cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroluminescence and Photoluminescence of GaAs at 77°K

The electroluminescence from forward biased GaAs $p\ensuremath{-}n$ junctions is compared with the photoluminescence of bulk homogeneously doped samples of GaAs. It is found that in the region of the absorption edge at \ensuremath{\approx} 1.48 eV, the electroluminescence is similar to the $p$-type photoluminescence, while at lower photon energy the electroluminescence is similar to the $n$-type photoluminescence. The results show that centers responsible for the low-energy electroluminescence are present in the substrate and not introduced during the diffusion.
Variations on a game of Gale (I): Coding strategies

We consider an infinite two-person game. The second player has a winning perfect information strategy; we show that this player has a winning strategy which depends on substantially less information. The game studied here is a variation on a game of Gale. ?
THE SIZE OF PORES IN COLLODION MEMBRANES

By the application of Poiseuille's law to the rate of flow of water through collodion membranes, it is calculated that the membranes used had pore radii of the order of 0.3 to 2 x 10–6 cm. On the same basis the number of pores per sq. cm. appears to vary from 270 x 1010 to 7 x 1010, decreasing with increase in pore size. Reasons are given for preferring these figures for the radii to figures, 100 times as large, which were calculated by others. Microscopic examination of the membranes, with dark-field illumination, indicates that they are made up of solid granules or filaments of collodion much less than 1 x 10–4 cm. in thickness.
Hot Carrier Relaxation In Amorphous Germanium

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375AbstractThe ultimate expected efficiencies of thin film amorphous solar cells may be raised by using amorphous al-loys of germanium and silicon. To date, no single measurement technique has appeared that directly and deci-sively identifies and characterizes the key photovoltaic related phenomena occuring in solar cell gradeamorphous semiconductors. In this presentation, an ultra high speed electrooptical approach to the measure-ment of the optical and electrical properties of amorphous semiconducting thin films is described. Results ofmeasurements performed to date on amorphous germanium alloys are presented and the implications of the dataregarding solar cell applications are discussed.IntroductionAmorphous hydrogenated silicon solar cells are amongst the leading candidates for a viable flat plate solarelectric conversion utility. Efficiencies greater than 6% are routinely achieved for large area p.i.n. devices.A very determined pragmatic approach' pushed the technology beyond this efficiency milestone leaving in itswake a potential dilemma: the best way to proceed is problematic, since the cell performance far exceeds thepresent comprehension of how it is formed and functions, yet the current energy and economic conditions appearto demand a foreclosure of options with emphasis on rapid development and deployment. Given the present un-certainties, such a foreclosure and emphasis is as likely as not to forestall the achievement of the true po-tential of the amorphous solar cell technology. Fortunately, the situation is sufficiently dynamic and adapta-ble to transcend the dilemma as we can see by examining some current trends. For instance, new computerizeddesign models are being developed2. These models systematically isolate the more problematic factors, such asdensity of electronic states, and predict the effect of certain design changes on efficiency. For the firsttime, these design models are self -critical, viz, cells will be made according to model prescription and tested.Another instance: present strong and independent theoretical interest in amorphous semiconductors continues togenerate the physical insight.3 And, engendered in large measure either as a direct extension for --or anti-thetical to- -the above practically and intellectually motivated theoretical efforts, are instances of entirelynew experimental methods that will enable one to probe amorphous semiconductors in a manner respecting theiramorphous nature. In this presentation we will be concerned with this latter development, particularly thehigh speed electrooptical measurements that are becoming possible as new generations of tunable modelockedlasers and innovative high speed centimeter and millimeter wave devices appear.The experimental question we are ultimately addressing is this: "What is the motion of electrons in anamorphous solar cell immediately following optical excitation ?" For a technique oriented session, we willassume the need and address only a part of this general question replacing the "What is" with "How does one
Fetoplacental histology as a predictor of karyotype: A controlled study of spontaneous first trimester abortions

It has been suggested that inferences about fetal karyotype can be made from examination of placental and decidual histology in early, spontaneous abortions (SABs). We assessed the reproducibility and predictive value of histologic features in 75 karyotyped, first trimester SABs; 32% (24 of 75) had normal male karyotypes (46,XY) and 68% (51 of 75) were cytogenetically abnormal (29 trisomy, 12 triploidy, eight monosomy X, and two tetraploidy). Three pathologists independently assessed 17 fetal, placental, and decidual histological findings and made predictions about the karyotype (normal, abnormal, or uncertain). Good to excellent interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility (kappa > 0.58) was achieved for the identification of five histological features: villous cavitation, anucleate fetal erythrocytes, amnion, umbilical cord, and fetal tissue. When histology and karyotype were compared using Fisher's exact test, no histological feature was associated with "any abnormal karyotype," two features (anucleate, fetal erythrocytes and umbilical cord) were associated with a normal karyotype, two features (villous dysmorphism and cisterns) were associated with triploidy, and four features (villous hydrops, no umbilical cord, no fetal tissue, and no anucleate erythrocytes) were associated with trisomy. Despite these significant histological-cytogenetic associations, the positive predictive values of each of these histological features with their corresponding karyotypes were low, ranging from 0.41 to 0.73 (mean, 0.53). Our data suggest that certain histological features in first trimester SABs are associated with the SAB's karyotype and are reproducible; however, such histological features did not perform as well as diagnostic tests for predicting the likelihood of normal versus abnormal karyotype.
Combined gastric and ileocecal toxicity (serpiginous ulcers) after oral kayexalate in sorbital therapy

