cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of pediatric nephropathology

I have given a brief overview of the morphologic basis of renal disease in children. Obviously I have been unable to include all the important and well-done studies of various conditions, which together cover the entire spectrum of pediatric renal disease. It is evident from the many studies that the renal biopsy has been, is, and will be quite helpful in elucidating the histologic pattern and severity of injury in the child with clinical evidence of renal disease. As therapy becomes more effective for renal diseases known to cause progressive renal insufficiency, the impact of the renal biopsy will become even greater. Because of the frequent discordance between clinical laboratory findings and renal histologic severity, an initial or baseline biopsy is often the only way to stage the alterations in renal structure. Present tests of renal function are imperfect and are insensitive parameters of insidious and progressive renal disease. The capacity of the kidney to compensate for nephron loss by hypertrophy and modification of the remaining nephrons can mask progressive renal disease and thus impair our ability to detect meaningful differences in therapeutic results. A repeated biopsy or "second look" allows detailed comparison and study of the effects of various therapeutic regimens on the renal disease process. Continued, detailed clinical-morphologic correlations and studies using improved techniques hopefully will provide us with better profiles or predictors of the type, severity, and pathogenesis of the renal disease in the individual patient. Determination of the histologic pattern by renal biopsy at present remains one of the, if not the, most important and reliable prognostic indicators in the individual patient and allows us a unique look at the host response to the varying types of injuries leading to pediatric renal disease.
Comparison of enzymes of twelve species of mosquitoes.

Enzyme comparisons of 12 species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were undertaken using the technique of starch gel electrophoresis. The 4th-stage larvae of 10 species of Aedes, 1 species of Culex, and 1 species of Anopheles were analyzed for acetate and butyrate esterases, alkaline and acid phosphatase, malic and lactic dehydrogenase. Species-specific patterns for all 12 species were obtained with both esterase substrates and for alkaline phosphatase. Aedes aegypti (L.), and A. mascarensis (McGregor) share the same pattern for acid phosphatase and malic dehydrogenase. Both species belong in Group A, subgenus Stegomyia. A. albopictus (Skuse), A. pseudoscutellaris (Theobald), and A. scutellaris (Walker) have identical lactic dehydrogenase patterns; all occur in Group C, Stegomyia. The overall patterns, i.e., obtained with all 6 substrates, were species specific but no clear generic differences were evident. This fact was probably a result of the small sampling of Culex and Anopheles. Inter-specific relationships were examined by means of paired affinity indices and polygonal graphs. These instruments provided the basis for the following taxonomic inferences. A. pseudoscutellaris which is morphologically similar to A. scutellaris and supposedly more closely related to it on a phylogenetic basis, shows a higher degree of biochemical relationship to A. albopictus. On the basis of available data A. triseriatus (Say) seems to be the “biochemical type species” of the subgenus Finlaya. The placement of A. sierrensis (Ludlow) in the subgenus Finlaya on the basis of egg type was reaffirmed on a biochemical basis.
Bene vixit qui bene latuit. Ferenc Császár's Last Will against the Background of Ancient Ideals of Life

This article deals with the last will of Ferenc Csaszar, one of the prominent Hungarian intellectuals of his day and editor in chief of the important newspaper Pesti Naplo. At the very end of this will, a reference can be found to the Epicurean ideal of an ‘unnoticed life’. A correct understanding of Csaszar’s own position presupposes a thorough insight into Epicurus’ ideal, which is discussed first. It is argued then that Csaszar did not adopt the Epicurean point of view, but that his position recalls important aspects of the views endorsed by Cicero, Ovid, and Seneca.
Staged scalp soft tissue expansion before delayed allograft cranioplasty: a technical report.

BACKGROUND Hemicraniectomy is an established neurosurgical procedure. However, before cranial vault reconstruction, it is imperative that sufficient scalp soft tissue is available for coverage of the reconstructed skull. OBJECTIVE To present 2 complex cases of posttraumatic patients requiring soft tissue expansion of the scalp before definite cranioplasty with use of a synthetic polyethylene graft. METHODS Two patients underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy for trauma and required delayed cranioplasty. Both patients had developed significant scalp contraction and presented with a paucity of soft tissue. These patients underwent a staged cranioplasty in which we first achieved scalp-tissue expansion adjacent to the craniectomy site over a prolonged interval. In a second stage, the patient underwent definite reconstructive surgery in which the subgaleal expanders were removed and polyethylene allograft cranioplasty was performed. RESULTS Cutaneous coverage of the underlying defect could be achieved in this setting without causing tension on the incision line secondary to the now available excess scalp tissue. CONCLUSION Repair of a cranial defect requires detailed attention to the available scalp and its size relationship to the skull defect to achieve a successful outcome with an aesthetically pleasing, reliable, and lasting result. Preoperative scalp tissue expansion is a valuable step in taking care of patients presenting with scalp soft tissue defect. This technique reduces the morbidity associated with conventional rotational and free-flap techniques.
Inventory Analyse and Forecast of Automobile Service Parts Supply Chain

