cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Cellular Requirements for Enhanced Antigen Cross-Presentation to CD8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

MHC class I-mediated cross-priming of CD8 T cells by APCs is critical for CTL-based immunity to viral infections and tumors. We have shown previously that tumor-secreted heat shock protein gp96-chaperoned peptides cross prime CD8 CTL that are specific for genuine tumor Ags and for the surrogate Ag OVA. We now show that tumor-secreted heat shock protein gp96-chaperoned peptides enhance the efficiency of Ag cross-priming of CD8 CTL by several million-fold over the cross-priming activity of unchaperoned protein alone. Gp96 also acts as adjuvant for cross-priming by unchaperoned proteins, but in this capacity gp96 is 1000-fold less active than as a peptide chaperone. Mechanistically, the in situ secretion of gp96-Ig by transfected tumor cells recruits and activates dendritic cells and NK cells to the site of gp96 release and promotes CD8 CTL expansion locally. Gp96-mediated cross-priming of CD8 T cells requires B7.1/2 costimulation but proceeds unimpeded in lymph node-deficient mice, in the absence of NKT and CD4 cells and without CD40L. Gp96-driven MHC I cross-priming of CD8 CTL in the absence of lymph nodes provides a novel mechanism for local, tissue-based CTL generation at the site of gp96 release. This pathway may constitute a critically important, early detection, and rapid response mechanism that is operative in parenchymal tissues for effective defense against tissue damaging antigenic agents.
Efficient Algorithms for Computing With Protein-Based Volumetric Memory Processors

With an ever increasing volume of digital data there is a huge increase in the demand for much faster, smaller, and denser storage technologies. Conventional 2-D (surface) storage/memory technologies may soon be replaced with much faster and denser 3-D volumetric (holographic) storage technologies. Photo sensitive protein bacteriorhodopsin has been proven to have great chemical, thermal, and holographic properties and is a good choice for both associative and volumetric memories. Associative memory systems have a wide range of practical applications. However, there is a lack of a formal computational model that can be used to analyze the performance of different algorithms on architectures that support associative memory. We first address this issue by defining a new computational model on protein-based associative memory processors. We also present and analyze algorithms for several fundamental problems on this new model. Secondly, we employ balanced modulated codes in volumetric memories to reduce the bit error rate and improve fidelity. Conventional coding schemes such as 6:8 coding, limit the size of the page to 8 bits and achieve a code rate (utility) of only 75%. As the technology matures we need efficient algorithms to produce these codes with better utility. In this paper, we address this problem and give algorithms that can generate these codes with superior utility.
A distributed, multimedia environmental information system

Scientific research addressing global change continues to generate large quantities of information for analysis and understanding. However, the volume, distributed nature, and diversity of this information prohibits convenient access by many potential users. This paper describes an object-oriented, distributed system consisting of an integrated collection of software tools that allows a user to query and manipulate distributed, multimedia data sets through a graphical user interface (GUI). The tool, ENFORMS (ENvironmental inFORMation System), is currently populated with environmental information for use in a regional watershed analysis project.
EGAPP supplementary evidence review: DNA testing strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome

1. Clarifying how to define the clinical disorder—Lynch syndrome. In this supplementary review, Lynch syndrome refers to individuals with a predisposition to CRC and certain other malignancies as a result of a germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation—including those with an existing cancer and those who have not yet developed cancer. This definition allows planned analyses of clinical validity and utility to be more straightforward. Several recent editorials and publications recommend that the ambiguous term HNPCC be abandoned and that this clarified definition of Lynch syndrome should be used instead. 2. Removing family history from consideration as a preliminary test. A previous evidence review showed that screening performance of both the Amsterdam and the Bethesda criteria to identify individuals with Lynch syndrome were highly heterogeneous, possibly due to differences among the populations tested. In a general population, Amsterdam criteria are associated with relatively low sensitivity (28‐45%), but high specificity (99%), whereas Bethesda criteria are associated with higher sensitivity (73‐91%), but at the cost of lower specificity (82‐77%). Neither provides the necessary high sensitivity/specificity in a reliable and consistent manner. There are also gaps in knowledge relating to the time required to
Role of inelastic electron---phonon scattering in electron transport through ultra-scaled amorphous phase change material nanostructures

