cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Two-Cycles Model of Phonology Assembly☆☆☆

Abstract In nine lexical decision experiments we evaluated Berent and Perfetti's (1995) hypothesis that, in visual word recognition, consonants and vowels are derived in two consecutive cycles. A nonvisible prime of 14 ms duration within a sequence of mask, nonword prime, and word target provided the operational definition of the first cycle. Contrary to the hypothesis, within the first cycle pseudohomophones (e.g., KLIP– clip ) primed better than nonwords that conveyed only consonant information (e.g., CLEP– clip ), vowel-preserving primes (e.g., GLAME– glaze, BAK– bad ) were as effective as consonant-preserving primes (e.g., GLEZE– glaze, BYD– bad ), and vowel complexity seemed to matter. Discussion focused on the assembly of phonology and the immediacy and primacy of phonological codes.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION SIGNALS IN BEHAVIOR-DISORDERED AND NON-DISORDERED LD BOYS AND NLD BOYS

The purpose of this study was to determine whether learning disabled boys with social/behavioral problems and learning disabled boys without social/behavioral problems differ from each other and from a group of nondisabled boys in the nonverbal signals they emit during social interaction. Thirty-seven, third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade boys were videotaped during an individually ad- ministered interview. A subsequent analysis of videotapes for the presence or absence of 31 nonverbal behaviors revealed that only one of the 31 variables dif- fered significantly among the groups. These results suggest that there is little dif- ference in the nonverbal behaviors displayed by the three groups of students uqder investigation.
Customer Evaluation of Retail Salespeople Utilizing the SOCO Scale: A Replication, Extension, and Application

Measuring retail salesperson performance is a critical, though relatively neglected research issue. We suggest that the SOCO scale may be an appropriate tool for measuring salesperson performance from the buyer’s perspective. Therefore, a replication of the SOCO scale was undertaken by having consumers evaluate retail salespeople. The SOCO scale items were slightly modified to fit the consumer sample and retail focus of the study. In addition, the number of points on the SOCO response scale was also reduced and the verbal anchors modified to better suit the needs of telephone surveys. Despite these changes, the properties of the scale were found to be strikingly similar to those reported in prior studies. It was recommended that retailers adopt the SOCO scale to measure salesperson performance.
Interaction of singlet molecular oxygen with melatonin and related indoles.

Abstract Singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) is one of the major agents responsible for (photo)oxidative damage in biological systems including human skin and eyes. It has been reported that the neural hormone melatonin (MLT) can abrogate 1O2-mediated cytotoxicity through its purported high antioxidant activity. We studied the interaction of MLT with 1O2 in deuterium oxide (D2O), acetonitrile and methanol by measuring the phosphorescence lifetime of 1O2 in the presence of MLT and related indoles for comparison. Rose bengal (RB) was used as the main 1O2 photosensitizer. The rate constant (kq) for the total (physical and chemical) quenching of 1O2 by MLT was determined to be 4.0 × 107 M–1 s–1 in D2O (pD 7), 6.0 × 107 M–1 s–1 in acetonitrile, and 6.1 × 107 M–1 s–1 in methanol-d1. The related indoles, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindole, 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-OH-T, serotonin), 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OH-MLT) and 6-chloromelatonin quenched 1O2 phosphorescence with similar kq values. We also compared the...
Collinearity, Bias, and Effect Size: Modeling “the” Effect of Track on Achievement☆☆☆

Abstract The estimated effect of any factor can be highly dependent on both the model and the data used for the analyses. This article presents an example of the estimated effect of one factor in two different data sets under three different forms of the standard linear model using the effect of track placement on achievement as an example. Some relative advantages and disadvantages of each model are considered. The analyses demonstrate that, given collinearity among the predictor variables, a model with a poorer statistical fit may be useful for some interpretive purposes.
Enhancing the Trust of Members in Online Social Networks: An Integrative Technical and Marketing Perspective

The trust of members is essential to the sustainability of e-business. Unlike other business models, the success of online social networks is highly dependent upon the growth rate of social network size. In order to accelerate and continue the growth rate, online social networks need to be able to continuously roll out diversified services and use them to interest existing and new members. However, the nature of this business model can expose online social networks to ubiquitous security threats such as spam, viral marketing and viruses. In order to convince users to adopt social network services, cultivation of brand equity and trust in the online social networks is essential. This study integrates technical and marketing perspectives to examine the potential influence of website quality and brand equity on user satisfaction, thereby influencing usersâ€™ formation of trust. A survey was conducted with 385 subjects to understand the causal relationships between the studied constructs. Regression analysis indicates that website quality, brand loyalty, brand association, and brand quality have a positive influence on user satisfaction, thereby increasing the trust of members in online social networks. Brand awareness shows no significant influence on user satisfaction. These findings lead us to derive theoretical and practical implications on the sustainable operation of online social networks.
Linkage of the apo CIII microsatellite with isolated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

