cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A primal projective interior point method for linear programming

We present a new projective interior point method for linear programming with unknown optimal value. This algorithm requires only that an interior feasible point be provided. It generates a strictly decreasing sequence of objective values and within polynomial time, either determines an optimal solution, or proves that the problem is unbounded. We also analyze the asymptotic convergence rate of our method and discuss its relationship to other polynomial time projective interior point methods and the affine scaling method.
Articulate while Black: Barack Obama, language, and race in the U.S., by Alim, H. Samy, & Smitherman, G

I was at the 2012–2013 National Council of Teachers of English convention in Las Vegas last fall when it happened. Just the night before I had won a free copy of Samy Alim and Geneva “Dr. G” Smithe...
Assessing sediment quality in heterogeneous environments: A case study of a small urban harbor in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA

Relatively few case studies have been conducted demonstrating the utility of multiple endpoint approaches to sediment quality assessment in areas with moderate contaminant levels and heterogeneous conditions. Because variability is commonplace in natural systems, assessment approaches must be designed explicitly for these conditions. In an assessment of highly heterogeneous freshwater sediments in Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA, we measured multiple endpoints, including physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, acute and chronic toxicity in three tests (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus tentans, and Pimephales promelas), and benthic community composition, at 19 sites throughout Inner Burlington Harbor. Multiple regression techniques were used to investigate whether significant relationships existed between biological endpoints and the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments. Although all three laboratory exposures indicated toxicity at some sites, little correspondence was found among the tests. No changes in the benthic community could be attributed to trace contaminants. Multiple regression was useful in showing associations between contaminants, grain size, toxicity, and benthic community composition. Although not demonstrating causal linkages, these statistical analyses suggested which factors might be important in driving measured responses. In heterogeneous sites, an individualized assessment approach based on a preliminary analysis of variability might provide the most useful information.
Fouling and natural organic matter removal in adsorbent/membrane systems for drinking water treatment.

Adsorbent particles added to ultrafiltration (UF) systems treating drinking water can remove natural organic matter (NOM) and some other contaminants from the water, but their effect on membrane fouling is inconsistentin some cases, fouling is reduced, and in others, it is exacerbated. This research investigated the behavior of UF systems to which powdered activated carbon (PAC), heated iron oxide particles (HIOPs), or (nonadsorbent) SiO2 particles were added. On a mass basis, the PAC removed the most NOM from solution, the HIOPs removed less, and the SiO2 removed essentially none. However, in the case of both PAC and SiO2, increasing the dose of solids led to a steady increase in fouling, whereas the opposite trend applied when HIOPs were added. In the absence of NOM, none of the solids fouled the membrane significantly. Thus, even though NOM is a causative agent for fouling, removing it from solution does not necessarily reduce fouling; the mechanism of removal can be just as important as the absolute a...
Mechanisms of a neonatal rightward turning bias: A reply to Liederman and Kinsbourne

Liederman and Kinsbourne have presented interesting data concerning possible mechanisms involved in the newborn infant's rightward turning bias. They have not, however, justified their contention that they have identified the mechanism of the neonatal rightward turning bias. They have attempted to advance their position by presenting, as alternative possibilities, a sensory and a motor hypothesis and then choosing between the two. It is my contention that given the state of our current knowledge, these are neither reasonable nor necessary alternatives. Furthermore, their study does not successfully address the issue presented so that if it were desirable to choose between a sensory and a motor hypothesis it would not be possible to do so on the basis of the data presented. In addition to a sensory or a motor hypoth.esis it is clearly possible to entertain a sensory and a motor hypothesis. In fact, although I have stressed the sensory asymmetry (because it is less obvious), the hypotheses advanced and the data thus far collected by me and my collaborators indicate that the right-turning bias of infants reflects both motor and sensory asymmetries and that both of these are influenced by the infants' prior head position. As regards a motor asymmetry, in the first paper in which we reported a right-turning bias in response to somesthetic stimulation of the perioral region we also noted infants were more likely to turn right than left when their heads were released from a midline position even when such release was not preceded by perioral stimulation (Turkewitz, Gordon, & Birch, 1965). In a subsequent study we showed that even after a treatment known to eliminate differential responding to stimulation of the two sides, infants over 12 hours of age are still more likely to turn fight than left tbllowing release from a midline position (Turkewitz & Creighton, 1974), clearly a finding likely to be due at least in part to a motor asymmetry. With regard to a sensory asymmetry, we have found differences in the
A triple stain for deoxyribonucleic acid, polysaccharides and proteins.

