cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Undergraduate students’ development of social, cultural, and human capital in a networked research experience

Recent calls for reform in undergraduate biology education have emphasized integrating research experiences into the learning experiences of all undergraduates. Contemporary science research increasingly demands collaboration across disciplines and institutions to investigate complex research questions, providing new contexts and models for involving undergraduates in research. In this study, we examined the experiences of undergraduates participating in a multi-institution and interdisciplinary biology research network. Unlike the traditional apprenticeship model of research, in which a student participates in research under the guidance of a single faculty member, students participating in networked research have the opportunity to develop relationships with additional faculty and students working in other areas of the project, at their own and at other institutions. We examined how students in this network develop social ties and to what extent a networked research experience affords opportunities for students to develop social, cultural, and human capital. Most studies of undergraduate involvement in science research have focused on documenting student outcomes rather than elucidating how students gain access to research experiences or how elements of research participation lead to desired student outcomes. By taking a qualitative approach framed by capital theories, we have identified ways that undergraduates utilize and further develop various forms of capital important for success in science research. In our study of the first 16 months of a biology research network, we found that undergraduates drew upon a combination of human, cultural, and social capital to gain access to the network. Within their immediate research groups, students built multidimensional social ties with faculty, peers, and others, yielding social capital that can be drawn upon for information, resources, and support. They reported developing cultural capital in the form of learning to think and work like a scientist—a scientific habitus. They reported developing human capital in the forms of technical, analytical, and communication skills in scientific research. Most of the students had little, direct interaction with network members in other research groups and thus developed little cross-institutional capital. The exception to this trend was at one institution that housed three research groups. Because proximity facilitated shared activities, students across research groups at this institution developed cross-lab ties with faculty and peers through which they developed social, cultural, and human capital. An important long-term concern is whether the capital students have developed will help them access opportunities in science beyond the network. At this point, many undergraduates have had limited opportunities to actually draw on capital beyond the network. Nevertheless, a number of students demonstrated awareness that they had developed resources that they could use in other scientific contexts.
Isolation of a Cytotoxin-Enterotoxin from Entamoeba histolytica

A heat-labile material with cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities was isolated from axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica. The cytotoxin-enterotoxin was partially purified from the particulate-free supernatant of sonicated trophozoites by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Cytotoxic activity, assayed on monolayers of HeLa or BHK-21 cells, was restricted to proteins that eluted in the molecular weight range of 25,000--35,000 daltons. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated at protein concentrations as low as 2--4 microgram/ml, was heat-labile (75 C, 30 min), and was inhibited by specific immune IgG and by an undetermined factor in nonimmune serum. Enterotoxic activity of the partially purified toxin was demonstrated by induction of fluid secretion in ligated rabbit ileal loops. The cytotoxin-enterotoxin of E. histolytica may play an important role in the production of diarrhea and mucosal injury in amoebic colitis.
Fowl Typhoid Diagnosed in Guinea Fowl

Abstract AN INTERESTING outbreak of fowl typhoid among guineas was diagnosed on a farm near Newark, Delaware in the fall of 1945. This disease has previously been diagnosed on rare occasions in guineas by other investigators but this particular case is of special interest since fowl typhoid was also found to be infecting the turkeys and chickens on the same premises. Attempts to diagnose the disease among the Muscovy ducks and geese on this farm failed. The chickens, guineas, ducks and geese were allowed free range and therefore were closely associated with each other. The turkeys were brooded in a separate brooder house and at 6 weeks of age were put on a wire sun porth. The turkeys were never in direct contact with the other species of poultry but the chickens, guineas, ducks and geese did range close to the turkey pen. These findings with regards to the susceptibility of . . .
Evidence for Cirque Glaciation in the Colorado Front Range during the Younger Dryas Chronozone

Abstract Late Pleistocene glacial chronologies developed for the Front Range Mountains of Colorado include two or more cirque glacier advances, locally known as the Satanta Peak Advances. Sediment cores were recovered from Sky Pond, an alpine lake (3320 m) located less than 100 m downvalley from a moraine that exhibits late Pleistocene to early Holocene relative age features and appears to correlate to the Satanta Peak deposits. One of the cores penetrated 0.5 m of basal diamict and recovered 3.3 m of overlying sediments that are predominantly gyttja. An accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) age of 12,040 ± 60 yr14C B.P. was obtained from directly above the basal diamict and is similar to other reported ages for cirque deglaciation in the Front Range Mountains. The lower portion of the gyttja contains an interval of clastic sediments that show characteristics consistent with glacial activity in alpine catchments. Radiocarbon ages obtained from below and near the upper contact of this clastic interval are 11,070 ± 50 and 9970 ± 8014C yr B.P., respectively. An additional AMS age of 10,410 ± 9014C yr B.P. was obtained from within the clastic interval in a second core. The most likely source for this interval of clastic sediments is a moraine situated directly upvalley from Sky Pond, and consequently, it appears that the deposition of this moraine was coeval with the European Younger Dryas event (11,000–10,00014C yr B.P.). Similarities in soil development, weathering features, and altitude between this moraine and the type Satanta Peak moraines suggest that the moraines are correlative. These findings are in agreement with a growing body of evidence that suggests a relatively minor advance of alpine glaciers occurred in the North American Rockies during the Younger Dryas Chron.
Method for Determining the Contribution of Methyl Ketones to Flavors of Sterile Concentrated Milks

