cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Race for Strict Scrutiny Purposes: Yniguez and the Racialization of English Only

In November 1988, Arizona voters passed Article 28, Arizona’s English Only amendment. It proclaimed that the State “shall act in English and no other language.” In Yniguez v. Arizonans for Official English, the Ninth Circuit struck down Arizona’s English Only amendment on First Amendment grounds. But Maria-Kelly Yniguez’s challenge to Article 28 provides fertile ground for examining the law’s approach to defining race. Using Yniguez’s story, and through analysis of its surrounding discourse, this Comment explores how the law misdefines race. It also offers the beginnings of an alternative theoretical framework — based on “racial formation” theory and the sociolegal concept of the social construction of race — for determining whether a particular governmental classification is racial for constitutional scrutiny purposes. The article proposes the following principle: A governmental classification is racial for strict scrutiny purposes if, considering all the circumstances, the classification is substantially racialized. This means focusing not only on legislators’ elusive “intent,” but on all of the circumstances giving rise to the framing, adoption and implementation of the classification as well as the classification’s racial effects. This also means challenging as inadequate the narrow biological definition of race currently employed by the Court, recognizing the social and political construction of race, and inquiring into whether the classification is imbued with racial meaning and impact. Application of this framework reveals English Only proponents’ efforts to cloak in ostensibly “neutral” culture-based assertions their implicit arguments for allocating resources and opportunity along racial lines.
Myeloid Proliferations of Down Syndrome

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a markedly increased risk of developing unique myeloid proliferations such as transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) and myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS) [1, 2]. These proliferations occur in the first 3 years of life and are a result of several transforming genetic events that arise during the fetal and newborn period. The initial event, an additional chromosome 21, leads to increased megakaryocytic proliferation in the fetal liver. Subsequent mutation of GATA-binding protein 1 (GATA1) results in the development of TAM. Further acquisition of additional mutations of epigenetic regulators and common signaling pathways such as JAK family kinases, MPL, and multiple RAS pathway genes leads to the transformation to MS-DS [3].
Emergency department visits during outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives Patients receiving outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) may require emergency department (ED) visits to manage complications. This study's purpose was to identify risk factors for ED visits during OPAT and risk factors for hospitalization among patients with ED visits. Methods All OPAT courses initiated between 1 January 2013 and 1 January 2017 at Cleveland Clinic were identified. The first OPAT course per patient was included. For these, ED visits within 30 days were identified. Reasons and risk factors for these visits were sought, as were risk factors for hospitalization among patients visiting the ED. Results Among 8263 patients on OPAT, 381 (4.6%) had at least one ED visit, an additional 1133 (14%) were hospitalized and an additional 50 (0.6%) died, within 30 days. One hundred and ninety-three ED visits (51%) were OPAT related. In a multivariable subdistribution proportional hazards competing risks regression model, prior ED visit (preceding year) was most strongly associated with ED visits (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.76-2.98, P = 8.1 × 10-10). Eighty-five visits (22%) led to hospitalization. Compared with non-OPAT-related reasons, visits for vascular access complications were associated with lower odds of hospitalization (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.83, P = 0.022) and visits for worsening infection with higher odds (OR 18.95, 95% CI 5.50-79.85, P = 1.2 × 10-7). Conclusions Compared with patients without, patients with prior ED visit have a 2.3-fold higher hazard of an ED visit within 30 days of OPAT initiation. Visits for worsening infection are much more likely to result in hospitalization than those for vascular access complications.
Is evolutionary naturalism self-defeating?

Alvin Plantinga a publie deux ouvrages philosophiques dans lesquels il aborde le probleme du naturalisme evolutionniste : Warrant and Proper Function (Oxford, 1993) et Naturalism Defeated (1994). L'A. propose d'abord une synthese des idees developpees dans ces livres : Plantinga pense, en effet, que le naturalisme, en se laissant seduire par la these evolutionniste, degenere dans un sceptisme qui le rend incapable de toucher la verite pour le mener finalement a l'irrationnel et la faillite. La seconde partie de l'etude consiste a critiquer cet argument en lui opposant deux objections majeures
The state in sexual life: Public perceptions of condom use in Singapore, 1970–1990

During the 1970s, condoms were introduced into Singapore as a medical device. Health officials described men’s condom use as sharing women’s risks and responsibilities in birth control and family p...
Three-Signal Temporal-Mode Selective Upconversion Demultiplexing

We demonstrate demultiplexing of three spatio-temporally overlapped orthogonal temporal modes into three distinct wavelengths using a sum-frequency generation stage having multiple phase-matching peaks. Cross-talk between the fundamental mode and all other modes is 10 dB.
Copper-Catalyzed, N-Directed Csp3-H Trifluoromethylthiolation (-SCF3) and Trifluoromethylselenation (-SeCF3).

