cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A histochemical profile of lichen simplex.

SUMMARY Enzyme histochemical tests were performed on biopsies taken from patches of lichen simplex in eighteen patients and the results were contrasted with previous findings in psoriasis and lichen planus. The mitochondria! enzyme reactions were found to be increased within the epidermis, differing from those in lichen planus, in which there is a decreased density of reaction product for these tests. The non-specific esterase band was increased in width in lichen simplex contrasting with the absence of a discrete band in psoriasis. The DOPA reaction demonstrated the presence of positively reacting cells in the basal layer, and the ATPase reaction showed that there were many ATPase positive dendritic cells within the epidermis. It appears that in lichen simplex there is hyperplasia of all components of the epidermis in contrast to psoriasis where it seems the hyperplasia is almost restricted to keratinocytes.
Temporal development of the behavioral effects of herpes encephalitis in mice

The temporal development of behavioral effects due to central nervous system infection with the herpes simplex type 1 virus was examined in two mouse models. Following infection of adult female NYA/Nylar mice with the HF strain of herpes, or adult female BALB/c mice with the F strain, the majority of animals survived. An increase in motor activity observed 7 days following infection of NYA/Nylar mice coincided in time with a decline in brain virus titers. Likewise, an increase in errors occurring during serial-reversal performance in a water Y-maze was observed 8 days following infection of Balb/c mice and coincided with the declining phase of the viral growth curve. Taken together, these results suggest that processes involved in the elimination of the virus from the brain, such as the cellular immune response, may be important in the development of behavioral effects produced by nonfatal herpes encephalitis.
B-Scan Ultrasonic Imaging With An Automated Water-Delay System

Although water delay B-scanners were first developed in the early 1950's, they proved to be quite inflexible and awkward for the patient, who was actually submerged in a water tank. Since the mid 1960's water offset ultrasonic techniques have been refined at the Ultrasonics Institute of the Australian Government. National Acoustics Laboratories. There, the efforts of Dr. George Kossoff have resulted in the production of a practical B-scanning system (1,2). It is called the U.I. (Ultrasonics Institute) Octoson.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ce-doped scintillators: LSO and LuAP

Abstract In this paper we compare the scintillator performance of the two of the leading contenders for Positron Emission Tomography, both cerium doped: Lu 2 SiO 5 (LSO) and LuAlO 3 (LuAP). LSO crystals come in two categories, characterized by high (H) or low (L) light output. Such a distinction is not found in LuAP, but its output is consistently lower than that of LSO-H. Based on decays, thermoluminescent data and dependence of light output on temperature, we conclude that the principal reason for the superior properties of LSO-H is its virtual absence of shallow traps. LuAP also suffers from an additional handicap in the form of a parasitic absorption of unknown origin, which causes a light output dependence on the thickness of the sample.
Consistency of the Effects of Rate of Speech on Brain-Damaged Adults' Comprehension of Narrative Discourse

An experiment was carried out to assess the effects of slow and fast speech rate on comprehension of narrative discourse by aphasic, right-hemisphere-damaged, and non-brain-damaged adults. Aphasic ...
Role of primary and secondary protein structure in neurotransmitter receptor activation mechanisms.

A proton transfer triggered by a ligand interacting with the receptor had been suggested as the initial step in the activation of a receptor for the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine; 5-HT). To evaluate the role of the receptor macromolecule in modulating the primary molecular event in ligand-mediated activation, the process of proton transfer was analysed in the environment of a protein model for the 5-HT receptor. In the absence of a detailed receptor structure, the enzyme actinidin was chosen as the model for the receptor based on criteria obtained from structure-activity considerations on the ligands. The first simulation of a mechanism for receptor activation was performed on this model using methods of theoretical chemistry to study the effect of specific structural elements. The premise is that the role of the elements of secondary structure of soluble proteins (e.g. actinidin) in determining structure-function relations in these macromolecules is maintained when these elements are part of membrane-bound receptor proteins. Results from the calculations of the effects of the six alpha helices of actinidin on the proton transfer process from the imidazolium side chain of His 162 to the thiol side chain of Cys 25 in the protein show that the helices contribute in different ways to modulate the energy of proton transfer. The largest helix, A1, opposes the proton transfer through the effect of the helix dipole. The charged residues (primary structure) in helix A3 favor the proton transfer, and mask the effect of its helix dipole (secondary structure) which opposes the transfer. The direction of the proton transfer simulated for the activation mechanism is opposite to that assumed in the catalytic process of the thiol protease, and the entire protein environment opposes the transfer. This supports the specific role of the ligand in triggering the proton transfer as a response to its binding.
Complete remission in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and leukolymphosarcoma

