cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interethnic difference in omeprazole's inhibition of diazepam metabolism.

Objectives To compare the effect of omeprazole, a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2C19, on diazepam metabolism in white and Chinese subjects. Subjects and Methods The study, which took place at a clinical research center in a University Hospital, was designed as a double blind, crossover, two-stage study; each stage lasted 21 days and was separated by 4 weeks. Subjects were eight white and seven Chinese men who were extensive metabolizers of debrisoquin and mephenytoin. The subjects received, in a randomized order, omeprazole, 40 mg/day, and placebo for 21 days, followed by a 10 mg oral dose of diazepam. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC during a 26-day period after diazepam administration. Results In white subjects omeprazole treatment decreased diazepam clearance by 38% ± 4.4% and increased desmethyldiazepam area under the plasma concentration — time curve (AUC) by 42.4% ± 7.0%. In contrast, diazepam oral clearance decreased by only 20.7% ± 7.3% and desmethyldiazepam AUC decreased by 25.4% ± 4.6% in the Chinese group. The decrease in diazepam clearance and the prolongation in diazepam and desmethyldiazepam elimination half-lives after administration of omeprazole were significantly greater in the white group than in the Chinese group (p < 0.03, p < 0.001, and p < 0.004, respectively). In the absence of omeprazole, diazepam oral clearance was marginally greater (mean ± SEM) (34.4 ± 2.8 ml/min versus 25.2 ± 3.5 ml/min, p = 0.057, respectively) and the AUC of desmethyldiazepam was significantly lower (8794 ± 538 μg/L · hr versus 16,358 ± 2985 mg/L · hr, p = 0.04, respectively) in the white subjects compared with the Chinese subjects. Conclusion The extent of the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on diazepam metabolism is dependent on ethnicity. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1995) 58, 62–72; doi: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90073-X
Privatizing stream restoration in the US

In this paper, we use a case study of the stream restoration field to demonstrate how the particular state and market logics of neoliberalism are shifting both the practice of restoration scientists and the relations between public and private sector science. In particular, the embrace of neoliberal environmental management regimes has intensified the demand for environmental scientists to produce applied science that can: (1) be taught as a standardized package; (2) be used by agencies to justify decisions; and (3) form the basis for new markets in ecosystems services. At this point, private sector science produces the most influential knowledge claims, the most widely used applications, and the primary educational system for stream restoration in the US. We argue that the needs of markets and regulatory agencies are heavily implicated in this privatization process, and that the resulting impacts on restoration science and the dynamics of the stream restoration field in the US thus cannot be described wi...
Transfer of heart rate feedback training to reduce heart rate response to laboratory tasks.

To examine whether transfer of heart rate (HR) feedback training to tasks not used during training could be improved by using multiple tasks during training, a modified multiple baseline across tasks, single subject design study was conducted using six high HR-reactive young adults. Participants received HR feedback training during the presentation of a videogame, and transfer of training was assessed to a mental arithmetic challenge and handgrip task. Transfer of training was next assessed following training with the mental arithmetic challenge and handgrip task. HR responses to each training task with no HR feedback were assessed during a pre-treatment session, an immediate post-training period following training on each task, a short delay (1–2 days) post-training session, and a long delay (1–2 weeks) post-training session. HR response to a novel speech task was assessed at pre-treatment and during short delay and long delay post-training sessions. Results revealed that participants reduced HR during training and generally maintained this reduction in HR during the immediate post-training assessment when HR feedback was not present. Participants were not able to reduce HR responses to tasks during short delay and long delay post-training sessions, and they were unable to transfer HR reduction skills to the speech task. Transfer of HR feedback training to new tasks was limited in nature and efforts to train across multiple stressors did not appear to improve transfer of training.
Disciplinary Unemployment as a Public Good, or the Importance of the Committee to Manage the Common Affairs of the Whole Bourgeoisie:

Unemployment disciplines workers and reduces the wage that firms must pay to prevent shirking. Equilibrium unemployment is too low from the perspective of the profit-maximizing firm because each firm fails to account for the reduction in unemployment imposed by its own hiring. An executive committee for macroeconomic policy can provide discipline as a public good by maintaining higher unemployment to increase collective profits.
Marital Cohesion, Flexibility, and Communication in the Marriages of Nontraditional and Traditional Women.