Tissues from mammalian, amphibian, insect and plant sources were fixed in formalin or in Carnoy's, Helly's, or Smith's fluid and processed in the usual manner to mounted paraffin sections. These were stained by the sequence: Feulgen reaction (using azure-A-Schiff reagent); periodic acid Schiff (with basic-fuchsin-Schiff reagent); and a 0.02% solution of naphthol yellow S in 1 % acetic acid. Nuclei stained blue to green; polysaccharides, red; and proteins, yellow. Thus, deoxyribonucleic acid, vicinal hydroxy and hydroxy-amino groups, and free basic groups of proteins were demonstrated selectively. Of the tissues tested, stomach, intestine, kidney, thyroid gland and plant root tips were most strikingly stained.
Microsphere templating as means of enhancing surface activity and gas sensitivity of CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films

Chemical and physical synthesis routes were combined to prepare macroporous CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films by pulsed laser deposition onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microsphere templated substrates. These films showed remarkably enhanced gas sensitivity compared with control films deposited on untreated substrates, demonstrating the virtues of combining thin film physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques in concert with colloidal templates to produce macroporous structures of inorganic films with enhanced surface activity for applications in chemical sensors, catalysts, and fuel cells.
Approaches to staging sleep in polysomnographic studies with epileptic activity.

Abstract Background : The Standardized Sleep Manual of Rechtschaffen and Kales is well established and reliable in scoring the majority of polysomnograms (PSGs) encountered in clinical practice. In patients with epilepsy, however, abnormal brain activity may confound the interpretation of sleep waveforms. Our goal is to identify features that are problematic in analyzing sleep stages in patients with epilepsy and to offer approaches to score these PSGs. Methods : Ninety eight PSGs from 43 patients with epilepsy were scored using Rechtschaffen and Kales guidelines. Features interfering with sleep staging were noted. Results : In scoring polysomnograms (PSGs) of patients with epilepsy we noted epileptic seizures, interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and abnormal EEG background to be features of epilepsy that compromised sleep scoring. Overall, 48% of the studies in our sample contained one or more of these epileptic features to the extent that sleep scoring by standard criteria was compromised. Approaches for staging sleep in the setting of these abnormalities are outlined. Conclusions : The Rechtschaffen and Kales method of sleep scoring is useful in staging the majority of PSGs of patients with epilepsy. However, we advocate some modifications because the abnormal electrical activity of epilepsy may interfere with accurate scoring of sleep waveforms. These approaches to scoring PSGs of patients with epilepsy will require empirical testing.
Plasma membrane fragments in bovine and caprine skim milks

By either differential or linear gradient ultracentrifugation of bovine or caprine skim milks it was possible to obtain fractions which contained 45–75% of the lipid phosphorus and unesterified cholesterol of the skim milk. Electron microscopy of these fractions revealed the presence of numerous membrane-bound vesicles, microvilli and membrane fragments. Assay of the fractions for certain membrane-bound enzymes; i.e. 5′-nucleotide pyrophosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and ATPases, established the presence of all but the latter in the membrane-rich fractions. The distributions of the enzymes in the various fractions were correlated with their lipid phosphorus and cholesterol contents. Compositions of the phospholipids from skim milk membranes, milk fat globule membranes and the plasma membrane of the lactating mammary cell were observed to be similar and unique for having a relatively high level (20–25%) of sphingomyelin. By virtue of secretory processes, all of these membranes appear to be interrelated with each other and with Golgi vesicle membranes. It is concluded that the membrane material in the skim milk originates primarily from plasma membrane of the lactating cell. The possibiltiy that Golgi vesicle membranes form a substantial part of this material is not precluded by the results of this study. Separation of bovine skim milk on a Sepharose 4B gel column demonstrated that virtually all of the 5′-nucleotidase and lipid phosphorus are recovered together in the void volume of the column. Considering the particle size discriminating characteristics of this gel, the skim milk membrane material appears to be constituted of relatively large structures rather than of discrete subunits.
Regulation of gene expression by small molecules

Small molecules that target specific DNA sequences have the potential to control gene expression. Ligands designed for therapeutic application must bind any predetermined DNA sequence with high affinity and permeate living cells. Synthetic polyamides containing N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole amino acids have an affinity and specificity for DNA comparable to naturally occurring DNA-binding proteins. We report here that an eight-ring polyamide targeted to a specific region of the transcription factor TFIIIA binding site interferes with 5S RNA gene expression in Xenopus kidney cells. Our results indicate that pyrrole-imida-zole polyamides are cell-permeable and can inhibit the transcription of specific genes.
TIME‐DEPENDENT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN TITANIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