Seven instances of complete remission, confirmed by bone marrow aspiration, were observed among 202 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and leukolymphosarcoma treated during a 10-year period. Review of these cases and of 10 instances reported by others revealed that complete remission of disseminated lymphoproliferative disease was observed more frequently after x-ray irradiation than after other modalities of treatment and that many remissions followed treatment which might be considered inadequate. The authors conclude that host factors must have played a major role in these cases but that in almost all of them improvement was clearly related to the administration of specific therapy. A characteristic pattern of response was associated with each therapeutic modality and x-ray irradiation produced the most rapid correction of circulating lymphocytosis.
Forward falling labour supply and monopsony equilibrium with an application to LDC labour markets

This paper demonstrates that labour supply curves can be forward falling just as they can be backward bending. Both types of supply curves are consistent with utility maximizing behaviour. Both types of supply curve lead to the possibility of multiple equilibria. A monopsonist's global profit maximum always occurs in the positively sloping segment of a backward bending labour supply curve. But if the supply curve is forward falling, the global maximum is always in the negatively sloping segment. When applied to LDCs the presence of monopsony in a labour market with forward falling labour supply provides new insights into the behaviour of output following land reform.
Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy: First Report in a Chinese Male

Abstract Only seven patients with lipoprotein glomerulopathy have been reported, all in Japanese subjects. We describe the first Chinese patient with lipoprotein glomerulopathy, a 28-year-old man followed for 8 years. As in all patients described thus far, our patient has hyperlipoproteinemia phenotypically similar to the familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia, a high serum level of apolipoprotein E (apo E) (but with the heterozygous E 2/3 isoform instead of the E 2/2 isoform), and the absence of the typical clinical features associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. The common clinical presentation is the nephrotic syndrome. The characteristic pathologic features are concentrically layered vacuolated lipid "thrombi" in distended glomerular capillary lumens that contain β/pre-β lipoprotein. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate lipoprotein "thrombi" staining for apo E and apo B, but not apo A-I, apo A-II, or apo J. Immunoglobulins, complement, and fibrin are absent or present in trace amounts. The longterm follow-up demonstrates progressive deterioration of renal function despite lipolytic therapy. The apparent predilection of lipoprotein glomerulopathy in Orientals, particularly Japanese subjects, is poorly understood, but appears to be related to genetic factors. The cause of the hyperlipoproteinemia and lipoprotein "thrombi" containing apo E and apo B is unknown, but is possibly related to defective receptor-binding mechanisms.
Reformed undergraduate instruction and its subsequent impact on secondary school teaching practice and student achievement

The Arizona Collaborative for Excellence in the Preparation of Teachers (ACEPT) Program is one of several reform efforts supported by the National Science Foundation. The primary ACEPT reform mechanism has been month-long summer workshops in which university and community college science and mathematics faculty learn about instructional reforms and then attempt to apply them in their courses. Previous ACEPT evaluation efforts suggest that, when implemented, the reforms boost undergraduate student achievement. The initial purpose of the present study was to discover whether enrollment of preservice teachers in one or more of these reformed undergraduate courses is linked to the way they teach after they graduate and become in-service teachers. Assuming that a link is found, a second purpose was to discover whether the presumed positive effect is in turn linked to their students' achievement. In short, the answer appears to be yes, at least among the biology teachers and students surveyed. Compared with controls, the biology teachers who had enrolled in one or more ACEPT reformed course during their teacher preparation program demonstrated significantly higher scores on the measure of reformed instruction and their students demonstrated significantly higher achievement in terms of scientific reasoning, nature of science, and biology concepts. These results support the hypothesis that teachers teach as they have been taught. Furthermore, it appears that instructional reform in teacher preparation programs including both methods and major's courses can improve secondary school student achievement. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 939–957, 2003
Printability of buried mask defects in extreme UV lithography

A programmed-defect mask consisting of both bump- and pit-type defects on the LTEM mask substrate has been successfully fabricated. It is seen that pit-type defects are less printable because they are more smoothed out by the employed MLM deposition process. Specifically, all bump-type defects print even at the smallest height split of 1.7 nm whereas pit-type defects print only at the largest depth split of 5.7 nm. At this depth, the largest nonprintable 1D and 2D defect widths are about 23 nm and 64 nm, respectively.
An Evaluation of the Regression Discrepancy Method for Identifying Children With Learning Disabilities

