cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Planet Host Star Gamma Cephei: Physical Properties, the Binary Orbit, and the Mass of the Substellar Companion

The bright K1 III-IV star gamma Cep has been reported previously to have a companion in a 2.5-yr orbit that is possibly substellar, and also has a stellar companion at a larger separation that has never been seen. Here we determine for the first time the three-dimensional orbit of the stellar companion accounting also for the perturbation from the closer object. We combine new and existing radial velocity measurements (of both classical precision and high precision) with intermediate astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission (abscissa residuals) as well as ground-based positional observations going back more than a century. The orbit of the secondary star is eccentric and has a period of 66.8 yr. We establish the primary star to be on the first ascent of the giant branch, and to have a mass of 1.18 M_Sun, an effective temperature of 4800 K, and an age around 6.6 Gyr (for an assumed metallicity [Fe/H] = +0.01). The unseen secondary star is found to be an M4 dwarf with a mass of 0.362 M_Sun, and is expected to be about 6.4 mag fainter than the primary in K. The minimum mass of the putative planetary companion is M_p sin i = 1.43 M_Jup. Taking advantage again of the high-precision Hipparcos observations we are able to place a dynamical upper limit on this mass of 13.3 M_Jup (95% confidence level) and 16.9 M_Jup (99.73%, or 3 sigma) thus confirming that it is indeed substellar in nature. (Abridged)
The Effect of COVID-19 on Amazon Mturk

This paper examines the effect of COVID-19 on experiments run using Amazon Mturk. We run a Bertrand Oligopoly experiment with conversation before and after the pandemic outbreak. The outcome shows that after COVID-19, more participants do not fully engage in the experiment and “cherry-pick” the participation fee. There is a 36.51% decrease in the number of participants who actually participate in conversations and a 31.71% decrease in the number of groups discussing pricing behavior.
Inpatient and Outpatient Technologies to Assist in the Management of Insulin Dosing

Several new technologies use computer algorithms to analyze a person's blood glucose response to insulin treatment, calculate the person's next recommended insulin dose, advise the person regarding when to check blood glucose next, and provide alerts regarding glucose control for the individual patient or across a hospital system. This article reviews U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved products designed to help manage insulin dosing for inpatients, as well as those available to provide people with insulin-requiring diabetes support in making adjustments to their basal and/or mealtime insulin doses. Many of these products have a provider interface that allows for remote monitoring of patients' glucose readings and insulin doses. By alleviating some of the burdens of insulin initiation and dose adjustment, these products may facilitate improved glycemic management and patient outcomes.
Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers as a philosophical text

Elizabeth Hamilton (1758–1816) has not so far been considered a philosopher, probably because she wrote novels and tracts on education rather than philosophical treatises. This paper argues that Ha...
Financing Public Goods

I study whether and how shocks to the supply of municipal credit affect both the quantity and quality of local public goods. I use a difference-in-differences approach based on regulations that affected bank demand for municipal bonds. Credit-constrained municipalities cut spending, especially infrastructure investment. Public service quality deteriorates, manifested in increased water contamination and prolonged power outages. While amendments to the regulation mitigated municipal credit constraints, evidence is mixed on whether the quality of public service recovered. My results highlight the impact of financial market disruptions on local governments and people, and the unintended consequences of a post-crisis banking regulation.
Technologies Expand Aesthetic Dimensions: Visualization and Sonification of Embodied Penwald Drawings

Even though defining art gets more and more difficult, reintegrating art and technology seems to be a clear trend. The present paper aims to show how technologies can expand aesthetic dimensions of art works. Michigan Tech researchers collaborated with a world-renowned artist, Tony Orrico in the immersive virtual environment. While he performed, multiple cameras tracked his body movements and physiological devices logged his biosignals (respiration, heart rate, etc.). Then, the system translated the data into visualization and sonification. Incremental aesthetic dimensions (representation-performance, 2d−3d, outside-inside) obtained based on this art-technology collaboration are discussed with research in progress.
Neuroprotective and Neurotoxic Properties of α-Synuclein in Cell Culture Models of Dopaminergic Degeneration

Publisher Summary This chapter explores neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties of α-synuclein in cell culture models of dopaminergic degeneration. The physiological function and Chaperone activity of α-synuclein are also discussed. α-Synuclein is highly expressed in the central nervous system, especially in the substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, amygdala, and hippocampus. Human α-synuclein, a natively unfolded protein with 140 amino acids, consists of three structurally distinct motifs: an N-terminal amphipathic region, a central non-A β component (NAC) domain, and a C-terminal acidic tail. α-Synuclein has been shown to regulate the activity and function of several proteins associated with DA homeostasis and cellular signaling. Studies show that α-synuclein expressing cells are slightly resistant to cytotoxicity induced by acute exposure to dopaminergic toxins, probably by sequestering proapoptotic molecules PKC δ and BAD. The α-synuclein cells can also be more susceptible to apoptotic cell death induced by chronic exposure to dopaminergic toxins presumably because of impairment in UPS dysfunction, protein misfolding, and aggregation. The α-synuclein appears to be detrimental to DA neurons, considering the self-aggregation propensity of the protein during toxic insults and the possibility of chronic exposure to environmental factors, which is a dominant risk factor for Parkinson's disease.
Distinct factors bind the AP-1 consensus sites in gibbon ape leukemia virus and simian virus 40 enhancers.

