cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid optical retarders fabricated from liquid crystal polymer and form birefringent thin films

JDSU has developed a new family of optical retarders based on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and form birefringent dielectric thin film technologies. The manufacturing processes are wafer-based, allowing components up to 200mm diameter to be produced. The component designs allow customization over a wide range of retardance values with excellent accuracy, uniformity and low transmitted wavefront distortion. Form birefringent components are integrated monolithically with an LCP-based retarder to create flat retardance response of ±2nm over an incident cone angle of ±30degrees. This paper will present an overview of the technology, measured performance attributes and provide examples of product applications.
Chemical failure modes of AlQ3-based OLEDs: AlQ3 hydrolysis.

Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III), AlQ3, is used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as an electron-transport material and emitting layer. The reaction of AlQ3 with trace H2O has been implicated as a major failure pathway for AlQ3-based OLEDs. Hybrid density functional calculations have been carried out to characterize the hydrolysis of AlQ3. The thermochemical and atomistic details for this important reaction are reported for both the neutral and oxidized AlQ3/AlQ3+ systems. In support of experimental conclusions, the neutral hydrolysis reaction pathway is found to be a thermally activated process, having a classical barrier height of 24.2 kcal mol−1. First-principles infrared and electronic absorption spectra are compared to further characterize AlQ3 and the hydrolysis pathway product, AlQ2OH. The activation energy for the cationic AlQ3 hydrolysis pathway is found to be 8.5 kcal mol−1 lower than for the neutral reaction, which is significant since it suggests a role for charge imbalance in promoting chemical failure modes in OLED devices.
Exchange constants and spin waves of the orbital-ordered noncollinear spinel MnV 2 O 4

We study the exchange constants of MnV${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ using magnetic force theorem and local spin density approximation of density functional theory supplemented with a correction due to on-site Hubbard interaction $U$. We obtain the exchanges for three different orbital orderings of the vanadium atoms of the spinel, two sizes of trigonal distortion, and several values of Coulomb parameter $U$. We then map the exchange constants to a Heisenberg model with single-ion anisotropy and solve for the spin wave excitations in the noncollinear, low-temperature phase of the spinel. The single-ion anisotropy parameters are obtained from an atomic multiplet exact-diagonalization program, taking into effect the crystal-field splitting and the spin-orbit coupling. We find good agreement between the spin waves of one of our orbital ordered setups with previously reported experimental spin waves as determined by neutron scattering. We can therefore determine the correct orbital order from various proposals that exist in the literature.
Distinct neuronal populations in the basal forebrain encode motivational salience and movement

Basal forebrain (BF) is one of the largest cortically-projecting neuromodulatory systems in the mammalian brain, and plays a key role in attention, arousal, learning and memory. The cortically projecting BF neurons, comprised of mainly magnocellular cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, are widely distributed across several brain regions that spatially overlap with the ventral striatopallidal system at the ventral pallidum (VP). As a first step toward untangling the respective functions of spatially overlapping BF and VP systems, the goal of this study was to comprehensively characterize the behavioral correlates and physiological properties of heterogeneous neuronal populations in the BF region. We found that, while rats performed a reward-biased simple reaction time task, distinct neuronal populations encode either motivational salience or movement information. The motivational salience of attended stimuli is encoded by phasic bursting activity of a large population of slow-firing neurons that have large, broad, and complex action potential waveforms. In contrast, two other separate groups of neurons encode movement-related information, and respectively increase and decrease firing rates while rats maintained fixation. These two groups of neurons mostly have higher firing rates and small, narrow action potential waveforms. These results support the conclusion that multiple neurophysiologically distinct neuronal populations in the BF region operate independently of each other as parallel functional circuits. These observations also caution against interpreting neuronal activity in this region as a homogeneous population reflecting the function of either BF or VP alone. We suggest that salience- and movement-related neuronal populations likely correspond to BF corticopetal neurons and VP neurons, respectively.
Emission from dielectric cavities in terms of invariant sets of the chaotic ray dynamics

The chaotic ray dynamics inside dielectric cavities is described by the properties of an invariant chaotic saddle. The localization of the far-field emission in specific directions, recently observed in different experiments and wave simulations, is found to be a consequence of the filamentary pattern of the saddle's unstable manifold. For cavities with mixed phase space, the chaotic saddle is divided in hyperbolic and nonhyperbolic components, related, respectively, to the intermediate exponential $(tl{t}_{c})$ and the asymptotic power-law $(tg{t}_{c})$ decay of the energy inside the cavity. The alignment of the manifolds of the two components of the saddle explains why even if the energy concentration inside the cavity dramatically changes from $tl{t}_{c}$ to $tg{t}_{c}$, the far-field emission changes only slightly. Simulations in the annular billiard confirm and illustrate the main results.
Scaling of SU(2) flux distribution and potential

We study pure SU(2) lattice gauge theory with static fundamental charges. The potential is calculated from Wilson line correlation functions. We show that it is a scaling function with a high degree of accuracy and already for β ⋍ 2.22. The scale factors allow for a precise determination of the β-function between β = 2.26 and β = 2.75. Applying a variance reduction, we are able to calculate the flux distribution between two fundamental charges. Energy density and action density show substantially different behavior. Appropriate scaling is seen to hold for these quantities and the width of the flux tube is determined from the energy density distribution to be 0.45 in units of the string tension.
Rotenone-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a human B lymphoma cell line PW.

