cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mercury's spectrophotometric properties: Update from the Mercury Dual Imaging System observations during the third MESSENGER flyby

Abstract Presented here are analyses of the photometric measurements acquired by the imaging system on the MESSENGER spacecraft during its three flybys of Mercury, in particular the dedicated sequence of photometric measurements obtained during the third flyby. A concise, analytical approach is adopted for characterizing the effects of scattered light on the images. This approach works well for wavelengths shorter than 700 nm but breaks down at the longer wavelengths where the scattering behavior of the imaging system is more complex. Broadband spectral properties are commensurate with ground-based observations for spectra acquired at phase angles less than 110°; photometric corrections to a common illumination and viewing geometry provide consistent results for those phase angles. No phase reddening is apparent in the image-derived spectra. A bolometric albedo of 0.081 is derived over the wavelength range of the imaging system.
Penetration of Water Vapor through Perfluorinated Polyether Films on Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

Perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) films spread spontaneously on concentrated sulfuric acid to form insoluble thin films that act as diffusion barriers to water vapor condensation. At acid concentrations between 89 and 95 wt %, the average film resistivity for water vapor is 8.3 ± 1.0 s/cm per μm thickness of PFPE. This resistivity corresponds to a diffusion coefficient for water in PFPE of ≈6 × 10-6 cm2/s. Thus, a several micrometer thick PFPE film resists water condensation with an efficiency greater than the evaporation resistance of many long chain alcohol monolayers on water. Below ≈90 wt % sulfuric acid, thin indentations appear in the PFPE film and the resistivity drops to ≈4 (s/cm)/μm near 84 wt % acid.
Twenty years of multidisciplinary research and practice: the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation then and now.

Background Early research of work disability in the 1980s showed a complexity of factors influencing pain and health-related functional limitation at work; hence, multidisciplinary perspectives were necessary to understand the complex interplay between biomechanical, organizational, social, and psychological factors impacting work disability. To address this need, the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation was founded in 1991 with the goal of providing a scientific, yet practical forum for presenting multidisciplinary research and practice in work disability. Now, the 20-year collection of articles in the Journal reflects important trends and directions in the field of occupational rehabilitation. Methods We conducted a retrospective summary of the past 20 years of the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, including its inaugural goals and intent, rates of submission and acceptance, trends in the types of articles published, study topics, global distribution of authors, and future directions. Results The original goal of providing a multidisciplinary scientific and practical forum has been met, but current trends reflect a maturing scientific evidence base, with less representation of employer-based case studies and practical innovations. There has been a dramatic increase in the international representation of studies, authors, and peer reviewers outside of the US. Also, published studies now address work disability for a larger number of health concerns. Conclusions Contributions to the Journal continue to reflect a multidisciplinary perspective, but the Journal has seen significant changes with respect to international representation, the expanding study of non-musculoskeletal sources of work disability, and the maturing scientific evidence base in the field of occupational rehabilitation. Future volumes of the Journal will likely reflect continuing changes in the global economy, workforce fitness, and job demands.
Assessment of compliance in hemodialysis adaptation.

Abstract Research in hemodialysis adaptation has been facilitated by the use of reliable outcome measures such as BUN, K, and interdialysis weight gain. Their use, however, has at times been impressionistic, without reference to the actual range and distribution of those markers in a large population of dialysis patients over a long period of time. This study is a retrospective review to determine that range and distribution at one center. We found the interdialysis weight gains for most patients to be much higher than the levels used in the literature as cut-off points in determining ‘non-compliance’. High levels on non-compliance in previous reports may be inflated. Significant correlations among the three biological markers and between each marker and staff assessment of compliance validate the use of inter-dialysis weight gain. Suggestions are made for interpreting such data in the future.
Stateness problems or regime unification? Explaining obstacles to democratization in Burma/Myanmar

The fact that Myanmar is not democratic is too often taken as a given in international policy discourse without analysis as to why it has not democratized or what conditions might allow for democratization. Plausible theories to explain Burma's authoritarian politics include poor levels of economic development, colonial history, regional geopolitical factors, problems of state formation and the unification of the military. Determining which theories have the most explanatory power is important because different understandings of Burma's authoritarianism steer one toward some remedies and away from others. In this paper, I argue that problems of state formation – ‘stateness’ in one strand of the democratization literature – and ‘regime unification’ theories stand the best chance of explaining the lack of democracy in Myanmar. I examine the logic and evidence for each theory and conclude that while both explain some of the status quo, ‘stateness’ had more explanatory power before 1988 but in post-1988 Myanm...
Linear densification and microcracking in sintering compacts

