cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of excimer laser debulking for critical lesions unsuitable for standard renal angioplasty.

Background: The energy emitted by ultraviolet laser is avidly absorbed in atherosclerotic plaques. Conceptually, it could be applied for debulking of selected atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses. We describe early experience with revascularization of critical renal artery lesions deemed unsuitable for standard renal angioplasty. Institutional Review Board permission to conduct the data analysis was obtained. Methods: Among 130 percutaneous renal artery interventions with balloon angioplasty and adjunct stenting, there were 12 (9%) patients who underwent laser debulking prior to stenting. These patients presented with critical (95 � 3.5% stenoses) lesions (11 de novo, 1 stent restenosis) deemed unsuitable for standard renal angioplasty because of marked eccentricity and presence of thrombus. Indications for intervention included preservation of kidney function, treatment of uncontrolled hypertension, management of congestive heart failure, and treatment of unstable angina. Blood pressure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured pre- and 3 weeks postintervention. Results: A baseline angiographic stenosis of 95 � 3.5% was reduced to 50 � 13% with laser debulking. There were no laser-induced complications. Post-stenting the angiographic residual stenosis was 0%. The mean gradient across the lesions was reduced from baseline 85 � 40 to 0 mmHg. A normal post-intervention antegrade renal flow was observed in all patients. Baseline mean systolic BP of 178 � 20 mmHg decreased to 132 � 12 mmHg (P<0.0001) and mean diastolic pressure of 85 � 16 mmHg reduced to 71 � 9 mmHg (P ¼ 0.01). A pre-intervention mean eGFR of 47.7 � 19 ml/min/1.73 m 2 increased to 56 � 20.4 ml/min/ 1.73 m 2 (P ¼ 0.05) post-procedure. The interventions were not associated with major renal or cardiac adverse events. During follow-up one patient developed transient contrastinduced nephropathy. Conclusions: Debulking of select renal artery stenoses with laser angioplasty followed by adjunct stenting is feasible. Further prospective, randomized studies will be required to explore the role of debulking and laser angioplasty in renal artery revascularization. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:622–627, 2009. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance of a prototype atomic clock based on lin‖lin coherent population trapping resonances in Rb atomic vapor

We report on the performance of the first table-top prototype atomic clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances with parallel linearly polarized optical fields (lin‖lin configuration). Our apparatus uses a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) tuned to the D1 line of 87Rb with the current modulation at the 87Rb hyperfine frequency. We demonstrate cancellation of the first-order light shift by the proper choice of rf modulation power and further improve our prototype clock stability by optimizing the parameters of the microwave lock loop. Operating in these optimal conditions, we measured a short-term fractional frequency stability (Allan deviation) 2×10−11τ−1/2 for observation times 1 s ≤ τ ≤ 20 s. This value is limited by large VCSEL phase noise and environmental temperature fluctuation. Further improvements in frequency stability should be possible with an apparatus designed as a dedicated lin‖lin CPT resonance clock with environmental impacts minimized.
Psychopharmacological Studies of Some 1-(Chlorophenyl)-2-aminopropanes I: Effects on Appetitive-Controlled Behavior

A series of l-phenyl-2-aminopropanes with chloro substitutions on the 2,4, 3,4, and 4 positions on the phenyl ring and their optical isomers were compared with dl- and d-amphetamine and methamphetamine on a fixed-ratio (FR) procedure. The subjects were rats that had been trained to press a lever 30 times for 0.2 5-ml. reinforcement of sweetened condensed milk. Each session consisted of 40 reinforcements. With unsubstituted amphetamines, rats showed a slight reduction in response rates with long pauses following reinforcement. This effect was similar to the effect seen with onset of normal satiation. After chloro compounds, the rats produced irregular and slowed response rates with frequent short pauses between and following reinforcement. The minimum effective doses of all compounds used in this study ranged from 1–3.2 mg./Kg. Except for d-1 - (4-chloropheny 1)-2- aminopropane, the l-isomers of chloro-substituted compounds were more active suppressants of FR behavior than the dl or d compounds.
Tracing their roots: genealogical sources for Chinese immigrants to the United States

Purpose – This paper seeks to discuss the genealogical sources for Chinese immigrants as well as the settlement of Chinese in the USA and the historical evolution of Chinese names, their origins, arrangement and development. It aims to cover the origins of various classes of Chinese surnames, followed by the content description of a traditional genealogical book for jiapu.Design/methodology/approach – The paper researches the various ways that a Chinese person can find out about their ancestry.Findings – The paper reveals the roles of libraries, including serving the needs of patrons interested in genealogical research, preserving and interpreting information through oral and family history projects and collaborating with other libraries through interlibrary loan, document delivery, library consortia, collection management and international resource‐sharing.Research limitations/implications – The study provides information on where and how to locate the genealogical resources for researching the genealogy...
Two-dimensional CdSe nanosheets and their interaction with stabilizing ligands.

