cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Least-Squares Predictions of Nonpetroleum-Derived Fuel Content and Resultant Properties When Blended with Petroleum-Derived Fuels

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has been engaged in a research program to develop sensor-based technologies to perform rapid automated fuel-quality surveillance. This approach is based on the development of quantitative models from the partial least-squares (PLS) regression of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements of a representative calibration set of petroleum-derived fuels. As fuels from nonpetroleum sources become available it will be necessary to extend these chemometric models to accommodate Fischer−Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuels and biofuels. This extension is complicated by the fact that these new fuels will be initially introduced as blending components with petroleum-derived fuels. Chemometric modeling methodologies have been developed to identify and estimate the content of FT and biofuel present; then this information is used to estimate the bulk properties of the blends. With this approach, biodiesel content can be predicted, with respect to absolute error, to within 1.7% of its true value 95% of the time with a lower limit of detection of 1.5% using a single PLS model. The diesel fuel PLS property prediction models are applicable to diesel fuels blended with biodiesel fuel once that particular biodiesel fuel is incorporated in said models. The FT content in blends with petroleum fuels can be predicted, with respect to absolute error, to within 6.9% of its true value 95% of the time with a lower limit of detection of 15% using a series of paired PLS models for identification and quantification. In the presence of FT fuel, the PLS property models can be used after applying a correction factor that is derived from the identity and concentration of the FT fuel present.
Radiotherapy for parotid cancer.

Background: Parotid malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of tumors primarily managed by surgical extirpation. Moderately high recurrence rates are seen after surgery alone, and postoperative radiotherapy has been used for patients with higher risks for local failure.
Metallic Interfaces. II. Influence of the Exchange-Correlation and Lattice Potentials

An electron-gas model of a metallic interface is constructed by joining two semi-infinite half-planes of unequal positive charge and adding electrons until a charge-neutral system is achieved. Our earlier treatment of this model is extended in several directions. The exchange-and-correlation effective one-electron potential, formerly taken in the "dipole approximation" to equal its bulk value in each material, is calculated using the local-density approximation. In the case where the low-density material has the smaller separation energy, the size of its depletion region and the height of the barrier potential are increased. In the case where the low-density material has the larger separation energy, the use of the local-density exchange-and-correlation potential scarcely alters the results obtained using the dipole approximation. A modified self-consistent free-electron model of a metal-intrinsic semiconductor junction adequately accounts for several features of the experimental data concerning the dependence of the barrier height on the components and method of fabrication of the junction. A primary effect of energy gaps associated with the periodic potential is the introduction of a long-range contribution to the junction potential in the semiconductor. An examination of (solvable) one-dimensional models suggests that if the semiconductor energy gaps are small relative to the metal bandwidth, then the modified free-electron model correctly describes the modification of the short-range (\ensuremath{\sim}1-5 \AA{}) dipole layers at the metal-semiconductor interface. In this case the modified free-electron model adequately determines the barrier height at the interface, although it never describes the details of the space-charge potential in the semiconductor.
Temporal Perspective as a Personality Dimension in College Students: A Re-evaluation.

Relationships among 6 measures of temporal perspective and 9 personality variables were examined separately for male and female college students, and a factor analysis of scores was carried out. Scores (males: ns = 49 to 54; females: ns = 81 to 121) on temporal perspective instruments were significantly related to personality variables, although not in any consistent manner. The factor analysis showed different measures of temporal perspective to share little common meaning. The presumed unitary nature of the concept is challenged.
Detection of explosives in hair using ion mobility spectrometry.

Abstract: Conventional explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), nitroglycerin (NG), and ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) sorbed to hair can be directly detected by an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) in E-mode (for explosives). Terrorist explosive, triacetone triperoxide (TATP), difficult to detect by IMS in E-mode, was detected in N-mode (for narcotics). Three modes of sample introduction to IMS vapor desorption unit were used: (i) placement of hair directly into the unit, (ii) swabbing of hair and placement of swabs (i.e., paper GE-IMS sample traps) into the unit, and (iii) acetonitrile extracts of hair positioned on sample traps and placed into the unit. TNT, NG, and EGDN were detected in E-mode by all three sample introduction methods. TATP could only be detected by the acetonitrile extraction method after exposure of the hair to vapor for 16 days because of lower sensitivity. With standard solutions, TATP detection in E-mode required about 10 times as much sample as EGDN (3.9 μg compared with 0.3 μg). IMS in N-mode detected TATP from hair by all three modes of sample introduction.
Strain due to a continuous, isotropic distribution of screw dislocations

