cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Back-to-front programming effort prediction

Abstract This paper considers metrics for estimating software development effort. We are attempting to develop a family of metrics that will explain effort after the completion of a project and predict remaining effort when applied at some milestone prior to completion. We suggest that a milestone is meaningful only if it is early enough so that effort prediction is worthwhile and only if it is clearly identifiable. We analyzed the construction process for twenty-seven Fortran programs. The total programming time for each program was divided into two components, the design/coding time and the debug time. We chose the FCC (first clean compiled, i.e. first syntax-error-free) version as a meaningful milestone. In our data we found that the actual effort spent before this milestone was about 70% of the total effort, with 30% remaining thereafter. Furthermore, our results suggest that if an effort model performs well in estimating total programming effort at the end of development, it will also perform well at milestone FCC. But, the metrics we examined were not very useful in predicting the amount of effort remaining after the FCC milestone-even though each predicted total effort accurately enough. More work must be done order to find or create such an estimator.
In-hospital outcomes of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in patients with primary brain tumors

Data on thrombolysis outcomes in patients with primary brain tumors are limited. Our aim was to study stroke outcomes following thrombolysis in these patients in a population-based study. Patients with acute ischemic stroke who received thrombolysis were identified from the 2002-2011 USA Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We compared demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes between primary brain tumor-associated strokes (BTS) and non-brain tumor associated strokes (NBTS). The main outcomes were inpatient mortality, home discharge and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) rate. Of the 124,083 thrombolysis-treated stroke patients, 416 (0.34%) had brain tumors. In adjusted analysis, inpatient mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77-1.26, p=0.918), rate of home discharge (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.87-1.53, p=0.40) and rate of ICH (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.62-1.44, p=0.801) were similar between BTS and NBTS. Analysis of brain tumor subtypes showed that compared to NBTS, malignant BTS were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.66-3.79, p<0.001), lower home discharge (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.18-0.72, p=0.004), and increased risk of ICH (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.49-3.65, p<0.001). Additionally, among the BTS, intraparenchymal location of tumor was associated with higher mortality (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.20-5.23, p=0.014) and lower home discharge (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13-0.53, p<0.001). Thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke appears to be safe in patients with primary brain tumors, with similar rates of ICH. Malignant BTS have worse outcomes, while benign BTS have outcomes comparable to NBTS. Careful consideration of tumor pathology may aid selection of patients with poor thrombolysis outcomes.
A Study of the Composition of Milk from a Patient with Hypothyroidism and Galactorrhea

A case of acquired hypothyroidism with precocious puberty and galactorrhea is presented. Qualitative and quantitative abnormalities in the composition of the mammary secretions are given in detail and compared with the composition of normal human milk. The total fat content of the milk was increased without qualitative alterations of fat composition although the quantity of lactose was decreased. The serum albumin component of the milk was increased. The lactalbumin and characteristic casein components were diminished and absent, respectively. The role of the thyroid gland in controlling lactation is discussed although no conclusions can be drawn regarding hormonal influences on specific mammary secretions.
Near-Optimal Scheduling of Distributed Algorithms

This paper studies the question of how to run many distributed algorithms, solving independent problems, together as fast as possible. Suppose that we want to run distributed algorithms A_1, ..., A_k in the CONGEST model, each taking at most $dilation$ rounds, and where for each network edge, at most $congestion$ messages need to go through it, in total over all these algorithms. A celebrated work of Leighton, Maggs, and Rao[Combinatorica 1994] shows that in the special case where each of these algorithms is simply a packet routing---that is, sending a message from a source to a destination along a given path---there is an $O(congestion+dilation)$ round schedule. Note that this bound is trivially optimal.Generalizing the framework of LMR, we study scheduling general distributed algorithms and present two results: (a) an existential schedule-length lower bound of Ω(congestion + dilation log n/log log n) rounds, (b) a distributed algorithm that produces a near-optimal O(congestion + dilation log n) round schedule, after O(dilation log2 n) rounds of pre-computation.A key challenge in the latter result is to solve the problem with only private randomness, as globally-shared randomness simplifies it significantly. The technique we use for this problem is in fact more general, and it can be used to remove the assumption of having shared randomness from a broad range of distributed algorithms, at the cost of a slow down factor of O(log2 n).
Cardiac Outcome up to 15 Years After the Arterial Switch Operation

Aims To assess the cardiac outcome and risk factors for mortality of infants following the arterial switch operation (ASO). Methods A single-centre retrospective review was conducted. Preoperative assessment, operative management and outcome was detailed for 244 patients undergoing the ASO at Green Lane Hospital for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) or double outlet right ventricle. Results The postoperative survival at 1, 5 and 15 years was 85%, 84% and 83%, respectively. The calendar year of ASO and the presence of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) were the primary predictors of early mortality. Late mortality was associated with a side-by-side configuration of the great arteries. Re-intervention following ASO was more common in patients with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time. Conclusions Low early and late morbidity and mortality can be obtained in infants with TGA or double outlet right ventricle by definitive repair utilising the ASO.
Organizational climate, communication, and role strain in clinical nursing faculty

