cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tight-binding inhibitors-II. Non-steady state nature of inhibition of milk xanthine oxidase by allopurinol and alloxanthine and of human erythrocytic adenosine deaminase by coformycin.

Abstract The non-steady state nature of the inhibition of milk xanthine oxidase by allopurinol and alloxanthine was demonstrated, and the kinetic data presented are consistent with the known mechanisms of inhibitions by these inhibitors. With the use of human erythrocytic adenosine deaminase and its tight-binding inhibitor, coformycin, it was demonstrated that the classical methods of enzyme kinetics based on the steady state assumptions are grossly inadequate for determining the inhibition mechanisms or inhibition constants for tight-binding inhibitors. The application of the Ackermann-Potter plot, I50. the Easson-Stedman plot (or Henderson plot), and the rates of association and dissociation of enzyme-inhibititor complex were presented and their usefulness was evaluated. The molar equivalency and the catalytic number of human erythrocytic adenosine deaminase were estimated at about 1.0 × 10−10 mole/unit and 1.0 × 104 min−1 respectively. It was also demonstrated that the Ki, value of coformycin for this enzyme does not exceed 1.2 × 10−10 M, and that the second-order rate constant for the association of the enzyme with coformycin is approximately 2 × 106 M−1 sec−1. The biphasic nature of the dissociation of the deaminase-coformycin complex (EI complex) indicates that the EI complex undergoes a slow conformational change. The implications of these new kinetic approaches for the study of tight-binding inhibitors, including transition-state analogs, were discussed.
Solar wind parameters and magnetospheric coupling studies

This paper presents distributions, means, and standard deviations of the fluxes of solar wind protons, momentum, and energy as observed near earth during the solar quiet and active years 1976 and 1979. Distributions of ratios of energies (Alfven Mach number, plasma beta) and distributions of interplanetary magnetic field orientations are also given. Finally, the uncertainties associated with the use of the libration point orbiting ISEE-3 spacecraft as a solar wind monitor are discussed.
Representations of American Culture in Food Advertisements in Mainstream, Latina, and African-American Magazines

This study analyzed 54 advertisements for food products, grocery stores and restaurants in nine major women’s magazines in order to gain understanding of the values of American ethnic groups. The author divided the magazines by audience (mainstream, African-American, and Latina), and then coded the advertisements for themes like family, community, and nutrition. Food advertisements in mainstream magazines frequently emphasized that nutritious, delicious food could be part of a busy lifestyle, whereas ads in Latina magazines associated food with family, and advertisements in African-American magazines contained mostly taste-related claims. As America’s ethnic population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important for advertisers to understand which messages will resonate with different racial and ethnic groups.
Sustaining Student and Faculty Success: A Model for Student Learning and Faculty Development

We begin this essay with a brief description of the four-year multidisciplinary faculty development project in which we participated. After describing some of the successes of the proje ct, we argue that three elements of our approach were integral to the increases in student learning that were facilitated by project participants: (1) The Learning Question, Disciplinary Expertise, and Foundational Learning Theory, (2) Collaboration and Evaluation, and (3) Public Support and Professional Acknowledgement.
Predissociation rates in the B2Σ− state of CH

Abstract Rotationally dependent predissociation rates have been determined for the levels N′ = 15–17 in ν′ = 0 and N′ = 7, 8 in ν′ = 1 of the B 2 Σ − state of the CH radical, from measured quantum yields of laser-induced fluorescence in a low pressure methane/oxygen flame. The lifetimes decrease very quickly with rotational quantum number and show good agreement with previous theoretical calculations.
Memoir on the Theory of the Articulated Octahedron

Mr. C. Stephanos posed the following question in the Interm\'ediaire des Math\'ematiciens: "Do there exist polyhedra with invariant facets that are susceptible to an infinite family of transformations that only alter solid angles and dihedrals?" I announced, in the same Journal, a special concave octahedron possessing the required property. Cauchy, on the other hand, has proved that there do not exist convex polyhedra that are deformable under the prescribed conditions. In this Memoir I propose to extend the above mentioned result, by resolving the problem of Mr. Stephanos in general for octahedra of triangular facets. Following Cauchy's theorem, all the octahedra which I shall establish as deformable will be of necessity concave by virtue of the fact that they possess reentrant dihedrals or, in fact, facets that intercross, in the manner of facets of polyhedra in higher dimensional spaces.
Metodología para el diagnóstico, prevención y control de la corrupción en programas de seguridad ciudadana

