cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long term efficacy and patient satisfaction of microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia

Abstract The aim of our study was to evaluate the long term efficacy of microvascular decompression (MVD) and gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) with respect to pain relief and patient satisfaction. Both these modalities are accepted modalities of treatment for intractable trigeminal neuralgia. We excluded deceased patients, those who had a prior intervention and those requiring an additional intervention following initial treatment. A total of 69 patients were included in the study. Of these, 49 patients underwent treatment by GKRS and 20 by MVD. Pain status was assessed using the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain scale. The median follow up was 5.3 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to initial pain relief (100% MVD, 84% GKRS; p = 0.055). There was no significant difference in pain recurrence between the two groups (39% GKRS, 20% MVD; p = 0.133). At last follow up, 85% of patients who underwent MVD had total pain relief (BNI scale I) compared to only 45% of GKRS patients (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the patient satisfaction with respect to undergoing the same procedure again (90% MVD, 69% GKRS; p = 0.1) and recommending it to family members (95% MVD, 84% GKRS; p = 0.2). MVD offered total pain relief in a significantly higher number of patients than GKRS. There was no significant difference in the patient satisfaction rate between the two groups.
On a class of ideals in an algebraic number field

Abstract Let k be an algebraic number field and let θ be the ring of integers of k. We define for each positive n and each prime ideal p of θ a nonnegative integer rn( p ) as follows: if n = Σi = 0tkiqi is the q-adic expansion of n where q = N p , set rn( p ) = (n − Σi = 0tki)/(q − 1). We then set J n(k) = Π p p rn( p ) where the product is taken over all prime ideals of θ. Of course J n(Q) = (n!). Properties of the ideals J n(k) are investigated. For instance, we prove: Suppose f(x) ∈ θ[x] is primitive of degree m and dk(f) = the ideal in θ generated by the elements f(α), α ∈ θ, then dk(f) divides J m(k). We also associate with each extension K of k of degree m an ideal J (K/k) which divides J m(k). Properties of J (K/k) are established.
Foundations for a Novel Emergency Medicine Subspecialty: Sex, Gender, and Women's Health

Sex and gender affect all aspects of health and disease, including pathophysiology, epidemiology, presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Sex- and gender-specific medicine (SGM) is a rapidly developing field rooted in women's health; however, inclusion of SGM in emergency medicine (EM) is currently lacking. Incorporating principles of sex, gender, and women's health into emergency care and training curricula is an important first step toward establishing a novel subspecialty. EM is an ideal specialty to cultivate this new field because of its broad interdisciplinary nature, increasing numbers of patient visits, and support from academic medical centers to promote expertise in women's health. This article describes methods used to establish a new multidisciplinary training program in sex, gender, and women's health based in a department of EM. Women's health and SGM program initiatives span clinical care, patient education, clinical research, resident and fellow training, and faculty development. Resumen El genero y el sexo afectan a todos los aspectos de la salud y la enfermedad, incluyendo la fisiopatologia, la epidemiologia, la atencion, el tratamiento y los resultados. La medicina especifica de genero y sexo (MGS) es un campo en rapido desarrollo basado en la salud de la mujer; sin embargo, la inclusion de la MGS en la Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (MUE) es escasa en la actualidad. La incorporacion de los principios de genero, sexo y salud de la mujer a la atencion de urgencias y emergencias y el plan de formacion es un primer paso importante para establecer una nueva subespecialidad. La MUE es una especialidad ideal para cultivar este nuevo campo debido a su amplia naturaleza interdisciplinar, el incremento del numero de visitas de pacientes y el soporte de los centros medicos academicos para promover expertos en salud de la mujer. Este articulo describe los metodos usados para establecer un nuevo programa de formacion multidisciplinar en genero, sexo y salud de la mujer basado en un servicio de MUE. La salud de la mujer y las iniciativas del programa de la MGS abarcan la atencion clinica, la formacion del paciente, la investigacion clinica, la formacion de residentes y adjuntos y el desarrollo academico.
Abstract 2274: Metformin use and risk of lung cancer in patients with diabetes.

