cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater Contamination by Road Salt: Steady-State Concentrations in East Central Massachusetts

The average steady-state contamination of groundwater by road salt in the suburban area around Boston, on the assumption that current rates of application of salt will continue, is about 160 milligrams of sodium chloride per liter of water (100 milligrams of chloride per liter). This value is compared with values of 50 to 100 milligrams of chloride per liter found rather commonly now in town wells in eastern Massachusetts. These salt concentrations may be of concern to persons on low-sodium diets and to persons who obtain water from wells in the vicinity of major highways where salt concentrations could be several times higher than average.
p-Version piecewise hierarchical axisymmetric shell element for heat conduction in laminated composites

Abstract This paper presents a three-node axisymmetric shell finite element formulation for axisymmetric steady-state heat conduction in laminated composites where the temperature approximation for the laminate is piecewise hierarchical and is derived based on p- version . The temperature approximation for the element is developed by first establishing a hierarchical temperature approximation for each lamina of the laminate and then by imposing inter-lamina continuity conditions of temperature at the interface between the laminas. The approximation functions and the nodal variables for each lamina are derived directly from the Lagrange family of interpolation functions of order p ξ and k p η . This is accomplished by first establishing one-dimensional hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators in the ξ and k η directions for the three- and one-node equivalent configurations that correspond to p ξ + 1 and k p η + 1 equally spaced nodes in the ξ and k η directions and then taking their products. The nodal variables for the entire laminate are derived from the nodal variables of the laminas and the inter-lamina continuity conditions of temperature. The element formulation ensures C 0 continuity or smoothness of temperature across inter-element as well as the inter-lamina boundaries. Weak formulation of the Fourier heat conduction equation in the cylindrical coordinate system is constructed and the individual lamina matrices and equivalent nodal heat vectors are derived using this weak formulation and the hierarchical temperature approximation for the laminas. Inter-lamina continuity conditions are used to construct the transformation matrices for the laminas. These matrices permit transformation of the lamina degrees of freedom to the laminate degrees of freedom. Using these transformation matrices individual lamina matrices and the equivalent heat vectors are transformed and then summed to obtain the laminate element matrix and equivalent heat vectors. There is no restriction on the number of laminas and their lay-up pattern. Each layer can be generally orthotropic. The material directions and the layer thickness may vary from point to point within each lamina. The geometry of the axisymmetric shell element is defined by the nodes located at the middle surface of the element and the lamina thicknesses. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, convergence characteristics of the overall superiority of the present formulation. The results are compared with analytical solutions, h- models and those obtained from the formulations utilizing a single hierarchical temperature approximation for the entire laminate.
Enhanced solubility Ag-Cu nanoparticles and their thermal transport properties

Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles were prepared by the inert gas condensation (IGC) process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that particles were phase separated as pure Cu and Ag with some Cu incorporated in the Ag matrix. The particle size obtained either from Scherer’s formula or electron microscopy images shows no systematic change of the size of either pure Cu or Ag-Cu particles in the evaporation temperature range between 800 °C and 1400 °C. By using lattice constant values and Vegard’s law, the composition of Cu in Ag particles was calculated to be 6.6 vol pct. Analyses of the alloy nanoparticles suspended in hydrocarbon rotary pump oil were also carried out in order to determine the changes in thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. Thermal transport measurements have shown that there is a limit to the nanoparticle loading for the enhancement of the thermal conductivity. This maximum value was determined to be 0.006 vol pct Ag-Cu nanoparticles, which led to the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the pump oil by 33 pct. Beyond this maximum loading, thermal conductivity decreased and reached back to the pure oil thermal conductivity value.
Adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND. Although adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is often recommended for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), its effect on overall or cancer-specific survival has not been clearly demonstrated. In the current study, the frequency and effect of adjuvant RT on overall survival was investigated in patients with resected lymph node-positive head and neck cancer. METHODS. Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, patients were selected with lymph node-positive HNSCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer and SEER stage 3/4) who were treated either with surgery alone or surgery and RT and were diagnosed between 1988 and 2001. A total of 8795 patients who met the inclusion criteria for analysis comprised the study population, with a median follow-up of 4.3 years for patients still alive at the time of last follow‒up. RESULTS. Adjuvant RT was utilized in 84% of patients. Adjuvant RT improved the 5-year overall survival (43.2% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 41.9–44.4%] for surgery + RT vs 33.4% [95% CI, 30.7–36.0%] for surgery alone; P < .001) and cancer-specific survival (50.9% for surgery + RT vs 42.1% for surgery) on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant RT (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71–0.86 [P < .001]) remained a significant predictor of improved survival. The significant benefit of radiation on overall survival was noted for lymph node-positive patients with both primary tumors localized to the involved organ (HR of 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71–0.94 [P = .007]) and more locally invasive primary tumors (HR of 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68–0.87 [P < .001]). CONCLUSIONS. In what to the authors' knowledge is the largest reported analysis of adjuvant RT in patients with locally advanced HNSCC published to date, adjuvant RT resulted in an approximately 10% absolute increase in 5-year cancer-specific survival and overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive HNSCC compared with surgery alone. Despite combined surgery and adjuvant RT, outcomes in this high-risk population remain suboptimal, emphasizing the need for continued investigation of innovative treatment approaches. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Molecular dynamics study of water-benzene interactions at the liquid/vapor interface of water

