cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Stay Cool in the Intensive Care Unit? Endovascular Versus Surface Cooling.

Dozens of observational studies published over the past 2 decades have shown that fever in patients with acute neurological injury, regardless of its cause, is independently linked to higher mortality, poor neurological outcome, and increased length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. This has been demonstrated for traumatic brain injury, acute ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, and cardiac arrest (CA).1,2 Therefore, therapeutic temperature management is a key goal of care in all patients with acute brain injury. In most cases the goal is strict fever control, ie, controlled normothermia; in patients with posthypoxic injuries, the goal is often to achieve below-normal core temperature, ie, to induce therapeutic hypothermia. Article see p 182 Therapeutic hypothermia has been studied extensively in newborns with neonatal asphyxia and in adults with hypoxic injury following witnessed CA.1 A “heated” debate is currently going on regarding optimal target temperature after CA. Current guidelines recommend 32°C to 34°C,3 based on 2 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) published in 2002 and numerous before-after studies, and indirect evidence from 7 multicenter RCTs in perinatal asphyxia.1,4 A small RCT published in 2012 comparing 2 temperature regimens after witnessed CA reported significantly better outcomes with 32.0°C in comparison with 34.0°C.5 In contrast, a large RCT published in 2013 (the targeted temperature management trial) found no difference between strict temperature control at 36.0°C in comparison with 33.0°C.6 The conclusions of this study have been criticized by various authors (including the undersigned) for problems such as potential selection bias, prolonged time (10 hours) to target temperature, temperature fluctuations during the maintenance phase, excessively rapid rewarming, and other issues.4,7–10 This topic continues to be debated; however, although there is disagreement on the optimal temperature (32, 33, …
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Characteristics, Niches, and Applications for Cell Therapy

Less than 0.01% of bone marrow mononuclear cells are non-hematopoietic stem cells, referred to as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the bone marrow stem cell niche, MSCs are an important part of the stromal component as they support the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell stemness. In this chapter, MSCs are introduced in a historic context, and their unique characteristics and properties with regards to effectiveness for cellular therapy are described. MSCs were initially discovered as colony-forming unit fibroblasts over 40 years ago, but the concept of MSCs was not described until the 1990s and later by studies which supported the notion of their stem cell properties. Since then, the field has evolved from the initial theory of therapeutic transdifferentiation to focus on paracrine effects of MSCs, particularly immunosuppressive properties. Although, surprisingly, the origin of MSCs remains elusive, but pericytes have recently emerged as likely candidates for an in vivo native cell of the ex vivo MSC. Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells; Stem cell niche; Pericytes; Differentiation; Immunomodulatory effects; Paracrine effects
Reproductive Behavior and Mating Success of Male Short-Tailed Crickets: Differences within and between Demes

Acoustically conspicuous animals offer special opportunities for field biologists and students of reproductive behavior. Cicadas, crickets, katydids, and some grasshoppers are the birds and frogs of the insect world. Males loudly advertise their species, sexual readiness, and location. Biologists can use these acoustical displays to detect sibling species, to find local populations and individuals for study, and to determine seasonal, ecological, and geographical distributions. The “songs” can be recorded on magnetic tape and played back with high fidelity and analyzed and synthesized with devices that are simple and inexpensive compared to those needed to do research of equivalent quality with visual and olfactory displays. For ease of study only animals using long-range bioluminescent signals compete with acoustically displaying ones, and a much more limited array of species is involved (Lloyd, 1978).
Stability and Surface Uniformity of Selected Thiol-Coated SERS Surfaces:

The use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as an analytical technique continues to grow, but questions about its viability remain. This paper addresses the concern about the long-term stability of the surfaces used with the SERS technique. We have studied the long-term stability of Ag surfaces coated with three different thiol compounds. For this study, we have used 1-propanethiol, 1-dodecanethiol, and p -cresolthiol to coat the Ag surfaces. These surfaces showed long-term stabilities of over a month with minimal surface degradation. In order to mimic a realistic application of SERS, we stored the coated surfaces in a solution of water. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was added to maintain consistent surface wetting conditions so that reproducible results were obtainable on a day-to-day basis. Spatial heterogeneity of the surfaces and coating was analyzed with a fiber-optic Raman system. The spatial heterogeneity of the surfaces explains the day-to-day variations observed in the detection when the same portion of the surface used for analysis varies from day to day.
The Zeeman effect in the Sobolev approximation: applications to spherical stellar winds

