cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Copper Transport Protein Antioxidant 1 in Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension A Key Regulator of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is a secretory copper enzyme involved in protecting angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension. We found previously that Ang II upregulates SOD3 expression and activity as a counterregulatory mechanism; however, underlying mechanisms are unclear. Antioxidant 1 (Atox1) is shown to act as a copper-dependent transcription factor, as well as a copper chaperone, for SOD3 in vitro, but its role in Ang II-induced hypertension in vivo is unknown. Here we show that Ang II infusion increases Atox1 expression, as well as SOD3 expression and activity, in aortas of wild-type mice, which are inhibited in mice lacking Atox1. Accordingly, Ang II increases vascular superoxide production, reduces endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and increases vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries to a greater extent in Atox1(-/-) than in wild-type mice. This contributes to augmented hypertensive response to Ang II in Atox1(-/-) mice. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Ang II promotes translocation of Atox1 to the nucleus, thereby increasing SOD3 transcription by binding to Atox1-responsive element in the SOD3 promoter. Furthermore, Ang II increases Atox1 binding to the copper exporter ATP7A, which obtains copper from Atox1, as well as translocation of ATP7A to plasma membranes, where it colocalizes with SOD3. As its consequence, Ang II decreases vascular copper levels, which is inhibited in Atox1(-/-) mice. In summary, Atox1 functions to prevent Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypercontraction in resistant vessels, as well as hypertension, in vivo by reducing extracellular superoxide levels via increasing vascular SOD3 expression and activity.
Person Orientation and Encouragement: Predicting Interest in Engineering Research

Background Encouraging student involvement in undergraduate research may be a way institutions can foster pursuit of research as a career. This article examines how engineering students' interests combine with perceived faculty encouragement to influence their plans for involvement in undergraduate and professional research. Purpose/Hypothesis Individuals orient differently to people and things in their environments. We examine how thing and person orientations affect undergraduates' interest in engineering research. We hypothesize that thing orientation will be directly related to interest in an engineering research career, but that person orientation will have an indirect effect through student perceptions of faculty encouragement and student intentions to participate in undergraduate research. Design/Method Engineering undergraduates from a research-intensive university provided data about their interests in things and people, perceptions of faculty encouragement to participate in research, and intentions to pursue undergraduate research and research careers. Results Thing orientation directly predicts research career intentions in engineering. Person orientation has an indirect effect on career interests through greater perceptions of faculty encouragement to participate in undergraduate research. Perceptions of encouragement translate into greater intentions to participate in undergraduate research and then greater interest in pursuing a research career. Conclusions Both thing and person orientations influence the plans and intentions of engineering students. Perceived faculty encouragement and participation in undergraduate research are important predictors of students' interest in pursuing a research career.
The elastic constants of NaCl at 77.3°K and 4.2°K

Abstract The adiabatic elastic constants of NaCl have been measured at 77.3°K and 4.2°K using the ultrasonic pulse echo technique. The results are as follows (in units of 10 11 dyne cm −2 : C ' 11 C' C ' 44 77.3°K 4.807 2.272 1.335 4.2°K 4.850 2.321 1.337 where C ' 11 = 1 2 ( C 11 + C 12 +2 C 44 ) and C ' = 1 2 ( C 11 − C 12 ) . These values have been used to calculate the adiabatic bulk modulus and to re-evaluate the low temperature value of the Gruneisen parameter as determined from thermal expansion data and microscopic mode gammas.
A New Nearctic Species of Docosia Winnertz Fungus Gnat (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), Notes on Docosia walpurga Taber and Docosia dichroa Loew, and the Identification of Females of All Three Species

Abstract. A new species of Docosia Winnertz fungus gnat was discovered in western Michigan. One male and four females appeared in a Malaise trap in mostly deciduous woods in spring. Docosia fimbria Taber with its orange and black coloration resembled Docosia dichroa Loew and the newly discovered Docosia walpurga Taber, but male and female terminalia and wing venation indicated specific differences. Females of all three species were associated by comparative anatomy with males, and seasonal phenology was determined.
A classification of s-lines in a closed s-manifold

In Smarandache Manifolds [1], it is shown that the s-sphere has both closed and open s-lines. It is shown here that this is true for any closed s-manifold. This would make each closed s-manifold a Smarandache geometry relative to the axiom requiring each line to be extendable to infinity, since each closed s-line would have finite length.Furthermore, it is shown that whether a particular s-line is closed or not is determined locally, and it is determined precisely which s-lines are closed and which are open.
Failure Probability of Resurfaced Preventive Maintenance Treatments: Investigation into Long-Term Pavement Performance Program