Single layer two-dimensional CdSe nanosheets are explored theoretically, highlighting the role of the coordinating (and stabilizing) ligands. Four isomeric CdSe single sheets bonded to H atoms are studied (CdSeH(2) ), as are four similar sheets with NH(3) coordinated to the Cd atoms. These are quite corrugated, unlike the pristine sheets, and have a different stability order from their graphane analogs.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Optimism, Cynical Hostility, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative"

We thank Drs. Lucchetti and Granero for their commentary on our work on psychological attitudes and mortality, and thank the Editors for an opportunity to respond. We agree that the biopsychosocial model,1 which incorporates psychological, religious/spiritual, and social domains, adds critical dimensions to the understanding of each individual patient’s health. As Lucchetti and Granero point out, spirituality and religiosity have been related to health in a variety of populations2 including the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI).3 Although spirituality and religiosity may probe different aspects of human experience, they are often considered together in the literature. The hypothesis that individuals who regularly attend religious services may in turn be more optimistic is a reasonable one, suggesting that the relationship between optimism and all-cause mortality may be mediated by religious attendance. In our published report of 97,253 post-menopausal women participating in the WHI, trait optimism (as measured by the Life Orientation Test4 and defined as positive future expectation) and trait cynical hostility (as measured by the Cook Medley cynicism subscale5 and defined as the general mistrust of others), and religious attendance (not at all; 1–3 times per month; > 1 time per week) were measured at baseline entry into the study. Optimism, but not cynical hostility, was related to religious attendance. The Spearman correlation between religious attendance and optimism was 0.05 in the full sample. Women scoring in the highest quartile of the LOT-R questionnaire (“optimists”) were more likely than women scoring in the lowest quartile (“pessimists”) to report attending religious services > 1 time per week (47% vs. 41%, respectively, p 1 time per week. When religious attendance was added to the multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, the adjusted hazard of total mortality over 8 years of follow up among optimists (as compared to pessimists) remained 14% lower (indicating no change from the estimate in our published paper). For completeness, we also added religious attendance to the cynical hostility analyses, but as expected, found no changes. In the full models, religious attendance itself was independently related to the outcome of total mortality, as expected based on earlier published work.3 In summary, we did not find evidence that religious attendance influenced the relationship between optimism and mortality.
Qilin: exploiting parallelism on heterogeneous multiprocessors with adaptive mapping

Heterogeneous multiprocessors are increasingly important in the multi-core era due to their potential for high performance and energy efficiency. In order for software to fully realize this potential, the step that maps computations to processing elements must be as automated as possible. However, the state-of-the-art approach is to rely on the programmer to specify this mapping manually and statically. This approach is not only labor intensive but also not adaptable to changes in runtime environments like problem sizes and hardware/software configurations. In this study, we propose adaptive mapping, a fully automatic technique to map computations to processing elements on a CPU+GPU machine. We have implemented it in our experimental heterogeneous programming system called Qilin. Our results show that, by judiciously distributing works over the CPU and GPU, automatic adaptive mapping achieves a 25% reduction in execution time and a 20% reduction in energy consumption than static mappings on average for a set of important computation benchmarks. We also demonstrate that our technique is able to adapt to changes in the input problem size and system configuration.
Infrared spectroscopy of aqueous biophysical monolayers

We have used infrared external reflectance spectroscopy at the air/water interface to study: (1) polarized infrared (IR) monolayer spectroscopy at different incoming angles of incidence, and (2) ternary mixed model systems (i.e. two lipids and a peptide) that mimic the composition of pulmonary lung surfactant. Using polarized IR radiation, we have observed a splitting of the symmetric and antisymmetric methylene stretching vibrations in the spectra of long-chain hydrocarbon amphiphiles that has been previously unreported for unpolarized monolayer spectra. The splitting of the C–H bands results in sub-bands identifiable with ordered and disordered chain conformations. The splitting of these bands qualitatively tracks the fractional composition of ordered/disordered states upon monolayer compression. In a separate series of experiments, we have obtained the IR external reflectance spectra of monomolecular films of model mixtures relevant to pulmonary surfactant physiology. Monolayers were composed of 2:1 DPPC-d62:DOPG containing 0, 1 or 2 wt.% of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C (SP-B+C). The CH2 antisymmetric and symmetric stretching bands (∼2920 and 2852 cm−1) along with the analogous CD2 stretching bands (∼2194 and 2089 cm−1) were analyzed, and band heights, integrated intensities and peak frequency positions were plotted as a function of measured surface pressure. These data indicate that the presence of surfactant protein appears the disorder the acyl chains of the DPPC-d62 component in the film, opposite of what is seen for the protiated component, DOPG. Data from these model mixtures indicate that the surfactant protein interacts differently with each of the lipid components.
A Framework for Robust Watermarking of H.264-Encoded Video With Controllable Detection Performance

