cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Foreign Aid an Effective Cure for Global Poverty

This paper argues that the top-down foreign aid system is ineffecient and possibly damaging for poverty reduction and long-term sustainable economic growth due to the lack of accountability and local knowledge. The paper assesses efficiency of alternative models of development assistance programs with the emphasis on community-based participatory development projects. The evaluation of the Brazilian Bolsa Familia and Indonesian Kecamatan Development programs showed promising results. The evidence of the research leads to the conclusion that the hybrid form of foreign aid whereby the international community provides technical assistance, resources, expertise and knowledge in designing and carrying out projects with a great degree of the local communities participation seems to be more effective alternative to the existing top-down aid paradigm. Project designs of participatory programs, however, must guarantee a viable monitoring system to avoid corruption and elite capture.
Computational Perspectives on Adult Neurogenesis

The continuous integration of young neurons into the adult brain represents a novel form of structural plasticity and has inspired the creation of numerous computational models to understand the functional role of adult neurogenesis. These computational models consist of abstract models that focus on the utility of new neurons in simple neural networks and biologically based models constrained by anatomical data that explore the role of new neurons in specific neural circuits such as the hippocampus. Simulation results from both classes of models have suggested a number of theoretical roles for neurogenesis such as increasing the capacity to learn novel information, promoting temporal context encoding, and influencing pattern separation. In this review, we discuss strategies and findings of past computational modeling efforts, current challenges and limitations, and new computational approaches pertinent to modeling adult neurogenesis.
Static WCET Analysis of GPUs with Predictable Warp Scheduling

The capability of GPUs to accelerate general-purpose applications that can be parallelized into massive number of threads makes it promising to apply GPUs to real-time applications as well, where high throughput and intensive computation are also needed. However, due to the different architecture and programming model of GPUs, the worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis methods and techniques designed for CPUs cannot be used directly to estimate the WCET of GPUs. In this work, based on the analysis of the architecture and dynamic behavior of GPUs, we propose a WCET timing model and analyzer based on a predictable GPU warp scheduling policy to enable the WCET estimation on GPUs.
Structural deficits in salience network regions are associated with increased impulsivity and compulsivity in alcohol dependence.

Abstract Background Convergent preclinical and clinical evidence has linked the anterior insula to impulsivity and alcohol-associated compulsivity. The anterior insula is functionally connected to the anterior cingulate cortex, together comprising the major nodes of the salience network, which serves to signal salient events, including negative consequences. Clinical studies have found structural and functional alterations in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortices of alcohol dependent individuals. No studies have yet investigated the association between morphometric abnormalities in salience network regions and the phenotype of high levels of impulsivity and compulsivity seen in alcohol dependent individuals. Methods In the current study, we compared self-report impulsivity, decisional impulsivity, self-report compulsivity, and structural neuroimaging measures in a sample of alcohol dependent individuals (n = 60) and a comparison group of healthy controls (n = 49). From the structural magnetic resonance images, we calculated volume and cortical thickness for 6 regions of interest: left and right anterior insula, posterior insula, and anterior cingulate. Results We found that alcohol dependent individuals had smaller anterior insula and anterior cingulate volumes, as well as thinner anterior insula cortices. There were no group differences in posterior insula morphometry. Anterior insula and anterior cingulate structural measures were negatively associated with self-report impulsivity, decisional impulsivity, and compulsivity measures. Conclusions Our results suggest that addiction endophenotypes are associated with salience network morphometry in alcohol addiction. These relationships indicate that salience network hubs represent potential treatment targets for impulse control disorders, including alcohol addiction.
Property templates for checking source code security

This paper describes a method for using property definition templates to support automatic analysis of source code for application-specific security properties. The method is illustrated on an example data flow property of a C program.
Roles of pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in branched-chain membrane fatty acid levels and associated functions in Staphylococcus aureus.

