cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ampliative Patterns in Argumentative Reasoning.

There are good characterizations of ampliative inference in monotonic theories. However, a problem that faces ampliative inference, in particular abduction, is the explanation of anomalous observations, i. e., observations that are contradictory with the current theory. For this reason, in this work we will consider the problem of embedding abduction of surprising and anomalous observations in argumentative theories. We discuss some issues arising the pragmatic acceptance of abductive inferences in defeasible theories, and how to accommodate anomalous observations and characterize all the possible outcomes that a defeasible theory may face when confronted with new evidence. Finally, we discuss an application of our system as a formal device for representing the methodology of scientific research programmes.
[Re]conceptualizing Inclusion: Can Critical Race Theory and Interest Convergence be Utilized to Achieve Inclusion and Equity for African American Students?:

Background/ContextEven though not fully realized, in legislation and theory, the requirements of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act and the No Child Left Behind Act have cr...
Abstract B66: The conditional requirement of HER3 in HER2-amplified breast cancers

The amplification and overexpression of HER2 underlies the pathogenesis of a large subset of breast, gastric, and esophageal cancers as well as smaller subsets of many other types of cancer. A substantial body of work has confirmed that overactive HER2 signaling is etiologically linked with the pathogenesis, progression and metastasis of these cancers. HER3, the preferred heterodimerization partner of HER2, is known to be critical for HER2-amplified tumorigenesis, and this has been thought to be due to its unique ability to activate PI3K/Akt pathway. This has fueled efforts to develop HER3 targeting agents to combine with HER2 inhibitors for the treatments of these cancers, and many such agents are in the preclinical and clinical pipelines. We have been modeling HER2-HER3 signaling co-targeting in experimental models to foresee the activities and limitations of this clinical strategy and have identified potentially significant escape mechanisms that limit the therapeutic potential of this approach. This appears to be largely due to the mistaken attribution of PI3K/Akt signaling to HER3 and the dogma that HER2 cannot activate PI3K by itself. The functions of HER3 are not entirely understood and may be partly redundant with HER2, enabling HER2 to escape the requirement for HER3. In this regard, we found that HER3-knock out HER2-overexpressing cells form tumors, and some of these tumors exhibit increased HER2 phosphorylation and Akt activation. We validated, in three different HER2-amplified cancer cell lines, that phosphorylated HER2 drives PI3K-mediated Akt activation in a HER3-independent manner. Interestingly, we found that HER2 interacts with the regulatory subunit of PI3K in these cells. We characterized this interaction and identified a tyrosine in the C-terminal tail of HER2 involved in PI3K binding. Most importantly, in vivo work demonstrates that mutation of this tyrosine reduces the transforming and tumorigenic potential of HER2-amplified cancer cells. This work highlights that the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling by HER3 may be an important but not essential function and may ultimately be redundant with the functional capabilities of massively overexpressed HER2. Therefore, building a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie HER2-HER3-induced tumorigenesis is essential for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Ana Ruiz-Saenz, Courtney Dreyer, Veronica Steri, Marcia Campbell, Nathaniel Gulizia, Mark Moasser. The conditional requirement of HER3 in HER2-amplified breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B66.
Spatio-Temporal Capsule-based Reinforcement Learning for Mobility-on-Demand Network Coordination

As an alternative means of convenient and smart transportation, mobility-on-demand (MOD), typified by online ride-sharing and connected taxicabs, has been rapidly growing and spreading worldwide. The large volume of complex traffic and the uncertainty of market supplies/demands have made it essential for many MOD service providers to proactively dispatch vehicles towards ride-seekers. To meet this need effectively, we propose STRide, an MOD coordination-learning mechanism reinforced spatio-temporally with capsules. We formalize the adaptive coordination of vehicles into a reinforcement learning framework. STRide incorporates spatial and temporal distributions of supplies (vehicles) and demands (ride requests), customers' preferences and other external factors. A novel spatio-temporal capsule neural network is designed to predict the provider's rewards based on MOD network states, vehicles and their dispatch actions. This way, the MOD platform adapts itself to the supply-demand dynamics with the best potential rewards. We have conducted extensive data analytics and experimental evaluation with three large-scale datasets (~ 21 million rides from Uber, Yellow Taxis and Didi). STRide is shown to outperform state-of-the-arts, substantially reducing request-rejection rate and passenger waiting time, and also increasing the service provider's profits, often making 30% improvement over state-of-the-arts.
Adaptation: What Post-Conviction Relief Practitioners in Death Penalty Cases Might Learn from Popular Storytellers About Narrative Persuasion

This paper addresses how the post-conviction relief practitioner might incorporate popular storytelling practices from creative non-fiction and popular film to better serve the interests of a condemned inmate. How to enhance the possibilities of telling a more effective and transformative story — without manipulation or deceit — without reducing the artful narrative practice of writing the Statement of the Case, or the narrative component of argumentation in a post-conviction relief to paint-by-numbers formulae.This paper also aspires to better locate and understand the narrative dimensions of post-conviction relief brief writing, and, perhaps, to begin to suggest a relationship between popular and legal storytelling in post-conviction relief practice. Several examples or ‘illustrations’ that may suggest possibilities for innovative practices for post-conviction relief brief writers are provided. Specifically, it is suggested that contemporary non-fiction and film may provide suggestive possibilities to the brief writer designing and drafting the Statement of the Case or developing narrative themes for translating and converting the spine of legal argument into persuasive story.
Leaky vessels? Call Ang1!