Abstract The density for a continuous distribution of dislocations, represented by the torsion tensor, is separated into its two irreducible parts. One part characterizes an isotropic, homogeneous distribution of screw dislocations; the other, a mixture of screw and edge. A second order non-linear differential equation for the metric is established using the condition of zero affine curvature. In principle this equation can be solved for the metric once the distribution of dislocations is determined. The Robertson-Walker metric which describes an isotropic, homogeneous space is realized for an isotropic, homogeneous distribution of screw dislocations. The strain due to this distribution is then easily found from the simple relation between strain and metric.
Mortality, movement and behaviour of native mussels during a planned water‐level drawdown in the Upper Mississippi River

Summary Managers in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) are using reductions in the River's water levels during summer to mimic historical water regimes and rehabilitate habitats for vegetation and other species. Concerns for the unintended effects of these actions on mussel populations threatened to halt these projects. Our objective was to characterise the survival and movement of two mussel species in the UMR associated with a water level drawdown. During 2009 (no drawdown) and 2010 (0.3 m summer drawdown), we glued passive integrated transponder tags to 10 Amblema plicata and 10 Lampsilis cardium at each of 11 sites. Five sites were in shallow areas expected to be minimally affected by the drawdown (reference sites), and six sites were in shallow areas expected to be directly affected by the drawdown (treatment sites). About equal numbers of sites within both the reference and treatment areas had low and high slopes. Tagged mussels were randomly allocated across sites (within years). Recovery of tagged mussels was >88% in 2009 and 2010. Mortality was similar and low (mean, c. 5% in both species) among reference sites but was variable and relatively high (means, c. 27% in L. cardium and c. 52% in A. plicata) among treatment sites; variation in mortality among treatment sites appeared related to slope. The study found evidence of drawdown associations with net horizontal movements in A. plicata but not L. cardium. Weekly horizontal movements in both species were significantly correlated with changes in water elevation. We observed significant slope associations related to the drawdown for mortality and net horizontal movement in A. plicata. There were strong species-specific differences in the effects of the drawdown on mortality, vertical movement and horizontal movement. These results suggest that A. plicata responded to the drawdown by vertical movement into the substratum, whereas L. cardium responded by horizontal movement to deeper water. No directionality of movement was observed in either species. Collectively, these data suggest that drawdowns can influence the mortality, movement and behaviour of mussels in the UMR. However, more information on spatial and temporal distributions of mussels is needed to better understand the magnitude of these effects. Results from this study are being used by resource managers to better evaluate the effects of this management tool on native mussel assemblages.
Testing tool for distributed Java applications

Issues involved in testing large distributed applications employing distributed object technologies are discussed. A testing tool, RiOT, that addresses these issues are described. RiOT can be used for testing distributed Java applications that use Java RMI, Jini, or Jiro technologies. It relies on the availability of the interface descriptions of the objects and services provided in the application. This information is used to define coverage domains that are used to assess the adequacy of tests. These interface-based coverage domains are based on 1) the methods and exceptions that are defined in the interfaces, 2) mutations that can be created from the methods and parameters, and 3) method sequences that can be defined from the methods. RiOT allows injection of faults at the interfaces of objects. Testers can observe the effects of fault injection and assess the fault handling capabilities of the application. RiOT can also be used to evaluate performance of the application using profiling information. RiOT employs a hierarchical monitoring framework for collecting test execution data. The components of RiOT communicate using Java RMI and rely on the use of the reflection mechanism for their functionality. RiOT's architecture is being extended with a distributed debugging and architecture visualization mechanism.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cluster expansions and the configurational energy of alloys

A formal description of configurational functions in alloys is presented. The approach introduces an infinity of orthogonal and complete basis sets in the configurational space of finite clusters, and leads naturally to generalized cluster expansions. In the present approach, the orthogonality of the basis functions is defined with respect to the scalar product given in terms of unrestricted sums over all possible configurations of the cluster. In the thermodynamic limit, this definition of the scalar product corresponds to sums in the canonical ensemble and, as such, the basis are well adapted to describe functions at any fixed concentration. A general relation between the expansion coefficients in different basis is derived.
Photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave fish, Anoptichthys jordani.

Abstract 1. 1. Exposure of cells to ultraviolet light induces molecular changes in DNA which may lead to cellular death. 2. 2. One product, pyrimidine dimers, is reversed during subsequent exposure to visible light by photoreactivating enzyme. 3. 3. Photoreactivating enzyme has been recorded in different organisms, but inconsistencies in its distribution suggest it may have other functions. 4. 4. We have found photoreactivating enzyme in the blind cave dwelling fish. Anoptichthys jordani. 5. 5. Sufficient time has elapsed in the cave environment to allow loss of features of importance to epigean fish, including the eyes and pigmentation. 6. 6. The continued presence of the enzyme indicates that it may have other functions.
Daphnia development and reproduction: responses to temperature