Abstract A method for determining the concentrations of the C 5 through C 15 odd-carbon-numbered methyl ketones in fluid milks, based on the free C 13 methyl ketone content and the methyl ketone potential remaining in the fat phase of the product, is presented. Application of the procedure to samples of commercial evaporated milk led to the conclusion that the role of methyl ketones in the off-flavor of this product is dependent on total methyl ketone potential of the milk fat, composition of the methyl ketone potential (especially the heptanone-2 potential), and degree of hydrolysis and decarboxylation of β -keto acids as determined by heat treatment and storage conditions.
The superstring, diff S1/S1, and holomorphic geometry

Abstract We incorporate superstrings into the non-perturbative formulation of string field theories based on Kahler geometry recently proposed by Bowick and Rajeev. The string field is conjectured to be the Kahler potential of loop space, its equation of motion given by the vanishing of the curvature of a product bundle constructed over a graded Diff S 1 /S 1 , as required for reparametrization invariance of the theory. We find that bosonic and fermionic loops in a Minkowski background solve the equation for the Kahler potential only in ten dimensions. We use geometric quantization techniques to calculate the curvature of the super-holomorphic vector bundle, since they emphasize the role of the complex geometry, and flag manifold techniques to calculate the curvature of the line bundle over super-Diff S 1 /S 1 .
CSD/BEM localization of P300 sources in adolescents “at-risk”: evidence of frontal cortex dysfunction in conduct disorder

Abstract Background: Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that childhood conduct disorder is a significant risk factor for a wide range of adult psychiatric disorders. The present study attempted to identify neurophysiologic differences that might underlie this risk factor. Methods: The study examined 158 subjects, aged 14 to 20 years. Each subject was assigned to one of four groups defined by the factorial combination of the subject’s gender and the relative number (−/+) of conduct problems exhibited before age 15. Event-related electroencephalographic potentials were recorded from each subject while he or she performed a memory scanning task. Each trial consisted of the brief presentation of either two or four consonant letters, a 2-sec memorization period, and a single “probe” letter. The subject was instructed to mentally compare the probe with the memory set and execute a discriminative (match vs. mismatch) key-press response. Results: Analyses of P300 event-related potentials elicited by the probe stimuli revealed a significant interaction between probe stimulus membership and conduct problems: the P300 difference between trials with matching versus mismatching probes was significantly greater in the control (CP−) group than in the CP+ group. Current source density analyses, utilizing a realistic head-shape boundary element model, revealed that CP− subjects exhibited a robust activation of the left prefrontal cortex on matching versus mismatching trials. Among CP+ subjects, the degree of prefrontal cortex activation was not significant. Conclusions: The P300 results are consistent with those reported from previous studies of adolescents with conduct problems. Our study is unique in implementing current source density-boundary element method techniques for modeling P300 sources in “at-risk” adolescents. These techniques lend greater anatomical precision to the conclusion that conduct problems are associated with a specific dysfunction of the frontal brain.
SURFACE INACTIVATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES AND OF PROTEINS

1. The seven bacterial viruses of the T group active against E. coli, are rapidly inactivated at gas-liquid interfaces. 2. The kinetics of this inactivation whether brought about by shaking or by bubbling with nitrogen are those of a first order reaction. 3. This inactivation may be prevented by the addition of enough protein to maintain the gas-liquid interface in a saturated condition. 4. The analogy between this phenomenon and the surface denaturation of proteins is pointed out and discussed.
Capitalism's social graveyard

The present essay explores the biographical effects of a capitalist social structure and its implications for human sociation, consciousness and ‘belonging’. A rapidly changing economic structure built as a house of cards for the purpose of accumulation by the few eventually leads to human relationships built on foundations of sand and through social selection to the ‘survival of the ficklest’. Through a ‘politics of consumption’, the bourgeoisie have obfuscated the true source of social power, which is the private ownership by a few of the means of life for the many. This power is exercised implicitly through bureaucratization of the social structure, through an alteration of (what can be termed) historical ‘human nature’.
Some new chromatographic techniques

Abstract Six new methods for chromatography without carrier gas are discussed. They allow an increase in precision, sensitivity, and speed of analysis. Examples are given of the use of these methods for the analysis of mixtures of permanent gases, enrichment of microconcentrations, and preparation of high purity gases. A discussion of the efficiency of gas chromatographic columns with a new sorbent having small and uniform channels is presented.
Aeration of baled and chopped miscanthus in a covered test facility

