cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing ergonomic interventions for EMS workers, Part I: transporting patients down the stairs.

Abstract The objective of the current work was to test ergonomic interventions aimed at reducing the magnitude of trunk muscle exertions in firefighters/paramedics (FFPs) providing emergency medical services (EMS) when transporting patients down the stairs. The interventions, developed using focus groups, were a footstrap to prevent the patient from sliding down on the backboard, a change in the handle configuration on the stairchair, and 2 devices, the “backboard wheeler” and a tank tread-like device (descent control system, DCS) for a stretcher, that change the backboard and stretcher carrying tasks into rolling and sliding tasks. Eleven two-person teams transported a 75 kg dummy with each intervention and its corresponding control condition down a flight of steps. Surface electromyographic (EMG) data were collected from 8 trunk muscles from each participant. Results showed that the backboard footstrap reduced the erector spinae (ERS) activity for the FFP in the “leader” role by 15 percent, on average. The change in handle configuration on the stairchair had no effect on the variables measured. The backboard wheeler reduced the ERS activity bilaterally in the FFP in the leader role and unilaterally for the FFP in the “follower” role, by 28 and 24 percent, respectively. The DCS reduced the 90th percentile ERS activity for both FFPs from 26 to 16 percent MVC, but increased the latissimus dorsi activity in the follower from 11 to 15 percent MVC. The DCS was the only intervention tested that resulted in a reduced rating of perceived exertion relative to the corresponding control condition. In summary, the hypotheses that the proposed interventions could reduce trunk muscle loading were supported for 3 of the 4 transport interventions tested.
Targeting of recombinant Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) to the apical membrane

A full-length Na+/glucose cotransporter cDNA (SGLT1) from rabbit intestine was subcloned into the pMAMneo mammalian expression vector and transfected by Ca2+ precipitation into Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Stable MDCK transfectants isolated after clonal isolation and selection in G418 exhibited dexamethasone-inducible Na+/glucose cotransport activity under regulation of the MMTV promoter of the vector. Transfectants expressed the recombinant 75 kDa Na+/glucose cotransporter subunit as shown by Western blot, and SGLT1 mRNA as shown by Northern blot, but these were undetectable in untransfected MDCK cells. Over 93% of total recombinant transport activity was targeted to the apical membrane. This indicates that the primary amino acid sequence of SGLT1 contains the information necessary to target this transporter to the apical membrane.
Yet Another Elementary Solution of the Brachistochrone Problem

This note provides an elementary solution of the brachistochrone problem. This problem is to find the curve connecting two given points so that an object slides without friction along the curve from one point to the other point in the least possible time. The key is to introduce a coordinate system where the expected cycloid solutions are built in.
Micro-scale determination of glucose by capillary flow injection with an immobilized enzyme reactor

Capillary flow injection was combined with an immobilized enzyme reactor to determine glucose in various juice and soft drink samples. Glucose oxidase was successfully immobilized onto open tubular capillary reactors by covalent bonding. The glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide was coupled with the Trinder reaction in which the hydrogen peroxide reacts to form a quinoneimine dye. The dye product was monitored spectrophotometrically. Quantitative determinations showed improved sensitivity and reproducibility over determinations using conventional flow injection and glucose oxidase immobilized in a single bead string reactor. The use of capillary flow injection reduced reagent consumption to 320 μl/h, only 1.4% of that consumed with conventional flow injection.
Large mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney masquerading as metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

We report the case of a 39-year-old woman with a large right renal mass 20 cm in size with heterogeneous solid and cystic components as well as concurrent liver lesions suspicious for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Surgical extirpation of the renal mass and liver lesions was performed laparoscopically with the pathological analysis revealing a rare renal neoplasm—mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney—and adenomas of the liver.
Animal-derived surfactants: where are we? The evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials

Animal-derived surfactants, as well as synthetic surfactants, have been extensively evaluated in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Three commonly available animal-derived surfactants in the United States include beractant (BE), calfactant (CA) and poractant alfa (PA). Multiple comparative studies have been performed using these three surfactants. Prospective as well as retrospective studies comparing BE and CA have shown no significant differences in clinical or economic outcomes. Randomized, controlled clinical trials have shown that treatment with PA is associated with rapid weaning of oxygen and ventilatory pressures, fewer additional doses, cost benefits and survival advantage when compared with BE or CA. Recently, a study using an administrative database that included over 20 000 preterm infants has shown a significant decrease in mortality and cost benefits in favor of PA, when compared with BE or CA. Differences in outcomes between these animal-derived surfactants may be related to a higher amount of phospholipids and plasmalogens in PA. To date, animal-derived surfactants seem to be better than synthetic surfactants during the acute phase of RDS and in decreasing neonatal mortality. Further studies are needed comparing animal-derived surfactants with the newer generation of synthetic surfactants.
Selected muscle and nerve extracts contain an activity which stimulates myoblast proliferation and which is distinct from transferrin

