cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RescueNet: Reinforcement-learning-based communication framework for emergency networking

Abstract A new paradigm for emergency networking is envisioned to enable reliable and high data-rate wireless multimedia communication among public safety agencies in licensed spectrum while causing only acceptable levels of disruption to incumbent network communication. The novel concept of mission policies , which specify the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the incumbent networks as well as of the emergency networks involved in rescue and recovery missions, is introduced. The use of mission policies, which vary over time and space, enables graceful degradation in the QoS of the incumbent networks (only when necessary) based on mission policy specifications. A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL)-based cross-layer communication framework, “RescueNet,” is proposed for self-adaptation of nodes in emergency networks based on this new paradigm. In addition to addressing the research challenges posed by the non-stationarity of the problem, the novel idea of knowledge sharing among the agents of different ages (either bootstrapping or selective exploration strategies or both) is introduced to improve significantly the performance of the proposed solution in terms of convergence time and conformance to the mission policies.
Welfare and the Culture of Conservatism: A Contextual Analysis of Welfare-to-Work Participation in North Carolina

ABSTRACTWelfare participation varies across the United States due to a myriad of welfare program differences specific to geographical locations. The purpose of this study is to examine Work First participation rates among the eligible poor utilizing a county-level analysis of North Carolina. Findings suggest the proportion of poor single mothers, region, county political orientation, and rates of disability receipt affect program participation. Findings highlight the importance of examining the welfare program at the county level and the dynamics of welfare participation, particularly in terms of how those in power affect access to social services among families in need.
Development of a Robotic Assembly for Analyzing the Instantaneous Axis of Rotation of the Foot Ankle Complex

Ankle instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) measurements represent a more complete parameter for characterizing joint motion. However, few studies have implemented this measurement to study normal, injured, or pathological foot ankle biomechanics. A novel testing protocol was developed to simulate aspects of in vivo foot ankle mechanics during mid-stance gait in a human cadaveric specimen. A lower leg was mounted in a robotic testing platform with the tibia upright and foot flat on the baseplate. Axial tibia loads (ATLs) were controlled as a function of a vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) set at half body weight (356 N) and a 50% vGRF (178 N) Achilles tendon load. Two specimens were repetitively loaded over 10 degrees of dorsiflexion and 20 degrees of plantar flexion. Platform axes were controlled within 2 microns and 0.008 degrees resulting in ATL measurements within ±2 N of target conditions. Mean ATLs and IAR values were not significantly different between cycles of motion, but IAR values were significantly different between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. A linear regression analysis showed no significant differences between slopes of plantar flexion paths. The customized robotic platform and advanced testing protocol produced repeatable and accurate measurements of the IAR, useful for assessing foot ankle biomechanics under different loading scenarios and foot conditions.
A Study of Human Performance in a Sewing Task

A study of human performance on sewing machines was undertaken by looking at a simple straight-stitch sewing task. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate whether sewing tasks could be described by a self-paced movement control model. A sewing experiment was conducted with six female subjects. The factors considered were Subjects, Sewing zone tolerance, Fabric type, and Stitch rate. Sewing time per trial and errors were recorded. The results of ANOVA on sewing speeds showed significant effects for all the main factors. The significant sewing zone tolerance is in agreement with the results of previous studies of movement control where the tasks were line drawing, forklift truck driving, and beam walking. The relationship between the sewing speed and the sewing zone tolerance was found to be linear with ρ = 0.963, which proves the applicability of a self-paced movement control model to sewing tasks. The slope of this relationship can be viewed as a measure of task controllability as it quantifie...
Developmental regulation of immunoglobulin mRNA processing and the IgA response: establishing a paradigm.

IgA, which is protective at mucosal sites, is derived from memory B cells that develop in the organized lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently mature to plasma cells in the lamina propria. Similarly to B cells expressing other isotypes, the maturation of IgA-expressing B cells is associated with both an increase in the steady-state level of immunoglobulin mRNA and the ratio of secreted to membrane forms of mRNA, which differ in 3′ terminus. In contrast to B cells expressing other isotypes, at all stages in the development of an IgA response, the secreted form of α mRNA predominates. In this article, studies on the general features of IgA B cell development, mechanisms regulating 3′ terminus usage of Ig mRNAs, and isotype-specific regulation of 3′ terminus usage particularly in regard to α mRNA are discussed.
Explaining Performance in Annual Reports: Are American or Japanese Executives More Self-Serving?