A learning disability (LD) exists if a child's academic achievement lags significantly behind intellectual ability and there is no other known cause for the discrepancy. The Regression Discrepancy Method using multiple regression for identifying LD children directly parallels the theoretical definition. It involves giving both an ability and an achievement test, which are normed together. An anticipated achievement score is computed for each child based on ability, grade level, and sex. Then, for each ability score, the 10% whose actual achievement is most discrepant from their anticipated achievement are identified as likely LD. In comparing this method with other identification techniques, the author discusses its advantages and limitations, pointing out that while it is conceptually and methodologically superior to other approaches, it is nonetheless seriously deficient as a sole criterion for LD identification. In an area so fraught with definitional and instrumentation problems, provision should be m...
Humanin rescues human cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells from Aβ‐induced toxicity

Cerebral amyloid β-protein (Aβ) angiopathy (CAA) is a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. We have used human cerebrovascular smooth muscle (HCSM) cells as an in vitro model system to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of the pathology of CAA. It was previously demonstrated that certain pathogenic forms of Aβ induce several pathologic responses in these cells, including fibril assembly at the cell surface, increased levels of Aβ precursor, degradation of HCSM cell α-actin and cell death. The recently discovered novel rescue factor humanin (HN) was shown to protect neuronal cells in culture from various AD-relevant insults including treatment with Aβ. In this report we investigated whether the HN peptide could rescue HCSM cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. We found that treatment of HCSM cells with 10 μm HN prevented pathogenic Aβ-induced HCSM cell death using a fluorescent cell viability assay, and degradation of HCSM α-actin was diminished shown by quantitative immunoblotting. However, Aβ deposition and fibril formation at the cell surface and increased levels of cell-associated AβPP were not affected by treatment with HN as demonstrated by a thioflavin T fluorescence assay and immunochemical methods, respectively. These results suggest that the protective effects of HN occur downstream of these cell surface molecular events. This is the first demonstration of a rescue factor for HCSM cells from Aβ-mediated cell death as well as being the first report to show that neuronal cells and HCSM cells may share a common downstream mechanism in the Aβ-induced cell death pathway.
The Multiple Metal-Metal Bond: Twenty-Five Years of Synthetic Serendipity and Structural Discovery

The development of the field of multiple bond chemistry had as its genesis the studies in the early 1960’s by Cotton and co-workers that established the existence of salts of the {[ReX4]−}n anions (X = Cl or Br) that differed in nuclearity (n = 2 or 3).1,2
Self-Interest and Virtue

The Aristotelian view that the moral virtues–the virtues of character informed by practical wisdom–are essential to an individual's happiness, and are thus in an individual's self-interest, has been little discussed outside of purely scholarly contexts. With a few exceptions, contemporary philosophers have tended to be suspicious of Aristotle's claims about human nature and the nature of rationality and happiness (eudaimonia). But recent scholarship has offered an interpretation of the basic elements of Aristotle's views of human nature and happiness, and of reason and virtue, that brings them more into line with common-sense thinking and with contemporary philosophical and empirical psychology. This makes it fruitful to reexamine the question of the role of virtue in self-interest.
Guides and Specifications for the Use of Composites in Concrete and Masonry Construction in North America

This paper covers the latest developments in the preparation of design guidelines, construction specifications, and inspection and quality control recommendations related to the use of composites in construction. The forms of FRP composites addressed are limited to bars and laminates for reinforcement of concrete and masonry structures (new construction and repair/rehabilitation). FRP bars are being used as the internal reinforcement in concrete members when the conventional steel bars may be undesirable for a host of reasons (e.g., corrosion), and principles for design and construction have been established and proposed to industry by the American Concrete Institute (ACI). Conversely, strengthening of concrete members with externally bonded FRP composites in the form of laminates or near surface mounted (NSM) bars can now be considered an “acceptable practice.” Also in this case, the design and construction principles for use in practice are being finalized by ACI. The drivers for FRP strengthening technology are several, but perhaps the most relevant one is the ease of installation. On the wave of historical structures restoration projects conducted in Europe, there is an increasing interest in masonry-type applications even though no institution-sanctioned guidelines are available at present.
Phase aberration correction by correlation in digital holographic adaptive optics

We present a phase aberration correction method based on the correlation between the complex full-field and guide-star holograms in the context of digital holographic adaptive optics (DHAO). Removal of a global quadratic phase term before the correlation operation plays an important role in the correction. Correlation operation can remove the phase aberration at the entrance pupil plane and automatically refocus the corrected optical field. Except for the assumption that most aberrations lie at or close to the entrance pupil, the presented method does not impose any other constraints on the optical systems. Thus, it greatly enhances the flexibility of the optical design for DHAO systems in vision science and microscopy. Theoretical studies show that the previously proposed Fourier transform DHAO (FTDHAO) is just a special case of this general correction method, where the global quadratic phase term and a defocus term disappear. Hence, this correction method realizes the generalization of FTDHAO into arbitrary DHAO systems. The effectiveness and robustness of this method are demonstrated by simulations and experiments.
Prejudice as Self-Control Failure1