This presentation reports on the development of a biomass storage research facility on the Energy Farm at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The facility is designed to test out the practicality and economics of biomass drying, aeration and storage using round and square bales or chopped biomass. Eight platforms were built under a covered facility to be used to provide for the aeration of bales or chopped material. The 2.44 m square platforms provide a plenum for the fans capable of generating airflow up to 2.147 m3 s-1 (4550 cfm). Air flow can be regulated by variable speed drive control and/or reducing the fan inlet area using adjustable aluminum air restrictors. Operational details of the facility are reported. Preliminary tests with round bales, square bales and chopped biomass are reported showing moisture profiles and temperature profiles of the material. The designed facility will be used to evaluate the full scale storage properties for Miscanthus, switchgrass, energy cane, sweet sorghum and other energy biomass materials.
Memory and law: what can cognitive neuroscience contribute?

A recent New Jersey Supreme Court decision has led to new jury instructions explaining that memory does not operate like a video recording. The authors discuss cognitive neuroscience research on memory and how it might contribute in the courtroom.
Geometrical constraints on the shape of cultured cells

Previous studies on cultured cells revealed that the values of certain shape descriptors were highly correlated despite the fact that there was little mathematical interdependence (Heckman, CA: In Advances in Cell Culture, Vol. 4, K. Maramorosch, ed, pp 85-156, 1985). The independence of such descriptors was tested by calculating the values of correlations among descriptors for a data set consisting of macroscopic objects. The descriptors were unlinked for this data set, confirming that high correlations reflected specific characteristics of cultured cells. These characteristics were identified by constructing model figures incorporating the geometrical features postulated to be responsible for each correlation. Because the position of the ellipse of concentration depended upon the form in which mass was displaced in figures, the fraction of the figure falling within the area of the ellipse (FINE) and the ratio of the ellipse area to the figure's area (ARAT) became decorrelated from each other in figures with massive projections. Further, correlations between ARAT or FINE and variables measuring cavities and inflections of the perimeter showed a complex dependence on the size, shape, and number of invaginations. Descriptors could become decorrelated due to features present in only a minority of cells of a population. Finally, cell populations that differed with respect to physiological characteristics showed no differences in the value of ARAT:FINE correlation. However, correlations between ARAT and the coefficient of variation of centroid-to-perimeter distances were altered. This suggested that correlation coefficients may be themselves powerful descriptors of the shape characteristics of cell populations.
Tetrahydropapaveroline injected in the ventral tegmental area shifts dopamine efflux differentially in the shell and core of nucleus accumbens in high-ethanol-preferring (HEP) rats.

Abstract Since the 1970s tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and other tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids have been implicated in the etiology of alcoholism. When injected into the cerebral ventricle or at specific sites in the mesolimbic system such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), THP evokes spontaneous and intense intake of alcohol in the nondrinking animal. Further, THP evokes the extracellular efflux of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), which comprises, in part, the postulated alcohol drinking “circuit” of neurons. The purpose of this study was to characterize the action of a THP reactive structure, the VTA, on the activity of dopamine and its metabolism in the NAC. In the anesthetized high-ethanol-preferring (HEP) rat, artificial CSF was perfused for 10 min at a rate of 10 μl per min specifically in either the core or shell of the NAC. A microbore push–pull cannula system was selected over a microdialysis probe because of its superior recovery of neurotransmitters and tip exposure of less than 1.0 mm. After a series of 5-min perfusions, a single microinjection of 5.0 μg/μl of THP was made in the ipsilateral VTA while the NAC was perfused simultaneously. Sequential samples of the NAC perfusate were assayed by an HPLC coulometric system to quantitate the concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, as well as the 5-HT metabolite, 5-HIAA. The results showed that THP injected in the VTA caused a significant increase by 94 ± 23% in the efflux of dopamine from the core of the NAC. Conversely, the THP injected identically in the VTA suppressed the efflux of dopamine within the shell of the NAC by 51 ± 10%. The levels of DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA within the core and shell of the NAC generally paralleled the increase and decrease in efflux, respectively, of dopamine. CSF control injections in the VTA as well as injections outside of the VTA failed to alter dopamine or metabolite activity in the NAC. These results demonstrate that the presence of THP in the VTA alters directly the function of the pathway of mesolimbic neurons generally and the dopaminergic system specifically. That such a perturbation could account for the induction of alcohol preference is proposed in relation to a reinforcing mechanism involving opioidergic and dopaminergic elements.
Eaters of the Lotus: Landauer's Principle and the Return of Maxwell's Demon

