cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi Gene Expression during Symbiotic Persistence in the Host Nematode.

Species of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria form mutualistic associations with Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematodes, respectively and serve as model systems for studying microbe-animal symbioses. Here, we profiled gene expression of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi during their symbiotic persistence in the newly formed infective juveniles of the host nematode Steinernema scarabaei through the selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS). The obtained gene expression profile was then compared with other nematode-bacteria partnerships represented by Steinernema carpocapsae—Xenorhabdus nematophila and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora—Photorhabdus temperata. A total of 29 distinct genes were identified to be up-regulated and 53 were down-regulated in X. koppenhoeferi while in S. scarabaei infective juveniles. Of the identified genes, 8 of the up-regulated and 14 of the down-regulated genes were similarly expressed in X. nematophila during persistence in its host nematode S. carpocapsae. However, only one from each of these up- and down-regulated genes was common to the mutualistic partnership between the bacterium P. temperata and the nematode H. bacteriophora. Interactive network analysis of the shared genes between X. koppenhoeferi and X. nematophila demonstrated that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in bacterial survival and the down-regulated genes were more related to bacterial virulence and active growth. Disruption of two selected genes pta (coding phosphotransacetylase) and acnB (coding aconitate hydratase) in X. nematophila with shared expression signature with X. koppenhoeferi confirmed that these genes are important for bacterial persistence in the nematode host. The results of our comparative analyses show that the two Xenorhabdus species share a little more than a quarter of the transcriptional mechanisms during persistence in their nematode hosts but these features are quite different from those used by P. temperata bacteria in their nematode host H. bacteriophora.
Goniometric Measurements at the Knee

To the Editor: I read with serious interest the article by Gogia et al, “Reliability and Validity of Goniometric Measurements at the Knee,” which appeared in the February 1987 issue of Physical Therapy. I commend the authors' efforts to clarify the reliability and validity of goniometric measurements at the knee. Reliability and validity studies of goniometry, basic evaluation procedures, are extremely important. I was concerned after reading the article, however, because the conclusions drawn by the authors, that “1) goniometric measurements obtained by different therapists to assess the position of a patient's knees can be used interchangeably and 2) measurements recorded using the specified technique reflect the actual position of the knee joint,” are misleading. I believe, based on my own interpretation of the procedures used, that the conclusions do not reflect accurately the results of the study.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/67/192?iss=2
Size-Dependent Validity Bounds on the Universal Plasmon Ruler for Metal Nanostructure Dimers

We study the validity of the recently proposed universal plasmon ruler in the present work using a combination of numerical techniques based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, and semianalytical theories based on the coupled dipole approximation. By incorporating nonlocal effects for closely spaced two-dimensional gold nanocylinder dimers, we find using both the FDTD and semianalytical approaches that the universal plasmon ruler of Jain et al.(1) is not applicable for gold nanocylinder dimers with diameters smaller than about 20 nm. The nonlocal effects are also found to strongly reduce the electric field enhancements at very small gap distances. Taken together with previous results,(2) we are able to establish the valid size range for the universal plasmon ruler of gold: 20 nm diameter metal nanostructure dimers at the smaller end, and 70 nm diameter metal nanostructure dimers at the larger end.
Honorifics: A sociocultural verb agreement cue in Japanese sentence processing—CORRIGENDUM

There were several errors in Table 1 in the original version of this article (Yoshimura & MacWhinney, 2010), which are corrected here. We sincerely regret these errors and any problems they may have caused.
How are they different? A quantitative domain comparison of information visualization and data visualization (2000---2014)

Information visualization and data visualization are often viewed as similar, but distinct domains, and they have drawn an increasingly broad range of interest from diverse sectors of academia and industry. This study systematically analyzes and compares the intellectual landscapes of the two domains between 2000 and 2014. The present study is based on bibliographic records retrieved from the Web of Science. Using a topic search and a citation expansion, we collected two sets of data in each domain. Then, we identified emerging trends and recent developments in information visualization and data visualization, captivated in intellectual landscapes, landmark articles, bursting keywords, and citation trends of the domains. We found out that both domains have computer engineering and applications as their shared grounds. Our study reveals that information visualization and data visualization have scrutinized algorithmic concepts underlying the domains in their early years. Successive literature citing the datasets focuses on applying information and data visualization techniques to biomedical research. Recent thematic trends in the fields reflect that they are also diverging from each other. In data visualization, emerging topics and new developments cover dimensionality reduction and applications of visual techniques to genomics. Information visualization research is scrutinizing cognitive and theoretical aspects. In conclusion, information visualization and data visualization have co-evolved. At the same time, both fields are distinctively developing with their own scientific interests.
Video Games and Creativity

