cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimism Following a Tornado Disaster

Effects of exposure to a severe weather disaster on perceived future vulnerability were assessed in college students, local residents contacted through random-digit dialing, and community residents of affected versus unaffected neighborhoods. Students and community residents reported being less vulnerable than their peers at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after the disaster. In Studies 1 and 2, absolute risk estimates were more optimistic with time, whereas comparative vulnerability was stable. Residents of affected neighborhoods (Study 3), surprisingly, reported less comparative vulnerability and lower “gut-level” numerical likelihood estimates at 6 months, but later their estimates resembled the unaffected residents. Likelihood estimates (10%-12%), however, exceeded the 1% risk calculated by storm experts, and gut-level versus statistical-level estimates were more optimistic. Although people believed they had approximately a 1-in-10 chance of injury from future tornadoes (i.e., an overestimate), they tho...
Economics and electronic commerce

Electronic commerce technologies have changed the way in which many firms interact with each other and their customers. This changed interaction is the focus of the mini-track on Economics and Electronic Commerce in this year's conference, HICSS-33. The track is composed of four papers - two each on inter-firm and firm-customer relationships - and one presentation.
The contraction of molecular hydrogen protostars

Energy loss, contraction and collapse of molecular hydrogen protostars tracing evolutionary processes
Preventing postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with Graves disease: a prospective study.

Hypocalcemia occurs after total thyroidectomy (TT) for Graves disease via parathyroid injury and/or from increased bone turnover. Current management is to supplement calcium after surgery. This study evaluates the impact of preoperative calcium supplementation on hypocalcemia after Graves TT. A prospective study of patients with Graves disease undergoing TT was performed. Patients with Graves disease managed over a 9-month period took 1 g of calcium carbonate (CC) three times a day for 2 weeks before TT. Those managed the previous year without supplementation served as historic controls. Age-, gender-, and thyroid weight-matched, non-Graves TT patients were procedure controls. Patient demographics, postoperative laboratory values, complaints, and medications were reviewed. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-based postoperative protocols dictated postoperative CC and calcitriol use. Forty-five patients with Graves disease were treated with CC before TT, and 38 patients with Graves disease were not. Forty control subjects without Graves disease were identified. Age, gender, and thyroid weight were comparable. Preoperative calcium and PTH levels were equivalent. PTH values immediately after surgery, at postoperative day 1, and at 2-week follow-up were equivalent. Postoperative use of scheduled CC (p = 0.10) and calcitriol (p = 0.60) was similar. Postoperatively, patients with untreated Graves disease had lower serum calcium levels than pretreated patients with Graves disease or control subjects without Graves disease (8.3 mg/dL vs. 8.6 vs. 8.6, p = 0.05). Complaints of numbness and tingling were more common in nontreated Graves disease (26 %) than in pretreated Graves disease (9 %) or in control subjects without Graves disease (10 %, p < 0.05). Calcium supplementation before TT for Graves disease significantly reduced biochemical and symptomatic postoperative hypocalcemia. Preoperative calcium supplementation is a simple treatment that can reduce symptoms of hypocalcemia after Graves TT.
An Equipartition Principle of Generalized Canonical Ensembles

The equipartition of energy of a canonical ensemble has in the past proved fruitful in deriving averages of interesting parameters. It can be shown that an analogous principle holds for a generalized canonical ensemble, i.e., one whose distribution depends on a set of "additive" parameters ${a}_{i}$. With the help of this generalized equipartition principle one can calculate averages of certain functions of the coordinates that may be of interest. At equilibrium the equipartition principle reduces to the classical result provided that one of the ${a}_{i}'\mathrm{s}$ (or a sum of them) is the Hamiltonian of the system. The principle is applied to two weakly interacting gases and a gas described by two integrals of the motion.
Duplication-targeted DNA methylation and mutagenesis in the evolution of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Abstract Mammalian genomes are threatened with gene inactivation and chromosomal scrambling by recombination between repeated sequences such as mobile genetic elements and pseudogenes. We present and test a model for a defensive strategy based on the methylation and subsequent mutation of CpG dinucleotides in those DNA duplications that create uninterrupted homologous sequences longer than about 0.3 kilobases. The model helps to explain both the diversity of CpG frequencies in different genes and the persistence of gene fragmentation into exons and introns.
Avoiding Pitfalls in Varactor Circuit Designs

This paper approaches the problems encountered when varactor diodes are utilized for tuning purposes. The pitfalls that can occur are examined by presenlting the important characteristics of varactor diodes and how they effect circuit performance.
Crystallization behavior of silica-calcium phosphate biocomposites: XRD and FTIR studies

