cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sterically Demanding Diporphyrin Ligands and Rhodium(II) Porphyrin Bimetalloradical Complexes

A series of sterically demanding diporphyrins H2(por)−X−(por)H2 ligands that contain spacers (X) with different degrees of flexibility were synthesized from the trimesitylporphyrin derivatives 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-trimesitylporphyrin (TMP-OH)H2 (1a) and 5-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-trimesityl-porphyrin, (DMTMP-OH)H2 (1b). The monomeric porphyrins 1a,b, which have steric demands similar to that of tetramesitylporphyrin, (TMP)H2, and carry a hydroxyl functional group at the para position of one of the meso-phenyl substituents, were constructed from reaction of pyrrole with two aromatic aldehydes by a mixed aldehyde condensation approach. The diporphyrins with alkyl diether tethers were obtained stepwise from reactions of the hydroxy functionalized porphyrins 1a,b with dibromides Br(CH2)nBr. The diporphyrin which contains a more rigid m-xylylene spacer, was made directly from reaction of 1b with α,α‘-dibromo-m-xylene. Rhodium was inserted into the porphyrins using Rh2(CO)2Cl2 and convert...
FAR-ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS OF COMET 2P/ENCKE AT PERIHELION

Comet 2P/Encke was observed with UVCS/SOHO near perihelion (2000 September 9 and 11) in the Lyman lines of hydrogen. We present a Lyα image reconstructed from a series of long-slit spectra, along with the intensity ratios of Lyα, Lyβ, and Lyγ. The narrow Lyα profile indicates that the observed photons are scattered from hydrogen atoms produced by dissociation of H2O and OH, though a broader profile far from the coma suggests a contribution from hydrogen atoms produced by charge transfer with solar wind protons. The outgassing rate derived from the Lyα intensity distribution is in excellent agreement with Sekanina's model of two active vents. We also present upper limits for the outgassing rates of the noble gases helium, neon, and argon.
Exact band structure for the scalar wave equation with periodic complex moduli

An exact formula for the band structure for the scalar wave equation is found for a certain class of periodic media. These media have the special property that the spatially fluctuating part of their complex moduli, when Fourier transformed, vanishes in half of Fourier space. As a result the band structure is proved to be exactly the same as for a homogeneous medium, except possibly for the highest bands.
Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay

In situ grazing rates for the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka feeding on nanociliate populations of Chesapeake Bay were determined in June and October of 1990 using a “gut clearance/gut fullness” approach. Recently ingested prey were digested beyond the point of recognition at a rate of ∼23% h-1. Estimates of in situ ingestion and clearance ranged from 0 to 0.06 prey dinoflagellate-1 h-1 and 0 to 5.8 μl dinoflagellate-1 h-1, respectively, with daily removal of ciliate biomass representing 6 to 67% of the ≤20-μm oligotrich standing stock. Daily consumption of ciliate biomass by G. sanguineum averaged 2.5% of body carbon and 4.0% of body nitrogen with maximal values of 11.6 and 18.5%, respectively. Ingestion of ciliates may help balance nitrogen requirements for G. sanguineum and give this species an advantage over purely photosynthetic dinoflagellates in nitrogen limited environments. By preying on ciliates, these dinoflagellates reverse the normal flow of material from primary producer to consumer and thereby influence trophodynamics of the microbial food web in Chesapeake Bay.
What do resident physicians know about nutrition? An evaluation of attitudes, self-perceived proficiency and knowledge.

Objective: Despite the increased emphasis on obesity and diet-related diseases, nutrition education remains lacking in many internal medicine training programs. We evaluated the attitudes, self-perceived proficiency, and knowledge related to clinical nutrition among a cohort of internal medicine interns.Methods: Nutrition attitudes and self-perceived proficiency were measured using previously validated questionnaires. Knowledge was assessed with a multiple-choice quiz. Subjects were asked whether they had prior nutrition training.Results: Of the 114 participants, 61 (54%) completed the survey. Although 77% agreed that nutrition assessment should be included in routine primary care visits, and 94% agreed that it was their obligation to discuss nutrition with patients, only 14% felt physicians were adequately trained to provide nutrition counseling. There was no correlation among attitudes, self-perceived proficiency, or knowledge. Interns previously exposed to nutrition education reported more negative att...
Effect of harmaline in monkeys with central nervous system lesions.

