cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Destination Trip Patterns

In a 1993 article in Annals, Leu, Crompton, and Fesenmaier (LCF) presented a model of multi-destination pleasure trips. In the article, they question the practice of modeling pleasure trips as single destination trips, and put forward conceptual arguments suggesting that most trips are not simple origin-destination trips: (1993:291) but instead involve visiting multiple destinations. LCF put forth their conceptual model as a tool for classifying trips for descriptive, modeling, and marketing purposes, but offered no empirical data to illustrate the model's use and applicability. The purpose of this research note is take that next step in model development. It applies the LCF concepualization of trip patterns to data collected via trip diaries distributed to Branson (Missouri, USA) visitors.
Theoretical Study of Stable Trans and Cis Isomers in [UO2(OH)4]2- Using Relativistic Density Functional Theory

The title compound, uranyl(VI) tetrahydroxide [UO{sub 2}(OH){sub 4}]{sup 2{minus}}, has been studied in detail using density functional theory (DFT) in the first systematic theoretical study of the compound. Scalar relativistic effects are included approximately by replacing the uranium core with a relativistic effective core potential. A total of nine stable structures have been characterized. Four of them (I-IV) possess the usual linear uranyl bond, and rapid exchange between these conformations is expected at finite temperatures. The uranyl and U-OH bond lengths of the minimum energy structure, I, are calculated as 1.842 and 2.334 {angstrom}, respectively. This compares well with the experimental crystal structure values of 1.824(3) {angstrom} and 2.258(3) {angstrom}, respectively. The existence of stable structures with a bent uranyl bond (cis-uranyl) is predicted for the first time (structures V-IX). These conformers are only 18--19 kcal/mol higher in energy than the global energy minimum, and their uranyl bond angles cover a range of 113--132{degree}. Harmonic vibrational frequencies for all stable conformers, I-IX, were calculated. They are compared to experiment where possible. A mechanism is suggested for the nonaqueous intramolecular oxygen ligand exchange in [UO{sub 2}(OH){sub 4}]{sup 2{minus}} between uranyl and hydroxide involving a cis-uranyl structure as a stable intermediate inmore » a two-step process with a calculated activation energy of 38 kcal/mol.« less
Microwave-assisted preparation of dialkylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminates and their use as catalysts in the solvent-free tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols

Microwave-assisted preparation of dialkylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminates, [CnMIM][AlCl4] and their application as recyclable catalysts for the efficient and eco-friendly protection of alcohols as tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers are described. The same catalyst can also be utilized for the deprotection of THP ethers.
Minimax estimation of linear functionals over nonconvex parameter spaces

The minimax theory for estimating linear functionals is extended to the case of a finite union of convex parameter spaces. Upper and lower bounds for the minimax risk can still be described in terms of a modulus of continuity. However in contrast to the theory for convex parameter spaces rate optimal procedures are often required to be nonlinear. A construction of such nonlinear procedures is given. The results developed in this paper have important applications to the theory of adaptation.
Abstinence from child labor and profit seeking

Abstract Opponents of child labor suggest that demand-driven mechanisms can eliminate such practices. If consumers prefer adult-labor products, they suggest that labeling will drive out child-labor products. I show that under Bertrand competition, even with complete information, this is unlikely. When products are differentiated only by labor type, such a scheme requires at least three firms and child-labor costs at least as large as adult-labor costs. With additional lines of differentiation, child labor is eliminated only when the adult-labor costs are smaller. Thus, while labeling may reduce child labor, it is unlikely to eliminate it.
Heinrich Dieter Holland (1927–2012)

Heinrich Dieter “Dick” Holland, who died on 21 May 2012, was responsible for major advances across several fields of geochemistry. He was born on 27 May 1927 and died just short of his 85th birthday. How Dick became a geochemist is an interesting story in itself. I first met Dick when we shared an office as graduate students at Columbia University in New York. He had attended Princeton University in New Jersey and graduated in 1946 with a chemistry major. He had arrived in the United States with his family from Germany in 1940. The family was of Jewish origin, and although Dick and his relatives were not strict practitioners, their fate in Hitler's Germany, dictated by the family's ancestry, would have been undesirable. Dick and his brother first went to England in 1939 to escape the future horrors that were sure to await them if they had remained in Germany. After their parents escaped to the Dominican Republic, Dick and his brother joined them there. With the help of friends, the family came to the United States from the Dominican Republic in 1940 (it was not unusual for immigrants to first come to a landing spot in the western hemisphere prior to admission to the United States).
An historical footnote on the origin of “Aurora Borealis”

The purpose of this article is to correct the generally held impression that the metaphor ‘aurora borealis’ (northern dawn) originated with Gassendi in 1621. The first published use of it by Gassendi actually apeared in 1649 in a passage describing an auroral display that he observed in 1621. The metaphor appeared 30 years earlier, in 1619, in a work at least partially and probably completely authored by Galileo. We argue here that its appearance in this work, ‘Discourse on the Comets,’ is the origin of the metaphor.
A Re-Examination of Radar Terrain Backscattering at Nadir

