cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Physiology of Eating

Eating is a complex event that involves psychologic, sociologic, economic, environmental, cultural, and internal physiologic components. All of these influences are expressed in the final food that is chosen, handled, and eaten by the individual. The relationship of foods to the environment has been studied by cultural scientists, but these studies have not been applied to any great extent to the actual physiology of eating. In this chapter, I will briefly describe these factors as they relate to the physiology of eating in man.
Regulation of Phosphoinositide Breakdown

Many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other molecules involved in intercellular communication exert their biological actions by activating a phospholipase C that catalyzes the breakdown of a specific phospholipid (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PIP2) in the plasma membrane of their target cells. The breakdown of PIP2 yields inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which enters the cytosol, and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), which remains in the membrane. IP3 has a second messenger role in that it rapidly releases Ca2+ ions from components of the endoplasmic reticulum, causing a rise in cytosolic Ca2+. This rise is responsible for many of the physiological responses observed, through the mediation of calmodulin and other Ca2+ - binding proteins (Fig. 1). DAG is also a second messenger because it activates the Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. This phosphorylates a number of cellular proteins contributing to the responses (Fig. 1).
Emergency drug dosage guides.

Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation of pediatric patients is complicated by the fact that physicians perform such therapy infrequently, and resuscitative efforts resulting in death or serious disability are common. For example, in one study of 91 children who were treated in an emergency department for cardiopulmonary arrest, only two survived without neurologic handicaps or death.1 These statistics are particularly discouraging when it is noted that 14 of those children had their arrests in the emergency department itself. One factor complicating resuscitation of pediatric patients is that dosages of emergency medications must be adjusted accurately and quickly for each patient9s body weight.
Seasonal neuronal plasticity in song-control and auditory forebrain areas in subtropical nonmigratory and palearctic-indian migratory male songbirds.

This study examines whether differences in annual life-history states (LHSs) among the inhabitants of two latitudes would have an impact on the neuronal plasticity of the song-control system in songbirds. At the times of equinoxes and solstices during the year (n = 4 per year) corresponding to different LHSs, we measured the volumetric changes and expression of doublecortin (DCX; an endogenous marker of the neuronal recruitment) in the song-control nuclei and higher order auditory forebrain regions of the subtropical resident Indian weaverbirds (Ploceus philippinus) and Palearctic-Indian migratory redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps). Area X in basal ganglia, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (LMAN), HVC (proper name), and robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) were enlarged during the breeding LHS. Both round and fusiform DCX-immunoreactive (DCX-ir) cells were found in area X and HVC but not in LMAN or RA, with a significant seasonal difference. Also, as shown by increase in volume and by dense, round DCX-ir cells, the neuronal incorporation was increased in HVC alone during the breeding LHS. This suggests differences in the response of song-control nuclei to photoperiod-induced changes in LHSs. Furthermore, DCX immunoreactivity indicated participation of the cortical caudomedial nidopallium and caudomedial mesopallium in the song-control system, albeit with differences between the weaverbirds and the buntings. Overall, these results show seasonal neuronal plasticity in the song-control system closely associated with annual reproductive LHS in both of the songbirds. Differences between species probably account for the differences in the photoperiod-response system between the relative refractory weaverbirds and absolute refractory redheaded buntings. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2914-2929, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis

UAB30 is an RXR selective agonist that has been shown to have potential cancer chemopreventive properties. Due to high efficacy and low toxicity, it is currently being evaluated in human Phase I clinical trials by the National Cancer Institute. While UAB30 shows promise as a low toxicity chemopreventive drug, the mechanism of its action is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of UAB30 on gene expression in human organotypic skin raft cultures and mouse epidermis. The results of this study indicate that treatment with UAB30 results in upregulation of genes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors. Consistent with the increased expression of these genes, the steady-state levels of ATRA are elevated in human skin rafts. In ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated mouse skin, the expression of ATRA target genes is found to be reduced. A reduced expression of ATRA sensitive genes is also observed in epidermis of mouse models of UVB-induced squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinomas. However, treatment of mouse skin with UAB30 prior to UVB irradiation prevents the UVB-induced decrease in expression of some of the ATRA-responsive genes. Considering its positive effects on ATRA signaling in the epidermis and its low toxicity, UAB30 could be used as a chemoprophylactic agent in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer, particularly in organ transplant recipients and other high risk populations.
MAGMA ASCENT RATES FROM MINERAL REACTION RIMS AND EXTENSION TO TEACHING ABOUT VOLCANIC HAZARDS

