cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary ion mass spectrometry for superconducting radiofrequency cavity materials

Historically, many advances in superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities destined for use in advanced particle accelerators have come empirically, through the iterative procedure of modifying processing and then performance testing. However, material structure is directly responsible for performance. Understanding the link between processing, structure, and performance will streamline and accelerate the research process. In order to connect processing, structure, and performance, accurate and robust materials characterization methods are needed. Here, one such method, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is discussed with focus on the analysis of SRF materials. In addition, several examples are presented, showing how SIMS is being used to further understanding of material-based SRF technologies.Historically, many advances in superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities destined for use in advanced particle accelerators have come empirically, through the iterative procedure of modifying processing and then performance testing. However, material structure is directly responsible for performance. Understanding the link between processing, structure, and performance will streamline and accelerate the research process. In order to connect processing, structure, and performance, accurate and robust materials characterization methods are needed. Here, one such method, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is discussed with focus on the analysis of SRF materials. In addition, several examples are presented, showing how SIMS is being used to further understanding of material-based SRF technologies.
Coccidioidomycosis in alpacas in the southwestern United States

An anonymous web-based survey of alpaca owners was used to learn more about the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of coccidioidomycosis in alpacas in the United States. Thirty-seven owners, with 1,117 alpacas, completed the survey. Over 4% of alpacas included in the study were diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis between 2005 and 2016 (5 post mortem, 46 clinically). Immunodiffusion titers ranged from 1:4 to ≥1:256 in sick animals. Alpacas residing in Arizona counties with a high incidence of human disease were 5.8 times more likely to contract coccidioidomycosis than animals residing in other areas of the state. Treatment was reported in 23 alpacas, and 78% of those animals died or were euthanized. Necropsy records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Tucson, AZ were reviewed to estimate the severity of disease in this species. Nine cases identified for review died of disseminated coccidioidomycosis; the disease was extensive in most animals, with the lungs, lymph nodes, and liver the most frequently affected. Alpacas appear to be highly susceptible to severe illness as a result of infection by Coccidioides spp., frequently resulting in death. More research is needed to better understand the epidemiology, clinical signs, and treatment protocols for coccidioidomycosis in alpacas.
Regulation of in vivo dynein force production by CDK5 and 14-3-3ε and KIAA0528.

Single-molecule cytoplasmic dynein function is well understood, but there are major gaps in mechanistic understanding of cellular dynein regulation. We reported a mode of dynein regulation, force adaptation, where lipid droplets adapt to opposition to motion by increasing the duration and magnitude of force production, and found LIS1 and NudEL to be essential. Adaptation reflects increasing NudEL-LIS1 utilization; here, we hypothesize that such increasing utilization reflects CDK5-mediated NudEL phosphorylation, which increases the dynein-NudEL interaction, and makes force adaptation possible. We report that CDK5, 14-3-3e, and CDK5 cofactor KIAA0528 together promote NudEL phosphorylation and are essential for force adaptation. By studying the process in COS-1 cells lacking Tau, we avoid confounding neuronal effects of CDK5 on microtubules. Finally, we extend this in vivo regulatory pathway to lysosomes and mitochondria. Ultimately, we show that dynein force adaptation can control the severity of lysosomal tug-of-wars among other intracellular transport functions involving high force.
Using Wikis to Enhance Website Peer Evaluation in an Online Website Development Course: An Exploratory Study

Peer evaluations are often used to improve learning in educational settings. As more and more online courses are offered, it is becoming increasingly important to explore new techniques for conducting peer evaluation in online courses. In recent years, wikis have increasingly been used in higher education to support learning and group work. However, the number of studies that discuss the use of a wiki as a peer evaluation tool in online courses is still rather limited. This paper examines the effect of using a wiki as an online peer evaluation tool and identifies the pedagogical benefits and pitfalls of using wikis for peer evaluation activities. It describes a study in which wikis were used as a means to support peer evaluation in an undergraduate online website development course. Students were assigned to groups. Each member performed a peer evaluation of the websites of every other student in the group. At the end of the study, the author surveyed students using an online questionnaire and also examined the information listed on each group’s wiki website. The study concludes that wikis are an effective tool for conducting peer evaluation in online courses. A key lesson learned is that website peer evaluations can also be a very strong learning activity for online website development courses -but that the success of this activity highly depends on the people involved in the peer group. Recommendations regarding group formation, coordination, and motivational strategies are offered to assist instructors who are interested in using wikis for their students to perform peer evaluations. Overall, this paper provides some evidence of the ways that wikis can be used to help faculty conduct peer evaluation activities in an online environment and contributes to the body of evidence regarding the use of wikis in online education.
Left Behind: District Secession and the Re-segregation of American Schools

