cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design analysis on the filament-wound gas cylinder

The deformation characteristics of the filamemt-wound gas cylinder with a metal internal liner during pressurization and pressure relief processes were discussed.Based on netting theory,design method for the filamemt-wound case was presented.For the metal internal liner with excellent plastic property,the maximum normal strain criterion in strength theory can be used for strength design.The unbuckling conditions for internal liner during pressure relief process were derived.In order to make internal liner unbuckling,there should exist enough bonding strength between internal liner and the filamemt-wound case.Moreover internal liner should be as thin as possible.For the thiner internal liner,determination method of the minimum bonding strength to ensure internal liner unbuckling was given.The calculation examples show that the above method can be used for the preliminary design of the filament-wound gas cylinder with a metal internal liner.
Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Isolated Sulfated Polysaccharides to Characterize Pharmaceutical Products

Capillary electrophoresis is a powerful methodology for quantification and structural characterization of highly anionic polysaccharides. Separation of saccharides under conditions of electrophoretic flow, typically achieved under low pH (Ampofo et al., Anal Biochem 199: 249-255, 1991; Rhomberg et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 4176-4181, 1998) is charge-based. Resolution of components is often superior to flow-based techniques, such as liquid chromatography. During the heparin contamination crisis, capillary electrophoresis was one of the key methodologies used to identify whether or not heparin lots were contaminated (Guerrini et al., Nat Biotechnol 26: 669-675, 2008; Ye et al., J Pharm Biomed Anal 85: 99-107, 2013; Volpi et al., Electrophoresis 33: 1531-1537, 2012).Here we describe a method for the isolation of sulfated heparin/heparan sulfate saccharides from urine, their digestion by deployment of heparinase enzymes (Ernst et al., Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 30: 387-444, 1995) resolution of species through use of orthogonal digestions, and analysis of the resulting disaccharides by capillary electrophoresis.
Successful microsurgical removal of a pronucleus from tripronuclear human zygotes.

We have microsurgically extracted a pronucleus from 11 tripronuclear human zygotes under two different experimental conditions. One group of six zygotes was incubated in cytochalasin D for 30 minutes before manipulation. The remaining five zygotes were manipulated without preincubation in cytoskeletal relaxing agents. When cytoskeletal relaxants were used, all six embryos survived manipulation and cleaved. One embryo arrested spontaneously at the two-cell stage; all others cleaved to at least four cells, and one embryo reached the advanced morula stage. Of the five eggs manipulated without prior cytochalasin D and colcemid treatment, none survived for more than 30 minutes after manipulation. In none of the tripronuclear eggs was it possible to definitively identify the male pronuclei. Because development was interrupted for karyotyping, it is likely that these embryos would have otherwise continued to develop to more advanced stages. These results indicate that it is possible to microsurgically "epronucleate" tripronuclear human zygotes and obtain further development and that use of cytoskeletal relaxants facilitates this manipulative procedure. However, because epronucleated embryos have significant developmental potential, chromosome studies are needed to confirm complete removal of a male pronucleus before such techniques can be applied clinically.
Factors influencing the course of COPD.

In a series of 145 patients, mortality after an episode of acute respiratory failure due to COPD was about 30 percent. Only 16 percent survived for five years. Survival was lowest in patients with alveolar destruction due to chronic diffuse infiltrative disease or to emphysema and highest in patients with bronchitis plus obesity.
Autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma patients 70 years or older

Autologous stem cell transplant (Auto-SCT) is increasingly used in older patients with multiple myeloma (MM), despite lack of phase 3 trials in this age-defined population. For 207 consecutive MM patients who underwent Auto-SCT and were 70 years or older at transplant (study cohort), data were analyzed and compared with a younger cohort (1764 Auto-SCT patients <70 years old). The proportion of Auto-SCT in the older patients increased from 7.8% of all transplants in 1998-2006 to 12.9% in 2007-2015. Sixty percent of patients required stem cell mobilization with chemotherapy or plerixafor. Full-dose melphalan conditioning was given to 55% of the older patients compared with 93% of the younger patients (P<0.001). Older patients were more likely to be hospitalized (64% vs 55%; P=0.01), but hospitalization duration was comparable. For newly diagnosed patients, median PFS was 33.5 months for the older cohort and 33.8 months for the younger cohort (P=0.91), and median overall survival was 6.1 and 7.8 years, respectively (P=0.11). Presumably, a smaller fraction of patients, age 70-76, is selected for Auto-SCT, but the benefits are comparable to those seen for younger patients. Reduced-dose melphalan was given to approximately half the patients to avoid excessive toxicity.
Internships in Clinical Psychology