As H.264 digital video becomes more prevalent, the need for copyright protection and authentication methods that are appropriate for this standard will emerge. This paper proposes a robust watermarking algorithm for H.264. We employ a human visual model adapted for a 4 times 4 discrete cosine transform block to increase the payload and robustness while limiting visual distortion. A key-dependent algorithm is used to select a subset of the coefficients that have visual watermarking capacity. Furthermore, the watermark is spread over frequencies and within blocks to avoid error pooling. This increases the payload and robustness without noticeably changing the perceptual quality. We embed the watermark in the coded residuals to avoid decompressing the video; however, we detect the watermark from the decoded video sequence in order to make the algorithm robust to intraprediction mode changes. We build a theoretical framework for watermark detection based on a likelihood ratio test. This framework is used to obtain optimal video watermark detection with controllable detection performance. Our simulation results show that we achieve the desired detection performance in Monte Carlo trials. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks
Measurement of abdominal and visceral fat with computed tomography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

These studies were undertaken to compare dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT) measurements of abdominal fat and to determine whether anthropometry could be combined with DXA to predict intraabdominal (visceral) fat mass in humans. Twenty-one volunteers underwent abdominal CT scans, DXA, and anthropometry. DXA- and CT-measured total abdominal fat were similar (8448 +/- 5005 and 8066 +/- 5354 mL, respectively; NS) and were highly correlated (r = 0.985, P < 0.001). The combination of anthropometry and DXA was a suboptimal predictor of CT-measured intraabdominal fat (r = 0.61, P < 0.05); however, the combination of a single CT slice (to assess the ratio of intraabdominal to total abdominal adipose tissue) and DXA-measured abdominal fat was an excellent predictor of CT-measured intraabdominal fat (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). We conclude that a single-slice CT scan (or other imaging technique) with or without DXA is required for accurate predictions of intraabdominal fat.
Short-Range Ensemble Forecasts of Precipitation during the Southwest Monsoon

Abstract The skill and potential value of fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) ensembles are evaluated for short-range (24 h) probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts over Arizona during the Southwest monsoon. The sensitivity of different ensemble constructs is examined with respect to analysis uncertainty, model parameterization uncertainty, and a combination of both. Model uncertainty is addressed through different cumulus and planetary boundary layer parameterizations and through stochastic forcing representative of a component of subgrid-scale uncertainty, in which a first-order autoregression model adds a stochastic perturbation to the Kain–Fritsch cumulus scheme and Medium-Range Forecast Model PBL scheme. The results indicate that the precipitation forecasts are skillful and may assist operational weather forecasters during the monsoon; however, the forecasts are highly dependent on the cumulus parameterization. The a...
Recognizing the continuum of opportunities for third parties to prevent and respond to sexual assault and dating violence on a college campus

A framework proposed by McMahon and Banyard outlines the opportunities college students have to engage in prosocial helping behaviors before, during or after an incident of sexual assault or dating abuse. To build on this framework, this study (i) used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the proposed framework and (ii) examined the correlates associated with student behaviors along a continuum of opportunities to prevent or respond to these types of crimes in a college setting. The structural equation model results demonstrated that there are different factors associated with whether students engaged in behaviors to prevent sexual assault or dating abuse, whether they engaged in prosocial behaviors after an incident of violence or whether they intervened in risky situations involving alcohol. Observing others engage in similar prosocial behaviors was the most consistent predictor. Past victimization and respondent sex were also associated with different types of interventions. Practical implications of these findings are addressed.
Evolution of the Nocturnal Inversion Layer at an Urban and Nonurban Location

Abstract The evolutionary cycle of the nocturnal radiation inversion layer, from formation through the time of erosion under fair weather summer conditions was investigated by time-series analyses of observations of inversion base and top heights, and inversion strength at an urban and a nonurban site in St. Louis, Missouri. The time-dependent behavior of each inversion parameter is presented from statistical and least-squares regression analyses. Differences of inversion evolution between these sites are discussed. A surface-based inversion generally formed before sunset at the nonurban site, and the growth of the inversion top height has been described quite well by (2KTt)½, where KT is the thermal eddy coefficient. The average time of formation of an elevated inversion layer at the urban site was 2.5 h after sunset. The height of the nocturnal urban boundary layer decreased after formation under steady wind conditions. The urban mixing height was consistently higher during the morning than at the nonur...
Oral advocacy and judicial decision-making in the South African Appellate Courts : notes and comments

(2005). Oral Advocacy and Judicial Decision-Making in the South African Appellate Courts. South African Journal on Human Rights: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 473-489.
Tumor markers of efficacy and resistance to cetuximab (C) treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Results from CALGB 80203 (Alliance).

