cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR Analysis of Polyester Urethane End Groups and Solid-Phase Hydrolysis Kinetics

Multidimensional heteronuclear solution NMR is used for end group analysis and solid-phase hydrolysis kinetics determination on a 40 kDa commercial linear polyester urethane. Pure autocatalytic acid cleavage of the ester linkages is observed under humid atmosphere. T1 and T2 relaxation effects on 2D 1H−13C correlation spectra are analyzed so as to provide quantitative interpretation of cross-peak intensity for relative concentration measurements. A 3D 13C-purged 1H−1H−13C TOCSY−HSQC experiment serves to establish extensive 1H and 13C spin coupling connectivities at a level of 1−2 sites per 40 kDa. Spin coupling analysis of (approximately) symmetric monomer units is facilitated by using the natural abundance 13C enrichment to break the local symmetry.
Magnetic resonance in the superconducting state

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on magnetic resonance in the superconducting state. This chapter mainly discusses magnetic resonance in the superconducting state, and treats, only peripherally, the much vaster subject of the relation between magnetic resonance and normal-state parameters important for superconductivity. Many important and even central manifestations of superconductivity (flux quantization, quantum interference, and thin-film phenomena) have not proved suitable for study by magnetic resonance techniques. This chapter discusses the changes in nuclear resonance properties caused by the penetration of a magnetic field into a type-II superconductor by means of a periodic lattice of fluxoids, or vortices. Such a superconductor is said to be in the mixed state, and its properties differ considerably from those in the zero-field “Meissner” state. The chapter discusses those macroscopic aspects of nuclear resonance that are specifically because of the field penetration. The field of magnetic resonance can be divided into the following two subfields: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron spin or electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR or EPR). Of these, the use of NMR to study superconductors has been considerably developed, while EPR is just emerging as an important technique.
A plant surface mutation mediates predator interference among ladybird larvae

1. We investigated mechanisms causing predator–predator interference between fourth instar Hippodamia convergens larvae foraging for pea aphids on pea plants, Pisum sativum, with a wild-type wax bloom, and the lack of such interference between larvae foraging on pea plants with a reduced-wax bloom caused by the single gene mutation wel. 2. Observations showed that behavioural interactions between larvae were not affected by wax phenotype. Specifically, larvae did not encounter one another more frequently on normal-wax peas as may have been predicted because reduced ability by coccinellids to attach to normal-wax plant surfaces could restrict them to foraging on only some parts of these plants. 3. In a controlled bioassay on normal-wax peas, H. convergens larvae avoided leaflets previously exposed to another larva. On reduced-wax peas, this effect was not detected. 4. In microcosm experiments, inter-predator interference in terms of prey consumption occurred on normal-wax peas, but not on reduced-wax peas. The interference on normal-wax peas occurred whether two H. convergens larvae were placed on a pea aphid-infested, normal-wax plant simultaneously or sequentially. 5. We conclude that the observed inter-predator interference is not as a result of direct physical contact, but rather arises because of (i) inhibition of foraging by chemical trails left by other larvae, (ii) the inability of larvae to access portions of the normal-wax plants creating aphid refugia, or (iii) a combination of these factors.
Chemosensitivity of squamous cell carcinoma grown in implantable chambers

This study was motivated by the need to develop new methods to predict tumor response to chemotherapeutic agents. Using implantable cell-growth chambers, squamous carcinoma cells from head and neck tumors were xenografted into the peritoneal cavity of immunocompetent rats. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups. The treatment groups received intravenous cisplatin (CDDP) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) v normal saline solution for the control. Animals from each group were randomly selected and killed on days 3, 5, and 7 postimplantation. The chambers were retrieved, the media aspirated, and cells counted. Exponential growth curves were derived for the control and treatment groups. Statistically significant growth inhibition was observed for both treatment arms, compared with controls. This method of chemosensitivity testing proved to be inexpensive and reliable, and demonstrated tumor cell killing by 5-FU and CDDP.
Comparing unfrozen water content measurements of frozen soil using recently developed commercial sensors

Abstract Many soil moisture probes that use the bulk electromagnetic properties of the soil have been introduced to the market over the last decade. These electric devices have been developed by the semiconductor industry and have improved dramatically both in terms of size and price. In this study, we test and calibrate five different soil moisture sensors for measuring the unfrozen water content of frozen materials under laboratory and field conditions. The soil volume to which each probe is sensitive is one of the important parameters influencing moisture measurement, particularly in a heterogeneous medium such as ice rich frozen soils. Each sensor has a unique response to changing temperature and type of soil, which we characterize using porosity. All of the probes examined here require unique exponential calibration equations to obtain unfrozen water content from probe output. We provide equations for clay (bentonite) and Fairbanks silt. Field application of empirical equations for two different types of sensors demonstrates the change in values obtained and the convergence of measured water content values using calibrations specific for frozen soils.
Running on empty: experience preferred

