cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MECHANISM FOR THE ELECTROCATALYZED OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL DEDUCED FROM AN ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL INSTABILITIES

The electrocatalyzed oxidation of glycerol in alkaline solution is compared with the oxidations of ethylene glycol and methanol. An analysis of behaviors caused by instabilities provides strong evidence that the elementary reactions that dominate the oxidation of glycerol are the same as those that dominate the oxidation of methanol. These reactions include the formation of surface bonded CO and its reaction with surface bonded hydroxyl radicals. The reactions that precede the dominant reactions in the oxidation of glycerol are relatively fast and must involve cleavage of C−C bonds. Evidence from phase diagrams indicates that the most probable sequence for the fast reactions requires a sufficient number of neighboring vacant sites to produce three surface-bonded CO complexes for each glycerol molecule. Reaction sequences that lead to zero, one, or two CO complexes occur with small probability.
Symbolic Communication Forms in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The aim of this study was to examine how early symbolic forms (and their associated communicative functions) are related to change in communication among a sample of 12 young children with autism s...
Trisomy: a useful adjunct to RFLP mapping in pea

We have analysed trisomic pea plants by DNA/ DNA hybridization techniques, exploiting the copy number excess of DNA sequences in trisomics, together with a knowledge of their genetics, in order to address problems in the correlation of genetic and cytogenetic information. One such long-standing problem in pea genetics is the assignment of one rDNA locus (Rrn2) to a linkage group on chromosome 7. Our results show that Rrn2 does not reside on the same chromosome as Lg-1 or Vc-2 which we have previously shown to be linked to r, a linkage group 7 specific marker.
Maternal and fetal outcomes in hyperemesis gravidarum

Abstract Objective: This study sought to evaluate maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes among women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of pregnancy records of obstetric admissions during a 6-year period. Women treated as out-patients for hyperemesis were also identified. Hyperemesis was defined as excessive nausea and vomiting resulting in dehydration, extensive medical therapy, and/or hospital admission. Statistical analysis was by t-test and chi square. Results: We identified 193 women (1.5%) who developed hyperemesis among 13053 women. Racial status, marital status, age, and gravidity were similar between the hyperemesis patients and the general population. However, there were less women with hyperemesis who were para 3 or greater. Forty-six women (24%) required hospitalization for hyperemesis, mean hospital stay 1.8 days, range 1–10 days. One patient required parenteral nutrition, two had yeast esophagitis, none had HIV infection, psychiatric pathology or thyroid disease. Pregnancy outcomes between hyperemesis patients and the general population were similar for mean birth weight, mean gestational age, deliveries less than 37 weeks, Apgar scores, perinatal mortality or incidence of fetal anomalies. Our incidence of hyperemesis (1.5%) is similar to that of other published reports. Conclusion: Women with hyperemesis have similar demographic characteristics to the general obstetric population, and have similar obstetric outcomes.
From Place to Space: Perceptual and Administrative Issues in the Online Writing Center

Abstract Online conferencing, including both synchronous and asynchronous exchanges, started in the composition classroom and moved to the writing center. Writing centers, no longer limited to face-to-face encounters, have begun exploring the potential of electronic conferencing. So far, most discussions of online conferencing have focused on how conference dynamics are affected by the computer. This article explores other implications of online writing centers, specifically the effects of electronically decentralizing the center and how such a move might affect tutors and writing center directors. For directors, asynchronous conferencing promises to simplify scheduling but complicate supervision, while its potential effects on work-place ethos are more difficult to predict. The potential for information technology to preserve conference talk is explored, as are some of its darker implications, such as threats of Big Brother and panopticism. The author concludes that a writing center's autonomy within the institution is potentially both enhanced and threatened by introducing online conferencing.
Fabrication and Testing of a TSV-Enabled Si Interposer With Cu- and Polymer-Based Multilevel Metallization

An electrically functional freestanding Si interposer for 3-D heterogeneous integration applications is designed and successfully fabricated. The interposer employs multilevel metallization (MLM) on the frontside of the wafer and Cu-filled through-Si vias (TSVs) and MLM on the backside. The MLM structures use electroplated Cu and polymer dielectrics of the type used in wafer-level packaging. The fabrication flow of the 3-D interposer test vehicle incorporates the formation of TSVs, the deposition and patterning of two routing levels of frontside MLM, wafer thinning, and the deposition and patterning of backside MLM. TSVs 80 μm in diameter, 315 μm in depth, and 80 μm in diameter, 265- μm depth (4:1 or 3:1 aspect ratio, respectively) are demonstrated. The frontside and backside MLM were formed with 3- μm-thick Cu routing layers and 5- μm-thick spin-on dielectric layers. Daisy chains consisting of 528 TSVs connecting the frontside and backside metal layers are tested for electrical continuity. Individual TSV operability exceeds 99.98%. Details of the MLM and TSV process modules, including thermal stabilization of Cu-filled TSVs and process integration required to successfully obtain the high TSV operability, are described.
In uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid hormone and sympathetic activators induce thermogenesis without increasing glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue

Recent advances in human brown adipose tissue (BAT) imaging technology have renewed interest in the identification of BAT activators for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. In uncontrolled diabe...
Interstate Partnerships in Emergency Management: Emergency Management Assistance Compact in Response to Catastrophic Disasters

The Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is a mutual aid agreement and partnership that allows states to assist one another in responding to natural and man-made disasters, often in advance of federal disaster assistance. This article examines EMAC’s response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in order to address the significant need for analysis of emergency management at the state level. A content analysis of news reports, government documents, and reports from a number of institutions was performed to determine the volume and direction of EMAC’s performance and its transactions during the response operations. The authors find a lack of EMAC training among responders, potentially reducing communication and coordination and the efficiency and effectiveness of response operations. A network analysis assessed the relationships among the responding organizations to coordinate their emergency response operations.
The Starr-Edwards valve

This report reviews the results obtained with the current models of the Silastic ball valve, classifying the experience with the mitral and aortic models into the periods (formula: see text) before and after 1973. Valve failure is defined according to the Stanford method and includes any valve-related death or complication necessitating valve removal (there have been no mechanical failures). Comparison of the valve model used today with the same model used in the late 1960s shows that the results have improved dramatically, especially with regard to thromboembolism. The results obtained with valves implanted after 1973 compare favorably with those of other contemporary valves introduced in the early 1970s.
Prolymphocytic leukemia: serial responses to therapy

Prolymphocytic leukemia is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by marked lymphocytosis, massive splenomegaly, minimal lymphadenopathy, and poor prognosis. Previous reports have noted very short survival, and poor response to single agent alkylator chemotherapy. A small number of reports have shown response to combination chemotherapy regimens including Adriamycin (doxorubicin). A case of prolymphocytic leukemia with serial responses to combination chemotherapy and splenectomy resulting in significant prolongation of survival is reported.
Two computer-based anesthetic monitors: The duke automatic monitoring equipment (Dame) system and the microdame

From 1972 to 1983 the Duke University Department of Anesthesiology designed, built, and maintained most of its own operating room patient monitoring equipment. Construction of a new hospital facility in 1980 provided the opportunity to design and test a new computer-based system, the Duke Automatic Monitoring Equipment (DAME) System. The system consists of microcomputer-based instrumentation on monitoring carts, which communicate with a central minicomputer that allows selection ot different software monitoring packages based on the needs of the patient. Multiple problems, including frequent total monitoring failures during surgery, plagued the DAME System in its first year of operation. Despite resolution of many of these problems, user acceptance was poor because of the large size and weight of the monitoring carts, the inadequate quality of displayed physiological waveforms, and inability to overcome the difficulties of the man-machine interface. Because the remaining problems could not be rectified with the existing monitoring carts, a new generation of monitors was designed. The smaller, multiprocessor microDAME was designed to be as automatic and user tolerant as possible. It would omit much of the flexibility that had proved undesirable in the DAME system. When the microDAME was nearly completed, however, departmental research in that area ceased. It remains for others to apply our experiences to further improve operating room patient monitors.
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for classification of family members as affected

