cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Behaviour and Patterns of Exclusion: Gypsy Traveller Students in English Secondary Schools.

This paper draws on a recent and unique longitudinal study of Gypsy Traveller students in fifteen local education authorities in England. Gypsy Traveller students are less likely to complete secondary education than any other minority ethnic group and it is estimated that up to 12 000 young Travellers in England are not registered at any secondary school. The study tracked a sample of 44 students over a three-year period, using a multi-perspective, phenomenological design to explore the complex interplay of attitudes, expectations and relationships that might impact on secondary school engagement and retention. Findings indicate that, although the students’ behaviour was perceived to be good by their primary school teachers, problems began to emerge during the first year at secondary school and twenty-four pupils had self-excluded by the age of fourteen. Furthermore, almost one in three of the students in the study were temporarily excluded by their schools on at least one occasion during the study. The research suggests that patterns of resistance to secondary schooling should not be solely attributed to cultural influences. In many cases, parents expressed positive perceptions of their child's school until relationships broke down. Above all, parents and students want assurance that racism will be challenged and dealt with effectively.
Strange-quark vector currents and parity-violating electron scattering from the nucleon and from nuclei.

Measurements of the processes p(π,π), p(ν,ν)/p(ν¯,ν¯), and deep-inelastic p→(μ→,μ’) can be interpreted in a manner which requires a significant strange-quark contribution to proton matrix elements. In this paper some implications of strange-quark contributions to proton vector currents and their manifestation in parity-violating electron-scattering experiments are examined. It is found that strange-quark currents of plausible magnitude significantly affect the parity-violating elastic electron scattering from the nucleon in certain kinematic regimes. It is also shown that, while the effects in on-going parity-violating experiments on 9Be and 12C are small, significant strange-quark contributions might be expected in experiments with nuclear targets at higher momentum transfer.
MODTRAN-based retrieval of column water vapor from solar transmittance

The Remote Sensing Group of the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona has a history of collecting ground-based atmospheric data in support of calibration/validation and for atmospheric correction. This work has included the determination of columnar water vapor based on measurements of direct solar irradiance. In the past, the conversion of these data to transmittance and then column water vapor has relied upon a modified Langley approach and two-parameter band model of absorption developed in the 1980s at the University of Arizona. More recently, the RSG has used the well-known MODTRAN code for its prediction of at-sensor radiance and atmospheric correction. This work examines the use of the same MODTRAN code for the retrieval of column water vapor to simplify the overall processing approach of the RSG, as well as providing consistency between the measurements and the predicted at-sensor radiance. The water vapor retrieval using MODTRAN follows the same basic approach as the previous method except that the water vapor absorption parameters are obtained from MODTRAN. A sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of the MODTRAN input parameters on the retrieval. The results of the new method are compared with results from GPS-derived column water vapor. These preliminary results show that the MODTRAN-based values have an accuracy of 10% and agreement with the GPS-derived results is better than 10%.
Experimental endocarditis induced by dental manipulation and oral streptococci.

Abstract Circumstantial evidence has strongly implicated dental manipulation as an etiologic factor in the development of infective endocarditis. The introduction of human oral streptococci via the oral cavity in rabbits with vegetative cardiac lesions yields a 94 per cent incidence of infective endocarditis, if the number of inoculated organisms is above a threshold level of 10 7 .
Total synthesis of eudesmane terpenes: cyclase phase

A full account of synthetic efforts toward dihydrojunenol, one of the lowest oxidized members of the eudesmane family of natural products, is presented. The final synthetic sequence illustrates a nine-step, gram-scale, enantioselective route to this bicyclic terpene with excellent stereocontrol and in 21% overall yield.
A Specialized Nucleosome Has a “Point” to Make

Three recent papers, including Mizuguchi et al. (2007) in this issue, show that the nonhistone protein Scm3 is required for the recruitment of the histone H3 variant Cse4 to centromeres in budding yeast. Scm3 forms a chromatin component with Cse4:histone H4 tetramers that appear to lack H2A/H2B histones. These studies provide key insights into the pathway that recruits Cse4 to centromeres and have important implications for other functions of chromatin.
Therapeutic effectiveness of intratumorally delivered dendritic cells engineered to express the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-32.

