cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do We Have Duties to Nonhumans

This chapter addresses the question, to whom do we owe justice? Or, in other words, who belongs to the moral community? Traditional moral theories usually limit the moral community to humans. Environmental ethicists, in contrast, argue that at least some nonhuman entities have moral status. This chapter reviews arguments concerning the moral status of animals, species, ecosystems, and nature itself. It includes discussion of intrinsic and instrumental value, as well as Elizabeth Anderson’s pluralist-expressivist value theory.
Effect of various inspired oxygen concentrations on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics and oxygenation during resuscitation in a transitioning preterm model.

The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends initial resuscitation of preterm infants with low oxygen (O2) followed by titration to target preductal saturations (SpO2). We studied the effect of resuscitation with titrated O2 on gas exchange, pulmonary, and systemic hemodynamics. Twenty-nine preterm lambs (127 d gestation) were randomized to resuscitation with 21% O2 (n = 7), 100% O2 (n = 6), or initiation at 21% and titrated to target SpO2 (n = 16). Seven healthy term control lambs were ventilated with 21% O2. Preductal SpO2 achieved by titrating O2 was within the desired range similar to term lambs in 21% O2. Resuscitation of preterm lambs with 21% and 100% O2 resulted in SpO2 below and above the target, respectively. Ventilation of preterm lambs with 100% O2 and term lambs with 21% O2 effectively decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In contrast, preterm lambs with 21% O2 and titrated O2 demonstrated significantly higher PVR than term lambs on 21% O2. Initial resuscitation with 21% O2 followed by titration of O2 led to suboptimal pulmonary vascular transition at birth in preterm lambs. Ventilation with 100% O2 in preterm lambs caused hyperoxia but reduced PVR similar to term lambs on 21% O2. Studies evaluating the initiation of resuscitation at a higher O2 concentration followed by titration based on SpO2 in preterm neonates are needed.
Aquatic Weeds and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

Aquatic vegetation are constant problems on reservoirs, lakes, wetlands and waterways around the world with water hyacinth being the most problematic. In recent years water hyacinth has expanded in Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile River. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) reservoir downstream will have to deal with the challenges of such aquatic vegetation. The Lake Tana water hyacinth experience and current efforts to control are discussed. Water hyacinth control methods applied in many parts of the world, as biological, chemical, mechanical and manual methods are reviewed and their potential applications to the GERD Reservoir are discussed.
A Comparison of Measurements of a Pediatric Supplement

This study evaluated the flow properties of viscosity and flow rate for water and two common pediatric liquids. The flow properties of the test liquids are of interest to create a cup simulation model and “smart” prototype training cup. Two objective methods of determining flow properties were utilized: a rheometer to assess viscosity and a modified version of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) to assess flow rate. Rheometer results concluded that the pediatric supplements were less than 50 cP at all shear rates evaluated and exhibited shear-thinning properties, placing both liquids into the “thin” category. The IDDSI, which was performed according to standardized protocol and also with experimental modifications of varying syringe volumes, determined that all three test liquids had greater than 1 mL/s flow rate across all syringe types/sizes. The experimental modification of the IDDSI with 60 mL syringe volume was found to be the most consistent and applicable with discrete values obtained across all liquids tested. A flow rate factor equation can be determined with the use of a 60 mL syringe, with our laboratory setup, to create the cup simulation model. This computer-generated cup simulation model also aims to integrate engineering with clinical practice to develop a “smart” prototype training cup equipped with software to control flow rate.
Herpes simplex virus 1 ICP6 impedes TNF receptor 1–induced necrosome assembly during compartmentalization to detergent-resistant membrane vesicles

Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase 3 (RIPK3)–dependent necroptosis directs inflammation and tissue injury, as well as anti-viral host defense. In human cells, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) UL39-encoded ICP6 blocks RIP homotypic interacting motif (RHIM) signal transduction, preventing this leakage form of cell death and sustaining viral infection. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-induced necroptosis is known to require the formation of a RIPK1–RIPK3–mixed lineage kinase domain–like pseudokinase (MLKL) signaling complex (necrosome) that we find compartmentalizes exclusively to caveolin-1–associated detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) vesicles in HT-29 cells. Translocation proceeds in the presence of RIPK3 kinase inhibitor GSK′840 or MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonomide but requires the kinase activity, as well as RHIM signaling of RIPK1. ICP6 impedes the translocation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL to caveolin-1–containing DRM vesicles without fully blocking the activation of RIPK3 or phosphorylation of MLKL. Consistent with the important contribution of RIPK1 RHIM-dependent recruitment of RIPK3, overexpression of RHIM-deficient RIPK3 results in phosphorylation of MLKL, but this does not lead to either translocation or necroptosis. Combined, these data reveal a critical role of RHIM signaling in the recruitment of the MLKL-containing necrosome to membrane vesicle–associated sites of aggregation. A similar mechanism is predicted for other RHIM-containing signaling adaptors, Z-nucleic acid–binding protein 1 (ZBP1) (also called DAI and DLM1), and TIR domain–containing adapter–inducing interferon-β (TRIF).
Mapping the universe with dark energy survey