To evaluate whether a highly polymorphic mic-rosatellite region within intron 3 of the apolipoprotein (apo) CIII gene is linked to the isolated low HDL-C phenotype, we studied eight unrelated probands (mean HDL-C=10 ±5mg/dl) and 157 biological family members. After PCR amplification of genomic DNA and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 26 alleles were identified in this microsatellite including 9 alleles heretofore unreported. Quantitative sib-pair linkage analysis demonstrated strong evidence of linkage between the isolated low HDL-C phenotype and the apo CIII microsatellite region (P=0.007). The microsatellite was also linked to apo AI (P=0.001), the primary apolipoprotein of HDL-C. Therefore, this highly polymorphic microsatellite region is a potentially important marker in the genetic evaluation of the isolated low HDL-C phenotype.
Analytical Characterization of the Unique Properties of Planetary Gear Free Vibration

This work develops an analytical model of planetary gears and uses it to investigate their natural frequencies and vibration modes. The model admits three planar degrees of freedom for each of the sun, ring, carrier and planets. It includes key factors affecting planetary gear vibration such as gyroscopic effects and time-varying stiff ness. For the linear, time-invariant case, examination of the associated eigenvalue problem reveals the well-defined structure of the vibration modes, where the specia structure results from the cyclic symmetry of planetary gears. Vibration modes an classified into rotational, translational and planet modes. The unique characteristics of each type of mode are analytically investigated in detail. For each class of mode reduced-order eigenvalue problems are derived.
Comparing Neural Networks and Regression Models for Ozone Forecasting

Abstract Many large metropolitan areas experience elevated concentrations of ground-level ozone pollution during the summertime “smog season”. Local environmental or health agencies often need to make daily air pollution forecasts for public advisories and for input into decisions regarding abatement measures and air quality management. Such forecasts are usually based on statistical relationships between weather conditions and ambient air pollution concentrations. Multivariate linear regression models have been widely used for this purpose, and well-specified regressions can provide reasonable results. However, pollution-weather relationships are typically complex and nonlinear—especially for ozone—properties that might be better captured by neural networks. This study investigates the potential for using neural networks to forecast ozone pollution, as compared to traditional regression models. Multiple regression models and neural networks are examined for a range of cities under different climate and o...
The Measurement of Multidimensional Gender Inequality: Continuing the Debate

The measurement of multidimensional gender inequality is an increasingly important topic that has very relevant policy applications and implications but which has not received much attention from the academic literature. In this paper I make a comprehensive and critical review of the indices proposed in recent years in order to systematise the different underlying ideas. I also present new gender inequality indices that overcome some limitations of the preceding ones. Using United Nations data, empirical results for the new indicators are provided, suggesting that the choice of one indicator or another can make an important difference for the ranking of those countries that have achieved high levels of gender equality.
Maximum strain in a falling horizontal wire due to instantaneous arrest of its ends: Travelling wave analysis

Abstract The problem considered is that of determining the maximum strain produced in a linearly elastic falling horizontal wire by the instantaneous arrest of its ends at time t =0, and the time t ∗ at which this maximum strain occurs. An upper bound estimate of the maximum strain, based on conservation of energy, is easily obtained if one assumes that the wire attains an extreme configuration completely devoid of kinetic energy, as in a standing wave vibration. In the present paper, however, a more accurate approach is employed. The partial differential equations are first written governing the velocity v and slope s as functions of position x and time t . These equations (which are non-linear because the time-varying tension in the wire is a functional of the slopes) are then solved numerically by the method of characteristics. To facilitate the numerical solution, a separate analysis is made of the behavior of v and s near the ends of the wire for small t .
A knowledge-based inversion of physical BRDF model and three examples

Three sets of directional observations with different sampling patterns and a geometric-optical model of forest BRDF are used to test the authors' algorithm for physical BRDF model inversion. The results show that stochastic programming is the right mathematical tool for multiangular remote sensing. The experiments also indicated areas for further improvements of the algorithm and the BRDF model.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Developmental Writing Courses.