Internship is the culminating experience in the training of doctoral students in clinical psychology. It is an intense one- or two-year period of supervised practice that usually follows the completion of graduate course-work and practicum. Completion of the internship and the dissertation bring to a close the graduate training of clinical psychologists, and lead to the granting of the doctoral degree.
Business Similarity as a Moderator of the Relationship between Pre-Ownership Experience and Venture Performance:

This research focuses on the degree of similiarity between pre-ownership experience and the work requirements of the present venture as a moderator of the relationship between pre-ownership experience and venture performance. Multiple itme scales are developed to assess two dimensions of business similarity: (1) talk environment similarity, and (2) skills/abilities similarity. The results indicate a positive main effect for task enviroment similarity and a curvilinear moderation effect for skill/abilities similarity. Qualitative interviews are used to help better explain the results.
Variation of excited-state dynamics in trifluoromethyl functionalized C60 fullerenes

We report on electronically excited-state dynamics of three different trifluoromethyl C60 fullerenes (TMFs, C60(CF3)n: C60/4-1, C60/6-2, and C60/10-1, featuring four, six, and ten trifluoromethyl groups, respectively) using steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy as well as ultrafast pump/probe transient absorption spectroscopy. C60/4-1 and C60/6-2 dissolved in toluene solvent show near-unity S1 → T1 intersystem crossing quantum yield (ΦISC), ca. 1 ns S1-state lifetimes, and microsecond-timescale T1-state lifetimes, which are typical of the fullerene class. On the other hand, C60/10-1 exhibits a dominant sub-nanosecond nonradiative S1 → S0 relaxation mechanism and negligible ΦISC, therefore decreasing the average excited-state lifetime (τavg) by about 5 orders of magnitude compared to that of C60/4-1 and C60/6-2 (τavg ≈ 17 μs and 54 μs for C60/4-1 and C60/6-2, respectively, whereas τavg ≈ 100 ps for C60/10-1). These excited-state characteristics of C60/4-1 and C60/6-2 are preserved in polymer matrix, suggesting that fullerene/polymer interactions do not modulate intrinsic photophysics of trifluoromethyl-substituted fullerenes. The contrasting excited-state study results of C60/4-1 and C60/6-2 to that of C60/10-1 infer that intrinsic optical properties and excited-state dynamics can be affected by the substitution on the fullerene.
Fully-Enclosed Ceramic Micro-burners Using Fugitive Phase and Powder-based Processing

Ceramic-based microchemical systems (μCSs) are more suitable for operation under harsh environments such as high temperature and corrosive reactants compared to the more conventional μCS materials such as silicon and polymers. With the recent renewed interests in chemical manufacturing and process intensification, simple, inexpensive, and reliable ceramic manufacturing technologies are needed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new powder-based fabrication framework, which is a one-pot, cost-effective, and versatile process for ceramic μCS components. The proposed approach employs the compaction of metal-oxide sub-micron powders with a graphite fugitive phase that is burned out to create internal cavities and microchannels before full sintering. Pure alumina powder has been used without any binder phase, enabling more precise dimensional control and less structure shrinkage upon sintering. The key process steps such as powder compaction, graphite burnout during partial sintering, machining in a conventional machine tool, and final densification have been studied to characterize the process. This near-full density ceramic structure with the combustion chamber and various internal channels was fabricated to be used as a micro-burner for gas sensing applications.
On SDN-based extreme-scale networks

Significant research effort has been made on formulating new topologies to meet the requirements of current and future large-scale data centers. Nowadays data centers may include tens of thousands of servers, leading to an urgent need for higher bandwidth, better reliability, easier management and lower latency. This paper investigates the potential of using software-defined networks (SDNs) in Extreme scale systems, which are required for future data centers when scaling up to the Exascale level. SDN is the new trend for efficient traffic control and network management. We investigate the SDN-based behavior and performance of two widely used topologies in large-scale data centers, namely Fat-Tree and BCube, using different network scales, traffic loads and traffic patterns. Experimental results based on such performance metrics as delay, jitter and packet drops have indicated that the BCube-like topology outperforms the Fat-Tree topology in small-scale networks, while the Fat-Tree performs better as the network scales up.
Outcome for Adolescent and Young Adults 16–21 years of age (AYA) with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treated on the Children’ s Cancer Group (CCG) 1961 Study.