First, I summarize the current status of dark energy, including methods to use data to separate between general-relativity and modified-gravity scenarios for the accelerating universe. Then, I disc...
Effects of frequency on the electrical conductivity of whole shell egg components

In an attempt to investigate ohmic heating of shell eggs, the electrical conductivity of its components was determined. Whole shell eggs were split up into five major components including yolk, thin albumen, thick albumen, membrane, and shell. Each was individually tested to determine the effects of electric field frequency and temperature on electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity of the liquid egg components show results similar to literature values. In the range of frequencies from 10 to 100,000 Hz, little or no frequency dependence was noted for electrical conductivity, with temperature being a far more significant variable. A modeling study for ohmic heating of whole eggs showed significant disagreement with experiment, due principally to inaccuracy in measurement of shell conductivity—accuracy was improved when using an eggshell conductivity that was far lower than the measured value. Nevertheless, despite the lack of significant ohmic heating effects, some current flow within eggs was noted. While data for liquid components may be considered reliable, methods for measuring electrical conductivity of low‐moisture, solid components such as eggshells need to be improved. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We show the effects of frequency on the electrical conductivities of various shell egg components, in particular including the shell and shell membrane, and verify the accuracy of properties data with a heat transfer model. This work is useful for egg industry applications due to recent concerns about contamination with Salmonella, which has prompted research into alternative methods of in‐shell pasteurization of eggs.
Romantic partner support during pregnancy: The discrepancy between self-reported and coder-rated support as a risk factor for prenatal psychopathology and stress:

Romantic partner support from the father-to-be is associated with women’s mental health during pregnancy. However, most studies of partner support rely upon women’s responses to self-report questio...
Globalization, law, and the transformation of sovereignty: The emergence of global regulatory governance

Globalization is reshaping the fixed and firm boundary between domestic and international spheres and changing our conceptions of the proper domain of domestic and international politics and law…
DIMINISHING BALANCE INTEREST RATE: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LOANS

Lending and borrowing of money are part of business transactions. The borrower will use the money for a purpose and the lender will earn profit through the interest charged. The repayment of the borrowed money with the interest has many schemes. In this paper, two models of repaying borrowed money namely, Equal Principal Payment and Equal Installment Payment are presented using the diminishing balance interest rate. The simulated results of the two developed models were compared with the data provided by a private credit cooperative. The Equal Installment Payment Model is more realistic than the Equal Principal Payment Model when applied to loan repayment. The interest charged using the two models declined continuously until the end of the term of the loan. However, the interest charged by the Credit Cooperative has fluctuations but is in declining pattern. Though the two developed models have lesser total interest charged of the loan, the difference is not significant. Model 2 which is Equal Installment Payment is more realistic than model 1 because it has comparable amount paid to a loan with a Credit Cooperative. Also, the Model 2: Equal Installment Payment is easy to remember than Model 1: Equal Principal Payment in repaying a loan.
Supply chain failures amid Covid-19 signal a new pillar for global health preparedness.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has challenged health systems around the globe and exposed a myriad of fault lines, demonstrating how critically important the healthcare supply chain, and its integrity, is to health systems and as a consequence, to the well‐being of individuals, families, and communities. Supply chain inefficiency, and its brittleness in times of crises has been a well‐noted barrier in low‐ and middle‐income countries but the graphic descriptions of preventable death through absence of effective personal protective equipment (PPE) in developed economies is both chastening and confronting.
Understanding historical life in its own terms: Dilthey on ethics, worldviews, and religious experience

With the publication of Ethical and World-View Philosophy [EWP], the complete six-volume edition of Dilthey’s Selected Writings has now appeared. Four decades in the making, the collection testifie...
Hohlraum x-ray preheat asymmetry measurement at the ICF capsule via Mo ball fluorescence imaging.

In inertial confinement fusion, penetrating asymmetric hohlraum preheat radiation (>1.8 keV, which includes high temperature coronal M-band emission from laser spots) can lead to asymmetric ablation front and ablator–fuel interface hydrodynamic instability growth in the imploding capsule. First experiments to infer the preheat asymmetries at the capsule were performed on the National Ignition Facility for high density carbon (HDC) capsules in low density fill (0.3 mg/cc 4He) Au hohlraums by time resolved imaging of 2.3 keV fluorescence emission of a smaller Mo sphere placed inside the capsule. Measured Mo emission is pole hot (P2 > 0) since M-band is generated mainly by the outer laser beams as their irradiance at the hohlraum wall is 5× higher than for the inner beams. P2 has a large swing vs time, giving insight into the laser heated hohlraum dynamics. P4 asymmetry is small at the sphere due to efficient geometric smoothing of hohlraum P4 asymmetries at large hohlraum-to-capsule radii ratios. The asymmetry at the HDC capsule is inferred from the Mo emission asymmetry accounting for the Mo/HDC radius difference and HDC capsule opacity.
Combining User Knowledge and Online Innovization for Faster Solution to Multi-objective Design Optimization Problems

