cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STORAGE STABILITY AND REHYDRATABILITY OF COMMINUTED, LYOPHILIZED AND COMPRESSED MEAT PRODUCTS

Comminuted meat products, namely, beef meatballs and pork sausages, are deep-fat fried, freeze dried, slightly remoistened, compressed into blocks for space saving and then redried. Combinations of certain cross-linked and/or pregelatinized modified starches with small amounts of isolated wheat gluten provide properties for insuring adequate rehydration without overimbibition. Also, completeness of shape restoration from the compressed state is benefitted by a “memory” capability of binder networks. Reduction in weight and volume due to freeze drying and compression would facilitate and economize shipping and storage. However, to obtain shelf life of 12 wk or more, the moisture of the products should be kept below 4.5% and the storage temperature should be kept, as close as possible, to freezing. If the products are stored at 10% moisture levels to prevent deterioration in the redrying step, the storage temperature must be maintained below 5°C for the shelf stability of 12 wk or longer.
What are Tankage, Meat Scraps and Meat Meal

Abstract The animal protein concentrates used for feeding purposes today are obtained largely from the inedible portions of slaughtered animals and the entire carcasses of diseased and dead animals. These materials are rendered to extract as much of the fat as possible for which there is a good demand. The residues are then used either as a feed or fertilizer. In the early period of the development of the utilization of these materials the residues were discarded. Later these residues were utilized as a fertilizer. At first the material was sold unground but in about 1880 the Chicago packers began the practice of machine drying and grinding the tankage. Observations that egg production with poultry was increased by feeding crushed bones and chopped meat in conjunction with the grain ration led the packers to prepare these materials for feeding purposes. In 1900 a product for swine feeding was made from bones . . .
Moving Beyond Caricature and Characterization: The Modern Rule of Reason in Practice

Antitrust law's "rule of reason," first endorsed by the Supreme Court in its 1911 Standard Oil decision, has evolved from a potentially wide-ranging and relatively unstructured inquiry limited in application to cases brought under Section 1 of the Sherman Act into a group of "rules of reason" that are used today to evaluate many different kinds of competitively sensitive conduct. Although still derided by critics as unstructured and error-prone, these rules of reason are instead structured and guided by core economic principles that focus on specific conduct's pro and anti-competitive effects. The burdens imposed on plaintiffs, public and private are demanding, and defendants win the overwhelming proportion of the time. Indeed, today's antitrust rules are the most business-friendly in the history of American antitrust law.In this article, I trace the intellectual history of the modern rule of reason from Standard Oil and Chicago Board of Trade to the more contemporary Supreme Court and appellate court decisions. Under the modern rule of reason that emerges, the instinct to categorize conduct as fitting into seemingly distinct categories subject to either the "per se rule" or the "rule of reason" has been supplanted by the view that the rule of reason is a single standard that is subject to varying modes of application -- a sliding-scale continuum that is focused on the nature and extent of the evidence of competitive effects. The article specifically revisits the origins of the "quick look" approach to applying the rule of reason and finds fault in the association of the quick look with evidence of "actual" anti-competitive effects. The quick look was rooted in a confidence that courts could, through rudimentary economic reasoning, easily discern the anti and pro-competitive potential of conduct in many cases short of "elaborate inquiry." "Economic reasoning" not "actual effects" is the foundation of a useful quick look. The article concludes by suggesting three reforms that might improve the application of the modern rules of reason, including a revitalized quick look that would integrate a more symmetrical plausibility screen. That screen would simultaneously evaluate the economic basis for both the plaintiff's case of anti-competitive effect and the defendant's assertion of efficiencies or other cognizable justifications.
Observations on a relationship between vitamin B12, folic acid and the citrovorum factor.

SummaryVit. B12 injected at low levels increased the PGA stored in chick liver tissue. Higher levels of injected vit. B12 suppressed the liver storage of PGA. Vit. B12 administered orally, increased the level of both PGA and LCF as measured by chick liver storage.Vit. B12 injected at the level of 1 γ per day significantly inhibited the conversion of PGA to LCF in PGA-vit. B12 deficient chicks. This inhibition was overcome by the in vitro addition of ascorbic acid. The oral administration of vit. B12 at the level of 1 γ per day significantly increased the conversion of PGA to LCF with or in the absence of ascorbic acid, in the PGA-vit. B12 deficient chick.The possible relationships and interactions of vit. B12, PGA, LCF, and ascorbic acid have been discussed.
Computational studies on ethylene addition to nickel bis(dithiolene).

