cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"A Taste of College": Children and Preservice Teachers Discuss Books Together

Abstract Partnerships where preservice teachers work with children have been found to be effective in providing real world feld experiences for university students. However, little is known about what children gain from these collaborations. This research attempts to rectify this by analyzing a year-long literacy partnership in which 30 children and 55 preservice teachers participated in literature circles together, looking specifically at what factors influenced the children during this engagement. Through observations, free writes, interviews, and pen pal journals, the impact of the collaboration was examined. Results from this study suggest that the children had significant relationships and personal advocates, the children gained confidence in talking in literature circles and managing them, the children considered different perspectives and issues, and the children gained perspectives on college. Ultimately, the children's worldviews were enlarged.
Midfoot coccidioidal osteomyelitis. A case report and review of the literature.

Coccidioides immitis is endemic in arid parts of the southwestern United States and regions of Central and South America. Symptomatic infection (comprising 40% of cases) initially presents as a flu-like illness with fever, cough, headache, rash, and myalgias. Some patients (especially those who are immunocompromised) fail to recover, with the development of chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection1. A Coccidioides immitis infection that is disseminated to bone is very difficult to treat and usually requires lifetime suppressive antifungal therapy1-3. The present report describes a patient with recurrent osseous coccidioidal osteomyelitis at a new locus who presented after minor trauma to the middle part of the foot. The patient was managed successfully with surgical debridement and antifungal medication. The pathophysiology of osseous infection and treatment options are discussed. The patient was informed that data concerning this case would be submitted for publication. Six years prior to presentation, a thirty-nine-year-old man was diagnosed with disseminated coccidioidomycosis involving the thoracic vertebrae, skin, and lungs. The diagnosis was made on the basis of a biopsy of lung tissue. At the time of diagnosis, the Coccidioides complement fixation titer was 1:2048. The patient was managed with amphotericin B (total dose, 1.5 g) and high-dose fluconazole. Approximately eighteen months before admission, fluconazole was discontinued when the Coccidioides titers returned to normal (<1:2). Six months prior to presentation, the patient sustained a minor nonpenetrating injury that resulted in pain and tenderness in the lateral aspect of the right foot, with a recurrent nonhealing wound. The injury initially was thought to have resolved without treatment, but two months later another lesion recurred in the same region. Over the subsequent four months, the patient was seen at multiple clinics and was managed with several courses of antimicrobial medication, without healing of the …
Synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of Mo4O(OCH2But)10(py): A 12-electron butterfly cluster

From the reaction between Mo2(OCH2But)6 and water (1/2 equiv) in toluene solution in the presence of pyridine the oxo-alkoxide tetranuclear cluster Mo4O(OCH2But)10(py) has been isolated as a dark crystalline compound. Crystal data at −121°C:a=24.762(12) A,b=24.799(9) A,c=23.021(9) A,Z=8,d caled=1.27 g cm−3 in space group 14/m. The compound contains a Mo4 butterfly with a hinge angle of 137° between the two Mo3 triangles. The molecule has a crystallographically-imposed mirror plane of symmetry that contains the wing-tip Mo atoms. One wing-tip Mo atom is in an octahedral environment being bonded to two terminal and two-bridging OR ligands, and one pyridine ligand that is trans to a μ3-oxo bridge. The other Mo atoms are each coordinated to only four oxygen atoms. The backbone Mo atoms have one terminal and two bridging OR ligands and form one bond each to the μ3-oxo group. The other wing-tip Mo atom is coordinated to two terminal and two bridging OR groups. The five Mo-Mo distances span the range 2.43–2.59 A. The1H and13C{1H} NMR spectra in benzene-d6 are consistent with the presence of this structure in solution. The present results are compared to earlier findings for 12-electron alkoxide clusters of Mo and W.
A multi-level examination of how the organizational context relates to readiness to implement prevention and evidence-based programming in community settings

Prior theoretical and empirical research suggests that multiple aspects of an organization's context are likely related to a number of factors, from their interest and ability to adopt new programming, to client outcomes. A limited amount of the prior research has taken a more community-wide perspective by examining factors that associate with community readiness for change, leaving how these findings generalize to community organizations that conduct prevention or positive youth development programs unknown. Thus for the current study, we examined how the organizational context of the Cooperative Extension System (CES) associates with current attitudes and practices regarding prevention and evidence-based programming. Attitudes and practices have been found in the empirical literature to be key indicators of an organization's readiness to adopt prevention and evidence-based programming. Based on multi-level mixed models, results indicate that organizational management practices distinct from program delivery may affect an organization's readiness to adopt and implement new prevention and evidence-based youth programs, thereby limiting the potential public health impact of evidence-based programs. Openness to change, openness of leadership, and communication were the strongest predictors identified within this study. An organization's morale was also found to be a strong predictor of an organization's readiness. The findings of the current study are discussed in terms of implications for prevention and intervention.
EDGE STATES, AHARONOV-BOHM OSCILLATIONS, AND THERMODYNAMIC AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS WITH AN ANTIDOT

