cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Quantification of Mercury in Solutions Using Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes: Electrode Regeneration and Role of Gold and Impurities

For determining Hg in solutions in the ppb to ppt range using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemistry, the role of an added gold solution for enhanced sensitivity is investigated. Using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), peaks due to Cu and Ag as impurities from gold are identified. With the proper choice of the potential for deposition, effects of the impurities are minimized and an electrode regeneration procedure is devised and tested, resulting in reproducible slopes of the calibration curves in successive runs. The location and shift of the DPASV peak potentials with concentration are explained with the use of the Nernst equation.
Solids as a consideration in legal measurements: Blood ethanol concentration as a model☆

One can easily conclude, based on the data derived with current equations for correcting for severe hypertriglyceridemia (Steffes, M. W.; Freier, E. F., J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1976, 88, 683–688) or by determining the percentage of water in normalized plasma (serum) or whole blood, that assigning some absolute value for ethanol concentration may be based on questionable assay characteristics. Because the legal aspects of ethanol measurement are different from the medical aspects of analyte measurement, and because the purposes for which they are determined are different, we should use caution in interpreting the value as we measure it in one kind of sample (serum) in weight per unit volume for use in a legal case in which another kind of sample (whole blood) is specified perhaps as a percentage by weight (Michigan Drunk Driving Law, Public Act, 1982, 310). In addition, extrapolating from blood alcohol concentration to whole body alcohol concentration has already been shown to be specious or at least fraught with uncertainty (Hume, D. N.; Fitzgerald, E. F., Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 876A–886A). Ethanol is found only in the water of blood. However, water alone and the percentage of associated solids dissolved or dispersed in the water are quite variable for legal measurements. Some more general way of including this variability should be designed specifically into any law which could have such dire consequences for a citizen. Obviously, no one should drive while even at an impaired level. However, drinking seems inevitable in our society and though it may cause disastrous effects, no members of society should be made victims of technicalities inherent in a poorly written law.
The pulmonary localization of virus-specific T lymphocytes is governed by the tissue tropism of infection

The migration of pathogen-specific T cells into nonlymphoid tissues, such as the lung, is critical to control peripheral infections. Use of in vivo intravascular labeling of leukocytes has allowed for improved discrimination between cells located in the blood from cells present within peripheral tissues, such as the lung. This is particularly important in the lung, which is comprised of an intricate network of blood vessels that harbors a large proportion of the total blood volume at any given time. Recent work has demonstrated that >80% of antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells remain in the pulmonary vasculature following an intratracheal infection with a systemic viral pathogen. However, it remains unclear what proportion of effector CD8 T cells are located within lung tissue following a localized respiratory viral infection. We confirm that most effector and memory CD8 T cells are found in the vasculature after an intranasal infection with the systemic pathogens lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vaccinia virus (VACV). In contrast, following pulmonary viral infections with either respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus (IAV), 80 to 90% of the antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells were located within lung tissue. Similarly, the majority of antigen-specific CD4 T cells were present within lung tissue during a pulmonary viral infection. Furthermore, a greater proportion of gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ+) effector CD8 and CD4 T cells were located within lung tissue following a localized respiratory viral infection. Our results indicate that T cells exhibit significantly altered distribution patterns dependent upon the tissue tropism of the infection. IMPORTANCE The migration of T cells to nonlymphoid sites, such as the lung, is critical to mediate clearance of viral infections. The highly vascularized lung holds up to 40% of blood, and thus, the T cell response may be a reflection of lymphocytes localized to the pulmonary vasculature instead of lung tissue. We examined the localization of T cell responses within the lung following either a localized or systemic viral infection. We demonstrate that following intranasal infection with a systemic pathogen, most T cells are localized to the pulmonary vasculature. In contrast, T cells are primarily localized to lung tissue following a respiratory viral infection. Our results demonstrate vast differences in the localization of T cell responses within the lung parenchyma between pathogens that can replicate locally versus systemically and that intravascular antibody labeling can be utilized to assess the localization patterns of T cell responses in nonlymphoid organs.
Discrete implementation and generalization of the extended state observer

A brief review of developments in disturbance observers, leading up to the extended state observer (ESO), is first presented. Various digital implementations of the ESO are investigated and compared. The realization in current discrete estimator form evidently helps to maintain stable operation at low sampling rates. Digitization using zero order hold is derived symbolically to further improve accuracy while preserving the simplicity of single parameter tuning. Finally, the ESO is reformulated using a generalized disturbance model which provides a wider range of solutions for disturbance estimation problems. Application of the proposed algorithm is shown on a realistic motion control simulation platform with favorable results.
Phyllodes tumors in African American women