The theoretical behavior of nadir specular and diffuse radar backscattering from rough terrain is re-examined. Terrain is modeled as a random rough surface in the Kirchhoff approximation. The relative significance of specular (coherent) and diffuse (noncoherent) radar backscatter is compared in terms of the antenna system parameters (beamwidth, height, and frequency) and rough surface statistics. It has been found that in case of a high-altitude (space or airborne) radar, the ratio between coherent and noncoherent terrain backscatter is independent of its altitude of the radar platform. A possible explanation is suggested for the anomalous radar backscatter observed in the Skylab S-193 altimeter experiment.
The role of active locomotion in space perception

It has been shown that active control of locomotion increases accuracy and precision of nonvisual space perception, but psychological mechanisms of this enhancement are poorly understood. The present study explored a hypothesis that active control of locomotion enhances space perception by facilitating crossmodal interaction between visual and nonvisual spatial information. In an experiment, blindfolded participants walked along a linear path under one of the following two conditions: (1) They walked by themselves following a guide rope and (2) they were led by an experimenter. Subsequently, they indicated the walked distance by tossing a beanbag to the origin of locomotion. The former condition gave participants greater control of their locomotion and thus represented a more active walking condition. In addition, before each trial, half the participants viewed the room in which they performed the distance perception task. The other half remained blindfolded throughout the experiment. Results showed that although the room was devoid of any particular cues for walked distances, visual knowledge of the surroundings improved the precision of nonvisual distance perception. Importantly, however, the benefit of preview was observed only when participants walked more actively. This indicates that active control of locomotion allowed participants to better utilize their visual memory of the environment for perceiving nonvisually encoded distance, suggesting that active control of locomotion served as a catalyst for integrating visual and nonvisual information to derive spatial representations of higher quality.
Biological evidence that separate hypothalamic hormones release the follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones

A preparation from porcine hypothalami essentially free of the decapeptide releasing hormone, pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2, releases FSH and LH. It released, invitro, a greater amount of FSH than the decapeptide. A certain dose stimulated an unequivocal release of FSH but virtually no LH. Because this activity is chemically separate from that of the decapeptide, and because the relative FSHLH releasing ratio is greater than that of the decapeptide, it is concluded to be due to FSH-RH. Thus, the decapeptide is LH-RH, and FSH-RH is a separate hypothalamic releasing hormone.
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Bipolar Nuclear Shells in the Disturbed Virgo Cluster Galaxy NGC 4438

We present broadband and narrowband Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of the central region of the heavily disturbed Virgo cluster galaxy NGC 4438 (Arp 120), whose nucleus has been described as a type 1 LINER or dwarf Seyfert galaxy. Narrowband Hα and [N II] HST images reveal striking bipolar shell features, 1 kpc in projected length from end to end, that are likely the result of an outflow from the nuclear region experiencing a strong interaction with the interstellar medium (ISM). While these outflow shells share similarities with those in some other starburst or active galactic nucleus (AGN) galaxies, those in NGC 4438 are notable because NGC 4438 harbors neither a luminous circumnuclear starburst nor a luminous AGN. The shells appear to be closed at their outer ends, suggesting that the outflow in NGC 4438 is dynamically younger than those in some other galaxies. The radio continuum emission is strongly enhanced near the outer ends of the shells, suggesting working surfaces arising from collimated nuclear outflows that have impacted and shocked the surrounding ISM. The two shells are quite different, as the northwestern shell is luminous and compact, while the southeastern shell is 2.5 times longer and much fainter in both optical emission lines and the nonthermal radio continuum. The differences between the two shells may be attributed to a difference in ISM density on the two sides of the nuclear disk. Such an ISM asymmetry exists on larger scales in this heavily disturbed galaxy. At the base of the outflow is a nuclear source, which is the highest surface brightness source in the galaxy at optical wavelengths. This source is resolved with a FWHM = 03 = 25 pc and has modest luminosities, uncorrected for extinction, of 5 × 1038 ergs s-1 in Hα and MB = -13. We discuss whether the outflow is powered by a low-luminosity AGN or a compact nuclear starburst. The kinetic energy associated with the ionized gas in the shells is ~1053 ergs, which could be produced by either massive star formation or an AGN. While the northwestern shell, which contributes most of the flux in most ground-based apertures centered on the nucleus, exhibits LINER-type line ratios, the nucleus has an Hα/[N II] ratio consistent with an H II region. Although there appears to be very little massive star formation occurring in the central kpc, the nucleus may contain a partially obscured, young nuclear star cluster. On the other hand, the collimation of the southeastern shell and the strongly enhanced radio continuum emission at the outer ends of the shells are more easily explained by jets associated with a nuclear black hole than by a compact nuclear starburst, although there is no direct evidence of a jet. The 2000 km s-1 broad-line component could be due to an AGN broad-line region but might also be due to high-velocity gas in the outflow. Since NGC 4438 has a large bulge, a large nuclear black hole might be expected.
An analog of Schensted's algorithm for Shifted Young Tableaux

