cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Crystal Seen From Each of Its Vertices: European Views of European National Characters:

Europeans from 15 locations share a similar image of the national characters of each other and of nations outside of Europe, an image organized on the dimensions of modernity and self-control. Variation of the shared image is complexly patterned: Nations that are geographically close are judged similarly, especially if they are relatively far away from the judge. Similarly, judges that are close judge similarly, especially if the target nations are relatively far away. Conversely, neighboring nations are differentiated much more than those far away. Although the chauvinism of the responses is muted, antagonisms with neighbors are often pronounced, especially between those with a history of warfare. The high agreement on this complex picture suggests that these stereotypes are not merely the product of prejudice; the stereotypes are more nuanced and more widely shared than one would expect if each of the groups were merely reveling in its own superiority.
Developments in Diagnostics for Large Tokamaks

Successful understanding of the plasma behavior in the large tokamaks now in design or under construction will require more complex diagnostics than and, for some parameters, different diagnostics from those presently in use. This paper describes the significantly new aspects of these tokamaks for the plasma diagnostic physicist. It then discusses in more detail specific diagnostic developments that are required drawing on current operational experience. The paper concentrates on diagnostic techniques which are clearly of interest at a conference on small accelerators either through accelerator requirements, relevance to their own measurement techniques or their capability for providing development or calibration services.
Building-related illnesses

Abstract As we develop a better understanding of the adverse effects of the indoor environment on health, the pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing illnesses caused by indoor environmental factors will become more clearly defined. The term building-related illness applies to those adverse health effects for which we have a well-defined link between environmental agents in a specific building and the resultant health disorders. This class of illnesses frequently involves the skin and respiratory tract because of the ease with which indoor environmental contaminants come in contact with these tissues. Agents that cause building-related illnesses generally induce illness by one of four mechanisms: (1) immunologic, (2) infectious, (3) toxic, or (4) irritant. Some agents may work through more than one mechanism. This article discusses the different mechanisms that cause building-related illness, the different types of this class of illnesses, and the evidence validating the connection between the environmental agents and the diseases they cause. (J ALLERGYCLINIMMUNOL1994;94:351-62.)
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy with Fibrel in the Treatment of Cutaneous Scars—Results of a Multicenter Study

Three hundred patients were treated with Fibrel (Serono Laboratories, Randolph, MA) for the correction of cutaneous scars. Fibrel treatment was restricted to four scars with one or two treatments following a negative skin test. The scar corrections were evaluated by the physician, the patient, and also via an objective photogrammetric method. At the end of 1 year, the percentages of scars with moderate, marked, or complete correction were 65.0%, 63.3%, and 85.8% according to physician, patient, and photogrammetric evaluations, respectively. A cohort of 111 patients from the 1-year study were followed for up to 2 years postimplantation to evaluate safety and efficacy. These patients had similar demographic and scar characteristics as the total patient population in the initial study. The efficacy evaluation at the end of 24 months indicated that successful correction was maintained in 64.4%, 58.9%, and 78.9% of scars for physician, patient, and photogrammetric evaluations, respectively. There were no severe hypersensitivity reactions following treatment with Fibrel. The data from these patients demonstrate that one or two Fibrel treatments are effective in maintaining the correction of depressed cutaneous scars for up to 2 years with negligible adverse sequelae.
Reconstructing the Schrödinger groups

We discuss the maximum kinematical invariance group of the quantum harmonic oscillator from the viewpoint of a Ermakov-type system. As an example, we consider a six-parameter family of the square integrable oscillator wave functions, which appears to be not obtainable by standard separation of variables. Finally, the invariance group of the generalized driven harmonic oscillator is shown to be isomorphic to the corresponding Schrodinger group of the free particle.
Nodal Signals to Smads through Cripto-Dependent and Cripto-Independent Mechanisms

Nodal ligands are essential for the patterning of chordate embryos. Genetic evidence indicates that EGF-CFC factors are required for Nodal signaling, but the molecular basis for this requirement is unknown. We have investigated the role of Cripto, an EGF-CFC factor, in Nodal signaling. We find that Cripto interacts with the type I receptor ALK4 via the conserved CFC motif in Cripto. Cripto interaction with ALK4 is necessary both for Nodal binding to the ALK4/ActR-IIB receptor complex and for Smad2 activation by Nodal. We also find that Nodal can inhibit BMP signaling by a Cripto-independent mechanism. Inhibition appears to be mediated by heterodimerization between Nodal and BMPs, indicating that antagonism between Nodal and BMPs can occur at the level of dimeric ligand production.
Progress in alkali lasers development

Diode pumped alkali vapor lasers developed during the last several years have the potential to achieve high power. Efficient operation of Rubidium, Cesium and Potassium lasers has been demonstrated. Laser slope efficiencies higher than 80% have been achieved. A diode laser pumping can provide high overall efficiency of these devices. A diode pumped continuous wave 10 W Cs laser and continuous wave 17 W Rb laser were demonstrated. In this paper we review the main results and recent achievements in high power alkali lasers development, discuss some problems existing in this field and ways to solve them.
Gonadotropin determinations in timed 3-hour urine collections during the menstrual cycle and LHRH testing.