ABSTRACTSixty-five years after the Brown v. Board decision, American schools are re-segregated and re-segregating. The mechanisms of this re-segregation are legal action, voluntary moves towards un...
Ideals of Inclusion in Deliberation

Building on prior thinking about political representation in democratic deliberation, we argue for four ideals of inclusion, each of which is most appropriate to a different situation. These principles of inclusion depend not only on the goals of a deliberation, but also on its level of empowerment in the political system, and its openness to all who want to participate. Holistic and open deliberations can most legitimately incorporate and decide for the people as a whole if they are open to all who want to participate and affirmatively recruit perspectives that would be underrepresented otherwise. Chicago Community Policing beat meetings offer an example. Holistic and restricted forums (such as the latter stages of some participatory budgeting processes) should recruit stratified random samples of the demos, but must also ensure that problems of tokenism are overcome by including a critical mass of the least powerful perspectives, so that their views can be aired and heard more fully and effectively. Forums that aim to improve relations between social sectors and peoples should provide open access for all who are affected by the issues (relational and open), if possible, or recruit a stratified random sample of all affected, when necessary (relational and restricted). In either case, proportional representation of the least advantaged perspectives is necessary. However, when deliberation focuses on relations between a disempowered group and the rest of society, or between unequal peoples, it is often most legitimate to over-sample the least powerful and even to create opportunities for the disempowered to deliberate among themselves so that their perspectives can be adequately represented in small and large group discussions. We illustrate this discussion with examples of atypical Deliberative Polls on Australia’s reconciliation with its indigenous community and the Roma ethnic minority in Europe.
Thomas Coryate versus John Taylor: the emergence of the early modern celebrity:

By pursuing traditional and emergent forms of patronage and by establishing himself as a travel writer in Jacobean London, Thomas Coryate created a public persona that allowed him to promote himsel...
Misinformation Sharing on Twitter During Zika: An Investigation of the Effect of Threat and Distance

Recently, health-related misinformation has plagued social media. We investigate the behavior of misinformation sharing on Twitter. We argue that misinformation sharing is likely to be influenced by the distance to the health crisis as afforded by Twitter. This article investigates three types of distances, namely social (personal relations), spatial (geometric), and temporal (time gap). We address three research questions in the context of Zika virus: first, how does social, spatial, and temporal distances affect the threat appeal of a misinformation message? Second, how does social, spatial, and temporal distances influence misinformation sharing? Third, how does the effect of social, spatial, and temporal distances on misinformation sharing varies based on the influence afforded by Twitter? The results indicate the negative effect of social and temporal distances on threat appeal, and the negative effect of spatial distance on misinformation sharing. The results also indicate the negative effect of temporal distance on misinformation sharing for more influential Tweeters and the negative effect of social and spatial distance on misinformation sharing for less influential Tweeters.
Ventral Respiratory Column Expiratory Neuron Activity is Altered during Fictive Swallow in the Cat

Swallow and breathing are both fundamental functions for mammals. Anatomically, breathing and swallow share a common passageway, the pharynx. To coordinate with swallow and prevent aspiration, insp...
Open Shops (Deterministic)

A bank of machines in parallel is a setting that is important from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. From a theoretical point of view it is a generalization of the single machine, and a special case of the flexible flow shop. From a practical point of view, it is important because the occurrence of resources in parallel is common in the real world. Also, techniques for machines in parallel are often used in decomposition procedures for multi-stage systems.
Ethics and Performance: A Simulation Analysis of Team Decision Making

The interrelationships among a number of variables and their effect on ethical decision making was explored. Teams of students and managers participated in a competitive management simulation. Based on prior research, the effects of performance, environmental change, team age, and type of team on the level of ethical behavior were hypothesized. The findings indicate that multiple variables may interact in such a fashion that significance is lost.
Multiple sclerosis patients have a diminished serologic response to vitamin D supplementation compared to healthy controls

Background:Vitamin D insufficiency is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS), and patients do not always show the expected response to vitamin D supplementation.Objective:We aimed to determine i...
A Failure Criterion for Composite Materials

A failure criterion for composite materials based upon the strain invariants of finite elasticity is introduced. The failure criterion assumes that the material is transversely isotropic and that f...
Abstract T MP90: Effect of Race and Early Blood Pressure Control on Long-Term Blood Pressure Control and Recurrent Stroke Risk

