cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multisatellite studies of ULF waves

Multisatellite studies of ULF waves are reviewed, with a special emphasis on compressional Pc 5 waves. The observations of the radial extent, azimuthal wave number and the field-aligned standing wave structure of the waves are described. When combined with plasma data, the waves appear to be consistent with drift-mirror waves originating from the pressure anisotropy of the ring current plasma. The most recent observations revealed some features not considered in previous theories of the drift-mirror wave: antisymmetric standing wave structure and rather small pressure anisotropy that can drive the waves to instability. Recent theoretical work shows that these observations can be explained if the coupling of the drift-mirror wave to the shear Alfven wave is properly treated in a realistic magnetic field geometry.
Vitamin A deficiency in New York City

A 24-year-old, 26 weeks pregnant woman from New York City presented with a 7-week history of progressive loss of vision, most notable at night. Numerous Bitot spots (figure A) and keratitis (figure B) were seen on examination of her eyes; however, her retina was grossly normal (figure C, D). Electroretinography showed a generalised rod-cone dysfunction, and fundus autofluorescence showed faint retinal vasculature in her right eye (figure E) and a black image in the left eye. Autofluorescence from the left eye of an age-match control is shown (figure F). Acquired vitamin A deficiency was confirmed by a serum concentration of <0·002 μmol/L (normal range 0·70–2·8 μmol/L). Her vision and the appearance of her anterior segment returned to normal with vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin A deficiency can be secondary to poor intestinal absorption due to bariatric surgery, Crohn’s disease or pancreatic dysfunction. Our patient had anorexia nervosa and had limited her diet to white onions, white potatoes, and red meat for the past 7 years. A steal effect from her fetus could have also contributed to her symptoms. Figure Occular signs of vitamin A deficiency
The effect of film thickness on the failure strain of polymer-supported metal films

We perform uniaxial tensile tests on polyimide-supported copper films with a strong (1 1 1) fiber texture and with thicknesses varying from 50 nm to 1 μm. Films with thicknesses below 200 nm fail by intergranular fracture at elongations of only a few percent. Thicker films rupture by ductile transgranular fracture and local debonding from the substrate. The failure strain for transgranular fracture exhibits a maximum for film thicknesses around 500 nm. The transgranular failure mechanism is elucidated by performing finite element simulations that incorporate a cohesive zone along the film/substrate interface. As the film thickness increases from 200 to 500 nm, a decrease in the yield stress of the film makes it more difficult for the film to debond from the substrate, thus increasing the failure strain. As the thickness increases beyond 500 nm, however, the fraction of (1 0 0) grains in the (1 1 1)-textured films increases. On deformation, necking and debonding initiate at the (1 0 0) grains, leading to a reduction in the failure strain of the films.
Abstract 1716: FGFR1 gene amplification predicts the antitumor response of FGFR inhibitor LY2874455 in human lung cancer cells

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for both men and women in the world. FGFR receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway has been implicated in tumor cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Activation of the FGFR pathway via FGFR over-expression, and chromosomal amplification and translocation as well as genetic mutation contributes to the tumor progression and the resistance to anti-EGFR and -VEGF treatment in lung cancer. Targeting FGFR pathway is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy for lung cancer. We have discovered and developed a novel, ATP competitive and orally active small molecule inhibitor of FGFR, LY2874455, currently in clinic development. LY2874455 is a potent inhibitor against four FGFRs, and demonstrates a broad-spectrum of anti-tumor activity in a number of tumor xenograft models. In the current study, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of LY2874455 in lung tumor cells with or without FGFR1 gene amplification. FGFR1 is known to be amplified in human lung cancer cells NCI-H1581, NCI-H520 and DMS-114, but not in NCI-H460, A549 and NCI-H1299. The mRNA expression levels of FGFR1 are shown to be higher in the FGFR1 amplified cells than those in the FGFR1 non-amplified cells. Consistent with this, the FGFR1 amplified cells exhibited the much more robust b-FGF-induced phosphorylation of FRS2 and ERK, which are also more sensitive to the inhibition by LY2874455 than that in the FGFR1 non-amplified cells. Furthermore, the FGFR1 amplified cells exhibit the better responses to the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by LY2874455 than those in the FGFR1 non-amplified cells. Therefore, these findings suggest that FGFR1 plays an important role in lung cancer cell growth and survival, and that LY2874455 may provide a promising treatment option for some lung cancer patients whose tumor harbors FGFR1 gene amplification. The in vivo anti-tumor response of LY2874455 is being further investigated in the tumor xenograft models derived from these FGFR1 amplified or non-amplified human lung cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1716. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1716
Upgraded HFIR Fuel Element Welding System

