cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The functional nature of synaptic circuitry is altered in area CA3 of the hippocampus in a mouse model of Down's syndrome

Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation, and memory impairments are more severe in DS than in most if not all other causes of mental retardation. The Ts65Dn mouse, a genetic model of DS, exhibits phenotypes of DS, including memory impairments indicative of hippocampal dysfunction. We examined functional synaptic connectivity in area CA3 of the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice using organotypic slice cultures as a model. We found reductions in multiple measures of synaptic function in both excitatory and inhibitory inputs to pyramidal neurons in CA3 of the Ts65Dn hippocampus. However, associational synaptic connections between pyramidal neurons were more abundant and more likely to be active rather than silent in the Ts65Dn hippocampus. Synaptic potentiation was normal in these associational connections. Decreased overall functional synaptic input onto pyramidal neurons expressed along with the specific hyperconnectivity of associational connections between pyramidal neurons will result in predictable alterations of CA3 network function, which may contribute to the memory impairments seen in DS.
Oxidative Stress-induced Peptidoglycan Deacetylase in Helicobacter pylori

Structural modification of peptidoglycan (PG) is one of the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria use to evade the host innate immune system. For the noninvasive human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, PG delivery to the host cells is one trigger of the immune response. H. pylori HP310 was markedly up-expressed upon cell exposure to oxidative stress. However, disruption of HP310 did not produce a phenotype distinguishable from the parent, including oxidative stress resistance characteristics. HP310 shows very weak homology to a known gene pgdA encoding PG deacetylase in Streptococcous pneumoniae. PGs from wild type H. pylori and the HP310 mutant were purified and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight and high pressure liquid chromatography. The parent strain PG is partially deacetylated, whereas several major PG-deacetylated muropeptides are absent or significantly reduced in the HP310 mutant. PG deacetylase activity was directly demonstrated by use of pure PG and HP310 protein by measuring the release of acetic acid. The Gram-negative bacterium H. pylori is highly resistant to lysozyme (up to 50 mg/ml), but the HP310 mutant is less resistant to lysozyme compared with the parent strain. Complementation of an hp310 strain with the wild type gene restored lysozyme resistance. The purified PG from the mutant is more susceptible to lysozyme (0.3 mg/ml) digestion than the wild type PG. The PG deacetylation appears to confer lysozyme resistance to escape immune detection. HP310 is representative of a new subfamily of bacterial PG deacetylases.
A neutron diffraction study of NpO2

Abstract A powder neutron diffraction study of NpO 2 has been made at 4.6°K. No long-range magnetic order could be detected although Mossbauer, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements indicate that NpO 2 becomes antiferromagnetic below 25°K. If an ordered moment is present, the neutron data place an upper limit of approximately 0.4 μ B per Np ion on its magnitude. The coherent scattering amplitude of 237 Np was measured in the course of the experiment and found to be 1.057±0.015 × 10 −12 cm.
A 10-60-GHz micromachined directional coupler

A 20-dB directional coupler has been designed and fabricated on a thin dielectric membrane using micromachining techniques. The fabrication process is compatible with monolithic microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) techniques, and the coupler can be integrated into a planar-circuit layout. Design of the asymmetric tapered coupled-line coupler relies on simple quasi-static models and ideal transmission-line theory. The use of membrane technology results in less than 0.5-dB insertion loss in the coupler from 10 to 60 GHz. In addition, a micromachined packaging technique creates a shielded circuit, which is extremely compact and lightweight.
Factors influencing ex ante perception of innovation radicalness: An experimental design

Selecting radical innovation projects is hard. One of the main problems is that ex ante measurement models to evaluate innovativeness are not reliable. The current literature is mainly focusing on retrospective measures, like technology cycles, expert panels and patent measures to differentiate radical innovations. Consequently the evaluation of innovation radicalness is mainly based on personal perceptions. But in order to define a balanced project portfolio by controlling risks and uncertainty and to maximize its economic value an unbiased perception of innovation radicalness is crucial.
Papillary lesions of indolent course: Reducing the overdiagnosis of indolent papillary thyroid cancer and unnecessary treatment

1 ISSN 1479-6694 10.2217/FON.13.240 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Future Oncol. (2014) 10(1), 1–4 Peter, 43 years of age, presents with an acute exacerbation of chronic neck pain. Peter is on biologicals to treat his inflammatory bowel disease, which triggers an aggressive investigation, including an MRI. This examination was negative except for a 1.5-cm thyroid nodule. A fine-needle biopsy revealed papillary thyroid cancer. After total thyroidectomy that removed the cancer completely, Peter received one dose of radioactive iodine and a prescription for daily levothyroxine to replace his thyroid hormone. Peter is now a cancer survivor. Worldwide, there is an epidemic of thyroid cancer without a corresponding increase in thyroid cancer deaths [1]. The majority of these cancers are small papillary cancers, the most indolent type of thyroid cancer [2], with a mortality of less than 1% after 20 years of postsurgical follow-up [3]. No new risk factors, but one, can completely explain the surge of these lesions: the exponential increase in the use of diagnostic imaging. Similar to Peter, many of us have cancerous lesions in our thyroid glands. The
Design of wideband patch radiator phased arrays

