cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twenty years after: replicating a study of Anglo- and Mexican-American cultural values

Abstract A 1972–73 study of modern and traditional value orientations among Anglo- and Mexican-Americans in Lubbock, Texas, is replicated. The instrument used earlier, consisting mainly of modernity items developed by Kahl, was administered in 1994 to a sample of Anglos and Mexican Americans (n = 757). The results show a convergence of the two ethnic groups on modernity scales. Hispanics had moved in the direction of modernity, while on several scales Anglos had become more traditional. Results are discussed in light of theories of assimilation and pluralism.
Determination of denitrification in the Chesapeake Bay from measurements of N2 accumulation in bottom water

This study demonstrates the feasibility of using direct N2 measurements in an estuary for determination of denitrification. High precision measurements of dinitrogen: argon ratios (N2∶Ar) were made by membrane inlet mass spectrometry on water samples taken along the length of the Chesapeake Bay in July and October 2004. The N2∶Ar ratio in low salinity surface water was elevated relative to air saturation by 0.3–0.5% with no systematic change along the length of the Bay. N2∶Ar in high salinity bottom water exhibited a linear increase in the landward direction along a 144-km longitudinal section. In this section of the Bay covering 20% of the main stem, the bottom water salinity was statistically uniform and the increase in N2∶Ar was in the direction of net residual current flow. The system was analyzed as a capped river with the assumption that N2 entered the water from the underlying sediment where denitrification is known to take place. The rate of denitrification needed to support the measured increase in N2 was calculated using an average residual current velocity and water column depth. The increase in N2 with distance (0.046μmol N l−1 km−1) equated to an average denitrification flux of 73 μmol N m−2 h−1. N2 fluxes determined on sediment cores taken from the source and terminus regions of the delineated water mass were 45±23 and 83±39 μmol N m−2 hr−1, respectively, which were not statistically different from the whole system estimate. The measured change in oxygen concentration within the bottom water was used to estimate nitrogen remineralization and the efficiency of denitrification. Denitrification efficiency (nitrogen denitrified/nitrogen remineralized) was estimated to be in the range of 22–28% for the bottom water sediment system and 30–37% considering the sediment zone alone.
Radiation Effects Response Data for Synthetic Organic Insulation and Dielectrics

Spacecraft, nuclear power plant equipment, and other engineering systems usually include components made from radiation-sensitive materials. One common class of such materials is synthetic organic insulation and dielectrics. Equipment designers and qualification engineers need reliable data describing the effects of ionizing radiation on materials of this class. Existing radiation response data for 130 materials of this class have been tabulated as part of a more comprehensive effort. This paper presents graphical presentations of thresholds and 25 percent change dose levels taken from the final report [1] for that project, along with a brief review of the field, including background and cautions to be observed in applying the data to current problems.
Electrical properties of melt-grown silicon monoarsenide

Abstract Silicon monoarsenide crystallizes in the monoclinic structure and has an optical energy gap of 2·2 eV. Single crystal ingots of silicon monoarsenide have been grown by the Bridgman technique. These crystal cleaved readily along a ( 2 01) plane. The electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient of cleaved specimens have been measured over a wide temperature range. Silicon monoarsenide was found to exhibit very pronounced resistivity anisotropy, the resistivity along the direction perpendicular to the ( 2 01) being more than 500 times that along the b-axis. From the resistivity data, an acceptor level with an ionization energy of 0·135 eV was deduced, and the energy gap of silicon monoarsenide was determined to be 2·03 eV at 850°K.
The preparation and labeling of DTPA-coupled albumin.

A new method has been developed for the coupling of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to proteins using the cyclic anhydride of DTPA. The anhydride, prepared by a simple one-step synthesis, is added as the solid to the solid protein. Coupling is completed in minutes at room temperature following the addition of aqueous pH 7 buffer. The coupling has been characterized by the use of exhaustive dialysis, gel chromatography, and u.v. spectrophotometry. Under optimal conditions of anhydride: protein molar ratio and protein concentration, up to 70% of the DTPA groups may be coupled to protein. Essentially all free DTPA may be removed from DTPA-coupled albumin preparations by a single passage through a 20-cm gel filtration column. Biodistributions in normal mice at 45 min obtained for 111In-albumin showed 33 +/- 1% injected dose per gram in blood compared to 35 +/- 3% for 125I-albumin. Results for all tissue samples are in agreement within two standard deviations. The simplicity with which albumin has been coupled with DTPA by this method contrasts sharply with existing methods and is an attractive area of research for the labeling of a variety of proteins with a variety of metallic radionuclides.
Shale as a repository for radioactive waste: The evidence from Oklo

