cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of two-phase CFD models for propellant tank self-pressurization: Crossing fluid types, scales, and gravity levels☆

Abstract This paper examines our computational ability to capture the transport and phase change phenomena that govern cryogenic storage tank pressurization and underscores our strengths and weaknesses in this area in terms of three computational-experimental validation case studies. In the first study, 1g pressurization of a simulant low-boiling point fluid in a small scale transparent tank is considered in the context of the Zero-Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT) Experiment to showcase the relatively strong capability that we have developed in modelling the coupling between the convective transport and stratification in the bulk phases with the interfacial evaporative and condensing heat and mass transfer that ultimately control self-pressurization in the storage tank. Here, we show that computational predictions exhibit excellent temporal and spatial fidelity under the moderate Ra number – high Bo number convective-phase distribution regimes. In the second example, we focus on 1g pressurization and pressure control of the large-scale K-site liquid hydrogen tank experiment where we show that by crossing fluid types and physical scales, we enter into high Bo number – high Ra number flow regimes that challenge our ability to predict turbulent heat and mass transfer and their impact on the tank pressurization correctly, especially, in the vapor domain. In the final example, we examine pressurization results from the small scale simulant fluid Tank Pressure Control Experiment (TCPE) performed in microgravity to underscore the fact that in crossing into a low Ra number – low Bo number regime in microgravity, the temporal evolution of the phase front as affected by the time-dependent residual gravity and impulse accelerations becomes an important consideration. In this case detailed acceleration data are needed to predict the correct rate of tank self-pressurization.
Dermatology and the changing face of medicine.

The editor introduces a theme issue about the practice of dermatology and the ethical dilemmas dermatologists face. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Two-Stage Hepatectomy vs One-Stage Major Hepatectomy with Contralateral Resection or Ablation for Advanced Bilobar Colorectal Liver Metastases

Background Both 2-stage hepatectomy (TSH) and 1-stage hepatectomy (OSH) represent feasible strategies for resection of advanced bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CLM). However, the influence of the surgical approach on postoperative outcomes and overall survival (OS) is unknown. To define the optimal surgical approach for advanced bilobar CLM requiring right hemihepatectomy, we compared short-term and long-term outcomes after TSH and OSH with contralateral resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Study Design We retrospectively reviewed 227 patients with bilobar CLM, who underwent right or extended right hepatectomy with treatment of synchronous CLM in segments I, II, and/or III, between 1998 and 2015. Postoperative outcomes and OS were compared between patients who underwent TSH and those who underwent OSH. Results Of the 227 patients, 126 (56%) underwent at least the first stage of TSH, and 101 (44%) underwent OSH, 29 (13%) without RFA and 72 (32%) with RFA. Two-stage hepatectomy was associated with a lower incidence of postoperative major complications (14% vs 26%, p = 0.03) and postoperative hepatic insufficiency (6% vs 20%, p = 0.001) than OSH. The 5-year OS rate was higher for patients assigned to TSH than for those who underwent OSH (35% vs 24%, p = 0.016). Patients who completed both stages of TSH had a higher 5-year OS rate than patients who underwent OSH without RFA (50% vs 20%, p = 0.023) or OSH with RFA (50% vs 24%, p Conclusions In patients with advanced bilobar CLM, TSH is associated with fewer complications than OSH. Both TSH in intention-to-treat analysis and completed TSH in as-treated analysis were associated with better OS than OSH.
Diode laser photocoagulation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. A randomized study.

Background: Although peripheral cryotherapy decreases the incidence of unfavorable anatomic outcomes in threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), apnea, bradycardia, and lid edema can occur. Argon laser indirect ophthalmoscope photocoagulation has been used as an alternative to cryotherapy, with fewer adverse effects. Retinal lesions placed with diode lasers are deeper than similar argon laser lesions, and it is not known whether this difference could influence the response to ablative therapy. Methods: Patients were enrolled under a prospective, randomized protocol. One eye of each patient with symmetric, threshold ROP was treated with an 814/815 nm diode laser, while the other eye was treated with cryotherapy. Patients with asymmetric disease also were randomized for treatment in the threshold eye. Results: Nineteen infants (33 eyes) were treated, ranging from 485 to 863 g birth weight (23 to 27 weeks gestational age); 18 patients (32 eyes) were followed for 3 months or longer. Four patients (8 eyes) had bilateral zone 1 disease. Postconceptional age was 36 to 45 weeks at the time of treatment. The diode laser treatment was better tolerated than cryotherapy, and the treatment apparatus was more easily transported. Apneic episodes requiring intubation resulted from two cryotherapy sessions but no diode laser sessions. Five cryotherapy-treated eyes required retreatment because of persistent disease with adjacent skip areas. In the group followed for 3 to 15 months, 1 cryotherapy-treated eye and 1 diode laser-treated eye progressed to stage 5 retinal detachment. Conclusion: Compared with cryotherapy, the diode laser was more convenient, technically easier to administer, and better tolerated by the patient. Although the number of patients was too small for meaningful statistical analysis of outcome, diode laser peripheral retinal ablation appeared to be as effective as cryotherapy for the treatment of threshold ROP.
A More Humane Workplace: Responding to Child Welfare Workers' Personal Losses.