Abstract Background Phyllodes is a rare tumor accounting for less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. Studies defining clinical predictors of malignant phyllodes (MP) are rare and inconsistent. Furthermore, MP occurrence in African American (AA) women has never been analyzed. This study will delineate clinical and pathologic features in AA patients that may reasonably predict the probability of malignancy. Methods A retrospective study of clinical records was carried out for 50 AA patients diagnosed with phyllodes tumors (PT) and treated between 1982 and 2012. Patients' charts were analyzed regarding demographics, pathology findings, and treatment. Results The diagnosis of benign disease was made in 40 (78%), borderline in 3 (6%), and malignancy in 7 (14%) patients; however, 1 patient (2%) had mixed phyllodes with ductal carcinoma in situ. The mean age was significantly different for patients with benign disease (33 years) compared with those with malignancy (54 years; P P = .029) and mitoses were higher with 50% of MPs having greater than 5 per 10 high power fields. Although rare, nodal metastasis, ulceration, and multicentric disease occurred only in MP. Conclusions Among AA patients with phyllodes tumors, those with malignant tumors were older and had larger tumors and higher mitotic indices than those with benign disease. AA patients also displayed some of the more rare features of advanced disease and presented with malignancy near the highest reported frequency.
High Polymer Content 2,5‐Pyridine‐Polybenzimidazole Copolymer Membranes with Improved Compressive Properties

Three series of polybenzimidazole (PBI) random copolymers (2,5-pyridine-r-meta-PBI, 2,5-pyridine-r-para-PBI, and 2,5-pyridine-r-2OH-PBI) were synthesized and cast into phosphoric acid (PA) doped membranes using the PolyPhosphoric Acid (PPA) Process. Copolymer composition was adjusted using co-monomers that impart high and low solubility characteristics to simultaneously control overall copolymer solubility and gel membrane stability. Measured under a static compressive force at 180 °C, copolymer membranes generally exhibited decreased creep compliance with increasing polymer content. Within each series of copolymer membranes, increasing polymer contents proportionally reduced the phosphoric acid/polymer repeat unit (PA/PRU) ratios and their respective proton conductivities. Some copolymer membranes exhibited comparable fuel cell performances (up to 0.66 V at 0.2 A cm−2 following break-in) to para-PBI (0.68 V at 0.2 A cm−2) and equal to 3,5-pyridine-based high solids membranes. Furthermore, 2,5-pyridine copolymer membranes maintained a consistent fuel cell voltage of >0.6 V at 0.2 A cm−2 for over 8600 h under steady-state operation conditions. Phosphoric acid loss was monitored during long-term studies and demonstrated acid losses as low as 5.55 ng cm−2 h−1. The high-temperature creep resistance and long-term operational stabilities of the 2,5-pyridine copolymer membranes suggest that they are excellent candidates for use in extended lifetime electrochemical applications.
Chapter 18 Limitations on conclusions using scales of measurement

Publisher Summary This chapter provides guidance on the types of conclusions that can be drawn from scales of measurement. Some simple examples of meaningful and meaningless statements are provided. A statement that is true but meaningless gives information that is an accident of the scale of measurement used, not information that describes the population in some fundamental way. Hence, it is appropriate to calculate the mean of ordinal data, it just is not appropriate to say that the mean of one group is higher than the mean of another group. Structural modelling (SM) is a term used for a variety of techniques developed to understand the properties of complex systems or complex decision-making problems. In many practical problems of detection, decision-making, or pattern recognition, the methods for clustering alternatives into groups are used.
Pathological behaviors provoked by dopamine agonist therapy of Parkinson's disease

The dopamine agonist medications, pramipexole and ropinirole, are commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease. These two drugs have a highly specific affinity for cerebral D3 receptors, known to be localized to the mesolimbic system. Herein is described a common side effect of these drugs, encountered in our routine clinical practice: pathological behaviors. This includes excessive gambling, hypersexuality, shopping, hyperphagia or obsessive hobbying, which may develop in up to 30% of people taking higher agonist doses. In contrast, treatment with the dopamine precursor, levodopa, in the absence of D3 agonist therapy very rarely provokes such behavioral syndromes. Although these agonist-induced behaviors have been called "impulse control disorders", the problem is not simply loss of impulse control, but rather a novel obsessive-compulsion directed at one or a few behaviors, often taking on pathological proportions. This experience points to the dopamine D3 receptor as a potential therapeutic target for gambling, sex or other addictions occurring spontaneously in the general population.
Transdiagnostic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Anxiety With the Unified Protocol A Clinical Replication Series

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, debilitating disorder with recurrent manic and depressive episodes. More than 75% of bipolar patients have a current or lifetime diagnosis of a comorbid anxiety disorder. Comorbid anxiety in BD is associated with greater illness severity, greater functional impairment, and poorer illness-related outcomes. Effectively treating comorbid anxiety in individuals with BD has been recognized as one of the biggest unmet needs in the field of BD. Recently, the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) was developed to be applicable to the full range of anxiety and mood disorders, based on converging evidence from genetics, cognitive and affective neuroscience, and behavioral research suggesting common, core emotion-related pathology. Here, the authors present a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of the UP for the treatment of BD with comorbid anxiety, in a clinical replication series consisting of three cases.
Modeling the effect of particle clustering on the mechanical behavior of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites

The degree of clustering of particles has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). The clustered particles act as crack initiation sites and generally have a negative effect on tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue strength of the composite [1–10]. Murphy et al. [9] examined the tensile behavior of a 20% SiC particle reinforced Al–Si composite with different degrees of clustering (by controlling the cooling rate during solidification of the composite). It was shown that an increase in particle clustering yielded a higher work hardening rate, with a significant reduction in ductility. It has been suggested that the matrix flow in the particle cluster is significantly constrained, which results in the premature local onset of crack initiation [10–12]. Very few studies have explicitly modeled the effect of particle clustering [10–14]. Segurado et al. [10] recently investigated the effect of particle clustering on stress–strain behavior using the finite element method (FEM). They found that if particle cracking is not considered in the model, the influence of particle clustering on the predicted stress–strain behavior is not significant. While crack propagation was not explicitly modeled, the fraction of fractured particles as a function of applied strain was estimated by incorporating a Weibull distribution in strength of the particles. It was found that the presence of clustering greatly increased the fraction of fractured particles. In this study, we have conducted a two-dimensional FEM simulation to quantify the effect of clustering on local and macroscopic stress–strain behavior of Al–SiCp composites. The models explicitly incorporate cracking of the particles for two levels of particle clustering. Two model Al/SiCp microstructures, consisting of circular SiC particles arranged to obtain very different degrees of clustering, were generated using image analysis (Image J, Bethesda, MD, USA). A detailed description of the image segmentation process is given elsewhere [15]. The SiC particles were represented as circular particles and the area fraction of particles was kept constant at 30%. Several techniques have been used to quantify clustering of particles in a composite [2, 16, 17]. Yang et al. [16] have shown that the coefficient-of-variance of the mean nearneighbor distance (COVd) is particularly sensitive and effective in characterizing clustering. This parameter is also relatively insensitive to particle volume fraction, size, and morphology. COVd can be described by the following equation [16]:
Immobilized ECM molecules and the effects of concentration and surface type on the control of NSC differentiation

New developments in growth factor and pharmaceutical control of cells for neural regenerative strategies have built a need for high throughput assays to conveniently screen these treatments in vitro before moving to more complex experiments. Towards this application, we have studied an easy and highly reproducible culture regime with a renewable cell source for central nervous system (CNS) strategies. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from the CNS are attractive for use in screening assay because they are easily expanded and can differentiate into all major CNS cell types. NSCs were cultured on glass alone or methacrylamide chitosan (MAC) hydrogel coated glass substrates, immobilized with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins collagen and laminin at varying densities. Proteins were also adsorbed on the surfaces as a control. We found that adsorbed protein on hydrogel coated glass resulted in the highest cell densities after 8 d, over twice the density of immobilized groups or adsorbed protein on glass. No significant differences were observed between collagen, laminin, or both proteins together regarding cell differentiation (p > 0.05); however, the morphological spreading and branching of differentiated NSC processes was enhanced on MAC substrates with covalently immobilized laminin protein. The results of this study suggest that a soft MAC hydrogel surface with adsorbed protein would be most desirable for specifying neuronal differentiation of large numbers of stem cells due to the high cellularities they supported. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3419–3428, 2014.
Real-time performance analysis of Adaptive Link Rate

High speed links are widely deployed in modern day computer networks to meet the ever growing needs for increasing data bandwidth. However, with the increase in the link rate, the power consumption of the network interfaces increases exponentially, compounding growing concerns about network power consumption. Fortunately, network traffic characteristics show that rapid link rates are not always required. During times of reduced network traffic, the adaptive link rate (ALR) mechanism allows link rates to be reduced with little impact on network performance. Current research has focused on policies to control when and how to change link rates, and have shown promising energy savings. However, these works have been largely simulative, and have not addressed many of the challenges involved in implementation. In this paper, we develop a hardware prototype ALR system and address real-time challenges involved in realizing such an implementation. We also identify new considerations for control policy development given current technology capabilities as well as future projections.
Long term stability of Hg/sup +/ trapped ion frequency standards

The standards report the development of a second /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ linear ion trap (LIT) based frequency standard to provide a capability for measuring stability beyond all existing frequency standards. Increased signal using a second light collection system together with a previously demonstrated atomic line Q /spl ap/ 2 /spl times/ 10/sup 12/ yields a performance better than /spl sigma//sub y/ (/spl tau/ = 7 /spl times/ 10/sup -14///spl tau//sup 1/2/). Sensitivity to the leading perturbations are measured to identify regulation requirements to obtain a stability of 10/sup -16/. >
An element-free Galerkin method for three-dimensional fracture mechanics

The application of a coupled finite element--- element-free Galerkin (EFG) method to problems in three-dimensional fracture is presented. The EFG method is based on moving least square (MLS) approximations and uses only a set of nodal points and a CAD-like description of the body to formulate the discrete model. The EFG method is coupled with the finite element method which allows for the use of the EFG method in the crack region and the finite element method to model the remainder of the problem. Domain integral methods are used to evaluate stress intensity factors along the 3D crack front. Both planar and volume representations of the domain integrals are considered. The former require derivatives of stress and strain which are readily obtainable in the EFG method due to the C 1 continuity of the MLS approximations used here. Applications of the method to the determination of stress intensity factors along planar cracks in 3D are presented.
Willy Loman's lesson: Teaching identity management with Death of a Salesman

