cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertain Inference Using Ordinal Classification in Deep Networks for Acoustic Localization

Highly-reverberate underwater environments pose challenges for conventional localization techniques due to the highly non-linear nature of reflective surfaces, multi-path, and scattering fields. In this paper, we compare different machine learning methods for passive localization and tracking of single, non-stationary, underwater acoustic sources using multiple underwater acoustic vector sensors. We incorporate ordinal classification for localization in a novel approach to acoustic localization and compare the results with other standard methods. Realworld experiments demonstrate that both categorical and ordinal classification using deep LSTM networks significantly reduce localization error.
A Note on Transition Bonds and Finance

Transition finance will play a critical role in reaching agreed global climate targets. This chapter moves from an overview of the landscape of existing purpose-built bonds, including green bonds, to a detailed discussion of the goals, issues, and guiding principles for a recently created transition finance tool, transition bonds. Analyzing the rationale, goals, and challenges of a transition bond framework, it derives lessons from experience with green bonds and related climate finance instruments that have proliferated in number and scale of funds raised in the past decade. It notes that while competing initiatives to define new transition metrics and pathways are predicated on developing markets around voluntarily-accepted quality standards for transition bonds, persistent concerns with reconciling high-level transition standards with firm-specific flexibility and incentives for carbonwashing still need to be addressed. In conclusion, the chapter argues that states, as market regulators, and the ultimate bearers of sovereign risk in economies exposed to increasing transition impacts will have primary responsibility for orderly transition.
Bibliographic Software: An Overview of Selection Criteria For Gaming Researchers

For gaming researchers and industry authors staying current with the latest version of a given style format (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) is a daunting and nearly impossible task given the frequency with which they change to accommodate new research resources. Bibliographic software attempts to offer a solution to the problem; however, it is important that users fully understand the capabilities and limitations of the software in order to avoid frustration and wasted time. What is bibliographic software? Each program varies greatly, but the more expensive or robust software packages enable the user to organize their research, share their citations (books, journals, interviews, websites, etc.) with colleagues and create bibliographies formatted for a specific style. Several of the commercial packages include plug-ins for word processing software that will allow users to automatically format in-text citations and bibliographies while the paper is being created. It is recommended that users not attempt to apply the software to manually created citations in a work-in-progress. Instead the selected software should be used from the start of the writing process. A complete understanding of a researcher's needs in organizing their citations is essential in determining the software that should be used. The questions that individuals should ask are -What does the software need to do? Should it only create formatted bibliographies? Should it create bibliographies and store citations for use in future projects? Will the software restrict use to one computer or does it allow for accessing stored citations via the web and on other frequently used computers? The following considerations can be applied to the free and the commercial types of software. Apart from the obvious cost difference between the two types of software, the commercial packages contain many more features than the free software, and the free software is often used as an enticement to lure the user to purchase the full package. For the free or commercial software, individuals usually need to store and create bibliographies. Ease of use is often the primary consideration when selecting bibliographic software, but it should not be the only one. When evaluating the software, users should determine
Genetic analysis of mch mutants in two Methanosarcina species demonstrates multiple roles for the methanopterin‐dependent C‐1 oxidation/reduction pathway and differences in H2 metabolism between closely related species

Summary A mutation in the mch gene, encoding the enzyme 5,10-methenyl tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) cyclohydrolase, was constructed in vitro and recombined onto the chromosome of the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri. The resulting mutant does not grow in media using H2/CO2, methanol, or acetate as carbon and energy sources, but does grow in media with methanol/H2/CO2, demonstrating its ability to utilize H2 as a source of electrons for reduction of methyl groups. Cell suspension experiments showed that methanogenesis from methanol or from H2/CO2 is blocked in the mutant, explaining the lack of growth on these substrates. The corresponding mutation in Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, which cannot grow on H2/CO2, could not be made in wild-type strains, but could be made in strains carrying a second copy of mch, suggesting that M. acetivorans is incapable of methyl group reduction using H2. M. acetivorans mch mutants could also be constructed in strains carrying the M. barkeri ech hydrogenase operon, suggesting that the block in the methyl reduction pathway is at the level of H2 oxidation. Interestingly, the ech-dependent methyl reduction pathway of M. acetivorans involves an electron transport chain distinct from that used by M. barkeri, because M. barkeri ech mutants remain capable of H2-dependent methyl reduction.
Eugenics, Women of Color and Reproductive Health: The Sage Continues

