cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered Lactational Performance in Rats Fed Low Carbohydrate Diets and Its Effect on Growth of Neonatal Rat Pups

The possibility that low carbohydrate diets fed to nursing rat dams altered milk composition and impaired neonatal growth and development was explored. Pregnant control dams fed a 62% glucose diet were paired at parturition with experimental dams fed diets with either severe (0% glucose) or moderate (6% glucose) carbohydrate restriction. At birth half of the littermates of each pair were cross-fostered so that each dam nursed a litter consisting of one-half deficient and one-half control pups. All pups born to dams fed the 0% glucose diet died within 24 h of birth whether they were nursed by control or deficient dams. Control pups cross-fostered to these deficient dams died by the second day; the 0% glucose diet failed to support milk production. In contrast, the dams fed the 6% glucose diet produced milk, but its composition was significantly lower in carbohydrate and lipid than was milk of control dams. This altered milk composition was associated with retarded postnatal growth and development. Control pups cross-fostered to 6% glucose dams showed decreased survival (83% vs. 97%) and significantly reduced body weight (10 g vs. 12 g) at d 7. Conversely, 6% glucose pups cross-fostered to control dams showed improved survival (54% vs. 29%) and significantly increased body weight (9 g vs. 7 g) at d 7. These data showed that carbohydrate-restricted diets altered milk production and/or composition, which, in turn, reduced growth and increased mortality in the pups nursed by dams fed these diets. The results demonstrate that an adequate source of dietary carbohydrate is important for optimal lactational performance.
SERPs and ads on mobile devices: an eye tracking study for generation y

We use eye tracking data to analyze the search behavior of Generation Y users when searching for information using a mobile phone. Following previous studies, we use Google as an example of list-based SERPs to explore the impact of advertisements in search results and their impact on attention before the user's first action on the page. Results provide evidence that the presence of advertisements and location on the screen can have an impact on user experience and search.
Cumulative Versus Stabilizing Effects of Methadone Maintenance A Quasi-Experimental Study Using Longitudinal Self-Report Data

The present study apphed a quasi-experimental design to examine whether methadone mainte nance treatment demonstrates cumulative (i.e., rehabilitative) or stabilizing effects on behavior of narcotics addicts over multiple treatment episodes. Nearly 1,000 addicts in Southern Califor nia methadone maintenance clinics were interviewed to obtain retrospective self-report infor mation on their addiction histories. Nine measures, including use of narcotics and other drugs, crime involvement, and employment, were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of vari ance. The observed patterns of behavioral changes clearly indicated stabilizing effects for most of the measures, but no indication of cumulative effects were observed.
Workshop on testing, analysis and verification of web software (TAV-WEB 2008)

TAV-WEB 2008 is the third in a series of workshops that focus on testing, analysis and verification of web software. The goal of these workshops has been to bring together researchers from academic, research, and industrial communities interested in the emerging area of dependable Web software development, to present and discuss their recent research results.
Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals

Achievement goal researchers and theorists have relied primarily on the distinction between performance goals and mastery goals in differentiating competence-based strivings. In this article, an argument is made for incorporating the distinction between approach and avoidance motivation into the performance-mastery dichotomy. Historical, theoretical, and empirical reasons for attending to the approach-avoidance distinction are offered, and a revised, trichotomous framework of achievement goals comprising mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals is described and reviewed. This trichotomous framework is discussed in the broader context of a hierarchical model of achievement motivation that attends to the motivational foundation underlying achievement goals per se. Avenues for further theoretical development are also overviewed, including consideration of a mastery-avoidance goal construct.
Prominent Content Vocabulary Strategies and What Secondary Preservice Teachers Think about Them.

This investigation focused on two research questions. The first question examined what specific instructional strategies for teaching vocabulary appear most frequently in current content area textbooks. The second question built on the first and used that information to develop a survey that was administered to secondary-level preservice teachers to examine their familiarity with the particular strategy, to rate the strategy's usability within their content area, and to rate whether they would use the strategy in their future teaching. The top-five most prominent strategies found across the textbooks were morphemic analysis, contextual analysis, semantic feature analysis grid, semantic mapping, and vocabulary self-collection. The student survey revealed the most familiarity with contextual analysis and semantic mapping. These two strategies also were favored in the usability and the intention to use in future teaching promptings. Using a chi-square statistical procedure we found that seven statements were...
Metformin-diet benefits in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the bottom and top quintiles for insulin resistance☆