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine conditionally produced by T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, epithelial cells and keratinocytes, which has an important role in host resistance against infectious disease. Interestingly, elevated levels of IL-32 transcripts in fine needle aspirates of tumor tissue have also been correlated with objective clinical responses in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. To evaluate the antitumor impact of IL-32 gene therapy, we treated BALB/c mice bearing established subcutaneous CMS4 sarcomas with intratumoral (i.t.) injections of syngenic dendritic cells (DCs) engineered to express human IL-32β complementary DNA (that is, DC.IL32). Although ectopic expression of IL-32β by DC resulted in only modest phenotypic changes in these antigen-presenting cells, DC.IL32 produced higher levels of IL-12p70 than control DC. DC.IL32 were more potent activators of type-1 T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo, with i.t. administration of DC.IL32 leading to the CD8+ T-cell-dependent (but CD4+ T-cell- and NK cell-independent) suppression of tumor growth. Effective DC.IL32-based therapy promoted infiltration of tumors by type-1 (that is, CXCR3+VLA-4+GrB+) CD8+ T cells and CD11b+CD11c+ host myeloid DC, but led to reductions in the prevalence of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD31+ blood vessels.
Room Temperature Molten Salt Electrolytes for Photoelectrochemical Applications

Mixtures of aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) with triethylammonium chloride (Et3 NHCl), 1,6-ethyl lutidinium bromide (EtluBr), tert-butyl pyridinium bromide (BPBr), and dialkyl imidazolium chloride (R2 ImCl), in certain molar ratios yielded ionic liquids at room temperature which were studied with respect to their applicability as electrolytes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Background voltammograms were obtained for these electrolytes on carbon and n-GaAs electrodes. The anodic stability limit was found to be enhanced on n-GaAs relative to carbon in all cases. The cathodic decomposition potential of the electrolyte showed a smaller positive shift on n-GaAs with the exception of the 3:1 AlCl3 -BPBr electrolyte. The difference in electrolyte stability behavior on carbon and n-GaAs is interpreted in terms of carrier density effects. Cyclic voltammograms were compared on carbon in the various electrolytes for a model redox system comprising the ferrocene/ferricenium couple. The separation of the cathodic and anodic waves in all the cases was consistent with a quasi-reversible redox behavior—the most sluggish electron transfer being observed in the case of the 3:1 AlCl3 -BpBr electrolyte. These results are compared with those obtained previously on the AlCl3 -butyl pyridinium chloride (BPC) system. Capacitance-voltage measurements were made on n-GaAs electrodes in contact with the various electrolytes. Flatband-potentials (Vfb ) were deduced from these data using Mott-Schottky plots. The relative positions of the n-GaAs band-edges and the redox levels were mapped on a common potential scale utilizing these data. The ferrocene/ferricenium redox level was placed negative of the conduction band-edge in n-GaAs in all the cases. The implications of this result for PEC applications and the role of specific ion adsorption of electrolyte species on the electrostatic aspects of the n-GaAs/molten salt electrolyte interface are discussed with the aid of energy band diagrams.
Anatomy meets architecture: Designing new laboratories for new anatomists

General notions of architecture are familiar to anatomists, and they frequently use the word in describing the functional structures of cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Beyond concepts relating to orderly structure, anatomists infrequently encounter the profession of architecture and practicing architects. Significantly, anatomists can work with architects in the design and building of laboratories and classrooms, efforts that can have sustained effects on the practice of anatomy. In this paper, we consider cooperative interactions between anatomists and architects in designing new laboratories that accommodate educational innovations and increasingly valuable dissection resources. We begin by introducing architecture and architects in their roles in design and building. We next consider essential features and technologies for new laboratories that support a combination of classical dissection, prosection, models, and computer-based information. Different working conditions are reviewed for designing renovations of existing facilities, long-term planning for new, same-institution buildings, and extramural planning and construction for new medical schools. Whatever the project, anatomists work with architects in repeated interactive planning meetings that arrive at working laboratory designs by a process similar to successive approximation. In consulting on designs for extramural institutions, anatomists must balance client administration and faculty needs with objective oversight of practice-side design features, constraints, and capacity for innovative uses with new curricula. Architects are the key agents in producing laboratories designed for flexible and innovative anatomical education, although client-favored models for Internet-based technology can limit future use of cadavers in multiyear teaching of medical and health sciences students.
Recent developments in photocatalytic solar water splitting

The generation of hydrogen through photocatalytic water splitting is a clean and sustainable technique to produce renewable fuels. Compared with photovoltaics, solar water splitting does not suffer from electricity storage problem, moreover, it can provide an important feedstock – hydrogen for the chemical industry. However, the energy conversion efficiency has remained much lower than that of photovoltaics. The solar water splitting process has two more steps than photovoltaics: hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution. Thus, the improvement of efficiency relies on new materials for efficient solar energy harvesting as well as active co-catalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolutions. In recent years the world has witnessed the emergence of many new materials and approaches with increased water splitting efficiency, in the Comment we look at some representative examples. The most important step in improving efficiency is to develop lower bandgap photocatalysts. The main effort has focused on reducing the bandgaps of wider semiconductors through doping or alloying. These engineered materials are solid solutions containing four or more elements. (Ga1 xZnx)(N1 xOx) and Ta-based semiconductors are two well-known examples of such semiconductor
The mouse Ifi200 gene cluster: genomic sequence, analysis, and comparison with the human HIN-200 gene cluster☆