This article focuses on the various eugenics policies used to sterilize and /or control the reproductive capacity of women of color. The word “eugenics” comes from the Greek root meaning “well-born,” although the meaning of this term appears to be benign, the practice of “eugenics” throughout the world has often embraced “racial cleansing” – the worst-case scenario being the Nazi eugenics programs of sterilization, euthanasia, and genocide. The article begins with a detailed historical account of the eugenics movement and presents various examples of involuntary and forced sterilization practices among women of color that were widely accepted after the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of forced sterilizations in Buck v. Bell. The discussion extends into the use of birth control, not as an empowering tool that women use to control fertility, but rather as population control. Particularly, the article examines in detail the contraceptives Depo-Provera and Norplant, the dangers of these drugs, and the efforts used to target young, low-income women of color, by depriving them of the ability to make fully informed decisions about their reproductive health. Accordingly, these and other forms of population control fail to provide women with information about side effects and alternatives for reproductive health. Finally, the article examines CRACK (Children Requiring a Caring Kommunity, and its impact on women of color. Professor Scully argues that the organization solicits those in primarily Black and Latino communities and possesses eugenic philosophies seeking to eliminate “problem children” that are the offspring of poor women. Professor Scully states that this program poses a serious threat to the reproductive rights of all women, not just those who are currently targeted. The article concludes that there is clearly a history of sterilization and contraceptive abuse regarding women of color in the United States and is particularly true among women of color who are young, poor and politically powerless. It is argued that perhaps women of color are subjected to such abuse because they are less likely to complain about exploitation, and are more likely to think of abuse as “normal.” Further, these women have less access to lawyers, the media, to advocacy organizations, and to educational resources, and therefore believed to pose less of a threat to unethical doctors and institutions conducting illegal sterilization procedures. The article concludes that contraceptives must focus on the benefits women receive, that the quality of contraceptives must improve, and that contraceptives must respect women’s health, autonomy, and integrity or otherwise be labeled as dangerous and unacceptable “choices.”
Short-term magnesium deficiency downregulates telomerase, upregulates neutral sphingomyelinase and induces oxidative DNA damage in cardiovascular tissues: relevance to atherogenesis, cardiovascular diseases and aging

THE PRESENT WORK TESTED THE HYPOTHESES THAT 1) short-term dietary deficiency of magnesium (Mg; 21 days) in rats (MgD) would result in a downregulation of telomerase in cardiac and aortic smooth muscle cells, 2) low levels of Mg(2+) added to drinking water (DW) would either prevent or greatly reduce the downregulation of telomerase in MgD, 3) MgD in rats would cause an upregulation of neutral-sphingomyelinase (N-SMAse) and p53, 4) short-term MgD would result in oxidation of DNA in diverse cardiac muscle and aortic smooth muscle cells as exemplified by measurement of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and 5) cross-talk between telomerase, N-SMase, p53, and 8-OH-dG would be evident in left ventricular (LV), right ventricular (RV), atrial and aortic smooth muscle obtained from rats subjected to short-term MgD. The data indicated that short-term MgD (10% normal dietary intake) resulted in downregulation of telomerase in LV, RV, atrial and aortic muscle cells; even very low levels of water-bourne Mg(2+) (e.g., 15-40 mg/lday) either prevented or ameliorated the downregulation of telomerase. Our experiments also showed that MgD resulted in a 7-10 fold increased formation of 8-OH-dG in the cardiac and aortic muscle cells. The experiments also confirmed that short-term dietary deficiency of Mg resulted in greatly increased upregulation of N-SMAse and p53 in the cardiac and aortic muscle tissues. These new experiments point to a sizeable cross-talk among telomerase, N-SMAse, and p53 in rat cardiac and peripheral vascular muscle exposed to a short-term MgD. These studies would be compatible with the idea that even short-term MgD could cause alterations of the genome in diverse cell types leading to mutations of cardiac, vascular, and endothelial cells seen in aging and atherogenesis. Since we have shown, previously, that activation of N-SMAse in MgD leads to synthesis and release of ceramide in cardiovascular tissues and cells, we believe this pathway, most likely, helps to result in downregulation of telomerase, upregulation of transcription factors (e.g., p53; NF-kB), cytokine release, mutations, transformations, and dysfunctional growth seen in the cardiac and vascular cells observed in the normal aging process, atherogenesis, hypertension, and cardiac failure. Lastly, we suggest ways in which this hypothesis can be tested.
Efficient Viewpoint Selection for Urban Texture Documentation

We envision participatory texture documentation (PTD) as a process in which a group of participants (dedicated individuals and/or general public) with camera-equipped mobile phones participate in collaborative/social collection of the urban texture information. PTD enables inexpensive, scalable and high resolution urban texture documentation. PTD is implemented in two steps. In the first step, minimum number of points in the urban environment are selected from which collection of maximum urban texture is possible. This step is called viewpoint selection . In the next step, the selected viewpoints are assigned to users (based on their preferences and constraints) for texture collection. This step is termed viewpoint assignment . In this paper, we focus on the viewpoint selection problem. We prove that this problem is NP-hard, and accordingly, propose a scalable (and efficient) heuristic with approximation guarantee for viewpoint selection. We study, profile and verify our proposed solution by extensive experiments.
Using a way cache to improve performance of set-associative caches

