cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job satisfaction among school social workers : The role of interprofessional relationships and professional role discrepancy

A sample of 183 members of the School Social Work Association of America (SSWAA) completed a survey including: (1) a questionnaire measuring perceptions of the worker's relationships with school counselors and school psychologists; (2) Hartseil's (1987) measure of professional role discrepancy; (3) a job satisfaction scale; and (4) a demographic and background data questionnaire. Responding social workers indicated that they tended to have frequent professional contact with the members of the other two professions, that they seldom or never felt competitive toward members of these groups, that they most often felt that the members of the other two professions valued their skills and expertise, and that they generally found members of the other two professions to be likeable. The social workers were most satisfied when there was little discrepancy between actual and ideal professional roles; when they frequently felt their skills were valued by school psychologists; and when they worked with older (high school) as opposed to younger (elementary school) students.
A Framework for Automated Security Testing of Android Applications on the Cloud

App markets are stirring a paradigm shift in the way software is provisioned to the end users. The benefits of this model are plenty, including the ability to rapidly and effectively acquire, introduce, maintain, and enhance software used by the consumers. This paradigm shift, however, has given rise to a new set of security challenges. In parallel with the emergence of app markets, we have witnessed increased security threats that are exploiting this model of provisioning software. The key obstacle is the ability to rapidly assess the security and robustness of applications submitted to the market. The problem is that security testing is generally a manual, expensive, and cumbersome process. This is precisely the challenge that we have begun to address in a project targeted at the development of a framework that aids the analysts in testing the security of Android apps. The framework is comprised of a tool-suite that given an application automatically generates and executes numerous test cases, and provides a report of uncovered security vulnerabilities to the human analyst.
Cholesterol Granuloma of the Petrous Apex: A 5-Year Review of Radiology Reports with Follow-Up of Progression and Treatment

Objectives To assess the stability and outcomes of patients with cholesterol granulomas at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Design A retrospective review of neuroradiology magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies was performed. The number of newly diagnosed cases of cholesterol granuloma per year was determined. Additional data included age and gender, clinical presentation if applicable, growth on imaging follow-up, and recurrence on postoperative follow-up if applicable. Participants Inclusion criteria included patients who underwent MRI studies between January 1, 2009 and July 1, 2013. Upon review of imaging of these patients, 18 patients had findings compatible with cholesterol granuloma. Results During the study period, an average of three cases of cholesterol granuloma were diagnosed on MRI per year. Three of 18 patients underwent treatment. Two underwent surgery, both of whom demonstrated recurrence on postoperative follow-up imaging. One patient who underwent computed tomography–guided percutaneous aspiration and Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, United States) embolization had no recurrence on imaging follow-up of up to 23 months. Among the patients who were observed without intervention, growth was identified in only one patient. Conclusions Cholesterol granulomas are a rare entity; however, their appearance on imaging may be greater than previously reported. Most of the lesions demonstrate stability and can be observed.
Magnetism of nanostructured rare earth multilayers and films

Abstract A review is given of recent research on amorphous, compositionally modulated rare earth—transition metal films. Factors determining their magnetic structure, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and magneto-optic properties are discussed. Thin films of rare earth—transition metal compounds which have strong permanent magnet properties are outlined. Many of the new complex compounds have been prepared as thin films with controlled anisotropies. Possible applications of such films are briefly discussed.
Effect of Zn loading of the Pt-Zn-HY trifunctional catalysts on the hydroisomerization of n-heptane

The zinc loading needed for having the maximum activity of isomerization, increases with increasing reaction temperature. This means that a stronger cracking activity requires a higher amount of zinc species, the latter being in the cationic form. In the context of the hypothesis of trifunctional catalyst configuration, the new set of results provides another piece of experimental evidence for the desorption-transfer promoting role of the zinc species whose Lewis acid character appears to play an important role in the enhancement of the isomerization activity. Thus, it is possible to achieve higher isomerization performance by using the trifunctional catalysts at lower reaction temperature and longer contact time.
Effects of Interactions among Community Agencies on Legal System Responses to Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault in Stop-Funded Communities

The STOP Violence Against Women Formula Grants Program is a federal funding stream that promotes institutionalized system change in communities, such that women victims of violent crime can encounter a supportive and effective response from the criminal and civil justice systems and from victim service (VS) programs. This analysis assesses the degree to which receipt of STOP funding for nonprofit VS programs and state-level STOP program support for collaboration has led to greater community interaction and legal system outcomes. It also examines whether types of interaction among community agencies are related to post-STOP legal system responses to victims. Changed interactions among nonprofit VS programs, law enforcement, and prosecution staff members seem to lead to changes in the legal system's approach to handling domestic violence and sexual assault cases. They also assist communities in meeting the needs of victims.
Real-time demagnetization assessment of PM synchronous machine

This paper presents a real-time permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization assessment in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) using a physics-based model. The model is enabled to estimate the resultant normal magnetic flux density on the face of PM in a PMSM. The model is a function of physical geometry and material of the PMSM, physics of demagnetization, and the ambient temperature. The demagnetization assessment during PMSM operation is verified numerically on three typical PMSM topologies using the modified FE-based coupled thermal-field-circuit phase variable model and the results are discussed.
Validity and Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Measures: Issues and Procedures for Special Educators.

