et al. demonstrate that the regulated release of one of these gliotransmitters, ATP, mediates a form of heterosynaptic suppression.
Tilting at Windmills: Comparing the Learning Style Inventory and the Learning Style Questionnaire:

Previous research has compared the Learning Style Inventory (Kolb, 1976; 1985) and Learning Style Questionnaire (Honey and Mumford, 1982; 1986) by correlating composite scores related to the axes o...
On transaction boundaries in active databases: a performance perspective

A performance model designed for studying active DBMS performance issues is described. The authors present the results of simulation experiments in which system performance was studied as a function of transaction boundary semantics for varying levels of data contention, rule complexity, and data sharing between externally submitted tasks and rule management tasks. The results demonstrate that the way in which transaction boundaries are imposed can have a major impact on the performance of an active DBMS. It is therefore concluded that this aspect of rule semantics must be carefully considered at the time that rules are specified. >
fMRI investigation of cross-cultural music comprehension

The popular view of music as a "universal" language ignores the privileged position of the cultural insider in comprehending musical information unique to their own tradition. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that listeners would demonstrate different neural activity in response to culturally familiar and unfamiliar music and that those differences may be affected by the extent of subjects' formal musical training. Just as familiar languages have been shown to use distinct brain processes, we hypothesized that an analogous difference might be found in music and that it may depend in part on subjects' formal musical knowledge. Using fMRI we compared the activation patterns of professional musicians and untrained controls reared in the United States as they listened to music from their culture (Western) and from an unfamiliar culture (Chinese). No overall differences in activation were observed for either subject group in response to the two musical styles, although there were differences in recall performance based on style and there were activation differences based on training. Trained listeners demonstrated additional activation in the right STG for both musics and in the right and left midfrontal regions for Western music and Chinese music, respectively. Our findings indicate that listening to culturally different musics may activate similar neural resources but with dissimilar results in recall performance.
Multi-token resource sharing for pipelined asynchronous systems

This paper introduces the first exact method for optimal resource sharing in a pipelined system in order to minimize area. Given as input a dependence graph and a throughput requirement, our approach searches through the space of legal resource allocations, performing both scheduling and optimal buffer insertion, in order to produce the minimum area implementation. Furthermore, we do not arbitrarily limit the number of concurrent threads or data tokens; instead, we explore the full space of legal token counts, effectively allowing the depth of pipelining to be determined by our algorithm, while concurrently minimizing area and meeting performance constraints. Our approach has been automated, and compared with an existing single-token scheduling approach. Experiments using a set of benchmarks indicate that our multi-token approach has significant advantages: (i) it can find schedules that deliver higher throughput than the single-token approach; and (ii) for the same throughput, the multi-token approach obtains solutions that consumed 33--61% less area.
Gain of the 3q26 region in cervicovaginal liquid-based pap preparations is associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Background Chromosomal aberrations have been documented in cervical carcinomas, especially chromosome 3q. The human telomerase RNA gene ( hTERC ) is located in the chromosome 3q26 region, and its product, telomerase, is involved in the maintenance of chromosome length and stability. Upregulation of telomerase is in general associated with tumorigenesis. In this study, cervicovaginal specimens were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for gain of chromosome 3q26 containing hTERC , and FISH findings were compared with the cytologic and histologic diagnoses. Methods Slides prepared from 66 liquid-based preparations from cervical specimens with cytologic diagnoses of negative for squamous intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM, n =4), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US, n =15), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL, n =20), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL, n =24), or cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA, n =3) were analyzed for aberrations of 3q26 using a commercially available two-color FISH probe. The results of the cytologic analysis and those of concurrent or subsequent biopsies, when available, were compared with the FISH-detected 3q26 abnormalities. The Wilcoxon rank–sum test was used to assess associations between 3q26 gains and diagnoses. Results Gain of 3q26 was significantly associated with the cytologic diagnosis ( p Conclusions FISH can be performed on cervicovaginal liquid-based preparations to detect gain of 3q26. Gain of 3q26 is associated with HSIL and SCCA. This test may be an adjunct to cytology screening, especially high-risk patients.
Novel Heterogeneity Exists in the 5′-Untranslated Region of the β-Galactoside α2,6-Sialyltransferase mRNAs in the Human B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Line, Louckes☆