Modern high-performance out-of-order processors use L1 caches with increasing degree of associativity to improve performance. Higher associativity is not always feasible for two reasons: it increases cache hit latency and energy consumption. One of the main reasons for the increased latency is a multiplexor delay to select one of the lines in a set. The multiplexor is controlled by a hit signal, which means that tag comparison needs to be completed before the multiplexor can be enabled. This paper proposes a new mechanism called Way Cache for setting the multiplexor ahead of time in order to reduce the hit latency. The same mechanism allows access to only one of the tag stores and only one corresponding data store per cache access, which reduces the energy consumption. Unlike way prediction, the Way Cache always contains correct way information - but has misses. The performance of Way Cache is evaluated and compared with Way Prediction for data and instruction caches. The performance of the Way Cache is also evaluated in the presence of a Cached Load/Store Queue, an integrated L0 cache-Load/Store Queue which significantly reduces the number of accesses to the L1 cache.
The Couple Who Facebooks Together, Stays Together: Facebook Self-Presentation and Relationship Longevity Among College-Aged Dating Couples.

Abstract Drawing on public commitment theory, this research examined the association between Facebook self-presentations of coupledom and relationship longevity among college-aged dating partners. Using a longitudinal design and a path model analytic approach, this study shows that Facebook self-presentational cues (i.e., being listed as “in a relationship,” posting dyadic photographs, writing on the partner's wall) were associated with an increase in relationship commitment for dating couples, which, in turn, increased their likelihood of remaining together after 6 months. Contrary to predictions, the number of mutual Friends and the number of posts written by partners on participants' walls were negatively related to relationship commitment. This study is the first to apply public commitment theory to an online romantic relationship context, and one of the few to examine the effects of Facebook on the state and fate of romantic relationships.
THE PATHOLOGY AND CYTOGENETICS OF GONADAL AGENESIS.

THE clinical picture of sexual infantilism, short stature, webbing of the neck and streak gonads is now quite well known under the eponym of Turner’s syndrome. The discovery that such patients were chromatin negative and had but 45 chromosomes due to the loss of one of the sex chromosomes seemed to crystallize the picture of this disease. By and large patients so characterized are of only remote interest to the gynecologist as they are usually diagnosed and treated in infancy or adolescence by the pediatrician. It has recently become apparent, however, that the clinical picture associated with gonadal streaks is quite variable and of much more immediate concern to the gynecologist. As we shall describe, attractive women of normal stature, who complain of primary amenorrhea may, likewise, have gonadal streaks associated with negative or even positive sex chromatin patterns.
Evolution of root plasticity responses to variation in soil nutrient distribution and concentration

Root plasticity, a trait that can respond to selective pressure, may help plants forage for nutrients in heterogeneous soils. Agricultural breeding programs have artificially selected for increased yield under comparatively homogeneous soil conditions, potentially decreasing the capacity for plasticity in crop plants like barley (Hordeum vulgare). However, the effects of domestication on the evolution of root plasticity are essentially unknown. Using a split container approach, we examined the differences in root plasticity among three domestication levels of barley germplasm (wild, landrace, and cultivar) grown under different concentrations and distribution patterns of soil nutrients. Domestication level, nutrient concentration, and nutrient distribution interactively affected average root diameter; differential root allocation (within-plant plasticity) was greatest in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), especially under low nutrient levels. Correlations of within-plant root plasticity and plant size were most pronounced in modern cultivars under low-nutrient conditions. Barley plants invested more resources to root systems when grown in low-nutrient soils and allocated more roots to higher-nutrient locations. Root plasticity in barley is scale dependent and varies with domestication level. Although wild barley harbors a greater capacity for within-plant root plasticity than domesticated barley, cultivars exhibited the greatest capacity to translate within-plant plasticity into increased plant size.
A ratio-insensitive cyclic A/D conversion technique

An error-compensation technique for a cyclic digital-to-analog (D/A) converter is proposed. Without the use of precision passive components, this approach improves the resolution of the converter. The circuit utilizes an accurate divide-by-two method for generating the necessary reference voltages. The operation takes two clock cycles per bit conversion. With the use of only one op amp, and a few capacitors and switches, the circuit can be implemented by a switched capacitor circuit in a fairly small chip area. The proposed technique has been verified using SPICE, and a 14-bit resolution has been obtained in simulation. >
Inter-rater reliability for scoring children's dichotic words test responses.