An ongoing challenge in curriculum development for modern, process-oriented courses in mineralogy and petrology is to design exercises that promote understanding of the mechanisms and rates of fundamental mineral processes. We have developed an exercise wherein students determine magma ascent rates for recent eruptions of Mount St. Helens. The ascent rates are determined from analysis of the thickness of amphibole breakdown rims and comparison to experimental calibration of the reaction kinetics. As an extension activity, the results are incorporated into a discussion of volcanic hazards planning for the Cascades Range, Pacific Northwest, United States. This exercise requires no special equipment and is easily adapted to introductory courses in earth and environmental sciences without compromising the overall learning objectives.
Memory Part 3: The Role of the Fornix and Clinical Cases

The fornix is the major white matter outflow tract from the hippocampus, and pathology involving the fornix would be expected to affect memory. Pathologic processes that affect the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus, including the entorhinal cortex, correlate with specific types of
Research and Statistics: Choosing the Right Statistical Test

1. Kenneth Soyemi, MD, MPH* 1. *Voluntary Attending, Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL. Realizing that the degree of familiarity with and understanding of statistics encompasses a wide spectrum among our readers, this detailed overview of statistical tests will serve different functions for different readers. Those engaged in research will be comfortable with the information provided and may gain deeper insights. Readers who are not familiar with these methods will find a wide spectrum of definitions that will facilitate a better understanding of the studies that provide the evidence we use to direct clinical care. During journal club, a resident says to you, “I see several statistical tests in the medical literature. They do not mean much to me. What is the right statistical test to perform for a particular study?” How will you respond? The purpose of many studies is to collect data from a sample of individuals that represents the population of interest; statistics help to summarize and analyze these data. A variable is anything that can be measured and is observed to vary. Studies generally have two variable types: the response variable (also called the outcome or dependent variable) and the explanatory variable (also called a covariate or independent variable). For example, in a study designed to show which of several antibiotics will cause a bacteriologic cure, the response variable is negative cultures and the explanatory variables are the specific antibiotics. Data are described as either quantitative or qualitative. Table 1 provides examples of variables that have different characteristics. Quantitative data are measured on a numerical scale and may take the form of discrete integer values or points on a continuous scale. A discrete variable may take on only a countable number of …
Couples coping with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Its potential ramifications on all aspects of life, for patients and partners, are just beginning to be understood. Although research has focused on the individual who has received the diagnosis, relatively little is known about how couples manage CVD. This article presents a systematic review of literature that focuses on how couples cope with one partner's CVD diagnosis. A systematic review is warranted to orient practitioners, policy makers, and researchers to the state of existing knowledge and its gaps and to identify what still needs to be done. METHOD Data were extracted from 25 peer-reviewed articles that met our inclusion criteria. Content examined included theory integration, coping constructs and instruments, samples, analyses, and findings. RESULTS Most articles successfully integrated theory in the studies' respective conceptualizations and designs. Most used valid and reliable instruments to measure coping. Principal limitations included problematic sampling strategies and analysis techniques, thereby limiting external validity. DISCUSSION Principal implications of this review's findings relate to our fields' need to provide more care focused on dyads (vs. individual patients), adopt an integrated model in health care, and conduct systemic, longitudinal research to gain a better grasp on how coping changes over time. Doing so will serve to better equip providers in the support of patients and partners living with CVD. (PsycINFO Database Record
Findings and Issues

The results of the epidemiologic studies that have been reviewed supply a number of reasonably consistent findings that constitute the core of our scientific knowledge in social psychiatry and point to major pathways for future research. In this chapter we will list the salient findings and then discuss some of the issues that they involve.
Histologic Processing and Evaluation of Surgical Excision Specimens

Lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) are often characterized by extensive subclinical extension, complicating the surgical treatment of this melanoma subtype. Standard surgical margins have proven ineffective in achieving adequate clearance, and margin-controlled surgical techniques such as staged excision and Mohs micrographic surgery have largely replaced standard excision as the gold standard for care. Each of these margin-controlled methods has variations in the surgical technique and histologic processing of the excision specimen but the common goal is to examine surgical margins in a meticulous manner prior to reconstruction. It is imperative that the surgeon has a thorough understanding of the varied histologic processing methods available, along with the advantages, limitations, and potential pitfalls of each, in order to optimize tumor clearance and long term cure rates.
Fe-Catalyzed C–C Bond Construction from Olefins via Radicals