Extracts from normal chicken anterior latissimus dorsi and dystrophic pectoralis major muscles and from normal chicken sciatic nerves induce a growth stimulation in chicken and rat myogenic cell cultures. Transferrin is only partially responsible for the observed stimulation since the addition of the extracts to transferrin-saturated cultures induces a further growth response and extracts from which transferrin has been removed by immunoabsorption still retain a substantial portion of their stimulation activity. The active fractions of muscle and nerve extracts display heat, acid, and organic solvent inactivation. Gel filtration of ammonium sulfate fractionated activity from the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle suggests the presence of a growth factor in the molecular weight range of 10,000 to 30,000.
Pattern recognition in health insurance claims databases.

Information in claims databases resides in data patterns rather than in data elements. Finding this information requires new terminology, a willingness to pose questions of form rather than specific hypotheses, and a quality control system that elevates the correctness of data relations above the validity of single facts. The language of claims data is a newspeak of CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), HCPCS (Health Care Financing Agency Common Procedure Coding System), ICD (International Classification of Disease), and NDC (National Drug Codes) for pharmaceutical codes. The techniques of pattern discovery are really ways of asking the data for classes of relations, and they vary in their reliance on external information. Sometimes, the question is entirely constrained by preceding factors. Other times we may recast the natural history of disease into a claims context and ask the data to give us the shape of disease evolution. We can use highly automated systems to evaluate the relations between prespecified factors, or empirical techniques to search out common relations that we have not specified in advance. Using massive data sets requires that quality control corresponds to the nature of the high-level information that we derive from large databases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal power-of-two replenishment strategies in capacitated general production/distribution networks

In this paper we develop a model for a capacitated production/distribution network of general but acyclic topology with a general bill of materials, as considered in MRP Material Requirement Planning or DRP Distribution Requirement Planning systems. This model assumes stationary, deterministic demand rates and a standard stationary cost structure; it is a generalization of the uncapacitated model treated in the seminal papers of Maxwell and Muckstadt 1985 and Roundy 1986. The capacity constraints consist of bounds on the frequency with which individual items can or need to be replenished. We derive a pair of simple and efficient algorithms capable of determining an optimal power-of-two policy. These algorithms consist of a limited number of maximum flow computations in networks closely related to the production/distribution network. The complexity of these algorithms, even when applied to the uncapacitated model, compares favorably with that of the existing alternative solution methods.
Listening in a Way that Recognizes/Realizes the World of ‘the Other’

Usually, in our talk with others, we listen for opportunities to express our own point of view, to add it to or to contrast it with theirs. Ethically and politically, we feel we have a right for our voice to be heard. While we can be satisfied that we have managed to “say what's on our mind,” there are reasons for thinking that even then, what we have managed to say and what the others have heard from us, may still not put those around us fully “in touch,” so to speak, with what our world is in fact like for us. Drawing on work from Bakhtin (1986), Voloshinov (1986. 1987), Wittgenstein (1953), Merleau-Ponty (1962), and Todes (2001), I want to explore a very different form of listening, a form of listening that not only goes with a particular way of responsive talking—a way of seeking in one's talk to afford one's interlocutors opportunities to tell of, and to explore further, events and experiences that have mattered to them in their lives—but which can arouse within them a distinctive and recognizable “f...
A preliminary report on ophthalmoi from the Tektaş Burnu shipwreck

Ophthalmoi, or ship's eyes, were a common decoration adorning the bows of ancient Greek ships. Athenian naval records and archaeological finds from Piraeus attest to ophthalmoi taking the form of marble appliques on Greek warships of the Classical Period. Evidence for the use of marble ophthalmoi on Classical merchantmen has only recently come to light. The Institute of Nautical Archaeology's 1999 and 2000 excavation campaigns at Tektas Burnu yielded two marble discs decorated to resemble eyes. These are the actual ophthalmoi of a Classical Period merchantman: the first known from an ancient shipwreck and the earliest archaeological examples of this decorative element.
Effect of Source Growth on Annual NO2 Air Quality in Urban Areas

The current national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for NO/sub 2/ is set at 0.053 ppm, annual average, not to be exceeded; consequently, NO/sub 2/ air quality projections are needed in designing NO/sub x/ control strategies. Estimates of annual NO/sub 2/ projections are very difficult to make, because NO/sub 2/ is produced mainly by the complex chemical oxidation of NO emitted from various sources. The purpose of the present note is to evaluate the effect of the NO/sub x/ source growth to annual, urban NO/sub 2/ air quality by a simple, approximate method.
The mechanisms of value transfer in design meetings