Purpose – This article's aim is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections on a limited budget and with limited personnel.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses real world experiences and anecdotal evidence to provide commentary on the vital role that space design plays in creating an atmosphere that is conducive to learning.Findings – Spaces designed with a basis in both form and function are preferable to those designed solely from a practical point of view. In addition to appropriate resources, technologies, and staffing, libraries must also provide appropriate and inspiring learning spaces for library users to enjoy and experienceOriginality/value – The article examines one library's efforts to re‐establish an identity and brand in a physical environment that has not kept pace with social and cultural changes and shifts in consumer expectations over the course of the past 30 years.
Induction of tumorigenicity by galectin-3 in a nontumorigenic human breast-carcinoma cell-line

The human galectin-3 is a galactoside-binding protein of 31 kDa which functions as a receptor for glycoproteins containing poly N-acetyllactosamine side chains and as a substrate for matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. We studied its expression by flow cytofluorimetry, Western, Northern and Southern analyses, in five cultured human breast carcinoma cell lines previously characterized as non-tumorigenic, poorly metastatic or metastatic in nude mice. The expression of galectin-3 correlated with the reported tumorigenicity of the cells. The introduction of recombinant galectin-3 into the null expressing non-tumorigenic BT-549 cells resulted in the acquisition of anchorage-independent growth properties in alland tumorigenicity in 3/4 sense transfected cell crones. The data indicate a relationship between galectin-3 expression and malignancy of human breast carcinoma cell lines.
THE EMPATHY TEST AND SELF-AWARENESS OF KUDER INTEREST PATTERN

Clinicians have long postulated a relationship between self-awareness, or insight into one's own behavior, and the capacity to empathize with others. Dymond ( 1 ) has reported data supporting this relationship. The Empathy Test by Kerr and Speroff purports to measure empathy. On this test S is asked to predict characteristics of various populations; for example, music preferences of office workers. It was hypothesized that if The Empathy Test does measure empathy, then there would be a positive relationship between an individual's degree of self-awareness and his score on The Empathy Test; more specifically, that there would be a significant positive correlation between awareness of one's interests, as reflected in one's capacity to predict his interest pattern on the Kuder Preference Record, and one's score on The Empathy Test. The Empathy Test (Form B) and the Kuder Record were administered to 49 members of a general psychology class. Following the administration of the Kuder, the scoring of the test was explained and Ss were made familiar with the 10 interest categories. Each S was then asked to make two predictions. First, he was asked to rank the 10 interest categories in the order in which he found them of interest. Second, he was asked to rate his interest in each interest category as "high," "average," or "low," using the 25th and 75th percentiles as cutting points. Three scores were obtained from each S: ( a ) score on The Empathy Test, (b ) score for success in predicting Kuder interest pattern by ranking, and (c) score for success in predicting Kuder interest pattern by rating. A Pearsonian r of .18 was obtained between The Empathy Test scores and the scores for predicting Kuder interest pattern by ranking. A Pearsonian r of .I6 was obtained between The Empathy Test scores and the scores for predicting Kuder interest pattern by rating. These correlation coefficients were found to be nonsignificant at the .05 level, and the hypothesis tested was rejected. These results suggest that there is a discrepancy between empathy as used by Dymond, and more generally by clinicians, and empathy as it is measured by The Empathy Test.
Argon-induced halfwidths and line shifts of water vapor transitions

Pressure-broadened halfwidths and pressure-induced line shifts are determined for water vapor transitions with argon as the perturbing gas. Calculations based on the complex Robert–Bonamy (CRB) formalism are made for a number of vibrational bands, for which there are experimental data to compare with. The intermolecular potential is taken as a sum of Lennard–Jones (6–12) atom–atom, isotropic induction, and dispersion components. The dynamics of the collision process are correct to second order in time. The calculations demonstrate that the atom–atom potential for this system should be expanded to 12th order. A new feature in the CRB approach is that the real and imaginary components of the Liouville S matrix affect both the halfwidth and the line shift. It is shown here that the imaginary parts of the S matrix strongly affect the calculated H2O–Ar halfwidths. The calculated values are compared with those obtained in a number of experimental studies. In general, good agreement is observed between the CRB calculations and the measured values for both halfwidths and line shifts. It is also clear that some parameters describing the intermolecular potential need to be better determined.
Radiation dose response of normal brain.

