cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo acetylation identified at lysine 70 of human lens αA‐crystallin

Posttranslational modification of protein lysyl residues that change the net charge of the molecule may alter the protein conformation. Such modifications are of particular significance among lens proteins, because conformational changes are associated with the development of cataract. A previously unidentified acetylated form of alphaA-crystallin has been isolated from the water-soluble portion of human lenses. The alphaA-crystallins were fractionated by anion exchange HPLC into seven peaks, each containing more than one form of alphaA-crystallin. The previously reported deamidated and phosphorylated forms were identified by their molecular masses, determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition to these modifications, approximately 5% of alphaA-crystallin had a modification that decreased the charge by one and increased the molecular mass by 42 u. This modification, identified as acetylation, was located uniquely at Lys 70. Like any modification that alters the surface charge, acetylation may affect protein conformation and intermolecular interactions, thereby altering the solubility or chaperone properties of alphaA-crystallin. Acetylation of lysine 70 is potentially significant since it is located in a region that has been implicated in the chaperone activity of alphaA-crystallin.
Effects of estrogen replacement on metabolic factors that influence physical performance in female hypogonadism

There is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of estrogens on physical performance. This is related, in part, to the challenge of isolating the effects of estrogens from those of progestins, because levels of both hormones fluctuate across the menstrual cycle, both decline during the menopausal transition, and the administration oh hormones to hypogonadal women typically involves a combination of estrogens and progestins. Some research findings suggest that fluctuations in estrogen levels acutely influence factors that may affect physical performance, such as substrate utilization or maximal aerobic power, but solid evidence is lacking. The simple observation that hypogonadism is not uncommon among elite athletes in some sports suggests that estrogen deficiency does not have a major negative impact on athletic performance. However, chronic hypogonadism may ultimately lead to impaired performance by menas that are not necessarily obvious. For example, chronic estrogen deficiency has potent, deleterious effects on the skeleton that can increase risk for stress fracture and may limit the ability to sustain a high level of physical training. Estrogen deficiency also appears to promote fat accumulation and may accelerate the loss of fat-free mass, and both of these changes in body composition could impair physical performance. There is evidence that hormone replacement attenuates the negative effects of hypogonadism on body composition and bone density, and that effects are mediated primarily by estrogens rather than progestins. Further research is necessary to broaden the understanding of the role of the estrogens in physical performance.
Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts following inhibition of phospholipid acylation by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.

Abstract The release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites, prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, from WI-38 human lung fibroblasts was modulated by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Exposure to the inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in [1-14C]arachidonic acid uptake and incorporation into phospholipids and neutral lipid pools. Activities of lung fibroblast arachidonyl-CoA synthetase and lysolecithin acyltransferase were inhibited by 100 μM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. [14C]Arachidonic acid labelled fibroblasts exhibited an increased release of [14C]arachidonate and [14C]prostaglandin E2 of 54% and 112%, respectively, when exposed to 100 μM of inhibitor. The stimulatory effects of 8.0 μM Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol on arachidonate release and prostaglandin E synthesis (Burstein S., Hunter S.A., Sedor C. and Shulman S. (1982) Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 2361–2365) were modified by the inclusion of inhibiting agent, resulting in a 608% stimulation in arachidonic acid release, while prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 synthesis increased 894% and 390%, respectively, over levels obtained by untreated cells. The levels of arachidonate metabolites were altered by inhibitor when compared to cells treated with cannabinoid alone. No significant inhibition by Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol was found on arachidonic uptake in these cells. In unlabelled studies,p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate resulted in a profound, dose-dependent stimulation of prostaglandin E synthesis of 1490% at 150 μM inhibitor concentration. These results provide evidence that free arachidonate is reincorporated via acylation, thereby implicating this pathway as a possible control mechanism for the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION VI. SYNTHESIS AND INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN NONSECRETORY LYMPHOMA CELLS

Cells from an established line of Burkitt's lymphoma (Daudi) and a mouse myeloma (P3K) were pulse-labeled in vitro with 3H-leucine, and immunoglobulin was immunologically precipitated from cell lysates and secretions. In contrast to P3K cells, Daudi cells synthesize a small amount of Ig which is not secreted. Subcellular fractionation experiments indicated that Ig of Daudi cells is synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes and enters the cisternae of the microsomes. Ig in the microsomes could be labeled with either 3H-galactose or 3H-fucose suggesting that transport proceeds to the Golgi complex. Additional evidence indicates that Ig molecules are transported to the plasma membrane but are not cleaved from the cell surface. These results together with other studies of Burkitt lymphoma cells suggest that the Daudi line may represent a clone of neoplastic cells derived from normal lymphocytes which synthesize but do not secrete Ig. Similarities between lymphoma cells and antigen-binding cells are discussed.
Dimensional Renormalization of Scalar Field Theory in Curved Space-time

