cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhetorical Appeals of Professional Designers in Decision-Making Sessions

Research problem: No study has observed the argumentative choices and appeals used by professional designers to support their claims as they engage in decision-making sessions. In particular, we do not know how user-derived data are applied by professional designers in their decision-making arguments. Research questions: (1) What kinds of evidence and appeals do advocates of user-centered design use when supporting claims within design decision-making sessions? (2) How do evidence and appeals used by professional designers compare to evidence and appeals used by previously studied novice designers? Literature review: Previous research of user-centered design that also incorporates data-driven personas has concluded that while some observed groups dedicated to user-centered design see personas as a way to further improve upon user-centered design methods, personas rarely become an integrated part of the design process and are often not incorporated in recommended ways. Prior research of decision-making within the design process has concluded that decision-making is a highly variable, but often deeply collaborative activity that can be assessed through a variety of argumentative lenses, including the Toulmin model of argument. Methodology: In this case study, a one-week, onsite exploratory observation was conducted in the workplace of professional designers. All meetings were recorded and subsequently transcribed. Postobservation interviews were also conducted with the participants. A discourse-based analysis was conducted on the transcriptions to identify the various types of rhetorical appeals and evidence used by the designers during their decision-making meetings. Results and conclusions: This onsite observation found that this particular group of designers supported about 50% of their claims with evidence, with 5.1% of the evidence in support of a claim referencing user data, and 33.4% of evidence in support of a claim referencing the designer's own opinion. These results suggest, among other things, that personas (the key user-centered design tool used by the observed group) are perhaps not necessarily a helpful rhetorical tool for persuasion in decision-making meetings, that designers who conduct user research are more likely to reference user data in support of claims, that these designers might have a broad notion of what constitutes user data, and that prior experience can serve as a powerful persuasive force. In addition, appeals to user data were the least common type of appeal employed by the novice and professional designers. However, this exploratory study is limited by the condensed observation time and its single group of designers. Future studies may use the methodology established here to explore the uses of evidence of additional groups.
NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS IN STRESS AND DEPRESSION

Based on the extensive characterization of communication pathways between the nervous system and the immune system, there has been increasing interest in the impact of the nervous system on the development and expression of disorders involving the immune system and the contribution of the immune system to psychiatric disease. A vast literature has documented the impact of various stressors on a wide array of immune partners, and the specific neuroendocrine pathways involved have been elucidated. The impact of cytokines on neuroendocrine function and behavior has also been determined, and the relevance of cytokines to the pathophysiology of depression has become an exciting new research frontier. This article provides a foundation for integrating neuroendocrine-immune interactions into the formulation of neuropsychiatric and immunologic disease.
Women Deliver for Development

There is a large amount of research into maternal health as a health issue, but maternal health as a development issue has been less explored. This Review analyses the evidence from the past 20 years on the links between maternal health and development to examine maternal health within a development framework. We note that although existing evidence suggests that these links are strong, further research is needed to definitively substantiate how and to what extent maternal health and development affect each other. Further, we find that progress and investment in maternal health have lagged far behind estimates of what is needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Differential requirement of the epidermal growth factor receptor for G protein-mediated activation of transcription factors by lysophosphatidic acid

Background The role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in provoking biological actions of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been one of the most disputed subjects in the field of GPCR signal transduction. The purpose of the current study is to identify EGFR-mediated mechanisms involved in activation of G protein cascades and the downstream transcription factors by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).
INDUCTION FURNACE FOR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE CERAMIC RESEARCH

A vacuum induction furnace for high-temperature research is described. With the use of molybdenum units, temperatures up to 2300°C. may be obtained.
The Effects of Market-Enabling Internet Agents on Competition and Prices

The Internet offers a vision of ubiquitous electronic commerce. A particularly useful feature is the ability to automate the search for price or other information across multiple vendors by using an “agent” to retrieve relevant information. The use of agents has the potential to dramatically reduce buyers’ search costs. We develop a framework that suggests that vendors who sell products with many differentiating factors beyond price will tend to accept agents, while vendors of commodities or branded goods will tend to resist them unless they have lower costs than their competitors. Empirically, we found that agents seem to be accepted for differentiated goods, but resisted for more commoditized goods, though not universally. An analysis of prices from one agent shows that 1) a small number of vendors tended to have the lowest prices and 2) while divergence in pricing remains, price dispersion declined over the period studied.
Hormonal and Behavioral Attachment Responses in Infant Guinea Pigs

