cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Max Clinic: Medical Care Designed to Engage the Hardest-to-Reach Persons Living with HIV in Seattle and King County, Washington.

Abstract The Max Clinic in Seattle, Washington is designed to engage patients who have extensive barriers to HIV care. In this article, we describe the clinic's evolution and outcomes of patients enrolled in the first 2 years. The clinic is a high-intensity, low-threshold, incentivized care model that includes walk-in access to primary care in a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic. Patients who have failed to engage in care and achieve viral suppression with lower intensity support are referred by clinicians, case managers, and the health department Data to Care program. The clinic offers food vouchers, cash incentives, no-cost bus passes, and cell phones, as well as intensive case management with cross-agency coordinated care. The primary evaluation outcome was the percentage of patients who achieved viral suppression (HIV RNA <200 copies/mL) at least once after enrollment. Secondary outcomes were continuous viral suppression (≥2 suppressed results in a row ≥60 days apart) and engagement in care (≥2 comp...
Political (Mis)behavior: Attention and Lacunae in the Study of Latino Politics

The field of Latino politics has developed rapidly over the past decade, but some areas within the field have received more attention than others, with some topics remaining relatively overlooked. ...
Improved Synthesis of N -Methylcadaverine.

Alkaloids compose a large class of natural products, and mono-methylated polyamines are a common intermediate in their biosynthesis. In order to evaluate the role of selectively methylated natural products, synthetic strategies are needed to prepare them. Here, N-methylcadaverine is prepared in 37.3% yield in three steps. The alternative literature two-step strategy resulted in reductive deamination to give N-methylpiperidine as determined by the single crystal structure. A straightforward strategy to obtain the mono-alkylated aliphatic diamine, cadaverine, which avoids potential side-reactions, is demonstrated.
Too Late to Matter? Preventing the Birth of Infants at Risk for Adult-Onset Disease or Disability

There are many different views about our duties (or lack of them) toward future people. Some appear to reject altogether the notion that we should to try to influence the future; others think that doing so may be admirable, but not required.1 But most benefit from and therefore support advances in public health and medicine, such as vaccines and clean water, as well as eyeglasses and prevention or alleviation of an increasingly wide range of health problems. As part of this concern for human welfare, many also believe that children deserve treatment that gives them a good start in life, such as good prenatal care and healthy food.
Castle, William E.

William Ernest Castle was one of the major pioneers after 1900 in application of the newly discovered Mendelian concepts of heredity to mammalian species (mice, rats, and guinea pigs). His laboratory at Harvard University was also the first to attempt experimental breeding of the fruit fly, Drosophila , though Castle did not pursue this work. He carried out many experiments on artificial selection and was often embroiled in controversies from which he eventually had to back down. He trained many of the major mammalian geneticists of the next generation, including Sewall Wright, L.C. Dunn, and C.C. Little, the latter establishing the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, a world center in mouse breeding and genetics research. After retiring from Harvard, Castle became a research associate at the University of California, Berkeley, where he pioneered studies on genetics in horses.
Forestalling BRAF-Inhibitor Resistance in a Shocking Way.

Targeting BRAF in BRAF-mutant melanoma is highly effective, but most patients develop resistance. HSP90 has been implicated and identified as a therapeutic target. Ultimately, early-stage clinical investigation will be necessary to provide proof of principle of this approach and if appropriate randomized trials to confirm promising findings. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5496–8. ©2018 AACR. See related article by Eroglu et al., p. 5516
Servo-gesteuerte Langzeitperfusion