Kayexalate (Roxane Labs, Columbus, OH) in sorbitol is commonly administered by the oral and rectal route for the treatment of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure. It is believed to have minimal toxicity because it functions as a cation exchanger and is not absorbed. We herein report on a patient who developed identical serpiginous ulcers in the stomach and the terminal ileum after the use of Kayexalate. We believe that this drug could have significant gastrointestinal toxicity in specific patient groups and suggest tentative guidelines, both for the identification of such patients and for the safer use of Kayexalate in these circumstances.
Biochemical differences between tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells identified by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectra from tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells are presented. Differences are considered both by examining specific vibrational regions and using a simple fitting routine to estimate the relative amounts of biochemical components in the cells.
Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida) Disease Syndrome in the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica

SYNOPSIS. Minchinia nelsoni disease was studied in 3 populations of oysters from Marumsco Bar, Pocomoke Sound, Maryland. The native population was sampled regularly beginning in 1961 shortly after the disease invaded this area. Two populations of healthy year-old oysters were introduced (one in 1965 and one in 1966) into Pocomoke Sound and studied concurrently with the native population to determine the course of development of the disease and epizootic differences in populations. Gross and microscopic examination of oysters showed progressive stages of infection. Initial infection occurred in epithelia of the filtering organs (gill, palp, water tubes) and spread into connective tissue where hyaline hemocytes infiltrated. Intermediate infection was characterized by local infection and infiltration of connective tissue in and adjacent to epithelia of gill, palp, esophagus, stomach, gut, diverticula, and gonadal alveoli. Advanced infection was recognized by the general invasion and infiltration of connective tissue and the circulatory system by hyaline hemocytes. Terminal infections showed histologically massive pyknosis of nuclei and necrosis of tissues before outward signs of death were apparent. Remission of the disease was recognized by diminution of infection intensity and infiltration; localization of parasites near external epithelia; increased pigment cell formation; and diapedesis and deposition of necrotic parasites and tissue against the shell, followed by external conchiolinous encapsulation. Death from M. nelsoni disease may be attributed in part to seasonal environmental or physiologic stresses, which infected oysters, weakened and in poor condition due to the pathologic manifestations of the disease, are unable to tolerate. The gross pathologic signs of disease were: pale digestive gland, poor condition, mantle recession, weakness, and conchiolinous shell depositions. The microscopic signs were: diapedesis, relative decrease in numbers of phagocytes; relative increase in numbers of hyaline hemocytes; phagocytosis, fibrosis, cellular infiltration, abscess, ulceration, excessive pigment cell formation, mechanical disruption, pyknosis, and necrosis.
Biological assessments of a mixture of endocrine disruptors at environmentally relevant concentrations in water following UV/H2O2 oxidation.

Abstract Numerous studies have investigated degradation of individual endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in lab or natural waters. However, natural variations in water matrices and mixtures of EDCs in the environment may confound analysis of the treatment efficiency. Because chemical based analytical methods cannot represent the combined or synergistic activities between water quality parameters and/or the EDC mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations (μg L − 1 -ng L − 1 ), bioanalytical assessments of residual estrogenic activity in treated water were used to evaluate the performance of the UV based advanced oxidation process for estrogenic contaminants in water. Four EDCs including estradiol (E 2 ), ethinyl estradiol (EE 2 ), bisphenol-A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) were spiked individually or as a mixture at μg L − 1 -ng L − 1 in laboratory or natural river water. The removal rates of estrogenic activity were quantitatively evaluated by in vitro yeast estrogen screen (YES) and in vivo Vitellogenin (VTG) assays with Japanese medaka fish ( Oryzias latipes ). UV in combination with 10 ppm H 2 O 2 as an oxidation process was capable of decreasing in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity, however, in vivo estrogenic activity of the EDC mixture in natural water was not completely removed at UV fluence up to 2000 mJ cm − 2 . The removal rates of in vitro estrogenic activity of the EDC mixtures were lower than those observed for single compounds, and slower in natural waters, likely due to lower steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in the presence of •OH scavengers from the water matrix and EDC mixture.
Early growth and survival of heat-shocked and tetraploid-derived triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract To assess the importance of genetic composition and induced polyploidy, triploidy was induced in an interstrain hybrid of rainbow trout via two distinct methodologies: (1) the thermally induced retention of the second polar-body, and (2) the crossing of tetraploid and diploid individuals. Groups were reared separately in replicate tanks up to 120 days post-ponding. The triploid group derived from tetraploid male×diploid female “interploid” crosses experienced a low level of fertilization success, 55.9% of controls, relative to the heat-shocked triploid group, 94% of controls. High levels of aborted embryos, 14.7%, were found in the egg lots subjected to the heat-shock treatment, in comparison to 0.5% in controls and 0.4% in the interploid group. The weight of heat-shocked triploids after ponding was significantly lower than their controls for the first 63 days, by as much as 24.5%. The heat-treated triploids subsequently showed a rapid increase in weight from day 63–82 resulting in no significant difference between them and their controls from 82–118 days post-ponding. Although the interploid triploids were initially significantly larger than their controls, they were significantly smaller than controls from day 82–102. At the conclusion of the study, all of the groups, triploid and diploid, were similar (P > 0.05) in weight. In general, the interploid method of induction produced more vital fry, and under more rigorous commercial rearing conditions these fish may be superior to heat-treated triploids.
Controlled Fission: Teaching Supercharged Subjects

