cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor β2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons

Thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)) and tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) production is regulated by feedback inhibition of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesis in the pituitary and hypothalamus when T(3) binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) interacting with the promoters of the genes for the TSH subunit and TRH. All of the TR isoforms likely participate in the negative regulation of TSH production in vivo, but the identity of the specific TR isoforms that negatively regulate TRH production are less clear. To clarify the role of the TR-beta2 isoform in the regulation of TRH gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, we examined preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone (prepro-TRH) expression in mice lacking the TR-beta2 isoform under basal conditions, after the induction of hypothyroidism with propylthiouracil, and in response to T(3) administration. Prepro-TRH expression was increased in hypothyroid wild-type mice and markedly suppressed after T(3) administration. In contrast, basal TRH expression was increased in TR-beta2-null mice to levels seen in hypothyroid wild-type mice and did not change significantly in response to induction of hypothyroidism or T(3) treatment. However, the suppression of TRH mRNA expression in response to leptin reduction during fasting was preserved in TR-beta2-null mice. Thus TR-beta2 is the key TR isoform responsible for T(3)-mediated negative-feedback regulation by hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
Aluminum Gallium Nitride Alloys Grown via Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Using a Digital Growth Technique

This work investigates the use of a digital growth technique as a viable method for achieving high-quality aluminum gallium nitride (Al x Ga1−x N) films via metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Digital alloys are superlattice structures with period thicknesses of a few monolayers. Alloys with an AlN mole fraction ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 were grown by adjusting the thickness of the AlN layer in the superlattice. High-resolution x-ray diffraction was used to determine the superlattice period and c-lattice parameter of the structure, while reciprocal-space mapping was used to determine the a-lattice parameter and evaluate growth coherency. A comparison of the measured lattice parameter with both the nominal value and also the underlying buffer layer is discussed.
Detecting cultural knowledge in organization members' personal construct systems

Abstract This study examines organization members' personal construct system content to identify 1 type of cultural knowledge: recipe knowledge. S. Sackmann (1991) defined recipe knowledge as organization members' cognitions about what ought and ought not be done. Employees of a media organization (N = 57) completed the liked and disliked coworker version of the Role Category Questionnaire (W. Crockett, 1965). Using J. Meyer and B. Sypher's (1993) coding scheme, categories of descriptors were identified. The themes emphasized by respondents indicated what organization members should and should not do. Differences in content themes by tenure, department, and hierarchical status suggested that these factors influenced the acquisition of interpersonal recipe knowledge. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Attenuation of pain-related hyperventilation in adjuvant arthritic rats with adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space

The adjuvant arthritic rat model has been utilized for the study of chronic pain, as polyarthritic rats present a variety of symptoms similar to those seen in human chronic pain conditions. In particular, hyperventilatory responses are notable in both and may more accurately reflect basal ongoing pain than do evoked noxious stimuli. To assess whether adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space can alleviate basal arthritic pain, respiratory parameters were determined using whole body plesthmography in polyarthritic rats. Arthritis was induced by inoculation with an intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Steady-state ventilation was monitored at weekly intervals in arthritic animals with adrenal medullary or control striated muscle transplants. Results revealed that adjuvant arthritis produced significant hyperventilation in animals with control transplants, as indicated by increased tidal volumes and minute ventilation, which paralleled the progression of the inflammatory process. In contrast, this hyperventilation was eliminated by adrenal medullary transplants. A role for catecholamines and opioid peptides released from the transplants was suggested by the reversal of these effects with phentolamine and naloxone. In addition, the retardation in weight gain normally observed in polyarthritic animals was markedly attenuated by adrenal medullary, but not control transplants. These findings indicate that adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal subarachnoid space can alleviate basal chronic pain as assessed in adjuvant arthritis.
Negative Peer Perceptions of Obese Children in the Classroom Environment

Objective: It is asserted that the more immediate and observable consequences of pediatric obesity are psychosocial in nature. This study examines the peer relations of clinically referred obese youth compared to demographically comparable nonoverweight peers within the classroom environment. Methods and Procedures: Peer-, teacher-, and self-reports of behavioral reputation (Revised Class Play (RCP)), and peer reports of social acceptance, nonsocial attributes (attractiveness, athleticism, academic competence), and health interference (school absence, illness, fatigue) were obtained regarding 90 obese youth (BMI > 95th percentile; 8–16 years, 57% girls, 50% African American) and 76 nonoverweight demographically similar comparison classmates. Results: Relative to comparison peers, obese children were nominated significantly less often as a best friend and rated lower in peer acceptance, although the two groups did not differ in the number of reciprocated friendships. Obese youth were described by peer, teacher, and self-report as more socially withdrawn and by peers as displaying less leadership and greater aggressive-disruptive behavior. Peers also described obese youth as less physically attractive, less athletic, more sick, tired, and absent from school. Being seen as less attractive and less athletic by peers helped to explain differences in obese and nonoverweight youth's levels of peer acceptance. Discussion: Clinically referred obese youth are characterized by peer relations that differ from those of nonoverweight youth. The peer environment provides a rich context to understand the social consequences of pediatric obesity as well as factors that could be targeted in intervention to promote more positive health and psychosocial outcomes.
Central nervous system-directed AAV2/5-mediated gene therapy synergizes with bone marrow transplantation in the murine model of globoid-cell leukodystrophy.

