cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic studies of the replication of satellite DNA in the kangaroo rat. Autoradiographs of satellite DNA.

Abstract Cells of the Kangaroo rat Dipidomys ordii contain large quantities of satellite DNA (Bostock et al ., 1972). Radioactive DNA from such cells has been examined by autoradiography. After a long period of radioactive labeling, long tandem arrays of short radioactive pieces are suddenly observed which are attributed to the replication of satellite DNA. Autoradiograms of DNA isolated by CsCl density centrifugation from such lysates are in agreement with this hypothesis. This material is non-randomly distributed in lysates of single cells. The length of these pieces and their spacings are not remarkably different from DNA made earlier (presumably non-satellite DNA).
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF AXIAL SOLIDS MIXING IN A FLUIDIZED BED

Particulate mixing systems lend themselves to a stochastic analysis due to the finite number of discrete particles involved. The physics of mixing at a single particle level can best be seen as a random process since the trajectory of the particle is influenced by many competing factors. In this work, a stochastic model for axial mixing of particles in a fluidized bed is formulated by resorting to the multivariate master equation. Configuration of the bed is cylindrical; it is divided into small axially distributed compartments. The behavior of the bed following the addition of tracer particles to the top of the bed is studied. Experimental data from Qu and Kwauk (1985) are used to estimate the single parameter in the model. Expressions are derived for the mean tracer concentration as well as its variance. The density function of the first passage time for a tracer particle to reach the bottom of the bed is derived, and other extreme value statistics are discussed. A maximum likelihood estimator of the ax...
Visual and Semantic Support for Paired-Associates Recall in Young and Older Adults

A paired-associates task was used to investigate the degree to which young and older adults benefit from visual and semantic support for recall. Respondents were asked to recall pictorial or verbal items that were either semantically related or unrelated. As has been previously observed in spatial memory tasks, older adults benefited to a greater degree from pictorial materials than did young adults, but only for semantically related items. No such effect was observed for unrelated items. In a second experiment, the imposition of a speed requirement at retrieval eradicated the unequal recall facilitation effect for the older participants. The results of this study are consistent with Craik's (1986) environmental support theory and suggest a link between visuospatial loss and cognitive speed loss in the normal aging process.
A global attractor consisting of exponentially unstable equilibria

There exist examples in the literature of attractors consisting solely of unstable equilibria, but in these examples, the unstable equilibria are not exponentially unstable (the differentials of the vector fields at the unstable equilibria have no eigenvalues in the open right-half complex plane). In this paper we provide an example of a system having a compact global attractor consisting solely of exponentially unstable equilibria.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed women with histories of intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and depression are significant public health problems, yet there are no empirically tested treatments for community-based, clinically depressed women with IPV histories. This uncontrolled pilot study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary benefits of a community-based administration of brief, group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depressed women with lifetime histories of IPV (IPT for IPV) to reduce depressive symptoms and improve interpersonal function. We recruited 32 women ages 18 years and older with moderately severe to severe depressive symptoms and IPV histories from a community agency serving women who have experienced IPV. We conducted assessments 1-week prior to treatment and 1-week and 3-months posttreatment. Our feasibility findings indicated that 21 nontreatment-seeking women (65.6%) began treatment and attended a mean of 5.9 (SD = 2.1) sessions. Our initial findings suggest the viability of delivering IPT for IPV in a community agency, as well as its significant potential in reducing depressive symptom severity and interpersonal dysfunction. Therefore, IPT for IPV should be explored further as an effective treatment for depressed women with IPV histories. Language: en
Intracellular organization of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA assayed by staphylococcal nuclease sensitivity

The nucleoprotein organization of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA during productive infection was analyzed using staphylococcal nuclease. Both prior to and during the genome replication phase of infection, digestion of nuclei revealed two readily discernible forms of viral DNA, resistant and sensitive. The identity of these forms was established by the use of a variety of assays, including velocity sedimentation, nucleic acid hybridization and restriction endonuclease digestion and by employing temperature sensitive (ts) mutants impaired in either DNA replication or encapsidation of progeny DNA. Thus, nuclease resistant DNA was derived from encapsidated unit length genomes while sensitive DNA represented digestion products of replicating viral genomes. Importantly, no evidence was obtained for the arrangement of either parental or progeny viral DNA in nucleosomes. These findings are discussed with regard to the nucleoprotein structure of replicating viral DNA.
Eluding neutrino mass constraints from baryogenesis

Abstract Majorana neutrino masses avoid constraints from baryogenesis if lepton number violation occurs after the electroweak phase transition. This allows for neutrino masses larger than 10 eV. We present a particular realization of this idea by extending the scalar sector of the standard model to include a singlet and a triplet.
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of nitrogen-containing intracellular metabolites

