cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FE Residual Stress Analysis in a Narrow Gap Dissimilar Metal Weld

In the nuclear industry narrow gap welding techniques are used to perform junctions between ferritic low alloy steel heavy section components and austenitic stainless steel piping systems. The residual stresses in Dissimilar Metals Welds (DMW) may influence the lifetime and functionality of the welded components. In Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) piping systems, weld residual stresses in particular increased the susceptibility to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in the past. It is therefore necessary to develop and validate methods for a reliable residual stress and distortion prediction.Numerical welding simulations for predicting residual stresses are commonly used in nuclear industry and their development is progressing fast during the recent years. As part of the European project STYLE — Structural Integrity for Lifetime Management — a case study was launched to assess the capability of such simulations.The mock-up in this case study is provided by AREVA NP SAS. It is a pipe with a narrow gap dissimilar metal weld. The pipe thickness is about 40 mm and the outer diameter is 352 mm after final machining. In this assembly a 316L austenitic pipe is welded to an A508 Class 3 ferritic pipe by means of Alloy 52 Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) narrow gap weld which is representative for PWR primary circuit piping. This mock-up is in the scope of a continuation of the ADIMEW – Assessment of Aged Piping Dissimilar Metal Weld Integrity - project and deals with the improvement of the assessment for DMW and Leak-before-break (LBB) procedures. The fracture test on this mock-up is planed to be performed at 300 °C with an initial through-wall defect. Apart from the LBB demonstration this mock-up is also dedicated for the validation of the applied fracture mechanics approach, extension of material data basis and validation of the weld simulation procedures applied within AREVA.This paper presents the results of the finite element residual stress analysis related to this STYLE narrow gap weld case study. The two finite element codes ABAQUS and SYSWELD were used to predict the weld residual stresses and the shrinkage in axial direction. The major difference between the here presented methods is that SYSWELD accounts for phase transformation and the method used with ABAQUS does not. The results are compared between each other and with data obtained by deep-hole drilling techniques (DHD) at several locations.© 2012 ASME
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients Without AIDS

In the 1980s, tens of thousands of cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurred in persons with AIDS, making it the most common opportunistic infection encountered in this patient population. Thus, the presentation and clinical course of PCP became well-known to many physicians. Overshadowed by this epidemic was the continued occurrence of PCP in persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, most notably those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for neoplastic disease or other indications. A review from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has demonstrated that, in addition to those patients previously defined as at risk-those with acute lymphocytic leukemia or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation-patients receiving corticosteroid therapy for a primary or metastatic brain neoplasm are at risk for PCP and should receive prophylaxis
Spiral architecture of the Hsp104 disaggregase reveals the basis for polypeptide translocation

Hsp104, a conserved AAA+ protein disaggregase, promotes survival during cellular stress. Hsp104 remodels amyloids, thereby supporting prion propagation, and disassembles toxic oligomers associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, a definitive structural mechanism for its disaggregase activity has remained elusive. We determined the cryo-EM structure of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104 in the ATP state, revealing a near-helical hexamer architecture that coordinates the mechanical power of the 12 AAA+ domains for disaggregation. An unprecedented heteromeric AAA+ interaction defines an asymmetric seam in an apparent catalytic arrangement that aligns the domains in a two-turn spiral. N-terminal domains form a broad channel entrance for substrate engagement and Hsp70 interaction. Middle-domain helices bridge adjacent protomers across the nucleotide pocket, thus explaining roles in ATP hydrolysis and protein disaggregation. Remarkably, substrate-binding pore loops line the channel in a spiral arrangement optimized for substrate transfer across the AAA+ domains, thereby establishing a continuous path for polypeptide translocation.
Interaction of simple particles in soliton cellular automata

On considere un automate cellulaire introduit par Park, Steiglitz et Thurston. On caracterise analytiquement l'interaction des particules simples evoluant suivant la regle de cet automate
On the analysis of random doping induced fluctuations in ultra small semiconductor devices by linearization

The basic assumptions used in the analysis of random doping induced fluctuations through the linearization of transport equations are carefully considered. It is proved that, in the framework of the density-gradient model, the terminal currents, transconductance, and threshold voltages of MOSFET and SOI devices are more or less linear with respect to the magnitude of variation of the doping fluctuations. This fact supports the hypothesis of the linearization techniques and explains the good agreement existent in the literature between the results of statistical analysis of semiconductor devices by using the linearization technique and the Monte-Carlo simulations.
Throughput and transmission capacity of ad hoc networks with channel state information

