cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aging Leydig Cell: III. Gonadotropin Stimulation in Men

To assess the capacity of aging human Leydig cells to respond to intramuscular injection of hCG, six healthy men, 68 to 86 years old, and eight healthy younger subjects, 25 to 42 years old, were studied. After two control specimens, each subject was given hCG (40 IU/kg of body weight intramuscularly) at 0900 hours. Blood specimens were then obtained hourly for 6 hours and at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The younger men had higher control concentrations of testosterone (P < 0.05). Both groups demonstrated biphasic elevations of circulating testosterone and 170H-progesterone with a nadir at 5 hours and 6 hours separating the rises. The early (1–6 hours) and late (24, 48, and 72 hours) testosterone and 170H-progesterone responses to hCG were significantly lower in older men. The older men demonstrated significant estradiol increases at 3, 4, and 6 hours, while the younger group had a significant 2-hour rise. However, the peak (24-hour) estradiol rises were significantly greater in the younger men. We conclude that theb aged Leydig cell demonstrates altered early (1–6 hours) and late(24, 48, and 72 hours) responses to intramuscular injection of hCG, as assessed by circulating concentrations of testosterone, 17OH-progesterone, and estradiol.
Effect of partial coherence on four-wave mixing in photorefractive materials via reflection grating approximation

We investigate the effect of beam coherence on four-wave mixing via reflection gratings in photorefractive media. For the case of phase conjugation, the results of our theoretical analysis indicate that partial coherence always leads to a drop of signal gain and phase conjugate reflectivity in non-depleted cases. In general, the mutual coherence of the signal beam and the pump beam can be enhanced due to the process of wave mixing. The mutual coherence of the phase conjugate beam and one of the pump beams depends on the beam intensity ratio as well as the optical path difference. This is distinctly different from the four-wave mixing case with a transmission grating.
Localization of Cranin (Dystroglycan) at Sites of Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Contact: Recruitment to Focal Adhesions Is Dependent upon Extracellular Ligands

We report that cranin (dystroglycan) can become recruited to focal adhesions of cultured rat REF 52 fibroblasts and human aortic smooth muscle cells. Within mature focal adhesions, cranin was present within the plaque region defined by β1 integrin, vinculin and phosphotyrosine staining, but occupied a larger domain corresponding to, the terminal segments of stress fibers that was more precisely co-extensive with the cytoskeletal proteins alpha-actinin, utrophin and aciculin. When REF 52 fibroblasts were plated on different substrata in the absence of protein synthesis and secretion in serum-free medium, focal clusters of cranin readily formed within 2 hours on matrix proteins that bind cranin directly (laminin or agrin) which were maintained as the focal adhesions became mature. In contrast, cranin failed to become targeted to cell-substratum attachment sites, either at early or later times. when cells were plated on a variety of other substrata that elicit formation of focal adhesions but do not bind cra...
Digital image processing of radiation therapy portal films

Digital image processing has the potential to enhance and improve several functions of a modern radiation oncology department. These functions may include improving perception of information for low contrast films, electronic transfer of images to remote facilities and back, and reducing storage space requirements for archiving once treatment is finished. This paper gives an overview of the digitization process and of image processing fundamentals. The clinical evaluation of digitized portal films is also discussed. The authors conclude that digitizing low contrast radiation therapy portal films is feasible with present technology and will produce images acceptable for routine clinical use in most instances. The role of image enhancement is less well established and remains investigational.
Suppression of dimethylnitrosamine metabolism and toxicity by nitrososarcosine and other nitrosamines.

Groups of rats were pretreated with nitrososarcosine (NS), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), or dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) in order to observe potential effects on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) toxicity and metabolism. NS and DEN completely suppressed DMN-induced inhibition of liver protein synthesis while the case with DBN was not as clear. DMN metabolism was effected by suppression of DMN demethylase activity, and an inhibition of RNA, DNA, and protein methylation by [14C]DMN by each nitroso compound.
Androgens and male mating behavior in rough-skinned newts, Taricha granulosa

Abstract Cyproterone acetate was administered either orally or intraperitoneally to intact, adult male newts, Taricha granulosa . The number of males that exhibited the courtship behavior of clasping when tested with nuptial females was not altered by the antiandrogen treatments. In males which were unresponsive to nuptial females, the occurrence of clasping was not evoked by injections for 4 days of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or 11-ketotestosterone. Further, the incidence of clasping was not significantly elevated by injections of prolactin and/or testosterone for 30 days. The effect of sexual activity on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in male newts was determined by radioimmunoassay of plasma collected from males which were: (1) isolated from females; (2) allowed to clasp a female for 2 min; or (3) allowed to clasp a female for 1 hr. The testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels were unchanged during this period of clasping. In February and again in June, plasma androgen concentrations were measured in males which differed in their propensity to initiate courtship when paired with females. Androgen levels were similar for males that clasped a female and males that never attempted to clasp a female. Plasma androgen levels in the male newt are apparently not correlated with sexual responsiveness.
Transformation of Ba-Al-Si precursors to celsian by high-temperature oxidation and annealing