Abstract Multiple mRNA isoforms are generated from SIAT1, the gene encoding the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal I, SiaT-1, ST6N, α2,6ST). These isoforms are transcriptionally initiated from a number of physically distinct promoter regions. In human B-lymphocytic cells, two SIAT1 mRNA isoforms have been identified. In order to determine if additional SIAT1 mRNA isotypes exist, RNA from Louckes, a human cell line with the mature B-phenotype, was subjected to 5′-RACE analysis. In addition to the two previously characterized mRNA forms, three additional SIAT1 mRNA forms were identified. The new mRNA isoforms incorporate novel sequence blocks into their 5′-UT regions. The data strongly suggest that these novel sequence blocks originate from previously undocumented 5′-noncoding exons and are incorporated into mRNA by alternative splicing events and/or usage of additional transcriptional promoter regions. BLAST analysis reveals no similarity of these novel regions, Exons U, V, and W, to sequences in GenBank. The only exception is Exon V, which contains a portion of Alu, a repetitive element. The data suggest that two of these novel mRNA isotypes are likely to be minor components. However, one form may contribute significantly to the SIAT1 mRNA pool in Louckes cells.
Myofibrillar Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity of Human Heart Tissue in Congestive Failure: Effects of Ouabain and Calcium

Ouabain had no effect on myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in normal, hypertrophic, and failing hearts with concentrations of calcium chloride varying from 0 to 5.0 mM. The quantitative effects of CaCl 2 on myofibrillar ATPase were the same in all groups studied. At necropsy it was found that myofibrillar ATPase activity of heart tissue from patients with clinical and pathologic diagnoses of failure from left ventricular volume and pressure overload was significantly lower than that of normal controls. The ATPase activity in patients with failure due to right ventricular volume and pressure overload was not significantly lower than that in normal controls. There was no difference in myofibrillar ATPase activity between normal left and normal right and between failing left and failing right ventricles. The difference demonstrated at necropsy between normal and failing hearts was not a function of age or of hypertrophy per se. Myofibrillar ATPase activity of hypertrophic nonfailing surgical pulmonary infundibular tissue was the same as that of normal postmortem ventricles. The ATPase activity of failing surgical papillary muscle in a small number of experiments was in the range of that found in failing postmortem ventricles.
Activation of glucocorticoid-type II receptor complexes in brain cytosol leads to an increase in surface hydrophobicity as determined by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.

: Hydrophobic interaction chromatography has been used to demonstrate an increase in the surface hydrophobicity of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide ([3H]TA)-labeled type II receptors in mouse brain cytosol following transformation of these receptor complexes to the activated DNA-binding form. After removing unbound [3H]TA and molybdate (which prevents activation) by gel nitration, [3H]TA-type II receptors were activated by incubation at 22°C for 20 min. Gel filtration was then used to remove newly dissociated steroid and to readjust the molybdate and/or KCl concentration. Unactivated and activated receptors were then added to propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl alkyl agarose, phenyl agarose, or unmodified agarose columns equilibrated and eluted with buffers of various molybdate and KCl concentrations and/ or other additions, including glycerol, ethylene glycol, and urea. Under high-salt conditions, activated receptors were retained longer than unactivated receptors run on butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and phenyl agaroses. With the longer alkyl chain columns, essentially none of the [3H]TA was eluted in association with receptor macromolecules. Removal of the remaining steroid required receptor denaturation with urea. Under low-salt conditions, both receptor forms were retained more avidly on all alkyl agarose columns; however, on phenyl agarose only activated receptors displayed this increased retention. Further studies revealed that optimal separation and subsequent recovery of unactivated and activated [3H]TA-type II receptor complexes were achieved on pentyl agarose columns equilibrated and eluted with buffers containing 50 mM molybdate and 600–1,200 mM KCl. The activation-associated increase in surface hydrophobicity revealed in this study may reflect mechanisms underlying receptor subunit dissociation, increased permeation through the nuclear membrane, and/or increased affinity for DNA and other nuclear acceptors.
High Affinity Membranes for Cellulase Enzyme Detection in Subterranean Termites