Abstract Constitutive equations are developed for the linearly viscous properties of a densifying compact that may contain microcracks. The tendency for a sintering compact to develop microcracks has been observed under the presence of a constraint, for example, as caused by inclusions. Overall effective properties of a porous, microcracked solid are estimated using the differential self-consistent scheme. The influence of the opening of microcracks due to tensile mean stress on the overall densification is demonstrated.
Control of Northern Fowl Mite in Community Wire Cages with Malathion in Special Dust-Bath-Boxes

The northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (C. & F.), on hens in community wire cages was controlled effectively by putting a dust-bath-box (18×12×6 inches deep) charged with 5 pounds of 4% malathion dust in a cage for 14 days. The hens were free of mites for 6 weeks thereafter. In comparison the control program of the ranch consisted of a general spray application each 30 days. The results suggested adaptation of the method to a program of spot-treating only the cages where mites were found on the eggs. Data on the percentages of cages requiring spot-treatment each week for a period of 47 weeks are discussed. The evidence offers several reasons to recommend spot-treatment with dust-bath-boxes charged with 4% malathion dust as It method of choice for controlling the northern fowl mite on chickens in community wire cages. Additional trials conducted to determine dosage efficiency showed that 1 pound of 4% malathion dust per box per 30 hens was optimum for mite control. In these trials reducing the depth of the box to 3 inches improved its acceptance by the hens and eliminated any problem of eggs laid in the dust-bath-box.
Quaternary Deepwater Paleoceanography

During the past decade, geochemical paleoceanographers have begun to explore the changes in the circulation of the deep ocean that occurred during the glacial-interglacial cycles of the earth's recent history. The deep ocean was significantly colder during the glacial maximum. The distributions of biologically utilized elements (such as carbon and phosphorus) were significantly different as well; higher concentrations of these elements occurred in the deep (>2500 meters depth) North Atlantic, and lower concentrations occurred in the upper (<2500 meters depth) waters of the North Atlantic and possibly in all of the major ocean basins. In contrast, relatively subtle changes have been observed in the radiocarbon ages of deep waters. Slow deepwater changes are statistically linked to variations in the earth's orbit, but rapid changes in deepwater circulation also have occurred. Deepwater chemistry and circulation changes may control the variability in atmospheric CO2 levels that have been documented from studies of air bubbles in polar ice cores.
The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche

This article evaluates the ambiguities and shortcomings of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Morrison with a particular emphasis on the implications of the recent Porsche decision in the Southern District of New York. We conclude that the ambiguities in Morrison and the implications of interpreting Morrison for persons and companies in European jurisdictions and elsewhere in the world make it necessary for the U.S. Congress to further clarify the extraterritorial reach of the implied right of action under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. We also conclude that the U.S. Congress should clarify its intent in Section 929P(b) of the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 to give extraterritorial enforcement authority to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and U.S. Department of Justice. An SEC study of private rights of action is also required by the Dodd-Frank Act, but regardless of the outcome of this study, Congress should decline to reinstate private rights of action in “foreign-cubed” cases. Restraining and clarifying the U.S. approach to extraterritoriality could help provide certainty to international securities markets and avoid a downturn in international economic cooperation.
Ferritin mRNA probed, near the iron regulatory region, with protein and chemical (1,10-phenanthroline-Cu) nucleases. A possible role for base-paired flanking regions.

Iron stimulates ferritin synthesis in whole cells and animals, by increasing the entry of ferritin mRNA into polyribosomes. Dissection of the regulation at the molecular level has identified a 28-nucleotide, conserved, regulatory sequence (IRE=iron regulatory element) in the 5′ non-coding region of ferritin mRNAs, plustrans-acting factor(s), one of which is a 90-kDa protein. The site of iron action is not entirely characterized but may involve heme; sequences in the 3′ non-coding region of ferritin mRNA can modulate regulation. Ferritin mRNA is the first eukaryotic mRNA for which a conserved regulatory sequence and regulator protein have been identified. The same RNA-protein motif is used, through iron-dependent degradation of transferrin receptor mRNA, to decrease synthesis of the receptor and cellular iron uptake. The regulatory structure of the transferrin receptor mRNA is composed, in part, of five copies of the IRE in the 3′ noncoding region. IRE structure, probed by cleavage with RNases T1, V1, 1,10-phenanthroline-Cu or modification with dimethyl sulfate, is a hairpin loop with conformational variations dependent on magnesium; a basepaired region flanking the IRE is also structurally sensitive to magnesium. Similar results were obtained with a synthetic 55-mer containing the IRE and with a full-length in vitro transcript with a G→A substitution in the loop. However, in both cases, the IRE structure was closer to the computer-predicted structure and was less affected by magnesium than in native ferritin mRNA, indicating the importance of the loop sequence and RNA interactions outside the IRE structure. The combined IRE +flanking regions in six different ferritin mRNAs form a structure very close to the cap where interference with translational initiation is likely.
Do flipping magnetic poles follow preferred paths