Abstract Those who teach subjects that explore controversial issues often find that students have difficulty thinking about and responding productively to them. College instructors have leeway in structuring learning in ways that maximize the possibility of productive critical thinking. By shaping classroom experiences before the controversial material is encountered, the likelihood that students will maintain higher mental functioning when examining that material increases. This article discusses ten strategies for planning a course that facilitates quality discussion and thoughtful debate.
Neutrino cross section measurements with MiniBooNE

The MiniBooNE neutrino oscillation experiment has collected a large sample of charged- and neutral-current neutrino interaction events. These samples are important to understand the normalization and backgrounds in neutrino oscillation searches. They also reveal insight into the structure of the nucleus and nucleon. The MiniBooNE experiment is briefly described and neutrino interaction rates presented. Preliminary results are reported for neutral-current elastic scattering and neutral-current production of π 0 .
Writing Usable Qualitative Health Research Findings

Scholars in diverse health-related disciplines and specialty fields of practice routinely promote qualitative research as an essential component of intervention and implementation programs of research and of a comprehensive evidence base for practice. Remarkably little attention, however, has been paid to the most important element of qualitative studies--the findings in reports of those studies--and specifically to enhancing the accessibility and utilization value of these findings for diverse audiences of users. The findings in reports of qualitative health research are too often difficult to understand and even to find owing to the way they are presented. A basic strategy for enhancing the presentation of these findings is to translate them into thematic statements, which can then in turn be translated into the language of intervention and implementation. Writers of qualitative health research reports might consider these strategies better to showcase the significance and actionability of findings to a wider audience.
Moments of Discomfort and Conflict: Holocaust Museums as Agents of Change

Museums serve as a place of memory, where heritage is conserved, collections cared for, and the best possible conditions are created for visitors to experience exhibits and the meanings and events ...
Molecular breeding of healthy vegetables.

In September 2010, a group of carrot growers in the USA announced a US$25 million marketing campaign to promote ‘cut and peel’ carrots—also known as ‘baby carrots’—with the slogan: “Eat ‘em like junk food”. The campaign is an attempt to break into the US$18 billion snack‐food industry by “[t]aking a page out of junk food's playbook and applying it to baby carrots” (Horovitz, 2010). It is neither the first nor only example of how food producers have tried to attract consumers with healthier meal choices including greens and fruits. Several food companies have recently introduced products that include ‘hidden’ vegetable servings in an attempt to provide vegetable‐based nutrition by stealth. This approach could be beneficial for individual consumers and public health in general. A recent report from the US Centers for Disease Control indicated that only 26% of adults in the USA eat vegetables three or more times per day, which is far short of the amount recommended by the US government more than one decade ago (Severson, 2010). Consumer interest in whole foods with enhanced nutritional qualities is at an all‐time high, and more consumers are choosing foods on the basis of their healthy characteristics or direct labels that describe health benefits (Cappellano, 2009). This development is taking place amid increasing interest in locally grown food, farmers’ markets and sustainable farming practices (Clifford, 2010). The promotion of ‘healthy’ agricultural food products has therefore coincided with a surging consumer interest in the health functionality of food, particularly fruits and vegetables. It is difficult to tell whether marketing for health functionality is spurring this interest or vice versa. Nevertheless, today's food market offers many whole foods that are perceived and promoted as ‘health functional’ because of their phytochemical constituents: lycopene, vitamins, isothiocyanates or polyphenols, to name just a few. > The …
Integrated FET-Polysilicon Micromachining Process for Optical MEMS