Abstract Schensted [Canad. J. Math. 13 (1961)] constructed an algorithm giving a bijective correspondence between permutations and pairs of Young Tableaux. The author develops an analogous algorithm relating permutations and triples consisting of two Shifted Tableaux and a set. Various properties of this algorithm are also examined.
The influence of foliation on point load strength anisotropy of foliated rocks

Abstract The engineering behaviour of rocks depends upon whether the fabric is isotropic or anisotropic, which is a reflection of its genetic environment. Even though anisotropy in fabric can occur in nearly all natural environments, metamorphic terrains usually offer the main source of anisotropic fabric elements. Metamorphic anisotropic fabrics, collectively known as foliation, may be quantified by a foliation index determined from optical microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis depending upon the degree of coarseness or fineness of the rock. On the basis of this index, the role of foliation in conditioning anisotropy in point load strength has been quantified. The practical significance of the resultant classification scheme lies in the fact that reliable predictions of point load strength anisotropy of foliated rocks can be made on the basis of a critical analysis of their primary anisotropic fabrics—foliation.
Excise Taxation and Product Quality: The Gasoline Market

Following Barzel (1976), product quality increases in response to unit taxation but remains unchanged by ad valorem taxation. While many tax theorists agree this argument is theoretically sound, empirical support of Barzel's theory is limited to the cigarette market. This paper tests and confirms his theory in the gasoline market, a market in which Barzel failed to find supporting evidence in his original article. Using a direct test and improved data, the estimates suggest that the market share of premium-grade gasoline increases in response to both unit taxation and ad valorem taxation. tandard tax theory shows that as the tax rate rises, individuals will purchase less of the taxed good or resource. This quantity substitution, however, is not the only margin on which individuals can act to maximize their utility given the change in the tax treatment of the good. Barzel (1976) explains that individuals may also alter their purchases of quality in response to changes in the tax rate. He theorized that for unit taxation individuals will substitute away from the taxed attribute of the good (which is quantity) and toward its untaxed attribute (which is quality). Barzel’s theory suggests that while both per-unit and ad valorem taxes lead to a decline in product sales, per-unit taxes will also lead to an increase in average product quality. An alternative explanation of this quality substitution can be drawn from the Alchian and Allen (1967) theorem because the imposition of a perunit tax (a fixed fee) causes the price of the higher-quality version of a good to fall relative to a lower-quality substitute. Both theories suggest that ad valorem taxation does not alter the relative prices of the different quality levels of the product and, thus, do not impact the purchase of quality.2 While Barzel’s idea is both novel and widely cited, it has received limited support empirically. Indeed, until recent years, only Barzel’s original article attempted to test his theory in a market other than cigarettes.3 One pos
The spectrum of goldstini and modulini

When supersymmetry is broken in multiple sectors via independent dynamics, the theory furnishes a corresponding multiplicity of “goldstini” degrees of freedom which may play a substantial role in collider phenomenology and cosmology. In this paper, we explore the tree-level mass spectrum of goldstini arising from a general admixture of F -term, D -term, and almost no-scale supersymmetry breaking, employing non-linear superfields and a novel gauge fixing for supergravity discussed in a companion paper. In theories of F -term and D -term breaking, goldstini acquire a mass which is precisely twice the gravitino mass, while the inclusion of no-scale breaking renders one of these modes, the modulino, massless. We argue that the vanishing modulino mass can be explained in terms of an accidental and spontaneously broken “global” supersymmetry.
A stochastic Gauss–Bonnet–Chern formula

We prove that a Gaussian ensemble of smooth random sections of a real vector bundle \(E\) over compact manifold \(M\) canonically defines a metric on \(E\) together with a connection compatible with it. Additionally, we prove a refined Gauss-Bonnet theorem stating that if the bundle \(E\) and the manifold \(M\) are oriented, then the Euler form of the above connection can be identified, as a current, with the expectation of the random current defined by the zero-locus of a random section in the above Gaussian ensemble.
Enantiospecific Intramolecular Heck Reactions of Secondary Benzylic Ethers

Enantioenriched methylenecyclopentanes are synthesized by stereospecific, nickel-catalyzed Heck cyclizations of secondary benzylic ethers. The reaction proceeds in high yield and enantiospecificity for benzylic ethers of both π-extended and simple arenes. Ethers with pendant 1,2-disubstituted olefins form trisubstituted olefins with control of both absolute configuration and alkene geometry. Diastereoselective synthesis of a polycyclic furan is demonstrated.
An investigation of laboratory-grown ice spikes