The problem of geomagnetic reversal, once considered intractably complex, is one of the hottest topics in the Earth sciences. This phenomenon, in which the Earth's magnetic field occasionally flips between opposite polarities, is rooted in dynamo action, a process that generates electric currents in the convecting fluid comprising the Earth's metallic outer core. Much of our knowledge about reversals comes from 3 decades of analysis of the fossil magnetic records preserved in rocks, and a recent new look has prompted three unexpected claims. The first is that reversing fields are strikingly simple, retaining a dual-pole structure during the process.
Issues in relating syntax and semantics

The design of a natural language understanding system is dependent on a rich and structured knowledge representation. Much recent work in computational and cognitive linguistics has focused on representations for syntactic and morphological knowledge. Similarly, the knowledge representation paradigm has proposed many conceptual tools for the representation of semantic knowledge. Combining the two in one system, a system for representing linguistic knowledge, is the essential next task for computational linguistics. This paper will explore some issues which arise in the foundational design of such a representational system. In using the fundamental building block of the grammatical construction (Fillmore 1987), I will reanalyze traditional problems like the passive construction and dative "movement", showing how a "construction" solution avoids common problems in moi'e traditional grammatical theories. In addition, I will suggest how use of an inheritance hierarchy can replace other linguistic tools for abstraction like lexieal rules, while others can be captured by appealing to shared semantic structures. I will also touch on the issues of lexicalization in theories of grammar whether information is redundantly specified in the lexicon.
Emergence of non-Fermi-liquid behavior due to Fermi surface reconstruction in the underdoped cuprate superconductors

We present an intermediate coupling scenario together with a model analytic solution where the non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the underdoped cuprates emerges through the mechanism of Fermi surface (FS) reconstruction. Even though the fluctuation spectrum remains nearly isotropic, FS reconstruction driven by a density wave order breaks the lattice symmetry and induces a strong momentum dependence in the self-energy. As the doping is reduced to half-filling, we find that quasiparticle (QP) dispersion becomes essentially unrenormalized, but in sharp contrast the QP spectral weight renormalizes to nearly zero. This opposite doping evolution of the renormalization factors for QP dispersion and spectral weight conspires in such a way that the specific heat remains Fermi liquid like at all dopings in accord with experiments.
In-service Education of Teacher Educators: A National Survey

(1982). In-service Education of Teacher Educators: A National Survey. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 71-73.
Genetic Variation inBeauveria bassianaPopulations Associated with the Darkling Beetle,Alphitobius diaperinus

Abstract A study was conducted to assess genetic variation within and among populations ofBeauveria bassiana(Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) associated with the darkling beetle,Alphitobius diaperinus(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), using RAPD markers. A hierarchical collection of samples (strains from the same insect specimen, from insects from the same location, and from insects from different locations) was obtained from infected beetles from North Carolina (NC) and West Virginia (WV), USA. Ten primers resolved 81 strains into 80 distinct multiband phenotypes reflecting the substantial amount of variation that was present. Variation present within populations was evident not only in the separation of each strain as a distinct multiband phenotype but also in the separation of strains within a population into separate clusters. Among populations, a group sharing more than 89% similarity was observed among all the strains from Martin Co. and Greene Co., NC and 61% of the strains collected from WV. Some genetic differentiation was present among the other populations but the separation was not distinct with a few strains from some populations showing greater affinity to strains from other collection sites.
A method for extracting high-molecular-weight deoxyribonucleic acid from fungi.

Abstract A new method for isolating high-molecular-weight DNA from mycelium of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune is reported. Lyophilized mycelium is broken with mortar and pestle, and DNA extracted during gentle shaking in buffer containing 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and toluene. DNA with double-strand length in excess of 80 kilobase pairs and singlestrand length of 36 kilobases can be prepared routinely in milligram quantities. This DNA is of high purity and suitable for reassociations and recombinant DNA studies. The procedure has also been used to prepare DNA from another filamentous basidiomycete, Heterobasidion annosum , and from yeast. With slight modification the procedure is attractive for isolating recombinant plasmids from yeast.
Effects of prefeeding in a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

When a pigeon trained on a fixed-interval 1 min reinforcement schedule was prefed 20 g of mixed grain prior to his daily session, his response rate was much lower than when he was not prefed. An index of the temporal distribution of responses within the interval, the quarter-life, was moderately related to deprivation level.
Flow Cytometric Findings in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an often fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome. HLH may be inherited, but it more commonly arises secondary to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other infections, hematologic malignancies, or rheumatologic diseases. We identified 17 patients diagnosed with HLH who had flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood or bone marrow performed at the time of diagnosis. Two patients had primary HLH, and the others had HLH secondary to EBV infection, hematologic malignancies, rheumatologic conditions, or tuberculosis. The marrow typically showed a reactive lymphocytosis and a marked left shift in myelopoiesis regardless of the etiology. Qualitative abnormalities were also found in several cases, including T-cell abnormalities in the majority of the EBV-associated HLH cases. While not specific, flow cytometric findings in HLH are different from the findings in uninvolved marrow samples, and care should be taken not to overinterpret immunophenotypic findings in these cases as indicative of a primary marrow disorder or lymphoma.
Short-term retention during a simultaneous detection task