Study of the 1.8 billion-year-old “fossil nuclear reactor” zones at the Oklo Mine in the Republic of Gabon shows that many of the elements produced by fission have been almost completely retained, as evidenced by proper budgets of stable daughter elements. Plutonium, ruthenium, the rare earth elements, zirconium, and palladium have been effectively retained while most chalcophile elements exhibit some degree of remobilization. The alkali and alkaline earth elements have migrated to varying degrees but their presence in gangue affected by younger periods of alteration suggests redistribution not far removed from sites of formation. More important, such migration may not have started until some 25,000,000 years after the reactor shut down. The noble gases xenon and krypton escaped with apparent ease during the 500,000 years the reactor was operative, and iodine seems to have been mobile. The Oklo reactor ores, significantly, occur in shale infilled into a fracture system in organo-argillaceous sandstone. So many of the fission-produced elements retained in this shale along with evidence that most others may have been only locally redistributed lends support to considering shales in geologically stable areas for radioactive waste disposal.
Gold-induced germanium crystallization

When in contact with metal, amorphous silicon (a-Si) or germanium (a-Ge) often crystallize at temperatures significantly lower than in their bulk form. In order to understand the role of the contact metal, we have studied the crystallization process of a-Ge/Au bilayers and codeposited a-${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{\mathit{x}}$ films (x=0.04 and 0.22) by measuring the Ge and Au extended x-ray-absorption fine structure. Upon isothermal annealing, the Ge/Au bilayer crystallizes at 170 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and concomitantly, a large amount of Au migrates into the Ge top layer. For codeposited films, the x=0.22 sample crystallizes at 130 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and the x=0.04 sample at 330 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. In the amorphous x=0.04 and 0.22 films, each Au atom on the average is bound with one to two Ge atoms at 2.4 \AA{}, but does not have Au neighbors. As the films crystallize, Au transforms into fcc gold in the x=0.22 sample but remains bound with Ge in the x=0.04 sample. Our results demonstrate that Au-Ge bonding is significant in the a-Ge and may play an important role in lowering the Ge crystallization temperature.
Theoretical overview: Hot and dense QCD in equilibrium

Abstract Static and dynamical properties of QCD at finite temperature and density are reviewed. Non-perturbative aspects of the QCD plasma and the modification of the hadron properties associated with the chiral transition are discussed on the basis of lattice data, effective theories and QCD sum rules. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of the finite baryon density to see the effects of the restoration of chiral symmetry in experiment.
Oak/Douglas-fir/sheep: a three-crop silvopastoral system

A small scale agroforestry study which was begun in 1952 was revisited in 1985 to evaluate the long-term influence of site preparation and grazing on tree growth and survival in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)-white oak (Quercus garryana)-sheep silvopastoral system. In 1952–1953, two-year-old Douglas-fir seedlings were planted at the rate of 2500 trees/ha under three levels of site preparation: (1) no treatment, (2) oak thinned by 50%, and (3) oak clearcut. From 1954 to 1960, yearling ewes grazed one-half of each of the three thinning treatments for 3–4 weeks each spring. The conifers have been undisturbed since grazing was discontinued in 1960. Survival of planted conifers averaged 64% in 1985 and did not vary among either site preparation or grazing treatments. From 1964 to 1985, trees on the thinned and clearcut plantations grew an average of 1060 and 990 cm in height, respectively, compared to 900 cm on the unthinned plantation. Diameter at breast height (dbh) averaged 3.8 and 5.6 cm greater on thinned or clearcut plantations, respectively, than on the unthinned control by 1985 (p < 0.05). Conifers on grazed plantations had increased height and dbh growth during the first 12 years of plantation life, averaging 63 cm taller (p < 0.10) and 0.7 cm greater in dbh (p < 0.05) than the ungrazed plots by 1964. By 1985 the difference in height (122 cm) and dbh (1.0 cm) between grazed and ungrazed plantations was not statistically significant. These data suggest that although site preparation can positively influence conifer growth, total clearfelling is no better than thinning oaks. Furthermore, proper grazing can increase height and dbh growth of the conifers during and immediately after the grazing years.
Molecular structure of an extremely crowded iron(II) dihydride complex: FeH2(PMePh2)4

The crystal structure of FeH2(PMePh2)4 shows this to exist as thecis isomer in the solid state with major distortions of the FeP4 skeleton:cis P-Fe-P angles 98.1(1)–107.2(1)° andtrans P-Fe-P angle 143.3(1)°. All hydrogen atoms were refined, and the mean Fe-H separation is 1.59 A. Long Fe-P distances, 2.187(3)–2.251(3) A, emphasize the crowding in this molecule. Crystallographic data:a=11.684(4) A,b=37.793(17),c=9.765(3),β=90.81(1)°, andZ=4 in space groupP21/n (No. 14).R(F)=6.3% andRw(F)=6.0% for 2585 observed reflections collected at —162°C.
"Vanilla thrillas": modern boxing and white-ethnic masculinity.