The density functionals B3LYP, B3PW91, BMK, HSE06, LC-ωPBE, M05, M06, O3LYP, TPSS, ω-B97X, and ω-B97XD are used to optimize key transition states and intermediates for ethylene addition to Ni(edt)2 (edt = S2C2H2). The efficacy of the basis sets 6-31G**, 6-31++G**, cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ is also examined. The geometric parameters optimized with different basis sets and density functionals are similar and agree well with experimental values. The ω-B97XD functional gives relative energies closest to those from CCSD, while M06 and HSE06 yield results close to those from CCSD(T). CASSCF and CASSCF-PT2 calculation results are also given. Variation of the relative energies from different density functionals appears to arise, in part, from the multireference character of this system, as confirmed by the T1 diagnostic and CASSCF calculations.
Discourse gist: A window into the brain’s complex cognitive capacity:

Discourse, in general, and gist reasoning specifically, are valuable tools to explore cognitive brain health across the life span. Gist reasoning is a higher-order cognitive function that entails a...
Military Neurosurgery: A Range of Service Options.

UNLABELLED The pathway to military neurosurgical practice can include a number of accession options. This article is an objective comparison of fiscal, tangible, and intangible benefits provided through different military neurosurgery career paths. Neurosurgeons may train through active duty, reserve, or civilian pathways. These modalities were evaluated on the basis of economic data during residency and the initial 3 years afterwards. When available, military base pay, basic allowance for housing and subsistence, variable special pay, board certified pay, incentive pay, multiyear special pay, reserve drill pay, civilian salary, income tax, and other tax incentives were analyzed using publically available data. Civilians had lower residency pay, higher starting salaries, increased taxes, malpractice insurance cost, and increased overhead. Active duty service saw higher residency pay, lower starting salary, tax incentives, increased benefits, and almost no associated overhead including malpractice coverage. Reserve service saw a combination of civilian benefits with supplementation of reserve drill pay in return for weekend drill and the possibility of deployment and activation. Being a neurosurgeon in the military is extremely rewarding. From a financial perspective, ignoring intangibles, this article shows most entry pathways with initially modest differences between the cumulative salaries of active duty and civilian career paths and with higher overall compensation available from the reserve service option. These pathways become increasingly discrepant over time as civilian pay greatly exceeds that of military neurosurgeons. We hope that those curious about or considering serving in the United States military benefit from our accounting and review of these comparative paths. ABBREVIATIONS FAP, Financial Assistance ProgramNADDS, Navy Active Duty Delay for SpecialistsTMS, Training in Medical Specialties.
Wall-Avoiding Field Distributions in Plasmonic Waveguides

We explore the combination of modes in a multimode plasmonic waveguide so that the total field distribution of combined fields avoids the metallic walls and therefore shows a reduced propagation loss for given propagation lengths.
Section 2. Island Chains, Hot Spots, and Mantle Plumes

Around the same time as mantle isotope geochemistry was developing, ideas and theories about continental drift and sea-floor spreading were being assembled into what would eventually be called plate tectonics. It was a time of fierce and bitter debate (I recall one of my Berkeley professors angrily
Background parenchymal uptake on molecular breast imaging as a breast cancer risk factor: a case-control study

Background Molecular breast imaging (MBI) is a functional test used for supplemental screening of women with mammographically dense breasts. Additionally, MBI depicts variable levels of background parenchymal uptake (BPU) within nonmalignant, dense fibroglandular tissue. We investigated whether BPU is a risk factor for breast cancer.
Evaluation and Management Of The Difficult Airway

By nature, intubation in the emergency or intensive care setting is often associated with complications. Recognition of patient characteristics that may make intubation particularly difficult, and formulation of an airway management plan before attempting endotracheal intubation are important steps in avoiding potential airway catastrophes. All practitioners of airway management should be familiar with a difficult airway algorithm and review periodically alternative techniques for endotracheal intubation and airway support. Critical care training programs should incorporate the above principles into their curriculum.
Are There Any Pathologic Differences Between Mucosal and Submucosal Cancer of the Stomach

In a retrospective study of 312 of early gastric cancer, we analyzed the pathologic differences in relation to the depth of invasion. The differences were significant between mucosal and submucosal cancers in regard to lymph node metastasis(2.8% vs 21.5%), lymphatic/venous invasion(0% vs 20.5%/7.3%), gross appearance and histologic type. No significant differences were found between the groups concerning clinical features, location and tumor size. All nine cases with a recurrence were exclusively the patients with submucosal cancer. Kaplan-Meier estimate 5-year survival was 98% in mucosal cancer and 79% in submucosal cancer.
Faculty Outreach: Forging New Partnerships

Column description. The Future Voices in Public Services column is a forum for students in graduate library and information science programs to discuss key issues they see in academic library publi...
Imaging of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

The management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) depends on early identification of the disease process, which is complicated by its nonspecific clinical presentation in addition to variable and diverse laboratory and radiologic findings. HP is the result of exposure and sensitization to myriad aerosolized antigens. HP develops in the minority of antigenic exposures, and conversely has been documented in patients with no identifiable exposure, complicating the diagnostic algorithm significantly. Prompt diagnosis and early intervention are critical in slowing the progression of irreversible parenchymal damage, and additionally in preserving the quality of life of affected patients.
Integrating Diversity Intelligence, Leadership and Career Development