The free energy profile of the transport of a benzene molecule across the liquid/vapor interface of water was investigated using molecular dynamics techniques. A large free energy minimum was found near the Gibbs dividing surface. At this free energy minimum, which is an indication of surface activity, the benzene molecule lies parallel to the surface and has an adsorption free energy of about −4 kcal/mol. In addition, there is a free energy barrier to passage from the bulk solution to the surface-adsorbed site. The hydration free energy estimated from the difference between gas-phase and liquid-phase free energies is about −0.1 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, a value that agrees well with the corresponding experimental measurement of −0.767 kcal/mol. The results described in this paper demonstrate the validity of our approach, as well as the quality of our potential energy surfaces.
Epri coal ash utilization research

Abstract This paper describes a five-year Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) project directed toward increasing ash utilization. EPRI is undertaking this program to promote the bulk sale of coal ash in high-volume applications that do not require a specific quality or class of ash; in medium-technology applications in cement and concrete; and in high-technology uses for valuable products requiring stringent quality control. High-volume applications include the use of ash in highways and railroads, backfills, and pavement base course; medium-technology applications include cement and concrete; and high-technology uses include the extraction of the mineral matter or the metals from ash.
Formation and identification of protein adducts to cytosolic proteins in guinea pig liver slices exposed to halothane.

Abstract The anesthetic halothane can be bioactivated to the reactive intermediate, trifluoroacetyl chloride, which can covalently bind to liver protein. The product of this reaction is trifluoroacetyl-N-ϵ-lysine which can act as a foreign epitope in altering both protein immunogenicity and antigenicity. An in vitro liver slice system was used to study the formation of protein adducts following exposure to halothane. Liver slices (30–35 mg wet weight, 250–300 μm thick) from adult male Hartley guinea pigs (600–800 g) were exposed to [14C]galothane (0.6–0.9 μCi, 1.0–1.7 mM) in 95% O2/5% CO2 for 1, 6 and 12 h. The slices were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared. Proteins were resolved by electrophoresis and bound radioactivity was detected by scintillation counting and autoradiography. Greater than 80% of detectable radioactivity to whole liver cell protein was localized in the 20–30-kDa range and increased in a linear fashion over the 12-h incubation period. Covalent binding was localized to two proteins of 27 kDa and 26 kDa present in the cytosolic compartment. Purification followed by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the 27-kDa protein has identified it to be homologous glutathione-S-transferaseb. This cytosolic protein appears to be the major target for trifluoroacetylation in liver slices exposed to halothane.
Protective football equipment

Abstract The subject of protective football equipment is presented based on experience at Cornell University. The laboratory-designed Cornell helmet is described. The one in current use differs from the original model in that the shock-absorbing beam pad is omitted in the former. Current trends in the use of closed-cell foam plastics in the material construction of protective equipment are cited, and a wider use of these plastics which protect both the wearer and the opponent is advocated.
An innovative temporal wavelet filtering scheme for video coding

For very low bit-rate video compression, wavelet based approaches suffer the ghost effect caused by larger temporal distortions. We propose an innovative temporal-domain wavelet filtering scheme called sub-grouping transformation (SGT), which divides wavelet coefficients in the temporal direction into sub-groups and applies the temporal wavelet transform to individual sub-groups. By splitting high motion coefficient arrays into smoother sub-groups, the proposed algorithm can achieve high compression ratio and reduce the ghost effect at the same time.
Development and use of complex probes for DNA fingerprinting the infectious fungi.

