cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excessive Shear Force at the Digits May Contribute to Unstable Grip Following Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the United States and the third most frequent cause of death, following diseases of the heart and cancer [1]. Of the more than 700,000 Americans who experience a stroke each year [1], two-thirds survive [2]. Currently there are more than five million stroke survivors in the U.S. [1], many of whom have long-term motor and sensory impairments, especially in the arm and hand [3]. Studies report that 69% of patients who were admitted to a rehabilitation unit following stroke have mild to severe upper extremity dysfunction [4], and only 14% to 16% of stroke survivors with initial upper extremity hemiparesis regained near-complete motor function [3,4]. Chronic deficits following stroke are especially prevalent in the hand and therefore diminish the capacity to grasp [5]. Hand grasp has great functional importance for performing activities of daily living. The impairment in grasping significantly lowers stroke survivors’ functional independence.© 2009 ASME
PLASMA 5α -ANDR0STANE 3α, 17β -DIOL IN BOYS DURING PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT

Recent in vitro studies have shown that 5α-androstan-3α, 17β-diol (DIOL) is a major conversion product in/man from labelled precursors. This report describes a specific and highly sensitive RIA for the estimation of plasma DIOL in children during their adolescent/growth. Plasma DIOL values appear to be quite low(0.5ng/100ml) at puberty stage 1. A marked increase was noted from stage 2(1.8ng/100ml) to stage 3(3.5ng/100ml), but without showing any significant difference between stage 3 to 4(3.8ng/100ml). Stage 5 boys(7.3ng/100ml) demonstrate a steep rise in the plasma level, which increased further in adulthood (11.5ng/100ml). The pattern of the mean trend in the increament of DIOL paralleled more with that of DHT than with T. When the ratio of DIOL/T is considered, there is a sharp rise from stage 1 to stage 2 followed by a decreament to stage 3. In bilateral cryptorchidism the levels of DIOL were significantly lower when related to values seen in comparable age-groups. Although the distribution and metabolism of DIOL has been found to be different from that of T and DHT, it is possible that like DHT, this substance, as another steroid messenger, has certain actions on the male reproductive organs during sexual maturation.
PURE CULTIVATION OF SPIROCHAETA PHAGEDENIS (NEW SPECIES), A SPIRAL ORGANISM FOUND IN PHAGEDENIC LESIONS ON HUMAN EXTERNAL GENITALIA.

1. A hitherto undescribed spiral organism has been isolated in pure culture from a case of mild phagedenic ulcer on the external genitalia of a woman. For this organism the name Spirochœta phagedenis is proposed. 2. Spirochœta phagedenis is a strict anaerobe and grows in the presence of fresh tissue in ascitic agar. It produces no apparent change in the media, but a somewhat offensive odor develops in the culture tube. 3. Spirochœta phagedenis incites a slight inflammatory reaction in the skin of a Macacus rhesus monkey and in the skin and testicles of rabbits. 4. Its etiological relation to the phagedenic lesions on the external genitalia has not yet been determined.
Theoretical considerations on the anhysteretic remanent magnetization of interacting particles with uniaxial anisotropy

[1] The anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) is widely used in rock magnetism and paleomagnetism because of its sensitivity to the domain state of magnetic particles and the close analogy to natural remanent magnetizations. On the other hand, the ARM shares with other weak-field magnetizations the property of being extremely sensitive to magnetostatic interactions. Therefore it is desirable to model the effects of interactions on natural assemblages of magnetic particles. Direct micromagnetic calculations of the ARM acquisition process are not practicable; therefore an analytical approach is used calculate the ARM susceptibility of a system of interacting single-domain (SD) particles. The model is based on a statistical description of the interaction field. The equations obtained have been used to evaluate the dependence of the ARM on the packing fraction of the magnetic particles. The effect of interactions on the anisotropy of ARM (AARM) was evaluated as well. The AARM of densely packed particles is complex and depends critically on the microcoercivity. A physical interpretation of the AARM of highly interacting particles is therefore difficult.
Infection of pigs by Aujeszky's disease virus via the breath of intranasally inoculated pigs.

Aujeszky's disease is a worldwide problem in the pig industry. In this experiment, four pigs chosen to act as shedder pigs were intranasally infected with Aujeszky's disease virus. Next, on three consecutive days, eight recipient pigs were exposed to the breath of a pair of shedder pigs via a mask-to-mask module. Except for the virtual absence of CNS signs, shedder pigs expressed clinical signs that were similar to pigs infected naturally or experimentally. Only mild respiratory signs occurred in recipient pigs, but all were infected by aerosols of Aujeszky's disease virus as evidenced by seroconversion. The pig is a much more sensitive indicator of airborne virions than our aerosol collection methods. We conclude that the mild respiratory disease acquired by the aerogenous route in recipient pigs is an easily managed model for studying the transmission of airborne respiratory infections and the immune responses to this type of infection.
Rigorous derivation of hydrostatics and the separation of phases

