cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversible Cardiomyopathies—A Review

End-stage renal disease, cirrhosis, obesity, tachycardia, and extreme stress have all been shown to result in impaired left ventricular function. It is becoming clear, however, that the cardiomyopathies associated with these states are reversible after resolution of the underlying process. In this article, we present the current data demonstrating that renal transplantation, liver transplantation, and bariatric surgery can lead to reversal of uremic, cirrhotic, and obesity cardiomyopathies, respectively. We also discuss the reversibility of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy after radiofrequency ablation or pharmacologic therapy for rate or rhythm control and the reversibility of stress-induced cardiomyopathy with supportive care.
Are Shareholder Proposals All Bark and No Bite? Evidence from Shareholder Resolutions to Rescind Poison Pills

We provide a comprehensive examination of shareholder resolutions to rescind poison pills. We find that pill rescission proposals are more frequent the more negative the market reaction to the initial pill adoption and the lower the insider and unaffiliated block ownership. Votes for such a proposal increase when performance is poor and for more onerous poison pills. While we document a stock price decline associated with the proposal announcements, we find poison pills are more likely to be restructured or rescinded when there is a shareholder resolution. Moreover, pill revisions are associated with stockholder wealth increases. Collectively, our results suggest that pill rescission proposals are more frequent when the pill is more likely to harm shareholders and that managers respond to shareholder proposals.
Periodic orbits in quantum standard maps.

The importance of periodic orbits, both elliptic and hyperbolic, in analyzing driven quantum systems is now well established. We present a detailed analysis of the quantum mechanics in the vicinity of these orbits for both a piecewise-linear and the original standard maps. We begin by constructing effective Hamiltonian operators valid locally near nondegenerate periodic orbits. Our general formula allows for the calculation of the quasienergy spectrum near elliptic orbits as well as of the strength of scarring on hyperbolic orbits
On the Wess–Zumino term in high energy QCD

Abstract Recently, Kovner and Lublinsky proposed new small- x QCD evolution equations valid when the gluon density inside the target is low. The key element of their construction is the Wess–Zumino term which ensures the non-commutativity of valence charges. In this paper we clarify the origin and significance of this term by showing that it can be naturally incorporated in the effective theory of Color Glass Condensate. We also reexamine the renormalization group description in the high density (JIMWLK) regime.
Magnetic domain-wall velocity oscillations in permalloy nanowires

Oscillations of the field-driven domain-wall (DW) velocity in permalloy nanowires are observed above the Walker breakdown condition using high-speed magneto-optic polarimetry. A one-dimensional analytical model and numerical simulations of DW motion and spin dynamics are used to interpret the experimental data. Velocity oscillations are shown to be much more sensitive to properties of the DW guide structure (which also affect DW mobility) than the DW spin precessional frequency, which is a local property of the material. The results demonstrate the feasibility of experimentally probing the complex field-driven DW dynamics in magnetic nanowires, thereby testing the validity of theoretical models and numerical simulations that describe the dynamics.
Dynamic intrahepatic flow and cellular alterations during radiofrequency ablation of liver tissue in mice.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify microvascular and other associated changes that occur in the liver during focal heating with monopolar radiofrequency (RF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Intravital video microscopy was performed on exteriorized transilluminated livers of 15 live mice during RF-induced heating of liver parenchyma. Microvascular flow parameters, flow reversibility, microbubble formation, phagocytic activity, and endothelial permeability were recorded throughout a range of tip temperatures (40°C–95°C). RESULTS During RF application, five discrete zones extended outward from the electrode surface: (i) tissue coagulation, (ii) cellular edema/necrosis, (iii) sinusoidal stasis, (iv) parenchymal shunting, and (v) normal liver tissue. Reversal of stasis in sinusoids and small ( 30 μm) limited extension of coagulation. CONCLUSION Although coagulation occurs at tip temperatures higher than 50°C, RF heating induced reversible microvascular stasis at temperatures lower than 50°C. Increased sinusoidal endothelial permeability occurs at nearcoagulative temperatures. Therefore, targeted endovascular microparticle delivery through this leaky endothelium may provide an additional and complimentary adjunct for RF ablation therapy.
Peak temperatures during friction stir welding of Ti–6Al–4V

AbstractExperimental measurements were made to determine the peak temperatures during friction stir welding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy as a function of the processing conditions such as tool rotation speed and feedrate. It was found that the spindle speed has a dominant effect on peak temperatures, while feedrate controls exposure time. Low spindle speed conditions lead to peak temperatures near, or below, the beta transus temperature of the material, 1000°C (1800°F), while high spindle speed welds result in peak temperatures above 1200°C (2100°F). Weld microstructures were also evaluated as a function of the weld parameters. Higher spindle speeds and lower federate lead to increased grain size.
Mucosal Antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Capsular Polysaccharide