11011 Background: Beyond KRAS status, there are no validated markers for anti-EGFR therapy in mCRC. While expression of genes within the EGF signaling axis has been reported to correlate with benef...
Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 5 (NS5) Assembles into a Dimer with a Unique Methyltransferase and Polymerase Interface.

Flavivirus nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) consists of methyltransferase (MTase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, which catalyze 5’-RNA capping/methylation and RNA synthesis, respectively, during viral genome replication. Although the crystal structure of flavivirus NS5 is known, no data about the quaternary organization of the functional enzyme are available. We report the crystal structure of dengue virus full-length NS5, where eight molecules of NS5 are arranged as four independent dimers in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. The relative orientation of each monomer within the dimer, as well as the orientations of the MTase and RdRp domains within each monomer, is conserved, suggesting that these structural arrangements represent the biologically relevant conformation and assembly of this multi-functional enzyme. Essential interactions between MTase and RdRp domains are maintained in the NS5 dimer via inter-molecular interactions, providing evidence that flavivirus NS5 can adopt multiple conformations while preserving necessary interactions between the MTase and RdRp domains. Furthermore, many NS5 residues that reduce viral replication are located at either the inter-domain interface within a monomer or at the inter-molecular interface within the dimer. Hence the X-ray structure of NS5 presented here suggests that MTase and RdRp activities could be coordinated as a dimer during viral genome replication.
The Influence of Left Atrial Enlargement on the Relationship between Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke

Background Left atrial enlargement (LAE) is independently associated with an increased risk of stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF). The combination of both LAE and AF possibly increases the risk of stroke beyond that observed with AF. Methods This analysis included 4572 (43% men, 95% white) participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study. LAE was defined using transthoracic echocardiographic 2-dimensional M-mode measurements of the left atrial diameter using sex-specific cut-points (men: ≥4.1 cm, women: ≥3.9 cm). AF cases were identified during the initial study electrocardiogram or by self-reported history. We examined the association between baseline AF and incident ischemic stroke stratified by the presence of LAE. Incident cases of ischemic stroke were identified by adjudication of medical records, including hospitalization data, through December 31, 2010. Results At baseline, a total of 253 (5.5%) participants had AF and 1947 (43%) had LAE. Participants with AF (n = 163, 64%) were more likely to have LAE than those without AF (n = 1784, 41%; P P interaction = .86). Conclusion Our results suggest that echocardiographic LAE does not modify the stroke risk observed with AF.
Level Structure of 22 Ne by the 21 Ne(d,p) 22 Ne Reaction

The $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}(d,p)^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ reaction has been studied at 12-MeV incident energy. Angular distributions of protons have been extracted for 31 transitions leading to levels in $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ up to 9.10-MeV excitation energy. Angular momentum transfers have been identified and spectroscopic factors extracted for 27 levels by comparison with distorted-wave Born-approximation predictions. Experimental spectroscopic factors for the low-lying states have been compared with the predictions of the unified rotational model. The results of the present study indicate that the ground-state rotational band of $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ is formed by placing an additional neutron in Nilsson orbit No. 7 (${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}[211]$). Several states have been identified which belong to ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{+} \mathrm{and} {4}^{+}$ bands formed by stripping a neutron to Nilsson orbit No. 5 (${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}[202]$) and to ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{+} \mathrm{and} {2}^{+}$ bands formed by stripping to orbit No. 9 (${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}[211]$).
Objections to Color Skepticism

In this chapter, I will consider a number of fundamental objections to color skepticism.1 An initial difficulty consists of an apparent inconsistency between the affirmation of color skepticism and the discussion that led up to it. In that discussion, various accounts of what colors are or could plausibly be identified with were reviewed and criticized. In addition, various remarks were made about the nature of color and the meaning of the words we use to talk about colors. It appeared as if that discussion presupposed that there are colored objects, the only question being to understand what that means. It looks, then, as if the assertion of color skepticism undermines the very presupposition of the arguments that were used to justify it.
Great Names in American Medical History

This is one of a series of biographical sketches of outstanding physicians of the past from each of the 50 states. The subjects have been selected by the medical society of each state or its designated committee.
Model of Optimal Energy Regulation for the Articulation of a Robotic Manipulator