Analyzing the parts safe inventory with the normal school theory,gather a lot of data,build three different style of forecast formula to fit maintenance and wastage and wave demand parts,also it can act as a effective method in practice.
Content Determination of Allicin in Garlic Oil Capsule by GC

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the determination of allicin content in garlic oil capsule by capillary gas chromatography.METHODS Samples were isolated by HP-5 capillary column(30mx320umx0.25um) and were detected by FID and calculated by external standard method.RESULTS The standard curve was linear over the range of 0.5～3.0 mg·mL-1 with the correlation coefficient 0.999 4.The average recovery was 97.3% with RSD =1.0%(n=9).Detected with this method,The content allicin in big garlic oil capsule was 8.8 mg/100 mg.CONCLUSION This method is sensitive,simple accurate for the control of garlic oil capsule.
Investigation on rare earth contents in green tea sold in Urumqi

Objective To investigate contents of rare earth elements in green tea sold in Urumqi, and analyze their distribution in the green tea. Methods Sixty-two samples of green tea sold in Urumqi were collected and detected for the rare earth elements levels according to the standard operating procedure of detection for the rare earth elements in animal and plant products in Workbook for National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors Risk in 2014. Results Calculated with the total amount of rare earth oxides, the contents of the rare earth elements in green tea were 0.001 99-9.120 00 mg/kg in the62 samples, with the average content of(1.120 11±0.203 36) mg/kg, and 80.64%(50/62) of the samples were from 0.100 00 to 2.000 00 mg/kg. Six samples were more than the national standard requirements, with qualified rate of 90.32%(56/62).Conclusions Although there is little risk of pollution by the rare earth elements in the green tea sold in Urumqi, regular monitoring still needs strengthened.
MIMO radar waveform design for multiple extended target estimation based on greedy SINR maximization

The paper studies waveform and receiver design for MIMO radars through a greedy procedure based on maximization of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). The procedure enables joint design of estimation waveforms for multiple extended targets and maximizes also the sum of radar mutual information measures. Numerical results obtained from simulations are presented to illustrate the proposed approach. Different scenarios with various levels of interference among targets are considered and characteristics of the waveforms designed in each scenario are discussed. Results indicate that the designed waveforms overlap in fewer frequency bands when interference between target reflections is stronger.
[Sick sinus syndrome indication: AAI/R versus DDD/R]

Numerous studies demonstrated the superiority of atrial based pacing modes (AAI/R, DDD/R) in the pacemaker therapy of sinus node disease. They reduce mortality, the incidence of atrial fibrillation and the risk for heart failure and increase quality of life, but there is still debate about the most appropriate mode of pacing. The AAI-mode carries the risk of high degree AV-block and the possible occurence of atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response, demanding ventricular stimulation. DDD-pacemakers, however, are more complex and expensive and the stimulation in the apex of the right ventricle results in the loss of the normal activation sequence of the ventricles and can cause hemodynamic deterioration. Despite the lack of prospective randomized studies comparing the long term performance of the two pacing modes (AAI/R and DDD/R) many arguments plead in favour of a preferential use of AAI/R in patients eligible for permanent atrial pacing.
The effect of insulin on the in vitro respiration of human skeletal muscle

Abstract Insulin has been found to increase and prolong the rate of in vitro oxygen consumption of minced skeletal muscle excised from severely diabetic patients whose diabetes was uncontrolled but responsive to insulin therapy. In two patients the effect was observed without the addition of other supplements; in two patients it was observed only after a dicarboxylic acid had been added to the medium; in one patient it was necessary to have added cocarboxylase; and in one patient no insulin effect either alone or in the presence of a dicarboxylic acid was found. Insulin was without effect on the in vitro respiration of skeletal muscle from a controlled insulin-sensitive diabetic patient or from three patients whose diabetes was uncontrolled and not readily responsive to insulin therapy. Likewise, insulin gave no effect on the in vitro respiration of skeletal muscle from patients without metabolic or muscular disease.
Imperfections in the Atomic Arrangement

The arrangement of the atoms in all materials contains imperfections which have a profound effect on the behaviour of the materials. By controlling lattice imperfections, we create stronger metals and alloys, more powerful magnets, improved transistors and solar cells, glassware of striking colours, and many other materials of practical importance.
Marie de France: A Critical Companion