The welding of aluminum-clad fuel plates into aluminum alloy 6061 side plate tubing is a unique design feature of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel assemblies as 101 full-penetration circumferential gas metal arc welds (GMAW) are required in the fabrication of each assembly. In a HFIR fuel assembly, 540 aluminum-clad fuel plates are assembled into two nested annular fuel elements 610 mm (24-inches) long. The welding process for the HFIR fuel elements was developed in the early 1960 s and about 450 HFIR fuel assemblies have been successfully welded using the GMAW process qualified in the 1960 s. In recent years because of the degradation of the electronic and mechanical components in the old HFIR welding system, reportable defects in plate attachment or adapter welds have been present in almost all completed fuel assemblies. In October 2008, a contract was awarded to AMET, Inc., of Rexburg, Idaho, to replace the old welding equipment with standard commercially available welding components to the maximum extent possible while maintaining the qualified HFIR welding process. The upgraded HFIR welding system represents a major improvement in the welding system used in welding HFIR fuel elements for the previous 40 years. In this upgrade, themore » new inner GMAW torch is a significant advancement over the original inner GMAW torch previously used. The innovative breakthrough in the new inner welding torch design is the way the direction of the cast in the 0.762 mm (0.030-inch) diameter aluminum weld wire is changed so that the weld wire emerging from the contact tip is straight in the plane perpendicular to the welding direction without creating any significant drag resistance in the feeding of the weld wire.« less
Novel Interactors and a Role for Supervillin in Early Cytokinesis

Supervillin, the largest member of the villin/gelsolin/flightless family, is a peripheral membrane protein that regulates each step of cell motility, including cell spreading. Most known interactors bind within its amino (N)-terminus. We show here that the supervillin carboxy (C)-terminus can be modeled as supervillin-specific loops extending from gelsolin-like repeats plus a villin-like headpiece. We have identified 27 new candidate interactors from yeast two-hybrid screens. The interacting sequences from 12 of these proteins (BUB1, EPLIN/LIMA1, FLNA, HAX1, KIF14, KIFC3, MIF4GD/SLIP1, ODF2/Cenexin, RHAMM, STARD9/KIF16A, Tks5/SH3PXD2A, TNFAIP1) co-localize with and mis-localize EGFP-supervillin in mammalian cells, suggesting associations in vivo. Supervillin-interacting sequences within BUB1, FLNA, HAX1, and MIF4GD also mimic supervillin over-expression by inhibiting cell spreading. Most new interactors have known roles in supervillin-associated processes, e.g. cell motility, membrane trafficking, ERK signaling, and matrix invasion; three (KIF14, KIFC3, STARD9/KIF16A) have kinesin motor domains; and five (EPLIN, KIF14, BUB1, ODF2/cenexin, RHAMM) are important for cell division. GST fusions of the supervillin G2-G3 or G4-G6 repeats co-sediment KIF14 and EPLIN, respectively, consistent with a direct association. Supervillin depletion leads to increased numbers of bi- and multi-nucleated cells. Cytokinesis failure occurs predominately during early cytokinesis. Supervillin localizes with endogenous myosin II and EPLIN in the cleavage furrow, and overlaps with the oncogenic kinesin, KIF14, at the midbody. We conclude that supervillin, like its interactors, is important for efficient cytokinesis. Our results also suggest that supervillin and its interaction partners coordinate actin and microtubule motor functions throughout the cell cycle.
Grapevine species from varied native habitats exhibit differences in embolism formation/repair associated with leaf gas exchange and root pressure.

Drought induces xylem embolism formation, but grapevines can refill non-functional vessels to restore transport capacity. It is unknown whether vulnerability to embolism formation and ability to repair differ among grapevine species. We analysed in vivo embolism formation and repair using x-ray computed microtomography in three wild grapevine species from varied native habitats (Vitis riparia, V. arizonica, V. champinii) and related responses to measurements of leaf gas exchange and root pressure. Vulnerability to embolism formation was greatest in V. riparia, intermediate in V. arizonica and lowest in V. champinii. After re-watering, embolism repair was rapid and pronounced in V. riparia and V. arizonica, but limited or negligible in V. champinii even after numerous days. Similarly, root pressure measured after re-watering was positively correlated with drought stress severity for V. riparia and V. arizonica (species exhibiting embolism repair) but not for V. champinii. Drought-induced reductions in transpiration were greatest for V. riparia and least in V. champinii. Recovery of transpiration after re-watering was delayed for all species, but was greatest for V. champinii and most rapid in V. arizonica. These species exhibit varied responses to drought stress that involve maintenance/recovery of xylem transport capacity coordinated with root pressure and gas exchange responses.
The Failure of Academic Epidemiology: Witness for the Prosecution