Silica and calcium phosphates (CaP) are the most important ingredients in bioactive materials that bond to bone and enhance bone tissue formation. In this study, silica-calcium phosphate (SiO2-CaP) composites were developed by powder metallurgy method, using silica (SiO2) and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) powders (CaP) in the ratios (wt%): 20/80, 40/60, 60/40 and 80/20. The effects of temperature and chemical composition on crystallization and phase transformation of the SiO2-CaP composites were evaluated by XRD and FTIR. Thermal treatment of the starting material suggested that CaHPO4 transforms into: y-Ca2P2O7 at 800°C; p-Ca2P2O7 at 1000°C and a-Ca2P2O7 at 1200°C. On the other hand, P-quartz was the only detected phase after thermal treatment of silica in the temperature range 800-1200 °C. For all SiO2-CaP composites, SiO2 and CaP did not modify the crystallization behavior of each other when sintered in the temperature range 800-1000°C. However, at 1200°C, CaP promoted the transformation of p-quartz into a-cristobalite. Moreover, SiO2 stabilized p-Ca2P2O7. The modifications in the crystallization behavior were related to ion substitution and formation of solid solutions.
Geochemical modeling of the near-surface hydrothermal system beneath the southern moat of Long Valley Caldera, California

Geochemical reaction path and mass balance modeling techniques were used to test the hypothesis that an eastwardly flowing plume of thermal water in the southern moat of the Long Valley caldera system reacts with hydrothermally altered intra-caldera tuffs and mixes with non-thermal groundwater. Our conceptual model is based on hypotheses in the literature and published geochemical and petrologic data. Mixing of thermal and non-thermal waters and reaction with wall rock were simulated using the reaction path code EQ3/6. Mass balance calculations were conducted to estimate the extent of water–rock interaction between the intra-caldera tuffs and fluids. A mixing ratio of 82% thermal and 18% non-thermal water reacting with altered tuff minerals closely matches Casa Diablo fluid compositions and minerals observed in petrographic studies. Results of this study show that the mineralogy and fluid chemistry observed in the shallow reservoir at Long Valley caldera are formed in an open system. Further, calcite precipitated in the system serves as a sink for high levels of CO2 generated by the deeper magmatic system. Our study serves as an example that processes acting in a geothermal system can be effectively quantified using geochemical modeling and mass balance calculations.
Predicting Turnover Validating the Intent to Leave Child Welfare Scale

A number of proxies have been used in child welfare workforce research to represent actual turnover; however, there have been no psychometric studies to validate a scale specifically designed for t...
Near Resonant Coupling on EHV Circuits: II - Methods of Analysis

Shunt reactor compensation on multicircuit untransposed overhead transmission lines may interact with the intracircuit and line-to-ground capacitances of the lines to produce severe near- resonant coupled voltages on a de-energized circuit.
Disfluencies of Normally Speaking Two-Year-Old Children

The spontaneous verbal output of 33 2-year-old children was analyzed to identify disfluencies. The results showed large individual variability and no significant sex differences. A substantial numb...
Effect of predistractor delays on the short-term memory performance of patients with Korsakoff's and Huntington's disease

Abstract Alcoholic Korsakoffs, patients with Huntington's Disease, and normal controls were administered a Peterson short-term memory task in which the amount of time between stimulus presentation and the beginning of the distractor activity was systematically varied. The Korsakoffs' recall improved as the predistractor interval lengthened, but Huntington's patients performed more poorly the longer the predistractor delay. These findings suggest that the Korsakoff, but not the Huntington's patients, can utilize additional processing time to rehearse phonemically encoded materials and thereby improve their short-term memory performance. However, the retention of the Korsakoffs did not attain the level of normal subjects.
Perception of Emotion and Response to Teachers' Expectancy by Elementary School Children:

Within each of 6 elementary school grades, a randomly selected 23% of the children were reported to their teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. All Ss were also administered a task designed to measure the accuracy of their perception of vocal communications of emotion by male and female speakers. After 4 mo. the “special” children scoring high in accuracy of perception of emotion as expressed by a female speaker showed significantly greater profit from the teachers' favorable expectations than did those low in accuracy. “Special” male Ss high in accuracy in perceiving emotion in a male showed significantly less profit from the expectancy after 4 mo. but significantly greater profit after being away from the teacher who received the expectancy for a 1-yr. period.
Myocardial depression accompanying chronic consumption of alcohol.

Abstract Ethyl alcohol (25 per cent) was administered orally to rats over a period of 7 months. After 4 months of alcohol administration, a consistent decrease in potential ventricular contractile force (isometric systolic tension), blood pressure, and heart rate occurred; however, the pair-fed controls remained normal. A vitamin supplement did not protect the alcohol-intoxicated animals against the myocardial depression. Arrhythmias which followed the administration of epinephrine or mechanical stress were noted in the alcoholic group, and enlarged, dilated hearts were observed in many instances. The decrease in myocardial tension appears to be the result of alcohol itself, rather than nutritional or vitamin deficiencies. Possible mechanisms for the cardiac depression that followed the administration of ethyl alcohol are discussed.
Factors That Predict the Bleeding Risk of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Background and Purpose Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have an overall 2% to 4% annual risk of hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific clinical and radiographic factors predispose AVMs to bleed and to predict the bleeding risk for individual AVM patients. Methods We reviewed the clinical histories and cerebral angiograms of 315 AVM patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery at our center. One half of the patient data (analysis cohort) was used to determine risk factors for bleeding and to construct AVM hemorrhage risk groups. These risk groups were then tested with the second half of the patient data (test cohort). Results The mean AVM volume was 4.0±3.4 mL (approximate maximum diameter of 2 cm). One hundred ninety-six initial hemorrhages occurred in 10 348 patient-years for an annual initial bleed rate of 1.89%; 44 of these 196 patients had a repeat bleed in 591 patient-years for an annual rebleed rate of 7.45%. The overall crude annual hemorrhage rate was 2.40%. ...
Automatically exploring how uncertainty impacts behavior of dynamically adaptive systems

