cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart Rate Estimation using PPG signal during Treadmill Exercise

An instantaneous heart rate tracking method is presented to estimate beat-to-beat heart rates from wearable photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors that are affected by nonstationary motion artifacts. Many state-of-the-art heart rate tracking methods estimate heart rates using an 8-second average instead of the instantaneous heart rates which especially fluctuate during exercises. In this paper, our novel technique showed accurate heart rate estimation from PPG signals acquired from wearable wrist and forehead devices which are affected by motion artifacts especially when subjects were running on a treadmill. The proposed method consists of three parts: 1) time-frequency spectrum estimation of PPG and accelerometer signals, 2) motion artifact removal by subtraction of the time-frequency spectra of the accelerometer signals from the PPG signals, and 3) postprocessing to reject remnant motion artifact affected heart rates followed by interpolation of removed heartbeats using a cubic spline approach. We present preliminary results compared with one of the most accurate state-of-the-art techniques [12]. The results were derived from two different datasets: IEEE Signal Processing Cup Challenge and our own dataset obtained from a wrist and a forehead PPG sensor, respectively, with subjects running on a treadmill. We obtained the average absolute error of 2.93 beats per minute and average relative error of 2.31 beats per minute, which are 121% and 119% improvement, respectively, when compared to the previously published algorithm [12].
Food Purchasing Behavior of Food Insecure Cancer Patients Receiving Supplemental Food Vouchers.

Food insecure cancer patients experience worse health outcomes and poorer quality of life than food secure patients. There has been little research in programs to alleviate food insecurity in cancer patients. The objective of this paper is to report on the food purchasing behaviors of cancer patients enrolled in a supplemental food voucher program. This paper utilized data from a three-arm randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of food interventions on alleviating food insecurity in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In one arm, patients received a monthly $230 voucher with which to purchase food. Receipts were collected for items purchased with the voucher and were coded to analyze purchasing behaviors. Thirty-three patients provided receipts for more than 11,000 individual items. Patients spent 50% of voucher funds on animal protein, fruits, and vegetables. Patients spent, on average, 77% of voucher funds on items categorized as “healthy.” Patients who received a food voucher purchased more fruits and vegetables than national averages would suggest. They also spent less on sweetened beverages than national samples. Patients who were born outside of the United States or who were limited English proficient purchased significantly more healthy foods than English-speaking and American-born study patients. Supplemental food vouchers for food insecure cancer patients resulted in the purchase of healthy food items.
Phase Change NEMS Relay

Actuation of a highly scalable phase change mechanical relay is demonstrated for the first time. The Phase Change NEMS Relay (PCNR) is a non-volatile relay based on the mechanical expansion of GeTe phase change material. On state resistance was demonstrated to be ~260 Ω and an off state leakage as low as 20 fA was recorded. Switching on and off delay times were demonstrated to be 300 ns and 600 ns, respectively. Scaling analysis shows a path towards 20 nm × 5 nm size devices with an actuation voltage and energy of 500 mV and 70 fJ, respectively.
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis Patients

Patients undergoing surgery for refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) are at high risk of postoperative complications, mainly due to aggressive immunosuppressive medical therapy, malnutrition, and the nature of the disease. Several efforts have been made during the last two decades to reduce surgical trauma and improve the quality of life of these patients, prominent among them, the increasing use of laparoscopic surgery. This chapter describes our minimally invasive surgical approach to UC patients based on our personal experience, and we will review some of the evidence in the literature.
Benzodiazepines and Muscle Relaxants

Benzodiazepines have gained growing popularity as its physiology and pharmacology have become better understood, allowing for drugs of varying potency and duration of action to be developed for a wide range of clinical applications. Muscle relaxants are a diverse group of drugs designed to treat pain related to muscle spasms or spasticity. While benzodiazepines and muscle relaxants are generally well tolerated, there are serious side effects and toxicity that practitioners must be aware of, as well as abuse potential.
Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) in patients with concurrent chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

e22044Background: Patients with CLL have immune impairment with abnormalities in T-cell subset composition and immune synapse formation. The impact of these defects on response to immune checkpoint...
Maternal cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of preterm birth in California: a case–control study