Background: Many studies have documented racial disparities in blood pressure (BP) control. However, little is known about how race and short-term BP control affect hypertension control in the long-term and recurrent stroke risk. Methods: We utilized data on patients with ischemic stroke included in a randomized quality improvement trial focused on secondary stroke prevention, conducted in 14 Kaiser Permanente hospitals in Northern California 01/2004-09/2006 (QUISP). Patient characteristics, diagnoses, health care utilization, BP measurements and medications were gathered from administrative and clinical databases. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine race and 6-month BP control (<140/90 mmHg) as predictors of BP control and stroke recurrence at 1 and 5 years after index event among patients, adjusted for socio-economic status, age, gender, and risk factors, and dementia. Results: There were 2971 patients in the initial cohort including 66% non-Hispanic white, 14% Blacks, 11% Asian, 8% Hispanic, and 1% other. BP was controlled in 74% of cohort at 1 year, and 80% at 5 years (Table). Having BP control at 6 months post-stroke was associated with having BP control both at 1 year (OR=2.33, 95% CI 1.83-2.96, p<0.001) and 5 years (OR=1.98, 95% CI 1.45-2.68, p<0.001) follow-up. Blacks (OR=0.71, 95% CI 0.51-0.98, p=0.04) were less likely to have BP controlled at 1 year compared to whites. Blacks had an increased risk of recurrent stroke at 1 year (OR=1.70, 95% CI 1.07-2.70, p=0.02) post index event. Conclusion: Early BP control was associated with long-term BP control. Despite having equal healthcare utilization, and antihypertensive prescriptions, blacks had poorer long-term BP control and higher recurrent stroke risk compared to whites. Greater efforts in reducing racial disparities in early hypertension control after stroke are needed. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Replication of tobacco mosiac virus, VI Replicative intermediate and TMV-RNA-related RNAs associated with polyribosomes.

Abstract Polyribosomes prepared from both the membrane (bound polyribosomes) and cytoplasmic (free polyribosomes) fractions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco leaves were found to contain small RNAs of several sizes which, by molecular hybridization with denatured double-stranded TMV-RNA, were shown to consist of portions of the TMV-RNA genome. In addition, full-length (30 S) TMV-RNA was found on the free but not the bound polyribosomes. These RNAs were associated with all sizes of polyribosomes as analyzed on sucrose gradients, with the larger species of RNA predominating the regions containing the larger polyribosomes. A heterogeneous population of replicative intermediate molecules was associated with the bound, but not the free polyribosomes. Here, too, the molecules were distributed throughout the polyribosome gradient. The possible functions of the ribosome-associated RNAs as messenger RNAs for viral-coded proteins are discussed.
Teaching the Principles of Money and Banking Through Games and Experiments

This paper describes how to run and implement a game for teaching the principles of money and banking to an undergraduate economics class. The game primarily deals with the market for loanable funds, but numerous extensions to the base form of the game are provided that can illustrate things such as monetary policy, the tools of the Federal Reserve, shifts in the equilibrium of the market for loanable funds, and the quantity theory of money.
Commercial Engine Noise

The source of commercial engine noise is briefly discussed for the legacy fleet, as well as for the new products being introduced into the field. While considerable progress has been done over the last fifty years, there is more to be done. Fan and jet noise are the very components requiring attention as we go forward. New regulations reflecting the public needs are putting pressure on the industry to lower the noise levels for new upcoming products. Intensive research is underway in industry, academia, and government to meet these challenges. Keywords: aircraft noise; engine noise sources; aircraft noise regulations; jet noise reduction; fan noise reduction; chevrons
Managing R&D and Risky Projects

This article discusses quantitative concepts and methods for making risk management decisions about R&D and other uncertain projects. Such decisions include what projects to fund, the order in which to attempt different activities within a project, when to abandon projects that are not working out as hoped, and how to structure the incentives of project managers and investors to take best advantage of the opportunities represented by risky projects. Keywords: risk management; multicriteria optimization; investment strategy; optimization algorithm; real options; RD portfolio; moral hazard; differential games; principal-agent; simulation-optimization; Gittins index; index policy
Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas ☆: I. Ultrastructure of the islet cells and the initiation of granule formation

Abstract Electron microscopic observations have shown that the characteristic granules of the alpha and beta cells of the chick (White Leghorn) pancreatic endocrine tissue are present on the third day of incubation. Granule formation in these cells is initiated concomitantly with or shortly after evagination of the intestinal endothelium to form the pancreatic diverticula. Evidence is also presented for the secretion of both types of granules on the fifth day of incubation. The sequelae of ultrastructural changes leading to the differentiation of the alpha and beta cells was difficult to assess. The islet tissue originated from primordial duct epithelium and differentiated before the acinar components. The elaboration of biosynthetic mechanisms to facilitate the production of secretory products was evidenced morphologically in the beta cells by an enlarged Golgi, ergastoplasm of four to eight members, and the synthesis of numerous smooth membrane vesicles. A locus of fine fibrillar material and one cilium per cell were present. Stages in the formation of the beta granules with their characteristic sheaves of material were also noted. Similary, the differentiation of alpha cells included enlargement of the Golgi and synthesis and accumulation of numerous vesicles with varied amounts of enclosed particulate material. Fine fibrillar material was near the Golgi and the rough reticulum appeared augmented.
Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms

Incidentally discovered pancreatic cystic lesions are increasingly common, affecting up to 10% to 15% of patients undergoing cross-sectional imaging. Although some pancreatic cystic neoplasms harbor invasive malignancy or the potential to progress over time, a majority are benign and can be observed safely. Accurate diagnosis is key to appropriate management. Diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach. This review discusses each type of pancreatic cystic neoplasm and the current data on diagnosis and treatment.
Sodium channels, the electrogenisome and the electrogenistat: lessons and questions from the clinic

In the six decades that have followed the work of Hodgkin and Huxley, multiple generations of neuroscientists and biophysicists have built upon their pivotal contributions. It is now clear that, in mammals, nine genes encode nine distinct voltage-gated sodium channels with different amino acid sequences and different physiological and pharmacological properties. The different sodium channel isoforms produce a multiplicity of distinct sodium currents with different time-dependent characteristics and voltage dependencies, which interact with each other and with the currents produced by other channels (including calcium and potassium channels) to shape neuronal firing patterns. Expression of these sodium channel isoforms is highly dynamic, both in the normal nervous system, and in the injured nervous system. Recent research has shed light on the roles of sodium channels in human disease, a development that may open up new therapeutic strategies. This article examines the pain-signalling system as an example of a neuronal network where multiple sodium channel isoforms play complementary roles in electrogenesis and a strong link with human disease has been established. Recent research suggests that it may be possible to target specific sodium channel isoforms that drive hyperexcitability in pain-signalling neurons, thereby providing new therapeutic strategies for chronic pain, and providing an illustration of the impact of the Hodgkin–Huxley legacy in the clinical domain.
Osteopathic Musculoskeletal Examination and Subarachnoid Anesthetic Administration in a Patient With Severe Scoliosis

Physicians primarily use palpation of anatomical landmarks to guide the placement of needles when administering neuraxial anesthetics. For patients with anatomical abnormalities such as scoliosis, it is also important for physicians to understand Fryette mechanics and spinal curvature anatomy, as well as preprocedural radiography and ultrasonography, to ensure accuracy in neuraxial anesthetic procedures. The authors report the case of a patient with severe scoliosis who required neuraxial anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Using palpation and imaging, his physicians were able to successfully administer a subarachnoid anesthetic injection on the first attempt. The authors discuss considerations for improving success rates of neuraxial anesthetic administration in these patients.
Catecholamine Reuptake Inhibition Causes Weight Loss by Increasing Locomotor Activity and Thermogenesis

Bupropion (BUP) is a dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor that causes mild weight loss in obese adults. Subchronic (7 day) coadministration of selective DA and NE reuptake inhibitors also causes weight loss in mice. Because weight loss was not associated with decreased caloric intake, subchronic BUP might cause weight loss through increased energy expenditure. Acute studies demonstrate that BUP or DA+NE reuptake inhibitors cause transient hypophagia and increased locomotion; though the effects on temperature are inconsistent. Because subchronic DA+NE reuptake inhibition does not affect appetite, there is clearly a difference between the acute and subchronic effects of DA+NE reuptake inhibitors; however the effects of chronic (or subchronic) BUP on energy balance have never been directly studied in an animal model. Therefore, the acute and subchronic effects of BUP or selective DA and NE reuptake inhibitors on food intake, body weight, locomotor activity, and interscapular temperature were determined in mice. Generally, selective inhibition of DA reuptake (by GBR12783) increased activity while selective inhibition of NE reuptake (by nisoxetine, NIS) decreased activity and temperature. BUP increased activity and temperature but subchronic BUP did not significantly reduce body weight due to a compensatory increase in food intake. Subchronic DA+NE reuptake inhibitor coadministration mimicked the effect of BUP on activity and temperature, but caused weight loss because daily food intake was not increased. The results of this study suggest that the mild weight loss effect of BUP in humans may be due to increased locomotion or heat production. More importantly, inhibition of DA+NE reuptake (with GBR+NIS) increased energy expenditure without a compensatory increase in food intake, supporting a role for novel combination catecholamine reuptake inhibitors in pharmacotherapy for obesity.
Latitudinal variation of tropospheric ozone in a photochemical model