A design methodology that has been successfully used to obtain probe-fed patch radiator phased-array bandwidths of approximately 15% is reported. This methodology is based on the use of an accurate numerical design code to synthesize the patch radiator architecture. A second design step mathematically couples this numerical design with double-tuned matching networks, which have been previously used in matching patches. In this procedure all probes are treated as independent input ports of the patch, and the patch radiator's scattering matrix is explicitly calculated. The resulting patch radiator/matching network system is predicted to achieve 2:1 voltage standing wave ratio frequency bandwidths that are over a factor of 2 greater than that of a simple patch alone. These analytical predictions have been verified through tests of wideband patch arrays synthesized using this procedure. >
Surface Micromachined Microelectromechancial Ohmic Series Switch Using Thin-Film Piezoelectric Actuators

This paper presents results on a surface micromachined RF microelectromechanical switch that uses piezoelectric actuators. The switch uses solution chemistry-derived lead zirconate titanate thin films spun deposited onto a high-resistivity silicon substrate with coplanar waveguide transmission lines. Actuation voltages, applied via circuits independent of the RF circuitry, average less than 10 V, with switch operation demonstrated as low as 2 V. The series switch exhibits better than 20-dB isolation from dc up to 65 GHz and as large as 70 dB below 1 GHz. In the closed state, the switch has an insertion loss less than 1 dB up to 40 GHz, limited in this demonstration by substrate losses from the elastic layer used to stress control the piezoelectric actuators. Switching speeds for the different designs are in the range of 40-60 ms. Thermal sensitivity measurements show no change in isolation observed for temperatures up to 125degC. However, an increase in actuation voltage is required at elevated temperatures.
ACC in Consideration of Visibility with Sensor Fusion Technology

This paper focuses on a relationship between factors of a bad visibility and drivers behavior, for example, driver tend to keep a long distance when a large preceding truck that blocks drivers frontal view and a long following distance. This driving characteristic was analyzed to build a drivers model. This drivers model including this driving characteristic was developed and validated in an actual ACC system by emulating this behavior by using this model and a recognition sensor that detects the size of the preceding vehicle.
Bacterial Adhesion to Plant Root Surfaces

As plant roots grow, they come into constant contact with microorganisms. Following attachment, the microorganisms may influence plant morphogenesis, nutrition, symbiosis, and pathogenesis. Microbial attachment to plant roots is an important initial event of cellular recognition in infection processes of symbionts and pathogens. This review focuses on the selective attachment in Rhizobium-legume, Azospirillum and Klebsiella-grass, and Agrobacterium-dicot associations as models for understanding detailed biochemical mechanisms of bacterial attachment to roots. These studies emphasize the dynamic, multiphase nature of bacterial attachment to plant host cells and open new avenues for controlling these interactions for man’s benefit.
THE PSEUDOMELANIID GASTROPOD PAOSIA FROM THE MARINE CRETACEOUS OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF NORTH AMERICA AND A REVIEW OF THE AGE AND PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS

Abstract The Pacific Slope of North America's paleontologic record of Paosia, a nearshore-marine, pseudomelaniid gastropod primarily associated with the Old World Cretaceous Tethyan realm, is established for the first time. Former workers have almost universally referred to this genus by its junior synonym name Trajanella Popovici-Hatzeg, 1899. Six species, including Paosia pentzensis new species, are recognized, and all are from siliciclastic facies. Their documentable geologic range is late early Albian to early Campanian. Four of the five previously named species were misallocated to genus Acteonina and one was placed in genus “Trajanella.” Paosia originated in western Europe and in the Caucasus Mountains region during the latest Jurassic (Tithonian). It arrived in the study area, possibly in the Aptian, but certainly by the late early Albian and, most likely, by way of Japan and the north Pacific gyre. Worldwide, the genus had its peak diversity during the Albian and Cenomanian. The only other Western...
Generalized Stiffness Matrix for Thin Walled Beams

Stiffness matrix for a structural member is obtained using the differential equations derived by V.Z. Vlasov. Presence of additional off-diagonal elements over the conventional tridiagonal form is observed. A number example is shown in order to compare the relative magnitudes of elements in the stiffness matrix and some of the new off-diagonal elements are found to be of considerable importance. This stiffness matrix conclusively demonstrates the inter-relationship between the three rotational degrees of freedom. This coupling is found to reduce the value of the critical axial force below all three individual buckling loads, viz: lateral buckling about major and minor axes and torsional buckling. All these effects are attributed to an internal force called as “bimoment’.
Dosimetric effects of positioning shifts using 6D-frameless stereotactic Brainlab system in hypofractionated intracranial radiotherapy