The regularization and renormalization of an interacting scalar field f in a curved space-time background is performed by the method of continuation to n dimensions. In addition to the familiar counter terms of the flat-space theory, c-number, ''vacuum'' counter terms must also be introduced. These involve zero, first, and second powers of the Riemann curvature tensor R/sub abgd/. Moreover, the renormalizability of the theory requires that the Lagrange function couple f/sup 2/ to the curvature scalar R with a coupling constant h. The coupling h must obey an inhomogeneous renormalization group equation, but otherwise it is an arbitrary, free parameter. All the counter terms obey renormalization group equations which determine the complete structure of these quantities in terms of the residues of their simple poles in n-4. The coefficient functions of the counter terms determine the construction of f/sup 2/ and f/sup 4/ in terms of renormalized composite operators 1, (f/sup 2/), and (f/sup 4/). Two of the counter terms vanish in conformally flat space-time. The others may be computed from the theory in purely flat space-time. They are determined, in a rather intricate fashion, by the additive renormalization for two-point functions of (f/sup 2/) and (f/sup 4/) in Minkowskimore » space--time. In particular, using this method, we compute the leading divergence of the R/sup 2/ interaction which is of fifth order in the coupling constant l.« less
The creation of multi-ethnic nations with or without a core region

What holds a multi-ethnic nation together? To answer this question, we take region as the unit of analysis and focus on factors such as the size of a region, its geographical location, and its external factors. A large region or a ‘core state’ can enhance a coalition by providing more public goods, but it can also deter a coalition from forming by discouraging the existing members from accepting new members. When the net impact is positive, the large region acts like Huntington’s ‘core state,’ i.e., it helps to sustain the coalition. External effects induce coalition formation when the externality is negative, while positive externality discourages formation by encouraging free-riding.
Parallel parameter study of the Wigner-Poisson equations for RTDs

We will discuss a parametric study of the solution of the Wigner-Poisson equations for resonant tunneling diodes. These structures exhibit self-sustaining oscillations in certain operating regimes. We will describe the engineering consequences of our study and how it is a significant advance from some previous work, which used much coarser grids. We use LOCA and other packages in the Trilinos framework from Sandia National Laboratory to enable efficient parallelization of the solution methods and to perform bifurcation analysis of this model. We report on the parallel efficiency and scalability of our implementation.
Development of an electromechanical model for a Corbin Sparrow electric vehicle

A method for modeling a Corbin Sparrow, a small electric vehicle (EV), is presented in this paper. The model is divided into two parts: (1) the mechanical dynamics model — the physics-based model that estimates how much power is necessary to accelerate the vehicle's mass and overcome various sources of friction; and (2) the electromechanical drive train model — the model of the motor and power electronics drive that estimates how much power must be drawn from the battery to develop the mechanical power at the motor shaft. This model improves on prior EV modeling by: 1) demonstrating how parameters can be measured from real-world driving data; 2) incorporating elevation data estimated with GPS and an electronic topographic map; and 3) using the model to estimate the vehicle energy consumption as a function of speed and rate of acceleration. More information about the performance of this model using actual drive data is presented in a separate paper.
A Volumetric Method for Estimating the Undenatured Serum Protein in Milk

Summary A rapid and simple method for determining the undenatured serum protein in milk, based on measurement of the volume of precipitated serum protein, is described. It involves the acid precipitation of the casein and the denatured serum protein and their removal by filtration. The soluble undenatured whey proteins in 7 ml. of filtrate are precipitated with 3 ml. of 10% phosphotungstic acid. Upon controlled centrifugation, the volume of the precipitate is obtained and converted to milligrams of whey protein nitrogen per gram of nonfat milk solids by means of a standard curve or the volume of precipitate may be used directly as the unit of measurement. Thus, the suitability of milk for a specific purpose is indicated. The relation between milliliters of precipitate and milligrams of undenatured whey protein nitrogen as determined by Kjeldahl analysis has a correlation coefficient of 0.97. A standard curve is given which can be used routinely with the indicated equipment.
Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy with a Robust Fibre Laser Source

Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy allows label-free chemical imaging and has enabled exciting applications in biology, material science, and medicine. It provides a major advantage in imaging speed over spontaneous Raman scattering and has improved image contrast and spectral fidelity compared to coherent anti-Stokes Raman. Wider adoption of the technique has, however, been hindered by the need for a costly and environmentally sensitive tunable ultra-fast dual-wavelength source. We present the development of an optimized all-fibre laser system based on the optical synchronization of two picosecond power amplifiers. To circumvent the high-frequency laser noise intrinsic to amplified fibre lasers, we have further developed a high-speed noise cancellation system based on voltage-subtraction autobalanced detection. We demonstrate uncompromised imaging performance of our fibre-laser based stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot-noise limited sensitivity and an imaging speed up to 1 frame/s.
Ground state of clean and defective graphene : Coulomb interactions, pair-distribution functions, and spin-polarized phases of massless Dirac fermions

