cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
47 ROLE OF ACYLGLYCEROL KINASE IN LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID-INDUCED TRANSACTIVATION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR AND EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 AND INTERLEUKIN-8 IN PRIMARY HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS.

Rationale Acylglycerol kinase (AGK) phosphorylates monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol to form potent lipid second messengers, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively. We have shown earlier that LPA induces transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs). Here we provide evidence for the role of AGK in LPA-mediated expressions of COX-2 and IL-8 involving transactivation of EGF-R in HBEpCs. Methods/Results Expression of AGK in HBEpCs was detected by real-time PCR. The full-length cDNA of AGK was cloned from HBEpCs and inserted into lentiviral vector with V5-tag on the C-terminal. The overexpressed AGK was mainly localized in mitochondria as determined by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Overexpression of lenti-AGK wild type increased intracellular LPA production (≈1.8-fold), enhanced LPA-mediated phosphorylation of EGF-R and ERK1/2, and stimulated expression of COX-2 and IL-8 secretion. Further, down-regulation of AGK expression by AGK siRNA decreased intracellular LPA levels by ≈2-fold and attenuated LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF-R and tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation of ERK1/2, COX-2 expression, and IL-8 secretion. Conclusions These results suggest a role for AGK in LPA-mediated activation of COX-2 expression and IL-8 secretion via EGF-R transactivation and signal transduction in HBEpCs. Thus, AGK-mediated intracellular LPA production and signaling may play a potential role in innate immunity and airway remodeling during inflammation. Supported by NIH grant HL 71152 and 79396 to V.N.
Esotericism and Egalitarianism

According to Leo Strauss, one of the primary purposes of the esotericism practiced by philosophers is the defense against persecution. This defense entails communicating the truth only to philosophers and concealing it from non-philosophers. For many commentators, this conception of esotericism has inegalitarian implications—for example, that the philosophers, who constitute a minority of people, are naturally capable of being told the truth, while the non-philosophers, who constitute a majority, are not. In this article, I argue that Strauss gives another account of esotericism that does not have inegalitarian implications. He gives this account in his discussion of Farabi’s esotericism in the “Introduction” to Persecution and the Art of Writing. I also argue that Strauss presents this account esoterically. The “Introduction” reproduces text from an earlier article by Strauss, “Farabi’s Plato,” and Strauss makes certain changes, which point towards this other account. Finally, I explain why Strauss prese...
Quality of Service (QoS) in Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Supporting end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) in existing network architectures is an ongoing problem. Although researchers from both academia and industry have proposed many solutions to solve the QoS limitations of the current networking, many of them either failed or were not implemented. Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm has emerged in response to limitations of traditional networking architectures. Its main advantages are the centralized global network view, programmability, and separation of the data plane and control plane. These features have got attention of researchers to improve the QoS provisioning of today's various network applications. In this survey paper, we aim at making a picture of QoS-motivated literature in OpenFlow-enabled SDN networks by comprehensively surveying relevant research studies. We organize the related studies according to the categories that are the most prominent ways in which QoS can benefit from the concept of SDN: Multimedia flows routing mechanisms, inter-domain routing mechanisms, resource reservation mechanisms, queue management and scheduling mechanisms, Quality of Experience (QoE)-aware mechanisms, network monitoring mechanisms, and other QoS-centric mechanisms such as virtualization-based QoS provisioning and QoS policy management etc. In addition, we discuss QoS capabilities of OpenFlow protocol by reviewing its versions along with some well-known, open-source, and community-driven controller projects. Furthermore, we outline the potential challenges and open problems that need to be addressed further for better and complete QoS abilities in SDN/OpenFlow networks and lessons we have learned during preparation of this survey paper.
The performance of object encodings in JavaScript

We investigate how to represent objects when JavaScript is used as a compilation target. This is an interesting question because JavaScript is the target language of choice for compiler writers who wish to deploy to "the Internet", and because JavaScript offers many ways to say the same thing.We looked at three axes of variability: whether an object's methods are stored in the object itself, or in a prototype; whether the object uses Javascript's closures or builds its own, and whether an object's fields are accessed directly or via accessor methods. The results reveal that certain variations are more than a hundred times faster than others. We conclude that the particular choices we make may be critical.
Feature selection fusion (FSF) for aggregating relevance ranking information with application to ZigBee radio frequency device identification

A Feature Selection Fusion (FSF) method is developed herein for aggregating the feature relevance ranking scores from Multiple Dimensional Reduction Analysis (DRA) methods. FSF methods are compared and contrasted using the raw relevance scores, ranks, concatenation, and concordance. Issues with discretizing scores are discussed. Results illustrate improved classification and verification performance for some situations considered.
Review: The Greatest Grid: The Master Plan of Manhattan 1811–2011