The thermodynamic and spectral properties of a two-dimensional electron gas with an antidot in a strong magnetic field, ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{r}}_{0}$, where ${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the cyclotron radius and ${\mathit{r}}_{0}$ is the antidot effective radius, are studied via a solvable model with the antidot confinement potential U\ensuremath{\sim}1/${\mathit{r}}^{2}$. The edge states localized at the antidot boundary result in an Aharonov-Bohm-type oscillatory dependence of the magnetization as a function of the magnetic field flux through the antidot. These oscillations are superimposed on the de Haas--van Alphen oscillations. In the strong-field limit, \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is the cyclotron frequency and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$ is the Fermi energy, the amplitude of the Aharonov-Bohm-type oscillations of the magnetization due to the contribution of the lowest edge state is \ensuremath{\sim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ is the Bohr magneton and ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$ is the Fermi wave vector). When the magnetic field is decreased, higher edge states can contribute to the magnetization, leading to the appearance of a beating pattern in the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations. The role of temperature in suppressing the oscillatory contribution due to higher edge states is analyzed. Rapid oscillations of the magnetization as a function of the Aharonov-Bohm flux, occurring on a scale of a small fraction of the flux quantum hc/e, are demonstrated. The appearance of a manifold of non- equidistant frequencies in the magneto-optical-absorption spectrum, due to transitions between electronic edge states localized near the antidot boundary, is predicted.
Configuration interaction singles, time-dependent Hartree-Fock, and time-dependent density functional theory for the electronic excited states of extended systems

A general formalism for time-dependent linear response theory is presented within the framework of linear-combination-of-atomic-orbital crystalline orbital theory for the electronic excited states of infinite one-dimensional lattices (polymers). The formalism encompasses those of time-dependent Hartree–Fock theory (TDHF), time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), and configuration interaction singles theory (CIS) (as the Tamm–Dancoff approximation to TDHF) as particular cases. These single-excitation theories are implemented by using a trial-vector algorithm, such that the atomic-orbital-based two-electron integrals are recomputed as needed and the transformation of these integrals from the atomic-orbital basis to the crystalline-orbital basis is avoided. Convergence of the calculated excitation energies with respect to the number of unit cells taken into account in the lattice summations (N) and the number of wave vector sampling points (K) is studied taking the lowest singlet and triplet exciton...
Interfaces Studied by Electromechanical Pull-Out Testing

The experimental technique of electromechanical pull-out testing is introduced to study the interface between fiber and matrix. The technique involves measuring both the contact electrical resistivity and the shear bond strength of a fiber-matrix interface. Samples that are identically prepared differ in contact resistivity and bond strength, which correlate. The correlation allows determination of even small differences in bond strength due to differences in sample preparation conditions. It also gives information on the structure of the interface and allows the bond strength to be nondestructively determined by measuring the contact resistivity. The technique is demonstrated for the interface between steel fiber and cement.
Mathematical Model to Predict Drug Release, Including the Early-Time Burst Effect, from Swellable Homogeneous Hydrogels

In this work, we present a mathematical model for the simulation of water uptake by and drug release from homogeneous hydrogels. This model successfully predicts the shape of the water uptake profile (including Super Case II transport) as well as the initial burst release observed experimentally in homogeneous poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. Parameter sensitivity studies were performed on the modeling of homogeneous hydrogels, showing the polymer relaxation constant had a profound effect on water uptake and drug release.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is made up of epithelial and mucin-producing cells. The lesion originates most frequently in major salivary glands, usually the parotids.’ The lesion rarely appears as a central lesion in the jaw bone. The predominant locations in the mandible are the posterior alveolus, angle, and ramus. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the clinical entity of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible, and illustrate it with a case presentation.
Further advances in knowledge on the role of the private sector in health systems.