First-principles density-functional calculations for graphene and defective graphene are used to examine when the quasi-two-dimensional electrons near the Fermi energy in graphene could be represented by massless fermions obeying a Dirac-Weyl (DW) equation. The DW model is found to be inapplicable to defective graphene containing even $\ensuremath{\sim}3%$ vacancies or N substitution. However, the DW model holds in the presence of weakly adsorbed molecular layers. The possibility of spin-polarized phases (SPP) of DW-massless fermions in pure graphene is considered. The exchange energy is evaluated from the analytic pair-distribution functions as well as in $k$ space. The kinetic energy enhancement of the sipn-polarized phase nearly cancels the exchange enhancement, and the correlation energy plays a dominant residual role. The correlation energies are estimated via a model four-component two-dimensional electron fluid whose Coulomb coupling matches that of graphene. While SPPs appear with exchange only, the inclusion of correlations suppresses them in ideal graphene.
A new method for calibrating perceptual salience across dimensions in infants: the case of color vs. luminance

We report a new method for calibrating differences in perceptual salience across feature dimensions, in infants. The problem of inter-dimensional salience arises in many areas of infant studies, but a general method for addressing the problem has not previously been described. Our method is based on a preferential looking paradigm, adapted to determine the relative salience of two stimuli. We report here on the case of stimuli differing in color and luminance, though the method has wider potential. We were able to determine on a psychophysical curve the point at which a color contrast was equally salient to infants as a given luminance contrast. We then used these calibrated, ‘iso-salient’ stimuli in an object memory study. Results showed that 6.5month-old infants noticed a color, but not a luminance, change while tracking an occluded object. Our method should have numerous applications in the study of bottom-up effects on infant attention and visual working memory. We identify and remember objects based on features such as shape, color and size. In studying how these abilities develop, researchers often wish to compare how readily infants detect changes in appearance along one feature dimension versus another; such a comparison gives insight into infants’ relative memory ability.
Late Wisconsinan drift stratigraphy of the Lake Michigan Lobe in southwestern Michigan

Three Lake Michigan Lobe till sheets are exposed in a 20- to 25-m-high section (Glenn Shores section) along the Lake Michigan shoreline in southwestern Michigan. The Glenn Shores till (lowest) is directly overlain by stratified silt, sand, and gravel containing organic material dated at 37,150 to >48,000 yr B.P. The Ganges till (middle) and Saugatuck till (uppermost) are overlain by lacustrine sediments. The three till units can be differentiated by the 7A/10A X-ray diffraction peak-height ratio of their clay size fraction. Clay-mineral analyses of more than 200 samples collected from moraines, till plains, and multi-till exposures 2 to 60 km inland suggest that Saugatuck till at the lakeshore is equivalent to till in the Lake Border Valparaiso, and Sturgis-Kalamazoo morainic systems, whereas Ganges till can be traced in the subsurface from the lakeshore to where it crops out within the Tekonsha Moraine. The presence of lacustrine sediments between Ganges and Saugatuck tills implies that a significant retreat (>60 km) of the Lake Michigan Lobe occurred between the formation of the Tekonsha Moraine and that of the Sturgis-Kalamazoo Morainic System. On the basis of morainal correlations, we propose that Saugatuck till correlates with Wadsworth Till in Illinois, whereas Ganges till probably correlates with the upper part of the Yorkville Till in Illinois.
Economic Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise Along the Northern U.S. Gulf Coast

ABSTRACT Thatcher, C.A.; Brock J.C., and Pendleton, E.A., 2013. Economic Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise Along the Northern U.S. Gulf Coast. In: Brock, J.C.; Barras, J.A., and Williams, S.J. (eds.), Understanding and Predicting Change in the Coastal Ecosystems of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 63, pp. 234–243, Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749–0208. The northern Gulf of Mexico coast of the United States has been identified as highly vulnerable to sea-level rise, based on a combination of physical and societal factors. Vulnerability of human populations and infrastructure to projected increases in sea level is a critical area of uncertainty for communities in the extremely low-lying and flat northern gulf coastal zone. A rapidly growing population along some parts of the northern Gulf of Mexico coastline is further increasing the potential societal and economic impacts of projected sea-level rise in the region, where observed relative rise rates range from 0.75...
Fractal Analysis of Toughening Behavior in 3BaO.5SiO2Glass‐Ceramics

The objective of this paper was to analyze the crystal aspect ratio (AR), the fracture toughness, and the fractal dimension of 3BaO.5SiO2 glass-ceramics and to relate the topography of fracture surfaces to fractal behavior. These analyses demonstrate that crystal morphology strongly affects the fracture path, the fracture toughness, and the fractal dimension. Fracture toughness increased from 0.7 ± 0.1 MPa.m1/2 for the glass to 2.2 ± 0.6 MPa.m1/2for the glass-ceramic with an AR of 8.1 while the fractal dimensional increment (D*) for the glass and the glass-ceramic increased from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.25 ± 0.02, respectively. The materials with lower aspect ratios (AR = 1.4 and 3.6) exhibited the predicted relationship between toughness and D* while the glass-ceramic with an aspect ratio of 8.1 did not satisfy the expected relationship because of multiple toughening mechanisms.
Information exchange in DiffServ pricing