The Greatest Grid: The Master Plan of Manhattan 1811–2011 Museum of the City of New York 6 December 2011–15 July 2012 Though New York City can be a socially and physically stressful urban environment, this usually is not a result of the layout of its streets. Indeed, despite the cacophony and chaos, finding one’s way around this megapolis is surprisingly easy thanks to its orderly configuration—a grid. While New Yorkers and visitors alike may take this spatial arrangement for granted, this remarkable facet of the city is worth examining because its careful parceling shapes how we live in New York today. To commemorate the bicentennial of the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that imposed a grid on the island of Manhattan, The Museum of the City of New York hosted an exhibition portraying the processes of devising and developing the grid, as well as its place in the contemporary imagination of some architects and artists. Curated by Hilary Ballon, The Greatest Grid is composed of over two hundred historical documents, maps, photographs, and artifacts. Ballon has also edited an accompanying volume, which is a helpful guide that effectively narrates the show and also includes better reproductions of the maps. The central questions that lurk behind this show is “why a grid for New York City,” and moreover, why is this one the “greatest grid”? The answer to the first question would initially seem to lay in the practicality of this design. As any architectural historian knows, grids have existed since the earliest cities, from the Old Kingdom of …
Effects of doping on photoelectron kinetics and characteristics of quantum dot infrared photodetector

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have attracted significant attention due to selective photoresponse, high photoconductive gain, and numerous possibilities for nanoscale engineering of photoelectron processes, which control the detector characteristics. Our approach to improving QDIP performance is based on optimization of three dimensional nanoscale potential profile created by charged quantum dots (QDs). Nanoscale profile around QDs allows us to control photoelectron capture processes, which determines the photoelectron lifetime, detector operating speed, responsivity, the spectral density of noise, noise bandwidth, and the detector dynamic range. The nanoscale potential profile is determined by doping of QDs and inter-dot space. In this work, we study various ways of selective doping and its effects on characteristics of photodetectors. We investigate and compare intra-dot doping, inter-dot doping, and complex bipolar doping. To investigate effects of selective doping, we fabricated AlGaAs/InAs QD structures with n-doping of QD layers, structures with n-doping of barriers, and structures with p-doping of QD layers and n-doping of interdot space. We measured dark current, spectral photoresponse, voltage dependence of responsivity, and noise characteristic. The photoresponse is improved due to photon-electron coupling, which increases with QD filling by electrons. However, the noise current also increases due to increase in QD filling. Therefore, possibilities for improvement of QDIP structures with unipolar doping are very limited. Our results show that spectral photoresponse, responsivity, and detector sensitivity are substantially improved due to bipolar doping, which provides decoupled control of electron filling of QDs and the potential barriers around QDs.
Novel Technique and Technologies for Active Optical Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases

The societal benefits of understanding climate change through identification of global carbon dioxide sources and sinks led to the desired NASA's active sensing of carbon dioxide emissions over nights, days, and seasons (ASCENDS) space-based missions of global carbon dioxide measurements. For more than 15 years, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) have developed several carbon dioxide active remote sensors using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique operating at the two-micron wavelength. Currently, an airborne two-micron triple-pulse integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is under development. This IPDA lidar measures carbon dioxide as well as water vapor, the dominant interfering molecule on carbon dioxide remote sensing. Advancement of this triple-pulse IPDA lidar development is presented.
Differences in Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Health Care Among Transgender and Nontransgender Adults: Findings From the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Objective:Little is known regarding patterns of alcohol use and alcohol-related care among transgender adults. This study examined alcohol use and alcohol-related care across transgender status in a probability sample of U.S. adults.Method:We conducted secondary analyses of the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, focusing on adults in eight states that administered both an Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention module and a Gender Identity module (n = 58,381). Measurements included transgender status, sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol consumption (any alcohol use, risky drinking, heavy episodic drinking, and any unhealthy alcohol use), and alcohol-related care (alcohol screening during healthcare visits and advice about unhealthy alcohol use). We tested the association between transgender status and alcohol consumption and alcohol-related care using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.Results:Approximately 0.6% of respondents...
Propagation and extinction of subatmospheric counterflow methane flames