Purpose. Membrane fluidity to a large extent is governed by the presence of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKD) is the key enzyme in BCFA synthesis. A Staphylococcus aureus BKD-deficient strain still produced substantial levels of BCFAs. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) with structural similarity to BKD has been speculated to contribute to BCFAs in S. aureus. Methodology. This study was carried out using BKD-, PDH- and BKD : PDH-deficient derivatives of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain JE2. Differences in growth kinetics were evaluated spectrophotometrically, membrane BCFAs using gas chromatography and membrane fluidity by fluorescence polarization. Carotenoid levels were estimated by measuring A465 of methanol extracts from 48 h cultures. MIC values were determined by broth microdilution. Results/Key findings. BCFAs made up 50 % of membrane fatty acids in wild-type but only 31 % in the BKD-deficient mutant. BCFA level was ~80 % in the PDH-deficient strain and 38 % in the BKD : PDH-deficient strain. BKD-deficient mutant showed decreased membrane fluidity, the PDH-deficient mutant showed increased membrane fluidity. The BKD- and PDH-deficient strains grew slower and the BKD : PDH-deficient strain grew slowest at 37 °C. However at 20 °C, the BKD- and BKD : PDH-deficient strains grew only a little followed by autolysis of these cells. The BKD-deficient strain produced higher levels of staphyloxanthin. The PDH-deficient and BKD : PDH-deficient strains produced very little staphyloxanthin. The BKD-deficient strain showed increased susceptibility to daptomycin. Conclusion. The BCFA composition of the cell membrane in S. aureus seems to significantly impact cell growth, membrane fluidity and resistance to daptomycin.
Avian habitat relationships at multiple scales in a New England forest.

Habitat selection by birds is a complex phenomenon that varies by species and community. Some birds select habitat according to specific combinations of microhabitat character- istics, which pertain to the structure and composition of site-specific vegetation. Recently, however, habitat selection studies have shifted from site-specific characteristics to consideration of coarser environmental scales. We examined habitat relationships for 31 bird species in the White Mountain National Forest at a series of scales from microhabitat (fine scale) to the landscape (coarse scale). Relative abundance data were collected through 10 min. point counts at 360 points organized into 15 transects. Habitats sampled included a diversity of forest-cover types (deciduous to coniferous) and management strategies (wilderness to clearcuts). Species-specific logistic regression models based on subsets (183 and 48 points) of the original dataset corroborated the historical focus on microhabitat, but models including other scales indicated that some birds respond to coarser scale environmental characteristics. These results also supported the premise that some birds respond to multiple environmental scales. Community gradient descriptions, based on canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), supported results of logistic regression, indicating that microhabitat constituted the most important level followed by lesser, but significant, contributions from other scales. Through species-environment biplots, CCA also effectively illustrated avian habitat selection as a multiple-scale phenomenon, showing the hierarchical organization of landscape components and how they affect the spatial distribution of bird communities. FOR. SCI. 48(2):243-253.
Geometric Property Estimation Based on Raman Spetra Measurement Using Machine Learning

There have been many efforts to identify the relation between the geometric structure of carbon-nanomaterials and the intensity profile of Raman spectra. As a result, researchers have reported intensity profiles changing with the geometric properties of carbon-nanomaterials, i.e. the length of carbon nanotubes and the thickness of graphene. Based on these measured data, we constructed an autonomous framework that can deduce the geometric property from a Raman spectra pattern using a machine learning algorithm. In this work, we focus on the Raman peak shift recognition using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the number of graphene layers and this framework can accelerate processes in both measurement and geometric property analysis.
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics: Using Light as a Tool for New Discoveries

ABSTRACTThe 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics went to Arthur Ashkin, Donna Strickland, and Gerard Mourou for important advances in how lasers are used. Ashkin is the pioneer behind radiation pressure-induced optical levitation and trapping, an important technique in physics, chemistry, and biology. Strickland and Mourou invented chirped pulse amplification, which has led to a revolution in how high-energy pulsed lasers can be used everywhere from the laboratory to the hospital. This paper describes the science behind the prize and provides biographical profiles for the new laureates, most notably a citation analysis using Web of Science, Scopus data, and network graph tools.
Molecular motors: A magnificent machine.

Electron-microscope studies of the motor protein dynein reveal fascinating details of the movements of its various structural regions. The protein displays a degree of gymnastic ability that is rarely seen.
Gamechanger: NCAA Student-Athlete Name & Likeness Licensing Litigation and the Future of College Sports

In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name & Likeness Licensing Litigation is a consolidated lawsuit that arose principally from two federal lawsuits filed in California in 2009 against the NCAA, EA, and the CLC: Keller v. Electronic Arts, Inc., and O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n. These cases attack the practice of using the names, images, and likenesses (NIL) of student-athletes in broadcasts and rebroadcasts of games, DVDs, photos, video games, etc., without compensation to the athletes. This Article examines the implications of the challenges raised in In re NCAA Student-Athlete Name & Likeness Licensing Litigation on the future of amateurism, the NCAA, and intercollegiate athletics. Part I provides an overview of the NCAA’s regulatory structure and operations. Part II chronicles the litigation as it has unraveled over the past five years and analyzes the respective arguments involving the legal claims and defenses to the alleged antitrust and right of publicity violations. With the June 2014 trial date looming, the respective parties are entrenched in seemingly intractable positions, in an apparent downward spiral where the prospect of capturing the mutual benefits of commercial opportunities in college sports is at risk. Part III considers the practical impact on NCAA sports, should the plaintiffs’ class claims succeed, and explores options to resolve the dispute in a manner that benefits the interests of all in intercollegiate athletics.
Discovery of the yellow-bellied marmot ( Marmota flaviventris ) in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: examining competing hypotheses for range extension

The yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) reaches the southern edge of its geographic range in New Mexico, where it is known from the San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains. We provide a synopsis of the geographic range of M. flaviventris in New Mexico and report 5 recent records from the Jemez Mountains, Los Alamos and Sandoval Counties. Of the 5 records from the Jemez Mountains, 3 were obtained at high-elevation sites (>2690 m) during routine fieldwork and while conducting surveys for the American pika (Ochotona princeps), and 2 were from a residential area at relatively low elevation (2204 m) on a finger-mesa in Los Alamos. We evaluate 3 hypotheses for the provenance of the new records and conclude that M. flaviventris has maintained a relictual occurrence in the Jemez Mountains, but that the recent detections were due to (1) increased mammalogy fieldwork at high elevations, digital camera technology, and social media that allowed mammalogists to become aware of observations, and (2) possibly altered behavior by marmots due to impacts of recent widespread wildfire. Because small, isolated populations of marmots are vulnerable to extinction, research is needed to assess the status and trend of marmots in the Jemez Mountains, as well as in adjacent mountain ranges in New Mexico, with emphasis on identifying conservation threats and prospects for long-term persistence in the state.
Surveillance of a kdr Resistance Mutation in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus in California.

Culex pipiens Linnaeus and Culex quinquefasciatus Say are the primary vectors of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in California. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrins) are the most widely used insecticides to control adult stage mosquitoes to prevent disease transmission. The most abundant and widespread mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance is the L1014F mutation of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene. Statewide, based on the testing of almost 2,000 mosquitoes from 14 counties, the resistant allele frequency was 71%. Although the L1014F mutation was found in all counties assessed, the resistance allele profiles differed between regions of California. The highest resistant allele frequency occurred in the Central region and lowest frequencies were from the Northern and Southern regions. Resistance allele frequencies observed in 2014–2016 are nearly 1.5 times higher than those from pre-2012, indicating that resistance profiles can change over time. Regular monitoring of the L1014F kdr mutation will help aid in operational decisions.
Mortality, morbidity, and cardiac surgery in Injection Drug Use (IDU)-associated versus non-IDU infective endocarditis: The need to expand substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction services.

Background The addiction crisis is widespread, and unsafe injection practices among people who inject drugs (PWID) can lead to infective endocarditis. Methods A retrospective analysis of adult patients with definite or possible infective endocarditis admitted to a tertiary care center in Portland, Maine was performed over three-year period. Our primary objective was to examine differences in demographics, health characteristics, and health service utilization between injection drug use (IDU)-associated infective endocarditis and non-IDU infective endocarditis. The association between IDU and mortality, morbidity (defined as emergency department visits within 3 months of discharge), and cardiac surgery was examined. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. A subgroup descriptive analysis of PWID was also performed to better examine substance use disorder (SUD) characteristics, treatment with medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and health service utilization. Results One-hundred and seven patients were included in the study, of which 39.2% (n = 42) had IDU-associated infective endocarditis. PWID were more likely to be homeless, uninsured, and lack a primary care provider. PWID were notably younger and had less documented comorbidities, however had similar in-hospital mortality rates (10% vs. 14%, p = 0.30), ED visits (50% vs. 54%, p = 0.70) and cardiac surgery (33% vs. 26%, p = 0.42) compared to those with non-IDU infective endocarditis. Ninety-day mortality was less among PWID (19.0% vs. 36.9%, p = 0.05). IDU was not associated with morbidity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.18–3.36), 90-day mortality (AOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.17–3.01), or cardiac surgery (AOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.69). Ninety-day mortality among PWID who received MOUD was lower (3% vs 15%, p = 0.45), as were ED visits (10% vs. 41%, p = 0.42) compared to those who did not receive MOUD. Conclusions Our results highlight existing differences in health characteristics and social determinants of health in people with IDU-associated versus non-IDU infective endocarditis. PWID had less comorbidities and were significantly younger than those with non-IDU infective endocarditis and yet still had similar rates of cardiac surgery, ED visits, and in-hospital mortality. These findings emphasize the need to deliver comprehensive health services, particularly MOUD and other harm reduction services, to this marginalized population.
Who Killed Détente? The Superpowers and the Cold War in the Middle East, 1969–77

Standard explanations for the demise of U.S.-Soviet detente during the 1970s emphasize the Soviet Union's inability to put aside its communist ideology for the sake of a more cooperative relationsh...
Fake News Detection with Different Models.

