cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redundancy Awareness in SQL Queries

In this paper, we study SQL queries with aggregate subqueries that share common tables and conditions with the outer query. While several approaches can deal with such queries, they have limited applicability. We propose the redundancy awareness method to detect the largest common part shared by query and subquery, compute it once, and determine what operations are needed to finish evaluation of the original query. Our approach can deal with redundancy in all types of subqueries. We offer the possibility for the optimizer to choose the most efficient plan for a given query. We have implemented our approach on top of a commercial DBMS; our experiments show that our approach compares favorably to existing optimization techniques.
Neural Correlates of Chromatic Motion Perception

A variety of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies suggest that chromatic motion perception in the primate brain may be performed outside the classical motion processing pathway. We addressed this provocative proposal directly by assessing the sensitivity of neurons in motion area MT to moving colored stimuli while simultaneously determining perceptual sensitivity in nonhuman primate observers. The results of these studies demonstrate a strong correspondence between neuronal and perceptual measures. Our findings testify that area MT is indeed a principal component of the neuronal substrate for color-based motion processing.
Electron Microscopy and Immunofluorescence of Glomerular Immune Complex Deposits in Cancer Patients

Kidneys of 29 patients without clinical renal disease were studied by electron microscopy for the presence of glomerular basement membrane deposits: those from 11 of 20 patients with cancers of various sites, but only 1 of 9 patients without cancer contained electron-dense subendothelial deposits. The majority of these kidneys gave positive immunofluorescent reactions for immunoglobulin and complement. However, among a number of the cases studied, a lack of correlation between electron microscopic and immunofluorescence findings has yet to be investigated. Although the number of patients in this study is small because of the difficulty in obtaining tissue for electron microscopy, it is postulated that the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney occurs with a high frequency among cancer patients. The kidneys may thus be a valuable source for isolating tumor-associated antigens and corresponding antibodies.
Baseline Characteristics and Mortality Among People in Care for Chronic Viral Hepatitis: The Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study

Background The Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS), a dynamic prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study, was created to assess the clinical impact of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States. This report describes the cohort selection process, baseline demographics, and insurance, biopsy, hospitalization, and mortality rates. Methods Electronic health records of >1.6 million adult patients seen from January 2006 through December 2010 at 4 integrated healthcare systems in Detroit, Michigan; Danville, Pennsylvania; Portland, Oregon; and Honolulu, Hawaii were collected and analyzed. Results Of 2202 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 50% were aged 44-63 years, 57% male, 58% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 13% black; and 5.1% had Medicaid, 16.5% Medicare, and 76.3% private insurance. During 2001-2010, 22.3% had a liver biopsy and 37.9% were hospitalized. For the 8810 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 75% were aged 44-63 years, 60% male, 23% black; and 12% had Medicaid, 23% Medicare, and 62% private insurance. During 2001-2010, 38.4% had a liver biopsy and 44.3% were hospitalized. Among persons in care, 9% of persons with HBV and 14% of persons with HCV infection, mainly those born during 1945-1964, died during the 2006-2010 five-year period. Conclusions Baseline demographic, hospitalization, and mortality data from CHeCS highlight the substantial US health burden from chronic viral hepatitis, particularly among persons born during 1945-1964.
Evaluation of shift estimation techniques for spectral-based elastography

This paper compares the performance of various spectral shift estimators for use in spectral elastography, namely, the normalized cross-correlation (NCC), sum squared difference (SSD), and sum absolute difference (SAD). Simulation results demonstrate that the spectral SSD-based elastographic method exhibits no marked difference in performance compared to the more computationally costly NCC-based approach, which has to date been the preferred estimator in spectral elastography. The spectral SAD-based strain estimator, though computationally less burdening, failed to outperform the NCC- and SSD-based techniques. Furthermore, though spectral subsample estimation techniques using a cosine-fit interpolation method outperformed that of the parabolic-fit method in terms of both reduced bias errors and standard deviations, the latter was selected in this study due to computational simplicity. The role of spectral density was evaluated without and with parabolic-based subsample interpolation. Based on minimizing computational complexity, it is concluded that a (low density) spectral SSD strain estimator coupled with parabolic-based subsample estimation is the preferred choice for spectral elastography. Keywords-elasticity imaging; spectral elastography; strain filter; subsample estimation; ultrasound imaging
Effect of Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), A Central Serotonin Agonist and Vascular Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, on Blood Pressure in SHR

mCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) has agonist activity at some central serotonin receptors and antagonist activity at peripheral vascular 5HT2 receptors, both effects that have been postulated to lower blood pressure. mCPP (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p. 1 hr after administration) increased serotonin and decreased 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA) brain concentrations and elevated serum corticosterone and prolactin, indications of central serotonergic agonist activities. The same doses of mCPP also antagonized vascular 5HT2 receptors as measured by blockade of pressor responses to serotonin in pithed rats. Although mCPP could be demonstrated to activate central serotonergic receptors and block peripheral vascular 5HT2 receptors, mCPP (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) produced little effect on blood pressure in either the anesthetized or conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) up to 1 hr after intraperitoneal administration. The findings are consistent with initial studies in normotensive humans that have not demon...
Direct regulation of Na(+)-dependent myo-inositol transport by sugars in retinal pigment epithelium: role of phorbol ester and staurosporin.