Abstract The hydrostatic equation for the density n(y) at a point y in a fluid subject to an external potential ψ(y) can be written in the form n(y) = ϱ0[μ − ψ(y)], where ϱ0(μ) is the density of a uniform system with chemical potential μ. It is shown how this equation can be derived rigorously from the statistical mechanics of a general system of particles, with a two-body potential having a hard core. The result holds in the limit γ → 0 if the external potential is ψ(γx) and if n(y) is suitably defined. For the gas phase the appropriate definition is n(y) ≡ limγ→0 n1(γ/γ, γ) where n1(x, γ) is the usual one-particle distribution function. To prove the result generally, a locally space-averaged density is introduced.
Making every bit count: fast nonlinear axis scaling

Existing axis scaling and dimensionality methods focus on preserving structure, usually determined via the Euclidean distance. In other words, they inherently assume that the Euclidean distance is already correct. We instead propose a novel nonlinear approach driven by an information-theoretic viewpoint, which we show is also strongly linked to intrinsic dimensionality, or degrees of freedom; and uniformity. Nonlinear transformations based on common probability distributions, combined with information-driven selection, simultaneously reduce the number of dimensions required and increase the value of those we retain. Experiments on real data confirm that this approach reveals correlations, finds novel attributes, and scales well.
Decade-Long Trends in the Magnitude, Treatment, and Outcomes of Patients Aged 30 to 54 Years Hospitalized With ST-Segment Elevation and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Although acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurs primarily in the elderly, this disease also affects young adults. Few studies have, however, presented data on relatively young patients hospitalized with AMI. The objectives of this population-based study were to examine recent trends in the magnitude, clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital and long-term outcomes associated with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in patients aged 30 to 54 years. We reviewed the medical records of 955 residents of the Worcester (Massachusetts) metropolitan area aged 30 to 54 years who were hospitalized for an initial STEMI or NSTEMI in 6 biennial periods from 1999 to 2009 at 11 greater Worcester medical centers. From 1999 to 2009, the proportion of young adults hospitalized with an STEMI decreased from approximately 2/3 to 2/5 of all patients with an initial AMI. Patients with STEMI were less likely to have a history of heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and kidney disease than those with NSTEMI. Both groups received similar effective medical therapies during their acute hospitalization. In-hospital clinical complications and mortality were low and no significant differences in these end points were observed between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI or with regard to 1-year postdischarge death rates (1.9% vs 2.8%). The present results demonstrate recent decreases in the proportion of relatively young patients diagnosed with an initial STEMI. Patients with STEMI and NSTEMI had similar in-hospital outcomes and long-term survival. Trends in these and other important outcomes warrant continued monitoring.
Internet based software system for surface texture and form analysis

With the emergence of a global market and the recent trend of outsourcing, it has become increasingly necessary for companies to have remote access to data for process diagnostics and quality control. This paper presents an Internet based surface texture and form analysis system that will allow a user at one geographic location to upload surface profiles into a database that another user can later analyze. This system has all the features found on commercial instruments and also some special analysis tools such as wavelet analysis, valley removal algorithms etc. The capabilities include surface texture analysis with database support, straightness, flatness, roundness and cylindricity analysis.
Jadeite stability measured in the presence of silicate liquids in the system NaAlSiO4-SiO2-H2O

The reactions nepheline + high albite ⇋ Jadeite and high albite ⇌ Jadeite + quartz were measured in the presence of high-pressure vapors and silicate melts in the system NaAlSiO_4-SiO_2-H_2O for the temperature range 600–800°C. Kinetics were such that complete reaction was attained in most runs. The results of these determinations together with previous studies in this system and recent thermochemical data collectively place narrow restrictions on the positions of the above reactions over a wide temperature range. An entropy change of 3.5 eu accompanying the transformation of low to high albite is in good agreement with these results. Some data are also provided for the reaction analcite + high albite ⇋ Jadeite + vapor. It is concluded that Jadeite can form in a variety of geologic environments at pressures lower than previously determined.
Hydrodynamic planetary thermosphere model: 1. Response of the Earth's thermosphere to extreme solar EUV conditions and the significance of adiabatic cooling

