cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A further note on the asymptotic efficiency of friedman’s xr2-test

For independently distributed error components, the asymptotic relative efficiency (A.R.E.) ofFriedman’sx 2 -tests with respect to the classical analysis of variance test has been studied byElteren andNoether andSen [1967]. The present note extends these results to the case of correlated errors arising in some random-effects or mixed-effects models.
Bidirectional spectral reflectances measured above coniferous forests from a ground-based platform

Spectral reflectances were acquired above three different coniferous forest stands. Continuous visible/near-infrared (0.400 - 1.100 micrometers ) spectra were collected at multiple (8 - 12) view angles in the solar principal plane by a spectroradiometer (SE590, Spectron Engineering, Denver, CO) placed on ground-based platforms that extended above the forest tops. Data were collected over a full sun angle range in August 1991 above a 14 m high mixed spruce-hemlock stand at a research site managed by the University of Maine in Howland. Data were also collected at multiple sun angles in June/July 1992 at the Petawawa National Forest Institute in Petawawa, Ontario, Canada above two stands: a 14 m high jack pine stand and a 18 m high red pine stand. Reflectances were calculated from calibrated radiances, and corrected for panel anisotropy per sun angle. As a function of view angle per sun angle, forwardscatter and backscatter spectra from all sites were used to compute vegetation indices and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR, 0.400 - 0.700 micrometers ) reflectance. These unique data sets reveal that these forest stands were highly anisotropic, both in terms of sun angle, view angle, and spectral wavebands. Additionally, the vegetation indices exhibited sun and view angle changes, with maximum values at moderately oblique forwardscatter view angles (approximately 30 - 40 degree(s)).© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Social Signals: The Secret Language of Mice

Animals are known to produce substances that modulate social and sexual behavior of conspecifics, but the mechanistic details underlying these phenomena have been elusive. A recent paper identifies a male-specific compound in mouse urine that activates olfactory bulb neurons and mediates behavioral attraction.
Suprafascial compared with subfascial harvest of the radial forearm flap: an anatomic study.

Purpose Inclusion of the deep fascia within the radial forearm flap is conventionally thought to be essential for flap viability. Angiography and dissection studies were used in this study to elucidate the role of the deep fascia in perfusion of the radial forearm flap. Methods Twenty-four radial forearm flaps were harvested from 12 fresh cadavers. Ten paired suprafascial and subfascial flaps were harvested, the radial arteries were cannulated, and methylene blue dye was injected into the radial artery followed by a barium sulfate/gelatin mixture. The flaps were digitally radiographed, and the vascular territory was measured using software. The cutaneous dye staining patterns for paired flaps were recorded photographically. Computed tomography scans were performed for 3 paired flaps to evaluate the vascular pattern within the flap. Two pairs of forearms were subjected to intravascular injection with colored latex through the brachial artery prior to flap harvest, and microdissection of the flap and fascia was performed. Results No significant difference was found in the vascular territory measured for the flap when harvested using the subfascial or the suprafascial technique. Flap dissection studies confirmed that this is because of the poorly developed subfascial plexus in the forearm, with preservation of the deep fascia not contributing to the mechanism of flap perfusion. Conclusions Inclusion of the deep fascia during flap harvest does not contribute to the perfusion of the radial forearm flap and therefore the deep fascia does not need to be included to maintain flap vascularity.
Measuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: coat color and pigment differences.

Abstract Cortisol concentrations are frequently measured from a variety of sources including blood, saliva, urine, and feces to quantify stress in dogs. However, a need still exists for less intrusive collection methods in domestic animals and for more efficient means of measuring basal cortisol. The objectives of the present study were to minimize restraint for saliva sampling, to validate hair for basal cortisol measurement in dogs, and to determine concentrations of cortisol within the hair shaft and in relation to hair color. Using food luring, 79% of dogs required no restraint for saliva collection. Salivary and hair cortisol concentrations were positively correlated ( P = 0.001), thus validating hair as a medium for basal cortisol quantification. Black dogs had less cortisol than nonblack dogs ( P = 0.039) in hair, but not saliva. Across dogs, the average amount of cortisol did not differ between proximal and distal hair sections ( P = 0.348). However, for 7 of the 9 dogs, more cortisol was present in the distal portions of the hair. We observed a difference in cortisol concentrations among hairs of different colors from individual dogs ( P = 0.001). From the same 7 × 7 cm ischiatic patch from the same dog, black (eumelanin) hairs were consistently lower in cortisol than yellow (pheomelanin) hairs, and cortisol concentrations of agouti hairs were intermediate. This is the first evidence that hair of different colors might sequester cortisol differently.
Ciprofloxacin in combination with other antimicrobials

Combinations of ciprofloxacin with aminoglycosides or beta-lactams are infrequently synergistic and only rarely antagonistic against Enterobacteriaceae or gram-positive bacteria. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, combinations of ciprofloxacin with an aminoglycoside are synergistic for a minority of isolates, whereas rates of synergistic interactions between ciprofloxacin and beta-lactams against this group of organisms vary over a wide range.
Supporting Persons With Intellectual and Developmental Disability: Will Our Emerging Political Leaders Build on President Kennedy’s Legacy?

