cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination chemotherapy in advanced lung cancer with increased survival

Twenty-eight patients with lung cancer, 26 with extensive disease, were treated with the drugs Cytoxan (Cyt) and methotrexate (MTX). The schedule was based on cellular kinetics concepts. Initial therapy was with Cyt 1.1 g/m2 (intravenously) followed by MTX 20 mg/m2 orally, twice weekly, started 9 days later, when the tumor was considered to be most susceptible to an S-phase-specific drug. The course was repeated at three-week intervals. Based on dose response curves, Cyt and MTX dose modifications were individually adjusted to the whit blood cell counts and platelet counts over a 3-week period. Twenty of 28 patients (five of seven large cell, five of eight adenocarcinoma, 10 or 11 small cell, none of two epidermoid) responded with greater than or equal 50% tumor reduction. Ten patients had complete responses, seven of whom had small cell carcinoma. Two of the nonresponders were nonevaluable. Five patients were alive and the extimated median survival time of the patients is almost 1 year, which compares quite favorably to previous reports. On this schedule of therapy, very high doses of Cyt and MTX were maintained with less than 3% incidence per course of a WBC less than 1,500/mm3 or a platelet count less than 50,000/mm3.
Reproductive Signals of Female Lizards: Pattern of Trait Expression and Male Response

Relative to the volume of studies concerning the function and evolution of male-biased sexually dimorphic traits, instances of female-biased sexual dimorphisms remain largely unstudied, especially in species with conventional sex roles. I investigated the signal function of a female-specific ornamental trait using the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus virgatus, Phrynosomatidae) as a model system. During the reproductive season, female S. virgatus develop orange color on their throats that is absent in conspecific males. I established the relationship between color expression and female reproductive state, and determined male response to female color. I show that dynamic changes occurring within the color patch can potentially identify each stage of the female reproductive cycle, largely because of a lag in patch growth relative to color intensification. Sexual receptivity is associated with intense patches rapidly growing in size; ovulation occurs near peak color expression; and the unreceptive period is associated with large patches fading in intensity. Because females express orange color during both the receptive and unreceptive periods, the pattern of color expression is consistent with the courtship-stimulation and courtship-rejection hypotheses of signal function. Males may preferentially associate with females that have more highly developed color patches during the courtship season, and/or ignore such females when they are unreceptive. An examination of male behavior towards unfamiliar females indicates that female color has a role in courtship stimulation but has little, if any, role in courtship rejection. During the pre-mating season, males maintained significantly closer affiliation with, and tended to perform more social behavior towards females with more intense color. During the post-mating season, female color had no apparent effect on male behavior. The evolution and current function of female ornaments may vary among taxonomically-related species as a result of differences in ecology, social system, and life-history.
Estimation of the Human Daily Requirement of Vitamin E by Turnover Kinetics of Labeled Rrr-α-Tocopherol

The human daily requirement of α-tocopherol was estimated by a determination of the turnover kinetics of deuterium-labeled RRR-α-tocopherol in two women and three men. The amount of α-tocopherol absorbed varied in proportion to the amount of fat eaten with the vitamin, increasing by 0.43 mg for each gram of fat consumed. A fat-free method for administering α-tocopherol was developed by vacuum impregnation of apples with the vitamin. Even in the absence of fat, about 10% of the administered α-tocopherol was absorbed. The daily requirement of α-tocopherol when consumed with a diet containing 21% fat was estimated to be 15 ± 2 mg, an amount close to the current Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 12 mg/d. The study showed that vacuum-impregnated fruit might be a useful way to supplement vitamin E in people eating a low-fat diet.
Preparation of 5‐substituted‐ and 3,5‐disubstituted‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridines

Cyclization of N-acyl-N′-(6-chloropyrid-2-yl)hydrazines (2a-2e) with phosphorus oxychloride has produced several 5-chloro-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines (3a-3e). Nucleophilic displacement of the chlorosubstituent of 5-chloro-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (3a) availed the 5-ethoxy (4a) and 5-thioethoxy (4b) derivatives and di(s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrid-5-yl)sulfide (8) while reaction of 5-ethylsulfonyl-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (4d) with potassium hydroxide yielded the 5-hydroxy/5-one system (4c or 6). Further reaction of 3a with bromine to give 3-bromo-5-chloro-s-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyridine (3g) has provided the corresponding 3-cyano- and 3-carboxamido-5-chloro-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives (3h and 3i). Treatment of 6-chloro-2-hydrazinopyridine (1) with cyanogen bromide has provided 3-amino-5-chloro-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (3f) which, with bromoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, transformed into 7-chloroimidazo[1,2-b]-s-triazolo[4,3-a]-pyridine (7). Finally, attempts at cyclizing N-oxalyl-N′-(6-chloropyrid-2-yl)hydrazine derivatives (2g-2i) with intentions of preparing various 3-acyl-5-chloro-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines for entry into other 3,5-disubstituted systems were unsuccessful.
Parametric self-enhancement of the spontaneous decay of sound in superfluid helium.