A comprehensive method of quantifying intracellular metabolite concentrations would be a valuable addition to the arsenal of tools for holistic biochemical studies. Here, we describe a step toward the development of such method: a quantitative assay for 90 nitrogen-containing cellular metabolites. The assay involves reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation followed by electrospray ionization and detection of the resulting ions using triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. For 79 of the 90 metabolites, the assay is linear with a limit of detection of 10 ng/mL or less. Using this method, 36 metabolites can be reliably detected in extracts of the bacterium Salmonella enterica, with the identity of each metabolite confirmed by the presence, on growing of the bacteria in 13C-glucose, of a peak corresponding to the isotope-labeled form of the compound. Quantitation in biological samples is performed by mixing unlabeled test cell extract with 13C-labeled standard extract, and determining the 12C/13C-ratio for each metabolite. Using this approach, the metabolomes of growing (exponential phase) and carbon-starved (stationary phase) bacteria were compared, revealing 16 metabolites that are significantly down-regulated and five metabolites that are significantly up-regulated, in stationary phase.
A system for evaluating the effect of keyboard design on force, posture, comfort, and productivity

The purpose of this study was to develop a system to determine the effectiveness of an alternative keyboard design which aimed to reduce fingertip force and awkward wrist postures. A prototype alphanumeric keyboard, adjustable in four ways, was developed for this study. Four measurements were chosen to determine the effectiveness of each keyboard configuration: fingertip impact force; wrist position; productivity; and comfort and ease of use. Fingertip force was measured using instrumented keys that had strain gauges located between the key cap and the key switch. Wrist position was measured using electronic goniometers attached to the forearms and hands of the test subjects. A computer program was developed to measure productivity, and a questionnaire based on the Borg rating scale was developed to measure comfort and ease of use. The system was tested to ensure its accuracy. Linearity, repeatability, strike position sensitivity, and natural frequency of the instrumented keycap assembly were assessed. Ou...
Improving the accessibility of an analytic and technical skills MCH toolbox.

Objectives: To assess our analytic and technical skills website for accessibility and to make necessary corrections. Methods: We used commercially available software (Jaws and LIFT for Dreamweaver) and an individual with visual impairments to evaluate our self-instructional, analytic, and technical tools. We identified problems in tables, images, multimedia content, PDF files, and links. Results: We repaired the site by using LIFT to make appropriate modifications to the website and tools. Conclusions: Improving accessibility is advantageous for all Internet users. In addition to responding to legislative mandates, accessible web design creates pages that are often more readable, easier to navigate, and faster to download. Improving the accessibility of websites that incorporate charts and graphs strengthens the ability of all members of the MCH workforce to address the core functions.
The optic nerve as the site of initial relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed isolated optic nerve relapse as the initial site of disease recurrence. They were part of an early cohort of 39 children with non-B-cell, non-T-cell ALL without central nervous system (CNS) involvement, treated regardless of initial leukocyte count with intrathecal chemotherapy for CNS prophylaxis. Although the optic nerve is a known site of relapse in patients with systemic and meningeal ALL, it has not been reported to occur in otherwise relapse-free patients. Early diagnosis and treatment prevented blindness and allowed for long-term survival (57+, 49+, and 97+ months, respectively) and possibly cure. Since these patients were treated in a new manner and exhibited a new pattern of relapse, their clinical courses were reviewed. Features considered worrisome, but not diagnostic of CNS leukemia may be of greater import when intrathecal medications are utilized as primary CNS prophylaxis. An expanded definition of CNS leukemia may be necessary.
Second symposium on quantitative precipitation forecasting and hydrology

Countless daily activities, ranging from economic to social to cultural to recreational, are influenced by expectations of whether or not it will rain and, if so, how much. Consequently, the affects of precipitation and hydrological forecasts have great influence on our livelihoods, and sometimes, in the case of extreme events, even life. Thus, the meteorological and hydrological communities face an urgent yet formidable joint challenge to improve the prediction of rainfall and subsequent flow of water on or beneath the ground. The emerging generation of atmospheric and hydrological forecasting tools, which operate at progressively finer spatial and temporal scales, appear to provide improved representation of many key physical processes, most notably those related to the initiation and upscale organization of atmospheric convection. As with atmospheric models, many hydrological modeling systems have evolved to a more physically based, explicit representation of runoff processes compared with their predecessors.
A Microtiter Assay for Quantifying Protein-Protein Interactions Associated with Cell-Cell Adhesion

