cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Students: An Underutilized Resource in Internationalizing Marketing Education:

Administrators of colleges of business administration in the United States are being urged to "internationalize" their faculty, curricula, and students. This article focuses on a resource that can assist in the process—international students. It is suggested that they can help in internationalizing faculties, curricula, and U.S. students.
Cystinosis, Fanconi syndrome, and odontogenic cysts

Cystinosis is a multisystemic genetic storage disorder characterized by a mutation in the transporter system of cystine. The disease particularly affects the renal system by causing deposition of cystine crystals leading to, if untreated, Fanconi syndrome and end-stage renal disease. This disease also affects the ocular system, central nervous system, endocrine system, hepatobiliary system, and musculoskeletal system. We present the first case of cystine crystal deposition within an odontogenic cyst, confirmed by the correlation of the clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings on this patient.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopic Study of Serpin Depolymerization by Computationally Designed Peptides

Members of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family play important roles in the inflammatory and coagulation cascades. Interaction of a serpin with its target proteinase induces a large conformational change, resulting in insertion of its reactive center loop (RCL) into the main body of the protein as a new strand within beta-sheet A. Intermolecular insertion of the RCL of one serpin molecule into the beta-sheet A of another leads to polymerization, a widespread phenomenon associated with a general class of diseases known as serpinopathies. Small peptides are known to modulate the polymerization process by binding within beta-sheet A. Here, we use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to probe the mechanism of peptide modulation of alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) polymerization and depolymerization, and employ a statistical computationally-assisted design strategy (SCADS) to identify new tetrapeptides that modulate polymerization. Our results demonstrate that peptide-induced depolymerization takes place via a heterogeneous, multi-step process that begins with internal fragmentation of the polymer chain. One of the designed tetrapeptides is the most potent antitrypsin depolymerizer yet found.
The derivative expansion of the fermion number current

Abstract The fermion number current is evaluated to leading order in the derivative expansion for chiral fermions in the background of arbitrary Higgs and chiral gauge fields. This current is given by the gauge topological current plus a total divergence term. The total divergence term is absent in Weinberg-Salam theory with one scalar Higgs doublet, even for an arbitrary mass matrix, but appears when several Higgs doublets are present.
Optimization of retardance for a complete Stokes polarimeter.

The authors present two figures of merit based on singular value decomposition which can be used to assess the noise immunity of a complete Stokes polarimeter. These are used to optimize a polarimeter consisting of a rotatable retarder and fixed polarizer. A retardance of 132{degree} (approximately three eights wave) and retarder orientation angles of {+-}51.7{degree} and {+-}15.1{degree} are found to be optimal when four measurements are used. Use of this retardance affords a factor of 1.5 improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over systems employing a quarter wave plate. A geometric means of visualizing the optimization process is discussed, and the advantages of the use of additional measurements are investigated. No advantage of using retarder orientation angles spaced uniformly through 360{degree} is found over repeated measurements made at the four angles given previously.
Accessibility-Diagnosticity and the Multiple Pathway Anchoring and Adjustment Model

I discuss how the Multiple Pathway Anchoring and Adjustment model is similar to and different from the Feldman and Lynch accessibility-diagnosticity model, elaborated as an anchoring and adjustment model by Lynch, Marmorstein, and Weigold. Cohen and Reed's concept of representational sufficiency embraces both attitude coherence and retrieval fluency; these map to prior operationalizations of diagnosticity in past accessibility-diagnosticity research. Cohen and Reed's functional sufficiency maps closely to Lynch et al.'s notion of a comparison of cumulative diagnosticity to a diagnosticity threshold in an anchoring and adjustment process. I identify differences between the two models and call for research to distinguish their predictions.
Rickettsialpox in New York City

Rickettsialpox, a spotted fever rickettsiosis, was first identified in New York City (NYC) in 1946. During the next five years, approximately 540 additional cases were identified in NYC. However, during the subsequent five decades, rickettsialpox received relatively little attention from clinicians and public health professionals, and reporting of the disease diminished markedly. During February 2001 through August 2002, 34 cases of rickettsialpox in NYC were confirmed at CDC from cutaneous biopsy specimens tested by using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, PCR analysis, and isolation of Rickettsia akari in cell culture, as well as an indirect immunofluorescence assay of serum specimens. Samples were collected from patients with febrile illnesses accompanied by an eschar, a papulovesicular rash, or both. Patients originated predominantly from two boroughs (Manhattan and the Bronx). Only 8 (24%) of the cases were identified prior to the reports of bioterrorism-associated anthrax in the United States during October 2001, and lesions of several patients evaluated during and subsequent to this episode were suspected initially to be cutaneous anthrax. IHC staining of biopsy specimens of eschars and papular lesions were positive for spotted fever group rickettsiae for 32 patients. Of the eleven patients for whom paired serum samples were obtained, all demonstrated fourfold or greater increases in antibody titers reactive with R. akari. The 17-kDa protein gene sequence of R. akari was amplified from eschars of five patients. Four isolates of R. akari were obtained from cutaneous lesions. Possible factors responsible for the increase in clinical samples evaluated for rickettsialpox during this interval include renewed clinical interest in the disease, improved diagnostic methods, epizootiological influences, and factors associated with the recent specter of bioterrorism.
Mixed finite element methods for nonlinear elliptic problems: the h-p version