Celsian (monoclinic BaO · A12O3 · 2SiO2) is being considered as a matrix material for ceramic composites used in high-temperature structural applications. The present article describes the synthesis of celsian by the oxidation and annealing of solid, malleable, metallic Ba-Al-Si precursors. The phase and microstructural evolution after various stages of oxidation at 300 °C to 1260 °C in pure oxygen at 1 atm pressure have been examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analyses (EPMA). Barium peroxide, BaO2, formed rapidly during oxidation at 300 °C, with aluminum and silicon remaining largely as unoxidized particles in a BaO2 matrix. Between 300 °C and 500 °C, barium orthosilicate, Ba2Si04, formed by a solid-state reaction between barium peroxide and unoxidized silicon. Further exposure to temperatures between 500 °C and 1200 °C resulted in the oxidation of aluminum and of residual silicon. The oxidized silicon reacted with the barium orthosilicate matrix to yield higher silica-containing barium silicates that, in turn, reacted with alumina or mullite to form metastable hexacelsian (hexagonal BaO-A12O3 · 2SiO2). Celsian was then obtained by further exposure to peak temperatures ≤1260°C.
MICRO TARGET, MACRO IMPACT: THE RESOLUTION OF THE KASHMIR CONFLICT AS A KEY TO SHRINKING AL-QAEDA'S INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST NETWORK

The on-going Kashmir conflict has metamorphosed into a formidable insurgency that has attracted extremist groups fromPakistan and elements of Al-Qaeda. Given Al-Qaeda's modus operandi as an international network based on already existing domestic extremist groups, this article argues for the resolution of the India-Pakistan Kashmir conflict as an avenue for shrinking the constituency of both Kashmiri domestic extremist groups and, by extension, that of Al-Qaeda's. Feasible options for resolutions are analyzed and an alternative proposition is suggested. An unresolved, or inadequately resolved, conflict is expected to lead the Kashmiri insurgency on a trajectory directed at the Pakistani government, possibly leading to that country's fragmentation and the subsequent expansion of Al-Qaeda's operational base. It is thus argued that the resolution of the Kashmir conflict be viewed as an integral component of the broader U.S. ‘war on terrorism’ and should compromise of delicate American diplomatic involvement ...
Performance of a general-purpose electrochemical instrument aided by a stand-alone microcomputer system in trace analysis

Abstract The features of a microprocessor-based data acquisition and control unit, dedicated to electrochemical experiments, are described. The menu-selectable software allows smoothing, baseline drawing and subtraction as well as differentiation, even with signal amplitudes of some tenths of nA at signal/noise ratios lower than one, without forcing the data to follow theoretical models. Concentrations of cadmium ion as low as 2 × 10−7, 5 × 10−8 and 5 × 10−9 M can be measured, within 10% accuracy and precision, by using sampled d.c. polarography, staircase voltammetry and fast-sweep differential pulse voltammetry, respectively; this is a consistent improvement on literature data. Depending on the electrochemical technique used, the most significant signal parameters, including derivatives, are measured automatically, listed and used in the decision-making process for chemical characterization.
The Empire Strikes Back: The People of Washington State Revisit the Death With Dignity Act

INTRODUCTION The passing of the 10th anniversary of Oregon’s unique Death with Dignity Act occurred unremarkably, with one notable exception: soon it may no longer stand alone. After several failed attempts, right-to-die advocates in the state of Washington are once again attempting to vault into the dispute; taking on religious groups, right-to-life organizations, and even the federal government to advance the right-to-die movement. Such legislation places medical providers unequivocally in the center of one of the most impassioned debates this nation has engaged in since Roe v Wade, and compels physician assistants (PAs) to evaluate their own attitudes and ethics when confronted with a terminally ill patient making the ultimate request. To place this in perspective, most PAs will be confronted during their careers with patients who are diagnosed with a terminal illness. Continuing involvement with that patient until the end is an obligation, especially where a pre-existing established relationship exists between the PA and the patient. Although providing it can sometimes be discomforting and unpleasant, patients need competent and informed care at this decisive juncture, and being competent entails comprehending all treatment alternatives, even those that cause moral distress. This is especially true in jurisdictions where a patient may query the PA on the rules of self-termination. However, solid foundation in this arena must begin with the fundamentals: at the PA program level. Then as states evolve legislation is this setting (and arguably they will), the PA profession will be a respected leader. Like Oregon’s, Washington’s proposal was advanced through the “public initiative” process, as opposed to through state congressional legislation. Washington, like approximately half the states in the nation, enjoys the option of pursuing legislation through public initiative. This method requires that signatures on petitions be obtained from representative portions of the state. In July 2008, Washingtonians garnered more than 300,000 signatures, far exceedThe Just Ethics feature is a forum for sharing insights, experiences, and literature on how we do and should teach ethics to our students. All who teach the subject of professional behavior and bioethics are invited to share their personal insights, experiences, and approaches to teaching this foundational and essential topic. Authors desiring to contribute to Just Ethics should forward submissions to:
Geomorphic response of an active metamorphic core-complex in a collisional orogen: Example from the Lunggar Shan, Southern Tibet