[1] It has been suggested that the exobase temperature of early terrestrial planetary atmosphere could have reached over 10,000 K. Although such high exobase temperatures should have caused the major gases at the exobase to experience fast Jeans escape, and the entire thermosphere should have experienced hydrodynamic flow, hydrostatic equilibrium was assumed to be valid in this earlier model. In this paper we develop a multicomponent hydrodynamic thermosphere model to self-consistently study the Earth's thermosphere under extreme solar EUV conditions. The model is validated against observations and other models for the present Earth's thermosphere. Simulations show that if forced in hydrostatic equilibrium and maintaining the current composition, the Earth's thermosphere could experience a fast transition to an atmospheric blowoff state when exposed to solar EUV radiation stronger than certain critical flux. When hydrodynamic flow and its associated adiabatic cooling are included, atmospheric blowoff is prevented and Earth's exobase temperature decreases with increasing solar EUV beyond the critical solar EUV flux. Simulations show that the transition of the thermosphere from the hydrostatic equilibrium regime to the hydrodynamic regime occurs when the exobase temperature reaches 7000 to 8000 K if atomic O and N dominate the upper thermosphere. The fast variations of the bulk motion velocities under different exobase temperatures suggest that the adiabatic cooling effect could have kept the exobase temperature lower than ∼1000 K if light gases such as atomic hydrogen were the dominant species in the Earth's thermosphere. We propose that hydrodynamic flow and associated adiabatic cooling should exist in the thermospheres of a broad range of early and/or close-in terrestrial type planets and that the adiabatic cooling effect must be included in the energy balance in order to correctly estimate their thermospheric structures and their evolutionary paths.
OUTPATIENT ADMINISTRATION OF CEFTRIAXONE TO COMPLETE TREATMENT FOR SERIOUS BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

OUTPATIENT ADMINISTRATION OF CEFTRIAXONE TO COMPLETE TREATMENT FOR SERIOUS BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Structural Requirements in the Steroid Lateral Chain for the Activation of β1 Subunit-Containing BK Channels by 5β-Cholanic Acid-3α-Ol Analogues

BK channels regulate many physiological processes and thus constitute an attractive target for drug discovery. Numerous BK channel activators are available. However, these agents usually interact with the ubiquitously distributed channel-forming α subunit and cannot selectively target a particular tissue. Here, we performed a structure-activity relationship study of lithocholic acid (LCA), a cholane that was previously shown to activate BK channels via a steroid site in the accessory BK β1 subunit (Bukiya et al., 2011). This protein is highly abundant in smooth muscle but scarce in most other tissues (Brenner et al., 2000). Modifications to the LCA lateral chain length and functional group yielded a total of 14 compounds. Bath application of these LCA analogs (1-300 μM) to the cytosolic side of Xenopus oocyte membrane patches co-expressing BK channel-forming cbv1 and β1 subunits demonstrates that channel activation (EC50∼50 μM) requires the combination of a critical lateral chain length (optimal at C24), rather small volume of its functional group (65-92 A3), and net negative charge (−0.1 to −0.9 [e]). Thus, analogs having cyano or nitro groups substituting for the carboxyl at C24 in the LCA molecule constitute two novel BK channel activators that satisfy the aforementioned criteria. Data provide detailed structural information that helps us to better understand ligand recognition by the cholane steroid site present in the BK β1 protein, and will be useful to advance a pharmacophore in search of β1 subunit-selective BK channel activators. These compounds are expected to evoke smooth muscle relaxation, which would be beneficial in the pharmacotherapy of prevalent human disorders associated with increased smooth muscle contraction, such as systemic hypertension, cerebral or coronary vasospasm, bronchial asthma, bladder hyperactivity, and erectile dysfunction.Support: R01-HL104631; R37-AA011560 (AMD).
Temporal Interactions of Intervals in Distributed Systems

In a space?time view of a distributed system, each point in space has its own time axis. This paper studies the interaction of intervals at different spatial points in a distributed system. We formalize the notion of what it means for one such interval to affect another such interval. Thus, this paper contributes to the quintessential field of the study of time. The results extend the 1972 work by Hamblin that demonstrated the interaction of time intervals which shared the same linear global time axis. The results also shed light on the nature of interprocess communication in distributed systems, an area which was pioneered by Lamport in 1986. The diverse suite of temporal relations between intervals included in our results provides much greater flexibility than do Lamport's relations to model interprocess interaction in a distributed system. The results are also useful in specifying global predicates and distributed synchronization conditions.
Cells Cultured on Artificial Capillaries and Their Use as a Liver Assist Device

Mammalian cells in culture can be maintained and, in some cases, will proliferate to form tissue-like masses on the exterior surfaces of artificial capillaries made of semi-permeable membrane when nutrient medium is circulated within the capillaries. Published experience with the system in a variety of applications is reviewed with particular attention to the use of cells of liver origin to provide hepatic metabolic functions when the blood of a host animal replaces the nutrient medium and a symbiotic relationship is established between host and device through the semipermeable capillary walls. The rationale for liver assist in acute fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and animal models for FHF are reviewed. Exploratory studies of bil-irubin metabolism with congenitally jaundiced host rats are described which provide a quantitative measure of the capillary culture liver assist device's functional capacity and suggest that substantial increases in the metabolic capacity of the device are needed. Potential means to increase capacity are considered, especially the use of con vective mass transfer to supplement diffusion by inducing ultrafiltration through the capillary walls, and the application of relevant theoretical methods for the analysis of convective transfer in the capillary culture chamber is proposed.
Photogrammetric measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness along the disc margin and peripapillary region

