cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light scattering studies of molecular motion of liquid 1,4-dioxane

Abstract The reorientational correlation times in liquid dioxane have been measured using depolarized Rayleigh scattering as a function of temperature and at two concentrations. The activation energy for molecular reorientation was also determined. The pair orientational correlation was shown to be negligible. This result was corroborated by Raman scattering. The experimentally determined reorientation times were compared with those predicted by hydrodynamic models. The slip model was found to give a better agreement with the experimental result.
Alteration of Striatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in a Mouse Model of DYT11 Myoclonus-Dystonia

Background DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia (M-D) syndrome is a neurological movement disorder characterized by myoclonic jerks and dystonic postures or movement that can be alleviated by alcohol. It is caused by mutations in SGCE encoding e-sarcoglycan (e-SG); the mouse homolog of this gene is Sgce. Paternally-inherited Sgce heterozygous knockout (Sgce KO) mice exhibit myoclonus, motor impairment and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, modeling several clinical symptoms observed in DYT11 M-D patients. The behavioral deficits are accompanied by abnormally high levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum of Sgce KO mice. Neuroimaging studies of DYT11 M-D patients show reduced dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) availability, although the possibility of increased endogenous dopamine, and consequently, competitive D2R occupancy cannot be ruled out.
Stoichiometric models for nutrient regeneration m anoxic sediments1

The overall C:N:P stoichiometric composition of organic matter undergoing decomposition during sulfate reduction in anoxic sediments cannot be correctly deduced from pore water chemistry unless corrections for differential diffusion and adsorption are made. This paper presents a method for making these corrections, based on steady state diagenetic modeling of pore water data and estimates of diffusion coefficients, adsorption constants, and rates of sedimentation. For a sediment site in Long Island Sound, calculations indicate that ignoring differential diffusion and adsorption results in deduced nitrogen and phosphorus contents in decomposing organic matter which are too low by a factor of 2. Further calculation suggests that the effects of differential adsorption cannot be neglected in most other sediments that undergo appreciable adsorption.
Small Number of Active Sites and Single-Locus Kinetics Revealed in (salph)Co-Catalyzed Ethylene Oxide Polymerization

The single-particle resolution of in operando bright-field optical microscopy revealed that only a small fraction of (salph)Co crystals showed high initial catalytic activity with EO. In addition, each active particle displayed individual loci of reactivity rather than uniform reactivity distributed over the entire particle. Growth kinetics at an individual locus showed stepwise periods of higher and lower activity. This reactivity distribution data and single-locus kinetics data would not be available through a traditional ensemble technique that examined bulk material properties.
Clinical indicators of radiographically detectable dental diseases in the adult patient.

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of the relationship between clinical observations in dental patients without symptoms and oral disease as detected by full-mouth and panoramic dental radiographs in a large population of patients has never been reported. Knowledge of these relationships is necessary in the design of a diagnostic decision process (clinical algorithm) that can predict which patients require dental radiographs for the diagnosis of dental caries or periodontal disease to be confirmed or refined. An accurate clinical algorithm could reduce the number of radiographs that are taken of certain routinely seen dental patients without symptoms, thus reducing unnecessary exposure x-radiation as well as potentially reducing health care costs for these patients. A sample of 602 adult men on whom a complete series of panoramic, posterior bitewing, and periapical dental radiographs and an independent oral examination were performed provided the opportunity to evaluate the relationship between clinically observed oral disease indicators and independent radiographic evidence of dental caries and periodontal disease. The analysis suggests that combinations of several clinical indicators can predict with some success which patients without symptoms will benefit most from oral radiographs. The presence of several carious lesions on oral examination was the best predictor of radiographic detection of dental caries. Clinical indicators that appear to predict radiographic evidence of periodontal disease are clinical measures of pocket depth, mobility, and the patient's denture status. An important finding is that because of the high prevalence of gingivitis and plaque, these indicators were not related to radiographic evidence of periodontal disease. Certain clinical indicators may be more or less important, depending on whether the clinician is attempting to diagnose dental caries alone, periodontal disease alone, or both disease simultaneously. The findings suggest that a thorough clinical examination can help the clinician recognize clinical indicators capable of identifying patients who will or will not exhibit additional radiographic findings on their dental radiographs.
Joint toxicity of alkoxyethanol mixtures: contribution of in silico applications.