A direct and versatile copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation and trifluoromethylselenation of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic C–H bonds was developed. The reaction provides direct a...
Modes of Ingroup Identification and Notions of Justice Provide Distinct Pathways to Normative and Nonnormative Collective Action in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict:

People on both sides of an intergroup conflict undertake various forms of collective action to seek justice for their own group. Three studies investigated whether modes of ingroup identification p...
A contribution to the hypothesis of nicotinic challenge as therapeutic option for COVID-19 patients

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 represents an open and unresolved challenge for the global health system. The need to identify drugs that demonstrate efficacy in countering both the mechanisms of interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells and to control the devastating inflammatory phenomena that characterize the late stages of viral infection, requires increasingly urgent answers. The biomedical research approach based on the repurposing of already approved drugs seems to be one of the most viable strategies in this struggle. In this work, by using a computational pharmacology approach and on the basis of what has been recently reported on the potential of nicotinic receptors in countering both phases of COVID-19, we propose a hypothesis aimed at widening the spectrum of pharmacological tools currently available to medical doctors. Our proposal specifically concerns the possibility of using tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist at the same time positive allosteric interactor of the nicotinic alpha-7 receptor, in order to inhibit unexplored virus-host interaction and restore the physiological control mechanisms of the excessive inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Taming the Beast of Racism through Education, Understanding and Reform.

Racism and race relations in America can be seen as a tool which was constructed for the maintenance of the status quo. Racism may not necessarily be totally eliminated, but I am advancing the point is that, through education, racism – as rigidly structured as it is – can be better understood and possibly maintained. It is my view, however, that racism is an indelible feature of the system, but it can be tamed and the taming process should follow a particular rubric. I revisit key readings of the Comparative Race Politics course, and others and conclude with suggestions on what a Racism Taming Rubric (RTR) could look like. The taming of racism, I, believe, will take a major multi-faceted effort, beginning with an introspective mindset, and tracing back to the roots or source of the race-making activity. Education, understanding, and reform are therefore key attributes of the RTR.
Resorbable vascular grafts show rapid cellularization and degradation in the ovine carotid.

Small-diameter vascular grafts perform poorly as arterial bypasses. We developed a cell-free, resorbable graft intended to remodel in situ into a living vessel. The graft consisted of a soft electrospun poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) core, a PGS prepolymer (pPGS) coating, and a reinforcing electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) sheath. The core contained 4.37 ± 1.95 μm fibers and had a porosity of 66.4 ± 3.2%, giving it large pores to encourage cellular infiltration and pro-healing macrophages. The sheath contained 6.63 ± 0.89 μm fibers and had a porosity of 80.5 ± 2.1%. in vitro testing suggested that the stress achieved at arterial pressure would be 13-fold lower than the yield stress of the graft. Grafts were implanted as 7 cm carotid interpositions in two sheep. Sheep were maintained on dual antiplatelet therapy and followed with duplex ultrasound. One graft ruptured at 13 days. The second animal was euthanized with a dilated graft at 15 days. Histology showed near-total degradation of the core and a robust inflammatory response within the sheath. Little neotissue had formed within the graft wall or lumen, but the graft had become surrounded by fibroblast-rich and vascularized connective tissue. Because PCL is commonly used in resorbable grafts, this mechanical destabilization was unexpected. We speculate that the inflammatory response instigated by the rapidly degrading PGS intensified degradation of the PCL and that the large pores enabled a prolonged acute host-graft reaction which attacked the entire bulk of the material, speeding weakening. Future work will focus on how to moderate inflammation and improve remodeling of grafts in large animals.
Increased Revisions in Conversion Total Knee Arthroplasty After Periarticular Open Reduction Internal Fixation Compared With Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Matched Cohort Analysis

Abstract Background Prior studies on conversion total knee arthroplasty (cTKA) have reported increased technical challenges and risk of complications compared with primary knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to compare two-year postoperative complication/revision rates between patients undergoing cTKA after prior periarticular open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and those undergoing primary TKA. Methods Patients who underwent cTKA after prior periarticular ORIF of the ipsilateral knee were identified in a national all-payer claims database from 2010 to 2018. This ORIF-cTKA cohort was propensity matched to participants undergoing primary TKA based on age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, and obesity status. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze differences in two-year complication and revision rates. Results After propensity matching, 823 patients were included in the ORIF-cTKA cohort and 1640 patients in the primary TKA cohort. No differences in demographics or comorbidities existed between cohorts. Relative to the primary TKA cohort, the ORIF-cTKA cohort had significantly higher incidences of all-cause revision (5.47% vs 2.47%, P = .001), periprosthetic joint infection (PJI; 4.74% vs 1.34%, P Conclusion Relative to primary TKA, cTKA after periarticular ORIF is associated with significantly increased rates of all-cause revision, PJI, and periprosthetic fracture at two years postoperatively. Surgeons should counsel these patients about the increased risks of these postoperative complications and consider treating them as high risk for PJI in the perioperative period.
Machine learned Hückel theory: Interfacing physics and deep neural networks.

