cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of and Recent Evidence for Antiplatelet Therapy in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes

When treating patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the benefits of antiplatelet therapy in preventing cardiovascular disease must be weighed against an increased risk of bleeding. Recent trials have sought to determine both the optimal anti-platelet regimen for patients with DM, and who specifically requires medication among the DM population. This paper will review recent trials and evidence recommending the use of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Seven notable trials assessed the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy in the DM population. The ASCEND trial concluded 100 mg aspirin/day reduced rates of serious vascular events (OR 0.88, p < 0.01) but also increased rates of major bleeding events (OR 1.29, p < 0.01). The DAPT study revealed a longer dual antiplatelet regimen (30 months vs. 18 months) after coronary stent placement was more effective in reducing rates of stent thrombosis (0.5% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.06) and rates of myocardial infarction (3.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.06). DECLARE DIABETES showed that adding cilostazol to dual antiplatelet therapy after a coronary stent procedure reduced rates of in-stent and in-segment late loss and increased rates of revascularization (p < 0.04). In PEGASUS-TIMI, daily ticagrelor demonstrated reduced rates of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (OR 0.84, p < 0.04). The DAVID trial compared daily picotamide with daily aspirin therapy, finding reduced mortality rates in the picotamide group (OR 0.55, p < 0.05). Lastly, ACUITY found bivalirudin monotherapy resulted in lower rates of major bleeding events when compared to a glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitor and heparin or bivalirudin combination regimen (p < 0.01). Dual antiplatelet therapy guidelines still typically revolve around aspirin, but an increasing number of studies have demonstrated other drugs that may have a role in preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease while decreasing the risk of major bleeding. Overall, it is wise to weigh the cardiovascular risk of a DM patient before prescribing antiplatelet medication. More research is necessary to determine a universal drug or combination of drugs that is safe and effective for DM patients.
Processing Parameter Correlations in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Processing-structure-property relationships in material extrusion additive manufacturing are complex, non-linear, and poorly understood. In this work, we designed an informatics workflow for the collection of high pedigree data from each stage of the fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing process. In conjunction with a design of experiments, we applied the workflow to investigate the influences of processing parameters on weld strength across three commercially available FFF printers. Environmental, material, and print conditions that may impact performance were monitored to ensure that relevant data were collected in a consistent manner. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament was used to print ASTM D638-14 Type V tensile bars. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis. The magnitude of the effects of extrusion temperature, layer thickness, print bed temperature, and print speed on the tensile properties of the final print were determined. The results demonstrated that printer selection is important and changes the impact of print parameters.
Mixing and Transport in the Surfzone

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project was a better understanding surfzone mixing and transport that would allow improved prediction of the fate of terrestrial runoff pollution and other substances (e.g., fine sediment, chemicals) sometimes present in very shallow water. The objectives were as follows: (1) participate in analysis of waves and currents observed (NCEX, 2003) near the onshore branch of a submarine canyon, (2) develop methods to measure breaking wave-driven mixing and transport in the natural surf zone, and (3) use field observations to test and calibrate numerical models for surfzone mixing and transport. Wave breaking occurs most of the time on most ocean beaches. Even the most sophisticated numerical models must parameterize the highly turbulent dynamics of wave breaking, and the ensuing cascade of momentum and energy to both large and small scales of motion. Sediment transport adds another layer of theoretical uncertainty to models for wave-driven changes in beach morphology. My general approach is to use field observations to test and calibrate the heuristic numerical models used to model wave-driven beach processes. All aspects of the work, from pre-experiment planning to publication of results, are highly collaborative with students, post docs, and other scientists. Waves and currents observed near the La Jolla and Scripps submarine canyons during the ONR/NSF supported Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX) have been analyzed and interpreted. Methods to observe transport and mixing in the surfzone using water-following drifters and fluorescent dye have been developed. Ongoing work uses dye and drifters as proxies for pollutants, chemicals from ordnance, and other tracers of interest.
Reference genome for the highly transformable Setaria viridis cultivar ME034V

Setaria viridis (green foxtail) is an important model system for improving cereal crops due to its diploid genome, ease of cultivation, and use of C4 photosynthesis. The S. viridis cultivar ME034V is exceptionally transformable, but the lack of a sequenced genome for this cultivar has limited its utility. We present a 397 Mb highly contiguous de novo assembly of ME034V using ultra-long nanopore sequencing technology (read N50=41kb). We estimate that this genome is largely complete based on our updated k-mer based genome size estimate of 401 Mb for S. viridis. Genome annotation identified 37,908 protein-coding genes and >300k repetitive elements comprising 46% of the genome. We compared the ME034V assembly with two other previously sequenced Setaria genomes as well as to a diversity panel of 235 S. viridis cultivars. We found the genome assemblies to be largely syntenic, but numerous unique polymorphic structural variants were discovered. Several ME034V deletions may be associated with recent retrotransposition of copia and gypsy LTR repeat families, as evidenced by their low genotype frequencies in the sampled population. Lastly, we performed a phylogenomic analysis to identify gene families that have expanded in Setaria, including those involved in specialized metabolism and plant defense response. The high continuity of the ME034V genome assembly validates the utility of ultra-long DNA sequencing to improve genetic resources for emerging model organisms. Structural variation present in Setaria illustrates the importance of obtaining the proper genome reference for genetic experiments. Thus, we anticipate that the ME034V genome will be of significant utility for the Setaria research community.
Can Technology Work for Policing? Citizen Perceptions of Police-Body Worn Cameras:

Recent incidents between police and people of color have further strained police–community relationships. Scholars, practitioners, activists, policy makers, and several police departments have advo...
On Shrieking the Truth: Mary and Proclamatory Wailing:

Drawing on examples of the Virgin Mary, Margery Kempe, and Mothers of the Movement, this article explores wailing as a form of prophetic speech. According to Christian tradition, the Virgin Mary wa...
Contar con la imaginación

espanolEl articulo muestra la relacion estructural entre el testimonio y el juicio estetico, y como la mentira estructural se implica irreductiblemente como la posibilidad de la verdad. Se explica la necesaria imposibilidad del testimonio como condicion de su posibilidad, argumento anticipado por J. L. Borges: “No hay una sola hermosa palabra, con la excepcion dudosa de testigo, que no sea una abstraccion”. La argumentacion se apoya en la teoria husserliana del syncategorema (palabras incompletas cuyo sen- tido depende del contexto) y en los deicticos (palabras esencialmente ocasionales); asimismo, se toma de I. Kant el papel de la imaginacion y los efectos del “como si”. EnglishThis essay demonstrates the structural relationship between testimony and aesthetic judgment. The implications of this discovery are several, the most important being the relationship between the lie and truth, implicating that lie indicates the irreducible possibility of truth. The essay explains the necessary impossibility of the testimony as a condition of its possibility, an argument anticipated in Jorge Luis Borges’ beau- tiful phrase, “There is not a single beautiful word, with the dubious exception of witness, that is not an abstraction”. The argument is based on Husserl’s theory of the syncategorem (“incomplete” words whose meaning depends on the context) and on deictic words (“essentially occasional” words); as well, it takes from Kant, the role of the imagination and the effects of the “as if”.
Virtual Symposium Designed as an Innovative Approach to Disseminate Leadership Development Content

The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Leadership Development Special Interest Group (LD SIG) embarked upon a one-week virtual symposium (VS) across three years. The purpose of the VS was to disseminate leadership content, case studies, and various topics of interest utilizing technology. This electronic format provided a new communication approach to facilitate content and discussion of leadership materials amongst faculty colleagues nationally. The VS allowed participants to gain knowledge and skills to address leadership development in a timely, flexible manner that can be challenging during in-person professional meetings and conferences due to conflicting programming and travel limitations. Evaluators across each of the VS (100%) indicated that they either agreed or strongly agreed with the scaled evaluative statements that the video presentations met their educational needs.
A Roadmap for Measurement-based Care Implementation in Intensive Outpatient Treatment Settings for Children and Adolescents

Measurement-based care (MBC), the routine collection and use of patient-reported data to monitor progress and tailor treatment, has been predominantly studied in adult treatment settings. Although ...
Clinical Factors Related to Undescended Testis in Infants with Gastroschisis.

Background Recent studies have reported the high incidence of undescended testis (UDT) in patients with gastroschisis. Although various mechanical, hormonal, and genetic theories have been postulated to describe testicular descent, the mechanism contributing to this condition remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of UDT in infants with gastroschisis. Methods Male neonates who underwent surgery for gastroschisis between January 1982 and December 2019 were enrolled. Data were analysed regarding the prevalence of UDT, including spontaneous testicular descent and the necessity of orchidopexy. Patients were grouped into those with or without UDT to identify the risk factors for UDT. Results Among 38 patients with gastroschisis, six (15.8%) developed UDT. There were no significant differences in gestational age or birth weight between patients with and without UDT. The patients with UDT had a significantly larger defect size than those without UDT (P = 0.037). In addition, the timing of abdominal closure was significantly later in patients with UDT than in those without UDT (P = 0.004). None of the patients with UDT exhibited spontaneous testicular descent requiring subsequent orchidopexy. Conclusions Patients with gastroschisis had a high prevalence of UDT. In gastroschisis, the incidence of UDT was related to the defect size and the timing of abdominal wall closure, indicating that an insufficient increase in intra-abdominal pressure during the foetal period may affect the development of UDT.
Inhibition of growth by ancymidol and tetcyclacis in the gibberellin-deficientdwarf-5 mutant ofZea mays L. and its prevention by exogenous gibberellin