Abstract We have demonstrated that the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) enhancer AP-1 element and the simian virus 40 AP-1 enhancer element bind different factors in HeLa nuclear extracts. A 39-kilodalton HeLa nuclear protein and the c-fos protein bind to the GALV element. Antibodies to c-fos abolish binding to the GALV AP-1 site. In contrast, anti-c-fos immunoglobulin fails to inhibit formation of the simian virus 40-specific complex from extracts of HeLa cells. Thus, AP-1-binding complexes are subject to compositional variation at different binding sites.
On an Extension of the Describing Function Method

A numerical method is presented for the local search of a limit cycle oscillation in multiloop nonlinear control systems with multiple nonlinearities. The nonlinearities may be asymmetric in nature. Dual inpuit Describing Functions have been used to model the bias and the first harmonic gains of the nonlinearities. Existence of a limit cycle is sought by solving a coupled set of eigenvalue problems. The evolution of the limit cycle is studied next as a function of a critical system-parameter. A Generalized Newton-Raphson method has been developed in this paper to solve for the active updates of the state variable amplitudes in a minimum norm sense. A case study involving a third order control system with an asymmetric nonlinearity is included to illustrate the application of the method.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Color Doppler–Imaged Flow Convergence Region: Limitations

To the Editor: I would like to congratulate Ishii et al1 for a very interesting study in the February 6, 2001, issue of Circulation on the use of 3D reconstruction of the color Doppler–imaged flow convergence region in ventricular septal defects. Their study, however, fails to mention 2 significant limitations of the flow convergence method. First, color Doppler isovelocity contours are distortions of the true isovelocity …
Chapter 52 The economics of crime

Abstract Crime is a major activity in the US, with implications for poverty and the allocation of public and private resources. The economics of crime focuses on the effect of incentives on criminal behavior, the way decisions interact in a market setting; and the use of a benefit-cost framework to assess alternative strategies to reduce crime. This essay shows that most empirical evidence supports the role of incentives in the criminal decision: legitimate labor market experiences, sanctions including incarceration, and the risk of apprehension all influence decisions to engage in crime. By putting crime into a market setting, economic analysis highlights the difficulty of reducing crime through incapacitation: when the elasticity of supply to crime is high, one criminal replaces another in the market; and thus the importance of deterring crime by altering behavior. Most analyses show that “crime pays” in the sense of offering higher wages than legitimate work, presumably in part to offset the risk of apprehension. But some important facts about crime — long term trend increases and decreases; the geographic concentration of crime; the preponderance of men and the young in crime — seem to go beyond basic economic analysis.
INCREASING SOCIALIZATION IN ADULTS WITH ASPERGER'S SYNDROME

Difficulties engaging in social activities are considered to be a core symptom of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both the literature and our clinical observations suggest that most individuals with ASD have a desire to engage in social activities, but social skill deficits make social interaction challenging, and in turn can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation. Currently there are few resources to support adult students with ASD in forming friendships and involvement in the college community. Using a multiple baseline design over a 33-week period, this study evaluated the effectiveness of structured social planning for college students with ASD. Intervention included weekly sessions that included providing step-by-step social planning related to their interests, and feedback regarding their participation in social activities. In addition, training in specific organizational skills was implemented, such as determining activities, using a planner to ensure participation in the activities, inviting peers to activities, arranging for transportation, and so on. Results demonstrated that participants were not attending any social events throughout the baseline period. Following intervention, all participants increased the number of social events attended per week. Further, quality of life and satisfaction questionnaires all reported a higher satisfaction with their college experience and peer interactions following intervention. Finally, improvements were seen in other untargeted areas, including increases in non-structured social interactions, improvements in grade point averages, and employment. Results are discussed in regards to a creating a social support program for college students with ASD. C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Salivary receptors for recombinant fimbrillin of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Fimbriae are considered important in the adherence and colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the oral cavity. It has been demonstrated that purified fimbriae bind to whole human saliva adsorbed to hydroxyapatite (HAP) beads, and the binding appears to be mediated by specific protein-protein interactions. Recently, we expressed the recombinant fimbrillin protein (r-Fim) of P. gingivalis corresponding to amino acid residues 10 to 337 of the native fimbrillin (A. Sharma, H.T. Sojar, J.-Y. Lee, and R.J. Genco, Infect. Immun. 61:3570-3573, 1993). We examined the ability of individual salivary components to promote the direct attachment of r-Fim to HAP beads. Purified r-Fim was radiolabeled with 125I and incubated with HAP beads which were coated with saliva or purified individual salivary components. Whole, parotid, and submandibular-sublingual salivas increased the binding of 125I-r-Fim to HAP beads. Submandibular-sublingual saliva was most effective in increasing the binding of 125I-r-Fim to HAP beads (1.8 times greater than that to uncoated HAP beads). The binding of 125I-r-Fim to HAP beads coated with acidic proline-rich protein 1 (PRP1) or statherin was four and two times greater, respectively, than that to uncoated HAP beads. PRP1 and statherin molecules were also found to bind 125I-r-Fim in an overlay assay. The binding of intact P. gingivalis cells to HAP beads coated with PRP1 or statherin was also enhanced, by 5.4 and 4.3 times, respectively, over that to uncoated HAP beads. The interactions of PRP1 and statherin with 125I-r-Fim were not inhibited by the addition of carbohydrates or amino acids. PRP1 and statherin in solution did not show inhibitory activity on 125I-r-Fim binding to HAP beads coated with PRP1 or statherin. These results suggest that P. gingivalis fimbriae bind strongly through protein-protein interactions to acidic proline-rich protein and statherin molecules which coat surfaces.
Enhancing T Lineage Production in Aged Mice: A Novel Function of Foxn1 in the Bone Marrow Niche