From 2002 to 2004, Arturo Gatti and Micky Ward fought three boxing matches. The Ward—Gatti bouts produced a discourse that was never monolithic and oftentimes contradictory, yet many fight fans and journalists asserted that the match-ups hearkened back to a time when "White-ethnic" fighters ruled the ring. The manner in which these contests captured the imagination of even casual boxing fans revealed how modern conversations about race and masculinity operated not only within boxing circles but in American society as well. Though some critics charged that the fights were excessively violent, most boxing fans saw the contests as fantastic theater and urged the sport’s authorities to reward the pugilists. For White fans, the "vanilla thrillas" provided symbolic affirmations of collective masculinity that simultaneously indicated lingering racial resentments.
Mixture structure analysis using the Akaike Information Criterion and the bootstrap

Given i.i.d. observations x1,x2,x3,…,xn drawn from a mixture of normal terms, one is often interested in determining the number of terms in the mixture and their defining parameters. Although the problem of determining the number of terms is intractable under the most general assumptions, there is hope of elucidating the mixture structure given appropriate caveats on the underlying mixture. This paper examines a new approach to this problem based on the use of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) based pruning of data driven mixture models which are obtained from resampled data sets. Results of the application of this procedure to artificially generated data sets and a real world data set are provided.
Nutrition Research: State of the Art

Many have suggested that nutrition became a science with the work of Lavosier in the mid-18th century. The importance of diet, however, had been recognized and taught by the scholars of ancient Greece and Rome and most of the dietary deficiency diseases were known prior to Lavosier's research efforts. By the mid- 19th century protein, fat, and carbohydrate were determined to be sources of energy and to provide calories. During the ensuing years a tightly designed ex perimental approach evolved for determining a nutrient's essentiality and re quirements under varying growth conditions and with differing dietary mixtures.
Effects of Microwave and Various Combinations of Ambient Temperature and Humidity Exposures on Off-Host Survival of Northern Fowl Mites

When northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), were removed from their host and exposed to ambient temperatures ranging from -15 to 49 C with uncontrolled relative humidity (RH) or to temperatures ranging from .3 to 38 C with an RH of ca. 75%, mites lived longest at 4 C. However, temperatures between .3 and 26 C were also conducive to survival. Temperatures above 43 C killed the mites in less than 5 hr; mites exposed to -15 C lived up to 5 days. A constant humidity of ca. 75% was most beneficial to the mites when temperatures ranged from 33 to 38 C. Manipulation of ambient temperature and RH would be effective in exterminating the northern fowl mites on inanimate objects. Mites exposed for different periods to microwave energy at a net power ranging between 165 to 430 kw/m2 were not selectively heated to temperatures above the temperatures of the containers, nor did the irradiation have any other lethal effects on the mites.
Decreasing the stigma burden of chronic pain

Purpose To describe stigmatizing experiences in a group of Mexican-American women with chronic pain and provide clinical implications for decreasing stigma. Data sources This focused ethnographic study derived data from semistructured interviews, participant observations, and fieldwork. Participants provided detailed descriptions of communicating about chronic pain symptoms, treatment, and management. The sample consisted of 15 English-speaking Mexican-American women 21–65 years old (average age = 45.6 years) who had nonmalignant chronic pain symptoms for 1 year or more. Conclusions The cultural and social norm in the United States is the expectation for objective evidence (such as an injury) to be present if a pain condition exists. In this study, this norm created suspicion and subsequent stigmatization on the part of family, co-workers, and even those with the pain syndromes, that the painful condition was imagined instead of real. Implications for practice To decrease stigmatization of chronic pain, providers must understand their own misconceptions about chronic pain, possess the skills and resources to access and use the highest level of practice evidence available, and become an advocate for improved pain care at local, state, and national levels.
Strategies to engage clinical staff in subject recruitment.

Purpose. In many countries, meeting subject recruitment goals is challenging for researchers relying on clinical staff members (CSMs) to identify or recruit subjects. This paper describes research strategies that improved staff engagement in three different studies conducted in US clinical settings.Method. The recruitment strategies described in this paper were identified during the process of consultation among three US researchers recruiting via CSMs. Strategies which successfully engaged CSMs are described.Results. Our approach improved engagement with CSMs in three different US studies. Early engagement strategies included establishing trust, gathering input from CSMs, and using succinct training procedures as well as a study logo. Middle phase strategies included assigning recruitment, publishing a study newsletter, giving the CSMs compensation and appreciation for their participation, and expanding the subject pool. Completion strategies included closing with an appreciation meeting and adding merit...
Synthesis of ascorbic-6-14C acid.

L-ascorbic-6-14C acid with a specific activity of 3.25 μCi/mg was prepared from D-glucose-1-14C in an overall yield of 10 %. Synthetic steps were : glucose to sorbitol, sorbose, diisopropylidene sorbose, potassium diisopropylidene 2-ketogulonate, 2-ketogulonic acid and ascorbic acid. In a similar manner L-ascorbic-5-14C acid was prepared from D-glucose-2-14C. Conversion of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid to ascorbic acid was done in 0.5 M trifluoroacetic acid solution at 115°C with 2 % acetone as a decomposition inhibitor. The reaction probably proceeds via an enediol intermediate.
Thiopental combination treatments for cerebral resuscitation after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Exploratory outcome study.