Co-fabricated transistors in the SUMMiTtrade process enable large scale micromirror arrays with practical pin-out. Novel drive circuitry and optical/electrical performance for initial micromirror arrays are described
Supervisory Control and Measurement Scheduling for Discrete-Time Linear Systems

The problem of jointly synthesizing a supervisor, a measurement scheduler, and a feedback controller for discrete-time linear systems is considered. It is shown that open-loop supervisory and scheduling laws are nonconservative for robust exponential stability and H2 and H∞ type performance requirements, and that they can be obtained separately from the feedback controller. All the design conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities.
SiC based solid state power controller

The latest generation of fighter aircraft utilizes a 270Vdc power system [1]. Such high voltage DC power systems are difficult to protect with conventional circuit breakers because the current does not automatically go to zero twice per cycle during a fault like it does in an AC power system and thus arcing of the contacts is a problem. Solid state power controllers (SSPCs) are the solid state equivalent of a circuit breaker that do not arc and which can respond more rapidly to a fault than a mechanical breaker [2,4]. Present SSPCs are limited to lower voltages and currents by the available power semiconductors [3]. This paper presents design and experimental results for a SSPC that utilizes SiC power JFETs for the SSPC power switch to extend SSPC capability to higher voltages and currents in a space that is smaller than what is practically achievable with a Si power switch. Methods for testing SiC JFET devices under transient thermal conditions unique to the SSPC application was also presented.
Zinc and copper metabolism during open-heart surgery

Zinc and copper changes were studied in plasma, whole blood, urine and myocardium in 15 patients undergoing valve replacement in hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution. During the cardiopulmonary bypass, a fall in plasma copper and zinc concentration was related to hemodilution. The zinc concentration also decreased in whole blood, but remained unchanged intracellularly. The urinary concentration of both cations, but not the output, decreased at the end of the operation in relation to the baseline values. The myocardial copper and zinc concentrations increased during the aortic cross-clamping period. The possible causes and significance of these changes are considered.
Improving Teaching through Continuous Learning: The Inquiry Process John Wooden Used to Become Coach of the Century.

Past and contemporary scholars have emphasized the importance of job-embedded, systematic instructional inquiry for educators. A recent review of the literature highlights four key features shared by several well documented inquiry approaches for classroom teachers. Interestingly, another line of research suggests that these key features also characterized the process that UCLA's John Wooden used to systematically improve his teaching of basketball over a period of three decades. As educators and researchers work to build the case for inquiry-based models in classrooms, sports, and physical education, John Wooden's example provides a unifying and compelling illustration of the potential of the inquiry-based approach for any pedagogical context. It also provides an enduring image of the commitment required over time to achieve results.
Genetic Structure of Striped Bass in the Southeastern United States and Effects from Stock Enhancement

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic relationships of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis populations within and between watersheds is necessary to identify appropriate management units. Determining temporal changes in genetic relationships as well as the genetic diversity of the populations is important in understanding how stock enhancement influences population units. A suite of 12 microsatellites was used to evaluate patterns of Striped Bass gene flow both spatially and temporally across watersheds in the southeastern United States. Populations from the study watersheds were genetically diverse with the exception of the Savannah River, South Carolina–Georgia, which is recovering from a major population decline. Striped Bass in the Roanoke and Cape Fear rivers, North Carolina, represented a single population, most likely due to historical transfer stocking across the state from Roanoke River stock. Watersheds in South Carolina contained genetically distinct Striped Bass populations, although the difference betw...
The Liability of Leading: Battling Aspiration and Survival Goals in the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

We extend the variable risk preferences model of decision making to a competitive context in order to develop theory about how competition affects both focus of attention and risk taking. We hypothesize and find support for leader–follower differences in the channeling of attention to an aspiration or survival point. Our results indicate that leaders focus on their aspiration point, whereas followers' focus of attention shifts between their aspiration and survival points. By identifying and elaborating on the different cognitive loads and social expectations related to the positions of leader and follower, we show that leaders are prone to take excessive risks to maintain their leadership position. We refer to this phenomenon as the liability of leading. Our study context is a naturally occurring experiment in strategic decision making, the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions.
Robust Sampling and Reconstruction Methods for Sparse Signals in the Presence of Impulsive Noise

