cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and characterization of an injectable pericardial matrix gel: a potentially autologous scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering

Following ischemic injury in the heart, little to no repair occurs, causing a progressive degeneration of cardiac function that leads to congestive heart failure. Cardiac tissue engineering strategies have focused on designing a variety of injectable scaffolds that range in composition from single-component materials to complex extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived materials. In this study, the pericardial ECM, a commonly used biomaterial, was investigated for use as an injectable scaffold for cardiac repair. It was determined that a solubilized form of decellularized porcine pericardium could be injected and induced to gel in vivo, prompting investigation with human pericardium, which has the decided advantage of offering an autologous therapy. Characterization showed that the matrix gels retained components of the native pericardial ECM, with extant protein and glycosaminoglycan content identified. The results of an in vitro migration assay indicate that the porcine pericardial matrix is a stronger chemoattractant for relevant cell types, but in vivo results showed that the two materials caused statistically similar amounts of neovascularization, demonstrating feasibility as injectable treatments. Potential stem cell mobilization was supported by the presence of c-Kit+ cells within the matrix injection regions. With this work, the pericardium is identified as a novel source for an autologous scaffold for treating myocardial infarction.
Pulsed, high-current, in-line reversal electron attachment detector

A new, pulsed, high-current, in-line reversal electron attachment ionizer/detector is described. The ionizer is capable of delivering a beam of electrons into an electrostatic mirror field to form a planar wall of electrons having zero kinetic energy. Electron attachment to a molecular target at the reversal point produces either parent or fragment negative ions through a zero-energy (s-wave) state. The atomic or molecular ion is pulsed out of the attachment region approximately 2 microsec after the electrons are pulsed off, and focused onto the entrance plane of a quadrupole mass analyzer. The sensitivity of the apparatus is preliminarily assessed, and its higher-energy behavior with regard to molecular attachment and ionization is described.
Glutamine-linked and Non-consensus Asparagine-linked Oligosaccharides Present in Human Recombinant Antibodies Define Novel Protein Glycosylation Motifs

We report the presence of oligosaccharide structures on a glutamine residue present in the VL domain sequence of a recombinant human IgG2 molecule. Residue Gln-106, present in the QGT sequence following the rule of an asparagine-linked consensus motif, was modified with biantennary fucosylated oligosaccharide structures. In addition to the glycosylated glutamine, analysis of a lectin-enriched antibody population showed that 4 asparagine residues: heavy chain Asn-162, Asn-360, and light chain Asn-164, both of which are present in the IgG1 and IgG2 constant domain sequences, and Asn-35, which was present in CDRL1, were also modified with oligosaccharide structures at low levels. The primary sequences around these modified residues do not adhere to the N-linked consensus sequon, NX(S/T). Modeling of these residues from known antibody crystal structures and sequence homology comparison indicates that non-consensus glycosylation occurs on Asn residues in the context of a reverse consensus motif (S/T)XN located on highly flexile turns within 3 residues of a conformational change. Taken together our results indicate that protein glycosylation is governed by more diversified requirements than previously appreciated.
Spectral Theory of Physical and Chemical Binding

A spectral method which provides unified quantum mechanical descriptions of both physical and chemical binding phenomena is reported for constructing the adiabatic electronic potential energy surfaces of aggregates of atoms or other interacting fragments. The formal development, based on use of a direct product of complete sets of atomic spectral eigenstates and the pairwise-additive nature of the total Hamiltonian matrix in this basis, is seen to be exact when properly implemented and to provide a separation theorem for N-body interaction energies in terms of response matrices which can be calculated once and for all for atoms and other fragments of interest. Its perturbation theory expansion provides a generalization of familiar (Casimir−Polder) second-order pairwise-additive and (Axilrod−Teller) third-order nonadditive interaction energies, expressions which are recovered explicitly in the long-range-dipole expansion limit. A program of ab initio computational implementation of the formal development i...
Application of fragility curves to estimate building damage and economic loss at a community scale: a case study of Seaside, Oregon

Community-scale estimates of building damage and economic loss are modeled for Seaside, Oregon, for Cascadia subduction zone events ranging from 8.7 to 9.3 MW with corresponding slip distances of 3–25 m considering only the effects of the tsunami. Numerical simulations are obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s method of splitting tsunami model which includes a source model, subsidence, and calculations of the propagation and inundation flow characteristics. The damage estimates are based on fragility curves from the literature which relate flow depth with probability of damage for two different structural materials of buildings. Calculations are performed at the parcel level for the inundation hazard without including damage caused by the earthquake itself. Calculations show that the severity of building damage in Seaside is sensitive to the magnitude of the event or degree of slip because the majority of the city is located on low-lying coastal land within the estimated inundation zone. For the events modeled, the percentage of building within the inundation zone ranges from 9 to 88 %, with average direct economic losses ranging from $2 million to $1.2 billion.
Sex differences in the resolution of the identity crisis