ABSTRACT: Levels of salivary antibodies directed against Haemophilia influenzae b (Hib) capsule, measured by ELISA and standardized to the total salivary IgA, were compared among 57 patients with Hib infections, 117 household and 49 day care contacts of patients, and 53 control individuals with no known contact with Hib. Nineteen of the household or day care contacts were throat or nasopharyngeal culture positive for Hib. Eighty % of evaluable patients had polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)-specific IgA in their saliva, compared with 36% of contacts who were throat or nasopharyngeal culture positive for Hib, 53% of contacts who were throat or nasopharyngeal culture negative for Hib, and 30% of control children. In patients, no correlation between age and level of salivary anti-PRP antibody was seen, but patients less than 3 y old were more likely to have these antibodies than were older patients. Salivary PRP-specific IgA antibodies, associated with either Hib colonization or PRP vaccination, tended to decline over time. Thus, PRP-specific IgA antibodies can be identified in the saliva of children over a wide age range, including those colonized with Hib or vaccinated with PRP, but these antibodies appear to decline after antigenic stimulation ceases.
Fermi-level pinning, charge transfer, and relaxation of spin-momentum locking at metal contacts to topological insulators

Topological insulators are of interest for many applications in electronics and optoelectronics, but harnessing their unique properties requires detailed understanding and control of charge injection at electrical contacts. Here we present large-scale ab initio calculations of the electronic properties of Au, Ni, Pt, Pd, and graphene contacts to ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. We show that regardless of the metal, the Fermi level is located in the conduction band, leading to $n$-type Ohmic contact to the first quintuplet. Furthermore, we find strong charge transfer and band bending in the first few quintuplets, with no Schottky barrier for charge injection even when the topological insulator is undoped. Our calculations indicate that Au and graphene leave the spin-momentum locking mostly unaltered, but on the other hand, Ni, Pd, and Pt strongly hybridize with ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ and relax spin-momentum locking. Our results indicate that judicious choice of the contact metal is essential to reveal the unique surface features of topological insulators.
Anisotropic transport properties of BSCCO single crystalsand Ag-clad tapes in high magnetic fields

Abstract We report measurements of resistivity and critical current density on single crystals of Bi2212 with current flop both parallel and perpendicular to the CuO 2 planes and in magnetic fields to 18 T. For comparison, similar measurements pere performed on samples of Bi-2223 tape conductors with the Ag cladding removed. For current flop along the c-axis of the crystalsthe semiconducting behavior (resistivity increasing with decreasing temperature) is extended to belop 50 K in a field of 18 T, folloped by a sharp transition to the superconducting state. From I - V curves of c-axis transport pe extract the magnetic field and temperature dependencies of the interlaper critical current density J c , c and define a decoupling line H D ( T ) above phich J c , c vanishes. H D ( T ) lies close to but above the irreversibility H irr ( T ) obtained from magnetic measurements. pe also observe a decoupling induced belop H D ( T ) by the application of a magnetic field starting from the pero field cooled state, ZFC. The resulting “pancake vortex” density gradient causes a loss of c-axis phase coherence and produces a caxis resistance that relaxes logarithmicallp with time as the magnetipation decaps. These results are contrasted with similar measurements performed on highlp textured Bi-2223 tapes. For current flop along the tape normal (nominal c-axis) the resistivity is metallic and its temperature and field dependence scales with those for in-plane current flop. Similarlp critical currents for the two directions shop similar field and orientation dependence. These results are consistent with predominant percolative current paths along crpstallographic ab planes even for transport normal to the tape plane.
A class of minimax estimators of the scale parameter of the uniform distribution

Abstract Estimation of the scale parameter and powers thereof of a uniform distribution with unknown location and scale parameters is considered under scale invariant quadratic loss function. A class of minimax estimators is constructed which improve the usual minimum risk equivariant estimator. Results of numerical study of the relative improvements for the risk of a better scale estimator are reported.
Human vascular endothelial cells in culture: Lack of response to serum growth factors

Abstract DNA synthesis was studied in primary cultures of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells using autoradiography. Sparse populations of endothelial cells synthesized DNA in vitro and divided until confluence was reached. Confluent endothelial cells stopped dividing and could not be stimulated to synthesize DNA by the addition of fresh serum. The inability of confluent endothelial cells to synthesize DNA was found using sera prepared from fetal calf, adult human, and human umbilical cord blood and with media containing serum concentrations ranging from 0 to 100%. These confluent endothelial cells were viable since they migrated into wounds made in a monolayer and subsequently synthesized DNA. The confluent cells also excluded trypan blue. In contrast, cultures of other cells such as human foreskin and BALB/C-3T3 mouse fibroblasts were readily stimulated to synthesize DNA at confluence by the addition of calf or human serum. The extent of the stimulation was dependent on the serum concentration. We conclude that human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells exhibit a stringent pattern of growth control in vitro since confluent cultures do not respond to serum growth factors. It is suggested that this unique property of endothelium may be necessary for the maintenance and function of blood vessels in vivo.
Emergency department procedures and length of stay for critically Ill medical patients