Nearly 50% of total expenditure on health in low- and middle-income countries is private, rising to ∼70% in countries such as Pakistan, Liberia, India and Myanmar (World Health Organization 2011). A large proportion of this expenditure goes to private providers of health-related goods and services. Awareness of this, the scale and complexity of private health service provision and the magnitude of the regulatory challenges it presents, has been growing for a decade. As a response to the need for improved understanding of the role of the private sector in health systems, interested experts in health and economics have been working together in an informal consortium since 2008 to create a platform for continued growth of the knowledge on this subject. The consortium includes academic institutions and organizations with engagement in health advancement in low- and middle-income countries. Since 2009, the consortium has arranged a symposium every second year before the World Congress of the International Health Economics Association. The symposia are envisaged as a dialogue between researchers, international organizations and policy makers with a goal of moving forward the discussion on the role of the private sector in health systems in low- and middle-income countries. For all sessions, authors are encouraged to consider the relevance and implications of their findings as they apply to health systems in low- and middle-income countries.
Epithelial cell-adhesion molecule-directed trifunctional antibody immunotherapy for symptom management of advanced ovarian cancer

Despite advances in cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical cytoreduction, disease recurrence continues to be a troubling problem in patients with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Malignant ascites affects approximately 10% of patients with recurrent EOC and is associated with troublesome symptoms, including abdominal pressure, distension, dyspnea, pelvic pain, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. To date, no effective therapy has been identified for the treatment of malignant ascites in patients with recurrent, advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Recently, immune modulation has gained attention as a novel approach to anti-cancer therapy. This review explores the role of epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-directed immunotherapy, with a specific focus on the mechanism of action of the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM × anti-CD3). In addition, clinical trials exploring the use of catumaxomab in the treatment of malignant ascites in patients with ovarian cancer are reviewed.
Automation of surface finishing processes

Abstract The development of robots capable of interacting dynamically with the environment has proven to be a difficult task. Since a majority of manufacturing tasks require interaction of robots with their environment, this has become an important focus for research in the industry. Solutions both to specific manufacturing operations and to the theoretical body of knowledge within the industry are extremely important. The interaction of the robot with its environment is investigated in this paper for the configuration of a quick actuator and sensor attached to the robot tool. This configuration has been tested in an industrial application for Steinway & Sons, the world renowned piano manufacturer, specifically for the automation of the labor-intensive rubbing and finishing operations. The robot architecture utilizes a combination of macro-micro manipulator to improve its response time. A quick actuator added to the end of the robot arm is the micromanipulator, and the robot arm is the macromanipulator. Force and impedance control laws are executed concurrently by two separate controllers to control the quick actuator and the robot arm respectively. The experimental system proves the ability of this configuration to follow the complex contour of a grand piano rim and to exert a given force while rubbing its surface.
Decision support for hospital evacuation and emergency response

Evacuation planning is an important part of a hospital’s emergency management plan. In an evacuation the safety and health of patients is the fundamental success parameter. Thus, in this paper we introduce an evacuation model, appropriate for planning and operations, that has the objective of minimizing expected risk, both the threat risk that is forcing the evacuation, and the risk inherent in transporting patients, some in critical condition. Specifically, we study the allocation of patients, categorized by criticality and care requirements, to a limited fleet of vehicles of various capacities and medical capabilities, to be transported to appropriate receiving hospitals considering the current available space in each hospital for each category of patient. The model is an integer program, where the non-linear expected risks are calculated a-priori. This model has a structure that has excellent solution characteristics that permit us to solve large problems in a reasonable time, enabling the model to potentially be used for both planning and operations. To illustrate the solvability of this model and demonstrate its characteristics, we apply it to a realistic case study based on the evacuation of a large regional hospital.
U.S. Surgeon and Medical Student Attitudes Toward Organ Donation

Background:Nearly 100,000 people await an organ transplant in the U.S. Improved utilization of potential organ donors may reduce the organ shortage. Physician attitudes toward organ donation may influence donation rates; however, the attitudes of U.S. physicians have not been formally evaluated.Meth
Learning usability assessment models for web sites

Our work explores an approach to learning types of usability concerns considered useful for the management of Web sites and to identifying usability concerns based on these learned models. By having one or more Web site managers rate a subset of pages in a site based on a number of usability criteria, we build a model that determines what automatically measurable characteristics are correlated to issues identified. To test this approach, we collected usability assessments from twelve students pursuing advanced degrees in the area of computer-human interaction. These students were divided into two groups and given different scenarios of use of a Web site. They assessed the usability of Web pages from the site, and their data was divided into a training set, used to find models, and a prediction set, used to evaluate the relative quality of models. Results show that the learned models predicted remaining data for one scenario in more categories of usability than did the single model found under the alternate scenario. Results also show how systems may prioritize usability problems for Web site managers by probability of occurrence rather than by merely listing pages that break specific rules, as provided by some current tools.
The spinal terminations of single, physiologically characterized axons originating in the pontomedullary raphe of the cat.

