cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ergodic theorem for Schlögl models with small migration

We consider a class of reaction-diffusion processes with state space NZd. The reaction part is described by a birth and death process where the rates are given by certain polynomials. The diffusion part is an irreducible symmetric random walk. We prove ergodicity in the case of a sufficiently small migration rate. For the proof we couple two processes and show that the density of the discrepancies goes to zero.
Normalization of Tumor Vasculature: An Emerging Concept in Antiangiogenic Therapy

Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth, and many new cancer therapies are directed against the tumor vasculature. The widely held view is that these antiangiogenic therapies should destroy the tumor vasculature, thereby depriving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Here, I review emerging evidence supporting an alternative hypothesis-that certain antiangiogenic agents can also transiently "normalize" the abnormal structure and function of tumor vasculature to make it more efficient for oxygen and drug delivery. Drugs that induce vascular normalization can alleviate hypoxia and increase the efficacy of conventional therapies if both are carefully scheduled. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of vascular normalization may ultimately lead to more effective therapies not only for cancer but also for diseases with abnormal vasculature, as well as regenerative medicine, in which the goal is to create and maintain a functionally normal vasculature.
Synthesis and Characterization of CuAPO-5 Molecular Sieves: Evidence for the Framework Incorporation of Cu(II) Ions

The hydrothermal synthesis of CuAPO-5 molecular sieves has been investigated by using Cu(II) oxide in the presence of tetraethylammonium hydroxide as a template. The CuAPO-5 material was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. Supporting evidence for the framework location of copper was obtained from electron spin resonance and electron spin-echo modulation spectroscopy experiments.
Informed Consent and the Law

Securing informed consent, though vital to any defense, will not shield a practitioner from a malpractice claim. That is because courts generally hold that patients cannot consent to negligent treatment.
The Radiative Pattern and Asymmetry of IRC +10216 at 11 μm Measured with Interferometry and Closure Phase

The unusual source IRC +10216 is the brightest stellar object at mid-infrared wavelengths in the northern hemisphere. Adding to its distinctiveness, the dust around IRC +10216 almost completely enshrouds the star and has an extremely complex distribution. We report the imaging of IRC +10216 at 11.15 μm with three telescopes and the closure phase at two different stellar phases. Three-baseline interferometry data from a linear array of telescopes is used to create a one-dimensional image of the star and circumstellar dust. The two epochs over which data have been taken provide information at different position angles, which yields some insight into the two-dimensional structure of IRC +10216. Specifically, we observe two areas of peaked intensity. The first is 66 ± 4 mas to the west and 160 ± 51 mas to the south of the star, and the second is 227 ± 8 mas to the east and 94 ± 57 mas to the south. These two features can explain most of the observed asymmetry.
Chemical Bonding of Polymer on Carbon Nanotube

Abstract : Recently, carbon nanotubes are considered as nanoscale fibers, which can strengthen polymer composite materials. Nanotube-polymer composite materials can be used for micron scale devices with designed mechanical properties and smart polymer coating to protect materials under extreme physical conditions such as microsatellites. To explore these possibilities it is important to develop a detailed atomic scale understanding of the mechanical coupling between polymer matrix and embedded nanotubes. In this work we study the chemical bonding between polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using molecular dynamics. Study shows that the bonding between polyethylene and a CNT is energetically favorable. Chemical bonds can be formed at multiple sites, which make the mechanical load transfer from the polymer chain to the tube more favorable. We will discuss about the resulting mechanical coupling between the CNTs and polymer matrix to develop efficient nano-composite materials.
STUDIES OF DISEASES OF THE LYMPHOID AND MYELOID TISSUES. I : THE CHEMICAL METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL LYMPH NODES.

From a study of the metabolism of 71 lymph nodes and tumors one may conclude: 1. The nature of a tumor can not be predicted from the metabolism because too much overlapping of metabolic rates exists between the pathological groups. 2. There is no evidence metabolically one way or another as to whether malignant lymphomata of any type should be classed as neoplastic or as infectious processes. 3. The degree of cell differentiation can in most cases be foretold by the percentage difference between the aerobic and the anaerobic glycolysis. The greater the differentiation the greater the percentage difference. Sarcomata in general constitute an exception to this rule. 4. The degree of malignancy in carcinoma, but not in other tumors, can, with certain exceptions, be predicted from the height of the value U. 5. Human sarcomata appear to have a metabolism far more closely comparable to that of benign tumors than to that of carcinomata. They do not behave as malignant tumors under the Warburg classification. Their energy requirements are not of the same order as those of carcinoma. 6. One can not from the value U or from the glycolytic rates predict whether or not a tissue should be classed as neoplastic. 7. Warburg's findings for carcinomata are confirmed and amplified.
Flatness of the universe - Reconciling theoretical prejudices with observational data

