cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overconfidence in projecting uncertain spatial trajectories

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand factors that influence the prediction of uncertain spatial trajectories (e.g., the future path of a hurricane or ship) and the role of human overconfidence in such prediction. BACKGROUND: Research has indicated that human prediction of uncertain trajectories is difficult and may well be subject to overconfidence in the accuracy of forecasts as is found in event prediction, a finding that indicates that humans insufficiently appreciate the contributions of variance in nature to their predictions. METHOD: In two experiments, our paradigm required participants to observe a starting point, a position at time T, and then make a prediction of the location of the trajectory at time NT. They experienced several trajectories from the same underlying model but perturbed by random variance in heading and speed. RESULTS: In Experiment 1A, people predicted linear paths well and were better in heading predictions than in speed predictions. However, participants greatly underestimated the variance in predicted location, indicating overconfidence. In Experiment 1B, the effect was replicated with frequencies rather than probabilities used in variance estimates. In Experiment 2, people predicted nonlinear trajectories poorly, and overconfidence was again observed. Overconfidence was reduced on the more difficult predictions. In both main experiments, those better at predicting the mean were not better at predicting the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting the level of uncertainty in spatial trajectories is not well done and may involve qualitatively different abilities than prediction of the mean. APPLICATION: Improving real-world performance at prediction demands developing better understanding of variability, not just the average case. Biases in prediction of uncertainty may be addressed through debiasing training and/or visualization tools that could assist in more calibrated action planning.© 2016, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Language: en
Autonomous Movement Predicts Children's Moral Regard and Prosocial Behavior Towards a Social Robot Dog.

Young children are remarkably prosocial towards humans. However, it is less clear what drives children’s prosociality towards non-human others. Here we explore the possibility that children’s moral regard stems from their understanding of others as autonomous beings. To investigate this possibility, we asked five and seven-yearold children to interact with a robot dog that appeared to be either moving autonomously (displaying self-generated movement), or appeared remote-controlled by the experimenter. Compared with controlled robot, the autonomous robot caused children to ascribe higher emotional and physical sentience to the robot, to reference the robot as having desires and physiological states, and to reference moral concerns as applying to the robot. Children who owned a dog at home were also more likely to behave prosocially towards the autonomous robot. Results imply a potential role of technology on children’s developing social cognition and prosocial behavior.
The Social Ecological Model and Physical Activity Interventions for Hispanic Women With Type 2 Diabetes A Review

Hispanic women are less physically active and have higher rates of type 2 diabetes (DM2) when compared with other population groups. This review uses the social ecological model as a framework to identify the individual and social environmental factors associated with successful physical activity (PA) interventions for Hispanic women with DM2. Research questions include (a) Which social ecological levels have been applied to PA interventions? (b) Which individual and social environmental intervention strategies are associated with successful PA outcomes? Database searches using CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus for the years 2000 to 2015 identified 10 studies; with 6 using quasi-experimental study designs and 4 using randomized controlled designs. Inclusion criteria were Hispanic/Latina women with DM2, ≥70% women, PA interventions, measures of PA, and quantitative designs. Future research should focus on a combination of intervention levels, and DM2 programs should place a greater emphasis on PA intervention strategies.
A reappraisal of limited-stage undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung: Does Stage I small cell undifferentiated carcinoma exist?

Patients with small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung (SCUC) have a poor prognosis. Surgical excision is avoided if the diagnosis can be made with small biopsy specimens or cytologic preparations. We reviewed 323 consecutive patients with pulmonary neoplasms diagnosed as SCUC, oat cell carcinoma, and undifferentiated or poorly differentiated carcinoma. At the time of diagnosis, only 18 patients had neoplasms classified as clinical Stage I, and only one of these had SCUC after histologic review. Fifteen patients had atypical carcinoid, a tumor with features intermediate between ordinary bronchial carcinoid and SCUC. In two instances, there was insufficient tissue for definitive diagnosis. Cumulative survival of the 15 patients with Stage I atypical carcinoid tumor was 80% at 1 year and 60% at most recent follow-up (mean follow-up 20 months). Mean survival for the 305 remaining patients was 7.9 months. Atypical carcinoid may be misdiagnosed as SCUC or poorly differentiated carcinoma, particularly with limited tissue samples or cytologic preparations. Stage I SCUC exists but is exceedingly rare. Many examples of purported Stage I SCUC probably represent atypical carcinoid. Because atypical carcinoid has a far better prognosis than SCUC, precise diagnosis is important and surgical resection should be considered.
Sexual dysfunction among youth: an overlooked sexual health concern.