The electron transport through ultra-scaled amorphous phase change material (PCM) GeTe is investigated by using ab initio molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and non-equilibrium Green's function, and the inelastic electron---phonon scattering is accounted for by using the Born approximation. It is shown that, in ultra-scaled PCM device with 6 nm channel length, $$<$$ < 4 % of the energy carried by the incident electrons from the source is transferred to the atomic lattice before reaching the drain, indicating that the electron transport is largely elastic. Our simulation results show that the inelastic electron---phonon scattering, which plays an important role to excite trapped electrons in bulk PCM devices, exerts very limited influence on the current density value and the shape of current---voltage curve of ultra-scaled PCM devices. The analysis reveals that the Poole---Frenkel law and the Ohm's law, which are the governing physical mechanisms of the bulk PCM devices, cease to be valid in the ultra-scaled PCM devices.
PYROPHYLLITE, A NEW CERAMIC RAW MATERIAL1

The relationship among the minerals pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and steatite together with a statement of the properties of pyrophyllite are given. The North Carolina deposits of pyrophyllite are briefly described. A preliminary report is made on tests now being conducted to determine the possible use of pyrophyllite as a constituent in whiteware bodies.
Role of myosin light-chain phosphorylation in endothelial cell retraction

Endothelial cells retract centripetally when they are exposed to histamine and when extracellular calcium is chelated. This centripetal retraction implies that a centripetal tension must be expressed in the cells. We asked whether phosphorylation of the light chain of myosin (MLC) was important for the retraction to occur, and, by inference, expression of the tension. In human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells and in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial (PPAE) cells tryptic peptide maps indicated that MLC was phosphorylated by myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). Activity of MLCK is inhibited by ML-9, a kinase inhibitor with relative specificity for MLCK, and when MLCK is phosphorylated by the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent kinase. Pretreatment of HUVE cells or PPAE cells with ML-9 or forskolin-aminophylline (to increase cell cAMP) reduced basal MLC phosphorylation and prevented an expected increase in MLC phosphorylation following exposure of HUVE cells to histamine. Pretreatment of HUVE cells with ML-9 or forskolin-aminophylline prevented HUVE cell retraction (measured as an increase in permeability of a monolayer of HUVE cells) in response to histamine. Pretreatment of PPAE cells with ML-9 or forskolin-aminophylline prevented PPAE cell retraction in response to chelation of extracellular calcium. These data support the hypothesis that phosphorylation of MLC is an important component of endothelial cell retraction.
Spatial Asymmetry in Tree-shrub Clusters in a Subtropical Savanna

Plateau live oak (Quercus virginiana var. fusiformis) is thought to act as a nurse plant to other woody species in the upland savannas of the Edwards Plateau of central Texas; however, little is known of the nature, extent and duration of this facilitation. We tested the hypothesis that spatial asymmetry exists in the composition of the understory woody plant community associated with live oak trees that would indicate facilitative effects of the oak canopy on understory microclimate. The central live oaks in 20 discrete tree-shrub clusters sampled at a location in the eastern Edwards Plateau were relatively large and possessed a dense understory of 5 to 11 species of shrubs and small trees. Both adult and juvenile woody plants were nonuniformly distributed around the central live oak with significantly more individuals and species found in the northern than southern halves of clusters. No statistical differences were found between northern (NE vs. NW) or southern (SE vs. SW) quadrants or between eastern and western sides. Similar patterns were found for total cover (canopy and basal diameter) of adults and density and cover of Juniperus ashei, the dominant understory species. Neither the degree of this asymmetry or extent of understory development (i.e., total shrub density or species richness) was related to the size of the central live oak. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that microclimate modification by the live oak overstory is an important and perhaps persistent mechanism of facilitation in these woody clusters. These findings also suggest that processes structuring these live oak clusters differ from those of other tree-shrub clusters in subtropical savannas in this general region.
Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Psychosocial Assessment and Care

This chapter reviews the role of psychosocial providers working with children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Special attention is given to the psychosocial domains requiring assessment during the pre-HSCT psychological evaluation, including ability to consent/assent to treatment, psychosocial functioning, medical adherence, social support and stressors, and cognitive functioning. While there are few intervention studies aimed at the HSCT population, we extrapolate from the findings of pediatric chronic illness in discussing the best multidisciplinary intervention approaches to treat procedural pain and anxiety, behavioral issues, coping with medical isolation, pill-swallowing difficulties, and treatment nonadherence. Family functioning, including parent and sibling adjustment, is given additional consideration, with an expansive review of the unique experience of sibling donors. Pediatric HSCT resources and case examples are included.
Younger and Older Coastal Fishers Face Catastrophic Loss after Hurricane Katrina