Background: Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular enlargement (LVE) used to classify subjects as affected in families with familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDC) have been inconsistent. A recent report from a large Framingham echocardiographic study provides an opportunity to improve the assignment of LVE and FDC in kindreds, principally with a dilated phenotype. The objective of this study is to evaluate an alternative diagnostic criteria for FDC based only on LVE with no measure of fractional shortening (FS). Methods and Results: We compared our proposed criteria for LVE and FDC with previous approaches by applying them to 166 adults derived from three large FDC pedigrees. Our proposed FDC diagnostic criteria are a sex- and height-specific method based only on LVE, without regard for FS, set as a 97.5% upper limit for left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) from the Framingham study. Other methods used to assign LVE were (1) a 95% upper limit for LVEDD by the Framingham study; (2) the method of Henry et al. (1980) based on age and body surface area (BSA); and (3) the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) method with a cut point of LVEDD greater than 2.7 cm/BSA. Three other commonly used diagnostic criteria for FDC were based on various LVE standards combined with an FS of 27% to 30%. For LVE, the Framingham-97.5% was the most stringent (21 of 134 subjects identified; 15.7%), the NHLBI standard the least stringent (57 of 161 subjects identified; 35.4%), and the Henry-112% method intermediate (44 of 161 subjects identified; 27.3%). More women were identified with the Framingham method (57.1%) versus the Henry-112% (40.9%). The Henry-112% and NHLBI methods identified 11.4% and 7.0% of subjects with body mass indices (BMIs) of 35 or greater, respectively. For FDC, our proposed FDC diagnostic criteria identified similar numbers of subjects (21 subjects) as the three other criteria (range, 22 to 27 subjects), but inconsistency was noted (54.2% to 66.7%), with kappa values from 0.49 to 0.55 resulting from different sensitivities to sex, LVE, FS, and BMI. Conclusion: Our proposed FDC diagnostic criteria are stringent to assign FDC family members as affected compared with other commonly used criteria. The use of LVEDD alone may be preferable for FDC family screening, although further validation of this approach with phenotypic and genotypic data from other large FDC pedigrees is needed.
Factors associated with poor survival in women experiencing cardiac arrest in a rural setting.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether gender differences exist in the characteristics and outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurring in a rural setting. Background In urban settings, women have a lower incidence of OHCA than men but otherwise a comparable survival for ventricular fibrillation (VF) OHCA. Whether OHCA gender differences exist in rural settings is not clear. Methods The study consisted of a prospective collection and analysis of nontraumatic, adult OHCA prompting a 911 call in six rural Indiana counties. Results Over an average period of 2.2 years, 138 women and 250 men experienced OHCA (annual incidence rate: 56.4 per 100,000 men and 29.3 per 100,000 women). Women were older, less likely to experience OHCA in a public setting, more likely to be in an extended care facility, and less likely to have a witnessed arrest than were men. Women were less likely to present with an initial rhythm of VF than men (33.3% vs 53.6%, P Conclusions In a rural population, women suffering OHCA have a dismal survival rate likely because of multiple unfavorable arrest characteristics.
Evidence for transfer of macromolecular RNA between mammalian cells in culture

Abstract Evidence is presented for transfer of macromolecular RNA between cells in culture. RNA of donor cells was labeled with 3 H- or 14 C-uridine and/or 3 H-methyl methionine. The donor cells were then cultured together with non-labeled recipient cells. After separation of the donor and recipient cells, radioactively labeled RNA was found in the recipient cells. The use of actinomycin to suppress RNA synthesis in the recipient cells had no effect on the apparent transfer of RNA and uridine/cytidine ratios of donor and recipient cell RNA were similar. Sucrose gradient analysis of the labeled RNA in the recipient cells showed that apparently representatives of all major cytoplasmic species were transferred. There was no evidence found for DNA transfer using 3 H-thymidine label. The donor and recipient cells were separated by a technique that involved making the donor cells heavier than the recipient cells by having the donor cells phagocytize tantalum particles. After coculture, the heavy donor and light recipient cells were separated by centrifugation on a Ficoll gradient.
Electronic and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Features of the 1’4’-Iminopyrimidine Tautomeric form of Thiamin Diphosphate- a Novel Intermediate on Enzymes Requiring this Coenzyme

Appropriate compounds were synthesized to create models for the 1',4'-imino tautomer of the 4'-aminopyrimidine ring of thiamin diphosphate recently found to exist on the pathway of enzymatic reactions requiring this cofactor [Jordan, F., and Nemeria, N. S. (2005) Bioorg. Chem. 33, 190-215]. The N1-methyl-4-aminopyrimidinium compounds synthesized on treatment with a strong base produce the 1,4-imino tautomer whose UV spectrum indicates a maximum between 300 and 320 nm, depending on the absence or presence of a methyl group at the 4-amino nitrogen. The lambda(max) found is in the same wavelength range as the positive circular dichroism band observed on several enzymes and showed a very strong dependence on solvent dielectric constant. To help with the 15N chemical shift assignments, the model compounds were specifically labeled with 15N at the amino nitrogen atom. The chemical shift of the amino nitrogen was deshielded by N1-methylation and then dramatically further deshielded by more than 100 ppm on formation of the 1,4-iminopyrimidine tautomer. Both the UV spectroscopic values and the 15N chemical shift for the 1,4-iminopyrimidine tautomer should serve as useful guides to the assignment of enzyme-bound signals.
Defect reduction on the metal sputter cassette transfer system

Aluminum is one of the main materials used in semiconductor manufacturing. It provides conductive interconnection lines for the device so that signals can be transmitted throughout the device. Any defects existing in this layer can cause interruption of the signal. Reducing the number of these defects is crucial for device yield improvement and circuit performance. With the INSPEX pattern wafer inspection system, a killer defect was located in our aluminum sputter process. Through a systematic approach, it was confirmed that the transfer of wafers from the production cassette to/from the sputter cassette produced aluminum contaminants on the wafer. These contaminants originated from the silicon wafer scraping the aluminum cassette groove and produced various sizes of aluminum particulates on the wafer surface. These contaminants were carried to the following patterning process and causes bridging and/or broken aluminum lines. After the defect source had been isolated, an automatic wafer transfer system was recommended for proper wafer handling. Now this defect has been eliminated. This study shows that in process development it is important to consider all possible contamination sources for total defect reduction.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hyperspectral environmental suite for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)