Abstract The usefulness of timed 3-hour urine collections as a substitute for serum gonadotropin (LH and FSH) determinations during the menstrual cycle and during LHRH testing was examined. The timing of the 3-hour urine collection is not important in mature individuals, since no significant temporal trend was found when aliquots were collected every 3 hours throughout two 24-hour periods in one mature woman. Good correlation was found between serum LH and FSH concentrations and the quantity of LH and FSH in timed 3-hour urine specimens throughout normal, ovulatory menstrual cycles in two women. Studies before and during 51 LHRH stimulation tests in normal men, children, and women during different phases of the menstrual cycle and in patients with a variety of hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis disorders were performed. There was good correlation between the quantity of the gonadotropins in timed 3-hour urine collections and the mean serum LH and FSH concentrations before and during the LHRH test. The “re...
The perceived social status of husbands and wives in dual-work families as a function of achieved and derived occupational status

The perception of the general social standing of husbands and wives in dual-work families as a function of their respective achieved and derived occupational statuses was examined experimentally. The results indicated that both the wife's and husband's general social status was a function only of the husband's occupational status; the wife's occupational status had no effect on either her general social status or that of her husband. The one exception to this was the case of the high achieved occupational status wife depressing the social status of the low occupational status husband. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for recent critiques of male-determined stratification models.
Cross-reacting material to monoclonal anti-G6PD in the absence of catalytic activity.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody prepared against highly purified rat liver G6PD was used to probe the mode of regulation of this enzyme in a mammalian model system. Material cross-reacting with antibody against liver G6PD was found in similar amounts in extracts of two genetically related rat hepatoma cell lines, only one of which exhibits detectable enzymatic activity when both are cultured under identical conditions in vitro . The data suggest a post-translational event is necessary for the expression of catalytic activity for G6PD in this model system.
A human suppressor T-cell factor that inhibits T-cell replication by interaction with the IgM-Fc receptor (CD7)

We have previously described the induction of human suppressor T cells from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes of a kidney transplant recipient by in vitro stimulation with an autologous irradiated antidonor CTL line (EE-1) grown from a biopsy of the patient's own renal allograft. The induced T cells (designated TsEE) were shown to inhibit the in vitro generation of proliferative and cytotoxic responses of autologous T cells and nonautologous T cells that shared HLA-B7 with TsEE cells. Stimulation of TsEE cells by the autologous irradiated inducer line (EE-1) produced soluble factors (designated TsEEF) that similarly inhibited autologous and nonautologous T-cell responses to alloantigens and mitogens, but in a non-HLA-restricted manner. In this study, we examined the functional interaction of TsEEF with various cells surface receptors. TsEEF specifically inhibited the proliferation of stimulated and transformed T cells expressing CD7, a putative receptor for IgM-Fc (FcRmu). Blocking or capping of CD7-FcRmu determinants on responder T cells by pretreatment with IgM or anti-CD7 monoclonal antibodies (3A1, HuLy-m2) abrogated TsEEF activity. Conversely, pretreatment of T cells with TsEEF significantly reduced their binding of IgM and HuLy-m2. TsEEF was demonstrated not to be IgM or IgG, and its activity was not removed by preabsorption with IgM or IgG; however, its activity could be competitively inhibited by coculture with IgM. By cocapping experiments and studies utilizing CD7- (Hut-78) and CD7+ (HSB, Molt-4) T-cell lines. TsEEF activity did not appear to involve interactions with other T-cell or non-T-cell surface receptors. These findings suggest a novel role for FcRmu-CD7 T-cell surface receptors in binding certain soluble T-cell factors that result in the inhibition of T-cell replication.
Asynchronous extensional collapse of a transpressional orogen: the Alleghanian central Appalachian Piedmont, USA

Abstract During and subsequent to the late Paleozoic crustal thickening by the Alleghanian orogeny, the mid-Atlantic Appalachian Piedmont underwent an asynchronous two-stage extensional collapse over a 100+ Ma interval. Extensional deformation features are found throughout the Piedmont but are especially well displayed in the Philadelphia area to the east and along the Susquehanna river to the west. As formerly dextral transpressional structures moved from restraining to releasing bends, synorogenic transtensional release occurred (stage 1). Because the transition from transpressional to transtensional regimes is a local phenomenon that can occur throughout the strike-slip event, the development of the extensional structures is asynchronous in stage 1. Alleghanian crustal thickening in the region is expressed as large antiforms and domes. Stage 2 extension occurred as a result of late syn- to post-orogenic gravitational collapse of the antiforms or domes. Although the extensional structures produced within each of the stages are distinct, the transitions between each of them are not. Features of both stages include extensional crenulation cleavages, ductile normal faults, brittle normal faults, and metamorphic evidence of rapid decreases in temperature during deformation. The metamorphic assemblages of the deformation features show that the transition from compressive deformation to extension occurred during the same thermal event. This transition, however, is not synchronous everywhere. The stage 1 transtensional features appear to have occurred under a variety of conditions and at different times throughout the dextral strike-slip (transpressional) system. Stage 2 gravitational collapse features occurred in areas of crustal thickening but overlap stage 1 features locally. The character of this later collapse is directly controlled by the geometry of the local structural thickening. The non-pervasive nature of late Alleghanian extensional deformation in the Appalachian Piedmont is probably a function of the non-linearity of the late Paleozoic transcurrent fault system.
Nonlinearities in sedimentation: a microscopic study