Leaf sheath length and shoot dry matter of the gibberellin-deficientdwarf-5 mutant ofZea mays L. were further reduced by micromolar concentrations of two putative gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol] and tetcyclacis [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaazatetracyclo-5,4,1,02,6,08,11-dodeca-3,9-diene]. Growth retardant action was prevented by the subsequent application of gibberellin (GA4+7). Plants treated with both gibberellin and growth retardants were identical in all outward respects to those treated with gibberellin alone. Although thedwarf-5 mutant is blocked in the synthesis ofent-kaurene and does not contain detectable quantities of gibberellin, the above results are consistent with the interpretation that biologically active levels of endogenous gibberellin are present in the dwarf which can be decreased by biosynthesis inhibitors.
Resultant and Bezoutian Operators

We introduce and study operator generalizations of the classical resultant and Bezoutian matrices. It turns out that the theory of spectral pairs developed in Chapter 6 provides a very convenient tool in analysis of the operator resultant and Bezoutian. Many well-known properties of the classical Bezoutian and resultant can be extended to the operator theory framework. Subsequently, the Bezoutian operator is used to prove certain spectrum separation theorems for operator polynomials. In addition to the Bezoutian operator, we need also inertia theorems for Hilbert space operators. These are exposed in Section 9.5.
Relative Control Generation

This chapter presents the synthesis of synchronous control logic to activate the functional units in the data-path according to a given schedule. Control synthesis is important because it affects the control flow of operations and hence directly impacts the overall performance of the resulting hardware. There are many different styles of control implementation, ranging from ROM-based microprogrammed controllers [SLP88] to finite-state machines [CR89] to distributed control [BCM+ 88]. In the simple case where the hardware model either does not contain any data-dependent delay operations or does not support multiple threads of concurrent execution flow, the control logic can be implemented using a microprogrammed controller or a single finite-state machine in a straightforward way.
Approaches to Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Today, there exist many different types of A/D converter architectures. The reason for this diversity in architectures is to support the wide variety of applications in which A/D converters are used. The audio industry, for example, requires high-resolution A/D converters supporting between 16- and 20-bits of resolution operating at relatively low, audio frequency conversion speeds. Other industrial applications include low-resolution, low-speed converters for use in low-end instrumentation applications such as hand-held voltmeters. Many military applications require both high-speed and high-resolution A/D converters for high-performance sensor systems. In an effort to support this diverse range of applications, many different A/D converter architectures have been developed, each providing different capabilities and advantages.
Association Rule Mining with the Micron Automata Processor

Association rule mining (ARM) is a widely used data mining technique for discovering sets of frequently associated items in large databases. As datasets grow in size and real-time analysis becomes important, the performance of ARM implementation can impede its applicability. We accelerate ARM by using Micron's Automata Processor (AP), a hardware implementation of non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs), with additional features that significantly expand the APs capabilities beyond those of traditional NFAs. The Apriori algorithm that ARM uses for discovering item sets maps naturally to the massive parallelism of the AP. We implement the multipass pruning strategy used in the Apriori ARM through the APs symbol replacement capability, a form of lightweight reconfigurability. Up to 129X and 49X speedups are achieved by the AP-accelerated Apriori on seven synthetic and real-world datasets, when compared with the Apriori single-core CPU implementation and Eclat, a more efficient ARM algorithm, 6-core multicourse CPU implementation, respectively. The AP-accelerated Apriori solution also outperforms GPU implementations of Eclat especially for large datasets. Technology scaling projections suggest even better speedups from future generations of AP.
Commercial satellite telecommunications and national development: Lessons from Peru

Abstract This article summarizes the major development lessons and issues derived from an evaluation of the Rural Communication Services Project conducted in Peru from June 1982 to February 1987. The evaluation aimed to provide development planners and donor agency officials with credible information concerning the impact and costs of commercial satellite telecommunications, emphasizing telephone and teleconferencing services in remote rural areas.
An agent-based approach for trustworthy service location

We view the Internet as supporting a peer-to-peer information system whose components provide services to one another. The services could involve serving static pages, processing queries, or carrying out transactions. We model service providers and consumers as autonomous agents. Centralized indexes of the web are replaced by individual indexes kept by the agents. The agents can cooperate with one another. An agent may provide a service to another agent or give a referral that leads it in the right direction. Importantly, the agents can judge the quality of a service obtained and adaptively select their neighbors in order to improve their local performance. Our approach enables us to address two important challenges. One, in contrast with traditional systems, finding trustworthy parties is nontrivial in open systems. Through referrals, agents can help one another find trustworthy parties. Two, recent work has studied the structure of the web as it happens to have emerged mostly through links on human-generated, static pages. Whereas existing work takes an after-the-fact look at web structure, we can study the emerging structure of an adaptive P2P system as it relates to the policies of the members.
Constructing Self-Enforcing Democracy in Spain