Exposure to chemicals occurs often as mixtures. Presented in this paper is information on alkoxyethanols and the impact they might have on human health in combination with some commonly found aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Our studies to evaluate the joint toxicity of these chemicals among themselves and in combination with other chemicals reveal a variety of possible outcomes depending on the exposure scenario. The interactions are predominantly based on metabolic pathways and are common among several solvents and organic compounds. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis can be used with high confidence to identify chemicals that will interact to influence overall joint toxicity. Potential human exposure to a combination of alkoxyethanol, toluene and substituted benzenes may increase reproductive and developmental disease conditions. Inheritable gene alterations result in changes in the enzyme function in different subpopulations causing variations in quantity and/or quality of particular isoenzymes. These changes are responsible for differential metabolism of chemicals in species, genders, and life stages and are often the basis of a population’s susceptibility. Unique genotypes introduced as a function of migration can alter the genetic makeup of any given population. Hence special consideration should be given to susceptible populations while conducting chemical health risk assessments.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae Infection of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Induces the Expression of FC γ Receptor II (FcγRII)

Chronic endothelial infection is believed to be one of the factors able to cause endothelial cell damage and trigger the onset of human atherosclerosis. Chlamydophila pneumoniae infects endothelial cells and has received special attention because of both epidemiological and experimental evidence supporting its role as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. It is also possible that otherwise independent risk factors for atherosclerosis may have synergistic effects. Immune phenomena, such as the formation of circulating immune complexes (IC) containing modified LDL and corresponding antibodies, have been linked to the development of coronary artery disease. The antibodies involved in the immune response to modified lipoproteins are predominantly of the pro-inflammatory IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. However, it is difficult to understand how circulating IC could cause endothelial damage and initiate the atherosclerotic process, unless they were formed in the subendothelial space or immobilized by endothelial cells. The last hypothesis would be possible if endothelial cells expressed Fc receptors. Healthy endothelial cells do not express Fc receptors, but endothelial cells infected by a variety of infectious agents do. Thus we decided to investigate whether infection of endothelial cells with C. pneumoniae is also able to cause the expression of Fc receptors. The expression of Fc receptors (CD64, 32, and 16) on human aortic endothelial cells infected with C. pneumoniae for 4, 24, 36, and 48 h was studied by flow cytometry. Twenty-four hours after infection 30 ‐ 40% of the endothelial cells had detectable inclusion bodies, 8 ‐9% of the total number of cells (approximately 25% of the infected cells) expressed FcRII, and about 1.5‐2% (5% of infected cells) expressed FcRI and FcRIII. Double-staining studies confirmed that the expression of FcRII was limited to C. pneumoniae-infected endothelial cells. We conclude that C. pneumoniae infection induces primarily the expression of FcRII by endothelial cells and this may be a significant link between two proposed pathogenic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Improving the Hybrid Data Dissemination Model of Web Documents

One of the major problems in the Internet today is the scalable delivery of data. With more and more people joining the Internet community, web servers and services are being forced to deal with workloads beyond their original data dissemination design capacity. One solution that has arisen to address scalability is to use multicasting, or push-based data dissemination, to send out data to many clients at once. More recently, the idea of using multicasting as part of a hybrid system with unicasting has shown positive results in increasing server scalability. In this paper we focus on solving problems associated with the hybrid dissemination model. In particular, we address the issues of document popularity and document division while arguing for the use of a third channel, called the multicast pull channel, in the hybrid system model. This channel improves performance in terms of response time while improving the robustness of the hybrid system. We show through extensive simulation using our working hybrid server the usefulness of this additional channel and its improving effects in creating a more scalable and more efficient web server.
Formation and Properties of [4Fe-4S] Clusters on the IscU Scaffold Protein†

Rapid and quantitative reductive coupling of two [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters to form a single [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster on the homodimeric IscU Fe-S cluster scaffold protein has been demonstrated by UV-visible absorption, Mossbauer, and resonance Raman spectroscopies, using dithionite as the electron donor. Partial reductive coupling was also observed using reduced Isc ferredoxin, which raises the possibility that Isc ferredoxin is the physiological reductant. The results suggest that reductive coupling of adjacent [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters assembled on IscU provides a general mechanism for the final step in the biosynthesis of [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters. The [4Fe-4S]2+ center on IscU can be reduced to a S = 1/2[4Fe-4S]+ cluster (g parallel = 2.06 and g perpendicular = 1.92), but the low midpoint potential (< -570 mV) and instability of the reduced cluster argue against any physiological relevance for the reduced cluster. On exposure to O2, the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster on IscU degrades via a semistable [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster with properties analogous to those of the [2Fe-2S]2+ center in [2Fe-2S]2+ IscU. It is suggested that the ability of IscU to accommodate either [2Fe-2S]2+ or [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters in response to cellular redox status and/or oxygen levels may provide an effective way to populate appropriately cluster-loaded forms of IscU for maturation of different types of [Fe-S] proteins.
Gaps in Stewardship Quality at Three Institutions