Globoid-cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is a rapidly progressing inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency in galactosylceramidase activity. Previous studies in the murine model of GLD (Twitcher mouse) have shown that both bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and central nervous system (CNS)-directed gene therapy can be moderately effective at ameliorating certain aspects of GLD. As BMT and CNS-directed gene therapy target fundamentally different tissues, we tested the hypothesis that combining these disparate therapies would be more efficacious than either therapy alone. Mice receiving myeloreductive conditioning at birth followed by syngeneic BMT had approximately 25–35% donor chimerism. Untreated Twitcher mice, Twitcher mice treated with BMT alone, AAV2/5 alone, or a combination of BMT and AAV2/5 had mean lifespans of 39, 44, 49, and 104 days, respectively. Twitcher mice treated with a combination of BMT and AAV2/5 also had significantly improved performance in several behavioral tests and greater reduction in demyelination, astrocytosis, and macrophage infiltration compared to untreated Twitcher mice or mice that received either therapy alone. These data suggest that CNS-directed gene therapy synergizes with BMT. The combination of these disparate therapeutic approaches may form the basis for more effective treatment of this inherited neurodegenerative disorder.
Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the independent effect of father involvement on intellectual and behavioral outcome of 985 low birth weight preterm infants followed longitudinally from birth to age 3 years as part of the Infant Health and Development Program. Method The sample for this study is drawn from eight urban sites, composed largely of ethnically diverse and relatively disadvantaged families. On the basis of a combined score for father's stable presence in the home and amount of play with the infant, we defined extreme groups of high-involvement fathers (33%, n = 305) and lowinvolvement fathers (16%, n = 148), with the remainder as a middle group (51%). Results Most fathers played a meaningful role as play partner with their high-risk infants. Approximately 75% of fathers were reported to play with the baby every day at 12 (peak), 24, and 36 months. Fathers who were black, younger, had teenage mothers as companions, or were from low-income families were less involved with their infants. For black fathers, low family income was significantly associated with low father involvement. Within the black ethnic subgroup only, higher father involvement was associated with improved cognitive outcome. Mean IQ for the high-involvement subgroup was 6.00 points higher than for the low-involvement group even after adjusting for family income, neonatal health, treatment group status, and paternal age. Conclusion: Father involvement enhances cognitive outcome in black families and may have implications for intervention.
Three-coordinate, luminescent, water-soluble gold(I) phosphine complexes: structural characterization and photoluminescence properties in aqueous solution

Abstract The trigonal planar Au(I) complex Cs8[Au(TPPTS)3]·5.25H2O, TPPTS=tris-sulfonatophenyl phosphine, has been structurally characterized. The X-ray data for the triclinic crystal, P 1 , are a=13.7003(4) A, b=18.0001(6) A, c=18.2817(2) A, α=100.249(2)°, β=99.593(2)°, γ=109.818(2)°, V=4046.3(2) A3, Z=2. The complex has AuP distances of 2.374(6), 2.394(5), and 2.417(5) A. A network of bonding has been found involving the Cs+ ions, the sulfonate groups of the ligands, and the H2O solvent molecules. Luminescence studies of [Au(TPPTS)3]8− and (TPA)3AuCl, TPA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane, in the solid state and in solution are discussed and quenching studies of the luminescence of [Au(TPPTS)3]8− are reported with alkyl halides and oxygen.
Intraperitoneal carboplatin and etoposide for persistent epithelial ovarian cancer : analysis of results by prior sensitivity to platinum-based regimens

Abstract Eighteen women with epithelial ovarian cancer and small-volume disease within the peritoneal cavity at reassessment laparotomy after initial treatment with platinum-based regimens received treatment with a combination of intraperitoneal (ip) carboplatin and etoposide administration. The dose of carboplatin was fixed at 200 mg/m 2 whereas the close of etoposide was escalated in cohorts of 4 patients from 50 to 75 and eventually to 100 mg/m 2 . Hematologic toxicities appeared to be related to decreased renal function, and, in the last cohort of 10 patients, with prior treatment with systemic carboplatin. Because of this shift in patient population, escalations ceased and ip cisplatin was partly substituted for ip carboplatin in 5 patients. The study opened July 1988 and closed on July 1991: 8 patients are alive, with 4 enjoying progression-free survival and no clinical evidence of disease 1 to 4 years after onset of treatment. One patient is alive with no clinical evidence of disease 3+ years after a late relapse was treated with systemic carboplatin. Three other patients are alive with evidence of disease, having experienced improvements with taxol and ip floxuridine. Analysis of this small experience by pretreatment characteristic suggests that patients who are platinum sensitive and not allowed to relapse, have normal baseline CA-125s, and undergo successful secondary cytoreductive surgery may benefit from platinum-based ip therapy.
A theoretical investigation of molecular NaOH