Abstract In 2012, we published the results of a study titled “Information technology use and creativity: Findings from the Children and Technology Project”. It was one of many studies generated from a National Science Foundation grant to conduct a 3-year longitudinal study of the effects of information technology use on children’s cognitive, social, emotional, and motivation outcomes. Emphasis on video games as the sole information technology related to creativity was made explicit in an abridged version of the 2012 paper published in the same year. These findings precipitated a flurry of media interest. Articles advocating children’s video game playing to develop their creativity, among other beneficial effects, appeared in the Wall Street Journal ( http://news.cnet.com/8301-27083_3-20129058-247/new-st/ ), the Miami Herald ( http://www.miamihearld.com/2013/05/07/3403875/video-games-a-gateway-to-creativity.html ), Science Daily ( http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102125355.html ), and the Huffington Post ( http://www.huffingtonpost.com/babblecom/reasons-why-your-kids_b_2664141.html ), among others. As flattering as such media attention may be we, as scientists, were concerned. How can the results of a single study, albeit a carefully executed, large sample, longitudinal study, be used as the basis for advocating video game playing to increase children’s creativity? In this chapter, we demonstrate why our initial concerns were unfounded and why video game playing does indeed increase children’s creativity as well as having other cognitive, social, emotional, and motivational benefits.
CLOTTING DEFECTS IN HEMORRHAGIC COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY.

The coagulation defect in premature separation of the placenta, amniotic embolism, and retention of a dead fetus is primarily a defibrination syndrome resulting from pathologic infusion of thromboplastic substances. Secondary fibrinolytic activity, which can occur as a direct result of the clotting process or in response to hemorrhagic shock, causes proteolysis and further loss of fibrinogen and inhibits polymerization of fibrin. However, measures directed largely against this fibrinolytic activity could predispose the patient to severe thrombotic complications. Therefore, therapy should be aimed primarily at replacing the lost clotting factors, inhibiting the hypercoagulable state, and treating shock.
Case 9: Intimate Partner Violence in the Gay Community

A 19-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a complaint of painful rectal bleeding. The triage note is otherwise blank. The patient enters the examination room alone, appearing sullen and withdrawn. A young male resident assigned to his care becomes frustrated during multiple attempts at a history and a physical. The patient is quiet, slow to answer questions, and offers little detail. The resident makes several requests for the patient to fully undress. Physical examination is remarkable for a bloody laceration extending close to the ventral aspect of the anal sphincter. Multiple bruises are noted on the extremities. After the examination, the physician shakes his head and asks, “How did all this happen?” The patient starts to cry and states, “I can’t believe my life has gotten so out of control.”
Activation of G proteins may inhibit or stimulate surfactant secretion in rat alveolar type II cells

To investigate how G proteins regulate surfactant secretion, we subjected rat alveolar type II cells to conditions known to activate or to inactivate G proteins. AlF-4, which activates G proteins, inhibited secretion in intact cells. Guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), which activates G proteins in permeabilized cells, stimulated secretion at basal cytosolic [Ca2+], but inhibited secretion at higher [Ca2+]. In contrast, guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S), which inactivates G proteins, stimulated secretion at each [Ca2+] tested. Because treatment with GDP beta S stimulated secretion at basal cytosolic [Ca2+], surfactant secretion appears to be subject to G protein-regulated tonic inhibition. Pertussis toxin (PTX) inhibited terbutaline- and ionomycin-stimulated secretion in intact cells, but did not inhibit secretion stimulated by either forskolin or 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Inhibition by PTX of terbutaline-stimulated, but not 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate- or forskolin-stimulated secretion, suggests that PTX-sensitive G proteins regulate beta-adrenergic-stimulated surfactant secretion proximal to second messenger generation. Inhibition of ionomycin-stimulated secretion, however, suggests that PTX-sensitive G proteins may also regulate non-receptor-mediated secretory events.
Inhibition of Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation by Pyrazole in the Rat and Monkey in Vivo

Pyrazole has no effect on the catalase-peroxidative system but exerts a pronounced inhibition of liver alcohol dehydrogenase and ethanol oxidation in vivo . Methanol oxidation is decreased by pyrazole in the rat, where a role of liver alcohol dehydrogenase has not previously been established. However, the inhibitory effect of Pyrazole on methanol oxidation is more marked in the monkey, where alcohol dehydrogenase is the major catalyst for methanol oxidation. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Mrs. Fernande Tinelli in these studies.
It Takes More Than Luck

The opportunities for scientific women in the United States today are undoubtedly better than they were when I graduated from the University of Illinois in 1936, but they are not sufficiently better for us to be complacent about our chances in a highly competitive world. ‘We hear a great deal about the progress of women at NIH [National Institutes of Health]. We like to look at the numbers and estimate the rate of progress.
Narrowing the Focus to Increase Predictive Efficiency