The purpose of this study was to compare reported levels of marital quality, marital stability, and the marital processes of cohesion, flexibility, and communication in the marriages of nontraditional and traditional women. Selected data from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Data Set were used. A subsample of 74 married women who were defined as nontraditional and a comparison group of 274 traditional women were selected according to their occupational status and gender role orientation. Nontraditional women included those reporting a nontraditional gender role orientation and employment in a professional or managerial position. Traditional women included those who reported a traditional gender role orientation and employment in a clerical, sales, service, or private household worker occupation. Results of repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance indicated many similarities between the two groups; however, nontraditional women reported greater flexibility in their marriages. Impli...
Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.
BLOM: The Berkeley Library for Optimization Modeling

We present the Berkeley Library for Optimization Modeling (BLOM), an open-source tool for optimization-based modeling and control formulation implemented in Simulink. The underlying structure for BLOM is a novel way of representing linear and nonlinear mathematical functions that allows for easy computation of closed form gradients, Jacobians and Hessians. This formulation provides an efficient problem representation for optimization-based modeling and is scalable to large optimization problems. With BLOM, an optimization-based controller for a dynamic system can be developed and exported from the same model that is used in forward simulation. BLOM is capable of solving several types of optimization problems, including static optimization problems and optimization problem with dynamics. Its intended use is for nonlinear model predictive control. We present results where BLOM is able to handle problems with tens of thousands of variables.
Capacity and capability: Seven studies of entrainment of task performance rates.

This article reports evidence from seven different studies reflecting on the capacitylcapability hypothesis. This hypothesis states that certain aspects ofperformance (such as rate) on later trials can be predicted from the way in which participants experience difficulty on an initial trial. Difficulty can be experienced as a problem of capacity-having too much to do, or too little time to do it in. An initial capacity problem leads to a faster rate of performance on later trials in order to overcome that quantitative difficulty. Difficulty can also be experienced as a problem of capability-the items of the task themselves challenge the processing capability of the performer. An initial capability problem leads to a slower rate of performance on later trials in order to overcome that qualitative difficulty. The studies reported in this article are of varying task types (three are intellective or problem-solving, two are creativity, and two are planning tasks); varying group sizes (individuals, dyads, and ...
9‐Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate

[28920-43-6] C15H11ClO2 (MW 258.71) InChI = 1S/C15H11ClO2/c16-15(17)18-9-14-12-7-3-1-5-10(12)11-6-2-4-8-13(11)14/h1-8,14H,9H2 InChIKey = IRXSLJNXXZKURP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (base-labile protecting group for primary and secondary amines;3 used in peptide synthesis;5 used for derivatization of amines and amino acids prior to HPLC analysis and fluorescence detection13) Alternate Names: 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride; FMOC-Cl. Physical Data: mp 62–64 °C. Solubility: sol organics (CH2Cl2, THF, dioxane); reacts with alcohols, amines, and water. Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid; widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: FMOC-Cl is an acid chloride, and should be protected from moisture and heat. The reagent can evolve CO2 (pressure) upon prolonged storage; therefore bottles should be opened carefully. FMOC-Cl is harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin, is corrosive, and is a strong lachrymator. Inhalation may be fatal. Use in a fume hood.
Grassroots Leadership in Task-Oriented Groups: Learning from Successful Leaders

ABSTRACT This paper identifies patterns of successful grassroots leadership in task-oriented groups, drawing from the experiences of extraordinary leaders in nonprofit community organizations. Using qualitative research, the authors surveyed twenty-three leaders, considered to have extraordinary abilities by members of the governance boards and staffs of fifteen different community organizations in a northeastern U.S. state. The study examined the respondents' characteristics, attitudes, learning experiences, behavior, and interactive processes with other task group members. Data from the findings is organized along three basic lines of inquiry-paths to becoming a leader, leadership development processes, and action/interaction patterns. A number of common preferable factors for successful leadership are identified, including development of a joint vision, reciprocal relations with followers, and an emphasis on task group processes. The findings also demonstrate the need to integrate informal, experientia...
Ontogenetic differences in CS palatability following conditioned taste aversion training