Organization leaders cannot be expected to understand and capture the essence of the lived experiences of protected class group members, but they can acquire competencies to deal with diversity. Leaders who do not have a frame of reference for the lived experiences of protected class group members must be open to learning and being educated about some of the experiences. They must learn enough to be fair in their treatment of protected class group members. Leaders can listen to employees but there is a limit to the empathy that they can offer (Watyz 2016). The limitations of empathy are that it can be exhausting, can be zero-sum, and erode ethics. The limitations are compounded for leaders as they try to focus on everyone’s problems and not the problems that they are legally required to address. Many protected class group members are left out of opportunities, and have been left out for centuries. They are exhausted by the continuous efforts to obtain fairness. They are tired of being placed within the zero-sum calculations with others who have not been treated unfairly, and they are tired of watching their leaders’ ethics being eroded in how they are treated. Leaders should abdicate their leadership roles if they cannot work with all protected class group members.
Urban and Rural Effects on Party Preference in Russia: New Evidence from the Recent Duma Election

Using rayon-level data from Russia's 1999 Duma election, two geographers investigate the extent to which regional variations in voters' preferences for political parties are influenced by their location along the rural-urban continuum. National party-list electoral a from almost 300 rayons drawn from nine representative oblasts are investigated for theirdat associations with rural-urban categories ranging from cities (100 percent urban) through 75+ percent rural rayons. The category of cities also is disaggregated into various size classes t tha ar e scrutinized in terms of the party preferences evinced by voters. A concluding section identifies anomalies and outlines directions for future research. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, O10, R10. 1 figure, 3 tables, 31 references.
Are content and structural features of counting books aligned with research on numeracy development

Abstract In this study, we assessed how well children’s counting books are aligned with current research on children’s emerging numeracy. We coded structural and content features of 120 readily available counting books, focusing on features of how numbers were presented, features of items and sets to be counted, and structural features that varied across books. We found that several features that may support learning to count—such as presenting numbers in ascending sequence—were frequently identified in the books we coded; but we also found that features that may interfere with learning to count also occurred frequently, such as presenting multiple distractors on pages with items to be counted. Explicit or even implicit emphasis on counting principles such as cardinality were quite infrequent across most books, and nearly half of all books had at least some pages depicting inconsistencies between the number of items in an illustrated set and the numeral or number word accompanying the set. There was some co-occurrence of select features: Books with many distractors were more likely to have obstructed items within sets to be counted, and were less likely to explicitly draw links between sets and numerals or number words, compared to books that were relatively distractor-free. Considered together, these findings highlight the need for research on how features of counting books and other early mathematics-related books may affect shared-reading and the development of children’s numerical and mathematical thinking.
A Profile-Based Framework for Factorial Similarity and the Congruence Coefficient.

ABSTRACTWe present a novel profile-based framework for understanding factorial similarity in the context of exploratory factor analysis in general, and for understanding the congruence coefficient (a commonly used index of factor similarity) specifically. First, we introduce the profile-based framework articulating factorial similarity in terms of 3 intuitive components: general saturation similarity, differential saturation similarity, and configural similarity. We then articulate the congruence coefficient in terms of these components, along with 2 additional profile-based components, and we explain how these components resolve ambiguities that can be—and are—found when using the congruence coefficient. Finally, we present secondary analyses revealing that profile-based components of factorial are indeed linked to experts' actual evaluations of factorial similarity. Overall, the profile-based approach we present offers new insights into the ways in which researchers can examine factor similarity and hol...
A Flux-Limited Diffusion Model for Charged-Particle Transport

AbstractA new algorithm for modeling charged-particle transport in a fully ionized plasma is presented. A standard multigroup discretization of the Fokker-Planck-Boltzmann equation is transport-corrected to implicitly include the anisotropic effects of both coulomb scattering and nuclear reactions. This allows the subsequent application of the Levermore flux-limited diffusion theory, which was originally developed for isotropic radiative transfer calculations. A finite differencing of the resulting spatial transport operator is constructed so as to yield centered and upwinded operators in the diffusion and free-streaming limits, respectively. The time integration is performed by the general purpose ordinary differential equation solver TORANAGA. This approach results in a highly vectorizable algorithm that has been implemented on the CRAY-1. Some numerical results are presented that compare this algorithm to the corresponding, but far more expensive, Monte Carlo calculations.
Situational awareness of network system roles (SANSR)