Abstract Concentrations of rotenone (ROT) that block electron flow through mitochondrial complex I (100 nM) did not significantly alter either cell viability or the growth of PW cells. However, 10- to 50-fold higher concentrations (1–5 μM) were found to induce a dose-dependent cell cycle arrest predominantly at the G2/M stage of the cycle and apoptosis. Apoptosis was dependent on the cell cycle arrest, since apoptosis but not the G2/M arrest was prevented with the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor zVADfmk. Biochemical features of apoptosis included mitochondrial cytochrome c release, reactive oxygen species generation, and the activation of procaspase 3. Thus, ROT inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport may be insufficient to induce apoptosis in PW cells. Instead, apoptosis in these cells occurs as a consequence of disruption of the cell cycle and is only indirectly dependent upon mitochondrial electron transport.
Assessment of hurricane-induced internal damage to low-rise buildings in the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model

Abstract Interior damage is a significant portion of overall building damage caused by hurricanes. Most of the vulnerability models in the literature assess interior damage by expert opinion or with empirical functions of the envelope damage. Interior damage to buildings at low to moderate wind speeds is mainly caused by the ingress of water through breaches in the building's envelope. The parameters that govern water intrusion include wind speed, rain rate, rain duration, raindrop size distributions, exterior building damage, and shape of the building. The amount of ingressed water is proportional to the breach sizes as well as the uncertain meteorological phenomena. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the interior building damage caused by hurricanes by simulating the co-occurrence of wind, rain and envelope damage and by converting ingressed water into interior damage. The simulation rationale is described and some preliminary qualitative results are introduced via a sample case. The approach presented herein has been implemented in the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model (FPHLM).
Introduction to the proposed standard for the elementary functions in Ada

Since the conclusion of its three-year development period in 1989, the proposed Standard fora Generic Package of Elementary Functions for Ada has been working its way through a hierarchy of committees towards achieving the status of a secondary ISO standard in the Ada area. This article introduces the contents of the proposed standard and discusses some of the decisions that influenced it.
Dispersion and structure of platinum-iridium catalysts

Abstract A series of supported platinum-iridium catalysts was investigated by hydrogen chemisorption and X-ray diffraction. The catalysts all contained equal amounts of platinum and iridium by weight. Chemisorption measurements were made on both silica and alumina supported catalysts containing amounts of platinum plus iridium ranging from 0.6 to 20 wt%. For given contents of platinum and iridium, hydrogen chemisorption was higher on catalysts supported on alumina, indicating a higher degree of metal dispersion on alumina than on silica. X-ray diffraction measurements were limited to silica supported samples with platinum plus iridium contents ranging from 5 to 20 wt%. The presence of platinum-iridium bimetallic clusters is evident from the diffraction patterns, which exhibit diffraction lines at positions approximately midway between the positions of the corresponding lines for platinum and iridium metals. X-ray diffraction studies on alumina supported samples are complicated by interference from the diffraction pattern of the alumina.
Failure to validate the San Francisco Syncope Rule in an independent emergency department population.

Study objective We conduct a prospective independent validation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to identify emergency department (ED) syncope patients with short-term serious outcomes. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study of adult patients presenting to a university hospital ED with acute syncope or near syncope. Patients meeting inclusion criteria as defined in the San Francisco Syncope Rule derivation were evaluated for 5 previously derived predictor variables: abnormal ECG result, shortness of breath, hematocrit level less than 30%, triage systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg, and history of congestive heart failure. Hospital admission occurred at the discretion of the emergency physician, independent of the decision rule. Follow-up occurred through contact with the inpatient attending physician for admitted patients and by telephone contact with patients not hospitalized or those hospitalized and discharged before day 7. Predetermined outcome measures as defined by the San Francisco Syncope Rule were death, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, significant hemorrhage, or any condition causing or likely to cause a return ED visit and hospitalization for a related event. Results Complete predictor and follow-up data were available for 713 of 743 (96%) enrolled patients. Sixty-one of 713 (9%) patients met predetermined criteria for serious outcome. Sixteen of 61 (26%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 16% to 39%) patients with a serious outcome were not identified as high risk by the rule. Rule performance to predict serious outcomes was sensitivity 74% (95% CI 61% to 84%), specificity 57% (95% CI 53% to 61%); negative likelihood ratio 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.7) and positive likelihood ratio 1.7 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.0). Conclusion In this independent validation study, sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio of the San Francisco Syncope Rule were substantially lower than reported in the original studies and suggest that the rule has limited generalizability.
Necessity of PT symmetry for soliton families in one-dimensional complex potentials