Infant guinea pigs, 11/12 and 18/19 days of age, exhibited high rates of vocalizing and increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol when separated from their mothers for 30 min in a novel environment (unfamiliar cage in an unfamiliar room). Levels of vocalizations and plasma cortisol were significantly reduced when the pup was exposed to the novel environment with its own conscious or anesthetized mother, but not when it was exposed with an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Pups spent equivalent amounts of time in physical contact with their own conscious mother, their own anesthetized mother and an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Unexpectedly, when the unfamiliar cage was placed in an environmental chamber during separation, pups showed negligible increases in vocalizations and plasma cortisol levels, even when administered footshock just prior to exposure. These findings demonstrate that guinea pig pups exhibit adrenocorticoid as well as behavioral responses to maternal separation, provide further evidence for the existence of filial attachment in this species, and document an unexpected role of the test environment in determining responses during maternal separation. The guinea pig may afford a rodent model for examining the effects of attachment-object separation on the activity of the pituitary-adrenal system.
Trends in 393 necrotizing acute soft tissue infection patients 2000–2008 ☆

Abstract Objective To determine the outcomes effect of changing trends in patients with necrotizing acute soft tissue infections (NASTI) 2000–2008. Methods A single institution retrospective chart review of all patients treated for NASTI. Results There were 393 patients with mean age 50 years, diabetes 53%, % body surface area excised 3.5. Wounds were located on: extremity 57%, perineum 40%, trunk 26%. Wound cultures %: polymicrobial=62, Staphylococci=48, Streptococci=31. Patients developing complications %: Pulmonary=23, renal insufficiency/failure=27. During the study period, overall mortality rate remained unchanged: 30/393=7.6% (5.5% for patients first admitted by burn/trauma/acute care surgery vs. 29% for all other services, p =0.003). Significant annual increases were found in number of patients, p =0.03, male sex, p =0.000, transfer from outside hospital, p p =0.003, ventilator requirement >24h, p =0.0005, APACHE II p =0.002, and number of patients developing any complication, p =0.04. Statistically significant decreases annually were found in: days of antibiotic use, p =0.008, number of operations required for excision, p =0.02, development of non-wound infections, p =0.002, and length of stay in days (LOS), p =0.03. Conclusions This is the largest cohort of NASTI patients from a single institution to date, demonstrating significantly shorter LOS and decreased non-wound infection rates in the face of increasing BMI and APACHE II scores. The increasing number of patients and BMI suggests a causal relationship between NASTI and obesity. Initial care by surgeons experienced in caring for these patients provides mortality rates well below the national average.
Teaching glucocorticoid negative feedback and adrenocortical regulation using a classic paper by Dr. Dwight Ingle.

Teaching glucocorticoid negative feedback and adrenocortical regulation using a classic paper by Dr. Dwight Ingle. Adv Physiol Educ29: 141–143, 2005; doi:10.1152/advan.00020.2005.—The American Phys...
Controls on Geochemical Expression of Subaerial Exposure in Ordovician Limestones from the Nashville Dome, Tennessee, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Stable-isotope and trace-element data from 301 samples in six stratigraphic sections largely support previous inferences of subaerial exposure at third-order sequence boundaries in Mohawkian and Cincinnatian limestones of the Nashville Dome. They also reveal the presence of previously unrecognized surfaces of subaerial exposure. For example, evidence of subaerial exposure at the tops of parasequences suggests that at least some of the latter are better interpreted as high-frequency sequences. Clusters of surfaces of subaerial exposure near some previously interpreted sequence boundaries suggest that the latter may represent sequence boundary zones. Some surfaces of subaerial exposure are at neither recognized sequence boundaries nor parasequence boundaries and may represent missed beats in which sea-level fluctuations are preserved geochemically but not recognized on stratigraphic criteria. Recognition of these unexpected surfaces of subaerial exposure may in part depend on the close spacing of samples used in this study. Different sequence boundaries exhibit different degrees of geochemical alteration, and more extensive alteration appears to characterize sequence boundaries of greater temporal significance. Overprinting of exposure surfaces is controlled by accommodation rate, in that meteoric alteration (as suggested by low C isotope composition and Sr concentration) is seemingly pervasive in an interval of slow accommodation but not in an interval of rapid accommodation. 18O values show little relationship to exposure surfaces in these strata, so that Sr-13C plots are more useful than 18O-13C plots in recognizing meteoric diagenesis in aggregated data. In this data set, 13C excursions interpreted to result from pedogenic processes are at most 2.4 ‰ and extend at most only 1.5 meters below exposure surfaces, less than the extent of such signatures in younger carbonates. Such minima are best developed in paleo-lowland and paleo-coastal settings, and they are essentially unrecognizable in paleo-inland settings where more section was removed by lowstand and transgressive erosion.
Can serum isotope levels accurately measure intestinal calcium absorption compared to gold-standard methods?