Academic epidemiology has failed to develop the scientific methods and the knowledge base to support the fundamental public health mission of preventing disease and promoting health through organized community efforts. As a basic science of public health, epidemiology should attempt to understand health and disease from a community and ecologic perspective as a consequence of how society is organized and behaves, what impact social and economic forces have on disease incidence rates, and what community actions will be effective in altering incidence rates. However, as taught in most textbooks and as widely practiced by academicians, epidemiology has become a biomedical discipline focused on the distribution and determinants of disease in groups of individuals who happen to have some common characteristics, exposures, or diseases. The ecology of human health has not been addressed, and the societal context in which disease occurs has been either disregarded or deliberately abstracted from consideration. By essentially assuming that risk factors for disease in individuals can be summed to understand the causes of disease in populations, academic epidemiology has limited itself to a narrow biomedical perspective, thereby committing the bio-medical fallacy of inferring that disease in populations can be understood by studying risk factors for disease in individuals. Epidemiology should be redefined as a study of the distribution and societal determinants of the health status of populations. This definition provides a stronger link to be the primary mission of public health and places an appropriate emphasis on the social, economic, environmental, and cultural determinants of population health. Epidemiology must cross the boundaries of other population sciences and add to its scope a macro-epidemiology, a study of causes from a truly population perspective, considering health and disease within the context of the total human environment.
Using THz Spectroscopy, Evolutionary Network Analysis Methods, and MD Simulation to Map the Evolution of Allosteric Communication Pathways in c-Type Lysozymes

It is now widely accepted that protein function is intimately tied with the navigation of energy landscapes. In this framework, a protein sequence is not described by a distinct structure but rather by an ensemble of conformations. And it is through this ensemble that evolution is able to modify a protein’s function by altering its landscape. Hence, the evolution of protein functions involves selective pressures that adjust the sampling of the conformational states. In this work, we focus on elucidating the evolutionary pathway that shaped the function of individual proteins that make-up the mammalian c-type lysozyme subfamily. Using both experimental and computational methods, we map out specific intermolecular interactions that direct the sampling of conformational states and accordingly, also underlie shifts in the landscape that are directly connected with the formation of novel protein functions. By contrasting three representative proteins in the family we identify molecular mechan isms that are associated with the selectivity of enhanced antimicrobial properties and consequently, divergent protein function. Namely, we link the extent of localized fluctuations involving the loop separating helices A and B with shifts in the equilibrium of the ensemble of conformational states that mediate interdomain coupling and concurrently moderate substrate binding affinity. This work reveals unique insights into the molecular level mechanisms that promote the progression of interactions that connect the immune response to infection with the nutritional properties of lactation, while also providing a deeper understanding about how evolving energy landscapes may define present-day protein function.
Interannual Variability of Vegetation in the United States and Its Relation to El Niño/Southern Oscillation

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is widely accepted as a good indicator for providing vegetation properties and associated changes for large scale geographic regions. Using multivariate time series data analysis methods based on principal component transform and wavelet decomposition, a sequence of 11-year monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived NDVI data from 1982 to 1992 is examined to study the vegetation and climate variation trends over the United States. We find that one interannual NDVI variation signal over the United States, exhibits a strong relationship with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index, which is a measure of the phase and amplitude of the Southern Oscillations (SOs). The corresponding spatial patterns of NDVI anomaly are also extracted for mapping the possible impacts of ENSO activity. The NDVI anomaly patterns approximately agree with the main documented precipitation and temperature anomaly patterns associated with ENSO, but also show additional patterns not related to ENSO. This study shows that ENSO activity effects may have regionally significant effects for vegetation in the United States.
State Death in the International System

Under what conditions do states die? Survival is often assumed to be the primary goal of states. Yet international relations scholars have not previously examined the rate or the causes of state death in a systematic way. I argue that buffer states—states caught between two rivals—are particularly vulnerable to being coerced out of existence. Each rival is afraid that its opponent will conquer the buffer that lies between them, gaining strength and strategic advantage. The rivals' inability to credibly commit to preserving the buffer state's sovereignty means that buffer states are extremely vulnerable to conquest. Using event history analysis, I test this argument while controlling for traditional realist variables such as power and alliances, as well as for changes in the post–World War II era. The analysis generates three major findings: buffer states are significantly more likely to die than are nonbuffer states; violent state death (conquest and occupation) virtually ceases after 1945; and the relationship between power and state survival is tenuous.For their valuable comments and suggestions, I thank James Fearon, Page Fortna, Erik Gartzke, Hein Goemans, Simon Jackman, Stephen Krasner, David Lewis, Scott Sagan, Erik Voeten, the editor of IO, two anonymous reviewers, as well as seminar participants at Stanford University, Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Virginia Law School. Earlier versions of this article were presented at the 2000 Annual Meetings of the International Studies Association and the American Political Science Association. Jessica Stanton provided valuable research assistance. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the Center for International Security and Cooperation and the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies. Any errors are my own.
Few CT Scan Abnormalities Found Even in Neurologically Impaired Learning Disabled Children

Computerized tomography (CT) scans without enhancement were performed on 32 children attending a learning disabilities clinic. These 32 were selected because they had subtle lateralizing neurological hemisyndromes (16 right, 16 left). Clinical readings of 25 scans by two independent radiologists “blind” to neurological or historical facts yielded only 5 (20%) concordant abnormal readings. Measurements of ventricular size in all 32 scans yielded even fewer (only 1) judged abnormal. Meaningful hemispheric asymmetries were difficult to define in the present study.
Understanding antibiotic overuse for respiratory tract infections in children.