An Na+-dependent active process for myo-inositol (MI) uptake, sharing a common carrier system with glucose and sensitive to phlorizin, was previously established in primary cultures of bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (26, 32). The present report further examines the nature of glucose-induced inhibition of MI transport in primary cultures of RPE cells. RPE cells were grown in supplemented Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 5 mM D-glucose (basic growth media) or 40 mM D-glucose or its nonmetabolizable analogue, α-methyl-D-glucoside (αMG); 1–5 mM nonradioactive MI, pyruvate, or lactate; or 0.2–20 µM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) or straurosporin (modified growth media), for up to 4 weeks. The capacity of RPE cells to accumulate 3H-MI (ratios of intracellular transported radioactive MI, [MI]i, to external free MI concentration, [MI]i/[MI]0) decreased by up to 41% or 34% when cells were grown for 10 days or longer with 40 mM D-glucose or 40 mM αMG, respectively, c...
Tissue characterization using optical coherence tomography and cone beam computed tomography: a comparative pilot study

Objectives To evaluate the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in differentiating human oral tissues in comparison with cone beam computed tomography. Study Design In this study, we imaged four types of tissues ex vivo: human enamel, human cortical bone, human trabecular bone, and fatty tissue plus water and air by using OCT (Axsun Inc., Billerica, MA). We then developed a method for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the human specimens. The same types of tissues were also imaged using cone beam computed tomography, and gray-scale values were measured. Results The qualitative indices (intensity profile, contour plot, and histogram) for OCT images were able to provide information regarding surface characteristics as well as changes in tissue properties at different interfaces. The quantitative index (pixel intensity values) was also able to render information regarding the distribution and density of the pixels in different samples. A similar pattern was observed in the pixel intensity values and gray-scale values in both imaging modalities. Conclusions Within the limitations of this ex vivo pilot study, OCT can reliably differentiate between a range of hard and soft tissues.
Abstract 116: Targeting hypoxia for the identification of novel biomarkers for prostate cancer

Tumor-associated hypoxia has been associated with malignant progression, metastasis, resistance to therapy, and poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer (CaP). Prompted by the evidence that hypoxia affects CaP, we studied global gene expression in 100 CaP tissues and 71 samples of adjacent benign tissues. RNA was extracted from cancer cells isolated by laser-capture microdissection (LCM) or without isolation (“bulk tissue”). We found 24 hypoxia-associated genes significantly overexpressed in CaP (p≤0.02), both in bulk tissue and LCM. Among hypoxia-associated genes, the disc large (drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 (DLG7), hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) and cyclin B1 (CCNB1) were associated with Gleason score and systemic progression. Since the products of HMMR and CCNB1 have been recently identified as molecular markers of CaP progression, we postulated that DLG7 has prognostic value also. To test this hypothesis we measured transcript levels for DLG7 in a 150-pair case-control cohort. The cases (progression to systemic disease within five years of surgery) and controls (no progression within seven years) were matched for clinical and pathologic prognostic variables, including grade, stage, and preoperative serum levels of PSA. The overall prognostic ability of DLG7, as tested in receiver operating characteristic analysis was of 0.74 (95% CL, 0.68 to 0.8), independent of the for ERG status. Overall, our data indicate that DLG7, a hypoxia-controlled gene have a prognostic value in high-risk CaP. To better define the value of DLG7 as a molecular predictor of CaP progression, we are currently assessing DLG7 protein levels by immunohistochemistry. Then we will analyze the association of DLG7 levels with clinical parameters. Introduction of oxygen tension as a variable may constitute a tool for the identification of novel biomarkers for CaP. Present address CRG: University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, Jackson, MS, USA. Support: DOD PC094680 (CRG), PCF Creativity Award (CRG), Mayo Clinic Prostate SPORE 5P50CA091956 (SV-P); Mrs. Adelyn L. Luther, Singer Island, Florida and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (SV-P). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 116. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-116
Lipid synthesis from acetate-1-14C by suction blister epidermis and other skin components.