While identifying initial themes in preparing a narrative analysis on President John F. Kennedy's (JFK's) speeches on developmental disabilities, it struck me that in the 4 intervening decades since, our presidents and presidential candidates have stated little about their personal experiences concerning family members with a disability. Certainly, several members of Congress have demonstrated their solid and consistent advocacy for policies and programs (e.g., Senators Tom Harkin [IA, D], James Jeffords [VT, Ind.], Charles Grassley [IA, R] and Ted Kennedy [MA, D]); however, those seeking the highest office have stated little. W h e n deconstructing three JFK speeches (Kennedy, 1962, 1963a, 1963b) and a 1994 interview conducted with Eunice Kennedy Shriver, I found that several initial themes emerged, including the following: (a) We as a wealthy nation can do better. (b) This is an international challenge: Why are the rates of mental retardation lower in Scandinavia than in the United States? and (c) There is a need for furthering the interconnected role of science, society, and the environment.
Gas atomization of cobalt ferrite-phosphate melts

XRD, Moessbauer spectroscopy, and EDXS have been used to characterize a rapidly-solidified (Co,Fe)3O4 spinel generated in a cobalt-iron-phosphate glass matrix by gas atomization of melts. Of the two compositions tested, that containing 20 mol pct P2O5 exhibited randomly-oriented ferrite crystallization whose growth appears to have been diffusion-controlled. Unlike the ferrite, in which the iron has both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination, the iron in the glassy matrix was primarily of distorted-octahedral coordination. Calculations indicate that the cooling rates obtained with oxide melts vary strongly with droplet size, but less strongly with melt temperature.
South–South cooperation and the future of development assistance: mapping actors and options

International development cooperation is undergoing fundamental changes. New – or often re-emerging – actors have gained importance during the past two decades, and are increasingly challenging the traditional approach to development cooperation associated with the members of the Development Assistance Committee of the oecd. Their supposedly alternative paradigm, ‘South–South cooperation’ (ssc), has been recognised as an important cooperation modality, but faces contradictions that are not too different from those of its North–South counterpart. ssc providers are highly heterogeneous in terms of policies, institutional arrangements, and engagement with international forums and initiatives. This article contributes to current debates on ssc by mapping the diversity of its actors – based on illustrative case studies from the first and second ‘wave’ of providers – and by presenting and discussing some possible scenarios for the future of ssc within the international aid system.
From Traditional to Virtual HR: Is the Transition Occurring in Local Government?

This study examines the use of information technology (IT) in human resource management (HRM) and how it affects HRM work. Based on a survey of cities with populations larger than 50,000, it finds that although managers agree that IT is important, relatively few cities use IT in their HRM in any extensive way. Payroll and benefits administration and online recruiting are widely used; however, IT applications in training, job analysis and evaluation, position classification, personnel testing, and background checks are not. The factor that most explains the use of IT in HRM is the technology orientation of HRM managers, and those HRM managers who view IT as a source of competitive advantage are more likely to promote it. The article concludes with implications for careers in HRM.
Long-run equilibrium and total expenditures in rent-seeking

How important rent-seeking is as a part of the total monopolistic waste hinges on the size of the total expenditures induced by a given level of excess profits.1 Posner (1975) and Becker (1968) assert that total expenditures in the rent-seeking process will just equal the value of the rents to be gained although neither is specific about how this result would occur. This hypothesis has been adopted by those writing about rent-seeking and, more recently, it appears to have attained the status of an axiom (Foster, 1981). If rent-seeking could fit within the perfectly competitive model one would expect—in the long run—the equality of total expenditures and total revenues. The analogy with perfect competition, however, is not accurate. One difference is that the expenditures in rent-seeking are made to influence the probability of winning, not to cover the cost of production. Another is that in the case of one payoff only one competitor wins and obtains a positive return on his investment, the rest lose everything. Tullock (1980) shows that in a simple two-player lottery each player will maximize his expected value by investing one-quarter of the payoff at stake, not one-half, where total expenditures would equal the payoff. He goes on to show that the total expenditures can be greater, equal, or less than the payoff; the result depends upon the number of players and the marginal cost of influencing the probability of winning. Thus, it cannot be assumed, as first thought, that a given rental payoff will give rise to wasteful expenditures of equal value.
Thermal conductivity of two binary mixtures of gases of equal molecular weight