The Huckel Hamiltonian is an incredibly simple tight-binding model known for its ability to capture qualitative physics phenomena arising from electron interactions in molecules and materials. Part of its simplicity arises from using only two types of empirically fit physics-motivated parameters: the first describes the orbital energies on each atom and the second describes electronic interactions and bonding between atoms. By replacing these empirical parameters with machine-learned dynamic values, we vastly increase the accuracy of the extended Huckel model. The dynamic values are generated with a deep neural network, which is trained to reproduce orbital energies and densities derived from density functional theory. The resulting model retains interpretability, while the deep neural network parameterization is smooth and accurate and reproduces insightful features of the original empirical parameterization. Overall, this work shows the promise of utilizing machine learning to formulate simple, accurate, and dynamically parameterized physics models.
1D PDE Model for Thermal Dynamics in Fluid-Cooled Battery Packs: Numerical Methods and Sensor Placement

This paper addresses the problem of modeling and estimating state dynamics in coupled battery and thermal cooling systems. We present a coupled diffusion-advection PDE model for fluid-cooled battery packs. A novel numerical method is proposed to simulate this PDE system. The technique is a monolithic integration of the method of characteristics and the Crank-Nicolson update scheme. The numerical scheme is validated with thermal energy conservation and shown to be conservative. We then leverage this numeric scheme to examine the optimal sensor placement problem. We formulate and solve the optimal sensor placement problem by designing the “C matrix” such that the mean square error of the Kalman filter state estimate is minimized.
Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units in a Large Health System in Western Pennsylvania.

Importance Despite growing literature, there is still limited understanding of factors that can predict outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who require intensive care. Objective To evaluate the characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and identify their associations with outcomes. Background There are limited data on the outcomes in COVID-19 patients in Pennsylvania. Design Retrospective study Setting Intensive care units in an academic health system in Western Pennsylvania. Participants Patients with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs as direct admission or transfers from regular floors between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2020. Main outcome(s) and measure(s) The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included complications during ICU stay, hospital length of stay, discharge disposition, and the need for oxygen at discharge. Categorical variables are described as frequencies and continuous variables as median with interquartile range (IQR). Regression modeling was used to identify the predictors of inpatient mortality in these patients. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis was performed using Stata version 15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). Results The cohort included 58 consecutive patients, with a median age of 62 years (IQR 54-73), 63.8% of which were male. On presentation, constitutional symptoms were the most common (91.4%), followed by lower respiratory tract symptoms (87.9%). Tachypnea (65.5%) and hypoxia (67.2%) were the most common abnormal vital signs at presentation. Common comorbidities were cardiovascular disease (74.1%), obesity (53.5%), and diabetes (39.7%). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score on admission to ICU was 11 (IQR 8.5-17.5). The major complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 50.0%, shock 41.4%, and acute kidney injury 41.4%. The proportion of patients who underwent mechanical ventilation, required vasopressors, or were on renal replacement therapy were 58.6%, 41.4%, and 10.3%, respectively. Overall mortality was 32.8%. Age, Charlson-comorbidity index, tachypnea, lymphopenia at presentation, high APACHE score, shock, ARDS, mechanical ventilation, and steroid use were significantly associated with mortality. Of the patients who survived their ICU stay, 63.2% were discharged home and 44.7% had a new oxygen requirement at discharge. Conclusion and relevance Our study reports high mortality in COVID-19 patients requiring ICU care in Western Pennsylvania. Identifying factors associated with poor prognosis could help risk-stratify these patients. Prospective studies are needed to assess whether early risk stratification and triaging result in improved outcomes.
A Reevaluation of Superior Tree Performance After 48 Years for a Loblolly Pine Progeny Test in Southern Arkansas

A plus-tree progeny test of full- and half-sib “superior” loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was installed in 1969 on the Crossett Experimental Forest (CEF) to consider the performance of 28 improved families with unimproved planting stock from the CEF (family W29). Performance was evaluated using data from young (3-year-old; early 1970s), maturing (25-year-old; 1994), and mature (48-year-old; 2017) trees. With the exception of a single improved family, early survival was high (>80%), with most families exceeding 90%. Three years post-planting, fusiform rust infection rates were also low, with most families having less than 1% of seedlings infected. At this early stage, the unimproved CEF family W29 only slightly underperformed the best full- and half-sib superior families. By 1994, W29 had slightly higher than average merchantable volume. This trend continued for W29 when remeasured in 2017, with the average merchantable volume yield for W29 statistically similar to the most productive families. This study found only limited volume performance gains from crossing plus-trees. However, it was important to note that several of the best height growth-performing families in 1972 were not the highest merchantable volume producers at 25 or 48 years, and some of the worst early performers moved into the upper tiers by the later remeasurements. These outcomes suggest that depending solely on early height performance to select families for long-term (>50 year) volume (especially if adjusted for wood density) or biomass yields may not be the best approach for forest managers seeking to increase carbon sequestration.
Tau Neutrino Identification in Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations Without Particle Identification or Unitarity