Abstract Measurements of flame propagation velocities and extinction states in counterflow provide a valuable source of flame data that contain information about fundamental combustion physics. The approach to properly account for stretch effects in counterflow flame measurements through non-intrusive laser-based local velocity characterization was advanced in the mid-80s by Law and coworkers at atmospheric conditions with simple fuels. Subsequently, several research groups have extended the measurements to elevated pressures and complex fuels. However, counterflow flame data at subatmospheric pressures are limited. In the present study, a method is introduced for measuring laminar flame speeds and extinction strain rates in subatmospheric counterflow flames. A numerical study was performed to assess the dynamics of tracer particles used to facilitate measurements. It was found that the particle phase dynamics used in particle velocimetry measurements are not always representative of the underlying gas phase motion due to thermophoresis and insufficient drag, especially at low pressures. A numerical scheme was implemented whereby the computed particle phases were used for proper comparison with measurements and, based on the computed results, to infer the corresponding values of the gas phase. The method was applied to premixed methane/air and non-premixed methane–nitrogen/oxygen flames at pressures as low as 0.1 atm. Complimentary flame structure simulations were carried out which show that the kinetics of formyl radical prompt dissociation strongly impact the computed subatmospheric flames and may influence the validation of unimolecular and bimolecular reactions rate constants when tested against laminar flame data.
Heat-Induced Limb Length Asymmetry Has Functional Impact on Weight Bearing in Mouse Hindlimbs.

Limb length inequality results from many types of musculoskeletal disorders. Asymmetric weight bearing from a limb length discrepancy of less than 2% can have debilitating consequences such as back problems and early onset osteoarthritis. Existing treatments include invasive surgeries and/or drug regimens that are often only partially effective. As a noninvasive alternative, we previously developed a once daily limb-heating model using targeted heat on one side of the body for two weeks to unilaterally increase bone length by up to 1.5% in growing mice. In this study, we applied heat for one week to determine whether these small differences in limb length are functionally significant, assessed by changes in hindlimb weight bearing. We tested the hypothesis that heat induced limb length asymmetry has a functional impact on weight bearing in mouse hindlimbs. Female 3-week old C57BL/6 mice (N=12 total) were treated with targeted intermittent heat for 7 days (40C for 40 min/day). High-resolution x-ray (N=6) and hindlimb weight bearing data (N=8) were acquired at the start and end of the experiments. There were no significant left-right differences in starting tibial length or hindlimb weight bearing. After one week heat exposure, tibiae (t = 7.7, p < 0.001) and femora (t = 11.5, p < 0.001) were ~1% and 1.4% longer, respectively, on the heat-treated sides (40C) compared to the non-treated contralateral sides (30C). Tibial elongation rate was over 6% greater (t = 5.19, p < 0.001). Hindlimb weight bearing was nearly 20% greater (t = 11.9, p < 0.001) and significantly correlated with the increase in tibial elongation rate on the heat-treated side (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.01). These results support the hypothesis that even a small limb length discrepancy can cause imbalanced weight distribution in healthy mice. The increase in bone elongation rate generated by localized heat could be a way to equalize limb length and weight bearing asymmetry caused by disease or trauma, leading to new approaches with better outcomes by using heat to lengthen limbs and reduce costly side effects of more invasive interventions.
Cardiovascular Stress Testing

Establishing the anatomic presence of coronary stenosis has become increasingly important owing to the roles coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, angina or myocardial infarction (MI) may occur in the absence of angiographically proven obstructive coronary lesions and, conversely, coronary obstructions may be asymptomatic and thus have uncertain prognostic significance [1–4]. Some have suggested that a functional evaluation may be more predictive of future cardiac events than anatomy alone [5, 6].
Join, or Die! A Pragmatic Case for Reflective Self-Study in Social Studies

It was once famously said of John Dewey that no major issue for a whole generation was clarified until he had spoken. These words, uttered by the historian Henry Steele Commager, reflect both the breadth of Dewey’s intellect and the wide scope of his social activism. Dewey remained an active conference speaker and column-writer right up to his death in 1952, just 7 years short of his 100th birthday, and it is now estimated that as many as 4000 books, papers, and articles have been written about Dewey’s life, his work, and his philosophy.
An Update on the Current Role of High Resolution Anoscopy in Patients With Anal Dysplasia

The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) in the U.S. is increasing, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Preventative screening is used to monitor precancerous dysplasia known as anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), which can progress to ASCC. High Resolution Anoscopy (HRA) is one screening procedure that uses a colposcope with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine solution to visualize the anal epithelium for AIN. HRA has offered potential in managing AIN, but as more evidence emerges it is unclear whether HRA provides definitive benefit. This narrative review updates readers on the efficacy of HRA in screening AIN, compares HRA to other techniques, compares the use of HRA in various high-risk populations, and offers practical information on the use of HRA. Keyword searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Current literature is mixed regarding the utility of HRA. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to definitively assess the role of HRA.
Maternal witness to intimate partner violence during childhood and prenatal family functioning alter newborn cortisol reactivity

Witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV) during childhood is a risk factor for mental health problems across the lifespan. Less is known about the intergenerational consequences of witnessing IPV...
Uncertainty quantification in Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations of (point-)particle-laden flows with data-driven and empirical forcing models

Abstract An uncertainty quantification framework is developed for Eulerian–Lagrangianmodels of particle-laden flows, where the fluid is modeled through a system of conservation laws in the Eulerian frame and inertial particles are traced as points in the Lagrangian frame. The source of uncertainty in such problems is the particle forcing, which is determined empirically or computationally with high-fidelity methods (data-driven). The framework relies on the averaging of the deterministic governing equations with the stochastic forcing and allows for an estimation of the first and second moment of the quantities of interest. Via comparison with Monte Carlo simulations, it is demonstrated that the moment equations accurately predict the uncertainty for problems whose Eulerian dynamics are either governed by the linear advection equation or the compressible Euler equations. In areas of singular particle interfaces and shock singularities significant uncertainty is generated. An investigation into the effect of the numerical methods shows that low-dissipative higher-order methods are necessary to capture numerical singularities (shock discontinuities, singular source terms, particle clustering) with low diffusion in the propagation of uncertainty.
Publication integrity in orthopaedic journals: the self-citation in orthopaedic research (SCOR) threshold

The impact factor (IF) is the most commonly used bibliometric method for rating academic journals. However, the practice of journals’ self-citation may artificially elevate the IF. Additional bibliometric methods including Eigenfactor scale, SCImago Journal Ranking (SJR), and corrected IF (cIF) have been created. Comparing general-interest and specialized orthopaedic journals, the aims of this study were to assess: (1) the effect of journal´s self-citation on IF; (2) differences in bibliometric analysis; and (3) to determine thresholds for monitoring self-citation practices by defining the self-citation in orthopaedic research (SCOR) Threshold. The journal citation reports and SCImago Journal and Country Rank databases were queried for orthopaedic journals from 1997 to 2017. The following bibliometrics were compared between general-interest and specialized journals: IF, cIF, Eigenfactor, self-citation rates, and SJR. A novel metric, the cIF ratio, was proposed to represent the relationship between a journal’s IF and cIF. Thresholds for cIF were based on statistical outliers of cIF ratio within general-interest and specialized journals were calculated. Outliers were defined as data points that were greater than the third quartile by 1.5 times the interquartile range using the last 10 years studied (2007–2017). Specialized orthopaedic journals had a higher median self-citation rates compared to general-interest journals (11.85% vs. 6.36%, p < 0.001). Overall, cIF ratio declined over study period, and general-interest journals had a lower cIF ratio than specialized journals (8.77% vs. 19.54%, p < 0.001). Overall, general-interest journals had more favourable values for the bibliometric indices studied compared to specialized journals The SCOR threshold for cIF ratio was determined as 25.4% for general-interest journals and 53.3% for specialized journals. Overall, self-citation occurs at a higher rate in specialized versus general-interest orthopaedic journals. We propose the use of a cIF ratio along with the SCOR threshold as a tool to evaluate and monitor journal self-citation practices in orthopaedic research.
Biomimetics and the Application of the Leading-Edge Tubercles of the Humpback Whale Flipper

The field of biomimetics attempts to inspire and integrate the morphology and function of biological organisms into the design of human-made technology. In that organisms have been able to adapt through evolution, they have performed the “cost-benefit analysis” to solve a variety of problems of concern to humans and can potentially improve technologies. One example of a structural adaptation that can improve the aero/hydrodynamic performance of wing-like designs is based on the flippers of the humpback whale. The humpback whale is able produce small radius turns with its elongate, high aspect ratio flippers. This whale differs from related species in using maneuverability to capture prey. Maintenance of lift throughout a turning maneuver requires a modification of the wing-like flippers. The flippers possess rounded bumps, called tubercles, along the leading-edge. Empirical and computational studies have demonstrated that the tubercles passively modify the flow over wing-like structures. The flow between the tubercles produces counter-rotating vortices in a sacrificed separation that helps to energize the flow over the tubercles. The flow pattern over a wing induced by the tubercles increases lift, delays stall, and maintains low drag post stall. The tubercles have applications for aircraft wings, rudders, dive planes, skegs, sailboat masts, stabilizers, truck mirrors, bicycle wheels, rotor blades, propellers, compressors, pumps, fans, and tidal and wind turbines.
Automatic detection of simulated motion blur in mammograms