Author(s): Rohlfing, Anne B; Nah, Gregory; Ryckman, Kelli K; Snyder, Brittney D; Kasarek, Deborah; Paynter, Randi A; Feuer, Sky K; Jelliffe-Pawlowski, Laura; Parikh, Nisha I | Abstract: ObjectiveTo determine whether maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors predict preterm birth.DesignCase control.SettingCalifornia hospitals.Participants868 mothers with linked demographic information and biospecimens who delivered singleton births from July 2009 to December 2010.MethodsLogistic regression analysis was employed to calculate odds ratios for the associations between maternal CVD risk factors before and during pregnancy (including diabetes, hypertensive disorders and cholesterol levels) and preterm birth outcomes.Primary outcomePreterm delivery status.ResultsAdjusting for the other maternal CVD risk factors of interest, all categories of hypertension led to increased odds of preterm birth, with the strongest magnitude observed in the pre-eclampsia group (adjusted OR (aOR), 13.49; 95% CI 6.01 to 30.27 for preterm birth; aOR, 10.62; 95% CI 4.58 to 24.60 for late preterm birth; aOR, 17.98; 95% CI 7.55 to 42.82 for early preterm birth) and chronic hypertension alone for early preterm birth (aOR, 4.58; 95% CI 1.40 to 15.05). Diabetes (types 1 and 2 and gestational) was also associated with threefold increased risk for preterm birth (aOR, 3.06; 95% CI 1.12 to 8.41). A significant and linear dose response was found between total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and aORs for late and early preterm birth, with increasing cholesterol values associated with increased risk (likelihood χ2 differences of 8.422 and 8.019 for total cholesterol for late and early, and 9.169 and 10.896 for LDL for late and early, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curves using these risk factors to predict late and early preterm birth produced C statistics of 0.601 and 0.686.ConclusionTraditional CVD risk factors are significantly associated with an increased risk of preterm birth; these findings reinforce the clinical importance of integrating obstetric and cardiovascular risk assessment across the healthcare continuum in women.
Satisfaction With an Interactive Voice Response System and Symptom Management Toolkit Intervention to Improve Adherence in Patients Prescribed an Oral Anticancer Agent.

Objectives To describe patient satisfaction with an interactive voice response (IVR) system to assess adherence and symptom management in patients newly prescribed an oral anticancer agent (OAA). Sample & setting Patients prescribed a new OAA were recruited from six comprehensive cancer centers in the United States. Methods & variables Cross-sectional analysis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient demographics and satisfaction with the IVR system and symptom management toolkit. Results Participants had a mean age of 61.82 years, and gastrointestinal cancer was most prevalent. Participants were either "very" or "highly" satisfied with the IVR weekly calling system to assess symptoms, the IVR system daily OAA adherence reminders, and the symptom management toolkit. Implications for nursing Nurses often triage patient-reported issues with OAAs. Nurses are well positioned to lead IVR system symptom management interventions and to be actively involved in the development, implementation, and dissemination of IVR technologies through research and practice.
Protocol for mouse trophoblast stem cell isolation, differentiation, and cytokine detection.

Summary Trophoblast cells are the first differentiated cells formed from a fertilized egg during mammalian development, and they secrete several autocrine and paracrine factors essential for sustaining pregnancy. In pathological conditions, these cells secrete various proinflammatory cytokines affecting both maternal and fetal health. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolation, maintenance, differentiation, and detection of factors secreted from trophoblast stem (TS) cells. This protocol provides conditions for inducing genotoxic stress in differentiated TS cells and detecting the effects on cytokine production. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Singh et al. (2020) .
Advanced Segmentation Techniques

Simple techniques like thresholding are adequate for high contrast pictures, but they fail whenever the picture has gradual variations in brightness and color or when the different regions are characterized by texture rather than color. In this chapter we describe a general split-and-merge algorithm using the QPT (or pyramid) as its basic data structure. In addition, we outline certain simple editing techniques and how to obtain ordered lists of the boundary points from the output of such an algorithm. The description is in terms of predicates defined over regions rather than specific brightness or color criteria. Therefore, the algorithm is a frame which can be “dressed” according to the problem at hand. Segmentation according to brightness or color is relatively easy and a specific example of the algorithm for this case has been reported by HOROWITZ and PAVLIDIS [5.1]. In this form the algorithm is closely related to the various region growing algorithms described in the previous chapter. However, it can also be used for segmentation according to texture by keeping the same data structure and defining different predicates. At the time of this writing the characterization of texture is very much an open problem. There is, probably, general agreement that the second order statistics of the brightness function describe texture but the computation of many of them is quite time consuming. Furthermore, there is evidence that local shape recognition may be involved as well [5.2]. Interesting comparisons of various types of texture algorithms have been published recently by WESZKA et al. [5.3] and by CONNERS and HARLOW [5.4]. The adaptability of the general algorithm to segmentation by texture has been demonstrated in a preliminary study using the Fourier power spectrum [5.5].
Oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis. Hypoxia inducible factor 1, subunit α (HIF-1α) is a central molecule in oxygen sensing and the response to hypoxia. HIF-1α is unstable in normoxic conditions: specific proline hydroxylases convert its proline residues 402 and 564 to hydroxyprolines, the hydroxylated HIF-1α is captured by the von Hippel Lindau protein (pVHL), ubiqutinated, and degraded in proteasomes. This chapter describes the methods for the quantitative detection of mRNA for hypoxia-regulated genes in the blood cells and for assessing the response of red blood cell progenitors to erythropoietin—a hormone playing an essential role in the adaptation to hypoxia. Real data of studies of the congenital defect of the germ-line mutation of VHL gene leading to the constitutive upregulation of hypoxia sensing, Chuvash polycythemia, are used as an example. Concepts related to the separation of plasma, platelets, mononuclear cells, and granulocytes from human peripheral blood, the preparation of EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL), quantification of hypoxia-responsive gene expression by real-time RT-PCR is discussed along with the response of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin in vitro .
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AND THE EARNINGS OF BLACKS AND WOMEN