This study evaluated the effectiveness of various pavement preventive maintenance treatments through investigation of the failure probability of different performance indicators, including roughness, alligator cracking, longitudinal cracking, transverse cracking, rutting, and friction. For the study, 354 resurfacing pavement preventive maintenance projects were collected from the Long-Term Pavement Performance program database, including ones that used thin asphalt overlay, chip seal, slurry seal, and fog seal. Survival models were employed to conduct the analyses because of their capability to capture unobserved failure events and to systematically incorporate influencing factors (e.g., traffic, climate, pavement structural capacity, and pretreatment pavement performance). The statistical analysis showed that poor pretreatment performance was a significant factor in treatment failure and that preventive treatments would not be effective on pavement in poor condition. Stronger structural capacity of pavem...
Scaling of Confined 4He at the Superfluid Transition

4He at the superfluid transition has been well studied and has yielded valuable checks on aspects of critical behavior ranging from scaling, universality and explicit predictions of critical exponents and amplitude ratios. The most detailed results have been obtained in the thermodynamic limit, i.e., in situations where the smallest confining dimension for the helium sample is much larger than the magnitude of the critical correlation length, ξ. Since this length diverges at the transition, there are many experimental realizations, such as helium films or helium confined in pores, where the effect of confinement to dimensions comparable to ξ manifests itself as a modification of the properties realized in the thermodynamic limit, or as completely new behavior associated with a lower spacial dimension.
The Paired-box protein PAX-3 regulates the choice between lateral and ventral epidermal cell fates in C. elegans

The development of the single cell layer skin or hypodermis of Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model for understanding cell fate specification and differentiation. Early in C. elegans embryogenesis, six rows of hypodermal cells adopt dorsal, lateral or ventral fates that go on to display distinct behaviors during larval life. Several transcription factors are known that function in specifying these major hypodermal cell fates, but our knowledge of the specification of these cell types is sparse, particularly in the case of the ventral hypodermal cells, which become Vulval Precursor Cells and form the vulval opening in response to extracellular signals. Previously, the gene pvl-4 was identified in a screen for mutants with defects in vulval development. We found by whole genome sequencing that pvl-4 is the Paired-box gene pax-3, which encodes the sole PAX-3 transcription factor homolog in C. elegans. pax-3 mutants show embryonic and larval lethality, and body morphology abnormalities indicative of hypodermal cell defects. We report that pax-3 is expressed in ventral P cells and their descendants during embryogenesis and early larval stages, and that in pax-3 reduction-of-function animals the ventral P cells undergo a cell fate transformation and express several markers of the lateral seam cell fate. Furthermore, forced expression of pax-3 in the lateral hypodermal cells causes them to lose expression of seam cell markers. We propose that pax-3 functions in the ventral hypodermal cells to prevent these cells from adopting the lateral seam cell fate. pax-3 represents the first gene required for specification solely of the ventral hypodermal fate in C. elegans providing insights into cell type diversification.
Medicaid Disenrollment Patterns Among Children Coming into Contact with Child Welfare Agencies.

Objectives To examine retention of Medicaid coverage over time for children in the child welfare system. Methods We linked a national survey of children with histories of abuse and neglect to their Medicaid claims files from 36 states, and followed these children over a 4 year period. We estimated a Cox proportional hazards model on time to first disenrollment from Medicaid. Results Half of our sample (50 %) retained Medicaid coverage across 4 years of follow up. Most disenrollments occurred in year 4. Being 3–5 years of age and rural residence were associated with increased hazard of insurance loss. Fee-for-service Medicaid and other non-managed insurance arrangements were associated with a lower hazard of insurance loss. Conclusions for Practice A considerable number of children entering child environments seem to retain Medicaid coverage over multiple years. Finding ways to promote entry of child welfare-involved children into health insurance coverage will be critical to assure services for this highly vulnerable population.
Giant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura

Solitary fibrous tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors accounting for <5% of all neoplasms in the pleura and other sites. A 45-year-old man reported to us with cough and dyspnea. Radiological investigations revealed a giant mass displacing the mediastinum to the left. The tumor weighing 3.0 kg was successfully resected via a right thoracotomy. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a benign tumor. Recurrence and malignant transformation of these benign tumors have been reported. Our patient has been followed up for 4 years with no recurrence.
Using Circulation Systems for Special Collections: Tracking Usage, Promoting the Collection, and Addressing the Backlogs

Innovation and change are perennially hot topics in libraries: traditional library services are being rethought in response to emerging needs. At The Ohio State University (OSU) Libraries, a cross-departmental team responded to a new emphasis on assessment and outreach by using the circulation module of our integrated library system (ILS) to measure the use of special collections and archives materials. This endeavor enabled us to streamline workflow and document our successes, increasing knowledge across the libraries about circulation functions and practices. This project's findings may apply at other institutions to assist librarians in planning and implementing such a project.
What Controls Regiochemistry in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Münchnones with Nitrostyrenes?