Der totale cardiopulmonale Bypass ist in der Klinik noch auf wenige Stunden limitiert. Die Traumatisierung des Blutes in Scheiben- und Bubble-Oxygenatoren ist die Hauptursache der hohen Mortalitat bei langerer Perfusionsdauer (2). Der direkte Blut-Gas-Kontakt wird in Membranoxygenatoren eliminiert, womit die Blutschadigung wesentlich reduziert wird. Der partielle cardiopulmonale Bypass fur die Unterstutzung der respiratorisch insuffizienten Patienten kann fur die Dauer von mehreren Tagen bis 2 Wochen mit Erfolg durchgefuhrt werden (1). Eine solche Perfusion bringt jedoch keine energetische und hamodynamische Entlastung des Herzens zustande, welche im cardiogenen Schock erwunscht ware. Da die Kandidaten fur eine langdauernde Herzunterstutzung (Myocardinfarkte mit Schock) in der Klinik wesentlich haufiger anzutreffen sind als diejenigen mit einer isolierten, therapierefraktaren Lungeninsuffizienz, haben wir ein Perfusionssystem fur Langzeitperfusion im totalen cardiopulmonalen Bypass entwickelt und experimentell getestet. In seinem Aufbau stellt dieses System eine Weiterentwicklung unserer Sauglings-Herz-Lungen-Maschine (3) dar.
ATTACHMENT AND BIOBEHAVIORAL CATCH-UP: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Attachment Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC; Dozier et al., 2006) is a 10-week, in-home intervention primarily for early childhood aged children (ages 6 months-2 years). The ABC intervention seeks to teach parents how to provide nurturing care and engage in appropriate interactions with their children. ABC has been identified as a Level 1 evidence-based practice by the California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare. However, to date, there has been no systematic review presenting the overall evidence behind ABC available in a peer-reviewed journal. The objective of this review is to address this gap by synthesizing prior literature and evidence, specifically evidence from randomized control trials (RCTs), regarding the effectiveness of the ABC intervention and to determine the contexts in which the intervention has been implemented. To complete this review, literature was searched across three bibliographic databases and relevant Web sites. Only RCTs examining child outcomes were included in the review. Using identified search procedures, 10 articles discussing RCTs which tested the efficacy of ABC were identified. Findings indicate that ABC is effective, when implemented with child-welfare-involved children, at improving emotion regulation, improving externalizing and internalizing behaviors, increasing normative developmental functioning, and attachment quality. Sample information from the 10 RCTs identified is presented as well as additional study characteristics.
Decontamination for Chemical Exposure: At the Scene or at the Hospital?

One of the major controversies on prehospital care for sudden chemical mass casualty incidents (SCMCIs) is whether to perform mass decontamination at the scene or at the hospital.
Special Education Practitioners as Consumers and Producers of Research: A Hierarchy of Competencies.

This article explores the ways in which research can be conceptualized as a competency area for special education practitioners. Research expertise can be divided into three levels: content, or kno...
Constructing Sexual Harm: Prosecutorial Narratives of Children, Abuse, and the Disruption of Heterosexuality:

Sociologists have identified many factors that mitigate the progressive effects of the legal mobilization to end sexual violence. Within this body of research, however, there is little interrogatio...
A Multi-stage Dynamic Equivalent Modeling of a Wind Farm for the Smart Grid Development

With high penetration level of wind generation, it's critical to establish a robust dynamic equivalent model of the wind farm for system's stability analysis and smart grid development. Since wind farms may have a multi-stage development and are installed with different wind turbines from different technologies and/or venders, in this paper, a wind farm model with different types of wind generators is constructed according to Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) generic wind generator models. In order to describe the dynamic behavior of the wind farm during system disturbances, by applying the data from phasor measurement units (PMUs), a multi-stage hierarchical parameters identification process based on heuristic algorithms is proposed to develop a dynamic equivalent model for the wind farm. Different scenarios are simulated to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed equivalent model. In addition, the modal analysis is performed to further validate the proposed approach by comparing the eigenvalues between the detailed wind farm model and the equivalent model.
Cultural identity in modern-day Belarusian discourse on public creativity

This study aims to extend the existing academic accounts on Belarus and provides an in-depth cultural discourse analysis of Belarusian meta-cultural commentary on public creativity. I focus on the ...
Fissures, Lines, and Stripes

Knowledge of the normal and abnormal appearance of fissures, lines, and stripes is essential to interpreting chest images. This chapter describes various fissures, the anterior and posterior junction lines, right paratracheal stripe, posterior tracheal stripe, paravertebral stripes, azygoesophageal line and recess, and the hilum overlay sign.
The wmN1 Enhancer Region of the Mouse Myelin Proteolipid Protein Gene ( mPlp1 ) is Indispensable for Expression of an mPlp1 - lacZ Transgene in Both the CNS and PNS

The myelin proteolipid protein gene (PLP1) encodes the most abundant protein in CNS myelin. Expression of the gene must be strictly regulated, as evidenced by human X-linked leukodystrophies resulting from variations in PLP1 copy number, including elevated dosages as well as deletions. Recently, we showed that the wmN1 region in human PLP1 (hPLP1) intron 1 is required to promote high levels of an hPLP1-lacZ transgene in mice, using a Cre-lox approach. The current study tests whether loss of the wmN1 region from a related transgene containing mouse Plp1 (mPlp1) DNA produces similar results. In addition, we investigated the effects of loss of another region (ASE) in mPlp1 intron 1. Previous studies have shown that the ASE is required to promote high levels of mPlp1-lacZ expression by transfection analysis, but had no effect when removed from the native gene in mouse. Whether this is due to compensation by another regulatory element in mPlp1 that was not included in the mPlp1-lacZ constructs, or to differences in methodology, is unclear. Two transgenic mouse lines were generated that harbor mPLP(+)Z/FL. The parental transgene utilizes mPlp1 sequences (proximal 2.3 kb of 5ʹ-flanking DNA to the first 37 bp of exon 2) to drive expression of a lacZ reporter cassette. Here we demonstrate that mPLP(+)Z/FL is expressed in oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, olfactory ensheathing cells and neurons in brain, and Schwann cells in sciatic nerve. Loss of the wmN1 region from the parental transgene abolished expression, whereas removal of the ASE had no effect.
The greatest entrepreneurs and businesspeople in American history: A replication of the 2001 ranking

