cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Butterfly Response to Sagebrush Steppe Restoration Treatments

As part of the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP), butterflies were surveyed pretreatment and up to 4 yr posttreatment at 16 widely distributed sagebrush steppe sites in the interior West. Butterfly populations and communities were analyzed in response to treatments (prescribed fire, mechanical, herbicide) designed to restore sagebrush steppe lands encroached by pinon-juniper woodlands (Pinus, Juniperus spp.) and invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Butterflies exhibited distinct regional patterns of species composition, with communities showing marked variability among sites. Some variation was explained by the plant community, with Mantel's test indicating that ordinations of butterfly and plant communities were closely similar for both woodland sites and lower-elevation treeless (sage-cheat) sites. At woodland sites, responses to stand replacement prescribed fire, clear-cutting, and tree mastication treatments applied to 10–20-ha plots were subtle: 1) no changes were observed in community structure; 2) Melissa blues (Plebejus melissa) and sulfurs (Colias spp.) increased in abundance after either burning or mechanical treatments, possibly due to increase in larval and nectar food resource, respectively; and 3) the juniper hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus) declined at sites at which it was initially present, probably due to removal of its larval food source. At sage-cheat sites, after prescribed fire was applied to 25–75-ha plots, we observed 1) an increase in species richness and abundance at most sites, possibly due to increased nectar resources for adults, and 2) an increase in the abundance of skippers (Hesperiidae) and small white butterflies. Linkages between woody species removal, the release of herbaceous vegetation, and butterfly response to treatments demonstrate the importance of monitoring an array of ecosystem components in order to document the extent to which management practices cause unintended consequences.
TH-sequence construction for centralised UWB-IR systems in dispersive channels

A novel time hopping sequence construction algorithm is proposed for centralised impulse radio systems. The proposed multiple accessing method takes into account the number of active users in the system and maximum excess delay of the channel. By carefully grouping the time hopping sequences, orthogonality of the codes are preserved despite multipath up to a certain number of users. For a larger number of users, the proposed code construction minimises the overall performance degradation.
Effect of body characteristics on thoracic attenuation of intra-cardiac electrical activity recorded on the surface electrocardiogram

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of body characteristics on the electrical transfer function of the human thorax. Twenty patients undergoing electrophysiologic study were enrolled. Unipolar stimuli were applied in the right ventricular apical and posterioseptal areas. XYZ surface ECGs and unipolar intra-cardiac electrograms of the pacing impulses were recorded and signal-averaged. The intracardiac-to-surface transfer functions were modeled and compared with body characteristics. Physical dimensions, respiratory measures obtained by spirometry, and age correlated with magnitude intercepts and slopes of the modeled transfer functions in all three directions. The phase transfer functions were correlated with physical dimensions in the Y and Z directions. The effect of body characteristics on the frequency dependency of attenuation and phase has implications on the use of surface ECG and body surface mapping
Clinical characteristics of patients with spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, 3 and 6 in the US; A prospective observational study

Background: All spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are rare diseases. SCA1, 2, 3 and 6 are the four most common SCAs, all caused by expanded polyglutamine-coding CAG repeats. Their pathomechanisms are becoming increasingly clear and well-designed clinical trials will be needed. Methods: To characterize the clinical manifestations of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1, 2, 3 and 6 and their natural histories in the United States (US), we conducted a prospective multicenter study utilized a protocol identical to the European consortium study, using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score as the primary outcome, with follow-ups every 6 months up to 2 years. Results: We enrolled 345 patients (60 SCA1, 75 SCA2, 138 SCA3 and 72 SCA6) at 12 US centers. SCA6 patients had a significantly later onset, and SCA2 patients showed greater upper-body ataxia than patients with the remaining SCAs. The annual increase of SARA score was greater in SCA1 patients (mean ± SE: 1.61 ± 0.41) than in SCA2 (0.71 ± 0.31), SCA3 (0.65 ± 0.24) and SCA6 (0.87 ± 0.28) patients (p = 0.049). The functional stage also worsened faster in SCA1 than in SCA2, 3 and 6 (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The proportions of different SCA patients in US differ from those in the European consortium study, but as in the European patients, SCA1 progress faster than those with SCA2, 3 and 6. Later onset in SCA6 and greater upper body ataxia in SCA2 were noted. We conclude that progression rates of these SCAs were comparable between US and Europe cohorts, suggesting the feasibility of international collaborative clinical studies.
Patient perception of symptoms and quality of life following ablation in patients with supraventricular tachycardia.