A dynamically adaptive system (DAS) monitors itself and its execution environment to evaluate requirements satisfaction at run time. Unanticipated environmental conditions may produce sensory inputs that alter the self-assessment capabilities of a DAS in unpredictable and undesirable ways. Moreover, it is impossible for a human to know or enumerate all possible combinations of system and environmental conditions that a DAS may encounter throughout its lifetime. This paper introduces Loki, an approach for automatically discovering combinations of environmental conditions that produce requirements violations and latent behaviors in a DAS. By anticipating adverse environmental conditions that might arise at run time, Loki facilitates the identification of goals with inadequate obstacle mitigations or insufficient constraints to prevent such unwanted behaviors. We apply Loki to an autonomous vehicle system and describe several undesirable behaviors discovered.
Numerical Integration of the Chemical Rate Equations via a Discretized Adomian Decomposition

Chemists are frequently interested in rate equations, which are first-order differential equations. Numerical integration of these equations allows the researcher to accurately predict the concentrations of chemical species at any time given the initial conditions. Explicit Runge−Kutta (RK) integration is widely used for solving the rate equations. In this article, Adomian decomposition methods (ADM) are used to obtain the solutions of chemical rate equations. The Adomian method outlined here outperforms high-order RK routines in the arenas of accuracy and truncation error. Additionally, four modifications are introduced that place the Adomian integration on par with RK in terms of speed (a primary reason for which Adomian decomposition methods are currently underemployed). The inclusion of up to the fifth term in the Adomian expansion gives a truncation error of order O(h10). The method as presented yields solutions which are step-size independent in the nonstiff regime. The problem of rapid polynomial d...
Architecting a Simulation Framework for Model Rehosting

The utility of vehicle math models extends beyond human-in-the-loop simulation. It is desirable to deploy a given model across a multitude of applications that target design, analysis, and research. However, the vehicle model alone represents an incomplete simulation. One must also replicate the environment models (e.g., atmosphere, gravity, terrain) to achieve identical vehicle behavior across all applications. Environment models are increasing in complexity and represent a substantial investment to re-engineer for a new application. A software component that can be rehosted in each application is one solution to the deployment problem. The component must encapsulate both the vehicle and environment models. The component must have a well-defined interface that abstracts the bulk of the logic to operate the models. This paper examines the characteristics of a rehostable modeling component from the perspective of a human-in-the-loop simulation framework. The Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) is used as an example. LaSRS++ was recently redesigned to transform its modeling package into a rehostable component.
Thermophysical characterization of tilapia myosin and its subfragments.

: Purified tilapia myosin was digested with α-chymotrypsin and purified to obtain heavy meromyosin (HMM) and light meromyosin (LMM). The thermophysical properties of Tilapia myosin, HMM, and LMM were characterized. Constantly heated myosin, HMM, and LMM samples showed that aggregates began to form around 40 °C as evidenced by the increase of turbidity for all 3 samples (0.25 mg/mL). Beginning turbidity measurements showed differing levels of absorbance for each protein fragment with increasing absorbance values in the following order HMM, myosin, and LMM (0.0026, 0.0282, and 0.052, respectively). Differential scanning calorimetry showed 3 (17.5, 41.9, and 49.9 °C), 2 (43 and 67.1 °C), and 3 (40.4, 51.7, and 69 °C) major peaks for myosin, HMM, and LMM, respectively. Dynamic rheology measurements demonstrated crossover points, which are generally recognized as gelation point, 40.3 °C for myosin and 27 °C for HMM. The results shown for the thermally stable properties of tilapia myosin, HMM, and LMM showed clear evidence that they are all thermal stable at temperatures ranging from 10 °C to approximately 40 °C after which they all are completely denatured. The results also showed that the thermo stability of the myosin and its subfragments were greatly influenced by fish habitat temperature.
Identification of two Y-Box binding proteins that interact with the promoters of columbid annexin I genes

