cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization for buckling loads of grid stiffened composite panels

An improved smeared method is developed to model the buckling problem of an isogrid stiffened composite cylinder. In this model the stiffness contributions of the stiffeners is computed by analyzing the force and moment effect of the stiffener on a unit cell. The equivalent stiffness of the stiffener/shell panel is computed by superimposing the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners and the shell. The equivalent stiffness parameters are then used to calculate the buckling load of the stiffened cylinder. A 3-D finite-elements model is also built that takes into consideration the exact geometric configuration and the orthotropic properties of the stiffeners and the shell. Experimental analysis is also performed to compliment the two analytical methods used to determine the buckling load of the stiffened cylinder. Results of the three types of analyses methods are compared. Finally a parametric study is carried out and general conclusions are drawn regarding optimum configurations of the different parameters of the grid-stiffened cylinder.
Seeing by feeling : Virtues, skills, and moral perception

Champions of virtue ethics frequently appeal to moral perception: the notion that virtuous people can “see” what to do. According to a traditional account of virtue, the cultivation of proper feeling through imitation and habituation issues in a sensitivity to reasons to act. Thus, we learn to see what to do by coming to feel the demands of courage, kindness, and the like. But virtue ethics also claims superiority over other theories that adopt a perceptual moral epistemology, such as intuitionism – which John McDowell criticizes for illicitly “borrow[ing] the epistemological credentials” of perception. In this paper, I suggest that the most promising way for virtue ethics to use perceptual metaphors innocuously is by adopting a skill model of virtue, on which the virtues are modeled on forms of practical know-how. Yet I contend that this model is double-edged for virtue ethics. The skill model belies some central ambitions and dogmas of the traditional view, especially its most idealized claims about virtue and the virtuous. While this may be a cost that its champions are unprepared to pay, I suggest that virtue ethics would do well to embrace a more realistic moral psychology and a correspondingly less sublime conception of virtue.
Universal vortex-state Hall conductivity of single crystals with differing correlated disorder

The vortex-state Hall conductivity ([sigma][sub]xy) of YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals in the anomalous-sign-reversal region is found to be independent of the density and orientation of the correlated disorder. After the anisotropic-to-isotropic scaling transformation is carried out, a universal scaled Hall conductivity [sigma][bar][sub]xy is obtained as a function of the reduced temperature (T/T[sub]c) and scaled magnetic field strength (H[bar]) for five samples with different densities and orientation of controlled defects. The transport scattering times {tau], derived from applying the model given by Feigel'man et al (Feigel'man M V, Geshkenbein V B, Larkin A I and Vinokur V M 1995 Pis. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 62 811 (Engl. Transl. 1995 JETP Lett. 62 835)) to the universal Hall conductivity [sigma bar](T/T[sub]c, H[bar]), are consistent in magnitude with those derived from other measurements for quasiparticle scattering, and are much smaller than the thermal relaxation time of vortex displacement and than the vortex–defect interaction time. Our experimental results and analyses therefore suggest that the anomalous sign reversal in the vortex-state Hall conductivity is associated with the intrinsic properties of type-II superconductors, rather than extrinsic disorder effects.
Hemostatic efficacy of a novel, PEG-coated collagen pad in clinically relevant animal models

Abstract Purpose : Currently available hemostatic pads are effective in treating oozing bleeds, but otherwise ineffective in more severe bleeding. This study investigates the hemostatic efficacy of a new hemostatic pad with advanced sealing properties using protein-reactive polyethylene glycol-coated collagen (PCC, Hemopatch) versus an oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC, Tabotamp/Surgicel Original) in a leporine arterial bleeding model of vascular reconstruction and a porcine hepatic model of general surgery. Methods : In both models, paired lesions were created and treated according to a randomized scheme and evaluated up to 10 min after application (40 lesions/group/model). Arterial needle holes were created in the femoral arteries of anesthetized rabbits and hepatic lesions were created into hepatic parenchyma of anesthetized pigs. Both models were heparinized to mimic clinical comorbidity. Results : In the leporine vascular surgical model, PCC provided superior hemostatic success compared to ORC at 2 min (Odds Ratio of Success: 85, 95% CI: 25.8–282) and similar hemostatic success at 10 min. In the porcine hepatic model, PCC provided superior hemostatic success compared to ORC at 2 (98 vs 55%, P P P P Discussion : PCC provided 75.4% greater hemostatic success at 2 min in the arterial model and was at least 100 times more likely to be hemostat effective at 2 min in the hepatic model than ORC. Conclusions : PCC provided faster hemostasis than ORC in a vascular and hepatic surgical model with impaired coagulation.
The ultrastructure of leukocyte emigration through the sulcular epithelium in the beagle dog.

An electron microscopic investigation of chronically inflamed beagle gingiva has been carried out in order to gain some insight into the pathogenesis of gingival destruction. Chronically inflamed sulcular epithelium was characterized by the presence of numerous polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes within the intercellular spaces. Many neutrophils were observed to have disrupted cell membranes with a consequent extrusion of cytoplasmic contents including lysosomal granules. The emigration of neutrophils through the epithelium was coincident with a marked decrease in epithelial cell-to-cell contacts such as desmosomes and tight junctions. In addition, the affected intercellular spaces were usually dilated and contained glycogen, granular precipitate and free lysosomal particles. The epithelial cells of inflamed sulcular epithelium contained altered tonofibrils. increased amounts of glycogen and accumulations of lipid droplets. It is suggested that the emigration of large numbers of neutrophils in response to chemotactic stimuli originating from the sulcus may damage the normal cell-to-cell relationship of the sulcular epithelium resulting in altered cell differentiation and widened intercellular spaces.
Social conflict and the neoliberal city: a case of Hindu–Muslim violence in India

In an era of globalisation the ‘global’ is very much implicated in the ‘local’. Local events like conflicts therefore need to be understood in the context of the dynamics of globalisation. This paper argues that neoliberal globalisation undergoes a thorough grounding in accordance with the pre-existing socio-cultural and economic specificities of places, which impact upon inter-community alienation and conflict. Using four case studies from a Hindu–Muslim conflict in a neoliberalising city, Ahmedabad, India, this paper illustrates how open market policies are implicated in local industrial restructuring and urban renewal that simultaneously utilise place-specific ethnocentrism to exclude and fragment the poor.
Modeling control decisions in manufacturing systems simulation using objects

Control software is acknowledged as the biggest bottleneck in integrating modern manufacturing systems. We argue that understanding the interactions between parts, equipment, and supervisory control processes in the functioning of manufacturing enterprises is critical to the development of control software. We discuss a modeling environment which provides a platform for describing manufacturing control in terms of control entities and their interactions with their clients, and provides a rich representation of the manufacturing world in terms of object-oriented development of system components. The modeling environment is useful for rapidly prototyping manufacturing systems simulation. In this paper, we briefly describe the modeling architecture focusing on the concepts and implementation of the decision making controller entities in the architecture. >
Robust image transmission using resynchronizing variable-length codes and error concealment

Resynchronizing variable-length codes (RVLCs) for large alphabets are designed by first creating resynchronizing Huffman codes and then adding an extended synchronizing codeword, and the RVLCs are applied to both JPEG and wavelet-based image compression. The RVLCs demonstrate the desired resynchronization properties, both at a symbol level and structurally so that decoded data can be correctly placed within an image following errors. The encoded images, when subject to both structural and statistical error detection and concealment, can tolerate BERs of up to 10/sup -4/ and are very tolerant of burst errors. The RVLC-JPEG images have negligible overhead at visually lossless bit rates, while the RVLC-wavelet overhead can be adjusted based on the desired tolerance to burst errors and typically ranges from 7 to 18%. The tolerance to both bit and burst errors demonstrates that images coded with such RVLCs can be transmitted over imperfect channels suffering bit errors or packet losses without channel coding for the image data, or with less channel coding than would be required if the encoded image data could tolerate no bit errors. While the overhead is nontrivial for the RVLC-wavelet images and the lower-rate RVLC-JPEG images, the encoded bitstreams do not have the firm restrictions on numbers or spacings of bit errors that some error correcting codes have, and hence provide more graceful degradation.
Manager-in-Chief Applying Public Management Theory to Examine White House Chief of Staff Performance

In an effort to examine the causal determinants of performance dynamics for the administrative presidency, the authors apply empirical public management theory to White House administration to explain managerial performance. Utilizing original survey data that measure the perceptions of former officials from the Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton administrations, we conduct quantitative analyses to determine the extent to which a chief of staff’s background, relationship with the president, and internal as well as external management approaches shape overall perceptions of White House administrative efforts. The authors find that managerial dimensions matter considerably when explaining the dynamics of White House organizational performance.
Emerging optical methods for surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus

The rapid rise in incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has motivated the need for improved methods for surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus. Early neoplasia is flat in morphology and patchy in distribution and is difficult to detect with conventional white light endoscopy (WLE). Light offers numerous advantages for rapidly visualising the oesophagus, and advanced optical methods are being developed for wide-field and cross-sectional imaging to guide tissue biopsy and stage early neoplasia, respectively. We review key features of these promising methods and address their potential to improve detection of Barrett's neoplasia. The clinical performance of key advanced imaging technologies is reviewed, including (1) wide-field methods, such as high-definition WLE, chromoendoscopy, narrow-band imaging, autofluorescence and trimodal imaging and (2) cross-sectional techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, optical frequency domain imaging and confocal laser endomicroscopy. Some of these instruments are being adapted for molecular imaging to detect specific biological targets that are overexpressed in Barrett's neoplasia. Gene expression profiles are being used to identify early targets that appear before morphological changes can be visualised with white light. These targets are detected in vivo using exogenous probes, such as lectins, peptides, antibodies, affibodies and activatable enzymes that are labelled with fluorescence dyes to produce high contrast images. This emerging approach has potential to provide a 'red flag' to identify regions of premalignant mucosa, outline disease margins and guide therapy based on the underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer progression.
A NEW TETRAGONAL BORIDE PHASE IN FeAl+B TYPE ALLOYS

The structure and composition of a previously unreported second phase were investigated in both Fe-43Al-0.12B and Fe-48Al-0.12B alloys. Energy dispersive x-ray and electron energy loss spectroscopy showed that the precipitates contained boron and were enriched in iron. This new boride phase had a tetragonal symmetry, with a{sub t} = 4a{sub B2} and c{sub t} = a{sub B2}, where a{sub B2} is the matrix lattice parameter. The effect of iron content and heat treatments on the microstructure of those two boron-doped FeAl alloys are discussed.
Fault Structure Control on Fault Slip and Ground Motion during the 1999 Rupture of the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan

The Chelungpu fault, Taiwan, ruptured in a Mw 7.6 earthquake on 21 September 1999, producing a 90-km-long surface rupture. Analysis of core from two holes drilled through the fault zone, combined with geologic mapping and detailed investigation from three outcrops, define the fault geometry and physical properties of the Chelungpu fault in its northern and southern regions. In the northern region the fault dips 45-60 east, parallel to bedding in both the hanging wall and footwall, and consists of a narrow (1-20 cm) core of dark gray, sheared clay gouge. The gouge is located at the base of a 30- to 50-m zone of increased fracture density confined asymmetrically to the hanging wall. Microstructural analysis of the fault gouge in- dicates the presence of extremely narrow clay zones (50-300 lm thick) that are interpreted as the fault rupture surfaces. Few shear indicators are observed outside of the fault gouge, implying that slip was localized within the gouge zone. Slip localization along a bed-parallel surface resulted in a narrow gouge zone that pro- duced less high-frequency ground motion and larger displacements (average 8 m) during the earthquake than in the southern region. Displacement in the southern region averaged only 2 m, but ground shaking consisted of large amounts of high- frequency ground motion. The fault in the southern region dips 20-30 at the surface and consists of a wide (20-70 m thick) zone of sheared, foliated shale with numerous gouge zones. These data demonstrate a potential correlation between fault structure (i.e., gouge width, geometry) and earthquake characteristics such as displacement and ground motion (i.e., acceleration).
A Review of: “Quantitative EEG, Event-Related Potentials And Neurotherapy, by Juri Kropotov”

In his introduction Dr. Kropotov outlines several intentions for his book: (a) “to provide a holistic picture of the qEEG and event-related potentials as a recently unified scientific field,” (b) “...
Peripheral neuropathy associated with malignant neoplasms in dogs.

Common peroneal and ulnar nerves of 2 1 dogs between 2 and 15 years of age with malignant tumors were examined for possible paraneoplastic effects. Percent of abnormalities in single-teased fiber studies exceeded the confidence limits (P = 0.99) established for age-matched control dogs in 16 of 21 dogs (76%) with malignancies, none of which manifested clinical signs of polyneuropathy. The incidence of abnormalities was higher in commmon peroneal nerve (73%) than in ulnar nerve (57%). Lesions were characterized by a mixture of demyelinatiodremyelination and axonal degeneration; however, the former lesions predominated in most affected dogs. The severity of the neuropathy vaned with different tumors, with the most severe lesions observed in a bronchogenic carcinoma (59%), a mammary adenocarcinoma (59%), a malignant melanoma (48%), and an insulinoma (47%). Neoplasms may involve the peripheral neuromus- cular system directly by local or metastatic infiltration and compression. However, non-metastatic effects of malignant cancer, also referred to as "remote" or "paraneoplastic" effects, have become increasingly common in people as therapy becomes more effective and the patients live longer.I6J7By definition, no tumor cells are seen in the nerves or spinal ganglia.3o Poly- neuropathies occurring in dogs with malignant tumors, but unassociated with metastases, have been report- ed,15,24 however the incidence is unknown. This study was undertaken to examine selected peripheral nerves of dogs with various malignant system tumors for pos- sible paraneoplastic lesions.
Current treatment of metastatic bladder cancer and future directions

Metastatic urothelial carcinoma portends a very poor long-term prognosis, with 5-year survival at approximately 5%. The overall survival of metastatic bladder cancer has not improved over the last 20 years. The first-line therapy is cisplatin-based chemotherapy with the response rate approximately 50%. Approximately 30-50% of the patients are unsuitable for cisplatin, and there is no standard of care for this patient population. There is no standard second-line treatment. Several signaling pathways are activated in bladder urothelial carcinoma, but no targeted therapy, either alone or in combination with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, has been shown to significantly improve the treatment outcomes. The future of metastatic urothelial carcinoma treatment lies in the ability to deliver personalized therapy. This area remains an active research field today.
Adaptation: Paradigm for the Gut and an Academic Career

Adaptation is an important compensatory response to environmental cues resulting in enhanced survival. In the gut, the abrupt loss of intestinal length is characterized by increased rates of enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis and culminates in adaptive villus and crypt growth. In the development of an academic pediatric surgical career, adaptation is also an important compensatory response to survive the ever changing research, clinical, and economic environment. The ability to adapt in both situations is critical for patients and a legacy of pediatric surgical contributions to advance our knowledge of multiple conditions and diseases.
Pregnancy Loss among Pregnancies Conceived through Assisted Reproductive Technology, United States, 1999–2002

Approximately 30% of pregnancies in the United States may end in miscarriage or stillbirth. Whether pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technology (ART) are at an increased risk of loss is inconclusive, and data on maternal age-, ART type-, and gestational age-specific risk of loss are limited. Data on 148,494 ART pregnancies conceived from 1999 through 2002 were analyzed by use of the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate risks of pregnancy loss after specified gestational ages (conditional risk) for 14 groups stratified by maternal age and ART procedure. Births, maternal deaths, and induced abortions were censored. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of total risk of pregnancy loss was 29% but ranged from 22% to 63% depending on patient age and ART procedure. By 6 weeks' gestation, 58% of all pregnancy losses occurred. Conditional risk of pregnancy loss ranged from 10% to 45% at 6 weeks' gestation and from 2% to 7% at the first trimester; it was less than 2% after 20 weeks' gestation. Results can be used to counsel ART patients and inform future research on the etiology of pregnancy loss.
Post-parathyroidectomy thyrotoxicosis and atrial flutter: a case for caution

Despite transient hyperthyroidism reportedly occurring in ∼30% of post-parathyroidectomy (PTX) patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, it has rarely been described in the internal medicine literature. It occurs within days of surgery, is usually clinically mild or silent, and typically spontaneously resolves within weeks. Patients can, however, unusually present with symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis, including arrhythmias. We report a case of a hemodialysis patient who developed self-limited hyperthyroidism after intra-operative thyroid manipulation and excision during PTX surgery for secondary hyperparathyroidism that failed medical management. The patient was symptomatic with agitation, restlessness and new-onset atrial flutter, which required electrical cardioversion and temporary beta blockade. It is important that clinicians be aware of this potential surgical complication, so as to not attribute manifestations to post-PTX divalent cation disorders (i.e. hungry bone syndrome), thereby allowing prompt diagnosis and treatment. Post-operative monitoring of thyroid function is warranted for at least some subsets of patients: individuals who undergo thyroid exploration and palpation as part of their surgery to localize the parathyroid glands, as well as those with underlying cardiac disease or who are otherwise at high risk from even mild states of hyperthyroidism.
Protective Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endotoxin-Induced Lung Inflammation through Modulation of IL-10 Expression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase are generally known to be proinflammatory, and it seems to be counterintuitive that ROS play a critical role in regulating the resolution of the inflammatory response. However, we observed that deficiency of the p47(phox) component of NADPH oxidase in macrophages was associated with a paradoxical accentuation of inflammation in a whole animal model of noninfectious sepsis induced by endotoxin. We have confirmed this observation by interrogating four separate in vivo models that use complementary methodology including the use of p47(phox-/-) mice, p47(phox-/-) bone marrow chimera mice, adoptive transfer of macrophages from p47(phox-/-) mice, and an isolated perfused lung edema model that all point to a relationship between excessive acute inflammation and p47(phox) deficiency in macrophages. Mechanistic data indicate that ROS deficiency in both cells and mice results in decreased production of IL-10 in response to treatment with LPS, at least in part, through attenuation of the Akt-GSK3-β signal pathway and that it can be reversed by the administration of rIL-10. Our data support the innovative concept that generation of ROS is essential for counterregulation of acute lung inflammation.
Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification

HENRY SHUE & DAVID RODIN (EDS) New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, 288 pages, US$34.95, ISBN 978-0199565993 The essays in this book are refreshingly interdisciplinary, although as the editors ...
Interferon-κ, a Novel Type I Interferon Expressed in Human Keratinocytes

High throughput cDNA sequencing has led to the identification of interferon-kappa, a novel subclass of type I interferon that displays approximately 30% homology to other family members. Interferon-kappa consists of 207 amino acids, including a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a series of cysteines conserved in type I interferons. The gene encoding interferon-kappa is located on the short arm of chromosome 9 adjacent to the type I interferon gene cluster and is selectively expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. Expression of interferon-kappa is significantly enhanced in keratinocytes upon viral infection, upon exposure to double-stranded RNA, or upon treatment with either interferon-gamma or interferon-beta. Administration of interferon-kappa recombinant protein imparts cellular protection against viral infection in a species-specific manner. Interferon-kappa activates the interferon-stimulated response element signaling pathway and a panel of genes similar to those regulated by other type I interferons including anti-viral mediators and transcriptional regulators. An antibody that neutralizes the type I interferon receptor completely blocks interferon-kappa signaling, demonstrating that interferon-kappa utilizes the same receptor as other type I interferons. Interferon-kappa therefore defines a novel subclass of type I interferon that is expressed in keratinocytes and expands the repertoire of known proteins mediating host defense.
The Impact of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for High-Grade Gliomas by Histology in the United States Population

Purpose To compare the survival impact of adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (RT) for malignant gliomas of glioblastoma (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO), and mixed anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (AOA) histology. Methods and Materials The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried from 1998 to 2007 for patients aged ≥18 years with high-grade gliomas managed with upfront surgical resection, treated with and without adjuvant RT. Results The primary analysis totaled 14,461 patients, with 12,115 cases of GBM (83.8%), 1312 AA (9.1%), 718 AO (4.9%), and 316 AOA (2.2%). On univariate analyses, adjuvant RT was associated with significantly improved overall survival (OS) for GBMs (2-year OS, 17% vs 7%, p P P P =.110). Due to the observation of nonproportional hazards, Cox regressions were not performed for AOs. A significant interaction was observed between the survival impact of RT and histology overall (interaction P Conclusions In this large population-based cohort, glioma histology represented a significant predictor for the survival impact of RT. Adjuvant RT was associated with improved survival for AAs, with benefits comparable to those observed for GBMs over the same 10-year interval. No survival advantage was observed with adjuvant RT for AOs.
Misleading performance claims in parallel computations

In a previous humorous note entitled "Twelve Ways to Fool the Masses ...," I outlined twelve common ways in which performance figures for technical computer systems can be distorted. In this paper and accompanying conference talk, I give a reprise of these twelve "methods" and give some actual examples that have appeared in peer-reviewed literature in years past. I then propose guidelines for reporting performance, the adoption of which would raise the level of professionalism and reduce the level of confusion, not only in the world of device simulation but also in the larger arena of technical computing.
Biomass and carbon attributes of downed woody materials in forests of the United States

Due to burgeoning interest in the biomass/carbon attributes of forest downed and dead woody materials (DWMs) attributable to its fundamental role in the carbon cycle, stand structure/diversity, bioenergy resources, and fuel loadings, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has conducted a nationwide field-based inventory of DWM. Using the national DWM inventory, attributes (e.g., carbon stock totals and biomass density) were summarized by state and common tree species along with evaluations of residue pile metrics and relationships between DWM and other stand attributes (e.g., live tree biomass, relative density, and climate). Results indicate that DWM are ubiquitous in US forests with individual components (e.g., fine woody debris and piles) varying by region as influenced by endemic ecosystem dynamics and management practices. Eastern forests, particularly in the southeast, have fine woody debris and residue piles biomass densities that often exceed those of west coast forests. Rocky Mountain forests have coarse woody biomass densities approaching those of west coast forests, which have the largest amounts nationally. There is a complex relationship between the standing dead, standing live, and down dead wood biomass densities per unit area in the context of changing stand relative densities and average annual precipitation/minimum temperatures. As evidenced by this initial exploration, a publicly available national dataset comprised of DWM attributes may inform decision makers with objective estimates of DWM resources and facilitate further DWM dynamics research. Published by Elsevier B.V.
AN OVERVIEW OF PRIVATE-SECTOR FINANCING OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES. A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PERSPECTIVE

Although most private-sector financing activity takes place in developed countries, attention is quickly shifting to less developed countries, where enormous infrastructure deficiencies, rapid urbanization, and limited public-sector resources are forcing governments to consider alternatives to the traditional public provision of infrastructure services. This article provides an overview of the principal methods used by central and local governments to foster the private provision and financing of urban infrastructure services. The techniques include land privatization; development exactions; special assessment and benefit assessment districts; certificates of participation; private contracting of services; leases and concessions; build, operate, and transfer (BOT) projects; public-private partnerships; the privatization of services; commercial bank financing; infrastructure funds; and private bond financing. Each section describes the technique, provides examples of where it is used, and discusses key imp...
An Evaporation Equation for AN Open Body of Water Exposed to the Atmosphere

ABSTRACT Evaporation is identified as having two additive components: natural evaporation in the absence of wind and forced evaporation in the presence of wind. An evaporation equation is obtained for an open body of water exposed at the atmosphere by conversion of standard horizontal flat plate heat transfer relationships to a mass transfer or evaporation equation. For an average air temperature of 68°F, the final equation for evaporative heat flux is A comparison of numerical values predicted by the above equation is made with evaporation equations deduced from field measurements, and the agreement is favorable. The major differences between this equation and those previously developed are: a) the above equation was derived strictly from standard heat transfer expressions, and b) a dependency of average fetch and air temperature (through transport properties) is shown. This approach establishes the correct dependencies of the field parameters so that future experimental measurements will have a sound theoretical basis.
Time structuring for hospitalized school-aged children.

For a school-aged child, time is usually highly structured. When he or she becomes hospitalized, this structure disappears, leading to great disruption. Time structuring refers to a group of activities aimed at alleviating the disruption by helping the child to view calendar and clock the time of hospitalization in an organized manner.
Measurement Framework for Assessing Risks in Component-Based Software Development

As Component-based software development (CBSD) is getting popular and is being considered as both efficient and effective approach to build large software applications and systems, potential risks within component-based practicing areas such as quality assessment, complexity estimation, performance prediction, configuration, and application management should not be taken lightly. In the existing literature there is lack of systematic work in identifying and assessing these risks. In particular, there is lack of a structuring framework that could be helpful for related CBSD stakeholders to measure these risks. In this research we examine prior related research work in software measurement and aim to develop a practical risk measurement framework that classifies potential CBSD risks and related metrics and provides a practical guidance for CBSD stakeholders.
Percutaneous revascularization of occluded renal arteries in the setting of acute renal failure

We report the case of a 60-year-old patient with acute renal failure and occluded bilateral renal arteries presenting with acute pulmonary edema and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The patient required renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis and was subsequently successfully treated with bilateral renal artery stent placement. Marked improvement in renal function was noted within 1 week with freedom from the need for renal replacement therapy at 4 months of follow-up.
Management, valuation, and risk for human capital and human assets: building the foundation for a multi-disciplinary, multi-level theory

Management, Valuation, and Risk for Human Capital and Human Assets considers two main areas, the management of individuals within organizations to best accomplish organizational goals and the valua...
Susceptibility to, and production of interferon by rhinovirus. 1.

SummaryRhinovirus type 2 susceptibility to interferon and induction of interferon in human embryonic kidney cell cultures were compared to vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and Newcastle disease viruses, respectively. Rhinovirus was susceptible to interferon but less so than VSV. Rhinovirus was a very poor inducer of interferon even at the highest multiplicity tested (30 PFU/cell). Rhinovirus-induced shutoff of host protein synthesis probably did not account for poor stimulation of interferon as ultraviolet light-inactivated virus failed to induce interferon. Possible role of interferon in rhinovirus illness is discussed.This study has bten supported by grants from the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Association of California.
Using Electronic Case Summaries to Elicit Multi-Disciplinary Expert Knowledge about Referrals to Post-Acute Care

Background: Eliciting knowledge from geographically dispersed experts given their time and scheduling constraints, while maintaining anonymity among them, presents multiple challenges. Objectives: Describe an innovative, Internet based method to acquire knowledge from experts regarding patients who need post-acute referrals. Compare, 1) the percentage of patients referred by experts to percentage of patients actually referred by hospital clinicians, 2) experts’ referral decisions by disciplines and geographic regions, and 3) most common factors deemed important by discipline. Methods: De-identified case studies, developed from electronic health records (EHR), contained a comprehensive description of 1,496 acute care inpatients. In teams of three, physicians, nurses, social workers, and physical therapists reviewed case studies and assessed the need for post-acute care referrals; Delphi rounds followed when team members did not agree. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) compared experts’ decisions by discipline, region of the country and to the decisions made by study hospital clinicians, adjusting for the repeated observations from each expert and case. Frequencies determined the most common case characteristics chosen as important by the experts. Results: The experts recommended referral for 80% of the cases; the actual discharge disposition of the patients showed referrals for 67%. Experts from the Northeast and Midwest referred 5% more cases than experts from the West. Physicians and nurses referred patients at similar rates while both referred more often than social workers. Differences by discipline were seen in the factors identified as important to the decision. Conclusion: The method for eliciting expert knowledge enabled national dispersed expert clinicians to anonymously review case summaries and make decisions about post-acute care referrals. Having time and a comprehensive case summary may have assisted experts to identify more patients in need of post-acute care than the hospital clinicians. The methodology produced the data needed to develop an expert decision support system for discharge planning.
Symbolic and Direct Sequential Modeling of Prosody for Classification of Speaking-Style and Nativeness.

In this paper, we explore the differences between direct and symbolic sequential modeling of prosody. We use sequential models to characterize speech in two tasks, classifying speaking-style and distinguishing native from non-native speech. We explore the use of a spike-and-slab model to directly model pitch contour data. We find in both of these tasks that sequences of symbolic prosodic events to lead to improved performance over approaches that model pitch contours directly. We also explore the use of hypothesized prosodic events in both tasks. We find the speaking-style results to be robust to automatic annotation, while, when classifying nativeness, the spike-and-slab model leads to better performance.
The influence of chemotherapy on survival in acute leukemia; comparison of cases treated during 1954 to 1957 with those treated during 1947 to 1954.

EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED upon the use of a number of chemotherapeutic agents in the palliation of acute leukemia. To evaluate this approach to therapy, it is important to determine whether a change in longevity has accompanied the administration of such drugs. In a previous analysis comparing our own cases of acute leukemia and those reported by others, it was not possible to demonstrate that therapy, as employed prior to 1954, had significantly prolonged life except for the one-third of the patients who achieved complete remission. 1 Sufficient time has now elapsed for the accumulation of a large enough group of new patients to warrant re-evaluation and comparison with our previous experience. At the time of the first study, it was noted that 6-mercaptopurine was not adequately represented in the survey. The present study reports 89 of our own cases treated in an era during which this drug was available for all patients. This study is a retrospective one, evaluating consecutive rather than concurrent treatment programs. Practical achievements of the recent modifications of therapy, reflecting both the availability of the chemotherapeutic agents and the experience of the physicians prescribing them, are described. At the same time, the study serves to point out the limitations of the treatment programs and directs attention toward reasonable approaches for investigation.
A dietary approach to coronary artery disease.

Obesity and elevated serum lipids are among the risk factors for vascular disease and atherosclerosis. Thus, the dietary approach to the problem cannot be ignored.
Thrombolytic treatment of acute middle cerebral artery stroke

We report our experience with intra-arterial thrombolysis in 33 patients, combined with transluminal angioplasty.
Hamilton and His Army, Part One, 1797–1798

Introduction Machiavelli’s supreme example of severe and stirring leadership was Titus Manlius. In 340 b.c. , Titus and his fellow consul commanded the Roman army in what Machiavelli called the most important battle in the city’s early history. Facing a Latin force of identical size, training, and determination, whose victory would have meant Rome’s enslavement, Titus instilled a decisive extra degree of resolve and discipline in his troops by having his own son decapitated for disobeying his orders. (The son had engaged in unauthorized single combat.) Titus’s harsh standards served to restore old virtu and breathe new life into original principles – for Machiavelli a prerequisite of republican vitality and longevity. Though revered for his character, Titus was not a popular general and therefore not in a position to use the army for private purposes. His extraordinary reputation rested, finally, on the fact that he had continually renewed it through decisive action at different stages in his life. From the Romans, Machiavelli acquired a preference for brief, intense wars that would help to pay for themselves through the spoils they provided. He believed that it was better to invade than to be invaded: “he who assaults comes with greater spirit than he who waits; moreover, he takes away many advantages from the enemy.” And it was better to obtain territory by force than by money: “things acquired with gold, one doesn’t know how to defend with iron.” A military leader, moreover, with a hastily improvised force “who sees that for lack of funds or friends the army cannot be held together for long, is mad not to try his luck before it falls apart: waiting he will surely lose, trying he could win.” As Machiavelli memorably put it: it is better to be impetuous than respecting, because fortune is a woman, and to hold her down, it is necessary to beat and jolt her. She more often lets herself be won over by those who do this than those who proceed coldly; and as a woman, she is always a friend of the young, because they are less respectful, more ferocious, and command her with greater audacity.
Quantifying similarity in reliability surfaces using the probability of agreement

ABSTRACTWhen separate populations exhibit similar reliability as a function of multiple explanatory variables, combining them into a single population is tempting. This can simplify future predictions and reduce uncertainty associated with estimation. However, combining these populations may introduce bias if the underlying relationships are in fact different. The probability of agreement formally and intuitively quantifies the similarity of estimated reliability surfaces across a two-factor input space. An example from the reliability literature demonstrates the utility of the approach when deciding whether to combine two populations or to keep them as distinct. New graphical summaries provide strategies for visualizing the results.
Heat Waves and Rising Temperatures: Human Health Impacts and the Determinants of Vulnerability

Globally, heat waves account for dramatic increases in mortality and morbidity; however, there is increasing awareness that day-to-day increases in temperature contribute to a significant risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality (HRMM) that over one or more warm seasons may exceed the public health burden of heat waves. Climate change has already and will continue to increase both average ambient temperatures and the frequency and intensity of excursions above those averages (i.e., heat waves or extreme heat events) and will thereby lead directly and indirectly to amplification of the risk of HRMM. This chapter provides a brief synopsis of our current knowledge about thermoregulation, thermotolerance and the pathophysiology of heat stroke, and the multiple determinants of health and illness that influence the risk of HRMM and that collectively define vulnerability. A particular focus is on two vulnerable populations, older adults and children. An Environmental Health Multiple-Determinant Model of Vulnerability is presented as a conceptual framework to integrate that knowledge, with the intent of providing a tool that can facilitate compilation and translation of the information to interventions and adaptation strategies relevant at the individual level and/or subpopulation and population levels and at one or more geopolitical scales in developing and/or developed nations. Three overarching strategies for HRMM risk reduction are discussed, including Extreme Heat Event and Warm Season Heat Preparedness and Response Action Plans, Promote Good Health and Access to Quality Healthcare (reduces risk and increases resiliency), and Reduce/Manage Potential Exposure(s) (individual, community) to Ambient Heat and Other Physical Environmental Stressors. A key focus of this chapter is on integration and translation of knowledge.
The SNP rs380390 of complement factor H gene is associated with the risk of lung cancer and interacts with ERCC6 SNP rs3793784

3125 Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world and is a leading cause of cancer death in the United States. With a very poor 5-year survival rate ( ERCC6 contributes to lung cancer risk in a case control study. The same variant has a synergistic effect with a polymorphism of complement factor H (rs380390) on age-related macular degeneration predisposition. In the current study, we examined the contribution of the SNP rs380390 in the complement factor H gene ( CFH ) to the risk of lung cancer in a case-control study with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls (age, gender and smoking status matched with cases) from Han Chinese. The case-control analysis revealed a 1.5-fold excess risk of developing lung cancer for the carriers of G allele compared with non-carriers. The CFH G allele interacts with smoking to intensify lung cancer risk, with the odds ratio (OR) = 6.39 for developing lung cancer among heavy smokers. Moreover, the CHF SNP rs380390 interacts with ERCC6 SNP rs3793784 in a supermultiplicative joint manner to have a synergistic effect on lung cancer risk predisposition, with an odds ratio of 2.68.
The Desorption Spectrometer as an Analytic Tool in Ultra-high-vacuum Investigations

Chemically active gases adsorbed on a metal filament will desorb at characteristic temperatures when the filament is heated. After adsorption of the residual gases in a u.h.v. system the filament is heated slowly (about 30 °C/sec)and the changes in pressure in the system recorded; a desorption spectrum is thus produced which allows an approximate analysis of the residual gases in the system. The results obtained with tungsten filaments will be described with particular reference to the predominant active gases in u.h.v. systems(H2andCO). The systems studied were pumped with getter-ion pumps and the desorption spectra compared with the corresponding mass spectra. The desorption spectrometer is capable of analysing active gases in u.h.v. systems with a sensitivity greater than attainable with a mass spectrometer. Some applications of the desorption spectrometer will be described.
Strategic Customer Behavior and the Benefit of Decentralization

In the operations management literature, decentralization is often associated with the double marginalization problem. However, in this chapter, we review several existing papers that demonstrate how decentralization can be beneficial to supply chain performance. A key premise in this literature is that consumers are strategic: They rationally anticipate and respond to future market conditions. We consider two broad classes of products, durable goods and perishable goods. In both cases, when facing strategic consumers, firms are typically better off if they can commit to future actions. When operating in a decentralized supply chain, contractual mechanisms can help firms achieve commitment power and increase profits. In this way, decentralized systems can outperform a centralized organization.
Three R’s of Drawing and Design Computation

A drawing centered view of design process focuses on the interplay between designer expertise, domain knowledge and media manipulation. We report on our computational sketching software systems that support design recording, reasoning, and resolving.
Therapeutically (Un)Just Interactions in Family Court Proceedings

Court systems have a unique and powerful impact on the lives of persons who enter into them. In recognition of some of the deleterious effects of traditional court models, scholars and practitioner...