We have investigated the formation of 10^50 mm long ice spikes that sometimes appear on the free surface of water when it solidifies. By freezing water under different conditions, we measured the probability of ice-spike formation as a function of: (1) the air temperature in the freezing chamber, (2) air motion in the freezing chamber (which promotes evaporative cooling), (3) the quantity of dissolved salts in the water, and (4) the size, shape and composing material of the freezing vessel. We found that the probability of ice-spike formation is greatest when the air temperature is near 7‡C, the water is pure and the air in the freezing chamber is moving. Even small quantities of dis- solved solids greatly reduce the probability of ice-spike formation. Under optimal condi- tions, approximately half the ice cubes in an ordinary ice-cube tray will form ice spikes. Guided by these observations, we have examined the Bally^Dorsey model for the forma- tion of ice spikes. In this model, the density change during solidification forces super- cooled water up through a hollow ice tube, where it freezes around the rim to lengthen the tube. We propose that any dissolved solids in the water will tend to concentrate at the tip of a growing ice spike and inhibit its growth. This can qualitatively explain the obser- vation that ice spikes do not readily form using water containing even small quantities of dissolved solids.
Japanese broadcast satellite

Abstract The Japanese domestic broadcast satellite, “Medium-Scale Broadcasting Satellite for Experimental Purpose” (BSE), is an important step toward a new performance level in TV broadcasting. It is an experimental system capable of evaluating new concepts in satellite TV systems that promises advancement in the economic coverage of a large, well-defined geographical area and in high quality TV reception in all sectors of the broadcast area. Significant progress has been made in Japan and in the United States for all segments of the BSE System, leading to the planned launch early in 1978. The overall mission characteristics, key design features of the spacecraft, and the development tests used to verify key performance requirements are reviewed.
‘Tough Talk’ and ‘Soothing Speech’: Managing Reputations for Being Tough and for Being Good

A company often must manage its reputation with multiple stakeholders in different ways. This paper develops an interdisciplinary model for reputation management based on a historical case study of Wal-Mart. The model draws on impression management, stakeholder and game theories. We find evidence that Wal-Mart had at least two reputations — one for being tough with suppliers, and one for being good to customers and investors. In order to maintain these beneficial reputations, Wal-Mart accompanied strategic actions towards suppliers with tough talk, an assertive tactic for impression management that helped the company maintain a tough image. Negative supplier and trade media responses threatened Wal-Mart's positive reputation with other stakeholders. To prevent this negative information from crossing the boundaries of stakeholder group networks and marring its good reputation, the company used soothing speech, a type of defensive impression management tactic that painted its actions in a more positive light.
Anatomy and physiology of the perionychium

The nail is a unique structure in the human. Its anatomy and physiology are not well understood by many physicians caring for nail problems. The perionychial anatomy is described along with the physiology pertinent to care of the nail and its surroundings. Clin. Anat. 16:1–8, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Applications of partial supersymmetry

I examine quantum mechanical Hamiltonians with partial supersymmetry, and explore two main applications. First, I analyse a theory with a logarithmic spectrum, and show how to use partial supersymmetry to reveal the underlying structure of this theory. This method reveals an intriguing equivalence between two formulations of this theory, one of which is one dimensional, and the other of which is infinite-dimensional. Second, I demonstrate the use of partial supersymmetry as a tool to obtain the asymptotic energy levels in non-relativistic quantum mechanics in an exceptionally easy way. In the end, I discuss possible extensions of this work, including the possible connections between partial supersymmetry and renormalization group arguments.
THE VARIANCE RATIO STATISTIC AT LARGE HORIZONS

We make three contributions to using the variance ratio statistic at large horizons. Allowing for general heteroskedasticity in the data, we obtain the asymptotic distribution of the statistic when the horizon k is increasing with the sample size n but at a slower rate so that k/n → 0. The test is shown to be consistent against a variety of relevant mean reverting alternatives when k/n → 0. This is in contrast to the case when k/n → δ > 0, where the statistic has been recently shown to be inconsistent against such alternatives. Second, we provide and justify a simple power transformation of the statistic that yields almost perfectly normally distributed statistics in finite samples, solving the well-known right skewness problem. Third, we provide a more powerful way of pooling information from different horizons to test for mean reverting alternatives. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate the theoretical improvements provided.The authors thank Bruce Hansen and the referees for useful suggestions and comments that greatly improved the paper. The first author's research was supported by NSF grant DMS-0306726.
Design of gravity balancing leg orthosis using non-zero free length springs

For gait retraining of stroke victims, there is a need for rehabilitation devices, which can support the weight of leg during walking. Machines that gravity balances the leg are potentially useful as rehabilitation devices. This paper presents gravity balancing designs for two and three links planar chains using non-zero free length springs. Non-zero free length springs are those springs which have initial free length. These springs are cheaper, easily available and can be useful when complete weight balancing is not required. These designs are further optimized for spring connection points and parameters of the spring such as free length and stiffness to achieve greater balancing.
Urea-Induced Acid Amplification: A New Approach for Metal-Free Insertion Chemistry