In a large enterprise it is difficult for cyber security analysts to know what services and roles every machine on the network is performing (e.g., file server, domain name server, email server). Using network flow data, already collected by most enterprises, we developed a proof-of-concept tool that discovers the roles of a system using both clustering and categorization techniques. The tool's role information would allow cyber analysts to detect consequential changes in the network, initiate incident response plans, and optimize their security posture. The results of this proof-of-concept tool proved to be quite accurate on three real data sets. We will present the algorithms used in the tool, describe the results of preliminary testing, provide visualizations of the results, and discuss areas for future work. Without this kind of situational awareness, cyber analysts cannot quickly diagnose an attack or prioritize remedial actions.
How Accurate Is Density Functional Theory at Predicting Dipole Moments? An Assessment Using a New Database of 200 Benchmark Values

Dipole moments are a simple, global measure of the accuracy of the electron density of a polar molecule. Dipole moments also affect the interactions of a molecule with other molecules as well as electric fields. To directly assess the accuracy of modern density functionals for calculating dipole moments, we have developed a database of 200 benchmark dipole moments, using coupled cluster theory through triple excitations, extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. This new database is used to assess the performance of 88 popular or recently developed density functionals. The results suggest that double hybrid functionals perform the best, yielding dipole moments within about 3.6–4.5% regularized RMS error versus the reference values—which is not very different from the 4% regularized RMS error produced by coupled cluster singles and doubles. Many hybrid functionals also perform quite well, generating regularized RMS errors in the 5–6% range. Some functionals, however, exhibit large outliers, and local f...
Learning to study

That was a great year, the academic year that began in the fall of 1935, that was a watershed year, and the most memorable event that made it so was the arrival of Joe Doob.
Settable polymer/ceramic composite bone grafts stabilize weight-bearing tibial plateau slot defects and integrate with host bone in an ovine model

Bone fractures at weight-bearing sites are challenging to treat due to the difficulty in maintaining articular congruency. An ideal biomaterial for fracture repair near articulating joints sets rapidly after implantation, stabilizes the fracture with minimal rigid implants, stimulates new bone formation, and remodels at a rate that maintains osseous integrity. Consequently, the design of biomaterials that mechanically stabilize fractures while remodeling to form new bone is an unmet challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this study, we investigated remodeling of resorbable bone cements in a stringent model of mechanically loaded tibial plateau defects in sheep. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite-poly(ester urethane) (nHA-PEUR) hybrid polymers were augmented with either ceramic granules (85% β-tricalcium phosphate/15% hydroxyapatite, CG) or a blend of CG and bioactive glass (BG) particles to form a settable bone cement. The initial compressive strength and fatigue properties of the cements were comparable to those of non-resorbable poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement. In animals that tolerated the initial few weeks of early weight-bearing, CG/nHA-PEUR cements mechanically stabilized the tibial plateau defects and remodeled to form new bone at 16 weeks. In contrast, cements incorporating BG particles resorbed with fibrous tissue filling the defect. Furthermore, CG/nHA-PEUR cements remodeled significantly faster at the full weight-bearing tibial plateau site compared to the mechanically protected femoral condyle site in the same animal. These findings are the first to report a settable bone cement that remodels to form new bone while providing mechanical stability in a stringent large animal model of weight-bearing bone defects near an articulating joint.
Diamond Anvil Cell Technology For P,T Studies Of Ceramics: ZrO2 (8 mol% Y2O3)

We are undertaking a systematic study of the structural and bulk properties of zirconia and other ceramic materials as functions of pressure and temperature. This paper describes the experimental approach that is being taken and discusses some of the results already obtained for ZrO2 with 8 mol% Y2O3.
Dr. Jon Saphier Interview: Decades of Success in Educational Leadership.

Dr. Jon Saphier is an international leader in education. His legend remains as he continues to expand on his Boston University’s ethnographic dissertation (1980), which later became the best selling textbook, The Skillful Teacher (2008). Dr. Saphier has sustained his leadership position internationally by continuously advocating for best teaching practices worldwide. This paper contains an interview with Jon Saphier and analysis of his leadership practices. Dr. Saphier discusses his core values of leadership, his successful approach to change initiatives, leadership failures, and critical elements of effective leadership. Dr. Saphier continues to be a driving force in educational initiatives worldwide. His humble, yet strong, approach is the foundation of his leadership sustainability. Dr. Saphier continues to mold his legacy as an educational leader by publishing, consulting, researching, developing models of district improvement, creating alliances, keynote speaking, and inspiring future educators. Jon Saphier continues to be a driving force in effective international educational practices.
A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems for Grid Application