Abstract Dose response relationships were determined after hemibrain x-irradiation of normal beagle dogs. Radiation doses of 11.5, 13.5, 14.3, and 17 Gy were delivered in a single dose and results were compared to previous studies using doses of 15 and 30 Gy. Brain injury was quantified using computed tomography (CT), with serial studies obtained monthly up to 1 year following irradiation. Quantitative endpoints included low density volume and contrast enhancement. Doses above 14.3 Gy resulted in high lethality 5–8 months following irradiation, and an LD 50 of 14.9 Gy was calculated. At these lethal doses, low density volume representing edema, demyelination, and necrosis had a similar response with an ED 50 of 14.6 Gy. Radiation-induced decreases in white matter density appeared 5–6 months after sublethal doses (
Recreational land use patterns within an American seaside resort

Urban areas whose dominant economic activities are those of providing an array of recreational services to tourists normally reflect this specialization in their land use patterns. Although precise statistical definition of the relative importance of recreational functions within an urban economy has certain inherent difficulties, some towns are so obviously dependent on tourism that they are universally recognized as resorts. In these towns, a characteristic urban morphology is apparent. Their unique physical qualities, so readily observed in the basic urban structure of resorts, may provide students of the science of tourism with insight into their function. Function and form, in tourism as in other urban activities, are, necessarily, closely interwined. ‘The landscape of a town, or if the word is accepted, the “townscape”, is worthy of far more geographical research than it now receives.’ The objective of this paper is the description of this interrelationship as observed in a representative American seaside resort, together with a brief historical interpretation of urban development in this resort.
Radar observations of insects in free flight.

Radar observation of insects in free flight, noting backscatter and velocity measurement results
Virtual Cell: computational tools for modeling in cell biology.

The Virtual Cell (VCell) is a general computational framework for modeling physico-chemical and electrophysiological processes in living cells. Developed by the National Resource for Cell Analysis and Modeling at the University of Connecticut Health Center, it provides automated tools for simulating a wide range of cellular phenomena in space and time, both deterministically and stochastically. These computational tools allow one to couple electrophysiology and reaction kinetics with transport mechanisms, such as diffusion and directed transport, and map them onto spatial domains of various shapes, including irregular three-dimensional geometries derived from experimental images. In this article, we review new robust computational tools recently deployed in VCell for treating spatially resolved models.
Exogenous Applications of Abscisic Acid Increase Freeze Tolerance in Citrus Trees

The exogenous application of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) may provide a new approach for preventing freeze damage to fruit tree crops. Exogenous ABA (1 mM) was foliarly applied to citrus trees under different irrigation regimes: well-irrigated trees or drought-stressed trees. Foliar applications of ABA increased the endogenous leaf ABA concentrations, and drought-stressed trees sprayed with ABA had a greater freeze tolerance than well-irrigated trees and drought-stressed trees that did not receive ABA. On the contrary, soil applications (zero, 1 nM ABA, 1 μM ABA, 1 mM ABA) did not increase the leaf ABA concentration and freeze tolerance.
Two-phase flow patterns and transitions in a small, horizontal, rectangular channel

Horizontal two-phase flow was studied in a small cross-sectional-area (19.05 × 3.18 mm) rectangular channel with both the short and long sides forming the base, resulting in aspect ratios of 6 and 16, respectively. Adiabatic flows of air/water mixtures were tested over a large mass flux range (50–2000 kg/m2 s). The full quality range was considered whenever experimentally achievable. Flow patterns were established and both mean and dynamic pressure measurements were used to accurately establish the plug/bubble-to-slug flow transition. This result, together with visual observations and supplemented with photographic data, was used to develop flow pattern maps. A comparison of existing flow pattern maps for circular pipes, capillary tubes and larger rectangular channels led to the conclusion that, while qualitative agreement exists, these maps are not generally applicable to the subject small rectangular channel on the quantitative basis.
Malignant Myoepithelioma of Salivary Glands: Clinocopathologic and Immunophenotypic Features Review of Literature and Report of Two Cases

Malignant myoepithelioma is a rare salivary gland carcinoma that might be confused with other neoplastic lesions, including carcinoma and sarcoma. A review of 10 previ ously reported acceptable cases and 2 new ones shows that the tumor affects older individuals with a mean age of 60 years. The parotid gland was the site of tumor in eight cases and the minor salivary glands of the mouth in four. Microscopically, 9 of the 12 tumors were composed either partly or predominantly of spindle-shaped cells. Plasmacytoid cells were the second most common cell type, and round or epithelioid cells were the least common type. Immunohistochemical evidence of myoepithelial differentiation in 10 evaluated cases included positive staining with antibodies against cytokeratin, muscle specific actin, S 100 protein, and vimentin. Ultrastructural features of a myoepithelial phenotype in nine studied cases were cytoplasmic microfilaments with focal densities, desmosomal cell junctions, basal lamina, and hemidesmosomal junctiona...
Gamma radiolysis of selected metal oxalates