AYA Patients 16–21 years of age with ALL are treated on both pediatric and adult ALL protocols. Recent publications have suggested that AYA patients treated on pediatric protocols have a significantly better outcome than those treated on adult protocols. From November 1996 to May 2002, 262 AYA ALL patients were entered on the CCG 1961 protocol. Treatment was based on the following observations from the previous CCG 1882 Protocol (1989–1995). 1) For patients with rapid early response ( than 25 blasts on day 7-SER), the augmented BFM (A-BFM) regimen produced a significant improvement in outcome compared to S-BFM. A-BFM featured a significant increase in dose intensity for vincristine (VCR), L-asparaginase (L-ASP), and steroid, the use of intravenous MTX without rescue in conjunction with VCR and L-ASP in interim maintenance (IM), and a second IM and delayed intensification (DI) phase. RER patients on 1961 were randomized to one of four arms; S-BFM, S-BFM with a second standard IM and DI phase, A-BFM with only 1 IM/DI phase, and full A-BFM. SER patients were randomized to A-BFM or A-BFM with Idarubicin/Cytoxan pulses added to the 2 DI phases. One hundred ninety patients had 50K WBC. Unlike younger patients, there was no difference in outcome for males and females. Conclusions: 1) AYA patients with ALL have a 68% 5 year EFS when treated with BFM based chemotherapy. 2) WBC
Minimization of Betatron Oscillations of Electron Beam Injected Into a Time-Varying Lattice via Extremum Seeking

We report on a beam-based experiment performed at the SPEAR3 storage ring of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, in which a model-independent extremum-seeking optimization algorithm was utilized to minimize betatron oscillations in the presence of a time-varying kicker magnetic field, by automatically tuning the pulsewidth, voltage, and delay of two other kicker magnets, and the current of two skew quadrupole magnets, simultaneously, in order to optimize injection kick matching. Adaptive tuning was performed on eight parameters simultaneously. The scheme was able to continuously maintain the match of a five-magnet lattice while the field strength of a kicker magnet was continuously varied at a rate much higher (±6% sinusoidal voltage change over 1.5 h) than typically experienced in operation. The ability to quickly tune or compensate for time variation of coupled components, as demonstrated here, is very important for the more general, more difficult problem of global accelerator tuning to quickly switch between various experimental setups.
Isolated sphenoid sinus opacifications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Isolated sphenoid sinus opacifications (ISSOs) represent a relatively uncommon disease with the potential for serious complications. To better understand this disease, we performed a systematic review to further characterize the underlying pathologies, associated symptoms, and treatment outcomes of patients with ISSOs. Methods A systematic review of ISSO case series was performed utilizing the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases in accordance with guidelines established by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Data of interest included disease pathology, associated symptoms, and treatment outcomes. Results Of the initial 1051 hits from the 4 databases, 17 articles, with a combined 1133 ISSO patients, were ultimately included in the review. On a weighted analysis, the underlying pathologies were classified as chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (28.3%), mucoceles (20.3%), fungal sinusitis (12.5%), malignant neoplasms (7.7%), intracranial lesions (7.0%), benign neoplasms (5.7%), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (3.4%), and other lesions (4.7%). Cranial neuropathies were present in 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.1-22.5%) of ISSO patients. A favorable surgical complication rate of 1.5% (95% CI, -0.1% to 3.2%) was found in patients undergoing surgery for an ISSO. Conclusion ISSOs are caused by diverse pathologies. Given the considerable rates of neoplastic disease and cranial neuropathies, patients affected by an ISSO should be monitored closely and treated aggressively. Prompt surgical intervention, with either diagnostic or therapeutic intent, is often indicated.
Generation of millimeter wave radiation by optical mixing in FETs integrated with printed circuit antennas

Optical control of microwave and millimeter wave devices has attracted recent attention because of potential applications which involve the synergism of optical and microwave technologies.
Fully Integrated Chip Platform for Electrically Pumped Frequency Comb Generation

We demonstrate the first chip-based microresonator comb source consisting of a semiconductor laser integrated with a silicon nitride microresonator. For electrical powers as low as 130 mW, we generate a single-soliton comb spanning 90 nm.
Preface: lung cancer in never smokers.

This focused edition of the journal highlights lung cancer in never smokers. While tobacco exposure is the major cause of lung cancer worldwide (about 80% of cases), an important subset of cases occurs in lifetime never smokers (LCNS), ranking LCNS as one of the top 7 or 8 causes of cancers worldwide.
Nutritive Value of a Vegetable Amaranth Cultivar for Growing Lambs

Current interest in amaranth as a food resource for humans and animals has been stimulated by activities in germplasm collection and testing in the U.S. Fifteen growing, intact male lambs weighing 18.7 kg were assigned randomly to three diets (five lambs/diet) for a 14-d growth trial followed immediately by an 8-d (4-d adjustment, 4-d collection) digestion and N balance trial to determine the utilization of the forage component (leaves and stems) of an African cultivar (Zimbabwe cultivar PI 482049, Amaranthus cruentus L.) All diets contained 40.95% ground corn, 8.0% soybean meal and 1.05% mineral-vitamin supplement plus either 50% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground alfalfa hay plus 25% ground amaranth forage or 50% ground amaranth forage. Lambs had ad libitum access to feed during the growth trial and at 4% of BW daily during the digestion and N balance period. Replacement of half or all the alfalfa in the diet with amaranth had no effect on weight gain or feed utilization. Apparent digestibility of cell contents, NDF, ADF, cellulose, ADL, N and GE and percentage of absorbed N retained did not differ among the three diets. The amaranth vegetable cultivar Zimbabwe PI 482049 promoted weight gain and feed utilization equal to that obtained with alfalfa as the sole forage for growing lambs. Additional research is needed to evaluate further the potential role of forage/vegetable amaranth as an animal feed resource.
Monopoly and Regulation in Industrializing England: Evidence from the Infrastructure Sector