Real-world optimization problems often come with additional user knowledge that, when accommodated within an algorithm, may produce a faster convergence to acceptable solutions. Modern population-based optimization algorithms, aided by recent advances in AI and machine learning, can also learn and utilize patterns of variables from past iterations to improve convergence in subsequent iterations – an approach termed innovization. In this paper, we discuss ways to combine user-supplied heuristics and machine-learnable patterns and rule sets in developing efficient multi-objective optimization algorithms. Two practical large-scale design problems are chosen to demonstrate the usefulness of integrating human-machine information within a multi-objective optimization in finding similar quality solutions as that obtained by the original algorithm with less computational time.
Repair of DNA Breaks by Break-Induced Replication.

Double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal type of DNA damage, making DSB repair critical for cell survival. However, some DSB repair pathways are mutagenic and promote genome rearrangemen...
Manipulator Motion Planning for Part Pickup and Transport Operations From a Moving Base

Mobile manipulators are being deployed for transporting parts between machines and work stations in warehouses and shop floors. To increase the efficiency of operations, these mobile manipulators are required to complete the tasks as fast as possible. Picking up parts with the manipulator while the mobile base is moving decreases the time required to complete the transportation task and increases the efficiency of operations. However, motions of the manipulator on a moving platform can be risky, and hence, it is desired that the manipulator starts and ends its motions as close as possible to the part being picked up. In this article, we present a bidirectional sampling-based scheme for generating such manipulator trajectories for a given mobile base trajectory for pickup and transportation. Our approach implicitly determines the location of the mobile base where the manipulator motion starts and ends as well as where grasping happens. It also determines which grasping pose to use for picking up the part. Furthermore, we have presented the techniques to reduce the manipulator motion time (span time) and the computation time. Our approach enables us to reduce span time on average by 35% with a 16x reduction in the computation time compared to the RRT-based baseline methods.
Evaluating the Relationship between Advanced Placement and Financial Well-Being in Adulthood

There is growing policy interest in understanding how educational opportunity influences long-run life trajectories. We examine the relationship between Advanced Placement (AP) and early-career financial well-being using a unique dataset that links the universe of PSAT-takers with their high school AP experiences and financial information thirteen years after high school completion. We find that AP students earn $6,500-$14,000 more per year in their early-30s compared to individuals who did not take AP Exams after controlling for differences in student backgrounds, academic preparation, and access to AP. The largest incremental increase in estimated income – from $82,416 to $88,977 – is associated with students taking their first AP Exam. Early-career income continues to rise with additional AP Exam-taking, but at a slower rate. Presumably because of these income gains, students who take more AP Exams are less likely to miss payments on their student loans, despite holding more education debt on average in their early-30s. Furthermore, our results indicate that AP is a strong predictor of early-career financial well-being across students from many different backgrounds and across all regions of the country. These findings provide suggestive evidence that the benefits to taking AP courses are widespread and accrue well beyond college.
The Clinton Years: Assessing Success in the Bosnian Genocide Intervention

This paper seeks to argue that President Bill Clinton’s intervention in the Bosnian genocide was successful. In order to define success, the author compiles a list of Clinton’s explicitly stated goals for the region. The author explores Clinton’s campaign promises on Bosnia, which he expressed in public statements and the first presidential debate against the current President, George H.W. Bush, and demonstrates how the Bosnian initiatives were slightly altered after Clinton took office. The author uses a variety of sources including newspaper articles, speech and debate transcripts, and secondary sources to construct Clinton’s concrete objections. Through a chronological assessment of United States involvement in Bosnia, the author contends how each one of Clinton’s goals was achieved. The paper also includes how other important players, like Senator Bob Dole and the United Nations, contributed to a more peaceful Bosnia.
Issues in Quality Education and the Evaluation of Nontraditional Graduate Programs.

The traditional hallmarks of quality graduate education may be few but they are powerful. Graduate schools are seen by most academics as fixed entities with no viable alternatives. Accreditation associations, while claiming flexibility, often represent these traditional interests. Ultimately, few institutions, including the traditional, view accreditation with enthusiasm. Is accreditation worth the effort for nontraditional graduate institutions? Despite the weaknesses of the process, nontraditional graduate programs should seek full accreditation. Recognition is likely if, among other suggestions, nontraditional programs don't overpromise and do identify their program design with conceptual clarity.
Noise and zero point drift in 1.7μm cutoff detectors for SNAP

We present the results of a detailed study of the noise performance of candidate NIR detectors for the proposed Super-Nova Acceleration Probe. Effects of Fowler sampling depth and frequency, temperature, exposure time, detector material, detector reverse-bias and multiplexer type are quantified. We discuss several tools for determining which sources of low frequency noise are primarily responsible for the sub-optimal noise improvement when multiple sampling, and the selection of optimum fowler sampling depth. The effectiveness of reference pixel subtraction to mitigate zero point drifts is demonstrated, and the circumstances under which reference pixel subtraction should or should not be applied are examined. Spatial and temporal noise measurements are compared, and a simple method for quantifying the effect of hot pixels and RTS noise on spatial noise is described.
The center of gravity of the human body.

