cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory Exposure in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Room Type and Other Predictors.

Objective To quantify early auditory exposures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and evaluate how these are related to medical and environmental factors. We hypothesized that there would be less auditory exposure in the NICU private room, compared with the open ward. Study design Preterm infants born at ≤ 28 weeks gestation (33 in the open ward, 25 in private rooms) had auditory exposure quantified at birth, 30 and 34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), and term equivalent age using the Language Environmental Acquisition device. Results Meaningful language ( P P P P = .0007) and noise decreased ( P P = .02) than the open ward, with an average of 1.9 hours more silence in a 16-hour period. There was an interaction between PMA and room type for distant words ( P = .01) and average decibels ( P = .04), indicating that changes in auditory exposure across PMA were different for infants in private rooms compared with infants in the open ward. Medical interventions were related to more noise in the environment, although parent presence ( P = .009) and engagement ( P = .002) were related to greater language exposure. Average sound levels in the NICU were 58.9 ± 3.6 decibels, with an average peak level of 86.9 ± 1.4 decibels. Conclusions Understanding the NICU auditory environment paves the way for interventions that reduce high levels of adverse sound and enhance positive forms of auditory exposure, such as language.
Consumer Entitlement’s Moderating Role on the Impact of Salesperson Credibility on Perceptions of Sales Pressure: An Abstract

Although it has been generally reported that high-pressure sales tactics can have negative effects on both the customer and the salesperson/firm (e.g., Chu et al. 1995), the amount of attention devoted to the subject in the marketing literature is less than optimal. As such, our understanding of factors, such as salesperson credibility, that can contribute to consumer perceptions of sales pressure could also benefit from more research effort. Additionally, with the millennial generation playing an ever-increasing role in the consumer population, the need exists to examine the role of consumer entitlement in this relationship. Using a sample of 326 consumers, this research seeks to address these gaps in the literature.
Ten Chairs: Nine are Leather; One’s Electric. The Supreme Court’s Struggle for Equal Justice in Capital Punishment.

America continues to struggle with the death penalty issue, with some calling it “cruel and unusual” punishment, and others asserting that it represents a sure-fire path to justice. In the context of the theme “Equal Justice Under Law,” etched in stone on the U.S. Supreme Court Building, this paper considers whether the Supreme Court’s increased emphasis on procedural efficiency in denying writs of certiorari and stays of execution denies equal justice based on the merits of a prisoner’s case. While noting some benefits of procedural efficiency, the paper concludes that tightening the procedural process does come at the expense of substantive justice, thus making the goal of “equal justice” more illusive.
Eight tests for sperm DNA fragmentation and their roles in the clinic.

In this issue, Agarwal and colleagues (1) have attempted the Herculean effort of sifting through hundreds of publications and several meta-analyses of those publications to answer a question that continues to plague clinicians in artificial reproduction technologies (ART) clinics. Simply stated, the question is “When is it appropriate to ask patients to spend more money to obtain a diagnosis of the status of DNA damage in the sperm as a tool for both the patient and clinician to decide on a course of treatment?”.
“De este mar, gozado a mares, no nos sacan”: aproximación a El reino errante. Poemas de la migración y el mundo árabes (1991), de Jorge García Usta

Hasta ahora, con notables excepciones, pocos han sido los estudios sobre los aportes culturales de los inmigrantes arabes en Colombia. En el caso que nos interesa, nos proponemos estudiar las apuestas literarias llevadas a cabo, desde el Caribe colombiano, por uno de sus descendientes, Jorge Garcia Usta (1960-2005), quien con su poemario El reino errante. Poemas de la migracion y el mundo arabes (1991) se adentra en la afirmacion de un sujeto plural y complejo, que se reconoce en su doble identidad e hibridez. Para ello tendremos en cuenta factores historicos y esteticos, asi como la posible inscripcion de este poemario en lo que desde hace algun tiempo se conoce como “literatura del Mahyar”, o tradicion de la literatura de la emigracion arabe a America.
Declines in prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders and delinquent behaviors in the USA: a unitary trend?