The controversy over norm-referenced versus criterion-referenced measures is of particular interest to special educators. Over the years, special educators have been encouraged to use CRMs in asses...
Wear and friction studies of contact recording interface with microfabricated heads

Abstract Friction and wear performance of a contact recording device is studied which consists of a microfabricated head in continuous contact with a super smooth disk. For the first time, the coefficient of friction of a microfabricated head (17×36 μm in cross-section) sliding against a super smooth disk at a load of 40 mg has been measured. The influence of protective overcoats on the disk surface and operating environments on the wear rate of the head and the coefficient of friction of the head-disk interface were studied using an ultra-high vacuum tribotest apparatus. The results show that the wear rate and coefficient of friction of the contact pad sliding against the standard disk with sputtered carbon are higher than those against cathodic arc carbon coated disk. Optical microscopy showed small accumulation of wear debris at the leading edge of the pad sliding against the standard disk, and no debris was observed on the pad surface after sliding against the cathodic arc carbon coated disk. Tests in various gaseous environments showed that such environments have an effect on the wear rate of the head, but little influence on the coefficient of friction for head sliding against both disks.
ELK REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSE TO REMOVAL OF CALVING SEASON DISTURBANCE BY HUMANS

Abstract We evaluated elk (Cervus elaphus) reproductive success following removal of human disturbance during calving season, by comparing data from 2 segregated groups of free-ranging elk (control and treatment) from 1 pre-disturbance year, 2 disturbance years, and 2 post-disturbance years. Treatment-group elk were subjected to simulated recreational activity during calving season in disturbance years but not in pre- or post-disturbance years. Control animals experienced only ambient levels of disturbance throughout the study, and their calf/cow proportions (proportion of marked adult female elk maintaining a calf in Jul and Aug) were similar throughout the 5 years. We observed reduced productivity of treatment-group elk compared to controls during disturbance years after adjusting for nontreatment year differences. We hypothesized that productivity would return to, or potentially exceed, pre-disturbance levels following removal of disturbance. Productivity rebounded following release from disturbance, a...
CLOACAL EXSTROPHY VARIANTS. CAN BLIGHTED CONJOINED TWINNING PLAY A ROLE

ABSTRACT Purpose: For normal single births with evidence of first trimester twinning, vanishing twin rates of 13% to 78% have been reported. We propose that blighting of a conjoined twin can result in an infant with a variation of cloacal exstrophy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients with cloacal exstrophy treated from January 1989 to November 2003, all of whom had prenatal evaluations readily available to determine the presence of twinning. The criterion for establishing the prenatal diagnosis of twins was the documentation of 2 fetal heart tones on Doppler and/or 2 fetal poles on ultrasound. Results: All 26 patients had prenatal care including prenatal fetal Doppler studies and followup ultrasound. Of the patients 15 had classic cloacal exstrophy (58%) with no evidence of twin gestations documented. Of the 26 cloacal exstrophy cases 11 (42%) were cloacal exstrophy variants, including 8 of the 11 (73%) with consistent findings of twin gestation on prenatal studies. All 8 patients had documented 2 fetal heart tones in the first trimester, and 4 had 2 fetal poles in 1 amniotic sac on prenatal ultrasound. Five patients had subsequent ultrasound studies showing a single fetus by the second trimester. Two patients were born conjoined with 1 of the twins lifeless at birth in both cases. Conclusions: We propose that blighted conjoined twinning may be a cause of cloacal exstrophy variant cases.
Analytical calculations of multiple scattering for high-energy photons and neutrons

