cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TPACK: A Framework for the CITE Journal

In 1986 Lee Shulman proposed that crucial aspects of pedagogical practice are uniquely connected to specific content areas and coined the term “pedagogical content knowledge.” Extension of the concept to “technological pedagogical content knowledge” (now referred to as technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge, or TPACK) in recent years recognizes the central role of content and pedagogy in uses of educational technology – a role previously missing in many discussions. Even though some technologies may indeed facilitate student learning, content and pedagogy are crucial ingredients in this success. If the pedagogical content knowledge required for each discipline differs, it follows that the ways in which technology might best be used for each discipline may also differ. During the same era in which this concept was being articulated (see Mishra & Koehler, 2005, for an overview of the history), several teacher educator content associations and educational technology associations formed a collaborative organization. The participating representatives possessed a common belief that technology should be introduced in the context of content instruction and that teachers should take advantage of the unique features of technology to teach content in ways they otherwise could not. This consortium, which subsequently evolved into the National Technology Leadership Coalition (NTLC), was grounded in the ideas that were later incorporated in the TPACK framework.
To Repair or Not To Repair: Helping Ad-hoc Routing Protocols to Distinguish Mobility from Congestion

In this paper we consider the problem of distinguishing whether frame loss at the MAC layer has occurred due to mobility or congestion. Most ad hoc routing protocols make the faulty assumption that all frame loss means the destination node has moved, resulting in significant overhead as they initiate the repair of routes that have not been broken. We design a mobility detection algorithm, MDA, that properly detects the cause of a lost frame, then coordinates with the routing protocol so that it reacts properly. This approach dramatically reduces routing protocol overhead and significantly increases application throughput. We use a simulation study to demonstrate the effectiveness of MDA and to determine the proper setting for MDA parameters.
Long-Distance Axonal Growth from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells after Spinal Cord Injury

Summary Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a healthy 86-year-old male were differentiated into neural stem cells and grafted into adult immunodeficient rats after spinal cord injury. Three months after C5 lateral hemisections, iPSCs survived and differentiated into neurons and glia and extended tens of thousands of axons from the lesion site over virtually the entire length of the rat CNS. These iPSC-derived axons extended through adult white matter of the injured spinal cord, frequently penetrating gray matter and forming synapses with rat neurons. In turn, host supraspinal motor axons penetrated human iPSC grafts and formed synapses. These findings indicate that intrinsic neuronal mechanisms readily overcome the inhibitory milieu of the adult injured spinal cord to extend many axons over very long distances; these capabilities persist even in neurons reprogrammed from very aged human cells. Video Abstract
Smooth and Striated Muscle Development in the Intrinsic Urethral Sphincter

AbstractPurpose: The intrinsic urethral sphincter is composed of adjacent striated and smooth muscle. We studied the sequential expression of smooth and striated muscle proteins to gain insight into the ontogeny of intrinsic sphincter development.Materials and Methods: The intrinsic urethral sphincters of timed Fischer 344 rat embryos at 14, 16 and 18 days of gestation, neonates on postnatal day 1 and adult animals were examined. Serial sections of the urethra and adjacent levator ani muscles were studied histologically with hematoxylin and eosin, anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin, anti-alpha-sarcomeric actin and antistriated muscle myosin heavy chain antibodies.Results: The intrinsic urethral sphincter was identified within the periurethral mesenchyma as early as day 14 of gestation. Although striated myotubules were identified within the urethra by hematoxylin and eosin staining starting on postnatal day 1, striated muscle myosin heavy chain protein was absent in the embryonic and neonatal development of t...
Segmentation and registration based analysis of microscopy images

Optical microscopy exhibits many challenges for digital image analysis. In general, microscopy volumes are inherently anisotropic, suffer from decreasing contrast with tissue depth, and characteristically have low signal levels. This paper describes a method to segment multiphoton fluorescent microscopy images via a combination of segmentation and registration methods. In particular, the proposed method utilizes image enhancement and spatial filtering along with registration and temporal filtering. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Spatially resolved detection and equalization of modal dispersion limited multimode fiber links

The authors present theoretical and experimental results of an optoelectronic-equalization technique that mitigates intersymbol interference caused by differential modal delay in multimode fiber. By exploiting the spatial diversity of the transverse optical-fiber modes, the authors are able to provide a sufficient additional information in the form of mode-dependent photocurrents to enhance total signal integrity. A fabricated two-segment photodetector is demonstrated with a routinely achievable two-times improvement in bandwidth-distance product. They also show the robustness of the technique to the expected variations in graded-index profiles.
Portrait of an artist in Tokyo circa 1910: Mori Ōgai's Seinen