Abstract Harmaline produced shivering in normal monkeys and intensified the resting tremor or evoked a resting tremor in monkeys with ventromedial tegmental lesions. In monkeys with such lesions, thalamic or globus pallidus destruction abolished the spontaneous tremor, blocked the harmaline-evoked tremor, but did not prevent the shivering induced by harmaline.
Impaired fibrinolytic system in ApoE gene-deleted mice with hyperlipidemia augments deep vein thrombosis

Background Hyperlipidemia increases the level of blood plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) that is responsible for regulating fibrinolysis by inhibiting both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). While this fibrinolytic pathway is well known, the role of PAI-1 in venous thrombosis (VT) under hyperlipidemic conditions has not been fully established. We sought to determine the effects of PAI-1 in an in vivo hyperlipidemic model of VT. Methods C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice, apolipoprotein E gene-deleted mice (ApoE-/-) having hyperlipidemia, and PAI-1 gene-deleted (PAI-1-/-) mice were used in this study. Inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation below the level of the renal veins was performed to create a stasis VT. Endpoints included measuring acute thrombosis (day 2) and chronic thrombosis (days 6 and 14). At euthanasia, blood samples were collected for plasmin and PAI-1 activity. In addition, the IVC and its thrombus were evaluated for thrombus weight (TW), u-PA activity, and differential leukocyte count while the vein wall only was analyzed for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, and MMP-9. Results Compared to WT at day 2, ApoE-/-mice demonstrated a statistically significant 14% increase in TW (P Conclusions A significant increase of circulating PAI-1 levels in hyperlipidemic mice correlated with an early increase in TW due to impaired fibrinolysis. The undetectable levels of u-PA in ApoE-/-mice correlated to a decrease in vein wall MMP-2, MMP-9, MCP-1, and a decrease in monocyte recruitment diminishing thrombus resolution.
Application of Vegard’s law to mixed cation sodalites: a simple method for determining the stoichiometry

Vegard's law describes the empirical relationship between the crystal lattice parameter of a mixture and its components. This relationship holds for some sodalites, in particular those containing mixtures of Li, K and Na as the charge balancing cations. By utilizing previously published lattice parameters for Li/Na and K/Na mixed cation chloride sodalites, linear curves were drawn allowing the composition of the mixed cation sodalites to be determined from their lattice parameters. Further, by mathematical addition of the curves for Li/Na and K/Na mixed cation chloride sodalites, a linear curve was developed and tested for the mixed tri-cation Li/Na/K chloride sodalites. This provides a simple way to monitor the composition of mixed cation sodalites and has an application in monitoring the composition of multi-phase materials where the sodalite phase cannot be easily separated for elemental analysis.
High energy pp data and the reggeon theory of diffraction scattering

Recent proton-proton scantering experiments from the CERN ISR show several striking features. There is strong evidence that the total cross section is rising. The elastic differential cross section shows a break in the forward slope, as well as a pronounced dip-bump structure, with the dip located at t approx equal -1.3 (GeV/c)/sup 2/. It is demonstrated that all these features and their energy dependence can be simultaneously and quantitatively very well described within the framework of Gribov reggeon calculus. (auth)
Structural changes in the carboxyl terminus of the gap junction protein connexin43 indicates signaling between binding domains for c-Src and zonula occludens-1

Regulation of cell-cell communication by the gap junction protein connexin43 can be modulated by a variety of connexin-associating proteins. In particular, c-Src can disrupt the connexin43 (Cx43)-zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) interaction, leading to down-regulation of gap junction intercellular communication. The binding sites for ZO-1 and c-Src correspond to widely separated Cx43 domains (∼100 residues apart); however, little is known about the structural modifications that may allow information to be transferred over this distance. Here, we have characterized the structure of the connexin43 carboxyl-terminal domain (Cx43CT) to assess its ability to interact with domains from ZO-1 and c-Src. NMR data indicate that the Cx43CT exists primarily as an elongated random coil, with two regions of α-helical structure. NMR titration experiments determined that the ZO-1 PDZ-2 domain affected the last 19 Cx43CT residues, a region larger than that reported to be required for Cx43CT-ZO-1 binding. The c-Src SH3 domain affected Cx43CT residues Lys-264–Lys-287, Ser-306–Glu-316, His-331–Phe-337, Leu-356–Val-359, and Ala-367–Ser-372. Only region Lys-264–Lys-287 contains the residues previously reported to act as an SH3 binding domain. The specificity of these interactions was verified by peptide competition experiments. Finally, we demonstrated that the SH3 domain could partially displace the Cx43CT-PDZ-2 complex. These studies represent the first structural characterization of a connexin domain when integrated in a multimolecular complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the structural characteristics of a disordered Cx43CT are advantageous for signaling between different binding partners that may be important in describing the mechanism of channel closure or internalization in response to pathophysiological stimuli.
Measured plume width versus sampling time: A look beyond 10 kilometers

Abstract Previous investigators of the relationship between measured plume width and sampling time τ (τ ranges from just a few minutes to several hours) have found that width is proportional to τ m , where, in general, 0.2 ⩽ m ⩽ 0.3 . These results are related to the dependency of average in-plume pollutant concentration, ξ, on τ, where ξ ∞ τ p with, generally, −0.7 ⩽ p ⩽ −0.2 . Data previously used to determine exponents m and p have almost exclusively been collected at distances of 10 km or less from a source. Lidar observations of plume width are used here to investigate sampling time effects at distances of 10–68 km downwind. Results of the analysis of the lidar observations indicate that sampling time effects on plume width exist out to at least 68 km. The value of sampling time exponent m was found to be about 0.25. These results are very similar to those found by others at short ( ⩽ 10 km ) pollutant travel distances. No evidence was found to suggest that plume width sensitivity to τ is affected by vertical wind shear. A comparison is made between the results presented here and those previously presented by Hino (1968, Atmospheric Environment2, 149–165). Values of m inferred from Hino's values for p are comparable to lidar-based estimates of m . The effects of pollutant travel distance on the comparison of Hino's analysis with the lidar data analysis are briefly described.
Acardiac anomaly: review of the subject with case report and emphasis on practical sonography.