(1991). Willy Loman's lesson: Teaching identity management with Death of a Salesman. Communication Education: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 219-224.
Demonstration for integrating capacitive pressure sensors with read-out circuitry on stainless steel substrate

Abstract Capacitive pressure sensors have lots of potential for commercial applications. However, successful commercial exploitation of highly miniaturized capacitive sensors is often inhibited by the presence of parasitic effects such as environmental noise and parasitic capacitances. Therefore, to alleviate the problems encountered in the capacitive pressure sensor approach, it is important to integrate the sensors and the circuitry as directly as possible. This paper builds on preliminary work reported previously by us [Sens. Actuators A 101 (2002) 231] and focuses on direct integration of read-out circuitry with microfabricated microsensors. These capacitive pressure sensors with three-candidate diaphragm materials (Kapton polyimide film, stainless steel, and titanium) are demonstrated the integration with read-out circuitry on stainless steel substrate. Several approaches for the demonstration of integration have been taken and their various degrees of successes are examined. As the final stage of this study, a commercially available MS3110 Universal Capacitive Read-out IC from Microsensors Inc. in its un-packaged, die-type was used. This chip in its die-form was integrated via wirebonding to the microfabricated sensors. The sensors that are tested using the IC have only the metal diaphragms of stainless steel. The measured value of relative voltage change is 2.85% over the applied pressure range from 0 to 75 kPa. This sensor contains a gap of 21 μm and has a sensitivity of 0.92 mV/kPa.
"on my way": deceptive texting and interpersonal awareness narratives

Managing one's availability for interaction with others is an increasingly complex act, involving multiple media and the sharing of many types of information. In this paper we draw on a field study of 183 SMS users to introduce the idea of the "interpersonal awareness narrative" -- the coherent, plausible and sometimes deceptive stories that people tell each other about their availability and activities. We examine participants' use of deception in these accounts, and focus in particular on "butler lies," those lies told to enter or exit conversations or to arrange other interactions. We argue that participants use this type of deception in SMS strategically, drawing on the inherent ambiguities of SMS while maintaining plausible narratives.
Establishment of an oriP/EBNA1-based episomal vector transcribing human genomic β-globin in cultured murine fibroblasts

A novel oriP/EBNA1-based episomal vector has been constructed that persists episomally in cultured murine fibroblasts. The vector, pBH148, is equipped with the entire 185-kb human beta-globin gene locus. After amplification in bacteria, column-purified episomal pBH148 was transfected into both cultured EBNA1-expressing human D98/Raji positive control fusion cells (DRpBH148) and cultured EBNA1-negative murine fibroblast cells (A9pBH148). Cell cultures were maintained concurrently with and without hygromycin selection for a period of 3 months. We show long-term stable episome maintenance of the full-size 200-kb circular double-stranded pBH148 in both the DRpBH148 cultures and the A9pBH148 cultures, regardless of selective pressure by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot. EBNA1 transgene was detected by PCR in all transfected cultures. In addition, we were able to detect correctly spliced human beta-globin mRNA by RT-PCR in all transfected late-passage DRpBH148 and A9pBH148 cell cultures. These findings illustrate that this oriP/EBNA1-based episomal vector is stable in a previously nonpermissive murine cell line and is a potential vector for human gene therapy.
Vitamin A supplements and hypoxanthine-uric acid and nucleotide content of selected beef muscles.

SUMMARY— Longissimus dorsi (two positions), biceps femoris, gluteus medius, and rectus femoris muscles from 16 Charolais-Hereford crossbred and 16 Hereford straightbred heifers on supplements of Vitamin A ranging from 0 to 6000 I.U. per lb ration were analyzed in the raw state. From 12 of the Charolais-Hereford crossbred and 12 of the Hereford straight-bred carcasses, loin steaks at three positions within the longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed after cooking. Phosphorylated compounds having absorbance at 248 mμ, hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, and total moisture were determined in both raw and cooked tissue. In raw tissue, phosphorylation was higher and hypoxanthine-uric acid was lower for longissimus dorsi than for the other muscles (P < .01). Differences between two positions in longissimus dorsi muscle were statistically nonsignificant. Significant differences (P < .05) were found for hypoxanthine-uric acid and pH among Vitamin A supplements by analysis of variance techniques. Charolais-Hereford crossbred heifers tended to have larger quantities of hypoxanthine-uric acid than did Hereford straightbred heifers. In cooked loin steaks a breed × vitamin supplement linear interaction was significant (P < .051 for hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, and intensity of flavor and a quadratic trend (P < .05) for total moisture. Among steak positions, hypoxanthine-uric acid differences were significant (P < .011 and there was a significant linear trend (P < .01) for hypoxanthine-uric acid, pH, total moisture and intensity of flavor and also a linear trend (P < .05) for juiciness. There was a significant vitamin × position interaction (P < .011 and breed × vitamin × position intertction (P < .011) for hypoxanthine-uric acid. Cooked loin steaks from Charolais-Hereford crossbred heifers had slightly higher apparent IMP and hypoxanthine-uric acid values than steaks from Hereford straightbred carcasses. Average flavor desirability scores were slightly higher for Hereford straightbred heifers than for the Charolais-Hereford crossbreds, although the differences were not found statistically significant. Total moisture and average juiciness sensory scores were significantly different (respectively P < .01 and P < .05) among loin steak positions. Size and location of muscle within the carcass, cooling rate, pH of tissue, inter-and intramuscular fat, and lean muscle mass are some factors believed to affect nucleotide degradation and content of hypoxanthine-uric acid.
Female mice ultrasonically interact with males during courtship displays.

