cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of condylar loading forces by instrumented prosthesis in the baboon.

Summary Mathematical models have been developed to predict hypothetical forces acting on the mandibular condyles during mastication, but no direct measurements of condylar forces in vivo have been reported. This preliminary study presents the technical development of an instrumented prosthesis which was implanted in the mandibular ramus of a baboon, and some preliminary data collected while measuring with this prosthesis the condylar forces exerted during simulated mastication under general anaesthesia. Simulated mastication was induced by stimulating the motor tracts of the trigeminal nerve bilaterally, and the forces in response to increasing amperage were recorded. The pathogenesis of TMJ degeneration may be more fully understood by directly measuring the direction and magnitude of forces acting on the condyles during function. In addition, the future development of a total TMJ replacement for traumatized, deranged, or degeneratively impaired joints must be accomplished with reliably engineered prostheses based upon direct force measurements.
The nature of deformation within the outer limits of the central appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt in New York state

Abstract Residual strain, a self-equilibrating recoverable strain that remains in rocks even after external forces and moments are removed, is found NNW of the folded Appalachian plateau in the Devonian Onondaga limestone and the Silurian Lockport dolomite and Grimsby sandstone of western New York. This residual strain is manifest upon overcoring by a NNW directed maximum expansion of the limestone and sandstone and a random maximum expansion of the dolomite. Strains, recorded with strain gauge rosettes bonded to outcrops, are as high as 200 μϵ (microstrain). Double overcoring of the sandstone and dolomite relieves smaller strains of the same orientation as the initial overcore. X-ray analysis of the Grimsby sandstone shows that the elastic residual strain locked in quartz grains is characterized by a NE principal extension of 60 μϵ and a 10–30 μϵ NW principal compression oriented 30° counterclockwise from the NNW compression indicated by overcoring. Sonic velocity tests on samples in the lab indicate that Grimsby sandstone is anisotropic with a NNW maximum P-wave velocity of 4.05 km/sec. This anisotropy correlates with the residual strain in Grimsby sandstone. Mechanical twinning of calcite within both the Onondaga limestone and Grimsby sandstone indicates that the rock contains a permanent compressive strain of less than 2% in the NNW direction. The permanent strain becomes progressively smaller in a series of samples from Syracuse to Buffalo, New York. The development of solution cleavage in Onondaga limestone also indicates a NNW compression. No evidence of permanent strain was found in the dolomite. The NNW compression of the limestone and sandstone is normal to the fold axes of the Appalachian foreland fold and thrust belt. This geometric relationship indicates that the residual strain well beyond the outermost Appalachian folds was caused by the same tectonic stresses responsible for folding, the Appalachians during the late Paleozoic. Strain within the Appalachian plateau below the Silurian salt horizon suggests either the presence of a second decollement in, perhaps, Ordovician shales or a general NNW shortening of the crust under the Appalachian plateau.
Characterization of particles in the arid west

Abstract This paper describes spatial and temporal variations of airborne paniculate matter in the eight western states included in the western fine particle network (WFPN). The samples were generated by a 40-site monitoring network of remotely sited dichotomous samplers of the stacked filter and virtual design, with a coarse fraction between 15 μm and 2.5 μm dia. and a fine fraction below 2.5 μm dia. The units operate for two 72 h period each week, delivering samples analyzed gravimetrically for mass and by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for elements sodium and heavier. Results are presented for the period October 1979 to May 1980, showing regional patterns of particles especially in the fine modes. A sulfur episode which occurred in the southwest is examined via trajectory analysis, while factor analysis is applied to the entire data set to generate information on particulate sources.
Structure, Propagation, and Mixing of Energetic Baroclinic Tides in Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract Large semidiurnal vertical displacements (≈100 m) and strong baroclinic currents (≈0.5 m s−1; several times as large as barotropic currents) dominate motions in Mamala Bay, outside the mouth of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. During September 2002, the authors sought to characterize them with a 2-month McLane moored profiler deployment and a 4-day intensive survey with a towed CTD/ADCP and the Research Vessel (R/V) Revelle hydrographic sonar. Spatial maps and time series of turbulent dissipation rate ϵ, diapycnal diffusivity Kρ, isopycnal displacement η, velocity u, energy E, and energy flux F are presented. Dissipation rate peaks in the lower 150 m during rising isopycnals and high strain and shows a factor-of-50 spring–neap modulation. The largest Kρ values, in the western bay near a submarine ridge, exceed 10−3 m2 s−1. The M2 phases of η and u increase toward the west, implying a westward phase velocity cp ≈ 1 m s−1 and horizontal wavelength ≈60 km, consistent with theoretical mode-1 values. These phase...
Sexual behavior problems and psychopathology symptoms in sexually abused girls.