Study objective: To date, the study of critical illness in the emergency department has been limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the ED length of stay and procedures performed in medical critical care patients. Design: Descriptive study of a prospective single cohort. Setting: Large urban public hospital. Types of participants: Fifty consecutive ED patients subsequently admitted to the medical ICU. Measurements and main results: The study population consisted of 24 women and 26 men. The mean ED stay was 284.5±212.6 minutes (median, 255 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 115 to 355 minutes). Patients remained in the ED after administrative transfer of their care to the medical ICU an average of 75 ±71.4 minutes (range, 10 to 375 minutes; median, 50 minutes; IQR, 25 to 105 minutes). Forty-one of these patients (82%) received one or more critical care procedures. The mean time to performance of first procedure was 92.8±180.6 minutes (median, 23 minutes; IQR, 11 to 82 minutes) from ED arrival. Death after ICU admission occurred in 11 patients. Mean ED length of stay was 291±269.8 minutes (range, 35 to 980 minutes; median, 135 minutes; IQR, 85 to 467 minutes) in nonsurvivors, and 91% of them received procedures in the ED. Survivors averaged 282.4±193.4 minutes (rnage, 15 to 230 minutes; median, 263 minutes; IQR, 126 to 355 minutes) ( P =NS) and 79.5% ( P =NS) received ED procedures. Conclusion: Critically ill patients spend a substantial amount of time in the ED before transfer to the ICU. Typical ICU procedures are commonly performed. Further study of the impact on patient outcome of ED stay and the procedures performed in critically ill medical patients should be conducted.
The thermodynamics of vaporization of neptunium and plutonium

Abstract The vapor pressure of liquid neptunium was determined over the temperature range 1540 to 2140 K by a combination of mass-effusion and mass-spectrometric measurements. The measured pressures are given by log 10 “p o (Np)/atm ’ = −(22370 ± 95)K T + (5.196 ± 0.056) and the resulting enthalpy and entropy of vaporization and the standard deviations therein are ΔHvo(Np, 1800 K) = (102.4 ± 0.4) kcalth mol−1 and ΔSvo(Np, 1800 K = (23.8 ± 0.3) calth K−1 mol−1. The enthalpy of sublimation at 298 K is estimated as ΔHso(Np, 298 K) = (110 ± 2) kcalth mol−1. The vapor pressure of plutonium was redetermined over the temperature range 1210 to 1620 K. The results yield log “p o (Pu)/atm’ = −(17120 ± 114)K T + (4.592 ± 0.082) , ΔHvo(Pu, 1400 K) = (78.3 ± 0.5) kcalth mol−1, and ΔSvo(Pu, 1400 K) = (21.0 ± 0.4) calth K−1 mol−1. The measured pressures are 20 to 30 per cent less than those of two previously reported absolute measurements. Based on a recent assessment of the thermal functions for solid and liquid plutonium, the results of the present study show the best second-third law agreement, i.e., ΔHso(II, Pu, 298.15 K) = (82.8 ± 0.5) kcalth mol−1 and ΔHso(III, Pu, 298.15 K) = (83.3 ± 0.4) kcalth mol−1.
Definitions, Obstacles, and Standards of Care for the Integration of Spiritual and Cultural Competency Within Health Care Chaplaincy

(2004). Definitions, Obstacles, and Standards of Care for the Integration of Spiritual and Cultural Competency Within Health Care Chaplaincy. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 59-69.
Single-unit labeling of medial olivocochlear neurons: the cochlear frequency map for efferent axons

Medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons are efferent neurons that project axons from the brain to the cochlea. Their action on outer hair cells reduces the gain of the “cochlear amplifier,” which shifts the dynamic range of hearing and reduces the effects of noise masking. The MOC effects in one ear can be elicited by sound in that ipsilateral ear or by sound in the contralateral ear. To study how MOC neurons project onto the cochlea to mediate these effects, single-unit labeling in guinea pigs was used to study the mapping of MOC neurons for neurons responsive to ipsilateral sound vs. those responsive to contralateral sound. MOC neurons were sharply tuned to sound frequency with a well-defined characteristic frequency (CF). However, their labeled termination spans in the organ of Corti ranged from narrow to broad, innervating between 14 and 69 outer hair cells per axon in a “patchy” pattern. For units responsive to ipsilateral sound, the midpoint of innervation was mapped according to CF in a relationship generally similar to, but with more variability than, that of auditory-nerve fibers. Thus, based on CF mappings, most of the MOC terminations miss outer hair cells involved in the cochlear amplifier for their CF, which are located more basally. Compared with ipsilaterally responsive neurons, contralaterally responsive neurons had an apical offset in termination and a larger span of innervation (an average of 10.41% cochlear distance), suggesting that when contralateral sound activates the MOC reflex, the actions are different than those for ipsilateral sound.
Interannual Variability of Martian Global Dust Storms: Simulations with a Low-Order Model of the General Circulation