Abstract Crystalline samples of selected transition metal oxalates were evacuated and irradiated with gamma radiation of 1–150 Mrad doses. The mole per cent decomposition was determined from the amount of carbon dioxide released from the samples after acid dissolution and determined via gas chromatography. The G(CO2) values [iron(II) 0.53, cobalt(II) 0.46, nickel(II) 0.47, copper(II) 1.93, zinc(II) 0.54, cadmium(II) 4.9, mercury(II) 1.15, and titanium(III) 4.1] were determined from the yield dose curves with correction for the electron densities. The amount of the radiation protection by the inclusion of the bivalent transition metal ion is variable but significant, and is in part dependent upon the ability of the metal ion to undergo reduction.
Lubrication and wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total joint replacements

This paper reviews recent advances in the tribology of artificial joints. Emphasis is placed on the latest developments in understanding wear mechanisms and in wear testing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) materials and components. Two major advances have been made. One is the discovery and recognition of the importance of multidirectional motion in wear mechanisms and wear testing of UHMWPE. The other is the development of an orientation-softening wear concept. The significance of joint kinematics in wear of acetabular and tibial components is discussed. New ways of improving the wear resistance of UHMWPE are proposed based upon the theory of orientation softening. Crosslinking of UHMWPE by ionizing radiation has been shown to significantly improve the wear resistance. The degree of improvement is greater with higher doses of irradiation and is much more effective for the hip than for the knee. A starved lubrication mechanism is proposed for the conforming contact between an UHMWPE acetabular cup and a CoCr or alumina ceramic head. Soluble proteins are found not to be an effective boundary lubricant for UHMWPE. Criteria for validating wear and joint simulator testing are discussed. The paper focuses on the choice of lubricant, the degree of motion and the positioning of components in joint simulator testing.
Tiotropium bromide: a new long-acting bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Abstract Background: Tiotropium bromide is a new inhaled anticholinergic agent approved for once-daily, long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective: This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and cost of tiotropium therapy in patients with COPD. Methods: The MEDLINE (1966–October 2004), Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–October 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–November 2004) databases were searched for original research and review articles published in English. The search terms were tiotropium, Ba 679 BR , and HandiHaler . Reference lists from these articles were also consulted, as was selected information provided by the manufacturer of tiotropium. All relevant identified studies were included in the review, with preference given to Phase II/III trials. Pharmacoeconomic studies were limited to those conducted in the United States. Results: Tiotropium is a nonselective anticholinergic agent that exhibits kinetic receptor selectivity for the muscarinic M 1 and M 3 receptors. After inhalation, tiotropium has an onset of action within 30 minutes, a peak effect within 3 to 4 hours, and a ≥24-hour duration of action that allows once-daily dosing. In clinical trials, patients receiving tiotropium 18 μg QD had significant improvements in trough, peak, and mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), dyspnea, and health-related quality of life, as well as fewer COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations, compared with patients receiving placebo and ipratropium (all, P 1 was also significantly greater in patients who received tiotropium compared with those who received salmeterol ( P Conclusions: Tiotropium offers several advantages over ipratropium in the management of COPD. Long-term (>1 year) studies are necessary to determine the impact of tiotropium on disease progression and life expectancy.
Analysis of diffusion battery data

Abstract A brief review is given of the use of diffusion batteries to obtain size information about ultrafine aerosol particles. Accurate formulas are included for the penetration functions of circular tube and parallel plate diffusion cells. After noting the usefulness of some previously suggested data inversion techniques, a new method for obtaining a “complete solution”, is outlined. The techniques are illustrated by the analysis of some experimental data.
A Review of Carcinomas Arising in the Head and Neck Region in HIV-Positive Patients

The majority of malignancies arising in the head and neck among patients with AIDS are Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients with HIV/AIDS are also at increased risk of developing several carcinomas of the head and neck. This paper focuses on these less common, albeit important, carcinomas. An English language literature search identified numerous population-based studies evaluating carcinomas in the head and neck of HIV-positive patients. Published results indicate that patients with HIV/AIDS are at an increased risk of developing mucosal squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland, and Merkel cell carcinoma in this anatomic region. Data also suggest that HIV-positive patients with these cancers present at a younger age, with more aggressive disease and worse prognosis compared to HIV-negative patients. Treatment involves surgical resection with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic disease. AIDS patients, however, are more likely to suffer radiation treatment complications. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has not altered the incidence of these malignancies.
Optic flow and physical effort as cues for the perception of the rate of self-produced motion in VE

Understanding how humans perceive their rate of translational locomotion through the world is important for designing virtual environments. People have access to two primary classes of cues that can provide information about their movement through the environment: Visual and auditory cues (e.g. optic flow, optical expansion, Doppler shift) and somatosensory cues (e.g. effort, proprioceptive feedback.) An important research question is the relative weighting of these cues for perceiving the rate of translational movement in a virtual environment.
Polymerization of adsorbed monolayers. III. Preliminary structure studies in dilute solution of the insertion polymers

