cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Two-Degree-of-Freedom Wing Rock in Advanced Aircraft

The dynamics of wing rock on rigid aircraft having two rotational degrees of freedom are analyzed. Nonlinear mathematical models of the aircraft are developed for the purpose of the analysis. The aerodynamic expressions contained in the models are built by  tting the appropriate aerodynamic data into the model. The nonlinear dynamics are analyzed using a technique combining the multiple time scales method, center manifold reduction principle, and bifurcation theory. Analytical solutions are developed in parametric forms showing a separation of the fast and slow dynamics. Such solutions have an advantage over numerical solutions in that the important parametersand their effects onwing rock characteristics, such asamplitudeandfrequency, are easily seen inexplicit functional relationships. An excellent agreement between the analytical results and the numerical simulations is demonstrated.
Proof of the fundamental Lemma of complexity (strong version) for arbitrary finite semigroups

All semigroups considered are of finite order. All undefined notation is explained in [4, Chapters 1, 5-91. The results proved here together with some corollaries were announced in [5]. We assume the reader is familiar with the results of [4, Chapters 1, 5-91. See also [2], [3], and [7], The purpose of this paper is to prove the following theorem, Theorem A, the so-called Fundamental Lemma of Complexity (strong form). We recall that 0: S -++Y T means that 0 is an epimorphism (equal onto homomorphism) such that 0 restricted to any subgroup of S is one-to-one.
The joys and challenges of caring for patients.

Optimal care of patients involves the integration of both the scientific and humanistic aspects of medicine. However, the tremendous focus on technology can easily overshadow the personal effect of...
Quantifying the effect of humic matter on the emission of mercury from artificial soil surfaces

Abstract A set of surface samples was created using purified laboratory grade sand treated with 0.05 μg/g Hg as the HgCl 2 salt and various concentrations of purified humic and fulvic acids. Emissions of elemental Hg from these substrates to the atmosphere were inversely correlated with the organic content of the samples (99% confidence level). The greatest differences in Hg emissions were found between samples containing the lowest concentrations of humic matter (0% versus 0.01% humic, and 0.01% versus 0.1% humic), only small differences in Hg flux were found to exist for samples with higher concentrations of humic acid (1%, 5%, and 100%). This effect was independent of the type of humic substance used, with both humic and fulvic acids showing an inhibitory effect on surface Hg emissions.
Integrating sphere source monitoring and stability data

Two critical requirements of any calibration source are short and long-term operational stability and repeatability. Source monitoring is necessary in quantifying overall source performance including stability and repeatability. The NASA GSFC Code 920.1 Radiance Calibration Facility (RCF) developed a Filter Radiometer Monitoring System (FRMS) to continuously monitor the performance of its integrating sphere calibration sources. FRMS bands are in the 0.4 -2.4 μm region, with several bands selected to coincide with common remote sensing bands. The FRMS was designed and fabricated in the year 2000. Early in 2001, the FRMS was reconfigured prior to being deployed on the RCF 180cm integrating sphere. This paper describes the instrument modifications resulting from the FRMS reconfiguration and presents FRMS monitor data for three RCF integrating sphere sources.
Mantle geochemistry: Small-scale stirrings

Rapid plate motions at fast-spreading ocean ridges mix the mantle, yet homogeneous lavas erupted at slow-spreading ocean ridges imply a well-mixed mantle there, too. Numerical modelling suggests that small-scale convection efficiently stirs the mantle beneath slow-moving plates.
Water Relations of Seed Development and Germination in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.)VII. INFLUENCE OF AFTER-RIPENING AND AGEING ON GERMINATION RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER POTENTIAL

The effects of storage conditions on the germination of developing muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds were tested to determine whether after-ripening is required to obtain maximum seed vigour. Seeds were harvested at 5 d intervals from 35 (immature) to 60 (fully mature) days after anthesis (DAA), washed, dried, and stored at water contents of 3-3 to 19% (dry weight basis) at 6, 20, or 30 °C for up to one year. Germination was tested in water and in polyethylene glycol 8000 solutions (-0-2 to — 1-2 MPa osmotic potential) at 15, 20, 25 or 30 °C. Germination percentages and rates (inverse of mean times to radicle emergence) were compared to those of newly harvested, washed and dried seeds. For 40 and 60 DAA seeds, one year of storage at < 20 °C and water contents <6-5% significantly increased germination percentages and rates at 20 °C, but had little effect on germination at 25 and 30 °C. Storage reduced the estimated base temperature (7'b) and mean base water potential (j/Tb) for germination of both 40 and 60 DAA seeds by approximately 5 °C and 0-3 MPa, respectively. Immature 35 DAA seeds showed the greatest benefit from storage at 3 to 5% water content and 30 °C, as germination percentages and rates increased at all water potentials (</i). Storage under these same conditions had little effect on the germination of mature seeds in water, but increased germination percentages and rates at reduced </i's. Accelerated ageing for one month at 30 °C and water contents from 15 to 19% increased germination rates and percentages of mature seeds at reduced i/i's, but longer durations resulted in sharp declines in both parameters. Immature seeds lost viability within one month under accelerated ageing conditions. An after-ripening period is required at all stages of muskmelon seed development to expand the temperature and water potential ranges allowing germination and to achieve maximum germinability and vigour. Post-harvest dormancy is deepest at the point of maximum seed dry weight accumulation and declines thereafter, both in situ within the ripening fruit and during dry storage.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase: thermolabile enzyme in erythrocytes of subjects homozygous for allele for low activity