This research examines how major gift donors form expectations and perceptions of stewardship provided by higher education institutions. The findings were analyzed using an adaptation of Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry's (1985) Quality Service Gap Model. The subjects in this research were major gift donors and development officers at three institutions in the western region of the United States. The three institutions were Big State University, a land grant university; Midsize University, a regional midsize public university; and Small College, a small private institution. Modifications to the Gap Model used in the study were based on a search of the literature, primarily from communication and marketing theories (e.g., social exchange theory, norm of reciprocity, attribution and equity theories), as well as professional fundraising literature. A total of 30 major gift donors and 74 development officers participated in the entire study. Major findings in the study substantiate the existence of communication gaps, which reduce donor perceptions of stewardship quality at all three institutions. Recommendations for further study include expanding the study by creating a quantitative instrument to further assess stewardship efforts at other higher education institutions, as well as different types of fund-raising organizations (e.g., health service organizations, zoos, symphony orchestras, and so forth).
Residual structure in the Alzheimer's disease peptide: probing the origin of a central hydrophobic cluster

Background: Structure–function studies on the Alzheimer's disease peptide show that a central hydrophobic cluster – A β (17–21), LVFFA – is a prominent structural feature linked to plaque competence. The origin and stability of this cluster was probed in a 17-residue fragment which includes flanking residues that potentially help stabilize the cluster. Results: After residue substitution, the measurement of pK a s, amide exchange rates and other NMR data show that any coulombic interactions between His14 and Glu22 are not required for the stability of the central hydrophobic cluster. In contrast, a single substitution within the cluster disrupts its integrity and causes the largest pK a shift for flanking residues, while increasing the solvent accessibility of the backbone. Conclusions: The integrity of the structurally dominant cluster relies primarily upon local hydrophobic interactions, rather than on interactions between the sidechains of charged flanking residues. Moreover, the conformational disposition of the cluster affects the pK a s of flanking residues, underscoring its structural dominance.
Removal of Actinides From Waste Solutions by Ferrite Treatment

Ferrite treatment was found to be effective in removing actinides from Rocky Flats process waste solutions. With one ferrite treatment, plutonium concentrations were consistently reduced from around 10 −4 g/l to between 10 −7 and 10 −8 g/l. Three to four grams of solids were produced per liter of solution treated as compared to 15.7 g/l observed for the flocculant precipitation technique now in use at Rocky Flats. Less cement was required for the immobilization of ferrite solids resulting in further reductions in waste generation. The success of ferrite treatment in laboratory studies has prompted serious consideration of this technique for implementation in plant operations.
Human core temperature increase as a stimulus to breathing during moderate exercise.

Abstract Core temperature increase as a ventilatory stimulus during moderate exercise (A core temperature O.5 °C, oxygen consumption O 2 was constant. During core temperature rise, the following factors increased (mean increase ± S.E. for 17 studies): ventilation (1/min) O.6 ± O.4, and frequency/min O.1 ± O.1. Mid-expired P A co 2 (mm Hg) decreased O.3 ± O.2. None of these differences were shown to be significant by paired t-test (P > O .05). The authors conclude that core temperature increase in man, as observed during moderate exercise, does not contribute to the hyperpnea of exercise via the thermoregulatory or any other system.
Energy charge regulation in photosynthetic bacteria.

Abstract The “energy charge” concept suggests that the relative concentrations of adenylate nucleotides in cellular pools define a signal system that is important in the regulation, and integration, of energy conversion and biosynthesis in growing cells. The results of experiments in which photosynthetic bacteria are subjected to treatments that could be expected to disturb the “normal” energy charge can be reasonably interpreted in terms of “energy charge control.”
The prevalence of carboxyhemoglobinemia in New Yorkers and its effects on the coronary and systemic circulation.

Abstract Carboxyhemoglobin saturations ranging from 8.11 to 1.56% were found in a sample of more than 1,000 individuals engaged in various activities in New York City. The difference from lowest to highest carboxyhemoglobin in nonsmokers was 1.58%; in smokers it was as great as 5.0%. Experimental elevation of carboxyhemoglobin to levels similar to that seen in cigarette smokers produced a decrease in arterial and venous oxygen tensions and an increase in cardiac output and coronary blood flow. In contrast to the effect on the systemic vascular bed, carbon monoxide inhalation produced a decrease in myocardial oxygen extraction. These observations suggest that changes in coronary blood flow are a useful indicator of the effects of carbon monoxide when hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease prevents the expected increase in myocardial blood flow.
The adaptive control of a batch reactor-II

The problem of controlling the reactor to follow an optimal path calculated from the parameter estimates is considered. It is shown that the optimal path has an intrinsic stability which can be exploited in various ways to ensure near optimal control. When measurements of both composition and temperature are available the optimal path can be approached by a directional control. It would appear to be possible to overcome some of the severe difficulties that this study has brought to light in implementing the basically simple idea and to develop a fully adaptive control for the batch reactor along one of the several lines that are suggested.
Results from a parallel branch and bound algorithm for the asymmetric traveling salesman problem