Foxn1 is essential for thymic organogenesis and T lymphopoiesis. Whereas reduced Foxn1 expression results in a decline in T lymphopoiesis, overexpression of Foxn1 in the thymus of a transgenic mouse model ( Foxn1 Tg) attenuates the age-associated decline in T lymphopoiesis. T lymphopoiesis begins with early T cell progenitors (ETP), derived from multipotent progenitors (MPP) in the bone marrow (BM). A decline in MPP and ETP numbers with age is thought to contribute to reduced T lymphopoiesis. Previously, we showed that reduced ETP number with age is attenuated in Foxn1 transgenic (Tg); whether the effect is initiated in the BM with MPP is not known. In this study, we report that Foxn1 is expressed in wild-type BM and overexpressed in Foxn1 Tg. With age, the number of MPP in Foxn1 Tg was not reduced, and Foxn1 Tg also have a larger pool of hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, the Foxn1 Tg BM is more efficient in generating MPP. In contrast to MPP, common lymphoid progenitors and B lineage cell numbers were significantly lower in both young and aged Foxn1 Tg compared with wild type. We identified a novel population of lineage neg/low , CD45 pos EpCAM pos , SCA1 pos , CD117 neg , CD138 neg , MHCII neg cells as Foxn1-expressing BM cells that also express Delta-like 4. Thus, Foxn1 affects both T lymphopoiesis and hematopoiesis, and the Foxn1 BM niche may function in skewing MPP development toward T lineage progenitors.
The Presentation of Avatars in Second Life: Self and Interaction in Social Virtual Spaces

What do interactions in virtual spaces suggest about everyday life in the digital age? How do interactions in virtual spaces shape everyday life in the digital age? Guided by hypermodern theory, I conduct participant observation in the social virtual world Second Life to provide tentative answers to those questions. I suggest that Second Life is both a social psychological playground where participants enjoy individualistic fantasies and a virtual community where they collaborate on collective projects. When people define the virtual as real, it is real in its consequences. Accordingly, social virtual spaces such as Second Life offer sociologists unique opportunities for research, education, intervention, and hence the development of a virtual imagination.
The Institutional Logic of Union Organizing and the Effectiveness of Social Movement Repertoires1

Despite the growing interest in union organizing, there has been little effort to systematically describe the organizing landscape in America today. Institutionalization, which is an increasingly important concept in social movement theory, provides the framework for differentiating between the two major organizing repertoires presently available to unions: the traditional National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) certification election and more recent organizing that avoids the election process. Evidence from a sample of 70 large local unions from 1990 to 2001 reveals that, although the certification election continues to be the preferred method of membership recruitment, non‐NLRB organizing appears to be more effective, in terms of both victory rate and number of workers organized. The findings have implications for future research on labor unions and represent an important step toward an empirical understanding of processes of institutionalization within social movements generally.
Headache Caused by a Spinal Cord Stimulator in the Upper Cervical Spine