Research has suggested that whereas stereotypical attitudes may be automatically activated, the response to these stereotypes can be controlled. Anything that interferes with self-control may result in more biased behavior. The ego strength model hypothesizes that after exerting self-control, subsequent self-control performance will suffer. Hence, depletion of ego strength may lead to increased prejudice. In 2 studies, depletion was found only to affect individuals who normally try to control their prejudicial responses. Participants who do not normally try to control their use of stereotypes were equally prejudiced, regardless of their level of ego strength. The results have implications for prejudice and stereotyping, as well as models of self-control.
Institutional Frictions and Technological Unemployment

I. The argument that labor-saving improvements release purchasing power and so reabsorb displaced labor, 684.— The fallacy in this argument, 686.— Circumstances under which the displaced labor will be reabsorbed, 687.— II. Effect of price reduction, 688; of restrictions upon credit and wage rates, 690.— III. Effect of price maintenance, 692; of lower interest rates, 693.— IV. The effect of universal monopoly upon unemployment, 696.— Quasi-monopoly control of prices contrasted with rigid control of wage-rates, 697.
Lucinactant: a novel synthetic surfactant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome.

Lucinactant (Surfaxin®, Discovery Laboratories) is a synthetic surfactant, which contains the novel peptide, sinapultide, a surfactant-associated proteinB mimic. Randomised clinical trials suggest that this compound is a safe and effective treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. It is also being actively investigated for other indications, including meconium aspiration syndrome, treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates, acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. A novel aerosol formulation administered with nasal continuous positive airway pressure is also under development for treatment of respiratory insufficiency in neonates. Its non-animal origin may make it an attractive alternative to present animal-derived surfactants by eliminating the risks of infection and immunogenicity related to the latter.
Intercellular junctions between the follicle cells and oocytes of Xenopus laevis

During development, the oocytes of Xenopus laevis establish junctional contact with the follicle cells enveloping them. These junctions have alternatively been described as desmosomes and as gap junctions. In this paper the morphology of these junctions has been examined in gonadotropin-stimulated and unstimulated animals at all stages of development. Contact between the oocyte and follicle cell plasma membranes is visible in stage I oocytes as thickenings in the membranes, separated by intercellular spaces of 20nm or greater. By stage III in unstimulated oocytes and stage II in gonadotropin-stimulated oocytes, intermembrane spaces at these junctional contacts are often reduced to 2 to 7 nm in width. These narrow intermembrane spaces persist through early stage IV, with greater frequency of occurrence in oocytes taken from hormonally stimulated animals. The closeness of these junctional contacts, and the permeability of the junctional spaces to intercellular tracer substances, supports the evidence that these are gap junctions.
Dynamic excitations of nanomagnet magnetization driven by spin-polarized current

A current of spin-polarized electrons injected into a metallic nanomagnet exerts torque on the magnetization and may excite magnetization autooscillations. The aim of present work is to study spectral and transient properties of such excitations. We study current-driven excitations in a permalloy (Py) elliptical nanomagnet. We also make time-resolved measurements of the ac voltage generated by the current-driven excitations using a storage oscilloscope.
BP Operations and Morava's Extraordinary K-Theories

In a series of papers [17-19] Morava uses an infinite sequence of extraordinary K-theories to give an elegant structure theorem for the complex cobordism of a finite complex. Much of Morava's theory is embedded in a rather sophisticated algebraic setting. In our attempt to understand his work, we have found more conventional algebraic topological proofs of many of his results. Also, our approach has yielded new contributions to the general Morava program. We hope this paper will help make Morava's work more accessible and ease the transition between standard algebraic topology and Morava's exposition. Morava is forced by his algebraic setting to work throughout with complex cobordism, MU*(). We can work directly with Brown-Peterson homology where many of the phenomena we are studying are more transparent. BP denotes the Brown-Peterson spectrum at a fixed prime p [-1, 7, 21]. This spectrum gives a multiplicative homology theory, BP,( ) , with coefficient ring BP, = 9 (p~ Iv 1 . . . . , v . . . . . 7. (Zcp) is the ring of integers localized at the prime p. The dimension of the polynomial generator v, is 2(p"1).) The operation ring for BP, BP*(BP), operates on BP,=BP,(S~ One of the first benefits of our approach was an easy direct proof of the invariant prime ideal theorem.
SHORT COMMUNICATION The Effects of Perturbations on the Flammability Limits

Abstract Based on the mechanism of heat losses, the known effects of external disturbances (pressure waves or turbulences) on the flammability limits are explained. This includes the sensitivity of near-limit flames to perturbations and the flame quenching by disturbances. The significance of the unstable solution as the criterion for dynamic extinction is stressed.
Plant density affects measures of biodiversity effects