Theoretical prejudices argue strongly for a flat universe; however, observations do not support this view. It is pointed out that this apparent conflict could be resolved if the mass density of the universe today were dominated by (1) relativistic particles produced by the recent decay of massive, relic particle species, or by (2) a relic cosmological constant. Scenario (1) has several advantages in the context of galaxy formation, but must confront the problem of a young universe.
A popularity-based prediction model for Web prefetching

The diverse server, client, and unique file object types used today slow Web performance. Caching alone offers limited performance relief because it cannot handle many different file types easily. One solution combines caching with Web prefetching: obtaining the Web data a client might need from data about that client's past surfing activity. The prediction by partial match model, for example, makes prefetching decisions by reviewing URLs clients have accessed on a particular server, then structuring them in a Markov predictor tree. The authors propose a variation of this model that builds common surfing patterns and regularities into the tree.
Expression, gene regulation, and roles of Fisp12/CTGF in developing tooth germs

Odontogenesis involves multiple events, including tissue–tissue interactions, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms of regulation are far from clear. Because Fisp12/CTGF is a signaling protein involved in similar events in other systems, we asked whether it is expressed in developing tooth germs and what roles it may have. Indeed, Fisp12/CTGF transcripts were first expressed by dental laminas, invaginating epithelium, and condensing mesenchyme at the bud stage, and then became abundant in enamel knot and preameloblasts. Fisp12/CTGF was present not only in inner dental epithelium but also in stratum intermedium and underlying dental mesenchyme. Fisp12/CTGF expression decreased markedly in secreting ameloblasts. Tissue reconstitution experiments showed that Fisp12/CTGF expression in dental epithelium required interaction with mesenchyme but was maintained by treatment of epithelium with transforming growth factor-1, a factor regulating Fisp12/CTGF expression in other systems, or with bone morphogenetic protein-2. Loss-of-function studies using CTGF neutralizing antibodies revealed that interference with endogenous factor action in tooth germ explants led to a severe inhibition of proliferation in both epithelium and mesenchyme and a marked delay in cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Treatment of dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells in culture with recombinant CTGF stimulated cell proliferation, whereas treatment with neutralizing antibodies inhibited it. The data demonstrate for the first time that Fisp12/CTGF is expressed during odontogenesis. Expression is confined to specific sites and times, is regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and critical soluble factors, and appears to be needed for proliferation and differentiation along both ameloblast and odontoblast cell lineages. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distributed approximating function approach to time-dependent wavepacket propagation in 3-dimensions: atom-surface scattering

Abstract The theoretical formalism of the distributed approximating functions (DAF) is applied to solve accurately 3D-atom-surface scattering problems. Formulated in coordinate space, the DAF approach starts from an entirely new idea: providing a “uniform” approximation everywhere to a wavepacket, and results naturally in a near-local or banded free propagator. The banded Toeplitz structure of the DAF free propagator matrix on a uniform grid makes possible the application of the most efficient codes in the matrix-vector multiplication in evolving the wavefunction of a quantum system in time, and with extremely small memory requirements. The numerical study conducted in this paper demonstrates that the DAF method outperforms the most powerful available FFT method both in CPU time and storage requirements. The DAF approach gives the same accurate results as the FFT does, and, in some cases, yields more accurate results.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the acquisition of a motor skill

Practice, with feedback, is a fundamental variable that influences the aquisition of motor skills: with it, everyone improves, but some improve more than others. This simple fact has led to frequent debate over the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on motor learning. In principle these factors could influence subjects' initial level of proficiency, their rate of improvement or their final level of attainment. The problem has been investigated using the rotary pursuit (RP) task, in which subjects learn to track a rotating target with a stylus; this is a factorially pure task which is relatively unaffected by cognitive or verbal factors. Earlier studies of twins reared together indicated that heredity was the primary factor responsible for individual differences in motor skill. Here we have studied learning in a sample of monozygotic (MZA) and dizygotic (DZA) twins who had been reared apart. Heritability of performance was high even in the initial phase, and increased with practice. The rate of learning was also significantly heritable. We propose that the effect of practice is to decrease the effect of environmental variation (previous learning) and increase the relative strength of genetic influences on motor performance.
An Aircraft Collision Model

In the 1960's a controversy arose regarding the safety of navigation standards of jet aircraft over the North Atlantic Ocean, which led to a confrontation between airline owners and pilots. A systems analysis led to a redesigned and improved system which resolved the controversy by giving each side at least as much as it originally requested, in terms of minimizing cost on the one hand and maximizing safety on the other. This paper describes the problem, the controversy, the model, the data collection and reduction, the solution, and the implementation.
Detection of coumestrol in leguminous plants

