cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working Place Monitoring Emotion by Affective Computing Model

The Professor Picard host Media Laboratory at MIT, in her book “Affective Computing” talked about the next milestone of artificial intelligence, which is the identification and transformation of emotional cognition. The employees do the job in working place, how are they feeling and what are their emotions in work status? In the research model plan to analyze employees’ emotions by affective-model in working place. This project will develop in affective computing framework, according to the operating on information devices, internet behavior, and web content to find out the working status and emotion changing in the work field to figure out the relations. In this affective computing framework, the emotion infrastructure is the Thayer’s model which are 12 emotions in the category and using the user’s cyber behavior to extract the emotion trigger factors. Through this research, it can improve how to improve the work efficiency of the employee in a good emotion status.
Precarity, citizenship, and the “traditional” student

Precarity, or the condition of continual wage insecurity, is shaping a generation of U.S. college students that suffer continually under poor material conditions, exploitative work schedules, and i...
Optimization of parasite DNA enrichment approaches to generate whole genome sequencing data for Plasmodium falciparum from low parasitaemia samples

Owing to the large amount of host DNA in clinical samples, generation of high-quality Plasmodium falciparum whole genome sequencing (WGS) data requires enrichment for parasite DNA. Enrichment is often achieved by leukocyte depletion of infected blood prior to storage. However, leukocyte depletion is difficult in low-resource settings and limits analysis to prospectively-collected samples. As a result, approaches such as selective whole genome amplification (sWGA) are being used to enrich for parasite DNA. However, sWGA has had limited success in generating reliable sequencing data from low parasitaemia samples. In this study, enzymatic digestion with MspJI prior to sWGA and whole genome sequencing was evaluated to determine whether this approach improved genome coverage compared to sWGA alone. The potential of sWGA to cause amplification bias in polyclonal infections was also examined. DNA extracted from laboratory-created dried blood spots was treated with a modification-dependent restriction endonuclease, MspJI, and filtered via vacuum filtration. Samples were then selectively amplified using a previously reported sWGA protocol and subjected to WGS. Genome coverage statistics were compared between the optimized sWGA approach and the previously reported sWGA approach performed in parallel. Differential amplification by sWGA was assessed by comparing WGS data generated from lab-created mixtures of parasite isolates, from the same geographical region, generated with or without sWGA. MspJI digestion did not enrich for parasite DNA. Samples that underwent vacuum filtration (without MspJI digestion) prior to sWGA had the highest parasite DNA concentration and displayed greater genome coverage compared to MspJI + sWGA and sWGA alone, particularly for low parasitaemia samples. The optimized sWGA (filtration + sWGA) approach was successfully used to generate WGS data from 218 non-leukocyte depleted field samples from Malawi. Sequences from lab-created mixtures of parasites did not show evidence of differential amplification of parasite strains compared to directly sequenced samples. This optimized sWGA approach is a reliable method to obtain WGS data from non-leukocyte depleted, low parasitaemia samples. The absence of amplification bias in data generated from mixtures of isolates from the same geographic region suggests that this approach can be appropriately used for molecular epidemiological studies.
Telomere Stress Potentiates STING-Dependent Anti-tumor Immunity

Summary Telomerase is an attractive target for anti-tumor therapy as it is almost universally expressed in cancer cells. Here, we show that treatment with a telomere-targeting drug, 6-thio-2′-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG), leads to tumor regression through innate and adaptive immune-dependent responses in syngeneic and humanized mouse models of telomerase-expressing cancers. 6-thio-dG treatment causes telomere-associated DNA damages that are sensed by dendritic cells (DCs) and activates the host cytosolic DNA sensing STING/interferon I pathway, resulting in enhanced cross-priming capacity of DCs and tumor-specific CD8+ T cell activation. Moreover, 6-thio-dG overcomes resistance to checkpoint blockade in advanced cancer models. Our results unveil how telomere stress increases innate sensing and adaptive anti-tumor immunity and provide strong rationales for combining telomere-targeting therapy with immunotherapy.
MORPHOGENESIS IN TISSUE CULTURE: CONTROL BY ECDYSTEROIDS

Publisher Summary In the area of insect tissue culture, the development of a culture medium is sufficient to maintain continuous cell lines. Ecdysteriods are found in high concentrations in certain plants. This chapter discusses four morphogenetic systems—tracheole migration, cellular elongation, imaginal disc evagination, and cuticle deposition—that demonstrate that hormone-induced morphogenesis can be effectively studied in vitro from the ultrastructural and biochemical viewpoints. The chapter discusses experiments with colcemid and vinblastine that suggest that ecdysteroids do not stimulate cuticle formation in cultured wing discs when the microtubular system is disrupted. The combination of tissue culture, ultrastructural, and biochemical techniques provides a significant approach that can scarcely be ignored by those interested in hormone-induced morphogenesis. The chapter also presents a variety of systems and discusses the mode of action of the ecdysteroids on the subcellular basis of morphogenesis.
The role of tumor necrosis factor and secondary bacteria in the pathogenesis of swine dysentery

