cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normalized Testosterone Glucuronide as a Potential Urinary Biomarker for Highly Variable UGT2B17 in Children 7-18 Years.

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is a highly variable androgen-metabolizing and drug-metabolizing enzyme. UGT2B17 exhibits a unique ontogeny profile characterized by a dramatic increase in hepatic protein expression from prepubertal age to adulthood. Age, sex, copy number variation (CNV), and single nucleotide polymorphisms only explain 26% of variability in protein expression, highlighting the need for a phenotypic biomarker for predicting interindividual variability in glucuronidation of UGT2B17 substrates. Here, we propose testosterone glucuronide (TG) normalized by androsterone glucuronide (TG/AG) as a urinary UGT2B17 biomarker, and examine the associations among urinary TG/AG and age, sex, and CNV. We performed targeted metabolomics of 12 androgen conjugates with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in 63 pediatric subjects ages 7-18 years followed over 7 visits in 3 years. Consistent with the reported developmental trajectory of UGT2B17 protein expression, urinary TG/AG is significantly associated with age, sex, and CNV. In conclusion, TG/AG shows promise as a phenotypic urinary UGT2B17 biomarker.
Chronic Opioid Use after Laryngeal Cancer Treatment: A VA Study.

ObjectiveTo investigate opioid utilization in veterans undergoing laryngeal cancer treatment and describe the risk of chronic use after treatment cessation.Study DesignA retrospective cohort study....
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis): “all tied up”

But your snobbiness, unless you persistently root it out like the bindweed it is, sticks by you till your grave. – George Orwell The real danger in a garden came from the bindweed. That moved underground, then surfaced and took hold. Strangling plant after healthy plant. Killing them all, slowly. And for no apparent reason, except that it was nature. – Louise Penny
Manipulating Pharmacodynamic Efficacy with Agonist + Antagonist Mixtures: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with Opioids and Cannabinoids.

Pharmacodynamic efficacy of drugs to activate their receptors is a key determinant of drug effects, and intermediate-efficacy agonists are often useful clinically because they retain sufficient efficacy to produce therapeutically desirable effects while minimizing undesirable effects. Molecular mechanisms of efficacy are not well understood, so rational drug design to control efficacy is not yet possible; however, receptor theory predicts that fixed-proportion mixtures of an agonist and antagonist for a given receptor can be adjusted to precisely control net efficacy of the mixture in activating that receptor. Moreover, the agonist proportion required to produce different effects provides a quantitative scale for comparing efficacy requirements across those effects. To test this hypothesis, the present study evaluated effectiveness of fixed-proportion agonist/antagonist mixtures to produce in vitro and in vivo effects mediated by μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R). Mixtures of 1) the MOR agonist fentanyl and antagonist naltrexone and 2) the CB1R agonist CP55,940 and antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant were evaluated in an in vitro assay of ligand-stimulated guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding and an in vivo assay of thermal nociception in mice. For both agonist/antagonist pairs in both assays, increasing agonist proportions produced graded increases in maximal mixture effects, and lower agonist proportions were sufficient to produce in vivo than in vitro effects. These findings support the utility of agonist-antagonist mixtures as a strategy to control net efficacy of receptor activation and to quantify and compare efficacy requirements across a range of in vitro and in vivo endpoints. Significance Statement Manipulation of agonist proportion in agonist/antagonist mixtures governs net mixture efficacy at the target receptor. Parameters of agonist/antagonist mixture effects can provide a quantitative metric for comparison of efficacy requirements across a wide range of conditions.
Implementing Quantile Selection Models in Stata

This article describes qregsel, a Stata module to implement a copula-based sample selection correction for quantile regression recently proposed by Arellano and Bonhomme (2017, Econometrica 85(1): 1-28). The command allows the user to model selection in quantile regressions using either a Gaussian or an one-dimensional Frank copula. We illustrate the use of qregsel with two examples. First, we apply the method to the fictional data set employed in the Stata base reference manual for the heckman command. Second, we replicate part of the empirical application of the original paper using data for the UK that covers the period 1978-2000 to compare wages of males and females at different quantiles.
Daily 100% watermelon juice consumption and vascular function among postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background and aims Watermelon juice is a rich food source of cardioprotective compounds such as arginine, citrulline, and lycopene. Preventative interventions are warranted as risk of cardiovascular disease increases among women after menopause, and age alone is an independent risk factor for vascular dysfunction. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of 100% watermelon juice on measures of vascular function. Methods and results In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 21 healthy postmenopausal women were randomized to consume two 360 mL servings of 100% watermelon juice per day or an isocaloric placebo for four weeks. Following a two-week washout period, they consumed the other beverage for an additional four weeks. Before and after each treatment arm, a fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of serum arginine, citrulline, lycopene, glucose, and insulin. Assessments of vascular function included pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, and flow-mediated dilation. General linear mixed models with intent-to-treat analyses were used to examine the effects of the intervention. Despite a significant treatment effect for circulating lycopene (p = 0.002), no changes in arginine, citrulline, or any vascular measures were observed. Although the juice intervention resulted in a slight but significant increase in fasting serum glucose (p = 0.001), changes in glucose homeostasis were not clinically significant. Conclusion In contrast to findings from previous studies in younger adults and those with pre-existing hypertension, measures of vascular function in this cohort of healthy postmenopausal women were not impacted by supplemental watermelon juice. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03626168.
Growing up (un)bounded: globalization, mobility and belonging among Korean third culture kids