A zonally, vertically, and annually averaged numerical model of trace gases in the troposphere is used to examine the variation of ozone as a function of latitude. Processes included in the ozone budget are a source due to downward transport of ozone from the stratosphere, deposition at earth's surface, north-south diffusive transport, and photochemical reactions. Sensitivity of calculated ozone concentrations to the latitude variation and magnitude of the stratospheric source is presented. The model indicates a net photochemical source of ozone in the Northern Hemisphere and a net chemical sink in the tropical latitudes. Calculated variation of ozone concentration with latitude is in qualitative agreement with observations.
Transfer of knowledge across computer command menus

Two experiments are reported that examine the effects of menu organization and command naming on performance within and across computer command menus. The work on performance within menus extends prior work on information retrieval (IR) menus to computer command menus. We found that selection of computer commands conforms to the same laws that govern selection of IR categories and object names, with alphabetic organization leading to shorter search times in early trials when users knew the names of the commands. When users did not know the exact names of the commands, the functional organization led to shorter search times. More importantly, we found that the knowledge of the functional organization transferred from one application menu to another, thereby reducing search time in the menu of the second application.
Distributed constrained optimization over noisy networks

In this paper we deal with two problems which are of great interest in the field of distributed decision making and control. The first problem we tackle is the problem of achieving consensus on a vector of local decision variables in a network of computational agents when the decision variables of each node are constrained to lie in a subset of the Euclidean space. We assume that the constraint sets for the local variables are private information for each node. We provide a distributed algorithm for the case when there is communication noise present in the network. We show that we can achieve almost sure convergence under certain assumptions. The second problem we discuss is the problem of distributed constrained optimization when the constraint sets are distributed over the agents. Furthermore our model incorporates the presence of noisy communication links and the presence of stochastic errors in the evaluation of subgradients of the local objective function. We establish sufficient conditions and provide an analysis guaranteeing the convergence of the algorithm to the optimal set with probability one.
Proxy contests and the efficiency of shareholder oversight

Abstract Three problems may discourage the use of proxy contests to challenge management and transfer corporate control. First, inefficiency in the system of proxy vote solicitation can give management a vote-getting advantage. Second, due to conflict-of-interest pressures, institutional investors may vote with management against their own fiduciary interests. Third, because some dissident proxy challenges may be ‘crank’ bids, with no prospect for increasing share values, dissidents may have to incur costs to signal the value of their bid to outside shareholders. Tests on a sample of 100 proxy contests from the period 1981–1985 confirm the existence of these problems.
Advancing the frontier of data-driven healthcare

Suchi Saria of Johns Hopkins University shares how big data and machine learning can help improve the practice of healthcare, and how computing students can contribute.
Expression of multixenobiotic resistance transport P-glycoproteins in fish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exposed to environmental xenobiotics

Abstract P-glycoproteins (P-gps) are 170 kD transmembrane proteins that are efflux flippases preventing cellular accumulation of moderately hydrophobic compounds. In the liver, P-gps occur in bile canaliculi and transport endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Proteins and genes related to P-gp occur in Fundulus heteroclitus (Cooper & Van Veld, personal communication). We examined hepatic P-gp expression via western blot in F. heteroclitus from a TCDD-resistant population from the New Bedford Harbor (NB) Superfund site, highly contaminated with planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and a reference population from Scorton Creek, Cape Cod (SC), a relatively unpolluted site. P-gp levels in SC field fish were two-fold higher than in NB field fish. Freshly collected fish from both sites had elevated P-gp levels compared to their respective cohorts that were depurated in clean aquaria for 44 days. P-gp levels in SC field fish were two-fold higher than in SC depurated fish. Depurated SC fish and field NB fish expressed similar P-gp levels, both of which were 30-fold higher than NB depurated fish. The basis for lower P-gp levels observed in NB field and depurated fish compared to SC fish is not known but could reflect differing exposure to natural products in sediment. Current studies are assessing P-gp inducing capacity of sedimentary material from SC and NB. Elevated hepatic P-gp levels in SC versus NB fish may contribute to their differing capacity to excrete xenobiotics, a difference suggested by studies of TCDD-exposed Fundulus (Bello & Hahn, personal communication). [Support: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and NIH ES-17381.]
Significance of Some of the Surface Structures of Central and Western Kansas

Surface structures of the Permian strata of Harvey and adjacent counties, of Cretaceous limestones of Russell and neighboring counties, and of the Smoky Hill chalk and Fort Hays limestone of Trego, Gove, Rooks and other counties are described and an interpretation in each case attempted. Those of the Harvey County region are referred to the solution of salt beds and the change of anhydrite to gypsum. These structures are thought to be confined to strata close to the surface. The surface structures of the Cretaceous strata are thought to be due to adjustments of these strata to the base on which they rest and to the irregularities of deposition within the strata themselves.
Thermodynamics of NaCl-H2O: A new equation of state for the near-critical region and comparisons with other equations for adjoining regions