The personal losses of employees, such as the death of a family member, divorce, or serious illness, can diminish work performance and increase stress. This study surveyed 106 child welfare workers on the type of personal loss they experienced; the kinds of benefits and emotional support they received from their employing organization, supervisor, and coworkers; their expectations; and potential problem areas. Eighty-five percent of the workers endured a loss during their current employment. They received the most help from their coworkers, followed by their immediate supervisors, and then the employing organization. Those suffering a loss would have liked more emotional support, acknowledgment of the loss, and a longer leave of absence for recovery than they received.
The Evil That Men Do: Perverting Justice to Punish Perverts

In Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997), by the narrowest of margins, the Supreme Court upheld the Kansas Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) statute against several constitutional attacks. With this Supreme Court imprimatur, SVP legislation has become the wave of the present-a politically popular solution to the problem of repeated sexual violence against women and children. Typically, after an individual identifiable as an SVP serves a criminal sentence, he is subjected to civil commitment and detained indefinitely. Many scholars assert that Hendricks was wrongly decided and that SVP legislation should be held unconstitutional. I review their arguments and conclude that after Hendricks, they are not likely to succeed. However, the Supreme Court did not consider an equal protection attack on SVP legislation. In my article, I explain why an equal protection challenge claiming that SVPs are similarly situated with other civilly committed patients is likely to fail. Nevertheless, I believe that a properly framed equal protection claim could, and should succeed. I explain why, based on other Supreme Court decisions, SVP legislation impermissibly discriminates against sentence-expiring convicts, incompetent criminal defendants, and nondangerous insanity acquittees by exempting from SVP commitment other individuals who are equally mentally disordered and dangerous.
Clinical Doses of Contrast Media

Iodinated contrast media are used in a multitude of examinations, intravenously, intra-arterially, intrathecally, directly into various anatomic structures such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or joint spaces, and into abnormal structures such as fistulous communications. The majority of the discussion in this chapter will relate to procedures in which the contrast material is administered intravenously, which is the most common route of administration. Angiographic doses will be presented in chart form.
Numerical Methods with Chemical Engineering Applications

Designed primarily for undergraduates, but also graduates and practitioners, this textbook integrates numerical methods and programming with applications from chemical engineering. Combining mathematical rigor with an informal writing style, it thoroughly introduces the theory underlying numerical methods, its translation into MATLAB programs, and its use for solving realistic problems. Specific topics covered include accuracy, convergence and numerical stability, as well as stiffness and ill-conditioning. MATLAB codes are developed from scratch, and their implementation is explained in detail, all while assuming limited programming knowledge. All scripts employed are downloadable, and built-in MATLAB functions are discussed and contextualised. Numerous examples and homework problems - from simple questions to extended case studies - accompany the text, allowing students to develop a deep appreciation for the range of real chemical engineering problems that can be solved using numerical methods. This is the ideal resource for a single-semester course on numerical methods, as well as other chemical engineering courses taught over multiple semesters.
Affective response during physical activity: Within-subject differences across phases of behavior change.

OBJECTIVE Affective response during physical activity may be a key factor reinforcing future behavior. However, little is known about how affective responses during physical activity may differ across phases of behavior change. This study used real-time Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine within-subject differences in affective response during physical activity in daily life as individuals transitioned across phases of behavior change. METHOD A sample of 115 adults (M = 41.0 years, 74% female) participated in an intensive longitudinal study with measurement bursts at 0, 6, and 12-months. Each burst consisted of 8 randomly-prompted EMA occasions per day across 4 days. EMA self-report items assessed current activity level (i.e., physical activity or nonphysical activity), and positive and negative affect. Questionnaires measured phase of behavior change (e.g., preaction [no regular physical activity], action [regular physical activity <6 months], and maintenance [regular physical activity ≥6 months]) at each burst. Three-level (Level-1 = occasion, Level-2 = burst, Level-3 = person) linear regression models tested Phase of Change (Level-2, within-subject) × Physical Activity Level (Level-1, within-subject) interactions controlling for day of week, time of day, and sex. RESULTS Positive affective response during physical activity (vs. nonphysical activity) was higher when individuals were in preaction phases (vs. action). Negative affective response during physical activity (vs. nonphysical activity) was lower when individuals were in the maintenance phase (vs. action). CONCLUSIONS Long-term maintenance of physical activity may be particularly challenging, given the lack of positive reinforcement that is thought to be needed to sustain behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Evolving Options in Management of Minimally Invasive Diverticular Disease: A Single Surgeon's Experience and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background: Esophageal thoracic diverticular disease is a rare condition resulting from multiple etiologies. Surgical management is recommended when symptomatic. Traditionally, a thoracoto...
Modulation of Schwann cell antigens during Wallerian degeneration and regeneration in the adult, mammalian peripheral nerve.