Values play an integral role in design: they inform the kinds of trade-offs the designer makes when considering different solutions; they create a basis for the client to assess how a particular artefact may fit into their lives; and they are an important part of negotiating a common understanding in collaborative design settings. In this paper, we examine the interactions in meetings between architect and client to better understand how different values are brought into the design discourse. By analysing the verbal content and non-verbal communication between the architect and client, we identify patterns of discourse that imbue design problem-solving with the language and concepts that express values. From this analysis, we develop a theory of value transfer and describe the social mechanism that facilitates this transfer during design negotiation. This work provides an observational basis for understanding value transfer in the context of collaborative design and is relevant to design domains beyond architecture.
Efficient dynamic programming implementations of Newton's method for unconstrained optimal control problems

Naive implementations of Newton's method for unconstrainedN-stage discrete-time optimal control problems with Bolza objective functions tend to increase in cost likeN 3 asN increases. However, if the inherent recursive structure of the Bolza problem is properly exploited, the cost of computing a Newton step will increase only linearly withN. The efficient Newton implementation scheme proposed here is similar to Mayne's DDP (differential dynamic programming) method but produces the Newton step exactly, even when the dynamical equations are nonlinear. The proposed scheme is also related to a Riccati treatment of the linear, two-point boundary-value problems that characterize optimal solutions. For discrete-time problems, the dynamic programming approach and the Riccati substitution differ in an interesting way; however, these differences essentially vanish in the continuous-time limit.
One-dimensional linear and logistic harvesting models

Abstract Some of the results in the literature on simple one-dimensional, density-dependent, discrete and continuous models—with and without harvesting—are reviewed. Both deterministic and stochastic models are included. Some comparisons of the various models are made, and the results are discussed in terms of their ramifications in population model building.
Flash memories: the best of two worlds

The use of flash memories, which are based on the technology of either erasable programmable ROMs (EPROMs) or electrically erasable programmable ROMs (EEPROMs), as an alternative to both of the latter is discussed. Their properties are compared to those of EPROMs and EEPROMs. Quality and reliability issues are considered. The future of all three memory types is discussed. >
Dynamic scaling during CDW relaxation from the sliding state

Using time-resolved high-resolution x-ray scattering techniques, we have measured the evolution of the structure of the Q 1 charge-density wave in NbSe 3 as it relaxes after an applied electric field is turned off. Measurements were made at temperatures between 70 and 120 K and at applied field strengths up to 40x the threshold for sliding. These time-dependent structural data are accurately described by dynamic scaling theory. For threshold field strengths less than the threshold to sliding, the value of the dynamic scaling exponent μ is consistent with the value predicted by assuming that the CDW is an elastic medium. However, for field strengths greater than threshold, μ is significantly smaller, indicating that phase-slip (amplitude fluctuations) is (are) necessary for a correct physical description.
Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida

Abstract At least 38 species and several hybrids of exotic fishes have been found in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Twenty species and five hybrids are at present established in the form of reproducing populations. The ornamental aquarium fish industry has been the major source of these introductions. Several methods of introductions are considered and recommendations presented toward preventing repetitions in the future. Future dispersal of exotics by channelization projects should become part of environmental impact statements.
Some experimental observations of anomalous response of fully clamped beams

Abstract We describe tests made in an attempt to observe anomalous behavior that had been predicted in computations for the elastic-plastic response of fixed pin ended beams to short pulse loading ( Symonds and Yu , ASME J. Appl. Mech. , 52 , 517–522, 1985). By ‘anomalous’ here is meant permanent deflections in the direction opposite that of the applied impulse, and abnormal sensitivity to parameters. Direct impact tests were unsuccessful. A simpler test was devised, in which the impact loading was simulated by pulling the specimen to an initial deflection and then releasing it abruptly. Two out of 36 such tests led to permanent deflections in the direction opposite to that of the imposed initial deflection. A further series of tests is described in which the loading reversals of the dynamic tests were simulated by quasi-static loading, accompanied by concurrent energy calculations. These help to understand the more complex dynamic phenomena, and provide approximate criteria for the possible occurrence of anomalous behavior.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS: OPTING FROM ALTERNATIVES