Herein we present a basic model for understanding the regulation of the energy supply to the servomotor, that could be used in a prosthetic arm. The results indicate that the use of this tool improves performance provided that the parameters are adjusted for each particular case.
Fibulin-1 Binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 with High Affinity: EFFECTS ON EMBRYO SURVIVAL

Fibulin-1 (FBLN1) is a member of a growing family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins that includes eight members and is involved in cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, and differentiation. FBLN1 has also been implicated in embryonic heart and valve development and in the formation of neural crest-derived structures, including aortic arch, thymus, and cranial nerves. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a member of a large family of growth factors, and its functions include neural crest cell (NCC) maintenance, specifically NCC migration as well as patterning of structures formed from NCC such as outflow tract and cranial nerves. In this report, we sought to investigate whether FBLN1 and FGF8 have cooperative roles in vivo given their influence on the development of the same NCC-derived structures. Surface plasmon resonance binding data showed that FBLN1 binds tightly to FGF8 and prevents its enzymatic degradation by ADAM17. Moreover, overexpression of FBLN1 up-regulates FGF8 gene expression, and down-regulation of FBLN1 by siRNA inhibits FGF8 expression. The generation of a double mutant Fbln1 and Fgf8 mice (Fbln1(-/-) and Fgf8(-/-)) showed that haplo-insufficiency (Fbln1(+/-) and Fgf8(+/-)) resulted in increased embryonic mortality compared with single heterozygote crosses. The mortality of the FGF8/Fbln1 double heterozygote embryos occurred between 14.5 and 16.5 days post-coitus. In conclusion, FBLN1/FGF8 interaction plays a role in survival of vertebrate embryos, and reduced levels of both proteins resulted in added mortality in utero The FBLN1/FGF8 interaction may also be involved in the survival of neural crest cell population during development.
The Geography of Disease: The American Geographical Society’s Approach to the Problem

1. A definition of the field of medical geography is given. 2. A method of approach is outlined. 3. This method is based on a “census,” the technique of which is explained. 4. Pathological phenomena as well as geographical factors are analyzed. 5. The technique for studying the correlations between these two groups of factors is developed.
Wide dynamic range multi-channel electrochemical instrument for in-field measurements

This paper presents a multi-channel, multi-technique electrochemical instrument with the size, power and performance for portable applications such as point-of-care diagnosis, wearable sensing, and toxic chemical detection. Composed of a custom analog interface and a commercial low-power microcontroller, the portable instrument is capable of dynamically adapting to a wide input current range exhibited by many electrode/sensor types and observed in the transient response of many electrochemical techniques. The instrument can generate several standard electrochemical stimulus waveforms or an arbitrary waveform, independently and in parallel on multiple channels, while streaming measurement results to a USB host. The portable instrument was tested across multiple conditions against a commercial benchtop electrochemical instrument in a potassium ferricyanide solution. The maximum normalized root mean square difference between test results and the commercial instrument is less than 2%, cementing system robustness.
Perfect Absorption With Trapezoidal Gratings Made of Natural Hyperbolic Materials

ABSTRACTBroadband absorption is needed for a wide spectrum of applications such as solar–thermal conversion, radiative cooling, and photodetection. In this work, we theoretically show that trapezoidal gratings made of a natural hyperbolic material on a metal substrate can be used to achieve omnidirectional perfect absorption in a relatively broad spectral region. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is taken as a mid-infrared polar material with hyperbolic characteristic in the wavelength region from 6.2 to 7.3 μm. The anisotropic rigorous-coupled wave analysis is used to calculate the absorptance as well as the local power dissipation and field distributions. The main mechanism for the broadband perfect absorption is elucidated by considering the slow-light effect in a hyperbolic waveguide, which can trap the incident light of different wavelengths in different regions of the trapezoid. The spectral range and bandwidth of near perfect absorption can be adjusted within the hyperbolic range of the material by cha...
A scientific tool to address severe haze in Equatorial Asia