Abstract 1. 1.|The development times and reproduction were measured for Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna from 5 to 30°C at 5°C increments. 2. 2.|The general trends for D. pulex and D. magna were for the duration of all juvenile instars to be less than that of adults and for the last juvenile (or adolescent) instar to be longer than all previous juvenile instars. 3. 3.|The number of juvenile instars both species pass through before adulthood is influenced by temperature with increasing numbers occurring at temperature extremes. 4. 4.|Duration of development time decreased over the entire range of increasing temperatures measured for D. pulex but increased for D. magna at 30°C in relation to 25°C. 5. 5.|Quadratic models were less desirable than simple linear logarithmic transformations of the form ln Y = ln a + b ln X for describing the temperature/development relationship. 6. 6.|The greatest young production occurs at 15 and 20°C with significant decreases occurring at temperatures above and below these. 7. 7.|The observed temperature-dependent phenomena an the ecological relationships for the two species are discussed.
Evidence for a heparin-induced conformational change on antithrombin III.

Abstract The effect of heparin on the conformation of antithrombin III (AT-III) was investigated. Solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy shows that the binding of heparin to AT-III results in exposure of two tyrosine residues and a partial burial of a tryptophan residue. The occurrence of a conformational change suggested by this study is also substantiated by circular dichroism (CD) findings in the aromatic and peptide regions. The data in the peptide region show that heparin produces a decrease in the β-structure of AT-III, with a compensatory increase in random coil.
Fluid Dynamics of Astrophysical Jets

The basic fluid dynamics of large- and small-scale astrophysical jets is examined, reviewing the results of recent observational and theoretical investigations. The features of the standard model of an adiabatic light supersonic gas jet penetrating a background medium of constant density and pressure are discussed, including the mean flow, nonlinear structures, and surface instabilities, and particular attention is given to the stability of extragalactic radio jets (linear stability analyses, nonlinear pinch and kink instabilities, and jet deflection); jets in nonuniform atmospheres; the effects of magnetic fields and radiative cooling; and the current status of three-dimensional simulations. 66 refs.
The impact of the eruptions of Mount Pinatubo and CERRO Hudson on Antarctic aerosol levels during the 1991 austral spring

At the beginning of the 1991 Austral spring, volcanic aerosols from Mt. Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson were present in the polar stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere. Satellite observations of aerosol extinction were used to identify and track the movement of these aerosols in the vicinity of the Antarctic vortex during August through November 1991. A layer of mature Mt. Pinatubo aerosols was identified near 21 km and a layer of fresh Cerro Hudson aerosols was identified near 12 km. This altitude separation of the Mt. Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson aerosols was observed throughout the period. Below 15 km, the polar stratosphere was subject to episodes of strong wave activity which transported the Cerro Hudson aerosols poleward and, after the middle of September, they became a persistent feature beneath the vortex. Above 15 km, signatures of Mt. Pinatubo aerosols were observed near the vortex boundary, but significant portions of the vortex interior remained free of any detectable intrusions of Mt. Pinatubo aerosols until the final warming in mid-November.
Outcome of Delivery Room CPR in the less than 1000gm Infant. † 1007

Current neonatal delivery room (DR) resuscitation teaching includes the use of chest compressions and/or intratracheal epinephrine (CPR) for infants with a heart rate 750 gm birthweight. Methods: We evaluated the outcome of all inborn infants whose birthweights (BW) were 750gm(15/98). Surviving infants were followed up to 36 months adjusted age (AA) using standardized neurodevelopmental (ND) assessments including the Amiel-Tison Neurologic Screen and the Gesell Developmental Screening Inventory. Results: Overall, 21 infants required CPR in the DR, of whom 13 were < 750 gm. Three infants, all < 750 gm, have normal neurodevelopmental outcome at 6, 19,& 26 months AA. These preliminary results indicate that intact survival is possible for infants of < 750 gm BW following CPR in the DR as defined above. Further information is required regarding the indications for CPR, the use of the individual components(compressions and epinephrine) and the duration of CPR from retrospective and prospective evaluation of larger data sets. In addition, we require more complete neurodevelopmental follow-up in order to develop recommendations for the use of CPR in the DR resuscitation of the < 1000 gm birthweight infant. Table
Taxation and the redistribution of income

This paper has offered no empirical evidence, and is not trying to argue that after-tax relative wage rates will not change at all in response to a change in the progressivity of the tax structure.8 Rather, the point is that there is a market mechanism that causes changes in progressivity to be at least partially offset by changes in the pretax wage structure. This mechanism is not taken into account by any model of redistribution through taxation that treats labor output as a homogeneous factor of production. Treating labor output as homogeneous eliminates adjustments to relative wages that are certain to occur in response to a change in the progressivity of the tax structure. Thus, progressive taxation has less ability to redistribute income than is commonly realized.
Learning from the masters: using original sources in the classroom