Recent findings suggest that combined administration of the angiogenic factors Ang1 and VEGF may improve current therapeutic approaches for inducing formation of new blood vessels. However, many questions remain about the mechanisms of these factors.
Former Foster System Youth: Perspectives on Transitional Supports and Programs.

Youth aging out of the foster care system have well-documented challenges when transitioning to adulthood. Multiple transition services provide support in the transition process; however, limited research is available regarding youth’s perceptions of programming. In this pilot study, sixteen youth between ages 18 and 20 participated in semi-structured interviews, support mapping, and resiliency measurements to gather the experiences of the transition from foster care. Comparisons between those who chose initial transition supports and those who did not receive or delayed receiving transition supports were initially explored. Common themes emerged in participants’ needs and perceived resiliency regardless of transition support services. All youth reported relationship, trust, and concern for well-being as highly important characteristics in transition team members. A need for earlier transition programming, decision-making opportunities, and life skills courses were important themes in transition programming needs. Implications for policy, research, and practice are presented based upon findings.
InGaN/AlGaInN quantum wells for low-threshold laser active region (Conference Presentation)

The self-consistent 6-band k∙p calculations of AlGaInN barriers surrounding the InGaN quantum well (QW) emitting at ~495 nm show ~ 30% increase in material gain and ~ 40% reduction in threshold current density, compared to the conventional InGaN / GaN QW structure. Following the guidance of our computational study, the InGaN / AlGaInN multiple QW structures with different AlGaInN alloy compositions lattice-matched to GaN are grown via MOVPE. The use of InGaN / AlInN QW structure resulted in improved luminescence, and the results of InGaN / AlGaInN with larger compositional range will also be presented.
Incorporating Sex as a Biological Variable into Clinical and Translational Research Training.

Incorporating sex as a biological variable (SABV) into basic and medical research requires a deliberate plan that weaves concepts of basic genetics, cellular and molecular physiology, and pharmacol...
Expanding Global Rehabilitation Services through International Academic-Community Partnerships.

Background: More than one billion people worldwide live with a disability, yet rehabilitation professionals are scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Attempts to expand access to rehabilitation services have encountered barriers on multiple levels: limited resources on the systemic level, hierarchies on the professional level, and cultural stigma on the community level. Objectives: We sought to determine if an academic-community partnership could overcome multiple levels of barriers to expand services for people with disabilities. Methods: Toward an All-Inclusive Jordan incorporates community-based rehabilitation with prelicensure health professions education to address the three primary levels of barriers to rehabilitation services in low- and middle-income countries. The yearlong curriculum includes formal training, research, and advocacy with graduate students from the United States and health professions students and community members in Palestinian refugee camps near Amman, Jordan. Findings: After two cycles of the program, 14 Jordanian volunteers have partnered with 20 graduate students from the United States. They have delivered over 300 direct rehabilitation sessions, conducted ten workshops with mothers of children with disabilities, and trained 12 community-based rehabilitation workers in the refugee camps. Conclusions: The academic-community partnership model builds on the evidence base for the success of community-based rehabilitation services in low- and middle-income countries. Its components address barriers on multiple levels to create a sustainable expansion of services to people with disabilities.
Comprehensive Analysis on Hardware Trojans in 3D ICs: Characterization and Experimental Impact Assessment

Three-dimensional (3D) integration facilitates to integrate an increasing number of transistors into a single package. Despite improved performance and power efficiency, the integration of multiple dies in the same package potentially leads to new security threats, such as 3D hardware Trojans. This work conducts a thorough survey on hardware Trojans reported in 3D integrated circuits (ICs) and systems, and proposes a comprehensive characterization of 3D hardware Trojans. Several case studies are performed to validate the feasibility of 3D hardware Trojan implementation. Our experimental results indicate that 3D ICs indeed provide a better environment for inserting stealthy thermal-based Trojans than 2D ICs. Multiple FPGA boards are utilized to conceptually emulate the stacked 3D ICs that experience multi-tier hardware Trojans. The stealthiness and effectiveness of the proposed multi-tier Trojans are validated in our case studies. The emulation results further show that the existing current-based self-referencing Trojan detection method designed for 2D Trojans will result in a lower detection rate in 3D scenarios.
Preliminary validation of a mobile force Sensing device for clinical and telerehabilitation