Abstract We prospectively assessed whether metabolic and menstrual benefits of metformin-diet were equally realized in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), categorized by pretreatment top (n = 32) and bottom (n = 35) quintile homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (IR). Effects of metformin (2.55 g/d) and diet (6300-8400 J/d [1500-2000 cal/d], 26% protein, 44% carbohydrate) were prospectively assessed for 12 months. Pretreatment, the bottom and top insulin-resistant quintile groups differed by median weight (84 vs 121 kg), insulin (7.8 vs 40.5μU/mL), IR (1.62 vs 9.28), homeostasis model assessment insulin secretion (131 vs 416), glucose (82 vs 98 mg/dL), sex hormone–binding globulin (40 vs 15 nmol/L), (all P .05 for both), and 22% (P .01) in the top insulin-resistant group. The pretreatment percentage of expected menses in the top insulin-resistant quintile (26 ± 39%) was 1.6 times less than in the bottom insulin-resistant quintile (41 ± 38%) (P = .026). Over the 12-month treatment period, the percentage of spontaneous regular normal menses increased to 72 ± 27% in the top insulin-resistant quintile group (P
Peripheral nerve stimulators technology

Abstract Peripheral nerve stimulators have become an indispensable tool in the practice of regional anesthesia. Knowledge and in- depth understanding of how they function is required to realize their full potential in a clinical setting. This review serves to elucidate the basic engineering principles behind nerve stimulators and provides tips on how to choose a nerve stimulator for your own practice. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis of disordered voice: the relationship between the correlation dimension (D2) and pre-/post-treatment change in perceived dysphonia severity.

Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of nonlinear dynamic analysis methods, including phase space portraits and measures of the correlation dimension ( D 2 ) to predict pre- versus post-treatment change in perceived dysphonia severity in a group of 88 patients with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). Pre- and posttreatment vowel samples from 88 women with primary MTD (mean age=46.2 years; standard deviation=13.1) were selected for analysis (176 voice samples in total). Phase space reconstructions and correlation dimensions were computed to describe the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of all voice samples. Ten blinded listeners were asked to rate the vowel samples for severity of dysphonia using a 100-point visual analog scale (VAS). In the computation of D 2 results, 22 severely dysphonic pretreatment voice samples were not analyzed, as a finite value for the correlation dimension could not be computed. For the remaining pre-/post-treatment voice samples, a significant difference in the correlation dimension ( D 2 ) between the pre- versus post-treatment voice samples was observed; however, D 2 was poorly correlated with changes in perceived dysphonia severity ratings after treatment ( r =0.244, P =0.056). Thus, the utility of the correlation dimension ( D 2 ) as a treatment-outcome measure and as a measure of dysphonia that may strongly relate to perceived dysphonia severity does not appear to be supported, particularly for pretreatment voices that may have increased levels of dysphonia severity. Instead, the strength of nonlinear dynamic methods may potentially reside in providing some insight into the theoretical rules or initial conditions that may result in different modes of normal or disordered phonation.
A pFFT Accelerated BEM Linear Strength Potential Flow Solver

In this paper the development of a linear shape function, Galerkin Boundary Element Method (BEM) for solving the direct potential flow integral equation around arbitrary 3-Dimensional bodies is described. The solution of the potential flow for both constant and linear shape functions over a triangulated body surface is examined. In order to facilitate a larger and more practical number of panels, an iterative GMRES [1] matrix solution method is coupled with a precorrected Fast Fourier Transform (pFFT) approximate matrix vector product (MVP)[2]. The pFFT algorithm is described and the differences in attaining MVP’s for linear and constant strength panel distributions are highlighted. A simple flat sheet wake model is included to solve the lifting body problem. The pFFT is shown to reduce the solution time to O(nlog(n)) operations (n is the number of panels). The results from flat panel surface representations of the body show that the convergence rate of the solution is at best O(n) for both linear and constant basis function representations of the solution. When the constant basis solution is sampled at the centroid of the panel, the error converges at a similar rate to the linear basis solution error, namely (O(n)); however, when the solution is sampled at surface points other than the centroid, the constant basis representation will converge at a slower rate O(n1/2 ), while the linear basis solution converges at a rate of O(n) for all points on the body.© 2004 ASME
Induction of heat shock protein (hsp) 60 in Isochrysis galbana exposed to sublethal preparations of dispersant and Prudhoe Bay crude oil

Abstract Adaptation to sublethal exposure to crude oil by phytoplankton is poorly understood. Use of chemical dispersants for oil spill remediation increases petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water, while exposing marine organisms to potentially toxic concentrations of dispersant. Heat shock proteins (hsps) have been found to serve as an adaptive and protective mechanism against environmental stresses. The objective of this project was to examine the induction of hsps in Isochrysis galbana, a golden-brown algae, following exposure to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) and PBCO chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527® (dispersed oil: DO). Initial experiments using 35S-labeled amino acids and 2-dimensional electrophoresis with subsequent western blotting identified and confirmed hsp60, a member of the chaperonin family of stress proteins, as being efficiently induced by heat shock in this species. One-dimensional SDS PAGE and western blotting, with hsp60 antibodies and chemiluminesence detection, were used to quantitate hsp60 following exposure to a range of environmental temperatures and concentrations of WAF and DO preparations. I. galbana cultured in 22 parts per thousand (‰) salinity showed a statistically significant increase (p
Primary extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: response to hormone therapy.

Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) of the uterus are hormone-sensitive tumors. There have been reports in the literature confirming the regression of ESS with progestins, gonadotropin analogues, and aromatase inhibitors. We report a case of primary extrauterine ESS of the rectovaginal septum (RVS), which was poorly responsive and, in fact, progressed on progestin therapy. The question arises: is the evident lack of response to oral progestin in our case an exception or a trend more commonly seen in primary extrauterine, extraovarian ESS? To the best of our knowledge, there has been no report in the literature to address this question. Therefore, we conducted a review of the literature to evaluate the response of these tumors to hormone therapy in relation to their estrogen and progesterone receptor status.
Biochemical diagnosis of vaginitis: determination of diamines in vaginal fluid

To assess correlations between the content of the diamines putrescine and cadaverine in vaginal fluid and the clinical manifestations of vaginitis, a rapid procedure for the determination of diamines has been developed. The procedure involves thin-layer chromatography of the dansylated vaginal washings; then the fluorescence of dansyl diamines is compared with that of dansyl alanine. For 520 college women, the result of the test for diamines was positive in 173 (88%) of 197 women with nonspecific vaginitis or vaginitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis and was negative in 291 (90%) of 323 women without nonspecific vaginitis or vaginitis due to T. vaginalis. The diamine content of vaginal fluid specimens after therapy with metronidazole was correlated with the clinical response to treatment.
What should regulators do about merger policy

Abstract I argue that merger policy needs to be driven by different considerations in Europe, Japan and the United States. In Europe the main challenge is to set up a system so that efficient consolidation can occur once the single currency is established. In Japan the policy ought to be directed towards trying to attract foreign institutions to acquire under-capitalized domestic institutions. Japan does not seem to be taking this route. In the US consolidation it is already occurring and the current policy should be continued.
Further studies on a unique T-tubular acid phosphatase in avian skeletal muscle

Whith the unique observation, using conventional cytochemistry, of acid phosphatase reaction production in the T-tubules of the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the chicken, the possibility of andocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by muscle cells came into question. After testing the substrate specificity of this T-tubular phosphatase, it was clear that the enzyme was not 5′-nucleotidase for a typical lysosomal acid phosphatase. The T-tubular enzyme hydrolysed glucose 6-phosphate and β-glycerophosphate at pH 5.0 but not cytidine-5′-monophosphate which was hydrolysed by dense bodies and autophagic vacuoles. The cytochemical evidence points to a mique phosphatase present on mucle cell membranes which apparently does not belong to the vacuolar apparatus of skeletal muscle and is not 5′-nucleotidase.
Resolved Mid-Infrared Emission around AB Aurigae and V892 Tauri with Adaptive Optics Nulling Interferometric Observations

We present the results of adaptive optics nulling interferometric observations of two Herbig Ae stars, AB Aur and V892 Tau. Our observations at 10.3 μm show resolved circumstellar emission from both sources. Further analysis of the AB Aur emission suggests that there is an inclined disk surrounding the star. The diameter of the disk is derived to be 24-30 AU with an inclination of 45°-65° from face-on and a major-axis position angle of 30° ± 15° (east of north). Differences in the physical characteristics between the mid-IR emission and emission at other wavelengths (near-IR and millimeter), found in previous studies, suggest a complex structure for AB Aur's circumstellar environment, which may not be explained by a disk alone. The similarity in the observed size of AB Aur's resolved emission and that of another Herbig Ae star, HD 100546, is likely coincidental, as their respective evolutionary states and spectral energy distributions suggest significantly different circumstellar environments.
Nonlinear Theory of Strongly Undulating Thin Films Flowing Down Vertical Cylinders

The nonlinear system of approximate equations is obtained for thin annular films flowing down vertical fibers. The multiparameter perturbation approach is used which justifies the theory for a much wider range of basic flow parameters than the more conventional methods. From the evolution equation that is applicable to the strongly undulating films which are perpetually on the verge of break up, certain dependences follow from observable quantities, in excellent agreement with experiments.
State of the Science on Perinatal Palliative Care