We present structural and neotectonic mapping from the Lunggar Shan rift in southern Tibet. The Lunggar Shan is a N-trending mountain range ~70 km long N-S and up to 40 km wide E-W. The Lunggar Shan is bounded on its east side by a low-angle ( 40 m of throw on individual scarps. An intriguing observation is that an intrabasinal topographic high is actively developing near areas of inferred maximum extension, with lacustrine sediments being uplifted and eroded. This observation indicates that the rift basin initially developed as a typical half-graben system that underwent a transition from deposition, to uplift and erosion perhaps as a result of isostatic rebound of the footwall at depth, warping the overlying hangingwall basin. If correct, the Lunggar Shan may represent a modern analogue to the supradetachment basin model.
The Detection And Study Of The Visible Spectrum Of The Aurora And Airglow

Many different sophisticated instruments are used throughout the world in ground based, satellite and rocket studies of the visible spectrum of the aurora and airglow. Three different instruments, the all sky camera, spectrophotometer and meridian scanning photometer, serve as examples of the types of devices representing the photographic, spectrophotometer and photometric categories of instruments currently in use. The extensive application of digital techniques, solid state electronics, and minicomputers emphasizes the concept of system development that combines data acquisition and the capability for real time data reduction and analysis.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scalable framework for 3D FFTs on the Blue Gene/L supercomputer: implementation and early performance measurements

This paper presents results on a communications-intensive kernel, the three-dimensional fast Fourier transform (3D FFT), running on the 2,048-node Blue Gene®/L (BG/L) prototype. Two implementations of the volumetric FFT algorithm were characterized, one built on the Message Passing Interface library and another built on an active packet Application Program Interface supported by the hardware bring-up environment, the BG/L advanced diagnostics environment. Preliminary performance experiments on the BG/L prototype indicate that both of our implementations scale well up to 1,024 nodes for 3D FFTs of size 128 × 128 × 128. The performance of the volumetric FFT is also compared with that of the Fastest Fourier Transform in the West (FFTW) library. In general, the volumetric FFT outperforms a port of the FFTW Version 2.1.5 library on large-node-count partitions.
Modeling Interprovincial Migration in China, 1985-2000

Using data from China's 1990 and 2000 censuses, this paper examines interprovincial migration by describing its spatial patterns and estimating models based on the gravity approach. Between the censuses, interprovincial migration increased considerably in size and became more unidirectional and concentrated. Modeling results highlight the role of regional economic disparity and migration stock, as well as the gravity variables of population and distance, in explaining migration flows. Over time, the effect of regional disparity has increased, while that of distance decreased. Findings suggest that models based on experiences of countries lacking migration control are increasingly relevant for China. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: C10, O15, O18. 3 figures, 3 tables, 45 references.
Complexity in the immune system: New opportunities for chemical engineering research

One may imagine that an analysis of the immune system would be immune from chemical engineering analysis. This perspective shows how methods from statistical mechanics and computer simulation can be used to construct quantitative models of limitations in the immune system. Applications to dengue fever, which strikes 100 million people each year and is one of the most important human viral diseases, and cancer are given. Our challenge is to translate the understanding that these models provide into strategies, treatments, and the large-scale commercial production of vaccines and therapeutics.
Use and Partitioning of Montane Habitat by Small Mammals

Structure of the microhabitat used by four species of rodents in a montane environment was investigated using principal-component analysis of trap-site characteristics. Most species of rodents were associated with fallen logs and brush during June but microhabitat use shifted to areas of more herbaceous growth in July–August. This shift was concurrent with rapid herbaceous growth. Females of each species occupied more structured microhabitat than males of the same species. Differential segregation of habitat by sex may be a function of the variability of resource use by the species as a whole. Unused microhabitat does not differ from random with respect to vegetative structure, and reasons for nonuse probably differ among sites.
Profiling cancer stem cells using protein array technology