Abstract For the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a complex potential, it is shown that if this potential is not parity-time ( PT ) symmetric, then no continuous families of solitons can bifurcate out from linear guided modes, even if the linear spectrum of this potential is all real. Both localized and periodic non- PT -symmetric potentials are considered, and the analytical conclusion is corroborated by explicit examples. Based on this result, it is argued that PT -symmetry of a one-dimensional complex potential is a necessary condition for the existence of soliton families.
First steps toward natural human-like HRI

Natural human-like human-robot interaction (NHL-HRI) requires the robot to be skilled both at recognizing and producing many subtle human behaviors, often taken for granted by humans. We suggest a rough division of these requirements for NHL-HRI into three classes of properties: (1) social behaviors, (2) goal-oriented cognition, and (3) robust intelligence, and present the novel DIARC architecture for complex affective robots for human-robot interaction, which aims to meet some of those requirements. We briefly describe the functional properties of DIARC and its implementation in our ADE system. Then we report results from human subject evaluations in the laboratory as well as our experiences with the robot running ADE at the 2005 AAAI Robot Competition in the Open Interaction Event and Robot Exhibition.
Electromechanical surface damping using constrained layer and shunted piezoelectric

An electromechanical surface damping (EMSD) technique is proposed. The technique is a combination of the constrained layer damping and the shunted piezoelectric methods, where the viscoelastic layer attached to the surface of the vibrating substructure is constrained by a shunted piezoelectric ceramic element. A mathematical model of the dynamic behavior of the coupled piezoelectric/constrained layer/substructure (EMSD element) is developed, implemented into a finite element algorithm, and used to investigate the effect of some of the system parameters on the dynamic characteristics (the first three natural frequencies and modal loss factors) of a generic cantilever beam. The effect of the following system parameters is considered: storage modulus ratios, material loss factors, thickness ratios, and the axial location of the EMSD element. The algorithm is also used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EMSD technique in controlling the peak vibration amplitudes at the first two natural frequencies of the cantilever beam.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Clinical Nutrition Manager's Handbook: Solutions for the Busy Professional

This solutions-based guide provides the best practices and practical tools to help you succeed as a clinical nutrition manager. Topics include budgeting, hiring and staff development, productivity, compliance, strategic plans, revenue generation and more.—Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics This handbook is composed of 12 chapters written by recognized experts in the field of clinical nutrition management. Logically designed, the chapters begin with basic information on human resources including a meaningful section on ‘‘managing various generations.’’However, Chapter 1 was disappointing in the amount of content allotted to cultural competence in human resources management. At the end of the short paragraph, the reader was referred to 2 additional chapters for further information on this strategically important topic.
Influence of pretreatment with tobacco smoke condensate or 3-methylcholanthrene on [14C] benzo (A) pyrene metabolism in the isolated perfused rabbit lung

Pretreatment 24 h before sacrifice with i.p. tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) increased the rate of disappearance of [14C]benzo(a)pyrene (BP) from an isolated perfused rabbit lung model. Both pretreatments significantly increased the amount of most metabolites formed. This study indicates that rabbits tend to resemble rats, mice and hamsters in that increased rates of pulmonary BP metabolism are a consequence of exposure to TSC.
GRG Update: DDW 2014

It is the time of year where we would like to take the opportunity to update the readership of Digestive Diseases and Sciences on the past year’s Gastroenterology Research Group (GRG) activities. First off, we want to thank all of the members and speakers for their participations in the 2014 GRG Spring Symposium held during Digestive Disease Week on Sunday, May 4, 2014 at McCormick Place Convention Center is Chicago, IL, USA. The symposium was entitled ‘‘Metabolomics and Gastrointestinal Disease’’ and was chaired by Drs. William H. Grady, Andrew T. Chan and Barbara H. Jung. Three excellent lectures were presented:
A Fully Micromachined W-Band Coplanar Waveguide to Rectangular Waveguide Transition

A novel fully micromachined coplanar waveguide (CPW) to rectangular waveguide transition is presented in this paper. A metalized probe is adopted to couple the signal from the CPW to the rectangular waveguide through an aperture located at the center of the bottom broad wall of the rectangular waveguide. The transition was optimized using HFSS 10 over the whole W-band. In the proposed transition, the CPW and the rectangular waveguide are patterned and integrated on the same side of the substrate, while the coupling probe is patterned on the substrate instead of being fabricated separately. These changes make the transition more suitable for RF packaged circuits and easily extendable to THz applications. The measured average insertion loss of the back-to-back structure is 2.25 dB and the return loss is better than 11 dB over the whole W-band.
Serum complement factor I decreases Staphylococcus aureus phagocytosis