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the ability of injured neurons to recover and reform functional synapses depends primarily on cues from the environment. These cues may be in the form of neuronotrophic agents, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), which aid neuronal survival and/or neuronotropic factors, such as laminin, which assist in the elongation and orientation of regenerating neurites. The source of these molecules in the PNS may be gleaned from several experimental paradigms. Trauma which results in a complete discontinuity between the proximal and distal nerve stumps, often results in diminished neural regeneration. In contract, crush injury, in which the continuity of the connective tissue elements of the nerve are maintained, is associated with a greater opportunity for regeneration. Correspondingly, clinicians presently anastomose separated nerve stumps by suturing the peri- and epineuriums and may bridge larger gaps with autografts from another peripheral nerve (Michon, 1975). Neurobiologists now recognize that a solid matrix and soluble factors, both of which are produced by non-neuronal cells (fibroblasts and/or Schwann cells) are required constitutents within any terrain traversed by neurites regenerating in vivo (Politis et al., 1982; Longo et al., 1983; Williams et al., 1983; Davis et al., 1985; Schwab and Thoenen, 1985). Once viable neurons have extended neurites into a suitable terrain, functional regeneration can occur if: a) synaptogenesis proceeds with respect to the correct target and b) the re-establishment of a mature Schwann cell-neuron relationship is complete.
Dziga Vertov: life and work (volume 1: 1896–1921)

Dziga Vertov: Life and Work (Volume 1: 1896–1921) is the first English-language biography of the great Soviet filmmaker Dziga Vertov (1896–1954), and it is a new kind of biography. John MacKay has ...
Phosphonium-Containing Block Copolymer Anion Exchange Membranes: Effect of Quaternization Level on Bulk and Surface Morphologies at Hydrated and Dehydrated States

Diblock copolymers of isoprene and chloromethylstyrene were synthesized by nitroxide-mediate polymerization. The polychloromethylstyrene block was quaternized with tris(trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (...
Identifying Emergent Agent Types and Effective Practices for Portability, Scalability, and Intercomparison in Water Resource Agent-Based Models

Abstract Modeling coupled social and biophysical dynamics of water resources systems is increasingly important due to population growth and changes in the water cycle driven by climate change. Models that explicitly represent these coupled dynamics are challenging to design and implement, particularly given the complicated and cross-scale nature of water governance. Agent-based models (ABMs) can capture human decision-making and nested social hierarchies, however, transferability is made difficult by location-specific details. A consistent description of water resources decision-makers (individuals, groups, agencies) would advance the rate of model development and increase synthesis across systems. Reviewing water resources ABMs, we propose eight agent types and associated operational roles that modify the storage, redistribution, and water use in a system. Application of the proposed typologies and use of best practices in model documentation, will support systematic design and development of transferable, scalable, water resources ABMs and facilitate the dynamic coupling of social and biophysical process modeling.
Ultrasound Techniques for Studying Suspensions

We introduce medical ultrasound as a tool to measure properties of particulate suspensions such as the elastic modulus and the porosity of microparticles in the suspensions. More importantly, since dense suspensions are in general optically opaque, it is difficult to directly observe flows deep inside. Ultrasound imaging can solve this problem. By pushing the frame rate of the ultrasound to 10,000 frames per second, we were able to study the flows inside dense suspensions with sufficient spatial and temporal resolutions. In this chapter, we introduce our ultrasound system, show results from multiple calibrations, and describe technical details on how we performed measurements of the flow.
An Implementation Trial to Improve Tobacco Treatment for Cancer Patients: Patient Preferences, Treatment Acceptability and Effectiveness

Continued smoking after a cancer diagnosis increases mortality, risk of recurrence, and negatively impacts treatment effectiveness. However, utilization of tobacco use cessation treatment among cancer patients remains low. We conducted a clinical trial assessing patient preferences, treatment acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness (7-day point prevalence at 12 weeks) of three tobacco treatment options among cancer patients at an academic health center. Implementation strategies included electronic referral and offering the choice of three treatment options: referral to external services, including the quitline (PhoneQuit) and in-person group counseling (GroupQuit), or an internal service consisting of 6-week cognitive behavioral therapy delivered via smartphone video conferencing by a tobacco treatment specialist (SmartQuit). Of 545 eligible patients, 90 (16.5%) agreed to enroll. Of the enrolled patients, 39 (43.3%) chose PhoneQuit, 37 (41.1%) SmartQuit, and 14 (15.6%) GroupQuit. Of patients reached for 12-week follow-up (n = 35), 19 (54.3%) reported receiving tobacco treatment. Of all patients referred, 3 (7.7%) PhoneQuit, 2 (5.4%) SmartQuit, and 2 (14.3%) GroupQuit patients reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at 12 weeks. Participants rated the SmartQuit intervention highly in terms of treatment acceptability. Results indicate that more intensive interventions may be needed for this population, and opportunities remain for improving reach and utilization.
Barriers to substance use disorder treatment in a sub-acute setting