The GOES satellites will fly a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R in the 2012 timeframe. The approximately 1500 spectral channels (technically ultraspectral), leading to improved vertical resolution, and approximately five times faster coverage rate planned for the sounder in this suite will greatly exceed the capabilities of the current GOES series instrument with its 18 spectral channels. In the GOES-R timeframe, frequent measurements afforded by geostationary orbits will be critical for numerical weather prediction models. Since the current GOES soundings are assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to improve the validity of model outputs, particularly in areas with little radiosonde coverage, this hyperspectral capability in the thermal infrared will significantly improve sounding performance for weather prediction in the western hemisphere, while providing and enhancing other products. Finer spatial resolution is planned for mesoscale observation of water vapor variations. The improvements over the previous GOES sounders and a primary difference from other planned instruments stem from two-dimensional focal plane array availability. These carry an additional set of challenges in terms of instrument specifications, which will be discussed. As a suite, HES is planned with new capabilities for coastal ocean coverage with the goal of including open ocean coverage. These new planned imaging applications, which will be either multispectral or hyperspectral, will also be discussed.
Microtubules : A ring for the depolymerization motor

Newly discovered rings around microtubules, assembled from the Dam1 protein complex, may provide the dynamic linkage at microtubule ends for force generation coupled to microtubule depolymerization and polymerization.
Changes in Task-Related Functional Connectivity across Multiple Spatial Scales Are Related to Reading Performance

Reading requires the interaction of a distributed set of cortical areas whose distinct patterns give rise to a wide range of individual skill. However, the nature of these neural interactions and their relation to reading performance are still poorly understood. Functional connectivity analyses of fMRI data can be used to characterize the nature of interactivity of distributed brain networks, yet most previous studies have focused on connectivity during task-free (i.e., “resting state”) conditions. Here, we report new methods for assessing task-related functional connectivity using data-driven graph theoretical methods and describe how large-scale patterns of connectivity relate to individual variability in reading performance among children. We found that connectivity patterns of subjects performing a reading task could be decomposed hierarchically into multiple sub-networks, and we observed stronger long-range interaction between sub-networks in subjects with higher task accuracy. Additionally, we found a network of hub regions known to be critical to reading that displays increased short-range synchronization in higher accuracy subjects. These individual differences in task-related functional connectivity reveal that increased interaction between distant regions, coupled with selective local integration within key regions, is associated with better reading performance. Importantly, we show that task-related neuroimaging data contains far more information than usually extracted via standard univariate analyses – information that can meaningfully relate neural connectivity patterns to cognition and task.
A time course study of the protective effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on hemorrhagic shock-induced pulmonary injury and the toxic effects of lymph from shocked rats on endothelial cell monolayer permeability.

Abstract Background. We have previously documented that lymphatic duct division protects against shock-induced lung injury when tested 3 hours post-shock and that lymph collected at 3 hours post-shock increases endothelial cell monolayer permeability. However, whether lymph collected at other time points post-shock also increases endothelial cell permeability is not known. We tested the protective effects of lymphatic division on lung permeability at 6, 12, and 24 hours post-shock and the ability of lymph collected before, during, and hourly (up to 6 hours) after shock to increase endothelial cell monolayer permeability. Methods. At 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours after sham or actual shock (30 mm Hg for 90 min), lung permeability was measured by using Evans blue dye in rats subjected to sham or actual mesenteric duct ligation. In separate experiments, the ability of lymph collected from rats subjected to shock or sham shock to increase human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer permeability to a 40 kd dextran rhodamine permeability probe. Lymph was tested at 10% and 1% concentrations. Results. Hemorrhagic shock induced a 3- to 4-fold increase in lung permeability compared with sham-shock rats when tested at 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours post-shock. Lymphatic division prevented this increase in lung permeability at each of these time points. Sham shock lymph did not increase HUVEC permeability, while lymph from the shocked rats did, whether tested at 1% or 10%. Lymph samples collected during the shock period and hourly for 6 hours post-shock all increased HUVEC permeability; however, the greatest relative increase in HUVEC permeability was observed in the 3- and 6- hour post-shock samples. Conclusions. Lung injury after hemorrhagic shock appears to be caused by toxic factors carried in the mesenteric lymph, and factors capable of increasing HUVEC permeability initially appear in the lymph during the shock period and increase over time.(Surgery 2001;129:39-47.)
A volcano curve: optimizing methanol electro-oxidation on Pt-decorated Ru nanoparticles