The enhanced catalytic activity of difluoroboronate ureas proved to be essential as an acidity amplifier to promote metal-free O-H and S-H insertion reactions of α-aryldiazoacetates in high yield. This methodology was found to be generally applicable to a broad substrate scope and presents a conceptually new approach for organocatalytic diazo insertion reactions. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the reaction pathway involves a urea-induced protonation of the α-aryldiazoester.
Solid-State Phase Equilibria in the ZnS-CdS System

Abstract The ZnS-rich region of the ZnS-CdS phase diagram, up to 18 mol % CdS, was studied over the temperature range 700 to 950 °C, and the boundaries describing the equilibria between the sphalerite and wurtzite solid solutions were determined. X-ray diffraction analysis was the principal technique used, the phase boundaries being determined by the lattice-parametric and disappearing phase methods. The results indicate that the solubility of CdS in ZnS is extensive in both the sphalerite and wurtzite phases, with CdS stabilizing the wurtzite phase.
Synthesis and metabotropic glutamate receptor activity of a 2-aminobicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, a molecule possessing an extended glutamate conformation

A photochemical approach to the synthesis of the aminobicycloheptane 6a is reported. This compound assumes an extended glutamate conformation, and for this reason was created to further probe the structural features relevant to achieving selectivity for the subtypes of the metabotropic glutamate family of receptors.
Models for elastic shells with incompatible strains.

The three-dimensional shapes of thin lamina, such as leaves, flowers, feathers, wings, etc., are driven by the differential strain induced by the relative growth. The growth takes place through variations in the Riemannian metric given on the thin sheet as a function of location in the central plane and also across its thickness. The shape is then a consequence of elastic energy minimization on the frustrated geometrical object. Here, we provide a rigorous derivation of the asymptotic theories for shapes of residually strained thin lamina with non-trivial curvatures, i.e. growing elastic shells in both the weakly and strongly curved regimes, generalizing earlier results for the growth of nominally flat plates. The different theories are distinguished by the scaling of the mid-surface curvature relative to the inverse thickness and growth strain, and also allow us to generalize the classical Foppl–von Karman energy to theories of prestrained shallow shells.
Effect of substrate orientation on phase separation in epitaxial GaInAsSb

The effect of substrate misorientation on phase separation in Ga1−xInxAsySb1−y nominally lattice matched to GaSb is reported. The layers were grown at 575°C by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on vicinal (001) GaSb substrates, miscut \(2^o \to (\bar 1\bar 11)A, (1\bar 11)B,\) or (101). Ga1−xInxAsySb1−y (x ~ 0.1, ~ 0.09) layers, which have 300-K photoluminescence (PL) peak emission at ~2.1 μm, grow stepbunched and exhibit minimal phase separation. The full width at half maximum of 4-K PL spectra is slightly smaller at 7 meV for layers grown on substrates miscut toward \((1\bar 11)B\) compared to 9 meV for layers grown on substrates miscut toward \((\bar 1\bar 11)A\) and (101). Ga1−xInxAsySb1−y layers with higher alloy composition (0.16≤x≤0.19, 0.14≤y≤0.17), which have 300-K PL peak emission at ~2.4 μm, have significant phase separation. These layers are characterized by increased lattice constant variations and epitaxial tilt, broad PL spectra with significant band tailing, and strong contrast modulation in transmission electron microscopy. The degree of decomposition depends on substrate miscut direction: Ga1−xInxAsySb1−y layers grown on (001) \(2^o \to (1\bar 11)B\) substrates are more homogeneous than those grown on (001) \(2^o \to (\bar 1\bar 11)A\) and (001)2°→(101) substrates. The results are attributed to the smaller adatom diffusion length on substrates miscut toward \((1\bar 11)B\).
In-situ spectroscopic studies of electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide films