Hurricanes are associated with environmental destruction and traumatic stress for directly affected communities. In this chapter, we compare and contrast younger and older commercial fishers from two south Louisiana coastal parishes (counties) who experienced profound losses in the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Content analysis of narrative data based on open-ended interview questions yielded three core themes: (1) Materialism and True Colors Revealed: Despicable Deeds and Acts of Grace after the Storm, (2) Helping Efforts Across Denominations: God was Using his People to help His [Other] People, and (3) Historical Ties that Bind: Old Roots and New Connections. Themes 1 and 2 capture similar responses across age groups. Younger and older fishers alike reported material losses and shifts in outlook and priorities after the storms, along with an outpouring of support from volunteers associated with faith-based disaster relief efforts. Theme 3 reflects pronounced points of difference between the age groups. For younger fishers, salient trends were new friendships with displacement hosts and social opportunities in non-coastal communities to which they had evacuated. By contrast, salient trends for older fishers conveyed perennial environmental concerns, including coastal erosion and land loss. Ties to family and their coastal homeland were well represented in both age groups’ narratives. Implications of the present findings for understanding age and cultural identity influences on post-disaster resilience are considered.
The Threat of Malaria Cross-Infections in Human and Wild Primate Populations

Copyright: © 2012 Cormier LA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Efforts to eradicate malaria in human populations have given insufficient attention to the problem of wild primate reservoirs of the disease. Despite many decades of varied malaria control programs, malaria remains a significant health threat to human populations. According to the World Health Organization, there were over 200 million cases and approximately 650,000 deaths from malaria in 2010; in Africa, a child dies of malaria once every minute [1].
When Others Retire Early: What About Me?

We studied the reactions to an early retirement program of 668 employees of a large organization who were ineligible for the program. Specifically, we examined the influence of perceptions of the g...
The Brazilian Informatics Policy

This case fits into a consideration of industrial policy--especially, foreign approaches to industrial policy. It examines the Brazilian government's policy with respect to foreign participation in the small- and medium-sized computer industry.
Laser prostatectomy or TUIP for BPH

Management of benign prostatic hypertrophy has been and continues to be a major focus of urologic care. Every year, some 300,000 transurethral resections are performed annually in the United States. In this Point and Counterpoint, Drs. Madsen, Bruskewitz, and Kabalin review the relative merits of transurethral incision and laser prostatectomy, two newer treatments for BPH.
Uncovering the Role of the Methylome in Dementia and Neurodegeneration

Our understanding of the epigenome has advanced dramatically over the past decade, particularly in terms of DNA methylation, a modification found throughout the genome. Studies of the brain and neurons have outlined an increasingly complex architecture involving not just CG dinucleotide methylation but also methylation of other dinucleotides, and modifications of methylated bases such as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Different modifications may play an important role in brain development, function and decline; recent descriptions of the effects of aging and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer disease on methylation profiles have ushered in an era of DNA methylome-wide association studies. Rapidly improving technologies and study designs are returning robust results, and investigations of the human brain's epigenome are increasingly feasible, complementing insights gained from genetic studies.
Practical application of transconductance-to-drain-current dependent flicker noise analysis

Previous studies have shown that the transconductance-to-drain-current ratio (gm/ID) based technique is useful for noise analysis and optimization of analog CMOS circuits. In this paper, we examine flicker noise closely and show that even though its slope (A) does not depend gm/ID parameters of a transistor, knowledge of gm/Id parameters is required in order to determine its slope accurately. We take a look at several complications that arise in practice, and propose a rule that simplifies the process of de-embedding the slope of flicker noise. Finally, we apply the results in the design and analysis of a micropower operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and show that excellent agreement between simulation and analysis is achieved.
Hey, you, get off of my image: Detecting data residue in android images

Android’s data cleanup mechanism has been called into question with the recently discovered data residue vulnerability. However, the existing study only focuses on one particular Android version and demands heavy human involvement. In this project, we aim to fill the gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of the data residue situation across the entire Android ecosystem. To this end, we propose ANRED(ANRED is a former French public institution for the recovery and disposal of waste.), an ANdroid REsidue Detector that performs static analysis on Android framework bytecode and automatically quantifies the risk for each identified data residue instance within collected system services. The design of ANRED has overcome several challenges imposed by the special characteristic of Android framework and data residue vulnerability. We have implemented ANRED in WALA and further evaluated it against 606 Android images. The analysis results have demonstrated the effectiveness, efficiency and reliability of ANRED. In particular, we have confirmed the effect of vendor customization and version upgrade on data residue vulnerability. We have also identified five new data residue instances that have been overlooked in the previous study, leading to data leakage and privilege escalation attacks.
Assessing Potential Health Risks from Viruses and Parasites in Reclaimed Water in Arizona and Florida, USA