ABSTRACT Objective This study contrasted a group of sexually abused girls, aged 6 to 12 years, with two demographically comparable control groups, girls from a child psychiatry outpatient department, and girls from a general pediatric clinic to determine whether differences in sexual behavior and psychopathology symptoms could be demonstrated. Method All girls and their mothers underwent an evaluation protocol composed of two parent-report inventories, the Child Behavior Checklist and the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. Results Sexually abused girls and psychiatric controls manifested more psychopathology symptoms, including internalizing and externalizing behaviors, than the nonpsychiatric controls. Relative to both control groups, sexually abused girls manifested more sexual behavior problems: masturbating openly and excessively, exposing their genitals, indiscriminately hugging and kissing strange adults and children, and attempting to insert objects into their genitals. Abuse by fathers or stepfathers involving intercourse was associated with particularly marked sexual behavior disturbances. There was a subgroup of sexually abused girls who tended to force sexual activities on siblings and peers. All of these girls had experienced prolonged sexual abuse (more than 2 years) involving physical force which was perpetrated by a parent. Conclusions Findings suggest that sexual abuse in preadolescent girls is associated with sexual behavior problems. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1995, 34, 8:1033–1042.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Epoxy Resin during Cure

The isothermal curing process in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A-based epoxy resin was investigated using an ultrasonic pulse spectroscopy technique. An aliphatic diamine (Diaminobutane) was used as a curing agent. The key point here was the difference in the curing processes of resins with identical composition cured at different temperatures. This was reflected clearly in the changing ultrasonic properties in resins and seemed to depend on the physical state of the resins. In addition, it was also made clear that resins could not be perfectly cured without high temperature curing.
Ethnicity and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia

The purpose of this study was to assess ethnic differences in the negative symptom profile of 25 Anglo American and 26 Mexican American subjects with schizophrenia. Subjects were rated at the end of a 1-2-week medication washout period (time 1) and at discharge (time 2) with the Negative Symptoms Assessment (NSA), Brief Psychiatric Research Scale, (BPRS), the [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition)] DSM-IV negative factor score and LAECA acculturation scale. Total NSA scores were significantly higher among Mexican Americans both at time 1 and time 2. Among the five subscales of the NSA, ethnic differences were significant only for the Cognition subscale at time 1. Results indicate no ethnic differences in core negative symptoms (alogia, avolition, flat affect), but do suggest that a cognition-related factor differs between Mexican American and Anglo American schizophrenic patients.
Investigation of simultaneous two-photon H and single photon OH excitation in flames using a single dye laser.

We investigate simultaneous excitation and fluorescence detection of OH and H in flames, using frequency-doubled (308-nm) and frequency-tripled (205-nm) beams generated using a single dye-laser system.
Uterine prolapse complicated by endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective: An infrequent clinical dilemma arises when a patient with uterine prolapse that is best treated vaginally is discovered to have coexisting endometrial cancer. Often the underlying cancer is only discovered intraopertively or postoperatively. We have reviewed our experience in this situation in an effort to evaluate efficacy of treatment, strategies to avoid late postoperative discovery of cancer, and general guidelines for optimal treatment. Study design: At the Mayo Clinic from 1950 to 1993, 54 patients with coexisting endometrial carcinoma underwent vaginal hysterectomy with repairs for uterine prolapse. Results: We have restrospectively reviewed these cases for relevant data and survival analysis. Complete follow-up is available for 53 patients bilateral oophorectomy was not performed for multiple reasons, and one of these patients had a recurrence. Twenty-five percent of all patients had disease confined to the endometrium, and 80% overall had low-grade lesions with superficial or no myometrial invasion. Of the four recurrences, three would have been considered low risk of extrauterine spread, and it is doubtful that an abdominal approach would have yielded additional useful information. No patient required reoperation for recurrent pelvic relaxation. Conclusion: We believe that for certain selected patients vaginal surgery for uterine prolapse is adequate treatment in the presence of endometrial cancer. We discuss the selection strategies, exclusion criteria, and general guidelines to optimize care for these challenging patients. 1995; 172; 1675–1683.)
On approximate solutions of infinite systems of linear inequalities

Abstract This paper extends A.J. Hoffman's results on approximate solutions of finite systems of linear inequalities to infinite systems of linear inequalities. It is shown that for a given infinite system of linear inequalities (satisfying certain conditions), the Euclidean distance from a vector x to the solution set of the system is equivalent to the “biggest violation” by x of the system. Thus, if a vector x “almost” satisfies the system, then x is “close” to a solution of the system.
Smooth nonparametric quantile estimation under censoring: simulations and bootstrap methods

Based on right-censored data from a lifetime distribution F , a smooth nonparametric estimator of the quantile function Q (p) is given by Qn(p)=h 1jjQn(t)K((t-p)/h)dt, where QR(p) denotes the product-limit quantile function. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations indicate that at fixed p this kernel-type quantile estimator has smaller mean squared error than (L(p) for a range of values of the bandwidth h. A method of selecting an "optimal" bandwidth (in the sense of small estimated mean squared error) based on the bootstrap is investigated yielding results consistent with the simulation study. The bootstrap is also used to obtain interval estimates for Q (p) after determining the optimal value of h.
The Vibrational Spectrum and Urey-Bradley Force Constants of the Trifluoromethyltrifluoroborate(1-) Anion

