cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age of consent

Statutory rape is sexual intercourse with an unmarried person who is under the “age of consent.” Force is not required; the crime lies solely with the age of the victim. This age differs around the world, but tends to range from 14 to 18. The laws presume that young people are too immature and vulnerable to give valid consent to sexual intercourse, and so they attempt to protect young people by deterring those who might take advantage of that immaturity. The laws can indeed punish those who have committed sexual abuse against young people. But they can, and have, served to punish consensual sexual activity among adolescents as well. Keywords: adolescent sexuality; age of consent; statutory rape; teen pregnancy
Balance of payments: A disequilibrium analysis for semi-industrialized economies☆

Abstract The recurrent balance of payments problems of semi-industrialized economies are appraised with a simple macroeconomic disequilibrium model. Conditions are derived for classifying a deficit as either of a ‘Classical’ or a ‘Structural’ nature. Latin American controversies about the stabilization programs put in practice since the external crisis of 1982 are revaluated.
School underachievement in the adolescent. A review of 73 cases.

Seventy-three adolescents, referred to the University of Washington Adolescent Clinic for school underachievement were evaluated for this study. Four times more adolescent boys than girls were referred for this problem. Twenty were found to be psychogenic underachievers, 40 had evidence of specific learning disorders, and 13 were mentally retarded. The problems of school achievement were not recent in onset but had, in most cases, been recognized in the early grades. The onset of puberty and rapidly approaching maturation, however, awakened the concerns of the parents and the teachers regarding the need for more diagnostic evaluation, vocational and academic planning, and guidance on managing the associated behavioral problems. The physician9s role in management of school underachievement and the need for earlier recognition and therapeutic intervention is discussed.
Long-wavelength infrared hyperspectral data "mining" at Cuprite, NV

In recent years long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery has significantly improved in quality and become much more widely available, sparking interest in a variety of applications involving remote sensing of surface composition. This in turn has motivated the development and study of LWIR-focused algorithms for atmospheric retrieval, temperature-emissivity separation (TES) and material detection and identification. In this paper we evaluate some LWIR algorithms for atmospheric retrieval, TES, endmember-finding and rare material detection for their utility in characterizing mineral composition in SEBASS hyperspectral imagery taken near Cuprite, NV. Atmospheric correction results using the In-Scene Atmospheric Correction (ISAC) method are compared with those from the first-principles, MODTRAN©-based FLAASH-IR method. Covariance-whitened endmember-finding methods are observed to be sensitive to image artifacts. However, with clean data and all-natural terrain they can automatically locate and distinguish many minor mineral components, with especially high sensitivity to varieties of calcite. Not surprisingly, the major scene materials, including silicates, are best located using unwhitened techniques. Minerals that we identified in the data include calcite, quartz, alunite and (tentatively) kaolinite.
Bank profitability, leverage and financial instability: a Minsky–Harrod model

This paper develops a stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic model where bank profitability and bank leverage play a crucial role in the determination of firms' liability structure. The model assumes that banks' credit supply depends on bank profitability as well as firms' profit–interest ratio. Our analysis suggests that a strong expansionary effect of bank profitability on credit supply tends to destabilise the economy, leading to cycles driven by the interactions between firms' and banks' financial behaviour. The formal framework is used to discuss Hyman Minsky's proposal in his Stabilizing an Unstable Economy for the control over the permissible leverage ratios and payout ratios of banks. Copyright , Oxford University Press.
Thermal Conduction in Ultra-Thin Pure and Doped Single Crystal Silicon Layers at High Temperatures

This work presents the in-plane thermal conductivity data for pure as well as boron (1.6 × 1021 /cm3 ), arsenic (2.3 × 1020 /cm3 ) and phosphorus (2.3 × 10 20 /cm3 ) doped silicon layers of thickness 30 and 50 nm at high temperature. The steady-state Joule heating and electrical resistance thermometry is used to measure lateral thermal conductivity of suspended silicon layers. Thermal conductivity data for pure and lightly doped single crystalline silicon layers can be interpreted using thermal conductivity integral and relaxation time approximation for phonon-boundary and phonon-impurity scattering rates. No additional fitting parameters are used in this work; in contrast with previous studies that required an unusually large phonon-impurity scattering coefficient to match the predictions to the thermal conductivity data for bulk doped silicon. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Relevance of People Versus Objects in Explaining Females’ Advantage over Males in Appearance Accuracy

Do females remember their surroundings better than males? Does it matter who or what is in those surroundings? In small groups, 108 undergraduates from a Midwestern university in the USA were instructed to pay attention to a videotaped person (target) while seated in an office with an experimenter (non-target). Afterwards, in a surprise recall task, participants’ memory for the appearance of the target, non-target, and office was tested. Females’ greater interpersonal orientation was predicted to give them an advantage over males in memory for only the people. Results showed that females had better memory for the target and non-target but not the office. Discussion centers on the importance of people versus objects in explaining females’ greater appearance accuracy.
Toward a consistent stance in teaching for equity: learning to advocate for Lesbian- and Gay-identified youth

