cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping the energy saving potential of passive heating combined with conservation

A procedure is presented for estimating the energy savings potential of combining conservation and passive solar strategies to reduce building heating. General scaling laws are used for costs and the resulting continuous equations are evaluated to find the least life-cycle cost strategy. Results are mapped for the US.
Eutectic Formation, V/III Ratio and Controlled Polarity Inversion in Nitrides on Silicon [1]

The crystallographic polarity of AlN grown on Si(111) by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy is intentionally inverted from N-polar to Al-polar at a planar boundary. The position of the inversion boundary is controlled by a two-step growth process that abruptly changes from Al-rich to N-rich growth conditions. The polarity inversion is induced by the presence of Si, which is incorporated from an Al-Si eutectic layer that forms during the initial stages of AlN growth and floats on the AlN surface under Al-rich growth conditions. When the growth conditions change to N-rich the Al and Si in the eutectic react with the additional N-flux and are incorporated into the solid AlN film. Relatively low levels of Al-Si eutectic formation combined with lateral variations in the Si incorporation lead to nonuniformity in the polarity inversion and formation of surprisingly narrow, vertical inversion domains. The results suggest that intentional incorporation of uniform layers of Si may provide a method for producing polarity engineered nitride structures.
Experimental Investigation of the Inelastic Response of Pig and Rat Skin Under Uniaxial Cyclic Mechanical Loading

Skin is a highly non-linear, anisotropic, rate dependent inelastic, and nearly incompressible material which exhibits substantial hysteresis even under very slow (quasistatic) loading conditions. In this paper, a series of uniaxial cyclic loading tests of porcine and rat skin at different strain rates and with samples oriented in different directions (with respect to the spine) were conducted to study the effect of strain rate and samples orientations with respect to spine on Mullins-type softening and skin inelastic response. A noteworthy feature of skin is that, similar to certain filled rubbers, its mechanical response shifts after the first extension and exhibits softening and hysteresis when loaded under cyclic tension and Mullins-type softening is observed. The results of these strain-controlled cyclic loading tests also indicated that the extent of softening is different for different strain rates and orientations. Also, a substantial hysteresis persists even at very low strain rates indicating inelastic behavior beyond the rate sensitive viscoelastic response. Through this series of experiments, by investigating the effect of strain rate on pig skin and rat skin, we conclude that the skin response is rate dependent but inelastic and shows irreversible changes in fiber orientation which are observed in histology results. Also, skin shows persistent deformation that is only partially recovered even after a long period of unloading.
5 – THE ELEMENTARY FORMS OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT*

Publisher Summary Conflict management is the handling of grievances, including litigation, mediation, arbitration, negotiation, beating, torture, assassination, feuding, warfare, strikes, boycotts, riots, banishment, resignation, running away, ridicule, scolding, gossip, witchcraft, witch-hunting, hostage-taking, fasting, confession, psychotherapy, and suicide. This chapter discusses five forms of conflict management—self-help, avoidance, negotiation, settlement, and toleration—and propose the social fields where their most extreme expressions occur. These fields and forms are isomorphic. Self-help is the handling of a grievance by unilateral aggression. It ranges from quick and simple gestures of disapproval, such as glares or frowns, to massive assaults resulting in numerous deaths. In simple societies, self-help occurs dramatically as blood revenge, feuding, and affairs of honor. Avoidance is the handling of a grievance by the curtailment of interaction. The aggrieved or offending party may initiate and accomplish it alone, unilaterally, or both may withdraw at the same time.
Making a Synthesis of FDTD and DGTD Schemes for Computational Electromagnetics

A novel class of discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) schemes, invented by the first author, are presented that are capable of globally preserving the constraints that are inherent in Maxwell's equations. The methods share the same Yee-type mesh structure as finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) schemes for computational electrodynamics. Since FDTD schemes also preserve global constraints, the novelty of this work consists of making a synthesis of FDTD and DGTD schemes. While previous DG methods were based on applying identities involving Gauss’ law in weak form to the volumetric elements of a mesh, the newer methods are based on applying identities involving Stokes’ law in weak form to the facial elements of the mesh. This fundamental paradigm shift is crucial for obtaining the globally constraint-preserving DGTD methods in this paper. The new DGTD methods meet their design accuracies. The more accurate schemes are indeed more accurate even at the lowest resolutions. Moreover, as the mesh is refined, the schemes reach their design accuracies much faster. These benefits are all attributable to the subcell resolving ability of the DGTD schemes presented here. The higher order methods offer the lowest time to solution, especially when very high accuracies are demanded. Excellent scalability is also demonstrated.
Effects of nicotine on DARPP-32 and CaMKII signaling relevant to addiction

Paul Greengard brought to neuroscience the idea of, and evidence for, the role of second messenger systems in neuronal signaling. The fundamental nature of his contributions is evident in the far reach of his work, relevant to various subfields and topics in neuroscience. In this review, we discuss some of Greengard's work from the perspective of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their relevance to nicotine addiction. Specifically, we review the roles of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phospho-protein of 32kDa (DARPP-32) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in nicotine-dependent behaviors. For each protein, we discuss the historical context of their discovery and initial characterization, focusing on the extensive biochemical and immunohistochemical work conducted by Greengard and colleagues. We then briefly summarize contemporary understanding of each protein in key intracellular signaling cascades and evidence for the role of each protein with respect to systems and behaviors relevant to nicotine addiction.
Histologic and Functional Outcomes of Conduit Wrapping for Peripheral Nerve Repair: Early Results in a Rat Model.