This paper develops a general framework for deriving the spatial throughput and transmission capacity of spatially Poisson distributed ad hoc networks for (i) random (e.g., fading) channels, and (ii) random transmission distances. In both of these scenarios the randomness of the channels and ranges invariably lowers both throughput and transmission capacity assuming that users randomly elect to transmit with some probability (i.e., Aloha). Assuming each node knows the channel state information (CSI, e.g., the channel gain and/or channel distance) to just its intended receiver, we propose a simple distributed threshold-based scheduling rule and derive the threshold that optimizes throughput. The gains are surprisingly large: a factor of three increase in throughput over Aloha is typical even with no further coordination between the nodes in the network.
Women's understanding of their Pap and HPV test results: Implications for patient–provider communication

ABSTRACTBackground: As changing guidelines for cervical cancer detection incorporate more human papillomavirus (HPV) testing along with Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing (‘co-testing’) in clinical practice, there is a need to evaluate patient understanding of these two tests.Methods: Thirty women (mean age = 27.8 years; 90% African-American) with low SEC status were recruited for two clinical research visits; a Pap test and cervical HPV test were performed at the first visit and a doctor shared the test results (i.e. Pap and HPV test) at the second. Then, a semi-structured interview focused on participants’ recall of the discussion with the provider as well as their general understanding of the tests.Results: Findings revealed participants were familiar with the Pap test and were proactive about receiving the test, despite lacking accurate knowledge about the purpose of the test. On the other hand, when participants expressed confusion and anxiety about the HPV test, patient–provider communication helped t...
Characteristics of Eastern European Immigration in the United States

The fall of communism in late 1980s and the postcommunist socio-economic and political transition determined a resurgence of Eastern European immigrants as a new phenomenon in United States. Examin...
Anionic Polymer and Quantum Dot Excipients to Facilitate siRNA Release and Self-Reporting of Disassembly in Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarrier Formulations.

The incorporation of anionic excipients into polyplexes is a promising strategy for modulating siRNA binding versus release and integrating diagnostic capabilities; however, specific design criteria and structure–function relationships are needed to facilitate the development of nanocarrier-based theranostics. Herein, we incorporated poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and quantum dot (QD) excipients into photolabile siRNA polyplexes to increase gene silencing efficiencies by up to 100% and enable self-reporting of nanocarrier disassembly. Our systematic approach identified the functional relationships between gene silencing and key parameters such as excipient loading fractions and molecular weights that facilitated the establishment of design rules for optimization of nanocarrier efficacy. For example, we found that PAA molecular weights ∼10–20× greater than that of the coencapsulated siRNA exhibited the most efficient release and silencing. Furthermore, siRNA release assays and RNAi modeling allowed us to generat...
Energy ethics, homogenization, and hegemony: A reflection on the traditional energy paradigm

Abstract This article grapples with the meanings of the notion ‘energy ethics’ by looking at the emergence of what I call the ‘traditional energy paradigm.’ I begin by sketching the distinction between the notions of ‘energy ethics’ and ‘ethics of energy.’ Then, by reflecting on ideas and values implied in the modern Western conceptualization of energy, namely its metaphysical assumptions, I show how this concept is a cultural construct influenced by the natural sciences at the cost of a form of reductionism. Energy has been defined as a property of objects, primarily as the capacity of matter to do work. But this and other similar definitions are strongly dependent on geographical and historical contexts which we often dismiss. These definitions stress only certain measurable, quantifiable, and mechanistic properties of reality. By doing so they implicitly have been promoting instrumental and strongly anthropocentric attitudes toward the use of energy and nature. This traditional energy paradigm has been propagated throughout the world via cultural, socio-economic, and techno-scientific colonization. Different actors have carried out such processes, including multinational companies, educational institutions and international organizations. Meantime, on socio-political levels, this way of understanding energy (and hence natural resources), has found strong allies in neoliberal ideology and free-market capitalism. This homogeneous and colonizing understanding of energy is still prevalent in the energy debate and pervasive in energy policies, preventing different worldviews and more diverse values to be considered. In this article, I argue that the conceptual reduction of energy to what is practically useful, and physically and mathematically measurable hinders more nuanced, complex understandings of what energy might be for different social actors. Energy humanities generally, and energy ethnographies specifically, have a key role in contesting this homogenization, colonization, and hegemony. More diverse perspectives will enrich the energy discourse and hence benefit energy policy.
Exploitation of Non-Photosynthetic Enzymes to Operate a C 4 -Type CCM When [CO 2 ] is Low

Hydrilla verticillata is a submersed monocot that typically functions as a C3 plant. However when CO2 is low. C4-type photosynthesis is induced, but without Kranz anatomy (1). This is the only higher plant known to operate a C4-type CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) without separating into mesophyll and bundlesheath cells the initial carboxylation from the fixation by Rubisco. Instead, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is located in the cytosol while the decarboxylase (NADP-malic enzyme: NADP-ME) and Rubisco are in the chloroplasts, where CO2 is concentrated to 400 μM (2,3). All the C4-cycle enzymes increase substantially in activity under low [CO2], including PEPC, pyruvate Pi dikinase (PPDK), and NADP-ME. Western blots show that during C4 induction the proteins for these enzymes are up-regulated (3).
Comparison of circuits for generating nonthermal plasma to treat melanoma cells

