cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Run Economy on a Normal and Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill

Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill running is used more frequently in clinical and athletic settings. Accurate caloric expenditure is required for proper exercise prescription, especially for obese patients performing LBPP exercise. It is unclear if running on LBPP changes running economy (RE) in proportion to the changes in body weight. The purpose of the study was to measure the oxygen consumption (VO2) and running economy (RE) of treadmill running at normal body weight and on LBPP. Twenty-three active, non-obese participants (25.8±7.2 years; BMI = 25.52±3.29 kg·m-2) completed two bouts of running exercise in a counterbalanced manner: (a) on a normal treadmill (NT) and (b) on a LBPP treadmill at 60% (40% of body weight supported) for 4 min at 2.24 (5 mph), 2.68 (6 mph), and 3.13 m·s-1 (7 mph). Repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction in RE among trials, F(2, 44) = 6.510, p <.0005, partial η2 = 0.228. An examination of pairwise comparisons indicated that RE was significantly greater for LBPP across the three speeds (p < 0.005). As expected, LBPP treadmill running resulted in significantly lower oxygen consumption at all three running speeds. We conclude that RE (ml O2·kg-1·km-1) of LBPP running is significantly poorer than normal treadmill running, and the ~30% change in absolute energy cost is not as great as predicted by the change in body weight (40%).
Surgery type and psychosocial factors contribute to poorer weight loss outcomes in persons with a body mass index greater than 60 kg/m2

Abstract Background The current investigation aims to predict 3-year postoperative percent total weight loss among a sample of bariatric surgery patients with super-super obesity. Objective Previous research implies that persons with presurgical super-super obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥60 kg/m2) tend to have poorer loss outcomes compared with those with a lower presurgical BMI after bariatric surgery. Setting Cleveland Clinic, Bariatric & Metabolic Institute, Cleveland, OH. Methods Bariatric surgery candidates (N = 1231; 71.9% female; 65.8% Caucasian) completed a presurgical psychological evaluation and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form. Participants with a baseline BMI ≥60 (n = 164) were compared with BMI Results Patients with a BMI ≥60 were younger, less educated, and more likely to be male compared with lower BMI patients. Patients with a BMI ≥60 had greater psychosocial sequelae as evidenced by being more likely to have a history of sexual abuse, history of psychiatric hospitalization, more binge eating episodes, and higher prevalence of major depression disorder and binge eating disorder. On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form, those with BMI ≥60 reported greater demoralization, low positive emotions, ideas of persecution, and dysfunctional negative emotions. After controlling for surgery type, weight loss for individuals with BMI ≥60 did not greatly differ from weight loss in patients with BMI Conclusion Although patients with BMI ≥60 evidenced more psychopathology before surgery, findings suggest that the relationship between higher BMI and poorer outcome may better be explained by other co-morbid factors.
Hexokinases link DJ-1 to the PINK1/parkin pathway

Early onset Parkinson’s disease is caused by variants in PINK1, parkin, and DJ-1. PINK1 and parkin operate in pathways that preserve mitochondrial integrity, but the function of DJ-1 and how it relates to PINK1 and parkin is poorly understood. A series of unbiased high-content screens were used to analyze changes at the protein, RNA, and metabolite level in rodent brains lacking DJ-1. Results were validated using targeted approaches, and cellular assays were performed to probe the mechanisms involved. We find that in both rat and mouse brains, DJ-1 knockout results in an age-dependent accumulation of hexokinase 1 in the cytosol, away from its usual location at the mitochondria, with subsequent activation of the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism in vivo. Both in the brain and in cultured cells, DJ-1 deficiency is associated with accumulation of the phosphatase PTEN that antagonizes the kinase AKT. In cells, addition of an inhibitor of AKT (MK2206) or addition of a peptide to dissociate association of hexokinases from mitochondria both inhibit the PINK1/parkin pathway, which works to maintain mitochondrial integrity. Hexokinases are an important link between three major genetic causes of early onset Parkinson’s disease. Because aging is associated with deregulated nutrient sensing, these results help explain why DJ-1 is associated with age-dependent disease.
Electronic transport in graphene: towards high mobility

Abstract: Strong carrier scattering perturbs the intrinsic response of Dirac fermions in graphene and limits potential applications of graphene-based devices. Multiple scattering mechanisms including Coulomb scattering, lattice disorder scattering and electron–phonon scattering play roles in realistic graphene devices. Moreover, different types and preparations of graphene are characterized by different dominant scattering mechanisms. In this chapter, we review the recent progress towards reduction of carrier scattering in graphene. We start by discussing different metrics – such as carrier mobility, mean free path, and scattering time – that are used to quantify the scattering strength. Then, we review the strategies to reduce scattering and to improve carrier mobility. These strategies include: lowering defect density, suspending graphene, depositing graphene onto high-quality substrates, and covering it with high- k dielectrics. Finally, we briefly address the physical phenomena and device applications that are specific to ultraclean high-mobility graphene.
Skunk rabies surveillance in Illinois