Low fractional calcium absorption (FCA) contributes to osteoporosis but is not measured clinically, as the gold-standard method requires administration of two calcium tracers and a subsequent 24-h urine collection. We evaluated alternate methods to measure FCA, compared to the gold standard method. We administered two stable calcium isotope tracers (~8 mg oral 44Ca and ~3 mg intravenous 42Ca) with breakfast to 20 fasting post-menopausal women (Cohort 1) 59 ± 7 years old with vitamin D insufficiency. We measured subsequent calcium isotope concentrations in 24-h urine samples and serum collected 1, 3 and 5 h post tracer administration during an inpatient research stay. We assessed the candidate serum estimates in a second cohort of 9 women with similar characteristics. Methods of measuring FCA were compared using correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman tests. FCA estimated from a 3-h serum sample correlated highest with the levels from the 24-h urine collection (ρ 0.78, p < 0.001), but explained only 58 % of the variance in FCA. The total variance explained by 3-h estimates improved to 61 % with incorporation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). FCA estimates from the 3-h serum measurement were assessed in a second group of nine women (Cohort 2) 60 ± 7 years old. In this cohort, however, FCA estimated by 3-h serum isotope levels did not correlate with gold-standard FCA measurements, whether determined with (ρ 0.02, p = 0.97) or without GFR values (ρ 0.03, p = 0.93). By contrast, FCA in Cohort 2 correlated best with 5-h serum isotope levels (ρ 0.75, p = 0.02). We conclude that serum isotope levels correlate with true fractional calcium absorption, but do not reliably estimate FCA when analyzed using Bland-Altman tests, compared to gold-standard methods. ClinicalTrials.gov.Identifier: NCT00933244
The practitioner from within: revisiting the virtues

Traditionally the study of computer ethics involves taking students who are not philosophically trained, exposing them to action-guiding theories, presenting them with the codes of ethics of several companies and professional organizations and asking them to make ethical decisions in scenario-based cases. This approach is deliberately action-based and focuses on doing. "What would you do?" is the traditional question we ask our students. While this pedagogical methodology forces them to examine situations and argue from a particular point of view, it does little to influence their character. They see the utilitarian or deontologist as someone other than themselves. There seems to be very little internalization of these action-based theories.Virtue Ethics offers character-forming theory that has been more successful with my students than the action-based theories of computer ethics texts. Why? Virtue Ethics is directed toward character development. The focus is on being rather than doing. It presents a good heuristic or approach to the problem of moral agency. Virtue ethics offers a way of teaching self-reflection through narratives that focus on core values, heroes and moral exemplars. It is grounded in practical wisdom. It is experiential, learning to care about the self, others, the community, living the good life, flourishing and striving for moral excellence. It offers a model for the development of character and personal ethics which will lead to professional ethics. Yet, the strict Virtue Ethics espoused by Aristotle has its limitations. This paper will explore the need for a more integrative approach to contemporary moral theory, one that may be found by revisiting the virtues through the works of Aristotle and Kant. It will offer insight into translating theory into practice for students of computer science and information technology.
Ectoparasites of Propithecus diadema (Primates: Indriidae) With Notes on Unusual Attachment Site Selection by Haemaphysalis lemuris (Parasitiformes: Ixodidae)

An examination of ectoparasite loads in two populations of wild diademed sifakas, Propithecus diadema Bennett, yielded seven species-four mite species, a louse, a hippoboscid fly, and a leech. Prevalence of the tick Haemaphysalis lemuris Hoogstraal, the mites Liponyssella madagascariensis (Hirst) and Lemuralges propithecus Bochkov et al., and the louse Trichophilopterus babakotophilus Stobbe was quite high, at least 20%. H. lemuris was the most common ectoparasite in one population, while completely absent in a second one. When present, the most common attachment site for H. lemuris males was in the nares of their hosts.
Noise-tolerant quantum MOS circuits using resonant tunneling devices

Resonant tunneling devices are promising candidates for comingling with traditional CMOS circuits, yielding better performance in terms of reduced silicon area, faster circuit speeds, lower power consumption, and improved circuit noise margin. These resonant tunneling devices have several intrinsic merits that include: high current density, low intrinsic capacitance, the negative differential resistance effect, and relative ease of fabrication. In this paper, we briefly describe some circuit configurations of Silicon quantum MOS logic family, with a special emphasis on noise-tolerant design that is now becoming an important constraint for robust and reliable operation of very deep submicron VLSI chips. More specifically, we discuss a novel strategy to incorporate quantum-tunneling devices into mainstream dynamic CMOS circuits with a view to improving the noise immunity of the latter. Dynamic CMOS circuits are rampantly used in modern high-performance VLSI chips achieving the best tradeoff between circuit speed, silicon area, and power consumption. However, they are inherently less noise-tolerant than their static CMOS counterparts. With the continuously deteriorating noise margins due to aggressive down scaling of the CMOS fabrication technologies, the performance overhead due to existing remedial noise-tolerant circuit techniques becomes prohibitively high. In this paper, we propose a novel method that utilizes the negative differential resistance property of quantum tunneling devices. The performance and noise immunity of the proposed circuits are evaluated through both analytical studies and SPICE simulations. We demonstrate that the noise tolerance of dynamic CMOS circuits can be greatly improved with very little degradation in circuit speed. The benefit of the proposed technique is evident even for currently available Silicon-based resonant tunneling devices with a relatively small peak-to-valley current ratio.
Anomalous magnetic relaxation in ferritin