Marie de France is the author of some of the most influential and important works to survive from the middle ages; arguably best-known for her 'Lais', she also translated Aesop's Fables (the 'Ysope'), and wrote the 'Espurgatoire seint Patriz' (St Patrick's Purgatory), based on a Latin text. The aim of this Companion is both to provide information on what can be gleaned of her life, and on her poetry, and to rethink standard questions of interpretation, through topics with special relevance to medieval literature and culture. The variety of perspectives used highlights both the unity of Marie's 'oeuvre' and the distinctiveness of the individual texts. After situating her writings in their Anglo-Norman political, linguistic, and literary context, this volume considers her treatment of questions of literary composition in relation to the circulation, transmission, and interpretation of her works. Her social and historical engagements are illuminated by the prominence of feudal vocabulary, while her representation of movement across different geographical and imaginary spaces opens a window on plot construction. Repetition and variation are considered as a narrative technique within Marie's work, and as a cultural practice linking her texts to a network of twelfth-century textual traditions. The Conclusion, on the posterity of her 'oeuvre', combines a consideration of manuscript context with the ways in which later authors rewrote Marie's works. Sharon Kinoshita is Professor of Literature, University of California, Santa Cruz; Peggy McCracken is Professor of French, Women's Studies, and Comparative Literature, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Innate Immune Responses to Rotavirus Infection

Hosts have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms to prevent and control viral infections. These include the innate immune response, hardwired into most eukaryotic cells and triggered soon after virus entry, as well as the more specialized adaptive immune response, defined by aspects of antigen specificity and memory. Following host cell infection, most viruses trigger one or more pattern recognition receptors, which have evolved to recognize virus-specific signatures, or pathogen associated molecular patterns (eg, 5′-triphosphate RNA), and upon ligand binding, trigger conserved signaling pathways that culminate in the functional activation of critical host transcription factors involved in the initiation of various antiviral responses. Several virus stress-induced genes (vSIGs) are transcribed as a result of this early activation, including those encoding the secretory type I and III interferons (IFNs). Expression and secretion of IFNs result in their binding to cognate surface receptors on cells in both autocrine and paracrine patterns, followed by ligand-stimulated activation of the JAK-STAT signaling cascade. Activated STATs, together with other accessory factors, then translocate to the nucleus and initiate a second wave of transcription—resulting in the expression of hundreds of genes that encode antiviral proteins targeting multiple aspects of viral replication, assembly, maturation, and spread. This second phase of the IFN response is also crucial for ensuring that initial IFN expression is amplified through positive feedback, thus ensuring robust establishment of an antiviral state in different host cell types, both infected and uninfected. Coevolution of hosts and their viruses [also known as the Red Queen Hypothesis (Muraille, 2013)] likely resulted not only in the present complexity of the host innate response, but also in the emergence of viral strategies to block the innate response at multiple steps in order to ensure evolutionary advantage (Medzhitov and Janeway, 1997). Accordingly, most pathogenic viruses, including the rotaviruses, encode factors that target redundant steps of the IFN induction and amplification signaling pathways.
A Two-Step Absorber Deposition Approach To Overcome Shunt Losses in Thin-Film Solar Cells: Using Tin Sulfide as a Proof-of-Concept Material System.

As novel absorber materials are developed and screened for their photovoltaic (PV) properties, the challenge remains to reproducibly test promising candidates for high-performing PV devices. Many early-stage devices are prone to device shunting due to pinholes in the absorber layer, producing “false-negative” results. Here, we demonstrate a device engineering solution toward a robust device architecture, using a two-step absorber deposition approach. We use tin sulfide (SnS) as a test absorber material. The SnS bulk is processed at high temperature (400 °C) to stimulate grain growth, followed by a much thinner, low-temperature (200 °C) absorber deposition. At a lower process temperature, the thin absorber overlayer contains significantly smaller, densely packed grains, which are likely to provide a continuous coating and fill pinholes in the underlying absorber bulk. We compare this two-step approach to the more standard approach of using a semi-insulating buffer layer directly on top of the annealed abso...
Proto-oncogenes/ transcription factors

Following partial hepatectomy, there is a rapid and highly orchestrated series of biochemical events which occur prior to cellular proliferation. Some of these events are presumably intimately linked with the eventual regeneration of the liver, whereas others are likely to be stress-related or required for the continued differentiated function of the liver while regeneration is occurring.
Polymers in the co-delivery of siRNA and anticancer drugs to treat multidrug-resistant tumors

Traditional chemotherapeutic agents have long been associated with serious drawbacks due to the heterogeneity and complexity of human cancer. One of the major hurdles regarding chemotherapy is the development of multidrug resistance by the cancer cells. Combination therapy of cancer using different anticancer vectors holds great promise in clinical settings and has been accepted as a current treatment standard for cancer. Recently, siRNA-mediated RNA interference has gained significant attention for cancer treatment due to its ability to knock down genes and proteins with great specificity. Combination of this fast evolving approach to downregulation of genes associated with multidrug resistance in cancer with the simultaneous delivery of traditional chemotherapeutics is fast becoming an effective approach in the cancer therapy. This article provides a view focused on the polymers used to develop multifunctional co-delivery systems that specifically encapsulate siRNAs targeted against MDR and conventional chemotherapeutics. The many studies reviewed here that reported successful in vitro and in vivo results emphasize the promise of this combination therapy approach to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer.
Pulse Wave Velocity and Augmentation Index