The largest tau neutrino data set to date is IceCube's atmospheric tau neutrino appearance data set containing $>1,000$ tau neutrino and antineutrino events as determined by a fit to a standard three-flavor oscillation framework. On an event-by-event basis, however, it is impossible to know that any given event is a tau neutrino as they are identical to either an electron neutrino charged-current event or a neutral-current interaction of any active flavor. Nonetheless, we conclusively show that, using only the cascade sample even without knowledge of the oscillation parameters and without assuming that the lepton mixing matrix is unitary, that tau neutrino identification is still possible and there is no viable scenario in which all of the tau neutrino candidates are actually electron neutrinos. This is primarily due to the matter effect and the tau lepton production threshold, as well as the fact that tau neutrinos are systematically reconstructed at a lower energy than electron neutrinos due to one or more outgoing neutrinos. This conclusively shows that it is possible for an atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiment to confirm that $U_{\tau1}$, $U_{\tau2}$, and $U_{\tau3}$ are not all zero even with limited particle identification.
The Effect of Supersaturation on Apatite Crystal Formation in Aqueous Solutions at Physiologic pH and Temperature

The importance of supersaturation in the dynamics of apatite precipitation from aqueous solutions is well-established. To determine whether this parameter has a comparable impact on the concomitant development of the textural properties of this phase, such as crystal size and shape, we investigated mineral accretion in synthetic solutions seeded with 0.67 g/L apatite over a range of supersaturations at pH 7.4 and 37°C. A dual specific-ion electrode-controlled titration method was used to maintain the seeded reactions under the following solution conditions: 1.0 to 1.8 mmol/L Ca2+, 0.67 to 1.2 mmol/L total phosphate (PO 4), Ca/PO4 (initial) = 1.5, 143 mmol/L KNO3, and 10 mmol/L HEPES. Samples were collected for chemical and textural analyses when the seed apatite was reduced by new accretions to 1/2,1/4,1/8,1/16, and 1/32 of the total solids in suspension. All new accretions were found to be apatitic. At the lowest supersaturation, accretion occurred primarily by growth of the seed crystals. However, at th...
Costello Syndrome and Chiari I Malformation: Apropos of a Case With a Review of the Literature Regarding a Potential Association

We report a child with Costello syndrome and Chiari I malformation. The medical literature has several case reports of findings peculiar for each of these two clinical entities that, when investigated, can actually be found in both processes. Recent reports have shown additional medical coincidences for the Chiari I malformation, which, unlike the Chiari II malformation, was once thought not to have many additional associations. We propose that both Costello syndrome and other clinical entities that have potential mesodermal or ectodermal deficiencies (eg, Chiari I malformation and phakomatoses, respectively) could have common dysgeneses. Further case reports from other institutions regarding Costello syndrome and Chiari I malformation are now necessary to confirm our findings. Our hope is that these data will potentially add to our knowledge of the etiology of both Costello syndrome and Chiari I malformation and potentially aid in the definition of a genetic locus for both entities.
Recent Advances in Mobile Agent‐Oriented Applications

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Mobile Agents and Distributed Information Retrieval System Administration Mobile Agents and Sensor Network Swarming Intelligence Agents, Pervasive Computing, and Education: A Case Study Conclusions and Future Trends Acknowledgments References
Performance of CDMA cellular networks with base-station antenna arrays: the downlink

The rapid increase in the number of mobile telephone users has put great pressure on system capacity in many urban areas. This is despite the range of technologies that have multiplied the capacity including the most recently use of digital communication and coding. Antenna arrays at the base-station have been recently shown to increase system capacity. We study the performance of the downlink channel and predict capacity improvement. We also present simulation results to support our analysis. >
The locus of attentional effects in texture segmentation

