cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Approach to the Study of the Folding of Staphylococcal Nuclease

Abstract Two inactive fragments of staphylococcal nuclease (a protein consisting of 149 residues, devoid of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds) have been prepared; one (nuclease-P(1–126)) contains Residues 1 through 126, and the other (nuclease-P(127–149)) contains Residues 127 through 149. Studies of nuclease-P(1–126), employing circular dichroism, optical rotation, immunodiffusion, and solvent perturbation, reveal a loose and disorganized structure very different from that of nuclease. Nuclease-P(127–149) is also structureless, as determined by measurements of circular dichroism and the fluorescence spectrum of the tryptophan residue. It was shown previously that the cleavage of nuclease by trypsin in the presence of thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate and calcium ions yields nuclease-P(6–149) (Residues 6 through 149), which has full enzymic activity and a conformation similar to that of nuclease. An enzymically active (8 to 10% of the native level) derivative, nuclease-T, composed of two fragments bonded noncovalently, nuclease-T-P(6–48) (Residues 6 to 48) and nuclease-T-P(49, 50–149) (mixture of Residues 49 through 149 and 50 through 149), is subsequently formed. The association of separated nuclease-T-P(6–48) and -P(49, 50–149) regenerates both enzymic activity (of nuclease-T) and a three-dimensional structure similar to that of nuclease. When the fragments are mixed, noncovalent bonding of nuclease-P(1–126) with nuclease-T-P(49, 50–149), but not with nuclease-P(127–149), is indicated by generation of enzymic activity, increase in ellipticity (from 215 through 240 mµ), positive reaction with antinuclease serum, and a shift in the emission maximum of fluorescence of the single tryptophan residue. Trypsin digestion of noncovalently bonded nuclease-P(1–126) and nuclease-T-P(49, 50–149) in the presence of thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate and calcium ions yields nuclease-T and small fragments derived from Residues 1 through 5 and 49 through 126. Thus, nuclease-T-P(49, 50–149) appears to bind only with the nuclease-T-P(6–48) portion of nuclease-P(1–126) (Residues 6 through 48) to form a conformation resembling that of nuclease-T, whereas the other portions of the polypeptide chain of nuclease-P(1–126) protrude from the nuclease-T structure as essentially random coils. We conclude that almost the entire amino acid sequence of nuclease is essential to determine unique folding and that the native conformation of nuclease cannot be formed during synthesis until the polypeptide chain has been extended beyond Residue 126. The results are not consistent with the concept of sequential folding from the NH2 terminus during assembly of the chain.
Pathologic quiz case: an unusual complication of systemic lupus erythematosus.

A Hispanic man with an 11-month history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was admitted to our hospital for shortness of breath and cough productive of white sputum, fever (38.98C), and pain and stiffness in bilateral knees and elbows associated with warmth and swelling. The patient also complained of anterior chest wall pain for 1 week. Notably, the patient had stopped taking prednisone (prescribed dose, 30 mg daily) approximately 2 1/2 weeks prior to admission. His medical history was contributory for pneumococcal pneumonia (6 months prior to admission) and cerebral vascular accident of the right basal ganglion (4 months prior to admission). Physical examination was notable for right lung crackles, mild diffuse abdominal tenderness, and reduced range of motion in bilateral knee and elbow joints but without effusion. Chest x-ray film showed right middle lobe consolidation (Figure 1). The rapid plasmin reagin test (RPR) was negative. The patient was treated with intravenous solumedrol and hydrocortisone, antibiotics, and ibuprofen. The patient’s pneumonia resolved shortly thereafter, but he subsequently developed diffuse abdominal pain with evidence of peritonitis and progressive decline in hemoglobin (to 46 g/L) despite transfusion of packed red blood cells. An exploratory laparotomy was performed. Intramesenteric and retroperitoneal hemorrhage was found, necessitating partial pancreatectomy and splenec-
Fixation bank: Learning to reweight fixation candidates

Predicting where humans will fixate in a scene has many practical applications. Biologically-inspired saliency models decompose visual stimuli into feature maps across multiple scales, and then integrate different feature channels, e.g., in a linear, MAX, or MAP. However, to date there is no universally accepted feature integration mechanism. Here, we propose a new a data-driven solution: We first build a “fixation bank” by mining training samples, which maintains the association between local patterns of activation, in 4 feature channels (color, intensity, orientation, motion) around a given location, and corresponding human fixation density at that location. During testing, we decompose feature maps into blobs, extract local activation patterns around each blob, match those patterns against the fixation bank by group lasso, and determine weights of blobs based on reconstruction errors. Our final saliency map is the weighted sum of all blobs. Our system thus incorporates some amount of spatial and featural context information into the location-dependent weighting mechanism. Tested on two standard data sets (DIEM for training and test, and CRCNS for test only; total of 23,670 training and 15,793 + 4,505 test frames), our model slightly but significantly outperforms 7 state-of-the-art saliency models.
Catalytic activity and acidity of silica gel treated with solutions of aluminum salts

1. Increase in the catalytic activity of preparations obtained by treatment of silica gel with solutions of aluminum salts is not proportional to the increase in their exchange acidity, for the ability of active aluminum ions to undergo exchange increases more rapidly than the number of these ions. 2. Silica gel acquires catalytic activity as a result of replacement of hydrogen ions by aluminum ions in hydrolytic hydroxy groups only. 3. Activation of silica gel by treatment with solutions containing basic aluminum salts is considerably more effective than activation by application of alumina.
Peripheral area-intensity interaction in simple visual reaction time.