When a company experiences a year of disap pointing results, are executives more likely to blame themselves or "challenging" eco nomic conditions? And when a company has a banner year, are executives more likely to credit themselves or favorable economic circumstances? Psychologists refer to this pattern?where in dividuals see themselves as fully responsible for their successes yet blame external sources for their failures?as the self-serving attributional bias. The classic example is the student who attributes his superior grades to internal reasons (e.g., intelli gence or hard work) but relies heavily on external reasons to explain lousy grades (e.g., lousy teach ers). Generally speaking, researchers have found that individuals use the self-serving attributional bias to maintain their psychological well-being and to manage impressions. Considering that the self-serving attributional bias has been shown by many classic social psy chological studies to be fairly common, it may have also found its way into the executive suite. In particular, corporate leaders may stand to gain if they can take credit for success while avoiding blame for failure, especially when it comes to firm performance. Reggy Hooghiemstra of the Univer sity of Groningen in the Netherlands addressed this topic in a recent study that compared how U.S. and Japanese companies apply the self-serv ing attributional bias in explanations of their an nual performance to shareholders. The fact that most research on the self-serving attributional bias has been conducted in the United States raises questions about the extent to which this phenomenon exists in other cultures. Indeed, studies have shown that the self-serving attributional bias tends to be less prevalent in Asian cultures (e.g., China and Japan) than it is in the United States. Essentially, in Western cultures a person's self-esteem and identity are much more connected with his individual achievements and unique contributions than in many Asian cul tures. As a result, individuals from Western cul tures generally may have a greater need to protect their self-esteem through biased explanations of their own behavior than do their counterparts in Asia. Conversely, in Japan and other Asian soci eties, people may feel more social pressure to blend in and harmonize with their peer groups, making it socially awkward to take credit for any successes that would make them stand out. Con
The Measurement & Calculation of the Thermodynamic Data of Lactic Acid Polyreactions

The enthalpies of formation of lactide,lactic acid oligomer and lactic acid high polymer were measured indirectly by measuring combustion heat.The standard entropies of three compounds were estimated.Based on the data of enthalpies of formation and standard entropies,the Gibbs free energies and equilibrium constant of three reactions of the direct polymerization of lactic acid,the formation of lactide and the ring opening polymerization of lactic,were calculated.It was concluded that the first and the second reactions were reversible and the third reaction was highly irreversible.
Surgical technique for early repair of posterior ventricular septal rupture

Rupture of the posterior ventricular septum is a difficult lesion to repair. This report describes an operative approach through a left ventriculotomy, with complete excision of the left ventricular infarct. The defect created by infarctectomy is closed with a prosthetic patch. Of 15 patients so treated, 11 have survived.
Uncommon but Noteworthy Natural Hazards

Lake Nyos is a crater lake in Cameroon. The volcano that underlies it is continually emitting CO2 into the bottom waters. The lake is stratified and the layer of lake water overlying the bottom water traps the CO2 thereby allowing a build up of the gas. In the past, the lake has overturned seasonally releasing the CO2 into the atmosphere relieving the pressure built up during the year. However, in the time preceding 1986, there was no overturn so that the CO2 in the bottom water increased greatly. During the early morning of August 21, there was an event that allowed the eruption of an enormous volume of CO2 into the atmosphere to the degree that more than 15 % of the atmosphere was CO2. An air/CO2 cloud burst forth over the rim of the crater lake and because it was heavier than natural air it flowed down slope into a valley asphyxiating more than 1750 people and thousands of heads of livestock before the cloud dissipated [1]. Where the atmosphere had more than 15 % CO2 there was death. Where there was less than 15 % CO2 in the air because of some dissipation, many survived. What triggered the rupture of the water layer overlying the charged bottom water is unknown but has been attributed by some to a rockfall, by other to a landslide, and by others to a cold rain and the sudden downward current of the heavier cold water through the lighter warmer water. This “eruption” is a rare happening but not unknown. Two years previously at crater Lake Monoun, much smaller than Lake Nyos, 37 people died from CO2 asphyxiation. This was attributed incorrectly by the government to terrorism and someone throwing chemicals into the lake. We know better now. Other crater lakes in Cameroon and elsewhere that fail to overturn seasonally are a natural hazard threat to people and livestock in the nearby vicinity. For example, Lake Kivu is located between Rwanda and Congo, is twice as deep as Lake Nyos, can store more CO2 gas in its bottom water layer from magma leak and bacterial activity, and has two million people living nearby.
Launching curricular guidelines for computer engineering: CE2016

ACM and the IEEE Computer Society plan to re-lease their computer engineering curriculum guidelines at the end of this calendar year. The curricular report, tagged CE2016, reflects the state-of-the-art in computer engineering education and practice that would be relevant for the coming decade. This panel presentation provides an overview of the report and it also provides unique perspectives from some steering committee members and other interested parties. The authors and participants will en-gage in discussions on ways to implement the guidelines to form new programs or to modify existing programs. The authors wel-come all audience participation including overall comments and targeted editing assistance from the computer engineering education and industry communities.
Distraction in diagnostic radiology: How is search through volumetric medical images affected by interruptions?