Community college developmental English students passed Composition I at a higher rate than did non-developmental students, confirming the effectiveness of developmental English courses. However, t...
A zinc-dependent adhesion module is responsible for intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms

Hospital-acquired bacterial infections are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Staphylococcal species are responsible for the majority of hospital-acquired infections, which are often complicated by the ability of staphylococci to grow as biofilms. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus requires cell-surface proteins (Aap and SasG) containing sequence repeats known as G5 domains; however, the precise role of these proteins in biofilm formation is unclear. We show here, using analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and circular dichroism (CD), that G5 domains from Aap are zinc (Zn2+)-dependent adhesion modules analogous to mammalian cadherin domains. The G5 domain dimerizes in the presence of Zn2+, incorporating 2–3 Zn2+ ions in the dimer interface. Tandem G5 domains associate in a modular fashion, suggesting a “zinc zipper” mechanism for G5 domain-based intercellular adhesion in staphylococcal biofilms. We demonstrate, using a biofilm plate assay, that Zn2+ chelation specifically prevents biofilm formation by S. epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, individual soluble G5 domains inhibit biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the complex three-dimensional architecture of staphylococcal biofilms results from the self-association of a single type of protein domain. Surface proteins with tandem G5 domains are also found in other bacterial species, suggesting that this mechanism for intercellular adhesion in biofilms may be conserved among staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. Zn2+ chelation represents a potential therapeutic approach for combating biofilm growth in a wide range of bacterial biofilm-related infections.
Evidence for Down-Regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR)-Dependent Translation Regulatory Signaling Pathways in Ames Dwarf Mice

How growth hormone (GH) stimulates protein synthesis is unknown. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathways balance anabolic and catabolic activities in response to nutrients and growth factor signaling. As a test of GH signaling, immunoassays of two downstream translation regulatory proteins were compared in ad libitum-fed 2-month-old normal and Ames (Prop1df) dwarf mice. Phosphorylation of the p70 and p85 isoforms of S6 kinase 1 in liver and the p70 isoform in gastrocnemius muscle were significantly decreased in dwarfs. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Cap-binding demonstrated significantly higher levels of translation repressor 4E-BPl/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) (coprecipitates) from dwarf livers, but not muscle. Consistent with these binding data, significantly less phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 was documented in dwarf liver. These data suggest a link between GH signaling and translation control in a model of extended longevity.
Managing performance-reliability tradeoffs in multicore processors

There is a fundamental tradeoff between processor performance and lifetime reliability. High throughput operations increase power and heat dissipations that have adverse impacts on lifetime reliability. On the contrary, lifetime reliability favors low utilization to reduce stresses and avoid failures. A key challenge of understanding this tradeoff is in connecting application characteristics to device-level degradation behaviors. Using a full-system microarchitecture and physics simulation, the performance-reliability tradeoff in a multicore processor is analyzed by introducing a metric, throughput-lifetime product (TLP). A finding reveals that reducing the variance of degradation distribution on the multicore die leads to effectively enhancing processor lifetime with minimal impact on performance. This concept is referred to as dynamic reliability variance management (DRVM). We discuss three possible microarchitectural techniques that perform DRVM and improve the TLP; i) phase-aware thread migration, ii) dynamic voltage scaling, and iii) turbo-mode execution combined with DRVM. The simulation results with selected PARSEC and SPLASH-2 benchmarks show that DRVM techniques improve processor lifetime up to 15% or enhance the throughput-lifetime tradeoff by 12% without adding extra design margins or spare components on the multicore die.
Integrating distributed channel allocation and adaptive handoff management for QoS-sensitive cellular networks

Next generation high-speed cellular networks are expected to support multimedia applications, which require QoS provisions. Since frequency spectrum is the most expensive resource in wireless networks, it is a challenge to support QoS using limited frequency spectrum. In the literature, two orthogonal approaches are used to address the bandwidth utilization issue and the QoS provision issue; that is, channel allocation schemes have been proposed to improve bandwidth efficiency, whereas handoff management schemes, based on bandwidth reservation, have been proposed to guarantee a low connection dropping rate. However, little effort has been taken to address both issues together. In this paper, we integrate distributed channel allocation and adaptive handoff management to provide QoS guarantees and efficiently utilize the bandwidth. First, we present a complete distributed distributed channel allocation algorithm and propose techniques to reduce its message complexity and intra-handoff overhead. Second, we integrate the proposed distributed channel allocation algorithm with an adaptive handoff management scheme to provide QoS guarantees and efficiently utilize the bandwidth. Detailed simulation experiments are carried out to evaluate the proposed methodology. Compared to previous schemes, our scheme can significantly reduce the message complexity and intra-handoff overhead. Moreover, the proposed scheme can improve the bandwidth utilization while providing QoS guarantees.
From High School to College: How Prepared Are Teacher Candidates For Technology Integration?