Abstract A procedure has been described whereby it is possible to qualitatively detect small amounts of a new plant estrogen, coumestrol, in plant material. The method consists of chromatographing an extract of the plant sequentially in two solvent systems on heavy filter paper, then in four solvent systems on silicic acid chromatostrips. The progress of the purification was followed by the blue fluorescence of the compound when the chromatograms were exposed to ultraviolet light. The identity of coumestrol was established by its characteristic fluorescence and Rf and by comparison of the spectrophotometric curve with that of pure coumestrol. By this procedure, coumestrol has been detected in seven leguminous plants, and the estimated potency based on this qualitative procedure was compared with the values obtained by mean uterine weight assays.
Prenatal detection of the cholesterol biosynthetic defect in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome by the analysis of amniotic fluid sterols

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO or RSH) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a recognizable pattern of minor facial anomalies, congenital anomalies of many organs, failure to thrive, and mental retardation. Its cause is a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis characterized by abnormally low plasma cholesterol levels and concentrations of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) elevated up to several thousand-fold above normal. We used capillary column gas-chromatography to quantify sterols in amniotic fluid, amniotic cells, plasma, placenta, and breast milk from a heterozygous mother who had previously given birth to an affected son and in cord blood and plasma from her affected newborn daughter. The cholesterol concentration in amniotic fluid at 16 weeks gestation was normal, but 7DHC, normally undetectable, was greatly elevated. In cultured amniocytes, the level of 7DHC was 11% of total cholesterol, similar to cultured fibroblasts from patients with SLO syndrome. At 38 weeks, a girl with phenotype consistent with the syndrome was born. Cholesterol concentrations were abnormally low in cord blood and in the baby's plasma at 12 weeks, while levels of 7DHC were grossly elevated, confirming the prenatal diagnosis. The mother's plasma cholesterol increased steadily during gestation but remained below the lower 95% limit reported for normal control women. We conclude that it is now possible to detect the SLO syndrome at 16 weeks gestation by analyzing amniotic fluid sterols.
Immature soybean seeds as a vegetable or snack food: acceptability by American consumers

Abstract Using American panelists, we examined the palatability of frozen immature soybean seeds (R 6 ) and freeze-dried soybean snacks (FDSS) prepared from selected immature soybean genotypes ( Hutcheson , NTCPR93-286, NTCPR93-1557 and Honey Brown ). The frozen immature soybean seeds were evaluated in comparison with frozen peas [ Pisum sativum (L.) sativum ] and lima beans [ Phaseolus lunatus (L.) lunatus ], whereas the FDSS prototypes were evaluated based on their appearance and eating quality. Frozen immature soybean seeds were rated favorably compared to other legume products. The overall rank sum indexes (ORSI) for frozen peas, NTCPR93-286, Hutcheson , and lima beans were 4, 10, 10, and 16, respectively. Small ORSI values reflected higher consumer preference. The ORSI of the FDSS products were 13 for Hutcheson , 23 for NTCPR93-286, 24 for NTCPR93-1557, and 26 for Honey Brown . Although Hutcheson and NTCPR93-286 were among the top rated varieties, all FDSS used in this study showed a favorable rating in all attributes of eating quality. The result suggests that American consumers could accept the immature frozen soybean as a vegetable or FDSS.
Digital publics: Tracking and reaching them

Even with social media we still have not reached a point where there is a general public in public relations. The challenge, then, is how to identify a broader range of potential recipients—or a larger public. Rather than the non-existent general public, the authors propose the term “latent diffused publics”—a term that combines the theoretical work of James Grunig and the linkages of Esman from the 1970s. The latent element of this type of public suggests that the public is out there ready to respond, but will not do so until triggered by a message. The diffused aspect refers to a public that is difficult or impossible to identify until it responds to the message. We believe that identifying a potential new type of public is more realistic as we move deeper and deeper into the era of social media communication.
Finite rate chemistry for USA-series codes - rormulation and applications

The USA-series of CFD codes are based on unified solution algorithms including explicit and implicit formulations, factorization and relaxation approaches, time marching and space marching methodologies, etc., in order to be able to solve a very wide class of CFD problems using a single framework. Euler or Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite-volume treatment with upwind Total Variation Diminishing discretization for the inviscid terms. Recently, these codes have been enlarged to also unify different aerothermodynamic options (perfect gas, real gas including equilibrium and nonequlibrium chemistry). This paper describes aspects of the finite-rate-chemistry capability. 27 references.
Effective Practices and Principles to Support English Language Learners in the Early Childhood Classroom

(2003). Effective Practices and Principles to Support English Language Learners in the Early Childhood Classroom. Childhood Education: Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 200-203.
New and Re-new: Expanding Prevention Science within Child and Adolescent Health