Abstract Background Across Indonesia, fires are frequently used to clear forests and manage land for plantations and smallholder farms. The smoke from these fires contain particles that can work their way deep into the lungs and cause premature mortality from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and lung infections, along with many other health effects. These particles can travel hundreds of kilometres downwind, leading to high levels of exposure and adverse health effects in dense population centres across Equatorial Asia. However, accurate prediction of the public health effects from these fires is complicated by links between land use decisions in Indonesia, fire emissions, and transport from source regions to population centres. We aimed to quantify how future scenarios of land management could affect local and regional exposure to smoke concentrations. Methods We used satellite observations to quantify the relationships between land management and fires. Using these relationships, we then estimate the cumulative fire emissions of different land management strategies, including (1) "business-as-usual" trends in deforestation and development, (2) increased conversion of forests to oil palm and timber plantations, and (3) successful implementation of the Indonesian Government's moratorium on development and burning in fuel-rich peatlands. We subsequently use the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to estimate the public health implications of exposure to smoke concentrations from fires in these scenarios. Findings Our satellite-based analysis shows that most emissions arise from non-forested peatland landscapes with mosaics of degraded lands and agriculture. When combined with three future land management strategies, we find substantial declines in regional smoke concentrations and health impacts when Indonesian peatlands are protected from fires and future development. Results from these initial scenarios show the capabilities of our modelling framework in diverse situations and introduce the capabilities of an online decision support instrument for policymakers. Interpretation We are now synthesising these efforts to calculate the cumulative health and economic effects over coming decades associated with different land management scenarios in the region. Funding The Rockefeller Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through the Health & Ecosystems: Analysis of Linkages (HEAL) programme and the Winslow Foundation.
Grassroots Citizenship at Multiple Scales: Rethinking Immigrant Civic Participation

Given the finding that the marginalized are less politically engaged, we examine those who are arguably the most marginalized—the undocumented—and ask: what underwrites recent cases where the undocumented have been politically engaged in meaningful and substantive ways? Additionally, how does this compare with the existing literature on the practice of citizenship for those with formal rights? And what are the implications for our understanding of political participation in the contemporary USA? We seek to address these questions by examining cases where undocumented immigrants act like citizens even though they lack formal political rights. Our cases deviate from previous literature which argues that more marginalized people participate less and that those without formal rights engage in contentious politics in lieu of “normal,” institutional politics. Our analysis of the DREAMers and of immigrant worker centers helps us rethink this traditional distinction between “normal” and contentious politics. Moving beyond a focus on the specific actions that fall into each category, we instead emphasize how the context for these actions is crucial to understanding the foundations of political participation. In particular, we argue that the same “normal” political actions taken by citizens versus noncitizens reveals different foundations underneath; for those without formal rights, what underwrites participation in “normal” and contentious politics alike is what we call grassroots citizenship. We examine how the political participation of undocumented workers and DREAMers takes place within immigrant organizations and how it relies on three pillars: solidarity, critical analysis, and collective action. While previous literature has emphasized the urban and local nature of active, alternative citizenships, our cases operate at multiple scales, demonstrating how grassroot citizenship can be leveraged and “scaled up” to state and national levels. Additionally, through an analysis of grassroots citizenship, we get some purchase on the question of why politicians sometimes listen to people who cannot vote.
Autism spectrum disorders: identification, education, and treatment

The fourth edition of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Identification, Education, and Treatment provides current and prospective professionals and researchers with a timely update of issues relevant to t...
Native plants for roadside revegetation in Idaho

Establishing perennial plant communities on roadsides is a proactive approach to sustainable road management. The environmental and economic benefits of increasing desirable roadside vegetation include improving slope stabilization, soil conservation, and roadway safety while reducing erosion, maintenance costs, and invasive plants. This study evaluated the success of roadside revegetation on 16 sites in Idaho and on one site in adjacent southwest Montana. Study sites represent a diversity of climatic, topographic, and edaphic conditions in order to provide a variety of examples of roadside revegetation projects in 6 different ecoregions of Idaho. We measured all species’ canopy cover, including noxious weeds and other invasive plants. Of the seeded grass species, 21 of 27 established. Bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh)A. Love [Poaceae]) and Idaho fescue ( Festuca idahoensis Elmer [Poaceae]) were the best-performing native grasses. Seeded grass species that consistently established but had a low mean canopy cover (2–5%) included sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina L.), western wheatgrass ( Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love [Poaceae]), and basin wildrye ( Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love [Poaceae]). Seeded forbs and shrub species had low establishment success and low mean percent canopy cover. For example, no seeded forb species had more than 1% mean canopy cover and greater than 50% establishment when present in the seed mix. Seed mixes of 10 or fewer species resulted in ≥ 50% of the species establishing. Idaho noxious weeds were present in less than half of the sites (47%). Cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L. [Poaceae]), an invasive annual grass, occurred in 82% of the sites. These results provide species selection recommendations based on ecoregion for use in roadside revegetation projects in Idaho and portions of western Montana.
The mechanics of hydrogel crawlers in confined environment