We report measurements in natural horse-spleen ferritin that provide a detailed mapping of the blocking temperature, TB , as a function of magnetic field over a broad range up to 20 kOe. Unlike most superparamagnetic materials where it decreases with applied field, TB increases with increasing field at small fields, reaching a maximum at ’3 kOe before exhibiting the expected decrease. The hysteresis loops are anomalously ‘‘pinched’’ near zero field. Both observations are consistent with an effective energy barrier that is smaller at zero field than in small finite fields. This may arise from tunneling between pairs of states on opposite sides of the anisotropy barrier that are in resonance in zero magnetic field, regardless of particle size. However, direct measurements of the magnetic viscosity yield ambiguous results, leaving open other possible explanations. @S0163-1829~97!06441-2#
Wall-vorticity flux dynamics in a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer

Four high-frequency-response pressure transducers with 10 viscous units resolution each have been used to obtain simultaneously the fluctuating pressure gradients at the wall of a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer and then to compute the vorticity flux away from the wall. Since the viscous force on an element of incompressible fluid is determined by the local vorticity gradients, understanding of their dynamical characteristics is essential in identifying the turbulent structure. Extremely high and low amplitudes of both vorticity gradients have been observed which contribute significantly to their statistics although they have low probability of appearance. The r.m.s. of the vorticity flux when scaled with inner wall variables depends very strongly on the Reynolds number, indicating a breakdown of this type of scaling. The application of a small threshold to the data indicated two preferential directions of the vorticity flux vector. An attempt has been made to identify these high- and low-amplitude signals with physical phenomena associated with bursting-sweep processes. Vortical structures carrying bipolar vorticity are the dominant wall structures which are associated with the violent events characterized by large fluctuations of vorticity flux.
Population Dynamics of Meadow Voles and Feral House Mice on a Dredge Disposal Site

Abstract We examined population dynamics of two species of small mammals, Mus musculus (house mouse) and Microtus pennsylvanicus, (meadow vole), in a highly disturbed dredge disposal site in eastern Virginia. Using mark-release-recapture methods, we trapped for 2 d three times per month for 13 mo, during which density of M. musculus declined from 104/ha to 37/ha and meadow vole density gradually increased from 8/ha to 41/ha. In all, 535 small mammals of seven species were trapped, with Mus constituting 65% and Microtus 28% of marked animals. Across the study, sex ratios were unity for house mice but nearly 1.5:1 favoring males for Microtus. Both species suspended breeding in winter, Microtus for slightly longer. Four habitat types on the 0.73-ha study grid were differentially used, less so by Mus than by Microtus. Populations of both species increased more through immigration than by breeding, and lifespans on the study grid were short, suggesting high levels of mobility for both populations. These attrib...
Use of thermal imaging to estimate the population sizes of Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, maternity roosts in Oklahoma

Abstract We used thermal imaging to estimate the sizes of the four major Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) maternity populations in Oklahoma during the summer of 2010 and 2011. The four Oklahoma maternity caves were Merrihew Bat Cave which averaged 66,708 bats, Reed Bat Cave which averaged 165,057 bats, Selman Bat Cave which averaged 54,238 bats, and Vickery Bat Cave which averaged 84,252 bats for all emergences. This study suggests there is a sizable difference in the thermal imaging population size estimates of free-tailed bats at Oklahoma maternity roosts compared to historical estimates using other methods. These differences might be due to the improved accuracy of thermal imaging, or because there is a real decline in bat numbers in Oklahoma, or both.
Elucidating the role of Neuropilin-1 in intra-tumoral regulatory T cell stability

