cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustering of eating disorder symptoms in a general population female twin sample: a latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that the current DSM-IV eating disorder (ED) criteria do not adequately describe ED symptomatology. The objective of the current study was to examine the clustering of ED symptoms in a general population sample using latent class analysis (LCA). METHOD: ED symptoms from 3723 female young adult twins (mean age 22) were analyzed using LCA, and resulting classes were compared on external validators reflecting ED and other co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses, substance use disorders (SUDs), and suicidality. RESULTS: The optimal solution consisted of five latent classes characterized as: (1) Unaffected; (2) Low Weight Gain; (3) Weight Concerned; (4) Dieters; and (5) ED. Members of the ED class had significantly higher prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, SUDs, and suicidality than the Unaffected and Low Weight Gain classes, and elevated rates of suicidality and major depression compared to the Weight Concerned and Dieter classes, which differed from each other primarily in terms of current body mass index (BMI). Dieter class members were more likely to be overweight and obese and less likely to be underweight than Weight Concerned class members. The majority of women with an ED diagnosis were assigned to the ED class, and few differences were found between ED class members with and without an ED diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results add to the evidence that many women with significant ED psychopathology are not being identified by the DSM-IV ED categories. Language: en
Skin lipids of the Florida indigo snake

Cast skins of the Florida indigo snake (Drymarchon corais) yielded up to 8% chloroform: methanol-extractable lipid, which was found to contain methyl ketones (20%), free secondary alcohols (15%), free primary alcohols (30%), free cholesterol (15%), free fatty acids (5%), and hydrocarbons (5%). The hydrocarbons appeared to be contaminants, because gas chromatography revealed a distribution characteristic of petroleum hydrocarbons. The methyl ketones were predominantly monounsaturated, with double bonds almost exclusively in the ω7 position. The structures of the secondary alcohols corresponded with the methyl ketones in regard to chain length distribution, location of the oxygen function in the 2 position, and the proportion and position of unsaturation. The primary alcohols were also predominantly straight, odd-carbon, unsaturated compounds, with ω7 double bonds, but with chain lengths principally of 29 and 31 carbon atoms. The free fatty acids were mainly even-carbon monounsaturated compounds of 16–20 carbon atoms with double bonds mainly in the Δ9-position. Inspection of the lipid structures obtained from the Indigo snake suggest a biogenetic relationship whereby palmitic and palmitoleic acids are extended in chain length mainly to 32 and 34 carbonatom fatty acids. Retention or introduction of an oxygen function in the 3 position, followed by decarboxylation, could then yield structures corresponding with the methyl ketones and the related secondary alcohols. Insertion of an oxygen atom between carbons 2 and 3 of the methyl ketones, followed by loss of the two carbon atoms thereby isolated from the chain, would produce the series of odd-carbon primary alcohols that were observed.
The MCM Complex: Its Role in DNA Replication and Implications for Cancer Therapy

The MCM complex controls the once per cell cycle DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. In a process known as DNA replication licensing, it primes chromatin for DNA replication by binding origins of DNA replication during the late M to early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Activated by S phase promoting protein kinases, the origin-bound MCM complexes unwind the double stranded DNA at the origins, recruit DNA polymerases and initiate DNA synthesis. Coupled with the initiation of DNA replication in the S phase, the MCM complexes move away from replication origins as a component of the DNA replication fork, likely serving as DNA helicases. Their departure deprives replication origins the ability to re-initiate DNA replication for the reminder of the cell cycle. Because of its vital role in genome duplication in proliferating cells, deregulation of the MCM function results in chromosomal defects that may contribute to tumorigenesis. The MCM proteins are highly expressed in malignant human cancers cells and pre-cancerous cells undergoing malignant transformation. They are not expressed in differentiated somatic cells that have been withdrawn from the cell cycle. Therefore, these proteins are ideal diagnostic markers for cancer and promising targets for anti-cancer drug development. In this article, I will overview the structures and functions of the MCM complex with an effort to integrate insights from recent biochemical and structural studies. Discussions will also cover activities and structures of the complex that may be useful for the development of drug screens.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the heterogenous reaction of gaseous nitric acid with sodium chloride: Kinetics and contribution to the chemistry of the marine troposphere

We report here the first measurement of the reaction probability (ϕ) at 298 K for the reaction (1) HNO3(g) + NaCl(s) → HCl(g) + NaNO3(s), ϕ = (4±2) × 10−4, which was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to follow the formation of nitrate on the surface of single crystals of NaCl. Along with recent kinetic data for the reaction N2O5(g) + NaCl(s) → ClNO2(g) + NaNO3(s), we show that in the dark with typical relative concentrations of N2O5 and HNO3, the N2O5 reaction should be competitive with, and may exceed, that of HNO3. The reactions of NO2 and ClONO2 with NaCl are expected to be much less important. Thus, the tropospheric production of chlorine atoms via photolysis of ClNO2 from the N2O5 reaction is anticipated, which has the potential to impact the ozone balance in the troposphere.
Reduced-complexity and robust Youla parameterization for discrete-time dual-input-single-output systems