Abstract In this investigation, in-situ spectroscopic studies of anodically deposited electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide electrodes were performed by visible/near-infrared spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All measurements were taken while the nickel oxide thin films were switching between the bleached and colored states, where the electrodes were not removed from the electrochemical cell. Optical transmittance measurements of the nickel oxide film relative to tin oxide coated glass varied during coloring from the integrated solar spectral transmittance, Ts = 101%−54%, and average near-infrared transmittance, Tnir = 101%−83%. The photopic transmission was Tp = 101%−31%. Transmittance measurements versus time were also performed at selected wavelength values, ranging from 375 to 1100 nm. Also different scan rates (10–100 mV/s) were investigated at each of these wavelengths, where optimum switching rates could be determined. All changes in optical density were achieved by continuously cycling between a potential range of −500 to +800 mV. Coloration occurs at a faster rate than bleaching of the films at very switching rate selected. Also, maximum and minimum transmisson measurements at 420 nm do not correspond to the cathodic and anodic peak current densities. Instead these transmission measurements correspond to the regions past the peak current densities. From these optical experiments, plots of transmission (%) versus voltage (mV) and transmission (%) versus total extracted charge (mC) were obtained. For FTIR spectroscopic experiments, chemical identification of the 120 nm thick films showed that the films exhibit different bonding environments for both the colored and bleached states. There exist surface hydroxyl groups associated with nickel oxide in the region of 3600–3800 cm−1 wave numbers. Fundamental water vibrations are also found at 3200–3500 cm−1 and at 1600–1700 cm−1 wave numbers. The nickel oxygen vibration region is at 400–625 cm−1 for both states. The comparison of bleached and colored states exhibits distinctive molecular states, which correspond to Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH respectively.
Wanted! Nuclear Data for Dark Matter Astrophysics

Abstract Astronomical observations from small galaxies to the largest scales in the universe can be consistently explained by the simple idea of dark matter. The nature of dark matter is however still unknown. Empirically it cannot be any of the known particles, and many theories postulate it as a new elementary particle. Searches for dark matter particles are under way: production at high-energy accelerators, direct detection through dark matter-nucleus scattering, indirect detection through cosmic rays, gamma rays, or effects on stars. Particle dark matter searches rely on observing an excess of events above background, and a lot of controversies have arisen over the origin of observed excesses. With the new high-quality cosmic ray measurements from the AMS-02 experiment, the major uncertainty in modeling cosmic ray fluxes is in the nuclear physics cross sections for spallation and fragmentation of cosmic rays off interstellar hydrogen and helium. The understanding of direct detection backgrounds is limited by poor knowledge of cosmic ray activation in detector materials, with order of magnitude differences between simulation codes. A scarcity of data on nucleon spin densities blurs the connection between dark matter theory and experiments. What is needed, ideally, are more and better measurements of spallation cross sections relevant to cosmic rays and cosmogenic activation, and data on the nucleon spin densities in nuclei.
Joint time-frequency analysis of electromagnetic backscattered data

The application of joint time-frequency techniques for the analysis of electromagnetic backscattered data is reviewed. In the joint time-frequency features space, discrete time events such as scattering centers, discrete frequency events such as target resonances, and dispersive mechanisms due to surface waves and guided modes can be simultaneously displayed. We discuss the various joints time-frequency representations including the short-time Fourier transform, wavelet transform, Wigner-Ville distribution, windowed super-resolution algorithms and the adaptive spectrogram. Emphasis is placed on how these algorithms can be used to represent with good resolution the scattering phenomenology in electromagnetic data. We highlight and application of joint time-frequency processing for radar image enhancement and feature extraction. It is shown that by applying joint time-frequency processing to the conventional inverse synthetic aperture radar imagery, it is possible to remove non-point scattering features in the image, leading to a cleaned image containing only physically meaningful point scatterers. The extracted frequency-dependent mechanisms can be displaced in an alternative feature space to facilitate target identification.
Durkheim's division of labor in society

The source of social life, according to Durkheim, is the similitude of consciousnesses and the division of labor. The former is best evident among primitive societies where a “mechanical solidarity,” evidenced by repressive law, prevails; the latter in advanced societies where populations evidence greater “dynamic density,” and juridical rules define the nature and relations of functions. In combating individualism and basing the existence of societies on a “consensus of parts,” Durkheim refutes his positivistic emphasis which denies the relevance of ends to a scientific study of society. In his discussion of social ends is a latent anti-mechanistic trend. The theory of unilinear development is established on deficient ethnographic data. It assumes the absence of division of labor among primitive societies and of any “mechanical solidarity” among modern societies. Repressive and restitutive law Durkheim seeks to use as indexes of mechanical and organic solidarity, but he does not establish with any precision the perfect associations which he assumes obtain between his types of solidarity and of law.
TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY IN THE STRONG-GRAVITY REGIME BASED ON X-RAY SPECTROPOLARIMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF BLACK HOLES IN X-RAY BINARIES

Although general relativity (GR) has been tested extensively in the weak-gravity regime, similar tests in the strong-gravity regime are still missing. In this paper, we explore the possibility to use X-ray spectropolarimetric observations of black holes in X-ray binaries to distinguish between the Kerr metric and the phenomenological metrics introduced by Johannsen & Psaltis (which are not vacuum solutions of Einstein's equation) and thus to test the no-hair theorem of GR. To this end, we have developed a numerical code that calculates the radial brightness profiles of accretion disks and parallel transports the wave vector and polarization vector of photons through the Kerr and non-GR spacetimes. We used the code to predict the observational appearance of GR and non-GR accreting black hole systems. We find that the predicted energy spectra and energy-dependent polarization degree and polarization direction do depend strongly on the underlying spacetime. However, for large regions of the parameter space, the GR and non-GR metrics lead to very similar observational signatures, making it difficult to observationally distinguish between the two types of models.
A SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF FIELD AND RUNAWAY OB STARS