Based on Erikson's view of the importance of “inner space” in feminine identity, researchers have added an interview on premarital sex to the standard ego identity interview on occupation, religion, and politics used for males. This study was designed to investigate the relative importance of premarital sexual ideology for males and females, as well as sex differences in identity status on occupation, religion, and politics. Marcia's semi-structured ego identity status interview was given to 70 male and 70 female college students, with premarital sex questions included for both sexes. Consistent with Erikson's theory, females were more likely than males to have experienced a sexual identity crisis, whereas males were very likely to be foreclosed in this area. Males as well as females were more likely to be committed about sex than about any other area. In all areas except sex, female identity followed basically the same pattern as male identity.
1,011 Cases of Bronchogenic Carcinoma with Results of Treatment

SUMMARY 1.From a statistical analysis of 1,011 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma it is our opinion that radical pneumonectomy with inclusion of regional lymph nodes is the preferred procedure, if the patient's condition is favorable for a procedure of this extent. Except in rare instances, pneumonectomy should not be performed without inclusion of the regional nodes. 2.Long-term "cures" may be obtained in many instances with lesser procedures, even wedge resection; but they should be reserved for cases in which the lesion appears to be limited to a lobe or segment, and in which it is likely that the patient is unable to withstand the more extensive procedure of pneumonectomy.
Column generation for a UAV assignment problem with precedence constraints

We apply column generation with branch-and-price optimization to a multi-target, multi-task assignment problem, with precedence constraints. Column generation transforms the nonlinear program with separable costs and constraints into a linear program. This reformulation divides the original problem into a number of smaller problems, where one of these smaller problems accounts for the coupling constraints between agents and must be known by every agent. All other divisions consider local constraints affecting only one agent; these smaller problems are known by only one corresponding agent. Because of this reformulation, the assignment problem can be solved in a distributed manner. A theorem is proven which details the central analytical result of the paper, allowing a nonlinear program to be reformulated as a linear program. Simulation results for a multi-target, single-task assignment problem, as well as a multi-target, multi-task assignment problem with precedence constraints are presented. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Separation of phospholipids and glycolipids using analytical toroidal-coil counter-current chromatography. II. Comparison of the hydrophobicity between Mycoplasma fermentans and human-brain lipids

Abstract Previously, we reported the successful separation of human‐brain lipids by toroidal‐coil countercurrent chromatography (TC‐CCC) avoiding emulsification and optimizing the solvent systems. In this study, the TC‐CCC technique was applied for the analysis of phosphocholine‐containing glycoglycerolipids (GGPL‐I and GGPL‐III) of Mycoplasma fermentans, which is thought to be one of the causative microorganisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neutral lipids of M. fermentans were separated and their elution profile compared with that of human‐brain lipids using a hexane:ethyl acetate:ethanol:0.1% TFA (5:5:5:4, v/v/v/v) solvent system. In this solvent system, the hydrophobicities of GGPL‐III and GGPL‐I were similar to those of lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (SPM II), respectively. Glycoglycerolipid III was isolated, and further separated into at least two molecular species, using an optimized solvent system composed of hexane:ethyl acetate:ethanol:0.1% TFA (3:5:3:4, v/v/v/v). The TC‐CCC technique...
Post-infectious autoimmune disorders: Sydenham's chorea, PANDAS and beyond

Infections, and the resulting immune response to these infections, have recently received increased recognition as pathogenic mechanisms for neuropsychiatric disorders. Sydenham's chorea (SC), a widely recognized post-streptococcal autoimmune disorder, represents a model for this proposed pathogenesis. In SC, a dysregulated immune response to a streptococcal infection is hypothesized to result in inflammation of neuronal networks, particularly the basal ganglia nuclei. The resulting dysfunction in the basal ganglia nuclei are hypothesized to lead to a constellation of adventitious movements and psychiatric symptoms, which investigations have shown are amenable to immunomodulatory therapies. PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal infections) has been proposed as a variant of SC, and is hypothesized to share a pathogenic mechanism, despite a unique symptom profile of predominantly psychiatric symptoms. In this review, we present the clinical aspects of both disorders, the data for potential shared etiopathogenesis between them, and the evidence for the therapeutic use of immunomodulatory therapies for the symptoms of SC and PANDAS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease.
HAMR Drive Performance and Integration Challenges

The commercialization of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) presents some significant technical challenges that need to be resolved before the widespread adoption of the technology can begin. In this paper, we present some HAMR data from prototype drives and discuss some of the challenges related to protrusion management, recording performance optimization, and drive power requirements within the drive.
Renormalization-group equations of soft supersymmetry breaking