There is growing recognition that youth sexual health entails a broad range of physical, emotional and psychosocial responses to sexual interactions, yet little is known about sexual dysfunctions and well being in youth populations. This study explored sexual dysfunctions among youth and its associations with other domains of sexual health. Sexual dysfunctions were defined as: problems related to orgasm, pain during intercourse, lack of sexual desire or sexual pleasure. Data were drawn from the 2010 French national sexual and reproductive health survey comprising a random sample of 2309 respondents aged 15-24 years. The current analysis included 842 females and 642 males who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months. Chi square tests were used to test for differences in sexual dysfunctions by sex and explore associations with other domains of sexual health. Half of females (48%) reported at least one sexual dysfunction versus 23% of males. However, over half (57%) of youth reporting at least one dysfunction did not consider this to hinder their sexuality. Altogether, 31% of females cited at least one sexual dysfunction hindering their sexuality—more than three times the 9% of males. Sexual dysfunction was strongly and inversely related to sexual satisfaction for both males and females and additionally to a recent diagnosis of STI or unintended pregnancy for females. Sexual dysfunctions hindering sexuality were also correlated with a history of unintended pregnancy among males. While most youth in France enjoy a satisfying sexual life, sexual dysfunction is common, especially among females. Public health programs and clinicians should screen for and address sexual dysfunction, which substantially reduce youth sexual wellbeing.
LLNL ICF highlights for the period of July 14, 2016 to July 20, 2016

LLNL executed two HED Fused Silica Dome experiments as part of the complex hydrodynamics campaign on NIF. These shots assessed breakout times and velocities of shocks at five different angles separated by 45°. Each target looked at three different locations on the capsule measuring the shock breakout time and speed. The experiments used a significantly larger hohlraum and energy in the laser pulse than in previous complex hydrodynamics hohlraums. LLNL conducted a shot on NIF to continue developing a high pressure drive platform for Rayleigh-Taylor strength experiments. VISAR was the primary diagnostic and returned good quality data.
Development of rhenacarborane complexes as central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery agents

Abstract The search for non-invasive neural therapeutics is a problematic pursuit often hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a gatekeeper of endothelial cells and tight junctions closely regulating exchange between the bloodstream and brain tissue. A recent study of the complex [3-NO-3,3-κ 2 -(2,2′-N 2 C 10 H 6 (Me)((CH 2 ) 7 131 I)-4,4′)- closo -3,1,2-ReC 2 B 9 H 11 ] demonstrated its ability to not only safely pass through the BBB but also cleanly efflux out of neural tissue, suggesting potential use as a drug-delivery vehicle for central nervous system (CNS) delivery. However, due to the practical difficulty of asymmetric modification of the bipyridyl ligand, a more direct synthetic approach of carborane cage vertex adaptation has been investigated with the hope of utilizing such species for CNS therapeutics. A second prototype of [3,3-(CO) 2 -3-NO- closo -Re(8-O(CH 2 ) 2 O(CH 2 ) 2 125 I-3,1,2-C 2 B 9 H 10 )] was rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream from the subcutaneous site of injection and displayed a 1.1% Inj/g for peak brain uptake, which rapidly stabilized to 0.10% while the previous complex merely peaked at 0.10% Inj/g in initial studies. It was also determined that peak brain uptake of 15 mL/g was higher than lung and liver tissues, suggesting that the brain is somehow specifically targeted, although the exact rationale for selectivity remains to be explored.
Fluid Management in the Elderly

As the population ages and more numbers of surgeries are performed in the elderly, little thought has been given to the proper fluid management for the aging patient. This presents a unique challenge in perioperative management due to the normal physiologic changes that occur as organ systems age. Despite our current understanding of cardiovascular and renal aging, appropriate fluid management remains poorly understood. Current trends in goal-directed therapy demonstrate favorable postoperative outcomes; however, little is known as to the best application of fluid management in the elderly. By using minimally invasive cardiac output monitors to guide fluid therapy and maximize tissue perfusion, patient-specific individualized management is achieved which may be beneficial to the elderly population as fluid-handling organ systems diminish. Perioperative fluid management of elderly surgical patients must be considered in the context of the reduced organ-specific functional reserve associated with normal aging.
State-of-the-Art Current Sensing, Biasing Schemes and Voltage References

Current regulation circuit is essential for the squib drivers to inflate airbags. Energy less than 8 mJ should be provided to the FETs to deploy the airbag. These are applicable when the driver is powered and the ACU microprocessor commands to deploy the squibs. The HS_FET is needed to provide a precise regulated current of 1.95 A (1.75 A < I deploy_HI < 2.14 A) for 0.5/0.7 ms and 1.35 A (1.2 A < I deploy_LO < 1.47 A) for 2 ms. The LS_FET has a current limitation of 3 A ±15%. Based on which setting is used, i.e. either I deploy_HI or I deploy_LO, the duration of the current limit on the LS_FET is set for a short-to-battery condition on the drain of the LS_FET. In the unpowered or partly powered (missing supplies) scenarios, the airbag misfire should not occur, and hence additional protection is needed. However, as will be discussed in this chapter, the realization of a current regulation loop and a current limitation in unpowered state, biasing scheme, diagnostic circuits exploiting voltage and current selector circuits is not currently available and is therefore the objective of the present research.
Caucasian Parents and Korean Adoptees: A Survey of Parents' Perceptions.