Landauer’s principle is the loosely formulated notion that the erasure of n bits of information must always incur a cost of k ln n in thermodynamic entropy. It can be formulated as a precise result in statistical mechanics, but by erasure processes that use a thermodynamically irreversible phase space expansion, which is the real origin of the law’s entropy cost. General arguments that purport to establish the unconditional validity of the law (erasure maps many physical states to one; erasure compresses the phase space) fail. They turn out to depend on the illicit formation of a canonical ensemble from memory devices holding random data. To exorcise Maxwell’s demon one must show that all candidate devices—the ordinary and the extraordinary—must fail to reverse the second law of thermodynamics. The theorizing surrounding Landauer’s principle is too fragile and too tied to a few specific examples to support such general exorcism. Charles Bennett has recently extended Landauer’s principle in order to exorcise a no erasure demon proposed by John Earman and me. The extension fails for the same reasons as trouble the original principle.
Scaling of Flexural and Compressive Ice Failure

Physical model tests are a powerful means of obtaining solutions to a variety of engineering problems. The applications in hydraulics and aerospace engineering are prominent, where the use of similitude and dimensionless numbers is well developed. The first step is to understand the mechanics of the process. In the case of ice, the theory has not been developed to the same degree as in fluid mechanics. The use of scale models in test basins has often focused on resistance to ship motion and on flexural failure of the ice. This has been reasonably well addressed. The properties of the model ice have often been modified to permit scaling of flexural strength as well as elastic modulus to achieve appropriate behaviour.Extension of testing to situations where ice fails in compression or combined flexure and crushing leads to additional complication. At low rates of loading, ice creeps and also demonstrates enhanced rates of creep if the stress is sufficient to cause damage (microstructural change) in the ice. At higher rates of loading, fracture processes result in a localization of loading, and in the formation of high-pressure zones, which have their own special failure process.In the paper a review of scaled ice testing is given, with associated mechanics including flexural failure. This is followed by a discussion of the failure processes in compression and related mechanics such as creep, damage and fracture. Suggestions as to scaling of these processes are made. An important aspect that is considered is the randomness of ice loads as measured in the full scale. Modelling this aspect and determination of appropriate extreme values is discussed. The Weibull modulus is suggested as an appropriate parameter.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Terminal ligand influence on the electronic structure and intrinsic redox properties of the [Fe4S4]2+ cubane clusters.

We used photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to study how the terminal ligands influence the electronic structure and redox properties of the [4Fe-4S] cubane in several series of ligand-substituted analogue complexes: [Fe4S4Cl4-x(CN)x] 2- , [Fe4S4Cl4-x(SCN)x] 2- , [Fe4S4Cl4-x(OAc)x] 2- , [Fe4S4(SC2H5)4-x(OPr)x] 2- , and [Fe4S4(SC2H5)4-xClx] 2(x ) 0-4). All the ligand-substituted complexes gave similar PES spectral features as the parents, suggesting that the mixed-ligand coordination does not perturb the electronic structure of the cubane core significantly. The terminal ligands, however, have profound effects on the electron binding energies of the cubane and induce significant shifts of the PES spectra, increasing in the order SC2H5 - f Cl - f OAc - /OPr - f CN - f SCN - . A linear relationship between the electron binding energies and the substitution number x was observed for each series, indicating that each ligand contributes independently and additively to the total binding energy. The electron binding energies of the gaseous complexes represent their intrinsic oxidation energies; the observed linear dependence on x is consistent with similar observations on the redox potentials of mixed-ligand cubane complexes in solution. The current study reveals the electrostatic nature of the interaction between the [4Fe-4S] cubane core and its coordination environment and provides further evidence for the electronic and structural stability of the cubane core and its robustness as a structural and functional unit in Fe-S proteins.
Efficient removal of carbon dioxide from an undersea habitat using adsorption techniques

Abstract The removal of carbon dioxide from an undersea habitat is an essential part of the life support system. In the past, emphasis has been placed on absorbing carbon dioxide on lithum hydroxide. These systems cannot be regenerated and periodic replacement of lithium hydroxide canisters is required. The technique of adsorption using molecular sieves is attractive because of the high affinity of the adsorbent for CO2 at low CO2 partial pressures and because molecular sieves are easily regenerated. The LUB-Equilibrium Section design technique is discussed and experimental data is presented. An example is given to illustrate the use of the technique to design a carbon dioxide removal system and comparisons are made between this system and a lithum hydroxide system.
The witnessing imagination: social trauma, creative artists, and witnessing professionals.

