cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardization and adult norms for the sequential subtracting tasks of serial 3’s and 7’s

The Serial 3's and 7's subtraction tasks are traditionally used in mental status examinations. The usefulness of these tasks is based upon the assumption that they measure attention and mental concentration. However, there is no uniform method of administration, and there are no recognized norms for these subtraction tasks, which has led some in the field of psychiatry and neuropsychology to conclude that the tests are not useful. The purpose of this research had three goals: (a) to create a standardization of the administration, (b) to provide a structured and consistent framework for the data evaluation, and (c) to create adult norms as a frame of reference for interpretation. The study investigated normal control subjects (N = 204) and specific variables of interest included both efficiency and accuracy of performance. The results demonstrated that when used conjointly, Serial 3's and Serial 7's are an efficient and accurate measure of sequential subtracting, but even more importantly, the study revealed the hierarchical increase in cognitive demand when the performances between 3's and 7's were compared. With standardization and norms, serial subtraction becomes a more effective screening technique within the context of a mental status examination. Similarly, the conjoint administration of these tasks yields synergistic data that can be useful in determining deficits in the cognitive domains of attention and working memory.
Triiodothyronine treatment maintains surfactant synthesis during sepsis.

Background Pulmonary compromise with altered surfactant metabolism is frequently noted during sepsis; triiodothyronine is necessary for normal surfactant synthesis. We evaluated the role of physiologic replacement of triiodothyronine during sepsis-induced hypothyroidism on surfactant synthesis and lung structural integrity. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats (average weight, 330 gm) underwent sham laparotomy or cecal ligation and puncture; treatment was administered to rats that underwent cecal ligation and puncture by Alzet osmotic pump consisting of triiodothyronine (3 ng/hr) or saline control. The rats were killed 24 hours after serum triiodothyronine determination by radioimmunoassay (normal, 60 to 160 ng/dl). Surfactant was obtained by saline lavage. Lipid content was determined by Folch extraction; phospholipid content was verified by chromatography. Blinded histologic analysis of lung confluence and alveolar sparing was done in separate subgroups. Results are +/- SE. Results Control rats with sepsis were hypothyroid at 24 hours; rats given triiodothyronine were euthyroid (rats that underwent sham laparotomy, 67.7 +/- 4.9 ng/dl; control rats, 37.6 +/- 5.7 ng/dl; and triiodothyronine, 85.7 +/- 19 ng/dl; p less than 0.05 compared with triiodothyronine by analysis of variance). Surfactant production was significantly improved by triiodothyronine compared with control (60.7 +/- 22.6 mg vs 23.2 +/- 11.3 mg; p less than 0.05 by analysis of variance). Lung histologic integrity was maintained by triiodothyronine treatment during sepsis. Conclusions Triiodothyronine supplementation may be beneficial in septic-induced pulmonary dysfunction.
On the Stability and CPU Time of the Implicit Runge-Kutta Schemes for Steady State Simulations

Implicit time integration schemes are popular because their relaxed stability constraints can result in better computational efficiency. For time-accurate unsteady simulations, it has been well recognized that the inherent dispersion and dissipation errors of implicit Runge-Kutta schemes will reduce the computational accuracy for large time steps. Yet for steady state simulations using the time-dependent governing equations, these errors are often overlooked because the intermediate solutions are of less interest. Based on the model equation dy/dt=(μ+iλ)y of scalar convection diffusion systems, this study examines the stability limits, dispersion and dissipation errors of four diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta-type schemes on the complex (μ+iλ)Δt plane. Through numerical experiments, it is shown that, as the time steps increase, the A-stable implicit schemes may not always have reduced CPU time and the computations may not always remain stable, due to the inherent dispersion and dissipation errors of the implicit Runge-Kutta schemes. The dissipation errors may decelerate the convergence rate, and the dispersion errors may cause large oscillations of the numerical solutions. These errors, especially those of high wavenumber components, grow at large time steps. They lead to difficulty in the convergence of the numerical computations, and result in increasing CPU time or even unstable computations as the time step increases. It is concluded that an optimal implicit time integration scheme for steady state simulations should have high dissipation and low dispersion.
Sequential Exposure of Bortezomib and Vorinostat is Synergistic in Multiple Myeloma Cells

Purpose To examine the combination of bortezomib and vorinostat in multiple myeloma cells (U266) and xenografts, and to assess the nature of their potential interactions with semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic models and biomarkers.
Introduction to Higher Education theme issue on the Academic Profession in Central and Eastern Europe