Wastewater reuse has been mandated in both the states of Arizona and Florida, U.S.A. In Arizona, standards have been set for enteric virus and Giardia levels to maintain a specified effluent quality depending on the reuse, while in Florida, specified treatment control has been implemented. Data on virus levels in treated wastewaters have been generated in both states. Average virus levels ranged from 13-130 pfu/100L after secondary treatment while with the addition of filtration, levels were reduced to averages between 0.13 to 1.25 pfu/100L. Giardia cyst levels also dropped by 100 fold after filtration averaging 0.32/40L. Using a probability of infection model, risk of infection from 100 ml accidental ingestion ranged from approximately 2 × 10−3 to 2 × 10−4 for the levels of viruses and protozoa foundin chlorinated secondary effluent and the risk was reduced to 2 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−6 with filtration and disinfection following activated sludge.
A novel approach to reconstruct cone-beam data acquired on less than a full scan

Reconstruction for an incomplete circular scan typically results in artifacts due not only to data incompleteness, but also to non-optimal handling of data redundancy. We present a novel reconstruction approach aimed at improving the handling of redundant data after first analyzing how such redundancy is handled in a more traditional approach.
Open Peer Review in Scientific Publishing: A Web Mining Study of PeerJ Authors and Reviewers

Purpose: To understand how authors and reviewers are accepting and embracing Open Peer Review (OPR), one of the newest innovations in the Open Science movement. Design/methodology/approach: This research collected and analyzed data from the Open Access journal PeerJ over its first three years (2013-2016). Web data were scraped, cleaned, and structured using several Web tools and programs. The structured data were imported into a relational database. Data analyses were conducted using analytical tools as well as programs developed by the researchers. Findings: PeerJ, which supports optional OPR, has a broad international representation of authors and referees. Approximately 73.89% of articles provide full review histories. Of the articles with published review histories, 17.61% had identities of all reviewers and 52.57% had at least one signed reviewer. In total, 43.23% of all reviews were signed. The observed proportions of signed reviews have been relatively stable over the period since the Journal's inception. Research limitations: This research is constrained by the availability of the peer review history data. Some peer reviews were not available when the authors opted out of publishing their review histories. The anonymity of reviewers made it impossible to give an accurate count of reviewers who contributed to the review process. Practical implications: These findings shed light on the current characteristics of OPR. Given the policy that authors are encouraged to make their articles' review history public and referees are encouraged to sign their review reports, the three years of PeerJ review data demonstrate that there is still some reluctance by authors to make their reviews public and by reviewers to identify themselves. Originality/value: This is the first study to closely examine PeerJ as an example of an OPR model journal. As Open Science moves further towards open research, OPR is a final and critical component. Research in this area must identify the best policies and paths towards a transparent and open peer review process for scientific communication.
Embodying an imagined other through rebellion, resistance and joy: Mardi Gras Indians and Black indigeneity

This article examines embodied double and triple consciousness expressed by African Americans who reflect Indigenous and transplanted African/Indian heritages while performing as Mardi Gras “Indians” in New Orleans. Moving beyond simplistic dichotomies of “Africanness” and “indigeneity,” Black Indians produce sustained historical and cultural identities which reinforce Afro-indigeneity to overcome oppressive conditions while creating a foundation for resilience. Mardi Gras Indians perform ritual parades and complex acts of resistance and joy—playfully appropriating and adapting African, Indian and American cultures to interrogate hybrid identities beyond Black/White paradigms. The playful ambiguities—and mocking stereotypical images of savage Indians and Africans—continue to be displayed through music, art and pop cultural expressions well into the post-Katrina era. An examination of Black Indians through a cultural-historical analysis sets the stage for a reassessment of popular culture and the HBO TV series Treme (Simon, 2010–2013)—specifically its use of fictive, triple-conscious imaginaries which give life to vibrant, joyful expressions of resistance.
Cytomorphology of metastatic pituitary carcinoma to the bone.

Metastatic pituitary carcinoma to bone is rare. In this report, we present a case of a 59-year-old female with recurrent pituitary adenoma of the sparsely granulated somatotroph subtype with metastasis to a few bony sites 10 years later. Needle core biopsy (NCB) with touch preparations was performed on a 5 mm lesion in left ilium. Diff-Quik stained NCB touch preparation slides showed a few loosely cohesive epithelial polygonal cells that were arranged in nests or acini, or singly, had scant vacuolated cytoplasm and eccentrically located round nuclei (plasmacytoid) with slight nuclear pleomorphism, fine granular chromatin, conspicuous nucleoli, and smooth nuclear membrane. Trilineage hematopoietic cells of bone marrow were also appreciated in the background. HE45:645-650. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiration and Behavior of a Sugarcane Grub, Ligyrus Subtropicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Under Flooded Conditions