Infrared and Raman spectra for (K+) (CF3BF3−) have been obtained from 4000 to 50 cm−1. Spectral assignments were made on the basis of C3v symmetry using both 10B and 11B compounds. In addition, a normal coordinate analysis was performed to obtain the potential energy distribution of the normal modes. A Urey-Bradley type force field was used, and force constants obtained for the CF3 and BF3 groupings were compared to those in C2F6 and BF4−.
Thrust modeling for hypersonic engines

Expressions for the thrust losses of a scramjet engine are developed in terms of irreversible entropy increases and the degree of incomplete combustion. A method is developed which allows the calculation of the lost vehicle thrust due to different loss mechanisms within a given flow-field. This analysis demonstrates clearly the trade-off between mixing enhancement and resultant increased flow losses in scramjet combustors. An engine effectiveness parameter is defined in terms of thrust loss. Exergy and the thrust-potential method are related and compared.
Gene expression profiling of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma identifies new biologic insights with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications

We conducted comprehensive gene expression profiling (GEP) of primary pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (n = 33) and compared the results to GEP of other B- and T-cell lymphomas and normal lymphocytes to identify novel markers and deregulated pathways. MALT has a prominent T-cell signature and a marginal zone/memory B-cell profile. Four novel transcripts were specifically overexpressed in MALT, and 2 of these, MMP7 and SIGLEC6, were validated at the protein level. GEP also revealed distinct molecular subsets in MALT. One subset, characterized by MALT1 translocations, showed overexpression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-KB) pathway genes but also was enriched for chemokine signaling pathways. Another subset showed increased plasma cells and a prominent plasma cell gene signature. By analyzing several genes with very high (“spiked”) expression in individual cases, we identified clusters with different biologic characteristics, such as samples with MALT1 translocations having high expression of MALT1 and RARA, samples with plasmacytic differentiation having high FKBP11 expression, and samples with high RGS13 expression tending to have trisomy 3 and reactive follicles. In conclusion, MALT subgroups with distinct pathologic features defined by distinct groups of deregulated genes were identified. These genes could represent novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
5-HT(1A) agonists induce hippocampal theta activity in freely moving cats: Role of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors

Abstract Electrical activity in the dorsal hippocampus was recorded in freely moving cats in response to intravenous administration of 5-HT1A agonist and antagonist drugs. Administration of low doses of the selective 5-HT1A agonists 8-OH-DPAT (5–20 μg/kg) and ipsapirone (20–100 μg/kg) produced rhythmic slow activity (theta) in the hippocampal EEG within 30 s. Similar effects were observed with BMY 7378 (20 and 100 μg/kg), which acts as an agonist at presynaptic (somatodendritic) 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Power spectral analyses showed that all three compounds produced a dose-dependent increase in the EEG power occurring in the theta frequency band (3.5–8.0 Hz) as a proportion of total power from 0.25 to 30.0 Hz (relative theta power). The increase in relative theta power produced by 8-OH-DPAT (20 μg/kg) was greatly attenuated by spiperone (1 mg/kg), a highly effective 5-HT1A autoreceptor antagonist. Administration of spiperone alone had no significant effect on relative theta power. These results are discussed in relationship to the effects of these drugs on serotonergic neuronal activity. Our results suggest that preferential activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, and subsequent inhibition of serotonin neurotransmission, facilitates the appearance of hippocampal theta activity in awake cats.
Are Immigrants Favorably Self-Selected?

One of the standard propositions in the migration literature is that migrants tend to be favorably `self-selected for labor-market success. That is economic migrants are described as tending on average to be more able ambitious aggressive entrepreneurial or otherwise more favorably selected than similar individuals who choose to remain in their place of origin.... In recent years there have been challenges to the general proposition of the favorable selectivity of migrants. In addressing this issue this paper considers alternative specifications of the migration model that are relevant for the issue of migrant selectivity. (EXCERPT)
Hydrogen sorption characteristics of nanostructured Pd–10Rh processed by cryomilling

Abstract Palladium and its alloys are model systems for studying the solid-state storage of hydrogen. Mechanical milling is commonly used to process complex powder systems for solid-state hydrogen storage; however, milling can also be used to evolve nanostructured powder to modify hydrogen sorption characteristics. In the present study, cryomilling (mechanical attrition milling in a cryogenic liquid) is used to produce nanostructured palladium–rhodium alloy powder. Characterization of the cryomilled Pd–10Rh using electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and surface area analysis reveal that (i) particle morphology evolves from spherical to flattened disk-like particles; while (ii) crystallite size decreases from several microns to less than 100 nm; and (iii) dislocation density increases with increased cryomilling time. Hydrogen absorption and desorption isotherms as well as the time scales for absorption were measured for cryomilled Pd–10Rh, and correlated with observed microstructural changes induced by the cryomilling process. In short, as the microstructure of the Pd–10Rh alloy is refined by cryomilling: (i) the maximum hydrogen concentration in the α-phase increases, (ii) the pressure plateau becomes flatter and (iii) the equilibrium hydrogen capacity increases at pressure of 101.3 kPa. Additionally, the rate of hydrogen absorption was reduced by an order of magnitude compared to non-cryomilled (atomized) powder.
Evidence for vibrational excitation in H+ + CH4, CD4 collisions by means of a surface-hopping mechanism