Mixed finite element methods for strongly nonlinear second order elliptic problems are proposed and analyzed. Existence and uniqueness of the approximate solution are demonstrated using a fixed point argument. Convergence and stability of the method are proved both with respect to mesh refinement and increase of the degree of the approximating polynomials. The analysis is carried out in detail using Raviart-Thomas-Nedelec spaces as an example. Numerical results for minimal surface problems are obtained using Brezzi-Douglas-Marini spaces. Graphs of the approximate solutions are presented for two different problems.
Safety and Efficacy of Vardenafil for the Treatment of Men With Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: More than one-third of men may experience erectile dysfunction (ED) after nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. The efficacy and safety of vardenafil, a potent, selective, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, was assessed for the treatment of ED after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: In this double-blind study 440 men with ED after nerve sparing radical prostatectomy were randomized to take placebo, or 10 or 20 mg vardenafil. Efficacy was measured after 12 weeks using the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function, diary questions measuring vaginal penetration and intercourse success rates, and a global assessment question (GAQ) on erection.Results: Of the intent to treat population 70% had severe ED (erectile function less than 11) at baseline. After 12 weeks both vardenafil doses were significantly superior to placebo (p <0.0001) for all efficacy variables. Improved erections (based on GAQ) were reported by 65.2% and 59.4% of patients on 20 ...
Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?

Although the controversy on birth control in the 60s centered around Catholic opposition to so-called state sponsored immorality in the 1960s a new dimension emerged when some Black spokespersons accused birth control advocates of promoting "Black genocide". This resulted in a strange alliance between Black Power advocates such as the Black Panther Party and Black Muslims and cultural conservatives represented by the Roman Catholic Church. Opposition to birth control among some Blacks escalated during the second half of the 1960s. Most objections came from poor young males rather than from the middle class. Some of the male opposition seemed to stem from Black "machismo" in which siring a child was often viewed as proof of manhood. In contrast a study conducted in 1973 concluded that there was considerable evidence that Black women were more positively inclined toward family planning than White women. Furthermore women activists were taking concrete action to secure birth control services in the face of militant allegations of genocide. Moreover the effort of the Planned Parenthood Center of Pittsburgh had contributed to the development of contraceptive programs. By the early 1970s a major shift on the association of contraception with genocide was noted due to failure of the men to convince women that birth control was tantamount to genocide and to the diversion of their attention to the issue of sterilization abuse among women of color.
Role of angiotensin in renal vascular development

Role of angiotensin in renal vascular development. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are expressed in the developing kidney in a temporospatial pattern that suggests a role for this system in kidney morphogenesis. Pharmacological blockade of angiotensin actions in fetal and newborn animals results in striking alterations in kidney architecture, including immature glomeruli and papillae, dilated tubuli, and arrested vascular development. Inactivation of angiotensinogen or angiotensin converting enzyme genes in mice results in similar anomalies that begin as subtle alterations in early life and become more pronounced as extrauterine life progresses. However, inactivation of each angiotensin receptor subtype does not result in obvious morphological abnormalities, suggesting functional redundancy at the receptor level. Crossing of mice lacking the various receptor subtypes should be revealing. Overall, the available information suggests that the RAS is necessary for the normal morphological and functional development of the kidney and the preservation of kidney architecture in adult life.
Age-related changes in mutagen activation by rat tissues.

Age-related changes in drug metabolism of the liver, lung and kidney of adult female Long-Evans rats were determined by measuring changes in mutagen formation. Activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 2-aminofluorene (AF) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to mutagenic derivatives was assayed using the Ames Salmonella test system. The promutagens were incubated with tissue fractions from rats ranging in age from 2.5 to 25 months. With all three compounds, hepatic, renal and pulmonary activation was lower in the senescent than in the young adult animals. The largest decrease, however, occurred prior to middle-age, i.e. before 9–13 months. In liver and kidney, little change was detectable between the middle-aged and the old (20–25 months) animals. However, pulmonary metabolism in the oldest animals was slightly higher than in the extracts from the middle-aged rats. The observed decline in mutagen activation may thus be a function of maturation rather than senescence.
Topological surface States in three-dimensional magnetic insulators.