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an integral role in the adaptive immune system through suppression of self-reactive immune responses in order to prevent autoimmunity and maintain homeostasis. However, they are deleterious in cancer through suppression of the anti-tumor immune response. In fact, we show that deletion of 50% of Tregs results in normal tumor growth. Therefore, it is advantageous to understand the role of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment in order to create targeted cancer therapies. Our lab has shown that the Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) pathway is required for Treg stability in the tumor microenvironment, but is disposable for maintaining immune homeostasis in the periphery, identifying it as a prime therapeutic target. In order to further understand the role of Nrp1-deficient Tregs intratumorally, we constructed a competitive environment by utilizing Foxp3, which is located on the X chromosome, and as a result of X-inactivation, female Foxp3Cre-YFP heterozygous mice are cellular heterozygotes. We generated Nrp1L/LFoxp3Cre-YFP/+ heterozygous mice comprised of 50% WT Tregs and 50% Nrp1-deficient Tregs. Surprisingly, when given B16 melanoma, heterozygous mice phenocopyNrp1L/LFoxp3Cre-YFP homozygous mice (Figure ​(Figure1A).1A). This suggests that Nrp1-deficient Tregs are playing an active role in shifting the anti-tumor immune response by destabilizing surrounding WT Tregs as determined by DNA methylation status (Figure ​(Figure1B).1B). Neither WT nor Nrp1-deficient Tregs in the tumor from Nrp1L/LFoxp3Cre-YFP/+ mice can suppress in a standard microsuppression assay ex vivo, unlike WT Tregs from Foxp3Cre-YFP mice. Through various co-culture experiments, we revealed that destabilization of WT Tregs is possibly due to a soluble factor derived from Nrp1-deficient Tregs. Our data revealed that Nrp1-deficient Tregs produce large amounts of IFNγ in the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, when treated with IFNγ, WT Tregs lose suppressive capacity. In order to uncover potential novel pathways leading to this phenotype, we are performing global transcript studies using RNASeq. Overall, we have shown that Nrp1 is required for intratumoral Treg stability, and in its absence, there is an alteration in the tumor microenvironment, leading to an enhanced anti-tumor immune response. These studies uncover a novel potential target for future cancer immunotherapies that preserves peripheral immune health. Figure 1
Prehospital supplemental oxygen in trauma patients: its efficacy and implications for military medical care.

ABSTRACT Despite its near-universal use, few data exist to support the efficacy of prehospital supplemental oxygen (PH O2) in trauma patients. Data were reviewed from 5,090 patients not requiring assisted ventilation who were transported to our level I trauma center. Of these, 2,203 (43.3%) received PH O2 and 2,887 (56.7%) did not. Patients who received PH O2 had higher mortality than those without PH O2 (2.3% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.011). When corrected for Injury Severity Score, mechanism of injury, and age, those receiving PH O2 fared worse or no better than those who did not receive it. This suggests that supplemental oxygen does not improve survival in traumatized patients who are not in respiratory distress. This has implications for the management of casualties in combat or austere environments.
Kinetics studies of the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with series of 1-alkenes, dienes, cycloalkenes, alkenols, and alkenals.

The gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with series of 1-alkenes, dienes, cycloalkenes, alkenols, and alkenals were studied in pure N2 or 20% O2/80% N2 bath gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using a relative rates technique. Rate coefficients were derived from rates of loss of the organic compounds observed using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. No difference in the measured kinetic data was observed in the presence or absence of O2. The rate coefficients obtained (k (10–13 cm3 molecule–1 s–1), with uncertainties representing 95% confidence intervals) are as follows: 1-hexene, 0.233 ± 0.021; 1-heptene, 0.245 ± 0.029; 1-octene, 0.292 ± 0.044; 1,3-butadiene, 1.24 ± 0.09; isoprene, 6.24 ± 0.11; 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 14.1 ± 0.5; 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 112 ± 8; cyclopentene, 4.82 ± 0.13; cyclohexene, 5.38 ± 0.20; cycloheptene, 5.28 ± 0.23; 2-buten-1-ol (crotyl alcohol), 3.23 ± 0.12; cis-2-penten-1-ol, 3.11 ± 0.11; cis-2-hexen-1-ol, 3.81 ± 0.38; trans-2-pentenal, 0.193 ± 0.040; trans-2...
Developing Efficacy Beliefs for Ethics and Diversity Management

Business schools are increasingly expected to prepare students to deal with ethics and diversity issues in organizational life. To do so, students need both the requisite skills and the belief that...
Investigation of Number of Children, Number of Parents, Tournament Size, and Elitism in Genetic Algorithms

The Genetic Algorithm (GA) can provide a means to solve many difficult optimization problems, notably problems with multi-modal and/or discontinuous functions. The GA can also address combinatorial (mixed discrete and continuous design variable) optimization problems. However, in providing these capabilities, the GA generally requires a large number of function evaluations. Many variations of the GA have been posed to reduce the computational cost and improve the solutions obtained. Among the intriguing options are: varying the number of designs considered in the tournament selection operator, varying the number of parents and children used in the crossover operator, and varying the number of elite individuals passed from one generation to the next. To examine the effects of these variations for a wide range of problem types, an investigation was made using several different problems, including multi-modal, highly constrained, and combinatorial problems. The results appear to be somewhat problem dependent, but a few general observations and conclusions can be made about these variations.
A 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-azaborine Debuts

We present the first synthesis and characterization of a 1,3-dihydro-1,3-azaborine, a long-sought BN isostere of benzene. 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-azaborine is a stable structural motif with considerable aromatic character as evidenced by structural analysis and its reaction chemistry. Single crystal X-ray analysis indicates bonding consistent with significant electron delocalization. 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-azaborines also undergo nucleophilic substitutions at boron and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In view of the versatility and impact of aromatic compounds in the biomedical field and in materials science, the present study further expands the available chemical space of arenes via BN/CC isosterism.
"We few of an infinite multitude": John Hales, Parliament, and the gendered politics of the early Elilzabethan succession.

