cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The computation of the potential energy surface for H2 + OH H2O + H using ab initio and density functional theory methods

The reaction energy profile for H2 + OH H + H2O was computed using HF, MP2, MP4, QCISD, G1, G2, and G2MP2 ab initio methods. In addition, the B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BLYP, BP291, and SVWN density functional theory (DFT) methods were also used. All the ab initio methods, with the exception of the G series, produced much higher activation barriers and heats of reaction than the experimental values. On the other hand, the DFT methods produced negative forward and reverse barriers which were too low, with the exception of the hybrid DFT methods. The G2 ab initio method generated energies which deviated from the experimental values by ∼ 1 kcal/mol and therefore should be considered a very accurate computational method. The hybrid DFT methods produced positive forward reaction barriers with energies that were 2–4 kcal/mol lower than the experimental values. The geometries of the transition state and energies computed by the ab initio and DFT methods were compared. These results suggest that, in the hybrid exchange functional, the portion of the Slater exchange term should be increased. This may be the reason why the computed energies were too low. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 62: 639–644, 1997
Enhancement of concurrent yield of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphase chromosomes from Chinese hamster testes

A procedure to enhance the concurrent yield of large numbers of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphases from Chinese hamster testes has been developed. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg of colchicine/kg and killed 3 hr after the treatment. Both testes from each animal were excised; one testis was minced, and germ cells were isolated by using 0.1% trypsin solution; the other testis was minced, and germ cells were isolated by using a conventional procedure. Chromosomal preparations were made with a standard air-drying technique. Examination of slides revealed that with the trypsin-isolation procedure the concurrent yields of spermatogonial, meiotic I, and meiotic II metaphases were significantly higher (P less than .05) than the yields obtained with the conventional procedure. Furthermore, 40 mg of colchicine/kg produced maximum numbers of all three types of germ cell metaphases. At this maximum concentration, metaphases were stable with no evidence of structural aberrations, and the frequency of hyperploidy was not significantly different (P greater than .05) from hypoploidy.
The Inverted Pyramid Framework Applying Self Psychology Constructs to Conceptualizing College Student Psychotherapy

Abstract Contemporary psychodynamic constructs are often used to make inferences about college psychotherapy clients. Heinz Kohut's “Self Psychology” is one particularly useful model for understanding counseling in the college setting. This article presents a method for applying self theory constructs to individual case conceptualization. The “inverted pyramid” method includes four steps: identifying presenting and collateral symptoms; organizing symptoms into logical constellations and functional groupings; attaching symptoms to inferred areas of difficulty in self-function; and narrowing these to basic defects in self-development. The stepwise method provides a conceptual and visual guide to selection of treatment focus. It is a useful bridge between theory of the person and theory of treatment. College counseling center applications of a self psychology perspective, and the inverted pyramid method more specifically, are introduced.
β-Adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism

Abstract purpose: To review the clinical and biochemical effects of β-adrenergic blocking drugs on hyperthyroidism. materials and methods: Studies published since 1972 were identified through a computerized search of MEDLINE and extensive searching of the bibliographies of the articles identified. Based on an understanding of the differences in β-blocker metabolism in euthyroid and hyperthyroid patients, we reviewed the differences in pharmacokinetics and metabolic and clinical outcomes during their use in hyperthyroidism, as reported in the articles reviewed. results: β Blockers have been used to modify the severity of the hyperadrenergic symptoms of hyperthyroidism for the past 20 years. The clinical efficacy of these agents is affected by hyperthyroid-induced alterations in their gastrointestinal absorption, hepatic metabolism, and renal excretion. The mechanisms whereby these clinical changes are effected is unknown. The agents differ in their β 1 cardioselectivity, membranestabilizing activity, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, and lipid solubility. They do not appear to alter synthesis or secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Their effects on thyroxine metabolism are contradictory. Decreased thyroxine to triiodothyronine conversion is caused by some, but not all, β blockers, and this appears to correlate with membrane-stabilizing activity. There does not appear to be any alteration in catecholamine sensitivity during β-adrenergic blockade. conclusion: The principal mechanism of action of β blockers in hyperthyroidism is to antagonize β-receptor-mediated effects of catecholamines. β Blockers are effective in treating hypermetabolic symptoms in a variety of hyperthyroid states. Used alone, they offer significant symptomatic relief. They are also useful adjuvants to antithyroid medications, surgery, and radioactive iodide treatment in patients with Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiters.
Potential therapeutic applications of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids

Abstract 1. 1. Potential therapeutic applications of various naturally occurring cannabinoids, their metabolites and synthetic derivatives have been described. 2. 2. They include analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, appetite stimulant, antitussive, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, antiasthmatic, antidepressant, antiglaucoma, sedative, hypnotic, anticancer, treatment of alcoholism and narcotic addiction. 3. 3. More promising areas appear to include antiemetic and appetite-stimulant effects in cancer patients following chemotherapy; anticonvulsant effect of nonpsychoactive cannabinoids; treatment of glaucoma; management of asthmatic and alcoholics. 4. 4. Potential problems with short- and long-term use of some natural cannabinoids are discussed. 5. 5. Further studies with natural cannabinoids and their chemical congeners are suggested.
Electrical Characteristics Of MBE-Grown GaAs1-Sbx On InP And Correlation With Film Microstructure

GaAs 0.5 Sb 0.5 grown on InP by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been characterized by .. transmission electron microscopy and variable temperature Hall measuremts 0 Unintentionally doped layers are p-type with measured hole concentrations of 1-3 x 10 16 cm-3 at 300K. The behavior of the Hall coefficient as a function of temperature is found to be well-described in the temperature range 30K<T<300K by a two-acceptor model. Intentional Si doping of the GaAs ,Sbn layers leads to relatively uncompensated p-type conductivity. Hole mobilities in these njers are generally less than 100 cm /Vs at 300K as a result of compositional fluctuations which result from the metastable nature of these films. In addition, hole mobilities are anisotropic and reflect an unusual asymmetry in the film microstructure which can be observed by transmission electron microscopy.
INPUT IMPEDANCE OF FETAL AND NEONATAL LEFT PULMONARY ARTERIAL CIRCULATION

Interpretation of the change in pulmonary vascular resistance at birth ignores the hemodynamic consequences of pulsatile pressure and flow. Whereas, impedance analysis can account for such changes. We studied changes of input impedance (Zin) in the left pulmonary arterial circulation (LPAC) before and immediately after birth in four near-term lambs. Epochs of pressure and flow in the LPAC were obtained from a micromanometer and an electromagnetic flowmeter. A computerized spectral analysis program provided Zin in terms of a modulus spectrum [Zin] and phase spectrum (Oin). The [Zin] spectra of the fetus and newborn are qualitatively similar to those obtained by others in adult vascular beds, ie, as a consequence of a pulsatile flow at a given heart rate, the effective circulatory load at the entrance of the LPAC is less than Rp, the resistance of the arteriolar bed("decoupling" phenomena). We interpret this as the LPAC presenting a similar hydraulic load to pulsatile potential hydraulic power. We conclude that the fetal and neonatal LPAC may not differ markedly in how it accomodates pulsatile hydraulic power at harmonics equal to heart rate.
Intramitochondrial Location and Dynamics of Crithidia fasciculata Kinetoplast Minicircle Replication Intermediates

Kinetoplast DNA, the mitochondrial DNA of Crithidia fasciculata, is organized into a network containing 5,000 topologically interlocked minicircles. This network, situated within the mitochondrial matrix, is condensed into a disk-shaped structure located near the basal body of the flagellum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that before their replication, minicircles are released vectorially from the network face nearest the flagellum. Replication initiates in the zone between the flagellar face of the disk and the mitochondrial membrane (we term this region the kinetoflagellar zone [KFZ]). The replicating minicircles then move to two antipodal sites that flank the disk-shaped network. In later stages of replication, the number of free minicircles increases, accumulating transiently in the KFZ. The final replication events, including primer removal, repair of many of the gaps, and reattachment of the progeny minicircles to the network periphery, are thought to take place within the antipodal sites.
Information Risk in Financial Institutions: Field Study and Research Roadmap∗

Large financial firms with thousands of employees face many challenges ensuring workers have access to the right information, yet controlling access to unneeded data. We examine the problems of role lifecycle management and entitlement review processes in the context of large financial institutions. We describe observations from field study research in both retail and investment banks. We examine technologies to enable role and entitlement management and present a roadmap for future research.
Weather influences on demography of the yellow-bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris )

Yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris were live-trapped and marked in the East River Valley of Colorado from 1962 to 1998. For females, static life tables were calculated each year from 1967, when ages were well known, to 1997. Population density was determined, and from life tables calculations were made of: survivorship of young, yearlings and adults; percentage of females producing litters; mean and variance of litter size; net reproductive rate (Ro); and generation length. From climate records a set of 14 annual weather variables was developed that described temperature, precipitation and lengths of growing season and winter. Data from 1981 and 1996 were not used since weather data contained extreme outliers in date of last snow cover. Univariate correlation matrices were calculated among weather variables, among demographic variables, and between weather and demographic variables. Mean temperature in 24 of 29 years was cooler than long-term average temperature. Generation length increased during the years of the study. Weather data were used as independent variables with each dependent demographic variable to calculate nine multiple correlation and regression models. Models explained from 0% to 58% of the variation in demography. Significant factors in each model were mostly interpreted as affecting availability of energy necessary for successful hibernation and reproduction.
The Connection Between Varying Treatment Effects and the Crisis of Unreplicable Research A Bayesian Perspective