Modern spectropolarimeters are capable of detecting subkilogauss field strengths using the Zeeman effect in line profiles from the static photosphere, but supersonic Doppler broadening makes it more difficult to detect the Zeeman effect in the wind lines of hot stars. Nevertheless, the recent advances in observational capability motivate an assessment of the potential for detecting the magnetic fields threading such winds. We incorporate the weak-field longitudinal Zeeman effect in the Sobolev approximation to yield integral expressions for the flux of circularly polarized emission. To illustrate the results, two specific wind flows are considered: (i) spherical constant expansion with v(r ) = v∞ and (ii) homologous expansion with v(r ) ∝ r . Axial and split monopole magnetic fields are used to schematically illustrate the polarized profiles. For constant expansion, optically thin lines yield the well-known ‘flat-topped’ total intensity emission profiles and an antisymmetric circularly polarized profile. For homologous expansion, we include occultation and wind absorption to provide a more realistic observational comparison. Occultation severely reduces the circularly polarized flux in the redshifted component, and in the blueshifted component, the polarization is reduced by partially offsetting emission and absorption contributions. We find that for a surface field of approximately 100 G, the largest polarizations result for thin but strong recombination emission lines. Peak polarizations are approximately 0.05 per cent, which presents a substantial although not inconceivable sensitivity challenge for modern instrumentation.
Asymptotic analysis of error probabilities for the nonzero-mean Gaussian hypothesis testing problem

Using a large-deviation theory approach, the rate at which the probability of detection error vanishes as sample size increases in the testing of nonzero-mean Gaussian stochastic processes is studied. After suitable transformation, the likelihood ratio test statistic is expressed as a sum of independent Gaussian random variables. The precise asymptotic rate at which the tail probability of this sum vanishes is derived by use of Ellis' theorem in conjunction with asymptotic analysis of Toeplitz matrices. As a specific example, a signal composed of a deterministic mean component, a zero-mean stochastic component, and a white-noise background was tested against white noise alone. Results confirm the obvious: for fixed stochastic signal power the rate of error decrease increases as the power in the deterministic mean increases. With higher signal-to-noise values, the probability of error must vanish more quickly. For fixed deterministic mean component, as the stochastic signal power increases there is curious dip in the rate of error decrease; however, as this power is increased, eventually the rate of error decrease increases. >
Stanford’s sedsim project: Dynamic three-dimensional simulation of geologic processes that affect clastic sediments

Simulation experiments using SEDSIM reproduced patterns of fluid flow and sedimentation typical of fluvial environments. In the bent-channel experiment, SEDSIM reproduced flow velocities, fluid depths, bottom shear stresses, and rates of sediment transport comparable to those in natural channels. The results also show that fluid velocities were high near the cut bank of the simulated channel, and that channel deposits occur as fining-upwards sequences. Coarse-grained sediments were deposited in the upper channel as submerged dunes or transverse bars that subsequently migrated downstream. After six simulated years, fine-grained sediments covered the coarse-grained sediment, and the sediment load and fluid flow reached equilibrium. Thus, SEDSIM appears to be reasonably effective in representing flow and sedimentation in meandering channels, and should provide insight in understanding the spatial distribution of sediment bodies in fluvial deposits and the internal structures within these bodies.
Advocacy and democracy: the long view.

Out of the concept of community control has emerged the notion of advocate professionals responsible not to established agencies and institutions but to the community. But with power and wealth highly centralized it is unlikely that neighborhood control is sufficient to influence or attain significant resources. What is needed is a national network of advocates and their clients with a consciousness geared to battling the political realities of a nationally engineered, class society.
A comparison of two educational resource discovery systems

We describe the results from a pilot study that compared two different discovery systems designed and built to operate in the same educational digital library -- one based on searching over metadata records and another hybrid system which combined metadata and content-based indexing.
Epigenetic and Chromatin Modifiers As Targeted Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is mediated through alterations in the DNA methylation status, covalent modifications of core nucleosomal histones, rearrangement of histones, and by RNA interference. It is now abundantly clear that deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms cooperates with genetic alterations in the development and progression of cancer and leukemia. Epigenetic deregulation affects several aspects of tumor cell biology, including cell growth, cell cycle control, differentiation, DNA repair, and cell death. This raises the strong possibility that reversing deregulated epigenetic mechanisms may be an effective treatment strategy for leukemia and cancer. This treatment strategy may either be designed to separately or collectively target the specific perturbations in the epigenetic mechanisms found in human hematologic malignancies. The following review describes our current understanding of the important deregulated epigenetic mechanisms and the preclinical and clinical development of epigenetic and chromatin modifiers in the therapy of these disorders.
Automated Format String Attack Prevention for Win32/X86 Binaries