Abstract The energy-loss spectra for H+ scattered at small angles from CH4 and CD4 display an unusual bimodal character and extremely large average excitation energies. We propose a potential energy surface-hopping mechanism to account for the novel features of this system.
Subcellular distribution of malathion, phenthoate, and diethylsuccinate carboxylesterases in rat lungs

Abstract The subcellular distribution of malathion, phenthoate, and diethylsuccinate carboxylesterases was determined in the lungs of male Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats administered lung toxic doses of bromobenzene and paraquat. In control with the former two substrates, the highest activity was encountered in the 6500g and 12,000g pellets. In addition, significant activity was found in the 100,000g supernatant. These fractions hydrolyzed diethylsuccinate very slowly, and the major diethylsuccinate carboxylesterase activity was recovered in the 100,000g pellet. The bromobenzene treatment had no effect on these carboxylesterases; however, the paraquat treatment significantly decreased the phenthoate and diethylsuccinate carboxylesterases in the 100,000g pellet without altering the activity in the other fractions. The present study suggested that the subcellular distribution of malathion and phenthoate carboxylesterases is different from that in liver. The present study revealed that, in the lungs, the highest total activity for malathion and phenthoate carboxylesterases was found in the 100,000g supernatant, in comparison with liver, where the 100,000g pellet contains a much higher activity of these enzymes. The decrease in specific activities of diethylsuccinate and phenthoate carboxylesterases following the treatment with a pneumotoxicant may serve as an indicator of lung damage.
Standard single-mode fibers as convenient means for the generation of ultrafast high-pulse-energy super-continua

High-pulse-energy super-continua featuring an M2 of one were generated in standard single-mode fibers. The highest pulse energy achieved was ∼600 nJ and the pulse duration was ∼1 ps. The spectral width of the generated continua extended over up to 35% of the pump wavelength.
Mixed-surface, Lipid-tethered Quantum Dots for Targeting Cells and Tissues

Quantum dots (QDs), with their variable luminescent properties, are rapidly transcending traditional labeling techniques in biological imaging and hold vast potential for biosensing applications. An obstacle in any biosensor development is targeted specificity. Here we report a facile procedure for creating QDs targeted to the cell membrane with the goal of cell-surface protease biosensing. This procedure generates water-soluble QDs with variable coverage of lipid functional groups. The resulting hydrophobicity is quantitatively controlled by the molar ratio of lipids per QD. Appropriate tuning of the hydrophobicity ensures solubility in common aqueous cell culture media, while providing affinity to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. The reaction and exchange process was directly evaluated by measuring UV absorption spectra associated with dithiocarbamate formation. Cell membrane binding was assessed using flow cytometry and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging with live cells, and tissue affinity was measured using histochemical staining and fluorescence imaging of frozen tissue sections. Increases in cell and tissue binding were found to be regulated by both QD hydrophobicity and surface charge, underlying the importance of QD surface properties in the optimization of both luminescence and targeting capability.
Cell Division Cycle 7 Is a Novel Regulator of Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and proliferation occur simultaneously during embryonic development. The underlying mechanisms especially common factors regulating both processes, however, remain largely unknown. The present study has identified cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) as one of the factors mediating both the proliferation and SMC differentiation. TGF-β induces Cdc7 expression and phosphorylation in the initial phase of SMC differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells. Cdc7 specific inhibitor or shRNA knockdown suppresses TGF-β-induced expression of SMC early markers including α-SMA, SM22α, and calponin. Cdc7 overexpression, on the other hand, enhances SMC marker expression. Cdc7 function in inducing SMC differentiation is independent of Dumbbell former 4 or Dbf4, the catalytic subunit of Cdc7 critical for cell proliferation, suggesting that Cdc7 mediates SMC differentiation through a mechanism distinct from cell proliferation. Cdc7 regulates SMC differentiation via activating SMC marker gene transcription. Knockdown of Cdc7 by shRNA inhibits SMC marker gene promoter activities. Mechanistically, Cdc7 interacts with Smad3 to induce SMC differentiation. Smad3 is required for Cdc7 function in inducing SMC promoter activities and marker gene expression. Likewise, Cdc7 enhances Smad3 binding to SMC marker promoter via supporting Smad3 nuclear retention and physically interacting with Smad3. Taken together, our studies have demonstrated a novel role of Cdc7 in SMC differentiation.
Low dose fractionated radiation enhances the radiosensitization effect of paclitaxel in colorectal tumor cells with mutant p53.