Pulse wave velocity is obtained from the transit time of pulse wave and the distance between two measuring sites. It is considered the “gold standard” for assessment of arterial elastance and recognized as one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
A Survey of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates in Tobago

A survey of macroinvertebrates inhabiting the freshwater environments of Tobago was made during April, May, and June of 1996. This collection yielded 61 species, bringing the total number of freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa known from Tobago to 112. Dominant taxa included a few species of gastropods, decapod crustaceans, ephemeropterans, odonates, hemipterans, and coleopterans. Species richness was usually greatest in streams having cobble substrates and flowing through undisturbed forested land. Generally this macroinvertebrate fauna is sparse when compared to that of continents, most likely due to the relatively small size of Tobago and to a much lesser extent, human disturbance of freshwater environments in some areas of the island. Further studies are likely to find additional species that were previously unknown to occur on Tobago, some of which may be endemic to the island.
Some Particularly Useless Words

This is a column from the Plain Language Department of the Michigan Bar Journal.Of the many words in our language that have dubious value, two particular words stand out: particular and particularly. Particular means "of or belonging to a single, definite person, part, group, or thing; not general; distinct." So particular - or its ugly adverbial partner particularly - is used to signal that whatever is being written applies only to the person, part, group, or thing modified by particular or particularly. But when you write in the singular about a person, part, group, or thing, it is unnecessary to use a modifier, in addition to the singular, to specify that what you have written applies to only one person, part, group, or thing.
Combination MET- and EGFR-directed therapy in MET-overexpressing non-small cell lung cancers: time to move on to better biomarkers?

MET is a well described proto-oncogene. It was first identified in the 1980s, and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was later identified in the early 1990s. MET is activated when HGF binds to the receptor, inducing homodimerization and phosphorylation of intracellular tyrosine residues. Various cytoplasmic effector proteins, including GAB1, GRB2, phospholipase C, and SRC are subsequently recruited, activating the downstream RAF/ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and STAT signaling pathways. After activation, MET is internalized through endocytosis and is either recycled to the plasma membrane or degraded. Depending on the cellular context, these downstream pathways can drive cell proliferation, survival, migration, motility, invasion, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. In the wild-type state, HGF-MET signaling is essential for regeneration in liver and skin, and can control the EMT during development (1).
Treatment Paradigms in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, owing to its metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. As a result, chemotherapy is the standard of care for the majority of patients. In recent years, the role of chemotherapy has expanded to include maintenance therapy and approved second-and third-line treatments. Nonetheless, traditional chemotherapy has modestly improved outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Research efforts have been redirected toward the integration of molecularly-targeted agents into a treatment algorithm with unprecedented survival rates in selected patients. This article will provide an update on the multiple systemic regimens available to treat NSCLC, and discuss emerging molecular-based therapies.
Surgical and medical approach to patients requiring total small bowel resection: Managing the "no gut syndrome".

Background Total resection of the jejunum and ileum, a rarely performed procedure, is indicated after mesenteric vascular events, trauma, or resection of abdominal neoplasms. We describe our recent experience with the operative and medical management of patients with “no gut syndrome.” Methods We retrospectively reviewed 341 adult patients who were referred to our center between January 2013 and December 2016. Results Thirteen patients with a mean age of 42.5 years (range 17 to 66 years) underwent near total enterectomy. Indications for small bowel resection were vascular event (n = 5), intraabdominal fibroid/desmoid (n = 4), and trauma (n = 4). Foregut secretions were managed with duodenocolostomy (n = 5), tube decompression (n = 5), and end duodenostomy (n = 2). Duodenal stump was stapled off in 4 cases. One patient underwent a spleen-preserving duodenopancreatectomy combined with total enterectomy. Biliary secretions were managed with choledochocolostomy. All patients were discharged on full total parenteral nutrition infused over a 10- to 16-hour period. Average total parenteral nutrition volume and caloric requirement were 2,800 mL/day (range 2,000 to 4,000) and 1,774 Kcal/day (range 1,443 to 2,290), respectively. Patients who underwent duodenocolonic anastomosis received smaller TPN volume (33.8 vs 49.8 mL/kg). Ten patients (77%) required supplemental intravenous fluid. There were no intraoperative or perioperative deaths. One patient was lost to follow-up 2 months after operation. After a 20-month median follow-up (range 4 to 48 months), 9 patients are still alive (75%). All patients with duodenocolostomy remain alive (median follow-up 36.4 months). Three patients underwent uneventful isolated small bowel transplantation, and another 4 are being evaluated or are already listed for visceral transplantation. Conclusion In summary, resection of the entire small bowel is feasible and can be a lifesaving procedure for a select group of patients. Long-term survival can be achieved in specialized centers. In addition, reestablishment of gastrointestinal tract continuity after total enterectomy appears to be the best option for postoperative fluid and electrolyte management.
Adversarial Surrogate Losses for Ordinal Regression