Controlled Pt adlayers were deposited on commercial Ru nanoparticles (NPs) using an industrially scalable one-pot ethylene glycol (EG) reduction based method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical (EC) CO stripping voltammetry, inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with the previously used “spontaneous deposition”, the wet chemistry-based EG method is less technically demanding, i.e. no need to handle high-temperature hydrogen reduction, offers a better control of the Pt packing density (PD), enables the formation of stable, segregated Pt surface adlayers for optimal tuning and use of Pt, and effectively prevents NPs sintering. Two batches of a total of 11 (8 vs. 3) samples with different values of Pt PD ranging from 0.05 to 0.93 were prepared, with a time interval of more than 18 months between the sytheses of the two batches of samples, and an excellent reproducibility of results was observed. All samples were investigated in terms of methanol (MeOH) electro-oxidation (EO) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). Although the peak current of CV increased as the Pt content increased, the long-term steady-state MeOH electro-oxidation current density of the Pt-decorated Ru NPs measured by CA showed a volcano curve as a function of the Pt PD, with the maximum appearing at the PD of 0.31. The optimal peak activity was ∼150% higher than that of the industrial benchmark PtRu (1 : 1) alloy NPs and could deliver the same performance at half the electrode material cost. Fundamentally, such a volcano curve in the reaction current is the result of two competing processes of the EO of MeOH: the triple dehydrogenation of MeOH that prefers more Pt ensemble sites, and the elimination of poisonous CO that is enhanced by more adjacent Ru/Pt sites via the so-called bifunctional mechanism and also by possible electronic effects at low Pt coverages.
Molecular spectroscopic constants of O2(B3Σu−): The upper state of the Schumann-Runge bands

Abstract Spectroscopic constants of the B3Σu− state of O2 for 0 ≤ v′ ≤ 17 have been determined from the experimental data of K. Yoshino, D. E. Freeman, and W. H. Parkinson [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 207–227 (1984)] on the high-resolution absorption spectrum of the Schumann-Runge bands. The effective spin-spin parameters, λ, and spin-rotation constants, γ, have been expressed in power series of ( v′ + 1 2 ) for the levels with v′ = 0−2, 7, 9−12, which correspond to bands with partially or fully resolved triplet structure. Values of λ and γ have been obtained by interpolation for the levels with v′ = 3−6, 8, which correspond to bands with unresolved triplet structure. Comparison is made with previous determinations of the spectroscopic constants.
Heavy ion irradiation-induced phase transformation in polycrystalline Dy2O3

Radiation damage effects in polycrystalline pellets of the rare earth sesquioxide Dy2O3 irradiated with 300 keV Kr2+ ions were studied by combining grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Radiation damage was introduced using 300 keV Kr2+ ions to fluences up to 1 × 1020 Kr m−2 at cryogenic temperature. GIXRD and cross-sectional TEM observations revealed that the crystal structure of the irradiated Dy2O3 transformed from a cubic, so-called C-type rare earth sesquioxide structure to a monoclinic, B-type rare earth sesquioxide structure upon ion irradiation. In addition, TEM and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) indicated that the transformed surface Dy2O3 layer adopts an epitaxial orientation relationship with the substrate Dy2O3.
Chiral symmetry and exclusive B decays in the SCET

Abstract We construct a chiral formalism for processes involving both energetic hadrons and soft Goldstone bosons, which extends the application of soft-collinear effective theory to multibody B decays. The nonfactorizable helicity amplitudes for heavy meson decays into multibody final states satisfy symmetry relations analogous to the large energy form factor relations, which are broken at leading order in Λ / m b by calculable factorizable terms. We use the chiral effective theory to compute the leading corrections to these symmetry relations in B → M n π l ν ¯ and B → M n π l + l − decays, with one energetic meson M n and one soft pion.
Fortran 77 input-output seems out of touch

The input-output section of the proposed Fortran 77 is compared to the services provided by the Mass Storage Control System required to support standard Cobol and is found wanting.
A piecewise c1 interpolant to arbitrarily spaced data

We develop a scheme which constructs a piecewise, interpolating C 1 surface through a set of arbitrarily spaced three-dimensional points {( x i , y i , z i ), i = 1, ..., N }. First the points { ( x i , y i ), i = 1, ..., N} are automatically triangulated. The z component of a data point can then be considered as an evaluation of some function F ( x, y ), i.e., z i = F ( x i , y i ). The Barnhill-Gregory Boolean sum interpolant, which is defined over a “standard” triangle in p-q space, is used to construct the surface. It interpolates to positional and normal derivative functions on the boundary of this triangle and thus can produce a C 1 scheme. Appropriate positional and normal derivative functions are defined for an arbitrary triangle in x-y space, and that triangle is mapped onto the standard triangle in p-q space. The transformed functions are used to define the functions required for the interpolant, taking into account how directions relative to the sides of the x-y triangle are affected by the transformation. In order to define normal derivative functions, x and y partial derivative values are needed. A method for approximating these partials based on the given data is described.
Tweet this, not that: A comparison between brand promotions in microblogging environments using celebrity and company-generated tweets