In this issue of the Journal of Primary Prevention, we address some emerging issues in child and adolescent health as well as explore established concepts in new contexts. The first two articles highlight the fast changing field of child and adolescent health and the need for researchers to keep pace with this phase of life and the changing social, cultural, and environmental landscape. For example, the dietary supplement industry has had tremendous growth in the last decade (Nutrition Business Journal, 2011), but few have examined how supplements impact youth. Evans and colleagues studied real-world use of dietary supplements that is not captured in clinical trial studies. They report that 5.5% of children and adolescents in the US used herbal supplements, and 4.4% used vitamin supplements in the past 30 days to improve sports performance. While these percentages are relatively small, it is estimated that over a million youth used supplements to enhance sports performance. This article emphasizes the need for further research, given the lack of evidence of the efficacy and safety of performance-enhancing supplements for youth. Another emerging adolescent health concern highlighted in this issue is the use of the Internet to meet sex partners. Whiteley et al. examined a population of sexually active, African American youth to determine the frequency of meeting sex partners through the Internet and whether those who met sex partners online exhibited greater risk behaviors than those who did not engage in this activity. Their findings show that 6% of African American youth reported meeting sex partners online and that those who used the Internet to meet sex partners were more likely to engage in highrisk behaviors such as drug use at last sex, marijuana and cocaine use, and unprotected vaginal and anal sex. This study highlights a population that may be at higher risk for unintended pregnancy, HIV, and other STIs but also study points to an opportunity to access high-risk populations through the Internet for intervention purposes. The next three articles take concepts familiar to child and adolescent health and apply them within new contexts. Knowlden and coauthors examined whether constructs from the theory of planned behavior would be useful in predicting sleep intentions among college students attending a Midwestern university. Increasing evidence suggests the prevalence of sleep deprivation is on the rise, particularly in this population (Bixler, 2009; Lund, Reider, Whiting, & Prichard, 2010). Sleep deprivation has been reported to be associated with poor health, increased risk of injury, and decreased performance (for example, Ayas et al., 2003; Lockley et al., 2004; Stickgold, Hobson, Fosse, & Fosse, 2001). The study by Knowlden and colleagues suggests the theory of planned behavior may S. R. Tortolero (&) D. H. Li (&) University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA e-mail: Susan.Tortolero@uth.tmc.edu
SerpinB3/B4: mediators of Ras-driven inflammation and oncogenesis.

Mutant Ras is one of the most prevalent oncogenes in human cancers. The ability of oncogenic Ras to promote tumor growth in a cell intrinsic manner has been appreciated. In addition to hyperplasia, activated Ras controls cancer cell differentiation status marked by metaplasia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and acquisition of stem-cell traits. Over the last decade, the ability of mutant Ras to promote tumor development and progression in a non-cell autonomous manner has been unraveled. Through the up-regulation and secretion of various cytokines and chemokines, mutant Ras has been shown to directly contribute to malignancy by promoting basement membrane degradation and dysplasia, neovascularization, and suppression of anti-tumor immunity. However, the exact mechanism through which mutant Ras elicits the pro-inflammatory secretory response remains unknown. In 2 recent studies, we report squamous cell carcinoma antigens (SCCA) SerpinB3/SerpinB4 as novel pro-tumorigenic mediators downstream of mutant Ras via the activation of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.1,2
Breast cancer screening in older black women

The objective of this study was to report findings about older black women's responses to breast health education and screening. Findings were reported from a community-based intervention designed to improve breast screening services for women in Erie County, New York. A 34-foot mobile screening and education clinic was used to overcome barriers such as accessibility and cost. Results from a sample of 271 older black women showed that they participated in breast health education programs and received clinical breast examinations when these services were offered in their neighborhoods. However, there was low participation in screening mammography offered at a local hospital. Low participation was attributed to structural and functional barriers in the delivery system. This study emphasizes the particular importance of education and screening offered as one unit of service. Further, it emphasizes the need to examine older black women's reported experiences after participation in screening.
In vitro studies on protein digestion, amino acid absorption interactions.

SummaryThe compositions of amino acids liberated by pepsin digestion from egg, rumen protozoal and rumen bacterial protein differed markedly from the amino acid composition of the three protein sources. Total histidine and methionine uptake by rat jejunal rings in vitro in the presence of amino acid mixtures simulating the pepsin liberation patterns differed from histidine and methionine uptake in the presence of amino acid mixtures simulating the three protein sources. The data suggested that in vitro histidine or methionine uptake was primarily dependent on the concentration of these amino acids in the incubation buffer but extent of uptake was modified by the amino acid patterns.
Comparison of structure, function and regulation of plant cold shock domain proteins to bacterial and animal cold shock domain proteins