Radiography of large dense objects often require the use of highly penetrating radiation. For example, a couple of centimeters of steel attenuates 50 keV x-rays by a factor of approximately 10-14 whereas this same amount of steel would attenuate a 500 keV photon beam by only a factor of about 0.25. However, this increase in penetrating power comes with a price. In the case of x-radiation there are two bills to pay: (1) For projection radiography, this increase in penetration directly causes a corresponding decrease in resolution. (2) This increase in penetration occurs in a region where the interaction of radiation and matter is changing from absorption to scattering. In the above example the fraction of scattering goes from about 0.1 at 50 keV to over 0.99 at 500 keV. These scattered photons can significantly degrade contrast. In order to overcome some of these difficulties, radiography using scattered photons has been studied by myself and numerous other authors. In all the above cases, calculation of the intensity of scattered radiation is of primary importance. In cases where scattering is probable, multiple scattering can also be probable. Calculations of multiple scattering are generally very difficult and usually require the use of extremely sophisticated Monte Carlo simulations. It is not unusual for these calculations to require several hours of CPU time on some of the worlds largest and fastest supercomputers. In this paper I will present an alternative approach. I will present an analytical solution to the equations of double scattering, and show how this solution can extended to the case of higher order scattering. Finally, I will give numerical examples of these solutions and compare them to solutions obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A comparison of the closed-face cassette at different orientations while measuring total particles.

The current method for sampling aerosols using the 37-mm closed-face cassette (CFC) sampler is based on the orientation of the cassette at ∼45° from horizontal. There is some concern as to whether this method is appropriate and may be underestimating exposures. An alternative orientation at ∼0° (horizontal) has been discussed. This research compared the CFC's orientation at 45° from horizontal to the proposed orientation at horizontal, 0° in a controlled laboratory setting. The particles used in this study were fused alumina oxide in four sizes, approximately 9.5 μm, 12.8 μm, 18 μm, and 44.3 μm in aerodynamic diameter. For each test, one aerosol was dispersed in a wind tunnel operating at 0.2 m/s with samplers mounted in the breathing zone of a rotating mannequin. A sampling event consisted of four pairs of samplers, placed side by side (one pair at 45° and another at 0° cassette orientation), and exposed for a period of 45 minutes. A total of 12 sampling events, 3 sample events per particle size, were co...
Identification of Sesquiterpenes in Citrus Essential Oils by Cryofocusing GC/FT-IR

Abstract Cryofocusing GC/FT-IR is a powerful tool for identification of constituents in essential oils. This technique has been used to help identify sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in citrus essential oils that are difficult to identify by GC/MS alone and especially those prone to thermal rearrangements. Bicyclogermacrene is reported for the first time in Sicilian lemon oil and Florida orange and grapefruit. (Z)-α-Bisabolene has been found as a new constituent in Sicilian lemon oil and Mexican cold pressed lime, type A. Germacrene B has been confirmed for the first time in Florida grapefruit oil.
Factors influencing the pitch-matching of junior high boys

The skill of pitch-matching is a prerequisite for even the most casual musical participation. While singing accuracy has been carefully researched at the elementary level, there has been comparatively less research done with adolescents. The purpose of the study described here was to examine the influence of perceptual ability, task demands, and singing range on the pitch-matching performance of adolescent boys in various stages of the voice change. We found significant differences between certain, inconsistent, and uncertain singers in their perceptual skills and found that a contextual pitch-matching condition was significantly easier than a single-pitch condition. There was no difference by singing range. Future research should explore the progression of these skills longitudinally and continue to examine performance related to different task demands.
Braess's paradox in expanders

Expander graphs are known to facilitate effective routing and most real-world networks have expansion properties. At the other extreme, it has been shown that in some special graphs, removing certain edges can lead to moreefficient routing. This phenomenon is known as Braess's paradox and is usually regarded as a rare event. In contrast to what one might expect, we show that Braess's paradox is ubiquitous in expander graphs. Specifically, we prove that Braess's paradox occurs in a large class of expander graphs with continuous convex latency functions. Our results extend previous work which held only when the graph was both denser and random and for random linear latency functions. We identify deterministic sufficient conditions for a graph with as few as a linear number of edges, such that Braess's Paradox almost always occurs, with respect to a general family of random latency functions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of complementary tri-stimulus colorimetry—I: Analysis of binary and ternary colorant systems

Abstract Complementary tri-stimulus colorimetry can be applied to the analysis of binary and ternary colorant mixtures. It is shown that for this purpose relation to the human eye is unnecessary, and that only the designation of the various parameters and the mode of calculation need be retained. The binary system of the EDTA complexes of copper and nickel and the ternary system of the EDTA complexes of copper, nickel, and cobalt are treated in detail as illustrative examples of the new approach. Results can be calculated graphically, in a purely algebraic manner, or in a combined graphical and algebraic manner. The relation of the new approach to classical photometric analysis of multicomponent systems is shown.
A poor correlation exists between oscillometric and radial arterial blood pressure as measured by the Philips MP90 monitor