Ordinal regression seeks class label predictions when the penalty incurred for mistakes increases according to an ordering over the labels. The absolute error is a canonical example. Many existing methods for this task reduce to binary classification problems and employ surrogate losses, such as the hinge loss. We instead derive uniquely defined surrogate ordinal regression loss functions by seeking the predictor that is robust to the worst-case approximations of training data labels, subject to matching certain provided training data statistics. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach over other surrogate losses based on hinge loss approximations using UCI ordinal prediction tasks.
Working when exhausted is unacceptable

Stain’s argument for bringing back 24 hour shifts is underpinned by flawed premises.1 Most worrisome is the suggestion that doctors should work such shifts because they’re eventually going to do it anyway. “Bad practice to gain experience in more bad practice” is not a valid education strategy. This “toughen ’em up” approach is exemplified by Stain …
The Future of Liberal Order in East Asia

What is the future of the liberal international order in East Asia? The region is in transition, but in what direction is it heading? Is it moving in a liberal direction—towards a more open and loosely rule-based order organized around shared principles and multilateral cooperation? Or is it moving in the opposite direction—towards conflict, fragmentation, balancing, and competing spheres of influence? In this chapter author G. John Ikenberry argues that, remarkably, there are powerful forces that are simultaneously undermining and reinforcing liberal international order. While the old foundations of American-led liberal order are weakening, new constituencies and demands for open and loosely rule-based relations are also emerging. Ikenberry begins his chapter with a discussion of the varieties of international order, placing liberal internationalism—and its varieties—within a wider historical and conceptual context. He then explores the “global balance sheet” of forces that are both undermining and reinforcing liberal international order. Lastly, he argues that liberal international order—within East Asia and beyond—is not disappearing. Ikenberry points to opportunities where the United States and China might agree on common principles and rules that reinforce openness and cooperation within a reformed regional and global order.
DEVELOPMENT OF VARIABLE STIFFNESS EXTERNAL FIXATION SYSTEMS.

ABSTRACT The development of variable stiffness external fixation for the treatment of fractures is based on requirements for early immobilization and late stress sharing with the fracture callus. This study demonstrates that a number of variables affect fixator rigidity, that several methods can be employed for progressively decreasing fixator stiffness and that the relation between increasing compressive stiffness of the fracture and bending in the sidebar as measured by strain gauges is hyperbolic.
Communication complexity and convex optimization

Abstract We consider a situation where each of two processors has access to a different convex function φ i , i = 1, 2, defined on a common bounded domain. The processors are to exchange a number of binary messages, according to some protocol, until they find a point in the domain at which φ 1 + φ 2 is minimized, within some prespecified accuracy e. Our objective is to determine protocols under which the number of exchanged messages is minimized.
Writing/ Reading the Subaltern Woman: Narrative Voice and Subaltern Agency in Upamanyu Chatterjee’s English, August

In this paper I contend that since the telling of the subaltern story is always already caught in the narrative of the elite, our work as literary critics and feminist scholars is to read the elite narrative as a literary construction underpinned by the narrator’s class position and location in order to unpack the layers of subaltern consciousness embedded in it. More specifically, I argue that in Upamanyu Chatterjee’s novel English, August: An Indian Story , the elite characters’ narrativization of the tribal woman renders her a subaltern figure. I suggest that the subaltern subject of this novel complicates the category of subalternity because she is able to act and think the political even as she stands outside of it.
Aggregate Elasticity and Tabletability of Molecular Solids: a Validation and Application of Powder Brillouin Light Scattering.

Describing the elastic deformation of single-crystal molecular solids under stress requires a comprehensive determination of the fourth-rank stiffness tensor (Cijkl). Single crystals are, however, rarely utilized in industrial applications, and thus averaging techniques (e.g., the Voigt or Reuss approach) are employed to reduce the Cijkl (or its inverse Sijkl) to polycrystalline aggregate mechanical moduli. With increasing elastic anisotropy, the Voigt and Reuss-averaged aggregate moduli can diverge dramatically and, provided that drug molecules almost exclusively crystallize into low-symmetry space groups, warrants a significant need for accurate aggregate mechanical moduli. This elasticity data, which currently is largely absent for pharmaceutical materials, is expected to aid understanding how materials respond to direct compression and tablet formation. Powder Brillouin light scattering (p-BLS) has recently demonstrated facile access to porosity-independent, aggregate mechanical moduli. In this study, we extend our previous p-BLS model for obtaining mechanical properties and validate our approach against a broad library of molecular solids with diverse intermolecular interaction topologies and with previously determined Cijkl which permits benchmarking our results. Our Young’s and shear moduli determined with p-BLS strongly correlate, with limited bias (i.e., a near 1:1 relation), with the Voigt-averaged Young’s and shear moduli determined using the Cijkl. Through follow-on tabletability studies, we introduce initial classifications of tabletability behavior based on the results of our p-BLS studies and the apparent elastic anisotropy. With further development, this approach represents a robust and novel method to potentially identify materials for optimum tabletability at early developmental stages.
PZT and Electrode Enhancements of Mems Based Micro Heat Engine for Power Generation