Since the development of the ophthalmoscope ophthalmologists evaluated subjectively the retinal ocular fundus for abnormalities and changes that occur in glaucoma and found that thinning or loss of retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness may preceed visual field loss caused by glaucoma. As a quantitative and objective technique to detect glaucoma at an early stage as possible we have applied a photogrammetric technique to measure NFL thickness along the optic disc margin and peripapillary region using stereophotographs taken with the Donaldson fundus stereocamera.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Imaging interferometric microscopy for enhanced resolution

Using the principle of imaging interferometry we resolve structures with a relatively low NA microscope objection which could not be resolved in the conventional illumination setup. We show experimental results for the cases of 700- and 4000-nm period gratings. We compare these results with theoretical simulations and estimate the maximum resolution potential. Also we evaluate further advantages of our approach, such as field of view and working distance.
Dynamics of fibrovascular tissue ingrowth in hydrogel foams

We have investigated and quantified the degree of fibrovascular tissue ingrowth in cylindrical poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) foams of 12.5 mm diameter, 5 mm thickness, and 71% porosity implanted in the mesentery of rats over a period of 25 days. Fibrovascular tissue penetrated the center of PVA foams 5 days postimplantation yet the void fraction available for cell seeding was 55% and the volume average pore diameter was 190 (+/- 39) microns. By 10 days postimplantation the void fraction had decreased to 32% and the volume average pore diameter was 121 (+/- 20) microns. As time elapsed fibrovascular tissue continued to expand and fill the remaining pore space. At 15 days postimplantation the void space was impractical for cell seeding and continued to decrease through the remainder of the study. Our data suggest that hydrogel foams with a polydispersed pore morphology can be prevascularized with adequate space for cell seeding as the volume of tissue penetrating the foam is limited by the smaller pores in the foam structure; however, available void space for cell seeding decreases with time.
Innervation patterns of the middle cervical - stellate ganglion complex in the rat

The present experiments were designed to clarify the distribution of innervation of the middle and inferior cervical ganglia in the rat (middle cervical-stellate ganglion complex), the sympathetic ganglia which give rise to virtually all cardiac sympathetic nerves. Seven or 28 days after middle cervical-stellate ganglionectomy (surgical sympathectomy) norepinephrine content was measured in 9 peripheral areas including both the left and right atria and ventricles of the heart. The results were also compared to chemical sympathectomy produced with 6-hydroxydopamine. Seven or 28 days after surgical sympathectomy norepinephrine concentrations were reduced in all cardiac regions by at least 94%. Norepinephrine concentration in sub-diaphragmatic (spleen), but not supra-diaphragmatic (left intrascapular fat, left forelimb muscle), non-cardiac organs was preserved at control levels. 6-Hydroxydopamine treatment significantly reduced the norepinephrine concentration in all of the cardiac and non-cardiac tissues. The present evidence indicates that the middle cervical-stellate ganglion complex in the rat projects to a rather limited number of peripheral organs. Additionally, surgical sympathectomy produces more selective cardiac sympathectomy than 6-hydroxydopamine.
XLIII. Non-linear Theory of Elasticity and the linearized case for a body under initial stress

(1939). XLIII. Non-linear Theory of Elasticity and the linearized case for a body under initial stress. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 27, No. 183, pp. 468-489.
A molecular orbital study of 2-,3- and 4-fluoropyridine

Abstract The geometries of 2-F, 3-F and 4-F pyridine are calculated using the 6-31G basis set. The geometry of the 4-F isomer is in close agreement with that derived from corresponding data for pyridine and fluorobenzene according to the superimposition hypothesis of Domenicano, Murray-Rust and Vaciago, whereas the geometries of the 2-F and 3-F isomers show significant deviations. This suggests there is minimal interaction between the N- and F-atoms in the 4-F isomer, and as a consequence this is the appropriate reference structure for stability considerations. The total molecular energies, ET, find the relationship to be 2-F > 4-F > 3-F, which thus implies relative stabilization in the case of the 2-F isomer, in contrast to relative destabilization in the case of the 3-F isomer. On the basis of the superimposition hypothesis and the deviations, the calculated geometries in conjunction with experimental geometries for pyridine and fluorobenzene are used to predict “experimental” geometries for the three isomers.
Viral transduction of trkA into cultured nodose and spinal motor neurons conveys NGF responsiveness

The trkA gene encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor that transduces the NGF signal. We have used a defective herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector containing a full-length rat trkA sequence (pHSVtrkA) to express NGF receptors in primary cultures of neonatal nodose neurons and embryonic spinal motor neurons which are normally unresponsive to NGF. Transduction of rat neonatal nodose ganglion neurons and spinal motor neurons with pHSVtrkA resulted in expression of functional NGF receptors. Stimulation of these receptors by NGF resulted in the survival and the morphologic and biochemical differentiation of these neurons. These observations indicate that nodose and spinal motor neurons can express the downstream signal transduction apparatus necessary to mediate the survival and differentiating effects mediated by ligand binding to trkA and that transduction with pHSVtrkA can effectively convert NGF nonresponsive neurons into responsive ones.
The Social Construction of an Imperative: Why Welfare Reform Happened in Denmark and the Netherlands but Not in Germany

This article seeks to explain why Denmark and the Netherlands made dramatic progress reforming their welfare systems in the 1990s and why Germany had a relatively slow start. Some possible explanations found to be incomplete are institutional differences in welfare programs, the uniqueness of circumstances (for example, German unification), and the balance of political power in governing institutions. An important part of the puzzle is an increasing perception of the need to reform that was more widespread in Denmark and the Netherlands. The social construction of an imperative to reform in these countries generated a political consensus that was elusive in Germany but that may be developing under Gerhard Schroder's government.
A prospective randomized trial of feeding methods in very low birth weight infants.