The infrastructure sector poses a challenge to the view that England had open and competitive markets during its industrializing era. The British national government granted thousands of infrastructure monopolies with rights to levy tolls in the 1700s and early 1800s. This paper shows, however, that most infrastructure providers did not earn monopoly profits. Rates of return to investors were about the same as the yield on long-term government bonds. A highly fragmented market structure was a key reason. Herfindahl measures indicate substantial fragmentation in the market for toll roads. Moreover, a lower level of concentration is shown to cause lower rates of return across English counties. Market fragmentation is linked with a regulatory framework that imposed low barriers to entry in the infrastructure sector.
The effects of water content and Mn-fiber surface conditions on measurement by emanation

Abstract 224 Ra (half-life, t1/2=3.64 days) has been used widely as a tracer. Its activity in natural waters can be measured by the 220 Rn emanation method [Rama, Todd, J.F., Butts J.L., and Moore, W.S., 1987. A new method for the rapid measurements of 224 Ra in natural waters. Mar. Chem., 22, 43–54.]. The measurement efficiency of 220 Rn is affected by Mn-fiber surface conditions and water content. We studied the effects of precipitated NaCl and water content on the emanation characteristics of 220 Rn from the 224 Ra adsorbed on Mn-coated fiber. The best emanation efficiency can be achieved when the Mn-fiber is covered by a water film with a thickness comparable to the recoil range of 220 Rn in water. By controlling the water content of the Mn-fiber, the measurement efficiency may be increased 2–3× compared to the very wet or very dry condition.
On multiple kernel learning with multiple labels

For classification with multiple labels, a common approach is to learn a classifier for each label. With a kernel-based classifier, there are two options to set up kernels: select a specific kernel for each label or the same kernel for all labels. In this work, we present a unified framework for multi-label multiple kernel learning, in which the above two approaches can be considered as two extreme cases. Moreover, our framework allows the kernels shared partially among multiple labels, enabling flexible degrees of label commonality. We systematically study how the sharing of kernels among multiple labels affects the performance based on extensive experiments on various benchmark data including images and microarray data. Interesting findings concerning efficacy and efficiency are reported.
How Does the Innovation Ecosystem Influence Industry Evolution

Industry life cycle models have identified several regularities in the aging pattern of an industry. Although many empirical studies offer findings that support the industry lifecycle model’s key a...
Studies in the Motion and Decay of Vortices

Solutions of Navier-Stokes equations are constructed as an asymptotic expansion in terms of a small parameter related to the Reynolds number of the vortex. A general scheme is presented for the matching of the inner viscous core of the vortex to the outer inviscid solution. The singularities in the inviscid theory are removed and the condition of regularity in the flow field defines the velocity of the vortex line. This general scheme is applied to study vortices in two dimensional, axially symmetric and in three dimensional flow fields. Results for the outer solution which do or do not require the solution in the viscous core are obtained separately. Several examples are presented to show that the solution of this analysis can be identified with that of classical inviscid theory with the same initial vorticity distribution for the initial instant. They disagree afterwards because the inviscid theory ignores the diffusion of vorticity in the core. For a general three dimensional problem, the present scheme of analysis can be carried out provided the shape of the vortex line and the three dimensional flow field fulfill a constraint condition. This condition is automatically fulfilled for the two dimensional and axially symmetric problems. When the initial velocity of the vortex is prescribed to be different from that given by the analysis, the necessary modifications to the expansion scheme and the solution for the subsequent motion are presented.
Cloud computing capability: its technological root and business impact

Cloud computing can help organizations create business value for long-term viability and sustainability by providing flexibility and versatility. We report a systematic analysis of the central role...
Business Cycles and HBCU Appropriations