Aims: We tested for the effect of final sowing plant density (i.e. density of established seedlings) on the values of biodiversity effects [transgressive overyielding, net effect, complementarity effect (CE) and selection effect (SE), trait-dependent complementarity and dominance effect] in a glasshouse pot experiment. Methods: We conducted a single-season (4 months) glasshouse experiment. Species monocultures and mixtures containing up to four common meadow species from different functional groups were sown and subsequently thinned to five density levels (8–128 individuals per pot, i.e. 200–3200 individuals m � 2 ). Community functioning was characterized by yield (both living and dead biomass) of all constituent species. Important Findings: Our results show that plant density (final sowing density in our case, but this finding can be generalized) affects the yields of both monocultures and mixtures. As these and their relationships are the basis for calculation of biodiversity effects, these effects also varied along the density gradient. Net biodiversity effect, CE and SE all increased with density. The net biodiversity effect and the CE switched from negative to quite positive in the four-species mixture. Using Fox’s tripartite partitioning, trait-dependent complementarity was minor in comparison to the dominance effect. One of our experimental species did not follow the density–productivity relationship, called constant final yield (CFY), which was reflected in the biodiversity measures. The shape of the density–productivity relationship for experimental species affects also the values of biodiversity indices, particularly when species do not follow the CFY relationship. According to our data and recent simulation experiments, the values of commonly used biodiversity effects can be rather misleading if a species has, e.g. a unimodal dependence of yield for the density gradient and the density level used in the experiment is higher than the peak density.
Exact Time-Domain Second-Order Adjoint-Sensitivity Computation for Linear Circuit Analysis and Optimization

Classical adjoint-sensitivity analysis provides an elegant framework to efficiently compute the first-order sensitivities of a few circuit performances with respect to many circuit parameters. However, the computed sensitivity qualities are incremental in nature, hence only reflecting the performance changes under small perturbations of circuit parameters. In this paper, we rigorously extend the classical adjoint-sensitivity analysis and provide an efficient formulation for computing time-domain second-order adjoint sensitivities for linear circuits. This new formulation not only computes the exact second-order sensitivities but also has a linear complexity in the number of parameters. Specifically, it only takes P+2 transient runs to compute all O(P 2) first- and second-order performance sensitivities, where P is the number of parameters. Circuit examples are included to demonstrate the proposed formulation under the context of parametric circuit analysis and optimization.
How Advertising Influences Consumption Impulses

This paper examines some of the key factors that determine how hedonic advertising appeals influence consumption impulses. Study 1 demonstrates that when advertising appeals vividly describe the pleasures of consumption rather than the utilitarian functions of the product, message recipients are able to visualize the emotions they are likely to experience during the consumption process. These anticipated emotions, once activated, may be so overwhelming that a tug-of-war between impulse and self-restraint occurs, prompting message recipients to generate excuses to justify yielding to their consumption impulses. Study 2 replicates this process and goes further by showing how hedonic appeals influence taste anticipation and consumption impulses. Ideas for future research and implications for advertising researchers and practitioners are also discussed.
Studies on the Synthesis of Furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine C-Nucleosides: New Inosine Analogues with Antiprotozoan Activity

Abstract Methods are described for the synthesis of the α and β anomers of 7-D−ribofuranosylfuro[3,2-d]pyrimidines substituted at C-4 with either amino, oxo, thiono, or methylthio groups. The analogous 2,4-dithiono compounds are also described. The key steps involve the LDA-promoted cyclizations of the cyano ethers 3 and 14 to give, respectively, the substituted furan C-nucleosides A and 16. After separation of anomers, these compounds were subjected to a number of pyrimidine-ring-forming reactions to give the desired bicyclic C-nucleosides. The adenosine analogue 13 is markedly cytotoxic to mouse L1210 cells in vitro, and the inosine analogue 20 shows activity against the pathogenic protozoans Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma gambiense.
Rac1 mediates intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis via JNK

Apoptosis plays a key role in the maintenance of a constant cell number and a low incidence of cancer in the mucosa of the intestine. Although the small GTPase Rac1 has been established as an impor...
Neoliberalizing Higher Education in Greece: New Laws, Old Free-Market Tricks:

Amid a financial crisis that has shifted politics in Greece to conservative market-driven ideologies and policies, specific major changes are proposed by the Greek Ministry of Education for primary, secondary and higher education. With the gradual disappearance of public space and of the welfare state, under the pressure and the auspices of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), education becomes one more space quickly geared up towards privatization, marketization of learning and educational goals while the character of free public education is radically redefined. This article addresses the changes in higher education legislation and policy in Greece and analyzes the discursive constructions that legitimize such a change.
Governance Lessons from the Private Equity Industry