General formulas for calculating the renormalization-group equations of soft-supersymmetry-breaking terms are presented including the possible mixings among the fields.
Recent advances in power junction transistors

This paper will discuss experimental P-N-P and N-P-N power transistors having low collector leakage, high breakdown voltage and high current gain. P-N-P transistors have been made with d.c. current amplification factors as high as 140 at 1 ampere, collector leakage current on the order of 20 microamperes and collector breakdown as high as 200 volts. These characteristics are attributed in part to the use of special junction alloys consisting of indium and gallium or aluminum. N-P-N transistors having leakage and voltage breakdown characteristics similar to the P-N-P transistors have been made with d.c. current amplification factors as high as 200 at 1 ampere. An alloy of arsenic in lead is used for both the emitter and collector junctions. Other considerations in the design of power transistors such as base lead resistance, emitter to collector punch through, and thermal drop will be discussed. Typical characteristics of transistors designed for Class B amplifier use as well as high voltage switching applications will be presented.
Integrating Data Analysis (IDA): Working With Sociology Departments to Address the Quantitative Literacy Gap:

The NSF-funded Integrating Data Analysis (IDA) Project undertaken by the American Sociological Association (ASA) and the Social Science Data Analysis Network sought to close the quantitative literacy gap for sociology majors. Working with twelve departments, the project built on lessons learned from ASA's Minority Opportunities through School Transformation (MOST) Program, where curricular change was a departmental (not individual faculty) agenda. A critical mass of faculty in each IDA department developed and used quantitative modules in lower division courses. This article reports on the steps to develop departmental curricular change and the important results for student learning and future professional success.
Automated critique of sketched mechanisms

Designers often use a series of sketches to explain how their design goes through different states or modes to achieve its intended function. Learning how to create such explanations turns out to be a difficult problem for engineering students. An automated “crash test dummy” to let students practice explanations would be desirable. This paper describes how to carry out a core piece of the reasoning needed in such system. We show how an opendomain sketch understanding system can be used to enter many aspects of such explanations, and how qualitative mechanics can be used to check the plausibility of the intended state transitions. The system is evaluated using a corpus of sketches based on designs from an engineering school design & communications course.
Assisting the Unprepared Woman During Labor

Many women cannot or do not take classes to prepare themselves for the birth experience. Labor room nurses can use several prepared childbirth concepts to teach these women coping techniques in the course of labor, resulting in an increase in their comfort level and, possibly, a decrease in the amount of analgesia and/or anesthesia required. Suggestions are also made regarding the role of a significant other as a labor partner for the unprepared woman.
Development of the generalized d'Alembert equations of motion for mechanical manipulators

This paper presents the development of the generalized d'Alembert equations of motion for application to mechanical manipulators with rotary joints. These equations, when applied to a robot arm, result in an efficient and explicit set of closed form second order nonlinear differential equations with vector cross product terms. They give fairly well "structured" equations of motion suitable for control analysis and manipulator design. The interaction and coupling reaction forces/torques between the neighboring joints of a manipulator can be easily identified as coming from the translational and rotational effects of the links. With this information, either a simplified dynamic model can be developed or an appropriate controller can be designed to compensate the nonlinear effects. Applications to manipulator control and design are discussed together with the computational complexities of the dynamic coefficients in the generalized d'Alembert equations of motion.
Identification of epistatic effects using a protein–protein interaction database

Epistasis (i.e. gene–gene interaction) has long been recognized as an important mechanism underlying the complexity of the genetic architecture of human traits. Definitions of epistasis range from the purely molecular to the traditional statistical measures of interaction. The statistical detection of epistasis usually does not map onto or easily relate to the biological interactions between genetic variations through their combined influence on gene expression or through their interactions at the gene product (i.e. protein) or DNA level. Recently, greater high-dimensional data on protein–protein interaction (PPI) and gene expression profiles have been collected that enumerates sets of biological interactions. To better align statistical and molecular models of epistasis, we present an example of how to incorporate the PPI information into the statistical analysis of interactions between copy number variations (CNVs). Among the 23 640 pairs of known human PPIs and the 1141 common CNVs detected among HapMap samples, we identified 37 pairs of CNVs overlapping with both genes of a PPI pair. Two CNV pairs provided sufficient genotype variation to search for epistatic effects on gene expression. Using 47 294 probe-specific gene expression levels as the outcomes, five epistatic effects were identified with P-value less than 10−6. We found a CNV–CNV interaction significantly associated with gene expression of TP53TG3 (P-value of 2 × 10−20). The proteins associated with the CNV pair also bind TP53 which regulates the transcription of TP53TG3. This study demonstrates that using PPI data can assist in targeting statistical hypothesis testing to biological plausible epistatic interaction that reflects molecular mechanisms.
Soft-decision forward error correction in a 40-nm ASIC for 100-Gbps OTN applications

