cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species

Abstract Proanthocyanidins (PCs) have been shown to suppress the growth of diverse human cancer cells and are considered as promising additions to the arsenal of chemopreventive phytochemicals. An oligomeric mixture of PCs from hops ( Humulus lupulus ) significantly decreased cell viability of human colon cancer HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Hop PCs, at 50 or 100 μg/ml, exhibited apoptosis-inducing properties as shown by the increase in caspase-3 activity. Increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by an augmented accumulation of protein carbonyls. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in combination with 2-alkenal-specific immunochemical detection identified β-actin and protein disulfide isomerase as major putative targets of acrolein adduction. Incubation of HT-29 cells with hop PCs resulted in morphological changes that indicated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. PC-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) formation in the cell culture media was also quantified; but, the measured H 2 O 2 levels would not explain the observed changes in the oxidative modifications of actin. These findings suggest new modes of action for proanthocyandins as anticarcinogenic agents in human colon cancer cells, namely, promotion of protein oxidative modifications and cytoskeleton derangement.
Technology Licensing for the Benefit of the Developing World: U.C. Berkeley's Socially Responsible Licensing Program

In the few decades since passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, university technology transfer success has been measured primarily by traditional metrics such as numbers of patents filed, revenue obtained from licensed patents, and numbers of startup companies founded to commercialize university intellectual property. Intellectual property (IP) managers have often responded to these metrics and expectations by attempting to maximize revenue from commercial IP licenses. In the last several years, the University of California at Berkeley has acknowledged that, while license revenue generation and local economic development are important goals, it is equally important to maximize the social impact of research and, therefore, adopted several IP management strategies, including a Socially Responsible Licensing Program. Several types of agreements have been executed under SRLP, including IP licenses, sponsored research agreements, and collaborative research agreements. All are structured to provide an economic incentive to licensees to develop and distribute goods and services to low- and middle-income countries and/or to other target groups as they are defined in each contract.
Diffuse alveolar damage after a single dose of topotecan in a patient with pulmonary fibrosis and small cell lung cancer

Drug-induced pulmonary toxicities of anticancer agents have been well described, but the pathophysiology of agents typically used in advanced disease has not been well studied. Symptoms of pulmonary drug toxicity in advanced lung cancer patients may frequently be attributed to disease progression, pulmonary embolism, or infection. In patients with pre-existing interstitial pulmonary fibrosis even less is known. This report describes an unfortunate patient with pre-existing pulmonary fibrosis and progressive extensive stage small cell lung cancer. After receiving a single intravenous dose of topotecan, the patient developed sub-acute respiratory failure, and died 15 days later with pathology findings of organizing, reparative phase, diffuse alveolar damage. To our knowledge this is the first pathology confirmation of diffuse alveolar damage in a patient developing dyspnea following topotecan therapy. The frequency with which camptothecin-related dyspnea is associated with diffuse alveolar damage might be underestimated and is of special concern in patients with limited pulmonary reserve.
Localized heat-shock induction in Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a technique for inducing localized expression of genes fused to heat-shock gene promoters. We demonstrate that a localized heat-shock response can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster at any developmental stage after formation of the cellular blastoderm by contacting a region of the animal with a heated needle. The size of the induced region can be altered by varying parameters such as the temperature and size of the needle tip. The test system utilized here is a D. melanogaster strain transformed with a fusion of the Drosophila hsp26 gene and the E. coli lacZ gene; the activity of this hybrid gene is monitored in whole animals by staining for beta-galactosidase activity. Induced beta-galactosidase activity is confined to the cells in the region of heating; the beta-galactosidase activity can still be detected 48 hr after the heat shock. Given the heat inducibility of Drosophila heat-shock promoters in heterologous systems, we suggest that this technique will be useful for allowing spatially controlled induction of a gene of interest in any organism into which fusion genes can be introduced. Additional uses of the technique for following cell movements during development are discussed.
An analysis of the authorship of international accounting research in U.S. journals and AOS: 1980 through 1996

We analyze the international accounting research published in 30 U.S. academic journals and Accounting Organizations and Society (AOS) from 1980 to 1996 to provide strategies for those interested in pursuing academic careers in international accounting. We focus on the relationship between the most prolific authors and their academic environment. Our findings show that the set of authors and schools of the most prolific authors in international accounting in the U.S. are not the same as the set of the most prolific authors and schools of AOS. Neither the international accounting authors nor their academic affiliations were dominated by U.S. or U.K. academic institutions. The authors in international accounting were promoted within and between schools and many were full professors with professorships. The dominant research methods used and topics researched in AOS were different from those of U.S. journals. Young faculty should develop their career objective and align their employment and publication goals accordingly because they have a broad selection of mentors, universities and journals for which to target their research. Aligning research interests with academic environment choices should maximize an international accounting faculty's publication productivity and academic rank.
Neural control of the circulation in heart failure and coronary ischaemia: Introduction