Abstract Three education classes of mostly prospective teachers provided instruction on issues related to Lesbian- and Gay-identified (LG) youth in schools, including readings, a video, a guest speaker, discussion, and writings. Written responses of 97 students, of whom more than a third were students of color, revealed lack of knowledge of LG youth prior to instruction and strong appreciation for new knowledge. Some students voiced resistance and reconciliation related to religiosity, and many raised questions regarding classroom application. The dominant stance, however, was appreciation for challenges facing LG youth and reports of plans to advocate for them in schools. Students made many links to broader social justice issues. Enabling classroom processes appear to have included an equity framework, cultural insider perspectives, and a safe discussion space—design principles for teacher education and development related to advocating for all youth.
Hyperoxemic retinal neuronal necrosis in the premature neonate

A cytologically distinctive type of acute hyperoxemic injury of retinal neurons occurs in premature neonates. Ganglion cells in the central well-vascularized neonate retina are susceptible to excessive oxygen and this is expressed morphologically by karyorrhexis of their nuclei. We observed retinal neuronal necrosis in neonates who had hyperoxemia of greater than 150 torr for two hours or longer in the first week of life. Neuronal necrosis was strikingly associated with immaturity as determined by gestational age and birth weight: of 30 involved neonates, all were below 2,000 g; of 47 autopsied premature infants with birth weights under 1,500 g who survived for at least two days, 26 (55%) had acute retinal necrosis. When gestational age was used as a measure of prematurity, the highest incidence occurred in the 24- to 27-week group where 13 of 21 (62%) were involved. Hyperoxemic karyorrhectic changes, most prominent in the ganglion cells of the macula, are distinct from the classic peripheral mesenchymal vascular abnormalities of retinopathy of prematurity.
IDENTIFYING ALTERNATE OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO THE DESIGN APPROXIMATION PROBLEM IN STOCK CUTTING

The design approximation problem is a well known problem in stock cutting, where, in order to facilitate the optimization techniques used in the cutting process, it is required to approximate complex designs by simpler ones. Although there are algorithms available to solve this problem, they all suffer from an undesirable feature that they only produce one optimal solution to the problem, and do not identify the complete set of all optimal solutions. The focus of this paper is to study this hitherto unexplored aspect of the problem: specifically, the case is considered in which both the design and the parent material are convex shapes, and some essential properties of all optimal solutions to the design approximation problem are ascertained. These properties are then used to devise two efficient schemes to identify the set of all optimal solutions to the problem. Finally, the recovery of a desired optimal approximation from the identified sets of optimal solutions, is discussed.
Blessings in disguise: biological benefits of prion-like mechanisms

Prions and amyloids are often associated with disease, but related mechanisms provide beneficial functions in nature. Prion-like mechanisms (PriLiMs) are found from bacteria to humans, where they alter the biological and physical properties of prion-like proteins. We have proposed that prions can serve as heritable bet-hedging devices for diversifying microbial phenotypes. Other, more dynamic proteinaceous complexes may be governed by similar self-templating conformational switches. Additional PriLiMs continue to be identified and many share features of self-templating protein structure (including amyloids) and dependence on chaperone proteins. Here, we discuss several PriLiMs and their functions, intending to spur discussion and collaboration on the subject of beneficial prion-like behaviors.
Studies on human low serum IgD phenotype and Gm markers

The human “low serum IgD phenotype” was studied by simultaneous Gm typing and IgD immunoassay of several populations. An association between Gm (f+b +) haplotype and low human IgD was confirmed and extended to the “low serum IgD phenotype” - as defined from population distribution and genetic studies by Dunnette et al. 1978. Further, it was shown that Black American sera determined by Gm haplotype, had a similar percentage of “low serum IgD phenotype” samples (16%) although they lacked the “associated” Gm(f+b +) haplotype of White American samples. Sardinian sera showed a low incidence of the “low serum IgD phenotype” which was not correlated with Gm haplotype distribution. Familial aggregation of the “low serum IgD phenotype” was observed. No association was found between “low serum IgD phenotype” and serum IgE values. Age related abiotrophy of IgD could not be attributed to selective survival of “low serum IgD phenotype” persons.
A soluble factor from mitochondria stimulating the rate of the energy-requiring pyridine nucleotide reduction.