The P3 Micro Heat Engine relies on a thin film PZT based transducer to convert mechanical energy into usable electrical power. In an effort to increase process yield for these were used on sputtered Ti/Pt bottom electrodes to compare roughness, grain size, and diffusion for annealing temperatures between 550 and 700 °C. For an optimized bottom electrode, process yield for various sized top electrodes were then studied for PZT thickness between 0.54 and 1.62 for reducing stress concentrations. Two PZT etching geometries on 2.3 µm thick Si/SiO2 membranes, with 1.5-3.5 mm side-lengths, were examined and one was used to increase the strain at failure by at least 40%. Integrating improvements in process yield and strain at failure, single PZT based MEMS devices capable of generating power of up to 1 mW and in excess of 2 volts have been demonstrated operating at frequencies between 300 and 1,100 Hz.
Orders of real elements in finite groups

Abstract Finite groups with a small number of real element orders are investigated. As an application, we determine the structure of finite groups having four real-valued irreducible characters.
Investigation of Geometric Landscape and Structure-Property Relations for Colloidal Superstructures Using Genetic Algorithm.

Over the past two decades, colloidal particles with a variety of shapes, sizes, and compositions have been synthesized and characterized successfully. One of the most important applications for col...
The Physical Child

From its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century pediatrics claimed a broad scope for the interests of medical doctors. Building their new specialty through observing children’s physical states in clinics and hospitals pediatricians also made common cause with social reformers in child welfare campaigns. An Enlightenment discourse of human development had stressed the importance of early childhood influences in producing future citizens who were both physically fit and morally sound. By the late nineteenth century this discourse coalesced into a “child saving” movement predicated on the notion that children’s well-being constituted a matter of public concern. Campaigns against child labor, physical abuse, and parental neglect placed unprecedented significance on a societal duty to scrutinize, monitor, and protect children’s bodies.
Weber’s Protestant Ethic Thesis and Ecological Modernization: The Continuing Influence of Calvin’s Doctrine on Twenty-First Century Debates over Capitalism, Nature and Sustainability

Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic remains a text whose analysis and central arguments are still being debated. Here, I examine the historical and cultural hermeneutic underpinning Weber’s analysis of the Calvinist roots of the capitalist spirit. Drawing upon the writings of Weber’s student Benjamin Nelson, I show how his work provides persuasive evidence of the richness and durability of Calvin’s religious revolution and influence in Europe and beyond. The chapter places this revolution within a broad framework of scientific and industrial-technological revolutions that also contributed to the genesis and shaping of modernity. It develops an operational definition of what Weber called a uniquely Western “way of life,” influencing all facets that Nelson termed a central intellectual (or cultural) paradigm. The next section places Weber’s studies of Calvinism within his more far-reaching studies of economic ethics and world religions. I explore what Habermas has called the project of modernity and then the global repercussions of the rationalization processes that Weber investigated and interpreted. The next section speculates on the shape of a new ecologically-grounded paradigm beyond the flawed project of modernity driven by the dialectic of the Enlightenment. The chapter closes with an outline that contests Habermas’ call for a completion of the modernity project and offers instead potential avenues for theory and practice that explores the institutionalization of alternative modernities and the possibility of a sustainability paradigm that transcends the Enlightenment legacy that still drives twenty-first century tendencies toward national-global inequities and ecological catastrophe.
Happy Birthday, David Audretsch: And All That Jazz

Being honored to contribute to this special Festschrift and express gratitude to David, chapter author Monika Herzig refers to David as, “my brilliant, generous, funny, and inspirational colleague at Indiana University.” Herzig chose to write a personal salute to David and a celebration of community, as her expertise is the collaborative and improvisatory art form of jazz music.
Parkinson’s disease: proteinopathy or lipidopathy?