Observational studies have shown that interruptions are a frequent occurrence in diagnostic radiology. The present study used an experimental design in order to quantify the cost of these interruptions during search through volumetric medical images. Participants searched through chest CT scans for nodules that are indicative of lung cancer. In half of the cases, search was interrupted by a series of true or false math equations. The primary cost of these interruptions was an increase in search time with no corresponding increase in accuracy or lung coverage. This time cost was not modulated by the difficulty of the interruption task or an individual’s working memory capacity. Eye-tracking suggests that this time cost was driven by impaired memory for which regions of the lung were searched prior to the interruption. Potential interventions will be discussed in the context of these results.
Assessing Ontological Arguments

Part I argues that ontological arguments, like other classical proofs of the existence of God, are parts of larger arguments in which they are embedded. These larger arguments include reasons supporting the proofs’ premises and responses to them, and to the proofs’ claims to validity and non-circularity, since, in the final analysis, our assessment of the proofs will express our best judgment of the cumulative force of all the considerations bearing on their overall adequacy. Part II illustrates these points by examining contemporary defences of, and attacks on, one of the ontological argument’s central premises, namely, that God’s existence is logically possible.
Clinical Outcomes after Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Patellar Instability

Objectives:Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction has become an increasingly popular means to regain stability in the setting of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation, with nearly tw...
Toward Biological Security

THE ANTH RAX ATTAC KS on the United States in the autumn of 2001, and the fear and confusion that followed, made clear that the country lacks a comprehensive strategy for biological security-the protection of people and agriculture against disease threats, whether from biological weapons or natural outbreaks. Too often, thinking about biological secu rity has been distorted by misplaced analogies to nuclear or chemical weapons. An effective strategy must leave these analogies largely behind and address the special challenges posed by biological threats. A strategy for biological security must confront drug-resistant and emerging diseases-more than 30 of which have entered the human population over the past quarter-century. There is no good analogue to this naturally occurring threat in the realm of nuclear or chemical weapons. Moreover, diseases may be targeted against livestock or crops as well as against human populations. And outbreaks of deadly, contagious, and long-incubating diseases such as smallpox have to be detected and stopped rapidly wherever in the world they occur. Fortunately, once formulated, a sound strategy for biological security will help sustain itself because many of its core provisions will benefit public health even apart from acts of bioterror. In fact, many of the tools used to address natural disease threats will be needed to respond to an intentional attack. The U.S. response to the anthrax attacks has emphasized the importance of improving
Are Finite and Infinite Love the Same? Erich Przywara and Jean-Luc Marion on Analogy and Univocity

In The Erotic Phenomenon, Jean-Luc Marion claims that human love and divine love have the same essential structure. The only difference between them is that our love is finite, while God’s is infinite. In the first part of this chapter, I explain Marion’s account of love as given in The Erotic Phenomenon. In the second part, I argue that his account of the relation between finite and infinite love faces two difficulties. First, it produces a paradoxical result: if finite and infinite love have the same essential structure, then infinite love is impossible. Second, for this reason Marion’s account fails to preserve divine transcendence. In the third part, I turn to Eric Przywara’s account of analogy in Analogia Entis. I argue that Przywara’s account allows us to preserve Marion’s insight into the paradoxical structure of love, without thereby running into absurdity or compromising divine transcendence.
A plasmaless, photochemical etch process for porous organosilicate glass films

A plasmaless, photochemical etch process using ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of NH3 or O2 etched porous organosilicate glass films, also called pSiCOH films, in a two-step process. First, a UV/NH3 or UV/O2 treatment removed carbon (mostly methyl groups bonded to silicon) from a pSiCOH film by demethylation to a depth determined by the treatment exposure time. Second, aqueous HF was used to selectively remove the demethylated layer of the pSiCOH film leaving the methylated layer below. UV in the presence of inert gas or H2 did not demethylate the pSiCOH film. The depth of UV/NH3 demethylation followed diffusion limited kinetics and possible mechanisms of demethylation are presented. Unlike reactive plasma processes, which contain ions that can damage surrounding structures during nanofabrication, the photochemical etch contains no damaging ions. Feasibility of the photochemical etching was shown by comparing it to a plasma-based process to remove the pSiCOH dielectric from between Cu interconnect lines, which is a critical step during air gap fabrication. The findings also expand our understanding of UV photon interactions in pSiCOH films that may contribute to plasma-induced damage to pSiCOH films.A plasmaless, photochemical etch process using ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of NH3 or O2 etched porous organosilicate glass films, also called pSiCOH films, in a two-step process. First, a UV/NH3 or UV/O2 treatment removed carbon (mostly methyl groups bonded to silicon) from a pSiCOH film by demethylation to a depth determined by the treatment exposure time. Second, aqueous HF was used to selectively remove the demethylated layer of the pSiCOH film leaving the methylated layer below. UV in the presence of inert gas or H2 did not demethylate the pSiCOH film. The depth of UV/NH3 demethylation followed diffusion limited kinetics and possible mechanisms of demethylation are presented. Unlike reactive plasma processes, which contain ions that can damage surrounding structures during nanofabrication, the photochemical etch contains no damaging ions. Feasibility of the photochemical etching w...
Numerical Calculation of the Regime Diagram for the Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment

The spherical laboratory experiment known as the Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment, which will be flown on Spacelab, is intended to study baroclinic waves in a similar way that they have been studied in the rotating annulus (e.g., Fowlis and Hide, 1965), but with the addition of north-south variations in the coriolis Chapaumeter. It is imperative that the experiment be designed in such a way that the development of baroclinic waves within the apChapautus is ensured. It is, of course, known that there are large areas of the regime diagram for the annulus where the flow is axisymmetric. It is expected that the same will be true of the spherical experiment. Furthermore, the range in Chapaumeter space achievable in AGCE is somewhat limited by the dielectric forces that are used to develop a radial force similar to gravity. Since the main purpose of the experiment is to study baroclinic waves, and since the number of experiments is limited to a few space shuttle flights, accurate knowledge of where the critical curve (seChapauting axisymmetric and wave flow) lies on the regime diagram is necessary in designing the apChapautus.
Basic Polymer Chemistry: Thermosets

In the previous chapter we talked about linear polymers and have mentioned the concept of cross-linking only in passing. Linear polymers are usually thermoplastic: they soften or melt when heated and will dissolve in suitable solvents. They can be remelted and shaped into their finished product with no further chemical reactions. Thermoset resins, those having elaborately cross-linked three-dimensional structures, set or harden by undergoing a chemical reaction during the manufacture of finished products. They decompose on heating and are infusible and insoluble. Their chemistry and physical properties are quite different from thermoplastic polymers. The important ones are now discussed.
Contraception Use Among Reproductive‐Age Women With Rheumatic Diseases

Objective To determine contraception use among a cohort of reproductive-age women (ages 18-50 years) with rheumatic diseases. Methods We conducted a study of administrative data from a single, large medical center between the years 2013 and 2014. Women who had 1 of 21 possible rheumatic disease diagnoses and had at least 2 outpatient rheumatology visits were included in this analysis. We used logistic regression analyses to evaluate adjusted associations between the use of prescription contraception, use of potentially fetotoxic medications, and visits with rheumatologists, primary care providers, and gynecologists. Results Of 2,455 women in this sample, 32.1% received any prescription contraception, and 7.9% of women used highly effective prescription methods (intrauterine devices, implants, and surgical sterilization). More than 70% of women took ≥1 type of fetotoxic medication during the 2-year study timeframe. Fetotoxic medication use was not associated with overall use of prescription contraception, but was associated with the use of highly effective contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.26 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.44-3.54]). Women who saw gynecologists or primary care providers were more likely to use prescription contraception overall (adjusted OR 3.35 [95% CI 2.77-4.05] and 1.43 [95% CI 1.18-1.73], respectively). Women who saw gynecologists were more likely to use highly versus moderately effective contraceptive methods (adjusted OR 2.35 [95% CI 1.41-3.94]). Rheumatology visits were not associated with use of prescription contraception in any models. Conclusion This is the largest study to date to describe contraceptive use among reproductive-age women with rheumatic diseases, and the findings reveal low use of prescription contraception. Urgent efforts are needed to improve contraceptive care and access for some women with rheumatic diseases.
The Microbiome and Its Contribution to Skin Cancer

The skin is the largest human organ and its primary function is to provide a barrier against the external environment. Our world is inhabited by abundant and diverse microbial communities. Therefore, the skin necessarily comes in contact with myriad bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These interactions exert varying effects on symbiotic homeostasis and skin health. For some skin cancers, there is clear evidence of microbial etiological factors. In the skin, the viral pathogens Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (McPyV) have a causal association with the skin cancers Kaposi sarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has an epidemiologic association with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) but a mechanistic basis of viral carcinogenesis has been elusive. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have enabled investigators to attain increasingly comprehensive censuses of the skin metagenome through space and time. These “culture-free” molecular techniques have been employed to address fundamental questions pertaining to microbial etiologies of carcinogenesis. More recently, researchers are investigating the interplay between the immune system and skin bacterial and fungal microbiome diversity. These new findings may lead to future understandings of the skin microbial milieu and skin cancer risk.
COMPARISON OF HEAD IMPACT BIOMECHANICS BETWEEN TACKLE AND FLAG YOUTH FOOTBALL

Background:There is growing fear among healthcare professionals and parents regarding youth tackle football, likely due to highly publicized concerns about potential long-term physical and cognitiv...
The effect of L-triiodothyronine on oxidative metabolism of muscle, adipose tissue, and liver in genetically obese mice