Abstract Two O s performed simple reaction-time responses to peripheral stimuli of varying intensity (− 2.5 to + 3.8 log td) and angular subtense (10–156 min). The area-intensity combinations were calculated which produced each of several criterion reaction times. An analysis of these combinations indicated that the area-intensity reciprocity they exhibited was not in accordance with the theory of Graham. Brown and Mote (1939) . An analysis of Hufford's (1964) data on spatial summation in reaction time produced similar conclusions. Rather, the present data and those of Hufford indicated that for small stimulus sizes, area has a greater effect than intensity in determining the reaction-time responses.
Uncertainty in Bohr's response to the Heisenberg microscope

Abstract In this paper, I analyze Bohr's account of the uncertainty relations in Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope thought experiment and address the question of whether Bohr thought uncertainty was epistemological or ontological. Bohr's account seems to allow that the electron being investigated has definite properties which we cannot measure, but other parts of his Como lecture seem to indicate that he thought that electrons are wave-packets which do not have well-defined properties. I argue that his account merges the ontological and epistemological aspects of uncertainty. However, Bohr reached this conclusion not from positivism, as perhaps Heisenberg did, but because he was led to that conclusion by his understanding of the physics in terms of nonseparability and the correspondence principle. Bohr argued that the wave theory from which he derived the uncertainty relations was not to be taken literally, but rather symbolically, as an expression of the limited applicability of classical concepts to parts of entangled quantum systems. Complementarity and uncertainty are consequences of the formalism, properly interpreted, and not something brought to the physics from external philosophical views.
Corn smut dikaryon in culture.

A TYPICAL smut life cycle has three phases—diploid, haploid, and dikaryon1. Diploid spores (teliospores) formed in the host tissue are a resting phase. They undergo meiosis at germination to form haploid vegetative cells which are usually yeast-like. The dikaryon is the pathogenic phase and is made up of cells with two haploid nuclei. It is initiated by the fusion of two compatible non-pathogenic haploid cells and the formation of an infection hypha by the fusion product.
Climate and Related Uncertainties Influencing Research and Development Priorities

AbstractSources of risk and uncertainty are key drivers of research and development (RD (2) identification of scenarios of factors including sea-level rise, storm frequency, erosion, land-use regulation, ecology, hydrology, etc.; (3) ordering of agency initiatives and finding which scenarios most disrupt that order; and (4) stakeholder elicitation in adaptive iterations. The results of the process constitute an R&D roadmap for addressing factors that impact the resilience of the...
The stomach gland patch of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

A large gland patch is found in the submucosa of the lesser curvature of the koala stomach near the entrance of the esophagus. It measures approximately 3 cm in diameter and is comprised of numerous invaginations continuous with the surrounding mucosa. The glandular invaginations drain into the lumen of the stomach by 25 to 30 large orifices. The mucosa of the gland patch invaginations differs from the mucosal lining of the stomach chiefly in thickness. The elongate gastric glands that comprise the invaginations exhibit an increased number of parietal and chief cells. Ultrastructural examination of the gland patch illustrates that the parietal, chief, and mucous neck cells are similar in structure to those of other mammalian species.
The influence of vitamin D on parathyroid activity and the metabolism of calcium and citrate during calcium deprivation.

EXPERIMENTALLY (1, 2) and clinically (3) the orthodox action of vitamin D in the absence of the parathyroids is characterized by effects similar to those of parathyroid hormone administration. Harrison and Harrison (4) have shown, however, that in rachitic dogs, vitamin D administration, in contrast to the effect of giving parathyroid extract, results in lessening phosphaturia. More recently, Pincus and Gittleman (5) have presented data indicating that even small doses of vitamin D included in the formulae of newborn infants, especially when these are of high phosphate content, result in lowering of serum calcium and elevation of serum inorganic phosphate concentrations. These latter, paradoxical effects of the vitamin could indicate that under certain circumstances, particularly situations of physiologically increased parathyroid activity, the vitamin has a direct inhibitory action on parathyroid hormone release. The studies here reported were undertaken to investigate this possibility using rats fed a p...
Volume recovery in epoxy glasses subjected to torsional deformations: the question of rejuvenation