Purpose To use machine-learning algorithms and blur measure (BM) operators to automatically detect motion blur in mammograms. Motion blur has been reported to reduce lesion detection performance and mask small abnormalities, resulting in failure to detect them until they reach more advanced stages. Automatic detection of blur could support the clinical decision-making process during the mammography exam by allowing for an immediate retake, thereby preventing unnecessary expense, time, and patient anxiety. Methods Blur was simulated mathematically to mimic the real blur seen in clinical practice. The blur point-spread-function (PSF) mask is generated by distributing pixel intensity of an image pixel moving under random motion within the range of blur effect (the maximum amount of tissue motion allowed). The random motion trajectory vector is generated on a super-sampled image frame to accommodate smaller substeps; the vector was then sampled on a regular pixel grid using subpixel linear interpolation to generate the blur PSF mask. This randomly generated motion trajectory is constrained by several factors: the effects of variations in tissue elasticity, imaging exposure time, and size of blur effect (motion boundary in millimeters) were examined. The blur mask is convolved with a mammogram to create blur. Five motion blur magnitudes (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) were simulated on 244 and 434 mammograms from the INbreast and DDSM databases, respectively. Blur was quantified using nine BM operators for each mammogram and at each blur level. The mammograms were assigned to training (70%) and testing (30%) datasets to train three machine-learning classifiers: Ensemble Bagged Trees, fine Gaussian SVM, and weighted KNN, to distinguish five levels of blurred from unblurred mammograms, using six-way classification. Results For the INbreast mammograms, the average classification accuracies were 87.7%, 85.7%, and 85.7% for Ensemble Bagged Trees, fine Gaussian SVM, and weighted KNN, respectively, and the average classification accuracies for DDSM were 93.5%, 93.6%, and 92.7% for Ensemble Bagged Trees, fine Gaussian SVM, and weighted KNN, respectively. Conclusions Preliminary results show the potential to detect simulated blur automatically using those methods. Although limited work has been done to quantify the effects of motion blur on radiologists' performance, there is evidence that motion blur might not be detected visually by a human observer and could negatively affect radiologists' lesion detection performance. As of this date, no other study has investigated the ability of machine-learning classifiers and BM operators to detect motion blur in mammograms.
26.4 A Cell-Capacitance-Insensitive CMOS Sample-and-Hold Chronoamperometric Sensor for Real-Time Measurement of Small Molecule Drugs in Whole Blood

The capability of adjusting a drug-dosing profile in real time based on personalized pharmacokinetics plays a crucial role in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes at minimal toxicity [1]. Achieving this requires biosensors that can continuously measure drug concentrations at sub-minute temporal resolution. Today, the gold standard methods such as immunoassays and liquid chromatography are not able to achieve this because they require long assay times (typically hours). Recently, structure-switching aptamers have drawn great attention for in vivo realtime monitoring [2]–[4]. As shown in Fig. 26.4.1, aptamers are single-stranded DNA molecules whose sequences are selected to bind target molecules with high affinity [2]. To achieve electrochemical detection, redox reporters (such as methylene blue, MB) are conjugated to these aptamers such that conformation changes in the aptamer caused by target binding leads to a direct electrical readout in proportional to the target concentration. Such a reagent-free capability has been demonstrated using microfluidics and implanted probes measuring chemotherapeutics and aminoglycoside antibiotics [2]–[4]. To generalize the technology for ambulatory patients, [5] presents a system integrating an aptamer-interfacing electrochemical circuit with wireless powering and telemetry.
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Chemically Bonded Ceramics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to chemically bonded ceramics and hydraulic cements that are the two major classes of inorganic solids. Ceramics are formed by compaction of powders and their subsequent fusion at high to very high temperatures, ranging anywhere from ∼700° to 2000°C. Once fused, the resulting ceramics are hard and dense, and exhibit very good corrosion resistance. Ceramics are made dense unless their application requires some degree of porosity. Ceramics tolerate very high temperatures, and are corrosion resistant in a wide range of pH, while cements are made for use at ambient temperatures and are affected by high temperature, as well as acidic environment. Compared to cements, ceramics are more expensive; thus, cement is produced in high volume while ceramics, except few products such as bricks, are specialty products. Hydraulic cements are another class of technologically important materials. Examples include Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement, and plaster of Paris. They harden at room temperature when their powder is mixed with water. The pastes formed this way set into a hard mass that has sufficient compression strength and can be used as structural materials. Their structure is generally noncrystalline. Hydraulic cements are excellent examples of accelerated chemical bonding. Hydrogen bonds are formed in these materials by chemical reaction when water is added to the powders. These bonds are distinct from the bonds in ceramics, in which high temperature interparticle diffusion leads to consolidation of powders.
Form and Function of Calcium Concretions in Unionids