In anesthesia and critical care, invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is the gold standard against which other methods of monitoring are compared. In this assessment of the Philips MP90 monitor, the objective was to determine whether or not oscillometric measurements were within the accuracy standards set by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS). Three hundred and one invasive and noninvasive paired measurements were obtained from eleven adult patients on the neurosurgical service at Stanford University Medical Center. Bland–Altman plots were created to assess agreement between the two measurement systems. Paired correlation analysis, bias and precision calculations were performed. Oscillometric blood pressure measurements correlated with arterial measurements yielding Pearson r values of 0.68, 0.67 and 0.62 for systolic, diastolic and mean pressures, respectively (P < 0.01.) Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were −3.8 mmHg ± 13.6, −2.4 mmHg ± 10.0, and 4.0 mmHg ± 13.1 for systolic, diastolic and mean pressures, respectively. The mean difference for these measurements was ≤5 mmHg as stipulated by the AAMI guidelines, but the standard deviation was greater than the 8 mmHg allowed by the AAMI guidelines. When the BHS guidelines were applied, the device merited a grade “D” for systolic and mean arterial pressure, and a grade “C” for diastolic pressure, with the highest possible grade level being “A.” There was a poor correlation between noninvasive and invasive measurements of arterial blood pressure as measured with a cuff and radial arterial cannula using the Philips MP90 monitor. These inaccuracies could lead to unnecessary interventions, or lack of appropriate interventions in anesthetic management. Further study is needed to specify the absolute inaccuracy of the monitor, and to determine if accuracy between the two methods varies with patient co-morbidities, surgical procedures, or anesthetic management.
Mountains in the clouds: patient safety research

> Do you see yonder cloud that’s almost in shape of a camel? > > By th’ mass and ‘tis, like a camel indeed. > > Methinks it is like a weasel. > > It is backed like a weasel. > > Or like a whale. > > Very like a whale. > > William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (Hamlet and Polonius, Act III, ii)1 It is becoming increasingly clear that patient safety represents an important issue globally, and the amount of research on patient safety is skyrocketing.23 Despite this, it is not clear how big the problem of patient safety really is—different studies have produced different results. For example, the estimates of deaths attributed to errors in the USA have been hugely variable, and hotly debated.4 But whenever studies which use multiple modalities to find injuries are done, it seems as if each modality turns up multiple injuries, with little overlap between those found with one modality and another, so that the bottom line point estimate clearly depends on the techniques used,56 and the true estimate may be higher than many people have realised. Furthermore, with technical advances such as intravenous “smart pumps”, which have a black-box capability to track interventions, whole new sets of errors can be found.7 The net outcome has been that sorting out how big an issue safety really is, has been like looking at mountains in the clouds—it is hard to tell where one thing begins and another ends, and reasonable observers may …
Risk-averse feedback for stochastic fault-tolerant control systems with actuator failure accommodation

In this paper, an innovative baseline control strategy for the linear-quadratic class of stochastic fault-tolerant control systems with performance risk aversion has been obtained. Moreover, an efficient paradigm of determining mathematical statistics associated with performance robustness is developed, upon which the model uncertainties of time-varying parameter perturbations and critical actuator failures of the stuck-type ones are also treated in the stochastic framework. The synthesis of risk-averse state feedback control law is shown feasible by the use of adapted dynamic programming approach to the optimal statistical control problem considered herein.
Prediction of thioguanine-induced cytotoxicity by dual-parameter flow cytometric analysis.

A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of delayed cytokinetic effects resulting from the treatment of L1210 cells with 6-thioguanine (TG). By using dual-parameter (DNA/protein) flow cytometry, we could observe the accumulation of late S/G2/M cells with abnormally high green fluorescence (i.e., protein content), indicative of unbalanced growth. The use of mitotic cells from a pseudotetraploid line (HT29) as external markers for both red and green fluorescence facilitated highly reproducible measurement of the mean green fluorescence (GFLmean) of the arrested late S/G2/M population. We found that the dose dependence of the observed GFLmean values followed the same unusual biphasic pattern as did cytotoxicity in this cell line, indicating that this parameter might be a suitable means of predicting TG-induced toxicity in vivo. We propose that the low background expected for this kind of measurement would make it particularly appropriate for the analysis of clinical specimens (e.g., mononuclear bone marrow cells) from leukemic patients receiving thiopurines, to monitor (and, hopefully, predict) their response to treatment.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, depression, and anxiety: a cohort analysis of 89 patients.