Differentiated services can ensure that traffic on some codepoints receives higher quality of service (QoS) than traffic on other codepoints, but without additional mechanisms it cannot target any particular QoS. Congestion-based pricing has been suggested as a method to target QoS in other network architectures. Here, we investigate whether congestion-based pricing can be used to control aggregate traffic into each codepoint by motivating users to choose the codepoints appropriate for each application. We focus on what information needs to be exchanged in a distributed fashion and assert that both price and QoS information must be available for users to make decisions.
The Effects of HIV-1 Infection on Latent Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to infectious diseases in the world to- day, and it is increasing due to co-infection with HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS. Here, we examine the impact that HIV-1 infection has on persons with latent tuberculosis. Based on previ- ous work, we develop a mathematical model of an adaptive immune response in the lung which considers relevant immune effectors such as macrophages, various sub-populations of T-cells, and key cytokines to predict which mechanisms are important to HIV-1 infection induced reactivation of tuberculosis. Our results indicate that persons latently infected with TB who are subsequently co-infected with HIV-1 will suffer reactive TB. The mechanisms that contribute to this are essen- tially related to a completely different cytokine environment at the onset of HIV-1 infection due to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our analysis suggests that macrophages play an important role during co-infection and decreases in macrophage counts are coupled to a decline in CD4 + T-cells and increased viral loads. These mechanisms are also coupled to lower recruitment of T-cells and macrophages, compromising protective immunity in the lung and eventually leading to TB reactivation. These results point to potential targets for drug and vaccine therapies.
Effects of Grammaticality and Morphological Complexity on the P600 Event-Related Potential Component

We investigated interactions between morphological complexity and grammaticality on electrophysiological markers of grammatical processing during reading. Our goal was to determine whether morphological complexity and stimulus grammaticality have independent or additive effects on the P600 event-related potential component. Participants read sentences that were either well-formed or grammatically ill-formed, in which the critical word was either morphologically simple or complex. Results revealed no effects of complexity for well-formed stimuli, but the P600 amplitude was significantly larger for morphologically complex ungrammatical stimuli than for morphologically simple ungrammatical stimuli. These findings suggest that some previous work may have inadequately characterized factors related to reanalysis during morphosyntactic processing. Our results show that morphological complexity by itself does not elicit P600 effects. However, in ungrammatical circumstances, overt morphology provides a more robust and reliable cue to morphosyntactic relationships than null affixation.
Epistemic Presuppositions and their Consequences

Traditional epistemology has, in the main, presupposed that the primary task is to give a complete account of the concept knowledge and to state under what conditions it is possible to have it. In so doing, most accounts have been hierarchical, and all assume an idealized knower. The assumption of an ideal- ized knower is essential for the traditional goal of generating an unassailable account of knowledge acquisition. Yet we, as individuals, fail to reach the ideal. Perhaps more important, we have epistemic goals not addressed in the traditional approach - among them, the ability to reach understanding in areas we deem important for our lives. Understanding is an epistemic concept. But how we obtain it has not traditionally been a focus. Developing an epistemic account that starts from a set of assumptions that differ from the traditional starting points will allow a different sort of epistemic theory, one on which generating understanding is a central goal and the idealized knower is replaced with an inquirer who is not merely fallible but working from a particular context with particular goals. Insight into how an epistemic account can include the particular concerns of an embedded inquirer can be found by examining the parallels between ethics and epistemology and, in particular, by examining the structure and starting points of virtue accounts. Here I develop several interrelated issues that contrast the goals and evaluative concepts that form the structure of both standard, traditional epistemo- logical and ethical theories and virtue-centered theories. In the end, I sketch a virtue-centered epistemology that accords with who we are and how we gain understanding.
Initial Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Social Competence Scale

Objective: This study describes the development and validation of a perceived social competence scale that social workers can easily use to assess children's and youth's social competence. Method: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on a calibration and a cross-validation sample of youth. Predictive validity was also established. Results: A four-item measure, labeled the Perceived Social Competence Scale (PSCS), demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and factorial validity in samples of children and youth participating in youth development programs. Additionally, tests for gender invariance indicated that the PSCS worked equally well for males and females. The PSCS also demonstrated predictive validity, correlating positively with perceived belonging. Conclusion: Support was found for the PSCS as an empirically sound tool to assess children and youth's perceptions of social competence.
Deterrence and the Just Distribution of Harm

