cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain acceptance in people with chronic pain and spinal cord injury: Daily fluctuation and impacts on physical and psychosocial functioning

Abstract Daily fluctuation in pain acceptance and its impact on the physical and psychosocial functioning of individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI) and chronic pain has not been examined. We used end-of-day diaries and multilevel modeling to examine the moderating effect of within- and between-person pain acceptance on associations between pain and physical and psychosocial functioning. Individuals with SCI and chronic pain (N = 124) completed 7 days of end-of-day diaries, which included measures of pain acceptance, pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, pain interference, participation in social roles and activities, depressive symptoms, and positive affect and well-being. We found within-person variability in pain acceptance (28% of the total variance) and a significant moderating effect of daily fluctuation in pain acceptance on the same-day pain intensity-social roles and activities association. Within-person changes in pain acceptance were also associated with daily changes in pain interference, depressive symptoms, and positive affect and well-being, adjusting for pain intensity and catastrophizing. Findings highlight the potential for daily or momentary assessments of pain acceptance to enhance understanding of how psychological flexibility may contribute to pain-related outcomes. Future studies could further investigate stable and variable characteristics of pain acceptance and their individual contribution to physical and psychosocial functioning. Perspective Daily fluctuations in pain acceptance and their association with physical and psychosocial functioning were observed in the lives of individuals with SCI and chronic pain. These findings may guide future studies to inform the development of effective, pain acceptance-focused individualized treatment approaches for chronic pain management in people with SCI.
Exploring the relationship between burnout and grit during general surgery residency: A longitudinal, single-institution analysis.

Abstract Background How burnout changes during general surgery residency remains unknown. Methods From 2015 to 2018, general surgery residents completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Grit Scale. Statistical analyses were adjusted for repeated measures and compared to the incoming intern level. Results Fifty-five residents participated in this study. Burnout rates varied by program level, with an increased risk occuring in the third clinical year (OR = 11.7, p = 0.03). Emotional exhaustion (EE) peaked during the first and third clinical years, depersonalization (DP) peaked during the first and second clinical years, and personal achievement (PA) reached a nadir during the third clinical year (all p Conclusions Burnout varies throughout surgical residency, and grit is inversely related to burnout.
Individual Versus Collective Responsibility: It Takes a Village

This chapter considers the link between individual responsibility and punishment. Although such a link would seem to be an essential aspect of any morally acceptable theory of criminal punishment, it is the case that in ancient times, collective responsibility was a common practice, as exemplified by retaliation of victims and their sympathizers against an offender’s family or community. Even today, some vestiges of that ethic are evident in tort doctrines like vicarious liability and joint and several liability. This chapter explores the possible justifications for this practice within the context of the economic theories laid out in prior chapters with emphasis both on explaining the historical trend away from collective responsibility, and in seeking to understand why some examples of its use persist today.
“Modernization” and Agrarian Development in India, 1912–52

India's agrarian history has for the most part been cast within colonial and nationalist frameworks or in analyses of modernity and development in the South Asian historiography on both sides of the independence divide. This leaves plenty of space to discuss both the vast engagement of American actors with Indian elite formations and modifications to the agrarian projects contingent upon those interactions. A focus on the Americanist drive for agrarian modernization in India allows for exploring the distinct cultural location of modernization in a long-term perspective and its engagement with colonial “development.” A study of their mutual interaction gives insights into modernization's somewhat distinct itinerary on the subcontinent and provides specificity to the history of the otherwise spatially wider American intervention in global and inter-Asian contexts.
Non-Reciprocal Acoustoelectric Amplification in Germanium-Based Lamb Wave Delay Lines

This paper reports, for the first time, on the use of acoustoelectric effect in single crystal germanium (Ge) for non-reciprocal amplification of Lamb waves in radio frequency (RF) delay lines. Such delay lines enable realization of integrated full-duplex wireless front-end modules for emerging 5G applications. A thin aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric film, with single-phase unidirectional transducers, is used to excite fundamental anti-symmetric (A 0 ) and symmetric (S 0 ) Lamb waves in Ge waveguide. The traveling waves are then amplified by application of a DC electric field across the Ge waveguide through the use of deformation-potential coupling between the traveling acoustic wave and DC-accelerated charge carriers. Mixed-domain analytical and numerical models are developed predicting 18 and 26 dB/mm amplification for S 0 and A 0 waves, respectively. Proof-of-concept delay lines are demonstrated operating at 72 MHz (A 0 ) and 225 MHz (S 0 ) frequencies showing transmission amplification of ~6 dB and ~7 dB upon application of 35 V and 45 V, respectively. Specifically, a non-reciprocal transmission ratio of 20 dB is measured for the S0 wave, highlighting the potential of the germanium-based RF acoustic delay-lines for adoption in the forthcoming full-duplex front-end modules.
CLINICAL IMPACT OF PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES ON OUTCOMES AFTER LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION

Psychiatric comorbidities are increasingly prevalent in heart failure patients and may be associated with worse outcomes, including prolonged length of stay and increased rehospitalization rates. These relationships are unknown after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Adult
Campaign styles: Persistency in campaign resource allocation

Abstract How do candidates allocate their campaign resources and when do they change their allocations? Using data of over 3.5 million expenditure items submitted by candidates who ran for House seats between 2004 through 2014, we provide a detailed picture of how candidates allocate their limited resources among different categories of activities. Although different candidates running in the same race allocated their campaign resource differently, in the aggregate, monthly expenditure patterns over the course of the campaign period across six election cycles are similar. Also, from one cycle to the next, candidates rarely changed their campaign resource allocations, even when they face varying qualities of challengers, different sets of voters due to redistricting, and increases in outside spending after Citizens United. This suggests that candidates’ expenditure decisions are sticky across election cycles. We show additional evidence of this persistency by documenting repeated contractual relationship with the same consultants and campaign vendors by campaigns.
Low function of natural killer cells in treated classic Menkes disease.

Background Menkes disease (MD) is a rare lethal X-linked, multisystem disorder of copper metabolism resulting from mutations in the ATP7A gene. Features such as Ehlers- Danlos syndrome, trichopoliodystrophy, urologic and skeletal changes have been reported. We present a case of classic MD treated with copper infusions who suffered from persistent natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction. Case A 2-year-old, Caucasian male child presented at 8-month-old of age with persistent hypotonia, kinky hair and developmental regression. Diagnosis of MD was based on low serum levels of copper [5 mg/dl (18-37)] and ceruloplasmin [18 ug/dl (75-153)] and gene-targeted deletion/duplication analysis performed by the reference laboratory. Brain MRI showed mild hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and vascular tortuosity typical of MD. Copper chloride treatment was immediately initiated. The child became more alert with excellent eye contact and purposeful movements. The child was hospitalized for recurrent respiratory infections, each time caused by enterovirus as confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Extensive immunologic studies were negative, except for a severe NK cell dysfunction on multiple occasions (0.6 NK lytic Units; N > 2.6). Conclusion We postulate that NK cell dysfunction in a classic MD can be explained by the deficient incorporation of copper in the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in an abnormal Fenton chemistry within phagosomes.
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Disaster Simulation Curriculum: The 5-Minute Trauma Assessment for Pediatric Residents (TRAP-5)

Introduction Pediatric trauma management is a high-stress, high-risk, low-frequency event, and exposure through simulation can help identify and address knowledge gaps. Pediatric residents are like...
Human-Made Monsters

This chapter discusses work in evolutionary biology that argues humans are domesticated animals and that they domesticated themselves. It goes on to argue that humans domesticated themselves, across their evolutionary history, as a kind of monster and that this is what may make them unique as a kind of creature.
Quantification of spatial tumor heterogeneity in immunohistochemistry staining images

MOTIVATION Quantitative immunofluorescence is often used for immunohistochemistry quantification of proteins that serve as cancer biomarkers. Advanced image analysis systems for pathology allow capturing expression levels in each individual cell or subcellular compartment. However, only the mean signal intensity within the cancer tissue region of interest is usually considered as biomarker completely ignoring the issue of tumor heterogeneity. RESULTS We propose using immunohistochemistry image-derived information on the spatial distribution of cellular signal intensity (CSI) of protein expression within the cancer cell population to quantify both mean expression level and tumor heterogeneity of CSI levels. We view CSI levels as marks in a marked point process of cancer cells in the tissue and define spatial indices based on conditional mean and conditional variance of the marked point process. The proposed methodology provides objective metrics of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in protein expressions that allow discriminating between different patterns of heterogeneity. The prognostic utility of new spatial indices is investigated and compared to the standard mean signal intensity biomarkers using the protein expressions in tissue microarrays incorporating tumor tissues from 1000+ breast cancer patients. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: THE R CODE FOR COMPUTING THE PROPOSED SPATIAL INDICES IS INCLUDED AS SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Human-in-the-Loop Robot Control for Human-Robot Collaboration: Human Intention Estimation and Safe Trajectory Tracking Control for Collaborative Tasks

The prospect of a collaborative work environment between humans and robotic automation in a manufacturing setting [1] provides the motivation for finding innovative solutions to human-in-the-loop control for safe, efficient, and trustworthy human-robot collaboration (HRC), or HR interaction (HRI), in cyberphysical human systems (CPHSs) [2], [3]. Studies in [4] show that collaborative automation can be beneficial to 90% of approximately 300,000 small-to-medium-scale enterprises in the United States. In the paradigm of human-centered automation [5], human safety, ergonomics, and the collaborative efficiency of the work are given the utmost importance. Traditional methods to ensure the safety of humans around factory robots involve the use of cages. Recent work looked beyond cage-based safety to provide robot control and sensing-driven solutions for human safety around robots [6]-[8].
Childhood Lifestyle Choices, Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, and the Terrific 2.

