cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Niclosamide and its analogs are potent inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and STAT3 signaling in ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality worldwide. Platinum-based therapy is the standard first line treatment and while most patients initially respond, resistance to chemotherapy usually arises. Major signaling pathways frequently upregulated in chemoresistant cells and important in the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) include Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, and STAT3. The major objective of our study was to investigate the treatment of ovarian cancer with targeted agents that inhibit these three pathways. Here we demonstrate that niclosamide, a salicylamide derivative, and two synthetically manufactured niclosamide analogs (analog 11 and 32) caused significant inhibition of proliferation of two chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780cp20 and SKOV3Trip2), tumorspheres isolated from the ascites of EOC patients, and cells from a chemoresistant patient-derived xenograft (PDX). This work shows that all three agents significantly decreased the expression of proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and STAT3 pathways and preferentially targeted cells that expressed the ovarian CSC surface protein CD133. It also illustrates the potential of drug repurposing for chemoresistant EOC and can serve as a basis for pathway-oriented in vivo studies.
Characterizing Sirtuin 3 Deacetylase Affinity for Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2.

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) plays a central role in the detoxification of reactive aldehydes generated through endogenous and exogenous sources. The biochemical regulation of enzyme activity through post-translational modification provides an intricate response system regulating mitochondrial detoxification pathways. ALDH2 is a known target of lysine acetylation, which arises as a consequence of mitochondrial bioenergetic flux and sirtuin deacetylase activity. The mitochondrial deacetylase Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) has been reported to alter ALDH2 lysine acetylation status, yet the mechanism and consequence of this interaction remain unknown. The in vitro results presented here provide a novel biochemical approach using stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry to elucidate which lysine residues are targeted by SIRT3 for deacetylation. Furthermore, HPLC–MS/MS and computational modeling elucidate a potential role for acetyl-Lys369 on ALDH2 in perturbing normal β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (...
Is Medium the Message? Perceptions of and Reactions to Emergency Alert Communications on College Campuses

One of the central missions of all institutions of higher education is to provide safe and secure learning environments. While most campuses across the United States are relatively safe, the tragic events at Virginia Tech in April 2007 revealed that campus communities are vulnerable and that technology may play a key role in better protecting it. After the shooting at Virginia Tech, a number of colleges in the United States started implementing their own emergency alert systems that could be used for any type of public crisis, including campus shootings, acts of terrorism, or natural disasters (Kopel, Sims, & Chin, 2014). Similarly, many universities have their own departments of emergency preparedness that help students prepare for an on-campus incident (Thompson & Schlehofer, 2014). They use warning channels such as voice calls, text messages, social media posts, and announcements posted on the schools’ official websites (Horton, 2012; Romano, 2013). However, there is little research about how students respond to those warning messages. The most relevant study was done by McGee and Gow (2012) at the University of Alberta in Canada. They did focus groups to examine how undergraduate students living on campus may respond to an emergency alert warning sent by the university through their cell phone.
Abstract 85: Cardiac Pathology Is Worsened by Loss of the Cell Junction Protein Claudin-5 and Improved by Claudin-5 Gene Therapy

Claudin-5 is a cell-cell adhesion protein that plays established roles in the blood-brain barrier and cancer. We were the first to demonstrate that it plays a role in the heart with implications for heart failure and cardiomyopathy. Several animal models with cardiac pathology show reduced cardiac claudin-5 levels. Importantly, 60% of human heart failure patients show reduced levels of cardiac claudin-5, independent of changes in other cell junction proteins in the heart, supporting that the loss of cardiac claudin-5 has clinical relevance. To test our hypothesis that claudin-5 plays an important role in protecting the heart, we used mouse models to demonstrate whether circumventing reductions in cardiac claudin-5 is able to improve cardiac histology and physiology, and whether ablation of claudin-5 is able to induce cardiac pathology. We now show that maintaining cardiac claudin-5 levels using gene therapy (cldn5 transduction using an adeno-associated virus vector) significantly reduced cardiac pathology in mice which otherwise demonstrate heart failure and cardiomyopathy indicators. We also present preliminary evidence of the effects of knocking out the cldn5 gene specifically in cardiomyocytes using the inducible cre-loxP system.
Persistent Activation of Both Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinases and Nuclear Factor-κB Is Required for Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase by Interleukin-1β