Abstract We postulate that mitigating the multifactorial pathogenesis of postischemic encephalopathy requires multifaceted treatments. In preparation for expensive definitive studies, we are reporting here the results of small exploratory series, compared with historic controls with the same model. We hypothesized that the brain damage mitigating effect of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest can be enhanced with thiopental loading, and even more so with the further addition of phenytoin and methylprednisolone. Twenty-four dogs (four groups of six dogs each) received VF 12.5 min no-flow, reversed with brief cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), controlled ventilation to 20 h, and intensive care to 96 h. Group 1 with normothermia throughout and randomized group 2 with mild hypothermia (from reperfusion to 2 h) were controls. Then, group 3 received in addition, thiopental 90 mg/kg i.v. over the first 6 h. Then, group 4 received, in addition to group 2 treatment, thiopental 30 mg/kg i.v. over the first 90 min (because the larger dose had produced cardiopulmonary complications), plus phenytoin 15 mg/kg i.v. at 15 min after reperfusion, and methylprednisolone 130 mg/kg i.v. over 20 h. All dogs survived. Best overall performance categories (OPC) achieved (OPC 1=normal, OPC 5=brain death) were better in group 2 than group 1 ( P P =0.002); 21±15% in group 3 (NS vs. group 2); and 7±8% in group 4 ( P =0.08 vs. group 2). Total brain histologic damage scores (HDS) at 96 h were 156±38 in group 1; 81±12 in group 2 ( P P =0.02 vs. group 2); and 48±5 in group 4 ( P =0.02 vs. group 2). We conclude that after prolonged cardiac arrest, the already established brain damage mitigating effect of mild immediate postarrest hypothermia might be enhanced by thiopental, and perhaps then further enhanced by adding phenytoin and methylprednisolone.
Immunoglobulin content of intestinal mucosal plasma-cells in ataxia telangiectasia.

Abstract The immunoglobulin content of intestinal plasma-cells, serum-immunoglobulin concentrations, and some aspects of immunological function were studied in 6 children with ataxia telangiectasia and 17 immunologically normal children of similar age. All the children with ataxia telangiectasia had very low serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, and a reversal of the normal ratio between IgA and IgM containing plasma-cells in the rectal mucosa.
Challenging the Presumption in Favor of Markets

There is a pervasive presumption in the literature on political economy that substantial use of competitive markets is appropriate and necessary for organizing economic activity. Markets, however, ...
Classic and soma-restricted proteolipids are targeted to different subcellular compartments in oligodendrocytes.

The myelin proteolipid (PLP) gene is very active in oligodendrocytes (OLs) and generates at least four proteins: the classic PLP and DM20 proteolipids, which are associated with compact myelin and the srPLP and srDM20, which are associated with the cell soma. These proteins are extremely hydrophobic and appear to follow the biosynthetic route used by secretory proteins. In this study, we have analyzed the subcellular distribution of the newly described sr-proteolipids and compared it to that of the classic proteolipids. Immunocytochemical analysis indicates that the sr-proteolipids and classic proteolipids are found in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus of mature OLs in vitro. Whereas the classic proteolipids become associated with the myelin-like sheets elaborated by OLs, the sr-proteolipids are not targeted to the myelin leaflets. The sr-proteolipids were associated with endosomes and with recycling vesicles as determined by double immunocytochemistry with markers such as syntaxin 6 and clathrin. In vivo, immunohistochemical analysis showed a distribution of the sr-proteolipids that was similar to that obtained in vitro, with a total absence of incorporation of srproteolipids into compact myelin. This differential subcellular localization is further evidence for a biological role for these products of the PLP/DM20 gene, which is different from that of the classic proteolipids. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:477‐ 484, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crystal structures of human DNA polymerase beta complexed with gapped and nicked DNA: evidence for an induced fit mechanism.

DNA polymerase β (pol β) fills single nucleotide (nt) gaps in DNA produced by the base excision repair pathway of mammalian cells. Crystal structures have been determined representing intermediates in the 1 nt gap-filling reaction of pol β: the binary complex with a gapped DNA substrate (2.4 A resolution), the ternary complex including ddCTP (2.2 A), and the binary product complex containing only nicked DNA (2.6 A). Upon binding ddCTP to the binary gap complex, the thumb subdomain rotates into the closed conformation to contact the otherwise solvent-exposed ddCTP-template base pair. Thumb movement triggers further conformational changes which poise catalytic residue Asp192, dNTP, and template for nucleotidyl transfer, effectively assembling the active site. In the product nicked DNA complex, the thumb returns to the open conformation as in the gapped binary DNA complex, facilitating dissociation of the product. These findings suggest that pol β may enhance fidelity by an induced fit mechanism in which co...
Cooperation between microtubule- and actin-based motor proteins.