Surveillance data indicated that an increased incidence of skunk rabies in Illinois during 1979-1980 was not attributable to increased reporting or submission of skunks to the state laboratories for rabies examination. Available road-kill data suggested that the skunk population increased prior to the increase in skunk rabies incidence. An increased skunk population was hypothesized to have caused the increased incidence by facilitating transmission of the virus through increased skunk density. Analysis of the temporal distribution of skunk rabies revealed a bimodal seasonal cycle, with peak occurrence in the spring and fall, and the possible beginning of a secular cycle, with peak incidence every 6 to 8 years.
Coffee consumption and liver-related hospitalizations and deaths in the ARIC study.

Coffee consumption has been found to be associated with reduced risk of chronic conditions such as liver disease. However, less is known about the association between coffee and liver-related hospitalizations and deaths. We conducted a prospective analysis on 14,208 participants aged 45–64 years from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Coffee consumption (cups/day) was assessed using food frequency questionnaires at visit 1 (1987–89) and visit 3 (1993–95). Liver-related hospitalizations were defined as a hospitalization with any International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code related to liver disease identified through cohort surveillance. Liver-related death was defined as any death with a liver disease ICD-9 code listed anywhere on the death certificate form. There were 833 incident cases of liver-related hospitalizations over a median follow-up of 24 years and 152 liver-related deaths over a median follow-up of 25 years. Participants who were in the highest category of coffee consumption (≥ 3 cups/day) were more likely to be men, whites, current smokers, and current alcohol drinkers. In our fully adjusted model, consuming ≥ 3 cups/day of coffee was significantly associated with a reduced risk of liver-related hospitalizations compared with never drinkers (hazard ratio: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63–0.99). There were no significant associations between coffee consumption and liver-related deaths after adjusting for covariates. Coffee drinkers may be at lower risk for liver-related hospitalizations. This supports current evidence that low and moderate levels of coffee may be protective to the liver.
The Empire Strikes Back? The 1968 Meiji Centennial Celebrations and the Revival of Japanese Nationalism

In 1968, the conservative Japanese government of Prime Minister Satō Eisaku mounted a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of the 1868 ‘Meiji Restoration’ that had launched Japan’s modern...
ACL GROWTH WITH AGE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS: AN MRI STUDY:

BackgroundThe incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is steadily increasing in skeletally immature patients [1-7]. As a result, surgical approaches to reconstruction of the ACL withou...
The Effect of Moonlight on Outdoor Nighttime Crime

The use of outdoor lighting, particularly through street lights, is a common tool for policy makers attempting to reduce crime. Research on the effect of lights on crime, however, are limited as installing or improving street lighting may affect the community in ways beyond merely increasing outdoor lighting. Welsh and Farrington’s (2008) study suggested that improving street lighting may also improve informal social control in the area as it reflects improved street usage and investments in the community. This paper uses moonlight as a unique measure of outdoor ambient lighting that avoids the issue of community cohesion and examines the effect of lighting directly. The amount of actual moonlight a city receives each night is measured using the interaction between the percent of the moon illuminated and the proportion of the night without clouds. This interaction creates significant variation in moonlight between cities and across nights in the same city. Contrary to past research on lighting, this study finds that brighter nights, those with a full moon and no clouds, have significantly more crime than nights without any moonlight. These results suggest that there are heterogeneous effects of outdoor lighting by dosage and that more research on possible criminogenic effects of low dosages of outdoor lights are needed.
A Performance Model for Single Charger Multi-Socket Charging Stations in Shared Mobility Systems

It is commonly recognised that the availability of more pervasive networks of public fast-charging stations is a key incentive for the market growth of electric vehicles (EVs). In order to reduce the huge capital investments that are needed for the deployment of such charging infrastructure, new types of charging facilities have been proposed, which allow to charge several EVs simultaneously by sharing the resources of a single charger over multiple co-located charging sockets. To characterise the behaviour of a single-charger multiple-socket (SCMS) system under stochastic EV charging demands, in this work we propose a continuous time and discrete state space Markov chain model. Our analytical model applies to scenarios in which the duration of charging periods is uncertain. This typically occurs in shared mobility systems (e.g., car sharing services) in which customers randomly arrive at the charging station to pick up available shared EVs. We examine two scenarios of increasing complexity. In the first one, customers can pick up only fully-charged EVs. In the second scenario, EVs can leave the station before the charging process is complete. Our numerical results assess the impact of station capacity (both physical space and grid connection) on the system performance from the perspective of both the customers and the infrastructure owner.
The Constitution and the Intentions of the Framers: The Limits of Historical Analysis