This paper replicates a 2001 ranking of the greatest entrepreneurs and businesspeople in American business history. In 2011, we surveyed forty-one experts who collectively ranked Henry Ford at the ...
Sleep patterns and problems among children with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

Background To delineate sleep habits and problems in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Methods Thirty children, age 1-15 (mean 6.8) years, participated in the study, which was an internet-based anonymous survey of parents of children with 22q11DS administered via the 22q11.2 Foundation. The main outcome was the Childhood Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Results Scores on the CSHQ demonstrated clinically significant sleep problems in 29 of the 30 children. When compared with previously reported normative values for typically developing children of the same age, children with 22q11DS had significantly greater sleep problems. Only 30% of children had previously undergone sleep study. While about half of children had tried a medication for sleep, it usually was not felt to be helpful. In contrast, parents reported that behavioral interventions, such as consistent bedtime routine and appropriate sleep environment, were helpful. This is one of the first studies to specifically address sleep problems other than obstructive sleep apnea in children with 22q11DS. Conclusions The findings suggest children with 22q11DS may have a higher risk of experiencing clinical sleep problems, compared to typically developing children. Consideration of additional screening and treatment of sleep disorders in children with 22q11DS is warranted.
Matters of Place and Space in School-Based Performances of World Music:

Christopher Small (1998) famously explored the role of the performance venue in framing the music experiences of audience members. While Small observed how audiences consume music in the classical ...
Case study—methotrexate toxicity, treatment, and measurement

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX) has long been a critically important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of nonmalignant and malignant conditions. At the high-doses typically used for hematologic malignancies, the wide therapeutic index of MTX has made it one of the clearest examples of the advantages of therapeutic drug monitoring aimed at maintaining a drug’s efficacy while reducing the risk of severe toxicities. Here we present a case of high-dose MTX-related multiorgan toxicity that demonstrates critical factors regarding the appropriate administration of MTX, prevention of excessive toxicities, and rescue from toxicities with the use of glucarpidase. Moreover, we review standard assays for therapeutic drug monitoring of MTX and its metabolites and show that liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for MTX measurements has extremely high sensitivity and specificity, making it an ideal candidate to monitor MTX levels in certain situations.
A Novel Mechanism for Activation of Myosin Regulatory Light Chain by Protein Kinase C-Delta in Drosophila.

Myosin is an essential motor protein, which in muscle is comprised of two molecules each of myosin heavy-chain (MHC), the essential or alkali myosin light-chain 1 (MLC1), and the regulatory myosin light-chain 2 (MLC2). It has been shown previously that MLC2 phosphorylation at two canonical serine residues is essential for proper flight muscle function in Drosophila; however, MLC2 is also phosphorylated at additional residues for which the mechanism and functional significance is not known. We found that a hypomorphic allele of Pkcδ causes a flightless phenotype; therefore, we hypothesized that PKCδ phosphorylates MLC2. We rescued flight disability by duplication of the wild-type Pkcδ gene. Moreover, MLC2 is hypophosphorylated in Pkcδ mutant flies, but it is phosphorylated in rescued animals. Myosin isolated from Pkcδ mutant flies shows a reduced actin-activated ATPase activity, and MLC2 in these myosin preparations can be phosphorylated directly by recombinant human PKCδ. The flightless phenotype is characterized by a shortened and disorganized sarcomere phenotype that becomes apparent following eclosion. We conclude that MLC2 is a direct target of phosphorylation by PKCδ, and that this modification is necessary for flight muscle maturation and function.
Approach to Hypertension

Hypertension is a common, treatable condition usually diagnosed through blood pressure monitoring in the ambulatory clinic. This teaching script outlines an approach to hypertension. We focus on making the diagnosis and initial management. Risk factors for and complications of hypertension are also emphasized.
(18F)-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging assessment of hypometabolism patterns in clinical phenotypes of suspected corticobasal degeneration.