Since cancer cells and somatic stem cells share the biological characteristics of self-renewal and proliferation, it has been suggested that the principles of stem cell biology can be applied to improve our understanding of cancer biology. Recent studies have shown that the majority of cancers appear to originate from a small subset of cells that have the ability of self-renewal and to proliferate, namely 'cancer stem cells'. The isolation of cancer stem cells has been demonstrated using cell surface markers in haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic malignancies. Advances in protein array technologies have enabled the use of minuscule amounts of biological materials to profile these cells at the molecular level. Using a combination of protein arrays and cancer stem cell isolation techniques, a higher resolution molecular profiling can be performed, which might improve therapies targeting the cancer stem cells.
How do viruses trick B cells into becoming lymphomas

Purpose of review Since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma 50 years ago, only one other virus, namely Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, has been confirmed to be a direct cause of B-cell lymphoma. Here we will review the evidence for Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus as causal lymphoma agents. Recent findings A deeper understanding of specific mechanisms by which Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cause B-cell lymphomas has been acquired over the past years, in particular with respect to viral protein interactions with host cell pathways, and microRNA functions. Specific therapies based on knowledge of viral functions are beginning to be evaluated, mostly in preclinical models. Summary Understanding the causal associations of specific infectious agents with certain B-cell lymphomas has allowed more accurate diagnosis and classification. A deeper knowledge of the specific mechanisms of transformation is essential to begin assessing whether virus-targeted treatment modalities may be used in the future.
On computing the L/sup 2/-induced norm of finite-horizon systems

We present a bisection type algorithm for computing the L/sup 2/-induced norm of a linear time invariant system over a finite time horizon. The main difficulty in using bisection algorithms for finite horizon norm computation, namely the discreteness of the spectrum, is circumvented by using a winding number method. We derive an integral formula that counts the number of singular values of the finite horizon operator that are larger than a certain pre-specified level.
Effect of amiloride, furosemide, and ethacrynic acid on Na transport in the rat kidney.

ConclusionIn conclusion, our data obtained by intraluminal perfusion of proximal tubules with rat Ringer's containing 22Na and 3H-inulin, and with the presence of amiloride, furosemide, or ethacrynic acid in blood and not in the perfusate, can be easily explained if Na is reabsorbed via two parallel pathways: furosemide would inhibit the intracellular (active) pathway, amiloride would inhibit the intercellular (passive) pathway, and ethacrynic acid would not have any effect on either pathway.
Developing and evaluating the success of a family activated medical emergency team: a quality improvement report

Background Family-activated medical emergency teams (MET) have the potential to improve the timely recognition of clinical deterioration and reduce preventable adverse events. Adoption of family-activated METs is hindered by concerns that the calls may substantially increase MET workload. We aimed to develop a reliable process for family activated METs and to evaluate its effect on MET call rate and subsequent transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods The setting was our free-standing children9s hospital. We partnered with families to develop and test an educational intervention for clinicians and families, an informational poster in each patient room and a redesigned process with hospital operators who handle MET calls. We tracked our primary outcome of count of family-activated MET calls on a statistical process control chart. Additionally, we determined the association between family-activated versus clinician-activated MET and transfer to the ICU. Finally, we compared the reason for MET activation between family calls and a 2:1 matched sample of clinician calls. Results Over our 6-year study period, we had a total of 83 family-activated MET calls. Families made an average of 1.2 calls per month, which represented 2.9% of all MET calls. Children with family-activated METs were transferred to the ICU less commonly than those with clinician MET calls (24% vs 60%, p Conclusions Family MET activations were uncommon and not a burden on responders. These calls recognised clinical deterioration and communication failures. Family activated METs should be tested and implemented in hospitals that care for children.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma Arising from an Ectopic Pancreas

We herein report a rare case of ectopic pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) which presented as a submucosal tumor of the pylorus. A 73-year-old man came to our hospital presenting with epigastralgia. Esophago-gastroduodenal endoscopy showed no mucosal lesions, but a submucosal tumor was observed around the pylorus. Abdominal computed tomography revealed two round masses. One was located in the pylorus, while the other was found between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava. An examination of a biopsy specimen was inconclusive. We diagnosed a gastrointestinal stromal tumor or malignant lymphoma preoperatively, and decided to perform an operation in order to confirm the diagnosis and select the optimal treatment. Intraoperatively, the mass in the pylorus invaded the pancreatic head, and the lymph node in the hepatoduodenal ligament was swollen. We performed a pancreaticoduodenectomy as a radical excision. The resected specimen showed the 7.6 × 4.9-cm size tumor to mainly originate from the pylorus. Histopathologically, the tumor was identified as pancreatic ACC with lymph node metastasis. The tumor cells were labeled by immunohistochemical staining for α1-antitrypsin. Because of the tumor location, we considered the tumor to have originated from the ectopic pancreatic tissue in the stomach. This is only the second case of ACC originating from an ectopic pancreas reported in the literature.
Possible phenylethylmalondiamide (pema) intoxication