Complement-mediated opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus is a critical host defense in animal models. Specifically, C3b and CD35 play important roles in effective opsonophagocytosis of S. aureus. We have shown that complement control protein factor I mediates cleavage of the complement opsonin C3b bound to the S. aureus surface. In this study, we examined the physiologic relevance of this observation by determining whether factor I-mediated cleavage of S. aureus-bound C3b decreased phagocytosis of S. aureus by neutrophils. Compared with controls, anti-factor I antibody inhibited C3b-cleavage on the S. aureus surface by >83% (as measured by iC3b generation) and increased phagocytosis of S. aureus by >100%. Treatment of C3b-coated S. aureus with factor I increased generation of iC3b (75%), decreased the total amount of C3-fragments bound to the S. aureus surface (58%), and decreased the number of bacteria phagocytosed (40%). Testing specifically for C3-fragments shed from the S. aureus surface, we found that factor I increased shedding (43%). Notably, these factor I-mediated effects were of the same magnitude regardless of whether factor H, a known cofactor for factor I, was present. These findings indicate that S. aureus benefits from, and possibly manipulates, the normally host-protective activity of factor I cleavage of C3b, which results in bacterial escape from complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Because escaping opsonophagocytosis-mediated destruction is a necessary mechanism for bacterial survival resulting in human disease, preventing cleavage of C3b on the S. aureus surface, and thereby enhancing opsonophagocytosis, is a promising potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Combined hardware and software aspects of reliability

This paper presents the similarities and differences between hardware, software and system reliability. Relative contributions to system failures are shown for software and hardware and failure and recovery propensities are also discussed. Reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) concepts have been broadly developed for software reliability than hardware reliability. Extending these software concepts to hardware and system reliability helps in examining the reliability of complex systems. The paper concludes with assurance techniques for defending against faults. Most of the techniques discussed originate in software reliability but apply to all aspects of a system. Also, the effects of redundancy on overall system availability are shown.
A Multiplied-Deflection A-C Potentiometer

The power required for the operation of an indicating instrument frequently makes its use prohibitive because of the disturbing effect it has on the circuit being measured. If the measurement is in a d-c circuit, the difficulty is overcome readily by using a d-c potentiometer. In a-c measurements, the indicating instruments have a much greater disturbing effect on the circuit, and the use of an a-c potentiometer is very desirable. Furthermore, a-c potentiometers are very useful for measuring power in circuits where the power is too small to be measured with a dynamometer wattmeter.
Refined nonlinear finite element models for corrugated fiberboards

Abstract A refined nonlinear finite element modeling approach is presented for the analysis of corrugated fiberboard material and structural systems. The anisotropic and nonlinear material stress–strain behavior of the linerboards and fluting medium layers of the corrugated fiberboard composite system is modeled using orthotropic material model with Hill’s anisotropic plasticity. Uniaxial tensile tests are conducted separately for the linear and medium fiberboards to generate their stress–strain curves in the cross and machine directions (CD and MD) orientations that can be used to calibrate the anisotropic plasticity model for each of the corrugated board layers. The combined material and structural modeling approach includes both material and geometric nonlinear effects. Once the material nonlinear behavior has been calibrated, we simulate the response of several corrugated material systems subjected to Tappi-type edge crush test (ECT) using a clamping fixture. An alternative non-standard ECT geometry having larger free span length is also examined. Simulations are also performed for multi-wall corrugated systems during ECT. Failure in the FE models is monitored using the Tsai–Wu anisotropic failure criterion calibrated from the uniaxial tests of the layers. Refined parametric models that explicitly incorporate glue-line characteristics are also generated in order to examine their effect on the overall response. The proposed refined modeling approach yields good predictions for the overall mechanical behavior and the ultimate failure for a wide range corrugated systems.
Equity market integration: The case of North America

Abstract This study addresses one aspect of financial market integration in North America—the relationship between equity markets in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Two primary issues are investigated: (a) which markets lead/lag the other markets as indications of relative strength of the markets, and (b) are these relationships stable over time? The results are interesting, especially in light of the expected effects of NAFTA, in that more causal relationships are identified during periods of economic uncertainty than during periods of relative calm. This implies that the potential benefits associated with diversification across equity markets within the North American system appear to be diminished during periods of economic uncertainty.
The nose as bacterial reservoir: important differences between the vestibule and cavity.