This Article details the development of the iron-catalyzed conversion of olefins to radicals and their subsequent use in the construction of C–C bonds. Optimization of a reductive diene cyclization led to the development of an intermolecular cross-coupling of electronically-differentiated donor and acceptor olefins. Although the substitution on the donor olefins was initially limited to alkyl and aryl groups, additional efforts culminated in the expansion of the scope of the substitution to various heteroatom-based functionalities, providing a unified olefin reactivity. A vinyl sulfone acceptor olefin was developed, which allowed for the efficient synthesis of sulfone adducts that could be used as branch points for further diversification. Moreover, this reactivity was extended into an olefin-based Minisci reaction to functionalize heterocyclic scaffolds. Finally, mechanistic studies resulted in a more thorough understanding of the reaction, giving rise to the development of a more efficient second-genera...
How do patients conceptualize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death in the United States, yet even at risk or diagnosed patients misunderstand COPD and its consequences for their quality of life and mortality. This study explored how patients conceptualize the causes, symptoms, consequences, treatment, and risk for developing COPD. The study consisted of six focus groups: 39 participants who were adults > 40 and current smoker or have COPD symptoms, family history, or exposures. Although many participants had some familiarity with the breathing, lung function, physical, emotional, and social consequences of COPD, confusion and misunderstanding prevailed. Few knew that COPD, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are synonymous. Some participants claimed that they "only" had bronchitis and/or emphysema and not COPD. Some participants described behavioral adaptations to decrease symptom impact and others expressed strong interest in learning how to increase daily functioning. Insufficient knowledge and persisting misconceptions about COPD can prevent patients from accessing life-enhancing strategies. Patients can benefit from (1) providers clarifying COPD's connection to chronic bronchitis and emphysema to aid them in recognizing the need for mitigating action; (2) encouraging smoking cessation, specifically to stem worsening of disease; and (3) explaining lifestyle adaptations for easing daily life despite decreased lung function.
Parconnect: Results from the student cluster competition at SC16

Abstract In this paper, we present results of our reproducibility study conducted as part of the SC16 Student Cluster Competition. The challenge application and its scalability study were described in a SC15 conference paper by Flick et al. [1]. The goal of the challenge was to validate the results obtained by the authors after performing the same algorithms on different data sets on our machine. We identify nine qualitative conclusions made in the performance analysis of the original work and use them to validate the results and judge reproducibility. We discuss the four tasks upon which our reproducibility study was evaluated at the competition and show that our work supports eight conclusions while one is refuted. Detailed analysis is provided in this paper.
Variations in risk of asthma and seasonal allergies between early- and late-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis: A cohort study

Background Atopic dermatitis is associated with other allergic conditions, but variations in this "atopic march" are poorly understood. Objective To determine the impact of the age of atopic dermatitis onset on the risk for asthma and seasonal allergies. Methods A cohort study was performed using the Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry, which is an observational cohort of subjects with pediatric onset atopic dermatitis. Results In total, 3966 children were included, and 73% reported atopic dermatitis onset before age 2 years. At baseline, subjects with atopic dermatitis onset at ages 3 to 7 or 8 to 17 years had significantly lower rates of seasonal allergies and asthma than those with onset before age 2. During follow-up, the adjusted relative risks for incident seasonal allergies were 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.91) and 0.64 (95% CI confidence interval, 0.47-0.83) in the 3- to 7- and 8- to 17-years-old at onset groups compared with the age 2 years or younger at onset group. The adjusted risk for incident asthma was not significantly different between the older onset groups and the earliest onset group. Limitations Misclassification bias may arise from using self-reported onset age data. Conclusions The timing of atopic dermatitis onset may explain part of the variation in the atopic march. These findings may improve future risk stratification of patients for treatment.
Investing in communication: An experimental study of communication in a relational contract setting

Abstract I use laboratory experiments to examine the effect of truthful and cheap communication in a relational contracting setting. Specifically, I examine two communication types: one in which subjects can send both untruthful and truthful messages, and another in which only truthful messages may be sent. The results indicate ability to send truthful messages—compared to no messages—improves quality traded, ultimately leading to higher social surplus and lower income inequality. When truthfulness is not required, trade volume does not increase, nor does quality traded improve. However, I find in this case buyers also are less likely to defect on bonus payments. The results have implications for the development and improvement of communication platforms designed to improve trading outcomes. This is especially true as a larger portion of transactions move online, shifting the nature of communication.
A low temperature processable ternary gallium alloy for via filling application in microelectronic packaging