This study speaks to the larger question of how mobile upbringing that spans tensions between multiple communities across the globe influences one’s construction of identity and belonging. In this ...
Factors affecting live birth rates in donor oocytes from commercial egg banks vs. program egg donors: an analysis of 40,485 cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry in 2016-2018.

Objective To examine the differences in live birth rates (LBRs), with single embryo transfer (SET), using oocytes from program generated egg donors vs. commercial egg bank donors and other factors affecting LBRs using donor oocytes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 40,485 in vitro fertilization cycles using donor oocytes reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry in 2016–2018. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Live birth rate and cumulative LBR for SET using donor oocytes. Result(s) Multivariate results from the first SET from 19,128 cycles, including 15,429 from program generated egg donors and 3,699 from commercial egg banks, showed, when controlling for all other variables, the following: the LBR in the first SET cycle using commercial egg banks was 53.3% compared with 55.4% using program recruited egg donors (odds ratio [OR], 0.92); a reduction in the LBR with increasing recipient age, ages 40–44 years (OR, 0.80), 45–49 years (OR, 0.77), and >49 years (OR, 0.65); a steady decline in the LBR with increases in recipient body mass index above normal; and a steady increase in the LBR in association with >16 oocytes retrieved. Double embryo transfer increased the LBR (SET, 52%, vs. double embryo transfer, 58%) but also significantly increased the multiple pregnancy LBR, with 43% twins and 0.9% triplets. Blastocyst transfer had a higher LBR than cleavage stage embryos (52.5% vs. 39.5%). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection vs. conventional insemination when using fresh oocytes from program donors had similar LBRs. Conclusion(s) When performing in vitro fertilization using donor oocytes with SET, the LBR is affected by oocyte source, recipient age, recipient body mass index, stage of embryo at transfer, and number of oocytes retrieved.
Retrofitting of RC Element Beam

Structures with the passing of time they lose their strength because of many reasons like seismic activity, soil failure due to ground motion, arises problem like damaging of roof, foundation, walls, pillars, column and beams for these structures becomes statically unsafe and solution to these problem is Retrofitting. The structure performs normally during their life span but at the end of design period of structure, the structure may not be capable of taking load. Enhancement of performance of such buildings can be done by increasing strength and strength of building can be increased by process of Retrofitting. RCC buildings undergo three different R’s name as Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting. Experimental investigations on the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened using carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics are carried out. Externally reinforced concrete beams with epoxy-bonded CFRP sheets were tested to failure using a point load concentrated static loading system. The effect of CFRP fabric and its orientation technique on ultimate load carrying capacity and failure mode of the beams are investigated. A finite element model that is made by using ABAQUS software is used for the simulation of experiments and model gave compatible results with experiments
Metabolic and molecular bases of Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome.

Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome (OHS) are related disorders of copper transport that involve abnormal neurodevelopment, connective tissue problems, and often premature death. Location of the gene responsible for these conditions on the X chromosome was indicated by pedigree analysis from the time of these syndromes' earliest descriptions. Characterization of an affected female with an X-autosomal translocation was used to identify the Menkes/OHS gene, which encodes a highly evolutionarily conserved, copper-transporting P-type ATPase. The gene normally is expressed in nearly all human tissues, and it localizes to the trans-Golgi network of cells. However, in over 70% of Menkes and OHS patients studied, expression of this gene has been demonstrated to be abnormal. Major gene deletions detectable by Southern blotting account for 15–20% of patients, and an interesting spectrum of other mutations is evident among 58 families whose precise molecular defects have been reported as of this writing. The center region of the gene seems particularly prone to mutation, and those that influence mRNA processing and splicing appear to be relatively common. Further advances in understanding the molecular and cell biological mechanisms involved in normal copper transport may ultimately yield new and better approaches to the management of these disorders.
Coarse sediment transport in a bedrock channel with complex bed topography