Objective To determine the prevalence of depressed and anxious mood states in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), a degenerative spine condition with symptoms of neck pain, numb clumsy hands, gait difficulties, sphincter dysfunction, and impotence. To examine the relation between mood and functional deficits produced by CSM. Methods We surveyed a cohort of 89 patients with CSM recruited during 1 year from a neurosurgery clinic. Patients underwent a structured interview to collect information on demographics, personal habits, CSM symptoms, comorbid diseases, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Patients self-completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and were scored on the Nurick, Cooper, Harsh, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scales. Results According to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale threshold value of 11, 29% of the cohort had a depressed mood and 38% had an anxious mood. Higher depression scores were associated with worse myelopathy, as measured by the Nurick scale (P = 0.01), the Cooper leg subscale (P = 0.006), the Harsh scale (P = 0.02), the mJOA arm subscale (P = 0.006), and the mJOA leg subscale (P = 0.004). There was no relation between depression scores and the Cooper arm subscale, Harsh sphincter scale, mJOA sensory subscale, or mJOA bladder subscale. Similar patterns were seen in the relations between myelopathy and anxiety. Conclusion More than one-third of patients with CSM have a depressed or anxious mood. In patients with CSM, depression and anxiety scores are strongly associated with decreased mobility, inconsistently associated with arm dysfunction, and not associated with sensory deficits or sphincter dysfunction, suggesting that ambulatory dysfunction may cause or exacerbate the symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with CSM.
Calcein angiography: a preliminary report on an experimental dye

Calcein is a new experimental dye for fundus angiography. Injected intravenously, calcein shares most of the characteristics of sodium fluorescein, but it also has some advantages over fluorescein because it lasts longer in the circulatory system. Calcein may be useful in experimental and clinical angiography of the fundus. This study gives the results of angiograms taken with a standard fundus camera after calcein injection.
What about Justice? Toward an Evangelical Perspective on Advocacy in Development

Advocacy work as a part of transformational development is still approached with ambivalence by many in the evangelical community. It is clear, however, that distal causes, rooted in structural sin, contribute greatly to the kind of poverty that development practitioners face, even though articulating the causal mechanisms through which this occurs is difficult. Case studies show that a distinctively Christian engagement with advocacy requires a clear sense of our `identity' and the construction of an alternative narrative and engagement in symbolic acts, witnessing in this way concerning the sins that require remedy.
Genotype, Phenotype, and Karyotype Correlation in the XO Mouse Model of Turner Syndrome

The murine model for Turner Syndrome is the XO mouse. Unlike their human counterparts, XO mice are typically fertile, and their lack of a second sex chromosome can be transmitted from one generation to the next as an X-linked dominant trait with male lethality. The introduction of an X-linked coat-color marker (tabby) has greatly facilitated the maintenance of this useful mouse strain. XO mice can be produced in large numbers, generation after generation, and rapidly identified on the basis of their sex and coat color. Although this breeding scheme appears to be effective at the phenotype level, its utility has never been conclusively proved at the molecular or cytogenetic levels. Here, we clone and sequence the tabby deletion break point and present a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the tabby mutation. By combining the results of this assay with whole-chromosome painting data, we demonstrate that genotype, phenotype, and karyotype all show perfect correlation in the publicly available XO breeding stock. This work lays the foundation for the use of this strain to study Turner Syndrome in particular and the X chromosome in general.
Persistent Controversy in Statistical Approaches in Wildlife Sciences: A Perspective of Students

The controversy over the use of null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) has persisted for decades, yet NHST remains the most widely used statistical approach in wildlife sciences and ecology. A disconnect exists between those opposing NHST and many wildlife scientists and ecologists who conduct and publish research. This disconnect causes confusion and frustration on the part of students. We, as students, offer our perspective on how this issue may be addressed. Our objective is to encourage academic institutions and advisors of undergraduate and graduate students to introduce students to various statistical approaches so we can make well-informed decisions on the appropriate use of statistical tools in wildlife and ecological research projects. We propose an academic course that introduces students to various statistical approaches (e.g., Bayesian, frequentist, Fisherian, information theory) to build a foundation for critical thinking in applying statistics. We encourage academic advisors to become familiar with the statistical approaches available to wildlife scientists and ecologists and thus decrease bias towards one approach. Null hypothesis statistical testing is likely to persist as the most common statistical analysis tool in wildlife science until academic institutions and student advisors change their approach and emphasize a wider range of statistical methods.
Subarachnoid blood and headache: Altered trigeminal tachykinin gene expression