Background The concept of utilizing a nerve conduit for augmentation of a primary nerve repair has been advocated as a method to prevent neural scarring and decrease adhesions. Despite clinical use, little is known about the effects of a nerve conduit wrapped around a primary repair. To better understand this, we investigated the histologic and functional effects of use of a nerve conduit wrapped around a rat sciatic nerve repair without tension. Methods Twenty Lewis' rats were divided into two groups of 10 rats each. In each group, unilateral sciatic nerve transection and repair were performed, with the opposite limb utilized as a matched control. In the first group, direct repair alone was performed; in the second group, this repair was augmented with a porcine submucosa conduit wrapped around the repair site. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was measured at 6 weeks with walking track analysis in both groups. Nonsurvival surgeries were then performed in all animals to harvest both the experimental and control nerves to measure histomorphometric parameters of recovery. Histomorphometric parameters assessed included total number of neurons, nerve fiber density, nerve fiber width, G-ratio, and percentage of debris. Unpaired t-test was used to compare outcomes between the two groups. Results All nerves healed uneventfully but compared with direct repair; conduit usage was associated with greater histologic debris, decreased axonal density, worse G-ratio, and worse SFI. No significant differences were found in total axon count or gastrocnemius weight. Conclusion In the absence of segmental defects, conduit wrapping primary nerve repairs seem to be associated with worse functional and mixed histologic outcomes at 6 weeks, possibly due to debris from conduit resorption. While clinical implications are unclear, more basic science and clinical studies should be performed prior to widespread adoption of this practice.
The aging mouse lens transcriptome.

Abstract Age is a major risk factor for cataract (ARC). However, the influence of aging on the lens transcriptome is under studied. Lens epithelial (LEC) and fiber cells (LFC) were isolated from young (3 month old) and aged (24 month old) C57BL/6J mice, and the transcriptome elucidated via RNAseq. EdgeR estimated differential gene expression in pairwise contrasts, and Advaita's Ipathway guide and custom R scripts were used to evaluate the potential biological significance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This analysis revealed age-dependent decreases in lens differentiation marker expression in both LECs and LFCs, with gamma crystallin transcripts downregulating nearly 50 fold in aged LFCs. The expression of the transcription factors Hsf4 and Maf, which are known to activate lens fiber cell preferred genes, are downregulated, while FoxE3, which represses gamma crystallin expression, is upregulated in aged fibers. Aged LECs upregulate genes controlling the immune response, complement pathways, and cellular stress responses, including glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3). Aged LFCs exhibit broad changes in the expression of genes regulating cell communication, and upregulate genes involved in antigen processing/presentation and cholesterol metabolism, while changes in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes are consistent with mitochondrial stress, including upregulation of NDufa4l2, which encodes an alternate electron transport chain protein. However, age did not profoundly affect the response of LECs to injury as both young and aged LECs upregulate inflammatory gene signatures at 24 h post injury to similar extents. These RNAseq profiles provide a rich data set that can be mined to understand the genetic regulation of lens aging and how this impinges on the pathophysiology of age related cataract.
Buckling Behavior of an Inelastic Column

A numerical procedure is presented for the determination of the inelastic buckling behavior of an initially straight or wavy column before and after the occurrence of the maximum load. A point of bifurcation of equilibrium positions may occur for an initially straight as well as wavy column. Beyond the tangent modulus load of an initially straight column, the bent configuration is preferred because of its lower potential energy. The maximum load of an imperfect column depends on the amplitude as well as the wave shape of the initial imperfection.
The contribution of the analytical ultracentrifuge to the technology and development of lipoprotein research, 1948–1991

Application of the analytic ultracentrifuge to lipoproteins began in 1935 with McFarlane’s studies of normal and pathological serum, by which were unexplained multicomponents and distortions in the region of the albumin boundary. In 1948, Gofman and coworkers started their studies at Donner Laboratory with the newly developed electrically driven Spinco analytic ultracentrifuge designed by Pickels. In their work, there usually developed, after prolonged ultracentrifugation of undiluted sera, an actual dip below the baseline. Raising the serum density to 1.063 g/ml resulted in the elimination of the dip phenomenon and the density sensitive "X protein" floated, giving an inverse peak as predicted. The past 43 years have seen great development in all aspects of lipoprotein study. Much of this was made possible by the analytic and preparative ultracentrifuges developed by Pickels. — At Donner Laboratory, ultracentrifugal flotation techniques have been developed and refined over the past 35 years. Important technological details include the fabrication of improved analytical cells and special offset centerprieces. The manufacturing of epoxy molds and the fabrication of double-sectored centerprieces are illustrated and described. To eliminate rotations of the cell during acceleration, cell housings are slotted and rotors are pinned for precise radial alignment. All phases of data acquisition and E machine control are accomplished by a micro-computer. Tracings of the Schlieren plots are processed by a VAX station 3200 with almost instantaneous numerical and graphical output.
β Subunits: Players in Neuronal Hyperexcitability?