Low catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity (less than 8 units per milliliter) in the human erythrocyte is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (COMTL). The average half-life of COMT in erythrocyte lysates incubated at 48 degrees C was significantly shorter in lysates from three subjects with low enzyme activity than in lysates from three subjects with high enzyme activity (12.5 +/- 0.9 minutes compared with 21.2 +/- 1.4 minutes, P less than .01). When the ratios of COMT activities in lysates heated at 48 degrees C for 15 minutes to enzyme activities in unheated samples were used as a measure of enzyme thermostability in blood samples from 316 randomly selected subjects, the ratios were significantly less for subjects with low enzyme activity than for subjects with higher enzyme activity. The presense of thermolabile COMT in blood of individuals homozygous for COMTL raises the possibility that the locus COMT may represent the structural gene for the human enzyme.
Arthrodesis after workplace injuries

Many foot and ankle injuries are incurred in the workplace. Despite steel-toed shoes, metatarsal bars, and ankle-high boots, fractures which require arthrodesis procedures can occur. The area of the foot and ankle involved, any pre-existing conditions, and the patient's occupational requirements must be taken into account. When an employer is flexible, the patient can often return to a sit down job during the postoperative recovery, if intermittent elevation of the extremity is permitted and hours are gradually increased. Alternatively, manual laborers who operate heavy machinery or work on ladders or elevated surfaces will require a prolonged recovery period before being able to return to the workplace. Algorithms with return to work dates may be helpful, but because so many factors exist, a functional capacity evaluation is often necessary to determine what, if any, permanent restrictions will be required.
Seat belt use by police: Should they click it?

BACKGROUND:: Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of mortality in the United States, although seat belts significantly reduce the risk of death. Police officers do not always wear a seat belt. A retrospective study was conducted on all crashes that involved marked police vehicles in the United States and included a death in any of the involved vehicles. METHODS:: For the years 1997 through 2001, crash data were collected and analyzed from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System that included an isolated or multiple vehicle crash with a marked police vehicle and a resulting death in any of the involved vehicles. Motorcycle, aircraft, and undercover police crashes were excluded from this study. Only the occupants of the police vehicle involved in the crash were included in the study. In addition, crashes involving police vehicles where the status of seat belt use by the occupants of the police vehicle was unknown were also excluded. RESULTS:: When the crashes occurred, 59.9% of the officers were responding to nonemergency calls, 79.8% of the occupants were wearing their seat belts, and 79.5% survived. Of the 104 occupants that were not belted, 42 (40.4%) died in the crash, compared with 64 (15.5%) of the 412 belted occupants (risk ratio, 2.6; odds ratio, 3.7). CONCLUSION:: The risk of death was 2.6 times higher for unbelted occupants of police vehicles than for belted occupants in our study population. In addition, seat belt use was not statistically related to emergency versus nonemergency calls.
Smooth-adjustment econometrics and inventory-theoretic money management

Abstract A growing number of empirical papers use Miller–Orr (S, s) money management as economic motivation for application of non-linear smooth-adjustment models. This paper shows such models are not implied by the Miller–Orr economy. Instead, the Miller–Orr economy implies non-standard smooth-adjustment, as derived in the neglected (and misinterpreted) work of Milbourne et al. (1983) . Remarkably, this function includes a varying weight on the lagged dependent variable, capturing static (not dynamic) effects. Interpretations of these apparent dynamics are presented, some of which may be useful in non-monetary (S, s) contexts. Results imply a new agenda for applied smooth-adjustment modeling of money.
Electrodynamics of the event horizon.