Abstract GAUSSIAN-80 calculations utilizing a 6–21G basis with MP3 and CID electron correlation included show molecular NaOH to be a linear molecule with R OH = 0.9805 A and R ONa = 1.8687 A. The equilibrium rotational constant B eee is 13,590 MHz. A simple valence force field calculation is provided.
Life histories and the role of disturbance

Abstract An alternative to the stability-time hypothesis explaining the high benthic faunal diversities in the deep sea ( Sanders , 1968; Slobodkin and Sanders , 1969) has been proposed by Dayton and Hessler (1972). According to Dayton and Hessler, nonselective predation reduces competition between species thereby allowing more species to coexist. Much controversy relating to the concept of diversity and what it implies can be resolved by realizing that an increase of within-habitat diversity is achieved by two entirely different and unrelated pathways. The resultant diversities are differentiated as follows: short-term, non-equilibrium , or transient diversity —induced by a low level or unpredictable physical or biological perturbation or stress resulting in biological ‘undersaturation’. Long-term or evolutionary diversity —increase in diversity is the product of past biological interactions in physical benign and predictable environments. Although predation may play a role in the evolution of deep-sea species, the life histories indicate that it does not seem a likely means for control of population size, regardless of whether predation is selective or non-selective. The known life history characteristics of deep-sea animals—small brood size, age-class structure not dominated by younger stages, probable slow growth rates—are features that neither would be expected nor have high survival value in predator-controlled communities or any environment where short-term or transient diversity is important. Non-selective cropping proposed by Dayton and Hessler as a mechanism for controlling population size of prey species would result in rapid extinction of species with relatively low reproductive rates. In addition to feeding behavior, niche diversification may be the product of biochemical specialization, biotic relationships and microhabitat specialization. Niche diversification may also result from adaptation to different parts of a temporal mosaic. The stability-time hypothesis does not state that disturbance plays no role in predictable environments. The relative predictability of the environment enables species to survive with lower reproductive rates, lower mortality rates, and smaller population size. Rates of competitive exclusion are lower and species are able to become more specialized on both biotic and physical components of the environment. Control of population size is seldom the result of changes in the physical environment or any disturbance, including predation, so that we may say that the community is biologically accommodated rather than physically regulated.
Childhood intracranial ependymoma: twenty-year experience from a single institution.

BACKGROUND Because few large studies of pediatric ependymoma treatment are available, the authors believed that a retrospective review of treatment outcomes from a single institution would yield potentially valuable information regarding potential prognostic factors. In this article, they report their 20-year institutional experience with this disease. METHODS Medical records were reviews of patients with intracranial ependymoma who received their initial treatment at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP)/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) between January 1980 and December 2000. Of the 61 patients who were identified, 49 patients underwent primary therapy at CHOP/HUP and formed the basis for the study. Actuarial overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the log-rank test and Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS With median follow-up of 110.2 months, the 5-year OS and PFS rates were 66.2% and 40.7%, respectively. Older age and higher radiation dose significantly predicted for improved OS. Anaplastic histology predicted for decreased PFS. Cervical spinal cord extension resulted in decreased OS primarily caused by failures outside the primary site. Patients who had a favorable prognosis (aged ≥3 years, no dissemination or cord extension, complete resection, and radiation dose ≥54 grays [Gy]) had 5-year OS and PFS rates of 83.1% and 60.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study of patients with pediatric intracranial ependymoma, OS and PFS rates were concordant with the rates published in other modern series. The finding of a dose response up to 54 Gy supported the current trend toward dose escalation. Tumor extension to the cervical spine was identified as a predictor for failure outside of the primary site. Although the survival rates were encouraging, there is still significant room for improvement in the management of this disease. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Identification of Novel Proteins Associated with Both α-Synuclein and DJ-1

The molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson disease (PD) remain elusive, although many lines of evidence have indicated that α-synuclein and DJ-1, two critical proteins in PD pathogenesis, interact with each other functionally. The investigation on whether α-synuclein directly interacts with DJ-1 has been controversial. In the current study, we analyzed proteins associated with α-synuclein and/or DJ-1 with a robust proteomics technique called stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in dopaminergic MES cells exposed to rotenone versus controls. We identified 324 and 306 proteins in the α-synuclein- and DJ-1-associated protein complexes, respectively. Among α-synuclein-associated proteins, 141 proteins displayed significant changes in the relative abundance (increase or decrease) after rotenone treatment; among DJ-1-associated proteins, 119 proteins displayed significant changes in the relative abundance after rotenone treatment. Although no direct interaction was observed between α-synuclein and DJ-1, whether analyzed by affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry or subsequent direct co-immunoprecipitation, 144 proteins were seen in association with both α-synuclein and DJ-1. Of those, 114 proteins displayed significant changes in the relative abundance in the complexes associated with α-synuclein, DJ-1, or both after rotenone treatment. A subset of these proteins (mortalin, nucleolin, grp94, calnexin, and clathrin) was further validated for their association with both α-synuclein and DJ-1 using confocal microscopy, Western blot, and/or immunoprecipitation. Thus, we not only confirmed that there was no direct interaction between α-synuclein and DJ-1 but also, for the first time, report these five novel proteins to be associating with both α-synuclein and DJ-1. Further characterization of these docking proteins will likely shed more light on the mechanisms by which DJ-1 modulates the function of α-synuclein, and vice versa, in the setting of PD.
The Roots of Liberty: Magna Carta, Ancient Constitution, and the Anglo-American Tradition of Rule of Law

The Roots of Liberty is a critical collection of essays on the origin and nature of the often elusive idea of the nature of liberty. Throughout this book, the original and thought-provoking views from scholars J C Holt, Christopher W Brooks, Paul Christianson, and John Phillip Reid offer insights into the development of English ideas of liberty and the relationship those ideas hold to modern conceptions of rule of law. Ellis Sandoz's introduction details Fortescue's vision of the constitution and places each of the essays in historiographical context. Corrine C. Weston's spirited epilogue evaluates the essays' arguments.
FOCUS: A computer simulation model for fire control planning

The U.S. Forest Service has been working toward the development of a mathematical model that is expected to point the way to improved efficiency in forest fire fighting and fire prevention.
Structural Integrity Assessment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure Vessels Using a Simplified Fracture Mechanics Procedure

This paper describes a simplified fracture analysis procedure which was developed by Pellini to quantify fracture critical-crack sizes and crack-arrest temperatures of carbon and low-alloy steel pressure vessels. Fracture analysis diagrams have been developed using the simplified analysis procedure for various grades of carbon and low-alloy steels used in the construction of ASME, Section VIII, Division 1 pressure vessels. Structural integrity assessments have been conducted from the analysis diagrams.
Current State of Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors

This paper reviews several ring imaging Cherenkov detectors which are being used or developed to identify particles in high energy physics experiments. These detectors must have good detection efficiency for single photon-electrons and good spatial resolution over a large area. Emphasis is placed on the efficiencies and resolutions of these detectors as determined from ring imaging beam tests and other experiments. Following a brief review of the ring imaging technique, comparative evaluations are made of different forms of detectors and their respective materials.
How do changes in exhaled CO2 measure changes in cardiac output? A numerical analysis model

Objective In a previous study in anesthetized animals, the slope of percent decreases in exhaled CO2 versus percent decreases in cardiac output (\( \dot{\rm Q}{\sc{T,}} \) inflation of vena cava balloons) was 0.73. To examine the mechanisms underlying this exhaled CO2-\( {\dot{\hbox{Q}}{\sc T}} \) relationship, an iterative numerical analysis computer model of non-steady state CO2 kinetics was developed.
Levels of epidermal growth factor binding in third-trimester and term human placentas: Elevated binding in term placentas of male fetuses

Specific binding of iodine 125-labeled epidermal growth factor was measured in membrane homogenates of third-trimester and term human placentas of male and female fetuses. All placentas (n = 35) generated curvilinear Scatchard plots, and all placentas had similar equilibrium dissociation constants for both high-affinity (210 pmol/L) and low-affinity (830 pmol/L) binding sites. Mean maximum number of available binding sites of term placentas from male fetuses (330 +/- 110 fmol/mg protein; n = 11) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that of female fetuses (170 +/- 80 fmol/mg protein, n = 13). Occupation of epidermal growth factor receptors by endogenous epidermal growth factor could not account for the difference in levels of epidermal growth factor binding. Kendall's rank order correlation test demonstrated a significant positive correlation of the gestational age in weeks with the maximum number of epidermal growth factor receptors in placentas from male fetuses (p less than 0.002; T = 0.527; n = 17) and female fetuses (p less than 0.01; T = 0.404; n = 18). These results indicate that there is a sexual dimorphism in the level of epidermal growth factor receptors in placentas of male and female fetuses during the third trimester and that the level of epidermal growth factor receptors increases during the third trimester for placentas of both male and female fetuses.
An ultramicro technique for the determination of deoxypentose nucleic acid.