Abstract This study explored the transracial adoption experiences of Caucasian parents who adopted children from Korea. Self-report data from parents of 117 adoptive families were used to compare mothers and fathers' perceptions in three key areas: parent reasons for adopting, family adjustment related to the adoption, and racial identity of adoptees. On the topic of adoptee's racial identity, parents' perceptions were compared over a seven-year period. Overall, mothers and fathers' perceptions were more similar than different, and parents appear to downplay their Korean children's race. The findings have implications for post-adoption training for transracial adoptive families.
Towards a Simplified Database Workload for Computer Architecture Evaluations

We propose and evaluate a simplified technique for studying the architectural behavior of database workloads. This “microbenchmark” technique poses simple queries of the database to generate the same dominant I/O patterns exhibited in more complex, fully-scaled workloads. The potential benefits from this microbenchmark approach include smaller hardware requirements, less extensive workload parameter tuning, and simpler database parameter tuning. We demonstrate that the microbenchmark workload exhibits processor and memory system behavior relatively similar to that of the more complex standardized benchmarks. We also enumerate several factors that impact the representativeness of these microbenchmark workloads.
Unsteady Forces on Annular Cascade Blades in Subsonic Flow with Swirl

The effect of mean flow swirl on unsteady response of unloaded annular cascade subject to an incident convected disturbance is examined as a model for a compressor stage flow. The concept of a generalized gust is introduced which describes the evolution of an upstream nearly-convected perturbation to the point of its interaction with downstream cascade. The correspondence to classical gust definition is established followed by comparison of predicted unsteady forces with two-dimensional cascade results. In Region I corresponding to IGV/rotor interaction with a 26.60 swirling wheel flow, the effect of swirl on the amplitude of cascade unsteady response is limited to the change of the far field radiation conditions. In contrast, in Region II corresponding to rotor/stator interaction with a 45° mixed swirling flow, a remarkable amplification of the upwash component of the gust is noted. The predicted increment of cascade unsteady lift is obtained as a function of the generalized gust evolution distance.
Development of solar energy towards solar city Utopia

In solar city, the demand for electrical energy for municipal utilities, residential sections, and transportation is generated by solar energy whether by centralized solar power plants or distribut...
Design and Development of a Tactile Wind Tunnel for Educational Purposes [University of Alabama in Huntsville]

The purpose of the Tabletop Wind Tunnel Capstone Project for Kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) STEM Education is to design a wind tunnel for K-12 classroom demonstration by the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Student Section and North Alabama ASME Section. The wind tunnel is designed to be easily replicable in any nation, using readily available materials and manufacturing processes. The UAH Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE) undergraduate student design team incorporated the NASA Systems Engineering Design Process to meet the requirements of the project customers and faculty advisor, as well as ensure the design process resulted in a high quality deliverable. The tabletop wind tunnel will be the 6th generation of wind tunnels within the MAE Product Realization Capstone Design Class. After rigorous analysis and testing, the design team has determined that the best design will utilize a square cross-section throughout the wind tunnel, a pull through fan system, and a sliding stinger in order to allow for an easy and tactile procedure for measurement of lift. The primary purpose of having a sliding stinger is that children as young as Kindergarten and 1st grade will be able to have hands-on interaction with a wind tunnel and peak their interest in the area of STEM education early in life. Additionally, middle school and high school students will be able to evaluate the flow streamlines via tufts on the airfoil in order to observe flow separation as the velocity and angle of attack are varied. The UAH team's process for designing the wind tunnel included not only detailed Computer Aided Design and Finite Element Analysis, but also hands-on testing with mock ups of the intended design to ensure a test section velocity above 20 miles per hour.
Mexican American Adolescent Mothers’ Lived Experience: Grounded Ethnicity and Authentic Mothering:

We conducted this qualitative, phenomenological study to further understanding of how second-generation Mexican American adolescent mothers perceive their young motherhood experience, drawing on the context of their Mexican heritage background. Through in-person interviews with 18 young mothers, we discerned shared essential meanings reconstructed around two major domains: (a) grounded ethnicity, a firm desire to remain true to and share their heritage culture, and (b) authentic mothering, strong relationality to their infants. We found that young mothers embraced their Mexican heritage mothering approaches, such as fostering familismo, valuing family above other obligations. The adolescents in this study sensed their young motherhood as an opportunity to protect and improve qualities of traditional familial cultural heritage, while absorbing elements of American culture to enhance the future for themselves and their infants. We discuss how providers can help reduce stigmatization and promote self-efficacy by respecting and partnering with young mothers to provide culturally congruent services.
German Unification as a Turning Point in East German Women's Life Course: Biographical Changes in Work and Family Roles