Abstract Five- and 15-day-old rats learned to reject a 15% sucrose solution when it was paired with LiCl, footshock, or citric acid solution. Aversions were matched across conditioning with the various reinforcers in terms of amount consumed during test (Experiment 1). Subsequent comparisons of conditioned changes in orofacial and other behavioral responses to the sucrose CS (Experiment 2) were performed to assess ontogenetic, qualitative, and functional differences in the aversions established. The 15-day-olds reacted to LiCl-conditioned sucrose as if it were distasteful by displaying paw treading and wall climbing during test, whereas they did not exhibit such responses to footschock- or citric acid-conditioned sucrose. Five-day-olds did not show this pattern of differentiation. They appeared to react similarly to sucrose infusion independent of the US used during conditioning. The present results indicate age-related differences in the acquisition and/or expression of conditioned taste aversions when different USs are employed. However, quality of the US was not the only factor that varied when conditioning with the different reinforcers. It is possible that changes in other parameters such as CS duration, US duration, or number of conditioning trials experienced rather than differences in US consequence could have contributed to the observed results. Generally, the 15-day-olds behaved similarly to adults whereas the 5-day-olds did not. Although conclusions are still tenative, a developmental shift in the mechanism for learning flavor aversions is suggested.
THE INDOPHENOLOXYDASE CONTENT OF TISSUES FROM RABBITS INFECTED WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS

1. The action of indophenoloxydase is generally diminished in the tissues (liver, renal cortex, heart muscle) of rabbits that die of pneumococcus septicemia. The diminution is more frequent and marked in the liver and kidney than in the heart muscle. 2. The diminished activity of indophenoloxydase becomes more evident when the tissues undergo autolysis. At 37° C. this ferment is much more easily destroyed in the tissues of the infected animals than in those from normal control animals (tables I, II, III, and IV). Exceptions are rare and they occur chiefly with the heart muscle. 3. Normal rabbit tissues, inoculated in vitro with pneumococcus culture, do not lose their indophenoloxydase much more quickly than do the normal controls, when they are kept either at room temperature or at 37° C. (tables IV, V, VI, and VII). 4. It is therefore probable that the diminished activity of the indophenoloxydase of tissues from rabbits with pneumococcus septicemia is not due to the presence of the pneumococcus in these tissues, but that it is associated with a pathological change in the animal cell during life.
Impact of 2003 Power Outages on Public Health and Emergency Response

Introduction:In 2003, a major power outage occurred in the midwest and northeast United States affecting some 50 million people. The power outages affected multiple systems in state and local municipalities and, in turn, affected public health.Methods:Semi-structured interviews were conducted using open-ended questionnaires, with a convenience sample of state- and locally selected subject matter experts from Ohio, Michigan, and New York. Respondents were interviewed in groups representing one of five areas of interest, including: (1) emergency preparedness; (2) hospital and emergency medical services; (3) municipal environmental systems; (4) public health surveillance and epidemiology; and (5) psychosocial and behavioral issues. The reported positive and negative impacts of the power outage on public health, medical services, and emergency preparedness and response were documented. Responses were categorized into common themes and recommendations were formulated.Results:The amount of time that the respondents' locations were without power ranged from <1 hour to 52 hours. Many common themes emerged from the different locations, including communications failures, alternate power source problems, manpower and training issues, and psychosocial concerns. There was minimal morbidity and mortality reported that could be attributed to the event.Conclusion:Power outages negatively impacted multiple municipal infrastructures, and affected medical services, emergency response, and public health efforts. Previous federal funding positively impacted public health and emergency response capabilities. Recommendations were made based upon the common themes identified by the respondents.Recommendations may assist state and local health departments, medical service providers, and emergency responders in planning for future power outage problems.
Hochster’s theta pairing and algebraic equivalence

We define a variant of Hochster’s θ pairing and prove that it is constant in flat families of modules over hypersurfaces with isolated singularities. As a consequence, we show that the θ pairing factors through the Grothendieck group modulo algebraic equivalence. Moreover, our result allows us, in certain situations, to translate the properties of the θ pairing in characteristic zero [established in Moore et al. (Adv Math, 226(2):1692–1714, 2011) and Polishchuk and Vaintrob (Chern characters and Hirzebruch–Riemann-Roch formula for matrix factorizations. Preprint, arXiv:1002, 2010)] to the characteristic p setting. We also give an application of our result to the rigidity of Tor over hypersurfaces.
Hotspot Cooling in Stacked Chips Using Thermoelectric Coolers