SummaryLipids synthesized from acetate-1-14C in vitro in human dermis, epidermis, and sebaceous glands were examined. On the average, epidermis incorporates more 14C into lipids than dermis does in a given specimen. On per milligram basis, epidermis is several times more active than dermis.The lipids were separated into eight classes by chromatography on Unisil and Florisil columns. 14C was found in all lipid classes. The major amounts of 14C were found in the sterols, glycerides, and polar lipids of both dermis and epidermis, but greater proportions of 14C were found in the sterol and polar lipid fractions of epidermis than in corresponding fractions of dermis. Synthesis of squalene and triglycerides appeared to characterize the activity of the sebaceous glands.The epidermis excised from suction blisters was found active in synthesizing lipids from acetate-l-14C, and the activity appeared to increase after the ingestion of 100 g of glucose, indicating metabolic regulation of lipid synthesis in the epidermis.
E = Mc 2

Much as Newton’s contribution to calculus was less in the discovery of the techniques than in his vision of how they linked together and what could be done with them, so the equations of James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) were not, with one partial exception, his discovery, yet he placed his mark upon them in recognizing their basic unity and what they implied. Maxwell’s seminal paper, “A Dynamical Theory of the Electro-Magnetic Field,” read before the Royal Society of London in 1864 and published in its Philosophical Transactions in 1865, explained the nature of electromagnetic potential, revealed it to be intimately connected to the propagation of light, and set the stage for Einstein’s discovery of special relativity.
Measurement Accuracy of EVT during the Surge

Electronic transformers( ETs) are the most important equipment of the smart grid. Due of the use of many optical and electronic devices and long- term operation under high voltage side or low voltage part of primary equipment,the ETs are easy interfered by the complex electromagnetic environment. To improve measurement accuracy of electronic voltage transformer( EVT) during the surge test,the paper first analyzes the reason,and then put forward the solution to improve the reliability under electromagnetic inference. Two protection schemes for the output and input of the power are presented,and theoretical analysis and experimental verification are performed. Therefore,the measurement accuracy problem of EVT during the surge can be solved,and the reliability of EVT in practical applications is improved.
Tumor secretion of growth factors.

An increasing number of polypeptide growth factors have been identified that regulate not only cell proliferation but also an extraordinary range of cell activities, including matrix protein deposition and resolution, the maintenance of cell viability, cell differentiation, inflammation, and tissue repair. This article considers tumor secretion of insulin-like growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor. It also discusses their autocrine/paracrine action on tumor growth, as well as endocrine effects on other tissues.
Modern pharmacy includes outpatient services, allows for future needs.

(1966). Modem pharmacy includes outpatient services, allows for future needs. Hospital Topics: Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 100-103.
Well-preserved specimens of the sponges Gondekia (Heteractinida) and Pseudohydnoceras (Hexactinellida), Middle Devonian of New York State

Part and counterpart of a well-preserved specimen of Gondekia lancifer (Reimann, 1945a), and a well-preserved specimen of Pseudohydnoceras erraticum Reimann, 1935, are described from the Wanakah Member of the Middle Devonian, Givetian, Ludlowville Formation, of western New York State. The specimen of Gondekia is only the second articulated specimen known and is more complete than the holotype. It has an intact skeleton of felted sexiradiates of three orders of spicules; the largest has rays approximately 2 mm long. The specimen of Pseudohydnoceras has preserved hexactine-based spicules in a dictyid skeleton, described for the species for the first time.
Atomistic-scale investigation of effective stress principle of saturated porous materials by molecular dynamics

The effective stress principle is one of the most fundamental concepts in the mechanics of porous materials. Several mathematical expressions have been proposed for this fundamental principle, leading to unsettled debates on the validity and applicability of the principle and its mathematical descriptions. Recent developments in atomistic modeling techniques make it possible to understand multi-phase systems at the atomistic scale. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation is explored as a tool to investigate the stress formulation in porous materials. A molecular dynamics framework, including molecular models of phases, interatomic potentials, initial configuration and simulation procedure, is presented. Numerical simulations based on the framework preliminarily show the validity of the effective stress principle at the atomistic scale. Furthermore, the effectiveness of typical expressions for the principle is investigated
Long-distance consonant agreement and subsequentiality

Johnson (1972) and Kaplan & Kay (1994) showed that phonological processes belong to the computational class of regular relations. This paper provides a computational analysis of long-distance consonant agreement and shows that it belongs to a more restricted computational class called subsequential. This paper further argues that subsequentiality is a desirable computational characterization of long-distance consonant agreement for the following reasons. First, it is sufficiently expressive. Second, it is restrictive as it accounts for the absence of pathological patterns like Majority Rules and Sour Grapes from the typology (Heinz & Lai 2013), standing in contrast to Agreement by Correspondence analysis in Optimality Theory (Rose & Walker 2004; Hansson 2007).
Anti-Communism in the Heartland: The Red Scare at the Local Level in Wichita, Kansas