Computational results are presented for a parallel branch and bound algorithm that optimally solves the asymmetric traveling salesman problem. The algorithm uses an assignment problem based lower bounding technique, subtour elimination branching rules, and a subtour patching algorithm as an upper bounding procedure. Results are presented for randomly generated problems with sizes ranging from 50 to 3000 cities.
Research Note: Yield of Large Tom Turkeys

Abstract Whole and cut-up yields of large tom turkeys within three sizes (15.4 to 17.5 kg, 18.6 to 20.0 kg, and 20.9 to 23.1 kg) were studied. Sixty toms of each size were used in the whole-bird study, and 25 in the cut-up study. Chilled dressed weight, as a percentage of preslaughter weight, increased for the two larger sizes; however, there was no significant difference between the two larger sizes. Breast meat as a percentage of preslaughter and chilled weight increased as turkey size increased. Percentages for the giblets were greater with the smallest birds. Percentage neck was lower for the largest birds. Percentages of the remaining low-value parts were nearly the same for all size groups. With the exception of breast meat, percentage yield of other parts appeared to level off once the tom turkey reached 18 to 20 kg.
Genetic linkage of HLA-class II locus to mite-specific IgE immune responsiveness.

Background IgE response to common inhalant allergens seems to be the major determinant of the development of atopic rhinitis and asthma but it has been difficult to demonstrate genetic control of the IgE response. Objective To investigate genetic linkage between specific IgE reactions to purified aero-allergens (grass, birch, cat, mite) and the HLA–class II locus. Methods DNA-based HLA–class II typing was performed for determination of DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles. Linkage was studied by the affected sibpair method and the extended transmission disequilibrium test in 100 children from 40 nuclear families selected from a homogeneous population in south-western Germany. Results Significant linkage of mite-specific IgE response to HLA–DPB (P = 0.00001), HLA–DRB (0.02) and HLA–DQB (P = 0.001) was revealed by sibpair analysis of MHC class II alleles and confirmed by the extended transmission disequilibrium test for HLA–DRB (P = 0.01) and HLA–DPB (P = 0.04). No consistent significant linkage between the HLA–class II locus and IgE response to grass pollen, birch pollen, and cat dander could be demonstrated. Conclusion The findings are consistent with the existence of one or more genes in the HLA–class II region modifying the IgE immune response to common environmental allergens.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the ionic conductivity of silver chloride

Abstract The conductivity of AgCl was measured continuously at five different pressures up to 8 kb while the temperature was varied from 300°K up to 680°K. From the pressure variation of the parameters involved, the activation volume for Frenkel defect formation, Δ V ƒ , is found to be 16·7 cm 3 per mole while the activation volume for interstitial motion, Δ V Im , to be 3.25 cm 34 per mole and the activation volume for vacancy motion, Δ V Vm , to be 4·7 cm 3 per mole. The activation volume for dissociation of vacancy-divalent impurity complexes, Δ V α , is found to be 0·98 cm 3 per mole. The enthalpies of association, vacancy motion, and interstitial motion are found to be 0·16 eV, 0·32 eV, and 0·151 eV, respectively, at a pressure of 1 b. The ratio of interstitialcy mobility to vacancy mobility is found for a pressure of 1 b at a temperature of 488°K and for a pressure of 6 kb at a temperature of 527°K to be 8 and 10, respectively.
An ensemble of aptamers and antibodies for multivalent capture of cancer cells

We developed an optimized ensemble of aptamers and antibodies that functions as a multivalent adhesive domain for the capture and isolation of cancer cells. When incorporated into a microfluidic device, the ensemble showed not only high capture efficiency, but also superior capture selectivity at a high shear stress (or high flow rate).
Minimizing Life-Cycle Costs of Gun Propellant Selection Through Model-Based Decision Making: A Case Study in Environmental Screening and Performance Testing

The work presented here demonstrates the first phases of a newly-proposed gun propellant formulation process that will minimize life-cycle costs through science-based design. This new approach to gun propellant formulation proposes maximal use of modeling and simulation in the earliest phases of the developmental cycle to screen candidate formulations, resulting in the elimination of probable poor performers and the identification of the most promising candidates for further study and testing. The screening and identification of promising candidate formulations is demonstrated in the study presented here under the assumption of a specific weapon platform and user requirements. The process of selecting a propellant for the assumed gun system application has been distilled into a series of measurable steps leading from a set of candidate materials, through logical and numerical filters, to a shorter list of energetic materials demonstrated as viable choices for the weapon platform. Environmental filtering and performance modeling are used to screen propellants through a well-defined sequence of tests designed to weed out materials that do not meet standards in terms of safety, energy, or manufacturability. Because much of the testing is performed by computer modeling, the gun systems and energetic materials need not be present (nor even existent) in order to be described and matched against performance requirements for future applications. The calculations presented here demonstrate that utilizing computer models in the early developmental stages of the formulation process rather than physical testing produces enormous savings in labor, material, and environmental costs, along with a tremendous reduction in the time required to select a "best candidate" propellant.
Intense Pulsed Neutron Sources