Abstract Effect of temperature and surface tension on surface during sedimentation is studied using atomic force microscopy. Effects of surface tension is incorporated by using ∼1 mm radius water droplets. Surface tension of water droplet directed the deposition of dissolved particles around the perimeter of the droplet; leaving almost hollow circle in the middle with light deposition due to the particles being close to the surface. Evaporating shallow water solutions left random salt structures on the surface. Growth exponents are calculated along with the fractal dimension. For sedimentation process in shallow water (depth of ∼2 mm), a transition is observed from continuum model (1.88±0.2) to KPZ (0.406±0.082) universality class around ∼1 μm at room temperature. For droplets evaporation, turbulent (multi-affine) to self-affine transition is observed. Fractal dimensions (FD) for the droplets are found to be between one and two. The FD values are consistent with the fact that competing nonlinear terms are present in the system.
Reevaluation of the determinants of tyrosine sulfation.

The posttranslational sulfation of tyrosine has been though to be initiated by the recognition of specific consensus features by the sulfating enzyme tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). However, using these recognition features to identify new tyrosine sulfation sites misses recently characterized sites that lack these features. Rigorous analysis of the amino acids surrounding the target tyrosin using the position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) demonstrates that a consensus sequence does not contain all the information necessary to predict tyrosine sulfation. Instead, accurate prediction requires consideration of all residues within five amino acids on either side of the target tyrosine. These results support the notion that secondary structure is the major determinant of sulfation and that other residues within the sulfation site can compensate for deviations from commonly observed features. This view implies that specific consensus features are not critical for TPST substrate recognition but that TPST may instead broadly recognize any sufficiently exposed tyrosine residue.
THE CONVERGENCE OF A HALLEY-CHEBYSHEFF-TYPE METHOD UNDER NEWTON-KANTOROVICH HYPOTHESES

Abstract We introduce a Halley-Chebysheff-type method of order almost three using divided differences of order one to solve nonlinear operator equations.
Actinide-centered cyclometalation chemistry. An unusually distorted thorium bishydrocarbyl: Thp[η5-(CH3)5C5]2CH2Si(CH3)3]2

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the complex Th[η5-(CH3)5C5]2[CH2-Si(CH3)3]2, which undergoes facile intramolecular cyclometalation to the thoracyclobutane Th[η5-(CH3)5C5]2(CH2)2Si(CH3)2, is reported. While the Th[η5-(CH3)5C5]2 ligation is unexceptional, the Th[CH2Si(CH3)3]2 fragment is highly unsymmetrical having Th-C (corresponding angle Th-C-Si) 2.51(1) A (132.0(6)°) and 2.46(1) A (148.0(7)°). This conformation, which appears to result from severe intramolecular non-bonded contacts, allows a methyl hydrogen atom of one CH2Si(CH3)3 ligand to approach within ca. 2.3 A of the α-carbon atom of the other CH2Si(CH3)3 ligand.
Distance Learning and Interlibrary Loan: A Look at Services and Technology

ABSTRACT As technology continues to influence the way we do business, change has been and will continue to be inevitable. All around us, we see the Internet playing a major role in our lives from the way we pay bills and do banking to the way we buy stock, shop as consumers, and obtain an education. You can't escape it, and librarians long ago realized this truth. To wit library services have evolved to accommodate the informational needs demanded by this ever-expanding industry. This evolution of library services can be seen, for example, in the way we promote and provide reference, circulation, and reserves services with inroads even into technical or resource services. With distance education libraries are positioning themselves to be major players in this phenomenon at all levels: local, national, and international. One library service that is beginning to proceed into the distance-learning arena is interlibrary loan/document delivery. Interlibrary Loan, a traditional library service for local users, ...
The interaction of oxygen, radiation exposure and seed water content on γ-irradiated barley seeds