A variety of methods have emerged for genetic fingerprinting the infectious fungi. One of the most versatile is Southern blot hybridization with species-specific complex DNA probes that include sequences that identify hypervariable, moderately variable and invariant genomic sequences. These probes assess genetic relatedness at all the necessary levels including identical, highly related but nonidentical, moderately related and unrelated. Methods are described for cloning complex probes, characterizing them and verifying their effectiveness at the different levels of resolution. The complex probes that have been developed for Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and Aspergillus fumigatus are described and discussed.
BIRD-HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS IN INTERIOR COLUMBIA BASIN SHRUBSTEPPE

Abstract. Vegetation structure is important in structuring avian communities. In the sagebrush biome, where continued habitat loss is thought to threaten shrusteppe-obligate birds, both remotely sensed and field-acquired measures of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) cover have proven valuable in understanding avian abundance. Differences in structure between the exotic annual cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and native bunchgrasses are also expected to be important. We used abundance from 318 point-count locations, coupled with field vegetation measurements and a detailed vegetation map, to model abundance of four shrub- and four grassland-associated avian species in southeastern Washington. Specifically, we ask whether species' abundances in bunchgrass and cheatgrass differ and whether mapped categories of cover adequately explain species' abundances or whether finegrained, field-measured differences in vegetation are also important in explaining abundance. We found that the abundance of shrub associates ...
IN VITRO ACTIVATION OF HEMOCYTES FROM THE AMERICAN LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS, AS MEASURED BY PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES

Abstract Hemocytes from the American lobster (Homarus americanus) were exposed to several receptor-independent and -dependent putative NADPH oxidase stimulators. This stimulation should result in the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are used by the cells to control infections by destroying ingested microorganisms. Superoxide (O2−) and hypocholorous acid (HOCl) were quantified by the use of chemiluminescent probes. Only phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), of all the stimuli tested, produced a strong ROS response, which was characterized primarily by the generation of a ~20-fold increase in HOCl. Unstimulated cells produced small O2− and HOCl peaks. Exposure of the cells to arachidonic acid, zymosan, Bacillus subtilis, conA, laminarin and E. coli lipopolysaccharide failed to stimulate net O2− generation. However, most of these agents as well as PMA caused the time to peak O2− production to be significantly reduced. The significance of this apparent kinetic shift (KS) in the O2− is unk...
Departmental final exams-A tool for quality assurance

At West Virginia University one has been using a departmental final examination (DFE) as a tool in instructional quality assurance for over thirty years. This began as a check on Helen Plants' experiments with programmed instruction (PI), when it was felt that PI should not be used unless it was as good as lectures. It was found that the DFEs provided valuable feedback on instruction in several other ways, and the University is continuing to use them. >
Rate of Recovery from Slow Inactivation in K+ Channels Controlled by Buried Water Molecules

The transition of the selectivity filter of K+ channels between its two known important functional states, namely the conductive state and the slow (c-type) inactivated state, is coupled to the opening and closing of the activation (intracellular) gate. Opening the activation gate by applying an external stimulus results in a transient current before the selectivity filter undergoes a spontaneous transition toward the non-conductive inactivated conformation that blocks the passage of ionic current through the channel. Only after closing the activation gate by removing the external stimulus will the selectivity filter return back to its original conductive conformation, resetting the filter so that it may once again pass current. While it is thought that recovery from the non-conductive inactivated state involves subtle conformational changes of the selectivity filter, the reason why this process can take up to several seconds, which is extremely slow on the molecular timescale, is not understood. Our results from a series of MD simulations reveal the selectivity filter is sterically locked in the inactive conformation for more than 15 microseconds by 12 buried water molecules, 3 for each subunit, that are strongly bound behind the filter. Even the presence of a few of these buried waters appears to lock the selectivity filter in the inactive conformation, blocking the filter from returning to a conductive conformation until the buried waters spontaneously vacate each subunit. Such an event would be rare, stretching the process of recovery to the timescale of seconds. To validate this mechanism, experiments were conducted where an osmotic stress was applied on the extracellular side of the channel to decrease the probability of waters occupying the cavities located behind the filter. As predicted, this accelerated the rate of recovery from slow inactivation.
The Effect of Parental Marital Quality on Young Adults' Attitudes toward Divorce:

Using the theory of reasoned action and social learning theory, this article examines the influence of young adults' assessments of parents' marital quality on attitudes toward divorce while controlling for the effect of parents' views. Findings indicate that young adults who believe that their parents should end their marriage are more likely to have positive views of divorce and are less likely to share parents' attitudes. Furthermore, control variables have different effects on sons' and daughters' attitudes. Specifically, daughters who feel their parents should divorce, who do not report feeling close to their fathers, and whose parents espouse tolerant views of divorce are more likely to have positive attitudes toward divorce. Sons who feel their parents should divorce, whose parents report tolerant views of divorce, and who are not married are more likely to espouse positive attitudes toward divorce. The implications for how perceptions of parents' marital outcomes may influence offspring's marital ...
Phage display library derived peptides that bind to human tumor melanin as potential vehicles for targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic melanoma