Abstract A modification of Dische's (5) reaction of DNA with indole is described, which permits the determination of 0.1–1 μg. DNA in the ultramicro scale. The specificity of the original reaction could be increased so that the arabinose does not interfere with the reaction.
Japan's commercial development of the electron microscope

Americans have a picture of Japan as a country which, in the years after the Second World War, was able to produce only inexpensive and shoddy goods. This picture is not, however, entirely accurate. For example, the first electronic product exported from Japan to America after the war was not, as most suppose, the transistor radio but a highly complex research tool, the electron microscope. Today, Japan manufacturers the majority of the world's electron microscopes. How could a country cut off from the West's scientific research establishment in 1939 and in economic ruin in 1945 be competitive as early as the 1950's in producing such complex technology? This short article, based largely on an interview with two of the founders of one important Japanese microscope manufacturer (JEOL) gives a few clues. Rather than present a detailed history of the company, the author identifies seventeen factors that contributed to the company's success.
The adsorption of the vitamin A suppressing factor from soybean oil.

Summary 1.Crude soybean oil was treated with two different absorbents in an attempt to remove the vitamin A suppressing factor which interferes with the transference of the vitamin A activity of feed to the butterfat secreted by dairy cows. 2.It was found that Nuchar removed the factor from the oil while the special sodium aluminum silicate adsorbent was without effect. 3.The action of the Nuchar was proven to be that of adsorption rather than inactivation 4.Acetone did not elute the active principle adsorbed on Nuchar although acetone did extract oil, sterol glucosides, coloring matter and other substances.
Un libro necesario

Poesia y poetas colombianos. Fernando Charry Lara. Nueva Biblioteca Colombiana de Cultura, Bogota, 1985.
Dentists’ Attitudes Toward Expanded Duties Auxiliaries

In this study, attitudes of Minnesota dentists toward the utilization of recently authorized expanded duties auxiliaries were studied. All dentists in the state were surveyed in January 1971 by means of a mailed questionnaire. A 93% response rate was obtained. Results were analyzed by the age of the respondents as the independent variable. Minnesota dentists tend to support the 1970 revision of the State Dental Practice Law that permits delegation of specific functions to a trained auxiliary. Little support currently exists for expanding the approved functions to include the placement of restorations or the cutting of cavity preparations by these auxiliaries. Respondents see financial and other advantages to employing such an auxiliary, but they are only moderately inclined to pass the financial advantage on to the patient in the form of fee reduction. The dentists think that the public will accept services rendered by the auxiliary. In general, younger dentists tend to have more favorable attitudes than do their older counterparts toward the employment of expanded duties auxiliaries.
The Failure of TCP in High-Performance Computational Grids

Distributed computational grids depend on TCP to ensure reliable end-to-end communication between nodes across the wide-area network (WAN). Unfortunately, TCP performance can be abysmal even when buffers on the end hosts are manually optimized. Recent studies blame the self-similar nature of aggregate network traffic for TCPs poor performance because such traffic is not readily amenable to statistical multiplexing in the Internet, and hence computational grids. In this paper, we identify a source of self-similarity previously ignored, a source that is readily controllable - TCP. Via an experimental study, we examine the effects of the TCP stack on network traffic using different implementations of TCP. We show that even when aggregate application traffic ought to smooth out as more applications traffic are multiplexed, TCP induces burstiness into the aggregate traffic load, thus adversely impacting network performance. Furthermore, our results indicate that TCP performance will worsen as WAN speeds continue to increase.
Empirical evaluation of predator-driven diel vertical migration in Lake Superior

Recent studies on Lake Superior suggest that diel vertical migration (DVM) of prey (generalized Coregonus spp.) may be influenced by the density of predatory siscowet (Salvelinus namaycush). We empirically evaluated this hy- pothesis using data from acoustic, midwater trawl, and bottom trawl sampling at eight Lake Superior sites during three seasons in 2005 and a subset of sites in 2006. We expected the larger-bodied cisco (Coregonus artedi) to exhibit a shal- lower DVM compared with the smaller-bodied kiyi (Coregonus kiyi). Although DVM of kiyi and cisco were consistent with expectations of DVM as a size-dependent, predator-mediated process, we found no relationship between siscowet density and the magnitude of DVM of either coregonid. Cisco appear to have a size refuge from siscowet predation. Kiyi and siscowet co-occur in demersal habitat > 150 m during the day, where visual predation is unlikely, suggesting predator avoidance is not a factor in the daytime distribution of kiyi. Seasonal patterns of kiyi DVM were consistent with reported DVM of their primary prey Mysis relicta. Our results suggest that consideration of nonvisual foraging, rather than light- based foraging theory (i.e., the antipredation window), is necessary to understand the processes driving DVM in deepwater systems. Resume´ : Des etudes recentes sur le lac Superieur laissent croire que la migration verticale journaliere (DVM) des proies (les Coregonus spp. en general) est influencee par la densitedu predateur, le touladi siscowet (Salvelinus namaycush). Nous evaluons cette hypothese de maniere empirique a l'aide de donnees provenant d'echantillonnages acoustiques et de prelevements aux chaluts pelagique et benthique dans huit sites au lac Superieur durant trois saisons en 2005 et dans un sous-ensemble de sites en 2006. Nous nous attendions ace que le cisco de lac (Coregonus artedi) de plus grande taille ait
Are there Susceptible Hosts to Helicobacter pylori Infection

Susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection may manifest itself as an increased prevalence of H. pylori infection, as reinfection after eradication, or as different clinical outcomes (gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, primary gastric B-cell lymphoma, or gastric cancer). These outcomes are likely to be a result of interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Genetic factors include both host genetic predisposition to infection as well as genetic differences in H. pylori strains. Twin studies indicate that the correlation coefficient for the relative importance of genetic effects (heritability) on acquisition of H. pylori infection is approximately 0.66. The remaining variance is accounted for by shared rearing environmental factors (20%), and non-shared environmental factors (23%), which contribute to the differences and not the similarities seen between family members. Molecular epidemiological studies of both the whole bacterial genome and of amplified regions between specific repetitive DNA sequences also suggest that there are disease-specific strains of H. pylori. There are, therefore, many different facets of susceptibility to H. pylori infection.
EFFECT OF N-FORM ON MACRONUTRIENT AND MICRONUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND UPTAKE OF CREEPING BENTGRASS1

Abstract Nitrogen‐form effect on nutrient uptake and the subsequent concentration of nutrients in turfgrass plant tissue has not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated the effects of clipping regime and N‐form on the tissue concentration of macronutrients and micronutrients and macronutrient uptake in ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Turfgrass plugs were grown under greenhouse conditions in a modified Hoagland's solution with a combination of three nutrient solutions (100% NO3 −, 100% NH4 +, and 50:50 ratio of NH4 +:NO3 −) and two cutting regimes (cut and uncut). Concentrations of macronutrients and micronutrients were determined for shoot, root and verdure. Nutrient uptake was determined weekly. Uncut NO3 −‐treated plants accumulated higher concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, B and Cu in the shoot tissue; P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn and Zn in the root tissue; and P, Ca, Mg, B, Fe and Mn in the verdure compared to uncut NN4 +‐treated plants. Nitrate uptake was greater with uncut...
Quantitative exploratory evaluation of the frequency, causes and consequences of rehabilitation wheelchair breakdowns delivered at a paediatric clinic in Mexico

Purpose: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognises assistive technology such as wheelchairs (WCs) as a tool for social inclusion for this population. In less resourced settings, organisations lack information about effective models of WC service provision. The goal of this study was to investigate the lifespan of WCs and whether they provided reliable mobility, at one clinic in Mexico. Methods: Caregivers of children, who had requested replacements for their WCs from a clinic in Mexico, were interviewed in Spanish. Among others, the questions pertained to repairs/modifications, adverse events and WC usage characteristics. The owners exchanged their WCs for new ones at the clinic, and the maintenance status of each returned WC was evaluated using the WC Assessment Checklist (WAC). Results: Twenty-three donated WCs, used by children aged 3 to 14 years for an average of 19 months, were evaluated. Brakes (n=18), seat and back-sling upholstery (n=11 and 7 respectively), and armrests (n=14) were the components that failed most frequently. A total of 26 adverse events due to WC failure were reported. Adverse events were significantly associated with poor WAC scores (rs=-0.544, p=0.007). Conclusions: Poor WC reliability, associated with adverse events which could undermine social engagement, indicates the need for a stronger WC and for regular maintenance. For instance, brake failures which were most often
Effects of methamphetamine on the adjusting amount procedure, a model of impulsive behavior in rats.

Rationale: Moderate doses of d-amphetamine (given both acutely and chronically) have been shown to decrease impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to improve attention and learning in normal adults. In contrast, chronic doses of methamphetamine (METH) in drug abusers have been associated with increased impulsivity, and impairments in learning and attention. Objectives: We report the effects of METH on an animal model of impulsive behavior. Methods: Rats were tested using the adjusting amount (AdjAmt) procedure in which the animals choose between a delayed fixed (large) amount of water and an immediate adjusting (small) amount of water. In the acute METH study, rats were given a single dose of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg METH or saline 30 min before testing. In the chronic METH study, we determined the effects of the 4.0 mg/kg dose of METH injected chronically 1 h after behavioral testing for 14 days. Thus the rats were tested using the AdjAmt procedure 22 h after injections of METH or saline. Results: After 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg METH, the rats valued the delayed large rewards more than after saline, indicating that the METH decreased impulsiveness. At the 4.0 mg/kg dose, the rats failed to respond. Rats treated repeatedly with the post-session large behaviorally disruptive dose of METH valued the delayed large rewards less than the saline-treated rats, indicating that this dosing regimen of METH increased impulsiveness. Conclusions: In these experiments, the rats became less impulsive after acute non-disruptive doses of pre-session METH, whereas they became more impulsive after receiving repeated post-session injections of a dose that was behaviorally disruptive when administered acutely.
Streptomycin-specific antibody coincident with a developing warm autoantibody