The spontaneous decay of coherent monochromatic sound is dramatically self-enhanced by parametric amplification. We observed this effect for the first time with 3.25-GHz sound in superfluid helium at 85 mK. Starting with a typical intensity of 10 W/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ the sound beam is depleted by more than 99.9% over just 1 mm of propagation distance. In addition we observed, in contrast to Landau-Rumer processes, an exponential decay coefficient proportional to the square root of the initial intensity.
Energy Considerations in Systems With Varying Stiffness

If the stiffness of an elastic system changes with time, a conventional Newtonian statement of the equations of motion will generally lead to solutions that violate the fundamental mechanics principle that the work done by the external forces be equal to the increase in total energy of the system. Timoshenko's discussion of the problem of a vehicle driven across an elastic bridge is generalized to show that energy conservation can be restored only if the local deformation of the components is taken into account in determining the direction of the contact force. This result has important consequences for the interaction of elastic systems in general, including, for example, the dynamic behavior of meshing gears.
Postcoital changes in isthmic contractility during oviductal sperm transport in the rabbit.

Balloon-ended fluid-filled catheters placed in the lumen of the isthmus were used to record in vivo oviductal contractility in rabbits before and after mating. Autopsy was performed at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hr postcoitum (PC). Segmental flushing of the contralateral oviducts allowed correlation of sperm transport with isthmic contractility. Prior to mating, isthmic activity was minimal. At 3 hr PC, when the majority (95%) of sperm in the oviduct were residing in the proximal isthmus, contractility was of high amplitude and low frequency. This pattern, which could be a response to postcoital rise in plasma estradiol rather than to pharmacologically antagonistic seminal prostaglandins, may be partly responsible for rapid sperm transport through the proximal isthmus. At 12 and 24 hr PC, when oviductal sperm became redistributed so that 30% and 33%. respectively, had moved to the distal isthmus, 3% and 8% had further progressed to the ampulla, two contractility patterns were apparent. This complex pattern, which ...
Mechanistic studies of an antibody with chorismate mutase activity

Abstract Antibody 1F7 catalyzes the rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate. Its kinetic parameters are unaffected by changes in pH and display no solvent isotope effect or effects from addition of various cationic salts. These results are consistent with high-resolution structural information of 1F7 bound to a transition state analog.
Automatic alcohol associations: gender differences and the malleability of alcohol associations following exposure to a dating scenario.

Objective: Little research has examined contextual influences on implicit measures of alcohol-related cognitions. The current study investigated whether contexts involving alcohol or social dating would affect automatic alcohol approach-avoid associations. Method: Undergraduates (n = 112 women, 109 men) completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measured alcohol approach-avoid associations before and after reading a vignette about a date that differed on two dimensions: (1) whether alcohol was present or absent and (2) whether the date ended in attraction or friendship. Results: When the vignette included an alcohol context, alcohol IAT scores increased from baseline (e.g., increased alcohol and approach associations). In a nonalcohol context, alcohol IAT scores increased from baseline when the date was not successful but not when it was successful. Conclusions: These results contribute to social cognitive science by indicating not only that social contexts with alcohol can influence automatic alco...
Thermodynamic and kinetic study of chiral separations of coumarin-based anticoagulants on derivatized amylose stationary phase.

Abstract Thermodynamic and kinetic studies are performed on amylose derivatized with tris-(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) stationary phase for the chiral separation of coumarin-based anticoagulants. Polar-organic eluents that contain acetonitrile as bulk solvent with modifiers such as methanol, i -butanol, t -butanol, and tetrahydrofuran are used in the study. Temperature is varied from 5 to 45 °C at constant pressure of 1500 psi. In general, both retention and enantioselectivity decrease as the temperature increases and as hydrogen bond donating ability of the modifiers increases. The van’t Hoff plots are found to show both linear and non-linear behavior. The non-linear plots are believed to be the result of conformational changes in the derivatized amylose phase and are observed around room temperature. The retention behavior in acetonitrile mobile phase provides a linear enthalpy–entropy compensation plot, indicating that all coumarins may have a similar retention mechanism. In contrast, enthalpy–entropy compensation is not observed for warfarin and coumatetralyl enantiomers when separated with different organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The kinetic data indicate that the rate of sorption is always greater than the rate of desorption. An increase in the concentration of alcohol modifiers causes an increase in the desorption rate constant. In contrast, an increase in the concentration of tetrahydrofuran causes a decrease in the desorption rate constant. This effect is most significant for the second eluted enantiomer of coumatetralyl, for which the desorption rate is 36 times slower than the first eluted enantiomer.
New design and stability analysis of fuzzy proportional-derivative control systems