La corrupcion y la inseguridad ciudadana estan intimamente relacionadas. La criminalidad se vale de la corrupcion para lograr el apoyo de las autoridades para continuar con sus actividades delictivas, lo que deteriora la seguridad ciudadana y la gobernabilidad democratica. Los actores involucrados en los programas de seguridad ciudadana son particularmente susceptibles a la corrupcion por los bajos sueldos, debiles controles y en general la debilidad institucional de muchos de los paises de la region latinoamericana. Por tanto, es necesario definir un proceso sistematico de identificacion, analisis y respuesta a los riesgos de corrupcion en programas de seguridad ciudadana. La metodologia propuesta, basada en la cadena de valor, permite esto, por lo que incrementa la probabilidad de exito de estos programas de alcanzar sus objetivos esperados de alcance, costo, tiempo y calidad. Los macro procesos criticos de la cadena de valor de la seguridad ciudadana identificados son: (i) desarrollar politicas de seguridad; (ii) prevenir la violencia; (iii) controlar y sancionar; (iv) rehabilitar y reinsertar a la sociedad; y (v) supervisar y evaluar las politicas. Los procesos administrativos o de apoyo son: (i) infraestructura de la organizacion, (ii) desarrollar tecnologia, (iii) gestionar recursos humanos, y (iv) gestionar abastecimiento. Esta metodologia se complementa con metodologias de analisis de riesgo sistemico de corrupcion de los paises. La metodologia planteada es propositiva, en el sentido de que plantea una serie de medidas para responder a los riesgos identificados. De no controlarse el circulo vicioso corrupcion-inseguridad, muchos de los paises de la region podrian caer en grave inestabilidad politica, perdida de control de su territorio y guerras de grupos rivales extendidas con perdidas de vidas en la poblacion
Exploiting Domain Knowledge in IC Cell Layout

This article describes a knowledge-based expert system, Talib, whose domain of expertise is in the cell layout phase of the IC design task. It applies Al techniques and has been used to design IC layouts in the circuit range of four to 86 transistors. The system is implemented in OPS5, a general-purpose rule-based language. Talib accepts as input the schematic of the proposed circuit along with the description of the cell layout boundary, and produces as output the description of the mask geometry in CalTech Intermediate Form. The cell layout problem is based on a single metal, single polysilicon, NMOS process. It is further constrained to be in the framework of Manhattan geometry, hence only orthogonal lines are used.
Material surface modification for first wall protection

The elements and strategy of a program to develop low Z surfaces for tokamak reactors is described. The development of low Z coated limiters is selected as an interim goal. Candidate materials were selected from the elements: Be, B, Al, Ti, V, C, O, N and their compounds. The effect of low energy erosion on surface morphology is shown for Be, TiC and VBe/sub 12/. The tradeoffs in coating design are described. Stress analysis results for TiB/sub 2/ coated POCO graphite limiters for ORNL's ISX-B tokamak are given.
ABYSSALLY GENERATED T PHASES

Abstract : Two distinct types of signals have been identified from studies of T- phase spectra and source locations. One, with its source at a shoaling slope of the ocean bottom and with dominant frequencies near 4 cps, is the previously recognized and described classic T phase. The other, with its source in deep water and with dominant frequencies near 30 cps, is newly identified and is here termed the abyssally generated, or abyssal, T phase. Scattering from the sea surface is proposed as a mechanism for producing rays which propagate through the ocean with an apparent velocity equal to sofar velocity. The sea surface roughness is hypothesized as shaping the spectrum of the abyssal T phase. A synthesis of the power-level record is derived which relates the degree of sharpness of the abyssal T-phase peak with focal depth.
Detection of a new substrate-derived radical during inactivation of ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli by gemcitabine 5'-diphosphate.

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) play a central role in replication and repair by catalyzing the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides. Gemcitabine 5‘-diphosphate (F2CDP), the nucleoside of which was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of pancreatic cancer, is a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of class I and II RNRs. Inactivation of the Eschericia coli class I RNR is accompanied by loss of two fluorides and one cytosine. This RNR is composed of two homodimeric subunits: R1 and R2. R1 is the site of nucleotide reduction, and R2 contains the essential diferric−tyrosyl radical cofactor. The mechanism of inactivation depends on the availability of reductant. In the presence of reductant [thioredoxin (TR)/thioredoxin reductase (TRR)/NADPH or dithiothreitol], inhibition results from R1 inactivation. In the absence of reductant with prereduced R1 and R2, inhibition results from loss of the essential tyrosyl radical in R2. The same result is obtained with C754S/C759S-R1 in the presence of TR/TRR/...
Microarray analysis in the clinical management of cancer.