This paper is an investigation of the electrodynamics of the event horizon of a Kerr black hole. It is demonstrated that the event horizon behaves quite generally as an asymptotic vacuum infinity for axisymmetric, charge-neutral, accreting electromagnetic sources. This is in contrast with the general notion that the event horizon can be treated as an imperfect conductive membrane with a surface impedance of 4\ensuremath{\pi}/c. The conductive-membrane model has been incorporated into the more sophisticated membrane paradigm of Thorne, Price, and Macdonald by supplementing the model with the full equations of general relativity. In certain situations (in particular those of astrophysical interest), the conductive-membrane interpretation forms the appropriate set of pictures and images in the membrane paradigm. In this paper we reevaluate the specific gedanken experiments that were originally used to motivate the paradigm. We find that great care must be exercised if the detailed interaction of a black hole's external gravitational field with a magnetized plasma is modeled by the electrodynamics of the conductive horizon membrane. For ingoing flows of plasma or electromagnetic waves (when the hole is passively accepting information), the interpretation of the horizon as a vacuum infinity is equivalent to an imperfect conductor with a surface impedance of 4\ensuremath{\pi}/c (the impedance of the vacuum). In situations when an imperfect conductor should radiate information (such as a Faraday wheel) the event horizon cannot, since it is an infinity. The event horizon does not behave quite generally as an imperfect conductor, but has electrodynamic properties unique to itself.
Impacts of unsaturated zone soil moisture and groundwater table on slope instability.

The combined effect of soil moisture in unsaturated soil layers and pore-water pressure in saturated soil layers is critical to predict landslides. An improved infinite slope stability model, that directly includes unsaturated zone soil moisture and groundwater, is derived and used to analyze the factor of safety’s sensitivity to unsaturated zone soil moisture. This sensitivity, the change in the factor of safety with respect to variable unsaturated zone soil moisture, was studied at local and regional scales using an active landslide region as a case study. Factors of safety have the greatest sensitivity to unsaturated zone soil moisture dynamics for shallow soil layers ( <2 m ) and comparatively deep groundwater tables (1 m). For an identical groundwater table, the factor of safety for a 1 m thick soil mantle was four times more sensitive to soil moisture changes than a 3-m thick soil. At a regional scale, the number of unstable areas increases nonlinearly with increasing unsaturated zone soil moisture ...
High-resolution molecular imaging via intravital microscopy: illuminating vascular biology in vivo

Complications of atherosclerosis and thrombosis are leading causes of death worldwide. While experimental investigations have yielded valuable insights into key molecular and cellular phenomena in these diseases of medium- and large-sized vessels, direct visualization of relevant in vivo biological processes has been limited. However, recent developments in molecular imaging technology, specifically fluorescence imaging agents coupled with high-resolution, high-speed intravital microscopy (IVM), are now enabling dynamic and longitudinal investigations into the mechanisms and progression of many vascular diseases. Here we review recent advances in IVM that have provided new in vivo biological insights into atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
Urinary Glycosaminoglycan Excretion Quantified by an Automated Semimicro Method in Specimens Conveniently Transported from Around the Globe

Current and future treatments for children with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) diseases require early, presymptomatic diagnosis, yet existing diagnostic methods to quantitate urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are labor-intensive, and thus not applicable for newborn screening. Direct and rapid quantification of GAG excretion with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) is applicable to small volumes of urine collected, dried, and mailed on a paper matrix (MPS Test). To determine if this assay could be automated, a robotic instrument was programmed to accomplish the procedure; the pilot method simultaneously determined GAG and creatinine concentrations in 10 patient specimens/run. Each analyte is measured in 4 dilutions, thus increasing the operating range to cover a broad spectrum of normal and pathologic levels. Samples and reagents are mixed in a 96-well tray format in approximately 20 min, and densitometric measurements are recorded in less than 60 s. Optical density measurements are electronically transmitted to a desktop computer to select optimal dilutions, identify values above or below the level of reliability, make calculations, and print reports. This automated method was applied to 255 specimens from 101 subjects representing each of the MPS diseases--specifically, types I (n = 126), II (n = 47), III (n = 48), IV (n = 17), VI (n = 14) and VII (n = 3). This method discriminated pathologic elevations of GAG excretion of MPS patients particularly when multiple specimens were available. Patients with non-MPS lysosomal diseases had normal GAG excretion, except for a patient with fucosidosis who had markedly elevated levels. Automation of the direct DMB method provides the key technology necessary for newborn screening for MPS diseases.
Super-Resolution Methods to Understand Dynamics at Soft Interfaces

Super-resolution optical techniques make it possible to characterize biological structural detail with precision of tens of nanometers, approaching the size scale of single biomolecules. More recently, super-resolution methods have been used to monitor dynamics at soft interfaces with similar spatial resolution. We report direct measurement of super-resolved single α-lactalbumin adsorption/desorption dynamics at single ligands on a porous agarose support, allowing the first direct test of a molecular-scale statistical theory of protein adsorption that was developed over 50 years ago. Together with a molecular-scale comparison of engineered vs. accidentally clustered ligands, the resulting simulated chromatographic elution profiles demonstrate that engineered ligand clusters should be pursued for next-generation stationary phases for ion-exchange protein purification. More generally, this study illustrates the type of new information that can be acquired by applying super-resolution methods to study dynamics at soft interfaces.
A Prospective Study of the Association Between Bone Contusion and Intra-articular Injuries Associated With Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear

Background:Bone bruising, commonly found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, may be associated with intra-articular injuries, but little is known about this association.Purpose:To examine demographic factors and intra-articular injuries associated with bone bruising in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Patients with ACL injury who had an MRI within 6 weeks and arthroscopy within 3 months of injury were included in this prospective study (N = 171). Presence and severity of bone bruising were determined from preoperative MRIs for each anatomic site: lateral femoral condyle (LFC), lateral tibial plateau (LTP), medial femoral condyle (MFC), and medial tibial plateau (MTP). Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for predictors of bruising and associations between bruising and intra-articular injuries found during arthroscopy. O...
Improved chemotherapy for ovarian cancer with cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum and adriamycin

In a prospective controlled randomized trial, patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma (FIGO Stage III or IV) were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), (DDP), alone, DDP and Adriamycin (ADM), or Triethylenethiophosphoramide (ThioTEPA) and methotrexate (MTX). DDP alone produces objective responses in 31% of evaluable patients, ThioTEPA and MTX in 36%. The combination of DDP and ADM produces the best response rate, 80% (.01 less than P less than 0.25). The risk of progression or death is substantially reduced for the two DDP regimens combined when compared with ThioTEPA-MTX (P = .03). Multivariate analysis further suggests the superiority of the two DDP regimens because poorly differentiated tumors and large, greater than 2 cm, residual tumors failed to produce their usual adverse effect on prognosis when patients were treated with the two DDP regimens. Patients with poorly differentiated tumors or tumors of unknown grade treated with platinum or DDP-ADM experienced better survival than similar patients treated with ThioTEPA (P = .01).
Famphur and its oxygen analogue: residues in the body tissues of reindeer.

At 24 h after reindeer received a single intramuscular injection of famphur at 15 mg/kg body weight, residues were found preponderantly in fatty tissue (8.05–9.14 ppm), except for the injection-site muscle. There residues ranged from 0.233–635.2 ppm. This variance demonstrates the difficulty of analyzing the true injection site. Nevertheless, famphur (for some period less than 1 wk) apparently has a depot effect in injection-site muscle after an injection. At 1 wk post-treatment, residues of 0.031–0.192 ppm of famphur were found in fat; 1 in jection-site muscle and 1 liver tissue contained residues of 0.026 and 0.031 ppm, respectively. Famphur residues in fat declined steadily through 5 wk, and none were detectable at 7 wk post-treatment. No famphur was detected in tissues other than fat at 5 wk post-treatment. No oxygen analogue (dimethyl p -dimethylsulfamoyl phenyl phosphate) was found above the lower limit of sensitivity (0.06 ppm) of the method.
REEF: retainable evaluator execution framework

In this demo proposal, we describe REEF, a framework that makes it easy to implement scalable, fault-tolerant runtime environments for a range of computational models. We will demonstrate diverse workloads, including extract-transform-load MapReduce jobs, iterative machine learning algorithms, and ad-hoc declarative query processing. At its core, REEF builds atop YARN (Apache Hadoop 2's resource manager) to provide retainable hardware resources with lifetimes that are decoupled from those of computational tasks. This allows us to build persistent (cross-job) caches and cluster-wide services, but, more importantly, supports high-performance iterative graph processing and machine learning algorithms.Unlike existing systems, REEF aims for composability of jobs across computational models, providing significant performance and usability gains, even with legacy code. REEF includes a library of interoperable data management primitives optimized for communication and data movement (which are distinct from storage locality). The library also allows REEF applications to access external services, such as user-facing relational databases.We were careful to decouple lower levels of REEF from the data models and semantics of systems built atop it. The result was two new standalone systems: Tang, a configuration manager and dependency injector, and Wake, a state-of-the-art event-driven programming and data movement framework. Both are language independent, allowing REEF to bridge the JVM and .NET.
Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment? Lessons from Poland

Abstract According to widely held views, stabilization policies and macroeconomic reforms are not by themselves sufficient to cause true structural change. Recent Polish experience has shown, however, that much structural adjustment, in the sense of efficiency-augmenting changes in resource use, has taken place despite the slow pace of institutional transformation. The macroeconomic reforms that form the core of the Balcerowicz plan were the achievement of price and exchange-rate stability, price and trade liberalization, and the end of enterprise-specific taxes and subsidies. This paper argues that economic events of the past 2 years have been dominated by the unraveling of distortions that characterized the prereform economy, not Keynesian recession and recovery, and that this adjustment has been brought on by these macroeconomic reforms. J. Comp. Econom., June 1994, 18 (3), pp. 376-409. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431.
Generation of 8 nJ pulses from a dissipative-soliton fiber laser with a nonlinear optical loop mirror

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the behavior of normal-dispersion fiber lasers with nonlinear optical loop mirrors are presented. The use of a loop mirror causes the laser to generate relatively long, flat-topped pulses. The pulse energy can be high, but the pulse duration is limited to greater than 300 fs. Experimentally, 8 nJ pulses that can be dechirped to 340 fs duration are obtained. The laser is a step toward an all-fiber, environmentally stable design.
A critical review of theories to explain violent relationship termination: implications for research and intervention.

