cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successes and failures in post-disaster resettlement

In this article I examine the problem of the resettlement of populations after disaster. After considering the complexity of the resettlement process in general and the reasons resettlement is often chosen by authorities following disaster, I discuss a theoretical perspective from development project resettlement which may have relevance for disaster research. This is followed by an examination of those factors in post-disaster resettlement projects which have proved important in affecting successful or unsuccessful outcomes. Site, layout, housing and popular input are presented as crucial issues in the determination of success or failure in post-disaster resettlement. Case material from Turkey, Iran and Peru is presented to illustrate how failure to attend to these issues produces unsuccessful resettlement villages. Case material from Turkey is used to illustrate how attention to these factors improves chances of success in resettlement. Material from cases of voluntary, spontaneous post-disaster resettlement in Guatemala is also presented to underscore the importance of popular participation for successful resettlement despite insufficiencies in design and material inputs. The article ends with a brief consideration of resistance to resettlement and alternative policies.
A Simple Theoretical Model Explains Dynein's Response to Load

Recent experiment showed that cytoplasmic dynein 1, a molecular motor responsible for cargo transport in cells, functions as a gear in response to external load. In the presence of vanishing or small external load, dynein walks with 24- or 32-nm steps, whereas at high external load, its step size is reduced to 8 nm. A simple model is proposed to account for this property of dynein. The model assumes that the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis is used through a loose coupling between the chemical reaction and the translocation of dynein along microtubule. This loose chemomechanical coupling is represented by the loosely coupled motions of dynein along two different reaction coordinates. The first reaction coordinate is tightly coupled to the chemical reaction and describes the protein conformational changes that control the chemical processes, including ATP binding and hydrolysis, and ADP-Pi release. The second coordinate describes the translocation of dynein along microtubule, which is directly subject to the influence of the external load. The model is used to explain the experimental data on the external force dependence of the dynein step size as well as the ATP concentration dependence of the stall force. A number of predictions, such as the external force dependence of speed of translocation, ATP hydrolysis rate, and dynein step sizes, are made based on this theoretical model. This model provides a simple understanding on how a variable chemomechanical coupling ratio can be achieved and used to optimize the biological function of dynein.
Hha Is a Negative Modulator of Transcription of hilA, the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasion Gene Transcriptional Activator

An early step in the establishment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium murine infection is the penetration of the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine. The majority of the genes responsible for the Salmonella invasive phenotype are encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1, and their transcription is controlled by the hilA transcriptional activator. The expression of hilA is regulated by environmental signals including oxygen, osmolarity, pH, and growth phase such that the presence of any one suboptimal condition results in repression of hilA expression and the invasive phenotype. We have conducted a search for negative regulators of hilA by introduction of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium chromosomal DNA gene bank into a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium hilA::Tn5lacZY reporter strain. This screen has identified the hha gene as a regulator that exerts a negative influence on hilA expression. Plasmid-encoded hha significantly reduces hilA::Tn5lacZY chromosomal expression, as well as expression of the invasion genes invF, prgH, and sipC. An hha null mutation results in substantial derepression of both chromosomally encoded and plasmid-encoded hilA::Tn5lacZY expression. Introduction of plasmid-encoded hha into strain SL1344 results in attenuation of invasion using in vitro and in vivo assays. Importantly, purified Hha protein was found to bind to a hilA DNA promoter fragment, suggesting that the regulatory activity of the Hha protein occurs at the hilA promoter. These data add detail to the developing model of the regulation of Salmonella invasion genes.
Parental involvement in diabetes management tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objectives: The goal of this study was to identify parental behaviors that relate to adherence and metabolic control in a population of young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and to understand the interrelationships among the variables of parental involvement, adherence to blood glucose monitoring, and glycemic control. Study design: A cross-sectional design was used to investigate parental involvement in diabetes regimen tasks in 89 youth, aged 10 to l5 years, with IDDM. Levels of parental involvement in blood glucose monitoring (BGM) and insulin administration were evaluated through interviews. Assessment of adherence was made by physicians or nurses, independent of patient or parent reports of adherence. Glycemic control was assessed with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA lc ) (reference range, 4% to 6%). Results: There were significant differences in the mean HbA lc values between the older (13 to 15 years of age) (HbA lc = 8.9% ± 1.03%) and younger (10 to 12 years) patients (HbA lc = 8.4% ± 1.06%) ( p p R 2 = 0.19, p <0.02). Increased frequency of BGM was associated with lower HbA 1c levels. When the frequency of BGM was zero or once a day, the mean HbA 1c level was 9.9% ± 0.44 (SE); when the frequency of BGM was two or three times a day, the mean HbA 1c level was 8.7% ± 0.17; and when the frequency of BGM was four or more times daily, the mean HbA 1c level was 8.3% ± 0.22. Conclusions: Parental involvement in BGM supports more frequent BGM in 10- to 15-year-old patients with IDDM. This increased adherence to BGM is associated with better metabolic control (i.e., lower HbA 1c levels). These findings suggest that encouraging parental involvement in BGM with 10- to 15-year-old patients with IDDM may help to prevent the well-documented deterioration in glycemic control and adherence to treatment that often occurs in later adolescence. (J Pediatr 1997;130:257-65)
NEW FREE RADICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL ROUTES TO PHOSPHONATE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRECURSORS

New photochemical and free radical reactions are applied to the synthesis of dinucleoside 2-phenylallylphosphonates and prenucleotide model vinylphosphonate systems.
Growth of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria and the effect of resuspended bottom sediments

The influence of silt on growth of juvenile hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) (9 mm in mean shell length) was investigated in the laboratory using mixed suspensions of algae (50x106 Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa cells l-1) and fine-grained bottom sediments (0 to 44 mg l-1). Growth rates, expressed as percent increase in ash-free dry tissue weight, were not significantly affected by sediment concentrations up to 25 mg l-1. Significant reduction in growth (by 16% relative to controls fed only algae), and condition of clams, occurred at 44 mg silt l-1. The results of the 3-week growth experiment agree well with predictions made in an earlier study by integrating results of shortterm physiological measurements. Growth rates obtained with experimental algal-silt diets at 21°C (2.6 to 3.3% increase in dry tissue weight d-1) were comparable to those determined at ambient concentrations of Great South Bay particulates at 20°C (0.9 to 4.0% d-1). Levels of particulate inorganic matter in seawater from Great South Bay, New York, exhibited pronounced daily changes, and ranged from 6 to 126 mg dry weight l-1. Growth enhancement by the addition of silt to an algal diet, reported in mussels, surf clams and oysters, was not found in M. mercenaria. It is suggested that these three species are better suited than hard clams for culturing efforts in inshore turbid waters above uncompacted, muddy bottoms.
Investigation of the Effect of Cell Deposition and Declogging on Bioconvection in Porous Media

The mechanisms of deposition and declogging are considered while formulating a new continuum model for bioconvection in a dilute suspension of swimming, gravitactic microorganisms in a porous medium. “Bioconvection” is the name given to pattern-forming convective motions set up in suspensions of swimming microorganisms. “Gravitaxis” means that microorganisms tend to swim against the gravitational force. The aim of this paper is to analyze the collective behavior and pattern formation in populations of swimming microorganisms. The decrease of permeability due to cell adsorption by the porous medium is considered and the influence this permeability decrease has on the development of bioconvection is studied. The existence and stability of a two-dimensional plume in a rectangular chamber with stress-free sidewalls is investigated. Governing equations include the Darcy law as well as the microorganism conservation equation. A conservative finite-difference scheme is utilized to solve these equations numerically. The analysis of the proposed model reveals that major factors that affect the development of bioconvection are the initial permeability of the porous medium and the rate of cell deposition. For small permeability, the resistance to the fluid flow is too large, and bioconvection does not develop. If the rate of cell deposition is too large, the number of suspended cells quickly becomes too small because of the capturing of cells by the porous medium. For this reason the critical density difference in the top fluid layer cannot be reached, and bioconvection does not develop.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
THE INHIBITION OF LACTATION DURING THE PUERPERIUM BY TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE

The experimental inhibition of lactation in the rodent has been accomplished by the injection of hormones. The inhibitory effect of crystalline estrone on lactation in mice has been demonstrated by de Jongh (1) and Robson (2). Anterior pituitary-like hormone has been shown to inhibit milk secretion in normal lactating mice by Enzmann and Pincus (3) and in normal and ovariectomized lactating mice by de Jongh (4). Selye, Collip and Thompson (5) administered APL and pig pituitary extract on the 3rd or 4th day after initiation of milk secretion in rats, and observed an immediate inhibitory effect on lactation, which they suggest is exerted through the hypophysis rather than directly on the mammary glands. The effect of APL was also confirmed by Connon (6). Robson (7) demonstrated that crystalline preparations of testosterone and testosterone propionate inhibited lactation in mice whereas androsterone did not. Suckling and maternal care were not diminished. Folley and Kon (8)
Synthesis of azulene from 6-acyloxyfulvenes

Abstract The 6-acetoxy, tosyloxy, and p-nitrobenzoyloxy derivatives of fulvene undergo [6+4] cycloadditions with 1-diethylaminobutadiene to give azulene in 12, 14, and 68% yield, respectively. The p-nitrobenzoyloxyfulvene is a crystalline, stable substance which is highly reactive towards nucleophilic dienes.
Type II superconductivity: Quest for understanding

By 1941, many of the essential experimental features of type II superconductivity had already been observed (de Haas and Voogd, Shubnikov et al., Keesom and Desirant). Moreover, truly remarkable progress had been made toward theoretical understanding based on negative interphase surface energy considerations (Gorter, H. London). However, a competing explanation, the filamentary sponge model, was proposed (Mendelssohn) in all attempt to explain magnetic hysteresis effects which tended to obscure the intrinsic thermodynamic character of type II superconductivity. This filamentary sponge model is now known to be of only very restricted applicability, but for more than two decades it enjoyed wide acceptance, so much so, that when the ultimate theoretical basis for type II superconductivity was formulated in the 1950's (Ginzburg and Landau, Abrikosov, Gorkov (GLAG)), it was largely ignored. With the discovery of the practical supermagnet potential of type II superconductors (Yntema, Kunzler et al.), interest in achieving deeper understanding of-high-magnetic-field superconductivity was reawakened. Only then was the power of the GLAG formalism very belatedly recognized, both with respect to near-ideal type II superconductors (Goodman) and with respect to non-ideal materials of technical interest (Berlincourt and Hake). Rapid experimental and theoretical progress followed on a number of significant aspects, including flux trapping, flux creep, and flux flow (Yntema, Anderson, Kim, Hempstead, Strnad), and surface superconductivity (Saint-James and de Gennes). Indirect "observation" of Abrikosov's vortex lattice was soon accomplished by neutron scattering techniques (Cribier et al.) and by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (Pincus et al.). Finally, a more direct magnetic decoration technique (Essmann and Trouble) yielded remarkably graphic and incontrovertible pictoral confirmation of the Abrikosov vortex lattice.
THE HANDBOOK OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS

THE HANDBOOK OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS. Alan Davies and Catherine Elder (Eds.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Pp. x + 866. $146.95 cloth.Davies and Elder's volume is the latest in the Blackwell series of Handbooks in Linguistics. In this volume, the editors compile over 30 newly commissioned, well-written, and comprehensive articles that provide an in-depth view of the field of applied linguistics. Unlike Cook's (2003) recent introduction to applied linguistics for nonspecialists, the Davies and Elder volume shares the same intended audience—students and researchers in applied linguistics, language teaching, and SLA—as the works of McCarthy (2001), McDonough (2002), and Seidlhofer (2003). Because of its comprehensive nature, this volume would best serve as a reference tool for SLA scholars and applied linguists rather than as a course text.
Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: An adjoint model sensitivity study

[1] We use the adjoint of a global model of coupled oceanic cycles of carbon, phosphorus and iron to comprehensively and efficiently map the sensitivity of global biological productivity and air-sea carbon fluxes to local perturbations of the atmospheric iron source sustained for a decade or more. Modeled productivity and carbon flux are found to be most sensitive to enhanced iron sources in high nitrate low chlorophyll regions. The relative response of productivity to an enhanced iron source is greatest in the Equatorial Pacific. Although surface macro-nutrients are more abundant in the Southern Ocean, nutrient utilization here is critically regulated by light limitation. Our results differ from those of previous studies which imposed depletion of surface nutrients and ignore the availability of light. However, the enhancement of oceanic carbon storage per unit increase in productivity is strongest in the high latitude oceans.
E-Spirituality: Spirituality at The Confluence of Affect and Technology

For this paper, a new construct, e-spirituality, is introduced by developing a model that treats e-spirituality as the confluence of spirituality and affect as they manifest themselves and are shaped by the contextual characteristics of the virtual workplace. After an introduction of organizations as spiritual and emotional arenas, I propose the theoretical foundations for an emotional basis of spirituality drawing on research that has examined the relationship between affect and religion as well as on positive emotions such as love, humility, gratitude and joy that have evolved from the positive psychology movement. A discussion of the defining features of technology and the virtual workplace follows from which reciprocal relationships between spirituality, emotion and context, as defined by technologies, are hypothesized. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of spiritual communities in cyberspace and outlines some directions for future research on e-spirituality.
The Problem of Unconceived Objections

In this paper, I argue that, just as the problem of unconceived alternatives provides a basis for a New Induction on the History of Science to the effect that a realist view of science is unwarranted, the problem of unconceived objections provides a basis for a New Induction on the History of Philosophy to the effect that a realist view of philosophy is unwarranted. I raise this problem not only for skepticism’s sake but also for the sake of making a point about philosophical argumentation, namely, that anticipating objections to one’s claim is not the same as supporting one’s claim. In other words, defending p from objections does not amount to support or evidence for p. This, in turn, presents dialectical and pragma-dialectical approaches to argumentation with the following question: does proper argumentation require that arguers anticipate and respond to unconceived objections?
Shortcuts and checkpoints on the road to skilled movement

A split second late or a few inches off the mark, and few would remember. Instead, running with his back to the ball, Willie Mays extended his arm and placed his glove squarely under the 420-foot center field drive. The New York Giants win Game 1 of the 1954 World Series, and Mays, his glove, and “The Catch” earn their place in history.
An Approach to Multi-core Functional Gate-Level Simulation Minimizing Synchronization and Communication Overheads

This paper addresses performance issues encountered in parallel functional gate-level simulation executed on multi-core machine. It demonstrates that a straightforward application of the multi-core simulation on a multi-core machine does not improve simulation performance. This is due to unbalanced partitioning, lack of sufficient concurrency in the design partitions, overhead due to communication between partitions, and synchronization overhead imposed by the simulator. We propose, implement and automate a generic (partitioning-independent) prediction-based solution to eliminate or minimize communication and synchronization overhead in an event-driven functional gate-level simulation on a multi-core machine. We demonstrate speedup obtained with this method on a set of real Opensource designs.
Association of elevated levels of protein kinase C‐ζ mrna and protein with murine B‐lymphocytic neoplasia

Expression of mRNA for protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, -beta, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, -zeta, and -eta has been shown, by polymerase chain reaction-generated isozyme-specific probes, to be cell-type -and differentiation-stage-specific in mouse hemopoietic cells. Recently, we cloned a 2.2-kb mouse PKC -zeta cDNA. In this study, we used the nearly full-length cDNA PKC-zeta probe to demonstrate that expression of PKC-zeta was significantly elevated in lymphocytic neoplasms at both the mRNA and protein levels. Normal brain, kidney, and liver contain 2.4- and 4.4-kb mRNAs, whereas normal lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes) express barely detectable amounts of PKC-zeta. These vanishingly small levels of PKC-zeta mRNA did not increase when polyclonal spleen B-cell proliferation and differentiation were induced in vivo with anti-immunoglobulin D antiserum or in vitro with lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, 2.4-kb transcripts of PKC-zeta are abundant in virtually all neoplastic B-lymphocytic cell lines. Furthermore, additional transcripts of a novel size, about 7 and 8 kb, were found in several mature B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. Western blot analysis of protein extracts from normal B cells and hemopoietic tumors confirmed that these quantitative differences in PKC-zeta mRNA also exist at the protein level. That is, only trace amounts of PKC-zeta protein were detectable in pro-B cells and pre-B cells, but abundant amounts of this isoform were found in protein extracts from most B-cell lymphomas and plasma cell tumors. These findings suggest that this atypical member of the PKC multigene family participate in the multistep process of malignant transformation of lymphocytes.
Exploring outdoor appearance changes with transient scene attributes

The appearance of outdoor scenes changes dramatically with lighting and weather conditions, time of day, and season. We relate visual changes to scene attributes, which are human-nameable concepts used for high-level description of scenes. They carry semantic meaning and are more flexible than a categorical representation of scenes. While the discriminative scene attributes proposed in [Patterson and Hays 2012] distinguish scenes from each other, we focus on transient attributes which describe changes in appearance within each scene under real-world conditions.
Mass Transport in Deep-Water Waves

Abstract The problem of mass transport induced by monochromatic waves in a viscous fluid of infinite depth and infinite lateral extent is examined. The fluid viscosity is assumed constant and the effects of Coriolis force and a nonzero surface shear stress are incorporated in the analysis. The solution shows the wave-induced surface drift to be finite, thus eliminating the apparent paradox of an infinite wave-induced surface drift predicted by Longuet-Higgins' classical solution. The nature of the present solution depends on the ratio of the Ekman depth δ to the wavelength L. The combined wind- and wave-induced drift velocity is found to be composed of a classical Ekman current and a wave-associated mass transport current. For large values of δ/L the wave-associated mass transport current is a superposition of Stokes' mass transport and the shear current arising from the unbalanced surface velocity gradient predicted by Longuet-Higgins' mass transport theory. For small values of δ/L the wave-associated ma...
Doppler Flow Velocity Patterns of the Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Hepatic Vein, Coronary Sinus, and Atrial Septal Defect: A Guide for the Echocardiographer

Pulsed-wave Doppler provides the echocardiographer the advantage of range resolution; confusion as to the source of Doppler shift information is unusual. One area of the heart that may lead to interpretive difficulties, however, is the right atrium because the right atrium receives blood flow from three venous sources and from the left atrium when an atrial septal defect is present. Our article presents information on the normal pulsed-wave Doppler spectral displays for the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, hepatic vein, and coronary sinus. Because it is clinically pertinent, methods on how to differentiate these normal venous flow patterns from atrial septal defect flow will be emphasized.
Roger de Chabannes (d. 1025), cantor of St Martial, Limoges*

We know only two things with certainty about the life of Roger de Chabannes. He was a monk at the abbey of St Martial in Limoges by the year 1010, at which time he served as the teacher of his nephew, Ademar de Chabannes. And when he died, on 26 April 1025, he held the position of the abbey's cantor. Both pieces of information come to us from Ademar, monk at St Cybard in Angouleme, historian, homilist and tempestuous polemicist in the campaign to win recognition for St Martial as an apostle. Other evidence, which also may well originate from Ademar, attests to Roger's death date and office.
A Novel Low Phase Noise Multiple-Device Oscillator Based on the Extended Resonance Technique

In this paper, a new multiple-device oscillator that can provide low phase noise as well as power combination is proposed. The proposed multiple-device oscillator based on extended resonance technique can achieve considerably lower phase noise beyond 1/N predicted reduction. This phase noise reduction is achieved by maximizing group delay in the extended resonance power combining circuits through the optimized transformation of the device gate and drain admittance at each stage. The experimental results show that the phase noise of the four-device extended resonance oscillator is ?128 dBc at 1MHz offset frequency, which is a 22 dB improvement over the single-device free running oscillator.
Influence of Dietary Fat and Choline on Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol in the Laying Chicken

Abstract SEVERAL dietary components have been shown to affect serum cholesterol concentrations in a wide variety of species. Conclusions have varied regarding the effect of dietary fat of animal origin on the one hand and of a plant origin on the other. Human studies (Kinsell et al., 1953; Ahrens et al., 1954; Beveridge et al., 1956; Bronte-Stewart et al., 1956; and Anderson et al., 1957) have shown that low serum cholesterol levels are obtained by feeding certain vegetable oils. Fisher and Leveille (1957) reported that, in a short term experiment with laying hens, blood cholesterol levels were found to be decreased by 20 percent of dietary linseed, sunflower and soybean oils, but not by tallow. The effect of these fats on fatty acid composition of eggs was studied by the same workers, and it was observed that the cholesterol content of egg fat was essentially unchanged by alterations in the fatty …
The use of curved segments for numerically modeling thin wire antennas and scatterers

To reduce the number of segments required to model curved wire structures, a method of moments formulation using curved wire segments is presented. Piecewise quadratic wire segments are used to discretize the wire geometry. This algorithm is used to analyze a small wire loop antenna and multiple-arm Archimedian spiral antenna. For each example, a comparison is made between results obtained using this quadratic segment algorithm and a linear segment algorithm. These examples demonstrate that the memory required is significantly reduced and a reduction in the solution time is achieved when quadratic segments are used. >
Towards a national collaboratory: an Internet file system

Jade is a distributed file system that provides a uniform way to name and access files in an Internet environment. It makes three important contributions. First, Jade integrates a heterogeneous collection of existing file systems, where heterogeneous means that the underlying physical file systems support different file access protocols. It is designed under the restriction that the underlying file systems may not be modified. Secondly, the system is partitioned into a collection of per-user, autonomous, well-balanced, logical file systems, each of which consists of a set of physical file systems and a dedicated private, logical name space. Finally, the author presents a global, Internet-wide name space that is built on top of Jade without any modification of the file system. >
Glutamine protects intestinal epithelial cells: role of inducible HSP70

Glutamine (Gln) protects gut mucosa against injury and promotes mucosal healing. Because the induction of heat shock proteins (HSP) protects cells under conditions of stress, we determined whether Gln conferred protection against stress in an intestinal epithelial cell line through HSP induction. Gln added to IEC-18 cells induces an increase in HSP70, a concentration-dependent effect also seen with mRNA. Two forms of injury, lethal heat (49 degrees C) and oxidant, were used, and viability was determined by 51Cr release. Gln-treated cells were significantly more resistant to injury. Treatment with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), a nonmetabolizable analog of Gln, induced HSP70 and protected cells from injury, but less than Gln. These findings suggest that the effects of Gln on HSP70 induction and cellular protection are mediated by metabolic and nonmetabolic mechanisms. To determine whether HSP induction was central to the action of Gln and DON, quercetin, which blocks HSP induction, was used. Quercetin blocked HSP70 induction and the protective effect of Gln and DON. We conclude that the protective effects of Gln in intestinal epithelial cells are in part mediated by HSP70 induction.
Overexpression of Stably Transfected Human Glutathione S-Transferase P1–1 Protects against DNA Damage by Benzo[a]pyrene Diol-Epoxide in Human T47D Cells

The (1)-anti enantiomer of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol9,10-epoxide (BPDE) is a potent mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and a major fraction is conjugated with glutathione in vivo. The chemopreventive role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in protecting against covalent modification of DNA and other cellular macromolecules by BPDE was modeled in human T47D and MCF-7 cell lines previously stably transfected with human GSTp1 (hGSTP1). Cells were exposed to [ 3 H]BPDE (30 ‐ 600 nM). Dose-response experiments indicated that the high level of expression of hGSTP1‐1 in the T47Dp cell line (4411 6 183 milliunits/mg of cytosolic protein, using 1-Cl-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate), resulted in 70 ‐90% reduction in the covalent 3 H-adduct formation in DNA or RNA isolated from the GSTP1-transfected T47Dp cell line. The lower level of hGSTP1‐1 expression in the transfected MCF-7 cell line (91 milliunits/mg) provided only marginal protection against [ 3 H]BPDE adduct formation and did not affect sensitivity to BPDE-induced cytotoxicity. Protection against BPDE-induced cytotoxicity was observed only in the T47Dp cell line, which had an IC50 value 5.8-fold greater than that of the T47Dneo control cell line. Measurement of glutathione conjugates of BPDE indicated that the total conjugation was 5-fold higher in the GSTp-transfected T47D line, most of which was exported into the culture medium over the 20-min exposure period. These results indicate that hGSTP1‐1 protects effectively against DNA and RNA modification by BPDE, but moderate to high level expression may be required for strong protection against BPDE-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
Multiple endocrine neoplasias.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1), and the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial non-MEN medullary thyroid carcinoma [FMTC]) encompass a wide range of endocrine problems, but arise from only two genes: the MEN 1 tumor suppressor gene and the RET proto-oncogene. MEN 1 is characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreaticoduodenal neuroendocrine tumors (PNTs), and pituitary adenomas. Surgery is the principal treatment modality for hyperparathyroidism and PNTs, but questions still remain concerning the timing and extent of surgery for PNTs. The MEN 2 syndromes are characterized by complete penetrance of medullary thyroid cancer. The MEN 2 syndromes differ in their variable expression of hyperparathyroidism, pheochromocytomas, and other clinical features. Genetic testing for mutations in the RET gene has revolutionized treatment by enabling thyroidectomies before significant disease occurs. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 18:324–332, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scenario-based design: A method for connecting information system design with public health operations and emergency management

Responding to public health emergencies requires rapid and accurate assessment of workforce availability under adverse and changing circumstances. However, public health information systems to support resource management during both routine and emergency operations are currently lacking. We applied scenario-based design as an approach to engage public health practitioners in the creation and validation of an information design to support routine and emergency public health activities. Methods: Using semi-structured interviews we identified the information needs and activities of senior public health managers of a large municipal health department during routine and emergency operations. Results: Interview analysis identified 25 information needs for public health operations management. The identified information needs were used in conjunction with scenario-based design to create 25 scenarios of use and a public health manager persona. Scenarios of use and persona were validated and modified based on follow-up surveys with study participants. Scenarios were used to test and gain feedback on a pilot information system. Conclusion: The method of scenario-based design was applied to represent the resource management needs of senior-level public health managers under routine and disaster settings. Scenario-based design can be a useful tool for engaging public health practitioners in the design process and to validate an information system design.
Cancer Genetics in Primary Care

Primary care physicians are in a unique position to apply recent advances in cancer genetics to the improved care of their patients. Although the impact of our burgeoning knowledge in this area is significant and growing, it is often incompletely understood by the general practitioner. In this article we review the genetic basis of cancer and focus attention on inherited forms of cancer using breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2) as examples. Specific attributes of family and personal history are the most significant indicators of an increased risk of cancer in the individual patient. Genetic testing can be used to further assess risk and guide strategies for cancer screening, prevention, and treatment. However, the decision of whether to pursue genetic testing and the interpretation of results are complex. We review factors involved in these decisions as well as the implications, risks, and benefits of genetic testing for the individual and the family.
A model for hot-electron-induced MOSFET linear-current degradation based on mobility reduction due to interface-state generation

A simple model for the hot-electron degradation of MOSFET linear-current drive is developed on the basis of the reduction of the inversion-layer mobility due to the generation of interface states. The model can explain the observed dependence of the device hot-electron lifetime on the effective channel length and oxide thickness by taking into account both the relative nonscalability of the localized damage region and the dependence of the linear-current degradation on the effective vertical electric field E/sub eff/. The model is verified for deep-submicrometer non-LDD n-channel MOSFETs with L/sub eff/=0.2-1.5 mu m and T/sub ox/=3.6-21.0 nm. From the correlation between linear-current and charge-pumping degradation, the scattering coefficient alpha , which relates the number of generated interface states to the corresponding amount of inversion-layer mobility reduction, can be extracted and its dependence on E/sub eff/ determined. Using this linear-current degradation model, existing hot-electron lifetime prediction models are modified to account explicitly for the effects of L/sub eff/ and T/sub ox/. >
Distributed operating systems based on a protected global virtual address space

With the advent of the 64-bit microprocessor, the virtual address space supported by a workstation will be large enough to permit the use of a single shared address space spanning a network of workstations as the primary abstraction provided by a distributed operating system. In such a system, built upon a software distributed shared memory, the programmer has considerable flexibility when choosing a mechanism for interprocess communication. This flexibility permits the programmer to make a case-by-case choice between simplicity and performance when both goals are not simultaneously achievable. With the inclusion of mechanisms supporting protection and fault tolerance, it is believed that such a system can provide the advantages of conventional message-based distributed operating systems, in addition to several other benefits e.g. easy sharing of complex data structures between processes, transparent replication of server functions, and a uniform interface for all communication. >
Prior probability (the pretest best guess) affects predictive values of diagnostic tests.

: Authors who publish evaluations of dichotomous (yes/no) diagnostic tests often include the predictive values of their test at a single prior probability (eg, the prevalence of the target disease within the evaluation data set). The objectives of this technical note are to demonstrate why single-probability predictive values are misleading and to show a better way to display positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for a newly evaluated test. Secondly, this technical note will show readers how to calculate predictive values from only sensitivity and specificity for any desired prior probability. As prior probability increases from 0% to 100%, PPV increases from 0% to 100%, but NPV goes in the opposite direction (drops from 100% to 0%). Because prior probabilities vary so greatly across situations, predictive values should be provided in publications for the full range of potential prior probabilities (if provided at all). This is easily done with a 2-curve graph displaying the predictive values (y-axis) against the prior probability (x-axis).
Maximal diagnosis of interconnects of random access memories

This paper presents an approach for the maximal diagnosis of all faults (stuck-at, open and short) in the interconnect of a random access memory (RAM); the interconnect includes data and address lines. This approach accomplishes maximal diagnosis under a complex model in which the lines in the interconnect of the RAM are involved in multiple faults simultaneously. The proposed algorithm (referred to as the Improved Maximal Diagnosis Algorithm, or IMDA) requires max{n,m-I}+n+3 WRITE and max{n,m}+2n READ, where n is the number of address lines and m is the number of data lines.
Causes and consequences of chronic kidney disease: implications for managed health care.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem that often goes unrecognized until late-stage disease. In the United States, nearly 20 million people have CKD, and this number is likely to grow as the population ages and the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension rises. With $28 billion currently spent on end-stage renal disease care in the United States and with the rapidly expanding dialysis population, it is essential to actively address this epidemic, both by reducing the number of patients who reach kidney failure and by decreasing morbidity and mortality among those with early-stage CKD. OBJECTIVE: To review the burden of CKD and its comorbidities on patients, physicians, and payers and discuss the potential benefits to individual patients and society of identifying and treating earlier stages of CKD. CONCLUSION: Major steps in dealing with the CKD epidemic are (1) identifying individuals at risk for and with earlier stages of CKD, (2) initiating therapies to slow progress...
State Implementation of National Water Quality Policy Policy Theory, Policy Streams, and (Un)Intended Consequences

The State Revolving Fund program represents a major shift in the ways governments address water quality needs. Using John Kingdon’s concept of policy streams, this study examines the formal targeting mechanisms employed by states to meet these goals and whether use of these mechanisms actually results in a greater percentage of program resources allocated to the targeted communities. The findings include the following: (a) targeting mechanisms are not widely used in states, (b) targeting makes little difference in the patterns of resource distribution to potential classes of communities, and (c) Kingdon’s notion of policy streams provides a useful heuristic to understand changes in implementation over time.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Role in Infant Health

Human breast milk is widely considered the optimal nutrition for the newborn infant. Aside from providing the neonate with the nutritional needs for growth and development, breast milk also contains a plethora of bioactive factors that promote health and offer protection from infections. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), unconjugated, complex carbohydrates, are present in human milk at 10–20 g/L, a concentration only surpassed by lactose (Lac) and lipids, and often higher than that of total protein. Bovine milk, the basis of most infant formula, is a scarce source of oligosaccharides, which are also structurally different and less complex. High abundance and structural complexity of HMO are unique to human milk, raising questions about their biological roles and potential benefits for the human infant.
A Fast Coalition Structure Search Algorithm for Modular Robot Reconfiguration Planning under Uncertainty

We consider the problem of reconfiguration planning in modular robots. Current techniques for reconfiguration planning usually specify the destination configuration for a modular robot explicitly.We posit that in uncertain environments the desirable configuration for a modular robot is not known beforehand and has to be determined dynamically. In this paper, we consider this problem of how to identify a new ‘best’ configuration when a modular robot is unable to continue operating efficiently in its current configuration.We build on a technique that enumerates all the possible partitions of a set of modules requiring reconfiguring as a coalition structure graph (CSG) and finds the ‘best’ node in that graph. We propose a new data structure called an uncertain CSG (UCSG) that augments the CSG to handle uncertainty originating from the motion and performance of the robot. We then propose a new search algorithm called search UCSG that intelligently prunes nodes from the UCSG using a modified branch and bound technique. Experimental results show that our algorithm is able to find a node that is within a worst bound of 80% of the optimal or best node in the UCSG while exploring only half the nodes in the UCSG. The time taken by our algorithm in terms of the number of nodes explored is also consistently lower than existing algorithms (that do not model uncertainty) for searching a CSG.
Family planning and the primary care physician

Family planning has become an important issue in modern life. The physician must be prepared to advise patients on the advantages and risks of both old and new methods and to determine which method is most acceptable and will therefore be most effective.
Auxiliary-field-based trial wave functions in quantum Monte Carlo calculations

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) algorithms have long relied on Jastrow factors to incorporate dynamic correlation into trial wave functions. While Jastrow-type wave functions have been widely employed in real-space algorithms, they have seen limited use in second-quantized QMC methods, particularly in projection methods that involve a stochastic evolution of the wave function in imaginary time. Here we propose a scheme for generating Jastrow-type correlated trial wave functions for auxiliary-field QMC methods. The method is based on decoupling the two-body Jastrow into one-body projectors coupled to auxiliary fields, which then operate on a single determinant to produce a multideterminant trial wave function. We demonstrate that intelligent sampling of the most significant determinants in this expansion can produce compact trial wave functions that reduce errors in the calculated energies. Our technique may be readily generalized to accommodate a wide range of two-body Jastrow factors and applied to a variety of model and chemical systems.
Chemical Spray Pyrolysis of Complex Thin Solid Films

Chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) is a technique in which compounds of the constituents of the thin film to be fabricated are dissolved in an aqueous solution which is subsequently sprayed onto a heated substrate using nitrogen as the atomizing gas. At relatively low substrate temperatures (150-400°C) chemical reactions take place in which film formation of the desired compound occurs concomitantly with the release of volatile chemical reactants. The technique has advantages that include: (1) simplicity, (2) low cost and simple equipment, (3) the ability to prepare films over large areas with various shapes with relative ease and (4) the possibility of varying the physical properties through chemical means in known ways at modest temperatures. Results on the preparation of CuInSe2 which is a defect dominated semiconductor of technological interest are presented. Both n- and p- type materials were prepared with resistivities varying from 10-2-104 ohm-cm illustrating the use of the control of solution chemistry to produce films with reproducibly controlled properties.
A new genus, filobasidiella, the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans.

(1975). A New Genus, Filobasidiella, The Perfect State of Cryptococcus Neoformans. Mycologia: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1197-1200.
Ambassador Henry Morgenthau's Special Mission of 1917

Attempts to explain world politics in terms of the clashes of sharply defined national interests have an air of unreality. This is because of the unequal interest of groups of the population in any particular course of official action. The little known and obscure, but historically important episode with which this article deals, describes the impact of one influential private group on foreign policy, even after the President of the United States had made an official determination of policy. It also throws light on the way in which a private group can operate through and with a foreign government, whose interests are parallel to its own, to change the direction of American policy. Similarly it illustrates how a foreign government can mould its relations with the United States (or with most countries) by developing a policy with a special appeal to particularly influential groups in that country.
Management of advanced germ cell cancer in patients with unfavorable prognosis

Advanced germ cell cancer can be cured in most patients using chemotherapy with or without surgery. A small fraction of patients with nonseminomatous tumors (NSGCT) and an even smaller percentage of seminoma patients are destined to have a less favorable outcome, due to an inadequate response to first-line chemotherapy (failure to achieve remission, finding of residual viable carcinoma at post-chemotherapy surgery, or relapse after achieving a remission). Despite the apparent salvage potential for regimens containing ifosfamide or paclitaxel, no proof exists that such combinations are superior to the standard regimen of four cycles of cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (PEB) in the front-line therapy of patients with advanced NSGCT. Other modifications of first-line therapy, such as the addition of paclitaxel or the use of escalated doses of cisplatin, also have failed to increase the cure rate. The use of single or tandem cycles of high-dose chemotherapy (HDT with autologous hematopoietic cell transplant [aHCT]) in various settings (for selected patients with poor prognostic features before therapy, patients predicted to have a poor outcome based on the rate of serum tumor marker decline while on therapy, and patients in relapse or failure to achieve adequate response to standard therapy) has been evaluated in many phase II and a limited number of phase III trials, which are summarized in this review. Important questions that remain to be answered include the role of new agents and the use of more sophisticated techniques to understand prognostic and predictive factors in selecting therapy for GCT.