The acardiac anomaly is a rare condition found only in monozygotic multiple pregnancies, usually twins. We present a review of the pathophysiology of acardia and a case report. Twin embryonic membrane formation is discussed, since a conceptual understanding of the subject is necessary for the early recognition of this and other evere anomalies. Emphasis is placed on close sonographic monitoring to insure the best chance of survival of the normal twin, who may die of heart failure if delivery is not properly timed.
Phase behavior of semicrystalline polymer blends.

The phase behavior of the semicrystalline polymer blend composed of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and linear low density polyethylene (PE) was studied using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and optical microscopy (OM). Based on the random phase approximation, the iPP/PE interaction parameter, χ, was obtained, and used to construct the iPP/PE phase diagram. The χ values reported in this study are lower than the χ values for deuterium-labeled moieties, measured by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The predicted phase diagram has upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior with a critical temperature of 143 °C for the molecular weights used in this study. OM was used to locate cloud points and the results are consistent with the predicted phase diagram. Since iPP melts above the critical point, care was taken to distinguish phase separation from iPP crystallization by studying the kinetics of iPP crystallization, and the iPP crystallization was discerned from dewetting. In PE-rich blends, the iPP crystallization was suppressed and no dewetting was observed.
Reactivities of Silicas with Organometallic Methylating Agents

The surface of silica gel was modified by a variety of procedures aimed at the introduction of CH3−Si moieties. The formation of these moieties by reactions of either SOCl2-chlorinated silica or SiCl4-modified silica with simple organometallic reagents (methyllithium, methylmagnesium bromide, dimethylzinc, or trimethylaluminum) was examined. Solid-state 29Si and 13C NMR techniques were used to characterize the resulting materials, especially to determine the extent of methylation of the silica surface. It was shown that, for a synthetic pathway that includes a chlorination step, methylmagnesium bromide was the best reagent for simply attaching a methyl group to a surface silicon atom. Methyllithium is very destructive to the silica framework, and trimethylaluminum forms a very small amount of Si−CH3 moieties when allowed to react with silica itself, SOCl2-chlorinated silica, or SiCl4-treated silica. There was no obvious evidence that dimethylzinc reacted with dry silica or with either SOCl2-modified or Si...
Course of social functioning after remission from panic disorder.

While symptom status and social functioning have been observed to be correlated in many cross-sectional studies, little is known about the time course of change in functioning after a change in diagnostic status. Using data from a large longitudinal study of anxiety disorders, we present analyses of the time course of seven domains of social functioning up to 18 months before and after remission from panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. The effect of remission from panic disorder varies by domain. Four domains show a change in outcome, usually positive, after remission. The presence of major depressive disorder (MDD) affects the course of functioning for two domains. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was observed to have effects on five of seven domains. For some domains there is improvement at approximately the same time as change in diagnostic status, although progressive change was seen in others. The amount of improvement was modest on average, indicating that other factors beyond panic symptoms may limit post-remission improvement in social functioning.
ELECTION NIGHT PROJECTIONS AND VOTER TURNOUT IN THE WEST: A Note on the Hazards of Aggregate Data Analysis

A persistent debate over the last two decades has been whether election night television broadcasts of election results influence the behavior of West Coast voters. Consistent with prior survey analyses of the question, a recent study relying upon aggregate data has also concluded that the 1980 election night network projections of a Reagan landslide had no measurable part in depressing the rate of participation among western voters. Using a different data base subjected to similar analytical methods, the following analysis concludes that there is considerable evidence of a decline in western voter turnout in 1980 that is attributable to the network television broadcasts. The unusual circumstances of the 1980 election that produced this anomalous result are then explored.
New Yorkers Respond to the World Trade Center Attack: An Anatomy of an Emergent Volunteer Organization

In the aftermath of the New York World Trade Center attack, an emergent group of citizen volunteers organized to provide needed supplies to the workers at Ground Zero. The emergent-group phenomenon has been documented after many disasters. This paper examines the organization of this emergent group through the organizational characteristics of structure, legitimacy, communications, leadership and organizational change. Finally, it argues that through a better understanding of the organizational characteristics, emergency-management personnel will be better prepared to manage and coordinate the activities of disaster-related emergent groups.
Enhanced NMDA Receptor-Dependent Thalamic Excitation and Network Oscillations in Stargazer Mice