Abstract This study examined factors contributing to role strain experienced by clinical nursing faculty while they oversaw the clinical experiences of nursing students. Specifically, the study focused on differences between clinical nursing faculty's perceptions of organizational climate and communication within affillating agencies and perceptions of these factors held by their respective nursing unit managers in the affiliating agencies. Perceptions of organizational climate and communication were related to role strain reported by clinical nursing faculty, and predictors of role strain in clinical nursing faculty were identified. The instruments used for data collection were the Organizational Climate Questionnaire, Communication Within Organizations Questionnaire, and Role Strain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent Student's t Tests, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Significant differences in perceptions of organizational climate were not found; however, clinical nursing faculty and nursing unit managers differed significantly in their perception of communication. There was a significant positive correlation between organizational climate, communication, and reported role strain in clinical nursing faculty, and a linear relationship was demonstrated between reported role strain in clinical nursing faculty, perceptions of communication, and length of time on the nursing unit in the affiliating agency.
Application of the dc potential drop technique in investigating crack initiation and propagation under sustained load in notched rupture tests

Creep specimens of IN-X750 with U and V notch geometries have been tested at 700 °C under constant load. The do potential drop technique was employed to measure local deformation, detect crack initiation, and measure crack propagation rates in the notched specimens. Rupture of the U-notched bars and crack initiation in the V-notched bars were found to be controlled by creep deformation. The time to crack initiation and the rupture time can be predicted by using the Monkman-Grant relationship, which was shown to apply to localized crack initiation and multiaxial loading conditions. Sustained load crack growth rates were measured in the V-notched specimens. The dependence of the stage II crack growth rates on the stress intensity factor, the crack initiation, and rupture behavior of IN-X750 can be unified and interpreted with the continuous nucleation and constrained cavity growth model.
Formulation of rough-surface scattering theory in terms of phase factors and approximate solutions based on this formulation

Abstract This paper presents the formulation of rough-surface scattering theory in which the bounded phase shift factors, ζ(r, α) ζ exp[iαζ(r)], replace the elevation, ζ(r). Both the Dirichlet and the Neumann problems are considered. The integral equations for secondary surface sources are obtained that contain only this phase function in their kernels. The Neumann (iterative) series for the solutions of the integral equations thus derived are functional Taylor series in powers of L(r, α), not in powers of ζ. If we expand L(r, α) in these series in powers of ζ(r), we obtain the standard perturbation theory series. Thus, the new formulation corresponds to the partial summation of the perturbation series. Using the Neumann series, we obtain several uniform (with respect to αζ) approximate solutions that contain, as limiting cases, Bragg scattering, the Kirchhoff approximation, and most known advanced approximations. In the case of random surface z = ζ(r), these new expansions contain the function ζ(r) only ...
“Value-added” reporting in clinical microbiology: Using computer-based textual reports and comments as an aid to communicating appropriate utilization and application of test results

Abstract It has become increasingly important for clinical laboratory scientists in general, and clinical microbiologists specifically, to assess the impact of pre- and post-analytical factors on the medical value of the laboratory tests. However, laboratorians traditionally feel most comfortable with the scientific and technical aspects of diagnostic assays and instruments — the so-called analytical component of laboratory testing. They have been specifically trained in making critical observations, analyzing comparative test data, assessing overall test efficiency, and based on these criteria, making recommendations about the best test method. While a thorough evaluation of such analytical and technical components of testing is necessary, it is not sufficient to ensure that the test will be ordered when appropriate and its intended use and limitations understood and applied by the clinician. As an aid to management of test utilization, clinical microbiologists must become thoroughly familiar with the processes involved in specimen and test information and data management in their own clinical settings. These processes relate not only to ordering of tests and transmitting the order to the laboratory but also to communicating the end product — the information included in laboratory reports. Today's clinical and laboratory information systems generally provide great flexibility in how laboratory tests are formatted on computer order screens on hospital units and in how laboratory test reports are displaced and appended electronically and in print form. Informative comments and textual reports are particularly valuable to aid the clinician in patient care, because they augment and clarify simple culture results, as well as positive-negative, semiquantitative, and numerical data.
Swelling and mechanical behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Na-montmorillonite layered silicates composite gels