Abstract A new equation of state for NaCl-H2O is based on an expansion around the critical point of pure H2O. Only a few simple terms relate to the NaCl content, but the complete equation of Haar et al. (1984) is used for H2O. Three temperature-dependent parameters are adjusted to fit the entire vapor-liquid coexistence surface from 250 to 600°C. One further temperature-dependent function relates the chemical potential of NaCl to that of the solid. Appropriate derivatives of the parent function for the Helmholtz energy then yield the density and the full array of thermodynamic properties. While full agreement with all experimental data within their uncertainties is not attained, the agreement is good throughout the range 300 to 600°C, vapor + liquid saturation pressure to one kbar and from the vapor composition at the three-phase line to that of the corresponding liquid. Comparisons with published equations valid for liquid-only or vapor-only conditions also show satisfactory agreement.
Theory and the Public Administration Student/Practitioner

The modern theory that dominates our classrooms and training programs meets the needs of staff-oriented practitioners and public administration students. Line managers, present and future, are less well served by our offerings. Open systems and constructed reality describe both postmodern theory and the world faced by the line manager. Incorporating the learning principles imbedded in postmodernism would add diversity and strength to our MPA curricula.
Two Copy Testing Techniques: The Cloze Procedure and the Cognitive Complexity Test

Abstract The theory behind two copy testing techniques—the cloze procedure and the cognitive complexity text—is reviewed; and three hypotheses are developed for testing. These two techniques work especially well when used together as they provide a way to match message properties with the audience's abilities. In a discriminant analysis setting, support is found for all three hypotheses, and a substantial portion of the variance in the criterion variable—advertising recall—is taken into account. The results of predictions to a validation sample are also encouraging.
The Hurricane Intensity Issue

Abstract The intensity issue of hurricanes is addressed in this paper using the angular momentum budget of a hurricane in storm-relative cylindrical coordinates and a scale-interaction approach. In the angular momentum budget in storm-relative coordinates, a large outer angular momentum of the hurricane is depleted continually along inflowing trajectories. This depletion occurs via surface and planetary boundary layer friction, model diffusion, and “cloud torques”; the latter is a principal contributor to the diminution of outer angular momentum. The eventual angular momentum of the parcel near the storm center determines the storm’s final intensity. The scale-interaction approach is the familiar energetics in the wavenumber domain where the eddy and zonal kinetic energy on the hurricane scale offer some insights on its intensity. Here, however, these are cast in storm-centered local cylindrical coordinates as a point of reference. The wavenumbers include azimuthally averaged wavenumber 0, principal hurri...
Accumulation of indium-111-labeled human low density lipoprotein in the rabbit aorta: Implications for nuclear imaging of vascular lesions.

Nuclear imaging of atheromata must distinguish lesions from both blood pool and normal arterial tissue. We have examined spatial and temporal variations of indium-111-labeled human low density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation in rabbit aortas. LDL-derived In-111 activity was time-independent in lesion-resistant regions of aortas from normal and hypercholesterolemic animals (mean 2.9 × 10(-6) percent injected activity per milligram tissue [%IA/mg]) and in lesion-prone regions of normal aortas (mean 7.1 × 10(-6) %IA/mg). In contrast, activity in sudanophilic lesions of hypercholesterolemic rabbit aortas reached a peak of 31 × 10(-6) %IA/mg at 92 hours postinjection. The mean ratio between activity in lesions versus lesion-resistant regions described a broad convex curve with minima of 4:1 at 14 hours and 136 hours and a peak of 14:1 measured at 72 hours postinjection. The mean ratio between In-111 in lesions and blood followed a sigmoid curve, rising exponentially from 1:25 at 14 hours to 1:3 by 72 hours postinjection. We conclude that optimal signal-to-noise ratios for monitoring atheroma-associated LDL-derived radioactivity occur late, not before about 3 days postinjection. Therefore, LDL labeled with In-111 or even longer-lived radionuclides holds the greatest promise for effective clinical nuclear imaging of atherosclerosis.
Religion, Media Credibility, and Support for Democracy in the Arab World

Ever since the events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent war in Iraq, the U.S. State Department has invested much effort into winning the hearts and minds of individuals around the Muslim world. Using secondary data from a large-scale public opinion survey of Arab youth in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the current study presents a model that identifies the complex and multidimensional relationships among religion-based variables, media credibility and individual assessments of democracy. The results of our path analysis point to a significant relationship between personal religiosity and media credibility for both domestic and foreign media, as well as mixed findings regarding the relationship between perceptions of media credibility and perceptions of democracy.
The Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale. Reliability, factor structure and validity

A scale measuring locus of control in relation to drinking behavior found significant differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics, while a scale measuring locus of control in gerneral did not.
Evaluation of retroviral production systems using quantitative analysis.