Disturbances in corticothalamic circuitry can lead to absence epilepsy. The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) plays a pivotal role in that it receives excitation from cortex and thalamus and, when strongly activated, can generate excessive inhibitory output and epileptic thalamocortical oscillations that depend on postinhibitory rebound. Stargazer (stg) mice have prominent absence seizures resulting from a mutant form of the AMPAR auxiliary protein stargazin. Reduced AMPAR excitation in RTN has been demonstrated previously in stg, yet the mechanisms leading from RTN hypoexcitation to epilepsy are unknown and unexpected because thalamic epileptiform oscillatory activity requires AMPARs. We demonstrate hyperexcitability in stg thalamic slices and further characterize the various excitatory inputs to RTN using electrical stimulation and laser scanning photostimulation. Patch-clamp recordings of spontaneous and evoked EPSCs in RTN neurons demonstrate reduced amplitude and increased duration of the AMPAR component with an increased amplitude NMDAR component. Short 200 Hz stimulus trains evoked a gradual approximately threefold increase in NMDAR EPSCs compared with single stimuli in wild-type (WT), indicating progressive NMDAR recruitment, whereas in stg cells, NMDAR responses were nearly maximal with single stimuli. Array tomography revealed lower synaptic, but higher perisynaptic, AMPAR density in stg RTN. Increasing NMDAR activity via reduced [Mg2+]o in WT phenocopied the thalamic hyperexcitability observed in stg, whereas changing [Mg2+]o had no effect on stg slices. These findings suggest that, in stg, a trafficking defect in synaptic AMPARs in RTN cells leads to a compensatory increase in synaptic NMDARs and enhanced thalamic excitability.
Burner Emissions Associated with Lobed and Non-Lobed Fuel Injectors

The present experimental study examines NO(sub x), and CO emissions associated with three alternative fuel-injector geometries. These injectors mix fuel and air and strain their interfaces to differing extents and thus create different local equivalence ratios within flow regions upstream of flame ignition and stabilization. Two of the devices studied are lobed fuel injectors, in which molecular mixing of reactants is associated with streamwise vorticity generation, while the third one is a non-lobed fuel injector. Results show that rapid mixing allowed both lobed injector geometries to produce very lean premixed flame structures, with a lower achievable turn-down or fuel/air mass flux ratio than for the analogous non-lobed injector, which largely, produced distinct diffusion flames. All three injectors exhibited some level of sooting near walls and in the far-field region, with the non-lobed injector sooting to the greatest extent. At low fuel flow rates, in which the lobed injectors created locally very lean premixed conditions, there resulted lower NO(sub x) emissions as compared with non-lobed injector emissions. Yet at higher fuel-air mass flux ratios, NO(sub x) emissions from the lobed injectors were actually higher than for the nonlobed injector, likely due to reduced sooting and hence reduced radiative heat losses associated with enhanced mixing. For both lobed injector geometries examined here, CO emissions became high for low values of the fuel/air mass flux ratio, again consistent with locally premixed combustion behavior, despite the fact that fuel was injected separately from air directly into the burner test section. The present study demonstrates that, for fuel-air mixing enhancement devices, control of the local equivalence ratio is critical in order to optimize burner emissions.
Pairwise difference estimators of censored and truncated regression models

Abstract This paper proposes a class of estimators of the semiparametric censored regression model under the assumption that the error terms are i.i.d. and independent of the covariates. The estimators exploit the fact that, for a pair of observations, a particular transformation of the censored variables (depending upon the parameter vector and both covariate vectors) will be identically distributed. Therefore, the difference in the transformed dependent variables will be symmetrically distributed around zero when the transformation is evaluated at the true parameter vector. An analogous class of estimators for the truncated regression model includes the Bhattacharya, Chernoff, and Yang (1983) estimator as a special case. The estimators are defined as minimizers of U -processes, so the large-sample theory for classical M -estimators is extended to this case. Conditions are given to ensure root- n -consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimators, and a small-scale simulation study for the censored regression estimator suggest that it will be well-behaved in finite samples.
Hybrid adaptive control

Synthesis of a controller for a random parameter linear system is difficult when the state measurements contain noise. Although representational results have been derived, no explicit solution has been obtained in any reasonably general circumstance. An approximation to the quadratic-optimal regulator problem is presented for a situation in which there is an unconventional measurement architecture. The solution is in a form quite similar to that obtained in the complete observation case, but the gain equation is made more complicated by the presence of noise.
Semistabilization, feedback dissipativation, system thermodynamics, and limits of performance in feedback control