AbstractObjective: To determine whether rater agreement is randomly distributed or varies importantly with test-taker characteristics, test words, or rater experience with the dichotic words test (DWT). Design: DWT was administered to 34 children in 1st–4th grade and responses scored by two raters. The proportion of rater agreement was calculated for each child and for each word. Correlates of inter-rater agreement were explored. Study sample: Two raters judged 6686 total responses from 34 children. Results: Overall agreement between the two raters was 0.97. Test-taker scores ranged from 35%–91% (mean = 81%). Agreement was associated with score but not with test-taker age or sex. Test words spanned the full range of difficulty (pass proportion 0.06–1.00). Rater agreement was not randomly distributed among the words. Inter-rater agreement for test words ranged from 0.82–1.00 and was associated with pass proportion (Spearman's ρ = 0.28; p < 0.0001). However, there were words at all pass proportions with per...
Reductions in muscle coactivation and metabolic cost during visuomotor adaptation

We often have to adapt our movements as we interact with a variety of objects in various conditions on a daily basis. Evidence suggests that motor adaptation relies on a process that minimizes erro...
Sn-normal semigroups

Certain subsemigroups of the full transformation semigroup Tn on a finite set of cardinality n are investigated, namely those subsemigroups S of Tn, which are normalised by the symmetric group on n elements, the group of units of Tn. The Sn-normal closure of an element of Tn is determined, and the structure of the Sn-normal ideals consisting of the members of Tn whose image contains at most r elements is studied.
Cross sections for 170° backscattering of 4He from oxygen, aluminum and argon for 4He energies between 1.8 and 5.0 MeV

Abstract Cross sections for 170° backscattering of 4He ions incident on oxygen, aluminum and argon target atoms at energies in the range 1.8 to 5.0 MeV have been measured using 4He beams from a 6 MV Van de Graaff. The targets were thin (850, 1950 A) films of Ar-sputtered Al2O3 (on C substrates) which incorporated up to 6% Ar. Cross sections at a particular energy were determined by comparing the measured apparent thicknesses (in atoms/cm2) of O, Al and Ar in the film at the particular energy with those measured for 4He energy near 2 MeV (where the cross sections were assumed to be Rutherford). The cross sections were measured at maxium intervals of 50 keV, with uncertainties of ± 4%. The cross section for HeAr is nearly Rutherford over the entire range, that for HeAl shows small deviations from Rutherford above 4.2 MeV, while that for HeO is strongly non-Rutherford above 2.4 MeV. Results are presented in graphical and tabular form.
Inorganic polyphosphate elicits pro-inflammatory responses through activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 in vascular endothelial cells.

Background Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) elicits proinflammatory signaling responses in endothelial cells through interaction with two receptors, RAGE and P2Y1. It is known that polyP activates mTOR signaling in breast cancer cells.
A relaxation approximation for time-dependent second-order effects in shear turbulence

The Crow constraint on time-dependent turbulence models is generalized to effects of second order in the strain rate. For simple shear flow, this generalization requires agreement of the time-dependent normal stress deviators with the short-time rapid distortion limit and with long-time equilibrium data. A model consistent with these requirements is proposed based on a perturbative solution of the equations of the direct interaction approximation for shear flow. It requires a decomposition of the Reynolds stress into tensor components which satisfy coupled linear relaxation equations. This approach to time-dependent turbulence modeling based on analytical theories offers an alternative to the standard ones, in which various hypotheses are introduced to close correlations in the exact transport equation for second-order single-point moments.
Nutritional Ecology of Microtine Rodents: Digestibility of Forage

Three species of microtine rodents had different digestive capabilities when fed similar food. The prairie vole, which in natural habitats eats primarily forbs, digested rabbit pellets (made from alfalfa and grain) significantly better than California voles and brown lemmings, which eat primarily grasses and sedges. Prairie voles digested grasses as well as California voles (∼50% of energy), but prairie voles lost weight and died when fed a grass diet, whereas California voles maintained their weight. Brown lemmings digested grasses and sedges poorly compared to voles (35% of energy) but maintained their weight. Inefficient use of energy by lemmings was interpreted as an adaptation for subsistence on forage with low concentrations of minerals. Comparison of data from previous studies of microtine rodents confirmed the general differences in digestibility of food types reported in this study: seeds and garden vegetables were highly digestible (89% of energy), dicotyledon leaves and stems were less so (74%), and monocotyledon shoots were least digestible (54%). These differences among herbivores and forage types should be considered when calculating energy and nutrient budgets.
Epilogue: After Katrina, lessons not only to be learned, but to be used