We present theoretical and experimental results regarding the development of temperature-sensitive hydrogel particles that can display self-motility in confined channels. Inspired by the motility of living organisms such as larva, the motion of the particle relies on the combination of two key mechanisms. The first, referred to as actuation, is enabled by the cyclic extension and retraction of the particle owing to oscillations of its temperature around the so-called lower critical solution temperature. The second, referred to as symmetry breaking, transforms the isotropic particle actuation into a directed motion owing to the asymmetric friction properties of the channel9s surface. The role of particle confinement in these processes is, however, less intuitive and displays an optimal value at which the particle9s step size is maximum. These observations are supported by a model that identifies the underlying locomotion mechanisms and predicts the dependency of the particle motion efficiency on the confinement condition, as well as frictional properties of the substrate. Our analysis suggests that the existence of a lubrication layer around the particle hinders its motion at low confinement, while an excessive degree of confinement is detrimental to the particle9s overall deformation and, thus, to its locomotion efficiency.
Casting a Wide Net to Catch the Big Fish: A Comprehensive Initiative to Reduce Human Trafficking in the Global Seafood Chain

Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Disability Law Commons, Education Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Family Law Commons, Fourteenth Amendment Commons, Fourth Amendment Commons, Health Law Commons, Housing Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Juveniles Commons, Labor and Employment Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, Legal History, Theory and Process Commons, Legislation Commons, Litigation Commons, Other Law Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Sexuality and the Law Commons, Social Welfare Law Commons, and the Women Commons
Therapy of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis

Antimicrobial therapy of pneumococcal meningitis has been altered in recent years based on changes in pneumococcal susceptibility patterns, with emergence of strains that are either relatively or highly resistant to penicillin G (minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml and > or = 2 micrograms/ml, respectively. In areas of the world where relatively penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are present, the third generation cephalosporins (either cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) should be used as empiric therapy, and for highly penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains, vancomycin (with or without rifampin) is recommended. It is imperative that susceptibility testing be performed on all cerebrospinal fluid pneumococcal isolates to guide the choice of antimicrobial therapy. Vaccination recommendations with the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine should also be strictly enforced for use in appropriate populations that are at increased risk of pneumococcal infections.
From transgression to tradition: Relationality, organizational absorption, and the Lascivious Costume Ball, 1970–1984

The Lascivious Costume Ball, a sexuality-themed and institutionally authorized party that took place at the University of Chicago from 1970 to 1984, began as a form of student rebellion. Yet within a few years it was diluted and managed by the university administration. Stripped of its initial transgressive character, the Lascivious Costume Ball had been integrated into the legitimate routines of the University as a representation of its institutional identity. This article uses the Lascivious Costume Ball as a case study to examine how organizations respond to potentially threatening oppositional action marshaled by their constituents. Drawing on an analysis of archival materials and 69 interviews with administrators, faculty, and alumni associated with the University at the time of the Ball, I argue that spatiotemporal context crucially shaped administrators’ approach to the event and hence its transformation. This article (1) illuminates the importance of relationality in shaping organizational respons...
Factors associated with NO2 and NOX concentration gradients near a highway.

Abstract The objective of this research is to learn how the near-road gradient, in which NO2 and NOX (NO + NO2) concentrations are elevated, varies with changes in meteorological and traffic variables. Measurements of NO2 and NOX were obtained east of I-15 in Las Vegas and fit to functions whose slopes (dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, respectively) characterize the size of the near-road zone where NO2 and NOX concentrations from mobile sources on the highway are elevated. These metrics were used to learn about the near-road gradient by modeling dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx as functions of meteorological variables (e.g., wind direction, wind speed), traffic (vehicle count), NOX concentration upwind of the road, and O3 concentration at two fixed-site ambient monitors. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to model dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx versus the independent variables because they allowed for nonlinearity of the variables being compared. When data from all wind directions were included in the analysis, variability in O3 concentration comprised the largest proportion of variability in dCNO2/dx, followed by variability in wind direction. In a second analysis constrained to winds from the west, variability in O3 concentration remained the largest contributor to variability in dCNO2/dx, but the relative contribution of variability in wind speed to variability in dCNO2/dx increased relative to its contribution for the all-wind analysis. When data from all wind directions were analyzed, variability in wind direction was by far the largest contributor to variability in dCNOX/dx, with smaller contributions from hour of day and upwind NOX concentration. When only winds from the west were analyzed, variability in upwind NOX concentration, wind speed, hour of day, and traffic count all were associated with variability in dCNOX/dx. Increases in O3 concentration were associated with increased magnitude near-road dCNO2/dx, possibly shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction parallel to the highway was also related to an increased magnitude of both dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx, again likely shrinking the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Wind direction perpendicular to the road decreased the magnitude of dCNO2/dx and dCNOX/dx and likely contributed to growth of the zone of elevated concentrations occurring near roads. Thus, variability in near-road concentrations is influenced by local meteorology and ambient O3 concentration.
Rapid in vitro shoot multiplication of the recalcitrant species Juglans nigra L.