With the changing times, it is essential integrate behavioral health within the primary care of patients. The need is based on the research that links a number of health issues being directly to su...
Systematization of the Properties of Urban Soils in Khabarovsk

The shell of the Soil database was developed on the basis of the 1C: Enterprise 8.2 software. Designed to combine information and systematize field research data, indicating on the interactive map the points of laying sections and soil sampling. The subsystem “Soil data” includes the subsections: “Sampling locations”, “Soil pollution”, “Physicochemical properties” and “Phytotoxicity”. All of them are presented in the form of hyperlinks to selected points on the city map. The database is constantly updated according to the results of research conducted at the Pacific National University. Information is the basis for the adoption of environmentally oriented management decisions on the development of the urban environment and environmental monitoring. Used in the educational process in the preparation of bachelors, undergraduates and graduate students.
Far-from-equilibrium search for the qcd critical point

Initial conditions for relativistic heavy-ion collisions may be far from equilibrium (i.e., there are large initial contributions from the shear-stress tensor and bulk pressure), but it is expected that on very short timescales the dynamics converge to a universal attractor that defines hydrodynamic behavior. Thus far, studies of this nature have only considered an idealized situation at LHC energies (high temperatures $T$ and vanishing baryon chemical potential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}=0$), but in this work, we investigate for the first time how far-from-equilibrium effects may influence experimentally driven searches for the quantum chromodynamic critical point at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We find that the path to the critical point is heavily influenced by far-from-equilibrium initial conditions where viscous effects lead to dramatically different ${T,{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}$ trajectories through the QCD phase diagram. We compare hydrodynamic equations of motion with shear and bulk coupled together at finite ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ for both Denicol-Niemi-Molnar-Rischke and phenomenological Israel-Stewart equations of motion and discuss their influence on potential attractors at finite ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ and their corresponding ${T,{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}}$ trajectories.
Jet Measurements in Heavy-ion Collisions with CMS

The production of a strongly interacting medium in heavy-ion collisions is identified through suppression of high transverse momentum jets leading to an effect known as jet quenching. Detailed measurements of nuclear modification factors and energy flow of the aforementioned quenched jets are performed with the CMS detector. These new results extend previous measurements to large angles with respect to the quenched jets and increase reach in the transverse momentum range. High statistics pp, pPb and PbPb data taken in 2011-13 are used in the following analysis. A new data-driven method to estimate the underlying event contribution from the forward calorimeter energy distribution is employed which takes into account possible event by event flow modulation. The flavor dependence of energy loss of jets is studied by tagging heavy flavor b-jets in these systems.
Polymer Infused Porous Surfaces for Robust, Thermally Conductive, Self-Healing Coatings for Dropwise Condensation

Hydrophobic coatings with low thermal resistance promise a significant enhancement in condensation heat transfer performance by promoting dropwise condensation in applications including power generation, water treatment, and thermal management of high-performance electronics. However, after nearly a century of research, coatings with adequate robustness remain elusive due to the extreme environments within many condensers and strict design requirements needed to achieve enhancement. In this work, we enable long-lasting condensation heat transfer enhancement via dropwise condensation by infusing a hydrophobic polymer, Teflon AF, into a porous nanostructured surface. This polymer infused porous surface (PIPS) uses the large surface area of the nanostructures to enhance polymer adhesion, while the nanostructures form a percolated network of high thermal conductivity material throughout the polymer and drastically reduce the thermal resistance of the composite. We demonstrate over 700% enhancement in the condensation of steam compared to an uncoated surface. This performance enhancement was sustained for more than 200 days without significant degradation. Furthermore, we show that the surfaces are self-repairing upon raising the temperature past the melting point of the polymer, allowing recovery of hydrophobicity and offering a level of durability more appropriate for industrial applications.
Aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip typically has a good prognosis when diagnosed at an early stage and treated properly. We present a 65-year-old man with a 3-month history of an ulcerative lesion of the lower lip. On physical examination, he had an ulceration of approximately 5×5 cm in the mucosa of the lower lip, extending through 50% of the lip, and multiple mandibular and neck lymph nodes. The biopsy confirmed SCC of the lip. Surgical treatment was recommended, but the patient was lost to follow-up. The patient eventually returned to the hospital for medical treatment. However, the physical examination, and the images obtained showed progression of the disease. Chemotherapy was started with improvement in the primary site, but he then developed a large submental mass compatible with SCC. The tumour was considered incurable at that time. Palliative radiation therapy was offered; however, he refused any further procedures or treatment.
Opioid Free Cardiac Anesthesia