Abstract The interferon-activatable Ifi200 gene cluster is located on mouse Chromosome 1q21–q23. We report here our analysis of two genomic regions encoding at least 10 closely related 200 family genes ( Ifi201, Ifi202a, Ifi202b, Ifi202c, Ifi203a, Ifi203b, Ifi203c, Ifi203′, Ifi204, and Ifi204′ ) in 129/SvJ mice. Through a BAC-based sequencing approach, the exact structure and organization of these highly similar Ifi200 genes were obtained. A high degree of conservation (99% identity) was observed between Ifi202a and b and between Ifi203a and b. The presence of an additional transcribed region in intron 4 of Ifi203a and b suggests the possibility of alternative splicing, and a spliced variant of the Ifi204′ mRNA exhibits 91% sequence identity with a related but unmapped D3 mRNA. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human clusters indicates an absence of significant sequence conservation in noncoding sequences, suggesting that the 200 family emerged prior to human–mouse speciation and subsequently diverged after gene duplication.
UNSCEAR, historical and current perspectives☆

Abstract The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) is one of the major organizations providing information on occupational, medical, natural radiation, and the associated health risks. The Committee was formed in 1955 and definitive reports have been published in 1958, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1986, and 1993. John Harley was the longest serving member. The origin of this committee is described and the review processes for data acquisition and preparation of their reports.
Redefining Press Freedom: A Survey of Iraqi Broadcasters in Political Transition and Conflict

This study examined how Iraqi broadcasters perceive the concept of press freedom in their newly emerging media environment. Based on the survey of 122 Iraqi broadcasters, this study found that indi...
Sisters in sustainability: municipal partnerships for social, environmental, and economic growth

While debates about sustainable development tend to focus on national- and international-scale problems, sustainability programs and research generally focus on the regional, county, municipal, or even household level. Less research has focused on evaluating the benefits of pairing two cities (i.e., sister city partnerships) with different needs and capabilities to jointly enhance the potential for sustainable practices between the cities. Given shrinking state and federal budgets and the nascent national climate policy, how might US cities use existing resources to achieve greater levels of sustainability? This paper presents a new data-driven mathematical tool—the partnership assessment for intra-regional sustainability—that city planners can use to explore the prospects for improving sustainability practices by leveraging existing resources and establishing synergistic partnerships with neighboring cities. The efficacy of the tool is assessed through the presentation of a Southern California case study and the results of a psychological survey of Southern California residents. Results indicate that cities of different size and scale would benefit from synergistic sustainability programs that pool the resources and needs of both cities. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential societal implications, methodological issues, and barriers to implementation.
CAD tools for ASIC design

Computer aids have been used for both the design and verification of electronic systems for many years. The recent explosion in the complexity of electronic systems that the advent of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) has allowed, has made the use of sophisticated computer-aided design tools indispensable. Computer aids will soon also provide key proprietary advantages as semiconductor and system design houses vie for the promising Application-Specific IC (ASIC) market of the next decade. This paper focusses on the techniques critical to both custom and ASIC design, the directions of present research and development for these areas, and future trends. In particular, recent developments in tools for the automated design of combinational logic are reviewed. These techniques include both algorithmic and rule-based approaches.
Analysis of daily rainfall concentration in New Zealand

A higher precipitation concentration, represented by greater percentages of the yearly total precipitation in a few very rainy days, has the potential to impact considerably on water resources. In this paper, an investigation of the spatial and temporal patterns of daily precipitation concentration in New Zealand has been carried out by means of a daily precipitation dataset. Results show a different behavior between North Island, with the most critical rainfall concentration, and South Island, where precipitation concentration values on the eastern side are comparable to those of North Island, while the western side presents the lowest values of precipitation concentration. On a seasonal scale, the spatial gradients for summer and autumn are similar to the annual one. The application of the Mann–Kendall test shows a general negative trend detected in the eastern part of North Island, in particular in winter and autumn, and a west/east difference trend in South Island, in particular in winter and summer.
The United States Supreme Court And An Inmate's Right To Refuse Mental Health Treatment

The courts have stated categorically and unequivocally that civilly committed persons have a constitutional right to refuse psychotropic drugs. However, the courts have never spoken so firmly with respect to prisoners. Prisoners have enjoyed a rather fragile, indirect right to resist mental health treatment, which is often administered under the guise of aversive therapy or which is actually unwarranted. In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court had an opportunity in Washington v. Harper to afford prisoners the same right other hospitalized individuals have to refuse psychotropic drugs. Instead, the Court chose to sanction the involuntary treatment of mentally ill prisoners. The author of this essay analyzes this decision and its implications for the criminal justice system and the rights of prisoners.
Supply chain management: borrowing our way to a discipline