Although students of democracy have long been held Spain to be a paradigmatic case of successful transition to democracy, no consensus exists as to why. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new approach of democratic stability and consolidation. This approach emphasizes that, to be sustained, democracy must be self-enforcing in the sense that all actors with the potential to disrupt democracy have no incentive to do so. The theory affords a new answer to the question of what makes the Spanish case paradigmatic.
Do the island biogeography predictions of MacArthur and Wilson hold when examining genetic diversity on the near mainland California Channel Islands? Examples from endemic Acmispon (Fabaceae)

The California Channel Islands are a group of eight oceanic islands located off the coast of southern California that are substantially closer to the mainland than most other well-studied island systems. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography proposed by MacArthur and Wilson posits that species diversity on an island will be positively impacted by island area and negatively impacted by isolation, which has been confirmed for the Channel Islands. In this study, we have extended MacArthur and Wilson's theory to examine how levels of genetic diversity relate to four island characteristics (island area, distance to the mainland, distance to the nearest island, plant diversity) in the endemic perennial taxa of Acmispon (Fabaceae) on the Channel Islands. We sampled two island species of Acmispon, A. argophyllus and A. dendroideus, from all islands, and mainland sister taxa for nuclear microsatellites, low-copy nuclear sequence and plastid sequence data. We found that only one measure of diversity from one genetic region (low-copy nuclear) was correlated with island area, that there was no support for a relationship between genetic diversity and distance to the mainland and that distance to the nearest island was a predictor of low-copy nuclear genetic diversity. Plant diversity was a significant predictor of plastid genetic diversity when considering all samples. We conclude that the equilibrium theory of island biogeography does not hold for measures of genetic diversity in the Channel Island endemic Acmispon based on island area and distance to the mainland. The short distance between individual islands and the mainland probably facilitates a moderate rate of mainland to island dispersal, preventing the islands from functioning as isolated biogeographic units. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 289–304.
Purification and properties of tryptophan-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract The aroH gene of Escherichia coli, which encodes the tryptophan-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase isoenzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, was cloned behind the tac promoter in expression plasmid pKK223-3. The enzyme was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity, and characterized. The native enzyme was found to be a dimeric metalloprotein containing 0.3 mol of iron per mol of subunit and variable amounts of zinc. The activity of the native enzyme was stimulated two- to threefold when assayed in the presence of Fe2+ ions. Pretreatment of the enzyme with Fe2+ also resulted in activation, accompanied by an equivalent increase in iron content. Treatment of the enzyme with chelating agents led to inactivation, which was fully reversed by the presence of Fe2+ in the assay mixture. The native enzyme exhibited a unique absorption profile, having a shoulder of absorbance on the aromatic band with a maximum around 350 nm and a broad, weak band with a maximum around 500 nm. Treatment of the enzyme with Fe2+ enhanced the absorbance at 350 nm and eliminated the band at 500 nm. Treatment with reducing agents caused the disappearance of both bands and destabilized the enzyme. Feedback regulation of the activity of the enzyme was specific for tryptophan, with maximum inhibition at about 70%.
Asbestos: Not Just an Exhibit at the Smithsonian

The Smithsonian Institution operates the largest museum and research complex in the world. In the past 25 years, the Smithsonian Institution has both acted and failed to act in a way that demonstrates a disregard for worker safety in their many facilities. This research examines actions and inactions of the Smithsonian Institution regarding work- place exposure to asbestos. Through a secondary analysis of congressional testimony, citations issued by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, private reports, and various media accounts of the events, this research seeks to examine the perpetrators' actions as a crime of omission and offer a theoretical explanation. The explanation at- tempts to situate the individuals within the micro-, meso-, and macro-level forces that shape motivations and create opportunities for individuals to disregard worker safety and jeopardize human life.
Measuring Statistical Capacity Building: A Logical Framework Approach

This paper suggests a way forward in the effort to measure statistical capacity building by combining features of two tools - the Project Management System, a logical framework methodology that the IMF Statistics Department uses to plan, monitor, and evaluate technical assistance projects, and the Data Quality Assessment Framework, a methodology for assessing data quality that brings together best practices and internationally accepted concepts and definitions in statistics.
The impact of legacy status on undergraduate admissions at elite colleges and universities

In this paper, I examine the impact of legacy status on admissions decisions at 30 highly selective colleges and universities. Unlike other quantitative studies addressing this topic, I use conditional logistic regression with fixed effects for colleges to draw conclusions about the impact of legacy status on admissions odds. By doing so, I eliminate most sources of outcome bias by controlling for applicant characteristics that are constant across colleges and college characteristics that are constant across applicants. I estimate that the odds of admission are multiplied by a factor 3.13 due to legacy status. My results also suggest that the magnitude of this legacy admissions advantage depends greatly on the nature of the familial ties between the applicant and the outcome college, and, to a lesser extent, the selectivity of the outcome college and the applicant's academic strength.
Atomic force microscopy study of the mechanical and electrical properties of monolayer films of molecules with aromatic end groups