[1] Independent lithologic and structural controls in fluvial bedrock systems interact with coarse sediment transport processes to play a key role in bedrock incision processes such as abrasion. During a 3 year study on the Ocoee River in the Blue Ridge Province of the southern Appalachians, USA, we used painted tracer clasts to measure coarse sediment transport dynamics and address whether different scales of morphologic variability in bedrock channels lead to coarse sediment transport processes that differ from alluvial channels. At the reach scale, folded metasedimentary units are exposed in the channel bed and appear as linear bedrock ribs that vary in amplitude and orientation to flow. Under similar flow conditions for which size-dependent transport has been observed in alluvial channels (dimensionless Shields stress within 1.5–2.0 times the dimensionless critical shear stress), transport distance was a significant function of grain size where bedrock ribs were longitudinal to flow (Reach 1 and Reach 2). However, transport distance was not size dependent where bedrock ribs were oblique to flow (Reach 3). At different intrareach scales, the variables characterizing the local bedrock topography and sediment architecture were the best predictors of transport distance in all three reaches. Therefore, bed load transport processes may be influenced by bed forms in bedrock streams (bedrock ribs) but at potentially smaller scales than bed forms in alluvial channels. The strong influence of bedrock ribs on coarse sediment transport suggested that coarse sediment transport processes are controlled by different factors in bedrock channels only when bedrock ribs cross the channel at a high angle to the flow.
Dispersal limitation and the assembly of soil Actinobacteria communities in a long‐term chronosequence

It is uncertain whether the same ecological forces that structure plant and animal communities also shape microbial communities, especially those residing in soil. We sought to uncover the relative importance of present-day environmental characteristics, climatic variation, and historical contingencies in shaping soil actinobacterial communities in a long-term chronosequence. Actinobacteria communities were characterized in surface soil samples from four replicate forest stands with nearly identical edaphic and ecological properties, which range from 9500 to 14,000 years following glacial retreat in Michigan. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) profiles and clone libraries of the actinobacterial 16S rRNA gene were constructed in each site for phenetic and phylogenetic analysis to determine whether dispersal limitation occurred following glacial retreat, or if community composition was determined by environmental heterogeneity. At every level of examination, actinobacterial community composition most closely correlated with distance, a surrogate for time, than with biogeochemical, plant community, or climatic characteristics. Despite correlation with leaf litter C:N and annual temperature, the significant and consistent relationship of biological communities with time since glacial retreat provides evidence that dispersal limitation is an ecological force structuring actinobacterial communities in soil over long periods of time.
Disturbance learning control for small satellites

A control technique for small satellites is presented which offers reduced mass, power, and volume over conventional attitude control methods. Learning control methods common in the robotics literature are specialized to match the unique dynamics models for spacecraft as well as the specific disturbance environment satellites encounter in low earth orbit.
Early Detection of Cataracts

The sections in this article are Visual Acuity Testing Ophthalmologic Clinical Examinations Hand-Held Light Examination Ophthalmoscopy Slit-Lamp Examination Slit-Lamp Photography of the Lens and Grading of Cataracts Modified Slit-Lamp Photography Scheimpflug Cameras Retroillumination New Methods Under Development Optical Coherence Tomography Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Cataract Autofluoresence for the Detection of Cataract Wavefront in Cataract Detection Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Lens Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) Conclusion Keywords: cataract detection; light scattering; slit-lamp examination; optical coherence tomography; Raman spectroscopy; magnetic resonance imaging; dynamic light scattering
What went wrong with the Hungarian consumption function? An econometric investigation of the time series aggregate consumption function for Hungary for 1960–1989

The paper focuses on the time series aggregate consumption function for the Hungarian economy. The empirical econometric analysis presented produces several new results. First, it shows that the income and consumption variables used in this type of model by previous studies are I(2) variables. Consequently, error correction models formulated in terms of their first differences are mis-specified. Second, it provides a strong empirical evidence supporting the view that consumption (and thus saving) was (real) interest rate elastic during the period under investigation, having impact both on the long run and on the short relationships between income and consumption. Third, it provides empirical evidence on choosing the proper income variable in the consumption function. The model selection results clearly supports the model with unadjusted total real money income variable. Fourth, it shows that for the period 1960–1986 a correctly specified and stable error correction model can be established. Finally, the analysis shows that when used for the period beyond 1986, this model suffers from a structural break.
Calculated octic centrifugal distortion coefficients of non-linear molecules