This is a paper for exploring various different models aiming at developing fake news detection models and we had used certain machine learning algorithms and we had used pretrained algorithms such as TFIDF and CV and W2V as features for processing textual data.
3 – Capacity and Defenses

Publisher Summary The purpose of criminal law is to establish and define standards of human conduct. A general legal principle is that all persons have the power to choose between right and wrong and to do or refrain from doing that which the law commands. The courts have recognized that there are situations in which persons who commit acts that would ordinarily be crimes may introduce evidence to show they do not have the capacity to form the criminal intent that is required as an element of some crimes, or to demonstrate other legitimate defenses. An infant is exempt from criminal responsibility for his or her act if he or she lacks sufficient mental capacity to entertain the criminal act. Also, most states provide a method of treating juvenile offenders that is distinct from that of treating adult offenders. Under the common law, and by statutes and court decisions in all states, mental incapacity or insanity may be alleged by one accused of crimes at several points in criminal procedure. Several tests have been used by the courts over the years to determine whether the mental disorder or impairment is sufficient to eliminate the ability of the defendant to form any level of mens rea that would create criminal culpability.
Introducing legislative advocacy into the dental school curriculum: A mixed-methods evaluation.

The aim of this project was to evaluate a legislative advocacy exercise in pediatric dentistry at 1 North American dental school. A mixed-methods approach was employed using focus groups and questionnaires. All third-year dental students (n = 84) participated in an exercise as part of the pediatric dentistry course. Participation in the program evaluation was voluntary. Questionnaires were administered to assess students' advocacy beliefs, behaviors, self-efficacy, and knowledge 1 week before and 1 week after the exercise. Six months later, a focus group with questionnaire non-respondents (n = 9) was conducted to explore participants' attitudes and beliefs about oral health advocacy within the dental school curriculum. The focus group followed a semi-structured guide, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Questionnaires were returned from 27 students before (33% response rate) and 23 students (28% response rate) following the advocacy exercise. Students' advocacy beliefs, behaviors, and knowledge showed no change, whereas self-efficacy improved following the advocacy exercise. Students enjoyed the advocacy exercise and viewed it as a positive addition to the curriculum; however, they requested more exposure to advocacy across the curriculum. Students described the power of their collective voice rather than a single person as a major driver of policy change. These findings suggest that curricular changes should incorporate experiential advocacy activities more frequently to help students learn about and gain advocacy skills.
APOE4 exacerbates synapse loss and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease patient iPSC-derived cerebral organoids

APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To address the underlying mechanism, we develop cerebral organoid models using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with APOE e3/e3 or e4/e4 genotype from individuals with either normal cognition or AD dementia. Cerebral organoids from AD patients carrying APOE e4/e4 show greater apoptosis and decreased synaptic integrity. While AD patient-derived cerebral organoids have increased levels of Aβ and phosphorylated tau compared to healthy subject-derived cerebral organoids, APOE4 exacerbates tau pathology in both healthy subject-derived and AD patient-derived organoids. Transcriptomics analysis by RNA-sequencing reveals that cerebral organoids from AD patients are associated with an enhancement of stress granules and disrupted RNA metabolism. Importantly, isogenic conversion of APOE4 to APOE3 attenuates the APOE4-related phenotypes in cerebral organoids from AD patients. Together, our study using human iPSC-organoids recapitulates APOE4-related phenotypes and suggests APOE4-related degenerative pathways contributing to AD pathogenesis. APOE4 is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors show that APOE4 is associated with AD features in hiPSCs-derived cerebral organoids. Isogenic conversion of APOE4 to APOE3 attenuates the AD-associated phenotype.
Childhood Obesity Interventions by Setting

Background: To combat the global health crisis of obesity, many interventions have been implemented, including in children and adolescents. This age range is uniquely important because health behavior continues into adulthood, resulting in lifelong health risks or benefits. This narrative review aims to provide a cross section of the scientific literature regarding obesity interventions by setting, including school-based, daycare-based, home-based, healthcare-based, and digital-based, as well as to highlight gaps in research. Methods: Articles written in English addressing childhood and adolescent obesity interventions were sought online using PubMed and Google Scholar searches. Although some articles were from a global perspective, the majority focused on children in the United States. This search included reviews, individual studies, and other related papers. Results: School-based interventions are accessible to many, but there is limited evidence of long-term benefits. Home-based interventions were the only setting to have compelling evidence of long-term benefits, although there are several barriers to participation. Healthcare-based interventions are often successful when specific strategies and unique advantages of healthcare settings are utilized. Digital interventions have limited success now, but show potential for cost-effective scaling up as technology improves. Conclusion: The clearest gap in research is the lack of long-term studies, especially of school-based and healthcare-based interventions. Thus, it is imperative that investments are made into studies that include follow-up components continuing at least 1-2 years after the intervention. Additionally, home-based interventions have been more successful during early childhood while school-based interventions tend to be more successful during adolescence.
Design, Redesign, and Continuous Refinement of an Online Graduate Course: A Case Study for Implementing Universal Design for Learning