Abstract The paper reports new measurements of the thermal conductivity of two binary mixtures at a nominal temperature of 27.5°C but over a pressure range. The two systems, N 2 -CO (three compositions up to 12MPa) and N 2 O-CO 2 (four mixtures up to 4.2 MPa) have been chosen because they consist of molecules of similar structure and equal molecular weight (28.01 and 44.01, respectively). Moreover, the zero-density viscosity is identical within each mixture. The results have been extrapolated and fitted to equations in the usual way. The zero-density thermal conductivity in each system varies systematically with composition and differs by about 4% for the pure components in each case. This is a measure of the effect of the internal degrees of freedom on thermal conductivity. In the absence of a reliable theory, it is shown that the equations of kinetic theory can be used to represent the composition-dependence of zero-density thermal conductivity with a judicious choice of two quantities which cannot be calculated independently. In both systems, both the excess thermal conductivity λ ( T , ϱ ) - λ ( T , 0) and the ratio λ ( T , ϱ )⧸ λ ( T , 0) are sole functions of density with a remarkable degree of precision. The variation of the thermal conductivity with density could be predicted quit accurately with the aid of the theory due to Mason.
Effects of MK-771, A TRH analog, on pentobarbital-induced alterations of cholinergic parameters in discrete regions of rat brain

Abstract MK-771 ( l -pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide) was administered intraventricularly to conscious and pentobarbital-narcotized rats. In the conscious rats MK-771 did not affect the regional levels of acetylcholine (ACh) or the rate of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake (HACU). MK-771 was found to antagonize pentobarbital-induced elevations of ACh levels in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. MK-771 also reversed the depressant effects of pentobarbital on the HACU of the cortex and hippocampus. Striatal HACU was unaltered by the administration of pentobarbital or the combination of pentobarbital and MK-771.
Type-specific polysaccharide antigens of group B streptococci

Rabbits immunized with whole streptococci of group B, type II, produce two immunologically distinct type-specific antibodies which are essentially equal by weight in protecting mice against infection with homologous type strains.The capsular antigen with which these antibodies react is a polysaccharide containing galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and a labile component which has not been chemically identified. Extraction of the bacteria with TCA yields this ‘complete’ antigen, whereas extraction with HCl yields a partial antigen without the labile component. This degraded antigen can also be derived from the TCA antigen by treating the latter with hot HCl, and is indistinguishable from that extracted directly from the bacteria with HCl.One of the antibodies produced, the TCA antibody, is directed against the labile component of the polysaccharide. The other, the HCl antibody, is directed against a β-d-galactoside determinant; and the precipitin reaction with this antibody is not masked in the ‘complete’ TCA antigen by the presence of the labile component.The group-specific polysaccharide, which is located in the cell-wall, is also extracted with either TCA or HCl but can be eliminated from the preparations by fractional precipitation with ethanol. Although it is known that the type-specific polysaccharide is located in the streptococcal capsule, it is not at present clear in what form this substance occurs in the living streptococcal cell. It may be present partially as the degraded HCl form, or possibly wholly as the intact TCA form. Further immunological and chemical studies of these type-specific polysaccharides are in progress, and will be presented in another communication.
Statistical Review: Continuity and change in the US apparel industry: A statistical profile

The US apparel industry continues to be a large, mature industry that is intensely competitive. It is also highly fragmented and is undergoing restructuring and operational changes that further accentuate past trends. The principal drivers of change continue to be the increasing levels of low‐cost imports, but also include dramatic changes in retailing following consolidation of the retail sector, new technology, changing work habits and demographic changes (principally the ageing of the baby boomers). In addition, trade and tax legislation that confers special status on firms operating in certain Caribbean countries has resulted in the growth of outward processing that in turn has led to further domestic firm operational restructuring.
Nonuniform radiation damage in permanent magnet quadrupoles

We present data that indicate nonuniform magnetization loss due to radiation damage in neodymium-iron-boron Halbach-style permanent magnet quadrupoles. The proton radiography (pRad) facility at Los Alamos uses permanent-magnet quadrupoles for magnifying lenses, and a system recently commissioned at GSI-Darmsdadt uses permanent magnets for its primary lenses. Large fluences of spallation neutrons can be produced in close proximity to these magnets when the proton beam is, intentionally or unintentionally, directed into the tungsten beam collimators; imaging experiments at LANL’s pRad have shown image degradation with these magnetic lenses at proton beam doses lower than those expected to cause damage through radiation-induced reduction of the quadrupole strength alone. We have observed preferential degradation in portions of the permanent magnet quadrupole where the field intensity is highest, resulting in increased high-order multipole components.
The Prime Timers: A Collective Exploration of Purpose in an Asian American Faith Community