Insertion poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared from monomers adsorbed in monolayers on the surface of montmorillonite clay, both in the presence and in the absence of bifunctional crosslinkers (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate). The insertion poly(methyl acrylate) and the crosslinked insertion poly(methyl methacrylate) and dilute-solution properties quite different from conventional polymers of these monomers, the differences including high light-scattering molecular weights combined with low viscosities, low values of the second virial coefficient, unusually large variations of the Huggins' constant k′ with the time-temperature history of the solutions, and low sedimentation velocities. These properties suggest that the insertion polymers have compact structures and are consistent with the postulate of sheetlike macromolecules. The dilute-solution properties of insertion poly(methyl methacrylate) made without crosslinker, unlike those of similarly prepared poly(methyl acrylate), were similar to those of conventional poly(methyl methacrylate). This difference in behavior is attributed to the different tendencies of the two monomers to undergo branching or crosslinking during radical polymerization.
Editorial---Introduction to the Special Issue: Student Projects with Industry

In our undergraduate program at the U.S. Air Force Academy, we have relied on our senior capstone course to provide an integrative and experiential learning environment for our students. Over the 18 years we have offered cadet senior design project, we have noted many educational benefits. We have witnessed our students boasting of their project years after graduating. We have boosted the reputation of our program among external stakeholders who benefit from the practical benefits associated with having a group of undergraduates study their business process and make recommendations for change based upon the use of Operations Research and Analytics. Over this same time, however, we also wondered about the effectiveness of the program: were we really making an impact on the educational experiences of the students? Were the benefits really worth the enormous cost of executing such projects, particularly faculty time? We also explored possibilities of expanding our program from strictly pro bono work to work with paying clients, but were unsure whether this would negatively impact the primary educational goals of the experience. Over the last decade, we have made several presentations about our capstone course at INFORMS annual conferences, receiving many suggestions of how we could improve the course and many comments about how ideas from our course could be exploited at other schools. A vehicle for sharing best practices in projects-based courses seemed to be of value to many schools, and when the editors of ITE approached us about editing a special issue focusing on project-based course, we jumped at the chance. We knew the value that this type of endeavor would make. We hope that you find this collection of papers that address the design and delivery of projects courses to be useful. As we worked with the authors on this collection of papers, we have been impressed with their passion about their courses. They represent many types of schools from around the globe: engineering to business, from small to large, from undergraduate to graduate, and from technical to managerial foundations. Each focuses on the use of OR and Analytics in a practical setting and on the engagement of clients and we encouraged authors to provide “how to” comments based on their experiences. We encourage you to rely on this special issue as a valuable resource. Amongst the articles, you are sure to find a variety of approaches and innovative practices to assist you as you design, modify, or dream about your projectbased course. The five Special Issue articles in this issue form Part 1 of the special issue on student projects with industry. Part 2, containing three more articles, will be published in the next issue.
Does sexual ideology correlate with level of sexual experience? Assessing the construct validity of the SAS

DAVIDSON, J., & LESLIE, G. R. (1977). Premarital sexual intercourse: An application of axiomatic theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39, 15-25. GAGNON, J., & SIMON, W. (1973). Sexual conduct. Chicago: Aldine. GARCIA, L. T. (1982). Sex role orientation and stereotypes about male-female sexuality. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 8, 863-876. GARCIA, L. T. (1983). Sexual stereotypes and attributions about sexual arousal. The Journal of Sex Research, 19, 366-375. GARCIA, L. T. (1984). Sexual evaluation of women with feminist attitudes. The Journal of Sex Research, 20, 91-96. GARCIA, L. T., & DERFEL, B. (1983). Perception of sexual experience: The impact of nonverbal behavior. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 9, 871-878. REISS, I. (1971). The double standard in premarital sexual intercourse: A neglected concept. In B. Lieberman (Ed.), Human sexual behavior: A book of readings (pp. 183-190). New York: Wiley. SNYDER, M., TANKE, E. D., & BERSCHEID, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656-666. TOUHEY, J. C. (1972). Comparison of two dimensions of attitude similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 8-10.
Two types of inhibitory influences target different groups of taste-responsive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve (CT; innervating taste buds on the rostral tongue) is known to initiate recurrent inhibition in cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS, the first central relay in the gustatory system). Here, we explored the relationship between inhibitory circuits and the breadth of tuning of taste-responsive NTS neurons. Initially, NTS cells with evoked responses to electrical stimulation of the CT (0.1 ms pulses; 1 Hz) were tested with each of four tastants (0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M HCl, 0.01 M quinine and 0.5 M sucrose) in separate trials. Next, the CT was electrically stimulated using a paired-pulse (10–2000 ms interpulse interval; blocks of 100 trials) paradigm. Forty-five (30 taste-responsive) of 51 cells with CT-evoked responses (36 taste-responsive) were tested with paired pulses. The majority (34; 75.6%) showed paired-pulse attenuation, defined as fewer evoked spikes in response to the second (test) pulse compared with the first (conditioning) pulse. A bimodal distribution of the peak of paired-pulse attenuation was found with modes at 10 ms and 50 ms in separate groups of cells. Cells with early peak attenuation showed short CT-evoked response latencies and large responses to relatively few taste stimuli. Conversely, cells with late peak attenuation showed long CT-evoked response latencies and small taste responses with less selectivity. Results suggest that the breadth of tuning of an NTS cell may result from the combination of the sensitivities of peripheral nerve inputs and the recurrent influences generated by the circuitry of the NTS.
Carotid Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis Based on Residual Lumen Diameter Calculated From En Bloc Carotid Endarterectomy Specimens