3-D technologies with stacked chips have the potential to provide new chip architecture, and improved device density, performance, efficiency, and bandwidth. The increased power density in 3-D technologies can become a daunting challenge for heat removal. Furthermore, power density can be highly nonuniform, leading to time- and space-varying hotspots, which can severely affect performance and reliability of integrated circuits. It is important to mitigate on-chip thermal gradients while considering the associated cooling costs. One efficient method of hotspot thermal management is to use superlattice thermoelectric coolers (TECs), which can provide on demand and localized cooling. In this paper, a detailed 3-D thermal model of a stacked electronic package with two dies and four ultrathin integrated TECs is developed to investigate the efficacy of TECs in hotspot cooling for 3-D technology. A strong vertical coupling has been observed between TECs located in top and bottom dies. Bottom TECs can significantly heat the top hotspots in both steady-state and transient operation. TECs need to be carefully placed inside the package to avoid such undesired heating. Thermal contact resistances between dies, inside the TEC module, and between TEC and heat spreader are shown to have a crucial effect on the TEC performance. We observe up to 5.6 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ of active hotspot cooling in steady state and 7.4 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ of active hotspot cooling using a square root current pulse.
Low Temperature Sterilization Technologies: Do We Need to Redefine "Sterilization"?

The provocative article by Alfa and colleagues in this issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology) should lead to a reevaluation of our current concept of sterilization. This editorial will address several important issues relevant to evaluating the new low-temperature sterilization processes. These include the factors contributing to the development of alternative technologies to the current standard of ethylene oxide with a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) carrier; characteristics of an ideal sterilization process for use in health care; review of current low-temperature sterilization technologies using the criteria for an ideal sterilant; recommendations for testing protocols when assessing the microbiocidal efficacy of sterilants (eg, spore load, inoculated vehicle, presence of proteinaceous material); and the need to develop a standard measure of cleaning efficacy. Ethylene oxide (Et0) has been used widely as a low-temperature sterilant since the 1950s. It has been the most prevalent process for sterilizing temperatureand moisture-sensitive medical devices and supplies in healthcare institutions in the United States. Current Et0 sterilizers combine Et0 with a CFC stabilizing agent, most commonly in a ratio of 12% Et0 mixed with 88% CFC (referred to as 12/88 Et0). For several reasons, hospitals are exploring the use of new low-temperature sterilization technologies. First, CFCs are to be phased out in December 1995 under provisions of the Clean Air Act.2 CFCs were classified as a Class I substance under the Clean Air Act because of scientific evidence linking them to destruction of the earth's ozone layer. Second, some states (eg, California, New York, Michigan) require the use of Et0 abatement technology to reduce the amount of Et0 being released into ambient air by 90% to 99.9%. Third, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates the acceptable apor levels of Et0 due to concerns that Et0 exposure represents an occupational hazard. These constraints have led to recent development of alternative technologies for low-temperature sterilization in the healthcare setting. Alternative technologies to Et0 with CFC include 100% EtO, Et0 with a different stabilizing gas such as carbon dioxide or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, gas plasmas, ozone, a d chlorine dioxide. These new technologies should be compared against the characteristics of an ideal low-temperature (<600 C) sterilant (Table 1).3 While it is apparent that all technologies will have limitations (Table 2), understanding the limitations imposed by restrictive device designs (eg, long, narrow lumens) is critical for proper application of new sterilization technology.4 For example, the development of increasingly small and complex endoscopes presents a difficult challenge for current sterilization processes. This occurs because microorganisms must be in direct contact with the sterilant for inactivation to occur. The article by Alfa and colleagues provides important data in assessing the efficacy of several low-
Cytological diagnosis of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in the ascitic fluid: Report of a case highlighting the diagnostic difficulties

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon tumor affecting adolescents and young adults that is only rarely encountered in body fluid cytology. We report the cytological features of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in the ascitic fluid of a 17-year-old female patient, who had presented with abdominal distention, 21 months after being diagnosed with perirectal alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The rare single neoplastic cells that were admixed with abundant reactive mesothelial cells were initially misinterpreted as reactive mesothelial cells. However, their neoplastic nature was established after a careful review of their cytological features and the performance of immunoperoxidase stains. Compared to the reactive mesothelial cells that were present in the sample, the malignant cells were smaller, with less ample and more homogenous cytoplasm. They had slightly larger, more hyperchromatic, and more frequently eccentric nuclei, with larger nucleoli. This case highlights the potential pitfall of the misinterpretation of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells for reactive mesothelial cells. Awareness of this potential diagnostic problem and recognition of the cytomorphological features of this neoplasm in the body fluids allows the identification of malignant cells, even when they are rare and intimately associated with mesothelial cells.
Detection of Functional and Dimeric Activin A in Human Marrow Microenvironment