In order to explore the effects of German unification on the life course of East German women of three age cohorts, 36 biographical interviews were conducted. The purpose of the research was to examine whether unification meant a complete break with the German Democratic Republic's (GDR) standard biography in terms of a voluntary acceptance of West German patterns, or a modification of old patterns based on necessity. Results demonstrate that the historical moment of 1989/90 (the Wende or turning point) has changed the life plans of the three cohorts of women in East Germany in different ways, depending on its timing in their life course. The life patterns of the youngest cohort differ most significantly from the standard biography of the “GDR woman” in that family formation is postponed and employment prioritized over family. Rather than being a complete break with tradition and a voluntary adoption of Western norms, this means a modification of the life course, because the desire to combine work and family continues to dominate.
Phenotypic plasticity to light intensity in Arabidopsis thaliana : invariance of reaction norms and phenotypic integration

Phenotypic plasticity (the pattern of response of organisms to changes in environmental conditions) and phenotypic integration (the pattern of character correlations) are important components of our understanding of the evolution of complex phenotypes. Most studies published so far in this area have been conducted within populations with the express aim of predicting future response to evolutionary forces. However, among-population differentiation for plasticity and trait correlations are important indicators of recent past events that have shaped the currently observable phenotypes. We investigated variation in the reaction norms of several traits in a large number of accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to different levels of light quantity as well as the environmental lability of the corresponding across-population character variance–covariance matrix. Our results show that there is an astounding degree of inter-population variation for character means and very little variation for plasticity, in agreement with the idea that A. thaliana is a light-specialist often occurring in open, disturbed habitats. However, this plant also shows patterns of plasticity that are predicted to be adaptive based on functional ecological considerations, such as an increase in either specific leaf area or leaf number (but not both) under low light. We also demonstrate that the set of character correlations in A. thaliana is extremely stable to changes in light availability, contrary to previous findings in the same species when different environmental factors were considered. Several processes that might have been responsible for the observed patterns are discussed as a prelude to follow-up research on these problems.
Interaction of responsive/switchable surfaces with cells

Abstract This chapter will explore the properties altered by switchable materials and subsequently the effect on cell behaviors. Topics will explore cell phenotypes from early adhesion through differentiation. Material behaviors considered will include, but are not limited to, altered surface chemistries (e.g. hydrophilic to hydrophobic); altered surface geometries (e.g. shape or stiffness change in response to a stimulus); and altered factor release (e.g. stimulus triggered release of a growth factor). Finally, the chapter will conclude by exploring the future of switchable materials and how they can exploit multiple cell phenotypes by responding to cell-generated stimuli (e.g. a proliferative cell population generates more tension as they reach confluence which promotes release of a growth factor driving differentiation).
Epitaxial growth of high-k BaxSr1−xTiO3 thin films on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by atomic layer deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) offers a viable route for the growth of thin and conformal films over 3D topographies and is becoming attractive as a method to grow films thin enough, and with sufficient dielectric constants (k), for the fabrication of next-generation dynamic random memories. The authors used ALD to grow thin (≤15 nm) BaxSr1 − xTiO3 (BST) films that are epitaxially integrated to SrTiO3 (001) (STO) and Nb-doped SrTiO3 (001) (Nb:STO). Films of three compositions, which are x ∼ 0.7, 0.5, and 0.3, and thicknesses of 7.8–14.9 nm were grown at 1.05 Torr and 225 °C using barium bis(triisopropylcyclopentadienyl), strontium bis(triisopropylcyclopentadienyl), titanium tetraisopropoxide, and H2O. Film compositions were controlled by changing cycle ratios (Ba:Sr, Ba:Ti, and Sr:Ti) and confirmed by in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Films were amorphous as-deposited and required postdeposition vacuum annealing at 650–710 °C to crystallize. Epitaxy was confirmed with x-ray diffraction and transmis...
Programs and Primers for Childrearing Education: A Critique

If anyone were to inquire of any student of social progress, “What is the newest development in the educational world?” The answer would almost surely be schools for infants and a constructive program of education for parents. (1)
Clinician Responses to Pediatric Lipid Screens Suggestive of Severe Dyslipidemia

Objectives To measure case detection and response time of severe pediatric dyslipidemia, defined as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≥190 mg/dL on the initial screening panel. Although low adherence to guidelines recommending universal pediatric lipid screening is well-documented, it is unknown how clinicians respond to pediatric lipid screening results suggestive of severe dyslipidemia. Study design This study is a single-institution, retrospective review of patients 0-18 years of age with initial lipid panels completed from January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2018. A chart review was conducted on all patients with non-HDL-C ≥190 mg/dL to determine indication(s) for the initial lipid panel, specialty of ordering clinician, type of action taken to an abnormal result (repeat laboratory tests, treatment, and/or referral), time from result to clinician action, and diagnosis. Results There were 16 860 initial lipid panels that met the inclusion criteria; 178 (1.1%) had non-HDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, indicating severe dyslipidemia. The most common indication for screening was universal screening (52%). For all lipid panels with non-HDL ≥190 mg/dL, a clinician action was documented for 47% within 7 days and 69% within 30 days. No follow-up action was documented in 18 (9%). A clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia was the most common diagnosis, in 24% of patients. Conclusions The majority of lipid panels with non-HDL-C ≥190 mg/dL had some action documented, although the actions varied. Universal screening was the most common indication for testing, clarifying its significance in identifying severe dyslipidemia. Further education and improved management protocols may help responses to severe dyslipidemia in children at high risk for premature cardiovascular disease.
Non-interventional Radiology Fellowship Programs: What Is Out There?