Nonthermal plasma has shown promising results as a treatment method for melanoma cancer cells. To generate the high voltage AC signal required to ionize helium, a resonance transformer is used. This work compares two circuits, a manual tuning circuit and an automatic tuning circuit, that have been developed to generate the frequency required to achieve resonance. The design and performance of each circuit are presented, and the electrical and plasma characteristics are compared. The utilization of both circuits in the treatment of two melanoma cell lines show statistically indistinguishable results in cell viability assays, as well as similar cell death morphological characteristics.
System-specific neurodegeneration following glucotoxicity in the C. elegans model.

Abstract Hyperglycemia-related neuropathy leads to the onset and exacerbation of several pathologies. The C. elegans model has been used to study this phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms using a broad evaluation for neurodegeneration. Here, we report a system-specific susceptibility for glucotoxicity, namely the dopaminergic, glutamatergic and cholinergic system. Under high-glucose conditions, these systems (and not the serotonergic or GABAergic) were impaired, as observed by evaluating the fluorescent signal in GFP-tagged worm strains. The significance and implications of unequal susceptibility for glucotoxicity in the nervous system is discussed.
Is restricting sales of malt liquor beverages effective in reducing crime in urban areas

Objective:We evaluated the effects of outlet and small area level malt liquor policies on crime in 10 U.S. cities and hypothesized that more restrictive malt liquor policies would be associated wit...
Residual inhibition: From the putative mechanisms to potential tinnitus treatment

Abstract Neurons in various sensory systems show some level of spontaneous firing in the absence of sensory stimuli. In the auditory system spontaneous firing has been shown at all levels of the auditory pathway from spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea to neurons of the auditory cortex. This internal “noise” is normal for the system and it does not interfere with our ability to perceive silence or analyze sound. However, this internal noise can be elevated under pathological conditions, leading to the perception of a phantom sound known as tinnitus. The efforts of many research groups, including our own, led to the development of a mechanistic understanding of this process: After cochlear insult the input to the central auditory system becomes markedly reduced. As a result, the neural activity in the central auditory system is enhanced to compensate for this reduced input. Such hyperactivity is hypothesized to be interpreted by the brain as a presence of sound. This implies that suppression of hyperactivity should reduce/eliminate tinnitus. This review explores research from our laboratory devoted to identifying the mechanism underlying residual inhibition of tinnitus, a brief suppression of tinnitus following a sound stimulus. The key mechanisms that govern neural suppression of spontaneous activity in animals closely resemble clinical psychoacoustic findings of residual inhibition (RI) observed in tinnitus patients. This suppression is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Lastly, drugs targeting mGluRs suppress spontaneous activity in auditory neurons and reduce/eliminate behavioral signs of tinnitus in mice. Thus, these drugs are therapeutically relevant for tinnitus suppression in humans.
Accuracy of cardiac auscultation in detection of neonatal congenital heart disease by general paediatricians.

Background:Challenges remain in the judgement of pathological murmurs in newborns at maternity hospitals, and there are still many simple major CHD patients in developing countries who are not diagnosed in a timely fashion. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cardiac auscultation on neonatal CHD by general paediatricians.Methods:We conducted a prospective study at three hospitals. All asymptomatic newborns underwent auscultation, pulse oximetry monitoring, and echocardiography. Major CHD was classified and confirmed through follow-up. We evaluated the accuracy of various degrees of murmurs for detecting major CHD to determine the most appropriate standards and time of auscultation.Results:A total of 6750 newborns were included. The median age of auscultation was 43 hours. Cardiac murmurs were identified in 6.6% of newborns. For all CHD, 44.4% had varying degrees of murmurs. A murmur of grade ≥2 used as a reference standard for major CHD had a sensitivity of 89.58%. The false positive rate of murmurs of grade ≥2 for detecting major CHD was significantly negatively related to auscultation time, with 84.4% of false positives requiring follow-up for non-major CHD cardiac issues. Auscultation after 27 hours of life could reduce the false positive rate of major CHD from 2.7 to 0.9%.Conclusions:With appropriate training, maternity hospital’s paediatricians can detect major CHD with high detection rates with an acceptable false positive rate.
Daily Relations between Social Perceptions and Physical Activity among College Women.