State and national standards continue to prod teacher education programs towards preparing teacher candidates who are capable of integrating computer technologies into their teaching methodologies. However, providing experiences and resources for this type of teacher training necessarily relies on students possessing basics skills in computer use and having K–12 teachers who modeled productive technology integration in the classroom. While some high schools are managing to provide students with these skills and experiences, others are not, leaving teacher education programs to address the diverse levels of technological skills in their teacher candidates. This study presents a description of the categories of computer skill levels represented in a freshman class of teacher candidates and how these candidates characterize their high school experiences with computers.
Design and testing of superferric magnets for accelerators

The Texas Accelerator Center has designed, constructed and tested 26 accelerator magnets. The magnets are 3 tesla superferric magnets. Three currents are used to fix the dipole field and zero the sextupole and decapole. High quality magnets, which are simple and inexpensive, are obtained. Three 28 meter magnets have been constructed in industry as well as five 1 meter magnets.
Giant cell formation produced by laser microbeam irradiation of chromatin in Chinese hamster cells

Abstract A pulsed laser microbeam of wavelength 532 nm was used to produce visible small lesions in the nucleoplasm or in the cytoplasm of V79 Chinese hamster cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of microirradiated nuclei showed that the lesions were produced within the nucleus and comprised between 0.2 and 0.5% of the total chromatin. Serial sections above and below the lesion site did not reveal any detectable chromatin damage, indicating that a visible lesion was restricted to the focal point of the beam. Whereas cells microirradiated anywhere in the cytoplasm showed normal clonal growth with few exceptions, the cells containing nuclear lesions did not enter mitosis at the time of unirradiated controls. Instead they formed giant cells in a high percentage of cases ( 72 99 ). The DNA content of these cells was considerably increased suggesting polyploidization. In some cases, division of giant cells was observed resulting in non-viable daughter cells containing micronuclei. Further evidence that the induction of giant cell formation depends on chromatin damage was obtained by microirradiation of chromosomes in anaphase. Here, giant cell formation was observed in the daughter cell which received microirradiated chromatin, whereas microirradiation of cytoplasm between the moving sets of chromosomes did not affect subsequent divisions of both daughter cells. Our data point out that loss of reproductive integrity and giant cell formation can be induced by damage at many sites of the chromosome complement.
Structure determination and phase analysis by the use of neutron diffraction

Neutron diffraction has proven to be an indispensable and highly significant tool since its development 60 years ago. The neutron has unique properties that yield distinct information unavailable otherwise. Chief among these properties is the relative uniformity of the neutron scattering power of atoms across the periodic table, allowing the accurate structure determination of materials composed of widely differing atomic-number species. As sources get more powerful and computers get faster; the complexity of structures that can be solved ever increases such that protein structures with thousands of unique atomic positions can be determined. This paper reviews the state of the art in neutron diffraction experiments and facilities available to researchers.
Legitimating Market Egoism: The Availability Problem.

It is a common enough view that market agents are self-interested, not benevolent or altruistic - call this market egoism - and that this is morally defen- sible, even morally required. There are two styles of defence - utilitarian and deontological - and while they differ, they confront a common problem. This is the availability problem. The problem is that the more successful the moral justification of self-interested eco- nomic activity, the less there is for the justification to draw upon. Religious justifications of market egoism at least make a stab at dealing with the problem; secular accounts typically do not.
Globalization, Transnationalism, and Intersecting Geographies of Power: The Case of the Consejo Consultivo del Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior (CC‐IME): A Study in Progress

The Consejo Consultivo del Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior (CC-IME) is a somewhat unusual transnational organization established and funded by the Mexican government in 2003 as a means of maintaining contact with and serving the Mexican diaspora of almost 12 million in the United States and Canada. The 56 Mexican consulates in the United States and Canada conduct elections (or sometimes appoint) around 120 representatives for three-year terms to serve as an advisory council to represent the needs of the Mexican diaspora before the Mexican government and to strengthen the ties (especially economic and political ties) between the Mexican diaspora in Canada and the United States and the government of Mexico. Previous studies have described the history, purpose, and some of the programs initiated by the Mexican Foreign Ministry (SRE) and the CC-IME. The story of the CC-IME, however, is more than can be understood from the perspective of any one state. As a transnational organization at a particular time in history, its operation reflects the perspectives of a host of different entities. Using qualitative research methods and participant observation, this ongoing study employs Mahler and Pessar's geographies of power framework to identify and explore various power hierarchies and special political characteristics of CC-IME from a variety of perspectives. El Consejo Consultivo del Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior (CC-IME) es una organizacion transnacional un poco inusual establecida y fundada por el gobierno mexicano en 2003 como un medio para mantener contacto con, y ayudar a, la diaspora mexicana en los Estados Unidos y Canada que aproxima los 12 millones. Los 56 consulados en ambos paises realizan elecciones (o algunas veces designan) cerca de 120 representantes de expatriados mexicanos para periodos de 3 anos para servir como un consejo asesor para representar intereses ante el gobierno mexicano y para fortalecer los lazos (especialmente economicos y politicos) entre expatriados y dicho gobierno. Estudios previos han descrito la historia, proposito, y algunos de los programas iniciados por la Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE) y el CC-IME. La historia del CC-IME, sin embargo, supera lo que puede ser comprendido desde la perspectiva de un estado. Siendo una organizacion transnacional en un momento particular de la historia, su funcionamiento refleja las perspectivas de una gran diversidad de actores. Utilizando un metodo cualitativo de investigacion y de observacion de los participantes, este proyecto (en proceso) utiliza el marco de las geografias del poder de Mahler y Pessar para identificar y explorar varias jerarquias de poder y caracteristicas politicas especiales del CC-IME desde una variedad de perspectivas.
Physiological Growth Synergizes With Pathological Genes in Experimental Cardiomyopathy