Abstract Torsional dilatometry was used to examine the mechanical properties of an epoxy glass during physical ageing, i.e. after a quench from above to slightly below the glass transition temperature. Volume changes in the sample were measured simultaneously with the viscoelastic responses in stress relaxation experiments as functions of the deformation magnitude. The torque relaxation obeys time-ageing time superposition where the shift factor, ate, increases with ageing time until the sample reaches mechanical equilibrium at t∗ ≈ 10 4 s , independent of the magnitude of the strain. In this epoxy, the torsional deformations induce volume expansions which relax on a time-scale similar to those of the torque relaxation. However, the volume recovery responses cannot be superposed at different ageing times by a simple shift along the time axis. Mechanical stimuli only momentarily disrupt the volume evolution following a quench. The underlying volume recovery kinetics, which are much slower than the mechanical torque or volume relaxation, remain unaltered. The facts that t∗ is independent of the magnitude of the strain and that the volume recovery after a quench remains unaltered, in spite of the imposition of mechanical deformations, support the argument that mechanical stimuli neither alter the underlying (non-equilibrium) thermodynamic state of the glass nor erase physical ageing.
Optical interconnects for military systems

Optical interconnects are being used increasingly in military systems. Sensor platforms in particular have seen great benefit from the use of fiberoptics as a replacement for coaxial cables. Optical interconnects is continuing to find new application at shorter and shorter distances throughout the sensor platform. High density free space optical components will extend the use of optical interconnects down to the inter-chip level. However, optical interconnect technologies can do more than just transmit data at high speeds. The ability to simultaneously process and transmit optical data, as could be done in optical signal processing, gives optical interconnects the ability to inject new capabilities into sensor system on-board processing. In order to see actual field deployment, these new technologies will need to be rigorously tested.
Workplace learning and Generation X

The purpose of this study was to investigate the workplace learning preferences of the Generation X employee. A total of 197 Generation X employees were surveyed. Additional descriptive data were obtained from follow‐up interviews conducted with ten of the survey participants and one focus group. Participants indicated that they value action learning and incidental learning in the workplace. They also realize the need for formal training but offer suggestions for how it could be conducted better. The article concludes with a set of suggestions and a model of workplace learning for Generation X.
ATHIAS — An information system for abiotic transformations of halogenated hydrocarbons in aqueous solution

Abstract The kinetic data for the transformation reactions of haloaliphatic compounds in water have been critically reviewed. The kinetic constants have been compiled in ATHIAS, a microcomputer based Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet which also contains literature citations, compound characteristics and reaction products. For facile data evaluation, the worksheet has been equipped with programs (i) for rapid retrieval of data normalized to standard conditions, and (ii) for interactive data evaluation under user-specified temperature and pH conditions.
Detection of Laser Radiation

A generalized representation of the radiation field incident on the photosensitive surface of a photoelectric device accommodates the consideration of many laser beams superposed or the consideration of radiation due to multimodes or multiple filaments of a single laser. The magnitudes and frequencies of the fluctuations in electron emission from the photosurface associated with photon noise and shot noise and the parameters affecting these magnitudes are determined. Also, the influence of these fluctuations on the probability of detecting low-level laser radiation is investigated.
Methylmercury-induced changes in mitochondrial function in striatal synaptosomes are calcium-dependent and ROS-independent.

Abstract The brain is the main target organ for methylmercury (MeHg), a highly toxic compound that bioaccumulates in aquatic systems, leading to high exposure in humans who consume large amounts of fish. The mechanisms responsible for MeHg-induced changes in neuronal function are, however, not yet fully understood. In the present study we investigated whether MeHg-induced elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) or intracellular calcium are responsible for altering mitochondrial metabolic function in rat striatal synaptosomes. MeHg decreased mitochondrial function (measured by the conversion of MTT to formazan) and increased ROS levels in striatal synaptosomes after 30 min exposure. Although co-incubation with the antioxidant Trolox significantly reduced MeHg-induced ROS levels, it failed to restore mitochondrial function. MeHg also increased cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels in striatal synaptosomes. These elevations were largely independent of extrasynaptosomal calcium, given that nominal calcium-free buffer with 20 μM EGTA did not prevent MeHg-induced increases in cytosolic calcium. In conclusion, we suggest that ROS are not the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in striatal synaptosomes after MeHg exposure; rather, we propose that ROS formation is a downstream event that reflects MeHg-induced mitochondrial dysfunction due to increased mitochondrial calcium levels.
A bio-inspired aquatic flow sensor using an artificial cell membrane