Towards the end of the 1563 Parliamentary session, John Hales, Clerk of the Hanaper and an M.P. sitting for the Borough of Lancaster, wrote and circulated a tract entitled, A Declaration of the Succession of the Crowne Imperiall of Ingland. In this work, Hales argued that until such time as Queen Elizabeth married and produced an heir, the law clearly designated a successor—Catherine Grey, the leading Protestant claimant and heir according to the terms of Henry VIII’s will, which had been enacted into law. The leading Catholic claimant, and heir by strict hereditary descent, Mary Stuart, was, Hales contended, legally ineligible to succeed to the throne. Crucially, Hales concluded that in the face of inadequate governance by a female monarch wherein the queen violated the law regarding the succession, Parliament would become the rightful body to exercise the queen’s governing power for the good of the people.
Evaluation of Patients Between 10 and 40 Years of Age (Young Patient)

In contrast to the adult patient, the differential diagnosis in the young patient is completely different. In young patients, osteosarcoma and Ewing’s tumor are the most common malignancies, while osteomyelitis and eosinophilic granuloma are common benign causes of a destructive lesion. Occasionally, leukemia and lymphoma can be causes of a destructive lesion. In contrast to the adult patient where the evaluation usually precedes biopsy, in the young patient biopsy is often done after the radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging has been performed. The treatment is often different for the different lesions.
The Examination of Loratadine-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Method

Objective β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) was used to prepare Loratadine inclusion.Method Orthogonal test method was applied to modify the process and choose the best inclusion condition.Results The inclusion optimum process conditions of Loratadine-β-cyclodextrin's inclusion complexes for the consumption of loratadine is 12.5% at 55℃ for stirring 30 min.Conclusion This loratadine inclusion complexes is easily to be used for the preparation of loratadine aqueous solution.
Michelson's Hunch Was Right

(1975). Michelson's Hunch Was Right. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 47-48.
Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Radiation therapy is used in conjunction with surgery for patients with resectable or marginally resectable pancreas cancer. It also can be used as definitive therapy, usually in conjunction with chemotherapy, for patients with locally advanced unresectable disease or in patients who are unable or unwilling to undergo extirpative surgery. The efficacy of radiotherapy, in the setting of pancreatic malignancy, is limited by the fact that malignant tumors of the pancreas frequently abut highly radiosensitive normal tissues, such as the duodenum, small intestine, and stomach. Additionally, when X-rays are used to treat these tumors, the beams must often pass through critical radiosensitive structures such as the spinal cord, liver, and kidneys. Encouragingly, over the past decade, newer radiotherapy technologies like intensity-modulated radiation therapy and particle therapy (using protons and carbon ions) offer technological solutions that facilitate the delivery of effective radiotherapy doses to tumor targets while minimizing or eliminating the effective dose to critical normal structures.
The Formation, Elimination, Interpretation, and Future Research Needs of Phosphatidylethanol for Research Studies and Clinical Practice

1 The Formation, Elimination, Interpretation and Future Research Needs of Phosphatidylethanol 2 (PEth) for Research Studies and Clinical Practice 4 Judith A. Hahn, PhD 5 University of California, San Francisco 7 Raymond F. Anton, MD 8 Medical University of South Carolina 10 Martin A. Javors, PhD 11 University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 13 Address correspondence to: 14 Judith A. Hahn, PhD 15 University of California, San Francisco 16 550 16 th St. 3 rd floor 17 San Francisco, CA 94143 18 Phone: 415-476-5815 19 e-mail: judy.hahn@ucsf.edu 21 Funding: NIAAA K24AA022586 (Hahn), NIAAA U01AA020776 (Hahn), NIAAA K05AA017435 22 (Anton), R01AA022361 (Javors)
Impedance spectroscopy utilized to study the spatial distribution of conductivity within capacitors during operation

Impedance spectroscopy is a very powerful tool to characterize and separate physical processes that can occur simultaneously in any material. For parallel plate capacitors, consideration of the modulus has proven to be very effective to study materials that exhibit a spatial variation in conductivity in the direction of the electric field. This was demonstrated with in-situ impedance measurements by monitoring the real-time changes of Fe-doped SrTiO 3 during degradation. It is the purpose of this article to adapt these findings and to highlight the possibility to extract information such as local conductivity from complex modulus data of degraded SrTiO 3 .
Lateral Thoracic Artery Pseudoaneurysm as a Result of Penetrating Chest Trauma

Pseudoaneurysms are potentially fatal complications of vascular trauma; however, they are rarely seen as the sole complication of penetrating injury. We present a case of a pseudoaneurysm with an associated arteriovenous fistula of the left lateral thoracic artery as a result of direct trauma from a knife stab. The patient presented only with a painful, swollen left pectoralis muscle. Upon diagnosis, he was taken to the interventional radiology suite and treated successfully with fluoroscopic guided coil embolization. Cases such as these are infrequent and should encourage more aggressive use of contrast enhanced computed tomography imaging for soft tissue injury, as a missed traumatic pseudoaneurysm may result in life-threatening hemorrhage.
A Global Model of Predicted Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) Distribution with Open Source GIS Code and 104 Open Access Layers for use by the global public