Abstract The roles of oxygen concentration, seed water content, and their interaction in the γ-ray-induced damage to dry barley seeds were investigated. Himalaya (C.I. 620) barley seeds were adjusted to water contents ranging from 2 to 10%, irradiated with 60 Co γ-rays, and soaked at 0°C in distilled water bubbled with oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures containing 0.0, 3.1, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100% oxygen. Biological effects of the treatments were recorded as M 1 seedling injury. Essentially no oxygen enhancement of biological damage was obtained with an oxygen concentration of 3.1% in the gas phase of the soaking solution. The minimum OCHG needed to cause an oxygen enhancement of biological damage (3.1% OCHG) increased with increasing seed water content between 1.8 and 10.0%, and decreased as the radiation dose increased, suggesting a triple factor interaction. For moderate levels of injury (between 20 and 60%), a nearly linear increase in seedling injury was obtained when the OCHG was increased in an exponential fashion. For greater seedling injury, the response tended toward a sigmoid shaped curve, probably due to limitations of the biological parameter. The same types of response were obtained when the results were analyzed in terms of oxygen enhancement ratios (OER) obtained from seedling injury data. Decreases in oxygen-independent radiosensitivity, determined by the increase in radiation exposure required to induce 40% injury with anaerobic soakings, were obtained as the seed water content was increased from 2.0 to 9.9%. The same pattern of radiosensitivity was observed with aerobic soakings and was more pronounced at intermediate levels of OCHG. The change in radiosensitivity of seeds between seed water contents of 2.0 and 7.7% was consistent with published EPR data. The increase in response at intermediate OCHG was in part a reflection of the influence of seed water content on the level of OCHG needed to produce an oxygen enhancement of damage. Cooling seeds of 6.1% water content to dry ice temperatures immediately after irradiation at 0°C decreased both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent damage. The decreases in damage were greater at 20 krad than at 10 krad and tended to be greater at the higher OCHG.
A General Framework for Determining the Temporal and Evolutionary Dynamics of Religion-Based Website Popularity on the Internet

Religion-based websites are fast becoming a major pipeline for disseminating religious information to broad populations of individuals in the United States.Both mainstream religions and fringe religions are easily accessible to a large population of internet users. The purpose of this review is to develop and examine a general framework that uses simple mathematical and statistical models to interpret and measure temporal ‘snap shots’ in the popularity of religious websites. We extend this framework to include an evolutionary model that has the potential to predict long-term shifts or changes in the popularity of religious websites over time. Ultimately, the goal of this review is to introduce a new modeling framework for research into how the internet is changing the accessibility and views of populations of individuals who follow various religions on the internet and how this may in-turn affect the distribution of religion in the ‘real world’.
Impact of the prostaglandin synthase-2 inhibitor celecoxib on ovulation and luteal events in women.

Abstract Background Ovarian prostaglandins are critical in normal ovulation processes; thus, their inhibition may provide contraceptive benefits. This study was performed to determine the effect of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor celecoxib on ovulation and luteal events in women. Study Design The study had a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Ovulatory, reproductive-aged women underwent ovarian ultrasound and serum hormone monitoring during four menstrual cycles (control cycle, treatment cycle 1, washout cycle, treatment cycle 2). Subjects received study drug (oral celecoxib 400 mg or placebo) either (a) once daily starting on cycle day 8 and continuing until follicle rupture or the onset of next menses if follicle rupture did not occur [pre-luteinizing hormone (LH) surge dosing] or (b) once daily beginning with the LH surge and continuing for 6 days (post-LH surge dosing). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the above treatment schemes and received the other in the subsequent treatment cycle. The main outcomes were evidence of ovulatory and luteal dysfunction as determined by inhibited/delayed follicle rupture and reduced luteal progesterone synthesis or lifespan, respectively. Results A total of 20 women enrolled and completed the study (Group 1=10, Group 2=10), with similar demographics between groups. Nineteen subjects exhibited normal ovulation in the control cycle (one had a blunted LH peak). In comparison to control cycles, treatment cycles resulted in a significant increase in ovulatory dysfunction [pre-LH treatment: 30% (6/20), p=.04; post-LH treatment: 25% (5/20), p=.04]. Mean peak progesterone, estradiol, and LH levels and luteal phase length did not differ significantly between control and either treatment cycle. Conclusions Although treatment with celecoxib before or after the LH surge increases the rate of ovulatory dysfunction, most women ovulate normally. Thus, this selective COX2 inhibitor appears to be of limited usefulness as a potential emergency contraceptive.
Tendon Transfers for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tear

Management of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears can be challenging. In patients who are not candidates for shoulder arthroplasty, either because of age or higher levels of activity, tendon transfers remain a good surgical option to reconstruct the deficient rotator cuff. The latissimus dorsi is the most commonly described tendon transfer for posterior-superior rotator cuff deficiency. Additional options include teres major and lower trapezius transfers. For anterior-superior irreparable rotator cuff tears, the pectoralis major transfer, whether superficial or deep to the conjoined tendon, is the most commonly described transfer. Additional transfers include those of pectoralis minor, teres major, and latissimus dorsi. The purpose of this article is to provide an evidence-based overview of the different types of tendon transfers that have been described to reconstruct massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears.
Biomimetic Model of Articular Cartilage Based on In Vitro Experiments