The difference between the spectra of potential bacterial pathogens (PBPs) in the nasal vestibule and cavity has not been taken into account in clinical studies. Purpose Since one can anticipate different flora in different kinds of mucosae, the authors compared bacterial species in the vestibule with those of the cavity. Subjects and Method A total of 534 healthy male clerical workers in a downtown Lucerne office building were examined with fractionated swabs. Results PBPs, notably Staphylococcus aureus, were found in 412 subjects and surprisingly, differences in flora of the two sites were noted in 130 of them: PBPs were observed in the vestibule and not in the cavity in 85 of the subjects, and in 45 of them, the reverse was true. Conclusion The practical implications of these findings are considerable regarding infection control in patients at increased infection risk.
Accumulation and histological location of heavy metals in Phragmites australis grown in acid mine drainage contaminated soil with or without citric acid

Abstract Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental issue. This study investigated the heavy metal accumulation and histological alterations caused by heavy metals and citric acid (CA) in reeds grown in AMD contaminated field or spiked soil. The results indicated that the roots and rhizomes accumulated more metals from soil containing higher level of metals. Most of Fe was stored in the exodermis of roots grown in sites that contained less Fe, while Fe had extended to the endodermis of roots grown in sites with higher levels of Fe. Al was found in the exodermis and endodermis of roots collected from sites with lower Al concentrations, but the stele of roots grown in sites with higher level of Al also contained Al. Low level of CA caused Fe enter the pith of roots, while higher level of CA resulted Fe being in the entire stele of roots. CA also altered the Al storage location in roots by enhancing Al entering stele. For rhizomes, the epidermis, cortex and central cylinder were the main sites to store Fe and Al. CA increased the storage of Fe and Al in the tissues around vascular bundles of rhizomes. The higher concentrations of Fe or Al in roots or rhizomes, the stronger intensity of the staining was observed. The quantitative data of heavy metal content also supported the hypothesis that CA can increase the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils and thus enhance the accumulation and translocation of Fe and Al. In general, the higher level of CA added into the soil, the more metals uptake by reeds.
Multiple firings by cat cerebellar Purkinje cells in sleep and waking.

Abstract Purkinje cells can be identified in extracellular microelectrode recordings by the presence of complex spikes known to be the result of activation by climbing fibers. It has been assumed that effective synaptic contact with each Purkinje cell is made by one and only one set of climbing fiber endings. As a corollary, it has also been assumed that contact by other (secondary) climbing fibers was not sufficiently strong to generate the supramaximal discharge of the complex spike. Among 200 cerebellar neurons, most of which were probably Purkinje cells, we have found two whose simple spikes occurred in bursts of four. One of these, which also discharged as a complex spike and was therefore certainly a Purkinje cell, was studied in detail. The rate of occurrence of bursts, the number of spikes in a burst, and the interval properties of the burst all suggested that the burst was a modified climbing fiber response. The possibility is thus raised that Purkinje cells are rarely excited by secondary climbing fibers.
Neuromuscular diseases II

Interest in neuromuscular diseases and information on this topic are rapidly expanding. Since the first issue covering this subject was published in this series in January 2002, new disorders and syndromes have been recognized and additional information has been learned on diseases previously identified. The aims of this issue are to cover disorders that were not included in the first issue because of space limitations and to introduce new diseases and syndromes. Between these two issues, students, residents, practitioners, specialists, and anyone else interested in this fascinating group of diseases should have a comprehensive coverage of what is currently known in dogs and cats. I would like to thank all the contributing authors for a job well done as well as John Vassallo and Rachel Glover at Saunders Company for bringing this issue together.
Pediatric Core Needle Biopsy: Strengths and Limitations in Evaluation of Masses

Needle core biopsies (NCB) are widely used in adults but are less often used for the evaluation of pediatric tumors. To determine the diagnostic utility of NCB for pediatric tumors, we performed a retrospective analysis. Fifty NCB of masses from 1992 to 1998, subsequent pathologic specimens, and medical records were reviewed. All patients were less than 21 years of age. Of the NCB 78% (39/50) were diagnostic of a neoplasm, 8% (4/50) were nondiagnostic in cases where a tumor was subsequently diagnosed, and 14% (7/50) revealed inflammatory or reactive lesions, with no subsequent diagnosis of a neoplasm according to medical record review. In cases in which a neoplasm was present, NCB was diagnostic in 91% (39/43). For cases in which there was a previous diagnosis of a tumor, 100% (9/9) of NCB were diagnostic of a recurrence or metastasis. In cases of NCB for primary tumor diagnosis, 88% (30/34) were diagnostic. The most common problems encountered were related to specimen adequacy, such as insufficient tissue, crush artifact, and tumor necrosis. Tumor diagnoses were as follows: primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing sarcoma (12), malignant lymphoma/Hodgkin's disease (8), rhabdomyosarcoma (4), germ cell tumor (3), Wilms' tumor (3), neuroblastoma (1), sarcoma, not otherwise specified (4), and other neoplasms (8). There were no complications of the procedure. NCB of pediatric tumors is an effective diagnostic tool and can be used to obtain diagnostic material quickly and safely. NCB was diagnostic in 90% of cases in this series. When NCB provide sufficient material for immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, flow cytometric, and other ancillary studies, the diagnostic efficacy is enhanced. The major limitations in this series were related to sampling problems and specimen adequacy for comprehensive pathologic evaluation.
The effects of notetaking: A review of studies