Objectives It remains unclear which symptom experiences and aspects of quality of life (QOL) change after ablation in patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). To determine how patient perceptions of symptoms and QOL change after ablation, we used a single group pretest–posttest design. Methods Patients with SVT (n = 52; mean age 41 ± 17 years; 65% female) completed generic and disease-specific measures at baseline and 1 month after ablation. Results Significant improvement after ablation was noted on virtually all measures ( P Conclusions Despite the small sample, statistically significant improvement was found after ablation in a variety of patients with different symptoms and QOL indices.
Preliminary observations on the occurrence of a streptomycin R-factor in Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607.

Abstract Evidence is presented to demonstrate that Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 has two forms of resistance to streptomycin dihydrochloride: (l) a genetically stable resistance that is not determined by the inactivation of the antibiotic; (2) a genetically unstable resistance that is determined by the synthesis of an inducible enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic. The latter form of resistance is eliminated by ultraviolet light and acriflavine treatment and is transducible at high frequency by mycobacteriophage D29. On the basis of this, evidence, it is suggested that the genetically unstable form of resistance is caused by extrachromosomal genetic determinants (R-factors).
Modeling in the development of hydrotreatment processes

Abstract The kinetic modeling of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process is based upon the detailed reaction network, distinguishes between the hydrogenolysis- and hydrogenation-steps and accounts for the adsorption of the various reacting species on two types of active sites. The functional form of the rate equations for the conversion of thiophene, (substituted) benzothiophene, (substituted) dibenzothiophene on Co/Mo-alumina appears to be identical. The nature of the active sites, the synergetic effect of Co-sulfides on the activity and the interconversion of sites by hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide are discussed. The application of rate equations accounting explicitly for the in situ conditioning of the catalyst and the HDS is illustrated for thiophene conversion. In the kinetic modeling of HDS of complex mixtures like light cycle oil, containing hundreds of S-components, the structural contribution approach is introduced to reduce the number of independent rate parameters. The structural contributions multiply the rate and adsorption parameters of the parent (unsubstituted) molecules and express the effect of the substituents. Their values were determined from experimental data. Commercial reactor operation for HDS of a complex mixture was simulated, including the effects of external and internal diffusion limitations. An example illustrates the gain that can be achieved in the removal of some of the most refractory S-components by intermediate flashing of H 2 S.
Content-based browsing of video sequences

A novel methodology to represent the contents of a video sequence is presented. The representation is used to allow the user to rapidly view a video sequence in order to find a particular point within the sequence and/or to decide whether the contents of the sequence are relevant to his or her needs. This system, referred to as content-based browsing, forms an abstraction to represent each shot of the sequence by using a representative frame, or an Rframe, and it includes management techniques to allow the user to easily navigate the Rframes. This methodology is superior to the current techniques of fast forward and rewind because rather than using every frame to view and judge the contents, only a few abstractions are used. Therefore, the need to retrieve the video from a storage system and to transmit every frame over the network in its entirety no longer exists, saving time, expenses, and bandwidth.
Cyprian of Carthage

Cyprian served as bishop of Carthage from 248 until his martyrdom in 258. He guided the African Christian church through crises of persecution and division. His theology places the episcopal college at the centre of the church, as the guarantor of its unity, purity, and sanctifying power. His thought proved a troublesome guide for the African church as it negotiated the transition from persecuted to established church.
Design-technology interaction for post-32 nm node CMOS technologies

This paper will review the technology features in the recent and upcoming nodes and how they will impact circuit design, product performance, and migratability. It will cover the challenges and serious limitations that we will face in FEOL (increased leakage, loss of body effect), BEOL (RC, electro-migration), lithography (ever more complex design rules), and power management (end of frequency scaling, very high device count). We will talk about some possible technology solutions that will address some of the above challenges (disruptive device technologies, increased number of BEOL levels, and migration to lower voltages). Net is that scaling is expected to continue to 11 nm (at least). Design is expected to become significantly more complex.
Lack of Relationship between Purine Biosynthesis and Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: a Cautionary Tale for Microarray Interpretation

Previous microarray data (E. Mongodin, J. Finan, M. W. Climo, A. Rosato, S. Gill, and G. L. Archer, J. Bacteriol. 185:4638-4643, 2003) noted an association in two vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains between high-level, passage-induced vancomycin resistance, a marked increase in the transcription of purine biosynthetic genes, and mutation of the putative purine regulator purR. Initial studies to report on the possible association between vancomycin resistance and alterations in purine metabolism in one of these strains (VP-32) confirmed, by Western analysis, an increase in the translation of PurH and PurM, two purine pathway enzymes. In addition, PurR was identified, by knockout and complementation in a vancomycin-susceptible strain, as a repressor of the purine biosynthetic operon in S. aureus, and the PurR missense mutation was shown to inactivate the repressor. However, despite the apparent relationship between increased purine biosynthesis and increased vancomycin resistance in VP-32, neither the addition of exogenous purines to a defined growth medium nor the truncation or inactivation of purR improved the growth of vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus in the presence of vancomycin. Furthermore, the passage of additional vancomycin-susceptible and VISA strains to high-level vancomycin resistance occurred without changes in cellular purine metabolism or mutation of purR despite the development of thickened cell walls in passaged strains. Thus, we could confirm neither a role for altered purine metabolism in the development of vancomycin resistance nor its requirement for the maintenance of a thickened cell wall. The failure of biochemical and physiological studies to support the association between transcription and phenotype initially found in careful microarray studies emphasizes the importance of follow-up investigations to confirm microarray observations.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates interleukin-2 production by a T cell lymphoma line (MLA-144) cultured in vitamin D-deficient rat serum