We connect the replication crisis in social science to the default model of constant effects coupled with the flawed statistical approach of null hypothesis significance testing and the related problems arising from the default model of constant treatment effects. We argue that Bayesian modeling of interactions could lead to a general improvement in the communication and understanding of research results. Moving to Bayesian methods (or, more generally, multilevel approaches that incorporate external information) offers an opportunity for introspection into how social scientists interact with social phenomena to produce knowledge.
Multistream heat exchanger modeling and design

A new model formulation and solution strategy for the design and simulation of processes involving multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs) is presented. The approach combines an extension of pinch analysis with an explicit dependence on the heat exchange area in a nonsmooth equation system to create a model which solves for up to three unknown variables in an MHEX. Recent advances in automatic generation of derivative-like information for nonsmooth equations make the method tractable, and the use of nonsmooth equation solving methods make the method very precise. Several illustrative examples and a case study featuring an offshore liquefied natural gas production concept are presented which highlight the flexibility and strengths of the formulation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3390–3403, 2015
Test of a cognitive theory of psychophysics: size discrimination.

The cognitive theory of psychophysics proposed in an earlier paper by Baird claims that the ratio of exponents obtained in the method of magnitude estimation for 2 stimulus attributes is equal to the ratio of information transmitted in the method of absolute judgment for those attributes. This theoretical prediction was tested experimentally for visual length and area. Results partially supported the prediction, inasmuch as the ordinal relations among exponents (length higher than area) was the same as the ordinal relation among information measures. However, in one instance, the exact quantitative relationship was significantly different from the predicted value.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Health: Paradigm Paralysis or Paradigm Shift?

Perhaps the greatest barriers to achieving major public health advances in the 21st century will result from pandemic paradigm paralysis or the widespread inability to envision alternative or new models of thinking. One potential example of this phenomenon could turn out to be the continued focus on moderate and vigorous physical activity as the dominant health-related aspect of human movement. The current model of physical activity and health is well supported by over 60 years of scientific inquiry, and the beneficial effects of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity have been more clearly defined in recent years (1–4). However, if we are complacent with the existing paradigm—that increasing levels of moderate and vigorous levels of physical activity will result in the greatest improvements in public health—then we may not obtain the full return on investment with respect to improving quality of life and life expectancy through patterns of human movement. Emerging evidence for the role of sedentary behavior on health, which may be independent of physical activity per se, finds us at a crossroad with respect to prescribing optimal daily human movement patterns for health. Human movement represents a complex behavior that is influenced by personal motivation, health and mobility issues, genetic factors, and the social and physical environments in which people live. These factors undoubtedly exert an influence on the propensity to engage in sedentary behaviors as well as in physical activity. However, the biological, social, and environmental pathways leading to sedentary behavior versus physical activity may be different. Further, the health effects associated with sedentary behavior and physical activity may be the result of different biological mechanisms (5). ### Humans are designed for movement. Energy balance has been a central selective force throughout human evolutionary history, and humans have evolved to have high levels of energy expenditure, even more so than modern nonhuman primates …
Computerized polymorphic marker identification: Experimental validation and a predicted human polymorphism catalog

A computational system for the prediction of polymorphic loci directly and efficiently from human genomic sequence was developed and verified. A suite of programs, collectively called pompous (polymorphic marker prediction of ubiquitous simple sequences) detects tandem repeats ranging from dinucleotides up to 250 mers, scores them according to predicted level of polymorphism, and designs appropriate flanking primers for PCR amplification. This approach was validated on an approximately 750-kilobase region of human chromosome 3p21.3, involved in lung and breast carcinoma homozygous deletions. Target DNA from 36 paired B lymphoblastoid and lung cancer lines was amplified and allelotyped for 33 loci predicted by pompous to be variable in repeat size. We found that among those 36 predominately Caucasian individuals 22 of the 33 (67%) predicted loci were polymorphic with an average heterozygosity of 0.42. Allele loss in this region was found in 27/36 (75%) of the tumor lines using these markers. pompous provides the genetic researcher with an additional tool for the rapid and efficient identification of polymorphic markers, and through a World Wide Web site, investigators can use pompous to identify polymorphic markers for their research. A catalog of 13,261 potential polymorphic markers and associated primer sets has been created from the analysis of 141,779,504 base pairs of human genomic sequence in GenBank. This data is available on our Web site (pompous.swmed.edu) and will be updated periodically as GenBank is expanded and algorithm accuracy is improved.
Bile Acid-Dependent Secretion of Alkaline Phosphatase in Rat Bile