Subjects were required to perform a short-term memory task and a signal detection task, both individually and simultaneously. Memory performance was impaired only when the signals in the detection task were difficult to detect. The impairment in memory was restricted to items which appeared in the early positions of the list to be remembered. Detection performance was unaffected by the simultaneous task requirement and there was no correlation between performance on the two tasks when both were performed together. The results suggest that the difficulties Ss have when they attempt to perform several tasks at the same time may be due to limitations in the processes responsible for storing and retrieving information rather than those involved in the perceptual analysis of the incoming material.
Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men

We studied the effects of exercise (primarily running), calorie restriction (dieting), and a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on changes in lipoprotein subfractions in moderately overweight men in a randomized controlled clinical trial. After 1 year, complete data were obtained for 39 men assigned to lose weight through dieting without exercise, 37 men assigned to lose weight through dieting with exercise (primarily running), and 40 nondieting sedentary controls. We instructed both diet groups to consume no more than 30% total fat, 10% saturated fat, and 300 mg/d of cholesterol, and at least 55% carbohydrates, and the controls were instructed to maintain their usual food choices. Analytic ultracentrifugation was used to measure changes in plasma lipoprotein mass concentrations. In addition, the absorbance of protein-stained polyacrylamide gradient gels was used as an index of concentrations for five high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses that have been identified by their particle sizes, ie, HDL3c, (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL3b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL2b (9.7 to 12 nm). Relative to controls, weight decreased significantly in men who dieted with exercise (net difference ± SE, −3.3 ± 0.4 kg/m 2 ) and in men who dieted without exercise (−2.0 ± 0.4 kg/m 2 ). Dieting with exercise significantly decreased very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-mass concentrations and significantly increased plasma HDL2-mass, HDL3a, HDL2a, and HDL2b relative to both control and dieting without exercise. There were no significant changes in lipoprotein mass and HDL protein for dieters who did not run. Adjustment for weight loss by analysis of covariance eliminated the significant decrease in VLDL-mass and increases in HDL2-mass and HDL2b in men who both increased exercise and dieted. Thus, the addition of exercise to dieting appears to increase HDL2-mass and HDL2b through metabolic processes associated with weight loss, and to increase HDL2a and HDL3a through processes that are independent of weight loss. Previous exercise studies that report changes in HDL that are independent of weight loss may be measuring increases in HDL2a and HDL3a rather than HDL2b. High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2, low levels of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low levels of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) are all associated with a low risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [1–4]. As compared with sedentary men, endurance runners have higher plasma concentrations of HDL2 and lower concentrations of small LDL and VLDL, suggesting that exercise may reduce CHD risk [5].
Retrospective Analysis of Artifacts in Four-Dimensional CT Images of 50 Abdominal and Thoracic Radiotherapy Patients

Purpose: To quantify the type, frequency, and magnitude of artifacts in four-dimensional (4D) CT images acquired using a multislice cine method. Methods and Materials: Fifty consecutive patients who underwent 4D-CT scanning and radiotherapy for thoracic or abdominal cancers were included in this study. All the 4D-CT scans were performed on the GE multislice PET/CT scanner with the Varian Real-time Position Management system in cine mode. The GE Advantage 4D software was used to create 4D-CT data sets. The artifacts were then visually and quantitatively analyzed. We performed statistical analyses to evaluate the relationships between patient- or breathing-pattern-related parameters and the occurrence as well as magnitude of artifacts. Results: It was found that 45 of 50 patients (90%) had at least one artifact (other than blurring) with a mean magnitude of 11.6 mm (range, 4.4-56.0 mm) in the diaphragm or heart. We also observed at least one artifact in 6 of 20 lung or mediastinal tumors (30%). Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between several breathing-pattern-related parameters, including abdominal displacement (p < 0.01), for the subgroups of patients with and without artifacts. The magnitude of an artifact was found to be significantly but weakly correlated with the abdominal displacementmore » difference between two adjacent couch positions (R = 0.34, p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study has identified that the frequency and magnitude of artifacts in 4D-CT is alarmingly high. Significant improvement is needed in 4D-CT imaging.« less
Nitric oxide inhalation therapy for newborn infants