Abstract Two annexin I (anxI) genes, called cp35 and cp37, are expressed from the pigeon ( Columba livia ) genome, but they are regulated differently at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The proximal promoter elements of these two genes are very similar. A conserved sequence from the cp35 and cp37 promoters bound specifically with proteins present in cropsac cell extracts. This sequence of DNA was used to screen a λgt11 cDNA expression library. Clones encoding two pigeon Y-box binding proteins (YB) were isolated. One of the pigeon YB cDNAs was found to be most similar to YB1 from other species, and the other was most similar to chicken YB2. Each YB is encoded by a single-copy gene in the pigeon, and their mRNAs are expressed in many tissues. On Northern blots, the sizes of the mRNAs encoding pigeon YB1 (pYB1) and pigeon YB2 (pYB2) were 1.8 and 1.7 kb, respectively. The sequences of both pYB1 and pYB2 diverge from their previously identified relatives in the N-terminal domain `A'. Antisera were developed to unique peptide epitopes in YB1 or 2. Affinity-purified anti-YB1 and anti-YB2 detected immunoreactive proteins in extracts from a variety of pigeon tissues, including the cropsac. To confirm that pYB1 and pYB2 interact with the cp35 promoter, electrophoretic gel mobility shift reactions were carried out in the presence or absence of YB antibodies. Binding to the cp35 promoter was specifically neutralized by either anti-pYB1 or anti-pYB2. These results are the first evidence that two YB proteins simultaneously bind to a promoter element, and thereby may interact during regulation of gene expression.
Ingestion motor programs of Aplysia are modulated by short-term synaptic enhancement in cerebral-buccal interneuron pathways.

In the sea slug Aplysia, buccal synapses of cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBIs) CBI-2 and CBI-12 exhibit short-term synaptic enhancement (STE), including frequency-dependant facilitation and augmentation/post-tetanic potentiation (AUG/PTP). The STE that results from driving CBI-2 or CBI-12 is associated with significantly decreased latency to burst onset in buccal premotor neurons and motor neurons, increased cycle frequency of ingestion buccal motor programs (iBMPs) and increased intraburst firing frequency of buccal neurons during iBMPs. Tests of paired-pulse facilitation during AUG/PTP suggest that the locus for this plasticity is presynaptic. The AUG/PTP is not elicited by heterosynaptic pathways, indicating that its origin is homosynaptic. At low CBI-2 and CBI-12 firing frequencies, STE is likely to contribute to iBMP initiation, while at higher firing frequencies, STE is correlated with increased cycle frequency of iBMPs. Thus, STE is an important component of the mechanisms whereby cerebral neurons regulate cyclic feeding programs and likely contributes to observed variations in behavioral responses, including feeding arousal.
Properties of various sintered rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets between -60&#176; and +200&#176;C

The temperature dependency of remanence, intrinsic and induction coercivity, energy product and loop squareness of sintered rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets was studied. High-energy magnets having room-temperature energy products of 19-30 MGOe were characterized with view toward their use in air-borne electrical machinery. The temperature variation of the commonly used design parameters is reported for six types of commercial magnets based on SmCo 5 , (Sm, Pr)Co 5 and modified Sm 2 Co 17 , which had been fabricated by three common field-pressing methods. Demagnetization curves were measured at four temperatures, from -60°C to +200°C. This paper identifies the magnet types by nominal composition and pressing geometry; it briefly discusses the methods of measurement and it reports detailed magnetic property data of value to the magnet user.
Identification of human figure drawings through questioned document examination techniques

Abstract Two cases were submitted for questioned document examination involving human figure drawings. As there was little information on ‘artist’ identification in the questioned document examination literature, a sample of 107 individuals was selected to participate in a study. The respondents were requested to draw two cartoons, one naturally and one disguised, in order to determine if standard questioned document examination methods could be employed to identify the ‘artists’. The findings indicated that ‘artists’ of human figure drawings could be identified using standard handwriting identification techniques.
Reverse undercompressive shock structures in driven thin film flow

We show experimental and computational evidence of a new structure: an undercompressive and reverse undercompressive shock for draining films driven by a surface tension gradient against gravity. The reverse undercompressive shock is unstable to transverse perturbations while the leading undercompressive shock is stable. Depending on the pinch-off film thickness, as controlled by the meniscus, either a trailing rarefaction wave or a compressive shock separates from the reverse undercompressive shock.
Supercooling and cold‐hardiness in eggs of western and northern corn rootworms

Oviposition by northern corn rootworms, Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence, and western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), key pests of corn in the Great Plains of the USA, occurs in the soil during late summer. Overwintering eggs are exposed to variable soil moisture and temperatures below − 5 ° C. The winter mortality of eggs in the soil is a primary factor that determines the potential for larval injury to corn the following spring. Our studies aimed to determine the comparative supercooling capacities of northern and western corn rootworm eggs and to assess egg mortality following brief exposure to extreme low temperature, ranging from − 12.0 to − 21.5 ° C, under three moisture regimes. Eggs of northern corn rootworm were supercooled to a temperature as low as − 27 ° C, and survived supercooling to a greater extent than did western corn rootworm eggs. Moisture treatment prior to supercooling had little effect on northern corn root- worm eggs. Western corn rootworm eggs were more resistant than northern corn rootworm eggs to the effects of desiccation followed by supercooling. The survival of northern corn rootworm eggs was better than western corn rootworms under dry conditions, followed by exposure to temperatures of − 12.0 and − 17.5 ° C, but was very low at − 21.5 ° C, regardless of the moisture regime. The results suggest that moisture and temperature may interact in the soil environment to determine the over- wintering survival of corn rootworms. It is evident from these studies that both rootworm species experience mortality at temperatures well above the supercooling points of the eggs, but that differ- ences exist in the effects of substrate moisture treatments on the cold-hardiness of eggs from the two species.
The role of elastic interaction stresses on the onset of slip in polycrystalline alpha brass—I. Experimental determination of operating slip systems and qualitative analysis