Unionid mussels brood hundreds of thousands of embryos to a fully-shelled glochidia stage larvae before releasing them to the freshwater environment. These embryos are developed within the enlarged water channels of brooding gills. The source of calcium for shell formation comes from the maternal animal, where calcium is stored as extracellular calcium phosphate concretions in the connective tissue of unionid gills as well as in the conspicuous adult shell. These concretions can compose up to 50% of the dry tissue weight of the gills in non-reproductive unionids. These concretions are mobilized during reproduction concomitant with shell production in the glochidia. Passage of 45Ca to the embryos has been demonstrated from maternal animals injected with radiolabel one to three months before embryo development begins. In addition, when gravid females are exposed to 1,000,000 CPM 45Ca over a 4 h period, either injected into the blood or placed directly into the external bath, uptake of label by glochidia is directly related to the amount of radiolabel present in maternal blood, and shows no relationship to the amount of label in the external bath. Conversely, glochidia isolated from the water channel and placed in labeled bath, accumulate roughly 10 times the observed label incorporated while in the gill. This value is similar to adsorption seen on mature shell. Thus calcium contribution is from maternal sources. These data indicate the water channel is a physiologically closed brood chamber adapted to provide a protective environment for developing embryos. Morphological evidence indicates the water channel becomes three separate compartments during brooding in Anodonta, such that water does not have to pass directly over the embryos for respiratory purposes. The calcium concretions themselves are rapidly mobilized during the reproductive period of the year suggesting tight neurohormonal control of mobilization. The organic matrix of the concretions contains at least one calcium-binding protein with molecular weight and calcium binding activity similar to calmodulin. This protein cross-reacts with calmodulin antibody and is the only soluble organic material thus far isolated with calcium binding properties.
Fire impacts on a forest obligate: western gray squirrel response to burn severity

In the southwestern United States, climate change and climate–fire dynamics are affecting the distribution of natural and managed ecosystems. Forest obligate species on sky islands can experience a restriction in range with the increase of destructive forest fires. Using presence/absence data collected by hair tubes, we identified key habitat features that determine the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) distribution on the sky island of the San Bernardino Mountains (California, USA) and determined post-fire differential use of burn severity in a landscape modified by fire. Gray squirrel presence was related to habitat features important for this species’ ecology and behavior, especially those associated with mature forests. The species was detected in areas with a high percentage of conifers that provide both an important food resource and good branches and cavities for nest sites. Gray squirrels occurred in all burn severities but occurred more in low and high severity sites than unburned sites. These results suggest that the gray squirrel can persist after a wildfire and can take advantage of the post-fire habitat structure if a mosaic of burn severities is maintained in the forest.
Materializing assessment: spatial repertoires and dialectic proficiency in oral English proficiency examinations for international teaching assistants in the US

Various examinations are administered at universities across the US as a means of assessing bilingual/multilingual international teaching assistants’ (ITAs’) proficiency in spoken English before th...
The Swift and the Dead: Gulliver’s Séance in W.B. Yeats’s “The Words Upon the Window-pane,” Flann O’Brien’s The Dalkey Archive, and Gabriel García Márquez’s The General in His Labyrinth

This chapter highlights the necromancer episode in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, wherein a sorcerer enables Gulliver to summon the spirits of famous dead men, as a strategy by which to mock, desacralize and thereby swerve free of their overbearing historical influence. Gulliver’s seance has been twice reenacted: in W.B. Yeats’s 1934 play “The Words Upon the Window-Pane,” wherein the ghost of Swift himself is channeled for mockery in a Spiritualist seance; and in Flann O’Brien’s 1964 novel The Dalkey Archive, wherein the revenants of St. Augustine and James Joyce are channeled for the same treatment. This chapter concludes with Garcia Marquez’s 1989 novel The General in His Labyrinth, wherein Irish aides-de-camps become the chroniclers of—and Mediums channeling—Simon Bolivar in his final days.
Beyond endoscopy via the trace formula: 1. Poisson summation and isolation of special representations

With analytic applications in mind, in particular beyond endoscopy, we initiate the study of the elliptic part of the trace formula. Incorporating the approximate functional equation into the elliptic part, we control the analytic behavior of the volumes of tori that appear in the elliptic part. Furthermore, by carefully choosing the truncation parameter in the approximate functional equation, we smooth out the singularities of orbital integrals. Finally, by an application of Poisson summation we rewrite the elliptic part so that it is ready to be used in analytic applications, and in particular in beyond endoscopy. As a by product we also isolate the contributions of special representations as pointed out in [Beyond endoscopy, in Contributions to automorphic forms, geometry and number theory (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2004), 611–697].
Spectral analysis of the budget equation in turbulent channel flows at high Reynolds number