The interaction of fatigue and creep in a titanium metal matrix composite was studied by employing loading frequencies of 10 Hz (in both air and vacuum environment) and 0.1 Hz with and without hold times (in air) at 500°C. It was shown that, for the same loading frequency, the crack growth rate is lower in vacuum than in air. In an air environment, however, where the influence of load-related creep and environmental effects exist, it was shown that a decrease in the loading frequency leads to a decrease in the crack growth rate. This behavior is interpreted in terms of the redistribution of fiber and matrix stresses occurring in response to the creep-related relaxation of matrix stresses. The result of this stress redistribution is the generation of a compressive axial residual stress in the matrix phase in the region of the composite ahead of the crack tip. As the crack bridges the fibers in this region, the release of the matrix residual compressive stress leads to the closure of the matrix fractured surfaces at the crack tip, thus leading to a decrease in the crack tip driving force. To support this concept, experimental measurements of the crack opening displacement at different loading frequencies are presented. In addition, a simple model is proposed to describe the nature of the residual stresses developed in the matrix phase during cyclic loading. Results of this model have been examined using finite element analysis. The influence of time-dependent effects during a fatigue cycle was, furthermore, investigated by carrying out high frequency fatigue tests on specimens which have been previously subjected to creep deformation. Results of these tests in terms of the crack growth rate and associated crack closure, support the conclusion that a predeformed matrix produces a decrease in the crack growth rate of the corresponding composite.
Pit crater formation on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii.

Abstract Most of the known pit craters in Hawaii occur along the East and Southwest Rift Zones of Kilauea volcano. The pit craters typically are either astride a single rift zone fracture or between a pair of rift zone fractures. These fractures are prominent in the pit crater walls. The pit craters are elliptical in plan view, with their major diameters ranging from 8 to 1140 m. They range in depth from 6 m to 186 m. They typically develop with initially steep, locally overhanging walls, but as the walls collapse, the craters fill with talus and become shaped like inverted elliptical cones. None of the craters apparently formed as eruptive vents, although some have been subsequently filled by lava. Devil's Throat is the best-exposed pit crater along the East Rift Zone. It is sited at a `waist' between two east-striking zones of ground cracks; the spacing between the crack zones decreases towards Devil's Throat. East-striking fractures are also prominent in the pit crater walls. Pit craters along the Southwest Rift Zone typically are elongate in plan view along the direction of the rift, have large caves at their bases along the long axes of the craters, and are smaller than those of the East Rift Zone. Some closely spaced pits there have coalesced to form a trough. Based on our observations and mechanical considerations, we infer that pit craters form by stoping over an underlying large-aperture rift zone fracture, and not by piston-like collapse over broad magma bodies or voids. Flow of magma along the underlying fracture may remove stoped blocks and prevent the fracture from being choked with debris. This mechanism is consistent with pit crater location, ground crack patterns, the preferred orientation of fractures in pit crater walls, and pit crater geometry (both in map view and cross-section). The mechanism also fits with observations of stoping into a gaping rift fracture that conducted lava from Kilauea caldera during the 1920s. Additionally, the ratio of pit crater width to depth of 0.5 to 2 is consistent with pit craters forming over a nearly vertical opening mode fracture.
In memoriam: Dr Joseph Barnett Kirsner

![Graphic][1] This figure is only reproduced in colour in the online version. Joseph B Kirsner (Dr Joe to his patients) was a Zeus among the gods of gastroenterology and was almost immortal, living to the age of nearly 103. As our colleague Dr Eugene Chang stated, ‘he was here (at the University of Chicago) for two lifetimes’. To say that Dr Kirsner devoted his life to medicine is an understatement and is an insufficient description of the depth and breadth of his 75-year commitment to his patients, students, and colleagues throughout the world. Dr Kirsner had a remarkably productive and fulfilled career, and in fact he continued to serve and represent the GI Section and Department of Medicine until the last weeks of his life. He saw patients until the age of 95 years and what could be considered the culmination of his academic life occurred at the age of 100 years, when he stood to give a 1-hour Department of Medicine Grand Rounds on the history of gastroenterology, which earned a prolonged ovation by the standing room–only crowd of fellow faculty, housestaff, and students. The oldest of five children, Joseph Barnett Kirsner was born in Boston on 21 September 1909, to Ukrainian Jewish parents who had immigrated to the USA. He grew up in Boston's East End neighbourhood, a foothold for recent immigrants. Throughout his adolescence, Kirsner held multiple jobs, delivering newspapers, stocking a grocery store, and working as a library clerk. He then worked his way through a 6-year programme at Tufts University that combined college and medical school. Reflecting on his parents’ difficult lives, he commented that he chose a career in medicine and derived his work ethic ‘to make them proud’. He entered medical school in 1929 and graduated in 1933. Planning a career as a general practitioner, he … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Considerations for Second-Line Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

For patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a good functional status, platinum-based first-line chemotherapy improves quality of life, reduces diseaserelated symptoms, and improves survival. The addition of bevacizumab to carboplatin and paclitaxel in the first-line setting has been shown to produce a higher response rate and longer progression-free survival and overall survival times than with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Despite these therapies, all patients inevitably experience disease progression. There are currently three agents approved for treating patients who progress after one prior regimen: docetaxel, pemetrexed, and erlotinib. Erlotinib is also indicated for patients who progress after two prior regimens. These agents appear to have similar efficacies in terms of response and overall survival, but have significantly different
Elastic registration using 3D ChainMail: application to virtual colonoscopy

We present an elastic registration algorithm based on local deformations modeled using cubic B-splines and controlled using 3D ChainMail. Our algorithm eliminates the appearance of folding artifacts and allows local rigidity and compressibility control independent of the image similarity metric being used. 3D ChainMail propagates large internal deformations between neighboring B-Spline control points, thereby preserving the topology of the transformed image without requiring the addition of penalty terms based on rigidity of the transformation field to the equation used to maximize image similarity. A novel application to virtual colonoscopy is presented where the algorithm is used to significantly improve cross-localization between colon locations in prone and supine CT images.
Still a Kid at Heart Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Elderly

Information about a real patient is presented in stages (boldface type) to an expert clinician (Dr Michael A. Fifer), who responds to the information, sharing his reasoning with the reader (regular type). A Discussion by the authors follows. A 76-year-old man with a history of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea presents with dyspnea on exertion. This symptom has progressed slowly over the past year, to the point that he now has dyspnea on climbing 1 flight of stairs. The patient denies orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema, chest discomfort, palpitations, lightheadedness, and syncope. His medications are metoprolol, verapamil, disopyramide, rosuvastatin, and omeprazole. He is a retired electrician, is married with 3 adult children, and lives in Florida and Massachusetts, each for half the year. He has a history of heavy tobacco use but quit smoking more than 30 years ago. His family history is notable only for diabetes mellitus and stroke in his father; there are no family members with heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Dr Michael A. Fifer: This patient's presenting complaint is progressive dyspnea on exertion, for which he has possibly contributory comorbidities, namely, obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. The history of HCM is particularly relevant because dyspnea is a common initial manifestation of the disease.1 Dyspnea may occur in HCM as a result of a variety of mechanisms, including diastolic heart failure due to myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, and associated mitral regurgitation (MR). Although the correlation between symptoms and the magnitude of the LVOT gradient is weak,2 dyspnea is usually relieved by septal reduction therapy. In this patient, any or all of these factors might contribute to progressive dyspnea on exertion. More information regarding how the diagnosis of HOCM was …
Implementing the Values Clarification Process.

(1974). Implementing the Values Clarification Process. School Health Review: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 10-12.
Exact Binomial Confidence Intervals for Randomized Response

We consider the problem of finding an exact confidence interval for a proportion that is estimated using randomized response. For many randomized response schemes, this is equivalent to finding an exact confidence interval for a bounded binomial proportion. Such intervals can be obtained by truncating standard exact binomial confidence intervals, but the truncated intervals may be empty or misleadingly short. We address this problem by using exact confidence intervals obtained by inverting a likelihood ratio test that takes into account that the proportion is bounded. A simple adjustment is made to keep the intervals from being excessively conservative. An R function for computing the intervals is available as online supplementary material.
Measuring human rights violations in a conflict- affected country: results from a nationwide cluster survey in Central African Republic