A low temperature processable ternary gallium alloy is formulated using an appropriate mixture of liquid gallium metal with nickel and copper powders. The processability of this alloy for room temperature via filling application is demonstrated using a stencil print process. A test vehicle is fabricated using a 0.2 mm thick and 300 mm×300 mm stainless steel (SS) panel with laser-drilled vias. Parylene N is deposited on the SS panel and around the inside via walls in order to electrically isolate via filling material from the body of the SS substrate and also making the SS surface non-conductive. Filled vias were examined for electrical isolation from neighboring vias and for electrical continuity in the thickness direction. Results show that the ternary gallium alloy is a good via filling material and can be applied to vias as small as 0.25 mm. It is believed that this novel alloy can also be used for thin film process on related MCM-L (multichip module-laminate) substrates.
Arc Routing: Complexity and Approximability

The majority of arc routing problems can be viewed as variants of the classical Chinese Postman Problem (CPP). Restating the generic problem, let G = (V,E) be a connected graph (undirected) with V a finite set (the nodes) and E ⊂ V × V be the set of edges. In addition, we have a real valued weight (distance) W ij ≥ 0, ∀(i, j) ∈E, and a design problem: “Construct a least distance traversal sequence of all the edges in E starting at and returning to the same node.” This is in essence the Chinese Postman Problem as posed by Meigu Guan (Mei-Ko Kwan) in 1962, in the Chinese Mathematics journal which is the main reason why we refer to this problem as the CPP. The historical overview of arc routing and variants of CPP are eloquently described by Eiselt and Laporte (this book), however we examine the Guan (1962) work for its illustration of the computational aspects when solving the CPP and related problems. As pointed out in Edmonds and Johnson (1973), the CPP can be separated into two parts: given an arbitrary (connected) graph G, duplicate a set of edges in E of minimal total weight to transform G into Ĝ (an even degree graph) which admits an Euler tour (a closed tour which traverses exactly once every edge in the graph), and then construct an Euler tour on Ĝ.
Towards efficient learning of neural network ensembles from arbitrarily large datasets

Advances in data collection technologies allow accumulation of large and high dimensional datasets and provide opportunities for learning high quality classification and regression models. However, supervised learning from such data raises significant computational challenges including inability to preserve the data in computer main memory and the need for optimizing model parameters within given time constraints. For certain types of prediction models techniques have been developed for learning from large datasets, but few of them address efficient learning of neural networks. Towards this objective, in this study we proposed a procedure that automatically learns a series of neural networks of different complexities on smaller data chunks and then properly combines them into an ensemble predictor through averaging. Based on the idea of progressive sampling the proposed approach starts with a very simple network trained on a very small sample and then progressively increases the model complexity and the sample size until the learning performance no longer improves. Our empirical study on a synthetic and two real-life large datasets suggests that the proposed method is successful in learning complex concepts from large datasets with low computational effort.
Dynamic Competitive Equilibria in Electricity Markets

This chapter addresses the economic theory of electricity markets, viewed from an idealized competitive equilibrium setting, taking into account volatility and the physical and operational constraints inherent to transmission and generation. In a general dynamic setting, we establish many of the standard conclusions of competitive equilibrium theory: Market equilibria are efficient, and average prices coincide with average marginal costs. However, these conclusions hold only on average. An important contribution of this chapter is the explanation of the exotic behavior of electricity prices. Through theory and examples, we explain why, in the competitive equilibrium, sample-paths of prices can range from negative values, to values far beyond the “choke-up” price—which is usually considered to be the maximum price consumers are willing to pay. We also find that the variance of prices may be very large, but this variance decreases with increasing demand response.
Impact of the MeckFUSE Pilot Project: Recidivism Among the Chronically Homeless

Homeless individuals involved in the criminal justice system often have needs that translate into a significant human and financial cost to society. As a result, there has been an interest in devel...
Statistical Image Reconstruction for Shortened Dynamic PET Using a Dual Kernel Method

Dynamic F-18 FDG PET imaging along with tracer kinetic modeling can provide parametric images of physiologically important parameters for characterization of tumor and other diseases. This technique often requires a 1-hour long scanning time, which is less practical in clinic; a more practical method is to use a shortened dynamic scan time of thirty or forty minutes. However, a shortened dynamic scan acquires less data and tracer kinetic modeling becomes more sensitive to high noise in dynamic PET. To address the noise challenge, the kernel method has been developed for efficient dynamic PET image reconstruction. Previous kernel approaches use a single kernel type, which exploits either nonlocal or local spatial correlations from image priors but does not explore the full potential of the kernel framework. In this work, we propose a new dualkernel approach to further enhance kernel-based dynamic PET image reconstruction. The dual kernel combines the existing non-local kernel with a local convolutional kernel that can be easily trained from image priors. We evaluated the new kernel approach for shortened dynamic FDG-PET imaging using a digital brain phantom. Simulation results have demonstrated that the dual-kernel approach can achieve better image quality than standard reconstruction approach and the single kernel approach.
Cascade Monitoring in Multidisciplinary Adolescent HIV Care Settings: Protocol for Utilizing Electronic Health Records.