Abstract Objective To determine the spectrum of non-interventional radiology fellowship programs in institutions that offer both a radiology residency program and one or more non-interventional radiology fellowship programs. Methods Institutions offering both radiology residency and non-interventional radiology fellowship programs were identified using publicly available websites. The non-interventional radiology fellowship programs were categorized into “traditional” (neuroradiology, breast imaging, abdominal imaging, musculoskeletal imaging, thoracic imaging, pediatric radiology, and nuclear medicine) and “nontraditional” fellowship programs. The nontraditional programs were stratified into four categories: a) Combinations of traditional fellowships; b) Focused nontraditional fellowships; c) Combinations of traditional and focused nontraditional fellowships (excluding traditional-traditional combinations); and d) Mandatory two-year fellowships. The distributions of the different types of traditional and nontraditional fellowship programs were evaluated. Results 555 fellowship programs were identified in 113 institutions that offered both radiology residency and non-interventional radiology fellowship programs. 73.33% (407/555) of the programs were traditional fellowships, and 26.66% (148/555) were nontraditional fellowships. The 148 nontraditional fellowship programs were comprised of 41 different types of programs, 23 types of which were unique to and offered exclusively at specific institutions. 38.08% of the traditional fellowship programs were Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited, while only 16.21% (24/148) of the nontraditional fellowship programs were ACGME-accredited. Conclusions The nontraditional non-interventional radiology fellowship programs are formed by a heterogeneous group of programs, some of which are offered exclusively at a single institution. Awareness of the types of existing programs would help radiology residents in making a more informed decision regarding their fellowship training.
Caregiver and Adolescent Patient Perspectives on Comprehensive Care for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Building a Family-Centered Care Delivery Model.

Background Children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) require primary and gastrointestinal (GI) care, but little is known about patient and family preferences for care receipt. We aimed to understand caregiver perceptions of current healthcare quality, describe barriers to receiving healthcare, and elicit caregiver and adolescent preferences for how comprehensive care ideally would be delivered. Methods This was an anonymous survey of caregivers of 2- to 17-year olds with IBD and adolescents with IBD aged 13-17 years at a large, free-standing children's hospital. Surveys assessed patient medical history, family demographics, perceptions of health care quality and delivery, barriers to primary and GI care, and preferences for optimal care delivery. Results Two hundred and seventeen caregivers and 140 adolescents were recruited, 214 caregivers and 133 adolescents consented/assented, and 160 caregivers and 84 adolescents completed the survey (75% and 60% response rate, respectively). Mean patient age was 14 years (SD = 3); 51% male; 79% Crohn's disease, 16% ulcerative colitis, and 4% indeterminate colitis. Caregivers were primarily female (86%), Caucasian (94%), and living in a 2-caregiver household (79%). Most caregivers reported that their child's primary care physician (PCP) and GI doctor oversaw their primary care (71%) and their IBD care (94%), respectively. Caregivers were satisfied with communication with their PCP and GI providers (>90%) but did not know how well they communicated with one another (54%). Barriers to primary and GI care varied, and few caregivers (6%) reported unmet healthcare needs. Caregivers and adolescents saw PCPs and GI doctors having important roles in comprehensive care, though specific preferences for care delivery differed. Conclusion Caregivers and adolescent perspectives are essential to developing family-centered care models for children with IBD.
Machine learning and individual variability in electric field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response.

Abstract Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely investigated as a therapeutic tool to enhance cognitive function in older adults with and without neurodegenerative disease. Prior research demonstrates that electric current delivery to the brain can vary significantly across individuals. Quantification of this variability could enable person-specific optimization of tDCS outcomes. This pilot study used machine learning and MRI-derived electric field models to predict working memory improvements as a proof of concept for precision cognitive intervention. Methods Fourteen healthy older adults received 20 minutes of 2 mA tDCS stimulation (F3/F4) during a two-week cognitive training intervention. Participants performed an N-back working memory task pre-/post-intervention. MRI-derived current models were passed through a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning algorithm to characterize crucial tDCS current components (intensity and direction) that induced working memory improvements in tDCS responders versus non-responders. Main results SVM models of tDCS current components had 86% overall accuracy in classifying treatment responders vs. non-responders, with current intensity producing the best overall model differentiating changes in working memory performance. Median current intensity and direction in brain regions near the electrodes were positively related to intervention responses ( r = 0.811 , p 0.001 and r = 0.774 , p = 0.001 ). Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that pattern recognition analyses of MRI-derived tDCS current models can provide individual prognostic classification of tDCS treatment response with 86% accuracy. Individual differences in current intensity and direction play important roles in determining treatment response to tDCS. These findings provide important insights into mechanisms of tDCS response as well as proof of concept for future precision dosing models of tDCS intervention.
Some Thoughts on the Intellectual Foundations of Accounting

