cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making it last: Combating hedonic adaptation in romantic relationships

Is the waning of passion and satisfaction in romantic relationships inevitable, or can the honeymoon period be sustained? The Hedonic Adaptation Prevention model, which describes the mechanisms by which people adapt to positive life changes, posits that hedonic adaptation is a powerful barrier to sustained relationship well-being and suggests how to thwart it. In this paper, we apply the model to a new area of study – namely, intimate relationships. We explore the practices, habits, and activities that can increase the number of positive events and emotions in relationships, boost their variety, lower a couple’s entitled aspirations, and build their appreciation – all variables that can serve to slow adaptation and increase well-being. Additionally, we discuss types of romantic relationships (e.g. long-distance relationships and unhealthy relationships) that may be relatively less susceptible to hedonic adaptation.
Mitigating Disaster Losses through Insurance

Losses from natural disasters have increased in recent years due to growth of population in hazard-prone areas and inadequate enforcement of building codes. This article first examines why homeowners have not voluntarily adopted cost-effective protective measures and have limited interest in purchasing insurance. It then proposes a disaster-management program which utilizes insurance coupled with well-enforced building codes to reduce future damage. Banks and financial institutions play a key role in this program by requiring inspections of homes as a condition for a mortgage. New forms of reinsurance coverage against catastrophic losses from natural disasters are necessary to protect insurers against potential insolvency from the next mega-disaster.
Purification and Characterization of Lipoprotein Lipase from Pig Adipose Tissue

Abstract Lipoprotein lipase was purified from acetone powders of pig adipose tissue. Extraction of acetone powders with 1.2 m NaCl in 0.005 m sodium-barbital buffer, pH 7.4, or heparin (200 units per ml) in distilled water, was 6 times as effective as extraction with 0.025 m NH4OH-NH4Cl buffer, pH 8.6, the commonly used extractant for lipoprotein lipase. At pH values below 7.5, over 85% of the activity extracted into 1.2 m NaCl could be recovered after 4 hours. The partially purified enzyme at later stages was stabilized by the inclusion of 20% glycerol in the buffers. Most of the purification was accomplished by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B columns containing covalently bound heparin. At this step, the preparation was purifed 600-fold. This purified enzyme binds reversibly to columns containing concanavalin A covalently bound to Sepharose. Lipolytic activity was eluted from concanavalin A-Sepharose column with 0.2 m α-methyl-d-mannoside, 1.0 m NaCl and 0.005 m sodium-barbital, pH 7.0. At this stage, the enzyme was purified 2100-fold. Isoelectric focusing yielded a single major peak of activity with an isoelectric point of 4.0. Minimum molecular weight determination by gel filtration in buffers containing 1.0 m NaCl and by disc gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded values of 62,000 and 60,000, respectively. The crude enzyme, and that eluted from heparin-Sepharose columns, did not show stimulation by heparin, whereas that obtained after isoelectric focusing exhibited a 60 to 100% stimulation at 22 µg of heparin per ml. Activation by dialyzed serum was dependent on the stage of purification. The crude enzyme showed a 20-fold stimulation by serum but showed some activity in its absence; that purified by isoelectric focusing exhibited a complete dependence on the presence of serum for hydrolysis of triolein emulsions stabilized with gum arabic. Of the three very low density lipoprotein apoproteins studied, only apoLp-Glu could substitute for serum as an activator. In the presence of serum in the assay system, apoLp-Ser was as potent an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase as apoLp-Ala.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Prevention A Comparison Between the Third Adult Treatment Panel and the New 2013 Treatment of Blood Cholesterol Guidelines

The recently released American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol propose significant changes to current practice patterns.1 The adoption of these new guidelines in place of the National Cholesterol Education Program/Third Adult Treatment panel (ATPIII)2 recommendations has recently been estimated to result in an 11% increase in statin eligibility, representing 12.8 million Americans.3 Although the magnitude of change in statin eligibility has been a topic of focus, the impact of the new guidelines on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event rates and efficiency of additional statin use cannot be determined from the studies published to date. Knowledge of ASCVD event rates among reclassified individuals is essential to fully understand the implications of adopting the ACC/AHA guidelines. We sought to assess the implications of applying this new paradigm in place of the ATPIII recommendations on ASCVD event reduction and efficiency of statin utilization. The Dallas Heart Study is a multiethnic cohort of Dallas County residents, age 30 to 65 years, examined between 2000 and 2002 and actively followed for cardiovascular outcomes.4 All participants provided informed consent, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Sampling weights were applied to generate unbiased estimates of population frequencies in Dallas County.4 The primary outcome of ASCVD was defined as coronary heart disease (CHD) death, myocardial infarction, and fatal and nonfatal stroke.1 Secondary analysis was performed …
Detection of Cellular Immunity to Rabies Antigens in Human Vaccinees

A nonradioactive multi-parameter flow cytometry assay was developed to identify antigen-specific lymphocytes in human subjects previously vaccinated against rabies virus and was subsequently compared to the standard tritiated thymidine method. A cell tracking dye, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, was used in combination with surface label for CD4 and CD8 cells in order to determine the response of lymphocytes to killed rabies virus in an antigen recall assay. The rabies virus-specific lymphocyte response was compared to the humoral immune response in each of ten vaccinated and five non-vaccinated subjects. Lymphocyte responses to rabies virus were observed in all ten vaccinated subjects; some noted as early as 3 days after stimulation while others were not until 7 days after stimulation. There was good agreement between the proliferation index of the CFSE assay and the simulation index of the [3H]thymidine assay (kappa statistic=0.73). An inverse relationship was detected between the level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) and the lymphocyte response to inactivated rabies virus in the vaccinated subjects. The association between cytokines production and level of humoral and cellular response was investigated in four representative subjects. Two vaccinated subjects with high proliferation indices and low RVNA titers produced Th1 type cytokines to rabies virus stimulation, whereas two vaccinated individuals with low proliferation indices and high RVNA titers responses did not produce these cytokines.
A cost-outcome analysis of retransplantation: The need for accountability

T he selection of transplant recipients remains controversial. H5 Transplant teams and health care policymakers, alike, have argued against the use of social, economic, or psychological criteria. Social worth has been uniformly rejected as an acceptable criterion for deciding on which patients should benefit from the scarce supply of donor organs. In the United States, early experience with the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) tempered any enthusiasm for nonclinical criteria. 16-~1 As shown in Table 1, in 1967 women and minorities were routinely denied access to maintenance dialysis. 16 However, with comprehensive health insurance benefits under the Medicare program, the composition of the dialysis patient population changed dramatically.18,19,21 Clinical patient selection criteria are often viewed as objective. Their appeal lies in the fact that they remove the human element from complex interpersonal decisions. Apparently objective criteria are construed as making the patient selection process objective. Whereas no one doubts that clinical criteria are predictive of outcome, it now seems their role has been overemphasized to the point where patient selection has become both irrational and irresponsible. For example, while awaiting transplantation, virtually all patients deteriorate clinically. Interestingly, this presumably makes them more deserving
Mesospheric dynamical changes induced by the solar proton events in October-November 2003

The very large solar storms in October-November 2003 caused solar proton events (SPEs) at the Earth that impacted the upper atmospheric polar cap regions. The Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM) was used to study the atmospheric dynamical influence of the solar protons that occurred in Oct-Nov 2003, the fourth largest period of SPEs measured in the past 40 years. The highly energetic solar protons caused ionization, as well as dissociation processes, and ultimately produced odd hydrogen (HOx) and odd nitrogen (NOy). Significant short-lived ozone decreases (10-70%) followed these enhancements of HOx and NOy and led to a cooling of most of the lower mesosphere. This cooling caused an atmospheric circulation change that led to adiabatic heating of the upper mesosphere. Temperature changes up to plus or minus 2.6 K were computed as well as wind (zonal, meridional, vertical) perturbations up to 20-25% of the background winds as a result of 22 the solar protons. The solar proton-induced mesospheric temperature and wind perturbations diminished over a period of 4-6 weeks after the SPEs. The Joule heating in the mesosphere, induced by the solar protons, was computed to be relatively insignificant for these solar storms with most of the temperature and circulation perturbations caused by ozone depletion in the sunlit hemisphere.
Usurping the mitochondrial supremacy: Extramitochondrial sources of reactive oxygen intermediates and their role in beta cell metabolism and insulin secretion

Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is a process dependent on metabolism. While oxidative stress is a well-known inducer of beta cell toxicity and impairs insulin secretion, recent studies suggest that low levels of metabolically-derived reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) also play a positive role in insulin secretion. Glucose metabolism is directly correlated with ROI production, particularly in beta cells in which glucose uptake is proportional to the extracellular concentration of glucose. Low levels of exogenously added ROI or quinones, which stimulate ROI production, positively affect insulin secretion, while antioxidants block insulin secretion, suggesting that ROI activate unidentified redox-sensitive signal transduction components within these cells. The mitochondria are one source of ROI: increased metabolic flux increases mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in electron leakage and adventitious ROI production. A second source of ROI are cytosolic and plasma membrane oxidoreductases which oxidize NAD(P)H and directly produce ROI through the reduction of molecular oxygen. The mechanism of ROI-mediated potentiation of insulin secretion remains an important topic for future study.
Effectiveness of electrical fish barriers associated with the Central Arizona Project

Abstract The Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal delivers Colorado River water into the Gila River basin. During its planning and construction, issues arose regarding the unwanted entrainment and transport of nonindigenous fishes and other aquatic biota into, through, and out of the canal. One control strategy was the emplacement of electrical fish barriers on two CAP distributary canals to prevent fishes from moving upstream into the Gila River drainage. The operation, maintenance, and effectiveness of these barriers are described for the period 1988–2000. Documented outages totaled more than 100 h, representing less than 0.001% downtime since installation. It is nearly certain that outages allowed immigration by undesired fish(es). Immigrations that occurred when the barriers were operating according to design criteria indicate that the barriers do not totally block the passage of upstream-migrating fish. The proximate sources of electrical barrier outage included component damage from lightning strikes...
Analysis of glottal waveforms across stress styles

Results from a study of glottal waveforms derived from 11 different styles of stressed speech are described. The general goal of this research is to investigate the differences in the glottal excitation across specific speaking styles. Using a glottal inverse filtering method tailored specifically for the speech under study, an analysis of glottal waveforms from voiced speech spoken under various conditions is performed. The extracted waveforms are parameterized using six descriptors, and statistical analysis of the resulting database allows very good characterization of each style with respect to these parameters. Specifically, each style is shown to have a unique profile which will allow high performance in a stress style identification task. >
The "Medial-Oblique" Approach to Ultrasound-Guided Central Venous Cannulation—Maximize the View, Minimize the Risk

Carotid puncture and insertion of a large-bore catheter into the carotid artery is a feared complication associated with internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation. The use of ultrasound with real-time imaging of the neck vessels during needle insertion has the potential to decrease the incidence of serious complications associated with central venous access. The authors describe a new technique for ultrasound-guided IJV cannulation. The suggested “medial-oblique” approach allows for optimal imaging of the IJV and the carotid artery side by side and following the needle throughout the insertion from skin to vessel penetration in a medial-cephalad to lateral-caudad direction. This technique combines the advantages of the short-axis and long-axis approaches and minimizes the risk of carotid puncture from a medial-to-lateral needle direction.
Secondary distal extension of infrainguinal bypass: long-term limb and patient survival.

= 58) performed between July 1983 and March 1993 were reviewed. Patients (n= 51) had critical ischemia or tissue loss, with an average of 2.8 previous vascular procedures. The 58 initial infrainguinal bypasses included 38 above-the-knee and 13 below-the-knee femoropopliteal, 5 femorodistal, and 2 popliteal-distal. Thirty-nine of the 58 femoropopliteal grafts were prosthetic. The extension bypasses included popliteal-tibial, graft-tibial, and peroneal-plantar. They were performed for recurrent or persistent ischemia after failed initial infrainguinal bypasses in limbs, and with still-patent bypasses. All extension bypasses were vein conduits. Mean follow-up was 59 (range: 6 to 164) months. The cumulative life-table 5-year survival rate for all patients was 95%. The 27-month limb-salvage rate was 70%. Our findings indicate that patients with advanced peripheral vascular disease may have prolonged survival, and extension bypasses contribute significantly to their limb salvage. Thus, aggressive application of extension bypass to save threatened limbs is supported.
Modern Strategies for Hairy Cell Leukemia

Enormous progress in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia over the last five decades has emerged as a result of organized clinical investigations. Although interferon represented one of the initial major therapeutic advances in the management of this disease in 1984, the subsequent introduction of purine nucleoside analogs (pentostatin and cladribine) changed the natural history of this rare disease by achieving a high rate of complete and durable remissions. The disease-free survival after effective therapy has not reached a plateau, suggesting control but not cure of the disease. Identification of minimal residual disease in patients achieving a complete hematologic remission provides insight into the potential source for predicting eventual relapse. Modern strategies of targeted therapies directed against immunophenotypic markers on the leukemic cells provide hope that improved long-term control of the disease is possible. Combined chemoimmunotherapy may hold the highest promise for disease eradication, but the optimal strategy for using this approach is under active investigation. Despite the perception by hematologists that this disease has already been conquered, there are critically important unanswered questions that remain. Investigation of the bone marrow microenvironment and its impact on minimal residual disease may ultimately prevent relapse. Consideration of the median age of patients at diagnosis combined with a substantial relapse rate mandates continued pursuit of improved therapy. The ultimate goal will be to achieve cure rather than simple control of the disease.
Elephant tracks: portable production of complete and precise gc traces

We present Elephant Tracks (ET), a dynamic program analysis tool for Java that produces detailed traces of garbage collection-related events, including object allocations, object deaths, and pointer updates. Like prior work, our tracing tool is based on the Merlin algorithm [6,7], but offers several substantial new capabilities. First, it is much more precise than previous tools: it traces method entries and exits and measures time in terms of them, allowing it to place events precisely in the context of the program structure. Second, it is implemented using a combination of JVM Tool Interface (JVMTI)[13] callbacks and bytecode rewriting, and works with any standard JVM. Finally, it produces complete traces, including weak references, events from the Java Native Interface and sun.misc.Unsafe, and VM start up objects. In this paper we also explore the general design space of tracing tools, and carefully define the execution model that the traces represent.
A Consumer-Driven Approach To Increase Suggestive Selling.

Several research articles have been published demonstrating the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in improving suggestive selling behavior of sales staff (e.g., Johnson & Masotti, 1990; Martinko, White, & Hassell, 1989; Mirman, 1982; Ralis & O'Brien, 1986). Procedures employed in these studies made use of two classes of personnel to implement the intervention: (1) personnel internal to the organization or (2) external consultants. The current study examined the efficacy of a consumer-driven approach to improve suggestive selling behavior of three employees of a fast food franchise. Customers delivered either a verbal prompt or praise to an employee after they had placed their order. Delivery of a prompt or praise depended on whether or not the employee made a suggestion for an additional food purchase. This consumer-driven intervention increased suggestive selling behaviors of all three employees, and was associated with higher suggestive sales in each case.
An Exploratory Study of the Development of Early Syllable Structure in Reading-Impaired Children

Babbling between the ages of 8 and 19 months was examined in 19 children, 13 of whom were at high risk for reading disorder (RD) and 6 normally reading children at low familial risk for RD. Development of syllable complexity was examined at five periods across this 11-month window. Results indicated that children who later evidenced RD produced a lower proportion of canonical utterances and less complex syllable structures than children without RD. As syllable complexity is an early indicator of phonological sophistication, differences at this level may offer a window into how the phonological system of children with RD is structured. Future directions for this line of research are discussed.
Concomitant Radiation Therapy and Doxorubicin by Continuous Infusion in Advanced Malignancies - a Phase I-II Study - Evidence Of Synergistic Effect in Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Hepatomas

The current lack of effective therapy against most malignant tumors in advanced stages is due, primarily, to its lack of specific cytotoxicity for neoplastic cells.
Age specific differences in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

Abstract Background Some have suggested that younger children have a more severe form of obstructive sleep apnea than older children and therefore are at a higher risk for respiratory compromise after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. However, at present there are few studies that have identified any significant correlation between age and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Objective To determine if age specific differences in obstructive sleep apnea are present in children. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary care children's hospital. Patients The records of children (1–18 years of age) with obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by overnight polysomnography between January 1998 and January 2001 were reviewed. Children included in the study also had evidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and had no other co-existing medical problems. Main outcome measures Overnight polysomnography was performed in all children. Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), baseline and lowest O2 saturation, baseline and peak end tidal CO2, and total number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, central apneas and mixed apneas were measured during each polysomnogram. Children were subdivided into the following age groups: 1–2, 3–5, 6–11 and 12–18 years. Polysomnograms were classified into normal, mild, moderate and severe categories. Results Three hundred and sixty-three children were studied; 45 children were ages 1–2 years, 159 children were ages 3–5 years, 137 children were 6–11 years and 22 children were 12–18 years. Although there appears to be a trend towards a greater mean number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, central apneas, mixed apneas, a higher mean AHI, lower mean SaO2 nadir, and a higher mean PETCO2 in the younger age groups when compared to the older groups, a Student's t-test demonstrates that there is no statistical significance for most OSA parameters. An analysis of variance using the F-test reveals statistical significance (p Conclusion There is a predilection for children less than 3 years of age to have more severe obstructive sleep apnea as documented by polysomnography. Central apnea also appears to be more common in this age group. These findings may be explained by anatomic and physiologic differences related to age and support a period of observation following adenotonsillectomy in younger children.
The Janus Head of T Cell Aging – Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency

Immune aging is best known for its immune defects that increase susceptibility to infections and reduce adaptive immune responses to vaccination. In parallel, the aged immune system is prone to autoimmune responses and many autoimmune diseases increase in incidence with age or are even preferentially encountered in the elderly. Why an immune system that suboptimal responds to exogenous antigen fails to maintain tolerance to self-antigens appears to be perplexing. In this review, we will discuss age-associated deviations in the immune repertoire and the regulation of signaling pathways that may shed light on this conundrum.
Adaptation of the Rostral Ampullary Electrosense for Plankton Feeding by the Paddlefish

The paddlefish paddle and its clusters of ampullary organs represent a novel evolutionary adaptation of the passive electrosense for zooplanktivorous feeding. The rostrum serves as an antenna extended in front of the fish to detect plankton encountered during continuous, ram-ventilating swimming. With itc exten- sive population of highly sensitive ampullary electroreceptors, the paddlefish is ideally suited to utilize the rich planktonic resource, a diet of near microscopic organisms otherwise difficult to detect by visual predators in the turbid waters of the Mississippi River drainage. The zooplankton, primarily cladocerans, e.g., Daphnia, exhibit dipole DC and oscillating electric field potentials that are readily detected by the paddlefish. These environmental signals are transduced into neuronal responses in the primary afferent fibers of the anterior lateral line nerve. Each afferent fiber branches to innervate multiple ampullae within the peripheral clusters. The afferents terminate in the specialized electrosensory lobes of the hindbrain medulla, the large dorsal octavolateralis nuclei (DON). Electrosensory information is passed on to large pyramidal-like neurons in the DON that project robustly via brainstem tracts into the midbrain innervat- ing the tectum mesencephalicus, the lateral mesencephalic nucleus, and the torus semicircularis. Electrosensory processing in the DON also involves descending input from both midbrain and cerebellar nuclei, in addition to commissural feedback from thecontralateral DON. Direct innervation of the tectum from the DON is unique to the paddlefish and may reflect dominance of the electrosensory system in tectal orientation, a mechanism essential for prey localization and capture.
CEO Turnover and Retention Light: Retaining Former CEOs on the Board

Prior CEO turnover literature characterizes the board’s decision as a choice between retaining versus replacing the CEO. We focus instead on the CEO’s decision rights and introduce a third option in which the incumbent CEO is removed but retained on the board for an extended period, which we call Retention Light. Firms may benefit from Retention Light because former CEOs possess unique monitoring and advising abilities, but the former CEO could also exploit available decision rights for personal benefit. A Retention Light CEO’s decision rights generally exceed those of CEOs who exit the firm entirely but fall short of the rights of a retained CEO. We find that when prior firm performance is better, the former CEO is more likely to be retained on the board (Retention Light) than to exit the firm. However, this relation is weaker when the CEO reaches normal retirement age at which time CEO power becomes more important. We also provide evidence on how the nature of the CEO’s bargaining power varies with his personal attributes and board characteristics in its influence on the Retention Light decision. Retention Light firms are more likely than CEO-exit firms to select a successor CEO with relatively weaker bargaining power. Finally, Retention Light involving a non-founder CEO is negatively associated with the firm’s post-turnover financial performance. Overall, Retention Light is a distinct CEO turnover option that has important consequences for board decisions and firm performance.
Grasping at Independence: Debt, Male Authority, and Mineral Rights in Appalachian Kentucky, 1850–1915 . By Robert S. Weise. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 374. $40.00.

Robert S. Weise, of the history department at Eastern Kentucky University, has provided a counterbalance to the standard emphasis upon outsiders' exploitation of the mineral resource of Appalachian Kentucky. Focusing on the aspirations of residents in Floyd County, he traces the economic development from pre–Civil War agricultural localism to the corporate mining structure of the twentieth century. His account rests upon creative use of census returns and county court files of land deeds, tax records, mortgage books, and case documents, personalized by reference to business correspondence of Walter Scott Harkins, Prestonburg lawyer, banker, and regional promoter, as found in the manuscript collection of the University of Kentucky library. The volume provides 28 statistical tables of agricultural, population, tax assessment, and mortgage data; 52 pages of footnotes; and 19 pages of bibliography—the last compilation offering much more than is directly applicable to his narrative, but useful as an excellent survey of recent interpretive literature on Appalachia and the New South.
Long-term corticosteroid treatment of myasthenia gravis: Report of 116 patients

One hundred sixteen patients, aged 8 to 82 years, with myasthenia gravis were treated with prednisone, 60 to 80 mg daily, until the onset of improvement, followed by lower-dose alternate-day therapy of several years' duration. Of all patients, 80.2% achieved either remission (27.6%) or marked improvement (52.6%). Moderate improvement occurred in 14.7%, and 5.2% showed no improvement. Increasing age correlated with a favorable outcome, but sex, duration of illness prior to treatment, severity and distribution of weakness at the time of onset of treatment, and presence of thymoma were not factors in the response to therapy.
Character of the Caribbean–Gônave–North America plate boundaries in the upper mantle based on shear‐wave splitting

[1] We present new shear-wave splitting measurements of SKS, SKKS, PKS, and sSKS phases from eight stations in the northern Caribbean. Prior to this work, shear-wave splitting analysis of the northern Caribbean boundary was only evaluated at a station in Puerto Rico. Stations that lie within several tens of kilometers of microplate boundaries have mean fast polarization directions parallel to the boundary and have delay times greater than 1 s. Stations more than several tens of kilometers away from microplate boundaries show no evidence for an anisotropic upper mantle. Stations in Cuba and Jamaica have fast axes oriented ∼100° with delay times of ∼1.5 s, indicating that the east-striking left-lateral strike-slip faults that define the north and south boundaries of the Gonave microplate continue into the upper mantle. A station located in Antigua, where the North America plate subducts beneath the Caribbean plate, has a high degree of splitting with the fast axis parallel to the trench. Based on our results, the deformation related to the presence of microplates in the northern Caribbean extends into the upper mantle.
Economic evaluation of alternative ethanol fermentation processes

Eleven alternative fermentation schemes for ethanol production are compared. Conventional batch, continuous, cell recycle, and immobilized cell processes, as well as membrane, extraction, and vacuum processes which remove ethanol from the broth selectively as it is produced, are considered. The processes are compared on identical bases using a consistent model for the yeast metabolism. Both molasses and cellulose hydrolyzate are considered as feeds. Optimized ethanol plants, including feed preparation, fermentation, and product recovery sections are designed and total costs are projected.
Cholera and pertussis toxins increase acidification of endocytic vesicles without altering ion conductances.

Acidification of endocytic vesicles, driven by the vacuolar H+ pump, is affected by parallel ion transporters. Because adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and heterotrimeric G proteins may ...
Understanding, refactoring, and fixing concurrency in C#

Industry leaders provide concurrent libraries because asynchronous & parallel programming are increasingly in demand: responsiveness, scalability, and high-throughput are key elements of all modern applications. However, we know little about how developers use these concurrent libraries in practice and the developer's toolbox for concurrency is very limited. We present the first study that analyzes the usage of concurrent libraries in large codebases, such as 2258 open-source C# apps comprising 54M SLOC and 1378 open-source Windows Phone apps comprising 12M SLOC. Using this data, we find important problems about use and misuse of concurrency. Inspired by our findings, we designed, evaluated, and implemented several static analyses and refactoring tools.
How Extension People Can Use “Recent” Economic Principles Including Marginal Concepts

IF AN accurate study was made of the proportion of extension economists time spent in planning and preparing the presentation and in the actual presentation of economic principles, I'm sure most of you who are not extension economists would be surprised to find that most of our time is spent on other activities. This is primarily because of four reasons: (1) We spend entirely too much time answering routine letters in response to specific questions on which sufficient information rarely is supplied, viz., rentals, leases, cost of operations, storage, custom rates, etc. (2) We are expected to perform too many routine activities of a simple descriptive cost-price nature, the content of which is also questionable. (3) A large proportion of our time is spent in traveling to and from meetings throughout the state. (4) There is a continued strong emphasis upon evaluating the effectiveness of extension work in terms of the number of people attending meetings, number of days spent in the field, and number of miles traveled.
Environmental Collective Action and the Border Crisis: The Emergence and Evolution of Collaborative Leadership

In southeast Arizona, collaborative natural resource institutions emerged through the efforts of managers, primarily government land and water managers, ranchers, and environmentalists, attempting to overcome challenging environmental problems: loss of open space, biodiversity protection, fire management, and riparian restoration and water over-appropriation. Over the past decade the escalation of smuggling and migration traffic coupled with militarization and development of border security infrastructure affected natural resource managers’ day-to-day lives and their ability to create and maintain collaborative institutions. In this paper, we highlight the struggles of collaborative leaders attempting to deal with various dimensions of the border crisis. We focus on how the leaders define and redefine their activities and approach to collaboration, as well as how other collaborative members perceive their actions and intent. The willingness and ability of leaders to innovate and adapt, as well as leverage their leadership skills and organizational resources, help to explain the persistence and evolution of environmental collective action in this border region.
The Effect of Brand Portfolio Characteristics on Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions

A growing number of brands are becoming associated with a portfolio of different product categories. Although concerns have been raised that adding products to a brand may weaken it, there is a pau...
Nanocolumnar Interfaces and Enhanced Magnetic Coercivity in Preferentially oriented Cobalt Ferrite Thin Films Grown Using Oblique-Angle Pulsed Laser Deposition

Highly textured cobalt ferrite (CFO) thin films were grown on Si (100) substrates using oblique-angle pulsed laser deposition (α-PLD). X-ray diffraction and in-depth strain analysis showed that the obliquely deposited CFO films had both enhanced orientation in the (111) crystal direction as well as tunable compressive strains as a function of the film thicknesses, in contrast to the almost strain-free polycrystalline CFO films grown using normal-incidence PLD under the same conditions. Using in situ optical plume diagnostics the growth parameters in the α-PLD process were optimized to achieve smoother film surfaces with roughness values as low as 1–2 nm as compared to the typical values of 10–12 nm in the normal-incidence PLD grown films. Cross-sectional high resolution transmission electron microscope images revealed nanocolumnar growth of single-crystals of CFO along the (111) crystallographic plane at the film–substrate interface. Magnetic measurements showed larger coercive fields (∼10 times) with sim...
Melanocyte stimulating hormone activity of different pituitary preparations.

Summary1) Bioassays of various pituitary preparations were made to compare quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the different MSH active principles known to be present in such preparations. Results suggest that the 3 chemically distinct pituitary fractions possessing MSH activity (i.e., alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, and ACTH) act on melanophores in a qualitatively similar manner. It is estimated that the intrinsic MSH activity of ACTH can not be greater than 1/10th that of alpha-MSH. 2) A melanophorotropic activity unit (MAU) is proposed which is defined as the amount of active principle producing 1/2 maximal response (or greater) in 50% of the treated animals. The approximate relationship of MAU to “units” used by other investigators is discussed. The frog bio-assay is sensitive to 0.01 MAU and therefore could be used to measure as little as 10-3 μg of pure ACTH (corresponding to 10-4 I.U. of ACTH) provided this fraction can be completely separated from the other MSH active principles by previous chemi...
The Impact of Moral Intensity and Inconsistent Ethical Tone on Policy Compliance

This study examines the impact of moral intensity and inconsistent ethical tone on Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy compliance. Organizations use BYOD policies to address the heightened risks of data and privacy breaches that arise when employees use their personal devices to access or store company data. These policies are a key part of an organization’s system of internal controls that protect organizational assets by prescribing appropriate behavior for individuals who have access to them. We conducted an online experiment to evaluate: (1) how the moral intensity of a policy compliance decision influences policy compliance behavior, (2) the efficacy of an intervention designed to increase moral intensity and thus foster compliance, and (3) how an inconsistent ethical tone affects both the perceived ethicality of a policy compliance decision and individuals’ intentions to comply with the policy. We find that moral intensity is positively related to policy compliance, and that a simple intervention effectively fosters policy compliance through its impact on moral intensity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that an inconsistent ethical tone erodes policy compliance intentions, and can spill over to affect another work-related behavior. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications.
Policy Design and Path Selection of Balanced Development of Regional Compulsory Education

The effectiveness of balanced development of regional compulsory education lies on the top-level design of "top-down" policies,, and also on the path selection of "bottom-up" practice. In the current conditions and background of China's economic and social development, to jointly promote the balanced development of regional compulsory education,promotion should come from three levels of macro, meso, micro policy, together with path selection of three stratifications of provincial overall planning, urban propulsion and country implement.
Management of congenital heart disease. Role of the pediatrician and recommendations to pediatric training programs.

Modern techniques in diagnosis and treatment of the infant with congenital heart disease are useless without the correct and timely action of the pediatrician. Rather than emphasizing diagnosis of the anatomic defect, which is better performed in cardiac centers with the aid of sophisticated procedures if necessary, curricula in pediatric cardiology should focus on functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system and teach better means than auscultation in assessment of the type and severity of cardiovascular function. The physician who may not have the opportunity to examine many patients with congenital heart disease, while he may be frustrated in the attempt to make an anatomic diagnosis, can master clinical assessment of cardiopulmonary function, thus enhancing his important role in the early detection of congenital heart disease.
Effect of natural organic matter on dissolution and toxicity of sulfidized silver nanoparticles to Caenorhabditis elegans

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on the dissolution and the toxicity of sulfidized AgNPs (sAgNPs) to a model soil organism, Caenorhabditis elegans in two distinct exposure media. This study demonstrated that the aggregation and dissolution of sAgNPs (75% Ag2S) was influenced by media composition, including inorganic composition and natural organic matter (NOM) concentration. Dissolution of sAgNPs was low (∼0.5%) but increased over time in all tested media (2 weeks). The presence of NOM either inhibited or enhanced Ag dissolution. Pony lake fulvic acid increased while Suwanee river and Pahokee peat fulvic acid (PLFA) decreased release of dissolved Ag from sAgNPs. Mortality of C. elegans exposed to sAgNPs was influenced by the inorganic composition of the media: with LC50 values of 8.15 mg Ag L−1 and >15 mg Ag L−1 in moderately hard reconstituted water and soil solution pore water. Toxicity was totally rescued by the presence of all tested NOM types and concentrations, despite the increase of dissolved Ag in the media with PLFA. Overall, these results showed that the toxicity induced by a partly sulfidized AgNPs in C. elegans is low and negligible in the presence of NOM regardless of NOM influence on dissolution.
Important Considerations in the Interpretation of Forensic Urine Drug Test Results

With sound analytical methodology, good laboratory practice, and intact specimen chain-of-custody, test result interpretation is the final element dictating the action to be taken following drug urinalysis. From a technical viewpoint, false test results may be reported as a result of adulteration, including the alteration of metabolic process through the intentional use of foreign material, or the outright addition of adulterants to specimens. Unintended exposure through contact or inhalation may result in the detection of targeted drug analytes at low levels, while the use of certain licit food and medicinal items, such as a salad dressing, a bagel containing poppy seeds, and Tylenol® III, may produce positive results using commonly reporting cutoff levels. For those specimens that test positively, the following factors should be considered when interpreting the meaning of a quantitative result: analyte stability, urine water content, and time lapse between drug exposure and specimen collection.
Humility and 12-Step Recovery: A Prolegomenon for the Empirical Investigation of a Cardinal Virtue in Alcoholics Anonymous.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) offers a live stage to study how humility is worn by thousands for another day of sobriety and more freedom from the bondage of self. It has been the coauthors’ intent to emphasize the significance of humility as a cardinal virtue across the 12-Step program and as essential to all its key elements. The coauthors have placed this emphasis in the context of a wider theological history of thought as this converged on Bill W. and AA. In addition, the coauthors have offered a constructive developmental interpretation of the 12 Steps that relies on a model of four modulations of humility. Finally, the coauthors have reviewed in brief some approaches to the measurement of humility in this context, and suggest several aims for future research.
Odors from sewage sludge and livestock: associations with self-reported health.

OBJECTIVES Class B treated sewage sludge (TSS) contains microbes and toxicants and is applied to land in areas where livestock wastes may be present. We evaluated relationships of reports of TSS and livestock odors with acute symptoms and excessive flies. METHODS A total of 158 adults living near liquid TSS application sites, 85 living near cake TSS application sites, and 188 living in comparison areas responded to a household survey regarding odors, health, and demographics. We identified symptom groups using factor analysis. We used generalized estimating equations to fit linear models for associations between factor scores and odors, and Poisson models for associations with specific symptoms. RESULTS Most factor scores were similar between exposure groups. Covariate-adjusted z-scores for lower respiratory symptoms were 0.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.10, 0.65) higher among residents who reported moderate to very strong liquid TSS odor than among residents in comparison areas, and 0.28 (95% CI 0.05, 0.50) higher among residents who reported moderate to very strong livestock odor compared with residents reporting no or faint livestock odor. The factor score for dermatologic conditions was higher among residents who reported higher liquid sludge odor (0.27, 95% CI -0.13, 0.68), primarily due to skin rash (prevalence ratio = 2.21, 95% CI 1.13, 4.32). Excessive flies were reported twice as commonly among respondents who reported moderate to very strong TSS odor than among other residents. CONCLUSIONS Reported odors from TSS and livestock were associated with some acute symptoms. Health departments should monitor land applications of human and animal wastes and conduct surveillance of health problems reported by neighbors.
High Sensitivity and Specificity in Human Breast Cancer Detection with Near-Infrared Imaging

The current tumor to tissue ratio obtained with intrinsic and extrinsic contrast agents is limited to approximately 2- to 3-fold and with this contrast, sensitivity/specificities of 80-90% are to be expected taking into account false positives due to cysts and false negatives due to adinocarcinomas which may not have fully developed angiogenic expression. Improved results have been obtained by combining multiple co-registered measures, for example, blood volume and deoxygenation, and other biochemical and physiological features, together with imaging of adequate resolution to include congruence of position of these images, increasing the sensitivity/specificities significantly towards 90%. Our next step in improving cancer detection is to increase the tumor to tissue ratio towards a factor of 10 and above. This can best be achieved by site directed, overt or stealth molecular beacons as described here. Furthermore, localization of the beacon signal with adequate accuracy for fine needle aspiration must be available in order to achieve a clinically acceptable diagnostic capability of the molecular beacon.
Pairing beyond the Seed Supports MicroRNA Targeting Specificity

Summary To identify endogenous miRNA-target sites, we isolated AGO-bound RNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans by individual-nucleotide resolution crosslinking immunoprecipitation (iCLIP), which fortuitously also produced miRNA-target chimeric reads. Through the analysis of thousands of reproducible chimeras, pairing to the miRNA seed emerged as the predominant motif associated with functional interactions. Unexpectedly, we discovered that additional pairing to 3′ sequences is prevalent in the majority of target sites and leads to specific targeting by members of miRNA families. By editing an endogenous target site, we demonstrate that 3′ pairing determines targeting by specific miRNA family members and that seed pairing is not always sufficient for functional target interactions. Finally, we present a simplified method, chimera PCR (ChimP), for the detection of specific miRNA-target interactions. Overall, our analysis revealed that sequences in the 5′ as well as the 3′ regions of a miRNA provide the information necessary for stable and specific miRNA-target interactions in vivo.