A loop-shaping idea for dual-input-single-output (DISO) systems is presented in this paper. We explore special forms of Youla parameterization for obtaining stabilizing controllers for DISO systems, and discuss concepts to achieve reduced-complexity formulations with clearer design intuitions. The algorithm is verified by a benchmark control problem of dual-stage hard disk drive systems, using real-system models and actual vibration data.
Effects of Peanut Processing on Masticatory Performance during Variable Appetitive States

Background. Current evidence indicates that peanut consumption reduces cardiovascular disease risk, while posing little threat to positive energy balance. However, questions have been raised as to whether inter- and intraindividual variability in mastication in response to peanut form and processing properties may influence these health effects, since mastication has the potential to alter the bioaccessibility of nutrients within the nut matrix. Objective. To explore the relationship between peanut form and processing and masticatory function. Subjects/Methods. Thirty nine adults (16 M, 23 F; BMI: 30.4 +/- 4.0 kg/m(2); age: 27 +/- 8 y) with healthy dentition chewed four different forms of peanuts until they would normally swallow and then expectorated the bolus. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were obtained from the masseter and temporalis muscles during chewing of the four test foods. The maximum and mean bite forces, duration of chewing sequence, number of chews, and total muscle work for the complete chewing cycle were measured on the integrated EMG in fasted and sated states. Results. While no significant differences were noted in response to appetitive state, peanut form and processing had a significant influence on masticatory efficiency, as measured by proportional particle size distributions. The processed peanuts (honey roasted, roasted salted, and roasted unsalted) were chewed significantly fewer times compared to the unprocessed form (raw). Further, the proportional particle sizes within the swallowing bolus were significantly larger for the processed forms compared to the unprocessed form. Conclusion. These observations may have implications for bioaccessibility of energy and cardioprotective nutrients as well as endocrine responses, following peanut consumption.
A quantum chemical approach to the design of chiral negative index materials

This paper presents methodology developed for the computational modeling and design of negative refractive index materials (NIMs) based on molecular chirality. An application of the methodology is illustrated by ab initio computations on two organometallic molecules which constitute the monomer units of a chiral polymer. Comparisons with experimental data for the polymer are made. Even though the resulting chirality parameter for the pristine material is small, it is shown that negative index can be achieved by introducing sharp plasmonic resonances with metal nanoparticle inclusions.
Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm

The advent of ICSI and the perfecting of freezing protocols for sperm samples that in the pre-ICSI era would not have been frozen, allows now routine cryopreservation of epididymal sperm regardless of their quality and quantity. There are two methods to retrieve epididymal sperm: microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) and percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). The majority of the literature has focused on the technique of MESA to obtain sperm on the claim that the amount of sperm retrieved with PESA might not be sufficient to allow cryopreservation. However, there are no data on cryopreservation and ICSI with epididymal sperm collected with PESA technique. In this study, a total of 68 consecutive cycles of PESA, of which 46 were performed with fresh epididymal sperm and 22 with frozen/thawed specimens were retrospectively analyzed. In the fresh epididymal group (n = 46), 446 eggs were injected and 207 cleaving embryos were obtained (fertilization rate of 46%). In the cryopreserved epididymal sperm group (n = 22), 216 eggs were injected and 115 cleaving embryos were obtained (fertilization rate of 53%, P = NS). There were 18 pregnancies (39%) with 17 (37%) delivered/ongoing in the fresh group, while there were 11 (50%) with 9 (41%) delivered/ongoing in the frozen group (P = NS). Epididymal sperm for cryopreservation was available in 44 of the 46 PESA cycles. Additionally, in the fresh group, 19 couples had excess embryos for cryopreservation while in the frozen group, ten couples had excess embryos for cryopreservation. A total of 17 frozen embryo transfer with epididymal sperm from PESA were analyzed. Of these, 12 FET were from embryos from the fresh epididymal group and three pregnancies with livebirths (25%) were recorded. Five FET were performed with extra embryos from frozen epididymal sperm and two (40%) pregnancies with livebirths were obtained. In summary, these data show that epididymal sperm obtained by PESA can be successfully cryopreserved in order to avoid future retrievals procedures and fertilization and pregnancy rates are similar between fresh and cryopreserved epididymal sperm. It is also reported for the first time that the transfer of frozen embryos obtained with either fresh or frozen thawed epididymal sperm leads to the same pregnancy'and delivery rate.
In vitro selection of kinase and ligase deoxyribozymes.