Opioids are one of the effective forms of analgesia for acute pain in the perioperative period but, with overprescription, have become detrimental to public health. There has been a steady increase in opioid consumption and the number of opioid-related deaths, and the U.S. government has declared the opioid epidemic as a public health emergency. Anesthesiologists have a responsibility as the first exposure to opioids was during the perioperative period in the majority of cases. Acute tolerance and hyperalgesia are well known after opioid use in the postoperative opioid further increasing opioid consumption. More importantly, anesthesiologists have no control after the postoperative period, where the prescriptions continue to be repeated from general practice physicians. We have a moral responsibility to reduce opioid use to avoid it if feasible.
Routine chest X-rays after pigtail chest tube removal rarely change management in children.

The need for chest X-rays (CXR) following large-bore chest tube removal has been questioned; however, the utility of CXRs following removal of small-bore pigtail chest tubes is unknown. We hypothesized that CXRs obtained following removal of pigtail chest tubes would not change management. Patients < 18 years old with pigtail chest tubes placed 2014–2019 at a tertiary children’s hospital were reviewed. Exclusion criteria were age < 1 month, death or transfer with a chest tube in place, or pigtail chest tube replacement by large-bore chest tube. The primary outcome was chest tube reinsertion. 111 patients underwent 123 pigtail chest tube insertions; 12 patients had bilateral chest tubes. The median age was 5.8 years old. Indications were pneumothorax (n = 53), pleural effusion (n = 54), chylothorax (n = 6), empyema (n = 5), and hemothorax (n = 3). Post-pull CXRs were obtained in 121/123 cases (98.4%). The two children without post-pull CXRs did not require chest tube reinsertion. Two patients required chest tube reinsertion (1.6%), both for re-accumulation of their chylothorax. Post-pull chest X-rays are done nearly universally following pigtail chest tube removal but rarely change management. Providers should obtain post-pull imaging based on symptoms and underlying diagnosis, with higher suspicion for recurrence in children with chylothorax.
Compressive Estimation of Wideband mmW Channel using Analog True-Time-Delay Array

High-rate directional communication in millimeterwave (mmW) systems requires a fast and accurate channel estimation. Novel array architectures and signal processing techniques are needed to avoid prohibitive estimation overhead associated with large antenna arrays. Recent advancements in hardware design helped the re-emergence of true-time-delay (TTD) arrays whose frequency-dependent beams can be leveraged for low-overhead channel probing and estimation. In this work, we consider an analog TTD array and develop a low-overhead compressive sensing based algorithm for channel estimation in frequency-domain. The algorithm is compared with related state-of-the-art approaches designed for analog phased antenna arrays. Our results reveal the advantages of the proposed TTD-based algorithm in terms of the required number of training symbols, estimation accuracy, and computational complexity.
Effect of childhood obesity on admissions for respiratory disease.

AIM The purpose of this study was to assess for an association between higher body mass index and disease severity, morbidity and mortality in children admitted for an acute respiratory distress and failure. METHODS A single-institution retrospective cross-sectional study performed in the United States evaluating paediatric patients, 2-20 years of age, admitted for diagnoses related to acute respiratory distress and acute respiratory failure. Main outcomes include disease severity as assessed using the respiratory component of the Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) with adjustment for altered mental status (Resp-PEWS + AMS), hospital or intensive care length of stay (LOS) and death. RESULTS Children with obesity made up 42/334 (13%) of the cohort. There was no significant difference in Resp-PEWS + AMS between obese and non-obese cohorts (mean of 0.93, {standard deviation 1.11} vs. 1.13 {1.35}, range 0-6, rank sum p = 0.46). There was no significant difference in overall hospital LOS or intensive care LOS. Multivariate analysis including diagnosis as a control variable did not change the results. CONCLUSION We found that body habitus was not an independent factor for illness severity or clinical outcomes.
A histologic study of lens regeneration in aphakic rabbits.