The role of bile acids in the biliary secretion of alkaline phosphatase was studied. Rats with external bile fistulae were drained for 4 hr. After 2 hr, bile acid secretion fell progressively. Alkaline phosphatase secretion also decreased progressively during the period of drainage, suggesting that secretion of the two components was related. Each rat was then given an i.v. infusion of the taurine conjugate of either cholate, chenodeoxycholate, or ursodeoxycholate. Alkaline phosphatase secretion increased in a dose-dependent manner as bile acid secretion was varied over and beyond the physiologic range. Each bile acid affected alkaline phosphatase secretion differently: given at 0.5 /imoles per min per 100 gm, tauroursodeoxycholate caused a 3-fold, taurocholate a 14-fold, and taurochenodeoxycholate a 75-fold increase in enzyme secretion. To determine if these findings might represent elution of canalicular enzyme by bile acids, isolated liver surface membranes were incubated with the bile acids. Like the findings in vivo, taurochenodeoxycholate was strongest and tauroursodeoxycholate weakest in removing alkaline phosphatase from the membrane. Differential centrifugation of liver surface membranes after exposure to bile acids and ultracentrifugation of bile showed that more than half of the enzyme released by the action of bile acids did not sediment at 100,000 g and, thus, could be considered soluble. These results document bile acid-dependent secretion of alkaline phosphatase in rat bile and suggest that the process involves solubilization of both membrane fragments and free enzyme from membranes lining the biliary space.
Bendamustine for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Introduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) often has an extended disease course. With a median age at diagnosis of 72 years, newer treatment options with less toxicity than standard nucleoside analogue-based regimens are needed. Historically, few therapy options are available once CLL has become refractory to nucleoside analogues. Bendamustine has emerged as a feasible therapy for older and less fit CLL patients, with clinical efficacy in previously untreated and refractory CLL. Areas covered: This paper reviews several of the pivotal clinical trials that established the clinical activity of bendamustine in previously untreated and relapsed/refractory CLL. The toxicity profile of bendamustine, primarily myelosuppression and infections, is reviewed and compared across different CLL populations. A review of the clinical data focuses on potential explanations for differences in response rates and duration of remission reported across studies and how this may impact the development of therapies for CLL....
How much water does a river need

> * SUMMARY 1. This paper introduces a new approach for setting streamflow-based river ecosystem management targets and this method is called the 'Range of Variability Approach' (RVA). The proposed approach derives from aquatic ecology theory concerning the critical role of hydrological variability, and associated characteristics of timing, frequency, duration, and rates of change, in sustaining aquatic ecosystems. The method is intended for application on rivers wherein the conservation of native aquatic biodiversity and protection of natural ecosystem functions are primary river management objectives. 2. The RVA uses as its starting point either measured or synthesized daily streamflow values from a period during which human perturbations to the hydrological regime were negligible. This streamflow record is then characterized using thirty-two different hydrological parameters, using methods defined in Richter et al. (1996). Using the RVA, a range of variation in each of the thirty-two parameters, e.g. the values at t 1 standard deviation from the mean or the twenty-fifth to seventy-fifth percentile range, are selected as initial flow management targets. 3. The RVA targets are intended to guide the design of river management strategies (e.g. reservoir operations rules, catchment restoration) that will lead to attainment of these targets on an annual basis. The RVA will enable river managers to define and adopt readily interim management targets before conclusive, long-term ecosystem research results are available. The RVA targets and management strategies should be adaptively refined as suggested by research results and as needed to sustain native aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and integrity.
SULF1 inhibits tumor growth and potentiates the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background & Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Improved treatments for advanced HCC are urgently needed. The recently identified human sulfatase 1 enzyme (SULF1) desulfates cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and down-regulates cell growth signaling in HCC cells in vitro. While investigating the epigenetic regulation of SULF1, we discovered that histone H4 acetylation is up-regulated by SULF1 in HCC cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reprogram cellular gene expression through the acetylation of nucleosomal histones and promote cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Hence, they are a promising modality for cancer treatment. Methods: To explore the interaction between SULF1 expression and HDAC inhibitor action, we examined the effects of SULF1 expression on HCC cells and xenografts treated with HDAC inhibitors. Results: (1) Forced expression of SULF1 significantly delayed the growth of Huh7 and Hep3B xenografts in nude mice in vivo. (2) SULF1 increased histone H4 acetylation by modulation of cellular HDAC and histone acetyltransferase activities. (3) SULF1 enhanced the induction of apoptosis by the HDAC inhibitors apicidin and scriptaid. (4) SULF1 enhanced the inhibition of tumor growth, migration, and angiogenesis by HDAC inhibitors. We also demonstrate that knockdown of SULF1 with shRNA constructs up-regulates phosphorylation of AKT and Erk and attenuates apicidin-induced apoptosis. The interaction between SULF1 and apicidin was confirmed in vivo in Huh7 and Hep3B xenografts. Conclusions: These results show that SULF1 promotes histone H4 acetylation, potentiates the effects of HDAC inhibitors, and inhibits HCC tumorigenesis.
Emerging clinical role of ranolazine in the management of angina