Because of the low titer of retroviral supernatant, it is necessary to develop and optimize large-scale retroviral production systems. To quantitatively determine the effect of a given operating condition (e.g., temperature and serum content) on producer cells' retrovirus-producing capacity, a mathematical model was used to analyze the static retroviral production system described by three processes: viral diffusion, decay, and generation. The analytical solutions of the defined model equations were fitted with experimental data to determine the specific retroviral production rate constant, which represents the competence of a retroviral production system. Two different retroviral production systems, inducible production of vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped retrovirus from 293GPG/EGFP cells and constant production of ecotropic retrovirus from GP+E86/LNCX cells, were employed to demonstrate the feasibility of the engineering analysis. Our results indicated that the time-variant specific retroviral production rate of 293GPG/EGFP cells reached its maximum value of 5.7 x 10(-)(3) CFU/cm(2).h.cell, and the constant specific retroviral production rate of GP+E86/LNCX cells was 1.49 x 10(-)(2) CFU/cm(2).h.cell for the whole period of production. Furthermore, the effects of serum concentration and temperature on the ecotropic retroviral production system were examined separately. Our results suggest that producing ecotropic retroviruses with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C is the optimal operating conditions for the long-term production system used here.
Short telomeres initiate telomere recombination in primary and tumor cells.

Human tumors that lack telomerase maintain telomeres by alternative lengthening mechanisms. Tumors can also form in telomerase-deficient mice; however, the genetic mechanism responsible for tumor growth without telomerase is unknown. In yeast, several different recombination pathways maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase—some result in telomere maintenance with minimal effects on telomere length. To examine non-telomerase mechanisms for telomere maintenance in mammalian cells, we used primary cells and lymphomas from telomerase-deficient mice (mTR−/− and Eμmyc+mTR−/−) and CAST/EiJ mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. These cells were analyzed using pq-ratio analysis, telomere length distribution outliers, CO-FISH, Q-FISH, and multicolor FISH to detect subtelomeric recombination. Telomere length was maintained during long-term growth in vivo and in vitro. Long telomeres, characteristic of human ALT cells, were not observed in either late passage or mTR−/− tumor cells; instead, we observed only minimal changes in telomere length. Telomere length variation and subtelomeric recombination were frequent in cells with short telomeres, indicating that length maintenance is due to telomeric recombination. We also detected telomere length changes in primary mTR−/− cells that had short telomeres. Using mouse mTR+/− and human hTERT+/− primary cells with short telomeres, we found frequent length changes indicative of recombination. We conclude that telomere maintenance by non-telomerase mechanisms, including recombination, occurs in primary cells and is initiated by short telomeres, even in the presence of telomerase. Most intriguing, our data indicate that some non-telomerase telomere maintenance mechanisms occur without a significant increase in telomere length.
3M AND Kodak Dry Silver Recording Materials For Laser Imagery Transmission Applications

AbstractThe overall performance of laser imagery transmission systems is often determined by the recording material used to pro-duce hard copy. Baseline recording material specifications frequently include an exposure sensitivity of about 200 ergs /cm2,spectral sensitivity matched to a high reliability laser, and resolution greater than 250 [pi. An inline dry -processing capa-bility is generally a key requirement. Dry silver film and paper, such as the panchromatic 3M Type 7771 paper and Type 7869film and the orthochromatic Kodak Ektamate 150 paper, currently best satisfy these needs. As part of an ongoing effort, wehave experimentally characterized the 3M and Kodak dry silver materials. We have measured sensitometric and informationrecording properties as a function of development conditions and investigated operational characteristics such as shelf life,image permanence and environmental sensitivity. Experimental data in the form D -log E, CTF and AIM curves will be pre- sented. In addition, problem areas common to dry silver materials will be discussed. A general conclusion of our studies isthat dry silver films and papers are satisfactory for the majority of laser imagery transmission applications, but that they requireseveral improvements.IntroductionAn important consideration in the development of an imagery transmission system is the recording material. The recordingmaterial is ideally characterized by a high exposure sensitivity and good resolving power. In addition, processing of therecording material should be simple and rapid and require only a minimum of support equipment. Conventional silver halidematerials do not adequately satisfy these requirements. However, several recording materials, based on a dry silver chemistry,which combine good photographic performance with simple, one -step heat processing have been identified and tested.Specific examples are the 3M Type 7771 Dry Silver Paper, the 3M Type 7869 Dry Silver Film, and the Kodak Ektamate 150
Finding the critical facts : Children's visual scan patterns when solving story problems that contain irrelevant information