Abstract Coarse grained α-brass specimens with grain sizes of 2.4mm (as cast), 0.86 (wrought), 0.52 (as cast) and 0.19 (wrought) were compressed to the proportional limit. The orientation of a number of grains, including 67 which revealed cross slip, were determined by the back reflection Laue technique. Trace analysis of cross slipping systems permitted the determination of the operating slip systems. Of the 195 slip systems determined, 118 were primary or strongly operating. The remainder were either cross slip or secondary slip systems. Of the 118 primary slip systems only 30 had the highest Schmid Factor (S.F.) based on the applied stress. This indicated that internal stresses, arising from the elastic interactions of neighboring grains, provided the necessary additional stress to permit the observed slip system to operate. A qualitative analysis, based on the elastic contribution of surrounding grains to slip in a given grain confirmed this inference.
Structural Transitions and Proton Conduction in Nonstoichiometric A3B'B”O9 Perovskite‐Type Oxides

In the authors` recent studies, the complex perovskite-type oxides of the formula A{sub 3}Ca{sub 1+x}Nb{sub 2{minus}x}O{sub 9{minus}{delta}}, where A = Ba, Sr, have been shown to become excellent protonic conductors (when x > 0) after exposure to water vapor. In this work, the authors further explore the structure-properties correlation of these compounds. Using X-ray diffraction, TEM, and EDX microanalysis, it is shown that the 1:2 ordering, present in the stoichiometric samples, is gradually replaced by 1:1 order and random order. The differently ordered regions appear as nanoscale fluctuations. Comparison of the protonic conductivity reveals that a steep increase in the effective mobility, {mu}{sub H}, of protons accompanies the structural changes. This behavior can be interpreted by the concept of percolation in composite media. In addition, the change in structure with composition gives rise to striking changes in mechanical properties.
Fast Recursive Computation of 3D Geometric Moments from Surface Meshes

A new exact algorithm is proposed to compute the 3D geometric moments of a homogeneous shape defined by an unstructured triangulation of its surface. This algorithm relies on the analytical integration of the moments on tetrahedra defined by the surface triangles and a central point and on a set of recurrent relationships between the corresponding integrals, and achieves linear running time complexities with respect to the number of triangles in the surface mesh and with respect to the number of moments that are computed. This effectively reduces the complexity for computing moments up to order N from N6 to N3 with respect to the fastest previously proposed exact algorithm.
A small-sample correction for the Schwarz SIC model selection criterion

The relationship between AIC and AICc is used to derive the small-sample correction, SICc, for Schwarz's SIC model selection criterion. Small-sample properties of SIC and SICc are discussed. Small-sample and large-scale simulation studies including nonnormal errors are presented as well. Consistent criteria are useful when there is a large number of extraneous variables in a study. Consistent criteria are less affected by the increased opportunity for overfitting.
Motor cortex stimulation for the enhancement of recovery from stroke: a prospective, multicenter safety study.

OBJECTIVE: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies suggest that human cortex shows evidence of neuroplasticity. Preclinical studies in rats and monkeys suggest that motor cortical stimulation can enhance plasticity and improve recovery after stroke. This study assesses the safety and preliminary efficacy of targeted subthreshold epidural cortical stimulation delivered concurrently with intensive rehabilitation therapy while using an investigational device in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. METHODS: This is a prospective, multicenter, and nonblinded trial randomizing patients to rehabilitation with or without cortical stimulation. Patients aged 20 to 75 years who had had an ischemic stroke at least 4 months previously causing persistent moderate weakness of the arm were included. Functional magnetic resonance imaging localized hand motor function before surgery to place an epidural cortical electrode. Both groups then underwent rehabilitation for 3 weeks after which the electrode was removed. Outcome measures were obtained at baseline, during therapy, and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postprocedure. RESULTS: Ten patients were randomized; six patients to surgery, four to the control group. No patient deaths, neurological deterioration, or seizures occurred. There were two infections from nonprotocol-related causes. Of the eight patients completing the treatment, the stimulation plus rehabilitation group improved significantly better than controls in the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer (P = 0.003 overall) and the hand function score of the Stroke Impact Scale (P = 0.001 overall). CONCLUSION: The technique of cortical stimulation to enhance stroke recovery is well tolerated and safe.
Eyes of the Histioteuthidae.