Abstract This article discusses Ōgai's mobilization of youth in relation to the palpable descriptions of urban space in his 1910 novel Seinen. Embedded within the novel, I argue, are a series of external descriptions of city life, disquieting images of urban space invested with a temporality of their own, staged in opposition to the novelistic destiny of a protagonist who is to achieve a form of self-mastery proper to the hero of a bildungsroman. By shifting the focus of my analysis from the protagonist's troubled development to a set of questions concerning the problem of representation, I argue for an understanding of Ōgai's descriptive language not as a failed attempt at a mimetic transcription of Tokyo, but rather as a highly specific form of representation that attends to the changing experience of modern city life and the new and varied forms of temporal disorders inhabiting that life. With this reading, I hope to recover the ongoing critical work the novel performs as it reveals the metropolis to b...
Understanding influences of play on second language learning: A microethnographic view in one Head Start preschool classroom

With dual language learners falling behind their same-age peers at the beginning of kindergarten, understanding how school experiences can enhance language learning is critical. This study demonstrates how play among preschool-aged children can foster English language learning. Using an ethnographic approach, one classroom composed of two teachers and 17 four- to five-year-old children was observed and videotaped during Free Play. Interactional analyses of four Spanish-speaking children’s play scenarios with their same-language peers and English-speaking peers illustrate how through these social interactions their oral English language was supported and, at times, hindered. The implications for play as an avenue for supporting English language learning in the classroom are discussed.
Aligning ASL for Statistical Translation Using a Discriminative Word Model

We describe a method to align ASL video subtitles with a closed-caption transcript. Our alignments are partial, based on spotting words within the video sequence, which consists of joined (rather than isolated) signs with unknown word boundaries. We start with windows known to contain an example of a word, but not limited to it. We estimate the start and end of the word in these examples using a voting method. This provides a small number of training examples (typically three per word). Since there is no shared structure, we use a discriminative rather than a generative word model. While our word spotters are not perfect, they are sufficient to establish an alignment. We demonstrate that quite small numbers of good word spotters results in an alignment good enough to produce simple English-ASL translations, both by phrase matching and using word substitution.
Duet: cloud scale load balancing with hardware and software

Load balancing is a foundational function of datacenter infrastructures and is critical to the performance of online services hosted in datacenters. As the demand for cloud services grows, expensive and hard-to-scale dedicated hardware load balancers are being replaced with software load balancers that scale using a distributed data plane that runs on commodity servers. Software load balancers offer low cost, high availability and high flexibility, but suffer high latency and low capacity per load balancer, making them less than ideal for applications that demand either high throughput, or low latency or both. In this paper, we present Duet, which offers all the benefits of software load balancer, along with low latency and high availability -- at next to no cost. We do this by exploiting a hitherto overlooked resource in the data center networks -- the switches themselves. We show how to embed the load balancing functionality into existing hardware switches, thereby achieving organic scalability at no extra cost. For flexibility and high availability, Duet seamlessly integrates the switch-based load balancer with a small deployment of software load balancer. We enumerate and solve several architectural and algorithmic challenges involved in building such a hybrid load balancer. We evaluate Duet using a prototype implementation, as well as extensive simulations driven by traces from our production data centers. Our evaluation shows that Duet provides 10x more capacity than a software load balancer, at a fraction of a cost, while reducing latency by a factor of 10 or more, and is able to quickly adapt to network dynamics including failures.
The Question-Answer Process: A Conceptualization and Some Derived Hypotheses for Empirical Examination

Although the process of responding to verbal stimuli has received much less attention than has the process of responding to visual stimuli, the author contends that the former may actually be much more complex since it is more likely to involve social interaction. In this article he describes the analytic steps in the question-answer process, discusses the effect on responses of interviewer characteristics, of normative expectations surrounding the object of inquiry, and the situational context in which the questions are asked. He concludes with a set of derived hypotheses for empirical examination. J. W. Getzels is now Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Chicago.
Nerve cuff stimulation and the effect of fascicular organization for hand grasp in nonhuman primates

The overall goal of this work is to introduce nerve cuff electrodes into upper extremity hand grasp systems. The first challenge is to develop a nerve cuff electrode that can selectively activate multiple hand functions from common upper extremity peripheral nerves. The Flat Interface Nerve Electrode (FINE) has shown selective stimulation capability in animal trials. The FINE wraps around the nerve and gently reshapes the nerve and aligns the fascicles within the nerve. Our hypothesis is that the FINE can selectively stimulate multi-fascicular nerves in the human upper extremity resulting in selective hand function. To assess the ability of the FINE to produce control of a hand with many degrees of freedom, we have tested the FINE in nonhuman primates. Fascicular organization and fascicle count are important factors to consider when determining electrode placement. The proximal nerve is an attractive electrode location to access both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles in the upper extremity. A challenge with the nonhuman primate model is that the nonhuman primate median and ulnar nerves both have uni-fascicular regions proximally. The human proximal median and ulnar nerves have an encouraging anatomy of multi-fasciculated nerves with redundant fascicles that may result in more selective hand function than is capable in the nonhuman primate.
Engrailed-mediated repression of Ultrabithorax is necessary for the parasegment 6 identity in Drosophila