Anti-communist sentiments were central to Americans during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Fear of communism during this time was pervasive and spread across the nation. Large metropolitan areas became hot beds for Red Scare politics, putting government and private sector employees in the spotlight. The existing literature of the Red Scare focuses on large cities, like Washington, D.C, New York City, Los Angeles, or places that were particularly fervent in their "redhunting". The Midwest, by contrast, the literal and industrial core of the nation, is often left out of this discussion, but it is equally important to examine in regards to the Red Scare and how it played out in the United States. Wichita, Kansas, demonstrates what the Red Scare looked like for Middle America through its community and grass roots based anti-communism, illustrating how the citizens of the United States reacted to and participated in the Red Scare on a smaller scale.
Mössbauer Study of a Glassy Fe80B20 Ferromagnet

The newly synthesized glassy ferromagnetic Fe80B20 (METGLAS 2605) has been studied by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy from 4.2 K to 1100 K. The easy axis of magnetization of the “as-quenched” sample lies in the sample plane at 300 K. Substantial tilting of the easy axis out of the sample plane occurs at temperatures below 200 K. The hyperfine magnetic field decreases at low temperatures with a dependence of 1-BT3/2 — CT5/2 where B = (22±1) x 10−6 deg−3/2 and C = (1.4±0.5) x 10−8 deg−5/2. The magnetic ordering temperature Tc of glassy Fe80B20 has been determined to be 685±3 K. Unusual crystallization behavior occurs in Fe80B20 At high heating rate, rapid crystallization begins at TCR ≃ 715 K. The first crystalline phase nucleating in the glassy sample is identified as Fe3B(Tc=820 K), which is a nonequilibrium compound. The Fe3B phase then transforms within ∿1 hour to stable Fe2B(Tc=1016 K) and α-Fe (Tc=1040 K).
Ambient nutrient availability drives the outcome of an interaction between a sponge (Halichondria melanadocia) and seagrass (Thalassia testudinum)

Abstract Nutrient loading is a common human impact in coastal habitats which is driving significant losses of seagrass habitat worldwide. This is concerning, as seagrass beds provide numerous ecosystem services. Although nutrient loading can result in eutrophication and mass mortality of seagrasses, it more often results in subtle alterations of abiotic conditions which, by themselves, are insufficient to drive widespread seagrass mortality. Here we used a month-long field-based experiment to test the influence of anthropogenic nutrient loading on the outcome of an interaction between an epizootic sponge ( Halichondria melanadocia ) and a seagrass ( Thalassia testudinum ). Using a factorial design we manipulated ambient nutrient concentrations by adding fertilizer to plots with and without a sponge in a relatively pristine seagrass bed on Abaco Island, The Bahamas. We measured seagrass growth, below- and above-ground biomass, and the change in shoot density. We found that low levels of nutrient loading (i.e., insufficient to cause increased algal growth and decreased oxygen levels associated with eutrophication) resulted in a non-significant increase in seagrass growth, biomass, and shoot density when a sponge was absent. When a sponge was present, the same level of fertilization resulted in a significant reduction in the response variables. Our results show that anthropogenic nutrient loading can shift the sponge-seagrass interaction away from commensalism toward an interaction that has negative consequences for the seagrass. Additionally, a shift in the outcome of this context-dependent interaction can alter the impact of nutrient loading on seagrass productivity. Our study provides an example of how simple classifications of interspecific interactions (e.g., commensalism) often mask underlying variability. Characterizing the mechanisms driving the variability will allow us to understand when and how the outcome of an interaction will change. Ultimately, this will allow us to better predict how human activities will indirectly impact various ecosystem functions.
Multi-Gas Sensor by Infrared Spectrometer

In order to detect many types of gases (CO2, NOx, SOx, C2H5OH) in the automotive cabin by infrared absorption sensor, we developed a novel micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) based Fabry–Perot spectrometer with an ultra wide wavelength range (3.20–8.40 μm) compared to previously reported spectrometers (typically 2.80–5.80 μm). The wavelength range of a Fabry–Perot spectrometer is known to increase by increasing the ratio of the refractive indices of the multilayer mirrors. Thus, a novel mirror structure was proposed replacing the low refractive index layer of SiO2 (nL = 1.44) with “air (nL = 1.00)” for a wider wavelength range. To fabricate the proposed structure, the internal stress of the four ultra-thin polycrystalline silicon films (ca. 320 nm) was controlled tensile by the deposition temperature. A gas sensor was fabricated using our developed spectrometer. It was found that the sensor detected CO2 and C2H5OH successfully.
A Framework for Quality Improvement in the Transportation Industry

Over the past 10 years, quality management has become an important strategic tool for manufacturing and service firms striving to attain competitive success. Numerous studies have documented variou...
An earthworm-inspired friction-controlled soft robot capable of bidirectional locomotion*