BackgroundDownward trends in a number of adolescent risk behaviors including violence, crime, and drug use have been observed in the USA in recent years. It is unknown whether these are separate trends or whether they might relate to a general reduction in propensity to engage in such behaviors. Our objectives were to quantify trends in substance use disorders (SUDs) and delinquent behaviors over the 2003–2014 period and to determine whether they might reflect a single trend in an Externalizing-like trait.MethodsWe analyzed data from 12 to 17 year old participants from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a representative survey of the household dwelling population of the USA, across the 2003–2014 period (N = 210 599). Outcomes included past-year prevalence of six categories of substance use disorder and six categories of delinquent behavior.ResultsTrend analysis suggested a net decline of 49% in mean number of SUDs and a 34% decline in delinquent behaviors over the 12-year period. Item Response Theory models were consistent with the interpretation that declines in each set of outcomes could be attributed to changes in mean levels of a latent, Externalizing-like trait.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that declines in SUDs and some delinquent behaviors reflect a single trend related to an Externalizing-like trait. Identifying the factors contributing to this trend may facilitate continued improvement across a spectrum of adolescent risk behaviors.
The Widespread Use of Workplace Arbitration Among America's Top 100 Companies (The Employee Rights Advocacy Institute for Law & Policy 2017)

The ability to access courts is disappearing for workers in America because arbitration clauses have permeated the majority of the leading companies in America. Personal injury claims, wage claims, civil rights claims, sexual assault claims, and other claims involving the workplace and vulnerable workers may never be heard in a public court, with broad procedural protections for employees, because of the use of arbitration clauses. Further, through the use of class waivers, it is impossible for employees to join together in a class or collective action against their more powerful and far better-resourced employers. Access to courts has become increasingly more difficult for workers, and the vast majority of America’s top companies have tried to block workers from entering the courthouse door. This report examines the use of arbitration agreements by the largest domestic U.S. companies. The research in this report was undertaken to identify: 1) How many of these companies have utilized arbitration to resolve workplace disputes since 2010; and 2) Of those companies, how many use arbitration clauses that require workers also to waive their right to proceed collectively or as part of a class (a “class waiver”). This report does not address labor arbitration or unionized employees who are bound to arbitrate under a collective bargaining agreement; instead, this report focuses on individual arbitration agreements for workplace disputes. The key findings from the research done for this report are that eighty percent of top companies have used arbitration agreements since 2010, and of those, almost forty percent have used arbitration clauses that contain class waivers.
The response of Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene and Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. to nitrogen fertilization in hydrologically altered wetlands.

A fertilization study was conducted to test the hypothesis that substrate moisture content affects nitrogen uptake by plants in brackish wetlands that have been ditched for mosquito control. Spartina patens (Ait.)Muhl. and Distichlis spicata (L.)Greene were the test species. Nitrate fertilizer was applied to plots in an unditched (Control) area and in two areas that had been extensively ditched. Tissue nitrogen concentrations increased significantly in fertilized plots and they were significantly higher in the area where the substrate moisture content had decreased following management. Distichlis had a greater relative response to fertilization but the response did not differ between sites. Spartina the more shallow rooted species, had the greatest relative response to fertilization in the driest area. The results demonstrate that minimum changes in plant tissue nitrogen concentrations can be achieved in ditched wetlands by maintaining water tables as near to the wetland surface as possible.
Total Outflow Facility in Live C57BL/6 Mice of Different Age.