Increasing levels of renewable energy generation are creating a need for highly flexible power grid resources. Recently, FERC issued order number 841 in an effort to create new US market opportunities for highly flexible grid storage systems. While there are numerous storage technologies available, flywheel energy storage is a particularly promising option for the grid due to its inherent fast response time, high cycle lifetime, and lack of environmentally hazardous materials. This paper reviews literature on flywheel storage technology and explores the feasibility of grid-based flywheel systems. Technology data is collected and presented, including a review of current flywheel installations on the grid, technology challenges, research trends, and technology feasibility studies. Flywheel technology is shown to be a promising candidate for providing frequency regulation and facilitating the integration of renewable energy generation.
THE ROLE OF MICROCOMPUTERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT The development of inexpensive microcomputers with color graphics and ample memory has led to a new stage in the rapidly evolving field of environmental modeling. It is now possible to apply models of intermediate complexity in situations where access to large computers is difficult or impossible. In particular, there is excellent potential for the application of ecosystem models to aid environmental management in developing countries. The portability of microcomputers makes it quite easy to use models in the decision-making process at remote sites; questions concerning reservoir management, control of aquatic weeds in waterways, and sampling requirements at field stations can be answered on a day-by-day basis. The MICRO. CLEANER and MICRO. PEST packages, which are implemented on an APPLER microcomputer, will be used to demonstrate the utility of this approach in dealing with problems of water quality and toxic substances.
Plasma adiponectin to predict incident cancer in a large multiethnic population-based cohort study.

1560 Background: Previous retrospective studies have suggested an inverse relationship between cancer and markers of insulin resistance, including adiponectin. Whether circulating levels of adipone...
Surgical Treatment of Labral Tears: Debridement, Repair, Reconstruction

With the rapid growth of hip arthroscopy over the past decade, new treatment paradigms as well as recognition of new disease states have sprung forth. The ability to perform complex arthroscopic procedures of the hip such as labral augmentation and reconstruction is essential for hip arthroscopists in the revision setting, with patient selection and indications for various labral treatments the key driver for improved short- and mid-term clinical outcomes. Current techniques have been developed to address disease states where the labrum is either unstable, torn, deficient, or otherwise incompetent. Many early reports focused on the description of these techniques with new literature reporting short- and mid-term outcomes. A few of these have demonstrated improved outcomes with a contemporary arthroscopy with emphasis on capsule preservation and repair. Studies have demonstrated that labral repair has improved outcomes over labral debridement, with results of labral reconstruction in a revision approaching those of labral repair. In addition, newer reports have shown significantly improved outcomes and survivorship with capsule repair and therefore should be included in every hip arthroscopy.
Characterizing the Deep Neural Networks Inference Performance of Mobile Applications.

Today's mobile applications are increasingly leveraging deep neural networks to provide novel features, such as image and speech recognitions. To use a pre-trained deep neural network, mobile developers can either host it in a cloud server, referred to as cloud-based inference, or ship it with their mobile application, referred to as on-device inference. In this work, we investigate the inference performance of these two common approaches on both mobile devices and public clouds, using popular convolutional neural networks. Our measurement study suggests the need for both on-device and cloud-based inferences for supporting mobile applications. In particular, newer mobile devices is able to run mobile-optimized CNN models in reasonable time. However, for older mobile devices or to use more complex CNN models, mobile applications should opt in for cloud-based inference. We further demonstrate that variable network conditions can lead to poor cloud-based inference end-to-end time. To support efficient cloud-based inference, we propose a CNN model selection algorithm called CNNSelect that dynamically selects the most appropriate CNN model for each inference request, and adapts its selection to match different SLAs and execution time budgets that are caused by variable mobile environments. The key idea of CNNSelect is to make inference speed and accuracy trade-offs at runtime using a set of CNN models. We demonstrated that CNNSelect smoothly improves inference accuracy while maintaining SLA attainment in 88.5% more cases than a greedy baseline.
Association of Surgeon Case Numbers of Pancreaticoduodenectomies vs Related Procedures With Patient Outcomes to Inform Volume-Based Credentialing