Observational studies suggest that cancer incidence is lower in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin, relative to patients treated with other diabetes medications. The few studies to examine metformin use in relation to lung cancer risk, however, have produced inconsistent results. To clarify this relationship, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 50,722 adults aged 40 years or older included in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry, who completed a mailed survey administered in 1994 to 1996 on health-related traits and behaviors. All prescribed diabetes medications were identified for each patient from pharmacy records. Patients were followed for lung cancer from 1997 to 2009, with a median follow-up of 8.1 years. Using Cox regression, with age as the time scale, rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate risk of lung cancer associated with new use of metformin, adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, income, education level, diabetes duration, baseline measures of hemoglobin A1c and creatinine, and ever use of other types of diabetes medications. Measures of metformin use, along with ever use for each type of diabetes medication, were modeled as time-dependent variables. During 389,887 person-years of follow-up, 685 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer. The adjusted RR for ever use of metformin was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.79-1.14). For duration of metformin use, the adjusted RRs for Citation Format: Lori C. Sakoda, Ninah S. Achacoso, Charles P. Quesenberry, Tiffany Peng, Samantha F. Ehrlich, Assiamira Ferrara, Laurel A. Habel. Metformin use and risk of lung cancer in patients with diabetes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2274. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2274
Global Prevalence of Strongyloidiasis: Critical Review with Epidemiologic Insights into the Prevention of Disseminated Disease

Opportunistic disseminated strongyloidiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. However, the worldwide prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis is difficult to determine because adequate data are lacking. In this paper more than 100 epidemiologic studies reporting on the prevalence of S. stercoralis among various populations on five continents are critically reviewed. Analysis of this information indicates that the following groups of people may be at risk: residents of an emigrants from any developing country and southern, eastern, and central Europe; travelers and veterans returning from endemic areas; natives and residents of the Appalachian region in the United States and local endemic areas in other countries; and institutionalized persons. Because disseminated infections may be prevented by early treatment of asymptomatic chronic infections, screening programs are recommended to detect latent S. stercoralis infection before the initiation of chemotherapy or immunosuppression in patients at risk. Serologic tests are sensitive and specific but are not yet widely available. Thus strong suspicion based on clinical and epidemiologic clues in conjunction with repeated stool examinations remains the best way to rule out S. stercoralis infection in these groups.
Annealing studies of coupled Si3N4 and SiO2 films

Etude effectuee en vue de clarifier le mecanisme de formation de Si 2 NO SmSi 5 N 4 oxyde en presentant les resultats obtenues au cours des etudes de recut de films Si 3 N 4 et SiO 2 couples
Improving human computer interaction in a classroom environment using computer vision

In this paper we discuss our use of multi-modal input to improve human computer interaction. Specifically we look at the methods used in the Intelligent Classroom to combine multiple input modes, and examine in particular the visual input modes. The Classroom provides context that improves the functioning of the visual input modes. It also determines which visual input modes are needed when. We examine a number of visual input modes to see how they fit into the general scheme, and look at how the Classroom controls their operation.
DEMONSTRATING THE RELIABILITY THE DIFFERENCE SCORE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF CHANGE

The reliability of the difference score (a.k.a., gain score) has been one of the most discussed, yet least understood, topics in the measurement of change. Demonstrations of the lack of reliability of the difference score are prevalent. Most discussions of the reliability of the difference score in the measurement of change literature have recited and served to document the assertions by Lord that "differences between scores tend to be much more unreliable than the scores themselves" (1956, p. 429) and that "the difference between two fallible measures is frequently much more fallible than either" (1963, p. 32). Rogosa, Brandt, and Zimowski (1982) explained that these assertions are accurate only in extreme, yet frequently examined, situations.' The reliability of a measure represents the ability of that measure to distinguish among individuals on a particular trait or true score. Hence, when all individuals display nearly the same true change, naturally the difference score is unable to adequately distinguish the true change among the individuals. Consequently, the reliability of the difference score will be very low. As most previous investigations have emphasized situations for which true change varies little across individuals, it is not surprising that criticisms of the difference score, because of its low reliability, dominate the literature on change. On the other hand, when individual differences in true change do exist, the difference score does a good job in distinguishing among individuals (see Rogosa et al., 1982). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate explicitly that the difference score is reliable in many important situations. We consider measurements on each of n persons at time 1 and at time 2; the observed score for person j (j = 1,... n) is Xij at time 1 and X2j at time 2. We assume a classical test theory model for the observed scores: X,j = l,j + E,j and X2j = t2j + e2j where l,j and ~2j are the true scores for person j at times 1 and 2, respectively, and e,j and E2j are the measurement errors at times 1 and 2. True change for person j is written: Aj = ~2j lj. The difference (gain) score for person j, which estimates the true change, is written: Dj = X2j Xj. The reliabilities of X, and X2 are denoted by p(X,) and p(X2). The reliability of the difference score is denoted by p(D).
Investigation of the Fourier Transform for Analyzing Spectroscopic Data by Computerized Learning Machines