ABSTRACT Neils Henrik Abel (1802–1829) is quoted as saying, “It appears to me that if one wants to make progress in mathematics one should study the masters.” In the spirit of Abel, the author introduced original sources into three different classroom situations.
Guidelines for influencing social policy through strategic computer simulation models

My university studies first started in the field of chemistry. However, after working for half a year as a student intern in a chromatographic laboratory, I concluded that I did not wish to pursue a career in that field. I began then to search for alternatives, and I soon discovered at MIT a curriculum within the management school based on a new computer modeling technique, ‘system dynamics.’ The group developing this technique was led by Professor Jay W. Forrester, and I went to MIT to earn my PhD under his direction. After completing my degree, I joined the faculty at MIT. There my wife, Dr. Donella Meadows, and I directed a major international project that used system dynamics techniques to create a model that clarified the long-term implications of physical and demographic growth on the planet.
Climate economics: Hot in the city

Robert Buckley cautions that financial incentives alone will not fuel urban adaptation to climate change.
Influence of a Science-Focused After-School Program on Underrepresented High-School Students' Science Attitudes and Trajectory: A survey validation study

As engagement with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) increases in after-school programs (ASPs), it is important to examine the impact of this engagement on students' academic achievement, STEM participation, and affinity toward STEM. Results of these examinations can offer insights into both best practices that could be replicated and possible poor practices that could be avoided in ASP sites. This study describes the validation process that was undertaken on an instrument developed to measure science-related attitudes, and education and career trajectories of students participating in a STEM-focused ASP. We then use the validated instrument to draw certain conclusions about the impact of the ASP program on the participants. We propose a model for predicting students' notions about the importance of science for their future and a model for predicting students' enactment of science agency. The study and the derived instrument may be useful for those interested in examining the impact...
Access to Post—High School Services: Transition Assessment and the Summary of Performance

IDEA 2004 has included a new requirement for youth transition— a Summary of Functional Performance (SOP)—documentation to assist in seeking eligibility for disability-related services after high sc...
Evolutionary speed limits inferred from the fossil record

The dynamics of extinction and diversification determine the long-term effects of extinction episodes. If rapid bursts of extinction are offset by equally rapid bursts of diversification, their biodiversity consequences will be transient. But if diversification rates cannot accelerate rapidly enough, pulses of extinction will lead to long-lasting depletion of biodiversity. Here I use spectral analysis of the fossil record to test whether diversification rates can accelerate as much as extinction rates, over both short and long spans of geological time. I show that although the long-wavelength variability of diversification rates equals or exceeds that of extinctions, diversification rates are markedly less variable than extinction rates at wavelengths shorter than roughly 25 million years. This implies that there are intrinsic speed limits that constrain how rapidly diversification rates can accelerate in response to pulses of extinction.
WW15: IDENTIFYING THE IMPACT OF A TREATMENT ON OUTCOMES AND COSTS USING OBSERVATIONAL DATA: OVERCOMING SELECTION BIAS

OBJECTIVES: Selection bias in observational studies is described. Instrumental variable estimation is presented in detail as a method of identification of treatment effects. Practical issues related to the proper implementation of this technique are stressed. Propensity score methods are also discussed. PARTICIPANTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT: Researchers who use, evaluate, or conduct observational studies. While estimates of treatment outcomes and costs from randomized clinical trials are still considered the gold standard, the use of observational data for these estimates is common. Observational data are less costly to obtain, readily available, and represent actual practice. However, there is always a danger of selection bias when these data are used to identify the costs or outcomes of one particular treatment versus another. This is true even when quality risk adjustment methods and propensity score methods are employed. Instrumental variable estimation and propensity score methods have both been proposed to overcome the selection bias problem in observational studies. We describe selection bias and how instrumental variables analysis and propensity score methods overcome the problem. We then explain how one would apply these techniques correctly to common research problems emphasizing the importance of choosing when propensity score methods are sufficient or when instrumental variables analysis should be used.
Investigation of the mechanism of the potentiation of chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by methyl n-butyl ketone