Purpose To characterize total outflow facility across the live adult mouse lifespan as a reference for mouse glaucoma studies and the common C57BL/6 background strain. Methods Microperfusion was performed by single-needle cannulation and feedback-controlled coupling of pressure and flow to maintain a constant pressure in the anterior chambers of live C57BL/6NCrl mice aged 3-4 months (n = 17), 6-9 months (n = 10), and 23-27 months (n = 12). This mouse age range represented an equivalent human age range of young adult to elderly. We characterized the following across age groups in vivo: (1) outflow facility based on constant pressure perfusion in a pressure range of 15-35 mm Hg, (2) perfusion flow rates, and (3) anterior segment tissue histology after perfusion. Thirty-nine live mice underwent perfusion. Results Pressure-flow rate functions were consistently linear for all age groups (all R 2 > 0.96). Total outflow facility in mice aged 3-4, 6-9, and 23-27 months was 0.0066, 0.0064, and 0.0077 μL/min/mm Hg, respectively. Facility was not significantly different between age groups (all p > 0.4). The groups had closely overlapping frequency distribution profiles with right-sided tails. Post hoc estimates indicated that group facility differences of at least 50% would have been detectable, with this limit set mainly by inherent variability in the strain. A trend toward higher perfusion flow rates was seen in older mice aged 23-27 months, but this was not significantly different from that of mice aged 3-4 months or 6-9 months (p > 0.2). No histological disruption or difference in iridocorneal angle or drainage tissue structure was seen following perfusion in the different age groups. Conclusion We did not find a significant difference in total outflow facility between different age groups across the live C57BL/6 mouse adult lifespan, agreeing with some human studies. The possibility that more subtle differences might exist ought to be judged with respect to the heterogeneity in facility at different ages. Our findings provide reference data for live perfusion studies pertaining to glaucoma involving the C57BL/6 strain.
Beating-heart Thoracoscopic Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion in a Patient with Left atrial Thrombus

Stroke remains a major complication of atrial fibrillation and third leading cause of death in Western Countries. [1] While Coumadin and novel oral anticoagulants have been efficient in reducing the stoke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation; there is a subset of patients who are not candidates for anticoagulation.[2] The management of these patients is clinical challenge.We describe a patient with history of permanent atrial fibrillation with contra-indication to anticoagulation presenting with and left atrial thrombus. She was treated with novel generation of epicardial left atrial appendage exclusion device.
Cap layer and multi-work-function tuning impact on TDDB/BTI in SOI FinFET devices

Threshold voltage Vt tunability has been demonstrated for a 14nm SOI FinFET technology with multi-work-function tuning and cap layer incorporated high-k dielectric. BTI degradation is dominated by voltage over-drive and can be described by the intrinsic voltage acceleration model. TDDB lifetime is modulated by the initial gate leakage current density and a new TDDB lifetime model is developed to model the lifetime of multi-work-function and cap layer incorporated SOI FinFETs. Devices with matching VT have longer TDDB lifetime and substantially reduced PBTI degradation while NBTI does benefit less with the cap layer incorporated.
Introduction of triggers for palliative care consultation improves utilization and satisfaction within a level four NICU

We sought to explore the beliefs regarding palliative care team utilization, as well as increase consultation and awareness of the palliative care team’s role in the NICU. The study design in this Level 4 NICU included observational time series with multiple planned sequential interventions. Medical chart review was conducted to determine eligibility, and statistical process control charts were used to show performance over time. Prior to implementation of the triggers, 26% received consultation, which increased to 46% after implementation. There was an increase in level of understanding, knowledge of team’s role, and improved utilization. The time until initial consultation decreased from ~1.5 months to 1 week. We observed a 20% increase in consultations. Key interventions included continual education, reminders, and clear postage of the trigger list. Written guidelines increase awareness of a palliative care team’s role within a NICU, and provider satisfaction.
Electrochemical Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in Water after Electrocatalytic and Ultraviolet Treatments Using a Polyguanine-Labeled Secondary Bead Sensor.

