cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentological effects and palaeoecological implications of the tube‐building polychaete Lanice conchilega Pallas

The tube-building polychaete Lanice conchilega forms intertidal mounds in association with macroalgae. This assemblage produces structures that can record tidal and seasonal cycles in the stratigraphic record. They mark low-tide levels because the assemblage occurs below neap low tide and many of the structures form when water drains off the assemblage. Mounds are created by disturbance of the sediment surface around aggregations of the assemblage and accumulation of sediments within the aggregations. The initial aggregations may be relict patches of adult worms, new clumps of juveniles or both. Juvenile worms and drift algae easily settle and survive in high-density patches, whereas predators and waves more readily disturb low-density patches. Algae and tubes extend through accumulated sediment and create a new, higher surface. Through this interactive process the high-density patches increase height rapidly while the low-density patches erode. Regardless of density, when the initial distribution is regular the surface remains flat, rising evenly or eroding evenly. Accumulation and erosion increases during spring tides and decreases during neap tides. Mound development also follows a seasonal pattern. The recruitment of juvenile worms in spring facilitates algal settlement and initiates mound buildup. The rate of tube-building and algal growth increases in early summer as the erosive forces of storms decline. This leads to the greatest development of mounds in late summer just before the macroalgae begin to die. The loss of algae coincides with autumnal storms, and causes catastrophic erosion of the mounds into relict patches of dormant tube-worms. Patches of tubes that survive the winter enhance spring recruitment and renewal of mound development. The shape of the mounds is often obscured during burial and preservation. Because of this, it may be difficult to distinguish the original form of ancient mounds without contemporaneous cementing organisms. But cycles of deposition and erosion are recorded in Lanice tubes and other biogenic structures. These structures can be used in conjunction with physical structures to define tidal height, seasonality or current regime. In general however, the presence of tube aggregations per se is not diagnostic of a specific hydraulic environment.
A Minimal Degree not Realizing Least Possible Jump

The least possible jump for a degree of unsolvability a is its join a u 0' with 0'. Friedberg [1] showed that each degree b > 0' is the jump of a degree a realizing least possible jump (i.e., satisfying the equation a' = a U 0'). Sacks (cf. Stillwell [8]) showed that most (in the sense of Lebesgue measure) degrees realize least possible jump. Nevertheless, degrees not realizing least possible jump are easily found (e.g., any degree b > 0') even among the degrees 0' is the jump of a minimal degree which, as corollary to his method of proof, realizes least possible jump. We show with the aid of a simple combinatorial device applied to a minimal degree construction in the manner of Spector [7] that not all minimal degrees realize least possible jump. We have observed in conjunction with S. B. Cooper and R. Epstein that the new combinatorial device may also be applied to minimal degree constructions in the manner of Sacks [3], Shoenfield [6] or [4] in order to construct minimal degrees <0' not realizing least possible jump. This answers Yates' question in the negative. Yates [10], however, has been able to draw this as an immediate corollary of the weaker result by carrying out the proof in his new system of prioric games. We use lower case Latin letters to denote natural numbers and upper case Latin letters except R, S and T to denote sets of numbers. We systematically confuse sets and their characteristic functions. By a string we mean a finite (possibly empty) sequence from {0, 1}. We use p, a and r with or without subscripts to denote strings; we let S denote the set of all strings, and we use R and T to denote sets of strings. We write a C r if a is an initial segment (not necessarily proper) of r; a I r if a t r and r c a; a * r for the concatenation of a and r; a' for a * (i) when i < 1; lh(a) for the length of a; and a(i) for the (i + 1)st element of a when i < lh(a). We let (e be the eth functional in a fixed standard enumeration of the partial recursive functionals from sets to unary partial functions with range c {0, 1}. We write Oe(A; n) for 4e(A)(n) and let Ie(a; n) be defined and equal to (De(A; n) if
1–20 μm infrared photometry of 3CR radio galaxies

Abstract The results of 1–20 μm infrared photometry of seven 3CR radio galaxies are discussed. The broad line galaxies all show steep infrared spectra with a power law index α ⋍ −2.4 (F ∝ ν +α ) in direct continuation of the optical spectra. These spectra are far steeper than those observed in Seyfert 1 galaxies, the radio quiet counterparts of broad line radio galaxies. No infrared excesses were observed in narrow line radio galaxies. However, more sensitive observations are needed before any resemblance in the infrared between narrow line radio galaxies and Seyfert 2 galaxies can be excluded.
Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment.