Sensory axons from the trigeminal ganglion (V) innervate cephalic blood vessels and use the preprotachykinin gene products, substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), as putative neurotransmitters conveying nociceptive information. Blood in the subarachnoid space is accompanied by severe headache. We now report that this painful stimulus, which should enhance activity in V, specifically alters tachykinin peptide and mRNA levels in V and perivascular axons. Marked reductions in SP levels were observed in basilar artery segments within 4 hours after intracisternal blood injection which persisted for 48 hours and recovered by 7 days. SP peptide levels in V were elevated by 49% two days after blood injection. The changes in SP peptide levels were accompanied by increases in ganglionic content of the preprotachykinin mRNA that codes for the peptide. Blood-induced peptide depletion in arteries and subsequent increases in peptide and mRNA in V are consistent with increased neuronal activity and enhanced neuropeptide release. These results implicate the tachykinin-utilizing trigeminovascular neurons in the sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
The Pathogenesis of Alzheimers Disease—Is It a Lifelong “Calciumopathy”?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that has no known cure, nor is there a clear mechanistic understanding of the disease process itself. Although amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive decline are late-stage markers of the disease, it is unclear how they are initially generated, and if they represent a cause, effect, or end phase in the pathology process. Recent studies in AD models have identified marked dysregulations in calcium signaling and related downstream pathways, which occur long before the diagnostic histopathological or cognitive changes. Under normal conditions, intracellular calcium signals are coupled to effectors that maintain a healthy physiological state. Consequently, sustained up-regulation of calcium may have pathophysiological consequences. Indeed, upon reviewing the current body of literature, increased calcium levels are functionally linked to the major features and risk factors of AD: ApoE4 expression, presenilin and APP mutations, beta amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau, apoptosis, and synaptic dysfunction. In turn, the histopathological features of AD, once formed, are capable of further increasing calcium levels, leading to a rapid feed-forward acceleration once the disease process has taken hold. The views proposed here consider that AD pathogenesis reflects long-term calcium dysregulations that ultimately serve an enabling role in the disease process. Therefore, "Calcinists" do not necessarily reject betaAptist or Tauist doctrine, but rather believe that their genesis is associated with earlier calcium signaling dysregulations.
On the distributions of the estimated process capability indices

The exact distributions of the estimated process capability indices are presented and their means, variances, and mean-squared errors are given. The basic assumption is that the process measurements are taken from a normal distribution. Theresults in this article are useful in evaluating process capability.
The Impact of the Mongol Invasion on Turkish Architecture

Because the Seljuk throne managed to survive for sixty years after the establishment of the Mongol Protectorate in Seljuk Anatolia in 1243, there seems to have been no sudden upheaval in Anatolian society and its formal institutions. Nevertheless, a gradual, and at first rather inconspicuous, transformation took place which resulted in the shifting of centres of both power and the arts to western Anatolia in the centuries that followed. This paper addresses itself to the resulting alterations and innovations in architecture, especially with respect to the directions they gave to subsequent periods in Anatolian—Turkish architecture.The transformations that created the classical period in Ottoman architecture began between approximately 1250 and 1450. As a result of these changes, Anatolia came to derive its models and inspiration no longer from Iran, but from the eastern Mediterranean whose traditions now gave the major direction to the following centuries in Anatolia.2 This shift in orientation was by no means sudden or radical, but rather it was the long-term result of a particular political situation. Nevertheless, a critical date in this evolutionary process seems to be around 1250, the time of the coming of the Mongols.
Ignorance, Knowledge, and Outcomes in a Small World

Thirty-six years ago, Stanley Milgram in his famous "small world" experiment found that every individual in the United States is linked to every other through a short chain of social ties, with an average chain length of six people. In a Perspective, Granovetter discusses a large-scale study of 60,000 e-mail users ( Dodds et al .) that confirms Milgram9s original findings and delves deeper into understanding the social networks that connect us all.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LANGUAGE TESTING

In an earlier review for the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Douglas (1995) wrote, “the year 1990 represented a watershed in language testing” (p. 167). This decade, though by no means over, has taken the field even further in terms of theoretical and practical developments. A few examples should illustrate this point: For test theoreticians and researchers, models of communicative language ability have challenged the traditional skills–and–components models (Bachman 1990, Bachman and Palmer 1996); applications of Messick's (1989) expanded view of validation have balanced arguments previously made solely by measurement experts (Kunnan 1998a); discussions of policy and social considerations (McNamara 1998), fairness (Kunnan 1996; in press), critical language testing (Shohamy 1997a) and ethics and professionalism (Davies 1997a; 1997b) have added new beveled angles for debates; structural equation modeling has successfully asserted its role as useful quantitative methodology (Kunnan 1995; 1998b); and verbal protocol analysis has proved to be a viable qualitative methodology (Green 1997).
Apomorphine and haloperidol, but not domperidone, affect penile reflexes in rats