A format string attack exploits the fact that variadic functions determine the exact number of input arguments based on the format string argument, and compromises the victim application's address space by accessing data areas beyond the original input argument list the caller prepares. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a Win32 binary transformation tool called Lisbon, which transparently inserts into Win32 binaries additional checks that protect them from format string vulnerabilities. Lisbon casts the format string attack prevention problem as an input argument list bound checking problem. To reduce the run-time checking overhead, Lisbon exploits the debug register hardware, which is available in most mainstream CPUs including Intel's X86 architecture, to detect if a callee accesses data outside the input argument list. Moreover, Lisbon is able to detect format string attacks without interpreting their format strings and is thus potentially applicable to similar attacks against other functions that access input arguments in the same way as printf (). The runtime throughput penalty of the first Lisbon prototype is under 2% for a set of test network applications that are known to be vulnerable to format string attacks.
Induced Drag Minimization: A Variational Approach Using the Acceleration Potential

A method of predicting the minimum induced drag conditions in conventional or innovative lifting systems is presented. The method is based on lifting-line theories and the small perturbation acceleration potential. Assuming linearity and rigid wake aligned with the freestream, the optimal conditions are formulated using the Euler‐Lagrange integral equation subject to the conditions of fixed total lifting force and wing span. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied, and equations for the design optimum are obtained and solved directly. Particular attention is paid to the Hadamard finite-part integrals involved in the solution process. Munk’s drag theorems are also applied in order to verify the quality of the solutions. In this paper, where the theoretical/computational foundation is laid for the induced drag minimization of general lifting-line configurations, the case of the biplane under optimal conditions is extensively analyzed. It is demonstrated that, under optimal conditions, the two wings (which have the same wing span) have the same circulation distribution. Cases of finite, infinite, and infinitesimal distances between the wings are analyzed as well. It is shown that the optimal distribution is, in general, not elliptical. The proposed theoretical approach is general, and it offers a valuable tool for direct prediction of minimum induced drag in both planar and nonplanar lifting systems. Results obtained by the proposed approach shed light on some of the mathematical issues involved, and they can be used for verifying results obtained by numerical math-programming-based optimization.
Lack of arrhythmogenicity with ST-segment elevation during high-dose of dobutamine atropine stress in patients with documented or suspected coronary artery disease

The angiographic, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic correlates of ST-segment elevation during high-dose dobutamine-atropine stress were prospectively looked at in a group of high-risk patients. Unlike exercise-induced ST elevation, ST-segment elevation with dobutamine-atropine stress, while indicating transmural ischemia, did not increase rate of arrhythmias and hence by itself may not be an indication to terminate the test.
Impedance spectroscopy and its use in analyzing the steady-state AC response of solid and liquid electrolytes

Abstract Impedance spectroscopy is defined and some of its applications illustrated for both liquid and solid electrolyte situations. Particular emphasis is placed on complex least squares fitting of small-signal frequency response data at various immittance levels. Most such response data must be fit to an equivalent electrical circuit since a detailed microscopic model of the response is usually lacking. It is found for most ionic response data, as well as that from purely dielectric systems, that one usually must include in the equivalent circuit one or more distributed circuit elements in addition to the usual ideal elements, such as resistors and capacitors. Important distributed circuit elements useful in equivalent circuits are described. A number of actual equivalent circuits used in the past for both liquid and solid electrolytes are presented and compared. Equivalent circuits following from detailed continuum models of the electrical response of blocking and partly conducting systems are compared, and it is shown that some of the same circuits may be used even in the presence of dc bias which usually makes the charge distribution in the system very inhomogeneous. Because frequency response data have often been inadequately analyzed, the author's general and powerful complex nonlinear least squares fitting program is now available for use by others.
Breakup-fusion as a source of prompt protons in low-energy 28Si + 98Mo, 58Ni reactions

Abstract Prompt protons emitted in low-energy 28 Si+ 98 Mo, 58 Ni reactions were measured in coincidence with evaporation residues using a velocity filter. The proton energy spectra are found to be sensitive to the residue mass. Mass-gated spectra at forward angles show non-statistical protons characterized by a high-energy bump. A simple Serber-like model for breakup-fusion reproduces the data well.
Mechanical and dosimetric quality control for computer controlled radiotherapy treatment equipment