Chronic stable angina is an exceedingly prevalent condition with tremendous clinical, social, and financial implications. Traditional medical therapy for angina consists of beta- blockers, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates. These agents decrease myocardial oxygen demand and ischemia by reducing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, and/or optimizing ventricular loading characteristics. Unique in its mechanism of action, ranolazine is the first new antianginal agent approved for use in the US for chronic angina in over 25 years. By inhibiting the late inward sodium current (I Na ), ranolazine prevents pathologic intracellular calcium accumulation that leads to ischemia, myocardial dysfunction, and electrical instability. Ranolazine has been proven in multiple clinical trials to reduce the symptoms of angina safely and effectively and to improve exercise tolerance in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease. These benefits occur without reduction in heart rate and blood pressure or increased mortality. Although ranolazine prolongs the QT c , experimental data indicate that ranolazine may actually be antiarrhythmic. In a large acute coronary syndrome clinical trial, ranolazine reduced the incidence of supraven- tricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, new-onset atrial fibrillation, and bradycardic events. Additional benefits of ranolazine under investigation include reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improved left ventricular function. Ranolazine is a proven antianginal medication in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease, and should be considered as an initial antianginal agent for those with hypotension or bradycardia.
Chromium and insulin resistance

Insulin resistance leads to the inability of insulin to control the utilization and storage of glucose. It is associated initially with elevated levels of circulating insulin followed by glucose intolerance which may progress to type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. While the causes of these diseases are multifactorial, one nutrient that is associated with all of these abnormalities is Cr. In the presence of Cr, in a biologically active form, much lower levels of insulin are required. Modern diets, which are often high in refined carbohydrates, are not only low in Cr, but lead to enhanced Cr losses. In response to the consumption of refined carbohydrates, there is a rapid rise in blood sugar leading to elevations in insulin that cause a mobilization of Cr. Once mobilized, Cr is not reabsorbed but lost via the urine leading to decreased Cr stores. Several studies involving both human subjects and experimental animals have reported improvements in insulin sensitivity, blood glucose, insulin, lipids, haemoglobin A1c, lean body mass and related variables in response to improved Cr nutrition. However, not all studies have reported beneficial effects associated with improved Cr nutrition. Well-controlled human studies are needed to document an unequivocal effect of Cr on insulin sensitivity in human subjects. Studies need to involve a significant number of subjects with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance or early stages of diabetes, who have not been taking supplements containing Cr for at least 4 months, and involve at least 400 to 600 microg supplemental Cr daily or more. Studies should be at least 4 months to document sustained effects of supplemental Cr on insulin resistance and related variables. Cr is a nutrient and not a therapeutic agent and therefore will only be of benefit to those whose problems are due to suboptimal intake of Cr.
Iterative Bass Model forecasts for unconventional oil production in the Eagle Ford Shale

Abstract Developing long-term forecasts for unconventional oil, gas and condensate production has challenged both analysts and academics because the shale revolution is still in its relatively early stages. Initial estimates of URR (ultimately recoverable reserves) in the Eagle Ford appear to have been too low. In this paper, forecast accuracy using limited early data of oil and condensate production in the Eagle Ford has been improved over OLS (ordinary least squares) methods using a Bass Diffusion Model that could be applicable to other shale field developments in the U.S., and eventually in other countries as well. Using only preliminary production data from 2006 through 2010, a Bass Model yields more accurate early predictions than conventional, bottom-up, data/labor-intensive OLS regression approaches. Further, the Bass Model suggests that in the absence of the recent oil price decline, the Eagle Ford oil and condensate production could have reached as high as 2.6 million barrels per day by 2020, significantly above a recent energy industry analyst prediction of 2 million barrels, and far higher than OLS regression forecasts that ranged from between 450,000 and 1.4 million barrels per day.
Observations on the metabolic activity of a human placental fraction

Abstract 1. A placental fraction was extracted from human term placentas by the Raben technique for pituitary growth hormone. This preparation was administered to adult mongrel dogs and caused significant increases in plasma NEFA. A small increase in blood glucose was also observed. 2. No significant changes in free cholesterol, triglycerides, or lipid phosphorus were observed, but a tendency to lower cholesterol ester values was noted. No significant change occurred in the level of insulin-like activity of serum.
Socioeconomic status is associated with striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors in healthy volunteers but not in cocaine abusers