Abstract Muscle strength and force production are important measures of patient progress during physical rehabilitation. Reliable and objective measurements are important to ascertain throughout rehabilitation. Current methods—manual muscle testing, electromechanical dynamometer, and hand-held dynamometer—are accurate and reliable, but have limitations that prevent wide implementation. As healthcare systems adapt to more patient-centered outcome models, changes to the delivery of rehabilitation, whether at-home or in the clinic, must also change to become more cost effective and accessible and provide quantifiable information regarding patient progress. We developed a novel Force Sensing (FoSe) device to quantify either tensile or compressive isometric muscle strength. The device was tested in a laboratory setting with healthy participants (n = 32) and compared to the commonly used hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Participants used both devices to perform several common isometric muscle tests including: hip abduction, knee extension, knee flexion, shoulder external rotation, and shoulder internal rotation. Compared to the HHD, FoSe was found to be an accurate and reliable measurement of force production. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ranged from 0.58 to 0.89 without a magnitude dependent variation in force measurement. A second round of clinical testing with a patient population is warranted to determine FoSe’s ability to measure clinically relevant asymmetry and progress over time. Further usability testing also needs to be conducted to determine the adequacy of FoSe for at-home use by both patients and clinicians.
E-VOLUTION: A Text Messaging–Powered Intervention—Connection, Support, and HIV Eradication:

This longitudinal, nonexperimental, quantitative study examined the acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of a texting intervention that was added to medical case management for youth and young ...
Donor-derived Cell-free DNA and the Prediction of BK Virus-associated Nephropathy.

Approximately 15% of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) develop BK viremia (BKV), with 1%-10% developing BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), which histologically resembles rejection. The Diagnosing Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients (DART) study showed that donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) levels Methods Data on dd-cfDNA, plasma BK viral loads, and biopsy findings from patients from the DART study were retrospectively examined. BKV was defined as 500-10 000 copies/mL. Presumptive BKVAN was defined as BK >10 000 copies/mL. Results Of 102 participants with biopsies, 10 patients with BKV and BKVAN had paired dd-cfDNA, and viral loads available for analysis. Patients diagnosed with BKV and BKVAN had a median dd-cfDNA of 0.58% (IQR 0.43-1.15) and 3.38% (IQR 2.3-4.56, P = 0.001), respectively. dd-cfDNA titers correlated with BK PCR viral loads (R = 0.874, P = 0.01) and the presence of histologic evidence of BKVAN (100% sensitivity, 50% specificity). Five of 7 patients with BKVAN, but only 2 of 7 with BKV, had biopsies meeting Banff criteria for T-cell-mediated rejection. Median dd-cfDNA in nonrejection patients was 0.43% versus 2.84% in rejection patients (P = 0.001). Conclusion Higher dd-cfDNA titers were associated with higher BK viral loads, biopsy-diagnosed BVAN, as well histologic changes meeting Banff criteria for as T-cell-mediated rejection. dd-cfDNA may be a useful noninvasive test to assess for progression of BKV to BKVAN.
Dynamic Blockholder Incentives: Liquidity and Reputation

We study strategic trading by a blockholder who can intervene over time to influence the firm’s cash flows. We consider the impact of asymmetric information on the incentives of the blockholder to trade, and study when information asymmetry increases blockholder ownership and leads to greater firm value. Asymmetric information reduces the speed of blockholder trading if private information is sufficiently persistent, but can increase it otherwise. We study how the presence of liquidity shocks, leading to a noisy equilibrium, creates Rachet effects whereby the blockholder’s (endogenous) trading plans induce him to distort the firm cash flows to manipulate the stock price.
You got a hole in your belly and a phone in your hand: How US government phone subsidies shape the search for employment:

Many of the tasks involved in looking for a job these days involve sharing and storing digital data. Digital technology is now required for job seekers to research employers, store resumes, complet...
Dance Trends: Stickers and Rewards: Are They Appropriate for Young Children in Dance?

Photo credit: Ralph Giguere.Moving the body is an intrinsically rewarding activity, but is that enough of a motivation for robust dance class participation among young children? Dance teachers will...
A Smart Lithium Battery with Shape Memory Function.