We have encountered a case of apparent intoxication with primidone (Mysoline) in a patient with severe renal impairment. Of interest were high serum levels of phenylethyl-malondiamide (PEMA), a metabolite of primidone.
The synthesis and mesogenic behaviour of the first series of low molar mass thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate ester-based mesogens

The synthesis of a family of alkyl 5-(4-hexyloxyphenyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate liquid crystals is described. The synthetic methodology utilised includes a Fiesselmann synthesis of the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene core, and the first report of a completely regioselective α-bromination of the resulting thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate ester. The target materials display enantiotropic smectic A phases with melting points and transition temperatures that are significantly higher than their phenyl analogues. The synthesis and mesomorphic behaviour of these new materials is reported and discussed.
MENTAL MAPS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES: THE FAST-SLO ALGORITHM FOR CREATING STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

ABSTRACT We review the processes of goal identification employed in teacher planning. A new type of graphical organizer (Fact-Action-Schema-Transcript or FAST) is introduced and its applications to teacher planning discussed. We describe a pair of algorithms for (a) creating FASTs for undergraduate mathematics and (b) using FASTs to create sets of student learning objectives (SLOs). Application of these algorithms to lesson planning are illustrated with several examples from introductory college mathematics courses.
Network Underpinnings of Behavioral Travel Demand: Fractal Analysis of Boston's Transportation System

The connection between behavioral travel demand models and the geometry of the metropolitan transport network is described, followed by the consideration of fractal geometry as a means of studying a wide range of phenomena, including highway networks. Then a fractal analysis is undertaken of the classes of roads in metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts. This analysis yields one exemplary new insight into travel behavior: a phase shift between highway systems and major and local road systems indicating different trip purposes and scales for analysis.
A Family of Ideals of Minimal Regularity and the Hilbert Series ofC r (Δ)

For a simplicial subdivision ? of a region inR2, we analyze the dimension of the vector spaceCkr(?) ofCrpiecewise polynomial functions (splines) on ? of degree at mostk. We find an exact sequence which allows us to prove that the dimension series for splines given by5does indeed agree with the bounds on the dimension of the spline space given by Alfeld and Schumaker 1;2. We give sufficient conditions for the Alfeld?Schumaker bounds to be attained in all degrees, where ? is a two-dimensional simplicial complex. The conditions are satisfied by the class of complexes considered by6, but also by a much broader class of complexes. Furthermore, for conditions which involve only local geometric data, this result is the strongest possible.
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) program : ARM's window on the Arctic

A ‘blue ribbon’ committee established by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has stated that uncertainties associated with cloud behavior constitute the major obstacle to progress in climate modeling and prediction. The Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Program is a 10-year climate research program aimed at unravelling the role of clouds in the climate system. The focus is on studying the life cycle of clouds and the effects of clouds on high-latitude ARM site. Global climate models appear to be particularly sensitive to climate perturbations at high latitudes. Of course, climate changes have profound effects on the ecology. One objective is to design a research program that will enable us to investigate the relationship between arctic clouds and anthropogenic pollution transported to the north from lower latitudes. The Arctic is also characterized by extreme seasonal variation in insolation, surface properties, and exchange of water vapor between the surface and the atmosphere. This extreme variation leads to important climate feedback mechanisms involving the interaction between surface temperature and water vapor, cloud cover, and surface albedo. The challenge for the Alaskan ARM site is to capture these high-latitude feedback processes for inclusion in global climate models. To put possible climate changes into perspective, we note that the ‘Little Ice Age’, which ended the pre-Columbian Icelandic colony in Greenland and probably prevented permanent settlements in Vinland (i.e. North America), represented an average decrease of only about 2–3°C.
The Effects of Texture and Number of Parts on the Ability of Music Majors to Detect Performance Errors

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate and undergraduate music majors' ability to detect pitch arid rhythm errors in one-, two-, and three-part settings of texturally contrasting musical...
Transgenic overexpression of mitofilin attenuates diabetes mellitus-associated cardiac and mitochondria dysfunction