In this paper, we develop a thermodynamic framework for semistabilization of linear and nonlinear dynamical systems. The proposed framework unifies system thermodynamic concepts with feedback dissipativity and control theory to provide a thermodynamic-based semistabilization framework for feedback control design. Specifically, we consider feedback passive and dissipative systems since these systems are not only widespread in systems and control, but also have clear connections to thermodynamics. In addition, we define the notion of entropy for a nonlinear feedback dissipative dynamical system. Then, we develop a state feedback control design framework that minimizes the time-averaged system entropy and show that, under certain conditions, this controller also minimizes the time-averaged system energy. The main result is cast as an optimal control problem characterized by an optimization problem involving two linear matrix inequalities.
Differential projections of habenular nuclei

Lesions were made in the lateral and medial habenular nuclei of the cat. Subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and terminalis was studied using Nauta-Gygax silver technique. The medial and lateral habenular nuclei project differentially to the septum, olfactory, tubercle, thalamus, midbrain tegmentum and tectum. The diffuse part of the habenulopeduncular tract rises from the lateral habenular nucleus and the compact part rises from both nuclei. Degenerating terminals were seen caudally in the following nuclei: interpeduncular, central superior, dorsal raphae, ventral tegmental (from the medial habenular nucleus), dosral tegmental (from the lateral habenular nucleus), pretectal area, superior colliculus and inferior colliculus (from the lateral habenular nucleus). Rostral projections course in the medial part of the stria medullaris from the medial habenular nucleus and in the lateral part of the stria medullaris from the lateral habenular nucleus: Degenerating terminals were seen rostrally in the following nuclei: dorsomedial, anteroventral, anterodorsal, paraventricular, posterior medial septal (from the medial habenular nucleus) and preoptic area (from the lateral habenular nucleus). Projections occur from the medial habenular nucleus to the amygdala via the stria terminalis. The habenular nuclei are considered to be structures of the limbic system which are differentially related to midbrain, thalamic, amygdaloid, septal and preoptic structures via feedback circuits.
Dehydrogenative polymerization of silanes to polysilanes by zirconocene and hafnocene catalysts. A new polymerization mechanism

Polysilanes, (-SiRR’-)n, represent a class of inorganic polymers that have unusual chemical properties and a number of potential applications. Currently the most practical synthesis is the Wurtz-type coupling of a dihalosilane with an alkali metal, which suffers from a number of limitations that discourage commercial development. A coordination polymerization route to polysilanes based on a transition metal catalyst offers a number of potential advantages. Both late and early metal dehydrogenative coupling catalysts have been reported, but the best to date appear to be based on titanocene and zirconocene derivatives. Our studies with transition metal silicon complexes have uncovered a number of observations that are relevant to this reaction chemistry, and hopefully important with respect to development of better catalysts. We have determined that many early transition metal silyl complexes are active catalysts for polysilane synthesis from monosilanes. A number of structure-reactivity correlations have been established, and reactivity studies have implicated a new metal-mediated polymerization mechanism. This mechanism, based on step growth of the polymer, has been tested in a number of ways. All proposed intermediates have now been observed in model reactions.
Measuring the effects of toys on the problem-solving, creative and social behaviours of preschool children

Although previous research has explored the effects of various environmental influences on young children's play, the influence of toys has rarely been examined. This paucity of toy studies is due to a lack of a scientifically constructed observation system to evaluate the impact of play materials across developmental domains. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the reliability and validity of such an instrument. An eight-item, five-point rating system was constructed, based on previous toy research. To establish inter-rater reliability, two researchers independently used the instrument to rate the effects of 23 toys on the spontaneous play of 16 preschool children. There was a high level of agreement between observers (r = .81–.88, across items). A factor analysis was conducted to identify clusters of items that measure like dimensions of play effects; three distinct factors were identified: thinking/learning, creativity/imagination and social interaction. To establish validity, the instrum...
Eigenvalues basic to radial diffusion in a hollow cylinder

Abstract The eigenvalues of the eigenvalue problem basic to radial diffusion in a hollow cylinder with azimuthal symmetry are determined for nine different combinations of the boundary conditions of the first, second and third kind. The first ten eigen values are systematically tabulated for different values of the radius ratio and Biot number for the inner- and outer-boundary surfaces.
Democratic Transition? The 1997 Mexican Elections