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder presenting with atypical parkinsonian symptoms that characteristically involves the frontoparietal region including the primary sensorimotor cortex, ipsilateral basal ganglia, and thalamus, typically in an asymmetric pattern. We aim to evaluate the metabolic and volumetric abnormalities in patients with clinically suspected CBD phenotypes utilizing hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance (PET/MR) brain imaging. A retrospective analysis was performed on 75 patients (mean age 74 years, 31 males and 44 females) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/MR imaging (MRI) as part of their clinical dementia workup. Images were obtained using an integrated Siemens mMR 3T PET/MRI scanner. Two board-certified neuroradiologists and a nuclear medicine physician evaluated the metabolic and volumetric data of each hemisphere to assess for symmetric or asymmetric involvement of regions of interest in the subset of patients with suspected CBD. Of the 75 patients, 12 were diagnosed with suspected CBD based on a combination of clinical symptoms, neurocognitive testing, and hybrid neuroimaging findings. Ten of 12 patients (87%) demonstrated asymmetrically decreased FDG uptake involving a single cerebral hemisphere and ipsilateral subcortical structures, whereas two of 12 patients (13%) demonstrated striking hypometabolism of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices. Our study highlights two characteristic patterns of hypometabolism in patients with clinical and neuroimaging findings suggestive of the underlying CBD. The first pattern is asymmetric hypometabolism and volume loss, particularly within the frontoparietal and occipital cortices with involvement of ipsilateral subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and thalamus. The second, more atypical pattern, is symmetric hypometabolism with striking involvement of the bilateral sensorimotor cortices.
Mapping inertial migration in the cross section of a microfluidic channel with high-speed imaging

The wide adoption of inertial microfluidics in biomedical research and clinical settings, such as rare cell isolation, has prompted the inquiry of its underlying mechanism. Although tremendous improvement has been made, the mechanism of inertial migration remains to be further elucidated. Contradicting observations are not fully reconciled by the existing theory, and details of the inertial migration within channel cross sections are missing in the literature. In this work, for the first time, we mapped the inertial migration pathways within channel cross section using high-speed imaging at the single-particle level. This is in contrast to the conventional method of particle streak velocimetry (PSV), which provides collective information. We also applied smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate the transient motion of particles in 3D and obtained cross-sectional migration trajectories that are in agreement with the high-speed imaging results. We found two opposing pathways that explain the contradicting observations in rectangular microchannels, and the force analysis of these pathways revealed two metastable positions near the short walls that can transition into stable positions depending on the flow condition and particle size. These new findings significantly improve our understanding of the inertial migration physics, and enhance our ability to precisely control particle and cell behaviors within microchannels for a broad range of applications. For the first time, the pathways of inertial migration in the microchannel cross section have been mapped with high-speed cameras at the single-particle level. Inertial migration offers a way to manipulate neutrally buoyant microparticles or cells towards the walls of microchannels, and through orthogonally placed channels. Despite this phenomenon being increasingly exploited in biomedical research for applications such as cell sorting, the fundamentals of how fluid forces in inertial microfluidics interact to facilitate the lateral movement has only now been elucidated. Jian Zhou, Zhangli Peng, and Ian Papautsky, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, United States, used high-speed photography to map the trajectories of single particles down 10mm-long microchannels. They corroborated their observations with 3D fluid dynamics simulations. In doing so, they resolved previously-conflicting observations, and discovered newly-observed and unexpected particle migration behaviors.
Investigating the Smuts: Common Cues, Signaling Pathways, and the Role of MAT in Dimorphic Switching and Pathogenesis

The corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis serves as a model species for studying fungal dimorphism and its role in phytopathogenic development. The pathogen has two growth phases: a saprobic yeast phase and a pathogenic filamentous phase. Dimorphic transition of U. maydis involves complex processes of signal perception, mating, and cellular reprogramming. Recent advances in improvement of reference genomes, high-throughput sequencing and molecular genetics studies have been expanding research in this field. However, the biology of other non-model species is frequently overlooked. This leads to uncertainty regarding how much of what is known in U. maydis is applicable to other dimorphic fungi. In this review, we will discuss dimorphic fungi in the aspects of physiology, reproductive biology, genomics, and molecular genetics. We also perform comparative analyses between U. maydis and other fungi in Ustilaginomycotina, the subphylum to which U. maydis belongs. We find that lipid/hydrophobicity is a potential common cue for dimorphic transition in plant-associated dimorphic fungi. However, genomic profiles alone are not adequate to explain dimorphism across different fungi.
What do we know about executive compensation at small privately held firms

We examine executive compensation using data from two nationally representative samples of small privately held US corporations conducted 10 years apart—in 1993 and 2003. We find that executive pay at small privately held firms increases with firm size and varies widely by industry, consistent with stylized facts about executive pay at public companies. From 1993 to 2003, inflation-adjusted executive pay declined at small privately held companies, in contrast to the run-up in executive pay at large public companies over the same period. Executive pay is higher at more complex organizations, is inversely related to CEO ownership and financial risk and is related to CEO age, education and gender.
A framework to measure microaggressions in the mathematics classroom