Articular cartilage is a complicated material to model for a variety of reasons: its biphasic/triphasic properties, heterogeneous structure, compressibility, unique geometry, and variance between samples. However, the applications for a biomimetic, cartilage-like material are numerous and include: porous bearings, viscous dampers, robotic linkages, artificial joints, etc. This work reports experimental results on the stress-relaxation of equine articular cartilage in unconfined compression. The response is consistent with simple spring and damper systems, and gives a storage and loss moduli. This model is proposed for use in evaluating biomimetic materials, and can be incorporated into large-scale dynamic analyses to account for motion or impact. The proposed characterization is suited for high-level analysis of multi-phase materials, where separating the contribution of each phase is not desired.
Some Physical Properties of Compressed Gases. V. The Joule-Thomson Coefficient for Nitrogen

Corrected values of the Joule-Thomson coefficient $\ensuremath{\mu}$ for nitrogen are tabulated between --- 70 and 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and to 1200 atmospheres. $\ensuremath{\mu}=\mathrm{const}.$ contours are exhibited on a $p\ensuremath{-}t$ diagram. The inversion temperature for zero pressure is found to be about 326\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Autocytotoxic and autosuppressor T-cell lines generated from autologous lymphocyte cultures

Limiting dilution analyses have demonstrated both the generation and suppression of autocytotoxic cells following in vitro stimulation with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL). Therefore, in order to isolate and characterize the autocytotoxic lymphocytes, interleukin 2-dependent cell lines were derived from autologous mixed lymphocyte microcultures. The cell lines were screened for cytolytic activity against autologous phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphoblasts, autologous and allogeneic B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL), and the natural killer target K562. Of 189 cell lines analyzed, 26 demonstrated cytotoxicity against autologous target cells. Cell surface phenotyping of all cell lines indicated that they were of T lymphocyte lineage. Two autocytotoxic T-cell clones were subsequently derived in similar fashion. Cell lines were also screened for autoregulatory activity. Two cells lines were identified that inhibited the generation of autocytotoxicity. Neither of the autoregulatory lines was capable of directly lysing an autocytotoxic line, suggesting that these autosuppressor cells exert their inhibitory effect by a mechanism other than direct lysis of the autocytotoxic effector cell. These findings indicate that through the application of limiting dilution analysis and in vitro cell culture techniques, autocytotoxic and autosuppressor lymphocyte populations can be isolated and utilized to analyze the cellular interactions involved in maintaining self-tolerance.
La Sémantique des Démonstratifs Japonais

Semantics of the Japanese demonstratives.Japanese has a three-way distinction of demonstratives, kore (this), sore (that) and are (that). The distinction between sore and are in their deictic use is much like one found in Latin: sore refers to something near the hearer, are to something not near the speaker nor near the hearer. I claim that the distinction between sore and are in their anaphoric use parallels the distinction between direct, experiential knowledge and conceptual, formal knowledge.
Effects of a TASER ® conducted energy weapon on the circulating red-blood-cell population and other factors in Sus scrofa

In previous studies hematocrit has been consistently increased in an anesthetized animal model after exposures to TASER® conducted energy weapons (CEWs). In the present study we analyzed changes in blood cell counts and red blood cell membrane proteins following two 30-s applications of a TASER C2 device (which is designed for civilian use). Hematocrit increased significantly from 33.2 ± 2.4 (mean ± SD) to 42.8 ± 4.6 % immediately after CEW exposure of eleven pigs (Sus scrofa). Red blood cell count increased significantly from 6.10 ± 0.55 × 1012/L to 7.45 ± 0.94 × 1012/L, and mean corpuscular volume increased significantly from 54.5 ± 2.4 fl to 57.8 ± 2.6 fl. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly from 20.5 ± 0.7 to 18.5 ± 0.6 mM. Thirty protein spots (from two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, selected for detailed comparison) exhibited greater densities 30-min post-exposure compared with pre-exposure values. A greater number of echinocytes were observed following CEW exposure. On the basis of these results it appears that, during the strong muscle contractions produced by TASER CEWs, a specific population of red blood cells (RBCs) may be released from the spleen or other reservoirs within the body. The total time of CEW exposure in the present study was relatively long compared with exposures in common law-enforcement scenarios. Despite statistically significant changes in red blood cell counts (and other measures directly related to RBCs), the alterations were short-lived. The transient nature of the changes would be likely to counteract any potentially detrimental effects.
Evaluation of kappa carrageenan as a substitute for agar in microbiological media.