Abstract Objectives There is a need to develop more effective physical activity (PA) promotion programs for college women. Theory and evidence suggest that perceptions of the social environment play a role in college women’s PA, though little is known about how these perceptions are associated with PA at the day level. The goal of this study was to examine relations between changes in college women’s daily social perceptions and objectively assessed PA over seven days. Design Daily diary method. Method College women (n = 80, MAge = 20, MBMI = 23.1 kg/m2) wore Fitbit wristbands and completed daily self-reports of (1) the quantity and perceived intensity of their social interactions (positive/negative), and (2) the occurrence of social comparisons (based on appearance/health/status) for seven days. Results Multilevel models showed daily variability in predictors and outcomes (ps Conclusions Social perceptions show meaningful day-to-day variability and relations with college women’s daily PA, and specific associations may be useful for improving tailored interventions for college women.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: The impact of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) on students' skills during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE)

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of the Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) requirement using multiple cohorts of students, including a comparison cohort that did not participate in IPPE. The impact on student experiences in a variety of settings was examined, along with the improvement in confidence with pharmacy practice skills during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) after participating in IPPE. Methods: A survey was administered to students from 2010–2015 both pre- and post-completion of their APPE year. The 2010 cohort completed mandatory pharmacy internship experiential hours before starting APPE; however, there was no formal IPPE curriculum. Subsequent cohorts completed a formal IPPE programme. The survey had outpatient (11 items) and inpatient (10 items) pharmacy practice skill scales. Differences between pre- and post-scale scores within cohorts were compared using ANOVA and effect sizes for the change were calculated. Results: Pre-APPE responses indicated that students had experience in more varied practice settings after IPPE implementation. In 2010, 85% of the students had experience in a chain community pharmacy yet most were lacking experience in other areas. Following implementation of the formal IPPE programme, the percentage of students reporting no experience in other practice settings decreased, for example students reporting no experience in hospital pharmacy decreased from 53% in 2010 to 1%-8% in subsequent cohorts. When comparing pre- to post- mean scores for the outpatient and inpatient scales, there was no statistically significant difference in the 2010 and 2011 cohorts; however, there was a significant difference in the 2012-2015 cohorts with the magnitude of difference increasing over time. Conclusions: Students completing a formal IPPE programme had experience in more varied practice settings and demonstrated more improvement in confidence across APPE.
Exploring the Dependency Relationships between Software Qualities

Software-intensive systems are expected to meet a variety of non-functional quality objectives essential for proper system functioning. However, there is still a lack of an effective estimation method for overall quality. Previous work has shown that it is possible to evaluate software systems' qualities based on issue summaries; however, this requires large amounts of manual effort to employ. There is a need for automated methods which can evaluate software systems as they evolve. Moreover, system qualities do not always change independently of each other. There are various dependencies which need to be taken into consideration when looking to make quality improvements. In this paper we look to explore the dependencies between bugs and the qualities they express. We have a fuzzy classifier that uses issue summaries to identify and summarize the quality of software with respect to maintainability, thus we propose a road map which will use this classifier to explore patterns for these relations and identify potential conflicts and synergies between these means-end qualities.
Ab initio investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the Mo–Ti–Zr system

Abstract Knowledge of the Mo–Ti–Zr phase diagram and its underlying thermodynamics is critically needed to guide the design of advanced U-Mo–Ti–Zr metallic fuel alloys for next-generation nuclear reactors as well as Ti–Mo–Zr–based biomaterials for medical applications. Here, we report on the development of a thermodynamic model for the Mo–Ti–Zr ternary system using the ab initio informed CALPHAD approach. Our ab initio evolutionary search discovers many experimentally unobserved stable compounds in the Mo–Ti system, but finds Ti–Zr to be a non-compound-forming system. In the Mo–Zr system, no stable compound other than the experimentally known C15 Mo2Zr Laves phase has been found. Phonon calculations within the harmonic approximation have been performed to obtain the vibrational formation entropies of all ordered binary compounds in Mo–Ti and Mo–Zr systems. The mixing energies of the liquid phase and the mechanically unstable but dynamically stabilized bcc phase are further obtained using high-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The predicted binary and ternary phase diagrams show overall good agreement with experimental measurements. Future experimental validation of the predicted stable compounds in Mo–Ti system and our model-predicted low-temperature hcp miscibility gap in Ti–Zr system will be of great interest.
Chapter Six – Morphometric Landmarks

Morphometric variation, as quantified by the analysis of homologous landmarks, is commonly used to study patterns of geographic variation in animal populations that are associated with important life history processes. The approach can be applied to fishery resources as a method of phenotypic stock identification. This chapter reviews the general approach with updated summaries of contributions to related methodology and applications to fishery stock identification.
Complexation of Actinides with Amide Derivatives of Oxydiacetic Acid