Abstract The following review represents an update and extension to an influential article (see [Strube, M.J. (1988). The decision to leave an abusive relationship: Empirical evidence and theoretical issues. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 236–250.]), which evaluated empirical research and suggested potential theories to explain victimized women's decisions to terminate violent relationships. In contrast to the original review, this paper provides information on the importance of and means by which theory should be evaluated and critically determines which theoretical approach(es) might be most productive based on theoretical and atheoretical evidence. In addition, this paper discusses strengths and weaknesses of each approach, in light of certain criteria deemed to be important for the evaluation of theory (e.g., comprehensiveness, parsimony, etc.). Furthermore, this paper discusses current controversies regarding these issues, ramifications of differing theoretical approaches, and their potential impact on the field. Based on this analysis, it is determined that general approaches (e.g., reasoned action/planned behavior, investment model) may be better for understanding this complex and multifaceted decision. Suggestions for future theoretical and intervention research are discussed.
Chaoborus sampsera n. sp., a new chaoborid (Diptera: Culicomorpha: Chaoboridae) from Papua Province, Indonesia

A new species, Chaoborus sampsera, is described from male and female adults collected from Papua Province in western New Guinea, Indonesia. Based on leg banding, wing pigmentation, and possession of a median paramere sclerite in males, the new species belongs to the Chaoborus “pallidus” group of Colless. Chaoborus sampsera is distinguished from other species of the “pallidus” group by the scimitar-shaped parameres. Although relationships among these Chaoborus species are unclear, there are morphological characters that support the “pallidus” group.
Nanometer X-ray lithography

New developments for X-ray nanomachining include pattern transfer onto non-planar surfaces coated with electrodeposited resists using synchrotron radiation X-rays through extremely high-resolution masks made by chemically assisted focused ion beam lithography. Standard Ultraviolet (UV) photolithographic processes cannot maintain sub-micron definitions over large variation in feature topography. The ability of X-ray printing to pattern thin or thick layers of photoresist with high resolution on non-planar surfaces of large and complex topographies with limited diffraction and scattering effects and no substrate reflection is known and can be exploited for patterning microsystems with non-planar 3-D geometries as well as multisided and multilayered substrates. Thin conformal coatings of electro-deposited positive and negative tone photoresists have been shown to be X-ray sensitive and accommodate sub-micron pattern transfer over surfaces of extreme topographical variations (over 100 microns). Chemically assisted focused ion beam selective anisotropic erosion was used to fabricate X-ray masks directly. Masks with feature sizes less than 20 nm through 7 microns of gold (aspect ratio ∼ 350) were made on bulk silicon substrates and X-ray mask membranes. The technique is also applicable to other high density materials. Such masks enable the primary and secondary patterning and/or 3D machining of Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS)s over large depths or complex relief and the patterning of large surface areas with sub-optically dimensioned features.
Signal transduction by guanine nucleotide binding proteins

High affinity binding of guanine nucleotides and the ability to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP are characteristics of an extended family of intracellular proteins. Subsets of this family include cytosolic initiation and elongation factors involved in protein synthesis, and cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin (Hughes S.M. (1981) FEBS Lett. 164, 1–8). A distinct subset of guanine nucleotide binding proteins is membrane-associated; members of this subset include the ras gene products (Ellis R.W. et al. (1981) Nature 292, 506–511) and the heterotrimeric G-proteins (also termed N-proteins) (Gilman A.G. (1984) Cell 36, 577–579). Substantial evidence indicates that G-proteins act as signal transducers by coupling receptors (R) to effectors (E). A similar function has been suggested but not proven for the ras gene products. Known G-proteins include Gs and Gi, the G-proteins associated with stimulation and inhibition, respectively, of adenylate cyclase; transducin (TD), the G-protein coupling rhodopsin to cGMP phosphodiesterase in rod photoreceptors (Bitensky M.W. et al. (1981) Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 15, 237–271; Stryer L. (1986) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 87–119), and Go, a G-protein of unknown function that is highly abundant in brain (Sternweis P.C. and Robishaw J.D. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13806–13813; Neer E.J. et al. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14222–14229). G-proteins also participate in other signal transduction pathways, notably that involving phosphoinositide breakdown. In this review, I highlight recent progress in our understanding of the structure, function, and diversity of G-proteins.
Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks

There is a continuing need for increased capacity for military applications, especially in network-centric operational concepts that promote the use of information as fundamental for gaining superiority on the battlefield. As an example, the access to, and distribution of, sensor data is a major tenet of network-centric warfare and yet radio frequency (RF) links will struggle to provide the needed capacity. Free-space optical communications (FSOC) has the potential to meet these emerging military needs by offering dramatic increases in capacity. However, there are many technical challenges al multiple layers of the communications protocol stack. This article describes these challenges and discusses some mitigation approaches to provide a path to realizing this capability on the battlefield
Emotions expressed in speeches by leaders of ideologically motivated groups predict aggression

Anger, contempt, and disgust are emotions associated with violations of ethics and morality, and recent theoretical work has suggested that they are important drivers of group-based aggression and violence. We test this hypothesis by examining the emotions expressed by leaders of ideologically motivated groups when speaking about outgroups they oppose. We analyzed the content of their speeches at three points in time before an identified act of aggression or resistance. We provide initial evidence that leaders' expressions of anger, contempt, and disgust increase immediately before acts of violence, but not those of resistance, and suggest that these emotions are instrumental in inciting groups to commit violence.
Effect of secobarbital and morphine on arterial blood gases in healthy human volunteers.

Secobarbital is still widely used as a hypnotic and morphine as an analgesic perioperatively in surgical patients. Their combination is often used as a preanesthetic medication. Although their ventilatory depressant effect is recognized, the resulting blood gas changes have not been studied as yet adequately in a sufficiently large population of healthy volunteers. Therefore this study was undertaken. Thirty healthy volunteers who gave valid written consent were studied. Secobarbital 2.0 mg/kg intravenously caused a significant (P < .05) decrease in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), peaking at 10 minutes (n = 10; mean age, 23.4 years). Morphine, 0.2 mg/kg intravenously also caused a significant decrease in PaO2 at 5 minutes (n = 10; mean age, 26.3 years). The combination of the same doses of morphine and secobarbital caused a significantly (P < .01) greater decrease in PaO2 at 5 and 10 minutes than the sole administration of either drug (n = 10; mean age, 23.5 years). Arterial oxygen pressure remained significantly (P < .05) reduced for 30 minutes. Although the PaCO2 increases after secobarbital and morphine did not reach statistical significance, their combination caused a significant (P < .05) increase in PaCO2. Both secobarbital and morphine alone caused significant (P < .05) decrease in pHa at 30 minutes. Their combination caused a significant (P < .01) reduction in pHa from 5 minutes until 60 minutes. In conclusion, both secobarbital and morphine alone caused ventilatory depression. The duration of ventilatory depression was greater with the intravenous combination than with either drug alone.
THE ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Adaptations are changes in behavior and capital motivated by climate change. Economic theory suggests that adaptations are efficient (desirable) only if their benefit exceeds their cost. Private adaptations are likely to be efficient because the benefits and cost accrue to the decision maker. With some important exceptions, private adaptation is likely to be done efficiently by markets. Public adaptations, however, benefit many people. Markets are not likely to make efficient public adaptations because they cannot coordinate payments from multiple consumers. Governments need to be responsible for public adaptations. However, government must think carefully about being efficient. Empirically, little is known about what precise changes in behavior are efficient, where such changes should take place and when they should take place. The empirical literature has largely focused on how actors have adapted to the current range of climates across the earth. From these studies, researchers are extrapolating what changes would make sense in the future as climate changes. The results suggest that adaptations are local in nature and therefore look like patchwork adjustments across space. They depend on the current local climate, how it changes and the various local conditions. Although public adaptations in health and conservation look promising, there are virtually no economic analyses of their potential. Overall, adaptation can be very effective at reducing damages, for example, by building sea walls to protect from inundation, and seizing new opportunities, for example, by growing in crops in places that were previously too cold. Research must now focus on making the practical steps that turn that potential into reality.
Robust state and input simultaneous estimation for continuous linear time-varying uncertain systems

State and input simultaneous estimation for continuous linear time varying systems with norm-bounded parametric uncertainty are addressed in Hinfin setting. Using linear quadratic game formulation, sufficient solvable conditions for the problem are presented in terms of solution to two Riccati equations. One possible estimator is then presented with separation innovation structure, where innovation is used to update state observation tuned by a gain matrix and simultaneously to provide input estimation through a projector matrix. With state and input simultaneous estimation ability, the proposed estimator has a wide application in control, filtering, signal processing and fault diagnosis.
Choroidal neovascularization with granulomatous inflammation in ocular histoplasmosis syndrome