Taking notes from oral and written verbal presentations is commonly accepted as a useful strategy for increasing retention of information. High schools and colleges frequently offer notetaking courses-including instruction in extracting critical points from a lecture, formatting information, and using abbreviation notation-as part of a study skills sequence. The availability of these resources testifies to the intuitive belief that learning will be facilitated if the student manipulates incoming information by way of the notetaking process. Research literature on notetaking falls into two broad categories. The first includes descriptions and analyses of various styles of notes and the perceived benefits and limitations of each. In this category are studies by authors such as Aaronson (1975) and Palmatier (1970, 1971, 1974) who generally assume that notetaking is useful and concentrate on teaching people to become better notetakers. In the second category of writings (and those of major interest here) are empirical studies which focus on notetaking as a vehicle for illuminating the processes of learning from verbal materials-coding, storage, and retrieval. A major focus of the second category of studies might best be described as a “product versus process” dichotomy. That is, investigators disagree over which property of notetaking best accounts for its utility. Some contend that the process of taking notes is the critical factor. This viewpoint suggests that notetaking stimulates encoding processes in the learner, which increases the likelihood that the material to be learned will be meaningfully coded and stored during input. Transforming the material through associating, chunking, or coding (DiVesta, 1972) will be encouraged by the demands of extracting, summarizing, and organizing incoming information. If notetaking is viewed as one class of mathemagenic activities, then several other theoretical explanations for its utility exist. Peper and Mayer (1978) discuss three of these theoretical frameworks. 1. Notetaking may increase general attentional processes, leading to a greater concentration on the material to be learned. 2. Notetaking will encourage the student to process the material at a more meaningful or deeper level; thus the degree of energy or effort devoted to the new material may lead to greater learning.
A Web-based and Group Learning Environment for Introductory Environmental Engineering

The use of computer-based technology is becoming more prevalent in the classroom. As a part of an educational research project sponsored by the GE Foundation, strategies for augmenting a course, Introduction to Environmental Engineering (CE 280), were investigated including cross-disciplinary experiences in teamwork, design, and the use of advanced teaching technologies such as the web. Interactive tools to assist student learning were developed and refined. Efforts have focused on developing an extensive website, web-based quizzes and homework assignments, and tutorials. Base groups were used to provide both intellectual and emotional support to students. This paper summarizes the development of this course and the impact of rapid feedback on the progression of student understanding.
Vector system performance of the IBM 3090

Performance of the Vector Facility of the IBM 3090 processor is discussed. The paper has two parts, the first presenting factors affecting performance measurement of the Vector Facility and the criteria for its design. In the second part, use of the 3090 storage hierarchy to support the vector processing implementation is the main aspect of the discussion.
Paroxysmal Episodes of Rapid Blinking During Hallucinatory Activity in a Schizophrenic Patient: A Possible Mechanism Involving Pineal-Mediated ‘Fine Tuning’ of Dopaminergic Functions

(1990). Paroxysmal Episodes of Rapid Blinking During Hallucinatory Activity in a Schizophrenic Patient: A Possible Mechanism Involving Pineal-Mediated ‘Fine Tuning’ of Dopaminergic Functions. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 51, No. 1-2, pp. 95-97.
A cell line derived from normal dog kidney (MDCK) exhibiting qualities of papillary adenocarcinoma and of renal tubular epithelium.

Tissue culture cell line MDCK grew with the histologic characteristics of a papillary adenocarcinoma when cultured in vitro in a three-dimensional matrix of collagen-coated cellulose spongeor when inoculated in the chick embryo. When suspensions of cells were injected intravenously in the chicknumerous implants were seen in the brain one week later. Transplanted to the chorio-allantois with fragments of embryonic heartMDCK was found in the cardiac mesenchyme and within the lumens of many vessels of the transplanted heart. MDCK also exhibited the physiologic characteristics of renal tubular epithelium. Cultured on a glass surfaceMDCK formed a monolayer of epithelium interspersed with numerous blisterseach of which was composed of many cells. The walls of the blisters and the contiguous monolayers on glass were made up of polarized epithelium with microvilli on the medium-bathed surface. Time lapse movies demonstrated that the blisters were in active fluid transport. Low concentrations of ouabain abolished the blistering overnightsuggesting inhibition of an ATPase essential for the sodium-potassium pump associated with the plasma membrane.
Perceptions of Elderly Self‐Neglect: A Look at Culture and Cohort