Dosimetric consequences of positional shifts were studied using frameless Brainlab ExacTrac X-ray system for hypofractionated (3 or 5 fractions) intracranial stereo-tactic radiotherapy (SRT). SRT treatments of 17 patients with metastatic intracranial tumors using the stereotactic system were retrospectively investigated. The treatments were simulated in a treatment planning system by modifying planning parameters with a matrix conversion technique based on positional shifts for initial infrared (IR)-based setup (XC: X-ray correction) and post-correction (XV: X-ray verification). The simulation was implemented with (a) 3D translational shifts only and (b) 6D translational and rotational shifts for dosimetric effects of angular correction. Mean translations and rotations (± 1 SD) of 77 fractions based on the initial IR setup (XC) were 0.51 ± 0.86 mm (lateral), 0.30 ± 1.55 mm (longitudinal), and -1.63 ± 1.00 mm (vertical); -0.53° ± 0.56° (pitch), 0.42° ± 0.60° (roll), and 0.44°± 0.90° (yaw), respectively. These were -0.07 ± 0.24 mm, -0.07 ± 0.25 mm, 0.06± 0.21 mm, 0.04° ± 0.23°, 0.00° ± 0.30°, and -0.02° ± 0.22°, respectively, for the postcorrection (XV). Substantial degradation of the treatment plans was observed in D95 of PTV (2.6% ± 3.3%; simulated treatment versus treatment planning), Dmin of PTV (13.4% ± 11.6%), and Dmin of CTV (2.8% ± 3.8%, with the maximum error of 10.0%) from XC, while dosimetrically negligible changes (< 0.1%) were detected for both CTV and PTV from XV simulation. 3D angular correction significantly improved CTV dose coverage when the total angular shifts (|pitch| + |roll| + |yaw|) were greater than 2°. With the 6D stereoscopic X-ray verification imaging and frameless immobilization, submillimeter and subdegree accuracy is achieved with negligible dosimetric deviations. 3D angular correction is required when the angular deviation is substantial. A CTV-to-PTV safety margin of 2 mm is large enough to prevent deterioration of CTV coverage.
Electromyographic activity and posturing of the human neck during rollover tests

Lateral head motions, torso motions, lateral neck bending angles, and electromyographic (EMG) activity patterns of five human volunteer passengers are compared to lateral motions of a Hybrid III ATD during right-left and left-right fishhook steering maneuvers leading to vehicular tip-up. While the ATD maintained relatively fixed lateral neck angles, live subjects leaned their heads slightly inward and actively utilized their neck musculature to stiffen their necks against the lateral inertial loads. Except for differences in neck lateral bending, the Hybrid III ATD reasonably reflects occupant kinematics during the pre-trip phase of on-road rollovers.
Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC): reliability and validity of a measure to assess awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness

Background Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness (PDOC) describes a population where a consciousness disorder has persisted for at least four weeks post injury but is still under investigation. Complex motor, sensory, communication, and cognitive impairments cause challenges with diagnosis, assessment, and intervention planning. Developing sensitive, reliable, and valid measures is a central concern. The auditory modality is the most sensitive for identifying awareness; however, the current standardized behavioral measures fail to provide adequate screening and measurement of auditory responsiveness. The Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC) is a recently standardized measure for assessment with PDOC; however, psychometric values for two of its subscales require examination. Objective To determine the measurement characteristics and properties of the MATADOC subscales two and three. Methods In a convenience sample of 21participants with PDOC, a prospective repeated measures study examined inter-rater reliability (IRR) and test-retest reliability (TRR) for both subscales and internal consistency of subscale two. Results Overall, the items from the MATADOC subscales two and three demonstrated good agreement across and within assessors, with some variability on two identified items. Conclusions The MATADOC is a standardized measure for assessment of auditory responsiveness in PDOC. Psychometric limitations for the two identified items may have resulted from variations in music therapist clinical experience and training, leading to variations in the administration and interpretation of PDOC patient responses to these two MATADOC assessment items. Although its psychometric properties could be improved, the MATADOC's clinimetric properties make it a valuable assessment to guide clinical work for patients with PDOC.
Covered Stents for the Prevention and Treatment of Carotid Blowout Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Carotid blowout syndrome (CBS) is a life-threatening emergency resulting from compromise of the carotid artery caused by malignancy in the head and neck. OBJECTIVE To report our experience with covered stents for the prevention or treatment of carotid blowout syndrome secondary to head and neck cancer to ascertain the safety and efficacy of this technique. METHODS We reviewed the characteristics and outcome of all patients who underwent covered stent placement in the extracranial carotid artery in the setting of head and neck malignancy between 2006 and 2013 at the University of Miami. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms, devices used, perioperative complications, imaging, and follow-up data were reviewed. RESULTS Seventeen carotids in 15 patients, whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 years (mean, 70.4 years), were treated with 20 covered nitinol (Viabahn Endoprosthesis, Gore, Flagstaff, Arizona) stents. Three patients were treated acutely for bleeding from carotid blowout, and 12 were treated prophylactically for threatened carotid blowout. All patients were given periprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy. No thromboembolic or ischemic complications were noted. Hemorrhage after treatment occurred in 4 patients. In 2 patients, the hemorrhage was from a source not covered by the stent. CONCLUSION The use of covered stents is a simple, safe, and effective method for treating or preventing carotid blowout syndrome in patients with head and neck malignancy. Carotid artery reconstruction with covered stents may minimize the risk of ischemic complications associated with endovascular or surgical carotid sacrifice.
Echocardiographic Discovery of Doubled Interatrial Septum An Incidental Finding