We present simulations of the interannual variability of martian global dust storms (GDSs) with a simplified low-order model (LOM) of the general circulation. The simplified model allows one to conduct computationally fast long-term simulations of the martian climate system. The LOM is constructed by Galerkin projection of a 2D (zonally averaged) general circulation model (GCM) onto a truncated set of basis functions. The resulting LOM consists of 12 coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing atmospheric dynamics and dust transport within the Hadley cell. The forcing of the model is described by simplified physics based on Newtonian cooling and Rayleigh friction. The atmosphere and surface are coupled: atmospheric heating depends on the dustiness of the atmosphere, and the surface dust source depends on the strength of the atmospheric winds. Parameters of the model are tuned to fit the output of the NASA AMES GCM and the fit is generally very good. Interannual variability of GDSs is possible in the LOM, but only when stochastic forcing is added to the model. The stochastic forcing could be provided by transient weather systems or some surface process such as redistribution of the sand particles in storm generating zones on the surface. The results are sensitive to the value of the saltation threshold, which hints at a possible feedback between saltation threshold and dust storm activity. According to this hypothesis, erodable material builds up as a result of a local process, whose effect is to lower the saltation threshold until a GDS occurs. The saltation threshold adjusts its value so that dust storms are barely able to occur.
Predicting the river’s blue line for fish conservation

River drying is increasing in frequency, duration, and extent in the United States, especially across the Sunbelt where drought has become the new norm (Fig. 1). Exceptional droughts and climate change are one cause of drying—surface water is scarcer and that trend is not changing (1⇓⇓–4). Increasing human appropriation of groundwater—especially during drought—is another cause (5, 6). River drying has clear implications for freshwater biodiversity, including mass mortality of commercially important fish if large reaches of a river dry completely (7). A much more subtle, but equally detrimental, impact of drying is habitat fragmentation, which can increase the risk of extinction from other causes (8, 9); however, data availability and a methodological void have left this critical issue unaddressed until now. In PNAS, Jaeger et al. (10) fill this void by integrating cutting edge and empirically grounded ecology with a tried-and-true surface water model that is in turn forced with forecasted and downscaled climate data. The authors use this intriguing model mashup to forecast network connectivity of flowing reaches in a desert river in Arizona at fine spatial scales. They then use this set of “blue lines” to forecast the persistence of the river's native fish populations. Their conclusions are dire: decreasing persistence of an endemic fauna. On the bright side, the mashup has real potential to be applied to address similar management problems in other basins. Fig. 1. ( Upper ) Mean (solid) and 95% CI (dashed) number of zero flow days for 23 stream gages across the US Sunbelt from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS). Data cover a spatial extent that includes the states of Georgia, Florida, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. ( Lower ) Mean (solid) and CI (dashed) number of days (per year) below the 40-y average (dotted black reference line) for 94 … [↵][1]1Email: john.l.sabo{at}asu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Ara-C scheduling: Theoretical and experimental considerations

In this paper, we discuss the cytokinetic basis for optimization of cancer therapy in humans. Specifically, we define a quantitative procedure for determination of the therapeutic acceptability of therapy schedule, discuss studies of the therapeutic gain that might result from treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), and indicate the kinds of cytokinetic information necessary for therapy scheduling. These studies suggest 1) that substantial therapeutic improvements may result from optimal therapy scheduling, 2) that therapy schedules selected at random are not likely to be beneficial, and 3) that consideration of the cytokinetic properties of the dose limiting normal tissues is critical during therapy design. We also discuss experimental studies of the response to Ara-C of the murine KHT sarcoma. These studies illustrate the substantial cytokinetic changes occur during therapy (e.g., a substantial increase in cell cycle traverse rate and almost complete recruitment) and show the importance of obtaining mid-treatment cytokinetic information about normal and malignant tissues.
The television camera used to measure movement

A method is described in which the signals from a vidicon television camera are converted into vertical and horizontal voltage coordinates to reference the position of a moving target. Although limited in frequency response, the device is capable of measuring various types of movement activity.
Separation of bile acids as their phenacyl esters by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract Bile acids have been separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The free acids were derivatized to their phenacyl esters by treatment with triethylamine and α-bromoacetophenone. The stationary phase was a C 18 , Partisil ODS column. A dual-solvent, stepwise gradient system was used for the mobile phase. The method is applied to a human bile sample and shows excellent resolution of the dihydroxy bile acid phenacyl esters. Detection limits for pure derivatized bile acids are 10–20 pmol (5–10 ng), except for the cholic acid derivative, which has a detection limit of 265 pmol.
Electron Microscopy of Amoeba proteus