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are glycoprotein complexes responsible for initiation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells such as central and peripheral neurons, cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, and neuroendocrine cells. Mammalian Na+ channels are heterotrimers, composed of a central, pore-forming a subunit and two auxiliary beta subunits. The a subunits form a gene family with at least 10 members. Mutations in alpha subunit genes have been linked to paroxysmal disorders such as epilepsy, long QT syndrome, and hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in humans, and motor endplate disease and cerebellar ataxia in mice. Three genes encode Na + channel beta subunits with at least one alternative splice product. A mutation in the beta1 subunit gene has been linked to generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 1 (GEFS+1) in a human family with this disease. Na+ channel beta subunits are multifunctional. They modulate channel gating and regulate the level of channel expression at the plasma membrane. More recently, they have been shown to function as cell adhesion molecules in terms of interaction with extracellular matrix, regulation of cell migration, cellular aggregation, and interaction with the cytoskeleton. Structure-function studies have resulted in the preliminary assignment of functional domains in the beta1 subunit. A Na+ channel signalling complex is proposed that involves beta subunits as channel modulators as well as cell adhesion molecules, other cell adhesion molecules such as neurofascin and contactin, RPTPbeta, and extracellular matrix molecules such as tenascin.
Heteroatom‐Substitued Dioxetanes and their Emerging Biomedical Applications

Heteroatom-substituted dioxetanes are one subclass of dioxetanes that have at least one heteroatom (such as O, S, N) at its two carbons of dioxetane structures. These are readily formed from the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of heteroatom-substituted alkenes and singlet oxygen (1O2). Due to their unique characteristics, such as chemiluminescence and spontaneous cleavage, heteroatom-substituted dioxetanes have been used for a number of biomedical applications, for example biomedical analyses and light-controlled drug release. A number of review papers and book chapters have been published for the biomedical analyses of chemiluminescence. However, no comprehensive review or book chapter for the applications to light-controlled drug release have yet been published, although there have been very significant and interesting advances in the field in the last couple of years. In this chapter, we focus mainly on a new and exciting application of dioxetanes for light-controlled drug release. In the latter part of this section, we also introduce briefly another new interesting application of dioxetane chemistry for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) imaging. Keywords: heteroatom-substitued dioxetanes; visible and near infrared; drug delivery; photodynamic; singlet oxygen; alkenes; biomedical applications; drug release; light-controlled; hydrogen peroxide imaging
Glass (Tg) and Stimuli-Responsive (Tsr) Transitions in Random Copolymers

In an effort to elucidate the origin of stimuli-responsive (TSR) transitions and correlate them to the glass transition temperature (Tg), poly(N-acryloyl-N′-propylpiperazine-co-2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate) (p(AcrNPP/EEMA)), poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-n-butyl acrylate) (p(VCl/nBA)), poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide-co-n-butyl acrylate) (p(NIPMAm/nBA)), and poly(2-(N,N′-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl acrylate) (p(DMAEMA/nBA)) colloidal dispersions were synthesized, which upon coalescence form solid films. These studies showed that molecular rearrangements responsible for the TSR transitions are attributed to the backbone buckling and collapse of stimuli-responsive components. Based on empirical data, the relationship between Tg and TSR was established: log(V1/V2) = (P1(TSR − Tg))/(P2 + (TSR − Tg)), where the V1 and V2 are the copolymer total volumes below and above the TSR, respectively, Tg is the glass transition temperature of the copolymer, and P1 and P2 are the fraction of the free volume (ff...
Management of hypertension in hospitalized patients

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a common problem in patients hospitalized for reasons other than hypertension. Unexpected elevations commonly result in calls to physicians who too often prescribe medication to reduce the numbers without evaluating the patient or determining the cause of the elevation. This may result in unnecessary and sometimes harmful treatment. Such BP elevation has many potential causes. These include anxiety, post-operative salt and volume overload, failure to administer the patient's known antihypertensive medication, inability to give oral antihypertensive medication to patients who cannot take pills by mouth, incipient heart failure, previously unrecognized renal failure, obstructive uropathy and other causes. These must be identified and treated prior to addressing only the elevated BP numbers. We present an algorithm for evaluating hospitalized patients with elevated BP in order to assist physicians in identifying the true cause of the elevation, treating the identified cause, and giving appropriate drug treatment. We also note that this is a golden opportunity for communication with the outpatient providers who will follow the patient.
Energy loss at large xF in nuclear collisions.