Receptors known as hair cells give many animals this ability to sense a wide range of stimuli, such as sound, orientation, vibration, and flow. Previous researchers have mimicked natural hair cells by building electromechanical sensor systems that produce an electric response due to the bending of artificial hairs. Inspired by the roles of sensory hairs in fish, this work builds on previous research by investigating the flow dependent electrical response of a 'skin'-encapsulated artificial hair cell in an aqueous flow. This study presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a flow sensor that will help close the loop between the sensing mechanisms and control strategies that aquatic organisms employ for functions such as locomotion regulation, prey capture, and particulate capture. The system is fabricated with a durable, artificial bilayer that forms at the interface between lipid-encased aqueous volumes contained in a flexible encapsulated polyurethane substrate. Flow experiments are conducted by placing the bio-inspired sensor in a flow chamber and subjecting it to pulse-like flows. Specifically, through temporal responses of the measured current and power spectral density (PSD) analysis, our results show that the amplitude and frequency of the current response are related to the flow over the hair. This preliminary study demonstrates that the encapsulated artificial hair cell flow sensor is capable of sensing changes in flow through a mechanoelectrical response and that its sensing capabilities may be altered by varying its surface morphology.
CLEFMA-an anti-proliferative curcuminoid from structure-activity relationship studies on 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones.

3,5-Bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones are being advanced as synthetic analogs of curcumin for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. We performed structure-activity relationship studies, by testing several synthesized 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones for anti-proliferative activity in lung adenocarcinoma H441 cells. Compared to the lead compound 1, or 3,5-bis(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-piperidone, five compounds were found to be more potent (IC(50) 50 microM). Based on the observations, we synthesized 4-[3,5-bis(2-chlorobenzylidene-4-oxo-piperidine-1-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid] (29 or CLEFMA) as a novel analog of 1. CLEFMA was evaluated for anti-proliferative activity in H441 cells, and was found to be several folds more potent than compound 1. We did not find apoptotic cell population in flow cytometry, and the absence of apoptosis was confirmed by the lack of caspase cleavage. The electron microscopy of H441cells indicated that CLEFMA and compound 1 induce autophagic cell death that was inhibited by specific autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The results suggest that the potent and novel curcuminoid, CLEFMA, offers an alternative mode of cell death in apoptosis-resistant cancers.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF BIORETENTION BEDS FOR REMOVAL OF STORMWATER CONTAMINANTS

INTRODUCTION Bioretention basins hold a volume of water that is filtered through sandy soil and allowed to infiltrate into the subsoil or drained to an outlet (Figure 1). Originally, bioretention basins were intended as a site-scale tool to improve the quality of urban stormwater runoff, but they have a demonstrated impact on reduction of runoff volume and time of concentration. Therefore, the design of basins are complicated by a range of possible goals. Recharging groundwater, improving runoff water quality to maintain or restore aquatic ecosystem health, reducing peak storm flows, extending time of concentration, and reducing runoff volume to prevent channel erosion and sedimentation are all possible goal options. Only a few states have guidelines or regulations for bioretention basins. Furthermore, some existing state design requirements do not reflect the range of goals or the research demonstrating the design and performance of bioretention basins. For example, the Idaho Department of Environmental ...
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of anomalous left circumflex coronary artery

We present our experience of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in two patients with an anomalous left circumflex coronary artery with severe stenosis. In the first case, the anomalous vessel originated from the first portion of the right coronary artery, and in the second case it originated from the right sinus of Valsalva. Cannulating the anomalous vessel with the guiding catheter can be difficult. The right Judkins-type catheter, with a posteriorly directed tip, is the most appropriate catheter for cannulating the anomalous circumflex artery when the vessel originates from the first portion of the right coronary artery, and the left Amplatz-type 1 is most appropriate when the vessel originates from the right sinus of Valsalva.
Solubilization of 5′-nucleotidase from human liver and reassociation of its activity into membranous vesicles☆

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase of the human liver can be solubilized from the membranous fraction (Fraction I) by means of sodium deoxycholate. The deoxycholate disrupts the membranous structure and releases 5′-nucleotidase, together with phospholipids. On precipitation of solubilized 5′-nucleotidase with ethanol and removal of deoxycholate, this enzyme reassociates with phospholipids and probably with other membrane proteins to regenerate vesicular membranes. These reconstituted membranes have a buoyant density of 1.06 and protein-to-phospholipid ratio of approximately 1:10.
Alcohol-heightened aggression in mice: attenuation by 5-HT1A receptor agonists