. We present a model of a fundamental property of consciousness as the capacity of a system to opt among presented alternatives. Any system possessing this capacity is “conscious” in some degree, whether or not it has the higher capacity of reflecting on its opting. We argue that quantum systems, composed of microphysical particles, as studied by quantum mechanics, possess this quality in a protomental form. That is, such particles display the capacity to opt among alternatives, even though they lack the ability to experience or communicate their experiences. Human consciousness stands at the opposite end of the hierarchy of conscious life forms as the most sophisticated system of which we have direct acquaintance. We contend that it shares the common characteristic of a system capable of opting among alternatives. Because the fundamental property of consciousness is shared by human beings and the constituents of elementary matter in the universe, our model of consciousness can be considered as a modified form of panpsychism.
Trends in design of interpretive ECG carts

Recent trends in the design of stand-along interpretive electrocardiographic (EG) carts are presented. These carts are now being designed to serve a variety of highly complex clinical and research applications, once supported only by mainframe computers. With the advent of faster microprocessors, memory chips and liquid crystal displays hardware design of these carts is getting standardized, and emphasis is shifting to software design. An example of such a cart is examined which has software packages designed for 12-lead ECG analysis, vectorcardiography, pacemaker ECG analysis, and high-frequency analysis of signal-averaged ECGs. It is predicted that the nest generation ECG carts will have networking to access complete patient data. >
Fusing Philosophy and Fieldwork in a Study of Being a Person in the World: An Interim Commentary

In this article, we describe a longitudinal inquiry into what it means to be a person in our contemporary world. Our method constitutes a dynamic, non-objectifying fusion of empirical and philosophical anthropology. Field-based anthropology examines actualities: how people lead their lives and talk about them. Philosophical anthropology addresses possibilities: who and what people could become in light of actualities while not being determined by them. We describe and illustrate our fieldwork in the classrooms of 16 teachers who work in New York City public schools. We have sought in our observations to identify and think about signs or expressions of persons-in-the-making. We also touch on a series of dinner-discussions we have held with the teachers. These meetings have centered on the question of becoming a person in today’s political and cultural environment, and how education figures into the equation. Finally, we also describe the weekly meetings we have held as a research team, in which we engage the play of concepts and percepts. We close with remarks on the conceptual and existential ties that can link philosophy and fieldwork in schools.
Spectrum of two-photon absorption coefficient for GaSe

Summary form only given. The spectrum of the two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficient is crucial for its applications in optical power limiting, autocorrelation, two-photon luminescence, and is important for optical parametric oscillation. GaSe has a large value of second-order nonlinear coefficient and a wide transparency range (0.62-20 /spl mu/m) ideal for the efficient generation of mid- and far-IR. The value of the TPA coefficient for GaSe was measured to be very large, i.e. 110 cm/GW at the wavelength of 1.064 /spl mu/m. Such a large value could limit the applications of GaSe. However, TPA coefficient was recently measured to be 6 cm/GW at the wavelength of 700 nm. On the other hand, based on a three-band model, /spl beta/ at 700 nm is estimated by us to be 13 cm/GW. Therefore, the value obtained by Vodopyanov et al (Opt. Commun. vol. 155, p. 47, 1998) is supported by this theoretical value. However, the value obtained by Adduci et al (Phys. Rev. B vol. 15, p. 926, 1977) is a factor of about 42 larger than that predicted by the theory. Such a large difference between two experimental values has motivated us to measure the TPA coefficient spectrum for Ge. Here, we report our first results of the measurement of the spectrum of the TPA coefficient for GaSe based on the z-scan technique (Sheik-Bahae et al, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. vol. 26, p. 760, 1990) using picosecond laser pulses. We have used high peak intensities of picosecond laser pulses while keeping the average laser powers low enough to avoid any thermal effect and free-carrier effects.
Circulation Cleaning. II. Effects of Entrained Air

Summary The effect of altering the density and viscosity of deterging mediums by antifoam additions was investigated. Such additions were essentially without effect on the pressure side of the system, and inhibited cleaning on the vacuum side. This latter is ascribed to a limiting of the scrubbing action of occluded air and bubbles. It was demonstrated that, under controlled conditions, cleaning is more effective on the vacuum side, and that the effectiveness is further increased by permitting air to leak into the system.
Defeating Creationism in the Courtroom, But Not in the Classroom

Just over 5 years ago, the scientific community turned its attention to a courtroom in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Eleven parents sued their Dover, Pennsylvania, school board to overturn a policy explicitly legitimizing intelligent design creationism. The case, Kitzmiller v. Dover , followed a familiar script: Local citizens wanted their religious values validated by the science curriculum; prominent academics testified to the scientific consensus on evolution; and creationists lost decisively. Intelligent design was not science, held the court, but rather an effort to advance a religious view via public schools, a violation of the U.S. Constitution's Establishment Clause ( 1 ). Many scientists cheered the decision, agreeing with the court that the school board displayed “breathtaking inanity” [p. 765 ( 1 )]. We suggest that the cheering was premature and the victory incomplete.
Validity studies in clustering methodologies