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in animals and humans have shown that social status is associated with striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) availability. That is, higher social hierarchy and higher scores on questionnaires assessing social status correlated positively with striatal D2/D3R availability in animals and humans respectively. Furthermore, subordinate monkeys were vulnerable to cocaine self-administration, suggesting that alternations in social hierarchy can change D2/D3R availability and vulnerability to cocaine use. Here, we investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) measured with the Hollingshead scale is associated with striatal D2D/3R availability using [(11)C]raclopride PET in 38 cocaine abusers and 42 healthy controls matched for age and education. Compared to controls, cocaine abusers showed lower D2/D3R availability in the caudate, putamen and ventral striatum (all p≤0.001). Despite matching groups for education, SES scores were lower in cocaine abusers than controls (p<0.001). In the control group only, SES scores significantly correlated with D2/D3R in caudate (r=0.35, p=0.024) and putamen (r=0.39, p=0.011) but not in ventral striatum (p=0.61); all corrected for age. The study confirms that SES is associated with striatal D2/D3R availability in healthy human volunteers. However, reductions in D2/D3R availability in cocaine abusers may be driven by factors other than SES such as chronic cocaine exposure.
Historical Aspects of Physiological Cell Death Prior to Description of Apoptosis

Cell death as a physiological process was recognized in the early 1920’s. There is a large and rich literature on cell death in hematopoiesis, embryogenesis, immunology, cancer, after exposure of lymphocytes to ionizing radiation or cortisone. Cell death and its measurement has been an essential component in study of cell kinetics of all tissues in which cell turnover is evident.
For 5-Month-Old Infants, Melodies Are Social

For 1 to 2 weeks, 5-month-old infants listened at home to one of two novel songs with identical lyrics and rhythms, but different melodies; the song was sung by a parent, emanated from a toy, or was sung live by a friendly but unfamiliar adult first in person and subsequently via interactive video. We then tested the infants' selective attention to two novel individuals after one sang the familiar song and the other sang the unfamiliar song. Infants who had experienced a parent singing looked longer at the new person who had sung the familiar melody than at the new person who had sung the unfamiliar melody, and the amount of song exposure at home predicted the size of that preference. Neither effect was observed, however, among infants who had heard the song emanating from a toy or being sung by a socially unrelated person, despite these infants' remarkable memory for the familiar melody, tested an average of more than 8 months later. These findings suggest that melodies produced live and experienced at home by known social partners carry social meaning for infants.
Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States: A Sourcebook. Edited by Amy E. Den Ouden and Jean M. O'Brien. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. 376. $26.95.)

Readers who valued Renee Ann Cramer's Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment will appreciate this anthology. Cramer provided a thorough introduction to the federal trib...
Neutrophil migration under agarose: quantitation and variables.

Several variables have been evaluated for the in-vitro measurement of neutrophil migration under agarose. Commonly used anticoagulants do not alter migration. Cells may be collected in heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA. Neither hypotonic or ammonium chloride lysis of erythrocytes affects chemotactic activity. Saponin, however, decreased both leukocytic viability and migration. Passage of neutrophils through a Hypaque-Ficoll® density gradient improved migration scores, presumably by removing contaminating material and cells. Both lymphocyte and erythrocyte contamination decreased test scores. Platelets did not have a detrimental effect on neutrophil migration. Fresh serum was the most potent chemotactic agent. This was followed, in order, by zymosan-activated serum, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine, casein, and Escherichia coli supernatant. A scoring method that combines features of both counting leukocytes and measuring the migration distance has been devised. The technic has a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. Scores for the normal adult population show a gaussian distribution.
KNOWN SECONDARY CONTACT AND RAPID GENE FLOW AMONG SUBSPECIES AND DIALECTS IN THE BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD.