Metastatic melanoma remains an incurable disease, and there is a great need for novel therapeutic modalities. We have recently identified melanin as a target for radionuclide therapy of melanoma and demonstrated the feasibility of this approach using a 188-rhenium ( (188)Re)-radiolabeled melanin-binding decapeptide to fungal melanin known as 4B4. Although the results indicated that radiolabeled melanin-binding decapeptide had activity against melanoma, that peptide also manifested high kidney uptake and this might become a concern during clinical trials. We hypothesized that by identifying peptides with different amino acid composition against tumor melanin we might be able to decrease their kidney uptake. Using the Heptapeptide Ph.D.-7 Phage Display Library, we identified three heptapeptides that bind to human tumor melanin. These peptides were radiolabeled with (188)Re via HYNIC ligand, and their comprehensive biodistribution in A2058 human metastatic melanoma tumor-bearing nude mice was compared to that of (188)Re-4B4 decapeptide. While tumor uptake of heptapeptides was quite similar to that of (188)Re-4B4 decapeptide, there was dramatically less uptake in the kidneys at both 3 h (6% ID/g vs 38%) and 24 h (2% ID/g vs 15%) postinjection. Administration of one of the generated heptapeptides, (188)Re-HYNIC-AsnProAsnTrpGlyProArg, to A2058 human metastatic melanoma-bearing nude mice resulted in significant retardation of the tumor growth. Immunofluorescence showed that in spite of their relatively small size heptapeptides were not able to penetrate through the membranes of viable melanoma cells and bound only to extracellular melanin, which provides assurance that they will be safe to healthy melanin-containing tissues during radionuclide therapy. Thus, these heptapeptides appear to have potentially significant advantages for targeted therapy of melanoma relative to existing melanin-binding peptides.
Professional trader discipline and trade disposition

Recent evidence indicates irrational behavior among retail investors. They hold onto losses and sell winners in a manner consistent with the disposition effect. Market professionals often use the term “discipline” to indicate trading strategies that minimize potential behavioral influences. We investigate the nature of trading discipline and whether professional traders are able to avoid the costly irrational behaviors found in retail populations. The full-time traders in our sample hold onto losses significantly longer than gains, but we find no evidence of costs associated with this behavior. The successful floor futures traders in our sample exhibit trading behavior characterized as rational and disciplined. Moreover, measures of relative trading discipline have predictive power for subsequent trading success.
SA Tellite Doppler Data Processing for Platform Navigation

The NIMBUS Meteorological Satellite will carry a system designed to receive electronic platform signals. The Doppler data is processed to provide estimates of their location and velocity. The current system provides for a location estimation accuracy of about 1 KM and component velocity estimation accuracy of about 1 M/S. The estimates, however, can be perturbed by various suspected noise sources. These effects are assessed to provide a measure of robustness of the estimation process.
The contribution of fog to the water relations of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don): foliar uptake and prevention of dehydration

Fog is a defining feature of the coastal California redwood forest and fog inputs via canopy drip in summer can constitute 30% or more of the total water input each year. A great deal of occult precipitation (fog and light rain) is retained in redwood canopies, which have some of the largest leaf area indices known (Westman & Whittaker, Journal of Ecology 63, 493–520, 1975). An investigation was carried out to determine whether some fraction of intercepted fog water might be directly absorbed through leaf surfaces and if so, the importance of this to the water relations physiology of coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens. An array of complimentary techniques were adopted to demonstrate that fog is absorbed directly by S. sempervirens foliage. Xylem sap transport reversed direction during heavy fog, with instantaneous flow rates in the direction of the soil peaking at approximately 5–7% of maximum transpiration rate. Isotopic analyses showed that up to 6% of a leaf's water content could be traced to a previous night's fog deposition, but this amount varied considerably depending on the age and water status of the leaves. Old leaves, which appear most able to absorb fog water were able to absorb distilled water when fully submersed at an average rate of 0.90 mmol m2 s−1, or about 80% of transpiration rates measured at the leaf level in the field. Sequoia sempervirens has poor stomatal control in response to a drying atmosphere, with rates of water loss on very dry nights up to 40% of midday summer values and rates above 10% being extremely common. Owing to this profligate water use behaviour of S. sempervirens, it appears that fog has a greater role in suppressing water loss from leaves, and thereby ameliorating daily water stress, than in providing supplemental water to foliar tissues per se. Although direct foliar absorption from fog inputs represents only a small fraction of the water used each day, fog's in reducing transpiration and rehydrating leaf tissues during the most active growth periods in summer may allow for greater seasonal carbon fixation and thus contribute to the very fast growth rates and great size of this species.
The ARPA high temperature superconductivity program