The private equity industry has been instrumental in developing corporate governance standards in privately held companies and has been hugely successful in demonstrating that good corporate governance can be achieved by relying on management ownership, striving for value creation, measuring key financial indicators, rewarding high performance, advocating shareholder activism, performing due diligence, and taking calculated risk using a big lever. Public companies can adopt certain elements of this handson style of corporate governance from the private equity industry to strike a healthy balance between risk-taking and governance compliance in order to promote economic prosperity and technical innovation.
Survey on classifying human actions through visual sensors

The ability to predict the intentions of people based solely on their visual actions is a skill only performed by humans and animals. This requires segmentation of items in the field of view, tracking of moving objects, identifying the importance of each object, determining the current role of each important object individually and in collaboration with other objects, relating these objects into a predefined scenario, assessing the selected scenario with the information retrieve, and finally adjusting the scenario to better fit the data. This is all accomplished with great accuracy in less than a few seconds. The intelligence of current computer algorithms has not reached this level of complexity with the accuracy and time constraints that humans and animals have, but there are several research efforts that are working towards this by identifying new algorithms for solving parts of this problem. This survey paper lists several of these efforts that rely mainly on understanding the image processing and classification of a limited number of actions. It divides the activities up into several groups and ends with a discussion of future needs.
A Simulation Model for Determining Cost-Effectiveness of Fences for Reducing Deer Damage

The installation of fences to protect agricultural products, natural resources, or other areas from deer (Odocoileus spp.) can be expensive and potential benefits of fencing are difficult to quantify. A rational method is needed to help evaluate whether fencing can be cost-effective and which fence designs will be optimal for particular applications. We describe an interactive, dynamic simulation model that conducts economic analyses and predicts economic benefit associated with fences for crops relative to area and perimeter of protected plot, value of crop, percentage of crop damaged by deer annually prior to fencing, efficacy of fence, and costs of fence materials and labor. Users of the model can easily adjust these variables to fit their individual situations and needs. By running a series of simulations, model users can answer questions related directly to fence efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
Legal Challenges For Text-Message Marketers

As text-messaging usage climbs in the United States, marketers are scrambling to find ways to integrate this new technology into the marketing communications mix. Marketers must, however, be mindful of current U.S. Law – federal and state – which may restrict text message use. Although no current federal law exists to specifically regulate text-message marketing, several wireless communication laws, anti-spamming laws, and case law may apply. This paper reviews the current statistics and trends regarding usage of text-message marketing in the United States, presents “spamming” opportunities, reviews current federal law and state law by example, and makes recommendations to marketers considering use of text-message marketing.
Statistical Interpretation of Toxicity Data

Many of the topics discussed in this chapter pertain to experimental data in general, but the context of their use and examples given are in the field of toxicology. The discussion focuses on the statistical interpretation of data rather than on the statistical procedures used in the data analysis. For an extensive discussion of the statistical analysis of biological data, the reader may refer to a multitude of books and articles.
The Single Norm of Assertion

Timothy Williamson holds that the knowledge rule of assertion, according to which one should assert only what one knows, is the single norm of assertion. I explain and defend Williamson’s thesis. I identify three key features associated with the thesis: the single norm of assertion should be constitutive, individuating and basic. Roughly, a constitutive rule of a speech act governs every possible performance of the act. A rule of assertion is individuating if it differentiates assertion from every other speech act. Finally, a rule of assertion is basic if it does not derive from other rules governing assertion, or other speech acts. I thus construe Williamson’s thesis as the claim that the knowledge rule is the only individuating, constitutive and basic rule of assertion. This thesis is compatible with the idea that assertion is governed by non-epistemic constitutive rules such as moral and prudential rules. Since these rules are not individuating, there is no need to understand Williamson’s thesis as bearing solely on the epistemic rule of assertion. I explain how the existing arguments in favor of the knowledge rule can serve to support the thesis that this rule is also the single norm of assertion. I also respond to some objections against the knowledge rule, and criticize alternative rules.
Partnership Assumption of Partner Liabilities - Proposed Regulations