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses employment discrimination, which exists when a group is either paid less than other groups of similar productivity or is excluded from jobs available to other groups of similar productivity. Employment discrimination may stem from the views of employers, consumers, and/or fellow employees. Employment discrimination reduces the earnings of a group of people if they are paid less than members of the majority group for similar work. Exclusion of a group of people from some employment opportunities would reduce their earnings because they would be crowded into a smaller set of occupations. This crowding would reduce wage rates in these occupations. Economic theory suggests that in the absence of consumer or fellow employee discrimination, it is costly for an employer to discriminate. The employer could reduce his costs by substituting equally productive blacks for high-wage whites. Although employment discrimination may be a factor contributing to the earnings differential between women and men, the family specialization hypothesis suggests that women make a trade-off between earnings and working conditions complementary with their household responsibilities.
FLUCTUATIONS OF LAST SPRING-FREEZE DATES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Fluctuations for the date of the last spring freeze are examined for the period 1916–1985 for a portion of the southeastern United States including much of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and southern North Carolina. Data from 43 meteorological sites were utilized. For a large portion of the region, mean dates of the last spring freeze were considerably later for the recent 35-year period 1951–1985 compared to the earlier 1916–1950 period. Of the 43 study sites, 19 experienced statistically significant later last spring freezes for the latter half of the study period while none experienced significantly earlier last freeze dates. Of potential agricultural importance is the fact that major peach growing areas in central Georgia and west-central South Carolina are located within the region of statistically significant later spring freezes.
Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Accumulation as a Measure of Unbalanced Growth of the Estuarine Detrital Microbiota

The procaryotic endogenous storage material poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) can be induced to accumulate in the estuarine detrital microbiota under conditions which suggest unbalanced growth, such as limitation of a critical factor(s) in the presence of carbon and energy sources. Changes in PHB-to-lipid phosphate ratios detected in field samples can be mimicked in the laboratory with common estuarine stresses. Acute anoxia or low pH induces conditions of no growth with depression of both the synthesis and catabolism of PHB without change in the lipid phosphate. Balanced growth induced by nutrients increases the lipid phosphate, depresses PHB synthesis, and stimulates PHB catabolism, resulting in a low ratio of PHB to lipid phosphate. Unbalanced growth induced to a small extent by high salinity or much more readily by dark upland runoff water results in rapid accumulation of PHB and slowing of PHB catabolism with little change in lipid phospate. Unbalanced growth conditions result in high PHB-to-lipid phosphate ratios in the detrital microbiota.
Biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Partial purfication and characterization of a bicyclic monoterpenol dehydrogenase from sage (Salvia officinalis).

Abstract The final step in the biosynthesis of (+)-camphor in sage ( Salvia officinalis L. ) is the oxidation of (+)-borneol, and the dehydrogenase that catalyzes this conversion is located almost exclusively in the 105,000 g supernatant obtained from a sage leaf homogenate. Fractionation of this soluble supernatant by (NH 4 2 SO 4 ) precipitation, followed by chromatography on O -(diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose, allowed the complete resolution of borneol dehydrogenase activity from alcohol (ethanol) dehydrogenase activity. Subsequent gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-150, followed by affinity chromatography on (±)camphor-3-carboxy-substituted cellulose, provided about 150-fold purification of the borneol dehydrogenase. The apparent molecular weight of this enzyme was 91,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography on a calibrated Sephadex G-150 column. The dehydrogenase showed a pH optimum at about 8.0, and was also most stable at this pH. The enzyme preferred NAD to NADP, and had a K m for this cofactor of 7 × 10 −5 m . The apparent K m for (+)-borneol was 3 × 10 −5 m . The value of V in the presence of saturating concentrations of both substrates was about 65 nmol/h-mg of protein. Thiol-directed reagents strongly inhibited the dehydrogenase (95% inhibition at 5 × 10 −10 m p -hydroxymercuribenzoate). The products of borneol oxidation, (+)-camphor and NADH, were moderately inhibitory, but the oxidation reaction was only slightly reversible at pH 8.0. The stereospecificity of the hydride transfer from (+)-[2- 3 H]borneol to NAD was examined, and the dehydrogenase was shown to possess B-type stereospecificity. Acyclic and monocyclic monoterpenols were not readily oxidized by the dehydrogenase; however, in addition to (+)-borneol oxidation, the enzyme readily catalyzed the oxidation of (−)-thujol to (−)-thujone. Several types of evidence, including coelectrophoresis of (+)-borneol dehydrogenase and (−)-thujol dehydrogenase activities, strongly suggested that the same enzyme catalyzes the key oxidation step in the biosynthesis of both camphor and thujone, which are the major monoterpenes of sage. This is the first detailed report on a bicyclic monoterpenol dehydrogenase from a plant.
DiGEORGE SYNDROME AND GRAVES' DISEASE. A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP

Graves' disease is thought to be related to a defect in certain suppressor T-lymphocytes. It was of interest to discover Graves' disease in a 16 year old male with the DiGeorge syndrome. T-cell dysfunction had been documented in infancy by Kretschner, et. al (N. Engl. J. Med. 279:1295, 1968). Hyperthyroidism was documented and autoantibodies to thyroid microsomes were detected at age 13 years. Propylthiouracil treatment was begun. T-cell surface markers detected by monoclonal antibodies measured at age 14 years revealed OKT4, 34% and OKT8, 32%. After three years of antithyroid treatment, his immune status was reassessed; the number of circulating T cells (E-rosettes, 57%) and 3H-thymidine incorporation following exposure to phytohemag-glutinin (stimulation index (SI), 46:1) or candida (SI, 94:1) were normal. Although T-cell function now appears to be normal it is likely that defective thymic embryogenesis in the DiGeorge syndrome resulted in inadequate T suppressor cell development and allowed for the occurrence of Graves' disease. We propose that as more patients with congenital T cell defects survive, an increased frequency of autoimmune disorders, particularly those affecting the endocrine system, will be observed.
The Xpilot-AI environment

AI Researchers face the challenge of obtaining sufficient test data to evaluate new systems for learning agent control. There are various factors such as cost and long development cycles which can dampen the progress of AI research when testing methods on actual robots. Methods for autonomous agent learning can be tested in interactive game environments as long as control of individual agents can be enabled and there is a reasonable means of testing the success of the agent controllers. Xpilot-AI is introduced as an effective testbed for rapid development of intelligent control systems. Xpilot-AI provides an easy to use, inexpensive and flexible test environment.
OXIDIZED LDL POTENTIATES LPS-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION OF THE CHEMOKINE KC GENE

Oxidized low-density lipoprotem (LDL) has been shown to modulate the expression of mu!- tiple gene products associated with inflammation in several different cell types including mononuclear phagocytes. The reported effects vary dramatically, however, depending upon cell type, stimulus, and degree of LDL oxidation. In the present report, oxidized LDL has been found to markedly potentiate expression of the KC chemokine gene in lipopolysac- charide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Pretreat- ment of elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with oxidized LDL but not native LDL produced a signifi- cant enhancement of LPS-induced KC mRNA ex- pression, whereas levels of IP- 1 0 mRNA, another cxc chemokine, were altered in opposite fashion. The alteration in KC mRNA expression was depend- ent upon the dose, exposure time, and extent of LDL oxidation. Oxidized LDL selectively prolonged the expression of KC mRNA. Surprisingly this was not a consequence of altered mRNA stability, but rather of prolonged transcription. These effects on KC gene transcription were in marked contrast to previous reports demonstrating inhibitory effects of oxidized LDL on LPS-induced macrophage chemokine ex- pression. Thus extensively oxidized LDL acts on the transcriptional control process in macrophages in both positive and negative fashion on separate mem- bers of the same gene family. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59: 940-947; 1996.
Beta-2 Microglobulin Amyloidosis

The frequent complications of the carpal tunnel syndrome and osteoarthropathy with long-term hemodialysis have received increasing attention in the last decade. The intimate association of amyloid deposits with these conditions has been revealed and the pathogenetic implications discussed (1–13). It has been only after the last International Symposium on Amyloidosis which was held in New York in 1984 (14) that the exact nature of the amyloid has been exploited.
Challenges and Retention of Domestic Violence Shelter Advocates: a Grounded Theory