Because of the many genetic and epigenetic alterations that define a given tumor cell, and given the heterogeneity of these changes, between, as well as within a tumor class, progress in the understanding and treatment of cancer has been slow. The sequencing of the human genome, in combination with advances in robotics, computing, and imaging technologies, has resulted in rapid advances in the development of microarray methodology. This technology now places us in a position to simultaneously consider the consequence of all of these genetic changes through measurement of a large proportion of the complement of genes expressed in a given tissue at a given time. The power of this methodology for (1) the classification and identification of tumor classes, (2) gene discovery, (3) determining mechanisms of drug action, and (4) predicting drug response has now clearly been demonstrated: however, several challenges remain. First, there is a growing need for a standardization of the methodology, such that different datasets may be compared directly and meaningfully. The complete sequencing and annotation of the human genome may be the first step toward this attainable goal. Also, the databases generated should be made publicly available to facilitate further analysis by other researchers. To this end, the results of our studies are available at http://sequence.aecom.yu.edu/bioinf/Augenlicht/default.html. Second, a number of reported findings on tumor classification require further validation in independent patient data sets. Third, extensive clinical studies with appropriate patient follow-up are required to determine the validity of this method for the prediction of patient response to chemotherapy. Finally, the possibility needs to be considered that gene expression profiling may need to be combined with other global approaches such as proteomics and mutation screening analyses, for optimization of its potential. The advent of methodologies that enable gene expression profiling provides an opportunity to gain insights into the genetic makeup of a cancer cell on a global scale. Given the heterogeneity of this disease, such a global approach is likely to enhance significantly our understanding and management of this disease.
Systematic review: evidence‐based management of hepatocellular carcinoma – an updated analysis of randomized controlled trials

The treatment strategy of hepatocellular carcinoma applied following scientific guidelines is only supported by 77 randomized controlled trials published so far, a figure that clearly pinpoints hepatocellular carcinoma as an 'orphan' cancer in terms of clinical research when compared with other high-prevalent cancers worldwide. A systematic review analysing 61 randomized controlled trials (1978-2002) showed a modest survival benefit from chemoembolization in patients with intermediate tumours, and the lack of an effective first-line treatment option for patients with advanced disease. These conclusions have been endorsed by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The present updated evidence-based approach includes 16 randomized controlled trials published from 2002 to 2005 assessing percutaneous ablation (seven), other loco-regional therapies (three) and systemic therapies (six). Eight showed high-quality methodological profiles. Four randomized controlled trials demonstrated a better local hepatocellular carcinoma control in tumours larger than 2 cm treated by radiofrequency ablation compared with ethanol injection. No survival advantages were obtained from systemic treatments in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, an area that is an unmet need. Therefore, there is an urgent request to conduct well-designed phase III investigations in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
Relative roles of calcium derived from intra- and extracellular sources in dynamic luteinizing hormone release from perifused pituitary cells.

GnRH releases LH from pituitary gonadotropes by a calcium-dependent mechanism. Previous studies in static cell cultures have not revealed a role for intracellular-derived calcium during GnRH-stimulated LH release. In the present study we have reexamined this possibility using a perifusion system, which permits a more dynamic assessment of early cellular events. Chelation of extracellular calcium by EGTA and calcium channel blockade by methoxyverapamil prevented sustained LH release. A component of early LH release occurred independently of extracellular calcium mobilization. This previously unrecognized aspect of LH release was shown to be dependent upon intracellular calcium. The molecular mechanism by which this calciumdependent signal is translated into a cellular response does not appear to be mediated by calmodulin or protein kinase C, whereas sustained LH release appears mediated by calmodulin. While calcium derived from extracellular sources is still viewed as the major messenger for sustained LH r...
The relationship between parental locus of control and children's perceptions of control

Parents' beliefs about locus of control in relation to their children were measured. Previous studies have failed to find a relationship between parental locus of control and children's locus of control. The results of this study indicate that an external parental locus of control was related to children's attributing their successes and failures to unknown causes. There was also a strong correlation between parental locus of control and children's behavior toward the parent.
Collective response of YBa2Cu3O7/Ag weak-link junction arrays

The collective response of superconducting thin-film arrays of 300×300 coupled YBa2Cu3O7/Ag weak-link junctions is investigated as a function of external magnetic fields. Our highT c arrays, which were fabricated using electron-beam and photolithography techniques, are based on a substrate-induced defect method. In this method, a square array of thin-film Ag lines produces a two-dimensional lattice of junctions in an overlaying thin-film array of highT c lines. We find that the zero-field resistive transition of the array is governed by a Kosterlitz-Thouless-type transition. Below the super-conducting transition, we observe quantum oscillations in magnetoresistance curves at both integer and half-integer multiples of the flux quantum. These results suggest that long-range phase coherence may be established in large highT c arrays.
Degradable polyurethane networks based on d,l-lactide, glycolide, ε-caprolactone, and trimethylene carbonate homopolyester and copolyester triols