An electron moving in a magnetically ordered background feels an effective magnetic field that can be both stronger and more rapidly varying than typical externally applied fields. One consequence is that insulating magnetic materials in three dimensions can have topologically nontrivial properties of the effective band structure. For the simplest case of two bands, these ``Hopf insulators'' are characterized by a topological invariant as in quantum Hall states and ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological insulators, but instead of a Chern number or parity, the underlying invariant is the Hopf invariant that classifies maps from the three-sphere to the two-sphere. This Letter gives an efficient algorithm to compute whether a given magnetic band structure has nontrivial Hopf invariant, a double-exchange-like tight-binding model that realizes the nontrivial case, and a numerical study of the surface states of this model.
A Nested Case-Control Study of Multiple Myeloma Risk and Uranium Exposure among Workers at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant

Abstract Yiin, J. H., Anderson, J. L., Daniels, R. D., Seel, E. A., Fleming, D. A., Waters, K. M. and Chen, P-H. A Nested Case-Control Study of Multiple Myeloma Risk and Uranium Exposure among Workers at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Radiat. Res. 171, 637–645 (2009). The primary risk factors of multiple myeloma are age, race and sex, but several studies have found an association between radiological hazards and multiple myeloma. The purpose of this nested case-control study was to investigate whether workers with chronic low-level exposure to internally deposited uranium at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in eastern Tennessee were at higher risk of dying of multiple myeloma than those without occupational exposure to uranium, with the consideration of potential confounders of external ionizing radiation and occupational chemical hazards such as mercury, nickel and trichloroethylene. The main analyses were carried out using conditional logistic regression on 98 cases and 490 controls (five c...
Field Response of Sugarcane Genotypes to Freeze Stress with Genotype x Environment Effects on Quality Traits

Freeze stress negatively affects sucrose yield in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), particularly during the harvest season. To understand its impact on the performance of genotypes in the Canal Point (CP) breeding program, the genotype-environment (GxE) interaction was appraised via additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis and group-based trajectory modeling (GTM). Forty-five selections of the CP01, CP02, and CP03 series and three cultivars were examined in replicated field tests at Hague and Canal Point, Florida, in the plant-cane (CP01-CP02 in 2006-07) or through the first ratoon (CP03 in 2007-09). Profile analyses of Brix, pol, and sucrose content (SC) were developed from stalks sampled at different times of year to follow their deterioration. Hague experienced more intense freeze nights (17–22 d yr−1 with temperatures [TC] from −0.4 °C to −8 °C) than CP (2 nights, rarely down to −2 °C). Temperatures ≥−2 °C increased SC in a majority of the genotypes and TC ≤ −4 °C hasten...
Distinct patterns of activation-dependent changes in conformational mobility between ERK1 and ERK2.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange measurements by mass spectrometry (HX-MS) can be used to report localized conformational mobility within folded proteins, where exchange predominantly occurs through low energy fluctuations in structure, allowing transient solvent exposure. Changes in conformational mobility may impact protein function, even in cases where structural changes are unobservable. Previous studies of the MAP kinase, ERK2, revealed increases in HX upon activation occurred at the hinge between conserved N- and C-terminal domains, which could be ascribed to enhanced backbone flexibility. This implied that kinase activation modulates interdomain closure, and was supported by evidence for two modes of nucleotide binding that were consistent with closed vs open conformations in active vs inactive forms of ERK2, respectively. Thus, phosphorylation of ERK2 releases constraints to interdomain closure, by modulating hinge flexibility. In this study, we examined ERK1, which shares 90% sequence identity with ERK2. HX-MS measurements of ERK1 showed similarities with ERK2 in overall deuteration, consistent with their similar tertiary structures. However, the patterns of HX that were altered upon activation of ERK1 differed from those in ERK2. In particular, alterations in HX at the hinge region upon activation of ERK2 did not occur in ERK1, suggesting that the two enzymes differ with respect to their regulation of hinge mobility and interdomain closure. In agreement, HX-MS measurements of nucleotide binding suggested revealed domain closure in both inactive and active forms of ERK1. We conclude that although ERK1 and ERK2 are closely related with respect to primary sequence and tertiary structure, they utilize distinct mechanisms for controlling enzyme function through interdomain interactions.
Elevated oxidative membrane damage associated with genetic modifiers of Lyst-mutant phenotypes.