We analyze geographic variation in morphology for Sierra Nevadan populations of Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in relation to two levels of geographic structure of populations: 1) subspecies and 2) vocal dialects. Two morphologically distinct subspecies occupy opposite slopes of the Sierra Nevada: M. a artemisiae on the east slope is larger than M. a. obscurus on the west slope, and its juveniles have predominantly white versus yellow rictal (bill) flanges. Populations of obscurus moved into California from the lower Colorado River around 1900 and invaded the western Sierra during the 1930's. A relatively constant type of flight whistle occurs in obscurus populations up to 700 km apart, but east-slope artemisiae are divided into many distinct dialects. The means of seven morphological measurements and of principal component 1 (i.e., body size) for 2,287 individuals show similar clinal patterns for adult males, yearling males, and females over a 60-km north-south transect along the eastern Sierra Nevada: large sizes occur at the southernmost study site at Bishop, decrease clinally to the north to Mammoth Lakes, and then increase clinally to the north from Mammoth Lakes to the northernmost site at Lee Vining. This reversal in cline slope is reiterated for variation in the frequency of white-flanged juveniles. Our data do not support adaptive explanations for the clines. Rather, the most parsimonious explanation is that there has been flow of obscurus genes into artemisiae from the west slope across the crest of the Sierra Nevada into the Mammoth Lakes area. Concordantly, the Sierran crest at Mammoth Lakes is considerably lower than any other point within about 80 km to the north or 180 km to the south. Two other findings strongly support this interpretation. First, wing lengths of our longest-winged samples (at Bishop and Lee Vining) are significantly shorter than those of cowbirds collected in the same region between 1912 and 1922. Second, the wing lengths of Mammoth Lakes adult males and females during 1978-1981 are significantly larger than those of the 1982-1985 period. This putative hybridization must have been rapid, as there have been fewer than 50 years since secondary contact could have occurred. Calculation of the gene-flow parameter Ι of Endler (1977) indicates that the gene-flow rate reported here is higher than for nearly all of the species he surveyed. This gene flow occurs between two subspecies with different flight whistles and across several cowbird flight-whistle dialects within artemisiae. Therefore, vocal differences among these dialects do not appear to be a strong deterrent to gene flow.
The Diurnal Levels of Blood Leukocytes in the Normal Rabbit

Summary and ConclusionsNine hundred sixty-three total white blood cell counts made on 204 normal and apparently healthy young adult male rabbits between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. revealed no statistically significant variation in the hourly means. The blood cell level, apart from sampling variations, was the same for each hour of the day. There was also no evidence of a digestive leukocytosis in the rabbit.The mean value for 597 leukocyte counts on 190 of the 204 rabbits between 9 a.m. and 12 noon was 7,891, as compared with 7,914 for 366 counts on 136 of the 204 rabbits between 12 noon and 5 p.m. The difference (23± 194) was not significant.These studies are significant for several reasons: The investigation covered a wide variety of breeds and hybrids. The animals were accustomed to laboratory existence and hemocytologic technic before the counts were made. Feeding conditions were varied during the study. Only one examination was made on a given animal on a given day, and usually not more than one or two counts...
Structurally diverse copper(II) complexes of polyaza ligands containing 1,2,3-triazoles: site selectivity and magnetic properties.

Copper(II) acetate mediated coupling reactions between 2,6-bis(azidomethyl)pyridine or 2-picolylazide and two terminal alkynes afford 1,2,3-triazolyl-containing ligands L1–L6. These ligands contain various nitrogen-based Lewis basic sites including two different pyridyls, two nitrogen atoms on a 1,2,3-triazolyl ring, and the azido group. A rich structural diversity, which includes mononuclear and dinuclear complexes as well as one-dimensional polymers, was observed in the copper(II) complexes of L1–L6. The preference of copper(II) to two common bidentate 1,2,3-triazolyl-containing coordination sites was investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry and, using zinc(II) as a surrogate, in 1H NMR titration experiments. The magnetic interactions between the copper(II) centers in three dinuclear complexes were analyzed via temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements and high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The observed magnetic superexchange is strongly dependent on...
Emerging strategies in tumor vaccines

Reports of novel developments in tumor vaccines that have appeared in the year ending May 1, 2002 are reviewed here. Antigenic moieties were revealed for tumors previously considered nonimmunogenic. The use of peptides spanning mutations detected exclusively in tumor tissue avoids the common concern
An optimally diffusive Coarse Mesh Finite Difference method to accelerate neutron transport calculations

Abstract A new optimally diffusive Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (odCMFD) method is proposed. The new method generalizes the Coarse Mesh Finite Difference (CMFD) and partial current-based CMFD (pCMFD) methods by adding an artificial term to the diffusion coefficient. The standard CMFD and pCMFD methods preserve the net current and partial currents respectively and can greatly reduce the spectral radius for solving neutron transport problems. Linearized Fourier analysis shows that these methods essentially differ only by the definition of the diffusion coefficient – the pCMFD diffusion coefficient contains an additional “artificial” term, usually taken to be ¼ the coarse mesh size. In this paper, the magnitude of the artificially diffusive term is numerically investigated and optimized using Fourier analysis. The results show that the optimal coefficient increases as the coarse cell optical thickness increases. Also, the optimal value is always smaller than the pCMFD value. This indicates that the pCMFD method overcorrects the diffusion coefficient which increases the spectral radius. A simple polynomial fitting was found for implementing the odCMFD in the MPACT code to perform calculations for realistic problems. Numerical MPACT results for a two-region homogeneous problem, a 2D C5G7 problem, a VERA problem 5 and a 2D BWR Peach Bottom Unit 2 core problem agree well with the Fourier analysis and confirm previous research results that: (1) CMFD converges faster than pCMFD for optically thin coarse grids, but CMFD diverges for optically thick coarse grids; (2) pCMFD is unconditionally stable for all coarse grids; and show that the newly proposed odCMFD is the most efficient among these three methods for all cases. The new method has a similar convergence rate as CMFD for optically thin coarse grids, is faster than both CMFD and pCMFD for coarse grids with intermediate optical thickness, and is unconditionally stable and faster than pCMFD for optically thick coarse grids.
Abstract B67: Increasing access to cancer prevention and early detection screenings among racial/ethnic minorities: An innovative same-day result model