We have previously concluded that, although a sizable proportion of Racine’s most serious offenders, particularly as adults, had also had police contacts for drug offenses or had admitted drug involvement on their self-reports, this does not equate serious offender careers and involvement in drugs.- The ecology of Racine and the changing spatial distribution of more serious types of street offenders vs. drug offenders and self-reported drug offenders will now be examined in order to better understand the relationship of drug involvement to delinquent and criminal careers.
Weak Topologies Determined by Distance Functionals

Let be a metric space. In classical analysis, we think of the distance d(x,A) from a point x ∈ X to a nonempty closed subset A of X as a function of the point argument x with the set argument A held fixed. However, we may equally well regard this assignment as a function of the set argument with the point held fixed. We write d(x, ·) for the assignment A → d(x,A) on the nonempty closed subsets CL(X) of X. In this chapter, we consider weak topologies on CL(X) determined by families of distance functionals. A particular family of distance functionals is determined by the range of two parameters: the point x in X and the metric d. Ordinarily, the point x is allowed to run freely over the underlying space X. On the other hand, the parameter d may represent a fixed metric, or one chosen from a particular class of metrics.
The Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water Resources: Visions and Challenges in Spatial Computing

In the coming decades, the increasing world population is expected to increase the demand for food, energy, and water (FEW) resources. In addition, these resources will be under stress due to climate change and urbanization. Previously, more problems were caused by piecemeal approaches analyzing and planning those resources independent of each other. The goal of the FEW nexus approach is to prevent such problems by understanding, appreciating, and visualizing the interconnections and interdependencies of FEW resources at local, regional, and global levels. The nexus approach seeks to use the FEW resources as an interrelated system of systems, but data and modeling constraints make this a challenging task. Also, the lack of complete knowledge and observability of FEW interactions exacerbates the problem. Related work focuses on physical science solutions (e.g., desalination, biopesticides). No doubt these are necessary and worthwhile for FEW resource security. Spatial computing may help domain scientists achieve their goals for the FEW nexus. In this chapter, we describe our vision of spatial computing’s role in understanding the FEW nexus from a spatial data life cycle perspective. We provide details of each of the spatial computing components. For each component, we list new technical challenges that are likely to drive future spatial computing research.
Macular Carotenoids, Aerobic Fitness, and Central Adiposity Are Associated Differentially with Hippocampal-Dependent Relational Memory in Preadolescent Children

Objectives To examine the associations of macular pigment carotenoids (lutein, meso -zeaxanthin, and zeaxanthin), aerobic fitness, and central adiposity with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children. Study design Children between 7 and 10 years of age (n = 40) completed a task designed to assess relational memory performance and participated in aerobic fitness, adiposity, and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) assessment. Aerobic fitness was assessed via a modified Balke treadmill protocol designed to measure maximal oxygen volume. Central adiposity was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. MPOD was measured psychophysically by the use of customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Statistical analyses included correlations and hierarchical linear regression. Results Aerobic fitness and MPOD were associated negatively with relational memory errors ( P P β = −0.388, P = .007). Conclusions Even after we adjusted for aerobic fitness and central adiposity, factors known to relate to hippocampal-dependent memory, MPOD positively and significantly predicted hippocampal-dependent memory performance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01619826.
Recognition of Agents Based on Observation of Their Sequential Behavior

We study the use of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) as a tool for recognition of agents on the basis of observation of their sequential decision behavior. We model the problem faced by the agents as a Markov decision process (MDP) and model the observed behavior of an agent in terms of forward planning for the MDP. The reality of the agent's decision problem and process may not be expressed by the MDP and its policy, but we interpret the observation as optimal actions in the MDP. We use IRL to learn reward functions for the MDP and then use these reward functions as the basis for clustering or classification models. Experimental studies with GridWorld, a navigation problem, and the secretary problem, an optimal stopping problem, show algorithms' performance in different learning scenarios for agent recognition where the agents' underlying decision strategy may be expressed by the MDP policy or not. Empirical comparisons of our method with several existing IRL algorithms and with direct methods that use feature statistics observed in state-action space suggest it may be superior for agent recognition problems, particularly when the state space is large but the length of the observed decision trajectory is small.
Medication adherence as a predictor of 30-day hospital readmissions.