Rapidly growing flexible and wearable electronics highly demand the development of flexible energy storage devices. Yet, these devices are susceptible to extreme, repeated mechanical deformations under working circumstances. Herein, the design and fabrication of a smart, flexible Li-ion battery with shape memory function, which has the ability to restore its shape against severe mechanical deformations, bending, twisting, rolling or elongation, is reported. The shape memory function is induced by the integration of a shape-adjustable solid polymer electrolyte. This Li-ion battery delivers a specific discharge capacity of ≈140 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C charge/discharge rate with ≈92% capacity retention after 100 cycles and ≈99.85% Coulombic efficiency, at 20 °C. Besides recovery from mechanical deformations, it is visually demonstrated that the shape of this smart battery can be programmed to adjust itself in response to an internal/external heat stimulus for task-specific and advanced applications. Considering the vast range of available shape memory polymers with tunable chemistry, physical, and mechanical characteristics, this study offers a promising approach for engineering smart batteries responsive to unfavorable internal or external stimulus, with potential to have a broad impact on other energy storage technologies in different sizes and shapes.
Sweet storage SLOs with Frosting

Modern datacenters support a large number of applications with diverse performance requirements. These performance requirements are expressed at the application layer as high-level service-level objectives (SLOs). However, large-scale distributed storage systems are unaware of these high-level SLOs. This lack of awareness results in poor performance when workloads from multiple applications are consolidated onto the same storage cluster to increase utilization. In this paper, we argue that because SLOs are expressed at a high level, a high-level control mechanism is required. This is in contrast to existing approaches, which use block- or disk-level mechanisms. These require manual translation of high-level requirements into low-level parameters. We present Frosting, a request scheduling layer on top of a distributed storage system that allows application programmers to specify their high-level SLOs directly. Frosting improves over the state-of-the-art by automatically translating high-level SLOs into internal scheduling parameters and uses feedback control to adapt these parameters to changes in the workload. Our preliminary results demonstrate that our overlay approach can multiplex both latency-sensitive and batch applications to increase utilization, while still maintaining a 100ms 99th percentile latency SLO for latency-sensitive clients.
Design and implementation of adaptive filters

The adaptive filter design and implementation (AFDI) interactive software package is a set of programs for design, evaluation, and implementation of adaptive filters. AFDI includes adaptive filters, signal generation, data acquisition, file management, signal analysis, and TMS32010 assembly code generation facilities. AFDI allows repeated evaluation of the performance of a filter to select optimum structure, algorithm, and parameter values for particular applications. Many routines that provide rudimentary capabilities for constructing adaptive filters are included. >
Testing by implicit learning: a brief survey

We give a high-level survey of the "testing by implicit learning" paradigm, and explain some of the property testing results for various Boolean function classes that have been obtained using this approach.
Mitochondrial resistance to massive irradiation in vivo: III. Suppression and recovery of respiratory control☆☆☆

Abstract Mitochondria capable of respiratory control have been isolated from pear and apple tissues. Respiratory control, as an index of mitochondrial integrity, was then used to assess dose-dependent radiation damage and postirradiation recovery in vivo . Dose thresholds for suppression of respiratory control lie between 250 and 500 Krad. Recovery of respiratory control will occur 48 hours after doses of 500 and 750 Krad. There is no recovery in a similar period following a dose of 1000 Krad. Such marked radioresistance on the part of fruit mitochondria is in concert with other responses of this tissue to ionizing radiation. Cytological implications are discussed with reference to the established radiosensitivity of animal mitochondria.
Isolation and Properties of a New Glutamine Transaminase from Rat Kidney

Abstract A glutamine transaminase has been purified from the soluble portion of rat kidney homogenate; this enzyme, designated as kidney glutamine transaminase K, has different catalytic and physical properties from those previously found for the purified soluble glutamine transaminase of rat liver (liver glutamine transaminase L). Liver glutamine transaminase L is highly active toward methionine, glyoxylate, pyruvate, and several other substrates; kidney glutamine transaminase K is very active toward methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and the α-keto acid analogs of these amino acids and exhibits relatively little activity toward glyoxylate and pyruvate. Evidence was obtained that the K and L forms of glutamine transaminase are both present in liver and kidney. In addition, both forms of these enzymes are present in these tissues as mitochondrial as well as soluble isozymes. There are therefore at least four separate glutamine-α-keto acid transaminases in liver as well as kidney. Rat liver ω-amidase also occurs in both soluble and mitochondrial isozymic forms.
Parametric subscriptions for content-based publish/subscribe networks

Subscription adaptations are becoming increasingly important across many content-based publish/subscribe (CPS) applications. In algorithmic high frequency trading, for instance, stock price thresholds that are of interest to a trader change rapidly, and gains directly hinge on the reaction time to relevant fluctuations. The common solution to adapt a subscription consists of a re-subscription, where a new subscription is issued and the superseded one canceled. This is ineffective, leading to missed or duplicate events during the transition. In this paper, we introduce the concept of parametric subscriptions to support subscription adaptations. We propose novel algorithms for updating routing mechanisms effectively and efficiently in classic CPS broker overlay networks. Compared to re-subscriptions, our algorithms significantly improve the reaction time to subscription updates and can sustain higher throughput in the presence of high update rates. We convey our claims through implementations of our algorithms in two CPS systems, and by evaluating them on two different real-world applications.
THE PHANTOM STANDARD: COMPELLING STATE INTEREST ANALYSIS AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IN THE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION CONTEXT