Exploration of the limits of biocatalysis has led to the discovery that DNA has significant potential for enzymatic function. This makes possible the construction of DNA enzymes or "deoxyribozymes" for catalyzing various chemical reactions that could be used to address fundamental questions in biocatalysis or that could find unique applications in biotechnology. Of significant interest are self-modification reactions, given the fundamental role that DNA serves in modern living systems. Recently, in vitro selection strategies have been used to isolate prototypical ATP-dependent deoxyribozymes from random-sequence populations of DNA that catalyze DNA phosphorylation and others that catalyze DNA adenylation. In nature, protein enzymes such as T4 DNA kinase and T4 DNA ligase catalyze identical chemical reactions. These findings suggest that DNA constructs could be engineered to efficiently catalyze other self-modifying reactions, including ATP-dependent DNA ligation. This article provides a detailed overview of the methods used to isolate deoxyribozymes that promote ATP-dependent DNA ligation.
Rotations in computational solid mechanics

A survey of variational principles, which form the basis for computational methods in both continuum mechanics and multi-rigid body dynamics is presented: all of them have the distinguishing feature of making an explicit use of the finite rotation tensor. A coherent unified treatment is therefore given, ranging from finite elasticity to incremental updated Lagrangean formulations that are suitable for accomodating mechanical nonlinearities of an almost general type, to time-finite elements for dynamic analyses. Selected numerical examples are provided to show the performances of computational techniques relying on these formulations. Throughout the paper, an attempt is made to keep the mathematical abstraction to a minimum, and to retain conceptual clarity at the expense of brevity. It is hoped that the article is self-contained and easily readable by nonspecialists. While a part of the article rediscusses some previously published work, many parts of it deal with new results, documented here for the first time.
Shared Sense-Making: How Charter School Leaders Ascribe Meaning to Accountability.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways in which charter school leaders influence the understanding and conception of accountability policy and how that understanding translates into practice. In particular, this paper draws from sense-making theory and research on charter school leaders to identify their pre-existing understandings, their shared interactions, and their interpretations of accountability policy as they relate to professional development and instructional practices. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses the qualitative case study approach to document the organizational processes of charter schools. Data for the study were collected in two elementary charter schools over the course of 18 months. The constant comparative method was used to analyze the data because this method is compatible with the inductive, concept-building orientation of all qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two charter school leaders and twelve charter scho...
Yourcenar and Merezhkovsky: Critical History and Patriarchy

In With Open Eyes Marguerite Yourcenar acknowledged that from the time she was eleven she was familiar with the historical novels of Dmitri Merezhkovsky. It is not surprising to think that between 1921 and 1925 when she formulated the earliest drafts of the novel which was to become The Abyss, she had in mind Merezhkovsky's most succesful and famous novel The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci. Both Yourcenar and Merezhkovsky studied Nietzsche's thought, and, using the terms of Nietzsche's essay On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, we can analyze both historical novels as critical histories with respect to attitudes they take towards patriarchy during the Renaissance. Merezhkovsky uses Leonardo's deistic outlook and his androgyny as much as Yourcenar uses Zeno's atheism and his homosexuality to challenge patriarchy. However, the religious and sexual challenges of Leonardo and Zeno are put in jeopardy by their apparent indifference to morality, for their pursuit of knowledge is sometimes so abstract that they are willing both to serve tyrants and to avoid thinking about the consequences of their inventions. Ultimately, Leonardo seems to have a greater chance of leaving a legacy of social critique since he never breaks away from society as much as Zeno.
Application of conducting polymers in corrosion protection

The use of oxides, such as chromates, is highly effective in corrosion protection. Scientists are looking at alternative materials to replace environmentally hazardous materials, e.g., chromates. One of the group of materials identified as corrosion inhibiting are intrinsically conducting polymers. This paper focuses on the use of ICPs as a possible corrosion inhibitive substance. This paper also reviews literature on the research of different groups on the use of polyaniline and other conducting polymers as corrosion inhibitors. Intrinsically conducting polymers, especially poly-aniline, are being studied with great interest. Studies indicate that they have the potential of replacing some of the currently available materials.
Political psychiatry: The New York City homeless mentally ill initiative.