This paper describes the design principle, tracking performance, and stability analysis of a fuzzy proportional-derivative (PD) controller. First, the fuzzy PD controller is derived from the conventional continuous-time linear PD controller. Then, the fuzzification, control-rule base, and defuzzification in the design of the fuzzy PD controller are discussed in detail. The resulting controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of the conventional PD controller, which has the same linear structure in the proportional and the derivative parts but has nonconstant gains: both the proportional and derivative gains are nonlinear functions of the input signals. The new fuzzy PD controller thus preserves the simple linear structure of the conventional PD controller yet enhances its self-tuning control capability. Computer simulation results have demonstrated this advantage of the fuzzy PD controller, particularly when the process to be controlled is nonlinear. After a detailed stability analysis, where a simple and realistic sufficient condition for the bounded-input/bounded-output stability of the overall feedback control system was derived, several computer simulation results are compared with the conventional PD controller. Although the conventional and fuzzy PD controllers are not exactly comparable, the authors compare them in order to have a sense of how well the fuzzy PD controller performs. For this reason, in the simulations several first-order and second-order linear systems, with or without time-delays, are first used to test the performance of the fuzzy PD controller for step reference inputs: the fuzzy PD control systems show remarkable performance, as well as (if not better than) the conventional PD control systems. Moreover, the fuzzy PD controller is compared to the conventional PD controller for a particular second-order linear system, showing the advantage of the fuzzy PD controller over the conventional one in the sense that in order to obtain the same control performance the conventional PD controller has to employ an extremely large gain while the fuzzy controller uses a reasonably small gain. Finally, in the case of nonlinear systems, the authors provide some examples to show that the fuzzy PD controller can track the set-points satisfactorily but the conventional PD controller cannot. >
Analytic bias and phonological typology

Two factors have been proposed as the main determinants of phonological typology: channel bias, phonetically systematic errors in transmission, and analytic bias, cognitive predispositions making learners more receptive to some patterns than others. Much of typology can be explained equally well by either factor, making them hard to distinguish empirically. This study presents evidence that analytic bias is strong enough to create typological asymmetries in a case where channel bias is controlled. I show that (i) phonological dependencies between the height of two vowels are typologically more common than dependencies between vowel height and consonant voicing, (ii) the phonetic precursors of the height-height and height-voice patterns are equally robust and (iii) in two experiments, English speakers learned a height-height pattern and a voice-voice pattern better than a height-voice pattern. I conclude that both factors contribute to typology, and discuss hypotheses about their interaction.
Blind separation of delayed instantaneous mixtures: a cross‐correlation based approach

A cross-correlation based method is proposed for blind separation of statistically uncorrelated i.i.d. signals. In contrast to much of the existing work in the area, the proposed method allows the separation of more sources than sensors and the sensors are not restricted to have non-Gaussian distributions. The mixed signals are modelled as a sum of attenuated and delayed source signals. As compared to the delayless mixture model commonly employed in the literature, incorporating delays in the model may offer better fit to practical applications, such as source separation in an anechoic environment. We estimate the delay and attenuation parameters from the peak locations and strengths of the cross-correlation function, respectively. Using these parameters, we then discuss the use of four methods for the recovery of source signals. These methods are compared and their usage is proposed under different operating conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the genetic complexity and abundance classes of messenger RNA in human liver and leukemic cells.

Abstract In an effort to determine the number of genes expressed as messenger RNA in disparate human tissues we have analyzed the genetic complexity of the polyribosome-associated poly(A)-containing RNA population obtained from liver and lymphoblastic leukemic cells. This was accomplished by measuring the kinetics of hybridization of mRNA to a complementary DNA probe synthesized by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase in vitro. The results obtained from such an analysis revealed the presence of two major abundance classes of mRNA with a total genetic complexity of approximately 10 000 diverse mRNA species in both of these cell types. Diversity of mRNA species in these unrelated human cells was studied by heterologous hybridization reactions between the cDNA of one cell type and a vast excess of poly(A)-containing mRNA from another. These types of studies indicated that extensive homology (more than 80%) exists in the mRNA sequences of disparate human cell types and suggest that the vast majority of genetic information expressed as mRNA is required for the maintenance of cellular functions common to functionally different human tissues.
Highly aggressive ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with a leukemic phase and multi-organ involvement: a report of three cases and a review of the literature