Abstract 1. 1. The partial purification of a mitochondrial factor which stimulates the energy-requiring reduction of pyridine nucleotides in sonic particles from beef-heart mitochondria is described. 2. 2. Evidence is presented that this factor makes cytochrome b more accessible to reducing equivalents when succinate or p -phenylenediamine are used as electron donors.
Institutions, Program Implementation, and Macroeconomic Performance

This paper assesses empirically the links among a country`s institutions and political environment, its implementation of IMF-supported programs, and macroeconomic performance in a sample of 197 programs approved between 1992 and 2002. We find that a stronger institutional and political environment is associated with better macroeconomic outcomes, especially at longer time horizons. This direct beneficial effect of institutions on macroeconomic outcomes is in addition to their indirect effect through better program implementation. We also find that program implementation exerts an independent influence on macroeconomic outcomes, especially over shorter time horizons of up to two years. Better-implemented programs are associated with lower inflation and with initially weaker but ultimately stronger external and fiscal outcomes, but with a statistically insignificant impact on economic growth.
Numerical calculations of the collapse of nonrotating, magnetic gas clouds

Results of the first self-consistent numerical calculations of the dynamic collapse of a magnetized protostellar gas cloud are presented. Symmetry about an axis parallel to the initial magnetic field direction has been assumed, so that the calculations could be performed on a two-dimensional grid. Also, the cloud was taken to be nonrotating and isothermal, and the magnetic field was assumed to remain frozen in to the gas. As starting models for the calculations, gas spheres with uniform density and magnetic field were used. The time evolution of the clouds has been calculated for roughly two initial free-fall times, at which point the central density has increased by a factor of approximately 10,000 to 1,000,000. Several such calculations have been performed for different values of the cloud's initial thermal, magnetic, and gravitational energies. In virtually all cases it is found that, once a flattened core forms in the cloud, the central magnetic field strength, B, varies with gas density, rho, according to (d log B/d log rho) = 1/2. This behavior is independent of the initial energy ratios mentioned above. It is also found that the magnetic field is able to prevent completely the collapse of part of the outer envelope of the cloud.
Angular Dependence of the Intensities of "Forbidden" Transitions of Mn 2 + in MgO

There have been numerous studies of the positions and intensities of $\ensuremath{\Delta}M=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ ESR lines of the divalent manganese ion in a variety of hosts. However, in determining expressions governing the line intensities, it has been assumed that the microwave field ${\mathbf{H}}_{1}$ is perpendicular to the static field ${\mathbf{H}}_{0}$. Depending upon the cavity mode and the placement of the sample within a microwave cavity, one may have significant ${\mathbf{H}}_{1}$ components parallel to ${\mathbf{H}}_{0}$. This paper gives expressions for the intensities of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}M=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ lines of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ in MgO (octahedral symmetry) as a function of orientation of the field ${\mathbf{H}}_{0}$ relative to crystal axes and ${\mathbf{H}}_{1}$. The predicted ratio of intensities of the $(\frac{1}{2},m)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2},m\ensuremath{-}1)$ and the $(\frac{1}{2},m\ensuremath{-}1)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2},m)$ lines is $\frac{{(0.87cos\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}sin4\ensuremath{\theta}sin\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{2}}{{(sin4\ensuremath{\theta}sin\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{2}}$. This prediction is found to be in accord with experiment. In most of the hosts previously studied, the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ion experiences a significant axial electric field component; for these the intensities of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}m\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ lines would be nearly identical.
Collective modes in a relativistic meson-nucleon system

Abstract Collective modes in a relativistic meson-nucleon system are investigated. The baryon ground state is treated in a mean-field approximation while the meson propagators are described with a relativistic random-phase approximation. Three types of collective modes are found: zero-sound, meson-branch modes, and modes which indicate an instability of the mean-field theory ground state. The mixing of scalar and vector mesons prevents the propagation of zero-sound at saturation density. This is in sharp contrast to nonrelativistic models which often have zero-sound. There is also important mixing between meson and nucleon-antinucleon excitations which greatly effect meson branch modes.
Utilization of tritiated histidine (H3HIL) by skeletal cells of adult mice.

The uptake and utilization of tritiated histidine by 1-year-old mice was followed up to 14 days autoradiographicaliy. Results showed that very little histidine uptake and turnover occurred and that there apparently was no distinction in protein metabolic activity between differert cell types at this age, except for a group of chondrogenic cells within the perichondrial zone of the periosteum. These results were compared with the data of 2-week-old mice previously reported. (auth)
Joint architecture of data and control planes for Optical Flow Switched networks

In Optical Flow Switched networks, the control plane manages the data plane, performs scheduling, reconfigures the network, etc. For large wide area networks the scale of the data plane and the stochastic nature of the requests pose big challenges in achieving both data plane responsiveness/efficiency and control plane scalability which are coupled. In this work, we give an overview of the control functions and a scheduling algorithm for an OFS network. We consider two possible WAN lightpath topology architectures: meshed or tunneled. We use the blocking probability and throughput of the data plane to provide a common platform for the performance comparison of the designs of the control plane and algorithm complexity. With high traffic demands, the tunneled architecture provides comparable data plane performance as the meshed architecture but requires much less network management and control traffic and processing complexity and is thus much more scalable to large networks.
Effects of river discharge on hyporheic exchange flows in salmon spawning areas of a large gravel‐bed river