P143 A role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the signaling pathway by which interleukin-1β(IL-1) increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells was studied. IL-1 clearly induced iNOS expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, as demonstrated by nitrite determination, immunodetection of iNOS protein and Northern blot analysis of iNOS mRNA. Western blot analysis showed that IL-1 induced a transient phosphorylation of ERK within 1 h followed by a more prolonged phosphorylation persisting for 24 h. Pretreatment of the cells with PD98059, a selective inhibitor of ERK activation, inhibited IL-1-induced ERK phosphorylation and also inhibited iNOS induction at the level of transcription. Addition of PD98059 at various time points before or after IL-1 treatment showed that the sustained ERK activation was required for IL-1 to induce iNOS gene transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that NF-κB DNA-binding also was a persistent event following IL-1 addition, increasing progressively over a 16 h incubation period. Pretreatment of the cells with PD98059 did not influence the early activation of NF-κB, but effectively reduced the subsequent increase in DNA binding, suggesting a relationship between ERK activity and the prolonged NF-κB activation. Further analysis by Western blotting showed that I-κBβ, but not I-κBα, degradation induced by IL-1 was clearly attenuated by PD98059 treatment. These data suggest that persistent activation of ERK and NF-κB is required for IL-1 induction of iNOS gene expression. Upon IL-1 stimulation, ERK activity is not required for the early initiation of NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA-binding but is required for prolonged NF-κB activation, an event possibly mediated by I-κBβdegradation.
Glasses from Sol–Gel Monoliths

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the processing of glasses from sol–gel monoliths. The physical properties of sol–gel-derived monoliths are unique and offer various approaches to the molecular design of ceramics and glasses. The density of the monolith increases and its volume fraction of porosity decreases during sintering. The porous gel is transformed to a dense glass when all of the pores are eliminated. The densification temperature decreases as the pore radius decreases and the surface area of the gels increases. Silica glass made by densification of porous silica gel is amorphous and is nearly equivalent in structure and density to vitreous silica made by fusing quartz crystals or by the sintering of SiO2 powders made by chemical vapor deposition of SiCl4. Aging of a gel, also called syneresis, involves holding the object in liquid for several hours. During aging, localized solution and reprecipitation of the gel network occurs, which increases the thickness of interparticle necks and decreases the porosity. It is found that the strength of the gel thereby increases with aging.
Seed Longevity and Deterioration

Seeds are uniquely equipped to survive as viable regenerative organisms until the time and place are right for the beginning of a new generation; however, like any other form of life, they cannot retain their viability indefinitely and eventually deteriorate and die. Fortunately, neither nature nor agricultural practice ordinarily requires seeds to survive longer than the next growing season, though seeds of most species are able to survive much longer under the proper conditions.
Optimum Design of Complex Water Resource Projects

Permissible draft from reservoirs is related to reservoir capacity by draft-storage-frequency analysis and the resulting draft-storage curves are expressed in algebraic form suitable for the optimum design of the reservoir system by linear programming. The curves are general and can apply to a number of reservoirs together. The principle of decomposition of linear programs is used to divide complex systems into projects, at the same time considering interbasin links. The river basins are then optimized using operations research techniques on individual basins or projects. A mathematical model of the Vaal and Tugela river basins in South Africa is used as an example.
FPGA-based system for heart rate calculation based on PPG signal

Recent technological advances allowed the word to construct several wearable products that can capture and process the human body bio-signals. The PPG signal becomes one of the most contenders in heart rate monitoring due to their prominent features, flexibility, effectiveness and low costs. This paper present a novel System of PPG Heart rate calculation based on FPGA, using the Pan and Tompkins as a processing method. Followed by hardware implementation on FPGA in order to build an embedded system for the detection of cardiac arrhythmia based on PPG signal. We have successfully implemented and tested the complete system in real time employing analogue/digital and digital/analog converters and the Analog discovery card. Satisfactory and promising results have been obtained.
SEPARATION AND MONOTONICITY RESULTS FOR THE ROOTS OF THE MOMENT PROBLEM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents separation and monotonicity results for the roots of the moment problem. It considers a given a moment sequence { s k }, k = 0,1, 2, 3…. Several previously mentioned methods used in solving the system identification problem give such a sequence. From the analysis involved in these methods, it can be shown that the terms in the moment sequence have the form s k = ∑α i λ k i (for i = 1 to N ). Several problems are encountered when solving the moment problem. Because of insufficient data or numerical errors, the value of N may be difficult to compute. This is the case if N is large. The two largest subeigenvalues converge to the two largest eigenvalues λ N and λ N −1 as the moment displacement increases, given the assumption presented in the chapter of n terms being in model s k = ∑α i λ k i and n subeigenvalues λ k n ,1 , λ k n ,2 , …, λ k n,n , being generated.
Abstract TMP69: Incidence of Intracranial Hemorrhage After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Telestroke