Recent results in compressed sensing show that a sparse or compressible signal can be reconstructed from a few incoherent measurements. Since noise is always present in practical data acquisition systems, sensing, and reconstruction methods are developed assuming a Gaussian (light-tailed) model for the corrupting noise. However, when the underlying signal and/or the measurements are corrupted by impulsive noise, commonly employed linear sampling operators, coupled with current reconstruction algorithms, fail to recover a close approximation of the signal. In this paper, we propose robust methods for sampling and reconstructing sparse signals in the presence of impulsive noise. To solve the problem of impulsive noise embedded in the underlying signal prior the measurement process, we propose a robust nonlinear measurement operator based on the weighed myriad estimator. In addition, we introduce a geometric optimization problem based on L 1 minimization employing a Lorentzian norm constraint on the residual error to recover sparse signals from noisy measurements. Analysis of the proposed methods show that in impulsive environments when the noise posses infinite variance we have a finite reconstruction error and furthermore these methods yield successful reconstruction of the desired signal. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed methods significantly outperform commonly employed compressed sensing sampling and reconstruction techniques in impulsive environments, while providing comparable performance in less demanding, light-tailed environments.
How Much Process is Due? I.R.C. Sections 6320 and 6330 Collection Due Process Hearings

In 1997 and 1998, the Senate Finance Committee conducted widely publicized hearings on the operations of the Internal Revenue Service that included highly inflammatory testimony that demonstrated a clear many people’s clear dissatisfaction with the operations of the agency and pinpointed several areas of alleged systemic abuse. Out of these hearings came the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (“RRA 1998”). RRA 1998 created the third Taxpayer Bill of Rights, which included several new taxpayer rights. Among the new rights established in RRA 1998 was the right to a “collection due process hearing,” prior to enforced collection through levy and immediately following the filing of a lien. This Article examines the collection due hearing process and the interpretation of the collection due process (CDP) hearing provisions. Article proposes a model for conducting a CDP hearing that would help more efficiently address frivolous claims, while ensuring that that the IRS affording provides adequate hearing rights.Despite concerns by critics of CDP specifically and RRA 1998 generally that these new rights are inefficient, these provisions were enacted to increase rights, not necessarily to promote efficiency. The RRA was not a law passed for efficiency, but for the protection of taxpayers. Moreover, ensuring taxpayers are afforded all rights provided by Congress in the RRA 1998, despite the fact that the process may be slowed may increase the perceived fairness of the taxpayers. Unfortunately, many of the early CDP requests made and then subject to judicial review have been frivolous. Frivolous claims will only lead judges to be less willing to hear the legitimate claims. However, CDP rights have the potential to provide important rights and safeguards to taxpayers prior to collection. The approach for CDP hearings proposed in this Article would reduce the need for judicial review of as many CDP requests, improving the results overall.
A Study of the Effects of Ionic Strength and Anion Binding on the Reduction Potential of Cytochrome c Using Microelectrodes

Cytochrome c is an important component in the electron transfer chain of the respiratory process of oxidative phosphorylation. It exists in the cytosol between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria, and functions as an electron carrier between cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase1–3. The charge transfer process and the effects of ionic strength, anion binding and temperature on the reactivity and conformation of cytochrome c have been widely investigated with electrochemical methods4–6. However, most of the measurements in previous studies were carried out in a relatively high concentration of supporting electrolyte due to the need for ionic conductivity in voltammetry. The physiological ionic strength conditions in mitochondria are in a range that is lower than has been used in previous work4–6. In order to model the physiological reaction of cytochrome c in mitrochondria, it is informative to conduct experiments under solution conditions that involve low concentrations of supporting electrolytes.
Ruse on gay rights and affirmative action

Ruse deals with the question of whether the state has any obligation to provide affirmative action benefits for gay people. He concludes that it does not (beyond the obligation to have anti-discrimination laws). I believe that Ruse's stated reasons do not justify this conclusion. I also believe that the conception of affirmative action he deals with is far too narrow to guarantee that if there is no obligation to provide affirmative action benefits (on that narrow conception) then there is no obligation to provide positive benefits not provided to all (the wider conception of affirmative action). Moreover, I think the attempt to use the narrower, rather than the wider, conception in this case indicates a considerably less than complete sensitivity to the plight of gay people in the context of present day Western societies. In what follows I shall attempt to justify these beliefs. Ruse begins his account of the matter by voicing some qualms about 'reverse discrimination' arguments in general. However, we need not concern ourselves with these for our present purposes because, according
Role of patient factors, preferences, and distrust in health care and access to liver transplantation and organ donation