Abstract PURPOSE: To report pathologic examination of an excised choroidal neovascular membrane in a patient with ocular histoplasmosis syndrome that demonstrated granulomatous inflammation. METHOD: Case report. A 50-year-old woman with sudden vision loss in her left eye demonstrated clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings characteristic of choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination of the surgically excised choroidal neovascular membrane disclosed granulomatous inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests an important role of mononuclear phagocytic cells as primary mediators of angiogenesis or modifiers of choroidal neovascularization. This association of choroidal neovascularization with granulomatous inflammation did not respond to treatment with systemic corticosteroids.
Urban transport and dispersion model sensitivity to wind direction uncertainty and source location

Abstract The transport and dispersion (T&D) models used for air-quality and defense applications require information describing the source parameters and meteorological conditions to forecast concentration and dosage fields. In many cases the source parameters are known and the meteorological conditions are based on observational data or mesoscale-model-generated forecast conditions. This research examines how errors in the input wind fields translate into uncertainty in the contaminant concentration predictions. In particular, this study focuses on street-level errors in the dispersion patterns that occur in “building aware” T&D models that are sensitive to urban designs (e.g. road and building patterns) and release locations relative to the buildings. This problem was evaluated by first creating a “truth” plume for a given release location and wind direction. Then the T&D model uncertainty associated with input wind errors were determined by comparing plumes calculated using wind directions varied at 2° increments to the truth plume. The uncertainty is quantified as fraction of overlap (FOO). The results are evaluated in a control simulation with no buildings, and in two commonly observed city designs (e.g. a regular grid, and hub and spoke configuration). The analysis examines both idealized building configurations along with the urban topography from cities that represent the regular grid and hub and spoke city designs. Results show that the relative impact of the uncertainty in the meteorological conditions and the corresponding sensitivity of the model to variations in the wind direction vary significantly with the release location and city designs. This suggests that some source locations are less (more) sensitive to uncertainty in meteorological conditions and that this information can be factored into the confidence that is placed in emergency response decisions based on this information.
How to perform transcaval access and closure for transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Transcaval, or caval-aortic, access is a promising approach for fully percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients without good conventional access options. This tutorial review provides step-by-step guidance to planning and executing the procedure, along with approaches to remedy complications.
Using a Web-Based Database to Record and Monitor Athletic Training Students' Clinical Experiences

Objective: The p urpose of this ar ticle i s t o i ntroduce a documentation recording system employing the Microsoft Structured Query Language (MS-SQL) database used by the Athletic Training Education Program (ATEP) for recording and monitoring of athletic training student (ATS) clinical experiences and hours. Background: Monitoring ATSs clinical experiences and hours can be a monumental task f or an athletic training education program director (PD). This article seeks to explain and demonstrate how a web-based database is incorporated into an athletic t raining e ducation prog ram to m anage the ATSs clinical experiences. To date, a thorough review of the literature did n ot reveal any published d ocumentation of a web-based database being used for monitoring ATSs clinical experiences. In our ATEP, prior documentation of the ATSs clinical experiences consisted of a paper-based system which involved the ATS writing down their clinical hours and having their assigned approved cl inical instructor (ACI) or clinical instructors (CI) veri fy them. After r eviewing other so ftware application programs (i.e., Microsoft Excel and M icrosoft Access), it was determined that these programs di d no t provide the flexibility needed for a program-wide database. Therefore, t ime management a nd evaluation accessibility constraints played a pivotal role in the decision to move to a web-based database.
Corrigendum to: Role and possible mechanisms of clenbuterol in enhancing reverse remodelling during mechanical unloading in murine heart failure

[ Cardiovascular Research, Volume 77, Issue 4, 1 March 2008, Pages 695–706 ] When this article was originally published, it should have been published as an open access article with the following copyright line: Published on …
Size normalization in on-line unconstrained handwriting recognition

In an on-line handwriting recognition system, the motion of the tip of the stylus (pen) is sampled at equal time intervals using a digitizer tablet and the sampled points are passed to a computer which performs the handwriting recognition. In most cases, the basic recognition algorithm performs best for a nominal size of writing as well as a standard orientation (normally horizontal) and a nominal slant (normally fully upright). We discuss and provide solutions to these normalization problems in the context of on-line handwriting recognition. Most of the results presented are also valid for optical character recognition (OCR). Error rate reductions of 54.3% and 35.8% were obtained for the writer-dependent and writer-independent samples through using the proposed normalization scheme. >
and region serializability for all

A desirable concurrency semantics to provide for programs is region serializability. This strong semantics guarantees that all program regions between synchronization operations appear to execute in some global and serial order consistent with program order. Unfortunately, this guarantee is currently provided only to programs that are free of data races. For programs with data races, system designers currently face a difficult trade-off between losing all semantic guarantees and hurting performance. In this paper, we argue that region serializability should be guaranteed for all programs, including those with data races. This allows programmers, compilers, and other tools to reason about a program execution as an interleaving of code regions rather than memory instructions. We show one way to provide this guarantee with an execution style called uniparallelism and simple compiler support. The cost of the system is a 100% increase in utilization. However, if there are sufficient spare cores on the computer, the system adds a median overhead of only 15% for 4 threads.
Seismic response of a bridge–soil–foundation system under the combined effect of vertical and horizontal ground motions