We present the design, fabrication, modeling and feedback control of an earthworm-inspired soft robot capable of bidirectional locomotion on both horizontal and inclined flat platforms. In this approach, the locomotion patterns are controlled by actively varying the coefficients of friction between the contacting surfaces of the robot and the supporting platform, thus emulating the limbless locomotion of earthworms at a conceptual level. Earthworms are characterized by segmented body structures, known as metameres, composed of longitudinal and circular muscles which during locomotion are contracted and relaxed periodically in order to generate a peristaltic wave that propagates backwards with respect to the worm's traveling direction; simultaneously, microscopic bristle-like structures (setae) on each metamere coordinately protrude or retract to provide varying traction with the ground, thus enabling the worm to burrow or crawl. The proposed soft robot replicates the muscle functionalities and setae mechanisms of earthworms employing pneumatically-driven actuators and 3D-printed casings. Using the notion of controllable subspace, we show that friction plays an indispensable role in the generation and control of locomotion in robots of this type. Based on this analysis, we introduce a simulation-based method for synthesizing and implementing feedback control schemes that enable the robot to generate forward and backward locomotion. From the set of feasible control strategies studied in simulation, we adopt a friction-modulation-based feedback control algorithm which is implementable in real time and compatible with the hardware limitations of the robotic system. Through experiments, the robot is demonstrated to be capable of bidirectional crawling on surfaces with different textures and inclinations.
[Epidemiological investigation of blood transfusion - induced malaria caused by an imported case with Plasmodium falciparum infection].

Objective To analyze a case infected with Plasmodium falciparum due to blood transfusion in Taizhou City, so as to provide scientific evidence for malaria control. Methods The epidemiological investigation of a case with P. falciparum malaria was conducted, and the blood donors'blood samples were collected and detected in laboratory to identify the origin of the infection. Results Microscopy detected Plasmodium in the blood samples from a 64-year-old male inpatient with nephropathy, and P. falciparum malaria was diagnosed. The case had no history of travel to Africa or Southeast Asia except blood transfusion, and he had received blood transfusion 14 times during his hospital stay. Detection of blood donors'blood samples showed P. falciparum in the archived blood samples from an Indonesian student studying in China, as revealed by PCR assay, and the student was found to have a history of malaria. Conclusions The patient was confirmed to be a case with P. falciparum malaria due to blood transfusion. Screening of malaria should be intensified in blood donors to prevent the development of malaria transmitted by blood transfusion.
A novel method for the laboratory workup of anaphylactic transfusion reactions in haptoglobin-deficient patients.

Background Patients with congenital haptoglobin deficiency can develop anti-haptoglobin antibodies after exposure to blood products, and they can suffer from life-threatening anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Here, we present a case of a 57-year-old Chinese male with myelodysplastic syndrome who manifested an anaphylactic transfusion reaction during the transfusion of platelets. The only abnormality detected during his reaction laboratory workup was an undetectable haptoglobin level in the absence of evidence of hemolysis. Study design and methods Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was explored as a method to be able to detect the presence of anti-haptoglobin antibodies in serum. First, haptoglobin was immobilized to the surface of an SPR sensor chip. The patient's serum sample was injected, and the binding response was monitored in real time. Serum samples from five healthy volunteers were used as negative controls. Binding specificity was assessed in competition experiments using soluble haptoglobin. Anti-IgG, -IgA, -IgM, -IgD and -IgE antibodies were used to identify the antibody isotype. Results An IgG anti-haptoglobin antibody was detected in the patient's serum with SPR. Conclusion SPR provided a rapid, readily available method for the detection of an IgG anti-haptoglobin antibody in an anhaptoglobinemic individual. This confirmed the underlying etiology of the anaphylactic nonhemolytic transfusion reaction and justified the necessity of stringently washed cellular products for all future transfusions and strong caution for future use of plasma-containing products.
Spatial analysis of food security in Iran: associated factors and governmental support policies.

This study analyzes caloric intake in Iran as a proxy for food security to determine factors associated with caloric intake that could be impacted by policies. We modeled regional heterogeneity by analyzing a complete countrywide dataset disaggregated for rural intra-provincial areas using unique data from the Iranian Statistical Centre for 2007–2016. We applied logistic regression modeling and likelihood ratio tests to assess the association between socio-economic determinants and caloric intake among rural areas of all provinces. National policies (nation-wide food subsidies and a cash equivalent for food for each adult regardless of residence or income) had significant negative associations with caloric intake among all provinces. The detected spatial diversity suggests policies specific to each area could be more effective than a centralized national policy for food security. Rather than implementing one-size-fits-all policies, such as across-the-board cash food subsidies, the government should take a differential spatially targeted approach to directly support low-income households.
Do Family Meetings Really Matter? Their Relationship to Planning and Performance Outcomes in Small Family Businesses