▪ Abstract Organelle transport has been proposed to proceed in two steps: long-range transport along microtubules and local delivery via actin filaments. This model is supported by recent studies o...
Decentralized control of a segmented reflector testbed

This paper outlines the ongoing research at the Structure, Pointing and Control Engineering (SPACE) Laboratory to achieve a decentralized control of a segmented reflector testbed. The main effort is concentrated on achieving the system's top-level requirements including figure maintenance of the primary mirror to within 1 micron RMS distortion with respect to a nominal shape of the primary mirror, and precision pointing with accuracy of 2 arc seconds using the decentralized control technique. Having the time realization of the system at hand permits the implementation of such strict control requirements. Therefore, this entails system identification methods to achieve such a realization. In addition, by capitalizing on the characteristics of decentralized control, a fault-tolerant pipelined parallel processing design is developed. This approach features both improved load balancing for any number of processors and tasks and allows recovery from one or more processor failures.
Identification of two sterol carrier protein‐2 like genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Two genes encoding sterol carrier protein-2 like proteins are identified from fourth instar cDNAs of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The predicted AeSCP-2like1 (AeSCP-2L1) and AeSCP-2like2 (AeSCP-2L2) proteins are small, acidic and lacking the peroxisomal targeting sequence at the C-termini. Purified recombinant AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 bind to cholesterol with a Kd of 5.4 x 10(-6) M and 2.6 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The Kd values of AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 to palmitic acid are 3.7 x 10(-7) M and 2.6 x 10(-7) M, respectively. Both genes are expressed predominantly in gut tissues. The transcripts of the AeSCP-2L1 gene are only detected in larval stages, whereas AeSCP-2L2 is expressed in larval and adult stages. AeSCP-2L2 transcription increases within 5 h after a bloodmeal and stays at high levels during vitellogenesis. In in vitro larval gut tissue cultures, AeSCP-2L1 transcripts were increased in the presence of juvenile hormone III, whereas AeSCP-2L2 mRNA levels increased in the presence 20-hydroxylecdysone. The results suggest that transcription of AeSCP-2L1 and -2L2 genes are regulated differently through the mosquito life cycle.
Alternative polyadenylation: New insights from global analyses

Recent studies have revealed widespread mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) in eukaryotes and its dynamic spatial and temporal regulation. APA not only generates proteomic and functional diversity, but also plays important roles in regulating gene expression. Global deregulation of APA has been demonstrated in a variety of human diseases. Recent exciting advances in the field have been made possible in a large part by high throughput analyses using newly developed experimental tools. Here I review the recent progress in global studies of APA and the insights that have emerged from these and other studies that use more conventional methods.
Joining of materials with millimetre-wave beam source

An 83 GHz gyrotron-based, millimetre-wave beam system is being used for a range of material processing. One very promising application of this technology is in joining of ceramic and ceramic composite materials and has unique advantages over competitive techniques. The significant advantage is localisation of heating, with the millimetre-wave beam controlled by reflective optics, permitting inexpensive fixturing and instrumentation and minimising thermal damage to components. Another is the possibility of depositing energy specifically in a narrow joint region, through a guided wave effect. A corollary advantage of the process is the possibility of very rapid thermal cycling during joining, minimising thermal degradation of materials being joined.
Feature Ranking and Support Vector Machines Classification Analysis of the NSL-KDD Intrusion Detection Corpus

Currently, signature based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) approaches are inadequate to address threats posed to networked systems by zero-day exploits. Statistical machine learning techniques offer a great opportunity to mitigate these threats. However, at this point, statistical based IDS systems are not mature enough to be implemented in realtime systems and the techniques to be used are not sufficiently understood. This study focuses on a recently expanded corpus for IDS analysis. Feature analysis and Support Vector Machines classification are performed to obtain a better understanding of the corpus and to establish a baseline set of results which can be used by other studies for comparison. Results of the classification and feature analysis are discussed.
Hemostatic factors in rabbit limb lymph: relationship to mechanisms regulating extravascular coagulation

Mechanisms regulating extravascular coagulation in interstitial fluids of peripheral tissues are poorly understood, since measurements of hemostatic factors in these fluids are unavailable. Because lymph from a body region reflects the composition of its interstitial fluid, we measured hemostatic factors in limb lymph of rabbits both as activity and as antigen. Mean lymph-to-plasma activity ratios were the following: fibrinogen, 0.28; prothrombin, 0.26; factor X, 0.27; factor VII, 0.17; and factors V and VIII, 0.08. All lymph fibrinogen was clottable; fibrin degradation products were absent. Lymph von Willebrand factor antigen was <10% of plasma antigen and consisted primarily of lower molecular weight multimers. Mean lymph-to-plasma activity ratio for antithrombin was 0.38 and for tissue factor pathway inhibitor the ratio was 0.40. Low levels of antithrombin-factor Xa were measurable in lymph. The data are compatible with a basal factor VIIa-tissue factor-catalyzed extravascular activation of factor X that is prevented from progressing to generation of fibrin in limb interstitial fluid and lymph by low levels of factor VIII and factor V and by the inhibitory activity of antithrombin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
Asymmetric Volatility in Oil Futures