The academic profession faces significant challenges everywhere the implications of globalization, massification, privatization, and financial problems, among others shape the working conditions of the professoriate. The situation in central and Eastern Europe is especially problematical. Not only are universities facing the problems experienced elsewhere, the region has recently undergone the economic, political, and cultural dislocations brought by the collapse of the Soviet system and its replacement by capitalism. As a result, there is no other world region where higher education is as much in turmoil. These three analyses, dealing with Russia, Bulgaria, and Poland, provide insights into how the academic profession is affected by both university change and massive social dislocation. The situation is not a happy one, and it is a tribute to the academic community that the universities are surviving in difficult circumstances. It is not clear how the professoriate will in the long term be affected by the strains evident in central and Eastern Europe. In Russia especially, financial pressures are just one element of a deteriorating academic situation. Academic freedom is threatened, and the traditional strength of the academic system and its research base is being weakened. A new private sector has emerged, and it is not clear how the academic profession will adapt to these new conditions. Poland, and to a lesser extent Bulgaria, have made the transition more successfiilly, although again the academic systems remain in a somewhat transitional state. One thing is clear the future of higher education in central and Eastern Europe depends on a strong professoriate. This set of articles stems from a research project on the academic profession in developing and middle income countries. Other analyses of developing countries can be found in Philip G. Altbach, ed., The Decline of the Guru: The Academic Profession in Developing Countries (New York: Palgrave, 2003). This project was funded by the Ford Foundation, and it is related to an earlier issue of Higher Education on "The Changing Academic Workplace" (Vol. 41, No. 1-2, 2001). This issue was edited by Philip G. Altbach and Richard Chait.
Oyster Density and Demographic Rates on Natural Intertidal Reefs and Hardened Shoreline Structures

ABSTRACT The ubiquitous loss of natural intertidal oyster reefs and associated ecosystem services has fueled restoration efforts throughout the world. Effective restoration requires an understanding of the distribution, density, and demographic rates (growth and survival) of oysters inhabiting existing natural reefs and how these may vary as a function of landscape-scale factors, such as tidal range and fetch distances. Furthermore, natural intertidal habitats are increasingly being replaced with hardened shoreline structures that may be colonized by oysters, yet little is known about habitat quality (as indexed by oyster density and demographic rates) of these hardened structures relative to natural habitats. The present study sought to compare oyster density, demographic rates, and population estimates (1) across estuarine landscape settings to inform natural intertidal oyster reef restoration (i.e., comparing natural intertidal reefs within adjacent water bodies that vary in tidal regimes and fetch dis...
Civil Infrastructure Serviceability Evaluation Based on Big Data

Failure of civil infrastructure, such as, bridges and pipelines, can cause large public safety and economic consequences. Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a significant role in preventing and mitigating the course of structural damage. In this work, a multi-scale SHM framework based on Hadoop Ecosystem (MS-SHM-Hadoop) to monitor and evaluate the serviceability of civil infrastructure is proposed. Through utilizing fault-tolerant distributed file system called Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and high-performance parallel data processing engine called MapReduce programming paradigm, MS-SHM-Hadoop has high scalability and robustness in data ingestion, fusion, processing, retrieval, and analytics. MS-SHM-Hadoop is a multi-scale reliability analysis framework including nationwide civil infrastructure survey, global structural integrity analysis, and structural components’ reliability analysis. The nationwide civil infrastructure survey uses deep-learning techniques to evaluate their serviceability according to real-time sensory data or archived civil infrastructure related data such as traffic status, weather conditions and civil infrastructure’s structural configuration. The global structural integrity analysis of a targeted civil infrastructure is made by processing and analyzing the measured vibration signals incurred by external loads such as wind and traffic flow. Component-wise reliability analysis is also enabled by deep learning technique, where the input data is derived from the measured structural load effect, hyper-spectral and 3D point cloud images, and moisture measurement about structural component. As one of its major contributions, this work employs Bayesian network to formulate the integral serviceability of a civil infrastructure according to components’ serviceability and inter-component correlations. Here the inter-component correlations are jointly specified using statistics-oriented machine learning method (e.g., association rule learning) or structural mechanics modeling and simulation.
THE MANAGEMENT OF OPEN PAEDIATRIC TIBIAL FRACTURES

To analyse the management of open paediatric tibial fractures treated at a children9s Major Trauma Centre (MTC), comparing fixation methods, union and complications. We retrospectively identified all patients admitted to RMCH with an open tibia fracture between 2008 – 2016. Demographics, mechanism, inpatient stay and follow-up management were reviewed. There were a total of 44 patients, with an average age = 10 years (3–15). 93% of cases were caused by road traffic accidents, commonly pedestrian versus car. Older children were more likely to sustain higher grade injuries, requiring increased length of stay. 35 patients had primary / delayed wound closure, 1 patient required fasciotomies and 4/44 needed skin grafts and/or flap. 7 patients were treated in plaster, 9 by elastic nailing, 15 had mono-lateral fixators and 12 with circular frame. The average number of surgeries = 3 (1–7) with older children having increased risk of revision surgery. Monolateral fixators were the most common primary fixation method (n=15), however 60% required revision to ring fixator due to displacement or delayed union. The main risk factor for displacement was inadequate fracture reduction in theatre, as well as those fracture patterns involving butterfly fragments. Union (defined as RUST score = 3 on >3 cortices) was achieved in all patients (ave 6 months). Delayed union was associated with higher grade injuries, those treated with elastic nails demonstrated the longest union time (ave 7.3 months). 21/44 (47.7%) patients had complications, with pin site infection being the most commonly seen. 18% patients suffered a major complications needing further surgery. Various fixation methods can be successfully used to treat these fractures. They demonstrate a high complication rate and often require multiple surgeries, with union taking an average of 6 months. Mono-lateral fixators demonstrate a high revision rate, particularly if the fracture is not well reduced.
Application of Scanning Capacitance Microscopy on SOI device with wafer edge low yield pattern