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is emerging as an important discipline among business curricula. In the past, emerging disciplines have come into existence when there were significant shifts in paradigms that enabled noteworthy new perspectives on vexing problems, and such can be said for SCM. In particular, SCM is a systemic approach to managing within and between organisations to enhance value creation, and it represents a logical advance in our evolving understanding of business performance. If the past provides a reasonable guide for the course of the development of SCM as a discipline, we can expect that a substantial portion of advances in the study and practice of SCM will be based upon learning and borrowing from other fields and disciplines. This paper concludes with samples of topics where such borrowing may be useful and a summary of the potential for addressing issues of interest through mining the paradigms and methods of other disciplines.
Scattering from Inhomogeneous Lenses with Singular Points

The theory of geometrical optics fails to predict correctly the backscattered signal from inhomogeneous lenses that are spherically symmetric and whose index of refraction possesses a point singularity. The correction to the geometrical optics can be obtained by an asymptotic treatment of the exact solution for very short wavelengths. A class of spherically symmetric and radially inhomogeneous lenses is treated as an example.
DNA sequences in the rat parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene responsible for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated transcriptional repression.

Expression of the gene encoding PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), a protein that plays a primary role in the development of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, is down-regulated at the transcriptional level by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Deletions of the 5'-flanking region of the rat PTHrP gene, when fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase gene and transfected into ROS 17/2.8 (rat osteosarcoma) cells, showed that the 1,25-(OH)2D3 responsive region is located between -1.05 and -0.71 kb upstream of the transcription start site. Further mapping of this region revealed that a 123-bp fragment is able to confer 1,25-(OH)2D3 responsiveness to a heterologous (SV40) promoter. This region contains two potential vitamin D response elements (VDREs). One of these motifs resembles the negative VDRE (nVDRE) from the PTH gene, which is also down-regulated by vitamin D3. The other element resembles the canonical VDRE (two hexanucleotide motifs separated by three nucleotides), which has been characterized ...
Numerical prediction of ion current from a small methane jet flame

Abstract This paper compares numerical simulations with experiments to describe the underlying mechanisms responsible for the voltage–current characteristic (VCC) response of a capillary-fed methane diffusion flame in an electric field. The numerical simulations, which include both combustion and electric phenomena, show good agreement with previously published experimental results, though computed flame temperatures were higher than those experimentally measured. Sub-saturated, saturated and super-saturated ion current regions are shown in the range of applied potentials: 0–2.5 kV, 2.5–3.4 kV and over 3.4 kV, respectively. The transition between the sub-saturated and saturated region is explored by predicting an evolution of the H3O+ ion profile. Furthermore, the transition between the saturated and super-saturated current region is considered by following the rate of ion production. The simulations show an enhancement of ion production at high voltages suggesting that the main factor behind the increased ion production is the entrainment of air by the ion-driven wind into the fuel jet before the reaction zone, producing a partially premixed flame. Additionally, the change in chemical reaction pathways as a result of air entrainment is discussed.
How stressful is the automated shopfloor

The introduction of technology on the shop‐floor has often been depicted as a stressful experience for workers. Adopts a quasi‐experimental approach to determine whether the automated shopfloor remains a stressful environment when considerable time for technological changes to settle has elapsed. Automation does not seem to create additionalstress. However, computer numerical control (CNC) machine/robot operators and conventional machine operators face different sources of stress. CNC machine/robot operators are more affected by quantitative overload and psychological demands, whereas conventional machine employees are more subject to inadequate support and role ambiguity. Both groups exercised relatively low levels of control over their jobs. Provides suggestions to make the automated shopfloor a better workplace.
Development of the Teacher Assessment of Student Communicative Competence (TASCC) for Grades 1 Through 5

With increased calls for documenting the educational impact of communication deficits and treatment outcomes, the need for systematic measures of students' communicative effectiveness in the classroom has never been greater. Teachers are in an excellent position to observe and measure their students' verbal and nonverbal communicative abilities and use of compensatory strategies; thus, speech-language pathologists in schools may benefit from a use of teacher rating scales. This article describes the initial development and possible applications of such a measure, the Teacher Assessment of Student Communicative Competence (TASCC), for use with students in the first through fifth grades.
Analysis of shear bands in dynamic axisymmetric compression of a thermoviscoplastic cylinder

Abstract We study dynamic axisymmetric thermomechanical deformations of a viscoplastic cylinder with its boundaries assumed to be thermally insulated, its mantle traction free, and its top and bottom surfaces compressed at a prescribed rate. We consider two limiting cases of the frictional force between the loading device and the cylinder, i.e. either there is no sliding between the two surfaces, or there is smooth contact. It is found that the shear bands initiate much later when frictional force is neglected than when it is considered. A comparison of the presently computed results with those for the case when the body is assumed to be deformed in plane strain compression reveals that the initiation of shear bands is delayed significantly for the axisymmetric problem.
BUOYANCY INDUCED FLOWS DUE TO ENERGY SOURCES IN COLD QUIESCENT PURE AND SALINE WATER