Abstract Clustering algorithms tend to generate clusters even when applied to random data. This paper provides a semi-tutorial review of the state-of-the-art in cluster validity, or the verification of results from clustering algorithms. The paper covers ways of measuring clustering tendency, the fit of hierarchical and partitional structures and indices of compactness and isolation for individual clusters. Included are structural criteria for validating clusters and the factors involved in choosing criteria, according to which the literature of cluster validity is classified. An application to speaker identification demonstrates several indices. The development of new clustering techniques and the wide availability of clustering programs necessitates vigorous research in cluster validity.
Efficient control for a multi-product quasi-batch process via stochastic dynamic programming

This article considers a quasi-batch process where items are continuously processed while they move on a conveyor belt. In addition, the products arriving into the processor require variable amounts of processing, which translate into different processor levels. Keeping the processing level constant in such a system results in severe inefficiency in terms of consumption of energy and resources with high production costs and a poor level of environmental performance. A stochastic dynamic programming model is formulated that strikes a balance between consumption of energy and material, processor performance, and product quality. The model minimizes total system-wide cost, which is essentially a unified measure across all the objectives. The structural properties of the optimal policy and value functions are analyzed taking into account high-dimensionality of the state space. Based on some of these results, efficient heuristic methodologies are developed to solve large instances of the problem. It is shown u...
Communities do act: Neighborhood characteristics, resource mobilization, and political action by local community organizations

Abstract Some communities act, and some do not. By action we refer to political actions that challenge existing authority, and by communities we refer to urban neighborhoods and their local voluntary organizations. By combining recent theories and research on local urban communities and neighborhoods with the resource mobilization perspective of collective political action we develop a synthetic model specifying the characteristics of local neighborhoods that affect their capacity to mobilize resources in local community organizations to engage in collective political action. Structural characteristics of neighborhoods (such as size and heterogeneity) are hypothesized to affect their ability to mobilize resources (funds and members) in local organizations. The degree of external support for local organizations is also hypothesized to affect resource mobilization. These in turn are hypothesized to affect the amount of organized political action engaged in by local urban communities. The model is tested in a secondary analysis of data from a pooled sample of 181 community organizations in neighborhoods in three cities. We conclude that structural characteristics of local neighborhoods do affect political action, but only indirectly through their effects on resource mobilization. Larger, more homogeneous local communities and neighborhoods mobilize more funds, but this in turn reduces the likelihood of political action. Smaller local communities and neighborhoods are more likely to mobilize members, however size of membership does not affect political action. In short, members do not count, and money matters—the more the money, the less the political action.
Portrait Sculptures in Imperial Ancestral Rites in Song China

On the fourth day of the eleventh month of 1082, the chief councillors and other high officials gathered in the palace about an hour after dawn. They joined guardsmen and musicians, together with Buddhist and Daoist clergy, for a procession of the portrait statues of the imperial ancestors. The procession began at the Pavilion of Heavenly Emblems (Tianzhang ge itNU), where they had recently been assembled from many different locations, and it ended at the Hall of Gathered Heroes (Jiying dian tEE), a major reception hall and site of the palace examina-
A randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for late-life anxiety disorders.

Objectives Older adults face a number of barriers to receiving psychotherapy, such as a lack of transportation and access to providers. One way to overcome such barriers is to provide treatment by telephone. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by telephone (CBT-T) to older adults diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Participants' homes. Participants Sixty participants age 60 and older with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or anxiety disorder not otherwise specified. Intervention CBT-T versus information-only comparison. Measurements Coprimary outcomes included worry (Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and general anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory). Secondary outcomes included clinician-rated anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety Sensitivity Index), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), quality of life (SF-36), and sleep (Insomnia Severity Index). Assessments were completed prior to randomization, immediately upon completion of treatment, and 6 months after completing treatment. Results CBT-T was superior to information-only in reducing general anxiety (ES = 0.71), worry (ES = 0.61), anxiety sensitivity (ES = 0.85), and insomnia (ES = 0.82) at the posttreatment assessment; however, only the reductions in worry were maintained by the 6-month follow-up assessment (ES = 0.80). Conclusions These results suggest that CBT-T may be efficacious in reducing anxiety and worry in older adults, but additional sessions may be needed to maintain these effects.
Visual Aspects of the Flanking Line in Severe Thunderstorms