The witnessing imagination, a mentality that can be deployed by health care professionals in their efforts to address social traumas, posits a unique role for some creative artists and their works. Creative artwork can assist the professional in preparing the self to enter into the position of a witness to social traumas. Creative artwork can also give the professional remarkable access to the voices and experiences of survivors and witnesses, and may even give shape to new ways of seeing the complex psychological, historical, and cultural processes of recovery from social traumas. Additionally, creative artwork may also provide a means for extending the professionals' witness through collaborative ventures betweeen creative artists and health care professionals. The author, a psychiatrist who has worked with Bosnian survivors of what we have come to call ethnic cleansing, discusses his involvement with creative artwork and how it has shaped his work as a witnessing professional.
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Titanium Nitride from Tetrakis (diethylamido) Titanium and Ammonia

Titanium nitride (TiN) films were made from tetrakis (diethylamido) titanium (TDEAT) and ammonia by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD). Growth rates, stoichiometries, and resistivities were studied as a function of temperature and ammonia: TDEAT ratios. Films were characterized by four-point probe, rutherford backscattering, forward (elastic) recoil, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. TDEAT was found to have a higher deposition efficiency (> 1/3), and slower reaction kinetics than the related Ti(NMe{sub 2}){sub 4} (TDMAT) compound. Higher temperatures and relative NH{sub 3} concentrations were necessary to achieve similar growth rates. Though growth was slower than when using TDMAT, films from TDEAT had higher step coverage, lower resistivities (< 1,000 {micro}{Omega}-cm) and were more stable with time. These films are promising candidates for diffusion barriers in 0.25 {micro}m ULSI device technologies.
Local Nanomechanical Motion of the Cell Wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We demonstrate that the cell wall of living Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) exhibits local temperature-dependent nanomechanical motion at characteristic frequencies. The periodic motions in the range of 0.8 to 1.6 kHz with amplitudes of 3 nm were measured using the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM). Exposure of the cells to a metabolic inhibitor causes the periodic motion to cease. From the strong frequency dependence on temperature, we derive an activation energy of 58 kJ/mol, which is consistent with the cell’s metabolism involving molecular motors such as kinesin, dynein, and myosin. The magnitude of the forces observed (10nN) suggests concerted nanomechanical activity is operative in the cell.
Perioperative care of a child with tetanus

AbstractTetanus is caused by tetanospasmin, a toxin that is produced by the anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani. Despite widespread vaccination, which limits its incidence in many parts of the world, tetanus may still occur owing to lack of immunisation related to religious tenets, cultural beliefs or inaccessibility to medical care. Of major concern during the perioperative care of such patients is control of the muscle spasms and the propensity for autonomic dysfunction, resulting in blood pressure instability. Ongoing muscle spasms may impair upper airway control or respiratory muscle function, thereby resulting in respiratory failure. Autonomic dysfunction may result in profound hypertension followed by hypotension, bradycardia and asystole. The pathophysiology of tetanus, its clinical manifestations, and current treatment options are discussed. The preoperative implications of tetanus and the care of these patients are reviewed.
Growth of Epitaxial (110) 0.7Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.3PbTiO 3 Thin Films on r-Plane Sapphire Substrates by RF Magnetron Sputtering

The role of substrate temperature and substrate surface geometry in determining the crystal structure and crystallinity of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thin films grown on r-plane sapphire substrates is examined. A 30-nm-thick amorphous PMN-PT seed layer deposited at 250°C and subjected to rapid thermal annealing at 850°C results in the formation of an epitaxial (110) perovskite PMN-PT growth template that can be used for subsequent growth of single-crystal (110) perovskite PMN-PT films at elevated temperature. The data show that single-crystal perovskite is promoted when the films nucleate with the \( \langle \overline{1} 11 \rangle \) PMN-PT direction parallel to the \( \langle 0\bar{2}21 \rangle \) Al2O3 direction.
Activation of p53 or Loss of the Cockayne Syndrome Group B Repair Protein Causes Metaphase Fragility of Human U1, U2, and 5S Genes

Infection by adenovirus 12, transfection with the Ad12 E1B 55 kDa gene, or activation of p53 cause metaphase fragility of four loci (RNU1, PSU1, RNU2, and RN5S) each containing tandemly repeated genes for an abundant small RNA (U1, U2, and 5S RNA). We now show that loss of the Cockayne syndrome group B protein (CSB) or overexpression of the p53 carboxy-terminal domain induces fragility of the same loci; moreover, p53 interacts with CSB in vivo and in vitro. We propose that CSB functions as an elongation factor for transcription of structured RNAs, including some mRNAs. Activation of p53 would inhibit CSB, stalling transcription complexes and locally blocking chromatin condensation. Impaired transcription elongation may also explain the diverse clinical features of Cockayne syndrome.
A Comparison of Computer-Assisted and Self-Management Programs for Reducing Alcohol Use among Students in First Year Experience Courses.

The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism has called for the use of evidence-based approaches to address high-risk drinking prevalent on many college campuses. In line with this recommendation, the present study evaluated the efficacy of two evidence-based approaches to reducing alcohol use. One hundred and three college students in first-year experience courses were randomly assigned by class to participate in a computer-assisted online program (e-Chug Group), skills training program (Self-Management Group), or control condition (Exercise Group). The data indicate that heavier drinkers benefited from the e-Chug program, whereas lighter drinkers benefited from the self-management program. As such, colleges may yield more favorable results when forgoing a blanket approach to decreasing alcohol consumption in favor of matching students with an appropriate alcohol program.
The relationship between mortality and intensity of inpatient alcoholism treatment.