Background: Measuring human rights violations is particularly challenging during or after armed conflict. A recent nationwide survey in the Central African Republic produced estimates of rates of grave violations against children and adults affected by armed conflict, using an approach known as the “Neighborhood Method”. Methods: In June and July, 2009, a random household survey was conducted based on population estimates from the 2003 national census. Clusters were assigned systematically proportional to population size. Respondents in randomly selected households were interviewed regarding incidents of killing, intentional injury, recruitment into armed groups, abduction, sexual abuse and rape between January 1, 2008 and the date of interview, occurring in their homes’ and those of their three closest neighbors. Results: Sixty of the selected 69 clusters were surveyed. In total, 599 women were interviewed about events in 2,370 households representing 13,669 persons. Estimates of annual rates of each violation occurring per 1000 people in each of two strata are provided for children between the ages of five and 17, adults 18 years of age and older and the entire population five years and older, along with a combined and weighted national rate. The national rates for children age five to 17 were estimated to be 0.98/1000/year (95% CI: 0.18 - 1.78) for recruitment, 2.56/1000/year (95% CI: 1.50 - 3.62) for abduction, 1.13/1000/year (95% CI: 0.33 - 1.93) for intentional injury, 10.72/ 1000 girls/year (95% CI: 7.40 - 14.04) for rape, and 4.80/1000 girls/year (95% CI: 2.61 - 6.00) for sexual abuse. No reports of any violation against a person under the age of five were recorded and there were no reports of rape or sexual abuse of males. No children were reported to have been killed during the recall period. Rape and abduction were the most frequently reported events. Conclusions: The population-based figures greatly augment existing information on human rights violations in CAR, and represent a step forward in quantifying the protection needs of Central Africans. Government, donors, and international organizations should make use of this data to better inform advocacy, prevention, and response programs, to assist in fundraising, and to develop surveillance activities to monitor child protection concerns.
Deficits in Predictive Coding Underlie Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

The neural mechanisms that produce hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms remain unclear. Previous research suggests that deficits in predictive signals for learning, such as prediction error signals, may underlie psychotic symptoms, but the mechanism by which such deficits produce psychotic symptoms remains to be established. We used model-based fMRI to study sensory prediction errors in human patients with schizophrenia who report daily auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and sociodemographically matched healthy control subjects. We manipulated participants' expectations for hearing speech at different periods within a speech decision-making task. Patients activated a voice-sensitive region of the auditory cortex while they experienced AVHs in the scanner and displayed a concomitant deficit in prediction error signals in a similar portion of auditory cortex. This prediction error deficit correlated strongly with increased activity during silence and with reduced volumes of the auditory cortex, two established neural phenotypes of AVHs. Furthermore, patients with more severe AVHs had more deficient prediction error signals and greater activity during silence within the region of auditory cortex where groups differed, regardless of the severity of psychotic symptoms other than AVHs. Our findings suggest that deficient predictive coding accounts for the resting hyperactivity in sensory cortex that leads to hallucinations.
Black Father Involvement in Gifted Education: Thoughts from Black Fathers on Increasing/Improving Black Father-Gifted Teacher Partnerships.

Black fathers are important advocates in addressing the underrepresentation of Black students in gifted programs, as well as the achievement gaps between Black and White students. Black fathers increasingly understand the important role that Black mothers have traditionally played in supporting their gifted children’s school experiences. As a result, many are learning to value and embrace their fatherly role in nurturing their child’s academic potential by establishing and cultivating relationships with gifted education teachers. Improving Black father and gifted education teacher partnerships requires examining assumptions about Black father involvement and acknowledging the shift in Black family images inspired by President Obama and the First [Black] Family. What are stereotypical views of Black men that undermine their motivation to become involved with schools or that hinder teachers’ desire to work with Black men? What resources and support exist for gifted education teachers to engage Black fathers...
Growth and Characterization of Long-Wavelength Infrared Type-II Superlattice Photodiodes on a 3-in GaSb Wafer

We report the molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of high-performance Type-II superlattice photodiodes on a 3-in GaSb substrate for long-wavelength infrared detection. A 7.3-μm-thick device structure shows excellent structural homogeneity as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization. Optical and electrical measurements of the photodiodes reveal not only the uniformity of the Type-II superlattice material but also of the fabrication process. Across the wafer, at 77 K, photodiodes with a 50% cut-off wavelength of 11 μm exhibit more than 45% quantum efficiency and a dark current density of 1.0 × 10-4 A/cm2 at 50 mV, giving a specific detectivity of 6 × 1011 cm Hz1/2/W.
The Association between Selected Characteristics and Perceived Employability of Offenders

Employment applications were prepared for 20 fictitious job applicants, and were then rank ordered by 225 undergraduate students enrolled in personnel management classes based on perceived suitability for employment in an entry-level job. Job applicants differed from each other on three treatments: type of crime allegedly committed, judicial outcome, and sex. Employability scores were derived for each applicant by converting the rank orders to a normal distribution with a given mean and standard deviation. Analysis of the data revealed a clear bias against all applicants who had allegedly committed a crime. The magnitude of the bias was related to the type of crime allegedly committed, and to the judicial outcome. Bias was not related to sex of the applicant.
JANUS: a speech-to-speech translation system using connectionist and symbolic processing strategies