We report persistent headaches developing in a patient subsequent to the placement of a spinal cord stimulator in the upper cervical spine. These persistent headaches responded to dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan. Headaches ceased upon repositioning of the stimulator lower in the cervical spine. We postulate an effect of the device on the trigeminovascular system via the nucleus caudalis trigeminalis and/or spinal trigeminal tract.
Peroxynitrite-induced relaxation in isolated canine cerebral arteries and mechanisms of action.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine the vascular actions of peroxynitrite (ONOO−), the product of superoxide and nitric oxide (NO), in isolated canine cerebral arteries and to gain insight into its potential mechanisms of action. In the absence of any vasoactive agent, ONOO− (from 10−7 to 10−6 M) was able to reduce the basal tension. In prostaglandin F2α-precontracted canine basilar arterial rings, ONOO− elicited concentration-dependent relaxation at concentrations from 10−8 to 10−5 M. The effective concentrations producing approximately 50% maximal relaxation (EC50) to ONOO− were 4.06 × 10−6 and 4.12 × 10−6 M in intact and denuded rings, respectively (P > 0.05). No significant differences in relaxation responses were found in ring preparations with or without endothelium (P > 0.05). The presence of either 5 μM methylene blue (MB) or 5 μM 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-α]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) significantly inhibited the relaxations induced by ONOO−. Tetraethylammonium chloride (T-2265) significantly decreased the ONOO−-induced relaxations in a concentration-dependent manner. However, ONOO− had no effect on rings precontracted by high KCL (P > 0.05). Addition of low concentrations of calyculin A (50 nM) was able to abolish the ONOO−-induced relaxation. Furthermore, ONOO− significantly inhibited calcium-induced contractions of K+-depolarized canine cerebral rings in a concentration-related manner. Lastly, a variety of pharmacological agents and antagonists including L-NMMA, l -arginine, indomethacin, atropine, naloxone, diphenhydramine, cimetine, glibenclamide, haloperidol, etc., did not influence the relaxant effects of ONOO− on the rings. Our new results suggest that ONOO−-triggered relaxation, on canine cerebral arteries, is mediated by elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, membrane hyperpolarization via K+ channel activation, activation of myosin light chain phosphatase activity, and interference with calcium movement and cellular membrane Ca2+ entry.
Treatment of stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease: Is radiotherapy alone adequate?

Abstract We have analyzed a series of 48 patients with Hodgkin's disease who were pathologically Staged IIIA and treated with total nodal irradiation alone. The cumulative overall survival is 80% at 5 years; the cumulative relapse-free survival, however, is only 35% at 5 years. When the patients are subdivided into clinical Stage (CS) I, II/pathological Stage (PS) III and CS III/PS III categories, the relapse-free 5 year cumulative survivals are 50% and 15%, respectively. Patients less than 20 years of age had a 5 year relapse-free survival of 65% vs 28% for those over 20. These results, particularly in terms of freedom from relapse, are not as good as those being obtained in more advanced disease with the use of both combination chemotherapy plus irradiation. Combined modality therapy with both drugs and irradiation appears indicated for most Stage MA patients.
Relationship between uptake of norepinephrine by hypothalamic homogenates and the activity of brown adipose tissue.

Abstract It has previously been established that norepinephrine (NE) in the central nervous system is involved in feeding and the development of obesity. The present experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between the uptake of NE by a crude hypothalamic homogenate and NE-mediated sympathetic activity in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). Sympathetic nervous system activity was assessed by measuring the binding of the purine nucleotide guanosine-5′-diphosphate (GDP) to mitochondria isolated from IBAT. Four situations known to alter food intake and sympathetic activity, namely, corticotropin releasing factor infusion, adrenalectomy, fenfluramine treatment and obesity due to genetic transmission were studied. In each case, [ 3 H]NE uptake by the hypothalamic preparation and GDP binding to IBAT mitochondria were measured. A highly significant negative correlation between the uptake of NE by hypothalamic homogenates and the binding of GDP to IBAT mitochondria was obtained in both lean and obese animals. These findings are discussed with regard to the regulation of food intake and sympathetic nervous system mediated thermogenesis.
Cymathere ethers A and B : bicyclic oxylipins from the marine brown alga Cymathere triplicata

Abstract Two novel oxylipins incorporating a 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring system have been isolated from the marine brown algaCymathere triplicata and characterized as their methyl ester derivatives by spectroscopic methods. A biogenetic scheme for cymathere ether A is presented in which the initial step is dioxygenation of acid mediated by a 10-lipoxygenase.
WILDER MANIFOLDS ARE LOCALLY ORIENTABLE

A proof is given for the long-standing conjecture of R. L. Wilder that every generalized manifold is locally orientable. Roughly speaking, a generalized n-manifold is a locally compact space whose local homology groups at each point are those of an n-manifold. Local orientability is a condition in which the local homology groups at neighboring points have a certain nice relationship to one another. Local orientability is indispensable for almost all applications.
Short-Term Reliability and Continuity of Emotional Availability in Mother-Child Dyads Across Contexts of Observation.

Emotional availability (EA) is a prominent index of socioemotional adaptation in the parent–child dyad. Is EA affected by context? In this methodological study, 34 mothers and their 2-year-olds were observed in 2 different settings (home vs. laboratory) 1 week apart. Significant cross-context reliability and continuity in EA as measured with the Emotional Availability Scales emerged. Because EA is not affected by context, cross-context generalizations about EA status in the dyad may be warranted. This work further documents the adequate psychometric properties of emotional availability.
Motivational Interviewing to Affect Behavioral Change in Older Adults