Lens regeneration occurs in New Zealand albino rabbits after endocapsular lens extraction, which leaves the anterior and posterior lens capsules relatively intact. Slit-lamp photography, histologic studies, and lens protein analysis confirmed the differentiation of lens fibers. In the current study, we performed a sequential analysis of the regenerating rabbit lens. After endocapsular phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration of the lens, rabbits were sacrificed at different time points for histologic evaluation. Similarities with embryologic development of the lens were evident, although in some sections, abnormal cellular proliferation occurred. By the 6th day after surgery, a monolayer of lens epithelial cells lined both the anterior and posterior capsules. At 1 month, the posterior epithelial cells had elongated, and nuclei had migrated anteriorly. At 2 months, lens cells were differentiating at the equatorial zone with gradual elongation, anterior migration of nuclei, and eventual loss of nuclei. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:540-547,1990 The progressive steps in the process of spontaneous regeneration of tissue of ectodermal origin have been described well for the areas of skin epidermis and corneal epithelium. 12 Another ectodermal derivative, the crystalline lens, was reported in 1827 to regenerate in rabbits. 3 However, research in this area has progressed more slowly. Investigators have found that the lens regenerative process is dependent on an intact anterior and posterior lens capsule. 4 After extraction of the lens capsular contents, regenerating lens tissue first is noted 2 weeks postoperatively, beginning in the periphery of the capsule and occurring more rapidly in younger rabbits. 5
Efficient Motion Planning Strategies for Large-Scale Sensor Networks

In this paper, we develop a suite of motion planning strategies suitable for large-scale sensor networks. These solve the problem of reconfiguring the network to a new shape while minimizing either the total distance traveled by the nodes or the maximum distance traveled by any node. Three network paradigms are investigated: centralized, computationally distributed, and decentralized. For the centralized case, optimal solutions are obtained in O(m) time in practice using a logarithmic-barrier method. Key to this complexity is transforming the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) matrix associated with the Newton step sub-problem into a mono-banded system solvable in O(m) time. These results are then extended to a distributed approach that allows the computation to be evenly partitioned across the m nodes in exchange for O(m) messages in the overlay network. Finally, we offer a decentralized, hierarchical approach whereby follower nodes are able to solve for their objective positions in O(1) time from observing the headings of a small number (2-4) of leader nodes. This is akin to biological systems (e.g. schools of fish, flocks of birds, etc.) capable of complex formation changes using only local sensor feedback. We expect these results will prove useful in extending the mission lives of large-scale mobile sensor networks.
Plasma Transport in a Compact Ignition Tokamak

Nominal predicted plasma conditions in a Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) are illustrated by transport simulations using experimentally calibrated plasma transport models. The range of uncertainty in these predictions is explored by using various models that have given almost equally good fits to experimental data. Using a transport model that best fits the data, thermonuclear ignition occurs in a CIT design with a major radius of 1.32 m, plasma half-width of 0.43 mn, elongation of 2.0, and toroidal field and plasma current ramped in 6 s from 1.7 to 10.4 T and 0.7 to 10 MA, respectively. Ignition is facilitated by 20 MW of heating deposited off the magnetic axis near the /sup 3/He minority cyclotron resonance layer. Under these conditions, sawtooth oscillations are small and have little impact on ignition. Tritium inventory is minimized by preconditioning most discharges with deuterium. Tritium is injected, in large frozen pellets, only after minority resonance preheating. Variations of the transport model, impurity influx, heating profile, and pellet ablation rates have a large effect on ignition and on the maximum beta that can be achieved.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL NARCOTIC ADDICTION ON THE NEWBORN INFANT Review of Literature and Report of 22 Cases

During the past 5 years there have been 22 newborn infants born of mothers who were narcotic addicts at the Flower and Fifth Avenue Hospitals and the Metropolitan Hospital in New York City. It is the purpose of this paper to present the clinical findings in these infants and notes on treatment. Of the 20 mothers (there were two sets of twins), 18 were taking heroin, one morphine, and in one the drug could not be determined. The maternal dosage of heroin ranged from 2 to 45 mg/day. The route of administration was intravenous in 14, subcutaneous in one, intranasal as snuff in one, and unknown in four. Birth weights ranged from 1,100 to 3,600 gm with a mean of 2,600 gm. Nine weighed less than 2,500 gm and three weighed more than 3,200 gm. All of the infants were normally developed. Twenty newborn infants demonstrated clinical findings with onset from birth to the fourth day. In 16 of these, symptoms and signs were present during the first 24 hours. In all of these 20 infants there were tremors, excessive crying, sleeplessness, restlessness, or hyperirritability. Vomiting and poor feeding were observed in 10 infants, diarrhea in 6, yawning and sneezing in 6, fever in 4, and convulsions in 1. There was apparently a direct relationship between severity of the infant9s signs and symptoms and the size of the maternal narcotic dosage. There was complete recovery of all the newborn infants. The diagnosis presented no problem when a clear history of maternal narcotic addiction was available. However, this history was often not elicited or was emphatically denied. Careful physical examination of the mother usually revealed needle marks and other stigmata of narcotic addiction.
In search of the holy replicator