This paper is an evaluative review of the literature concerning the locations of the centers of gravity of the human body and body segments. Data from several sources are compared and the methods and limitations discussed. It is shown that the selection of source and the manner of applying center of gravity data will depend on (1) the accuracy required, (2) anthropometric characteristics of the population under study, and (3) equipment and body positions anticipated.
Pentecostalism and the morality of money: prosperity, inequality, and religious sociality on the Zambian Copperbelt

As part of a growing body of work focused on the social implications of Pentecostal Christianity, this article explores one of the ways that this religion is shaping relational life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Through a discussion of the changing nature of the prosperity gospel, I show how Pentecostalism embeds believers in social relationships that often extend beyond their religious cohort. In the absence of the lavish wealth promised by prosperity gospel preachers, Pentecostals have had to alter their understanding of divinely authored economic success. Specifically, local definitions of prosperity are characterized not by uniform, individualized wealth, but rather by progress along a gradient of material achievement through relationships that span differences in economic status. This retooled version of the prosperity gospel serves to integrate believers into the wider social world by emphasizing material inequality and promoting displays of wealth. Each of these aspects of Copperbelt Pentecostalism embeds its adherents in networks of exchange that are a central component of urban Zambian sociality. This analysis of Pentecostalism expands on studies of this religion that focus only on formal ritual life, while at the same time challenging interpretations of Pentecostalism that have given its social potential short shrift. Resume Le present article s’inscrit dans un corpus de plus en plus important de travaux consacres aux implications sociales du christianisme pentecotiste. Il explore l’une des manieres dont cette religion faconne la vie relationnelle dans la province du Copperbelt, en Zambie. Par la discussion de la nature changeante de la theologie de la prosperite, l’auteure montre comment le pentecotisme integre ses fideles dans des relations sociales qui s’etendent souvent au-dela des limites de leur communaute religieuse. Ne voyant pas venir l’abondance promise par les predicateurs de la doctrine de la prosperite, les pentecotistes ont du revoir leur interpretation d’une reussite economique sanctionnee par Dieu. Plus precisement, les definitions locales de la prosperite sont caracterisees non pas par une possession de biens uniforme et individualisee mais plutot par une progression suivant un gradient de reussite materielle, par le biais de relations franchissant les differences de situation economique. Cette version remaniee de la theologie de la prosperite sert a integrer les croyants dans le monde social qui les entoure, en mettant l’accent sur les inegalites materielles et en encourageant les signes exterieurs de richesse. Chacun de ces aspects du pentecotisme dans le Copperbelt integre les fideles dans des reseaux d’echange qui sont une composante essentielle de la societe zambienne urbaine. L’analyse du pentecotisme realisee ici commente les etudes de cette religion axees uniquement sur le rituel, tout en remettant en question les interpretations faisant peu de cas du potentiel social du pentecotisme.
Neurologic Complications and Treatment

Risk is inherent with all surgical procedures. Most endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is uncomplicated. Among the many complications inherent with ESS are the neurologic complications, which include cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, traumatic soft tissue and vascular injuries, infection, and seizures. Despite intense review of a patient's preoperative scans, use of stereotactic image guidance, and an expert understanding of anatomy, neurologic complications occur. An understanding of these complications and how to manage them can help to reduce long-term patient injury as well as help prevent recurrence.
Functional polymers. VII. Ethyl 4-vinyl-.ALPHA.-cyano-.BETA.-phenylcinnamate.

Ethyl 4-vinyl-α-cyano-β-phenylcinnamate was prepared by a five step synthesis from 4-ethylbenzoic acid in an overall yield of 20%. The acid chloride of 4-ethylbenzoic acid was condensed with benzene to 4-ethylbenzophenone. The most critical step in the synthesis was the Knoevenagel condensation of 4-ethylbenzophenone with ethyl cyanoacetate which was accomplished with ammonium acetate as the catalyst. Ethyl 4-ethyl-α-cyano-β-phenylcinnamate was readily brominated with N-bromosuccinimide and the bromination product, ethyl 4-(1-bromoethyl)-α-cyano-β-phenylcinnamate was dehydrobrominated. Ethyl 4-vinyl-α-cyano-β-phenylcinnamate consists of a mixture of cis and trans isomers of nearly equal amounts as indicated in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This new monomer was homopolymerized and copolymerized with styrene and methyl methacrylate with radical initiators.
Femtosecond pulses with 1.1 GHz repetition rate generated from a CW laser without mode-locking

471-fs pulses are generated by injecting a 33-ps pulse train, obtained from pulse carving a 1.55-µm CW DFB laser, into a time-lens loop. High repetition rate of 1.1 GHz is demonstrated.
TRH receptors in fish.