BACKGROUND The current study was undertaken to investigate the influence of wild-type or mutant p53 status on the radiosensitizing effect of paclitaxel in colorectal tumor cell lines. METHODS HCT-116 (contains wild-type p53) and HT-29 (contains mutant p53) established from moderately differentiated colorectal carcinomas were used in this study. Colony-forming assay was performed after exposure to either different radiation doses (0.5–6 gray [Gy]) or paclitaxel (1–10 nM) or in combination. Induction of p53 and p21waf1/cip1 by these treatments were determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Radiation caused an increase in nuclear p53 and p21waf1/cip1 proteins in HCT-116 cells, indicating that p53 functionally induced p21waf1/cip1. However, induction of nuclear p53 and p21waf1/cip1 protein was not evident in HT-29 cells, suggesting that p53 was not functional in these cells. Survival data showed that the HCT-116 cells (survival fraction of exponentially growing cells that were irradiated at the clinically relevant dose of 2 Gy [SF2] = 0.383; dose required to reduce the fraction of cells to 37% [D0] = 223 centigray [cGy]) were significantly sensitive to ionizing radiation (P < 0.008) when compared with the HT-29 cells (SF2 = 0.614; D0 = 351 cGy). Paclitaxel caused a higher degree of clonogenic inhibition in HCT-116 (D0 = 0.7 nM) than HT-29 (D0 = 1.11 nM) cells (P < 0.06). When paclitaxel and radiation were combined, an enhanced radiosensitizing effect (P < 0.05) was observed in HCT-116 cells (SF2 = 0.138; D0 = 103 cGy), whereas in HT-29 cells no significant radiosensitization of paclitaxel was observed (SF2 = 0.608; D0 = 306 cGy). However, pretreatment with paclitaxel followed by multifractionated low dose radiation (0.5- or 1-Gy fractions for a total dose of 2 Gy) significantly enhanced the radiosensitizing effect in both HCT-116 and HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggested that multifractionated radiation given at very low doses after exposure of cells to paclitaxel conferred a potent radiation sensitizing effect irrespective of p53 status. Cancer 2000;89:1893–900. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
THE STRATIGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SELENIUM IN THE CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS OF SOUTH DAKOTA AND THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF SOME ASSOCIATED VEGETATION

1 Received for publication September 6, 1938. Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. The first two authors are in the Dept. of Experiment Station Chemistry of the South Dakota State College, Brookings; the third is in the Dept. of Geology, UTniversity of South Dakota, Vermillion; the fourth was in the S. D. State Planning Board at Brookings and is now geologist with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Land Utilization Division, U. S. Dept. Agric., Lincoln, Nebraska. The authors wish to thank Dr. E. P. Rothrock, State Geologist of South Dakota, for making available the samples from the Irish Creek well core, and Mr. Morris Rhian and Mr. George Stanford for their assistance with the analysis of the samples for selenium. associated with soils derived from Pierre shale. Beath and his coworkers have reported on extensive investigations of the geological distribution of selenium in Wyoming formations (Beath et al., 1934a, 1934b, 1935, 1937a, 1937b; Knight and Beath, 1937). Byers (1935, 1936) has reported on the selenium content of formations from various parts of the Great Plains
A Fuel‐Flexible Alkaline Direct Liquid Fuel Cell

We constructed a fuel-flexible fuel cell consisting of an alkaline anion exchange membrane, palladium anode, and platinum cathode. When an alcohol fuel was used with potassium hydroxide added to the fuel stream and oxygen was the oxidant, the following maximum power densities were achieved at 60 °C: ethanol (128 mW cm−2), 1-propanol (101 mW cm−2), 2-propanol (40 mW cm−2), ethylene glycol (117 mW cm−2), glycerol (78 mW cm−2), and propylene glycol (75 mW cm−2). We also observed a maximum power density of 302 mW cm−2 when potassium formate was used as the fuel under the same conditions. However, when potassium hydroxide was removed from the fuel stream, the maximum power density with ethanol decreased to 9 mW cm−2 (using oxygen as oxidant), while with formate it only decreased to 120 mW cm−2 (using air as the oxidant). Variations in the performance of each fuel are discussed. This fuel-flexible fuel cell configuration is promising for a number of alcohol fuels. It is especially promising with potassium formate, since it does not require hydroxide added to the fuel stream for efficient operation.
Authority models for collaborative authoring

We define an authority model, in the context of CSCW, as the characteristics of the system that determine who has control over objects in the system, and how this control manifests. In this paper, we present two natural authority models (free-form and owner-centric) and, employing an empirical study, explore the question "which authority model is best for collaborative, common-based content authoring?" We discover that the answer varies, depending on whether productivity or user satisfaction is to be the metric of goodness, and likely can not be phrased in absolutes.
A circadian rhythm in spontaneous locomotor activity in the larvae and pupae of the mosquito, Culiseta incidens

. The spontaneous locomotor activity of the larvae of Culiseta incidens was monitored with acoustic actographs. Individuals, in water resting on the cones of the speakers, displayed an activity rhythm in LD 12:12 with peak activity in the light phase. A similar rhythm occurred in DD following rearing in either LD 12:12 or LL, with free-running periods of 23.5–24 h. No evidence was found of any consistent differences between the periods of the larvae and pupae. The amplitude of the pupal rhythm gradually increased as metamorphosis progressed. It is suggested that rhythmicity might also be found in those behavioural responses of mosquito larvae and pupae which have been the subject of previous studies.
Restriction map and southern analysis of the bean golden mosaic virus genome.