This empirical research focused on examining the relationship between family meetings and the characteristics of those family meetings (who participated and issues discussed), planning processes (succession planning, estate planning, family mission and business mission) and performance measures (revenues and number of generations survived). Small family businesses in a midwestern state were surveyed with 241 useable responses. Significant differences were found in the planning processes between businesses that held family meetings and those that did not. No differences were found for the performance measures. Significant relationships between family meetings and both planning processes and performance measures were found when comparing family businesses based on who participated in the family meetings - just holding meetings does not matter, but inclusiveness of those meetings does matter.
STUDY OF THE SIZES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF COLLOIDAL WATER IN WATER-EMULSIFIER-TOLUENE SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the study of the sizes and distributions of colloidal water in water-emulsifier-toluene systems. The number of applications of liquid scintillation counting to the measure of radionuclides in aqueous samples has increased at a very rapid rate over the past few years. In the majority of these applications, the aqueous samples are dispersed into liquid scintillation solutions by the use of emulsifiers. The aqueous phase is dispersed as tiny micelles of much less than a few microns in size. The sizes, numbers, and distributions of these micelles could affect the real and apparent efficiency of the liquid scintillation processes. For very low energy radiations, the ability to even detect the radiations may be greatly dependent upon these properties of the colloidal systems. In this work, several radionuclides with different modes of decay have been employed in an effort to gain insight into the nature of these emulsion systems. Two different emulsion systems were studied because each showed certain characteristics which were important in the understanding of their applications to the problems of liquid scintillation counting.
Exploring Technology Design for Students with Vision Impairment in the Classroom and Remotely

Teachers of the Visually Impaired (TVIs) teach academic and functional living skills simultaneously to prepare students with vision impairment to be successful and independent. Current educational tools primarily focus on academic instruction rather than this multifaceted approach needed for students. Our work aims to understand how technology can integrate behavioral skills, like independence, and support TVIs in their preferred teaching strategy. We observed elementary classrooms at a school for the blind for six weeks to study how educators design lessons and use technology to supplement their instruction in different subjects. After the observational study, we conducted remote interviews with educators to understand how technology can support students in building academic and behavioral skills in-person and remotely. Educators suggested incorporating audio feedback that motivates students to play and learn consistently, student progress tracking for parents and educators, and designing features that help students build independence and develop collaborative skills.
Time from Pain Assessment to Pain Intervention

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe factors that influence nurses' time from pain assessment to intervention for acute postsurgical pain. BACKGROUND Nurses' time is a limited resource that must be optimized to manage patients' pain within budget constraints. Little is known about processes and activities nurses negotiate to manage pain. METHODS Human factors engineering and ethnography were used to quantify factors influencing time from pain assessment to intervention. RESULTS On the basis of 175.5 observation hours, nurses spent 11% of shifts (mean, 83 minutes) on pain care activities. Time from alert to intervention with PRN analgesics or biobehavioral strategies for 58 cases ranged from 0 to 48 minutes (mean, <11 minutes). Five factors influenced timeliness. CONCLUSIONS Nurses most efficiently managed postsurgical pain by giving analgesics ordered PRN on a scheduled basis. Nurse leaders can empower prompt responses to patients' pain through delegation, process improvements, real-time monitoring, and prescriber engagement.
Abstract 186: Gleason grade group predictions from mp-MRI of prostate cancer patients using auto deep learning

Gleason Grade Group Predictions from mp-MRI of Prostate Cancer Patients using Automated Deep Learning Though histopathology remains the gold standard, there have been significant interests in predicting Gleason Grade using noninvasive imaging such as mp-MRI. Most studies simplify the task into binary classification for the high uncertainty at each group. Handcrafted radiomic features were heavily investigated but prone to errors from the definition of region of interest, feature extraction variations, etc. We proposed an automated deep learning framework (auto-Keras) to predict the group directly based on the 3D data of the whole prostate gland. The training cohort A consisted of 96 PCa patients from SPIE-AAPM-NCI Challenge. The number of patients in each Group was 30, 35, 18, 7, and 6. The testing cohort B consisted of 34 PCa patients from our institute (10, 14, 4, 3, 3). We resampled and rigidly registered ADC and T2WI. N4-bias correction was applied to correct the non-uniformity. For each slice, we performed Gaussian blurring followed by prostate cropping from contour delineated by two clinicians.We tested five scenarios, including input of T2WI, ADC, both, two parallel inputs followed by feature concatenation, and prediction ensemble. The search space of augmentation included translation, flip, rotation, zooming, and contrast. The search space of the architectures had vanilla, ResNet, and Xception. With ADC alone, the model detected 75% of patients in Group 3. Using T2WI and ADC as input, 46% of Group 2 and 40% of Group 1 were identified. Since GG 2 is less aggressive and has a favorable outcome, we further studied the performance of classifying 1 VS. 2-5 and 1-2 VS. 3-5. The models9 precision and recall were 91% and 72% for 1-2, 60% and 24% for 3-5. We separated 1 VS. 2-5, with a 96% precision and 73% recall for 2-5. The model had a better performance to predict lower GG when the input contained both T2WI and AD, and better at higher GG when the features were concatenated at the output level. Citation Format: Weiwei Zong, Eric Carver, Aharon Feldman, Joon Lee, Zhen Sun, Lanyu Xu, Ali Dabaja, Ning Wen. Gleason grade group predictions from mp-MRI of prostate cancer patients using auto deep learning [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 186.
Revisiting the source of wilt symptoms: X-ray microcomputed tomography provides direct evidence that Ralstonia biomass clogs xylem vessels