SUMMARY 1. A large gap in our knowledge of the reflex control of the circulation still exits in the setting of chronic heart failure. This symposium will provide state-of-the-art experimental data on the reflex regulation of the circulation in heart failure and myocardial ischaemia. 2. Alterations in arterial baroreflex and cardiopulmonary reflexes contribute to the increase in sympathetic tone in this disease state. Additionally, changes in neurohormones, such as angiotensin, are thought to contribute. 3. Coronary ischaemia is associated with activation of both vagal and sympathetic reflexes of cardiac origin. The balance between activation of these two reflexes will determine the ultimate change in sympathetic outflow. 4. Sensory endings in the myocardium are exquisitely sensitive to local mediators, such as prostaglandins, oxygenderived free radicals, adenosine and bradykinin.
On the geometry control of magnetic devices: Impact of photo-resist profile, shadowing effect, and material properties

In this paper, we described how to control the magnetic junction critical dimension (CD) and profile defined by ion beam milling and its implication to device performance. The impact of standing waves on breaking the photo-resist and on the resultant junction defects have been highlighted. The ideal device profile and geometry are also discussed.
Digital Acquisition and Measurement of Peanut Root Minirhizotron Images

Video, photo, or in situ image capture and analysis from minirhizotrons is time-consuming. Computerized root image analysis is expensive and subject to large background error. This paper describes a fast, simple, and accurate method for (i) capturing minirhizotron images through low-cost hardware upgrade of existing minirhizotron equipment, and (ii) processing digital images using low-cost software. This system was developed to monitor root distribution in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Digital images were recorded from a minirhizotron camera directly to a laptop computer hard drive instead of using videotape. This reduced image acquisition time by 36% and eliminated problems associated with manipulating video players. The image analysis system uses a mouse pointer to trace root length and diameter on a computer screen and calculates the distance traversed by the mouse pointer. A paired t-test on accuracy using wires of known length showed no significant difference (P = 0.10) between actual and measured lengths.
Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Laura Gonzenbach Translators: Jack Zipes Year: 2005 Pages: xxxii + 596 Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0-415-97722-3 Prices: $37.50 US (Paperback)
Understanding the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome, a common form of inherited mental retardation, is mainly caused by massive expansion of CGG triplet repeats located in the 5′-untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR1) gene. In patients with fragile X syndrome, the expanded CGG triplet repeats are hypermethylated and the expression of the FMR1 gene is repressed, which leads to the absence of FMR1 protein (FMRP) and subsequent mental retardation. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. This protein has been implicated in protein translation as it is found associated with polyribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. We discuss here the recent progress made towards understanding the molecular mechanism of CGG repeat expansion and physiological function(s) of FMRP. These studies will not only help to illuminate the molecular basis of the general class of human diseases with trinucleotide repeat expansion but also provide an avenue to understand aspects of human cognition and intelligence.
Supporting social deliberative skills online: the effects of reflective scaffolding tools

We investigate supporting higher quality deliberations in online contexts by supporting what we call "social deliberative skills," including perspective-taking, meta-dialog, and reflecting on one's biases. We report on an experiment with college students engaged in online dialogues about controversial topics, using discussion forum software with "reflective tools" designed to support social deliberative skills. We find that these have a significant effect as measured by rubrics designed to asses dialogue quaility and social deliberative behaviors.
Determinants of Chicago Neighborhood Homicide Trajectories: 1965-1995

The homicide rate in Chicago nearly tripled between 1965 and 1992 and subsequently declined by more than 50% through 2005. However, is this trend representative of all areas in the city? Drawing on the social disorganization and concentrated disadvantage perspectives, this article uses semiparametric group-based trajectory modeling to examine homicide trajectories in Chicago neighborhoods from 1965 to 1995. Significant variability is found in homicide trajectories across neighborhoods. Multivariate results show that disadvantage increases the likelihood of having an increasing or persistently high homicide trajectory. Social disorganization and family disruption are also predictive of variation in homicide trajectories but only in communities with already low levels of homicide. Other theoretically relevant predictors are evaluated, and suggestions for theoretical refinement and future research are discussed.
The design and performance of high gain parametric amplifiers for petawatt class lasers

The paper presents the design of an OPCPA based front end for petawatt class lasers. The issues of beam quality, jitter, spectral and temporal distortion are modeled and compared with experimental results on a novel system producing 100 mJ class pulses from the parametric amplifier section.
Justice and Gini coefficients