Abstract Clay–polymer hydrogel composites have been synthesized based on poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) gels containing 0.25–4 wt% of the expandable smectic clay Na-montmorillonite layered silicates (Na-MLS). The morphology of the composite gels has been studied using a polarized optical microscope. The size of Na-MLS aggregates increases with Na-MLS concentration. The swelling ratio of the Na-MLS/PNIPAM composite in water is increased at the low Na-MLS concentration but decreases as the concentration increases. Correspondingly, the shear modulus of the gel is found to exhibit a distinct minimum against clay concentration. For Na-MLS concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 3.2 wt%, the composite gels have larger swelling ratio and stronger mechanical strength than those for a pure PNIPAM. The presence of Na-MLS does not affect the value of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the PNIPAM. However, the gel volume change at the LCST is first increased and then decreased upon the increase of the Na-MLS. No pH induced phase transition is observed for the Na-MLS/PNIPAM composites. The experimental results can be explained by considering that Na-MLS is physically entrapped inside rather than chemically bonded into the gel.
Lewis A. Sayre: The First Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery in America

Lewis Albert Sayre (1820–1900) is considered to be among the founding fathers of orthopaedic surgery in the United States. He studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (now of Columbia University). Sayre later helped establish the first academic department of orthopaedics at the Bellevue Medical College where he served as their first Professor of Orthopaedics. Lewis Sayre treated a considerable diversity of musculoskeletal conditions and meticulously documented them with written notes, sketches, and photographs. As a public figure, his methods were controversial, attracting praise by some and inviting criticism by other prominent members of the international community. He made great strides for physicians, helping to charter the American Medical Association and to establish the weekly publication of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Evaluation of Damage in a Continuum Through a Multi-Objective Optimization Inverse Approach

An approach is presented to incorporate a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) optimization strategy for the evaluation of damage within a solid continuum. Through simulated test problems based on the characterization of internal pipe surface geometry (as could potentially be affected by a damage process) from steady-state dynamic measurements of outer surface displacement, the multi-objective GA is shown to provide substantial computational improvement over single-objective strategies. Furthermore, the multi-objective approach consistently traversed the optimization search space to efficiently produce more accurate characterization results and exhibited consistently better tolerance to measurement noise in contrast to the single-objective strategies. In general, the multi-objective approach maintains a high level of diversity in the solution population during the search process, thus being potentially better equipped to avoid local minima during the search process and identify multiple solutions where they exist.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A coupled-cluster analysis of the photoelectron spectrum of

Coupled-cluster calculations including effects of connected triple excitations have been performed on the ground state of and several electronic states of FeCl3. The vertical electron detachment energies closely correspond to the band energies of the photoelectron spectrum recently obtained by Yang et al. [Yang et al. J. chem. Phys., 119, 8311 (2003).], and thus provide a possible assignment of the spectrum.
In vivo kinetics and DNA-binding properties of the Ah receptor in the golden Syrian hamster.

Abstract The in vivo long-term cytosolic-nuclear kinetics and DNA-binding properties of the Ah receptor were examined in liver from the golden Syrian hamster. For the kinetic studies, a dose of [ 3 H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin ([ 3 H]TCDD) that has been previously shown to produce maximal and sustained hepatic enzyme induction without substantial toxicity was used. Following an intraperitoneal dose of 10 μg/kg of [ 3 H]TCDD, occupied cytosolic receptor levels reached a peak within 8 h and then decreased rapidly to a level that was approximately 2% of the total receptor. Throughout the 35-day period, unoccupied cytosolic receptor represented from 65 to 80% of the total receptor content. At 8 h following dosing, less than 30% of the total amount of receptor was associated with the nuclear fraction; this percentage declined slowly to less than 5% of the total at Day 35. The half-life for the decline in detectable nuclear receptor levels was 13 days and was similar to the half-life for the decline in [ 3 H]TCDD content of the whole liver, cytosol, and nuclear extract. The Ah receptor contained in hamster hepatic cytosol underwent a ligand-dependent transformation in vitro to two forms having affinity for DNA-Sepharose, one of which was isolated from nuclei of animals treated with [ 3 H]TCDD in vivo . A comparison of the specific binding recovered following various analytical procedures revealed that the binding of [ 3 ]TCDD to the form not found in nuclear extracts was more labile under certain experimental conditions. These studies indicate the heterogeneity of the Ah receptor in hamster hepatic cytosol and suggest that DNA binding in vitro and nuclear uptake in vivo occur through a liganddependent transformation process. The maintenance of maximal hepatic enzyme induction is, in part, a consequence of the sustained presence in the nucleus of only a small percentage of the total receptor content. The whole-tissue kinetics of TCDD appears to be a major factor regulating the long-term retention of the TCDD-receptor complex in the nucleus.
Synchronization and Ordering Semantics in Hybrid MPI+GPU Programming