The homeotic genes of Drosophila are expressed in overlapping domains along the anterior-to-posterior axis and specify the distinct morphological patterns of each parasegment. Within single parasegments, the levels of homeotic gene expression are often modulated, in part because of cross-regulation by other homeotic gene products. However, the functional significance of different levels of homeotic gene expression is unclear. Here modulations in Ultrabithorax (Ubx) expression within parasegment 6 are examined. Specifically, Ubx is shown to be down-regulated in the posterior compartment of this parasegment by engrailed (en). The significance of Ubx repression by en was demonstrated by characterizing the expression of the Ubx target gene, Distal-less (Dll). In the posterior compartment of parasegment 6, Dll is normally expressed in a small cluster of cells. If Ubx is expressed uniformly via a heat-shock promoter, Dll is inappropriately repressed in these posterior compartment cells. In the anterior compartment of parasegment 6, Dll is normally repressed by high levels of Ubx. However, if en is expressed uniformly via a heat-shock promoter, Ubx is repressed and Dll is derepressed. Because Dll is required for the development of larval sensory structures, these results demonstrate that en-mediated repression of Ubx in the posterior compartment is necessary for the morphology of parasegment 6. Thus, different levels of homeotic gene expression can be important for their segmental patterning functions.
Online Shopper Behavior: Influences of Online Shopping Decision

Recent research has shown an interest in investigating consumer motivations that affect the online shopping behavior. It is yet to understand what factors influence online shopping decision process. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of online shopping decision process by comparing the offline and online decision making and identifying the factors that motivate online customers to decide or not to decide to buy online. It is found that marketing communication process differs between offline and online consumer decision. Managerial implications are developed for online stores to improve their website.
Optimal column subset selection by a-star search

Approximating a matrix by a small subset of its columns is a known problem in numerical linear algebra. Algorithms that address this problem have been used in areas which include, among others, sparse approximation, unsupervised feature selection, data mining, and knowledge representation. Such algorithms were investigated since the 1960's, with recent results that use randomization. The problem is believed to be NP-Hard, and to the best of our knowledge there are no previously published algorithms aimed at computing optimal solutions. We show how to model the problem as a graph search, and propose a heuristic based on eigenvalues of related matrices. Applying the A* search strategy with this heuristic is guaranteed to find the optimal solution. Experimental results on common datasets show that the proposed algorithm can effectively select columns from moderate size matrices, typically improving by orders of magnitude the run time of exhaustive search.
Experimental study on propane jet fire hazards: Assessment of the main geometrical features of horizontal jet flames

Abstract Jet fires are among the least severe fires in terms of direct effects, but are very important in terms of risk assessment due to the potential escalation of the incident by impingement or engulfment of the jet fire on the surrounding vessel, pipework or other components. This paper focuses on the determination of the main geometrical features (flame shape, length, and width) of medium-scale horizontal jet fires in air. The study is based on the experimental results of LPG jet fire released from a horizontal pipe of 1.9 cm diameter at different flow rates, with vapor flows, reaching a flame size of 1–10 m long. For each test, visible and infrared visualizations were recorded. First, the two visualization techniques are compared with each other, and with the different methods of flame shape determination available in the literature. The flame detected with each technique, both instantaneous and averaged, is then compared with basic flame shapes.
Enhanced Intracranial Microdialysis by Reduction of Traumatic Penetration Injury at the Probe Track.

Microdialysis provides deep insight into chemical neuroscience by enabling in vivo intracranial chemical monitoring. Nevertheless, implanting a microdialysis probe causes a traumatic penetration injury (TPI) of brain tissue at the probe track. The TPI, which is clearly documented by voltammetry and histochemical imaging, is a drawback because it perturbs the exact tissue from which the brain dialysate samples are derived. Our goal is to reduce, if not eventually eliminate, the TPI and its detrimental effects on neurochemical monitoring. Here, we demonstrate that combining a 5-day wait period after probe implantation with the continuous retrodialysis of a low-micromolar concentration of dexamethasone vastly reduces the TPI. Our approach to reducing the TPI reinstates normal evoked dopamine release activity in the tissue adjacent to the microdialysis probe, brings evoked dopamine release at the probe outlet into quantitative agreement with evoked dopamine release next to the probe, reinstates normal immunor...
Preschool teachers' language use during dramatic play