The cold shock domain (CSD) is among the most ancient and well conserved nucleic acid binding domains from bacteria to higher animals and plants. The CSD facilitates binding to RNA, ssDNA and dsDNA and most functions attributed to cold shock domain proteins are mediated by this nucleic acid binding activity. In prokaryotes, cold shock domain proteins only contain a single CSD and are termed cold shock proteins (Csps). In animal model systems, various auxiliary domains are present in addition to the CSD and are commonly named Y-box proteins. Similar to animal CSPs, plant CSPs contain auxiliary C-terminal domains in addition to their N-terminal CSD. Cold shock domain proteins have been shown to play important roles in development and stress adaptation in wide variety of organisms. In this review, the structure, function and regulation of plant CSPs are compared and contrasted to the characteristics of bacterial and animal CSPs. [BMB reports 2010; 43(1): 1-8].
Extended survival time following pseudorabies virus injection labels the suprapontine neural network controlling the bladder and urethra in the rat

The central neurons that are involved in control of the urinary bladder and proximal urethra in adult male rats were identified by retrograde transport of the viral transneural tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV, Bartha strain). At 5 days post-injection, PRV-infected neurons were found in suprapontine central nervous system nuclei including ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, magnocellular division of the red nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus, retrochiasmic region and suprachiasmatic nucleus. At days 6 and 7 PRV-infected neurons were observed in the amygdala, lateral septal nucleus, hippocampus, and frontal motor, piriform, and perirhinal cortices. These results identify the supraspinal neural networks that are involved in control of the lower urinary tract, and demonstrate the utility of long survival times to label higher-order neurons with PRV.
Personally Identifiable Information: Identifying unprotected PII using file-indexing search tools and quantitative analysis

This paper reports on a project in which employees at Federal agencies are surveyed regarding their knowledge of security policies in place in their offices and their knowledge of PII (Personally Identifiable Information) stored on their systems.
The impacts of visual display units used for highly cognitive tasks on learning curve models

Abstract This paper compares progress (learning) curves for a task that requires high manual dexterity where information is obtained from a video display unit (VDU) to a manual assembly line task. Sixteen volunteer subjects either assembled peg-boards or performed a task on a VDU. Subjects were randomly assigned to a task or control group for each task. Each subject performed their assigned task for approximately two hours. The peg-board assembly simulated a very low cognitive but highly manual task, and the VDU task simulated a high technological industrial operation. There were no statistical differences in learning between the control and test group for either task. The progress curve rates were 95 percent for the pegboard and 91 percent for the VDU. Steady states for the peg-board and VDU tasks were reached at the 25th and 30th iterations respectively. Subjects then were tested four weeks later. During this 28 day period the test group refrained from participating in any activity that would approximate their assigned task. The control group maintained proficiency by practicing 45 minutes per week. There was no difference between the control and test groups for the peg-board task. Thus, there was no significant forgetting. However, there was a significant difference between the control and test groups for the video task. For the control group (VDU) the cycle time for the first iteration was reduced by 68.0 percent. The group's progress curve rate was 97.4 percent and steady state was reached at the 23rd iteration. Though the test group did improve their cycle time for the first iteration, it was only 33 percent of the control group's improvement. The test group's progress curve rate was 94.5 percent and steady state was reached at the 33rd iteration. This significant difference between the two curves is explained by forgetting. The forgetting rate decrease in learning for the VDU was 3.2 percent. This rate gradually decreased until the 45th iteration where there was no significant differences in cycle time between the two groups. Thus, forgetting occurs in the earlier iterations. To maintain its competitive edge in the world marketplace, industry has begun to implement many processes that rely heavily on VDUs. Inherent in these processes are shorter production runs and multiple set-ups. Traditional curves developed from low cognitive tasks do not reflect the forgetting that occurs in more typical modern industrial tasks. This impacts on industrial engineers and production managers whose operations require information obtained from VDUs. To set standard times for these type tasks, more consideration should be given to forgetting rather than relying totally on the more traditional models.
NEW INSIGHTS ON THE FORMATION AND ASSEMBLY OF M83 FROM DEEP NEAR-INFRARED IMAGING

We present results from new near-infrared (NIR) imaging from the Spitzer Space Telescope that trace the low surface brightness features of the outer disk and stellar stream in the nearby spiral galaxy, M83. Previous observations have shown that M83 hosts a faint stellar stream to the northwest and a star-forming disk that extends to ∼3 times the optical radius (R{sub 25}). By combining the NIR imaging with archival far-ultraviolet (FUV) and H I imaging, we study the star formation history of the system. The NIR surface brightness profile has a break at ∼5.'8 (equivalent to 8.1 kpc and 0.9 R{sub 25}) with a shallower slope beyond this radius, which may result from the recent accretion of gas onto the outer disk and subsequent star formation. Additionally, the ratio of FUV to NIR flux increases with increasing radius in several arms throughout the extended star forming disk, indicating an increase in the ratio of the present to past star formation rate with increasing radius. This sort of inside-out disk formation is consistent with observations of gas infall onto the outer disk of M83. Finally, the flux, size, and shape of the stellar stream are measured and the origin of the streammore » is explored. The stream has a total NIR flux of 11.6 mJy, which implies a stellar mass of 1 × 10{sup 8} M{sub ☉} in an area subtending ∼80°. No FUV emission is detected in the stream at a level greater than the noise, confirming an intermediate-age or old stellar population in the stream.« less
Examining Domains of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Using Factor Analysis