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive neoplasm of T- or null cell phenotype and is recognized as a distinct clinicopathologic subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. It is rarely associated with leukemic phase. Most cases with leukemic involvement are the small cell variant of ALCL. These cases often lack the pleomorphism seen in the common variant of ALCL and may be misdiagnosed. We report a series of three patients who presented with leukemic phase ALCL. The patients included an 11-year-old boy, a 29-year-old man, and a 59-year-old woman. The clinical and pathologic features of these cases are reviewed. The patients in our case series with leukemic phase ALCL exhibited rare clinical features. The patients presented with massive extranodal disease involving cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), liver, spleen, lungs, and bone marrow. CSF involvement was documented morphologically as well as by flow cytometry in two patients. Two of the patients had small cell variant and the third patient had common type ALCL. The neoplastic cells in all three patients were ALK positive; however these patients died within months of diagnosis. Leukemic phase ALCL is rare, and behaves in an aggressive manner. Some, but not all, cases in the literature presenting with peripheral blood involvement had small cell variant ALCL, as seen in two of our cases. The leukemic phase of ALCL should be considered when a T-cell leukemia with unusual morphologic features is encountered.
Internal Distribution of Coenzyme Q in Higher Plants.

Coenzyme Q is a lipid soluble quinone which has been shown to be an integral part of the electron transport system of beef heart mitochondria (3, 6, 10). The coenzyme Q isolated from beef heart mitochondria, previously referred to as Q275, has been shown to be 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl benzoquinone containing 10 monounsaturated isoprenoid units substituted in the 6 position (5, 13, 17). This compound with 10 isoprenoid units in the side chain has been specifically named coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 has also been found in all other mammalian tissues examined. It has
Women's Experiences of Infertility

Forty-eight women with diverse backgrounds and conditions of infertility were interviewed to describe their personal experience in having been unable to conceive or carry a child to term. Analysis of 150 hours of interview data revealed that the constituent elements of the experience of infertility were ambiguity, temporality, and otherness. The major sources of variation in the infertility experience were race and class.
Change Blindness: Detecting Icon Position Change in Military Information Displays

Designers of military systems, such as Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2), are concerned that “change blindness” may cause users to miss information updates. In the current study, participants monitored an FBCB2 display and reported the changes they detected. Results indicate that participants were not more likely to detect icon position changes (moves), when they were large, 17.5 mm moves (control moves), opposed to when they were gradual moves (a series of 10 smaller, 1.75 mm moves). But, when moves were correctly detected, response times were faster for control moves than they were for gradual moves. These findings may help clarify how attributes of a change (here, gradual vs. control moves) influence change blindness in military information displays.
Microcomputer Programs for the Rand Index of Cluster Similarity

This paper describes a set of four BASIC computer programs for computing the Rand (1971) index of cluster similarity. The routines calculate the unadjusted Rand index; the separate routines are designed to handle problems of different sizes and alternate methods of data storage.
ANALYSIS OF MERISTEMATIC ACTIVITY IN THE ROOT TIP OF MELILOTUS ALBA DESR.

Summary The promeristem of Melilotus alba Desr. consists of two more or less distinct layers of initials. The procambium and cortex are derived from one of these layers, while the root cap and epidermis have a common origin from the second. A diurnal periodicity of divisions exists in root tips of Melilotus, with maxima at 12.00 hours (noon) and 24.00 hours (midnight). Meri-stematic activity extends from the initial region, or promeristem, through the level of maturation of the protophloem. Histochemical and autoradiographic studies of the root apices of M. alba, Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. revealed that the roots of Melilotus lack well-defined quiescent centres, that those of Medicago have large, clearly defined quiescent centres and that, although young Trifolium roots initially lack quiescent centres, such centres eventually develop to include all of the so-called initial layers.
The effect of radiation on film-boilng heat transfer

Abstract An analysis has been performed to determine the extent to which film-boiling heat transfer is affected by thermal radiation. Consideration is given both to the direct radiation between the heated surface and the liquid and to the emission and absorption of radiation in the vapor layer which lies between the surface and the liquid. It is found that the direct surface-to-liquid radiation can appreciably increase the film-boiling heat transfer. A quantitative criterion is deduced which states the conditions under which the effects of surface-to-liquid radiation are significant. The analysis which includes the radiatively-participating vapor involves some uncertainty in that only incomplete information is available on the radiation properties of vapors. In particular, even for steam, the vapor emissivity is not known with any certainty at pressures above 1 atm. The results of the analysis indicate that the effects of a radiatively-participating vapor on heat transfer are negligible within the parameter range investigated.
Vibration control using intelligent Helmholtz resonators