This study sought to describe preschool teachers' language use during dramatic play using both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Findings indicate that the teachers' language use during dramatic play varied among teachers. Quantitative analyses revealed the variability of teachers' lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, talkativeness, and children-to-teacher utterance ratio. Qualitative analyses revealed four types of teacher play-instruction talk: play-embedded instructional talk, explicit instructional talk, play language coaching, and play administrational talk. In addition, the frequency of children's talk varied across the cases. The teachers who frequently used play-embedded instructional talk scored relatively high in the frequency of children's talk. Findings suggest that further investigation on the relationship between teachers' language use during dramatic play and children's language productivity can be useful for teacher education.
Effect of Ductile Phase Reinforcement Morphology on Toughening of MoSi2

Niobium was added to MoSi2 in the form of particles, random short fibers and continuous aligned fibers. It was found that the morphology of Nb played a role in the toughening that occurred (as measured by the area under load displacement curves from room temperature three point bend tests and the examination of fracture surfaces). The Nb particles did not toughen MoSi2. The random short fibers appeared to toughen MoSi2 via crack deflection along the fiber matrix interface. Aligned fibers imparted the greatest toughness improvements, as toughening resulted from fiber deformation. However, larger diameter fibers displayed a greater ability to toughen MoSi2 than smaller diameter fibers. This was attributed to the constraint resulting from the interfacial layer between the MoSi2 matrix and the Nb fiber. Maximum toughness occurs when the fiber is able to separate from the matrix and freely deform.
An Analysis of Business Report Writing Activities of Supervisory Banking Personnel

The problem of this study was to identify the report writing practices of supervisory banking personnel and to determine the topical areas which should be emphasized in a business report writing co...
THE QUEST FOR OMNIPOTENCE IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING. THE CASE OF THE PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENT.

(1964). The Quest for Omnipotence in Professional Training. Psychiatry: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 135-149.
Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum: a case report and literature review.

Abstract Objective We report the first case of clinically diagnosed endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Design Interventional case report and literature review. Intervention Pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling procedure in the left eye with intravenous and intravitreal amphotericin in both eyes. Main outcome measures The clinical features, culture results, visual outcome, and complications were studied. Results This case demonstrates a bilateral endophthalmitis with severe subretinal exudation, choroidal granulomas, and intraretinal hemorrhage leading to exudative bilateral retinal detachments. Vitreous cultures grew H. capsulatum var. capsulatum . Treatment consisted of intravenous amphotericin, intravitreal amphotericin (both eyes), pars plana vitrectomy (left eye), and scleral buckling procedure (left eye) with resulting counting fingers vision (right eye) and 20/300 (left eye). Four cases of Histoplasma endophthalmitis have been reported previously, all of which had a documented history of disseminated histoplasmosis and resulted in enucleation. Conclusions H. capsulatum should be considered a possible etiologic agent of endophthalmitis, especially in patients with a history of disseminated histoplasmosis and/or immune deficiency.
Earth's Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters

In the seventeenth century, the Earth began to be seen as having its own eventful past. Martin Rudwick begins Earth's Deep History by describing how our planet's historical character was recognized...
Money Maker or Money Loser? The Dilemma of Membership Free Shipping

Free shipping policy is widely used by e-tailers to improve customers’ online shopping experience. In this paper, we study two shipping policies that are intensively used in the current electronic market: membership free shipping (MFS) and contingent free shipping (CFS). In MFS, consumers pay a membership fee upfront and enjoy unlimited, free expedited shipping for a certain period, whereas in CFS, consumers are eligible for free standard shipping if the total transaction amount of an order exceeds a pre-determined threshold. We develop a game-theoretical model in which two competing e-tailers choose their shipping strategies in a sequential order to maximize their profits. Our main findings are threefold. First, when both e-tailers use the same shipping policy, MFS leads to a higher profit than CFS if faster shipping is employed. Second, while e-tailers have an incentive to adopt MFS, under some conditions they find themselves in the prisoner’s dilemma — both e-tailers end up choosing the less profitable CFS. Third, such a prisoner’s dilemma no longer exists when consumers’ valuation of expedited shipping offered by MFS is sufficiently higher than that of standard shipping attached to CFS. This study contributes to the literature on shipping pricing and provides useful implications for e-tailers.The Online Technical Appendix for this paper is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2820355
A single feed planar antenna with 4G tunable bands and consistent upper LTE bands between 1.51 GHz–2.1 GHz

A compact single feed dual band meandered planar antenna with 4G tunable bands and 1.51 GHz to 2.10 GHz consistent bands is proposed here. In this antenna design, a varactor diode is implemented on the meandered arm to tune the operational frequency of the lower band between the 690 MHz to 960 MHz frequencies. Whilst the 4G band tuning, the rectangular-shaped cutout portion of the antenna provides a consistent frequency bandwidth of 1.51 GHz–2.15 GHz. Both the tunable and consistent frequencies show an acceptable matching based on S 11 ≤ −6dB criteria and near Omnidirectional radiation patterns. The antenna is able to cover several wireless (LTE) communication bands including 4G LTE bands.
In Silico White Blood Cell: A Synthetic Model of Leukocyte Rolling, Activation, and Adhesion During Inflammation.