The authors present JANUS, a speech-to-speech translation system that utilizes diverse processing strategies including dynamic programming, stochastic techniques, connectionist learning, and traditional AI knowledge representation approaches. JANUS translates continuously spoken English utterances into Japanese and German speech utterances. The overall system performance on a corpus of conference registration conversations is 87%. Two versions of JANUS are compared: one using a LR parser (JANUS 1) and one using a connectionist parser (JANUS 2). Performance results were mixed, with JANUS 1 deriving benefit from a tighter language model and JANUS 2 benefitting from greater flexibility. >
Comparing Two Algorithms for Calibrating the Restricted Non-Compensatory Multidimensional IRT Model

The non-compensatory class of multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models frequently represents the cognitive processes underlying a series of test items better than the compensatory class ...
Assessment of Time Management Skills (ATMS): A Practice-Based Outcome Questionnaire

This study assessed test–retest reliability and internal consistency of the Assessment of Time Management Skills (ATMS), a self-report questionnaire designed to assess awareness and use time management strategies to plan and manage daily life tasks. Participants included 18 to 65 year-old people (N = 241) from the general population. The questionnaire's content validity was established. The tool demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.86). Test–retest reliability for the score revealed a Pearson Coefficient of Correlation (PCC) r = 0.89. The ATMS may be a useful tool for evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation designed to improve time management skills.
Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability

• Here, we examined whether fungal endophytes modulated host plant responses to light availability. First, we conducted a literature review to evaluate whether natural frequencies of endophyte symbiosis in grasses from shaded habitats were higher than frequencies in grasses occupying more diverse light environments. Then, in a glasshouse experiment, we assessed how four levels of light and the presence of endophyte symbioses affected the growth of six grass species. • In our literature survey, endophytes were more commonly present in grasses restricted to shaded habitats than in grasses from diverse light environments. • In the glasshouse, endophyte symbioses did not mediate plant growth in response to light availability. However, in the host grass, Agrostis perennans, symbiotic plants produced 53% more inflorescences than nonsymbiotic plants at the highest level of shade. In addition, under high shade, symbiotic Poa autumnalis invested more in specific leaf area than symbiont-free plants. Finally, shade increased the density of the endophyte in leaf tissues across all six grass species. • Our results highlight the potential for symbiosis to alter the plasticity of host physiological traits, demonstrate a novel benefit of endophyte symbiosis under shade stress for one host species, and show a positive association between shade-restricted grass species and fungal endophytes.
Parasites and altruism: converging roads

W.D. Hamilton was most known for his work on two topics: social evolution and parasites. Although at first glance these seem to be disparate interests, they share many attributes and have logical connections within evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, Hamilton's contributions in these areas met with very different receptions, with his place in the field of social evolution assured, but his work on the role of parasites perceived as more specialized. We take an historical approach to examine the reasons for this difference.
Interaction of EGF receptor and Grb2 in living cells visualized by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy

The interaction of activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the growth-factor-receptor binding protein Grb2 initiates signaling through Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) [1,2]. Activation of EGFRs by ligand also triggers rapid endocytosis of EGF-receptor complexes. To analyze the spatiotemporal regulation of EGFR-Grb2 interactions in living cells, we have combined imaging microscopy with a modified method of measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) on a pixel-by-pixel basis using EGFR fused to cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and Grb2 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Efficient energy transfer between CFP and YFP should only occur if CFP and YFP are less than 50A apart, which requires direct interaction of the EGFR and Grb2 fused to these fluorescent moieties [3]. Stimulation by EGF resulted in the recruitment of Grb2-YFP to cellular compartments that contained EGFR-CFP and a large increase in FRET signal amplitude. In particular, FRET measurements indicated that activated EGFR-CFP interacted with Grb2-YFP in membrane ruffles and endosomes. These results demonstrate that signaling via EGFRs can occur in the endosomal compartment. The work also highlights the potential of FRET microscopy in the study of subcellular compartmentalization of protein-protein interactions in living cells.
Basal Q10 for cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) in rats.

