cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative and Applied Criminology at the Max Planck Institute in Freiburg

[Editor's Note] The editor has invited Dr. Elmer H. Johnson to be the Guest Editor for the series of articles he and his collaborators in Germany, and other European countries will be preparing and publishing through this journal. Dr. Johnson is a well-known criminologist in the United States, as well as abroad. Perhaps his best known criminology text is Crime, Correction, and Society (Dorsey Press: Homewood, Ill.); he has published numerous articles in leading journals. During his 1978–1979 sabbatical from Southern Illinois University, Elmer H. Johnson spent three months at the Max Planck Institute, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Federal Republic of Germany. There he collaborated with Dr. Gunther Kaiser, head of the Criminology section of the Institute, in teaching a seminar for students of the Law School of the University of Freiburg. The mission was to provide subject matter for comparing American and European approaches to the Administration of Justice, with an emphasis of practical implications. In examining ...
Rectifying Misconceptions: A Comprehensive Response to “Some Concerns About the Psychological Implications of Mindfulness: A Critical Analysis”

The present article attempts to address misconceptions and mischaracterizations of mindfulness-based interventions found in the article “Some Concerns about the Psychological Implications of Mindfulness: A Critical Analysis,” written by Daniel David. The paper, we contended, suffers as a result of its reductive presentation of mindfulness, the relationship of mindfulness to Buddhist thought, the empirical support for mindfulness-based interventions, and the presumed mechanisms of change and clinical utility of those interventions. Such misconceptions and mischaracterizations can unfortunately have a powerful effect on both the literature base, and on those providing direct psychological services. As such, the purpose of this response article is to stimulate a clear and accurate discussion of the concepts and applications of mindfulness, so that practitioners have the information they need to make sound treatment decisions for their clientele.
Investigation of Twin Jet Aeroacoustic Properties near a Hybrid Wing–Body Shield

In preparation for wind-tunnel acoustic experiments of a hybrid wing–body vehicle with two jet engine simulator units, a series of twin jet aeroacoustic investigations was conducted leading to increased understanding and risk mitigation. An existing twin jet nozzle system and a fabricated hybrid wing–body aft deck fuselage are combined for a 1.9% model scale study of jet nozzle spacing and jet cant angle effects, elevon deflection into the jet plume, and acoustic shielding by the fuselage body. Linear and phased array microphone measurements are made, and data processing includes the use of the deconvolution approach for the mapping of acoustic sources. Closely spaced twin jets with a 5 deg inward cant angle exhibit reduced noise levels compared with their parallel flow counterparts at similar and larger nozzle spacings. A 40 deg elevon deflection into the twin jet plume, which is required for hybrid wing–body ground rotation, can significantly increase upstream noise levels (more than 5 dB overall sound ...
The effect of feedback-assisted reduction in heart rate reactivity on videogame performance.

In 67 male volunteers, we examined the reduction of cardiovascular responsivity to a psychomotor challenge (videogame) achieved by use of heart rate (HR) feedback and effects of these procedures on concomitant behavioral performance. Each subject participated in a pretraining assessment of his cardiovascular responses to the videogame, a training condition, and a posttraining assessment identical to the initial evaluation. During training, subjects were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) a habituation control group receiving no instructions to alter HR (HC); (b) an instructions-only control group receiving instructions to maintain a low or unchanged HR during videogame presentations (IC); (c) a feedback group receiving instructions to reduce HR using ongoing HR feedback (FB−); or (d) a feedback group receiving instructions to lower HR and given HR feedback plus a score contingency in which total game score was jointly determined by subjects' game performance and success at HR control (FB+). Subjects receiving feedback (FB+, FB−) exhibited greater reductions in HR response to the videogame in the posttraining assessment than control (HC, IC) subjects; FB+ subjects showed greater HR reductions than subjects in any other group. FB+ and FB− subjects showed a lower SBP at posttraining relative to the two control groups, but no reduction in task-induced blood pressure reactivity. There were no group differences in videogame performance, either before or following training.
Ross and the Particularism/Generalism Divide

W. D. Ross is commonly considered to be a generalist about prima facie duty but a particularist about absolute duty. That is, many philosophers hold that Ross accepts that there are true moral principles involving prima facie duty but denies that there are any true moral principles involving absolute duty. I agree with the former claim: Ross surely accepts prima facie moral principles. However, in this paper, I challenge the latter claim. Ross, I argue, is no more a particularist about absolute duty than a utilitarian or a Kantian is. While this conclusion is interesting in its own right, it is also important, I argue, because it prevents us from overlooking Ross's criterion of moral obligation and because it may have implications on the broader debate between particularists and generalists.
β1-integrin alters ependymal stem cell BMP receptor localization and attenuates astrogliosis after spinal cord injury

Astrogliosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major impediment to functional recovery. More than half of new astrocytes generated after SCI are derived from ependymal zone stem cells (EZCs). We demonstrate that expression of β1-integrin increases in EZCs following SCI in mice. Conditional knock-out of β1-integrin increases GFAP expression and astrocytic differentiation by cultured EZCs without altering oligodendroglial or neuronal differentiation. Ablation of β1-integrin from EZCs in vivo reduced the number of EZC progeny that continued to express stem cell markers after SCI, increased the proportion of EZC progeny that differentiated into GFAP+ astrocytes, and diminished functional recovery. Loss of β1-integrin increased SMAD1/5/8 and p38 signaling, suggesting activation of BMP signaling. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that β1-integrin directly interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein receptor subunits BMPR1a and BMPR1b. Ablation of β1-integrin reduced overall levels of BMP receptors but significantly increased partitioning of BMPR1b into lipid rafts with increased SMAD1/5/8 and p38 signaling. Thus β1-integrin expression by EZCs reduces movement of BMPR1b into lipid rafts, thereby limiting the known deleterious effects of BMPR1b signaling on glial scar formation after SCI.
Development of phenotypic differences in sensillum populations on the antennae of a grasshopper, Schistocerca americana.

The development of diet-induced phenotypic differences in numbers of sensilla on the antennae of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana was studied using the exuviae produced at each molt. This made it possible to follow changes within an individual insect. In the first instar, insects had similar numbers of four sensillum types: uniporous trichoid sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, and large and small multiporous basiconic sensilla. Rearing on lettuce resulted in sixth instars with greater numbers of three sensillum types than siblings reared on an artificial diet. The first statistically significant differences between treatments in numbers of trichoid sensilla and large basiconic sensilla occurred in the third and fourth instars, respectively. No major reductions in sensillum numbers occurred at any time and the phenotypic differences resulted from differences in the numbers added at each molt.
Serotonin in the developing stomatogastric system of the lobster, Homarus americanus.

We studied the development of the serotonergic modulation of the stomatogastric nervous system of the lobster, Homarus americanus. Although the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is present early in embryonic development, serotonin immunoreactivity is not visible in the STG until the second larval stage. However, incubation of the STG with exogenous serotonin showed that a serotonin transporter is present in embryonic and early larval stages. Serotonin uptake was blocked by paroxetine and 0% Na(+) saline. The presence of a serotonin transporter in the embryonic STG suggests that hormonally liberated serotonin could be taken up by the STG, and potentially released as a "borrowed transmitter". Consistent with a potential hormonal role, serotonin is found in the pericardial organs, a major neurosecretory structure, by midembryonic development. The rhythmic motor patterns produced by embryonic and larval STGs were decreased in frequency by serotonin. Lateral Pyloric (LP) neuron-evoked excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) in the embryos and the first larval stage (LI) were larger, slower, and more variable than those in the adult. The amplitude of adult LP neuron-evoked EJPs was increased more than twofold in serotonin, but in embryos and LI preparations this effect was negligible. In embryos and LI preparations, serotonin increased the occurrence of muscle fiber action potentials and altered the EJP wave-form. These data demonstrate that serotonin receptors are present in the stomatogastric nervous system early in development, and suggest that the role of serotonin changes from modulation of muscle fiber excitability early in development to enhancement of neurally evoked EJPs in the adult.
Total Nitrogen Losses from Fertilized Turfs on Simulated Highway Slopes in Florida

AbstractFertilized highway slopes constitute nonpoint sources of nitrogenous nutrients that are degrading the surface water and groundwater resources. This paper presents the results of simulated rainfall experiments conducted on a plot-scale test bed (slope-adjustable) that was fully exposed to weather for closely representing the conditions of a fertilized turf-covered highway slope in Florida. Thirty-six tests were conducted on three slopes (25, 33, and 50%), simulating two rainfall intensities (12.5 and 25 mm/h). The soils used were fine sand (AASHTO A-3 class) and silty sand (AASHTO A-2-4 class). Following the local highway practices, the tests were conducted after compacting the soils and establishing Argentine Bahia turf over A-3 soils and Pensacola Bahia turf over A-2-4 soils. Two fertilizers were used: a quick release (QR) 10-10-10 and a slow release (SR) 16-0-8. Weather conditions varied considerably during the duration of the project, affecting soil moisture, soil—grass—nutrient interactions, ...
USE OF ION-EXCHANGE RESINS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF N1-METHYLNICOTINAMIDE IN HUMAN URINE.