Measurements of the Drell-Yan process and of charmonium and bottomonium production at CERN and Fermilab show a depletion at high Feynman x in large relative to small nuclear targets. We can attribute this depletion to energy loss of initial and final states, provided that the loss is (dE/dz${)}_{\mathrm{Drell}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Yan}}$=4/9 (dE/dz${)}_{\mathrm{charm}}$\ensuremath{\sim}1.5 GeV/fm at the highest ${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{F}}$ measured. This small loss is magnified in the differential cross section due to the strong behavior \ensuremath{\sim}(1-x${)}^{\mathit{n}}$ of the projectile's structure functions at large x.
TE-Shave: Reducing Data Center Capital and Operating Expenses with Thermal Energy Storage

Power shaving has recently been proposed to dynamically shave the power peaks of a data center with energy storage devices (ESD), such that more servers can be safely hosted. In addition to the reduction of capital investment (cap-ex), power shaving also helps cut the electricity bills (op-ex) of a data center by reducing the high utility tariffs related to peak power. However, existing work on power shaving focuses exclusively on electrical ESDs (e.g., UPS batteries) to shave the server-side power demand. In this paper, we propose TE-Shave, a generalized power shaving framework that exploits both UPS batteries and a new knob, thermal energy storage (TES) tanks equipped in many data centers. Specifically, TE-Shave utilizes stored cold water or ice to manipulate the cooling power, which accounts for 30-40 percent of the total power cost of a data center. Our extensive evaluation with real-world workload traces shows that TE-Shave saves cap-ex and op-ex up to $2,668/day and $825/day, respectively, for a data center with 17,920 servers. Even for future data centers that are projected to have more efficient cooling and thus a smaller portion of cooling power, e.g., a quarter of today’s level, TE-Shave still leads to 28 percent more savings than existing work that focuses only on the server-side power. TE-Shave is also coordinated with traditional TES solutions for further reduced op-ex, and integrated with processor throttling to cap the power draw (i.e., power capping). Our hardware testbed results show that TE-Shave can improve the system performance up to 23 percent.
Neonatal Sepsis: Effect on Protein and Energy Metabolism † 1405

Protein catabolism and oxygen consumption are increased in septic adults in proportion to degree of illness. Inflammatory cytokines are thought to mediate proteolysis to maintain synthesis of acute phase proteins (e.g. C-reactive protein [CRP]) during sepsis. Septic neonates have immature immunologic responses characterized by elevated IL-6, but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels. To study the impact of sepsis on cytokines and protein metabolism in neonates, we studied 25 newborns (36±3 wks EGA; 2910±840g) divided into three groups: Group 1 (septic, positive blood culture [BC]), Group 2 (sick, negative BC), Group 3 (healthy, rule out sepsis). Infants had oxygen consumption (VO2 [mL/kg/min]), 6 hour nitrogen balance (N Bal[g/kg/d]), urinary 3-methyl Histidine/Creatinine (3MH/Cr), serum TNF & IL-6 (pg/mL), CRP (mg/dL), and Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP) measured at 12-36 hours after onset of illness. Data are mean±SD.Table
Measurements of program similarity in identical task environments

This paper summarizes the results of a study which compared the efficiency of two methods of measuring program similarity in the context of novice programmers trying to reach identical objectives. Both methods look for similarity by comparing 'program profiles'. Such profiles are created by feature extraction routines which map each program onto a tuple where each fi is a count of an occurrence of a particular feature. A comparison routine is then invoked which detects similarities between tuples. The results showed that in this environment the comparison routine based on the Halstead metric failed to perform as well as a conceptually simpler alternative.
1625 RENAL NEUROADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION DURING FETAL LIFE

The renal vasoconstrictor response to graded (0.2 to 3.0 Hz, 20V, 1 msec) direct electrical renal nerve stimulation (RNS) was studied in 9 chronically catheterized fetal (F) lambs (130-142 days gestation; term 145 days) and 3 adult (A) sheep. Changes in renal blood flow (RBF) were monitored using a doppler flow-meter. During RNS, RBF (r=-0.98) decreased and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (r=0.98) increased in a dose-response relation in F and A. Following administration of phentolamine, a rise in RBF (+57% at 1.0 Hz) and a decrease in RVR (-32% at 1 Hz) were observed in F; these changes were not completely blocked with propranolol. At low frequency ( 0.4 Hz) of RNS, % changes in RBF and RVR were significantly higher in F than in A. (*for p<0.05 when F compared to A) In summary these results demonstrate that during fetal life 1) renal hemodynamics seems to be more sensitive to low frequency RNS than in A; 2) renal vasoconstriction following RNS is dependent on α adrenoceptors; and 3) renal vasodilation produced by RNS during α-blockade is not fully dependent on activation of β-adrenoceptors.
LOW ENERGY, HIGH RESOLUTION ION SCATTERING MASS SPECTROMETRY OF STRAINED MOLECULES AND THEIR ISOMERS

Abstract A new method for differentiation of strained molecules and their isomers is reported. In essence it is a combination of soft chemical ionization, with very low energy collision-induced dissociation. The instrument is a guided-ion beam tandem mass spectrometer, specially optimized for high energy resolution scattering. This has been coupled to a variable temperature microflow tube that allows study of the pyrolysis chemistry of neutral sample molecules. To illustrate the method, data is presented for the quadricyclane/norbornadiene/toluene isomer system. The M+ ions derived from the three isomers are easily distinguished in our experiment, while cations derived from quadricyclane and norbornadiene were found to be indistinguishable by other methods. Good isomer sensitivity is only observed at collision energies below 3 eV, and some discussion is given on experimental considerations important for high resolution/low energy scattering.
Gravitational perturbations of spherically symmetric systems. II. Perfect fluid interiors