The United States dependence on fossil fuels has become mandatory over the past few decades. The fuel shortage during the 1970s and after Hurricane Katrina has catalyzed a need for creating alternative energy sources, improving the efficacy of these alternative energy sources, and enhancing energy sustainability. The U.S. Department of Energy has set goals to replace 30% of the liquid petroleum transportation fuel with biofuels and to replace 25% of industrial organic chemicals with biomass-derived chemicals by 2025. In the southeast United States, subterranean termites are prevalent and microbes in their gut degrade wood based materials such as cellulose which produce simple sugars that can be used to produce bioethanol. Upon seasonal change, subterranean termites undergo less enzymatic activity and wood-eating capability limiting the amount of sugars that may be produced. This limited activity sparks an interest to investigate this poorly understood phenomenon of how temperature may affect the enzymatic activity in subterranean termites’ guts. In this study, we report the development thermoresponsive biomaterial nanofiber mats containing cellulose to model cellulase activity. Using electrospinning techniques, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) celluose fiber mats have been prepared via alkaline hydrolysis and labeled with fluorescent tags. Subterranean termites (reticulitermes species) were feed fiber mats for 10 consecutive days to assess enzyme mapping and kinetics. Fluorescent microscopy images confirmed spatial and temporal localization of cellulase enzyme throughout the termite gut upon time and temperature change. These novel high affinity enzyme detection membranes show promise towards future biofuel production.
Organized Labor and the Political Economy of Product Market Distortions

Why are economic reforms reversed through strikes and demonstrations in some countries, but backed by the labor movement in other countries? Why do product and labor market distortions differ so much across countries? This article addresses these questions by means of a simple, heuristic model of the economy that replicates in an integrated manner several independent results from the recent political economy literature. Unlike most of this literature, however, the model focuses on the role played by organized labor, rather than by rent-seeking firms and guilds. A two-stage game between the government and organized labor determines the level of product market distortions (for example, import tariffs). In the first stage, the players may undertake costly actions, such as redistributing income or striking, in order to increase their bargaining power. In the second stage, they negotiate over product market distortions and wages. Under very general assumptions, several policy regimes exist: changes in the key parameters of the economy may trigger a switch in the strategy of trade unions from confrontation to cooperation and hence change the policy regime. Cross-country data highlight that, in spite of its simplicity, the model reproduces some observed empirical regularities.
SEMINET: Power Circuit Analysis Including Numerical Semiconductor Device Models

This paper describes a recently developed computer program called SEMINET (for SEMIconductor NET-work). SEMINET enables user-oriented modeling of electronic circuits including “exact” numerical analysis of power semiconductor circuit elements. Analytical semiconductor device models are also available in addition to the usual complement of passive components and voltage and current sources. Generalized components can also be specified via tabulated I/V relations. A powerful post-processing facility provides for interactive mathematical manipulation and graphical presentation of all simulation results. With SEMINET, large signal circuit behavior and internal device physics can be examined simultaneously. This is particularly important in optimizing power semiconductor devices for a reactive circuit environment. Examples are presented of Insulated Gate Transistor dynamic safe-operating-area studies.
Multimodality management of Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations.