The flow magnitude and timing from hydroelectric dams in the Snake River Basin of the Pacific north-western US is managed in part for the benefit of salmon. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of Hells Canyon Dam discharge operations on hydrologic exchange flows between the river and riverbed in Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning areas. Interactions between river water and pore water within the upper 1 m of the riverbed were quantified through the use of self-contained temperature and water level data loggers suspended inside of piezometers. The data were recorded at 20 min intervals over a period of 200 days when the mean daily discharge was 218–605 m3 s−1, with hourly stage changes as large as 1·9 m. Differences in head pressure between the river and riverbed were small, often within ± 2 cm. Measured temperature gradients in the riverbed indicated significant interactions between the surface and subsurface water. At the majority of sites, neither hydraulic nor temperature gradients were significantly affected by either short- or long-term changes in discharge operations from Hells Canyon Dam. Only 2 of 14 study sites exhibited acute flux reversals between the river and riverbed resulting from short-term, large magnitude changes in discharge. The findings suggest that local scale measurements may not be wholly explanatory of the hydrological exchange between the river and riverbed. The processes controlling surface water exchange at the study sites are likely to be bedform-induced advective pumping, turbulence at the riverbed surface, and large-scale hydraulic gradients along the longitudinal profile of the riverbed. By incorporating the knowledge of hydrological exchange processes into water management planning, regional agencies will be better prepared to manage the limited water resources among competing priorities that include salmon recovery, flood control, irrigation supply, hydropower production, and recreation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definition of the safe lower limits of aortic resection during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta: use of somatosensory evoked potentials.

The technique of intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials was applied to a canine model of spinal cord ischemia in an attempt to determine the safe lower limits of aortic resection during thoracic aortic surgery. Fifteen animals underwent left thoracotomy with institution of partial left atrial/femoral artery bypass for maintenance of distal aortic perfusion after proximal descending thoracic aortic exclusion. In Group I animals (n = 6, control), no further interventions were performed so that the effect of exclusion of vessels noncritical to spinal cord blood supply could be assessed by measurements of spinal cord blood flow and somatosensory evoked potentials. In Group II animals (n = 8), the level of distal aortic exclusion was progressively lowered until loss of somatosensory evoked potential (critical vessel exclusion) occurred. The effect of critical vessel exclusion on spinal cord blood flow was then assessed. Exclusion of multiple vessels noncritical to spinal cord blood supply (Group I) had no effect on spinal cord blood flow or function (somatosensory evoked potentials). Exclusion of vessels critical to spinal cord blood supply resulted in significant spinal cord ischemia (83.4% flow reduction, probability [p]
Helium segregation to screw and edge dislocations in α-iron and their yield strength

Abstract Helium (He) presents one of the mayor concerns in the nuclear materials community as it modifies the mechanical properties of the system withstanding fast neutron spectra, promoting swelling and embrittlement. Ferritic/martensitic steels are one of the main candidates as structural materials for future nuclear applications. Experimentally the bubble distribution is observed to vary depending on irradiation conditions (temperature, dose rate and total dose). However, traditional atomistic models decouple the role of temperature in the mechanical properties from its effect on the bubble distribution. In this paper we study substitutional He segregation to screw and edge dislocations in α-Fe at different temperatures. We use an object kinetic Monte Carlo methodology to obtain general trends in bubble distribution and a canonical Monte Carlo algorithm, with full atomistic fidelity, to find the He distribution at the dislocation cores. Molecular dynamics has subsequently been applied to study the yield strength, which increases significantly in the presence of He, more remarkably for the edge dislocation. The total stress fits a Kocks relation. However, if the lattice resistance is subtracted, the relation between the critical shear stress and the temperature is non-monotonic for the screw character. To reproduce this effect, we propose to modify the Kocks relation, adding a second-order term in temperature that extends the range of applicability of the model.
181 HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION REDUCES AIR LEAKAGE FROM PNEUMOTHORACES OF INFANTS AND ANIMALS