Gini coefficients, which measure gross inequalities rather than their unfair components, are often used as proxy measures of absolute or relative distributive injustice in Western societies. This presupposes that the fair inequalities in these societies are small and stable enough to be ignored. This article presents a model for a series of ideal, perfectly just societies, where comfortable lives are equally available to everyone, and calculates the Gini coefficients for each. According to this model, inequalities produced by age and other demographic factors, together with reasonable choices under equal opportunity, can raise the Gini coefficients for perfectly just societies to levels at least as high as those of any current Western country, and can as easily account for differences in Gini coefficients between such societies or within one such society over time. If Gini coef- ficients at these levels are possible for ideal societies without distributive injustice, then they should not be used as proxy measures of distributive injustice in real societies.
Reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations by scapular manipulation.

Study objectives: This study examined the success rate, time required, technical ease, and reported patient discomfort for the use of scapular manipulation in the reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation. This study included a new variation of this technique using the seated position. Design: Prospective case series over a 19-month period. Setting: The emergency departments of a university and a community hospital. Type of participants: Patients with anterior shoulder dislocations. Interventions: Emergency medicine resident and attending physicians were instructed in the technique of scapular manipulation in a classroom setting and requested to use this method initially for the reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations. Premedication was at the physician's discretion. Measurements and main results: There were 54 patients with 61 dislocations. Scapular manipulation was attempted by 19 residents and 12 attending physicians. The overall success rate of scapular manipulation was 79%, whereas that of physicians experienced with the technique was 86%. Of the successful reductions, 65% were performed in less than one minute, and physicians rated the technique as very easy or easy to perform in 74% of these cases. No premedication was used in 64% of the attempts at scapular manipulation, and these patients reported pain ratings similar to those of the premedicated groups. No complications were noted in this study. Conclusion: Scapular manipulation generally is a simple, rapid, and reliable technique for the reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation.
A New Electorate? Comparing Preferences and Partisanship between Immigrants and Natives

As immigrants constitute a large and rising share of both the population and the electorate in many developed democracies, we examine aspects of immigrant political behavior, a vital issue that has gone largely unexplored outside of the U.S. context. We focus on Germany and Great Britain, two countries that provide good leverage to explore both within-country and cross-national variation in Europe. Our overall aim is to assess the impact of the immigration context. As a first step, we investigate whether immigrants and natives have systematically different attitudes on two issues that have dominated postwar European politics: social spending and redistribution. With controls in place, we observe that immigrants are no more likely to support increased social spending or redistributive measures than natives and find support for hypotheses highlighting selection effects and the impact of the immigration regime. Where we do find an opinion gap, immigrants tend to have more conservative preferences than natives. As a second step, we explore the determinants of immigrant partisan identification in Britain and find that the salience of the immigration context helps explain immigrants’ partisan attachment to the Labour Party.
A Stage-Specific Factor Confers Fab-7 Boundary Activity during Early Embryogenesis in Drosophila

The Fab-7 boundary is required to ensure that the iab-6 and iab-7 cis-regulatory domains in the Drosophila Bithorax complex can function autonomously. Though Fab-7 functions as a boundary from early embryogenesis through to the adult stage, this constitutive boundary activity depends on subelements whose activity is developmentally restricted. In the studies reported here, we have identified a factor, called early boundary activity (Elba), that confers Fab-7 boundary activity during early embryogenesis. The Elba factor binds to a recognition sequence within a Fab-7 subelement that has enhancer-blocking activity during early embryogenesis, but not during mid-embryogenesis or in the adult. We found that the Elba factor is present in early embryos but largely disappears during mid-embryogenesis. We show that mutations in the Elba recognition sequence that eliminate Elba binding in nuclear extracts disrupt the early boundary activity of the Fab-7 subelement. Conversely, we find that early boundary activity can be reconstituted by multimerizing the Elba recognition site.
Limitations in the Code Acquisition Performance for Adaptive Filter Versus Correlator

In this letter, we compare the code acquisition performance of the adaptive filter to that of the correlator in direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems. The test variables used in the code acquisition are statistically analyzed for both schemes, and then, the obtained results are used in comparing the detection and false-alarm probabilities. Analysis and simulation results show that the correlator outperforms the adaptive filter under most acquisition environments
Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia resembling a spinal nerve sheath tumor: a rare case of Castleman's disease.