Abstract The equilibrium octic centrifugal distortion coefficients of a molecule are coefficients of terms of the type H ˜ 08 in the expansion of the effective Hamiltonian. They depend on the quartic potential constants k k l m n ′ for the vibrational modes that have non-zero inertial derivatives, and therefore give information on these constants additional to that given by the other terms that depend on the quartic potential, H ˜ 24 and H ˜ 40 . The present work describes the calculation of these H ˜ 08 terms from a given potential by perturbation theory, using a computer program that calculates the coefficients in the successive contact transformations. Results are presented for the SO2, ClO2, O3, and H2O molecules.
Evaluating Machine-Independent Metrics for State-Space Exploration

Many recent advancements in testing concurrent programs can be described as novel optimization and heuristic techniques for exploring the tests of such programs. To empirically evaluate these techniques, researchers apply them on subject programs and capture a set of metrics that characterize the techniques' effectiveness. From a user's perspective, the most important metric is often the amount of real time required to find a error (if one exists), but using real time for comparison can be misleading because it is necessarily dependent on the machine configuration used for the experiments. On the other hand, using machine-independent metrics can be meaningless if they do not correlate highly with real time. As a result, it can be difficult to select metrics for valid comparisons among exploration techniques. This paper presents a study of the commonly used machine-independent metrics for two different exploration frameworks for Java (JPF and ReEx) by revisiting and extending a previous study (Parallel Randomized State-Space Search) and evaluating the correlation of the metrics with real time both on a single machine and on a high-performance cluster of machines. Our study provides new evidence for selecting metrics in future evaluations of exploration techniques by showing that several machine-independent metrics are a good substitute for real time, and that reporting real time results even from clusters can provide useful information.
High birefringence and large negative dielectric anisotropy phenyl‐tolane liquid crystals

Two phenyl‐tolane compounds with two pairs of (2,3) lateral difluoro substitutions were synthesized and their properties evaluated. These compounds exhibit a high birefringence (Δn ∼ 0.35) and a large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δe∼ −8). These two important features make the phenyl‐tolane compounds useful as a dopant in a negative Δe liquid‐crystal mixture to enhance the performance of the host mixture, or as a negative component in a dual‐frequency liquid‐crystal mixture to improve the dielectric anisotropy and birefringence and lower the crossover frequency.
Making buildings energy-efficient through retrofits: A survey of available technologies

Energy expenditures represent approximately 10% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), second only to healthcare costs. Globally, the residential and commercial building sector accounts for 21% of total energy consumption. In the United States, the building sector accounts for a much larger share: 40% of the country's total energy consumption. With an increased global focus on energy conservation, the building sector presents a ripe target for introducing energy efficiency. While advancements have been made in building architecture and materials, the length of time needed for mass adoption of these technologies renders them ineffective in the short and medium term. Retrofitting existing buildings is a more desirable option, resulting in immediate energy savings while preserving the building structure. In this paper, we discuss several existing and ongoing efforts directed toward promoting energy efficiency in buildings, focusing specifically on building retrofits, and analyze their energy savings potential. This collection of building technologies spans several categories and represents various building energy end-uses. We also discuss the challenges involved in developing such energy-efficient building technologies.
Laparoscopic Nephropexy: Washington University Experience

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the efficacy of laparoscopic nephropexy for symptomatic nephroptosis.Materials and Methods: We performed laparoscopic right nephropexy in 6 patients who presented with symptomatic nephroptosis documented by radiographic studies and/or renal scans. In the first patient Gerota's fascia was secured to the peritoneal reflection of the line of Toldt using tacking clips. In the subsequent 5 patients the lateral border of the kidney was sutured to the overlying fascia of the quadratus lumborum muscle using an intracorporeal suturing technique. Additionally, the superior edge of the incised infrahepatic triangular ligament was sutured to the anterior mid portion of the renal capsule, thereby creating a vertical and horizontal means of fixation.Results: Laparoscopic right nephropexy was successful in all 6 patients. Average operative time was 4 hours. All patients resumed oral intake during postoperative day 1. Average parenteral analgesia requirement postoperatively was 42.7 mg. morp...
Role of vitamin K in the regulation of calcification

Abstract Observational studies are promising in terms of associations between vitamin K (either diet or biochemical measures) and bone health and other conditions of normal calcification in the elderly. The level of evidence from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with phylloquinone is very limited. In contrast, there is strong evidence of a protective effect of menaquinone-4 in pharmacological doses on age-related bone loss and fracture risk. This effect appears to be enhanced by vitamin D supplementation, supportive of the premise that all studies should be considered in the context of beneficial effects of vitamin K above that attained by calcium and vitamin D supplementation alone.
Evaluation of climatological records for rational planning of livestock shelters

Abstract Recent research investigations into the effects of climatic environment on livestock have provided functional relationships between weather events and production. Decisions involving shelters to overcome adverse environments for production must be based on economic returns to alternative investments. However, economic analyses require an integration of the effects of the weather factors over a specific period of time, usually several weeks or months in duration. Probability techniques applied to the weather events affecting production provide a basis for the required integration and thereby aid in establishing the economic benefits involved in environmental modification. Several years of summer weather data are analyzed in terms of probability distribution functions for selected stations in the United States. The weather events utilized are the Temperature-Humidity Index and dry-bulb temperature, since livestock production has been shown to be a function of these statistics. Specific examples are provided of the application of such distribution functions to decisions concerning livestock shelters.
Autosomal dominant microtia and ocular coloboma: new syndrome or an extension of the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum?

The oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) spectrum is an etiologically heterogeneous condition classically consisting of microtia, hemifacial microsomia, epibulbar dermoids, and vertebral anomalies. Other eye findings described in OAV include upper eyelid colobomas, ptosis, and varying degrees of microphthalmia or even anophthalmia. Iris and/or retinal colobomas have rarely been reported. We describe two familial cases of apparent OAV with ocular colobomas. We postulate that iris and/or retinal colobomas associated with OAV may represent a subgroup within the OAV spectrum with autosomal dominant inheritance, as in the families described herein. Since microtia can result from aberrant migration of neural crest cells into the first and second branchial arches during early embryonic development, and concomitant deficient neural crest migration into the developing eye can lead to ocular coloboma and or iris heterochromia, it may be that the altered gene or genes in our familial cases are involved with regulation of neural crest development. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Non-destructive, In situ Measurements of Diamond-Like-Carbon Film Hardness using Raman and Rayleigh Scattering

Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coatings have recently proven to be suitable for a number of tribological applications. Hardness of the DCL coating is very important for such application. An in-situ, non-destructive technique to measure the film hardness would be crucial for process control and quality control of DLC coatings. In this study, Raman and Rayleigh scattering were investigated as potential techniques for non-destructive measurements of DLC film hardness. Features in both Raman and Rayleigh spectra were correlated with film hardness as measured by nano-indentation technique. Regarding the Raman spectra of the film, a linear correlation was found between film hardness and area under diamond related peak at 1332 cm−1. Regarding the Rayleigh scattering, a linear relationship was, also, found between the film hardness and the height of the Rayleigh line. Raman and Rayleigh scattering have shown huge potential to be used as non-destructive, in-situ techniques to measure DLC coating hardness. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance goals on simulators boost resident motivation and skills laboratory attendance.

Objective To assess the impact of setting simulator training goals on resident motivation and skills laboratory attendance. Design Residents followed a proficiency-based laparoscopic curriculum on the 5 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery and 9 virtual reality tasks. Training goals consisted of the average expert performance on each task + 2 SD (mandatory) and best expert performance (optional). Residents rated the impact of the training goals on their motivation on a 20-point visual analog scale. Performance and attendance data were analyzed and correlated (Spearman's). Data are reported as medians (range). Setting General Surgery residency program at a regional referral Academic Medical Center. Participants General surgery residents (n = 15). Results During the first 5 months of the curriculum, weekly attendance rate was 51% (range, 8-96). After 153 (range, 21-412) repetitions, resident speed improved by 97% (range, 18-230), errors improved by 17% (range, 0-24), and motion efficiency by 59% (range, 26-114) compared with their baseline. Nine (60%) residents achieved proficiency in 7 (range, 3-14) and the best goals in 3.5 (range, 1-9) tasks; the other 6 residents had attendance rates r = 0.59-0.75; p Conclusions Setting training goals on simulators are associated with improved resident motivation to participate in a simulator curriculum. While more stringent goals may potentiate this effect, they have a limited impact on senior residents. Further research is needed to investigate ways to improve skills laboratory attendance.
Content creation for ICT development projects: integrating normative approaches and community demand

This paper discusses why concerns about the importance of content provision for ICT community development projects, such as tele-centers, must go beyond international initiatives such as the World Bank Development Gateway. The authors emphasize the importance of grassroots research, such as community needs assessments, for the generation of contextually appropriate content through ICT, including the role that local universities may play as facilitators in the identification and processing of this content. After providing a brief case study of a tele-center research project in India, the paper concludes that awareness raising about the value of information and the integration of information services within the local communication structures constitute a basic foundation for locally relevant content generation and use.
Histologic subclassification of IgA nephropathy: A clinicopathologic study of 244 cases