This article explores how intentionalists approach issues of constitutionality, by examples here of the debate surrounding the creation and abolition of the national bank and the Amendments following the Civil War. Intentionalists presume that the framers can be precisely identified, that they had one, rather than several, “intention” on a particular subject, that the framers knew of these intentions, and that the meaning of language in the 18th or 19th century was so precise that the framers collectively agreed on it. However, as seen with the changes of the national bank, and with issues of race, whether the framers intended the meaning and language of society itself to remain constant (during their time and into the future) is also debatable, and therefore, emphasis on the framers’ intentions should be used carefully.
High Aspect Ratio, High Resolution, and Broad Process Window Description of a Low Loss Photodielectric for 5G HS/HF Applications Using High and Low Numerical Aperture Photolithography Tools

Fifth Generation (5G) network and high speed/high frequency (HS/HF) technology is the key to setting higher transmission rates and improved connectivity but will require significant innovation from materials to enable the manufacturing and performance of future networks. Photoimageable Dielectrics (PID) are set to play a large role in the manufacturing of panel and wafer level packaging of 5G circuits, but PID materials and imaging mechanisms currently rely on chemistry with high dipole moments and heteroatoms which possess dielectric losses (Df) too high for 5G devices at desirable form factors. A newly developed polymer platform has been identified as a potential useful material for 5G PID, the new material possessing a low Df (0.004 at 30GHz) at a low curing temperature (under 200°C for one hour), self-priming adhesion to relevant substrates (silicon, copper, silicon nitride, polyimide), low moisture absorption, as well as a desirable solvent based developer: propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA). Herein, targeting a 15 μm final film thickness, the effect of processing conditions on resolution, via shape and process window are described on a high numerical aperture (NA = 0.48) stepper, a low NA (0.1) stepper, and a Mask Aligner through different soft and post exposure bake conditions. High resolution (6 μm via) and high aspect ratio (2.5:1) can be achieved. Elements critical to the lithographic process including Bossung curves, bake conditions and tradeoffs in resolution versus desirable side-wall angle over different tools demonstrate processing surfaces towards the successful implementation of photodielectrics for 5G applications with stringent lithographic requirements.
Band gap evolution in Ruddlesden-Popper phases

We investigate the variation of the band gap across the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) series $({\mathrm{A}}_{n+1}{\mathrm{B}}_{n}{\mathrm{X}}_{3n+1})$ in model chalcogenide, oxide, and halide materials to understand the factors influencing the band gap evolution with $n$. In contrast to the oxides and halides, we find the band gaps of the chalcogenides evolve differently with the thickness of the perovskite blocks in these natural superlattices. We show that octahedral rotations (i.e., deviation of the B-X-B bond angles from ${180}^{\ensuremath{\circ}})$ and quantum confinement effects compete to decide the band gap evolution of RP phases. The insights gained here will allow us to rationally design layered perovskite phases for electronics and optoelectronics.
The lexical semantics of blaguer: French ways of bringing people together through persuasion, deception and laughter

This study presents a lexical semantic analysis of the French verb blaguer and related expressions. This verb belongs to a suite of “French humour practices”, and French-English dictionaries translate it as ‘to joke’. However, Anglo-specific terminology such as “joke” does not match the conceptual semantics of blaguer and its related noun blague. Relying on Anglo-specific terms to categorise culture-specific practices perpetuates conceptual and terminological Anglocentrism. This study furthers the call to avoid the dangers of sustaining Anglocentrism in the theoretical vocabulary of humour studies (Goddard & Mullan 2020; Goddard 2018; Wierzbicka 2014a). Working from the assumption that semantic categories reflect particular ways of speaking, thinking, and behaving, this study’s goal is to capture the insider perspective that French speakers have about the meaning of the verb blaguer and the noun blague. Making local understandings more obvious and accessible to cultural and linguistic outsiders will increase cross-cultural understanding and foster appreciation for the different ways that speakers construct and interpret their world with words (Levisen & Waters 2017). The analytical tool for this study is the technique of semantic explication couched in the simple cross-translatable and culture-neutral words of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (Goddard & Wierzbicka 2014). Carefully chosen example sentences are drawn from Google searches (google.fr) of authentic language use of the verb blaguer and the noun blague. Comparative reference is made to the verb ‘to joke’ from Australian English to highlight the differences in the conversational humour cultures of French and English speakers (Goddard & Mullan 2020; Beal & Mullan 2013, 2017).
Hierarchical deep learning for data-driven identification of reduced-order models of nonlinear dynamical systems

Identifying reduced-order models (ROMs) of nonlinear dynamical systems is difficult, especially when the system equation is unknown with only measurement data available. In such a case, not only a reduced subspace but also the associated dynamics need to be identified from data only, leading to a challenging data-driven ROM problem. In this study, we present a hierarchical deep learning approach to identify ROM from measurement only; it simultaneously identifies the nonlinear normal modal (NNM) subspace with a hierarchical order and the associated nonlinear modal dynamics. We conduct study to validate such an approach on both unforced and forced nonlinear dynamical systems, and find that the identified hierarchical NNMs-spanned subspace enables an efficient and effective dimensional truncation to achieve optimally lowest-dimensional ROM. We discuss in detail its performance and applicability.
Some Perspectives on Future Directions in Low Cycle Fatigue