Modern computercontrolledradiotherapy treatment equipment offers the possibility of delivering complex, multiple field treatments with minimal operator intervention, thus making multiple field conformal therapy practical. Conventional quality control programs are inadequate for this new technology, so new quality control procedures are needed. A reasonably fast, sensitive, and complete daily quality control program has been developed in our clinic that includes nearly automated mechanical as well as dosimetric tests. Automated delivery of these quality control fields is performed by the control system of the MM50 racetrack microtron, directed by the CCRS sequence processor [D. L. McShan and B. A. Fraass, Proceedings of the XIth International Conference on the use of computers in Radiation Therapy, 20–24 March 1994, Manchester, U.K. (North Western Medical Physics Department, Manchester, U.K., 1994), pp. 210–211], which controls the treatment process. The mechanical tests involve multiple irradiations of a single film to check the accuracy and reproducibility of the computercontrolled setup of gantry and collimator angles, table orientation, collimator jaws, and multileaf collimator shape. The dosimetric tests, which involve multiple irradiations of an array of ionization chambers in a commercial dose detector (Keithly model 90100 TrackerT M System) rigidly attached to the head of the treatment gantry, check the output and symmetry of the treatment unit as a function of gantry and collimator angle and other parameters. For each of the dosimetric tests, readings from the five ionization chambers are automatically read out, stored, and analyzed by the computer, along with the geometric parameters of the treatment unit for that beam. The present work describes in detail these quality control tests that have been implemented in our clinic to help confirm the mechanical and dosimetric consistency of an MM50 racetrack microtron system [Masterson et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 28, 1219–1227 (1994)].
Improving ancient roman coin recognition with alignment and spatial encoding

Roman coins play an important role to understand the Roman empire because they convey rich information about key historical events of the time. Moreover, as large amounts of coins are daily traded over the Internet, it becomes necessary to develop automatic coin recognition systems to prevent illegal trades. In this paper, we describe a new large annotated database of over 2800 Roman coin images and propose an effective automated system for recognition of coins that leverages this new coin image set. As the use of succinct spatial-appearance relationships is critical for accurate coin recognition, we suggest two competing methods, adapted for the coin domain, to accomplish this task.
Evolution of Volume and Signal Intensity on Fluid-attenuated Inversion Recovery MR Images after Endovascular Stroke Therapy

Purpose To analyze both volume and signal evolution on magnetic resonance (MR) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images between the images after endovascular therapy and day 5 (which was the prespecified end point for infarct volume in the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution [DEFUSE 2] trial) in a subset of patients enrolled in the DEFUSE 2 study. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the local ethics committee at all participating sites. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients. In this post hoc analysis of the DEFUSE 2 study, 35 patients with FLAIR images acquired both after endovascular therapy (median time after symptom onset, 12 hours) and at day 5 were identified. Patients were separated into two groups based on the degree of reperfusion achieved on time to maximum greater than 6-second perfusion imaging (≥90% vs <90%). After coregistration and signal normalization, lesion volumes and signal intensity were assessed by using FLAIR imaging for the initial lesion (ie, visible after endovascular therapy) and the recruited lesion (the additional lesion visible on day 5, but not visible after endovascular therapy). Statistical significance was assessed by using Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher exact tests. Results All 35 patients had FLAIR lesion growth between the after-revascularization examination and day 5. Median lesion growth was significantly larger in patients with <90% reperfusion (27.85 mL) compared with ≥90% (8.12 mL; P = .003). In the initial lesion, normalized signal did not change between after endovascular therapy (median, 1.60) and day 5 (median, 1.58) in the ≥90% reperfusion group (P = .97), but increased in the <90% reperfusion group (from 1.60 to 1.73; P = .01). In the recruited lesion, median normalized signal increased significantly in both groups between after endovascular therapy and day 5 (after endovascular therapy, from 1.19 to 1.56, P < .001; and day 5, from 1.18 to 1.63, P < .001). Conclusion Patients with ≥90% reperfusion after endovascular therapy have significantly less lesion growth on FLAIR images between after therapy and day 5 compared with patients who have <90% reperfusion. Therefore, the effect of reperfusion therapies on lesion volumes are likely more apparent at day 5 than after therapy. (©) RSNA, 2016.
Theoretical Performance of Single Stage and Two Stage Superfluid Stirling Refrigerators Using Kapton Recuperators

Previous superfluid Stirling refrigerators (SSR) using CuNi recuperators have experimentally achieved temperatures of 0.168 K and 0.296 K operating from high temperatures of 0.383 K and 1.05 K respectively. This article describes the theoretical performance of a single stage SSR and a two stage SSR which use Kapton recuperators. Specifically, a single stage SSR operating from a high temperature of 1.0 K should achieve a low temperature of 0.22 K and deliver 420 µW of cooling power at 0.3 K. A two stage SSR operating from a high temperature of 1.0 K should reach a low temperature of 0.12 K and deliver 750 µW of cooling power at 0.30 K.
NFI-C2 Temporal-spatial Expression and Cellular Localization Pattern during Tooth Formation