SYNOPSIS. Thin sections of Amoeba proteus, fixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were examined in the electron microscope. The fine structure of various protoplasmic components is described. The plasmalemma, or cell membrane, varies in thickness and structure. These variations may be due to variations in physiological state, or they may be due to differences in preparation. Along its cytoplasmic edge is always present a definite line approximately 0.01 to 0.02 μ thick. The mitochondria, or beta granules, exhibit a structure similar to that of the mitochondria of several other protozoa and comparable to that of the mitochondria of other animals. In definite association with the membrane of the food vacuole are dense, rounded particles which in size are below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. Such dense particles are much less frequently present in the hyaloplasm and in association with the plasmalemma. A possible relationship to the neutral red granules associated with food vacuoles of Paramecium is suggested. The contractile vacuole possesses a thin membrane surrounded by a much thicker circum-vacuolar zone of irregular strands which may form a three-dimensional network around the membrane. This may represent the contractile element of the vacuole. A single layer of mitochondria is closely apposed to the circum-vacuolar zone. Many small vacuoles and irregular vesicles are present throughout the cytoplasm. At times there occur groups of small, thin-walled vesicles, which may correspond to an endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear envelope consists of a thick inner porous layer and a thinner outer layer that is continuous yet is marked by the presence of numerous small annuli, each apparently surrounding a pore. In its structure, this outer layer appears to correspond to the entire nuclear envelope of many other cell forms.
Hafnium silicate formation by ultra-violet/ozone oxidation of hafnium silicide

Abstract We report the room temperature growth of hafnium silicate by ultra-violet/ozone oxidation of hafnium silicide. Hafnium silicide was deposited by magnetron sputtering on hydrogen terminated (1 0 0) Si. The film was then exposed to UV radiation while in an O2 ambient. Hafnium silicate films are obtained with no detectable SiOx interfacial layer as characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Theory and data on developmental changes in novelty preference.

Abstract As children mature, their preference for novel stimuli changes to a preference for familiar ones in discriminative situations featuring differential reinforcement. This change, observed before, takes place between 4 and 5 years of age. The effect has been replicated in the present study with a population of retarded children, and found to be largely under the control of MA rather than CA. Stimulus factors were also found to exert some influence on this developmental change, with novelty-preference being stronger for objects than pictures. A theoretical model is offered which provides separate assessments of learning and novelty-familiarity preferences in experiments using the Moss-Harlow (1947) design, typically employed in this area. This model is applied to the present data as well as those of previous studies. The results support the conclusion of a developmental change in novelty-familiarity preference between MA 4 and 5 years.
Radon Space and Frequency Space Interpolation Methods for Circular-Orbit Cone-Beam Imaging

Circular-orbit cone beam imaging is widely used to obtain 3D medical images, due to its simple mechanical setup. However, the circular-orbit cone-beam projection data do not satisfy Tuy's data-sufficiency condition, and are not sufficient for artifact-free image reconstruction. Many researchers, such as H. Yang, H. Bruder, B. Nett and so on, have investigated some possible approaches to reduce the artifacts due to data insufficiency. Data extrapolation methods may help in "completing" the unmeasured projection. In the paper, we consider two data extrapolation methods, one in the Radon space (i.e., the projection space), and the other one in the frequency space (i.e., the Fourier transform of the Radon space). These two methods are implemented using computer simulations. Neither of these methods is as good as the image reconstructed with an iterative ML-EM algorithm. We believe that in order to further reduce the data insufficiency artifacts, an iterative POCS (projection onto convex sets) method should be used.
Response of the seasonal carbon cycle in high latitudes to climate anomalies

Many observational studies have demonstrated that the amplitude of the seasonal carbon cycle in high latitudes is increasing and advancing in phase. Several hypotheses related to natural and anthropogenic landscape disturbance and climate change have been proposed to explain these observations. This study employs a regional atmosphere-biosphere model (the Arctic Regional Climate System Model (ARCSyM)) to investigate the impacts of the climatic effects of elevated carbon dioxide on terrestrial carbon exchange over Alaska. A perturbation experiment, driven by a “transient” global climate scenario at the point at which atmospheric carbon dioxide has doubled, is compared to a validated present-day simulation. The focus of this paper is on the role of physical climate in seasonal carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere at regional scales. In the present-day simulation the ARCSyM reproduces most observed features of climate and the surface energy budget and simulates a clearly defined growing season in the seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide exchange. In the perturbation experiment, the model atmosphere shows a generally warmer and wetter climate, with increased permafrost thaw. Two dominant biomes, tundra and boreal forest, are analyzed in detail for their responses to the perturbed climate. The amplitudes of the seasonal carbon dioxide cycle for Alaskan boreal forest and tundra increase 12 and 8%, respectively, with phase advances of ∼7 and 2 days, respectively. The forcing of photosynthetic productivity by soil moisture changes is a dominant contributor to the simulated changes in net ecosystem exchange. Boreal forest ecosystem is more sensitive to moisture anomalies due to a drier soil, whereas in the tundra regions, which are often close to saturation, changes are forced primarily by temperature variations. Thus in the event of a northward migration of tree line, sensitivity of regional carbon exchange to climate perturbations could increase.
Bilingual education in the United States: A summary of lau compliance requirements