This articles deals with the temporary and proposed regulations, issued in June 2003, dealing with the assumption by a partnership of partner "liabilities." The proposed regulations are widely perceived as dealing with the contingent liability shelter labeled "Son of BOSS," that was addressed by § 357(d) and related provision for corporation, with authority to extend the principles to partnerships. After discussing the, background, including the meaning of liability for tax purposes that generally excludes deductible and contingent obligations, a bit of history of the Son of BOSS problem, the article reviews the proposed regulations, including the definitions of "liability" and "obligation" that are key to the treatment of obligations that the proposed regulations call § 752-7 liabilities, when assumed and when a transaction - a transfer of the partnership interest of the partner from whom the § 752-7 liability was assumed, a liquidation of that partner's interest, or a distribution of the § 752-7 liability to another partner - separates the contributing partner for the tax consequences of the § 752-7 liability. The basic thrust of the regulations is to reduce the basis of the § 752-7 liability partner's interest when those events occur, and within limits, to allow the § 752-7 liability partner to deduct the payment of the obligation. The article makes suggestions for improvement of the regulations. The article notes that there is also pending a regulation project relating to the meaning of assumption of a liability for purposes of § 357(d). It suggests that these two projects be combined and expanded to deal with a broader application of the definitions of liability and obligation included in the proposed regulations, as well as a more comprehensive treatment of the concept of transfer of a liability or obligation. It provides a detailed proposal for amending Reg. § 1.1001-2 to reflect the suggestions and concepts developed in the article. The suggestions deal with transfers of liabilities and obligations, with distinctions for transfer of property encumbered by recourse and nonrecourse liabilities and obligations, in taxable transactions, installment sales and nonrecognition transactions without transferred basis, nonrecognition transactions with transferred basis, and gratuitous transfers and death.
Characteristics of renal sympathetic nerve activity in sodium-retaining disorders

Characteristics of renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rats with established congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome were analyzed using three methods: mean integrated voltage over time, power spectrum analysis, and sympathetic peak detection analysis. Compared with control rats, all three disease models had increased mean integrated voltage. On power spectrum analysis, all three disease models had increased relative power at the heart rate frequency, indicating that it was related to renal sympathetic nerve discharge coupled to the cardiac cycle. Congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome rats showed increased relative power in the low-frequency range, whereas cirrhotic and nephrotic syndrome rats showed decreased relative power in the high-frequency range. On sympathetic peak detection analysis, the frequency of sympathetic peaks was greater in the three disease models compared with the control rats. In cirrhotic rats, the distribution of sympathetic peak heights was shifted toward an increased number of peaks of lesser height. It is concluded that basal renal sympathetic nerve activity is chronically increased in these disease models. This is manifest as increased power coupled to the cardiac cycle, which may reflect the disease-specific defects in arterial and cardiac baroreflex control. In cirrhosis, there is possible selective activation of a subgroup of renal sympathetic nerve fibers.
Abstract B14: Erlotinib-cisplatin combination inhibits growth and angiogenesis via c-MYC and HIF-1a in EGFR mutated lung cancer

Introduction: Combination treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is becoming more popular due to the anticipation that it may be more effective than single drug treatment. In addition, there are efforts to genetically screen patients for specific mutations in light of attempting to administer specific anticancer agents that are most effective. In this study, we evaluate the anticancer and anti-angiogenic effects of low dose erlotinib-cisplatin combination in NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Method: Human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549, NCI-H292, H1650, PC9, H3255 and HCC827) were utilized. Each cell line had four treatment groups: control, erlotinib, cisplatin, and erlotinib -cisplatin combination. Alamar Blue Assay was utilized to evaluate for in vitro cell death following two day treatments. PC9 cells were used for in vivo experiments. Erlotinib and/or cisplatin treatments were injected directly into the tumor and tumor measurements were made every 2 days for a total of 14 days. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the level of VEGF, CD31, c-MYC, and HIF-1a for both in vitro and in vivo samples. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE Mar 5-8, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B14.
The Economic Wireworms of The Pacific Northwest (Elateridae)

This paper purposes to treat in a general way the damage caused by the three species of wireworms of principal economic importance in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, namely, the inflated wireworm, Ludilts inflatus Say, the dry-land wireworm, Ludius noxius Hyslop, and the wet-land wireworm, Pheletes occidentalis Candeze. The paper brings out interesting ecological data which show each of these species inhabits a separate region under distinct environmental conditions, as regards rainfall and moisture content of the soil. A general life history is given for the dry-land wireworm, showing the total life cycle of this species to be four Dr more years. A brief summary is given of the damage caused by the wet-land wireworm under irrigated farming conditions together with some interesting facts about the habits of this species during recent years. The final purpose of the paper is to show that more comprehensive basic ecological studies of the many species of wireworms should be made, with much more time and care given to them than in the past. With a more thorough knowledge of the many ecological factors involved in the increase of wireworm infestations and damage, there should be found some satisfactory answer to the oft repeated question, “How can we get rid of wireworms?”
Research Note: Contemporary Radical Right-Wing Violence in Canada: A Quantitative Analysis