Currently, little is known regarding critical signaling pathways during later stages of tooth development, especially those associated with root formation. Nfi-c null mice, lacking molar roots, have implicated the transcription factor NFI-C as having an essential role in root development. Previously, we identified three NFI-C isoforms expressed in dental tissues with NFI-C2 being the major transcript. However, the expression pattern of the NFI-C2 protein is not characterized. In this study we performed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using isoform specific probes. We show the production of a NFI-C2 peptide antibody, its characterization, the temporal-spatial expression pattern of the NFI-C2 protein during odontogenesis and sub-cellular localization in dental cells. Moderate NFI-C2 staining, as early as bud stage, was detected mostly in the condensing dental ectomesenchyme. This staining intensified within the dental pulp at later stages culminating in high expression in the dentin producing odontoblasts. The dental epithelium showed slight staining until cytodifferentiation of enamel organ into ameloblasts and stratum intermedium. During root formation NFI-C2 expression was high in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and later was found in the fully developed root and its supporting tissues. NFI-C2 cellular staining was cytosolic, associated with the Golgi, and nuclear. This data suggests a broader role for NFI-C during tooth formation than limited to root and periodontal ligament development.
The Effect of Specific Vaccines on Rat Typhoid

It is impossible to produce typhoid fever in small laboratory animals by feeding them with typhoid bacilli; therefore the immunity produced by specific vaccines has always been tested by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculations of the living culture. These methods, however, do not reproduce a disease at all comparable to human typhoid. Rats and mice, on the contrary, when fed with certain of the paratyphoid group contract a disease which closely resembles typhoid in man. This fact has been taken advantage of by a number of workers for a comparative study of the specific vaccines. Chief among these investigators are LoefHer, Marks, and recently Bruckner. Loeffler,1 working with his culture of B. typhimurium on field mice, found that all subcutaneous inoculations failed to protect against subsequent feeding, but in a few instances he apparently secured protection from previous feeding with dead or living cultures.
Analytic Strategies for Understanding Host-Associated Microbial Communities: Faster and cheaper DNA sequencing technologies combined with open-access analytic software packages are opening new vistas

High-throughput DNA sequencing is revolutionizing how we study microbial communities. In the past decade, DNA sequencing has undergone an impressive increase in efficiency. For example, with traditional Sanger sequencing, obtaining the sequence of an 800-bp DNA segment costs about $5, whereas the comparable cost when using a newer high-throughput machine would be only about $0.000025—a 200,000-fold difference that allows far more creative projects with far more samples.
Structural perturbation of human hemoglobin on glutathionylation probed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange and MALDI mass spectrometry.

Glutathionyl hemoglobin, an example of post-translationally modified hemoglobin, has been studied as a marker of oxidative stress in various diseased conditions. Compared to normal hemoglobin, glutathionyl hemoglobin has been found to have increased oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity. However, detailed information concerning the structural perturbation of hemoglobin associated with glutathionylation is lacking. In the present study, we report structural changes associated with glutathionylation of deoxyhemoglobin by hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange coupled to matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. We analyzed isotope exchange kinetics of backbone amide hydrogen of eleven peptic peptides in the deoxy state of both hemoglobin and glutathionyl hemoglobin molecules. Analysis of the deuterium incorporation kinetics for both molecules showed structural changes associated with the following peptides: α34−46, α1−29, β32−41, β86−102, β115−129, and β130−146. H/D exchange expe...
CLINICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING. Eye of the Beholder.

A 47-year-old man presented to an urgent care ambulatory clinic with a 3-day history of swelling around his left eye and a sensation of tightness in his throat. It had become difficult for him to swallow solids, and he felt as though food was sticking in his throat.
Chitosan-Halloysite Hydrogel Drug Delivery System

In this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used to reinforce chitosan hydrogels, and built a biocompatible, biodegradable and sustained drug release system. The biodegradability, stretchability, and surface structure of the chitosan-HNTs hydrogels were studied. Gentamicin was selected as drug release model. Escherichia coli was used to estimate drug efficacy. Results indicate that HNTs significantly improved the gels' mechanical properties while, permitting an extended period of drug release, and without a negative affect on drug efficacy.
Inhibition of Calculi Fragment Growth by Metal-Bisphosphonate Complexes Demonstrated with a New Assay Measuring the Surface Activity of Urolithiasis Inhibitors

Abstract To evaluate compounds for the long-term inhibition of urinary calculi growth, we applied a newly developed in vitro assay to various metal-ligand complexes. The new experimental model—the preadsorbed calculi growth assay—was based upon the initiation of crystal growth in a metastable solution of calcium and oxalate with uniform granules derived from human renal calculi. Potential inhibitors were first adsorbed onto the surface of the calculi granules, following which the loss of calcium from the seeded metastable solution was monitored as the indicator of calcium oxalate deposition. This assay allowed participation in the reaction by any matrix components present in the human calculi granules and limited the effect of the inhibitors to the calculi surface. Some complexes of metal ions with bisphosphonates had strong inhibitory effects, as opposed to citrate complexes which had minimal effect in this assay. Tin was the most potent metal ion, and pamidronate was the most potent bisphosphonate; together they slowed the growth of calculi granules to 9% of control. The inhibition by Tin-bisphosphonate complexes persisted despite a week of continual rinsing with a solution of sodium chloride and calcium. If the metal-bisphos-phonate complexes are active in vivo as well, they might be considered for prophylaxis of calcium oxalate calculi or the prevention of regrowth of residual fragments following lithotripsy.
Site-specific associations between miRNA expression and survival in colorectal cancer cases.