Several inbred strains of mice were infected with Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae strain B204 to determine susceptibility to infection. Challenge doses of 10^ or 10^ spirochetes induced cecal lesions in C3H/HeJ and other C3H strains of mice. However, more than a 2 log difference existed between the dose required to induce lesions in 50% (ID50) of the infected C3H/HeJ (8.3 X 10^) or C3H/HeN (5 X lO^) mice. C3H/HeJ mice lack a splenocyte mitogenic response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, but exhibited a mitogenic response comparable to other C3H strains of mice when stimulated with S. hyodysenteriae endotoxin (butanol/water extract). Different inbred strains exhibited differing susceptibilities to infection, with the C3H/HeN strain being the most susceptible based on colonization and development of macroscopic cecal lesions. The ity gene had no apparent effect on susceptibility of mice challenged with S. hyodysenteriae. The involvement of H2 haplotype with susceptibihty is unclear but the mice bearing H-2K were more susceptible than mice with H-2b, H-2d, or H-2^1 haplotypes. These data support the hypothesis that the host's responsiveness to LPS influences the susceptibility to infection with S. hyodysenteriae. However, susceptibility differences between inbred mice exist independent of the Ips locus, suggesting other inherent differences between mouse strains which affect susceptibility to infection by S. hyodysenteriae.
Civic Responses to Police Violence

Roughly a thousand people are killed by American law enforcement officers each year, accounting for more than 5% of all homicides. We estimate the causal impact of these events on civic engagement. Exploiting hyper-local variation in how close residents live to a killing, we find that exposure to police violence leads to significant increases in registrations and votes. These effects are driven entirely by Blacks and Hispanics and are largest for killings of unarmed individuals. We find corresponding increases in support for criminal justice reforms, suggesting that police violence may cause voters to politically mobilize against perceived injustice.
Engaging the control-value theory: a new era of student response systems and formative assessment to improve student achievement

The use of student response systems (SRS) in the form of polling and quizzing via multiple choice questions has been well documented in the literature (Caldwell 2007). This study addressed the gap in the literature and considered content-generating SRS, such as Socrative and Google Slides, during formative assessment activities in college composition courses. Content-generating SRS display student responses to formative assessment questions, and instructors are able to evaluate and adjust course material and feedback in real-time. Quantitative data measuring student perception using Likert-scale surveys and student achievement using essay scores were collected. The statistically significant results between the treatment and control groups for essay scores are objective measurements of student achievement and have implications for how to support both students and faculty in innovative curriculum design. Content-generating SRS allow for a more robust illustration of student understanding and can be adopted for larger lecture classes.
Harnessing Digital Health to Objectively Assess Functional Performance in Veterans with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

INTRODUCTION An early detection of impaired functional performance is critical to enhance symptom management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, conventional functional measures based on walking assessments are often impractical for small clinics where the available space to administrate gait-based test is limited. This study examined the feasibility and effectiveness of an upper-extremity frailty meter (FM) in identifying digital measures of functional performance and assessing frailty in COPD patients. METHODS Forty-eight patients with COPD (age = 68.8 ± 8.5 years, body mass index [BMI] = 28.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2) and 49 controls (age = 70.0 ± 3.0 years, BMI = 28.7 ± 6.1 kg/m2) were recruited. All participants performed a 20-s repetitive elbow flexion-extension test using a wrist-worn FM sensor. Functional performance was quantified by FM metrics, including speed (slowness), range of motion (rigidity), power (weakness), flexion and extension time (slowness), as well as speed and power reduction (exhaustion). Conventional functional measures, including timed-up-and-go test, gait and balance tests, and 5 repetition sit-to-stand test, were also performed. RESULTS Compared to controls, COPD patients exhibited deteriorated performances in all conventional functional assessments (d = 0.64-1.26, p < 0.010) and all FM metrics (d = 0.45-1.54, p < 0.050). FM metrics had significant agreements with conventional assessment tools (|r| = 0.35-0.55, p ≤ 0.001). FM metrics efficiently identified COPD patients with pre-frailty and frailty (d = 0.82-2.12, p < 0.050). CONCLUSION This study proposes the feasibility of using a 20-s repetitive elbow flexion-extension test and wrist-worn sensor-derived frailty metrics as an alternative and practical solution to evaluate functional performance in COPD patients. Its simplicity and low risk for test administration may also facilitate its application for remote patient monitoring. Furthermore, in settings where the administration of walking test is impractical, for example, when ventilator support is needed or space is limited, FM may be used as an alternative solution. Future studies are encouraged to use the FM to quantitatively monitor the progressive decline in functional performance and quantify outcomes of rehabilitation interventions.
A common viewpoint on broad kernel filtering and nonlinear diffusion