Discriminatory treatment has been identified as one of the major factors that cause the mathematics achievement gap between White and many minority students, particularly, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Culturally Responsive Teaching has been promoted as a means to reduce discrimination in the classroom. However, the appearance of neo-racism in the form of racial microaggressions suggests that Culturally Responsive Teaching may not be enough. Three personality types along with their traits have been identified as the source of racial microaggressions in social psychology. In this theoretical paper, we propose a framework to help researchers and teachers become aware of and identify microaggressions and their extent in a mathematics classroom. The framework is based on two defined types of microaggressions and three personality types that strongly predict discriminatory behaviors.
Digital Manufacturing (DM)

This chapter discusses the applications of digital technologies in manufacturing systems: (1) the main functional requirements are discussed to construct enterprise system architecture; (2) a new system architecture is proposed for the applications of digital manufacturing; (3) two examples of digital technologies, i.e., reverse engineering (RE) and direct manufacturing (DM) are discussed in details; and (4) some case studies are briefed to show the diversified applied researches in using digital technologies in manufacturing.
Enabling qualitative research data sharing using a natural language processing pipeline for deidentification: moving beyond HIPAA Safe Harbor identifiers.

Objective Sharing health research data is essential for accelerating the translation of research into actionable knowledge that can impact health care services and outcomes. Qualitative health research data are rarely shared due to the challenge of deidentifying text and the potential risks of participant reidentification. Here, we establish and evaluate a framework for deidentifying qualitative research data using automated computational techniques including removal of identifiers that are not considered HIPAA Safe Harbor (HSH) identifiers but are likely to be found in unstructured qualitative data. Materials and Methods We developed and validated a pipeline for deidentifying qualitative research data using automated computational techniques. An in-depth analysis and qualitative review of different types of qualitative health research data were conducted to inform and evaluate the development of a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline using named-entity recognition, pattern matching, dictionary, and regular expression methods to deidentify qualitative texts. Results We collected 2 datasets with 1.2 million words derived from over 400 qualitative research data documents. We created a gold-standard dataset with 280K words (70 files) to evaluate our deidentification pipeline. The majority of identifiers in qualitative data are non-HSH and not captured by existing systems. Our NLP deidentification pipeline had a consistent F1-score of ∼0.90 for both datasets. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that NLP methods can be used to identify both HSH identifiers and non-HSH identifiers. Automated tools to assist researchers with the deidentification of qualitative data will be increasingly important given the new National Institutes of Health (NIH) data-sharing mandate.
Variability in caries management decision-making in a dental school setting.

OBJECTIVE To assess variability in caries management decision-making by faculty and dental students. Understanding sources of variability during training can aid in implementing evidence-based clinical decision-making in caries management. METHODS A voluntary, anonymous survey including clinical scenarios was distributed online to dental students in their first (D1) and third-year (D3) of training, and to faculty in the Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics. RESULTS The response rate was 100% (108/108) for D1 students, 56% (73/130) for D3 students, and 39% (34/88; 12 full-time and 22 part-time) for faculty. D1 students, who were completing a cariology course, were in general more conservative in restorative thresholds for less severe caries lesions than D3 students and sometimes clinical faculty (e.g., for lesions at the DEJ, a significantly [p 0.05]). For all groups, the threshold for doing restorative intervention was shifted toward less severe caries lesions as the caries risk increased (e.g., very few respondents would restore an occlusal lesion confined to enamel, with significantly [p 0.05]). Class lectures/preclinical instructors were the most important factor influencing decision-making for D1 students, versus clinical experiences/instructors for D3 students. CONCLUSION Although the majority of respondents used best-evidence deciding caries management, there was variability in how to manage less severe lesions, with caries risk influencing clinical thresholds, and clinical experiences influencing students' decision-making over time.
Complexity of antidiabetic medication regimen is associated with increased diabetes-related distress in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction Diabetes-related distress is present in a high proportion of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that complexity of the antidiabetic medication regimen is a factor that is associated with diabetes-related distress. Research design and methods This was a retrospective study including a group of 74 patients managed at a tertiary care center. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, steroid-induced diabetes, post-transplant diabetes, and other types of diabetes were excluded. Patients were screened using the Diabetes Distress Scale-2 (DDS-2). A Diabetes Medication Complexity Scoring (DMCS) system was developed to objectively assess the diabetes medication complexity. Based on DMCS, participants were categorized into three groups: low (n=26), moderate (n=22), and high (n=26) medication complexity. Results Complexity groups were similar in sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes duration, body mass index, and blood pressure as well as the prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hypoglycemic episodes. However, there were significant differences for HbA1c with higher HbA1c in the high and moderate complexity groups than in the low group (p=0.006). The microvascular complications were also more common in higher complexity groups (p=0.003). The prevalence of diabetes-related distress (DDS-2 ≥6) was 34.6% in the low, 36.4% in the moderate and 69.2% in the high complexity groups (p=0.021). There were significant differences in DDS-2 score among complexity groups (p=0.009), with higher DDS-2 score in the high complexity group compared with the moderate (p=0.008) and low complexity groups (p=0.009). The difference in DDS-2 score remained significant after adjusting for HbA1c (p=0.024) but did not reach statistical significance after controlling for both HbA1c and microvascular complications (p=0.163). Conclusions A complex antidiabetic medication regimen may be associated with high levels of diabetes-related distress.
Sustainable icephobicity on durable quasi-liquid surface