The availability of clean drinking water is a significant problem worldwide. Many technologies exist for purifying drinking water, however, many of these methods require chemicals or use simple methods, such as boiling and filtering, which may or may not be effective in removing waterborne pathogens. Present methods for detecting pathogens in point-of-use (POU) sterilized water are typically time prohibitive or have limited ability differentiating between active and inactive cells. This work describes a rapid electrochemical sensor to differentially detect the presence of active Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in samples that have been partially or completely sterilized using a new POU electrocatalytic water purification technology based on superradicals generated by defect laden titania (TiO2) nanotubes. The sensor was also used to detect pathogens sterilized by UV-C radiation for a comparison of different modes of cell death. The sensor utilizes immunomagnetic bead separation to isolate active bacteria by forming a sandwich assay comprised of antibody functionalized secondary magnetic beads, E. coli O157:H7, and polyguanine (polyG) oligonucleotide functionalized secondary polystyrene beads as an electrochemical tag. The assay is formed by the attachment of antibodies to active receptors on the membrane of E. coli, allowing the sensor to differentially detect viable cells. Ultravioloet (UV)-C radiation and an electrocatalytic reactor (ER) with integrated defect-laden titania nanotubes were used to examine the sensors’ performance in detecting sterilized cells under different modes of cell death. Plate counts and flow cytometry were used to quantify disinfection efficacy and cell damage. It was found that the ER treatments shredded the bacteria into multiple fragments, while UV-C treatments inactivated the bacteria but left the cell membrane mostly intact.
Strengthening of Optical Fibers by Molecular Stuffing

Even though glass has high intrinsic strength, it is a brittle material which suffers strength degradation due to static fatigue. Stringent control of preform preparation, drawing conditions and immediate coating with protective materials may limit the initial flaw population in glass fibers, but no coating or pretreatment can completely prevent strength degradation under tensile loading conditions. If the fiber surface is under compression, however, one can guarantee the preservation of the initial tensile strength for static loads less than the compression and can greatly increase the time to failure for larger loads. This paper discusses one preform fabrication technique, “Molecular Stuffing” which is especially suited to producing optical fibers having high residual surface compression. The basic aspects of molecular stuffing are discussed with particular emphasis on its applicability to strengthening.
Titan: A New World Covered in Submarine Craters?

Saturn’s satellite Titan is a unique object that not only has a thick nitrogen atmosphere, but may also have widespread deposits of surface liquids. Its surface has not yet been studied closely, but will be investigated in detail by the NASA-ESA Cassini-Huygens mission in 2004–2008. If, like virtually everywhere else in the solar system, it has suffered bombardment by impactors, it will have a significant impact crater population. Many of these may have been formed in, or have filled with, the surface liquid deposits. This paper aims to explore some of the phenomena we may see, and to alert the impact community to the opportunities that Titan may offer in understanding impact processes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES AND OTHER INSECT POLLINATORS IN MAINTAINING FLORAL SPECIES COMPOSITION

Bees and other insect pollinators which are necessary for the successful reproduction of most species of flowering plants, including agricultural crops, have been ignored by our preservation efforts. This is unfortunate because bees, as low-fecundity organisms, are very susceptible to insecticides and populations are slow to recover from perturbations. Many species of bees, particularly specialized species in the western United States and the tropics, are vulnerable to extinction. With extinctions of specialized forms, generalized species, especially fugitives, are expected to increase because of their ability to utilize a variety of resources and survive beyond the confines of preserves. The possible effects of increased dominance by generalist pollinators on floral species composition is discussed.
“Hundreds of People Like Me”: A Search for a Mad Community in The Bell Jar

This chapter examines how Sylvia Plath’s asylum novel The Bell Jar imagines what a community of people who identify as mentally ill might look like, and who gets left behind when “getting better” is privileged. Most current criticism on The Bell Jar examines Esther’s search for identity as either a woman or a writer, overlooking the fact that while Esther is searching for female role models, she is also searching for identity and community as a person with an enduring mental illness. Although the cure-focused hierarchical structure of the asylum dampens Esther’s attempts at forming lasting bonds there, the relationships she does form influence how she sees herself and others, and encourages her to at least imagine a community that could incorporate mental distress.
Hybrid Zero Dynamics of Bipedal Robots Under Nonholonomic Virtual Constraints