Abstract Photographs are presented that illustrate the various forms in which “flanking lines” exist in nature. Flanking lines may appear not only as the commonly observed sloping line of cumulus congestus, but also as erect towers with a vertical face, and as a line of altocumulus castellanus above and parallel to a band of stratocumulus lenticularis. It is suggested that the slope of the tops of the flanking-line towers with respect to the ground is related to a quantity that is similar in form to the bulk Richardson number, and that the orientation of the flanking line is a function of the mean wind in the lowest 6 km and storm motion. These hypotheses need to be verified when high-resolution, rapid-scan, visible and infrared satellite imagery become available on a daily basis.
Gulf Stream: Reconstruction of Cenozoic flow patterns over the Blake Plateau

Rugged and channeled topography excavated on the top of Paleocene strata and buried by lower Eocene deposits indicates that Gulf Stream interaction with the Blake Plateau occurred as early as late Paleocene-early Eocene time. Initially, the Gulf Stream flowed across the western edge of the Blake Plateau in an area now covered by the Florida-Hatteras slope. By early Eocene, the current had shifted 200 km to the south, cutting channels 500 m bathymetrically lower across the central Blake Plateau and exiting just north of the Blake Spur. The Gulf Stream flowed northeastward across the central plateau throughout the Eocene and returned to near its Paleocene position across the western edge of the plateau in the middle Oligocene; shortly thereafter it resumed its former track across the central plateau. Since the early Miocene, the current axis has alternated between a northeasterly flow path across the central Blake Plateau and a more northerly course along the inner Blake Plateau. Shifts in the position of the Gulf Stream are the result of eastward and southward deflection of the current by a prominent bathymetric high, the Charleston Bump, during periods of sea-level lowering.
A concept of risk apportionment of air emission sources for risk reduction considerations

Abstract Receptor and dispersion modeling techniques are extended to develop a health risk apportionment concept in which inhalation exposure to emission sources of ambient element pollutants are estimated. A preliminary demonstration of the concept is performed using ambient and emission inventory data from an industrial air shed located in a residential area. It is shown that risks from identified emission sources can be quantified and that a total, additive risk can be estimated for the sources in the air shed. Potential risk reduction measures can then be considered on the main risk sources without arbitrarily reducing risk for all existing sources in the air shed. Dispersion modeling is utilized from emission inventory data so that risk estimates for the primary sources can be modeled and compared with both ambient and receptor model risk estimates.
Bioaccumulation Factors for Mercury in Stream Fish

The bioaccumulation of methylmercury in fish is a complex process affected by many site-specific environmental factors. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recently recommended changing ...
The transmembrane domain of acid trehalase mediates ubiquitin-independent multivesicular body pathway sorting

Trehalose serves as a storage source of carbon and plays important roles under various stress conditions. For example, in many organisms trehalose has a critical function in preserving membrane structure and fluidity during dehydration/rehydration. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, trehalose accumulates in the cell when the nutrient supply is limited but is rapidly degraded when the supply of nutrients is renewed. Hydrolysis of trehalose in yeast depends on neutral trehalase and acid trehalase (Ath1). Ath1 resides and functions in the vacuole; however, it appears to catalyze the hydrolysis of extracellular trehalose. Little is known about the transport route of Ath1 to the vacuole or how it encounters its substrate. Here, through the use of various trafficking mutants we showed that this hydrolase reaches its final destination through the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. In contrast to the vast majority of proteins sorted into this pathway, Ath1 does not require ubiquitination for proper localization. Mutagenesis analyses aimed at identifying the unknown targeting signal revealed that the transmembrane domain of Ath1 contains the information sufficient for its selective sequestration into MVB internal vesicles.
Catnap: energy proportional multiple network-on-chip

Multiple networks have been used in several processor implementations to scale bandwidth and ensure protocol-level deadlock freedom for different message classes. In this paper, we observe that a multiple-network design is also attractive from a power perspective and can be leveraged to achieve energy proportionality by effective power gating.Unlike a single-network design, a multiple-network design is more amenable to power gating, as its subnetworks (subnets) can be power gated without compromising the connectivity of the network. To exploit this opportunity, we propose the Catnap architecture which consists of synergistic subnet selection and power-gating policies. Catnap maximizes the number of consecutive idle cycles in a router, while avoiding performance loss due to overloading a subnet.We evaluate a 256-core processor with a concentrated mesh topology using synthetic traffic and 35 applications. We show that the average network power of a power-gating optimized multiple-network design with four subnets could be 44% lower than a bandwidth equivalent single-network design for an average performance cost of about 5%.
Local and global subaxial cervical spine biomechanics after single-level fusion or cervical arthroplasty