It is extraordinary, when one thinks about it, how little attention has been paid by theorists of the nature and justification of punishment to the idea that punishment is essentially a matter of self-defense. H. L. A. Hart, for example, in his famous “Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment,” is clearly committed to the view that, at bottom, there are just three directions in which a plausible theory of punishment can go: we can try to justify punishment on purely consequentialist grounds, which for Hart, I think, would be to try to construct a purely utilitarian justification of punishment; we can try to justify punishment on purely retributive grounds; or we can try to justify punishment on grounds that are some sort of shrewd combination of consequentialist and retributive considerations. Entirely absent from Hart's discussion is any consideration of the possibility that punishment might be neither a matter of maximizing the good, nor of exacting retribution for a wrongful act, nor of some imaginative combination of these things, but, rather, of something altogether different from either of them: namely, the exercise of a fundamental right of self-protection. Similarly, but much more recently, R. A. Duff, despite the fact that he himself introduces and defends an extremely interesting fourth possibility, begins his discussion by writing as though, apart from his contribution, there are available to us essentially just the options previously sketched by Hart. Again, there is no mention here, any more than in Hart's or any number of other recent discussions, of the possibility that we might be able to justify the institution of punishment on grounds that are indeed forward-looking, to use Hart's famous term, but that are not at all consequentialist in any ordinary sense of the word.
RAMANUJAN'S CONGRUENCES FOR THE PARTITION FUNCTION MODULO 5, 7, AND 11

Using Ramanujan's differential equations for Eisenstein series and an idea from Ramanujan's unpublished manuscript on the partition function p(n) and the tau function τ(n), we provide simple proofs of Ramanujan's congruences for p(n) modulo 5, 7, and 11.
Cost effective signal generators for ADC BIST

ADC in SOC usually has no connection to the outside. Built-in self-test is a good way to verify this block's performance. Stringent requirement of stimulus generator is the most important limitation of ADC BIST. Several methods of using stimulus with low linearity to test ADC with high linearity have been reported for standalone production test. These methods can be adapted for ADC BIST to reduce the BIST cost overhead. This paper investigates signal patterns that can be used in low cost BIST scheme. Two cost effective stimulus generator structures are presented. Simulation results shows that the generated signal with less than 7 bits linearity can be used to test a 16 bits ADC. The estimation errors of INL are less than 0.65 LSB.
Development of a Hybrid Element by using Sponge Core Soft Rubber Actuator

In this paper, we investigate a new type of hybrid element to realize a human-friendly support device. The element is a flexible actuator (called Sponge Core Soft Rubber Actuator) and its structure is a soft mechanism in which a sponge rubber is covered with silicone rubber. In addition to its actuation capability, the element can estimate external forces by making use of the relation between inner pressure and external force. Therefore, the element can be used as a hybrid element that has both actuator and force sensor functions. This paper discusses the hybrid element design, actuator characteristics, and force control and sensing abilities of the element. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the practical effectiveness of the proposed hybrid element.
Liberalizing Cross-Border Trade in Higher Education: The Coming Revolution of Online Universities

Recent developments in higher education, with leading institutions starting to offer courses online, suggest that the Internet is going to disrupt this industry, just as it has already disrupted the music and book industries and many others. We are entering a period of experimentation with new business models for higher education, with MOOCs (massive open online courses) the most prominent among these. At this early stage, it is not clear what the final product will look like. But regardless of the specific form the new industry will take, there is likely to be more competition, lower costs, and higher quality. This is great news for consumers of higher education.However, some existing institutions may fare badly in this transition and are likely to call for government support. This would happen even if higher education were exclusively a national market. But demands for government protection will be even stronger where foreign online competition is hurting traditional domestic institutions. With education now moving online, it has become tradeable across borders like never before. Until now, trade in education was fairly small in scope, limited mostly to students studying abroad and a few foreign branch campuses. The growth of online education will make international trade in higher education services far more common. And in response to this increasing trade, there are likely to be complaints about the impact of foreign competition on domestic institutions. We must resist these calls for protection. The great beneficiaries of the coming online revolution in higher education are people all around the world looking for access to better educational opportunities. We should embrace this new period of innovation in higher education, not try to hold it off. One way to promote free trade in higher education is with international trade agreements. Through these agreements, governments can make commitments not to discriminate against foreign online higher education programs. The past few decades have seen great progress in bringing down tariffs and other protectionist trade barriers through trade agreements. In order to bring the benefits of international competition to an important sector of the global economy, we should apply that same model to trade in higher education services.
Human Factors Engineering and Psychology in Highway Safety