This letter investigates the hybrid zero dynamics for planar bipedal robots with one degree of underactuation subject to nonholonomic virtual constraints (NHVCs). We first derive the closed-form expression of the bipedal robot zero dynamics under NHVCs. We next present conditions that make the NHVCs invariant with respect to rigid impacts with the ground. Lastly, a reduced dimensionality test, which is independent of the number of degrees of freedom of the bipedal robot, is proposed for checking existence and exponential stability of hybrid periodic orbits under NHVCs. Simulation results using the RABBIT biped robot demonstrate the robustness of the proposed NHVCs against a randomized horizontal push disturbance. A statistical significant difference between the mean number of steps until failure is shown between the NHVC and virtual holonomic constraint control schemes.
Ardipithecus ramidus postcrania from the Gona Project area, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia.

Abstract Functional analyses of the 4.4 Ma hominin Ardipithecus ramidus postcrania revealed a previously unknown and unpredicted locomotor pattern combining arboreal clambering and a form of terrestrial bipedality. To date, all of the fossil evidence of Ar. ramidus locomotion has been collected from the Aramis area of the Middle Awash Research Project in Ethiopia. Here, we present the results of an analysis of additional early Pliocene Ar. ramidus fossils from the Gona Project study area, Ethiopia, that includes a fragmentary but informative partial skeleton (GWM67/P2) and additional isolated manual remains. While we reinforce the original functional interpretations of Ar. ramidus of having a mixed locomotor adaptation of terrestrial bipedality and arboreal clambering, we broaden our understanding of the nature of its locomotor pattern by documenting better the function of the hip, ankle, and foot. The newly recovered fossils document a greater adaptation to bipedality in the Ar. ramidus ankle and hallux than previously recognized. In addition, a newly discovered scaphoid bone with a fusing os centrale provides further evidence about the nature of hominin hand evolution.
Chip-scale high-performance digital Fourier Transform (dFT) spectrometers

On-chip spectrometers have recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional benchtop instruments with apparent Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) advantages for applications including spectroscopic sensing, optical network performance monitoring, RF spectrum analysis, optical coherence tomography, and hyperspectral imaging. Existing onchip spectrometer designs, however, are limited in spectral channel count and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here we demonstrate a transformative on-chip digital Fourier transform (dFT) spectrometer that can acquire high-resolution spectra via time-domain modulation of a reconfigurable Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The device, fabricated and packaged using industry-standard silicon photonics technology, claims the multiplex advantage to dramatically boost SNR and unprecedented scalability capable of addressing exponentially increasing numbers of spectral channels. We further explored and implemented machine learning regularization techniques to spectrum reconstruction. Using an ‘elastic-D1’ regularized regression method that we developed, we achieved significant noise suppression for both broad (> 600 GHz) and narrow ( 1,000) spectral channel counts.
Disparities in Diagnosis and Service Access for Minority Children with ASD in the United States.

This study examined children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using data from the 2011 Survey of Pathway to Diagnosis and Services national data set (n = 1715). When comparing white and minority families, results indicate there were no differences between the child’s treatment needs based on the number and type of ASD symptoms or insurance coverage. However, minority parents were less likely to contact a doctor or health care professionals about their concerns, waiting years, rather than months as described by white families, to have the child evaluated. Although both white and minority families received similar types of care (e.g., conducting developmental tests, making a referral to a specialist, suggesting that the parent discuss the concern with the school), white families reported they were more formally engaged in the diagnostic process and subsequently visited a larger variety of service providers. White parents were more satisfied with the services that their child received from doctors and other health care providers whereas minority families indicated school services were more responsiveness to their needs. Recommended outreach efforts are suggested and described.
Predicting metamorphic relations for matrix calculation programs

Matrices often represent important information in scientific applications and are involved in performing complex calculations. But systematically testing these applications is hard due to the oracle problem. Metamorphic testing is an effective approach to test such applications because it uses metamorphic relations to determine whether test cases have passed or failed. Metamorphic relations are typically identified with the help of a domain expert and is a labor intensive task. In this work we use a graph kernel based machine learning approach to predict metamorphic relations for matrix calculation programs. Previously, this graph kernel based machine learning approach was used to successfully predict metamorphic relations for programs that perform numerical calculations. Results of this study show that this approach can be used to predict metamorphic relations for matrix calculation programs as well.
Methods of Glycemic Control and Neonatal Outcomes after Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration among Women with Pregestational Diabetes