Objective . To test the hypothesis that very low birth weight infants fed by continuous nasogastric gavage (CNG) would achieve full enteral feedings (100 kcal/kg/d) at an earlier postnatal age and have less feeding intolerance (FI) than infants fed by intermittent bolus gavage (IBG). Methods . Eighty infants were stratified by birth weight (700 to 1000 g and 1001 to 1250 g) and randomized into CNG or IBG feeding groups. CNG infants were comparable with IBG in birth weight, gestational age, sex, race, and day of onset of feeding (5.7 ± 2.1 days vs 5.6 ± 2.2 days, respectively). Feedings were given as undiluted Similac Special Care formula (Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) via a specific protocol designed for each 50 to 100 g birth weight category. Feedings were advanced isoenergetically by a maximum of 25 mL/kg/d until an endpoint of 100/kcal/kg/d for at least 48 hours was reached. An infant whose feedings were withheld for >12 hours based on predetermined criteria was considered to have an episode of FI. Results . Infants in the CNG group reached full enteral feeding at 17.1 ± 8.9 days compared with 15.5 ± 5.5 days in the IBG group; these were not statistically different. Secondary outcome variables such as days to regain birth weight (CNG, 12.6 ± 5 days vs IBG, 12.5 ± 3.7 days), days to reach discharge weight of 2040 g (CNG, 60 ± 13.4 days vs IBG, 62 ± 13.6 days), and number of episodes of FI were not significantly different between feeding methods. FI was primarily associated with birth weight ≤1000 g (71%) vs 1001 to 1250 g (38%). Conclusion . Feeding methods are associated with similar outcomes when feeding regimens are comparable.
Application of transition path sampling methods in catalysis: A new mechanism for CC bond formation in the methanol coupling reaction in chabazite

Abstract We describe the application of transition path sampling methods to the methanol coupling reaction in the zeolite chabazite; these methods have only been recently applied to complex chemical systems. Using these methods, we have found a new mechanism for the formation of the first C C bond. In our mechanism, the reaction, at 400 ° C, proceeds via a two-step process: (1) the breaking of the C O bond of the chemisorbed methoxonium cation, followed by the transfer of a hydride ion from the remaining methanol molecule to the methyl cation, resulting in the formation of H 2 O , C H 4 , and C H 2 O H + and (2) a simultaneous proton transfer from methane to water, and direct C C bond formation between the methyl anion and C H 2 O H + , resulting in the formation of ethanol. The C C bond forming process has the higher barrier, with an activation energy of about 100.49 kJ/mol.
Further Evidence of Reliability and Validity for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory

This study provided evidence of reliability and validity for the four scales of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory. Alpha reliabilities for scales ranged from .84 to .89. Measures of aggressive anger expression while driving (Verbal Aggressive Expression, Personal Physical Aggressive Expression, and Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scales) correlated positively with each other and negatively with the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale. Scores on the three aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with trait anger and measures of driving-related anger, aggression, and risky behavior, whereas scores on the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale correlated negatively with these variables. Reports of aggressive and risky behavior correlated most strongly with the Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scale. Forms of anger expression were minimally or uncorrelated with rated trait anxiety and reports of moving violations, close calls, and accidents. Findings replicated earlier findings and provided further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory.
Effect of Chloramphenicol, Rifampicin, and Nalidixic Acid on Chlamydia psittaci Growing in L Cells

Chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and nalidixic acid inhibited the development of inclusions of Chlamydia psittaci in mouse fibroblasts (L cells); the first two inhibited in concentrations similar to those required for inhibiting the growth of free-living bacteria, the third, only in considerably higher ones. Examination of thin sections of infected L cells by electron microscopy showed that chloramphenicol and rifampicin completely inhibited reorganization of small chlamydial cells into large ones and the subsequent multiplication of large cells by binary fission. Nalidixic acid permitted a limited reorganization of small cells into large cells but strongly interfered with their division. Chloramphenicol inhibited synthesis of proteins in C. psittaci well before it had any effect on synthesis of RNA or DNA, rifampicin inhibited synthesis of RNA first and synthesis of protein soon thereafter, and nalidixic acid showed no specificity in inhibiting macromolecular synthesis in C. psittaci. After contact for 1-2 hr with each antibiotic, C. psittaci synthesized all three macromolecules at significantly reduced rates. The inhibitory effect of these antibiotics on chlamydial multiplication was reversible.
Translating Basic Science Research to Clinical Application: Models and Strategies for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Preclinical stroke models provide insights into mechanisms of cellular injury and potential therapeutic targets. Renewed efforts to standardize preclinical practices and adopt more rigorous approaches reflect the assumption that a better class of compounds will translate into clinical efficacy. While the need for novel therapeutics is clear, it is also critical that diagnostics be improved to allow for more rapid treatment upon hospital admission. Advances in imaging techniques have aided in the diagnosis of stroke, yet current limitations and expenses demonstrate the need for new and complementary approaches. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) exhibits the highest mortality rate, displays unique pathology and requires specialized treatment strategies relative to other forms of stroke. The aggressive nature and severe consequences of ICH underscore the need for novel therapeutic approaches as well as accurate and expeditious diagnostic tools. The use of experimental models will continue to aid in addressing these important issues as the field attempts to translate basic science findings into the clinical setting. Several preclinical models of ICH have been developed and are widely used to recapitulate human pathology. Because each model has limitations, the burden lies with the investigator to clearly define the question being asked and select the model system that is most relevant to that question. It may also be necessary to optimize and refine pre-existing paradigms, or generate new paradigms, as the future success of translational research is dependent upon the ability to mimic human sequelae and assess clinically relevant outcome measures as means to evaluate therapeutic efficacy.
Direct observation of cations and polynucleotides explains polyion adsorption to like-charged surfaces.

We show an experimental approach for directly observing the condensation of polynucleotides and their electrolyte counterions at a liquid/solid interface. X-ray standing waves (XSW) generated by Bragg diffraction from a d = 20 nm Si/Mo multilayer substrate are used to measure the distinct distribution profiles of the polyanions and simple cations along the surface normal direction with subnanometer resolution. The 1D spatial sensitivity of this approach is enhanced by observing the XSW induced fluorescence modulations over multiple orders of Bragg peaks. We study the interesting divalent cation driven adsorption of anionic polynucleotides to anionic surfaces by exposing a hydroxyl-terminated silica surface to an aqueous solution with ZnCl2 and mercurated poly-uridylic acid (a synthetic RNA molecule). The in situ long-period XSW measurements are used to follow the evolution of both the Zn and Hg distribution profiles during the adsorption process. The conditions and physical mechanisms that govern the obse...
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Instantaneous Growth, Mortality, and Recruitment of Larval River Herring in Tar—Pamlico River, North Carolina

Abstract We estimated the variation in the instantaneous rates of growth and mortality between cohorts of larval alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and blueback herring A. aestivalis in the Tar–Pamlico River, Pamlico Sound, North Carolina. The age of larvae captured by push net was estimated by counting the daily rings on sagittal otoliths. Weight-at-age and abundance-at-age data were used to generate instantaneous daily growth (G) and mortality rates (M) for 7-d cohorts. The instantaneous daily growth rate was relatively constant between cohorts, ranging from 0.103 to 0.277 for alewives and from 0.105 to 0.200 for blueback herring. The instantaneous daily mortality rate was more variable between cohorts, ranging from 0.064 to 0.270 for alewives and from 0.100 to 0.251 for blueback herring. All but one blueback herring cohort had an M/G value exceeding 1.0, indicating that these cohorts were losing biomass during the early larval stage. For alewives, M/G values were more variable, with 50% of the cohorts having...
The Biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans Species Complex

Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Despite recent advances in the genetics and molecular biology of C. neoformans, and improved techniques for molecular epidemiology, aspects of the ecology, population structure, and mode of reproduction of this environmental pathogen remain to be established. Application of recent insights into the life cycle of C. neoformans and its different ways of engaging in sexual reproduction under laboratory conditions has just begun to affect research on the ecology and epidemiology of this human pathogenic fungus. The melding of these disparate disciplines should yield rich dividends in our understanding of the evolution of microbial pathogens, providing insights relevant to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Participation and Self-Entrapment A 12-Year Ethnography of Wall Street Participation Practices' Diffusion and Evolving Consequences

A 12-year ethnography illustrates how two investment banks' participative work practices entrapped bankers in indiscriminate overwork, and what the evolving consequences were for the banks and the ...
Muscular tissues of the squid Doryteuthis pealeii express identical myosin heavy chain isoforms: an alternative mechanism for tuning contractile speed.