Using a consistent adaptive smoothing formulation we show that both nonlinear diffusion and adaptive smoothing can be extended to an arbitrary window, a process called broad kernel filtering. Based on this idea, this paper presents a unified treatment of a number of well known nonlinear techniques for filtering. We show that bilateral filtering represents a particular choice of weights in the extended diffusion process, that is obtained from geometrical considerations. We then show that kernel density estimation applied in the joint spatial-range domain yields a powerful processing paradigm - the mean shift procedure, related to bilateral filtering but having additional flexibility. This establishes an attractive relationship between the theory of statistics and that of diffusion and energy minimization. We experimentally compare the discussed methods and give insights on their performance.
Evaluating a NACME academic scholarship program

Arizona State University was one of 13 schools that received a five-year block grant in 2003 from the National Action Council on Minorities in Engineering (NACME) to increase the number of underrepresented minority students who receive a Bachelor's degree in Engineering or Computer Science. The first cohort of freshmen students began the academic scholarship program in Fall 2003 and the second cohort in Fall 2004. The students are required to take a two-hour Academic Success course in their first fall semester and to attend a one hour workshop every other week during the following spring semester. During subsequent years, until graduation, the NACME students meet five or six times each semester. This paper evaluates the NACME program in terms of demographics, student evaluations of the course and instructors of the Academic Success course, and the students academic achievement, including retention, and observations of the instructors of the program. Lessons learned and several changes made in the Academic Success course for the second cohort are examined for possible influence on the students. These changes include a different type of classroom, the use of name placards, more activities for the students to get to know each other with icebreakers and in-class group time, and a handout each class of a summary of the evaluations and questions from the preceding class. Also, changes to continue to improve the program are discussed
Impacts of weather on northern bobwhite sex ratios, body mass, and annual production in South Texas

A landscape-scale assessment of how bobwhite productivity varies in relation to weather does not exist for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). We collected age and sex ratio and body mass data from hunter-harvested bobwhites in 16 counties of South Texas (n = 72,797 bobwhites) during 2001–2009 hunting seasons. We evaluated annual bobwhite production (juvenile:adult age ratios) as a function of cumulative April–August rainfall using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather station data from Falfurrias and Hebbronville, Texas. We observed minimal among-year change in percent males harvested (51.0–54.5% male) and mean mass (156–160 g) of bobwhites across South Texas. We found no relationship between percent male or body mass and weather. We documented a positive, linear relationship between cumulative April–August rainfall and bobwhite age ratios (r2 = 0.94); we also documented a negative, linear relationship between summer (Jun–Aug) mean maximum daily temperature and bobwhite age ratios (r2 = 0.38). Our results suggest that rainfall is a landscape-scale indicator of annual bobwhite production in South Texas and can thus be used to manage annual expectations of quail hunters prior to the hunting season. © The Wildlife Society, 2012
Gene clustering using self-organizing maps and particle swarm optimization

Gene clustering, the process of grouping related genes in the same cluster, is at the foundation of different genomic studies that aim at analyzing the function of genes. Microarray technologies have made it possible to measure gene expression levels for thousand of genes simultaneously. For knowledge to be extracted from the datasets generated by these technologies, the datasets have to be presented to a scientist in a meaningful way. Gene clustering methods serve this purpose. In this paper, a hybrid clustering approach that is based on self-organizing maps and particle swarm optimization is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the rate of convergence is improved by adding a conscience factor to the self-organizing maps algorithm. The robustness of the result is measured by using a resampling technique. The algorithm is implemented on a cluster of workstations.
Optimizing and evaluating algorithms for replicated data concurrency control

Many algorithms for replicated data concurrency control are based on voting methods. Techniques are developed for optimizing the assignment of votes in an environment where intersite communications costs are nonuniform and individual site reliabilities vary. These techniques apply to all algorithms that are based on voting. Availability is considered as a realistic measure of reliability, and so is incorporated in an optimization model. The optimization model is based on minimizing communications costs subject to a given availability constraint. A semi-exhaustive algorithm is described for solving this model. The algorithm utilizes a signature-based method for identifying equivalent vote combinations and an efficient technique for computing availability. It is compared to an equal vote assignment to estimate the extent of possible savings in communications costs. >
Associative concept learning in animals