Complexation of Np(V), U(VI) and Nd(III) with dimethyl-3-oxa-glutaramic acid (DMOGA) and tetramethyl-3-oxa-glutaramide (TMOGA) was studied in comparison with the complexation with oxydiacetic acid (ODA). Stability constants and enthalpy of complexation were determined by potentiometry, spectrophotometry and calorimetry. Thermodynamic parameters, in conjunction with structural information of solid compounds, indicate that DMOGA and TMOGA form tridentate complexes with the ether-oxygen participating in bonding with actinide/lanthanide ions. The trends in the stability constants, enthalpy and entropy of complexation are discussed in terms of the difference in the hydration of the amide groups and carboxylate groups and the difference in the charge density of the metal ions.
Fully Distributed Joint Localization and Target Tracking With Mobile Robot Networks

In this article, we study the problem of joint localization and target tracking using a mobile robot network. Here, a team of mobile robots equipped with onboard sensors simultaneously localize themselves and track multiple targets. We introduce a fully distributed algorithm that is applicable to generic robot motion, target process, and measurement models and is robust to time-varying sensing and communication topologies and changing blind robots (the robots not directly sensing the targets). Instead of treating localization and target tracking as two separate problems, we explicitly account for the influence of one to the other and exploit it to improve performance in a fully distributed context. Two novel kinds of distributed estimates are derived. By employing them, each robot can estimate the pose (position and orientation) of itself (localization) and the states of targets (tracking) using only its local information and information from its one-hop communicating neighbors while preserving consistency. Furthermore, it is proven that, in the case of linear time-varying models, the estimation errors are bounded in the mean-square sense under very mild conditions on the sensing and communication graph and system observability. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated extensively through Monte Carlo simulations, and experiments carried out using a real-world data set. It is also shown better performance in the pose estimates of the robots is achieved when jointly estimating the robots’ poses and targets’ states.
Perioperative management of patients with Mucolipidosis II and III: Lessons from a case series.

Background Mucolipidosis II and III are complex lysosomal storage disorders characterised by progressive multisystem pathology which can pose challenges to the anaesthetist and increase the risks associated with general anaesthesia. Aims We sought to review the management of patients with Mucolipidosis II and III undergoing anaesthesia in our institution in order to better define recommendations for the preoperative assessment and optimisation of these children. We further elected to analyse the conduct of anaesthesia, intraoperative management and perioperative complications that our patients had experienced in order to allow improved informed consent and anaesthetic planning. Methods We performed a retrospective examination of the medical notes of those patients who had undergone anaesthesia in our institution to identify their clinical features, anaesthetic technique, airway management and perioperative complications. Results Five children underwent eleven episodes of anaesthesia. Fibreoptic or videolaryngoscopy were utilised in six out of seven intubations, with four out of seven requiring a change from the method initially chosen to enable intubation. Four of the five patients had an abnormal echocardiogram. Three patients had radiological evaluation of their cervical spine, with two demonstrating abnormalities. One patient had changes suggesting instability at the atlantoaxial junction. Discussion Children and babies with Mucolipidosis II and III present multisystem challenges to the anaesthetist. Multidisciplinary planning and assessment, followed by a discussion of risk should proceed any elective surgery. These complex children should undergo elective anaesthesia delivered by an experienced (paediatric) anaesthetist in an appropriate tertiary centre with on-site paediatric ENT and critical care support.
Feasibility of PTSD Risk Identification in Pediatric Traumatic Patients using PsySTART: A Pilot Study

Abstract Background Trauma patients undergo a standardized history and physical, however identification of mental health risk factors is not typically included. We aimed to assess the feasibility of using a modified version of Psychological Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (PsySTART) to identify post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk factors in pediatric trauma patients. We hypothesized that PsySTART could identify risk factors and be integrated into the electronic medical record (EMR). Methods Trauma patients 10–17 years old at a level II pediatric trauma center from 2014 to 2015 were screened. PsySTART was used on a pilot cohort to determine if risk factors were present. PsySTART was then integrated into an automated EMR workflow and completion rates were evaluated. Results PsySTART was completed in a pilot cohort of 63 patients with the following findings: 33.3% (n = 21) with 1 risk factor, 22.2% (n = 14) with 2 risk factors, and 19.1% (n = 12) with ≥3 risk factors. The most commonly identified risk factor was, “felt or expressed extreme fear or panic” (n = 27, 43.0%). After EMR integration, PsySTART was successfully completed with automatic consults in 156 of 198 patients (78.8%). Conclusions PsySTART identified risk factors in pediatric trauma patients. EMR integration was feasible and led to proactive psychological management and intervention. Level of Evidence IV
Evaluating bioavailability of elements in municipal wastewater sludge (Biosolids) from three rural wastewater treatment plants in East Texas (USA) by a sequential extraction procedure