Mitofilin, also known as heart muscle protein, is an inner mitochondrial membrane structural protein that plays a central role in maintaining cristae morphology and structure. It is a critical component of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex which is important for mitochondrial architecture and cristae morphology. Our laboratory has previously reported alterations in mitochondrial morphology and proteomic make-up during type 1 diabetes mellitus, with mitofilin being significantly down-regulated in interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM). The goal of this study was to investigate whether overexpression of mitofilin can limit mitochondrial disruption associated with the diabetic heart through restoration of mitochondrial morphology and function. A transgenic mouse line overexpressing mitofilin was generated and mice injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin using a multi low-dose approach. Five weeks following diabetes mellitus onset, cardiac contractile function was assessed. Restoration of ejection fraction and fractional shortening was observed in mitofilin diabetic mice as compared to wild-type controls (P<0.05 for both). Decrements observed in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, III, IV and V activities, state 3 respiration, lipid peroxidation as well as mitochondria membrane potential in type 1 diabetic IFM were restored in mitofilin diabetic mice (P<0.05 for all). Qualitative analyses of electron micrographs revealed restoration of mitochondrial cristae structure in mitofilin diabetic mice as compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore measurement of mitochondrial internal complexity using flow cytometry displayed significant reduction in internal complexity in diabetic IFM which was restored in mitofilin diabetic IFM (P<0.05). Taken together these results suggest that transgenic overexpression of mitofilin preserves mitochondrial structure, leading to restoration of mitochondrial function and attenuation of cardiac contractile dysfunction in the diabetic heart.
Social choice theory without the Pareto Principle

Abstract A version of Arrow's General Possibility Theorem is proved without assuming either the Pareto Principle or its antecedents, the Positive Association of Social and Individual Values, and Citizens' Sovereignty.
Cellular immune defect in selective IgA deficiency using a microculture method for PHA stimulation and limiting dilution

Abstract Ten children with selective IgA deficiency were evaluated for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) which included a micromethod for phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Standard tests for CMI including the macromethod (400,000 cells) for PHA stimulation were all normal in these patients. However, with the micromethod (2500 cells), the response to PHA of lymphocytes from patients with selective IgA deficiency was significantly depressed ( P = 0.03). Limiting dilution was performed by culturing 400 to 2500 cells with PHA. In five patients there was a significant decrease in the absolute response to PHA at each cell number ( P = 0.02). In this group there was also a diminished slope of the linear regression curves, suggesting that in some patients with selective IgA deficiency the defect in CMI may result from a decrease in the efficiency of T lymphocytes to respond to PHA. To evaluate the mechanism for the increased sensitivity of the micromethod, we did cell counting experiments. We found that while the macromethod resulted in no increase in cell number on the day of peak DNA synthesis, there was a six- to seven-fold increase in cell number in the microcultures indicating that the cell response to PHA in the microcultures is to undergo multiple cell divisions. The enhanced sensitivity of the micromethod may be due to: (i) magnification of a defect in any single cell by 2 N when N is the number of generations that cell will make in culture; and (ii) the diluting out of cell populations which may be limiting to the overall response.
Simple but effective techniques for NUMA memory management

Multiprocessors with non-uniform memory access times introduce the problem of placing data near the processes that use them, in order to improve performance. We have implemented an automatic page placement strategy in the Mach operating system on the IBM ACE multiprocessor workstation. Our experience indicates that even very simple automatic strategies can produce nearly optimal page placement. It also suggests that the greatest leverage for further performance improvement lies in reducing false sharing, which occurs when the same page contains objects that would best be placed in different memories.
Relation of barbiturate structure to DPNH oxidase inhibition.

Abstract A series of barbiturates, carbamides, and miscellaneous compounds were examined in order to elucidate the structural requirements for an Amytal-like inhibition of DPNH oxidase. It was found that the essential molecular structure consisted of a nonspecific hydrocarbon group attached to an amide, carbamide, or barbituric acid, these compounds having in common the CONH group. None of the compounds inhibited the oxidation of succinate by succinic oxidase. Similarity was noted between the structural requirements for DPNH oxidase inhibition and for experimental porphyria induction.
More Complex Cultures for Anthropologists

ANTHROPOLOGISTS, particularly cultural anthropologists or ethnologists, have long been aware of some of the problems of cultural change. In North America, at least, they are now becoming increasingly aware of changes that are occurring in what we might call their own subculture, namely, their profession. Most good universities now have departments of anthropologists, and many colleges have at least one of the breed on their faculties, offering a variety of courses to undergraduates. One result is that many persons in business and government now know something about cultural anthropology and wish to add its expertise to their programs. A generation ago most such people thought of ethnologists as exclusively concerned with describing and analyzing the customs of exotic tribes living outside of Western civilization. These customs were often titillating to the practical man and the general public, but seemed to be of little or no significance for the problems of the modern world. And many anthropologists themselves were only too glad to escape from what they sometimes thought of as the boredom and confusions of modern civilization.
Measurement of Protein Solubility in Common Feedstuffs