The sugarcane grub, Ligyrus subtropicus (Blatchley) encounters both natural field flooding and controlled field flooding by Florida sugarcane growers. Third instar larvae (grubs) of L. subtropicus were tested in various flood tests. After a five day (120 h) simulated flood, 68% of grubs survived at 18° C versus 0% at 28° C. Respiration as indicated by CO2 production was significantly higher in grubs at 28° C in both flooded and unflooded treatments than in grubs at 18°C under similar conditions. These data indicate that grubs drown faster at higher temperatures at least partly due to increased respiration. In behavior tests conducted at water temperatures of ca. 24° - 25°C, grub populations moved upward in response to flooded conditions including 21.7% of the grubs which emerged from the soil to settle on the soil surface. Grubs became sluggish after 2 h underwater. Within 24 h underwater, all grubs were comatose (non-responsive to probing) and remained in this condition until death.
The Joint Effects of Antenatal Steroids and Gestational Age on Improved Outcomes in Neonates

Antenatal corticosteroids are standard of care for women at risk of a preterm birth and demonstrated to be protective against poor outcomes in neonates including respiratory disorders, mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Its benefits may vary by gestational age, and accurate estimation is needed in a single-center population to account for practice variation. A retrospective cohort of infants admitted to the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit, 1997–2015. Using Poisson regression, we separately modeled the incidence rate ratio of death, grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) testing the moderating effects of gestation on antenatal steroids, controlling for potential confounding. Among 5314 infants admitted, death occurred in 298 (6%), severe IVH in 244 (5%), and BPD in 527 (10%). Antenatal steroids were protective of death and BPD in the adjusted analysis, and there was multiplicative interaction where each week increase in gestational age combined with steroid therapy resulted in 13% reduced incidence for each outcome. Antenatal steroids are protective against severe IVH and moderate to severe BPD, and when combined with gestational age, steroids are associated with greater protective benefits in older neonates. There is likely an ideal window to maximize the benefits of antenatal steroids, and future etiologic research should consider the joint effects with gestational age.
Nonequilibrium flow through porous thermal protection materials, Part I: Numerical methods

Abstract Numerical methods are developed to simulate high temperature gas flow and coupled surface reactions, relevant to porous thermal protection systems used by hypersonic vehicles. Due to the non-continuum nature of these flows, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used, and the computational complexity of the simulations presents a number of unique challenges. Strategies for parallel partitioning, interprocessor communication, complex microstructure geometry representation, cutcell procedures, and parallel file input/output are presented and tested. Algorithms and data structures are developed for a microstructure generation tool called FiberGen that enables realistic microstructures to be constructed based on targeted fiber radius, orientation, and overall porosity, with user defined variations about these values. The data structures and algorithms associated with FiberGen are robust and efficient enough to enable DSMC simulations where the microstructure geometry changes to directly simulate ablation problems. Subsonic boundary conditions are described and validated, and a number of example solutions are presented. The example problems demonstrate the difference between surface ablation and in-depth volume ablation regimes for porous TPS materials.
Modeling Possible Inclusion of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine into the National Immunization Program for Infants in India.

Abstract Background India is home to up to 28 million infants born annually, and yet to a large extent these children do not benefit from the protection provided by a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) immunization program. The Government of India, with support from Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance (in short, Gavi), has committed to a pilot implementation of PCV. There are few public health impact evaluations available for India, and equally limited epidemiologic data. Objectives To estimate the potential impact of an infant pneumococcal vaccination program in India. Methods Using a well-established pneumococcal disease impact model parameterized with local data to the extent possible, we calculated the potential impact of introducing an infant PCV program in India. The model considered direct vaccine protection by PCV10 or PCV13, focusing on children younger than 5 years, while varying vaccine uptake according to the implementation method (i.e., state-level programs [Gavi funding] or a government-supported national immunization program [NIP]). Results With state-level PCV13 programs comprising 25% uptake across the country, approximately 1.9 million cases of pneumococcal disease and approximately 77,000 deaths could be prevented annually. An NIP with PCV13 could prevent approximately 7.6 million cases of pneumococcal disease and approximately 0.3 million pneumococcal deaths annually, compared with no vaccination, considering 100% vaccine uptake. These results are likely to have underestimated the additional potential benefits of herd effects in unvaccinated children and adults. Conclusions Incorporation of PCV into an Indian vaccination program for infants is predicted to have a substantially positive health impact. Gavi funding of state-level programs is an important step toward achieving the full benefits of an NIP in India.
Predictors of Prostate Cancer Screening among Older Immigrant Men

Objective: To examine the predictors of prostate cancer screening among immigrant men aged ≥ 50 years who hold legal permanent residency status. Methods: A modified version of the behavioral model of health services use for vulnerable populations. A logistic regression model was used to test predisposing, enabling and need factors related to prostate cancer screening among older immigrant men. Results: Region of origin, access to medical care, age, education and visa adjustment status were significant contributors to the multivariate model. Discussion: The important role played by respondents' access to medical care and culture in accessing prostate screening is discussed as well as the importance of respondents' visa adjustment status. Conclusion: Practitioners working with immigrants should be cognizant of the role culture plays in preventive healthcare behaviors.
Small Noise Ergodic Dynamical Systems