Abstract Several trifunctional, hydroxy-telechelic polyester and poly(ester-carbonate) homopolymers and copolymers were synthesized by the triol-initiated, ring-opening bulk polymerization of d,l -lactide, glycolide, e-caprolactone, and/or trimethylene carbonate. The molar compositions of the copolymers were determined from 13C n.m.r. spectra; hydroxy equivalent weights were determined by acetylation titration, and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) and melting points were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Crosslinked polyurethane networks were prepared by reacting the hydroxy-telechelic prepolymers with tolylene diisocyanate. Network characterization included determination of sol content by solvent extraction, Tg by d.s.c., tensile properties by stress-strain measurements, and degradation properties by hydrolytic degradation studies. Equilibrium swelling results indicated that the per cent weight gains correlated well with the prepolymer hydroxy equivalent weights, with the exception of the poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) network. The poly( d,l -lactide) and poly( d,l -lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLTMC) networks had the highest tensile strengths of 49.60 and 41.27 MPa, respectively, and glass transition temperatures of 51.3 and 21.3°C, respectively. All other networks were highly flexible with tensile strengths of 12 MPa or less. Hydrolytic degradation studies were conducted by placing network samples in a solution of phosphate-buffered saline (pH = 7.4) at 37°C. Weight uptake of buffer and weight loss of the networks were monitored gravimetrically over time. Tensile properties, monitored as a function of degradation time, indicated that the poly(e-caprolactone-co- d,l -lactide) and PLTMC networks displayed a linear loss of strength with respect to weight during the first 30 days of degradation; the other networks degraded either too slowly or too quickly to establish such a linear relationship.
Principles of operation and analysis of switched-capacitor circuits

The principles involved in switched-capacitor circuit operation are examined with emphasis on physical insight rather than mathematical abstraction, albeit without sacrificing rigor, generality, and accuracy. Detailed time waveforms are extensively used. Input-output difference equations are discussed. After a complete time domain description, it is shown that a frequency-domain description becomes trivial through the use of phasors; z-transforms are avoided. Equivalent systems are derived. Analysis techniques are developed in parallel with the investigation of circuit properties.
The Effectiveness of Newton's Method for ImprovingAb InitioForce Fields with Applications to CO2and H2CO

Abstract Ab initio force field parameters are refined using modifications to Newton's method in which a figure of merit function is approximated as a Taylor Series truncated at second order. We investigate two versions of Newton's method: the Discrete Newton method where the Hessian is approximated by finite differences and the Gauss–Newton method where the Hessian is approximated as the product of first derivatives. The applicability of both rests on the capability of current ab initio methods to calculate quartic force fields that accurately reproduce experimental observables such as band centers and inertial constants. As examples, we calculate refined potential energy surfaces for CO 2 and H 2 CO. We show that an algorithm depending solely on Newton's methods requires only a small number of iterations. Additionally, Newton-based methods provide a great deal of information about the sensitivity of the force field parameters to the observables being fit. We also demonstrate that the less computationally demanding Gauss–Newton method gives results similar to the less approximate Discrete Newton method.
Scorching, and Other Plasticity Changes in Rubber Compounds on Heating

Abstract A method is described which employs the Goodrich plastometer for detecting the initial stages of vulcanization of uncured rubber compounds. Reduction in plasticity, at standard room temperature, of test pieces previously heated for various intervals at selected temperatures is used to determine the degree of cure and thus to estimate safe operating temperatures and periods. Examples of the application of the method to a variety of compounds are presented. Other temperature effects, such as heat stiffening and softening, which have not previously been reported, are illustrated.
Measurement of Brillouin Spectra by Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy

The method of Fourier-transform spectroscopy is investigated for the purpose of measuring Brillouin spectra. Initial results are presented for light scattered by CS2. The Michelson fringe visibility was measured at selected interferometer path-length differences, and the data were interpreted to give a very accurate value of hypersonic velocity and a rough value for Brillouin line width.
Health behavior and college students: Does Greek affiliation matter?

The college years offer an opportunity for new experiences, personal freedom, and identity development; however, this period is also noted for the emergence of risky health behaviors that place college students at risk for health problems. Affiliation with on-campus organizations such as fraternities or sororities may increase a students' risk given the rituals and socially endorsed behaviors associated with Greek organizations. In this study, we examined alcohol and drug use, smoking, sexual behavior, eating, physical activity, and sleeping in 1,595 college students (n = 265 Greek members, n = 1,330 non-Greek members). Results show Greek members engaged in more risky health behaviors (e.g., alcohol use, cigarette smoking, sexual partners, and sex under the influence of alcohol or drugs) than non-Greek members. Greek and non-Greek members did not differ in condom use, unprotected sex, eating, and physical activity behaviors. Implications for prevention and intervention strategies among Greek members are discussed.
An efficient parallel algorithm for computing a large independent set in a planar graph

Let ź(G) denote the independence number of a graphG, that is the maximum number of pairwise independent vertices inG. We present a parallel algorithm that computes in a planar graphG = (V, E), an independent set $$I \subseteq V$$ such that ¦I¦ź ź (G)/2. The algorithm runs in timeOlog2n) and requires a linear number of processors. This is achieved by denning a new set of reductions that can be executed "locally" and simultaneously; furthermore, it is shown that a constant fraction of the vertices in the graph are reducible. This is the best known approximation scheme when the number of processors available is linear; parallel implementation of known sequential algorithms requires many more processors.
Iran's Fourth Plan: A Partial Assessment

