cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of 17 microsatellite markers in the federally endangered species Liatris helleri (Asteraceae).

Premise Microsatellite markers were developed in the federally endangered species Liatris helleri (Asteraceae) to evaluate species boundaries with closely related congeners within the genus. Methods and results Using Illumina data, 17 primer pairs were developed in populations of L. helleri. The primers amplified motifs from tri- to hexanucleotide repeats with one to 17 alleles per locus. Primers were also tested for cross-amplification in L. aspera, L. microcephala, and L. pycnostachya. Conclusions The developed primers for L. helleri serve as a novel genetic tool for future investigations in this genus, allowing for more explicit species delineation as well as population genetic analyses.
An emergent understanding of strand displacement in RNA biology

DNA and RNA are generally regarded as central molecules in molecular biology. Recent advancements in the field of DNA/RNA nanotechnology successfully used DNA/RNA as programmable molecules to construct molecular machines and nanostructures with predefined shapes and functions. The key mechanism for dynamic control of the conformations of these DNA/RNA nanodevices is a reaction called strand displacement, in which one strand in a formed duplex is replaced by a third invading strand. While DNA/RNA strand displacement has mainly been used to de novo design molecular devices, we argue in this review that this reaction is also likely to play a key role in multiple cellular events such as gene recombination, CRISPR-based genome editing, and RNA cotranscriptional folding. We introduce the general mechanism of strand displacement reaction, give examples of its use in the construction of molecular machines, and finally review natural processes having characteristic which suggest that strand displacement is occurring.
User-Defined Functions, Macros and Rules

In this chapter we show you how to write functions and macros, and we explain how AXIOM looks for and applies them. We show some simple one-line examples of functions, together with larger ones that are defined piece-by-piece or through the use of piles.
Collateral Development and Arteriogenesis in Hindlimbs of Swine After Ligation of Arterial Inflow

Abstract Background Development of collateral vasculature is key in compensating for arterial occlusions in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We aimed to examine the development of collateral pathways after ligation of native vessels in a porcine model of PAD. Methods Right hindlimb ischemia was induced in domestic swine (n = 11) using two versions of arterial ligation. Version 1 (n = 6) consisted of ligation with division of the right external iliac, profunda femoral, and superficial femoral arteries. Version 2 (n = 5) consisted of the ligation of version 1 with additional ligation with division of the right internal iliac artery. Development of collateral pathways was evaluated with standard angiography before arterial ligation and at termination (30 days later). Relative luminal diameter of the arteries supplying the ischemic right hind limb were determined by two-dimensional angiography. Results The dominant collateral pathway that developed after version 1 ligation connected the right internal iliac artery to the right profunda femoral and then to the right superficial femoral and popliteal artery. Mean luminal diameter of the right internal iliac artery at termination increased by 38% compared with baseline. Two codominant collateral pathways developed in version 2 ligation: (i) from the left profunda femoral artery to the reconstituted right profunda femoral artery and (ii) from the common internal iliac trunk and the left internal iliac artery to the reconstituted right internal iliac artery, which then supplied the right profunda femoral and then the right superficial femoral and popliteal artery. The mean diameter of the left profunda and the left internal iliac artery increased at termination by 26% and 21%, respectively (P Conclusions Two versions of hindlimb ischemia induction (right ilio-femoral artery ligation with and without right internal iliac artery ligation) in swine produced differing collateral pathways, along with changes to the diameter of the inflow vessels (i.e., arteriogenesis).
The progression of serum cystatin C concentrations within the first month of life after preterm birth—a worldwide systematic review

Multiple single-center studies have examined the progression of kidney function biomarkers such as serum cystatin C (Cys C) in the first 30 days of life (DOL) after preterm birth, but from different ethnicities and in different gestational ages (GA), without a functional summary available. We performed a systematic literature review within PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, with additional use of the snowballing method to find studies including data on serum Cys C concentrations in the first 30 DOL. We identified 15 papers that met criteria, published from 2000 to 2019, from 10 countries across 4 continents, in 1468 babies born preterm. Cys C was superior to creatinine in 11/13 studies, and equal in 2/13. For infants born at 24–28 weeks GA, the DOL1 Cys C concentrations ranged from 1.44 to 1.90 mg/L, from 1.20 to 1.77 on DOL3, and from 1.36 to 2.02 between DOL 4 and 30. For infants born at 29–33 weeks GA, the DOL1 Cys C values ranged from 1.41 to 1.96 mg/L, from 1.28 to 1.70 on DOL3, and 1.51 to 1.87 between DOL 4 and 30. For preterm infants born after 34 weeks GA, the DOL1 Cys C values ranged from 1.22 to 1.96 mg/L, from 1.24 to 1.85 on DOL3, and 1.22 to 1.82 between DOL 4 and 30. This systematic review provides generalizable worldwide reference data on Cys C that could be used to estimate progression or resolution of abnormal kidney function in the first months after preterm birth, stratified by GA.
Only Friends Can Betray You: International Rivalry and Domestic Politics