Despite the popularity of social media in general and Twitter specifically, little empirical research exists to assist marketers in how to successfully connect with consumers in these environments. The purpose of this study was to identify the ways in which brands can connect with consumers through Twitter and to examine how the category of Tweet impacts brand engagement. Findings reveal that whereas celebrity Tweets may be successful at capturing attention and disseminating brand information, they have minimal impact on changing brand opinions. What influence celebrities do have may be best served with unfamiliar brands rather than familiar ones – results suggest that not unlike in traditional offline media, in social media celebrities may be influential in drawing attention to unfamiliar brands. Our results also suggest that companies with established familiar brands should be cautious about paying to seed their own Tweets using Twitter's ‘Promoted by’ option, particularly if the brand is one that consu...
Controlled Decoration of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Pd Nanocubes

Although there have been many reports of nanoparticle-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), the morphology of the resulting nanoparticles has lacked consistency and control. The present work demonstrates a process for decorating SWCNTs with Pd nanoparticles that have a tendency toward a selective and distinct cubic shape. SWCNTs were synthesized from an embedded catalyst in a porous anodic alumina (PAA) template. A single galvanostatic electrodeposition created Pd nanowires that contacted the SWCNTs within the pores and Pd nanoparticles that decorated the SWCNTs above the surface of the PAA. A distinct change in potential was observed as nanoparticles nucleated on the SWCNTs. The effects of current density and deposition time on the morphology of the nanoparticles were studied. Optimal deposition parameters yielded Pd nanocubes with smooth and flat facets. The electrochemical response and resulting nanocubic deposits provide insights into the difference in electrochemistry between metallic an...
An examination of individual differences in the relation of subjective goal difficulty to performance in a goal‐setting model

A laboratory study investigated individual differences in the role of subjective goal difficulty as a mediating variable in a goal‐setting framework. A moderate or difficult anagram goal was assigned to participants based on individual task ability level. For individuals receiving a difficult goal 3 mediating relations and 1 moderator were found. For individuals receiving only moderately difficult goals, only 1 mediating relation was supported. Results are discussed with respect to goal‐setting theory.
The Return of the Individual

In a series of fascinating articles John McDowell has developed a radically anti-individualistic conception of the mind.1 This conception is subtle and complex and therefore cannot be properly articulated in a few words. But one of the main points may be stated with some precision: certain singular thoughts2 are 'object-dependent' (or 'reference-dependent') in that they owe their existence and identity in part to physical objects in the external world. These thoughts do not have any content or component of content the existence and nature of which is independent of the objects that they are about. Following Blackburn3 I call the thesis the 'Strong Singular Thought Theory' ('SSTT' for short).4 On SSTT singular thoughts about different objects have different contents, and there is no such thing as an empty singular thought, a thought that contains a singular component that fails to refer. SSTT thus has immediate implications for a taxonomy of thoughts. If thoughts are type-identified by their contents and singular thoughts about different objects have different contents, then such singular thoughts must be type distinct. SSTT, in rejecting reference-independent content, entails that there is no taxonomy of thoughts that identifies them by their contents, and groups together singular thoughts about different objects. In this paper I shall oppose McDowell's SSTT. Specifically, I shall
The Health Effects of Aluminum Compounds in Mammals

This review, which is based on evaluation of information published in the last decade related to the health effects of aluminum compounds in mammals, directs attention to the well-documented effects of A1(III) compounds on phosphate metabolism. It is suggested that the toxic effects currently associated with A1(III) compounds are dependent upon the nature of A1(III) complexes formed from electron donating groups, rather than restricted to the presence of the high charge density matrix of A1(III) itself.
The microwave spectrum of cyanophosphine, H2PCN

Abstract The rotational spectra of cyanophosphine, H2PCN, have been measured between 10 and 42.5 GHz by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, the 14N quadrupole coupling constant, and the nuclear spin–rotation coupling constants of 31P have been determined. Density functional ab initio calculations were performed, and the calculated values of the molecular constants are in excellent agreement with our experimentally determined results. The spectra of three isotopomers were measured, H2P12C14N, H2P13C14N, and H2P12C15N. The derived r0 structure is quite comparable to the ab initio predicted H2PCN equilibrium geometry.
The Association between Audit‐Firm Tenure and Audit Fees Paid to Successor Auditors: Evidence from Arthur Andersen

This study tests whether prior auditor‐client tenure is associated with the audit fees paid to the successor auditor. In the past, studying the association between tenure with the prior auditor and fees charged by the successor was problematic because of the difficulty in controlling for the causes of the auditor change. However, the collapse of Andersen in late 2002 led to a significant number of exogenous auditor switches. Using a sample of former Andersen clients, our major finding is that audit fees charged by the successor auditor varied positively with the length of the prior auditor's tenure. Given that the audit market is efficient, the observed positive association between current fees and prior auditor tenure suggests to us that successor auditors perceived higher risk from new clients having longer tenure with their previous auditor.
GRAM-NEGATIVE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF SOME FISHES BEFORE AND AFTER CAGE CULTURE1