The transport equations for the variances of the velocity components are investigated using data from direct numerical simulations of incompressible channel flows at friction Reynolds number ( ) up to . Each term in the transport equation has been spectrally decomposed to expose the contribution of turbulence at different length scales to the processes governing the flow of energy in the wall-normal direction, in scale and among components. The outer-layer turbulence is dominated by very large-scale streamwise elongated modes, which are consistent with the very large-scale motions (VLSM) that have been observed by many others. The presence of these VLSMs drives many of the characteristics of the turbulent energy flows. Away from the wall, production occurs primarily in these large-scale streamwise-elongated modes in the streamwise velocity, but dissipation occurs nearly isotropically in both velocity components and scale. For this to happen, the energy is transferred from the streamwise-elongated modes to modes with a range of orientations through nonlinear interactions, and then transferred to other velocity components. This allows energy to be transferred more-or-less isotropically from these large scales to the small scales at which dissipation occurs. The VLSMs also transfer energy to the wall region, resulting in a modulation of the autonomous near-wall dynamics and the observed Reynolds number dependence of the near-wall velocity variances. The near-wall energy flows are more complex, but are consistent with the well-known autonomous near-wall dynamics that gives rise to streaks and streamwise vortices. Through the overlap region between outer- and inner-layer turbulence, there is a self-similar structure to the energy flows. The VLSM production occurs at spanwise scales that grow with . There is transport of energy away from the wall over a range of scales that grows with . Moreover, there is transfer of energy to small dissipative scales which grows like , as expected from Kolmogorov scaling. Finally, the small-scale near-wall processes characterised by wavelengths less than 1000 wall units are largely Reynolds number independent, while the larger-scale outer-layer processes are strongly Reynolds number dependent. The interaction between them appears to be relatively simple.
Institution of Complicity in a Crime: Comparative-Legal Interpretation

The objective of the study was to identify the design patterns and distinctive features of the institution of complicity in a crime in certain criminal laws. The methodology was based on the use of legislative interpretation operations and techniques such as the hermeneutics of criminal texts, which allows to identify the structural, constructive, and substantive features of the rules on complicity in a crime. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the textological approach of the criminal-legal regulations of the institution of complicity. This approach allows to interpret the standards in a comparative aspect, taking into account the deep level of their construction. Among the results obtained are:(1) the inclusion of complicity rules in other criminal law institutions is an unjustified design technique; (2) the absence of a complex of titles in the institution of complicity reduces the level of quality of this institution; (3) the presence of definitive rules in the institution of complicity significantly increases its quality; (4) the differentiation of accomplices in crime should not be excessive and arbitrary; (5) the rules on attempted complicity in a crime increase the preventive potential of criminal law.
Novel Score for Stratifying Risk of Critical Care Needs in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Objective To develop a risk prediction score identifying patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at low risk for critical care. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data of 451 patients with ICH between 2010 and 2018. The sample was randomly divided into a development and a validation cohort. Logistic regression was used to develop a risk score by weighting independent predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) needs according to strength of association. The risk score was tested in the validation cohort and externally validated in a dataset from another institution. Results The rate of ICU interventions was 80.3%. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and ICH volume were independent predictors of critical care, resulting in the following point assignments for the Intensive Care Triaging in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (INTRINSIC) score: SBP 160 to 190 mm Hg (1 point), SBP >190 mm Hg (3 points); GCS 8 to 13 (1 point), GCS 40 cm3 (2 points); and presence of IVH (1 point), with values ranging between 0 and 9. Among patients with a score of 0 and no ICU needs during their emergency department stay, 93.6% remained without critical care needs. In an external validation cohort of patients with ICH, the INTRINSIC score achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.823 (95% confidence interval 0.782–0.863). A score Conclusion The INTRINSIC score identifies patients with ICH who are at low risk for critical care interventions. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class II evidence that the INTRINSIC score identifies patients with ICH at low risk for critical care interventions.
The Neurological Manifestations of Phelan-McDermid Syndrome.