A double-walled interatrial septum is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a distinct echolucent cavity between the atria formed by 2 separate interatrial septae. It may be a variant of other well-recognized cardiac anomalies such as persistent venous valve of the sinus venosus or cor triatriatum. Although uncommon, it may be associated with thromboembolic disease due to stagnant flow in the septal cavity. Awareness of this rare entity and its clinical significance along with a thorough echocardiographic examination to rule out similarly presenting or coexisting conditions are the key to an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation Treatments of Fruits Infested by the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Survival of Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was determined in cherries, nectarines, papayas, peaches, pears, and plums fumigated with various methyl bromide treatments without a subsequent cold treatment. The treatments were: (1) 48 g/m3 for 2 h, (2) 48 g/m3 for 3 hand (3) 32 g/m3 for 4 h. All fumigations were at 21°C and normal atmospheric pressure (NAP). Fumigation chambers were aerated for 2 h immediately after treatments. Probit 9 security ( P < 0.05 for 99.997% mortality) was found with all three treatments.
Processing of Algal Biomass for the Production of Biogas and Bio-oil

Microbial anaerobic digestion, or second-generation technologies of gasification and pyrolysis, can be performed on algal biomass for the conversion to biogas and bio-oil. These approaches can be adopted as the main strategy for biofuel production, or they can be integrated into a biorefinery concept and performed on the spent remaining biomass.
The Rise of “the Mathematicals”: Placing Maths into the Hands of Practitioners—The Invention and Popularization of Sectors and Scales

Following John Napier’s invention of logarithms in 1614, the remainder of the sixteenth century saw an explosion of interest in the art of mathematics as a practical and worldly activity. Mathematics was no longer the exclusive realm of scholars, mathematicians, astronomers, and occasional gentlemen. Teachers of mathematics, instrument makers, chart makers, printers, booksellers, and authors of pamphlets, manuals, and books developed new audiences for the study of mathematics and changed the public’s perception of the status and aims of mathematics itself. The inventions of mathematical instrument makers facilitated the rapid expansion of sophisticated mathematical problem solving among craftsmen and practitioners in areas as diverse as navigation, surveying, cartography, military engineering, astronomy, and the design of sundials.
Associations Between Arthritis and Change in Physical Function in U.S. Retirees

BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to determine among retirees: the associations of arthritis with limitations in physical functions, and whether these associations changed differently with age for those with arthritis versus without arthritis. METHODS We identified retirees from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal panel study of U.S. adults ≥51 years old. We calculated incidence density ratios (IDRs) using Poisson regression modeling with generalized estimating equations to estimate the associations between arthritis and limitations in four physical function measures (large muscle tasks, mobility, activities of daily living, and instrumental activities of daily living) adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, total household income, depression, obesity, smoking, chronic conditions, physical activity, and cohort status. We examined interaction effects between arthritis and age to determine if the rate of change in physical function differed by arthritis status across age. RESULTS Over 8 years (2004-2012), significantly more retirees with arthritis had limitations with large muscle tasks (IDR 2.1: 95% confidence interval 1.6, 2.8), mobility (IDR 1.6: 1.2, 2.2), activities of daily living (IDR 2.2: 1.0, 4.7), and instrumental activities of daily living (IDR 3.7: 1.9, 7.4) than retirees without arthritis. Retirees with arthritis did not develop limitations in mobility, activities of daily living, and instrumental activities of daily living at a different rate as they aged compared to those without arthritis. CONCLUSIONS Arthritis was associated with a greater prevalence of physical function limitations. Preventing limitations caused by arthritis is a key strategy to prevent disability in retirees.
QTL Analysis for Yield Traits in Rice under Two Nitrogen Levels