This paper on low cycle fatigue (LCF) is divided into three parts. The first provides a brief historical perspective, the second deals with today's scene, and the third speculates on future LCF directions.
Electronic structure of donor-type graphite intercalation compounds

Galvanomagnetic and optical data are presented for stage 1, 2 and 3 alkali-metal intercalation compounds. Relative to pure graphite, conductivity is enhanced, mobility is reduced and the reflection spectrum becomes metallic. Analysis of the data demonstrates two-carrier behavior for the stage 1 and 2 compounds; these materials appear to be semi-metals with comparable densities of electrons and holes, rather than simplen-type metals as previously assumed.
Attributes, consequences, and consumer values

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify consumer‐dining values for each restaurant segment (fast food restaurants, casual restaurants, and fine dining restaurants) using a means‐end approach and to suggest useful information for restaurant operators to develop differential marketing strategies for each segment.Design/methodology/approach – This study applied a means‐end chain approach to identify underlying consumer values across three different restaurant segments. The participants responded to questions in a one‐on‐one interview procedure regarding attributes of restaurants, consequences, and values. Based on the responses, hierarchical value maps were developed to better understand consumer value patterns across the three restaurant segments.Findings – The results suggested that attributes of fast food restaurants were largely associated with convenience, success, and economic values; attributes of casual dining restaurants were related to emotional and belonging values; and attributes provi...
Energy transfer mechanism in shock-tube arc- heated drivers.

Abstract : It was found in shock tube arc-heated drivers that radiation transport of energy is the primary mechanism for heating the helium driver gas. The phenomena occurring in the shock-heated driver is as follows. The energy input begins with the vaporization of a small diameter copper wire mounted on the axis of symmetry and continues as the copper vapor propagates out into the helium. A central arc is formed in the copper vapor and a helium-copper mixture moves outward behind the shock wave. The arc which directly heats the copper is localized to about 3 cm radius. The copper arc transfers energy to the copper in the outward moving helium-copper mixture by radiation. A copper atom either is raised to an excited state or ionized and the energy is transferred to the helium by collisions. Because of the high density of the helium the transfer of energy from ions and excited copper to the helium by collisions appears reasonable; the lifetimes of excited states are 0 (1,000 collisions). This model for the energy transfer was developed from experiments with an apparatus designed to produce typical conditions obtained in arc heated drivers. (Author)
pH study of zinc oxide nanorods grown on indium tin oxide coated substrate1,2

Controlled growth of ZnO nanorods on various substrates is of great interest in photonic and electronic device applications. Also of interest is increasing the optical activity of zinc oxide nanorods in the visible spectrum. In this study, we report pH dependence for the morphology and photoluminescence of aligned ZnO nanorods grown on an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate deposited by a wet chemical bath deposition method. The ZnO nanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition technique using equimolar ratios of zinc (II) nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine in solution at 95 °C. The pH of the reaction solution prior to oven heating was varied from pH 5 to 10.6. Surface properties of the ZnO nanorods on ITO substrates were studied using scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. We also compared the use of NaOH to adjust the pH with the use of NH4OH, the latter necessary at higher pH due to the relative insolubility of zinc. It was found that the size of the nanorods can...
Keyword Spotting Techniques for Sanskrit Documents

With advances in the field of digitization of printed documents and several mass digitization projects underway, information retrieval and document search have emerged as key research areas. However, most of the current work in these areas is limited to English and a few oriental languages. The lack of efficient solutions for Indic scripts and languages such as Sanskrit has hampered information extraction from a large body of documents of cultural and historical importance. This chapter presents two relevant topics in this area. First, we describe the use of a script specific Keyword Spotting for Sanskrit documents that makes use of domain knowledge of the script. Second, we address the needs of a digital library to provide access to a collection of documents from multiple scripts. This requires intelligent solutions which scale across different scripts. We present a script independent Keyword Spotting approach for this purpose. Experimental results illustrate the efficacy of our methods.
Can reliability and security be joined reliably and securely

The combined topics of reliability and security are briefly traced in relation to the past and present endeavors of the Air Force Research Laboratory's Information Directorate. It is concluded that in the realm of information assurance, system features created to tolerate benign failures and to respond to attack must be stressed and tested beforehand and their effectiveness predicted, otherwise they might inadvertently magnify the attacker's power. With the explosive growth of distributed and mobile systems and the need for information assurance to address the accompanying vulnerabilities, one history lesson comes to mind: although ancient Rome was not built in a day, it did not take very long for it to fall once the barbarians took hold.
Reflections on the history of attribution theory and research: People, personalities, publications, problems.