This article argues that dramatic political change in State A poses a threat to the interests that other states B share with it. The more salient those interests are to State B, the greater the thr...
Three-dimensional Dirac semimetals: Design principles and predictions of new materials

Design principles and predictions of new three-dimensional (3D) Dirac semimetals are presented and placed in the context of currently known materials. Three different design principles are presented (cases I, II, and III), each of which yields predictions for new candidates. For case I, 3D Dirac semimetals based on charge-balanced compounds BaAgBi, SrAgBi, YbAuSb, ${\mathrm{PtBi}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{SrSn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ are identified as candidates. For case II, 3D Dirac semimetals in analogy to graphene, ${\mathrm{BaGa}}_{2}$ is identified as a candidate, and BaPt and ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Pt}$ are discussed. For case III, 3D Dirac semimetals based on glide planes and screw axes, ${\mathrm{TlMo}}_{3}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ and the $A{\mathrm{Mo}}_{3}{X}_{3}$ family, in general ($A=\text{K}$, Na, In, Tl; $X=\text{Se}$,Te), as well as the Group IVb trihalides such as ${\mathrm{HfI}}_{3}$, are identified as candidates. Finally, we discuss conventional intermetallic compounds with Dirac cones and identify ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}\mathrm{B}$ as a potentially interesting material.
First Report of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance in a KPC-3-Expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate

ABSTRACT Ceftazidime-avibactam is the first antimicrobial approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Avibactam, a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor, inactivates class A serine carbapenemases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). We report a KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolate resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam (MIC, 32/4 μg/ml) from a patient with no prior treatment with ceftazidime-avibactam.
Testing a Mediational Model of Sexually Aggressive Behavior in Nonincarcerated Perpetrators

This study examined a psychological model of male sexually aggressive behavior toward women. Forty-seven men who reported completing or attempting acts that legally represent rape in most states and 56 nonviolent men completed measures assessing early home environment, attitudes regarding women and relationships, impulsive behaviors, and peers’ characteristics. As predicted, sexually aggressive behavior was associated with exposure to negative childhood experiences with fathers. These experiences included reports of emotionally distant, uncaring fathers and witnessing father-perpetrated domestic violence. The relationship between poorer fathering and sexually aggressive behavior was partially mediated by impulse control problems as a young adult. Although having delinquent peers and endorsements of hostile attitudes toward women and rigid sex-role beliefs, predicted perpetration, contrary to expectations, neither mediated the relationship between poorer fathering and perpetration.
Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among plasmids of Escherichia coli. VII. Mapping the ribosomal RNA genes of plasmid F14.

Escherichia coli episome F14 contains two 16 S + 23 S ribosomal RNA gene sets. Their positions and structure have been studied by electron microscope heteroduplex methods. The A gene set maps from 81.4 to 86.7 kilobases from the counterclockwise junction of F DNA with bacterial chromosomal DNA of F14; the B gene set maps very close to the clockwise junction, that is, at map position 204.4 to 209.7 kilobases from the counterclockwise junction. The structure of the rRNA-rDNA hybrids indicates that each gene set consists of one 16 S gene (r16) of length 1.28 ± 0.12 kilobases, a spacer (rsp) of length 0.57 ± 0.12 kilobase and a 23 S gene (r23) of length 2.60 ± 0.20 kilobases. We propose the genetic notation rrn for the entire gene set. The structure of the DNA/DNA duplexes between the rrnA set and the rrnB set shows that there is a region of non-homology of length 0.29 ± 0.06 kilobase within the otherwise homologous rrnA and rrnB sequences. This non-homology region is probably part, but not all, of the spacer between the 16 S and 23 S genes.
Thermoelectric studies of K x Fe 2 − y Se 2 indicating a weakly correlated superconductor

We report thermal transport properties of a ${\mathrm{K}}_{x}$Fe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}$Se${}_{2}$ superconducting single crystal. A peak anomaly in the thermal conductivity is observed at nearly ${T}_{C}/2$, attributed to phonons. The thermoelectric power above ${T}_{c}$ exhibits nearly linear behavior and could be described well by the carrier diffusion mechanism in a wide temperature range. The zero-temperature extrapolated thermoelectric power is smaller than the value in typical strongly correlated superconductors, implying a large normalized Fermi temperature. These findings indicate that ${\mathrm{K}}_{x}$Fe${}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}$Se${}_{2}$ is a weakly or intermediately correlated superconductor.
Early and late results of mitral valve repair in children