Abstract A restriction map showing 5′–3′ polarity for two species of circular single-stranded (ss) DNA from bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is presented. The two viral single-stranded DNAs, which are very similar in size, were separated by prolonged agarose gel electrophoresis at low voltage. Hybridization analysis using probes made from these separated DNAs shows they are largely dissimilar in nucleotide sequence except for a common region of high homology which has been mapped to a unique location on each species. Molecular clones of BGMV DNA from restriction fragments comprising all of one of the two DNAs and part of the other were used to confirm the restriction and hybridization analysis. These results provide further evidence consistent with the hypothesis that BGMV and other geminiviruses possess divided genomes with two components of nearly equal size.
Cloning and regional localization of the mouse faciogenital dysplasia ( Fgd1 ) gene

Faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY, MIM*305400), or Aarskog syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive multisystemic disease of abnormal human embryonic development. The disease phenotype consists of a number of facial, skeletal, and urogenital malformations. Major manifestations include disproportionate short stature and shortened distal extremities (Porteous and Goudie 1991). Radiographic abnormalities include hypoplastic phalanges, retarded bone maturation, and a variety of vertebral anomalies including cervical spina bifida occulta, odontoid hypoplasia, and segmentation anomalies. Facial features typically consist of hypertelorism, external ear anomalies, and maxillary hypoplasia. Scrotal anomalies, penile hypospadius, and kidney hypoplasia comprise some of the observed urogenital malformations (Gorlin et al. 1990). Pedigree analyses of families segregating FGDY, and genetic linkage studies in some affected families, confirmed that FGDY was X-linked and mapped to the pericentric region of the human X Chromosome (Chr) (Porteous et al. 1992; Stevenson et al. 1994). FGDY was also mapped to this region on the basis of the observation of a mother and son who both displayed all of the major characteristics of FGDY in association with a reciprocal X;8 chromosome translocation (Bawle et al. 1984). This FGDY-specific translocation breakpoint was mapped by somatic cell and radiation hybrid analyses to a 350-kb interval within Xpll.21 that was flanked by markers ALAS2 and DXS323 (Gorski et al. 1992; Glover et al. 1993). By using a positional cloning strategy, the gene responsible for FGDY, termed FGD1, was recently isolated and characterized (Pasteris et al. 1994). In this study, the mouse FGD1 homolog, Fgdl, was isolated and mapped to the mouse X Chr. A human FGD1 cDNA, clone pFCF3.85 (Pasteris et al. 1994), which contained the entire open reading frame (ORF), was used as a hybridization probe to screen a lambda gtl0 library derived from e7.5 mouse embryonic ectoderm. The three mouse cDNA clones with the largest inserts were subcloned into Bluescript KSII(+) and sequenced (Pasteris et al. 1994). To facilitate DNA sequencing, we used oligonucleotides directed against the human FGD1 sequence for sequencing; directed against the mouse cDNAs, 80% of these oligonucleotide primers yielded interpretable sequence data. These results sug-
New views of borderlands history

These seven original essays offer the first ethnohistorical interpretation of Spanish-Indian interaction from Florida to California. The indigenous peoples in the borderlands were hunter-gatherers or agriculturalists whose lives differed substantially from the lives of Indians in large-scale hierarchical societies of central Mexico. As a result, Spain's entry and expansion varied throughout the borderlands. How did indigenous peoples fare under Spanish rule from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries? The contributors to this book discuss the social, demographic, and economic impacts of Spanish colonization on Indians. Relations among settlers, soldiers, priests, and indigenous peoples throughout the borderlands are examined, bringing immediacy and human interest to the interpretation. Contributors are Susan M. Deeds, Jesus F. de la Teja, Ross Frank, Robert H. Jackson, Peter Stern, and Patricia Wickman. Their essays offer a new and engaging synthesis that will reinvigorate teaching and research in borderlands history.
Simultaneous multielement-specific detection of a novel glutathione-arsenic-selenium ion [(GS)2AsSe]- by ICP AES after micellar size-exclusion chromatography

In order to confirm the solution structure of [(GS)2AsSe]− (GS = glutathione), we have investigated the retention behaviour of a [(GS)2AsSe]−/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) mixture on a Sephadex G-25 (SF) column with Tris buffers (0.1 mol dm−3, pH 8.0) containing ­various surfactants at concentrations above the critical micellar concentration (CMC): hexadecyltrimethlammonium bromide (HDTAB; 30, 40 and 50 mmol dm−3); dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DDTAB; 50 mmol dm−3); and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS; 50 mmol dm−3). ­An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP AES) provided simultaneous on-line detection of arsenic, selenium and ­sulfur in the column effluent. The chromatographic retention behaviour was used to investigate the association of both compounds with the positively charged micelles (HDTAB and DDTAB mobile phases). The relative strength of association with the micelles provided insight into the effective negative charge on [(GS)2AsSe]− and GSSG. The chromatograms obtained with 50 mmol dm−3 HDTAB indicated that two glutathione molecules are associated with the elution of an arsenic–selenium compound. Combined, these chromatographic data strongly support the spectroscopically derived solution structure of [(GS)2AsSe]−. Copyright ­© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory and radiographic evaluation