OBJECTIVES. Previous studies have examined mortality in alcoholics receiving extended inpatient alcoholism treatment, but few have investigated less intense treatment. This study examined mortality within 3 years after discharge from varying intensities of inpatient alcoholism treatment. METHODS. Using the computerized database of the Department of Veterans Affairs, we identified men participating in varying intensities of inpatient alcoholism treatment and followed them for 3 years after discharge. Adjusted mortality rates were computed and survival analysis was performed to assess the risk of death, adjusting for factors that may be related to mortality. RESULTS. The death rate was lower for men who completed extended formal inpatient treatment than for those who began, but did not complete, inpatient treatment or those who underwent short detoxification. Differences among the treatment groups remained after age, race, marital status, and disease severity were controlled. CONCLUSIONS. These results sugg...
Dynamics of Neptune's Major Cloud Features

Abstract We used Voyager 2 images of Neptune to investigate the dynamics of the Great Dark Spot (GDS), the Scooter, the Second Dark Spot (DS2), and the South Polar Features (SPF). Relative to previous studies, we covered a longer time base, achieved more complete sampling of the available data, and improved accuracy by using stars to correct navigation errors. We tracked the GDS 8-day shape oscillation for more than 2000 hr, measuring amplitudes of 7.4° in longitude and 1.5° in latitude. We found a surprisingly large increase in the mean latitudinal size of the GDS from 8° in January 1989 to 17° in August. During the same period, we measured steady GDS northward motion from 26°S to 17°S and found no evidence of the latitudinal limits. We confirmed that the varying longitudinal drift rates of the GDS and DS2 were simple functions of latitude that approximately match the zonal wind profile. Measurements of at least three cycles of the periodic motions of the DS2 defined a 36-day period and amplitudes of 2.4° in latitude and 47.5° in longitude relative to its mean drift longitude. We found that the bright core of the DS2 varied in step with the DS2 latitudinal oscillation, reaching a maximum area when the DS2 was furthest north. A large increase in relative core brightness at high phase angles is consistent with forward scattering cloud particles. We measured one cycle of a Scooter longitudinal oscillation of 20° about its mean drift position, with a period of 120 days; but the Scooter's latitudinal motions are too small and of the wrong frequency to be consistent with an advective model of the zonal motions. We found that the highly variable SPF formation region has the same mean longitudinal drift rate as the DS2, but an offset of 180° in longitude and a 20° difference in latitude. The apparent synchronization of these widely separated and dramatically different features is unexplained. Coupling to the deep interior is ruled out by the significant difference between the radio and cloud periods. Observed motions of all features are described by empirical models valid over the Voyager time period. Comparisons of Voyager results with groundbased observations did not lead to conclusive constraints on the long-term dynamics, although much of the data seem to be consistent with a 5.8-year oscillation in GDS latitude.
Biotransformation of chlorzoxazone by hepatic microsomes from humans and ten other mammalian species

The 6-hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone (CLZ) is currently being used in both in vivo and in vitro studies to quantify cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in humans. Comparatively little is known with regard to the biotransformation of this drug in other species. The NADPH-dependent biotransformation of CLZ was therefore studied using hepatic microsomes derived from humans and ten other mammalian species. In all species, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (6OH-CLZ) was the only metabolic product that could be identified by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Enzyme kinetic analysis was used to characterize this CLZ 6-hydroxylase activity. Although the majority of kinetic data conformed to a single-enzyme Michaelis-Menten model, a two-enzyme (high and low affinity) model was required for four species (ferret, monkey, pig, and rat). Apparent K(m) values for the high-affinity component ranged from 12 microM (pig) to 95 microM (rabbit). The rank order of Vmax/K(m), an index of intrinsic clearance, was: mouse > horse > monkey > rabbit > cow > ferret > pig > human 1 > rat > human 2 > cat > dog. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a CYP2E1 inhibitor in humans, was a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of 6OH-CLZ formation in microsomes from all species examined. Preincubation of microsomes for 15 min in the presence of DDC and NADPH significantly enhanced the maximum degree of inhibition but had no effect on inhibitor potency. Inhibitor concentrations at 50% of maximum inhibition (IC50max) for DDC with preincubation ranged from 9 microM (human) to 45 microM (cow). In conclusion, DDC-sensitive CLZ 6-hydroxylation was identified as the principal NADPH-dependent pathway for chlorzoxazone metabolism in liver microsomes from humans and ten other mammalian species. These data indicate a species-conserved mechanism for the oxidative biotransformation of chlorzoxazone.
New low band gap thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-based polymers with deep HOMO levels for organic solar cells