Hundreds of signaling molecules have been assigned critical roles in the pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure based on cardiac phenotypes from α-myosin heavy chain–directed overexpression mice. Because permanent ventricular transgene expression in this system begins during a period of rapid physiological neonatal growth, resulting phenotypes are the combined consequences of transgene effects and normal trophic influences. We used temporally-defined forced gene expression to investigate synergy between postnatal physiological cardiac growth and two functionally divergent cardiomyopathic genes. Phenotype development was compared various times after neonatal (age 2 to 3 days) and adult (age 8 weeks) expression. Proapoptotic Nix caused ventricular dilation and severe contractile depression in neonates, but not adults. Myocardial apoptosis was minimal in adults, but was widespread in neonates, until it spontaneously resolved in adulthood. Unlike normal postnatal cardiac growth, concurrent left ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy did not synergize with Nix expression to cause cardiomyopathy or myocardial apoptosis. Prohypertrophic Gαq likewise caused eccentric hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction, and pathological gene expression in neonates, but not adults. Thus, normal postnatal cardiac growth can be an essential cofactor in development of genetic cardiomyopathies, and may confound the interpretation of conventional α-MHC transgenic phenotypes.
Morbidity and Mortality Revisited: Applying a New Quality Improvement Paradigm in Oncology

Using a quality improvement (QI) paradigm, the authors conducted 11 multidisciplinary conferences throughout 2013-2014 at two tertiary academic cancer centers and a satellite community-based oncology practice. They present their approach including key components and an example case.
Regional Climate Simulations over North America: Interaction of Local Processes with Improved Large-Scale Flow

Abstract The reasons for biases in regional climate simulations were investigated in an attempt to discern whether they arise from deficiencies in the model parameterizations or are due to dynamical problems. Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) forced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis, the detailed climate over North America at 50-km resolution for June 2000 was simulated. First, the RAMS equations were modified to make them applicable to a large region, and its turbulence parameterization was corrected. The initial simulations showed large biases in the location of precipitation patterns and surface air temperatures. By implementing higher-resolution soil data, soil moisture and soil temperature initialization, and corrections to the Kain–Fritch convective scheme, the temperature biases and precipitation amount errors could be removed, but the precipitation location errors remained. The precipitation location biases ...
The nightside ionosphere of Venus under varying levels of solar EUV flux

Solar activity varied widely over the 14 year lifetime of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and these variations directly affected the properties of the nightside ionosphere. At solar maximum, when solar EUV was largest, the Venus ionosphere was found to extend to highest altitudes and nightward ion transport was the main source of the nightside ionosphere. At solar minimum, nightward ion transport was reduced, and electron precipitation was thought to be the main source. In this study, we have attempted a separation of spatial variations from temporal variations by examining the altitude profiles of the magnetic field, and electron density and temperature for three different solar EUV flux ranges. In the upper ionosphere and near-planet magnetotail (h greater than 1800 km), the solar EUV effects are significant. The electron density decreases about an order of magnitude from high to low EUV flux, while the electron temperature at least doubles. The magnetic field also increases 2 - 3 nT. In the lower ionosphere (200 - 600 km), lower EUV fluxes are associated with slightly reduced density, and higher temperature. These results are in accord with recent entry phase observations, where the electron density measured above the ionospheric density peak is lower than that observed at solar maximum during the early Pioneer Venus mission.
Predation by a Great Plains Rat Snake on an Adult Female Golden-cheeked Warbler

Abstract Information is lacking on predation of adult Golden-cheeked Warblers (Dendroica chrysoparia). Using time lapse video equipment at Fort Hood, Texas, I documented a Great Plains rat snake (Elaphe guttata emoryi) depredating a female Golden-cheeked Warbler on a nest. The predation took place on the night of 22–23 April 2000 while the adult warbler was sleeping on four eggs. Although adult mortality by predators probably occurs infrequently, the climbing ability and nocturnal foraging of rat snakes may enhance opportunities of capturing adult birds.
Seasonal Variability of the Large-Scale Currents near the Coast of the Philippines*