Background: Past research shows that youth living with HIV (YLH) are not as engaged in the HIV treatment cascade as other HIV-positive populations. To achieve the health benefits of rapid and widespread testing and advanced pharmacologic treatment, YLH must be fully engaged in every stage of the treatment cascade. Cascade monitoring provides an opportunity to assess the youth care cascade, including engagement in care and when youth commonly drop out of care, across 10 clinical sites in the United States. Collecting electronic health record (EHR) data for prevention and care across participant recruitment venues within the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network (ATN) allows for monitoring of the prevention and care cascades within the ATN, for comparing the ATN population to large-scale surveillance, for future integration of technology-based interventions into EHRs, and for informing ATN strategic planning. Objective: The aim of this protocol study is to examine the trends in treatment cascade, including whether patients are receiving antiretroviral therapy, adhering to regimens, attending care appointments, and maintaining suppressed viral loads, to guide new protocol development and to facilitate community engagement. This protocol is part of the ATN Scale It Up (SIU) program described in this issue. Methods: Deidentified EHR data of YLH, aged 15 to 24 years, will be collected annually (2017 to 2022) from 10 ATN clinical sites, resulting in patient data from 2016 to 2021. These data will be transferred and stored using Dropbox Business, a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant site and then analyzed by the SIU analytic core. Results: This study was launched in December 2017 in 10 clinical sites, with 2016’s EHR data due on January 31, 2017. All 10 sites electronically uploaded their EHR data. The mandatory variables requested to monitor cascade of care include date of visit, age, gender, height, weight, race, ethnicity, viral load, and International Classification of Diseases codes for other diagnosis. In total, 70% of the sites provided data for all mandatory variables. The remaining mandatory variables were manually extracted. Conclusions: This study will provide a platform to determine how YLH across the nation progress through or drop out of the HIV treatment cascade. It will also provide a foundation for assessing impact of SIU projects on treatment cascade outcomes.
Anticipating the Future: Managing Risk and Real Options

The future is not certain. There are risks and opportunities that may impact the outcomes of the best-laid plans. This chapter describes how the models, tools, and techniques developed for the case of certainty can be adapted to address more realistic situations in which marketing planning occurs under uncertainty. The chapter presents and evaluates techniques that firms use to incorporate risk into their budgeting processes and financial planning with a specific emphasis on how risk is evaluated in a financial context. The chapter also addresses the means by which firms may leverage existing marketing assets or real options.
New models and methods for programming cyber-physical systems (keynote)

Emerging cyber-physical systems are distributed systems in constant interaction with their physical environments through sensing and actuation at network edges. Over the past decade, the embedded and control systems community have vigorously pursued a vision of coupled feedback-controlled systems with a broad range of real-life applications from transportation, smart buildings to human health. These efforts have continued to push intelligent processing to edge and near-edge devices, provide new capabilities for improved sensing with high quality timing information, establish limits on the quality of time and its impact on the stability of control algorithms etc. It is now time to put these capabilities to use through the emerging “stack” of capabilities, software and systems for emerging applications such as interactive spaces, buildings, smart cities etc. In this talk I will review our efforts related to pushing intelligent processing to edge or near-edge devices, our strategies to lighten the computational and memory demands of recognition tasks, and strategies to ensure high quality of timing information. I will focus on detailing our vision of how we can treat physical spaces and built environments as consisting of sensing, actuation, processing and communication resources that are dynamically discovered and put to use through emerging meta-data schema and methods. The talk represents ongoing work under the CONIX center (conix.io) and BRICK schema consortium (brickschema.org)
Emergency cricothyrotomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: How to suppress aerosolization