Abstract Background context Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology. Although uncommon, the localized form of this disease can manifest in the central nervous system, typically as a meningeal-based intracranial lesion. Castleman's disease involving the spine is exceedingly rare. This represents only the second reported case of a patient with Castleman's disease whose presentation mimicked that of a spinal nerve sheath tumor. Purpose We report a rare case of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia that mimicked a spinal nerve sheath tumor and was treated with gross total resection. Study design Case report. Patient sample A 31-year-old female with angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia presenting with a paraspinal mass. Outcome measures The patient's outcome was based on clinical history, physical and radiographic examinations. Methods A 31-year-old woman with a mediastinal mass previously diagnosed as sarcoid via biopsy presented with the new onset of radicular pain and radiographic enlargement of her mass. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 4.3×5.7×6.0 cm homogenously enhancing soft-tissue lesion that emanated from and widened the T3/T4 neural foramen on the left. The differential diagnosis based on the location of the lesion and imaging characteristics included schwannoma, neurofibroma, paraganglioma, sarcoid, and lymphoma. Gross total resection was performed via thoracotomy. Histological examination identified angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) of the hyaline-vascular subtype. The patient did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Results The patient had resolution of her symptoms without any clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence at 1-year follow-up using magnetic resonance imaging with and without contrast. Conclusions Castleman's disease is a rare pathologic entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a paraspinal mass. Spine surgeons should be aware of this diagnosis as it has treatment and follow-up implications that differ from the neoplasms it can mimic. Complete surgical excision is an effective treatment for solitary lesions. Screening for concurrent and future malignancies in these patients is prudent.
Interaction of infectious viral particles with a quaternary ammonium chlorid (QAC) surface

The antiviral activity of a surface-bonded quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) was examined in this study. The mechanism of inactivation was elucidated by a combination of infectivity assay, radioactive labeling assay, and sedimentation analysis. Although the virions are still infectious when attached onto the chemically modified surface, we found these viruses are inactivated if they are eluted from the surface. The inactivation is caused by the disruption of the viral envelope with subsequent release of the nucleocapsid. No evidence indicates the released nucleocapsid is further disrupted. An enveloped virus shows a much higher affinity for the QAC-treated surface than a nonenveloped one due to hydrophobic interaction. The QAC-treated beads can effectively remove the enveloped viruses at low protein concentrations. The titer of herpes simplex virus was reduced by a factor of nearly 5 logarithm units in a 0.5 wt % bovine serum albumin solution with less that 10% protein loss. However, the presence of proteins in the solution reduced both the rate and capacity of this nonspecific adsorption-inactivation process. As a consequence, the removal efficiency is relatively poor in solutions with high protein content.
Infestation of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Sweet Corn as Predicted by Time of Oviposition

Oviposition by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn, was examined in relation to sweet corn development from 1994 to 1996, and related to harvest infestation levels. Stepwise multiple regression and linear regression showed that 79–87% of the variability of larvae per ear or proportion of ears infested at harvest was explained by the number of egg masses laid from about anthesis to brown silk stages. The analyses indicated three periods of oviposition with differing implications to harvest infestation level: (1) eggs laid from 784–337 degree-days (DD) before harvest (before green tassel) had very low correlation to harvest infestation; (2) eggs laid from 336–169 DD before harvest (green tassel to green silk) were highly correlated with harvest infestation; and (3) eggs laid during the last 168 DD of sweet corn development (green silk to harvest) had low to moderate correlation with harvest infestation. The 336–169 DD period corresponded to the anthesis to brown silk growth stages, which was ≈14–21 d long, and would be the likely period for optimum chemical control. The results of this study are compared with existing recommendations from the midwestern and northeastern U.S., and potential explanations for the patterns observed are discussed.
Identification of archaeological buried remains based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Quickbird satellite data

In this study, Quickbird normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data were used in order to assess their capability in the field of archaeological prospection. The investigations were performed for a test case (Jure Vetere in the south of Italy) that is characterized by the presence of dense vegetation mainly composed by herbaceous plants. The results showed the high capability of QuickBird NDVI to enhance the typical surface anomalies linked to the presence of archaeological buried remains. The detected anomalies were confirmed by independent investigations based on geophysical prospections performed in 2005
Income-Generating Functions in a Low Income Country: Colombia

Income generating functions are statistical tools used to explain income inequality and other economic outcomes and behavior. These functions are often associated with a strict human capital framework, but they need not be. Instead, they may be viewed as a reduced form equation summarizing the relationship between income and various personal and locational characteristics. Following this latter interpretation, we develop the regression and analysis of variance approaches to income generating functions and estimate them empirically using micro-economic data from one low income country, Colombia. Proceeding to increasingly parsimonious specifications of income generating functions, insights are gained into the structure of incomes in Colombia.
Enzymatic conversion of O-carbamyl-L-serine to pyruvate and ammonia.