Abstract. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) are among the fastest members of the animal kingdom, and they are probably the most widely distributed raptors in the world; their migrations and habitats range from the tundra, mountains and some deserts to the tropics, coastal zones and urban habitats. Habitat loss, conversion, contamination, pesticides and other anthropogenic pressures are all known factors that have an adverse effect on these species. However, while peregrine falcons were removed from the list of endangered species due to rebounding populations linked with the DDT ban in many nations of the world, no accurate global distribution models have ever been developed for good conservation practice and in an open access data framework. Here we used the best-available open access peregrine falcon data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org) to obtain the first publicly available global distribution model for peregrine falcons. For that purpose, we compiled over a hundred high resolution global GIS layers (1 km pixel size) that incorporated various variables such as biological, climatic, and socio-economic predictors allowing to analysis habitat relationships in a holistic fashion and to build a generalizable model. These value-added layers have also been made available by us for the global public, free of charge, for further use and consumption in any modeling effort wanted ( https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/7151 ). We created data extraction explicit in space and time also with an open source python script tool as well as with ArcGIS (via the GUI) on a PC. The obtained data cube (global, 1 km pixel, 104 GIS layers) was "mined" with the Salford Predictive Modeler (SPM) software suite, which offers one of the best platforms for data mining, to build the prediction model for robust inference. We found that peregrine falcons are widely urbanized occurring in coastal areas and also associated with riparian zones. This is the first model ever obtained using 104 predictors on a 1 km scale predicting the potential ecological niche of falcons around the world. While our model might show uncertainty for parts of Siberia, Russia, it has an assessed global accuracy of over 95 % and hence provides the currently best possible public available global prediction model for peregrine falcons, based on all available empirical data. Overlaid with the national parks of the world we found that most peregrine hotspots are actually located outside of protected areas warranting more protection efforts while global change unfolds. Finally, a nationwide assessment of the presence points taken from GBIF allows for insight as to the many signatory nations that are still in violation of the open access data sharing requirement set by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Budapest and Berlin Declaration.
Making Materials That Hate Water to Love Water: The Transformative Power of Chemistry

A simple nonaqueous reaction scheme for transforming the surface of plastics from hydrophobic to hydrophilic is presented. The chemical modification is achieved by the base-catalyzed trans-esterification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is a commonly used plastic. Its use in blood collection tubes is discussed. The surface modification is permanent, inexpensive, rapid, and does not release contaminants. It also causes no optical or mechanical distortion of the plastic. This work demonstrates the power of chemistry to transform common materials.
Hybrid simulations of coupled Farley‐Buneman/gradient drift instabilities in the equatorial E region ionosphere

Plasma irregularities in the equatorial E–region ionosphere are classified as Type–I or Type–II, based on coherent radar spectra. Type–I irregularities are attributed to the Farley–Buneman instability and Type–II to the gradient–drift instability that cascades to meter–scale irregularities detected by radars. This work presents the first kinetic simulations of coupled Farley–Buneman and gradient–drift turbulence in the equatorial E–region ionosphere for a range of zeroth–order vertical electric fields, using a new approach to solving the electrostatic potential equation. The simulation models a collisional quasineutral plasma with a warm, inertialess electron fluid, and a distribution of NO+ ions. A 512–m wave with a maximum/minimum of ±0.25 of the background density perturbs the plasma. The density wave creates an electrostatic field that adds to the zeroth–order vertical and ambipolar fields, and drives Farley–Buneman turbulence even when these fields is below the instability threshold. Wave power spectra show that Type–II irregularities develop in all simulation runs and that Type–I irregularities with wavelengths of a few meters develop in the trough of the background wave in addition to Type–II irregularities as the zeroth–order electric field magnitude increases. Linear fluid theory predicts the growth of Type–II irregularities reasonably well but it does not fully capture the simultaneous growth of Type–I irregularities in the region of peak total electric field. The growth of localized Type–I irregularities represents a parametric instability in which the electric field of the large–scale background wave drives pure Farley–Buneman turbulence. These results help explain observations of meter–scale irregularities advected by kilometer–scale waves.
New fronts emerge in the influenza cytokine storm