Fifty years after the publication of The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (Heider, 1958), attribution inquiry remains strong, but no longer dominant. This article examines some of the people (particularly, Fritz Heider, Edward Jones, and Harold Kelley), publications, and conceptual issues that contributed to the duration of this line of work. Personal anecdotes are included.
Does correction of anemia slow the progression of chronic kidney disease

Since the publication of the CHOIR and CREATE study results, tremendous attention has focused on the cardiovascular effects of anemia correction in patients with chronic kidney disease. Less publicized has been the finding of a potentially higher risk of progression to end-stage renal disease among patients assigned to a higher hemoglobin target. Ajay K Singh examines whether the sum of evidence indicates a harmful or a beneficial effect of anemia correction on the progression of kidney disease.
The surface structure and bonding of (2 × 2) acetylene overlayers on platinum (111): LEED intensity analysis

Abstract We report the results of a low-energy electron diffraction intensity analysis of the structure of (2 × 2) arrays of acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) on the Pt(111) surface. We have determined the structure of two different bonding states of the chemisorbed species (separated by a thermal activation barrier) which were recently identified by LEED and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The more weakly bound (metastable) state involves coordination to basically one surface metal atom (Pt-C bond lengths of 2.5(1) A) whereas attachment to three metal atoms is found for the more strongly bound (stable) state (Pt-C bond lengths of 2.2(1) A and 2.6(1) A). A lack of sensitivity to possible C-C bond elongation and CCH angle-bending for the adsorbed molecule is also reported and discussed.
Novel Human N-Acetyltransferase 2 Alleles That Differ in Mechanism for Slow Acetylator Phenotype

Three novel human NAT2 alleles (NAT2*5D, NAT2*6D, and NAT2*14G) were identified and characterized in a yeast expression system. The common rapid (NAT2*4) and slow (NAT2*5B) acetylator human NAT2 alleles were also characterized for comparison. The novel recombinant NAT2 allozymes catalyzed both N- and O-acetyltransferase activities at levels comparable with NAT2 5B and significantly below NAT2 4, suggesting that they confer slow acetylation phenotype. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of slow acetylation in the novel NAT2 alleles, we assessed mRNA and protein expression levels and protein stability. No differences were observed in NAT2 mRNA expression among the novel alleles, NAT2*4 and NAT2*5B. However NAT2 5B and NAT2 5D, but not NAT2 6D and NAT2 14G protein expression were significantly lower than NAT2 4. In contrast, NAT2 6D was slightly (3.4-fold) and NAT2 14G was substantially (29-fold) less stable than NAT2 4. These results suggest that the 341T --> C (Ile(114) --> Thr) common to the NAT2*5 cluster is sufficient for reduction in NAT2 protein expression, but that mechanisms for slow acetylator phenotype differ for NAT2 alleles that do not contain 341T --> C, such as the NAT2*6 and NAT2*14 clusters. Different mechanisms for slow acetylator phenotype in humans are consistent with multiple slow acetylator phenotypes.
The relation between church and state: Issues in social work and the law

Summary. The article reviews the development of legal considerations regarding the First Amendment and religious freedom including various interpretations and key cases of the Supreme Court about relations between church and state and their implications for social services. The author argues there is a growing interest in spirituality and religion in American society. This has encouraged a social climate supporting increased private sectarian involvement in social services. Therefore, the social work profession needs to develop a model of service delivery and professional guidelines which accommodate spirituality and religion while remaining committed to the principles of the First Amendment.
The FACIT-AI, a new tool for assessing symptoms associated with malignant ascites

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study are to assess the clinical relevance and validity of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Ascites Index (FACIT-AI) in women with ovarian cancer and malignant ascites, and to modify the instrument guided by qualitative feedback from patients with recurrent malignant ascites. Methods Fourteen adult female patients with recurrent symptomatic malignant ascites were enrolled from three centers. All completed an open-ended symptom list to identify their primary concerns regarding their condition. They then completed a draft 10-item FACIT-AI questionnaire created from expert input. Eleven patients provided comments regarding the FACIT-AI questionnaire using a written feedback format. Three patients participated in a "think-aloud" cognitive debriefing interview to ensure patient comprehension of questionnaire items. Results Of the first 11 patients surveyed, 7 believed that the draft FACIT-AI contained all important symptoms associated with malignant ascites. Responses from the remaining 4 patients revealed three symptoms that 2 or more patients nominated for inclusion: urinary frequency, constipation and emotional distress. These items were added to the original FACIT-AI to produce a 13-item index of symptoms associated with malignant ascites. Conclusions The 13-item FACIT-AI has content validity among women with malignant ascites associated with ovarian cancer. It is available for use in clinical research or practice, with the expectation that more will be learned about its performance and interpretation over time.
Service Sector Growth and Metropolitan Occupational Sex Segregation

Analyses of the largest 130 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in 1980 revealed little support for cultural or human capital explanations of occupational sex segregation. Gender differences in occupational distributions arose more from structural characteristics of urban labor markets than from the characteristics of individuals. Although a larger supply of men relative to women in the labor force increased occupational differences, greater employment in service industries had the most pronounced impact on gender occupational placement. The findings suggest that continued job growth in service industries will lead to greater occupational similarity between the sexes as declining employment opportunities in manufacturing compel more men to assume less gender-segregated positions in social and personal services industries. Linkages between industrial structure, occupations, and indices of dissimilarity were also examined.
II. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some bioisosteres and congeners of the antitumor agent, 2-(4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy)propionic acid (XK469).