12 INTRODUCTION 14 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 RESULTS 22 DISCUSSION 45 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51 LITERATURE CITED 52 PAPER II. EARLY TREATMENT OF OBESE(OB/OB) MICE WITH TRIIODOTHYRONINE INCREASES MUSCLE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM BUT NOT ADIPOSE TISSUE OR LIVER OXIDATIVE METABOLISM 56 ABSTRACT 57 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6357 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS 63 RESULTS 71 DISCUSSION 94 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 104 LITERATURE CITED 105
Shell beaches to beachrock: Diagenetic stable isotopic trends

Abstract Modern shell accumulations on Padre Island, Texas Gulf Coast, are composed of pristine aragonite whereas laterally adjacent Pleistocene beachrock on the mainland shores of Laguna Madre are made up of the same taxa but display a range of mixtures of aragonite and diagenetic low-Mg calcite. Cements and pedogenic crusts associated with the beachrock are 100% low-Mg calcite. Stable isotopic values for shells composed of 0, 15, 20, 45, 75 and 90% calcite display high correlations between the δ18O values and mineralogy (R2 = 0.95) and δ13C values and mineralogy (R2 = 0.87). The highly correlated changes in the stable isotopic compositions and mineralogy of the skeletal material are also evident in the data from the analyses of the pure calcite cements and pedogenic crusts. Changes in stable isotopic composition of the shells are the result of the early diagenetic alteration of the original aragonitic composition to low Mg-calcite.
A Hybrid Catalyst-Bonded Membrane Device for Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Reduction at Different Relative Humidities

A hybrid catalyst-bonded membrane device using gaseous reactants for a carbon monoxide reduction (COR) reaction in the cathode chamber, an aqueous electrolyte for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER)...
Semantic Provenance Graph for Reproducibility of Biomedical Research Studies: Generating and Analyzing Graph Structures from Published Literature.

Objective To characterize the scientific reproducibility of biomedical research studies by query and analysis of semantic provenance graphs generated from provenance metadata terms extracted from PubMed articles. Methods We develop a new semantic provenance graph generation algorithm that uses a provenance ontology developed as part of the Provenance for Clinical and Health Research (ProvCaRe) project. The ProvCaRe project has processed and extracted provenance metadata from more than 1.6 million full text articles from the PubMed database. Results The semantic provenance graph generation algorithm is evaluated using provenance terms extracted from 75 selected articles describing sleep medicine research studies. In addition, we use eight provenance queries to evaluate the quality of semantic provenance graphs generated by the new algorithm. Conclusion The ProvCaRe project has created a unique resource to characterize the reproducibility of biomedical research studies and the semantic provenance graph generation algorithm enables users to effectively query and analyze the provenance metadata in the ProvCaRe knowledge repository.
Change Is Good for the Brain: Activity Diversity and Cognitive Functioning Across Adulthood

Objectives Participating in a variety of daily activities (i.e., activity diversity) requires people to adjust to a variety of situations and engage in a greater diversity of behaviors. These experiences may, in turn, enhance cognitive functioning. This study examined associations between activity diversity and cognitive functioning across adulthood. Method Activity diversity was defined as the breadth and evenness of participation in seven common daily activity domains (e.g., paid work, time with children, leisure, physical activities, volunteering). Participants from the National Survey of Daily Experiences (NSDE: N=732, Mage=56) provided activity data during eight consecutive days at Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2) ten years apart. They also provided cognitive data at W2. Results Greater activity diversity at W2 was associated with higher overall cognitive functioning and higher executive functioning at W2. Individuals who increased activity diversity from W1 to W2 also exhibited higher scores in overall cognitive functioning and executive functioning at W2. Overall cognitive functioning, executive functioning, and episodic memory were better in those who had higher activity diversity at both waves, or increased activity diversity from W1 to W2, compared to those who had lower activity diversity or decreased activity diversity over time. Discussion Activity diversity is important for cognitive health in adulthood. Future work can study the directionality between activity diversity and cognitive functioning and underlying social and neurological mechanisms for these associations.
Abstract 5726: A-to-I RNA deaminase deregulation in pre-leukemia stem cell evolution

While inflammation induced ADAR1 RNA deaminases protect the human genome from retroviral integration, deregulation promotes therapeutic resistance in many malignancies. However, the combinatorial role of these deaminases in pre-leukemia stem cell (pre-LSC) evolution to therapy resistant LSC had not been elucidated. Thus, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 43 CD34+pre-leukemic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) samples compared with matched saliva and non-MPN controls andwhole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of 113 FACS-purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) from MPN, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and healthy young and aged samples. During MPN progression, inflammation-driven ADAR1 isoform p150 upregulation corresponded with increased Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) transitions in both MPN stem and progenitor populations. We identified unique A-to-I editing events in coding regions that are associated with either normal stem progenitors or with MPN progenitors. In addition, STAT3 transcript hyper-editing leads to STAT3beta splice isoform expression. Moreover, lentiviral ADAR1p150 overexpression enhanced replating as well as beta-catenin activation, which was reversed by lentiviral shRNA ADAR1 knockdown. In summary, innate immune deaminase deregulation fuels pre-LSC evolution to LSC and may represent a vital LSC therapeutic vulnerability. Citation Format: Qingfei Jiang, Frida Holm, Jane Isquith, Adam Mark, Cayla Mason, Eduardo Reynoso, Isabella Morris, Wenxue Ma, Raymond Diep, Jessica Pham, Chanond Nasamran, Guorong Xu, Roman Sasik, Sara Brin Rosenthal, Amanda Birmingham, Leslie Crews, Gabriel Pineda, Thomas Whisenant, Kathleen Fisch, Catriona Jamieson. A-to-I RNA deaminase deregulation in pre-leukemia stem cell evolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5726.
Multiplexed in situ protein imaging using DNA-barcoded antibodies with extended hybridization chain reactions