This article reviews and assesses the existing research literature on the efficacy of motivational interviewing (MI) to promote lifestyle changes and improve functioning among older adults confronting serious health challenges. A comprehensive literature review was conducted of intervention studies that tested the use of MI to achieve behavioral change among older adults with acute and chronic illnesses. Although limited in number, the studies revealed a significant improvement in physical activity, diet, cholesterol, blood pressure and glycemic control, and increased smoking cessation following MI. MI and its derivatives can be useful in dealing with a range of health issues faced by older adults. Further research to extend findings and address methodological issues is recommended. The integration of MI into social work courses focused on practice with older adults should be considered.
A Theory of Spark Discharge

The breakdown of a uniform field is considered to occur by the transition of an electron avalanche proceeding from cathode to anode into a self-propagating streamer, which develops from anode to cathode to form a conducting filament between the electrodes. A criterion is put forward for such a transition, viz., a streamer will develop when the radial field about the positive space charge in an electron avalanche attains a value of the order of the external applied field. For then photoelectrons in the immediate vicinity of the avalanche will be drawn into the stem of the avalanche and will give rise to a conducting filament of plasma, and a self-propagating streamer proceeds towards the cathode. The theory thus depends on ionization by electrons and photo-ionization in the gas and dispenses with the classical assumption of ionization by positive ions in the gas or secondary actions at the cathode. On this basis an equation for breakdown is developed, and reference to $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{p}\ensuremath{-}\frac{X}{p}$ curves enables the potential required for breakdown to be determined. Satisfactory agreement between calculation and experiment is found in air for values of pressure times gap length down to $p\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\sim}100$ mm Hg\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}cm. The theory does not conform absolutely to Paschen's law, but the deviations are within the present day margins of experimental error. For lower values of $p\ensuremath{\delta}$ the deviation between calculation and experiment is explained by the fact that the density of photo-ionization becomes small, and the secondary mechanism, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, is observed in this region, so that classical theory applies. The theory is indicated to be consistent with all the requirements so far established in connection with sparks for large $p\ensuremath{\delta}$ up to the lightning discharge.
Mechanisms of Dioxin Formation from the High-Temperature Oxidation of 2-Chlorophenol

The homogeneous, gas-phase oxidative thermal degradation of 2-chlorophenol was studied in a 1 cm i.d., fused silica flow reactor at a concentration of 88 ppm, reaction time of 2.0 s, over a temperature range of 300 to 1000 °C. Observed products in order of yield were as follows: 4,6-dichlorodibenzofuran (4,6-DCDF) > dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) > 1-monochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1-MCDD), 4-chlorodibenzofuran (4-MCDF), dibenzofuran (DF), naphthalene, chloronaphthalene, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, phenol, chlorobenzene, and benzene. In contrast to pyrolysis, 4,6-DCDF is the major product rather than DD, and 1-MCDD and naphthalene are formed at temperatures as low as 400 °C. Under oxidative conditions, •OH and Cl• are the major carriers, which favors 4,6-DCDF formation over DD or 1-MCDD through abstraction of H• through diketo- and ether- intermediates. It is proposed that below 500 °C, unimolecular tautomerization/HCl elimination and CO elimination/isomerization reactions result in the formation of 1-MCD...
Ekman Veering, Internal Waves, and Turbulence Observed under Arctic Sea Ice

The ice‐ocean system is investigated on inertial to monthly time scales using winter 2009‐10 observations from the first ice-tethered profiler (ITP) equipped with a velocity sensor (ITP-V). Fluctuations in surface winds, ice velocity, and ocean velocity at 7-m depth were correlated. Observed ocean velocity was primarily directed to the right of the ice velocity and spiraled clockwise while decaying with depth through the mixed layer. Inertial and tidal motions of the ice and in the underlying ocean were observed throughout the record. Just below the ice‐ocean interface, direct estimates of the turbulent vertical heat, salt, and momentum fluxes and the turbulent dissipation rate were obtained. Periods of elevated internal wave activity were associated with changes to the turbulent heat and salt fluxes as well as stratification primarily within the mixed layer. Turbulent heat and salt fluxes were correlated particularly when the mixed layer was closest to the freezing temperature. Momentum flux is adequately related to velocity shear using a constant ice‐ocean drag coefficient, mixing length based on the planetary and geometric scales, or Rossby similarity theory. Ekman viscosity described velocity shear over the mixed layer. The ice‐ocean drag coefficient was elevated for certain directions of the ice‐ocean shear, implying an ice topography that was characterized by linear ridges. Mixinglengthwasbestestimatedusingthewavenumber ofthebeginningoftheinertialsubrangeoravariable drag coefficient. Analyses of this and future ITP-V datasets will advance understanding of ice‐ocean interactions and their parameterizations in numerical models.
Cell Processing: Current Status and Future Directions