Purpose The aim of this study was to test whether patient medication adherence, a modifiable risk factor obtainable at hospital admission, predicts readmission within 30 days. Patients and methods We used a retrospective cohort study design to test whether patient medication adherence to all chronic medications, as determined by the 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) administered by a pharmacist at the time of hospital admission, predicts 30-day readmissions. We compared readmission rates among 385 inpatients who had their adherence assessed from February 1, 2013, to January 31, 2014. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the benefit of adding medication adherence to previously published variables that have been shown to predict 30-day readmissions. Results Patients with low and intermediate adherence (combined) had readmission rates of 20.0% compared to a readmission rate of 9.3% for patients with high adherence (P=0.005). By adding MMAS-4 data to previously published variables that have been shown to predict 30-day readmissions, we found that patients with low and intermediate medication adherence had an adjusted 2.54-fold higher odds of readmission compared to those in patients with high adherence (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-4.90, P=0.005). The model's predictive power, as measured by the c-statistic, improved from 0.65 to 0.70 after adding adherence. Conclusion Because medication adherence assessed at hospital admission was independently associated with 30-day readmission risk, it offers potential for targeting interventions to improve adherence.
Distinct influences of affective and cognitive factors on children's non-verbal and verbal mathematical abilities.

Abstract Individual differences in children’s math performance have been associated with math anxiety, attention problems, working memory (WM), and reading skills, but the mechanisms by which these factors jointly contribute to children’s math achievement are unknown. Here, we use structural equation modeling to characterize the relation between these factors and their influence on non-verbal Numerical Operations (NO) and verbal Math Reasoning (MR) in 330 children (M = 8.34 years). Our findings indicate that WM plays a central role in both non-verbal NO and verbal MR, whereas math anxiety and reading comprehension have unique and more pronounced influences on MR, compared to NO. Our study elucidates how affective and cognitive factors distinctly influence non-verbal and verbal mathematical problem solving.
School's out: Gay and lesbian teachers in the classroom,

In School's out: Gay and lesbian teachers in the classroom (2015), Catherine Connell describes the daily tightrope walk between dueling demands of pride and professionalism that gay and lesbian tea...
Globalization and Social Movements

A growing body of scholarship acknowledges the increasing influence of global forces on social institutions and societies on multiple scales. We focus here on the role of globalization processes in shaping collective action and social movements. Three areas of global change and movements are examined: first, long-term global trends and collective action; second, research on national and local challenges to economic globalization, including backlash movements and the types of economic liberalization measures most associated with inducing oppositional movements; and third, the emergence of contemporary transnational social movements. In each of these arenas we address debates on diffusion, intervening mechanisms, and the outcomes of collective mobilization in response to global pressures.
Psychotherapy: A Cognitive Perspective

Having provided the reader with what we feel is a comprehensive review of the phenomenology of the human stress response, this chapter begins our focus upon therapeutic intervention.
When persistence doesn't pay.

People routinely make bad decisions. Far from being random, however, these bad decisions are often predictable, occurring reliably in specific contexts ( 1 – 3 ). One set of such suboptimal decisions are cognitive biases, wherein individuals make decisions that predictably violate rationality or their own best interests without a logical reason for doing so ( 4 ). One such bias is the sunk cost bias, in which individuals invest more time or resources in an outcome than it is worth given the potential gain, presumably because they focus on hindsight evaluation of irrecoverable costs rather than prospective gains ( 5 ). On page 178 of this issue, Sweis et al. ( 6 ) report a clever experiment demonstrating the sunk cost bias in rats, mice, and humans. The findings also provide insight into why results from previous studies have been so variable.
Metamaterial Tunable Notch Filters Operating in Longwave Infrared

We describe the design of metamaterial tunable notch filter operating from 8 to 12 µm based on the guided-mode resonance phenomenon using dielectric materials germanium and zinc selenide and their characterization using quantum cascade lasers.
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

The 4 categories of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia-eclampsia, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. These disorders are among the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Proper diagnosis in the emergency department is crucial in order to initiate appropriate treatment to reduce the potential harm to the mother and the fetus. Prompt management should be undertaken when the blood pressure is greater than 160/110 mm Hg or there are other severe features such as acute kidney injury, elevated liver function tests, severe abdominal pain, pulmonary edema, and central nervous system disturbances.
A Historical Perspective on the “Mental Illness as Motive” Narrative

In an effort to better understand the historical significance of the “mental illness as motive” narrative, this essay investigates what has been recognized as the first mass shooting in the modern United States—Howard Unruh’s 1949 mass shoot­ing in Camden, New Jersey. Given that mass shootings were an unprecedented phenomenon, the news media played an important role in explaining the event. As will be shown, many Americans felt uncertain about how mental illness man­ifested and who was vulnerable. Given the often undisclosed, albeit perceived threat of schizophrenia, the public needed reassurance that there would be some indicator of insanity. Accordingly, the media used evidence of religious fanaticism and unfavorable physical descriptions of Unruh to cast him as separate, outside, or an “other.” Ultimately, the media’s rhetorical choices differentiated Unruh and attempted to make mental illness easier to identify for an audience afraid of its influence.
18.1 A Self-Health-Learning GaN Power Converter Using On-Die Logarithm-Based Analog SGD Supervised Learning and Online T j -Independent Precursor Measurement