Mitral valve repair in children has the advantage of avoiding mitral valve replacement with its attendant need for anticoagulation and reoperation. Seventy-nine children between the ages of 2 months and 17 years (mean 4.9 years) underwent mitral valve repair between May 1982 and April 1993. There were five patients with mitral stenosis and 74 patients with mitral regurgitation, and 19 children were less than 2 years of age. Patients were divided into anatomic subgroups on the basis of the primary cardiac pathologic condition. Forty-three had severe mitral regurgitation, 21 had moderate mitral regurgitation, and 12 patients with primum atrial-septal defect and 2 patients with univentricular hearts had minimal to moderate mitral regurgitation. Associated cardiac anomalies were present in 68 patients and 85 % of the patients required concomitant intracardiac procedures. The methods of mitral valve repair included Annuloplasty in 68 (86%), repair of cleft leaflet in 41(52%), chordal shortening in 9 (11%), triangular leaflet resection in 8 (10%), splitting of papillary muscles with resection of subvalvular apparatus in 7 (9 %), and chordal substitution in 1(1 %). The technique of annuloplasty was modified to allow for annular growth. Follow-up was available from 1 to 10 years (mean 4 ± 2.5 `years). There were three early deaths (4%), all occurring as a result of low output cardiac failure in patients with minimal postoperative mitral regurgitation. Three late deaths (4%) occurred in patients with persistent moderate to severe mitral regurgitation and progressive cardiac failure and eight patients (10%) required either rerepair or replacement of the mitral valve. Actuarial survival was 94% at 1 year, 84 % at 2 years, and 82 % at 5 years, and actuarial freedom from reoperation was 89 % at 8 years. All patients received postoperative echocardiography with 82% having minimal to no mitral regurgitation and 98% of long-term surviving patients being free of symptoms. We conclude that mitral valve repair can be done with low early and late mortality. The need for reoperation is relatively low and valve growth has occurred with the use of a modified annuloplasty.
The Take-Off into Sustained Controversy

These brief quotes can serve as an excellent introduction to the volume under review. Solow was able, in a single phrase, to capture the main theme of this International Economic Association conference. And Gerschenkron adds a justified plea for tolerance on the part of critics. My own impression can also be stated at the outset: the boys may have had a fine bull session at Konstanz back in 1960, but as a book it doesn't add-up to much.
Capillary gas chromatographic determination of copper and nickel using microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection

Abstract Four tetradentate β-ketoamine reagents were examined for derivatization and the separation of copper and nickel as their chelates, by capillary GC using flame ionization detection. Complete separation between copper and nickel complexes was obtained in each case. The chelates were also evaluated for simultaneous, selective and sensitive spectral detection of copper and nickel at 325 and 301 nm, respectively, using microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection. The selectivity of copper at 325 nm with respect to nickel was high; some response of copper at the nickel emission line was observed, but it did not interfere with the determination of nickel. The reagent H 2 (pnAA 2 ) was used for the analysis of copper and nickel in an ore sample. The detection limits for both copper and nickel were 0.8 pg reaching the detector.
Non-pumped sodium fluxes in human red blood cells. Evidence for facilitated diffusion.

Abstract Unidirectional and net Na + fluxes modified by changes in internal Na + concentration ([Na + ] i ) were studied in human red blood cells incubated in K + -free solutions containing 10 −4 M ouabain. An increase in [Na + ] i brought about (a) a reduction in net Na + gain, (b) no change in Na + influx, (c) a reduction in the rate constant for Na + efflux and (d) an increase in Na + efflux. Similar reductions in net Na + gain were observed when the changes in [Na + ] i were carried out at constant [K + ] i . In addition, the rate constant for 42 K + efflux was not affected by changes in [Na + ] i . The electrical membrane potential (as determined from the chloride distribution ratio) was also constant. Furosemide (10 −3 M) increased the net Na + gain in high [Na + ] i cells and had no effect on those with low [Na + ] i . External K + at 50 mM concentration reduced Na + efflux and increased Na + influx: the magnitude of these effects was dependent on the intracellular Na + . The reduction in net Na + gain as [Na + ] i increased was unaffected by depletion of cellular ATP to values below 10 μmol/l cells, and this effect was independent of the depletion method used.
Effects of a porous manifold on thermal stratification in a liquid storage tank

Abstract A numerical model for a porous manifold has been developed to study its effects on thermal stratification in a typical storage tank. The tank considered has a capacity of 300 l and a height-to-diameter ratio of 2. The numerical model employs a transient stream function-vorticity formulation to predict the development of flow and temperature fields in a charging process. The Reynolds number of the inlet flow is fixed at 200 and a wide range of the Richardson number (0.01≤Ri≤100) is considered. Other parameters considered include the Biot number (i.e. heat loss from the tank), the Darcy number (permeability of the porous manifold), the location of baffle, and the thickness of the porous tube. The results show that all these factors should be taken into account for a better design of a thermal storage tank. In addition, the results provide an envelope for these design parameters.
The design of bandpass amplifiers using an improved AGC transistor

The methods available for controlling the gain of transistor bandpass amplifiers are reviewed and their limitations discussed. The r-f parameters of a recently developed transistor are given and a design method applicable to moderate percentage bandwidth amplifiers is developed. A TV tuner and i-f amplifier is used as an example and its response and distortion vs age is shown.
Operator split methods for the numerical solution of the elastoplastic dynamic problem