Immunofluorescence (IF) imaging using antibodies to visualize specific biomolecules is a widely used technique in both biological and clinical laboratories. Standard IF imaging methods using primary antibodies followed by secondary antibodies have low multiplexing capability due to limited availability of primary antibodies raised in different animal species. Here, we used a DNA-based signal amplification method, Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR), to replace secondary antibodies to achieve multiplexed imaging using primary antibodies of the same species with superior signal intensity. To enable imaging with DNA-conjugated antibodies, we developed a new antibody staining protocol to minimize nonspecific binding of antibodies caused by conjugated DNA oligonucleotides. We also expanded the HCR hairpin pool from previously published 5 to 13 for highly multiplexed in situ imaging. We finally demonstrated multiplexed in situ protein imaging using the technique in both cultured cells and mouse retina sections.
Some Illustrative Examples

Luck has a double aspect (1) as facilitating an outcome’s realization, and (2) as consequent on the outcome realized. Thus as to (1), the burglar was lucky that the watchman was asleep thus greatly easing his work. And as to (2) he was lucky that the house he targeted unbeknownst to him happened to contain a large collection of gold coins. Thus there can be luck in production or luck in product. And the two are connected. When you are lucky in obtaining what you get, then it is lucky for you that you got it.
O13 Acceptability, Perceived Benefits, and Unintended Consequences of a Virtual Nutrition Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Background Adolescents with ASD exhibit an increased prevalence of problematic eating behaviors, such as food selectivity, or consuming a narrow range of foods, and consume more energy-dense foods and fewer fruits and vegetables than typically developing children. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, perceived benefits, and unintended consequences of a virtual implementation of BALANCE (Bringing Adolescent Learners with Autism Nutrition and Culinary Education), an 8-week theory-driven nutrition intervention for adolescents with ASD. Study Design, Setting, Participants A qualitative study design was used. Twenty-seven adolescents aged 12-20 years who attended the BALANCE intervention and their parents participated in the study. Twenty-one parents participated in an interview. Six focus groups with 1 to 5 adolescents in each group were conducted. Data were collected virtually via Microsoft Teams. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed for a priori and emergent themes regarding intervention acceptability (likes, dislikes, satisfaction, and suggestions for improvement), perceived benefits, and unintended consequences. Results The intervention was generally acceptable to participants. Parents described, “I was so impressed,” “I feel like [he] was so happy,” and “he is more open to try new things.” Themes for acceptability included “virtual format,” “group setting,” “autonomy/independence,” “sensory components,” “interaction,” “reinforcement,” and “parent component.” Themes for perceived benefits included “diet changes,” “healthy weight,” “knowledge/awareness,” “behavioral skills,” “self-efficacy,” “outcome expectations,” “outcome expectancies,” and “other lifestyle changes.” “Anxiety/discomfort” during intervention lessons was an emergent theme regarding unintended consequences. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a virtual implementation of BALANCE was acceptable according to adolescents with ASD and their parents based on their reported perceptions and feelings about the intervention. Based on participant feedback, many adolescents with ASD may benefit from small group interventions, and virtual interventions are a convenient option for some adolescents and parents.
Effects of buprenorphine/lorcaserin mixtures on preference for heroin, cocaine, or saline over food using a concurrent choice procedure in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic continues despite the availability of medications, including buprenorphine, for opioid use disorder (OUD); identifying novel and effective treatments is critical for decreasing the prevalence of OUD and ending this crisis. Buprenorphine alone does not markedly attenuate abuse-related effects of nonopioids. Treatment outcomes might be improved by combining buprenorphine with a second medication targeting substance use disorder (SUD), such as lorcaserin, a serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor selective agonist that decreases abuse-related effects of drugs from several pharmacological classes in preclinical studies. Methods This study investigated the effectiveness of buprenorphine/lorcaserin mixtures to decrease preference for heroin or cocaine in monkeys choosing between food and i.v. infusions. Results When saline was available for self-administration, monkeys chose food; when heroin or cocaine was available, monkeys dose-dependently increased choice of infusions. Noncontingent administration of heroin, cocaine, or buprenorphine before sessions increased preference for saline over food. Daily noncontingent administration of buprenorphine increased saline choice, decreased heroin choice, and increased variability across monkeys and sessions; preference for cocaine was not altered. Adding lorcaserin to daily treatment reduced variability such that choice of saline and heroin was consistently less than 20%; choice of cocaine did not change. Conclusions Because buprenorphine/lorcaserin mixtures would not likely alter abuse of cocaine, they might not be useful for treating SUDs; nevertheless, mixtures reduced variability and decreased preference for heroin, compared with buprenorphine alone, perhaps suggesting that a different drug mixture, in which buprenorphine is combined with a second, nonopioid drug, might offer advantages over treatment with buprenorphine alone.
Will others approve? Effects of an injunctive norms intervention on intentions to use protective behavioral strategies during drinking games