The degree to which legal doctrine constrains judicial decision making is one of the enduring questions in the study of judicial behavior. Scholars and the public alike have long debated whether and to what extent judges’ personal political ideologies affect their legal decisions. The most influential existing theories have explained judicial holdings as a function of judges’ ideological predispositions. But in conceptualizing holdings as the relevant dependent variable, these theories suffer from one central flaw: they assume that legal tests are ideologically neutral filters through which judges’ policy preferences pass. This assumption obscures the ideological work being done in the creation of particular legal tests in the first instance.
Fate and Fortune in Rural China: Social Organization and Population Behavior in Liaoning, 1774‐1873

Fate and Fortune in Rural China: Social Organization and Population Beliavior in Liaoning, 1774-1873. James Lee and Cameron Campbell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 280 pp.
A fast coincidence system for semiconductor detectors

Abstract A coincidence system has been designed for use with semiconductor detectors. Its resolving power was calculated assuming certain distribution functions for the pulse shape; and compared to the measured values using two different time-to-amplitude converters. Its performance was tested with radioactive sources of known decay schemes.
ROS enhances CXCR4-mediated functions through inactivation of PTEN in prostate cancer cells

Inactivation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is heavily implicated in the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer. Conversely, the upregulation of the chemokine (CXC) receptor 4 (CXCR4) is associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Studies have shown that loss of PTEN permits CXCR4-mediated functions in prostate cancer cells. Loss of PTEN function is typically due to genetic and epigenetic modulations, as well as active site oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS); likewise ROS upregulates CXCR4 expression. Herein, we show that ROS accumulation permitted CXCR4-mediated functions through PTEN catalytic inactivation. ROS increased p-AKT and CXCR4 expression, which were abrogated by a ROS scavenger in prostate cancer cells. ROS mediated PTEN inactivation but did not affect expression, yet enhanced cell migration and invasion in a CXCR4-dependent manner. Collectively, our studies add to the body of knowledge on the regulatory role of PTEN in CXCR4-mediated cancer progression, and hopefully, will contribute to the development of therapies that target the tumor microenvironment, which have great potential for the better management of a metastatic disease.
Angiotensin selectively activates a subpopulation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons in mice.

Abstract —Angiotensin II (Ang II) increases renal sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized mice before and after ganglionic blockade, suggesting that Ang II may directly activate postganglionic sympathetic neurons. The present study directly tested this hypothesis in vitro. Neurons were dissociated from aortic-renal and celiac ganglia of C57BL/6J mice. Cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) was measured with ratio imaging using fura 2. Ang II increased [Ca 2+ ] i in a subpopulation of sympathetic neurons. At a concentration of 200 nmol/L, 14 (67%) of 21 neurons responded with a rise in [Ca 2+ ] i . The Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor blocker (losartan, 2 μmol/L) but not the Ang II type 2 (AT 2 ) receptor blocker (PD123,319, 4 μmol/L) blocked this effect. The Ang II–induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca 2+ but not altered by depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ stores with thapsigargin. Ang II no longer elicited a [Ca 2+ ] i increase in the presence of lanthanum (25 μmol/L). The specific N-type and L-type Ca 2+ channel blockers, ω-conotoxin GVIA and nifedipine, respectively, significantly inhibited the Ang II–induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase. The protein kinase C inhibitor H7 but not the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 blocked the response to Ang II. These results demonstrate that Ang II selectively activates a subpopulation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons in aortic-renal and celiac ganglia, triggering Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. This effect is mediated through AT 1 receptors and requires the activation of protein kinase C. The activation of a subgroup of sympathetic neurons by Ang II may exert unique effects on kidney function in pathological states associated with elevated Ang II.
Implications of dimorphism, population variation, and secular change in estimating population affinity in the Iberian Peninsula