Abstract This paper adds a concluding commentary to the special issue of Technology In Society on “Perspectives on Hurricane Katrina.” The symposium focused on “Lessons from the Past, Lessons for the Future,” and its organizers emphasized lessons to be learned in an interdisciplinary context in which values are made explicit. This afterword points out that the public policy questions “what should be done, for whom, and why?” are intrinsically interdisciplinary and normative. It goes on to discuss briefly a few of the policy issues raised by the Katrina disaster and its continuing aftermath. In particular, there was, before the storm, significant understanding of what might happen and what should be done in preparation that was surprisingly not acted upon, and remains in many ways still neglected. In addition, with respect to recovery there has been much discussion of what would constitute “equity” for the victims, but little agreement or even understanding of the complexity of the planning and distributional issues. Crucial questions affecting what kind of city New Orleans will become remain inadequately explored, let alone acted upon.
Derived decision rules for pollution control in a general equilibrium space economy

Abstract This paper attempts to narrow the gap between economic theory and policy inthe field of environmental pollution control by expanding the traditional general equilibrium model to include the kind of spatial detail that is important for describing pollution. This model is then used to derive theorems which provide the basis for the development of spatially differentiated, tax-based decision rules. In spite of the fact that these rules require no information on either damage costs or control costs, they maintain many of the desirable properties of the more conventional informationally intensive tax policies.
Eukaryotic DNA replication: yeast bares its ARSs

Abstract The isolation of yeast autonomously replicating sequences ( ARSs ) and their identification as origins of replication has focused attention on yeast as the only eukaryotic system in which a single chromosomal replicon can be studied in detail. In addition to ARSs , a "reverse genetics" analysis of proteins involved in yeast replication is aiding in elucidating mechanisms of eukaryotic DNA replication.
Historical perspectives on intravaginal contraceptive sponges

Abstract Man's long search for a safe and reliable contraceptive has led recently to the investigation of diaphragms made of collagen sponge. The present report offers a brief account of some historical precedents for this device. Intravaginal tampons of various materials have been used by several cultures as anti-conceptional devices. The earliest record dates from around 1550 B.C. Sponges later enjoyed popularity in Europe until the development of other barrier methods in the Nineteenth Century. They have remained in use in under-developed societies and have been recommeded as a simple method of contraception to rural populations during the Twentieth Century. While the basic concepts underlying intravaginal contraceptive sponges seem sound, the method is not without its problems. Development of an effective, convenient, and safe sponge would afford an attractive alternative to those contraceptives currently available.
Epileptic seizure detection - an AR model based algorithm for implantable device

The algorithm of epileptic seizure is at the core of any implantable device aimed to treat the symptoms of this disorder. A training free (on line) epileptic seizure detection algorithm for implantable device utilizing Autoregressive (AR) model parameters is developed and studied. Pre-recorded (off line) epileptic seizure data are used to estimate the internal parameters of an AR model prior and following the seizure Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is used for reducing the dimension of the problem while allowing only the salient features representing the seizure onset to be saved into the implantable device. The implantable device estimates the AR model parameter in real time and compares the saved features of seizure onset with feature from the incoming signals using cosine similarity. In order to guarantee an efficient on line signal processing, Weighted Least Square Estimation (WLSE) model is utilized. Simulation result shows that the proposed method has average 96.6% detection accuracy and 1.2ms latency for the data sets under study. The proposed approach can be extended to multi channel approach using Multi-Variant Autoregressive (MVAR) model which enables seizure foci localization and the sophisticated seizure prediction.
Portraits of resilience: The urban life experience of gifted Latino young men ∗

Many intelligent young people living in urban environments are at risk for not reaching their full potential in school and in life. However, some young people do overcome great adversity in their lives and many barriers to achievement. This article explores such resilience as it relates to gifted young men in the inner city. The focus of the article is the life experiences of three gifted Latino young men. Implications for resilience in gifted youth are discussed and recommendations are made for nurturing resilience in urban teenagers to ensure greater success in life.
Corticosteroid therapy for Henoch Schönlein purpura.

To the Editor. — Weiss et al's1 meta-analysis concludes that several weeks of corticosteroid use decreases the risk of long-term renal disease in children presenting with Henoch Schonlein purpura (HSP). They base this conclusion on a combined odds ratio ([OR]: 0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): [0.19–0.96]) of 3 placebo-controlled or prospective trials. We disagree with their conclusion on the basis of selection bias in the studies reported, differences in duration of follow-up, as well as new data from a prospective study presented by Dudley et al2 at the 2007 American Society of Nephrology meeting that reported no differences in development of renal disease between those receiving prednisolone and placebo (OR: …
Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glycogen synthase in streptozotocin-treated mice: Role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine

Glycogen synthase is post-translationally modified by both phosphate and O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). In 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to high concentrations of glucose, O-GlcNAc contributes to insulin resistance of glycogen synthase. We sought to determine whether O-GlcNAc also regulates glycogen synthase in vivo. Glycogen synthase activity in fat pad extracts was inhibited in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic mice. The half-maximal activation concentration for glucose 6-phosphate (A(0.5)) was increased to 830 +/- 120 microm compared with 240 +/- 20 microm in control mice (C, p < 0.01), while the basal glycogen synthase activity (%I-form) was decreased to 2.4 +/- 1.4% compared with 10.1 +/- 1.8% in controls (p < 0.01). Glycogen synthase activity remained inhibited after compensatory insulin treatment. After insulin treatment kinetic parameters of glycogen synthase were more closely correlated with blood glucose (A(0.5), r(2) = 0.70; %I-form, r(2) = 0.59) than insulin levels (A(0.5), r(2) = 0.04; %I-form, r(2) = 0.09). Hyperglycemia also resulted in an increase in the level of O-GlcNAc on glycogen synthase (16.1 +/- 1.8 compared with 7.0 +/- 0.9 arbitrary intensity units for controls, p < 0.01), even though the level of phosphorylation was identical in diabetic and control mice either with (STZ: 2.9 +/- 1.0 and C: 3.2 +/- 0.8) or without (STZ: 12.2 +/- 2.8 and C: 13.8 +/- 3.0 arbitrary intensity units) insulin treatment. In all mice the percent activation of glycogen synthase that could be achieved in vitro by recombinant protein phosphatase 1 (230 +/- 30%) was significantly greater in the presence of beta-d-N-acetylglucosaminidase (410 +/- 60%, p < 0.01). This synergistic stimulation of glycogen synthase due to codigestion by protein phosphatase 1 and beta-d-N-acetylglucosaminidase was more pronounced in STZ-diabetic mice (310 +/- 70%) compared with control mice (100 +/- 10%, p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that O-GlcNAc has a role in the regulation of glycogen synthase both in normoglycemia and diabetes.
Organic carbon stable isotope ratios of continental margin sediments

Stable isotope ratios (δ13C) of total organic carbon were measured in surface sediments from the continental margins of the northern and western Gulf of Mexico, the north coast of Alaska and the Niger Delta. Gulf of Mexico outer-shelf isotope ratios were in the same range as has been reported for Atlantic coastal shelf sediments, −21.5 to −20‰. Off large rivers including the Mississippi, Niger and Atchafalaya (Louisiana), δ13C values increased from terrigenous-influenced (around −24‰) to typically marine (∼−20‰) within a few tens of kilometers from shore. This change was accompanied by a decrease in the amount of woody terrigenous plant remains in the sediment. Alaskan continental margin samples from the cold Beaufort Sea had isotopically more negative carbon (−25.5 to −22.6‰) than did warmer-water sediments. The data indicate that the bulk of organic carbon in Recent sediments from nearshore to outer continental shelves is marine derived.
Active-passive detection of multipixel targets

Multifunction laser radar systems can collect two-dimensional target images of intensity, range, or velocity, and many such systems augment their active-sensor channel with a FLIR channel. This paper addresses the problem of optimal target detection using such an active-passive sensor, focusing on the performance benefits that accrue when multidimensional data-active-sensor range, velocity, and intensity, plus passive-sensor intensity - are combined in the detection processor. Generalized likelihood ratio tests are derived for active-passive detection processing, and quantitative performance results - receiver operating characteristics - are obtained through computer simulation of pixel-level statistics. The performance predictions for the gamut of multidimensional, multipixel detection processors are confirmed via experiments performed using a multidimensional laser radar test bed.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy evidence for structural heterogeneity in ionic liquids

In this work, we provide new experimental evidence for chain length-dependent self-aggregation in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In studying a homologous series of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [CnMPy][Tf2N] RTILs of varying alkyl chain length (n = 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10), biphasic rhodamine 6G solute diffusion dynamics were observed; both the fast and slow diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing alkyl chain length, with the relative contribution from slower diffusion increasing for longer-chain [CnMPy][Tf2N]. We propose that the biphasic diffusion dynamics originate from self-aggregation of the nonpolar alkyl chains in the cationic [CnMPy]+.
Effect of DC electric field on the tensile deformation of ultrafine-grained 3Y-TZP at 1450-1600 °C

Abstract Two test types were employed to determine the effect of DC electric field E = 5–8.3 V cm−1 applied in the loading direction on the tensile flow stress of 3Y-TZP (do = 0.44 μm) at 1450–1600 °C. In type a, the field was applied continuously throughout the tensile test; in type b, the field was alternately applied and removed during the course of the tensile test. The field reduced the flow stress in both test types, but with an appreciably larger effect in the type a tests. The field, however, had no discernable effect on the stress exponent n = ∂ log e ˙ / ∂ log σ determined by strain rate change tests. The reduction in flow stress in the type b tests reversed upon removal of the field. It was interpreted to result from both Joule heating and a decrease in the energy to form the rate-controlling Zr4+ vacancies in the space charge zone adjacent to the grain boundaries. The calculated width of the space charge zone λ (=1.5–7.8 nm) and the ratio of the applied electric potential to the reduction in stress Δϕa/Δσ (=18–19 μV/MPa) were in accord with predictions. The larger reduction in the flow stress in the type a tests is attributed to a greater retardation of grain growth by the field.
Colonial identities and the sociedad de castas