This paper investigates the use of the fast Fourier transform as an aid in the analysis and classification of spectroscopic data. The pattern obtained after transformation is viewed as a weighted average and/or as a frequency representation of the original spectroscopic data. In pattern recognition the Fourier transform allows a different (i.e., a frequency) representation of the data which may prove more amenable to linear separation according to various categories of the patterns. The averaging property means that the information in each dimension of the original pattern is distributed over all dimensions in the pattern resulting from the Fourier transformation. Hence the arbitrary omission or loss of data points in the Fourier spectrum has less effect on the original spectrum. This property is exploited for reducing the dimensionality of the Fourier data so as to minimize data storage requirements and the time required for development of pattern classifiers for categorization of the data. Examples of applications are drawn from low resolution mass spectrometry.
Distribution of cholesterol side-chain cleavage and 11β-hydroxylase in the mitochondria of bovine adrenal cortex: Release by phospholipase A☆

Abstract The intramitochondrial distribution of steroid 11β-hydroxylation and cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria have been studied. Incubation of the mitochondria with phospholipase A followed by differential centrifugation yielded four fractions: supernatant (S3), a low-speed, compact pellet (R2), a low-speed, loosely packed pellet (“interphase”), and a high-speed pellet (K). Steroid 11β-hydroxylation and cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity could be recovered in good yield in the supernatant fraction and separated from the succinate dehydrogenase, succinate oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase activities, and cytochrome (a + a3). By controlled digestion of the mitochondria, the cholesterol sidechain activity could be separated from the 11β-hydroxylation activity and these two activities were released into the supernatant fraction at different rates than were the adenylate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activities. It is concluded that the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity is located in the outer membrane compartment of the bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Electron microscopy supported this conclusion with regard to the distribution of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system, but left unanswered the precise distribution of the steroid 11β-hydroxylase.
Phase-field simulations of intermetallic compound evolution in Cu/Sn solder joints under electromigration

In this work, we present a preliminary model based on the multiphase-field formalism that is used to investigate the evolution of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers in the Cu/Sn solder system under electromigration conditions. The simulation considers the concurrent evolution of the Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 IMC layers under electrochemical driving forces. We use CALPHAD descriptions for the thermodynamics of the bulk phases (Cu, Sn and both IMCs) and incorporate electrochemical contributions to the total free energy of the microstructure in order to simulate the evolution of the interfacial microstructure due to mass–current couplings. The simulation considers grain-boundary diffusion as the dominant mechanism for chemical-potential-driven mass flux. The simulation considers the effect of current density and polarity on the growth of IMCs. The simulations are in turn compared to experimental measurements of growth rates, morphology of IMC grains and evolution of interface roughness. The analysis of experiments and simulations suggest that back-stress resulting from the non-equilibrium vacancy generation due to diffusive flux imbalance among the individual diffusants (Cu and Sn) plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the IMC layers. Overall, the simulations and experiments show good qualitative agreement.
Identification of EGFRvIII-derived CTL epitopes restricted by HLA A0201 for dendritic cell based immunotherapy of gliomas.

The type III variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) mutation is present in 20–25% of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). EGFRvIII is not expressed in normal tissue and is therefore a suitable candidate antigen for dendritic cell (DC) based immunotherapy of GBM. To identify the antigenic epitope(s) that may serve as targets for EGFRvIII-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the peptide sequence of EGFRvIII was screened with two software programs to predict candidate epitopes restricted by the major histocompatibility complex class I subtype HLA-A0201, which is the predominant subtype in most ethnic groups. Three predicted peptides were constructed and loaded to mature human DCs generated from peripheral blood monocytes. Autologous CD8+ T cells were stimulated in vitro with the EGFRvIII peptide-pulsed DCs. One of the three peptides was found to induce EGFRvIII-specific CTLs as demonstrated by IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity against HLA-A0201+ EGFRvIII transfected U87 glioma cells. These results suggest that vaccination with EGFRvIII peptide-pulsed DCs or adoptive transfer of in vitro elicited EGFRvIII-specific CTLs by EGFRvIII peptide-pulsed DCs are potential approaches to the treatment of glioma patients.
A mathematical model of in vitro cancer cell growth and treatment with the antimitotic agent curacin A

A mathematical model of cancer cell growth and response to treatment with the experimental antimitotic agent curacin A is presented. Rate parameters for the untreated growth of MCF-7/LY2 breast cancer and A2780 ovarian cell lines are determined from in vitro growth studies. Subsequent growth studies following treatments with 2.5, 25 and 50 nanomolar (nM), concentrations of curacin A are used to determine effects on the cell cycle and cell viability. The model's system of ordinary differential equations yields an approximate analytical solution which predicts the minimum concentration necessary to prevent growth. The model shows that cell growth is arrested when the apoptotic rate is greater than the mitotic rate and that the S-phase transition rate acts to amplify this effect. Analysis of the data suggests that curacin A is rapidly absorbed into both cell lines causing an increase in the S-phase transition and a decrease in the M-phase transition. The model also indicates that the rate of apoptosis remains virtually constant for MCF-7/LY2 while that of A2780 increases 38% at 2.5 nM and 59% at 50 nM as compared to the untreated apoptotic rate.
Constitutive Modeling for Design and Control of Magnetostrictive Galfenol Devices