Morphometric cranial variation among Spanish samples was compared to a 19th century Portuguese sample using both traditional and three-dimensional approaches. The Spanish samples included the regional 19th century Oloriz collection and the local 16–17th century Villanubla and Vallolid sample from northwestern Spain. Results suggest moderate variation among the samples and suggest that varying patterns of regional variation, sexual dimorphism and secular change represent important factors to be considered in the evaluation of population affinity using craniometric approaches.
Cranberry and Grape Seed Extracts Inhibit the Proliferative Phenotype of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Proanthocyanidins, compounds highly concentrated in dietary fruits, such as cranberries and grapes, demonstrate significant cancer prevention potential against many types of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate cranberry and grape seed extracts to quantitate and compare their anti-proliferative effects on the most common type of oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma. Using two well-characterized oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, CAL27 and SCC25, assays were performed to evaluate the effects of cranberry and grape seed extract on phenotypic behaviors of these oral cancers. The proliferation of both oral cancer cell lines was significantly inhibited by the administration of cranberry and grape seed extracts, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, key regulators of apoptosis, caspase-2 and caspase-8, were concomitantly up-regulated by these treatments. However, cranberry and grape seed extracts elicited differential effects on cell adhesion, cell morphology, and cell cycle regulatory pathways. This study represents one of the first comparative investigations of cranberry and grape seed extracts and their anti-proliferative effects on oral cancers. Previous findings using purified proanthocyanidin from grape seed extract demonstrated more prominent growth inhibition, as well as apoptosis-inducing, properties on CAL27 cells. These observations provide evidence that cranberry and grape seed extracts not only inhibit oral cancer proliferation but also that the mechanism of this inhibition may function by triggering key apoptotic regulators in these cell lines. This information will be of benefit to researchers interested in elucidating which dietary components are central to mechanisms involved in the mediation of oral carcinogenesis and progression.
Replication and extension of Marlatt's taxonomy of relapse precipitants: overview of procedures and results

The Relapse Replication and Extension Project (RREP) was a multisite study to replicate and extend Marlatt's taxonomy of relapse precipitants. In addition to replicating Marlatt's original taxonomic system, three independent research teams utilized prospective designs to identify additional predictors of relapse and developed and evaluated two alternative systems for assessing high risk relapse situations. This overview describes the replication methodology, summarizes seven RREP studies completed by the three research groups, and discusses five cross-cutting conclusions emerging from the studies. These conclusions are: (1) reliability of Marlatt's taxonomic system was variable both within and across the three research sites; (2) Marlatt's taxonomic system showed little predictive validity in analyses that used pretreatment relapse data to predict post-treatment relapse, but there are important unresolved issues; (3) an alternative taxonomy provided little more predictive validity than the original taxonomy even though it measured more dimensions of relapse situations and provided greater analytic flexibility; (4) the Reasons for Drinking Questionnaire appeared to be a successful psychometric transformation of Marlatt's taxonomy, one which did demonstrate predictive validity; and (5) Marlatt's taxonomy was based on a time-intensive model of relapse prediction whereas RREP prospective analyses represented time-extensive models of relapse prediction. Coping responses are noted to be effective predictors of relapse under both models.
Intentionality, Pluralism, and Redescription

Donald Davidson, and others, have sometimes claimed that the subject matter of social science properly consists only of intentional actions. The author disputes this claim and explores an example drawn from social psychology that shows that some social scientific phenomena cannot be explained unless they are redescribed in nonintentional language.
Social Studies for Social Reform: Charles Beard's Vision of History and Social Studies Education

Abstract Charles Beard was arguably the most influential historian in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. He was also a key figure in the theoretical conceptualization of social studies education. The vision of social studies he recommended for schools, which he articulated most thoroughly during the 1930s white serving on the American Historical Associations's Commission of the Social Studies, was influenced greatly by his notion of the nature of historical inquiry and understanding, but, more fundamentally still, by his longstanding, deep-seated disposition as a progressive reformer.
Time-resolved tribo-thermography

Wear of coated surfaces tends to progress through a series of stages in which damage accumulates until the coating fails to protect its substrate. Depending on the coating system and the contact conditions, these stages can sometimes be detected as a series of discrete periods of changing frictional behavior, or they can occur quite rapidly, leading to rapid removal of the coating. A new technique has been developed to capture magnified infrared (IR) images of a selected location on a moving wear surface and to synchronize these cycle-by-cycle images with the instantaneous friction force that occurs at the same location. A pin-on-disk tribometer has been used to demonstrate the principle, but other kinds of test geometries can also be used. Contrast in the IR images derives not only from the surface temperatures but also from the emissivity of surface features. A spatial calibration of the system allows the measurement of the width of the wear path as a function of time. By studying a series of captured and friction- synchronized images, it is possible to observe the detailed progression of wear and the corresponding frictional transitions in a limitless variety of materials. Examples of several different materials, including, steel, aluminum, brass, and paint, will be used to illustrate the application of time-resolved microscopic tribo-thermography to coatings research.
Comment on “On the Matching Conditions of Different PML Schemes Applied to Multilayer Isotropic Dielectric Media”

The focus of this comment is to correct potential misconceptions regarding the application of perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing media to terminating inhomogeneous media within the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Initially, it is demonstrated that the PML is material independent by nature. That is, by specifying the constitutive parameters to be independent of the host material medium, both the split-field form and the anisotropic form (or unsplit form) of the PML are materially independent. It is then demonstrated that the split-field and nonsplit-field forms of the “materially independent PML” (MIPML) proposed earlier are identical to Berenger's split-field PML and the anisotropic PML formulations, respectively, after a simple scaling of the conductivity by a constant. While this validates the MIPML, it also illustrates that the MIPML is a subset of previously proven PML methods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 289–291, 2001.
Lipids and hypertension: Implications of new guidelines for cholesterol management in the treatment of hypertension