Single myelinated axons were recorded in the dorsolateral funiculus of the cat and physiologically characterized as descending from the midline medulla or midline pons. Following further physiological characterization (e.g., conduction velocity, adequate stimulus, receptive field, activation by stimulation of periaqueductal gray), the axons were Labeled with horseradish peroxidase that was iontophoretically ejected from the recording micro-pipette. Histochemical reaction allowed visualization of the stained axons and their arborizations in the spinal gray matter. The conduction velocities of the sampled axons ranged from 7.3 to 117.2 m/second with a mean of 35.5 m/second. However, unmyelinated axons could not be sampled with the technique employed here. Descending axons could be divided into two groups: (1) those which terminated in laminae I, II, V, and X, and (2) those which terminated in laminae V, VII, and X. Axons from both groups had myelinated parent axons, were activated by periaqueductal gray stimulation, and responded to noxious pinch of their receptive field Terminal collaterals from both groups of axons were generally transversely oriented. These results suggest heterogeneous functions for these descending axons which may include modulation of nociceptive input to higher centers.
Multiple‐station neural network for modelling tidal currents across Shinnecock inlet, USA

This paper presents the development of a multiple-station neural network for predicting tidal currents across a coastal inlet. Unlike traditional hydrodynamic models, the neural network model does not need inputs of coastal topography and bathymetry, grids, surface and bottom frictions, and turbulent eddy viscosity. Without solving hydrodynamic equations, the neural network model applies an interconnected neural network to correlate the inputs of boundary forcing of water levels at a remote station to the outputs of tidal currents at multiple stations across a local coastal inlet. Coefficients in the neural network model are trained using a continuous dataset consisting of inputs of water levels at a remote station and outputs of tidal currents at the inlet, and verified using another independent input and output dataset. Once the neural network model has been satisfactorily trained and verified, it can be used to predict tidal currents at a coastal inlet from the inputs of water levels at a remote station. For the case study at Shinnecock Inlet in the southern shore of New York, tidal currents at nine stations across the inlet were predicted by the neural network model using water level data located from a station about 70 km away from the inlet. A continuous dataset in May 2000 was used for the training, and another dataset in July 2000 was used for the verification of the neural network model. Comparing model predictions and observations indicates correlation coefficients range from 0·95 to 0·98, and the root-mean-square error ranges from 0·04 to 0·08 m s−1 at the nine current locations across the inlet. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rank deficient decoding of linear network coding

Since all packets in linear network coding are subject to linear combinations, in all existing network coding schemes, a full rank of received packets is required to start decoding. This requirement unfortunately results in long delays and low throughputs. In this work we propose two classes of rank deficient decoders that work for rank deficient received packets. Within either class, different decoding strategies have been proposed for tradeoffs between delay/throughput and data accuracy. The decoders of the first class take advantage of the sparsity inherent in data and produce the data vectors with the smallest Hamming weight. Since these decoders have high complexities, we propose a class of decoders with polynomial complexities based on linear programming. Both classes of decoders can recover data from fewer received packets and hence achieve higher throughputs and shorter delays than the full rank decoder.
PONTHIEVA HERMILIAE, A NEW SPECIES OF ORCHIDACEAE IN THE CORDILLERA YANACHAGA (OXAPAMPA, PASCO, PERU)

A new species of Ponthieva was found in the mountains of Yanachaga Chemillen, on a pre-montane forest at 1400 m in the central jungle of Peru. It is similar to P. pilosissima, but can be distinguished by the presence of a callus on the lip and by the color of the petals, which are boldly veined in P. pilosissima and inconspicuously striped in P. hermiliae.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Vaccination-Induced Resistance in DA Rats

In this report, we show that DA rats (RT1a haplotype) immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP)-CFA develop and recover from an ascending paralysis, with the course and severity of clinical disease similar to the kinetics observed with MBP-CFA-immunized Lewis rats. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be adoptively transferred with MBP-stimulated immune spleen cells, with onset of paralysis 4 days following transfer and complete recovery 3-4 days later. To determine if the vaccination-induced resistance response could develop in the DA rat strain, which has previously been shown to occur only in the Lewis rat, we selected a MBP-specific T-cell line by standard methods from DA rats immunized previously with MBP-CFA. The DA T-cell line was encephalitogenic, and DA recipients developed and recovered from T-cell line-mediated paralytic disease. Following recovery from T-cell line-mediated disease, DA recipients were resistant to subsequent disease induction following MBP-CFA challenge, a response consistent with T-cell vaccination, as observed previously in Lewis rats. Analysis of the proliferative response of the DA T-cell line showed that the encephalitogenic fragment was within the 40-67 region of MBP, with no response to the 85-97 fragment. The 85-97 fragment, which is a minor encephalitogenic determinant for the Lewis strain, also appears to be a minor encephalitogenic epitope for DA rats. These results show that the vaccination-induced resistance response occurs in the DA rat strain and that this phenomenon is not unique to the Lewis rat model.
Synthesis, curing and physical behaviour of maleimide-terminated poly(ether ketones)