Abstract Twenty-four hours after administration of CHCl 3 (0.5 ml/kg) to methyl n -butyl ketone (MBK)-pretreated rats, both the plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were significantly elevated above those of sesame oil-pretreated animals. In contrast, deuterium-labeled chloroform (CDCl 3 ) (0.5 ml/kg) caused insignificant alterations in either plasma GPT or BUN levels of MBK-pretreated rats. Treatment with MBK caused a decrease in hepatic GSH levels to 61% of control values after 20 hr. When administered 18 hr after MBK pretreatment, CHCl 3 caused a further decrease in hepatic GSH levels to 20% of control values within 2 hr, whereas CDCl 3 treatment decreased them to 34% of control values. Renal GSH levels were unchanged by these treatments. Eighteen hours after administration of MBK, hepatic cytochrome P -450 levels were up by 70% but no change was detected in the amount of renal cytochrome P -450. Pretreatment of rats with MBK increased the metabolism of CHCl 3 to diglutathionyl dithiocarbonate both in vivo and in hepatic microsomal incubation mixtures containing GSH. These results suggest that MBK potentiates the hepatic toxicity produced by CHCl 3 in part by decreasing GSH levels and in part by increasing the metabolism of CHCl 3 to phosgene. Although the mechanism of potentiation of renal toxicity by MBK pretreatment remains unclear, the deuterium isotope effect on BUN levels indicates that metabolism of the CH bond of CHCl 3 may be involved in the renal toxicity.
In situ preparation of protein-"smart" polymer conjugates with retention of bioactivity.

Protein−polymer conjugates are widely used in biotechnology and medicine, and new methods to prepare the bioconjugates would be advantageous for these applications. In this report, we demonstrate that bioactive “smart” polymer conjugates can be synthesized by polymerizing from defined initiation sites on proteins, thus preparing the polymer conjugates in situ. In particular, free cysteines, Cys-34 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Cys-131 of T4 lysozyme V131C, were modified with initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) either through a reversible disulfide linkage or irreversible bond by reaction with pyridyl disulfide- and maleimide-functionalized initiators, respectively. Initiator conjugation was verified by electrospray-ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and the location of the modification was confirmed by μLC-MSMS (tandem mass spectrometry) analysis of the trypsin-digested protein macroinitiators. Polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) from the protein macroinitiators...
The Effect of Modernization on Suicide in Finland: 1800–1984

Durkheim's theory of suicide stressed the historical processes of modernization in explaining the rise in suicide. Tests of Durkheim's theory have, however, been largely ahistorical. The present st...
Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Molecular Weights of Polymers Formed in a Suzuki Polycondensation

A comprehensive investigation was undertaken in order to determine the effect of different reaction parameters on the molecular weights of polymers formed in a Suzuki polycondensation. In particular, we studied how the choice of solvent, base, ligand cocatalyst, palladium source, and monomers could affect the molecular weights. For these particular polymerizations, the best solvent and base were found to be CH2Cl2 and aqueous 3 M K3PO4, respectively. More interestingly, we determined that tri(o-tolyl)phosphine far surpassed not only the traditional triphenylphospine ligand cocatalyst, but also the more-recently developed hindered, electron-rich ligands that have yielded impressive results in small-molecule Suzuki coupling reactions. Molecular weights were also found to depend upon the source of palladium, with bis[tri(o-tolyl)phosphine]palladium(0) providing the best overall catalyst system. Finally, contrary to earlier reports, we found no advantage to replacing the more readily accessible bromide monome...
Volunteering in Research: Student Satisfaction and Educational Benefits

Participating in a research activity by volunteering in a research study or by writing a short research paper as part of a course requirement relates to favorable perceptions of psychology and research, greater knowledge of procedures associated with participation, and other demographic and situational variables. College students who volunteered to participate in a research study were more satisfied with their experiences than those who wrote papers as part of their research activity. Gender, grade expected, employment status, major, class size, and number of participation events related to satisfaction with experiences and perceptions of psychology and research. The findings are relevant to academic departments implementing or evaluating the existence of a participant pool.
Synthesis of a lacI gene analogue with reduced CpG content.

Abstract A lacI gene analogue with reduced CpG content has been synthesized. Codon usage in the lacI gene was manipulated to remove most CpG sites ( 82 95 ; 86%) while maintaining wild-type amino acid sequence. The double-stranded gene sequence was synthesized using standard β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite chemistry and subsequently cloned into pBR322. Bacterial promoter sequences with different levels of activity were attached upstream of the modified coding region to study its expression in E. coli . Production of lacI protein was confirmed in a lacI − E. coli strain by Western blot analysis and by measuring repression of the lacZ gene with the chromogenic lacZ indicator, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β- d -galactopyranoside (X-gal). The modified lacI gene construct can be used as a genetic target in cultured mammalian cells or in transgenic animals to avoid high levels of background mutation associated with methylated CpG sequences. The construction scheme described here provides a general approach to remove CpG sequences from gene constructs when methylation is undesirable.
Optimal design of small ΔT thermoelectric generation systems

Abstract Thermoelectric generation systems for utilizing waste heat and ambient temperature swings have been proposed that would involve temperature differences on the order of 1–10 K. The inherently low thermodynamic efficiency of such systems requires that a relatively large amount of heat pass through the system for a given rate of electricity production. The coupled design of the thermoelectric module and the hot side and cold side heat exchangers is fundamental to the creation of a useful device. An approximate optimal design is derived that is applicable to systems with a small temperature difference between the reservoirs. For a fixed thermal resistance in the heat exchangers, the optimal configuration splits the total temperature drop evenly between the thermoelectric module and the heat exchangers. For heat exchanger thermal resistances that vary with time, optimal configuration are derived for linear, sawtooth function and sinusoidal variations. The application of these equations to a typical system design is described.
Cationic polymerization with boron halides. IV. Elucidation and control of initiation and termination by the help of model experiments