Activin A, which was initially recognized as a gonadal protein, was implicated in the modulation of erythropoiesis through a paracrine control in the bone marrow microenvironment. Present studies demonstrate that, in contrast to T lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, human marrow stromal cells produce a functional and dimeric beta A beta A molecule (i.e., activin A). RT-PCR further indicates that both alpha and beta A mRNAs of inhibin A/activin A are produced in human stromal cells. The level of beta A subunit mRNAs, however, is in large excess over that of alpha subunit mRNAs, suggesting the predominant production of beta A beta A dimers, as well as some inhibin A (alpha beta A). It should be noted, however, that the beta A subunit can form dimeric proteins other than activin A, such as activin AB (beta A beta B) and inhibin A (alpha beta A). Hence, the presence of the beta A subunit may not necessarily indicate the production of the activin A molecule in any tissue. Therefore, a special quantitative sandwich ELISA assay specific for the dimeric beta A beta A molecule was developed for the measurement of activin A. With this assay, production of activin A in marrow stromal cells is found to be greatly enhanced by cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and lipopolysaccharide. These studies thus suggest that inflammatory cytokines are the inducers for activin A, probably serving a role of up-regulating activin A production locally in bone marrow microenvironment. At present, activin A is not known to play any role in inflammatory reaction; this study may thus raise the possibility that activin A performs more functions than are currently recognized. Alternatively, the enhanced production of this molecule in the bone marrow microenvironment may be regarded as a compensatory mechanism in host defenses, countering inflammatory mediators that are known to suppress erythropoiesis.
Multi-table joins through bitmapped join indices

This technical note shows how to combine some well-known techniques to create a method that will efficiently execute common multi-table joins. We concentrate on a commonly occurring type of join known as a star-join, although the method presented will generalize to any type of multi-table join. A star-join consists of a central detail table with large cardinality, such as an orders table (where an order row contains a single purchase) with foreign keys that join to descriptive tables, such as customers, products, and (sales) agents. The method presented in this note uses join indices with compressed bitmap representations, which allow predicates restricting columns of descriptive tables to determine an answer set (or foundset) in the central detail table; the method uses different predicates on different descriptive tables in combination to restrict the detail table through compressed bitmap representations of join indices, and easily completes the join of the fully restricted detail table rows back to the descriptive tables. We outline realistic examples where the combination of these techniques yields substantial performance improvements over alternative, more traditional query evaluation plans.
A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk

History and Ethnography of the Beothuk. Ingeborg Marshall. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996. 640 pp.
Variance-Component Based Sparse Signal Reconstruction and Model Selection

We propose a variance-component probabilistic model for sparse signal reconstruction and model selection. The measurements follow an underdetermined linear model, where the unknown regression vector (signal) is sparse or approximately sparse and noise covariance matrix is known up to a constant. The signal is composed of two disjoint parts: a part with significant signal elements and the complementary part with insignificant signal elements that have zero or small values. We assign distinct variance components to the candidates for the significant signal elements and a single variance component to the rest of the signal; consequently, the dimension of our model's parameter space is proportional to the assumed sparsity level of the signal. We derive a generalized maximum-likelihood (GML) rule for selecting the most efficient parameter assignment and signal representation that strikes a balance between the accuracy of data fit and compactness of the parameterization. We prove that, under mild conditions, the GML-optimal index set of the distinct variance components coincides with the support set of the sparsest solution to the underlying underdetermined linear system. Finally, we propose an expansion-compression variance-component based method (ExCoV) that aims at maximizing the GML objective function and provides an approximate GML estimate of the significant signal element set and an empirical Bayesian signal estimate. The ExCoV method is automatic and demands no prior knowledge about signal-sparsity or measurement-noise levels. We also develop a computationally and memory efficient approximate ExCoV scheme suitable for large-scale problems, apply the proposed methods to reconstruct one- and two-dimensional signals from compressive samples, and demonstrate their reconstruction performance via numerical simulations. Compared with the competing approaches, our schemes perform particularly well in challenging scenarios where the noise is large or the number of measurements is small.
Strong-field laser ionization of alkali atoms using two-dimensional cylindrical and three-dimensional Cartesian time-dependent Hartree–Fock theory