Background and Purpose Carotid duplex ultrasound is widely used to screen patients for carotid endarterectomy and if combined with MR angiography and transcranial Doppler may be an alternative to conventional angiography in the preoperative assessment. We have examined the correlation between Doppler velocities and the residual lumen diameters of internal carotid arteries from surgical pathological specimens to establish Doppler criteria for residual lumen diameter independent of percent stenosis. Methods Ninety-one patients who underwent 99 carotid endarterectomies for internal carotid artery stenosis within 6 months of their carotid duplex ultrasound evaluation were studied. The endarterectomy specimens were removed en bloc, and the minimal residual lumen diameter was calculated by computer analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of the Doppler criteria for determining high-grade stenosis were calculated and receiver-operator curves generated. Results Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic veloci...
Integrated economic accounting

The object of the paper is to present micro and macro accounting as an integrated conceptual body, logically derived from a limited number of basic assumptions. The are applied to an economy with five micro economic units: Households, Industries, Banks, Government and Rest of the World. The basic macro economic statement -to be called the National Transactions Table - is obtained as a systematic organization and consolidation of all the micro statements. The first macro statement derived from the National Transactions Table is the Generalized Equation of Exchange. With this, Fisher's Equation of Exchange is given, first, a logical foundation, second, its correct formulation both for its aggregated and disaggregated forms, and finally, the place that naturally corresponds to it in a social accounting system. Leaving for a moment the logical derivation of the macro accounting statements, some of the properties of the Generalized Equation of Exchange are explored. In particular, the properties of the sectoral velocities of circulation are analized. Returning to the accounting aspects of the study, the Flow of Funds, Input -Output, Income and Product and Savings and Investment statements are derived from the National Transactions Table and some of their properties are explored.
Transient electromagnetic response of a three-dimensional body in a layered earth

The three‐dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic scattering problem is first formulated in the frequency domain in terms of an electric field volume integral equation. Three‐dimensional responses are then Fourier transformed with sine and cosine digital filters or with the decay spectrum. The digital filter technique is applied to a sparsely sampled frequency sounding, which is replaced by a cubic spline interpolating function prior to convolution with the digital filters. Typically, 20 to 40 frequencies at five to eight points per decade are required for an accurate solution. A calculated transient is usually in error after it has decayed more than six orders in magnitude from early to late time. The decay spectrum usually requires ten frequencies for a satisfactory solution. However, the solution using the decay spectrum appears to be less accurate than the solution using the digital filters, particularly after early times. Checks on the 3-D solution include reciprocity and convergence checks in the frequenc...
FLUORESCENCE OF OPTICALLY PUMPED TRAPPED IONS

Abstract Narrow bandwidth laser excitation of the 2 3 S 1 → 2 3 P J ( J = 0,1,2) transitions near 5485 A from 2 3 S 1 Li + ions confined in an rf quadrupole trap has produced novel fluorescence response curves (fluorescence versus laser frequency) characteristic of optical pumping in the absence of strong hyperfine relaxation. The 2 3 S 1 → 2 3 P 2,1 transitions in 7 Li + were extensively studied. The observations are consistent with predictions of a rate equation model which treats the ions as a gas in temperature equilibrium. A narrow bandwidth pumping source (linewidth
The Development of a Novel On-Line Optical Inspection System for Tool Conditions in Machining Processes

Tool abrasion and material adhesion lead to tool flank wear and flank build-up respectively in machining magnesium alloys, which adversely affect surface integrity due to higher cutting forces and temperatures. In this paper, a novel on-line optical tool monitoring system integrated with CNC machining center is designed and applied to examining these two phenomena. Flank wear evolution on PVD coated inserts in end milling of AISI H13 tool steel and material adhesion on flank face of PCD inserts in face milling of lightweight magnesium alloys were on-line inspected to assess the function of the designed optical measurement system. Tool wear failure criterion for the PVD milling inserts is set to be VBmax = 250 μm and flank wear evolution with cutting time is presented. Tool/work adhesion between the PCD inserts and magnesium alloy were observed under different combinations of cutting parameters including speed, feed, and depth-of-cut. The advantages of the on-line optical tool inspection system are discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Neural networks for medical image segmentation