Using grounded theory methods, this study examines the experience of shelter advocates and the relationship between the challenges of advocacy, shelter culture, and retention. Challenges fell into three categories: managing shelter shock, letting go of being the hero, and balancing advocate roles. Sub-challenges included hearing client stories, managing crisis, accessing resources, accepting clients going back to abusive situations, facilitating empowerment, and enforcing rules. Shelter culture strongly influenced advocates’ adjustment. Advocates with supportive cultures expressed less frustration and were more likely to continue employment, while those with less-supportive cultures expressed more frustration and were more likely to leave the domestic violence field or promote within the field to create macro-level change. Implications for shelters and future directions for research are included.
Can depression be de-medicalized in the 21st century : scientific revolutions, counter-revolutions and the magnetic field of normal science

This article is about our scientific investigations of the change mechanisms in cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. In a previous clinical trial, we found that so-called 'cognitive' interventions were not necessary for the success of CT: the behavioral activation (BA) component, a treatment precluding attempts to change thinking, worked as well as the entire CT package, both in maximizing acute treatment response and in relapse prevention over a two year period. We tentatively suggested at the time of publication [Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., Gortner, E. T., & Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treament for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304; Gortner, E. T., Gollan, J. K., Dobson, K. S., & Jacobson, N. S. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression: relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 377-384.] that the 'cognitive' components of CT may not only be unnecessary but potentially a liability, since they result in a less parsimonious treatment package that may be not be cost effective. In this article, we not only defend this contention, but counteract the skepticism expressed by some CT advocates that the quality of our CT was deficient. Finally, we describe a study designed to confirm our conclusions from the earlier trial and, in the process, reintroduce a contextual perspective on depression, one which counters the currently dominant defect models reflected in both Beck's cognitive model and in theories that emphasize biological causation.
Mammalian neural crest cells participate in normal embryonic development on microinjection into post-implantation mouse embryos

The production of chimaeric mice by aggregating pre-implantation mouse embryos1 or by injection of cells into the blastocyst2 has been of great value in analysing the regulation of early mammalian development and in dissecting the relationships of early cell lineages3,4. While the totipotent cells of the pre-implantation embryo can be grown in vitro and thus are readily accessible to experimental manipulation, this is not possible after the embryo has implanted into the uterus. This problem has severely hampered the analysis of cell migration and of cell lineage relationships in later stages of mammalian development. In contrast, the chicken embryo can be manipulated experimentally throughout embryo-genesis and this has made the bird a favourable system for studying patterns of cell migration in the development of higher vertebrates5–7. In mammals, the introduction of retroviruses8,9 and haematopoietic cells10 has provided two means of probing post-implantation development by direct intervention. I report here that cultured neural crest cells, when microinjected into 9-day-old mouse embryos, can migrate over considerable distances and participate in normal development, and the resulting chimaeric animals show pigmentation derived from the donor cells in hair and iris. The introduction of cells into post-implantation embryos may provide the means of studying patterns of cell migration in mammalian development at a level of sophistication which so far has been restricted to the chicken system.
Isolation of a Ribonucleoprotein Complex Involved in mRNA Localization in Drosophila Oocytes

Localization of bicoid (bcd) mRNA to the anterior and oskar (osk) mRNA to the posterior of the Drosophila oocyte is critical for embryonic patterning. Previous genetic studies implicated exuperantia (exu) in bcd mRNA localization, but its role in this process is not understood. We have biochemically isolated Exu and show that it is part of a large RNase-sensitive complex that contains at least seven other proteins. One of these proteins was identified as the cold shock domain RNA-binding protein Ypsilon Schachtel (Yps), which we show binds directly to Exu and colocalizes with Exu in both the oocyte and nurse cells of the Drosophila egg chamber. Surprisingly, the Exu–Yps complex contains osk mRNA. This biochemical result led us to reexamine the role of Exu in the localization of osk mRNA. We discovered that exu-null mutants are defective in osk mRNA localization in both nurse cells and the oocyte. Furthermore, both Exu/Yps particles and osk mRNA follow a similar temporal pattern of localization in which they transiently accumulate at the oocyte anterior and subsequently localize to the posterior pole. We propose that Exu is a core component of a large protein complex involved in localizing mRNAs both within nurse cells and the developing oocyte.
Are personality traits differentially heritable

Two existing bodies of data were examined using model-fitting procedures. The very large Swedish twin study showed evidence of differences in heritability for the sexes and for three birth cohorts, but not for the two personality scales in the study—Swedish versions of Eysenck's Extraversion and Neuroticism Scales. Using the data of the National Merit twin sample, seven orthogonal factor scales were derived from the California Psychological Inventory item pool. Statistically significant differences were found across the seven scales, for both heritability and the effects of common family environment. It was concluded that differences in the heritability of personality scales may be found if one extends the search to lesser personality dimensions independent of Extraversion and Neuroticism, and it was suggested that earlier difficulties in demonstrating differential heritability may have resulted from the pervasive influence of the two major factors on the scales of typical personality inventories.
Spin-polarization response functions in high-energy ( e → , e ′ , p → ) reactions