The proposition that BCl3-coinitiated olefin (isobutylene, styrene) polymerizations terminate by chlorination has been corroborated by model experiments. Key experiments showed that under simulated polymerization conditions neither tert-butyl chloride nor 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane reacts with BCl3; that H2O/BCl3 + 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene (TMP) produce 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane; and that H2O/BCl3 + isobutylene gives rise to tert-butyl chloride. Extended model studies demonstrated that certain alkyl and benzyl chlorides produce carbenium ions in the presence of BCl3 and that TMP can readily be alkenylated by using 1-substituted allyl chlorides in conjunction with BCl3. These experiments led to the discovery that olefin polymerizations may be initiated by suitable allyl or benzyl chlorides and BCl3. Accordingly, polymerizations of isobutylene have been carried out with RCl/BCl3, where R is allyl or benzyl. These experiments suggest that both controlled initiation and termination, i.e., initiation by alkenylation and termination by chlorination, can be achieved with the allyl chloride/BCl3 initiator system opening new avenues toward the synthesis of asymmetric telechelic polymers.
Fibroblast growth factor overexpressing breast carcinoma cells as models of angiogenesis and metastasis

Progression of breast cancer from an estrogen-dependent, slowly growing tumor amenable to tamoxifen treatment to an aggressive, metastatic, estrogen-independent phenotype has been mimicked by the transfection of MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells with fibroblast growth factors 1 or 4. FGF-transfected cells are aggressively tumorigenic in ovariectomized or tamoxifen-treated nude mice, conditions under which the parental cells would not produce tumors. When detection of metastasis was enhanced by lacZ transfection, the FGF-transfected MCF-7 cells were reliably metastatic to lymph nodes and frequently metastatic to lungs, in further contrast to parental cells. An antiangiogenic drug, AGM-1470, given to mice bearing tumors produced by FGF-transfected MCF-7 cells, produced a decrease in tumor size. The decreased tumor size was not as marked as that produced by treatment with pentosan polysulfate, an agent which would abrogate all autocrine or paracrine effects of the transfected FGF. Thus, increased angiogenesis may be a component of the phenotypic change produced by the FGF transfection, but other autocrine or paracrine effects may also be important. Since a clonal FGF-4 and lacZ doubly-transfected cell line, MKL-4, progressively lost expression of the transfected lacZ gene in individual cells, we performed successive rounds of fluorescence-activated cell sorting to select high-expressing cells. High-expressing cell populations thus obtained rapidly lost expression of beta-gal activity in continued culture. High beta-gal expressing clonal cell lines of MKL-4 cells established by either one or two rounds of low-density cloning also lost lacZ expression with continued culture. Southern analysis of DNA from lacZ transfected cell lines showed the transfected sequences to be present and grossly intact in both high and low expressing populations. However, Northern analysis revealed that high-expressing populations of MKL-4 cells contained the most lacZ mRNA, implying that in the unstable MKL-4 cell line, individual cells are down-regulating mRNA levels of lacZ. Stable lacZ expression has been obtained in other FGF-transfected and parental MCF-7 cell lines using the same expression vector. Thus, the MKL-4 cell line is down-regulating mRNA encoding the transfected gene through a mechanism not dependent on the CMV promotor utilized in the expression vector. This evidence suggests that lacZ expression is not a benign modification in certain cells.
A computational model of selective deficits in first and second-order motion processing

Recent neurological studies of selective impairments in first and second-order motion processing are of considerable relevance in elucidating the mechanisms of motion perception in normal human observers. We examine the stimuli which have been used to assess first and second-order motion processing capabilities in clinical subjects, and discuss the nature of the computations necessary to extract their motion. We find that a simple computational model of first and second-order motion processing is able to account for the data. The model consists of a first-order channel computing motion at coarse and fine scales, and a coarse scale second-order channel. The second-order channel is sensitive to motion information defined by variations in luminance, contrast, spatial frequency and flicker. When elements of the model are disabled, its performance on either first or second-order motion can be selectively impaired in line with the neurological data.
SQLPhi: A SQL-Based Database Engine for Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessors

Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSes) have been widely used for decades and millions of Structured Query Language (SQL) queries are processed every day. However, the row-based design and the strict structure of conventional RDBMSes make it extremely difficult to scale to the petabyte level, to take advantage of the parallelism offered by advanced hardware, and to handle unstructured data. These inherent weaknesses of existing RDBMSes have motivated us to design a novel database architecture that can leverage the powerful processing capabilities and advanced parallel features of modern hardware like GPGPUs, APUs, and the Xeon Phi.In this paper, we design a SQL-based database engine that can execute SQL queries on the Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture. Our design is specifically focused on the data decomposition of databases and the parallel execution of SQL queries. We have implemented our database engine in C++ and have tested it on the Intel Xeon Phi 5110 coprocessor using synthetic data sets. Our experiments show that when running on Xeon Phi, the execution of a SQL query on eight million records can achieve a speedup of over 2000%. We additionally observe that the overhead of data transfer from the host memory to the memory of the Xeon Phi dwarfs this speedup.
MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ALASKA SHORE-BASED SURIMI PRODUCTION

Two shore-based surimi plants in Alaska were investigated to determine microbial conditions of Alaska pollock flesh during processing. Median aerobic plate count (APC) was 2.0 × 103/g after mincing, 2.3 × 103/g after washing/screening, 4.2 × 104/g after refining and 1.6 × 104/g after dewatering. Reprocessing, needed for nonanalog grade surimi, resulted in APC of 1.2 × 105/g after a second refining and 3.0 × 105/g after a second dewatering. The APC for analog grade surimi was 5.5 × 104/g and 2.0 × 106/g for nonanalog grade surimi. Highest total coliform most probable number (MPN) of > 1100/g was determined from a nonanalog grade surimi sample and from a mince that had been refined twice. Highest Escherichia coli MPN of 460/g was determined from two minces.
Pain Control Techniques in College-Age Athletes:

Pain is a part of an athlete's experience. Interventions for nagging minor injuries occurring during training and competition are not reported in the literature. A simple pain-control technique was used to ascertain its effect on minor pain. The intervention significantly reduced reported pain among college-age athletes and a group of nonathletes. Recommendations for research and practical application ate discussed.
Quality of life improvement with conversion to lamotrigine monotherapy

This report describes the effect on patient-reported quality of life (QOL) after reduction from two drugs to monotherapy with lamotrigine. Patients taking lamotrigine (LTG) with an enzyme-inducing drug were converted to LTG monotherapy for a 12-week follow-up. Changes in QOLIE-31 between baseline and follow-up were compared with physicians' global change ratings and patient-reported health status. Total QOLIE-31 scores increased 10.7 points for patients rated by physicians as having mild improvement, and 17 points for those reported as having moderate to marked improvement. Subscale scores also increased by minimum important change (MIC) amounts (> or = 11.76), with the largest change in Cognition, Energy, Medication Effects, and Seizure Worry subscales. The data also support > or = 11 MIC as a clinically important change in total score for the QOLIE-31. Exploratory analyses also provide information about MIC for individual subscales (8-18 for physician rated global change, 10-26 for patient-rated global health status change). This study demonstrates the value of reduction to monotherapy from the patients' and physicians' perspectives.
AGU Updates Climate Change Position Statement

Following months of work by a panel of disciplinary experts with a wide range of viewpoints, input from the membership at large, and approval from the Council and Board, AGU has adopted an updated position statement on climate change.
Double-positron decay, positron-emitting K capture, and double K capture

We have calculated the lifetimes of the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double-positron decay, $K$-capture, and $\mathrm{KK}$-capture processes for several nuclei. It is found that the two-neutrino $\mathrm{KK}$-capture process is a dominant channel with a lifetime of ${10}^{23}$-${10}^{24}$ yr, whereas the neutrinoless processes have lifetimes greater than ${10}^{27}$ yr if the currently accepted upper limits on the lepton-number-violation parameters are used.
Investigating and Assessing the Quality of Employee Ethics Training Programs Among US-Based Global Organizations

Reoccurring instances of unethical employee behavior raises the question of the effectiveness of organization’s employee ethics training programs. This research seeks to examine employee ethics training programs among US-based global organizations by asking members of the Ethics and Compliance Officer Association to describe various elements of their organizations’ ethics training programs. This investigation and assessment reveal that there are some effective aspects of ethics training but five serious concerns are identified and discussed as potential contributions to the lack of ethics among business organizations’ employees.
Time for elementary educators' professional development

Abstract This paper describes how educators in one school conceptualize time with respect to their work and with particular regard for accomplishing professional development activities. Data are drawn from interviews with classroom teachers, specialists, and the principal involved in a larger two-year qualitative study of teachers' self-initiated peer support projects. Eight dimensions (categories) of time were extracted from interview transcripts and three underlying themes were identified: connections between educators' life-worlds and their teaching practice, school as a time-based economy, and strategies for using time according to individual needs. Multitasking, linking strategies, and the ability to balance personal and organizational time factors were important influences on educators' engagement in meaningful professional development projects.
Templated Mesoporous Silica Colloids with Controlled Internal Structures

