cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2010 - IDENTIFYING NECESSARY CHROMATIN STATES AND TARGETS FOR HEMOGENIC SPECIFICATION AND REPROGRAMMING

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) originate from a subset of endothelium in the embryo known as hemogenic endothelium. Hemogenic endothelium must undergo an endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT) to form HSCs. EHT requires the activity of the transcription factor (TF) RUNX1. Ectopic pan-endothelial expression of RUNX1 in mouse embryos is able to specify embryonic endothelium as hemogenic. However, as compared to embryonic endothelium, RUNX1 is not as effective at specifying fetal endothelium as hemogenic. To understand the difference in the competency of embryonic versus fetal endothelium to be specified as hemogenic, we examined differences in chromatin at these two developmental stages. ATAC-seq revealed that RUNX1 appears to be specifying embryonic endothelium through a canonical EHT program. To orchestrate this EHT transcriptional program, RUNX1 participates with other hematopoietic TFs, such as FLI1, ETS1, SPI1, and GFI1. Following RUNX1 induction in embryonic endothelium, immune genes and motility related genes are upregulated. In fetal endothelium, however, RUNX1 induction results in a more complex picture. To determine if these differences were due to underlying chromatin differences between fetal and embryonic endothelium, we examined control embryonic and fetal endothelium using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). STORM imaging suggests that there are global differences in chromatin structure between fetal and embryonic endothelium. Fetal endothelium appears to have more densely packed chromatin that is located more peripherally than embryonic endothelium. Taken together, these data show that the reduced specification efficiency by RUNX1 observed between embryonic and fetal endothelium is due, at least in part, to chromatin structure.
Crystal structures, syntheses, and spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements of two push-pull chromophores: 2-[4-(di-methyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione and (E)-2-{3-[4-(di-meth-ylamino)-phen-yl]allyl-idene}-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione.

The title pull–push chromophores, 2-[4-(di­methyl­amino)­benzyl­idene]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione, C18H15NO2 (ID[1]) and (E)-2-{3-[4-(di­methyl­amino)­phen­yl]allyl­idene}-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione, C20H17NO2 (ID[2]), have donor–π-bridge–acceptor structures. The mol­ecule with the short π-bridge, ID[1], is almost planar while for the mol­ecule with a longer bridge, ID[2], is less planar. The benzene ring is inclined to the mean plane of the 2,3-di­hydro-1H-indene unit by 3.19 (4)° in ID[1] and 13.06 (8)° in ID[2]. The structures of three polymorphs of compound ID[1] have been reported: the α-polymorph [space group P21/c; Magomedova & Zvonkova (1978). Kristallografiya, 23, 281–288], the β-polymorph [space group P21/c; Magomedova & Zvonkova (1980). Kristallografiya, 25 1183–1187] and the γ-polymorph [space group Pna21; Magomedova, Neigauz, Zvonkova & Novakovskaya (1980). Kristallografiya, 25, 400–402]. The mol­ecular packing in ID[1] studied here is centrosymmetric (space group P21/c) and corresponds to the β-polymorph structure. The mol­ecular packing in ID[2] is non-centrosymmetric (space group P21), which suggests potential NLO properties for this crystalline material. In both compounds, there is short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contact present, enclosing an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal of ID[1], mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions, forming layers parallel to the bc plane. In the crystal of ID[2], mol­ecules are liked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form 21 helices propagating along the b-axis direction. The mol­ecules in the helix are linked by offset π–π inter­actions with, for example, a centroid–centroid distance of 3.9664 (13) A (= b axis) separating the indene rings, and an offset of 1.869 A. Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements show the ability of these compounds to easily transfer electrons through the π-conjugated chain.
An association between marijuana use and tinnitus.

Abstract Objective While some advocates have argued for marijuana as a treatment for tinnitus, the relationship between marijuana use and tinnitus is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between marijuana use and the prevalence, severity, and rate of occurrence of tinnitus. Study design Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012. Subjects and methods Statistical analysis was performed on data collected from 2705 non-institutionalized adults aged 20–69 who underwent audiometric testing and were administered questionnaires about hearing, drug use, current health status, and medical history. Results The use of marijuana at least once per month for the previous 12 months was significantly associated with experiencing tinnitus during that 12-month month (X2(1) = 19.41, p Conclusion Regular marijuana use is associated with prevalent tinnitus. However, no dose response between marijuana use and tinnitus was observed. The relationship between marijuana use and tinnitus is complex and is likely modulated by psychosocial factors.
Abstract A057: The MEK1/2 pathway as a therapeutic target in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