The effect of intermolecular {pi}-{pi} stacking on the electrical and mechanical properties of monolayer films molecules containing aromatic groups was studied using atomic force microscopy. Two types of aromatic molecules, (4-mercaptophenyl) anthrylacetylene (MPAA) and (4-mercaptophenyl)-phenylacetylene (MPPA) were used as model systems with different {pi}-{pi} stacking strength. Monolayer films of these molecules on Au(111) surfaces exhibited conductivities differing by more than one order of magnitude, MPAA being the most conductive and MPPA the least conductive. The response to compressive loads by the AFM tip was also found to be very different for both molecules. In MPAA films distinct molecular conductivity changes are observed upon mechanical perturbation. This effect however was not observed on the MPPA film, where intermolecular {pi}-{pi} interactions are likely weaker.
3D numerical simulation of turbulence and sediment transport within a tidal inlet

Abstract Turbulence and sediment transport models are incorporated into a three-dimensional hydrodynamics model to investigate the mechanisms of morphologic evolution of scour holes within the Indian River Inlet, Delaware, USA. The inlet bed had eroded slightly since stabilizing the channel walls in late 1930s through 1976. The mean rate of bed erosion roughly doubled as a response to anthropogenic activities within the inlet such as the removal of ~ 80 piles remaining from an old bridge. Severe erosion near the in-water bridge supports and cofferdams for the replacement bridge necessitated channel bed stabilization that along with the remained debris from the removal of old bridge piles enhanced the growth of two deep scour holes on the bayside and oceanside of the bridge cofferdams. Scour hole and channel bed evolution has decreased drastically since 1994. The present investigation suggests that, initially, flow concentration through the cofferdams of the replacement bridge was the main reason for scour hole development. Bed shear stress over the forward-facing slope of the scour hole entrains sediment from the bed and extends the scour hole along the inlet and in the vertical direction. Flow separation within the developed scour holes after channel bed stabilization enhances turbulence and appears to be the dominant mechanism for further scour hole development.
Photophysics of laser dyes bound to poly (methacrylic acid) in water

Abstract The fluorescence emission characteristics have been recorded for a series of coumarin and rhodamine dyes in a water medium that includes the polyelectrolyte, poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA). Observations include a high level of solubility for the coumarin dyes in aqueous polymer solution (pH 3.0) and the elimination of dye aggregation for the rhodamines. The emission parameters of quantum yield, lifetime, and polarization were all shown to be increased on incorporation of dye in dilute polymer solution. Analysis of the Stokes-shift of emission and fluorescence yields revealed that the binding of dye to PMAA at the appropriate pH (3.0) in which the polyelectrolyte is uncharged and “hypercoiled” provides a viscous, and relatively “dry” microdomain that favors efficient emission and protection from quenchers.
Studies of the Variations in Bond Dissociation Energies of Aromatic Compounds. II. Substituted Bromobenzenes

The paper reports the effects of substituents on C$\chembond{1,0} $Br bond dissociation energy in substituted bromobenzenes. The following substituents introduced in various positions of benzene ring were investigated: F, Cl, Br, CH$\_{3}$, C$\_{6}$H$\_{5}$, CN and OH. In addition, the studies were extended to bromopyridines and bromothiophene. Assuming that the frequency factor is constant for the series of decompositions, the following values were obtained for the difference $\Delta $D = $D(Ph\chembond{1,0} Br)$-D(Ph$\_{s} \chembond{1,0} Br$), where Ph$\_{s}$Br denotes a molecule of substituted bromobenzene: $ \matrix\format\c\kern.8em&\c\kern.8em&\c\kern.8em&\c \\ & \Delta D & & \Delta D \\ \text{substituent} & (\text{kcal}/\text{mole}) & \text{substituent} & (\text{kcal}/\text{mole}) \\ p\text{-F} & 0\cdot 5 & \ \ m\text{-C}\_{6}\text{H}\_{5} & 0\cdot 8 \\ \ p\text{-Cl} & 0\cdot 6 & \ \ o\text{-C}\_{6}\text{H}\_{5} & 2\cdot 7 \\ \ m\text{-Cl} & 1\cdot 0 & \ p\text{-CN} & 0\cdot 3 \\ \ o\text{-Cl} & 1\cdot 2 & \ m\text{-CN} & 0\cdot 8 \\ \ p\text{-Br} & 0\cdot 3 & o\text{-CN} & 0\cdot 6 \\ \ o\text{-Br} & 1\cdot 8 & \ p\text{-OH} & 3\cdot 9 \\ \ \ p\text{-CH}\_{3} & 0\cdot 2 & \ o\text{-OH} & 3\cdot 8 \\ \ \ m\text{-CH}\_{3} & 0\cdot 2 & 3\text{-bromopyridine} & -5\cdot 0\ \ \quad \\ \ \ o\text{-CH}\_{3} & 0\cdot 8 & 2\text{-bromopyridine} & -0\cdot 6\ \quad \\ \ \ p\text{-C}\_{6}\text{H}\_{5} & 0\cdot 2 & 2\text{-bromothiophene} & 2\cdot 4 \endmatrix $ The significance of these results is discussed, and a tentative explanation of the observed effects is proposed.
Structural characterization of the 'melanoma-specific' antigen detected by monoclonal antibody 691I5Nu-4-B.