A class of Constraint Satisfaction Neural Networks (CSNN) is proposed for solving the problem of medical image segmentation which can be formulated as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). A CSNN consists of a set of objects, a set of labels for each object, a collection of constraint relations linking the labels of neighboring objects, and a topological constraint describing the neighborhood relationships among various objects. Each label for a particular object indicates one possible interpretation for that object. The CSNN can be viewed as a collection of neurons that interconnect with each other. The connections and the topology of a CSNN are used to represent the constraints in a CSP. The mechanism of the neural network is to find a solution that satisfies all the constraints in order to achieve a global consistency. The final solution outlines segmented areas and simultaneously satisfies all the constraints. This technique has been applied to many images in different domains and the results show that this CSNN method is a very promising approach for image segmentation.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“God loves you and it gets better”: Ideology, deixis and agency in an anti-homophobic bullying viral campaign

The ‘It Gets Better Project’ (IGBP) is an online initiative addressing anti-homophobic bullying and directed at lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youth. To date, 50,000 user-generated IGBP videos have attracted over 50 million views. In this critical discourse analysis of IGBP videos in the “Faith” category, I note how the projected ideologies therein overlap with and depart from conservative Christian rhetoric in surprising ways. I ask what gets better, for whom, and how might that happen? I then compare messages uploaded by laypeople and spokespeople of religious institutions. I argue that neoliberal assumptions are frequently evident in laypeople’s emphases on individualism, economic success, urban spaces and heteronormative conceptions of time. Spokespeople, conversely, tend to contest such perspectives by emphasizing community-based opposition to homophobia in the here and now. I conclude that this ideological struggle highlights pervasive barriers for “it getting better” in the present but also create space for a politics of redistribution and the unexpected queering of societal norms.
Mental stress and the cardiovascular system part III. chronic mental stress and cardiovascular disease: personality and behavior

Abstract In this portion of our review of mental stress and the cardiovascular system, we focus on type A behavior and hostility as a component of that behavior. For more than 30 years, clinicians and investigators have studied the relationship between behavior and cardiovascular disease. Despite these efforts, evidence remains divided on whether specific behavioral patterns adversely impact on the development, progression, and outcome of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular response to earthquakes in subjects with preexisting coronary artery disease provides a particularly useful model with which to study stress-induced cardiovascular changes in vulnerable patients. Even though no preponderance of evidence links behavioral patterns with cardiovascular disease, we hope that medical professionals will provide their patients with general guidelines to reduce mental stress derived from adverse behavioral patterns and personality trait hostility. Stress reduction usually promotes mental health, yields a greater capacity to live a healthy life, and helps patients comply with somatic and nonsomatic treatments of their cardiovascular illnesses.
Characterization of Io's volcanic activity by infrared polarimetry

The thermal emission from Io's volcanic hot spots is linearly polarized. Infrared measurements at 4.76 micrometers show disk-integrated polarization as large as 1.6 percent. The degree and position angle of linear polarization vary with Io's rotation in a manner characteristic of emission from a small number of hot spots. A model incorporating three hot spots best fits the data. The largest of these hot spots lies to the northeast of Loki Patera, as mapped from Voyager, and the other spot on the trailing hemisphere is near Ra Patera. The hot spot on the leading hemisphere corresponds to no named feature on the Voyager maps. The value determined for the index of refraction of the emitting surface is a lower bound; it is similar to that of terrestrial basalts and is somewhat less than that of sulfur.
Unveiling the Formation Mechanism of Pseudo-Single-Crystal Aragonite Platelets in Nacre

We demonstrate direct evidence that a single-crystal-like aragonite platelet is essentially assembled with aragonite nanoparticles. The aragonite nanoparticles are readily oriented and assembled into pseudo-single-crystal aragonite platelets via screw dislocation and amorphous aggregation, which are two dominant mediating mechanisms between nanoparticles during biomineralization. These findings will advance our understanding of nacre's biomineralization process and provide additional design guidelines for developing biomimetic materials.
Incongruence in the pattern and timing of intra-specific diversification in bronze frogs and bullfrogs (Ranidae).