Background Cricothyrotomy is associated with significant aerosolization that increases the potential risk of infection among healthcare providers. It is important to identify simple yet effective methods to suppress aerosolization and improve the safety of healthcare providers. Methods 5 ear, nose and throat and general surgeons used a locally developed hybrid cricothyrotomy simulator with a porcine trachea to test three draping methods to suppress aerosolization during the procedure: an X-ray cassette drape, dry operating room (OR) towels and wet OR towels. The three methods were judged based on three categories: effectiveness of suppression, availability in all healthcare systems and ease of handling. Results All five surgeons performed the procedure independently using each of the three suppression methods. The wet OR towel drape was found to be an effective method to suppress aerosolization, and it did not hinder the surgeons from performing the procedure accurately. This finding was confirmed by using an atomized fluorescein dye injection into the porcine trachea, representing aerosolized material while performing the procedure. Conclusions We present a novel intervention using wet towels to suppress aerosolization during cricothyrotomy. Wet towels are cheap and readily available within any healthcare setting regardless of the financial resources available.
Expansion of Electromagnetic Multipoles

This Chapter presents a complete electromagnetic multipole expansion, effective for all point sources in space, including the presence of toroidal moments. To that end, in light of the provided information in Chap. 2, we utilized the solution of inhomogeneous Helmholtz equations to evaluate the electromagnetic field due to alternating poloidal currents in a toroidal solenoid. This solution was obtained through the use of Green’s functions and Debye potentials for point sources and fields. The achieved results enabled us to show the physical meaning of unconventional toroidal moments, in comparison to the classical electric and magnetic moments. Besides, the analysis in the long wavelength limit clearly demonstrates that the toroidal moments were neglected previously in the multipole expansion.
Do-It-Yourself Tick Control: Granular Gamma-Cyhalothrin Reduces Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs in Residential Backyards

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with hotspots in the Northeast and Midwest. Integrated vector control for mosquito-borne disease prevention is often organized at the community level, but tick control is primarily coordinated at the household and individual level. Management of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), the vector of the causative agent of Lyme disease in the Midwest and eastern United States in peridomestic environments may be critical as many tick encounters are reported to occur in the yard. Therefore, we assessed the effectiveness of a widely available and low-cost pesticide that targets common lawn pests and is labeled for use against ticks. In June 2019, we evaluated a granular form of gamma-cyhalothrin in a placebo-controlled residential backyard study (n = 90) in two communities in Wisconsin. The product applied by the research team reduced nymphal blacklegged ticks in plots established in the lawn part of the ecotone by 97% one week after application at both communities and by 89-97% three to four weeks postapplication. The proportion of homes with at least one nymphal tick postapplication was significantly lower at acaricide-treated homes and ranged from 4.2 to 29.2% compared with placebo homes where at least one nymphal tick was found at 50-81.5% of homes. These results support the efficacy of a low-cost do-it-yourself strategy for homeowners seeking to reduce blacklegged ticks in the yard.
Artiodactyl Mammals: Their Chromosome Cytology in Relation to Patterns of Evolution

The orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Primates comprise the three most successful and the most widespread groups of large mammals. There are 9 living families of artiodactyls, in which are represented more than 190 species, including such forms as pigs, camels, deer, giraffe, antelopes, cattle, sheep, and goats. This order has long occupied much of the world’s land area, except for the oceanic islands and Australia. Even in the latter areas, some artiodactyls have been introduced by man. They are clearly the dominant plant-eating mammals of the present time.
Focality of the Induced E-Field Is a Contributing Factor in the Choice of TMS Parameters: Evidence from a 3D Computational Model of the Human Brain.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising, non-invasive approach in the diagnosis and treatment of several neurological conditions. However, the specific results in the cortex of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the secondary electrical field (E-field) resulting from TMS at different stimulation sites/orientations and varied TMS parameters are not clearly understood. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of TMS stimulation site and coil orientation on the induced E-field, including spatial distribution and the volume of activation in the cortex across brain areas, and hence demonstrate the need for customized optimization, using a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM). A considerable difference was noted in E-field values and distribution at different brain areas. We observed that the volume of activated cortex varied from 3000 to 7000 mm3 between the selected nine clinically relevant coil locations. Coil orientation also changed the induced E-field by a maximum of 10%, and we noted the least optimal values at the standard coil orientation pointing to the nose. The volume of gray matter activated varied by 10% on average between stimulation sites in homologous brain areas in the two hemispheres of the brain. This FEM simulation model clearly demonstrates the importance of TMS parameters for optimal results in clinically relevant brain areas. The results show that TMS parameters cannot be interchangeably used between individuals, hemispheres, and brain areas. The focality of the TMS induced E-field along with its optimal magnitude should be considered as critical TMS parameters that should be individually optimized.
Trends in Therapeutic Services Participation among U.S. Adolescents Affected by Substance Use, 2002-2017.