The author illustrates the concept of political psychiatry by describing a recent New York City policy to involuntarily remove from the streets and hospitalize mentally ill homeless people. Mental health professionals' interactions with the executive, judicial and bureaucratic branches of government, as well as with interest groups and the news media are described. The author emphasizes the need for mental health professionals to effectively interact with the political process in order to influence government policies that constantly shape the delivery of psychiatric. care.
Probability-Based Models of Spatial Search

The author develops and explores probability-based decision strategies for the consumer spatial search problem. These strategies extend experimental and analytical work in psychology on repeated choice among alternatives with varying reinforcement rates. Normative models postulate that the searcher attempts to maximize the frequency with which the lowest acquisition cost will be achieved over a multiple-trip horizon. A behavioral model postulates that the searcher maximizes the frequency with which the maximum utility will be achieved over a multiple-trip horizon. These models encompass a wide range of behavioral factors, including the perceived travel cost, decision foresight, learning, price motivation, and risk attitudes. Sensitivity experiments conducted with the models establish their basic characteristics and assess the influence of these behavioral factors on the spatial search process.
On Some Errors and Bias in Proton Computed Tomography

Novel accelerator technology, including Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Accelerators (FFAG) coupled with medical imaging devices, hold significant promise for enhanced proton therapy. The accuracy and efficiency of proton therapy treatments will see improvements with the implementation of proton computed tomography (pCT), currently under development. Here, we analyze the robustness of the image reconstruction method in pCT with respect to three different error sources and conclude that pCT is inherently resilient with respect to errors in mean ionization potential, discrete sampling of proton trajectories and bias in the limit of large radiation doses.
The Spatial Accessibility of Fast food Restaurants and Convenience Stores in Relation to Neighborhood Schools

Differences in the local food environment are hypothesized to contribute to neighborhood disparities in obesity prevalence. We examined the density of and proximity to fast food restaurants and convenience stores according to levels of neighborhood median incomes in the city of Boston. We also examined the distribution of food stores in relation to Boston city schools. We used Geographic Information System to geocode fast food restaurant and convenience store addresses. Regression analyses were performed to test the association between Census tract and block-group median household income and food store distances and densities. All fast food restaurants and 98 % of convenience stores were geocoded successfully to a street address. Higher income neighborhoods had lower fast food restaurant density. Compared to schools in lower income neighborhoods, schools in higher income neighborhoods had fewer fast food restaurants and were further away from fast food restaurants and convenience stores. Fast food restaurants are more concentrated in lower income neighborhoods and near schools in lower income neighborhoods in Boston. Spatial inequities in food access have major policy and health implications, specifically related to lower income neighborhoods and schools. The close proximity of fast food restaurants and convenience stores to lower income schools expose children to unhealthy food options that may contribute to unhealthy eating and obesity in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Leadership of Creative Teams

Where there is a history of teamwork and cooperation, where multiple centers of resources exist, and where integrative sentiments prevail over territoriality, then the efforts of innovation are more likely to succeed … Innovation may be the only hope for the time ahead. (Kanter, 1984, p. 55)
Description and Demonstration of CBT for ADHD in Adults

ADHD in adulthood is a valid, prevalent, distressing, and interfering condition. Although medications help treat this disorder, there are often residual symptoms after medication treatment, and, for some patients, they are contraindicated. Compared to other disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders, there are few resources available for clinicians wishing to conduct cognitive-behavioral treatment for this problem. The present manuscript provides a description of our cognitive-behavioral approach to treat ADHD in adulthood, which we have developed and tested in our clinic (Safren, Otto, et al., 2005), and for which detailed therapist and client guides exist (Safren, Perlman, Sprich, & Otto, 2005; Safren, Sprich, Perlman, & Otto, 2005). To augment the description of treatment, the present article provides video component demonstrations of several core modules that highlight important aspects of this treatment. This description and the accompanying demonstrations are intended as a practical guide to assist therapists wishing to conduct such a treatment in the outpatient setting.
The Emerging Distinction between Theology and Religion at Nineteenth- Century Harvard University

Many scholars of religion who teach today in nondenominational schools may take it for granted that these schools have no institutional mandate to espouse a particular religious agenda. Yet, how did this relatively new approach become common during the last century, when in the preceding era the opposite was true? A close reading of one context or institution can reveal broader trends applicable in many other realms. The evolution of the approach to religious scholarship at nineteenth-century Harvard can serve as one such specific, but widely illuminating, point of inquiry. The deliberate shift away from instruction in doctrinal theology toward a more modern approach to religion as an academic field of study became a prominent trend in American higher education, with Harvard leading the way. But why did Harvard pursue this particular agenda in advance of other institutions? This article suggests that the answer lies largely in political concerns. Harvard was concerned with issues of perception and the practical consequences resulting from public expression of disapprobation.
Freezing behavior in rats and its social causation.