Accelerator requirements for pulsed spallation neutron sources are stated. Brief descriptions of the Argonne IPNS-I, the Japanese KENS, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory WNR/PSR, the Rutherford Laboratory SNS, and the West German SNQ facilities are presented.
Voto econômico retrospectivo e sofisticação política na eleição presidencial de 2002

Este artigo aborda o tema do voto economico a partir da perspectiva da desigualdade de sofisticacao politica entre os eleitores. Diversos estudos mostram que os eleitores brasileiros tendem a se basear na economia para votar e avaliar os presidentes. Essas evidencias algumas vezes servem de suporte para a afirmacao de que, mesmo nao utilizando os partidos, os rotulos ideologicos e outras questoes politicamente relevantes como referencias para suas escolhas, o eleitorado de massa no Brasil seria capaz de tomar decisoes criteriosas na politica. Utilizando dados de pesquisa de painel coletados ao longo de 2002 em Caxias do Sul e Juiz de Fora, o artigo testa ate que ponto o efeito da avaliacao retrospectiva da economia (tanto do pais quanto pessoal) sobre o voto para presidente depende do nivel de sofisticacao politica do respondente. Os resultados mostram que a avaliacao da economia tende a ser uma opiniao instavel ao longo do periodo analisado, e tem impacto sobre a escolha do candidato a presidente apenas entre os eleitores mais politicamente sofisticados. As implicacoes dos achados sao discutidas e aponta-se para a relevância de se levar em conta o impacto da desigualdade de sofisticacao politica entre os eleitores no entendimento da dinâmica das eleicoes e da opiniao publica no Brasil.
Brand equity valuation: a global perspective

Since late 1980s there has been a frenzy of mergers and acquisitions in which brands have played the primary role. It is no longer rare to find offers at a multiple of more than 25 times company earning, or two or three times its share value. In this paper we attempt to reach several objectives. First, the marketing and finance perspectives of brand equity are presented, and their interrelationships are shown. Second, the different measurements of brand equity are presented. Next, a comprehensive model of global brand equity, which we believe is capable of both estimating the brand equity more accurately and show the sources of the equity will be proposed.
Mid-IR frequency combs based on subharmonic GaAs OPO

We produce broadband frequency combs using degenerate sync-pumped OPO based on orientation-patterned GaAs pumped by an ultrafast laser. With a 2050-nm Tm-fiber femtosecond laser pump, the OPO instantaneous spectral span approaches 3–6 μm.
Ambiguity resistant polynomial matrices

Abstract An N × K ( N ⩾ K ) ambiguity resistant (AR) matrix G(z) is an irreducible polynomial matrix of size N × K over a field F such that the equation EG(z) = G(z)V(z) with the E and unknown constant matrix and V(z) an unknown polynomial matrix has only the trivial solution E = αI N , V(z) = αI K , where α e F . AR martices have been introduced and applied in modern digital communications as error control codes defined over the complex field. In this paper we systematically study AR matrices over an infinite field F . We discuss the classification of AR matrices, define their normal forms, find their simplest canonical forms, and characterize all( K + 1) × K AR matrices that are the most interesting matrices in the applications.
Pleomorphic granular cell astrocytoma of the pineal gland.

Background. Primary neoplasms of the pineal gland are uncommon. Two patients with unusual primary pineal tumors that had similar distinctive histologic features are reported. Methods. The surgically resected neoplastic pineal tissue from these patients were examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy and correlated with the patients' clinical course. Results. These pineal tumors consisted of a mixture of spindle-shaped cells with fibrillated cell processes and many large lipidized and/or granular pleomorphic cells, some of which were multinucleated. These two tumors superficially resembled pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and granular cell tumors of the central nervous system. The pleomorphic tumor cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and some also produced retinal S-antigen, a marker for retinal photoreceptor cells. Long-term follow-up (8 years) on one of these patients suggested a relatively “benign” clinical course. Conclusions. It is possible that this newly described tumor may be a distinct subset of pineal gland neoplasias with a favorable biologic behavior despite the histologic features that would suggest otherwise.
Sensory transduction and the mammalian epidermis.