This paper explains how a graduate online course has been designed, redesigned and continuously refined in the last decade, applying the Quality Matters (QM) Framework and Universal Design for Learning Principles (UDL). To improve the course design, the course designers and instructors are engaged in a reflective process of examining relevant factors, including external contexts that demanded changes in the course, the course’s existing features, learner characteristics and needs, and the nature and requirements of the course content, activities, assessments. The paper provides detailed descriptions of the design process, as well as the modifications and changes made for the course over years and demonstrates how the design features adheres to the UDL principles.
Ten weeks in: COVID-19-related distress in adults with autism spectrum disorder.

This study examined COVID-19-related distress among adults with autism spectrum disorder and its associations with demographic and mental health information. A sample of 275 adults (ages 18–35) in ...
Bringing Clarity to Issues with Adoption of Digital Manufacturing Capabilities: an Analysis of Multiple Independent Studies

With access to a set of previously unpublished data focusing on implementation of digital manufacturing capabilities (Industry 4.0, Smart Manufacturing, and digital manufacturing), we attempt to identify recurring themes inhibiting their adoption, particularly focusing on small- and medium-sized manufacturers (SMMs). The data from webinar surveys and industry interviews revealed specific insights into a lack of digital readiness of the US industrial base. While larger manufacturers can be well-positioned to take advantage of new digital capabilities due to their size and resource availability, their small- and medium-sized suppliers often lag. This phenomenon can be a significant roadblock to the adoption of Industry 4.0 capabilities and its promised benefits. Our research indicates that most SMMs are not in a position to adopt these advanced manufacturing technologies and lack awareness and understanding of what “digital manufacturing” means. The investigation echoes similar issues documented and described by others in Europe, Australia, and Asia in addition to other research findings within the USA.
CHAPTER 11 – Analyzing the Environmental Implications of Biotechnologies

Publisher Summary There are numerous ways to identify, characterize, and analyze existing and planned applications of biotechnology for potential environmental impacts. The key to any analytical, evaluative, or assessment approach is that it accurately describes the events and situation at hand, considers the associated and causative factors, and articulates the decisions to be made. It is completely objective, resulting in comprehensive, fair, and consistent decision-making that leads to appropriate actions, outcomes, and consequences. Life cycle as an analytical methodology is valuable in identifying possible problems for some very beneficial environmental applications. Environmental systems consist of intricately interconnected components that are in balance at many levels. Introducing change can have profound impacts on these systems. The life cycle view is the first step towards preventing problems. The study of science as a social enterprise is ongoing.
A Leader’s Guide to the Phases

The big message of this book is to get to know yourself, learn the phases, and find the best fit. Move toward that ideal phase by completing all the work in the earlier phases, one at a time. Even if a certain phase seems ideal for you, leave open the possibility that you will go further. Many of the people we interviewed at Phase III and higher said that they had never guessed they would run something so large and intricate.
Communicating Disability: Metaphors of Oppression, Metaphors of Empowerment

This chapter frames the literature on communication and disability within six metaphors, identifying how those metaphors oppress or empower persons with disabilities. Disability as a medical proble...
It's the destination and it's the journey: using multilevel modeling to assess patterns of change in psychotherapy.

Background The pairing of analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based analyses with designs lacking multiple measurement of client change may lead to conclusions that are inconsistent with theoretical expectations about how change will occur. Multilevel modeling (MLM), when used with multiple assessments of client outcomes, provides a flexible set of tools to analyze trajectories of client change. Purpose The authors present an overview of MLM and growth curve analysis as applied to psychotherapy outcome. Results from a simulated data set illustrate how MLM-specifically, growth curve analysis–can be used to test hypotheses from randomized clinical trials. Results Growth curve analyses were applied to simulated data from an experimental design (treatment versus control group) with multiple assessments of client distress and a client individual difference variable. Results of growth curve analyses confirmed what was found with a pretreatment/posttreatment repeated-measures ANOVA but provided additional information not available from the ANOVA framework. Conclusions Given its flexibility, MLM is the recommended method to assess patterns of change in studies of psychotherapy outcome.
Multimetallic catalysed cross-coupling of aryl bromides with aryl triflates