An experimental in vitro biomechanical study was conducted on human cadaveric spines to evaluate the motion segment (C4–C5) and global subaxial cervical spine motion after placement of a cervical arthroplasty device (Altia TDI™,Amedica, Salt Lake City, UT) as compared to both the intact spine and a single-level fusion. Six specimens (C2–C7) were tested in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation under a ± 1.5 Nm moment with a 100 N axial follower load. Following the intact spine was tested; the cervical arthroplasty device was implanted at C4–C5 and tested. Then, a fusion using lateral mass fixation and an anterior plate was simulated and tested. Stiffness and range of motion (ROM) data were calculated. The ROM of the C4–C5 motion segment with the arthroplasty device was similar to that of the intact spine in flexion/extension and slightly less in lateral bending and rotation, while the fusion construct allowed significantly less motion in all directions. The fusion construct caused broader effects of increasing motion in the remaining segments of the subaxial cervical spine, whereas the TDI did not alter the adjacent and remote motion segments. The fusion construct was also far stiffer in all motion planes than the intact motion segment and the TDI, while the artificial disc treated level was slightly stiffer than the intact segment. The Altia TDI allows for a magnitude of motion similar to that of the intact spine at the treated and adjacent levels in the in vitro setting.
How to Make All Shareholders Equal: Evidence from Tickers' Informativeness

This article investigates the benefits of market transparency by enhancing tickers’ informativeness of stocks with non-conventional voting structure. Event study analysis shows that the TSX rule - to re-symbolise stocks with limited, multiple, restricted, subordinate, or no voting rights - had a negative and significant impact on the returns and the liquidity of the involved stocks. Equally important, I show that the voting premium, a proxy for the prevalence private benefits, has decreased significantly. Regression analysis suggests that a significant part of the variation in the event-driven results is explained by firm’s agency costs, mainly the holding of the largest shareholder and her excess control. The evidence in this paper suggests that improving the information content of tickers of publicly traded securities have a significant impact on the ability of the market participants to revise the assessment of their holding (i.e. price-protect), emphasizing the importance of enhancing market transparency in curbing private benefits.
The Pars Nervosa is a Target Site for Androgen In the Mouse

Adult male mutant mice (tfm/y) and their normal littermates (+ fy) were castrated (at least 96 h prior to experiment) and injected i.v. with I or 0.4 Mg/ lOOg body weight of either 5o-dihydro[I .2.4.5.6,7(n)-’H)testosterone (107 Ci! mM) or estradiol-I7$12,4.67.-’H(n)I( 115 Cu mM) dissolved in 30% ethanol-saline. The animals were killed 2 h later and the pituitary glands were removed and mounted on tissue holders. The mounted tissue was then frozen in liquified propane
Resource modeling for embedded systems design

The paper describes a formal framework for designing and reasoning about resource-constrained embedded systems. The framework is based on a series of process algebraic formalisms which have been previously developed to describe and analyze various aspects of real-time concurrent systems. We present a uniform framework for formal treatment of resources and illustrate modeling of common resource classes.
Social Relations among Inmate Addicts

In an attempt to treat a relatively neglected aspect of the inmate social system, this paper analyzes friendship patterns among inmate-addicts sen tenced to a NARA program in a federal penitentiary. Two important features of these relationships are the fact that most of the friendships were not indigenous to the institution but instead were developed prior to confinement and that, second, these friendships became the basis for con tractual arrangements which enabled the inmates to cope with the thera peutic stresses imposed on them.
STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO USING FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY

As evidenced by specific staining with fluorescent antibody, the major sites of multiplication of the PR8 and Lee B strains of influenza virus in chick embryos injected by the amniotic route were in the cells lining the amnion and in the epidermal and pharyngeal epithelium. Varying amounts of virus were also present in the epithelium of the allantois and less frequently in the peritoneum. No virus was detectable in any of the other tissues of 25 embryos injected between the 7th and 11th days of incubation and examined 48 hours later. Three out of five of the embryos inoculated with the PR8 strain of influenza virus on the 12th day of incubation, on the other hand, showed in addition extensive involvement of the cells lining the respiratory tract. Specific staining of the tissues was first detectable when the ID50 of the amniotic fluids attained a level of greater than 4.5, which corresponded to the time of the appearance of hemagglutinins. With the inocula used this was generally achieved sometime between the 18th and 24th hour of the infection with the PR8 strain of virus and between the 24th and 48th hour of the infection with the Lee B strain of virus. Cytologically, the multiplication of the influenza viruses was characterized by a diffuse type of immunospecific staining which was first detectable in the nuclei and later in the cytoplasm of the cells. The infection progressed rapidly and despite the restricted distribution of the viruses resulted in the death of the embryo in from 3 to 6 days. The results obtained in the present experiments are compared with the findings previously reported in similar studies of mumps virus (6).
Developing the Dissertation Prospectus