Soft-decision forward error correction provides high coding gain, but typically with high complexity. We present a soft-decision turbo product code with >11 dB NECG and reasonable complexity in a 40-nm ASIC for 100-Gbps applications.
Localization of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Type II Receptor in Developing Normal Human Prostate and Carcinoma Tissues

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in prostate development, and elevated expression of TGF-β1 has been correlated with prostate carcinogenesis. In this study, cell type specificity of TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor Type II (RcII) protein expression was determined by immunocytochemistry in human normal prostate and compared to prostate carcinoma tissues. Heterogeneous localization patterns of LAP-TGF-β1 (TGF-β1 precursor) and RcII were observed in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells in fetal prostate, with LAP-TGF-β1 localizing to more basal epithelial cells. Homogeneity of LAP-TGF-β1 staining was increased in neonatal, prepubertal, and adult prostate, with elevated immunoreac-tivity noted in epithelial acini relative to stromal tissue for both LAP-TGF-β1 and RcII proteins. In stromal tissues, RcII cell localization exhibited staining patterns nearly identical to smooth muscle α-actin. In prostate carcinoma, LAP-TGF-β1 localized to carcinoma cells with an increased staining heterogeneity rel...
Fragments of relations

We develop a theory of relations that are constructed by the union and selection operations from fragment relations. Algorithms for inserting and deleting from relations that are composed of physical fragments are discussed, and we show when such insertions and deletions are meaningful. We also show how to find an access set for a relation, that is, a set of fragments sufficient to produce the relation, and we apply the test to the question of how the fragmentation of relations interacts with a query on the relation, showing that a selection on the relation can be implemented by retrieving a set of physical fragments that forms an access set for another particular relation.
The Double: Manifestations of Pathology and a Deluded Self

This article explores the psychological and literary aspects of the Der Doppelganger, The Double. A Double is related to the concept of multiple personality. Such mental conditions are classified a...
Cancer therapy by resuscitating Notch immune surveillance

Meeting abstracts The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment perturbs numerous immune regulatory networks and usurps host antitumor immunity. We discovered that tumor interferes with host hematopoietic Notch system in lung cancer patients [[1][1]]. The resultant decrease in immune Notch signaling
Alcohol consumption improves insulin signaling in the myocardium

Background In a previous study, we demonstrated that swine with metabolic syndrome treated with alcohol had improved insulin signaling. We developed a follow-up study to evaluate the effects of alcohol on ischemic myocardium in animals without metabolic syndrome. Methods Fourteen Yorkshire swine underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Postoperatively, one group was supplemented with ethanol (ETOH), and one group was supplemented with sucrose (SUC) daily to normalize caloric intake. After 7 weeks, all animals underwent dextrose challenge and harvest of nonischemic and ischemic myocardium. Tissues were analyzed for protein expression and histologic analysis. Results There was no difference in body mass index, serum glucose or insulin levels. However, ethanol supplementation up-regulated phosphoinostitide 3-kinase, phosphorylated protein kinase B, protein kinase B, and phosphorylated Forkhead Box 01 expression, which may promote insulin signaling, and down-regulated inhibitors of insulin signaling pIRS1 and pIRS2. There was no difference in intramyocardial glycogen but there was increased GLUT4 expression in the ETOH group, which may promote glucose use. Conclusion Despite similar serum glucose and insulin levels, alcohol consumption up-regulates the insulin signaling pathway in the absence of metabolic syndrome in both nonischemic and chronically ischemic myocardium. These results suggest that alcohol selectively up-regulates the insulin signaling pathway despite normoglycemia.
Jotirao Phule's Satyashodh and the Problem of Subaltern Consciousness