The demand for postsecondary education has steadily increased since the 1970s. However, state government’s pecuniary investments in higher education have steadily declined over this same period, a decline that is magnified during recessions. This paper examines the effect of state level business cycle measures on the funding of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), relative to other schools. We find that when controlling for school characteristics, HBCU funding is very responsive to the business cycle—particularly downturns. Generally, HBCUs receive less funding than other institutions, but this result is exacerbated during periods of economic downturn. Our results are driven by 4-year institutions—the most common type of HBCU—and dissipates when only considering 2-year institutions. Additionally, when examining the results within each state, we find that during periods of increased unemployment, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, and Virginia provide fewer funds to 4-year HBCUs. We also find that Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and West Virginia do not appropriate fewer funds to 4-year HBCUs within their states, independent of any unemployment effects. The remaining states have provided less funding for 4-year HBCUs, in general, over the time of our sample. We also examine states that have at least one public 2-year HBCU. The results suggest that Alabama appropriates more funds to 2-year HBCUs, relative to other 2-year schools, during economic downturns and otherwise; South Carolina provides fewer funds to HBCUs during periods of higher unemployment. In discussions with each states’ higher education executive association, we find that the mechanism through which funding disparities persist are difficult to assess due to the influence and autonomy state governors and legislatures possess in determining appropriations.
Economic Globalization and Democratic Development in East Asia: The Indirect Link:

Over the past decades, East Asian states have enjoyed economic development and progress toward democracy through extensive economic transformation: trade and financial liberalization. To explain th...
The effect of the extent of surgical insult on orthodontic tooth movement.

OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to investigate how the extent of surgical insult affects the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the alveolar bone modelling and remodelling in a rodent model. MATERIAL AND METHODS 15-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the research and they were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) OTM only (N = 8); (2) OTM + 2 alveolar decortication (AD) (less surgical insult) (N = 8); and (3) OTM + 4 AD (more surgical insult) (N = 8). A nickel-titanium spring delivering 5-8 g of force was used to protract the molar mesially using maxillary incisors as an anchorage. AD was done using a hand piece and a round bur, adjacent to the left first maxillary molar on the palatal alveolar bone. After 14 days of OTM Wistar rats were killed and microfocus computed tomography and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS The OTM + 4AD group presented with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the rate of tooth movement when compared to OTM + 2AD group and OTM only group. In addition, the OTM + 4AD group had a significant decrease in bone volume and tissue density (P < 0.05) and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the trabecular spacing and trabecular thickness when compared to OTM only. Histological quantification of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase indicated a significant percent increase (P < 0.05) in OTM + 4AD group, when compared to OTM + 2AD and OTM only group. RESULTS Increased surgical insult increases the rate of OTM. Additionally, increased surgical insult decreases the bone volume and the tissue density.
Toward a Taxonomy of Home Environments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reasons for a formal taxonomy and examines a standard terminology of environments. A set of basic principles to guide the conceptualization, description, categorization, and evaluation of residential environments is proposed. To demonstrate how such principles could be used to classify home environments and to test hypotheses about the influence of different types of homes on individuals, a classification scheme is proposed and implications for research discussed. Taxonomy proper is distinguished from the actual activity and products (e.g., categorization schemes, keys, typologies) of classifying. Classification involves the ordering of elements into groups, based on rules such as contiguity and similarity. Taxonomy provides alternatives for arranging complex data into forms that may serve theory, aesthetics, or practice. A preliminary approach to classifying home environments has been presented to illustrate the issues that must be addressed in creating a theory-based method for identifying and studying home environments. Assumptions about the nature of person-environment interactions and universal characteristics of homes are listed and incorporated in the typology.
Diabetic retinopathy screening using a virtual reading center.

To summarize the effects of centralization of diabetic fundus photograph interpretation into a virtual reading center. In 2016 Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large, membership-based health plan with an ethnically and racially diverse population, centralized diabetic retinopathy screening into a virtual reading center. Retina screens were based on single field, 45-degree fundus photographs. We compared the accuracy of photography interpretation the year before centralization to the year after using masked reads performed by retina specialists of 1000 randomly selected screens from each time period. In all, 1902 patient screens with adequate quality images were included in the primary analysis. Images from pre-centralization screens were largely read by ophthalmologists (76.2%), while screens post-centralization were mainly read by optometrists (84.6%). Despite being interpreted by readers with lower levels of professional training, the sensitivity of screening increased from 43.9% (95% CI 38.0–49.8%) to 66.0% (95% CI 60.5–71.4%). A move to a centralized virtual reading center was associated with improved accuracy of diabetic retinopathy screening.
Equal Treatment under the Fed: Interest on Reserves, the Federal Funds Rate, and the ‘Third Regime’ of Bank Behavior