Imaging of the urinary tract with current computed tomography (CT) technology allows for the rapid detection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic stone disease. Unenhanced CT is more accurate and can be obtained more rapidly than intravenous urogram and has become the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis.
Waiting: feminist perspectives on the spacings/timings of migrant (im)mobility

Waiting is a banal and ubiquitous practice that is linked in myriad ways to mobility and (im)mobility in the contemporary era. Yet, to date, experiences of waiting have received scant conceptual and/or research attention among scholars. Introducing a themed section of Gender, Place and Culture, this article highlights how a focus on temporal and spatial encounters with waiting and (im)mobility among migrants extends established areas of interest among feminist geographers and related interdisciplinary scholars while also augmenting scholarship in mobility studies. Key themes are introduced. These include attention to the ways waiting is imbricated with regional and international geopolitics and analyses of waiting as an active practice that involves reflection, incorporation into, as well as resistance within, the everyday spaces that migrants encounter. With an emphasis on how contributions to this themed section speak from or to a range of feminist concerns, this introduction suggests that the intersect...
Diffusion flames in a chamber

Abstract Gaseous fuel is injected at a constant rate M from the bottom of a narrow insulated chamber and oxidant diffuses from the top. The object is to determine the response curve, i.e. the unburnt fuel fraction R as a function of M for fixed Damkohler number (representing either the constant chamber pressure or the chamber's length). The conclusions we draw are based on activation-energy asymptotics. Explicit response curves are obtained over the whole range of D. Two critical values Da, D0 are uncovered and determined explicitly. If D D0 the response is S-shaped: the top of the curve lies on R = 1 and extends to M → ∞; the bottom lies on R = 0 and persists however small M becomes. The isola has two extinction points, corresponding to the fuel being supplied too slowly or too fast to a flame at the bottom or top of the chamber. The S has just the latter, but also has an ignition point; as M is decreased through the corresponding value the flame suddenly appears. The asymptotic analysis completes the inadequate picture obtained previously by numerical methods. It spans the whole range of parameter values and enables explicit formulas to be written for the ignition and extinction points.
Effects of Same-Sex versus Coeducational Physical Education on the Self-Perceptions of Middle and High School Students

Abstract The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of attending either a coeducational or a same-sex physical education class on several self-perception variables. Middle and high school youth who had previously been in coeducational classes were assigned to either a same-sex or a new coeducational physical education class for a 10-lesson unit of basketball. Analyses were conducted at both the group and the individual levels. Self-perception variables examined included perceived self-confidence of learning basketball, perceived usefulness of basketball, and perceived gender-appropriateness of basketball. Results of hierarchical linear model group level analyses indicated that the variability in groups for self-confidence could be explained by grade, class type, and the interaction between gender and class type. At the individual level, multivariate results showed that, after the unit, males in coeducational classes were significantly more confident in their ability to learn baske...
Debris characterization and mitigation from a tin DPP EUV source

An extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) source is investigated at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) to characterize debris ejecta. The source is a z-pinch plasma that can be used with either Sn or Xe fuels to create EUV light. As the plasma compresses, high energy photons in the extreme ultraviolet range are released and available for EUV lithography. The light emission is followed by ejection of electrons and then multiply charged ions which can significantly damage nearby mirror surfaces through erosion and deposition mechanisms. Characterization of the ejecta is performed with a spherical sector electrostatic energy analyzer (ESA) that identifies ion species by energy-to-charge ratio using ion time of flight (ITOF) analysis. The ESA is used to characterize both the energy and angular distributions of the debris fields. This instrument is capable of monitoring up to 15keV ions emitted from the source. Experiments are also performed in which data from the ESA is used to calculate total scattering cross-sections of Xe+ and other observed ions through manipulation of chamber partial gas pressures. Comparisons are made between the observed ion spectra of the EUV light source when Xe or Sn fuels are used.
Clonal structure of wild populations and origins of horticultural stocks of Illicium parviflorum (Illiciaceae)