The elastoplastic dynamic problem is first formulated in a form that facilitates the application of product formula techniques. The additive decomposition of the dynamic equations into elastic and plastic parts is taken as a basis for the definition of product algorithms that exploit such decomposition. In the context of a finite element discretization, these product algorithms entail, for every time step, the solution of an elastic problem followed by the application of plastic algorithms that operate on the stresses and internal variables at the integration points and bring in the plastic constitutive relations. Suitable plastic algorithms are discussed for the cases of perfect and hardening plasticity and viscoplasticity. The proposed formalism does not depend on any notion of smoothness of the yield surface and is applicable to arbitrary convex elastic regions, with or without corners. The stability properties of the product algorithm are identical to those of the elastic algorithm used whereas the computational expense is practically equal to that of an elastic problem.
Anterior horn lateral meniscus tear, repair, and meniscectomy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of anterior horn of the lateral meniscus (AHLM) tears on tibiofemoral contact pressures and the ability to restore normal parameters with repair. Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were used. The specimens were subjected to a load of 1,000 N at 0 and 30 degrees of flexion and peak pressure, force and contact area were recorded. The test was repeated for four different instances. Peak force in the lateral compartment was significantly increased at 0 degrees of knee flexion from 37 N intact to 47 N after the tear and 56 N postmeniscectomy. At 0 degrees of knee flexion, the peak pressure of the lateral meniscus was significantly increased from 1.1 MPa in the intact state to 1.9 MPa after meniscectomy. The peak pressure in the nontraumatized medial compartment was significantly increased after partial lateral meniscectomy (p < 0.05). This cadaveric study demonstrated a significant increase in tibiofemoral peak forces in both the medial and lateral compartments with a tear of the AHLM. It also showed an increase in peak contact pressure after meniscectomy. With repair, the preinjury condition peak forces were restored to normal, suggesting the importance of repairing tears of the AHLM.
Mistaking Nietzsche: Rhetoric and the epistemic pest

(2002). Mistaking Nietzsche: Rhetoric and the epistemic pest. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 121-127.
Some physical characteristics of diastolic flow murmurs in congenital and acquired heart disease

Mid-diastolic murmurs were recorded in patients with atrial and ventricular septal defects, rheumatic mitral insufficiency, and miscellaneous cardiac abnormalities. In each instance the oscilloscopic trace showed a fairly regular wave form with low frequency of vibration. Sound spectrography confirmed the concentration of the vibrational energy in the low-frequency range. The similarity of the characteristics of these murmurs suggests a common mechanism of origin: vibration of a solid structure, such as valve leaflets or annulus, during ventricular filling. The postulated vibrational mechanism would explain the physical resemblance of these traces to those of the innocent cardiac murmurs of childhood.
A new model for Double Diffusion + Turbulence

[1] Available models of Double Diffusion (DD) processes (Salt Fingers, SF and Diffusive Convection, DC) are primarily based on laboratory experiments that do not include turbulence which is however always present in the ocean. A reliable DD model for use in OGCMs (ocean global circulation models) is therefore still lacking and a true assessment of the role of oceanic DD is yet to be made. Here, we derive and validate a new model for DD + Turbulence using a second-order closure model which differs significantly from previous ones in that the ratios of the correlation time scales to the dissipation time scales, constant in previous models, now depend on Ri and Rρ, the key new feature needed to reproduce both laboratory (no shear) and oceanic (with shear) data. The model can therefore be used in OGCMs. The full mixing model includes mixed layer, internal gravity waves, DD and tides.
Panel data analysis of housing choices

Abstract Housing choices have almost exclusively been analyzed either by using survey data gathered at a specific point in time or by using time-series of aggregate data. Panel data permits use of both time-series and cross-sectional variation, thereby providing a substantially superior identification and seperation of the various economic and demographic mechanisms underlying housing choice behavior which are often confounded in the snapshot analysis of cross-sectional data and by aggregation in time-series analysis. In this paper, a longitudinal discrete choice model of the choice of housing tenure and size is presented and estimated using five linked cross-sections of the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics, 1977 to 1981. We employ the conditional fixed effects multinomial logit model [FEMNL, Chamberlain (1980)] in order to account for time-invariant heterogeneity across households. These panel data results differ in many respects from results obtained from single and pooled cross-sections. First, price and income elasticities appear substantially overestimated in cross-sectional analysis as opposed to time-series and panel data analysis. Second, life-age effects are confounded by calendar-time specific effects and therefore may yield implausible results in cross-sectional analysis. In general, the influence of demographic variables appears to be understated in cross-sectional estimation.
Temperature-dependent mechanical and long crack behavior of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide composite