(1995). Colonial identities and the sociedad de castas. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 185-201.
Medical imaging, PACS, and imaging informatics: retrospective

Historical reviews of PACS (picture archiving and communication system) and imaging informatics development from different points of view have been published in the past (Huang in Euro J Radiol 78:163–176, 2011; Lemke in Euro J Radiol 78:177–183, 2011; Inamura and Jong in Euro J Radiol 78:184–189, 2011). This retrospective attempts to look at the topic from a different angle by identifying certain basic medical imaging inventions in the 1960s and 1970s which had conceptually defined basic components of PACS guiding its course of development in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as subsequent imaging informatics research in the 2000s. In medical imaging, the emphasis was on the innovations at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, research and training support from US government agencies and public and private medical imaging manufacturers became available for training of young talents in biomedical physics and for developing the key components required for PACS development. In the 2000s, computer hardware and software as well as communication networks advanced by leaps and bounds, opening the door for medical imaging informatics to flourish. Because many key components required for the PACS operation were developed by the UCLA PACS Team and its collaborative partners in the 1980s, this presentation is centered on that aspect. During this period, substantial collaborative research efforts by many individual teams in the US and in Japan were highlighted. Credits are due particularly to the Pattern Recognition Laboratory at Georgetown University, and the computed radiography (CR) development at the Fuji Electric Corp. in collaboration with Stanford University in the 1970s; the Image Processing Laboratory at UCLA in the 1980s–1990s; as well as the early PACS development at the Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, in the late 1970s, and film scanner and digital radiography developed by Konishiroku Photo Ind. Co. Ltd. (Konica-Minolta), Japan, in the 1980–1990s. Major support from the US National Institutes of Health and other federal agencies and private medical imaging industry are appreciated. The NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Advanced Study Institute (ASI) sponsored the International PACS Conference at Evian, France, in 1990, the contents and presentations of which convinced a half dozen high-level US military healthcare personnel, including surgeons and radiologists, that PACS was feasible and would greatly streamline the current military healthcare services. The impact of the post-conference summary by these individuals to their superiors opened the doors for long-term support of PACS development by the US Military Healthcare Services. PACS and imaging informatics have thus emerged as a daily clinical necessity.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 69. Analysis of the kinetics of nitrocellulose at 50 °C–500 °C

On a etudie les constantes cinetiques de la decomposition de la nitrocellulose entre 50°C et 500°C. Pour T 200°C, les mesures cinetiques sont en accord avec l'existence de la reaction de 1er ordre et avec la desorption des produits de reaction comme deux processus paralleles, qui controlent ensemble la vitesse. L'exotherme de temps et la cinetique de la vitesse de combustion de masse sont comparees en tant qu'evenements de reaction/desorption dependant du temps.
Development of a world-wide web based contour integration test

Possibilities for dynamic psychophysical experimentation on the World-Wide Web are just beginning to be explored. We sought to develop a Web-based version of a contour integration test that is suitable for clinical studies, and to determine whether the previously described contour integration deficit in schizophrenia could be replicated using the new test. Fields of Gabor patches against a gray background were used as stimuli, and a closed contour had to be located within a noisy background. A two-alternative forced-choice paradigm was developed in which the subject had to identify which direction an egg-shaped contour was pointing. The signal-to-noise ratio of the images, and the spacing between contour elements were kept constant, but the orientation of the contour elements was varied as the critical manipulation. The program to administer the task and record data was implemented within Java. Past results of a contour integration deficit in schizophrenia were replicated. Potential future uses of this test for clinical and research purposes are discussed.
Elevated risk of adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with depression

In this study, we evaluated the association between prenatal depression symptoms adverse birth outcomes in African-American women. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 261 pregnant African-American women who were screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at their initial prenatal visit. Medical records were reviewed to assess pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, specifically preeclampsia, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight. Using multivariable logistic regression models, an EPDS score ≥10 was associated with increased risk for preeclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. An EPDS score ≥10 was associated with increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, but after controlling for behavioral risk factors, this association was no longer significant. Patients who screen positive for depression symptoms during pregnancy are at increased risk for multiple adverse birth outcomes. In a positive, patient-rated depression screening at the initial obstetrics visit, depression is associated with increased risk for multiple adverse birth outcomes. Given the retrospective study design and small sample size, these findings should be confirmed in a prospective cohort study.
How Academic Biologists and Physicists View Science Outreach