Despite major improvements in access to liver transplantation (LT), disparities remain. Little is known about how distrust in medical care, patient preferences, and the origins shaping those preferences contribute to differences surrounding access. We performed a single-center, cross-sectional survey of adults with end-stage liver disease and compared responses between LT listed and nonlisted patients as well as by race. Questionnaires were administered to 109 patients (72 nonlisted; 37 listed) to assess demographics, health care system distrust (HCSD), religiosity, and factors influencing LT and organ donation (OD). We found that neither HCSD nor religiosity explained differences in access to LT in our population. Listed patients attained higher education levels and were more likely to be insured privately. This was also the case for white versus black patients. All patients reported wanting LT if recommended. However, nonlisted patients were significantly less likely to have discussed LT with their physician or to be referred to a transplant center. They were also much less likely to understand the process of LT. Fewer blacks were referred (44.4% versus 69.7%; P = 0.03) or went to the transplant center if referred (44.4% versus 71.1%; P = 0.02). Fewer black patients felt that minorities had as equal access to LT as whites (29.6% versus 57.3%; P < 0.001). For OD, there were more significant differences in preferences by race than listing status. More whites indicated OD status on their driver's license, and more blacks were likely to become an organ donor if approached by someone of the same cultural or ethnic background (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates persistent barriers to LT and OD. With improved patient and provider education and communication, many of these disparities could be successfully overcome. Liver Transplantation 22 895-905 2016 AASLD.
[15N]aspartate metabolism in cultured astrocytes. Studies with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The metabolism of 2.5 mM-[15N]aspartate in cultured astrocytes was studied with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three primary metabolic pathways of aspartate nitrogen disposition were identified: transamination with 2-oxoglutarate to form [15N]glutamate, the nitrogen of which subsequently was transferred to glutamine, alanine, serine and ornithine; condensation with IMP in the first step of the purine nucleotide cycle, the aspartate nitrogen appearing as [6-amino-15N]adenine nucleotides; condensation with citrulline to form argininosuccinate, which is cleaved to yield [15N]arginine. Of these three pathways, the formation of arginine was quantitatively the most important, and net nitrogen flux to arginine was greater than flux to other amino acids, including glutamine. Notwithstanding the large amount of [15N]arginine produced, essentially no [15N]urea was measured. Addition of NaH13CO3 to the astrocyte culture medium was associated with the formation of [13C]citrulline, thus confirming that these cells are capable of citrulline synthesis de novo. When astrocytes were incubated with a lower (0.05 mM) concentration of [15N]aspartate, most 15N was recovered in alanine, glutamine and arginine. Formation of [6-amino-15N]adenine nucleotides was diminished markedly compared with results obtained in the presence of 2.5 mM-[15N]aspartate.
Single-enzyme biomineralization of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals with controlled optical properties

Nature has evolved several unique biomineralization strategies to direct the synthesis and growth of inorganic materials. These natural systems are complex, involving the interaction of multiple biomolecules to catalyze biomineralization and template growth. Herein we describe the first report to our knowledge of a single enzyme capable of both catalyzing mineralization in otherwise unreactive solution and of templating nanocrystal growth. A recombinant putative cystathionine γ-lyase (smCSE) mineralizes CdS from an aqueous cadmium acetate solution via reactive H2S generation from l-cysteine and controls nanocrystal growth within the quantum confined size range. The role of enzymatic nanocrystal templating is demonstrated by substituting reactive Na2S as the sulfur source. Whereas bulk CdS is formed in the absence of the enzyme or other capping agents, nanocrystal formation is observed when smCSE is present to control the growth. This dual-function, single-enzyme, aerobic, and aqueous route to functional material synthesis demonstrates the powerful potential of engineered functional material biomineralization.
Ground states of conjugated molecules–XXI : Benzofurans and benzopyrroles☆☆☆

Abstract Calculations are reported for several benzo derivatives of furan and indole, using the semiempirical SCF MO Π approximation developed in these laboratories. These indicate that isobenzofuran and isoindole should be much less stable, and have lower ionization potentials, than benzofuran or indole.
Progressive band processing of fast iterative pixel purity index

As noted in Chap. 19, the performance of the pixel purity index (PPI) is largely determined by the number of skewers, K, to be used to calculate PPI counts for data sample vectors. Recently, two approaches were investigated. One is the iterative PPI (IPPI), developed by Chang and Wu [IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 8(6):2676–2695, 2015], where Chap. 19 develops a progressive version of the IPPI, called progressive hyperspectral band processing of IPPI (PHBP-IPPI), and a recursive version of IPPI, called recursive hyperspectral band processing of IPPI (RHBP-IPPI), both of which vary with bands rather than skewer sets according to the band-sequential (BSQ) acquisition format so that bands can be collected band by band while data processing is taking place. Another approach is the fast iterative PPI (FIPPI) developed by Chang and Plaza [IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 3(1):63–67, 2006] to address two major issues arising in PPI: the use of skewers whose number must be determined a priori and inconsistent final outcomes resulting from the use of skewers, which cannot be reproduced. FIPPI is an iterative algorithm that iterates each process until it reaches a final set of endmembers. Most importantly, it is an unsupervised algorithm, as opposed to the PPI, which requires human intervention to manually select a final set of endmembers. As shown in Chang and Plaza [IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 3(1):63–67, 2006] and Chang and Wu [IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 8(6):2676–2695, 2015] both the FIPPI and an IPPI produce very similar results, but FIPPI converges very rapidly with significant savings in computation. Following a similar treatment derived for RHBP-IPPI in Chap. 19, this chapter extends FIPPI to an RHBP version for FIPPI, called recursive hyperspectral band processing of FIPPI (RHBP-FIPPI) in such a way that data analysts can observe the progressive profiles of interband changes among bands produced by RHBP-FIPPI. The idea of implementing RHBP-FIPPI is to use two loops specified by skewers and bands implemented in RHBP-IPPI in Chap. 19 to process FIPPI. Depending on which one is implemented in the outer loop, two different versions of RHBP-FIPPI can be designed. When the outer loop is iterated band by band, it is called RHBP-FIPPI. When the outer loop is iterated by growing skewers, it is called recursive skewer processing of FIPPI (RSP-FIPPI). Interestingly, both versions provide different insights into the design of FIPPI but produce close results. Finally, note that since RHBP is implemented bandwise band by band, it does not require dimensionality reduction like the original FIPPI.
Evaluation on the efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine booster immunization in 2789 children aged over 10 years