Mesoporous silica colloids (MSCs) are synthesized in the cavities of a polymer-based inverse opal. The spherical cavities of the polymer inverse opal provide a highly defined complex three-dimensio...
The Factors Behind Put‐Call Parity Violations of S&P 100 Index Options

This paper examines the determinants of intraday violations of put-call parity of SP i.e., calls are overpriced relative to puts more often for longer term options. The coefficient for the time to expiration is significantly negative for lower bound violations.
Spectroscopic Study of Platinum and Rhodium Dendrimer (PAMAM G4OH) Compounds: Structure and Stability

Hydroxyl-terminated, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-capped platinum and rhodium nanoparticles were studied with UV−vis, Fourier transform IR, and UV-Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption bands in the region of 190−900 nm were shown to be sensitive to the electronic structure of Pt compounds in solution and in the solid state. The electron charge-transfer Pt2+ ← N band at 260 nm was attributed to mononuclear Pt2+ compounds, and resonance Raman (244 nm) established that the electron donors are amide nitrogen atoms. Multidentate coordination bonding with Pt2+ causes a strong stabilizing chelate effect, and this entropic factor hinders reduction of Pt2+ by BH4−. UV diffuse-reflectance spectra showed the appearance of new bands at 300 and 342 nm in PtG4OH deposited on mesoporous silica (SBA-15) induced by heating under reducing conditions. The new bands can be assigned to platinum clusters like binuclear Pt2+−Pt2+ and higher, dendrimer-capped analogs of platinum blue compounds. In the temperature range of 30 ...
Relative occurrence rates and connection of discrete frequency oscillations in the solar wind density and dayside magnetosphere

[1] We present an analysis of the occurrence distributions of statistically significant apparent frequencies of periodic solar wind number density structures and dayside magnetospheric oscillations in the f = 0.5–5.0 mHz range. Using 11 years (1995–2005) of solar wind data, we identified all spectral peaks that passed both an amplitude test and a harmonic F test at the 95% confidence level in 6-hour data segments. We find that certain discrete frequencies, specifically f = 0.7, 1.4, 2.0, and 4.8 mHz, occur more often than do other frequencies over those 11 years. We repeat the analysis on discrete oscillations observed in 10 years (1996–2005) of dayside magnetospheric data. We find that certain frequencies, specifically f = 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.8, 3.3, and 4.4 mHz, occur more often than do other frequencies over those 10 years. Many of the enhancements found in the magnetospheric occurrence distributions are similar to those found in the solar wind. Lastly, we counted the number of times the same discrete frequencies were identified as statistically significant using our two spectral tests on corresponding solar wind and magnetospheric 6-hour time series. We find that in 54% of the solar wind data segments in which we identified a spectral peak, at least one of the same discrete frequencies was statistically significant in the corresponding magnetospheric data segment. Our results argue for the existence of inherent apparent frequencies in the solar wind number density that directly drive global magnetospheric oscillations at the same discrete frequencies, although the magnetosphere also oscillates through other physical mechanisms.
Creativity in familial bipolar disorder.

Studies have demonstrated relationships between creativity and bipolar disorder (BD) in individuals, and suggested familial transmission of both creativity and BD. However, to date, there have been no studies specifically examining creativity in o!spring of bipolar parents and clarifying mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of creativity. We compared creativity in bipolar parents and their o!spring with BD and bipolar o!spring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with healthy control adults and their children. 40 adults with BD, 20 bipolar o!spring with BD, 20 bipolar o!spring with ADHD, and 18 healthy control parents and their healthy control children completed the Barron‐Welsh Art Scale (BWAS), an objective measure of creativity. Adults with BD compared to controls scored significantly (120%) higher on the BWAS Dislike subscale, and non-significantly (32%) higher on the BWAS Total scale. Mean BWAS Dislike subscale scores were also significantly higher in o!spring with BD (107% higher) and o!spring with ADHD (91% higher) than in healthy control children. Compared to healthy control children, o!spring with BD had 67% higher and o!spring with ADHD had 40% higher BWAS Total scores, but these di!erences failed to reach statistical significance when adjusted for age. In the bipolar o!spring with BD, BWAS Total scores were negatively correlated with duration of illness. The results of this study support an association between BD and creativity and contribute to a better understanding of possible mechanisms of transmission of creativity in families with genetic susceptibility for BD. This is the first study to show that children with and at high risk for BD have higher creativity than healthy control children. The finding in children and in adults was related to an enhanced ability to experience and express dislike of simple and symmetric images. This could reflect increased access to negative a!ect, which could yield both benefits with respect to providing a!ective energy for creative achievement, but also yield liabilities with respect to quality of interpersonal relationships or susceptibility to depression. ! 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.