A lymphocyte T cell line (MLA-144), which constitutively secretes interleukin-2 (IL-2), was shown to express receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The proliferation of an IL-2-dependent cell line (HT-2) in response to supernatants from MLA-144 cells was employed as an index of IL-2 production by MLA-144 cells. IL-2 production was two fold higher from MLA-144 cells cultured in 2% vitamin D-deficient rat serum compared to 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). The addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 at 10(-15) M or 10(-11) M augmented IL-2 production by MLA-144 cells in vitamin D-deficient rat serum, but not in fetal calf serum. At 10(-7) M 1,25(OH)2D3 there was inhibition of IL-2 production by MLA-144 cells in either vitamin D-deficient serum or FCS. There was no effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 added directly to HT-2 cells. Monoclonal antibody to the IL-2 receptor competitively inhibited the proliferation of HT-2 cells in response to MLA-144 supernatants, suggesting that it was IL-2 from the MLA-144 supernatants which influenced HT-2 proliferation. Our findings demonstrate biphasic dose effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on lymphokine secretion. The use of vitamin D-deficient rat serum allowed us to demonstrate the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the physiologic and subphysiologic range.
The transabdominal minimally invasive approach to the isolated adrenal mass

Tumor size, previous abdominal operation, medical comorbidities and surgeon skill set are factors to determine if a minimally invasive approach is feasible for patients with benign adrenal pathology, as patient outcomes are far superior with this approach. Laparoscopic techniques have largely replaced the open operations, and are often viewed as the standard of care for many general surgery operations. For this reason, general surgeons are very familiar with the anatomy within the peritoneal cavity. Often, the skill set from one advanced laparoscopic procedure may translate to another, potentially allowing a low volume adrenal surgeon but high volume laparoscopic surgeon to safely perform transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
An Interdisciplinary Review of Body Condition Scoring for Dairy Cattle

Abstract In this review, methods for assessing energy reserves, the role of assigning BCS in dairy management, and the impact of varying BCS on animal productivity, health, and reproduction are explored from a whole-system viewpoint. The usefulness, validity, and precision of BCS for assessing body energy reserves are well documented. Generally, BCS decrease in early lactation as cows partition energy from body reserves to support milk production, and they then begin to increase throughout the remainder of lactation. Excessive loss of energy reserves during early lactation, generally associated with cows of higher BCS at calving, often results in impaired health and reproductive performance. Among diseases, the most consistent relationship has been an increased incidence of ketosis for cows with higher BCS at calving. Although published results have varied, either high or low BCS has also been related to greater incidences of metritis, retained placenta, milk fever, lameness, cystic ovaries, dystocia, displaced abomasum, and mastitis. Losses in BCS or the actual BCS are associated with various fertility measures including days to first ovulation, days to first estrus, days to first service, first service conception rate, number of services, calving interval, and embryonic losses. Patterns of BCS change within lactation are under genetic control indicating potential for inclusion of BCS in genetic evaluations. Concerns about subjectivity and the time required for scoring have limited the use of BCS in daily management. An automated BCS might provide a more objective, less time-consuming means of estimating energy reserves in dairy cattle.
The role of nonlinear critical layers in transition to turbulence in boundary layers

Asymptotic methods are used to describe the nonlinear self-Interaction between pairs of oblique instability modes that eventually develops when initially linear and spatially growing instability waves evolve downstream in nominally two-dimensional and spanwise periodic laminar boundary layers. The first nonlinear reaction takes place locally within a so-called "critical layer" with the flow outside this layer consisting of a locally parallel mean flow plus an appropriate superposition of linear instability waves. The amplitudes of these waves are determined by either a single Integra-differential equation or by a pair of Integra-differential equations with quadratic to quartic-type nonlinearities.
Generalized Second-Order Parametric Optimality Conditions in Semiinfinite Discrete Minmax Fractional Programming and Second-Order Univexity