XK469 (1) is among the most highly and broadly active antitumor agents to have been evaluated in our laboratories. Subsequent developmental studies led to the entry of (R)-(+) 1 (NSC 698215) into phase 1 clinical trials (NIH UO1-CA62487). The antitumor mechanism of action of 1 remains to be elucidated, which has prompted a sustained effort to elaborate a pharmacophoric pattern of 1. The present study focused on a strategy of synthesis and biological evaluation of topologically based, bioisosteric replacements of the quinoxaline moiety in the lead compound (1) by quinazoline (4a−d), 1,2,4-benzotriazine (12a−18b), and quinoline (21a−g) ring systems. The synthetic approach to each of the bioisosteres of 1 utilized the methodology developed in previous work (see Hazeldine, S. T.; Polin, L.; Kushner, J.; Paluch, J.; White, K.; Edelstein, M.; Palomino, E.; Corbett, T. H.; Horwitz, J. P. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of the Antitumor Agent 2-{4-[(7-Chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}pr...
Tunneling measurements on spin-paired superconductors with spin-orbit scattering

Electron spin effects in superconducting Al films have been studied by measuring the conductance of tunnel junctions in a magnetic field. Superconductor-normal-metal tunnel junctions were made with 50-\AA{}-thick Al and 500-1000-\AA{}-thick Ag films with ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as the barrier. The measured conductance curves were fit by theoretical calculations, which included depairing effects and spin-orbit scattering, and values of the depairing parameter ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}$ and the spin-orbit parameter ${b}_{0}$ were obtained. The relation ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}=\ensuremath{\zeta}(0)+\frac{C {H}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}$ was found to describe the (parallel) magnetic field dependence of the depairing. The values of ${b}_{0}$ obtained were independent of $H$. Superconductor-superconductor tunnel junctions made with two 50-\AA{}-thick Al films were studied with various amounts of Ge and Mn impurities. The Ge impurity simply raised ${T}_{c}$, whereas the Mn lowered ${T}_{c}$ and increased ${b}_{0}$. The approximate dependence of ${b}_{0}$ on the Mn impurity concentration was obtained. The qualitative features for spin-orbit scattering predicted by theory were observed, and spin-flip scattering in the tunneling process was shown to be negligible.
Full-text processing: improving a practical NLP system based on surface information within the context

Rich information for resolving ambiguities in sentence analysis, including various context-dependent problems, can be obtained by analyzing a simple set of parsed trees of each sentence in a text without constructing a precise model of the context through deep semantic analysis. Thus, processing a group of sentences together makes it possible to improve the accuracy of a practical natural language processing (NLP) system such as a machine translation system. In this paper, we describe a simple context model consisting of parsed trees of each sentence in a text, and its effectiveness for handling various problems in NLP such as the resolution of structural ambiguities, pronoun referents, and the focus of focusing subjects (e.g. also and only), as well as for adding supplementary phrases to some elliptical sentences.
DISCOVERY OF TWO AUSTRALITES IN LITHFIED ROCKS

Australites have been found embedded in ferruginous grit and silcrete in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia.
Why do some organisms use a urea-methylamine mixture as osmolyte? Thermodynamic compensation of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide interactions with protein.

Many organisms accumulate low molecular weight substances known as osmolytes when they experience environmental water stress. The main classes of osmolytes are sugars, polyhydric alcohols, amino acids and their derivatives, and methylamines, and all are known to be protein stabilizers. However, marine cartilaginous fishes and the coelacanth use, as osmolytes, a combination of urea and methylamines, i.e., a denaturant and a stabilizer, in a 2:1 molar ratio. Preferential binding and thermal denaturation measurements in the presence of each cosolvent separately and in their mixtures have been carried out using ribonuclease T1 (RNase T1) as the protein. At a 2:1 molar ratio of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), the effects of the two cosolvents on the transition temperature (Tm) were found to be essentially the algebraic sum of their effects when used individually. Preferential interaction measurements of urea, TMAO and urea in its 2:1 molar ratio mixture with TMAO, have shown that the presence of TMAO has no effect on the interaction of urea with the protein in either the native or the unfolded (reduced carboxymethylated RNase T1) state. The preferential interaction of TMAO in the presence of urea could not be measured for technical reasons. Calculations of transfer free energy in the two end states of the denaturation reaction have shown that 2 M urea destabilizes RNase T1 by 3.8 +/- 0.3 kcal/mol whether 1 M TMAO is present or not. The contribution of 1 M TMAO to stabilization is calculated to be 3.1 kcal/mol in the presence of 2 M urea and is measured to be 2.7 kcal/mol in its absence.
Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation of functional benzoxazine monomers and polymers containing phenylphosphine oxide