Object Grade III arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are diverse because of their variations in size (S), location in eloquent cortex (E), and presence of central venous drainage (V). Because they may have implications for management and outcome, the authors evaluated these variations in the present study. Methods Between 1984 and 2010, 100 patients with Grade III AVMs were treated. The AVMs were categorized by Spetzler-Martin characteristics as follows: Type 1 = S1E1V1, Type 2 = S2E1V0, Type 3 = S2E0V1, and Type 4 = S3E0V0. The occurrence of a new neurological deficit, functional status (based on modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score) at discharge and follow-up, and radiological obliteration were correlated with demographic and morphological characteristics. Results One hundred patients (49 female and 51 male; age range 5–68 years, mean 35.8 years) were evaluated. The size of AVMs was less than 3 cm in 28 patients, 3–6 cm in 71, and greater than 6 cm in 1; 86 AVMs were located in eloquent cortex and 38 had ce...
Plant Growth Inhibition and Membrane Penetration by a Homologous Series of Dichlorobenzoate Esters

The homologous series of n-alkyl esters (C1–C10) of 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid was synthesized and their effects in inhibiting the growth of Nicotiana meristems were studied. The inhibition of growth was considered in terms of penetration of chemicals into the plant tissue and subsequent cell membrane disruption. Penetration was investigated by applying the emulsified ester to the meristem and then measuring the compound recovered with the isolated surface lipids. Decreasing amounts of 3,4-dichlorobenzoate esters penetrated into the plant as the alkyl chain length of the ester moeity was increased. Essentially no penetration occurred with the n-C7 through C10 esters tested. The effect of the ester homologues on cell membranes was studied by measuring the efflux of betacyanin from beet root cells. Decreasing amounts of pigments were released as the alkyl chain length of the ester was increased. Minimal cell membrane disruption was found for the C7–C10 esters. Inhibition of the plant meristem may result from the more rapid penetration of the short chain ester homologues into the plant.
Phosphorus and Mineral Concentrations in Whole Grain and Milled Low Phytic Acid (lpa) 1-1 Rice

ABSTRACT Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate) is the most abundant form of phosphorus (P) in cereal grains and is important to grain nutritional quality. In mature rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, the bulk of phytic acid P is found in the germ and aleurone layer, deposited primarily as a mixed K/Mg salt. Phosphorus components and minerals were measured in whole grain produced by either the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Kaybonnet (the nonmutant control) or the low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa1-1) mutant, and in these grains when milled to different degrees (10, 12, 17, 20, 22, and 25%, w/w). Phytic acid P is reduced by 42–45% in lpa1-1 whole grain as compared with Kaybonnet, but these whole grains had similar levels of total P, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn. In both genotypes, the concentration of phytic acid P, total P, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Mn in the milled products was reduced by 60–90%, as compared with whole grain. However, a trend was observed for higher (25–40%) total P, K, and Mg concentrations in l...
Sense and Sensitivity: Physical Limits to Multicellular Sensing, Migration, and Drug Response.

Metastasis is a process of cell migration that can be collective and guided by chemical cues. Viewing metastasis in this way, as a physical phenomenon, allows one to draw upon insights from other studies of collective sensing and migration in cell biology. Here we review recent progress in the study of cell sensing and migration as collective phenomena, including in the context of metastatic cells. We describe simple physical models that yield the limits to the precision of cell sensing, and we review experimental evidence that cells operate near these limits. Models of collective migration are surveyed in order to understand how collective metastatic invasion can occur. We conclude by contrasting cells’ sensory abilities with their sensitivity to drugs and suggesting potential alternatives to cell-death-based cancer therapies.
Sale Timing Under Buyer Valuation Uncertainty: When to EndureInformation Disadvantage?