The first objective of this study was to determine if leakage (V) through a pneumothorax and chest tube of infants with pulmonary disease is less during high frequency jet ventilation. (HFJV) than during conventional ventilation (CV). We measured V in 5 infants, who had chest tubes placed to relieve tension pneumothoraces while managed alternately on CV and HFJV. In all infants, V was less during HFJV than CV (49±26 vs 157±81 ml/min, mean±SE). However, we also noticed that significantly lower mean tracheal airway pressure (Ptaw) were used during HFJV than CV (9±1 vs 15±2 cm H2O, p<0.01). PaCO2 was also less (35±8 vs 45±9 mmHg; p<0.03) although PaO2 values were not significantly different. We then turned to an animal model of RDS to determine the effects of Ptaw and mode of ventilation on V. In 9 saline lavaged cats we induced pneumothoraces by application of high airway pressures. First we adjusted CV and HFJV settings so that Ptaw was lower during HFJV; we then adjusted the ventilators to produce similar Ptaw. When Ptaw was lowered from 13±0.3 (CV) to 10±0.5 cm H2O (HJFV), V decreased significantly (p<0.01) from 651±86 to 294±84 ml/min. When Ptaw was held constant (12.7±1 cm H2O) mean V values were identical 489±100 ml/min and arterial blood gases were also unaltered. These results suggest that HFJV may be used to reduce the rate of pulmonary air leakage in infants with pulmonary diseases and that reduced Ptaw is the cause of the reduced V.
STIMULATION OF NF-κB ACTIVITY BY THE HIV RESTRICTION FACTOR BST2

BST2 (HM1.24; CD317; tetherin) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that restricts the release of several enveloped viruses, including HIV, from infected cells. Before its activity as an antiviral factor was described, BST2 was identified as an inducer of NF-κB activity. Here we show that human BST2 induces NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is separable from the restriction of virus release: a YxY sequence in the cytoplasmic domain of BST2 is required for the induction of NF-κB but is dispensable for restriction, whereas the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) addition site in the protein's ectodomain is required for restriction but is largely dispensable for the induction of NF-κB. Mutations predicted to disrupt the coiled-coil structure of the BST2 ectodomain impaired both signaling and restriction, but disruption of the tetramerization interface differentially affected signaling. The induction of NF-κB by BST2 was impaired by inhibition of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) or by calcium chelation, suggesting potential linkage to the mitogen-activated protein kinase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathways. Consistent with a role for TAK1, BST2 coimmunoprecipitated with TAK1 and the TAK1-associated pseudophosphatase TAB1; these interactions required the YxY sequence in BST2. Moreover, signaling by BST2 was blocked by expression of an IκB-mutant that inhibits the canonical pathway of NF-κB activation. The expression of HIV-1 Vpu inhibited the induction of NF-κB by BST2; this inhibition required Vpu's ability to bind the cellular β-TrCP-E3-ubiquitin ligase complex. The expression of HIV-1 lacking vpu augmented the induction of NF-κB activity by BST2, suggesting that BST2 can act as a virus sensor. This augmentation was also inhibited by Vpu in a β-TrCP-dependent manner. The role of BST2 in the host-pathogen relationship is apparently multifaceted: signaling during the innate immune response, sensing of viral gene expression, and direct restriction of virus release. HIV-1 Vpu counteracts each of these functions.
Tool capacity planning for semiconductor fabrication facilities under demand uncertainty

Abstract This research is motivated by issues faced by a large manufacturer of semiconductor devices. Semiconductor manufacturing companies allocate millions of dollars every year for new types of machine tools for their facilities. Typically these are special purpose machine tools which are made to order. The rate of change in products and technology makes it difficult for manufacturers to have a good estimate of future tool requirements. Further, manufacturers experience a long lead time while procuring these tools. In this paper, we model the tool capacity planning problem under uncertainty in demand. The number of tools required in a facility is sufficiently large (nearly hundred or more tools) to make it nearly impossible to obtain efficient exact algorithms. We provide heuristics to find efficient tool procurement plans and test their quality using lower bounds on the formulation.
Modeling the Reliability of Complex Systems with Multiple Data Sources: A Case Study on Making Statistical Tools Accessible to Engineers

Using methodology developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, a statistical engineering process was developed for estimating and predicting future reliability of individual units and of a population of units in a stockpile.
Divergent Selection for Exponential Growth Rate at Fourteen or Forty-Two Days of Age.: 1. Early Responses

Abstract Athens-Canadian randombred chickens were divergently selected for exponential growth rate (EGR) to 14 or 42 days of age, resulting in four unique populations: 14L, 14H, 42L, and 42H. Exponential growth rate was calculated as: EGR = [ln b – ln a] ÷ t; where a = hatching weight; b = weight at age of selection; and t = age of selection. In the S4 generation, 14H chicks had significantly greater EGR than 42H chicks at 14 but not 42 days. Chicks from the 42H line had significantly greater EGR than 14H chicks from 14 to 42 days. This meant that 14H chicks were significantly heavier than 42H chicks at 14 but not 42 days. Indeed, 14H chicks were consistently 5 to 10% heavier than the 42H chicks in each generation. Selection for EGR at 14 days was at least as effective in altering 42-day body weight as selection for growth rate at that age during the early generations of selection. Evidence of asymmetry existed for selection for EGR at 14 but not 42 days. Realized heritability of fast EGR14 was .29 ± .08 (SE) whereas that of fast EGR42 was .15 ± .09. Genetic correlation between fast EGR14 and fast EGR42 was 1.45, whereas the converse genetic correlation was .67. This would suggest that all the genes that influence 14-day growth influence 42-day growth, but not vice versa. Growth curve analysis supported the general hypothesis of growth, in that instantaneous growth rate was fastest in the 14H line, as was the decay of growth. Indeed, 14H birds were smaller at and beyond sexual maturity than 42H chickens.
Sonoluminescing bubbles and mass diffusion