SUMMARY The speed of muscle contraction is largely controlled at the sarcomere level by the ATPase activity of the motor protein myosin. Differences in amino acid sequence in catalytically important regions of myosin yield different myosin isoforms with varying ATPase activities and resulting differences in cross-bridge cycling rates and interfilamentary sliding velocities. Modulation of whole-muscle performance by changes in myosin isoform ATPase activity is regarded as a universal mechanism to tune contractile properties, especially in vertebrate muscles. Invertebrates such as squid, however, may exhibit an alternative mechanism to tune contractile properties that is based on differences in muscle ultrastructure, including variable myofilament and sarcomere lengths. To determine definitively whether contractile properties of squid muscles are regulated via different myosin isoforms (i.e. different ATPase activities), the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the myosin heavy chain from the squid Doryteuthis pealeii were determined from the mantle, arm, tentacle, fin and funnel retractor musculature. We identified three myosin heavy chain isoforms in squid muscular tissues, with differences arising at surface loop 1 and the carboxy terminus. All three isoforms were detected in all five tissues studied. These results suggest that the muscular tissues of D. pealeii express identical myosin isoforms, and it is likely that differences in muscle ultrastructure, not myosin ATPase activity, represent the most important mechanism for tuning contractile speeds.
Renormalization-group analysis of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix

The one-loop renormalization-group equations for the quark mixing (Kobayashi-Maskawa) matrixV are derived, independent of one's weak interaction basis, in the standard model as well as in its two Higgs and supersymmetric extensions, and their numerical solutions are presented. While the mixing angles |Vub|, |Vcb|, |Vtd| and the phase-invariant measure of CP nonconservationJ all vary slowly with momentum, in the standard model they are predicted to increase in clear contrast to the two Higgs and supersymmetric extensions where they decrease with momentum.
Integrating X-Ray Fluorescence and Infrared Imaging Microspectroscopies for Comprehensive Characterization of an Acetaminophen Model Pharmaceutical:

The integration of full spectral images using the complementary microspectroscopic imaging techniques X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared is demonstrated. This effort surpasses previous work in that a single chemometric software package is used to elicit chemical information from the integrated spectroscopic images. Integrating these two complementary spectroscopic methods provides both elemental and molecular spatial distribution within a specimen. The critical aspect in this work is using full spectral maps from each pixel within the image and subsequent processing with chemometric tools to provide integrated chemical information. This integration enables a powerful approach to more comprehensive materials characterization. Issues addressed include sample registration and beam penetration depth and how each affects post-processing. An inorganic salt and an acetaminophen pharmaceutical model mixture demonstrate the power of integrating these techniques with chemometric software.
Robust translation of the nucleoid protein Fis requires a remote upstream AU element and is enhanced by RNA secondary structure

Synthesis of the Fis nucleoid protein rapidly increases in response to nutrient upshifts, and Fis is one of the most abundant DNA binding proteins in Escherichia coli under nutrient-rich growth conditions. Previous work has shown that control of Fis synthesis occurs at transcription initiation of the dusB-fis operon. We show here that while translation of the dihydrouridine synthase gene dusB is low, unusual mechanisms operate to enable robust translation of fis. At least two RNA sequence elements located within the dusB coding region are responsible for high fis translation. The most important is an AU element centered 35 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the fis AUG, which may function as a binding site for ribosomal protein S1. In addition, a 44-nt segment located upstream of the AU element and predicted to form a stem-loop secondary structure plays a prominent role in enhancing fis translation. On the other hand, mutations close to the AUG, including over a potential Shine-Dalgarno sequence, have little effect on Fis protein levels. The AU element and stem-loop regions are phylogenetically conserved within dusB-fis operons of representative enteric bacteria.
Parallelization of a Three-Dimensional Flow Solver for Euler Rotorcraft Aerodynamics Predictions

An approach for parallelizing the three-dimensional Euler/Navier-Stokes rotorcraft computational fluid dynamics flow solver transonic unsteady rotor Navier-Stokes (TURNS) is introduced. Parallelization is performed using a domain decomposition technique that is developed for distributed-memory parallel architectures. Communication between the subdomains on each processor is performed via message passing in the form of message passing interface subroutine calls. The most difficult portion of the TURNS algorithm to implement efficiently in parallel is the implicit time step using the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) algorithm. Two modifications of LUSGS are proposed to improve the parallel performance. First, a previously introduced Jacobi-like method called data-parallel lower upper relaxation (DP-LUR) is used. Second, a new hybrid method is introduced that combines the Jacobi sweeping approach in DP-LUR for interprocessor communications and the symmetric Gauss-Seidel algorithm in LU-SGS for on-processor computations. The parallelized TURNS code with the modified implicit operator is implemented on two distributed-memory multiprocessor, the IBM SP2 and Thinking Machines CM-5, and used to compute the three-dimensional quasisteady and unsteady flowfield of a helicopter rotor in forward flight. Good parallel speedups with a low percentage of communication are exhibited by the code. The proposed hybrid algorithm requires less CPU time than DP-LUR while maintaining comparable parallel speedups and communication costs. Execution rates found on the IBM SP2 are impressive; on 114 processors of the SP2, the solution time of both quasisteady and unsteady calculations is reduced by a factor of about 12 over a single processor of the Cray C-90.
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Where We Are and What is on the Horizon

The field of cognitive rehabilitation has reached a point where financial resources are meager compared with the 1980s. Although there are benefits to more streamlined treatment, we now must be particularly efficient if we are to be helpful. We have the advantage of all that we have learned from our experiences in earlier decades, and we also now have a growing body of research to inform us of the degree to which some of those treatments are effective, but we are pressed to use our time with patients in the most efficient manner to provide adequate treatment. To rise to the challenge, it is critical that we be particularly thoughtful about our approaches to treatment.
Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: a replication and extension involving Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension.