Abstract Biosolids (also known as sludge) are nutrient-rich materials used as soil amendments. A modified Tessier sequential extraction protocol was utilized for speciation and bioavailability of metals in samples from Nacogdoches and Lufkin wastewater sludges (NWWS, LWWS) and the Neches Compost sludge (NCS). Application of five steps (adsorbed, exchangeable, organically bound, carbonate and residual/sulfide) was performed to fractionate 26 elements (macroelements: Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Li, Cs; microelements: As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, V, Zn, Ni, Al, Cr, Sr) in samples via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). The proximate amounts for most elements were predominant in the sulfide/residual fractions. Among macroelements 88.62–92.23% of K was found bioavailable vis-a-vis the organically-bound or sulfide fractions. About 100% of Li exists in the sulfide fractions vis-a-vis Group 2A elements. In contrast to microelements and transition metals, about 19–32 % Mo was found readily bioavailable. Additionally, Mo occurred in relatively lesser percent in sulfide/residual fractions vis-a-vis other elements. Cd, Pb, Co, V and Al were the least bioavailable. The percent relative bioavailabilities of microelements varied in the order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Ba > Sr > Pb > V > B > Ni > Co > Cr > V > Mo > Hg > Se > Li > Cd. Assessment of the bioavailability of micro- and macro- elements, is essential to predicting element uptake by plants grown in biosolid amended soils, and the possible environmental exposure levels.
Phase I trial of advanced generation anti-CEA designer T cells in gastrointestinal and breast cancers

e15123 Background: We created “designer T cells” by retroviral gene therapy to express chimeric immunoglobulin-T cell receptors (IgTCR) with specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Our prev...
Reading And Writing Acquisition: A Developmental Neuropsychological Perspective

Part 1 Theoretical foundations: defining the developmental neuropsychological perspective biological constraints on reading and writing acquisition educational constraints on reading and writing acquisition. Part 2 Research on reading and writing acquisition from the developmental neuropsychological perspective: multiple connections and multiple procedures for reading and spelling single words levels of language and intra-individual differences in levels of language in reading comprehension and composition multiple constraints and shared subsystems in writing acquisition implications of the developmental neuropsychological perspective for assessing, preventing and remediating reading and writing disabilities.
Organization of the Tryptophan Pathway: a Phylogenetic Study of the Fungi

The enzymes involved in tryptophan biosynthesis have been analyzed in a variety of fungal strains and a few other microorganisms. The same five biosynthetic reactions occur in all organisms tested, but differences have been found in the stability requirements for the enzymes, in their differential precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and in their sedimentation pattern after zone centrifugation. Based on the sedimentation behavior of anthranilate synthetase, phosphoribosyl-transferase, N-(5′-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate isomerase, and indole-3-glycerophosphate synthetase, five different patterns of enzyme association could be recognized. The distribution of these patterns was used to evaluate several specific features of proposed phylogenetic relationships in the fungi. A closer relationship between Chytridiales and Aspergillales is postulated, eliminating the Zygomycetes and the Endomycetales as probable intermediates; the latter groups are considered to be sidelines. The data support the idea of a polyphyletic origin of the phycomycetes and suggest that anascosporogenous yeasts tested are related to the heterobasidiomycetes rather than to the Endomycetales. A possible sequence of changes leading to the various patterns of organization of the tryptophan pathway during the course of evolution is also proposed.
Artificial Metalloproteins: Design and Engineering

Engineering of artificial metalloproteins is an expanding field with potential impacts in many areas from fundamental understanding of protein structure and function to industrial production of specialty chemicals such as chiral drug intermediates. Incorporation of unnatural amino acids and non-native metal cofactors into proteins is an emerging field in the area of protein design, as it offers the tantalizing prospect of introducing new functionality and provides exquisite probes for and fine-tuning of native protein properties. Although it is a relatively young field, engineering of non-native metalloproteins boasts a myriad of techniques for design, construction, and/or expression of the desired artificial protein. Additionally, many groundbreaking studies exist in this field that have enhanced basic scientific understanding of protein function or generated promising artificial enzymes. Discussion of the techniques prominent for incorporation of unnatural amino acids and non-native cofactors is followed by some of the most interesting applications of these techniques reported to date.
Online real-time preemptive scheduling of jobs with deadlines