Spin-polarization response functions for the high-energy (e→,e′p→) reaction are examined by computing all 18 response functions for proton kinetic energies of 0.515 and 3.170 GeV from an 16O target. The Dirac eikonal formalism is applied to account for the final-state interactions. It is found to yield the response functions in good agreement with those calculated by partial-wave expansion at 0.5 GeV. We identify the response functions that are dominantly determined by the spin-orbit potential in the final-state interaction. Dependence on the Dirac- or Pauli-type current of the nucleon is investigated in the helicity-dependent response functions, and the normal-component polarization of the knocked-out proton is computed.
The Utilization of Online Gene Expression Data Repositories to Generate Testable Hypotheses in the Laboratory

Copyright: © 2013 Stamper BD. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Since their invention in the late 1980s, microarrays have revolutionized our understanding of gene expression patterns and the important role transcription plays in human health and disease. As the popularity of high-throughput hybridization arrays has increased over the years, the public’s demand for access to original array datasets has increased as well. In response to this demand, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) established the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) in 2000, which can be accessed at http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/geo [1]. Two years later, the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) established ArrayExpress, which can be accessed at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Arrayexpress [2]. Currently, these repositories hold over 1 million samples combined. Recent updates on both the GEO and ArrayExpress repositories were published earlier this year [3,4].
Adherence and Delivery: Implementation Quality and Program Outcomes for the Seventh-Grade keepin ’ it REAL Program

Poor implementation quality (IQ) is known to reduce program effects making it important to consider IQ for evaluation and dissemination of prevention programs. However, less is known about the ways specific implementation variables relate to outcomes. In this study, two versions of keepin' it REAL, a seventh-grade drug prevention intervention, were implemented in 78 classrooms in 25 schools in rural districts in Pennsylvania and Ohio. IQ was measured through observational coding of 276 videos. IQ variables included adherence to the curriculum, teacher engagement (attentiveness, enthusiasm, seriousness, clarity, positivity), student engagement (attention, participation), and a global rating of teacher delivery quality. Factor analysis showed that teacher engagement, student engagement, and delivery quality formed one factor, which was labeled delivery. A second factor was adherence to the curriculum. Self-report student surveys measured substance use, norms (beliefs about prevalence and acceptability of use), and efficacy (beliefs about one's ability to refuse substance offers) at two waves (pretest, immediate posttest). Mixed model regression analysis which accounted for missing data and controlled for pretest levels examined implementation quality's effects on individual level outcomes, statistically controlling for cluster level effects. Results show that when implemented well, students show positive outcomes compared to students receiving a poorly implemented program. Delivery significantly influenced substance use and norms, but not efficacy. Adherence marginally significantly predicted use and significantly predicted norms, but not efficacy. Findings underscore the importance of comprehensively measuring and accounting for IQ, particularly delivery, when evaluating prevention interventions.
The Art of Decision-Making

As important as sound decision-making is, many executives neglect to utilize any formal decisionmaking process. As many executives know, making the wrong decision can be disastrous, if not career ending. In today's high-pressure, complex, and challenging healthcare environment, it makes sense to follow a tried and true process for making decisions. The author examines the traditional method of problem identification, setting objectives, listing alternatives and consequences, and selecting the best solution in the decision-making process as well as new research in this field.
“Breaking up”; [at] phallocracy: Postfeminism's chortling hammer

(1995). “Breaking up”; [at] phallocracy: Postfeminism's chortling hammer. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 126-141.
Prediction of Viscous Ship Roll Damping by Unsteady Navier-Stokes Techniques

This paper describes a numerical technique for analyzing the viscous unsteady flow around oscillating ship hulls. The technique is based on a general Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) capability, and is intended to generate viscous roll moment data for the incorporation of real-flow effects into potential flow ship motions programs. The approach utilizes the Finite Analytic technique for discretizing the unsteady RANS equations, and a variety of advanced turbulence models for closure. The calculations presented herein focus on viscous and vortical effects without free-surface, and utilize {kappa}{epsilon} turbulence modeling. Series variations are presented to study the effects of frequency, amplitude, Reynolds number, and the presence of bilge keels. Moment component breakdown studies are performed in each case to isolate the effects of viscosity, vorticity, and potential flow pressures.
Tangent and cotangent states of the electromagnetic field

We consider a lossless micromaser in which a monoenergetic, low-density beam of two-level atoms in a coherent superposition of their upper and lower states is injected inside a single-mode high-{ital Q} cavity. This is a realization of a harmonic oscillator driven by a quantum current. We find that under appropriate conditions the field may evolve to pure states, which we call tangent and cotangent states, even for mixed-state initial conditions. In various limits, they exhibit nonclassical properties such as sub-Poissonian photon statistics, or even more interestingly acquire the characteristics of macroscopic'' quantum superpositions. The conditions under which these states are reached, as well as the dynamical approach of the system to steady state, are discussed in detail.
Dynamic structured routing in mobile networks