Objective: Substance use continues to pose threats to adolescent health and development in the United States (U.S.). Despite evidence of effectiveness, little is known about adolescent participatio...
Impact of New Generation Wide-Base Tires on Fuel Consumption

AbstractThis study combined multiple approaches to evaluate the structural and economic impact of using new-generation wide-base tires (NG-WBT) in New Brunswick, Canada. A three-dimensional finite-...
A MOF Multifunctional Cargo Vehicle for Reactive Gas Delivery and Catalysis

Efficient delivery of reactive and toxic gaseous reagents to organic reactions was studied using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Simultaneous cargo vehicle and catalytic capabilities of several MOFs were probed for the first time using the examples of aromatization, aminocarbonylation, and carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. These reactions highlight that MOFs can serve a dual role as a gas cargo vehicle and a catalyst, leading to product formation with yields similar to reactions employing pure gases. Furthermore, the MOFs can be recycled without sacrificing product yield, while simultaneously maintaining crystallinity. The reported findings were supported crystallographically and spectroscopically (e.g., diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy), foreshadowing a pathway for the development of multifunctional MOF-based reagent-catalyst cargo vessels for reactive reagents, as an attractive alternative to the use of toxic pure gases or gas generators.
PPP GDP Per Capita for Countries of the World: A Comparison of the New ICP Results with World Bank Data

Benchmark estimates of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP per capita for the year 2011 recently released by the International Comparison Program (ICP) are compared with the corresponding estimates generated by the World Bank from the ICP benchmark years and countries. Large differences are noted between the two sets for many countries. Of the 163 countries for which numbers from both sources are available, the difference is at least $2000 or 25 % in 73 or about 45 % of the cases, and the differences are huge for a sizable proportion of the countries. The numerous users of World Bank data are urged to exercise caution in drawing strong conclusions in cross-country studies in which PPP GDP per capita is often a core variable. As an additional point, while the ICP 2005 was observed to have revealed the world to be more unequal than previously thought, the current ICP might be stated as doing the opposite.
The Effects of the Great Recession on the Unemployment Rates of Minorities in the United States

While it is evident that the recession has affected a diversity of people in different ways of life, there is a unique connection between industries and ethnic groups. “Many of the demographic groups that exhibit larger cyclical variation such as those with lower education, minorities, and males, are more likely to be employed in the industries with greater exposure to cycles (Hoynes et. al, 2012). Construction and manufacturing have experienced the largest declines in employment rate of the post-WWII era, with a 13.7 percent decline in construction employment and a 10.0 percent decline in manufacturing employment (BLS, February 2012). Despite government programs to level the playing field such as affirmative action laws and other aid that is available to those seeking employment, there is a continuous disparity among different ethnic groups. With regard to “The Great Recession,” there is a disparity among the unemployment rates of Hispanics and other ethnic groups. This paper intends to explain why there is a disparity. Specifically, it addresses reasons that the unemployment rates of Hispanics are more adversely affected by the Great Recession when compared to the unemployment rates of other minority groups. Also, did concentrations of Hispanics in adversely affected industries contribute to higher unemployment levels during the Great Recession? This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol21/iss1/13
Urban Agriculture and the Environment

As part of a broader American Bar Association project to offer guidance to urban farmers, this article considers environmental regulatory requirements and liability issues potentially affecting urban farming. Two issues are of particular interest. (1) Farming on or near contaminated urban soil has significant practical ramifications. It also can raise an array of subtle legal issues under CERCLA, depending on the farmer’s status as an owner or operator of the contaminated site. For example, urban farmers on city-owned land might find that they alone bear owner/operator liability because, under CERCLA, a city can be exempt. (2) Urban farmers also can encounter water quality protection issues with regard to storm water runoff from their operations. They can be part of the runoff problem or part of the runoff solution, depending on the nature of the farm.
Presentation of Celiac Disease in Children and Adults

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition that can take many forms. A wide variety of clinical presentations is seen from childhood through adulthood. Young children present commonly with diarrhea, whereas this presentation diminishes among older children and adolescents. Diarrhea again becomes an important mode of presentation in adulthood. Nonclassical presentations occur frequently in both adults and children, and many patients with few symptoms or asymptomatic disease are diagnosed after screening due to associated conditions or family members with the disease. The symptoms of CD are evolving and vary geographically. Awareness of the many manifestations that CD may have is critical to rendering early diagnoses.
Reviewing Privacy during Design - Voluntary Technology Dialogue System