Abstract A cell surface antigen complex detected by a monoclonal antibody specific for human melanoma cells has been isolated and its molecular structure determined. The antigen consists of four polypeptide chains with mol. wts of 116,000; 95,000; 29,000; and 26,000 dallons. In the native state the two smaller polypeptide chains are linked to the 116,000 dalton species by disulphide bonds but the 95,000 unit is attached only by noncovalent interactions. 2-Nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid (NTCB) cleavage of the two major polypeptides reveals distinct patterns of cleavage indicating that the two proteins have different primary amino acid structures.
Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances

Land-use history interacts with natural forces to influence the severity of disturbance events and the rate and nature of recovery processes in tropical forests. Although we are far from an integrated view of forest recovery processes, some generalizations can be made. Recovery of forest structure and composition is relatively rapid following disturbances that primarily impact forest canopies, such as hurricanes. Recovery is considerably slower following disturbances that heavily impact soils as well as aboveground vegetation, such as bulldozing, heavy or long-term grazing, and severe fires, often with long-lasting effects on species composition. The landscape matrix plays a critical role in local recovery processes. Proximity of disturbed areas to remnant forest patches promotes more rapid recovery, which depends heavily on seed dispersal. Recovery of aboveground biomass is constrained by soil fertility and texture across regions as well as across soil types within a region. Restoration of soil fertility may be a prerequisite for forest recovery on sites with severely degraded soils. Despite evidence of rapid forest recovery following large-scale deforestation, many degraded areas of today’s tropics will require human assistance to recover forest structure, species composition, and species interactions typical of mature tropical forests.
New insights into the role of connexins in pancreatic islet function and diabetes

Multi-cellular systems require complex signaling mechanisms for proper tissue function, to mediate signaling between cells in close proximity and at distances. This holds true for the islets of Langerhans, which are multicellular micro-organs located in the pancreas responsible for glycemic control, through secretion of insulin and other hormones. Coupling of electrical and metabolic signaling between islet β-cells is required for proper insulin secretion and effective glycemic control. β-cell specific coupling is established through gap junctions composed of connexin36, which results in coordinated insulin release across the islet. Islet connexins have been implicated in both Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes; however a clear link remains to be determined. The goal of this review is to discuss recent discoveries regarding the role of connexins in regulating insulin secretion, the regulation of connexins within the islet, and recent studies which support a role for connexins in diabetes. Further studies which investigate the regulation of connexins in the islet and their role in diabetes may lead to novel diabetes therapies which regulate islet function and β-cell survival through modulation of gap junction coupling.
Electron diffraction studies of human erythrocyte membrane and its lipid extracts. Effects of hydration, temperature and hydrolysis

Abstract The organization of lipid molecules in individual human erythrocyte ghost membranes and single bilayers of their total lipid extracts were studied by lowdose electron diffraction in a controlled environment. The highest onset temperature ( T s ) at which diffraction rings corresponding to a gel state appeared, were found to be in the range of −2 to −4°C for both the whole ghost membrane and bilayers of its total lipid extracts. The onsets were abolished by dehydration before separated crystallizations of cholesterol and phospholipid occurred. T s increased as a result of free fatty acids accumulation in membranes after phospholipase A 2 treatment or storage.
Retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma.

Abstract Twelve cases of retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in women have been reported in the literature. We report an additional case. The histogenesis of mucinous cystadenomas and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas in the retroperitoneum is not clear, but that these lesions may arise from teratomas, ectopic supernumerary or accessory ovaries, or coelomic metaplasia has been suggested. It is possible that small clusters of coelomic epithelial cells could be deposited along the route of ovarian embryonic descent and, by proliferation or metaplastic differentiation, develop into these cystic tumors. The histogenesis of the rare histologically similar lesions that have been seen in men is even less clear. (Ann J OesTET GYNECOL 1989;160:1229-31.)
Unusual MRI findings after status epilepticus due to cat-scratch disease

A 4-year-old girl with status epilepticus and severe encephalopathy associated with cat-scratch disease is described. She had prolonged seizures lasting more than 2 weeks and required treatment with pentobarbital coma. She developed unusual abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging scans that involved the thalami and the cortex of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. She has developed a persistent encephalopathy manifesting as visual disturbance and frequent partial seizures.
An autoregressive vibrational-dephasing analysis