Cell-cell adhesions are a hallmark of epithelial tissues, and the disruption of these contacts plays a critical role in both the early and late stages of oncogenesis. The interaction between the transmembrane protein E-cadherin and the intracellular protein β-catenin plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of epithelial cell-cell contacts and is known to be downregulated in many cancers. The authors have developed a protein complex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that can quantify the amount of β-catenin bound to E-cadherin in unpurified whole-cell lysates with a Z′ factor of 0.74. The quantitative nature of the E-cadherin:β-catenin ELISA represents a dramatic improvement over the low-throughput assays currently used to characterize endogenous E-cadherin:β-catenin complexes. In addition, the protein complex ELISA format is compatible with standard sandwich ELISAs for parallel measurements of total levels of endogenous E-cadherin and β-catenin. In 2 case studies closely related to cancer cell biology, the authors use the protein complex ELISA and traditional sandwich ELISAs to provide a detailed, quantitative picture of the molecular changes occurring within adherens junctions in vivo. Because the E-cadherin: β-catenin protein complex plays a crucial role in oncogenesis, this protein complex ELISA may prove to be a valuable quantitative prognostic marker of tumor progression.
Human Cell Chips: Adapting DNA Microarray Spotting Technology to Cell-Based Imaging Assays

Here we describe human spotted cell chips, a technology for determining cellular state across arrays of cells subjected to chemical or genetic perturbation. Cells are grown and treated under standard tissue culture conditions before being fixed and printed onto replicate glass slides, effectively decoupling the experimental conditions from the assay technique. Each slide is then probed using immunofluorescence or other optical reporter and assayed by automated microscopy. We show potential applications of the cell chip by assaying HeLa and A549 samples for changes in target protein abundance (of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase PKR), subcellular localization (nuclear translocation of NFκB) and activation state (phosphorylation of STAT1 and of the p38 and JNK stress kinases) in response to treatment by several chemical effectors (anisomycin, TNFα, and interferon), and we demonstrate scalability by printing a chip with ∼4,700 discrete samples of HeLa cells. Coupling this technology to high-throughput methods for culturing and treating cell lines could enable researchers to examine the impact of exogenous effectors on the same population of experimentally treated cells across multiple reporter targets potentially representing a variety of molecular systems, thus producing a highly multiplexed dataset with minimized experimental variance and at reduced reagent cost compared to alternative techniques. The ability to prepare and store chips also allows researchers to follow up on observations gleaned from initial screens with maximal repeatability.
Integration of Whole-Genome Sequencing into Infection Control Practices: the Potential and the Hurdles

Microbial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is poised to transform many of the currently used approaches in medical microbiology. Recent reports on the application of WGS to understand genetic evolution and reconstruct transmission pathways have provided valuable information that will influence infection control practices. While this technology holds great promise, obstacles to full implementation remain. Two articles in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology (S. Octavia, Q. Wang, M. M. Tanaka, S. Kaur, V. Sintchenko, and R. Lan, J Clin Microbiol 53:1063-1071, 2015, doi:10.1128/JCM.03235-14, and S. J. Salipante, D. J. SenGupta, L. A. Cummings, T. A. Land, D. R. Hoogestraat, and B. T. Cookson, J Clin Microbiol 53:1072-1079, 2015, doi:10.1128/JCM.03385-14) describe the breadth of application of WGS to the field of clinical epidemiology.
Aggressive Peripheral T‐cell Lymphoma Presenting as Cutaneous Nodules with a Dense Infiltrate of Eosinophils

A 65 year-old, well-appearing and asymptomatic man presented with a small non-healing ulcer on the right palm present for 6 weeks. He reported a 15 year history of hand and foot “eczema” treated with topical steroids. Six months earlier his right 4th toe had been amputated for “infection”, but additional information was not immediately forthcoming. Punch biopsy from the palm demonstrated superficial ulceration, dermal eosinophils and possible cytoplasmic inclusions within keratinocytes, leading to suspicion of parapox infection. Over the ensuing two months his condition deteriorated markedly, and he developed multiple fungated and ulcerated cutaneous nodules. Incisional biopsy of the nodule on the right palm revealed a dense dermal inflammatory infiltrate with a predominance of eosinophils, and a perivascular infiltrate of medium to large lymphocytes with irregular nuclei and mitoses. These atypical lymphocytes were positive for CD3, but were negative for CD4, CD8, CD30, CD56, TIA-1 and EBER in-situ hybridization. TCR-gamma gene rearrangement revealed a clonal population. Retrospective analysis of the amputated toe demonstrated similar features. He declined conventional treatment, and has been reluctant to pursue follow-up. Our case highlights the fulminant course and dense mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate with eosinophils often present in peripheral T-cell lymphoma that may complicate diagnosis.
Faculty appointments and the record of scholarship

Academic review committees would benefit from more details about the contributions made by individual researchers to papers with multiple authors, and also from more information about other types of scholarly communication.
Bigger on the inside: building Research Data Services at the University of Virginia

Every story has a beginning, where the narrator chooses to start, though this is rarely the genesis. This story begins with the launch of the University of Virginia Library's new Research Data Services unit in October 2013. Born from the conjoining of a data management team and a data analysis team, Research Data Services expanded to encompass data discovery and acquisitions, research software support, and new expertise in the use of restricted data. Our purpose is to respond to the challenges created by the growing ubiquity and scale of data by helping researchers acquire, analyze, manage, and archive these resources. We have made serious strides toward becoming ‘the face of data services at U.Va.’ This article tells a bit of our story so far, relays some early challenges and how we've responded to them, outlines several initial successes, and summarizes a few lessons going forward.
An electrically large antenna for transient electromagnetic field measurements