Abstract The mean seasonal cycle of the western boundary currents in the tropical North Pacific Ocean is studied diagnostically by combining atmospheric climatologies with drifter, satellite altimetry, and hydrographic data in the framework of a simplified numerical model incorporating geostrophy, hydrostatics, continuity, and tracer conservation. The approach enables the authors to diagnose the absolute 3D velocity field and to assess the seasonal cycle of sea surface height (SSH)/total transports. Errors are estimated by considering multiple datasets and averaging over the results of the corresponding diagnostic computations. Analysis shows that bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) occurs at 14.3° ± 0.7°N near the Philippine coast. Meridional migration of the NEC bifurcation latitude is accompanied by quantitative changes in the partitioning of the NEC transport between the Kuroshio and Mindanao Current. In February–July, when the NEC transport is 58 ± 3 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), the Kuroshio t...
Mask roughness induced LER: geometric model at long correlation lengths

Collective understanding of how both the resist and line-edge roughness (LER) on the mask affect the final printed LER has made significant advances. What is poorly understood, however, is the extent to which mask surface roughness couples to image plane LER as a function of illumination conditions, NA, and defocus. Recently, progress has been made in formulating a simplified solution for mask roughness induced LER. Here, we investigate the LER behavior at long correlation lengths of surface roughness on the mask. We find that for correlation lengths greater than 3λ/NA in wafer dimensions and CDs greater than approximately 0.75λ/NA, the previously described simplified model, which remains based on physical optics, converges to a "geometric regime" which is based on ray optics and is independent of partial coherence. In this "geometric regime", the LER is proportional to the mask slope error as it propagates through focus, and provides a faster alternative to calculating LER in contrast to either full 2D aerial image simulation modeling or the newly proposed physical optics model. Data is presented for both an NA = 0.32 and an NA = 0.5 imaging system for CDs of 22-nm and 50-nm horizontal-line-dense structures.
Altered Kinematics and Time to Stabilization During Drop-Jump Landings in Individuals With or Without Functional Ankle Instability.

Context: It has been proposed that altered dynamic-control strategies during functional activity such as jump landings may partially explain recurrent instability in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). Objective: To capture jump-landing time to stabilization (TTS) and ankle motion using a multisegment foot model among FAI, coper, and healthy control individuals. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Participants were 23 individuals with a history of at least 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving way in the past year (FAI), 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (copers), and 23 individuals with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (controls). Participants were matched for age, height, and weight (age = 23.3 ± 3.8 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.09 m, weight = 69.0 ± 13.7 kg). Intervention(s): Ten single-legged drop jumps were recorded using a 12-camera V...
Update on the WHO classification of malignant lymphomas

With the current 2008 WHO monograph on the classification of malignant lymphomas about 6 years old, work on a significant update has begun. A meeting of the Clinical Advisory Committee was already held, where the editors, selected authors and internationally prominent clinicians held wide-ranging discussions concentrating on areas where new validated data exists that would impact on the classification or on the characterization and criteria for specific entities. Although publication of the update is not expected until Fall, 2015, areas in need of updating are established. On the B-cell side, there is great interest in dealing with the borders of lymphoma and clonal proliferations that are not overtly malignant as well as in learning how to best deal with the extra-aggressive B-cell lymphomas. New molecular discoveries have also had a major impact such as BRAF V600E mutations in hairy cell leukemia and MYD88 L265P mutation in lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas. We are also learning more about the complexity of the mature T-cell lymphomas and how to deal with the spectrum of T-cell lymphomas derived from T follicular helper cells and gamma delta type T-cells. Indolent clonal T- and NK-cell proliferations, such as those in the GI tract, have also received increased attention.
Catalyzed and spontaneous reactions on ribozyme ribose.

The RNA world hypothesis requires that early translation be catalyzed by RNA enzymes. Here we show that a five-nucleotide RNA enzyme, reacting with a tetranucleotide substrate and elevated PheAMP, forms aminoacyl- and peptidyl-RNAs RNA―Phe through RNA-Phe 5 . A second series of products is formed from RNA―Phe diesters, after trans migration of phenylalanine from the 2'- to the 3'- hydroxyl group of the substrate RNA, followed by reaminoacylation of the 2'-OH. While the ribozyme is required for initial attachment of phenylalanine to an RNA substrate, as well as reacylation (and thus for formation of all products), further extension into RNA―peptides appears to be an uncatalyzed, but RNA-stimulated reaction. The ribozyme readily turns over at high PheAMP and GCCU concentrations. Thus, GUGGC/GCCU comprises a true RNA enzyme. We define Michaelis—Menten parameters plus and minus divalent magnesium and characterize ca. 20 molecular species of aminoacyl-, peptidyl-, dipeptidyl-, and mixed peptidyl/aminoacyl-RNAs.
Abstract LB-435: Regulation of emmprin in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells: a novel strategy developed against KSHV-related diseases