ON cruises aboard RV Sarsia and RRS Discovery we have studied a number of features of oceanic animals to see how these change with habit and depth, and, as part of this work, we have used methods previously described1,2 to find the spectral absorption properties of lenses from the eyes of fish and cephalopods.
Fatty acid patterns in iron-deficient maternal and neonatal rats

To determine the effects of maternal iron deficiency on lipid composition and fatty acid patterns in offspring, rats were fed ad libitum diets containing 5 ppm iron (deficient) (n=8) or 320 ppm iron (control) (n=7) and deionized water from day-1 of gestation through day-18 of lactation. On day-2 of lactation, litters were standardized to three male and three female pups. On day-18, pups were fasted for 4 hr before tissue and blood collection. Significant changes in serum and liver lipid concentrations and fatty acid patterns were observed in deficient pups. Serum triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids and liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters were increased. In deficient pups, percentage total fatty acids of 14∶0, 16∶1, 18∶1, 18∶2 from serum lipids were increased; in liver, 14∶0, 18∶2, 18∶3 were increased; 18∶0 and 20∶4 were decreased in both serum and liver. Dam serum lipid levels did not differ between groups. Lipid changes observed in iron-deficient pups did not consistently reflect the milk, serum or liver lipid patterns observed in dams. Altered lipid composition and fatty acid patterns of iron-deficient pups thus appear to be of endogenous origin.
Forced convection from a surface covered with flexible fibers

Abstract The heat transfer, friction and mechanical (elastic) interaction between an external laminar flow and a solid surface covered by a layer of fibers is investigated numerically. The flow is initially perpendicular to the surface, and the fibers can bend. The study has two parts. In the first part it is assumed that the fibers are inflexible. It is shown that the effect of the fiber layer on the overall heat transfer can be correlated in terms of the fraction of the external flow that penetrates into the fiber layer. The second part focuses on the effect of fiber bending, which is described by a new dimensionless group: the stiffness number S = EI /( pU 2 ∞ L 4 ). It is shown that the wall heat transfer, friction and fiber layer flow fraction exhibit a sudden decrease when S drops below a critical value, S c . The critical stiffness number can be correlated as S c = C ( H / L ) 5 ( D / H ) 2 /(1 - o ), where C is a constant of order 0.4, H and D are the fiber length and diameter, L is the half-length of the solid wall, and o is the porosity of the fiber layer.
The blood osmotic pressure of the terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber latr. and Oniscus asellus L., with reference to the effect of temperature and body size

1. 1. The blood osmotic pressure in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber varies inversely with the acclimation temperature (as measured at 3, 23 and 30°C). This species also has decreasing osmotic pressures with increasing size. 2. 2. Between 23 and 30°C smaller animals did not show any difference in their blood oxmotic pressure, while in larger animals the blood concentration remained unchanged between 23 and 3°C. 3. 3. Moulting animals as well as ovigerous females have lowered osmotic pressures. There was no influence of sex on the osmotic value in intermoult animals. 4. 4. The blood concentration of Oniscus asellus was not related to body size when measured at 23°C. 5. 5. Some ecological and metabolic implications of these findings are discussed.
Low-Frequency Modes in Amorphous Boron-Rich Alloys

Raman scattering measurements are reported in amorphous boron-rich alloys of Y and La which indicate cagelike or in-band resonant modes not previously observed in noncrystalline solids. Low-frequency, intense Raman peaks indicate weak metal-boron bonding that is significantly reduced in the Y system. This is similar to the recent results in superconducting crystalline hexaborides and suggests that the anomalous transition temperature of Y${\mathrm{B}}_{6}$ is a consequence of general bonding trends that persist in the amorphous state.
Radiative thermal loading on a laser rod at low-level energy pumping

The radiative energy pumped for solid-state lasing is absorbed by the lasing medium. The temperature changes and gradients thus created through heat absorption can produce thermal expansion and distortion of the lasing rod, affecting its performance. The magnitude of the thermal loading during the energy pumping process is of great interest in laser system design. The objective of the investigation here is to determine the thermal loading effects and other pertinent characteristics on a laser rod with a modified Michelson interferometer and a high-speed framing camera. These effects are analyzed with two flashbulb configurations at a low-level energy pumping.
Dynamic Holographic Interconnections Using Photorefractive Crystals

Dynamic global interconnections between processors in massively parallel computers are a highly desirable feature. Their implementation would greatly increase performance because large bandwidth interprocessor communication links may be reconfigured to match problem geometries. Global hardwiring of interconnects for large processor arrays is cumbersome, and present systems use rather tedious packet routing virtual interconnects. This report presents a novel design concept for a dynamic optical interconnect which would create a holographic interconnect between any two (or more) processors upon request. Each processor has a detector and a light source. A hologram may then be written into a nonlinear crystal which will diffract modulated light from a source at one processor to detectors at any other processors which desire that communication link. Writing is a two step process using a phase conjugate mirror and requiring the light sources of the involved processors to be mutually coherent. Preliminary analysis of this system along with an experimental proof of concept is discussed.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons disrupt axial development in sea urchin embryos through a β-catenin dependent pathway