SUMMARY Different levels of model sophistication have recently emerged to support seismic risk assessment of bridges, but mostly at the expense of neglecting the influence of vertical ground motions (VGMs). In this paper, the influence of VGMs on bridge seismic response is presented and the results are compared with the case of horizontal-only excitations. An advanced finite element model that accounts for VGMs is first developed. Then, to investigate the effect of soil–structure interaction (SSI) including liquefaction potential, the same bridge with soil-foundation and fixed boundary conditions is also analyzed. Results show that the inclusion of the VGMs has a significant influence on the seismic response, especially for the axial force in columns, normal force of bearings, and the vertical deck bending moments. However, VGMs do not have as much influence on the seismic demand of the pile cap displacements or pile maximum axial forces. Also, the significant fluctuation of the column axial force can reduce its shear and flexural capacity, and a heightened reversal of flexural effects may induce damage in the deck. In addition, relative to the fixed base case, SSI effects tend to reduce response quantities for certain ground motions while increasing demands for others. This phenomenon is explained as a function of the frequency content of the ground motions, the shift in natural vertical periods, and the VGM spectral accelerations at higher modes. Moreover, the mechanisms of liquefaction are isolated relative to SSI effects in nonliquefiable soils, revealing the influence of liquefaction on bridge response under VGMs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing Strategic Manipulation in Iterative Auctions: Proxy Agents and Price-Adjustment

Iterative auctions have many computational advantages over sealed-bid auctions, but can present new possibilities for strategic manipulation. We propose a two-stage technique to make iterative auctions that compute optimal allocations with myopic best-response bidding strategies more robust to manipulation. First, introduce proxy bidding agents to constrain bidding strategies to (possibly untruthful) myopic bestresponse. Second, after the auction terminates adjust the prices towards those given in the Vickrey auction, a sealedbid auction in which truth-revelation is optimal. We present an application of this methodology to iBundle, an iterative combinatorial auction which gives optimal allocations for myopic best-response agents.
Pneumatologia Crucis: Reclaiming Theologia Crucis for a Theology of the Spirit Today

Of what are we speaking when we speak of the Holy Spirit? This most fundamental of all the questions asked in the field of Pneumatology has not received an answer widely accepted in the theology of the twentieth century. Karl Barth could write that the ‘Holy Spirit is nothing else than a certain relation of the Word to man’; while to Rudolph Bultmann, the Spirit was ‘the power of futurity,’ and was to be counted among the mythological forms of New Testament speech. Heribert Muhlen, on the other hand, interpreting the Latin pneumatological tradition in terms of the personalism of Ebner and Bubner, calls the Spirit ‘we,’ the unity of T and ‘thou.’ And David Gelpi reflects current feminist concerns when he designates God's Spirit as ‘The Divine Mother,’ the feminine in God. Finally, most recendy, Michael Welker has adopted the language of the natural sciences mediated through process thought and calls the Holy Spirit a ‘force field,’ while Jurgen Moltmann terms God's Spirit ‘the Spirit of Life’; a notion echoed in Mark Wallace's thesis that the Spirit is ‘the power of life-giving breath (r¨ah) within the cosmos who continually works to transform and renew all forms of life—both human and nonhuman.‘
Guiding the older learner

Abstract The literature of gerontology provides compelling evidence that the adult learner has more than sufficient residual potential to profit from instruction and/or novel experience. A number of educational delivery models, with diverse philosophical-theoretical cores, were discussed through which the adult might realize maximum potential, thereby adapting successfully to the contingencies of survival. Aids in learning coupled with teaching strategies were suggested for inclusion in the design of learning environments. The emphasis throughout is on maximization of capacity through recognition of individual differences observed along the entire age continuum.
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Data From the 2004-2005 Through 2008-2009 National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System

Background:Injuries to the shoulder are common in collegiate football, and injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint have previously accounted for up to 41% of all shoulder injuries.Purpose:To determine the incidence and epidemiology of injury to the AC joint in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football athletes.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The NCAA Injury Surveillance System (ISS) men’s football database was reviewed from the 2004-2009 playing seasons. The exposure data set from the same years was reviewed for the purposes of computing rates of injury per athlete exposure (AE). The injury rate (number of injuries divided by number of AEs) was computed per 10,000 AEs for competition and practice exposures. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the incidence rates were calculated using assumptions of a Poisson distribution.Results:According to the estimates made by the NCAA ISS, a total of 748 injuries to the AC joint occurred in NCAA football playe...