LYST is a large cytosolic protein that influences the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, and mutation of the encoding gene, LYST, can cause Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Recently, Lyst-mutant mice were recognized to also exhibit an iris disease resembling exfoliation syndrome, a common cause of glaucoma in humans. Here, Lyst-mutant iris phenotypes were used in a search for genes that influence Lyst pathways. In a candidate gene–driven approach, albino Lyst-mutant mice homozygous for a mutation in Tyr, whose product is key to melanin synthesis within melanosomes, exhibited complete rescue of Lyst-mutant iris phenotypes. In a genetic background–driven approach using a DBA/2J strain of congenic mice, an interval containing Tyrp1 enhanced Lyst-dependent iris phenotypes. Thus, both experimental approaches implicated the melanosome, an organelle that is a potential source of oxidative stress, as contributing to the disease phenotype. Confirming an association with oxidative damage, Lyst mutation resulted in genetic context–sensitive changes in iris lipid hydroperoxide levels, being lowest in albino and highest in DBA/2J mice. Surprisingly, the DBA/2J genetic background also exposed a late-onset neurodegenerative phenotype involving cerebellar Purkinje-cell degeneration. These results identify an association between oxidative damage to lipid membranes and the severity of Lyst-mutant phenotypes, revealing a new mechanism that contributes to pathophysiology involving LYST.
Oral sulforaphane increases Phase II antioxidant enzymes in the human upper airway.

Background Cellular oxidative stress is an important factor in asthma and is thought to be the principle mechanism by which oxidant pollutants such as ozone and particulates mediate their pro-inflammatory effects. Endogenous Phase II enzymes abrogate oxidative stress through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and metabolism of reactive chemicals.
Nutrient-Regulated Proteolysis of MrpC Halts Expression of Genes Important for Commitment to Sporulation during Myxococcus xanthus Development

Starved Myxococcus xanthus cells glide to aggregation centers and form fruiting bodies in which rod-shaped cells differentiate into ovoid spores. Commitment to development was investigated by adding nutrients at specific times after starvation and determining whether development halted or proceeded. At 24 h poststarvation, some rod-shaped cells were committed to subsequent shape change and to becoming sonication-resistant spores, but nutrients caused partial disaggregation of fruiting bodies. By 30 h poststarvation, 10-fold more cells were committed to becoming sonication-resistant spores, and compact fruiting bodies persisted after nutrient addition. During the critical period of commitment around 24 to 30 h poststarvation, the transcription factors MrpC and FruA cooperatively regulate genes important for sporulation. FruA responds to short-range C-signaling, which increases as cells form fruiting bodies. MrpC was found to be highly sensitive to nutrient-regulated proteolysis both before and during the critical period of commitment to sporulation. The rapid turnover of MrpC upon nutrient addition to developing cells halted expression of the dev operon, which is important for sporulation. Regulated proteolysis of MrpC appeared to involve ATP-independent metalloprotease activity and may provide a mechanism for monitoring whether starvation persists and halting commitment to sporulation if nutrients reappear.
Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Alumina-Based Ceramics with Novel Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties

The extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have prompted the development of advanced engineering materials with improved properties through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes in selected matrices. Dense SWCNT reinforced alumina nanocomposites have been fabricated by novel spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) technique. SWCNT were also successfully used to convert insulating nanoceramics to metallically conductive composites. Additionally, novel anisotropic thermal properties have been observed in the carbon nanotube composites. Such multifunctional carbon nanotube/ceramic composites with improved mechanical and electrical properties along with anisotropic thermal properties are envisaged for a wide range of applications.
Seismic Signal Processing via the ILLIAC IV Computer

This paper discusses the ILLIAC IV computer and its application to seismic signal-processing problems. ILLIAC IV, now being fabricated by the Burroughs Corporation, will be operational at the University of Illinois' Computer Science Department in 1970. ILLIAC IV is an array of 256 coupled high-speed digital computers; as such, it has the capacity to execute algorithms 256 times faster than present-day computers. Achievement of large speedup factors, however, is dependent upon "structuring" an algorithm into groups of (nominally, 256) identical computations. As an aid to the programmer, the Tranquil language is being designed with certain common statements, such as matrix operations, prestructured to provide for the parallel execution of code on many pieces of data. These, as well as other aspects of the ILLIAC IV system and the Tranquil language, are described in the first part of this paper. The second part of the paper discusses the structuring of common signal-processing algorithms, such as beam forming, convolution, and fast Fourier transform for ILLIAC IV parallel computation. It is shown that, in a great variety of situations, the full speedup factor, 256, can be obtained.
Hepatic efflux of glutathione by the perfused rat liver: role of membrane potential difference