Cuing covert spatial attention can increase spatial resolution. Here we pinpointed the specific locus of this effect using texture segmentation. At the level of visual cortex, texture segmentation theoretically involves passage of visual input through two layers of spatial linear filters separated by a pointwise nonlinearity. By manipulating the textures to differentially stimulate first- or second-order filters of various scales, we showed that the attentional effect consistently varied with the latter. These psychophysical results further support the hypothesis that attention increases resolution at the attended location and are consistent with an effect of attention at stages as early as the primary visual cortex.
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, is newly diagnosed in approximately 400,000 patients each year, and is particularly prevalent in individuals over age 65 years. Average mortality rates 5 years after diagnosis are 45-60%, and may be as high as 50% after 1 year for those with New York Heart Association class IV heart disease. Heart failure occurs when myocardial muscle dysfunction prevents the heart from pumping enough blood at normal cardiac pressures to meet the metabolic needs of the body, especially during exercise, and compensatory hemodynamic and neurohormonal mechanisms are overwhelmed or maladaptive. Pathologic classifications are broadly based on the presence of systolic (dilated cardiomyopathy) or diastolic (hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathies) dysfunction. The etiologies of heart failure may include inadequate coronary blood flow, pressure or volume overload, cardiomyopathy, or pericardial disease. Coronary artery disease, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypertension are the most frequent causes, and certain drugs may also worsen myocardial function. When contractility is reduced, stroke volume and cardiac output are decreased, and alterations in the kidneys may induce fluid retention to compensate for the perceived low output and reduced circulating blood volume. Fluid retention in turn causes preload or filling pressure to increase and symptoms of pulmonary congestion to emerge. Depressed contractility also results in a reduction in blood pressure, leading to compensatory neurohormonal activation and vasoconstriction, which significantly elevate afterload and further reduce stroke volume. The overall approach to heart failure includes defining the etiology, identifying precipitant factors, and assessing the severity of myocardial dysfunction and clinical symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inhibition of Alpha Interferon but Not Gamma Interferon Signal Transduction by Phorbol Esters Is Mediated by a Tyrosine Phosphatase

Previous studies have indicated that the expression of viral oncoproteins, cell transformation, or phorbol ester treatment of cells can inhibit alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-induced gene expression. The mechanisms by which these promoters of cell growth exert their inhibitory effects vary, but in most instances they involve a disruption of the IFN-alpha/beta-induced transcription complex ISGF3 such that the DNA-binding component of this complex (the 48-kDa ISGF3gamma protein) does not bind to the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). In this report, we demonstrated that phorbol ester treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes dramatically inhibits activation of IFN-alpha/B-stimulated early response genes but by a mechanism which does not involve abrogation of the ISRE binding of ISGF3gamma. Phorbol ester treatment of monocytes inhibited IFN alpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factors Stat1alpha, Stat2, and Stat3 and of the tyrosine kinase Tyk2 but had no effect on IFN-gamma activation of Stat1alpha. IFNalpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1 and the alpha subunit of the IFN-alpha receptor were unaffected by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Moreover, PMA caused the dephosphorylation of Tyk2 but not of Jak1, which was activated by IFN. Pretreatment of cells with vanadate prevented the effects of PMA with regard to PMA-induced Tyk2 dephosphorylation. These observations suggest that PMA exerts its inhibitory effects by activation of a tyrosine phosphatase which selectively regulates Tyk2 but not Jak1 activity.
The Jupiter program

Jupiter is a Sandia National Laboratories initiative to develop the next generation of fast Z-pinch drivers for applications to high energy density physics, inertial confinement fusion, and radiation effects simulation. Jupiter will also provide unique capabilities for science research in a broad spectrum of areas involving ultra high magnetic fields, hot/dense plasmas, X-ray physics, intense neutron sources, etc. The program is based on the premise that a single facility using magnetically driven implosions can meet the needs in these multiple program areas. Jupiter requires a 450-500 TW, 8-10 MV, /spl sim/100 ns pulsed power generator to impart /spl sim/15 MJ kinetic energy to an imploding plasma load. The baseline concept uses a highly modular, robust architecture with demonstrated performance reliability. The design also has the flexibility to drive longer implosion times. This paper describes the Jupiter accelerator concept, and the research underway to establish the technological readiness to proceed with construction of the facility.
Sex differences in political communication during presidential campaigns

This study examines and tests sex differences in interpersonal political communication during a period of one week prior to the 1988 presidential election. The data for the study were collected from 567 respondents selected by a systematic random sampling procedure among adult residents in a medium sized city in New York. The results demonstrated that both men and women participated in political discussion quite actively, much more frequently than previous studies have reported. Men still talked about the campaign with significantly more people than women. Women were much more likely than men to name their spouses as their main political discussants, while men were more likely to mention friends and co‐workers. There was a very high congruency between people's perception of their discussants’ voting choices, their own intention and their actual vote. This tendency was especially strong among women. This finding suggests that people talk mainly with people in social groups who agree with them, indicating t...
The development feasibility of canal oriented development in the arid southwest: Opinions of key stakeholders