Hofstede's five cross-cultural dimensions have been broadly applied in the literature. Money and Crotts recently applied the dimension of uncertainty avoidance to a matched sample comprised of low uncertainty avoidance German and high uncertainty avoidance Japanese tourists, finding their behaviours consistent with those behaviours predicted by Hofstede. This study both replicates and extends their research across a representative sample of first time leisure visitors to the USA representing 58 nations. It was found that visitors from high uncertainty avoidance cultures exhibited behaviours consistent with those of the Japanese in the Money and Crotts research, whereas visitors from low-uncertainty avoidance cultures behaved similarly to their German subjects. Such findings, across a broad sample population, validate the original research through a more rigorous test of its propositions, provide increased confidence regarding their generalisability, and further contribute to our understanding of the influence of national culture on tourist behaviour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review

Background: The effect of recent advances in critical care and the emphasis on early fracture fixation in patients with fat embolism syndrome (FES) are unknown. Objective: To better define FES in current practice by conducting a 10-year review of the experiences at our level I trauma center. Design: The medical records of all patients in whom FES was diagnosed from July 1, 1985, to July 1, 1995, were reviewed for demographics, injury severity and pattern, diagnostic criteria, and management. Setting: A level I trauma center. Results: Twenty-seven patients with clinically apparent FES were identified. This resulted in an incidence of 0.9% of all patients with long-bone fractures. The mean injury severity score was 9.5 (range, 4-22). The diagnosis of FES was made by clinical criteria, including hypoxia, 26 patients (96%); mental status changes, 16 patients (59%); petechiae, 9 patients (33%); temperature higher than 39°C, 19 patients (70%); tachycardia (heart rate >120 beats per minute), 25 patients (93%); thrombocytopenia (platelet count Conclusions: (1) Fat embolism syndrome remains a diagnosis of exclusion and is based on clinical criteria. (2) Clinically apparent FES is unusual but may be masked by associated injuries in more severely injured patients. (3) No association could be identified between FES and a specific fracture pattern or location. (4) Early intramedullary fixation does not increase the incidence or severity of FES. (5) While FES seems to have a direct effect on survival, the management of FES remains primarily supportive. Arch Surg.1997;132:435-439
Thrombotic microangiopathy during peripheral blood stem cell mobilization.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is currently the most widely used cytokine for stem cell mobilization. There are few studies suggesting GCSF administration may induce activation of both coagulation and endothelial cells that could favor the developing of thrombotic events. We report a 58-year-old female with vasculitis and renal impairment. She was found to have an underlying monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). The monoclonal protein was felt to play a role in her underlying renal disease and peripheral neuropathy. She was considered a candidate for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation to manage the monoclonal protein. During stem cell mobilization with GCSF, she developed worsening of anemia; thrombocytopenia and worsening of renal function. She was diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) which was successfully treated with therapeutic plasma exchange and rituximab. It is possible that GCSF may have directly (activating endothelial cells) or indirectly (activation of underlying autoimmune disorder) contributed to TMA in this patient. J. Clin. Apheresis 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effects of teacher read-alouds and student silent reading on predominantly bilingual high school seniors’ learning and retention of social studies content

Teacher read-alouds (TRA) are common in middle and high school content area classes. Because the practice of reading the textbook out loud to students is often used out of concern about students' ability to understand and learn from text when reading silently (SR), this randomized controlled trial was designed to experimentally manipulate text reading while blocking on all other instructional elements to determine the relative effects on learning content. Predominantly Spanish-English bilingual twelfth-graders (n = 123) were randomly assigned to either a TRA or SR condition and provided 1 week of high quality instruction in US history. Daily lessons included teaching key terms in the passage, previewing text headings, and conducting comprehension checks. Results of immediate, 1-week delayed, and 1-month delayed assessments of content learning revealed no significant differences between the two groups. Students were also asked to rate the method of reading they believed best helped them understand and remember information. Students in the SR condition more consistently agreed that reading silently was beneficial. Findings suggest low performing adolescents of different linguistic backgrounds can learn content as well when reading appropriately challenging text silently as when the teacher reads the text aloud to them.
Robotic Surgery for Mitral Valve Disease

Mitral valve surgeries have been performed traditionally by median sternotomy. However, over the past two decades, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery has evolved as an important option for cardiac surgeons. With the recent progress of robotic technology, surgeons can perform keyhole surgery with full wrist-like articulations. With advances in visualization, instrument ergonomics, and ease of use by the surgical staff, robotic cardiac surgery is becoming more and more standardized and the application in cardiac surgery has been growing.