AbstractThis study examined the construct validity of the Survey of Preservice Teachers’ Knowledge of Teaching and Technology through an exploratory factor analysis using responses from 365 preservice teachers enrolled in an educational technology course in the United States. The participants were completing methods courses and field experience concurrent to the educational technology course, allowing them to contextualize the content they learned during the semester. The survey, grounded in the framework of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), is designed to measure seven domains associated with technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge. Although the influence of the TPACK framework on teacher education programs continues to grow, research indicates the need for clearer distinctions between the domains. Results from this study revealed that participants did not always make conceptual distinctions between the TPACK domains. Specifically, factors were congruent across only technolog...
Portocaval hemitransposition in pediatric liver transplant recipients: A single-center experience

Few studies have reported a series of patients who have undergone portocaval hemitransposition at the time of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Furthermore, no series report the outcome of pediatric patients who required the procedure. This work analyzes the experience with portocaval hemitransposition in the pediatric liver transplant population at a single center since the initial description of the procedure. We carried out a retrospective analysis of all pediatric liver transplants performed in our institution during the 8-year period from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2004. Of 320 pediatric patients who received OLT during the study period, 7 underwent portocaval hemitransposition (2.2%). Five of the patients had biliary atresia. Four grafts were whole cadaveric livers, while the remaining 4 were left lateral segments from either in situ cadaveric split (n = 3) or living donation (n = 1). One patient received a whole cadaveric allograft and was retransplanted with a segment 2/3 graft; in both cases portocaval hemitransposition was utilized. Average warm ischemia time was 54 +/- 16 minutes. Three patients had primary nonfunction of the allograft; 2 were retransplanted with successful outcome, and the remaining patient died before retransplantation. Another patient died from recurrent disease. Four of 7 are long-term survivors and demonstrate good liver function as long as 8 years posttransplant. In conclusions, long-term survival is possible following OLT with portocaval hemitransposition in pediatric patients. However, rates of primary graft nonfunction can be high. Appropriate selection of recipient and type of donor graft are essential for good outcomes. Portocaval hemitransposition should be used cautiously and as a last resort to establish portovenous inflow.
Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Nitroxide Probes in Cyclohexane and at the Alumina–Cyclohexane Interface

Abstract Nitroxide spin probes have been widely used to study the behavior of surfactants in solution as well at solid–liquid interfaces. In this study the effect of temperature on the mobility of nitroxide spin probes in cyclohexane and at the alumina/cyclohexane interface is investigated in the presence of anionic aerosol-OT (AOT). The probe mobility in AOT micelles in solution is markedly dependent on the amount of solubilized water. The variation with temperature of the mobilities of adsorbed doxyl stearic acid with the nitroxide probe at the 5th, 10th, and 16th positions from the –COOH group has shed some light on the mechanisms of interaction of the probe with the solid surface as well as the molecular structure of the adsorbed layer. The results indicate that the adsorption of the probe occurs mainly through interactions of the –COOH group with the surface while the –NO group interacts only weakly with the surface. The adsorption of AOT causes changes in probe mobility with the changes being most significant when the nitroxide group on the stearic acid chain is farthest from the anchoring group. It is suggested that the adsorption of the surfactant causes an orientational rearrangement of the probe molecules. The relatively low-temperature effect on the probe mobility observed in the presence of surfactant is attributed to the compactness of the adsorbed layer which is found to be stable even at elevated temperatures.
MOSFET-Embedded Microcantilevers for Measuring Deflection in Biomolecular Sensors

A promising approach for detecting biomolecules follows their binding to immobilized probe molecules on microfabricated cantilevers; binding causes surface stresses that bend the cantilever. We measured this deflection, which is on the order of tens of nanometers, by embedding a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) into the base of the cantilever and recording decreases in drain current with deflections as small as 5 nanometers. The gate region of the MOSFET responds to surface stresses and thus is embedded in silicon nitride so as to avoid direct contact with the sample solution. This approach, which offers low noise, high sensitivity, and direct readout, was used to detect specific binding events with biotin and antibodies.
Climatic implications of surface domains in arrays of δD and δ18O from hydroxyl minerals: goethite as an example