Abstract Maleimide-terminated amorphous poly(arylene ether sulphones) and poly(arylene ether ketones) of controlled M n (2000–10000 or higher) were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, step polymerization and bisphenol A phenolate with activated aromatic halides in the presence of m-aminophenol or 2,2′-(4-aminophenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane. The amine-terminated oligomers of predictable molecular weight were then converted to maleimides. This ‘two-step’ method was accomplished by reacting the terminal amine with maleic anhydride in a co-solvent of N- methylpyrrolidone N- cyclohexyl pyrrolidone ( 80 20 ). A second ‘one-step’ oligomer synthesis method employed either m-maleimidophenol or 2,2′-(4-maleimido-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propane as the ‘monofunctional’ end-capper. The oligomers were thermally crosslinked through a free-radical reaction of the maleimide end-groups. Curing at 250°C for 1 h produced networks which were 98% chloroform-insoluble. The influence of oligomer molecular weight on the thermal and mechanical properties of the solvent-resistant networks was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, flexural modulus and fracture toughness, KIC. Very substantial increases in toughness were observed relative to simple bismaleimides and were a function of the molecular weight between crosslinks ( M c ) and the β-relaxation of the matrix.
Implications of measures of quality of life for policy development

Quality of life measurements can lead to legislative programs for health, new policies for the health care system, and possibly new attitudes in the courts. Clinical decisions, public health evaluations, and advice for legislatures and courts require diverse measures. We illustrate potential use of such measures with reimbursement problems, programs like Head Start, mainstreaming the handicapped, day care and prenatal care, terminal care for the elderly, monitoring programs, and chronic disabilities. The many treatment policies discussed at the Portugal Conference show the need for quality of life measures in clinical trials. The courts, although considering quality of life, do not seem to consider quality of life measures. If scientists and medical experts wish to establish or change the positions of the courts, consensus conferences appear more effective than regulation or new legislation. To contribute more than they now do to policy, workers measuring quality of life need to develop a variety of measures and methods. They, then, must apply them to medical and health problems, build up a substantial literature, and set priorities for the research needs of the field.
Mechanisms of Action of Escapin, a Bactericidal Agent in the Ink Secretion of the Sea Hare Aplysia californica: Rapid and Long-Lasting DNA Condensation and Involvement of the OxyR-Regulated Oxidative Stress Pathway

The marine snail Aplysia californica produces escapin, an l-amino acid oxidase, in its defensive ink. Escapin uses l-lysine to produce diverse products called escapin intermediate products of l-lysine (EIP-K), including α-amino-e-caproic acid, Δ1-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, and Δ2-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid. EIP-K and H2O2 together, but neither alone, is a powerful bactericide. Here, we report bactericidal mechanisms of escapin products on Escherichia coli. We show that EIP-K and H2O2 together cause rapid and long-lasting DNA condensation: 2-min treatment causes significant DNA condensation and killing, and 10-min treatment causes maximal effect, lasting at least 70 h. We isolated two mutants resistant to EIP-K plus H2O2, both having a single missense mutation in the oxidation regulatory gene, oxyR. A complementation assay showed that the mutated gene, oxyR(A233V), renders resistance to EIP-K plus H2O2, and a gene dosage effect leads to reduction of resistance for strains carrying wild-type oxyR. Temperature stress with EIP-K does not produce the bactericidal effect, suggesting the effect is due to a specific response to oxidative stress. The null mutant for any single DNA-binding protein—Dps, H-NS, Hup, Him, or MukB—was not resistant to EIP-K plus H2O2, suggesting that no single DNA-binding protein is necessary to mediate this bactericidal effect, but allowing for the possibility that EIP-K plus H2O2 could function through a combination of DNA-binding proteins. The bactericidal effect of EIP-K plus H2O2 was eliminated by the ferrous ion chelator 1,10-phenanthroline, and it was reduced by the hydroxyl radical scavenger thiourea, suggesting hydroxyl radicals mediate the effects of EIP-K plus H2O2.
Assessment of Oral-Motor Reflexes in Stutterers and Normal Speakers: Preliminary Observations

Reflex responses of nine stutterers and nine normal speakers to low-level tactile and auditory stimuli were measured as changes in isometric molar biting force and masseter muscle activity. Tactile...
Paternalism, family duties, and my Aunt Maude.