Abstract We compare patterns of lineage divergence in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of two protein-encoding mitochondrial genes (cyt b and ND2) in two ecologically similar, co-distributed, and closely related ranid frogs ( Rana clamitans and Rana catesbeiana ), that are geographically widespread, and frequently syntopic. We identified three lineages in R. clamitans , separated by 0.5% to 2.1% net corrected sequence divergence, comparable to two R. catesbeiana lineages separated by 0.6%. The geographic pattern of lineage distribution differed notably between the two species. In R. clamitans , we found a Coastal Plain-Appalachian (CPA) lineage restricted to south and east of the Appalachian Mountains and a widespread lineage that encompassing nearly all the sampled range. A third distinct and divergent lineage was detected in one location in the southwest portion of the range (Louisiana). This pattern contrasts with the east-west pattern in R. catesbeiana , and reflects possible differences in refugial dynamics and patterns of range expansion. Although both species have undergone range expansion and population growth, coalescent reconstruction of N e reflects larger lineages but more recent divergence in R. clamitans relative to R. catesbeiana , reflecting significant differences in population history or divergent patterns of molecular evolution at mtDNA.
ZINBA integrates local covariates with DNA-seq data to identify broad and narrow regions of enrichment, even within amplified genomic regions

ZINBA (Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Algorithm) identifies genomic regions enriched in a variety of ChIP-seq and related next-generation sequencing experiments (DNA-seq), calling both broad and narrow modes of enrichment across a range of signal-to-noise ratios. ZINBA models and accounts for factors that co-vary with background or experimental signal, such as G/C content, and identifies enrichment in genomes with complex local copy number variations. ZINBA provides a single unified framework for analyzing DNA-seq experiments in challenging genomic contexts.
Secure and efficient key management protocol (SEKMP) for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used in the many critical applications, such as, military, health, and civil applications. Sometimes such applications require that the WSNs to be randomly deployed in inaccessible terrains such as a remote territory. As a result, the sensors are left unattended and become a potential target for an adversary. Therefore, we propose a highly Secure and Efficient Key Management Protocol for WSN, called SEKMP. The proposed protocol (SEKMP) adapts a new key management approach by leveraging the advantages of asymmetric cryptography and employs them in a very efficient way for delivering the session key to sensor nodes.
Fluid and electrolyte alterations in burned monkeys.

Summary and Conclusions These studies with monkeys demonstrate the difficulty of using the minimal thermal trauma that produced a localized full-thickness injury to cause reproducible death in burn shock so that fluid therapy could be evaluated. Scalds that caused a full-thickness injury were lethal in twelve hr when 55% of body surface was involved. In contrast, flash burns were lethal in 1–2 days when only 25% of body surface was involved. Fluid therapy which prolonged survival after scalds did not prolong survival after flash burns. The addition of whole blood or dextran to Ringer's lactate solution given in a total volume of 150 cc/kg body weight did not improve the results of therapy. Tissue analyses demonstrated that scald is an edema-forming injury but flash burns cause huge influx of sodium without water into muscle under burned skin. These differences may explain in part the different response to fluid therapy. The rise in venous pressure post-burn suggests the early onset of circulatory depression. The blood chemistry data demonstrate the metabolic acidosis with fall in plasma bicarbonate. Hyponatremia and renal shutdown did not occur in control or treated monkeys. The dangers of excessive fluid administration in man are being detected more frequently, together with the previously unrecognized findings of a high incidence of thrombo-embolic phenomena and pulmonary edema. These findings may be related to the increased viscosity of the blood in burns and vasoconstriction. These comparative studies emphasize the fallacy of the often stated opinion that burns cause an influx of plasma or circulating fluid into tissues resulting in the reduction of plasma volume and that fluid therapy compensates for these changes and results in recovery. The “fluid loss,” particularly in flash or flame burns, is less than alleged and the recommended schedules of fluid therapy are less effective than is believed. The metabolic disturbances, such as acidosis and fall in body temperature, highlight the profound physiologic alterations which follow deep burns; more effective therapy awaits discovery in this direction.
Photodynamic Action of Proflavine on Coliphage T3 II. Protection by L-Cysteine

Three kinetically different reactions (Rx1, Rx2, and Rx3) have been distinguished in the photoinactivation of phage T3 in the presence of the dye proflavine. The response of these reactions to the presence of the radical trap l-cysteine has been examined. At dye concentrations equal to or less than 2.2 mug/ml, Rx1 was composed of at least two parallel first-order reactions, one cysteine-insensitive (Rx1A) and one cysteine-inhibited (Rx1B). Rx2 was completely cysteine-insensitive (Rx2A). The cysteine sensitivity of these reactions changed abruptly at dye concentrations above 2.2 mug/ml. Rx1A and Rx1B now operated in tandem, rather than simultaneously, with Rx1B being confined to the first 1 min at most. Rx2, on the other hand, was completely cysteine-inhibited (Rx2B). Rx3 was inhibited roughly 75 to 80% by saturating concentrations of cysteine regardless of the time of addition of cysteine. The dark inactivation associated with Rx3 was inhibited roughly 85% whether the radical trap was added during the light or dark regimes. Changes of initial phage titer did not alter the cysteine sensitivity of a reaction.