 Premise of the study : Habitat fragmentation is often assumed to result in limited genetic diversity across impacted plant communities. Central Florida has undergone extensive anthropogenic changes, while also harboring large numbers of endemic species. In this study, we assessed genetic structure and dependence on clonality in a central Florida endemic, Illicium parvifl orum (Illiciaceae), as well as evaluated genetic diversity of this species in horticultural stocks.  Methods : Six sites were sampled across the geographic range of I. parvifl orum . A PCR-based assay using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSRs) was used to assess genetic structure.  Key results : Results, based on 26 ISSR loci, suggest that clonal structure plays a role in all populations, with PD values ranging from 0.25 to 0.50. Only two populations exhibited unique genotypes, while the remaining four populations shared genotypes. Horticultural samples all shared one genotype, which can be traced back to a single natural population.  Conclusions : Clonal reproduction is an important factor in the maintenance of natural populations of I. parvifl orum , although the degree to which this is true varies by population. Horticultural samples likely represent a single or very few collection events, indicating the need for greater genetic diversity within horticultural stocks. Further analyses using microsatellites are planned to confi rm these results.
Defects and defect relaxation at internal interfaces between high-k transition metal and rare earth dielectrics and interfacial native oxides in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures

Abstract Composite gate dielectrics for advanced Si devices that include high- k dielectrics have two interfaces that determine performance and reliability: (i) the Si–SiO 2 interface, and (ii) the internal interface between SiO 2 and the high- k dielectric. Spectroscopic studies combined with ab initio electronic structure calculations and bond constraint theory (BCT) identify quantitative relationships between electronic and/or mechanical strain and densities of defects and defect precursors at these interfaces. Discontinuities in the number of bonds/atom, N av at these dielectric interfaces introduce high densities of defects that scale as the square of N av . BCT also explains the driving force for nano-scale self-organizations at these interfaces, and the effect this has on defect densities, and other interfacial properties.
The Concept of Crisis: Current Status and Mental Health Implications

The concept of "crisis" has served as a useful framework within which to consider the reactions of persons to a wide range of events. Judging by the recent literature, there is a newly awakened interest in this area. The present paper attempts to review the representative literature pertinent to the development of this concept, the current uses in the field and some suggested future directions for research, especially as they pertain to the broad field of mental health.
Action recognition using global spatio-temporal features derived from sparse representations ☆

Abstract Recognizing actions is one of the important challenges in computer vision with respect to video data, with applications to surveillance, diagnostics of mental disorders, and video retrieval. Compared to other data modalities such as documents and images, processing video data demands orders of magnitude higher computational and storage resources. One way to alleviate this difficulty is to focus the computations to informative (salient) regions of the video. In this paper, we propose a novel global spatio-temporal self-similarity measure to score saliency using the ideas of dictionary learning and sparse coding. In contrast to existing methods that use local spatio-temporal feature detectors along with descriptors (such as HOG, HOG3D, and HOF), dictionary learning helps consider the saliency in a global setting (on the entire video) in a computationally efficient way. We consider only a small percentage of the most salient (least self-similar) regions found using our algorithm, over which spatio-temporal descriptors such as HOG and region covariance descriptors are computed. The ensemble of such block descriptors in a bag-of-features framework provides a holistic description of the motion sequence which can be used in a classification setting. Experiments on several benchmark datasets in video based action classification demonstrate that our approach performs competitively to the state of the art.
Misclassified Resource Selection: Compositional Analysis and Unused Habitat

Abstract During the past decade, compositional analysis (CA) has been used widely in animal–habitat and resource selection studies. Despite this popularity, CA has not been tested for potential systematic biases such as incorrect identification of preferred resources. We used computer-simulated data based on known habitat use and availability parameters to assess the potential for CA to incorrectly identify preferred habitat use. We consider in particular the situation when available habitat categories not used by all animals are included in the resource selection analysis, with substitution of a relatively small value, such as 0.01, for each 0% utilization value. Progressively larger misclassification-error rates in preferred habitat use resulted from substituting progressively smaller positive values for each 0% utilization of a habitat category.
Helicobacter mustelae-induced gastritis and elevated gastric pH in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

Abstract Helicobacter mustelae has been cultured from the stomachs of ferrets with chronic gastritis; the lesions in the stomach have many of the same histological features seen in H. pylori gastritis in humans. To determine whether H. mustelae-negative ferrets with normal gastric mucosa were susceptible to colonization and whether gastritis developed after infection, four H. mustelae-negative ferrets treated with cimetidine were inoculated orally on two successive days with 3 ml (1.5 x 10(8) CFU) of H. mustelae; eight age-matched H. mustelae-negative ferrets served as controls. All four ferrets became colonized; H. mustelae persisted through week 24 of the study, as determined by positive gastric culture, tissue urease, and Warthin-Starry staining of gastric tissue. Superficial gastritis developed in the oxyntic gastric mucosa, and a full-thickness gastritis, composed primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells plus small numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils, was present in the antrum. The inflammation was accompanied by an elevation of immunoglobulin G antibody to H. mustelae. At 4 weeks post-inoculation, the four infected (experimental) ferrets developed an elevated gastric pH (4.0 to 5.2) for 2 weeks. The eight control ferrets did not have gastritis; H. mustelae could not be demonstrated in gastric tissue via culture, nor was there an immune response to the bacteria. In ferrets, H. mustelae readily colonizes the stomach and produces a gastritis, a significant immune response, and, like H. pylori infection in humans, a transient elevated gastric pH after Helicobacter infection.