This chapter focuses on the small noise ergodic dynamical systems. It presents some recent results in small noise problems in the ergodic case and some possible implications for small noise ergodic control problems. It also presents an assumption in which Y 0 ( x ) is the optimal feedback control in the infinite-time deterministic control problem. Use of Y 0 in the corresponding ergodic control problem (minimization of the cost function with respect to the resulting ergodic measure) yields a cost of dɛ + o ( ɛ ) for some constant d . Under certain assumptions, one could expect that the optimal cost would also satisfy dɛ + o ( ɛ ). Y 0 would be a reasonably good suboptimal control in the ergodic problem for sufficiently small ɛ. The ergodic problems are also studied under assumptions that included periodicity of the state equations and cost function in the state variables.
Accessible Golf Courses: Web-based Accommodation Communication

Websites are a critical tool for sport participants to seek logistical information prior to arriving at a facility. Given the challenge in accommodating mobility disabilities, research exploring how outdoor sport facilities, such as golf courses, precommunicate accommodation information via hosted websites is warranted. This study assessed website accommodation communication by nonprivate golf courses. To create a context and comparison, the researchers also collected data for commercial sport facilities. Of 268 nonprivate Indiana golf courses hosting websites, only two (< 1%) included Web-based accessibility announcements. Of 10 Indiana commercial sport facilities hosting websites, six included Web-based accessibility announcements (60%). Perceptions of undue burden and targeting the active-aging community inform the discussion of research results. Subscribe to TPE
Introduction to Higgs Boson Pair Production

The chapter presents the motivations for the search of Higgs boson pair production at the CERN LHC and discusses the theoretical foundations of this work. After an overview of the standard model of particle physics (SM), with a special focus on the scalar sector and its role in the electroweak symmetry breaking, the importance of Higgs boson pair (HH) production in the SM exploration is discussed. The main HH production modes at the LHC are presented and the properties of the HH signal desribed. The chapter then discusses HH production in scenarios of physics beyond the SM, that predict either the presence of new scalars decaying to HH (resonant production), or the existence of anomalous Higgs boson couplings that modify the HH cross section and the signal kinematic properties (nonresonant production). Finally, the HH decay channels used in the experimental study of this process are described and the current status of searches for HH production at the LHC presented.
Pulmonary Smooth Muscle in Vertebrates: A Comparative Review of Structure and Function

Although the airways of vertebrates are diverse in shape, complexity, and function, they all contain visceral smooth muscle. The morphology, function, and innervation of this tissue in airways is reviewed in actinopterygians, lungfish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds, and mammals. Smooth muscle was likely involved in tension regulation ancestrally, and may serve to assist lung emptying in fishes and aquatic amphibians, as well as maintain internal lung structure. In certain non-avian reptiles and anurans antagonistic smooth muscle fibers may contribute to intrapulmonary gas mixing. In mammals and birds, smooth muscle regulates airway caliber, and may be important in controlling the distribution of ventilation at rest and exercise, or during thermoregulatory and vocal hyperventilation. Airway smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cranial cholinergic innervation generally causes excitation, cranial non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation causes inhibition, and spinal adrenergic (SA) input causes species-specific, often heterogeneous contractions and relaxations.
Fatigue damage behavior in carbon fiber polymer composites under biaxial loading

Abstract An investigation into the damage accumulation and propagation behavior in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites under complex in-phase biaxial fatigue loading has been conducted. The goal is to capture early stage damage and obtain an improved understanding of damage propagation and associated degradation in material properties. Both cross ply and quasi isotropic laminate configurations have been studied and the tests were conducted under constant amplitude in-phase biaxial loading. An optimization technique was used to design the cruciform specimens for each stacking sequence. To understand the propagation of damage from the micro-to the macroscale, the fractured surfaces were analyzed, during various stages of fatigue, using electron microscope assisted fractography and a high-resolution camera. Material property degradation was determined by measuring the change in specimen stiffness to analyze the progression of fatigue damage and is correlated to the micro- and macroscale damage mechanisms and the biaxial fatigue loading parameters. The results provide insight into the initiation and propagation of damage mechanisms in CFRP composites which is essential to understanding the fatigue behavior of composite materials under complex multiaxial loadings.
Escaping the Disengagement Dilemma: Two Field Experiments on Motivating Citizens to Report on Public Services

To promote good governance, citizens can inform governments directly and routinely about the implementation of policies and the delivery of public services. Yet citizens lack incentives to provide information when they do not expect governments to be responsive, and citizen disengagement in turn often prevents governments from providing public goods effectively. In two field experiments, we studied potential remedies to this dilemma related to solid waste services in Uganda. We randomly assigned reporters to be recruited by community nomination and to be recognized by community leaders in an attempt to select for and motivate information sharing. We also randomly assigned reporters to hear from the government about how their reports were used to make real improvements to waste services. Community nominations and public announcements did not increase reporting. However, responsiveness boosted participation over several months for reporters who had been recruited earliest and had been reporting longest, highlighting the critical role of timely government responsiveness in sustaining information flows from citizens.
MRI-guided core needle biopsy of the breast: Radiology-pathology correlation and impact on clinical management.