Computer simulations and experiments have show that active and semi-active (adaptive- passive) vibration compensators could be devised modifying the currently available fluidic vibration absorbers. These devices, despite their small size and weight, are currently used to isolate the low frequency high amplitude vibration of relatively massive devices such as engines. They consist of two chambers filled with an inexpensive fluid mixture such as water and anti-freeze which communicate through one or more orifices and an inertia track. The communication through the track is based on the concept of Helmholtz resonance. The lower chamber is separated from the upper chamber by a diaphragm called decoupler. Both semi- active (adaptive-passive) and active control mechanisms, for real-time adjustment of the Helmholtz resonance are discussed in this paper. Real-time manipulation of the inertia track inertance and the position of the decoupler result in semi-active and active control vibration, respectively. We call these novel controllable vibration compensators Intelligent Helmholtz Resonators, IHRs.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hydrogenation of CO and CO2 over iron foils: Correlations of rate, product distribution, and surface composition

Abstract The hydrogenation of CO and CO 2 over polycrystalline iron foils has been investigated under highly controlled conditions (6 atm, 3:1 H 2 :CO, 300 °C). The surface composition of the foil before and after high-pressure reaction was determined by Auger electron spectroscopy. The H 2 CO reaction produced C 1 C 6 hydrocarbons in detectable quantities. In this reaction the initially clean iron surface was rapidly covered by a monolayer of carbonaceous material that appeared to be the active surface. The specific methanation rate on this surface was 1.9 molecules site −1 sec −1 with an activation energy of 27 ± 2 kcal mole −1 . The H 2 CO 2 reaction produced almost exclusively methane (97 mole%) and at a higher rate (10.9 molecules site −1 sec −1 ) than did the H 2 CO reaction. In both the H 2 CO and the H 2 CO 2 reactions the active surfaces were eventually poisoned by excessive deposition of carbon. The carbon-poisoned surfaces produced only methane but at much slower rates than did the active surfaces. Iron, without promoters, appears to be predominantly a methanation catalyst that poisons rapidly by the deposition of multilayers of carbon.
Myoclonus: Relation to Epilepsy

Summary: Myoclonus can be divided into those types which are fragments of epilepsy and those which are non-epileptic. Epileptic myoclonus is viewed as the effect of an isolated spike in neurons of the motor system. Cortical reflex myoclonus is a fragment of partial epilepsy and represents hyperactivity of a focal area of cerebral cortex. Reticular reflex myoclonus is a fragment of generalized epilepsy with hyperactivity of medullary brainstem reticular formation. Primary generalized epileptic myoclonus is a fragment of primary generalized epilepsy and may represent a generalized hyperactive response of cortex to subcortical input.
The Measurement of Textual Coherence with Latent Semantic Analysis.

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is used as a technique for measuring the coherence of texts. By comparing the vectors for 2 adjoining segments of text in a high‐dimensional semantic space, the method provides a characterization of the degree of semantic relatedness between the segments. We illustrate the approach for predicting coherence through reanalyzing sets of texts from 2 studies that manipulated the coherence of texts and assessed readers’ comprehension. The results indicate that the method is able to predict the effect of text coherence on comprehension and is more effective than simple term‐term overlap measures. In this manner, LSA can be applied as an automated method that produces coherence predictions similar to propositional modeling. We describe additional studies investigating the application of LSA to analyzing discourse structure and examine the potential of LSA as a psychological model of coherence effects in text comprehension.
Testing a place-based theory for environmental evaluation: an Alaska case study

Abstract Norton and Hannon (Environmental Ethics, 19(3), (1997), 227) proposed a theory of environmental evaluation based on a commitment to place or ‘sense of place’ wherein the intensity of environmental valuation is discounted from the home perspective across both time and space – a form of geographic discounting. This theory leads to a series of specific, testable scientific hypotheses relating the physical distance of an object from the point of residence to the intensity of value-judgements. Using community-based survey data collected as part of the planning process in the Chugach National Forest in Alaska (USA), this paper examines the statistical and spatial relationships between ecosystem values and respondent-selected locations on the regional landscape. The findings indicate that ecosystem values are not uniformly distributed across the landscape (not completely spatially random) and that some spatial relationships exist between selected ecosystem values and point of residence (community). The policy implications of these findings for natural resource planning and management are discussed, highlighting the importance of community-based environmental analysis.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for bovine mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2

The complete sequence of the cDNA encoding bovine mitochondrial translational initiation factor 2 (IF-2mt) has been obtained by library screening followed by 3'-RACE PCR. The open reading frame for bovine IF-2mt encodes a protein of 727 amino acids. The sequence of bovine IF-2mt exhibits 85% identity to human IF-2mt, but only 38% identity to yeast IF-2mt and 39% identity to Escherichia coli IF-2 alpha.
Saphenous vein biopsy: a predictor of vein graft failure.