Abstract Over twenty years ago, the Office for Civil Rights of the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare notified school districts that language minority students were protected by Title VI provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act by virtue of their status as National Origin Minority group members. Since then, the standards for compliance with this and subsequent requirements have changed many times. These guarantees alone have not proved sufficient to bring about equally widespread and far reaching changes in classroom practices. The purpose of this paper is to summarise currently enforced federal mandates in this area, to describe the range of variability which exists in education agency responses to those mandates, and to suggest an approach to reducing the gap between pronouncement and practice.
Effect of Three Chemosterilants on House Fly Longevity and Sterility.

Studies of the relationship between concentrations of metepa, apholate, and tepa in the diet and degree of sterility induced in adult house flies, Musca domestica L., showed that wider variation resulted than would be expected from similar tests with insecticides, but construction of valid concentration/sterility regression lines was still possible. The calculated sterility concentrations (SC50 and SC90) of metepa and apholate were similar; tepa sterilized at lower concentrations. Metepa and apholate at 1% substantially shortened the lifespan, although a slight delay in initial male mortality occurred. More than 90% of the males survived the first 10 days, which, time is probably sufficient to allow mating with most of the females that emerge at the same time as the males.
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator-overview and status

The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) is a new facility for advanced accelerator research, with a particular emphasis on studies of high gradient (/spl sim/100 MeV/m) Wakefield acceleration. A novel high current short pulse L-Band photocathode gun and preaccelerator will provide 100 nC electron bunches at 20 MeV to be used as a drive beam, while a second high brightness gun will be used to generate a 5 MeV witness beam for Wakefield measurements. We present an overview of the various AWA systems, the status of construction, and initial commissioning results. >
Moving Stories: Displacement and Return in the Narrative Production of Yaqui Identity

Among the Yaqui Indians of Mexico, discourses that inscribe ethnicity connect space, place, and history. In this article, I examine narratives about the Yaqui exile at the turn of the twentieth century. I argue that Yaqui identity and concepts of “homeland” are imagined through narratives about movement. Memories of displacement and return, and everyday talk about travel, link space to fields of power and imbue the homeland with a set of intense cultural meanings.
Duplex pulsed Doppler echocardiography in mitral regurgitation.

The accuracy of duplex pulsed Doppler echocardiography (d-PDE) for detecting mitral regurgitation was evaluated in 35 patients undergoing d-PDE, cardiac auscultation, and left ventriculography. With three transducer positions, the overall d-PDE sensitivity was 95%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 94%, and diagnostic accuracy was 97% compared with ventriculography. This technique was superior to auscultation (sensitivity 74%, specificity 94%, positive predictive value 93%, negative predictive value 75%, diagnostic accuracy 83%). No false-positive d-PDE results occurred, but discordant false-negative results occurred frequently among the three transducer positions. If discordant negative results are considered to be false negatives, then d-PDE is both sensitive and specific when mitral regurgitation is defined as systolic spectral broadening in any one transducer position.
Actin Organization as an in Vitro Assay for Tumorigenicity

The endpoints of in vivo and in vitro assays applied to cells after exposure to a potential oncogenic transforming agent are cellular tumorigenicity and transformation. Tumors are failures of in vivo growth control; transformations are failures of in vitro growth control. Many agents cause tumors in vivo, many agents transform normal cultured cells, and some agents do both. However, even when caused by a single agent, the in vivo and in vitro endpoint assays show only a partial overlap. That is, some but not all tumors will grow as transformed cells in culture, and some but not all in vitro transformants will be tumorigenic on injection into susceptible animals (Shin et al., 1975). Recently, we have described a subset of in vitro phenotypic changes that correlate with in vivo tumorigenicity (Steinberg et al., 1979; Barrett et al., 1979; Pollack, 1981). In this chapter, we will describe recent studies on one of the in vitro changes linked to tumorigenicity, the disruption in organization of cyto-skeletal actin.
Thermomechanical reliability investigation of large temperature excursions in power electronics packages

This study confirms that high stresses between the metallization layer and ceramic lead to significant failures in DBC substrate. The driving forces behind several different failure modes are discussed. Further understanding of these failure mechanisms enables the modules to be engineered for longtime operation and helps to enhance the reliability of system-level operation.
The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: Global patterns and the imprint of plants