We have constructed a synthetic in silico model for representing the dynamics of leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion on substrate-coated flow chambers. Software components were designed, instantiated, verified, plugged together, and then operated in ways that can map concretely to mechanisms believed responsible for leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion. Here, we show our model’s ability to represent data from in vitro flow chamber studies of leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion on P-Selectin, ICAM-1 and CXCL1 substratecoated surfaces.
Techniques for Avoiding Psoas Muscle and Lumbosacral Plexus Injury

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches to the lumbar spine have been touted for their shorter length of hospital stay, reduced healthcare costs, lower postoperative pain, and lower blood loss when compared to open surgery [1–3]. The minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) has been praised for its improved preservation of posterior ligamentous structures, large cage footplate, high fusion rates, and enhanced ability to correct coronal malalignment when compared to traditional posterior approaches [4–7].
HOPS catalyzes the interdependent assembly of each vacuolar SNARE into a SNARE complex

Rab GTPases, their effectors, SNAREs of the R, Qa, Qb, and Qc families, and SM SNARE-binding proteins catalyze intracellular membrane fusion. At the vacuole/lysosome, they are integrated by the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex. Two HOPS subunits bind vacuolar Rabs for tethering, another binds the Qc SNARE, and a fourth HOPS subunit, an SM protein, has conserved grooves that bind R- and Qa-SNARE domains. Spontaneous quaternary SNARE complex assembly is very slow. We report an assay of SNARE complex assembly that does not rely on fusion and for which tethering does not coenrich the four SNAREs. HOPS is required in this assay for rapid SNARE complex assembly. Optimal assembly needs HOPS, lipid membranes to which the R- or Qa-SNARE and Ypt7:GTP are integrally bound, and each of the other three SNAREs. Each SNARE assembles into this complex relying on the others, suggesting four-SNARE complex assembly rather than direct binding of each to HOPS. SNAREs can be disassociated by Sec 17/Sec 18/ATP, completing a catalyzed cycle of SNARE assembly and disassembly.
Eye patches: Protein assembly of index-gradient squid lenses

A parabolic relationship between lens radius and refractive index allows spherical lenses to avoid spherical aberration. We show that in squid, patchy colloidal physics resulted from an evolutionary radiation of globular S-crystallin proteins. Small-angle x-ray scattering experiments on lens tissue show colloidal gels of S-crystallins at all radial positions. Sparse lens materials form via low-valence linkages between disordered loops protruding from the protein surface. The loops are polydisperse and bind via a set of hydrogen bonds between disordered side chains. Peripheral lens regions with low particle valence form stable, volume-spanning gels at low density, whereas central regions with higher average valence gel at higher densities. The proteins demonstrate an evolved set of linkers for self-assembly of nanoparticles into volumetric materials.
Elementary functions in complex arithmetic

Since the invention of complex arithmetic about two centuries ago, mathematicians have learned how to extend functions from the real line to the complex plane. The field of complex analysis is now well understood, and mathematics courses in that area are commonly offered in the first years of undergraduate college eduction.
A Numerical Solution of the Reeks-Hall Equation for Particulate Concentration in Recirculating Turbulent Fluid Flow

Source term is an important issue in safety assessment of nuclear power plants. Therefore, modeling of particulate concentration in reactor coolant systems during normal operation and hypothesized ...
Cardiac CTA in the Evaluation of Stents

Although the accuracy of stent evaluation with CT is currently being debated, there is general agreement that the CTA has high sensitivity and specificity for greater than 50% stenosis in stents with a diameter of 3 mm or larger. Essentially, deployment of a stent consists of a collapsed wire mesh that is expanded following ballooning of a lesion. The various techniques for stent placement are beyond the scope of this book.
Making the Animals on the Plate Visible: Anglophone Celebrity Chef Cookbooks Ranked by Sentient Animal Deaths