The approach to management of cardiovascular risk factors has been greatly enhanced by the recent publication of results from several large intervention studies. This increased knowledge has led to rapid changes in perspective and to some controversies regarding cardiovascular risk management. The major cardiovascular disease risk factors are high blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. In the past, physicians have paid little attention to the latter two factors, focusing primarily on severe hypertension. Initially, the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension consisted mostly of thiazide diuretics, since they were the only agents generally available that were well-tolerated by most patients. Over the past decade, however, new data from large-scale intervention studies and the development of many new classes of antihypertensive agents have considerably improved the approach to managing all three primary risk factors. Recently published results of major clinical trials are likely to further alter physicians' perspectives and influence their practice habits. This article proposes an approach to comprehensive risk management that simultaneously involves all the major risk factors, with emphasis on blood pressure and lipids. The rationale for this integrated approach is based on the following facts: Hypertension trials have not convincingly demonstrated that lowering blood pressure alone reduces the risk for coronary heart disease; Cholesterol lowering has been shown conclusively to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease; Several classes of antihypertensive agents have now been found to significantly affect blood lipids, either adversely or beneficially; and Past observational epidemiologic studies have shown a positive association between blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and blood pressure, implying that these two conditions commonly occur together. The background supporting these facts, as well as a practical approach to the treatment of hypertension that takes into consideration the management of blood lipids, is provided in this article.
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina in the setting of true hermaphroditism.

Abstract Background. Primary vaginal cancer constitutes less than 2% of all malignancies of the female genital tract and is even rarer in true hermaphrodites. A unique case report of the occurrence of both of these developments in the same patient is presented. Case. A 31-year-old 46,XX hermaphrodite presented with a history of vague abdominal symptoms and weight loss. Surgery was performed, and pathology revealed invasive squamous cell cancer arising in an epithelial-lined tissue consistent with vagina. The patient subsequently completed whole pelvic external-beam radiation therapy with cisplatin chemosensitization. Conclusion. This is a case of primary vaginal cancer in a patient with true hermaphroditism, which is exceedingly rare. It is a reminder that malignant changes in residual mullerian tissue should be considered in these patients.
How safe are recently FDA-approved antimicrobials? A review of the FDA adverse event reporting system database.

Study Objective To review quantitatively and qualitatively the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database to provide clinicians with a general understanding of the comparative occurrence of clinically meaningful adverse events associated with 15 antimicrobial new molecular entities approved by the FDA since 2006: anidulafungin, darunavir, maraviroc, raltegravir, doripenem, telavancin, ceftaroline, boceprevir, telaprevir, fidaxomicin, bedaquiline, dolutegravir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and dalbavancin. Design Retrospective analysis. Data Source FDA AERS database. Measurements and Main Results Empirica Signal software was used to query the AERS database from November 1968 to December 2012. Using disproportionality analyses, we calculated a relative reporting ratio (RRR) estimate for reports of antimicrobial adverse events. The RRR estimate compares the occurrence of a specific adverse event with an index drug of interest to the occurrence of the same adverse event with similar agents or with all other FDA-approved prescription drugs. Common industry practice considers an RRR meaningful if the 5th percentile of the distribution is at least 2 (RRR05 of 2.0 or higher). Antimicrobials were compared with agents within their respective antimicrobial therapeutic class as well as with all agents in the AERS database. Seventeen adverse signals with an RRR05 of 2.0 or higher were identified from the database for six agents. Ten of the 17 signals were not included in the most up-to-date manufacturers' package inserts for four of the six agents: doripenem-associated hepatic dysfunction (RRR05 3.7) and hyperchloremia (RRR05 2.6); boceprevir-associated weight loss (RRR05 2.2); darunavir-associated premature labor (RRR05 3.1), sudden infant death syndrome (RRR05 2.9), ventricular hypertrophy (RRR05 2.7), acute coronary syndrome (RRR05 2.4), and congenital anomaly in offspring (RRR05 2.4); and raltegravir-associated congenital heart valve disorders (RRR05 2.5) and SIDS (RRR05 2.3). Conclusion Clinically meaningful adverse event signals appeared to be associated with antimicrobial new molecular entities approved since 2006 including many not yet identified in package inserts. Although a disproportionality analysis suggests a quantitative signal for these associations, causality cannot be inferred from the data. Due to several key limitations in this type of analysis, investigative studies are needed to further explore these adverse event signals and the potential mechanisms by which they occur.
Parametric pumping: Modeling direct thermal separations of sodium chloride‐water in open and closed systems