Phoenix Arizona is the quintessential polycentric desert city. Built for the car in an extreme climate, the city both lacks walkability and substantial density within the built form that is often found in cities of similar size. Yet within the boundaries of the metropolitan area, 181 miles of canals traverse the built environment, providing an opportunity for walkable nodal development at strategic locations. This unrealized potential offers the city a unique opportunity for mixed-use development within an already-constructed infrastructure, but challenges remain. This paper explores the feasibility of canal oriented development (COD) in Phoenix by analyzing: (1) opinions of key stakeholders, (2) the possibility of place based mixed-use walkable developments along the canals, and (3) the ability to create pockets of density. Results indicate that COD in Phoenix will be driven by commercial development, which entails that municipal investment will be a greater catalyst for eventual success than the regional utility that maintains the canal.
On the mean radius of permutation polytopes

After calculating the mean value of the support function for the simplex of the coordinate vectors over the unit sphere, we find the mean for a number of polytopes, including the Birkhoff and Asymmetric Traveling Salesman polytopes, and discuss what the latter means for the corresponding Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem. We also discuss how to apply these results to efficiently count the vertices of certain other permutation polytopes.
Ligand-induced Conformational Changes in the Apical Domain of the Chaperonin GroEL

Although the role of nucleotides in the catalytic cycle of the GroESL chaperonin system has been extensively studied, the molecular effects of nucleotides in modulating exposure of sites on GroEL has not been thoroughly investigated. We report here that nucleotides (ATP, ADP, or adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate) in the presence of Mg2+ make the oligomer selectively sensitive to trypsin proteolysis in a fashion suggesting conformational changes in the monomers of one heptameric ring. The site of proteolysis in the monomer that is exposed upon nucleotide binding by the oligomer is in the apical domain (Arg-268). Further, complexes of GroEL with GroES or rhodanese display the same sensitivity to proteolysis, unlike the GroEL-GroES-rhodanese complex, which is protected from proteolysis. The influence of various cations on trypsin proteolysis is investigated to elucidate the differential effects that monovalent and divalent cations have on the oligomeric structure of the chaperonin. These results are discussed in relation to the molecular basis for the chaperonin activity.
Petrology of the Mecklenburg gabbro-metagabbro complex, North Carolina

The Mecklenburg complex, which crops out in the Carolina Piedmont, consists of older metagabbro and metafelsic rocks of upper amphibolite grade, and a younger postmetamorphic gabbro. On the evidence of field data and gravity measurements, the younger gabbro appears to be a plug-like body with steeply dipping contacts that may converge inward at relatively shallow depth; the pluton may extend only 8,000–15,000 feet into the subsurface.
Design, implementation, and quality control in the Pathways American-Indian multicenter trial

Background Pathways was the first multicenter American-Indian school-based study to test the effectiveness of an obesity prevention program promoting healthy eating and physical activity.
Change Theory in CPE and HRD: Toward a Holistic View of Learning and Change in Work:

The problem and the solution. Whereas human resource development, for the most part, addresses organizational levels of learning and change, continuing professional education focuses on these processes largely through the lens of individual practitioner learning and development. Each of these perspectives provides a helpful but incomplete notion of work-related learning and change.To increase their effectiveness, these fields need to be grounded in a more holistic understanding of workrelated learning and change and how it can be facilitated.
Complete removal of redundant expressions

Partial redundancy elimination (PRE), the most important component of global optimizers, generalizes the removal of common subexpressions and loop-invariant computations. Because existing PRE implementations are based on code motion, they fail to completely remove the redundancies. In fact, we observed that 73% of loop-invariant statements cannot be eliminated from loops by code motion alone. In dynamic terms, traditional PRE eliminates only half of redundancies that are strictly partial. To achieve a complete PRE, control flow restructuring must be applied. However, the resulting code duplication may cause code size explosion.This paper focuses on achieving a complete PRE while incurring an acceptable code growth. First, we present an algorithm for complete removal of partial redundancies, based on the integration of code motion and control flow restructuring. In contrast to existing complete techniques, we resort to restructuring merely to remove obstacles to code motion, rather than to carry out the actual optimization.Guiding the optimization with a profile enables additional code growth reduction through selecting those duplications whose cost is justified by sufficient execution-time gains. The paper develops two methods for determining the optimization benefit of restructuring a program region, one based on path-profiles and the other on data-flow frequency analysis. Furthermore, the abstraction underlying the new PRE algorithm enables a simple formulation of speculative code motion guaranteed to have positive dynamic improvements. Finally, we show how to balance the three transformations (code motion, restructuring, and speculation) to achieve a near-complete PRE with very little code growth.We also present algorithms for efficiently computing dynamic benefits. In particular, using an elimination-style data-flow framework, we derive a demand-driven frequency analyzer whose cost can be controlled by permitting a bounded degree of conservative imprecision in the solution.
Information content of CPU memory referencing behavior