Despite the vast interest in accelerator-based systems, programming large multinode GPUs is still a complex task, particularly with respect to optimal data movement across the host-GPU PCIe connection and then across the network. In order to address such issues, GPU-integrated MPI solutions have been developed that integrate GPU data movement into existing MPI implementations. Currently available GPU-integrated frameworks differ in aspects related to the buffer synchronization and ordering semantics they provide to users. The noteworthy models are (1) unified virtual addressing (UVA)-based approach and (2) MPI attributes-based approach. In this paper, we compare these approaches, for both programmability and performance, and demonstrate that the UVA-based design is useful for isolated communication with no data dependencies or ordering requirements, while the attributes-based design might be more appropriate when multiple interdependent MPI and GPU operations are interleaved.
Elastic constants in density-functional theory

A formalism for computing the elastic constants of a macroscopically uniformly strained solid within canonical density functional theory is developed, using a rather general characterization of the strained state as a constrained minimum of the density functional. This permits microscopic parameters characterizing the solid density to respond freely to the strain. Interesting extremal properties of some elastic constants are found. In particular it is shown that the exact value of any of the diagonal elastic constants is a lower bound to any variational approximation of them. The role of defects in the solid and the effects of the choice of the variational class of solid densities is discussed in some detail. The method is applied to a calculation of the three independent elastic constants of a hard sphere solid using the Ramakrishnan-Yussouf density functional. Numerical results are given and discussed.
TGF-β1, TGF-β3, and PGE2 regulate contraction of human patellar tendon fibroblasts

To understand the role of tendon fibroblast contraction in tendon healing, we investigated the contraction of human patellar tendon fibroblasts (HPTFs) and its regulation by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), TGF-beta3, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). HPTFs were found to wrinkle the underlying thin silicone membranes, demonstrating that these tendon fibroblasts are contractile. Using fibroblast populated collagen gels (FPCGs), exogenous addition of TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta3 was found to increase fibroblast contraction compared to non-treated fibroblasts in serum-free medium, whereas PGE(2) was found to decrease the tendon fibroblast contraction. Moreover, the tendon fibroblasts in collagen gels treated with TGF-beta1 contracted to a greater degree than those treated with TGF-beta3. Since the extent of fibroblast contraction is related to scar tissue formation, this differential effect of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 on HPTF contraction supports the previous finding that TGF-beta1 induces scar tissue formation, whereas TGF-beta3 reduces its formation. Further, the reduced tendon fibroblast contraction by PGE(2) suggests that excessive presence of this inflammatory mediator in the wound site might retard tendon healing. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that regulation of human tendon fibroblast contraction may reduce scar tissue formation and therefore improve the mechanical properties of healing tendons.
Monotonicity and the principle of optimality

Abstract This paper explores some of the theoretical and algorithmic implications of the fact that the Monotonicity Assumption does not ensure either the validity of the Principle of Optimality or the discovery of all optimal solutions in finite dynamic programs, even though it is sufficient to ensure the validity of the functional equations. A slightly stronger assumption is introduced to resolve these problems. Our analysis is illustrated with some extremely simple examples.
Card board: a flexible environment for any game, anyone, any moment

Card Board is an online application for playing almost any traditional card game without restricting who can change the rules or when. Its design goal is to facilitate socially negotiated play, where the pace and the rules are determined by the players rather than the computer. In its first iteration, Card Board offers a generic simulation of a card deck where almost all actions are manual. In its second iteration, it adds intelligent components to explore the tradeoffs between manual and automatic, and to examine how they can work hand in hand. A "flexible" approach informs the design. Two sub-strategies, versatility and robustness, are introduced and discussed here. The system is described and implications for designing for the unknown are briefly addressed.
The Heat Kernel for Kolmogorov Type Operators and its Applications

There are two parts of this article. We first find explicit formulas for the heat kernel of the sub-elliptic operators $\frac{1}{2}\partial_{x}^{2}-x^{m}\partial_{y}$ with m=0,1,2. We also find the heat kernel for the sub-elliptic operator $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\partial_{x_{j}}^{2}+(\sum_{j=1}^{n}a_{j}x_{j})\partial_{y}$ , with a i constants. In the second part of this paper, we apply results from the first part to construct a close form formula for pricing Asian options on a geometric moving average.
Massively representational minds are not always driven by goals, conscious or otherwise

The language of conscious and unconscious goals is rooted in a folk-taxonomy that is likely to inhibit progress in cognitive science. Severing the commitment to this taxonomy would allow Huang & Bargh (H&B) to consider a wider variety of representational forms with motivational force and to entertain the intriguing possibility that variations in the number of active-but-redundant representations account for variance in social behavior.
Decreased incidence of capsule complications and vitreous loss during phacoemulsification in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