The time-dependent Schrodinger equation is solved directly for an alkali atom subject to an arbitrarily strong electromagnetic field. Two methods are compared. A tridiagonal finite-difference method is used to solve Schrodinger’s equation on a two-dimensional (2D) cylindrical coordinate lattice, while a finite-element method using odd-order B splines is used to solve Schrodinger’s equation on a three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian coordinate lattice. Multiphoton ionization cross sections are extracted from 2D cylindrical calculations for hydrogen and lithium and then compared with previous perturbation theory results. Single-photon ionization probabilities are compared from 2D cylindrical and 3D Cartesian calculations for hydrogen.
Feasibility analysis of steering control as a driver-assistance function in collision situations

This paper addresses the feasibility of post-impact maneuvers that aim to mitigate accident sequences. In particular, the discussions emphasize the possibility of applying steering control to stabilize the trajectories of vehicles involved in a collision. The problem of interest is defined with descriptions of accident scenarios, limitations of applicability, and performance requirements. A model of vehicle dynamics is constructed to facilitate the design of steering controllers. Various collision scenarios are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of a generic feedback controller. The analysis provided herein shows steering control is promising as a driver-assistance function in emergency situations.
Ruqaiya Hasan , Ways of saying, ways of meaning: Selected papers . Ed. by Carmel Cloran, David Butt, & Geoff Williams. London: Cassel, 1996. Pp. vi, 248. Hb £45.00, pb £14.99.

The book under review addresses the central concern of this journal: the nature of the relation between language and society. Hasan's conception of this relation is a wide-ranging one; it includes the relation between different social positionings and different styles of speaking, the ways that language contributes to the communication and maintenance of ideologies, and the relation between the language of a text and the structure of that text. In addition, one finds contributions to what some readers will consider “pure” linguistic theory. Hasan devotes one chapter to an argument for including lexis as a part of grammatical description, and a second to the necessity for having semantic networks in addition to having grammatical networks. Both “theoretical” issues form critical steps in Hasan's dream of describing the “continuity from the living of life on the one hand right down to the morpheme on the other.” It is worthy of note that her argument regarding semantic networks is presented within the framework of a theory of linguistics that tends to semanticize grammar; thus this is a more significant claim than it would have been if she had been using a formalist approach.
Extraction of morphometric information from dual echo magnetic resonance brain images

Hierarchical image segmentation techniques have been applied to spin-echo magnetic resonance images of the brain. From T1- and T2-weighted clinical images areas representing gray matter white matter and cerebrospinal fluid were segmented. In the segmentations a priori anatomic information was used and the procedures were performed in an ordered sequence of anatomy.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Latency Sites and Reactivation of Duck Enteritis Virus

Duck virus enteritis (DVE) is a contagious disease caused by herpesvirus in waterfowl populations. Recovered birds become carriers and shed the virus periodically. Reactivation of latent duck enteritis virus (DEV) has been implicated in outbreaks of DVE in domestic and migrating waterfowl populations. In this study, the sites for virus latency were determined in white Pekin ducks infected with the DEV-97 strain. At 3 wk postinfection, infectious virus was not detectable in tissues or cloacal swabs (CSs). At 7 and 9 weeks postinfection, the viral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), suggesting that the virus is latent. Viral DNA was detected in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), spleen, thymus, bursa, and CSs only after in vitro cocultivation. In vivo virus reactivation was demonstrated when dexamethasone or a combination of dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide was inoculated in latently infected ducks. The reactivation of DEV occurred without any clinical evidence of the disease, but the virus was detected in PBL and CSs. We conclude from this study that DEV establishes latency in TG and lymphoid tissues including PBL.
Detection and Differentiation of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae and Aphelinidae) of the Brown Citrus Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of 18S rDNA

The brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), is an important pest of Florida citriculture because it causes feeding damage to citrus and vectors citrus tristeza virus. Parasitoids recovered from brown citrus aphids in Florida include Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer, and Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake. Monitoring the levels of parasitism caused by each species is difficult because the parasitoids must be reared out or dissected from the aphid hosts. A simple and quick molecular approach was developed to detect and distinguish these parasitoids developing within the host aphid. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the brown citrus aphid and each of the three parasitoids and the 18S rRNA gene of each species was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were sequenced to obtain complete gene sequences for each species. The variable regions V2 of the genes were used to design species-specific primers for detecting and differentiating the three parasitoids. The species-specific PCR amplifications discriminated the parasitoid DNAs from each other and from the host DNA. Detection of L. testaceipes DNA within the host aphid was possible in 8% of samples during the first 2 h after parasitoid oviposition; in 66% of samples after 24 h; in 94% of samples after 48 h; and in 100% of samples after 72 h. The PCR approach described in this study provides earlier and more precise detection of parasitism and determination of species than rearing or dissection methods.
Science, Technology and the Economic Salvation in Poland: Myths and Reality