Abstract An autogressive time series analysis of vibrational-memory functions has enabled the vibrational-dephasing process to be separated into its homogeneous and inhomogeneous parts. The analysis has been applied to the ν 1 , bands of SiD 4 and PD 3 .
Towards a high-level power estimation capability [digital ICs]

We present a power estimation technique for digital integrated circuits that operates at the register transfer level (RTL). Such a high-level power estimation capability Is required in order to provide early warning of any power problems before the circuit-level design has been specified. With such early warning, the designer can explore design trade-offs at a higher level of abstraction than previously possible, reducing design time and cost. Our estimator is based on the use of entropy as a measure of the average activity to be expected in the final implementation of a circuit, given only its Boolean functional description. This technique has been implemented and tested on a variety of circuits. The empirical results to be presented are very promising and demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this approach.
The kinetics for two-break chromosome exchanges

An equation has been formulated to describe the theoretically expected kinetics for two-hit chromosome exchanges whether detected genetically as translocations or cytologically as dicentrics and rings. Data from diverse biological systems have been found to fit the expected values computed from this equation without having to rely upon such explanations as the occurrence of a large amount of inviability appearing at high doses or a large linear component.
The relationship of the eating disorders inventory with the SCL-90 and MMPI in college women

Abstract The eight subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) were correlated with two widely used self-report symptom measures (the MMPI and the SCL-90). A multivariate analysis suggested two general clusters of variables involving the EDI. Subscales of the EDI that purport to measure eating concerns were grouped together on the first variate and were related to Pt, D, Pd, and the Global Severity Index of the SCL-90. Thus, the reporting of these general eating difficulties tended to coincide with complaints of anxiety, depression, and other symptoms. The second variate appeared to measure healthy psychological functioning. Implications for the EDI and its usefulness are discussed.
Surface Waves in Heterogeneous Media

Solutions have been obtained and dispersion-curves calculated for surface-waves of the Love and Rayleigh types in media in which the elastic constants are exponential functions of the depth. Both sets of waves show dispersion of the expected type and for oceanic paths the agreement between observed and calculated values is satisfactory.
The observation of multiple-layer loops in nickel base alloys under ion bombardment

Multiple-layer dislocation loops of varied character were observed and analyzed in pure nickel and Ni-base alloy solid solutions (NiAl, NiTi and NiCr) under proton and nitrogen ion irradiation at elevated temperatures (350 to 550 °C) and generally low doses (up to approximately 6 dpa). The double and triple layer faulted loops observed were most frequently interstitial edge loops lying on {111} with Burgers vectors of the type 1/3 〈111〉. Unfaulted triple-layer loops were also observed and analyzed to be perfect prismatic loops, each loop having a different 1/2 〈110〉 type Burgers vector inclined to the {111} loop planes. A small fraction of the loops consisted of 1/3 〈111〉 interstitial edge loops with vacancy-type secondary loops. The results are discussed in light of recent theoretical considerations on loop nucleation and growth. It is concluded that impurity enhanced nucleation is the dominant mechanism of multiple loop nucleation. Bei Protonen- und Stickstoffionenbestrahlung werden bei ausgewahlten Temperaturen (350 bis 550 °C) und bei meist niedrigen Dosen (bis naherungsweise 6 dpa) Mehrschicht-versetzungsschleifen unterschiedlichen Charakters in reinem Nickel und Legierungsmisch kristallen auf Ni-Basis (NiAl, NiTi und NiCr) beobachtet und analysiert. Die beobachteten fehlgestapelten Doppel- und Dreifachschichtschleifen sind fast durchweg Zwischen gitterplatz-Stufenversetzungsschleifen in {111}-Ebenen mit Burgersvektoren vom Typ 1/3 〈111〉. Nichtfehlgestapelte. Dreifachschichtschleifen werden edenfalls beobachtet und es wird gefunden, das es perfekte prismatische Schleifen sind, wobei jede Schleife einen unterschiedlichen Burgersvektor vom Typ 1/2 〈110〉 hat, der gegen die {111}-Schleifen ebenen geneigt ist. Ein geringer Teil der Schleifen besteht aus prismatischen 1/3 〈111〉-Zwischengitterplatzschleifen mit sekundaren Gitterluckenschleifen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf neuere theoretische Betrachtungen uber Schleifenbildung und -wachstum diskutiert. Es wird geschlossen, das durch Storstellen verstarkte Keimbildung der dominante Mechanismus bei der Mehrfachschleifenbildung ist.
Surface plasmon resonance measurements of plasma antibody avidity during primary and secondary responses to anthrax protective antigen