The memory reference trace of a computation is modeled as a probabilistic process and the information content of that process is derived. Techniques are developed for analyzing the effectiveness of the addressing architecture and Memory/CPU traffic of existing machines with respect to the information theoretic bound for a given trace.Several techniques for analyzing particular aspects of addressing architecture are also developed. Possible areas of improvement for addressing architecture, compilers, and memory architecture are suggested for performance enhancement.
Reaction to videocolposcopy in the assessment of child sexual abuse.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clinically assess children's reactions to videocolposcopy with real-time observation of magnified anogenital images (VCO), and to evaluate whether these reactions are affected by patient or other characteristics such as response to preparation, disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA), or examination findings. METHOD: Consecutive cases of children ages less than 18 years referred to a children's hospital clinic for nonemergent evaluation of suspected CSA during 1997 through 1999 were studied. We noted the child's response with clinical observation before and after videocolposcopy, and used the Genital Examination Distress Scale (GEDS) after evaluation. We compared these responses to patient gender, age, ethnicity, pubertal status, disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA), and physical examination findings using univariate and regression analyses. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-seven children (mean age 7.2 years, range 0-17) underwent videocolposcopy, of whom 55.1% disclosed sexual abuse and 17.2% had a positive examination. More than 80% were female, prepubertal, and non-Hispanic White. Most (85%) watched their examination on the monitor and were either cooperative or enthusiastic before and after videocolposcopy. Fewer very young children (ages 0-3 years) or female adolescents (13-17 years) watched the monitor. Summed GEDS scores were strongly correlated with observed responses after the procedure (p = .01), and children with CSA disclosure were three times more likely to watch the monitor and five times more likely than those without disclosure to have improved comfort. Other patient characteristics were not significantly associated with patient reaction to VCO. CONCLUSIONS: Most children are interested in watching their anogenital examination using magnified real-time images obtained during videocolposcopy and tolerate the procedure well. The GEDS is highly correlated with subjective clinical observation. While some children may particularly benefit from participating in their examination by using VCO, long-term effects of the evaluation and any relationship of a child's reaction to videocolposcopy with their history of sexual victimization remain to be established. Language: en
Characteristics of "natural" long and short sleepers: a preliminary report.

A comparison of the psychological, physiological, and intellectual characteristics of long and short sleepers was made among first-year college students who indicated their typical sleep length on ...
Relationship of raised atherosclerotic lesions to fatty streaks in 19 location-race groups.

Abstract Atherosclerosis was graded by gross inspection of Sudan-stained arterial intimal surfaces estimating percent surface involved by raised lesions (R), fatty streaks (F), and no lesions (N). The right coronary artery and abdominal aorta of over 20,000 cases, 25–69 years of age, from 19 location-race groups were used. Cases were classed by sex, broad cause of death categories, and age. Raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all types of lesions was found at each age to have approximately a constant ratio to the percentage surface involved with all types of lesions. This was true over the range of surface involvement within age, sex, and cause of death classes, but between classes the ratio was not constant. Comparisons among location-race groups indicated marked differences in mean involvement by all types of lesions and by raised lesions expressed as a percentage of all lesions. The variation among groups in the fraction of raised among lesions was found to be partly related to parallel variability in average involvement by all types of lesions. However, some groups stood out as having too much or too little of raised lesions for their degree of involvement by all types of lesions. For instance Manila had extensive raised lesions with little fatty streaking while Bogota had more fatty streaking but not so much of raised lesions. In the sequence N → F → R, Class A causes act at both stages of atherogenesis while Class B causes act at stage I or stage II but not both. Class A and Class B causes both revealed important variation among location-race, sex, and cause of death groups.
Policy Issues Associated with Acid Deposition and Global Climate Change

The author describes the present structure and activities of the Canadian Electrical Association. He then discusses some of the key issues that are of direct relevance to the Municipal Electric Association. These are the question of the supply/demand balance and environmental issues. >
Cell-type-dependent activation of the cellular EF-1α promoter by the varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IE63 protein is abundantly expressed during productive viral infection and is one of six gene products that appear to be expressed during latency. We have found that the IE63 protein can activate expression from the cellular EF-1alpha promoter in the absence of other viral proteins. The VZV IE62 protein, in contrast, was not found to transactivate this promoter. These data indicate that IE63 can function independently of the IE62 protein to positively influence the cellular transcription apparatus. We show that IE63 activation of the EF-1alpha promoter is cell type dependent and have examined the effects of point mutations important for IE63 phosphorylation and virus viability on this activation.
Intentions of College Students to Serve as Informal Caregivers for Their Older Relatives: Theory of Planned Behavior Approach