Two new soluble alternating alkyl-substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene and ketone-substituted thieno[3,4-b]thiophene copolymers were synthesized and characterized. We found that grafting 3-butyloctyl side chains to the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene unit at C4 and C8 afforded the resulting polymer (P1) a high hole mobility (∼10−2 cm2Vs−1) and a low-lying HOMO energy level (5.22 eV). Preliminary experiments in bulk heterojunction solar cells using P1 as the electron donor demonstrated a high power conversion efficiency of 4.8% even with PC61BM as the electron acceptor. The introduction of an electron-withdrawing fluorine atom into the thieno[3,4-b]thiophene unit at the C3 position (P2) lowers the HOMO energy level and consequently improves the open circuit voltage from 0.78 to 0.86 V. These values are about 0.1 V higher than those reported for their analogues based on alkoxy-substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene. This work demonstrates that the replacement of the alkoxy chains on the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene unit with less electron-donating alkyl chains is able to lower the HOMO energy levels of this class of polymers without increasing their band gap energy.
Effects of mating and accessory gland injections on olfactory-mediated behavior in the female mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata

The female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, exhibits a preferential switch in certain olfactory-mediated behaviors as a result of mating. Unmated, laboratory-reared, virgin females chose the odor of male-produced pheromone over host fruit odor (guava) in a dual-choice flight tunnel bioassay. Females continued to preferentially respond to the male pheromone for several weeks if not allowed to mate. Mated females chose the host fruit odor over the male-produced pheromone and deposited significantly greater amounts of fertile eggs if given the opportunity. Virgin females injected with accessory gland fluid (AGF) from sexually mature males will “switch” their response from choosing the pheromone odor to choosing host fruit odor in the flight tunnel bioassay and exhibit egg-laying behavior typical of mated females. Significant differences in the number of female landings, time on the source (sphere) and number of eggs laid occurred when females were injected with AGF levels of 0.2 male equivalents or greater. Thus AGFs associated with sexually mature males contain factors that appear to influence olfactory-mediated flight behavior.
Standard molar enthalpies of formation of Hf3Ge2, MeGe (Me = Ir, Pt) and Pt2Ge

Abstract The standard molar enthalpy of formation of Hf 3 Ge 2 has been determined by solute-solvent drop calorimetry and those of IrGe, PtGe and Pt 2 Ge by the direct combination method. The data have been obtained using a high temperature calorimeter at 1473 ± 2 K. The following values are reported: ΔH f o (Hf 3 Ge 2 ) = − (373.2 ± 39.5) kJ mol −1 , ΔH f o ( IrGe ) = − (66.2 ± 11.8) kJ mol −1 , ΔH f o ( PtGe ) = − (90.8 ± 2.4) kJ mol −1 , ΔH f o ( Pt 2 Ge ) = − (111.3 ± 4.7) kJ mol −1 . Comparisons are made with our earlier values for 3d and 4d transition metal germanides, with some available values for silicides, and with predicted values.
Binary Solvent Organization at Silica/Liquid Interfaces: Preferential Ordering in Acetonitrile-Methanol Mixtures

Nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy experiments examined solvent organization at the silica/binary solvent interface where the binary solvent consisted of methanol and acetonitrile in varying mole fractions. Data were compared with surface vibrational spectra acquired from silica surfaces exposed to a vapor phase saturated with the same binary solvent mixtures. Changes in vibrational band intensities suggest that methanol ideally adsorbs to the silica/vapor interface but acetonitrile accumulates in excess relative to vapor-phase composition. At the silica/liquid interface, acetonitrile's signal increases until a solution phase mole fraction of ∼0.85. At higher acetonitrile concentrations, acetonitrile's signal decreases dramatically until only a weak signature persists with the neat solvent. This behavior is ascribed to dipole-paired acetonitrile forming a bilayer with the first sublayer associating with surface silanol groups and a second sublayer consisting of weakly associating, antiparallel partners. On the basis of recent simulations, we propose that the second sublayer accumulates in excess.
Important Others Music Teachers’ Perceived Roles in Music Teacher Recruitment

The music education profession needs the best and brightest students with potential to be excellent music educators to choose music education as a profession. Past research has identified several i...
The Effect of Phosphate Buffer on Aerosol Size Distribution of Nebulized Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacteria

During bioaerosol research microorganisms are frequently aerosolized from phosphate-buffered suspension via air-jet nebulization. Buffer will therefore be present in organism-free droplets (''empties") as solutes in hydrous surface coatings of airborne organisms or as dry surface coatings on organisms. It might be expected that the buffer would influence the resulting aerosol size distribution and that the influence might vary with relative humidity. In this work we examined the effect of various buffer concentrations on the aerosol size distribution of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Pseudomonas fluorescens ( P. fluorescens ) at various relative humidities. Microorganism suspensions in distilled deionized water and phosphate-buffered water were prepared and nebulized from a 3-jet Collison nebulizer into a sampling chamber maintained at 10% relative humidity. The aerosol was then conducted to a second chamber to which moist air was added to achieve the target relative humidity. Particle aerodynamic si...
Studies of the function of the amygdaloid complex in Macaca Mulatta