Despite the rise in antibiotic resistance among bacterial respiratory pathogens that has developed over the last decade,1–6 continuing advances in antibiotic development have allowed pediatricians to provide effective treatment for the vast majority of these infections. Warnings about antibiotic overuse from academic and particularly infectious disease specialists have been around since the advent of antibiotics. Yet, it has always seemed that as soon as a resistance problem became important, the pharmaceutical industry had a replacement agent available in the wings. Only now, as we approach the new millennium, antibiotic discovery is no longer keeping pace with the emergence of bacterial resistance. Realizing that inappropriate use of antibiotics should be reduced, there is now a search for ways to rein in overzealous prescribing habits. So, what are the barriers to reducing inappropriate antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections (RTIs)? In this issue of Pediatric s, Watson et al7 describe management of RTIs based on a survey of Georgia physicians and they correlate reported prescribing habits with actual practice and parent beliefs. This is an important article because it provides starting point information, reflecting general practices before the publication of principles propagated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for more judicious use of antibiotics in pediatric RTIs.8–13 The doctors surveyed are not bad doctors; they believe they are doing the best they can according to what they view as appropriate care for their patients. Why are these doctors prescribing antibiotics as often as they do when they probably recognize that most of the infections are viral? The main reason physicians overprescribe antibiotics for RTIs relates to diagnostic uncertainty (Table 1). Faced with an ill-appearing, febrile child and anxious parents, physicians are reluctant to offer only symptomatic therapy. If the physician were more certain that the infection …
The Effects of the Application on Processing of Information From the Employment Interview.1

Subjects observed and evaluated employment interviews after forming initial impressions of the applicants' paper credentials. Contrary to expectations, differential recognition of interview content was not found to mediate the effects of the application on perceptions of the interview. Instead, interviewers showed a biased interpretation of the interview performance. Applicants were perceived as doing a better job in answering the questions of the interviewer, displaying more sales-consistent traits, and making more favorable statements the more favorable their paper credentials. Note taking led to more accurate recognition of information from the interview but did not attenuate the biasing effects of the application.
Individual Accuracy in Estimating Plume Opacity

The accuracy of individuals to estimate the opacity of black and white plumes in Visible Emission Training Programs is analyzed. The analysis includes new students and individuals returning for recertification. Following a set of drills, students generally have accuracy only slightly lower than those achieving certification. The accuracy of individuals during their initial recertification attempt is virtually the same as the accuracy six months earlier when they passed the certification test. The most important skill to reading opacity is an unshakable mental impression of plumes having 25, 50 and 75 percent opacity.
Dolomitization and dolomite "dikes" in the Wyman Formation (Precambrian), northeastern Inyo Mountains, California

Dolomitization in the uppermost pisolitic limestone of the Wyman Formation has produced individual dolomitized pisoliths, dolomite pods that are tens of meters across, and tabular bodies (dikes), usually 1 to 12 cm in width, that generally lie at high angles to the stratification and have transitional or sharp contacts. A replacement origin for the dolomite in the pods and dikes is evidenced by transitional margins and relic pisoliths in some of these bodies. The dikes are believed to result from dolomitization along fractures that are now healed. The slightly ferroan composition and undulatory extinction of the dolomite crystals suggest that replacement was late diagenetic, following neomorphism of the pisoliths. Low delta O 18 values for the dolomite (-12.8 per mil) suggest that exchange occurred between the original carbonate material and hydrothermal waters. Coarse texture, presence of tremolite, and strained dolomite crystals indicate that metamorphism followed dolomitization.
A particle filter for bid estimation in ad auctions with periodic ranking observations

Keyword auctions are becoming increasingly important in today's electronic marketplaces. One of their most challenging aspects is the limited amount of information revealed about other advertisers. In this paper, we present a particle filter that can be used to estimate the bids of other advertisers given a periodic ranking of their bids. This particle filter makes use of models of the bidding behavior of other advertisers, and so we also show how such models can be learned from past bidding data. In experiments in the Ad Auction scenario of the Trading Agent Competition, the combination of this particle filter and bidder modeling outperforms all other bid estimation methods tested.
PROGENY OF CHILDHOOD-CANCER SURVIVORS

Abstract Inheritance of neoplasms in childhood and genetic effects of tumour therapy have been examined in progeny of 46 childhood-cancer survivors, 17 males and 29 females. 107 pregnancies were recorded: 92 (86%) live births, 12 (11%) spontaneous abortions, and 3 (3%) induced abortions. Son/daughter ratio was 20/20 for male patients, and was 24/28 for female patients. 2 neonatal deaths resulted from prematurity and 90 have survived. Birth defects in the live born included Hirschsprung's disease in 1, and diverse lesser abnormalities in 13 others. The offspring have been free of cancer and other major chronic diseases. Under conditions of the study, no excess inherited defects were detected.
Stalinism and the Meaning of Titoism