Abstract Objective Breast MRI is used to screen high-risk patients and determine extent of disease in breast cancer (BC) patients. The goal of this study was to determine the pathologic correlates of breast MRI abnormalities biopsied under MRI guidance. Methods We retrospectively identified 101 MRI-guided core needle biopsies (CNB) of the breast from 79 women over a 4-year period. MRI-detected lesions biopsied with ultrasound or stereotactic guidance were excluded. MRI studies and pathology were reviewed by breast radiologists and pathologists. Results Of the 79 patients, 72 (91%) had a history of prior (n = 13) or concurrent (n = 59) BC. There were 101 MRI abnormalities: 60 (59%) with non-mass enhancement (NME) and 41 (41%) with mass enhancement. Pathology was benign in 83/101 (82%), including in the majority of NME lesions (43/60, 72%). The most common benign findings were: fibrocystic changes (FCC) (49%), sclerosing lesions (13%), and fibroadenoma (FA) (9%). There were 18 (18%) malignant diagnoses: 8 (44%) invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), 7 (39%) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 3 (17%) invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Of the 18 malignant diagnoses, 16 (89%) occurred in 14 unique patients with concurrent BC. Based on the malignant MRI-guided CNB, 6 (46%) of these patients had additional (sentinel lymph node biopsy or contralateral breast surgery) or more extensive (wider lumpectomy) surgery. Conclusion In this series, most MRI-guided CNB of the breast were benign. The vast majority of malignant diagnoses occurred in patients with concurrent BC and frequently resulted in changes in clinical management.
A Hybrid Thermodynamic Control Protocol for Semistability and Consensus of Network Systems With Intermittent Information

Network systems involve distributed decision making for coordination of networks of dynamic agents and address a broad area of applications in science and engineering. In this article, we develop a thermodynamically based framework for addressing consensus problems using a hybrid control protocol architecture with a dynamic communication topology wherein communication events are triggered via state-dependent resettings consistent with thermodynamic principles. The proposed hybrid controller architecture involves the exchange of intermittent state information between agents guaranteeing that the closed-loop dynamical network is semistable to an equipartitioned equilibrium representing a state of information consensus consistent with basic thermodynamic principles.
IMÁGENES E IDENTIDADES: LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL INMIGRANTE RURAL FEMENINO SUBALTERNO EN EL PERÚ

Mi corpus de analisis consiste en los trabajos de fotografia de Ellan Young en la obra Seller and Servants, Working Women in Lima, Peru (1989) de Ximena Bunster y Elsa M. Chaney. Se investiga el rol de la imagen de la mujer subalterna urbana y las relaciones interetnicas resultantes del actual escenario sociopolitico en que se circunscribe la ciudad. Con ello, se exploran las aproximaciones y contradicciones entre la narrativa fotografica representada y la oficial, asi como su representacion del referente a memorias visuales y lo que los receptores conocen o desconocen como parte de memorias identitarias en construccion. Encerrada, en un cerco que Mabel Morana califica como capitalismo periferico desde su violencia fundacional, hoy en dia y en tiempos de la pandemia nos ilustran de que forma la globalizacion ha funcionado y se ha establecido, despojando a la mujer trabajadora inmigrante casi de todos sus derechos.
The 21-gene recurrence score in node-positive, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer: a cautionary tale from an NCDB analysis

The 21-gene recurrence score assay (RS) has not been prospectively validated to predict adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2−), node-positive breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, de-escalation based on RS has been demonstrated and partially advocated by retrospective data. The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of node-positive patients with low to intermediate RS who still benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The National Cancer Database was used to identify 28,591 women with stage I–III, T1–T3, N1, HR+, HER2− breast cancer and a RS ≤ 25 between 2010 and 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify variables correlating with chemotherapy use and 5-year survival. Subgroup analysis was performed to discern patients in whom the use of adjuvant chemotherapy correlated with better survival. A 35% decline in chemotherapy use was observed from 2010 to 2016. Patients with younger age, higher RS, larger tumors and more positive lymph nodes, and those treated by mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection and radiation, were more likely to receive chemotherapy. Chemotherapy use was associated with an improved 5-year survival (HR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.28–2.07). Upon subgroup analysis, this association was lost in patients > 70 years and those with a RS ≤ 11, while patients ≤ 70 with a RS of 12–25 treated with chemotherapy had an absolute 5-year survival advantage of 3.0% (HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.42–2.57). Clinicians should be cautious when considering omission of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients ≤ 70 years, with HR+, HER2−, N1 tumors and a RS 12–25, at least until the results of the anticipated RxPONDER trial become available.
Hybrid Automata Library