Abstract Paired D/H and 18O/16O analyses of natural goethites range from −224‰ to −93‰ for δD and from −15.5‰ to +2.8‰ for δ18O. The isotopic systematics of these goethites seem to be most closely mimicked by the goethite–water D/H and 18O/16O fractionation curves of Yapp 1987 , Yapp 1990 ). Most of these goethites are of unknown age, but the large range of their isotopic compositions illustrates the possible paleoenvironmental significance of “surface domains” calculated for hydroxyl minerals. A modern surface domain (MSD) for goethite in coordinates of δD and δ18O was calculated from the following information: (a) scatter in the modern relationship between surface temperatures and δ18O of meteoric water (Rozanski et al., 1993) ; (b) average annual surface air temperatures from 0°C to 30°C for the meteoric water sample sites; (c) the meteoric water line (MWL) of Craig (1961) ; and (d) the goethite–water isotopic fractionation factors of Yapp 1987 , Yapp 1990 ). Goethites that had formed in continental environments in approximate thermal equilibrium with the Earth’s modern atmosphere would be expected to lie within the MSD, and 16 of 31 goethites do so. The remaining 15 are “outliers.” Of the 16 MSD samples, 12 (including the three samples from active soil or bog environments) are “concordant.” The calculated isotopic temperatures of the concordant goethites range from 6°C to 27°C and are the same (within analytical uncertainty) as the modern average surface air temperatures at the respective sites. Calculated temperatures of the four “discordant” MSD samples range from 7°C to 25°C and are higher than corresponding modern surface temperatures. A “warm Earth surface domain” (WESD) was calculated with an assumed temperature of 35°C for the tropics. Eight of the 15 outlier samples plot within the portion of the WESD that does not overlap the MSD. Thus, these eight goethites may have formed at times when the Earth’s global climate was warmer than at present. Temperatures calculated from the eight WESD samples range from 20°C to 33°C and suggest lower latitudinal temperature gradients as predicted by climate models of a warmer Earth. Calculated temperatures of the seven samples that lie outside both the MSD and the WESD (non-sd samples) range from 19°C to 69°C. The non-sd status of these seven samples suggests that they formed in environments dominated by subsurface heat sources. Surface domains can be calculated for any hydroxyl mineral for which both the hydrogen and oxygen isotope mineral–water fractionation factors are known. The concept of surface domains provides a criterion for assessing the likelihood that a particular sample records information on ancient climatic temperature.
Crossed phase gratings with diffractive optical elements

Orienting two identical or complementary diffractive gratings with a small angle between the grating grooves allows a new crossed-grating device to be constructed. This device has an effective profile that varies locally. For understanding the effects of this variation and the diffraction efficiency of the gratings, the local profiles were correlated with the moire period of the crossed-grating system by use of various techniques. Asymmetric intensity behavior in the first order of the crossed gratings was seen. Effectively, the diffraction efficiency of the crossed gratings yielded a response equivalent to that of a grating with variable blaze that could be useful in optical computing as a passive optical switching device. One of several models is described that creates greater asymmetric behavior.
Ultrasonically assisted drying of fine particles

Abstract An investigation was made to determine the increase in drying rate which could be obtained through the addition of ultrasound to low temperature drying of heat sensitive fine particles. Airbourne ultrasound having a frequency of 20 kHz with intensities up to 155 dB was used. The materials dried included fine, sulphur-free powder coal, plastics powders, and neutralized acid mine drainage sludge. The limitations of the use of ultrasound in assisting drying were also studied. Theories are proposed to explain both the ultrasonic enhancement of drying and the limitations found.
Improved dispersive mixing through reduction in flow field vorticity

Dispersive mixing is most efficiently accomplished with pure straining flow. Vorticity in the flow field inhibits this extending action; accordingly, the presence of shearing flow will decrease the overall effectiveness of dispersive mixing processes. A method to reduce the vorticity by inducing lubricated flow through development of a nonuniform distribution of the components of a polymer blend is described.
Clustering with Bregman Divergences

A wide variety of distortion functions, such as squared Euclidean distance, Mahalanobis distance, Itakura-Saito distance and relative entropy, have been used for clustering. In this paper, we propose and analyze parametric hard and soft clustering algorithms based on a large class of distortion functions known as Bregman divergences. The proposed algorithms unify centroid-based parametric clustering approaches, such as classical kmeans , the Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) algorithm and information-theoretic clustering, which arise by special choices of the Bregman divergence. The algorithms maintain the simplicity and scalability of the classical kmeans algorithm, while generalizing the method to a large class of clustering loss functions. This is achieved by first posing the hard clustering problem in terms of minimizing the loss in Bregman information, a quantity motivated by rate distortion theory, and then deriving an iterative algorithm that monotonically decreases this loss. In addition, we show that there is a bijection between regular exponential families and a large class of Bregman divergences, that we call regular Bregman divergences. This result enables the development of an alternative interpretation of an efficient EM scheme for learning mixtures of exponential family distributions, and leads to a simple soft clustering algorithm for regular Bregman divergences. Finally, we discuss the connection between rate distortion theory and Bregman clustering and present an information theoretic analysis of Bregman clustering algorithms in terms of a trade-off between compression and loss in Bregman information.
Differentiating between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis in children: an evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm.