The Soviet-Yugoslav dispute and the subsequent defection of the Yugoslav Communist Party from the ranks of the Cominform early in 1948 took the world by surprise. This surprise was in itself indicative of our belief that Stalinist control was to be taken for granted at least in the areas where the local Communist parties had come to power through direct or indirect help from the Soviet Union and particularly from the Red Army. Even when no such help had been given, the ideological affinities of Communist states and their need of alliances to preserve the Communist power structures would lead, it was believed, to a tightening of relations with the Soviet Union and to Soviet predominance. In other words, we tended to accept without question the premises of Stalinism.
Cell Size Control in Yeast

Cell size is an important adaptive trait that influences nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. Despite extensive characterization of the cell-cycle regulatory network, the molecular mechanisms coupling cell growth to division, and thereby controlling cell size, have remained elusive. Recent work in yeast has reinvigorated the size control field and suggested provocative mechanisms for the distinct functions of setting and sensing cell size. Further examination of size-sensing models based on spatial gradients and molecular titration, coupled with elucidation of the pathways responsible for nutrient-modulated target size, may reveal the fundamental principles of eukaryotic cell size control.
RFID And Supply Chain Management: An Assessment Of Its Economic, Technical, And Productive Viability In Global Operations

The integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems within a company’s supply chain offers an abundance of economic and productive capabilities. RFIDs permit an organization’s supply chain to have increased product visibility, reduction of stock, trim warehouse costs, eliminate stock errors, reduce theft and shrinkage and allow them to update their logistics and inventory databases with real-time information. The technical capabilities and limitations of RFIDs are examined. Suppliers and retailers must create solid alliances to build an RFID network, which must support both technical and operational information needs. This is a necessary and sufficient condition for integrating RFID within their respective supply chains. While cost is identified as the predominant factor inhibiting progress in RFID tagging at the product unit level, the future remains very promising for rapid gains in RFID development as long as technology continues to advance through increased research and development initiatives.
The Acknowledgment, Naming, and Giving (ANG) Activity: A Systemic Self of the Therapist Training Exercise

The Acknowledgment, Naming, and Giving (ANG) activity is a systemic self of the therapist training exercise based on several concepts and techniques in Contextual Family Therapy (CFT). It is designed to help family therapy trainees acknowledge (A) acts of destructive entitlement, name (N) the relationships directly affected by destructive behavior, and give (G) to those relationships in trustworthy ways. The activity requests that family therapy trainees consider both their own relational pain and the ways that they have been relationally harmful. In addition, the activity provides options for repairing damage and rebuilding trust in personal relationships that have been harmed. Systemic exercises like the ANG activity are essential components of self of the therapist training, and this article describes the activity in detail, provides guidelines for its use in training, and includes a case example of one trainee's journey through the process.
Characterization of a helicon ion source for Helium-3 fusion in an inertial electrostatic confinement device

An external helicon ion source is used on HELIOS, an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion device in which ions are accelerated radially to fusion-relevant energies by the electrostatic field between the spherical chamber wall and a concentric cathode grid. The external ion source has allowed for the demonstration of 3He-3He fusion in an IEC device for the first time, as part of the advanced fuels program at the University of Wisconsin.1
In Vivo Imaging of Human MDR1 Transcription in the Brain and Spine of MDR1-Luciferase Reporter Mice

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) [the product of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene] at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits central nervous system (CNS) entry of many prescribed drugs, contributing to the poor success rate of CNS drug candidates. Modulating Pgp expression could improve drug delivery into the brain; however, assays to predict regulation of human BBB Pgp are lacking. We developed a transgenic mouse model to monitor human MDR1 transcription in the brain and spinal cord in vivo. A reporter construct consisting of ∼10 kb of the human MDR1 promoter controlling the firefly luciferase gene was used to generate a transgenic mouse line (MDR1-luc). Fluorescence in situ hybridization localized the MDR1-luciferase transgene on chromosome 3. Reporter gene expression was monitored with an in vivo imaging system following D-luciferin injection. Basal expression was detectable in the brain, and treatment with activators of the constitutive androstane, pregnane X, and glucocorticoid receptors induced brain and spinal MDR1-luc transcription. Since D-luciferin is a substrate of ABCG2, the feasibility of improving D-luciferin brain accumulation (and luciferase signal) was tested by coadministering the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar. The brain and spine MDR1-luc signal intensity was increased by elacridar treatment, suggesting enhanced D-luciferin brain bioavailability. There was regional heterogeneity in MDR1 transcription (cortex > cerebellum) that coincided with higher mouse Pgp protein expression. We confirmed luciferase expression in brain vessel endothelial cells by ex vivo analysis of tissue luciferase protein expression. We conclude that the MDR1-luc mouse provides a unique in vivo system to visualize MDR1 CNS expression and regulation.
Performance of an IPv6 Web Server under Congestion