Nonhuman animals show evidence for three types of concept learning: perceptual or similarity-based in which objects/stimuli are categorized based on physical similarity; relational in which one object/stimulus is categorized relative to another (e.g., same/different); and associative in which arbitrary stimuli become interchangeable with one another by virtue of a common association with another stimulus, outcome, or response. In this article, we focus on various methods for establishing associative concepts in nonhuman animals and evaluate data documenting the development of associative classes of stimuli. We also examine the nature of the common within-class representation of samples that have been associated with the same reinforced comparison response (i.e., many-to-one matching) by describing manipulations for distinguishing possible representations. Associative concepts provide one foundation for human language such that spoken and written words and the objects they represent become members of a class of interchangeable stimuli. The mechanisms of associative concept learning and the behavioral flexibility it allows, however, are also evident in the adaptive behaviors of animals lacking language.
Collaborative care for mood disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Psychiatric and health services research literature was reviewed to identify recent studies regarding effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and generalizability of collaborative care programs to improve treatment of mood disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Meta-analyses of previous randomized trials as well as recently conducted trials strongly support the effectiveness of collaborative care programs for depression across a broad range of primary care settings. Over time, the direct costs of providing more effective treatment for depression appear to be balanced by decreases in the use of general medical services, especially for patients with comorbid chronic medical illness. Given that the added costs of collaborative care are incurred early and economic benefits appear slowly, successful implementation of collaborative care programs will depend on adequate funding and availability of dedicated staff. Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of collaborative care programs to improve management of bipolar disorder in mental health specialty settings. SUMMARY: Given the strong evidence for the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and generalizability of collaborative care programs for depression in primary care, attention should turn to dissemination and implementation. Additional research is needed regarding effectiveness of collaborative care programs for more severe psychiatric disorders.
Modeling Stable and Unstable Crack Growth Observed in Quasi-Static Adhesively Bonded Beam Tests

An experimental and computational study of an adhesively bonded, double cantilevered beam (DCB) under quasi-static loading is presented. The polymeric adhesives are either an acrylic or an epoxy, and the adherends are 6061 aluminum alloy. DCB tests bonded with the acrylic exhibited stable crack growth, while the DCB tests bonded with the epoxy exhibited unstable crack growth. The responses of the DCB test speciments were modeled in the ABAQUS/Standard® software package. Interface finite elements were located between bulk elements to model crack initiation and crack growth in the adhesive. These interface elements are implemented as user-defined elements in ABAQUS®, and the material law relating the interfacial tractions to the separation displacements is based on a cohesive zone model (CZM). Using interface elements only to model the acrylic adhesive, the simulation correlates very well to the test. Good correlation between the simulation and the test for the epoxy adhesive is achieved if both bulk modeling of the adhesive and inertia of the specimen are included.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Histologic effects of testicular sperm extraction on the testicle in men with nonobstructive azoospermia.

Objectives. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) is a therapeutic technique that has revolutionized the treatment of severe male infertility presenting as nonobstructive azoospermia. However, the procedure is not without side effects, involving at least a transient effect on spermatogenesis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the histologic effects of TESE on the testicle. Methods. Testicular biopsy specimens were analyzed from 7 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia who each underwent two consecutive TESE procedures. We evaluated two biopsies at the same site on the testicle so that we could examine the histologic effects of the first TESE procedure with the second biopsy specimen. First, a quantitative evaluation of seminiferous tubular volume was performed with a 121-point grid over multiple fields of the testicular specimen slides. The second step of the analysis involved a comparison of the number of germ cells per tubule in each set of specimens. Both Student’s t test and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests were used for analysis. Results. In the first set of TESE specimens, tubules comprised 33,158 of 63,525 grid points, or 52.2% of the specimen area. This decreased to 28,637 points, or 45.1%, in the second set of specimens. This decrease in seminiferous tubular volume and corresponding increase in interstitial tissue was statistically significant (P <0.00042). Our data also showed a 5.5% decrease in the number of germ cells per 91 tubules in each data set (from 3222 to 2887, P = 0.25), which suggests a trend toward a lower number of germ cells per tubule. Conclusions. These findings support our clinical observation that TESE causes a decrease in seminiferous tubular volume within the testicular parenchyma adjacent to the biopsy site. This reflects a potentially adverse local effect of TESE on the testis that may have important clinical consequences for men with nonobstructive azoospermia.
DNAJB6 chaperones PP2A mediated dephosphorylation of GSK3β to downregulate β-catenin transcription target, osteopontin