Abstract A modification of the method of Huff and Perlzweig has been developed which is suitable for the fluorometric determination of N 1 -methylnicotinamide in human urine containing as little as 0.5 μmoles in a 24-hr collection. Approximately 50% of the fluorescence of untreated urine was removed by chromatography while recoveries of added synthetic N 1 -methylnicotinamide were essentially quantitative. The N 1 -methylnicotinamide values derived with the revised method were lower and more reproducible than those obtained when charcoal was used to remove interfering substances.
Effects of partial hydrogenation, epoxidation, and hydroxylation on the fuel properties of fatty acid methyl esters

The properties of biodiesel depend on the chemical structure of individual fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this work the chemical structure of fatty acid chains was modified by catalytic hydrogenation, epoxidation and hydroxylation under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis of ester functionality or oxidation of fatty acid chain was not observed during these reactions. The properties of hydrogenated FAME strongly depend on the hydrogenation time. The total saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentage increased from 29.3% to 76.2% after 2 h of hydrogenation. This hydrogenated FAME showed higher oxidation stability and higher cetane number but poor cold flow properties. Formation of trans FAME was observed during hydrogenation. Both hydroxylation and epoxidation resulted in a decrease of unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFA) fraction. The percentages of total unsaturated FAME decreased 39% in the epoxidation reaction and 44% in the hydroxylation reaction. The addition of hydroxyl groups to the unsaturated regions of the fatty acid chain yields biodiesel with better cold flow properties, increased lubricity and slightly increased oxidative stability. However, epoxy FAME shows some interesting properties such as higher oxidation stability, higher cetane number and acceptable cold flow properties, which met the limits of ASTM D6751 biodiesel specifications.
REACTIONS OF BENZYL PHENYL SULFIDE NEAT AND IN DENSE POLAR SOLVENTS

ABSTRACT The reactions of benzylphenylsulfide (BPS) neat, in tetralin, in dense water, and in supercritical methanol were studied. A free-radical mechanism described the neat pyrolysis of BPS to the major products toluene, thiophenol, diphenyldisulfide, and diphenylsulfide. An analytical rate expression deduced from this mechanism was consistent with results from both neat pyrolysis and copyrolysis with added thiophenol. Reaction in dense water yielded benzaldehyde, whereas reaction in super critical methanol yielded methylphenylsulfide and benzaldehyde, as additional primary products. Thus reaction in water and methanol was by parallel pyrolysis and solvolysis pathways.
Athletic identity and disordered eating in obligatory and non-obligatory runners.

Abstract Athletic identity is the extent to which an individual identifies with being an athlete. Strong “running” role identity may contribute to increased restrictive dieting behaviours, potentially placing such individuals at risk for eating disorders. In this study, we examined differences in eating and exercise behaviours/attitudes and athletic identity in obligatory versus non-obligatory runners. Male and female participants completed a battery of questionnaires including the Eating Disorder Inventory, Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ), and Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). OEQ scores ≥50 were indicative of obligatory exercise. The non-obligatory runners (n = 82) and obligatory runners (n = 91) were compared on the various measures. Obligatory runners scored significantly higher (P < 0.002) on all of the eating attitudes/disorder measures, and the AIMS (P ≤ 0.006). Scores on the AIMS were correlated with all disordered eating measures (P < 0.05). Exercising to maintain identification...
On the structure of the radical SF5

Abstract Unrestricted SCF MO calculations in the INDO approximation lead to a satisfactory explanation for the absence of a detectable hyperfine interaction between the unpaired electron and the unique. 19 F nucleus of the radical SF 5 . They thus support the re-assignment of an EPR spectrum that was first attributed to the radical cation SF 4 + to SF 5 .
Zolotarev's first problem — the best approximation by polynomials of degree ≤n − 2 tox n − nσx n−1 in [−1, 1]

Chebyshev determined $$\mathop {\min }\limits_{(a)} \mathop {\max }\limits_{ - 1 \le x \le 1} |x^n + a_1 x^{n - 1} + \cdots + a_n |$$ as 21−n, which is attained when the polynomial is 21−nTn(x), whereTn(x) = cos(n arc cosx). Zolotarev's First Problem is to determine $$\mathop {\min }\limits_{(a)} \mathop {\max }\limits_{ - 1 \le x \le 1} |x^n - n\sigma x^{n - 1} + a_2 x^{n - 2} + \cdots + a_n |$$ as a function ofn and the parameter σ and to find the extremal polynomials. He solved this in 1878. Another discussion was given by Achieser in 1928, and another by Erdos and Szego in 1942. The case when 0≤|σ|≤ tan2(π/2n) is quite simple, but that for |σ|> tan2(π/2n) is quite different and very complicated.
Who Is Given Tests in What Language by Whom, When, and Where? The Need for Probabilistic Views of Language in the Testing of English Language Learners:

The testing of English language learners (ELLs) is, to a large extent, a random process because of poor implementation and factors that are uncertain or beyond control. Yet current testing practices and policies appear to be based on deterministic views of language and linguistic groups and erroneous assumptions about the capacity of assessment systems to serve ELLs. The question Who is given tests in what language by whom, when, and where? provides a conceptual framework for examining testing as a communication process between assessment systems and ELLs. Probabilistic approaches based on generalizability theory—a psychometric theory of measurement error—allow examination of the extent to which assessment systems’ inability to effectively communicate with ELLs affects the dependability of academic achievement measures.
Support-assisted optical superresolution of low-resolution image sequences: the one-dimensional problem

We analyze the problem of optical superresolution (OSR) of a one-dimensional (1D) incoherent spatial signal from undersampled data when the support of the signal is known in advance. The present paper corrects and extends our previous work on the calculation of Fisher information (FI) and the associated Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB) on the minimum error for estimating the signal intensity distribution and its Fourier components at spatial frequencies lying beyond the optical band edge. The faint-signal and bright-signal limits emerge from a unified noise analysis in which we include both additive noise of detection and shot noise of photon counting via an approximate Gaussian statistical distribution. For a large space-bandwidth product, we derive analytical approximations to the exact expressions for FI and CRB in the faint-signal limit and use them to argue why achieving any significant amount of unbiased bandwidth extension in the presence of noise is a uniquely challenging proposition. Unlike previous theoretical work on the subject of support-assisted bandwidth extension, our approach is not restricted to specific forms of the system transfer functions, and provides a unified analysis of both digital and optical superresolution of undersampled data.
The quadruple-ridged flared horn: A flexible, multi-octave reflector feed spanning f/0,3 to f/2.5

In this paper, we present four quadruple-ridged flared horn designs achieving 6-1 frequency bandwidth with good match and near-constant beamwidth in E- and D-planes. Nominal 10 dB beamwidths of the designs range from 32 to 115 degrees. Such design flexibility makes the quad-ridge horn a very attractive reflector antenna feed candidate, especially for next generation radio telescopes.
Incidence of arrhythmias after thoracic surgery: Thoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracoscopy

Abstract Purpose: Atrial arrhythmias, especially supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and atrial fibrillation, are common after thoracotomy and lung surgery. There are few existing data on the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias after video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT). The purpose of the present investigation was to retrospectively determine the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias in patients who underwent VAT compared with those who underwent thoracotomy, and which factors are associated with an increased risk for arrhythmias in both groups. Design: A retrospective investigation. Setting: A metropolitan university hospital. Participants: The medical records of 124 patients who underwent thoracotomy and 81 patients who underwent VAT over a 2-year period were reviewed. Measurements and Main Results: There was a 17% incidence of atrial arrhythmias after thoracotomy and 10% after VAT, but the difference was not statistically significant. In both groups, atrial fibrillation was the most common atrial arrhythmia. Conclusion: Patients receiving digoxin were at higher risk for postoperative arrhythmias. Patients older than 65 years were at risk for arrhythmias after thoracotomy and patients older than 80 years were at risk for arrhythmias after VAT. Patients who had postoperative arrhythmias had prolonged hospital stays compared with patients who did not have arrhythmias.
Electricity storage in biofuels: selective electrocatalytic reduction of levulinic acid to valeric acid or γ-valerolactone.

Herein, we report an effective approach to electricity storage in biofuels by selective electrocatalytic reduction of levulinic acid (LA) to high-energy-density valeric acid (VA) or γ-valerolactone (gVL) on a non-precious Pb electrode in a single-polymer electrolyte membrane electrocatalytic (flow) cell reactor with a very high yield of VA (>90 %), a high Faradaic efficiency (>86 %), promising electricity storage efficiency (70.8 %), and a low electricity consumption (1.5 kWh LVA−1). The applied potential and electrolyte pH can be used to accurately control the reduction products: lower overpotentials favor the production of gVL, whereas higher overpotentials facilitate the formation of VA. A selectivity of 95 % to VA in acidic electrolyte (pH 0) and 100 % selectivity to gVL in neutral electrolyte (pH 7.5) are obtained. The effect of the molecular structure on the electrocatalytic reduction of ketone and aldehyde groups of biomass compounds was investigated. Whereas LA can be fully electroreduced to VA though a four-electron transfer, the CO groups are only electroreduced to OH by a two-electron-transfer process when glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid serve as feedstocks.
Evaluating oral presentations in engineering classes