A recombinant inbred line(RIL)population,derived from a super-hybrid rice Xieyou 9308(Xieqingzao B×Zhonghui 9308)and its genetic linkage map were used to detect QTLs by Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5for yield traits under low and normal nitrogen conditions in rice.A total of 52QTLs for yield traits distributing in 27regions on nine chromosomes were detected,explaining 4.93%-26.73% of the phenotypic variation,separately for each QTL.Eleven QTLs were detected in both nitrogen conditions,and thirty different QTLs were detected under two nitrogen treatments,suggesting a different genetic basis controlling rice growth at low versus normal nitrogen conditions.QTLs for number of panicles per plant,number of spikelets per panicle,number of filled grains per panicle under two nitrogen conditions and grain density under low nitrogen conditions were detected at the interval RM135-RM168on chromosome 3.QTLs for number of spikelets per panicle,number of filled grains per panicle under two nitrogen conditions and number of panicles per plant,grain density under low nitrogen condition were detected at the interval RM5556-RM310on chromosome 8.The QTLs described above shared the similar regions with QTLs for rice nitrogen recycling reported previously.
Dynamic load modeling for transient stability study of regional interconnected power system

Load is one of the important components in power systems and load modeling has great effect on the simulation accuracy and the decision-making in power system planning and operation. The paper was focused on resolving load modeling problems in regional interconnected power system calculations. Firstly, transmission capacities of some important transmission sections based on transient stability calculations using different load models were compared. Secondly, the influence of different ways in which induction motors were connected in power system was studied. Specifically, what voltage level the motor is connected and how to simulate the distribution system were analyzed. Thirdly, it was pointed out that the motor model has too large stator leakage reactance that was used in some dispatching institutions. Finally, it is suggested that at present IEEE-6 type induction motor model or similar motor models developed through comparisons and studies should be used.
Abnormal lanthanum accumulation due to ischemia in isolated myocardium: effect of chlorpromazine

The progression of functional, structural, and membrane permeability alterations in the isolated, perfused rabbit interventricular septal preparation was examined at 1, 1.5 or 2 h of ischemia and during 1 h of postischemic reflow. Two other groups of rabbits were pretreated with chlorpromazine (15 and 25 mg/kg), a drug with inhibitory effects on Ca influx and phospholipase activation. The ability of the septa to contract decreased markedly during the ischemic period, but a graded recovery response in physiological contractile parameters was observed upon reperfusion. In septa with comparable preischemic contractile function, pretreatment with chlorpromazine resulted in better functional recovery than that of nontreated septa. Ultrastructural examination showed more extensive and severe damage with increasing periods of ischemia. Ionic La-probe studies of altered membrane integrity showed extensive abnormal intracellular La deposition with ischemic periods of 1.5 h or longer followed by reperfusion. Septa pretreated with chlorpromazine showed better preservation of cell integrity and less intracellular lanthanum deposition. Thus, in this model, a good correlation was found between the extent of functional, structural, and membrane permeability alterations caused by ischemia, and a protective effect of chlorpromazine was shown.
Characteristics of simian adaptation fields produced by behavioral changes in saccade size and direction.

Characteristics of adaptation fields produced by behavioral changes in saccade size and direction. The gain of saccadic eye movements can be altered gradually by moving targets either forward or ba...
A technique for unilateral instillation of agents into the rat lung

We describe a technique for unilateral instillation of agents into the right lung of rats. We intubated rats perorally with a 16-gauge flexible polyethylene catheter and through it introduced narrow-bore (less than 1 mm diam) polyethylene tubing into the trachea and beyond the carina into the right main-stem bronchus. This maneuver was facilitated by placing the animal supine with the cephalad end tilted up and the right side tilted down. We tested the effectiveness of our technique by instilling Evans blue dye into the right lung of 14 rats and spectrophotometrically quantitating the amount of dye present in homogenates from each lobe of the right and left lungs. Ninety-seven percent of the instilled dye was recovered from the right lung, and distribution of dye per gram of tissue was uniform among the four lobes. The technique described should be useful in producing severe degrees of unilateral lung injury and fibrosis in rodents without the high mortality that can be associated with bilateral lung injury.
Quality Improvement Tools: A Potpourri

Quality Improvement (QI): Structure and Overview This chapter presents a broad overview of QI structure and processes, with brief discussions of basic philosophy underpinning QI science. The chapter discusses PDCA, PDSA, and DMAIC, which are fundamental to all QI projects, as well as a general overview of the distinction between Six Sigma and Lean, which are two unique but overlapping approaches to QI. PDCA, PDSA, and DMAIC will be discussed within the framework of a simple case of a lemonade stand business and how these fundamental concepts can be utilized to reduce wastes (excess sugar in drinks, cut down on customer wait times, reduce variability in drinks per customer, e.g., provide standard-sized volumes per drink) and provide high quality of service.
Dynamics and characteristics of thin film batteries cycled over capacitive load