Abstract O-Carbamyl-L-serine is converted to pyruvate and ammonia by rat liver homogenates. This enzymatic activity was purified about 90-fold; it is distinct from glutamate-aspartate, glutamate-alanine, and soluble glutamine transaminases, and from O-sulfo-L-serine deaminase. The purified preparation catalyzed the formation of 2 moles of NH 3 per mole of pyruvate formed. The preparation did not act on the L- or DL-forms of threonine, serine, homoserine, cysteine and O-phosphoserine, or L-alanine. Purified rat liver glutamine transaminases L and K and commercially available pig heart glutamate-aspartate and glutamate-alanine transaminases deaminated O-carbamyl L-serine very slowly. β-Chloro-L-alanine irreversibly inactivated glutamine transaminases L and K and the purified O-carbamyl-L-serine deaminase preparation.
Extending the Environment-Strategy- Performance Framework: The Roles of Multinational Corporation Network Strength, Market Responsiveness, and Product Innovation

Abstract The purpose of this study is to extend the traditional environment–strategy–performance framework by including network theory to examine when a foreign firm can use its multinational corporation (MNC) network strength to buffer market turbulence and technological turbulence and when the foreign firm can deploy it to support the influences of marketing strategic postures (i.e., market responsiveness and product innovation) on firm performance. The author tests the hypotheses on data collected from 140 foreign firms in China. Although prior research has demonstrated that firms often use multiple strategies and resources to cope with environmental forces, the findings illustrate that different environmental segments have unequal bearings on market responsiveness, product innovation, and MNC network strength. In addition, despite the direct positive influences of individual marketing strategic postures and MNC network strength on firm performance, their combined effects are mixed. The author conclude...
Luxury uptake, iron storage and ferritin abundance in Prochlorococcus marinus (Synechococcales) strain MED4

Abstract: We measured the capacity for luxury iron (Fe) uptake and ferritin abundance in the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus (strain MED4) acclimated to various Fe concentrations. We also followed changes in ferritin abundance and physiological measurements after abruptly changing Fe availability by adding Fe-EDTA or desferrioxamine B (DFB) to cultures. Fe quotas (normalized to carbon) increased from 46 to 112 Fe:C (μmol:mol) in cultures grown at Fe′ (the summed concentrations of all Fe species not complexed with EDTA) between 21 and 180 pM. No further increase in Fe:C was observed at 684 pM Fe′. Growth rates and variable fluorescence did not vary significantly in cultures acclimated to Fe′ values ranging from 15 to 679 pM, demonstrating that Prochlorococcus can store ~ 2.4-fold more Fe than it requires for maximum growth. Ferritin abundance increased from below detection at 15 pM Fe′ to maximum values at 175 to 679 pM Fe′. Ferritin abundance, growth, and variable fluorescence decreased afte...
Risks and Benefits of Weed Management Technologies

Weeds are the most important pest complex that threaten world food and fiber production while herbicides represent the most prevalent pesticide used (Bridges, 1994). Currently herbicides are used on a majority of the crop acres and generally provide economically acceptable control of weedy pests. However, due to the success of herbicide use over the last three decades, weed science and management has evolved into herbicide science. Research on weed biology, weed ecology and cropping systems has not been a high priority nor has funding been readily available to those researchers who chose to emphasize this area. The high emphasis on herbicides for management of weeds has resulted in the limited use of alternative strategies and the general lack of biological information. Problems associated with this system include herbicides being perceived as major environmental contaminants, weed populations developing resistance to herbicides and the sustainability of agriculture being questioned. Importantly, it is estimated that less than 2% of the population in the United States is directly involved with production agriculture and thus do not understand nor appreciate the impact that food and fiber production has on daily existence. This paper will address a number of issues that reflect these areas of concern in weed management technology using crop production in the midwestern United States as an example.
Effects of ACTH and cortisone on leukemia in childhood.

The results of treatment of 14 children with leukemia with ACTH and cortisone have been presented. Complete laboratory and clinical remissions lasting 1 to 33 weeks were induced in six patients; incomplete remissions were induced in two others. No favorable responses were encountered in terminal states, monocytoid leukemia, and granulocytic leukemia differentiated beyond the blast stage. No relationship could be demonstrated between refractoriness to the hormones and to antifolic acid therapy; patients completely refractory to one agent have shown complete response to the other. Although repeated remissions may be induced by hormone therapy, increasing resistance to the drugs tends to develop. While permanent benefit has not been obtained, ACTH and cortisone constitute valuable additions to the therapy of leukemia.
Immunology and Prevention of Infection in Feedlot Cattle