An electrically large antenna for the measurement of broadband electromagnetic pulses and transients is described. Numerical results obtained from theoretical analyses in both the time and frequency domains are presented. They indicate that the antenna can be used to measure electromagnetic pulses and transients with subnanosecond rise times (bandwidth up to 10 GHz) and has much better frequency- and time-domain receiving characteristics than an equally sensitive Wu-King monopole. >
The New Empire Redux

The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860–1898, Walter LaFeber (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), 35th anniversary ed. 457 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-80148-595-9), $16.95. Book reviewed: LaFeber, Walter The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860–1898
Manganese specificity determinants in the Arabidopsis metal/H+ antiporter CAX2

Abstract In plants and fungi, vacuolar transporters help remove potentially toxic cations from the cytosol. Metal/H+ antiporters are involved in metal sequestration into the vacuole. However, the specific transport properties and the ability to manipulate these transporters to alter substrate specificity are poorly understood. The Arabidopsis thaliana cation exchangers, CAX1 and CAX2, can both transport Ca2+ into the vacuole. There are 11 CAX-like transporters in Arabidopsis; however, CAX2 was the only characterized CAX transporter capable of vacuolar Mn2+ transport when expressed in yeast. To determine the domains within CAX2 that mediate Mn2+ specificity, six CAX2 mutants were constructed that contained different regions of the CAX1 transporter. One class displayed no alterations in Mn2+ or Ca2+ transport, the second class showed a reduction in Ca2+ transport and no measurable Mn2+transport, and the third mutant, which contained a 10-amino acid domain from CAX1 (CAX2-C), showed no reduction in Ca2+ transport and a complete loss of Mn2+ transport. The subdomain analysis of CAX2-C identified a 3-amino acid region that is responsible for Mn2+ specificity of CAX2. This study provides evidence for the feasibility of altering substrate specificity in a metal/H+ antiporter, an important family of transporters found in a variety of organisms.
Light Chain Proteinuria and Lysozymuria in a Patient with Acute Monocytic Leukemia

We present an unusual case of a patient presenting with both monocytic leukemia and plasma cell dyscrasia. Of interest, very high concentrations of monoclonal free light chain, Bence Jones protein (BJP),1 and lysozyme were found in the urine, and identification of lysozyme by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) required modification of the usual methods. An 83-year-old man entered the Veteran Administration Hospital from a nursing home with a complaint of failure to urinate. The patient was being followed for myelodysplastic syndrome. The patient was admitted to the hospital on the basis of dysuria and a low hemoglobin (reference intervals in parentheses) of 53 g/L (135–180 g/L). The white blood cell count was 8.1 × 109/L (5–10 × 109/L), with 61% monocytes. Pertinent blood chemistry results on admission were as follows: urea nitrogen, 0.9 g/L (0.07–0.22 g/L); creatinine, 0.06 g/L (0.006–0.014 g/L); potassium, 3.4 mmol/L (3.5–5.3 mmol/L); calcium, 0.076 g/L (0.092–0.107 g/L); total protein, 76 g/L (62–82 g/L); albumin, 24 g/L (35–50 g/L); IgG, 30 g/L (7.2–16.8 g/L); IgA, 2.6 g/L (0.69–3.8 g/L); IgM, 0.62 g/L (0.63–2.7 g/L); and κ/λ ratio, 0.49 (1.2–2.6). A monoclonal protein had not been detected previously, but results of the serum protein electrophoresis and immunonephelometric analysis performed on admission indicated a monoclonal IgG-λ concentration of ∼30 g/L. This profile is most consistent with myeloma. Bone marrow aspirates showed 30–40% monocytes/myeloblasts and 5–10% plasma cells. Radiologic examination, including bone radiography and computerized tomography, …
Rescue of Compromised Lysosomes Enhances Degradation of Photoreceptor Outer Segments and Reduces Lipofuscin-Like Autofluorescence in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells

Healthful cell maintenance requires the efficient degradative processing and removal of waste material. Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells have the onerous task of degrading both internal cellular debris generated through autophagy as well as phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments. We propose that the inadequate processing material with the resulting accumulation of cellular waste contributes to the downstream pathologies characterized as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The lysosomal enzymes responsible for clearance function optimally over a narrow range of acidic pH values; elevation of lysosomal pH by compounds like chloroquine or A2E can impair degradative enzyme activity and lead to a lipofuscin-like autofluorescence. Restoring acidity to the lysosomes of RPE cells can enhance activity of multiple degradative enzymes and is therefore a logical target in early AMD. We have identified several approaches to reacidify lysosomes of compromised RPE cells; stimulation of beta-adrenergic, A2A adenosine and D5 dopamine receptors each lowers lysosomal pH and improves degradation of outer segments. Activation of the CFTR chloride channel also reacidifies lysosomes and increases degradation. These approaches also restore the lysosomal pH of RPE cells from aged ABCA4−/− mice with chronically high levels of A2E, suggesting that functional signaling pathways to reacidify lysosomes are retained in aged cells like those in patients with AMD. Acidic nanoparticles transported to RPE lysosomes also lower pH and improve degradation of outer segments. In summary, the ability of diverse approaches to lower lysosomal pH and enhance outer segment degradation support the proposal that lysosomal acidification can prevent the accumulation of lipofuscin-like material in RPE cells.
Competition between memory systems: Acetylcholine release in the hippocampus correlates negatively with good performance on an amygdala-dependent task

Lesions of the amygdala impair acquisition of a food conditioned place preference (CPP) task. In contrast, lesions of the fornix facilitate acquisition on this task, showing that an intact hippocampal system can interfere with learning an amygdala-dependent task. Our recent findings indicate that acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus increases while rats perform a hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation task. To the extent that ACh output in the hippocampus reflects activation of that brain area in learning and memory, the results obtained with fornix lesions suggest that ACh release in the hippocampus might be negatively correlated with learning on a CPP task. Using in vivo microdialysis, release of ACh was measured in the hippocampus while rats learned and were tested on an amygdala-dependent CPP task and a hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation task. Release of ACh in the hippocampus increased when rats were tested on either task. The magnitude of the increase in release of hippocampal ACh was negatively correlated with good performance on the amygdala-dependent CPP task. These findings suggest that ACh release may reflect activation and participation of the hippocampus in learning and memory, but in a manner that can be detrimental to performance on a task dependent on another brain area.
A new method for tracking poultry litter in the Potomac Basin headwaters of West Virginia

Aim To validate the distribution of a poultry litter-specific marker gene in faecally contaminated environmental waters of an intensive poultry litter rearing region. Methods and Results A TaqMan®-based qPCR assay for Brevibacterium sp. LA35 16S rRNA (LA35 gene), which was previously shown to be associated with poultry litter and faeces, was tested on 126 nontarget faecal samples and 28 poultry litter and faecal samples. The TaqMan assay was sensitive (76%) and specific (100%) to the LA35 gene and exhibited a detection limit for poultry litter in water samples that is sufficiently low (2·5 × 10−2 mg litter l−1) to be applicable for environmental monitoring. The LA35 gene was detected in 43% of water samples (n = 30) collected in an intensive poultry rearing region of West Virginia which drains to the Chesapeake Bay. Conclusions The poultry-specific TaqMan qPCR method for the LA35 gene is more specific than previously published methods and can be used to identify regions impacted by poultry rearing activities. Significance and Impact of the Study The LA35 gene appears to have a broad geographical distribution as it has been found in poultry litter and faeces from Delaware and West Virginia, in this study and from Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Minnesota, Oklahoma and Utah previously.
Executive summary: what do we know? Key findings from 50 years of medical sociology.

For much of 2009 and early 2010, discussions of health care policies dominated national discourse in the United States. The prolonged and often acrimonious debates brought into sharp focus the enormous, complex, and highly fragmented system that provides health care in the United States. Considerable attention was also devoted to demonstrating the advanced state of this country’s medical knowledge, technology, and health services. The debates also highlighted the great shortcomings and problematic nature of the American health care delivery system. While millions of Americans have little or no access to health care, millions of dollars are spent on the health care of a relatively few Americans. This unequal distribution raises moral and ethical questions about basic social justice and a misallocation of resources that is economically costly to society. There is ample evidence that these disparities cost American society billions of dollars in medical care and lost productivity. The contentious debates over health care reform in the U.S. demonstrate the need for credible empirical research that is widely available to both the public and policy experts so that it can help frame the complex issues involved in policy discussions. For more than half a century, medical sociologists have provided such research insights into many of the great health policy challenges we have faced. This extra issue of the American Sociological Association’s premier Journal of Health and Social Behavior synthesizes many of the contributions from this community of scholars, summarized here by leading sociologists. B. tHe VAStly cHAngeD lAnDScApe Of HeAltH In 2010
Double Infusion: Toward a Process of Articulation Between Critical Multicultural Education and Technology Education in a Teacher Preparation Program