This paper deals with mainly establishing numerous sets of generalized second order paramertic sufficient optimality conditions for a semiinfinite discrete minmax fractional programming problem, while the results on semiinfinite discrete minmax fractional programming problem achieved based on some partitioning schemes under various types of generalized second order univexity assumptions.
Synthesis with Structural and Electronic Characterization of Homoleptic Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Fluorinated Phenolate Complexes

Four Fe(III) compounds and one Fe(II) compound containing mononuclear, homoleptic, fluorinated phenolate anions of the form [Fe(OAr)m]n− have been prepared in which ArF = C6F5 and Ar′ = 3,5-C6(CF3)...
Source Attribution of Air Pollutant Concentrations and Trends in the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) Network

A new approach for determining the contributions of emission sources to trends in concentrations of particulate matter and gases is developed using the chemical mass balance (CMB) method and the U.S. EPA’s National Emission Inventory (NEI). The method extends our earlier analysis by using temporally varying emission profiles and includes accounting of primary and secondary particulate organic carbon with an empirical regression calculation. The model offers a potentially important tool for verifying that annual emission reductions by major source category have yielded changes in ambient pollutant concentrations. Using long-term measurements from well-instrumented monitoring sites, observed trends in ambient pollutant concentrations at urban and rural locations can be attributed to emission changes. Trends apportionment is conducted on 2000–2011 ambient monitoring data from the SEARCH network with NEI emissions data adjusted to improve interinventory consistency. The application accounts for major source c...
Application of Improved AHP Method to Radiation Protection Optimization

Aimed at the deficiency of traditional AHP method,a hierarchy model for optimum project selection of radiation protection was established with the improved AHP method.The result of comparison between the improved AHP method and the traditional AHP method shows that the improved AHP method can reduce personal judgment subjectivity,and its calculation process is compact and reasonable.The improved AHP method can provide scientific basis for radiation protection optimization.
Monitoring Results of Disinfection Quality of Medical Institutions in Haizhu District of Guangzhou City during 2004—2007

[Objective]To master the disinfection quality of medical institutions in Haizhu district,and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control nosocomial infection.[Methods] Disinfection quality of medical institutions was monitored and analyzed.[Results]The total qualified rate of monitoring samples in medical institutions was 95.90%;among the various monitoring projects,the sterilization of medical supplies,the use of disinfectants,pressure steam sterilization,surface and personnel hand and the intensity of UV radiation,qualified rates were higher,that of hospital sewage and air were relatively lower,with a sequence of 100%,99.65%～99.04%,98.88%～93.08%,90.59%and 71.94%,respectively.Monitoring results differed with environments.[Conclusion] The overall level of disinfection quality of medical institutions in Haizhu District is better,but annual qualified rate of samples shows a decreasing trend,management and quality of disinfection should be strengthened and improved.
The urothelium: a battleground for oncogenesis.

AbstractA discussion of the term urothelium and reasons for its general adoption are presented. The unique asymmetric unit membrane of the superficial cells is described and its function as a significant barrier against water, some electrolytes and so forth is reviewed. The urothelium bears the brunt of the attack by pollutants and various oncogens. The ongoing battle may be of long duration or recurrent. Many factors enter into the development of a tumor. In addition to actual carcinogens there are irritants, promoters, initiators, weak carcinogens and co-carcinogens. The attack is on the asymmetric unit membrane and the Golgi complex or other coding units. The specialized membrane is destroyed and, instead, a thinner, smooth, flexible membrane develops and overlying it a filamentous glycocalix. The mechanism for specialization by the urothelial cell has been destroyed by the oncogen.Cancer does not occur in unicellular organisms. The cells of all multicellular organisms specialize. The first step toward...
SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

This chapter presents two basic problems that are considered in the study of plane coordinate geometry: (1) finding the locus of all points whose coordinates satisfy an equation in two variables and (2) finding the equation satisfied by the coordinates of every point of a given locus and by the coordinates of no other. The directed segment drawn from the origin O (O, O, O) to any point P(x,y,z) may be thought of as a vector originating at the origin and terminating in its end point P. It is often termed the radius vector of P. Its length is readily computed in terms of the coordinates of P by making use of the Pythagorean theorem twice. This chapter discusses the direction cosines of a radius vector. The radius vector P(x,y,z) is completely specified by its components x, y, and z. Frequently, it is convenient to specify a radius vector in terms of its magnitude and the direction angles α, β, and γ.
Christian Social Thought

Temple’s understanding of Christianity led him to affirm three basic social principles as applicable to any social structure.1 An exposition of these Christian social principles is the logical place to begin an analysis of Temple’s views on human personality and society followed by the application of these principles to the two major social orders, namely, the political and economic orders. In what follows no attempt is made to present an exhaustive treatment of Temple’s views on social issues; what is offered is an exposition of the significance the principle of personality has upon Temple’s social thought and some of the applications he made to crucial political and economic issues.2
Evaluation of Recent Data From the Sandia National Laboratories Closed Brayton Cycle Testing

At Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), The Nuclear Energy Systems Laboratory / Brayton Lab has been established to research and develop subsystems and demonstrate the viability of the closed Brayton cycles (CBC), and in particular, the recompression CBC. The ultimate objective of this program is to have a commercial-ready system available for small modular reactors. For this objective, R&D efforts must demonstrate that, among other things, component and the system behavior is understood and control is manageable, and system performance is predictable. Research activities that address these needs include investigating system responses to various anticipated perturbations, and demonstrating that component and system performance is understood. To these ends, this paper presents system response to a perturbation, and turbomachinery performance results during steady state operation. A long duration test, with an extensive period at steady state, was completed in the simple CBC configuration. During this period, a cooling perturbation was initiated. Data from this test are presented and evaluated to explain the sequence of events following the perturbation. It was found that a cascading series of events ensued, starting with the fluid condensing effect of the cooling perturbation. The explanation of events emphasizes the highly interactive and nonlinear nature of CBC’s. The comparisons of measured and predicted turbomachinery performance yielded excellent results and give confidence that the predictive methods originally envisioned for this system work well.© 2016 ASME
Use of hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback in dermatology

Hypnosis utilizes trance to access otherwise inaccessible repressed or unconscious memories and features of the psyche and control of physiology not attainable in the ordinary conscious waking state. Medical uses of hypnosis in dermatology include reducing discomfort from itching or skin pain, altering ingrained dysfunctional habits such as scratching, promoting healing of skin disorders, searching for psychosomatic aspects of skin disorders and alleviating them, and reframing cognitive and emotional dysfunctional patterns related to skin disorders. Meditation uses trance to center and balance. Medical uses of meditation in dermatology include relaxation to promote healing of skin disorders and refocusing with respect to the meaning and emotional negative valance of skin disorders. Biofeedback in dermatology employs instrumentation with visual or auditory feedback to permit conscious awareness and alteration of physiologic phenomena such as sweating as measured by galvanic skin resistance and skin temperature measured by temperature detecting devices, promoting relaxation and healing. These methods and techniques permit access to and intervention in otherwise inaccessible areas that can influence skin disorders. With proper use, they are very safe, with minimal, if any, side effects and sometimes produce significant results where other methods have failed.
Enzymatische Identifikation der Antigene der wachsenden Wurzelzellen von Zea mays L.

Summary For the first time it was possible to identificate 3 antigens of the meristem of corn roots as enzymes of the central metabolism by using the formazan technique. The comparison of antigen spectra in the heterologic reactions Me × Anti 2 1 )) and Me × Anti Mi 1 ) allows the conclusion that there is a compart mentation of two separated MDH-active antigens, i. e. cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial MDH.
A Review of Systems and Projects: Management of Legislative Resources

This chapter provides a review of the most significant initiatives in legislative documents management at international level. Standards and tools are described and compared.
Polyanhydride microspheres that display near-constant release of water-soluble model drug compounds

A new method to prepare polyanhydride microspheres capable of near-constant sustained release of low molecular weight, water-soluble molecules is presented. The polyanhydrides used were poly-(fatty acid dimer) (PFAD), poly(sebacic acid) (PSA), and their co-polymers [P(FAD-SA)]. Acid orange 63 (AO), acid red 8 (AR), and p-nitroaniline, were used as model release molecules. P(FAD-SA) microspheres containing the molecules with or without gelatin were prepared by a modified solvent evaporation method using a double emulsion. The microspheres were spherical with diameters of 50–125 µm and encapsulated more than 85% of the molecule, irrespective of the compound used. Near-zero-order degradation kinetics were observed for 5 days as judged by sebacic acid (SA) release. Microsphere degradation was pH sensitive, being enhanced at high pH, and became more stable in acidic conditions, irrespective of the incorporation of gelatin in the matrix. For the gelatin-free microspheres, a close correlation of SA release and AO release was observed (2% loading), suggesting a release mechanism that was controlled dominantly by degradation. However, the incorporation of gelatin into the microsphere significantly extended the periods of molecule release from P(FAD-SA) microspheres, although the degradation profile of the microspheres themselves was quite similar to that of gelatin-free microspheres. It is possible that an interaction between FAD monomers and gelatin molecules causes continued release, even after the polymer matrix completely degrades (even after complete degradation, FAD monomers remain because of their poor water solubility). Thermal analysis of polyanhydride microspheres at different degradation stages demonstrated that a crystalline structure was formed between gelatin and the FAD monomers produced with microsphere degradation. This gelatin effect on the extended period of drug release was not observed for microspheres prepared from other polyanhydrides: poly (sebacic acid) and its co-polymer of bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) propane and sebacic acid. It is therefore likely that the crystalline structure formed between gelatin and FAD monomers may function as a reservoir for water-soluble drugs, leading to an extended period of molecule release from the gelatin-loaded P(FAD-SA) microspheres.
Count Tolstoy and Wiener’s Father