Abuse and neglect are issues of concern that face the elderly population. This study investigated differences in perception of self-neglect behaviors among four cohort and four cultural groups. Data were collected from students, staff, and faculty at a large state university, attendees at multiple senior centers, and people attending cultural fairs in Southern California. Using this convenience sample of 494 participants, age 18 years or older, researchers identified factors influencing self-neglect perceptions in the culture and cohort models. Significant variables identified in both models are: having a daily caloric intake of fewer than 1,000 calories, avoiding friends and social events, drinking three to four alcoholic drinks at social occasions, and working part-time. It is important for professionals working with self-neglecting elders to understand differences in perception by culture and cohort. Agreement on a definition of self-neglect is a step toward better addressing self-neglect in the elderly community.
Concentrations of Progesterone in the Plasma of Mothers and Infants at Time of Birth

Extract: A higly sensitive method utilizing competitive protein binding was used to study concentrations of progesterone in the plasma of mothers, in umbilical cord plasma, and in the plasma of full-term and premature infants in the immediate postpartum period. Blood samples were obtained from 20 mothers during labor and from the cords of their infants at delivery. Most of these infants were also studied at 2 or 3 days of age. For purposes of comparison, a second series of samples was obtained from control subjects using needle aspiration to obtain samples from the umbilicus; 14 samples were studied. In the mothers, concentrations of progesterone in plasma ranged from 46 to 387 ng/ml (mean: 129 ± 78 SD); in cord blood, progesterone levels ranges from 440 to 2,000 ng/ml (mean: 1,030 ± 412 SD); and in blood from the umbilical vein, concentrations of progesterone ranges from 310 to 720 ng/ml (mean: 562 ± 140 SD). A total of 27 full-term newborns was studied at 24, 48, and 72 h of life. In four cases, blood was obtained from the same infant at 12,24, and 72 h of life. The highest concentrations of progesterone were noted during the first 24 h of life, with levels ranging from 13 to 32 ng/ml (mean: 19 ng/ml) at 12 h, and from 2 to 32 ng/ml (mean: 16 ng/ml) at 24 h. By day 2, levels of progesterone had decreased to 3-20 ng/ml (mean: 10 ng/ml) and by day 3 were reduced to 0-16 ng/ml (mean: 8 ng/ml). Thirty-two premature infants, with birth weights of from 1,317 to 2,465 g, and ranging in gestational age from 30 to 40 weeks, were also studied. In several cases serial blood samples were obtained by the same methods used with the full-term infants. Two sets of twins were included. In premature infants, decreasing rapidly to 2-6 ng/ml (mean: 3 ng/ml) by 24 h of life. These low concentrations poersisted throughout days 2 and 3. There was no singnificant difference between concentrations of progesterone in plasma in full-term and premature infants at 2-3 days of age. It appeated that premature infants were as able to clear progesterone from the plasma as were the full-term infants. Speculation: The data obtained in this study support the concept that large amounts of progesterone are delivered from the placenta to the fetus. This compound may be a precursor of C-21 steroids such as cortisol, synthesized by the fetal adrenal. Preogesterone has also been shown to effect respiration in animals and man [7, 8, 14, 15] and an effect on neonatal respiratory mechanisms and diease may occur, although this has not been demonstrated. Maternal blood has a relatively large concentration of pgrogesterone which dimis\shes rapidly following delivery of the placenta. Presumably the compound exerts some effect in the maintenance of pregnancy. Its exact role has not been established.
The syntax of OVS word order in Hixkaryana

In this paper I propose and motivate a novel syntactic analysis of Hixkaryana, a Carib language spoken in the Amazon in Brazil (Derbyshire 1977, 1979, 1985, i.a.). Hixkaryana displays basic/unmarked Object Verb Subject (OVS) word order, which is found in very few languages of the world (Dryer 2008). I argue that the syntax of Hixkaryana involves (i) head-finality in the A domain, but head-initiality in the A′ domain, and (ii) raising of vP into the A′ domain. My analysis accounts for a constellation of properties in Hixkaryana, including the surface order of constituents (OVS), surface constituency (the object and verb form a constituent that excludes the subject), agreement (prefixal portmanteau morphology marking the person of both the subject and the object), and the position of clause-level particles (which are in syntactic second position except for invariantly post-verbal ha).
Do Experiences with Medicare Managed Care Vary According to the Proportion of Same-Race/Ethnicity/Language Individuals Enrolled in One's Contract?