* Abbreviations: HFpEF — : heart failure with preserved ejection fraction LV — : left ventricle YFS — : Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) (diastolic heart failure) is a clinical syndrome that now accounts for at least half the cases of heart failure in adult patients. Decompensated HFpEF is a common and costly reason for admission to the hospital.1 From a pathophysiologic perspective, the left ventricle (LV) is stiff or noncompliant and characterized by an altered pressure-volume relationship.2 Asymptomatic LV diastolic dysfunction is a precursor to this clinical heart failure syndrome, and obesity and hypertension are the major risk factors for both diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF. Patients with early-stage HFpEF are characterized by euvolemic dyspnea.3 As the syndrome advances, congestion and atrial fibrillation develop. In late stages, pulmonary hypertension and the cardiorenal syndrome are common. The clinical course often results in recurrent hospital admissions for decompensated heart failure. Guideline-directed medical and device therapy, often beneficial for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (systolic heart failure), does not exist for patients with … Address correspondence to William E. Hopkins, MD, The University of Vermont Medical Center, 111 Colchester Ave, McClure 1 Cardiology, Burlington, VT 05401. E-mail: william.hopkins{at}uvmhealth.org
Genetic Determinants of Antibiotic Resistance in Francisella

Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis, is endemic to the northern hemisphere. This zoonotic organism has historically been developed into a biological weapon. For this Tier 1, Category A select agent, it is important to expand our understanding of its mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (AMR). Francisella is unlike many Gram-negative organisms in that it does not have significant plasmid mobility, and does not express AMR mechanisms on plasmids; thus plasmid-mediated resistance does not occur naturally. It is possible to artificially introduce plasmids with AMR markers for cloning and gene expression purposes. In this review, we survey both the experimental research on AMR in Francisella and bioinformatic databases which contain genomic and proteomic data. We explore both the genetic determinants of intrinsic AMR and naturally acquired or engineered antimicrobial resistance as well as phenotypic resistance in Francisella. Herein we survey resistance to beta-lactams, monobactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, polymyxins, macrolides, rifampin, fosmidomycin, and fluoroquinolones. We also highlight research about the phenotypic AMR difference between planktonic and biofilm Francisella. We discuss newly developed methods of testing antibiotics against Francisella which involve the intracellular nature of Francisella infection and may better reflect the eventual clinical outcomes for new antibiotic compounds. Understanding the genetically encoded determinants of AMR in Francisella is key to optimizing the treatment of patients and potentially developing new antimicrobials for this dangerous intracellular pathogen.
Can Emotions Be Used as Keywords for Text-Based, Search-Engine Advertising?

Click-through rates (CTR) of search-engine advertising remain elusive, thus triggering the need for more research on ad effectiveness. Using simple regression techniques on a data set of 110,000 se...
Managing Regulatory Risks from Changing Climate Policy

Significant business risk derives from the likelihood that the policy and legal environment with respect to climate change will change quickly, imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters and other businesses with large carbon footprints. Advice on how to manage this kind of risk is written largely on a tabula rasa; there is precious little "law" on climate change, conflicting signals on where law and policy will go next, and little guidance or signals from government on what to do to prevent or prepare for climate change. This short paper discusses management of the legal and regulatory risks posed by changes in law or policy for Canadian businesses. It does so in three areas of law in which the risks appear to be the most specific: (a) Canadian federal law and policy, (b) British Columbia provincial law and policy, and (c) securities disclosures law in the United States and Canada. The most dangerous policy risk faced by Canadian businesses stems ironically from the Canadian federal government's desire to avoid imposing costs from climate policy. The problem is that in this environment of policy uncertainty, Canadian businesses will still have to make decisions on capital expenditures, and prudent decision-making may still cause them to bet on a continued lack of Canadian federal seriousness on climate policy. In fact, the current proposed regulation requiring carbon capture and storage technology for coal-fired power plants nudges them towards making a bad bet on future policy. The regulation's unambitious carbon capture target of 30% ensures that money spent on carbon capture technology will be poorly spent on technology that will quickly become obsolete.Truly prudent business planning requires Canadian businesses to anticipate a future global policy environment in which greenhouse gas reductions will be taken much more seriously and will involve a carbon price, and that foreign pressures will force Canada to follow suit. This is still an ambitious proposition for publicly-traded companies that must justify capital expenditures to investors. As a result, the Canadian federal policy of trying to insulate Canadian businesses from geo-political realities with respect to climate change enables and encourages not only greenhouse gas-emitting behavior, but also the ultimately wasteful expenditure of money on capital investments that will prove ineffective in a post-climate change economy.
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Database Theory