(1946). “Freezing” Behavior in Rats and Its Social Causation. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 249-251.
Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Intravenous and Oral Meloxicam in Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus)

Pharmacokinetic data were determined after a single dose of meloxicam in red-tailed hawks (RTH; Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (GHO; Bubo virginianus). In a nonrandomized crossover design, individual birds of each species received 1 dose of intravenous meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg i.v.; n = 7 for each species) followed by a 2-week washout period, and then each received 1 dose of oral meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg PO; n = 5 for each species). Blood samples were collected intermittently after administration, and meloxicam was detected in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Time versus plasma concentration data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. Red-tailed hawks were determined to have the shortest elimination half-life for meloxicam (0.49 +/- 0.5 hours) of any species documented. Great horned owls also eliminated meloxicam very rapidly (0.78 +/- 0.52 hours). Great horned owls achieved higher plasma concentrations (368 +/- 87 ng/mL) of meloxicam than RTH (182 +/- 167 ng/mL) after oral administration, although RTH had a markedly higher volume of distribution (832 +/- 711 mL/kg) than GHO (137.6 +/- 62.7 mL/kg). The differences in meloxicam pharmacokinetics between these 2 raptor species supports the need for species-dependent studies and underlines the challenges of extrapolating drug dosages between species. Results of this study suggest that the current recommended once-daily dosing interval of oral meloxicam is unlikely to maintain plasma concentrations anticipated to be therapeutic in either RTH or GHO, and practical dosing options are questionable for this nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug in these raptor species.
Interaction Effects of Power Equalization and Subordinate Personality on Job Satisfaction and Performance

This study examines the interaction effects of employees' perceptions of actual and desired power equalization (PE), in terms of the power differential between their own level and their superiors' and of the egalitarian nature of their personality on their job satisfaction and performance. Data were collected from a sample of 222 managerial and nonmanagerial personnel in a large retail drug company in the Midwest. Results show that the more egalitarian the subordinate, the stronger the relationship between their perceptions of PE and satisfaction with work or supervisor. Significant relationships are also obtained between desired PE and job satisfaction. There are no significant relationships, however, between PE and job performance. Implications of these findings concerning the use of power with-in organizations are discussed.
Fluid Selection and Property Effects in Single- and Two-Phase Immersion Cooling

A bslruct-The governing equations for liquid and two-phase heat transfer are used to derive fluid figures of merit (FOM’s) for forced and natural convection, boiling incipience, and critical heal flux in both pool and flow boiling modes. These FOM’s can he used to evaluate and compare the thermal performance of several candidate immersion cooling fluids. In addition, the governing equations are used to determine the sensitivities of thermal performance to fluid property values.
On a class of optimal nonbinary linear unequal-error-protection codes for two sets of messages

Several authors have addressed the problem of designing good linear unequal error protection (LUEP) codes. However, very little is known about good nonbinary LUEP codes. The authors present a class of optimal nonbinary LUEP codes for two different sets of messages. By combining t-error-correcting Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and shortened nonbinary Hamming codes, they obtain nonbinary LUEP codes that protect one set of messages against any t or fewer symbol errors and the remaining set of messages against any single symbol error. For t/spl ges/2, they show that these codes are optimal in the sense of achieving the Hamming lower bound on the number of redundant symbols of a nonbinary LUEP code with the same parameters. >
Preliminary report: immunoperoxidase-linked human placental lactogen as a histopathologic index of perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Anatomic study of placental dysfunction may benefit from the applications of new routine techniques. Immunohistochemical staining for human placental lactogen (HPL) was used in 3 cases illustrating different perinatal disorders. The amount of HPL labeling ranged from high in an acute anoxic death due to abruptio placentae, through decreased in a case of maternal hypertension, to low in severe intrauterine growth retardation. Such information complements standard clinical and pathologic studies. Ten percent buffered Formalin was superior to Bouin's fixative and alcoholic Formalin for the demonstration of HPL. Even after 4 days of refrigeration at 4°C, all of the syncytiotrophoblastic tissue was labeled in sections of paraffin-embedded, Formalin-fixed normal placentas.
Adaptive Behavior of Children with Learning Disabilities

This study compared the adaptive behavior of 114 learning disabled (LD) subjects with that of large, nationally representative normative samples of normal intelligence and mentally retarded children and youth. The adaptive behavior mean scores of the LD sample were found to be lower than mean scores obtained by the normal intelligence group, and higher than mean scores obtained by the mentally retarded group. In addition, mean scores in all five areas of adaptive behavior measured in the study were lower for secondary level LD subjects than for elementary level LD subjects. The author discusses possible interpretations of these results, and provides implications and recommendations for diagnosticians and teachers.
Frequency response characteristics of an isolated photoreceptor

The transmembrane voltage change in response to light was studied in the barnacle photoreceptor by using sinusoidal and impulse changes in light intensity. The input-output relation is linear if the transmembrane voltage change does not exceed 10 mV. The frequency response is of low pass character with attenuation beginning at 1 cps. The system can best be represented by a third order transfer function consisting of a first order pole, a complex second order pole, and a transport delay. Lower temperature causes greater high frequency attenuation of the voltage response. Background illumination, depolarization, and wavelength do not affect the frequency response within the linear range. Beyond the linear range the elements of a differentiating process are introduced. This is probably due to a disproportionate increase in cell conductance.
Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study