Two experiments were conducted to understand the processes through which 5th graders discriminate relevant from irrelevant information when solving mathematical story problems. Visual scanning was recorded and coded as directed toward relevant information, irrelevant information, the question, workspace, and elsewhere. Experiment 1 focused on the effects of irrelevant numerical information, and Experiment 2 focused on irrelevant qualitative information. The visual scanning results showed that higher achieving and lower achieving students generally used question-guided comparisons of the relevant and irrelevant information when they succeeded. A 2nd effective strategy was to discriminate during their initial reading of the problems. In addition, whereas higher achieving students flexibly varied their visual scanning to fit with problem difficulty, the lower achievers showed less flexibility.
Extinction of a phobia of physical examination in a seven-year-old mentally retarded boy—A case study ☆

Abstract Counterconditioning is a process in which aversive stimuli that ordinarily evoke emotional or avoidance responses are paired with positive stimuli which evoke incompatible activities. Several sets of operations have been employed to induce these incompatible activities (e.g. food, Jones, 1924; relaxation. Grossberg, 1964; positive imagery, Lazarus and Abramowitz, 1962; pharmacological agents, Friedman, 1966; laughter, Ventis, 1973). Although the Counterconditioning process has been successfully applied to a wide variety of emotional disorders, special problems arise when the procedure is applied to the mentally retarded. First, because of the limitations in cognitive abilities, it is generally impossible to train the subject in either relaxation or positive imagery processes. Consequently, it is necessary to place the child in direct contact with the anxiety-inducing situation. Secondly, it is often difficult to find an anxiety-free situation which is incompatible with the anxiety-arousing situation and which can be practically implemented, particularly when the phobia involved is complex. The purpose of this paper is to describe a case whereby a phobic response of physical examination by male doctors in a 7–yr-old mentally retarded boy was extinguished by pairing the examination with an anxiety-free situation, i.e. an extremely comfortable relationship between the patient and a nurse on the ward. Previous research had indicated that parents and people who have positive relationships with a person might possibly serve as effective anxiety reducers in fear-provoking situations (Jersild and Holmes, 1935).
Invited review: Interplay between molecular chaperones and signaling pathways in survival of heat shock.

Heat shock of mammalian cells causes protein damage and activates a number of signaling pathways. Some of these pathways enhance the ability of cells to survive heat shock, e.g., induction of molecular chaperones [heat shock protein (HSP) HSP72 and HSP27], activation of the protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt, and phosphorylation of HSP27. On the other hand, heat shock can activate a stress kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, thus triggering both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death programs. Recent data indicate that kinases activated by heat shock can regulate synthesis and functioning of the molecular chaperones, and these chaperones modulate activity of the cell death and survival pathways. Therefore, the overall balance of the pathways and their interplay determine whether a cell exposed to heat shock will die or survive and become stress tolerant.
From Interfacial Water to Macroscopic Observables: A Review

The scientific community has always been fascinated by the properties of water and, consequently, a number of investigations continue to address this ubiquitous fluid responsible for life on this planet. Interfacial water plays an important role in a number of physical phenomena that include protein-folding, structure/function relationships in enzymes, the design of nano-fluidic devices, and even macroscopic effects including drag reduction. Interfacial water is attracting renewed interest because of applications such as electrical double layer capacitors, and also for the microbial conversion of cellulose to biofuels. Current scientific explorations regarding interfacial water take advantage of innovations in experimental capabilities, theoretical models and computational tools. Particular attention has been devoted recently to uncovering the relationships between macroscopic properties, often summarized under the hydrophobic/hydrophilic characterization of solid surfaces, to the atomic-level behaviour o...
Influences on dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) fission-fusion dynamics in Admiralty Bay, New Zealand

In societies characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, individuals adjust their grouping patterns according to the shifting balance of costs and benefits associated with grouping. This study examines influences on fission-fusion dynamics for dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) in Admiralty Bay, New Zealand. This area is an important foraging habitat for dusky dolphins during the winter and spring. Admiralty Bay has little predation risk, but nearshore mussel farms may infringe on available habitat. I used generalized estimating equations to determine the influences of coordinated foraging, predation risk, and presence of mussel farms on party size, rate of fission-fusion, and behavioral state. I conducted 168 boat-based group focal follows totaling 168 h. The proportion of individuals observed foraging was positively related to party size and rate of party fusion. Resting had no effect on party size and did not vary according to location. Near mussel farms, traveling decreased, and rate of party fission decreased. I conclude that (1) coordinated foraging strategies are a primary influence on fission-fusion dynamics within this population, (2) dolphins may respond to decreased predation risk by not adjusting party size or location during resting, and (3) areas near mussel farms are not used for traveling.