Specialized clinical cell processing began in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the National Institutes of Health in 1984. The number and complexity of procedures performed increased quickly and in 1997 a highly specialized cell processing laboratory was opened. The laboratory has approximately 3,000 square feet, specialized air handing, a highly trained staff, and written laboratory procedures. In addition to standard laboratory equipment, the laboratory has numerous cell isolation instruments, flow cytometers, and automated cell counting instruments. The laboratory supports blood and bone marrow transplant protocols by isolating CD34+ stem cells, removing T lymphocytes, culturing lymphocytes to eliminate donor lymphocytes that are reactive with recipient alloantigens, and stimulating lymphocytes to induce Th2 type cells to reduce graft versus host disease. The laboratory has also been preparing dendritic cells to support protocols using immune therapy to treat cancer. In addition, pancreatic islet cells are isolated from organ donors for transplantation to treat type I diabetes mellitus.
Coadsorption chemistry of H2 and C2N2 on Pt(111): A common intermediate in the hydrogenation of cyanogen and the dehydrogenation of ethylenediamine on Pt(111)

Abstract The adsorption of C2N2 on Pt(111) results in two desorption states (α,β). The α state, Tmax = 368 K, is due to the desorption of molecularly adsorbed C2N2. The β state, Tmax = 780 K, may be due to the recombination of adsorbed CN groups or the decomposition of an extended (CN)x, polymer. Coadsorption of H2 and C2N2 results in a surface nitrene which decomposes to give back H2 and C2N2 at 430 K. Decomposition of ethylenediamine results in the same species. Dehydrogenation of ethylene-d4-diamine shows that the amine hydrogens are removed first in this process followed at 430 K by the removal of the hydrogens from the carbons liberating C2N2 as the final product.
Relation of Hormonal Variations to Nutritional Studies and Metabolism of Ruminants

Abstract Variations in concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, prolactin, adrenal corticoids, and thyroid hormones in blood plasma of ruminants as related to circadian rhythms, environmental factors, and nutrition are reviewed. Rhythms in prolactin concentrations are related to light and temperature. Concentrations of prolactin in plasma are higher in warm environments and during longer photoperiods. There is episodic secretion of growth hormone in cattle with frequent peaks in plasma concentrations during 24 h. Marked increases in environmental temperature result in greater secretion of growth hormone for short times followed by a decline in plasma concentration with prolonged exposure. Extreme cold temperature also increases growth hormone concentrations in plasma. Secretion of thyroid hormones increases in cold and decreases in warm environments. Circadian rhythms are definite for plasma concentrations of adrenal corticoids in ruminants adjusted to their surroundings. Peaks occur late in dark periods, and lows occur during the end of light periods. Circadian patterns have not been consistent for secretion of insulin. Prolonged subjection to stresses such as noise, handling, and restraint can modify concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenal corticoids. Changes in concentrations of insulin may occur if blood glucose is increased. After feeding, concentrations of growth hormone in plasma decrease and concentrations of insulin and glucagon increase. Relationships of these changes with metabolism are discussed.
Quantum-classical correspondence for the Fourier spectrum of a trajectory

Abstract Using a displaced localized wavepacket (coherent state) as a quantum analog to a classical trajectory, we examine the Fourier spectrum of the expectation value of position X Q t , and compare it with the classical Fourier spectrum of position X t . In both the quasiperiodic and chaotic regimes, a strong classical-quantum corrsespondence exists in the Fourier spectrum. However, the quantum spectrum has certain interesting features not present in the classical case.
On the h-, p- and h-p versions of the boundary element method-numerical results

There are three versions of the boundary element method (BEM). The classical h-version, which achieves the accuracy by refining the mesh while using low degrees p of elements, usually p=1,2. The p-version keeps the mesh fixed and the accuracy is achieved by increasing the degree p. The h-p version combines both approaches. We present numerical experiments with the h-, p- and h-p versions of BEM which are performed with our codes developed at Georgia Tech. We compute experimental convergence rates which underline theoretical results. We introduce the boundary integral equations and their Galerkin schemes for the Dirichlet and Neumann problems. We describe the implementation of the Galerkin procedure and we present our adaptive feedback algorithm for the h-p version
An anatomic study of the subscapularis tendon and myotendinous junction.

The subscapularis muscle and tendon were studied in 25 cadaveric specimens. The subscaputaris insertion into the proximal humerus and its musculolendinous junction was defined. We found that the subscapularis muscle had a gradual formation of the musculotendinous junction and, in contrast to classical descriptions, inserted into the humerus as both tendon and muscle. The musculotendinous junction was fully formed 2 cm from the lesser tuberosity. The superior 60% of the muscle's insertion inserted into the lesser tuberosity as tendon. The remaining insertion consisted of muscle and was below the lesser tuberosity. The anterior humeral circumflex vessels and the axillary nerve marked the inferior aspect of the subscapularis muscle at the anterior aspect of the quadrangular space. The vessels then coursed laterally and superiorly onto the anterior surface of the muscle insertion coursing over the division between the tendinous and muscular portions. Proper identification of these relationships can prevent complications in shoulder surgery.
Distribution and dynamics of birds in a rural sub-Mediterranean landscape