The distinct experimentally observed regiochemistries of the reactions between mesoionic munchnones and β-nitrostyrenes or phenylacetylene are shown by DFT/BDA/ETS-NOCV analyses of the transition states to be dominated by steric and reactant reorganization factors, rather than the orbital overlap considerations predicted by Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) Theory.
The use of electrodiagnostic studies in genetic nosology

Nosological approaches in genetics have been most extensively developed in neurological diseases. In particular. monogenic neuromuscular disorders have been studied extensively in this regard. Classifications of Charcot-Maric-Tooth Disease, and of the spinal muscular atrophies have been developed using a miscellany of classificatory approaches, most depending on the ability to quantify some clinical or sub-clinical feature of the disease in question. Quantitative electromyography, and nerve conduction studies of index cases and their near relatives, have been used to help elucidate the classifactory questions involved in this group of diseases. This paper explores the strengths of using such techniques with particular relevance to peripheral neuromuscular disease, and some of the presenile dementias.
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, a manifestation of allergic aspergillosis.

A patient with diagnoses of asthma, recurrent pneumonia and bronchiectasis was observed over the course of 15 years. Open lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia. This perplexing syndrome was diagnosed only after recognition of its similarity to that of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Review of the biopsy and results of appropriate serologic and skin tests permitted a specific diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This association of Aspergillus with the well-defined histologic entity of eosinophilic pneumonia makes it imperative to search for this agent in such cases. Whether Aspergillus is a frequent cause remains to be determined.
Twitch-related and rhythmic activation of the developing cerebellar cortex.

The cerebellum is a critical sensorimotor structure that exhibits protracted postnatal development in mammals. Many aspects of cerebellar circuit development are activity dependent, but little is k...
‘Ā’isha, Mother of the Faithful: The Prototype of Muslim Women Ulama

Having a unique intelligence and assertiveness, ‘Ā’isha has been regarded Islam’s ideal woman scholar. She was not only as one of the earliest reporters of the authentic sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad, but also a great source for conveying his private family life. The article seeks to show that ‘Ā’isha’s life in the 7th century Arabia is especially remarkable when examined through the lenses of contemporary times. Her main characteristic was her critical, ever-inquisitive, and curious mind. Through the questions she was able to ask, ‘Ā’isha became a bridge between the time of the Prophet and the contemporary Muslim life. The important role she played in the scholarly efforts of Muslim men and women in learning and teaching knowledge needs to be examined and properly emphasized. Her sound scholarship in Islamic disciplines include but was not necessarily be limited to hadith, tafsīr, fiqh, literature, and poetry. Today Muslim women may take ‘Ā’isha not only as a pious example, but follow her intelligence, curiosity, and reasoning. [Dengan kecerdasan dan kepercayaan diri yang khas, Ā’isha terkenal sebagai seorang ulama perempuan yang ideal. Tidak hanya dikenal sebagai perawi hadis, dia juga merupakan rujukan yang hebat mengenai masalah-masalah pribadi dan keluarga. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupa seorang Ā’isha pada abad ke-7 di Arabia sangatlah luar biasa pada masanya, dengan karakternya yang kritis, penuh rasa ingin tahu, dan bersemangat untuk mempelajari apa saja. Melalui pertanyaan yang dapat diajukan, Ā’isha mampu menjadi jembatan antara Nabi dan kehidupan umat masa itu. Peran penting yang dia mainkan dalam dunia keilmuan serta pembelajaran dan pengajaran sangat perlu diteliti dan digarisbawahi. Pandangan-pandangannya mencakup --tetapi tidak sebatas-- hadis, tafsir, fikih, sastra, dan puisi. Perempuan Islam saat ini tidak hanya dapat mengikuti Ā’isha sebagai teladan kesalihan, tetapi juga mesti mengikuti kecerdasan, keingintahuan, dan penalarannya.]
Analysis of the optical performance of presbyopia treatments with the defocus transfer function.