Ralstonia cause wilt diseases by colonizing xylem vessels and disrupting water transport. The dogma is that bacterial biomass clogs vessels and reduces the flow of xylem sap due to Ralstonia abunda...
Modeling Infant Free Play Using Hidden Markov Models

Infants’ free-play behavior is highly variable. However, in developmental science, traditional analysis tools for modeling and understanding variable behavior are limited. Here, we used Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to capture behavioral states that govern infants’ toy selection during 20 minutes of free play in a new environment. We demonstrate that applying HMMs to infant data can identify hidden behavioral states and thereby reveal the underlying structure of infant toy selection and how toy selection changes in real time during spontaneous free play. More broadly, we propose that hidden-state models provide a fruitful avenue for understanding individual differences in spontaneous infant behavior.
BIE Solutions for Applied Thermoplasticity by Collocation

The design application of BIE methods to the stress analysis of advanced turbomachinery components involves four domain integral problems: transient thermal strains, temperature dependent material properties, steep thermal gradients due to thermal shock, and plastic strains caused by thermal shock. Application of the BIE method to such problems has been significantly hindered by the need to provide domain elements to model each of these effects. The goal of the current study is to include each of these effects through the use of collocation methods, using particular solutions corresponding to properly selected global interpolation functions.
Shivering: scores and protocols

Shivering is both an anticipated consequence and, potentially, a major adverse effect of therapeutic hypothermia. Even mild hypothermia can elicit a vigorous thermoregulatory defense to maintain body temperature at the hypothalamic set point. In healthy humans, peripheral vasoconstriction is triggered at 36.5°C and shivering at 35.5°C. Temperature thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering are often higher than normal in brain-injured patients; therefore, these thermoregulatory defenses may occur more vigorously and at higher temperatures in these individuals. Control of shivering is essential for effective cooling, as shivering fights the cooling process, makes attaining target temperature difficult, is extremely uncomfortable, and can trigger massive increases in systemic and cerebral energy consumption and metabolic demand. The first step in treatment is adequate tools to recognize shivering. The Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale is a simple, validated four-point scale that enables repeated quantification of shivering at the bedside. Therapy for shivering should ideally stop or suppress the central thermoregulatory reflex rather than just uncoupling this response from skeletal muscle contraction, as the latter approach does not mitigate the ongoing cerebral and systemic stress response. Analgo-sedation with opioids, α2-receptor agonists, or propofol is almost always effective as a last resort to prevent shivering. However, nonpharmacological strategies as first-line interventions for shivering minimize the risk of excessive sedation, which can make neurological examination difficult and increase the risk of complications. The Columbia Anti Shivering protocol has been developed with these strategies in mind, and we base our approach on prospectively collected cooling data on 213 patients who underwent 1,388 patient-days of temperature modulation. Eighty-nine patients underwent hypothermia and 124 patients underwent induced normothermia. In 18% of patients and 33% of the total patient-days, only none-sedating baseline interventions were needed. The first agent used was most commonly dexmeditomidine half the time, followed by opiates and increased doses of propofol. Younger patients, men, and lower body surface area were factors associated with increased number of anti-shivering interventions. As noted by this protocol, a significant proportion of patients undergoing temperature modulation can be effectively treated for shivering without oversedation and paralysis. Patients at higher risk for needing more interventions are younger men with decreased body surface area.
AN APPLICATION OF MARITAL HORIZON THEORY TO DATING VIOLENCE PERPETRATION

Elements of marital horizon theory (the importance of marriage, desire for marriage now, and beliefs about the ideal age of marriage) were examined in relation to dating violence perpetration using a sample of 611 college students from a large Midwestern university. We examined whether marital horizon variables significantly predicted dating violence perpetration above and beyond other known predictors of dating violence. Results indicate desire to marry was the only element of marital horizon theory to emerge as a significant predictor of dating violence. However, it was only salient for women's perpetration of psychological aggression. Implications of the findings are discussed, including the possibility that marital horizon theory may be a proxy for conventionality. Future directions for research are discussed.
Parameter Estimation in Stochastic Differential Systems: Theory and Application

Publisher Summary When the signal process can be described in terms of stochastic differential equations, whether finite or infinite dimensional, advantage can be taken of the fact that the mean square error can be evaluated by solving a Riccati equation. This chapter discusses the application to the problem of stability and control derivatives from flight test data taking turbulence into account. It presents the algorithms used and the results obtained on actual flight data. A probability space can be created with a countably additive measure on it such that for any finite number of coordinates, there are the same distributions. Estimation of stability and control derivatives from flight test data is an application of the problem of stability and control derivatives from flight test data taking turbulence into account. The dynamic system considered arises from the longitudinal mode perturbation equations for an aircraft in wind gust. The Dryden version of the spectrum of turbulence is used, which is rational, so that the total system is finite dimensional.
Mašinnyj perevod i prikladnaja lingvistika: Problemy sozdanija sistemy avtomatičeskogo perevoda