Abstract Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic disorder, caused by haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene on chromosome 22q13.3. PMS is characterized by neurobehavioral symptoms and signs including intellectual disability, speech and language impairment, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), hypotonia, and other motor abnormalities. In the brain, SHANK3 is expressed in neurons, especially in the synapse, and encodes a master scaffolding protein that forms a key framework in the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. Mutations in SHANK3 have also been identified in individuals with ASD, intellectual deficiency (ID), and schizophrenia. Shank3 deficient mice have defects in basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, and in synaptic transmission plasticity, including deficits in long-term potentiation, and show behavioral deficits compatible with the clinical manifestations of PMS. The PMS phenotype varies between affected individuals, but ID and speech and language impairment are present in all cases. ASD is present in a great majority of these individuals. Neurological examination demonstrates hypotonia and abnormalities of motor coordination, visual motor coordination, and gait in the majority of affected individuals. Sleep disturbances and increased pain tolerance are frequent parental complaints. Seizures and epilepsy are common, affecting more than 40% of individuals. Brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities include corpus callosum hypoplasia, delayed myelination and white matter abnormalities, dilated ventricles, and arachnoid cysts. Recent advanced imaging anatomic studies including diffusion tensor imaging, point to abnormal brain connectivity. The natural history of the syndrome is not yet fully known, but some individuals with PMS have a later onset of psychiatric illnesses including bipolar disease, accompanied by functional and neurological regression. Individuals with the syndrome are treated symptomatically. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this syndrome and the generation of animal models have raised opportunities for a biological cure for PMS. A pilot clinical trial with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) showed positive effects on some behavioral core symptoms.
“I’ll Save You a Seat”: Negotiating Power in a Participatory Action Research Project with Queer and Trans Young Adults:

Youth participatory action research (YPAR) provides a model for youth leadership in research aimed at tangible improvements to their lives. We employed YPAR with queer and trans young adults in a q...
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and placental function: Impact on fetal brain development

Abstract Pregnancy is a critical time of vulnerability for the development of the fetal brain. Exposure to environmental pollutants at any point in pregnancy can negatively impact many aspects of fetal development, especially the organization and differentiation of the brain. The placenta performs a variety of functions that can help protect the fetus and sustain brain development. However, disruption of any of these functions can have negative impacts on both the pregnancy outcome and fetal neurodevelopment. This review presents current understanding of how environmental exposures, specifically to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), interfere with placental function and, in turn, neurodevelopment. Some of the key differences in placental development between animal models are presented, as well as how placental functions such as serving as a xenobiotic barrier and exchange organ, immune interface, regulator of growth and fetal oxygenation, and a neuroendocrine organ, could be vulnerable to environmental exposure. This review illustrates the importance of the placenta as a modulator of fetal brain development and suggests critical unexplored areas and possible vulnerabilities to environmental exposure.
Defusing aggressive behavior in the healthcare setting.

ABSTRACT Up to 80% of healthcare professionals, particularly those working in emergency medicine, have experienced workplace violence. However, many clinicians lack proper training for handling these situations. Workplace violence is one factor contributing to burnout, job dissatisfaction, and mental health issues. This article describes how to identify and manage aggression and violence in the healthcare setting using simple interventions to de-escalate aggressive behaviors.
Development and operation of a self-refueling compressed natural gas vehicle

Abstract A dual-mode engine has been developed where in one mode all engine cylinders fire normally, providing locomotion for the vehicle. In the other mode, one cylinder of the engine is used to compress low pressure residential natural gas (NG), in multiple stages, to a standard U.S. compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle storage tank pressure of 248 bar [3600 psig]. This allows a natural gas vehicle (NGV) to be refueled anywhere there is access to the natural gas distribution network. Experimental studies were conducted on this prototype engine and are reported here. Knowledge gained from applying numerical models combined with empirical results led to the realization of a self-refueling natural gas vehicle. On the test stand, air (a surrogate for NG) was compressed by the engine to over 138 bar [2000 psig] filling an 11.8 GGE [140 L] tank in 150 min. On the vehicle platform, the integral compressor had an approximate refueling efficiency of 70%, with an electrical-equivalent parasitic load of 12.6%. Idling of non-compression cylinders and the distance between the compressor and the three-way valves used to control the compression staging were noteworthy sources of inefficiency within the system. At the conclusion of the project the vehicle powered by the dual mode engine was driven over 161 km [100 miles] using self-compressed natural gas which originated from the local utility.
Tallman lettering as a strategy for differentiation in look-alike, sound-alike drug names: The role of familiarity in differentiating drug doppelgangers

Abstract Tallman lettering, capitalizing the dissimilar portions of easily confused drug names, is one strategy for reducing medication errors. We assessed the efficacy of Tallman lettering in a visually complex environment using a change detection method with healthcare providers and laypeople. In addition, the effect of familiarity with the drug name was assessed using a subset of responses collected from healthcare providers. Both healthcare providers and laypeople detected changes in confusable pairs of drug names more often (P
Computation of Aerosol Evolution Under Coagulation

Understanding and improving modeling of aerosol evolution in nuclear reactor accidents are important in estimations of the nuclear source term. We explore here the nature of some approximations inh...