The transduction of sound into light by a pulsating bubble in water occurs when its maximum radius is about ten times greater than its ambient radius. For such high-amplitude motion, the steady-state balance of mass flow between the bubble and gas dissolved in the surrounding fluid can be maintained by diffusion only at low partial pressures, about 3 Torr. The observation of sonoluminescence (SL) from bubbles in 200 Torr solutions of air in water requires the action of some as yet unknown mass flow mechanism. On the other hand, gas solutions prepared at low partial pressures, in the diffusion-controlled regime, enable one to achieve SL in gases that do not emit light at higher partial pressures. These include hydrogenic gases and gases with a ratio of specific heats close to unity, which hardly heat up upon adiabatic compression. Experiments that probe the role of mass transfer in SL are presented along with the implications of their comparison to a multiple-time-scale analysis of mass diffusion.
Postmenopausal hot flushes: a disorder of thermoregulation

The changes in cutaneous and body temperature and cutaneous conductance during hot flushes in eight postmenopausal women were studied. The vasomotor changes occurred approx. 45 sec after the patients experienced the initial subjective symptoms of the attacks. The rise in skin conductance appeared to be a more reliable index of the flushing episode than did the change in skin temperature. On the basis of the changes recorded it is suggested that the hot flush syndrome may represent a specific thermoregulatory disorder rather than being due to a non-specific central autonomic discharge. The episodes may be triggered by a neuroendocrine imbalance following the disruption of ovarian function and fall in estrogen production. In assessing the frequency and severity of hot flushes, and the effects of treatment, objective measurements of skin and core temperature and skin conductance should replace subjective criteria.
Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation

Great emphasis is being placed on identification of neurotransmitter systems involved in the symptomatic manifestations of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, which now seems to be one of the most common causes of mental deterioration in the elderly, compelling evidence has been developed that acetylcholine-releasing neurons, whose cell bodies lie in the basal forebrain, selectively degenerate. These cholinergic neurons provide widespread innervation of the cerebral cortex and related structures and appear to play an important role in cognitive functions, especially memory. These advances reflect a close interaction between experimental and clinical neuroscientists in which information derived from basic neurobiology is rapidly utilized to analyze disorders of the human brain.
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in crustacean hemocytes; possible functions and usefulness in hemocyte classification.

. The lectin wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) selectively binds N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to show that WGA stains the cytoplasmic granules in the granulocytes, but not the hyaline cells, of two decapods, the ridgeback prawn Sicyonia ingentis and the American lobster Homarus americanus. Using fluorescence microscopy, two intermediate stages in granulocyte maturation were observed. Cells smaller than typical small-granule hemocytes were observed with 5 or fewer granules, which in previous studies using brightfield and phase optics were probably counted as hyaline cells. Also, some granulocytes were observed containing both small and large granules, supporting the suggestion that small and large granule hemocytes represent stages in the maturation of one cell line. Granules in the single type of hemocyte in the branchiopod Artemia franciscana did not stain with WGA. The possible roles of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in wound healing, pathogen encapsulation, and maintenance of normal crustacean connective tissues are discussed.
N-Acylpolyamine inhibitors of HDM2 and HDMX binding to p53

Selective inhibition of protein-protein interactions important for cellular processes could lead to the development of new therapies against disease. In the area of cancer, overexpression of the proteins human double minute 2 (HDM2) and its homolog HDMX has been linked to tumor aggressiveness. Both HDM2 and HDMX bind to p53 and prevent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in damaged cells. Developing a strategy to simultaneously prevent the binding of both HDM2 and HDMX to p53 is an essential feature of inhibitors to restore p53 activity in a number of different cancers. Inhibition of protein-protein interactions with synthetic molecules is an emerging area of research that requires new inhibitors tailored to mimic the types of interfaces between proteins. Our strategy to create inhibitors of protein-protein interactions is to develop a non-natural scaffold that may be used as a starting point to identify important molecular components necessary for inhibition. In this study, we report an N-acylpolyamine (NAPA) scaffold that supports numerous sidechains in a compact atomic arrangement. NAPAs were constructed by a series of reductive aminations between amino acid derivatives followed by acylation at the resulting secondary amine. An optimized NAPA was able to equally inhibit the association of both HDM2 and HDMX with p53. Our results demonstrate some of the challenges associated with targeting multiple protein-protein interactions involved in overlapping cellular processes.
On the inhibitory influences of the reaction products in the determination of lactate dehydrogenase activity, using lactate as a substrate