Human factors engineering or human factors (HF), is one of several terms used to describe the art and science of systematically designing practical systems that include human operators or users, mechanisms or information, and environmental or situational constraints. The term, unfortunately, is interpreted very loosely by both the lay public and many non-HF specialists to include more general notions. In the discussion that follows, the engineering aspects of HF will be stressed. In this context, HF is the art of applying known principles of human perception and behavior (i.e., psychology) in the development of human-machine systems, so that the capabilities and limitations of the human are fully considered in the attempt to produce an efficient system capable of achieving its assigned goals within the expected environmental and social constraints.
Continuously Adjustable, Molecular-Sieving "Gate" on 5A Zeolite for Distinguishing Small Organic Molecules by Size

Zeolites/molecular sieves with uniform, molecular-sized pores are important for many adsorption-based separation processes. Pore size gaps, however, exist in the current zeolite family. This leads to a great challenge of separating molecules with size differences at ~0.01 nm level. Here, we report a novel concept, pore misalignment, to form a continuously adjustable, molecular-sieving “gate” at the 5A zeolite pore entrance without sacrificing the internal capacity. Misalignment of the micropores of the alumina coating with the 5A zeolite pores was related with and facilely adjusted by the coating thickness. For the first time, organic molecules with sub-0.01 nm size differences were effectively distinguished via appropriate misalignment. This novel concept may have great potential to fill the pore size gaps of the zeolite family and realize size-selective adsorption separation.
Tamm State-Coupled Emission: Effect of Probe Location and Emission Wavelength

We report the effect of the probe location and wavelength on the emission spatial distribution and spectral properties of fluorophores located on structures which display Tamm states. Our structure consists of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC)-that is, a multilayer structure of alternate high and low refractive index dielectrics-and a thin top silver film. Simulations show the presence of Tamm and surface plasmon modes in the structure. The electric field intensities for the Tamm modes are located mostly in the dielectric layer below the metal film. The corresponding field intensities for the surface plamon modes are located above the metal film in the distal side. Tamm states can be in resonance with the incident light normal or near normal to the surface, within the light line, and can be accessed without the use of a coupling prism or gratings. We investigated the emission spectra and angular distribution of the emission for probes located above and below the metal film to explore the interaction of fluorophores with Tamm plasmons and surface plasmons modes. Three probes were chosen with different overlap of the emission spectra with the Tamm modes. The fluorophores below the metal film coupled predominantly with the Tamm state and displayed more intense and only Tamm state-coupled emission (TSCE). Probes above the metal film display both surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) and Tamm state-coupled emission. In contrast to SPCE, which shows only KR, P-polarized emission, the Tamm states can display both S- and P-polarized emission and can be populated using both RK and KR illuminations. The TSCE angle is highly sensitive to wavelength, which suggests the use of Tamm structures to provide both directional emission and wavelength dispersion. The combination of plasmonic and photonic structures with directional emission close to surface normal offers the opportunities for new design formats for clinical testing, portable devices, and other fluorescence-based applications.
Nanowire heating by optical electromagnetic irradiation.

The dissipative absorption of electromagnetic energy by 1D nanoscale structures at optical frequencies is applicable to several important phenomena, including biomedical photothermal theranostics, nanoscale photovoltaic materials, atmospheric aerosols, and integrated photonic devices. Closed-form analytical calculations are presented for the temperature rise within infinite circular cylinders with nanometer-scale diameters (nanowires) that are irradiated at right angles by a continuous-wave laser source polarized along the nanowire’s axis. Solutions for the heat source are compared to both numerical finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations and well-known Mie scattering cross sections for infinite cylinders. The analysis predicts that the maximum temperature increase is affected not only by the cylinder’s composition and porosity but also by morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) that lead to significant spikes in the local temperature at particular diameters. Furthermore, silicon nanowires with hi...
Modulation of metal-metal separations in a series of Ag(I) and intensely blue photoluminescent Cu(I) NHC-bridged triangular clusters.

A series of picolyl-substituted NHC-bridged triangular complexes of Ag(I) and Cu(I) were synthesized upon reaction of the corresponding ligand precursors, [Him(CH2py)2]BF4 (1a), [Him(CH2py-3,4-(OMe)2)2]BF4 (1b), [Him(CH2py-3,5-Me2-4-OMe)2]BF4 (1c), [Him(CH2py-6-COOMe)2]BF4 (1d), and [HSim(CH2py)2]BF4 (1e), with Ag2O and Cu2O, respectively. Complexes [Cu3(im(CH2py)2)3](BF4)3 (2a), [Cu3(im(CH2py-3,4-(OMe)2)2)3](BF4)3 (2b), [Cu3(im(CH2py-3,5-Me2-4-OMe)2)3](BF4)3, (2c), [Ag3(im(CH2py-3,4-(OMe)2)2)3](BF4)3, (3b), [Ag3(im(CH2py-3,5-Me2-4-OMe)2)3](BF4)3 (3c), [Ag3(im(CH2py-6-COOMe)2)3](BF4)3 (3d), and [Ag3(Sim(CH2py)2)3](BF4)3 (3e) were easily prepared by this method. Complex 2e, [Cu3(Sim(CH2py)2)3](BF4)3, was synthesized by a carbene-transfer reaction of 3e, [Ag3(Sim(CH2py)2)3](BF4)3, with CuCl in acetonitrile. The ligand precursor 1d did not react with Cu2O. All complexes were fully characterized by NMR, UV–vis, and luminescence spectroscopies and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Complexes 2a–2c, 2e, and 3b–...
The psychological mechanism of simile and metaphor