I test for the presence of asymmetric volatility in the Brent and Light crude oil futures markets. My investigation is based on a variant of the heterogeneous autoregressive volatility model, using daily realized variance and return series from 2004 through 2009. I find that a decline in oil futures leads to significantly higher volatility in Brent and Light crude futures. Relative to volatility on days following a positive one-standard-deviation return, volatility on days following a negative one-standard-deviation return are higher by 22% for Brent futures and 35% for Light futures. These results are robust to the removal of the jump component from realized volatility. The asymmetry in Light crude futures appears to be embedded in the continuous component of realized volatility, while the jump component of the realized volatility does seem to play a role in determining the level of volatility, but not its asymmetry.
A Classical Physical Therapy Approach to the Overactive Pelvic Floor

Pelvic floor physical therapists are an essential part of a multidisciplinary team approach to treating overactive pelvic floor musculoskeletal dysfunctions in men and women. This chapter reviews various treatment techniques that pelvic floor physical therapists use to treat overactive pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and pelvic pain. It examines myofascial trigger point release, joint and neural mobilization, core mobility and stability, and bladder, bowel and pelvic floor muscle retraining.
The effect of cochleostomy on the development of endolymphatic hydrops--morphologic changes in the rabbit cochlea.

The present study was designed to examine the effects of cochieostomy on the development of endolymphatic hydrops in the rabbit. Fistulization of the cochlear partition and simultaneous obstruction of the endolymphatic duct was performed in one group of animals (n = 13). Rabbits in two other groups underwent either cochleostomy (n = 6) or endolymphatic duct obstruction (n = 6) alone. Animals were terminated at 1-, 4-, and 6-week Intervals and the cochleas were examined with the light microscope to document the presence or absence of hydrops, or were evaluated with the scanning electron microscope to assess sensory-cell damage. Hydrops was observed In 67% of the animals In the combined duct-obstruction/cochleostomy group, In 100% of the duct-obstruction alone group, and In 0% of the cochleostomy alone group. Widespread sensory-cell degeneration was observed with the scanning electron microscope in the combined and the cochleostomy alone groups.
Partisanship and Non-Partisanship Among American Indians

This research examines the partisan inclinations of American Indians, a minority population with a complicated history with the U.S. government and American society. The empirical analyses identify...
I Don’t Think I Click: A Protocol Analysis Study of Use of a Library Online Catalog in the Internet Age

A protocol analysis study was undertaken to explore how a Web-savvy generation of library users searches the online catalog. Eighteen users, including experienced and novice searchers, were recruited. Participants agreed to be recorded and to express their thoughts aloud while searching. Analysis of these data has revealed several distinct trends. Most notable among these trends has been the impact of Internet search engines on user expectations. Given the influence of the Web, these assumptions are likely common throughout higher education. This research reveals where bottlenecks occur and provides insights into how libraries can design systems that help users around trouble spots.
Electrostatically Tuned Self-Assembly of Branched Amphiphilic Peptides

Electrostatics plays an important role in the self-assembly of amphiphilic peptides. To develop a molecular understanding of the role of the electrostatic interactions, we develop a coarse-grained model peptide and apply self-consistent field theory to investigate the peptide assembly into a variety of aggregate nanostructures. We find that the presence and distribution of charged groups on the hydrophilic branches of the peptide can modify the molecular configuration from extended to collapsed. This change in molecular configuration influences the packing into spherical micelles, cylindrical micelles (nanofibers), or planar bilayers. The effects of charge distribution therefore have important implications for the design and utility of functional materials based on peptides.
Analysis on Epidemic Dynamics and Trend of Infectious Diseases in Kunshan from 1950 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemic dynamics of infectious diseases after the establishment of report system for the diseases,and to investigate the situation of control and prevention of the infectious diseases in Kunshan City. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe and analyze the data about infectious diseases reported during the past 60 years. Results The total reported incidence and mortality decreased significantly.The average incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2010 dropped by 91.33% and 98.72% respectively,compared with those in 1950s.There was a tendency of increase in the mortality before 1960s and a tendency of decline after 1960s.The total reported mortality took a decreasing trend beginning from 1960s.There was an obvious change in the spectrum of infectious diseases. Conclusions The remarkable achievements were gained in the control and prevention of infectious diseases from 1950 to 2010 in Kunshan City.But there is still a big challenge in the infectious diseases prevention and control because of the double threats of both old and new infectious diseases.
Toxicological Effects of Heavy Metals on Algae

The interaction between algae and heavy metal was discussed in four aspects. Due to the seriously harmful effects of heavy metals on water body, it is very important to purify heavy metals polluted wastewater with algae.
Stereospecific Metabolism of the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine, NNAL