// Martha L. Slattery 1 , Jennifer S. Herrick 1 , Daniel F. Pellatt 1 , Lila E. Mullany 1, John R. Stevens 2 , Erica Wolff 1 , Michael D. Hoffman 1 , Roger K. Wolff 1, Wade Samowitz 3 1 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA 2 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA Correspondence to: Martha L. Slattery, email: marty.slattery@hsc.utah.edu Keywords: colon cancer, rectal cancer, miRNA, disease stage Received: June 04, 2016 Accepted: July 23, 2016 Published: August 10, 2016 ABSTRACT Background: MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA involved in cellular processes, including cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus, miRNA expression may alter survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer (CRC). Results: Individuals diagnosed with stage 1 or stage 2 rectal cancer had worse survival than colon cancer cases diagnosed at stage 1 or stage 2. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, no miRNAs were significantly associated with disease stage. Two miRNAs infrequently expressed in the population and not previously reported were associated with survival after diagnosis with colon cancer (miR-1 HR 2.17 95% CI 1.41, 3.36; and miR-101-3p HR 3.51 95% CI 1.72, 7.15). Among those diagnosed with rectal cancer, 201 miRNAs were associated with survival when the FDR q value was < 0.05. Assessment of 105 previously reported miRNAs associated with prognosis showed that four miRNAs influenced colon cancer survival and 17 influenced survival after a diagnosis with rectal cancer when raw p values were considered. Patients and Methods: This study includes data from population-based studies of CRC conducted in Utah and the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. A total of 1893 carcinoma and normal paired colorectal mucosa tissue samples were run using the Agilent Human miRNA Microarray V19.0. We assessed miRNA differential expression between paired carcinoma and normal colonic mucosa tissue with CRC- specific survival evaluating stage and site-specific associations after adjusting for age, sex, microsatellite instability tumor status, and AJCC stage. Conclusions: MiRNAs dysregulated for both colon and rectal cancer had a greater impact on survival after a diagnosis with rectal cancer.
Driftwood Use at Homol'ovi and Implications for Interpreting the Archæological Record

ABSTRACTSouthwestern Archaeology is noted for its precise chronology based on tree-rings. Researchers often assume that archaeological building timbers arrived at their final destination solely through human transport; however, there is evidence that communities along rivers relied on driftwood for some of their wood needs. Wood use by inhabitants of several of the ancient Hopi villages of Homol'ovi, located along the Little Colorado River in northeastern Arizona, is examined using modern flood events as a model. The implications of driftwood for models of wood use in the archaeological record are explored in terms of chronology, species variability, and reconstructing flood events.
106 & 112 Gb/s Transmission with an Imperfect Linear PAM4 Signal

We experimentally demonstrate 106 and 112 Gb/s PAM4 transmission and measure the penalty from a nonlinear modulator (Mach-Zehnder Modulator, MZM). In addition, we show this measured penalty matches with a theoretical prediction.
215 LATE EFFECTS OF BRAIN TUMORS.

Purpose of the Study The survival rate of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is increasing, but more side effects are recognized in survivors, as a result of tumor, chemo-, and radiotherapy given as treatment. We performed a retrospective analysis of cases identified as having brain tumors with survival for at least 5 years. We analyzed the charts to determine the frequency of late effects in those children who had survived their initial disease. Methods Used 296 children, diagnosed with CNS tumors from 1986 to the present, were identified; 225 patients were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Patients with spinal cord tumors, lymphomas, and germinomas were excluded. There were 69 patients with 5+ years survival. Data were not available for 16 patients, leaving 53 patients for analysis. Cases were then restricted to those with astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma, leaving 42 patients for final analysis. Summary of Results There were 21 astrocytoma, 16 medulloblastoma, and 5 ependymoma patients. Among our patients, 71%. The problems identified included brain necrosis (5%), atrophy (12%), encephalopathy (5%), seizures (4%), hearing loss (16%), visual defect (9%), linear growth defect (1%), growth hormone deficiency (5%), sexual maturational delay (8%), intellectual/motor problems (33%), and behavioral problems (2%). The majority of side effects were seen in those individuals who received a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy; side effects were also more common after medulloblastoma. Among individuals receiving radiation only, necrosis was a more common effect, as was cerebral atrophy. In those having chemotherapy only, encephalopathy was more commonly seen than in those receiving radiation alone. Patients undergoing only surgery had a tendency to develop visual defects, and seizures were present in these individuals to the same extent as those receiving combination therapy. Among those with combination treatment, hearing loss was significant, as was atrophy and necrosis of the brain, and visual defect. Intellectual impairment was seen in all treatment groups but especially in those receiving chemotherapy and radiation combined. Combination therapy also resulted in the greatest degree of hormonal defects. Conclusion Late effects can be associated with increased morbidity and impaired quality of life. Combination therapy, although improving survival, can be associated with significant long-term complications.
Linear Accounts of Vulnerability