Recent decades have witnessed the rise of chefs to a position of cultural prominence. This rise has coincided with increased consciousness of ethical issues pertaining to food, particularly as they concern animals. We rank cookbooks by celebrity chefs according to the minimum number of sentient animals that must be killed to make their recipes. On our stipulative definition, celebrity chefs are those with their own television show on a national network in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada or Australia. Thirty cookbooks by 26 such chefs were categorized according to the total number of cows, pigs, chicken, fish and other species they included as ingredients. The total number of animals killed was divided by the number of non-dessert recipes to generate an average number of animal deaths per recipe for each book. We outline the rationale for our project and its methodology before presenting a ranked table of 30 cookbooks by celebrity chefs. This method generates several interesting findings. The first concerns the wide variation in animal fatalities among cookbooks. The chef with the heaviest animal footprint killed 5.25 animals per recipe, while the omnivorous chef with the smallest footprints killed 0.19 per recipe. Clearly, not all approaches to meat eating are equal when it comes to their animal mortality rate. Pigs and large ruminants are all substantially bigger than poultry, which are themselves bigger than many fish. The prime determinant of a chef’s place in the index was the number of small animals his or her recipes required. Whether a chef cooked in the style of a particular cuisine (Italian, French, Mexican etc.), by contrast, had no discernible influence on his or her ranking. We analyze how different chefs present themselves—as either especially sensitive or insensitive to ethical issues involving animals and food—and note cases where these presentations do or do not match their index ranking.
Optothermal Nanoscissors for Versatile Low-Power Patterning of Atomic-Thin Two-Dimensional Materials

We report a new technique - optothermal nanoscissors - to achieve fast, on-demand and arbitrary patterning of different atomic-thin two-dimensional materials using the highly localized plasmonic heating effect.
Cloning and expression of a PR5-like protein from Arabidopsis: inhibition of fungal growth by bacterially expressed protein

Pathogenesis-related (PR)-5 proteins are a family of proteins that are induced by different phytopathogens in many plants and share significant sequence similarity with thaumatin. We isolated a complementary DNA (ATLP-3) encoding a PR5-like protein from Arabidopsis which is distinct from two other previously reported PR5 cDNAs from the same plant species. The predicted ATLP-3 protein with its amino-terminal signal sequence is 245 amino acids in length and is acidic with a pI of 4.8. The deduced amino acid sequence of ATLP-3 shows significant sequence similarity with PR5 and thaumatin-like proteins from Arabidopsis and other plants and contains a putative signal sequence at the amino-terminus. The expression of ATLP-3 and a related gene (ATLP-1) that we previously isolated from Arabidopsis was induced by pathogen infection and salicylic acid, a known inducer of pathogenesis-related genes. Southern blot analysis indicates that the ATLP-1 and ATLP-3 are coded by single-copy genes. To study the effect of ATLP-1 and ATLP-3 proteins on fungal growth, the cDNA regions corresponding to putative mature protein were expressed in Escherichia coli and the cDNA encoded proteins were purified. ATLP-1 and ATLP-3 proteins cross-reacted with anti-osmotin and anti-zeamatin antibodies. ATLP-3 protein showed antifungal activity against several fungal pathogens suggesting that ATLP-3 may be involved in plant defense against fungal pathogens.
Of Common Bonds: Accounting for Intergenerational Culture Competency in Community Policing:

Community policing is grounded in a set of knowledge and skills that promotes a collaborative relationship between community residents, law enforcement, public and private industry, and governing e...
Staging systems of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review

Staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is necessary for guiding prognostication, management, and research purposes that further aid in the improvement of existing clinical and epidemiological health services. Though there are some new staging systems for HCC developed in different parts of the world, there is no globally accepted staging system that allows for comparison of current management protocols among heterogeneous populations. In this review, we discuss the evolution and applicability in clinical practice of different clinical staging systems of HCC-Okuda, CLIP (Cancer of the Liver Italian Program) score, MESIAH (Model to Estimate Survival In Ambulatory HCC patients) score, ITA.LI.CA (Italian Liver Cancer) score, BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) staging, HKLC (Hong Kong Liver Cancer) staging, and the Alberta algorithm. This review aims to highlight the main criteria for assessing the prognosis of HCC that these different staging systems take into account, their strengths and limitations for use in modern clinical practice. Despite the limitations of the BCLC staging system, it remains the most validated and reliable system for prognostication. However, there is a need to update the BCLC staging system to include recent data on locoregional and systemic therapies for HCC, expanded criteria for transplantation, and systemic therapy for hepatitis C infection.
Classifying Home-Based Child Care Providers: Validating a Typology of Providers’ Beliefs and Self-Reported Practices