Mexico's 1997 midterm elections promise to democratize Mexico's autocratic and centralized presidentialist regime and thereby change Mexican politics profoundly. The electoral blow dealt the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI) by voters on July 6 brings an elected mayor to the world's largest city, places more non-PRI governors into Mexican state houses assuring that demands for decentralization will intensify, and takes from President Ernesto Zedillo the congressional basis for the six-year dictatorship that the Mexican presidency has been since the 1930s. Surely the struggle for democracy in Mexico is not over, but a critical battle has been won by democrats of all ideological persuasions. Zedillo himself claimed, in an address to the nation made shortly after the preliminary electoral figures appeared on election night, to be pleased by the progress made by his nation, saying that the day had been a “great democratic fiesta” (Zedillo 1997, 7).Unlike most elections, the critical issues facing Mexican voters in 1997 had little to do with public policy. Although Mexico is a dozen years into a neoliberal economic restructuring program that has had great consequences for the distribution of income, for the number of Mexicans living in poverty, and for the penetration of foreign capital, goods, and services into the Mexican economy (see Otero 1996), neoliberalism was only peripherally an issue in this election. Both major parties of opposition campaigned on the issue of tax relief, specifically promising to lower Mexico's value added tax from 15% to 10% (Mayolo and Luna 1997, A1; Chacon Albarran 1997).
Frequency and Implication of Autoimmune Serologies in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Abstract Objective To assess the frequency and clinical implications of positive autoimmune serologies in patients with biopsy-confirmed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Patients and Methods We reviewed the records of patients at our institution with biopsy-confirmed usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2010, for frequency and distribution of autoimmune serologies. Patients with IPF with and without positive serologies were compared. Results Three hundred eighty-nine consecutive patients with biopsy-confirmed IPF underwent serologic testing, with positive serologic test results being found in 112 (29%). Of 2051 individual screening serologic tests performed, results of 163 tests were positive (8%), with antinuclear antibody being the most frequent (47%). There was no difference in age at biopsy ( P =.21), gender ( P =.21), or presenting radiologic features between those with or without positive serology. More frequent use of immunosuppressive treatment ( P =.02) was noted in those with positive serology. No survival difference was observed (log-rank; P =.43). Median follow-up for the whole cohort was 43.5 months. Conclusion Positive autoimmune serology may occur in as much as one-third of the patients with biopsy-confirmed IPF with no associated clinical implication or survival advantage. Systematic use of autoimmune laboratory panels in patients without clinical features of connective tissue disease should be reconsidered in patients with suspected UIP on chest computed tomography scan or confirmed UIP on biopsy.
Finite-range effects in multi-step (p-d, d-n) reactions

Abstract A semi-quantitative discussion is given which suggests that finite-range effects should be large in second order particle-transfer calculations when the first order term is large. The results of a full finite-range calculation for 58 Ni(p-d, d-n) 58 Cu, which support the semi-quantitative argument, are presented.
Obtaining genomes from uncultivated environmental microorganisms using FACS–based single-cell genomics

Single-cell genomics is a powerful tool for exploring the genetic makeup of environmental microorganisms, the vast majority of which are difficult, if not impossible, to cultivate with current approaches. Here we present a comprehensive protocol for obtaining genomes from uncultivated environmental microbes via high-throughput single-cell isolation by FACS. The protocol encompasses the preservation and pretreatment of differing environmental samples, followed by the physical separation, lysis, whole-genome amplification and 16S rRNA–based identification of individual bacterial and archaeal cells. The described procedure can be performed with standard molecular biology equipment and a FACS machine. It takes <12 h of bench time over a 4-d time period, and it generates up to 1 μg of genomic DNA from an individual microbial cell, which is suitable for downstream applications such as PCR amplification and shotgun sequencing. The completeness of the recovered genomes varies, with an average of ∼50%.
Welfare Judgments and Future Generations

The author argues that long-range welfare policies — policies designed to provide significant, widespread, continuing benefits to future generations, remote as well as near, at some cost to ourselves — cannot be justified by appeal to the welfare of remote future generations. He questions whether they can be justified at all. The problem is that the failure to adopt such a policy would not make any of our distant descendants worse off that he would otherwise be, since had the policy been adopted, he would not even have existed. These considerations also bring out a conflict between utilitarian and Paretian principles.
The 200-MeV Electron-Positron Storage Ring Magnet Power Supply

Two 250 V-100 kW amplidynes are controlled to give a precise output current. The load consists of the series connected bending and quadrupole magnets for the 200-MeV storage ring. This load has an inductance of 0.46 H and a dc resistance of 0.8?. The magnet current is composed of dc and a triangular-shaped component at a frequency of 3 Hz. This frequency is an order of magnitude higher than the break frequency of the magnet load. The control elements act as an integrator, a summing amplifier, and a differentiator on the error signal and as a differentiator on the reference input. A gain change takes place during the cycle to compensate for saturation of the amplidyne. An electrical analog was used to determine the best range of values for the various control elements. The amplidyne drive is a high slip induction motor that also serves the purpose of smoothing out the electrical load on the power line.
Cognitive and social help giving in online teaching: an exploratory study

While literature suggests that college students may be less reluctant to seek help in online rather than traditional courses, little is known about how online instructors give help in ways that lead to increased student help seeking and academic success. In this study, we used theories and research on learning assistance and scaffolding, teacher immediacy, social presence, and academic help seeking to explore through a cross-case study design how three online instructors differed in their use of cognitive and social supports and how those differences related to student perceptions of support, help seeking, and performance. Primary data sources included all course postings by the instructors, interviews with the instructors, observational field notes on course discussions, student interviews, and final student grades. Archived course documents and student discussion postings were secondary data sources. Data analysis revealed that while all instructors provided cognitive and social support, they varied in their level of questioning, use of direct instruction, support for task structuring, and attention to group dynamics. This variation in teaching presence related to differences across the courses in student perceptions of support, student help seeking in course discussions, and final course grades. Implications for online teaching and suggestions for further research are offered.
Experiments with a pattern-matching channel vocoder