As speech products triggered by specific rhetorical practice to express specific thought and feelings, and a special dynamic forms of figurative speech whose psychological mechanism is closely related to that of primitive thinking and children's thinking in the fact that similarities between information of different objects are sensed, upon entering the addresser's brain and being transmitted to the nerve center for processing, and such sensed similarities are consequently employed to express associated thoughts and feelings. Similarities and differ-ences are thus essential factors of which similar and metaphor are made of .
Household Sanitation Conditions in Rural Areas of Sichuan in 2011

Objective To clarity the environmental health hazard factors in rural households and evaluate the health related environmental conditions with the aim of providing basic data and technical support for control measures.Methods Totally 5083 households were selected with stratified random sampling methods from 1020 administrative villages of 51 counties throughout the province.Field investigation was carried out in these families and they were surveyed with forms uniformly made under the National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance.Results A proportion of 56.77% drinking water in rural families in the province was well water,and tap water accounted for 25.97%;80.05% families drank boiled water and 3.43% drank un-boiled water.Over 90% families had constant garbage discarding places,while 9.26% casually discard the garbage.The most way of sewage discharging was open trench(43.39%) and the most sewage discharging site was farmland(40.74%);68.97% families had different types of sanitary latrines.The main fecal treatment way was directly fertilizing(57.98%);30% rural families' kitchen were seriously propagated with cockroaches;49.67% families had mice traces.For 71.42% of the families,flies were found in their kitchens.Conclusion The penetration of central water supply still stays at a low level in rural families in the province.A few rural families have poor drinking habits.The domestic garbage and sewage in rural families are lack of management.The penetration of sanitary latrines still stays low.The sanitary condition of the family kitchens in rural area is worrisome.In all,the environmental sanitation in rural areas of the province needs further improvement.
A new fuel management plan for the Pennsylvania State University Triga reactor including supporting experiments and calculations

The Pennsylvania State University Breazeale (TRIGA) Reactor (PSBR) has operated for 25 yr (440 MWd) using a mixed 12 wt% ZrH x -U and 8.5 wt% ZrH x -U fuel configuration (both enriched to 20 wt% 235 U, and x, the ratio of H to Zr, is nominally 1.65). In this configuration, the most reactive 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel is always in the B-ring. The B-ring is the innermost hexagonal ring, incorporating 6 fuel elements, and the C-ring is the next outward ring, having 12 fuel elements. PSBR experience during pulsing and steady-state operation indicates that with these configurations the maximum fuel temperatures should be reduced in order to extend the useful life of the 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel. This is because during the past 10 yr, the fuel temperatures of the new fuel have been significantly higher than the original fuel. The instrumented fuel element (I-15) loaded into the core ∼10 yr ago and the most recent batch offresh 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel elements (six total, including 1-16 and I-17) measured temperatures more than 100°C higher than any previous instrumented fuel element. Subsequent pulsing of I-15 increased its measured fuel temperature to where it began to approach the limiting safety system setting. Recent pulsing of 1-16 and 1-17 caused their steady-state fuel temperatures to decrease slightly, but they remain high. The new fuel management plan reduces these fuel temperatures by replacing the used 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel in the C-ring with fresh 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel. The 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel in the B-ring is replaced with 8.5 wt% ZrH x -U fuel. Experiments have been performed to verify the predicted core parameters for the new plan. The lifetime of the new 12 wt% ZrH x -U fuel should now be limited by its maximum allowed burnup, which has not occurred so far.
A General Framework for Considering Selection Bias in EHR-Based Studies: What Data are Observed and Why?

Electronic health records (EHR) data are increasingly seen as a resource for cost-effective comparative effectiveness research (CER). Since EHR data are collected primarily for clinical and/or billing purposes, their use for CER requires consideration of numerous methodologic challenges including the potential for confounding bias, due to a lack of randomization, and for selection bias, due to missing data. In contrast to the recent literature on confounding bias in EHR-based CER, virtually no attention has been paid to selection bias possibly due to the belief that standard methods for missing data can be readily-applied. Such methods, however, hinge on an overly simplistic view of the available/missing EHR data, so that their application in the EHR setting will often fail to completely control selection bias. Motivated by challenges we face in an on-going EHR-based comparative effectiveness study of choice of antidepressant treatment and long-term weight change, we propose a new general framework for selection bias in EHR-based CER. Crucially, the framework provides structure within which researchers can consider the complex interplay between numerous decisions, made by patients and health care providers, which give rise to health-related information being recorded in the EHR system, as well as the wide variability across EHR systems themselves. This, in turn, provides structure within which: (i) the transparency of assumptions regarding missing data can be enhanced, (ii) factors relevant to each decision can be elicited, and (iii) statistical methods can be better aligned with the complexity of the data.
The POWER2 processor