Although home-based child care is a widely-used form of non-parental child care, relatively little is known about the home-based provider workforce and their beliefs and practices related to children and families. This study validates a previously identified typology of listed home-based child care providers (Hooper and Hallam, Early Child Res Q 47:194–205, 2019). The typology categorizes providers based on their beliefs and self-reported practices, rather than by licensing status or other structural characteristics. The current study uses exploratory and confirmatory latent profile analysis (LPA) to categorize a statewide sample of home-based child care providers (n = 234). Results of the confirmatory LPA suggest that the original typology identified in previous analysis of a nationally representative sample—Educationally Focused, Educationally Aware, and Caregiver profiles—fit the data well. However, an additional profile of Highly Engaged providers emerged in the exploratory analysis. Using the results of the profile analyses, I discuss implications for designing and implementing quality improvement supports for home-based child care providers to support them in providing high-quality child care.
Characteristic parameters of gas-tube proportional counters

The gas multiplication factorA 0 was determined in cylindrical counters at specific counter wire voltages and varied pressures, wire radii and counter shell radii for methane and various methane-argon mixtures, as used in proportional counters. It is seen that the Rose-Korff and the Curran-Craggsmodified Rose-Korff theory do not agree with the experimental results. Use of the Diethorn expression is made in presenting the results in terms of two parameters $$\overline {\Delta V} $$ and $$\overline K $$ , characteristic of the gas filling. The meaning and values of $$\overline {\Delta V} $$ and $$\overline K $$ are discussed, and the recent results of van Duuren and Sizoo for an ethanol-argon mixtire are reinterpreted in terms of these characteristic parameters.
Sex differences in functional connectivity during fetal brain development

Sex-related differences in brain and behavior are apparent across the life course, but the exact set of processes that guide their emergence in utero remains a topic of vigorous scientific inquiry. Here, we evaluate sex and gestational age (GA)-related change in functional connectivity (FC) within and between brain wide networks. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging we examined FC in 118 human fetuses between 25.9 and 39.6 weeks GA (70 male; 48 female). Infomap was applied to the functional connectome to identify discrete prenatal brain networks in utero. A consensus procedure produced an optimal model comprised of 16 distinct fetal neural networks distributed throughout the cortex and subcortical regions. We used enrichment analysis to assess network-level clustering of strong FC-GA correlations separately in each sex group, and to identify network pairs exhibiting distinct patterns of GA-related change in FC between males and females. We discovered both within and between network FC-GA associations that varied with sex. Specifically, associations between GA and posterior cingulate-temporal pole and fronto-cerebellar FC were observed in females only, whereas the association between GA and increased intracerebellar FC was stronger in males. These observations confirm that sexual dimorphism in functional brain systems emerges during human gestation.
Imaging toxin-induced neuroinflammation in mice using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a commonly used agent for induction of neuroinflammation in preclinical studies. Upon injection, LPS causes activation of microglia and astrocytes, whose metabolism alters to favor glycolysis. Assessing in vivo neuroinflammation and its modulation following therapy remains challenging, and new non-invasive methods allowing for longitudinal monitoring would be greatly valuable. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising technique for assessing in vivo metabolism. In addition to applications in oncology, the most commonly used probe of [1-13C] pyruvate has shown potential in assessing neuroinflammation-linked metabolism in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Here, we wished to investigate LPS-induced neuroinflammatory changes using HP [1-13C] pyruvate and HP 13C urea. 2D chemical shift imaging following simultaneous intravenous injection of HP [1-13C] pyruvate and HP 13C urea was performed at baseline (day 0), day 3 and day 7 post intracranial injection of LPS (n=6) or saline (n=5). Immunofluorescence (IF) analyses were performed for Iba1 (resting and activated microglia/macrophages), GFAP (resting and reactive astrocytes) and CD68 (activated microglia/macrophages). A significant increase in HP [1-13C] lactate production was observed in the injected (ipsilateral) side at 3 and 7 days of the LPS-treated mouse brain, but not in either the contralateral side or saline-injected animals. HP 13C lactate/pyruvate ratio, without and with normalization to urea, was also significantly increased in the ipsilateral LPS-injected brain at 7 days compared to baseline. IF analyses showed a significant increase in CD68 and GFAP at 3 days, followed by increased numbers of Iba1 and GFAP positive cells at 7 days post-LPS injection. In conclusion, we can detect LPS-induced changes in the mouse brain using HP 13C MRS, in alignment with increased numbers of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. This study demonstrates that HP 13C spectroscopy holds much potential for providing non-invasive information on neuroinflammation.
Origin and Evolution of Defective Interfering RNAs of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus

Viruses with defective genomes have been identified in association with virtually every major family of viruses and have been widely utilized as tools for investigating virus functions in animal cell culture systems (Perrault, 1981). It is generally thought that defective interfering viruses (DIs) arise through deletion, rearrangement, or recombination of a competent viral genome. DIs lack the ability for independent existence relying on their parental helper viruses to supply factors required for replication, maturation, and/or encapsidation (Huang and Baltimore, 1977). The interference attributed to DIs is thought to result from competition with the helper virus for factors required in trans for replication and/or encapsidation (Schlesinger, 1988). It is these features that have made DIs very useful tools for mapping viral signals required for replication and packaging (e.g. Levis, et al., 1986). The DIs associated with animal viruses have usually been detected after serial passage of virus at high multiplicities of infection (m.o.i.) in cell cultures. It has also been noted that maintenance in continuous passage results in fluctuations of helper and DI which reflect the relative abilities of each to interfere or support the other (Huang, 1988). DIs have also been detected in natural virus infections and, although there is some debate, may function in vivo to modulate virus diseases and allow more persistent infections (Huang, 1988).
Health Insurance and Institutionalizing Marginal Utility Decisions

The most common interpretation of health insurance emphasizes the reduction of economic risk. As noted in the previous chapter, however, risk reduction fails to account for the fact that people want health insurance for others and not just for themselves. Further, it does not explain why people want health insurance despite the questionable medical and economic benefits it apparently provides; other factors besides medical and economic outcomes must be involved. And some economists question the economic utility of health insurance because of moral hazards and administrative costs. In addition, health insurance has significant social consequences for society that are simply beyond the purview of frameworks that emphasize the reduction of economic risk. In this and the next chapter an alternative interpretation of health insurance will be presented in which social consequences are central. The interpretation will be in the tradition of functional theory in anthropology and sociology. In this framework a clear distinction is made between the causes and the consequences of social institutions. The causes of any social institution involve historical, social, economic, and political events and processes. Some of these were described with respect to health insurance in the previous two chapters.
The Role of Oral Administration of Immunoglobulin in Managing Diarrheal Illness in Immunocompromised Children

Immunocompromised children are susceptible to infectious diarrhea. Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulins to treat immunocompromised patients with viral gastroenteritis caused by viruses like rotavirus and norovirus has been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of oral immunoglobulin (OIG) in treating hospitalized immunocompromised children with diarrheal illness. We conducted a retrospective cohort review of the Mayo Clinic electronic medical records from January 1, 2005, through April 30, 2019. We included children who were immunocompromised and received OIG as a treatment for a diarrheal illness that was classified as acute ( 4 weeks) at the time of their treatment. Response to therapy was defined by 50% reduction in stool output. Nineteen children were identified (11 males); average age at the time of treatment was 11 (0.25–18) years. In the acute diarrhea cohort, the mean duration of symptoms was 9.5 days (4–21). In the chronic diarrhea cohort, the mean duration of symptoms was 41 days (28–90). All 19 children were treated with OIG with doses in the range of 100–300 mg/kg/day for 1–5 days. Eighteen patients (95%) had improvement. Overall average time to response was 3.1 (1–9) days after receiving the OIG. Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin in immunocompromised children presenting with acute and chronic diarrheal illness appeared helpful in reducing stool output by 50% in the majority of patients.
Disparities in triage and management of the homeless and the elderly trauma patient

Trauma systems are designed to provide specialized treatment for the most severely injured. As populations change, it is imperative for trauma centers to remain dynamic to provide the best care to all members of the community. A retrospective review of all trauma patients treated at one Level II trauma center in Southern CA over 5 years. Three cohorts of patients were studied: geriatric (> 65 years), the homeless, and all other trauma patients. Triage, hospitalization, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Of 8431 patients treated, 30% were geriatric, 3% homeless and 67% comprised all other patients. Trauma activation criteria was met for 84% of all other trauma patients, yet only 61% of homeless and geriatric patients combined. Injury mechanism for homeless included falls (38%), pedestrian/bicycle related (27%) and assaults (24%), often while under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Average length of hospital stay (LOS) was greater for homeless and geriatric patients and frequently attributed to discharge planning challenges. Both the homeless and geriatric groups demonstrated increased complications, comorbidities, and death rates. Homeless trauma patients reflect similar challenges in care as with the elderly, requiring additional resources and more complex case management. It is prudent to identify and understand the issues surrounding patients transported to our trauma center requiring a higher level of care yet are under-triaged upon arrival to the Emergency Department. Although a monthly review is done for all under-triaged patients, and geriatric patients are acknowledged to be a cohort continually having delays, the homeless cohort continues to be under-triaged. The admitted homeless trauma patient has similar complex case management issues as the elderly related to pre-existing health issues and challenges with discharge planning, both which can add to longer lengths of hospital stay as compared to other trauma patients. Given the lack of social support that is endemic to both populations, these cohorts represent a unique challenge to trauma centers. Further research into specialized care is required to determine best practices to address disparities evident in the homeless and elderly, and to promote health equity in marginalized populations.