Abstract Methods developed in a previous paper on perturbations of the Schwarzschild metric are here extended to the treatment of perturbations of perfect fluid stellar models. The perturbations of a perfect fluid sphere are explicitly decomposed into their gauge invariant and gauge dependent parts and a variational principle for the perturbation equations is derived. The Hamiltonian for the perturbations is constructed and a sufficient condition for stability against nonradial, radiative perturbations is derived from it. The stability criterion is applied to two interesting classes of stellar models, polytropic white dwarf models and high-density neutron star cores with pressure proportional to energy density.
Performance analysis of precoding-based asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing wireless system in additive white Gaussian noise and indoor multipath channel

We have compared the bit error rate (BER) performance of precoding-based asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM) and pulse amplitude modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT) optical wireless (OW) systems in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and indoor multipath frequency selective channel. Simulation and analytical results show that precoding schemes such as discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform, and Zadoff-Chu sequences do not affect the performance of the OW systems in the AWGN channel while they do reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM output signal. However, in a multipath indoor channel, using zero forcing frequency domain equalization precoding-based systems give better BER performance than their conventional counterparts. With additional clipping to further reduce the PAPR, precoding-based systems also show better BER performance compared to nonprecoded systems when clipped relative to the peak of nonprecoded systems. Therefore, precoding-based ACO-OFDM and PAM-DMT systems offer better BER performance, zero signaling overhead, and low PAPR compared to conventional systems.
Mean velocity and Reynolds stress measurements in the regurgitant jets of tilting disk heart valves in an artificial heart environment.

Laser Doppler velocimetry, with a high temporal resolution (1 ms time windows), was used to measure the flow field in two regions (major and minor orifices) near the aortic and mitral valves (Bjork Shiley™ monostrut Nos. 25 and 27, respectively) of the Penn State artificial heart. The motion of each valve was also investigated using a 1000 frame/s video camera in order to estimate the valve's closing velocity. Fluid velocities in excess of and opposite to valve closing velocity were detected near the valve, providing evidence of “squeeze flow.” Maximum Reynolds shear stresses of approximately 20,000 dyn/cm2 and time-averaged Reynolds shear stresses of approximately 2000 dyn/cm2 were observed during the regurgitant flow phase. These elevated Reynolds shear stresses suggest that regurgitant jets play a role in the hemolysis and thrombosis associated with tilting disk heart valves in an artificial heart environment. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Postemergence Control of Microstegium vimineum on Riparian Restoration Sites with Aquatic-Use Registered Herbicides†

Microstegium vimineum is an invasive grass introduced from Asia that has spread throughout riparian areas of the eastern United States threatening native riparian vegetation. Postemergence (POST) herbicides registered for aquatic use were evaluated for control of M. vimineum on two riparian restoration sites in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. This study found that standard and lower than standard rates of diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr reduced weed stem density and biomass at 6 and 30 weeks after treatment (WAT). Both rates of bispyribac and penoxsulam provided less control of M. vimineum. Visual ratings showed both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr controlled 63-100% of M. vimineum at 6 WAT and 84-100% at 30 WAT. Fluridone and glyphosate provided slightly less control. Bispyribac and penoxsulam treatments provided less control at 6 and 30 WAT compared to the other treatments. Plots treated with both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr were nearly devoid of all vegetation at 30 WAT. Recommendations include POST application of lower than standard rates of diquat, flumioxazin, fluridone, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr on riparian restoration sites infested with M. vimineum. Immediate vegetation management measures including temporary and permanent plant cover should be employed on treated sites where weeds are completely eradicated to prevent erosion.
Dietary fiber and milk yield, mastication, digestion, and rate of passage in goats fed alfalfa hay

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of intake of fiber on productive performance of high producing dairy goats during early to midlactation. Four dietary treatments were isonitrogenous and consisted of combinations of chopped alfalfa hay and concentrate, yielding 14, 18, 22, and 26% ADF. In Experiment 1, 40 multiparous Alpine does were used in a completely randomized block design. Milk fat content and total chewing time increased, and milk yield tended to decrease, as dietary ADF intake increased. Chewing efficiency [min/(g x kg BW.75)] for DM decreased, whereas that for ADF increased as ADF intake increased. Prediction equations were the following: milk fat yield, g/d = 115.78 - .128 x ADF intake, g/d + .00021 X (ADF intake)2 (r = .55); total chewing time, min/d = 345.33 + .32 x ADF intake, g/d (r = .60). In Experiment 2, 20 does were used in a completely randomized design. Apparent digestibilities of DM and energy decreased as dietary ADF intake increased. Rumen turnover rate and transit time of liquid were affected by ADF intake. Transit time of hay decreased as ADF intake increased. Intake of ADF affected pH and ammonia, acetate, and butyrate concentrations in the rumen. Acetate to propionate ration increased with ADF intake. No apparent trends were observed in whole blood beta-hydroxybutyrate or in plasma NEFA concentrations related to ADF intake. It appeared that DMI and milk fat yield leveled at 22% ADF or 43% NDF. For lactating dairy goats producing more than 3.5 kg/d of milk, calculated fat output reached a plateau when they consumed 587 g/d of ADF and spent 512 min/d chewing.
Reinstatement of cocaine seeking by hypocretin (orexin) in the ventral tegmental area: independence from the local corticotropin-releasing factor network.