We conduct experiments using an IPv6 Web server in a test LAN environment with several routers to determine the performance under congestion due to IPv6 and IPv4 traffic. The experiments use an Apache Web server and a bare PC Web server with no operating system. Requests to the servers are made using an ordinary Web browser. Different levels of congestion are created by using MGEN traffic generators. It is found that the IPv4 throughput is slightly greater than (or approximately equal to) the IPv6 throughput under the same level of congestion. When the IPv4 throughput is larger, the differences are between 4-23%. However, Apache server delays for HTTP requests over IPv6 are between 6-32 ms more than for IPv4 depending on the level of congestion. For all congestion levels, the bare PC Web server has significantly lower throughput and larger delays than Apache regardless of whether IPv6 or IPv4 is used since it does not implement any TCP optimizations. The results show that Web server throughput and delay for browser requests depend on both the congestion traffic rate and the percentage of like traffic in the congestion mix. Keywords-IPv6; congestion; Web server; performance; bare PC.
A Multibody Model for Computer Simulation of Molecular Structures on Supercomputers

An efficient O(N) algorithm has been developed on the basis of the proper integration between an internal coordinate method (ICM) and a multibody molecular method. The method has been implemented for virtual prototyping of molecular systems with a simple chain structure and the results showed O(N) computational performance. This paper results the application of O(N) procedure to a large molecular chain and show the linear computational load relationship with the number of subsets. Initially, a brief introduction to O(N) procedure and the theoretical development of the algorithm is presented. Later focus will be turned to the implementation of the algorithm on the molecular structure. Finally, the motion behavior and the simulation time are analyzed for different computer systems.© 2011 ASME
Thiosemicarbazide toxicity in mice.

Summary1. Fatal convulsions follow the administration of doses of 20 mg of thiosemicarbazide (TSC)/kg or more to mice. 2. Semicarbazide is approximately 1/20 as toxic as thiosemicarbazide, while aminoguanidine produces no toxic symptoms at a dose of 650 mg/kg. 3. The toxicity of thiosemicarbazide is completely reversed by stoichiometric doses of pyridoxamine administered either orally, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. The administration of pyridoxamine is effective either preceding or following the dosage with TSC at appropriate intervals. 4. Dietary B6NH2 deficiency does not influence the toxicity of TSC. 5. Pyruvic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, glucose and calcium chloride did not reverse the toxicity of TSC nor enhance the activity of suboptimal doses of pyridoxamine.
Tabletop Extreme Ultraviolet Reflection Mode Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Buried Structures

We demonstrate non-invasive, high-resolution non-destructive reflection mode imaging of nanostructures buried beneath 100 nm of visibly opaque aluminum using ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging with 29.1 nm extreme ultraviolet light produced by tabletop high harmonic source.
Density Functional Theory of the Water Splitting Reaction on Fe(0): Comparison of Local and Nonlocal Correlation Functionals

Metal clusters have broad applicability in catalysis due to their unique reactivity and chemical selectivity, and density functional theory has become an important method for understanding catalysis and attempting to design better catalysts. In the present paper, a main focus is on the correlation part of the exchange-correlation functional, and we tested the reliability of the Kohn–Sham density functional theory with local correlation functionals and with the nonlocal random phase approximation (RPA) correlation functional for the water splitting reaction on monatomic Fe(0) and, by implication, for transition-metal-catalyzed reactions more generally. We computed four barrier heights and six energies of reaction in the catalytic mechanism. If the results are judged by deviation from CCSD(T) calculations, it is found that many modern exchange-correlation (xc) functionals (about half of the functionals tested) with local correlation perform better than those using RPA nonlocal correlation; for example, the ...
Concordance of MRI and EEG Focal Slowing in Nonsyndromic Epilepsy

Investigators at the Kangwon National University, Korea, and The Epilepsy Center, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, USA studied the correlation and significance of EEG focal slowing and focal MRI abnormalities in 253 children with nonsyndromic epilepsy.
Effectiveness of H1N1 influenza split-virus vaccine in emergency vaccination at Baoshan of Yunnan