A dynamic, nonlinear model for magnetic induction and strain response of cubic magnetostrictive materials to 3-D dynamic magnetic fields and 3-D stresses is developed. Dynamic eddy current losses and inertial stresses are modeled by coupling Maxwell’s equations to Newton’s second law through a nonlinear constitutive model. The constitutive model is derived from continuum thermodynamics.
Lateral root function and root overlap among mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal herbs in a Florida shrubland, measured using rubidium as a nutrient analog

Lateral root spread is an important indicator of the area over which plants forage belowground and has implications for individual plant fitness, belowground competition, and ultimately both population dynamics and community structure. Because fine lateral roots are difficult to excavate and measure, we used rubidium (Rb), an analog for potassium that occurs at very low levels in soils and plants, as a tracer of root activity. We injected Rb into sandy soils of a xeric Florida shrubland and examined uptake by four small herbaceous species that generally do not overlap aboveground. All four species took up Rb at distances of up to 97 cm (with an average lateral root spread of 51 cm), indicating that belowground neighborhoods are larger than aboveground. The arbuscular mycorrhizal species exhibited greater Rb enrichment without any change in lateral spread. The spatial arrangement of plants with elevated levels of Rb relative to Rb patches was consistent with root and mycorrhizal systems that are radially discontinuous and asymmetric. Furthermore, many individuals acquired Rb from the same patches, suggesting overlap in root function and the potential for belowground competition, although small-scale spatial and/or temporal segregation could have occurred.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON CREATINURIA OF EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM IN MALE AND FEMALE MONKEYS1

CREATINURIA is known to occur in spontaneous and experimental hyperthyroidism in both animals and man (1, 2, 3). Palmer, Carson and Sloan (4) and Kepler and Boothby (5), have used Lugol's solution in reducing the spontaneous creatinuria occurring in exophthalmic goiter and toxic adenoma of the thyroid. The administration of testosterone propionate2 reduces the creatinuria which occurs in the eunuchoid (6) and in the rat as a result of creatine feeding (7). Immature and castrate male monkeys exhibit a creatinuria which can be abolished by testosterone propionate. The capacity to retain exogenous creatine is also enhanced by androgen treatment (8). Since androgens reduce or abolish creatinuria in eunuchoids and castrates, it was of interest to determine the relation of androgens to the creatinuria induced by thyroxin. Three male (2 castrate and 1 normal) and 3 spayed female rhesus monkeys (Macacus mulatta) were used in this study.
Effect of Microculture on Cell Metabolism and Biochemistry: Do Cells Get Stressed in Microchannels?

Microfluidics is emerging as a promising platform for cell culture, enabling increased microenvironment control and potential for integrated analysis compared to conventional macroculture systems such as well plates and Petri dishes. To advance the use of microfluidic devices for cell culture, it is necessary to better understand how miniaturization affects cell behavior. In particular, microfluidic devices have significantly higher surface-area-to-volume ratios than conventional platforms, resulting in lower volumes of media per cell, which can lead to cell stress. We investigated cell stress under a variety of culture conditions using three cell lines: parental HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells and transfected HEK cells that stably express wild-type (WT) and mutant (G601S) human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium channel protein. These three cell lines provide a unique model system through which to study cell-type-specific responses in microculture because mutant hERG is known to be sensitive ...
Developing a visual energy consumption assessment tool for homeowners

In recent years, an ensuing energy crisis has increased concern over home energy expenditures. Homeowners, through just their power meter or electricity bills, will know how much energy they consume over any given month. With just an energy bill, there is little to tell which devices in the home are consuming the most energy. Through the University of Virginia's ecoMOD project, several energy efficient houses have been designed and built. Low-income families now reside in these homes, allowing the project team to gather information on families who have limited financial ability to save energy. In an attempt to solve the problem, the ecoMOD project also included the installation of a monitoring system, which records energy data readings through special sensors. Through this monitoring data, the ecoMOD team performed analyses in order to both determine where a homeowner uses the most energy and to provide an energy-efficient solution geared towards lowering consumption. In addition, the team is in the process of producing a graphical user interface to give homeowners a detailed view where energy is most likely to be expended unnecessarily. This web application will be designed specifically to use the data gathered to encourage the homeowner to notice and take action upon ways they can save significant amounts of energy. This combination of detailed information feedback and customized energy solutions will give the ecoMOD homeowner tools they can use to make a conscious step towards energy sustainability.
Iridium (tm)-debris mitigation practices