This article reviews the basic types of immunity, the factors relevant to feedlot cattle that have been shown to suppress immune function, and what is known about the basis of protective acquired immunity against the common bovine respiratory pathogens. The characteristics and efficacy of vaccines for respiratory disease pathogens are also reviewed. Recommendations for optimizing vaccination are presented.
AGE-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF FAMILIAL RISK IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

There is growing evidence for genetic causes of Alzheimer's disease; therefore, consideration of its age at onset among genetically predisposed individuals is timely. The authors studied the onset of Alzheimer-like dementia in families of 79 probands ascertained clinically for the Bronx Veterans Administration/Mt. Sinai School of Medicine longitudinal studies of Alzheimer's disease. Analyses among their 379 first-degree relatives, living and decreased, suggested that 1) early onsets form a distribution that is distinct from that of later onsets, and thus, different causes or mechanisms may operate in early- and late-appearing disease; 2) age at onset varies as a familial characteristic; 3) with present population survival, only one third of the theoretical predisposition to Alzheimer's disease will become manifest during the lifetime of relatives at risk; and 4) a stable annual incidence of 1.5 per cent in the early ninth decade, reported by others, can be explained by the operation of a dominant gene with a population allele frequency of 0.13. The authors conclude that different (possibly genetic) causes of Alzheimer's disease may operate in different families or individuals, although much of its predisposition remains latent during the lifetime of those at risk.
DNA Amplification Fingerprinting of Embryogenic and Nonembryogenic Clones of Orchardgrass (Dactylis Glomerata L.)

ABSTRACTPlants were regenerated from. somatic embryos of a previously reported nonembryogenic clone of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The objective of this study was to confirm the genetic origin of the regenerated plants by comparing their DNA profiles with that of the nonembryogenic clone from which they were derived. DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) involving enzymatic amplification of DNA directed by a single arbitrary oligonucleotides 8 nucleotides in length was used in this confirmation and comparison. The DNA polymorphisms detected were consistent with the hypothesis that the plantlets tested were regenerants of the nonembryogenic clone. Possible reasons for stimulation of somatic embryogenesis in this clone are discussed.
Rotordynamic Coefficient and Leakage Test Results for Interlock and Tooth-on-Stator Labyrinth Seals

Test results (leakage and rotordynamic coefficients) are presented for an interlock and tooth-on-stator labyrinth seals. Tests were carried out with air at speeds out to 16,000 cpm and supply pressures up to 7.5 bars. The rotordynamic coefficients consist of direct and cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients. Damping-coefficient data have not previously been presented for interlock seals.The test results support the following conclusions:(a) The interlock seal leaks substantially less than labyrinth seals.(b) Destabilizing forces are lower for the interlock seal.(c) The labyrinth seal has substantially greater direct damping values than the interlock seal.A complete rotordynamics analysis is needed to determine which type of seal would yield the best stability predictions for a given turbomachinery unit.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
Differentiation matrices in polynomial bases

Explicit differentiation matrices in various polynomial bases are presented in this work. The idea is to avoid any change of basis in the process of polynomial differentiation. This article concerns both degree-graded polynomial bases such as orthogonal bases, and non-degree-graded polynomial bases including the Lagrange and Bernstein bases.
Experiments to populate and validate a processing model for polyurethane foam. BKC 44306 PMDI-10

We are developing computational models to elucidate the expansion and dynamic filling process of a polyurethane foam, PMDI. The polyurethane of interest is chemically blown, where carbon dioxide is produced via the reaction of water, the blowing agent, and isocyanate. The isocyanate also reacts with polyol in a competing reaction, which produces the polymer. Here we detail the experiments needed to populate a processing model and provide parameters for the model based on these experiments. The model entails solving the conservation equations, including the equations of motion, an energy balance, and two rate equations for the polymerization and foaming reactions, following a simplified mathematical formalism that decouples these two reactions. Parameters for the polymerization kinetics model are reported based on infrared spectrophotometry. Parameters describing the gas generating reaction are reported based on measurements of volume, temperature and pressure evolution with time. A foam rheology model is proposed and parameters determined through steady-shear and oscillatory tests. Heat of reaction and heat capacity are determined through differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal conductivity of the foam as a function of density is measured using a transient method based on the theory of the transient plane source technique. Finally, density variations of the resulting solidmore » foam in several simple geometries are directly measured by sectioning and sampling mass, as well as through x-ray computed tomography. These density measurements will be useful for model validation once the complete model is implemented in an engineering code.« less
Osmotic Regulation in the Crab-Eating Frog ( Rana Cancrivora )