Preliminary results are reported on a pattern-matching vocoder experiment. In contrast to other reported approaches to this problem, the method employed involves a great deal of perceptual feedback from the experimenter, who incorporates patterns into the pattern set from a new sentence by first listening to the sentence as processed through the complete system. By identifying those portions of the processed sentence that have been degraded, he can augment the pattern set with only those frames that were degraded. The preliminary results indicate that a system with 500 patterns plus volume normalization, resulting in a 550 bits per second rate for spectral transmission, yields reasonably good synthetic speech.
Characterizing and predicting the I/O performance of HPC applications using a parameterized synthetic benchmark

The unprecedented parallelism of new supercomputing platforms poses tremendous challenges to achieving scalable performance for I/O intensive applications. Performance assessments using traditional I/O system and component benchmarks are difficult to relate back to application I/O requirements. However, the complexity of full applications motivates development of simpler synthetic I/O benchmarks as proxies to the full application. In this paper we examine the I/O requirements of a range of HPC applications and describe how the LLNL IOR synthetic benchmark was chosen as suitable proxy for the diverse workload. We show a procedure for selecting IOR parameters to match the I/O patterns of the selected applications and show it can accurately predict the I/O performance of the full applications. We conclude that IOR is an effective replacement for full-application I/O benchmarks and can bridge the gap of understanding that typically exists between stand-alone benchmarks and the full applications they intend to model.
Determination of Free Glycerol in Biodiesel via Solid-Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Analysis

To date, the standardized method for glycerol quantification in biodiesel production utilizes gas chromatography (GC); however, availability to manufacturers and instrumentation cost limits GC as an analytical method for general quality enforcement among producers. The method developed here is a bench top technique for quantitative determination of glycerol in biodiesel, with practical application in pharmaceutical and environmental quality control. The method extracts the glycerol contaminant from biodiesel using a normal phase solid phase extraction column (SPE). The protocol proceeds by rinsing with hexane to remove residual methyl esters, then collecting the glycerol with water. The aqueous extract is analyzed spectrophotometrically by an anthrone coloring reagent. Use of 2-g SPE columns and the solvent system developed has achieved 85% glycerol recovery. The assay applied has a detection range of 0.004–0.400% free glycerol, comparable to the established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 6584-07 GC technique. Results were confirmed by GC and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The bench top technique reduces the costs of operation relative to current methods, completes analysis in proficient time, requires minimal labor, and has analytical limits comparable to existing standard methods of biofuel analysis.
Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence in General Surveys Ex-Spouses Required

In this article, we argue that past efforts to distinguish among types of intimate partner violence in general survey data have committed a critical error—using data on current spouses to develop operationalizations of intimate terrorism and situational couple violence. We use ex-spouse data from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) to develop new operationalizations. We then demonstrate that NVAWS current spouse data contain little intimate terrorism; we argue that this is likely to be the case for all general surveys. In addition, the ex-spouse data confirm past findings regarding a variety of differences between intimate terrorism and situational couple violence, including those predicted by feminist theories.
Private in-patient psychiatry in the USA

The US healthcare system is in the midst of major changes driven by four forces: the growing consensus in the country that the current system is financially unsustainable; managed care and parity legislation; the Affordable Care Act 2010; and the ageing of the ‘baby boomer’ generation. How these forces will combine and interact is unclear. The current state of in-patient psychiatric care and trends affecting the private practice of in-patient psychiatry over the next few years will be described.
Vertical Structure of Tropical Cyclone Rainbands as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar

AbstractTen years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite’s Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) show the vertical structure of tropical cyclone rainbands. Radar-echo statistics show that rainbands have a two-layered structure, with distinct modes separated by the melting layer. The ice layer is a combination of particles imported from the eyewall and ice left aloft as convective cells collapse. This layering is most pronounced in the inner region of the storm, and the layering is enhanced by storm strength. The inner-region rainbands are vertically confined by outflow from the eyewall but nevertheless are a combination of strong embedded convective cells and robust stratiform precipitation, both of which become more pronounced in stronger cyclones.Changes in rainband coverage, vertical structure, and the amount of active convection indicate a change in the nature of rainbands between the regions inward and outward of a radius of approximately 200 km. Beyond this radius, rainbands consis...
Bio- and agroterror: The role of the veterinary academy