When buyers are uncertain about product valuations for future consumption, the seller incurs an information disadvantage if it allows consumers to purchase late, after they (privately) learn their true consumption state. Despite this, when customers are heterogeneous, it may be optimal for the seller to endure an information disadvantage by selling late. This paper enriches prior insights about how buyer uncertainty affects the seller's decision about sale timing. We show that late selling gives the seller more flexibility in pooling high-valuation customers. This flexibility is attractive when buyer uncertainty about valuations is sufficiently high. Moreover, the asymmetry between the uncertain buyer valuations and the constant marginal cost may lead to higher profit margin under spot selling. Our research underlines the need for managers to examine the interaction between buyer valuation uncertainty, customer heterogeneity, and cost structure, in determining the optimal selling strategy.
From last supper to self-initiated weight loss: Pretreatment weight change may be more important than previously thought.

Objective Evaluate the association between pretreatment and during-treatment weight change, as well as differences in self-regulation between those who gain weight, remain weight stable, and lose weight pretreatment. Methods Data from the first 6 months of a behavioral weight loss study were used. Participants (n = 283) were weighed at two assessment points (screening visit and baseline) prior to the start of treatment and at every treatment session. Participants were divided into those who gained weight, remained weight stable, or lost weight between the screening visit and the first treatment session. Results Pretreatment weight change was not significantly associated with during-treatment change. Weight change from the screening visit to month 6 was significantly different by category, with losses of 11% and 7% for those who lost and gained weight pretreatment, respectively. Weight change from first treatment session to month 6 was not different by category. Poorer self-regulation was associated with pretreatment weight gain and better self-regulation with pretreatment weight loss. Conclusions Pretreatment weight change may not relate to success during behavioral weight loss treatment. Researchers should carefully consider when the “baseline” assessment takes place to reduce bias introduced by pretreatment weight change. Poorer self-regulation may place individuals at risk for weight gain prior to treatment.
EBER1 Small Nuclear RNA in Malignancy: A Morphologically Distinctive Target for Detection of EBV in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Specimens

EBV is a ubiquitous virus which is consistently detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), African Burkitt’s lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoma and is frequently detected in HIV-associated lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease (1–3). Detection of the virus in archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded clinical specimens has been difficult because of limited EBV gene expression, particularly in latently infected malignant cells. EBV antigen detection has not been reliable in paraffin sections and the only antigen expressed in each of the various EBVassociated malignancies, EBNA-1 cannot be detected in paraffin at all. Polymerase chain reaction amplification is possible but cannot provide cellular localization (4). In situ hybridization offers a promising alternative, but in latent infection EBV copy numbers are low and gene expression is highly restricted. We reasoned that the EBER RNAs, whose abundance in lymphoblastoid cell lines has been estimated to be 107 copies per cell, should be greatly superior to other latency transcripts as targets for in situ hybridization (5–8).
Differential Benefits?: Crime and Community Investments in Racially Distinct Neighborhoods

This article investigates whether and how residential loans that accrue to neighborhoods in US urban areas vary in their influence on violent and property crime across distinct race–ethnic communities, and depend on neighborhood levels of socioeconomic disadvantage. Building on recent literature on residential loans and crime, and drawing on racial structure and social disorganization perspectives, we posit that non-White and more disadvantaged neighborhoods gain more “bang” (i.e., crime reduction) for the investment dollars that they accrue than White and less disadvantaged areas. Using data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study for over 8,000 neighborhoods across 87 US cities, our multilevel analyses of violent and property crime for four types of neighborhoods revealed support for these hypotheses. While all types of neighborhoods benefit from a larger influx of residential loans, the payoff for African American and Latino areas is considerably greater than for White communities, and this is espec...
Measurement and Feedback Strategies for Distributed Team Training Using the Internet

This paper describes a methodology related to measurement and feedback for distributed team training. Levels of analysis, levels of measurement, specific measures, and feedback strategies are addressed. A Web-based system was developed which permitted gathering and manipulating performance data and providing rapid feedback to participants. Pending modifications and improvements, the system is expected to permit generating and identifying important boundary conditions, especially those that mediate learning and performance.
Cambodia in 2012: Beyond the Crossroads?