Abstract The brains of goldfish and other teleosts contain high-affinity binding sites for [ 3 H][3-methyl-His 2 ]thyrotropin-releasing hormone ([ 3 H]MeTRH) which closely resemble TRH receptors in mammalian brain and pituitary gland in apparent dissociation constant ( K D = 3–4 n M ), in pharmacology for eight TRH analogs, and in exhibiting marked regional differences in the density of binding sites, with highest binding in the cerebrum and lowest in the cerebellum. Fish brain differs from mammalian brain in containing a prominent additional class of much lower affinity [ 3 H]MeTRH binding sites ( K D about 15 μ M ), of unknown nature, which also exhibit regional differences. Fish pituitary glands contain high-affinity [ 3 H]MeTRH binding sites, but insufficient tissue has prevented full characterization. Little or no saturable binding of [ 3 H]MeTRH was detected in several goldfish peripheral tissues.
Pluriparentalité et pluriparenté : regard anthropologique sur le droit de l’adoption et de la procréation assistée au Québec

En octobre 2009, la ministre de la Justice du Quebec, Kathleen Weil, deposait un avant-projet de loi touchant la filiation et l’autorite parentale intitule Loi modifiant le Code civil et d’autres dispositions legislatives en matiere d’adoption et d’autorite parentale. Presque en meme temps, en decembre 2009, la Commission de la science de l’ethique et de la technologie, placee sous la presidence d’Edith Deleury, deposait de son cote un rapport intitule Avis Ethique et procreation assistee : des orientations pour le don de gametes et d’embryons, la gestation pour autrui et le diagnostic preimplantatoire. Cet article s’attache a degager ce que ces textes disent de la pluriparentalite et de la pluriparente et des nouveaux rapports qu’ils permettent d’entrevoir entre le droit, l’individu et la famille.
Heterotrophic Bacteria Associated with the Degradation of Zooplankton Fecal Pellets in Lake Michigan

Heterotrophic microbes decompose most of the calanoid copepod fecal pellets produced in Lake Michigan before they reach the sediment. Rod-shaped nonfermenters isolated from copepod and Mysis relicta fecal pellets were identified as Pseudomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas fluorescens species. No enterobacteriaceae or fungal hyphae were found on or in any pellets. This investigation suggests that Psetfdomonas species are attached to and may degrade Mysis relicta and calanoid copepod fecal pellets in the water column of Lake Michigan.
Numerical simulation of nonlinear kink instabilities on supersonic shear layers

Nonlinear kink instabilities of high-Reynolds-number supersonic shear layers have been studied using high-resolution computer simulations with the piecewise-parabolic-method (PPM). The transition region between the two fluids of the shear layer is spread out over many computational zones to avoid numerical effects introduced on the smallest lengthscales. Mach number, density contrast, and perturbation speed and amplitude were varied to study their effects on the growth of the kink instabilities. In response to a perturbing sound wave, a travelling kink mode grows in amplitude until enough of a disturbance on the shear layer has been created for it to roll up and rapidly grow in thickness. The time it takes for this rapid growth to be initiated is proportional to the initial shear-layer thickness and increases for increasing Mach number or decreasing perturbation amplitude. For equal density, Mach 4 shear layers, perturbed by a sound wave with a 2 % amplitude at the travelling mode velocity, the growth time is τ g =(546±24) δ/c, where c is the sound speed and δ the half-width of the shear layer
Comparison of zinc and folacin status in elderly women from differing socioeconomic backgrounds1–3

Abstract Zinc and folacin status of 132 women, aged 55–87, from differing socioeconomic backgrounds was evaluated based on concentrations of zinc in hair and of folacin in erythrocytes. Elderly women of middle and upper socioeconomic status (Group I) had higher (p
Calculation of vapor pressure curves for hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives using thermogravimetry

This study aims at providing a simple thermogravimetric method in estimating the vapor pressure characteristics using the Antoine equation as the analytical tool. The heat treatment for the majority of benzoic acid derivatives follows zero order rate processes that are in good correlation with their evaporation process. The optimum conditions for the rising temperature experiments were found when the heating rate was 10 8C/min in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen (100 ml/min). Methyl paraben was taken as the calibration compound since its Antoine constants are reported in literature and its selected thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using the Langmuir equation. The coefficient of vaporization k was determined to be 124525 � 0:8, with units being reported in the SI system. The corresponding vapor pressure plots were obtained for the remaining compounds that followed a zero order evaporation process and their Antoine constants were calculated using the Levenberg‐Marquardt least square curve fit method. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Heat flow and incipient rifting in the Central African Plateau