Among the most potent carcinogens in tobacco are the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) being the most potent as well as one of the most abundant. NNK is extensively metabolized to the equally carcinogenic 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Of the two NNAL enantiomers, (S)-NNAL not only appears to be preferentially glucuronidated and excreted in humans but also exhibits higher stereoselective tissue retention in mice and humans and has been shown to be more carcinogenic in mice than its (R) counterpart. Due to the differential carcinogenic potential of the NNAL enantiomers, it is increasingly important to know which UGT enzyme targets the specific NNAL enantiomers for glucuronidation. To examine this, a chiral separation method was developed to isolate enantiomerically pure (S)- and (R)-NNAL. Comparison of NNAL glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs) formed in reactions of UGT2B7-, UGT2B17-, UGT1A9-, and UGT2B10-overexpressing cell microsomes with pure NNAL enantiomers showed large differences in kinetics for (S)- versus (R)-NNAL, indicating varying levels of enantiomeric preference for each enzyme. UGT2B17 preferentially formed (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc, and UGT2B7 preferentially formed (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc. When human liver microsomes (HLM) were independently incubated with each NNAL enantiomer, the ratio of (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc to (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc formation in HLM from subjects exhibiting the homozygous deletion UGT2B17 (*2/*2) genotype was significantly lower (p = 0.012) than that with HLM from wild-type (*1/*1) subjects. There was a significant trend (p = 0.015) toward a decreased (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc/(S)-NNAL-O-Gluc ratio as the copy number of the UGT2B17*2 deletion allele increased. These data demonstrate that variations in the expression or activity of specific UGTs may affect the clearance of specific NNAL enantiomers known to induce tobacco-related cancers.
The Promise of the Cross Examination Debate Association.

This essay provides a three part overview of CEDA debate: a brief history of the origins and growth of CEDA, an introduction to current practices, and a summary of the greatest strengths of CEDA de...
Environmental and political implications of Vietnam's water vulnerabilities: A multiscale assessment

Vietnam's low-lying areas of the Lower Mekong Basin are prone to floods, salt water inundation, and riparian competition with upstream neighbours. Vietnam's opening to the global economy, accompanied by industrialization and a rapidly growing population, impose multiscale (global, regional, local) stresses on urban and rural water systems resulting in water contamination and groundwater overdraft. Water vulnerability is a function of both natural and social hazards and depends on the scope of capital investment, political and ideological institutions, managerial capacity and governance. Water distribution and riparian ecosystem health are also hydropolitical issues related to dam-building activity by Vietnam and its transboundary neighbours, Laos, Cambodia and particularly China, whose territory contains the source of the Mekong River. A multiscale assessment of Vietnam's interlinked water vulnerabilities indicates that the resilience of the country's social-ecological water system rests on peaceful resolution of regional transboundary conflicts based on shared economic interests and on improved managerial practices of local authorities.
Modeling Arc in Transverse Magnetic Field by Using Minimum Principle

A method to calculate the properties of a high-current arc exposed to a transverse magnetic field is proposed. Using only the arc current and the magnetic field, the method predicts the arc size, electric field, temperature, and velocity of the arc. Comparison is presented for the calculated arc velocity V as a function of the magnetic field B with the available experimental data. The computed velocity of a 100-A arc at one atmosphere showed that: 1) the functional dependence of $V(B) \sim B^{\mathrm {0.63}}$ is close to that experimentally observed and 2) the difference between the computed velocity and the experimental one does not exceed the factor of 2 in a wide diapason of magnetic fields. The prediction of the velocity of an arc at superhigh pressure (100 atm) is made.
Digital Implementation of EPLL

This chapter discusses the digital implementation of the enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL). Its employment as a resonant controller in the context of two practical applications is presented and discussed. This controller has high robustness for digital implementations in applications involving low sampling frequency or applications involving fixed-point word-length limitations at high sampling frequency. Moreover, it offers the frequency adaptivity and phase compensation features. The chapter begins with a discussion on first-order digitization. The linear time invariant (LTI)-EPLL offers high robustness features for digital implementations. The chapter also illustrates some aspects of this robustness by way of numerical examples. It studies the application of the EPLL as a resonant controller with desirable numerical robustness and phase compensation ability.
Distinct Neural Activities in Premotor Cortex during Natural Vocal Behaviors in a New World Primate, the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Although evidence from human studies has long indicated the crucial role of the frontal cortex in speech production, it has remained uncertain whether the frontal cortex in nonhuman primates plays a similar role in vocal communication. Previous studies of prefrontal and premotor cortices of macaque monkeys have found neural signals associated with cue- and reward-conditioned vocal production, but not with self-initiated or spontaneous vocalizations (Coude et al., 2011; Hage and Nieder, 2013), which casts doubt on the role of the frontal cortex of the Old World monkeys in vocal communication. A recent study of marmoset frontal cortex observed modulated neural activities associated with self-initiated vocal production (Miller et al., 2015), but it did not delineate whether these neural activities were specifically attributed to vocal production or if they may result from other nonvocal motor activity such as orofacial motor movement. In the present study, we attempted to resolve these issues and examined single neuron activities in premotor cortex during natural vocal exchanges in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal New World primate. Neural activation and suppression were observed both before and during self-initiated vocal production. Furthermore, by comparing neural activities between self-initiated vocal production and nonvocal orofacial motor movement, we identified a subpopulation of neurons in marmoset premotor cortex that was activated or suppressed by vocal production, but not by orofacial movement. These findings provide clear evidence of the premotor cortex9s involvement in self-initiated vocal production in natural vocal behaviors of a New World primate. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Human frontal cortex plays a crucial role in speech production. However, it has remained unclear whether the frontal cortex of nonhuman primates is involved in the production of self-initiated vocalizations during natural vocal communication. Using a wireless multichannel neural recording technique, we observed in the premotor cortex neural activation and suppression both before and during self-initiated vocalizations when marmosets, a highly vocal New World primate species, engaged in vocal exchanges with conspecifics. A novel finding of the present study is the discovery of a subpopulation of premotor cortex neurons that was activated by vocal production, but not by orofacial movement. These observations provide clear evidence of the premotor cortex9s involvement in vocal production in a New World primate species.
Gonadal Steroid Actions on Brain