ABSTRACT Objective To report the state of the science since 1995 on the concept of palliative care for parents who opt to continue a pregnancy after receiving a life‐limiting fetal diagnosis. Data Sources PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Medline were searched from 1995 to July 2012 using the terms perinatal palliative care and perinatal hospice . Study Selection Inclusion criteria included empirical studies written in English that focused on experiences of parents who opted to continue a pregnancy in which the fetus had a life‐limiting condition or on perinatal palliative care. Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. Data Extraction Results from empirical studies contributing to the knowledge base of perinatal palliative care are presented. Data Synthesis Women are confronted with powerful emotions, challenging decisions, and considerable uncertainty following the news of a life‐limiting fetal anomaly. Women choose to continue their pregnancies for a variety of reasons and when doing so embark on a search for meaning. The science suggests that perinatal palliative care is welcomed by parents and is a medically safe and viable option. Women voiced positive feedback about their decisions to continue their pregnancies, and parents cited personal growth in the aftermath. Perinatal palliative care programs provide services that incorporate early and integrative care beginning in the antenatal period. A multidisciplinary coordinated approach provides parents with comprehensive, holistic support. Conclusion More research is needed to elucidate the factors that will benefit parents who continue their pregnancies. Investigating the needs and perceptions of clinicians and their willingness to participate in this new model of care is necessary as is examining barriers that may undermine care. Nurses can lead research on these topics and implement evidence‐based practice grounded on study findings.
Sulfate Production and Deposition in Midlatitude Continental Cumulus Clouds. Part II: Chemistry Model Formulation and Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract We examine characteristics of in-cloud sulfate chemistry using a 1.5-dimensional Eulerian cumulus cloud model. Specifically we present here a study of (i) the relative importance of aerosol scavenging to in-cloud production of sulfate through oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone and hydrogen peroxide, (ii) the importance of the entrainment of environmental air in the formation and subsequent deposition of sulfate, (iii) the role of ice phase microphysical processes in determining the chemical properties of precipitation, and (iv) the chemical effects on clouds due to a modification of the environment by previous clouds. The results for a continental background or moderately polluted atmosphere indicate that aerosol scavenging accounts for between 50% and 80% of the in-cloud sulfate ultimately deposited; that ozone oxidation of sulfur dioxide may be important in the upper regions of the cloud; that although entrainment of environmental air is important in the cloud dynamics and microphysics, it is...
A Thermodynamic Model to Predict Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Systems

Abstract A predictive model to describe the thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate formation in anionic surfactant based w/o microemulsions is developed. The process of controlled hydrate formation leads to an in-situ manipulation of droplet size by crystallizing out part of the microaqueous phase. The feasibility of hydrate formation is dependent on the activity of water in the droplet, and the thermodynamics of the system hence serves to characterize the activity of the microaqueous phase.
The measurement of commitment to work

A methodological study using conjoint measurement analysis to determine whether there is an appropriate model for measuring commitment to work in the job-family trade-off context was conducted with 213 University of Michigan students and staff as subjects. The results indicate that there are two important dimensions that can be measured: a preference for a level of involvement in the total workchild domain and a preference for a job vs. child orientation. Based on the unfolding theory of preferential choice, a scale for each dimension was developed. The Total Involvement Level Scale places respondent s on a continuum from a preference for least (I L 1) to most (I L 7) involvement; the Job vs. Child Orientation Scale ranges from greatest job orientation or commitment (JC 1) to greatest child orientation 0C 7). A field test has indicated the feasibility of the scales for use in empirical research, and protocols for easy use in large surveys are presented. It is well recognized that behavior is not a function of a single attitude but always involves various and frequently competing attitudes. In measuring and analyzing the effects of such attitudes, it is of considerable value to disentangle their separate effects and to understand how they are combined into a joint effect on preferences or on resulting behavior. Attacks on the general measurement problem of dealing with competing attitudes working simultaneously have not yet fully exploited
Noninvasive three-dimensional visualization of defects and crack propagation in layered foam structures by phase-contrast microimaging

Layered polymer foam structures used to insulate the fuel tank on the Space Shuttle were investigated by combining phase-contrast X-ray three-dimensional imaging and loading. It is shown that the interlayers between layers were distinctly different from the layers, resulting in incoherent interfaces where defects developed due to severe mismatch of cell structure between the mechanically weaker layers and stronger interlayers. These images reveal noninvasively that cracks nucleated readily at the interfaces and grew preferably along the direction of foam rise.
A Bayesian Robust Detection of Shift in the Risk Structure of Stock Market Returns

Abstract In this article we provide a statistical procedure for the analysis of stock market prices that is robust toward departures from the normal distribution assumption and that can detect and evaluate a shift of parameters at an unknown time point. The method is an adaptation of a Bayesian inferential procedure developed by Box and Tiao that allows data to deviate moderately from the normal distribution model. It is applied to a set of U.S. stock market prices for 1971–1974. In addition to the detection of shift in distribution parameters, the procedure is also applied to the examination of shift of the “beta coefficients” that represent the degree of undiversifiable (systematic) risk of individual securities. Implications of the empirical findings for financial theories and their applications are sketched.
Effects of soil temperature on root and shoot growth traits and iron deficiency chlorosis in sorghum genotypes grown on a low iron calcareous soil