Background: Although osteomyelitis was once commonly due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)—which causes more virulent and invasive infections—has emerged as an increasingly important cause. Differentiating clinically between MRSA and MSSA can be challenging, but is necessary in order to promptly administer appropriate antibiotics and maintain vigilance against possible sequelae of MRSA osteomyelitis. The purpose of our study was to develop a clinical prediction algorithm to distinguish between MRSA and MSSA osteomyelitis in children. Methods: A retrospective review of 129 children presenting with culture-proven Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis between 2000 and 2009 was performed. The demographics, symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory test values in the MSSA group (n = 118) and the MRSA group (n = 11) were compared with use of univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression with backward stepwise selection was then used to identify independent multivariate predictors of MRSA osteomyelitis, and each of these predictors was subjected to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal cutoff value. Finally, a prediction algorithm for differentiating between MRSA and MSSA osteomyelitis on the basis of these independent predictors was constructed. Results: Patients with MRSA osteomyelitis differed significantly from those with MSSA osteomyelitis with regard to non-weight-bearing status, antibiotic use at presentation, body temperature, hematocrit value, heart rate, white blood-cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Four significant independent multivariate predictors were identified: a temperature of >38°C, a hematocrit value of 12,000 cells/μL, and a C-reactive protein level of >13 mg/L. The predicted probability of MRSA osteomyelitis, determined on the basis of the number of these predictors that a child satisfied, was 92% for all four predictors, 45% for three, 10% for two, 1% for one, and 0% for zero predictors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the number of multivariate predictors, and this analysis revealed a steep shoulder and an area under the curve of 0.94 (95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.00). Conclusions: Our proposed set of four predictors provided excellent diagnostic performance in differentiating between MRSA and MSSA osteomyelitis in children, and thus would be able to guide patient management and facilitate timely antibiotic selection. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Overexpression of a Gene Encoding a Cytochrome P450, CYP78A9, Induces Large and Seedless Fruit in Arabidopsis

An activation tagging screen in which the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer was inserted randomly into an Arabidopsis genome homozygous for the floral homeotic mutation apetala2-1 (ap2-1) resulted in a line (28-5) with extraordinarily wide, heart-shaped ovaries. The ovary of the 28-5 ap2-1 mutant shows an oval shape because of increased numbers of enlarged cells. When the ap2-1 mutation is crossed out of the genetic background, more elongated rather than wider fruits are obtained. Normally, Arabidopsis fruits will develop to a normal size only when the ovules are present and fertilized. In the 28-5 single mutant, the siliques keep growing despite failure of fertilization and can reach nearly normal size. When wild-type pollen was used to pollinate the mutant pistil, the pollinated 28-5 silique became >10% longer and 40% wider than a wild-type silique, although producing very few seeds. The enhancer insertion in line 28-5 acts by hyperactivating a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP78A9. The pistil of 28-5 ap2-1 mutant flowers shows a structure similar to that of Capsella bursa-pastoris, a distant mustard relative of Arabidopsis, suggesting that the processes regulated by the CYP78A9-encoded protein may be involved in evolutionary control of carpel shape.
Preschool Children's Intraconversational Narratives.

Analysis of narratives produced spontaneously within natural conversation by children from three to five years of age found age-related increases in length, number, variety, compression, and complexity of six story elements, remoteness of narrated events, and number and variety of intra- and post-narrative listener responses made to them. These and other changes indicate a considerable growth from three to five in the amount and sophistication of information furnished by preschool narrators, particularly between three and four years, as well as in the motivation of the stories with respect to the overall conversational discourse.
Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared

Subjects hearing a list of associates to a nonpresented lure word later often claim to have heard the lure (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). To examine the characteristics of such false memories, subjects completed a memory characteristics questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson, Foley, Suengas, & Raye, 1988) or made remember/know (RK; Gardiner & Java, 1993) judgments for previously heard theme associates and nonpresented lures. MCQ ratings indicated that false memories for lures had less auditory detail and less remembered feelings and reactions than memories for presented words. In addition, rates of false recognition for lures were significantly lower than rates of correct recognition when items from various themes were intermixed instead of blocked at acquisition and subjects made MCQ ratings instead of RK judgments. This demonstrates that false memories can be affected both by how they are acquired and by how extensively they are examined at retrieval.