Binding of NO to heavy metal-containing proteins probably accounts for many of its physiologic actions. NO inhalation is a promising new treatment for various disorders of neonates. The therapy is most likely to benefit premature neonates who are hypoxemic despite breathing pure oxygen and those who suffer from impaired carbon dioxide elimination. Newborn infants who have congenital heart disease may benefit from inhaled NO therapy if their disease involves some form of pulmonary venous hypertension or if they have recently undergone surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass grafting. The use of NO in infants with PPHN might obviate the need for ECMO or other invasive treatment methods. Neonates with CDH seem likely to benefit marginally from NO therapy. Minimizing the toxicities of NO inhalation therapy requires that the physicians understand the nuances of infant care. The therapeutic value of increasing carbon dioxide elimination with NO inhalation warrants further investigation.
Accounting for water use: Terminology and implications for saving water and increasing production

Abstract Scarcity and competition for water are matters of increasing concern, as are potential shortages of food. These issues intersect both within the agricultural sector and across all water using sectors. Irrigation is by far the largest user of water in most water-scarce countries, and is under pressure to reduce utilisation (to release water to other sectors, including the environment) and use water more productively to meet demands for food and fibre. The terminology for such intra- and inter-sectoral analysis must be unambiguous across sectors so that interventions and their impacts are properly understood. Such terminology, based on previous work and debate, is set out. Implications for a better understanding of the scope for improved productivity of water in agriculture are traced, and some examples are given using data from recent research submissions, demonstrating the benefits of precise water accounting.
Myocardial contraction band necrosis in stranded cetaceans.

Summary The term contraction band necrosis describes focal hypercontraction and lysis of small groups of myocardial cells. Contraction band necrosis of the myocardium was identified in 100% of 52 whales and dolphins (cetaceans) stranded along the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico between April 1991 and November 1996. The myocardial lesions in the cetaceans were identical, both grossly and histologically, to those previously described in man and other animals. Such lesions may contribute to the high mortality rate in stranded cetaceans.
Physical and Mental Health Status of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees in Houston in 2005 and 2006

Objectives . Hurricane Katrina necessitated the evacuation of over 200,000 individuals into Houston. This study compared characteristics of three samples of evacuees with those of the U.S. population and examined how evacuees’ experiences have changed over time. Methods . Sub-populations of evacuees in Houston were surveyed immediately following the hurricane, two months afterwards, and one year later. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, physical and mental health status, and access to care of the most disadvantaged evacuees in Houston were analyzed. Results . Predominantly, evacuees surveyed were Black, low-income, unemployed, and facing challenges accessing health care. Twenty-eight percent felt their health was worse than it was before Katrina. Almost 60% of evacuees reported nervousness, restlessness, worthlessness, hopelessness, and spells of terror or panic at least a few times a week. Conclusions . The evacuees displaced by the storm experienced loss of full-time employment, income, and deteriorating health, as well as struggles accessing necessary physical and mental health care.
Efficient and durable organic alloys for electroluminescent displays

We present new results on a single-layer organic alloy light emitting diode. The device shows significant improvement in lifetime at room and elevated temperatures. The improvement is attributed to the elimination of the heterointerface and the minimization of the formation of unstable tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3 ) cations. The efficiency is comparable to those of heterojunction counterparts. Balanced bipolar carrier injection and transport are made possible by adjusting the alloy composition and doping.
Model-Based Assistance for Making Time/Fidelity Trade-Offs in Component Compositions

In many scientific fields, simulations and analyses require compositions of computational entities such as web-services, programs, and applications. In such fields, users may want various trade-offs between different qualities. Examples include: (i) performing a quick approximation vs. an accurate, but slower, experiment, (ii) using local slower execution environments vs. remote, but advanced, computing facilities, (iii) using quicker approximation algorithms vs. computationally expensive algorithms with smaller data. However, such trade-offs are difficult to make as many such decisions today are either (a) wired into a fixed configuration and cannot be changed, or (b) require detailed systems knowledge and experimentation to determine what configuration to use. In this paper we propose an approach that uses architectural models coupled with automated design space generation for making fidelity and timeliness trade-offs. We illustrate this approach through an example in the intelligence analysis domain.
Support vector regression based multivariate lesion-symptom mapping