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) is a common disorder for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on alkaline calcareous soils. Four sorghum genotypes were grown in growth chambers on a low Fe (1.3 μg/g DTPA-extractable), alkaline (pH 8.0), calcareous (3.87% CaCO3 equivalent) Aridic Haplustoll to determine effects of different soil temperatures (12, 17, 22 and 27°C at a constant 27°C air temperature) on various root and shoot growth traits and development of FeDC. As soil temperature increased, leaf chlorosis became more severe, and shoot and root dry weights, root lengths, and leaf areas increased markedly. Shoot/root ratios, shoot weight/root length, leaf area /shoot weight and leaf area /root weight and root length also increased while root length/root weight decreased as soil temperature increased. Severe FeDC developed in all genotypes even though genotypes had previously shown different degrees of resistance to FeDC. Genotypes differed in most growth traits, especially dry matter yields, root lengths, and leaf areas, but most traits did not appear to be related to genotype resistance to FeDC. The most FeDC resistant genotype had the slowest growth rate and this may be a mechanism for its greater resistance to FeDC.
Thermo-Electricity at Low Temperatures. I. The 'Ideal' Metals: Sodium, Potassium, Copper

Following a short discussion of the present situation in the electron theory of metals with particular reference to thermo-electricity, experimental data on thermo-electricity at low temperatures is presented and discussed. The three elements-sodium, potassium and copper-have been chosen first as being frequently considered to be 'quasi-ideal' metals. The influence of impurities has also been studied particularly in potassium-rubidium and dilute copper-tin alloys. It appears that the theory at present leaves much to be desired, but in any case considerable information on the fundamentals of electron scattering in metals can be obtained from these experimental studies.
Cerebral artery flow velocity acceleration and deceleration characteristics in newborn infants.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate maturational differences in the cerebral artery blood flow velocity characteristics, we measured the middle cerebral (MCA) and basilar artery blood flow velocity and time intervals using a real-time imaging pulsed Doppler system in 39 preterm and 25 term infants. Preterm MCA and basilar artery mean Doppler spectral ]area under the curve were 22 and 25% lower than the corresponding term values, with a significant increase during gestation as revealed by regression models. Paradoxically, the mean MCA systolic acceleration and deceleration slopes were U+2248 28 and 18% higher in preterm than in term infants: acceleration 701.2 ± 160 cm/s2 versus 546.4 ± 156.5/s2 (p<0.005), and deceleration 222.2 ± 71.6 cm/s2 versus 188.2 ± 52.2 cm/s2(p<0.05), respectively. Similarly, acceleration and deceleration pressure half times for MCA were about 15 and 18% shorter in the preterm (p<0.01 and p<0.005). Multiple regression models controlling for velocity and frequency terms revealed an inverse relationship between gestational age and MCA acceleration (p<0.005), and a positive relationship between gestational age and MCA acceleration pressure half times (p<0.02). In preterm infants the MCA specific index of pulsatility was about 32% higher (p<0.05) than in the term, which was also inversely related to gestational age in a regression model controlling for velocity terms (p<0.02). However, the basilar artery acceleration and deceleration slopes were not significantly different between term and preterm groups, nor showed a significant gestational age effect in the multiple regression models. The results indicate that despite a lower volume flow, the rate of rise of MCA velocity is much higher in preterm than in the term infants; during maturation the velocity waveforms assume a smoother contour. These hemodynamic characteristics could in part reflect immature vessel wall viscoelastic properties, particularly lack of elastin which could result in a reduced windkessel phenomenon.
Role of Pyruvate Carboxylase in Facilitation of Synthesis of Glutamate and Glutamine in Cultured Astrocytes