Seventy-one samples of the colloid kappacarrageenan extracted from 12 seaweed species were subjected to a number of standard physical demands of solid bacteriological culture media. All samples had a lower melting temperature (less than 67° C) than agar and a gelling (setting) temperature between 16° C and 51° C, some the same and others lower or higher than agar. Temperature spreads were narrow (ca 10° C) to broad (ca 30° C), depending on the seaweed source, but none were as broad as that of agar (ca 40° C). The majority of commercially prepared samples held a slant when incubated at 37° C, but California seaweed colloids were best at 28° C in this test. The majority of samples released little to no water of syneresis in slant tests as well as in plates. Some plates prepared with the colloid were crystal clear as compared to agar plates. All test microorganisms grew as well on kappa-carrageenan media as on agar media. Some media responses could be attributable to the seaweed species, but others could be traced to chemical extraction methods and modification of the colloid.
The distal elements, OCT and SPH, stimulate the formation of preinitiation complexes on a human U6 snRNA gene promoter in vitro

The distal control region of a human U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene promoter contains two separable elements, octamer (OCT) and SPH, found in many vertebrate snRNA genes. Complete distal regions generally account for a 4- to 100-fold stimulation of snRNA gene promoters. We examined the mechanism of transcriptional stimulation by each element when linked to the proximal U6 promoter. Multimers of either OCT or SPH did not increase transcriptional levels above that with a single copy, either in transfected human cells or after in vitro transcription in a HeLa S100 extract. The orientation of a single SPH element differentially stimulated transcription in transfected cells, whereas the orientation of an octamer element was not important. Using Sarkosyl to limit transcription to a single-round, we concluded that promoters containing either OCT or SPH elements supported an increased number of preinitiation complexes in vitro. Furthermore, the rate of formation of U6 promoter preinitiation complexes resistant to low (0.015%) concentrations of Sarkosyl was accelerated on templates containing either OCT or SPH. However, neither element had a significant effect on the number of rounds of reinitiation in the S100 extract.
Radar cross-section reduction studies of partially open cavity structures

Shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) is a numerical method based on geometric optics developed to compute the electromagnetic scattering from jet inlets and partially open cavity structures. This method is used to study the effects of shaping on the radar cross-section (RCS) of cavities. Two cylindrical cavity structures are analysed: one with a uniform circular cross-section, and the other with a non-uniform cross-section varying from a triangular shape to a circular shape. By bending the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical cavity, a significant reduction in RCS at near axial incidence can be achieved.
Genetic Information and Health Insurance: State Legislative Approaches

We may create a catch-22 so that only people who are unlikely to need health insurance can afford it.... Genetic risk testing is important because it exposes the logic of a system that provides access to health insurance to those least likely to need it.
Global entropy solutions for isentropic relativistic fluid dynamics

We consider here the relativistic equations for a perfect isentropic fluid in Minkowski spacetime. The motion of a fluid is described by the Euler equations {del}{sub {alpha}}T{sup {alpha}{beta}} = 0 where {del}{sub {alpha}} denotes covariant differentiation and T{sup {alpha}{beta}} = (p+p)u{sup {alpha}}u{sup {beta}} + p{eta}{sup {alpha}{beta}} denotes the stress energy tensor for the fluid. Here the speed of light in normalized to be 1, p = p({rho},S) is the pressure where {rho} is the mass energy density of the fluid and S is the specific entropy, u is the 4-velocity of the fluid particle, and {eta}{sup {alpha}{beta}} denotes the flat Minkowski metric. In addition we always have the law of baryon conservation, which is expressible as {del}{sub {alpha}}(nu{sup {alpha}}) = 0, where n =n({rho}, S) is the proper number density of baryons. 21 refs.
Ideology and Interpersonal Emotion Management: Redefining Identify in Two Support Groups

This ethnographic study demonstrates the process by which our emotions are constructed not only by ourselves but also by others. Support groups for divorce or bereavement are used to illustrate the process of interpersonal emotion management. The study considers how support groups with differing ideologies produce dissimilar situational definitions for the loss of a spouse. Each of these definitions promotes different cognitive and affective outcomes for the participants. Despite these differences in definitions, the group leaders use a largely identical process of interpersonal emotion management, in which they redefine not only the event of spousal loss but also the sufferer's very identity. These redefinitions encourage understandings and emotions that coincide with the groups' own ideological perspectives. In addition, the results of the study are unexpectedly congruent with affect control theory, thus demonstrating that the propositions of this theory inform qualitative as well as quantitative research.
Titanium(IV)-Mediated Conversion of Carboxamides to Amidines and Implications for Catalytic Transamidation

Cp*-ligated imidotitanium(IV) complexes, Cp*TiCl(NR)(py)Cl (R = tBu (5a), PhCH2 (5b), n-C5H11 (5c), p-MeC6H4 (5d), p-MeOC6H4 (5e)), react with tertiary and secondary carboxamides to yield amidines, a result that is in contrast with previously reported titanium-catalyzed transamidation reactions. The tertiary amide dimethylacetamide reacts directly with the imidotitanium(IV) fragment, whereas the secondary amide phenylacetamide forms an amidate adduct, {(η5-C5Me5)TiCl[OC(Me)NPh]2} (10), which undergoes subsequent reaction with exogenous amine.
Education for family planning.