Solar photovoltaics have great promise for a low-carbon future but remain expensive relative to other technologies. Greatly increased penetration of photovoltaics into global energy markets requires an expansion in attention from designs of high-performance to those that can deliver significantly lower cost per kilowatt-hour. To evaluate a new set of technical and economic performance targets, we examine material extraction costs and supply constraints for 23 promising semiconducting materials. Twelve composite materials systems were found to have the capacity to meet or exceed the annual worldwide electricity consumption of 17 000 TWh, of which nine have the potential for a significant cost reduction over crystalline silicon. We identify a large material extraction cost (cents/watt) gap between leading thin film materials and a number of unconventional solar cell candidates including FeS2, CuO, and Zn3P2. We find that devices performing below 10% power conversion efficiencies deliver the same lifetime en...
Sister chromatid cohesiveness: Vital function, obscure mechanism

Observations of chromosome behavior have suggested that it is sister chromatid cohesiveness which is primarily responsible for maintenance of chiasmate association between pachytene and anaphase of the first meiotic division and also for maintenance of sister centromere association until anaphase II. These associations seem essential for assurance of normal distribution of chromosomes into gametes (except in organisms in which alternative means have evolved, such as the male of Drosophila melanogaster). Sister chromatid cohesiveness is also found in varying degrees at mitosis. Reports of observations that are relevant to the nature of this cohesiveness are reviewed here with particular attention to behavior under a variety of conditions which include ploidy changes, presence of mutation effects, chromosome rearrangements, and experimental treatments. Attention is focused on constraints imposed upon model building by the observations, and also on directions for future study, which seem promising.
Trigeminal evoked potentials: origins in the cat

Short latency brain stem (far-field) and cortical (early-field) potentials were evoked by stimulation of the main nerve epidurally over the primary sensorimotor cortex. The specific generators of these volume conducted potentials were identified from both lesion and recording studies in the trigeminal lemniscal system. Far-field components I, II and III, respectively, originate from the semilunar ganglion, trigeminal lemniscus and thalamocortical radiation; whereas early near-field components P1 and N1 originate from the cortical cell layers.
Renal sympathetic nervous system and the effects of denervation on renal arteries

Resistant hypertension is associated with chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in various comorbidities. The prevalence of resistant hypertension is often under estimated due to various reasons. Activation of sympathetic nervous system at the renal- as well as systemic- level contributes to the increased level of catecholamines and resulting increase in the blood pressure. This increased activity was demonstrated by increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity and renal and total body noradrenaline spillover. Apart from the hypertension, it is hypothesized to be associated with insulin resistance, congestive heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. Renal denervation is a novel procedure where the sympathetic afferent and efferent activity is reduced by various techniques and has been used successfully to treat drug-resistant hypertension improvement of various metabolic derangements. Renal denervation has the unique advantage of offering the denervation at the renal level, thus mitigating the systemic side effects. Renal denervation can be done by various techniques including radiofrequency ablation, ultrasound guided ablation and chemical ablation. Various trials evaluated the role of renal denervation in the management of resistant hypertension and have found promising results. More studies are underway to evaluate the role of renal denervation in patients presenting with resistant hypertension in different scenarios. Appropriate patient selection might be the key in determining the effectiveness of the procedure.
Autoantigen signalling through chemokine receptors.

Purpose of review Recent studies have shown that disease-associated self-antigens activate chemokine receptors. This review focuses on the mechanics of autoantigen interaction with select chemokine receptors, how these migratory signals are amplified and discusses the possibility that chemokine receptors can be valuable therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disease. Recent findings We have recently shown that most autoantigens are chemotactic for immature dendritic cells, suggesting that autoantigens have the potential to bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. Autoantigens also induce other leukocytes expressing their responsive chemokine receptor to migrate. These newly recruited leukocytes, in response to proinflammatory mediators, simulate the surrounding tissues to release chemokines. Several groups have reported increases in both select chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflamed tissues. Taken together, these studies suggest that autoantigens initiate leukocyte migration into damaged and inflamed tissue that leads to the subsequent amplification of the inflammatory response. Summary Most autoantigens induce chemokine receptor mediated cell migration, therefore targeting chemokine receptors for either prevention or therapy has great potential to limit autoimmune diseases.
One nation, pulling apart: the basis of persistent poverty in the USA:

Poverty in America has grown persistently throughout the twentieth century. Once a condition confined to immigrants, women and children, by the 1930s poverty became tied to the geographic developme...
Organic solvents order the dynamic switch II in Ras crystals.