As GaN technology proliferates in modern power electronics, reliability of GaN-based circuits has become the biggest hurdle for commercialization. Sustaining largest voltage and current stresses in power circuits, power devices on average account for over 31% of failures [1]. With new problems such as current collapse and thermal aging, GaN power circuits deem to face more reliability challenges compared to their silicon counterparts [2]. In such a situation, health condition monitoring is of paramount importance. As shown in Fig. 18.1.1, due to hot electron injection and charge trapping effects, current collapse weakens 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layer in a GaN switch over time, elevating its dynamic on-resistance $\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{DS}_{-}\mathrm{On}}$ gradually. The clear link between $\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{DS}_{-}\mathrm{ON}}$ and aging (Fig. 18.1.1) makes $\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{DS}_{-}\mathrm{ON}}$ a widely accepted precursor for GaN condition monitoring [3]–[5]. However, measuring rDS_ ON is not a simple task. Traditionally, r DS_ ON can be measured offline by shutting- down the affiliated circuit. However, the- approach can be highly inaccurate due to significant discrepancy between offline and online operation conditions. To mitigate this issue, in-situ condition monitoring can be employed [3], [4]. However, it still requires designated test periods, causing interruptions of operation and increased test cost. A recent study applies machine learning (ML) to achieve online aging prognosis [5]. However, the ML algorithm is generic and is built on a standard digital basis. It requires sophisticated data processing and communication modules, causing substantial power and cost overheads. More importantly, the off-board look-up-table-based training process has to be performed offline, leading to similar drawbacks encountered in other approaches. Overall, all approaches reviewed here demand significant resources and time for either trimming, calibration or training in order to compensate for variations and errors induced by the fabrication process, work condition, user influence, etc. It would be much more desirable and efficient if a “plug-and-play” online aging prognosis method can be developed, which, as an essential part of a power circuit, requires no trimming and calibration.
The Regulatory Evolution of the Primate Fine-Motor System

Abstract In mammals, fine motor control is essential for skilled behavior, and is subserved by specialized subdivisions of the primary motor cortex (M1) and other components of the brain’s motor circuitry. We profiled the epigenomic state of several components of the Rhesus macaque motor system, including subdivisions of M1 corresponding to hand and orofacial control. We compared this to open chromatin data from M1 in rat, mouse, and human. We found broad similarities as well as unique specializations in open chromatin regions (OCRs) between M1 subdivisions and other brain regions, as well as species- and lineage-specific differences reflecting their evolutionary histories. By distinguishing shared mammalian M1 OCRs from primate- and human-specific specializations, we highlight gene regulatory programs that could subserve the evolution of skilled motor behaviors such as speech and tool use.
Many-body Interactions in Halide-assisted CVD Grown WSe 2 for High Performance Photodetectors

Practical device applications of semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials based devices rely on their large area growth using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. Controlled CVD growth of tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ) is often challenging because of the high sublimation point of tungsten. In this work, we used NaCl with tungsten oxide to allow the growth of monolayer (1L) WSe 2 at a temperature (T) of ~ 750°C. Additionally, we utilized T-dependent PL spectroscopy to analyse the dynamics of excitons, trions and localized excitons states in 1L WSe 2 . Moreover, we fabricated Al/WSe 2 based photodetector (PD) which show a high responsivity of ~ 502 A/W. The frequency-dependent capacitance response of the PD was also analyzed from which an interface trap density D it was computed to be ~ 3.45 × 1012 cm-2 eV-1; this is the lowest D it value reported for WSe 2 -based devices to date. The results obtained in this work reveals great potential of WSe 2 for electronic, opto-electronic device applications.
The impact of internet access on research output - a cross-country study

Abstract There are large variations in research output among nations despite the rapid globalization progress. This article provides a new angle to help explain such variations. In this article, we study the impact of internet penetration on the research output of an economy. Using a country-level panel dataset, we find that higher internet penetration increases the volume of research output in an economy. The results are robust to a number of specifications, including an instrumental variable approach that addresses the endogeneity of internet penetration. We also find some evidence showing that the impact of internet penetration on research output quantity decreases as the size of fixed broadband users increase in an economy. The effects of internet access on research quality is less conclusive. Results suggest that broadening the access of internet is important for research output boosting or innovation in general.
Analysis of Contained Plastic Flow in Plane Solids