Grandfather Solomon Wiener hailed from a Jewish family of scholarly journalists living in Krotoschin in Russia. He moved from there to settle down in Byelostock in White Russia, where he married a girl from a Jewish family of tanners. Their son Leo, born in 1862, was a genius.
Stabilization of the skyrmion crystal phase and transport in thin-film antiferromagnets

We investigate the stability and dynamics of the skyrmion lattice in antiferromagnetic thin films subjected to fieldlike torques such as, e.g., those induced by an electric current in CuMnAs and ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{Au}$ via the inverse spin-galvanic effect. The skyrmion crystal phase represents the ground state of the antiferromagnet in a substantial area of the phase diagram, the latter being parametrized by the effective staggered field and uniaxial anisotropy constant. Experimental signatures of the skyrmion crystal phase and readout schemes based on topological transport (e.g., the spin Hall effect) are discussed. We also estimate qualitatively the effect of thermal and current fluctuations, including shot noise, on the stability of the skyrmion lattice.
Imaging of the Shoulder I

In the patient with suspected rotator cuff disorder, the decision to perform conventional or arthrography magnetic resonance (MR) imaging depends on the clinical need to identify and distinguish partial tears from small complete tears. Pre-operative assessment of the size and location of a cuff tear, the presence of intra-substance propagation, and the quality of the retracted tendon margin are other important aspects that must be considered as well. In older patients, in whom surgery would be performed only to repair complete cuff tears, conventional MR images are sufficient to differentiate torn, retracted tendons from normal tendons and to demonstrate bony abnormalities of the coracoacromial arch. In athletes and younger patients, in whom surgery would be performed to repair partial cuff tears, MR arthrography can optimize anatomical resolution and diagnostic confidence.
Age estimations from diaphyseal lengths: two months to twelve years.

Accurate identification of individuals by skeletal structures requires estimations of age, sex, race, and stature plus the presence or absence of such distinguishing features as healed or healing fractures (or other pathologies), restorative or reparative dental work, skeletal anomalies, and others. Correct identification, within limits, is maximized when the investigator has the remains of a complete adult skeleton. As skeletal parts diminish in number and as the age of the individual decreases, accuracy in identification also decreases. When found in combination, that is, with fragmentary skeletons of subadults, these features make for the least desirable situation if accurate individual identification is to be made or even attempted. Kerley [1] has recently reminded us of the inherent difficulties of determining sex, race, and stature in subadults even when complete remains are available. As the remains become more fragmentary these parameters become most difficult to evaluate.
Effects of Halide Substitutions in Potassium Haloborate Glasses

The effects of halide substitutions in potassium borate glasses are different from those observed in their lithium and sodium analogs. These results call attention to the important correlation between the activation energy for ionic conduction, EΛ, and glass network rigidity.
Physics-based Learning for Aircraft Dynamics Simulation

The accurate prediction of flight trajectories is crucial for the real-time prognostics of air transportation system. However, the computation costs of predictions can be expensive or even prohibitive especially for a large number of aircrafts in the air traffic system. This study proposes the concept of physics-based learning, a hybrid approach based on data-driven learning and physical models, as a computationally efficient method for the simulation of aircraft dynamics. The physics-based learning integrates the underlying physics of dynamical systems into learning models such as neural networks to reduce the training and simulation costs. The application of physics-based learning for simulating aircraft dynamics is demonstrated using a recently introduced physics-aware network known as the deep residual recurrent neural network (DR-RNN) on a Boeing 747-100 aircraft. The aircraft dynamics are described using a six degrees-of-freedom aircraft model. The DR-RNN is first trained using the simulated responses of the aircraft and then the trained network is used to predict the response of aircraft under arbitrary control inputs and disturbances. The results show that the DR-RNN can accurately predict aircraft responses and has excellent extrapolation capabilities. Moreover, the DR-RNN exhibits superior computation efficiency compared with a classical numerical method, the fourth-order Runge-kutta method, highlighting its suitability in serving as surrogating models for aircraft dynamical systems.
Neuroblastoma: Minimally Invasive Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly used as a technique for surgical procedures in children; this includes surgery for oncological conditions. During recent years, a development took place during which, the execution of more and more complex oncological procedures in children have been reported. Abdominal and thoracic neuroblastomas (NB) are part of this development. The following chapter highlights the current state of the art of MIS in NB and gives an outlook on future developments.
Allocation of Financial Wealth in Turkey

This paper analyzes the financial wealth allocation and the characteristics of the financial system in Turkey during the 1987-2011 period. The main finding of the paper is that the lack of attractive investment opportunities in capital markets, limited development of non-bank financial institutions, and the crowding-out effect of the excessive government borrowing contributed to the mobilization of formal savings mainly towards the bank deposits with a significant degree of dollarization, and sovereign debt securities in Turkey. The mutual funds and private pension plans play limited roles in the financial system. The domestic investors have low preference for equity investments and foreign institutional investors have a predominant share in the stock market capitalization in Turkey.
Recurrent single echo beats after cryoablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: The pediatric population.