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) may present with a wide variety of histologic patterns on renal biopsy, ranging from a minimal lesion to a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN). The histologic features of 244 cases of IgAN (not including Schonlein-Hanoch nephritis) diagnosed between 1980 and 1994 were reviewed, and each case was subclassified using the following, relatively simple histologic classification scheme: subclass I (39 cases): minimal or no mesangial hypercellularity, without glomerular sclerosis; subclass II (18 cases): focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis without active cellular proliferation; subclass III (110 cases): focal proliferative GN; and subclass IV (42 cases): diffuse proliferative GN; and subclass V (35 cases): any biopsy showing > or = 40% globally sclerotic glomeruli and/or > or = 40% estimated cortical tubular atrophy or loss. Subsequent analysis of renal survival in 109 patients who underwent biopsy before or during 1992 for whom such data were available showed a strong, statistically significant correlation between histologic subclass and renal survival, with an order I, II (greatest survival) > III > IV, V. Crescents were a significant negative prognostic indicator for renal survival in subclass III (but not in subclass IV), and interstitial expansion was a negative prognostic indicator in subclasses III and IV, although the statistical significance of these were not maintained after controlling for serum creatinine at the time of biopsy. The presence of peripheral glomerular capillary deposits ultrastructurally had no prognostic significance. With respect to clinical presentation, hypertension (systolic blood pressure > or = 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mm Hg) and proteinuria of > or = 2.0 g/24 hr were significant negative prognostic indicators for renal survival, even when controlling for serum creatinine at the time of renal biopsy. The presence of gross hematuria correlated significantly with increased renal survival by univariate analysis, but not when controlling for serum creatinine at the time of renal biopsy. The findings of this study confirm the wide variety of clinical and histopathologic presentations of IgAN, and indicate the utility of the proposed histologic classification schema in assessing a patient's likelihood of ultimately developing end-stage renal disease.
Estimating Consumer Losses From Unavailable Advertised Grocery Specials

Supermarkets regularly advertise food specials to provide information on new products and seasonal products, to induce new customers to the store and to retain old customers by good price / quality relationships. But how important are the purchase of advertised food specials to food shoppers? Do they realize significant savings from buying advertised specials? If advertised specials are not available, how much do consumers lose? These questions are addressed in this article through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation, based on a comprehensive conceptual model of the determinants of unavailability.
Positional behavior and vertebral morphology in atelines and cebines

Atelines are of particular interest to primate evolutionary studies because they converge with hominoids in postcranial anatomy, including the vertebral column. Currently, our understanding of ateline vertebral morphology is limited to mainly qualitative descriptions and functional interpretations based on general categories of positional behavior. Even less is known about the vertebrae of other platyrrhines. This study more closely examines vertebral form and function in atelines and cebines by combining direct field observations of axial postures and movements, assessments of spinal loading regimes, and a detailed vertebral morphometric analysis. Field observations (Corcovado, Costa Rica) on Ateles geoffroyi, Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus, and Saimiri oerstedii were quantified in conjunction with a morphometric analysis of ateline and cebine lumbar vertebrae. Hylobates was also included for comparison. Compared to Cebus and Saimiri, atelines engage more frequently in postures and locomotor behaviors that induce pronounced bending loads on the spine. All atelines share lumbar adaptations for resisting bending, including ventrodorsally elongated vertebral bodies and perpendicularly oriented transverse processes. Among atelines, lumbar region lengths and vertebral bodies are shortest in Ateles and Brachyteles, longest in Alouatta (resembling Cebus), and intermediate in Lagothrix. Compared to Cebus and all atelines, Saimiri has a relatively longer lumbar region, longer and less ventrodorsally expanded vertebral bodies, and more ventrally oriented transverse processes. These features accentuate bending loads, but increase the sagittal flexibility required for leaping. Vertebral convergence between hylobatids and atelines is more readily interpretable as a product of shared spinal loading patterns than shared positional behaviors.
Recent developments in the properties and applications of polyelectrolyte multilayers

Complexity and innovation in the application of layer-by-layer adsorbed polyelectrolyte systems continues to grow. In this review, we will recap recent findings on the application of multilayers at the biological interface, and as thin films for controlling wetting properties. We also review recent experiments on determining the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte multilayers.
White-light emission from mixing blue and red-emitting metal complexes

Combining polymeric architectures with metal ions produces hybrid materials with extremely rich properties. We have been studying polymers containing terpyridine in the side chain. This report discusses a novel white-light emission from a two-emitter system comprising a blue-emitting dysprosium-chelated polymer and a red-emitting ruthenium complex. The polymer architecture easily allows the incorporate of blue color into the material and provides a matrix which leads to the facile production of truly white light. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superconductors: The mysteries of plastic motion.

Understanding plastic motion of solids — in which atoms change their neighbours as they move — is complicated because it is discontinuous and does not conserve energy. An elegant study of vortex dynamics in superconductors provides new insights.
The challenge of global water access monitoring: evaluating straight-line distance versus self-reported travel time among rural households in Mozambique.