PURPOSE A variety of techniques for treating presbyopia are available. However, these techniques are often disparate in the mechanisms used to cope with the lack of accommodation. Multizone-refractive, diffractive, and apodized intraocular lens technologies are currently being used. This article evaluates the optical performance of these markedly different technologies in a simple and comparable manner. METHODS The Defocus Transfer Function is a mathematical technique for illustrating the Optical Transfer Function for all levels of defocus. By calculating the Defocus Transfer Function, the simulated performance of presbyopia correction technologies on distance, intermediate, and near vision can be evaluated simultaneously. Simulations of an opaque annular ring, a zonal refractive lens, a full-aperture diffractive lens, and an apodized diffractive lens are analyzed at pupil sizes of 3, 4, and 6 mm with this technique. RESULTS The opaque annulus begins to act like a Fresnel amplitude zone plate for small pupils. The diffractive lens technologies had sharp optical performance at two distinct foci with a shift in performance from balanced to distance-biased for the apodized diffractive lens. The zonal refractive lens exhibited a multifocal effect. However, the optical performance of this technology fell below that of the diffractive lenses. CONCLUSIONS The Defocus Transfer Function is a useful tool for analyzing presbyopia treatments. Different strategies for creating simultaneous vision or extended depth of field are easily compared. It may also be possible to reverse this technique to create an ideal pupil function that meets a desired multifocal performance specification.
Technique for Detection of Detrusor Hypertonia in the Presence of Urethral Sphincteric Incompetence

Abstract We describe a simple urodynamic test that has prognostic significance in the determination of whether augmentation of urethral resistance will lead to elevated intravesical pressures and potential renal damage. The technique is applicable to patients with impaired urethral sphincter function but fixed urethral resistance and an areflexic bladder.
Performance Assessment in Medical School Curricula: an Innovative Method of Evaluating Sonographic Skills Using Ultrasound Practical Examinations

Ultrasonography offers rapid, noninvasive imaging of internal anatomy for patient diagnosis, and future physicians should be competent in its use. Currently, there is no standard for assessing the sonographic skills of medical students. The purpose of the current study was to introduce ultrasound practical examinations as an innovative method of measuring the ultrasonography knowledge and proficiency of medical students. Student performance in the required ultrasound course for 3 consecutive classes of medical students was assessed by a practical examination graded by faculty and predoctoral fellows. Students were paired and instructed to find structures from a list of laboratory objectives chosen by an assigned grader. Collected data was evaluated retrospectively by analyzing grader performance and question difficulty. The class of 2018 was also given a survey to evaluate their perception of the practical examination. Overall, students performed well on the examination and liked the course and practical examination format. Significant differences were found among graders: faculty gave lower grades than predoctoral fellows, suggesting a need for standardization. Additional analysis suggested the differences between graders could be due to the laboratory objective chosen by the different graders. To eliminate grader bias and improve interrater reliability, random selection of ultrasound practical examination objectives for each student will be implemented for the class of 2020. These changes in the existing ultrasonography curriculum should improve the evaluation of student performance and student satisfaction, while providing a model for other medical education institutions to incorporate a proven ultrasound assessment method into their curricula.
Predator prey relationships under luminous conditions

Lemon sharks seized lighted grey snappers before seizing the unlighted but otherwise identical grey snappers in ten consecutive observations. Snappers bearing a light embedded in epoxy resin were approached in a straight line attack pattern while (dark) controls were always circled by the shark at least once before attack and seizure.
Un criterio per la continuità dell'addizione di Lie-chernoff

Si danno condizioni che assicurano che se{Am}m=0∞, {Bm}m=0∞ sono successioni cui valori generano semigruppi fortemente continui di operatori lineari non espansivi su uno spazio di Banach, se\(\exp [tC_m ]x = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } (\exp [(t/n) \times _m ]\exp [(t/n)B_m ])^n x\)N dovem e un intero non negativo ex e nello spazio, e se[I-Am]−1→[I-A0]−1 e[I-Bm]−1→[I-B0]−1 fortemente perm→∞, allora[I-Cm]−1→[I-C0]−1 fortemente perm→∞.
Exact MSE performance of the Bayesian MMSE estimator for classification error

Biomedicine is faced with difficult high-throughput small-sample classification problems, with classifier errors typically approximated using classical, though heuristically devised, resampling methods. A recently proposed Bayesian error estimator places the problem in a signal estimation framework in the presence of uncertainty, resulting in a minimum-mean-square error solution, where uncertainty is relative to the parameters of the feature-label distribution and conditioned on the observed sample. Here, we present the theoretical sample-conditioned MSE for Bayesian error estimators, demonstrating a unique advantage over resampling methods in that their mathematical framework naturally gives rise to a practical expected measure of performance given a fixed sample.
Kinetics of alkali-based photocathode degradation

We report on a kinetic model that describes the degradation of the quantum efficiency (QE) of Cs3Sb and negative electron affinity (NEA) GaAs photocathodes under UHV conditions. In addition to the generally accepted irreversible chemical change of a photocathode’s surface due to reactions with residual gases, such as O2, CO2, and H2O, the model incorporates an intermediate reversible physisorption step, similar to Langmuir adsorption. This intermediate step is needed to satisfactorily describe the strongly non-exponential QE degradation curves for two distinctly different classes of photocathodes –surface-activated and “bulk,” indicating that in both systems the QE degradation results from surface damage. The recovery of the QE upon improvement of vacuum conditions is also accurately predicted by this model with three parameters (rates of gas adsorption, desorption, and irreversible chemical reaction with the surface) comprising metrics to better characterize the lifetime of the cathodes, instead of time-pressure exposure expressed in Langmuir units.
A cosmic conundrum