Playing drinking games is associated with increased alcohol consumption and negative consequences. Using protective behavioral strategies while playing drinking games (e.g. alternating alcoholic an...
ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN INDIGENOUS BACTERIA IN GERM-FREE MICE.

Gibbons, R. J. (Forsyth Dental Center and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.), S. S. Socransky, and B. Kapsimalis. Establishment of human indigenous bacteria in germ-free mice. J. Bacteriol. 88:1316–1323. 1964.—Thirteen strains of bacteria indigenous to the gingival crevice area of man were tested for their ability to establish as monocontaminants in germ-free mice. Three facultative organisms, Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus albus, and a “diphtheroid,” established, as well as three anaerobes. Fusobacterium fusiforme, an anaerobic diphtheroid, and a Bacteroides strain. Seven other anaerobes (two strains of B. melaninogenicus, and one strain each of Treponema microdentium, Veillonella alcalescens, a Peptostreptococcus strain, Vibrio sputorum, and B. oralis) failed to establish. A mixture consisting of ten organisms representative of the predominant groups of cultivable bacteria present in the gingival crevice area of man was inoculated intraorally into germ-free mice. All organisms with the exception of B. melaninogenicus and T. microdentium became established as polycontaminants. Escherichia coli could be established in the above polycontaminated mice, as well as in those contaminated directly with human gingival debris. E. coli comprised approximately 50 and 6% of the fecal flora in the two groups, respectively. Diet, cecal contents, and feces of germ-free and polycontaminated mice were tested for inhibitory action against T. microdentium and B. melaninogenicus. None inhibited T. microdentium, whereas all three inhibited B. melaninogenicus. The inhibitory effect appeared to be due to dietary alfalfa. B. melaninogenicus could become established in mice monocontaminated with a facultative diptheroid and maintained on an alfalfa-free diet. These experiments indicate that human indigenous bacteria can become established in germ-free mice, and that microbial interactions and diet composition are important determinants.
STUDIES OF CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT IN EUGLENA. XII. TWO TYPES OF SATELLITE DNA.

Three species of DNA from wild-type cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris are described. Main band DNA (density = 1·707 g/cm3) most probably is assignable to the nucleus and is found in all strains examined. The satellite region (density = 1·688 g/cm3) previously described ( Leff, Mandel, Epstein & Schiff, 1963 ) has now been resolved into two DNA satellites, Sc (density = 1·686 g/cm3) and Sx (density = 1·691 g/cm3), both of which are present in wild-type cells, Sc is found in enriched quantities in the chloroplast fraction of green cells and is found in light-grown and dark-grown wild-type cells and in all mutants capable of forming at least a partial chloroplast, but is absent from all mutants incapable of plastid formation. Conversion of strains capable of chloroplast formation to strains incapable of this by means of ultraviolet treatment brings about a loss of Sc. This is consistent with ScDNA being a constituent of the chloroplasts. Sx is found in wild-type cells and in all mutants examined, whether capable or incapable of forming chloroplasts. On cell fractionation, Sx is absent from the chloroplast fraction and is found in the small-particle fraction of the cells along with mitochondrial cytochromes. From density calculations, main band DNA contains 48% guanine+cytosine : 52% adenine+thymine; Sx contains 31% guanine+cytosine: 69% adenine+thymine; and Sc contains 26% guanine+cytosine : 74% adenine+thymine. All three DNA species appear to be double-stranded.
Ambient well-bore mixing, aquifer cross-contamination, pumping stress, and water quality from long-screened wells: What is sampled and what is not?