Abstract Room temperature crystal structures of crosslinked H-Ras bound to GMPPNP were solved in 50% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 60% 1,6-hexanediol, and 50% isopropanol. The disordered switch II region of Ras is ordered in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or 1,6-hexanediol. The overall backbone conformation of switch II in these organic solvents is the same as in the Ras-GMPPNP complexes with RalGDS, PI 3 kinase, and RasGAP, indicating a biologically relevant form. Key polar interactions that stabilize the ordered switch are enhanced in the presence of hydrophobic cosolvents. These results suggest that hydrophobic solvents can be used in general to order short biologically relevant segments of disordered regions in protein crystals by favoring H-bonding interactions between atoms that are highly solvated and mobile in aqueous solution.
Effects of dietary ratios of fish and blood meals on sites of digestion, small intestinal amino acid disappearance and growth performance of meat goat wethers

Six yearling Boer × Spanish wether goats (37 ± 1.6 kg initial live weight; LW) and 24 growing Boer × Spanish and 24 Spanish wethers (21 ± 3.1 and 20 ± 2.6 kg initial LW, respectively) were used to determine the effects of total CP and two supplemental protein sources (fish meal, FIM; blood meal, BLM) in a 70% concentrate diet on sites of digestion, small intestinal amino acid disappearance and growth performance. Diets were formulated to be 12 or 15% CP (DM basis), with predicted ruminally undegraded intake protein (UIP) from FIM and BLM of 1.2 and 3.0% DM, respectively, achieved from FIM supplying 100, 67 and 33% and BLM 0, 33 and 67%, respectively (100F, 67F and 33F, respectively). True ruminal OM and N digestibilities were greater (P < 0.05) for 12% versus 15% CP and decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as level of FIM decreased. Duodenal flows of both microbial and non-microbial, non-ammonia (feed plus endogenous) N were greater (P < 0.05) for 15% than for 12% CP and increased linearly with decreasing FIM level in the diet. Correspondingly, small intestinal disappearance of essential amino acids was greater (P < 0.05) for 15% versus 12% CP and increased (P < 0.05) with decreasing FIM. In an 18-week growth experiment, DM intake (935 g/day versus 783 g/day), average daily gain (ADG; 145 g versus 108 g) and ADG:DM intake (155 g/kg versus 138 g/kg) were greater (P < 0.05) for Boer × Spanish compared with Spanish wethers. Regardless of genotype, neither level of total CP nor of FIM influenced growth performance. In conclusion, with diets relatively high in concentrate and a CP level of 12%, amino acid requirements of common genotypes of growing meat goats in the US may be satisfied by basal dietary ingredients, with little or no potential to enhance performance by addition of feedstuffs high in UIP regardless of amino acid profile.
Regional variations in [3H]MK801 binding to rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

: This study examined (+)-[3H]5-methyl-10,11-di-hydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate ([3H]MK801) binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in membranes prepared from six regions of rat brain. Highest levels of binding were found in hippocampus and cortex, whereas much lower densities were found in brainstem and cerebellum. NMDA receptors in cerebellum exhibited a significantly lower affinity for [3H]MK801 than cortical NMDA receptors. To determine whether forebrain and hindbrain NMDA receptors were distinct, the actions of glutamate, NMDA, ibotenate, quinolinate, glycine, and spermine were investigated. These agents increased [3H]MK801 binding in all brain regions examined. However, agonists were uniformly less efficacious in hindbrain compared to forebrain regions. NMDA mimetics and spermine were less potent in cerebellum compared to cortex whereas glycine was equipotent. Antagonists that act at the various modulatory sites on the NMDA receptor were also examined. DL-Amino-phosphonopentanoic acid and 7-chlorokynurenate were approximately equipotent in cortex and cerebellum. However, antagonists that are believed to act inside the NMDA-operated ion channel, including Mg2+ and phencyclidine, were approximately threefold less potent in cerebellum. The diminished regulation of [3H]MK801 binding by glutamate and glycine in the cerebellum was associated with a smaller effect of these agonists on the dissociation of [3H]MK801 from its binding site. The levels of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, serine, and glutamine in the membrane preparations were determined. However, variations in the levels of endogenous amino acids were not sufficient to account for the regional differences in [3H]MK801 binding. These results do not support the hypothesis that a distinct NMDA receptor exists in hindbrain regions of the rat CNS. However, the extent to which NMDA receptors in the cerebellum can be activated by agonists and positive allosteric modulators may be significantly reduced compared to NMDA receptors in cortex.
Ribbon-shape carbon fibers for thermal management