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the method of maternal glycemic control after antenatal corticosteroid, administration and maternal hyperglycemia and neonatal morbidity among women with diabetes. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of women with pregestational diabetes who received antenatal corticosteroids and delivered in Results Of 52 eligible women, only 1 (1.9%) had adequate maternal glycemic control. There was no significant association between the method of glycemic control and maternal hyperglycemia or neonatal morbidity. There was no association between maternal glucose and neonatal morbidity; however, neonates with composite morbidity were more likely to be born to women who received less insulin. Conclusion Maternal glycemic control among women with diabetes was poor after the antenatal corticosteroid administration, regardless of glycemic control method. Neither the method of maternal glycemic control nor the degree of control was associated with neonatal morbidity.
Why does this Entity matter?: Support Passage Retrieval for Entity Retrieval

Our goal is to complement an entity ranking with human-readable explanations of how those retrieved entities are connected to the information need. While related to the problem of support passage retrieval, in this paper, we explore two underutilized indicators of relevance: contextual entities and entity salience. The effectiveness of the indicators are studied within a supervised learning-to-rank framework on a dataset from TREC Complex Answer Retrieval. We find that salience is a useful indicator, but it is often not applicable. In contrast, although performance improvements are obtained by using contextual entities, using contextual words still outperforms contextual entities.
A Rapid Forecasting and Mapping System of Storm Surge and Coastal Flooding

AbstractA prototype of an efficient and accurate rapid forecasting and mapping system (RFMS) of storm surge is presented. Given a storm advisory from the National Hurricane Center, the RFMS can gen...
Graded Eimeria challenge linearly regulated growth performance, dynamic change of gastrointestinal permeability, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, and tight junctions of broiler chickens.

This study was conducted to evaluate graded Eimeria challenge on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, gastrointestinal permeability, intestinal morphology, gene expression of tight junction protein, and intestinal lesion scores in broiler chickens. There were 5 groups in this study, including a control and 4 different Eimeria treatment doses. A mixed Eimeria spp. solution with 50,000 Eimeria maxima, 50,000 Eimeria tenella, and 250,000 Eimeria acervulina per milliliter was prepared for the high-dose challenge treatment. The 2-fold serial dilution was used to make the medium-high (25,000 E. maxima; 25,000 E. tenella; 125,000 E. acervulina), the medium-low (12,500 E. maxima; 12,500 E. tenella; 62,500 E. acervulina), and the low challenge dose (6,250 E. maxima; 6,250 E. tenella; 31,250 E. acervulina). A total of three hundred sixty 13-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 6 replicated cages. Growth performance was calculated from 0 to 6 D postinfection (DPI). Intestine lesion was scored on 6 DPI. Gastrointestinal permeability was measured on 3, 5, 6, 7, and 9 DPI. The results indicated significant linear reduction in growth performance, intestinal villi height, and ileal nutrient digestibility in response to the increase of Eimeria challenge dose. Furthermore, gene expression of tight junction protein was linearly upregulated by the increasing challenge doses. Significant linear increases of gastrointestinal permeability were found on 5, 6, and 7 DPI (P < 0.01). On 9 DPI, the gastrointestinal permeability was recovered back to normal level in the challenge groups. In conclusion, the higher Eimeria doses birds received, the more severe intestine damage was observed in several gastrointestinal health parameters. The medium-low or medium-high levels of mixed Eimeria oocysts is suggested as an optimum Eimeria-challenge dose to establish a subclinical challenge model for future studies evaluating nutritional strategies. Moreover, it is recommended to measure gastrointestinal permeability on 5 DPI with higher oocysts doses and 6 DPI when using the lower oocysts doses.
Introduction: Religion, Sustainability, and Place