The paper discusses effective methods of evaluating oral presentations for engineering professors who have questions about grading fairly and consistently. Recommended methods include establishing and clearly explaining specific criteria, devising evaluation sheets, videotaping presentations, and assigning peer and self evaluations. Two types of evaluation sheets are discussed: the dichotomous scale and the analytical scale.
The chemistry of some microbially induced flavor defects in milk and dairy foods

The “malty” flavor defect that commonly develops in raw milk produced in certain areas of North America and Europe has long been known to be due to the metabolic activity of Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes. The identification of the aldehydes and alcohols responsible for this flavor defect and the mechanisms involved in their formation from amino acids are discussed. Pseudomonas fragi, a common psychrophilic recontaminant, is responsible for development of “fruity” flavors in processed dairy products by virtue of the organisms ability to hydrolyze milk fat and esterify certain of the lower fatty acids with ethanol. A similar esterase is present in certain lactic cultures used in the manufacture of cheddar cheese. The “musty potato” aroma first described in eggs and milk and other dairy products due to the growth of Pseudomonas graveolens (Pseudomonas taetrolens) continues to be reported as a defect in eggs and carcass meats. Pseudomonas perolens has been found to produce a similar aroma in spoiling fish. Vapors entrained from milk and fish tissue cultures of these organisms, collected on porous polymer traps and analyzed by GLC-alkali flame and GLC-MS systems, revealed both organisms produce 2-methoxy-3-alkylpyrazines. 2-Methyoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine was found to be responsible for the musty potato aroma. A possible mechanism for the formation of pyrazines is discussed.
Circuit level decomposition of networks with nullors for symbolic analysis

Studies have shown that the efficiency of symbolic circuit analysis can be improved by a composition and decomposition strategy. However, most of the proposed strategies are applied to their corresponding mathematical models which lack physical meaning, or they are designed for the sequence of expression format instead of the expanded format. In this paper, a new circuit level decomposition strategy for the expanded format is presented. Taking advantage of the characteristics of nullors, computing efforts are further reduced by exploring valid and invalid decomposed subcircuits. Also, a new way of representing circuit functions is given where both the numerator and denominator of a transfer function have related network determinants. Examples are presented. >
Field-Controllable Flexible Strain Sensors Using Pentacene Semiconductors

In this letter, we present the first flexible strain sensor based on pentacene semiconductors, employing a transistor-like Wheatstone bridge configuration, where the ON/OFF state of the sensor is controlled by the bottom gate bias. The sensor was characterized with bending at 0deg, 45deg, and 90deg with respect to the bridge bias direction for different strains of 1deg/infin, 1.25deg/infin, 1.67deg/infin, and 2.5deg/infin. The sensitivity values at the ON state for the 0deg, 45deg, and 90deg bending exhibit 1.6, 7.2, and 4.1 nA/deg/infin, respectively, revealing the highest sensitivity for the diagonal (45deg) direction. It is expected that this field-controllable strain sensor leads to a reduced circuit complexity and a reduced cost when embedded into a large-area sensor array system by eliminating the need for additional switching devices.
‘How can experience of local residents be “knowledge”?’ Challenges in interdisciplinary climate change research

Despite widespread acceptance of the idea of working across disciplines and methods in climate change research, the interpretive social sciences continue to be relatively neglected in interdisciplinary research endeavours. Much greater appreciation across epistemological differences is necessary for inclusive collaborative efforts, which in turn requires explicit discussion of what those differences are. Based on the author's participation in an interdisciplinary research project on climate change in Tibet, this article discusses three conceptual challenges: knowledge, system and ontology.
Detection of Francisella tularensis in Alaskan Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and Assessment of a Laboratory Model for Transmission

ABSTRACT Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensis. In Scandinavia, tularemia transmission by mosquitoes has been widely cited in the literature, We tested >2,500 mosquitoes captured in Alaska and found Francisella DNA in 30% of pooled samples. To examine the potential for transmission of Francisella by mosquitoes, we developed a mosquito model of Francisella infection, Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes aegypti (L.) readily ingest F. tularensis but do not efficiently transfer infective doses of the bacterium to the pupal or adult stage, After a bloodmeal containing Francisella, adult female An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti retained detectable levels of Francisella DNA for 3 d, but when they took a second bloodmeal, the mammalian host was not infected. This study suggests that although Francisella DNA can be detected in a significant portion of wild-caught mosquitoes, transmission of Francisella is either very inefficient or is species dependent...
Interaction among alliance, psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive-behavioural techniques in the prediction of post-session change.