Abstract Their high thermal conductivity and low density make pitch-based carbon fibers an attractive alternative to conventional metals in heat transfer applications. Already, thermal conductivities of up to 1100 W/m-°K, about three times that of copper, have been reported. These high conductivities are possible because of the excellent phonon conduction in the two-dimensional graphite layer plane. Thus, the perfection of the graphitic structure to a large extent determines the thermal conductivity of a carbon fiber. In this study, circular fibers exhibiting radial transverse texture and ribbon-shape fibers of linear texture were melt spun from a mesophase pitch precursor. After equivalent oxidation and carbonization treatments, the fibers were characterized by single filament tensile and electrical resistivity tests. The strong inverse correlation of electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity allows the use of electrical resistivity measurement as a reliable predictor of thermal properties. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction techniques were used to determine whether fiber texture can influence graphitization kinetics. The results indicated that linear textures of the ribbon-shaped fibers allow them to exhibit a lower electrical resistivity than circular fibers of equivalent tensile moduli. The electrical resistivity of the ribbon-shape fibers decreased with increasing aspect ratio, carbonization temperature, and dwell time during carbonization. Thus, ribbonshape fibers with a linear texture should exhibit higher thermal conductivities than circular fibers, and their thermal conductivities may increase further with higher aspect ratios.
Synthesis of 3 or 5[14C] 4-butyl-1, 2-diphenyl-3, 5-pyrazolidinedione (phenylbutazone)

The condensation of 1 or 3 [14C] n-butylmalonate diethyl ester (III) with hydrazobenzene (IV) yields up to 90 per cent of 3 or 5 [14C] 4-butyl-1, 2-diphenyl-3, 5-pyrazolidinedione, if n-butyl alcohol is used as a solvent and the corresponding sodium alcoholate as a condensing agent (1, 2). One or three [14C] n - butylmalonate diethyl ester can be synthesized by condensation of n-bromobutane (II) and 1 [14C] ethyl malonate (I) in the presence of sodium ethoxide (3).
Do Birds of a Feather Watch Each Other?: Homophily and Social Surveillance in Location Based Social Networks

Location sharing applications (LSA) have proliferated in recent years. Current research principally focuses on egocentric privacy issues and design but has historically not explored the impact of surveillance on location sharing behavior. In this paper, we examine homophily in friendship and surveillance networks for 65 foursquare users. Our results indicate that location surveillance networks are strongly homophilous along the lines of race and gender while friendship networks are weakly homophilous on income. Qualitatively, an analysis of comments and interviews provides support for a discourse around location surveillance, which is mainly social, collaborative, positive and participatory. We relate these findings with prior literature on surveillance, self-presentation and homophily and situate this study in existing HCI/CSCW scholarship.
The association between urinary cadmium and frontal T wave axis deviation in the US adults

The association between environmental cadmium exposure and frontal T wave axis deviation, a valuable and easily detected subclinical marker of ventricular arrhythmias in individuals without heart disease is unexplored and unknown. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that cadmium exposure predicts frontal T-wave axis deviation. US adults 40 years of age or older from NHANES III were included in the analysis. The participants' creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium concentrations expressed as micrograms per gram were determined. Frontal T-wave axis deviations were measured from the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. Multivariable regression analyses adjusting for age, race, smoking, metabolic syndrome, left ventricular mass, QRS duration and heart rate were performed. The odds ratio of borderline and abnormal frontal T wave axis deviations due to cadmium exposure and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.25 (1.10-1.54) and 1.64 (1.27-2.12), respectively. This study documents a positive graded relationship between environmental cadmium exposure and the risk for frontal T-wave axis deviation. Screening individuals with large body burden of cadmium to identify frontal T-wave axis deviation is warranted.
Development of a site-specific cleanup goal for PAHs in soil based on anthropogenic background levels

During removal of an industrial landfill in Folsom, California, fill material was excavated and processed through a mechanical screening plant to segregate soil from construction and demolition debris. The segregated soil was stockpiled and analyzed for a wide range of chemical groups to determine if the soil could be backfilled on-site. The analytical results indicated many of the stockpiles had concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that exceeded US EPA Regional Screening Levels, and a large quantity of soil was initially classified as requiring off-site disposal at considerable cost. Because PAHs are ubiquitous in urban settings and the landfill did not contain a significant source of PAHs, development of a site-specific PAH cleanup goal was proposed to regulators. Cal/EPA guidance for using on-site data to develop a background threshold for metals was applied to the development of the PAH cleanup goal. The Cal/EPA approach involves demonstrating whether the data belong to a single population or multiple populations based on data distribution tests and probability plots. This article explains the statistical and graphical methods that were used to demonstrate that the Cal/EPA approach was valid for PAHs and that the calculated cleanup level was consistent with published anthropogenic background levels of PAHs in California and across the United States. The site-specific PAH cleanup goal enabled most of the soil to be backfilled on-site, saving about $227,000 in transportation and disposal costs, and regulators subsequently approved unrestricted future use of the property. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mediastinal Herniation of the Pleural Sac: Occurrence in Massive Pleural Effusion

In a review of 50 patients with massive pleural effusion, mediastinal herniation of the pleural sac occurred in 16 patients (32 percent). Right-to-left herniation (ten patients) was more common than left-to-right (six patients). Herniation occurred only in the posteroinferior mediastinum (D5-D11). Fourteen patients had displacement of the mediastinum away from the side of pleural effusion. Disappearance of herniated sac in every patient following thoracocentesis confirmed the diagnosis.
Niningerite: A New Meteoritic Sulfide