From the simple density state equation of Gebhart and Mollendorf (1977), a relatively compact similarity formulation has resulted for vertical boundary layer flows, as developed by Gebhart and Mollendorf (1978). This treatment accommodates the occurrence of density extrema in the flow field. Calculations have been given there, and elsewhere, for many different vertical flow conditions, as well as for some horizontal ones. However, similarity does not in general result for non-isothermal assigned or resulting midplane conditions, when an unstratified ambient medium is not at the temperature at which the density extremum occurs. However, this is a common circumstance in applications. Here this limitation is removed in a perturbation analysis of three vertical flows: that arising from a vertical surface with uniform heat flux, a plane plume and the flow arising from a concentrated horizontal line source imbedded in a vertical adiabatic surface, i.e., a wall plume. Comparison of perturbation and similarity so...
ppGpp and Polyphosphate Modulate Cell Cycle Progression in Caulobacter crescentus

Caulobacter crescentus differentiates from a motile, foraging swarmer cell into a sessile, replication-competent stalked cell during its cell cycle. This developmental transition is inhibited by nutrient deprivation to favor the motile swarmer state. We identify two cell cycle regulatory signals, ppGpp and polyphosphate (polyP), that inhibit the swarmer-to-stalked transition in both complex and glucose-exhausted media, thereby increasing the proportion of swarmer cells in mixed culture. Upon depletion of available carbon, swarmer cells lacking the ability to synthesize ppGpp or polyP improperly initiate chromosome replication, proteolyze the replication inhibitor CtrA, localize the cell fate determinant DivJ, and develop polar stalks. Furthermore, we show that swarmer cells produce more ppGpp than stalked cells upon starvation. These results provide evidence that ppGpp and polyP are cell-type-specific developmental regulators.
Smaller Gene Networks Permit Longer Persistence in Fast-Changing Environments

The environments in which organisms live and reproduce are rarely static, and as the environment changes, populations must evolve so that phenotypes match the challenges presented. The quantitative traits that map to environmental variables are underlain by hundreds or thousands of interacting genes whose allele frequencies and epistatic relationships must change appropriately for adaptation to occur. Extending an earlier model in which individuals possess an ecologically-critical trait encoded by gene networks of 16 to 256 genes and random or scale-free topology, I test the hypothesis that smaller, scale-free networks permit longer persistence times in a constantly-changing environment. Genetic architecture interacting with the rate of environmental change accounts for 78% of the variance in trait heritability and 66% of the variance in population persistence times. When the rate of environmental change is high, the relationship between network size and heritability is apparent, with smaller and scale-free networks conferring a distinct advantage for persistence time. However, when the rate of environmental change is very slow, the relationship between network size and heritability disappears and populations persist the duration of the simulations, without regard to genetic architecture. These results provide a link between genes and population dynamics that may be tested as the -omics and bioinformatics fields mature, and as we are able to determine the genetic basis of ecologically-relevant quantitative traits.
Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect and Oxidation Kinetics in Copper Nanocrystals Characterized by Real-Time, In Situ Optical Spectroscopy

The low-temperature oxidation of ≈10 nm diameter copper nanocrystals is characterized using in situ UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy and observed to lead to hollow copper oxide shells. The kinetics of the oxidation of solid Cu nanocrystals to hollow Cu2O nanoparticles is monitored in real-time via the localized surface plasmon resonance response of the copper. A reaction-diffusion model for the formation of hollow nanoparticles is fit to the measured time for complete Cu nanocrystal oxidation, and is used to quantify the diffusion coefficient of Cu in Cu2O and the activation energy of the oxidation process. The diffusivity measured here in single-crystalline nanoscale systems is 1–5 orders of magnitude greater than in comparable systems in the bulk, and have an Arrhenius dependence on temperature with an activation energy for diffusion of 37.5 kJ mol−1 for 85 °C ≤ T ≤ 205 °C. These diffusion parameters are measured in some of the smallest metal systems and at the lowest oxidation temperatures yet reported, and are enabled by the unique nanoscale single-crystalline material and the in situ characterization technique.
The Concept of Race in the Latter Part of the 20th Century

The subspecies concept, as used by modern biologists, has little similarity to the outmoded typological, static, and nonevolutionary 19th century concept of race. During the 1960's and early 1970's, some anthropologists criticized the concept of race, sometimes confusing the 19th century view with the 20th. As a result, the biological concept of race has been rejected by many anthropologists as having no validity for the study of human variation. Properly defined, however, the concept is valid and useful for certain purposes, especially as a communication device to refer to suprademic groupings. It is hoped that a perspective might now be obtainable which recognizes the scientific incorrectness of using “racial” differences as explanations of social differences, but which can still utilize a useful (if limited) concept for biological problems. This paper reviews the biological concept of race and criticisms raised against it in an attempt to show the potential uses to which the concept can still be put.
Approximation of Quasisymmetries Using Circle Packings