Objective To study the efficiency of booster immunization with different recombinant hepatitis B vaccines.Methods 2789 children aged over 10 years who had completed the basic immunization of hepatitis B vaccine under 1 year old were selected.All the sampled children were classified into four groups (A,B,C and D) and immunized with different hepatitis B vaccines produced by different campanies respectively.Before booster immunization,their blood plasma specimens were detected for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg),antibodies to HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) and antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) by chemiluminescence.In each group,the anti-HBs positive children were immunized with one dosage and anti-HBs negative children were immunized three dosages of the same vaccine.Their blood specimens were collected again after 1 month,and detected for anti-HBs.Results The anti-HBs positive rates of A,B,C and D group were 36.43%,37.59%,42.91% and 46.46% respectively before immunization while 89.20%,91.52%,90.96% and 85.45% respectively after immunization with one dosage,99.12%,99.47%,98.87% and 98.85% respectively after immunization with three dosages.The differences of anti-HBs positive rates in the four respective groups showed statistical significances between any two rates of pre-immunization,post-immunization with one dosage and post- immunization with three dosages (all P＜0.05).The anti-HBs positive conversion rates of four groups were 83.01%,86.41%,84.16% and 72.82% respectively after immunization with one dosage.The anti-HBs positive conversion rate of four groups were 98.62%,99.16%,98.03% and 97.84% respectively after immunization with three dosages and the difference of positive conversion rates in each group showed statistical significances between booster immunization with one dosage and booster immunization with three dosages.The average GMTs in anti-HBs positive children in the four groups were 2853.21,6254.23,3581.40 and 3021.32 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with one dosage.The average GMTs of anti-HBs negative children in the four groups were 273.08,648.52,387.87 and 245.36 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with one dosage,and were 632.30,2341.14,563.97 and 394.08 mIU/ml respectively after immunization with three dosages.Conclusion Our data showed that it would be suitable to anyone to use the four vaccines for anti-HBs positive children aged over 10 years with one dosage and for anti-HBs negative children aged over 10 years with three dosage booster immunization. Key words: Hepatitis B vaccine; Booster immunization
What Makes Subcortical Barrels

The spatial arrangement of the mystacial vibrissae, or whiskers, on the rodent’s face is represented in most of the trigeminal (V) neuraxis by the patterning of afferent terminals, neuronal somata, and dendritic processes, which appears as an array of patches or cell rings (see Fig. 1 in Woolsey, 1990). In layer IV of the cerebral cortex, the cell aggregates are referred to as barrels (Woolsey and Van der Loos, 1970). In the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus, whisker-related cell groupings are referred to as barreloids (Van der Loos, 1976). In the V brainstem nuclear complex, analogous cell clusters are called barrelettes (Ma, 1991), and they occur in subnuclei principalis (PrV), interpolaris (SpVi), and caudalis (SpVc). In three dimensions, subcortical whisker-related patterns appear as columns of afferent terminals and postsynaptic neuronal processes running rostrocaudally in the V complex and obliquely in the thalamus. The afferent axons and cells within each column are best responsive to the somatotopically appropriate whisker.
The conservative constitution : Freedom of speech and the Constituent Assembly Debates

Gautam Bhatia’s chapter points to the emphasis placed on freedom of speech by nationalist leaders, particularly in their opposition to sedition and press censorship laws under the colonial government. Why then did the framers of the Indian Constitution impose considerable qualifications on the freedom of speech? He argues that colonial free speech regulation cleaved along two lines: the first aimed at defending the legitimacy of the regime from a rising nationalist movement; the second built upon the idea of colonial difference, viewing Indian audiences as incapable of responding to speech in an autonomous manner. While framers of the Constituent Assembly eschewed the latter, they were able to draw upon a version of the former. They urged that a transformation in who ruled – Indians instead of foreigners – meant that leeway ought to be afforded to the government in resisting speech that attacked its legitimacy. Bhatia also connects the conservativeness of the Constituent Assembly to the Supreme Court’s similar interpretation of free speech laws in India. He urges that both rely upon similar discursive strategies to allow restrictions to swallow up the right granted by the Constitution in the first place.
Fumio Tajima and the Origin of Modern Population Genetics.