Samples of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus); striped bass (Morone saxatilis); striped mullet (Mugil cephalus); Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus); and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), were examined for bacteria before (pre-culture) and after (post-culture) stocking in cages used in a mariculture experiment at Dauphin Island, Alabama in 1971. In 1972 a similar experiment was conducted with samples of pompano; striped bass; striped mullet, tilapia (Tilapia aurea); and southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus). Bacterial cultures were presumptively identified as gramnegative pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum) or as cultures not conforming (nonconforming) to presumptive tests for gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria presumptively identified as A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens were isolated from fishes sampled before confining in cages in 1971 and 1972. Incidence of infections of these two bacteria were very high in samples of spot. Nonconforming bacteria were also isolated from preculture samples. No bacteria were isolated from cultures taken after confinement in feeding cages from 165 fishes. During the summers of 1969–1972, mariculture experiments were conducted by the Marine Resources Division of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources at th e Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory on Dauphin Island, Alabama to develop techniques for culturing marine fishesin floating cages (Swingle, 1970, 1971a, b, 1972; Swingle and Tatum, 1971; Powell, 1972; Tatum, 1972). Fishes were examined before mariculture experiments and at harvest to determine the abundance of parasites (Williams, 1972). During the third and fourth years (1971, 1972) of these mariculture studies, fishes were examined for bacterial in fections. To control and predict bacterial diseases in fishes, a knowledge of the normal changes in bacterial incidence is necessary. A study of the bacteria fauna of brackish and freshwater fishes of the region has been conducted (Johnson and Williams, 1970). The following study was conducted to obtain some in dication of the occurrence of known gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in the preculture samples of wild, apparently healthy marine fishes before subjecting them to mariculture conditions and the occurrences in the fishes after being held in a mariculture situation.
An extension of some optimal properties of principal components

Typically, optimal properties for principal components concern the simultaneous minimization of eigenvalues of certain covariance matrices which measure the goodness of an approximation. Many population criteria like total variance and generalized variance, which are increasing functions of the eigenvalues, are then minimized by the best approximator.
Isolate-dependent differences in the oxidative metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes

Epimastigote cultures of the two cloned Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, CA-I/72 and HO-3/15, grown under identical conditions, differ both qualitatively and quantitatively in their cytochrome content. The CA-I/72 stock has a four-fold higher cytochrome b content (19.2 nM (mg protein)-1) than the HO-3/15 stock (4.9 nM (mg protein)-1). Cytochrome o is present at 29 nM (mg protein)-1 in the CA-I/72 stock but is below detectable limits in the HO-3/15 stock. There is no inter-stock difference in oxygen utilization (12-15 nM O2 min-1 (mg protein)-1) during exponential growth. However, stationary phase CA-I/72 epimastigotes utilize twice as much oxygen as HO-3/15 epimastigotes. Oxygen utilization by HO-3/15 epimastigotes incubated in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer solution (starvation conditions), was stimulated earlier and to higher levels by the addition of glucose than by CA-I/72 epimastigotes under identical conditions. Under starvation conditions and with the cytochrome chain partially inhibited by antimycin A,(anti-A) the addition addition of glucose also increased oxygen utilization by CA-I/72 epimastigotes. In contrast, anti-A did not influence glucose-stimulated oxygen utilization by HO-3/15 epimastigotes. Following partial inhibition with anti-A, salicylhydroxamic acid produced an additional 50% inhibition in oxygen utilization in both stocks irrespective of the growth phase of the organisms. These data indicate that marked intra-specific differences in oxidative metabolism exist within the T. cruzi population and that an alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase or similar salicylhydroxamic acid-inhibitable compound may be present in the organism.
Temperature measurements of a Martian local dust storm

A technique for estimating the ground and near-ground atmospheric temperatures within a Martian local dust storm is presented. It is applied to soundings taken by the Viking orbiter infrared thermal mapper (IRTM) instrument at four times-of-day for one storm. Essentially, a comparison is made between infrared radiances emerging from the storm interior and those from the region surrounding the storm. Particle extinction properties are assumed to be independent of position in the storm region, and scattering properties must be selected arbitrarily. For the storm studied here, the ground temperature in the interior is at least 6 K cooler, whereas the near-ground atmospheric temperature may be less than or comparable to, those of the surroundings. The thermal structure of the storm interior did not change measurably between 11.5 and 16.6 hours local time. These observations favor the theories of dust storm development in which regional winds rather than local, dust driven convection initiate the mobilization of dust from the surface. It also concluded that the optical properties of dust particles in this local storm differ from those observed by Mariner 9 during the 1971-1972 global dust storm.
Treatment of a completely obstructed colonic anastomotic stricture by using a prototype forward-array echoendoscope and facilitated by SpyGlass (with videos)