The IRIDIUMTM Program represents the most exciting prospect in space operations in the world today. However, it also represents one of the biggest engineering challenges as well as one of the best commercial opportunities ever. This paper will describe the trend setting approach Motorola has taken in orbital debris mitigation. It will delineate the attributes of a comprehensive program being implemented during the design phase and to be continued through the operations phase. The challenges are being met head-on and Motorola is aggressively seizing the opportunity to set new standards in debris mitigation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies in the History of Probability and Statistics. XXXIII Cauchy and the witch of Agnesi: An historical note on the Cauchy distribution

The curve we commonly call the Cauchy density, or rather curves proportional to y = (a2 + x2)-1, have been appearing in mathematical works for over three hundred years. The curve seems to have first appeared in the works of Fermat in the middle of the seventeenth century, and was subsequently studied by such men and women as Newton, Leibniz, Huygens, Guido Grandi, and Maria Agnesi; by the nineteenth century it had acquired the singular name 'the witch of Agnesi', a name that is still commonly found in dictionaries and encyclopaedias. With its simple, symmetric form, it is surprising that the Cauchy density did not appear as a possible error distribution before 1824. When it finally did appear, it was in the role it plays most often today, as a counterexample to otherwise general theorems. The Cauchy distribution appeared naturally as a part of the move to greater rigour in mathematics during the nineteenth century, and was in fact discovered twice. It is interesting that the two discoverers had different motives in looking for it and interpreted its importance in two different ways. In the case of the second discovery, by Cauchy, the distribution appeared as part of an argument which persists today. Howimportant are regularity conditions in practical applications, and how much weight should be placed on large sample theory?
Absence of correlations among three putative in vivo probes of human cytochrome P4503A activity in young healthy men

In vitro studies with human liver microsomes have shown that erythromycin N-demethylation, dapsone N-hydroxylation, and the 6 beta-hydroxylation of cortisol are all primarily mediated by P4503A4. Trait measurements to assess the in vivo level of activity of these separate oxidations have also been developed previously. This study investigated the relationships among the three phenotypic trait measurements in 30 young healthy white men. The frequency distributions of the trait values were all unimodal, with a twofold range for the erythromycin breath test and the urinary dapsone recovery ratio; the urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio was more variable, with a 17-fold range of values. No statistically significant correlations were observed among any of the trait measurements (dapsone recovery ratio versus erythromycin breath test: r = -0.07, p = 0.7; urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio versus erythromycin breath test: r = -0.12, p = 0.6; urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio versus dapsone recovery ratio: r = 0.13, p = 0.5. This lack of any relationship was unexpected and the reason(s) is unknown; however, it is possible that factors such as route of administration and extrahepatic metabolism in the intestinal epithelium and kidney are involved. Further studies are required to identify and validate the use of an appropriate in vivo probe of P4503A4 in humans.
Stabilization of RelB Requires Multidomain Interactions with p100/p52

The NF-κB family member RelB has many properties not shared by other family members such as restricted subunit association and lack of regulation by the classical IκB proteins. We show that the protein level of RelB is significantly reduced in the absence of p100 and reduced even more when both p100 and p105 are absent. RelB stabilizes itself by directly interacting with p100, p105, and their processed products. However, RelB forms complexes with its partners using different interaction modes. Although the C-terminal ankyrin repeat domain of p105 is not involved in the RelB-p105 complex formation, all domains and flexible regions of each protein are engaged in the RelB-p100 complex. In several respects the RelB-p52 and RelB-p100 complexes are unique in the NF-κB family. The N-terminal domain of p100/p52 interacts with RelB but not RelA. The transcriptional activation domain of RelB, but not RelA, directly interacts with the processing region of p100. These unique protein-protein contacts explain why RelB prefers p52 as its dimeric partner for transcriptional activity and is retained in the cytoplasm as an inhibited complex by p100. This association-mediated stabilization of RelB implies a possible role for RelB in the processing of p100 into p52.
The liveliest effusion of wit and humor.

The occurrence and function of humor in biochemistry, and in science in general, is a topic that has been left in the hands of the social scientists for too long. Although some [1] provide interesting perspectives, too often their epistemology of humor within the scientific milieu is, inevitably, of limited scope. Too often, in the course of deconstructing the semiotic architecture of scientific humor, the signifier has been confused with the signified, thus providing no grounds for expecting that we can subjugate our humanity and write about the way the universe is in any relative, laughter-dependent manner.
Spectral and Luminance Requirements for Color-Transparency Illuminators*