© 2010, The Author Middle East Policy © 2010, Middle East Policy Council The Islamic Republic’s Fourth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan (2004/52009/10) came to its unceremonious end on March 21, 2010.1 This was to be the first of a four-plan scenario within Iran’s ambitious Twenty-year Economic Perspective 2004-2024. According to this perspective, by 2024, after the completion of four five-year plans, Iran was expected to be a fully advanced nation, ranking first among 28 Middle Eastern and South Asian countries in economic, scientific and technological progress, offering a guiding light for the Islamic world while engaging in constructive interaction with the international community.2 This review intends to examine the performance of the Fourth Plan against the backdrop of its major socioeconomic objectives. The analysis will be limited to the outcome of the plan itself and does not deal with the totality of events, actions or circumstances in the Islamic Republic during the period. Discussion will also be limited to the areas for which data are available — with a reminder that at no time since the 1979 revolution have official economic statistics been so scarce, inconsistent, doctored or deliberately withheld by the responsible authorities.3 Wide differences in published facts and figures also exist among various government agencies, lending much doubt to their accuracy.4
Intra-arterially administered papaverine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm.

Objective We examined the therapeutic benefits of intra-arterially administered papaverine for treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recent advances in microcatheter technology have facilitated endovascular approaches to vessels experiencing vasospasm after SAH. However, despite numerous encouraging anecdotal reports, no rigorous examination of the efficacy of these procedures has been published. Intra-arterial infusion of papaverine has become part of the standard management of vasospasm at some centers. Methods We examined a series of 31 patients undergoing papaverine infusion for the treatment of symptomatic vasospasm after SAH. The patients were a subgroup of the series enrolled in the North American Trial of Tirilizad for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. These individuals were matched with patients from the same trial who exhibited similar clinical characteristics (including the degree of vasospasm and the modified Glasgow Coma Scale scores measured at the time of admission and on the day of papaverine infusion) but received medical management alone for vasospasm. Results Logistic regression analysis comparing these two groups showed no statistical difference in the 3-month Glasgow Outcome Scale scores between patients receiving papaverine and control subjects (58% favorable outcomes for control subjects versus 45% for patients receiving papaverine). Conclusion Although isolated series documenting clinical successes have prompted the increased use of papaverine as a treatment for vasospasm after SAH, this series suggests that, as it is currently being used, the drug does not provide added benefits, compared with medical treatment of vasospasm alone. This result does not preclude the possibility that alterations in the timing of or indications for drug treatment might produce beneficial effects.
An evidence-based approach to the efficient use of computed tomography imaging in the neurosurgical patient.

Background Computed tomography (CT) is the current standard for rapidly diagnosing some of the more common structural pathologies that affect the neurosurgical patient perioperatively. With this convenience comes the potential for its overuse. Objective To investigate the utility of head CT scans ordered for various clinical indications. Methods All head CT studies ordered by the UCLA Neurosurgery Department from August 15, 2011 through December 15, 2011, were prospectively studied. Variables collected included demographic information, diagnosis, surgical procedures, indication for CT, CT findings, and whether the study led to a documentable change in management. Results There were 801 head CT studies ordered for the 462 patients who were admitted to the neurosurgical service. The authors identified 14 indications for ordering a head CT with the following probabilities of a positive finding: examination change (17/56, 30.3%), follow-up (4-6 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage; 16/126, 12.7%), CT angiography (11/30, 36.7%), routine postoperative imaging (6/126, 4.7%), postventriculostomy placement (4/62, 6.5%), immediately before (4/31, 12.9%) or after removal of (2/42, 4.8%) a ventriculostomy, surveillance (>24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage or external ventricular drain placement) (3/66, 4.5%), headaches (2/8, 25%), ground level fall (1/8, 12.5%), intracranial pressure spikes (2/6, 33.3%), and delayed (6-24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage; 1/25, 4%). Conclusion The probability of discovering a clinically significant finding varies widely for each of the listed study indications. This prospective analysis of all CT scans ordered at a single institution suggests that imaging studies obtained without a change in neurological status were unlikely to produce a positive finding, and even when there was a positive finding, it was extremely unlikely to result in any intervention.
Deficits in the control of food intake after hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions

Noradrenergic mechanisms of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been shown to play an important role in the stimulation of feeding To determine the influence of this nucleus in monitoring and controlling responses to physiological and pharmacological challenges, PVN electrolytic lesion rats were tested for their behavioral responsiveness to agents known to affect the alpha-2 noradrenergic system as well as release of corticosterone, and to short- and long-term periods of food deprivation. Discrete lesions of the PVN produced enhanced feeding, particularly of carbohydrate, in freely-feeding rats maintained on a macronutrient self-selection paradigm. Lesion rats demonstrated a behavioral deficit in food intake regulation (a decrease in carbohydrate ingestion) in response to 5-hr and 24-hr fasts, showed a disturbance in circadian feeding, and exhibited a dramatic decrease in circulating corticosterone. However, feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and insulin remained intact, suggesting that noradrenergic receptors within the PVN are not involved in the mediation of glucoprivic-induced feeding.
Inter-American studies or Imperial American studies?