Abstract Three phosphorus-containing bisphenol compounds, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide (BHPPO), bis(4-hydroxyphenoxyphenyl)phenylphosphine oxide (BPPPO), and bis(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenylphosphine oxide (BPHPPO) have been synthesized as starting materials for the synthesis of benzoxazine monomers. Benzoxazine monomers containing phenylphosphine oxide have been prepared and subsequently characterized by FT-IR and 1 H NMR. The monomers are thermally initiated and polymerized via ring-opening polymerization. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that phosphorylation can have a profound effect on increasing char yield and on thermal degradation temperatures.
Melatonin, diel rhythms, and metamorphosis in anuran amphibians.

Melatonin is present in picogram quantities in the plasma of anuran tadpoles, although the origin of circulating melatonin is not known. Melatonin may have a role in metamorphosis because it is a thyroid antagonist, whose level falls at the metamorphic climax when the thyroid hormones peak. Melatonin rhythms in plasma and eyes are entrained to the light/dark (LD) cycle and affected by temperature. Consequently, melatonin could transduce environmental information to regulate endocrine periodicity and larval circadian organization and influence metamorphic rate. Contradictory results of exogenous melatonin treatment may be largely due to a regulation of the plasma melatonin level which rapidly clears high melatonin concentrations and which can even result in lower circulating melatonin than in controls. Excess exogenous melatonin concentrates in tissues and glands, although the fall in melatonin at metamorphic climax does not occur by this mechanism. There may be thyroxine (T(4))-melatonin interactions at the tissue level that affect metamorphic progress. The rhythms of T(4) and the corticosteroids are also entrained to the LD cycle, and these rhythms, and those of melatonin, change during development, in a specific way on each LD cycle. Differences in the direction and magnitude of phase shifts during development place the peaks of thyroid modulators, such as the corticosteroids and melatonin, in different relationships to the T(4) peaks, which could be an important aspect of the hormonal regulation of metamorphosis.
Increased capillary flow in intrahepatic tumors due to α-adrenergic effects of catecholamines

Chemotherapy of liver metastases is dependent on adequacy of tumor microcirculation. Attempts have been made, experimentally, to improve tumor blood flow with appropriate vasoactive agents. Capillary blood flow within intrahepatic Walker carcinosarcomas and normal liver were measured with a laser doppler needle probe. Tumor capillary blood flow increased briefly but significantly with intraportally administered epinephrine. This effect was blocked by phenoxybenzamine but not by propranolol. The response of capillary flow in normal liver to epinephrine was dose related, with decreased flow with higher doses, and slight increase with lower doses. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine produced brief increases in capillary flow in tumor and liver, and isoproterenol caused a decreased flow. In studies with injected silicone rubber (Microfil, Canton Bio-Medical Products, Boulder, CO) performed previously, and on electron microscopic examination, there was evidence of increased vascular filling within central areas of tumors after epinephrine. These studies suggest that the brief but potent effect of epinephrine on tumor capillary flow could be useful in improving delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to liver tumors.
Saphenous Vein Bypass from the Aorta to the Anterior Interventricular Vein

A patient is described who had myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein grafts. One of the grafts was inadvertently anastomosed to the anterior interventricular vein instead of the anterior descending coronary artery. He also underwent saphenous vein bypass to the right coronary artery and resection of a left ventricular aneurysm. The patient remained free of angina up to 3 1/2 years after operation, at which time he was seen with tachyarrhythmia and a continuous murmur. Coronary arteriography revealed patent bypass grafts to both the distal right coronary artery and the anterior interventricular vein. Whether the patient benefited from the graft to the anterior interventricular vein remains indeterminable because of the successful bypass to the right coronary artery and the left ventricular aneurysmectomy. He did experience clinical improvement for 3 1/2 years, and the symptom when he was seen at our institution was tachyarrhythmia, not chest pain. Additionally, his exercise tolerance had improved markedly. We believe the potential advantages of bypass from the aorta to the coronary veins is still unexplored.
RF digital-to-analog converters enable direct synthesis of communications signals

This article discusses the practical application of RF digital-to-analog converters to communication systems such as cable distribution, wireless communications infrastructure base stations, wireless backhaul, and other such systems. The key specifications driving the development of RF DAC technology are reviewed, as are some common radio architectures used to implement those systems. Challenges associated with the design of RF DACs are described, and some trade-offs and possible solutions are discussed. Design considerations of the package and the printed circuit board design are reviewed. Measured results of an RF DAC suitable for cable head-end transmitters are presented. The features and performance of RF DACs provide an enabling solution for software defined radio systems targeted toward multicarrier, multiband, multistandard radio transmitters.
Limitation of collagen cross-linking with hypoosmolar riboflavin solution: failure in an extremely thin cornea.