Abstract Purpose: To report a series of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome who had phacoemulsification without an increased incidence of intraoperative complications or late intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente, Denver, Colorado, USA. Methods: Patients were prospectively recruited from a consecutive series of all cases of phacoemulsification performed by 1 surgeon. There were 67 eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 1670 eyes without pseudoexfoliation. The incidence of vitreous loss, capsule tears, and zonular dialysis was compared between the 2 groups. Results: The incidence of vitreous loss was 1.5% in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 2.3% in eyes without pseudoexfoliation. The difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (chi square = 0.203; P = .33). There were no cases of posterior capsule tears or zonular dialysis in pseudoexfoliation eyes without vitreous loss. No IOL dislocated over a mean follow-up of 54.1 months. Conclusion: Although caution is still advised, patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome who have phacoemulsification can achieve results similar to patients without pseudoexfoliation.
The Double Bromodomain Proteins Brd2 and Brd3 Couple Histone Acetylation to Transcription

Posttranslational histone modifications are crucial for the modulation of chromatin structure and regulation of transcription. Bromodomains present in many chromatin-associated proteins recognize acetylated lysines in the unstructured N-terminal regions of histones. Here, we report that the double bromodomain proteins Brd2 and Brd3 associate preferentially in vivo with hyperacetylated chromatin along the entire lengths of transcribed genes. Brd2- and Brd3-associated chromatin is significantly enriched in H4K5, H4K12, and H3K14 acetylation and contains relatively little dimethylated H3K9. Both Brd2 and Brd3 allowed RNA polymerase II to transcribe through nucleosomes in a defined transcription system. Such activity depended on specific histone H4 modifications known to be recognized by the Brd proteins. We also demonstrate that Brd2 has intrinsic histone chaperone activity and is required for transcription of the cyclin D1 gene in vivo. These data identify proteins that render nucleosomes marked by acetylation permissive to the passage of elongating RNA polymerase II.
Effect of training on age-related changes in plasma insulin and glucose.

Summary The purpose of the study was to determine whether 12 weeks of exercise training would affect plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations in young and older Standardbred mares. Eighteen healthy, unfit mares representing 3 age groups were used: young (Y = 6.8 ± 0.4 years; n = 6), middleaged (MA = 15.2 ± 0.4; n = 6), and old (O = 27.0 ± 0.2; n = 6). Pre- and post-training incremental exercise tests (GXT) were performed to measure plasma glucose and insulin concentration from immediately after, until 120 min postexercise. Training consisted of exercise 3 days/week (weeks 1–8) and 4 days/week (weeks 9–12) at a submaximal intensity (∼60% of pretraining HRmax) for ∼30 min/day. Old mares had lower levels of glucose after the GXT when compared to Y and MA mares (P 0.05). Prior to exercise training, O mares had higher plasma insulin compared to Y and MA mares at 120 min postexercise (P<0.05), and insulin was also elevated in O mares compared to all other time points at 120 min post-GXT (P<0.05). Training resulted in increased plasma insulin concentrations at 120 min post-GXT in all age groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, age affected glucose and insulin responses to acute exercise prior to and after 12 weeks of exercise training. With regards to insulin, 12 weeks of exercise training resulted in a postexercise rebound hyperinsulinaemia, which may be related to an increased need for glycogen repletion in the muscle. These factors are important in considering the ability of an older horse to tolerate exercise.
JHU student’s software helps visually impaired computer users

Introduces a new development by Steve Crutchfield, a student at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. Describes his invention as a new program, Zoom Lens, which magnifies images on the computer screen. Concludes that there is great potential for this innovation, which can be used through online libraries.
Effect of finite sampling time on estimation of Brownian fluctuation

We present a study of the effect of finite detector integration/exposure timeE, in relation to interrogation time interval1t, on analysis of Brownian motion of small particles using numerical simulation of the Langevin equation for both free diffusion and hindered diffusion near a solid wall. The simulation result for free diffusion recovers the known scaling law for the dependence of estimated diffusion coefficient onE/1t, i.e. for 06E/1t61 the estimated diffusion coefficient scales linearly as 1(E/1t)/3. Extending the analysis to the parameter rangeE/1t>1, we find a new nonlinear scaling behaviour given by(E/1t) 1 [1((E/1t) 1 )/3], for which we also provide an exact analytical solution. The simulation of near-wall diffusion shows that hindered diffusion of particles parallel to a solid wall, when normalized appropriately, follows with a high degree of accuracy the same form of scaling laws given above for free diffusion. Specifically, the scaling laws in this case are well represented by 1((1+✏)(E/1t))/3, forE/1t61, and(E/1t) 1 [1((1+✏)(E/1t) 1 )/3], for E/1t>1, where the small parameter✏depends on the size of the near-wall domain used in the estimation of the diffusion coefficient and value ofE. For the range of parameters reported in the literature, we estimate ✏< 0.03. The near-wall simulations also show a bias in the estimated diffusion coefficient parallel to the wall even in the limitE=0, indicating an overestimation which increases with increasing time delay1t. This diffusion-induced overestimation is caused by the same underlying mechanism responsible for the previously reported overestimation of mean velocity in near-wall velocimetry.
Assessing Outcome Expectations in Older Adults: The Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale

Outcome expectations, an important element of social cognitive theory, have been associated with physical activity in older adults. Yet, the measurement of this construct has often adopted a unidimensional approach. We examined the validity of a theoretically consistent three-factor (physical, social, and self-evaluative) outcome expectations exercise scale in middle-aged and older adults (N = 320; M age = 63.8). Participants completed questionnaires assessing outcome expectations, physical activity, self-efficacy, and health status. Comparisons of the hypothesized factor structure with competing models indicated that a three-factor model provided the best fit for the data. Construct validity was further demonstrated by significant association with physical activity and self-efficacy and differential associations with age and health status. Further evidence of validity and application to social cognitive models of physical activity is warranted.
Rapid prototyping of transition management code for reconfigurable control systems

This paper presents a rapid prototyping technique that focuses on transition management in hybrid systems. In particular, it integrates hybrid modeling and simulation (for specifying and validating transition strategies) with a generic transition management pattern built on a Real-Time CORBA-based platform for reconfigurable control systems. Code generation is performed from the hybrid models to transition management code. This allows hybrid systems and their reconfiguration strategies to be prototyped and validated at an early stage in development and for the strategies to be directly transferred into the control system software without a separate, manual reimplementation step. The application of this work is found in most complex control systems, including the control of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) performing extreme maneuvers, which is our driving application area.
Anti-control of Hopf bifurcations

Bifurcation control generally means to design a controller that is capable of modifying the bifurcation characteristics of a bifurcating nonlinear system, thereby achieving some desirable dynamical behaviors. A typical objective is to delay and/or stabilize an existing bifurcation. In this paper, we consider the problem of anti-controlling bifurcations, that is, a certain bifurcation is created at a desired location with preferred properties by appropriate control. Washout-filter-aided dynamic feedback control laws are developed for the creation of Hopf bifurcations. As Hopf bifurcations give rise to limit cycles, anti-control of Hopf bifurcations suggests a new approach for designing limit cycles with specified oscillatory behaviors into a system via feedback control when such dynamical behaviors are desirable,.
Computer based instruction in computer programming: a symbol manipulation-list processing approach

Since February, 1969, a computer based course in computer programming has been running at an "inner city" high school in San Francisco, California. Each day ninety high school juniors and seniors in classes of fifteen interact with a course designed to teach the fundamentals of computer programming for business applications. For fifty minutes a day each student is on-line with a computer located thirty miles away on the Stanford University campus. The purpose of this paper is to describe the rationale and the major components of the software system used to implement the project.
Evaluation of intrathecal baclofen delivery system malfunction by computed tomography scan.

Aim To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings encountered when catheter patency is questionable. The role of CT in directing treatment is evaluated. Method Records of children with intrathecal baclofen pump management were reviewed. Only patients with CT evaluation who had revision pump/catheter surgery were included. Results From 295 patients, 27 had CT contrast study; in three of them, baclofen could not be aspirated and the procedure was stopped, eight had normal scan and did not need surgery and 16 patients were reported. Four patients had normal CT (free contrast formed a perfect crescent shape), and had surgery because the pump battery was close to expiration. Five patients had inadequate fluid pooling (fluid was seen without a crescent shape). Five patients had fluid leak (fluid was seen around the pump or in the lumbar canal below catheter entrance level or outside the canal in the lumbar region). Two patients had catheter occlusion (fluid loculation around the catheter tip with no free flow). Interpretation CT contrast study is safe and effective for locating defects in intrathecal baclofen delivery system. When catheter patency is questionable, CT plays an important role in directing the next step of management.
Characterization of New Syncytium-Inhibiting Monoclonal Antibodies Implicates Lipid Rafts in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Syncytium Formation

We have previously shown that erythroleukemia cells (K562) transfected with vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) are susceptible to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced syncytium formation. Since expression of VCAM-1 alone is not sufficient to render cells susceptible to HTLV-1 fusion, K562 cells appear to express a second molecule critical for HTLV-induced syncytium formation. By immunizing mice with K562 cells, we have isolated four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), K5.M1, K5.M2, K5.M3, and K5.M4, that inhibit HTLV-induced syncytium formation between infected MT2 cells and susceptible K562/VCAM1 cells. These MAbs recognize distinct proteins on the surface of cells as determined by cell phenotyping, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis. Since three of the proteins recognized by the MAbs appear to be GPI linked, we isolated lipid rafts and determined by immunoblot analysis that all four MAbs recognize proteins that sort entirely or in large part to lipid rafts. Dispersion of lipid rafts on the cells by cholesterol depletion with β-cyclodextrin resulted in inhibition of syncytium formation, and this effect was not seen when the β-cyclodextrin was preloaded with cholesterol before treating the cells. The results of these studies suggest that lipid rafts may play an important role in HTLV-1 syncytium formation.
Effects of insulating layers on the performance of organic electroluminescent devices