This paper describes the goals of critical multicultural education in the USA and identifies current challenges working to impede its infusion within technology teacher education programs. It offers both technology and multicultural teacher educators a model for infusion of both critical multicultural perspectives and technology into their respective curricula. This model is illustrated with an example that integrated video and Web technologies into a multicultural education course for preservice teachers. This paper calls for faculty members within technology education and critical multicultural education to engage actively in helping prepare students to become culturally responsive and technologically proficient teachers by modeling good practice in critical multicultural education and technology education. Multicultural education is a relatively young reform movement that has sought to create a national discourse about deeply rooted cultural issues related to fairness, equality, justice, and freedom and the implications for schooling in the United States (US). Part of this discourse has centered on how teacher preparation programs can prepare competent culturally sensitive teachers for US schools. Recent changes in the ethnic composition of the US school population and a global movement toward an interdependent market economy has brought scholars in the field of multicultural teacher education to reconceptualize, retheorize, and reform its approaches to achieve its unchanging mission. This mission is to help prospective teachers develop attitudes, knowledge bases, and dispositions that will enable them to function sensitively and responsibly in schools and society (Banks & Banks, 2002; Nieto, 2000).
Learning to Teach Inquiry: A Beginning Science Teacher of English Language Learners.

Early career science teachers are often assigned to classrooms with high numbers of English language learners (ELLs). For the underprepared early career science teacher, these circumstances are challenging. This study examines the changes in beliefs and practices of an early career science teacher who taught high numbers of ELLs in an urban setting. Victoria participated in the Alternative Support for Induction Science Teachers (ASIST) program during her initial two years of teaching. Our research team followed her over a three-year period, and the data collected included classroom observations and interviews about her beliefs and practices. In addition, documents such as teacher evaluations and classroom artifacts were collected periodically for the purpose of triangulation. The analysis of the data revealed that with the support of the ASIST program, Victoria implemented inquiry lessons and utilized instructional materials that promoted language and science competencies for her ELLs. Conversely, standardized testing and her teaching assignment played a role in constraining the implementation of inquiry-based practices. The results of this study call for collaborative efforts between university science educators and school administrators to provide professional development opportunities and support to build the capacity of early career science teachers of ELLs.
HER-2-targeted antisense oligonucleotide results in sensitization of head and neck cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.

: Existing HER-2 targeted therapies for human head and neck cancers, usually administered in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs or irradiation, include monoclonal antibodies to HER-2, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and HER-2 specific immunotoxins. Instead of targeting the existing protein, interference with HER-2 mRNA translation by antisense oligonucleotides may be a more efficient method to downregulate levels of HER-2 protein for combination therapy. To test this hypothesis we have used a phosphorothioate pentadecamer, complementary to the HER-2 mRNA initiation codon region (AS HER-2 ODN), to increase sensitivity to four chemotherapeutic agents in human head and neck cancer cell lines, all of which express low levels of the HER-2 protein. To improve delivery into tumor cells, the AS HER-2 ODN was complexed with our previously established folate-liposome delivery system. Cell survival assays and Western blot analysis data demonstrated that folate-liposome mediated AS HER-2 oligonucleotide treatment inhibited cell growth and HER-2 expression, and induced apoptosis in SCC-25CP cells. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect on the percent of apoptotic cells. Additionally, the combination of folate-liposome-AS HER-2 ODN and CDDP had a synergistic effect on the induction of apoptosis. Using confocal microscopy, FITC labeled ODN (FITC-ODN) in complex with folate-liganded, rhodamine (Rh) labeled, cationic liposomes was observed to enter SCC-25CP head and neck tumor cells within 3 to 6 h. Intracellularly, the FITC-ODN separated from the Rh-folate-liposomes, and FITC-ODN accumulated in the nucleus while Rh-liposomes remained in punctate cytoplasmic structures. Thus, folate-liposome-mediated delivery of AS HER-2 ODN has potential as a new means of increasing the responsiveness of head and neck cancer to conventional chemotherapy.
Imaging of intracoronary thrombus by multidetector helical computed tomography angiography.