Abstract This paper constitutes, in its main intent, an introduction to the mammalian epidermis as a surface for biosensor applications. In particular, the structure and function of the epidermis of the newborn rat are examined as a model for studies of the human state. Data are presented illustrating an anisotropic organization of the dorsal surface of the neonatal rodent with regard to lines of tension and thermal gradients. The dependence of the mechanical properties of the epidermis upon calcium is examined by means of an in-vitro assay of epidermal retraction. The potential role of keratin tonofilaments as piezo-electric and pyroelectric elements in the epidermis is introduced and the spatial alignment of these macromolecular arrays is demonstrated to be a function of physiological tensions. These findings are discussed in the context of noninvasive epidermal sensors utilized to understand mechanisms of sensory development and physiological regulation. Optoelectronic (infrared) imaging of the dorsal temperature field and the alteration in this field by treatment with epidermal growth factor are presented as examples of this methodologic approach. It is concluded that a detailed examination of the material and physical properties of mammalian epidermis is a reasonable goal of biosensor development and research. Hypothetically, such studies may reveal important molecular and cellular mechanisms by which sensory data are transmitted or transduced at the organism—environmental interface.
Growth factor delivery: How surface interactions modulate release in vitro and in vivo

Biomaterial scaffolds have been extensively used to deliver growth factors to induce new bone formation. The pharmacokinetics of growth factor delivery has been a critical regulator of their clinical success. This review will focus on the surface interactions that control the non-covalent incorporation of growth factors into scaffolds and the mechanisms that control growth factor release from clinically relevant biomaterials. We will focus on the delivery of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 from materials currently used in the clinical practice, but also suggest how general mechanisms that control growth factor incorporation and release delineated with this growth factor could extend to other systems. A better understanding of the changing mechanisms that control growth factor release during the different stages of preclinical development could instruct the development of future scaffolds for currently untreatable injuries and diseases.
Acyl CoA:Cholesterol acyl transferase activity in human placental microsomes: Inhibition by progesterone

Abstract The characteristics of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; EC 2.3.1.26) in microsomes prepared from human term placenta were studied and the rate of incorporation of [1- 14 C] oleoyl CoA into cholesteryl esters was measured. The apparent K m of the enzyme for [1- 14 C] oleoyl CoA was 38 ± 9 μ m and the V for the reaction was 15 ± 6 pmol × mg − protein × min −1 . The Hill coefficient for the reaction was 1.2, indicative of some degree of positive cooperativity. Cholesterol, added to the incubation mixture, did not influence ACAT activity, indicating that endogenous microsomal cholesterol served as an effective substrate for the placental ACAT enzyme. However, [1,2- 3 H]cholesterol in the presence of oleoyl CoA was incorporated into cholesteryl esters by placental microsomes. When progesterone was present in the incubation mixture at a concentration of 20 μ m , ACAT activity was inhibited 50%. Pregnenolone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, deoxycorticosterone, dehydroisoandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol-17β also inhibited ACAT activity, whereas corticosterone, cortisol, and estriol had little effect. These results are supportive of the view that ACAT activity in human placenta may be regulated by endogenously synthesized steroid hormones.
The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm

Abstract The leader trait perspective is perhaps the most venerable intellectual tradition in leadership research. Despite its early prominence in leadership research, it quickly fell out of favor among leadership scholars. Thus, despite recent empirical support for the perspective, conceptual work in the area lags behind other theoretical perspectives. Accordingly, the present review attempts to place the leader trait perspective in the context of supporting intellectual traditions, including evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics. We present a conceptual model that considers the source of leader traits, mediators and moderators of their effects on leader emergence and leadership effectiveness, and distinguish between perceived and actual leadership effectiveness. We consider both the positive and negative effects of specific “bright side” personality traits: the Big Five traits, core self-evaluations, intelligence, and charisma. We also consider the positive and negative effects of “dark side” leader traits: Narcissism, hubris, dominance, and Machiavellianism.
Development of a stochastic individual path (SIP) model for predicting the tracheobronchial deposition of pharmaceutical aerosols: Effects of transient inhalation and sampling the airways

Abstract While a number of studies have considered the dynamics of ambient or environmental particles in the respiratory tract, far fewer have evaluated the transport and deposition of pharmaceutical aerosols from inhalers in the mouth-throat (MT) and tracheobronchial (TB) airways. The objective of this study was to develop a new stochastic individual path (SIP) modeling approach for simulating the MT and TB deposition of a pharmaceutical aerosol from a dry powder inhaler and to evaluate the effects of transient vs. steady state conditions and sampling of the airways. In the SIP approach, representative models of the MT and upper TB geometries are considered through the third respiratory bifurcation (B3; approximately lobar bronchi). Stochastic individual paths are then evaluated extending from B4 to the terminal bronchioles (B15) in which one branch of each bifurcation is continued and one is not. Three SIP geometries were considered extending into the lower right lung lobe through the end of the conducting airways. A commonly prescribed dry powder inhaler (DPI) was connected to the MT geometry and the deposition of drug mass from a realistic polydisperse pharmaceutical aerosol was evaluated. Predictions of deposited drug mass in the MT and upper TB geometries were found to be in good agreement with concurrent experimental results. Transient inhalation was shown to influence the deposition of particles in the MT and upper TB airways through B3, where the Womersley number is greater than 1. In contrast, transient conditions were found to have little influence on deposition in the TB region starting with B4, where steady state simulations provided a good representation of total, regional, bifurcation-averaged, and localized deposition. Furthermore, a single SIP model was shown to characterize both regional and highly localized deposition within a lung lobe assuming mean airway dimensions. The resulting SIP model provides a highly efficient method to simulate the regional and local deposition of pharmaceutical aerosols throughout the conducting airways. In comparison with performing fully transient simulations of all branches in the regions considered, the SIP modeling approach reduces computational effort by a factor of approximately 3×10 5 while predicting regional and local deposition values to within approximately 5%.
Coronary endothelial dysfunction and hyperlipidemia are independently associated with diastolic dysfunction in humans