To understand the importance of plants in structuring the vertical distributions of soil nutrients, we explored nutrient distributions in the top meter of soil for more than 10,000 profiles across a range of ecological conditions. Hypothesizing that vertical nutrient distributions are dominated by plant cycling relative to leaching, weathering dissolution, and atmospheric deposition, we examined three predictions: (1) that the nutrients that are most limiting for plants would have the shallowest average distributions across ecosystems, (2) that the vertical distribution of a limiting nutrient would be shallower as the nutrient became more scarce, and (3) that along a gradient of soil types with increasing weathering-leaching intensity, limiting nutrients would be relatively more abundant due to preferential cycling by plants. Globally, the ranking of vertical distributions among nutrients was shallowest to deepest in the following order: P > K > Ca > Mg > Na = Cl = SO4. Nutrients strongly cycled by plants, such as P and K, were more concentrated in the topsoil (upper 20 cm) than were nutrients usually less limiting for plants such as Na and Cl. The topsoil concentrations of all nutrients except Na were higher in the soil profiles where the elements were more scarce. Along a gradient of weathering-leaching intensity (Aridisols to Mollisols to Ultisols), total base saturation decreased but the relative contribution of exchangeable K C to base saturation increased. These patterns are difficult to explain without considering the upward transport of nutrients by plant uptake and cycling. Shallower distributions for P and K, together with negative associations between abundance and topsoil accumulation, support the idea that plant cycling exerts a dominant control on the vertical distribution of the most limiting elements for plants (those required in high amounts in relation to soil supply). Plant characteristics like tissue stoichiometry, biomass cycling rates, above- and belowground allocation, root distribu- tions, and maximum rooting depth may all play an important role in shaping nutrient profiles. Such vertical patterns yield insight into the patterns and processes of nutrient cycling through time.
Accessing STEM-Focused Education: Factors That Contribute to the Opportunity to Attend STEM High Schools Across the United States

In recent years, policy makers, researchers, and educators have focused on the preparation of individuals in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. One popular policy leve...
Improving searcher models using mouse cursor activity

Web search components such as ranking and query suggestions analyze the user data provided in query and click logs. While this data is easy to collect and provides information about user behavior, it omits user interactions with the search engine that do not hit the server; these logs omit search data such as users' cursor movements. Just as clicks provide signals for relevance in search results, cursor hovering and scrolling can be additional implicit signals. In this work, we demonstrate a technique to extend models of the user's search result examination state to infer document relevance. We start by exploring recorded user interactions with the search results, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We find that cursor hovering and scrolling are signals telling us which search results were examined, and we use these interactions to reveal latent variables in searcher models to more accurately compute document attractiveness and satisfaction. Accuracy is evaluated by computing how well our model using these parameters can predict future clicks for a particular query. We are able to improve the click predictions compared to a basic searcher model for higher ranked search results using the additional log data.
Understanding heat and groundwater flow through continental flood basalt provinces: insights gained from alternative models of permeability/depth relationships for the Columbia Plateau, USA

Heat-flow mapping of the western USA has identified an apparent low-heat-flow anomaly coincident with the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, a thick sequence of basalt aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). A heat and mass transport model (SUTRA) was used to evaluate the potential impact of groundwater flow on heat flow along two different regional groundwater flow paths. Limited in situ permeability (k) data from the CRBG are compatible with a steep permeability decrease (approximately 3.5 orders of magnitude) at 600–900 m depth and approximately 40°C. Numerical simulations incorporating this permeability decrease demonstrate that regional groundwater flow can explain lower-than-expected heat flow in these highly anisotropic (kx/kz ~ 104) continental flood basalts. Simulation results indicate that the abrupt reduction in permeability at approximately 600 m depth results in an equivalently abrupt transition from a shallow region where heat flow is affected by groundwater flow to a deeper region of conduction-dominated heat flow. Most existing heat-flow measurements within the CRBG are from shallower than 600 m depth or near regional groundwater discharge zones, so that heat-flow maps generated using these data are likely influenced by groundwater flow. Substantial k decreases at similar temperatures have also been observed in the volcanic rocks of the adjacent Cascade Range volcanic arc and at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, where they result from low-temperature hydrothermal alteration.
Towards energy-proportional datacenter memory with mobile DRAM

To increase datacenter energy efficiency, we need memory systems that keep pace with processor efficiency gains. Currently, servers use DDR3 memory, which is designed for high bandwidth but not for energy proportionality. A system using 20% of the peak DDR3 bandwidth consumes 2.3x the energy per bit compared to the energy consumed by a system with fully utilized memory bandwidth. Nevertheless, many datacenter applications stress memory capacity and latency but not memory bandwidth. In response, we architect server memory systems using mobile DRAM devices, trading peak bandwidth for lower energy consumption per bit and more efficient idle modes. We demonstrate 3-5x lower memory power, better proportionality, and negligible performance penalties for datacenter workloads.
Protective effect of the V1a receptor antagonist SR49059 on brain edema formation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