Quantitative analysis of general contained plastic flow in solids is an extremely difficult and analytically unsolved problem of plasticity theory. A numerical approach, involving the use of a lumped-parameter model, for such problems in plane solids is described. With the use of the lumped-parameter model, contained plastic flow in a solid is characterized by the plastic flow of a finite number of stress points in the model. By a recursive numerical process a set of displacements that induces a compatible set of stresses satisfying the stress equations of equilibrium is determined for each applied load level. Thus, a complete history of stress and strain corresponding to a given loading history can be obtained. The proposed method of analysis is demonstrated for problems involving increasing external loads.
Processing of ferroelectric and related materials: a review

A synopsis of recent, ongoing, and future evolutionary developments pertaining to the fabrication and processing of ferroelectric materials is presented, with an emphasis on polycrystalline ceramics. The review is based on literature over the last dozen years and responses to a worldwide questionnaire. This addressed issues such as chemical synthesis methods vs. conventional processes and anticipated future developments in processing and their impact on new applications, if any. The participants were scientists and engineers involved in research and development of ferroelectrics and related materials. The primary conclusion of this survey was that evolutionary advancements in the processing of ferroelectric ceramics will continue to impact commercial production over the next ten years. Recent improvements in processing methods for conventional powders will extend the performance of ferroelectric ceramics. Without revolutionary advances, the primary focus of development will be on reducing the cost of advanced powder synthesis methods. >
Novel therapies for memory cells in autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are a major cause of morbidity, and their incidence and prevalence continue to rise. Treatments for these diseases are non-specific and result in significant adverse effects. Targeted therapies may help in improving the risk : benefit ratio associated with treatment. Immunological memory is an important feature of the vertebrate immune system that results in the production of cells that are long-lived and able to respond to antigens in a more robust manner. In the setting of autoimmunity this characteristic becomes detrimental due to the ongoing response to a self-antigen(s). These memory cells have been shown to play key roles in various autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Memory T cells and B cells can be identified based on various molecules expressed on their surface. Memory T cells can be divided into three main categories - central memory, effector memory and resident memory cells. These subsets have different proliferative potential and cytokine-producing abilities. Utilizing differentially expressed surface molecules or downstream signalling pathway proteins in these cells it is now possible to target memory cells while sparing naive cells. We will discuss the various available options for such a strategy and several potential strategies that may yield successful therapies in the future.
The Infra-Red Absorption Spectrum of C D 4

The spectrum of C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ has been measured from 3.0\ensuremath{\mu} to 10.5\ensuremath{\mu} and three regions of absorption were observed. These bands with centers at 2992.8 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 3103.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 2259.0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and 995.86 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ have been identified as ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$, and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}$ by analogy with C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$. The line spacings obtained from these bands in C${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ are $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}}=7.17$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}}=5.01$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}=4.52$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}=3.42$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ as compared with 5.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 13.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 9.77 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and 5.41 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the same bands in C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$. Values for the $\ensuremath{\zeta}'\mathrm{s}$ of Johnston and Dennison have been obtained and are as follows: ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{3}=0.1465$ and ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{4}=0.3535$. Utilizing the line spacings given above and the expression $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}+\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{4}=\frac{3h}{8{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}A}$ derived by Johnston and Dennison the value 1.044\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is obtained for the moment of inertia $A$.
Gas in gallstones: Quantitative determinations and possible effects on fragmentation by shock waves

The presence of gas in a gallstone can profoundly affect the ability of shock waves to fragment the stone by various mechanisms. In the present study, the aim was to determine the gas content of gallstones and determine if increasing the gas content of the stone affected the outcome of lithotripsy. Thirty human gallstones, transferred directly from gallbladder bile into sterile saline, were studied. The initial gas content of all stones was determined by differential weighing under saline before and after degassing. Eighteen gallstones were pairs; each pair was from a single patient and of similar size and composition. One gallstone of each of the pairs was exposed to air and the other was kept under saline. Then each of the paired gallstones was subjected to 1000 pulses at power level 3 (highest) in a Diasonics Therasonic lithotripter (Diasonics, Milpitas, CA). The volume of gas present at the beginning of the experiment in all groups of stones was 2.4 +/- 2.1 mm3, and 27% of all gallstones tested contained measurable amounts of gas initially. There was no significant difference in the volume of gas present in the paired stones at the beginning of the experiment (group A, 1 +/- 0.4 mm3; group B, 2 +/- 1 mm3). After group A stones were exposed to air, the gas content was significantly higher (36 +/- 18 mm3) than in the paired group B stones stored under saline (3 +/- 2 mm3; P less than 0.05). Stones exposed to air fragmented more easily than stones stored under saline. The mean number of pulses required to cause initial fragmentation was significantly lower in the group of stones exposed to air (22 +/- 7) compared with those stored under saline (610 +/- 139; P less than 0.05). The fragments were smaller and more numerous in the group of stones exposed to air than in those stored under saline. It is concluded that gas is present in some gallstones and that the efficacy of lithotripsy increases with increasing stone gas content. Our data suggest that alterations in the physical characteristics of gallstones can have profound effects on the outcome of lithotripsy.
A journey through the exocytic pathway.