ith the events of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed, a somber realization is emerging that we have entered an era of international terrorism that, for years to come, will threaten the quality of life worldwide. This new form of attack, known as “asymmetric warfare,” is predicted to supplant traditional military endeavors and is aimed at provoking economic, social, and political chaos and destabilization and, ultimately, at undermining confidence in government. Targets of these so-called asymmetric threats may not be restricted to human beings, but increasingly may include any arena in which destruction or damage could undermine economic, social, environmental, or political values.1 Among the arsenals available to achieve these goals is intentional dissemination of harmful biological organisms, including many agents aimed at causing human illness or contaminating the food supply (bioterror) and also many agricultural diseases (agroterror). The resulting economic devastation and collapse of animal industries would initiate a cascade of events through multiple sectors of the economy. It will be of paramount importance to the well-being of society that new visionary curricula be developed to prepare veterinarians for these new challenges, which are now a reality for our profession.
Darwin's legacy to rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae): A new genus and a new species, including materials collected on the Beagle's voyage.

A species of xanthopygine rove beetles is described and figured here as Darwinilus sedarisi gen. n. and sp. n. The holotype was collected by Charles Darwin in Bahia Blanca, Argentina on the Beagle’s voyage. The contributions of Charles Darwin to rove beetle systematics are summarized briefly.
A phase transition speed estimate in the Stefan problem

We give an estimate of the time needed for a phase transition to be completed in the Stefan problem. Our method is to compare the density of the diffusion process associated with the Stefan problem, with that of Brownian motion.
Coccal Versus Rod-Shaped Cells, and the First Bacterium

Two very typical bacterial shapes are the coccoid and the rod-shaped bacteria: the spherical and the cylindrical. Their abundance suggests that both are very effective growth forms and that they probably are simpler than other shapes to generate. Moreover, it can be argued that one or the other might have been the first member of the Domain of Bacteria. It is argued that, probably, the first bacterium was a Gram-positive bacillus.
Confronting Challenges to the Liberal Arts Curriculum: Perspectives of Developing and Transitional Countries.

Preface and Acknowledgements Chapter 1 A Global Framework: Liberal Education in the Undergraduate Curriculum, Patti McGill Peterson Chapter 2 China: General Education Grounded in Tradition in a Rapidly Changing Society, Kathryn Mohrman, Jinghuan Shi, and Manli Li Chapter 3 India: Structural Roadblocks to Academic Reform, Pawan Agarwal and Rajashree Srinivasan Chapter 4 Mexico: Higher Education, the Liberal Arts, and Prospects for Curricular Change, Wietse de Vries and Jose Francisco Romero Chapter 5 Pakistan: Liberal Education in Context, Policy, and Practice, Zulfiqar H. Guiliani Chapter 6 Poland: The Place of Liberal Education in Post-Soviet Higher Education, Ewa Kowalski Chapter 7 Russia: Against the Tide, Liberal Arts Establishes a Foothold in Post-Soviet Russia, Jonathan Becker, Andrei Kortunov, and Philip Fedchin Chapter 8 South Africa: Reimagining Liberal Learning in a Post-Apartheid Curriculum, Michael Cross and Fatima Adam Chapter 9 Turkey: Obstacles to and Examples of Curriculum Reform, Kemal Guruz Chapter 10 Comparative Observations: Problems and Prospects, Patti McGill Peterson List of Contributors Index
Reductive Precipitation of Gold by Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea

Studies with a diversity of hyperthermophilic and mesophilic dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria and Archaea demonstrated that some of these organisms are capable of precipitating gold by reducing Au(III) to Au(0) with hydrogen as the electron donor. These studies suggest that models for the formation of gold deposits in both hydrothermal and cooler environments should consider the possibility that dissimilatory metalreducing microorganisms can reductively precipitate gold from solution.
Human Sexuality and Health Professions Students—Lessons Learned from an Electronic Bulletin Board

In Fall 2010, I was asked to be the course director for the human sexuality unit of the medical students’ and physician assistants’ curriculum at the medical school where I am on faculty. Given my ...
Making the case that episodic recollection is attributable to operations occurring at retrieval rather than to content stored in a dedicated subsystem of long-term memory

Episodic memory often is conceptualized as a uniquely human system of long-term memory that makes available knowledge accompanied by the temporal and spatial context in which that knowledge was acquired. Retrieval from episodic memory entails a form of first–person subjectivity called autonoetic consciousness that provides a sense that a recollection was something that took place in the experiencer’s personal past. In this paper I expand on this definition of episodic memory. Specifically, I suggest that (a) the core features assumed unique to episodic memory are shared by semantic memory, (b) episodic memory cannot be fully understood unless one appreciates that episodic recollection requires the coordinated function of a number of distinct, yet interacting, “enabling” systems. Although these systems – ownership, self, subjective temporality, and agency – are not traditionally viewed as memorial in nature, each is necessary for episodic recollection and jointly they may be sufficient, and (c) the type of subjective awareness provided by episodic recollection (autonoetic) is relational rather than intrinsic – i.e., it can be lost in certain patient populations, thus rendering episodic memory content indistinguishable from the content of semantic long-term memory.