Glutathione (GSH) is released into hepatic sinusoids by a carrier-mediated process. The importance of transmembrane potential difference (PD) as a driving force for hepatic efflux of GSH from isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. The membrane PD was measured using intracellular microelectrodes as PD was altered over the physiological range by ion substitution in the perfusate. The effect of a change in membrane PD on the rate of efflux of GSH into the perfusate was determined. Because GSH carries a net negative charge at physiological values of pH, we predicted that hyperpolarization of cells would increase efflux, whereas depolarization would decrease efflux. Three different manipulations were used to depolarize the hepatocyte membrane to a similar degree, and variable effects on GSH efflux were observed. Substitution of Cl with gluconate in the perfusate depolarized the hepatocyte but had no effect on GSH efflux, whereas substitution of Na with choline in the perfusate increased GSH efflux to 110% of basal values. Perfusion with K+ inhibited GSH efflux by 21%. The latter two manipulations were associated with evidence of hepatic injury. Hyperpolarization of the hepatocyte also had variable effects on GSH efflux. Substitution of Cl with nitrate in the perfusate transiently increased the membrane PD and decreased GSH efflux, whereas perfusion with glucagon caused a sustained increase in membrane PD but did not alter GSH efflux rates. None of the latter manipulations was associated with hepatic injury and thus no consistent relationship between membrane PD and sinusoidal efflux of GSH was demonstrated. We conclude that in the isolated perfused rat liver, efflux of GSH is not driven directly by membrane PD.
Ultrastructural characterization of the stages of spheroplast preparation of Borrelia burgdorferi

Spheroplasts were generated from Borrelia burgdorferi by application of Tris-buffered lysozyme and EDTA. Cultures were examined during preparation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by negative staining and/or thin sectioning followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spirochete and spheroplast proteins were also compared by electrophoresis to determine the effect of outer membrane manipulation during spheroplast preparation on the amounts of two outer surface proteins, OspA and OspB. Periplasmic flagellar release from the confines of the outer membrane began at the earliest steps of the preparation process and increased with continued progress toward the spheroplast condition. With the addition of Tris alone, spirochete uncoiling and outer membrane disruption became apparent. Lysozyme addition resulted in the formation of electron-transparent blebs where the outer membrane separated from the cytoplasmic membrane. Despite the permeability of the outer membrane to the lysozyme and the apparent alterations in its structure, OspA and B showed no decrease in concentration throughout the spheroplast preparation process. It is suggested that the flagellar release that occurs during spheroplast production also occurs in the host during Lyme disease, accounting for early immune responses to flagellin.
Postadolescent Acne in Women

According to dermatological dogma, acne vulgaris regresses in early adulthood. This is not true for women. Low-grade acne may persist for decades past adolescence. Moreover, acne may spring up in women who more or less completely escaped adolescent acne.
Decision analysis in surgery

Background. The technique of decision analysis is often applied to clinical policy and economic issues in surgery. Because surgeons may be unfamiliar with such work, this article catalogues decision analysis studies in the surgical specialties. Methods. We reviewed the medical literature (1966 to 1994) to identify surgical decision analysis studies and to assess trends over time. Each article was categorized according to the type of journal (surgical, other clinical, or technical) in which it was published and content, including surgical specialty, clinical topic, article focus (individual patient decision making, clinical policy, or cost-effectiveness), and primary findings. Results. Publication rates of surgical decision analysis have increased dramatically over time. Of the 86 total studies only six were published before 1980. In contrast, 44 studies appeared between 1990 and 1994. Although 77% were published in nonsurgical journals, decision analyses have begun to appear more regularly in surgical forums. Studies addressing all of the surgical specialties were found, although more than one half addressed topics in general surgery (34%) or cardiothoracic surgery (22%). The most frequent topics were gallstones (11 articles), head and neck cancer (five articles), coronary artery disease (four articles), and cerebral arteriovenous malformations (four articles). Articles focusing on clinical policy (i.e., those assessing surgical efficacy for broad groups of patients) now account for large majority of published decision analyses. Conclusions. The use of decision analysis in surgery is growing steadily. Because decision analysis is being used to influence clinical policy, it is important for surgeons to be aware of these studies and to be able to review them critically.
Human thymidylate synthase with loop 181–197 stabilized in an inactive conformation: Ligand interactions, phosphorylation, and inhibition profiles

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a well-validated cancer target that undergoes conformational switching between active and inactive states. Two mutant human TS (hTS) proteins are predicted from crystal structures to be stabilized in an inactive conformation to differing extents, with M190K populating the inactive conformation to a greater extent than A191K. Studies of intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism revealed that the structures of the mutants differ from those of hTS. Inclusion of the substrate dUMP was without effect on M190K but induced structural changes in A191K that are unique, relative to hTS. The effect of strong stabilization in an inactive conformation on protein phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 (CK2) was investigated. M190K was highly phosphorylated by CK2 relative to an active-stabilized mutant, R163K hTS. dUMP had no detectable effect on phosphorylation of M190K; however, dUMP inhibited phosphorylation of hTS and R163K. Studies of temperature dependence of catalysis revealed that the Eact and temperature optimum are higher for A191K than hTS. The potency of the active-site inhibitor, raltitrexed, was lower for A191K than hTS. The response of A191K to the allosteric inhibitor, propylene diphosphonate (PDPA) was concentration dependent. Mixed inhibition was observed at low concentrations; at higher concentrations, A191K exhibited nonhyperbolic behavior with respect to dUMP and inhibition of catalysis was reversed by substrate saturation. In summary, inactive-stabilized mutants differ from hTS in thermal stability and response to substrates and PDPA. Importantly, phosphorylation of hTS by CK2 is selective for the inactive conformation, providing the first indication of physiological relevance for conformational switching.
Priming of CD8+ T cell responses following immunization with heat-killed Plasmodium sporozoites