The presence of an antibody with specificity against streptomycin-sensitized red blood cells in the serum of a patient with tuberculous pericarditis is reported. Hemolysis and significant anemia were absent. The antibody appeared to develop together with an evolving warm autoantibody, but was clearly separable from the latter. The streptomycin-specific antibody was "penicillin-like" by being totally neutralized in the presence of streptomycin. Red blood cells had to be separately sensitized with streptomycin prior to incubation with the antibody. The antibody cross-reacted with neomycin-sensitized cells and was also neutralized by the presence of neomycin. In addition, a possible cross-reactivity of the streptomycin-specific antibody and the warm autoantibody is suggested. The association of a drug-induced antibody and autoimmune antibody of IgG type is most unusual. In our experience, we have encountered only one similar example.
Intersection of the unfolded protein response and hepatic lipid metabolism.

The liver plays a central role in whole-body lipid metabolism by governing the synthesis, oxidization, transport and excretion of lipids. The unfolded protein response (UPR) was identified as a signal transduction system that is activated by ER stress. Recent studies revealed a critical role of the UPR in hepatic lipid metabolism. The IRE1/XBP1 branch of the UPR is activated by high dietary carbohydrates and controls the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. PERK mediated eIF2α phosphorylation is also required for the expression of lipogenic genes and the development of hepatic steatosis, likely by activating C/EBP and PPARγ transcription factors. Further studies to define the molecular pathways that lead to the activation of the UPR by nutritional cues in the liver, and their contribution to human metabolic disorders such as hepatic steatosis, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes that are associated with dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, are warranted.
Channel cracking in thin films on substrates of finite thickness

Solutions are presented for the elastic plane-strain problem of a crack in a coating on a compliant substrate of finite thickness. Analysis of the problem shows that substrate thickness has a significant effect on the steady-state energy release rate for channel cracks. This is so over a wide range of elastic mismatch between film and substrate, but is especially important if the substrate is more compliant than the film. Relaxation of the film stress due to elastic deformation of the substrate also plays an important role. If the substrate is clamped around the edge, as would be the case for a coated membrane, the stress in the coating cannot relax and the energy release rate for channel cracking increases significantly with decreasing substrate thickness. If the film stress is allowed to relax, however, the driving force for cracking is reduced as the substrate thickness decreases. The results from this study are used to evaluate the change in curvature of a film/substrate assembly due to channel cracking, a quantity that is of interest for the experimental determination of stresses in thin films. An expression for the elastic extension of the substrate due to channel cracking is derived making it possible to evaluate the effect of cracking on the mechanical behavior of bilayer membranes. It is expected that the present study may lead to the development of new experimental techniques for measuring the fracture toughness of thin coatings.
High performance thermoplastics

Chimie et proprietes des thermostables polyimides, polyaryleneethers et polyphenylquinoxalines pouvant etre utilises dans l'aerospatiale
Ice cream illusions bowls, spoons, and self-served portion sizes.

Background Because people eat most of what they serve themselves, any contextual cues that lead them to over-serve should lead them to over-eat. In building on the size–contrast illusion, this research examines whether the size of a bowl or serving spoon unknowingly biases how much a person serves and eats. Methods The 2 × 2 between-subjects design involved 85 nutrition experts who were attending an ice cream social to celebrate the success of a colleague in 2002. They were randomly given either a smaller (17 oz) or a larger (34 oz) bowl and either a smaller (2 oz) or larger (3 oz) ice cream scoop. After serving themselves, they completed a brief survey as their ice cream was weighed. The analysis was conducted in 2003. Results Even when nutrition experts were given a larger bowl, they served themselves 31.0% more (6.25 vs 4.77 oz, F (1, 80)=8.05, p F (1, 80)=2.70, p =0.10). Conclusions People could try using the size of their bowls and possibly serving spoons to help them better control how much they consume. Those interested in losing weight should use smaller bowls and spoons, while those needing to gain weight—such as the undernourished or aged—could be encouraged to use larger ones. Epidemiologic implications are discussed.
An Epidemiological and Ecological Study of Risk Factors for Narcotics Overdose : I. Retrospective Study of Psychosocial Factors

A study of psychosocial factors associated with narcotics overdose was carried out through interviews of 50 addicts who were participants in the Narcotics Treatment Administrations' (NTA) Program at the D.C. General Hospital in Washington, D.C.
Influence of acetylcholine levels on the binding of a SPECT nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand [123I]5-I-A-85380.