One of the critical mechanisms by which alcohol heightens aggression involves forebrain serotonin (5-HT) systems, possibly via actions on 5-HT1A receptors. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that activating 5-HT1A receptors by selective agonists will block the aggression-heightening effects of ethanol. Initially, the selective antagonist WAY 100635 was used to assess whether or not the changes in aggressive behavior after treatment with 8-OH-DPAT and flesinoxan result from action at the 5-HT1A receptors. Resident male CFW mice engaged in aggressive behavior (i.e. attack bites, sideways threats, tail rattle) during 5-min confrontations with a group-housed intruder male. Quantitative analysis of the behavioral repertoire revealed systematic reductions in all salient elements of aggressive behavior after treatment with 8-OH-DPAT (0.1-0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) or flesinoxan (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). The 5-HT1A agonists also reduced motor activities such as walking, rearing and grooming, although to a lesser degree. Pretreatment with the antagonist WAY 100635 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) shifted the agonist dose-effect curves for behavioral effects to the right. In a further experiment, oral ethanol (1.0 g/kg, p.o.) increased the frequency of attacks in excess of 2 SD from their mean vehicle level of attacks in 19 out of 76 resident mice. Low doses of 8-OH-DPAT (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and flesinoxan (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 mg/kg), given before the ethanol treatment, attenuated the alcohol-heightened aggression in a dose-dependent fashion. By contrast, these low 5-HT1A agonist doses affected motor activity in ethanol-treated resident mice to a lesser degree, suggesting behavioral specificity of these anti-aggressive effects. The current results support the hypothesized significant role of 5-HT1A receptors in the aggression-heightening effects of alcohol. If these effects are in fact due to action at somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors, then the anti-aggressive effects would be associated with decreased 5-HT neurotransmission.
Strongly Enhanced Inelastic Collisions in a Bose-Einstein Condensate near Feshbach Resonances

The properties of Bose-Einstein condensed gases can be strongly altered by tuning the external magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance. Feshbach resonances affect elastic collisions and lead to the observed modification of the scattering length. However, as we report here, the observed rate of inelastic collisions was strongly enhanced in a sodium Bose-Einstein condensate when the scattering length was tuned to both larger or smaller values than the off-resonant value. These strong losses impose severe limitations for using Feshbach resonances to tune the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates.
A Systematic, Quantitative, and Ecological Comparison of Melosira Islandica O. Müll. with M. Granulata (EHR.) Ralfs from the Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract Melosira granulata and M. islandica occur sympatrically in the Laurentian Great Lakes, but maximum population abundance of the two species occurs at opposite ends of the range of seasonal and trophic conditions found in the system. Both species are polymorphic, but are distinguishable on the basis of a number of morphological characteristics. Their distribution and the range of morphologic variation encountered in populations from the Great Lakes is summarized and discussed. Although ranges in size and computed cell volumes of populations of the two species overlap, there are significant differences in cellular composition. Cells of M. islandica contain a much larger fraction of living cytoplasm and cell wall material than cells of M. granulata .
Uptake by duck erythrocytes of iron added to blood.

Summary Iron, as the ammonium citrate added to duck blood is taken up to an appreciable extent by the erythrocytes during incubation at 37°C. Uptake at 3°C. is markedly less than at the higher temperature. Cyanide, but not carbon monoxide, depresses the uptake. Some of the iron entering the cells is recoverable as hemin. Synthesis of heme by the cells accounts for the recovery of the added iron as hemin. The uptake also occurs in pigeon, rat, dog, and human blood.
The influence of water level and temperature of storage on carotene preservation in dehydrated alfalfa, cereal grasses and mixed feeds.

Summary 1.The effect of moisture level and temperature on carotene losses in dehydrated alfalfa and cereal grasses was studied under sealed conditions. The moisture levels studied were 2.5 to 15 per cent and the temperatures employed were 22 to 25° C. and 33 to 36° C. 2.In most instances, almost complete carotene preservation resulted with 10 to 15 per cent of water. Preserving both the carotene and the green color was best accomplished at 7.5 to 10 per cent of water with 10 per cent as the preferred level because of the more optimum carotene preservation with no detrimental color change. At 7.5 per cent of water, the amount of loss was unpredictable and varied from 2.5 to 17 per cent. The losses increased with decreasing water levels below 7.5 per cent and at 2.5 to 5 per cent varied from 5 to 32 per cent. 3.Storage at 22 to 25° C. (room temperature) was more favorable for the preservation of the green color at 10 to 15 per cent of water level than storage at 33 to 36° C. Little difference in color preservation was observed at either temperature with the moisture below 10 per cent. Postitive pressures seldom were observed with 10 per cent moisture or less and storage at 22 to 25° C. 4.Storage under sealed conditions at 33 to 36° C. of a mixed feed containing 15 per cent alfalfa as the main source of carotene resulted in complete carotene retention with 10 per cent of moisture. Below 7.5 per cent the losses were large. The feed became bleached in the unwaxed carton but retained a pleasant aroma. In waxed eartons feed at any moisture level remained green and had pleasant aromas. 5.Where the mixed feed contained the added trace elements Fe, Cu, Mn and Co, the contents of the unwaxed carton were bleached and also possessed a rancid or tallowy odor. Under sealed conditions the green color and fine aroma were retained, and at 10 per cent and above of water, the carotene was preserved completely. 6.Investigation of many materials as barriers to oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission finally led to the use of Saran, a plastic film. It was found effective for the preservation of carotene in dehydrated alfalfa, with a proper water level.
Evolution of sea surface temperature in the somali basin during the southwest monsoon of 1979.