The central research questions that I wanted to pursue in my dissertation were clear to me early in my graduate school career. I wanted to explore why some groups in the United States were so woefully unrepresented in many of the nation's high-level political offices. In 1991, when I began to think more concretely about my topic, there were only two women serving in the U.S. Senate, and the literature exploring the experiences of women candidates was very limited. Because of the seeming injustice of this situation, I quickly knew I wanted to jump into this area of research to see if I could shed some light on what was causing the enormous discrepancy in the number of men and women being elected to top offices.
Product accumulate codes: a class of codes with near-capacity performance and low decoding complexity

We propose a novel class of provably good codes which are a serial concatenation of a single-parity-check (SPC)-based product code, an interleaver, and a rate-1 recursive convolutional code. The proposed codes, termed product accumulate (PA) codes, are linear time encodable and linear time decodable. We show that the product code by itself does not have a positive threshold, but a PA code can provide arbitrarily low bit-error rate (BER) under both maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding and iterative decoding. Two message-passing decoding algorithms are proposed and it is shown that a particular update schedule for these message-passing algorithms is equivalent to conventional turbo decoding of the serial concatenated code, but with significantly lower complexity. Tight upper bounds on the ML performance using Divsalar's (1999) simple bound and thresholds under density evolution (DE) show that these codes are capable of performance within a few tenths of a decibel away from the Shannon limit. Simulation results confirm these claims and show that these codes provide performance similar to turbo codes but with significantly less decoding complexity and with a lower error floor. Hence, we propose PA codes as a class of prospective codes with good performance, low decoding complexity, regular structure, and flexible rate adaptivity for all rates above 1/2.
Multiple epuli in a newborn: A case report

Abstract Congenital epulis is a rare granular cell tumor that arises from the gingival mucosa. The cause of this lesion, first described by Neumann in 1871, remains unknown. Since that time, only case reports of the benign tumor have been published. The incidence is estimated at 0.0006%, of which 10% are multiple epuli. We describe a female infant with multiple large epuli arising from both alveolar ridges who was successfully treated surgically within the first 48h of life. We discuss considerations for airway management and describe her postoperative course.
Intermittent Hypoxia During Sleep as a Model of Environmental (Nongenetic) Contributions to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinically heterogenous neuropsychiatric syndrome of persistent and developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, typically of juvenile onset. Research on this disease has been complicated by the fact that the specific features and presentations of ADHD show substantial variability between individuals, and that no single pathophysiological profile of ADHD has been identified (1,2). Although the exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors are now recognized to play a role in the development of the disease (3, 4, 5). Children who suffer from sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) have been reported to experience learning disabilities, hyperactivity, and impaired attention in much the same manner as children with ADHD, suggesting that SDB and some forms of ADHD may share common pathophysiological mechanisms (see Chapter 19). These findings in clinical populations with sleep disorders have led to the hypothesis that exposure to intermittent hypoxia, such as that encountered in SDB, during critical developmental periods is an important environmental contributor to the development of ADHD-like behavioral problems, and may be particularly important in individuals with a genetic predisposition to develop ADHD. In support of this hypothesis, data from animal experiments has shown that exposure to intermittent hypoxia, the primary hallmark of SDB, replicates many of the behavioral features of ADHD and may provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying some nongenetic forms of ADHD-like pathology.
Portals to metropolis: 19th-century guidebooks and the assemblage of urban experience.

This study analyzes the graphic design of 19th-century urban guidebooks to learn how readers conceived of the city and their social roles. San Francisco guidebooks, from a collection published betw...
Sequence and Function of LuxU: a Two-Component Phosphorelay Protein That Regulates Quorum Sensing in Vibrio harveyi

Vibrio harveyi regulates the expression of bioluminescence (lux) in response to cell density, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing. In V. harveyi, two independent quorum-sensing systems exist, and each produces, detects, and responds to a specific cell density-dependent autoinducer signal. The autoinducers are recognized by two-component hybrid sensor kinases called LuxN and LuxQ, and sensory information from both systems is transduced by a phosphorelay mechanism to the response regulator protein LuxO. Genetic evidence suggests that LuxO-phosphate negatively regulates the expression of luminescence at low cell density in the absence of autoinducers. At high cell density, interaction of the sensors with their cognate autoinducers results in dephosphorylation and inactivation of the LuxO repressor. In the present report, we show that LuxN and LuxQ channel sensory information to LuxO via a newly identified phosphorelay protein that we have named LuxU. LuxU shows sequence similarity to other described phosphorelay proteins, including BvgS, ArcB, and Ypd1. A critical His residue (His 58) of LuxU is required for phosphorelay function.