Background: Promoting intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) in treating eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is critical in reducing overall stroke burden. Effective telestroke networks are proven to facilitate higher rates of IV tPA use. Increasing data on stroke outcomes continues to emerge with expansion of telestroke services nationwide. Objective: To estimate the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in AIS patients treated with IV tPA via telestroke evaluation. Methods: In this study, data from a large telestroke network comprising 36 hospitals from 3 States and associated with a university-based health system and comprehensive stroke center was utilized. Data included total of 3198 acute telestroke evaluations performed within the network between January 2014 and June 2016. Distance of spoke hospitals from the hub ranged between 2.5 and 125 miles. All telestroke consultations were done using the remote presence robotic technology. 15% of all telestroke evaluations and 51% of post-IV tPA patients were transferred to the hub. CT imaging was used for identification and ICH as defined mainly in the NINDS trial was used for comparison. Results: Mean age of patients was 67 years (sd=16) and majority were women (n=1759, 55%). Average NIHSS score at presentation was 7. IV tPA was administered to 18% of all telestroke patients. Post IV tPA, any ICH (symptomatic or not) was noted in 8.7% of patients. Petechial hemorrhage was most frequently reported finding. Rate of any ICH in our telestroke population was relatively lower compared to the ECASS II (39%, p Conclusions: Higher rate of IV tPA use and lower rate of hemorrhagic complication observed in this large study further supports and strengthens the role of telestroke technology and expertise in treatment of AIS.
Rapid Climate Change: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions

The book reviews the science of climate change and explains why it is one of the most difficult problems humanity has ever tackled. Climate change is a "wicked" problem bound up with problems of population growth, environmental degradation, and world problems of growing social and economic inequality. The book explores the politicization of the topic, the polarization of opinion, and the reasons why, for some, science has become just another ideology to be contested. How do humans assess risk? Why are they are so bad at focusing on the future? How can we solve the problem of climate change? These are the questions this work answers. The goal of this new, unique Series is to offer readable, teachable "thinking frames" on today’s social problems and social issues by leading scholars, all in short 60 page or shorter formats, and available for view on http://routledge.customgateway.com/routledge-social-issues.html For instructors teaching a wide range of courses in the social sciences, the Routledge Social Issues Collection now offers the best of both worlds: originally written short texts that provide "overviews" to important social issues as well as teachable excerpts from larger works previously published by Routledge and other presses.
Causative Pathogens, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Characteristics of Patients with Bacterial Septic Arthritis over Time.

Septic arthritis is an important concern for rheumatologists in the evaluation of joint disease. The incidence of these infections is estimated at 4–10 cases per 100,000 patient-years, and the mortality rate ranges between 4% and 50%1,2. Management of septic arthritis remains a challenge because inappropriate treatment can lead to irreversible joint destruction. Over the past decade, the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli (GNB), has increased in the United States. More recently, S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin has been reported3,4. There are only limited data that describe the incidence and outcomes of patients with septic arthritis caused by S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or MDR GNB. The objective of our study was to investigate the trends of causative pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility, and characteristics of patients with bacterial septic arthritis in the era of multidrug resistance. The institutional review board of Boston Medical Center approved this analysis (H-34459). A retrospective chart … Address correspondence to Dr. S. Jinno, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. E-mail: sadaoj{at}gmail.com
Preclinical Models of Regional Lymph Node Tumor Metastasis

Animal models have produced vital information regarding the mechanisms of RLN metastasis. Modern imaging and molecular techniques have made it clear that growing tumors secrete cytokines that induce invasion, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, increased intratumoral IFV and IFP, increased fluid flow from the tumor to the surrounding tissues, increased lymphatic flow, an increase in the rate of entry of tumor cells into lymphatic capillaries, and an increased number of tumor cells reaching the RLN(s). This is important knowledge that will help direct translational research in human patients. We can look forward to continued improvement in the management of human tumors that metastasize to the RLNs.
Standardized extracts, foods

While progress has been made in the areas of food allergen characterization, both the complexity of the biochemical constituents of food and the body’s normal physiologic (digestion) and immunologic responses to food ingestion provide challenging obstacles to efforts aimed at developing standardized food extracts. As indicated above, while currently available food extracts can be useful in the evaluation of food hypersensitivity, the results obtained using these reagents are far from optimal. Indeed, in some cases, skin testing after rubbing a small amount of the food on the skin may be more inciteful than using commercially prepared extracts.14 While this approach may provide physicians with help in terms of diagnosis, purified food components will be necessary to comprehensively study the complex issues of food allergen digestion and absorption; immune response and tolerance to food allergens; and hopefully, treatment and prevention of food hypersensitivity.
Self-disclosure: Strategic revelation of information in personal and professional relationships.