In this paper, we demonstrate the enhancement in the performance of organic electroluminescent devices upon the insertion of an insulating layer or layers of LiF in the device structure. Highly efficient and bright organic light-emitting devices were fabricated with this approach. External quantum efficiencies approaching 3% and light output exceeding 45,000 cd/m 2 have been achieved for green light-emitting devices with Al cathode. This technique can be extended to fabricate efficient blue and sharpred light-emitting devices. In this respect, using Al as the electron injecting electrode, blue light-emitting devices with external quantum efficiency of 1.4% and light output more than 4,000 cd/m 2 have been achieved without the use of dopants. For sharp-red light-emitting devices, record efficiency and light output were obtained when LiF was used. Devices without the LiF layer showed light output levels lower than 5 cd/m 2 , whereas, with the insertion of LiF before the cathode, the external quantum efficiency exceeded 1% and light output was higher than 320 cd/m 2 . All of these devices had lower operational voltage than similar devices without the LiF layer. Preliminary UPS-XPS results revealed a sharp decrease in the work function of aluminum upon the deposition of sub-monolayer of LiF. Although, the use of the LiF layer on the indium-tin-oxide anode showed some enhancement in device performance, the contribution to device performance is lower than the case with the same insulator deposited at the cathode side, indicating that the cathode is more problematic than the hole injecting indium-tin-oxide electrode.
Open boundary condition symposium benchmark solution: Stratified flow over a backward-facing step

SUMMARY This paper presents a detailed numerical solution to a simplified version of two-dimensional stratified flow over a backward-facing step with a Froude number of 16/9, a Reynolds number of 800 and a Prandtl number of l-one of the Open Boundary Condition Symposium test problems. The steady state solution was derived by integrating the time-dependent Boussinesq equations forward in time using a semi-implicit finite-element-based model on a 38400-element mesh. In addition to presenting the results derived.on this grid, the paper also presents the results of a Richardson extrapolation calculation for a set of ‘key’ parameters. It is hoped that this solution can be used as a baseline to compare the performance of the various techniques discussed at the Open Boundary Condition Symposium.
A phase II study of hydroxyurea combined with gemcitabine in patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma and gene expression profiles correlated to poor response

Background Preclinical studies have demonstrated that low-dose hydroxyurea (HU) enhances the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine on human cancer cells; however, the combination has not been well studied on patients with recurrent, locally persistent head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Additionally, the potential biomarkers to predict the response of HNSCC to the regimen remain largely unknown. Methods Twenty-two HNSCC patients underwent two-day HU (500 mg/m 2 , day 1 and 8) and gemcitabine (500 mg/m 2 , day 2 and 9) infusions every 21 days for a median of two (1–12) cycles until disease progression or adverse effects prohibited further therapy. RNA from pre-therapy tissues was subjected to cDNA microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed genes between stable and progressive disease. Validation of selected genes was performed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. To further investigate the impact of growth arrest and DNA-damageinducible protein alpha (GADD45α) on cellular sensitivity to the combination of HU and gemcitabine, GADD45α was over expressed in human oropharyngeal carcinoma KB cells. Results Ten patients displayed partial remission and/or stable disease, while nine patients displayed progressive disease. The progression free survival for stable disease was 5.88 months and the median overall survival was 12.4 months, while the progression free survival and the median overall survival for all patients were 1.71 and 7.23 months, respectively. A set of 112 genes was differentially expressed between stable and progressive disease. mRNA expression of c-Fos, BCL2/ adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein 3, paired-like homeodomain 1 and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 was more highly expressed in progressive disease, while mRNA and protein expression of GADD45α and GADD45γ were significantly decreased in progressive disease in stable disease. Moreover, over expression of GADD45α sensitized KB cells to the combination of HU and gemcitabine. Conclusions The combination of HU and gemcitabine may be useful in HNSCC control with reasonable tolerance and toxicity. Based on gene expression profiles, a subset of patients may be potentially identified to gain increased treatment benefits.
Exurbanization and Aldo Leopold's Human-Land Community

Exurbanization occurs on privately owned lands that are found beyond the metropolitan fringe and outside the jurisdiction of federal and state lands held in the public trust. This chapter describes exurban land development from the perspective of Aldo Leopold’s human–land community. It uses a historical approach to explain why Leopold’s human–land community never materialized and how this framed the country’s relationship with land from its founding through the recent era of exurban land development. Issues covered include urbanization, the rise of regional planning, consumerism, conservation and preservation movements, federal land policies, and the causes of exurbanization.
Global Sensitivity and Trade-Off Analyses for Multi-Objective Liquid Rocket Injector Design