This paper reports measures of preference parameters relating to risk tolerance, time preference, and intertemporal substitution. These measures are based on survey responses to hypothetical situations constructed using an economic theorist's concept of the underlying parameters. The individual measures of preference parameters display heterogeneity. Estimated risk tolerance and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution are essentially uncorrelated across individuals. Measured risk tolerance is positively related to risky behaviors, including smoking, drinking, failing to have insurance, and holding stocks rather than Treasury bills. These relationships are both statistically and quantitatively significant, although measured risk tolerance explains only a small fraction of the variation of the studied behaviors.
When do data mining results violate privacy

Privacy-preserving data mining has concentrated on obtaining valid results when the input data is private. An extreme example is Secure Multiparty Computation-based methods, where only the results are revealed. However, this still leaves a potential privacy breach: Do the results themselves violate privacy? This paper explores this issue, developing a framework under which this question can be addressed. Metrics are proposed, along with analysis that those metrics are consistent in the face of apparent problems.
An algorithm computing the general entry of the nth Kronecker power of a matrix

The number of distinct entries among the m/sup 2n/ entries of the nth Kronecker power of an m*m matrix is derived. An algorithm to find the value of each entry of the Kronecker power is presented. >
Using Repeated Games to Design Incentive-Based Routing Systems

Incorporating pricing information in routing systems has been explored in various contexts and fashions. In this paper we examine certain fundamental properties important in the design of such a routing protocol. The importance of these properties is derived from the underlying economic factors governing the behavior of the autonomous players. We view the exchange of pricing information at an interconnect as a repeated game between the relevant players. For example, multiple ISPs competing for the business of a CDN. With this model, we see that various protocol parameters—such as protocol period, minimum bid size, and unit of measure— have a significant and important impact on the equilibrium outcome. We show how these parameters can be used to address the problem of the repeated dynamic and further that these conclusions are robust to a variety of practical assumptions including asynchronous play and heterogeneous networks. These often surprising results enable protocol designers to appreciate and leverage these seemingly benign parameters, a result that has direct practical importance.
Stock market wealth-effects during privatization initial public offers in chile (1984-1989)*

The aftermarket performance of eleven privatization Initial Public Offers (IPOs) in Chile during 1984-1989 is studied in this document, and a detailed description of the economic and political conditions that prevailed is provided. In particular, we discuss the operational details of the stock issuing mechanism, complemented with a statistical study on the IPOs’ Market Adjusted Returns. While the sample size is limited and does not support a significant external validity, the analysis confirms the presence of aftermar ket performance patterns that are very similar to those observed in private and privatization IPOs reported elsewhere (Aggarwal, Leal and Hernandez, 1993; Dewenter and Malatesta, 1997; Loughran, Ritter and Rydqvist, 1994; Perotti and Guney, 1993).
Molecular Biology of Thyroid Cancer

Our medical discoveries often follow advancement in biologic techniques. The use of karyotypic analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, candidate gene sequencing, microarray expression analysis, and whole-genome associations has helped determine the molecular defects causing thyroid cancer. These and future discovered defects will allow clear classifications, precise prognosis, and targeted therapy. Genetic events involved in the development of well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) include rearrangement of the tyrosine receptor kinase (RET and TRK) and activating mutations of the intracellular signaling effectors (rat sarcoma oncogene) (B-type Raf kinase) and RAS. Rearrangement of PAX8 (paired box gene 8)/PPARγ (gamma) (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor) and RAS mutations are frequent in well-differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). These mutations occasionally have been identified in benign follicular adenoma (FA). Also, loss of phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN) and activation of PI3K/AKT (phosphoinositide-3-kinase/serine/thyreonine-specific protein kinase) are involved in FTC pathogenesis. Progression of PTC and FTC to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is associated with mutation of protein 53 (p53), β-catenin (beta), as well as members of PI3K/AKT pathway. Recent reports suggest that additional molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic modification and microRNA deregulation are involved in the development of thyroid tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the molecular characterization of thyroid cancer and the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Interrogating the Age-Old Wisdom of Exercise