Objective To understand distribution characteristics of influenza A/H1N1 cases and effectiveness of influenza A/H1N1 split-virus vaccine during 2009~2010 in Baoshan,Yunnan to provide scientific evidence for its use.Methods Distribution characteristics of influenza A/H1N1 cases during October 2009 to July 2011 before and after vaccination in Baoshan city,Yunnan were analyzed retrospectively.Results Overall coverage of influenza A/H1N1 vaccine in Baoshan was 6.26 percent,the highest in students(73.44%).In total,68 cases of influenza A/H1N1 occurred in Baoshan before emergency vaccination,with an overall incidence of 2.77 per 100000 population,the highest in young adults and the able-bodied.Overall incidence of influenza A/H1N1 in susceptible population was significantly lower after emergency vaccination than that before it(P0.05).Incidence of influenza A/H1N1 in inoculated population was significantly lower than that in non-inoculated ones(χ2=4.134,P0.05).Conclusion Use of influenza A/H1N1 split-virus vaccine is effective for prevention and control of influenza A/H1N1 epidemic in Baoshan.
Nuclear bodies: Built to boost

The classic archetypal function of nuclear bodies is to accelerate specific reactions within their crowded space. In this issue, Tatomer et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201504043) provide the first direct evidence that the histone locus body acts to concentrate key factors required for the proper processing of histone pre-mRNAs.
CHAPTER 14 – PC-Based Data Acquisition Applications

This chapter discusses some real-world examples of data acquisition applications. Ultrasonic ranging systems are commonly used to measure macroscopic distances, on the order of inches to hundreds of feet. This technique is often implemented using a single ultrasonic transducer as both a transmitter and receiver. One important point to keep in mind when attempting accurate ultrasonic measurements is that the velocity of ultrasonic waves is a function of temperature. Another data acquisition application is electrocardiogram measurement system (ECG), which is of great interest to many medical researchers. The ECG is a graph of voltage variations produced by the heart muscle and plotted against time. The requirements for implementing an ECG data acquisition system using a PC platform are very different from an ultrasonic ranging system. ECG data consists of very low frequency components. Most of the spectral content of an ECG fits within a bandwidth of around 10 Hz, with very little energy present above 100 Hz. Another increasingly popular approach is embedded PC, which does not even have a floppy disk drive or any standard peripherals. It can run programs from ROM or flash memory. Embedded PC plays an important role for data acquisition, analysis, and storage functions.
Security of neuromorphic computing: thwarting learning attacks using memristor's obsolescence effect

Neuromorphic architectures are widely used in many applications for advanced data processing, and often implements proprietary algorithms. In this work, we prevent an attacker with physical access from learning the proprietary algorithm implemented by the neuromorphic hardware. For this purpose, we leverage the obsolescence effect in memristors to judiciously reduce the accuracy of outputs for any unauthorized user. For a legitimate user, we regulate the obsolescence effect, thereby controlling the accuracy of outputs. We also analyze the security vs. cost trade-offs for different applications. Our methodology is compatible with mainstream classification applications, memristor devices, and security and performance constraints.
Keeping a Personal Focus When Contemplating a Sense of Home: A Review of Qualitative Housing Analysis: An International Perspective

While calling for a more systematic qualitative research approach in addressing contemporary urban studies’ challenges, Paul Maginn, Susan Thompson, and Matthew Tonts’s new edited work, Qualitative Housing Analysis: An International Perspective, also helps to remind us of the importance of remaining sensitive to the perspective of the people inhabiting these dwellings and to those not so fortunate to be living under a roof they can call their own. The research presented in this excellent work calls attention to the value qualitative research findings can bring to the complex study of housing and the implications of housing policy decisions.
Drains on the brain

I would like to qualify some of the remarks that were attributed to me in your article on why so many scientists are moving to the US (August pp10–11). First, I said that whereas there is more money on offer in the US, you also have to work for it. For example, American academics typically have only 9-month appointments and must compete for outside funding for their summer salaries. In Britain 12-month salaries are guaranteed.
Eco-Restoration, Private Landowners, and Overcoming the Status Quo Bias

Restoration by private actors on private lands is essential for achieving landscape-level restoration (‘eco-restoration’). This article identifies a typology of private actors presently involved in...
Parenting Practices and Attitudes and the Role of Belief in Supernatural Evil: Results From a National U.S. Survey:

Research on parenting has explored a variety of religious factors affecting child-rearing outcomes but has devoted limited attention to supernatural evil. We extend this work by examining the relationship between parents’ belief in supernatural evil and their child-rearing outcomes. We propose that parents with greater belief in supernatural evil practice “supernatural risk management,” and they use parenting orientations more closely associated with obedience and control to counter the potential influence of supernatural antagonists. Using a national survey of Americans with a multi-item index of belief in supernatural evil, we estimate models predicting five parenting outcomes: corporal punishment, using time outs, praising a child instead of disciplining, closely monitoring children, and closely monitoring children’s entertainment intake. We find partial support for our hypothesis as belief in supernatural evil is positively associated with corporal punishment, while negatively associated with believin...
Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis.