Abstract Percent total soluble nitrogen of casein and soy protein (25 mg nitrogen/100 ml solvent) was determined at three pH's (5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) over four intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) and in two solvents at 40 C. A comparison of means (46 vs. 47%) showed that solubility in autoclaved rumen fluid was significantly less than in mineral buffer. As pH increased from 5.5 to 7.5, there was an increase in mean solubility from 27 to 57%. No differences in solubility were found between pH 6.5 and 7.5 regardless of solvent or protein. With regard to extraction time, solubility did not differ between solvents at 60 min. By procedures developed in this study, total soluble nitrogen was determined in various feedstuffs (25 mg feed nitrogen/100 ml solvent) in mineral buffer at pH 6.5 for 60 min. Solubility ranged from 3 to 93%. Feeds were grouped as to major protein fractions and amount of processing. Feeds whose major protein fractions were composed primarily of albumins and globulins had a higher solubility (32% unprocessed and 42% processed) than those composed primarily of prolamins and glutelins (25% unprocessed and 18% processed).
Kinetics of polyether polyols–diisocyanate reactions

The reaction rates for the uncatalyzed as well as the dibutyltin dilaurate-catalyzed reactions between polyether polyols and tolylene diisocyanate (80/20 mixture of 2,4 and 2,6 isomers) are reported. Titration and infrared absorption methods were used for the determination of the residual isocyanate content, to follow the progress of the reactions. At equivalent reactant concentrations, the rate constants were found to be essentially independent of the chain length and the functionality of the polyether polyols studied. The reaction rates of polyether polyols containing terminal primary hydroxyl groups (e.g., Pluronic polyols) were greater than those of polyols with secondary hydroxyl groups and were greatly accelerated in the presence of the tin catalyst.
Alignment of an optical axis to a rotating mechanical axis using grating phase modulation

We describe a technique for aligning the axis of an optical system to the axis of a rotating mechanical system. The optical system is focused onto a linear grating that rotates in conjunction with the mechanical system. Light reflected from the grating produces an interference pattern in the pupil of the optical system. Temporal modulation of the fringes in the interference pattern is observed as the mechanical system rotates of the optical and mechanical axes are misaligned. Our application for this technique is in aligning an optical and mechanical system for writing circularly symmetric computer generated holograms. Experimentally we demonstrate alignments to accuracies of 0.1 micrometers.
Life stressors, social resources, and coping skills in youth: applications to adolescents with chronic disorders

Abstract Overview: After setting out a conceptual framework that focuses on how personal and social resources aid adolescents in managing acute and chronic stressors, I describe methods by which to assess adolescents' family environments and specific life stressors and social resources, and the approach and avoidance coping responses adolescents use to manage life stressors. I then review some research that employs these concepts and methods to focus on the families and life contexts, and coping skills, of youth with chronic medical disorders, including juvenile rheumatic disease (JRD). I close by drawing implications for assessment and intervention and describing some fruitful areas for future research, such as examining the reciprocal linkages between parental and youth behavior, how adolescents' personal characteristics shape their life context, and how life crises and transitions enhance adolescents' development and maturation.
Asthma and the school teacher: the status of teacher preparedness and training.

The increasing number of children with asthma in the nation’s schools necessitates an examination of the preparedness of teachers in the care and management of children with asthma. This article reports the findings of a random sample of 291 public elementary school teachers regarding the knowledge and perception of the training they have received on asthma and its management. Data from this study suggest that teachers are not adequately prepared to assist children with the management of asthma in the classroom. Implications for school nurses on assisting teachers with asthma management are provided.
Properties of the Scattering Transform on the Real Line

Continuity properties of the scattering transform associated to the Schrodinger operator on the real line are studied. Stability estimates of Lipschitz type are derived for the scattering and inverse scattering transforms.
2‐Fluoro‐ and 5‐Fluoro‐3,4‐dimethylphenethylamine Derived from Claisen Rearrangement Products.

Abstract The Claisen rearrangement of 2-allyloxy-3-fluoroanisole followed by methylation provided the para -rearranged product along with the unexpected 3-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-1-propene.
Immobilization and aggregation of the antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1 in lipid bilayers investigated by solid-state NMR.

The dynamics and aggregation of a β-sheet antimicrobial peptide, protegrin-1 (PG-1), are investigated using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift anisotropies of F12 and V16 carbonyl carbons are uniaxially averaged in 1,2-dilauryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) bilayers but approach rigid-limit values in the thicker 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers. The Cα−Hα dipolar coupling of L5 is scaled by a factor of 0.16 in DLPC bilayers but has a near-unity order parameter of 0.96 in POPC bilayers. The larger couplings of PG-1 in POPC bilayers indicate immobilization of the peptide, suggesting that PG-1 forms oligomeric aggregates at the biologically relevant bilayer thickness. Exchange NMR experiments on F12 13CO-labeled PG-1 show that the peptide undergoes slow reorientation with a correlation time of 0.7 ± 0.2 s in POPC bilayers. This long correlation time suggests that in addition to aggregation, geometric constraints in the membrane may also contribute to ...
Economic Crisis and Its Consequences