Elevated levels of the oncoprotein, osteopontin (OPN), are associated with poor outcome of several types of cancers including melanoma. We have previously reported an important involvement of DNAJB6, a member of heat-shock protein 40 (HSP40) family, in negatively impacting tumor growth. The current study was prompted by our observations reported here which revealed a reciprocal relationship between DNAJB6 and OPN in melanoma specimens. The ‘J domain’ is the most conserved domain of HSP40 family of proteins. Hence, we assessed the functional role of the J domain in activities of DNAJB6. We report that the J domain of DNAJB6 is involved in mediating OPN suppression. Deletion of the J domain renders DNAJB6 incapable of impeding malignancy and suppressing OPN. Our mechanistic investigations reveal that DNAJB6 binds HSPA8 (heat-shock cognate protein, HSC70) and causes dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at Ser 9 by recruiting protein phosphatase, PP2A. This dephosphorylation activates GSK3β, leading to degradation of β-catenin and subsequent loss of TCF/LEF (T cell factor1/lymphoid enhancer factor1) activity. Deletion of the J domain abrogates assembly of this multiprotein complex and renders GSK3β inactive, thus, stabilizing β-catenin, a transcription co-activator for OPN expression. Our in-vitro and in-vivo functional analyses show that silencing OPN expression in the background of deletion of the J domain renders the resultant tumor cells less malignant despite the presence of stabilized β-catenin. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for regulation of GSK3β activity leading to inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Assessment of Protein Energy Malnutrition in Older Persons, Part I: History, Examination, Body Composition, and Screening Tools

Protein-energy malnutrition is a prevalent problem in older persons. Its relation to increased morbidity and mortality has been well documented. Early recognition of malnutrition allows for a timely intervention. A large proportion of chronic diseases affecting older persons can be either prevented or significantly improved by improving nutrition, which underscores the importance of developing a screening system that can trigger a more comprehensive evaluation when indicated. Screening for malnutrition in older persons can be difficult because of the normal age-related changes in many of the commonly used parameters. A comprehensive nutritional evaluation includes a complete history and physical examination in addition to a more specific nutrition-oriented assessment. Specific nutritional assessment includes estimating food intake, anthropometric measurements, and evaluation of several biochemical parameters commonly affected by changes in nutritional status. In this article, we review the commonly used tools for nutritional assessment in older persons. The goal is to promote disease-free, active, and successful aging.
A reliable Pd-mediated hydrogenolytic deprotection of BOM group of uridine ureido nitrogen

Abstract The benzyloxymethyl (BOM) group has been utilized widely in syntheses of a variety of natural and non-natural products. The BOM group is also one of few choices to protect uridine ureido nitrogen. However, hydrogenolytic cleavage of the BOM group of uridine derivatives has been unreliably performed via heterogeneous conditions using Pd catalysts. One of the undesirable by-products formed by Pd-mediated hydrogenation conditions is the over-reduced product in which the C5–C6 double bond of the uracil moiety was saturated. To date, we have generated a wide range of uridine-containing antibacterial agents, where the BOM group has been utilized in their syntheses. In screening of deprotection conditions of the BOM group of uridine ureido nitrogen under Pd-mediated hydrogenation conditions, we realized that the addition of water to the iPrOH-based hydrogenation conditions can suppress the formation of over-reduced uridine derivatives and the addition of HCO2H (0.5%) dramatically improve the reaction rate. An optimized hydrogenation condition described here can be applicable to the BOM-deprotections of a wide range of uridine derivatives.
Assessing tobacco beliefs among youth using item response theory models

Successful intervention research programs to prevent adolescent smoking require well-chosen, psychometrically sound instruments for assessing smoking prevalence and attitudes. Twelve thousand eight hundred and ten adolescents were surveyed about their smoking beliefs as part of the Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey project, a prospective cohort study of predictors of smoking initiation among US adolescents. Item response theory (IRT) methods are used to frame a discussion of questions that a researcher might ask when selecting an optimal item set. IRT methods are especially useful for choosing items during instrument development, trait scoring, evaluating item functioning across groups, and creating optimal item subsets for use in specialized applications such as computerized adaptive testing. Data analytic steps for IRT modeling are reviewed for evaluating item quality and differential item functioning across subgroups of gender, age, and smoking status. Implications and challenges in the use of these methods for tobacco onset research and for assessing the developmental trajectories of smoking among youth are discussed.
VICTORIAN STUDIES AND CULTURAL STUDIES: INTERDISCIPLINARITY, THE MARKET, AND A CALL FOR CRITICAL REALISM

Victorian studies practitioners have often applauded themselves on their openness to views, topics, and approaches not immediately recognizable as already part of the field. I put the formulation this way because Victorian studies scholars and critics also prize the field for its capaciousness; they tend to think of the field as large and already all-inclusive. It houses many genres and sub-disciplines and it first welcomed certain kinds of critical
If it's Tuesday, this must be a Belgian chemokine.