Lipids play a more significant role in Parkinson’s disease and its related brain disorders than is currently recognized, supporting a “lipid cascade”. The 14 kDa protein α-synuclein (αS) is strongly associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), other synucleinopathies such as multiple system atrophy, and even certain forms of Alzheimer’s disease. Rigorously deciphering the biochemistry of αS in native systems is the key to developing treatments. αS is highly expressed in the brain, the second most lipid-rich organ, and has been proposed to be a lipid-binding protein that physiologically interacts with phospholipids and fatty acids (FAs). αS-rich cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the hallmark lesions of synucleinopathies. Excess αS–membrane interactions may trigger proteinaceous αS aggregation by stimulating its primary nucleation. However, αS may also exert its toxicity prior to or independent of its self-aggregation, e.g., via excessive membrane interactions, which may be promoted by certain lipids and FAs. A complex αS-lipid landscape exists, which comprises both physiological and pathological states of αS. As novel insights about the composition of Lewy lesions occur, new lipid-related PD drug candidates emerge, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) increasingly validate new hits in lipid-associated pathways, it seems timely to review our current knowledge of lipids in PD and consider the roles for these pathways in synucleinopathies.
Risk Analysis and Management of Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts

OBJECTIVE Colloid cysts (CCs) are histologically benign lesions that carry the risk of causing obstructive hydrocephalus. The indication for surgery for symptomatic cysts is unquestioned; however, the management of incidentally detected lesions has remained controversial. We independently evaluated the CC risk score (CCRS) as a useful risk stratification scheme. METHODS The demographics, imaging characteristics, and clinical presentations of 103 patients with CC during a 10-year period were correlated with symptoms and the occurrence of hydrocephalus. The discriminate capacity of the CCRS was quantified and a decision algorithm formulated. RESULTS The correlates of symptoms included age <65 years, diameter ≥7 mm, anterior location, hyperintensity on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and/or T2-weighted images, and headache at presentation without an alternative explanation. On multivariate analysis, age <65 years, diameter ≥7 mm, and headache at presentation predicted for symptomatic cysts. The CCRS was highly effective at identifying symptomatic patients and those with obstructive hydrocephalus. All patients with cyst growth and symptomatic progression had had an initial CCRS of ≥3 plus hyperintensity (preexisting or developing) on T2-weighted FLAIR images. CONCLUSIONS The CCRS performed exceptionally well in distinguishing the highest risk patients. Closer follow-up is recommended for younger asymptomatic patients with cysts near the foramen of Monro. Hyperintensity on T2-weighted FLAIR images might indicate greater growth potential for small lesions.
Why Do So Few Women Work in New York (And So Many in Minneapolis)? Labor Supply of Married Women across U.S. Cities

This paper documents a little-noticed feature of U.S. labor markets -- very large variation in the labor supply of married women across cities. We focus on cross-city differences in commuting times as a potential explanation for this variation. We start with a model in which commuting times introduce non-convexities into the budget set. Empirical evidence is consistent with the model's predictions: Labor force participation rates of married women are negatively correlated with the metropolitan area commuting time. Also, metropolitan areas with larger increases in average commuting time in 1980-2000 had slower growth in the labor force participation of married women.
Characterization of a microbial consortium with potential for biological degradation of cactus pear biomass for biofuel production.

Abstract Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is a crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species that serves as a food, feed, and bioenergy crop. O. ficus-indica is an attractive alternative biofuel feedstock due to its low water demand and high biomass productivity. Current ethanol yields from O. ficus-indica are not commercially viable due to low concentrations of released fermentable carbohydrates. Axenic strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated and characterized from a soil microbial community consortium that effectively degrades cladodes into soluble components. The consortium consisted of species representing 14 genera of eubacteria and four genera of fungi. The digestion efficiency of each axenic isolate was evaluated by measuring the release of soluble material after aerobic digestion of cladodes and direct measurement of cellulase and pectinase activities in the culture supernatants. Pectobacterium cacticida was the most effective eubacterial species identified for degrading cladodes among all isolates evaluated. Thus, P. cacticida holds great promise for increasing the release of fermentable sugars and improving overall ethanol yields.
The Function of Forms in the Substitute-For-Return Process

A “return” is not simply a form but is a form which serves a function. One should not ignore either form or function, but there is sometimes a tension between them. This paper looks at how that balance between form and function should apply to taxpayers who participate in the substitute-for-return process under section 6020. The IRS has recently changed its mind on the proper balance. It used to agree that a signed Form 870 should be treated “as the return of the taxpayer” within the meaning of section 6020(a) when presented to taxpayers by the IRS during the substitute-for-return process. The IRS reached this result even though the Form 870 was not one of the “prescribed return forms.” The gist of Rev. Rul. 74-203, followed by over 30 year’s worth of other IRS guidance and court opinions on the same issue, was that a signed Form 870 sufficiently fulfilled the function of a return to be treated as the return of the taxpayer. In the section 6020 context, where it was the IRS preparing the “return,” the taxpayer should not be held accountable for the IRS’s choice of what form to use. In short, form followed function. The IRS changed its mind in Rev. Rul. 2005-59. There, it decided that because the Form 870 lacked a formality, it could not serve as the taxpayer's return in the section 6020 context. This paper explains why the current IRS position is out of balance.
The Pattern of Vitamin D Levels in Children 0-4 Years of Age in Yunnan Province.