This work, the title of which means 'Machine Translation and Applied Linguistics: Problems in the Development of Automatic Translation Systems,' and which is published by the Pedagogical Institute for Foreign Languages in Moscow, is a collection of papers on the French-Russian MT project of the Center for Translation in Moscow. The project is known by its Russian acronym frap, for Francuzsko-Russkij Avtomatides/dj Perevod ('French-Russian Automatic Translation'). The volume is a fairly thorough discussion of theoretical and methodological issues related to this system which, until now, has been described in the literature in only very general terms. Eight papers in the volume discuss various aspects of FRAP. The introductory article by N.N. Leont'eva, Senior Research Supervisor of the project, describes the frap information processing and translation system and the need for a component in MT systems that allows for a transition to a different semantic domain during transfer. A paper by E.E. Lovtskij and L. Ju. Korostelev emphasizes the programming rather than the linguistic point of view in the initial analysis of the source language. E.G. Sokolova discusses formal syntactic representation in terms of functional grammar. Initial and final syntactic representations of a sentence are discussed, as are some questions of syntactic ambiguity. Three of the papers focus on semantics, and they are the most intriguing in this volume. I.M. KundrjaSova describes the semantic dictionary of the system and its role in semantic analysis. The semantic dictionary is also the subject of a short paper by A.E. GureviC, who discusses the computational semantics of parametric nouns. The third, by Leont'eva, KundrjaSova, and O.B. MaleviC, discusses sentence-bound semantic analysis and summarizes some experimental work in semantic interpretation of syntactic structures. The authors posit that the aggregation of semantic representations of the sentences in a text can be regarded
Design considerations of scaled sub-0.1 /spl mu/m PD/SOI CMOS circuits

This paper reviews the circuit design considerations of scaled sub-0.1 /spl mu/m partially-depleted SOI (PD/SOI) CMOS circuits for high-performance digital applications. The impact of technology/device scaling and design challenges are highlighted. Unique design aspects and issues resulting from the scaling of PD/SOI device structure, such as parasitic bipolar effect and reduced-V/sub T/ leakage, hysteretic V/sub T/ variation, low-voltage impact ionization, higher V/sub T,lin/ to maintain adequate V/sub T,sat/, scaling/thinning of Si film, gate-to-body tunneling current, self-heating, soft error rate (SER), and the introduction of strained-Si channel on SOI are addressed.
Modeling of distributed denial of service attacks in wireless networks

As the number of wireless users increases and as more powerful mobile devices become available for lower cost, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks will pose an increasingly real threat to wireless network security. In this paper, mathematical models are established to analyze different types of DDoS flooding traffic that could be launched in 3G wireless networks. Traffic information obtained from the model can be used to assess whether resources of a given system are vulnerable to certain types of attacks. The feasibility of launching DDoS attacks in wireless ad hoc networks is also discussed.
Effective Permittivity of Dense Random Particulate Plasmonic Composites

An effective-medium theory (EMT) is developed to predict the effective permittivity eeff of dense random dispersions of high optical-conductivity metals such as Ag, Au, and Cu. Dependence of eeff on the volume fraction ϕ, a microstructure parameter κ related to the static structure factor and particle radius a, is studied. In the electrostatic limit, the upper and lower bounds of κ correspond to Maxwell–Garnett and Bruggeman EMTs, respectively. Finite size effects are significant when |β2(ka/n)3| becomes O(1), where β, k, and n denote the nanoparticle polarizability, wavenumber, and matrix refractive index, respectively. The coupling between the particle and effective medium results in a red-shift in the resonance peak, a nonlinear dependence of eeff on ϕ, and Fano resonance in eeff.
Retrieval of concentrated and undecompressed microbial populations from the deep sea.

A device for sampling at depths of up to 6,000 m is described in which 3 liters of seawater is concentrated over a Nucleopore filter to about 13 ml and retrieved under in situ pressure and temperature. Subsamples can be withdrawn into transfer units that are equipped with individual gas accumulators for preventing loss of pressure during prolonged periods of storage. Transfer of samples or sample portions into sterile medium contained in pre-pressurized incubation vessels and continued subsampling therefrom permit time course experiments for the study of natural populations of deep-sea microorganisms in the absence of decompression. A test experiment with a water sample from a depth of 2,600 m supplemented with radioactively labeled Casamino Acids showed reduced rates of substrate incorporation and respiration as compared with data from a decompressed control. The barotolerance observed in this study was characterized by reduced, rather than equal, activities recorded at elevated pressures as compared with 1-atm controls. Images