In 1969, a forgettable Hollywood movie parodied the information overload that tourists experience when they visit several countries in the shortest time possible. Thirty years later, scientists who are interested in chemokines also find their heads spinning in response to a seemingly endless and
Pax2/5/8 proteins promote cell survival in C. elegans

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, plays an important role during normal development, and is disrupted in a range of disease states. Although the key molecular events that occur during apoptosis are well characterized, less is known about the regulatory inputs that influence whether a cell will live or die. Work in mouse and human cells has shown that Pax transcription factors can influence cell death and promote cell survival, but the mechanism for their activity is not clear. Here, we show that two Pax2/5/8 -related genes ( egl-38 and pax-2 ) influence both somatic and germline cell death in C. elegans . Using genetic and molecular experiments, we show that the Pax proteins act as transcriptional regulators of ced-9 , the C. elegans bcl-2 gene. These results identify a mechanism for Pax2/5/8-mediated regulation of cell death, and underscore the importance of transcriptional regulation of core apoptotic pathway genes in influencing cell survival.
Mixed reality rehabilitation for stroke survivors promotes generalized motor improvements

This paper presents results from a clinical study of stroke survivors using an adaptive, mixed-reality rehabilitation (AMRR) system for reach and grasp therapy. The AMRR therapy provides audio and visual feedback on the therapy task, based on detailed motion capture, that places the movement in an abstract, artistic context. This type of environment promotes the generalizability of movement strategies, which is shown through kinematic improvements on an untrained reaching task and higher clinical scale scores, in addition to kinematic improvements in the trained task.
Sexually dimorphic behaviors.

Sex differences in behavior are the result of natural and sexual selection. The dimorphic classes of behavior described here, courtship, copulatory, and parental behaviors, reflect both kinds of evolutionary selective pressures. We can further distinguish two kinds of mechanisms that produce differences in male and female behaviors. In one, both sexes can perform a behavior but one does not because of sex differences in the external stimuli or the endocrine milieu. Maternal behavior in rodents falls into this category, as do certain other reproductive behaviors. In the other, the sensory, CNS, or motor components that produce behaviors are different in males and females. Many courtship and copulatory behaviors are in this category. I have considered some cellular mechanisms that generate sex differences in behavioral effector neurons, including sensitivity to hormones, cell number, and synaptic connectivity. A common feature of many such systems is a degree of developmental arrest: sexually dimorphic, hor...
Attitudes toward Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia among Physicians in South Carolina and Washington

Active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has been highlighted in the 1990s, yet little is known about physicians' attitudes toward these practices. We replicated a study of Washington physi...
Lost opportunities to learn: The effects of education policy on primary language instruction for English learners

Abstract This study examines the implications that state educational policies, such as high-stakes testing in English and Proposition 227, have on teaching and learning in primary language instruction for English learners in California. Utilizing cultural-historical activity theory of learning and development, this qualitative case study uncovers the impact these reforms have on primary language instruction, bilingual teachers and their students through the use of participant observations, teacher and administrator interviews, and discourse analysis of classroom interaction. The study demonstrates that the pressure to test well on the SAT-9 assessment compelled bilingual teachers to organize their primary language instruction to skill and drill teaching in Spanish. The findings illustrate the students’ lost opportunities to learn and participate in more robust, student-centered literacy practices in their native language, facilitating the analysis of the efficacy of school reform and its mediation of everyday practices in schools and classrooms.
Thermophysical properties of HgTe and Hg0.9Cd0.1Te melts

Abstract Thermophysical properties, namely, density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of HgTe and Hg 0.9 Cd 0.1 Te melts were measured as a function of temperature. A pycnometric method was used to measure the melt density in the temperature range of 948 to 1073 K for the HgTe melt and 1011 to 1131 K for the Hg 0.9 Cd 0.1 Te melt. The density results show a maximum at 1023 and 1020 K, respectively, for the HgTe and Hg 0.9 Cd 0.1 Te melts. The viscosity and electrical conductivity were simultaneously determined using a transient torque method from 944 to 1098 K for the HgTe melt and from 1016 to 1127 K for the Hg 0.9 Cd 0.1 Te melt. The measured electrical conductivity decreases as the mole fraction of CdTe, x, increases at a specific temperature, and increases as a function of temperature, which shows a semiconductor-like behavior. The measured viscosity decreases as the mole fraction of CdTe, x, increases at a specific temperature and decreases as the temperature increased. The analysis of the electrical conductivity of the melts and the relationship between the kinematic viscosity and density implied a structural transition in these melts. No relaxation phenomena were observed in the density, electrical conductivity, and viscosity of the HgTe and Hg 0.9 Cd 0.1 Te melts.
Process capability study of laser assisted micro milling of a hard-to-machine material

Abstract Laser assisted micro milling (LAMM) is capable of generating three-dimensional micro scale features in hard-to-machine materials. This paper compares the process capability of LAMM with conventional micro milling of a hardened tool steel. In particular, the potential advantages of LAMM over micro milling with respect to cutting forces, tool wear, material removal rate, burr formation and surface roughness are investigated when micro milling hardened A2 tool steel (62 HRC). The results show that LAMM has significant advantages over micro milling, especially in terms of cutting forces, material removal rate and tool wear. The average reduction in the resultant cutting force is found to be up to 69% with laser assist. In addition, tool wear is found to be substantially less with laser assist even when the material removal rates are increased by a factor of six over the tool manufacturer recommended cutting conditions.
RECENT ADVANCES IN FLOW INJECTION TECHNIQUE-SEQUENTIAL INJECTION SENSOR INJECTION AND SINUSOIDAL FLOW