Piezoelectric actuation has potential advantages in autonomous microsystems due to relatively high efficiency and low voltage requirements when deposited as a thin-film. However, the power available to autonomous microsystems may have many restrictions due to electrical loading, weight, and size requirements. Modeling of the power sources and loads can be beneficial for design and implementation; however, understanding the various associated phenomena is important for a valid model. This work examines mid-frequency cycled capacitive loading of thin film batteries to simulate application to autonomous micro-robots. Commercial 50μAh LiCoO 2 /Lipon thin film batteries were cycled over a frequency range between 100Hz-10kHz and at two levels of capacitance (1, 10nF). Detailed data was acquired of the dynamics of the battery and capacitor voltages during switching. The significance of understanding losses from switching and leakage at the micro scale is clearly shown. The impact of similarity in timescales for various dynamics is discussed. Additionally, indications of parasitic capacitance in the battery system are seen and discussed. An example implementation of the findings in a switching model is presented as well as a simple design application example.
Watching the clock for 25 years in FlyClockbase: Variability in circadian clocks of Drosophila melanogaster as uncovered by biological model curation

High-quality model curation provides insights by organizing biological knowledge-fragments. We aim to integrate published results about circadian clocks in Drosophila melanogaster while exploring economies of scale in model curation. Clocks govern rhythms of gene-expression that impact fitness, health, cancer, memory, mental functions, and more. Human clock insights have been pioneered in flies. Flies simplify investigating complex gene regulatory networks, which express proteins cyclically using environmentally entrained interlocking feedback loops. Simulations could simplify research further, but currently few models test their quality directly against experimentally observed time series scattered across publications. We designed FlyClockbase for robust efficient access to such scattered data for biologists and modelers, prioritizing simplicity and openness to encourage experimentalists to preserve more annotations and raw-data. Such details could multiply long-term value for modelers interested in meta-analyses, parameter estimates, and hypothesis testing. Currently FlyClockbase contains over 400 wildtype time series of core circadian components systematically curated from 86 studies published between 1990 and 2015. Using FlyClockbase, we show that PERIOD protein amount peak time variance unexpectedly exceeds that of TIMELESS. We hypothesize, PERIOD9s exceedingly more complex phosphorylation rules are responsible. Human error analysis improved data quality and revealed significance-degrading outliers, possibly violating presumed absence of wildtype heterogeneity or lab evolution. We found PCR-measured peak time variances exceed those from other methods, pointing to initial count stochasticity. Our trans-disciplinary analyses demonstrate how compilers with more biology-friendly logic could simplify, guide, and naturally distribute biological model curation. Resulting quality increases and cost reductions benefit curation-dependent grand challenges like personalizing medicine.
Alternative state? Experimentally induced Fucus canopy persists 38 yr in an Ascophyllum‐dominated community

Experimental tests of the hypothesis that ecological communities can exist in “multiple stable states” are rare, and some argue, impossible, because of the unlikelihood that any system will meet the necessary criteria. These are that alternative states (1) are in the same location, (2) experience the same environment, (3) persist for multiple generations, (4) resist repeated perturbations, and (5) result from a pulse manipulation. In 1974, we initiated an experiment testing the ability of Ascophyllum nodosum-dominated rocky intertidal communities to recover from complete canopy removal. Manipulations were monitored frequently for 5 yr after clearance and resurveyed again after a 35-yr hiatus. After clearance, Ascophyllum was replaced immediately by another fucoid alga, Fucus spp, which continued to dominate the space through 1979 despite regular annual recruitment by Ascophyllum. Observations in 2009 revealed that Fucus spp. still dominated the cleared plots. Surveys in 2011 and 2013 demonstrated that Fucus persisted in experimental plots and Ascophyllum persisted in adjacent, unmanipulated plots. All criteria for testing an alternative state were met. Fucus persisted through multiple generations of both fucoids, a steady annual rain of recruits of both species, a high frequency of storm-driven perturbations, and it resulted from a pulse manipulation. Likely mechanisms include poor Ascophyllum recruitment directly under the Fucus spp. canopy despite abundant recruitment in adjacent areas, self-maintenance by Fucus spp. through high recruitment and fast growth, and recruitment facilitation of Fucus by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. Several lines of evidence indicate that other possible mechanisms including indirect facilitation of fucoids through predation on competitors (mussels), and positive or negative effects of littorine grazing, are unlikely. Although prior results in Maine suggested that the mussel Mytilus edulis was an alternative stable state, the new results suggest that Fucus spp. was the alternative state to Ascophyllum. During the nearly four decades of this experiment, a number of important species including fucoids, littorine grazers, and mussels all declined in abundance, most likely due to climate change. The presumed impact of climate change makes prediction of the long-term response of this system difficult, but it already differs dramatically from its structure in the 1970s.
Vascular lesions of the breast