Protective immune responses against malaria are induced by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites. In contrast, non-viable, heat-killed sporozoites do not induce protection, emphasizing the requirement for live parasites to achieve effective immune responses. Using an experimental system with CD8+ T cells from T cell receptor-transgenic mice, we analyzed the primary CD8+ T cell responses elicited by heat-killed inactivated sporozoites. We found that the numbers of specific CD8+ T cells induced were much lower compared to when immunizing with attenuated sporozoites; however, the kinetics of activation and the phenotype of these T cells were similar in both groups. Despite their low frequency after priming, high numbers of specific CD8+ T cells were observed after boosting with a recombinant vaccinia virus. Upon induction of the recall response, the same level of protection was observed when either heat-killed or attenuated sporozoites were used for priming. We propose that live parasites are not critical for the induction of memory T cell populations against the malaria liver stages.
Mechanistic Issues in Asparagine Synthetase Catalysis

The enzymatic synthesis of asparagine is an ATP-dependent process that utilizes the nitrogen atom derived from either glutamine or ammonia. Despite a long history of kinetic and mechanistic investigation, there is no universally accepted catalytic mechanism for this seemingly straightforward carboxyl group activating enzyme, especially as regards those steps immediately preceding amide bond formation. This chapter considers four issues dealing with the mechanism: (a) the structural organization of the active site(s) partaking in glutamine utilization and aspartate activation; (b) the relationship of asparagine synthetase to other amidotransferases; (c) the way in which ATP is used to activate the beta-carboxyl group; and (d) the detailed mechanism by which nitrogen is transferred.
The B Vitamins Nicotinamide (B3) and Riboflavin (B2) Stimulate Metamorphosis in Larvae of the Deposit-Feeding Polychaete Capitella teleta: Implications for a Sensory Ligand-Gated Ion Channel

Marine sediments can contain B vitamins, presumably incorporated from settled, decaying phytoplankton and microorganisms associated with decomposition. Because B vitamins may be advantageous for the energetically intensive processes of metamorphosis, post-metamorphic growth, and reproduction, we tested several B vitamins to determine if they would stimulate larvae of the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella teleta to settle and metamorphose. Nicotinamide and riboflavin individually stimulated larvae of C. teleta to settle and metamorphose, generally within 1–2 hours at nicotinamide concentrations as low as 3 µM and riboflavin concentrations as low as 50 µM. More than 80% of the larvae metamorphosed within 30 minutes at a nicotinamide concentration of 7 µM. The pyridine channel agonist pyrazinecarboxamide also stimulated metamorphosis at very low concentrations. In contrast, neither lumichrome, thiamine HCl, pyridoxine HCl, nor vitamin B12 stimulated larvae of C. teleta to metamorphose at concentrations as high as 500 µM. Larvae also did not metamorphose in response to either nicotinamide or pyrazinecarboxamide in calcium-free seawater or with the addition of 4-acetylpyridine, a competitive inhibitor of the pyridine receptor. Together, these results suggest that larvae of C. teleta are responding to nicotinamide and riboflavin via a chemosensory pyridine receptor similar to that previously reported to be present on crayfish chela and involved with food recognition. Our data are the first to implicate B vitamins as possible natural chemical settlement cues for marine invertebrate larvae.
The detection and treatment of posttraumatic distress and substance intoxication in the acute care inpatient setting

Each year, approximately 2.5 million Americans require inpatient admissions after sustaining traumatic physical injuries. Few investigations have assessed the routine detection and treatment of acute care inpatients with high levels of posttraumatic distress. A representative sample of 101 hospitalized patients with acute injuries was screened for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms, as well as substance intoxication. Patients' medical records were reviewed for documentation of psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses and the initiation of early evaluation and treatment. High levels of PTSD and/or depressive symptoms were present in over 50% of patients. Although providers frequently noted symptomatic distress, few symptomatic patients received formal diagnoses, evaluations or treatment. Patients who had positive substance toxicology screens on admission infrequently received in-depth evaluation or treatment. A substantial number of injured trauma survivors have high levels of symptomatic distress that are inconsistently evaluated and treated in the acute care medical setting. Mental health interventions appear to be feasibly and effectively delivered from trauma centers. Therefore, ongoing investigation and policy initiatives informing the detection and treatment of patients with psychiatric disturbances in acute care could substantially enhance the quality of mental health care for injured survivors of individual and mass trauma.
The structure and use of the GMR combined thermo-mechanical tire power loss model