The poster is composed of three panels, which represent the three major protein families required for the journey of cargo through the exocytic pathway. These families are the ARF and Sar1 family GTPases, which are involved in vesicle formation (left panel), Rab family GTPases, which are involved in
Caring for Aunt Alice

This personal narrative explores the thoughts and emotions of a disability advocate as she becomes initiated into the charged arena of aging, care giving, and dying. She is assisting her increasingly disabled elder aunt through her end-of-life years. Both must grapple with many complex social and emotional issues: denial of disability, combativeness in reaction to dependence and loss of control, and the specters of assisted suicide and nursing home placement. They face the painful realization that even deep affection, family history, progressive politics, and extensive disability community resources do not necessarily ease the situation.
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) lymphocytes produce and are growth-inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta.

Abstract Recombinant (r)TGF-β5, an isoform of TGF-β thus far identified only in the frog, Xenopus laevis , inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced mitogenesis of salamander (axolotl) splenocytes and thymocytes, and T cell growth factor-induced proliferation of splenic lymphoblasts. This inhibition could be reversed by incubating (r)TGF-β5 with an anti-TGF-β5 antibody, but not with an antibody directed against TGF-β2, another Xenopus -produced TGF-β isoform. Acid-treated supernatants from cultures of PHA-stimulated axolotl splenocytes (PHA-SNs) inhibited proliferation of mink lung fibroblasts (MLF), cells whose growth is sensitive to all known isoforms of TGF-β. This inhibition was reversed by incubating the supernatants with the anti-pan-specific TGF-β antibody which neutralizes TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 and TGF-β5. This inhibition was unaffected by antibodies that specifically neutralize either TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3 or TGF-β5. Acid-treated axolotl PHA-SNs also inhibited proliferation of PHA-stimulated freshly harvested axolotl spleen cells. Once again, this inhibition could be reversed by treating supernatants with an anti-pan-specific TGF-β antibody but not with anti-TGF-β2 or anti-TGF-β5 antibodies. All these data are consistent with the hypothesis that axolotl lymphocytes secrete a previously unknown TGF-β isoform.
Is Lipase a Normal Constituent of Cow's Milk?

Summary Experiments are reported using several different methods of analysis which fail to show that cow's milk normally contains active lipolytic ferment.
Endoscopic needle-knife therapy for ileal pouch sinus: a novel approach for the surgical adverse event (with video).

Background Pouch sinus is an adverse event in patients undergoing ileal pouch surgery. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of needle-knife therapy in managing pouch sinus and to assess factors associated with the healing of pouch sinus. Design An historical cohort study from a prospectively collected database. Setting A high-volume specialized pouch center. Patients From tertiary-care pouch center. Interventions Endoscopic needle-knife therapy. Results This cohort consisted of 65 patients. Men accounted for 76.9% (n = 50). The median interval from colectomy to the diagnosis of pouch sinus was 4.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.0-7.5). Pouch sinus was located at the anastomosis in 59 patients (90.8%), at the mid pouch suture line in 4 patients (6.2%), and at the tip of "J" in 2 patients (3.1%). The mean depth of the pouch sinus was 4.4 ± 1.8 cm. Twenty patients (30.8%) had complex pouch sinuses. After a median of 2.0 needle-knife therapies (IQR: 1.5-3.5) during a follow-up period of 1.1 years (IQR: 0.4-2.8), 28 patients (43.1%) with pouch sinus experienced a complete response, 27 (41.5%) had a partial response, and 10 (15.4%) had persistent sinus. Fifty-three patients (81.5%) maintained a functional pouch at the last follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed that a longer duration from colectomy to diagnosis of pouch sinus (odds ratio: 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.73-0.99; P = .033) and complex sinuses (odds ratio: 0.17; 95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.70; P = .014) were inversely associated with the healing of pouch sinuses, whereas the increased sessions of needle-knife therapy (odds ratio: 1.36; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.81; P = .041) improved the healing of the pouch sinuses. Limitations Single-center study with a relatively small number of patients. Conclusion In experienced hands, endoscopic needle-knife therapy is an efficacious and safe procedure for pouch sinuses. A longer duration from colectomy to diagnosis of pouch sinus and complex pouch sinuses appeared to be associated with a higher risk for nonhealing of the sinus, suggesting that early diagnosis and intervention have an impact on outcomes.
Hemostatic effects of salsalate in normal subjects and patients with hemophilia A