After 40 years of searching for the eukaryotic replicator sequence, it is time to abandon the concept of ‘the’ replicator as a single genetic entity. Here I propose a ‘relaxed replicon model’ in which a positive initiator–replicator interaction is facilitated by a combination of several complex features of chromatin. An important question for the future is whether the positions of replication origins are simply a passive result of local chromatin structure or are actively localized to coordinate replication with other chromosomal activities.
Some geometric applications using spreadsheets

Ever since their invention, spreadsheets have been used by mathematics teachers to teach many mathematical concepts. As computer software and hardware capabilities have increased, developers have added many powerful new features to the spreadsheet program, especially in the area of graphics. When the Lotus Development Corporation developed SmartSuite 97, they added some features which make it possible to easily create certain learning applications in geometry. This paper explores two geometric applications. One is a visual model for shortest network applications which might be used in a discrete mathematics course or a contemporary mathematics course, and the other is a simple Geo board application which might be used in a course for elementary teachers. This second application takes advantage of special features of Lotus 1-2-3 97 (or Lotus 1-2-3 version 9.5)
The natural history of pulmonary valvular stenosis: Serial cardiac catheterizations in 21 children☆

Abstract In an attempt to study the natural history of isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis, 21 children with serial cardiac catheterizations were reviewed. The clinical, electrocardiographic, and roentgenographic features in the majority of these cases did not suggest that there had been a change in the severity of the pulmonary stenosis during the interval of study. In 19 of the 21 cases the right ventricular systolic pressure remained in the same range over the period of observation. Of the 17 cases in which complete data were available, 16 exhibited an increase in the pulmonary valve area, which was in proportion to the increase in body growth. It is concluded that the increasing severity of pulmonary valvular stenosis that has been reported is due not to a failure of the pulmonary valve orifice to increase in size as the child grows, but rather possibly to factors of infundibular hypertrophy or myocardial fibrosis.
Theme-Based Research in the Transdisciplinary Field of Educational Linguistics

This chapter considers the intellectual benefits and challenges of transdisciplinarity for educational linguistics. Building on earlier work about the nature of educational linguistics, Halliday’s notion of theme in transdisciplines is expanded upon. The concept of theme is presented as foundational for the problem-oriented nature of educational linguistics. The application of a thematic orientation is then set forth as a way in which to approach the topics encompassed by the field. Finally, practical implications for doing thematic research, along with key benefits and potential pitfalls, are examined.
SCOTT'S A NEW VIEW OF ECONOMIC GROWTH : A REVIEW ARTICLE

MAURICE SCOTT's big book of 600 large pages has some excellent features. It provides descriptions and often original critiques of models and near-models provided by dozens of economists, as well as of controversies associated with them. It reviews with insight literature covering many developments that may have affected past economic growth or the post-1973 slowdown in productivity growth. Scott's eight-equation model that provides the framework for A New View of Economic Growth also has some interesting characteristics. But it does little to advance understanding of growth. The novel feature of Scott's equation for the growth rate is use of the ratio of gross investment to GNP to determine the combined contributions of investment and technical progress, all of which Scott attributes to investment. In my view this formulation is not representative of the growth process. Empirically this feature of the model, which is the basis for the book's title, lacks explanatory value. Some views underlying Scott's model Clearly, one or more of the myriad determinants of output must be altered if a nation's output is to change. Scott describes such alterations as 'changes
Daytime observed emotional expressions of people with dementia.

Background Emotional expression among people with dementia (PWD) may inform person-centered approaches to care and improvements in dementia-related quality of life. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine frequency and variability of positive and negative emotional expressions, personal factors influencing positive and negative emotional expressions, and trajectories of emotional expression among PWD during daytime hours. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of daytime positive and negative emotional expressions of 30 PWD living in residential long-term care who completed twelve 20-minute observation periods occurring hourly as part of a multi-site study of wandering behavior. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine relationships between influencing factors and frequency of emotional expressions; group-based trajectory analysis was applied to identify clusters of individuals with similar daytime patterns of emotional expression. Results Time of day (rate ratio [RR] = 1.05) and impaired mobility (RR = 1.37) significantly influenced positive emotional expression; gender (RR = 1.85), age (RR = 1.03), and education (RR = 0.54) were significantly related to negative emotional expression. Three distinct trajectory groups were identified for positive emotional expression: a low stable group, a fluctuating group displaying afternoon peaking, and a fluctuating group displaying morning peaking. Two trajectory groups were identified for negative emotional expression: a consistent pattern and an inconsistent pattern. Discussion PWD showed a broad range of emotional expression and significant within-person variation in daytime positive and negative emotional expressions. Observed emotional display is a promising measure of psychological well-being among PWD that, if more fully understood, could guide care approaches to improve quality of life.
Plasma Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine Concentrations in Maternal and Fetal Sheep during Spontaneous Parturition and in Premature Sheep during Cortisol-Induced Parturition*