Abstract Hot pressed ZrB2–20 vol.% SiC ultra-high temperature ceramic composites have been prepared for strength and fracture investigations. Two composites fabricated under differing hot pressing temperatures with (ZSB) and without (ZS) B4C sintering aids were selected for room temperature modulus of rupture (MOR) strength and single-edge-notch bend (SENB) fracture toughness experiments. Structure property relationships were examined for both composites. MOR and stiffness temperature dependence was also investigated up to 1500 °C. Long crack propagation studies were conducted up to 1400 °C using the double cantilevered beam geometry with half-chevron-notch initiation zones. Residual Boron-rich carbide maximum particle sizes were found to be strength limiting in ZSB billets while SiC controlled strength in ZS billets. Flexure strength decreased linearly with temperature from 1000 to 1500 °C with no visible plastic deformation prior to fracture. Similar stiffness decreases were observed with a transition temperature range of 1100–1200 °C. Long crack studies produced R -curves that show no significant toughening behavior at room temperature with some modest rising R -curve behavior appearing at higher temperatures. These studies also show the plateau toughness increases with temperature up to 1200 °C. This is supported by an observed transition from primarily transgranular fracture at room temperature to primarily intergranular fracture at high temperatures. Wake zone toughening is evident up to 1000 °C with K R rise from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa√m. Beyond 1000 °C fracture mechanism transitions to include creep zone development ahead of crack tip with wake zone toughening vanishing.
HIV spectrum disorders and the family: selected interventions based on stylistic dimensions.

Abstract Curvilinear stylistic dimensions of the family, illness stages, individual developmental stages, and the life cycle stage of the family are discussed in relation to HIV spectrum disorders. Centripetal and centrifugal family styles are then used as a framework for presenting intervention strategies that allow the family to continue its developmental process, while working with the centripetal pull that having an AIDS member can exert on family dynamics.
Disintegration of Aluminum by Polonium Alpha-Particles

In order to investigate the discrepancies existing in the experiments of Pose and of Chadwick and Constable regarding the protons emitted by aluminum under alpha-particle bombardment, the thick target absorption curve for the protons has been repeated. The radioactive source was polonium, and an FP-54 vacuum tube electrometer was used to detect the protons. The structure of the groups observed in the present experiment agrees with the work of Chadwick and Constable, and confirms their interpretation of the results. The ranges of the principal groups are in better accord with those found by Pose. It is suggested that Pose's discrepancies were due to sources which predominantly emitted particles of shortened range, and to an insufficient number of accurate points. An increase in proton yield with the height of the resonance levels has been observed. The relative intensity of the short and long range groups is 4.0, and the difference in energy of any two corresponding groups is 2.4 Mev.
Membrane capacitance measurements during acetylcholine action.

Abstract Capacitance of the membrane of Helix aspersa neurones was measured by frequency analysis. The specific membrane capacitance in resting conditions was 10 ± 4.7 μ F/cm 2 . No capacitance changes were observed during acetylcholine-induced potential changes.
Choice, power and perspective: The neglected question of who initiates engaged campus-community partnerships

To address society’s complex challenges, campus-community partnerships are increasingly being undertaken by academia. As a result, questions of how to ensure that these partnerships succeed have taken on a new urgency. This urgency has led to an emphasis on the creation of ‘how to’ guides focused on the mechanics of building effective partnerships. This article argues that this focus is premature and attention instead needs to be directed to the neglected but ultimately more fundamental question of who is ‘allowed’ to initiate the partnerships. It is argued here that the seemingly simple and straightforward issue of who initiates the partnership leads us into the complex problems of choice, power and perspective which bedevil campus-community partnerships. Until these problems are fully addressed, the partnership approach is unlikely to achieve its status as a central means by which community-university engagement can be realised in academia. Keywords: campus-community partnerships, community engagement, partnership initiation, research, knowledge creation, reciprocity.
Use of transgenic and knockout strategies in mice.

Over 2 decades ago mouse models were generated with an exogenous gene integrated into its genome to create the first transgenic mice. Since that time, new methods have been developed and old methods improved, allowing investigators more flexibility to answer important questions about physiology and gene function. Transgenic and knockout technology have been particularly useful in the kidney as various transgenic mouse models have been successfully generated to gain a better understanding of renal physiology at the gene level. Now with the sequencing of mammalian genomes at the forefront of science, the need for transgenic technology to understand gene function in the context of the whole animal will become increasingly more important. Therefore, this article focuses on some of the strategies that can be used when generating transgenic mouse models.
Economic Interests and the American Constitution: A Quantitative Rehabilitation of Charles A. Beard

An important change in the structure of U.S. institutions occurred when the government under the Articles of Confederation was replaced by a new government under the Constitution. In 1913, Charles A. Beard proposed a view of the formation of the United States Constitution—an economic interpretation—that remains a much discussed yet unresolved explanation of the behavior and motives of the men who wrote the document. This paper provides the first rigorous statistical test of this issue. We summarize the preliminary results of a statistical analysis of the relationship between the voting behavior of individual delegates involved in the making of the Constitution and their economic and personal characteristics. Contrary to current historical wisdom, significant patterns related to economic interests are found in the voting, with the division of interests generally consistent with that outlined by Charles A. Beard seventy years ago.
Application of singular elements for fully Lagrangian modeling of dynamics of MEMS with thin beams