Despite the presence of radical right-wing movements, groups, and individuals in Canada, a paucity of academic research on this topic exists. Concurrently, the majority of material on this particular area has employed either journalistic or ethnographic methodologies. What remains is several thesi and dissertations and a couple of excellent case studies describing not only membership, but also the most salient activities of radical right-wing groups and parties. These studies, however, have been short on examining these actors' proclivity to engage in violence. In contrast, this article, uses an events data methodology to show the dynamics of radical right-wing violence in Canada over the last three decades. The author then maps out the attributes of this particular type of violence and where possible specifies its correlates. This work is a part of a larger project on violence in Canada.
Project Execution: A Research Agenda to Explore the Phenomenon

It is observed in the literature that although project management is considered to be an execution-oriented discipline, the Project Management Body of Knowledge developed by the Project Management Institute provides relatively little detail in the Executing process group compared with other process groups such as the Planning and Monitoring and Controlling process groups. It is further observed that project elements considered essential to the success of the project including project Scope, Cost, Schedule, and Risk are not included within the Executing process group. Likewise, the coverage of project execution in the Project Manager Competency Development Framework authored by the Project Management Institute appears to provide limited insight regarding what actually takes place during project execution. This paper outlines a research agenda to better understand what actually occurs in projects when experienced project managers are carrying out activities within the Executing process group. It proposes a study consisting of a pilot study, project manager interviews, a focus group validation session, and data collected by a survey instrument in order to develop a more complete understanding of the phenomenon of project execution.
Guiding Empiric Treatment for Serious Bacterial Infections via Point of Care $\beta $ -Lactamase Characterization

Fever is one of the most common symptoms of illness in infants and represents a clinical challenge due to the potential for serious bacterial infection. As delayed treatment for these infections has been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality, broad-spectrum $\beta $ -lactam antibiotics are often prescribed while waiting for microbiological lab results (1–3 days). However, the spread of antibiotic resistance via the $\beta $ -lactamase enzyme, which can destroy $\beta $ -lactam antibiotics, has confounded this paradigm; empiric antibiotic regimens are increasingly unable to cover all potential bacterial pathogens, leaving some infants effectively untreated until the pathogen is characterized. This can lead to lifelong sequela or death. Here, we introduce a fluorescent, microfluidic assay that can characterize $\beta $ -lactamase derived antibiotic susceptibility in 20 min with a sensitivity suitable for direct human specimens. The protocol is extensible, and the antibiotic spectrum investigated can be feasibly adapted for the pathogens of regional relevance. This new assay fills an important need by providing the clinician with hitherto unavailable point of care information for treatment guidance in an inexpensive and simple diagnostic format.
Agriculture: occupational employment and wages

Since the founding of the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program, almost all the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector was out of scope for the OES survey. This study uses special tabulations of data collected as part of the Green Goods and Services Occupations survey combined with OES data to analyze the agricultural sector as a whole. Data showed that two of three states with the most employment in the sector had mean wages below average. The two largest occupations, farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse; and farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals, which directly relate to the major economic activity of the sector, dominated employment in the agricultural sector, thus affecting its mean, median, and percentile wages. Since the dawn of history, as people learned how to cultivate and grow their first grains, agriculture has been a powerful instrument that is vital in the growth and prosperity of every village, city, and country. Its intricate and complex relationship with our daily lives frequently draws attention from policymakers, scholars, investors, and media. A great number of economic factors continuously contribute to price fluctuations of agricultural products, and one of them, undoubtedly, is wages of the people employed in the agricultural industries. In 2011, employment in the agricultural sector was more than one million, 1 with most of employment concentrated in two occupations directly related to the major economic activity of the sector: (1) farmworkers and laborers working in crop, nursery, and greenhouse establishments; and (2) farmworkers working with farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals. 2 These two occupations represented over half the sector employment and vastly influenced the overall wage composition of the sector.
A Dynamic Anesthesia System for Long-Term Imaging in Adult Zebrafish

Abstract Long-term in vivo imaging in adult zebrafish (i.e., 1–24 h) has been limited by the fact that regimens for long-term anesthesia in embryos and larvae are ineffective in adults. Here, we examined the potential for dynamic administration of benzocaine to enable long-term anesthesia in adult zebrafish. We developed a computer-controlled perfusion system comprised of programmable peristaltic pumps that enabled automatic exchange between anesthetic and system water. Continuous administration of benzocaine in adult zebrafish resulted in a mean time to respiratory arrest of 5.0 h and 8-h survival of 14.3%. We measured characteristic sedation and recovery times in response to benzocaine, and used them to devise an intermittent dosing regimen consisting of 14.5 min of benzocaine followed by 5.5 min of system water. Intermittent benzocaine administration in adult zebrafish resulted in a mean time to respiratory arrest of 7.6 h and 8-h survival of 71.4%. Finally, we performed a single 24-h trial and found t...