LAST year, my 94-year-old great-aunt moved into a nursing home. Blind and frail, housekeeping was too much for her and she would not tolerate live-in aides. She lived as a recluse in her room in the friendly nursing home; nurses could not entice her out to eat or socialize. Fear of falling confined her to her rocking chair and bed. She went to bed clothed and resented the obligatory weekly bath and the nurses' efforts to do up her hair. She was not depressed; she spoke warmly with family callers, especially the nephew who managed her affairs. Like many who have attained great age, Maude expressed surprise at having lived so long. She did not want to die but was prepared for death. Her will was made out. She had appointed her nephew (my father) to manage her affairs. Through a durable power of attorney, she appointed my father and
Effect of housing system on properties of pullet bones

Recently, attention has been brought to the welfare of laying hens and the benefits provided by progressive housing systems [3]. Conventional battery cage (CC) systems provide each bird with access to feed and water at all times with room to move. One of the new housing types being implemented, referred to as a cage-free aviary system (AV), is much larger than conventional cages and houses more birds. Aviary systems comprise multiple levels providing more opportunity for movement and exercise. Hens can forage and dust bathe in an open communal area, have access to perches, and nest boxes. However, for mature hens to fully utilize an AV, pullets (pre-egg production birds) must be reared in a similar environment.© 2012 ASME
ENDOR/HYSCORE Studies of the Common Intermediate Trapped during Nitrogenase Reduction of N2H2, CH3N2H, and N2H4 Support an Alternating Reaction Pathway for N2 Reduction

Enzymatic N2 reduction proceeds along a reaction pathway composed of a sequence of intermediate states generated as a dinitrogen bound to the active-site iron–molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of the nitrogenase MoFe protein undergoes six steps of hydrogenation (e–/H+ delivery). There are two competing proposals for the reaction pathway, and they invoke different intermediates. In the ‘Distal’ (D) pathway, a single N of N2 is hydrogenated in three steps until the first NH3 is liberated, and then the remaining nitrido-N is hydrogenated three more times to yield the second NH3. In the ‘Alternating’ (A) pathway, the two N’s instead are hydrogenated alternately, with a hydrazine-bound intermediate formed after four steps of hydrogenation and the first NH3 liberated only during the fifth step. A recent combination of X/Q-band EPR and 15N, 1,2H ENDOR measurements suggested that states trapped during turnover of the α-70Ala/α-195Gln MoFe protein with diazene or hydrazine as substrate correspond to a common intermedi...
Multiple Interactions among Proteins Encoded by the Mite-Transmitted Wheat Streak Mosaic Tritimovirus

The genome organization of the mite-transmitted wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) appears to parallel that of members of the Potyviridae with monopartite genomes, but there are substantial amino acid dissimilarities with other potyviral polyproteins. To initiate studies on the functions of WSMV-encoded proteins, a protein interaction map was generated using a yeast two-hybrid system. Because the pathway of proteolytic maturation of the WSMV polyprotein has not been experimentally determined, random libraries of WSMV cDNA were made both in DNA-binding domain and activation domain plasmid vectors and introduced into yeast. Sequence analysis of multiple interacting pairs revealed that interactions largely occurred between domains within two groups of proteins. The first involved interactions among nuclear inclusion protein a, nuclear inclusion protein b, and coat protein (CP), and the second involved helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and cylindrical inclusion protein (CI). Further immunoblot and deletion mapping analyses of the interactions suggest that subdomains of CI, HC-Pro, and P1 interact with one another. The two-hybrid assay was then performed using full-length genes of CI, HC-Pro, P1, P3, and CP, but no heterologous interactions were detected. In vitro binding assay using glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins and in vitro translation products, however, revealed mutual interactions among CI, HC-Pro, P1, and P3. The failure to detect interactions between full-length proteins by the two-hybrid assay might be due to adverse effects of expression of viral proteins in yeast cells. The capacity to participate in multiple homomeric and heteromeric molecular interactions is consistent with the pleiotropic nature of many potyviral gene mutants and suggests mechanisms for regulation of various viral processes via a network of viral protein complexes.
Dynamic oligopoly with capacity adjustment costs

Abstract The literature on strategic investment emphasized the case of completely irreversible investment. This paper considers an oligopoly model in which investment is reversible and capacity is subject to adjustment costs. An n -player, linear-quadratic differential game is analyzed. Existence and characterization results for perfect equilibrium feedback strategies are provided. Feedback strategies provide incentives for each player to invest strategically so as to preempt subsequent expansion by rivals. A larger set of perfect equilibria is constructed by using memory-dependent trigger strategies. Equilibria of this type are shown to support joint-value maximization (for some initial states) and asymmetric steady states.
Reduced Intestinal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Increases Vagal Sensory Innervation of the Intestine and Enhances Satiation