The plasma catecholamine response to parturition was studied in two groups of chronically catheterized fetal sheep. Group I consisted of full term pregnancies with a mean gestation of 147 days at delivery. Group II was comprised of fetal sheep infused with cortisol to induce premature delivery at a mean gestational age of 135 days. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured in group I mothers and fetuses and group II fetuses by radioenzymatic assay using 50 microliter samples. Uterine contractions began 4--14 h before delivery in both groups. Significant increases in fetal plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations occurred within 3 h of delivery in both groups. Group I plasma epinephrine (E) and group I and II plasma dopamine levels were significantly increased within 1 h of delivery. Only plasma E levels differed in group I and II fetuses; there was no significant rise in plasma E concentrations in cortisol-infused (group II) fetuses. Maternal plasma NE and E concentrations were increased 2--3 h before delivery in group I animals. Maternal plasma dopamine concentrations were only elevated 30 min before delivery when plasma NE and E levels were highest.
On-line Arterial Blood Gas Analysis With Optodes: Current Status

Objectives: To summarize the rationale for and the principles of blood gas and pH measurement with photochemical sensors (optodes) placed in the arterial line—either intravascularly (in vivo) or extravascularly (ex vivo). To review the specific problems that occur with in vivo measurement; the clinical data that have been obtained with continuous intravascular and on-demand extravascular systems; and, the role of this technology in the intensive care unit. Methods and results: The principles of absorbance and fluorescent optical sensors are described. The accuracy of intravascular Po2 optodes can be affected by thrombosis, the wall effect (if the sensor touches the arterial wall it may read tissue values) and reduced blood flow past the sensor. Current optical pH, Pco2 and Po2 probe/cannula designs, including hybrid probes with electrochemical Po2 sensors, have not yet fully overcome these problems of the intravascular milieu. On-demand blood gas monitors that locate the optodes extravascularly, within the radial artery line, avoid these intravascular measurement problems. On-demand systems can have accuracy comparable to conventional laboratory blood gas analyzers. With either intravascular or extravascular measurement large patient studies are lacking and the relevant cost benefit ratios are not known. Conclusion: Before intravascular monitors can be used routinely for clinical care, reliability, consistency and accuracy will have to be demonstrated in large and widely divergent patient groups. Extravascular on-demand blood gas analysis is accurate, allows trend monitoring of blood gases and decreases the risk of infection, the therapeutic decision time and patient blood loss. As large patient studies are lacking the clinical role of on-line blood gas analysis cannot be clearly delineated.
Moving toes and myoclonus associated with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP)

A 22-year-old male awoke with right foot drop and numbness. Nerve conduction studies, sural nerve biopsy, and molecular genetic analysis were consistent with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). Two months later he developed involuntary flexion/extension movements of the right toes with associated intermittent dystonic flexion of the right foot. Over the next 2 months these movements spread to the left foot and hand and myoclonus of the left trapezius and rhomboid appeared. This is the first case report of moving toes syndrome and segmental myoclonus in association with HNPP. The temporal and topographic patterns of spread of the abnormal movements suggest a central mechanism probably induced by peripheral pathology.
Problems with Bootstrapping Pearson Correlations in Very Small Bivariate Samples.

Efron'sMonte Carlo bootstrap algorithm is shown to cause degeneracies in Pearson'sr for sufficiently small samples. Two ways of preventing this problem when programming the bootstrap ofr are considered.
Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans

Empyema due to Streptococcus mutans occurred following dental manipulation in two patients with periodontal disease. Isolation of this dental pathogen from pleural fluid localized the site of origin of the empyemas to the oropharynx and precluded the need to search for a remote intra-abdominal source of these pleuropulmonary infections. Although there is controversy regarding the susceptibility of S mutans to penicillin, the isolates from our patients were markedly sensitive to the drug, and both patients were cured with penicillin therapy and surgical drainage.
Cost-Based Comparative-Effectiveness Research in Colon and Rectal Surgery

In recent years the public, politicians, and physicians themselves have increasingly become aware of the importance and relevance of quality and value in health care. It is important for colon and rectal surgeons to understand cost-based comparative effectiveness studies pertaining to their specialty. These studies provide evidence to assist health care policymakers as well as clinicians and their patients in making well-informed decisions. The aim of this review is to familiarize colorectal surgeons with such research by providing definitions and examples from the colorectal literature. As this type of research gains greater attention among research funding agencies and health care policymakers, it is becoming increasingly important for colon and rectal surgeons to understand these methodologies as well as their limitations. With greater understanding, colorectal surgeons are better positioned to critically assess cost-based comparative effectiveness studies of colorectal procedures and choose the most appropriate treatments for their patients.