The operational structure and use of the General Motors Reseach Laboratories Combined Thermo-Mechanical Tire Power Loss Model are presented in this paper. The modular format of this tire power loss model is briefly reviewed. Descriptions of its three major analysis modules - thermal, dissipation, and deformation - are given. A flow chart is presented showing how these modules are interfaced to form an interactive, iterative model. Steps required to operate this model, procedures necessary to obtain and prepare the input data, and sample results obtained using the model are presented.
A SIMPLE SCHEME TO LIMIT REFINEMENT ZONES FOR SUPERSONIC FLOWS

A simple scheme to limit the refinement zones for supersonic flows has been developed. The scheme relies on the argument that in supersonic flows no downstream point outside of the Mach-cone emanating from an upstream point can be influenced by it. Therefore, all field points outside the upstream cone emanating from the bodies immersed in the flowfield need to be marked so that no refinement takes place. In order to reduce the formidable worst-case scenario algorithmic complexity of this operation, the marking of field points is carried out by a 2-D bin algorithm. The bins, which lie in the plane transverse to the streamwise direction, are then ordered accoring to the maximum streamwise coordinates of body faces that fall into them. This then allows a very quick marking of bins that lie upstream and are shadowed or covered by downstream bins, with an ensuing drastic reduction in the number of bins used for marking points later on. Finally, the field points are marked using these remaining bins. By working on a list of ‘remaining unmarked points’, and traversing the bins from downstream to upstream, the algorithmic complexity can be kept very low. In the cases run to date, the marking algorithm has added a negligible amount of CPU to the overall adaptive procedure.
CEO ownership and firm value

This paper examines the hypothesis that the amount of CEO ownership has a dominating effect on the value of the firm. Using a diverse sample of firms, firm value as measured by Tobin's q is found to be a nonmonotonic function of CEO ownership. Specifically, Tobin's q rises when the CEO owns between 0 and 15% and declines as CEO ownership increases to 50%. Beyond 50%, the value starts to rise. Firm value also is found not to be a function of management ownership when CEO ownership is separated out, indicating that CEO ownership does have a dominating effect on firm value. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and analytical modeling of transverse mode piezoelectric energy harvesters

A transverse (d33) mode piezoelectric cantilever was fabricated for energy harvesting. Various dimensions of interdigital electrodes (IDE) were deposited on a piezoelectric layer to examine the effects of electrode design on the performance of energy harvesters. Modeling was performed to calculate the output power of the devices. The estimation was based on Roundy’s analytical modeling derived for a d31 mode piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). In order to apply the Roundy’s model to d33 mode PEH, the IDE configuration was converted to the area of top and bottom electrodes (TBE). The power conversion in d33 mode PEH was commonly estimated by the product of piezoelectric layer’s thickness and finger electrode’s length. In addition, the spacing between fingers was regarded as gap between top and bottom electrodes. However, the output power in a transverse mode PEH increases continuously with the increase of finger spacing, which does not correspond to experimental results. In this research, the dimension of IDE was converted to that of TBE using conformal mapping, and variation of power of PEH was remodeled. The modified model suggests that the maximum power in a transverse mode PEH is obtained when the finger spacing is identical with effective finger spacing. The output power then decreases when finger spacing is larger than effective finger spacing. The decrease of efficiency may result from insufficient degree of poling and increased charged defect with increasing finger spacing.
Dunthorne, Mayer, and Lalande on the Secular Acceleration of the Moon

On 19th October 1692 Edmond Halley read a paper to the Royal Society in which he claimed for the first time that the motion of the Moon was subject to a long-term acceleration. The Journal Book of the Royal Society notes the occasion as follows:
Cold big-bang cosmology as a counterexample to several anthropic arguments

A general Friedmann big-bang cosmology can be specified by fixing a half-dozen cosmological parameters such as the photon-to-baryon ratio ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}},$ the cosmological constant $\ensuremath{\Lambda},$ the curvature scale R, and the amplitude Q of (assumed scale-invariant) primordial density fluctuations. There is currently no established theory as to why these parameters take the particular values we deduce from observations. This has led to proposed ``anthropic'' explanations for the observed value of each parameter as the only value capable of generating a universe that can host intelligent life. In this paper, I explicitly show that the requirement that the universe generates Sun-like stars with planets does not fix these parameters, by developing a class of cosmologies (based on the classical ``cold big-bang'' model) in which some or all of the cosmological parameters differ by orders of magnitude from the values they assume in the standard hot big-bang cosmology, without precluding in any obvious way the existence of intelligent life. I also give a careful discussion of the structure and context of anthropic arguments in cosmology, and point out some implications of the cold big-bang model's existence for anthropic arguments concerning specific parameters.
Evaluation of the comprehensiveness and reliability of the chromium composition of foods in the literature ().