Purpose: Cervical cancer is detected among more than 12,000 women, annually. Some age groups are affected disproportionately, at nearly 25% higher rates of new cases than other women. Following recommended pap screening guidelines, cervical cancer can essentially be eliminated. Likewise, when breast cancer is detected at earlier stages the greater the likelihood of 5-year survival, 98%. The See, Test & Treat® Houston screening model provides free breast and cervical cancer screenings with same-day results to communities identified as underserved. Methods: Through a multidisciplinary volunteer collaboration, this novel screening model targeted medically underserved women between ages 21-65 with 1) breast and cervical cancer screenings, 2) same-day results, 3) health education counseling, 4) and the connection to follow-up care in a culturally and linguistically competent setting at no cost to the women served. Results: Over 750 women attended the free special screening programs over a 3-year period. Of those that participated, 673 women who had never or rarely been screened received a pelvic and breast examination and a Pap test through the program. Of these women, 55 had abnormal Pap tests and 28 of these underwent same day colposcopy and 9 completed a LEEP. Seventy-six mammograms were performed. Two Breast Fine Needle Aspirations were provided on-site for women with a palpable breast mass. Four breast malignancies were detected. The population served were predominately minorities, low income, uninsured or under-insured, and between 40-49 years. Conclusions: Findings suggest that additional dissemination of same-day screen, result and treat models are promising to reach demographics most affected by breast and cervical cancer disparities. As health seeking behavior plays a pivotal role in the outcome of any disease, including a health education component in all screening programs can continue to promote proactive preventive screening seeking behaviors and better provision of culturally-sensitive community screening programs. Citation Format: Jameisha B. Brown. Increasing access to cancer prevention and early detection screenings among racial/ethnic minorities: An innovative same-day result model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B67.
Increase in 3-methylhistidine in umbilical cord blood from acidotic fetuses

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that acidotic fetuses at birth have an increased catabolic state characterized by a negative nitrogen balance. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from a random, prospective series of fetuses at birth. Acidotic samples (pH<7.20) were matched with normals (pH≥7.20) according to maternal and gestational age. 3-Methylhistidine was analyzed in order to assess catabolic breakdown of muscle protein. RESULTS: 3-Methylhistidine was significantly increased (P <.05) in cord blood from acidotic fetuses when compared with controls and correlated negatively (P <.05) with umbilical arterial pH. CONCLUSION: Umbilical cord blood 3-methylhistidine may be used to assess fetal nitrogen balance; acidotic fetuses have increased muscle catabolism.
α decay of 97 249 Bk and levels in 95 245 Am

$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ decay of ${}^{249}$Bk has been investigated by measuring its $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra, both in singles and in coincidence modes. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ spectrum of a freshly purified ${}^{249}$Bk sample was measured with a high-resolution, double-focusing magnetic spectrometer. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ singles, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ coincidence spectra were also recorded. The absolute intensity of the 327.45-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray has been determined to be ($1.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$% per ${}^{249}$Bk decay. Assignments of previously known single-particle states were confirmed. A new rotational band was identified in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ singles spectrum and Am K x rays have been observed in its decay. This single-particle state, with an energy of 154 keV, has been assigned to the 3/2${}^{\ensuremath{-}}$[521] Nilsson state. This is the lowest excitation energy for this orbital in any Am nucleus. More precise energies and intensities of the ${}^{249}$Bk $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ groups and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transitions are provided.
Factors affecting adoption of green manure and cover crop technologies among Paraguayan smallholder farmers

ABSTRACTParaguay faces significant generational challenges in its agricultural industry, especially challenges in subsistence farming practices. Landless or smallholder farmers are less likely to adopt or use long-term soil management practices such as green manure and cover crop technologies. The purpose was to examine factors affecting adoption of green manure and cover crop technologies among Paraguayan smallholder farmers. Farmer training events, access to green manure and cover crop information, social participation, technical assistance (extension), and using chemical fertilizer significantly influenced, albeit weakly, farmers’ adoption of conservation agriculture practices. The results support further research to effectively refine agricultural adoption modeling.