The optimum rendition of colors in a photographic color transparency requires an illuminator which provides adequate amounts of energy in the blue, green, and red regions of the spectrum. A criterion has been found which determines whether this condition is satisfied by a light source. The luminance level of illuminator viewing panels should be high enough so that shadow details are seen properly. The optimum luminance is approximately 400 footlamberts. The chromaticity should be such that the illuminator appears white. For average viewing conditions, a light source having the relative spectral energy distribution and chromaticity of a complete radiator at 4000 K has been found to be highly satisfactory. Best results will be obtained when the chromaticity of the light in the room where the illuminator is used is the same as that of the illuminator. The same spectral and chromaticity requirements apply to illuminants for viewing reflection color prints.
Dietary fiber values for various breads are higher using enzymatic analysis rather than detergent analysis

Abstract Objective To compare the dietary fiber content of breads commonly eaten in Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Vermont. Design Dietary fiber content was determined according to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) plus pectin values and enzymatic gravimetric fiber values. White, whole-wheat, 100% stone-ground whole-wheat, cracked-wheat, and Roman Meal breads were analyzed for hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, total NDF, pectin, and enzymatic gravimetric total fiber. Statistical analyses performed Analysis of variance was used to determine significant F tests, and individual means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. Results The 100% stone-ground whole-wheat bread had the most total fiber and fiber components followed by whole-wheat, Roman Meal, cracked-wheat, and white bread, except for pectin, of which Roman Meal had the most. The enzymatic gravimetric method of determining total fiber gave significantly ( P r =.95) between the methods. Conclusions When recommending types of breads, dietitians should be aware of added ingredients that influence fiber values. When using published fiber values, dietitians should consider the technique used to quantify the fiber content.
Unified Family Courts: An Interdisciplinary Framework and a Problem-Solving Approach

Traditional court systems are proving ill-equipped to handle the growing volume and complex scope of family law cases in contemporary American society. Family law matters impact every aspect of a person’s life; thus, having a court system that can holistically address such matters is vitally important.This chapter advocates that a unified family court is the most efficient problem-solving model to address the complex societal issues associated with family legal disputes. The blueprint advanced to design this court is rooted in a theoretical framework derived from the ecology of human development and therapeutic jurisprudential paradigms. This interdisciplinary framework urges family law decision-makers to consider and to aim to achieve outcomes that have positive consequences for families and children and that account for the various systems and connections that influence a family’s life. The chapter outlines a five-part blueprint to construct a unified family court and describes certain aspects of the current landscape of America’s family justice systems based upon the author’s national surveys conducted in 1998, 2002, and 2008. The unified family court blueprint consists of five parts, as follows: First, the court should have some type of specialized structure with judges who fully understand the legal and social issues facing family law litigants. The specialized court should be at the same level as a trial court of general jurisdiction, and the court should receive the same resources and support as the generalist courts. Second, the court should have comprehensive subject-matter jurisdiction over the full range of family law matters. Third, the court must have an efficient case management and case processing system with a one judge/one case or one judge/one team approach. Fourth, the court must offer an array of services, including alternative dispute resolution and other court-connected social services that accommodate the needs of the family. Finally, the unified family court should be user-friendly and accessible by all litigants, including the large proportion of self-represented family law litigants. The author advocates that through the problem-solving court template and the author’s blueprint for a unified family court, decision-makers can better serve the families and children who desperately need and deserve the help from the justice system.
Validating dental and medical students' evaluations of faculty teaching in an integrated, multi-instructor course.

As more students from various health professions are combined into integrated courses, evaluating the teaching quality of individual faculty in these typically large, multi-instructor contexts becomes increasingly difficult. Indeed, students who lack sufficient recall of a given faculty member or are not committed to the evaluation process may respond by marking identical responses to all evaluation items (e.g., 3-3-3-3-3), regardless of the specific content of the items on the faculty evaluation questionnaire. These "straight-lining" behaviors—more formally referred to as monotonic response patterns (MRPs)—often reflect students' inattention to the task at hand or lack of motivation to be discriminating, which may result in invalid data. This study examines the prevalence of MRP ratings in relation to indicators reflective of students' lack of attention to evaluating the quality of faculty teaching. Dental and medical students in a required, second-year (medicine) basic science course conducted by the medical school and taught primarily by medical school faculty completed seven-item faculty evaluation forms, along with an anonymous questionnaire measuring their need to evaluate, attitudes toward faculty evaluation, and recall of instructors. MRP ratings failed to correlate significantly with students' need to evaluate or their attitudes toward faculty evaluation. However, among medical students, MRP "straight-line" responses were more prevalent for raters who recalled faculty members "very well" (p=.04). For dental students, MRPs were associated with less accurate recall (p=.01). As such, the validity of faculty evaluations within integrated, multi-instructor courses may vary when students rate distinct aspects of a teacher's performance identically. In this case—in which medical students' greater recall of instructors coincides with MRPs—ratings may suffice as global, holistic assessments of an instructor's teaching. For dental students, similar ratings may be less viable. Individual item analysis is cautioned under any circumstances.
On the Origins of the Insect Fauna of California's Channel Islands: A Comparative Phylogeographic Study of Island Beetles