The Hybrid Automata Library (HAL) is a Java Library made of simple, efficient, generic components that can be used to model complex spatial systems. HAL9s components can broadly be classified into: on- and off-lattice agent containers, finite difference diffusion fields, a Gui building system, and additional tools and utilities for computation and data collection. These components are designed to operate independently and are standardized to make them easy to interface with one another. As a demonstration of how modeling can be simplified using our approach, we have included a complete example of a hybrid model (a spatial model with interacting agent-based and PDE components, commonly used for oncology modeling). HAL is a useful asset for researchers who wish to build efficient 1D, 2D and 3D hybrid models in Java, while not starting entirely from scratch. It is available on github at https://github.com/torococo/HAL under the MIT License. HAL requires at least Java 8 or later to run, and the java jdk version 1.8 or later to compile the source code.
Evaluating Psychosocial Support Provided by an Augmented Reality Device for Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), previously known as juvenile diabetes, has a large impact on everyday life and can pose a number of challenges for both children and their parents. A patient-centered design ...
Macrophage-secreted Ceramides are Necessary for Myocardial Mitochondrial Disruption with LPS Treatments

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a prevalent circulating inflammatory agent in obesity, potentially mediating some of the pathologies associated with weight gain, including cardiomyopathy. Considering t...
Magnetocaloric properties of rare-earth substituted DyCrO3

Recently, there has been a focus on the need for efficient refrigeration technology without the use of expensive or harmful working fluids, especially at temperatures below 30 K. Solid state refrigeration, based on the magnetocaloric effect, provides a possible solution to this problem. The rare-earth chromites (RCrO3), especially DyCrO3, with its large magnetic moment dysprosium ion, are potential candidates for such an application. The Dy3+ ordering transition at low temperatures (<10 K) likely causes a large magnetocaloric response in this material. This study investigates the possibility of tuning the magnetocaloric properties through the use of rare-earth substitution. Both Y3+ and Ho3+ substitutions were found to decrease the magnetocaloric response by disrupting the R3+ ordering. Whereas Er3+ substitution was found to increase the magnetocaloric response, likely due to an increase in the R3+ ordering temperature. The large magnetocaloric entropy change of Er3+ substituted DyCrO3 (10.92 J/kg K with a relative cooling power of 237 J/kg at 40 kOe and 5 K) indicates that this material system is well suited for low temperature (<30 K) solid state refrigeration applications.
The Design and Performance of Laser Systems for Generating Sodium Beacons

In a previous lecture we discussed the basic physics of the sodium atom, the various types of saturation effects which might limit the return flux and some of the optical pumping techniques which could be used to maximize the return. In this talk we discuss techniques to optimize the design of lasers used to generate sodium beacons and measure their performance.
Lymphocytosis, Lymphocytopenia, Lymphadenopathy, and Splenomegaly

Enlarged lymph nodes or an increase in the size of the spleen (splenomegaly) are seen during many infections, but can also be symptoms of many blood diseases. A lymphocytosis is present if the lymphocyte count in peripheral blood is increased to more than 4000/μL; a lymphopenia is present if the lymphocytes are decreased to less than 1000/μL. In general, a palpable spleen must be considered enlarged (splenomegaly). In order to measure the size of the spleen accurately, the spleen should be examined with ultrasound. The maximum normal size is approx 12×10×5 cm, as determined by ultrasonic evaluation. It is also possible, using ultrasound, to recognize infiltrates of malignant lymphomas or splenic infarcts. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is also able to determine the spleen size accurately. Lymphadenopathy is a term for enlarged and/or pathological lymph nodes. Lymph nodes must be considered enlarged or pathological if they present as chain of multiple lymph nodes or their size measures more than 1 cm. Other commonly used methods are CT and magnetic resonance imaging.
Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Support Dose Selection: Report of an FDA Public Workshop on PBPK.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) public workshop, entitled “Application of Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Support Dose Selection focused on the role of PBPK in drug development and regulation. Representatives from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies discussed the issues within plenary and panel discussions. This report summarizes the discussions and provides current perspectives on the application of PBPK in different areas, including its utility, predictive performance, and reporting for regulatory submissions.