Abstract Sustainable easy removal of accreted ice has been strongly desired worldwide. Passive anti-icing strategies relying on durable surface coatings are highly desired because of their simplicity and low cost compared to the energy-intensive active strategies. The current state-of-the-art anti-icing technologies, such as liquid-infused surfaces, are able to dramatically reduce ice adhesion strength. Nevertheless, severe durability challenges of lubricant depletion and coating damage during the ice removal process hinder their practical applications. Here, we report a quasi-liquid surface that can significantly reduce the ice adhesion strength by reducing the shear modulus of the coating. The quasi-liquid lubrication provided by the highly mobile chains of the flexible polymer changes the sticky ice/solid interface to a non-sticky ice/quasi-liquid interface. Moreover, each molecule chain is chemically bonded on the solid substrate so the entire surface can withstand abrasion in long-term de-icing conditions. The icephobicity on the quasi-liquid coating persists after chemical rinsing while the state-of-the-art liquid-infused surface fails due to lubricant depletion. In addition, we have demonstrated that controlling the shear modulus of an icephobic coating can achieve both small- and large-scale ice removal with the quasi-liquid approach. Such a durable quasi-liquid surface with sustainable ultralow shear strength shows a potential to reduce ice accretion on solar panels, power lines, and vehicles in ice prone regions.
Inflatable shells - Nonsymmetric in-service loads.

There are three stages in the behavior of an inflatable shell: (1) the unfolding phase; (2) the pressurization phase; and (3) the in-service phase. To describe completely the static behavior of inflatable shells, their action under non-symmetric in-service loads such as wind loads should be analyzed. The field equations for asymmetric superposed loads are also useful in describing the symmetric and asymmetric modes of free vibration for inflatable shells of revolution. The in-service field equations for a general shell of revolution under asymmetric loads is presented; small displacements are superimposed on the previously-solved nonlinear problem of the pressurization phase. This boundary-value problem is reduced to a set of initial-value problems, the numerical solutions to which are propagated along a shell meridian. Sample problems are used to demonstrate the solution method.
A revised taxonomy for intrusion-detection systems

Intrusion-detection systems aim at detecting attacks against computer systems and networks, or in general against information systems. Indeed, it is difficult to provide provably secure information systems and to maintain them in such a secure state during their lifetime and utilization. Sometimes, legacy or operational constraints do not even allow the definition of a fully secure information system. Therefore, intrusion- detection systems have the task of monitoring the usage of such systems to detect apparition of insecure states. They detect attempts and active misuse, either by legitimate users of the information systems or by external parties, to abuse their privileges or exploit security vulnerabilities. In a previous paper [Computer networks 31, 805–822 (1999)], we introduced a taxonomy of intrusion- detection systems that highlights the various aspects of this area. This paper extends the taxonomy beyond real- time intrusion detection to include additional aspects of security monitoring, such as vulnerability assessment.
Judicial Review and Global Federalism

This paper explores an emerging "Global Federalism" in which the global trade regime can be expected to shift control over a broad range of policy from national to supranational institutions. It looks to the European Union's movement toward an "ever closer union" to describe how judicial enforcement of a trade regime necessarily reaches into nearly every aspect of national policy. The European Court of Justice (EU's supreme court) has been particularly active in monitoring those individual member state policies which may be an obstacle to the "single market," whether discriminatory or not. It has reviewed member's health, safety, employment, environmental, and other internal social policies where those policies may hinder the formation of the European market. As the global trade regime evolves, a similar role will be played by global judicial review. The global review principles will be based on the legal principles of the EU, representing the continental legal cultures, and the US, representing the common law legal cultures, currently the two dominant, largely world-wide, legal systems (much as German and French law formed the foundation for EU law). This emerging global law will transform US legal practice and, as has been the EU experience, it will migrate into US national law itself.
Phonon emission by nonequilibrium carriers in the gain region of an inverted semiconductor

Summary form only given. Carrier relaxation dynamics in the gain region of semiconductors are of interest not only from a fundamental point of view but also with respect to the basic limits of semiconductor lasers and optical amplifiers. Of particular importance are relaxation effects resulting from carrier-phonon scattering. In this paper we focus on the emission of LO-phonons by charge-carriers in a nonequilibrium distribution. The nonequilibrium distribution is generated in a cool electron hole plasma by spectral hole burning.
Boundary estimation in complex imagery using Fourier descriptors

A scheme is proposed to estimate the boundary in complex imagery by the use of Fourier descriptors. The rough boundary is encoded in vector form by connecting the centroid of the region and its boundary points and resampling angularly. Thus the 2-D boundary is transformed into a 1-D discrete curve. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is applied to the transformed and resampled 1-D curve, and the Fourier descriptors are used to estimate the boundary of interest. Only a few of the harmonics (low-frequency components) are used for reconstruction of the boundary, and by adjusting the number of harmonics, a good estimation is obtained. The shrink-expand operation is incorporated with the Fourier descriptors to reduce irregularities parts on the boundary and to improve the accuracy of the resulting boundaries. >
An investigation of the relationship between activity loyalty and perceived constraints.