Cambodia in 2012 mourned the death of its revered former King Norodom Sihanouk. The government was criticized for land conflicts and the deterioration of political liberties. Otherwise, the country enjoyed strong economic growth and basked in the international spotlight as Association of Southeast Asian Nations chair. Hun Sen’s Cambodian People’s Party further consolidated its power, sidelining opposition parties and coopting disgruntled workers and farmers.
Studies in the mathematical theory of excitation

The general linear two-factor nerve-excitation theory of the type of Rashevsky and Hill is discussed and normal forms are derived. It is shown that in some cases these equations are not reducible to the Rashevsky form. Most notable is the case in which the solutions are damped periodic functions. It is shown that in this case one or more—in some cases infinitely many—discharges are predictable, following the application of a constant stimulusS. The number of discharges increases withS, but the frequency is a constant, characteristic of the fiber and independent ofS.
The Lebesgue Integral for Undergraduates

Preface Introduction 1. Lebesgue integrable functions 2. Lebesgue's integral compared to Riemann's 3. Functions spaces 4. Measure theory 5. Hilbert space operators Solutions to selected problems Bibliography.
Qality Analysis on the Cooperation in Production,Study and Research in terms of Analytical Hierarchy Process

It is an effective way to inspect the cooperation in production,study and research from the evaluation of the quality of the cooperation in production,study and research.This paper first applies analytical hierarchy process to analyze the various elements of the quality evaluation indicator for the cooperation in production,study and research in our country.This paper also sorts the relative importance of these elements.Based on the weights of these elements,the author adopts the relevant data in our country from 2004 to 2008 and makes an empirical analysis on the quality of the cooperation in production,study and research in that period.Combining the result of this empirical analysis,the author presents some advices on how to improve the quality of the cooperation in production,study and research in our country.
DNA Damage Induced by DNA Topoisomerase I- and Topoisomerase II- Inhibitors Detected by Histone H2AX Phosphorylation in Leukemic Cells.

Histone H2AX is phosphorylated on Ser-139 by ATM kinase in response to damage that induces dsDNA breaks. Immunocytochemical detection of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), thus, reveals the presence of dsDNA breaks in chromatin. Multiparameter cytometry was presently used to correlate the appearance of γH2AX with: (a) cell cycle phase; (b) caspase-3 activation; and (c) apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation in individual human leukemic HL-60 cells treated with the DNA topoisomerase I (topo1) inhibitors topotecan (TPT) and camptothecin (CPT) or with the topo2 inhibitor mitoxantrone (MTX). In response to TPT or CPT maximal increase of γH2AX immunofluorescence was seen in S-phase cells by 90 min. In contrast, following MTX treatment the maximal rise of γH2AX was detected at 2 h in G 1 cells and the cell cycle phase specificity was much less apparent. A linear relationship between the drug concentration and increase of γH2AX immunofluorescence was seen only up to 200 nM TPT; a decline in γH2AX was apparent at a concentration range between 0.4 and 1.6 μM TPT. Thus, the intensity of γH2AX immunofluorescence, as a marker of cell survival following TPT treatment, can be used only within a limited range of drug concentration. Following treatment with TPT, CPT or MTX the peak of H2AX phosphorylation preceded caspase-3 activation and the appearance of apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation, both selective to S-phase cells. Progression of apoptosis was paralleled by a decrease in γH2AX immunofluorescence. On the basis of our laboratory results, the present clinical study is evaluating ex vivo the feasibility of assessing DNA damage induced by treatment with topoisomerase inhibitors in patients with acute leukemias.
Applications of integral averaging to momentum transfer

In the context of discussing approximations in Sec. 3.1.2, I mentioned that not every interesting problem should be attacked by attempting to find a simultaneous solution to the equation of continuity, Cauchy’s first law, the jump mass balance, and the jump momentum balance. Some problems are really too difficult to be solved in this manner. In other cases, the amount of effort required for such a solution is not justified, when the end purpose for which the solution is being developed is taken into account.