Rationale: High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the deadliest of gynecological cancers due to high rates of recurrence and acquired chemoresistance. Recurrent tumors are suggested to originate from cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) which have been shown to have high MEK1/2 activity signaling pathway to survive and proliferate. Present work investigates the potential of selective MEK1/2 inhibition as a CSC-targeting HGSOC therapy approach. Methods: MEK1/2 pathway activity was evaluated in clinical HGSOC tissue samples and ovarian cancer cell lines using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and RT-qPCR. OVCAR8 and PEO4 HGSOC cell lines were used to assess the effect of MEK1/2 inhibition on cell viability, proliferation rate and stem-like characteristics in vitro. Mouse xenografts were used to investigate MEK1/2 inhibition effect on tumor growth in vivo. Drug washout experimental model was used to study the lasting effects of MEK1/2 inhibition therapy. Results: MEK1/2 signaling is active in majority of HGSOC tissue samples and cell lines and is further stimulated by cisplatin treatment. MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib drastically inhibits activity of MEK1/2 downstream signaling, causes prominent cell cycle arrest in G1/0-phase in vitro and reduces tumor growth rate in vivo, but does not induce cell death. Cells treated with trametinib display high CD133+ fraction and increased expression of stemness-associated genes. Transient trametinib treatment causes long-term increase in high ALDH1 activity cells that possess capability of surviving and growing in non-adherent conditions. Conclusions: MEK1/2 inhibition in HGSOC cells efficiently inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth and therefore may be promising approach to suppress ovarian cancer cell growth. As MEK1/2 inhibition promotes stem-like properties, including ALDH activity, it should be used in combination with CSC-targeting drugs, especially ALDH1 inhibitors. Citation Format: Mikhail Chesnokov, Abdelrahman Yousif, ilana Chefetz. The MEK1/2 pathway as a therapeutic target in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A057. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-A057
Animals as Anodyne

An anodyne is something that soothes, calms, or comforts. In this chapter, I argue that animals facilitate intervention, in part, by acting as an anodyne—eliciting a superficial, perhaps temporary, reduction in distress (i.e., improved mood, reduced tension or anxiety). Just as an aspirin can relieve the pain of a headache superficially, without necessarily treating the underlying cause, interacting with an animal may result in a reduction of subjective distress, without necessarily treating the underlying source of the distress. This lift in mood may be an end in and of itself or may help to facilitate a therapy or learning process aimed at longer-term change. Various research on animal-assisted intervention (AAI) implies an anodyne effect, wherein interactions with animals are associated with reduced physical or emotional distress. This chapter reviews a sample of those studies in the context of an anodyne effect and describes experimental research testing animals as anodyne.
Principles of Writing K and R Grants

The ability to obtain extramural funding, including National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants, is critical for any health services researcher. Developing and then maintaining a health services research laboratory requires funding to conduct the research and/or the hiring of core team members who will help to conduct the research. Grant writing is an important skill. Researchers must not only have novel and innovative ideas, but also communicate these ideas in a clear and concise manner while following a particular format that grant reviewers expect.
Reduction of colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis by a black lentil water extract through inhibition of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines

The objective was to compare the impact of black lentil (BL) water and delphinidin 3-O-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-l-arabinopyranoside) (D3G)-rich lentil extracts on tumor development, inflammation and immune response in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into four groups: healthy control (n = 6), AOM/DSS control (n = 14), AOM/DSS + BL (600 mg/kg body wt, n = 12) and AOM/DSS + D3G (41 mg/kg body wt, equivalent to D3G concentration in BL, n = 12). Mice were given treatments for 11 weeks using a voluntary jelly administration. AOM/DSS + BL presented a lower (P < 0.05) disease activity index, throughout and at the end (2.4) compared with AOM/DSS (6.3). AOM/DSS + BL mice had an average of 7.8 neoplasms versus 12.8 for the AOM/DSS (P < 0.05). Proinflammatory cytokines were downregulated in the colon mucosa: interleukin (IL)-1β (-77.5%, -70.7%) and IL-6 (-44.4%, -44.9%) by AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G, respectively, compared with AOM/DSS. IL-6 protein expression was decreased by BL in plasma (-72.6%) and gene expression in colon polyps (fold change: -4.0) compared with AOM/DSS. AOM/DSS + D3G non-polyp tissue gene expression clustered with the healthy control tissue with only four genes modified (secreted phosphoprotein 1 and CXC motif chemokine ligands 2, 5 and 10). AOM/DSS + BL downregulated programmed death-ligand 1 protein expression in colon tissue (-54.7%) and gene expression by 2.8-fold compared with the AOM/DSS control. In fecal samples, gallic and protocatechuic acids and epicatechin were found, and concentration of most amino acids was lower and unsaturated fatty acids were higher for AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G. BL and D3G-rich extracts showed anti-inflammatory and proimmune response effects while BL additionally prevented growth of neoplasia.
Reforming Copyright Interpretation

This Article argues that copyright law needs to acknowledge and reform its interpretive choice regime. Even though judges face potentially outcome-determinative choices among competing sources of interpretive authority when they adjudicate copyrightable works, their selection of interpretive methods has been almost entirely overlooked by scholars and judges alike. This selection among competing interpretive methods demands that judges choose where to locate their own authority: in the work itself; in the context around the work, including its reception, or in the author’s intentions; in expert opinions; or in judicial intuition. Copyright’s interpretive choice regime controls questions of major importance for the parties, such as whether an issue is a matter of law or fact; whether an issue may be decided at summary judgment; whether expert testimony is allowed; and whether a use is fair or not (among multiple other doctrinal issues). Currently, the lack of transparency that characterizes copyright’s interpretive practices creates unpredictability and unfairness for the parties, because method selection often matters to outcomes. As a function of interpretive choice, works of art may escape destruction if found non-infringing (Cariou v. Prince); movies may get made, or languish as legal disputes get ironed out (Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures; Effie v. Murphy); novels may get banned, or declared a fair use (Salinger v. Colting; Suntrust v. Houghton-Mifflin); fan works may be threatened (RDR v. Warner Bros). Ultimately, understanding interpretive choice helps evaluate the proper allocation and scope of decisional authority, assist in the proper characterization of issues, and identify the best tools to use in copyright’s interpretive work. The Article concludes with a call for greater methodological transparency, and it offers a few modest prescriptions about which interpretive methods might be best adopted, by whom, when, and why. It proposes a rule-based, two-tiered approach to copyright adjudication, a process-based formalism that would constrain judicial discretion and could produce greater consistency and fairness.
Sibling Separation and Placement Instability for Children in Foster Care.

U.S. foster care policy prioritizes keeping siblings together while in foster care. However, prior research on the effects of sibling placement is limited in sample, measures, and research design. ...
Exploring mentoring and nurse faculty: An integrative review

Abstract Background Mentoring is recommended as an intervention to assist nurses in adjusting to the faculty role. While research on academic mentoring for nurse faculty is growing, the findings of this body of research have not been summarized to inform the development of mentoring programs. Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to summarize and synthesize the research regarding mentoring relationships and mentoring programs in academia for nurse faculty. Method Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) methodology for integrative reviews guided this work. Electronic databases that were searched using the following terms: mentorship, mentors, mentor, nursing faculty, faculty, educational personnel, nurses, nursing, and nursing education. Primary research studies were included that examined mentoring relationships among nurse faculty, mentoring program components, and mentoring outcomes in academia. Results A total of 18 studies were included in the review. Five main topics were identified: (1) prevalence of mentoring programs and relationships, (2) priorities within mentoring programs and relationships, (3) perceived quality of mentoring programs and relationships, (4) outcomes of mentoring programs and relationships, and (5) challenges within mentoring relationships. Conclusion More research is needed to inform nurse faculty and leaders as they design effective mentoring programs and support the development of collaborative and enriching mentoring relationships.
Love as the Ultimate Virtue

The chapter argues that the ethic of love is the inner core of the Hizmet movement which shapes its understanding and practicing of all the moral and intellectual virtues. Drawing on a comparison with the hospitality focused ethic of the community of Le Chambon, France during World War II, the chapter explores how the Hizmet movement developed a religiously inspired ethical orientation emphasizing communitarian service to others, both locally and internationally. In both communities, Christian and Islamic understandings of the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity (love) shaped the call to respond hospitably to persons in need of assistance. The Hizmet movement’s cosmopolitan service ethic is fundamentally shaped by a Sufi understanding of the love of God as manifest through humanitarian service to others. Interactions with members of the Hizmet movement disclose the movement as fundamentally a faith-inspired philanthropic service movement. The chapter ends by addressing three current challenges which must be addressed in ways consistent with the virtue orientation of the Hizmet movement.
Morphological instability of a stressed elastic conducting cylinder – effect of magnetomechanical interaction

The surface evolution of an elastic conducting cylinder carrying electric current was analyzed by considering the effect of magnetomechanical interaction and using the linear perturbation analysis. The driving force controlling the surface growth was the gradient of the chemical potential, consisting of the contributions of elastic energy, electromagnetic energy and surface energy. A general expression of the dispersion relation was obtained for describing the morphological evolution of the conducting cylinder subjected to self-induced magnetic field. It was found that the magnetomechanical interaction can enhance or inhibit the morphological instability of the elastic conducting cylinder when subjected to a far-field tensile stress. Such analysis might be of importance in understanding the surface evolution of nano-rods and nano-wires when carrying electric current.
Sporadic Fundic Gland Polyps : Common Gastric Polyps Arising Through Activating Mutations in the β-Catenin Gene

Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are the most common gastric polyps. FGPs traditionally have been regarded as nondysplastic hamartomatous or hyperplastic lesions, but their pathogenesis remains unclear. We have recently shown that somatic adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene alterations are frequently present in FGPs associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), raising the possibility that mutations of the β-catenin gene affecting the APC/β-catenin pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic FGPs. We analyzed somatic β-catenin gene mutations in 57 sporadic FGPs from 40 patients without FAP and in 19 FGPs from 13 FAP patients. Direct DNA sequencing of exon 3 encompassing the glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation region for β-catenin was used with confirmation by Hin fI restriction endonuclease digestion. The foveolar epithelium and dilated fundic glands of the polyps were separately microdissected and analyzed in 22 of 57 sporadic FGPs. Activating β-catenin gene mutations were present in 91% (52 of 57) of sporadic FGPs. Both the foveolar epithelium and the dilated fundic gland epithelium comprising the polyps were shown to have the same somatic β-catenin mutation in 21 of 22 (95%) sporadic FGPs. In contrast, β-catenin gene mutations were not present in any of the 19 FAP-associated FGPs ( P
Alsep-Quasar VLBI: Complementary Observable for Laser Ranging

The potential development of a high precision inertial reference frame composed of extragalactic radio sources (principally quasars) offers opportunities to perform both astronomical and geophysical studies at previously unrealizable levels of accuracy. A program of ALSEP-quasar differential VLBI is now being carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The precision of these observations is comparable to lunar laser ranging, but the sensitivity is in right ascension and declination instead of in range. These high accuracy observations can be used to tie the lunar ephemeris to this new reference frame. Such a tie could be a valuable step in a validation phase of intercomparing VLBI and lunar laser ranging. The combination of this VLBI data with laser ranging can also be used in testing gravitational theories, improving the knowledge of lunar physical librations, and for refinement of the lunar gravitational field. Preliminary results of a covariance study on such a data set combination for 3 years of ALSEP-quasar data show a significant improvement in the solution parameters over laser ranging alone.
A Linear Time Algorithm for a Subcase of Second Order Instantiation

A problem that comes up in any proof-checking system is whether or not a proof step is a valid instantiation of a lemma or theorem. Often, the lemma or theorem may include set variables and so in general can be second order. This problem is somewhat simpler than the more general problem of second order unification. Jensen and Pietrzykowski [1] and Huet [2] give semi-decision procedures for finding ω-order unifiers. The second order instantiantion problem is shown to be NP-complete in Baxter [3]. Our approach will be to find useful subcases of the second order instantiantion problem which yield to fast algorithms. This paper is a first approximation towards that goal.
Abstract 4478: Biopharmaceutic studies of novel nucleoside transporter inhibitor prodrugs that can protect against nucleoside drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Nucleoside analog antimetabolites are used as chemotherapy agents to treat cancer by interfering with DNA biosynthesis and therefore cell division and the growth of tumors. However, nucleoside drugs, such as the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiviral agents and gemcitabine, a drug approved for use against various solid tumors, have been found to cause severe mitochondrial toxicities that can limit their use. Nucleoside analogs cause toxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. Nucleoside drugs can be transported from cytoplasm into mitochondrial by mitochondrial membrane nucleoside transporters (NTs) where they form the active triphosphate analogs and incorporate into mtDNA and inhibit mtDNA polymerase, Pol γ. Currently, there is no proven general treatment or prevention strategy for nucleoside drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Thus, the development of innovative approaches to preempt or treat mitochondrial toxicity will be an important advance in the field of nucleoside drug therapy. In our research to overcome the mitochondrial toxicity, we developed a set of novel nucleoside transporter inhibitor (NTI) prodrugs that lack of NT inhibition but can release active drugs intracellularly to inhibit mitochondrial nucleoside uptake. In vitro biopharmaceutics studies of cell entry, in-cell hydrolysis profiles, and metabolic stability in human liver S9 faction and human plasma were carried out on a set of novel prodrugs that have shown protection against nucleoside drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Financial support by NIH grant RO1GM10405 is acknowledged. Citation Format: Shan Sun, Hilaire C. Playa, Hemantkumar S. Deokar, Wenwei Lin, John K. Buolamwini. Biopharmaceutic studies of novel nucleoside transporter inhibitor prodrugs that can protect against nucleoside drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4478. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4478
Isolation and characterization of perithecial development mutants in neurospora

The isolation and characterization of mutants that block perithecial development in Neurospora crassa are described. Several classes of mutants have been isolated after UV mutagenesis, and those that block perithecial development when used as the female (protoperithecial) component of a cross have been further characterized. These mutants fall into 29 complementation groups. Twelve of the 33 mutants block development at the protoperithecial stage; no other clustering of block points is observed. Many of the mutants show an altered vegetative growth rate as well; in several mutants this lower growth rate cosegregates with the female sterile phenotype. Only one mutant also blocks development of the perithecium when used as the conidial parent. None of the mutants are temperature sensitive; two can be suppressed by growth on a complete crossing medium. There is no indication that the mutants are at or in the mating-type locus, nor are any of the mutants mating-type specific. Genetic mosaics have been formed using mixtures of mutant and marked wild-type nuclei; no mutants are cell autonomous by this criterion. The significance of these results in terms of "developmental" mutants isolated in other organisms and in relation to models of eukaryotic development is discussed.
Molecular identification of a novel protein that regulates biogenesis of photosystem I, a membrane protein complex.

Photosystem I (PSI) is a multisubunit pigment-protein complex in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. BP26, a random photosynthesis-deficient mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 has a severely reduced PSI content, whereas its photosystem II is present in normal amount. The BP26 mutant is complemented by a novel gene, btpA, that encodes a 30-kDa protein. In this strain, a missense mutation in the btpA gene, resulting in the replacement of a valine by a glycine residue, significantly affects the accumulation of the PSI reaction center proteins, PsaA and PsaB. Northern blot analysis revealed that the steady-state levels of the transcripts from the psaAB operon, encoding these proteins, remain unaltered in the mutant strain. Hence the BtpA protein regulates a post-transcriptional process during the life cycle of the PSI protein complex such as 1) translation of the psaAB mRNA, 2) assembly of the PsaA/PsaB polypeptides and their associated cofactors into a functional complex, or 3) degradation of the protein complex. Close relatives of the BtpA protein have been found in nonphotosynthetic organisms, viz the archaebacterium Methanococcus jannaschii, the eubacterium Escherichia coli, and the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that these proteins may regulate biogenesis of other protein complexes in these evolutionarily distant organisms.
Functional Polymorphisms of the GSTT-1 Gene Do Not Predict the Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in the United States

Background/Aim: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory response to pancreatic injury that is clinically classified as mild AP or severe AP, depending on specific criteria. Rahma
The effects of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (alpha-amanitin and actinomycin D) on preimplantation mouse embryogenesis.

Actinomycin D and α-amanitin (an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II) were used to determine the effect of inhibiting RNA synthesis during pre-implantation mouse embryogenesis. Actinomycin D (0.01 μg/ml) was an effective inhibitor of blastulation and of cleavage from the 1 cell stage on. The first cleavage of day 0 (1 cell) embryos cultured for 24 hours in α-amanitin (10−7 to 10−5 M) was reduced to 35-42% from a control value of 60%. Cleavage of day 1 (2 cell) embryos and day 2 (8–12 cell) embryos was only modestly inhibited during the first 24 hours of culture in α-amanitin, but development beyond that point was seriously impaired. Day 3 morulae were inhibited from blastu-lating although the degree of inhibition was not dose related. Electron microscopy of embryos cultured in α-amanitin revealed predominantly nucleolar changes. No difference in the activities of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltrans-ferase (HGPRT) and guanine deaminase were found in morulae developed from the 4 cell or later stages in control medium or medium containing 10−5M α-amanitin, despite an 87% inhibition of leucine incorporation into protein. Neither the normal rise in HGPRT activity nor the normal fall in guanine deaminase activity occurred in the morulae developed from the 2 cell stage in the presence of α-amanitin, even though both α-amanitin treated and control embryos had the same number of blastomeres. It is suggested that RNA synthesis is necessary throughout the mouse pre-implantation period, including the 1 cell stage.
Algorithm and Flight Test Results to Exchange Code Noise and Multipath for Biases in Dual Frequency Differential GPS for Precision Approach

A modified Code Noise and Multipath (CNMP) algorithm is presented for dual-frequency differential GPS precision approach and landing. Pseudorange noise and multipath are exchanged for reducible biases in both reference station and aircraft ranging measurements. The second frequency is used only to correct the code-minus-carrier observable. Corrected pseudorange measurements are combined using a single-frequency carrier phase position domain smoothing (CPDS) algorithm. Flight test vertical and horizontal navigation system error is reduced from 0.80 m to 0.32 m and from 0.41 m to 0.33 m, respectively, as compared to Local Area Augmentation System single-frequency processing. For six included 150-s precision approaches, 95% error drops from 0.56 m to 0.26 m vertically and 0.28 m to 0.14 m horizontally. Composite protection levels (PLs) using CNMP-derived quantities are much smaller than modified LAAS PLs. Mean PL values are reduced from 5.90 m to 2.60 m vertically and from 3.24 m to 1.38 m horizontally.
Calorie restriction effects on silencing and recombination at the yeast rDNA

Summary Aging research has developed rapidly over the past decade, identifying individual genes and molecular mechanisms of the aging process through the use of model organisms and high throughput technologies. Calorie restriction (CR) is the most widely researched environmental manipulation that extends lifespan. Activation of the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase Sir2 (Silent Information Regulator 2) has been proposed to mediate the beneficial effects of CR in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as other organisms. Here, we show that in contrast to previous reports, Sir2 is not stimulated by CR to strengthen silencing of multiple reporter genes in the rDNA of S. cerevisiae. CR does modestly reduce the frequency of rDNA recombination, although in a SIR2-independent manner. CR-mediated repression of rDNA recombination also does not correlate with the silencing of Pol II-transcribed noncoding RNAs derived from the rDNA intergenic spacer, suggesting that additional silencing-independent pathways function in lifespan regulation.
Adoption of a sibling : Reactions of biological children at different stages of development

Responses of biological children to the adoption of a sibling during latency, adolescence, and young adulthood are described. Case vignettes are presented, underlying dynamics are discussed, and a framework for understanding children's behavior is suggested. Reactions of peer groups of latency-age children, and of biological adolescent children in a case of kinship adoption, are examined.
MULTIVARIABLE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLENDS BY SMALL-ANGLE LIGHT SCATTERING

A new multi-variable-measurement approach for characterizing and correlating the nanoscale and microscale morphology of crystal-amorphous polymer blends with melt-phase behavior is described. A vertical small-angle light scattering (SALS) instrument optimized for examining the scattering and light transmitted from structures ranging from 0.5 to 50 μm, thereby spanning the size range characteristic of the initial-to-late stages of thermal-phase transitions (e.g., melt-phase separation and crystallization) in crystal-amorphous polymer blends, was constructed. The SALS instrument was interfaced with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and simultaneous SALS/DSC/transmission measurements were performed. We show that the measurement of transmitted light and SALS under HV (cross-polarized) optical alignments during melting can be used to reliably measure the thermodynamic (e.g., crystal melting and melt-phase separation temperatures) and structural variables (e.g., crystalline fraction within the superstructures and volume fraction of superstructures) necessary for describing the multiphase behavior of crystal-amorphous blends in one combined measurement. We also evaluate the orientation correlations of crystalline volume elements within the superstructures. Our results indicate that simultaneous measurement of transmitted light can provide a reliable estimate of the total scattering from density and orientation fluctuations and the melt-phase separation temperature of polymer blends. For solution-cast poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/poly(D,L-lactic acid) blends, our multivariable measurements during melting provide the parameters necessary to generate a crystal–liquid and liquid–liquid phase diagram and characterize the solid-state morphology. This opens up the challenge to explore use of our vertical SALS instrument as a rapid and convenient method for developing structure–property relationships for crystal-amorphous polymer blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2714–2727, 2002
Dermatological Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis.

A 33-year-old woman with a history of prior valve replacement for infective endocarditis secondary to intravenous drug use presented with altered mental status. CT head showed acute cerebellar and occipital lobe hemorrhages requiring emergent evacuation. Postoperatively, she was noted to have cutaneous lesions in her nail beds and palms that were typical for splinter hemorrhages associated with endocarditis (Fig. 1), painful lesions consistent with Osler nodes and painless Janeway lesions (Fig. 2). A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed an intracardiac abscess around the aortic root. Given her recent intracranial bleed, she was not considered a surgical candidate for repeat cardiac intervention and was discharged with hospice care, consistent with her wishes. Cutaneous manifestations of infective endocarditis, a commonly reported phenomenon in the pre-antibiotic era, are rare in the present times. Osler’s nodes are typically painful lesions that occur on fingers and toes and are attributed to an immune-mediated response. In contrast, splinter hemorrhages (involving the distal nail bed) and Janeway lesions (involving the palms and so l e s ) a r e pa in l e s s and seconda ry to sep t i c
From the Shop Floor to the Kitchen Floor: Maternal Occupational Complexity and Children’s Reading and Math Skills

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics we explore the relationship between current and early maternal occupational complexity and preadolescent children’s academic achievement in mathem...
The Taxation of Natural Resources and the Future of the Russian Federation

This paper is an examination of the vertical and horizontal division of revenues from taxing natural resources, a crucial issue for the future of the Russian Federation. Assigning resource revenues entirely to subnational governments would undermine the fiscal capacity of the central government, Resources arc so concentrated geographically that allocating revenues primarily to jurisdictions where production occurs would create large fiscal disparities among subnational governments. Either of these policies could encourage the disintegration of the Federation—as could a contrary policy.After a brief review of the concept of economic rent, the theory of tax assignment is examined and applied to taxes on natural resources. Whereas economic arguments tend to favor centralization of resource rents, political realities suggest decentralization. It is noted that there will be many claimants to potential rents from Russian natural resources, including consumers, native peoples, suppliers of oilfield equipment, pi...
In vitro studies on the release and transport of phospholipids

Abstract When incubated in vitro, fat body from several developmental stages of the silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, and from the cockroaches, Leucophaea maderae and Periplaneta americana, has the ability to incorporate labelled precursors into phospholipid. When this ‘prelabelled fat body’ is reincubated in unlabelled medium containing haemolymph, radioactive phospholipids are released into the incubation medium. Flight muscle placed into an incubation medium containing radioactive phospholipids is capable of incorporating some of this phospholipid into flight muscle phospholipid. The majority of the labelled phospholipid released from the prelabelled fat body consists of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Electrophoretic analysis of the haemolymph containing incubation medium revealed that phospholipids released from the fat body were conjugated to specific haemolymph proteins. One of these lipoproteins is thought to be analogous to the high-density lipoproteins of mammalian blood. The study suggests that insect fat body has the capacity to synthesize phospholipids from simple precursors and release this phospholipid into the haemolymph from where it is transported in the form of lipoprotein.
Pediatric Sclerosing Rhabdomyosarcoma

Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma, a particular phenotypic variant of rhabdomyosarcoma initially described in the adult population, has emerged as a potential pitfall in the evaluation of pediatric sarcomas. Because of its densely hyalinized collagenous matrix and its occasional expression of a pseudovascular pattern of growth, sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma has been at times misdiagnosed as chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, or angiosarcoma. We describe 3 pediatric patients with sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma and provide a detailed description of its distinguishing pathologic features. Awareness about this rhabdomyosarcoma variant and careful immunophenotypical evaluation are necessary to establish the correct diagnosis. Although no specific genetic aberrations have been recognized, yet the cytogenetic findings in 2 tumors of this series suggest a link with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. It is likely that further genotyping will result in better nosologic delineation of sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma and that it will uncover pathogenetically and prognostically relevant genes.
In-Vitro Activity of Erythromycin against Atypical Mycobacteria

Because many of the atypical mycobacteria, which are responsible for an increasing number of infections, have been found to be totally or relatively insensitive to the commonly used tuberculostatic agents, it is important that the activity of other drugs against these species be examined. Such studies should include not only those compounds known to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but also some not usually considered active against this organism. One such agent is erythromycin. Favorable clinical results have been produced when this antibiotic has been administered alone [1], or together with a recognized tuberculostatic drug [2-4]. However, determinations of the sensitivity of atypical mycobacteria to erythromycin in vitro have yielded variable and conflicting results [5-10]. The disparity may have been related, in some instances, to the small number of strains examined, differences in methodology and criteria for resistance, and the use of inocula of various sizes. The present investigation was undertaken for two purposes: (i) to re-examine the effects of erythromycin on atypical mycobacteria by a method not used by other investigators, and (2) to determine whether study of a large number of strains of these organisms would produce results sufficiently consistent to permit adequate evaluation of the potential clinical usefulness of this antibiotic.
Ethnicity and preferences for depression treatment.

Abstract Objective The objective of this work was to describe ethnic differences in attitudes toward depression, depression treatment, stigma and preferences for depression treatment (counseling vs. medication). Method This study used a cross-sectional Internet survey measuring treatment preference, stigma and attitudes toward depression. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Multivariable regression models adjusting for treatment attitudes and demographics estimated the independent effect of ethnicity on treatment preference. Results A total of 78,753 persons with significant depressive symptoms (CES-D>22), including 3596 African Americans, 2794 Asians/Pacific Islanders and 3203 Hispanics, participated. Compared to whites, African Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics were more likely to prefer counseling to medications [odds ratio (OR)=2.6, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=2.4–2.8; OR=2.5, 95% CI=2.2–2.7; and OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.7–2.0, respectively]. Ethnic minorities were less likely to believe that medications were effective and that depression was biologically based, but were more likely to believe that antidepressants were addictive and that counseling and prayer were effective in treating depression. Attitudes and beliefs somewhat attenuated the association between ethnicity and treatment preference in adjusted analyses. Conclusion Racial and ethnic minorities prefer counseling for depression treatment more than whites. Beliefs about the effects of antidepressants, prayer and counseling partially mediate preferences for depression treatment.
Real-Time City-Scale Taxi Ridesharing

We proposed and developed a taxi-sharing system that accepts taxi passengers’ real-time ride requests sent from smartphones and schedules proper taxis to pick up them via ridesharing, subject to time, capacity, and monetary constraints. The monetary constraints provide incentives for both passengers and taxi drivers: passengers will not pay more compared with no ridesharing and get compensated if their travel time is lengthened due to ridesharing; taxi drivers will make money for all the detour distance due to ridesharing. While such a system is of significant social and environmental benefit, e.g., saving energy consumption and satisfying people's commute, real-time taxi-sharing has not been well studied yet. To this end, we devise a mobile-cloud architecture based taxi-sharing system. Taxi riders and taxi drivers use the taxi-sharing service provided by the system via a smart phone App. The Cloud first finds candidate taxis quickly for a taxi ride request using a taxi searching algorithm supported by a spatio-temporal index. A scheduling process is then performed in the cloud to select a taxi that satisfies the request with minimum increase in travel distance. We built an experimental platform using the GPS trajectories generated by over 33,000 taxis over a period of three months. A ride request generator is developed (available at http://cs.uic.edu/∼sma/ridesharing) in terms of the stochastic process modelling real ride requests learned from the data set. Tested on this platform with extensive experiments, our proposed system demonstrated its efficiency, effectiveness and scalability. For example, when the ratio of the number of ride requests to the number of taxis is 6, our proposed system serves three times as many taxi riders as that when no ridesharing is performed while saving 11 percent in total travel distance and 7 percent taxi fare per rider.
Wall conditioning and power balance for spheromak plasmas in SSPX

We report here results from power balance measurements for ohmically heated plasmas in the sustained spheromak physics experiment. The plasma is formed inside a close-fitting tungsten-coated copper shell; wall conditioning by baking, glow discharge cleaning (GDC), Ti gettering, and helium shot conditioning produces clean plasmas (Z eff < 2.5) and reduces impurity radiation to a small fraction of the input energy, except when the molybdenum divertor plate has been overheated. We find that most of the input energy is lost by conduction to the walls (the divertor plate and the inner electrode in the coaxial source region). Recently, carborane was added during GDC to boronize the plasma-facing surfaces, but little benefit was obtained.
Doctoral Output in Political Science-Tables for 1973–76

The tables that follow together with those that appeared in the Fall, 1972 issue of PS give some roughly comparable data on Ph.D. output in political science for seven years.1 Perhaps, the most important change in the new data is the contrast between the 1975 and 1976 totals. Output fell by 77. The drop was accounted for mostly by decreases in the figures for the three sub-fields of Foreign and Cross-National Political Institutions and Behavior; International Law, Organization and Politics; and U.S. Political Institutions, Processes and Behavior. The most important changes in the presentation between this and the earlier article are these: first, the division of former Table I into Table IA and IB, each covering only two years. This change was required by the new classification of dissertation topics that began in 1975.2 That year two of the earlier categories were dropped-Constitutional and Administrative Law in the United States, and Canadian Government and Politics. Three new categories were added-Methodology; Political Stability, Instability and Change; and Public Policy: Formation and Content. Three were altered in both scope and terminology-Political Theory; Foreign and Cross-National Institutions and Behavior; and U.S. Political Institutions, Processes and Behavior. Only two were unalteredPublic Administration; and International Law, Organization and Politics. Given these changes, no confident comparisons can be made between any of the sub-field categories of the present and the past, though the two unaltered categories may allow for rough comparisons.
Cellular Localization of Leucine-Binding Protein from Escherichia coli

Rabbit antibody against lecine-binding protein isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 has been prepared. This antibody has been used in conjunction with enzyme-labeled antibody to allow an immunocytochemical localizati of leucine-binding protein in the Escherichil coli cell. This protein appears to be present only in the envelope and not in the cytoplasm.
Management and long-term follow-up of patients with types III and IV laryngotracheoesophageal clefts.

Abstract Background Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC) is a rare congenital anomaly that occurs when the trachea and esophagus fail to separate during fetal development. The 2 most severe forms of LTEC are type III, with extension of the cleft from the larynx to the carina, and type IV, with extension of the cleft into one or both mainstem bronchi. Methods Over the past 25 years, we have accumulated an experience caring for 9 patients with severe LTEC, including 4 with type III and 5 with type IV. Results Morbidity and mortality from severe LTEC often result from aspiration and chronic lung disease. Patients with types III (1/4) and IV (5/5) LTEC have an extremely high incidence of microgastria with a shortened esophagus for which fundoplication is ineffective. Because gastric feeding often does not initially increase stomach volume and may cause severe aspiration, we suggest early gastric division with later reconstruction of intestinal continuity in patients with microgastria. Postoperative tracheoesophageal fistulas have occurred in 6 of 9 patients. Conclusions Generous interposition of vascularized tissue with a multiple-layer closure has helped to prevent further recurrences. Postoperative tracheomalacia may be managed with continuous positive airway pressure and may require customized endotracheal tubes. Evaluation of respiratory and digestive function, school performance, and quality of life for the surviving patients is described.