Each charged elementary particle has a counterpart with the opposite charge, which is known as an antiparticle. The antiparticle partner of the negative electron, for example, is the positive positron, which was predicted by Paul Dirac in 1930 and discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932; while for the proton it is the antiproton, which was discovered by Emilio Segre and Owen Chamberlain in 1955. Just like normal particles, antiparticles can combine, forming atoms of "antimatter". Dirac's theory suggested that the laws of physics were exactly the same for matter and antimatter; so given this symmetry, why is our visible universe made of matter with no antimatter? This is the question addressed by Helen Quinn and Yossi Nir in The Mystery of the Missing Antimatter.
Management of ventricular tachycardia storm in patients with structural heart disease

Electrical storm (ES) is a medical emergency characterized by repetitive episodes of sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in a limited amount of time (at least 3 within a 24-h period) leading to repeated appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies. The occurrence of ES represents a major turning point in the natural history of patients with structural heart disease being associated with poor short- and long-term survival particularly in those with compromised left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) that can develop hemodynamic decompensation and multi-organ failure. Management of ES is challenging with limited available evidence coming from small retrospective series and a substantial lack of randomized-controlled trials. In general, a multidisciplinary approach including medical therapies such as anti-arrhythmic drugs, sedation, as well as interventional approaches like catheter ablation, may be required. Accurate patient risk stratification at admission for ES is pivotal and should take into account hemodynamic tolerability of VAs as well as comorbidities like low LVEF, advanced NYHA class and chronic pulmonary disease. In high risk patients, prophylactic mechanical circulatory support with left ventricular assistance devices or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation should be considered as bridge to ablation and recovery. In the present manuscript we review the available strategies for management of ES and the evidence supporting them.
Using small feedback to stabilize a wider class of feedforward systems 1

Abstract This paper presents a further improvement of the previous work (Mazenc, 1997; Lin and Qian, 1998). By a delicate analysis and an appropriate separation of the vector field, we show how a novel synthesis approach that combines the forwarding design (Mazenc and Praly, 1996; Mazenc, 1997) and the passivity-based small control technique (Lin, 1995 and 1996) can be used to solve the problem of global stabilization, for a significant class of feedforward systems that cannot be adequately controlled using existing methods.
Underwater optical communications using orbital angular momentum-based spatial division multiplexing

Abstract In this paper, we review high-capacity underwater optical communications using orbital angular momentum (OAM)-based spatial division multiplexing. We discuss methods to generate and detect blue–green optical data-carrying OAM beams as well as various underwater effects, including attenuation, scattering, current, and thermal gradients on OAM beams. Attention is also given to the system performance of high-capacity underwater optical communication links using OAM-based space division multiplexing. The paper closes with a discussion of a digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm to mitigate the inter-mode crosstalk caused by thermal gradients.
Crisis (Hostage) Negotiations

Best way to avoid defeat is to know when and where not to engage, as well as when to engage.—Bolz ( 2001 ), p. 61
Alternative Mode of E-Site tRNA Binding in the Presence of a Downstream mRNA Stem Loop at the Entrance Channel.

Summary Structured mRNAs positioned downstream of the ribosomal decoding center alter gene expression by slowing protein synthesis. Here, we solved the cryo-EM structure of the bacterial ribosome bound to an mRNA containing a 3′ stem loop that regulates translation. Unexpectedly, the E-site tRNA adopts two distinct orientations. In the first structure, normal interactions with the 50S and 30S E site are observed. However, in the second structure, although the E-site tRNA makes normal interactions with the 50S E site, its anticodon stem loop moves ∼54 A away from the 30S E site to interact with the 30S head domain and 50S uL5. This position of the E-site tRNA causes the uL1 stalk to adopt a more open conformation that likely represents an intermediate state during E-site tRNA dissociation. These results suggest that structured mRNAs at the entrance channel restrict 30S subunit movement required during translation to slow E-site tRNA dissociation.
Filipino American Culture and Family: Guidelines for Practitioners:

The author introduces relevant information about Filipino American culture and families in three subcategories: family and extended-family values, marital relations, and children. Guidelines for so...
Endoscopic Management of Pancreatobiliary Neoplasms