Abstract Since the latter part of 2018, the federal funds rate has been equal to or nearly equal to the interest rate on excess reserves (IOER). Correspondingly, the Fed has expressed a desire for increased interbank lending within its target range for the federal funds rate. This paper examines these developments within a model of bank behavior. We argue that the resulting spread between the federal funds rate and IOER during this time led banks to switch to a third regime, different from the zero-excess-reserves regime of pre-October 2008 or the zero-wholesale-loan regime of post-October 2008 up to the period described above. Comparative-statics results from general-equilibrium solutions show that within this third regime, in which banks choose positive quantities of excess reserves and wholesale loans, banks exhibit the strongest response in retail lending to changes in the federal funds rate and the IOER. This regime, though, also has the weakest response in retail lending to a quantitative easing-type policy. Extending the model to the interbank loan market reveals that in the interior solution regime, even when faced with large increases in exogenous loan demand, banks borrow from the interbank loan market only under restrictive conditions. Taken with previous findings, we argue that monetary policy can include the Fed choosing the federal funds rate-IOER spread to determine the regime within which it desires for banks to operate. In this regard, we offer a sketch of how the Fed can utilize monetary policy strategically to stabilize the macroeconomy during the next recession.
Chapter 13 – The Evolution of Number Systems

Systems for representing and manipulating information on approximate and exact number and magnitude (e.g., size) are found in an astounding diversity of species, from insects to humans. When considered in terms of their varied survival benefits, these competencies, especially as related to foraging and mate choice, are a natural and largely untapped venue for studying number and magnitude systems in the wild and for better understanding their evolution. We also illustrate how several different kinds of disciplinary and methodological approaches can inform our search for the origins and development of human number systems, including anthropological studies of the use of numbers across cultures; the use of evolutionary computational modeling for investigating perceptual precursors of discrete numerical systems; adaptive heuristics for decision making based on quantitative skills; and cognitive archaeological perspectives on Homo sapiens’ transition from approximate to exact numerical representations. In providing these illustrations, we hope to promote an appreciation of the many contexts in which these competencies are used and also broaden the scope of future research.
Active and Peer-Based Learning

The chapter reviews the history of how STEM educators were able to document more effective learning through assessments that provided quantitative measures of learning in active-learning environments. Key innovators within the field of active learning, peer-based learning and scientific teaching are profiled in detail, starting with leading innovators in the field of physics, were much of the best data validating active learning was first acquired. Eric Mazur’s peer learning techniques, which enable students to discuss problems within large classes and therby “construct knowledge” are described detail. The history of Carl Wieman’s Science Education Initiative is described, with details about his transition from Nobel Prize winning physics researcher into an internationally recognized leader in STEM education. The transformation of physics and astrophysics with active learning and research-based curricula is described with numerous examples for making more exciting and engaging classes through active learning. The development of active learning in Biology is described, including the work in BioQuest, SEAPhages and a new initiative from Jo Handelsman known as TinyEarth. These research-based courses and approaches to active learning and course design are described in detail to give examples of how 21st century research can be brought into the classroom to bring students in active engagement with cutting-edge science.
Dynamic modelling of human articulating joints

Abstract Dynamic simulation of mechanical behavior and response of the total human body to external forces provide essential input for the injury prediction criteria and subsequent design and development of crash protection systems. The most sophisticated versions of the total-human-body models are articulated and multisegmented to simulate all the major articulating joints and segments of the human body. Effectiveness of the multisegmented models to predict accurately live human response depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the articulating joints. This paper is concerned with a mathematical modelling of an articulating joint defined by contact surfaces of two body segments which execute a relative dynamic motion within the constraints of ligament forces. Mathematical equations for the joint model are in the form of second-order nonlinear differential equations coupled with nonlinear algebraic constraint conditions. Differential equations of motion are reduced to a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations by applying the Newmark method of differential approximation. By subsequent application of Newton—Raphson iteration process the same equations are converted to a set of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. Iteration process is continued until a solution vector of unknowns satisfying a prescribed convergence criterion is obtained. The two-dimensional version of the mathematical joint model is applied to human knee joint for several dynamic loading conditions on tibia. Results for the ligament and contact forces, contact point locations between femur and tibia and the corresponding dynamic orientation of tibia with respect to femur are obtained.
School-based health centers, academic achievement, and school discipline: A systematic review of the literature

Abstract School-based health centers (SBHCs) mitigate the long-term effects of poor health on children and adolescents. Although varied in staffing patterns and services provided, SBHCs aim to advance health equity among populations with histories and ongoing experiences of oppression. Reforms in education policy and the growing recognition of the role schools have in social mobility and economic prosperity beg the question of whether SBHCs demonstrably promote educational success alongside improved health outcomes. However, the current literature to elucidate the relationship between SBHCs and educational outcomes is limited. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the recent evidence linking SBHCs and educational outcomes. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, this review explored and summarized studies examining SBHCs and educational outcomes. A total of 16 articles met the criteria for inclusion. School attendance was the most commonly observed academic outcome, while school discipline outcomes were understudied. Each publication included varying amounts and types of information delineating SBHC characteristics. The findings of this systematic review indicate that despite the expansion of SBHCs, there remains limited research studying the relationship between SBHCs and educational outcomes. Future research will benefit from accessing data for a broader array of outcome variables. Given the heterogeneity of SBHCs, it will be important for future studies to describe the delivery model, provider teams, types of service, and funding structures of SBHCs in detail.
Effect of External Source Impedance on the Input Impedance of Digital Impedance Circuits