OBJECTIVE Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that regulates the activity of calcium and bone hormones throughout life; however, vitamin D levels in children, which is the most crucial period during human development, has not been established. METHODS As the first descriptive study of serum vitamin D levels in children in Yunnan Province, we determined the serum vitamin D levels in children 0‒4 years of age who underwent physical examinations at Kunming Children's Hospital, and the association between the serum vitamin D level and the calcium, phosphorus and alkaline levels. RESULTS Vitamin D levels in children were highest in the summer months and lowest in the winter months. Vitamin D deficiency was more common in girls than boys. A social-economic effect was shown, as evidenced by the significantly higher serum vitamin D levels in children from the top five cities compared with the lower-ranked cities. Moreover, we also demonstrated a significant correlation between vitamin D and serum calcium levels. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that sex and age affected the vitamin D levels of children, and a reasonable reference range in children 0-4 years of age in Yunnan Province was determined.
Acute effects of viloxazine HCl and flurazepam when given alone and in combination on sleep EEG: A double-blind interaction study with normals

Viloxazine, an aryl-oxypropanolamine type β-adreno-receptor antagonist, has been used in the treatment of depression. In a double-blind drug interaction study with flurazepam, a commonly used benzodiazepine hypnotic, viloxazine administered alone decreased the amount of time spent in REM sleep, increased the amount of time in the “light” stages of sleep, and increased the number of transitions to awake. However, no interactive effects of the combined administration of viloxazine and flurazepam could be detected.
Hierarchical Relationships Among Epitopes: Only Certain Potentially Utilizable Epitopes on Protein Antigens are Actually Presented in a Particular Haplotype

It was originally assumed that the random copolymer polypeptide antigens comprised of two to three amino acids were “simple antigens” and thereby could be profitably used to study immune response gene control. Indeed, studies on GLT, GAT, T,G-A-L, et al. were instrumental in first demonstrating Ir genes (1). Nevertheless, the permutations possible with three amino acids and an 8-aa peptide could yield an immense diversity of unique epitopes (3 8 , or more than 5,000 potentially different epitypic species!) Although it was surprising that the response to highly immunogenic foreign protein molecules such as Staphylococcal nuclease (2) and hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL)(3) could also be under Ir gene control, actually in terms of sequential tracts of amino acids, these proteins possess significantly fewer potential T cell epitopes! In this paper, we discuss several devices which serve to limit T cell activation and to rationalize Ir-linked unresponsiveness, even to complex antigens.
Abnormal white matter connections between medial frontal regions predict symptoms in patients with first episode schizophrenia

Introduction The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and rostral part of anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) have been suggested to be involved in the neural network of salience and emotional processing, and associated with specific clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Considering the schizophrenia dysconnectivity hypothesis, the connectivity abnormalities between mOFC and rACC might be associated with clinical characteristics in first episode schizophrenia patients (FESZ).
Data-Driven Retrospective Interviewing (DDRI): A proposed methodology for formative evaluation of pervasive games☆

Recently, games have gained much momentum as enablers of health behavior change. Current projects on health games, however, face a serious challenge: evaluation methods used to assess and formatively evaluate such games do not adequately gauge acceptability and integration of the game into participants’ lives. These are crucial elements to enable adherence of the participants to the game to induce behavior change. In this paper we present a formative evaluation methodology we developed, called Data-Driven Retrospective Interviewing (DDRI). Used within naturalistic settings, DDRI investigates how participants accept and integrate a game into their lives. The method is comprised of several steps. A game is first instrumented to collect behavioral data, which is then analyzed to inform the construction of interview questions used to retrospectively contextualize and reflect on participants’ behaviors. The contribution of this paper is: the methodology and its application to evaluate a pervasive health game called SpaPlay (Seif El-Nasr et al., 2011). Findings of this investigation helped designers re-think and augment their design as they uncovered how users used their game, which, in some cases, was different from how they initially intended. Such findings would have not been possible using conventional evaluation methods.
Comparison of effective body water and body mass changes at three ground speeds during a 164-km cycling event (707.9)

Although body mass change (ΔMb) before and after exercise often is measured to assess dehydration, ΔMb does not represent all water losses and gains. The present field investigation was designed to...
Folic Acid Every Day: An Educational Intervention for Women of Childbearing Age

Research shows that timely folic acid intake by women reduces the risk of neural tube birth defects among infants. However, many women of childbearing age are not aware of this association. A statewide educational intervention used printed materials, media, and personal contacts to disseminate information about folic acid to women of childbearing age. The analysis of preintervention surveys (N = 430) and postintervention surveys (N = 329) showed that folic acid knowledge and self-reported supplement intake behavior increased among survey participants and barriers to supplement use decreased. The results can be used to shape folic acid awareness programs and to develop strategies related to meeting the folic acid needs of women of childbearing age.