Previous studies have shown that systemic administration of the dopamine agonist apomorphine produced a biphasic effect on erection in the freely moving rat, with lower doses facilitating, and high doses inhibiting, erection. However, those studies did not distinguish between erection per se and seminal emission. The present results demonstrate that apomorphine produces a similar biphasic effect on penile reflexes in the restrained, supine rat, while facilitating seminal emission in a monophasic fashion. Haloperidol, a centrally-acting dopamine antagonist, either blocked the effects produced by apomorphine administration, or had actions opposite to those of apomorphine. Domperidone, a dopamine antagonist that does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, did not antagonize apomorphine's effects, and did not affect penile responses when administered alone. These results suggest that dopamine receptors in the central nervous system regulate genital responses, and that effects on penile reflexes and seminal emission can be experimentally dissociated.
Gender Differences in the Education and Employment of Young Adults

WITH THE GOAL OF ACHIEVING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE AND INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON STUDENTS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION, THIS REVIEW FOCUSES FIRST ON THE LITERATURE RELATED TO GENDER DISPARITIES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. THE ISSUES ADDRESSED COVER BOTH EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION DEVOTED TO CURRENT INTERVENTIONS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE DISPARITIES. THE REVIEW FURTHER EXAMINES THE LITERATURE ON GENDER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO STUDENTS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION, INCLUDING (A) OVERALL GENDER RATES BY DISABILITY GROUPS, (B) GENDER DISPARITIES IN EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH MALES AND FEMALES IN SPECIAL EDUCATION, AND (C) PROPOSED INTERVENTION PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES THAT APPEAR PROMISING. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES BY DISCUSSING IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH THAT CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPECIAL EDUCATION.
Physics-Based Optimization of EMI Performance in Frequency Modulated Switch Mode Power Converters

In this paper, a physics-based representation of a frequency modulated switch mode converter is presented. The proposed physics based model can be used to evaluate the electromagnetic interference in the structure of the converter. In this method the power converter magnetic components and their position on the circuit board are modeled numerically using finite element analysis (FEA). Subsequently, the placement of the components and also the electrical and operating parameters of the converter are optimized in a way to limit the propagated electromagnetic field of the components. This is an essential fact in design of the power converters and the evaluation of their EMI interactions for EMC compliance.
Effects of the adoption of an integrated online system on a technical services department

Bringing up an online computer system is an example of planned, organizational change. Individuals may experience feelings of instability and fear, especially if the planned change is imposed from a higher bureaucratic level. Various techniques can be employed to minimize these feelings. Communications is essential, and can not be over‐estimated. Do not provide too few terminals and work stations. Provide adequate written documentation, especially to those responsible for staff training. Change‐agents must be confident about what they are doing.
Secondary Traumatic Stress in Military Primary and Mental Health Care Providers

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore rates of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in a sample of 70 military primary and mental health care providers. The sample included working professionals within two military hospitals. Participants completed surveys containing a demographic questionnaire and the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale.1 Results of data analysis found military participants in the sample to be experiencing relatively low rates of STS. Over half of the sample reported endorsing at least one symptom of STS occurring within the last week, whereas 8% of participants indicated moderate to high symptomatology. The most frequently reported symptoms were feeling emotionally numb and trouble sleeping followed by the intrusive thoughts about clients. The least frequently reported symptom was feeling jumpy. Implications of study findings and recommendations for future research are outlined.
Susceptibility of cultured renal cells from different species of subhuman primates to simian virus 40.

SummaryKidney cells from several different species of subhuman primates were cultured and infected with SV40. The cells were observed for 35 days, and the course of infection was studied. Cells from Cercopithecus mitis, Cercocebus atys, Papio cynocephalus and an unknown species of baboon were susceptible to the lytic effect of SV40 but were not quantitatively as sensitive as those from Cercopithecus aethiops.The technical assistance of Beverly Cole is acknowledged.
Effects of Bromobenzene on Mouse Tissue Sulfhydryl and Insulin-I131 Metabolism.

Summary1) The radioactivity of I131 labeled insulin injected by tail vein into mice was rapidly concentrated by liver and kidney, and converted by these organs from TCA insoluble into TCA soluble form. 2) Overnight fasting plus bromobenzene administration resulted in significant decreases in: (a) liver and kidney non-protein sulfhydryl (reduced glutathione) concentrations, and (b) abilities of these organs to convert radioactivity of administered labeled insulin from TCA insoluble into TCA soluble form. 3) Rapid repletion of liver and kidney GSH, previously depleted by use of bromobenzene, was obtained by use of L-cysteine. The accompanying bromobenzene induced impairment of mouse tissue abilities to solubilize radioactivity of labeled insulin was not restored by L-cysteine administration. 4) Benzyl chloride administration to overnight fasted mice resulted within 2 hours in marked decrease in liver GSH concentration, not accompanied by measurable change in insulin degradation. 5) It therefore appears unli...
Symbiosis or alienation: Advancing the university press/research library relationship through electronic scholarly communication

Summary University presses and research libraries have a long tradition of collaboration. The rapidly expanding electronic scholarly communication environment offers important new opportunities for cooperation and for innovative new models of publishing. The economics of libraries and scholarly publishers have strained the working relationship and promoted debates on important information policy issues. This article explores the context for advancing the partnership, cites examples of joint efforts in electronic publishing, and presents an action plan for working together.
Response to "Clitoral Hood Reduction".