Satellite and research vessel observations of sea surface temperature during the southwest monsoon of 1979 show the development of large wedge-shaped areas of cold water along the Somali coast at both 5° and 10°N during June and July. The cold water associated with the large northern and southern Somali eddy systems could be traced several hundred kilometers offshore. By late August the cold wedge at 5°N translated northeastward as far as 10°N at speeds of 15 to 30 centimeters per second, indicating a coalescence of the systems.
Effect of screening charge transfer on the extended-x-ray-absorption-fine-structure phase shift: Model calculations for excitation of the 1 s level in the bromine molecule

Model calculations were made of the effective extended x-ray-absorption-fine-structure (EXAFS) phase factor for excitation of the $1s$ level in the bromine molecule. A comparison is made for non-self-consistent potentials constructed from atomic Br and ionic ${\mathrm{Br}}^{1+}$ ($1s \mathrm{hole}$) charge densities and for fully self-consistent potentials determined in the context of the self-consistent-field-$X\ensuremath{\alpha}$-scattered-wave method. One-electron energy levels are tabulated and the effect of the screening charge transfer described. Calculations were also made for the lowest-lying $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*} \mathrm{and} \ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ excited states for $\mathrm{Br}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{1+}$ ($1s \mathrm{hole}$). The effective phase factor was calculated as a function of the momentum of the excited-final-state electron for $k\ensuremath{\lesssim}16.2$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ corresponding to energies to \ensuremath{\sim} 1000 eV above the absorption edge. All of the calculated curves have similar slopes for $k\ensuremath{\gtrsim}6$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ but their behavior differs significantly for lower momentum values. The implications of this for surface EXAFS are discussed. A comparison is made with experimental measurements and with other theoretical calculations.
Temperature distribution in workpiece during scratching and grinding

Abstract The heat transfer problem of a moving heat source along the surface of a half space was studied analytically and numerically. For the 2D problem, the heat source was a strip moving source and for the 3D problem, the heat source was a square moving source. Analytical solutions are available only for adiabatic conditions as given by Carslaw and Jaeger [H.S. Carslaw, J.C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solid, second ed.,Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959, pp. 269–270; H.S. Carslaw, J.C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solid, second ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959; J.C. Jaeger, J. Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W. 76 (1943) 203–224]. With convection cooling over the surface of the half space, finite element method was used to simulate the transient heat transfer process. It was found that, for the same heat source, the shape of temperature contour over the contact interface was not sensitive to the convection coefficient of the environment. If the heat source emits the same amount of heat per unit distance of travel, both the maximum and the average temperature of the interface increase with the speed of motion of the heat source. On the other hand, the thermal layer thickness defined as the depth at which the temperature is one half of the maximum temperature at the interface decreases with increasing speed of motion of the heat source. For a brass-bonded diamond tool sliding over a glass substrate, the FEA simulation results showed that 2.2% of the friction heat entered the glass substrate for water cooling and 3.4% for air cooling. User subroutine DFLUX was written to simulate the moving heat source in using ABAQUS to solve transient heat transfer problems.
Fix-Points of Meromorphic Functions and Iterated Entire Functions

Let f be a rational function of degree k and let g be a transcendental meromorphic function. Gross and Osgood [13] proved that the composite function fog has infinitely many fix-points if k > 3. If k = 2 then fog may have only a finite number of fix-points and all such f and g have been characterized by Gross and Osgood. There is a corresponding result for the case that f is a transcendental meromorphic function and that g is a polynomial. In fact the two cases are closely connected since, as pointed out by Gross and Yang [ 14, p. 214, Proof of Theorem 23, fog has infinitely many fix-points if and only if gof does. This paper deals with the fix-points offog, wherefand g are both transcendental. It has been proved in [6] that f 0 g has infinitely many fix-points if f and g are entire. This confirmed a conjecture of Gross [ 111. There are a number of papers [S, 12, 14, 22, 27, 283 besides [6] dealing with fix-points of fog for entire f and g, but their methods do not seem to extend to the case of meromorphic f and in fact very little seems to be known about this case. Gross [ 1 l] has asked whether fog has infinitely many fix-points if f is transcendental and meromorphic and if g is transcendental and entire. Using some ideas from [6] we shall prove that this is indeed the case iffsatisfies a certain condition to be discussed afterward.
Longitudinal outcomes after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Objective: Endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair (EVAR) is increasingly used, but there is insufficient evaluation of long-term outcomes. Method: Retrospective cohort study using the linked Washington State hospital discharge database. Result: 3,350 patients underwent elective repair of AAA (1181 EVAR) between 2000 and 2005. EVAR patients were older and had higher comorbidity scores. The 30-day readmission rate after EVAR was 11.6%. The 30-day readmissions included cardiac complications (18.5%) and device complications (10.4%). 46% of the 30-day readmissions after EVAR underwent procedures: abdominal/ iliac angiography (7.4%), angioplasty (8.9%), and device revision (8.2%). Mean time to late interventions was 611 days. Conclusion: Readmission, reintervention, and complication rates after EVAR occur more commonly than previously described. Cardiac complications were the most common readmission. Almost half of the 30-day readmissions required a secondary intervention. Long-term complications after EVAR occurred before two years. Population-based assessment may be more reflective of "real world" complication rates after EVAR.
Solvolytic hydroperoxide rearrangements V. A stereoselective synthesis of trans-fused butyrolactones.