A new method for catalysing the cross-coupling of two different aryl electrophiles is described; the principle of this method, which involves cooperation between two metal catalysts that are selective towards different substrates, should be generally useful in catalysis.
Linking and building ontologies of linked data

The Web of Linked Data is characterized by linking structured data from different sources using equivalence statements, such as owl:sameAs, as well as other types of linked properties. The ontologies behind these sources, however, remain unlinked. This paper describes an extensional approach to generate alignments between these ontologies. Specifically our algorithm produces equivalence and subsumption relationships between classes from ontologies of different Linked Data sources by exploring the space of hypotheses supported by the existing equivalence statements. We are also able to generate a complementary hierarchy of derived classes within an existing ontology or generate new classes for a second source where the ontology is not as refined as the first. We demonstrate empirically our approach using Linked Data sources from the geospatial, genetics, and zoology domains. Our algorithm discovered about 800 equivalences and 29,000 subset relationships in the alignment of five source pairs from these domains. Thus, we are able to model one Linked Data source in terms of another by aligning their ontologies and understand the semantic relationships between the two sources.
For the love of knowledge: William W. Brickman and his comparative education

This article discusses William W. Brickman's contributions to the field of comparative and international education. Through archival research of Brickman's collection at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, interviews with his former colleagues, students, and family members, and a content analysis of his publications and the two journals he edited, the authors examine Brickman's role in founding the Comparative Education Society, his notion of comparative education scholarship, and his service to the larger academic community through a lifelong career as journal editor. In addition to his contributions to advancing historical research and qualitative methodologies in comparative education, Brickman should also be remembered for his relentless efforts to protect academic freedom by encouraging epistemological and methodological diversity of the field. Brickman's role as a scholar, educator, and editor can therefore be best understood through his unyielding love of knowledge—like the philosophers ...
Unsupervised classification of hyperspectral images on spherical manifolds

Traditional statistical models for remote sensing data have mainly focused on the magnitude of feature vectors. To perform clustering with directional properties of feature vectors, other valid models need to be developed. Here we first describe the transformation of hyperspectral images onto a unit hyperspherical manifold using the recently proposed spherical local embedding approach. Spherical local embedding is a method that computes high-dimensional local neighborhood preserving coordinates of data on constant curvature manifolds. We then propose a novel von Mises-Fisher (vMF) distribution based approach for unsupervised classification of hyperspectral images on the established spherical manifold. A vMF distribution is a natural model for multivariate data on a unit hypersphere. Parameters for the model are estimated using the Expectation-Maximization procedure. A set of experimental results on modeling hyperspectral images as vMF mixture distributions demonstrate the advantages.
ONLINE RESOURCES FOR LATE ADDITIONS TO THE SOLAR NEBULA

The presence of an excess of short-lived radionuclides in the early protoplanetary disk has been inferred from studying how the distribution of the abundances, in materials like Ca-Al-rich inclusions, differ from the solar abundance distribution (SAD). The likely source of these radioactivites is a supernova that ejected material into the early solar system. This thesis will discuss the solar abundance distribution and how a supernova may have contributed a ‘late addition’ of material into the early solar system. In addition, we have constructed online resources for studying these topics. This thesis will outline the Solar Abundance Tool, which allows a user to study the details of the solar abundance distribution, and the 1d Stellar Ejecta Module, which simulates a simplistic approach to the question of late additions.
A new framework for noise-resistant video compression using motion-compensated prediction