Importance Despite growing interest from various surgical societies and patient safety organizations, concerns remain that volume-based credentialing standards are arbitrary and may fail to recognize a surgeon’s full scope of practice. Objective To evaluate whether surgeon experience with related procedures was associated with better outcomes for pancreaticoduodenectomy compared with procedure-specific experience alone. Design, Setting, and Participants This proof-of-concept cohort study used the all-payer State Inpatient Databases from 6 geographically diverse states to identify all operations for surgeons who performed at least 1 pancreaticoduodenectomy from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014. Each surgeon’s mean annual volume for pancreaticoduodenectomies and related complex hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) procedures was calculated. Outcomes for surgeons above and below a threshold of 12 pancreaticoduodenectomies per year were evaluated. Whether related HPB procedure volume was also associated with better outcomes for surgeons not meeting the procedure-specific threshold was also evaluated. Data were analyzed from March 2 through 20, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Thirty-day mortality and complications. Results The study cohort included 176 043 patients, of whom 92 064 were female (52.3%), with a mean (SD) age of 59 (17) years. Within 270 hospitals, only 54 of 1028 surgeons (5.3%) met the mean pancreaticoduodenectomy volume threshold from 2012 to 2014. In-hospital mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy was lower for surgeons who performed 12 or more procedures per year (1.8% [95% CI, 1.1%- 2.4%] vs 4.7% [95% CI, 4.0%-5.4%]; odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.21-0.50). However, in-hospital mortality varied 7-fold among surgeons who did not meet the threshold (1.2% [95% CI, 0.8%-1.6%] to 8.4% [95% CI, 7.9%-8.9%]). Increasing HPB case volume was associated with better outcomes for pancreaticoduodenectomy in this group. For example, surgeons performing 2 or fewer pancreaticoduodenectomies annually would need to perform an additional 27 related HPB procedures to match the in-hospital mortality rate of surgeons performing 12 or more pancreaticoduodenectomies. Conclusions and Relevance In this proof-of-concept cohort study, few surgeons met even modest annual volume thresholds for pancreaticoduodenectomy. The findings suggest that inclusion of related procedure volumes may safely expand the cohort of surgeons credentialed to perform certain procedures under volume-based standards.
Reviving the ‘new handshake’ in the wake of a pandemic

It is often assumed that companies and consumers are on opposing ‘teams’. In reality, however, consumers and companies enjoy more commonalities than contradictions. Both benefit when deals go well and disputes are resolved quickly and cheaply. The problem is that face-toface dispute resolution can be costly in terms of time and money, and even dangerous in these times of COVID-19. Furthermore, getting lawyers is generally impractical and overly expensive in consumer cases. The solution is a well-designed online dispute resolution (ODR) system that harnesses business and consumer commonalities, and creates a win–win for all stakeholders in e-commerce disputes. That is not to say that ODR is the ‘be all and end all’ for e-commerce disputes. All ODR is not fair and efficient. Furthermore, the digital divide remains a concern and the internet undoubtedly generates vulnerabilities for consumers, but it also creates opportunities for consumer empowerment. The time is right to take advantage of those opportunities, and create a unified ODR system that provides fast and fair resolutions worldwide. This article discusses ideas for such a system to create a ‘new handshake’ that inspires trust in e-commerce.
Modeling Online Art Auction Dynamics Using Functional Data Analysis

In this paper, we examine the price dynamics of online art auctions of Modern Indian Art using Functional Data Analysis. The purpose here is not just to understand what determines the final prices of art objects but also the price movement during the entire auction. We identify several factors such as artist characteristics (established or emerging artist; prior sales history), art characteristics (size; painting medium - canvas or paper), competition characteristics (current no. of bidders; current no. of bids) and auction design characteristics (opening bid; position of the lot in the auction) that explain the dynamics of price movement in an online art auction. We find that the effects on price vary over the duration of the auction, with some of these effects being stronger at the beginning of the auction (such as the opening bid and historical prices realized). In some cases, the rate of change in prices (velocity) increases at the end of the auction (for canvas paintings and paintings by established artists). Our analysis suggests that the opening bid is positively related to online auction price levels of art at the beginning of the auction but its effect declines towards the end of the auction. The order in which the lots appear in an art auction is negatively related to the current price level with this relationship decreasing towards the end of the auction. This implies that lots that appear earlier have higher current prices during the early part of the auction but that effect diminishes by the end of the auction. Established artists show a positive relationship with the price level at the beginning of the auction. Reputation or popularity of the artists and their investment potential as assessed by previous history of sales are positively related to the price levels at the beginning of the auction. The medium (canvas or paper) of the painting did not show any relationship with art auction price levels, but the size of the painting was negatively related to the current price during the early part of the auction. Important implications for auction design are drawn from the analysis.
The Influence of Culture, Social, and Religious Support on Well-Being in Breast Cancer Survivorship.

Objective Latina and African American breast cancer survivors (BCS) are affected by health disparities that have negatively impacted their health outcomes and quality of life more than other BCS. Examining the relationships among social support, culture, and well-being in underserved groups may help clarify critical factors that influence health disparities in cancer survivors. Methodology Ethnic salience (impact of ethnicity on identity), religious support, social support, and well-being were examined in African American and Latina breast cancer survivors using archival data. Participants included 320 breast cancer survivors (28% African American and 72% Latina) ranging from 26-89 years old and one to five years post breast cancer diagnosis. Results Ethnic salience was positively associated with well-being (p < .001). African American breast cancer survivors endorsed greater well-being, social support, religious support, and ethnic salience than Latinas (ps < .05). Religious support was associated with well-being even after controlling for the effects of general social support [ΔR2 = .02, p = .005; F(5, 298) = 23.67]. Conclusion Ethnic salience and religious support are important factors in understanding health disparities and should inform survivorship care plans for underserved populations.
Factors Influencing Yield and Quality in Alfalfa