The papers in this volume were presented at the 15th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT'12), held in Berlin, Germany, March 26-28, 2012. Starting in 2009, ICDT was held jointly with the EDBT (Extending Database Technology) conference. EDBT took place on March 27-29, 2012. The joint conference also included a series of affiliated workshops, held on March 30, 2012. In response to the Call for Papers, 60 submissions were received by the submission deadline of July 29, 2011. All were submitted electronically through the EasyChair conference management tool. EasyChair was also used for the virtual Program Committee meeting, whose deliberations where held exclusively electronically. The Program Committee selected 22 papers for presentation. Among them, the Program Committee selected the paper "Learning Schema Mappings", by Balder Ten Cate, Victor Dalmau and Phokion Kolaitis for the ICDT Best Paper Award, and the paper "Validating XML documents in the Streaming Model with External Memory", by Christian Konrad and Frederic Magniez, for the ICDT Best Newcomer Paper Award. In addition, there were four ICDT/EDBT keynote speakers: Michael Carey (UC Irvine), Wenfei Fan (University of Edinburgh), Erich Graedel (RWTH Aachen University) and Alon Halevy (Google).
A new approach for measuring electromagnetic side-channel energy available to the attacker in modern processor-memory systems

This paper presents a new approach for measuring the EM side-channel energy (ESE) created in the EM side-channel by executing different processor instructions. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method, we have measured EM side-channel energy among 11 different instructions from three different laptops and one desktop. The results show that ESE measurements are highly repeatable (st.dev/mean < 0.05). We also show that two systems with the same design result in nearly identical measured ESE values, which implies that ESE measurements are representative of an entire manufacturing run, or possibly an entire family, of systems.
NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 8: The role of the information intermediary in the diffusion of aerospace knowledge

The United States aerospace industry is experiencing profound changes created by a combination of domestic actions and circumstances such as airline deregulation. Other changes result from external trends such as emerging foreign competition. These circumstances intensify the need to understand the production, transfer, and utilization of knowledge as a precursor to the rapid diffusion of technology. Presented here is a conceptual framework for understanding the diffusion of technology. A conceptual framework is given for understanding the diffusion of aerospace knowledge. The framework focuses on the information channels and members of the social system associated with the aerospace knowledge diffusion process, placing particular emphasis on aerospace librarians as information intermediaries.
Elusive Achievement Effects of Haptic Feedback

research on haptic feedback has demonstrated limited em-pirical evidence of its positive learning effects. this research contrasts supportive anecdotal evidence and reports of in-creased motivation. in an attempt to unify these contrast-ing results we attempted to identify empirical evidence sup-porting haptic feedback’s effect on learning by isolating the factual and conceptual learning domains. We found little evidence of learning gains even at this granular level of as-sessment. our findings raise questions about the validity of invoking dual-coding theory as a rationale for supporting the use of haptic feedback while conjecturing that neutral or negative effects may be attributable to increases in cognitive load. Further, we suggest that learning benefits attributable to haptic feedback may occur in a decontextualized scenario with less emphasis on haptics as a reinforcing sensory mech-anism.
A Bounding Technique for Integer Linear Programming with Binary Variables

We present a bounding technique for use in implicit enumeration algorithms for solving the integer linear programming problem with binary variables. This technique enables fixing the values of some of the variables from the outset, and then provides “joint” bounds on some of the other variables so that many combinations of their binary values can be eliminated from further consideration. After illustrating the approach, we give some indications that the bounds may be used efficiently and then present some preliminary computational experience. Finally, a class of problems particularly well-suited to this bounding procedure is specified.
An Engine Diagnostic Package (EDPAC) - Software for Analyzing Cylinder Pressure-Time Data

An engine diagnostic package known as EDPAC was designed to process engine cylinder pressure data automatically from single-cylinder and multicylinder engines in order to provide engine performance and combustion information. The EDPAC consists of several self-contained, independent software modules, each having a different analysis function: engine performance calculations, pressure-volume graphics, engine simulation for residual gas estimates, and heat release analysis. After each module is executed, computed results are stored automatically, providing input to subsequent software modules and a data base for future interrogation. The EDPAC saftware offers a user-oriented mechanism by which pressure-time data can be quickly and accurately reduced to meaningful results for evaluating engine combustion and performance. Processing cylinder pressure-time data with EDPAC includes test cell data reduction, generation of indicator diagrams, engine simulation to estimate residual gas fraction, heat release analysis, multicylinder engine summary, and summary of stored data. Routine use of the EDPAC to process pressure data reduces costs, effort, and turnaround time, and a data base containing performance, emission, and combustion data is automatically estabilished.
Effect of feline skin specimen preparation on postexcision and postfixation tissue shrinkage