California's 8 Channel Islands host a large diversity of insects, the vast majority of which are shared with mainland southern California. The existence of a small number of recognized endemic species, however, suggest that, for some lineages, the islands are isolated enough to have permitted significant differentiation. Here we investigate the phylogeographic relationships of 4 beetle species (Thinopinus pictus, Hadrotes crassus, Hypocaccus lucidulus, and Nyctoporis carinata): all occurring on the mainland and on multiple (up to 6) Channel Islands. Sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene (and, for one species, an intron in the nuclear guftagu gene) are analyzed by Bayesian, haplotype network, and population genetic methods to examine relationships and gene flow among island and mainland populations. In no instances were all island populations resolved to be monophyletic, and northern (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel) and southern (San Nicolas, San Clemente, Santa Catalina) island groups generally showed separate relationships to the mainland. Northern island populations of Hy. lucidulus were also found to be closely related to those on the southern island of San Nicolas. Populations on San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands did not show close relationships to each other or to San Nicolas Island populations in any species. San Clemente and especially San Nicolas islands hosted disproportionately high levels of diversity in all species examined. This study suggests that the Channel Islands do not function as a biogeographical unit and that several of the islands exhibit levels of diversity comparable to, or even exceeding, similarly sampled populations on the mainland. Thus, as an insular refuge from southern Californian development, the Channel Islands constitute a center of high conservation importance.
Toward Robust Estimation of the Components of Forest Population Change

Multiple levels of simulation are used to test the robustness of estimators of the components of change. I first created a variety of spatial-temporal populations based on, but more variable than, an actual forest monitoring data set and then sample those populations under a variety of sampling error structures. The performance of each of four estimation approaches is evaluated when the temporal scale of the estimand of interest is 1 year while the temporal scale of observation is t years. Three approaches for estimating the individual components of forest change are compared over five simulated populations under four sets of sampling error structure. The performance of a modification to these approaches is shown when extraneously obtained information indicates that a deviation to the assumed population model exists. Finally, the extraneous information is incorporated into a mixed estimator, combining each of three general transition models with a single compatibility model. The first three approaches, without the incorporation of extraneous information, are compatible with large monitoring efforts that require intervention-free results. The mixed-estimation approach accounts for model assumptions that sometimes remain latent in other approaches and is amenable to the incorporation of the extraneously obtained information and to ensuring estimator compatibility. All four approaches are shown to work well when the sampling error structure is unbiased, while some notable differences in performance were observed at the temporal extremities of observation in the presence of temporal anomalies and in the presence of biased sampling error structures.
Maternal and neonatal tissue lysozyme levels: effects of iron nutriture in rats.

SummaryThe results of this investigation indicate that iron deficiency in the suckling rats alters immunodevelopment with respect to lysozyme activity. It was also found that suckling and mature rats have different tissue distributions and activities of lysozyme. The health and biomedical implications and significance of these findings are unclear at present.The authors express sincere appreciation to Dr. Klaus Kuettner and Larry Masden, Department of Biochemistry and Orthopedic Surgery, Rush Medical College, Chicago, for performing the milk lysozyme analyses. Barbara Kochanowski and Karen Stratz are thanked for their skilled technical assistance. This study was supported in part by Grant HL 18712-03, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, and funds provided by the School of Human Resources and Family Studies, University of Illinois.
Determination of Arsenic and Stannum in Cooked Corns by Microwave Digestion and Simultaneously Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish atomic fluorescence spectrometry,and determine Arsenic and Stannum in cooked corns by microwave digestion simultaneously.[Methods]After digesting samples with microwave,Arsenic and Stannum were determined under optimum conditions of instruments.[Results]Linear range of Arsenic was 0~40 μg/L,correlation coefficient was 0.9998,lower limit of detection was 0.050 μg/kg,the recovery of standard addition was 99.0%~102.8%;linear range of Stannum was 0~200 μg/L,correlation coefficient was 0.9994,lower limit of detection was 0.32 μg/kg,the recovery of standard addition was 91.8%~101.4%.[Conclusion]This method has high sensitivity,accuracy,precision and lower limits of detection,can satisfy the requirement of determination of Arsenic and Stannum simultaneously with less time and effort.
Analysis on epidemic situation of category A and B infectious diseases in Xinghua from 2003 to 2012