Male songbirds are famous for using singing to attract mates, and many other animals also make noises as part of their mating rituals. Male mice, for example, are known to make high-pitched noises as they court females—but these noises are beyond the range of human hearing. The scent of female mice is enough to cause male mice to start ‘singing’, and female mice are attracted to the male's song. Many studies have examined how these songs affect the mating behavior of the mice. But it was not always easy for a researcher to tell which mouse in the pair was making the sounds, because the mice make no obvious movements when they sing. Neunuebel et al. have now used many microphones arranged closely together to accurately pinpoint the singing individuals in a cage full of mice. Unexpectedly, this approach revealed that female mice join the males in song when courting. This challenges the long held belief that only male mice sing to communicate their courtship interests, and suggests that previous studies may have incorrectly attributed sounds from female mice as coming from males instead. Neunuebel et al. showed that as a male mouse pursues a female, both may sing. When females sing, they slow down; this makes it easier for the male to catch them. Females who don't respond to the male's song, however, keep up the pace. This suggests the song may be a way for the female mouse to indicate that she is interested in mating with her suitor. The next step will be to measure whether the noises that a female makes change depending on the identity of the suitor. Previous research has shown that female mice have more and healthier pups when they are paired with a male that they choose as opposed to a random male. The same microphone array could now be used to see whether female mice ‘say’ different things when paired with a male they like versus a male they don’t.
Role of microfilaments in maintenance of proximal tubule structural and functional integrity.

To determine the selective effect of microfilament disruption on both cellular structure and function, microfilament-specific doses of cytochalasin D (10 microM) were used in an isolated perfused kidney system. Structurally, cytochalasin D resulted in extensive disruption of the apical surface with blebbing, vacuolization, and patchy loss and fusion of microvilli. Functionally, cytochalasin D resulted in an initial decrease in glomerular filtration rate (300.8 +/- 29.9 vs. 541.6 +/- 51 microliters.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.05) with subsequent stabilization throughout the duration of the perfusion. In contrast, the tubular reabsorption of sodium decreased significantly in a linear fashion from 97.1 +/- 0.7 to 64.3 +/- 7.0% over the duration of the perfusion. Similarly, the tubular reabsorption of lithium decreased linearly from 74.8 +/- 2.6%, before the addition of cytochalasin, to 33.6 +/- 6.8% by the end of the perfusion. Correlation of the decrements in percent tubular reabsorption of sodium and lithium for individual kidneys was 0.87 (P less than 0.01), suggesting the effect of microfilament disruption on tubular reabsorption of sodium was localized primarily to the proximal tubule. Because ischemic injury is characterized by time-dependent structural alterations in the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells, we set out to determine whether microfilament disruption occurs during ischemic acute renal failure. Utilizing indirect immunofluorescence with an anti-actin antibody, control kidneys demonstrated intact circumferential apical immunofluorescence representing brush-border and terminal web actin staining. Fifteen minutes of ischemia resulted in multiple large gaps in the terminal web, and 50 min of ischemia caused diffuse redistribution of actin immunofluorescence throughout the cytoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Physicalism Requires Functionalism: A New Formulation and Defense of the Via Negativa

How should ‘the physical’ be defined for the purpose of formulating physicalism? In this paper I defend a version of the via negativa according to which a property is physical just in case it is neither fundamentally mental nor possibly realized by a fundamentally mental property. The guiding idea is that physicalism requires functionalism, and thus that being a type identity theorist requires being a realizer-functionalist. In §1 I motivate my approach partly by arguing against Jessica Wilson's no fundamental mentality constraint. In §2 I set out my preferred definition of ‘the physical’ and make my case that physicalism requires functionalism. In §3 I defend my proposal by attacking the leading alternative account of ‘the physical,’ the theory-based conception. Finally, in §4 I draw on my definition, together with Jaegwon Kim's account of intertheoretic reduction, to defend the controversial view that physicalism requires a priori physicalism.
Tilt Table Test & Misdiagnosis of Epilepsy (P02.169)