Gonadal steroids affect many structures in the brain and other areas of the nervous system. These molecules also undergo metabolism in several brain sites, and the interactions of the resulting products influence brain development, behavior and neuroendocrine function. The brain can be viewed as a second endocrine system in which steroid conversions and cellular actions occur, since it consists of varied regions and cell types, which exhibit a spectrum of metabolic activities. Many expressed proteins and molecular interactions in the nervous system resemble or are the same as those of classically defined endocrine tissues that are selective for different steroids.
On the capacity of diffusion-based molecular timing channels with diversity

This work introduces a class of molecular timing (MT) channels, where information is modulated on the release timing of multiple indistinguishable information particles and decoded from the times of arrival at the receiver. The particles are assumed to have a finite lifetime. The capacity of the MT channel, as well as an upper bound on this capacity, are derived for the case where information particles are released simultaneously by the transmitter. Two lower bounds for this capacity are also discussed.
A New Holocene Species of Globorotalia

Bottom samples from the Gulf of Mexico were obtained in order to study planktonic foraminiferal assemblages. The samples represent the uppermost sediments recovered during coring operations of the U.S.N.S. Kane (Cruise 939014) and the R. V. Alaminos (Traverse 64-A-9). A new species of Globorotalia Cushman, 1927, is present at six of the stations (Table 1).
Dynamic RNA Modifications in Gene Expression Regulation

Over 100 types of chemical modifications have been identified in cellular RNAs. While the 5′ cap modification and the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA play key roles in regulation, internal modifications are gaining attention for their roles in mRNA metabolism. The most abundant internal mRNA modification is N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and identification of proteins that install, recognize, and remove this and other marks have revealed roles for mRNA modification in nearly every aspect of the mRNA life cycle, as well as in various cellular, developmental, and disease processes. Abundant noncoding RNAs such as tRNAs, rRNAs, and spliceosomal RNAs are also heavily modified and depend on the modifications for their biogenesis and function. Our understanding of the biological contributions of these different chemical modifications is beginning to take shape, but it’s clear that in both coding and noncoding RNAs, dynamic modifications represent a new layer of control of genetic information.
Ramp-rate control strategy for distributed PV-ESS AC-stacked inverter architecture

Ramp-rate control smooths out sudden photovoltaic (PV) output variations by charging and discharging electricity through an energy storage system (ESS). This paper describes the ramp-rate control strategy adapted to the new modular panel-level grid-connected single-phase PV inverter architecture, distributed PV-ESS AC-stacked inverter, and its control capability. The modular inverter members including PV inverters and ESS are connected in series and regulating each member's output in decentralized manner. To minimize the communication requirements between the PV inverters and the ESS, the ESS utilizes the local AC string current measurement to detect PV output variations for the ramp-rate control. Feasibility and effectiveness of proposed control scheme have been demonstrated and verified through a controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) test.
On the Determinants and Regulation of Impulsive Aggression

It has long been a virtual truism throughout the social sciences that people’s actions result from their decisions, whether these are made consciously or unconsciously. Standard economics and the other decision sciences obviously take this idea for granted as they focus on how people choose among alternative courses of action by considering the costs and benefits of each. This decision assumption is also pervasive in contemporary sociology and social psychology (as can be seen, for example, in the great popularity of the Fishbein-Ajzen [e.g., Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980] theory of reasoned action). Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic conceptions of personality essentially also share in this view when they maintain that people’s actions are virtually always carried out in deliberate pursuit of some conscious or unconscious goal.
Data-driven parameter estimation for optimal connected cruise control

In this paper we propose a data-based algorithm to identify parameters in a human car-following model, in order to facilitate the implementation of connected cruise control in real traffic. We first present a four-car experiment where the trajectory of each vehicle is recorded. Using the experimental data we identify the car-following parameters for each driver. Using the mean values of human parameters, we implement an optimal connected cruise controller on the last vehicle in the four-car string. We demonstrate by numerical simulation that the optimal connected vehicle design based on human parameter estimation has much smaller variations in headway and velocity, and acceleration compared with the human driver.