This chapter offers a strategic perspective on self-disclosure by highlighting the motivations and means by which people manage the disclosure of information in personal and in work ­relationships. It focuses on two facets of disclosure in these contexts: self-disclosure in the development of relationships and the factors affecting self-disclosure. The chapter describes the nature and function of self-disclosure in the work environment and identifies factors affecting the revelation of personal information at work. It discusses the dialectical theories and then examines self-disclosure's role in initiating, maintaining, and dissolving personal relationships. Individuals must weigh the potential rewards (personal, relational, and professional) against the potential risks in making decisions regarding self-disclosure. Self-disclosure serves important functions in relationship initiation, development, maintenance, and even dissolution. Self-disclosure plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of work relationships. The chapter concludes with a description of the role of disclosure in non-relational contexts.
Comparison of Various Trilinear Monomial Envelopes for Convex Relaxations of Optimal Power Flow Problems

Solutions to optimal power flow (OPF) problems provide operating points for electric power systems that minimize operational costs while satisfying both engineering limits and the power flow equations. OPF problems are non-convex and may have multiple local optima. To search for global optima, recent research has developed a variety of convex relaxations to bound the optimal objective values of OPF problems. Certain relaxations, such as the quadratic convex (QC) relaxation, are derived from OPF representations that contain trilinear monomials. Previous work has considered three techniques for relaxing these trilinear monomials: recursive McCormick (RMC) envelopes, Meyer and Floudas (MF) envelopes, and extreme-point (EP) envelopes. This paper compares the tightness and computational speed of relaxations that employ each of these techniques. Forming the convex hull of a single trilinear monomial, MF and EP envelopes are equivalently tight. Empirical results show that QC formulations using MF and EP envelopes give tighter bounds than those using RMC envelopes. Empirical results also indicate that the EP envelopes have advantages over MF envelopes with respect to computational speed and numerical stability when used with state-of-the-art second-order cone programming solvers.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations from Patient Groups at High Risk for Deficiency

Background: Deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum is endemic in the general population, and testing for this hormone is useful in accessing a patient9s overall health and well-being. Methods: We obtained blood from 216 hospitalized patients and outpatients divided into 4 groups thought to be at high risk of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency: homeless, recreational drug abusers, psychiatric patients with limited access to the outdoors, and those infected with HIV. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from these patients were determined with 2 different methodologies (immunoassay and mass spectrometry) and compared against 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in apparently healthy controls. We hypothesized that these groups may be at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency because of poor nutrition, inadequate housing, restricted access to outdoors, or the presence of chronic disease. Results: For each of the patient groups including healthy controls, the median concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was below 30 ng/mL, indicating deficiency. Comparisons between the healthy controls and the other groups were not statistically significant with either methodology, except for the homeless patients in whom a higher number of individuals had 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations below 20 ng/mL. Results between the 2 testing platforms demonstrated that only 52% of the specimens analyzed by immunoassay agreed within ±10% of the LC-MS/MS results, with an overall correlation coefficient to 0.920. The degree of concordance for deficiency with 2 published cutoffs of 20 and 30 ng/mL was 91% and 91%, respectively. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in all the populations studied. The Lumipulse® G vitamin D immunoassay is an alternative for detecting vitamin D deficiency.
A Brief History of Shock-Fitting

The development of shock-fitting techniques for computational fluid dynamics over the last 50 years is reviewed.
Strengths and Limitations of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index as a Measure of Physiologic Frailty

The Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index (VACS Index) is an index comprised of routine clinical laboratory tests that accurately and generalizably predicts all-cause mortality among those living with and without HIV infection. Increasing evidence supports its use as a measure of physiologic frailty among those aging with HIV because of its associations with frailty related outcomes including mortality, hospitalization, fragility fractures, serious falls, pneumonia, cognitive decline, delirium, and functional decline. In this review, we explore the evidence supporting the validity (construct, correlative, and predictive), responsiveness, and feasibility of the VACS Index as an early indicator of physiologic frailty. We also consider its limitations.
Partners in showcasing history: Activating the land-grant engagement mission through collaborative exhibits:

The land-grant university in the United States holds a special role in higher education, enacting the ideals of public education, scientific research and direct engagement with the citizens of the ...
The Vault at Pfaff’s

Reviewed February 2019Reviewed by Samantha PekoOhio UniversityThe Vault at Pfaff’s provides a glimpse at the lives of pre-Civil War journalists through its collection of more than 150 biographical ...
Identification and Development of Vascular Disrupting Agents: Natural Products That Interfere with Tumor Growth