Vascular lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group that includes a variety of benign, atypical, and malignant lesions. The presentation of these lesions ranges from those that are microscopic and discovered incidentally, to large tumors that may extensively involve the breast parenchyma and skin. In addition, some non-vascular breast lesions have features that may mimic those of vascular lesions and need to be distinguished from them in order to avoid an erroneous diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of vascular lesions of the breast with particular emphasis on those lesions of greatest clinical importance, angiosarcoma and atypical vascular lesions. We also discuss lesions that may be mistaken for vascular lesions.
Education of children with disabilities in New Delhi: When does exclusion occur?

Background In the new Sustainable Development Goal 4, quality of education defined as equity and inclusion alongside traditional learning outcomes, has replaced the narrow goal of access to primary education stipulated in the Millennium Development Goal 2. Since 2000, considerable progress has been made towards improving access to school for children in India, yet questions remain regarding not just children with disabilities’ access and acquisition of basic learning skills, but also completion of learning cycles. Methods and findings Between November, 2, 2011 and June 20th 2012, we interviewed 1294 households about activity limitations and functioning difficulties associated with a health problem among all family members using a validated screening instruments, as well as questions about access, retention and barriers to education. We found that vulnerable children, particularly children with disabilities are less likely to start school and more likely to drop out of school earlier and before completing their high school education than non-disabled children, showing that the learning process is not inclusive in practice. The gap is wider for girls, economically deprived children, or children from households where the head is uneducated. Conclusions Firstly, in order to fill the existing knowledge gap on education of children with disabilities in line with SDG4, not only is there a necessity for relevant data with regards to learning outcomes, but also an urgent requirement for more innovative information pertaining to relational aspects of learning that reflect inclusion. Secondly, a stronger understanding of the implications of early assessment would further promote equity in education. Finally, research should tackle learning as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. Education needs to fulfil its instrumental value, but must also re-claim its intrinsic value that often gets watered down in the journey from policies to implementation.
Mass digitization in the ebook market: copyright protections and exceptions

This chapter examines the mass digitization of the publishing industry which traces its roots to around 2007 with the release of the first Kindle e-reader by Amazon. Because the publishing industry was a later entrant into the digital marketplace than some of the other content industries (for example, the music, movie and television industries), it has only more recently started to deal with issues relating to the appropriate scope of copyright protection in digital content and the application of key copyright exceptions such as fair use and first sale to digital initiatives such as the creation of online coursepacks for study and research purposes, digital fanfiction, and library lending of digital books. Caselaw has emerged over the last decade in the United States, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and a number of national courts in Europe about the application of copyright law and policy to new digital initiatives in publishing and downstream sale of eBooks. While few clear principles have emerged, at least none that are globally harmonized, the recent judicial determinations and associated debates provide useful food for thought for legislators concerned with future developments in publishing. It is important for legislators to watch and learn from these current disputes, so that appropriate legislation might be enacted if, and when, necessary in a given segment of the industry. In some ways the lack of global consensus as to the application of copyright law in a number of digital publishing scenarios is a benefit to the development of appropriate legal principles, as it provides an opportunity for a form of international arbitrage in which national legislatures and courts can learn from other countries’ experiences in emerging copyright areas.
InP/InGaAs Photovaractor

We report a zero-bias photovaractor that operates up to 60 GHz. The capacitance change is based on the decrease of depletion width and the steep increase of the effective area after illumination. With photocurrent of 12 mA, the reactance at 60 GHz is changed by 280 times relative to the dark condition. S11 parameter fitting shows that the capacitance of a 50-μm diameter device increases by 37 times after illumination. Good agreement is achieved between theory and measured results.
Effect of Organic Impurity on Seed Precipitation in Sodium Aluminate Solution

Organics are important impurity in Bayer alumina production process. Organics has the greatest impact on particle size and strength of product. The impact of organic impurity on sodium aluminate solution was studied from three aspects in this paper: (1) Analysis of distribution of organics in sodium aluminate solution, and the distribution of organics were quantified in different units. (2) Comparative experiments with different single Low Molar Weight organics were finished, and the impacts of each organic matter on precipitation indexes was quantitatively discussed. (3) Comparative tests of two sodium aluminate solution, pregnant liquor from plant containing organic impurity and pure pregnant liquor, were done with different temperature schedules, and precipitation yield and particle size were quantified. The distribution of organics in the sodium aluminate solution was initially mastered, and the impact of LMW organics was quantified. Meanwhile,an optimized temperature schedule was identified for the sodium aluminate solution containing organics.
“Feminist_brevity_in_light_of_masculine_long-windedness:” code, space, and online misogyny