Abstract As inter-American studies gain greater academic visibility, we are now in a position to ask whether the field constitutes an imperial threat to Latin American literary and cultural study, or whether it provides a valuable basis for cross-cultural comparison. Do inter-American studies represent the latest variation on the Monroe Doctrine of policing the region? What do we make of the fact that inter-American studies blossoms just as Latin Americanism becomes increasingly more powerful in the academy? This article argues that while questions of empire and appropriation must be considered as we assess this burgeoning field of inquiry, an inter-American perspective also affords possibilities for studying cultural production. These possibilities include comparative studies of works that have been largely marginalized by scholars of the Americas, such as Brazilian and indigenous literatures. In addition, the inter-American approach is able to put pressure on nationalist and cultural essentialist episte...
Pharmacotherapy of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: review of the latest clinical data

The peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are a disparate group of diseases with varying clinical and pathological features and heterogeneous natural histories. All of the PTCL histologies are uncommon in North America and western Europe. Even the most common PTCL histology, PTCL-not otherwise specified, accounts for only a small fraction of all cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The relative rarity and clinical heterogeneity of these diseases has hampered basic science and clinical research and, until recently, made PTCL a neglected area of drug development. This has partly contributed to lower success rates in treating PTCL relative to the more common B-cell nonHodgkin’s lymphomas. The roles of many therapies utilized to treat PTCL, including stem cell transplantation, remain undefined. Thankfully, several therapies have been approved in recent years and large scale studies are evaluating the comparative efficacy of various therapeutic approaches. This review describes the common PTCL subtypes and delineates recent advances.
Mother, Melancholia, and Play in Erik H. Erikson’s Childhood and Society

In an earlier article on Erik H. Erikson’s earliest writings (Capps, 2007), I focused on the relationship between the child’s melancholia and conflict with maternal authority, and drew attention to the restorative role of humor. In this article, I discuss two of the three chapters in part three, “The Growth of the Ego,” of Erikson’s first major book, Childhood and Society [Erikson, Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton, 1950, Childhood and society (rev. edition). New York: W. W. Norton, 1963]. I explore the same theme of the relationship of melancholia and the mother, but focus on the restorative role of play. I interpret the differences between the two cases in light of Sigmund Freud’s essay, “Mourning and Melancholia” [Freud, Mourning and melancholia. In S. Freud, General psychological theory (pp. 164–179). P. Rieff (ed.). New York: Collier Books. 1963].
Some effects of set-theoretical assumptions in measure theory

This paper consists of some observations concerning the effect that various set-theoretical assumptions have on measure theory and descriptive set theory. The author was led to the considerations here by a problem stated to him by his advisor, the late Professor H. S. Wall of the University of Texas. The problem as stated by him was to find an integral representation of the dual of functions of bounded variation on the unit interval. This problem has attracted the attention of a number of authors and is stated explicitly by Dunford and Schwartz in their treatise [1, p. 3741. Earlier, in [2, 31 this problem was studied by the author with the aid of the continuum hypothesis. We shall continue here in a similar vein but replace the continuum hypothesis by Martin’s axiom or the assumption that the continuum is a real-valued measurable cardinal. We shall consider integral representations of a more general class of spaces: those spaces consisting of countably additive measures of bounded variation whose values lie in a Banach space having the Radon-Nikodym property. The integral representation problem has led to the study of extensions of various vector-valued measures. Some of the pertinent theorems needed are developed in Section 1. The problem has also led to the study of a rather natural object, the c-algebra generated by the open subsets of the unit interval. In case the continuum hypothesis holds, this algebra is the classical family of Bore1 sets. But in case the continuum hypothesis does not hold, the c-algebra is much larger than the Bore1 algebra and seems to be a natural object of study, particularly if one assumes in addition, the c-additivity of Lebesgue measure or of a c-additive extension of Lebesgue measure to this algebra. Some theorems concerning the generation of this algebra are given in Section 4. In Section 5, we show that Martin’s axiom together with the negation of the continuum hypothesis implies the existence of a lifting of L,(h) into B(&), the Banach space of all &measurable functions provided with the supremum norm. It is also shown that the Banach spaces B(Z) and B(Z,) are not isometrically isomorphic. Finally, a characterization of bimeasurable mappings using Martin’s axiom is noted.
Visual perception in prediagnostic and early stage Huntington's disease.