Despite rapid progress made in understanding the biological mechanism regulating developmental and tumor vasculature, the clinical success of targeted therapeutics that interfere with key molecular and cellular pathways of angiogenesis has been limited by a lack of improved patient survival when these agents were administered as single agents. These findings indicate a redundancy of mechanisms regulating blood vessel formation, leading to tumor refractoriness to anti-­angiogenic treatment. In contrast, vascular disruptive agents (VDAs) induced rapid regression of established tumors in preclinical studies. For several classes of VDAs, including the natural products flavonoids, colchicines and vincas, it was demonstrated that the effects on the vascular compartment diverge from that on the tumor parenchyma and are both anti-angiogenic (vascular stasis/prevention) and vascular disrupting (vascular regression)—resulting in catastrophic insults to the nascent vasculature. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exquisitely dependent on the tubulin cytoskeleton for essential functions, including invasion, proliferation, migration, tube formation, and cell signaling—hallmarks of tumor angiogenesis. However, the clinical development of VDAs was frequently hampered by their narrow therapeutic index, limiting the use of these compounds due to side effects in the normal vasculature and/or other normal tissues. In this chapter we review the progress made to identify VDAs in oncology, with focus on preclinical and clinical studies. The identification of novel natural products and therapeutic compounds with improved potency and safety characteristics continue to keep great promise to overcome the limitations of first generation VDAs.
Immediate postoperative inferior vena cava stenting to improve hepatic venous outflow following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Abstract Orthotopic liver transplantation can be a surgically complex undertaking, with hepatic venous outflow obstruction occurring at a rate of 1%-6% due to inferior vena cava (IVC) torsion, compression, or anastomotic stenosis. In this report, we present 2 cases of immediate postoperative hepatic venous outflow obstruction in the setting of Budd-Chiari syndrome successfully treated with immediate IVC stenting. Although IVC stenting has been reported for management of long-term IVC anastomotic stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation, use of stenting to address immediate postoperative caval outflow obstruction is less commonly described. We describe the potential utility of immediate stenting to improve outflow from the transplanted liver and highlight the value of this approach in addressing early postsurgical IVC pathology
Digital Rock Techniques to Study Shale Permeability: A Mini-Review

Because of recent advances in digital imaging techniques, the use of these techniques has become popular in unconventional reservoirs. Current images can disclose information at very high resolutio...
NCMP-16. THE ROLE OF p38 AND JNK MAPK PATHWAYS IN CISPLATIN CHEMOTHERAPY-RELATED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Abstract OBJECTIVES Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is an adverse sequela of cancer treatment commonly reported in cancer survivors. Cisplatin is used for the treatment of various malignancies including ovarian, testicular, head and neck cancers, and pediatric brain tumors. More than 30% of advanced ovarian cancer patients develop CRCI during and after platinum-based chemotherapy. We examined the role of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in cisplatin-induced CRCI, and whether the small molecule p38 MAPK inhibitor Neflamapimod and JNK inhibitor SP600125, can prevent cisplatin-induced neuronal damage. The p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways are involved in various stress response pathways in the CNS including oxidative stress. METHODS The effect of cisplatin on cognition in an ovarian cancer female rat model was assessed by novel object recognition (NOR). Hippocampal glutathione levels were measured post-behavioral testing. P38 and JNK MAPK signaling activation were assessed in the neural cell lines PC12 and SH-SY5Y by Western blot. Cultured hippocampal neurons were pretreated with Neflamapimod or SP600125 followed by cisplatin for 24 hours, and dendritic spine density and branch length were quantified. RESULTS Cisplatin increased phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK MAPK protein levels in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. Cisplatin reduced dendritic branching and spine density, which was prevented by Neflamapimod and SP600125 pre-treatment in hippocampal neurons, in vitro. Chronic cisplatin treatment decreased hippocampal glutathione levels and impaired cognitive function in the ovarian cancer rat model. DISCUSSION The cognitive deficits caused by cisplatin results in part from dendritic damage and neural apoptosis, which is mediated by oxidative stress and the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. P38 and JNK MAPK inhibition mitigated cisplatin-induced dendritic spine loss and branching in vitro. Next, we will examine whether Neflamapimod and SP600125 administration in an ovarian cancer rat model is safe and if they can prevent cognitive impairment.
Renal Protection Phenomenon Observed in a Porcine Model After Electromagnetic Lithotripsy Using a Treatment Pause

Purpose: Pretreating the kidney with 100 low-energy shock waves (SWs) with a time pause before delivering a clinical dose of SWs (Dornier HM-3, 2000 SWs, 24 kV, and 120 SWs/min) has been shown to s...
Open-world Semi-supervised Learning

Supervised and semi-supervised learning methods have been traditionally designed for the closed-world setting which is based on the assumption that unlabeled test data contains only classes previously encountered in the labeled training data. However, the real world is often open and dynamic, and thus novel previously unseen classes may appear in the test data or during the model deployment. Here, we introduce a new open-world semi-supervised learning setting in which the model is required to recognize previously seen classes, as well as to discover novel classes never seen in the labeled dataset. To tackle the problem, we propose ORCA, an approach that jointly learns a feature representation and a classifier on the labeled and unlabeled subsets of the data. The key idea in ORCA is in introducing uncertainty based adaptive margin that effectively circumvents the bias caused by the imbalance of variance between seen and novel classes. We demonstrate that ORCA accurately discovers novel classes and assigns samples to previously seen classes on standard benchmark image classification datasets, including CIFAR and ImageNet. Remarkably, despite solving the harder task ORCA outperforms semi-supervised methods on seen classes, as well as novel class discovery methods on unseen classes, achieving 7% and 151% improvements on seen and unseen classes of the ImageNet dataset.
Data Science Approaches in Criminal Justice and Public Health Research: Lessons Learned From Opioid Projects:

The persistence of the nation’s opioid epidemic has called on criminal justice and public health agencies to collaborate more than ever. This epidemiological criminology framework highlights the su...
2019 Novel Coronavirus Vaccination among Post-graduate Residents and Fellows

BackgroundCoronavirus-2 (COVID-19) has caused a worldwide pandemic since December 2019. Since then, clinical trials with vaccines have been started and completed, and at present, 3 COVID-19 vaccine...
Solar Thermal Energy

This chapter explains the origins of solar energy and explains the connection between the temperature of the sun and the radiation wavelength. Different systems for harnessing solar thermal energy, such as active and passive solar systems, as well as concentrated systems are discussed. Two case studies are presented.
Deep Feature Tracker: A Novel Application for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Feature tracking is the building block of many applications such as visual odometry, augmented reality, and target tracking. Unfortunately, the state-of-the-art vision-based tracking algorithms fail in surgical images due to the challenges imposed by the nature of such environments. In this paper, we proposed a novel and unified deep learning-based approach that can learn how to track features reliably as well as learn how to detect such reliable features for tracking purposes. The proposed network dubbed as Deep-PT, consists of a tracker network which is a convolutional neural network simulating cross-correlation in terms of deep learning and two fully connected networks that operate on the output of intermediate layers of the tracker to detect features and predict trackability of the detected points. The ability to detect features based on the capabilities of the tracker distinguishes the proposed method from previous algorithms used in this area and improves the robustness of the algorithms against dynamics of the scene. The network is trained using multiple datasets due to the lack of specialized dataset for feature tracking datasets and extensive comparisons are conducted to compare the accuracy of Deep-PT against recent pixel tracking algorithms. As the experiments suggest, the proposed deep architecture deliberately learns what to track and how to track and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Stakeholder Involvement in Evaluation: Does it Affect Observers' Perceptions of an Evaluation? And Which Stakeholder Group(s) Do People Think Should to Participate?

BackgroundStakeholders are often involved in evaluation, such as in the selection of specific research questions and the interpretation of results. Except for the topic of whether stakeholder invol...
Perceptual Organization for Generic Object Descriptions

In this paper, we take the view that the key purpose of perceptual organization is to help detect, describe and recognize generic objects in the environment. This viewpoint helps clarify the role of shape models and the interactions of the higher levels of vision with perceptual organization. The paper then describes a hierarchical hypothesize and verify paradigm for realizing perceptual organization systems. The methodology is illustrated by examples of several systems. Finally role of Bayesian reasoning and machine learning in perceptual grouping is discussed.
Identification of genes that are down-regulated in human colon tumors and are dependent on APC

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1444 The tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is mutated in a majority of colorectal tumors. Numerous studies have shown that APC binds to and promotes degradation of the wnt-signaling component β-catenin. Mutations in APC lead to increased transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Tcf/Lef complexes and are thought to cause neoplasms by promoting proliferation and preventing proper differentiation of colonocytes. In order to better understand the mechanisms of colonocyte differentiation, we performed microarray analyses on colon adenomas and carcinomas compared to normal colon. We found that colon adenomas and carcinomas have elevated β-catenin target gene expression, as expected. Our analyses also revealed a preponderance of genes involved in normal colonocyte differentiation that were down-regulated in tumors compared to normal. To investigate the ability of APC to positively regulate gene expression, we used a model system in which wild type APC was reconstituted into the APC-deficient cell line HT29, and performed microarray analyses. Induction of APC over a 48-hour timecourse generated a list of 65 genes with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 that showed parallel induction to APC. Among those were a colon-specific retinol dehydrogenase (RDHL), epithelial-specific transcription factor ESE-1/ESX/ELF-3, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule CEACAM1, caspase-7, and transcription factor GATA-binding protein 2. We confirmed induction of these genes by northern blot or quantitative rt-pcr. We then examined human colon tumors and found that these gene transcripts were down-regulated in at least 50% of the samples assayed. Probing into the mechanisms of regulation by APC, we found that induction of certain genes, like RDHL, were independent of β-catenin in that introduction of dominant negative Lef did not reactivate the gene. These findings support a role for APC in regulating genes involved in normal differentiation of the colon by a pathway distinct from β-catenin/Tcf/Lef. Loss of APC may result in decreased expression of these genes, thereby contributing to tumor progression.
The utility and management of vaginal cytology after treatment for endometrial cancer.