Objective: To discuss four cases, where diagnosis of epilepsy was missed secondary to an “abnormal tilt table test.” Background Although patho-physiologically distinct, syncope and seizures share clinical characteristics which may make diagnosis difficult. Syncope may be associated with seizure-like motor manifestations, and seizures may be complicated by cardiac arrhythmia and loss of consciousness. Over the last decade, upright tilt table testing has emerged as an important diagnostic method for the identification of individuals whose syncope is likely to be neurocardiogenic in origin. Design/Methods: We studied all the patients referred to our epilepsy center for evaluation of loss of consciousness between ages 18 to 65 years. This included all outpatient referrals and direct admits to the video-EEG monitoring (VEEM) unit over one year. The diagnosis of epilepsy was made based on the presence of strong interictal EEG abnormalities, or ictal EEG abnormality correlating with the events to suggest the diagnosis of epilepsy. Results: We diagnosed four patients with epilepsy, who were previously diagnosed with syncope based on “abnormal tilt-table test.” Two patients were diagnosed based on outpatient EEG, during which one patient had clinical and electrographic seizure and the other one had strong evidence of interictal generalized spikes. The remaining two patients had prolonged VEEM, and multiple events were captured, which confirmed the diagnosis of epilepsy. At present time, three out of four patients are seizures-free with appropriate antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and one has improved dramatically with addition of AEDs. Conclusions: Although the vast majority of patients that neurologist encounters in day to day life with possible syncope truly suffer from syncope, a small fraction of them may have epilepsy. The correct diagnosis can often be made if emphasis is put on adequate history taking instead of overemphasis on unnecessary ancillary testing. Disclosure: Dr. Jain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bozorg has nothing to disclose.
2D X-Ray Radiography of Imploding Capsules at the National Ignition Facility

First measurements of the in-flight shape of imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were obtained by using two-dimensional x-ray radiography. The sequence of area-backlit, time-gated pinhole images is analyzed for implosion velocity, low-mode shape and density asymmetries, and the absolute offset and center-of-mass velocity of the capsule shell. The in-flight shell is often observed to be asymmetric even when the concomitant core self-emission is round. $\mathrm{A}\ensuremath{\sim}15\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ shell asymmetry amplitude of the ${Y}_{40}$ spherical harmonic mode was observed for standard NIF ICF hohlraums at a shell radius of $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ (capsule at $\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ radial compression). This asymmetry is mitigated by a $\ensuremath{\sim}10%$ increase in the hohlraum length.
Imaging of Pericardiophrenic Bundles Using Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography for Phrenic Nerve Anatomy.

CT Imaging for Phrenic Nerve AnatomyIntroduction Phrenic nerve injury and diaphragmatic stimulation are common complications following arrhythmia ablation and pacing therapies. Preoperative comprehension of phrenic nerve anatomy via non-invasive CT imaging may help to minimize the electrophysiological procedure-related complications. Methods Coronary CT angiography data of 121 consecutive patients were collected. Imaging of left and right pericardiophrenic bundles was performed with volume rendering and multi-planar reformation techniques. The shortest spatial distances between phrenic nerves and key electrophysiology-related structures were determined. The frequencies of the shortest distances ≤5 mm, >5 mm and direct contact between phrenic nerves and adjacent structures were calculated. Results Left and right pericardiophrenic bundles were identified in 86.8% and 51.2% of the patients, respectively. The right phrenic nerve was <5 mm from right superior and inferior pulmonary veins in 92.0% and 3.2% of the patients, respectively. The percentage of right phrenic nerve, <5 mm from right atrium, superior caval vein, and superior caval vein-right atrium junction was 87.1%, 100%, and 62.9%, respectively. Left phrenic nerve was <5 mm from left atrial appendage, great cardiac vein, anterior and posterior interventricular veins, and left ventricular posterior veins in 81.9%, 1.0%, 39.1%, 28.6%, and 91.4% of the patients, respectively. Merely 0.06% left phrenic nerve had a distance <5 mm with left superior pulmonary vein, and none left phrenic nerve showed a distance <5 mm with left inferior pulmonary vein. Conclusion One-stop enhanced CT scanning enabled detection of phrenic nerve anatomy, which might facilitate avoidance of the phrenic nerve-related complications in interventional electrophysiology.
Products quality control strategy of distribution channel in three-echelon supply chain under the condition of R&D motivation

Based on four-stage Stackelberg dynamic game analysis,this paper constructs products quality control model of distribution channel in three-echelon supply chain which is composed by one manufacturer,two retailers and the final customers,and studies how to make products quality control decision and design distribution channel strategy with RD motivation.We develop three types of distribution channel strategy model(direct channel strategy,indirect channel strategy and mixed channel strategy),and analyze the distribution channel strategy with RD motivation how to influence manufacturer's products quality decision,retailer's products purchase decision,expected profits function and the customer's consumer surplus.Our paper will demonstrate that:when there exists RD motivation,products quality level,wholesales price and retailing price will increase,the manufacturer's profits will decrease,the retailer's profits and the customer's consumer surplus will increase;when the manufacturer chooses indirect channel strategy,the products quality level and retailing price will reduce,the customer's consumer surplus will also decrease;when the manufacturer who chooses low products quality takes indirect channel strategy,the customer's consumer surplus will increase;when the manufacturer who chooses high products quality takes indirect channel strategy,the customer's consumer surplus will be lowest,our conclusions will be a strong complement in the research field.Above all,we conduct an example analysis,the numerical computing results prove the model's effective and conclusion's corrective,which will indicate the further specific application direction in practice.
Analysis of pathogen contamination in food contaminants of 2010 in tongliao