As the older adult population increases, the healthcare system is experiencing a shortage of professional health care providers and caregivers. Consequently, the role of family to serve as caregivers will expand to care for older relatives at home. Thus, a larger proportion of adult children will become caregivers, including young adults enrolled as college students. Therefore, a need exists to examine the intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms of typical college students to assume the role of informal caregivers. The present study is based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The TPB assumes attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control influence intentions which provide the best predictors of actual behavior. The cross-sectional study included an attitude scale, additional scales based on TPB, and a demographic profile. Data were collected from 750 currently enrolled university students then analyzed for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarch...
Ergonomic evaluation of a wearable assistive device for overhead work

Overhead work is an important risk factor for upper extremity (UE) musculoskeletal disorders. We examined the potential of a mechanical arm and an exoskeletal vest as a wearable assistive device (WADE) for overhead work. Twelve participants completed 10 minutes of simulated, intermittent overhead work, using each of three payloads (1.1, 3.4 and 8.1 kg) and with/without the WADE. Ratings of perceived discomfort (RPDs) and electromyography (EMG) were obtained for the upper arms, shoulders and low back. Using the WADE, UE RPDs decreased by ∼50% with the heavier payloads, whereas smaller (∼25%) and non-significant increases in low-back RPDs were found and were relatively independent of payload. Changes in RPDs with WADE use were consistent with physical demands indicated by EMG, though EMG-based differences in fatigue were less apparent. Participants generally preferred using the WADE, particularly with heavier payloads. These results supported the potential utility of a WADE as an intervention for overhead work.
Concerning hyperthermia phantom

The author describes the development of a tissue‐like hyperthermia phantom useful for point by point mapping of hyperthermia fields using transistor probes. This phantom is superior to an earlier model due to its higher melting point of 60°. (AIP)
Valleys in pit craters on Mars: Characteristics, distribution, and formation mechanisms

Abstract New observations of central pit craters on Mars reveal that some craters contain prominent interior valley networks that drain into their central pit. In this study, we catalog the distribution of pit craters with associated valleys, and characterize in detail five diverse, well-preserved examples. In some instances, sedimentary deposits we interpret as either alluvial fans or deltas are found in the central pits, and evidence suggests that at least some of these pits once contained lakes. Fluvial activity within the five pit craters we detail, appears to have occurred relatively late in Mars history, during the Hesperian or Amazonian periods. For this reason, further understanding the formation mechanisms of these valleys has important implications for the history of water on Mars.
Quantized Electric Flux Tubes in Quantum Chromodynamics

It is shown that in the strong-coupling limit the spectrum of quantum chromodynamics consists of closed and open strings with quarks at the ends. A Hamiltonian formulation in the axial gauge ${{A}_{3}}^{a}=0$ is used. The theory is reformulated in terms of new canonical variables. Algebraic methods are employed to arrive at these results.
Architecting Real-Time Crowd-Powered Systems

Human computation allows computer systems to leverage human intelligence in computational processes. While it has primarily been used for tasks that are not time-sensitive, recent systems use crowdsourcing to get on-demand, real-time, and even interactive results. In this paper, we present techniques for building real-time crowdsourcing systems, and then discuss how and when to use them. Our goal is to provide system builders with the tools and insights they need to replicate the success of modern systems in order to further explore this new space.
Fostering Cross‐Cultural Learning and Advocacy for Social Justice through an Immersion Experience in Puerto Rico

Our country's increasing social diversity, the richness and complexity of cultures, diversity of self‐defined individual identities, and complexity of cross‐cultural interactions make effective diversity teaching a challenging but critical need. In addition, for services to be provided in culturally competent manner educators must prepare social work students to understand and address the causes, dynamics and consequences of oppression in the life experiences of diverse populations. This article will describe a graduate travel study social work course designed to provide a cultural immersion experience in Puerto Rico. Anecdotal evidence of the students' transformative learning experiences and commitment to social justice advocacy are offered.
Effect of voluntary wheel-running exercise on muscles of the mdx mouse

The purpose of this study is to determine whether dystrophin-deficient mdx mice are more susceptible to muscle injury and functional impairment than normal C57 mice when allowed to exercise voluntarily on mouse wheels. The mdx mice were significantly impaired when compared to controls as shown by functional, contractile and morphometric responses. The distance young mdx mice ran was 67-78% of young C57 mice, while adult mdx mice ran 31-48% of adult controls. After exercise the slow, oxidative soleus of young and adult mdx mice exhibited hypertrophy with no changes in strength or fatiguability, while the young C57 mice increased strength and the adults became less fatiguable. In the adult mdx mice the fast EDL, which is primarily glycolytic, exhibits slight hypertrophy with a loss of strength, while the young exhibit no changes. These results indicate that the mdx mouse adapts differently than the C57 mouse to even moderate exercise.