![Figure][1] A fundamental concept in population genetics is the representation of the evolutionary history of a sample, of a single locus, as a tree. The theory describing such trees is called “coalescence theory,” and the primary mathematical model used is called “the coalescent,”
The Impact of Perceived Stress and Coping Adequacy on the Health of Nurses: A Pilot Investigation

Stress and coping abilities influence the health and work performance of nurses. However, little is known about the combined influence of stress perception and perceived coping adequacy and its impact on the health of nurses. This study examined the relationship between stress, coping, and the combined influences of perceived stress and coping abilities on health and work performance. A valid and reliable questionnaire was completed by 120 nurses in a Midwestern hospital in the USA. In general, the nurses were not healthy: 92% had moderate-to-very high stress levels; 78% slept less than 8 hours of sleep per night; 69% did not exercise regularly; 63% consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day; and 22% were classified as binge drinkers. When confronted with workplace stress, 70% of nurses reported that they consumed more junk food and 63% reported that they consumed more food than usual as a way of coping. Nurses in the “high stress/poor coping” group had the poorest health outcomes and highest health risk behaviors compared to those in other groups. The combined variables of perceived stress and perceived coping adequacy influenced the health of nurses. Therefore, worksite health promotion programs for nurses should focus equally on stress reduction, stress management, and the development of healthy coping skills.
Latinos’ Informational Needs in Attaining Accredited Theological Education

This paper explores published articles that report on theological education in the Hispanic/Latino community. It looks at U.S. demographic changes and the needs of the Latino community to provide civic and church leadership within their communities. The article reports on past efforts, and challenges, to increase Latino enrollment in graduate theological education. It looks at current strategies by Asociacion para la Educacion Teologica Hispana (AETH) to collaborate with American Theological Schools (ATS) and the American Theological Library Association (ATLA) to certify unaccredited Bible Institutes so that the educational standards will be strengthened and create a clearer pathway for Latinas/os to enter ATS accredited member schools. The purpose of the paper is to present the AETH commission report and discuss ways to help strengthen ways to meet the informational needs of students in Bible Institutes as well as provide more resources that will meet the needs of the Latino community.
Venous thromboembolism in the setting of orthopedic trauma surgery

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, can result in serious medical complications and is the leading cause of preventable hospital deaths. Risk of VTE is especially concerning in orthopedic trauma, where VTE incidences of up to 80% can result in significant morbidity following surgery. Studies investigating VTE in orthopedic trauma have identified predisposing factors for VTE that can be used to stratify patients for risk of developing thrombosis. Additionally, an assortment of diagnostic procedures may be used to reliably detect or exclude VTE, and various methods of VTE prophylaxis has been shown to reduce patient morbidity and mortality. However, many orthopedic trauma patients who present with known risk factors still do not receive the prophylaxis they need, and hospital resources may be misused when inappropriate diagnostic tests are ordered. As a result, it is critical for physicians working in orthopedic trauma to be aware of validated methods for VTE management, including known risk factors, diagnostic tools, and prophylactic methods, to appropriately and efficiently manage VTE. The purpose of this review is to centralize information about the management of VTE in orthopedic trauma. Articles included were selected from leading journals and online databases based on their scientific merit and applicability to clinical orthopedics. By consolidating information about VTE management, it will be possible to identify areas that need further research and ultimately create guidelines that standardize the treatment of VTE in orthopedic trauma across multiple institutions.
Replicating future orientation: Investigating the constructs of hope and optimism and their subscales through replication and expansion

Abstract Recent decades have seen considerable debate as to how the constructs of hope and optimism are conceptualized, with some researchers questioning if they represent one global trait or two distinct traits. Past research has supported both the unidimensional view (Rand, 2009), and the claim they are two distinct entities (Bryant & Cvengros, 2004). The primary aims of the present study were to replicate the work of 1) Bryant and Cvengros (2004), who constructed several competing models and found that hope and optimism are best explained as two separate constructs, and 2) Rand (2009), who found hope and optimism to be part of one larger trait (“goal attitude”). Six distinct, theoretically-meaningful models were constructed and compared using confirmatory factor analysis to determine which model best fit data collected from 417 participants using Amazon's Mechanical Turk: (1) a one-factor hierarchical model, (2) a one-factor non-hierarchical model, (3) a two correlated factor model, (4) a four correlated factor model, (5) a bi-factor model, and (6) Rand's (2009) hierarchical model. Findings suggest that a bi-factor model, which includes both a global and a distinct two-factor component, best explains the constructs of hope and optimism. Implications of these findings are discussed.