The problem of coupled electro-mechanical vibration of a thin micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) beam has been recently addressed by Ghosh and Mukherjee (2009) [1]. A singularity in charge density and force usually arises at the corners of a free edge in such beams. This is of little consequence in clamped–clamped beams (addressed in [1], Ghosh and Mukherjee, 2009) because the edges are restrained. For cantilevered beams, however, such singularities on its free edge deserve attention. The present paper addresses the above problem for a cantilevered beam. The boundary element next to the free edge of the beam is treated as singular. Numerical results for static deflections as well as vibrations of the cantilevered beams from the two methods (singular element and nonsingular elements analogous to [1], Ghosh and Mukherjee, 2009) are compared and discussed.
Leadership and Bureaucracy The Folk Theorem and Real Folks

In the midst of state budget cuts, Director Victor Wirth transformed the Illinois Department on Aging (IDOA) from a demoralized agency drowning in the paperwork of a massive compliance system into a cooperative organization devoted to service quality. I develop and apply a game-theoretic model of IDOA that shows how and why the management strategies pursued by Wirth brought about this transformation. Combining the model with detailed empirical evidence, I identify the key factors that allowed Wirth to lead the agency to a new equilibrium. His detailed knowledge of the strategic structure of IDOA allowed him to choose a new equilibrium. His desire and ability to communicate with every level involved in the implementation of the CCP as well as his considerable autonomy from the governor enabled him to create, articulate, and implement the strategies necessary to change the equilibrium. And finally his reputation in the aging field served as a bond that allowed him to enforce the new agency equilibrium, ther...
Limits of respiration at high altitude

Under most conditions, the lungs compensate for the stresses of illness to ensure adequate acquisition of oxygen. Even with exposure to high altitude, the lungs' adaptations ensure that this process takes place. This process is challenged by global hypoxia, especially if there is impairment in the three processes needed for adequate tissue oxygenation: (1) intact ventilatory drive to breathe; (2) sufficient increase in alveolar ventilation, which is stimulated by that drive; and (3) intact gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary interface. This article reviews the mechanisms that make the study of high altitude relevant to patients who have heart or lung disease at low altitude.
Transatlantic flight fights: multi-level governance, actor entrepreneurship and international anti-terrorism cooperation

ABSTRACT Anti-terrorism cooperation has sparked a series of transatlantic conflicts. Many popular accounts look to differing policy preferences between US and European capitals to explain these disagreements. This article, by contrast, contends that these disputes are often rooted in internal multi-level governance processes within Europe that present different opportunity structures for actors to influence international debates. The case of airline passenger name records offers a unique within-case comparison akin to a natural experiment with which to examine the multi-level governance hypothesis.
Static response of a cylindrical composite panel with cutouts using a geometrically nonlinear theory

The theory is cast into a total Lagrangian finite-element formulation for approximate solutions. The approach is then applied to the problem of an axially compressed quasiisotropic cylindrical shell panel with a cutout up to and beyond collapse
Chronic Exposure of Chinook Salmon Eggs and Alevins to Gamma Irradiation: Effects on Their Return to Freshwater as Adults

Abstract Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs and alevins were exposed to various levels of continuous gamma irradiation to determine the level at which the return of these individuals as adults would be affected. Large numbers of eggs (63,000 to 140,000) were used for each treatment, along with an equal number of controls. The dose rate ranged from 0.5 R/day in 1960 to 50 R/day in 1970; dose rate approximately doubled in each of the later years. After rearing for about 90 days, the control and irradiated groups were differentially marked and released for their migration to salt water. On their return 2 to 6 yr later, length, weight, and sex data were determined on each adult salmon. No significant change was noted in adult returns until irradiation levels of 10 R/day and above were used. At these levels (10 R/day, 20 R/day, and 17-50 R/day) analyses showed retardation in growth and increased mortality of the small salmon in fresh water, decreased numbers of adults returning to spawn, increased ...
Microscopic theory of diffusion on lattices with local distortion

Abstract We present results of microscopic calculations of single adatom diffusion on models of centered rectangular surfaces allowing local distortions in the adiabatic potential. We demonstrate how the diffusion anisotropy and the Arrhenius form depend on these local changes. In particular, we compare our results at low temperatures with predictions based on simple random walk arguments. The results of these calculations are applied to the diffusion anisotropy of H adatoms on a W(110) surface.
Incorporating a delay mechanism in ordering policies into multi-echelon distribution systems