Niningerite, a new meteoritic sulfide ranging in composition from (Fe0.19Mg0.66Mn0.14Ca0.007Cr0.002)S to (Fe0.52Mg0.33Mn0.06Ca0.06Cr0.03Zn0.004)S, from the type-I enstatite chondrites Abee, Saint Sauveur, Adhi-Kot, Indarch, St. Mark9s, and Kota-Kota, is described. It is named in honor of H. H. Nininger.
Surface plasmon resonance as a probe of the complexing process of valinomycin Langmuir-Blodgett films by potassium ions

Abstract We have demonstrated that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method is sensitive to the complexing process of potassium ions with valinomycin Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. Our SPR results allow us to conclude that the valinomycin molecule is nearly parallel to the substrate surface for both pure valinomycin LB films and films formed from a mixture of valinomycin and stearic acid. It is also shown that, in the presence of stearic acid, valinomycin LB films can reversibly complex with potassium ions: a complexed film exposed to pure water will release K + ions, suggesting the possible use of this system as a reversible sensor.
A petrologic model for the constitution of the upper mantle and crust of the Koolau shield, Oahu, Hawaii, and Hawaiian magmatism

Abstract A petrological model for the uppermost upper mantle and crust under the Koolau shield to a depth of about 60 km has been derived on the basis of petrology of the upper mantle and crustal xenoliths in nephelinites of the Honolulu Volcanic Series. Three main xenolith suites exist in the Koolau shield: dunites, spinel lherzolites, and garnet-bearing pyroxenites. On the basis of mineralogy, it is inferred that the dunites represent cumulates in shallow crustal tholeiitic magma chambers, the spinel lherzolites form a thick (∼ 40 km) layer in the upper mantle, and the garnet pyroxenite suite occurs as veins and stringers in the spinel lherzolites at about 60 km depth. The eruption sequence in a Hawaiian volcano, i.e., tholeiite → transitional basalt → alkali basalt, is generated by partial melting of a volatile-bearing garnet-lherzolite part of a lithospheric plate as it rides over a hot spot. If the tholeiite, transitional, and alkali basalts of Hawaiian volcanoes are generated at the same depth, then the observed sequence of lavas requires replenishment of the source area with volatiles and gradual decrease of the degree of partial melting with time. Post-erosional olivine nephelinites are produced from isotopically distinct, deeper source area, which may be the asthenosphere.
An IF–THEN theory of personality: Significant others and the relational self

Abstract In our work on the relational self [Andersen, S. M., & Chen, S. (2002). The relational self: An interpersonal social-cognitive theory. Psychological Review, 109 , 619–645], which is grounded in research and theory on the social-cognitive process of transference [Andersen, S. M., & Cole, S. W. (1990). “Do I know you?”: The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 , 383–399], we build on advances in IF–THEN models of personality [Mischel, W. & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102 , 246–268] and their lineage in early work [Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.] to demonstrate that the self is inherently interpersonal. Because we have shown that mental representations of significant others are activated by immediate triggering cues in a situation and that this activation influences the nature of self and personality as experienced and expressed, the work expands the IF–THEN approach to the dyadic level of interpersonal relations. Moving beyond Mischel’s early work (Mischel, 1968) our model also integrates social cognition and learning theory with psychodynamic thought, bringing the latter into the realm of this contemporary conceptualization of personality that highlights the importance of the situation.
Individualism and the nature of syntactic states

It is widely assumed that the explanatory states of scientific psychology are type-individuated by their semantic or intentional properties. First, I argue that this assumption is implausible for theories like David Marr's [ 1982] that seek to provide computational or syntactic explanations of psychological processes. Second, I examine the implications of this conclusion for the dehate liver psychological individualism. While most philosophers suppose that syntactic states supervene on the intrinsic physical states of information-processing systems, I contend they may not. Syntactic descriptions must be adequately constrained, and the most plausible such constraints appeal to a system's teleological function or design and hence to its history. As a result, physical twins may not realize the same syntactic states.
In vitro translation of the Two RNAs of Nodamura virus, a novel mammalian virus with a divided genome

Nodamura virus is a small ribovirus containing two RNA molecules. Both RNAs were found to be active messengers for protein synthesis in cell-free extracts prepared from wheat embryo or HeLa cells. RNA 2 directed synthesis of a 43,000-dalton product, p43, whose tryptic fingerprint was similar to that of the major viral coat protein, vp40 (molecular weight, 40,000). Though p43 appears to be a precursor of vp40, processing did not occur in the cell-free extracts. RNA 1 directed synthesis of a 105,000-dalton protein, p105. Its tryptic fingerprint revealed no evidence of coat protein sequences. Hence, the two RNAs represent genes with few, if any, redundant coding sequences.
The ‘Crisis of Orientation’: The Shift of Egyptian Intellectuals to Islamic Subjects in the 1930's