In this paper, we derive bounds on performance guarantees of online algorithms for real-time preemptive scheduling of jobs with deadlines on K machines when jobs are characterized in terms of their minimum stretch factor α (or, equivalently, their maximum execution rate r = 1/α). We consider two well known preemptive models that are of interest from practical applications: the hard real-time scheduling model in which a job must be completed if it was admitted for execution by the online scheduler, and the firm real-time scheduling model in which the scheduler is allowed not to complete a job even if it was admitted for execution by the online scheduler. In both models, the objective is to maximize the sum of execution times of the jobs that were executed to completion, preemption is allowed, and the online scheduler must immediately decide, whenever a job arrives, whether to admit it for execution or reject it. We measure the competitive ratio of any online algorithm as the ratio of the value of the objective function obtained by this algorithm to that of the best possible offline algorithm. We show that no online algorithm can have a competitive ratio greater than 1-(1/α)+Ɛ for hard real-time scheduling with K ≥ 1 machines and greater than 1 - (3/(4⌈α⌉)) + Ɛ for firm real-time scheduling on a single machine, where Ɛ > 0 may be arbitrarily small, even if the algorithm is allowed to know the value of α in advance. On the other hand, we exhibit a simple online scheduler that achieves a competitive ratio of at least 1-(1/α) in either of these models with K machines. The performance guarantee of our simple scheduler shows that it is in fact an optimal scheduler for hard real-time scheduling with K machines. We also describe an alternative scheduler for firm real-time scheduling on a single machine in which the competitive ratio does not go to zero as a approaches 1. Both of our schedulers do not know the value of α in advance.
MONEY, EMPLOYMENT, INFLATION, AND A MORE COMPLETE KEYNESIAN MODEL

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a Keynesian view that states that expansionary monetary policy would reduce the interest rate, thereby stimulating investment and leading to an increase in aggregate demand. A restrictive monetary policy would increase the interest rate, thereby discouraging investment and reducing aggregate demand. The interest rate is the mechanism that transmits monetary policy in the Keynesian model. The expansionary macro policy was a major factor contributing to the inflation. In the Keynesian model, monetary policy would be ineffective as a tool to stimulate demand if the economy were in the liquidity trap as evidenced by a horizontal demand for money schedule, if investment were insensitive to a decline in the interest rate as indicated by a vertical investment schedule, or if banks failed to extend loans, expanding the money supply, even though the monetary authorities created excess reserves. Keynesians believe that a market-directed capitalist economy is inherently unstable. However, proper monetary and fiscal policies can be used to keep the economy on a stable course. A planned budget deficit and monetary acceleration are appropriate during recession. A budget surplus and monetary deceleration can be used to restrain an inflationary boom. Keynesians reject the balanced-budget concept.
Multi-Objective Methods for Tree Size Control

Variable length methods for evolutionary computation can lead to a progressive and mainly unnecessary growth of individuals, known as bloat. First, we propose to measure performance in genetic programming as a function of the number of nodes, rather than trees, that have been evaluated. Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization (EMOO) constitutes a principled way to optimize both size and fitness and may provide parameterless size control. Reportedly, its use can also lead to minimization of size at the expense of fitness. We replicate this problem, and an empirical analysis suggests that multi-objective size control particularly requires diversity maintenance. Experiments support this explanation. The multi-objective approach is compared to genetic programming without size control on the 11-multiplexer, 6-parity, and a symbolic regression problem. On all three test problems, the method greatly reduces bloat and significantly improves fitness as a function of computational expense. Using the FOCUS algorithm, multi-objective size control is combined with active pursuit of diversity, and hypothesized minimum-size solutions to 3-, 4- and 5-parity are found. The solutions thus found are furthermore easily interpretable. When combined with diversity maintenance, EMOO can provide an adequate and parameterless approach to size control in variable length evolution.
High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of nuclear proteins: a comparison of HeLa nuclei prepared by three different methods.

Abstract A comparative analysis of HeLa cell nuclear proteins is presented using Iso-Dalt methods of protein resolution in two dimensions. The nuclear proteins were prepared by (1) spin through glycerol cushion, (2) spin through sucrose cushion, or (3) Triton wash. Improved resolution of total nuclear proteins in the range of pH 4.5–6.0 was achieved by substituting longer isotubes in combination with broad-range ampholines during the isoelectric focusing step. An attempt to indicate silver stainable protein spots common to total cellular extracts and nuclear preparations has been made. Also, proteins that appear to be well represented in all three nuclear preparations and remain undetectable in the total cellular protein pattern have been marked as probably being enriched nuclear proteins. Such a comparative analysis of whole nuclear protein preparations made it possible to document that the different preparations preserved the same set of proteins. The Tritonwash method of obtaining nuclei was identified as the preferred choice. Coomassie-stained gels and blots of these nuclear proteins could serve as a guide for accessing relevant protein spots for further biochemical analysis such as immunoblotting.
Pyrgeometer calibration at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Abstract Pyrgeometers are used to measure longwave terrestrial radiation. Regular pyrgeometer calibration against an internationally recognized standard is required in order to measure the longwave radiation consistently at different sites around the globe. At present, there is no internationally recognized standard to calibrate pyrgeometers. A well-characterized blackbody is, however, an accepted approach. This paper describes a method of establishing a precise blackbody reference and using it to calibrate a group of four transfer reference pyrgeometers. The group is then deployed outdoors to evaluate the precision of the blackbody calibration. The results from the outdoor data shows that the percentage mean-square-error of each transfer reference pyrgeometer is 0.12%, 0.07%, 0.46%, and 0.10% with a resultant percentage root-mean-square of 0.43%. The errors are calculated with respect to the average of the irradiance readings of the transfer reference pyrgeometers. To minimize the number of transfer reference pyrgeometers and to allow more space for calibrating test pyrgeometers, a sub-set of the transfer reference pyrgeometers is then used to calibrate a test pyrgeometer outdoors. The calibration of the test pyrgeometer resulted in reducing its error from +4.00% to ±0.32% with respect to the irradiance measured by the sub-set of the transfer reference pyrgeometers. The outdoor calibration method can minimize the calibration cost resulting from using the lengthy and costly blackbody calibration because many pyrgeometers can be calibrated at the same time. Appendix A shows a diagram that describes the paper's concept.
Using universal borrowing data in the library book fund allocation process