We have long known that exercise is good for us. Hippocrates declared more than 25 centuries ago that “if we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.” There is now a wealth of evidence indicating that the benefits of physical activity extend across multiple organ systems and span the age spectrum.1,2 Perhaps most compelling are data highlighting the potential of exercise to prevent and attenuate chronic conditions related to insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.3,4 Despite nationwide guidelines encouraging regular exercise for all adults, fewer than 1 in 3 Americans engage in routine physical activity.5 Low adherence rates could relate in part to the fact that we still do not really understand how exercise works. For this reason, recommendations remain nonspecific with respect to how frequent, how intense, how long, what type, and for whom exercise should be prescribed.4 Article see p 340 Investigating the biology of exercise is challenging because its effects are dynamic, multisystemic, and dependent on a myriad of endogenous and exogenous factors. Exercise is known to modulate multiple interconnected pathways, including those related to insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. In the current “omic” era of research, metabolomic analyses stand as an attractive approach for systematically interrogating the effects of exercise on these pathways. Metabolite profiling of a tissue sample, such as human plasma, involves using a technology such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry to quantify prevalent small molecules, including analytes that are precursors or products of common metabolic pathways.6 Thus, high-throughput metabolite profiling offers the opportunity to capture snapshots of biochemical activity in an individual at multiple time points over the …
A Reevaluation of Ice–Liquid Water Potential Temperature

Abstract A synthesis of previous studies suggests the need for new, more accurate approximations for ice–liquid water potential temperature (θil), a thermodynamic variable utilized in some numerical models. Starting from equations presented in a previous study, two new approximate formulations of θil are derived, along with their governing equations. The new formulations are significant improvements over previous ones because no terms are dropped during their derivation and no Taylor series approximations are utilized. The governing equations for the new formulations reveal conditions under which θil can be considered a conserved variable. Potential temperature lapse rates determined from a reference thermodynamic equation are compared numerically against lapse rates determined from several approximations of θil. Many of the findings agree with previous studies. However, the results show that a commonly used formulation does not account for the specific heats of water, and thus has an inherent cold bias. ...
Two measures of activity in genetically defined mice as a function of strain, time of day, and previous experience

Genetically defined adult mice from progenitor strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c and the 7 recombinant inbred strains derived from them were tested at one of five times of day for amount of locomotor and investigatory activity in three 16-min sessions. Strain, sex, time of day, and experiential factors are shown to interact in variable and complex fashion. Previous reports of a single major gene’s determining activity level are contradicted. Observed genetically determined differences were not in concordance with strain distribution patterns for other genetically determined traits. Interpretation of locomotor and investigatory activity as separable behaviors is supported. Habituation (activity decrement) both within and between sessions is added to the behaviors amenable to behavior genetic investigations.
Wacker Oxidation, The

Terminal alkene substrates can be converted to methyl ketone products via a palladium-catalyzed process known as the Wacker oxidation. This process has found widespread application in targeted synthesis, since alkene substrates are easily accessed and unreactive under diverse reaction conditions substrates and the resultant carbonyl products are common precursors for diverse synthetic manipulations. This chapter covers the application of the Wacker oxidation and variations of the Wacker oxidation to various types of alkene substrates. The literature covered spans the inception of the reaction in 1959 through November 2012. A discussion of the current mechanistic understanding is presented, emphasizing considerations that are relevant to synthetic application, including how the nature of the alkene substrate and nucleophiles other than water are proposed to influence the mechanistic pathways and ultimately the product distribution. The “Scope and Limitations” section is separated into discussions relating to functional group tolerance, the influence of heteroatoms proximal to the alkene substrate, and Wacker-type oxidations that do not result in carbonyl products, such as cyclization reactions and aza-Wacker reactions. Select applications of the Wacker oxidation in total synthesis are presented, as well as a comparison to other methods and examples of experimental conditions. Keywords: Wacker oxidation(s); palladium-catalyzed; nucleopalladation; oxypalladation; alkene(s); olefin(s); ketone(s); Markovnikov addition; anti-Markovnikov addition; ligand-modulation; molecular oxygen; tert-butylhydroperoxide; Benzoquinone; allylic alcohol(s); homoallylic alchol(s); allylic amine(s); homoallylic amine(s); Wacker cyclization; acetal(s); aza-Wacker
Explorations in Online Learning using Adobe Connect

This research was conducted with pre-service early childhood educators to gather their response to using Adobe Connect video conferencing platform as a way to facilitate synchronous class meetings in an Early Childhood Education Bachelor's Degree program. Two formats were used for the class meetings including classroom to classroom at two different college campus locations and online class meetings. The initial results indicate that many students enjoy the convenience of the Adobe system to have online class meetings but some students still feel that the interactions during the face to face meetings are important and are not fully supported when using Adobe Connect from one campus to another.
Public Interest Lawyering & Judicial Politics: Four Cases Worth a Second Look in Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar

This "First Look" Essay argues that the Court should consider public interest lawyering when it decides a First Amendment challenge to the Canon prohibiting judicial candidates from soliciting money in Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar. It suggests that four cases are worth a "second look": Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002); Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009); Shelley v. Kraemer (1948); and a Florida Supreme Court case involving discipline of a judge, In re Hawkins.
Experimental comparison of emulated lock-free vs. fine-grain locked data structures on the Cray XMT

Three implementations of a concurrently-updateable linked list were compared, one that emulates a lock-free approach based on a compare-and-swap instruction, one that makes direct use of the Cray XMT's full-empty synchronization bits on every word of memory, and a third that uses the XMT's atomic int_fetch_add instruction. The relative performance of the three implementations was experimentally compared on a 512-processor XMT. The direct implementation approach performed up to twice as fast as the other two approaches under conditions of low contention, but the three implementations performed about the same when the amount of contention was high.
Investigation of Shock Wave - Boundary Layer Interactions in a 3.57 Aspect Ratio Wind Tunnel

A shock wave boundary layer interaction occurs where a shock wave meets any part of a surface where a boundary layer is present. A common application is the inlet of a supersonic jet engine, which can experience stagnation pressure loss, distorted flow at the engine face, thickening of the boundary layers, and in some cases, flow separations with local flow reversals. Previous experimental studies addressing shock wave boundary layer interactions (SWBLIs) have suffered from centerline separation and corner flow effects, which is the region where the boundary layers of two walls meet. The present study presents the design and validation of a new experimental test facility intended to produce centerline flows with minimal influences of the separations caused by right-angle corners in supersonic flow. SWBLIs are captured and quantified using surface static pressure measurements and a Schlieren optical flow visualization system. An accompanying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study is also underway to provide further understanding of the interactions.
The association of life events to gestational age at delivery among low-income, urban, African American women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of life events stress to gestational age at delivery for a cohort of low income, African-American women. STUDY DESIGN: Four hundred seventy-two African-American women from three public prenatal clinics were interviewed about life events, emotional support, and health habits. Pregnancy and birth data were collected from a clinical data base. The contribution of life events stress and other study variables to length of pregnancy was determined using linear regression models for primiparous and multiparous women. RESULTS: Frequency of life events was not related to gestational age at delivery, directly or indirectly. An unexpected finding was that women who experienced a death of a mother or sister delivered on average 4.6 weeks earlier than other women in the study. Complications of pregnancy also explained lower gestational age for both primiparas and multiparas. CONCLUSION: Among low-income women, the acute stressor of losing a mother or sister during pregnancy was significantly related to shorter pregnancy, although total number of events was not.
Study on the Theory of Spectrum Equilibrating Filter in Seismic Data Acquisition System

A set of uniform thickness models of layered absorption media were established.The absorption and attenuation character of stratum were calculated as well.Based on these results the mathematic model and spectrum equilibrating filter(SEF) frame were designed.Ricker wavelet whose predominant frequency is 200Hz was chosen as the exciting wave,and the character parameters(predominant amplitude,predominant frequency and frequency bandwidth) of its reflected wave were calculated.Filtered by SEF the strata's absorption and attenuation was compensated and the parameters of reflected wave could be improved as well.When time range changed from 0.5s to 3.0s,the predominant amplitude,predominant frequency and frequency band increased 20.55-30.40 dB,104-74 Hz and 205-186 Hz,respectively,and the resolution increased to 2.9-13.9 m(increasing 56%-67%).
Hand-foot-month Disease in Hanzhong,2009-2010

Objective To provide scientific evidence for the hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) prevention and control work in the future by understanding the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in Hanzhong.Methods Descriptive analysis was conducted on the HFMD epidemiological characteristics and pathogen test results in 11 counties of Hanzhong in 2009-2010.Results In 2009 and 2010,755 and 5 262 HFMD cases were reported respectively,with the annual incidence rate 19.77/105 and 137.84/105.The incidence in 2010 increased by 597.35% compared with 2009.Kindergarten children,scattered children,students are still the main groups,categories of people accounted for 99.47%,99.87% each year.Children under 6 years old accounted for 92.19% and 93.87% each year.Hirakawa county reported more incidence than the mountain counties.The incidence peaked in April 2009,and July 2010,accounting for 41.19% and 30.61% of annual incidence.Clusters of cases in 2010 was 3.21 times of 2009.Nine cases were detected in 2009,were all positive for EV71;106 EV71 possitive cases were detected in 2010,accounting for 58.56%,while CoxA16 positive in 40 cases,accounting for 22.10%,other enteric viruses in 6 cases,accounting for 3.31%.Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in Hanzhong in 2010 increased significantly,so that the prevention and control work in key areas and key period targeted on key groups should be well-done.Health education and promotion should be strengthened,with the monitoring enhanced.Early detection,early reporting,early diagnosis,early isolation,early getting treatment in specified hospital is the key.