��� n an 1877 review of the third annual report of the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth- S eeking Society), which had been established by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in Pune in 1873, Marathi Brahman journal ist and litterateur Vishnushashtri Chiplunkar sharply criticized the efforts of Phule and his circle to set their lower- c aste fellows on the path of truth (satya). In particular, he rejected their condemnation of Brahmans, encapsulated by the oft- u sed designation “Brahman- d emon” ( brahmanraksha). Referring especially to figures like Tukaram, the seventeenth- c entury Marathi poet- s aint born into a family of the Kunbi- M aratha cultivating caste, Chiplunkar argued, “Brahmans have constantly sung of the greatness of saints and holy men born into the lowest of castes, and only giving attention to merit, they elevated them to a supreme position and made them their equals. What boldness and what loyalty to government [rajnishtha] and truth do these tough guys like Phule show in barking at Brahmans and licking their lips at scraps that might be tossed at their feet.” 1 For Chiplunkar, the efforts of the Samaj to expose Brahmans were nothing more than servile attempts to win the affections of the British government. Phule’s composi tions, especially his polemical tract Gulamgiri (Slavery), were marked by a strange multiplicity ( vaichitrya), traversing a bewildering array of genres, registers, and influences. Phule himself was a mere pest, aggra vating newspaper editors with his persistent requests for publication. Chiplunkar’s scathing review is symptomatic of the scorn with which the Samaj was greeted by upper- c aste leaders in Maharashtra, who found it very difficult to stomach its friendly relations with Chris tian missionaries and its sympathetic appeals to the benevolence of the British colonial state. The work of the Samaj over the course of its career from the 1870s to the 1920s straddled the boundaries of social reform, religious experimentation, and political representation. Its founder, Jotirao Phule, who had been born into a Mali- c aste family in 1827, was educated at a mission school sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland. Having completed his own education, Phule, along with his wife Savitribai, concentrated his energies on expanding educational opportunities for lower castes. Later Phule began to produce some of his most radical texts, including Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosale yancha Powada (1869), Brahmananche Kasab (1869), and Gulamgiri (1873), and to recruit like- m inded peers to the Samaj. Though it initially confined itself to educational and charitable endeavors, the Samaj gradually established a presence in villages across Maharashtra, where it encouraged residents to dispense with the services of Brahman priests
Learned helplessness and social avoidance in the Wistar-Kyoto rat

The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is an established depression model characterized by elevated anxiety- and depression-like behavior across a variety of tests. Here we further characterized specific behavioral and functional domains relevant to depression that are altered in WKY rats. Moreover, since early-life experience potently shapes emotional behavior, we also determined whether aspects of WKYs’ phenotype were modifiable by early-life factors using neonatal handling or maternal separation. We first compared WKYs’ behavior to that of Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar, and Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) rats in: the open field test, elevated plus maze, novelty-suppressed feeding test, a social interaction test, and the forced swim test (FST). WKYs exhibited high baseline immobility in the FST and were the only strain to show increased immobility on FST Day 2 vs. Day 1 (an indicator of learned helplessness). WKYs also showed greater social avoidance, along with enlarged adrenal glands and hearts relative to other strains. We next tested whether neonatal handling or early-life maternal separation stress influenced WKYs’ behavior. Neither manipulation affected their anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, likely due to a strong genetic underpinning of their phenotype. Our findings indicate that WKY rats are a useful model that captures specific functional domains relevant to clinical depression including: psychomotor retardation, behavioral inhibition, learned helplessness, social withdrawal, and physiological dysfunction. WKY rats appear to be resistant to early-life manipulations (i.e. neonatal handling) that are therapeutic in other strains, and may be a useful model for the development of personalized anti-depressant therapies for treatment resistant depression.
BECOMING A SOCIALLY SENSITIVE DENTIST; A REVIEW OF SOME TRENDS*

While the dentist of the past was technically trained and biologically oriented, today’s practitioners are exhorted to be “technically competent, biologically knowledgeable, and socially sen~itive.”~~ To speak of dentistry today as a single career is misleading because the profession encompasses many types of careers, each essential to the total health of a complex society. The curriculums of schools of dentistry have been revised; personnel from disciplines, seemingly far removed from dentistry, have been added to faculties; and clinical experience now is provided in ghettos, nursing homes, and the rural countryside. Much is being inaugurated in an effort to create a new socially conscious dental practitioner. The task of the report, about to be made, will be a consideration of the results to be expected from efforts to develop a new practitioner. The report will focus on (1) the applicant who seeks admission to the profession; (2) the process for selecting the proper student; and (3) the occupational socialization of the student during his education and training. The approach, to be used, will not be a simple review of pertinent literature nor repetition of the exact words of a number of previous writers who have summarized surveys and studies, for example, Counsell;’ Instead an approach will be attempted to interpret the professional trends which these publications portray. Hopefully, such a rcview will help the reader to understand the results to anticipate from many changes in dental curriculums. Counsell’s20 review of the literature on the image of dentistry, and the factors responsible for this image, concludes that the dentist’s self-image is determined to a great extent by his own notions of how he is perceived as a dentist. The dentist is interested in gaining approbation from those whom he values-from the public and fellow practitioners. The development of a perceived role, status, or image is an essential part then of occupational socialization that each student must undergo before he may be termed truly professional. The dentist’s specific role may be equated with, or be recognized for its inclusion of a set of correct cultural patterns?’ It is the sum of ways of behaving which are expected of an individual who occupies a particular position in society.8 The role, hence, possesses many ingredients of culture, personality, and customary reaction to situations” which become one ingredient of a still more complex social system. Although any social system is the total of those ideal patterns that control the individual’s behavior and the reaction
Urinary bladder reformation: Regeneration or dilatation?