This article discusses Georgia's Universal Borrowing program as a model of interlibrary borrowing with the explicit goal of providing unimpeded access to materials held at any library in a five-library system. Data are analyzed to show how demand can be matched to library's monographic collections.
Model for bone strength and osteoporotic fractures

Inner porous regions play a critical role in the load bearing capability of large bones. We show that an extension of disordered elastic networks [Chung et al., Phys. Rev. B 54, 15 094 (1996)] exhibits analogs of several known mechanical features of bone. The ``stress backbones'' and histograms of stress distributions for healthy and weak networks are shown to be qualitatively different. A hereto untested relationship between bone density and bone strength is presented.
Automated ion-exchange chromatography of α- and β-aspartyl oligopeptides

Abstract Useful resolutions have been achieved in the automated chromatography of 30 α- and β- l -aspartyl di- and tripeptides by sequential use of analytical columns of cation- and anion-exchange resins. The effluent is analyzed with the Technicon amino acid analyzer system. In this way all of the β-aspartyl peptides being studied may be separated from each other. Elution times and calibration constants are given for the peptides and for several amino acids for comparison.
A security scheme for resource sharing over a network

The purpose of this paper is to describe a security scheme for a special purpose resource-sharing system for networked computers. The scheme makes use of cryptographic constructs called coupons, issued by a central authority, and representing the right to use a certain amount of resources on a specified machine. The security scheme is described in detail, and an analysis of its security is also given.
Reach Out and Touch Someone: AT&T's Global Operations in the 1990s

The late twentieth century has witnessed the rapid expansion of a global telecommunications infrastructure and flows of information. Few case studies of individual corporations in this industry exist. Following the breakup of its U.S. monopoly in 1984, AT&T, the world's largest telecommunications provider, steadily expanded its international operations. This paper examines the institutional and spatial dynamics that underpin AT&T's global strategies, including transoceanic fiber cables, employment, manufacturing facilities, joint ventures, and operations in every major market area around the world. It ascertains these efforts in light of the emergence of post-Fordist regime theory and argues that corporate-specific case studies continue to remain an important part of economic geography.
Uptake and Leaching of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine by Hybrid Poplar Trees

The feasibility of remediating a high explosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), using hybrid poplar trees (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34) was investigated. The fate, transport, and toxicity were determined. HMX was taken up by poplar cuttings from hydroponic solutions in long-term experiments (65 days) without evidence of toxicity. HMX was not toxic to actively growing hybrid poplar cuttings, even under saturated conditions. The measured log Kow for HMX was 0.19, less than other explosives, TNT, and RDX. However, the calculated transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF) and root concentration factor (RCF) for HMX from an uptake study using radiolabeled [U-14C]HMX were 0.21 ± 0.07 and 5.55 ± 1.78 mL/g, respectively, both of which were intermediate between the values for TNT and RDX in previous reports. A 70% uptake of [U-14C]HMX was translocated and accumulated in leaves, and no metabolites were observed during a 65-day exposure using radiochromatography of plant tissue ext...
The effect of viscosity changes in the vocal folds on the range of oscillation

Summary Changes in vocal fold oscillation threshold pressure were induced in excised canine larynges by experimentally causing fluid movement into and out of the vocal folds. The transport was facilitated by exposing the vocal folds to various osmotic solutions, and it was assumed that changes in hydration caused changes in the internal tissue viscosity. A range of oscillation threshold pressures was measured for each condition of hydration by varying length and glottal width. The oscillation threshold pressure shifted as predicted. Decreased hydration (increased viscosity) raised the threshold of oscillation, and increased hydration (decreased viscosity) lowered the threshold of oscillation. This apparently represents the first in vitro model for the study of the effect of viscosity changes of the internal environment of the vocal folds on phonation.