The Universal Teichmuller Space has recently gained the attention of physicists as a setting for developing string theory. Two common models for this space are the set of quasicircles and the set of quasisymmetries. The link between these models lies in the fact that the Riemann maps from $$\mathbb{D}$$ and $$\mathbb{D}^*$$ to the complementary domains of quasicircles induce quasisymmetric automorphisms of $$\partial \mathbb{D}$$ . We develop a means of approximating these quasisymmetries given their associated quasicircles. This provides a concrete method for switching from the quasicircle to the quasisymmetry model of the Universal Teichmuller Space. Our approach uses discrete analytic functions induced by circle packings to approximate the Riemann maps.
History, technical and regulatory aspects of exhaled nitric oxide

The history of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled breath as a marker of inflammation is summarized, followed by measurement aspects of exhaled NO including NO excretion models of NO in the airway, the estimation of flow-independent NO exchange parameters and issues with the standardization of these methods. Regulatory considerations in the US are also presented. A brief summary of the state of the art for clinical application of exhaled NO is also included.
Tropical response to increased CO2 in a GCM with a simple mixed layer ocean: similarities to an observed pacific warm event

Abstract A version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM), a global spectral atmospheric general circulation model, is coupled to a simple ocean mixed layer model with fixed depth. This mixed layer model is a simple slab of water that crudely accounts for seasonal heat storage but has no dynamics (e.g., advection, diffusion or upwelling). As a result, tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) produced by the simple mixed layer are warmer than observed in the equatorial tropics, in particular, in the tropical eastern Pacific. When CO2 is doubled in the model, SSTs increase at all longitudes in the equatorial tropics on the order of 1°–2°C. However, this uniform longitudinal warming is not associated with uniform longitudinal increases of tropical precipitation. Greatest area-averaged increases of precipitation occur in the tropical Pacific, while decreases of area-averaged precipitation are noted in the Asian monsoon regions. This is attributed to a disruption of the east–west circulation between the Pac...
Nitric Oxide Inhibition of Endothelin-1 Release in the Vasculature In Vivo Relevance of In Vitro Findings

A key function of endothelial derived nitric oxide (NO) is to limit the constrictor capacity of endothelin (ET)-1.1,2 Thus, an imbalance between NO and ET-1 can result in ET-1–dependent increased vascular tone.1 Indeed, the importance of sustained, NO inhibition of the ET-1 drive to increase tone is exemplified in vivo by the rapid, ET-1–mediated arterial pressure elevation after acute NO synthase (NOS) inhibition.2 Moreover, the ET-1 pressor effect after NOS inhibition is independent of other pressor systems and, thus, reflects the relative importance of NO suppression of this ET-1 drive.2 Two, nonmutually exclusive mechanisms thought to underlie the ET-1 dependency of the increased vascular tone responsible for the NOS inhibitor-induced pressure elevation are (1) NO inhibition of constriction to endogenously released ET-1.1,2 This mechanism is essentially supported by demonstrations that NOS inhibitor enhanced the constrictor effects of exogenous ET-1 in several in vivo and ex vivo preparations.3–14 Thus, an assumption underlying these observations is that the constrictor actions of exogenous and endogenous ET-1 are similarly affected by NO; (2) NO inhibition of ET-1 release.1,2 Although the detailed mechanism underlying the NO inhibition of acute ET-1 release has not been clearly established, possibilities include decreased conversion of the immediate precursor to ET-1, big ET-1, to ET-115 and inhibition of pathways involved in the exocytosis of Weibel–Palade bodies,16 endothelial granules that store ET-1.17 However, it should be noted that in vivo findings that actually demonstrate the fundamental phenomenon of NO inhibition of ET-1 release are generally lacking.2 Thus, studies purported to demonstrate NO inhibition of ET-1 release have relied largely on isolated vessels and cultured endothelium, as described herein. This review assessed these in vitro findings, with a specific focus toward elucidating the …
His73, Often Methylated, Is an Important Structural Determinant for Actin A MUTAGENIC ANALYSIS OF HIS73 OF YEAST ACTIN

His(73), has been proposed to regulate the release of P(i) from the interior of actin following polymerization-dependent hydrolysis of bound ATP. Although it is a 3-methylhistidine in the vast majority of actins, His(73) is unmethylated in S. cerevisiae actin. We mutated His(73) in yeast actin to Arg, Lys, Ala, Gln, and Glu and detected no altered phenotypes associated with the mutations in vivo. However, they significantly affect actin function in vitro. Substitution of the more basic residues resulted in enhanced thermal stability, decreased rate of nucleotide exchange, and decreased susceptibility to controlled proteolysis relative to wild-type actin. The opposite effects are observed with the neutral and anionic substitutions. All mutations reduced the rate of polymerization. Molecular dynamics simulations predict a new conformation for the His(73) imidazole in the absence of a methyl group. It also predicts that Arg(73) tightens and stabilizes the actin and that Glu(73) causes a rearrangement of the bottom of actin's interdomain cleft leading possibly to our observed destabilization of actin. Considering the exterior location of His(73), this work indicates a surprisingly important role for the residue as a major structural determinant of actin and provides a clue to the impact caused by methylation of His(73).
MR Imaging Evaluation of the Hepatic Vasculature