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are the mainstays of interventional endoscopic practice. EUS occupies a central role in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary neoplasms and offers a platform for a wide range of direct tumor therapies. Initial steps have demonstrated the feasibility of such applications in animal models and pilot studies. Larger clinical trials and incorporation of EUS-based therapies into cooperative cancer studies might demonstrate an impact in the clinical prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. ERCP plays an important role in elucidating indeterminate biliary strictures and in treating patients with malignant biliary obstruction who are symptomatic or have borderline-resectable or unresectable disease. ERCP-directed ablative therapies enable neoadjuvant and palliative intervention in patients with malignant biliary obstruction, in particular perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Additional comparative, multicenter studies are needed to better understand the safety and efficacy of endobiliary brachytherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiofrequency ablation in patients with pancreatobiliary malignancies.
Constructing an image of the United States in the British and French editorials about WikiLeaks

In today's globalised world a country's image is an important consideration because it can influence that country's politics and economy (Shimko 1991. Images and Arms Control: Perceptions of the So...
Respiratory Effects Associated With Global Climate Change

Notable changes in global climate are projected as likely to occur during the next several decades and well into the next century due to (1) stratospheric ozone depletion caused by anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons (bromine compounds) and other compounds, and (2) global warming due to "greenhouse" gases (such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone, and CFCs). These global climate changes are expected to result in many human health and environmental impacts. Included are likely increased frequency and duration of air stagnation periods, which may contribute to more severe air pollution episodes over urban and rural areas during which more marked elevations in surface level air pollutants (ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, acid aerosols, etc.) are likely to pose increased health risks for exposed human populations. Decrements in pulmonary function, increased respiratory symptoms, impairments of lung defense mechanisms, and possibly more chronic damage to lung tissue and earlier loss of lung capacity with aging are types of respiratory effects associated with exposures to ozone; decrements in lung function, increased morbidity (e.g. higher incidence of bronchitis), and increased mortality (at sufficiently high exposure levels) are associated with exposures to sulfur dioxide, its acidic transformation products,The occurrence and severity of these types of effects associates with increased air pollution levels in many areas of the world, then, will likely be exacerbated by stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. In turn, certain feedback effects (e.g. increased tropospheric ozone) are likely to contribute to further increase in global warming. Such linkages highlight the need for national and international strategies, both to deal with emerging stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming/climate change issues and, also, with interrelated tropospheric air pollution problems.
Principles of Thin Film X-Ray Microanalysis

The scanning electron microscope-electron probe microanalyzer (SEM-EPMA) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are two established tools for microscopy. The first instrument enables one to obtain high magnification pictures as well as microchemical information from micron sized areas in solid samples. The second instrument enables one to obtain high magnification pictures and diffraction data from electron transmission thin specimens. Over 10 years ago DUNCUMB (1968) mounted a wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer on a TEM in order to obtain chemical and structural as well as diffraction data from the same area of a thin specimen. This idea of a combination instrument has developed rapidly in the last few years into the scanning transmission electron microscope—analytical electron microscope (STEM-AEM) instrument of today. In the modern version of this instrument a 60 to 200 kV electron beam is focused to < 100 and often to < 10 nm diameter at the specimen surface. Scanning coils move the focused beam over the specimen to obtain a STEM image. The emitted x-rays are measured with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). Quantitative electron probe microanalysis can be accomplished when the focused beam is positioned at selected points on a specimen. In addition, particle identification and x-ray scanning can be performed with this instrument.
Consumer-based assessment of product creativity: A review and reappraisal: Research Articles

In the current value-based economy, organizations compete to match customer needs and requirements by adding various types of value to products or programs. One example of this added value is product creativity, which is defined as the originality and appropriateness of a product that elicits a positive affect compatible with the consumer or judge. In this article, the authors review current research on creativity, product development, and consumer behavior and reappraise the current tools to measure product creativity. The overall conclusion of this review and reappraisal is that whereas product creativity shows relevance to consumer behavior, a more detailed model of product creativity and measurement tool needs to be developed and validated before fully understanding the impact of product creativity on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 155–175, 2006.
How Insecurity Is Transforming Migration Patterns in the North American Corridor: Lessons from Michoacán

This chapter explores the paradigmatic case of Michoacan, Mexico, a model transnational state with intense social and economic interconnections with the United States suffering very high levels of violence. It investigates how insecurity resulting from criminal-related activities and the concomitant reaction on the part of the Mexican state and self-defense groups has forcibly displaced thousands of people, critically reshaping the state’s migration patterns, such as with the rise of internal displacement. Relying on interviews with migrant authorities and representatives of civil society both in Mexico and the United States, this chapter traces the effect that violence is having on traditional migration patterns showing how an important number of uprooted Michoacanos have attempted to migrate north using existing transnational migration networks. The analysis thus underscores the complex intermestic dimension that human mobility is attaining in the North American corridor.
Quantifying and mapping resilience within large organizations