Abstract Salsalate in a non-acetylated salicylate with activity as an antirheumatic agent. The hemostatic effects of this agent were studied in twelve healthy subjects and nine patients with hemophilia A. Healthy subjects showed no change in bleeding time, platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release in response to arachidonic acid as measured in an impedance whole blood lumiaggregometer. The patients with hemophilia A showed no bleeding time prolongation nor an effect on ADP or collagen induced platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma. It is concluded that this agent may be useful in the treatment of arthritis in patients with hereditary coagulation disorders.
Structural changes for speech improvement in complete upper denture fabrication.

Abstract In the absence of any clearly identifiable pathologic condition, the prosthodontic patient demonstrating speech problems after insertion of complete dentures is having difficulty with loss of turbulence, because of the diminution of tactile location skills in speaking, or both. Potential aids to speech improvement are a nonanatomic papilla placed on the oral surface of the denture just posterior to the location of the incisive papilla, a transversely elongated rugaelike papilla at about the same location, a roughened region at that spot, or an indentation sufficient for the patient's tongue to identify. The location and effectiveness of such structural changes can be planned and judged with the cooperation of a qualified speech pathologist.
Epidemiologic characteristics of phenotypically distinct neural tube defects among 0.7 million California births, 1983-1987.

Isolated neural tube defects (NTDs) appear to have different risk factors compared to nonisolated NTDs. To extend those observations, we explored routinely collected child and parental characteristics as possible risk factors among isolated versus nonisolated NTD cases, among high versus low spina bifida cases, and among open versus skin-covered spina bifida cases. Fetuses and liveborn infants with anencephaly or spina bifida among the 1983--87 cohort of births and fetal deaths (n = 712,863) were ascertained by the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program. One hundred and ninety-three anencephalic cases and 272 spina bifida cases were compared to a random sample of 5,000 liveborn infants. Among anencephalic cases, 55% were livebirths and 85% were isolated. The proportion of males was similar to females across all subgroups. Increased risks were found for Hispanic whites, with risk estimates highest for nonisolated cases (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [1.5,10.5]). Among spina bifida cases, 92% were livebirths, 81 % isolated, 82% open, and 86% were low. More males were found among the group with isolated high open defects, and fewer males were found among the group of all closed defects. The proportion of males was similar to females in all other subgroups. Cases were more likely to be Hispanic with risks largest for high open defects (odds ratio = 2.9, [1.2,6.6]), particularly for nonisolated cases. This study provides some evidence that further classifications of NTDs may reveal subgroupings of cases with different etiologies. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of chitin synthase genes during yeast and hyphal growth phases of Candida albicans

Summary Chitin, the β1,4-linked polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a fibrous polysaccharide that in many yeasts helps to maintain the structure of the mother-bud junction and in filamentous fungi is often the major supporting component of the cell wall. We have previously described a Candida albicans chitin synthase, CHS1. The DNA and derived protein sequences of a second gene, CHS2, are presented and compared with previously published gene sequences. Northern blot analysis shows that strikingly different levels of synthase 1 and 2 expression occur during yeast and hyphal phases of Candida growth.
Preparation intensity dependence of the effective χ(2) in germanosilicate glass

Abstract Experiments on the seeded preparation of frequency doubling germanosilicate fibers and fiber preforms reveal that a threshold intensity of ∼ 5 GW/cm 2 exists at which the second harmonic signal dramatically increases. The results of the preparation threshold experiments are supported by spatial sidelight measurements on the perform and by a correlation between the coherence length of prepared fibers and the intra-fiber intensity profile.
P-138: A 12-domain MVA-LCD with Wide Viewing Angle and High Transmittance

A 12-domain MVA-LCD is proposed and investigated through a 3-D simulator. The MVA-LCD has the advantages of wide viewing angle, high transmittance, fast response time and small color shift with our proposed wide view circular polarizers that consist of a series of uniaxial compensation films.
Hepatitis C Treatment for People With Severe Mental Illness

Over 4 million people in the United States are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and, if untreated, over 20% of these will progress to more serious disease. Persons with severe mental illness (SMI) have markedly elevated rates of HCV infection, but treatment of persons with SMI and HCV has been controversial. Effective antiviral treatment is available, but side effects include depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. This article reviews the available data on neuropsychiatric side effects of interferon (IFN) treatment, discusses the limitations of the current research, and makes recommendations regarding HCV treatment in persons with SMI