Identifying binaries among runaway O- and B-type stars offers valuable insight into the evolution of open clusters and close binary stars. Here we present a spectroscopic investigation of 12 known or suspected binaries among field and runaway OB stars. We find new orbital solutions for five single-lined spectroscopic binaries (HD 1976, HD 14633, HD 15137, HD 37737, and HD 52533), and we classify two stars thought to be binaries (HD 30614 and HD 188001) as single stars. In addition, we reinvestigate their runaway status using our new radial velocity data with the UCAC2 proper-motion catalogs. Seven stars in our study appear to have been ejected from their birthplaces, and at least three of these runaways are spectroscopic binaries and are of great interest for future study.
Emergency Management Decision Making during Severe Weather

Abstract Emergency managers make time-sensitive decisions in order to protect the public from threats including severe weather. Simulation and questionnaires were used to capture the decision-making process of emergency managers during severe weather events. These data were combined with insights from emergency manager instructors, National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters, and experienced emergency managers to develop a descriptive decision-making model of weather information usage, weather assessments, and decisions made during severe weather. This decision-making model can be used to develop better decision support tools, improve training, and to understand how innovative weather information could potentially affect emergency managers’ role of protecting the public.
Creating Technology Policy: A Systematic Model:

School technology policy is framed by local, state, and federal policies, three very different influences. Given the competing nature of the policy influences and the fact that budgeting is usually a zero sum game, how does one form a rational technology policy?
Testing a Fourier-accelerated hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm

We describe a Fourier-accelerated hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm suitable for dynamical fermion simulations of non-gauge models. We test the algorithm in supersymmetric quantum mechanics viewed as a one-dimensional Euclidean lattice field theory. We find dramatic reductions in the autocorrelation time of the algorithm in comparison to standard HMC.
Perceptually averaging in a continuous visual world: Extracting statistical summary representations over time

Beyond processing individual features and objects, the visual system can also efficiently summarize scenes--for example, allowing observers to perceive the average size of a group of objects. Extraction of such statistical summary representations (SSRs) is fast and accurate, but researchers do not yet have a clear picture of the circumstances in which they operate. Previous studies have always used discrete input--either spatial arrays of shapes or temporal sequences of shapes presented one at a time. Real-world environments, in contrast, are intrinsically continuous and dynamic. We investigated the ability to compute average size in displays of objects (or sometimes a single object) that changed continuously, expanding and contracting over time. The results indicated that perceptual averaging can operate continuously in dynamic displays--sampling multiple times during a single continuous transformation with no discrete boundaries. Moreover, some dynamic changes (expansion) influence the resulting perceptual averages more than others (contraction), perhaps because of attentional capture. These results collectively illustrate how SSRs may be well adapted to dynamically changing real-world environments.
Effects of mineral turbidity on freshwater plankton communities: Three exploratory tank experiments of factorial design

We conducted three exploratory experiments of factorial design on the effects of mineral turbidity in 18 large (7 000 1) fiberglass tanks containing plankton communities derived from Lake Texoma (Oklahoma-Texas), a large reservoir often subject to turbid inflows. Replicate plankton communities developed for 30–45 d in response to 4–9 treatments of planktivorous fish, dead fish, nutrient additions and artificial removal of zooplankton with plankton netting (or combinations of these manipulations). In one experiment we then added three concentrations of kaolin and in the other two experiments we added bentonite or powdered silica to the replicate tank communities. We measured the responses of the diverse plankton communities to the addition of mineral turbidity for an additional period of 30–45 d. Effects of introduced minerals (quality or concentration effects) and food web treatments after mineral addition (fish, nutrients, etc.) were determined by analysis of covariance after observations were adjusted for the value of each response variable at the time of mineral addition. Covariance analysis resulted in a statistical model explaining > 80% of the variance for most response variables. The values of response variables at the time of mineral addition were often the most important source of variation, suggesting the importance of biotic community resiliency to the effects of mineral turbidity. There were few effects of mineral particles on physical or chemical (temperature, conductivity, oxygen, pH), nutrient (nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity) or biotic (algal or zooplankton populations) components of the tank communities. Mineral effects were found for several measures of water clarity (Secchi depth, turbidity, and the concentration of small sestonic particles).
Modeling the Galactic CV Distribution for the ChaMPlane Survey