Very little is known about the constraints that influence individuals to discontinue their participation in leisure activities. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between loya...
The Stabilization of Planetary Images

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of the stabilization of planetary images. Large Earth-based telescopes never approach the limits of resolution of which they are optically capable. Under most circumstances, image degradation is largely because of turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere. A practical approach for planetary imaging is to use a telescope of relatively small aperture and to hold only the centroid of the image stationary. Light from the telescope enters from the left and is brought to focus on the photocathode of the image intensifier. The Barlow lens focuses on the photocathode of the image intensifier. It produces an image of a larger size than would normally be used with unaided photography. It is found that most image jitter consists of relatively low frequencies, below 10 or 20 Hz, and there is practically none above 100 Hz, and the tranquilizer provides almost complete stabilization over the frequency range encountered in practice. There is some degradation of the image as a result of passing it through the converter tube and relay lenses, but that loss is minimized by the use of an unusually large image scale.
Glucose transport in Entamoeba histolytica.

That the uptake of glucose by the parasitic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica occurs by an equilibrative transport system is supported by the following observations. 1. The rate of glucose uptake is several orders of magnitude greater than the uptake by pinocytosis. 2. The uptake of glucose exhibits saturation kinetics, with K m =1.6mm and V max. ranging from 2 to 5μmol/min per ml of cells at 37°C. 3. The glucose analogues 2-deoxyglucose, 3- O -methylglucose and d-xylose are transported by the glucose system although with much less affinity. Competitive inhibition was observed between pairs of substrates, with K i values for any sugar closely coincident with the corresponding K m . 4. d-Xylose, a sugar not metabolized by the cells, equilibrated with 80% of the amoebal cell water. 5. Cells equilibrated with xylose exhibited countertransport of this sugar against its concentration gradient when another substrate was added to the medium. 6. Blocking of glycolysis by iodoacetate or F - has no immediate effect on transport. The presence of a glucose-transport system in E. histolytica contrasts with the situation found in the non-parasitic amoeba, where pinocytosis seems to be the only mechanism of solute uptake.
Improving DSP Performance with a Small Amount of Field Programmable Logic

We show a systematic methodology to create DSP + field-programmable logic hybrid architectures by viewing it as a hardware/software codesign problem. This enables an embedded processor architect to evaluate the trade-offs in the increase in die area due to the field programmable logic and the resultant improvement in performance or code size. We demonstrate our methodology with the implementation of a Viterbi decoder. A key result of the paper is that the addition of a field-programmable data alignment unit (FPDAU) between the register-file and the computational blocks provides 15%-22% improvement in the performance of a Viterbi decoder on the state-of-the-art TigerSHARC DSP. The area overhead of the FPDAU is small relative to the DSP die size and does not require any changes to the programming model or the instruction set architecture.
The Evolutionary Path of Hamas: Examining the Role of Political Pragmatism in State Building and Activism

Of the two major Palestinian factions, Hamas has demonstrated that it is more radical and willing to use acts of terrorism than Fatah. While some arguments have made the case that Hamas has become more moderate in light of efforts to develop stable institutions of government and societal organizations, there has not been conclusive evidence of this ideological shift. In fact, the continued adherence to the Muqawama (resistance) Doctrine represents a decisive facet of the movement's enduring pledge to nullify the state of Israel through a prolonged war of attrition. This article examines the role of political pragmatism in the evolution of Hamas. First, it discusses why the moderation argument alone does not provide an adequate understanding of the movement's evolution, especially since it continues to embrace the use of terrorism and violence as facets of Islamism and as an extension of the Muqawama Doctrine. Second, rather than solely using the moderation argument, this article offers an alternative appr...
Child fostering as a reproductive strategy among Southern African pastoralists