The decade of the 1930s in Egypt has been subject to varying interpretations in recent scholarship. The publication of books on classical Islamic themes and figures by men who previously had advocated the adoption of Western scientific techniques and cultural values as essential to Egypt's modernization has been seen as indicative of an intellectual crisis which contributed to a more general conservative reaction from 1935 onwards. While analyses have varied as to the motivation and scope of this crisis, a dominant influence upon scholarly literature has been Nadav Safran's important study, Egypt in Search of Political Community, and his conclusion that ‘the intellectuals surrendered their previous bearing — rationalism and a Western cultural orientation — without being able to produce any viable Muslim-inspired alternative’. Given the importance of Safran's work and its relationship to the research presented here, we will discuss the period in question and, in particular, Taha Husayn and Muhammad Husayn Haykal, with specific references to Safran's general approach as well as to his treatment of the 1930s.
The effect of microhydration on ionization energies of thymine

A combined theoretical and experimental study of the effect of microhydration on ionization energies (IEs) of thymine is presented. The experimental IEs are derived from photoionization efficiency curves recorded using tunable synchrotron VUV radiation. The onsets of the PIE curves are 8.85 ± 0.05, 8.60 ± 0.05, 8.55 ± 0.05, and 8.40 ± 0.05 eV for thymine, thymine mono-, di-, and tri-hydrates, respectively. The computed (EOM-IP-CCSD/cc-pVTZ) AIEs are 8.90, 8.51, 8.52, and 8.35 eV for thymine and the lowest isomers of thymine mono-, di-, and tri-hydrates. Due to large structural relaxation, the Franck–Condon factors for the 0 ← 0 transitions are very small shifting the apparent PIE onsets to higher energies. Microsolvation strongly affects IEs of thymine—the addition of each water molecule reduces the first vertical IE by 0.10–0.15 eV. The adiabatic IE decreases even more (up to 0.4 eV). The magnitude of the effect varies for different ionized states and for different isomers. For the ionized states that are localized on thymine the dominant contribution to the IE reduction is the electrostatic interaction between the delocalized positive charge on thymine and the dipole moment of the water molecule.
Linking scores from multiple health outcome instruments

To the extent that outcomes of health assessment instruments are to be used interchangeably, the summary scores based on these outcomes need to be equated or made comparable. If the summary scores of different health assessment instruments are not equated, inferences based on them could be flawed. Ideally, summary scores would be comparable because of careful instrument design. In practice, that rarely happens. Statistical intervention is usually needed. This article addresses key questions associated with the linking of summary scores of health outcomes. What is meant by outcome linking and equating? How does equating differ from other types of linking? What common data collection designs are used to capture data for outcomes linking? What are some of the standard statistical procedures used to link outcomes directly? What assumptions do they make? What role does IRT play in linking outcomes? What assumptions do IRT methods make? This article makes a distinction between direct statistical adjustments of summary score distributions, and indirect procedures based on psychometric models of items or questions.
Thrombopoietin and Thrombopoietin Mimetics in the Treatment of Thrombocytopenia

Although the thrombopoietin receptor was discovered in 1991 and thrombopoietin (TPO) was purified in 1994, the development of a clinically useful TPO was hampered by the appearance of neutralizing antibodies to some forms of recombinant TPO. However, in 2008 two new drugs that mimic the effect of TPO became available to treat thrombocytopenia. Romiplostim is a TPO peptide mimetic given by subcutaneous injection that activates the TPO receptor by binding to the distal hematopoietic receptor domain just like TPO. Eltrombopag is a TPO nonpeptide mimetic administered orally that activates the TPO receptor by binding to the transmembrane domain. Both increase the platelet count in healthy humans as well as in >80% of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Although initially restricted to the second-line treatment of ITP, both agents could help treat many thrombocytopenic disorders. Both agents are well tolerated, with mild headache being the most common complaint. Potential long-term complications include thrombosis, increased bone marrow reticulin, rebound worsening of thrombocytopenia upon discontinuation, and increased blast formation. Ongoing studies should establish the incidence of these complications and determine the efficacy of these new agents in a variety of other thrombocytopenic conditions.
Optimization of Delta Wing Ge ometry parameters for Sonic Boom Mitigation