The input impedance of recently-introduced digital impedance circuits has been discovered to be dependent on the impedance of the external signal source. To address this problem, the theory for the dependence of digital impedance on external source resistance is presented. These digital impedance circuits provide an important digitally-controlled digitally-tunable alternative approach to difficult design problems, such as design of negative capacitances for stable wideband non-Foster antennas and metamaterials. Unfortunately, undesired source-dependent variation of the digital impedance can arise in scenarios where off-the-shelf high-speed analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters commonly have 50 ohm impedance. Further complicating matters, the sensitivity of digital impedance on source resistance appears to also depend on other design parameters of the digital circuit. Therefore, theory and simulation results are presented to show the dependence of digital impedance on the external source resistance. Lastly, measured results for a prototype of a digital non-Foster negative capacitance confirm the theoretical results.
Frobenius Structures and Generalized Deformation of Kodaira Manifolds

It is known that generalized deformation in the sense of Hitchin-Gaultieri is a geometric realization of the degree-2 component of Kontsevich-Barannikov's homological approach to extended deformation. Through extended deformation, one associates a Frobenius structure to the extended moduli space. In this notes, we prove that on primary Kodaira manifolds the restriction of the Frobenius structure on the degree-2 component of the extended moduli space is trivial. It generalizes the author's past observation on Kodaira surface.
Sickle cell vaso-occlusion.

The factors modulating sickle cell vaso-occlusion at the molecular, cellular, and microcirculatory levels are surveyed and related to vaso-occlusion in ex vivo and in vivo animal models and clinical manifestations. Objective criteria for monitoring a sickle cell painful crisis are described. The multifactorial nature of sickle cell vaso-occlusion is emphasized.
Isolation of circulating tumor cells under hydrodynamic loading using microfluidic technology

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide causing human deaths.Circulating tumor cells(CTCs) are cells that have detached from a primary tumor and circulate in the bloodstream; they may constitute seeds for subsequent growth of additional tumors(metastasis) in different tissues. The detection of CTCs may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications but, because their number is very small, these cells are not easily detected. Circulating tumor cells are found in the order of 10–100 CTCs per m L of whole blood in patients with metastatic disease. Isolation of tumor cells circulating in the blood stream, by immobilizing them on surfaces functionalized with bio-active coating within microfluidic devices,presents an interdisciplinary challenge requiring expertise in different research areas: cell biology, surface chemistry, fluid mechanics and microsystem technology.We first review the fundamental of cell biology of CTCs and summarize the key microfluidic techniques for isolation of CTCs via cell-ligand interactions, magnetic interactions, filtration; detection and enumeration of CTCs; in vivo CTCs imaging.
3D image autofocus for millimeter-wave forward-looking SAR

The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been investigating the capability of using 3-D millimeter-wave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology to provide navigation for aircraft through terrain and obstacles in a degraded visual environment (DVE). One of the key challenges associated with this technology is the focus quality of the 3-D millimeter-wave SAR image, which requires very-high-accuracy data from the positioning measurement system for the platform motion in the 3-D space. The level of accuracy needed is currently not achievable by state-of-the-art positioning measurement systems. Thus, an effective autofocus algorithm is critical for the success of this program. In this paper, we propose an image metric-based autofocus algorithm to address the SAR image focusing challenge associated with the Ka frequency band, our MIMO radar configuration and forward-looking 3-D geometry. The algorithm models the errors in the measured radar positioning data as the rotation and translation parameters of the MIMO antenna frame in 3-D space. The algorithm solves an optimization problem that maximizes the specified SAR image metric. We evaluate the proposed algorithm and compare its performance with the Phase Gradient Autofocus (PGA) algorithm using both linear side-looking SAR and our proposed forward-looking 3-D SAR geometries.
Entamoeba histolytica develops resistance to complement deposition and lysis after acquisition of human complement regulatory proteins through trogocytosis

Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebiasis. The trophozoite (amoeba) form of this parasite is capable of invading the intestine, and can disseminate through the bloodstream to other organs. The mechanisms that allow amoebae to evade complement deposition during dissemination have not been well characterized. We previously discovered a novel complement-evasion mechanism employed by E. histolytica. E. histolytica ingests small bites of living human cells in a process termed trogocytosis. We demonstrated that amoebae were protected from lysis by human serum following trogocytosis of human cells, and that amoebae acquired and displayed human membrane proteins from the cells they ingested. Here, we aimed to define how amoebae are protected from complement lysis after performing trogocytosis. We found that amoebae were protected from complement lysis after ingestion of both human Jurkat T cells and red blood cells, and that the level of protection correlated with the amount of material ingested. Trogocytosis of human cells led to a reduction in deposition of C3b on the surface of amoebae. We asked whether display of human complement regulators is involved in amoebic protection, and found that CD59 was displayed by amoebae after trogocytosis. Deletion of a single complement regulatory protein, CD59 or CD46, from Jurkat cells was not sufficient to alter amoebic protection. Removal of all GPI-anchored proteins, including CD59 and CD55, from the surface of amoebae that had undergone trogocytosis suggested that multiple, redundant complement regulators mediate amoebic protection. These studies shed light on a novel strategy for immune evasion by a pathogen.
Evolution of whale sensory ecology: Frontiers in nondestructive anatomical investigations.

Studies surrounding the evolution of sensory system anatomy in cetaceans over the last ~100 years have shed light on aspects of the early evolution of hearing sensitivities, the small relative size of the organ of balance (semicircular canals and vestibule), brain (endocast) shape and relative volume changes, and ontogenetic development of sensory-related structures. Here, I review advances in our knowledge of sensory system anatomy as informed by the use of nondestructive imaging techniques, with a focus on applied methods in computed tomography (CT and μCT), and identify the key questions that remain to be addressed. Of these, the most important are: Is lower frequency hearing sensitivity the ancestral condition for whales? Did echolocation evolve more than once in odontocetes; and if so, when and why? How has the structure of the cetacean brain changed, through the evolution of whales, and does this correspond to changes in hearing sensitivities? Finally, what are the general pathways of ontogenetic development of sensory systems in odontocetes and mysticetes? Answering these questions will allow us to understand important macroevolutionary patterns in a fully aquatic mammalian group and provides baseline data on species for which we have limited biological information because of logistical limitations.
Towards Collaborative Forensics

Digital forensic analysis techniques have been significantly improved and evolved in past decade but we still face a lack of effective forensic analysis tools to tackle diverse incidents caused by emerging technologies and the advances in cyber crime. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework to address the efficacious deficiencies of current practices in digital forensics. Our framework, called Collaborative Forensic Framework (CUFF), provides scalable forensic services for practitioners who are from different organizations and have diverse forensic skills. In other words, our framework helps forensic practitioners collaborate with each other, instead of learning and struggling with new forensic techniques. In addition, we describe fundamental building blocks for our framework and corresponding system requirements.
Application of Tracers to the Study of Membrane Transport Processes

Isotopes are so widely used in biology and chemistry as tracers of processes and to map reaction pathways that it is important to be reminded at regular intervals of the assumptions made in their use and that we usually consider isotopes to simply be labeled atoms, i.e., ideal tracers. An ideal tracer is an atom which differs in some measurable way from the normal atom but otherwise possesses properties identical with those of the normal atom. There are of course no ideal tracers. Thus, the important question in the use of isotopes as tracers is how much an isotope or a molecule labeled with an isotopic element differs from the natural or common element or molecule.
Growing While Going: Spiritual Formation at the End of Life

ABSTRACT This article examines spiritual growth at the end of life through the journal and reflections of a former hospice social worker. The author provides readings and commentary suggesting how the difficulties of terminal illness produce spiritual transformation.
Angling for an Anglo-American acquisitions agreement

Abstract The Publisher's Association in London administers the Net Book Agreement, which prohibits British booksellers from offering discounts. An exception permits 10% discounts to British public and university libraries which apply for licenses. The writer describes his trip to London in July 1983 to lobby for a similar license for the University of Florida Libraries. Their application is a test case following an RTSD resolution in January 1983 calling on the Publishers Association to judge American libraries by the same standards as British libraries. The writer attacks the Net Book Agreement as an artificial obstacle preventing the marketing of British books in the U.S. He calls for an Anglo-American Acquisitions Agreement whereby American librarians would more actively promote and acquire British books in exchange for incentive discounts from British booksellers. The response of the Publishers Association is not yet known.
Analysis of Glass Process Problems Using Three‐Dimensional Computer Modeling

La methode des elements finis est utilisee pour simuler la production du verre ainsi que la conception des diverses etapes de fabrication. La methode a ete mise au point par la societe Corning Glass Works
Transforming Social Group Work Learning into Competencies for Interprofessional Teams

This article describes how social work and social group work strategies are used to enhance social work student participation in an interprofessional education program (IPE) that includes social work and five health care disciplines. Concurrently, social work students take part in a small group to assist them in the application of their social group knowledge to their IPE experience. Interprofessional collaborations between social work and health care can work toward alleviating health inequalities and poor access to health services. Social work has a crucial and significant role within these teams because of the profession’s focus on individual well-being, within the context of their social environment and support systems.