Background Coronary endothelial dysfunction (CED) and DHF are both associated with myocardial ischemia and CAD risk factors. The objective of the this study was to determine if CED and CAD factors are associated with diastolic dysfunction before the development of occlusive CAD or clinical heart failure. Methods Patients with normal ejection fraction and nonocclusive CAD who underwent coronary endothelial function studies were identified. Left ventricular relaxation was assessed by tissue Doppler assessment of early diastolic ascent of the septal mitral annulus (Ea). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate whether coronary risk factors influenced diastolic function after adjusting for the presence of CED. Results A total of 160 patients had adequate assessment of diastolic relaxation. With multiple linear regression models, %ΔCBF ( P = .018) was associated with a higher Ea; in contrast, older age ( P P = .028), higher left ventricular mass index ( P = .016), and higher nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P = .022) were associated with a lower Ea. Conclusion Coronary endothelial dysfunction and hyperlipidemia are independently associated with impaired relaxation in patients with normal ejection fraction in the absence of occlusive CAD and heart failure. The current study suggests a new potential mechanism for the development of endothelial and diastolic dysfunction in humans.
Effect of coarse-scale modeling on control outcome of genetic regulatory networks

Fine-scale models represented by stochastic master equations can provide a very accurate description of the real genetic regulatory system but inadequate time series data and technological limitations on cell specific measurements in cancer related experiments prevent the accurate inference of the parameters of such a fine-scale model. Furthermore, the computational complexity involved in the design of optimal intervention strategies to favorably effect system dynamics for such detailed models is enormous. Thus, it is imperative to study the effect of intervention policies designed using coarse-scale models when applied to the fine-scale models. In this paper, we map a fine-scale model represented by a Stochastic Master Equation to a coarse-scale model represented by a Probabilistic Boolean Network and derive bounds on the performance of the intervention strategy designed using the coarse scale model when applied to the fine-scale model.
Changes in the concentrations of tau and other structural proteins in the brains of aged mice

Abstract To test whether aging is associated with alterations in the balance of cytoskeletal constituents, the relative concentrations of tau isoforms and seven other structural proteins were compared in the brains of 3–25 month-old mice. A tau species of approx. 63 kDa was substantially increased in the older animals while the levels of ankyrin, talin, spectrin, and actin were differentially decreased. The decrement in ankyrin was evident at earlier ages than that for spectrin. These results suggest that the make-up of the neuronal cytoskeleton changes with age.
Community-wide outbreak of infection with a 229E-like coronavirus in Tecumseh, Michigan.

In 1966, Hamre and Procknow described the isolation of an ether-sensitive, ribonucleic acidcontaining virus from students with respiratory illnesses [1]. The virus, 229E, was found to be morphologically similar to another "new" respiratory virus, strain B814, reported by Tyrrell and Bynoe and Almeida and Tyrrell [2, 3]; both were shown to possess properties similar to those of viruses of the avian infectious bronchitis and mouse hepatitis groups [3-6]. Subsequently, additional isolates resembling B814 and 229E were recovered from persons with upper-respiratory infections [6-8]. The name "coronavirus" has been proposed for this group of human and animal viruses [9]. Since its original description, the 229E virus, and similar strains, have been isolated on several occasions and have been shown to be capable of causing respiratory illness in volunteers [2, 8, 10]. The studies to date have involved mainly adults in special occupational situations. Little is known of the relative importance of 229E virus as a respiratory pathogen in the general population. In 1967, a sharp outbreak of infection with a 229E-like virus was detected in Tecumseh, Michigan by serologic surveillance. An extensive study of sera collected in Tecumseh during 1966 and 1967 was, therefore, undertaken in an attempt to determine the occurrence of infection with this
Is the cygnet the quintessential baryon