For purposes of designing targeted cataclysmic variable (CV) detection surveys and interpreting results of other projects with many CV detections such as the ChaMPlane Survey, we have created a model of the CV distribution in the Galaxy. It is modeled as a warped, flared exponential disk with a Gaussian vertical distribution. Extinction is based on a detailed Galactic dust and gas model. A luminosity function for CVs is also incorporated, based on a smoothed version of published data. We calculate predicted field detection rates as a function of the limiting magnitude expected for the detecting system (i.e., WIYN/Hydra or NOAO 4 m/Mosaic). Monte Carlo techniques are used to assess statistical fluctuations in these rates. We have created maps of the expected CV distribution for the full nonbulge Galactic plane (20° < l < 340°,| b| < 15°) for use in both the ChaMPlane Survey and future CV surveys. Assuming a CV distribution with a scale height of 160 pc, the ChaMPlane observational result of 5 CVs in 13 northern fields is best fit by a CV local space density of 0.9+ 1.5−0.5 × 10−5 pc −3, with the range representing the 95% confidence interval.
Electric effects in nanotube growth

Abstract We present experimental evidence that strongly supports the hypothesis that the electric field of the arc plasma is essential for nanotube growth in the arc by stabilizing the open tip structure against closure. By controlling the temperature and bias voltage applied to a single nanotube mounted on a macroscopic electrode, we find that the nanotube tip closes when heated to a temperature similar to that in the arc unless an electric field is applied. We have also developed a more refined awareness of “open” tips in which adatoms bridge between edge atoms of adjacent layers, thereby lowering the exothermicity in going from the open to the perfect dome-closed tip. Whereas realistic fields appear to be insufficient by themselves to stabilize an open tip with its edges completely exposed, the field-induced energy lowering of a tip having adatom spot-welds can, and indeed in the arc does, make the open tip stable relative to the closed one.
Optimal Daubechies' wavelet bases for detection of voltage sags in electric power distribution and transmission systems

Wavelet analysis of voltage sag completely depends on the choice of the wavelet basis. For better detection performance via wavelet analysis, the choice of the optimal wavelet basis must be provided within the constraints of the uncertainty principle which restricts arbitrary assignment of time-frequency resolution. In this paper, we describe local properties of the wavelet basis and voltage sag signal in terms of time duration and frequency bandwidth parameters. After comparison of the local properties of the wavelet basis and voltage sag signal, we suggest a set of performance indexes to measure the time-frequency resolution relation between the wavelet basis and the voltage sag signal. This procedure of determining the optimal wavelet basis can be extended to other possible applications of wavelets.
A High-Resolution ROSAT X-Ray Study of Abell 4059

We present the analysis of ROSAT HRI and PSPC X-ray data on the compact cD type cluster Abell 4059. The central cD galaxy hosts the strong radio source PKS 2354-35. The central portion of the X-ray image shows two statistically significant X-ray emission minima and an orthogonal X-ray bar. As is the case in NGC 1275, the radio lobes in PKS 2354-35 lie perpendicularly to the X-ray bar and extend into the two X-ray minima. One suggestion is that the radio lobe plasma has displaced the X-ray plasma and created the X-ray holes. The radio plasma and the X-ray gas do have comparable pressures in the radio lobe area. However, the available radio images do not show radio emission that extends far enough to fill the two X-ray holes. An alternative scenario for the anticorrelated radio and X-ray structure is an rotating disk in the cooling flow region of Abell 4059. The ROSAT HRI surface brightness profile shows that there is a cooling flow around the central cD galaxy with a cooling rate of =184+ 22−25 M☉ yr-1 within a radius of 156 kpc. However, the ROSAT PSPC spectrum of the central regions does not require a cooling flow and gives an upper limit to the cooling rate of < 80 M☉ yr-1 (90% confidence level). The X-ray spectra of the central region indicate very little intrinsic absorption in the cluster, with an upper limit of ΔNH ≤ 4.0 × 1019 cm-2 for excess absorption in front of the cluster emission at the center of the cooling flow. On large scales, the cluster shows interesting spatial alignment between the major axes of the X-ray emission, cD galaxy, and the cluster potential. This is consistent with the anisotropic merger model for the formation of cD galaxies and the orientation of cD galaxy radio sources.
Preparation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines lacking electron donating groups — An intramolecular cyclization complementary to the Pictet-Spengler reaction

Abstract The synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines via an intramolecular cyclization of N-trifluoroacylated phenethylamines devoid of electron donating groups, with paraformaldehyde mediated by acetic/sulfuric acid milieu is described.
Thermal barrier coatings for aircraft engines: History and directions

Thin thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for protecting aircraft turbine section airfoils are examined. The discussion focuses on those advances that led first to TBC use for component life extension and more re-cently as an integral part of airfoil design. Development has been driven by laboratory rig and furnace testing, corroborated by engine testing and engine field experience. The technology has also been sup-ported by performance modeling to demonstrate benefits and life modeling for mission analysis. Factors that have led to the selection of current state-of-the-art plasma-sprayed and physical-vapor-deposited zirconia-yttria/MCrAlX TBCs are emphasized, as are observations fundamentally related to their behav-ior. Current directions in research into TBCs and recent progress at NASA are also noted.