Abstract As semiconductor technology keeps scaling down, many advanced technology and process were applied in the semiconductor process. Especially for the application of IOT (internet of thing) technology, the low leakage and low power consumption product was the key component for this kind of application. SOI (Silicon-On-Insulator) wafer process is one of the advanced and important branches of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Its intrinsic advantage, low leakage and lower power consuming make it very suitable for personal communication device and IOT which match well with the application requirement. As is well known the SOI wafer is different form the normal bulk silicon wafer. The active sits on the silicon oxide insulator, which makes the final device separate from the substrate. Basically, all of the devices are floating on a nonconductive oxide layer. It comes with many challenges for process and analysis as compared with the conventional bulk silicon process. The most conventional analysis method is not applicable in the SOI device such as the PVC (passive voltage contrast) and current image methodology which are a very powerful and important in the failure analysis. In this paper, scanning capacitance is successfully used as the substitution of the PVC method. The SCM (Scanning Capacitance Microscopy) is a complicated process. Since all of the abnormality or physical change will affect the measured capacitance, then the capacitance signal will theoretically has many information with itself, including open, short and leakage. Through the detailed study, the contact level top-down SCM was successfully applied on the SOI unit. By proper setting of SCM bias condition, it can not only visualize the possible leaky location but also can reveal the possible path. Further nanoprobing and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) have confirmed the SCM analysis.
The Effect of Ambient Turbulence on Jet Mixing

Most integral models that have been developed to compute buoyant jet mixing in flowing receiving fluids ignore any contribution of ambient turbulence to the jet mixing process. Any justification for this approach is based on a very limited data set. This study considers the effect of ambient turbulence on the mixing of a nonbuoyant co-flowing jet. Existing models are reviewed to determine which one best reproduces observations in ambient fluids with low turbulence levels. This model is then combined with a hypothesized mixing relation that accounts for the ambient turbulence and the resulting model is shown to reproduce the mixing observed in various experimental data. The results of this study imply that ambient turbulence will have a relatively significant influence on jet mixing for applications in which the primary jet motion is in the direction of the ambient current.
Teacher Training for PhD Students and New Faculty in Economics.

ABSTRACTPast studies suggest that a majority of economics graduate students engage in teaching-related activities during graduate school and many go on to academic positions afterwards. However, not all graduate students are formally prepared to teach while in graduate school nor are they fully prepared to teach in their first academic position. The authors characterize current teaching experience and training of graduate students from the point of view of directors of graduate studies and of newly minted academic economists. The authors also query department chairs and new faculty about teacher training, support available for new faculty, and the degree to which newly hired Ph.D. economists are prepared to teach. Findings indicate that while some training is available, there is room for enhancing teacher training in economics.
Does Addition of Tobramycin Powder Reduce Infection Rates After Spine Surgery

Study Design:Retrospective chart review.Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of tobramycin and vancomycin powder in reducing surgical site infections in posterior lumbar instrumented fusion.Methods:...
Color Contrast Perimetry: Hue Discrimination Defects in Acquired Dyschromatopsias

Color contrast perimetry was used to study the central visual field defects of patients with acquired dyschromatopsias resulting from diseases of the macula or optic nerve. Patients were classified according to the apparent axis of their hue discrimination defect: (1) predominantly red/green; (2) predominantly blue/yellow; (3) global hue discrimination deficit. A computer controlled color video tangent screen was used to examine the central visual field of all patients. Comparisons were made to automated threshold static perimetry. Patients with hue discrimination defects predominantly in a blue/yellow axis were also found to have relative preservation of both luminance and color contrast sensitivity at the fovea. Conversely, those patients that had hue discrimination defects predominantly in a red/green axis were found to have central visual field defects for both luminance and color contrast that failed to preserve foveal function. It is proposed that the apparent hue discrimination defects in acquired dyschromatopsias are principally the result of the heterogenous spatial distribution of central visual field defects and the physiologic heterogeneity of color opponent mechanisms in the foveal and parafoveal visual field. This would further suggest that hue discrimination defects are usually not produced by selective impairment of opponent red/green or blue/yellow channels in the afferent visual system.
Thermodynamic Ecology of Hydrogen-Based Syntrophy

The energy available for metabolism in many anoxic ecosystems is so minimal that organisms are forced to live at the fundamental energetic threshold for life. Because organisms in these environments are energy limited, and because the amount of energy generated during catabolism hardly exceeds the biological energy quantum, competition for reducing equivalents (mainly H2) is based firmly on the bioenergetic yield of catabolism. Competition between H2 consumers gives rise to a cooperative thermodynamic situation, allowing H2 producers to convert most organic material to CO2 acetate, and H2 Hydrogen production is dependent on constant H2 consumption without which H2 production is thermodynamically inhibited; this syntrophic process is termed interspecies H2 ransfer. The term thermodynamic ecology is used here to describe the overriding principle governing microbial competition and cooperation in relevant anoxic ecosystems. The principle of thermodynamic ecology is environmentally important and can be applied to numerous anoxic environments to understand the pathways of organic-matter remineralization.
Primates as Models of Behavior in Biomedical Research

Much can be learned about behaviors with biomedical relevance from behavioral studies of the seemingly uncomplicated prosimians to the seemingly complex great apes. This chapter will concentrate on providing insight into suitable, and perhaps even ideal, nonhuman primate (NHP) models that can be used, or that have been used, to attempt to answer specific behaviorally oriented biomedical research questions. Prosimians, monkeys, and apes are all organisms whose behavior has been investigated in the laboratory in an attempt to model, to simulate, to understand, or to change behavior. One of the primary biomedical uses of behavioral research with NHP is to identify, study, and treat behavioral abnormalities. A second important biomedical use of behavior is as an assay. Normal behavior can be assessed during a baseline condition and then an experimental manipulation can be implemented, with any significant changes in behavior being indicative of a meaningful effect of the manipulation. Nonhuman primate subjects can also be trained to perform specific tasks until they have reached target criteria and the effects of manipulations on performance can then be measured. For investigations focusing on the evolution of behavior, primate behavioral capabilities can be studied to better understand the evolution and/or development of human capabilities. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the two most commonly utilized nonhuman primate models in studies of behavior. These medium-sized animals appear to represent a valuable compromise model, retaining many of the most attractive and useful characteristics of NHP as behavioral models, while simultaneously demonstrating many of the convenient and utilitarian characteristics required for successful laboratory animal models. Although specialized studies will require more specialized nonhuman primate models, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques appear to be exceptionally useful models for a variety of types of behavioral research.
Independent Dynamic Gate Bias for a Two-Stage Amplifier for Amplitude and Phase Linearization

This work describes an analog linearization technique for two-stage power amplifiers using gate bias modulation. Independently driving the gates of the first and second stage with a signal dependent voltage allows for theoretically perfectly flat AM/AM, AM/PM while sacrificing average gain. Using a GaN 10 W MMIC driving and a custom built gate tracker, and a target NPR of 24 dB, dynamic gate tracking improves the average output power by 1.25 dB and raises the PAE more than 4 % points for a 5 MHz white noise signal.
Quadriceps weakness preferentially predicts detrimental gait compensations among common impairments after total knee arthroplasty.

Patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have large deficits in physical performance in comparison to their healthy age-matched peers. Limb asymmetry stemming from less relative load borne by the surgical limb during daily mobility is associated with diminished performance and worsens with greater mobility demands. How common targets of postoperative care, such as muscle weakness, lower limb extension power, residual knee pain, and poor balance confidence can influence asymmetrical limb loading remains unclear. Forty-six patients with unilateral TKA underwent testing of impairments and motion analysis during 10° decline walking at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. At 3 months, only quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry was found to be significantly related to both total support moment (MT ) (β = 0.431; p < 0.001) and knee extensor moment (MK ) (β = 0.493; p < 0.001) asymmetry. Again at 6 months, only quadriceps strength asymmetry was related to MT (β = 0.432; p < 0.001) and MK (β = 0.534; p < 0.001) asymmetry. Quadriceps strength significantly improved over time in both limbs, however, deficits between limbs remained. Persistent quadriceps weakness is a key factor associated with walking compensation patterns that are limiting the capacity for greater physical performance of patients with TKA. The pronounced asymmetry in limb and knee loading at 3 months remains unchanged until at least 6 months after surgery, and its association with quadriceps strength asymmetry does not substantially change over time. While other factors may also prompt gait compensations, emphasis on improved quadriceps strength should be a focus of efforts to resolve gait compensations and enhance physical performance outcomes. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2355-2363, 2018.
Clinical Pharmacology of the Bisphosphonates

Abstract Bisphosphonates constitute a class of drugs that act primarily act by inhibition of bone resorption. These agents are widely used in the treatment calcium and bone metabolic disorders including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, and metastatic bone disease. This article will provide an overview of the pharmacology of these compounds.
Reinforcement Learning for Cyber-Physical Security Assessment of Power Systems

The protection of power systems is of paramount significance for the supply of electricity. Contingency analysis allows to access the impact of power grid components failures. Typically, power systems are designed to handle $N-2$ contingencies. Existing algorithms mainly focus on performance and computational efficiency. There has been little effort in designing contingency methods from a cybersecurity perspective. To address this limitation, we study contingency analysis in the context of power system planning and operation towards cyber-physical security assessment. The proposed methodology considers attackers transitions in the network based on the $N-2$ critical contingency pairs. We develop an online reinforcement $Q -$learning scheme to solve a Markov decision process that models adversarial actions. In this model, the adversary aims to maximize the cumulative reward before making any action and learns adaptively how to optimize the attack strategies. We validate and test the algorithm on eleven literature-based and synthetic power grid test cases.
Brescia-Cimino AV Fistula Complicated by Steal Syndrome

The Brescia-Cimino AV fistula is most commonly performed and rarely associated with steal syndrome. A case is presented with details regarding its correction.
A General Treatment Approach

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is not just about the evidence, but how to use it in a meaningful way; practicing EBM is not “cookbook medicine.” Sackett et al. have summarized this well: “EBM is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.” As such, there is a need to integrate individual clinical experience and expertise with external evidence. This evidence can be from a variety of sources and not necessarily from meta-analyses or randomized controlled trials.
The Six-Clicks Mobility Measure: A Useful Tool for Predicting Discharge Disposition

Abstract Objective To assess the predictive capabilities of 2 measures of functional mobility, the 6-clicks score and the Braden scale mobility score. We also identified the additional predictive value of adding electronic health record data (demographics, laboratory data, and vital signs) to each model. Design Cohort study. Setting A large integrated health system. Participants Patients ≥18 years of age (N=17,022) admitted to the inpatient medical service of one of 8 hospitals. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Predictive measures were patient demographics, laboratory values, vital signs, and functional mobility as measured by the 6-clicks score within the first 48 hours of hospital admission. Our outcome was discharge destination (home vs other). Results Our final sample included 19,963 records. Patients were discharged alive from 19,698 admissions. The majority were women (n=11,729, 59%) with a mean age of 73 (standard deviation, 15.3) years. Patients’ initial 6-clicks score had moderate discrimination for discharge destination (c-statistic of 0.78) and outperformed the Braden score (c-statistic of 0.68). Electronic health record data alone had poor discrimination (c-statistic of 0.66) and added little to the model of 6-clicks alone (adjusted c-statistic increased from 0.78 to 0.80). Conclusion Functional mobility measured via 6-clicks within 48 hours of admission can help identify patients who are likely to go home, facilitating early discharge planning.
Periods of automorphic forms

In this chapter we introduce various notions connected to periods of automorphic forms; all of these have received extensive treatment in Shimura’s work. The period conjectures of Shimura occupy a central position in number theory today, and will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 and Chapter 6. In this chapter we concentrate on the concepts themselves and give examples.
Empirical Investigation of Users' Preferred Timing Parameters for American Sign Language Animations

To make it easier to add American Sign Language (ASL) to websites, which would increase information accessibility for many Deaf users, we investigate software to semi-automatically produce ASL animation from an easy-to-update script of the message, requiring us to automatically select the speed and timing for the animation. While we can model speed and timing of human signers from video recordings, prior work has suggested that users prefer animations to be slower than videos of humans signers. However, no prior study had systematically examined the multiple parameters of ASL timing, which include: sign duration, transition time, pausing frequency, pausing duration, and differential signing rate. In an experimental study, 16 native ASL signers provided subjective preference judgements during a side-by-side comparison of ASL animations in which each of these five parameters was varied. We empirically identified and report users' preferences for each of these individual timing parameters of ASL animation.
Clinical Pharmacy Programmatic Perspectives on Use of Direct-Acting Antivirals for Acquired Hepatitis C Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Purpose An institutional workflow developed by clinical pharmacists for initiation of directing-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for patients who receive solid organ transplants from hepatitis C (HCV)-positive donors is described; programmatic challenges in providing pharmaceutical care to these patients are reviewed. Summary In recent years the introduction of new oral DAAs, coupled with faster screening of donor organs for HCV infection through use of a nucleic acid test (NAT), has facilitated transplants of organs from HCV-seropositive donors to HCV-seronegative recipients. The solid organ transplant program of a North Carolina health system began performing such transplants in December 2017. In the pharmacist-developed workflow, patients are initiated on DAA therapy in the outpatient clinic setting, and clinic pharmacists are consulted regarding drug selection. Prescriptions for DAA therapy are sent to an on-site specialty pharmacy, where pharmacists and pharmacy technicians work to obtain prior authorization and, if necessary, payment assistance through manufacturer-sponsored programs. The medical team is notified at the time of patient approval to begin treatment. Pharmacists provide counseling at the time of DAA therapy initiation and follow up with patients every 2 weeks to confirm adherence. As of June 2019, about 100 transplants of HCV NAT-positive organs had been performed (approximately 50% were kidney transplants; 15%, lung transplants; 20%, heart transplants; and 15%, liver transplants). Many challenges are encountered in the process of providing pharmaceutical care to this patient population, including challenges in patient selection and counseling, overcoming financial barriers and insurance restrictions, and coordinating with an internal specialty pharmacy to ensure timely delivery of medication to patients. Conclusion Within a solid organ transplantation program, clinical pharmacists and other pharmacy personnel can play vital roles in ensuring safe and effective DAA therapy for recipients of transplanted HCV NAT-positive organs.
Parents labor supply and childhood obesity: Evidence from Scotland.

Abstract More than one third of children worldwide are overweight or obese. This epidemic proportion makes obesity the most common chronic disease among children with short and long-term adverse effects on both affected children and society. This research examines the effect of the extensive and intensive margins of parental employment on children’s body mass index (BMI) z-score and likelihood of belonging to different weight status categories in Scotland. We also investigate some mechanisms driving the relationship. The results suggest that there is a positive association between maternal hours worked and child BMI or the probability that a child is overweight or obese. Our analysis of the channels shows that this is attributable to the less time children spend doing physical activity and the more time they watch TV, the more the parents work. The findings are useful for the design of policies whose goal is to improve children’s weight outcomes given parental employment.
Applications and Exercises

In this chapter, Eastman offers readers a range of questions and prompts that they can use to check their understanding of the concepts in Shakespeare’s Storytelling. Some of these questions involve closely reading Shakespeare plays like Hamlet and King Lear. Others test readers’ ability to describe how Shakespeare’s storytelling tools are used in children’s movies like Wreck-It Ralph and Inside Out, as well as classic films like Star Wars: Episode IV. Finally, readers are invited to test their knowledge by rewriting a simple non-Shakespearean story using Shakespeare’s storytelling tools.
Three dimensional low-mode areal-density non-uniformities in indirect-drive implosions at the National Ignition Facility

To achieve hotspot ignition, an inertial confinement fusion implosion must achieve high hotspot pressure that is inertially confined by a dense shell of DT fuel. This requires a symmetric implosion having high in-flight shell velocity and high areal density at stagnation. The size of the driver and scale of the capsule required can be minimized by maintaining a high efficiency of energy coupling from the imploding shell to the hotspot. Significant 3D low mode asymmetries, however, are commonly observed in indirect-drive implosions and reduce the coupling of shell kinetic energy to the hotspot. To better quantify the magnitudes and impacts of shell density asymmetries, we have developed new analysis techniques and analytic models [Hurricane et al., Phys. Plasmas 27(6), 062704 (2020)]. To build confidence in the underlying data, we have also developed an analytic neutron transport model to cross-compare two independent measurements of asymmetry, which shows excellent agreement across shots for mode-1 (l = 1). This work also demonstrates that asymmetry can introduce potential sampling bias into down-scattered ratio measurements causing the solid-angle-average and uncertainty-weighted-average down-scattered ratios to differ significantly. Diagnosing asymmetries beyond mode-1 (l > 1) presents significant challenges. Using new diagnostic instruments and analysis techniques, however, evidence of significant Legendre mode P2 (l = 2, m = 0) and additional 3D asymmetries (l > 1, m ≠ 0) are beginning to emerge from the high precision activation diagnostic data (real-time nuclear activation detectors) and down-scattered neutron imaging data.
Mining and Validating Social Media Data for COVID-19-Related Human Behaviors Between January and July 2020: Infodemiology Study.

Background: Health authorities can minimize the impact of an emergent infectious disease outbreak through effective and timely risk communication, which can build trust and adherence to subsequent behavioral messaging. Monitoring the psychological impacts of an outbreak, as well as public adherence to such messaging, is also important for minimizing long-term effects of an outbreak. Objective: We used social media data from Twitter to identify human behaviors relevant to COVID-19 transmission, as well as the perceived impacts of COVID-19 on individuals, as a first step toward real-time monitoring of public perceptions to inform public health communications. Methods: We developed a coding schema for 6 categories and 11 subcategories, which included both a wide number of behaviors as well codes focused on the impacts of the pandemic (eg, economic and mental health impacts). We used this to develop training data and develop supervised learning classifiers for classes with sufficient labels. Classifiers that performed adequately were applied to our remaining corpus, and temporal and geospatial trends were assessed. We compared the classified patterns to ground truth mobility data and actual COVID-19 confirmed cases to assess the signal achieved here. Results: We applied our labeling schema to approximately 7200 tweets. The worst-performing classifiers had F1 scores of only 0.18 to 0.28 when trying to identify tweets about monitoring symptoms and testing. Classifiers about social distancing, however, were much stronger, with F1 scores of 0.64 to 0.66. We applied the social distancing classifiers to over 228 million tweets. We showed temporal patterns consistent with real-world events, and we showed correlations of up to –0.5 between social distancing signals on Twitter and ground truth mobility throughout the United States. Conclusions: Behaviors discussed on Twitter are exceptionally varied. Twitter can provide useful information for parameterizing models that incorporate human behavior, as well as for informing public health communication strategies by describing awareness of and compliance with suggested behaviors.
Genetic association of primary nonresponse to anti-TNFα therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Objectives Primary nonresponse (PNR) to antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) biologics is a serious concern in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to identify the genetic variants associated with PNR. Patients and methods Patients were recruited from outpatient GI clinics and PNR was determined using both clinical and endoscopic findings. A case-control genome-wide association study was performed in 589 IBD patients and associations were replicated in an independent cohort of 293 patients. Effect of the associated variant on gene expression and TNFα secretion was assessed by cell-based assays. Pleiotropic effects were investigated by Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Results We identified rs34767465 as associated with PNR to anti-TNFα therapy (odds ratio: 2.07, 95% CI, 1.46-2.94, P = 2.43 × 10-7, [replication odds ratio: 1.8, 95% CI, 1.04-3.16, P = 0.03]). rs34767465 is a multiple-tissue expression quantitative trait loci for FAM114A2. Using RNA-sequencing and protein quantification from HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), we found a significant decrease in FAM114A2 mRNA and protein expression in both heterozygous and homozygous genotypes when compared to wild type LCLs. TNFα secretion was significantly higher in THP-1 cells [differentiated into macrophages] with FAM114A2 knockdown versus controls. Immunoblotting experiments showed that depletion of FAM114A2 impaired autophagy-related pathway genes suggesting autophagy-mediated TNFα secretion as a potential mechanism. PheWAS showed rs34767465 was associated with comorbid conditions found in IBD patients (derangement of joints [P = 3.7 × 10-4], pigmentary iris degeneration [P = 5.9 × 10-4], diverticulum of esophagus [P = 7 × 10-4]). Conclusions We identified a variant rs34767465 associated with PNR to anti-TNFα biologics, which increases TNFα secretion through mechanism related to autophagy. rs34767465 may also explain the comorbidities associated with IBD.
Consequences of Work Structures II

Work attitudes refer to a wide range of people’s feelings about their work. These include their satisfaction with and their commitment to work and to different work structures: jobs, organizations, occupations, unions, and classes. The literature on work attitudes is immense, and we make no attempt here to review this vast array of studies in any but the grossest sense of the word. Rather, we provide a broad overview of the prototypal kinds of studies that have been done in connection with each of our types of work structures.
Partial CO2 Rebreathing Indirect Fick Technique for Non-Invasive Measurement of Cardiac Output

Objective.Evaluation in animals of a non-invasive and continuous cardiac output monitoring system based on partial carbon-dioxide (CO2) rebreathing indirect Fick technique. Methods.We have developed a non-invasive cardiac output (NICO) monitoring system, based on the partial rebreathing method. The partial rebreathing technique employs a differential form of the Fick equation for calculating cardiac output (QT) using non-invasive measurements. Changes in CO2 elimination (ΔVCO2) and partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (Δ PETCO2) in response to a brief period of partial rebreathing are used to measure pulmonary capillary blood flow (QPCBF). A non-invasive estimate of anatomic and intrapulmonary shunt fraction (QS/QT), based on oxygen saturation from pulse oximetry (SpO2) and inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), is added to compute total cardiac output [QT=QPCBF/(1−QS/QT)]. The performance of the NICO was compared with iced 5% dextrose bolus thermodilution cardiac output (TDco) measurements in 6 dogs. Cardiac output was varied using dobutamine, and halothane, and by clamping of the inferior vena cava. Two hundred and forty-six (n = 246) paired measurements of TDco and NICO over a range of cardiac outputs (TDco range = 0.60–8.87 l/min) were compared using Bland-Altman analysis and weighted correlation coefficient. Results.The Bland–Altman technique yielded a NICO precision of ± 0.70 l/min (13.8%) with a mean bias of −0.07 l/min (−1.4%) compared to TDco. The weighted correlation coefficient between TDco and NICO values was: r= 0.93 (n= 246). Conclusion.The partial CO2 rebreathing technique for measurement of cardiac output is non-invasive, automated, and based on the well accepted Fick principle. The limits of agreement between NICO and TDco is within the recommended value for NICO to be a clinically acceptable method for cardiac output measurement. The results of this canine study show that NICO performed as well, and in some cases better, than other currently available non-invasive cardiac output techniques over a wide range of cardiac outputs.
Synthetic Aperture Sonar Forward Modeling and Inversion

Abstract : Current and future high-resolution MCM systems such as Synthetic Aperture Sonar are actively being developed. Unfortunately, this development is proceeding in many cases without a solid understanding of how environmental effects might degrade performance or how data inversion can be used to extract information about the environment. While these systems have been largely successful in achieving their goals of producing high-resolution imagery (on the order of square centimeters), there has been little effort in linking scattering physics to both the mean levels and statistics of the resulting sonar returns seen in the images. This type of knowledge is crucial for producing both realistic forward and inverse models. The long-term goals of the present research are to develop and validate physics-based models and inversion tools relevant to current and future synthetic aperture sonar systems. The influence of the properties of the boundaries to the scattered envelope statistics will be examined in detail as will methods to invert system data for environmental parameters. This study will yield an improved understanding of the link between environmental parameters and system factors which contribute to SAS image statistics, as well as models and methods for characterizing, predicting and mitigating environmental effects. This effort may lead to improved methods for environmental characterization (i.e., 'through-the-sensor inversion of seafloor properties), have direct application to performance prediction, and possibly provide guidance for adaptive strategies for speckle reduction based on the operational environment.
TOWARD A SATURATED LINKAGE MAP IN TOMATO BASED ON ISOZYMES AND RANDOM cDNA SEQUENCES

ABSTRACT A linkage map in tomato has been developed based on isozyme and random cDNA clones derived from mRNA. Interspecific backcross and F 2 populations of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii were employed in the linkage analysis. Allelic differences in cDNA markers were based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected through Southern analysis. A total of 57 unique cDNA clones have been analyzed. The majority of cDNA markers correspond to single loci and are dispersed throughtout the genome. Of those clones that hybridize to two or more loci, most show genetic independence ( ie ., they are unlinked). The combination of isozyme, cDNA and previously mapped DNA markers total 112 loci. It is estimated that approximately 92% of the genome can be monitored during segregation with these markers. Molecular maps, such as the one being constructed in tomato, may allow genetic and breeding experiments that previously were not possible.
Behavioral sequelae of California encephalitis virus infection in children.

SUMMARY An extensive psychological study was made on 14 children after their hospitalisation for California Encephalitis Virus infection. The behavioral examination was made between 7 months and 2 years after the initial hospital admittance and on routine clinical examination the children appeared to be functioning normally. This is in sharp contrast with the picture they presented when in hospital, with high fever, seizures and severe headaches, and when some were comatose or semi-comatose. The data from the hebavioral studies indicated that the children had severe auditory and visual perceptual problems. There seemed to be no disturbance of higher language skills. A definite personality dimension was also reported, with school failure as a severe threat. RESUME On a effectue une etude psychologique approfondie de 14 enfants apres leur hospitalisation pour encephalite virale de Californie. L'examen du comportement a ete fait entre 7 mois et 2 ans apres l'admission initiale a l'hopital et alors qu'a l'examen clinique de routine, les enfants paraissaient se comporter normalement. Ceci, en contraste net avec le tableau qu'ils presentaient durant l'hospitalisation, avec fievre elevee, crises comitiales, maux de tete severes et pour certains d'entre eux, etat comateux ou sub-comateux. Les resultats des investigations du comportement ont indique que les enfants presentaient de graves difficultes perceptives, d'audition et de vision. En revanche, il ne semblait pas y avoir de troubles dans la sphere plus elevee du langage. Une modification bien definie de la personnalite a pu aussi etre rapportee, l'echec scolaire apparaissant comme une grave menace. RESUMEN Despues de su hospitalizacion por virus de encefalitis de California, se lealizo un estudio psicologico extenso en 14 ninos. La exploracion de comportamiento se realizo entre 7 meses y 2 anos despues del ingreso inicial, y segun examenes clinicos rutinarios, los ninos parecian funcionar normalmente. Esto se contrastaba fuertemente con el cuadro que habian presentado durante su hospitalizacion, cuando estaban afectos de fiebres altas, ataques, y dolores fuertes de cabeza, y cuando algunos estaban comatosos o semicomatosos. Los datos de los estudios de comportamiento indicaban que los ninos tenian problemas graves de perception visual y auditoria. No se hallaban ningunos trastornos de lenguaje. Se notaba ademas una dimension definida de personalidad, el fracaso escolastico siendo un peligro grave.
Computer simulations of energetic neutral atom imaging from low and high altitude spacecraft

Abstract ENA cameras are being readied for flight on the Argentine SAC-B low-altitude mission and the NASA Cassini Saturn orbiter and an upcoming NASA MidEx mission (IMAGE) will be devoted completely to magnetospheric imaging. Computer simulation of ENA images has proved an indispensable tool for both scientific data analysis and instrument/mission design for a number of reasons. ENA emission is usually “optically thin”, so it is very difficult to imagine how magnetospheric ion distributions will image from different vantage points. ENA emission has a wide dynamic range in intensity, and contemporary cameras do not always have angular resolution sufficient to resolve the structures. Consequently, image simulation is an essential element in the extraction of the ion distributions from ENA images. Examples of simulations from past, present, and future missions that illustrate these effects are presented.