Purpose : KSHV is a common etiologic agent for cancers arising in the setting of immune suppression, including Kaposi9s sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). We recently reported that the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) upregulates expression of the multifunctional membrane glycoprotein emmprin (Extracellular Matrix MetalloPRoteinase Inducer) and associated cell invasiveness and colony formation (Qin et al. Cancer Res. 2010; 70(10): 3884–9). The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms for KSHV/LANA-induced transcriptional activation of emmprin, and whether these interactions affect emmprin-mediated signal transduction. Experimental Design : We used co-IP, confocal microscopy, gene silencing, and overexpression of LANA deletion mutants to whether specific transcription factors (TF) interact with LANA and mediate LANA-initiated emmprin activation, as well as putative sites of LANA-TF interactions. Pharmacological inhibitors, gene transfer, immunoblots, qRT-PCR, ELISA and transwell assays were performed to assess how LANA-TF interactions impact emmprin-dependent intracellular signal transduction and downstream pathogenesis. Results : We found that Sp1, a Zn finger TF, mediates LANA activation of emmprin transcription/protein expression and cell invasiveness. The N-terminal domain of LANA, containing a nuclear localization sequence, is necessary and sufficient for Sp1 activation of emmprin and co-localizes with Sp1 in the nucleus. Interestingly, we also found that emmprin-dependent activation of pro-migratory cytokines/chemokines and endothelial cell invasiveness following de novo KSHV infection is dependent upon KSHV induction of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling, but not NF-κB pathway. Conclusions : LANA interactions with Sp1, and KSHV induction of Akt- and MAPK-dependent signaling, initiate transcriptional activation of emmprin and emmprin-dependent activation of pro-migratory cytokines release and cell invasiveness following KSHV infection. Ongoing experiments to clarify regulatory networks for emmprin activation in KSHV-infected cells may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets for KSHV-related diseases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-435. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-435
A Second Pre-image Attack Against Elliptic Curve Only Hash (ECOH).

We present a second pre-image attack on ECOH. Our attack requires 2143 time for ECOH-224 and ECOH-256, 2206 time for ECOH-384, and 2287 time for ECOH-512. The attack sets the checksum block to a fixed value and uses a collision search on the elliptic curve points. 1 An outline of ECOH We first give a description of the essential elements of ECOH. We restrict ourselves to messages that are an integral number of blocks, which is what we use in our attack. For full details, please refer to the ECOH specifications [1]. ECOH divides the message into blocks, maps each block to an elliptic curve point, and adds these points together with two more points. One additional point contains the padding and depends only on the message length. The second additional point depends on the message length and the exclusive-or of all message blocks.
Affinity Maturation of Monoclonal Antibodies by Multi-Site-Directed Mutagenesis

High-affinity antibodies are crucial for development of monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based therapeutics for human diseases. Many new detailed methods for affinity maturation have been developed to improve MAb qualities by site-directed mutagenesis, chain shuffling, and error-prone PCR. Site-directed mutagenesis on hotspots in variable heavy (VH) complementary-determining region (CDR) 3 is a commonly used method for improving therapeutic potency and efficacy of targeted MAbs. Strategies for affinity maturation via multi-site-directed mutagenesis in VH-CDR3 described here are for valuable technical tool in the armamentarium of immunologists for development of fast-performance MAbs. Our strategy includes (1) selection of targeted MAb, (2) replacement of certain amino acid residues (e.g., negative or neutral charge to positive amino acids) in VH-CDR3, and (3) determination of binding activity to a target antigen.
Maintaining throughput network connectivity in ad hoc networks

This paper focuses on the challenge of maintaining reliable connectivity in an ad hoc network, where interference is possible. To cope with such interference, the paper introduces throughput connectivity and weighted throughput connectivity. Throughput connectivity reflects the possibility of establishing communication between nodes for given a signal power level, while weighted throughput connectivity associates the throughput as a weight in the associated network graph. Throughput connectivity is less sensitive to network's parameters than the one based on weighted throughput connectivity. It makes maintaining throughput connectivity protocol less resource consuming (say, by sending less frequently channel state information (CSI)). Whereas, weighted throughput protocol is more efficient in power allocation due to employing a continuous scale in Laplacian matrix. To illustrate these notions, two approaches to maximize connectivity were considered: (a) an adaptive transmission protocol that re-allocates transmission power between nodes, and (b) detecting and eliminating a malicious threat to maintain accumulated connectivity over time slots. The first problem was modeled by a maxmin problem, and solved by Semi-Definite Programming. The second problem was modeled by a stochastic game and solved explicitly.
Olfactory Sensory Activity Modulates Microglial-Neuronal Interactions during Dopaminergic Cell Loss in the Olfactory Bulb