This paper presents an overview of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) program on high temperature superconductivity (HTS). This multidisciplinary effort has, since 1987, spent about $220,000,000 on promoting the science and technology of these materials. Support of many aspects of R and D has been provided to universities, national laboratories and an emerging industrial base. The current program is focused on several promising applications: (1) the development of RF and microwave passive components and subsystems for radar, EW, wireless communications and medical instrumentation; (2) developing digital applications of cryogenic technology both utilizing superconductors as well as semiconductors; (3) contributing to the development of a conductor for power applications, and (4) developing a variety of low-cost reliable cryocoolers that will be the enabler for many aforementioned applications. >
The effect of meniscal status on knee stability and function after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of meniscal status at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with the ultimate function and stability of the knee joint. Seventy-one patients were studied prospectively following bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction. Subjects were divided into six subgroups relative to the integrity (intact, partial meniscectomy, complete meniscectomy) of the two menisci. After a minimum of 2 years of follow-up (range 2-4.1 years), 56 subjects were available for subjective, objective, and radiographic assessment. Meniscal status at the time of ACL reconstruction proved to have no significant bearing on the ultimate stability of the knee. However, individuals who had undergone meniscal excision reported subjective complaints and activity limitations more commonly than those with intact menisci (p < 0.05). Radiographic changes also were more common in the meniscectomized subset.
Effects of Estradiol Withdrawal on Mood in Women With Past Perimenopausal Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Perimenopause is accompanied by an increased risk of new and recurrent depression. The coincidence of declining ovarian function with the onset of depression led to the inference that “withdrawal” from physiologic estradiol levels underpinned depression in perimenopause. To our knowledge, this is the first controlled systematic study to directly test the estrogen withdrawal theory of perimenopausal depression (PMD). Objective To examine the role of estradiol withdrawal in PMD. Design, Setting, and Participants Initial open-label treatment with estradiol followed by randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design evaluation of continued estradiol treatment was evaluated at an outpatient research facility at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed between October 2003 and July 2012. Participants included asymptomatic postmenopausal women with past PMD responsive to hormone therapy (n = 26) and asymptomatic postmenopausal women with no history of depression (n = 30) matched for age, body mass index, and reproductive status who served as controls. Data were analyzed between November 2012 and October 2013 by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Interventions After 3 weeks of open-label administration of transdermal estradiol (100 µg/d), participants were randomized to a parallel design to receive either estradiol (100 µg/d; 27 participants) or matched placebo skin patches (29 participants) for 3 additional weeks under double-blind conditions. Main Outcomes and Measures Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (completed by raters blind to diagnosis and randomization status), self-administered visual analog symptom ratings, and blood hormone levels obtained at weekly clinic visits. Results None of the women reported depressive symptoms during open-label use of estradiol. Women with past PMD who were crossed over from estradiol to placebo experienced a significant increase in depression symptom severity demonstrated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, with mean (SD) scores increasing from estradiol (ie, 2.4 [2.0] and 3.0 [2.5]) to placebo (8.8 [4.9] and 6.6 [4.5], respectively [ P = .0004 for both]). Women with past PMD who continued estradiol therapy and all women in the control group remained asymptomatic. Women in both groups had similar hot-flush severity and plasma estradiol levels during use of placebo. Conclusions and Relevance In women with past PMD that was previously responsive to hormone therapy, the recurrence of depressive symptoms during blinded hormone withdrawal suggests that normal changes in ovarian estradiol secretion can trigger an abnormal behavioral state in these susceptible women. Women with a history of PMD should be alert to the risk of recurrent depression when discontinuing hormone therapy. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00060736
Synaptic Modifications in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons: Dependence on Spike Timing, Synaptic Strength, and Postsynaptic Cell Type

In cultures of dissociated rat hippocampal neurons, persistent potentiation and depression of glutamatergic synapses were induced by correlated spiking of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. The relative timing between the presynaptic and postsynaptic spiking determined the direction and the extent of synaptic changes. Repetitive postsynaptic spiking within a time window of 20 msec after presynaptic activation resulted in long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas postsynaptic spiking within a window of 20 msec before the repetitive presynaptic activation led to long-term depression (LTD). Significant LTP occurred only at synapses with relatively low initial strength, whereas the extent of LTD did not show obvious dependence on the initial synaptic strength. Both LTP and LTD depended on the activation of NMDA receptors and were absent in cases in which the postsynaptic neurons were GABAergic in nature. Blockade of L-type calcium channels with nimodipine abolished the induction of LTD and reduced the extent of LTP. These results underscore the importance of precise spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type in the activity-induced modification of central synapses and suggest that Hebb’s rule may need to incorporate a quantitative consideration of spike timing that reflects the narrow and asymmetric window for the induction of synaptic modification.
Visualizing Literacy: Building Bridges With Media