Direct thermal parametric pumping separations of a NaCl-H2O-ion retardation resin system have been investigated. Experimental breakthrough curves and batch parapump runs were used to determine the lumped-parameter mass transfer coefficient λ and its dependence on velocity and temperature. Computer simulation of additional batch runs verified both the model and the STOP-GO algorithm used to solve it. Computer estimates of open-system behavior are presented.
A new moving coordinate particle-in-cell model for accelerator transport modeling☆

Abstract A new moving coordinate particle-in-cell model has been developed as an option in the code ISIS, in an attempt to optimize accelerator transport modeling. Each particle is assigned a charge weight and is tracked in three-dimensional momentum and real space. Three-dimensional fields are represented on a series of cylindrical r−z grids, one for each azimuthal Fourier component ( l- value ). The meshes are redefined at each time-step, based on the location of the particles. This allows optimum use of the gridding to represent fields only in the vicinity of the particles. For axisymmetric external fields, such as solenoids and rf cavity fields, a rational approximation is used to represent the axial fields. Expansions based on requiring the fields obey Maxwell's equations are used to determine the off axis fields. Space charge effects are approximated by solving Poisson's equation in the rest frame of the beam on a nonuniform mesh which extends beyond the particle mesh to include boundary conditions. The particle push is the usual fully-centered second-order accurate Boris method using both external and self-fields simultaneously in the lab frame. The model has been applied to the Boeing APLE experiment.
The effect of keyboard key spacing on typing speed, error, usability, and biomechanics, Part 2: Vertical spacing.

Objective:The objective was to evaluate the effects of vertical key spacing on a conventional computer keyboard on typing speed, percentage error, usability, forearm muscle activity, and wrist post...
2,4-DICHLORO-3-(DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYLENE)-1,4-CYCLOHEXADIENE-1,5-DICARBOXALDEHYDE - X-RAY STRUCTURE, MNDO CALCULATIONS, AND ROTATIONAL BARRIERS OF A STABLE NON-AROMATIC TAUTOMER OF A PENTA-SUBSTITUTED BENZENE

Abstract Analogues of the title compound have been prepared; minor alterations in the reaction conditions give a benzenoid isomer 2b of the title compound. Reactions of the title compound were studied, and the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. MNDO calculations give a geometry in agreement with that found, and indicate an energy difference of 13 kcal mol in favour of the benzenoid isomer 2a . Temperature-dependent 13C- and 1H-NMR spectra afforded rotational barriers.
Women's participation in national-level politics and government

Abstract It has often been assumed that women in politics in Latin America approach their public responsibilities in a manner consistent with their traditional domestic roles. This article analyzes women's roles in Costa Rican politics and government through an examination of both the positions they hold and the attitudes they maintain regarding these positions. We conducted interviews in Costa Rica with female political elites and gathered data from mail questionnaires. It appears that Costa Rican women in public life are most likely to hold traditionally “female” positions and maintain both a feminine image and traditional family values. However, women in Costa Rican politics and government do not view their participation in the public sphere as an extension of their traditional domestic roles.
Concentration Distribution During Pulse Jet Mixing

Obtaining real-time, in situ slurry concentration measurements during unsteady mixing can provide increased understanding into mixer performance. During recent tests an ultrasonic attenuation sensor was inserted into a mixing vessel to measure the slurry concentration during unsteady mixing in real time during pulse jet mixer operation. These pulse jet mixing tests to suspend noncohesive solids in Newtonian liquid were conducted at three geometric scales. To understand the solids suspension process and resulting solids distribution, the concentration of solids in the cloud was measured at various elevations and radial positions during the pulse jet mixer cycle. In the largest scale vessel, concentration profiles were measured at three radial locations: r = 0, 0.5 and 0.9 R where R is the vessel radius. These radial concentration data are being analyzed to provide a model for predicting concentration as a function of elevation. This paper describes pulse jet mixer operation, provides a description of the concentration probe, and presents transient concentration data obtained at three radial positions: in the vessel center (O R), midway between the center and the wall (0.5 R) and near the vessel wall (0.9 R) through out the pulse to provide insight into pulse jet mixer performance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
White Concern About Black Favoritism in a Biracial Presidential Election

Party affiliation has been identified as the most powerful factor explaining citizens’ political attitudes and voting decisions. However, history provides several examples of Black Democratic candidates who failed to garner votes from White Democrats during biracial elections. Focusing on perceived concern about Black favoritism and political ambivalence, this study investigates why White citizens’ party affiliation loses its influence on candidate evaluation and vote choice in biracial political contests. Relying on the 2008 National Presidential Election between Barack Obama and John McCain as an analytic case study, this research provides evidence that White citizens’ concern about Black favoritism in biracial political contests is a consequential factor in (a) reducing favorability toward a Black political candidate among White Democrats and Independents, (b) creating political ambivalence toward the presidential candidate among White Democrats, and thereby (c) increasing the probability of cross-part...