The change in sexual mores in the U.S. which has occurred since World War 2 had several cultural causes: 1)social mobility; 2)changing sexual roles; 3)mass media influence; and 4)technological advances. As a result attitudes towards sex and toward marriage and families have changed. Family planning programs should provide education and services. The small family norm should be emphasized and appreciation of the role of the family in community life stressed. Further basic research on human reproduction is needed. Fertility and population goals should be established for the U.S. Family planning information should be available to all socioeconomic groups and taught in school to youth. The U.S. should provide family planning assistance to any country requesting it.
Primary structure at the active sites of beef and rabbit liver aldolases.

Abstract The sequence of the tryptic heptaeicosapeptide isolated from the active site of beef liver aldolase has been determined and shown to be identical with that of the corresponding peptide from rabbit liver aldolase. The sequence is Ala-Leu-Asn-Asp-His-His-Val-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Thr-Leu-Leu-βGlys-Pro-Asn-Met-Val-Thr-Ala-Gly-His-Ala-Cys-Thr-Lys. There is extensive homology with peptides isolated from the same region of a variety of muscle aldolases.
A Christian Approach to Social Economics

In a very real sense, the title of this article is overwhelming. The volume of writing both scholarly and otherwise on this subject would deter anyone who seriously sought to assimilate it all. Despite the repeated Biblical appeal for unity among the Church members, there is perhaps no issue which more deeply divides the Christian Church today than economic policies which are advocated as being consistent with the teachings of both the New and the Old Testament.
Encounters with Danger: Social Workers in the Ghetto.

The social services, especially today, are intent on providing ghetto dwellers with adequate care. But this mission cannot be accomplished unless service workers are willing to enter ghetto areas a...
Sorption of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonates on Sediment Materials

Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) are anionic surfactants that are used in large quantities in industrial and consumer products. They enter the environment primarily through wastewater and sludge...
Respiratory responses to changes in airflow resistance in conscious man.

Abstract The time course and magnitude of adjustments in respiratory activity during the application and following the removal of inspiratory resistive loads were determined in conscious men. Changes in airflow resistance were made periodically during rebreathing of a gas mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Ventilation, the ratio of tidal volume to inspiratory duration and the mouth pressure during airway occlusion, 100 ms after the onset of inspiration were used as measures of inspiratory neuromuscular activity. The occlusion pressure was measured during each breath using an electrically activated solenoid shutter which obstructed the airway for only the first 100 ms of each inspiration. During the second breath following the application of the resistive load, there was an increase in inspiratory output which occured independently of changes in PCO2 and PO2. Further increases in inspiratory activity during successive loaded breaths, however, were due exclusively to changing chemical drive. The level of inspiratory neuromuscular activity remained elevated for a single breath following removal of the added resistance. Adjustments in respiratory activity were greater the more severe the load. The results suggest that non-chemically mediated respiratory compensation in conscious individuals develops rapidly and is important in maintaining ventilation when breathing is encumbered.
Fungal diseases in fish

The ornamental and food fish aquaculture industries continue to flourish and grow, and they form an important part of the economy of the United States. Concomitant with this growth is the discovery of new diseases as well as a greater understanding of diseases that afflict these animals. This article reviews the fungal diseasses of fish, including the diagnosis, pathology, and prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Cycles of Influence: Affect Dynamics During the Job Search

The job search process can be emotionally draining as one meets with challenges and setbacks during goal pursuit. This study took a dynamic perspective to the examination of affective experiences during job search and considered its significance for employment outcomes. Using basic motivation paradigms and control theory, we hypothesized that high-level activation of both positive and negative affect would have direct implications for search efforts and outcomes—a downward process—as well as positive feedback from the search environment having direct influence on future manifestation of affective experiences—an upward process. In a longitudinal study spanning 12 weeks, we found (1) past states of affectivity levels, job search effort, and interview invitation directly influenced future states, and (2) affective states, job search effort, and interview invitations dynamically influenced each other in ways that were mostly consistent with our predictions. We highlight our findings and contribution to theory.
Integration of Markets and the Interplay of Interests: Understanding the Discourse about North American Free Trade Area