This chapter takes a closer look at the kinds of relationships found in vulnerability theory and deepens our discussion of the linear statistical models used in developing and testing aspects of vulnerability theory. The developmental state of a theory is reflected in its relationships. Vulnerability theory is at an embryonic stage with most of its relationships having been established through linear statistical models. Vulnerability theory offers social work researchers a solid foundation in need of refinement, extension, and further testing.
Role of Tumor-Derived Chemokines in Osteolytic Bone Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in cancer patients. The bone marrow is a common destination for many malignant cancers, including breast carcinoma (BC), prostate carcinoma, multiple myeloma, lung carcinoma, uterine cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, and neuroblastoma. The molecular mechanism by which metastatic cancer are able to recognize, infiltrate, and colonize bone are still unclear. Chemokines are small soluble proteins which under normal physiological conditions mediate chemotactic trafficking of leukocytes to specific tissues in the body. In the context of metastasis, the best characterized role for the chemokine system is in the regulation of primary tumor growth, survival, invasion, and homing to specific secondary sites. However, there is ample evidence that metastatic tumors exploit chemokines to modulate the metastatic niche within bone which ultimately results in osteolytic bone disease. In this review, we examine the role of chemokines in metastatic tumor growth within bone. In particular, the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, IL-8/CXCL8, and CXCL12 are consistently involved in promoting osteoclastogenesis and tumor growth. We will also evaluate the suitability of chemokines as targets for chemotherapy with the use of neutralizing antibodies and chemokine receptor-specific antagonists.
Using Health IT to Coordinate Care and Improve Quality in Safety-Net Clinics.

Abstract Background Health centers provide care to vulnerable and high-need populations. Recent investments have promoted use of health information technology (HIT) capabilities for improving care coordination and quality of care in health centers. This study examined factors associated with use of these HIT capabilities and the association between these capabilities and quality of care in a census of health centers in the United States. Methods Cross-sectional secondary data from the 2015 Health Resources and Services Administration's Uniform Data System was used to examine 6 measures of HIT capability related to care coordination and clinical decision support and 16 measures of quality (12 process measures, 3 outcome measures, 1 composite measure) for health centers in the United States. Adjusted logistic regressions were used to examine health center characteristics associated with use of HIT capabilities, and adjusted linear regressions were used to examine associations between HIT capabilities and quality of care. Results Many health centers reported using HIT for care coordination activities, including coordinating enabling services (67.3%) or engaging patients (81.0%). Health center size and medical home recognition were associated with significantly greater odds of using HIT for enabling services and engaging patients. These HIT capabilities were associated with higher overall quality and higher rates of six process measures (adult screening and maternal and child health) and hemoglobin A1c control. Conclusion Use of HIT for such activities as arranging enabling services and engaging patients are underleveraged tools for care coordination. There may be opportunities to further improve quality of care for vulnerable patients by promoting health centers' use of these HIT capabilities.
Applications and Generalizations

In this chapter we will give some interesting applications and extensions of results found in the rest of the book. Before tackling this material, the reader may find it helpful to review the poset definitions and examples at the beginning of Section 2.2 and Definition 2.5.7.
Characteristics of particle-loaded monolithic sol-gel columns for capillary electrochromatography. I. Structural, electrical and band-broadening properties.