In an earlier study, urinary bladder regeneration was investigated. For that purpose, 15 dogs were subjected to total or subtotal cystectomy, and a silicone rubber prosthesis was nestled in the trigone and covered with polyglycolic acid mesh. After 3–5 months, a newly formed urinary reservoir was found in six dogs. Since transitional cell epithelium and smooth muscle were identified in the wall of the reservoir, it was concluded that bladder regeneration had probably occurred. However, the possibility of distention of the trigone to form the new cavity could not be ruled out. Therefore, six additional dogs were subjected to subtotal cystectomy, ileal loop, and temporary artificial bladder implantation. The edges of the bladder resection were marked with nonabsorbable sutures. In three fully evaluable dogs a urinary cavity was identified. This was mainly formed by trigonal distention. While the epithelium had regrown over a small area of fibrous tissue found at the dome of the reservoir, no smooth muscle regeneration was found. It is concluded that the new reservoir was formed by trigonal dilatation rather than by regeneration.
Section Review—Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Pre-Clinical Pharmacology of New Atypical Antipsychotics in Late Stage Development

The high incidence of motor-disturbing side-effects associated with ‘typical’ neuroleptic medication has led to the search for safer, ‘atypical’ antipsychotics. Clozapine, the most noted atypical antipsy-chotic, has proven efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia, and induces fewer motor disturbances. Nevertheless, clozapine is associated with other, severe side-effects. Hence, new atypical antipsychotics, retaining the efficacy and profile of clozapine but without the concomitant adverse reactions, are needed. This article reviews new atypical antipsychotics, focusing especially upon those in late stage development, including SEROQUEL (ZENECA Pharmaceuticals), olanzapine (Eli Lilly), ORG 5222 (Organon), risperidone (Janssen Pharmaceutica), sertindole (Lundbeck), and ziprasidone (Pfizer).
Time budgets of adult Przewalski horses: Effects of sex, reproductive status and enclosure

Abstract Fifteen male and 27 female Przewalski horses were observed in a variety of contexts to determine whether gender, reproductive status or type of enclosure influenced their time budget. The horses were maintained in small dirt-floored yards, large barren enclosures or large grassy pastures. The stallions were either solitary, in bachelor groups or in harems. All females were in harems and were classified as neither pregnant nor lactating, pregnant but not lactating, lactating but not pregnant, or both pregnant and lactating. Fifteen-minute focal-animal samples were used to determine time dudgets. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (with coprophagy as a subset), drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting (with pacing as a sub-set), playing and recumbency. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, flehmen, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Rates of marking and masturbation were also determined for males. Even in captivity, male Przewalski horses devoted more time to behaviors that would be necessary for harem acquisition and defense in the wild. Males were more active than females; they locomoted more and exhibited greater numbers of behaviours per hour. Females devoted more time to foraging and interacting with other herd members. Females mutual groomed more than males; perhaps because they had kin in the herd, whereas males did not. Solitary males and bachelors exhibited more transitions per hour than harem males. Solitary males paced more than bachelors or harem males. Pregnant and/or lactating females spent more time feeding than barren females. Horses in small enclosures spent less time stand-resting and changed behavior states frequently. The presence of forage ad libitum eliminated coprophagy and greatly reduced the amount of pacing observed.
A network model of early events in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling that accounts for combinatorial complexity

We consider a model of early events in signaling by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). The model includes EGF, EGFR, the adapter proteins Grb2 and Shc, and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos, which is activated through EGFinduced formation of EGFR‐Grb2‐Sos and EGFR‐Shc‐Grb2‐Sos assemblies at the plasma membrane. The protein interactions involved in signaling can potentially generate a diversity of protein complexes and phosphoforms; however, this diversity has been largely ignored in models of EGFR signaling. Here, we develop a model that accounts more fully for potential molecular diversity by specifying rules for protein interactions and then using these rules to generate a reaction network that includes all chemical species and reactions implied by the protein interactions. We obtain a model that predicts the dynamics of 356 molecular species, which are connected through 3749 unidirectional reactions. This network model is compared with a previously developed model that includes only 18 chemical species but incorporates the same scope of protein interactions. The predictions of this model are reproduced by the network model, which also yields new predictions. For example, the network model predicts distinct temporal patterns of autophosphorylation for different tyrosine residues of EGFR. A comparison of the two models suggests experiments that could lead to mechanistic insights about competition among adapter proteins for EGFR binding sites and the role of EGFR monomers in signal transduction. © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Birth Weight and Hypertension