This paper introduces a framework proposal encouraging industry and regulators to conduct data protection and privacy technology design reviews early in the design process, as driven by the 2008-2009 Comite Europeen de Normalisation/Information Society Standardization System (European Committee for Standardisation, known as CEN/ISSS) Data Protection and Privacy (“DPP”) Workshop(1) work programme. Included are a description of the proposed project, working method and approach, precedents and previous work, as well as the rationale, objectives and consequences of not developing such a model, concluding with comments regarding policy relevance and market impact.
Studies on porcine costal cartilage protein-polysaccharide complex: II. Chemical studies

Abstract Direct alkali treatment of porcine costal cartilage protein-polysaccharide complex followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-100 yields two clearly resolved uronic acid-containing fractions. The latter, which is the major component, contains 70–85% of the total uronic acid, is homogenous on rechromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and is completely free of amino acid, as well as of glucosamine. The former peak contains 4–6% polypeptide, 5–10% glucosamine, and shows a higher specific radioactivity than does the latter peak. Hydrazinolysis of this fraction and reisolation of the polysaccharide, shows glutamic acid as the major residual amino acid. This suggests that a portion of these chains is linked to peptide via presumably the γ-carboxyl of glutamic acid. Analytical data for both polysaccharide fractions show agreement with the composition expected for chondroitin sulphate, and infrared spectra, optical rotation, and rotatory dispersion indicate that both polymers are chondroitin sulphate A. Sedimentation velocity analyses of the polysaccharide are presented.
John Brown Still Lives!: America’s Long Reckoning with Violence, Equality, and Change

From his obsession with the founding principles of the United States to his cold-blooded killings in the battle over slavery's expansion, John Brown forced his countrymen to reckon with America's violent history, its checkered progress toward racial equality, and its resistance to substantive change. Tracing Brown's legacy through writers and artists like Thomas Hovenden, W. E. B. Du Bois, Robert Penn Warren, Jacob Lawrence, Kara Walker, and others, Blake Gilpin transforms Brown from an object of endless manipulation into a dynamic medium for contemporary beliefs about the process and purpose of the American republic.Gilpin argues that the endless distortions of John Brown, misrepresentations of a man and a cause simultaneously noble and terrible, have only obscured our understanding of the past and loosened our grasp of the historical episodes that define America's struggles for racial equality. By showing Brown's central role in the relationship between the American past and the American present, Gilpin clarifies Brown's complex legacy and highlights his importance in the nation's ongoing struggle with the role of violence, the meaning of equality, and the intertwining paths these share with the process of change.
Lactose Permeation Via the Arabinose Transport System in Escherichia coli K-12

This paper describes the isolation and characterization of a mutant of Escherichia coli that transports lactose and its analog thiomethylgalactoside via the arabinose permeation system. Unlike transport via the lactose permease, this transport is not inhibited by thiodigalactoside, but was inhibited by arabinose, xylose, and fucose. The site of the mutation was in the arabinose C gene and confers constitutivity on the entire arabinose operon. Furthermore, this transport was found in 24 independently isolated arabinose-constitutive strains, and in strains which had been induced with arabinose and then starved to remove all traces of it. It was therefore concluded that lactose and thiomethylgalactoside are low-affinity substrates of at least one component of the normal arabinose permeation system.
Snail destabilizes cell surface Crumbs3a.

During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells modulate expression of proteins resulting in loss of apical-basal polarity. Effectors of this EMT switch target the polarity protein Crumbs3a, a small transmembrane protein that is essential for generation of the apical membrane and tight junctions of mammalian epithelial cells. We previously showed that the Crumbs3 gene is a direct target of transcriptional regulation by Snail, a potent inducer of EMT. However, Snail has also been shown to have multiple non-transcriptional roles, including regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and survival. Using SNAP-tag labeling, we determined that cell surface Crumbs3a has a half-life of approximately 3 h and that this cell surface half-life is significantly reduced when EMT is induced by Snail. We further observe that Snail induces differential glycosylation of Crumbs3a, including sialylation, suggesting a mechanism by which Crumbs3a may be destabilized. These results indicate that Crumbs3a is a post-translational target of Snail, in addition to being a transcriptional target. We conclude that Snail's ability to post-translationally modify and destabilize Crumbs3a augments the depolarizing process of EMT.
Ultraviolet laser‐induced ion emission from silicon

Si and Ge ion ejection is observed to occur from clean silicon and germanium surfaces upon excimer laser irradiation at fluences (0–150 mJ/cm2) well below that necessary to cause thermionic emission or melting of the substrate. Quadrupole mass spectrometric techniques were employed to for the detection of emitted positive ions. Laser intensity dependent measurements were performed at 193, 248, and 351 nm to elucidate the laser fluence and photon energy threshold behavior of each of the charged species.