There exists no pharmacological treatment for fulminating brain edema. Since evidence indicates that brain aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels are modulated by vasopressin V1a receptors, we examined the edema-reducing properties of the selective V1a receptor antagonist, SR49059, following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
Genetics and physiology of low-phosphorus tolerance in a family derived from two differentially adapted strains of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Genetic control of low-P tolerance in tomato was investigated with shoot dry weight (SDW) data from parental, F1 backcross, and F2 generations of a cross between two differentially tolerant strains in sand-alumina cultures. F1 SDWs exceeded parental SDWs by 89% in low P cultures, but were 20% less than parental SDWs in high P cultures. Two exceptional progenies from the backcross to the tolerant parent produced more SDW with low P than any of the parental or F1 plants growing with high P. These progenies exhibited high total P acquisition, high uptake of P per m of root, and efficient internal utilization of P. Nonadditive genetic variance was more important than additive genetic variance in the expression of low-P tolerance. However, the range of phenotypic variation in the backcross generations suggests recombination and complimentation among a relatively small number of genes. Prospects for breeding genotypes more tolerant to low P appear favorable, although such genotypes may be at a selective disadvantage in P-rich environments.
Neoliberal Forms of Capital and The Rise of Social Movement Partyism in Central America

Historical shifts in global economic formations shape the strategies of resistance movements in the global South. Neoliberal forms of economic development over the past thirty years in Central America have weakened traditional actors sponsoring popular mobilization such as labor unions and rural cooperatives. At the same time, the free market reforms produced new threats to economic livelihood and well-being throughout the region. The neoliberal measures that have generated the greatest levels of mass discontent include rising prices, privatization, labor flexibility laws, mining projects, and free trade. This article analyzes the role of emerging anti-neoliberal political parties in alliance with popular movements in Central America. Countries with already existing strong anti-systemic parties in the initial phases of the global turn to neoliberalism in the late twentieth century resulted in more efficacious manifestations of social movement partyism in the twenty-first century resisting free market globalization.
The quality and readability of internet information regarding clavicle fractures

Abstract Background The internet has become a major source of health information for patients. However, there has been little scrutiny of health information available on the internet to the public. Our objectives were to evaluate the quality and readability of information available on the internet regarding clavicle fractures and whether they changed with academic affiliation of the website or with complexity of the search term. Methods Through a prospective evaluation of 3 search engines using 3 different search terms of varying complexity (“broken collarbone,” “collarbone fracture,” and “clavicle fracture”), we evaluated 91 website hits for quality and readability. Websites were specifically analyzed by search term and by website type. Information quality was evaluated on a four-point scale, and information readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid score for reading grade level. Results The average quality score for our website hits was low, and the average reading grade level was far above the recommended level. Academic websites offered significantly higher quality information, whereas commercial websites offered significantly lower quality information. The use of more complex search terms yielded information of higher reading grade level but not higher quality. Conclusions Current internet information regarding clavicle fractures is of low quality and low readability. Higher quality information utilizing more accessible language on clavicle fractures is needed on the internet. It is important to be aware of the information accessible to patients prior to their presentation to our clinics. Patients should be advised to visit websites with academic affiliations and to avoid commercial websites.
Villous adenoma with severe electrolyte depletion: report of a case.

A case of villous adenoma complicated by severe fluid and electrolyte depletion has been reported. Some unique features of the villous adenoma and the treatment of the electrolyte depletion syndrome have been discussed. Several points should be stressed in relation to this syndrome: (1) Villous adenomas are easily missed on digital examination because of their soft consistency. (2) The electrolyte depletion syndrome, though uncommon, can be severe, and several deaths are reported in medical literature. They resulted from failure of early or adequate treatment. (3) Malignant change occurs frequently and necessitates wide removal.
Die Rekation des Dünndarms auf transmurale Elektrostimulation beim nüchternen und gefütterten Tier

Um zu prufen, ob die Reaktion des Dunndarms auf hochfrequente Elektrostimulation von der Nahrungsaufnahme beeinflust wird, wurden nach einer Serie von Akutversuchen bei 2 Hunden eine Jejunumschlinge und bei weiteren 2 ein Jejunumpouch mit Elektroden und Druckmessonden bestuckt und am wachen Tier im chronischen Versuch untersucht. 500-μsec-910-Hz-25-mA-Strome erhohten den Druck in der Jejunumschlinge um 26±22 mm Hg (n=10) beim nuchternen und um 21±23 mm Hg (n=9) beim gefutterten Tier. Der Pouch war beim gefutterten Tier schwieriger zu stimulieren. Durch Elektrostimulation ist es moglich, am wachen Tier Dunndarmkontraktionen auszulosen, welche nur im Falle des Dunndarmpouches vom Status der Nahrungsaufnahme beeinflust werden.