This article aims to raise awareness among researchers, policy makers, and practitioners about the needs of aging Asian Americans. Through telling the story of the “Prime Timers,” a group whose members predominantly consist of Asian Americans ranging in age from 55 to 95 years old, particular emphasis is placed on the voices and perspectives of members of this population. As a result of multiple conversations with the Prime Timers, three significant issues emerged: purpose, community, and health. More specifically, the Prime Timers recommend the following policy recommendations and suggestions for further research: (1) take more seriously the role that faith communities have (and can have) for various Asian American groups; (2) give further consideration to broader historical and sociological contexts when attempting to define issues and create remedies; and (3) find more ways to involve aging Asian American in dialogues (and subsequent actions) regarding issues they deem important.
Impact of renal dysfunction on acute coronary syndrome evaluation in observation unit patients

Abstract Objectives The impact of renal disease on risk stratification of patients at low risk for potential acute coronary syndrome has not been well defined. The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of renal dysfunction and assess the association between renal impairment and abnormal cardiac evaluation in observation unit (OU) patients. Methods Retrospective cohort study at an academic medical center OU. Data were abstracted using predetermined definitions of data outcomes by trained abstractors. Patients had symptoms consistent with acute coronary syndrome and did not have obvious evidence of acute MI or ischemia on electrocardiogram, unstable vital signs, abnormal cardiac markers, serious arrhythmias, or uncontrollable chest pain. Observation patients received serial cardiac markers and electrocardiograms, with the majority receiving stress testing at treating physician discretion. Patients were stratified by glomerular filtration rates (GFR) at cut-off points of less than 60 and less than 90 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 . Odds ratios were calculated for stress test findings of inducible ischemia or hospital admission. Results Five hundred and twenty-nine out of 545 patients had complete data and were enrolled. Sixty-nine (13%) patients had a GFR of less than 60 and 300 (56%) patients had a GFR of less than 90. An abnormal cardiac evaluation was found in 64 (12%) patients, of whom 31 (49%) had some renal impairment. The odds ratio of an abnormal cardiac evaluation with a GFR of less than 90 is 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.95-2.88) and 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.83-3.28) for GFR less than 60. Conclusions Renal dysfunction is common in OU patients. In these patients, renal dysfunction did not confer higher risk for abnormal cardiac evaluation.
Cancer Immunotherapy for the Veterinary Patient

The ability of the immune system to protect against tumor development and to attack malignant cells once they arise has been recognized for more than 50 years. Since this time, our understanding of the complex relation between the immune system and the development of cancer has increased dramatically, largely because of improvements in the tools used to study tumor immunology at the molecular level. These advances are leading to the development of increasingly sophisticated and effective immunotherapeutics for human and veterinary oncology patients; indeed, some forms of immunotherapy already have a place alongside more conventional treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
A spatial autocorrelative model for targeting stream restoration to benefit sensitive nongame fishes

Stream restoration projects often aim to benefit aquatic biota and frequently use the reappearance of sensitive nongame fish species as a measure of restoration success. However, mitigation of huma...
Shock-induced martensitic transformations in near-equiatomic NiTi alloys

Shock-impact generated tensile-stress pulses were used to induce B2-to-monoclinic martensitic transformations in two near-equiatomic NiTi alloys having different martensite transformation start (M s ) temperatures. The NiTi-I alloy (M s ≈+27 °C) impacted at room temperature at 2.0 and 2.7 GPa tensile stress-pulse magnitude, showed acicular martensite morphology. These martensite needles had a substructure containing microtwins, typical of “stress-assisted” martensite. The NiTi-II alloy (M s ≈−45 °C) showed no martensite formation when shocked with tensile-stress pulses of 2 GPa. For tensile stresses of 4.1 GPa, the alloy showed spall initiation near the region of maximum tensile-stress duration. In addition, monoclinic martensite needles, with a well-defined dislocation substructure, typical of “strain-induced” martensite, were seen clustering around the spall region. No stress-assisted martensite was formed in this alloy due to its very low M s temperature. The present article documents results of the use of a metallurgical technique for generating large-amplitude tensile stress pulses of finite duration for studies of phase transformations involving changes from a high density to a low density state.
Comparative biochemistry of the biological reduction of fumaric acid

The biological reduction of fumaric acid is catalysed by succinic dehydrogenase, acting in reverse, or by a similar enzyme which can be provisionally designated as a fumaric acid with molecular hydrogen, and which also contain hydrogenase can reduce fumaric acid with molecular hydrogen, and experiments with cell-free extracts from the anaerobic bacterium Micrococcus lactilyticus indicate that the coupling between hydrogenase and reductase can be mediated by free flavin. Reductase activity can be assayed in cell-free preparations by measuring utilization of molecular hydrogen in the presence of excess hydrogenase and a viologen dye serving as electron carrier. Yeast and mammalian succinic dehydrogenases reduce fumarate at a low rate as compared with their ability to oxidize succinate. On the other hand, the reductase enzyme of M. lactilyticus reduces fumarate rapidly and oxidizes succinate slowly. Although malonate and succinate markedly inhibit the reductase activity shown by yeast and mammalian succinic dehydrogenases, the activity of the M. lactilyticus reductase is in comparison not appreciably inhibited by these compounds. The present results indicate that the reductase activity of M. lactilyticus cannot be ascribed to a conventional succinic dehydrogenase such as is found in the tissues of mammals and other aerobes and suggest the possibility that the bacterial reductase may be a similar enzyme modified to meet the physiological requirements of anaerobic growth.
Comparison of human and Xenopus GATA-2 promoters.