Particle-loaded (3 μm, C18) monolithic sol–gel columns have been prepared and selected characteristics measured. They have a surprisingly high permeability, allowing their operation in the microLC mode at pressures as low as 69 kPa where their efficiency is about 50 000 plates per meter and the CEC mode where efficiency is at least 106 000 plates per meter. These columns can withstand over 13.8 MPa pressure without compression or movement within the 75 μm capillary. Field strengths in the packed segments are approximately 50% greater than those in the open segments, due to the higher resistivity of the particle-laden regions. There is a relatively rapid loss of efficiency with increasing linear velocity in both the CEC and microLC modes, which may be due to a tortuosity effect in the inter- and intra-particulate voids. Chromatographic behavior is characteristic of conventional C18 particles, indicating that analytes have significant access to the surface within the pores of the immobilized bonded phase.
Stringing Students Along: Selection Bias

People entering a hank queue need different lengths of time to complete their transactions. For example, depositing a check usually requires less time than obtaining foreign currency. We are inter?ested in looking at ways to sample these times so that we might describe their distribution and estimate the average transaction time.
Uso de chatbots para automatizar la información en los medios españoles

Los chatbots construidos sobre plataformas de mensajeria privada constituyen un instrumento sencillo, de comunicacion directa y personalizada con el publico. Tienen numerosas ventajas gracias a la posibilidad de automatizar el proceso de produccion y distribucion de contenidos, e incluso para seguir en vivo eventos o acontecimientos “noticiosos”. De forma paulatina, los medios estan adaptando sus estrategias al uso de estas herramientas. Esta investigacion presenta los resultados de un grupo de discusion con expertos profesionales de siete importantes medios espanoles que tiene como objetivo conocer el fenomeno bot en Espana. Los resultados revelan que los medios se encuentran en una fase inicial en la adopcion de esta tecnologia, aunque cuentan con experiencias de exito sobre temas puntuales o ligadas a acontecimientos concretos como la cobertura de elecciones o eventos deportivos. El target de estos canales lo componen millennials de 25 a 35 anos, muy activos, que demandan contenidos especificos.
Tree traits influence response to fire severity in the western Oregon Cascades, USA

Abstract Wildfire is an important disturbance process in western North American conifer forests. To better understand forest response to fire, we used generalized additive models to analyze tree mortality and long-term (1 to 25 years post-fire) radial growth patterns of trees that survived fire across a burn severity gradient in the western Cascades of Oregon. We also used species-specific leaf-area models derived from sapwood estimates to investigate the linkage between photosynthetic capacity and growth response. Larger trees and shade intolerant trees had a higher probability of surviving fire. Trees that survived fire tended to experience a reduction in growth immediately following fire, with the most pronounced growth suppression found in trees within stands burned at high severity. Radial growth response to fire over time differed markedly as a function of tree size. Smaller trees that survived fire generally experienced enhanced radial growth relative to small trees in unburned stands. Conversely, larger trees that survived fire experienced significant and persistent reductions in growth relative to large trees in unburned stands. There was a linear relationship between diameter and tree leaf area in stands burned at low severity, but a non-linear relationship between diameter and leaf area in stand burned at high severity. Generalized additive models are well suited to modeling non-linear mortality and growth responses to fire. This research provides a better understanding of how fire severity influences tree-growth, forest succession, as well as the long-term resilience of forests to disturbances.
Using Parallel Episodes of Speech to Represent and Identify Interaction Dynamics for Group Meetings

Groups come in various sizes and can range from a social setting with multiple smaller groups to a business meeting. Each group type has multiple kinds of interaction dynamics, such as bursts of activity where participants quickly exchange interaction events, e.g., quick back-and-forth speech events. This paper investigates representation and identification of interaction dynamics between participants in small group meetings using Parallel Episodes of speech events. We use meetings from the AMI corpus and identify characteristics that describe interaction dynamics. These can expedite the initial steps of analysis and provide an informed view of the interaction dynamics of a meeting.
Comparing retrieval-based practice and peer instruction in physics learning

In some contexts, retrieval-based practice appears to support learning at least as well as Peer Instruction.
New Model of Automated Patient-Reported Outcomes Applied in Atrial Fibrillation

Background The value of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) is increasingly recognized in patient-centered care. Longitudinal data collection may be challenging and cost prohibitive. Automation of PRO ...
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis Taking a Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor

Abstract Background Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been reported to cause euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA), a diagnosis that may be challenging to establish in the emergency department (ED). Case Report This is a case report of missed eDKA in a 47-year-old male taking empagliflozin (a SGLT2 inhibitor) that presented to the ED with generalized weakness. His past medical history included multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosed 4 years ago and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient attributed his weakness to MS. His neurologist was consulted and agreed with the plan to discharge the patient with diagnoses of asthenia and dehydration and a prescription of prednisone. The patient returned to the ED the next day with similar symptoms and was admitted to the hospital for treatment of eDKA. He was eventually treated per the hospital diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) protocol and discharged home with instructions to discontinue empagliflozin. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The increasing utilization of SGLT2 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus will inevitably lead to more cases of eDKA seen in the ED. Emergency physicians need to consider this diagnosis in patients taking these medications that present with symptoms including weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration. Patients taking these medications should be warned about these symptoms, especially because they may be falsely reassured by relatively low plasma glucose levels on home glucometer readings.