CO2 fixation was measured in cultured astrocytes isolated from neonatal rat brain to test the hypothesis that the activity of pyruvate carboxylase influences the rate of de novo glutamate and glutamine synthesis in astrocytes. Astrocytes were incubated with 14CO2 and the incorporation of 14C into medium or cell extract products was determined. After chromatographic separation of 14C-labelled products, the fractions of 14C cycled back to pyruvate, incorporated into citric acid cycle intermediates, and converted to the amino acids glutamate and glutamine were determined as a function of increasing pyruvate carboxylase flux. The consequences of increasing pyruvate, bicarbonate, and ammonia were investigated. Increasing extracellular pyruvate from 0 to 5 mM increased pyruvate carboxylase flux as observed by increases in the 14C incorporated into pyruvate and citric acid cycle intermediates, but incorporation into glutamate and glutamine, although relatively high at low pyruvate levels, did not increase as pyruvate carboxylase flux increased. Increasing added bicarbonate from 15 to 25 mM almost doubled CO2 fixation. When 25 mM bicarbonate plus 0.5 mM pyruvate increased pyruvate carboxylase flux to approximately the same extent as 15 mM bicarbonate plus 5 mM pyruvate, the rate of appearance of [14C] glutamate and glutamine was higher with the lower level of pyruvate. The conclusion was drawn that, in addition to stimulating pyruvate carboxylase, added pyruvate (but not added bicarbonate) increases alanine aminotransferase flux in the direction of glutamate utilization, thereby decreasing glutamate as pyruvate + glutamate --> alpha-ketoglutarate + alanine. In contrast to previous in vivo studies, the addition of ammonia (0.1 and 5 mM) had no effect on net 14CO2 fixation, but did alter the distribution of 14C-labelled products by decreasing glutamate and increasing glutamine. Rather unexpectedly, ammonia did not increase the sum of glutamate plus glutamine (mass amounts or 14C incorporation). Low rates of conversion of alpha-[14C]ketoglutarate to [14C]glutamate, even in the presence of excess added ammonia, suggested that reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate is inactive under conditions studied in these cultured astrocytes. We conclude that pyruvate carboxylase is required for de novo synthesis of glutamate plus glutamine, but that conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate may frequently be the rate-limiting step in this process of glutamate synthesis.
Mechanical behaviour of magnetite from the Oconee-2 and TMI-1 steam generators using miniaturized specimen technology

Flakes consisting primarily of iron oxide (magnetite) have been discovered in the spaces between tubes and support plates in steam generators, increasing flow resistance and causing abnormal increases in water levels. To determine the effects of tube scale on steam generators and to study the fracture and swelling behaviour of the flakes, Duke Power Company and MPR Associates, Inc. arranged for the author to measure the elastic modulus, fracture stress, and swelling of sludge from the steam generators of the Oconee Unit 2 (Oconee-2) and Three Mile Island Unit 1 (TMI-1) pressurized water reactors. The study measured the mechanical properties of the flakes directly, by deforming miniaturized specimens to fracture, rather than, for example, by deriving the properties by deflecting partially oxidized strip specimens, or by measuring the natural vibration frequency of a freely suspended rod during oxidation, as in past studies. Evidence indicates that the mechanical behaviour response of the Oconee-2 flakes is quite complex. The flakes are composed of multiple layers, each of which exhibits a different mechanical behaviour. Delamination during testing was observed, requiring special analytical treatment. The fracture stress of the strongest flake materials tested was in the range of 117 to 165 MPa. Thin, single-layered specimens exhibited moduli in the range of 137 880 to 227 502 MPa and layered specimens from 48 258 to 86 175 MPa at room temperature. The fracture stress of the TMI-1 flake materials tested was in the range of 20 to 114 MPa. There did not appear to be a substantial change in the range of stress at elevated temperatures. Unlike the Oconee-2 flakes, there was no evidence of delamination during bend testing.
A Dimension Reduction Approach Using Shrinking for Multi-Dimensional Data Analysis

In this paper, we present ongoing research on data analysis based on our previous work on the shrinking approach. Shrinking [22] is a novel data preprocessing technique which optimizes the inner structure of data. It can be applied in many data mining fields. Following our previous work on the shrinking method for multi-dimensional data analysis in full data space, we propose a shrinking-based dimension reduction approach which tends to solve the dimension reduction problem from a new perspective. In this approach data are moved along the direction of the density gradient, thus making the inner structure of data more prominent. It is conducted on a sequence of grids with different cell sizes. Dimension reduction process is performed based on the difference of the data distribution projected on each dimension before and after the data-shrinking process. Those dimensions with dramatic variation of data distribution through the data-shrinking process are selected as good dimension candidates for further data analysis. This approach can assist to improve the performance of existing data analysis approaches. We demonstrate how this shrinking-based dimension reduction approach affects the clustering results of well-known algorithms.
Interleukin-1 Mediates Long-Term Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cell Loss Following Postnatal Viral Infection

Viral infections of the developing CNS can cause long-term neuropathological sequela through undefined mechanisms. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β have gained attention in mediating neurodegeneration in corticohippocampal structures due to a variety of insults in adults, though there is less information on the developing brain. Little is known concerning the spatial–temporal pattern of IL-1β induction in the developing hippocampus following live virus infection, and there are few studies addressing the long-term consequences of this cytokine induction. We report that infection of rats with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus on postnatal day 4 induces IL-1β protein in select regions of the hippocampus on 6, 15, 21, and 45 days after infection. This infection resulted in a 71% reduction of dentate granule cell neurons by the time the rats reached mid-adulthood. We further investigated the causative role of IL-1 in this dentate granule cell loss by blocking IL-1 activity using an IL-1ra-expressing adenoviral vector administered at the time of infection. Blockade of IL-1 abrogated the infection-associated neuron loss in this vivo model. Considering that IL-1 can be triggered by multiple perinatal insults, our findings suggest that early therapy with anti-inflammatory agents that block IL-1 may be effective for reducing adulthood neuropathology.
Elimination of Fabry-Perot Effect in 4× 4 Propagation Matrix Method and Its Application to Liquid Crystal Displays