A novel multivariate lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) methodology was developed in this study. Lesion analysis is a classic model for studying brain functions. Using lesion data, focal brain-behavior associations have been widely assessed using the massive voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) method. Assessing each voxel independently, VLSM suffers from low sensitivity after correcting for the enormous number of comparisons. It is also incapable for assessing a spatially distributed association pattern though the brain-behavior associations generally involve a collection of functionally related voxels. To solve these two outstanding problems, we carried out the first multivariate lesion symptom mapping (MLSM) in this study using support vector regression (SVR). In the so dubbed SVR-LSM, the symptom relation to the entire lesion map rather than each isolated voxel is modeled using a non-linear function, so the inter-voxel correlations are intrinsically considered, resulting in a potentially more sensitive way to examine lesion-symptom relationships. Evaluations using synthetic data and real data showed that SVR-LSM gained a much better performance (in terms of sensitivity and specificity) for detecting brain-behavior relations than VLSM. While the method was designed for lesion analysis, extending it to neuroimaging data will be straightforward.
South-south migration and education: the case of people of Haitian descent born in the Dominican Republic

The world is witnessing an era of unprecedented human mobility and much of this movement entails migration between countries in the global south. This article contributes to the development of an important new line of inquiry within the field of comparative and international education: South-South migration and education. In the first section, I review the available literature to sketch the outlines of this phenomenon. I then examine a particular case: schooling for youth of Haitian descent born and living in the Dominican Republic. The qualitative data reveals two important findings: first, despite claims to the contrary, some immigrant children are still being denied access to basic education; second, once enrolled in school, children and youth of Haitian descent, and especially darker-skinned boys, are subject to intense verbal abuse and, in some cases, physical abuse. As I discuss in the conclusion, the case of Haitians in the Dominican Republic raises significant questions regarding south-south migra...
A compact optically driven travelling-wave radiating source

A compact silicon-photonics optically driven mm-wave radiator uses a multi-port driven travelling-wave antenna driven by 8 silicon photodiodes with -3dB bandwidth of 25GHz to produce -9.7dBm EIRP at 180GHz.
Historical Respirable Quartz Exposures of Industrial Sand Workers: 1946-1996

Background Besides a clear relationship to silicosis, crystalline silica—quartz—has been associated with lung cancer, nonmalignant renal disease, and auto-immune disease. To study diseases associated with crystalline silica further, NIOSH conducted a cohort mortality study of workers from 18 silica sand plants, which had quarry, crushing, and bagging operations to produce industrial sand. Twelve of these plants also had grinding mills to produce fine silica powder. The historical crystalline silica exposures of workers at these plants were estimated to facilitate exposure‐response analyses in the epidemiologic study. Methods NIOSH obtained personal respirable dust measurement records from Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) compliance inspections at all 18 plants and from the archives of seven plants which had collected samples. These samples had been analyzed for quartz content by x-ray diffraction. Although no personal samples were available before 1974, impinger dust measurements were reported for 19 silica sand plants in 1946; these data were converted and used to estimate exposures prior to 1974. Statistical modeling of the samples was used to estimate quartz exposure concentrations for workers in plant‐job‐year categories from the 1930s when mortality follow-up of the cohort began until 1988 when follow-up stopped. Results Between 1974 and 1996, there were 4,269 respirable dust samples collected at these 18 plants. The geometric mean quartz concentration was 25.9mg/m 3 (GSDa 10.9) with a range from less than 1 to 11,700mg/m 3 . Samples below 1mg/m 3 were given a value of 0.5mg/m 3 . Over one-third of the samples (37%) exceeded the MSHA permissible exposure limit value for quartz (PELa 10 mg/m 3 /(%quartza 2)) and half (51%) of the samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (RELa 50mg/m 3 ). The samples were collected from workers performing 143 jobs within the 18 plants, but too few samples were collected from many of the jobs to make accurate estimates. Therefore, samples were combined into 10 categories of jobs performing similar tasks or located within the same plant area. Conclusions The quartz concentrations varied significantly by plant, job, and year. Quartz concentrations decreased over time, with measurements collected in the 1970s significantly greater than those collected later. The modeled exposure estimates improve upon duration of employment as an estimate of cumulative exposure and reduce exposure misclassification due to variation in quartz levels between plants, jobs, and over time.
Transcriptional occlusion of transposon targets

In Salmonella typhimurium, insertion of transposons Tn5, Tn10 and bacteriophage Mu is inhibited by transcription of some target sequences. The transcription effects on Tn5 are large when the lac operon is a target but are limited to a slight effect on the hisG gene of the his operon. The Tn10 element shows target occlusion in both operons. Phage Mu has been shown previously to be inhibited for insertion into the lac operon. In the his operon Mu is only inhibited for insertion into the hisG gene. The variability of the inhibition effect from one sequence to another suggests site or regional specificity for transcription effects. Reducing the probability of insertion into transcribed sequences may be of selective importance to transposons since it reduces the risk of killing the host while maintaining the ability to transpose.
Concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient and dissipative structures

A theoretical study of the Brusselator model with non-uniform distribution of component A and a concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient has been performed. Numerical simulation reveals that a variable diffusion coefficient alters the bifurcation pattern and the stability properties of the steady-state as well as periodic solutions. A simple approximate method, based on one-point collocation, has been proposed to analyze the bifurcation phenomena for the case of fixed boundary conditions and low system size.
Effects of radiative and conductive transfer on thermal ignition