Abstract Information on child fosterage was obtained on 1902 individuals in the course of collecting 611 reproductive histories from Herero and Mbanderu pastoralists in northwestern Botswana in southern Africa. The hypothesis that women foster out their children as a strategy for increasing the number of children they produce is tested. Analysis of these data indicate that sex and birth year of children and parents' marital status significantly influence a child's risk of being fostered, but the relationship of fostering to fertility is unclear. More recently born individuals, females, and children born to parents who were not married to each other are more likely to be fostered than older individuals, males, and children born to parents who were married to each other. A child's risk of being fostered does not appear to be influenced by mother's age if the parents were married to each other, while children born to parents who were not married to each other are more likely to be fostered if the mother is very young, but this pattern is not clear. No association between fostering and mortality was found.
Perceptual ratings of vocal characteristics and voicing features in untreated patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

Abstract This study used visual analog scales to obtain perceptual ratings of features of voice production in subjects with unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP), including clarity of laryngeal articulation, consistency of loudness across the utterance and the voiced/voiceless distinction. Recordings of repeated /i/, /isi/, and /izi/ from subjects diagnosed with UVFP and control subjects were randomly re-recorded, and then rated by five listeners. Significant differences in ratings (Smirnov test, p Learning outcomes: As a result of reading this manuscript the reader will (1) gain an understanding of types of perceptual scales and how to develop the set of vocal characteristics to be used in distinguishing patients with UVFP and those without, (2) learn which vocal characteristics listeners are able to use to successfully distinguish between patients with UVFP and those without and (3) understand the possible role for perceptual ratings in tracking changes in vocal characteristics in subjects over time following treatment or spontaneous recovery of function.
Rapid infusion of Sandoglobulin in patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency

Abstract We studied 16 patients with primary disorders of humoral immunity to determine the practicality of infusing intravenous gamma globulin at rates of infusion and concentrations higher than the 4 mg/kg/min and 6% currently recommended. In the first portion of the study, the concentration of Sandoglobulin was increased from 6% to 12%. In the second portion, the flow rate was increased to 5 mg/kg/min, and if no reactions occurred, the time of each successive infusion was decreased by 10 minutes until infusions were completed in 15 to 20 minutes or vasomotor reactions occurred. Thirteen of the 16 patients completed the study; six patients achieved reaction-free rates >15 mg/kg/min, and the other patients achieved rates ranging from 7.1 to 12 mg/kg/min. Seven patients had infusion times
The design of an interactive online help desk in the Alexandria Digital Library

In large software systems such as digital libraries, electronic commerce applications, and customer support systems, the user interface and system are often complex and difficult to navigate. It is necessary to provide users with interactive online support to help users learn how to effectively use these applications. Such online help facilities can include providing tutorials and animated demonstrations, synchronized activities between users and system supporting staff for real time instruction and guidance, multimedia communication with support staff such as chat, voice, and shared whiteboards, and tools for quick identification of user problems. In this paper, we investigate how such interactive online help support can be developed and provided in the context of a working system, the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) for geospatially-referenced data. We developed an online help system, AlexHelp!. AlexHelp! supports collaborative sessions between the user and the librarian (support staff) that include activities such as map browsing and region selection, recorded demonstration sessions for the user, primitive tools for analyzing user sessions, and channels for voice and text based communications. The design of AlexHelp! is based on user activity logs, and the system is a light-weight software component that can be easily integrated into the ADL user interface client. A prototype of AlexHelp! is developed and integrated into the ADL client; both the ADL client and AlexHelp! are written in Java.
Automated test generation for access control policies

Access control policies are increasingly written in specification languages such as XACML. To increase confidence in the correctness of specified policies, policy developers can conduct policy testing to probe the Policy Decision Point (PDP) with some typical test inputs (in the form of requests) and check test outputs (in the form of responses) against expected ones. Unfortunately, manual test generation is tedious and manually generated tests are often not sufficient to exercise various policy behaviors. In this paper we present an efficient test generation approach and its supporting tool called Targen. We further reduce the number of generated requests based on structural coverage information to facilitate manual inspection. If a rule is unreachable due to an unsatisfiable set of constraints, it is redundant. We also present an approach for redundant-rule detection based on change-impact analysis and its supporting tool call Cirg. We have evaluated Targen on policies collected from various sources, some of which are complex policies being used in real systems. Our results show that Targen can effectively generate tests to achieve high structural coverage of policies and outperforms the existing random test generation in terms of structural coverage and fault-detection capability. Cirg can identify a large number of redundant rules among rules defined in a complex, real policy.
Policing ourselves: Defining the boundaries of appropriate discussion in online forums

Abstract Arguing that the discourses in which we write also write us, this essay examines some language-related regulating mechanisms that function in online forums supported by wide-area networks (WANs). In particular, it examines one online forum conventionally defined as open, the LISTSERV discussion list TECHWR-L, and considers some positionings and restrictions that both validate and invalidate participants' conversational topics. This essay broadly considers the question of democracy as it relates to electronic conversations, contending that what often delimits the boundaries of appropriate discussion in online forums includes not just software and hardware features but a wide range of discursive conditions.