Abstract Purpose: To determine why some vein grafts fail, we prospectively studied the relationship between the histologic condition of the greater saphenous vein (GSV) at the time of grafting and subsequent stenosis of the vein graft. Methods: Ninety-four remnant segments of GSVs were obtained at the time of infrainguinal bypass in 91 patients and were perfusion fixed before histologic and ultrastructural examination. All bypass grafts were evaluated clinically and by duplex ultrasonography at regular intervals from 1 to 30 months after operation. All 24 grafts that developed lesions that caused thrombosis (failed grafts) or flow reduction (failing grafts) underwent arteriography and appropriate operative or other interventional correction of the causative lesion. Results: There was no significant difference in the incidence of coronary artery disease, kidney disease, hypertension, or history of smoking in patients with normally functioning and failed or failing grafts. Diabetes occurred with an increased frequency in failed or failing grafts ( p = 0.056). At the time of their insertion, GSVs that subsequently developed significant lesions had thicker walls (0.72 ± 0.33 mm) compared with normally functioning grafts (0.58 ± 21 mm; p p p p Conclusions: We conclude that GSVs with thick and calcified walls or hypercellular intima at the time of grafting are at increased risk of developing intragraft lesions that may lead to graft failure. Frequent duplex ultrasonography surveillance is particularly warranted for such high-risk grafts. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:407-15.)
Effects of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Directed against a Single Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag CTL Epitope on the Course of SIVmac239 Infection

Vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in the control of virus replication in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-challenged and simian-human immunodeficiency virus-challenged macaques. Therefore, we wanted to test the impact that vaccine-induced CTL responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope might have in the absence of other immune responses. By themselves, these strong CTL responses failed to control SIVmac239 replication.
Particle-in-cell calculations cf the electron cloud in the ILC positron damping ring wigglers

The self-consistent code suite WARP-POSINST is being used to study electron cloud effects in the ILC positron damping ring wiggler. WARP is a parallelized, 3D particle-in-cell code which is fully self-consistent for all species. The POSINST models for the production of photoelectrons and secondary electrons are used to calculate electron creation. Mesh refinement and a moving reference frame for the calculation will be used to reduce the computer time needed by several orders of magnitude. We present preliminary results for cloud buildup showing 3D electron effects at the nulls of the vertical wiggler field. First results from a benchmark of WARP-POSINST vs. POSINST are also discussed.
Learning Disabilities Past and Present

Whether any of the learning disabled child's unique ability patterns, learning styles, and behavioral attributes become assets or severe liabilities depends on the nature of the school tasks helshe is expected to accomplish and the settings in which the child studies, lives, and plays. By successfully matching the nature of our learning tasks, teaching strategies and interpersonal interactions to children's strengths and weaknesses, we can do much to enhance their learning and life adjustment. This multidimensional, interactional perspective of learning disabilities originated with our field's pioneers, whose influences live on throughout our current theories, research, and practice. As then, we must now seek unity in our diversity. Much can be learned from different theoretical perspectives, as each adds meaning to observations, guides research and programming efforts, and systematizes knowledge about the complexities that characterize the learning disabled.
Radar clutter mitigation via space-time wavefront adaptive sensing

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) in complex radar propagation and inhomogeneous clutter environments is often precluded because neither the target wavefront is sufficiently known nor is signal-free training data available. In recent work, wavefront adaptive sensing (WAS) was proposed to overcome these challenges by combining minimum variance (MV) adaptive processing and blind source separation (BSS) for distributed sources. In this paper, WAS is compared with conventional BSS and MV processing both analytically and via simulation. In an over- the-horizon radar (OTHR) spread-Doppler clutter environment, WAS is shown to avoid MV signal cancellation at high SNR and poor BSS threshold performance at low SNR.
Injection envelope matching in storage rings

The shape and size of the transverse phase space injected into a storage ring can be deduced from turn-by-turn measurements of the transient behavior of the beam envelope in the ring. Envelope oscillations at 2/spl times/ the /spl beta/-tron frequency indicate the presence of a /spl beta/-mismatch, while envelope oscillations at the /spl beta/-tron frequency are the signature of a dispersion function mismatch. Experiments in injection optimization using synchrotron radiation imaging of the beam and a fast-gated camera at the SLC damping rings are reported.
Argument, institutional process, and human rights sanctions in democratic foreign policy:

When do humanitarian norms lead great powers, especially democracies, to impose sanctions against strategic partners and allies? I argue that answering more specific questions like this in space and time requires constructivists to focus greater attention on institutional and ideational process. Agents are central to policy change. But the ideational and institutional context in which agents build arguments determines when this change is more or less likely. In this vein, I argue that three factors in liberal states — legislatures, the nature of activist pressure, and strategic ideas — explain when humanitarian norms produce sanctions. I demonstrate the argument through a study of US Cold War relations with South Africa, Turkey, and Greece. Among other contributions, this article demonstrates how attention to process can extend the constructivist agenda into a series of new empirical domains and open avenues for contributions to important policy debates.
Methods for recovery of deep terrestrial subsurface sediments for microbiological studies