Abstract To complement risk assessment, large organizations need to be resilient in order to maintain critical functioning in the face of uncertain future threats (whether the threat is environmental, cyber, security-related, social, etc.). Given the complexity of both large organizations and future threat space, it is challenging to enact programs and protocols that ensure resilience across whole organizations. We propose that large organizations can map current organizational resilience across threat event cycle phases (Plan, Absorb, Recover, Adapt) and context-specific resilience domains (Physical, Information, Cognitive, and Social) to contextualized resilience metrics. Subcomponents then can be compared to one another through dashboards or quantitative indices to facilitate decision making for resilience through identifying organizational strengths, weakness, synergies, and redundancies across its subcomponents in the context of their associated missions and capabilities. The United States Department of the Army is used as a case study example of how resilience approaches of large, complex organizations can be visualized to enable resilience insights using this methodology.
Yoga Kernels: A Public Health Model for Developing and Disseminating Evidence-Based Yoga Practices.

Abstract Many people are drawn to yoga for its potential health benefits. With its rising popularity, yoga could become a widely used public health intervention, but its success depends on finding ...
Heart Rate Monitoring During Physical Exercise From Photoplethysmography Using Neural Network

Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals have been widely used for heart rate (HR) monitoring. Compared to the electrocardiogram, PPG signals can be easily collected with wearable devices such as smart watches at a lower cost. However, the PPG signals are often contaminated by the motion artifact (MA) and noises, which greatly deteriorate the signal quality and pose significant challenges on HR monitoring. In this article, a new algorithm, using the spectral subtraction and the neural network (NN), is developed for accurate HR tracking in the presence of MA and noises. Specifically, the spectral component of MA is estimated from the acceleration (ACC) signals and then removed from the spectra of PPG. In addition, an NN model is developed based on new features extracted from ACC signals to identify the relationship between the ACC and HR variations in consecutive time windows. Such information is further used as a reference to select the spectral peak corresponding to the actual HR. A postprocessing algorithm is used to correct misidentified HR and to improve the accuracy. The NN-based algorithm is validated using the 2015 IEEE Signal Processing Cup Dataset. Our algorithm achieves an average absolute error of 1.03 beats per minutes (BPM) (standard deviation: 1.82 BPM), which outperforms previously reported works in the literature.
Atrial Septal Defects and Sinus Venosus Defects

Atrial septal defects are quite common with an incidence of about 1 per 400–800 live births, accounting for around 13% of all congenital heart disease. As a whole, these lesions occur in nearly equal proportion in males and females though differences are seen among subtypes. This chapter discusses the various types of atrial septal defects, the physiology and presentations associated with different sized shunts, the essentials of diagnosis, and the indications for shunt closure in adults.
Intellectual property and national security: the case of the hardcastle superheater, 1905–1927

This article explores the complex and changing relationship between technological development, intellectual property, and national security in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Its specific case study concerns an important invention developed by a naval officer. Technological innovations not only were vital to British security but also embodied commercially valuable intellectual property. The state’s interest in acquiring control of the intellectual property to maintain Britain’s naval supremacy was not automatically aligned with the interests of inventors. The alignment was especially fraught in the case of service inventors—that is, inventors in government service, rather than in the private sector. Service inventors, who played a crucial role in maintaining Britain’s naval-technological edge, were governed by special regulations, and they invariably utilized state resources for their inventive work. Exploring these issues sheds important light on the attitude of the British state toward inn...
Early experience with the use of hepatitis C antibody‐positive, nucleic acid testing‐negative donors in lung transplantation

Historically, potential lung donors who have detectable antibodies to hepatitis C virus have been declined by most centers due to concern for possible disease transmission. We sought to evaluate hepatitis C viral transmission rates from donors who were known to be HCV Ab positive but HCV NAT negative. We performed a single-center retrospective review of a prospectively collected database for lung transplant recipients at our center including HCV Ab+NAT- donors (approved January 2017). Donor and recipient demographic data were compiled, and records were queried to ascertain rate of seroconversion. During the study period (1/1/17 to 8/9/17), a total of 64 recipients underwent lung transplantation. Thirteen (20%) donors were HCV Ab+NAT-. All recipients of HCV Ab+NAT- grafts were HCV Ab- at the time of transplant. Recipients of grafts from HCV Ab+NAT- donors underwent protocol NAT at 2 and 12 months and all are NAT- to date. One recipient developed reactive HCV Ab at 6 months post-transplant. Follow-up NAT showed HCV RNA to be undetectable. To date, use of HCV Ab+NAT- donors in lung transplantation has yielded favorable outcomes, with evidence of one transient seroconversion suggesting this practice may increase access to life-saving transplantation to those in need.
A Robust Approach for Mitigating Risks in Cyber Supply Chains