Background Hypocretin (Hcrt), an arousal- and feeding-associated peptide, is expressed in lateral hypothalamic neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Intra-VTA Hcrt reinstates morphine-conditioned place preferences, and intracerebroventricular and intra-VTA corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) reinstate cocaine seeking. Each is presumed to act, at least in part, through actions local to the VTA. Here, we examined the possibility that VTA perfusion of Hcrt reinstates cocaine seeking and, if so, whether it does so through the VTA mechanism that is implicated in reinstatement by CRF. Methods Rats were trained to lever-press for intravenous cocaine (2 weeks) and then underwent extinction training (saline substituted for cocaine: 3 weeks). Reinstatement behavior was tested and VTA dialysates were collected and assayed for glutamate or dopamine following footshock or perfusion of Hcrt or CRF, with or without Hcrt or CRF antagonists, into the VTA. Results Ventral tegmental area perfusion of Hcrt-1 or footshock stress reinstated cocaine seeking and caused release of VTA glutamate and dopamine. The effects of Hcrt-1 were blocked by a selective Hcrt-1 antagonist, but not a CRF antagonist, and were not mimicked by Hcrt-2. The Hcrt-1 antagonist did not block CRF-dependent footshock-induced reinstatement or glutamate or dopamine release. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of Hcrt-1 were attenuated but not blocked by kynurenic acid, an ionotropic glutamate antagonist that blocks footshock-induced reinstatement and glutamate release. Conclusions While Hcrt and CRF are known to interact in some area of the brain, in the VTA proper they appear to have largely independent actions on the mesolimbic dopamine mechanisms of cocaine seeking.
Accurate integration of surface profile data with quantitative error analysis

In the process of surface profiling in experimental mechanics, multiple sets of measured, three-dimensional surface data oftentimes are obtained without precise knowledge of their relative position or orientation. In this work, automatic and accurate surface registration and merging algorithms are presented to integrate the individual subsets into a complete object surface model. The proposed method requires only overlapped regions between adjacent data sets when the measurement was taken and a rough initial estimate for the positions of each subset. Simulation results and experimental data are presented that demonstrate that the method is both accurate and efficient.
Equation of state of compressed liquids : statistical-mechanical basis

Abstract Recent advances in the statistical-mechanical theory of equilibrium fluids can be used to obtain an equation of state for compressed liquids, thereby supplying a theoretical basis for a century of empiricism. The empirical results, dating back to P.G. Tait, essentially state that the isothermal bulk modulus (reciprocal of the isothermal compressibility) of a liquid is nearly linear in the pressure, with the slope being a function of temperature only. The present theory includes supercritical fluids and low-density vapors, and so gives more complicated mathematical expressions than the empirical formulas, but the numerical results are almost the same. This point is illustrated for both computer simulations and real fluids. The theory shows that supercritical fluids do not approach liquid-like behavior until the pressure is roughly 50 times the critical pressure.
URINARY EXCRETION OF Δ5-PREGNENETRIOL AND OTHER 3β-HYDROXY-Δ5 STEROIDS BY SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT ENDOCRINE DISEASE

Δ5-Pregnene-3β,17α,20α-triol (5-PT) was found in all urines analyzed, indicating that its presumptive adrenal precursor 3β, 17α-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnen-20-one is regularly formed. After separation from other metabolites, 5-PT was quantitatively determined by oxidation to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), using periodic acid and then the Zimmermann reaction. The titers varied from 4 mg. to 53 mg. per day in 5 patients with adrenal carcinoma, and from about 0.1 mg. to 0.4 mg. in 10 subjects without endocrine disorders. Elevated titers were not found in 2 patients with Cushing's syndrome, nor in 2 with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Titers of 5-PT tended to vary inversely with those of DHA, suggesting the possibility that an inefficient conversion of 3β, 17α-dihydroxy-Δ5-pregnen-20-one to DHA may cause increased formation of 5-PT. Both 5-PT and DHA were sharply reduced when amphenone was given to a patient with adrenal carcinoma, whereas other C19O2 steroids showed little change. Thus, saturated 17-ketosteroids (e.g...
Impact of Anatomic Features in the Endovascular Embolization of 181 Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms

Background and Purpose— We analyzed the impact of detailed anatomic characteristics on the results of endovascular coil embolization for anterior communicating artery (AcoA) aneurysms and developed a predictive model estimating the probability of successful endovascular treatment. Methods— One hundred eighty-one AcoA aneurysms were treated with endovascular coil embolization between August 1991 and November 2005. Morphological characteristics that were analyzed included direction of the dome, location of the neck, association with hypoplasia or aplasia of AcoA complex vessels, sac, and neck size. Immediate clinical and anatomic results, long-term morbidity/mortality, recanalization rate, and delayed aneurysm thrombosis were analyzed. ORs were calculated for each anatomic and clinical result and logistic regression was used in formulating a predictive model. Results— There were 115 females and 66 males. Age range was 9 to 86 years (mean 57). Factors significantly associated with complete embolization inclu...
5S RNAIII, a new nucleus-specific 5S RNA