In this qualitative teacher-researcher one-year classroom study, the author focused upon the literacy strategies that four low-achieving writers used while creating and interpreting music video compositions. The students read a variety of musical and video texts as they composed their own music video project. The guiding question of this research was, to what extent do lower-achieving students engage with complex composition strategies, particularly when composing a video project in the context of a media-based language arts elective? The data indicate that the focus students demonstrated a number of complex composition strategies through their reading and composing of a video text. Implications for a broadened notion of composition and literacy instruction are discussed.
Bumetanide Enhances Phenobarbital Efficacy in a Rat Model of Hypoxic Neonatal Seizures

Neonatal seizures can be refractory to conventional anticonvulsants, and this may in part be due to a developmental increase in expression of the neuronal Na+-K+-2 Cl− cotransporter, NKCC1, and consequent paradoxical excitatory actions of GABAA receptors in the perinatal period. The most common cause of neonatal seizures is hypoxic encephalopathy, and here we show in an established model of neonatal hypoxia-induced seizures that the NKCC1 inhibitor, bumetanide, in combination with phenobarbital is significantly more effective than phenobarbital alone. A sensitive mass spectrometry assay revealed that bumetanide concentrations in serum and brain were dose-dependent, and the expression of NKCC1 protein transiently increased in cortex and hippocampus after hypoxic seizures. Importantly, the low doses of phenobarbital and bumetanide used in the study did not increase constitutive apoptosis, alone or in combination. Perforated patch clamp recordings from ex vivo hippocampal slices removed following seizures revealed that phenobarbital and bumetanide largely reversed seizure-induced changes in EGABA. Taken together, these data provide preclinical support for clinical trials of bumetanide in human neonates at risk for hypoxic encephalopathy and seizures.
Evaluation of drawdown curves derived from multiple well aquifer tests in heterogeneous environments

Aquifer coefficients derived from nonsteady-state, multiple well, aquifer tests in laterally heterogeneous environments often have uncertain meaning. Drawdown at observation wells reflects the removal of water from storage in the aquifer and transient refraction of ground water pathlines during the evolution of a non-symmetrical cone of depression. These effects are masked within observation well drawdown data such that “good” Theis (1935) type curve matches often result. Transmissivity and storativity values derived from independent drawdown curves plotted as drawdown versus time (t) or drawdown versus time/distance2 (t/r2) usually differ from observation well to observation well. These aquifer coefficients often are considered to represent some type of average of the materials between and/or about the pumping well and the observation wells. Simulations of two multiple well aquifer tests with simple, arbitrary distributions of block heterogeneities suggest that transmissivity (T) and storativity values derived from independent drawdown curves by the Theis (1935) method generally increase with distance from the pumping well. This apparent scale effect is related to the force-fitting of earlytime drawdown data to the steep portion of the Theis type curve without sufficient late-time drawdown data to constrain vertical shifting of the drawdown data relative to the type curve.
Risk compensation and vaccination: Can getting vaccinated cause people to engage in risky behaviors?

Background: Some believe that vaccinating young women against human papillomavirus (HPV) will increase their risky behavior. In more formal terms, vaccination lowers risk perception, and people compensate for their lower perceived risk by reducing other preventive behaviors.Purpose: We test several predictions from the risk compensation hypothesis in the context of vaccination behavior.Methods: We obtained a random sample of adults (N=705), interviewing them by phone just as the Lyme disease vaccine first became available to the public and again 18 months later. Analyses controlled for age, sex, education, and race.Results: Vaccinated respondents were less likely to continue engaging in two of five protective behaviors after vaccination. The frequency of these protective behaviors did not dip below that among the unvaccinated respondents.Conclusions: We found some evidence of regression (protective behaviors dropping, after vaccination, to levels reported by the unvaccinated cohort). However, we did not finddisinhibition (exceeding the risk taking of the unvaccinated cohort), the greater threat to public health. Although we will not know for several years what effect HPV vaccination has on other behaviors, if any, data on other vaccinations can offer critically important information in the interim.
What Can We Learn from Empirical Studies of Planning Theory? A Comparative Case Analysis of Extant Literature:

In 1995, Judith Innes recognized the increasing influence of a new type of planning theorist. Adverse to “armchair theorizing,” these theorists have taken a fine-grained analysis of planning practice as the basis for reconstruction of planning theory. Despite the proliferation of this theoretical project, its impact on urban planning has yet to be analyzed in a comprehensive manner. The major impetus for the research is to assess the ways that empirical research in planning practice has informed or failed to inform planning theory. Have empirical studies of planning practice resolved existing theoretical contentions? Or have they generated only more conflicting opinions and a lack of resolution of the existing debates? This article presents a meta-analysis of empirical studies in planning theory.
Serotonergic facilitation of synaptic activity in the developing rat prefrontal cortex.