Abstract The richness and abundance of birds in a sub-Mediterranean rural landscape (north Italy, Massa Carrara Province) were investigated across two spatial scales (10km× 10km and5km× 5km), two functional scales (land use mosaic and ecotope) and two temporal scales (annual and seasonal). Information on birds collected using the line transect method was compared with some landscape attributes (altitude, orientation, patch size, distance from cultivations). Distribution, abundance and seasonal turnover of birds were described efficiently by land use cover and ecotopes, but altitude, orientation, patch size and neighboring patch types were also important. Pure crop areas and crops mixed within woodlands and farming villages were the areas preferred by birds especially out of the breeding period, although woodlands supported more stable birds assemblages over the year. The multiscalar approach proposed was an efficient strategy to investigate these bird assemblages living in a patchy rural mosaic in which resources were made seasonally available by agricultural practices. The recent landscape change due to abandonment of agriculture in most of the sub-Mediterranean mountainous rural areas and the consequent woodland encroachment were expected to produce impoverishment of both diversity and abundance of resident and migratory birds.
Neurological deterioration in adult phenylketonuria.

A 28-year-old man with classical phenylketonuria had increased seizure frequency and rapidly progressive spasticity. There was a marked reduction of biogenic amine neutotransmitter metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Dietary therapy reduced serum phenylalanine levels, improved symptoms of hypertonicity, and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter metabolites became normal. An adolescent male with classical phenylketonuria, treated by dietary restriction until age 6 years, was assessed for decreasing school performance at 18 years. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine neurotransmitter metabolites were significantly reduced. Magnetic resonance imaging in both subjects showed multiple areas of increased signal intensity in cerebral white matter. Neuropathological changes in classical phenylketonuria have been characterized as a dysmyelinating or demyelinating process. Neurochemical studies show a defect in brain lipids and biogenic amine metabolism. In the past, dietary therapy was directed at reducing hyperphenylalaninaemia only during the first decade of life. This report, as well as other studies, indicates that dietary therapy should be lifelong in patients with classical phenylketonuria, in order to prevent progressive and insidious neurological deterioration in later life.
A comparison of nutrition knowledge of freshmen and senior medical students: a collaborative study of southeastern medical schools.

It has been documented previously that nutrition knowledge of senior medial students at ten southeastern medical schools varies and is positively correlated with student assessment of the quantity and quality of nutrition education. To determine whether the differences in knowledge are related to the medical educational experience or are simply a reflection of differences in the students' knowledge on entry to medical school, the same examination was administered to entering freshmen at eight of the medical schools. The knowledge scores of freshmen were remarkably homogeneous from school to school (53 +/− 1%, range 51-55%), and nutrition knowledge was significantly higher for seniors than for the freshmen at all schools (mean 69 vs 53%, p less than 0.0001). On the basis of responses to survey items on the examination, the freshman medical students were more inclined than senior students to take a nutrition elective (62 vs 34%, p less than 0.0001), and more freshman rated nutrition as being important to th...
Cosmological gamma-ray bursts and the highest energy cosmic rays.

We discuss a scenario in which the highest energy cosmic rays (CR's) and cosmological $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray bursts (GRB's) have a common origin. This scenario is consistent with the observed CR flux above 1${0}^{20}$ eV, provided that each burst produces similar energies in $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays and in CR's above 1${0}^{20}$ eV. Protons may be accelerated by Fermi's mechanism to energies $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{20}\mathrm{eV}$ in a dissipative, ultrarelativistic wind, with luminosity and Lorentz factor high enough to produce a GRB. For a homogeneous GRB distribution, this scenario predicts an isotropic, time-independent CR flux.
Uranium geochemistry in estuarine sediments: Controls on removal and release processes

Abstract Porewater uranium profiles from Long Island Sound (LIS) and Amazon shelf sediments and LIS sediment incubation experiments indicate that both removal and release processes control U geochemistry in estuarine sediments. Release of U from sediments occurs in association with Fe reduction. A correlation between U and Fe (and Mn) observed in sediment incubation experiments suggests that there is release of U from Fe-Mn-oxides as they are reduced, consistent with data from the Amazon shelf. In both sediment porewater profiles (LIS and Amazon) and sediment incubation experiments (LIS), there is removal of U from porewater under conditions of sulfate reduction. Sediment incubation experiments indicate that the removal rate is first-order with respect to U concentration, and the rate constant is linearly correlated to sulfate reduction rates. The link between U removal and sulfate reduction (a measure of diagenetic microbial activity) is consistent with a microbial mediation of U reduction. The diffusional flux of U into LIS sediments is estimated from porewater profiles. The inclusion of this estuarine removal term in the oceanic U balance increases the importance of the sediment sink.
The optical environment of manned spacecraft