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is produced by developing and mature gastrointestinal (GI) tissues that are heavily innervated by autonomic neurons and may therefore control their development or function. To begin investigating this hypothesis, we compared the morphology, distribution, and density of intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), the predominant vagal GI afferent, in mice with reduced intestinal BDNF (INT-BDNF(-/-)) and controls. Contrary to expectations of reduced development, IGLE density and longitudinal axon bundle number in the intestine of INT-BDNF(-/-) mice were increased, but stomach IGLEs were normal. INT-BDNF(-/-) mice also exhibited increased vagal sensory neuron numbers, suggesting that their survival was enhanced. To determine whether increased intestinal IGLE density or other changes to gut innervation in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice altered feeding behavior, meal pattern and microstructural analyses were performed. INT-BDNF(-/-) mice ate meals of much shorter duration than controls, resulting in reduced meal size. Increased suppression of feeding in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice during the late phase of a scheduled meal suggested that increased satiation signaling contributed to reduced meal duration and size. Furthermore, INT-BDNF(-/-) mice demonstrated increases in total daily intermeal interval and satiety ratio, suggesting that satiety signaling was augmented. Compensatory responses maintained normal daily food intake and body weight in INT-BDNF(-/-) mice. These findings suggest a target organ-derived neurotrophin suppresses development of that organ's sensory innervation and sensory neuron survival and demonstrate a role for BDNF produced by peripheral tissues in short-term controls of feeding, likely through its regulation of development or function of gut innervation, possibly including augmented intestinal IGLE innervation.
Stimulation of gastrin secretion in vitro by intraluminal chemicals: Regulation by intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons

Abstract The regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by intraluminal chemicals was examined in an isolated vascularly perfused rat stomach, a preparation that maintains the integrity of intramural neural pathways and the polarity of stimulation. Intraluminal perfusion with alkaline solutions (0.1 M NaHCO 3 ) increased gastrin secretion, whereas perfusion with acid solutions (pH 3.5-3.0) inhibited gastrin secretion. Perfusion with 0.5% or 5% peptone solutions stimulated gastrin secretion and inhibited somatostatin secretion. Both these responses were abolished by addition of the axonal blocker, tetrodotoxin (10 −6 M), to the vascular perfusate, from which it was concluded that gastrin and somatostatin responses induced by peptone were mediated by intramural neurons. These neurons were both cholinergic and noncholinergic, because addition of an optimal dose of atropine (10 −7 M) to the vascular perfusate inhibited only partially the gastrin response and converted the somatostatin response from decrease below basal levels—a typical cholinergic effect—to significant increase above basal levels. As shown previously, atropine had an identical effect on gastrin and somatostatin responses to transmural electrical stimulation of the antral region. The results are in accord with a model for the regulation of gastrin secretion by intramural cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons. A direct effect of intraluminal chemicals on gastrin and somatostatin cells was not detected in this study, but is not precluded.
Body Fat and Fitness Improvements in Hispanic and African American Girls

OBJECTIVE The design of effective obesity interventions to reduce adiposity and increase fitness in minority children is a public health priority. This study assessed the effectiveness of a summer intervention in lowering adiposity and increasing aerobic endurance in minority girls. METHODS 99 Hispanic and African American girls and their mothers participated. During the intervention, girls attended daily exercise, nutrition education, and counseling sessions from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Mothers attended 2-h weekly exercise, nutrition, and counseling sessions. Percent body fat, abdominal fat, and aerobic endurance (1-mile run/walk minutes) data were collected at pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test differences in adiposity indicators and aerobic endurance. Findings indicated statistically significant reductions in percent body fat (p < .001), abdominal fat (p < .001), and 1-mile run/walk minutes (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a summer intervention in reducing adiposity indicators and increasing aerobic endurance.
A Wire-Guided, Free-Fall System to Facilitate Shipborne Hydrographic Profiling

Abstract The design and performance of a new style underwater frame for supporting instrumentation and water collection bottles used in hydrographic sampling is presented. Unlike a conventional frame that is fixed to the end of an electromechanical cable, the new frame is free to slide vertically along its tether. Allowing the frame to move relative to the sea cable decouples the underwater instrumentation from ship roll on downcast. Improved data quality from CTD instrumentation and the ability to work in more severe sea states result. Furthermore, the chance of cable damage that occurs when wire speed (lowering rate plus ship roll velocity) exceeds the terminal velocity of conventional underwater packages is greatly reduced. Absence of direct electrical connection to the underwater instrumentation necessitates an alternative scheme for real-time data display and command of water sample collection. These are accomplished with an acoustic telemetry system, implemented using commercially available components.
Psychobiological influences of stress and HPA regulation on the human fetus and infant birth outcomes.