1. The osmotic and ionic regulatory abilities of adults of the euryhaline crab-eating frog ( Rana cancrivora ) have been studied. Adult frogs tolerated environmental salinities as high as 28‰ at 30°C. Tadpoles of this form tolerated salinities as high as 39%‰ at the same temperature. 2. Changes in body weight of frogs following transfers to different environmental salinities indicate both that the skin of this frog is permeable to water and that these animals do not swallow large volumes of external medium, even in high salinities. 3. Above salinities of about 9%‰, plasma Δ rises with increasing environmental Δ. Plasma Δ is always higher than environmental Δ. Increases in plasma concentration above fresh-water levels are due partly to increased NaCl concentration (about 40%), partly to increased urea concentration (about 60%). Urea concentrations as high as 0.48 M (2.9%) have been measured. 4. Urinary Δ parallels plasma Δ, but is always lower than plasma Δ. Considerable quantities of urea are lost via the urine, even though urinary urea levels are below plasma levels. 5. Measurements of short-circuit current indicate that active uptake by the skin of inorganic ions continues in R. cancrivora acclimatized to high salinities. 6. R. cancrivora is no less susceptible to water loss by evaporation from the skin than are other amphibians. 7. In preference experiments R. cancrivora chooses salinities below 18%‰, but shows no strong preference for a particular salinity. 8. Similar observations on osmoregulatory mechanisms in a close relative of R. cancrivora , the tiger frog ( R. tigerina ), show that the latter species is similar to ordinary fresh-water frogs. 9. The striking physiological convergence between R. cancrivora and the elasmo-branch fishes is discussed, as are various possible implications of our data regarding nitrogen metabolism in tadpoles and kidney function in adult frogs.
Boko Haram: Religious Radicalism and Insurrection in Northern Nigeria:

This article is interested in shedding light on why a phenomenon such as Boko Haram came into existence and why it poses a threat to the very existence of the Nigerian state. The Boko Haram phenomenon, I argue, can only be understood as a reaction to more than a half century of corruption, venality, poverty, and abuse by the state predator class. My argument is that Boko Haram is the entirely logical consequence of more than five decades of the post-colonial Nigerian state ruled by a parasitic predator class that is itself a by-product of the colonial state.
Conformational Activation of a Transmembrane Proton Channel from Constant pH Molecular Dynamics

Proton-coupled transmembrane proteins play important roles in human health and diseases; however, detailed mechanisms are often elusive. Experimentally resolving proton positions and structural details is challenging, and conventional molecular dynamics simulations are performed with preassigned and fixed protonation states. To address this challenge, here we illustrate the use of the state-of-the-art continuous constant pH molecular dynamics (CpHMD) to directly describe the activation of the M2 channel of influenza virus, for which abundant experimental data are available. Starting from the closed crystal structure, simulation reveals a pH-dependent conformational switch to an activated state that resembles the open crystal structure. Importantly, simulation affords the free energy of channel opening coupled to the titration of a histidine tetrad, thereby providing a thermodynamic mechanism for M2 activation, that is consistent with NMR data and resolves the controversy with crystal structures obtained a...
Cell Culture Models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Prior to the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, cell culture systems of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) were largely limited to patient-derived skin and blood cells or rare preimplantation genetically diagnosed cells from donated SMA embryos. With iPSC technology, the ability to make unlimited supplies of SMA motor neurons from patient fibroblasts has opened new possibilities for modeling of SMA. Apart from producing large quantities of disease-relevant cells, iPSC systems are accurate models of the disease and provide an ideal platform for screening of novel therapeutics. This chapter reviews past and present efforts in understanding SMA through cell culture models and provide insights into the strengths, challenges, and limitations of such systems.
Justiciable Generalized Grievances

The Supreme Court's prevailing test for Article III standing - injury-in-fact, causation, and redressability - generally restricts suits to remedy injuries affecting broad segments of the public in substantially equal measure. In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court appeared to depart from this proposition in holding that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has standing to sue the EPA to prompt it to slow global warming, a harm that affects everyone on Earth. The dissenting Justices assailed the majority for finding justiciable a so-called “generalized grievance” in contravention of prior standing precedent that is based on the notion that if parties seek to redress public harms, they must do so via the political branches and not the courts. Scholarly reflections on the case have addressed the Court's idiosyncratic anointing of Massachusetts with something it called “special solicitude” in standing analysis, occasioned by its status as a state. In this Article, I discuss a more subtle aspect of Massachusetts: how the majority wrestled with the controversial injury-in-fact test, which is ill-suited for analyzing standing in public law disputes. Implicit in Massachusetts is a paradigm for resolving statutory enforcement cases brought to vindicate public harms indistinguishably suffered by the masses. It is animated by three characteristics: (1) the plaintiff's invocation of “procedural rights” established by statute; (2) a “concrete” and “personal” stake that distinguishes the plaintiff from the pure ideologue; and (3) a congressional authorization of the suit. I suggest that the Court should draw upon this reconceptualized framework in future statutory enforcement cases, as it offers several advantages for suits brought to remedy commonly-shared public harms. First, it is more attuned to the realities of public law litigation. Next, it is based on premises that a majority of the current Justices - including an architect of modern injury-in-fact, Justice Scalia - already embrace. Moreover, it cabins the muddied generalized grievance bar to its original purpose - preventing citizens from suing on purely ideological grounds. Furthermore, it gives appropriate weight to congressional judgments about required procedure. Finally, it enforces formal separation of the executive and judicial branches while recognizing that the separation of powers operates to ensure executive accountability through judicial review.
Pemba, Plantations, Power: A Critical Evaluation of Britain Yearly Meeting's First African Mission