In recent years, there have been growing concerns regarding risks in federal information technology (IT) supply chains in the United States that protect cyber infrastructure. A critical need faced by decisionmakers is to prioritize investment in security mitigations to maximally reduce risks in IT supply chains. We extend existing stochastic expected budgeted maximum multiple coverage models that identify "good" solutions on average that may be unacceptable in certain circumstances. We propose three alternative models that consider different robustness methods that hedge against worst-case risks, including models that maximize the worst-case coverage, minimize the worst-case regret, and maximize the average coverage in the ( 1 - α ) worst cases (conditional value at risk). We illustrate the solutions to the robust methods with a case study and discuss the insights their solutions provide into mitigation selection compared to an expected-value maximizer. Our study provides valuable tools and insights for decisionmakers with different risk attitudes to manage cybersecurity risks under uncertainty.
Stability and Failure Geometry of Slopes with Spatially Varying Undrained Shear Strength

AbstractThe influence of spatial variation in undrained shear strength is an important practical consideration for assessing the stability of excavations or natural slopes. Prior research has focus...
From Cyber to E-Mail Incivility: A Psychometric Assessment and Measure Validation Study

Conducting research on organizational communication, and on how e-mail is used and misused by employees, is an important question addressed by this research. Specifically, we assess and address the...
Opportunities to Address First Opioid Prescriptions to Reduce Incident Long-Term Opioid Use.

Donohue and colleagues examined inpatient opioid prescribing practices in a large health system over 5 years and found that among nearly 200 000 hospital admissions of opioid-naive patients, nearly...
The Formulation of Variational Principles by Means of Clebsch Potentials

Although Clebsch representations have appeared sporadically in the literature on classical hydrodynamics, the applicability of such representations to physics in general, and variational principles in particular, seems to have been overlooked until fairly recently. This is probably due to the fact that the standard formulation of such representations, originally 2 due to A. Clebsch, is subject to severe restri citions, as is immediately evident from the following enunciation: Given any differentiable vector field X on a 3-dimensional Euclidean space E3, there exist scalar functions Ψ, P, Q of the coordinates of E3, such that X can be represented in the form $$ \vec X = \nabla \Psi + Q\nabla P $$ (1.1) The aforementioned restricitions refer to the dimension of the space, as well as to its Euclidean character. Thus, when applications of a general nature are envisaged, one is compelled to seek extensions (if such are feasible) which are not subject to the limitations inherent in (1.1).
Entropy Estimates on Tensor Products of Banach Spaces and Applications to Low-Rank Recovery

Low-rank matrix models have been universally useful for numerous applications starting from classical system identification to more modern matrix completion in signal processing and statistics. The Schatten-1 norm, also known as the nuclear norm, has been used as a convex surrogate of the low-rankness since it induces a low-rank solution to inverse problems. While the Schatten-1 norm for low-rankness has a nice analogy with the l 1 norm for sparsity through the singular value decomposition, other matrix norms also induce low-rankness. Particularly as one interprets a matrix as a linear operator between Banach spaces, various tensor product norms generalize the role of the Schatten-1 norm. Inspired by a recent work on the max-norm-based matrix completion, we provide a unified view on a class of tensor product norms and their interlacing relations on low-rank operators. Furthermore we derive entropy estimates between the injective and projective tensor products of a family of Banach space pairs and demonstrate their applications to matrix completion and decentralized subspace sketching.
Popular Education in Chile.

Popular education, a form of community-based education, is rooted in communities and defined by the complex social, economic, and political contexts of the countries in which it occurs. In this section, we present two articles from Chile, a country that for the past sixteen years has been subjected to a dictatorial government and in which conditions of poverty and a lack of quality education have been prevalent in many communities. In the following two articles, Salomon Magendzo and Liliana Vaccaro reflect on the efforts of marginalized people from these communities to educate them­ selves and participate actively in society. These two articles are presented as companion pieces because of their common theme — the experience of popular education in PIIE, Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigations en Education (Interdisciplinary Program for Research in Education). Magendzo first presents a global view of PIIE's role as an organization sponsoring various popular education programs and research in Chile. Vaccaro then focuses her discussion on one such program, the Learning Workshops, analyzing its pedagogical process over the past twelve years. Both authors provide a critical view of the educa­ tional inequities in Chile, and argue for teaching methods that promote the collabo­ ration and participation of people in poor communities as instruments of social change. We are publishing Vaccaro's article bilingually as a symbolic gesture in recognition of the native language of these authors and in an effort to convey the author's message in her own words. We can only speculate on what effects current changes in the Chilean government will have on the growth and future of popular education programs there. Nevertheless, in these articles Magendzo and Vaccaro give us a vision of continuity for popular edu­ cation that is based on a commitment to work and change by the people who live and struggle in the poor sectors of that country.