We report on a panel discussion at the 2001 CMU Accounting MiniConference under the title “Intellectual Foundations of Accounting.” We provide a background and the motivation for the discussion and present the remarks by the four panelists. A number of perspectives are taken. Professor Sunder emphasizes dualities in accounting. Professor Demski stresses the endogeneity of accounting measurement activities. Professor Fellingham examines the core and superstructure of accounting. Professor Ijiri observes the microcosmos in accounting and its philosophical connection. We also argue that accounting's intellectual foundations are far from settled and an ongoing discussion is likely to help reinvigorate accounting scholarship.
Neurologic complications of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

Abstract Endocarditis is an inflammatory or infective condition affecting the cardiac valves or endocardium, often associated with serious neurological sequelae. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)—referred to as degenerative, Libman–Sachs, marantic, verrucous, or terminal endocarditis—is a serious but rare cause of valvular heart disease characterized by deposition of sterile vegetations of fibrin and platelet aggregates on the cardiac valves, eventually resulting in life-threatening embolization of these thrombi to the brain, limbs, or visceral organs. NBTE may complicate a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions, predominantly connective tissue and autoimmune disorders, malignancies, and diseases associated with hypercoagulability states. NBTE usually affects the native rather than prosthetic valves, and unlike infective endocarditis (IE), sparing the involved valve function without its destruction. Compared to those seen in IE, vegetations in NBTE are small and friable, thus may easily be dislodged leading to systemic thromboembolism with devastating morbidities and mortality. There are no diagnostic criteria for NBTE, and antemortem diagnosis is challenging. The condition should be suspected in patients with thromboembolic events and vegetations on the cardiac valves on echocardiographic or cardiac imaging studies, in the absence of underlying infection, especially in disorders predisposing to coagulopathy. Early recognition and prompt treatment of the primary underlying disorder is essential. Anticoagulation with heparin or heparinoid products is recommended to prevent recurrent embolism. Surgical intervention is not indicated except in selected patients with life-threatening recurrent embolism.
In-Service Teachers' Perceptions of K-12 Online Learning Curriculum in a Graduate Course: An Action Research Project

While the number of K-12 students learning online continues to increase, the focus on online teaching is still absent in most teacher education programs. In this article, the authors examine the data from the fourth cycle of an action research project designed to examine K-12 online learning curricular materials at one Midwestern university. The learner-generated course data generated four themes: the benefits and challenges of K-12 online learning, success factors need for K-12 online learning, growing acceptance of K-12 online learning, and student self-efficacy for teaching online. Recommendations to improve the course based on the data and these themes included updating the Michigan-focused course readings, adding case studies related to overcoming student anxiety and issues often found in urban settings, and the creation/inclusion of some tool or instrument to measure learner readiness to teach online.
Combining Precision Tuning and Rewriting

Precision tuning and rewriting can improve both the accuracy and speed of floating point expressions, yet these techniques are typically applied separately. This paper explores how finer-grained interleaving of precision tuning and rewriting can help automatically generate a richer set of Pareto-optimal accuracy versus speed trade-offs. We introduce Pherbie (Pareto Herbie), a tool providing both precision tuning and rewriting, and evaluate interleaving these two strategies at different granularities. Our results demonstrate that finer-grained interleavings improve both the Pareto curve of candidate implementations and overall optimization time. On a popular set of tests from the FPBench suite, Pherbie finds both implementations that are significantly more accurate for a given cost and significantly faster for a given accuracy bound compared to baselines using precision tuning and rewriting alone or in sequence.
Environmentalism, Economics, and the Public Interest

Mark Sagoff is probably best known to environmental scholars for his role in the "plastic trees" debate.' In response to a suggestion that plastic trees would be cheaper and more durable than real ones, he undertook to explain what was wrong with such a utilitarian calculation. Since then, Sagoff has continued to explore the philosophical basis of environmental law. In The Economy of the Earth, he brings together fifteen years of scholarship on the subject of environmentalism. While he has by no means repudiated his early work, this book makes it clear that his thought on the subject has deepened and matured. Much of the book, like Sagoff's first "plastic trees" article, is dedicated to attacking cost-benefit analysis and the associated standard of economic efficiency.2 Some scholars, with important support from the Reagan Administration, have contended that economic efficiency is the only proper basis for assessing environmental regulation.3 Sagoff's ba-
Determining Tension–Compression Nonlinear Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage from Indentation Testing