In 1897 British Friends established the first African mission corporately endorsed by Britain Yearly Meeting—a commercial clove plantation employing freed slaves on the island of Pemba, off the coast of Tanzania. Rather than following existing missionary models which focused on conversion, education, and health, Quakers attempted an enterprising approach, developing an ‘industrial mission’ which could become financially self-sustaining. However, lacking experience on the African continent, with ambivalent support from Friends in Britain, and little engagement with the needs and desires of the freed slaves, meant that Quaker missionaries were not successful in winning converts nor in creating a sustainable plantation. This paper argues that the possibility for Quakers to bring something new and beneficial to the missionary field was mostly unachieved. Further, Friends may even have contributed to the power structures which stopped freed slaves from becoming truly liberated.
Parentification of Adult Siblings of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Many typically-developing (TD) siblings provide care for their siblings with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), both as children and as adults. Research on parentification (i.e., when children assume responsibilities typically reserved for adults) has been mixed, with some studies supporting positive outcomes for TD siblings and others indicating negative outcomes. Some of these discrepancies may be due to inconsistencies in differentiating types of parentification. The current study examined how different types of parentification during childhood (retrospectively-reported) related to distress outcomes and attitudes about sibling relationships among 41 TD adult siblings of individuals with ASD. Results indicated that parent-focused parentification was positively related with anxiety and stress among TD siblings. Sibling-focused parentification was positively related to stress but was also related to more positive sibling relationship attitudes. Accounting for demographic variables and the other form of parentification, parent-focused parentification was a unique predictor of distress, whereas sibling-focused parentification was a unique predictor of positive sibling relationship attitudes. Although parentification is often viewed negatively, sibling-focused parentification and perceived benefits of parentification may predict positive outcomes. Results suggest that parentification may prove important in understanding the complex nature of sibling relationships. Specifically, strengthening the sibling bond and reducing parent-focused parentification during childhood may curtail sibling relationship problems and general distress in TD siblings later in life.
Abstract 1731: Analysis of prostate cancer circulating tumor cells at the mRNA and protein level using a microfluidic graphene oxide chip

While the relative five-year survival rate for men with localized prostate cancer is nearly 100%, it plummets to 28% in the case of distant metastases. This underscores the importance of investigating those cells able to spread and form these metastases: circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Though rare and surrounded by other blood cells, CTCs can be isolated using the sensitive nanomaterial-based microfluidic technology the graphene oxide (GO) Chip. Whole blood samples from 54 prostate cancer patients were obtained with consent and processed on parallel chips for immunofluorescence and RNA analysis. All of the samples were analyzed for CTC enumeration, where captured cells were stained for cytokeratin 7/8 (CK), CD45, and DAPI. CTCs were identified as DAPI+/CK+/CD45- cells. CTCs were detected in all of the samples. Interestingly, 25 samples showed CTC clusters ranging from 2-10 CTCs per cluster. To explore the potential role of EGFR in metastatic progression and CTC survival, a subset of samples was also assayed for EGFR expression with 9/10 samples showing EGFR+ CTCs. RNA extracted from a parallel device was reverse transcribed to cDNA. The cDNA was analyzed via qPCR for expression levels of 96 genes of interest, including housekeeping genes; epithelial and mesenchymal genes; oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; prostate specific genes; extracellular matrix and inflammatory genes; and others. The results show our ability to examine RNA from CTCs to examine the role of relevant pathways in the cells in transit. With analysis capabilities at both the RNA and protein levels, the GO Chip is an example of a clinically relevant microfluidic technology. Citation Format: Molly Kozminsky, Kathleen C. Day, Guadalupe Lorenzatti Hiles, Shamileh Fouladdel, Ebrahim Azizi, Mark L. Day, Todd Morgan, Sunitha Nagrath. Analysis of prostate cancer circulating tumor cells at the mRNA and protein level using a microfluidic graphene oxide chip [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1731. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1731