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) has long been prized for its timber, leading to commercial cultivation and significant breeding efforts for improving marketable traits. Vegetative and in vitro black walnut propagation techniques, however, are variable and highly genotype dependent. Optimizing plant growth regulator type and concentration are integral for developing a successful micropropagation protocol. The addition of meta-topolin (MT) combined with the novel use of a liquid medium has led to the development of a rapid shoot multiplication system. The objective of this research was to develop a reproducible and dependable micropropagation protocol for elite black walnut genotypes. In vitro shoot cultures were established from nodal explants cultured on semi-solid Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 8.9 μM benzyladenine, 0.005 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 200 mg L−1 casein hydrolysate, 50 mg L−1 adenine hemisulfate, 2 mL L−1 Plant Preservative Mixture™, and 4.1 μM MT. Long-term survival and proliferation of microshoots was achieved when nodal segments of in vitro grown shoots were cultured in liquid initiation medium in 3-L polycarbonate Fernbach-style flasks on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) under a 16-h photoperiod at 25°C. Elongated microshoots (5–7 cm in length) were rooted in a slurry-like medium composed of half-strength DKW medium with 0.11% (w/v) Phytagel™ and coarse vermiculite (2:1, v/v) supplemented with 50 μM IBA for 5 wk. Rooted shoots were acclimatized to ambient culture room conditions, but plantlets did not survive once transferred to the greenhouse.
Evaluation of a Music Therapy Social Skills Development Program for Youth with Limited Resources.

Background Children living in low-resource communities are at risk for poorer socio-emotional development and academic performance. Emerging evidence supports use of group music therapy experiences to support social development through community afterschool programming. Objective To examine the potential benefit of a music therapy social skills development program to improve social skills and academic performance of school-aged children with limited resources in an afterschool program. Method We used a single-group pre/post-test design, and recruited 20 students (11 females, 9 males), ages 5 to 11 years, from an afterschool program. The music therapy social skills program consisted of eight 50-minute sessions, and we measured social competence and antisocial behavior using the Home & Community Social Behavioral Scale (HCSBS; Merrell & Caldarella, 2008), and social skills, problem behaviors, and academic competence using the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS; Gresham & Elliot, 2008a, 2008b). Results Only students who attended a minimum of six sessions (N = 14) were included in data analysis. Results showed no significant change in individual HBSC subscale scores; however, the total number of low-performance/high-risk skills significantly decreased. SSIS teacher results indicated significant improvement in communication, significant decrease of hyperactivity, autistic behavioral tendencies and overall problem behaviors, and marginal decreases in internalization. Parent ratings mirrored, in part, those of the teacher. Conclusions Results indicated that music therapy has the potential of being an effective intervention for promoting social competence of school-aged children with limited resources, particularly in the areas of communication and low-performance/high-risk behaviors. Teaching skills through song lyrics and improvisation emerged as salient interventions.
Layer I Interneurons Sharpen Sensory Maps during Neonatal Development

The neonatal mammal faces an array of sensory stimuli when diverse neuronal types have yet to form sensory maps. How these inputs interact with intrinsic neuronal activity to facilitate circuit assembly is not well understood. By using longitudinal calcium imaging in unanesthetized mouse pups, we show that layer I (LI) interneurons, delineated by co-expression of the 5HT3a serotonin receptor (5HT3aR) and reelin (Re), display spontaneous calcium transients with the highest degree of synchrony among cell types present in the superficial barrel cortex at postnatal day 6 (P6). 5HT3aR Re interneurons are activated by whisker stimulation during this period, and sensory deprivation induces decorrelation of their activity. Moreover, attenuation of thalamic inputs through knockdown of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in these interneurons results in expansion of whisker responses, aberrant barrel map formation, and deficits in whisker-dependent behavior. These results indicate that recruitment of specific interneuron types during development is critical for adult somatosensory function. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Educating Culturally Responsive Han Teachers: Case Study of a Teacher Education Program in China

This qualitative case study examines how a teacher education institution in China prepares culturally responsive Han teachers for diverse student populations. The purpose of this study was to explore preservice Han teachers’ perspectives of, and academic preparation in, multicultural education in order to enhance institutional quality and effectively prepare culturally responsive Han teachers for multicultural and multiethnic students in China. Four major findings revealed teacher candidates’ ambiguous perceptions of diversity; the inadequate academic preparation in teaching for diversity; disparity between academic training and teaching practice; and lack of institutional commitment to preparing teachers for diversity in China.
Electric Currents in Space Plasmas

Since the beginning of this century, physics has been dualistic in the sense that some phenomena are described by a field formalism whereas others are treated in terms of particles. In the cosmic application of physics, we have frequent examples of this dualism: the propagation of waves is treated by Maxwell’s equations, but the charge on a grain in space is derived by considering the photons and electrons which hit it. There are also phenomena, like the Doppler effect, which can be treated both from the wave and the particle point of view.