Methods for the aseptic recovery of sediments from the terrestrial deep subsurface for microbiological analyses are defined. Sediments were recovered from depths > 300 m by rotary drilling techniques using bentonite drilling techniques. Four sampling tools were successfully used and compared for their ability to retrieve different types of subsurface materials. Upon retrieval, sediments were pared and processed under anaerobic conditions in a glove bag. Materials were stored under N2 gas and shipped via overnight express to collaborating investigators. Six quality assurance protocols were incorporated to ensure that appropriate sediments were obtained and to monitor contamination from drilling fluid infringement. Two quality assurance protocols were field-applicable, and four were performed by independent laboratories. The quality assurance protocols provided multiple techniques for detecting 10 mg contamination from drilling fluids·kg−1 sediment. These techniques, which proved appropriate for different types of subsurface sediments, provided samples which were deemed acceptable for microbiological analyses.
Multivitamin supplementation improves hematologic status in HIV-infected women and their children in Tanzania.

Anemia is a frequent complication among HIV-infected persons and is associated with faster disease progression and mortality. We examined the effect of multivitamin supplementation on hemoglobin concentrations and the risk of anemia among HIV-infected pregnant women and their children. HIV-1-infected pregnant women (n = 1078) from Dar es Salaam Tanzania were enrolled in a double-blind trial and provided daily supplements of preformed vitamin A and s-carotene multivitamins (vitamins B C and E) preformed vitamin A and s-carotene + multivitamins or placebo. All women received iron and folate supplements only during pregnancy according to local standard of care. The median follow-up time for hemoglobin measurement for mothers was 57.3 mo [interquartile range (IQR): 28.6-66.8] and for children it was 28.0 mo (IQR: 5.3-41.7). During the whole period hemoglobin concentrations among women who received multivitamins were 0.33 g/dL higher than among women who did not receive multivitamins (P = 0.07). Compared with placebo multivitamin supplementation resulted in a hemoglobin increase of 0.59 g/dL during the first 2 y after enrollment (P = 0.0002). Compared with placebo the children born to mothers who received multivitamins had a reduced risk of anemia. In this group the risk of macrocytic anemia was 63% lower than in the placebo group (relative risk: 0.37: 95% CI: 0.18 0.79; P = 0.01). Multivitamin supplementation provided during pregnancy and in the postpartum period resulted in significant improvements in hematologic status among HIV-infected women and their children which provides further support for the value of multivitamin supplementation in HIV-infected adults. (authors)
Synthesis of diverse dihydropyrimidine-related scaffolds by fluorous benzaldehyde-based Biginelli reaction and post-condensation modifications

Dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones generated from the Biginelli reactions of perfluorooctanesulfonyl-attached benzaldehydes are used as common intermediates for post-condensation modifications such as cycloaddition, Liebeskind–Srogl reaction and Suzuki coupling to form biaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinone, dihydropyrimidine, and thiazolopyrimidine compounds. The high efficiency of the diversity-oriented synthesis is achieved by conducting a multicomponent reaction for improved atom economy, under microwave heating for fast reaction, and with fluorous solid-phase extractions (F-SPE) for ease of purification.
A comparative study of rowing biomechanics

The author describes an instrumentation package that has been developed to collect data for the study of rowing biomechanics. Currently, this system is interfaced with a Concept II rowing ergometer. The system acquires and analyzes handle and footstretcher kinetics as well as handle, limb segment and seat kinetics. Given these measurements, a biomechanical model of ergometer rowing can be developed. The author also presents representative data and results to illustrate the application of this technology to rowing performance assessment. Examples are drawn from a variety of different performance levels. >
The role of MR-PET in abdominal and pelvic oncology.

MR–PET, developed over the past 5 years, is a new tool for identifying and staging cancer treatment. Similar to CT–PET, functional images are superimposed over static images. Despite the complexity of the equipment, MR– PET is now produced by several vendors. It is in place in multiple sites in Europe and North America. In retrospective studies, MR–PET was equal in diagnostic accuracy to CT–PET. It has been reported superior to CT–PET in identification of liver metastases, malignant bone lesions, and accurate assessment of T stage in a mixed tumor population. Large prospective studies have not yet been performed. MR–PET is of particular value in children and young women to avoid ionizing radiation. MR–PET images may be acquired simultaneously using a fused system or sequentially with tables in adjacent rooms. In general, a full-body PET is performed with superimposed 3D gradient echo images with and without administration of Gd chelates. Diffusion images are often performed to determine the activity of small lesions. Additional pulse sequences and imaging planes in tandem with Gd chelates and novel PET tracers provide excellent anatomic and functional imaging in the brain, retroperitoneum, and pelvis. Fusion of ultra-fast MR sequences and PET images obtained during quiet breathing and bone artifact remains problematic. Multiple PET beds may fail to include the organ of interest in the center of the magnetic field. Research continues to resolve these problems. This issue is designed to provide an introduction to the basic physics behind PET/MR, review current literature focusing on diagnosis and staging of cancer, and give advice on implementation of the technology into a busy practice.
A NEW METAZOAN FROM THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN OF UTAH AND THE NATURE OF THE VETULICOLIA

A new metazoan, Skeemella clavula gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Cambrian Pierson Cove Formation of the Drum Mountains, Utah, USA. Skeemella is similar to vetulicolians, but differs from other examples of this group in the relative proportions of the anterior and posterior sections, the large number of divisions, and the elongate bifid termination. The posterior section is arthropodan in character. The similarity of this fossil to vetulicolians throws hypotheses of their deuterostome affinity into question and highlights their problematic sta- tus.
The Energetic Contribution of Induced Electrostatic Asymmetry to DNA Bending by a Site-Specific Protein

Abstract DNA bending can be promoted by reducing the net negative electrostatic potential around phosphates on one face of the DNA, such that electrostatic repulsion among phosphates on the opposite face drives bending toward the less negative surface. To provide the first assessment of energetic contribution to DNA bending when electrostatic asymmetry is induced by a site-specific DNA binding protein, we manipulated the electrostatics in the EcoRV endonuclease–DNA complex by mutation of cationic side chains that contact DNA phosphates and/or by replacement of a selected phosphate in each strand with uncharged methylphosphonate. Reducing the net negative charge at two symmetrically located phosphates on the concave DNA face contributes − 2.3 kcal mol − 1 to − 0.9 kcal mol − 1 (depending on position) to complex formation. In contrast, reducing negative charge on the opposing convex face produces a penalty of + 1.3 kcal mol − 1 . Forster resonance energy transfer experiments show that the extent of axial DNA bending (about 50°) is little affected in modified complexes, implying that modification affects the energetic cost but not the extent of DNA bending. Kinetic studies show that the favorable effects of induced electrostatic asymmetry on equilibrium binding derive primarily from a reduced rate of complex dissociation, suggesting stabilization of the specific complex between protein and markedly bent DNA. A smaller increase in the association rate may suggest that the DNA in the initial encounter complex is mildly bent. The data imply that protein-induced electrostatic asymmetry makes a significant contribution to DNA bending but is not itself sufficient to drive full bending in the specific EcoRV–DNA complex.
The New York Stem Cell Foundation: Accelerating Cures Through Stem Cell Research

Seven years ago, I was inspired by the enormous potential of stem cells to cure diabetes and many other devastating diseases. I saw that the promise of stem cell research stood in stark contrast to the negative federal political climate and the general lack of government support for stem cell research. Several leaders in the field, including Dr. Harold Varmus, Dr. DougMelton, andDr. Paul Nurse, were enthusiastic about this new area.With their encouragement and that of several others, I cofounded the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) in 2005 to use private philanthropy to stimulate stem cell research. NYSCF opened its privately funded stem cell laboratory inNewYork City inMarch 2006 and initially facilitated a collaboration between Columbia University and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Researchers at Harvard had the tools to attempt somatic cell nuclear transfer, but legal restrictions in Massachusettsmade it difficult to perform their research. Moreover, critical types of experiments could not be performed in federally funded laboratories at the universities, so researchers at these two institutions turned to theNYSCF laboratories to carry out this groundbreaking research. NYSCF became known as a laboratory where scientists could conduct cutting-edge human embryonic stem cell research free of federal restrictions. The NYSCF laboratory has become a full research institute and is 12 times as large as when it opened in 2006, employingmore than 40 full-time researchers. The mission of NYSCF is to accelerate cures for major diseases through collaborative stem cell research. We think that stem cells are the most promising medical opportunity of our time and see NYSCF as a critical catalyst for the best scientists in the world to perform the cutting-edge research to find cures and treatments for those we love. The urgency of our mission is particularly personal to me, as one of my sons has type 1 diabetes and I lost my mother and father to cancer and heart disease. Another aspect of NYSCF’s core mission is to expand the field of stem cell research itself. In addition to direct support of research, our Innovators Programprovides fellowships for postdoctoral researchers and for early career investigators. Each fall we convene what has become the preeminent annual translational stem cell research conference.We also conduct awide range of public programs. Because we are primarily privately supported, our ability to fund research and conduct our other programs is unaffected by the frustrating and debilitating cycles of off-again, on-again, offagain NIH support. However, most of our collaborators are not as lucky, and there is no satisfaction for us in continuing toworkwhen somany of our colleagues and collaborators cannot.