This paper describes dynamic structured routing schema for mobile users in a hostile, noisy environment. It is difficult to maintain a structured routing especially for large ad hoc networks due to dynamically changing configuration of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). This paper describes a new approach to the cluster head election. The proposed method is based on the election of a head node for a cluster depending on the status of nodes and the cluster itself. The goal is to predict a location of the cluster head based on a guaranteed estimation of mobile users' current locations. Guaranteed estimation, also known as a bounded-error estimation, allows construction of the information set of state or parameter vectors that are compatible with the measured data for dynamic systems with unknown, but bounded errors and system inputs. The new approach is based on polygonal approximations of systems' information sets.
Attempts to Produce Immunity to Transplantable Rat Tumors with Chicken Blood

It has been recently claimed by Gardner and Hyde (1) that the injection of heparinized, fresh, whole blood from normal chickens would induce in rats resistance to transplantable tumors. In his comprehensive review of the subject of immunity, Woglom (2), however, found that it was the general experience that resistance to transplantable tumors could be elicited only by homologous tissues. That resistance could be induced by the injection of heterologous material such as chicken blood seemed very improbable, but in view of Gardner9s and Hyde9s definite statements, the experiment seemed worth repeating. Gardner and Hyde injected the heparinized blood intraperitoneally, and also subcutaneously at the base of the tail; by both methods of administration it was claimed that resistance was produced to the growth of Walker sarcoma No. 1, as well as Walker carcinoma No. 256. When heat-devitalized chicken blood was used, a similar but much less marked resistance was produced. Injections of dried chicken blood had no immunizing effect, nor did the rats become immune when fed on chicken blood. Since Walker rat carcinoma No. 256 is under cultivation in this laboratory and Walker rat sarcoma No. 1 is not, the former tumor was used in the repetition of the experiment. It seemed advisable to at tempt to duplicate one of Gardner9s and Hyde9s experiments only, but to carry out this one experiment on at least three separate series of animals. Since the experiment in which the chicken blood was injected intraperitoneally had given the most striking results, it was the one selected for repetition.
Abstraction and context in concept representation.

This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction.
Regeneration of the basal lamina complex during epithelial wound healing.

The purpose of this study was to follow the time sequence of events in the reformation of the attachment complex between epithelium and lamina propria of oral mucosa following incisional wounding. An incisional wound of minimal depth was made along the dorsal surface of rat tongue. From nine groups of animals, tissue specimens were collected from 0 through 96 hours and processed routinely for electron microscopy. The formation of the attachment complex was followed in relation to the epithelial cells migrating across the wound space. The earliest discernable changes denoting initiation of reattachment were preceded by a short period of direct contact between epithelial plasma membrane and fibrin. Attachment did not occur in epithelial cells not bordering on fibrin, suggesting that in the system studied such contact is a prerequisite for reattachment. The ultrastructural components of the attachment complex appeared in an orderly chronologic and spatial sequence, with the additional components appearing as time elapsed between the arrival of the cell in its new location and the collection of the tissue specimen.
Molecular dynamics analysis of a ribonuclease C‐peptide analogue

We have carried out a nanosecond molecular dynamics simulation of an analogue of the ribonuclease C-peptide in water. The overall conformation has an extended region for the first three amino acids connected to an alpha-helix for residues 4-13, and this basic structure is preserved throughout the simulation, with helical hydrogen bonds present 87% of the time, on average. The final helical hydrogen bond is spontaneously broken and re-formed several times, providing a detailed picture of such winding/unwinding events. The simulation was used to estimate the effects of internal motion on proton nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) intensities for several classes of important cross peaks. Within the helical regions, the effects of internal motion vary only a little from one residue to another for backbone-backbone cross peaks, and the relevant correlation functions reach plateau values within about 50 ps. The spectral simulations show, however, that it may be difficult to establish a close quantitative connection between NOESY cross-peak volumes and measures of helical content.
Intraosseous dental implants: nature of the interface