There is substantial literature showing that birth weight is associated with differences in blood pressure within the reference range. These differences are found in children and adults, but they tend to be small. A 1-kg increase in birth weight is associated with &3 mmHg lowering in systolic pressure. This association is one of the associations with low birth weight that led to the “fetal origins hypothesis,” which proposes that the different forms of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes originate through undernutrition during fetal life and infancy.1 Undernutrition at this time permanently changes the body’s structure and physiology. Like other living things humans are plastic during development, and their form and function is the product of the genes acquired at conception and of environmental influences, importantly nutrition, that regulate gene expression. Huxley et al2 recently reviewed 103 published studies on the association between birth weight and blood pressure. They concluded that the association was weaker in large studies than in small ones …
Fast lasso screening tests based on correlations

Representing a vector as a sparse linear combination of codewords, e.g. by solving a lasso problem, lies at the heart of many machine learning and statistics applications. To improve the efficiency of solving lasso problems, we systematically investigate lasso screening, a process that quickly identifies dictionary entries that won't be used in the optimal sparse representation, and hence can be removed from the problem. We propose a general test called an R region test that unifies existing screening tests and we derive a particular instance called the dome test. This test is stronger than existing screening tests and can be executed in linear-time as a two-pass test with a memory footprint of only three codewords.
Transition Region Dynamics of the Reaction

The crossed-beam experiments of Maguire, et. al.,1 have yielded what is believed to be a direct photoexcitation spectrum of the reaction complex in the collision of K and NaCl, $$K + NaCl + hv \to \left[ {KClNa} \right] \to KCl + Na*$$ (1)
Women as authors in the pharmacy literature: 1989–2009

Purpose Trends in the authorship of original research articles by female U.S. pharmacists in three peer-reviewed pharmacy journals over the period 1989–2009 were evaluated. Methods The sex distribution of the authors of all original research articles published in 1989, 1999, and 2009 in three prominent pharmacy journals ( American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, and Pharmacotherapy ) was evaluated. A total of 608 original research articles were assessed to determine the sex of the first listed author (typically the person with primary responsibility for the research and article preparation) and the last listed, or “senior,” author (usually a senior faculty member under whose academic purview the research was conducted). Pharmacist authors with U.S. affiliations were included in the analysis. Results In each of the three journals evaluated, female authorship increased from 1989 to 2009. Overall, the proportion of articles listing a woman as the first author increased significantly during the study period, from 29.9% in 1989 to 44.3% in 1999 and to 52.2% in 2009. However, after a significant rise in the proportion of articles listing a woman as the last author from 1989 to 1999 (from 16.8% to 37.0%), female last authorship in the three journals declined to 33.8% in 2009. Conclusion There was a significant overall increase in female authorship of original research articles in the pharmacy literature from 1989 to 2009, but gender difference persists among pharmacists serving as last listed authors.
Design of Energy Storage System for Maglev Flywheel Battery of Electric Vehicles

In order to improve the energy efficiency of electric vehicle(EV) power battery and increase the start-up power of EV,a maglev flywheel battery energy storage system with the active suspension controlled at five degrees of freedom is designed for EV.The system suspension control principle is expounded,and the radial single freedom transfer function of the maglev flywheel is established by referring to a digital proportion-integral-differential(PID) control algorithm.The frequency spectrum characteristic of the transfer function and the flywheel rotor trajectory curve are simulated,and the 30 000 r/min rotation experiment on the maglev flywheel battery prototype is realized.The experiment results show that the maglev flywheel rotor is capable of high speed steady spin,and with good energy storing ability.The maglev flywheel battery energy storage system will assist the EV power battery work,improve the battery charge and discharge properties and prolong the service life of the motive power battery.
Effects of infusion rate and osmolarity on volumogenic diarrhea.

A study was performed in dogs to elucidate the effects of infusion rate and osmolarity on the onset of diarrhea induced by infusing fluid into the upper gut (volumogenic diarrhea). With isotonic saline the diarrhea-inducing volume was largest at low infusion rates. This volume declined sharply with increasing infusion rates up to 30 ml per min, and remained unchanged at 61.5 ± 1.7 ml per kg of body weight, with rates between 30 and 900 ml per min. The volume of hypertonic sorbitol which induced diarrhea was not significantly different from that of saline at infusion rates exceeding 30 ml per min. At infusion rates below 30 ml per min, a smaller volume of sorbitol than saline was required to induce diarrhea. When saline was infused at rates below 30 ml per min, absorption of more than 20'7 of the infused volume occurred and increased the diarrhea-inducing volume. With sorbitol solution at low infusion rates, enterosorption of fluid amounting to as much as 411
Radiofrequency Ablation, MR Thermometry, and High-Spatial-Resolution MR Parametric Imaging with a Single, Minimally Invasive Device