ObjectivesThis study was performed to assess skin–muscle–fascia specimen shrinkage and donor site changes, and to compare three techniques of specimen preparation for their effect on specimen shrinkage postexcision and after formalin fixation in feline cadaveric specimens.MethodsFifteen fresh feline cadavers were used for this study. Gelatin spheres were implanted in paired thoracic subcutaneous pockets and subsequently excised with 30 mm lateral margins and a fascial plane as the deep margin. Skin and fascia were either left unsutured, sutured together using four simple interrupted quadrant sutures (‘four-quadrant-sutured’) or sutured together in a continuous pattern (‘circumferentially sutured’). Specimens were measured for tumor-free margins on the excised and fixed specimens. The donor site defect was assessed for enlargement after specimen excision. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the donor site enlargement, and the influence of preparation technique on margin size, with significance se...
Comparison of elastic resonance and elastic recoil detection in the quantification of carbon in SiGeC

Abstract The carbon concentrations of chemical vapor deposition grown Si 1− x − y Ge x C y (0.25 x y 0.12) layers on (100) Si with uniform composition profiles were quantified by two ion analysis techniques. Measurements made with backscattering spectrometry using a 4.295 MeV He 2+ incident ion were compared to compositions predicted by elastic recoil detection (ERD) using a 24 MeV Si 5+ incident ion. To enhance the carbon scattering cross section for the backscattering measurements, the 4.265 MeV 12 C(α, α) 12 C elastic resonance reaction was used. The carbon concentrations of the films were calculated by integrating the resonant scattering cross section using the energy width of the layer as the limits of integration. The results of this backscattering analysis technique were compared to the predicted carbon concentrations obtained by ERD. It was found that the predictions of these techniques correlated within the uncertainty of each method.
Hydrodynamic and reactive/diffusive instabilities in a dynamic model of liquid propellant combustion. II. Inviscid fluid motions☆

Abstract A dynamic model of liquid propellant combustion is introduced which generalizes the classical models of Landau [ Acta Physicochim . 19:77–85 (1944)] and Levich [ Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 109:975–978 (1956)]. These earlier studies assumed that the liquid/gas interface propagated normal to itself with constant velocity, and showed that steady, planar burning was intrinsically unstable unless gravitational effects, coupled with either the effects due to surface tension or (liquid) viscosity, were sufficiently strong. In contrast, the present model assumes a more general pyrolysis burning rate law, and preliminary results reported in Part I [ Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion , 1988] indicate that the resulting coupling of the temperature field can render steady, planar burning stable with respect to hydrodynamic (Landau) instability even in the absence of gravity and surface tension. At the same time, a new type of reactive/diffusive pulsating instability appears for sufficiently large values of a temperature sensitivity parameter. In Part II, a complete linear stability analysis of both hydrodynamic and reactive/diffusive instabilities in the limit of zero viscosity is presented, allowing for a pressure, as well as a temperature, dependence in the burning rate law, and nonzero gravity and surface tension. The results indicate still more types of hydrodynamic and reactive/diffusive instability phenomena, as well as a stable parameter region for steady, planar deflagration.
A Logit Model with Missing Information Illustrated by Testing for Hidden Unemployment in Transition Economies

In an important paper, Dempster, Laird and Rubin (1977) showed how the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm could be used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in a multinomial probability model with missing information. This article extends Dempster, Laird and Rubin's work on the EM algorithm to the estimation of a multinomial logit model with missing information on category membership. We call this new model the latent multinomial logit (LMNL) model. A constrained version of the LMNL model is used to examine the issue of hidden unemployment in transition economies following the approach of Earle and Sakova (2000). We found an additional 0.5% hidden unemployment among workers describing themselves as self‐employed in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
Flexible system criteria in chronic schizophrenia.