The effects of maximum thickness ratio, maximum camber ratio and wing nose angle on mitigating the sonic -boom ground signature have been investigated earlier for a delta wing . In the present work , f urther studies on sonic boom mitigation are carried out to investigate the effect of the wing dihedral a ngle on same delta wing . Optimal shape design for low sonic -boom ground signature is carried out with constraints of least degradation effect on the aircraft aerodynamic p erformance. The computations of the near -field region are carried out using a modified CFL3D code and t he far -field region computations are carried out using the full -potential code and the Thomas ray code as well. Design -Expert software is used for optimization of individual and combined effects. In the present study the design variable s are the maximum wi ng thickness ratio , the maximum wing camber ratio, the wing nose angle and the wing dihedral angle . T he base aerodynamic component is a delta wing with a biconvex profile with a maximum thickness ratio of 5% . The wing is at zero angle of attack and a Mach number of 2 . The wing is at 40,000 ft altitude. The results show additional decrease in the sonic -boom ground signature with the inclusion of dihedral angle with a small decrease in lift coefficient and a small increase in the drag coefficient. INTRODUCT ION It is well identified that the development of high speed supersonic jet has increasing demand in both the commercial and military sectors. Recently, substantial work has been published to gain deep insight of the sonic -boom noise problem as related wi th supersonic commercial jets. The prime barrier in the development of supersonic jet is the mitigation of sonic -boom ground signature . It is acknowledg ed that shape optimization is the proper approach for t he mitigation of ground sonic boom to as low as 0.3 psf, the objective FAA has set for the Quiet Supersonic Platform (QSP) program. One need to consider the multi -design variable approach to meet the goal set by FAA. For a supersonic aircraft, the near -field shock structure is a complex array of shocks and pressure waves originating from various pa rts of the airframe and engine. In the far -field, these waves coalesce into the ch aracteristic N -shaped wave . The initial rise in pressure, or shock, is due to the coa lescence of various shock waves emanating from the forward components of the aircraft, while the aft pressure rise usually stems from shocks (including recompression shocks) emanating from the aft regions of the aircraft. Research work focused at reducing ground sonic boom should attempt to redu ce the magnitude of both the forward and aft pressure “jumps ”.
Cross-Racial Acceptance and Best Friend Choice A Study of Kindergarteners and First Graders in Racially Balanced Classrooms

When kindergarteners and first graders chose best friends, gender was more important than race.
Numerical simulation of a spherical dynamo excited by a flow of von Kármán type

In a celebrated recent experiment, Monchaux, et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 044502) created a self-excited dynamo in a cylindrical container of liquid sodium by a turbulent flow created by counter-rotating impellers at the plane ends of the container. A strange feature of the experiment was its failure to generate magnetic field when the impellers were made of stainless steel; success required the impellers to be made of soft iron. The results reported here were generated by numerical simulations of an idealization of the experiment. The container is a sphere and the impellers are replaced by a differential zonal motion of its surface, the northern and southern hemispheres turning about the symmetry axis in opposite senses, the whole system being contained in a thin shell with which it is in perfect electrical contact. This shell has generally a finite electrical conductance and a magnetic permeability that can greatly exceed that of the fluid. The electrodynamic effect of the shell is represented by ...
Environmental perceptions and objective walking trail audits inform a community-based participatory research walking intervention.

Background Given the documented physical activity disparities that exist among low-income minority communities and the increased focused on socio-ecological approaches to address physical inactivity, efforts aimed at understanding the built environment to support physical activity are needed. This community-based participatory research (CBPR) project investigates walking trails perceptions in a high minority southern community and objectively examines walking trails. The primary aim is to explore if perceived and objective audit variables predict meeting recommendations for walking and physical activity, MET/minutes/week of physical activity, and frequency of trail use.
Lagrangian infinitesimal increments of vorticity in 2D turbulence

Abstract Lagrangian infinitesimal increments of vorticity are considered. The statistical evolution of vorticity increments and fluid elements is studied (particularly, initial tendencies) with various initial orientations of the linear fluid elements relative to the vorticity gradient. The exact results obtained suggest another direction for numerical experiments in turbulence.
A Stochastic Programming Analysis of the Farm Level Implications of Soil Erosion Control

probability of meeting conservation goals in the short run, rather than rely on long-run This paper analyzes the effects of uncertain . r t r o averages implied by the USLE mean values. soil loss in farm planning models. A disag- averages implied by the USLE mean values gregated approach was ued because of an A stochastic, farm level programming model gregated approach was used because of an interest in examining the impact of proba- was used to analyze the impacts of probabilistic soil loss constraints on farm level bilistic soil loss constraints. The objective of decisionmaking. A stochastic programming this paper is to determine how net returns model was used to consider different levels and the combinations of production activities of probability of soil loss. Traditional meth- are affected when levels of probability of soil ods of analysis are shown to consistently ov- loss are varied for a representative farm in erestimate net returns. South-Central Virginia.
Anharmonic phonons and magnons in BiFeO3