Disturbances of visual perception frequently accompany neurodegenerative disorders but have been little studied in Huntington's disease (HD) gene carriers. We used psychophysical tests to assess visual perception among individuals in the prediagnostic and early stages of HD. The sample comprised four groups, which included 201 nongene carriers (NG), 32 prediagnostic gene carriers with minimal neurological abnormalities (PD1); 20 prediagnostic gene carriers with moderate neurological abnormalities (PD2), and 36 gene carriers with diagnosed HD. Contrast sensitivity for stationary and moving sinusoidal gratings, and tests of form and motion discrimination, were used to probe different visual pathways. Patients with HD showed impaired contrast sensitivity for moving gratings. For one of the three contrast sensitivity tests, the prediagnostic gene carriers with greater neurological abnormality (PD2) also had impaired performance as compared with NG. These findings suggest that early stage HD disrupts visual functions associated with the magnocellular pathway. However, these changes are only observed in individuals diagnosed with HD or who are in the more symptomatic stages of prediagnostic HD. (JINS, 2008, 14, 446–453.)
Introduction: Organization theory, educational leadership and educational research

– This essay argues that it is time to revisit and reintegrate the contributions of organization theory to the understanding of educational organizations and leadership., – The arguments presented in this essay are predicated on the following assumptions: a collective recognition of the rich theoretical and conceptual contributions the field of organization has made to the understanding of educational organizations and leadership; a concern that the pragmatic press of the current reform movement – with its preoccupation with outcome measures – would discourage efforts to pursue a theoretical and conceptual understanding of educational organizations; and a recognized need to re‐articulate the utility of the frameworks and concepts provided by organizational theory literature to the larger research community., – As a defining venue for social interaction, the organization provides a context for understanding this interaction. Organizations exhibit tendencies that exist in various human groups and provide the context for a variety of basic social processes. The numerous activities witnessed in educational organizations – leading, teaching, learning, counseling, coaching, etc. – take place in an organizational context. One cannot discuss these activities without considering the context in which they occur., – The value of this essay lies in the message it seeks to convey: it is time to revisit and reconsider the important role and contributions of the organizational theory literature with regard to educational research and the larger educational enterprise.
Acceleration of the densification of a silica sol–gel by inclusion of generation-zero poly(amidoamine) dendrimer

Abstract Sol–gels were formed from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) precursors at ca. pH 1 in the presence and absence of generation-zero poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G0-PAMAM). To test the hypothesis that G0-PAMAM serves as a crosslinking agent, the pore structure was investigated over a 52-week period with the premise that crosslinking will be accompanied by more rapid densification that when this agent is absent. In agreement with the hypothesis, nitrogen adsorption data stabilized after 25 weeks when G0-PAMAM was present, whereas in its absence, the total pore volume continued to decrease over the entire period. In both cases, the sol–gels were aged at ambient laboratory temperature in a controlled environment with 9% humidity.
Modeling Word Learning As Communicative Inference

How do children learn their first words? I describe a model that makes joint inferences about what speakers are trying to talk about and the meanings of the words they use. This model provides a principled framework for integrating a wide variety of non-linguistic information sources into the process of word learning.
Naturally convergent and optimal 3D surface mesh generation

Fast and efficient surface triangulation (mesh generation) of 3D objects, hopefully with guaranteed accuracy, has become increasingly important for on-line multimedia applications. Two complementary but conflicting objectives - maximizing the approximation quality and minimizing the storage requirement - must be simultaneously and delicately balanced in order to achieve such an optimal surface triangulation. Such a dual-objective optimization problem generally poses excessive demand on computation. In order to tackle this provably NP-hard and computationally intensive problem, a concurrent agent based surface triangulation approach has been explored. The performance of such a naturally convergent and optimal solution is quite promising especially when the surface is approximated by both inside-out and outside-in, namely a bi-directional approximation approach. However, the bi-directional inside-and-outside approach is critically dependent on an appropriate initial triangulation. The initial triangulation required should contain these inside-and-outside triangles that the main algorithm uses for splitting to converge to a better fit of the surface and for merging to reduce the space consumption. In this paper, the construction of such an initial triangulation is the main focus, and a corresponding initialized triangulation process for 3D surface is detailed. The convergence and optimality of the bi-directional inside-and-outside approach are also discussed.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cardinal Multiridgelet-based Prostate Cancer Histological Image Classification for Gleason Grading