In the conventional 4×4 wave propagation matrix method, Fabry-Perot effects occur for monochromatic light because of the inherent multiple reflections at the interfaces. However, Fabry-Perot effects are not present in the usual liquid crystal device employing an incoherent light source. We present a simple method to eliminate the Fabry-Perot effects in the 4×4 propagation matrix method. The method gives the exact optical field corresponding to a single reflection at the interfaces. The results are applied to modeling the electrooptics of liquid crystal displays without the Fabry-Perot (FB) effects.
Evaluation of compounds as barriers to dermal penetration of organophosphates using acetylcholinesterase inhibition

An efficient, objective method for evaluating the efficacy of barrier compounds in preventing dermal penetration of organophosphates (OP) in rabbits was developed using time-dependent reduction in erythrocyte (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as an endpoint. Anesthetized rabbits, with or without a dermal application of a mixture of high- and low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols (mean molecular weight of 540 daltons; PEG 540), were exposed to different percutaneous doses of 3 highly toxic OP compounds. Dose-response curves were generated for RBC AChE inhibition as a function of percutaneous dose for each OP test material over time. From data generated, a single dose of each OP was selected to challenge PEG-540-protected and unprotected animals to validate the method as a means of differentiating effective from ineffective barriers to skin penetration. Data for a complete evaluation of a PEG 540 test barrier application were obtained within 4 h and anesthesia was maintained for the entire period.
Adults with ADHD: Who Are We Missing?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been identified as a common disorder of childhood. There is increasing recognition that adults also are affected by this disorder. Many adults, however, are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed until their child is diagnosed with the disorder. Improved recognition and treatment for parental ADHD needs to occur given the genetic and environmental etiologies of the disorder. This paper examines three areas where there is a dearth of data in extant literature: parental ADHD culture and ethnicity; parenting and undiagnosed ADHD; and professional care and ADHD, and focuses on parents from ethnic minority cultures.
Electrophoretic mobility of isolated retinal rod outer segment disk by Laser Doppler Spectroscopy

Abstract Laser Doppler Spectroscopy has been used to measure the electrophoretic mobility of isolated bovine retinal rod outer segment disks. The mobility of dark adapted disks is found to be 0.95 μm/sec/v/cm at pH 7.0. The extrapolated isoelectric point is at pH 3.8. To within a two minute time resolution, no change in the mobility is observed upon bleaching of rhodopsin. However, a roughly 12% increase in the mobility occurs upon ultraviolet irradiation.
Exogenous DNA polymerase-catalysed incorporation of deoxyribonucleotide monophosphates in nuclei of fixed mouse-brain cells.

Abstract Young adult and senescent (C57BL X C3H) F1/Cum mice were used in this study. Brain tissues from X-irradiated (10 000 R) young mice and unirradiated young and senescent mice were fixed in ethanol and sectioned. Both acid-denatured and undenatured sections were incubated with calf thymus DNA polymerase, 3H-dATP, dTTP, dCTP and dGTP for 1 h. Autoradiography revealed that in all cases, brain cell nuclei incorporated radioactivity. With aging and after X-irradiation, the amount of incorporation increases. It is suggested that with aging, DNA undergoes strand scission.
Bethlem myopathy in a black creole pedigree.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical and molecular features of a distinctive muscular dystrophy in a family of black Creole descent. METHODS: We clinically characterized a four-generation pedigree and performed linkage analysis for all relevant autosomal-dominant muscular dystrophies. RESULTS: Affected family members had minor neurologic dissimilarities from previously reported Bethlem myopathy pedigrees and a high incidence of keloid formation. Multipoint linkage analysis traced the family's disease to the region of the collagen genes COL6A1-COL6A2. CONCLUSIONS: We report that Bethlem myopathy was linked to the collagen VIA1-2 region on chromosome 21q22.3 in a black Creole family. This is the first report of molecular-proven Bethlem myopathy in a family of either Creole or African-American descent. Although the correlation of Bethlem myopathy and keloids was not statistically significant, the possible connection between these two abnormalities raises the possibility of a common pathophysiological link involving collage VIA.
Detection of plant virus by using purified IgG in ELISA

An optimized ELISA system for the detection of soybean mosaic virus was developed. Purified anti-soybean mosaic virus IgG, a secondary ovalbumin coat, and a clearly defined optimal concentration of enzyme-conjugated anti-soybean mosaic virus IgG are used. The test detects purified virus, or purified virus added to leaf and seed extracts, at a concentration of 2.5 ng/ml. Various buffers significantly affect detection sensitivity.
The effect of tripelennamine hydrochloride on the gastric acidity of patients with peptic ulcer.