Establishment of humoral immunity against pathogens is dependent on events that occur in the germinal center and the subsequent induction of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies. Quantitative assays that allow monitoring of affinity maturation and duration of antibody responses can provide useful information regarding the efficacy of vaccines and adjuvants. Using an anthrax protective antigen (rPA) and alum model antigen/adjuvant system, we describe a methodology for monitoring antigen-specific serum antibody concentration and avidity by surface plasmon resonance during primary and secondary immune responses. Our analyses showed that following a priming dose in mice, rPA-specific antibody concentration and avidity increases over time and reaches a maximal response in about six weeks, but gradually declines in the absence of antigenic boost. Germinal center reactions were observed early with maximal development achieved during the primary response, which coincided with peak antibody avidity responses to primary immunization. Boosting with antigen resulted in a rapid increase in rPA-specific antibody concentration and five-fold increase in avidity, which was not dependent on sustained GC development. The described methodology couples surface plasmon resonance-based plasma avidity measurements with germinal center analysis and provides a novel way to monitor humoral responses that can play a role in facilitating vaccine and adjuvant development.
Formation of Bound Rubber of GR-S Type Polymers with Carbon Blacks

Abstract The bound rubber-black complex formed by milling various GR-S polymers and carbon blacks at several temperature levels was studied. The amount of bound polymer increased with greater loadings of black, but per unit of carbon black, it decreased at the higher black loadings. The temperature of mixing likewise has a large effect—at lower carbon black loadings, higher temperatures increase the amount of binding; the effect ia minimized as the loading is increased until at high loadings (100 to 125 parts of black per 100 parts of rubber) this effect is eliminated. By fractionation of the sol portion, it has been shown that polymer of progressively lower molecular weight is bound as the black loading is increased. Polymer of high molecular weight does not replace bound polymer of lower molecular weight; the polymer of higher molecular weight is preferentially bound during mill mixing. Although more polymer appears to be bound as the conversion is increased from 50 to 72 per cent at a loading of 50 par...
Spectral theory for tensor products of Hermitianholomorphic line bundles

Let L be a quasipositive line bundle over a compact complex Hermitian manifold. It has been conjectured that the smallest positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian, acting on the k′th tensor power of L, is uniformly bounded independent of k. Various special cases of the conjecture are proved, but a counterexample is given to the general conjecture.
Two- and Three-Phase Relative Permeabilities of Micellar Fluids

Two- and three-phase relative permeabilities have been measured for a low-interfacial-tension (IFT) brine/oil/surfactant/alcohol mixture in Berea sandstone cores. The measurements were done at steady-state conditions with a constant nominal capillary number of 10/sup -2/. These are the first three-phase micellar relative permeabilities reported to date. Continuous and slug displacements of both partitioning and nonpartitioning radioactive tracers were run for each steady-state experiment. The effluent tracer data from these experiments were analyzed by a capacitance model. Both excess phases flowing with the microemulsion showed significant capacitance effects, but the microemulsion did not. The absence of capacitance indicates that the microemulsion was probably the wetting phase in these low-IFT flows, even more wetting than the excess brine phase. The relative permeability of each phase is a function of only its own saturation during three-phase flow. Polymer dissolved in brine had little effect on the relative permeabilities of brine and microemulsion in two-phase flow.
Site of protein synthesis in cells infected with pseudorabies virus.

Abstract An attempt was made to locate in rabbit kidney cells the site of synthesis of the proteins of pseudorabies virus. When the proteins synthesized by infected and non-infected cells were labeled for a short period of time and thereafter the cytoplasmic fraction was separated from the nuclear fraction, essentially no difference was observed in the distribution of counts in the fractious obtained from infected and noninfected cells. During a “pulse-chase” experiment, a flow of radioactive proteins from the cytoplasmic fraction to the nuclear fraction was observed in infected cells but not in noninfected cells. Essentially the same results were also obtained in a pulse-chase experiment in which the amount of radioactivity in the nuclei of infected and noninfected cells was determined by autoradiography. Since the experiments were carried out when most of the proteins made by the cell are destined to become part of the viral particle, these results indicate that viral proteins are probably synthesized in the cytoplasm and find their way to the nucleus of the infected cell. By means of an indirect serological precipitation test, an attempt was made to follow the flow of viral antigenic protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. It was found that the hyperimmune serum against infectious virus used in these experiments was not, suitable for this purpose, because this serum does not appear to be active against most of the viral protein subunits. The viral protein subunits did, however, react with the serum after their aggregation; most of the proteins precipitable by the serum appeared in the nuclear fractions.
A surface science perspective on TiO2 photocatalysis

The field of surface science provides a unique approach to understanding bulk, surface and interfacial phenomena occurring during TiO2 photocatalysis. This review highlights, from a surface science perspective, recent literature that provides molecular-level insights into photon-initiated events occurring at TiO2 surfaces. Seven key scientific issues are identified in the organization of this review. These are: (1) photon absorption, (2) charge transport and trapping, (3) electron transfer dynamics, (4) the adsorbed state, (5) mechanisms, (6) poisons and promoters, and (7) phase and form. This review ends with a brief examination of several chemical processes (such as water splitting) in which TiO2 photocatalysis has made significant contributions in the literature.