EIGHT new heat flow measurements from Precambrian sites in the Republic of Zambia (Fig. 1) range between 55 and 76 mW m−2. Compared with the mean for Precambrian provinces elsewhere, these results are anomalously high by some 50%. This heat flow anomaly persists after taking into account radioactive heat generation of near surface rocks, and therefore may be interpreted as indicating the presence of anomalously warm material only a few tens of kilometres beneath the Earth's crust. We believe these observations support the hypothesis of an incipient arm of the East African rift system as proposed by Fairhead and Girdler1,2 and suggest that it may extend into the central African plateau to at least 16°S.
Education and society in Latin America

Introduction higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean educational reform in Latin America and the Caribbean - Argentina, Nicaragua and Venezuela the search for knowledge and the university as a bureaucracy - the role of the university in Latin America and the Caribbean technological transfer from the higher education sector in non-industrial societies academic institutions in the non-intellectual society - the role of intellecutals in Venezuela educational reform and educational policies - the ideological legitimation for social stability higher education in Latin America at the end of the century.
Identifying and controlling critical sources of farm phosphorus imbalances for Vermont dairy farms

Lake Champlain, located between Vermont, New York, and Quebec exhibits eutrophication mainly due to continuing phosphorus (P) losses from upstream nonpoint source areas. Several state and local agencies have initiated efforts aimed at assessing and identifying critical sources areas for P loss. To augment these efforts, accounting of farm P inputs (in purchased animal feed and fertilizers) and P outputs (in milk, meat, or off-farm sales of harvested crops or other products) is needed as a means of determining potential P build-up in farm soils. When farm P inputs exceed P outputs, P surplus occurs on the farm. This leads to potential soil-P accumulations and risk of P loss in runoff, negatively impacting the quality of receiving water bodies. In this study, a combination of farm record data and a model-based approach, using the Integrated Farming System Model (IFSM), was used to estimate farm P inputs and outputs, identify root causes of farm P imbalances, and explore viable P balancing strategies. Three Vermont dairy farms with varying farm systems (grass-based organic farm, fully confined farm, and a mixed system farm with high-producing confined dairy cows and grazing heifers) were studied. These farms were found to have P surpluses ranging from 5.5 kg/ha to 18.7 kg/ha on annual basis. This study also identified critical causes of P imbalances for each farm and suggested farm specific alternative strategies needed to address the P imbalances. By balancing farm P inputs and outputs, potential accumulation of soil-P can be prevented. As a result, maximum benefits can be obtained from land treatment measures implemented to control off-field P loss without the additional concern of continuing P build-up that could reduce their effectiveness.
Formation of γ-ketols from 13- and 9-hydroperoxides of linolenic acid by flaxseed hydroperoxide isomerase

A reexamination of the flaxseed hydroperoxide isomerase reaction showed that a minor enzymic product (ca. 5%), identified as a γ-ketol, was present. The substrates were the 13- or 9-hydroperoxides of linolenic acid, which were converted to 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-cis-15-trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, respectively. These compounds were formed in addition to the major products reported earlier: a 12,13-α-ketol and 12-oxo-cis-10,15-phytodienoic acid from the 13-isomer, and a 9,10-α-ketol from the 9-isomer.
Resonant Raman-scattering spectroscopy of polydiacetylene films at high pressure.

We studied the electronic energies and phonon frequencies of polydiacetylene 4-BCMU thin films at high pressures up to 50 kbar using Raman scattering under preresonant and resonant conditions. Pressure-induced changes in the resonant Raman scattering (RRS) include (1) hardening of the most strongly coupled phonon frequencies, (2) dispersion of the RRS frequencies with the laser excitation ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{L}}$, which shift to lower energies in analogy with the red shift of the absorption band at high pressures, and (3) softening and narrowing of the phonon distribution. These observations are consistent with an increase in the average conjugation length with pressure. Amplitude-mode-model analysis of the RRS data shows that the bare phonon frequencies increase with pressure, but otherwise the one-dimensional Peierls-type relation between the phonons and the electronic gap changes very little with pressure.
The function of the Waxy locus in starch synthesis in maize endosperm

The soluble adenosine diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm uses adenosine diphosphate glucose as a sole substrate, but the starch granule-bound nucleoside diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase utilizes both adenosine diphosphate glucose and uridine diphosphate glucose. The soluble glucosyltransferase can be bound to added amylose or to maize starch granules that contain amylose. However, binding of the soluble enzyme to the starch granules does not change its substrate specificity to that of the natural starch granule-bound glucosyltransferase. Furthermore, the soluble glucosyltransferase bound to starch granules can be removed by repeated washing without a change in specificity. The bound glucosyltransferase can be released by mechanical disruption of starch granules, and the released enzyme behaves in a manner similar to that of the bound enzyme in several respects. These observations suggest that the soluble and bound glucosyltransferases are different enzymes. The starch granule-bound glucosyltransferase activity is linearly proportional to the number of Wx alleles present in the endosperm. This is compatible with the hypothesis that the Wx allele is a structural gene coding for the bound glucosyltransferase, which is important for the normal synthesis of amylose.
Normality and the Weak Topology on a Locally Compact Abelian Group