The effect of hypothermia on cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) is well established and is effectively expressed by the Q10, i.e. the ratio of total CMRO2 (TCMRO2) over a temperature range of 10°C. Reported values for Q10 vary from 2.3 (Michenfelder and Theye, 1968) in dogs to 4.4 in man (Cohen et al, 1964), reflecting the controversy on the “true” value of Q10. Reports over the last decade investigating the metabolic effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on the brain and their protective effects during global and focal ischemia relative to those of barbiturates, have questioned the notion as to whether the predominant mechanism of brain protection by hypothermia or barbiturates is simply attributable to a reduction of CMRO2. We previously reported a Q10 of 2.5 for TCMRO2 in rats but also showed that hypothermia depressed active CMRO2 (ACMRO2) i.e. thiopental suppressible or EEG associated CMRO2 less than basal CMRO2 which is utilized for maintaining cell integrity and viability (Nemoto et al, 1993). On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that Q10 for BCMRO2 differs from that for ACMRO2 and determined the Q10for BCMRO2 in rats
Does Public Employment Reduce Unemployment

We quantify the extent to which public-sector employment crowds out private- sector employment using specially assembled datasets for a large cross-section of developing and advanced countries, and discuss the implications for countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Caucasus and Central Asia. These countries simultaneously display high unemployment rates, low private-sector employment rates and high proportions of government-sector employment. Regressions of unemployment rates on public-sector employment point to full crowding out. This means that high rates of public employment, which incur substantial fiscal costs, do not reduce overall unemployment rates.
Process variation analysis using empirical methods: a case study

Large organizations often weigh the trade-offs of standardization versus customization of business processes. Standardization of processes results in cost reduction due to the focus on one process management system, one set of applications supporting it, and one set of process specifications and instructions to maintain and support. On the other hand, specific requirements for different business units, e.g., for a particular country or customer, often require several business processes variants to be implemented. When introducing a standardized process an organization has to identify howprocesses have been conducted in the past, identify variations and adjudicate which variations are necessary and which can be eliminated. This paper outlines a method of identifying process variations and demonstrates its application in a case study.
Evaluation of Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus After Liver Transplantation Assessment of Insulin Administration as a Risk Factor

Background: Impaired glucose regulation posttransplantation can affect allograft survival and may lead to the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). Objectives: The primary purpose of this study is to assess the difference in insulin burden between liver transplant patients who develop PTDM and patients who do not. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study. Adult liver transplant recipients transplanted between January 1, 2005, and August 1, 2013, were included. PTDM was defined as: (1) use of an oral antihyperglycemic agent for ≥30 consecutive days after transplant, (2) use of insulin ≥30 consecutive days after transplant, or (3) hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5 any time after transplant. Results: Of the 114 patients included, 48 (42%) developed PTDM. The average 24-hour insulin requirement on the medical floors was 17.2 ± 14.5 units in the PTDM group and 11.3 ± 12.2 units in the PTDM-free group; P = 0.02. The average blood glucose level on the medical floor was 184.7 ± 31.5 mg/dL in the...
Thyroid hormone in the treatment of thyroid cancer: Rationale and regimen differentiated

Thyroid hormone is generally accepted in the treatment of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, a tumor that is known to be capable of growth in the presence of high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Using “TSH suppression” as the endpoint in treatment, the dosage of levothyroxin
Electrophoretic evaluation of various procedures for solubilizing erythrocyte membranes.

SummaryPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in DS revealed certain similarities in the patterns for protein components of solubilized erythrocyte membranes and their cytoplasmic washings. Gels run without the addition of DS also showed similarities for membrane components and cytoplasmic washings, but they differed markedly from those obtained with DS-electrophoresis. Identical observations were made with bovine, equine, human and rabbit erythrocytes.Electrophoretic patterns of erythrocyte constituents run in the presence of DS were similar for all four species, but in the absence of this anionic detergent standard-gel patterns of proteins showed considerable interspecies variation.Proteins solubilized from ghosts by extraction with DS, butanol, pyridine, water, EDTA or TX had similar mobilities when electrophoresis was conducted in the presence of DS. The absence of DS during electrophoresis permitted many of the membrane constituents solubilized by these different procedures to form aggregates and migrate...
Computational Investigation of the Mechanism for the Activation of CO by Oxorhenium Complexes

In this paper a computational analysis (B3PW91) of the previously reported reaction of (O)Re(Me)(DAAm) (1; DAAm = N,N-bis(2-arylaminoethyl)methylamine, aryl = C6F5) with CO to produce (CO)Re(OAc)(DAAm) (2) is described. The data suggest that this transformation proceeds by two novel elementary steps that are of fundamental interest to the broader organometallic/inorganic community: (a) direct insertion of CO into the rhenium–methyl bond in 1 to yield the acyl intermediate (O)Re(Ac)(DAAm) (3) and (b) 1,2-migration, in the presence of CO, of the acyl fragment in 3 to the oxo ligand to yield 2. Evidence is provided for the first example of an insertion reaction where CO inserts directly into a M–R bond without prior formation of a CO adduct. In addition, it was shown that the addition of CO is necessary for the 1,2-migration of the acyl ligand. The data suggest that the addition of CO effectively weakens the Re–Cacyl bond in 3 and enables the facile migration of the acyl ligand.
Face-Lifting in the Full Neck