This paper presents sensitivity and trade-off analyses for the design of a gaseous injector used for liquid rocket propulsion whose geometry (hydrogen flow angle, hydrogen and oxygen flow areas and oxygen post tip thickness) is sought to optimize performance (combustion length) and life/survivability (temperatures at three different locations). The analyses are conducted using data available from surrogate models of the design objectives, and the multi-objective optima (Pareto optimal front, POF) generated with the aid of multi-objective genetic algorithm and local search method. The trade-offs among objectives are estimated in different clusters (identified through a hierarchical clustering algorithm) along the POF. Sensitivity analyses are conducted using a variance-based non-parametric approach over the whole design space as well as on the clusters at the POF. The former analysis help identify the contribution of the design variables to the objective variability. The latter analysis highlights: the variability of the design variables and the objectives within a cluster of the POF (using box plots), and the relationship between the design variables and the objectives (using partial correlation coefficients). Additionally, the trade-offs between selected pairs of objectives are also analyzed.
Depressed mood and subsequent physical illness.

The authors describe the results of a matched case-control analysis in which 82 pairs of subjects were selected from a large-scale community study carried out in two general populations. Cases were...
NF-κB in pancreatic cancer

Although the genetic profile of pancreatic cancer is emerging as a result of much research, the role of specific genetic alterations that initiate tumorigenesis and produce its cardinal clinical features of locally aggressive growth, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance remains unresolved. Recently, a number of studies have shown that the inhibition of constitutive NF-κB activation, one of the frequent molecular alterations in pancreatic cancer, inhibits tumorigenesis and metastasis. It also sensitizes pancreatic cancer cell lines to anticancer agent-induced apoptosis. Therefore because of the crucial role of NF-κB in pancreatic cancer, it is a potential target for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the disease. In vivo and in vitro models that mimic the tumorigenic phenotypes in the appropriate histological and molecular concert would be very useful for confirming the suspected role of the pancreatic cancer signature genetic lesions and better understanding the molecular basis of this disease.
A Commentary on Aguirre: Taking Narrative Seriously

I explore the incorporation of the narrative approach in sociology, the role of sociologist as narrator, and why this approach is unsettling to traditional sociology, where tension exists between the postmodern implications of a narrative approach and our empiricist assumptions. A narrative approach represents an epistemological shift and should force us to interrogate the crucial role played by narrative in the construction of reality. Affirmative action provides a perfect example, as sociologists actively define and construct what constitutes affirmative action through narrative. I argue that taking narratives seriously is key to confronting anti—affirmative action narratives and denaturalizing white privilege.
Filament Area Variations and Critical Current in Nb-Ti Superconducting Composites

Image analysis techniques have been used to see the variation in the filament area along the edge of a Nb-Ti/Cu multifilamentary superconductor. This is important because the edge filaments were found to have a greater variation in their area as compared to the filaments on the inner layers and could have a considerable effect on the critical current properties of multifilamentary superconductors.
Learning from PD-1 Resistance: New Combination Strategies

Only a minority of cancer patients respond to anti PD-1 immunotherapy. A recent study demonstrates that PD-1 therapy-resistant melanoma patients present distinct signatures of upregulated genes involved in immunosuppression, angiogenesis, monocyte and macrophage chemotaxis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Combination targeting of these pathways with PD-1 may help overcome PD-1 resistance, thus producing effective antitumor immunity.
Verdict: A System for Stochastic Query Planning.

Online services, wireless devices, and scientific simulations are all creating massive volumes of data at unprecedented rates. This abundance of rich datasets has made data-driven discovery the predominant approach across biology, medicine, physics, economics and even social sciences. Ironically, existing data processing tools have now become the bottleneck in data-driven activities. When faced with large-enough datasets (say, a few terabytes), even the fastest database systems can take hours or days to answer the simplest queries (see [1]). This response time is simply unacceptable to many users and applications. The data-driven discovery is often an interactive and iterative process: data scientists form a hypothesis, consult the data, adjust their hypothesis accordingly, and repeat this process until a satisfactory answer is discovered. Thus, slow and costly interactions with data can severely inhibit the data scientists’ productivity, engagement, and even creativity. Driven by the growing market for interactive analytics, both commercial and open source data warehouses continuously strive to provide interactive response times through various optimizations, such as parallelism, indexing, materialization, better query plans, data compression, columnar formats, and even in-memory processing. These optimizations are in essence no different than the mainstream database research on query processing, where the goals for the past four decades have simply been to: