cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of [5-3H]kynurenine in the rat brain in vivo: evidence for the existence of a functional kynurenine pathway.

The incorporation of tritium label into quinolinic acid (QUIN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and other kynurenine (KYN) pathway metabolites was studied in normal and QUIN-lesioned rat striata after a focal injection of [5- 3 H]KYN in vivo. The time course of metabolite accumulation was examined 15 min to 4 h after injection of [5- 3 H]KYN, and the concentration dependence of KYN metabolism was studied in rats killed 2 h after injection of 1.5-1,500 μM [5- 3 H]KYN. Labeled QUIN, KYNA, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and xanthurenic acid (XA) were recovered from the striatum in every experiment. Following injection of 15 μM [5- 3 H]-KYN, a lesion-induced increase in KYN metabolism was noted. Thus, the proportional recoveries of [ 3 H]KYNA (5.0 vs. 1.8%), [ 3 H]3-HK (20.9 vs. 4.5%), [ 3 H]XA (1.5 vs. 0.4%), and [ 3 H]QUIN (3.6 vs. 0.6%) were markedly elevated in the lesioned striatum. Increases in KYN metabolism in lesioned tissue were evident at all time points and KYN concentrations used. Lesion-induced increases of the activities of kynurenine-3-hydroxylase (3.6-fold), kynureninase (7.6-fold), kynurenine aminotransferase (1.8-fold), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (4.2-fold) likely contributed to the enhanced flux through the pathway in the lesioned striatum. These data provide evidence for the existence of a functional KYN pathway in the normal rat brain and for a substantial increase in flux after neuronal ablation. This method should be of value for in vivo studies of cerebral KYN pathway function and dysfunction.
Dynamics and disposition of benzene guest molecules in the micropore channels of a flexible metal-organic framework studied by 2H NMR and X-ray crystallography

Abstract The dynamics and disposition of benzene guest molecules included in the microporous channel structure of β-[CuL2] (L is 1,1,1-trifluoro-5,5-dimethyl-5-methoxyacetylacetonate, {CF3COCHCOC(CH3)2OCH3}−) were studied as a function of temperature and total guest content. Two samples, with ∼100% and ∼35% of the sorption sites in the channels occupied by benzene, were studied with single-crystal XRD at 173 K. In the fully occupied sample, the benzene molecules are located in the alternating broader and narrower wide portions of the channels, and these sites are populated nearly equally, producing dense 1D packing of the guest molecules along the channel. The molecules in the broader channel site are almost perpendicular to the channel axis (⊥), while the molecules in the narrower channel site are almost aligned along the channel (∥) with their thermal parameters about twice as large. In the sample with 35% occupancy, the benzenes have thermal parameters that are twice those in the fully occupied sample and are distributed over ⊥ and ∥ sites in about a 1:2 ratio, suggesting an energetic preference for the smaller site. 2H NMR spectra of C6D6 were obtained for the 100% occupancy sample as a function of temperature. The lines are skewed slightly by paramagnetic interactions with the CuII centers. Line shape analysis indicated a sequence of three types of benzene motion with increasing temperature: there is already rapid in-plane motion at 77 K, followed at slightly higher temperatures by the onset of 2-site jumps between the ⊥ and ∥ orientations. Before this reaches the fast motion limit, the onset of reorientation about the 3-fold axis of the channel commences in the 175 K region. At room temperature all of these dynamic processes are rapid, as they are for samples with lower benzene loadings, but in these cases the reduced ⊥:∥ ratio results in progressive line narrowing.
Targeted next-generation sequencing: microdroplet PCR approach for variant detection in research and clinical samples.

The maturation of next-generation sequencing technology and expertise has ushered in an exciting era of personalized genomic medicine. There are still many hurdles to be overcome with these approaches, yet the initial successes are already tantalizing enough to invigorate the entire field with optimism for the future.
Engineering Dehydro Amino Acids and Thioethers into Peptides Using Lacticin 481 Synthetase

Lantibiotics are peptide antimicrobials containing the thioether-bridged amino acids lanthionine (Lan) and methyllanthionine (MeLan) and often the dehydrated residues dehydroalanine (Dha) and dehydrobutyrine (Dhb). While biologically advantageous, the incorporation of these residues into peptides is synthetically daunting, and their production in vivo is limited to peptides containing proteinogenic amino acids. The lacticin 481 synthetase LctM offers versatile control over the installation of dehydro amino acids and thioether rings into peptides. In vitro processing of semisynthetic substrates unrelated to the prelacticin 481 peptide demonstrated the broad substrate tolerance of LctM. Furthermore, a chemoenzymatic strategy was employed to generate novel thioether linkages by cyclization of peptidic substrates containing the nonproteinogenic cysteine analogs homocysteine and β-homocysteine. These findings are promising with respect to the utility of LctM toward preparation of conformationally constrained peptide therapeutics.
Energy Evolution for the Sivers Asymmetries in Hard Processes

We investigate the energy evolution of the azimuthal spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive hadron production in deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) and Drell-Yan lepton pair production in $pp$ collisions. The scale dependence is evaluated by applying an approximate solution to the Collins-Soper-Sterman evolution equation at one-loop order, which is adequate for moderate ${Q}^{2}$ variations. This describes well the unpolarized cross sections for the SIDIS and Drell-Yan process in the ${Q}^{2}$ range of $2.4--100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. A combined analysis of the Sivers asymmetries in SIDIS from HERMES and COMPASS experiments and the predictions for the Drell-Yan process at RHIC at $\sqrt{S}=200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ are presented. We further extend to the Collins asymmetries and find, for the first time, a consistent description for HERMES/COMPASS and BELLE experiments with the evolution effects. We emphasize an important test of the evolution effects by studying di-hadron azimuthal asymmetry in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation at moderate energy range, such as at BEPC at $\sqrt{S}=4.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Nurturing Doubt: From Mennonite Missionary to Anthropologist in the Argentine Chaco

Nurturing Doubt: From Mennonite Missionary to Anthropologist in the Argentine Chaco. Elmer S. Miller Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995. 225 pp., bibliography, index. $44.95 (cloth), $17.50 (paper). ISBN 0-252-02155-X, ISBN 0-252-06455-0.
Inclusive semileptonic decays of heavy mesons

We discuss the deficiency of the standard quark-parton model for estimation of lifetime of heavy mesons. The inclusive semileptonic decays of heavy mesons are investigated in detail to show difficulties which the quark-parton model embodies.
Age-related differences in sagittal-plane knee function at heel-strike of walking are increased in osteoarthritic patients

Summary Objective To compare age-related patterns of gait with patterns associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA), the following hypotheses were tested: (H1) The sagittal-plane knee function during walking is different between younger and older asymptomatic subjects; (H2) The age-related differences in H1 are increased in patients with knee OA. Design Walking trials were collected for 110 participants (1.70 ± 0.09 m, 80 ± 14 kg). There were 29 younger asymptomatic subjects (29 ± 4 years) and 81 older participants (59 ± 9 years), that included 27 asymptomatic subjects and 28 and 26 patients with moderate and severe medial knee OA. Discrete variables characterizing sagittal-plane knee function were compared among the four groups using ANOVAs. Results During the heel-strike portion of the gait cycle at preferred walking speed, the knee was less extended and the shank less inclined in the three older groups compared to the younger asymptomatic group. There were similar differences between the severe OA group and the older asymptomatic and moderate OA groups. Both OA groups also had the femur less posterior relative to the tibia and smaller extension moment than the younger group. During terminal stance, the severe OA group had the knee less extended and smaller knee extension moment than the younger asymptomatic and older moderate OA groups. Conclusions The differences in knee function, particularly those during heel-strike which were associated with both age and disease severity, could form a basis for looking at mechanical risk factors for initiation and progression of knee OA on a prospective basis.
A general mathematical description of hydrogen diffusion in steels—II. Numerical study of permeation and determination of trapping parameters

Abstract The model described in the first part of this paper is applied to the numerical study of permeation. We first study the case of linear diffusion equations, with one type of traps (two types of sites) and two types of traps (three types of sites). Next non-linear phenomena (trap saturation and trap growth) are introduced. The results are summarized in a general classification of anomalous permeation behaviours according to the number of types of traps, their saturable or not saturable character, etc. This should allow experimenters to obtain easily qualitative information about these factors. Finally we propose a simplified diffusion model to be used in practise, and give a summary of methods for quantitative determination of the relevant parameters.
Antwort auf die Bemerkungen Herrn Ehrenhafts zu meiner Arbeit: „Zur Frage nach der Existenz von Subelektronen“

Es werden die Einwande Herrn Ehrenhafts gegen eine fruhere Arbeit des Verfassers besprochen und als unhaltbar nachgewiesen.
Investigating the Validity of Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC Typology among Native Hawaiians.

The present study extends the literature base that is answering the call to examine the validity of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) 6 types of themes (realistic [R], investigative [I], artistic [A], social [S], enterprising [E], and conventional [C]) in his typology when applied to populations that are culturally different from the populations with whom the typology was developed. Native Hawaiians (N = 156), a group not previously investigated, completed a personal demographics form and the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994). The construct validity of Holland's typology was supported in that Holland's vocational interest types were arranged in a circular R-I-A-S-E-C order.
Complete minimal varieties in hyperbolic space

It is a basic problem in the subject of minimal varieties to determine the class of complete minimal and area-minimizing varieties M k in a given Riemannian manifold _~n. Besides being of their own intrinsic interest, the cases ~r of Euclidean space and Mn=Sn of the sphere are fundamental in understanding the local structure of minimal varieties, due to the existence of tangent cones to general minimal varieties. There has been much study of the complete areaminimizing varieties in these cases, in particular relating to the Bernstein conjecture and minimizing cones; e.g. [L2, F1]. Nevertheless, many deep problems remain unsolved. This paper is centered around the question of existence of complete areaminimizing varieties in hyperbolic space H". Here, by way of contrast to the situation in IR n or S", we find a comparatively complete solution to the problem of existence. In fact, the main result of this paper exhibits a wealth of complete, area-minimizing varieties in H" in all dimensions and codimensions. More precisely, we have
Spine Trabecular Bone Score Precision, a Comparison Between GE Lunar Standard and High-Resolution Densitometers.

Abstract Trabecular bone score (TBS) is related to microarchitecture and fracture risk independently of bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk factors. Widespread clinical TBS use requires documentation of reproducibility and ideally comparability across scanners. This study evaluated TBS reproducibility and explored differences between Lunar Prodigy and iDXA densitometers. Reproducibility was assessed from replicate scans in 210 men and women participating in various dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) precision assessments. iDXA-to-Prodigy comparability was evaluated using 155 participants from 3 study groups. L1–L4 BMD and TBS precision was similar on iDXA and Prodigy (BMD coefficient of variation = 1.9% and 1.5% and TBS coefficient of variation = 1.4% and 1.6%, respectively). Precision did not differ between men and women; however, between-technologist differences ( p R 2 = 0.85 with bias of −0.010 TBS units). Agreement was less robust comparing Prodigy with iDXA instruments (TBS R 2 : 0.72–0.81 with biases of 0.012–0.034 TBS units). In conclusion, TBS precision is comparable to that of BMD and does not differ between men and women. Additionally, in these cohorts, slight TBS differences were observed between iDXA and Prodigy scans. These data suggest a potential difference between densitometer models perhaps due to higher iDXA image resolution.
SU-E-T-341: Use of Patient Geometry and Multiple Linear Regression to Predict Prescription Dose for Pleurectomy/decortication Cases in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Purpose: To identify patient geometric parameters that correlate with the prescription dose in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) so as to build a model that could assist in the prediction of the same apriori and this help in planning. Methods: Planning CT scans for ten right sided and ten left sided patients were examined to extract five parameters for each case, which involved ratio of the ipsilateral lung volume to the total lung volume (X1), volume of PTV overlap with ipsilateral lung to ipsilateral lung volume (X2), volume of the PTV overlap with ipsilateral lung to total lung volume (X3), volume of the PTV overlap with ipsilateral lung to PTV volume (X4) and ratio of contralateral lung volume to total lung volume (X5). Each patient for this study was planned with VMAT using 6 MV on Eclipse V11 to a prescription dose that kept the mean total lung dose just under 20 Gy. Correlation coefficients were obtained between the parameters and the dose prescribed. Those that significantly correlated were combined using multiple linear regression. The model built was tested on 9 new cases. Results: All geometric parameters investigated except X2 showed significant correlation with the prescription dose. The correlation coefficients were r = −0.5421 for X1 (p = 0.0135), r = −0.6891 for X3 (p = 0.0008), r = −0.6797 for X4 (p = 0.001) and r = 0.5421 for X5 (p = 0.0135). The predictive model D = 4192.2X1 - 3577.1X3 𢀓 471.6X4 + 6253.4X5 had a higher correlation (r = 0.86, p = 1.0657e-06) with dose. For 8 out of the 9 test cases, the predicted dose was either equal to or upto 1 fraction of the prescription dose. Conclusion: The multiple regression model developed here could serve as a guide for dose prescribed in treatment of MPM.
The novel functions of ubiquitination in signaling

Ubiquitin is best known for its function in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Recent studies have revealed several new functions of ubiquitin that are independent of proteasomal degradation. These functions include the novel signaling roles of ubiquitin in DNA repair and the activation of protein kinases such as IκB kinase. In both cases, a novel form of polyubiquitin chain linked through lysine-63 of ubiquitin plays an important regulatory role. Monoubiquitination also has signaling roles that are distinct from those of polyubiquitination, as illustrated from the studies of DNA repair. Thus, polyubiquitination and monoubiquitination have emerged as important signaling mechanisms that control diverse physiological and pathological processes.
Tissue-selective estrogen complexes: a promising option for the comprehensive management of menopausal symptoms.

At menopause many women experience undesired symptoms such as hot flashes and those associated with vulvovaginal atrophy, and are susceptible to loss of bone mass. Menopausal therapies to date include various estrogen and estrogen-progestin (progesterone congener) formulations. However, both physicians and women became concerned about hormone-related therapies following publication of data from the Women’s Health Initiative. Thus, the need exists for alternative therapies for postmenopausal women. Tissue-selective estrogen complexes (TSECs) are the pairing of estrogen(s) with a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). The goal of developing a TSEC is to provide the clinical benefits of each of its components with improved tolerability. This goal can potentially be achieved by the result of the different molecular and cellular activities of the treatment’s estrogen and SERM components. The therapeutic profile of a TSEC would optimally include relief of hot flashes, treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy and its symptoms, and prevention of bone loss, while providing safety for the endometrium and breast. Recent data indicate that the TSEC containing the SERM bazedoxifene and conjugated estrogens relieves hot flashes, improves vulvovaginal atrophy and its symptoms, and prevents loss of bone mass without stimulating the endometrium. This article reviews the current options for menopausal treatment as well as the environment that has driven the most recent evolution of new therapies for menopausal women, including the most recent development of the TSEC bazedoxifene and its early preclinical and clinical data.
Indoor radon levels: Effects of energy-efficiency in homes

Abstract The expectation of elevated 222 Rn levels in modern homes that have low air interchange rates with the outdoor air caused us to survey both solar and conventional homes in northeastern New York State. As a group, homes that are more airtight have three times the 222 Rn levels of the conventional homes; they have other specific problems that are introduced or exaggerated by modern construction. For example, the highest two levels of radon in the solar homes give doses over 30 years that are known to produce lung cancer in 1% of uranium miners. Summer readings in more than one-half of the cases are different from winter ones by a factor of two or more, so that year-round measurements are necessary for precise dosimetry. The track-etching technique is ideally suited for such measurements. Radon emanation measurements on soils and sand demonstrate a considerable variety of release rates.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE PRESENCE OF VITAMIN B6.

Abstract Two forms of vitamin B 6 , pyridoxal-5-phosphate and pyridoxal hydrochloride, support photosynthetic phosphorylation with spinach chloroplast fragments while other forms of vitamin B 6 , including 4-pyridoxic acid, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride, pyridoxamine phosphate monohydrate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and deoxypyridoxine-5-phosphate, were not active. Photosynthetic phosphorylation supported by pyridoxal phosphate occurs at a rate of 168 μmoles of adenosine triphosphate formed per mg. chlorophyll per hour. The pyridoxal phosphate supported reaction was linear with time and chlorophyll concentration, was not greatly affected by anaerobic conditions, gave a sigmoid response with increasing light intensity and was sensitive to the action of uncouplers and inhibitors. The presence of pyridoxal phosphate inhibited photosynthetic phosphorylation supported by methyl phenazonium methosulfate and ferricyanide without affecting that supported by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate plus photosynthetic pyridine nucleotide reductase.
EFFECTS OF GROWTH CONDITIONS ON DEEP-LEVEL DEFECTS IN VPE AND LPE GaAs

Studies of the deep-level defects in the VPE and LPE GaAs layers under various growth conditions have been made in this work, using DLTS and C-V techniques. In the VPE grown GaAs, characterization of grown-in defects vs. Ga/As ratio (i.e., 2/1, 3/1, 4/1, and 6/1) were made on GaAs layers grown on , , and substrates. The two common electron traps observed in these samples were due to the EB-4 (i.e., Ec -0.71 eV) level and the EL-2 (i.e., E -0.83eV) level. The density of these two electron traps was found to depend on the stoichiometry as well as substrate orientation. For examples, in the orientation samples, the density of EL2 was found to decrease with increasing Ga/As ratio (e.g., NT = 1.2x1014cm-3 for Ga/As = 2/1, and reducing to 5.4x1011 cm-3 for Ga/As = 6/1). A similar result was also observed in the EB-4 electron trap. Low temperature (230°C) thermal annealing and recombination enhanced annealing studies on these samples showed significant reduction in the density of EB-4 trap and slight reduction in EL-2 trap density. For the LPE grown GaAs layers, two growth temperatures (700 and 800°C) and two temperature dropping rates (l°C/min. and 0.4°C/min.) were used. The DLTS and C-V measurements were made on these samples, and the results showed that only EB-4 electron trap (i.e., Ec-0.71 eV) was observed in the LPE GaAs samples with 1°C/min. dropping rate. Details of our DLTS analysis of the grown-in defects vs. growth conditions in both LPE and VPE grown GaAs layers will be discussed in this paper.
Correctional Officers as Parole Officers: An Examination of a Community Supervision Sanction

Developed largely in response to prison overcrowding, Alabama's Supervised Intensive Restitution (SIR) program provides for the early release of selected inmates to the community under the supervis...
An Efficient Solution Algorithm for Large-Scale Stochastic Mixed-Integer Linear Programs1

Abstract In this work, we develop a decomposition strategy that exploits the underlying structure of two-stage stochastic programming (TSSP) formulations with mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) recourse problems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm using several examples of a capacity planning problem that arises in the pharmaceutical industry. The examples contain up to 10 potential products and nearly 60,000 scenarios. With the proposed decomposition algorithm, the solution time scales linearly with the number of scenarios, whereby a 10-product example with over 36 million binary variables, nearly 176 million continuous variables, and over 150 million constraints was solved in less than 3 hr of solver time.
The Intersection of Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Disruption

Abstract Endocrine disruption, the guiding theme of the 27th International Neurotoxicology Conference, merged into the neurotoxicology agenda largely because hormones help steer the process of brain development. Although the disruption motif first attracted public health attention because of reproductive anomalies in both wildlife and humans, the neurobehavioral implications had been planted decades earlier. They stemmed from the principle that sex differences in behavior are primarily the outcomes of differences in how the brain is sexually differentiated during early development by gonadal hormones (the Organizational Hypothesis). We also now understand that environmental chemicals are capable of altering these underlying events and processes. Among those chemicals, the group labeled as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) offers the clearest evidence of such selectivity, a consequence of their actions on the endogenous sex steroids, androgens and estrogens. Two EDCs in particular offer useful and intriguing examples. One is phthalate esters. The other is bisphenol A. Both agents are used extensively in plastics manufacture, and are pervasive in the environment. Both are produced in immense quantities. Both are found in almost all humans. Phthalates are considered to function in essence as anti-androgens, while bisphenol A is labeled as an estrogen. Their associations with brain sexual differentiation are reviewed and further questions noted. Both EDCs produce a wider spectrum of health effects, however, than would be extrapolated simply from their properties as anti-androgens and estrogens. Obesity is one example. Further complicating their assessment as health risks are questions about nonmonotonic dose–response functions and about transgenerational effects incurred via epigenetic mechanisms. All these facets of endocrine disruption are pieces of a puzzle that challenge neurotoxicologists for solutions.
Why Didn't--Why Doesn't--School Psychology Realize Its Promise?.

Abstract Despite an attractive set of premises, the authors of the article “Where Will …? (this issue) fail to identify the reasons for school psychology's frustrations with role and function. Many wonderful ideas and blueprints have appeared in previous literature with little accompanying revolution in practice. The reasons for these failures are outlined.
Thiamine deficiency in organic heart disease.

Since cocarboxylase, derived from thiamine, is necessary for normal utilization of pyruvate by heart muscle, the importance of adequate body stores of thiamine in patients with chronic heart disease is quite obvious. In order to investigate the occurrence of subclinical thiamine deficiency in patients with chronic heart disease, the thiamine was determined in the four-hour specimen of urine after loading dose in 35 male patients with congestive heart failure and compared with thiamine excretion in 17 persons free from cardiac disease. It was found that the noncardiac group had a significantly higher excretion of thiamine after a loading dose than patients with heart disease. Nine patients with severe heart failure receiving mercurial diuretics in the course of treatment were studied using 24-hour urine collections before, during and after the injection of the mercurial. The 24-hour urinary thiamine content was measured, demonstrating significant increases in thiamine excretion with mercurial diuresis.
A case for dynamic pipeline scaling

Energy consumption can be reduced by scaling down frequency when peak performance is not needed. A lower frequency permits slower circuits, and hence a lower supply voltage. Energy reduction comes from voltage reduction, a technique called Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS).This paper makes the case that the useful frequency range of DVS is limited because there is a lower bound on voltage. Lowering frequency permits voltage reduction until the lowest voltage is reached. Beyond that point, lowering frequency further does not save energy because voltage is constant.However, there is still opportunity for energy reduction outside the influence of DVS. If frequency is lowered enough, pairs of pipeline stages can be merged to form a shallower pipeline. The shallow pipeline has better instructions-per-cycle (IPC) than the deep pipeline. Since energy also depends on IPC, energy is reduced for a given frequency. Accordingly, we propose Dynamic Pipeline Scaling (DPS). A DPS-enabled deep pipeline can merge adjacent pairs of stages by making the intermediate latches transparent and disabling corresponding feedback paths. Thus, a DPS-enabled pipeline has a deep mode for higher frequencies within the influence of DVS, and a shallow mode for lower frequencies. Shallow mode extends the frequency range for which energy reduction is possible. For frequencies outside the influence of DVS, a DPS-enabled deep pipeline consumes from 23% to 40% less energy than a rigid deep pipeline.
The Effects of a Shared Interest and Regret Salience on Tax Evasion

ABSTRACT: This study examines whether sharing the potential tax savings and the risk of penalties associated with tax evasion with another individual affects a decision maker's willingness to evade taxes. This study also explores whether increasing the salience of potential regret from an adverse audit decreases tax evasion behavior. Using a 2 × 2 experimental design with experienced taxpayers as participants, this study finds that participants are less willing to evade taxes when they share the potential tax savings and risk of penalties with another taxpayer compared to when the reporting decision affects solely the decision maker. Supplemental analysis shows that participants feel that tax evasion is more unethical when a shared interest is present. In addition, this study demonstrates that increasing regret salience from an adverse audit decreases participants' willingness to evade taxes. This study contributes to multiple literature streams, including taxpayer compliance, ethical decision making, and...
Model Analysis of an Overland Flow Waste Treatment System. II. Seasonal Response to Applied Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Land application is widely used for treatment of animal waste. One of methods is overland flow treatment where soil properties favor surface runoff over infiltration. In these systems the land is graded to a uniform slope on which a grass cover is established. The grass is then harvested periodically. In this article an empirical model is used to describe accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients with time. Data from a field study are used to illustrate the procedures of model parameter evaluation. Treatments of the study included a control, inorganic fertilizer, and three loading rates with effluent from a swine lagoon. The extended logistic model provides convenient means of coupling crop production and nutrient removal of the system to levels of applied N and P. #Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08844.
Functional Communication Training: Thirty Years of Treating Challenging Behavior

Thirty years ago, the first experimental demonstration was published showing that educators could improve significant challenging behavior in children with disabilities by replacing these behaviors...
Limitation on the use of spaceborne imaging SAR as rain radars

A SAR detecting rain can achieve only part of its resolution capability because of random drop motion. However, the most significant limitation for rain measurement with imaging SAR is surface clutter. The authors studied the possibility of using the X-SAR and the C-Band channel of SIR-C for rain measurement. Both SIR-C and X-SAR achieve adequate SNR at 60/spl deg/ incidence angle over the ocean. However, the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) over ocean precludes use of SIR-C and allows use of X-SAR off-vertical only for very heavy rains, and then only at high incidence angles. Calculations at vertical incidence look promising over forests. However, range-sidelobes lead to small SCR over oceans at both X- and C-bands. To get broad-swath rain measurement with SAR will require designing a radar with this as a goal, rather than using a radar designed for surface imaging. >
Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals

Approximately 80% of the processes in the chemical industries require the use of catalysts. Because of that, catalysis generates annual global sales of about $1.5 trillion, and contributes directly or indirectly to approximately 35% of the world's GDP. Most catalytic processes are heterogeneous in nature, and often rely on the use of transition metal particles dispersed on high surface area supports. In this chapter, the basic chemical concepts behind heterogeneous metal catalysis are introduced. Examples are then provided for typical practical catalytic systems used in the generation of energy, the production of chemicals, the preparation of materials, and the cleaning of the environment. Finally, several promising new research directions related to the future development of heterogeneous metal catalysis are highlighted, in particular those associated with the designing and characterization of novel catalytic materials, the surface science of catalysis, high throughput catalyst testing, improved selectivities, and green chemistry. Keywords: heterogeneous catalysis; transition metals; energy production; chemical manufacturing; materials synthesis; environmental control; surface chemistry; selectivity
Efficient techniques for timing correction

Three computationally efficient methods (frontier motion, Shannon expansion, and Boolean distribution) for restructuring logic which fails to meet timing specifications are described. These techniques appear, at first glance, to be unrelated; however, it is shown that there is a deep underlying connection among them. These methods are used in IBM's LSS. The results of experiments that demonstrate that timing correction can be effectively performed on industrial examples in the context of a compiler-like logic synthesis system are reported. >
Sophocles, Antigone 1226–30

‘Unhappy boy, what a deed you have done! What came into your mind? What disaster destroyed your reason?’ This version of 1228–9, by Andrew Brown in his recent commentary, represents the majority opinion. But what ‘deed’ has Haemon done that justifies such an outburst? Jebb, followed by Kamerbeek and Brown, claims that the deed which causes Creon to wail aloud with charges of insanity is Haemon's entry into Antigone's tomb. Kamerbeek and Brown justify the extremity of Creon's reaction by claiming that Creon knows that Haemon intends to kill himself. But is it reasonable to suppose that Creon's first reaction to the shocking scene of Antigone's hanging corpse and Haemon helplessly wailing would be that Haemon is on the verge of killing himself? Creon has not had time to predict his son's actions and his screams of dismay are most naturally read as a reaction to something he sees before his eyes. It would also be strange if Creon had absolutely no reaction to Antigone's death; he expected to find her alive.
Slow voltage-dependent changes in channel open-state probability underlie hysteresis of NMDA responses in Mg2+-free solutions

Abstract Many single-channel studies rely on the assumption that the channels are functioning under steady-state conditions. In examining the basis for nonlinear whole-cell current-voltage curves in Mg 2+ -free solutions we discovered that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) channels in excised patches reversibly shifted their open-state probability (P o ) in a voltage-dependent way, exhibiting approximately 3- to 4-fold greater Pa at positive potentials than at rest. Changes in P o were mainly attributable to shifts in frequency of channel opening. P o changed remarkably slowly (2–15 min), explaining the hysteresis of wholecell current-voltage curves obtained in nonequilibrium conditions. The slow increase in P o provides a mechanism by which NMDA channels can substantially increase Ca 2+ influx in cells depolarized for prolonged periods of time and may play a role in excitotoxicity.
Cancer immunoediting of the NK group 2D ligand H60a.

Cancer immunoediting describes the process whereby highly immunogenic tumor cells are removed, or edited, from the primary tumor repertoire by the immune system. In immunodeficient mice, the editing process is hampered, and “unedited” tumor cells can be recovered and studied. In this study, we compared unedited and edited tumors for their expression of NK group 2D (NKG2D) ligands, a family of surface proteins expressed on tumor cells that can activate NK cell cytotoxic activity. We found that the expression of the NKG2D ligand H60a was more heterogeneous in groups of unedited 3′-methylcholanthrene sarcoma cell lines compared with that in edited 3′-methylcholanthrene sarcoma cell lines (i.e., some unedited cell lines expressed very high levels of H60a, whereas other unedited and edited cell lines expressed very low levels). We also found that some highly immunogenic cell lines displayed a bimodal distribution consisting of H60a-hi and H60a-lo cells. In one of these cell lines, the H60a-hi cells could be removed by passaging the cells through RAG2−/− mice, resulting in edited cell lines that were poor targets for NK cells and that displayed progressive tumor growth. This editing of H60a-hi cells required NK cells and NKG2D. Our studies show that the expression of H60a on tumors cells can be actively modulated by the immune system, thereby implicating this NKG2D ligand in tumor immunosurveillance.
An Overview of the Actions of Cyclosporine and FK506

Abstract Cyclosporine and FK506 are immunosuppressive drugs that have been extremely useful for treating graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and they have truly revolutionized allograft transplantation. These drugs exert at least some of their immunosuppressive effects by blocking T-cell proliferation. Both drugs block T-cell proliferation by mechanisms that involve the inhibition of interleukin 2 production, a growth factor critical for T-cell proliferation. Recent studies, however, have shown that the effects of the drugs are not limited to blocking interleukin 2 production and that the production and the function of other molecules are also affected by these drugs. In this review, we examine recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of cyclosporine and FK506.
A Bni4-Glc7 phosphatase complex that recruits chitin synthase to the site of bud emergence

Bni4 is a scaffold protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that tethers chitin synthase III to the bud neck by interacting with septin neck filaments and with Chs4, a regulatory subunit of chitin synthase III. We show herein that Bni4 is also a limiting determinant for the targeting of the type 1 serine/threonine phosphatase (Glc7) to the bud neck. Yeast cells containing a Bni4 variant that fails to associate with Glc7 fail to tether Chs4 to the neck, due in part to the failure of Bni4(V831A/F833A) to localize properly. Conversely, the Glc7-129 mutant protein fails to bind Bni4 properly and glc7-129 mutants exhibit reduced levels of Bni4 at the bud neck. Bni4 is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and Bni4(V831A/F833A) is both hyperphosphorylated and mislocalized in vivo. Yeast cells lacking the protein kinase Hsl1 exhibit increased levels of Bni4-GFP at the bud neck. GFP-Chs4 does not accumulate at the incipient bud site in either a bni4::TRP1 or a bni4(V831A/F833A) mutant but does mobilize to the neck at cytokinesis. Together, these results indicate that the formation of the Bni4-Glc7 complex is required for localization to the site of bud emergence and for subsequent targeting of chitin synthase.
Forest production predicted from satellite image analysis for the Southeast Asia region

The objective of this study was to demonstrate a new, cost-effective method to define the sustainable amounts of harvested wood products in Southeast Asian countries case studies, while avoiding degradation (net loss) of total wood carbon stocks. Satellite remote sensing from the MODIS sensor was used in the CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) carbon cycle model to map forest production for the Southeast Asia region from 2000 to 2010. These CASA model results have been designed to be spatially detailed enough to support carbon cycle assessments in different wooded land cover classes, e.g., open woodlands, wetlands, and forest areas. The country with the highest average forest net primary production (NPP greater than 950 g C m-2 yr-1) over the period was the Philippines, followed by Malaysia and Indonesia. Myanmar and Vietnam had the lowest average forest NPP among the region’s countries at less than 815 g C m-2 yr-1. Case studies from throughout the Southeast Asia region for the maximum harvested wood products amount that could be sustainably extracted per year were generated using the CASA model NPP predictions. The method of using CASA model’s estimated annual change in forest carbon on a yearly basis can conservatively define the upper limit for the amount of harvested wood products that can be removed and still avoid degradation (net loss) of the total wood carbon stock over that same time period.
Removal of volatile organic compounds in atmospheric pressure air by means of direct current glow discharges

A nonthermal plasma with an electron density on the order of 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ and a gas temperature of 2000 K was generated in atmospheric pressure air, using a microhollow cathode discharge as plasma cathode. The plasma was sustained in a /spl sim/1 mm/sup 3/ micro reactor, by a voltage of 470 V between the plasma cathode and a planar anode, and at currents ranging from 12 to 22 mA. This direct current glow discharge has been used to study the remediation of methane and benzene, two of the most stable volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The removal fraction for 300-ppm methane in atmospheric pressure air, flowing through the 0.5-mm thick plasma layer, with a residence time of the gas in the plasma of less than 0.5 ms, was measured at 80% with an energy density of 4 kJ/L. For benzene, the remediation rate is as high as 90%, comparable to results obtained with low pressure glow discharges. The energy efficiency for benzene remediation is 0.9 g/kWh, higher than that obtained for benzene remediation in low pressure glow discharges in noble gases. However, the VOC fraction remaining was found to be limited to values of approximately 0.1 and 0.05 for methane and benzene, respectively. In addition to experimental studies, the VOC dissociation mechanism in a VOC/dry air mixture plasma was modeled using a zero-dimensional plasma chemistry code. The modeling results have shown that atomic oxygen impact reactions are the dominant dissociation reactions for VOC destruction in this kind of glow discharge. Diffusion of atomic oxygen to the dielectric walls of the reactor is assumed to cause the observed limitation in the VOC destruction rate and efficiency.
Marriage and Family as the New Property: Obergefell, Marriage, and the Hand of the State

Prior to the Supreme Court’s 5-4 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges creating a constitutional right to same-sex marriage, it was nearly universally acknowledged that the state did not have constitutive authority over human marriage, which was “up from nature” rather than “down from the state.” In other words, the nature of marriage was determined by pre-given qualities of human, opposite-sexed pairs and the organic qualities and consequences of their union. Post-Obergefell, however, even marriage has become a form of “new property”: a state-determined status, entitling recipients to various rights and benefits. Relying upon classic texts by Professors Robert Reich and Mary Ann Glendon regarding the rise of government and the decline of families as guarantors of security for American citizens, this article investigates the implications of marriage as “the new property” for the quality and stability of marriage and the future of children.
Rebuttal to communication critical of the use of pressure perturbation calorimetry for measuring volumetric properties of solutes: [Thermochim. Acta (2003) 75–80]

Abstract A recent communication by Randzio [Thermochim. Acta 398 (2003) 75] was highly critical of the design and operation of a new commercial instrument used to carry out pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC), and questioned the accuracy of data obtained from the instrument. Each of the technical objections by Randzio on design and operation is rebutted in this communication and data are presented to support the performance and accuracy of the instrument. Direct comparison of coefficients of thermal expansion measured by PPC with corresponding values obtained by density measurements on well-defined systems shows excellent agreement between the two methods within the accuracy of the density data. In our opinion, there is no evidence to support Randzio’s criticism of the instrument’s design, operation, or accuracy.
Crosslinked polyurea aerogels with controlled porosity

Mechanically robust polyurea aerogels with controlled porosity are synthesized from aromatic isocyanates, aromatic diamines, and a triamine crosslinker. Linear, isocyanate end-capped polyurea oligomers are first synthesized from the reactions between the diamine and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate in anhydrous N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The oligomers are then cross-linked with 1,3,5-triaminophenoxylbenzene to produce the gels. The gels are dried under supercritical conditions of carbon dioxide after exchanging NMP with acetone and acetone with liquid carbon dioxide. The aerogels are mesoporous with mean pore diameter in the range of 9–16 nm, have a bulk density of 0.19–0.26 g cm−3, porosity of 79–86%, and surface areas between 106 and 309 m2 g−1. Pore size distributions broaden and shift to larger diameter as the crosslink density is reduced. The spectroscopic evidence suggests that hydrogen bonding is effective in reducing the shrinkage of aerogels, especially when linear oligomers of higher molecular weight are used. These materials show onset of thermal decomposition at 250 °C and offer high compressive moduli in the range of 12–69 MPa.
Application of Mitomycin C after dilation of an anastomotic stricture in a newborn with necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common life-threatening condition in premature infants. Bacterial translocation, localized inflammation and subsequent perforation often require surgery for source control and definitive treatment. Small and large intestinal strictures may result from either creation of a surgical anastomosis or the disease process itself. Current methods to treat strictures include, balloon dilation and surgical resection with or without anastomosis. We report the diagnosis and surgical management of a premature infant treated for NEC, who developed an anastomotic stricture and was successfully treated with topical Mitomycin C after balloon stricturoplasty.
Grouping by Cycle Length (GCL) for long-range FiWi networks

The integration of wireless access networks with optical access networks in the so-called fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks has recently emerged as a promising strategy for providing flexible network services at relatively high transmission rates. FiWi network research to date has mainly focused on optical access networks with the normal reach (around 20km) of passive optical networks (PONs). We make two main contributions to the study of FiWi networking with a long-range PON with a propagation distance on the order of 100km in this paper. First, through extensive simulations, we investigate the packet delays when relatively low-rate traffic that has traversed a wireless network is mixed with conventional high-rate PON-only traffic. We consider a range of different FiWi network architectures with different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanisms. Second, we closely examine the grouping of the optical network units (ONUs) in the double-phase polling (DPP) DBA mechanism in long-range FiWi networks. We introduce a novel grouping by cycle length (GCL) strategy that achieves favorable packet delay performance.
Stream Pollution: A Symposium: A Review of the Work of the United States Public Health Service in Investigations of Stream Pollution

In March, 1901, Congress provided for the erection of a laboratory by the United States Public Health Service, “for the investigation of infectious and contagious disea ses and matters pertaining t...
On the Definition of an Analytic Function

(1955). On the Definition of an Analytic Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 22-25.