Influenza virus is a significant pathogen in humans and animals with the ability to cause extensive morbidity and mortality. Exuberant immune responses induced following infection have been described as a "cytokine storm," associated with excessive levels of proinflammatory cytokines and widespread tissue damage. Recent studies have painted a more complex picture of cytokine networks and their contributions to clinical outcomes. While many cytokines clearly inflict immunopathology, others have non-pathological delimited roles in sending alarm signals, facilitating viral clearance, and promoting tissue repair, such as the IL-33-amphiregulin axis, which plays a key role in resolving some types of lung damage. Recent literature suggests that type 2 cytokines, traditionally thought of as not involved in anti-influenza immunity, may play an important regulatory role. Here, we discuss the diverse roles played by cytokines after influenza infection and highlight new, serene features of the cytokine storm, while highlighting the specific functions of relevant cytokines that perform unique immune functions and may have applications for influenza therapy.
Does inexpensive hardware obfuscate simple experiments for control systems laboratories

There is a common trend towards developing low-cost introductory control laboratory equipment. Successful implementation of low cost platforms has many benefits, including easier adoption and maintenance. However, cheaper equipment can also confuse the relationships between theory and the real world due to the limitations of the hardware. These include, but are not limited to, low resolution encoders, noisy current and voltage sensors, significant static friction, and backlash in gearing. Care must be taken when designing experiments using low-cost platforms to account for limitations so that experimental data is easily related to models.
Adipose Tissue is Enriched for Activated and Late-Differentiated CD8+ T Cells and Shows Distinct CD8+ Receptor Usage, Compared With Blood in HIV-Infected Persons.

Background:Adverse viral and medication effects on adipose tissue contribute to the development of metabolic disease in HIV-infected persons, but T cells also have a central role modulating local inflammation and adipocyte function. We sought to characterize potentially proinflammatory T-cell popula
γ-ray sources as comptonized X-ray sources

γ-ray burst spectra have often been fit by optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung. However, at the high temperatures implied by such fits (kT∼300 keV), the free–free cross-section is so much smaller than the Compton cross-section that Compton scattering might dominate the spectral formation processes. We have investigated the possibility that emission mechanisms based on Compton scattering can also fit the data. In particular, Monte Carlo calculations have been used to compare the γ-ray burst spectral data with black-body spectra which have undergone inverse comptonization by a much hotter, overlying plasma. The best-fit parameters suggest that the underlying black body is an X-ray source (kTBB∼2.4 keV) while the overlying, comptonizing plasma has kTe∼150 keV and a column density of 4 × 1024 electrons cm−2. Such a model would also naturally explain some of the unusual γ-ray burst spectra. In particular, a low energy (∼400 keV) cutoff in the spectrum of GB781119 can be explained as a Wien peak produced by a higher column density in the comptonizing region, and two-component spectra (for example, GB790329) can be explained by a lower column density.
Mathematical Education Notes

(1961). Mathematical Education Notes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 371-378.
Sources and Remedies of Phototoxicity in Live Cell Microscopy

During the past decade there has been remarkable progress in understanding the behavior and function of biological cells. Progress was accelerated by the development of microscopic imaging techniques and fluorescent dyes that allowed investigators to visualize dynamic processes within subcellular compartments in heterogenous populations of living cells. These capabilities led to exciting new discoveries in cellular and molecular studies of a wide variety of cell types. Efforts to study living cells under microscopic conditions are not without problems, however. The most vexing problem is phototoxicity caused by either illumination alone (endogenous toxicity) or illumination of fluorescent dyes loaded into cells (exogenous toxicity). In this report I provide an overview of these general types of toxicity as well as describe recent results that may shed light on how to reduce them.
Member Profile Differences Between Florida and National OLLI Institutes

The purpose of this study was to identify selected characteristics of current Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) members in Florida and then compare the results between Florida and non-Florid...
The Historical and Archaeological Significance of Plantation Excavation

This chapter discusses the historical and archaeological significance of plantation excavation. A long-standing controversy in American history has been the treatment of slaves in the Old South. However, the problem of slave treatment is multifaceted, involving at least three distinct topics: (1) the legal status of slaves, (2) the social consequences of slavery, and (3) the daily living conditions of slaves. As scholars have long been concerned with the legal aspects of slavery, several works have compared New World slaves' access to freedom and citizenship. In addition, as slavery affected the family, religious, and recreational life of blacks, a number of studies have considered the social and psychic effects of slavery. In researching the living conditions of slaves, historians have used an impressive array of sources. Most commonly, they have researched plantation records, account books listing purchases for slave provisions, plantation day books describing slave work, planters' letters mentioning slave life, and even planters' diaries revealing their private views of slave treatment. However, these are ethnohistorical sources, which record the often biased observations of outsiders who were only partly aware of another social reality.
Photoproduction of K + Λ and K + Σ 0 from Hydrogen at Backward Angles

We have investigated photoproduction of ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and ${K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ from hydrogen at 4.3 GeV and for $u$ values between -0.2 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and -0.7 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. The data were consistent with a smooth decrease in $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{du}}$ towards larger negative $u$ values. The ${K}^{+}$ backward photoproduction cross sections appear to be closely similar to the observed cross section for backward ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ photoproduction. The ratio of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ is about 1.7, which rules out pure decuplet exchange in this region of $u$. The results are consistent with the SU(3) prediction.