In the early 1960s, trivalent chromium Cr3+ became recognized as an essential trace element due to its potential metabolic and cardiovascular benefits. No comprehensive chromium database currently exists; thus a thorough review of the literature was conducted to examine the availability and reliability of chromium data for foods. A number of key issues were identified that challenge the feasibility of adding chromium to a food and nutrient database. Foremost, dietary chromium data reported in the literature prior to 1980 cannot be relied on because of problematic analytical issues before that time. Next, paucity of data emerged as an issue that could impede database completeness. Finally, large variation in reported chromium content of foods may render disputable representative chromium values. This variation has been speculated to originate from differences in growing and particularly processing foods. Furthermore, contamination of chromium from laboratory equipment and/or materials is possible and also believed to contribute to the variation observed in reported values. As a result, database developers must carefully consider the availability and reliability of information on the chromium composition of foods when deciding whether to incorporate chromium into or exclude it from a nutrient database.
Justifications for Limiting Constitutionally Guaranteed Rights and Freedoms: Some Remarks About the Proper Role of Section One of the Canadian Charter

Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides that the rights and freedoms described in subsequent Charter sections are “guaranteed.” For the first time in Canadian history, those rights and freedoms have become constitutionalized. However, section 1 also provides that such rights and freedoms are also qualified; they are subject to “such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.” What is the nature of the qualification that applies to "guaranteed" Charter rights? How can one tell whether a proferred justification is, in fact, constitutionally adequate? What legal test(s) are to be applied in making such determinations? This paper, based on an address at the 1983 Annual Conference of the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, focuses on the "section 1" approach to questions of justification under the Charter. Pursuant to this approach, all issues about the applicable constitutional standard of justification for limiting Charter rights are apparently sought to be addressed through reference to the text of section 1. The central legal questions in every Charter case would be whether the challenged restriction on protected rights is a "limit", whether, if so, that limit is "prescribed by law", whether it is "reasonable", and whether it can be "demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society". This paper argues that this "section 1" approach to all Charter issues is incorrect both as a matter of proper technical analysis of the language and structure of the Charter and also as a matter of good human rights policy.
The Practice of Medical Repatriation: The Privatization of Immigration Enforcement and Denial of Human Rights

This article analyzes the growing trend of forced or coerced medical repatriations of seriously ill or injured immigrants by U.S. hospitals and the privatization of immigration enforcement. It explores such extrajudicial deportations within the context of expanded local enforcement of immigration laws and the lack of regulatory oversight over hospital discharges to foreign countries. The lack of regulatory oversight in this area has led to new partnerships between hospitals and private transportation companies with the goal of repatriating uninsured immigrant patients and providing cost savings to hospitals. The author concludes that immigration enforcement is a federal governmental function with interests at stake that are too significant to be delegated or left to private companies. Because the right to life, to health, and to due process are core fundamental human rights, the United States is obligated to respect them and hospitals and transportation companies are ill equipped to repatriate seriously ill immigrants against their will or with consent that was obtained without advising the patient of the immigration consequences. By examining issues such as informed consent, immigration consequences of repatriations, federal authority over immigration regulation, and the human right to health care and due process, the author concludes that there is an urgent need for reform of the health care and immigration regimes and that the U.S. must care for those within our country that are in need of medical treatment.
A Comparison of Optico-Optical Scattering and Birefringence Measurements on Wyoming Sodium Bentonite Suspensions

A new light scattering technique for investigating anisotropy is described. Wyoming sodium bentonite particles were suspended in water and were oriented by the electric field of a high energy infrared laser pulse while a 488 nm CW argon laser beam was used to monitor changes in particle orientation by measuring HV or VV intensities at a 90° scattering angle. HV and VV changes were observed to be in opposite directions. Laser induced birefringence experiments were also made and relaxation times were obtained. The results were used to probe polydispersity and time-dependent phenomena.
Linked Bis(μ-Phosphido) and Related Ligands for Metallic Clusters. 2. Reaction of 1,2,3-Triphenyl-1,2,3-Triphosphaindane with Nonacarbonyldiiron

Abstract The reaction of 1,2,3-triphenyl-1,2,3-triphosphaindane with nonacarbonyldiiron in benzene at 80 °C gives rise to a mixture of at least eight components, five of which have been isolated and characterized. Three of these are P3Fe3 species, of which two have been unambiguously identified by single crystal x-ray crystallography.