The clinically important lesion of human atherosclerosis is the fibrous atheromatous plaque which often is calcified.1 The connective tissue changes of fibrous lesions begin to develop in the second decade of life but it usually takes decades of slow growth before they produce clinical symptoms. However, it is these connective tissue changes which threaten health and life by seriously impairing arterial function through: luminal stenoses by the raised fibrous intima, through loss of elasticity by elastica destruction and collagen accumulation, as well as through increased rigidity and brittleness by calcium mineralization. These impairments of arterial function in turn lead to insufficiency of blood flow, thrombosis, hypertension, aneurysms and vessel rupture.
Adolescent cancer patients' perceived quality of cancer care: The roles of patient engagement and supporting independence.

Abstract Objectives A lack of focus on variation in engagement among cancer populations of differing developmental stages led us to examine the associations between patient engagement, the patient-provider relationship, cognitive development, readiness to transition to adulthood (transitional readiness) and perceived quality of care. Methods A sample of 101 adolescent cancer patients (diagnosed 10–20 years) completed survey items concerning patient engagement, dimensions of the patient-provider relationship, cognitive development, transitional readiness, and demographic characteristics using an iPad/tablet during a routine clinic visit. Results Patient engagement was not significantly associated with perceived quality of care (b = .02, 95% CI: −0.06, 0.11). Instead, adolescents with providers that supported their independence (b = .34, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.52) were significantly more likely to perceive higher quality care. Conclusion Supportive patient-provider relationships are an integral part of adolescents’ perceptions of quality of care. Adolescents are still gaining important skills for navigating the medical system, and the patient-provider relationship may provide an important scaffolding relationship to help adolescents build independence in their treatment experience. Practice implications Identifying potential mechanisms through which adolescents can provide their opinion, ask questions, and participate in their treatment plan will help in supporting adolescent independence and improve quality of care.
Strength of Composite Beams with Web Openings

An ultimate strength analysis of composite beams with unreinforced, rectangular web openings is presented. The analysis is developed for general beam geometry and material properties, and for a single web opening of any practical depth, width and location. The beneficial effects of strain hardening and the shear contribution of the slab are neglected, and a four hinge failure mechanism at the opening is assumed. Analytical results indicate that a composite section with a web opening has a significantly higher bending strength than the corresponding noncomposite section, and that variations in opening length, height and eccentricity can have a significant effect on the ultimate strength. Comparison of the analytical results with the limited experimental data available indicates that the theory provides a very conservative estimate of the ultimate strength. The discrepancy between theory and test results is attributed primarily to strain hardening and the shear contribution of the slab.
Modified kinetic model of the electron-capture detector: Molecular electron affinities and electron collection modes

Abstract The kinetic model for electron-capture detection (ECD) has recently been expanded to include excited states. Multiple electron affinities for C6F6, anthracene and tetracene have been reported in the literature. The temperature dependence of the ECD response is calculated using these values and the expanded two state model. Activation energies and pre-exponential terms for kinetic rate constants are determined. The pre-exponential terms for thermal electron attachment are compared with the maximum value calculated from the DeBroglie wavelength of the electron and the probability for stabilization. Temperature data from different methods of electron collection are compared. A general procedure for the determination of electron affinities from ECD data is presented. The following ECD electron affinities are reported: C6Cl6, 1.17±0.02 and 0.71±0.02; C6F5Cl, 0.96±0.03 and 0.82±0.02; C6F5NO2, 1.52±0.02; C6H5NO2, 1.00±0.01 and m-hydroxyacetophenone, 0.74±0.02 (all values in electron volts, eV).
The unnoticed mole.

Surgeons should not make medical decisions for a patient while the patient is under anesthesia. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Brain Functions and Mental Processes

Inferences about animal minds have typically been based upon the behavioral repertoire and ecological adaptations of the species in question. Supporting evidence can be obtained from cross-species comparisons of brain structure, function and organization, particularly comparisons between the brains of animals and humans. Here we describe several brain systems and functions which appear to be linked with mental processes in man and might, therefore, serve as markers for homologous or similar processes in animals.
Photochemical Water Oxidation in a Buffered Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium–Persulfate System Using Iron(III)-Modified Potassium Manganese Oxides as Catalysts

Study of manganese oxides for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic oxidation of water is an active area of research. The starting material in this study is a high-surface-area disordered birnessite-like material with K+ in the interlayers (KMnOx). Upon ion-exchange with Fe3+, the disordered layer structure collapses (Fe(IE)MnOx), and the surface area is slightly increased. Structural analysis of the Fe(IE)MnOx included examination of its morphology, crystal structure, vibrational spectra, and manganese oxidation states. Using the Ru(bpy)32+–persulfate system, the dissolved and headspace oxygen upon visible light photolysis with highly dispersed Fe(IE)MnOx was measured. The photocatalytic activity for O2 evolution of the Fe(IE)MnOx was three times better than KMnOx, with the highest rate being 9.3 mmolO2 molMn–1 s–1. The improvement of the photocatalytic activity was proposed to arise from the increased disorder and interaction of Fe3+ with the MnO6 octahedra. As a benchmark, colloidal IrO2 was a better pho...