Assessment of the hepatic vasculature is essential for tumor staging, surgical planning, and understanding of liver disease. Technological advances have made contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging comparable to multidetector-row computed tomography for diagnostic vascular imaging with respect to spatial resolution. Unenhanced MR angiographic sequences enable reasonable clinical assessment of vessels without contrast agents in patients with contraindications or renal insufficiency. Furthermore, MR angiography may be used to provide directional information through manipulation of the signal intensity of flowing blood. A major limitation to consistent contrast-enhanced MR angiography is the timing of MR image acquisition with arrival of the contrast bolus in the structures of interest. In this article, the authors discuss currently available techniques for imaging of the hepatic vasculature.
drumstick, bowl, and lines are required for patterning and cell rearrangement in the Drosophila embryonic hindgut.

The Drosophila embryonic hindgut is a robust system for the study of patterning and morphogenesis of epithelial organs. We show that, in a period of about 10 h, and in the absence of significant cell division or apoptosis, the hindgut epithelium undergoes morphogenesis by changes in cell shape and size and by cell rearrangement. The epithelium concomitantly becomes surrounded by visceral mesoderm and is characterized by distinct gene expression patterns that forecast the development of three morphological subdomains: small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. At least three genes encoding putative transcriptional regulators, drumstick (drm), bowl, and lines (lin), are required to establish normal hindgut morphology. We show that the defect in hindgut elongation in drm, bowl, and lin mutants is due, in large part, to the requirement of these genes in the process of cell rearrangement. Further, we show that drm, bowl, and lin are required for patterning of the hindgut, i.e., for correct expression in the prospective small intestine, large intestine, and rectum of genes encoding cell signals (wingless, hedgehog, unpaired, Serrate, dpp) and transcription factors (engrailed, dead ringer). The close association of both cell rearrangement and patterning defects in all three mutants suggest that proper patterning of the hindgut into small intestine and large intestine is likely required for its correct morphogenesis.
Computability and non-computability of equivalence for Lie structures that are pertinent to control theory

It is perhaps curious that the very extensive literature on decidability problems about isomorphism of like-type mathematical structures, ranging as it does from the consideration of such simple entities as monoids all the way up to differentiable manifolds and beyond, seems to contain little in the way of specific treatment of those well-known and tremendously useful middle-level objects, the Lie rings and Lie algebras. Thus, having run a "Mathfile" search, we have found only [1], [2], [3], and [4] as actually or potentially useful references, in this connection. Of course, our search was inherently impaired by the incompleteness of "Mathfile"; and was probably impaired somewhat by our choice of key words. Still, it is our subjective estimate that we likely turned up 20-25% of the extant, relevant literature. (Papers such as [5], too recent to be found on Mathfile, may of course also prove useful; [5], in particular, involves both explicit effectiveness considerations and some fairly subtle uses of polynomial-structure identities.)
On QS-IS correlations in iron compounds☆

Abstract This letter presents an extension of earlier QS-IS correlations to highly ionic and highly covalent materials. The former exhibit a small range of IS while the latter show little variation in QS, effects which we discuss in terms of the expansion and contraction of the iron atom's 3d(t 2g ) and 3d(e g ) orbitals.
Insomnia and incident depression: Role of objective sleep duration and natural history

Summary Longitudinal studies that have examined the association of insomnia with incident depression using objective sleep measures are very limited. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive role of the severity of insomnia for incident depression in a general population sample using psychometric and polysomnographic data. From a random, general population sample of 1741 individuals of the Penn State Adult Cohort, 1137 adults without depression were followed up with a structured telephone interview after 7.5 years. All subjects completed a full medical evaluation, 1-night polysomnogram and Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory at baseline. The incidence of depression was 15%. Poor sleep (odds ratio = 1.5, P = 0.001) and insomnia (odds ratio = 1.9, P = 0.031) were significantly associated with incident depression. The odds of incident depression were highest (odds ratio = 2.2, P = 0.019) in insomnia with objective short sleep duration and independent of Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory Ego Strength scores, an index of poor coping resources. The persistence of insomnia and worsening of poor sleep into insomnia significantly increased the odds of incident depression (odds ratios ranged from 1.8 to 6.3), whereas their full remission did not (odds ratio ranged from 1.2 to 1.8). Insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with incident depression independent of poor coping resources, whereas the association of insomnia with normal sleep duration with incident depression was mediated by poor coping resources. Persistence and worsening of poor sleep or insomnia, but not their full remission, are significant predictors of incident depression. These data suggest that there is a significant relationship between the severity of insomnia and incident depression.
Differential responses of native and exotic coastal sage scrub plant species to N additions and the soil microbial community