Two groups of experiments are described. The first tested the ability of amygdalectomized monkeys to perform behavior sequences. Impairment was limited to those sequences which were not externally prescribed; i.e. amygdalectomized monkeys appear unable to make choices within the context of some internally produced set. The second group of studies tested directly the ability to develop sets. Amygdalectomized Ss failed to form discrimination reversal learning set, an impairment produced by the split brain procedure in the amygdalectomized hemisphere only. The conclusion reached is that the amygdala is important to choice behavior dependent on the development of sets and that this formation of sets is unlikely to be a “motor” phenomenon as typically conceived.
Unexplained infant crying: an evolutionary perspective.

Summary of evolutionary and developmentalstudies In this paper, infant crying has been approached as anevolving trait. From classic studies of the larynx, theorgan of crying, we ” ndthat while the larynx developedinitially to regulate air‘ ow, its structure became morecomplex as a mechanism in mammals to stabilize thethorax for upper arm movement, rather than to facilitatevocalization. Furthermore, we have learned about therole of vocalization inanotherderivedfunctioninwhichthe laryngeal-thoracic act itself functions to maintainthoracic pressure and avoid pulmonary edema as ratpups warm after severe hypothermia. Crying in acommunicative role appears to have been the mostrecent evolutionary step. Yet even in a relatively simplemammal such as the laboratory rat, it is a highlyregulated response that is controlled by many differentenvironmental and social signals, cues that connectcrying with the risks and bene” ts of this behavior in theenvironments within which mammals evolved. Recentresearch is beginning to elucidate the neurochemicalpathways by which crying responses are transduced inthe brain of the infant and to shed new light on thenature of the “ emotional” states underlying crying.Two other more complex forms of infant crying,maternal potentiation and inhibition by unfamiliar malescent, are described as adaptations within a set ofopposingevolutionaryselectionpressures.The intensityof infant crying may thus be regulated by contextualcues representing the relative risk or bene” t of thebehavior at the time.And ” nally, a laboratory selective breeding study isthe most recent focus of our attempts to understandhownatural selection has shaped the evolution of this mostinteresting early behavior.
Pleomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death

Increasing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) use in response to broad indications in recent years has heightened the need to better refine selection for patients most likely to benefit. Although no single test adequately predicts sudden cardiac death risk, it seems intuitive that the best markers should be those that directly reflect electric instability and abnormalities of the underlying myocardial substrate. The advanced recording capacity of ICDs allows detailed investigation of spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes that would previously have been inaccessible and to potentially aid in documenting characteristics of clinically significant VTs. Different VTs occurring in the same patient can vary in stability, duration, and hemodynamic consequence. The ability to document and monitor for certain distinguishing features might provide new insights into the underlying pathophysiology and thus help to inform assessments of risk. Although ICDs discriminate between VTs primarily based on differences in rate, stored electrograms (EGMs) also have been used to help identify the arrhythmia origin and in a recent study, to help discriminate likely regions of origin for different “clinical” VTs while pace mapping in patients postinfarction.1 Article see p 33 In this issue of Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology , Hadid et al2 analyze stored EGMs to evaluate the incidence and predictive value of pleomorphic VT and multiple VT morphologies among patients enrolled in the DATAS (Dual Chamber and Atrial Tachyarrhythmias Adverse Events Study) trial,3 in which ICDs were implanted under standard class I indications according to the 1998 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, as well as for MUSTT (Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial) criteria after November 2001. This study is the first to use ICD EGMs to systematically study pleomorphic VT, which was defined as a single VT episode having >1 stable ICD EGM morphology, each lasting at least 6 consecutive beats. The incidence …
A program behavior model and its evaluation

We investigate a program behavior model that generates address reference strings including the interreference durations. This model views a trace as the sample path of a semi-Markov process. The transition probability and sojourn matrices of that process are statistically inferred. Two methods of evaluating the accuracy of the model are described. We experimentally evaluate the model on the shared data traces of the individual processes of a range of realistic parallel programs executing on a shared memory multiprocessor. The model generates traces that closely approximate the original trace, however, the number of model states needed for accuracy is large. >
Evaluation of Chemical and Electrochemical Etching Techniques to Determine Phosphorus Segregation in NiCrMoV Rotor Steels

Abstract A picric acid-based etch test was found to have the greatest potential for the indirect measurement of phosphorus segregation in NiCrMoV steels. Intergranular depth of penetration was dire...
FERROELECTRIC EPR LINE SPLITTING ABOVE THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Tc IN KH2P04

EPR studies of As-doped KDP show the presence of quasi-static ferroelectric domains at temperatures well above the ferroelectric transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the separation between the spectral lines from each domain was determined from 10 to 300 K. Comparison were made with mean field theory, and the Anderson exchange model.