Sea urchin (Lytechinus anemesis) embryos were used as an experimental system to investigate the mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of creosote, one of the most widely used wood preserving chemicals, as well as some of its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, pyrene and quinoline). Data suggest that creosote and PAHs affect axial development and patterning in sea urchin embryos by disrupting the regulation of beta-catenin, a crucial transcriptional co-activator of specific target genes in the Wnt/wg signaling pathway. When ciliated blastula stage embryos were exposed to these compounds, they developed into exogastrulae with completely evaginated archentera, demonstrating that these chemicals disrupt axial development and patterning. This response occurred in a dose-dependent fashion, with the EC(50) of creosote for complete exogastrulation being 1.57 ppm, while the EC(50)s of the PAHs ranged from 0.41 ppm (2.0 microM) to 4.33 ppm (33.5 microM). Morphologically, the exogastrulae that developed from embryos exposed to creosote and PAHs appeared to be identical to those that resulted from exposure to lithium chloride, a classical agent known to induce vegetalization and exogastrulation in sea urchin embryos. Immunological studies using antibodies against beta-catenin, a multi-functional protein known to be involved in cell-cell adhesion and cell fate specification during embryonic development, revealed high levels of nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin by cells of creosote- and PAH-exposed embryos, irrespective of their positions in the developing embryo. Dissociated embryonic cells cultured in the presence of these agents rapidly responded in a similar fashion. Since beta-catenin accumulation occurs in nuclei of several types of cancer cells, it is possible this may be a general mechanism by which PAHs affect a variety of different cell types.
Risk and Private Military Work

Abstract: To date geography has paid scant attention to private military contracting. Other disciplines have studied the topic, but their work is state-centric. In this paper I examine private military contracting through a geoeconomic lens and make four arguments. First, the heightened security risks of the contemporary era cannot be explained solely as a result of states’ decision to cede their monopolies over the means of violence. We must also examine the private military firms that have created new monopolies and the strategies they use to manage and distribute risk. Second, the industry has increased risk in the world system by offloading security risks onto their employees. This “responsibility over rights” management model provides inadequate human rights training and battlefield adjudication procedures for contractors and civilians alike. Third, the geography of private military work does not always conform to the global division of labor between north and south. Instead, private military work creates a class of work that cuts across social and geographic divides. Finally, while activists should encourage states to regulate the industry, they should also push it to reform employment practices since private military firms are increasingly global in scope.
Porous and strong bioactive glass (13–93) scaffolds fabricated by freeze extrusion technique

Abstract Scaffolds fabricated by current methods often lack the combination of high strength and high porosity for skeletal substitution of load-bearing bones. In this work, freeze extrusion fabrication (FEF), a solid freeform fabrication technique, was investigated for the creation of porous and strong bioactive glass (13–93) scaffolds for potential applications in the repair of loaded bone. The process parameters for forming three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with a pre-designed, grid-like microstructure by FEF were determined. Following thermal treatment of the as-formed constructs at temperatures up to 700 °C, scaffolds consisting of dense glass struts and interconnecting pores (porosity ≈ 50%; pore width ≈ 300 μm) were obtained. These scaffolds showed an elastic mechanical response in compression, with a compressive strength of 140 ± 70 MPa and an elastic modulus of 5.5 ± 0.5 GPa, comparable to the values for human cortical bone. The scaffolds supported the proliferation of osteogenic cells in vitro, showing their biocompatibility. These results indicate that 13–93 bioactive glass scaffolds created by the FEF method could have potential application in the repair and regeneration of load-bearing bones.
Kitchener's principle ethics: implications for counseling practice and research

This extensive literature review examining the influence of K. S. Kitchener's (1984) introduction of principle ethics on counseling and psychology ethics notes the ultimate practicality of principle ethics. The authors maintain that although a strong influence of principle ethics in the area of counselor education emerges through the review, there is little clear evidence of influence in the areas of counseling research or practice. A primary reliance in the counseling professional literature on K. S. Kitchener's original work has likely resulted in a static understanding of the concepts and a concomitant theory–to–application knowledge gap. Implications include a more thorough and ongoing bridging between counseling ethics, philosophical ethics and practice, and a more overt presence of principle ethics.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of 2,5-linked bistetrahydrofurans via the triepoxide cascade reaction

Abstract A complementary set of stereochemically controlled approaches to the preparation of twelve diastereomers of the bistetrahydrofurans 11 is described. The key transformation involves a series of nucleophilic displacement reactions within triepoxides 19-the “end-to-end” triepoxide cascade reaction—which leads, presumably via 22 and 23, after acetylation to bistetrahydrofuran tetraacetates 24. The “inside-out” cyclization of 30 exemplifies a useful variation with significant stereochemical consequences. The role of symmetry in these approaches is discussed. A general mathematical analysis for conceptualizing isomer distribution within multistep sequences is presented.
Continuum of professional involvement in self‐help groups