Support is growing for the incorporation of fetching time and/or distance considerations in the definition of access to improved water supply used for global monitoring. Current efforts typically rely on self-reported distance and/or travel time data that have been shown to be unreliable. To date, however, there has been no head-to-head comparison of such indicators with other possible distance/time metrics. This study provides such a comparison. We examine the association between both straight-line distance and self-reported one-way travel time with measured route distances to water sources for 1,103 households in Nampula province, Mozambique. We find straight-line, or Euclidean, distance to be a good proxy for route distance ( R 2 = 0.98), while self-reported travel time is a poor proxy ( R 2 = 0.12). We also apply a variety of time- and distance-based indicators proposed in the literature to our sample data, finding that the share of households classified as having versus lacking access would differ by more than 70 percentage points depending on the particular indicator employed. This work highlights the importance of the ongoing debate regarding valid, reliable, and feasible strategies for monitoring progress in the provision of improved water supply services.
Synthesis of highly active and stable Au-PtCu core-shell nanoparticles for oxygen reduction reaction

Au–PtCu core–shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via galvanic replacement of Cu by Pt on hollow Au nano-spheres. Characterizations of the nanoparticles were conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical measurements. Results indicate 2–2.5 times higher specific activity and mass activity of the Au–PtCu catalysts than commercial Pt black and Pt/C in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), measured in a rotating disk electrode system. Besides, thinner PtCu coating (25 nm thick, deposition time of 20 min) on the hollow Au nano-spheres demonstrated a pronounced CO oxidation peak shift (by 0.13 V) and long-term durability probably due to the unique core–shell structure and strong electronic coupling between the Au core and the PtCu shell.
MUSCLEWORMS, PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS ANDERSONI (NEMATODA: PROTOSTRONGYLIDAE), DISCOVERED IN COLUMBIA WHITE-TAILED DEER FROM OREGON AND WASHINGTON: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST ASSOCIATIONS

Parelaphostrongylus andersoni is considered a characteristic nematode infecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Host and geographic distribution for this parasite, however, remain poorly defined in the region of western North America. Fecal samples collected from Columbia white-tailed deer (O. v. leucurus) in a restricted range endemic to Oregon and Washington, USA, were examined for dorsal-spined larvae characteristic of many protostrongylid nematodes. Multilocus DNA sequence data (internal transcribed spacer 2 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) established the identity and a new record for P. andersoni in a subspecies of white-tailed deer previously unrecognized as hosts. Populations of P. andersoni are now recognized along the basin of the lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington and from south-central Oregon on the North Umpqua River. Current data indicate a potentially broad zone of sympatry for P. andersoni and Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei in the western region of North America, although these elaphostrongylines seem to be segregated, respectively, in white-tailed deer or in black-tailed and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) at temperate latitudes. The geographic range for P. andersoni in white-tailed deer is extended substantially to the west of the currently defined limit in North America, and we confirm an apparently extensive range for this elpahostrongyline. These observations are explored in the broader context of host and geographic associations for P. andersoni and related elaphostrongylines in North American cervids.
Effect of Fuel Composition on Performance of Single-Step Cofired SOFCs

Anode-supported planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were successfully fabricated employing a single-step cofiring process. The cells were comprised of a Ni + yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode, a YSZ electrolyte, a Ca-doped LaMnO 3 (LCM) + YSZ cathode active layer, and an LCM cathode current collector layer. The fabrication process involved tape casting of the anode, screen printing of the electrolyte and the cathode, and single-step cofiring of the green-state cell in the temperature range of 1300-1330°C for 2 h. The maximum power densities were 1.50 W/cm 2 at 800°C, 1.20 W/cm 2 at 750°C, and 0.87 W/cm 2 at 700°C, with humidified hydrogen (97% H 2 -3% H 2 O) as fuel and air as oxidant. The experimentally measured voltage-current density (V-i) curves were fitted into a polarization model to obtain the area specific ohmic resistance, exchange current density (anodic and cathodic), anodic limiting current density, cathodic limiting current density, and effective binary diffusivity of hydrogen and water vapor in the anode as well as that of oxygen and nitrogen in the cathode. The cell was also tested at 800°C with various compositions of humidified hydrogen to simulate the effect of practical fuel utilization on the performance of single cells. The V-i curves obtained in various fuel compositions were successfully modeled by fitting only the exchange current density. Anodic and cathodic activation polarizations and the exchange current densities at various fuel compositions were determined. An analytical model describing H 2 -H 2 O reaction at the anode triple-phase boundaries was postulated based on the relationship between the anodic exchange current density and the hydrogen partial pressure in the fuel. The model predicted that the formation of water molecules from adsorbed hydrogen and hydroxyl radical was the rate-determining step in the anodic reaction.
A review of Competing Modes fatigue behavior