Purpose We report a case of failure of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for progressive keratoconus after preoperative stromal swelling with hypoosmolar riboflavin solution in an extremely thin cornea. Methods CXL was performed using the protocol established for the treatment of thin corneas. Preoperative minimal thickness after abrasion was 268 μm and increased to 406 μm after swelling with hypoosmolar riboflavin solution. Results Despite CXL, a distinct progression of up to 1.9 diopters was observed at 3 months after the procedure on the anterior corneal surface. At 6 months after CXL, progression had increased to 2.3 diopters. Although swelling with hypoosmolar riboflavin solution was effective and led to a preoperative thickness of more than 400 μm, the increase in biomechanical resistance was not sufficient to arrest the progression of the disease. Conclusions Little is known about the minimal stromal thickness required for effective CXL to occur. Although swelling with hypoosmolar riboflavin solution over 400 μm and safety of the procedure can be achieved in even thinner corneas, the outcome of this case suggests that a minimal preoperative stromal thickness of 330 μm needs to be respected for a successful CXL procedure.
Toxicities of Aldrin and Dieldrin to the Freshwater Ostracod Chlamydotheca arcuata

Acute toxicities of various mixtures of aldrin and dieldrin against laboratory-reared, insecticide-free ostracods, Chlamydotheca arcuata (Sars), were determined. The 24-hr immobility EC50 values were 1.15 and 2.45 parts per billion for aldrin and dieldrin, respectively. Bioassay results from using combinations of aldrin and dieldrin demonstrated no synergism or potentiation with respect to the 2 insecticides. Ostracods which were laboratory-reared in the presence of insecticide were also tested to determine if increased resistance or sensitivity to the chemicals had occurred by virtue of chronic exposure. Sublethal exposure to either insecticide through several generations produced populations which were more susceptible to both insecticides. In all instances, aldrin was about twice as toxic as dieldrin.
Kidney After Nonrenal Transplantation—The Impact of Alemtuzumab Induction

In patients undergoing extrarenal transplantation, the favorable outcomes associated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) have been tempered by the negative impact of CNI nephrotoxicity (1). This well described phenomenon has led to the development of end stage renal disease (ESRD) as an important complication of extrarenal transplantation, and some of these patients have gone on to kidney transplantation. A number of centers have reported on the efficacy of alemtuzumab induction or preconditioning in patients undergoing kidney transplantation alone (2–10). However, there are no publications describing the utility of alemtuzumab in patients undergoing kidney after extrarenal transplantation. In this report, we discuss our single center, retrospective experience with alemtuzumab induction, and compare it to a previous cohort not receiving alemtuzumab.
A review of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases.

This review addresses the epidemiology, historical reports, current issues, data and controversies involved in the management of brain metastases. The literature regarding surgery, whole brain radiation therapy, stereotactic radiosurgery or some combination of those treatments is discussed as well as issues of cost-effectiveness. Ongoing prospective randomized trials will further elucidate the optimal management for patients with brain metastases. Until those data are available, clinicians are encouraged to apply the existing data reviewed here in conjunction with best clinical judgment. A brief clinical guide is as follows. Patients with a solitary metastasis in an operable location and symptomatic mass effect should undergo surgery. Patients with poor performance status (KPS or= 70, should receive WBRT + SRS. If the patient refuses WBRT or needs salvage after WBRT, then SRS alone is appropriate. Clinicians should not be too dogmatic and should always apply the best clinical judgment.
Culture and Personality: Variability across Universal Motives as the Missing Link

What is the relation between culture and personality? I argue that to address this question, it is necessary to meet five criteria: (1) to identify universal principles of human functioning that underlie both culture and personality; (2) to treat those principles at different levels of analysis for culture and personality; (3) to define culture and personality in terms of those principles in a manner that maintains the integrity of these concepts; (4) to select specific psychological factors that, because of their survival value, are present in every culture and individual, although to varying degrees; and (5) to postulate how different cultures and personalities emerge from variability in the predominance of those specific psychological factors. I then propose that these criteria can be met by identifying specific human motives that are both universal and vary across individuals, situations, and groups. I propose a five-step model that describes how cultures influence the personalities that emerge among its members, with particular emphasis on the human-defining period of development between 3 and 6 years of age, and how those personalities in turn influence the culture (from effects of regulatory fit). As initial support for the model, evidence is reviewed for commonality among cultures in the existence of promotion, prevention, locomotion, and assessment motives; for variability across cultures in the predominance of these motives as modal personalities; and for universality in the relations between each motive and Big Five and self-esteem trait characteristics. Combining the latter universal relations with the cultural variability in modal personalities yields cultural differences in manners of goal pursuit.