An 83-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of sudden chest pain and dyspnea. An initial ECG demonstrated nonspecific ST changes, and a portable chest x-ray suggested a widened mediastinum. A thoracic multidetector helical computed tomography (CT) angiogram was obtained to assess the possibility of aortic dissection (GE LightSpeed Plus, 2.5-mm collimation with 1.25-mm reconstructions, 700-ms rotation time; 140 mL Optiray 320 nonionic iodinated contrast …
Morphological phylogeny of army ants and other dorylomorphs (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The dorylomorph group of ants comprises the three subfamilies of army ants (Aenictinae, Dorylinae, Ecitoninae) together with the subfamilies Aenictogito- ninae, Cerapachyinae, and Leptanilloidinae. We describe new morphological char- acters and synthesize data from the literature in order to present the first hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among all dorylomorph genera. These data include the first available character information from the newly discovered male caste of Lepta- nilloidinae. We used ant taxa from Leptanillinae, Myrmeciinae, and the ponero- morph (Ponerinae sensu lato) subfamilies Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, and Paraponerinae as outgroups. We scored a total of 126 characters from twenty-two terminal taxa and used these data to conduct maximum parsimony and bootstrap analyses. The single most-parsimonious tree and bootstrap results support a single origin of army ants. The Old World army ant genus Dorylus forms a monophyletic group with the enigmatic genus Aenictogiton, which is currently known only from males; the second Old World army ant genus Aenictus is sister to this clade. This result generates the prediction that females of Aenictogiton, when discovered, will be observed to possess the army ant syndrome of behavioural and reproductive traits. The monophyly of the New World army ants (Ecitoninae) is supported very strongly, and within this group the genera Eciton, Nomamyrmex, and Labidus form a robust clade. The monophyly of Leptanilloidinae is also upheld. The sub- family Cerapachyinae appears paraphyletic, although this conclusion is not sup- ported by strong bootstrap results. Relationships among genera of Cerapachyinae similarly are not resolved robustly, although parsimony results suggest clades con- sisting of (Acanthostichus! Cylindromyrmex) and (Cerapachys! Sphinctomyrmex). We tested for the effect of incompletely known taxa by conducting a secondary analysis in which the two genera containing " 50% missing character data (Aenic- togiton and Asphinctanilloides) were removed. The strict consensus of the seven- teen most-parsimonious trees from this secondary analysis is poorly resolved outside the army ants and contains no clades conflicting with the primary analysis. The position of Leptanilla shifts from forming the sister group to Leptanilloidinae (without high bootstrap support) in the primary analysis, to falling within a polytomy at the base of the root of the dorylomorphs when incompletely known taxa are removed. This instability suggests that the placement of Leptanilla within the dorylomorphs in our primary analysis may be spurious.
Failure to Induce Oral Tolerance in Mice Is Predictive of Dietary Allergenic Potency among Foods with Sensitizing Capacity

Animal models are needed to assess novel proteins produced through biotechnology for potential dietary allergenicity. Currently proposed rodent models evaluate sensitizing potential of food extracts or proteins following parenteral administration or oral administration with adjuvant. However, food allergy requires not only the potential to induce immunoglobulin (Ig) E but also the capacity to avoid induction of oral tolerance (specific inhibition of IgE production). Here we describe a mouse model that assesses the potential of food extracts to induce oral tolerance. Adult C3H/HeJ mice were exposed orally to food extracts (without adjuvant) and subsequently challenged with the extract ip. Reduction of antigen-specific serum IgE relative to appropriate controls was used to indicate tolerance. Foods associated with persistent, severe allergy (peanut, Brazil nut), and nonallergens (turkey, spinach) were less tolerizing than foods associated with frequently resolving allergy (egg white). Digestibility was assessed in vitro, and pH alterations or encapsulation were used to modify solubility or digestibility. Egg white, peanut, and Brazil nut proteins were resistant to gastric enzyme (pepsin) degradation; turkey and spinach were not. Among pepsin-resistant proteins, peanut and Brazil nut appeared more sensitive to intestinal enzyme than egg white. For the extracts tested, full gastric digestion appeared to prevent induction of tolerance. Once through the stomach, only proteins resistant to intestinal enzymes induced tolerance. Limiting gastric digestion with sodium bicarbonate enhanced tolerance to peanut and Brazil nut. This model represents a complementary method of assessing potential allergenicity. Also, the conditions under which the test protein is encountered may impact experimental outcome.
Large area shunt defect free GaAs solar cells

Shunt defects have been found to be the type of defect that can degrade and cause failure in GaAs solar cells. Because of their catastrophic effects, it is necessary to ensure that no shunt defects are formed in the solar cell. A technique for fabricating large-area shunt-defect-free GaAs solar cells has been investigated. A Be-doped GaAlAs window layer was grown directly on an n-type GaAs substrate by isothermal liquid-phase epitaxial growth (ILPE). By growing directly on the GaAs substrate and not growing the usual buffer, absorber, collector, and window layer combination, the fabrication is simplified and yields can be large. It was found that Be from the liquid GaAlAs melt diffused into the GaAs to form a complete collector layer. Because the collector is complete, a shunt-defect-free solar cell is produced. The results of the ILPE growth are reported for both 5.1 cm/sup 2/ and 0.12 cm/sup 2/ solar cells. The technique is very versatile and may be used to fabricate larger-area solar cells. >
An extended memoryless inference control model: partial-table level suppression

Memoryless inference controls are an important class of inference control methods for online statistical databases. Other inference controls are usually too complex to use in online systems. Cell level controls have been shown to provide a low level of indentification risk along with a relatively high level of release of nonsensitive statistics, but are also too complex. Table level controls have a reasonable level of complexity. A higher level of control is desirable, however to preclude the necessity of using other less accurate control methods in conjunction with the table level controls. The authors present a method which allows the release of some statistics at a level below the table level of inference control, thus providing the release of a greater number of statistics with a comparable level of identification risk. The method provides user look-up tables to calculate the risk for a particular query. >
Alcohol attenuates amygdala-frontal connectivity during processing social signals in heavy social drinkers: a preliminary pharmaco-fMRI study.