Water quality tests were performed on two long-screened alluvial aquifer wells (15–30 m of screen) that had been completed in a heterogeneous aquifer that exhibits extreme temporal water quality variability. When stressed, the total dissolved solids (TDS) in one well decreased from 10,600 to 3,500 mg/L and in another well the TDS increased from 136 to 2,255 mg/L. Nested short-screened monitoring wells were constructed in chemically distinct horizons affecting each well. Water level measurements and solute and isotopic samples were obtained from the production wells and the monitoring wells during a water quality test. Results of a time drawdown tests demonstrate transmissivity differences between horizons. Ambient water quality in the production wells and aquifer cross-contamination are controlled by well-bore mixing due to head differences of as little as 0.01 m between chemically distinct horizons which are linked by the production well screen. During non-stress periods, the ambient well-bore chemistry is controlled by the horizon with the greatest hydraulic head, whereas during stressed conditions, horizon transmissivity controls the well-bore chemistry. In one well, aquifer cross-contamination, driven by an ambient head differential of 1.2 m, persisted until about 1,600 well-bore volumes were purged.
Streamlined, Inexpensive 3D Printing of the Brain and Skull

Neuroimaging technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) collect three-dimensional data (3D) that is typically viewed on two-dimensional (2D) screens. Actual 3D models, however, allow interaction with real objects such as implantable electrode grids, potentially improving patient specific neurosurgical planning and personalized clinical education. Desktop 3D printers can now produce relatively inexpensive, good quality prints. We describe our process for reliably generating life-sized 3D brain prints from MRIs and 3D skull prints from CTs. We have integrated a standardized, primarily open-source process for 3D printing brains and skulls. We describe how to convert clinical neuroimaging Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images to stereolithography (STL) files, a common 3D object file format that can be sent to 3D printing services. We additionally share how to convert these STL files to machine instruction gcode files, for reliable in-house printing on desktop, open-source 3D printers. We have successfully printed over 19 patient brain hemispheres from 7 patients on two different open-source desktop 3D printers. Each brain hemisphere costs approximately $3–4 in consumable plastic filament as described, and the total process takes 14–17 hours, almost all of which is unsupervised (preprocessing = 4–6 hr; printing = 9–11 hr, post-processing = <30 min). Printing a matching portion of a skull costs $1–5 in consumable plastic filament and takes less than 14 hr, in total. We have developed a streamlined, cost-effective process for 3D printing brain and skull models. We surveyed healthcare providers and patients who confirmed that rapid-prototype patient specific 3D models may help interdisciplinary surgical planning and patient education. The methods we describe can be applied for other clinical, research, and educational purposes.
Simultaneous Equations Model

Economists formulate models for consumption, production, investment, money demand and money supply, labor demand and labor supply to attempt to explain the workings of the economy. These behavioral equations are estimated equation by equation or jointly as a system of equations. These are known as simultaneous equations models. Much of today’s econometrics have been influenced and shaped by a group of economists and econometricians known as the Cowles Commission who worked together at the University of Chicago in the late 1940’s, see Chapter 1. Simultaneous equations models had their genesis in economics during that period. Haavelmo’s (1944) work emphasized the use of the probability approach to formulating econometric models. Koopmans and Marschak (1950) and Koopmans and Hood (1953) in two influential Cowles Commission monographs provided the appropriate statistical procedures for handling simultaneous equations models. In this chapter, we first give simple examples of simultaneous equations models and show why the least squares estimator is no longer appropriate. Next, we discuss the important problem of identification and give a simple necessary but not sufficient condition that helps check whether a specific equation is identified. Sections 11.2 and 11.3 give the estimation of a single and a system of equations using instrumental variable procedures. Section 11.4 gives a test of over-identification restrictions whereas, section 11.5 gives a Hausman specification test. Section 11.6 concludes with an empirical example. The Appendix revisits the identification problem and gives a necessary and sufficient condition for identification.
Ultrastructural Evidence for Prominent Distribution of the μ-Opioid Receptor at Extrasynaptic Sites on Noradrenergic Dendrites in the Rat Nucleus Locus Coeruleus

Physiological studies have indicated that agonists at the μ-opioid receptor (μOR), such as morphine or the endogenous peptide methionine5-enkephalin, can markedly decrease the spontaneous activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). Messenger RNA and protein for μOR are also densely expressed by LC neurons. During opiate withdrawal, increased discharge rates of LC neurons coincide with the expression of behavioral features associated with the opiate withdrawal syndrome. To better define the cellular sites for the physiological activation of μOR in the LC and its relation to afferent terminals, we examined the ultrastructural localization of μOR immunoreactivity in sections dually labeled for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunogold–silver labeling for μOR (i-μOR) was localized to parasynaptic and extrasynaptic portions of the plasma membranes of perikarya and dendrites, many of which also contained immunolabeling for TH. The dendrites containing exclusively i-μOR were more numerous in the rostral pole of the LC. The i-μOR in dendrites with and without detectable TH immunoreactivity were usually postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals containing heterogeneous types of synaptic vesicles and forming asymmetric synaptic specializations characteristic of excitatory-type synapses. These results provide the first direct ultrastructural evidence that μOR is strategically localized to modulate the postsynaptic excitatory responses of catecholamine-containing neurons in the LC.