The phonon density of states (DOS) and magnetic excitation spectrum of polycrystalline BiFeO${}_{3}$ were measured for temperatures $200\ensuremath{\leqslant}T\ensuremath{\leqslant}750\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}$K, using inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Our results indicate that the magnetic spectrum of BiFeO${}_{3}$ closely resembles that of similar Fe perovskites, such as LaFeO${}_{3}$, despite the cycloid modulation in BiFeO${}_{3}$. We do not find any evidence for a spin gap. A strong $T$ dependence of the phonon DOS was found, with a marked broadening of the whole spectrum, providing evidence of strong anharmonicity. This anharmonicity is corroborated by large-amplitude motions of Bi and O ions observed with neutron diffraction. A clear anomaly is seen in the $T$ dependence of Bi-dominated modes across the N\'eel transition. These results highlight the importance of spin-phonon coupling in this material.
DoS and authentication in wireless public access networks

As WEP has been shown to be vulnerable to multiple attacks, a huge effort has been placed on specifying an access control mechanism to be used in wireless installations. However, properties of the wireless environment have been exploited to perform multiple DoS attacks against current solutions, such as 802.11/802.1X. In this paper we discuss the main wireless idiosyncrasies and the need for taking them into account when designing an access control mechanism that can be used in both wireless and wired networks. We present the design of a mobility-aware access control mechanism suitable for both wireless and wired environments and show how the DoS attacks discussed can be prevented by implementing secure association and other essential services. The architecture proposed here, composed of the SIAP and SLAP protocols, uses public keys together with the RSA and AES encryption algorithms to provide a flexible service.
Social eavesdropping and the evolution of conditional cooperation and cheating strategies

The response of bystanders to information available in their social environment can have a potent influence on the evolution of cooperation and signalling systems. In the presence of bystanders, individuals might be able to increase their payoff by exaggerating signals beyond their means (cheating) or investing to help others despite considerable costs. In doing so, animals can accrue immediate benefits by manipulating (or helping) individuals with whom they are currently interacting and delayed benefits by convincing bystanders that they are more fit or cooperative than perhaps is warranted. In this paper, I provide some illustrative examples of how bystanders could apply added positive selection pressure on both cooperative behaviour and dishonest signalling during courtship or conflict. I also discuss how the presence of bystanders might select for greater flexibility in behavioural strategies (e.g. conditional or condition dependence), which could maintain dishonesty at evolutionarily stable frequencies under some ecological conditions. By recognizing bystanders as a significant selection pressure, we might gain a more realistic approximation of what drives signalling and/or interaction dynamics in social animals.
Crystallization and Initial X-ray Crystallographic Characterization of Recombinant Bovine Inositol Polyphosphate 1-Phosphatase Produced in Spodoptera frugiperda Cells

Abstract Bovine inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase, a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 44,000 Da, hydrolyzes the 1-position phosphate from inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. The low abundance of inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase in tissues has precluded structural studies requiring large quantities of enzyme. We used recombinant Baculovirus harboring the cDNA of bovine inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase to infect Spodoplera frugiperda (Sf9) insert cells. Recombinant protein (25 mg per 1 × 10 9 cells) was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme produced in Sf9 cells was similar to the native purified protein as determined by immunoblotting catalytic properties, and inhibition by lithium ions. Crystals of the purified recombinant enzyme were grown by vapor diffusion. Precession photography was used to determine the parameters of inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase crystals. The tetragonal crystals belong to the space group P 4 1 or P 4 3 , have unit cell dimensions of a = b = 51·6 A, c = 143·3 A, α = β = γ = 90°, and contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. We have collected a complete diffraction data set extending to 2·3 A and are currently attempting to solve the three-dimensional structure of bovine inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase using a multiple isomorphous replacement strategy.
Universal Report: a generic reverse engineering tool

Source code documentation is a structured report built from the information available in the source of a given program. 'The goal of such a document is to provide more facility for program comprehension and code maintenance. This is particularly crucial for complex program involving a large amount of routines and special statements. Nowadays, there are more and more specialized programs that are provided to programmers through their source code as a module. Their integration into an existing project requires a quick but accurate overview of their technical structure for immediate comprehension. This task needs a so-called source code documentation tool, also called documentation tool, code documenting tool, or reverse engineering tool. Several tools exist, but most of them are dedicated to a specific programming language, probably because they strongly consider the grammar of the target language and the corresponding statements are then hardcoded. In this paper, we present Universal Report, a source code documentation tool developed with C++ Builder, that does not suffer from this limitation and provides several attractive features for a complete documenting task. The tool is generic, specific information being provided by the user as input for the documenting process. This flexibility is due to powerful heuristics and pattern matching algorithms that can identify standard programming statements for a wide range of programming languages. Various options enable the user to format the output documentation at its convenience, and the intuitive interface makes Universal Report the perfect tool for both new and experienced users.