Scholars and pundits alike argue that U.S. scientists could do more to reach out to the general public. Yet, to date, there have been few systematic studies that examine how scientists understand the barriers that impede such outreach. Through analysis of 97 semi-structured interviews with academic biologists and physicists at top research universities in the United States, we classify the type and target audiences of scientists’ outreach activities. Finally, we explore the narratives academic scientists have about outreach and its reception in the academy, in particular what they perceive as impediments to these activities. We find that scientists’ outreach activities are stratified by gender and that university and disciplinary rewards as well as scientists’ perceptions of their own skills have an impact on science outreach. Research contributions and recommendations for university policy follow.
‘Social’ systems: designing digital systems that support social intelligence

Large groups of people exhibit social intelligence: coherent behavior directed towards individual or collective goals. This paper examines ways in which such behavior is produced in face to face situations, and discusses how it can be supported in online systems used by geographically distributed groups. It describes the concept of a “social proxy,” a minimalist visualization of the presence and activities of participants in an online interaction that is used to make online social norms visible. It summarizes experience with an implemented system, presents conceptual designs that illustrate the range of situations to which social proxies can be applied, and discusses how to go about designing these types of visualizations.
Does Spirituality or Religion Hinder or Help Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents Living with HIV

Procedure: • This is an interim analysis of cross sectional baseline data analyzed from adolescents participating in the Longitudinal Pediatric Palliative Care: Quality of Life & Spiritual Struggle study. • Patients were enrolled in this 3-site randomized controlled clinical trial from July 2011 to October 2012 at Children’s National Health System, University of Miami, and St. Jude Hospital. • Measures were administered face-to-face by a trained research assistant. • Data were entered during the assessment onto Teleforms which were then scanned into a data base and verified independently. Measures: • Medication Adherence Self-Report Inventory (MASRI) using the visual analogue scale for selfreported percent adherence in the past month; • Brief RCOPE measured religious coping; • Brief Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) measured daily spiritual experiences and attendance at religious services;
Arms Control and Strategic Arms Voting in the U.S. Senate Patterns of Change, 1967-1983

This article examines the basis of U.S. Senate support for defense spending and arms control from 1967 to 1983. Some of the findings include the following: Those senators still in office at the end...
Robust inference of the context specific structure and temporal dynamics of gene regulatory network

Background Response of cells to changing endogenous or exogenous conditions is governed by intricate molecular interactions, or regulatory networks. To lead to appropriate responses, regulatory network should be 1) context-specific, i.e., its constituents and topology depend on the phonotypical and experimental context including tissue types and cell conditions, such as damage, stress, macroenvironments of cell, etc. and 2) time varying, i.e., network elements and their regulatory roles change actively over time to control the endogenous cell states e.g. different stages in a cell cycle.
Effects of Water, Nitrogen and Competition on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Field-grown Tepary Bean

The effects of water and nitrogen on growth, yield and yield components of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) were evaluated at Tucson, Arizona in 1987 and the effects of water and intercrop competition with Sonoran panicgrass (Panicum sonorum) in 1988. Total shoot biornass and reproductive yield were significantly reduced by lack of water in both seasons. Addition of nitrogen had no significant effect on total shoot biomass or reproductive yield in 1987. Intercrop competition significantly reduced total shoot biomass and reproductive yield of tepary bean in 1988. Yield component responses varied slightly depending on treatment and year.
Flexible Heat Pipes for a Lightweight Spacecraft Radiator

Flexible heat pipes utilizing ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW)  lm wicks and formed UHMW wicks with Kapton® and aluminized Mylar® containers were designed, fabricated, and tested. Wick characterization was performed on both wicks with acetone, methanol, freon, and ethanol. The thin- lm UHMW wick had a larger permeability and capillary radius. Burst tests were performed on the Mylar and Kapton heat-pipe containers indicating suf cient strength for the heat-pipe application. The heat pipes were charged with methanol as the working  uid and successfully tested at steady-state conditions. Relatively uniform temperatures were obtained during several days of testing.
Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines

The formation of nanoparticles in laboratory hydrocarbon flames is reviewed in terms of particle morphology, chemical composition, and health hazards. The nascent nanoparticles in the nucleation mode have been widely reported in diverse laboratory flames, and are distinguished by their occurrence as singlet particles that form translucent images in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their sizes range from about 10 nm or more down to 2 to 3 nm, the limit of resolution of the TEM, and they possess a liquid-like quality. These particles are widely considered to be the precursor stage to the more readily observed carbonaceous aggregates consisting of chained primary particles that are opaque to the electron beam of the TEM. Nanoparticles sampled from the inverse diffusion flame and the particle effluent from diesel engines show a strong resemblance by GCMS analysis, and they contain many of the stabilomer PAHs and their isomers in the 200 to 302 atomic mass range. Many of these chemical species have high...