Abstract Competing Failure Modes in fatigue refers to the occurrence of two distinct failure distributions in a homogenous data set. The disparate distributions have been attributed to failures occurring on the surface of test specimens and other failures from sub-surface to deeply imbedded sites. When such behavior occurs significant life differences between each group of up to a factor of 10 or more is observed. Conversely, under different testing conditions, principally temperature, failure from these distinct initiation sites yields results demonstrating little or marginal life differences. Competing Modes behavior has been reported in many steel, nickel, and titanium alloys. Given the extent of the occurrence of this behavior it seems reasonable that a new or at least modified perspective on fatigue behavior is in order. Discussion will be presented relative to the classical concept of the endurance limit and how a modified view is seemingly necessary. Additionally, discussion of how to manage the Competing Modes behavior from a fatigue curve design perspective will be presented.
SEDIMENTATION STUDIES OF THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF DNA.

Analytical zone sedimentation ( Vinograd, Bruner, Kent & Weigle, 1963 ) is shown to be a sensitive and reliable method for detecting differences in conformation and for determining the molecular weight of homogeneous phage DNA's. Changes in sedimentation coefficient as a function of pH and ionic strength reveal transitions between native and denatured DNA and between different forms of denatured DNA. In alkaline solution, denatured DNA appears to exist in a random coil conformation, whereas at neutral pH it is contracted by intrastrand base-base interactions to a degree determined by the ionic strength. The denatured forms appear to be the single strands of the native DNA double helix. Calibrations of sedimentation coefficient against molecular weight are derived for single -stranded DNA in neutral and alkaline molar sodium chloride and for native DNA in molar sodium chloride. Degradation of homogeneous DNA is sensitively detected, and endonuclease I of Escherichia coli is shown to make double-strand breaks in native DNA, as distinct from pancreatic DNase which makes single-strand breaks.
Energy distribution near jet stream, and associated wave-amplitude relations

In a progressive wave system, the meander of the jet-stream axis typically exceeds the amplitude of the streamlines. This feature is shown to be required by both kinematic and energetic considerations. The specific energy (sum of stream function and kinetic energy) varies along the jet-stream axis, being greatest at the troughs and smallest at the ridges, in proportion to the celerity and amplitude of the wave pattern. In a synoptic example, it is demonstrated that the jet-stream axis is essentially advected by the wind in an isentropic surface, with satisfaction of energy requirements. Schematic illustrations are given, of some relationships between the jet-stream axis and the contour field. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb00208.x
Multiple roles for PH-20 and fertilin in sperm-egg interactions

Abstract Using monoclonal antibodies that inhibit function, two cell surface proteins involved in gamete interactions were identified on guinea-pig sperm. Homologs of both the proteins have been identified in a number of mammalian species. One of the proteins, PH-20, has a function in sperm-zona binding and also has hyaluronidase activity. The other, named fertilin, is a heterodimer involved in sperm-egg membrane adhesion and also has a possible role in membrane fusion itself. Additionally, the precursor form of fertilin has potential metalloprotease activity. The functions of these proteins in gamete interactions range from the first physical contact between the sperm and cumulus cells to the final membrane interactions of sperm and egg leading to fusion.
The profit potential of soybean production rotation systems in Arkansas

Abstract The objective of this study was to provide agronomic, nematode, and economic analysis of alternative production rotation systems for soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) on a silt loam soil association in Arkansas. Monocropped soybeans and soybeans double‐cropped with wheat (Triocum aestivam L.) was included as well as grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under dryland conditions in order to reduce soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heteroderaglycine Ichinohe) populations. A total of seven crop rotations and eleven treatments that included alternative tillage conditions and wheat stubble management practices were analyzed using data from 1980–1984 experiments conducted at the Arkansas Cotton Branch Experiment Station on a silt loam Loring‐Calloway‐Henry Association (Alfisols). Although crop rotation was effective for nematode suppression, yields for double‐cropped soybeans were comparable to soybean yields under monocropped’ continuous management practices. Economic results indicated that average net re...
The Peruvian brothel as sexual dispensary and social arena

This ethnographic description of a Peruvian brothel suggests that the organization of the brothel is determined to a considerable extent by social considerations as well as sexual needs. The authors describe a temporal arrangement that provides for a separation and differential treatment of two social groupings or classes that patronize the brothel. The wealthier and older clients are provided with sexual services within a setting that might be described as a “macho theater” in which social needs are also allowed expression. The less wealthy classes are served in almost purely biological fashion and can ill-afford within this setting the “macho” practices provided to other more wealthy clients.