Rationale Convergent evidence shows that alcohol exerts its effects on social behavior via modulation of amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli. Given that affective processing involves dynamic interactions between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), alcohol’s effects are likely to extend beyond regional changes in brain activity to changes that manifest on a broader functional circuit level.
Economic Effects of Bt Cotton Adoption and the Impact of Government Programs

Plants expressing a gene extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium, produce a protein toxic to budworms, bollworms, and other Lepidopteran insects. Use of Bt cotton can reduce yield losses to budworms and bollworms and reduce the need for pesticides. In 1995, the year prior to Bt cotton introduction, nearly two thirds of cotton acreage in the United States was treated with insecticides to control tobacco budworms, cotton bollworms, and pink bollworms, at a cost of $373 million. Growers treating for budworms and cotton bollworms averaged four applications, while growers treating for pink bollworm averaged 3.3 applications. Bollworms and budworms still reduced US cotton yields by 4%—over one quarter of abillion dollars worth of cotton (Williams, 1996).
ADSORPTION OF FIBRINOGEN ON POLYIONIC AZOBENZENE LAYER-BY-LAYER FILM USING PHOTOISOMERIZATION

A number of surface sensitive analytical tools such as ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy have been utilized. 5- 7 Fibrinogen is a plasma protein found in the circulatory system and is a common blood protein which plays a vital role in the formation of blood clots that can result in strokes. The protein is an elongated molecule that is 46 nm long, has a mass of 340 kDa and is found in blood at 2.60 mg mL -1 In this study, the adsorption of fibrinogen on an azobenzene containing ultrathin film was studied. Photoisomerization was done to better understand the effect of the cis/trans configurations with adsorption rate and surface properties. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) was used to observe the kinetics and measure the adsorption properties of the fibrinogen. The adsorption of protein on a layer-by-layer (LbL) film was studied using a QCM with photoirradiation. A photoactive azobenzene group was photoisomerized from trans- to cis-conformation in order to investigate the change in protein adsorption properties. By utilizing the LbL adsorption technique we have deposited multiple layers of polyionic films containing a photoactive azobenzene group onto solid substrates. Alternating layers of a polycation) (PDDA) with the photoactive polyanion (PAZO) were used in order to fabricate the multilayers. After achieving the desired number of layers and treatment with a phosphate buffer solution at pH=7.0, Fibrinogen was injected and adsorption was monitored using QCM. We observed a higher change in
Individual differences in children's approximations of area correlate with competence in basic geometry

Abstract This study concerns the links between analog representations of spatial extent and visuospatial geometric competence in childhood. Research with college students suggests that individual differences in adults' ability to approximate cumulative surface area are reflected in their knowledge of school-relevant geometry. Other research suggests that the link between analog magnitude representations and mathematical reasoning may be present earlier in development, at least for representations of numerical magnitude and arithmetic concepts. Here we asked whether the understanding of basic geometric concepts and transformations, such as parallelism and mental rotation, makes similar psychological connections to spatial magnitude, particularly representations of area, prior to extensive education with geometry. We found that the precision with which 4- to 6-year-olds approximate area for irregular 2D shapes positively correlated with their performance on a basic geometry test, even when controlling for age and verbal intelligence. This finding points to a previously undocumented relationship between a system for representing analog magnitude and geometric competence. The potential interactions with systems of object recognition and navigation are discussed.
Aggravating and Mitigating Factors at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) has been operating for nearly two decades now and has sentenced over sixty defendants. While the sentencing guidelines from the official Tribunal statute and rules of procedure are vague and indefinite, the court has established a sentencing jurisprudence of its own, especially when it comes to aggravating and mitigating factors. The use of these factors in sentencing have been questioned, so an exploratory analysis of what factors the court has considered and how they have done so was constructed. The results show a wide ranging list of both aggravating and mitigating factors without providing a strict sentencing structure. These sentencing factors may set a standard for future international courts sentencing defendants for the most heinous of crimes.
Impact of Dynamic Capability on Innovation, Value Creation and Industry Leadership

Dynamic capability is a product of the extension of the Research-Based View (RBV) to dynamic environments, and refers to the ability of the firm to reconfigure its resources to address rapidly changing environments. Most research literature on dynamic capability has focused on its general applicability to innovation. Dynamic capability is based on firm resources, which could be people resources and/or material resources. Product innovation primarily requires material resources and capital investment to be successful, while process innovation predominantly requires people resources to be successful. The authors argue based on extant literature that while material resource-based dynamic capability will positively impact product innovation, people resource-based dynamic capability (especially managerial resource-based) will positively impact process innovation. This conceptual paper presents a research model, and hypothesizes about the strength and nature of linkages between different types of dynamic capabilities and different forms of innovations, while ultimately tying these to value creation and industry leadership.