It has been found that in the determination of lactate dehydrogenase activity (substrate: lactate, coenzyme: NAD+) as proposed by Amador et al.1 the linearity between Δ A and time hardly holds true. This appeared to be the result of an inhibition, a phenomenon which increases with time. The best method for calculating the enzyme activity with this forward reaction was by means of a polynomial curve-fitting procedure. As NADH and pyruvate, when added to the reaction mixture, showed an inhibitory effect of the same order as found, it is probable that the inhibition is the result of these reaction products.
Efficient hardware support for pattern matching in network intrusion detection

Deep packet inspection forms the backbone of any Network Intrusion Detection (NID) system. It involves matching known malicious patterns against the incoming traffic payload. Pattern matching in software is prohibitively slow in comparison to current network speeds. Due to the high complexity of matching, only FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) or ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) platforms can provide efficient solutions. FPGAs facilitate target architecture specialization due to their field programmability. Costly ASIC designs, on the other hand, are normally resilient to pattern updates. Our FPGA-based solution performs high-speed pattern matching while permitting pattern updates without resource reconfiguration. To its advantage, our solution can be adopted by software and ASIC realizations, however at the expense of much lower performance and higher price, respectively. Our solution permits the NID system to function while pattern updates occur. An off-line optimization method first finds common sub-patterns across all the patterns in the SNORT database of signatures. A novel technique then compresses each pattern into a bit vector, where each bit represents such a sub-pattern. This approach reduces drastically the required on-chip storage as well as the complexity of pattern matching. The bit vectors for newly discovered patterns can be generated easily using a simple high-level language program before storing them into the on-chip RAM. Compared to earlier approaches, not only is our strategy very efficient while supporting runtime updates but it also results in impressive area savings; it utilizes just 0.052 logic cells for processing and 17.77 bits for storage per character in the current SNORT database of 6455 patterns. Also, the total number of logic cells for processing the traffic payload does not change with pattern updates.
Secretagogues Increase the Expression of Surfactant Protein A Receptors on Lung Type II Cells

Abstract Since secretagogues have been shown to increase the internalization of surfactant phospholipid and protein by lung cells, we postulated that their action occurred through a mechanism involving increased surfactant protein A (SP-A) receptor density. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of secretagogues on the binding of iodinated SP-A to alveolar type II cells. Type II cells were isolated from rat lung and maintained in primary culture for 18 h on Transwell membranes. Upon exposure to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (cAMP, 0.1 mM), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 10 nM), terbutaline (0.1 mM), or ATP (1 mM), the binding of SP-A increased 1.5-2-fold. This stimulation was cell substrate-dependent since type II cells plated on plastic dishes did not show this effect. A time course of the stimulation of SP-A binding due to secretagogues showed that both cAMP and PMA increased SP-A binding by 2-fold after 20 min. With cAMP, binding remained elevated for 2 h, while binding in the presence of PMA had returned to control values. The effects of submaximal concentrations of cAMP and PMA on binding were additive. Inhibition of cellular protein synthesis with cycloheximide did not alter the increase of SP-A binding stimulated by the secretagogues. Type II cells pretreated with PMA responded to subsequent treatment with cAMP by increasing SP-A binding, while these cells were refractory to subsequent treatment with PMA. Both constitutive and regulated binding of SP-A to type II cells were sensitive to trypsin. The binding of SP-A to type II cells showed saturation at a concentration of 1 μg/ml SP-A under control and secretagogue-stimulated conditions, with both total and calcium-dependent binding showing a 2-fold increase upon secretagogue exposure. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that secretagogues stimulate surfactant uptake, at least in part, through recruitment of SP-A receptors to the type II cell surface, resulting in an increase in the number of SP-A binding sites.
Hepatic protection and anticancer activity of curcuma: A potential chemopreventive strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma

Malignant transformation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs through repetitive liver injury in a context of inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. A spectrum of natural sesquiterpenoids from curcuma oil has displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and anti-HCC effects of curcuma oil in vivo and in vitro. Mice were pretreated with curcuma oil (100 mg/kg) for 3 days, then treated with Concanavalin A (30 mg/kg). The hepatic tissue was evaluated for histology, CD4+ cell, interferon-γ, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine and MnSOD. C57L/J mice were treated with curcuma oil and 107 Hepa1-6 cells directly inoculated into liver lobes. The effects of curcuma oil on cell growth and cell death were evaluated. In addition, MnSOD, HSP60, catalase, NF-κB and caspase-3 were also investigated in the Hepa1-6 cells treated with curcuma oil. Pretreatment with curcuma oil significantly attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage by Concanavalin A. Treatment with curcuma oil can decrease the incidence of HCC. Curcuma oil inhibits cell growth and induces cell death in Hepa1-6 cells. Curcuma protected mice with hepatic injury from inflammatory and oxidative stress. Curcuma oil can inhibit hepatoma cell growth in vivo and in vitro.
Mathematical modeling and computer simulation of the rotating impeller particle flotation process: Part II. Particle agglomeration and flotation