Objective Through the research on the contamination of the main food-borne pathogenic bacteria in food with the large consumption and wide circulation in Tongliao City,rainforcing the risk assessment of food and establishing risk management decision-making in Tongliao to reduce the population of incidencing food-borne disease.Methods According to the detection methods in the Ministry of Health of national foodborne pathogens monitoring manual in 2010.Results Detecting 8 pathogenic bacterias in all of 317 collected samples.The strains of Salmonellas were nine in all of 317 collected samples,and the detection rate is 3.00%.There were 15 strains of Listeria mononuclear in 183 samples,13 strains of Staphylococcus aureus in 150 samples,3 strains of Vibrio parahemolyticus in 75 samples,the detection rate was 8.20%,8.67%,4.00%,respectively.However,Ban Enterobacter sakazakii.,E.O157:H7/NM, Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio vulnificus were not detected in all of those samples.Conclusions The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food can pose a potential health hazard to people,so we should strengthen the health monitor and control of food-borne diseases.
Incidence of right heart catheterization in patients initiated on pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies: A population-based study

Background Pulmonary hypertension represents a heterogeneous collection of conditions classified into 5 groups according to pathology, pathophysiology and response to treatment. Right heart catheterization is required to classify patients and before initiation of specific therapy for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine performance of right heart catheterization in patients prescribed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-specific medications. Methods A retrospective review of administrative claims was performed using the Clinformatics Data Mart database. Individuals with an encounter diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension were identified by ICD-9 codes. An initial encounter diagnosis was defined as continuous enrollment for 12 months without a previous ICD-9 diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. These individuals were followed for 15 months after initial encounter diagnosis. Individuals prescribed PAH-specific medications were assessed for characteristics, comorbidities and performance of echocardiography and right heart catheterization. Results From 2002 to 2011, 15,772 patients had an outpatient visit with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. From the initial group, 969 (6.1%) patients were prescribed PAH-specific medications within 1 year of encounter diagnosis. Oral PAH-specific medications were prescribed to 94.2% of patients. In patients prescribed PAH-specific medications, 91% had an echocardiogram within 1 year of encounter diagnosis. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 407 patients (42%) within 3 months of initial prescription and in 583 patients (60.2%) during the entire study period. Conclusion Performance of right heart catheterization was low in this population-based study of patients with an ICD-9 diagnosis code of pulmonary hypertension and taking PAH-specific medications.
A technique to determine the fastest age-adjusted masters marathon world records.

This study’s purpose was to develop and employ a technique to determine the fastest masters marathon world records (WR), ages 35–79 years, adjusted for age (WRadj). From single-age WR data, a best-fit polynomial curve (WRpred1) was developed for the larger age range of 29–80 years for women and 30–80 years for men to improve curve stability in the 35–79 years range. Due to the relatively large degree of data scatter about the curve and the resultant age bias in favor of older runners, a subsample was constituted consisting of those with the lowest WR/WRpred1 ratio within each five-year age group (N = 11). A new polynomial best-fit curve (WRpred2) was developed from this subsample to become the standard against which WR would be compared across age. WRadj was computed from WR/WRpred2 for all runners, 35–79 years, from which the top ten fastest were then determined. The WRpred2 model reduced data scatter and eliminated the age bias. Tatyana Pozdniakova, 50 years, WR = 2:31:05, WRadj = 2:12:40; and Ed Whitlock, 73 years, WR = 2:54:48, WRadj = 1:59:57, had the fastest WRadj for women and men, respectively. This technique of iterative curve-fitting may be an optimal way of determining the fastest masters WRadj and may also be useful in better understanding the upper limits of human performance by age.
Saposins and Their Precursor, Prosaposin