Abstract The apparently new hadron-like particle ("cygnet") indicated by cosmic ray observations on certain neutron stars is predicted to be a spin 1/2 fermion of magnetic moment and charge 0 and lifetime infinity. This derives from the natural identification of the cygnet with the one hitherto unobserved fundamental fermion of chronometric particle theory, the x or "exon", which plays the role of a quintessential baryon. The "partons" are represented by the other fundamental fermions, consisting of e, nue, and numu; e.g., n = x + e+ + e-, p = x + e+ + nue. With further empirical assignments, chronometric theory has a potential for explaining diverse phenomena, such as mixing in the neutral kaon complex and the nature of the higher electrons. Its fundamental fermion and boson fields transform indecomposably under its symmetry group, the conformal group G. Theoretical elementary particles transforming irreducibly under G derive as successive quotients in a maximal chain of invariant subspaces. Mass fixing by Mach's principle breaks the symmetry down to microscopically observed covariance with respect to the Poincare group P0. The resulting representation is normally irreducible, but splits in the case of the K0 into two P0-irreducible components that are mixed by the excess of the chronometric over the relativistic energy ("gravity"), which provides a "superweak" force that may be explanatory of CP violation.
Combined stress and human performance: a weighted digraph model

Abstract Weighted directed graphs are described and offered as possible aids to the analysis of the interactive effects of multiple independent variables on human behavior. Examples in which weighted digraphs represent the interactions among multiple stressors and performance indices are presented, and pulse process analysis is used to derive empirical predictions from the models.
Effect of aggregation on the absorption cross-section of fractal soot aggregates and its impact on LII modelling

Abstract This study concerns the effect of particle aggregation on laser heating rate of soot aggregates in laser-induced incandescence. Three aggregate absorption models were investigated: the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans approximation, the electrostatics approximation, and the numerically exact generalized multi-sphere Mie-solution method. Fractal aggregates containing 5–893 primary particles of 30 nm in diameter were generated numerically using a combined particle-cluster and cluster-cluster aggregation algorithm with specific fractal parameters typical of soot. The primary particle size parameters considered are 0.089, 0.177, and 0.354. The Rayleigh–Debye–Gans approximation neglects the effect of particle aggregation on absorption; so it underestimates the aggregate absorption cross-section area by approximately 10%, depending on the aggregate size and primary particle size parameter. The electrostatics approximation is somewhat better than the Rayleigh–Debye–Gans approximation, but cannot account for the effect of primary particle size parameter. The aggregate absorption submodel affects the calculated soot temperature in laser-induced incandescence mainly in the low laser fluence regime. At high laser fluences, the effect diminishes due to the enhanced importance of soot sublimation cooling and neglect of aggregation effect in the sublimation in the present numerical model of laser-induced incandescence.
Langmuir−Blodgett Film Formation from Fluorescence-Activated, Surfactant-Capped, Size-Selected CdS Nanoparticles Spread on Water Surfaces

Fluorescence-activated sodium hexametaphosphate stabilized CdS particles have been transferred from water into apolar organic solvents (chloroform and hexane) by dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) and by cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and spread on water surfaces in a Langmuir film balance. Surface pressure vs surface area isotherm, absorption spectroscopic, emission spectroscopic, Brewster-angle microscopic, reflectivity, and scanning probe microscopic determinations have established the formation of a monoparticulate layer of CdS which contained islands of DODAB monolayers. The surfactant-coated CdS monoparticulate layers have been transferred, layer-by-layer by the Langmuir−Blodgett technique, to solid supports. The fluorescence spectrum of films, built from DODAB-capped CdS nanoparticulate layers, was characterized by a sharp excitonic emission bands at 478 nm, whose intensity dramatically increased upon exposure to water. Fluorescence measurements of DODAB-capped CdS nanoparticulate ...
Evidence for Subshell at N=152

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The proportional decrease in prostate specific antigen level best predicts the duration of survival after hormonal therapy in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.

Objective To examine the usefulness of a test for prostate specific antigen (PSA) to predict survival in hor-monally treated patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Patients and methods The study comprised 49 patients (mean age 72 years, SD 6) who underwent orchidectomy for metastatic prostate cancer. PSA was measured before orchidectomy and after 6 months, and the absolute, differential and proportional decreases calculated. A Cox proportional hazards regression model, which controlled for patient age, tumour (Gleason) grade and the number of skeletal metastases, was then used to evaluate these estimates of PSA as predictors of survival. Results The 6-month proportional decrease in PSA from the pre-operative level was the most accurate predictor of patient survival (P = 0.006) after hormonal therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Conclusion This information may help to direct appropriate patients to new and experimental therapies for metastatic disease.
Electromagnetic production of kaons.

Employing diagrammatic techniques, a model for the reactions $^{1}\mathrm{H}(\ensuremath{\gamma},{K}^{+})\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and $^{1}\mathrm{H}(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}}{K}^{+})\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is derived with the coupling constants being determined phenomenologically by a least-squares fit to the available data. We find a strong sensitivity of the photoproduction process to $t$-channel exchange terms. The inclusion of the kaon resonance $Q1(1280 \mathrm{MeV})$ brings the dominant $K\ensuremath{\Lambda}N$ coupling constant in agreement with predictions from the analysis of $\mathrm{Kp}$ scattering data. An excellent fit to the electroproduction data confirms former measurements of the kaon radius.