Some self-help groups prohibit professional involvement (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), and other groups (e.g., Mended Hearts, a group for heart attack victims) have extensive involvement with professionals. Many theorists and researchers argue convincingly that groups which are professionally led are fundamentally different from peer-led self-help groups (Schubert & Borkman, 1991), and that professionals impact the behavior settings of the group (Toro, Rieschl, Zimmerman, Rapport, Seidman, Luke, & Roberts, 1988). Despite these discussions, there has been only a limited amount of research assessing the level and nature of professional involvement in self-help groups. The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of professionals in a random sample of self-help groups and to examine differences and similarities in the internal and external characteristics between: a) peer-led self-help groups with some professional involvement; b) peer-led groups with no professional involvement; and c) professional-led support groups. Results indicated that professional involvement in groups was common, but the extent and nature of that involvement varied greatly. Examination of groups' internal and external group characteristics indicated notable differences and similarities across differing levels of professional involvement. These findings indicate that the dichotomous view of comparing peer-led “self-help groups” versus professional-led “support groups” is artificial and that professional involvement in mutual aid is a continuum, with most groups having a moderate level of professional involvement. The implications for self-help researchers, clearinghouses, and groups are discussed in respect to this continuum, and in the light of changes created by managed care and welfare reform. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Congress of Panama

Bolivar sent his lieutenant, Jose Antonio Sucre, on a campaign to free Guayaquil and the balance of Ecuador. He followed later with reinforcements and declared Ecuador incorporated into Colombia. Proceeding to Peru, Bolivar was named Supreme Commander by the Congress of Peru. By December, 1824, Sucre had defeated the Spanish forces in Peru. By early 1825, Sucre’s forces had liberated Upper Peru, which adopted the name of Bolivia.
The safety of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in aortic valve replacement with unclampable aorta in non-octogenarians

OBJECTIVES: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severely atherosclerotic aortas (porcelain aorta) presents a significant technical challenge. Two strategies are deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) during conventional surgery and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes in patients who underwent DHCA for AVR with a porcelain aorta to identify whether older patients are more suitable for TAVR. METHODS: Between October 2004 and December 2012, 122 patients underwent AVR using DHCA for atherosclerotic aorta. Patients with concomitant valve surgery were excluded. Overall, 63.9% (78/122) were of age 80 (octogenarian group, OG). Of the total cohort, 62.3% (76/122) had concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery. RESULTS: The mean age for the whole cohort was 75.7 ± 8.5 years; 70.2 ± 8.1 years for the NOG and 83.4 ± 2.6 years for the OG (P= 0.001). The OG had a higher rate of preoperative renal failure (20.5%, 9/44 vs 7.7%, 6/78, P= 0.048) and trends towards a greater history of cerebrovascular disease (9.1%, 4/44 vs 1.3%, 1/78, P= 0.056), but fewer reoperations (6.8%, 3/44 vs 19.2%, 15/78, P= 0.069). Cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamp time and circulatory arrest time were similar between the two groups. Postoperative complication rates were similar except for permanent stroke (OG 18.2%, 8/44 vs NOG 6.4%, 5/78, P= 0.065). The overall operative mortality rate was 8.2% (10/122); however, the OG had significantly higher operative mortality compared with the NOG (15.9%, 7/44 vs 3.8%, 3/78, P= 0.035). One- and 5-year survival rates were 88.9 and 79.3% for the NOG versus 75.0 and 65.9% for the OG (P= 0.027), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative neurological events and operative mortality were, respectively, 3- and 4-fold higher in octogenarians undergoing AVR using DHCA. Such patients may represent suitable candidates for TAVR if favourable outcomes are demonstrated in patients with atherosclerotic aortas. Surgical AVR remains the standard treatment option with excellent outcomes for patients <80 years old with unclampable aortas.
Dimension Reduction in Binary Response Regression

Abstract The idea of dimension reduction without loss of information can be quite helpful for guiding the construction of summary plots in regression without requiring a prespecified model. Focusing on the central subspace, we investigate such “sufficient” dimension reduction in regressions with a binary response. Three existing methods—sliced inverse regression, principal Hessian direction, and sliced average variance estimation—and one new method—difference of covariances—are studied for their ability to estimate the central subspace and produce sufficient summary plots. Combining these numerical methods with the graphical methods proposed earlier by Cook leads to a novel paradigm for the analysis of binary response regressions.
Monopoly, Monopsony, And Market Definition: An Antitrust Perspective On Market Concentration Among Health Insurers

James Robinson uses the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to compute the concentration of commercial health insurance markets in most of the states during the past four years. The HHI is the analytical foundation for the federal antitrust merger guidelines, so we consider his findings from an antitrust perspective. Market concentration provides an important benchmark for antitrust analysis, but it does not, standing alone, indicate the presence of problematic (anticompetitive) behavior or a problem that antitrust law can solve. Even if it did, there are major problems in treating individual states as discrete insurance markets. Unless the market is correctly defined, any analysis of market concentration is thoroughly unreliable.