Abstract Background Cryoablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is effective and safe with a reported limitation of lower success and higher recurrence rates. We have observed cases in which slow pathway conduction was eliminated as demonstrated by atrial extra-stimulus testing within 1 min of cryo-energy delivery but returned following tissue rewarming. Frequently, slow pathway conduction persisted despite multiple acutely successful lesions over a broad anatomic region. We aimed to determine if return of slow pathway conduction after elimination during cryoablation represents a risk for recurrent AVNRT with the same intermediate term results as slow pathway ablation. We hypothesize that remnant single echo beats in the absence of sustained slow pathway conduction and inducible AVNRT is an acceptable end point after clear slow pathway elimination during cryoablation. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing attempted slow pathway ablation for AVNRT using solely cryoablation between January 2015–January 2018. Results Forty-four patients met inclusion criteria with at-least 2 features of dual AVN physiology. 19 patients had return of slow pathway conduction shortly after clear elimination during cryoablation (Group A) while 25 did not (Group B). All in Group A had recurrent single echo beats but none had sustained slow pathway conduction at the end of the procedure nor AVNRT recurrence at 1 year. Conclusion Recurrent single echo beats with absent sustained slow pathway conduction and non-inducible AVNRT may be an acceptable endpoint for slow pathway ablation of AVNRT using cryoablation when there is elimination of slow pathway demonstrated during energy delivery.
Chapter 13 – Bacterial Diseases

Publisher Summary Bacteria are responsible for an important group of naturally occurring diseases of rabbits. These diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality, and thus interfere with the use of rabbits for many purposes, even when subclinical, bacterial infections may render rabbits unsuitable for certain types of research. Bacterial diseases of rabbits most often involve the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. This review emphasizes spontaneous diseases affecting these systems, including pasteurellosis, enterotoxemia, Tyzzer's disease, and colibacillosis. Experimentally induced bacterial diseases are discussed in this study. Pasteurella multocida is the most common bacterial pathogen of laboratory rabbits. P. multocida is harbored in the nasal cavity of rabbits, resulting either in rhinitis or an asymptomatic chronic infection. This can result in a variety of clinical manifestations, including pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis, abscesses, genital tract infections, and septicemia.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. TSEs are believed to be caused by neuronal accumulation of a protease-resistant abnormal conformer of a host-encoded protein known as prion protein. One of the enigmatic properties of TSEs is that they could be both inherited and infectious. TSEs captured worldwide attention after bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as mad cow disease) emerged in Europe and spread to other animals and humans. Cross-species transmission of other animal TSEs was not as clearly documented although scrapie, a centuries-old TSE occurring in sheep, is believed to be the original source of the BSE outbreak.
Are there differences in online resources for answering primary care questions

This study searched two different online knowledge sources in order to evaluate their content coverage. UpToDate® was selected as the subscription resource and the National Guidelines Clearinghouse was selected as the publicly available resource. Using the Clinical Questions Collection, it was determined that UpToDate covered 10.4% more content although neither resources provides complete coverage. Current practice guidelines address at most two-thirds of clinical questions.
Knowledge engineering: ontology of world religions

Knowledge Engineers use knowledge to build knowledge-based systems that solve problems in a particular domain. These systems use an ontology to organize terms, concepts, and relationships that represent a field or domain and are used to explain a conundrum. This paper presents an ontology development for the concept of religion, a psychosocial phenomenon.
Update on Hippocampal Sclerosis

The diagnostic hallmarks of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are severe volume loss of the hippocampus, severe neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis involving primarily two especially vulnerable fields, CA1 and the subiculum. Occasionally, HS may be the only neuropathological change detected in older individuals with dementia and is known as pure HS. In the majority of cases, HS occurs in the setting of other degenerative changes, usually Alzheimer's disease (AD). In these cases, it is classified as combined HS. Although a clinical profile for HS has been identified, its similarities with AD make the diagnosis during life quite challenging; thus, the diagnosis is often made postmortem. The pathogenesis of HS is not completely understood, but the strong association with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), in approximately 90%, and the recent discovery of genetic risk factors are important contributions to a better understanding of the disease process.
Inhibition of Conjunctival Scarring and Contraction by a Porous Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Implant