Transformation of Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) into Flow Injection Technique (FI) signifies recognition of a tremendous versatility of this method, which being originally designed as a mere tool for automation of serial assays, now becomes a universal means for enhancement of instrumental methods of analysis. Of many variants of FI, only the most recent ones are discussed here, and their impact on development of chemical sensors and spectroscopic and electrochemical instrumentation is contemplated.
Observational study of mortality risk stratification by ischemic presentation in patients with acute type A aortic dissection: the Penn classification.

Augoustides et al. present a risk stratification system based on ischemic pattern at presentation in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. The authors believe that, with further validation, the Penn classification system could be used to identify high-risk groups of patients for further intervention and to facilitate future trial design.
UV and electron beam-induced cationic polymerization

Abstract This paper describes the basic photochemistry which has led to the development of rapid, efficient photoinitiators for UV-induced cationic polymerizations. These polymerizations are now widely employed in UV curing processes for such applications as coatings, adhesives and printing inks. The use of photosensitizers has enabled the extension of light-induced cationic polymerizations to the visible wavelength regions as well. Electron-beam irradiation is also capable of mediating the decomposition of cationic photoinitiators. The mechanism of this reaction involves reduction of the onium salt initiator by radicals generated by e-beam induced primary bond cleavage reactions. Rapid, efficient e-beam induced polymerizations at very low doses can be achieved through the use of specially designed monomers. The use of low energy electron beam radiation for thin film applications and high energy radiation to fabricate high performance carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites are described.
Cytoplasmic ATM in neurons modulates synaptic function

Summary ATM is a PI 3-kinase involved in DNA double-strand break repair. ATM deficiency leads to ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a syndrome of cancer susceptibility, hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation, immune deficiency, and sterility [1, 2]—phenotypes that can straightforwardly be attributed to a defective response to DNA damage. Yet patients with A-T also suffer from ataxia, speech defects, and abnormal body movements [3–5]—neurological phenotypes whose origins remain largely unexplained. Compounding the discordance, Atm mutations in mouse interfere with DNA repair but have only mild neurological symptoms [6–9], suggesting that the link between DNA damage and the death of neurons can be broken [10–12]. We find that in neurons, ATM protein has a substantial cytoplasmic distribution. We show that in Atm tm1Awb mice, hippocampal long-term potentiation is significantly reduced, as is the rate of spontaneous vesicular dye release, suggesting a functional importance of cytoplasmic ATM. In the cytoplasm, ATM forms a complex with two synaptic vesicle proteins, VAMP2 and synapsin-I, both of which must be phosphorylated to bind ATM. Also, cytoplasmic ATM physically associates with the homologous PI 3-kinase, ATR. The neurological symptoms of ataxia-telangiectasia may thus result from defective nonnuclear functions of ATM not associated with DNA repair.
Resident cross-cultural training, satisfaction, and preparedness.

Abstract Objective To describe the diversity of pediatric residents and examine relationships of cross-cultural training experiences with training satisfaction, perceived preparedness for providing culturally effective care, and attitudes surrounding care for underserved populations. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted of a national random sample of graduating pediatric residents and an additional sample of minority residents. Using weighted analysis, we used multivariate regression to test for differences in satisfaction, preparedness, and attitudes between residents with more and less cross-cultural experiences during residency, controlling for residents' characteristics and experiences before training. Results The survey response rate was 57%. Eleven percent were Hispanic, 61% white, 21% Asian, 9% African American, 9% other racial/ethnic groups; 34% grew up in a bi- or multilingual family. Ninety-three percent of residents were satisfied with their residency training, 81% with the instruction they received on health and health care disparities, and 54% on global health issues. Ninety-six percent of residents felt they were prepared to care for patients from diverse backgrounds, but fewer felt prepared to care for families with beliefs at odds with Western medicine (49%) and families who receive alternative or complementary care (37%). Residents with more cross-cultural experiences during residency reported being better prepared than those with less experience to care for families with limited English proficiency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–3.17), new immigrants (aOR 1.91; 95% CI 1.32–2.75), and with religious beliefs that might affect clinical care (aOR 1.62; 95% CI 1.13–2.32). Conclusions Pediatric residents begin their training with diverse cross-cultural backgrounds and experiences. Residency experiences in cross-cultural care contribute to feelings of preparedness to care for diverse US children.
Studies on the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride autoprotection: Effect of a protective dose of carbon tetrachloride on lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase

Abstract The effect of a small protective dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) on hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by a larger dose of CCl 4 24 h later was investigated. Endogenous hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation as well as CCl 4 -stimulated lipid peroxidation were decreased by treatment of rats with a small protective dose of CCl 4 . Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were not altered by single or repeated administration of CCl 4 . The results suggest that destruction of cytochrome P-450 by the protective dose of CCl 4 prevents bioactivation of a subsequent dose of the hepatotoxin and, therefore, protects against lipid peroxidation and cell damage.
Supersymmetry in physics: An algebraic overview

Abstract We survey the possible uses Graded Lie Algebras (GLA) might have in physics. We first review Kac's list of simple GLA including the hyperclassical algebras. A brief, mostly numerical survey of their representation theory follows. Although all GLA can find nonrelativistic applications, only a few can be applied to relativistic situations in any dimensions. Finally, the massless representations of some of these relativistic GLA are listed.
Short Term Retention with Lateralized Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

This investigation focused upon whether individuals with lateralized temporal-lobe epilepsy have impairments in short term memory and, if so, whether these impairments are of a material-specific nature. The Peterson short term memory distractor paradigm which consists of single, brief presentations of stimuli with varying decay intervals and appropriate interpolated distractors was employed. A significant deficit in both left and right temporal lobe seizure groups was documented in comparison to controls for verbal but not for non-verbal materials. The results suggest that one aspect of the memory problem observed in temporal lobe seizure patients relates to relatively early components of information processing where encoding is primarily based upon physical rather than semantic characteristics of the stimulus and material-specificity is less evident.
De)Constructing dimensions

We construct renormalizable, asymptotically free, four-dimensional gauge theories that dynamically generate a fifth dimension.
Organizational Effectiveness and Bureaucratic Red Tape: A Multimethod Study

Although many efforts to improve the effectiveness of government agencies target bureaucratic red tape, little academic work has evaluated the implications of red tape for organizational performance. This article proposes and tests a model of organizational effectiveness that explicitly accounts for red tape and the mitigating effect of organizational culture. This multimethod study uses both quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative data from in-depth interviews. Findings suggest that red tape in human resource systems and information systems has a negative effect on organizational effectiveness. However, a dimension of organizational culture, namely developmental, mitigates the negative effects of bureaucratic red tape.
Extremal point queries with lines and line segments and related problems

We address a number of extremal point query problems when P is a set of n points in R^d, d>=3 a constant, including the computation of the farthest point from a query line and the computation of the farthest point from each of the lines spanned by the points in P. In R^3, we give a data structure of size O(n^1^+^@?), that can be constructed in O(n^1^+^@?) time and can report the farthest point of P from a query line segment in O(n^2^/^3^+^@?) time, where @?>0 is an arbitrarily small constant. Applications of our results also include: (1) Sub-cubic time algorithms for fitting a polygonal chain through an indexed set of points in R^d, d>=3 a constant, and (2) A sub-quadratic time and space algorithm that, given P and an anchor point q, computes the minimum (maximum) area triangle defined by q with [email protected]?{q}.
Newlyweds, Young Families, and Spinsters: A Consideration of Developmental Cycle in Historical Archaeologies of Gender

The social relations of class, gender, and ethnicity affected individuals and families in the nineteenth century and shaped (as well as were shaped by) uses of the material world. Changes in demographic composition of the household, successions in land ownership, and other events that altered the developmental course of the family unit, however, were also significant. Variations in the material and spatial expressions of gender ideologies, for example, were more than simply deviations from middle-class cultural norms. They represented the active negotiation of dominant ideologies and the construction of alternate meaningful gender relations and forms of domesticity.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OXIDATION OF EXTERNALLY ADDED CITRATE BY CARDIAC MITOCHONDRIA.

Summary It has been demonstrated that citric acid is oxidized only slowly by guinea-pig heart mitochondrial preparations and that this oxidation is unaccompanied by phosphorylation. When citrate is co-oxidized with pyruvate, there is a marked increase in the oxidation rate which is far greater than with either substrate alone. In addition, there is coupled phosphorylation with this oxidation. Under anaerobic conditions the combination of citrate and pyruvate with cardiac mitochondria, resulted in a coupled oxidation—reduction reaction in which α-ketoglutarate, CO2 and malate are formed. It has been proposed that TPNH generated in the isocitrate dehydrogenase ( D s-isocitrate:TPN+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.42), reaction could be utilized to form malate by reductive carboxylation of pyruvate, and evidence has been presented that the activity of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) ( L -malate:TPN+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating), formerly known as malic enzyme, EC 1.1.1.40) of the mitochondria is adequate to account for such a mechanism. α-Ketoglutarate and malate thus formed from isocitrate and pyruvate on the outside of the mitochondria, could be oxidized further by enzyme systems within the particles, and the oxidation of these substrates should be accompanied by phosphorylation.