A single, minimally invasive MR imaging probe can be used to perform the functions of radiofrequency ablation, high-spatial-resolution imaging, thermal monitoring, and detection of the ablation.
Mutagenesis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells with Ethylmethanesulfonate

Unraveling the function of the mammalian genome relies heavily on analyses of the laboratory mouse. Because of its powerful genetics and available technologies to manipulate the genome, plus its developmental and physiological similarities to humans, it has become a goal to generate mutations in all mouse genes and analyze the phenotypic consequences. Gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells is the method of choice for making null mutations in known genes of interest. However, forward genetics approaches, in which mutations are produced randomly throughout the genome, has the advantage of producing alleles of varying severity both within known genes, in non-coding regulatory elements, or in other unannotated functional elements. Such forward genetic mutation screens in mice have typically involved treating male mice with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), followed by three generations of breeding to render potential recessive mutations homozygous, at which time phenotype screens can be performed. An alternative strategy for randomly mutagenizing the mouse genome is by chemical treatment of ES cells. This enables the use of multiple alternative chemicals with different mutational spectra, can reduce breeding to two generations, and impart a higher mutational load. Furthermore, ES cell mutagenesis can be used to create banks of clones that can be screened for point mutations in genes of interest, and to conduct forward genetic screens in vitro to detect potential phenotypes prior to generation of mice. In this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol for mutagenizing ES cells with the point mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS).
Can we win the war on obesity with pharmacotherapy

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Obesity is a major health concern for several countries. The United States (U.S.) has arguably led the world in the percentage of overweight and/or obese per capita for several decades. As a result, numerous FDA-approved pharmacotherapeutic options are available for the long-term treatment of obesity. Although most of these medications have been on the U.S. market for a few years and have demonstrated efficacy for long-term weight loss in clinical trials, the impact of these medications on obesity in the U.S. has yet to be realized.Areas covered: We will review and evaluate why pharmacotherapy for obesity has not produced a meaningful reduction in the number of overweight and obese adults in the U.S.Expert commentary: Several obstacles, such as adverse drug effects, poor insurance coverage, not treating obesity as a chronic disease, and availability of other weight loss alternatives, has resulted in poor performance of pharmacotherapy for obesity in the U.S. market.
Live Images of Donor Dendritic Cells Trafficking via CX3CR1 Pathway.

Background: A number of studies have demonstrated the role of CX3CR1 in regulating the migration of monocytes into peripheral tissue and their transformation into DC. No data are yet available on the importance of chemokine pathways in regulating homeostasis of dendritic cell (DC) in heart transplants. Recently, we showed that recipients of heart allografts from CXC3R1-/- donors show longer survival. To dissect the role of CX3CR1 signaling in the homeostasis of heart dDC, we have developed and tested a novel in vivo imaging tool in CX3CR1GFP/+ DC (B6 background) heart graft into BALB/c recipient model. Results: Majority of GFP positive cells located in the middle of cardiac myocyte and their shapes were stretching and still roundish in the early phase of post transplant (3 and 24hours). However, images from 72hours at cardiac graft showed many of GFP positive cells move to vessel areas. In addition, significant immunological events such as GFP positive cell exiting from cardiac myocyte and changes of GFP positive cell motility and shape were detected. GFP positive cells were detected in the vasculature and lymph nodes. Only 1 GFP positive cell was observed in three lymph nodes (2 mesenteric, 1 inguinal) (72hours). Conclusions: Current data will define the function of dDC in regulating alloimmune responses in vivo and provide information to develop novel strategies designed to achieve durable tolerance and prevent chronic rejection.
Persistence of Ebola Virus in Convalescence

The recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa has had a global impact of unprecedented dimension. It resulted in a large survivor population, many of whom have suffered from lingering systemic complications during convalescence. A growing body of literature strongly suggests that the virus persists in immune privileged organs and body fluids even after clearance of the virus from plasma, and may represent a continued transmission risk during this time. Much is yet to be discovered regarding Ebola and its potential to persist in human organs after plasma clearance. The response to this public health epidemic has merged the efforts of national and international organizations working towards elucidating novel information about the virus, developing of therapeutic options, and discovering a cure and/or vaccine. Most critically, future studies evaluating the persistence and transmissibility of the virus during convalescence is required to delineate the management of complications in survivors and prevent further transmission of virus. While the overall risk of transmissibility appears to remain low during convalescence, it is our recommendation that healthcare providers take a precautionary approach in treating and counseling survivors and their close contacts. Until future research can provide adequate evidence based guidelines for prevention of virus transmission, it would be prudent for survivors and contacts to be counseled regarding the potential for transmission, especially with regards to sexual intercourse or breastfeeding; and for providers to utilize personal protective equipment in the course of caring for convalescent survivors particularly if there is a risk of contact with body fluids.