This paper seeks to broaden the scope of macromarketing beyond the study of how market systems function to how they are formed and transformed. The paper argues that the regional integration efforts under way in North America can be viewed in the framework of a restructuring of market systems of the North American continent. Such restructuring has profound consequences, not just for market processes, but for the various actors and institutions whose interests are intertwined with North American markets. The paper examines the efforts to form a North American Free Trade Area in terms of economic theory, political rhetoric, and business practice. The paper discusses how market restructuring, an economic phenomenon, interacts with the promotion and protection of major political interests across the continent. It is shown that to understand market processes and market system changes, it is essential to take into account the interplay of political interests. In fact, the public discourse and rhetoric employed to promote political interests can be viewed as strategies within the political marketplace. Resume L'article cherche aelargir la portee du macro-marketing en etudiant, au-dela de leur simple fonction, l'origine et la transformation des systemes de marches. Ilsoutient que les efforts actuels d'integration regionale en Amerique du Nord peuvent etre analyses dans le cadre d'une restructuration des systemes de marches sur le continent. Cette restructuration a une influence considerable non seulement sur les processus de marches mais aussi sur les divers intervenants et institutions dont les interets sont intimement lies aux marches nord-americains. L'article examine les efforts consacres a l'etablissement d'une zone de libreechange nord-americaine sous l'optique de la theorie economique, de la rhetorique politique et de la pratique commerciale. Il explique comment la restructuration des marches, phenomene economique, influe sur la promotion et la protection des principaux interets politiques qui coexistent sur le continent. Il demontre de plus que pour comprendre les processus de marches et les modifications des systemes de marches, il est primordial de tenir compte de l'enjeu de interets politiques. En realite, la rhetorique et le discours public utilises pour promouvoir les interets politiques peuvent etre vus comme des strategies purement politiques.
Privacy (or liberty) and assisted suicide.

There is renewed professional and popular interest in the questions surrounding the legality of assisted suicide. With the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the Cruzan case, the legal questions will be determined by state courts and legislatures. This article examines the arguments underlying the claim for legalization of assisted suicide. Although it appears to come within the confines of privacy, assisted suicide constitutes a more radical change in the law than its proponents suggest. Assisted suicide in the context of its own complexities and other problems facing society, represents a dubious advance in patient rights or social justice.
Lupus nephritis: Lessons from the path lab

A 22-year-old woman came to the Yale-New Haven Hospital 25 years ago with arthralgias and a malar rash. A lupus preparation was positive, and treatment with prednisone moderately improved her arthralgias. Three years later, her urine contained protein, red cells, and red cell casts. The serum creatinine was normal. A renal biopsy performed 21 years ago revealed a diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis with necrosis and subendothelial deposits. This lesion currently would be classified as WHO class IV-B with an activity index of 9 and a chronicity index of 0. She was treated with azathioprine and prednisone; her proteinuria resolved and treatment was discontinued after a total of 24 months of therapy. Nineteen years ago the proteinuria returned, the urine sediment again became active, and the DNA binding was elevated, as evidenced by the Fahr test. The blood pressure was normal and serum creatinine was 1.4 mg/dl. Because of the clinical reactivation of her disease, a second renal biopsy was performed, which disclosed diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis with necrosis and sclerosis. Classification under the current system would be WHO class IV-C with an activity index of 12 and a chronicity index of 2. Prednisone and azathioprine therapy was reinitiated. A repeat biopsy, performed 17 years ago to determine whether cytotoxic therapy could be discontinued, showed persistence of a diffuse lupus glomerulonephritis and increased sclerosis. The current classification would assign this lesion an activity index of 4 and a chronicity index of 4. The cytotoxic therapy was continued, and her proteinuria remitted, She had no proteinuria between 13 and 17 years ago. Her creatinine clearance was stable, and renal biopsy was performed to determine the usefulness of continuing azathioprine. This fourth biopsy revealed
Police civil liability for abandonment in high crime areas and other high risk situations

This article addresses police civil liability for abandoning citizens in high crime areas or in other high risk situations of victimization. The public duty doctrine has historically barred police liability for third party victimization. As the number of high crime areas and neighborhoods in which criminal victimization occurs rapidly grows, some courts are eroding the public duty doctrine and holding the police liable for abandoning citizens in dangerous places. An analysis of the ‘special relationship’ and ‘danger creation’ case law pursuant to Section 1983 shows that liability is more prevalent when police abandon children in dangerous places and when police abandonment results in serious physical injury to crime victims. Most courts, however, reject abandonment claims raised under Section 1983 when the police do not show “deliberate indifference” to the plaintiff's constitutional rights. The article concludes with policy guidance for police personnel to avoid liability for abandoning citizens in high crime areas or in other high risk situations.
Peak-to-peak amplitude of the high-frequency QRS: A simple, quantitative index of high-frequency potentials☆

Abstract Previous attempts to measure high-frequency QRS potentials have been limited by methodologic difficulties in accurately quantitating these low-amplitude potentials. Therefore, we sought a simple, yet quantitative index of high-frequency ECG voltage. To make these high-frequency measurements, we adapted a commercially available microprocessor electrocardiograph with a signal-averaging program to reduce noise and an 80- to 300-Hz bandpass filter. The high-frequency output was then digitized and the rms value of the signal was computed in leads I, II, III, aVL, and aVF in both normal subjects and patients with organic heart disease. An excellent correlation (r ≥ 0.92) was noted in all leads between the peak-to-peak amplitude of the high-frequency QRS and its rms value. Therefore, peak-to-peak amplitude can be used as an easily measured index of high-frequency potentials. Quantitative high-frequency electrocardiography may be helpful in increasing the diagnostic accuracy of the conventional ECG.