Computer-aided Gleason grading of prostate cancer tissue images has been in rapid development during the past decade. Automated classifiers using features derived from multi wavelet transform, fractal dimension and other measurements, and using text on forests have shown considerable successes. This paper presents our study on application of cardinal multiridgelet transform (CMRT) to prostate cancer images to extract texture features in the transform domain. CMRT can provide cardinality, approximate translation invariance and rotation invariance simultaneously. With 32 images of Gleason grade 3 and grade4 as a training set and using texture features extracted there from, a support vector machine with Gaussian kernel has been trained to classify grade 3 and grade 4. The leave-one-outcross-validation showed its accuracy of 93.75% and AUC of0.9651. 10 test images of grade 4 showed 100% accuracy.
ALUMINUM-INDUCED OXIDATIVE EVENTS IN CELL LINES: GLIOMA ARE MORE RESPONSIVE THAN NEUROBLASTOMA

Aluminum, a trivalent cation unable to undergo redox reactions, has been linked to many diseases such as dialysis dementia and microcytic anemia without iron deficiency. It has also been implicated in Alzheimer's disease although this is controversial. Because cell death due to oxidative injury is suspected to be a contributory factor in many neurological diseases and aluminum neurotoxicity, glioma (C-6) and neuroblastoma (NBP2) cells were utilized to assess early changes in oxidative parameters consequent to a 48-h exposure to aluminum sulfate. A 500-microM concentration of this salt produced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content in glioma cells. However, the same concentration of the aluminum salt did not lead to any significant changes in the neuroblastoma cells. Mitochondrial respiratory activity in glioma cells was also found to be significantly higher in the aluminum treated cells. As judged by morin-metal complex formation, aluminum can enter glioma cells much more readily than neuroblastoma cells. Thus, it is possible that the cerebral target following an acute exposure to aluminum may be glial rather than neuronal.
Inhibiting albumin glycation in vivo ameliorates glomerular overexpression of TGF-β1

Inhibiting albumin glycation in vivo ameliorates glomerular overexpression of TGF-β1 . Background Glycated albumin has been causally linked to the pathobiology of diabetic renal disease through its ability to stimulate the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), activate protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and promote production of extracellular matrix proteins in cultured glomerular cells. Whether glycated albumin modulates glomerular TGF-β1 expression in vivo is not known. To address this issue, we assessed glomerular TGF-β1 expression and pathology in response to reducing the burden of glycated albumin in vivo. Methods We measured serum glycated albumin, urine protein, glomerular TGF-β1 expression and morphometry, and collagen IV and fibronectin mRNA in db/m and db/db controls and in db/db mice treated for eight weeks with a synthetic compound that inhibits the condensation of glucose with albumin. Results In situ hybridization studies showed markedly increased glomerular TGF-β1 mRNA in control db/db mice, which was significantly reduced in db/db mice treated for eight weeks with test compound. The treatment protocol, which normalized serum glycated albumin, concomitantly reduced the elevated protein excretion and the renal overexpression of mRNAs encoding fibronectin and collagen IV, and significantly decreased the mesangial matrix expansion, observed in db/db control animals. Conclusions These findings, to our knowledge, provide the first evidence that glomerular overexpression of TGF-β1 in diabetes derives at least in part from elevated glycated albumin concentrations, and can be partially suppressed by inhibiting the formation of this glycated protein. The results further suggest that glycated albumin has an important nephropathogenic role in diabetes that is operative, and can be therapeutically addressed, independent of glycemic status.
A nonlinear small-gain approach to distributed formation control of nonholonomic mobile robots

This paper proposes a new nonlinear design method for distributed leader-following formation control of unicycle robots. Nonlinear small-gain design methods are used to deal with the problem caused by the nonholonomic constraint of the unicycle robot and yield simple conditions for practical implementation. With the proposed distributed controller, the formation control objective can be achieved without assuming any tree sensing structures or global position measurements. More interestingly, the linear velocities of the robots can be restricted to specific bounded ranges.
Formation of metastable low temperature allotropie solid solutions in rare earth-zirconium systems

The mutual solid solubilities of the heavy rare earth metals (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Lu) with zirconium have been greatly extended by splat quenching the alloys from the molten state to room temperature. All the retained solid solutions are in the low temperature allotropie form (hep). X-ray parametric measurements were used to determine the solubility limits. Compared to the solubilities for alloys obtained in the equilibrium condition, the solubility limits of the metastable solid solutions increase more than five times for Gd-Zr and Tb-Zr alloys. Continuous series of solid solutions are obtained in Dy-, Ho-, Er-, and Lu-Zr systems. We believe this is the first observation of the heavy rare earth elements forming continuous solid solutions with a transition metal in their low temperature allotropie forms. The large extension of the metastable solubilities obtained from liquid quenching is in accord with the martensitic phase transformation ofβ → α’ types at a high cooling rate (107°C per sec). The present observations can be qualitatively accounted for by the classical rules; however, a semiquantitative description of the observed increment of the solubility with the increasing atomic number of the rare earth elements is further correlated by thec/a ratios of the hep alloys. Finally, the metastable solid solubility has been demonstrated by the size factor and thec/a ratio for the elemental crystal structure of rare earth element.