There are critical periods during development when profound changes in brain organization can occur.1 These critical periods relate to developmental periods when the brain is undergoing transformations such as cell migration or receptor development.2 Because many of these events transpire in utero, the fetal nervous system is especially vulnerable to a variety of influences, including subtle environmental (uterine) stress. Pregnancy provides a unique opportunity to study fetal exposure to certain neurochemical influences because of the maternal influence on the fetal environment. Evidence indicates that fetal exposure to abnormal levels of peptides can have profound influences on growth and development. For instance, post implantation mouse embryos exposed in vitro to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increase growth fourfold, increase somite number, increase embryonic volume, and increase DNA and protein c ~ n t e n t . ~ ~ Central nervous system (CNS) studies4 of embryonic and fetal mRNA indicate that the influence of VIP is entirely extraembryonic (i.e. maternal). It is established that fetal exposure to either maternal or exogenous peptides produces changes in the brain and behavior that are greater and last longer than alterations in neonates or adults with similar exposure."1° In addition to the "visible" effects described above (i.e. growth), some maternal peptides have influences on the fetus that are subtle, but have significant consequences for development.9*11 Substantial evidence documents the influence on braidbehavior development of peptides from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and P-endorphin (PE) (see Refs. 2, 12, and
Gender Differences in Playful Aggression During Courtship in College Students

The current study explored gender differences in college students' definitions and enjoyment of playful force and aggression. Ninety-six female and 55 male college students who were predominantly White (96%) and heterosexual (97%) answered questions about playful force during sex and playful aggression at other times. A content analysis showed that the current definitions were very similar to those for children's rough-and-tumble play. However, a qualitative analysis found several potential gender differences. Physically aggressive men appeared to give aggressive definitions of playful force during sex. In addition, there was some disagreement among participants as to the acceptability of playful force during sex. Finally, there may be gender differences in the assumed agency of playful force and aggression.
Direct measurement of hydroxyl in the lunar regolith and the origin of lunar surface water

Remote sensing discoveries of hydroxyl and water on the lunar surface have reshaped our view of the distribution of water and related compounds on airless bodies such as the Moon. The origin of this surface water is unclear, but it has been suggested that hydroxyl in the lunar regolith can result from the implantation of hydrogen ions by the solar wind. Here we present Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses of Apollo samples that reveal the presence of significant amounts of hydroxyl in glasses formed in the lunar regolith by micrometeorite impacts. Hydrogen isotope compositions of these glasses suggest that some of the observed hydroxyl is derived from solar wind sources. Our findings imply that ice in polar cold traps could contain hydrogen atoms ultimately derived from the solar wind, as predicted by early theoretical models of water stability on the lunar surface. We suggest that a similar mechanism may contribute to hydroxyl on the surfaces of other airless terrestrial bodies where the solar wind directly interacts with the surface, such as Mercury and the asteroid 4-Vesta.
Discovering and representing systematic code changes

Software engineers often inspect program differences when reviewing others' code changes, when writing check-in comments, or when determining why a program behaves differently from expected behavior after modification. Program differencing tools that support these tasks are limited in their ability to group related code changes or to detect potential inconsistencies in those changes. To overcome these limitations and to complement existing approaches, we built Logical Structural Diff (LSdiff), a tool that infers systematic structural differences as logic rules. LSdiff notes anomalies from systematic changes as exceptions to the logic rules. We conducted a focus group study with professional software engineers in a large E-commerce company; we also compared LSdiff's results with textual differences and with structural differences without rules. Our evaluation suggests that LSdiff complements existing differencing tools by grouping code changes that form systematic change patterns regardless of their distribution throughout the code, and its ability to discover anomalies shows promise in detecting inconsistent changes.
Single Channel Speech Separation Using Factorial Dynamics

Human listeners have the extraordinary ability to hear and recognize speech even when more than one person is talking. Their machine counterparts have historically been unable to compete with this ability, until now. We present a model-based system that performs on par with humans in the task of separating speech of two talkers from a single-channel recording. Remarkably, the system surpasses human recognition performance in many conditions. The models of speech use temporal dynamics to help infer the source speech signals, given mixed speech signals. The estimated source signals are then recognized using a conventional speech recognition system. We demonstrate that the system achieves its best performance when the model of temporal dynamics closely captures the grammatical constraints of the task.