Abstract In a multinational study of chronic hospitalized schizophrenia, the 12 items of the Flexible System Criteria were employed in addition to clinical diagnosis for admission. Comparisons with the more acutely ill patients of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (IPSS) suggest a possible shift to a greater percent of chronic patients having negative symptoms.
Identification and Gene Expression of Anaerobically Induced Enolase in Echinochloa phyllopogon and Echinochloa crus-pavonis

Enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase, EC 4.2.1.11) has been identified as an anaerobic stress protein in Echinochloa oryzoides based on the homology of its internal amino acid sequence with those of enolases from other organisms, by immunological reactivity, and induction of catalytic activity during anaerobic stress. Enolase activity was induced 5-fold in anoxically treated seedlings of three flood-tolerant species (E. oryzoides, Echinochloa phyllopogon, and rice [Oryza sativa L.]) but not in the flood-intolerant species (Echinochloa crus-pavonis). A 540-bp fragment of the enolase gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from cDNAs of E. phyllopogon and maize (Zea mays L.) and used to estimate the number of enolase genes and to study the expression of enolase transcripts in E. phyllopogon, E. crus-pavonis, and maize. Southern blot analysis indicated that only one enolase gene is present in either E. phyllopogon or E. crus-pavonis. Three patterns of enolase gene expression were observed in the three species studied. In E. phyllopogon, enolase induction at both the mRNA and enzyme activity levels was sustained at all times with a further induction after 48 h of anoxia. In contrast, enolase was induced in hypoxically treated maize root tips only at the mRNA level. In E. crus-pavonis, enolase mRNA and enzyme activity were induced during hypoxia, but activity was only transiently elevated. These results suggest that enolase expression in maize and E. crus-pavonis during anoxia are similarly regulated at the transcriptional level but differ in post-translational regulation, whereas enolase is fully induced in E. phyllopogon during anaerobiosis.
The 100-genomes strains, an S. cerevisiae resource that illuminates its natural phenotypic and genotypic variation and emergence as an opportunistic pathogen

Research on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most extensively characterized model eukaryote, has historically focused on a very small number of strains, or genetic backgrounds. In particular, most research has focused on the laboratory strain S288c, the first eukaryotic genome to be completely sequenced, assembled, and annotated (Goffeau et al. 1996) and thus the reference S. cerevisiae genome (Engel et al. 2014). However, as with all species, there is more to S. cerevisiae than one strain. For example, array analyses (Muller and McCusker 2009b, 2011; Schacherer et al. 2009; Muller et al. 2011; Dunn et al. 2012), low coverage sequencing (Liti et al. 2009), and higher coverage sequencing (Wei et al. 2007; Doniger et al. 2008; Dowell et al. 2010; Skelly et al. 2013; Bergstrom et al. 2014) of a limited number of additional S. cerevisiae strains identified extensive sequence variation. Studies of S. cerevisiae genetic variation and its influence on phenotypic variation have been limited by the modest number of high quality, complete, assembled, and annotated genome sequences. To address these limitations, we describe here the sequencing, and subsequent de novo, high quality, and extensively manually edited assembly and annotation of the genomes of 93 S. cerevisiae strains of multiple geographic and environmental origins. In addition to isolation from traditional, often human-associated environments (Mortimer and Johnston 1986; Mortimer and Polsinelli 1999; Sniegowski et al. 2002; Cromie et al. 2013), S. cerevisiae is isolated clinically, consistent with its being an emerging opportunistic pathogen (Murphy and Kavanagh 1999; Ponton et al. 2000; Silva et al. 2004; Enache-Angoulvant and Hennequin 2005; Munoz et al. 2005; McCusker 2006; Skovgaard 2007; Pfaller and Diekema 2010; Miceli et al. 2011; Chitasombat et al. 2012). Because a reasonable hypothesis is that human environment-associated S. cerevisiae give rise to clinical S. cerevisiae, we compare 57 nonclinical, mostly human environment-associated strains with 43 clinical strains to gain insight into the emergence of S. cerevisiae as an opportunistic pathogen. These 93 highly accurate, assembled, and annotated genome sequences, together with the genome sequences of S288c (Goffeau et al. 1996), YJM789 (Wei et al. 2007), RM11-1a (RM11 2004), SK1 (Nishant et al. 2010), Σ1278b (Dowell et al. 2010), YPS163 (Doniger et al. 2008), and M22 (Doniger et al. 2008), constitute a novel, multipurpose genetic resource, the “100-genomes” strains. In addition to describing the sequences of the 93 genomes, we describe for the 100-genomes strains their population structure, multiple types of polymorphisms, chromosome rearrangements, aneuploidy, specific phenotypes, genotype-phenotype associations, as well as phenotypic differentiation between strains varying in population ancestry and in nonclinical vs. clinical origin.
Illusory displacement of equiluminous kinetic edges.