Objective To examine whether care experiences and immunization for racial/ethnic/language minority Medicare beneficiaries vary with the proportion of same-group beneficiaries in Medicare Advantage (MA) contracts. Data Sources/Study Setting Exactly 492,495 Medicare beneficiaries responding to the 2008–2009 MA Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Survey. Data Collection/Extraction Methods Mixed-effect regression models predicted eight CAHPS patient experience measures from self-reported race/ethnicity/language preference at individual and contract levels, beneficiary-level case-mix adjustors, along with contract and geographic random effects. Principal Findings As a contract's proportion of a given minority group increased, overall and non-Hispanic, white patient experiences were poorer on average; for the minority group in question, however, high-minority plans may score as well as low-minority plans. Spanish-preferring Hispanic beneficiaries also experience smaller disparities relative to non-Hispanic whites in plans with higher Spanish-preferring proportions. Conclusions The tendency for high-minority contracts to provide less positive patient experiences for others in the contract, but similar or even more positive patient experiences for concentrated minority group beneficiaries, may reflect cultural competency, particularly language services, that partially or fully counterbalance the poorer overall quality of these contracts. For some beneficiaries, experiences may be just as positive in some high-minority plans with low overall scores as in plans with higher overall scores.
Sulfur dioxide adducts of some disubstituted hydrazines

Abstract Gaseous sulfur dioxide reacts with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, N-aminopiperidine, N-aminohomopiperidine, and N-aminomorpholine to form 1:1 adducts. The adducts are formed between the nitrogen atom of the R2N group in the hydrazine and the sulfur atom in sulfur dioxide. Analytical, proton NMR and i.r. spectral data are given.
Extracranial‐intracranial bypass surgery Hemodynamic and metabolic effects

After superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass, cerebral blood flow (CBF) to th operated hemisphere increased in 6 of 17 patients. Preoperatively, the symptomatic hemisphere showed lower CBF in a. six, lower oxygen metabolism in five, higher blood volume in four, and higher oxygen extraction in two. With th postoperative increase in hemispheric CBF, there was a decrease in oxygen extraction, but no change in blood volume o oxygen metabolism. In these patients, chronic regional hypoperfusion followed major vascular occlusion. Compensator responses included dilation of intraparenchymal vessels and increased transport of oxygen from blood to tissue. These changes were partially reversed by cerebral revascularization.
The New Literacies of Online Reading Comprehension: Future Directions

Abstract Research in four areas has the potential to dramatically improve how practitioners address the challenges of integrating digital texts and tasks into their literacy curriculum. Advances in defining and measuring key components of online reading comprehension are rapidly emerging. In addition, instructional models, such as Internet reciprocal teaching (IRT), can lead to the acquisition of online reading comprehension, but teachers need access to sustained professional development that is aligned with their own learning goals.
Dihydrotestosterone propionate effects on dominance and sexual behaviors in gonadectomized male and female rhesus monkeys.

Abstract One triad of male and two triads of female gonadectomized rhesus monkeys were observed as social groups assembled for repeated hour-long sessions. Social relationships were measured in terms of aggressive behavior between the members of each group in order to determine the dominance hierarchical order. Sexual performance was assessed for each male, before and after castration, in tests with an estrogen-stimulated ovariectomized female. Similar measures were made when the same female was periodically introduced to the all-male triad. When dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) was administered for a period of 6 weeks to the middle-ranking member of each group, social status changes occurred in two groups, one male and one female, resulting in the elevation of the treated monkeys to the highest rank in the dominance hierarchy. In the other female group, aggressive behavior was increased with DHTP treatment of the middle-ranking female. Somatic effects, particularly a gain in body weight, occurred in all treated animals. Yawning behavior also increased significantly in those animals receiving DHTP. The latter two effects returned toward pretreatment levels following the cessation of hormone injection; however, changes in dominance hierarchy persisted to the end of the experiment, 6 weeks following the last DHTP treatment.
Influences of canopy architecture on relationships between various vegetation indices and LAI and Fpar: A computer simulation

Abstract Vegetation Indices (VIs) are often used to estimate important biophysical parameters, like LAI and Fpar, from vegetation canopy reflectance data. In this study, a three‐dimensional model (Diana) is utilized to generate architecturally realistic tree and crop canopies in various development stages and to calculate bidirectional reflectance factors in the principal plane. We investigate the influence of various factors like soil brightness, optical properties of canopy elements, leaf angle distribution, spacing distance between plants and solar and view geometries on relationships between VI and Fpar, LAI and percentage ground cover (GC) in order to determine optimal VI and viewing conditions for the estimation of Fpar and LAI/GC. These simulation studies suggest that: (1) in most cases, Vis using off‐nadir reflectances are more informative and useful than those based on nadir reflectances; (2) the optimal VI and sun/view geometries are usually different for inferring different parameters, dependin...