In this paper, we devise a framework for obtaining the optimal ordering policy in a single location, continuous-review inventory system with arbitrary inter-demand times. We show that it is optimal to order at demand arrival epochs only if the inter-demand time has a constant or decreasing failure rate. When the inter-demand time has an increasing failure rate, we show that the optimal policy is to delay the order. We then extend this policy to multi-echelon distribution systems consisting of one supplier and many retailers. Both decentralized and centralized systems are considered. We derive expressions and procedures for the evaluation of the total cost and the computation of optimal delay in all the considered settings. More importantly, we study the impact of our delay policy in all the settings. The numerical results indicate that for the single-location model, the optimal delay can significantly reduce the total cost. Results from the single-location model can be applied to the decentralized multi-e...
A covalent oxidoreductase intermediate in propeptide-dependent von Willebrand factor multimerization

The assembly of von Willebrand factor multimers in the Golgi apparatus requires D1D2 domains of the von Willebrand factor propeptide, which may act as an oxidoreductase to promote disulfide bond formation or rearrangement between two D3 domains in the mature subunit. This mechanism predicts that the propeptide should form a transient intrachain disulfide bond with the D3 domain before multimerization. Such an intermediate was detected using truncated subunits that simplify the analysis of the multimerization process. When only the D1D2D′D3 region of von Willebrand factor was expressed in baby hamster kidney cells, the propeptide and D′D3 formed an intrachain disulfide-linked species in the endoplasmic reticulum that could be identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after cleavage with thrombin or furin. This intermediate rearranged in the Golgi to form free propeptide and D′D3 dimers that were secreted. A similar intracellular disulfide-linked species was identified in cells expressing the propeptide and D′D3 as separate proteins and in cells expressing full-length von Willebrand factor. These results support a model in which the propeptide acts as an oxidoreductase to promote von Willebrand factor multimerization in the Golgi apparatus.
Thinning Productivity and Cost for a Mechanized Cut-to-Length System in the Northwest Pacific Coast Region of the USA

A production study of a single-grip harvester and forwarder was conducted in a second-growth thinning operation in western Oregon, USA. Production levels for the harvester exceeded 30 m3/ PMH (productive machine hour, delay-free). There was no significant difference in harvester production between stands marked prior to logging and those in which the trees were selected by the operator. Production levels for the forwarder ranged from 10.2 m3 to 14.5 m3/PMH. When landing space was limited, a two-pass forwarding technique (separate loads of sawlogs and pulpwood) was more productive than a single-pass technique (products mixed on each load and sorted at the landing). Regression equations were developed to predict harvester production per PMH on the basis of tree dbh and to predict forwarder production per PMH on the basis of product type, volume per load, and travel distance. Thinning cost for this cut-to-length system wasUS$12.49/m3 [US$35.37/c unit],excluding hauling and a profit-and-risk allowance.
Evolution of NAD biosynthetic enzymes.

Two research groups have solved crystal structures of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (PRTase) and made the argument that PRTases in three distinct pathways of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis evolved from a common ancestor (Shin et al., 2005; Chappie et al., 2005).
Gastric pacing is a new surgical treatment for gastroparesis

Abstract Background: Gastroparesis is a chronic gastric motility disorder affecting mostly young and middle-aged women who present with nausea, abdominal pain, early satiety, vomiting, fullness, and bloating. Methods: From April 1998 to September 2000, 25 patients underwent gastric pacemaker placement. All had documented delayed gastric emptying by a radionucleotide study. Nineteen patients had diabetic gastroparesis, 3 had developed postsurgical gastroparesis, and 3 had idiopathic gastroparesis. Baseline and postoperative follow-ups were done by a self-administered questionnaire on which the patients rated the severity and frequency of nausea and vomiting. Gastric emptying times were also followed up using a radionucleotide technique. Results: Both the severity and frequency of nausea and vomiting improved significantly at 3 months and was sustained for 12 months. Gastric emptying time was also numerically faster over the 12-month period. Three of the devices have been removed. One patient died of causes unrelated to the pacemaker 10 months postoperatively. Conclusions: After placement of the gastric pacemaker, patients rated significantly fewer symptoms and had a modest acceleration of gastric emptying.
Simple Large-Scale Preparation of 3,3-Disubstituted Cyclopropenes: Easy Access to Stereodefined Cyclopropylmetals via Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydrometalation

3,3-Disubstituted cyclopropenes have been readily prepared in a multigram scale via two different methods: (1) dehydrohalogenation of bromocyclopropanes, and (2) Rh-catalyzed addition of carbenoids to trimethylsilylacetylene followed by desilylation. Highly diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed hydrostannation and highly enantioselective Rh-catalyzed hydroboration of 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes afforded useful cyclopropylmetal building blocks in high yields.
The Effects of Economic Integration and Political Instability in Central America

ABSTRACT We use stochastic frontier analysis to study the effects of political instability events and economic integration on technical efficiency. A set of industries in Central America are analyzed during a period of perceived lack of regional economic integration (1980s) and a period of renewed economic integration (early 1990s). Results show that economic integration has had a negative effect on technical efficiency during this period. The effect from political instability depends on the type of event, both at the industry and national level.
A quantitative analysis of social interaction of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (pisces: Poeciliidae) as a function of population density