During the four decades since the establishment of the Polish People’s Republic, Poland has educated a very large number of well qualified scientists and engineers in the expectation that they would play a central role in the development of the country. That they are well prepared to contribute to science and technology is demonstrated by the ease with which they fit into the best laboratories in the West when they work there as visiting scientists. However, in their own country, their talents are grossly underutilized and, therefore, the country is not benefiting from this rich national resource. One reason for this undesirable situation is Poland’s failure to devise an effective way to transfer technology from the laboratory to industry. The Polish government has encouraged small scale enterprises for transferring technology from the laboratory to the marketplace. However, the economic system does not allow these enterprises to grow as they need to in order to contribute significantly to the national economy. Nor have the Polish planners devised effective ways for transferring S&T results into large state new enterprises. Consequently, Poland can only expect to see a widening of the technology gap with the major industrial countries and a lack of vitality in its high and medium technology industries.
Meursault, contre-enquête

Algerian writer and journalist Kamel Daoud emerged on the international literary scene after falling two votes shy of winning the 2014 Prix Goncourt, France's most prestigious literary prize, for h...
Rangeland Monitoring Reveals Long-term Plant Responses to Precipitation and Grazing at the Landscape Scale

Managers of rangeland ecosystems require methods to track the condition of natural resources over large areas and long periods of time as they confront climate change and land use intensification. We demonstrate how rangeland monitoring results can be synthesized using ecological site concepts to understand how climate, site factors, and management actions affect long-term vegetation dynamics at the landscape-scale. Forty-six years of rangeland monitoring conducted by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) on the Colorado Plateau reveals variable responses of plant species cover to cool-season precipitation, land type (ecological site groups), and grazing intensity. Dominant C3 perennial grasses (Achnatherum hymenoides, Hesperostipa comata), which are essential to support wildlife and livestock on the Colorado Plateau, had responses to cool-season precipitation that were at least twice as large as the dominant C4 perennial grass (Pleuraphis jamesii) and woody vegetation. However, these C3 perennial grass responses to precipitation were reduced by nearly one-third on grassland ecological sites with fine- rather than coarse-textured soils, and there were no detectable C3 perennial grass responses to precipitation on ecological sites dominated by a dense-growing shrub, Coleogyne ramosissima. Heavy grazing intensity further reduced the responses of C3 perennial grasses to cool-season precipitation on ecological sites with coarse-textured soils and surprisingly reduced the responses of shrubs as well. By using ecological site groups to assess rangeland condition, we were able to improve our understanding of the long-term relationships between vegetation change and climate, land use, and site characteristics, which has important implications for developing landscape-scale monitoring strategies.
Those who can, do-those who can, teach: AOA critical issues.

Like all prior presidents, I am humbled and honored to become the President of the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA). This is even more special on the 125th celebration of its founding. The AOA is the oldest and most highly esteemed organization representing our specialty in our country. Its legacy and its future are based on the strength of members who have built careers of excellence and distinction. The AOA has, through its membership, successfully been a guiding light for orthopaedic surgery, providing leadership on critical issues affecting our patients and our profession. The mission and vision of the Association reveal that we aspire to promote and preserve what is best in our nature: character, altruism, perseverance, and professionalism. For this address, I have chosen to discuss teaching in orthopaedic surgery. My goal is to emphasize the critical importance of teaching, particularly at this time. I wish to do more than simply acknowledge or heap accolades upon those who have responded to this calling in the past. My hope is to reinforce and to invigorate those who dedicate their time and energy to this important work. In addition, I would like to inspire all to respond to the very real challenges facing orthopaedic education and enlist their support of orthopaedic resident and fellow education. I chose the title “Those Who Can, Do—Those Who Can, Teach.” Many times in my life I have heard the similar quote “He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches.”1 This quote from George Bernard Shaw reflected a less than complimentary view of teachers and is the only literary reference that this state-school graduate, who took the minimum required humanities courses in college, will make. I am actually more familiar with the version in Woody Allen’s movie, Annie Hall. In that movie, the quote is “Those …
Water Resources Planning and Management: Water law and the search for sustainability: a comparative analysis