The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) displays robust activity-dependent plasticity throughout life. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the glomerular layer (GL) of the OB are particularly plastic, with loss of sensory input rapidly reducing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and dopamine production, followed by a substantial reduction in DA neuron number. Here, we asked whether microglia participate in activity-dependent elimination of DA neurons in the mouse OB. Interestingly, we found a significant reduction in the number of both DA neurons and their synapses in the OB ipsilateral to the occluded naris (occluded OB) within just 7 days of sensory deprivation. Concomitantly, the volume of the occluded OB decreased, resulting in an increase in microglial density. Microglia in the occluded OB also adopted morphologies consistent with activation. Using in vivo 2-photon imaging and histological analysis we then showed that loss of olfactory input markedly altered microglial-neuronal interactions during the time that DA neurons are being eliminated: both microglial process motility and the frequency of wrapping of DA neuron somata by activated microglia increased significantly in the occluded OB. Furthermore, we found microglia in the occluded OB that had completely engulfed components of DA neurons. Together, our data provide evidence that loss of olfactory input modulates microglial-DA neuron interactions in the OB, thereby suggesting an important role for microglia in the activity-dependent elimination of DA neurons and their synapses.
How Infallible but Corrigible Full Belief Is Possible

Inquirers ought to change beliefs for good reason. What those good reasons are depend on the proximate goals of their inquiries. William James urged us to seek Truth and avoid Error in forming beliefs. He ought to have said: Seek Information and avoid Error. The common features of the proximate goals of scientific inquiries ought to be to answer questions of interest without error and in a manner that yields valuable information.
Numerical Simulation for Mixed Convective Flow Over a Three-Dimensional Horizontal Backward Facing Step

Laminar mixed convective flow over a three-dimensional horizontal backward-facing step heated from below at a constant temperature was numerically simulated using a finite volume technique and the most relevant hydrodynamic and thermal features for air flowing through the channel are presented in this work. The channel considered in this work has an aspect ratio AR = 4, and an expansion ratio ER = 2, while the total length in the streamwise direction is 52 times the step height (L = 52s) and the step length is equal to 2 times the step height (l = 2s). The flow at the duct entrance was considered to be hydro-dynamically fully developed and isothermal. The bottom wall of the channel was subjected to a constant high temperature while the other walls were treated to be adiabatic. The step was considered to be a thermal conductive block.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Non-Resonant Electromagnetic Broad-Band Vibration-Energy Harvester Based on Self-Assembled Ferrofluid Liquid Bearing

This paper reports a non-resonant, broadband electromagnetic vibration-energy harvester based on self-assembled ferrofluid liquid bearing. Magnet array is suspended by the liquid bearing over a microfabricated multi-layer coil plate such that the energy harvester does not rely on any mechanical resonance, and can harvest vibration energy over a broad frequency range. An analytical model of the non-resonant energy harvester with liquid bearing is developed to predict the frequency responses under various external accelerations. Experimental results show that the electromagnetic energy harvester occupying 1.1 cm3 and weighing 2.5 gram generates an induced electromotive force of $\text{V}_{\mathrm {rms}} =61$ to 93.7 mV (delivering 11.6– $27.5~\mu \text{W}$ power into 80- $\Omega $ load) from 2-g acceleration at 2–4 Hz. When the energy harvester is placed on the back of a human walking at various speeds, the power output is increased as the walking speed is increased from 0.44 m/s (walking) to 3.56 m/s (running), and reaches $18.1~\mu \text{W}$ at 3.56 m/s. [2016-0167]
Asymptotic Expansions for Products of Characteristic Functions Under Moment Assumptions of Non-integer Orders

This is mostly a review of results and proofs related to asymptotic expansions for characteristic functions of sums of independent random variables (known also as Edgeworth-type expansions). A number of known results is refined in terms of Lyapunov coefficients of non-integer orders.
Mechanically flexible electrospun carbon nanofiber mats derived from biochar and polyacrylonitrile

Abstract Mechanically flexible electrospun carbon nanofiber (ECNF) mats were prepared by electrospinning mixtures containing hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) derived biochar and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) into precursor nanofiber mats followed by stabilization in air and then carbonization in argon. The resulting ECNF mats well retained the overall morphological structures of their precursors (i.e., biochar/PAN composite nanofiber mats), and the carbon nanofibers showed the enlarged specific surface area upon the increase of biochar loading amount in precursor nanofibers. The ECNFs (4/10), which were derived from composite nanofibers with the biochar/PAN weight ratio being 4/10, had the fiber diameters of ∼350 nm and the BET specific surface area of 30.12 m2·g−1; and these ECNF mats exhibited the highest gravimetric capacitance of 37.60 F·g−1 at the current density of 500 mA·g−1. Hence, the prepared ECNF mats could potentially be utilized for energy related (e.g., supercapacitor) applications.