Abstract Various controlled densities of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, wer observed in order to determine the effects of population density on frequency of courtship and agonistic interactions. Populations with single male exhibit a low level of courtship activity; the presence of a second male increases this level of activity markedly. Populations with a 1:1 sex ratio in densities greater than one pair exhibit a constant mean number of courtship interactions but, with increased crowding, an increasing variance in level of courtship activity. This results in a frequency profile of courtship interaction characteristic of each observed density. Each population density exhibits a density-dependent pattern of social interaction defined quantitatively by frequencies of courtship aggressive interactions at the population level. The contribution of the behaviour of individual males and to this patterning of social interaction in each population was partially determined.
High grade adenocarcinoma of prostate in smokers of ethnic minority groups and caribbean island immigrants

Abstract The degree of differentiation of 670 blacks and white patients treated from 1980–1990 for curative and palliative external beam radiation therapy and surgery at State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn and Kings County Hospital were analyzed retrospectively, stratified according to race, age, smoking, and grade. In addition stage, birth place and median survival were also analyzed. Overall mean age was 69 years (Std. Dev. 8.97). 69% were blacks and 27.8% were whites. 65.4% were smokers and 34.6% were non-smokers. Smokers had high incidence of more invasive and high grade adenocarcinoma of prostate ( p ≤ 0.00005) compared to control group (non-smokers with prostate carcinoma). Statistically significant difference was found in the degree of differentiation of carcinoma of prostate in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smokers had 15.04% well, 27.07% moderate, and 57.89% poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma compared to non-smokers in which 37.1% were well, 45.16% moderate, and 17.74% poorly differentiated cancer of prostate ( p ≤ 0.00005). Sixty-three percent blacks and 40.16% whites had Stage D cancer ( p ≤ 0.00005). 68.3% smokers and 53.3% non-mokers had Stage D cancer ( p = 0.01). Overall median survival for blacks was 74.04 months compared to whites of 115.73 months ( p ≤ 0.00005).
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis response and biotransformation of oral naltrexone: preliminary examination of relationship to family history of alcoholism.

We examined HPA axis response to 50 mg oral naltrexone compared with placebo in 17 healthy male and female nonalcoholic subjects, approximately half of whom had a positive family history of alcoholism (FH+) and half of whom who did not (FH−). Mood response and naltrexone biotransformation were also examined at various intervals. Subjects participated in two morning test sessions (50 mg naltrexone or identical placebo pill) after an overnight stay in the Rockefeller University GCRC. For the total sample, ACTH and cortisol significantly increased after naltrexone compared with placebo (p < .05). Secondary analyses showed the FH+ subgroup had a different pattern of response over time compared with the FH− subgroup, with heightened ACTH and cortisol, and decreased vigor ratings, during naltrexone (p < .05). The results demonstrate that orally administered naltrexone acutely disinhibits the HPA axis, and that individuals with an assumed greater biological vulnerability to addiction, by virtue of familial alcoholism, had altered regulation of the HPA axis in part under the control of the endogenous opioid system. 166 words.
Lévy noise with memory

Abstract In this article we propose a characteristic functional for Levy stable noise with temporal correlations. The non-Markovian characteristic functional is inferred from a physical model that describes a particle interacting with an inhomogeneous environment.
Test Selection on Extended Finite State Machines with Provable Guarantees

Building high confidence regression test suites to validate new system versions is a challenging problem. A modelbased approach to build a regression test suite from a given test suite is described. The generated test suite includes every test that will traverse a change performed to produce the new version, and consists of only such tests to reduce the testing costs. Finite state machines extended with typed variables (EFSMs) are used to model systems and system changes are mapped to EFSM transition changes adding/deleting/replacing EFSM transitions and states. Tests are a sequence of input and expected output messages with concrete parameter values over the supported data types. An invariant is formulated to characterize tests whose runtime behavior can be accurately predicted by analyzing their descriptions along with the model. Incremental procedures to efficiently evaluate the invariant and to select tests for regression are developed. Overlaps among the test descriptions are exploited to extend the approach to simultaneously select multiple tests to reduce the test selection costs. Effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by applying it to several protocols, Web services, and model programs extracted from a popular testing benchmark. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach is economical for regression test selection in all these examples. For all these examples, the proposed approach is able to identify all tests exercising changes more efficiently than brute-force symbolic evaluation.
A hydrophobic region on myosin light chains modulated by divalent cations

A hydrophobic region was detected on several types of myosin light chain by enhancement of the quantum yield of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) fluorescence. The character of this non-polar region was altered by the binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to the light chain, the quantum yield of the ANS being increased, and its emission maximum undergoing a blue-shift. These changes enabled the binding of divalent cations to the myosin light chains to be monitored. When Ca2+ was bound to gizzard regulatory light chain, a biphasic enhancement of light-chain-bound ANS fluorescence occurred, the first phase taking place in the micromolar range and the second in the millimolar range of free Ca2+ concentration. Enhancement of protein-bound ANS fluorescence as divalent cations were bound was also observed with other types of myosin light chain.