Background Colonic anastomotic strictures complicate colorectal resection in up to 7% of cases and are often managed with endoscopic dilation. Complete anastomotic obstructions are rare and have traditionally required surgical remediation. Objective To demonstrate a novel endoscopic approach to treat complete colonic anastomotic obstruction. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary-referral center. Patient A 40-year-old woman with a completely obstructed colonic anastomosis after sigmoidectomy for a fibrotic Crohn's stricture. Interventions A prototype front-view and forward-array echoendoscope was used to recanalize the completely obstructed anastomotic stricture. Real-time EUS imaging guided puncture through the stenosis. Access into the proximal obstructed segment was confirmed by using SpyGlass fiberoptic probe visualization. Subsequent stricture dilation was performed by using wire-guided balloon dilators through the instrument channel of the prototype echoendoscope, and luminal continuity was reestablished. Main Outcome Measurements Technique success and complications. Results The completely obstructed anastomotic stricture was successfully recanalized and dilated by using a single, prototype, forward-array echoendoscope without complications. Limitations Single case report with a relatively short follow-up interval. Conclusions EUS-guided puncture and dilation of completely obstructed anastomotic strictures is feasible when using a prototype forward-array echoendoscope. This novel technique appears to be an effective method to reestablish luminal continuity across completely obstructed strictures.
Finding Their Groove: Bifunctional Molecules Arrest Growth of Cancer Cells

Abstract In this issue, Dickinson et al. describe an exciting advance in the search for inhibitors of transcription that function well in cells [1]. The authors screen for small molecules that selectively damage DNA and identify a histone gene as a potential new target for cancer therapeutic development.
Cooperation between soluble factors and integrin-mediated cell anchorage in the control of cell growth and differentiation

Recently it has become clear that integrins and other adhesive receptors play an important role in the control of cell growth and differentiation. In various cell types, anchorage to the extracellular matrix via integrins strongly influences the ability of the cell to respond to soluble mitogens or to differentiation factors. Thus adhesive receptors must generate signals that influence cell behavior. Some of the pathways of adhesion receptor signaling are now beginning to be worked out, but there is still much to learn. In particular, the mechanistic basis for the cooperation between anchorage signals and signals from soluble growth and differentiation factors remains ill-defined. This review will examine some of the current information linking adhesion receptors to control of mitogenesis and differentiation.
Forcing faces in plane bipartite graphs

Let @W denote the class of connected plane bipartite graphs with no pendant edges. A finite face s of a graph [email protected][email protected] is said to be a forcing face of G if the subgraph of G obtained by deleting all vertices of s together with their incident edges has exactly one perfect matching. This is a natural generalization of the concept of forcing hexagons in a hexagonal system introduced in Che and Chen [Forcing hexagons in hexagonal systems, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 56 (3) (2006) 649-668]. We prove that any connected plane bipartite graph with a forcing face is elementary. We also show that for any integers n and k with n>=4 and n>=k>=0, there exists a plane elementary bipartite graph such that exactly k of the n finite faces of G are forcing. We then give a shorter proof for a recent result that a connected cubic plane bipartite graph G has at least two disjoint M-resonant faces for any perfect matching M of G, which is a main theorem in the paper [S. Bau, M.A. Henning, Matching transformation graphs of cubic bipartite plane graphs, Discrete Math. 262 (2003) 27-36]. As a corollary, any connected cubic plane bipartite graph has no forcing faces. Using the tool of Z-transformation graphs developed by Zhang et al. [Z-transformation graphs of perfect matchings of hexagonal systems, Discrete Math. 72 (1988) 405-415; Plane elementary bipartite graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 105 (2000) 291-311], we characterize the plane elementary bipartite graphs whose finite faces are all forcing. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite face in a plane elementary bipartite graph to be forcing, which enables us to investigate the relationship between the existence of a forcing edge and the existence of a forcing face in a plane elementary bipartite graph, and find out that the former implies the latter but not vice versa. Moreover, we characterize the plane bipartite graphs that can be turned to have all finite faces forcing by subdivisions.
Surfactant Aggregates at a Flat, Isotropic Hydrophobic Surface

We report results of surfactant aggregate morphologies at an amorphous hydrophobic surface whose roughness is small compared to the size of a micelle. Direct imaging by atomic force microscopy shows that single-chain ionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic surfactants, which form spherical micelles in solution, form globular aggregates consistent with half-micelles at an amorphous hydrophobic surface. This result is consistent with the expected isotropy of chain−surface interactions.