Abstract The dynamics of particulate material ejected from manned spacecraft is examined and it is found that a debris comet up to several kilometers in diameter can be expected to surround these vehicles. Residence of particles within the comet is shown to be determined by aerodynamic drag for the lower satellites and by radiation pressure for synchronous and Cis-lunar missions. The expected radiance of the sunlit cloud of debris is calculated under an assumed size distribution for the ejecta, an efficiency of 100 per cent for the conversion of water and water vapor into ice droplets, and the rates of mass loss from the Gemini and Apollo satellites. It is found that the radiance of the permanent cloud due to the continuous leaking of cabin gas would be intolerably high for Gemini and just barely tolerable for the Apollo. The dumping of waste water from Apollo in synchronous or Cis-lunar orbits would prevent the observation of faint astronomical objects such as the solar corona and zodiacal light for a few hours. The results of the calculation are compared with the cloud radiance inferred from the faintest stars visible in daytime during the flight of Gemini V. The calculated radiances are two orders of magnitude lower and alternate explanations for the invisibility of stars fainter than second magnitude are examined.
Developmental changes in the sensitivity of embryonic heart cells to tetrodotoxin and D600.

Abstract During Days 4 to 7 in ovo, beating of embryonic chick hearts becomes progressively more sensitive to inhibition by tetrodotoxin, an inhibitor of fast Na+ channels, and progressively less sensitive to inhibition by D600, an inhibitor of slow Ca2+/Na+ channels. The developmental change in tetrodotoxin sensitivity is not retained in heart cells cultured in monolayer. In contrast, the developmental change in D600 sensitivity is retained. Veratridine-stimulated 22Na+ influx mediated by fast Na+ channels is inhibited by tetrodotoxin (Ki = 1.6 nM) in cells prepared from either 3-day or 12-day embryos. These results suggest that young embryonic hearts contain physiologically inactive Na+ channels. 22Na+ influx mediated by slow Ca2+/Na+ channels is inhibited by D600 with a Ki of 40 nM for cells from 3-day hearts and 8 μM for cells from 12-day hearts. Beating of heart cells in aggregate cultures is also inhibited by D600. Aggregates which have reactivated after inhibition by tetrodotoxin are 10-fold more sensitive to inhibition by D600 than untreated controls. The results suggest that the primary developmental event is a change in slow Ca2+/Na+ channels which reduces their sensitivity to D600 and diminishes their ability to support beating without the activity of the fast Na+ channel.
Industrial Marketings New Challenge: The Computerized Buyer

Sales managers can expect larger orders in the future. As contracts are negotiated on a national basis, companies will find that they are dealing in annual requirements of a single product. All negotiation and contact by purchasers will take place at a higher level in the organization.
TERRITORIALITY IN A TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDER: THE INFLUENCE OF RESOURCE QUALITY AND BODY SIZE

Intraspecific interference competition associated with territoriality has been documented in laboratory studies of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. I used laboratory and field experiments to study the effect of resource quality and body size on such competition. In an experiment in southwestern Virginia, cover objects (e.g., logs) from which the resident salamanders were removed were invaded significantly more often than cover objects from which the resident salamander was not removed. These data provide the first direct test of territoriality for a salamander in a natural habitat. Newly invading salamanders were significantly smaller than the original territorial residents. Therefore, large body size is an advantage in territorial encounters. Because cover objects are important resources for terrestrial salamanders, characteristics of the cover object may contribute to territory quality. In an experiment conducted during warm summer weather at the Virginia site, soil temperatures under large cover objects were significantly cooler than those under small cover objects or under the leaf litter. Large cover objects may therefore benefit the salamanders by providing a buffer zone between the salamander and extreme environmental temperatures on the forest floor. In both laboratory and field experiments, when salamanders were offered a choice between large and small cover objects, both large and small salamanders exhibited a significant preference for large cover objects. Also I censused cover objects in a natural mixed hardwood forest habitat during courting and noncourting seasons and, for both seasons, I found a significant positive correlation between the body size of the salamander and the size of the cover object that it occupied. I conclude that, in this natural forest habitat, there is intraspecific competition for high quality cover objects and larger individuals are more successful competitors than smaller individuals.
A regional organism exchange model for simulating fish migration

Abstract A grid-based, spatially-explicit Regional Organism Exchange (ROE) model is presented as a framework for integrating aquatic ecosystems and fish population processes at the landscape level. Active fish movements across a grid cell boundary were predicted, based on environmental tolerance ranges. The model was designed to be easily modified for any aquatic system, migratory life-stage, or trophic community. ROE was specifically developed to understand how large-scale physical patterns (i.e., tidal and freshwater intrusions) and landscape biological processes (i.e., primary production and foraging behavior) control migration of stenohaline fishes in the estuarine lagoon of Laguna de Terminos, Mexico. A migration response matrix for temperature, salinity, food availability, birth, and mortality was used to control cell-to-cell population movements. Internal cell processes included logistic population growth, trophic interactions, and ecosystem feedback parameters. Output data maps from the ROE model showed how population spatial distributions were linked to spatial and temporal patterns of water quality. However, the most significant parameter affecting long-term population stability was birth rate; an internal cell variable. It was concluded that the simulation of large, density-dependent, spatial processes such as migration can be understood with a grid-based mechanistic ROE model because its rule-based design for movement allowed organisms to respond to ecological processes and adjust to changing environmental conditions.