The IBM POWER2 is a second-generation, multi-chip superscalar RISC processor. It provides dual branch processing units, dual fixed-point units, dual floating-point units, and advanced superscalar techniques. It is capable of executing 6 instructions per cycle and 8 operations per cycle. The processor also provides large caches, long cache lines, and high bandwidth buses to memory and I/O. >
Cetacean acoustic detections from free-floating vertical hydrophone arrays in the southern California Current

Drifting acoustic recorders were deployed in the southern California Current during Fall 2014. Two hydrophones configured as a 2-m vertical array at 100 m depth recorded using a 192 kHz sample rate on a 10% duty cycle (2 min/20 min). Beaked whales were detected in 33 of 8618 two-minute recordings. Sperm whales were detected in 185 recordings, and dolphins in 2291 recordings. Many beaked whales detected were over an abyssal plain and not associated with slope or seamount features. Results show the feasibility of using free-floating recording systems to detect a variety of cetacean species over periods of several months.
Development of two-dimensional biomechanical modeling of the thumb for pipetting

The aim of this study is to develop a two-dimensional biomechanical static thumb model based on the posture of the hand using pipette. This model used hand anatomy and static equilibrium conditions...
Press-pulse: a novel therapeutic strategy for the metabolic management of cancer

A shift from respiration to fermentation is a common metabolic hallmark of cancer cells. As a result, glucose and glutamine become the prime fuels for driving the dysregulated growth of tumors. The simultaneous occurrence of “Press-Pulse” disturbances was considered the mechanism responsible for reduction of organic populations during prior evolutionary epochs. Press disturbances produce chronic stress, while pulse disturbances produce acute stress on populations. It was only when both disturbances coincide that population reduction occurred. This general concept can be applied to the management of cancer by creating chronic metabolic stresses on tumor cell energy metabolism (press disturbance) that are coupled to a series of acute metabolic stressors that restrict glucose and glutamine availability while also stimulating cancer-specific oxidative stress (pulse disturbances). The elevation of non-fermentable ketone bodies protect normal cells from energy stress while further enhancing energy stress in tumor cells that lack the metabolic flexibility to use ketones as an efficient energy source. Mitochondrial abnormalities and genetic mutations make tumor cells vulnerable metabolic stress. The press-pulse therapeutic strategy for cancer management is illustrated with calorie restricted ketogenic diets (KD-R) used together with drugs and procedures that create both chronic and intermittent acute stress on tumor cell energy metabolism, while protecting and enhancing the energy metabolism of normal cells. Optimization of dosing, timing, and scheduling of the press-pulse therapeutic strategy will facilitate the eradication of tumor cells with minimal patient toxicity. This therapeutic strategy can be used as a framework for the design of clinical trials for the non-toxic management of most cancers.
“Rigor for What?” Social Studies Teacher Conceptions and Enactments of Instructional Rigor

ABSTRACTTaken from a larger qualitative study, this article argues that rather than an encompassing uniform definition, rigor, as understood and enacted by social studies teachers, exists on a complicated spectrum. Teacher placement on this spectrum was influenced by teacher life experience, teacher interpretation of student need, pedagogy employed, how content should be used, and the role of the teacher in the lives of students. How rigor is conceived and enacted by social studies teachers can have a profound impact on the types of citizens schools nurture and develop and the role school can play in the lives of students.
Employed Parents of Children Receiving Mental Health Services: Caregiver Strain and Work-Life Integration

Applying conservation of resources theory, we examined employment engagement (i.e., months of employment, hours worked per week, days of work missed due to the child’s challenges) among caregivers ...
Valuing environmental education as a cultural ecosystem service at Hudson River Park

Abstract The Hudson River and its estuary is once again an ecologically, economically, and culturally functional component of New York City’s natural environment. The estuary's cultural significance may derive largely from environmental education, including marine science programs for the public. These programs are understood as “cultural” ecosystem services but are rarely evaluated in economic terms. We estimated the economic value of the Hudson River Park’s environmental education programs. We compiled data on visits by schools and summer camps from 32 New York City school districts to the Park during the years 2014 and 2015. A “travel cost” approach was adapted from the field of environmental economics to estimate the value of education in this context. A small—but conservative—estimate of the Park’s annual education program benefits ranged between $7500 and 25,500, implying an average capitalized value on the order of $0.6 million. Importantly, organizations in districts with high proportions of minority students or English language learners were found to be more likely to participate in the Park’s programs. The results provide an optimistic view of the benefits of environmental education focused on urban estuaries, through which a growing understanding of ecological systems could lead to future environmental improvements.