C+= (pronounced “C plus equality” or “see equality”) is an anti-feminist programming language hoax that provides one example of the hostility experienced all too often by nonmale, nonnormative iden...
Characterization of liquid refrigerant R-123 flow emerging from a flooded evaporator tube bundle

Citation: Asher, W., & Eckels, S. J. (2018). Characterization of liquid refrigerant R-123 flow emerging from a flooded evaporator tube bundle. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 24(9), 1026–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2018.1464349
Fundamentals of CO2-Reservoir Oil Miscibility

The efficient and coeffective implementation and operation of CO2 injection-based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) and/or simultaneous CO2-EOR and storage projects often rely on accurate characterization and determination of the phenomenon of CO2-reservoir miscibility in terms of the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Hence, for a better understanding of both the CO2-reservoir oil miscibility and the MMP it is necessary that various fundamental aspects of CO2-reservoir oil miscibility are understood first. Different approaches, including molecular dynamics-based, interfacial energy-based, and thermodynamics-based approaches can be used to better understand the complex interactions occurring between injected CO2 and reservoir oil that ultimately lead to the development of miscibility at the MMP. To enhance our understanding of the phenomenon of CO2-reservoir oil miscibility, a discussion of the key differences between solubility and miscibility and the solvent properties of supercritical CO2 is also presented.
Dilute and Leaden, the p-Locus, Ruby-Eye, and Ruby-Eye-2

Recessive mutations at two loci of the mouse produce coat-color deviants which are phenotypically very similar. One of these mutations, described initially by Murray (1931, 1933), is known as leaden (In; chromosome 1) because when homozygous it transforms the intensely pigmented nonagouti coat color to bluish-grey;1 the other is dilute (d; chromosome 9), originally known, because of its influence on black, as the Maltese or blue dilution gene of the mouse fancy. These determinants produce a similar dilution of brown (Plate 2-E) and yellow pigment, giving the coat an overall “washed-out look” (Searle, 1968a).
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods

With the continuing proliferation of decision methods and their variants, it is important to have an understanding of their comparative value. Each of the methods uses numeric techniques to help decision makers choose among a discrete set of alternative decisions. This is achieved on the basis of the impact of the alternatives on certain criteria and thereby on the overall utility of the decision maker(s). The difficulty that always occurs when trying to compare decision methods and choose the best one is that a paradox is reached, i.e., What decision-making method should be used to choose the best decision-making method? This problem is examined in Chapter 9.
Assessment of the Validity of the MIL-B-50878 Class R Bonding Requirements

The electrical bonding requirements for limiting RF potentials (Class R bonding) as set forth in MIL-B-5087B, “Military Specification -- Bonding, Electrical and Lightning Protection for Aerospace Systems,” required that the vehicle skin be designed to produce a uniform low-impedance surface through inherent RF bonding and that the contractor demonstrate by test that the bonding method results in a dc resistance of less than 2.5 mΩ. In addition, current Air Force design practice (per AFSC Design Handbook DH 1–4, Design Note 5D1) required the contractor to meet the conductivity requirements independent of the use of conductive fasteners, thereby necessitating intimate metal-to-metal contact. Consequently, the finishes which are commonly used to meet existing electromagnetic pulse (EMP)/electromagnetic interference (EMI) requirements for aluminum surfaces are tin plating or MIL-C-5541, Type 3 chemical conversion coatings. However, these methods allow moisture to be trapped between metal surfaces, which can lead to severe corrosion problems in the field. -- Corrosion between metal surfaces has reportedly been so severe as to create structural weaknesses which undermine the effectiveness of the structure(1). Further, the products of corrosion are nonconductive materials, which increase the electrical resistance/impedance of the bond and, thus, can destroy the nuclear hardness of aircraft and weapon systems.
Report from Washington MCC: One U.S. Answer to the Japanese

Strange bedfellows are made not only by politics, but also, it seems, by competition. Ten U.S. computer manufacturers who ordinarily compete fiercely among themselves for business have joined together in a new effort to share information, research, and resources as they try to catch up with the Japanese, who have a head start in developing a “fifth generation” computer. The new enterprise, which has been named Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. (and is known, somewhat selectively, by the initials MCC), joins together the resources of Advanced Micro Systems, Digital Equipment Corp., Harris Corp., Honeywell, Motorola, NCR, National Semiconductor, RCA, and Sperry Univac.
The effects of phosphate depletion on bone

The importance of phosphate in the metabolism of an organism has been indicated by many of the other papers in this volume. Since phosphate is a major constituent of the mineralized phase of bone, this tissue can function as a reservoir for maintaining the extracellular fluid phosphate concentration during a period of phosphate depletion. In young, growing animals phosphate depletion results in decreased growth in general and decreased length of the long bones (1). Several workers have also shown that phosphate depletion results in an increased resorption of bone (1–3).