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the thermal ignition phenomenon when the interaction of conductive and radiative heat transfer for a plane layer medium with an Arrhenius heat generation is considered. The medium contains absorbing and emitting gases, soot, and particles where scattering is included for the particles. The medium is enclosed between isothermal and reflecting walls. Numerical results are reported for the heat release that causes a sudden increase in the medium temperature. The influence of medium composition, particle scattering, and wall emittance on the heat release for thermal ignition is reported. For the values of the parameters eamined, the results indicate that when absorbing gases, soot, and particle radiation effects are taken into account, the heat release may be two orders of magnitude higher than that when only conduction is considered.
Bonding defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

A mechanism for charged-carrier-trapping-induced defect metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and in hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys containing relatively high concentrations of oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms (a-Si:X:H, X = O or N) is described. The experimental results that identified this defect metastability mechanism were (i) differences in the Staebler-Wronski effect in a-Si:H and a-Si:N:H alloys prepared from N{sub 2} and NH{sub 3} source gases by remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition, and (ii) differences in defect generation at N-atom terminated Si-SiO{sub 2} interfaces prepared from NH{sub 3} and N{sub 2}O.
Effect of bending on the performance of spool-packaged shape memory alloy actuators

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuation is becoming an increasingly viable technology for industrial applications as many of the technical issues that have limited its use are being addressed (speed of actuation, mechanical connections, performance degradation, quality control, etc.) while increasing production capacities drive costs to practical levels. Shape memory alloys are often selected because of their high energy density which can lead to compact actuators; however, wire forms with small cross-sectional diameters tend to be long (10 to 50 times the length of required stroke). Spooling the wire can be used for compact packaging, but as the spool diameter decreases performance losses and fatigue increase due to bending strains and stresses. This paper presents a simple, design-level model for spooled SMA wire actuators with linear motion outputs that includes the effects of friction and wire bending and accounts for the actuator geometry, applied load, and material friction and constitutive properties. The model was validated experimentally with respect to the ratio of mandrel to SMA wire diameter and agrees well in both form and magnitude with experiments. The resulting model provides the framework for the analysis and synthesis of spooled SMA wire actuators to guide the selection of design parameters with respect to the tradeoffs between performance and packaging.
Thermodynamic properties of liquid Mg+Pb and Mg+Sn Alloys by e.m.f. measurements

Abstract Electromotive forces of the liquid alloys of Mg+Pb and Mg+Sn against pure liquid Mg were measured using galvanic cells of the type in the temperature range 700 to 900 °C. The activities and the relative partial molar properties of Mg and Pb in the system Mg+Pb and of Mg and Sn in the system Mg+Sn and the relative integral molar properties of the liquid alloys of Mg+Pb and Mg+Sn at 800 °C were determined from the measured values of the electromotive force. Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies of formation for solid Mg2Pb and Mg2Sn were calculated using the relevant results from this investigation and from the established equilibrium phase diagrams of Mg+Pb and Mg+Sn. The activity coefficients of Mg and Pb in Mg+Pb and of Mg and Sn in Mg+Sn, were found to agree qualitatively with those calculated from the application of the quasi-idealsolution model to the melts assuming the formation of Mg2Pb, MgPb and Mg2Sn, MgSn in the respective systems.
Will Finite Elements Replace Structural Mechanics

This paper presents a personal view regarding the need for a continued interest and activity in structural methods in general, while viewing finite elements and the computer as simply two specific tools for assisting in this endeavor. An attempt is made to provide some insight as to why finite element methods seem to have "won the war," and to give examples of their more (and less) intelligent use. Items addressed include a highlight of unnecessary limitations of many existing standard finite element codes and where it is felt that further development work is needed.
Craniofacial phenotypes in segmentally trisomic mouse models for Down syndrome

Trisomy for chromosome 21 (Chr 21) has profound effects on development that result in a constellation of phenotypes known as Down syndrome (DS). Distinctive craniofacial manifestations are among the few features common to all individuals with DS. The characteristic face of a person with DS results primarily from maldevelopment of the underlying craniofacial skeleton. The Ts65Dn mouse, which has segmental trisomy 16, producing dosage imbalance for about half the genes found on human Chr 21, exhibits specific skeletal malformations corresponding directly to the craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in DS. Here we demonstrate that Ts1Cje mice, which are at dosage imbalance for about 3/4 of the genes triplicated in Ts65Dn, demonstrate a very similar pattern of anomalies in the craniofacial skeleton. However, one characteristic of Ts65Dn mice, a broadening of the cranial vault contributing to brachycephaly, is not seen in Ts1Cje mice. These observations independently confirm that a dosage imbalance for mouse genes orthologous to those on human Chr 21 has corresponding effects in both species. The subtle differences in the craniofacial phenotypes of Ts1Cje and Ts65Dn mice have implications for elucidation of the mechanisms by which this aneuploidy disrupts development.
Possible Formation of Singlet Oxygen in the Radiolysis of Water under High Pressure Oxygen