Although in vitro theory indicates that ligand binding is sensitive to competition with neurotransmitters, only some imaging ligands have shown such competition in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increases in acetylcholine (ACh) levels induced by an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, inhibit in vivo binding of [(123)I]5-iodo-3-(2(S)-2-azetidinyl-methoxy) pyridine (5-I-A-85380), a single photon emission computed tomography ligand for the high-affinity type nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR). Baboons were used for seven studies with a bolus plus constant infusion equilibrium paradigm. After achieving equilibrium at 5 h, physostigmine (0.02 (n = 1), 0.067 (n = 3), and 0.2 (n = 3) mg/kg) was administered intravenously and data were acquired for up to 8 h. To confirm equilibrium conditions, [(123)I]5-I-A-85380 plasma levels were measured in four studies, including all studies with 0.2 mg/kg physostigmine. Prior to physostigmine administration, thalamic activities were stable, with changes of 1.1%/h or less, except in one study with a gradual increase of 4.2%/h. Thalamic activities were decreased by 15% in one study with 0.067 mg/kg and 14-17% in all studies with 0.2 mg/kg physostigmine administration (P = 0.009). In these studies with 0.2 mg/kg physostigmine administration, [(123)I]5-I-A-85380 plasma levels showed a transient or a sustained increase after physostigmine administration that would have increased thalamic activities. These results suggest that elevated ACh levels induced by physostigmine can effectively compete in vivo with [(123)I]5-I-A-85380 binding at nAChRs. However, decreased thalamic activities could have been caused by other mechanisms, including internalization of the receptor with an associated decreased affinity for radioligand.
Guilty Knowledge, Dirty Hands, and Other Ethical Dilemmas: The Hazards of Contract Research

Field-workers encounter numerous personal and professional hazards in contract research. A few potentially hazardous situations include entrance into the field, role conflicts, fieldwork in the inner city, ethnographic reports, and dissemination of findings. Job stress and burnout pose an additional problem. Urban fieldwork in particular forces an ethnographer to confront the realities of guilty knowledge—confidential knowledge of illegal activities—and dirty hands—a situation from which one can not emerge innocent of wrongdoing. Developing moral decision-making guidelines is imperative if one is to deal effectively with these problems. The risk-benefit approach, the respect-for-persons ethic, and basic pragmatism must all be used as guidelines in the field. Other hazards range from fieldwork conducted at an accelerated pace, to reporting in a highly political atmosphere. Many of these pressures affect one's judgment while in the field—whether in the streets of the inner city or in plush conference rooms ...
Adding and Averaging Effects in Impression Formation as a Function of the Situational Context

Male and female Ss made comparative judgments of paired sets of simultaneously presented income stimuli. The pairs were constructed so that the sum of the values was higher in one set than in the other, while the mean income was simultaneously higher in the latter set than in the former. When the incomes within a set were represented as all belonging to the same person or when the incomes were attributed to different members of a family, both men and women tended to rate higher in economic status whichever sets of stimuli had the higher sums in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between sums. When the same stimuli were attributed to different members of a group, both sexes rated higher in economic status whichever sets had the higher arithmetic mean values in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between arithmetic means. The significance of this finding is in demonstrating that the stimulus-combination rule in impression formation is at least partially predicated upon situational det...
Next generation GPS-aided space navigation systems

The next generation of low cost Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for space navigation and attitude determination are positioned to take full advantage of the improvements made in the commercial GPS receivers used for terrestrial applications. There have been recent improvements made to the GPS receivers that include the addition of extra GPS satellite channels that can be tracked simultaneously. The older style GPS receivers were only able to handle five channels at a time. In order for proper determination of three-dimensional position, a minimum of four channels was required and the fifth channel of the receiver was reserved to perform search functions for finding the next satellite. This included searching for satellites that could be used to replace exiting satellites moving out of the Field of View (FOV). The search function also enables the GPS receiver to search for the best constellation for maximum performance accuracy. The fifth roaming channel also provided a best next-satellite selection capability in case the field of view to one of the satellites was blocked or shaded.
Lymphoma immunotherapy: vaccines, adoptive cell transfer and immunotransplant.

Therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma has benefited greatly from basic science and clinical research such that chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy have changed some lymphoma subtypes from uniformly lethal to curable, but the majority of lymphoma patients remain incurable. Novel therapies with less toxicity and more specific targeting of tumor cells are needed and immunotherapy is among the most promising of these. Recently completed randomized trials of idiotype vaccines and earlier-phase trials of other vaccine types have shown the ability to induce antitumor T cells and some clinical responses. More recently, trials of adoptive transfer of antitumor T cells have demonstrated techniques to increase the persistence and antitumor effect of these cells. Herein, we discuss lymphoma immunotherapy clinical trial results and what lessons can be taken to improve their effect, including the combination of vaccination and adoptive transfer in an approach we have dubbed ‘immunotransplant’.