Abstract GATA proteins comprise a family of transcription factors that are required for appropriate development of hematopoietic lineages. In order to understand the transcriptional regulation of GATA genes, we have cloned the human GATA-2 gene and identified and characterized its promoter. Comparison with the Xenopus GATA-2 promoter demonstrates highly conserved CCAAT box elements, which are essential for appropriate Xenopus expression. Unlike the Xenopus gene, the human GATA-2 gene lacks GATA binding motifs within the first 800 bp of 5′ flanking sequence. In addition, the human GATA-2 promoter has two highly conserved ets sites that resemble the binding site for a recently described ets repressor factor, ERF. These conserved DNA sequence motifs provide strong candidate regions for the regulation of GATA-2.
How to improve x‐ray scattering techniques to quantify bone mineral density using spectroscopy

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new diagnostic technique for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) for the assessment of osteoporosis, which improves upon the coherent to Compton scattering ratio (CCSR) method, which was first developed in the 1980s. To help the authors achieve these goals, they have identified and studied two new indices for CCSR, the forward scattered to backward scattered (FS-BS) and the forward scattered to transmitted (FS-T) ratios. They believe that, at small angles, these two parameters can offer a practicalin vivo determination of BMD that can be used to overcome the limitations of past CCSR systems, including high radiation dosages, costs, and examination durations. Methods: In previous CCSR studies, a high-activity radioactive source with a long half-live (usually241Am) and an expensive and bulky cryogenic HPGe detector were applied to both in vivo and in vitromeasurements. To make this technique more suitable for clinical applications, the possibility of using a standard diagnostic x-ray tube generating a continuous spectrum was investigated in this paper. Scattered radiation from trabecular bone-simulating phantoms containing various mineral densities that span the normal range of in vivo BMD was collected in this study using relatively inexpensive noncryogenic CdTe or NaI detectors. Results: The initial results demonstrate that a modified version of CCSR can be successfully applied to trabecular bone assessment using a diagnostic x-ray tube with a continuous spectrum in two variations, the FS-BS and the FS-T ratio. When FS-BS is measured, intensity spectra in the forward and backward directions must be collected while FS-T requires only the integral intensity of the scattered and transmitted (T) spectra in the energy region above 40 keV. For both of these methods, forward scattering angles less than or equal to 15° and backward scattering angles greater than or equal to (165°= 180° − 15°) are needed. Conclusions: The authors determined that FS-T is more sensitive to changes in BMD than transmission or absorption alone and that the FS-BS method can yield an absolute measurement of the mean atomic number of the scattering medium, after a correction for path-dependent attenuation. Since this study determined that the FS-T ratio is independent of the incident energy over a broad energy region, it will be possible to apply FS-T to bone densitometry using inexpensive integral photondetectors. The authors believe that, by replacing the radionuclide source with an x-ray tube and the cryogenically cooled HPGe detector with a single solid state CdTe, NaI, or silicon detector or an annular array of detectors, as suggested in this study, the past difficulties of CCSR concerning high radiation exposure, costs, and durations as well as lack of convenience can be overcome and that CCSR could eventually become popular in clinical settings.
The effects of real exchange rate risk on international trade

Abstract By assuming real profit maximization, and uncertain prices as well as exchange rates, we conclude that it is uncertain percentage changes in the real exchange rate that are risky in international trade. Empirical estimation of fourteen bilateral trade flows among industrialized countries finds a significant negative effect on trade quantity from such risk in a number of these cases. The expectation variable has a positive effect in a larger number of cases. Significant price effects from the expectation variable are fewer and from risk are negligible.
The New NIST Atomic Spectra Database

The new Atomic Spectra Database (ASD), Version 2.0, of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) contains significantly more data and covers a wider range of atomic and ionic transitions and energy levels than earlier versions. All data are integrated. It also has a new user interface and search engine. ASD contains spectral reference data which have been critically evaluated and compiled by NIST. Version 2.0 contains data on 900 spectra, with about 70000 energy levels and 91000 lines ranging from about 1 Angstrom to 200 micrometers, roughly half of which have transition probabilities with estimated uncertainties. References to the NIST compilations and original data sources are listed in the ASD bibliography. A detailed "Help" file serves as a user's manual, and full search and filter capabilities are provided.
Dissociation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus neutralization from antibodies specific to major envelope protein surface epitopes

Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) and membrane (M) protein are the major proteins in the envelope of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Although viral neutralization epitopes are reported in GP5 and M of type 2 PRRSV, their significance as targets of porcine humoral immunity is not well described. Thus, we constructed recombinant polypeptides containing ectodomain neutralization epitopes to examine their involvement in porcine antibody neutralization and antiviral immunity. PRRSV infection elicited ectodomain-specific antibodies, whose titers did not correlate with the neutralizing antibody (NA) response. Ectodomain-specific antibodies from PRRSV-neutralizing serum bound virus but did not neutralize infectivity. Furthermore, immunization of pigs with ectodomain polypeptides raised specific antibodies and provided partial protection without a detectable NA response. Finally the polypeptides did not block infection of porcine macrophages. These results suggest that the GP5/M ectodomain peptide epitopes are accessible for host antibody recognition, but are not associated with antibody-mediated virus neutralization.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Doubling Time Is a Reliable Predictor of Imageable Metastases in Men with Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

OBJECTIVES To examine the incidence of imageable metastases at the time of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and to determine whether prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) reliably predicts these imageable metastases. METHODS Between October 2000 and October 2005, 1112 men underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy by a single surgeon. All men were advised to undergo bone scintigraphy and an abdominal/pelvic imaging study at the time of biochemical recurrence. We ascertained the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of a PSADT cut-point of 3 months to predict the presence of imageable metastases. RESULTS Seventy-four (6.7%) men developed a biochemical recurrence and imageable metastases were demonstrable in 7 cases. Imageable metastases were identified in 11.3% and 7.5% of men undergoing bone scans and abdominal/pelvic imaging, respectively. Extracapsular extension, and older age positive surgical margins, and PSADT were associated with a significantly greater risk of exhibiting imageable metastases. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of a PSADT cut-point of 3 months for predicting imageable metastasis were 100%, 98.0%, 87.5%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A relatively small proportion of men at the time of developing biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy exhibit imageable metastasis. The 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value of a PSADT cut-point of 3 months strongly suggests that PSADT can be used as an excellent proxy for imageable metastasis. Omitting routine bone scintigraphy and body imaging at the time of biochemical recurrence minimizes the costs, inconvenience, and anxiety associated with these studies.
On bounds for eigenvalues of real symmetric matrices

Let A=(aij) be a real symmetric matrix of order n. We characterize all nonnegative vectors x=(x1,...,xn) and y=(y1,...,yn) such that any real symmetric matrix B=(bij), with bij=aij, i≠jhas its eigenvalues in the union of the intervals [bij−yi, bij+ xi]. Moreover, given such a set of intervals, we derive better bounds for the eigenvalues of B using the 2n quantities {bii−y, bii+xi}, i=1,..., n.
Deformation behavior of a zirconium based metallic glass during cylindrical indentation: in situ observations

Abstract An experimental methodology was developed which is simple and yet accurately elucidates the stress-state dependency of the deformation behavior of metallic glasses or similar amorphous systems. The methodology includes in situ observations of the evolution of the deformation behavior of metallic glasses under a cylindrical indenter. The set-up not only collects information on the load–displacement response of the system to the deformation, but also resolves the much-needed information on the temporal and spatial evolution of the shear bands. By employing various indenter radii, the critical shear stress for the nucleation of the shear bands is obtained. Experimental results for a zirconium based metallic glass where found to be consistently independent of the indenter radius and in close agreement with the uniaxial yield values.
Effect of Hydrocortisone on Herpes Virus-Infected HeLa Cells.

SummaryAssociation of C14-labelled hydrocortisone with herpes virus-infected HeLa cells appeared nonspecific in that equal amounts of steroid were taken up at both 37°C and 4°C by noninfected as well as infected cells. The action of steroid on the cells resulted in a slight decrease in glucose uptake and a proportionally greater decrease in glucose stored. When steroid-treated cells were infected with virus, there was an increased uptake of glucose over that of virus-infected controls, and more glucose stored than in control cells treated with hydrocortisone suggesting that the action of steroid results in a partial return of stressed cells to more normal physiologic function.
The effects of in-sity trimethylsilyl chloride on the regioselectivity of the addition of α-alkoxy- and α-alkyl-substituted organocuprates to enals

Abstract The regioselectivity of the addition of α-substituted organocuprates to enals has been examined. The addition of trimethylsilyl chloride to both the enal and cuprate prior to the combination of the reactants improves the regioselectivity and the isolated yield for the 1,4-addition product.
Shear-free, twisting Einstein-Maxwell metrics in the Newman-Penrose formalism

The problem of finding algebraically special solutions of the vacuum Einstein-Maxwell equations is investigated using the spin coefficient formalism of Newman and Penrose. The general case, in which the degenerate null vectors are not hypersurface orthogonal, is reduced to a problem of solving five coupled differential equations that are no longer dependent on the affine parameter along the degenerate null directions. It is shown that the most general regular, shearfree, nonradiating solution of these equations is the Kerr-Newman metric.
Semantic Text Classification for Supporting Automated Compliance Checking in Construction