Objective To analyze the prevalence trend of category A and B infectious diseases in Xinghua,and provide evidence for making prevention and control strategies.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method were employed to analyze the data of category A and B infectious diseases in Xinghua from 2003to 2012.Results A total of 19kinds of type B and no type A infectious diseases in the past decade were reported.The average annual reported incidence and mortality rates were 145.31 per 100 000and 0.32per 100 000respectively(0.22%for case fatality rate).The top three reported diseases were respiratory tract infectious diseases,blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases.Conclusion The general incidence rate of the infectious diseases kept steady with a slight declining trend in Xinghua,prevention and control should focus on tuberculosis,virus hepatitis,syphilis,gonorrhea and bacillary dysentery.
MODELING PIANO INTERPRETATION USING SWITCHING KALMAN FILTER

An approach of parsing piano music interpretation is presented. We focus mainly on quantifying expressive timing activities. A small number of different expressive timing behaviors (constant, slowing down, speeding up, accent) are defined in order to explain the tempo discretely. Given a MIDI performance of a piano music, we simultaneously estimate both discrete variables that corresponds to the behaviors and continuous variables that describe tempo. A graphical model is introduced to represent the evolution of the discrete behaviors and tempo progression. We demonstrate a computational method that acquires the approximate most likely configuration of the discrete behaviors and the hidden continuous variable tempo. This configuration represent a “smoothed” version of the performance which greatly reduces parametrization while retaining most of its musicality. Experiments are presented on several MIDI piano music performed on a digital piano. An user study is performed to evaluate our method.
Logarithmic Vanishing Theorems and Arakelov–Parshin Boundedness for Singular Varieties

This article can be divided into two loosely connected parts. The first part is devoted to proving a singular version of the logarithmic Kodaira–Akizuki–Nakano vanishing theorem of Esnault and Viehweg in the style of Navarro-Aznar et al. This in turn is used to prove other vanishing theorems. In the second part, these vanishing theorems are used to prove an Arakelov–Parshin type boundedness result for families of canonically polarized varieties with rational Gorenstein singularities.
Dendroclimatology in High-Resolution Paleoclimatology

The characteristics of tree rings as natural archives of past climate are discussed. Special consideration is given to key issues affecting their robustness and reliability as sources of information on past climate. These issues include: the effects of sample design and in particular the importance of using networks of tree-ring records from many locations whenever possible; potentially complementary approaches to the identification of climate signal in tree rings, namely empirical-statistical and process-modeling approaches; statistical and mechanistic stability over time of the climate signal in tree rings; and the ongoing effort to isolate climate signal from noise, without introducing biases, in tree-ring based proxy records of climate.
Cardiomyogenesis in the Adult Heart

In recent years, a novel conceptual view has emerged; the heart is no longer considered a post-mitotic organ, but is viewed as an organ permissive for tissue regeneration mediated by exogenous and/...
The Heart of the Matter

Before turning to the main argument of this book, it will help to have a good understanding of what social capital is and what it brings with it. This is easier said than done. There is no single definition of social capital. Deservedly, it has been the subject of study by researchers and practitioners from a variety of fields, each with their own focus. Although traditionally a political, sociological and economic concept, more recently social capital has been the focus of the field of public health. It has also been embraced by government, practitioners in management and development. In the first half of 2011, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) included social connections and civic engagement — both associated with social capital — among the key indicators of well-being for people living in developed economies and some emerging economies. For the World Bank, “social capital is a concept that has significant implications for enhancing the quality, effectiveness and sustainability of World Bank operations, particularly those that are based on community action.”1
Exploiting dynamic timing slack for energy efficiency in ultra-low-power embedded systems

Many emerging applications such as the internet of things, wearables, and sensor networks have ultra-low-power requirements. At the same time, cost and programmability considerations dictate that many of these applications will be powered by general purpose embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers, not ASICs. In this paper, we exploit a new opportunity for improving energy efficiency in ultra-low-power processors expected to drive these applications -- dynamic timing slack. Dynamic timing slack exists when an embedded software application executed on a processor does not exercise the processor's static critical paths. In such scenarios, the longest path exercised by the application has additional timing slack which can be exploited for power savings at no performance cost by scaling down the processor's voltage at the same frequency until the longest exercised paths just meet timing constraints. Paths that cannot be exercised by an application can safely be allowed to violate timing constraints. We show that dynamic timing slack exists for many ultra-low-power applications and that exploiting dynamic timing slack can result in significant power savings for many ultra-low-power processors. We also present an automated methodology for identifying dynamic timing slack and selecting a safe operating point for a processor and a particular embedded software. Our approach for identifying and exploiting dynamic timing slack is non-speculative, requires no programmer intervention and little or no hardware support, and demonstrates potential power savings of up to 32%, 25% on average, over a range of embedded applications running on a common ultra-low-power processor, at no performance cost.