A new species of 5S RNA, referred to as 5S RNAIII, has been found in the Novikoff hepatoma ascites cell nuclei. This RNA, which composes 28% of total nuclear 5S RNA and co-migrates with ribosomal 5S RNAI and 5S RNAII on 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has been isolated by chromatography on DEAE Sephadex columns. The nucleotide composition is A 24, U 31, G 24 and C 20; its A+UG+C ratio is 1.24. T1 RNase digestion produced the following unique oligonucleotides from 5S RNAIII: (U2C2)Gp, (CUA)Gp, (C4A3U8)Gp, [(UmU) (C2A3U5) (AGmC)], (CAU2)Gp, (C2AU2)Gp and (C3A3U2)Gp. Similarly, unique oligonucleotides were produced by complete pancreatic RNase digestion of 5S RNAIII, including UmUp, A-A-Up, A-A-Cp, (AG)Cp, A-Gm-Cp, (A2G)Up, A-A-A-Up and (A3G)-Up.
Fe4 Cluster and a Buckled Macrocycle Complex from the Reduction of [(dmgBF2)2Fe(L)2] (L = MeCN, tBuiNC)

We report the syntheses, X-ray structures, and reductive electrochemistry of the Fe^(II) complexes [(dmgBF_2)_(2)Fe(MeCN)_2] (1; dmg = dimethylglyoxime, MeCN = acetonitrile) and [(dmgBF_2)Fe(^(t)Bu^(i)NC)_2] (2; ^(t)Bu^(i)NC = tert-butylisocyanide). The reaction of 1 with Na/Hg amalgam led to isolation and the X-ray structure of [(dmgBF_2)_(2)Fe(glyIm)] (3; glyIm = glyimine), wherein the (dmgBF_2)_2 macrocyclic frame is bent to accommodate the binding of a bidentate apical ligand. We also report the X-ray structure of a rare mixed-valence Fe4 cluster with supporting dmg-type ligands. In the structure of [(dmg_(2)BF_2)_(3)Fe_3(1/2dmg)_(3)Fe(O)_6] (4), the (dmgBF_(2))_2 macrocycle has been cleaved, eliminating BF_2 groups. Density functional theory calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance data are in accordance with a central FeIII ion surrounded by three formally Fe^(II)dmg_(2)BF_2 units.
Transcriptional regulation by an upstream repression sequence from the yeast enolase gene ENO1

The activity of an upstream repression sequence (URS element) that mediates a 20-fold repression of ENO1 expression in cells grown in a medium containing glucose was characterized. Sequences that are sufficient for orientation-dependent ENO1 URS element activity were mapped between positions -241 and -126 relative to the ENO1 transcriptional initiation site. The ENO1 URS element repressed transcription of the yeast CYC1 gene when positioned between the CYC1 upstream activation sequences (UAS elements) and TATAAA boxes. The ENO1 URS element failed to repress transcription of the wild-type yeast enolase gene ENO2; however, expression of an ENO2 gene lacking one of the ENO2 UAS elements was efficiently repressed by the ENO1 URS element, suggesting that the URS element interferes with the transcriptional activation by some, but not all, UAS elements. In contrast to the ENO1 gene, the ENO1 URS element repressed CYC1 and ENO2 expression in cells grown on glucose or glycerol plus lactate. Evidence is presented that the ENO1 URS element also functions during stationary growth phase.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator with controllable pulse parameters (cTMS)

We describe a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device that uses a circuit topology incorporating two energy-storage capacitors and two insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) to generate near-rectangular electric field E-field) pulses with adjustable number, polarity, duration, and amplitude of the pulse phases. This controllable-pulse-parameter TMS (cTMS) device can induce E-field pulses with phase widths of 5–200 µs and positive/negative phase amplitude ratio of 1–10. Compared to conventional monophasic and biphasic TMS, cTMS reduces energy dissipation by 78–82% and 55–57% and decreases coil heating by 15–33% and 31–41%, respectively. We demonstrate repetitive TMS (rTMS) trains of 3,000 pulses at frequencies up to 50 Hz with E-field pulse amplitude and width variability of less than 1.7% and 1%, respectively. The reduced power consumption and coil heating, and the flexible pulse parameter adjustment offered by cTMS could enhance existing TMS paradigms and could enable novel research and clinical applications with potentially enhanced potency.
Flight test techniques for validating simulated nuclear electromagnetic pulse aircraft responses

An attempt has been made to determine the effects of nuclear EM pulses (NEMPs) on aircraft systems, using a highly instrumented NASA F-106B to document the simulated NEMP environment at the Kirtland Air Force Base's Vertically Polarized Dipole test facility. Several test positions were selected so that aircraft orientation relative to the test facility would be the same in flight as when on the stationary dielectric stand, in order to validate the dielectric stand's use in flight configuration simulations. Attention is given to the flight test portions of the documentation program.
Validation of the tridimensional personality questionnaire in a sample of male drug users