AbstractAutomated regulatory and contractual compliance checking requires automated rule extraction from regulatory and contractual textual documents (e.g., contract specifications). Automated rule extraction is a challenging task that requires complex processing of text. In the proposed automated compliance checking (ACC) approach, the first step in automating the rule extraction process is automatically classifying the different documents and parts of documents (e.g., contract clauses) into predefined categories (environmental, safety, health, etc.) for preparing it for further text analysis and rule extraction. These categories are defined in a semantic model for normative reasoning. This paper presents a semantic, machine learning-based text classification algorithm for classifying clauses and subclauses of general conditions for supporting ACC in construction. The multilabel classification problem was transformed into a set of binary classification problems. Different machine learning algorithms, tex...
The effects of dentin debris on the cyclic fatigue resistance of several nickel titanium rotary systems

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of impacted dentin debris on the cyclic fatigue resistance of a traditional ground file, an electropolished file, and a thermally treated twisted file. Study design One hundred thirty-five files were rotated against bovine dentin or a highly polished surface at the manufacturers' recommended rotation speed with a continuous 5-mm axial movement of 1 cycle per second. The files were equally divided into 3 groups: group 1, contacting dentin for 500 cycles and then metal to failure; group 2, contacting metal only to failure; group 3, contacting dentin only to failure. Cycles to failure were analyzed using analysis of variance (P Results K3 and Twisted Files outperformed EndoSequence files in the dentin-only group. No difference was found between the metal and dentin-metal groups. Conclusions In the presence of dentin, the electropolished surface of the EndoSequence NiTi rotary files did not increase the files' cyclic fatigue resistance compared with K3 or Twisted Files of the same tip size and taper.
Autobiographical memory: The next phase

The study of autobiographical memory has entered a new stage. Three emerging areas of research are reviewed: contents and organization of autobiographical memory; qualities of consciousness associated with remembering; functions and uses of autobiographical memory. Selected issues in each area are discussed and directions for further research proposed.
Microscale technologies for imaging endogenous gene expression in individual cells within 3D tissues

The goal of this study was to develop an innovative approach to image gene expression in intact 3D tissues. Imaging gene expression of individual cells in 3D tissues is expected to have a significant impact on both clinical diagnostic applications and fundamental biological science and engineering applications in a laboratory setting. To achieve this goal, we have developed an integrated approach that combines: 1) microneedle-based minimally invasive intra-tissue delivery of oligonucleotide probes and Streptolysin O (SLO) or CPP; 2) SLO as a pore forming permeation enhancer to enable intracellular delivery of oligonucleotide probes and CPP peptides can also transport conjugated cargo in cells; and 3) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair of ON probes to improve specificity and sensitivity of RNA detection in tissue models. The results of this study demonstrate uniform coating and rapid release of ON probes from microneedles in a tissue environment. Microneedle assisted delivery of ON probes in 3D tissue does not result in cell damage and the ON probes are uniformly delivered in the tissue. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of FRET imaging of ON probes in 3D tissue and highlight the potential for imaging 28-s rRNA in individual living cells.
A note on Lee's model of intraurban employment location

Abstract By using the two-stage approach, this note provides an alternative derivation of Lee's theoretical model. In the process, we will demonstrate that the two-stage approach provides a compact way to define the bid-rent function rigorously and to avoid the weakness contained in Lee.
Outcomes after cardiac perforation during radiofrequency ablation of the atrium.

Background: Perforation during catheter procedures in either the atrium or ventricle is relatively uncommon, but potentially fatal if tamponade ensues. This study analyzes the occurrence and outcomes of cardiac perforation during catheter-based radiofrequency ablation procedures in the left atrium. Methods: All patients with a periprocedure perforation who have undergone radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) or tachycardia were included. Results: Of 632 procedures performed from January 1999 to October 2004, 15 (2.4%) were complicated by perforation requiring pericardiocentesis. The perforation site was left atrium in 9 (60.0%), right atrium in 1 (6.7%), and right ventricle in 5 (33.3%). Intracardiac echocardiography was used in 13 (86.7%) and revealed an effusion before overt instability in 11 (73.3%). Thirteen (86.7%) patients developed a blood pressure <60 mmHg. The pressure stabilized in all patients after pericardiocentesis (hypotension to intervention: 10.1 ± 5.1 minutes). The total blood volume removed was 848 ± 880 mL (left atrium/right atrium: 1,074 ± 1,002 vs right ventricle: 396 ± 266, P = 0.168). Two patients required surgery to close left atrium dome perforations. The ablation was completed in 7 (46.7%) patients. Ten (66.7%) later developed early reoccurrence of AF. All patients were neurologically intact at hospital discharge. During a 1.5 ± 1.1 year follow-up, AF was eliminated (n = 4) or controlled (n = 1) in 5 (71.4%) patients with complete procedures, and 2 (20.0%) patients underwent successful repeat ablation. Conclusion: The incidence of perforation during ablation of the left atrium is low. Most perforations occur in the left atrium; however, few require surgical closure. Although less than with uncomplicated procedures, the majority of patients with complete ablations achieve long-term elimination of AF.
Knowledge sharing in geographic information systems