Previous studies have outlined an important role for serotonin (5-HT) in the development of synaptic connectivity and function in the cerebral cortex. In this study, we have examined the effects of 5-HT on synaptic function in prefrontal cortex at a time of intense synapse formation and remodelling. Whole-cell recordings in slices derived from animals aged postnatal (P) days 16–20 showed that administration of 5-HT induced a robust increase in synaptic activity that was blocked by CNQX but not by bicuculline. This 5-HT-induced increase in glutamate-mediated synaptic activity was pharmacologically heterogeneous as it was differentially inhibited by the receptor subtype-selective antagonists SB-269970, MDL 100907 and GR 113808 and thus involved 5-HT7, 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors. These results, obtained in juvenile cortex, contrast with those seen in adults where the increase in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) was mediated solely by 5-HT2A receptors. In developing cortex, activation of 5-HT7, but not 5-HT2A or 5-HT4 receptors, elicited a robust inward current. However, the facilitation of synaptic activity mediated by all three of these receptors involved increases in both the amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs and was blocked by TTX. These results are best interpreted as indicating that all three receptor subtypes increase synaptic activity by exciting neuronal elements within the slice. No evidence was found for a postsynaptic facilitation of synaptic currents by 5-HT. Together, these results show that the repertoire of electrophysiologically active 5-HT receptors in prefrontal cortex is developmentally regulated, and that 5-HT7 and 5-HT4 receptors play a previously unsuspected role in regulating synaptic activity in this region.
Justice and Conflict

This chapter describes six different types of injustice. It then considers the relationship between conflict and injustice. Next it considers the implications of the preceding discussion for education and training.
MEMS Packaging Materials

This chapter discusses the differences between the heritage microcircuit packaging world and the still evolving MEMS packaging arena. Materials used in the packaging of MEMs are reviewed and their respective applications. The packaging schemes for these devices owe their infrastructure base to the body of knowledge surrounding semiconductors and microcircuits. MEMS devices yield new complexities which drive new packaging solutions. As opposed to traditional microcircuit chips, MEMS often include moving structures along with the need to have contact with the external environment, driving the requirements for packaging such components. Thus, some functions include interaction with the surrounding environment, such as pressure sensors. This imposes new requisites on packaging, since in regular microelectronics the chip must be protected completely from any impact from the environment. Packaging also provides mechanical support to the sensitive chip, facilitating the handling of the chip, and simplifying assembly. This chapter emphasizes the materials involved in packaging MEMS devices and the addresses the challenges involved. Included in this chapter are several case studies demonstrating novel packaging/material solutions.
Reflexiones y representaciones del exilio: de El canto del peregrino (1999) a "El sefardí romántico" (2005)

Exile is a recurrent theme in the work of Angelina Muniz-Huberman, a member of the socalled hispanomexicanos group. What sets her writings apart is that her vision of exile includes not only Republican exile but also that of the Jewish people. Thus, different historical Diasporas supersede one another, enriching the meaning of the experience. In her essay El canto del peregrino: hacia una poetica del exilio (1999), she develops her thoughts on exile and analyzes the work of different exiled writers (Jewish and Spanish Republicans) focusing on how each one dealt with the experience and how it is reflected in their writings. My contention is that the thoughts developed in the essay can also be found in her novel El sefardi romantico: la azarosa vida de Mateo Aleman II (2005). The title of the novel links the picaresque novel and Jewish history by alluding directly to the converso author of Guzman de Alfarache (1599-1604). Following the picaresque pattern, Muniz-Huberman’s protagonist travels through Spain and Europe denouncing the intolerance that lead to Spanish Civil War and World War II. Circumstances take him to Mexico, much as in Mateo Aleman’s case, as an exile. Ulrich Wicks establishes that picaros and exiles have very much in common since both are in constant search of freedom, freedom that, according to Muniz- Huberman’s essay, the exiled can find only in language.
Computer Musicology: Accomplishments and Challenges

The areas of greatest achievement and most striking potential in computer musicology today do not in particular trace their origins to the mid-1970s. Most critical milestones seem to coincide with major hardware developments. Thus, the encoding systems that underlie a host of printing systems (DARMS and SCORE, predecessors of Lime and Nightingale) can be traced back further, to the 1966-1972 era of mainframe computers and plotters. The graphical user interface (GUI) revolution of the 1980s has been a blessing to typesetting and desktop publishing programs but a detriment to analytical work, which lags behind sound and graphics applications. For this reason these older systems, supplemented by newer ones such as Humdrum, can be expected to survive a good while longer. Optical scanning software efforts were encouraged by the sudden availability of desktop scanners in the late 1980s. Numerous World-Wide Web publications, including the prototype of the Journal of 17th-Century Music, with sound examples of vocal ornaments by Sally Sanford (Sanford 1996), and the indefatigable periodical Music Theory On-Line (Rothfarb 1996), suggest the rapidity with which music scholars are growing into these new capabilities.
Māwardī and Augustine on Governance: How to Restrain the Restrainer?