The indentation test is widely used to determine the in situ biomechanical properties of articular cartilage. The mechanical parameters estimated from the test depend on the constitutive model adopted to analyze the data. Similar to most connective tissues, the solid matrix of cartilage displays different mechanical properties under tension and compression, termed tension–compression nonlinearity (TCN). In this study, cartilage was modeled as a porous elastic material with either a conewise linear elastic matrix with cubic symmetry or a solid matrix reinforced by a continuous fiber distribution. Both models are commonly used to describe the TCN of cartilage. The roles of each mechanical property in determining the indentation response of cartilage were identified by finite element simulation. Under constant loading, the equilibrium deformation of cartilage is mainly dependent on the compressive modulus, while the initial transient creep behavior is largely regulated by the tensile stiffness. More importantly, altering the permeability does not change the shape of the indentation creep curves, but introduces a parallel shift along the horizontal direction on a logarithmic time scale. Based on these findings, a highly efficient curve-fitting algorithm was designed, which can uniquely determine the three major mechanical properties of cartilage (compressive modulus, tensile modulus, and permeability) from a single indentation test. The new technique was tested on adult bovine knee cartilage and compared with results from the classic biphasic linear elastic curve-fitting program.
Incidence and Risk Factor Analysis for Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Pump Thrombosis in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are associated with hemostatic complications. We describe the incidence and risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and pump thrombosis (PT) to optimize patient selection/management. An IRB-approved retrospective review of first LVAD implants between October 1, 2011 and September 30, 2013 at a single center was conducted. Endpoints included epidemiological and risk factor analyses for GIB and PT. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared, and t-tests were used. Sixty-four patients received continuous-flow LVADs. The 12-month incidence of GIB and PT was 23.4% and 12.5%. Time to first GIB was 72.6 days (9-160). The 1-, 3-, and 6-month rate of PT was 1.6%, 6.25%, and 12.5%, respectively. All PT required pump exchange. Females (50% vs. 16%, P = 0.026) and patients without antiplatelet therapy (12.5% vs. 50%, P = 0.046) were at increased risk of PT. No pre-implant comorbidities were associated with PT. Infection was not identified as a risk factor in our cohort (25% vs. 51.8%, P = 0.156). Mean INR preceding event was not different from nonevent patients (2.1 vs. 2.24, P = 0.24). Regarding biomarkers preceding event, elevated plasma free hemoglobin (pfHg) did not reach significance (75% vs. 58%, P = 0.383) while lactate dehydrogenase was elevated significantly (744 vs. 298, P 500 was highly sensitive and specific for PT. No pre-implant factors were associated with GIB. Post-implant risk factors for GIB included infection (80% vs. 38.8%, P = 0.005) and infrequent elevations in pfHg (13.3% vs. 63.3%, P < 0.001). Increased pump speed as a GIB risk factor was confirmed (HeartMate II 9560 rpm vs. 9490 rpm, P < 0.001; HeartWare 2949 rpm vs. 2710 rpm, P < 0.001). Anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy did not affect GIB: mean INR preceding event was not different from nonevent patients (2.21 vs. 2.27, P = 0.67) and antiplatelet use was not different (46.7% vs. 46.9%, P = 0.985). LVADs are associated with early hemostatic-related morbidity. Few pre-implantation risk factors were elucidated; however, post-implantation factors including antiplatelet therapy, infection, and pump speed were identified.
Association between initial type of hemodialysis access used in the elderly and mortality

We hypothesized that certain subpopulations (elderly and those with greater comorbidity) may not have significant benefit from "fistula first" initiative. A cohort of incident hemodialysis patients from 2005 to 2007, who were ≥70 years old, was derived from the United States Renal Data System. Primary variable of interest was type of vascular access used at first outpatient hemodialysis (i.e., fistula, graft, or central catheter), with primary outcome of all-cause mortality (time to death measured from the first outpatient hemodialysis). A cohort of 82,202 patients was stratified by age (70 to ≤80, 81 to ≤90, and >90). Each group demonstrated a survival benefit with the use of an arterio-venous fistula compared with catheter (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56 [P < 0.001], HR 0.55 [P < 0.001], and HR 0.69 [P = 0.007], respectively). Comparing graft to with a catheter, both groups, 70 to ≤80 and 81 to ≤90, had significant benefit compared with catheter (HR 0.73, P < 0.001 and HR 0.74, P < 0.001, respectively). However, significance was lost in those ≥90 (HR 0.83, P = 0.354). When substratified by comorbidity, those 81 to ≤90 years old with a history of malignancy or peripheral vascular disease also did not reach significant benefit compared with a catheter (HR 0.88, P = 0.423 and HR 0.85, P = 0.221, respectively). While specific subgroups in the hemodialysis population exist where use of fistulas and grafts at time of dialysis initiation is not of proven statistical benefit to survival, elderly hemodialysis patients with comorbidities still appear to benefit from the use of fistulas and grafts.
Machine Learning via Polyhedral Concave Minimization