: If G is a locally compact Abelian group, let G+ denote the underlying group of G equipped with the weakest topology that makes all the continuous characters of G continuous. Thus defined, G+ is a totally bounded topological group. We present the original proof of the following result: Theorem: For G discrete, G+ is normal if and only if G is countable. Corollary: For G locally compact, G+ is normal if and only if G is s-compact. Our technics make use of the notion of z-embedding. The theorem answers in the negative a question posed in 1990 by E. van Douwen, and it partially solves a problem posed in 1945 by A. Markov.
Academic Detailing Can Play A Key Role In Assessing And Implementing Comparative Effectiveness Research Findings

Comparative effectiveness research evaluates the relative effectiveness, safety, and value of competing treatment options in clinically realistic settings. Such evaluations can be methodologically complex and difficult to interpret. There will be a growing need for critical evaluation of comparative effectiveness studies to assess the adequacy of their design and to put new information into a broader context. Equally important, this knowledge will have to be communicated to clinicians in a way that will actually change practice. We identify three challenges to effective dissemination of comparative effectiveness research findings: the difficulty of interpreting comparative effectiveness research data, the need for trusted sources of information, and the challenge of turning research results into clinical action. We suggest that academic detailing—direct outreach education that gives clinicians an accurate and unbiased synthesis of the best evidence for practice in a given clinical area—can translate compa...
Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device.

A ferrocyanide spectroelectrochemical sensor has been evaluated on Hanford tank waste simulant solution. The sensor consists of an indium tin oxide optically transparent electrode coated with a thin film of porous silica containing immobilized PDMDAAC as an anion exchanger. Ferrocyanide is quantified by the absorbance change at 420 nm that accompanies electrochemical modulation of ferrocyanide that partitions into the film. Hanford tank waste simulant mimics the contents of tanks in which radioactive waste is stored. A solution of the simulant is a complex mixture of high pH (10) and high ionic strength that contains ferrocyanide. Systematic evaluation of the species in the simulant solution showed the only significant interference to be competition by the anions in the simulant with the preconcentration of ferrocyanide into the sensing film. Deterioration of the sensing film by the high ionic strength and alkaline conditions restricted its useful lifetime to about 40 min. Analysis of simulant with a sensor calibrated at high ionic strength gave 8.0 mM ferrocyanide compared to 8.2 mM obtained by FTIR.
Doublet structure of the Kα-hypersatellite of Mn

Abstract High resolution measurement of Mn K X-rays following K-capture events in 55 Fe shows a doublet structure for the (1s −2 ) → (1s −1 2p −1 ) hypersatellite transition. The intensity ratio and energy splitting of the two hypersatellite lines indicate a degree of intermediate coupling in reasonable correspondence with the prediction based on the Hartree-Fock calculations.
The many forms of tremor. Precise classification guides selection of therapy.

PREVIEWTremor is a common, potentially disabling symptom that occurs with a variety of neurologic conditions. Rational therapy is enhanced by correct identification of the tremor type and, when possible, of its cause. In this review, the basic phenomenology of tremor is presented, followed by an examination of the most common tremor types and their treatment. Surgical therapy for medically refractory tremor is discussed.
A permutation test approach to phase II historical control trials

In this note we outline 15 years of Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) experience conducting a series of phase II second-line intraperitoneal trials in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Using this information, the goal is to define a new permutation approach to historical control phase II trials in ovarian cancer. We utilize seven previous phase II GOG trials in our database to illustrate our methodology.
Ultra-Sensitive Mid-Infrared Photoexpansion Nanospectroscopy with Background Suppression

The ultimate sensitivity of mid-infrared photoexpansion nanospectroscopy is limited by the background signal from photoexpansion of the sample substrate and the probe tip. Here we demonstrate suppression of this signal using a second mid-infrared laser.
Chemical, microscopic, and instrumental analysis of graded flax fibre and yarn.

A series of flax fibre and yarn samples that had been commercially graded low, medium, and high quality were analysed by light microscopy, wet chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine characteristics which could be related to quality ratings for each sample type. Light microscopy revealed fragments of cuticular and epidermal material bound to the fibres. As the quality ratings improved, fewer of these fragments were found and greater separation of the fibre bundles to smaller bundles and, in some cases, elementary fibres occurred indicating more efficient retting. Chemical evaluation showed that, as quality of the yarns increased, amounts of fatty acid and long-chain alcohols as well as dihydroxy fatty acids decreased. Chemical data on fibre did not show consistent trends with quality. Raman spectroscopy showed increasing amounts of cellulose and decreasing amounts of aromatics and hydrocarbons with increasing quality, which paralleled the chemical data. NMR analysis showed nearly equal amounts of crystalline cellulose regardless of quality for both fibre and yarn samples. The strengths and weaknesses of each analytical method are discussed. This initial study suggested that chemical constituents characteristic of cutin and waxes could be used as an initial marker of quality. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Tests for homogeneity of the risk ratio in a series of 2×2 tables

We often apply the risk ratio to measure the strength of a causal relationship between a suspected risk factor and a disease of interest. In this paper we consider testing the homogeneity of risk ratio over a series of 2x2 tables. In addition to the classical weighted least squares (CWLS) test procedure, we consider two test procedures using simple transformations of the CWLS statistic and develop three other asymptotically weighted test procedures. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulation, we conclude that the commonly-used CWLS test procedure is generally conservative, especially when the number of 2x2 tables is large and the mean group size per table is moderate or small. We further find that two of the test procedures discussed here can not only generally outperform the CWLS test procedure, but also perform well in a variety of situations considered in this paper. Finally, we illustrate the use of these testing procedures with an example of six randomized trials that assess the effects of aspirin on the prevention of death in post-myocardial infarction patients.
Essay on gravitation: Present-time variation of Newton's gravitational constant in superstring theories

Superstring theories provide an appropriate framework for studying the time variation of fundamental coupling constants. The present time variation of coupling constants in Superstring theories with currently favorable internal backgrounds critically depends on the shape of the potential for the size of internal space. If the potential is almost flat, as in perturbation theory to all orders, the present value of ¦Ġ/G¦ for Newton's gravitational constant is calculable and estimated to be 1×10−11±1yr−1, which is just at the edge of the present observational bound forĠ/G. If the potential has a minimum with finite curvature due to unknown nonperturbative effects,Ġ/G will become unobservably small. The improvement of the measurement ofĠ/G of 1 or 2 orders of magnitude would discriminate between the two situations. Problems with the time variation of other coupling constants are also discussed.
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone: a plant derivative that stimulates reproduction in Microtus montanus.

A plant-derived cyclic carbamate, 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, that stimulates reproductive activity in Microtus montanus has been isolated. This nonestrogenic compound may be a naturally occurring en...
4f Electron effects in high Tc RBa2Cu3O7 − δ (R = rare earth) superconductors

Abstract Experiments on high TcRBa2Cu3O7 − δ (R = rare earth; δ ≈ 0.1) compounds have revealed a variety of interesting effects that involve the 4f electrons of the R ions. Schottky anomalies due to the partial lifting of the degeneracy of the Hund's rules ground state multiplets of the R ions by the crystalline electric field (CEF) are found in the low temperature specific heat. With some exceptions, the anisotropy of the room temperature paramagnetic susceptibility correlates with the sign of the second order Stevens factor of the CEF hamiltonian. Specific heat anomalies due to the antiferromagnetic ordering of the R3+ ions in RBa2Cu3O7 − σ compounds with R  Nd, Sm, Dy and Er can be described well by the anisotropic twodimensional Ising model with an exchange interaction parameter ratio that ranges from approximately 50 for neodymium to approximately 4 for dysprosium. The magnetic ordering temperatures and shapes of the magnetic specific heat anomalies change markedly when the superconductivity of the compounds is quenched by increasing the oxygen vacancy concentration to δ ≳ 0.5, indicating that RKKY and/or superexchange interactions are involved in the magnetic ordering of the R3+ ions in these materials. The anomalous pressure dependence of Tc and the normal state electrical resistivity in the (Y1 − xPrxx)Ba2Cu3O7 − δ system suggest that the praseodymium 4f states are hybridized with valence band states, which may be responsible for the lack of metallic behavior and superconductivity in PrBa2Cu3O7 − δ. The compound PrBa2Cu3O7 − δ appears to exhibit some form of complex antiferromagnetic order at approximately 16 K and has a γT contribution to the specific heat at low temperatures with a large γ value of approximately 169 mJ (mol praseodymium)−1 K−2, reminiscent of heavy fermion behavior.
Possible ESR evidence for disorder of heavy atoms in CsH2AsO4

Abstract Investigations of the ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) spectra in CsH2AsO4 are shown to provide evidence for the existence of distributional disorder of the heavy atoms, thus supporting recent conclusions of the very high resolution neutron diffraction studies. Origin of the disorder is speculated as due to dynamical correlation effects. It is further suggested that the local order (and dynamics) as probed by creating paramagnetic centers on AsO3- 4 sites are reminiscent of those of the unperturbed crystal, and that T* denotes the temperature at which the distributional disorder of the heavy atoms shows up in the ESR spectra.