A stationary window was cut out of a stationary random-dot pattern. When a field of dots was moved continuously behind the window (a) the window appeared to move in the same direction even though it was stationary, (b) the position of the ‘kinetic edges’ defining the window was also displaced along the direction of dot motion, and (c) the edges of the window tended to fade on steady fixation even though the dots were still clearly visible. The illusory displacement was enhanced considerably if the kinetic edge was equiluminous and if the ‘window’ region was seen as ‘figure’ rather than ‘ground’. Since the extraction of kinetic edges probably involves the use of direction-selective cells, the illusion may provide insights into how the visual system uses the output of these cells to localize the kinetic edges.
Molecular characterization of repetitive DNA sequences from a B chromosome

In the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis, certain males carry a B chromosome, called PSR (paternal sex ratio), which causes the compaction and subsequent loss of the paternal chromosomes in fertilized eggs. Because Nasonia are haplo-diploid, this leads to the production of all-male broods. Three families (PSR2, PSR18, PSR22) of related, tandemly repetitive DNAs were shown to be present solely on the PSR chromosome. These three families shared two conserved, palindromic DNA sequences, which may play a role in either PSR function or amplification of the tandem arrays. The tandem repeat family NV79 was determined to be present on the PSR chromosome as well as on at least one of the A chromosomes. This shared repeat as well as two repeat families (NV85, NV126) that were localized on the A chromosomes were detected in two sibling species of N. vitripennis. NV79 and NV126 were also found in the more distantly related species, Trichomalopsis dubius.
The Modifying Influence of the Presence of Testicular Tissue on the Efficacy of Testosterone Pellets in the Treatment of the Eunuchoid Patient

Diversified types of eunuchoid patients were employed in this study in order to learn what influence the presence of testicular tissue had on effective doses of testosterone. Two patients were bilateral cryptorchids, 21 and 33 years of age, in whom no testicular tissue was demonstrable. Two others were 20 and 31 years of age and had undeveloped retractile testes which apparently were either nonfunctioning or which gave evidence of a minimal amount of activity. The fifth patient had had an unilateral orchipexy performed but was deficient in testicular function. The sixth patient exhibited definite hypogenitalism which was associated with a primary gonadotropic pituitary deficiency. Subcutaneous implants of testosterone as a method of treatment in cases of testicular deficiency were introduced experimentally by Deanesly and Parkes (1). Following this, reports of the clinical application of this method of therapy appeared in the literature (2). To be clinically expedient, a mode of therapy should be effectiv...
Cataract wound closure with polyglactin 910 following insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens: preliminary report.

Summary In this preliminary report our results with 8-0 braided polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure after insertion of a 4-loop Binkhorst lens were encouraging. However, more experience is required before valid conclusions can be reached regarding its safety. Early experience indicates that the surgeon should approach the use of 9-0 monofilament polyglactin 910 suture for cataract wound closure following insertion of an intraocular lens with extreme caution.
Easily Searched Protein Folding Potentials

In order to calculate the tertiary structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence, the thermodynamic approach requires a potential function of sequence and conformation that has its global minimum at the native conformation for many different proteins. Here we study the behavior of such functions for the simplest model system that still has the essential features of the protein folding problem, namely two-dimensional square lattice chain configurations involving two residue types. First we demonstrate a method for accurately recovering the given contact potential from only a knowledge of which sequences fold to which structures and what the non-native structures are. Second, we show how to derive from the same information more general potential functions having much better positive correlations between potential function value and conformational deviation from the native. These functions consequently permit faster and more reliable searches for the native conformation, given the native sequence. Furthermore, the method for finding such potentials is easily applied to more realistic protein models.
Overview of the Leishmaniavirus endoribonuclease and functions of other endoribonucleases affecting viral gene expression.

Leishmaniaviruses (LRV) are double-stranded RNA viruses that persistently infect some strains of the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The identification of a short viral RNA transcript led to our discovery of an endoribonuclease activity of the LRV capsid protein. Other known endoribonucleases serve a variety of diverse roles in the regulated balance of processing and degradation of both cellular and viral RNAs, thus determining the amount and functionality of specific RNA molecules in a cell at any given time. The consequence of LRV RNA cleavage on the LRV life cycle has not yet been determined. Here we review the LRV endoribonuclease and discuss potential roles for this endoribonuclease activity in the context of the involvement of other endoribonucleases in regulating viral gene expression and replicative capacity. J. Exp. Zool. 282:254–260, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scallops visually respond to the size and speed of virtual particles

The unique eyes of scallops are abundant along the right and left valve mantle margins. These eyes form images by reflection off a concave spherical mirror, and give scallops an angular resolution of around 2 degrees , far better than the 13-40 degrees angular resolution provided by the eyes of other bivalves. It has been argued that bivalve mantle eyes primarily act as predator detectors, but behavioral studies have suggested that vision may serve additional purposes in scallops. By placing specimens of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (Lamarck 1819) in a tank with 5-10 cm s(-1) flow, showing them simulated images of moving particles, and recording their behavior, we tested whether visual cues may influence feeding behavior in these animals. We found that scallops opened their anterior mantle gapes significantly more often when they were shown 1.5x1.5 mm virtual particles (with angular sizes of 3.4 degrees ) than when they were shown 0.6x0.6 mm particles (1.4 degrees ; P<0.001) or no particles at all (P<0.05). We also found that scallops opened their anterior mantle gapes significantly more often when they were shown virtual particles moving at 2.5 cm s(-1) (P<0.01) or 5 cm s(-1) (P<0.05) than when they were shown particles moving at 10 cm s(-1). Because scallops must open their anterior mantle gapes to feed, our findings suggest that these animals may visually detect the size and speed of moving particles and use this information to help identify favorable feeding conditions.
Pro-attitudes and direction of fit

What amounts to a general account of the class of mental states which have come to be labeled "pro-attitudes" has recently been suggested by Michael Smith (1987). His idea is that we can best understand these as being states "with which the world must fit" and that we can explicate this "direction of fit" metaphor in terms of certain sorts of dispositions of the person who has the state in question. In this paper I want to examine Smith's suggestion. This account of pro-attitudes comes in the context of a defense of the Humean theory of motivation which, according to Smith, can be expressed as follows: "R at t constitutes a motivating reason of agent A to 4 iff there is some v such that R at t consists of a desire of A to P and a belief that were he to 1 he would "' (p. 36). If this theory is to be true it must include a method for ruling out the sort of case where it is claimed that it was a person's mere belief that moved him to do it. Smith tries to do this by arguing for two distinct points. First, he argues that explanations of actions in terms of the agent's reasons are essentially teleological explanations, that is, they are explanations which represent the action as an attempt by the agent to achieve some purpose or goal. So the issue is simply whether the Humean theory is better able to make sense of motivation as pursuit of a goal (p. 44). That this is so, he claims, and this is his second point, will be clear once we understand that only desires, broadly understood, are the right sorts of "mental objects" to make sense of such teleological explanations. The basic idea is that mental states can have one of two possible "directions of fit".' Beliefs are the exemplars of mental states with "mind-to-world" direction of fit since they aim at being true, i.e., "matching the world". If there is a mismatch between a belief and reality then it is the belief which has failed; it has failed to "fit" the world. Desires, on the other side, are exemplars of "world-to-mind" direction of fit. They aim at satisfaction or realization, not truth. If a desire fails to "fit" the world, that is not any defect in the desire. It merely shows that the world needs to be changed if the desire is to be realized. Smith seems correct in holding that "[h]aving a motivating reason is, inter alia, having a goal" (p. 55). The idea of direction of fit of mental states then lets us see, Smith thinks, that having a goal is nothing more than being in a mental state with a world-to-mind direction of fit. "[W]hat kind of state is the having of
Corneal topography of posterior keratoconus.

Posterior keratoconus is an unusual abnormality of the cornea generally classified as one of the anterior chamber cleavage anomalies. It is characterized clinically by the presence of a circumscribed or generalized corneal thinning with posterior depression of the cornea and is considered distinct f
The makings of a killer.

The 1997 flu in Hong Kong infected only 18 patients, but killed 6 of them. Now, reverse genetics experiments have pinpointed the NS1 gene as a primary culprit.
Eigensolutions of joined/hermetic shell structures using the state space method

Abstract A substructure synthesis method based on state space mathematics is proposed for the eigensolution of axisymmetric joined/hermetic thin shell structures. In the state space method (SSM), a system of eight coupled first order differential equations is solved for each shell substructure using the Pade approximation for matrix exponentiation. The substructures are then joined by matching all of the displacement and force boundary variables. The Pade method allows a space-invariant substructure (e.g., uniform cylinder) to be treated as a continuum. Further, a space-variant substructure (e.g., cone) is assumed to be a piecewise continuum which allows one to still use the Pade method. SSM is validated by applying it to structural elements such as a cylinder, a cone, a sphere, and a toroidal segment, and comparing the predicted natural frequencies with well-known theoretical solutions. The strength of SSM from the substructure synthesis viewpoint is demonstrated by analyzing several shell structures including a hermetic capsule and a refrigeration compressor shell. In all examples, finite element method (FEM) predictions are used to support SSM results. For the compressor shell, SSM results compare well with the limited experimental data.
Formal hardware verification methods: a survey

Growing advances in VLSI technology have led to an increased level of complexity in current hardware systems. Late detection of design errors typically results in higher costs due to the associated time delay as well as loss of production. Thus it is important that hardware designs be free of errors. Formal verification has become an increasingly important technique towards establishing the correctness of hardware designs. In this article we survey the research that has been done in this area, with an emphasis on more recent trends. We present a classification framework for the various methods, based on the forms of the specification, the implementation, and the proff method. This framework enables us to better highlight the relationships and interactions between seemingly different approaches.