Abstract Stereoselective rearrangement of cis-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-spiro[5,2]-octan-4-ol cis-1 in acidified THF-90% H 2 O 2 affords 9-oxabicyclo[6.2.1]nonyl hydroperoxides 7 and 8 which are converted to medium-ring, keto-butyrolactones 2 and 3.
Elastic anomalies at the cubic-tetragonal transition in KTN

Abstract Ultrasonic measurements of the sound velocity in a KTa 0.84 Nb 0.16 O 3 crystal have revealed large anomalies in the elastic constants above the cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition. In particular, an unexpected 4% drop has been observed in C 44 . In contrast to the C 11 anomaly, which begins at Δ T ⋍ 50 K above the transition, the C 44 anomaly is restricted to a narrower temperature range, Δ T ⋍ 20 K. Due to electrostriction, both anomalies are strongly suppressed by the application of a bias electric field in a temperature range corresponding precisely to the C 44 anomaly. These results suggest that the ferroelectric C-T transition in KTN takes place as a consequence of an interaction between the soft transverse optical and the transverse acoustic modes, which must be enhanced by the presence of niobium.
Impact of host and virus genome variability on HCV replication and response to interferon

Since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV), treatment has proven difficult and the regimen of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin is only effective for half of patients. Evidence suggests that host and viral genome variations play a role in either viral clearance or persistence. Powerful genomic technologies have made it possible to study genome-wide associations with treatment response, which yielded critical genetic polymorphisms that predict treatment response. This has important implications for treatment of HCV infection and opened the door to the possibility of genetic marker-guided treatment (personalized medicine). This review will focus on the recent advances in understanding host and viral genetic variations with regards to treatment and the importance for future therapeutic intervention
Radial motion looks faster

Current models of motion perception depend on unidirectional motion-sensitive mechanisms that provide local inputs for complex pattern motion, such as optic flow. To test the generality of such models, we asked observers to compare the speed of radial gratings with the translational speed of vertical gratings. The speed of the radial gratings was consistently overestimated by 20-60% relative to that of translating gratings that were identical in all other respects. The speed bias was not associated with a general spatial or temporal processing bias, nor with the high relative speed of points about the center of expansion/contraction. The bias increased non-linearly with the size of sectors of the radiating pattern exposed. As the motion of the two patterns was locally identical but judged differently, the apparent speed of both kinds of motion cannot be served by any mechanism, nor described by any model, that is based entirely on local motion signals. We speculate that the greater apparent speed of the radial motion has to do with apparent motion in depth.
Overlapping design and build cycles in product development

Abstract Product development time is a major component of the total time it takes to bring a product to market. Overlapping is the process of starting a downstream operation (such as manufacturing) before completing the upstream operation (such as design). There is an inherent risk in overlapping as a build-assembly may not be compatible with a subsequent assembly, requiring reconciliation work on the overlapped tasks. The ensuing trade-off between this risk, and the project time saved, is shown to possess some unique characteristics among different modes of overlapping. We study the optimization model of the trade-off in general, and analyze some special cases to establish interesting insights on overlapping. These include: advantage of overlapping in different scenarios, special properties of optimal overlap, and impact of parameter values on overlapping decisions. We show that several properties of a single overlap can be extended to multiple overlaps, and establish a limit to overlapping based on administrative cost of implementing overlap and shapes of cost functions. The critical role of the administrative cost (of coordinating overlaps) is also borne out by the model.
Initial evaluation of developmental malformation as an end point in mixture toxicity hazard assessment for aquatic vertebrates

The joint toxic action of three binary mixtures was determined for the embryo malformation endpoint of the aquatic FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus) test system. Osteolathyrogenic compounds and short-chain carboxylic acids, representing separate, distinct modes of action for induction of malformation, were selected for testing in 96-hr, static-renewal tests. Three mixtures were tested for each combination, with each combination being tested on three separate occasions. Using toxic unit analysis, the combination of osteolathyrogens and the combination of carboxylic acids produced strictly additive (concentration addition) rates of malformation, while the combination of an osteolathyrogen and a carboxylic acid was less-than-additive (response addition) for induction of malformation. Therefore, developmental malformation may have value as an endpoint in mixture toxicity hazard assessment.
Going Deeper, Seeing Further: Enhancing Ethnographic Interpretations to Reveal More Meaningful Opportunities for Design