Tripelennamine hydrochloride (pyribenzamine) has no significant effect either on the volume or the degree of acidity of the gastric juice in patients with peptic ulcer.
The Biological Records Centre–a data centre

The Biological Records Centre collects data on the occurrence of species at a particular time in a particular place. These data are used for the preparation of distribution maps, for lists of species from localities, and lists of localities for species. The unit of recording at the national level is the 10 km square: from each square a list as complete as possible is collected. For common species presence alone is sufficient, but for rare or critical species more detailed data on locality and source are required. Mapping data are stored on magnetic tape from which 80-column cards are generated by computer. These cards prepare distribution maps on an electric typewriter through a card reader. Details of locality, habitat, etc. are stored on two sets of 80-column individual record cards, one stored by species and the other by localities. The Centre is encouraging the collection of data in counties, where the 2times2 km square is used, and for Europe where the 50 times 50 km square is proposed. It is important to establish not only biological records centres but a complete biological recording network.
Heart worm, Sarconema eurycerca, infection in whistling swans, Cygnus columbianus, in Chesapeake Bay.

Seven Whistling Swans from the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, were examined for parasites during the spring, 1967, and all contained nematodes, Sarconema eurycerca, in the myocardium. The mean number of worms, most of which were female worms, was 12 per host. Both mature and immature worms were found in juvenile and adult hosts. Dimensions of these nematodes agreed with those given by Wehr (1939) in the original description of S. eurycerca, as well as with those specimens from a Whitefronted Goose from the Northwest Territories. This nematode is widely distributed and has been found in 3 species of swan and 2 species of goose. The life cycle is unknown. S. eurycerca has been implicated as a cause of death among wild and captive swans and its damage to the heart is known to be severe. However, since the numbers of birds in the area do not appear to be decreasing, light infections may not be pathogenic.
The Social Organization of Burglary

The social organization of systematic burglary is discussed and briefly compared to earlier work on systematic offenders. Salient aspects of both the internal and external social organization of burglary are presented, especially as these are related to the problems of burglary. It is suggested that burglary continues to be more like the social organization of professional theft, as this was presented by Sutherland, than check forgery and armed robbery, as these have been depicted in recent literature. Some possible reasons for this are presented. Finally, it is suggested that the social organization of burglary can be expected to continue to change as a result of macrolevel changes in the economy and in the nature of security forces.
A note on the measurement of accuracy for subnational demographic estimates.

Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the measure most often used for evaluating subnational demographic estimates, is not always valid. We describe guidelines for determining when MAPE is valid. Applying them to case study data, we find that MAPE understates accuracy because it is unduly influenced by outliers. To overcome this problem, we calculate a transformed MAPE (MAPET) using a modified Box-Cox method. Because MAPE-T is not in the same scale as the untransformed absolute percentage errors, we provide a procedure for calculating MAPE-R, a measure in the same scale as the original observations. We argue that MAPE-R is a more appropriate summary measure of average absolute percentage error when the guidelines indicate that MAPE is not valid.
Heat release and flame structure measurements of self-excited acoustically-driven premixed methane flames

Abstract An open–open organ pipe burner (Rijke tube) with a bluff-body ring was used to create a self-excited, acoustically-driven, premixed methane–air conical flame, with equivalence ratios ranging from 0.85 to 1.05. The feed tube velocities corresponded to Re = 1780–4450. Coupled oscillations in pressure, velocity, and heat release from the flame are naturally encouraged at resonant frequencies in the Rijke tube combustor. This coupling creates sustainable self-exited oscillations in flame front area and shape. The period of the oscillations occur at the resonant frequency of the combustion chamber when the flame is placed ∼¼ of the distance from the bottom of the tube. In this investigation, the shape of these acoustically-driven flames is measured by employing both OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and chemiluminescence imaging and the images are correlated to simultaneously measured pressure in the combustor. Past research on acoustically perturbed flames has focused on qualitative flame area and heat release relationships under imposed velocity perturbations at imposed frequencies. This study reports quantitative empirical fits with respect to pressure or phase angle in a self-generated pressure oscillation. The OH-PLIF images were single temporal shots and the chemiluminescence images were phase averaged on chip, such that 15 exposures were used to create one image. Thus, both measurements were time resolved during the flame oscillation. Phase-resolved area and heat release variations throughout the pressure oscillation were computed. A relation between flame area and the phase angle before the pressure maximum was derived for all flames in order to quantitatively show that the Rayleigh criterion was satisfied in the combustor. Qualitative trends in oscillating flame area were found with respect to feed tube flow rates. A logarithmic relation was found between the RMS pressure and both the normalized average area and heat release rate for all flames.