Three designs of endosseous blade-vent implants, coated with a low-module stabilizing material, were inserted in the mandibles of patients during a three-year study. Implant stability depends on interaction of tissue and the surface of the implant. Implants with porous surfaces that permit ingrowth of connective tissue minimize abrupt changes along the interface, and a low-modulus surface permits load transfer to occur gradually. In the study 14 mandibular endosseous blade-vent implants, coated with a low-modulus stabilizing material, were inserted in patients. Three implant designs were used. The most successful design included superior tapering, a buccolingual width of 1½ to 2 mm, polished neck and head, longer neck, and rounded margins.
Effects of stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on naming and reading nouns and verbs in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract An impairment for verbs has been described in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that a disruption of frontal–subcortical circuits may result in dysfunction of the neural systems involved in action–verb processing. A previous study suggested that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during verb generation may affect the ability to select from many competing lexical alternatives. In this study, 12 PD patients who had undergone bilateral STN DBS and completed an 8-year follow-up and 14 matched normal controls were administered action and object naming tasks and verb and noun reading tasks. Their responses were recorded using a microphone, resulting in a signal that marked the onset of the verbal response and allowed to measure response times (RTs). Accuracy was scored manually. Results Overall performance in naming (independently of stimulation): In naming task controls were faster and more accurate than PD patients. In both groups, performance (accuracy and RTs) was worse on action naming than object naming. PD patients were significantly slower than controls in naming actions. Effect of stimulation: Compared with the OFF stimulation condition, in ON stimulation condition PD patients showed improved performance on object and action naming tasks (increased accuracy, faster RTs), with a decreased number of semantic errors. Some evidence also emerged that action naming in the ON stimulation condition improved more than object naming. On noun and verb reading tasks, although accuracy was at ceiling in both groups and no significant difference was observed in RTs for nouns and verbs, PD patients were slower than controls. Conclusions Our findings suggest that STN DBS may improve lexical search in PD patients. We hypothesize that STN stimulation may facilitate the motor components involved in naming and reading tasks (increased speed of speech onset), resulting in shorter RTs in both naming and reading and, to some extent, in increased accuracy in naming due to fewer omissions (no response within the 7500 ms time limit). However, to account for greater accuracy in naming due to decreased number of semantic errors in the ON stimulation condition, we hypothesize that STN stimulation restores the activity of the corticostriatal circuits involved in selection processes of a target word among different alternatives.
Adolescents’ Reasoning About Parental Gender Roles

ABSTRACT In an examination of how adolescents reason about several factors related to division of childcare labor, 38 adolescents, including 20 girls (M age = 16.36 years, SD = .50) and 18 boys (M age = 16.59 years, SD = .62) were interviewed about conflicts between a mother and a father over which parent should stay home with the child, the authority of the father, and similar issues in a traditional culture. The relative income of each parent was varied. Participants considered the needs of the child most when reasoning about infants, and the right to work most frequently when reasoning about preschoolers (p < .001, η2 = .35). The majority (71%) did not endorse the husband's authority over the wife. However, boys were more likely than girls to emphasize the mother's responsibility to the child over her right to work (p < .01, η2 = .23). Implications for gender equity and adolescents’ future goals were discussed.
Long-term human disturbance of an urban park forest, New York City

Abstract Development of an urban park forest, the Turtle Pond Watershed, Alley Park, Queens, New York, was analyzed from historical, vegetation, and pollen records. After 1800, the forest began to develop as a hickory (Carya spp. Nutt.) dominated stand following release of the land from agricultural use. Pollen and sediment analysis of a section from the bog in Turtle Pond showed that before 1900, residential development introduced pine (Pinus spp. L.) to the area, reduced the hickory population, and caused the Pond to change from bog to fen conditions. From 1908 to 1912, the hickory bark beetle reduced hickory and chestnut blight killed off American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Although the area containing the Watershed forest was incorporated into Alley Park in 1927, private structures were not removed until 1937. Forest canopy inventory data from 1936 showed canopy gaps left open by the losses of American chestnut and hickory trees permitted flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to become the forest dominant. Comparison of the 1936 data with an inventory of the forested Watershed in 1987 indicated the flowering dogwood was decimated in the intervening years and the open growing space was occupied by maple (Acer spp. L.), birch (Betula spp. L.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and oak (Quercus spp. L.). The pollen record indicates that stresses of recreational use and abuse in the Watershed forest since 1973 have negatively affected reproduction in maple, birch, and sweet gum. The history of human disturbance provides information to guide recreation of past forest types and to increase diversity through the selection of hardy species to plant.
High power all-fiber picosecond laser system for UV light generation

Ultrafast UV and deep UV (DUV) sources are useful for many industrial applications. We present our research on developing a compact and high power picosecond Yb-fiber source for UV light generation (down to ~ 257 nm wavelength) via single pass second and third harmonics frequency conversion processes. Currently, the laser system delivers 260 mW average power at 343 nm (using THG) and 310 mW at 257 nm (using SHG from 515 nm).
Application of terahertz spectral imaging for the identification of osseous tissue

We present spectral imaging results of osseous tissues obtained through terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy. The spectral response of composite bone tissues was investigated using pixel by pixel frequency-domain analysis. Comparisons of the time-domain and spectral characteristics were used to distinguish between regions of differing cellular type, mixed composition, and thickness.