ALTHOUGH the radiolysis, at room temperature, of oxygenated aqueous solutions from zero pressure up to a saturating oxygen pressure (Po2) of 1 atm (≈1.2 mM) has been thoroughly studied1,2, reported studies at Po2 > 1 atm are few and of diverse nature3–9. Due to its high affinity for the reducing radicals, H atom and e−aq, the presence of oxygen in aqueous solutions will convert these radiolytically produced radicals to HO2 and O−2. In irradiated solutions therefore the presence of oxygen is expected to interfere with radical recombination reactions, such as H + H → H2 and H + OH → H2O and the increase in overall radical yields with increasing oxygen concentration has been generally attributed to such processes3,4,6–8. Here we present data which indicate that this explanation may be insufficient.
Antecedents of mentoring: Do multi-faceted job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment matter?

Abstract This study examines the relationships between work attitudes, willingness to mentor and business-to-business salesperson mentoring support. Results provide evidence that individual directed organizational citizenship behavior (altruism) and willingness to mentor may not share as many antecedents as the literature conceptualizes. Willingness to mentor is a strong predictor of serving as a mentor and mentors most willing to mentor provide proteges with the greatest vocational, psychosocial and role modeling support. The findings raise concerns regarding the applicability of organizational citizenship behavior theory as a framework for understanding why employees mentor.
Using Global Optimization to Estimate Population Class Sizes

In this paper we formulate a nonlinear optimization model to estimate population class sizes based on sample information. The model is nonconvex and has several local minima corresponding to different populations that could have been the source of the sample data. We show that many if not all local solutions can be found using a new global optimization algorithm called OptQuest/NLP (OQNLP). This can be used to estimate the number of individuals in a population with unique or rarely occurring characteristics, which is useful for assessing disclosure risk. It can also be used to estimate the number of classes in a population, a problem with applications in a variety of disciplines.
Using Raptor to Evaluate Communication System Sparing Strategies

Simulation is a powerful tool for evaluating complex systems. RAPTOR (Rapid Availability Prototyping for Testing Operational Readiness) is a generic simulation developed by the Air Force and modifi...
Pabiku and Ga Ti Ga Two Mechanisms Infants Use to Learn About the World

Some of the things that adults learn about language, and about the world, are very specific, whereas others are more abstract or rulelike. This article reviews evidence showing that infants, too, can very rapidly acquire both specific and abstract information, and considers the mechanisms that infants might use in doing so.
Selective breeding for the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops, Rafinesque ×M. saxatilis, Walbaum) industry: status and perspectives

The hybrid striped bass (HSB) farming industry has considerable potential for growth into domestic retail markets, but expansion of this industry is limited by high production costs that dictate high prices for HSB. It is widely recognized within the industry that selective breeding of an improved HSB will be required to increase production efficiency and reduce market prices. A National Program of Genetic Improvement and Selective Breeding for the HSB Industry has been initiated and some progress has been made toward domestication of the parent species of the hybrid. However, uncertainty remains as to which breeding procedures will most rapidly yield sustainable genetic gains in key production traits. This paper consolidates and reviews general information on the biology of temperate basses (genus Morone) relevant to selective breeding of improved HSB. The topics covered include control of reproduction, geographic distribution of stocks and population genetic variation. This is followed by a brief review of the current application of selective breeding techniques, including those based on molecular markers. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for genetic improvement of HSB in a selective breeding program.
Noncooperative content distribution in mobile infostation networks

In wireless networks, it is often assumed that all nodes cooperate to relay packets for each other. Although this is a plausible model for military or mission-based networks, it is unrealistic for commercial networks and future pervasive computing environments. We address the issue of noncooperation between nodes in the context of content distribution in mobile infostation networks. All nodes have common interest in all files cached in the fixed infostations. In addition to downloading files from the fixed infostations, nodes act as mobile infostations and exchange files when they are in proximity. We stipulate a social contract such that an exchange occurs only when each node can obtain something it wants from the exchange. We show by analysis and simulations that network performance depends on node density, mobility and the number of files that are being disseminated. Our results point to the existence of data diversity for mobile infostation networks. As the number of files of interest to all users increases, the achievable throughput increases. Moreover, each user has a fairer share of the total network throughput. In particular, the transmission of each channel is only limited by contention, indicating the noncooperation strategy achieves near optimum resource utilization.