Alfalfa is one of the most productive, widely adapted crops in the world, of importance to animal food production systems, to environmental health, as well as the potential for direct human food and industrial uses in the future. However, yield improvements have been painfully slow with this crop. While average farm yields have improved twofold in many environments over a 100-year period, evidence indicates a leveling off of yield improvements over the past 30 years. Disappointing yields are a frequent complaint of growers. However, much higher yields are highly attainable with this crop as evidenced by the ‘yield gap’—the fact that maximum yields are two to threefold greater than the median on-farm yields in a given region. Limitations are largely due to agronomic, not genetic limits, particularly harvest scheduling, the need for quality, and poor stand persistence, but opportunities for cultivar improvement in yield are significant. There are several innate biological and agronomic tradeoffs that limit yield in alfalfa. These constraints include the need for high quality as well as yield, the need for maintenance of stand longevity as well as annual yields, and the requirement for frequent harvests involving farm machinery and wheel traffic. Agronomic strategies are likely to be most important in improving yields, including improved drainage, fertilizer management, harvest efficiency, reduced traffic, improved stand establishment, pest management, and irrigation efficiency. Key genetic characteristics for yield improvement include improved pest resistance, breaking the yield-quality-persistence tradeoff as related to harvest schedules, and improved root resistance to winterkill and wheel traffic. Improving late-season yield (summer slump) is an important goal, since late-season harvests are 40–50% of the yield of early harvests. Delayed flowering and maturity, reduced lignification of the cell wall, disease and insect resistance will be key traits. Other traits, such as the contribution of alfalfa stands to crop rotation and soil health and the environment, should be considered along with yield and quality goals. However, improved yields are the key to the future alfalfa systems that are resilient to the challenges of water supply and increased human populations.
Research Articles, Not Research Papers: Empowering Students Through Research Writing

Both students and instructors are frequently frustrated by research paper assignments because they involve only part of the research article writing process. I argue that integrating the entire article writing process into a course empowers students to work as political scientists, makes the discipline relevant, provides critical writing skills, and improves classroom climate. I discuss my journey developing courses based on the research article writing process, describing strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Additionally, I highlight research-based simulations as a key component of article writing that helps students understand the importance of political science. I encourage instructors to embrace the shift in thinking associated with teaching the research article writing process, the results of which substantially benefit students.
How You Know You’re Conscious: Illusionism and Knowledge of Things

Most people believe that consciousness is real. But illusionists say it isn’t—they say consciousness is an illusion. One common illusionist strategy for defending their view involves a debunking argument. They explain why people believe that consciousness exists in a way that doesn’t imply that it does exist; and, in so doing, they aim to show that that belief is unjustified. In this paper I argue that we can know consciousness exists even if these debunking arguments are sound. To do this, I draw on the claim that some knowledge is constituted, not by beliefs in propositions, but by awareness of properties and objects. Then I argue that accepting this claim allows us to evade illusionists’ debunking arguments by allowing us to hold that our knowledge of consciousness does not depend solely on potentially debunked beliefs in consciousness. Finally, while considering potential illusionist responses, I suggest that my strategy also yields a plausible account of our most basic knowledge of consciousness and an explanation for why so few people accept illusionism even when they have (or had) no decisive reply to illusionists’ arguments.
Book Review: Zakaria, Fareed, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003

(2004). Book Review: Zakaria, Fareed, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 460-463.
Economic and Fiscal Implications of Nonmetropolitan Retirement Migration

Nonmetropolitan retirement counties experienced extraordinary population growth during the 1970s and continued to grow during the 1980s at a rate exceeding national, metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan averages. Economically, retirement counties outdistanced other nonmetropolitan counties in employment and per capita income growth. In tandem with population and economic growth, retirement counties have lower than average local tax and revenue rates. Expenditures per capita for local public services are also low in retirement counties, compared to nonmetropolitan counties generally. Lower than average tax and revenue rates lower the cost of living, and thus retirement counties may remain competitive with other areas of the country in attracting future in-migrants. In the long run, however, relatively low fiscal efforts and expenditures could hamper local economic development. The findings of the study indicate that retirees have not been an excessive burden on local public service expenditures, as some have ...
Ontogeny of endocrine control of osmoregulation in chick embryo: II. Actions of prolactin, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone

Actions of ovine prolactin (oPRL), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone on volume of allantoic fluid and its Cl- concentration and on renal Na+-K+-ATPase activities in mesonephros and metanephros were examined at various times during ontogeny of the chick embryo. Ovine PRL decreased allantoic fluid volume and lowered Cl- concentration in this compartment when injected for various periods prior to 14 days of incubation. After this time, when endogenous PRL levels become elevated (Day 16), exogenous oPRL no longer altered allantoic fluid volume or Cl-. Ovine PRL also stimulated Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the metanephros when embryos were treated before 14 days of incubation but did not stimulate the transport enzyme in mesonephros. Stimulation of metanephric Na+-K+ATPase was a direct action of oPRL since this activity was also stimulated by the hormone in metanephros maintained in organ culture for 3 days. PRL did not stimulate Na+-K+ATPase in organ-cultured mesonephros, and it failed to stimulate Na+-K+-ATPase in metanephros of juvenile chickens treated after hatching. Injection of AVP, a known contaminant of the NIH-oPRL used in these experiments, duplicated some, but not all actions of oPRL in the embryo. Like oPRL, AVP reduced the Cl- concentration of allantoic fluid, but AVP did not mimic the effect of oPRL in stimulation of metanephric Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Thus, oPRL preparations appear to possess osmoregulatory actions in the embryo which can be distinguished from actions attributable to the contaminant, ADH. Aldosterone injected prior to 16.5 days of incubation depressed activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Mgz+ATPase in mesonephros, but did not alter these enzyme activities in metanephros. The depressed enzyme activities induced by aldosterone in mesonephros may have been, in part, a toxic response to the hormone as control injections of cholesterol had comparable effects. On the other hand, aldosterone specifically stimulated Ca2+-dependent ATPase(s) and succinate dehydrogenase in metanephros. The three principal osmoregulatory hormones of adult birds, PRL, ADH, and aldosterone, seem to be active also during ontogeny of the avian embryo, with mesonephric and metanephric kidneys as target organs.
Mediated Effects of Perceived Competence on Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior.

Purpose: This study evaluates whether physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are influenced by a common mediating relationship. Method: A total of 1,552 participants in 3rd to 12th grade completed an online survey that included assessments of PA at school (PAS), PA at home (PAH), and SB as well as a battery of psychosocial variables (i.e., attraction to PA and perceived competence). Results: Perceived competence had a direct positive effect on PA and a negative effect on SB. These associations were consistently (but partially) mediated by attraction to PA; however, the indirect effect (IE) of perceived competence was stronger for PAH (IE = .27, p < .05) than for PAS (IE = .07, p < .05), or SB (IE = .13, p < .05). Conclusions: This study revealed some direct effects and IEs of perceived competence on PAS, PAH, and SB through attraction to PA as the mediator. PA and SB may be influenced by some common underlying psychosocial mediators.
Regulation of targeted chemotherapy with cytotoxic lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue by epidermal growth factor.

Targeting chemotherapy selectively to cancers can reduce the toxic side effects. AN-152, a conjugate of doxorubicin and[ d-Lys6]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), is more potent against LH-RH receptor-bearing cancers and produces less peripheral toxicity than doxorubicin. Many cancers, e.g., 50% of breast cancers, but few normal tissues express these receptors, providing a selective target for this cytotoxic conjugate. In this study, the effectiveness of AN-152 was heightened by receptor up-regulation. The cytotoxic effect of AN-152 can be regulated by the number of active LH-RH receptors on cancer cells. LH-RH receptor-positive (MCF-7) and -negative (UCI-107) cancer cells were treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or the somatostatin analogue, RC-160. EGF and RC-160 have been shown previously to regulate LH-RH receptors through phosphorylation. The effect of receptor regulation, by hormone exposure, on the cytotoxicity of AN-152 and doxorubicin and on the cellular uptake of AN-152,[ d-Lys6]LH-RH, or doxorubicin was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and by two-photon laser scanning microscopy. The results demonstrated that the cellular entry of the conjugate was: (a) specific for cancers with LH-RH receptors; (b) up-regulated by EGF; (c) down-regulated by RC-160; and (d) the cytotoxicity of the AN-152 paralleled the efficiency of entry. This study illustrates the potential use of receptor regulation for increasing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic approaches that are directed to cell surface receptors.
Multipath Delay Estimation for Frequency Hopping Systems

The multipath delay estimation problem for a slow frequency hopping system is studied. High resolution delay estimation algorithms are proposed by exploiting invariance structures in the data packet. The proposed approach converts the problem of delay estimation using temporally received packets to one of estimating directions-of-arrival in array processing. Two closed-form estimators are developed. The first algorithm is based on the use of a single invariance and applies the ESPRIT algorithm. The second approach utilizes multiple invariances, and enforces the Cayley-Hamilton constraint in the signal subspace. It is shown, via an analysis of acquisition time, that the use of multiple invariances significantly shortens the number of hops required for parameter identifiability. Simulation examples also demonstrate the advantage of exploiting multiple invariances.
An explicit sieve bound and small values of σ(ф(m))

We prove an explicit sieve upper bound based on the large sieve of Montgomery and Vaughan [MV], and apply it to show that σ(f(m)) ≥ m/39.4 for all positive integers m.