Native shrub species of southern California have a long history of displacement by exotic annual herbs and forbs. Such invasions may be mediated by interactions with the microbial community and changes in the N cycle as a result of N pollution. However, the simultaneous effects of the soil microbial community status and N fertilization on dominant native and exotic plant species growth have not been thoroughly explored in this ecosystem. Three species of native shrubs and of exotic annuals were grown in an orthogonal two-factor greenhouse experiment. To assess the importance of the soil microbial community pre-sterilized soils were inoculated with sterilized or non-sterilized field soil; to assess the importance of N type pots were fertilized with nitrate, ammonium or glycine solutions. Plant shoot and root biomass was measured after harvesting. The natives Artemisia californica and Eriogonum fasciculatum had lower growth in sterilized soil, suggesting microbial facilitation of these species, and E. fasciculatum higher growth with ammonia than either nitrate or glycine. Salvia apiana had equal growth under all conditions. The exotics Brassica nigra and Bromus madritensis grew equally in sterilized and unsterilized soil, and B. madritensis greater growth with ammonia fertilizer. Centaurea melitensis had greater growth in sterilized soil, and with either form of inorganic N. These results highlight the importance of the soil microbial community in contributing to relative success of native vs. exotic species, and could inform restoration approaches for these species.
Glycoprotein secretion by cultured hamster trachea epithelial cells: a model system for in vitro studies of mucus synthesis.

To characterize the biological functions of cultured hamster tracheal cells, a microassay has been developed utilizing [3H]N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and [14C] serine as a double label for glycoprotein synthesis. After a 24-hr incubation of cell monolayers with these radioactive precursors, the cell culture supernatant was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. A single radioactive peak was detected containing both radioisotopes with a migration corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 18,500 daltons. Under similar culture conditions, tracheal explants produced a nearly identical gel profile; in contrast, three established cell lines lacked most of this biosynthetic capability. Collagenase and hyaluronidase did not degrade the secreted macromolecule, and its sensitivity to weak alkali treatment revealed that it is a glycoprotein withO-glycosidic linkages. Vitamin A significantly enhanced its secretion, directly correlating with previous in vivo studies demonstrating a vitamin A prerequisite for normal mucus-secreting epithelium. Histochemical staining indicated the presence of acidic mucins within secretory packets on the cell. We have therefore concluded that this epithelial cell cultured from the hamster trachea has the specialized capacity for mucus secretion, and it may serve as a versatile model system for studying the synthesis and nature of mucus glycoproteins.
Effect of rubber particle size and rubber type on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced, rubber-toughened nylon 6

Abstract The effects of rubber type and particle size on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced blends of nylon 6 and EPR/EPR-gMA or SEBS/SEBS-g-MA were investigated; rubber particle size in the two systems could be controlled by varying the ratio of EPR to EPR-g-MA or SEBS to SEBS-g-MA. Unreinforced materials with the highest levels of toughness did not necessarily lead to the highest fracture energy when reinforced with 15 wt% glass fibers. Materials toughened with SEBS/SEBS-gMA, which are tougher in the absence of glass fibers had lower fracture energies when 15 wt% glass fibers are present. In general, smaller rubber particles led to higher fracture energies. Fracture analysis according to a modified essential work of fracture analysis reveals that SEBS/SEBS-g-MA have high values of the dissipative energy density, ud, in the absence of glass fibers. When 15 wt% glass fibers are added, ud is essentially zero for all the materials tested. The limiting specific fracture energy, u0, on the other hand, was higher for both unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced EPR/EPR-g-MA toughened blends than for SEBS/SEBS-g-MA based materials. Transmission electron microscopy observations of fractured specimens indicate that glass fibers decrease the size of the damage zone of rubber toughened nylon 6. Shear yielding was seen in fractured specimens of reinforced nylon 6 blends containing either SEBS/SEBS-g-MA or EPR-g-MA, but the size of this shear yielded zone was larger for EPR/EPR-g-MA. In addition, EPR/EPR-g-MA based materials displayed craze-like deformations, while SEBS-g-MA materials did not exhibit this deformation process.
Adenocarcinoma of the appendix simulating primary bladder carcinoma.

Une observation. Les premieres manifestations indiquent une appendicite, puis apres 4 mois de traitement conservateur des explorations urologiques montrent une masse vesicale est decelee, et consideree comme metastatique. Resultats favorables de l'exerese. On insiste sur l'importance de la differenciation cytologique lors des explorations cytologiques urinaires