According to the classical Muslim scholar Māwardī, rule is to bring about just order in society in accordance with God’s intentions. The state thus has a role in bringing about divine purposes, and yet Māwardī recognizes the flawed condition of humanity, the ruler included, making it vital that rule be based not solely on the divinely endowed agency of the ruler but more precisely on a set of rules meant to purge the soul of disordered inclinations. In that sense, there are grounds for drawing comparisons between Māwardī and Augustine.
Age and Receptor Status Do Not Indicate the Need for Axillary Dissection in Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases

Background The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial demonstrated the safety of omitting axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for women with fewer than three positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) who are undergoing breast-conservation therapy (BCT). Because most of the women were postmenopausal with estrogen receptor (ER) positive cancers, applicability of ALND for younger patients and those with triple-negative (TN) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing (HER2+) tumors remains controversial.
The use of general anesthesia in the office surgery facility.

Although the use of general anesthesia in the office setting is relatively uncommon, general anesthesia may be an effective mechanism in the care of many patients, provided that the appropriate facility and personnel are used and patients are properly selected. Philosophies of the use of general anesthetic drugs and sedative drugs are compared, and common problems and complications of general anesthesia are discussed.
Childbirth pain, attachment orientations, and romantic partner support during labor and delivery

Attachment anxiety is associated with greater perceived physical pain, whereas social support is associated with lower pain perceptions. Few studies, however, have examined the joint effects of attachment and support on acute physical pain in a dyadic context. In this study, first-time expectant mothers (N=140) and their male partners completed romantic attachment measures (prenatally) and postnatal assessments of women's pain and men's emotional support during labor and delivery. More securely attached women benefited from emotional support in terms of reduced pain, more avoidantly attached women reported greater pain when given more support, and more anxiously attached women reported greater pain, regardless of their partner's support. These results advance our understanding of which women are most vulnerable to painful childbirth.
Precision Medicine and PET/Computed Tomography: Challenges and Implementation

Precision Medicine is about selecting the right therapy for the right patient, at the right time, specific to the molecular targets expressed by disease or tumors, in the context of patient's environment and lifestyle. Some of the challenges for delivery of precision medicine in oncology include biomarkers for patient selection for enrichment-precision diagnostics, mapping out tumor heterogeneity that contributes to therapy failures, and early therapy assessment to identify resistance to therapies. PET/computed tomography offers solutions in these important areas of challenges and facilitates implementation of precision medicine.
Robert F. Lusch—One of a Kind Scholar and a Macromarketer:

Robert F. Lusch spoke in a plenary session at the 2015 Macromarketing Conference in Chicago and shared four ideas he felt will have importance to macromarketing scholars in the future. His essay “The Long Macro View” follows. In it, he highlights humans’ innate propensity for 1) engaging in exchange, 2) creating technology, 3) encountering choices with unseen costs, and 4) developing institutions to coordinate interactions with each other. Four macromarketers offer their own comments on this essay: 1) Gene R. Laczniak (who also organized the set of commentaries on “The Long Macro View”), 2) Olga Kravets, 3) Clifford J. Shultz, II, and 4) Roger A. Layton. These commentaries were authored and edited shortly before Bob Lusch passed away.
Sex Differences in Ethanol-Related Behaviors in Genetically Defined Murine Stocks

Over the past 30 years, there have been a number of important developments in our understanding of the etiology and consequences of excessive drinking among humans. Probably one of the most important findings to date is that there are large individual differences among humans in appetite for alcohol and age of onset of problem drinking. We recognize this finding in at least two different alcoholic types, each with its own estimate of genetic influence. We have also come to realize that there are important differences between men and women, both in etiology of problem drinking and in the consequences of chronic alcohol use. In this chapter, the advantages and limitations of applying genetically defined animal models, primarily, selected lines and inbred strains of mice, are evaluated with examples from the literature.
Development of a room-temperature broadband frequency multiplied local oscillator source in the 4.7 THz range

Here we report in the development of the first room-temperature broadband local oscillator source in the 4.7 THz range to enable galactic and extra galactic observations of atomic oxygen. All the multiplication stages up to 1.6 THz have been fabricated and assembled and are currently under test. A world record output power of 550 mW in the 190 GHz range has been measured and provides enough power to drive the higher stages. The last stage, a bias able 4.7 THz frequency tripler chip has been designed and fabricated and the waveguide housing is currently under fabrication.
Advancing the Technological Capabilities of U.S. Industries

(1979). Advancing the Technological Capabilities of U.S. Industries. Research Management: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 37-41.