Abstract One hundred seventy-three male drug using volunteers for drug-related studies completed the Cloninger Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), with most of these S s also completing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Eysenck I.7, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Symptom Check List 90, the Elliott-Huizinga Lifetime Criminality Measure, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III, and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire. TPQ novelty seeking was correlated with impulsivity, aggression, and criminality, TPQ harm avoidance was correlated with introversion, neuroticism, low venturesomeness, and high psychological distress, while TPQ reward dependence was correlated with extraversion, low psychoticism, and empathy. With the possible exception of novelty seeking, the TPQ scales did not, as predicted by Cloninger, correlate with specific personality disorders or alcohol and drug abuse. The rationale for the construction of the TPQ scales was generally not supported in the present sample.
A Community-Based Intervention for Latina Mothers of Children With Asthma: What Factors Moderate Effectiveness?

The objective of this article is to examine the effectiveness of a culturally tailored asthma intervention in a sample of Latina mothers of children with asthma. Mothers (n = 115) participated in a community-based intervention designed to improve asthma outcomes in their children. Participants provided asthma knowledge and beliefs about asthma medications data pre- and post intervention. Maternal asthma knowledge increased during the intervention period, and certain changes in medication beliefs were moderated by poverty level, maternal educational level, acculturative stress, and depressive symptoms. Culturally tailored interventions can be effective, but participants with fewer resources may require more intensive intervention.
The interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase self-associates in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract The interferon-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) exhibits antiviral, anticellular, and antitumor activities. The mechanisms of its enzymatic activation by autophosphorylation and of the observed transdominant inhibitory phenotype of enzymatically inactive mutants have invoked PKR dimerization. Here we present direct evidence in support of PKR-PKR interaction. We show that radiolabeled PKR can specifically interact with matrix-bound unlabeled PKR in the absence of dsRNA. The self-association activity resides, in part, in the N-terminal region of 170 residues, which also constitutes the dsRNA-binding domain (DRBD). DRBD can bind to matrix-bound PKR or to matrix-bound DRBD. Dimerization of DRBD was directly demonstrated by chemical crosslinking. Affinity chromatography and electrophoretic mobility supershift assays demonstrated that mutants that fail to bind dsRNA can still exhibit protein-protein interaction. The PKR-PKR interaction could also be observed in a two-hybrid transcriptional activation assay in mammalian cells and consequently is likely to be an important feature of PKR activity in vivo.
Adrenocortical pregnenolone-binding protein activity requires a small heat-stable factor: evidence that regulation by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation occurs at the level of the factor, not the protein.

The steroid-binding capacity of the adrenocortical pregnenolone-binding protein (PBP) is effectively destroyed by extreme temperature (boiling water for 2–5 min); however, the boiled preparation contains a factor that potentiates ligand binding when readded to native PBP. Treatment of the boiled fraction with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase at pH 9 reverses the stimulatory effect on PBP activity. Additionally, if native PBP is first incubated with alkaline phosphatase, which converts it to a nonbinding form, activity can be fully restored in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of the boiled preparation. The factor (itself devoid of binding capacity) can also be generated by exposing native PBP to acidic conditions (pH 4). The molecule is small (mol wt, <2000), as judged by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and equilibrium dialysis. It is not retained on Concanavalin-A-Sepharose and is not extractable with a variety of organic solvents. The factor remainsactive after lyophilization and has a net negati...
Acupuncture in the treatment of upper-limb lymphedema: results of a pilot study.

BACKGROUND Current treatments for lymphedema after breast cancer treatment are expensive and require ongoing intervention. Clinical experience and our preliminary published results suggest that acupuncture is safe and potentially useful. This study evaluates the safety and potential efficacy of acupuncture on upper-limb circumference in women with lymphedema. METHODS Women with a clinical diagnosis of breast cancer−related lymphedema (BCRL) for 0.5-5 years and with affected arm circumference ≥2 cm larger than unaffected arm received acupuncture treatment twice weekly for 4 weeks. Affected and unaffected arm circumferences were measured before and after each acupuncture treatment. Response, defined as ≥30% reduction in circumference difference between affected/unaffected arms, was assessed. Monthly follow-up calls for 6 months thereafter were made to document any complications and self-reported lymphedema status. RESULTS Among 37 enrolled patients, 33 were evaluated; 4 discontinued due to time constraints. Mean reduction in arm circumference difference was 0.90 cm (95% CI, 0.72-1.07; P < .0005). Eleven patients (33%) exhibited a reduction of ≥30% after acupuncture treatment. Seventy-six percent of patients received all treatments; 21% missed 1 treatment, and another patient missed 2 treatments. During the treatment period, 14 of the 33 patients reported minor complaints, including mild local bruising or pain/tingling. There were no serious adverse events and no infections or severe exacerbations after 255 treatment sessions and 6 months of follow-up interviews. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture for BCRL appears safe and may reduce arm circumference. Although these results await confirmation in a randomized trial, acupuncture can be considered for women with no other options for sustained arm circumference reduction. Cancer 2013;119:2455-2461. © 2013 American Cancer Society.