It can be difficult to achieve the desired aesthetic results in patients with full necks. This subset of patients exhibits a unique challenge with difficult anatomy with an obtuse cervicomental angle. Creating a more 90° jaw may not be possible due to limitations of skin laxity, excessive fatty tissue, and bony anatomy. Key steps in rejuvenation of the full neck include addressing the fat compartments surrounding the platysma. Liposuction helps to reduce pre-platysmal fat, while sub-platysmal fat can be debulked directly with scissors. A central platysmaplasty is necessary to create a cleaner jaw angle. Due to loss of skin elasticity in many full-neck patients, a relapse of loose skin can be encountered after healing is complete. This can be addressed with a secondary procedure within the first 2 years to remove redundant skin that has not snapped back. Although significant improvements can be obtained, preoperative expectations should be set in a realistic fashion.
Financial Systems and Economic Development in the 21st Century: Are We All Keynesians Yet?

This paper explores the contribution of Keynesian economics to the matter of finance and development. It does so in several steps. First, the paper presents an account of the mainstream neoclassical approach to finance and development and traces through its historical evolution since the early 1970s. Second, the paper demonstrates that the failure of the neoclassical approach to finance and development stems from a variety of immutable theoretical and empirical problems with this approach. Third, the paper considers a range of Keynesian contributions to the debate over finance and development that have emerged in the wake of the repeated and consequential failures of the financial liberalization prescription and the related early warning models of financial crisis in developing countries that have been so important to neoclassical theorists. Fourth, the paper considers the kinds of commitments and broad approaches to financial policy in the developing world that are consonant with Keynesianism. Finally, the paper concludes with some speculations on the possibilities that the current global financial turmoil will create intellectual and policy space for Keynesianism to be taken more seriously as part of a sustained intellectual revival of the paradigm.
Political Processes in the European Union

As the preceding assessment of institutional actors indicates, the European Union is characterized by distinctive features of decision making and implementation. One is the dichotomy between national interests and supranational interests and the dynamic interplay among individuals and institutions representing these often divergent interests. A second distinctive feature is the importance of bureaucratic decision making within the EU. Even if the European Union is not wholly dominated by permanent bureaucrats in the Commission, it is certainly heavily influenced by them and their interactions with the bureaucrats of member states. Finally, a problem of “democratic deficit” persists within the European Union. Despite direct elections to the European Parliament, the EU still lacks a strong direct relationship with its citizens and has a considerable distance to go before it will resemble a conventional parliamentary democracy.
Delivering risk information in a dynamic information environment: Framing and authoritative voice in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and primetime broadcast news media communications during the 2014 Ebola outbreak.

Abstract Objective During a disease outbreak, media serve as primary transmitters of information from public health agencies to the public, and have been shown to influence both behavior and perception of risk. Differences in news frequency, framing and information source can impact the public's interpretation of risk messages and subsequent attitudes and behaviors about a particular threat. The media's framing of an outbreak is important, as it may affect both perception of risk and the ability to process important health information. Methods To understand how risk communication by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the 2014 Ebola outbreak was framed and delivered and to what extent primetime broadcast news media mirrored CDC's framing and authoritative voice, 209 CDC communications and primetime broadcast transcripts issued between July 24 and December 29, 2014 were analyzed and coded by thematic frame and authoritative voice. Dominant frame and voice were determined for each month and for overall period of analysis. Results Medical frame was dominant in CDC (60%), Anderson Cooper 360 (49%), The Rachel Maddow Show (47%) and All In with Chris Hayes (47%). The human interest frame was dominant in The Kelly File (45%), while The O'Reilly Factor coverage was equally split between sociopolitical and medical frames (28%, respectively). Primetime news media also changed dominant frames over time. Dominant authoritative voice in CDC communications was that of CDC officials, while primetime news dominantly featured local and federal (non-CDC) government officials and academic/medical experts. Conclusion Differences in framing and delivery could have led the public to interpret risk in a different way than intended by CDC. Overall, public health agencies should consider adapting risk communication strategies to account for a dynamic news environment and the media's agenda. Options include adapting communications to short-form styles and embracing the concept of storytelling.