epithelial lesion (LSIL) Pap test results. In multivariable analysis, abnormal cytology was highly associated with prior postoperative radiation therapy (P,.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of an abnormal Pap test result in detecting a local recurrence are 40%, 87.9%, 7.3%, and 98.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Colposcopy is not needed after a Pap test result read as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or LSIL.
EFFECT OF pH on RECOVERY OF ENERGY (E) DERIVED FROM SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (SCFA) IN FECES: RELEVANCE TO STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE ENERGY (CE) ABSORPTION IN PREMATURE INFANTS (PI)

Our previous studies of PI suggested that there is minimal fecal excretion of CE derived from lactose or glucose polymer (Am J Clin Nutr 36:910). To further assess our methodology (loss of SCFA via volatilization), the following SCFA were added to fecal homogenates in sufficient quantities to raise the energy density by 18-27%: acetic (A), propionic (P), valeric (V), and butyric (B). The pKa's of these acids are respectively 4.75, 4.87, 4.82, and 4.81. Fecal samples were then either alk-alinized (Alk) (pH 7.9-8.7), acidified (2.8-3.2) or left unchanged (UNC) (4.0-4.8). After storage on dry ice for 24 hrs, the samples were lyopholized and bomb calorimetry performed. There was an approximate 20% loss of SCFA in the Alk and UNC groups (Table). The potential clinical significance of this error during E balance studies will be small (<5% CE intake) unless the actual fecal excretion of SCFA exceeds 24% of CE intake. (Support: NIH Grant HD17401).
El Sida y la violencia estructural: La culpabilización de la víctima

In this paper we analyze how some of the main publications prepared by international health organizations and research teams tend, all too often, to blame the HIV patient for suffering the disease. These documents do not take into account that, in the great majority of cases, HIV/AIDS is caused by structural violence, which make difficult the development of individual and collective agency. We argue that some health policies and recommendations reproduce the ideology of blaming the victim, which places the cause of suffering and the poverty of people living with HIV on their own lack of agency, and not on social, political, and historical forces that are inescapably beyond their control.
Predicting the distribution of non-vagile taxa: a response to McNyset and Blackburn (2006) and re-evaluation of Stockman et al . (2006)

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issues raised by McNyset and Blackburn (2006) in theirresponse to Stockman et al . (2006). Re-evaluation of our published GARP analysesby McNyset and Blackburn showed that a much improved ecological niche model isobtained for predicting the distribution of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila in central/northern California. The improved niche model results in a substantiallyreduced omission error rate and a predictive model comparable to models obtainedusing other methods (GLM and BIOCLIM). However, the improved GARP modelshave a high commission error rate (> 0.75); consequently, the inferences regardingdifﬁculties in modelling non-vagile taxa drawn by Stockman et al . remain valid.Finally, we discuss other relatively minor criticisms of our study raised by McNysetand Blackburn and issues related to the peer review of our original paper. Keywords Araneae, Desktop GARP, niche modelling, predicting species occurrences, Promyrmekiaphila . McNyset and Blackburn (2006) reassessed the data and analysesreported in our paper (Stockman
Firewall regression testing of GUI sequences and their interactions

Testing graphical user interfaces (GUI) is difficult, involving many states, inputs and events. Another serious problem is that in testing GUI, not all effects created by the testing are observable. We have previously reported a scalable method for testing GUIs based on complete interactions sequences (CIS). A CIS is a sequence of GUI objects and selections that collaborate to produce a response for the user called the responsibility. In this paper we use the CIS foundation to develop a new firewall method for GUI regression testing. This new method is an inherently selective regression approach in which only GUI objects in the firewall need be regression tested. An empirical study of a commercial GUI system is used to illustrate this new method.
An intersection multiplicity in terms of Ext-modules

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the relation between Serre's intersection multiplicity and the Euler form. The Euler form is defined to be an alternating sum of the length of Ext-modules and is used by Mori and Smith to develop intersection theory over noncommutative rings. We show that they differ by a sign and that this relation is closely related to Serre's vanishing theorem.
Derivation of 16-day time-series NDVI data for environmental studies using a data assimilation approach

Many ecological and environmental applications require time-series data, which are collected with spatial extent from local, regional or continental levels and granularity ranging from fine to coarse spatial resolution. These types of data can be too difficult to collect using typical field surveys, but they can be derived using remote-sensing images and image-processing technologies. The common time-series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data are AVHRR-derived at spatial resolutions of 1 or 8 km, MODIS-derived at 250 m, 500 m, 1 km or 8 km resolutions, and SPOT-VGT imagery at 1 km resolution. Landsat imagery-derived time-series NDVI data are often unavailable for many areas due to the difficulty of acquiring cloud-free images given the temporally infrequent coverage of this sensor. For this study, we used a closest-spectral-fit concept as the basis for a data mining model and developed a data assimilation model in order to derive 16-day time-series NDVI data. In a multidimensional spectral ...
Conservative treatment of cysts of the cavum septum pellucidum presenting in childhood: report of 3 cases.