ABSTRACT This article takes a look at ethnographic research in today9s marketplace and offers 10 ways to explore corporate ethnography in order to achieve deeper understanding and uncover more valuable insights.
Narrowband Midinfrared Reflectance Filters Using Guided Mode Resonance

There is a need to develop mid-infrared (IR) spectrometers for applications in which the absorbance of only a few vibrational mode (optical) frequencies needs to be recorded; unfortunately, there are limited alternatives for the same. The key requirement is the development of a means to discretely access a small set of spectral positions from the wideband thermal sources commonly used for spectroscopy. We present here the theory, design, and practical realization of a new class of filters in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral regions based on using guided mode resonances (GMR) for narrowband optical reflection. A simple, periodic surface-relief configuration is chosen to enable both a spectral response and facile fabrication. A theoretical model based on rigorous coupled wave analysis is developed, incorporating anomalous dispersion of filter materials in the mid-IR spectral region. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, a set of four filters for a spectral region around the C-H stretching mode (2600-3000 cm(-1)) are fabricated and responses compared to theory. The reflectance spectra were well-predicted by the developed theory and results were found to be sensitive to the angle of incidence and dispersion characteristics of the material. In summary, the work reported here forms the basis for a rational design of filters that can prove useful for IR absorption spectroscopy.
Genetic polymorphism of PIF (parotid isoelectric focusing variant) proteins with linkage to the PPP (parotid proline-rich protein) gene complex.

Genetic polymorphism is found among the PIF (parotid isoelectric focusing variant) salivary proteins after separation by prolonged isoelectric focusing in pH 3.5-5.2 urea polyacrylamide slab gels subsequently stained for protein. Two PIF proteins are either present (PIF+) or absent (PIF-) from all salivas. The phenotypes are determined by autosomal inheritance of two alleles, PIF+ and PIF-. Gene frequencies in randomly collected samples show marked racial differences: among 148 whites, PIF+ is 0.66 and PIF- is 0.34; among 90 blacks, PIF+ is 0.35 and PIF- is 0.65; among 78 Chinese, PIF+ is 0.56 and PIF- is 0.44. Studies in 41 families including 129 children support the interpretation of control of PIF by a single autosomal locus. In 8 PIF+ X PIF- matings, there were 8 PIF- (6.34 expected) children. In 33 PIF+ X PIF+ matings, there were 7 PIF- (6.70 expected) children. Linkage studies indicate that PIF is closely linked to the proline-rich protein (PPP) gene complex (e.g., for six families, lod score at theta = 0.00 of PIF/Gl is 3.58). In 107 randomly collected samples from whites, PIF is strongly associated with Db (chi 2(1) = 20.02; P less than 0.0001) and Gl (chi 2(1) = 12.58; P = 0.0005) but not with Pr, Ps, Pm, and Pa proteins. These data (probably reflecting genetic disequilibrium) suggest that PIF may be closer to Db and Gl than to other identified loci of the PPP gene complex. The PPP gene complex includes at least seven genes (and probably more) that produce many acidic and basic proline-rich proteins, constituting about two-thirds of parotid salivary proteins that are thought to have important functions at the tooth surfaces.
The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities.

Abstract Interrelations among three groups of ideas are considered. (1) The place where a plant is rooted, or a sessile animal is attached, may be termed a microsite. The microsites for a community form a mosaic that is differentiated by physical environment or biological effects or both. Population function and regulation, and community self-maintenance and response to environmental fluctuation, can be approached in terms of the flow of reproducing populations through the mosaic. (2) Most communities are subject to disturbance followed by succession. Communities are diverse in the kinds and frequencies of disturbances and in kinds of successions and climaxes; and the species of a biota diversify in their relationships to successional time and patterns of successional and climax communities. (3) Although mosaic phenomena are general, two broad groupings may be recognized: intracommunity patterns that relate to microsite differentiation and species response to this, and intercommunity successional mosaics and climax complexes for which community disturbance is a major determining force. Relationships between elements of a mosaic can often be formulated in terms of a chain or network of replacement rates, but formulations should allow for the influence of bath terms and occurrence of semipermanent plateau stages in some successions.
Practical Considerations in the Use of Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy for Musculoskeletal Infections

Successful treatment of many musculoskeletal infections often requires an extended course of outpatient antimicrobial therapy, much of which is administered parenterally outside the hospital under the guidance of an infectious disease specialist. Delivery of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) may occur in physicians' offices, ambulatory infusion centers, or hospital clinics but most frequently is done in patients' homes, often by the patients themselves. In this article, we outline the essential elements of outpatient antimicrobial therapy for musculoskeletal infections with particular emphasis on OPAT, including patient selection and evaluation; antimicrobial administration, including the route, duration, and complications of central venous access; and clinical and laboratory monitoring of antimicrobial therapy. We believe that primary care physicians, orthopedists, and infectious disease specialists caring for patients with musculoskeletal infections should become familiar with the use of, indications for, and complications of OPAT.