I thank Zeplin1 for agreeing with the assertion of myself and others2-4 that failure to address clitoral hood redundancy, if present, at the time of labia minora reduction may result in an unacceptable aesthetic result requiring revision. Zeplin asserts that “most” women with “labia minora hypertrophy” also have “clitoral hood hypertrophy.”1 Although hypertrophy is not defined, and this contention may be true, it has, to my knowledge, not yet been validated …
Hyphal tip cytoplasmic organization in four zygomycetous fungi

We have examined the hyphal tip structure in four zygomycetous fungi: Mortierella verticillata (Mortierellales), Coemansia reversa (Kickxellales), Mucor indicus and Gilbertella persicaria (Mucorales) using both light and transmission electron microscopy. We have used cryofixation and freeze-substitution methods to preserve fungal hyphae for transmission electron microscopy, which yielded improved preservation of ultrastructural details. Our research has confirmed studies that described the accumulation of secretory vesicles as a crescent at the hyphal apex (i.e. the apical vesicle crescent [AVC]) and provided a more detailed understanding of the vesicle populations. In addition, we have been able to observe the behavior of the AVC during hyphal growth in M. indicus and G. persicaria.
Effects of pulsatile delivery of basal growth hormone on lipolysis in humans.

Growth hormone (GH) excess stimulates lipolysis, but its role in the hierarchy of lipolysis regulation is not clear. We studied whether pulsatile GH delivery is required for its lipolytic effect. W...
Differential aphid toxicity to ladybeetles is not a function of host plant or facultative bacterial symbionts

Summary 1.Herbivores often defend themselves from predation by transmitting toxic plant-produced chemicals to their enemies. Polyphagous herbivores sometimes exhibit differential toxicity when found on various host plant species, which is generally assumed to reflect variation in plant chemistry. 2.Here, however, we provide evidence that host-associated herbivore lineages can intrinsically differ in their toxic properties. Lineages of Aphis craccivora originating from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) are unsuitable food for the ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis, resulting in death of both larvae and adults, whereas aphid lineages originating from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) support larval development and adult reproduction. We show that locust-origin aphids remain toxic and alfalfa-origin aphids remain nontoxic when reared on any of three legume plants (fava, alfalfa or locust). 3.Furthermore, toxicity is not a function of the facultative bacterial symbiont Arsenophonus, which is naturally present in locust-origin aphid lineages and facilitates aphid use of locust. Experimentally-cured locust-origin lineages remain toxic, and an experimentally transinfected alfalfa-origin lineage remains nontoxic to H. axyridis. 4.Instead, Arsenophonus plays an indirect role in the distribution of toxic aphid lineages by facilitating aphid use of locust. It is the parthenogenetic coinheritance of Arsenophonus and the toxic trait that observationally correlates locust-feeding with toxicity in A. craccivora, rather than host plant chemistry per se. 5.Our results clearly demonstrate that aphid lineages intrinsically vary in their toxic properties in a way that neither plant chemistry nor bacterial symbionts can explain. A more inclusive paradigm is needed for understanding variation in herbivore defence against predators. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Emergency Radiology "Boot Camp": Educating Emergency Medicine Residents Using E-learning Radiology Modules.

Objectives There is an overall paucity of literature on the radiologic education of emergency medicine (EM) clinicians. Given the fact that many EM clinicians preliminarily review images for their patients, we hypothesized that a brief imaging curriculum could be efficacious in teaching basic and relevant radiologic interpretation. Methods We designed a 4-hour “radiology boot camp” for a group of 20 EM residents (from all years of training) covering several subject specific e-learning modules. They completed precourse and postcourse quizzes to evaluate the efficacy of these modules. These modules included interactive PowerPoint-based tutorials, games, and imaging decision support simulators. Matched results from the pre- and posttests were analyzed using paired t test. An additional questionnaire was administered to the EM residents to evaluate their perception of the educational experience. Results The precourse and postcourse quizzes demonstrated a statistically significant level of improved knowledge due to the educational modules (p < 0.0001). In addition, all of the participants believed the modules were a useful learning experience (100%) and a vast majority described them as a valuable resource for future reference (95%). Conclusion We demonstrate a model for providing an easy and effective means of educating EM residents on basic imaging interpretation and utilization, using e-learning modules.