Two fundamental problems of machine learning, misclassification minimization [10, 24, 18] and feature selection, [25, 29, 14] are formulated as the minimization of a concave function on a polyhedral set. Other formulations of these problems utilize linear programs with equilibrium constraints [18, 1, 4, 3] which are generally intractable. In contrast, for the proposed concave minimization formulation, a successive linearization algorithm without stepsize terminates after a maximum average of 7 linear programs on problems with as many as 4192 points in 14-dimensional space. The algorithm terminates at a stationary point or a global solution to the problem. Preliminary numerical results indicate that the proposed approach is quite effective and more efficient than other approaches.
How Long Is Long Enough? The Utility Of Prolonged Inpatient Video EEG Monitoring (P5.045)

Objective: To highlight that prolonging video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring (VEM) is useful for the classification/localization of epileptic seizures (ES) but not nonepileptic seizures (NES). Background: There is currently no consensus on the required duration of VEM for the diagnosis of ES and NES. We sought to determine the benefits of prolonged length of stay, querying whether there was a point at which VEM became futile at yielding a diagnosis. Design/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients admitted for VEM between 1/2004 and 12/2008. We recorded the reason for admission, length of stay, and discharge diagnosis. A discharge diagnosis of nondiagnostic was assigned if patients had none of their habitual seizures during the admission. We progressively analyzed lengths of stay until we discovered significant differences in the rates of nondiagnostic admissions for stays exceeding specific limits, ranging from >= 4 to 14 days. We utilized chi-square analysis (Fisher’s Exact Test, 2 sided), with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Five hundred ninety six patients were admitted for VEM. The majority (333, 55.9%) were admitted with presumed ES. The remaining patients were admitted for differential diagnosis of presumed NES (150, 25.2%) or spells of other, unknown etiology (113, 19%). Only 89/596 admissions (14.9%) were nondiagnostic. Patients admitted with presumed NES were significantly more likely to have a nondiagnostic admission (31/150, 20.7%) versus all others (58/446, 13%, p=0.033). There was no significant difference in the likelihood of having a nondiagnostic admission if monitoring was continued for any duration in patients with presumed ES. However, for patients admitted with presumed NES, a length of stay >= 5 days was associated with a significantly increased risk of the stay being nondiagostic (22/78, 28% versus 9/72, 12.5%, p=0.026). Conclusions: Prolonging VEM appeared to be useful for the proper classification/localization of ES but not NES. This study was not sponsored by a third party. Disclosure: Dr. Moseley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dewar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Haneef has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stern has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, Lundbeck, Cyberonics, Inc., and GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. Dr. Stern has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for MedLink Neurology.
A Whole Text Reading of the War Powers Clauses: Why the Constitution’s Text Obviates Esoteric War Powers Debates and Encourages Policy Flexibility and Democratic Accountability

This paper is a lightly-footnoted and modestly expanded version of my presentation at the Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy Symposium’s panel on Executive War Powers, Syria, and President Obama’s “Red Line” — Did President Obama Have the Power to Use Force in Syria without Congressional Approval? While criticizing the President’s policy decision, this paper argues that the President would have been well within his authority to use force. Relying on a whole text reading of the relevant constitutional provisions, it argues that the President’s authority to use force is virtually plenary, while Congress’s authority is limited to governing the legal effects of war and limiting executive discretion solely through the power of the purse. It rejects functional arguments in constitutional interpretation, but it recognizes that functional arguments in our modern Age of Terror happily confirm conclusions that can be reached by textualist modes of constitutional interpretation. Finally, it argues that these conclusions reinforce constitutional and democratic accountability and are not seriously undermined by any possible international law limits to presidential discretion.
Antibody to a human DNA repair protein allows for cloning of a Drosophila cDNA that encodes an apurinic endonuclease.

Abstract The cDNA of a Drosophila DNA repair gene, AP3, was cloned by screening an embryonic lambda gt11 expression library with an antibody that was originally prepared against a purified human apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease. The 1.2-kilobase (kb) AP3 cDNA mapped to a region on the third chromosome where a number of mutagen-sensitive alleles were located. The cDNA clone yielded an in vitro translation product of 35,000 daltons, in agreement with the predicted size of the translation product of the only open reading frame of AP3, and identical to the molecular size of an AP endonuclease activity recovered following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Drosophila extracts. The C-terminal portion of the predicted protein contained regions of presumptive DNA-binding domains, while the DNA sequence at the amino end of AP3 showed similarity to the Escherichia coli recA gene. AP3 is expressed as an abundant 1.3-kb mRNA that is detected throughout the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Another 3.5-kb mRNA also hybridized to the AP3 cDNA, but this species was restricted to the early stages of development.