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) cysts are relatively rare. The most common presenting symptom is headache, which is thought to be secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. Many CSP cysts are treated surgically; conservative treatment is seldom recommended. The authors describe 3 cases of pediatric CSP cysts that were managed without surgery. The patients ranged in age from 5 months to 8 years old. Two presented with headaches, which were associated with mild ventricular enlargement in 1 case. Over the course of 5–15 months, 2 cysts became markedly reduced in size, and in one of these 2 cases a substantial reduction in ventricle size was also observed. At last follow-up, all 3 children were asymptomatic. The authors note that CSP cysts are often associated with headaches. In the absence of hydrocephalus, they recommend conservative management with clinical and radiological follow-up.
Synthesis of 6‐substituted pyrimidines by the wittig reaction. III . Via 2‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐phenylbutyl‐6‐pyrimidylmethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide

2-Amino-6-bromomethyl-5-phenylbutyl-4-pyrimidinol (IV) smoothly alkylated triphenyl phosphine, resulting in a 95% yield of the phosphonium salt (V). This Wittig reagent (V) readily condensed with p-nitrobenzaldehyde, p-nitrocinnamaldehyde, or cinnamalde-hyde in N,N-dimethylformamide to give the 6-(p-nitrostyryl) (X), 6-(p-nitrophenyl-1,3-butadien-1-yl) (VIH), and 6-(phenyl-1,3-butadien-1-yl) (IX) pyrimidinols in 72, 67 and 44% yields, respectively. Catalytic reduction of VIII and IX afforded the corresponding 6-(p-aminophenylethyl) (XII) and 6-(p-aminophenylbutyl) (XI) 4-pyrimidinols.
Energy shocks, crises and the policy process: A review of theory and application

What motivates changes in energy policy? Typically, the process begins with a notable exogenous event, a shock. Often, the shock leads to what is perceived to be a crisis. This review essay surveys theories of crisis policymaking from the social science literature and considers their application to changes in energy policy. Two cases—one from the U.S., the other from Germany—are examined in more detail from the standpoint of the theories discussed. Suggestions are made for improving energy policy analysis in the future.
Embryonic, Larval and Adult Development of the Sonic Neuromuscular System in the Oyster Toadfish

Unlike the case in birds and mammals where addition of neurons and muscle fibers is almost exclusively an embryonic process, fish form new sensory receptors, central neurons and muscle fibers postnatally. We have investigated the development of the sonic neuromuscular system, consisting of a spinal sonic motor nucleus (SMN) and a pair of sonic muscles intrinsic to the swimbladder, in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau. The SMN differentiates late in embryonic development, and neurons increase in number and size through the larval period and for 7–8 years of adult life. Neuron number increases from a median of 35 to 322 cells, from the time of differentiation through the larval period, and to almost 3,000 cells in large fish. Immature neurons appear to originate from precursor cells in the base of the ventricular zone ofthe central canal and are added throughout the SMN. No evidence of cell death was seen. The number and diameter of sonic muscle fibers increase for life (about 16- and 3-fold, respectively); fiber number ranges from almost 31,000 in a 1-year-old juvenile to almost 500,000 in large animals. Fiber splitting provides a possible mode of fiber addition. Multiyear addition of neurons and muscle fibers indicates that embryonic processes continue beyond the termination of larval life.
Electrodynamic and microwave properties of high-temperature superconductors: Model calculations for coupled weak links

Abstract We calculate the response of an array of resistively-shunted SNS junctions to a combined d.c. + a.c. magnetic field. At sufficiently low frequencies, the induced magnetization exhibits many higher harmonics. There is strong nonresonant absorption of power which is highly dependent on d.c. magnetic field at low frequencies. A phenomenological relaxation time is introduced to describe temperature-dependent effects.
Piezoresistive and piezoelectric effects in GaN

Gallium nitride is known to have both piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties (A. D. Bykhovski et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 818 (1996) [1] and R. Gaska et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 3817(1997) [2]). GaN's inertness to corrosive chemicals and robustness to high temperature makes it a potential candidate for harsh environment pressure sensor applications. We report piezoresistive and piezoelectric gauge factor measurements done on n-GaN. Resistor structures were fabricated on 1×1018 cm–3 n-type doped 250 μm thick GaN and subject to three point bend tests. The gauge factor was measured to be 28 at room temperature. The sample was also heated to 125 °C and the gauge factor was measured to be 17. Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor capacitor structures were fabricated on 7×1016 cm–3 n-typed doped 2 μm thick GaN grown by MOCVD. Three point bend tests were done on the capacitors. The gauge factor was determined at both room temperature to be 167 and at 250 °C to be 104. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)