This paper introduces a new framework for video compression. The proposed method considers noise directly in the video sequence and seeks the optimal compression ratio and video quality. Compression is achieved by eliminating the spatial and temporal redundancies found in the intensity and motion fields of the video. Processing is performed in blocks of N frames stored in a video buffer. Encoder and decoder are synchronized prior to the transmission of a new block. A reference frame is chosen from each block and encoded before transmission. Spatial redundancies in the intensity domain are reduced by a wavelet filter. The pixel-motion field between the reference frame and other frames in a block is evaluated using a Kalman filter that estimates the pixel motion in the presence of noise. Video frames are predicted from the reference frame and the corresponding motion field. Prediction errors, motion vectors and the reference frame are compressed in wavelet domain before transmission. The compression system includes quantization and entropy coding.
Lipoxygenase Products Increase Monocyte Adhesion to Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Abstract —The development of atherosclerosis is accelerated in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Adhesion of monocytes to the vascular endothelium is a key initial step in atherogenesis. We have previously shown that monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) cultured long-term in high-glucose medium (25 mmol/L, 2 passages) is increased compared with cells grown in normal glucose (5 mmol/L). One potential mechanism for increased monocyte adhesion to HAECs under hyperglycemic conditions is via the 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) pathway. In this study, we demonstrated in HAECs that the major LO metabolite of arachidonic acid was the 12-LO product, 12( S )-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12( S )-HETE], which was increased severalfold in HAECs cultured under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, treatment of HAECs with 12( S )-HETE induced monocyte, but not neutrophil, adhesion an average of 3-fold (range of 1.5- to 5-fold) compared with untreated cells (75±5 versus 26±1 monocytes per field, respectively, P S )-HETE induced a 60% increase in HAEC surface expression of connecting segment-1 (ie, CS-1) fibronectin, a ligand for very late–acting antigen-4 (VLA-4). The antibodies used to block monocyte integrin VLA-4 and leukocyte function–related antigen-1, a monocytic counterreceptor for intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inhibited the ability of both 12-LO products and high glucose to induce monocyte adhesion. These results definitively demonstrate for the first time in HAECs that the 12-LO pathway can induce monocyte–endothelial cell interaction and that the effects of glucose may be mediated, at least in part, through this pathway. Thus, these results suggest that the 12-LO pathway may play a role in the increased susceptibility of diabetics to atherosclerosis.
Targeting the transcriptional machinery with unique artificial transcriptional activators

The link between a growing number of human diseases and misregulation of gene expression has spurred intense interest in artificial transcriptional activators that could be used to restore controlled expression of affected genes. To expand the repertoire of activation domains available for the construction of artificial transcriptional regulators, a selection strategy was used to identify two unique activation domain motifs. These activation domains bear little sequence homology to endogenous counterparts and bind to unique sites within the transcriptional machinery. A comparison with two well-characterized activation domains, VP2 and P201, demonstrated for the first time that functional potency is not solely dictated by binding affinity. Finally, the selection strategy described is readily applicable to the identification of small molecule activation domains.
Infrared intensity measurements—II. Chloroethylenes

Abstract The infrared intensities of cis- and trans-dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene were measured in solution in CS2 and CCl4. The observed values are in accord with those previously reported for other ethylenes.
Two Letters from William Cullen Bryant to Emily C. Hardy

(2004). Two Letters from William Cullen Bryant to Emily C. Hardy. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 45-48.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN

The present study was primarily concerned with the communication skill development of physically handicapped children. Since these children often are denied contact with peers because of their disabilities, it was suggested that they may be unable to develop the perspective-taking ability necessary for adapting communication to a specific listener. It was also suggested that the increased contact provided by moving the handicapped into regular public school classrooms may help alleviate this problem. First-, third-, and sixth-grade children, handicapped and nonhandicapped, with and without the others in their classes, were tested on their listener-adaptation abilities in general and their adaptation to handicapped children, using pictures as stimuli for messages. The results support the hypothesis that handicapped children are deficient in listener adaptation. Classroom association with “normals” seems to improve this, but does not raise them to the level of their nonhandicapped peers. Nonhandicapped children are unable to adapt to handicapped children, and contact with the handicapped does not seem to improve this situation. Being in an integrated class seems to have some positive effects on handicapped children and few effects on the nonhandicapped.
Effect of temperature on the stimulated emission from GaAs p-n junctions

Abstract The temperature dependence of the threshold current density was examined for a series of GaAs injection lasers with different lengths but otherwise identical structure. From a plot of threshold current density as a function of reciprocal length at constant temperature, the gain and loss factor can be calculated. The laser losses exhibit only a small temperature dependence in the range from 4·2 to 300°K. The reciprocal gain factor, however, has the same temperature dependence as the threshold current density j t . The detailed nature of the temperature dependence of j t does depend on the length of the laser and on the doping level in the active region. The influence of these two parameters is discussed and compared with theoretical predictions.
Understanding Patterns of College Outcomes among Student Veterans

Even as we expect an increase in veteran student enrollment in higher education, little attention has been paid to the role students’ background characteristics and college experiences play in college outcomes among student veterans. The purpose of this study is to examine differences in precollege characteristics and college experiences between veteran and nonveteran students and a predictive power of being a veteran student on college outcomes. Using data from the 2008 University of California Undergraduate Experience Survey (UCUES), the study conducted cross tabulations and blocked multiple regression analyses on two college outcomes: college GPA and sense of belonging. Results demonstrate that student veteran status is negatively associated with college GPA. The origins of the negative effect of being a veteran student are discussed.
ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS TO SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT ON THE PUMICE PLAINS, MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON

For both Epilobium angustifolium and Anaphalis margaritacea, the two dominant species in primary succession on the Pumice Plains on Mount St. Helens, density of the seed rain far exceeds the density of colonists. To test the hypothesis that colonization rate is limited by processes occurring during seedling establishment, we investigated the effects of subsurface moisture (using a wet and a dry site), microtopography (fine and coarse pumice particles), and seed size (five size classes), and monitored the fates of seedlings originating from experimentally sown seed for 2 years. Subsurface moisture had the strongest effect on seedling emergence and survival. By the second year there were over 20 times as many seedlings in the wet site as in the dry site; survival in the latter site was nearly zero. Coarse pumice plots had greater establishment than did fine pumice plots. Emergence rate increased significantly with increasing seed size, but this initial difference disappeared by the second year. A. margaritacea established under a wider range of conditions than did E. angustifolium. We conclude that colonization by these species, and hence rate of primary succession, is limited by availability of safe sites for germination and establishment and not by seed dispersal. Safe sites are defined primarily by the level of subsurface moisture and secondarily by microtopography and seed size, and have a greater effect on seedling emergence than on seedling survival.
What Is Clinically Meaningful: Outcome Measures in Pain Clinical Trials

Abstract:Objective:The goal of this analysis is a better understanding of the issues involved in establishing the amount of change in pain that must be reported by subjects, participating in clinical trials and using standard pain scales, to indicate a clinically important difference.Design:A review
Covariation of viral parameters with bacterial assemblage richness and diversity in the water column and sediments

Viruses are hypothesized to maintain diversity in microbial assemblages by regulating the abundance of dominant competitors and thereby allowing less-dominant competitors to persist in assemblages; however, there have been few empirical data sets to support this idea. In this study, we examined the relationship between the ratio of viral abundance to bacterial abundance, viral production, and the relative richness and diversity of bacterial assemblage fingerprints, in samples taken from geographically widespread locations (North Pacific gyre, the Amazon River plume and adjacent North Atlantic gyre, Gulf of Mexico, Southern California Bight and Arafura—Coral Seas) which are oligo- to mesotrophic. Bacterial assemblage richness and diversity as measured by automated rRNA intergenic spacer (ARISA) fingerprinting were significantly and positively correlated with the ratio of virus abundance to bacteria abundance (VBR) and to the rate of virus production only in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre. ARISA fingerprint richness/diversity were not significantly correlated to viral parameters when assessed across all samples in surface waters, suggesting there is not a singular global quantitative relationship between viral pressure and host diversity within well evolved host/virus systems in different geographic locations in plankton. In sediments off Southern California, viral parameters significantly and negatively correlated with ARISA diversity, suggesting strong viral interactions in this habitat. To examine covariation of viral parameters and the relative abundance and diversity of rarer bacterial taxa (i.e., less-dominant competitor), the richness and diversity of diazotroph communities was measured using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) of a portion (nifH) of the nitrogenase gene. The richness and diversity of diazotrophic communities were significantly and negatively correlated with viral parameters across all locations. Since diazotrophs include many opportunistic taxa (e.g. Vibrionaceae), and because these bacteria may be more susceptible to viral attack due to enhanced resource uptake abilities and potentially rapid localized growth, it is possible that this negative effect was due to enhanced viral lysis. Consequently, virus infection may have positive effects upon bacterioplankton diversity in the oligotrophic ocean, by regulating the abundance of dominant competitors, and allowing rarer taxa to coexist; however, some rarer taxa (such as diazotrophs) may be more susceptible to viral attack due to opportunistic lifestyles.
Film Techniques for Vibrational Circular Dichroism Measurements

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra in the 1800–900 cm−1 region have been measured recently for protein films and for carbohydrate films prepared from aqueous solutions. In addition to the advantages of avoiding the interference from strong infrared absorption of water at 1650 cm−1 and requiring a two-orders-of-magnitude-smaller amount of sample for film measurements (than those required for the same in water solutions), the VCD bands in film measurements are found to be the same as those in solution measurements and to be independent of film orientation. This latter observation indicated the possibility for routine VCD measurements in the film state. In this manuscript we report different film techniques for VCD measurements. These techniques include preparation of supported films, free-standing films, film-on-film, and facilitation of film formation for substances that otherwise do not form amorphous films. The experimental data for films prepared by each of these techniques are presented and the relative merits of these different methods are discussed.
A symmetric linear algorithm for line segment generation

Abstract A symmetric linear algorithm for the digital generation of line segments is described. The same points are selected irrespective of the order of the end points.