The financial crisis that began in late 1997, led to a catastrophic downturn of economic and social development in Korea. Rather than dealing with the macroeconomic and financial issues of the crisis, this study analyzes human aspects of the turmoil, that is, the social impact of the economic crisis on Korea. After reviewing indicators of unemployment, poverty, and income distribution in Korea during and after the crisis, this study details the responses and programs that the government undertook to promote employment, to alleviate poverty, and to protect the vulnerable. Since it is expected that the unemployment rate will remain high for a long period even after the economy recovers from the worst of the crisis, this study suggests the necessity of the government’s special efforts to strengthen the system of social protection.
Treatment with Antibody Reactive with the Nephritogenic Idiotype, IdLNF1, Suppresses its Production and Leads to Prolonged Survival of (NZB × SWR)F1 Mice

The F1 progeny of the cross between SWR and NZB mice (SNF1) develop severe immune complex glomerulonephritis, similar to that seen in human SLE. An idiotypically-related family of nephritic antibodies (IdLNF1) has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune glomerulonephritis in these mice. Interestingly, the majority of IdLNF1+ antibodies do not bind DNA. Here, we sought to examine whether regulation of the expression of this idiotype was important in the development of lupus nephritis and to identify the mechanisms regulating its expression. In the present study, biweekly injections of SNF1 mice with 100 μg of rabbit anti-IdLNF1 antibodies, beginning at 8 to 10 weeks of age, resulted in significant P≤0.05) suppression of IdLNF1+ Ig (G+M) and IgG production. The decrease appeared to be mediated via significant (P≤0.05) decreases in the percentage of IdLNF1-expressing B cells and CD4+ IdLNF1-specific T cells in the treated SNF1 mice compared to the controls. This was accompanied by a significant (P≤0.005) increase in survival with delayed onset of glomerulonephritis. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the incidence of anti-DNA antibody production between the treated and control SNF1 mice. These results support the hypothesis that dysregulation of pathogenic idiotypes, not confined to anti-DNA antibody idiotypes as had been shown in previous studies, may contribute to the development of SLE.
n dependence of the valence-band offset in (GaAs)n(AlAs)n: Role of charge redistribution, interface dipoles, and cation 3d states.

A systematic study of the binding energy of core levels in (GaAs${)}_{\mathrm{n}}$(AlAs${)}_{\mathrm{n}}$ (001) superlattices (n\ensuremath{\le}3) was performed in order to assess the role of interface effects in the stabilization of the valence-band offset, \ensuremath{\Delta}${E}_{v}$, at the lattice-matched common-anion GaAs/AlAs (001) interface. Core levels were obtained from self-consistent all-electron local-density band-structure calculations of the superlattices. Sizable differences (\ensuremath{\sim}0.08 eV) for \ensuremath{\Delta}${E}_{v}$ found using interface and bulk core levels for n=3 indicate that convergence is not achieved at distances too close to the interface. The n=1 value is found to give the correct offset only within \ensuremath{\sim}0.11 eV. The interface dipole potential, defined as the potential shift induced by the (planar-averaged) charge distribution of an electrically neutral region centered at the interface, is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.14 eV. Finally, the role played by the shallow cation 3d states on the band offset is analyzed and its importance is discussed.
Configural effects constrain Fourier models of pattern discrimination.

Many models of spatial pattern discrimination assume that judgments are based on information directly available from mechanisms tuned to limited ranges of spatial frequency and orientation. We tested the validity of this assumption for spatial frequency, orientation, and contrast information in a series of complex pattern discrimination experiments. Observers discriminated between simple gratings, between gratings masked by components that differed widely in spatial frequency and/or orientation, and between patterns that presented two cues to discrimination, one in each frequency and/or orientation band. Component cues were combined either in rigid-object correspondence (e.g. both components were rotated clockwise in one pattern and counterclockwise in the other) or in opposition (e.g. in one pattern one component was rotated clockwise, the other counterclockwise; the direction of rotation was reversed for each component in the second pattern). The results demonstrate that information from tuned pathways is not always used directly in making spatial judgments, but in some cases is combined across wide regions of the Fourier domain prior to the discrimination decision. We find two distinct patterns of combination that appear to independently signal information about texture and edges. These findings provide a potential link between low-level, spatially tuned analyzers in the visual system and higher-level pattern processing mechanisms.
Studies of Human Peripheral Blood Flow: The Effect of Injection Volume on the Intramuscular Radiosodium Clearance Rate

The effects of changes in injection volume on the intramuscular radiosodium clearance rate was investigated in six normal young men. The clearance rate was found to be quite sensitive to the volume of solution injected, and an increase in the rate of clearance corresponding to a decrease in volume was uniformly noted. Rigid control of the injection volume is necessary when this method is used for regional blood flow measurements.