PURPOSE. To study the healing processes of full-thickness wounds in the adult rabbit conjunctiva after grafting with a porous collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) copolymer matrix. METHODS. A 7-mm trephine was used to produce lesions of the bulbar conjunctiva down to the level of the bare sclera. Full-thickness removal of the conjunctiva and Tenon’s capsule created a reproducible wound bed. Wounds either remained ungrafted (control) or were grafted with CG matrix. In previous studies, this CG matrix has induced partial regeneration of the dermis in the human, the swine, and the guinea pig. Healing of the conjunctival epithelium and underlying stroma was evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and measurement of wound contraction kinetics. RESULTS. By 28 days, ungrafted wounds had closed by contraction (26.4% 6 5.0% fornix shortening) and the formation of scarlike tissue comprising an aligned array of dense collagen populated with occasional fibroblasts. Grafting of identical defects with CG copolymer matrix resulted in inhibition of wound contraction (6.8% 6 3.2% fornix shortening) and the formation of a tissue that resembled normal conjunctival stroma, being composed of a loose network of collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) were identified at the edge of both ungrafted and grafted wounds during the period of active contraction. Both ungrafted and grafted wounds were completely re-epithelialized by 28 days. CONCLUSIONS. Implantation of CG copolymer matrix drastically reduced contraction and promoted the formation of a nearly normal subconjunctival stroma. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41: 2404 ‐2411)
Follow-on Biologics: Competition in the Biopharmaceutical Marketplace

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the implications of a follow-on biologic approval process with focus on current stakeholders, implications of the status quo, and recommendations for future policy. Data Sources A search using Medline, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Med Ad News, F-D-C Reports/Pink Sheets ,and Google index directories was conducted with terms such as biologic, biopharmaceutical, generic , and follow-on. Study Selection Articles pertaining to the follow-on biologic debate. Data Extraction By the authors. Data Synthesis Over the past decade, the biopharmaceutical market has experienced substantial growth in the number of product approvals and sales. In contrast with prescription medications, biologic agents currently lack an abbreviated regulatory approval process. Evidence from the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 suggests that reducing barriers to generic competition in the pharmaceutical market successfully increases generic market penetration and reduces overall prices to consumers. Although scientific and regulatory dissimilarities between biopharmaceuticals and other medications exist, a follow-on biologic approval process has the potential to play an important role in containing growth in pharmaceutical spending. In addition to biopharmaceutical and generic biopharmaceutical manufacturers, stakeholders with a vested interest in this debate include individual consumers who continue to bear the burden of spending increases in the pharmaceutical market. Conclusion The debate over a follow-on process likely will be difficult as parties seek a balance between incentives for biopharmaceutical innovation, consumer safety, and affordability of existing biologic products.
The Northwest U.S. Dam Breaching Decision: Factors, Costs and Benefits

Northwestern United States' salmon populations have fallen precipitously. Attempts at salmon restoration are going on and dam breaching is being considered. Costs associated with the continued restoration attempts including hatchery stocking, barging and trucking salmon around the dams are high while benefits are unclear. Those costs may be greater than dam breaching. An additional impetus for dam removal is the revival of the commercial salmon fishing industry. This may not occur for both ecological and economic reasons. Ecologically complete restoration may not be feasible. Economically, the rise of competitively priced salmon aquaculture will reduce the value of any future commercial catch. A statistical relationship between falling prices for wild salmon and rising salmon aquaculture output is shown.
Contribution of maternal circulation to blood-borne progesterone in the fetus

Abstract Tritiated progesterone was infused intravenously at a constant rate into three pregnant volunteers in labor, for at least two hours before delivery. Blood samples from a maternal peripheral vein and from umbilical vessels were taken at birth. Comparison of the specific activities of progesterone in these samples indicated that 10 per cent or less of the hormone in fetal circulation is derived from transfer of maternally circulating progesterone. After consideration of reported values of umbilical vein blood flow at term and measured arteriovenous differences in concentrations of progesterone in umbilical vessels, the secretion rate of the placental hormone toward the fetus was estimated to be about 1/10 of the rate of secretion of progesterone toward the maternal circulation. About 1 per cent of the maternally circulating hormone was found to cross the placenta.
Test selection based on high level fault simulation for mixed-signal systems

Mixed-signal design and test tools are failing to keep pace with the increasing necessity for design exploration in the early stages. We outline a methodology and toolset to enable test selection at the early design stages by providing a high level fault simulator and associated block-level modeling and traversal capabilities. Experimental results show that the outlined methodology provides superior fault simulation speed-ups while helping to minimize the test time for a mixed-signal receiver system.