Effective removal of unwanted particles from a molten metal alloy by flotation relies on purging a gas into the melt through a rotating impeller. This device is commonly known as a rotary degasser. Unwanted particles in the melt attach to the rising gas bubbles and rise to the slag layer where they are removed from the metal bulk. In addition, the turbulence created by the rotating impeller causes the randomly distributed solid particles to agglomerate into relatively large clusters. These clusters float up or settle down due to the difference between their density and that of the melt. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the particle dynamics and particle agglomeration that occur during the rotary degassing of aluminum melts. While previous investigations addressed particle collisions in low intensity turbulent fields where the size of the colliding particles is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale, this model is more encompassing as it considers both low intensity and high intensity turbulence. Consequently, this model is more representative of a typical industrial rotary degassing operation.
Hunting in the Gravettian: An Examination of Evidence from Southwestern France

Five southwest French sites containing Gravettian occupations provide zooarchaeological, artifactual, and paleoenvironmental data for an integrated examination of hunting strategies in the region during the latest part of the Early Upper Palaeolithic. New season-of-death and age-at-death data on red deer, based on dental annuli analysis, are combined with previously published data on reindeer to suggest possible hunting patterns. Evidence from these samples is consistent with a foraging strategy where the hunters were skilled enough to obtain prime-age individuals with as much success as they did the very young and very old. A survey of Gravettian weapon armatures notes that (a) lithic armatures are numerically very predominant in most assemblages considered; (b) organic armatures actually outnumber lithic ones in a few assemblages; and (c) microlithic armatures for composite weapons make their first appearance in the region in the latest Gravettian assemblages.
Type III units in the gerbil dorsal cochlear nucleus may be spectral notch detectors.

Broadband sounds originating in the median plane are thought to be localized by neural processing of spectral notches introduced by the filtering action of the pinnae. Previous studies (Nelken, I., and E. D. Young. J. Neurophysiol. 71:2446–2462, 1994; Spirou, G. A., and E. D. Young. ibid. 66: 1750–1768, 1991) suggested that type IV units in decerebrate cat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are functional detectors of these spectral notches. Intracellular marking studies by Ding et al. (Ding, J., T. E. Benson, and H. F. Voigt. J. Neurophysiol. 82:3434–3457, 1999) have shown that type III units in gerbil arise from the DCN's principal output neurons, which are thought to have type IV unit properties in cat. A relative paucity of type IV units in the decerebrate gerbil (Davis, K. A., J. Ding, T. E. Benson, and H. F. Voigt. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1411–1431, 1996) has motivated this study of spectral notch sensitivity in the gerbil DCN. Responses to notch noise stimuli were recorded from 15 gerbil type III units to investigate whether these units may function as spectral notch detectors. For narrow notch noise stimuli, all 15 units showed excitatory responses. For progressively wider notches, the discharge rate of 13/15 units became inhibited. As the maximum limits of notch width were approached, 11/15 units showed some degree of recovery from this inhibition. This response pattern in gerbil type III units possesses the salient features of notch noise responses in cat type IV units and implicates type III units in gerbilline spectral notch detection processes. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
American presidential elections and returns of defence industry stocks

(1988). American presidential elections and returns of defence industry stocks. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 985-993.
Numerical stability and convergence criteria for equations for dynamic fracture in DCB composite specimens

Abstract The stability and convergence criteria for numerical solutions of the governing equations for dynamic crack propagation in DCB unidirectional composite specimens are determined. The stability criteria are given explicitly and it is concluded that the convergence requirements will be met automatically by solutions which satisfy the stability criteria.
Retained foreign body: associations with elevated lead levels, pica, and duodenal anomaly

A 14-month-old girl presented with elevated lead levels and a metallic foreign body was detected on abdominal radiograph. Subsequent evaluation, performed after the child failed to pass the foreign body with cathartics, revealed a bezoar proximal to a partial duodenal obstruction. The metallic foreign body was later removed and found to contain lead, however, the patient has subsequently had recurrent elevations of lead levels with episodes of pica. This case reiterates the need to evaluate children with retained foreign bodies for lead poisoning due to associated pica. In addition, retained foreign bodies should point to possible congenital anomaly of the duodenum causing partial obstruction.