スフィンゴリピドは高等動物の細胞膜の普遍的な構成成分で、特に、神経系に高濃度で存在している。それらは、膜の外側にむき出されるようにして存在し、多様な生命現象の本質にキー分子として関与しているものと推定されている。それらの持つ決定的な機能に関しては未だ明確な答えが得られてはいないが、それらの代謝については、いろいろな側面からの解析がなされている。スフィンゴリピドは、高等生物の細胞では、リソソームに存在する一連の加水分解酵素の作用によって代謝分解される。それら加水分解酵素のうちの一つでも欠損した場合には、組織にスフィンゴリピドの蓄積を引き起こし、重度の神経障害を主徴とした、いわゆる、スフィンゴリピドーシスを発症する。過去30年の間に、いくつかのスフィンゴリピド加水分解酵素が、耐熱性の非酵素性タンパク質、スフィンゴリピド活性化タンパク質、の助けを必要とすることが指摘された。そのようなタンパク質として4種のタンパク質、サポシンA-D、の存在が知られている。それらは分子量12-15kDaの糖タンパク質で、お互いに高いアミノ酸配列の相同性を持っている。重要なこととして、各分子中に存在する6個のすべてのシステイン残基、1カ所のN-グリコシレーションサイト、そして、タンパク質のターン構造に影響を与えるプロリン残基はほぼ完全に保存されている。すべてのシステイン残基は分子内ジスルフィド結合に与っており、サポシンの構造をコンパクトかつ異常なまでに安定化している。また、その結果として、サポシン分子は両親媒性の構造を獲得している。すべてのサポシンは単一の前駆体タンパク質であるプロサポシン上に別々のドメインとしてコードされている。本総説では、サポシンについて、その発生、スフィンゴリピドの加水分解に対する活性化因子としての機能、および、リピド転移タンパク質としての機能について概説する。さらに、サポシンの持つ歴史、現在までに知られている機能、そしてサポシン研究の展望についても言及する。また、最近見い出されたプロサポシンの神経栄養因子としての機能についても概説する。
Editorial Comment—Alcohol and Stroke

According to the seventh edition of Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary , the definition of labyrinth is “something extremely tortuous or complex in structure, arrangement, or character.” The investigator who studies the relations of alcohol drinking to stroke chooses a tortuous path. Multiple issues need consideration. (1) Stroke is not one disease. There are disparities in risk factors of the major stroke types, hemorrhagic stroke (HS), and ischemic stroke (IS), and of their subdivisions.1–5 (2) Several cardiovascular conditions have independent relations to alcohol drinking and also to ≥1 stroke types; these include systemic hypertension (HTN), dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease.6,7 (3) As always with respect to alcohol, light-moderate and heavy drinking play quite different roles. (4) Cigarette smoking, a strong adverse predictor of HS and IS, is correlated with alcohol drinking and must be carefully controlled. (5) Drinking pattern and beverage choice play a role; binge drinking, in particular, increases risk.1 (6) Drinking habits change. (7) Nonalcohol components of specific beverages might play a role. (8) There are potential interactions of alcohol with antithrombotic …
Onlay with Adhesive Use Compared with Sublay Mesh Placement in Ventral Hernia Repair: Was Chevrel Right? An Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative Analysis

Background The use of mesh during ventral hernia repair (VHR) is a well-accepted concept. However, the ideal location of mesh placement remains strongly debated. Although VHR with onlay mesh placement has historically been associated with a high rate of wound events, this surgical approach is technically less challenging than VHR with sublay mesh placement. The purpose of this study was to compare 30-day wound events after onlay mesh placement with adhesive fixation vs those after sublay mesh placement using the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative database. Study Design All patients undergoing elective, open VHR with synthetic mesh placement from January 2013 through January 2016 were identified within the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative. Only patients with clean wounds were included. Patients were divided into 2 groups: onlay mesh placement with the use of adhesive and sublay mesh placement. The association of mesh location with 30-day wound events was investigated using a matched analysis. Results A total of 1,854 patients met inclusion criteria; 1,761 (95.0%) underwent sublay mesh placement and 93 (5.0%) underwent onlay mesh placement with the use of adhesive. A 2:1 sublay to onlay matched analysis was performed based on factors previously shown to influence wound events after VHR. After matching, both groups had a lower mean Ventral Hernia Working Group grade and fewer associated comorbidities. There was no statistically significant difference between the sublay and onlay groups with respect to 30-day surgical site infections (2.9% vs 5.5%; p = 0.30), surgical site occurrences (15.2% vs 7.7%; p = 0.08), or surgical site occurrences requiring procedural intervention (8.2% vs 5.5%; p = 0.42). Conclusions Ventral hernia repair with onlay mesh placement is a safe alternative to VHR with sublay mesh placement in low-risk patients. Additional studies are needed to determine the long-term mesh outcomes and recurrence rates in both of these groups.
Isoform-specific subcellular localization of Zea mays lipoxygenases and oxo-phytodienoate reductase 2

Abstract Plant 9- and 13-lipoxygenases (9- and 13-LOXs) function in an early step of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway. Here we report diverse subcellular localization profiles of four maize LOX family proteins and one oxo-phytodienoate reductase 2, subcellular localization of which could not be predicted by bioinformatics tools. Fluorescent protein-tagged LOX proteins were transiently expressed in maize B73 protoplasts as well as in stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana. Localization profiles of maize 9-LOXs were more diverse than that of reported 13-LOX isoforms and spanned cytoplasm, plastids and tonoplasts, suggesting compartmentation of different oxylipin production inside of the cells. Localization profiles of maize 9-LOX were mostly consistent between maize and Arabidopsis, suggesting subcellular targeting mechanisms of these isoforms are conserved between monocots and dicots.