The current study examined the interaction of clients' perceptions of the psychodynamic–interpersonal (PI) and cognitive–behavioural (CB) techniques that their therapist utilized in their most recent therapy session and working alliance in the prediction of post-session changes. Seventy-five clients were treated by 25 therapists at a counselling centre in the USA. We posited that alliance would interact with clients' perceptions of their therapists' use of PI and CB techniques in the prediction of post-session changes. The results revealed a three-way interaction between clients' perceptions of the alliance, PI techniques and CB techniques in the prediction of post-session changes. More PI and more CB techniques and more PI but fewer CB techniques were associated with better post-sessions changes in the context of higher alliances. More CB techniques but fewer PI techniques and fewer PI and fewer CB techniques were not significantly associated with post-session changes in the context of higher (or lower) alliances. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Clients' perceptions of PI techniques in the context of stronger alliances were most beneficial for post-session outcomes. Thus, a high alliance will likely maximize the impact of PI techniques. Clients who rated their therapist as being relatively inactive reported fewer positive post-session outcomes, suggesting that an idle therapeutic approach is not advantageous. Therapist differences explained two to three times more variation in session outcomes than client ratings of alliance or techniques. Some therapists are better at facilitating positive session outcomes as compared with others, suggesting that a potential key barometer of therapists' effectiveness may be captured by session outcomes.
Does Discharge Disposition After Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty Affect Readmission Rates

We reviewed 90-day readmission rates for 9150 patients with a primary total hip or knee arthroplasty performed between April 2001 and December 2004. Patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 or greater or with perioperative complications were excluded. We correlated the readmission rate with discharge disposition to either skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) or Home. Of the 9150 patients identified, 1447 were discharged to an SNF. After statistically adjusting for sex, age and American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty patients discharged to SNFs had higher odds of hospital readmission within 90 days of surgery than those discharged home (total hip arthroplasty: odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.2; P = .008; total knee arthroplasty: odds ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4; P = .01). Healthy patients discharged to SNFs after primary total joint arthroplasty need to be followed closely for complications.
A decrease in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopically determined citrate in human seminal fluid accompanies the development of prostate adenocarcinoma.

ABSTRACTPurpose:: Because human prostatic fluid contributes almost 50% of the volume of seminal plasma and this fluid contains unique prostatic metabolites such as citrate, which are markedly altered during tumorigenesis, we investigated high resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of unprocessed human seminal plasma as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic tool for prostate adenocarcinoma.Materials and Methods:: Semen and prostatic massage samples from control and tumor bearing subjects were stored frozen at −20C and thawed prior to water suppressed NMR analysis. We found that freezing produced no significant alterations in the semen NMR spectra. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy was performed by first calibrating the water suppression data acquisition sequence with a series of standard samples containing known amounts of citrate within the physiological range.Results:: Well resolved citrate resonances from the seminal plasma of 3 control subjects with prostate specific antigen (PSA) less than ...
Predicting Development of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

OBJECTIVE Identifying individuals most at risk for diabetic retinopathy progression and intervening early can limit vision loss and reduce the costs associated with managing more advanced disease. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with progression from nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis using a claims database of all eye care recipients age ≥30 years enrolled in a large managed-care network from 2001 to 2009. Individuals with newly diagnosed NPDR were followed longitudinally. Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified factors associated with progression to PDR. Three- and five-year probabilities of retinopathy progression were determined. RESULTS Among the 4,617 enrollees with incident NPDR, 307 (6.6%) developed PDR. After adjustment for confounders, every 1-point increase in HbA 1c was associated with a 14% (adjusted hazard ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.07–1.21]) increased hazard of developing PDR. Those with nonhealing ulcers had a 54% (1.54 [1.15–2.07]) increased hazard of progressing to PDR, and enrollees with nephropathy had a marginally significant increased hazard of progressing to PDR (1.29 [0.99–1.67]) relative to those without these conditions. The 5-year probability of progression for low-risk individuals with NPDR was 5% (range 2–8) and for high-risk patients was 38% (14–55). CONCLUSIONS Along with glycemic control, nonophthalmologic manifestations of diabetes mellitus (e.g., nephropathy and nonhealing ulcers) are associated with an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy progression. Our retinopathy progression risk score can help clinicians stratify patients who are most at risk for disease progression.
Inadequate Design Management Compared with Unprecedented Technical Issues as Causes for Engineering Failure

This paper stems from research in the University of Alabama’s Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering. Engineering design failures fall into two broad categories, those that occur because of a hitherto unknown or unprecedented technical cause, and those that occur because of a known cause that was overlooked during the design process. The latter can be considered a failure of design management, and the purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast inadequate design management to unprecedented technical issues as a cause for engineering failures. Failures that occur to improper maintenance or abuse are not the scope of this paper. Two approaches were taken, namely: (1) evaluation of current and historical engineering failures for instances of inadequate design management and/or unprecedented technical issues; and (2) review of filed claims data for design errors and omissions to determine whether inadequate design management is a substantial issue. This research may provide useful information in understanding how both categories limit the success of the design process.
Metro network architecture scenarios, equipment requirements and implications for carriers

Metropolitan network traffic demands are used to project network topology and element characteristics assuming several different market penetrations for existing (ILEC) and new (CLEC) carriers.
Functional Reassembly of the Escherichia coli Maltose Transporter following Purification of a MalF-MalG Subassembly

ABSTRACT Taking advantage of a chaperone-like function of MalK, a stable complex of MalF-MalG could be solubilized from the Escherichia coli membrane and purified in high yield in the absence of MalK. This MalF-MalG complex was competent for efficient reassembly of a functional MalFGK2 maltose transporter complex both in detergent solution and in proteoliposomes.
A Behavioral Intervention for Death Anxiety in Nurses

A treatment outcome study was conducted to evaluate change in death anxiety as a result of systematic desensitization, relaxation training, and no intervention. Dependent measures included two paper-and-pencil tests of death anxiety, Feifel's CWIT, a behavioral measure of communication with simulated patients, and demographic variables. The measures were given pre, post, and five months following intervention. Both the desensitization and relaxation groups were more effective than no treatment and were more effective than didactic or short term interventions reviewed in the literature. Discussion is focused on the need for improvement of available dependent measures of death anxiety and development of adequate behavioral measurement scales before further outcome research becomes meaningful.
REDESCRIPTION, PHYLOGENETIC POSITION, AND STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DICYNODONT GENUS ODONTOCYCLOPS (SYNAPSIDA: ANOMODONTIA)

Abstract The dicynodont anomodont Odontocyclops whaitsi, from the Late Permian Madumabisa Mudstone of Zambia, is redescribed and its phylogenetic relationships are considered. The genus is characterized by a two autapomorphies, elongate nasal bosses and a concave dorsal surface of the snout; it also possesses wide exposure of the parietals on the intertemporal skull roof, the presence of a postcaniniform crest, the absence of a labial fossa, and the presence of a dorsal process on the anterior ramus of the epipterygoid footplate. In addition, newly recognized specimens collected in South Africa extend the known geographic range of the genus and allow description of the humerus and scapula for the first time. Cladistic analysis of a data set including Odontocyclops and 18 other well-known South African dicynodont genera does not support the hypothesis that Odontocyclops is a close relative of Dicynodon or of Triassic dicynodonts such as Kannemeyeria. Instead, a close relationship with Oudenodon and Rhachio...
Exploring the components of dynamic modeling techniques

Upon defining the terms modeling and simulation, it becomes apparent that there is a wide variety of different models, using different techniques, appropriate for different levels of representation for any one system to be modeled. Selecting an appropriate conceptual modeling technique from those available is an open question for the practitioner. Existing methods for describing techniques do not capture enough information about the expressive potential of those techniques such that an appropriate selection decision can be made. A formal method to describe conceptual modeling techniques that captures enough about the technique to distinguish it from others is identified as a way to address this gap in the body of knowledge. Such a formal method is derived, and is given additional expressive strength in the special area of dynamic components of conceptual modeling techniques. Application of the formal method to actual conceptual modeling techniques is exhibited, and the capacity of the method to also identify the potential for extension of an existing method is also exhibited. Measures of merit, designed to evaluate the derived method, are tested and shown to be satisfied. Keywords: conceptual modeling, dynamic models, formal methods
Constant connection as the media condition of love: where bonds become bondage:

Lovers’ capacity to connect with each other over distance has increased drastically with the proliferation of digital media. This augmented capacity to build connection with a distant other has become an important condition of romantic relationship in our time. This article explores the implication of constant connection as a media affordance for romantic relationship by examining media use among young Chinese lovers. Based on in-depth interviews with young Chinese lovers, it argues that constant connection contributes to a continual sense of togetherness between romantic couples as they continually engage in phatic communication, but that it intensifies lovers’ negotiation of intimacy and individuality by pushing their personal boundaries on one hand and cultivating an intolerance of separation on the other. Overall, this article contributes to the scholarly conversation about media technology and human intimacy by offering a critique of social media based on the inner dynamics of romantic relationship.
Memory T cells in organ transplantation: progress and challenges

Antigen-experienced T cells, also known as memory T cells, are functionally and phenotypically distinct from naive T cells. Their enhanced expression of adhesion molecules and reduced requirement for co-stimulation enables them to mount potent and rapid recall responses to subsequent antigen encounters. Memory T cells generated in response to prior antigen exposures can cross-react with other nonidentical, but similar, antigens. This heterologous cross-reactivity not only enhances protective immune responses, but also engenders de novo alloimmunity. This latter characteristic is increasingly recognized as a potential barrier to allograft acceptance that is worthy of immunotherapeutic intervention, and several approaches have been investigated. Calcineurin inhibition effectively controls memory T-cell responses to allografts, but this benefit comes at the expense of increased infectious morbidity. Lymphocyte depletion eliminates allospecific T cells but spares memory T cells to some extent, such that patients do not completely lose protective immunity. Co-stimulation blockade is associated with reduced adverse-effect profiles and improved graft function relative to calcineurin inhibition, but lacks efficacy in controlling memory T-cell responses. Targeting the adhesion molecules that are upregulated on memory T cells might offer additional means to control co-stimulation-blockade-resistant memory T-cell responses.
The chemotherapy-resistant relevant research of paclitaxel plus platinum used in epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. The standard treatment includes cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy comprising a platinum analogue plus paclitaxel. Although platinum-based systemic chemotherapy has been proven to be effective, cure at advanced stages is infrequent because of the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the identification of prognostic factors may aid selection of patients who might benefit from different approaches.
Neuromodulation mediated by neurokinin-1 subtype receptors in adult rabbit airways.

The neuromodulatory actions of Septide, a selective neurokinin-1 (NK-1) agonist, and substance P (SP) were investigated in isolated rabbit tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments. The tissues were pl...
Measures, Models and Meaning in Aggregate Data for African States

In recent years there has been a considerable upsurge in the use of aggregate data for cross-national or holonational studies (Naroll, 1972). This work has been stimulated by, and has stimulated, a dramatic growth in the creation of computer accessible or machine-readable aggregate-data sets descriptive of regional samples or of the universe of nation-states (Russett, et al., 1964; Rummel, 1972; Feierabend and Feierabend, 1965; Gurr, 1966; Adelman and Morris,, 1967 and 1973; Schmitter, 1970; Banks and Textor, 1964; Morrison et. al., 1972; Taylor and Hudson, 1972; Singer, 1972; McGowan, 1974).
Origins and Early Evolution of the Ribosome

The modern ribosomal machinery is very complex, and its core subsystems and many of its individual components are universally found in all three domains of life. This indicates that much of the story of ribosome origins and its subsequent evolution predates the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Thus, ribosome history relates to other early life issues such as the possibility and nature of an RNA World, the early history of chirality, and always most hopefully the origins of the genetic code. However, this is not the end of the story. As discussed elsewhere in this volume, important events have also occurred since the LUCA, especially in eukaryotic ribosomes that have served to integrate the machinery with other cellular systems. Ribosome origins and subsequent evolution are in reality somewhat separate problems. In addressing the former, this chapter initially examines the source and nature of the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), including where and how the peptide bond is made. This is followed by efforts to understand the subsequent evolution of the ribosome, which led to the addition and refinement of various other functional centers including the decoding center. This is being accomplished using what is in essence a reverse engineering approach to develop a timeline of major events in the ribosome history. Finally, significant events on the timeline are discussed in detail.
Theory of Dielectric Breakdown in Nano-Porous Thin Films

Dielectric breakdown and its relation to computer chip components and interconnects have been covered in the previous chapters. Multiple theories were presented to describe mechanisms that can result in failure. In addition, it was discussed how such mechanisms can be affected by material properties, fabrication steps, and type of stress. Complex concepts have been reduced to empirical expression and fitting parameters. These methodologies have been shown to replicate experimental data in high-field and high-temperature conditions. However, a great deal of uncertainty remains about whether they can accurately and cohesively describe breakdown behavior and values in device operating conditions. The present chapter will pursue a higher level of understanding about dielectric failure and the fundamental mechanisms that control it. The concepts discussed in previous chapters as well as some novel ideas have been merged to generate a comprehensive physical description of the phenomena. This physical description has been translated into mathematical terms by using transport equations for major species participating in dielectric failure. Our intent is to generate a framework for general dielectric breakdown in nano-porous thin films that can be applied to multiple systems.