The complexity and richness of geospatial data and the difficulty of their representation create specific problems for the interoperability of geographic information systems. This paper proposes the creation of software components from ontologies as a way to share knowledge and data. These software components are derived from ontologies using an object-oriented mapping. The translation of ontologies into active information system components leads to ontology-driven geographic information systems. The combined use of diverse ontologies and multiple inheritance leads to a discussion of implementation issues, such as the use of Ontolingua as an ontology editor, and CORBA and Java as object platforms.
What’s in a Name? Evaluating the Effects of the “Sex Offender” Label on Public Opinions and Beliefs

Particularly over the past two decades, the terms sex offender and juvenile sex offender (JSO) have attained increasingly common usage in media and public policy discourse. Although often applied as factual descriptors, the labels may evoke strong subconscious associations with a population commonly presumed to be compulsive, at high risk of re-offense, and resistant to rehabilitation. Such associations, in turn, may exert considerable impact on expressions of support for certain policies as well as public beliefs and opinions about adults and youth who have perpetrated sexual offenses. The current study systematically evaluated the impact of the "sex offender" and "JSO" labels through series of items administered to a nationally stratified and matched sample from across the United States. The study employed an experimental design, in which one group of participants (n = 498) ranked their levels of agreement with a series of statements utilizing these labels, and a control group (n = 502) responded to a matched set of statements substituting the labels with more neutral descriptive language. Findings support the hypothesis that use of the "sex offender" label strengthens public support for policies directed at those who have perpetrated sexual crimes, including public Internet disclosure, residency restrictions, and social networking bans. The "JSO" label is demonstrated to produce particularly robust effects, enhancing support for policies that subject youth to public Internet notification and affecting beliefs about youths' propensity to re-offend as adults. Implications for public policy, media communication, and research are explored and discussed.
The varieties of single system image

A single system image is the illusion that a collection of otherwise independent computing engines is a single computational resource. But any single system image has a boundary: Within it one perceives unity; outside it there is multiplicity. So many single system images can co-exist in one system. The types of single systems images can be arranged in a hierarchy, ranging from application-level through operating system to hardware. An eight-level hierarchy of single system images is presented and described.
Effects of Cultural Collectivism on Terrorism Favorability

Cultural orientation has long been known to play a substantial role in the decisions individuals make on a range of subjects. This research proposes that participation in acts defined as “terrorism” is strongly correlated to an individual's cultural orientation to collective values. Drawing upon Geehrt Hofstede's extensive work on culture, collectivism describes integration into strong, cohesive in-groups which offer protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Considering the overlap between this cultural perspective and the motivations for participation in terrorism, we hypothesize that acts of terrorism will be more prevalent in cultures Hofstede identifies as highly collective. Utilizing the Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (WITS), we identified events where the nationality of perpetrators was known. A correlation analysis with Hofstede's measure of national collective culture was conducted. Given the inconsistent results generated by militaristic and invasive counter-terrorism strategies, an ...
Random Forests-Based Confidence Annotation Using Novel Features from Confusion Network

In this paper, we propose a set of new features for confidence annotation, including three features derived from confusion network and one from statistical significance test. We also propose using Random Forests as confidence classifier. The new features are combined with a set of eight previously proposed confidence features, and the Random Forests is compared with Decision tree and Support Vector Machine. Experiments were conducted on telehealth captioning task with a vocabulary size of 46,489. Average confidence annotation accuracy of 84.69% was achieved on 5 doctors' test set. In addition, Random Forests was shown useful for feature importance ranking. The proposed features are shown important in confidence annotation and Random Forests achieved best results among the three classifiers.
Evaluation of the Enuretic Child

Nocturnal enuresis is a symptom of environmental, physical, and psychosocial factors. In addition to a physical examination, the initial workup of the enuretic child should include a careful voiding, psychosocial, and family history. Studies have shown that the parents of enuretic children often have a history of enuresis. An increased incidence of enuresis has also been demonstrated in children from large families and lower socioeconomic groups. Daytime voiding symptoms (e.g., frequency, urgency, or enuresis) suggest the possibility of underlying voiding dysfunction. A complete urinalysis and urine culture also should be performed to exclude urinary infection and certain metabolic or nephrologic disorders. Finally, it is important that the treating physician understand the attitudes of both the child and the family concerning enuresis. Parents who feel that the child is at fault need to be educated and reassured. A careful, complete evaluation will allow the physician to tailor treatment to the individual child and family.