Domestic water law regimes all around the world face a common challenge: how to allocate freshwater resources in a fair, efficient, and sustainable way. Agriculture, industry, and municipalities have traditionally competed for this increasingly limited resource. The legal structures that were devised to meet those critical economic and social uses, however, ignored another use, a non-consumptive use that until recently was not well understood and had relatively few champions in the political or legal arena. The environment — including adequate stream flows and healthy ecological processes — is the use that our domestic water law regimes have typically overlooked since these legal systems were designed, in large measure, to regard water as a commodity for exclusive human use and consumption. As a result of this myopic approach to the use of a natural resource, many rivers and streams bear little resemblance today to the waters they once were. Agricultural interests, industry, municipalities, and other water managers have manipulated and degraded our freshwater resources in relentless fashion, all facilitated by domestic water law regimes. Meanwhile, little or no attention was paid to the adverse environmental effect of reduced stream flows or to the value of the ecological services that well-functioning freshwater systems provide. After so many years and the creation of so many economic and social expectations predicated upon prior practice, change is difficult. Nevertheless, a number of legal systems have attempted, to one extent or another, to integrate environmental concerns into their legal regimes for allocating water. This chapter, from the Water Resources Planning and Management book published by the Cambridge University Press, explores the way in which three nations have done so: the United States, South Africa, and Australia. It also examines the failure of a pure market approach in Chile, which made water into a complete commodity to the exclusion of ecological considerations.
Ethics and animal numbers: informal analyses, uncertain sample sizes, inefficient replications, and type I errors.

To obtain approval for the use vertebrate animals in research, an investigator must assure an ethics committee that the proposed number of animals is the minimum necessary to achieve a scientific goal. How does an investigator make that assurance? A power analysis is most accurate when the outcome is known before the study, which it rarely is. A ‘pilot study’ is appropriate only when the number of animals used is a tiny fraction of the numbers that will be invested in the main study because the data for the pilot animals cannot legitimately be used again in the main study without increasing the rate of type I errors (false discovery). Traditional significance testing requires the investigator to determine the final sample size before any data are collected and then to delay analysis of any of the data until all of the data are final. An investigator often learns at that point either that the sample size was larger than necessary or too small to achieve significance. Subjects cannot be added at this point in the study without increasing type I errors. In addition, journal reviewers may require more replications in quantitative studies than are truly necessary. Sequential stopping rules used with traditional significance tests allow incremental accumulation of data on a biomedical research problem so that significance, replicability, and use of a minimal number of animals can be assured without increasing type I errors.
Wound-induced polyploidization: Regulation by hippo and JNK signaling and conservation in Mammals

Tissue integrity and homeostasis often rely on the proliferation of stem cells or differentiated cells to replace lost, aged, or damaged cells. Recently, we described an alternative source of cell replacement- the expansion of resident, non-dividing diploid cells by wound-induced polyploidization (WIP). Here we show that the magnitude of WIP is proportional to the extent of cell loss using a new semi-automated assay with single cell resolution. Hippo and JNK signaling regulate WIP; unexpectedly however, JNK signaling through AP-1 limits rather than stimulates the level of Yki activation and polyploidization in the Drosophila epidermis. We found that polyploidization also quantitatively compensates for cell loss in a mammalian tissue, mouse corneal endothelium, where increased cell death occurs with age in a mouse model of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD). Our results suggest that WIP is an evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanism that maintains the size and synthetic capacity of adult tissues.
NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites

Major depressive disorder affects around 16 per cent of the world population at some point in their lives. Despite the availability of numerous monoaminergic-based antidepressants, most patients require several weeks, if not months, to respond to these treatments, and many patients never attain sustained remission of their symptoms. The non-competitive, glutamatergic NMDAR (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor) antagonist (R,S)-ketamine exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects after a single dose in patients with depression, but its use is associated with undesirable side effects. Here we show that the metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine to (2S,6S;2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is essential for its antidepressant effects, and that the (2R,6R)-HNK enantiomer exerts behavioural, electroencephalographic, electrophysiological and cellular antidepressant-related actions in mice. These antidepressant actions are independent of NMDAR inhibition but involve early and sustained activation of AMPARs (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors). We also establish that (2R,6R)-HNK lacks ketamine-related side effects. Our data implicate a novel mechanism underlying the antidepressant properties of (R,S)-ketamine and have relevance for the development of next-generation, rapid-acting antidepressants.