This multidisciplinary book explores how religious and faith groups promote sustainable relationships between people, place and environments. A brief review of the academic literature finds few studies linking the study of religion with sustainability and place. The contribution of this volume is its attention to how conceptions of place influence sustainability concerns and activism of religious and faith groups. We see a tension in these place conceptions. It is a tension between an inward-looking geography of concern—a more narrow and bounded sense of place—and a geography of care and concern that extends beyond the local to the global. This volume is organized by this place-based theme, moving from chapters that explore a defensive posture and how the sacred sense of place informs efforts of religious groups to promote sustainability, to chapters that explore how an open and global sense of place shapes the sustainability discourse and efforts of religious and interfaith groups.
Available drugs and supplements for rapid deployment for treatment of COVID-19.

Effective treatment for COVID-19 remains elusive, though urgently needed in the current pandemic. Repurposing marketed therapies may be an effective strategy for finding treatments quickly and, recently, in vitro and clinical testing of such therapies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has skyrocketed. However, not all marketed drugs showing in vitro efficacy could achieve therapeutic concentrations in humans and discernment of drugs that have favorable pharmacokinetic properties can save time and resources for future studies. Here, we compile marketed therapies, including supplements, having anti-viral activity with in vitro, in vivo, and/or clinical data against α and s coronaviruses into tables, alongside their pharmacokinetic properties. We point to several drugs or supplements available for immediate repurposing because they have achievable blood concentrations in humans well above their inhibitory concentrations against coronaviruses. This compilation may contribute to the implementation of rapid future studies by narrowing the vast number of marketed drugs reported for potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of their pharmacokinetic properties and published coronavirus data.
Thrombin Generation Following Severe Trauma: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Implications for Hemostasis and Thrombosis.

ABSTRACT Thrombin is the central coagulation enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to form insoluble fibrin blood clots. In vivo, thrombin production results from the concerted effort of plasma enzymatic reactions with essential contributions from circulating and vessel wall cells. The relative amount of thrombin produced directly dictates the structure and stability of fibrin clots; therefore, sufficient thrombin generation is essential for normal hemostasis to occur. Examination of thrombin generation phenotypes among severely injury trauma patients reveals important relationships between the potential for generating thrombin and risks of bleeding and thrombotic complications. Thus, understanding determinants of thrombin generation following traumatic injury is of high clinical importance. This review will focus on patterns and mechanisms of thrombin generation in severely injured patients, the role of fluid resuscitation in modulating thrombin generation and implications for outcomes.
Factors associated with methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms among people who inject drugs.

Abstract Background Regular methamphetamine (MA) use can result in withdrawal syndrome characterized by fatigue, agitation, depression, and anxiety. No studies that we are aware of have examined the prevalence and predictors of MA withdrawal symptoms among people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods PWID were recruited using targeted sampling methods in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California from 2016 to 2017. Survey questions included demographics, drug use, and MA withdrawal symptoms, frequency, and symptom severity. Participants who reported regular MA use ( > 12 times in the last 30 days) were included in this analysis (N = 595). Multivariable regression models were developed to examine factors associated with any MA withdrawal, withdrawal frequency, symptom severity, and receptive syringe sharing. Results MA withdrawal symptoms in the past 6 months were reported by 53 % of PWID, with 25 % reporting weekly withdrawal symptoms, and 20 % reporting very or extremely painful symptoms. In multivariable logistic regression, presence of any MA withdrawal symptoms was positively associated with more frequent MA use and non-injection tranquilizer use and inversely associated with crack cocaine use. Among those reporting any withdrawal, female sex was associated with more frequent withdrawal symptoms. Very or extremely painful withdrawal symptoms were associated with being in residential treatment. Receptive syringe sharing was associated with any MA withdrawal symptoms and weekly frequency of symptoms. Conclusion MA withdrawal symptoms are common among PWID and are associated with receptive syringe sharing. Strategies for implementing MA use treatment, safe supply programs, and syringe services programs targeting people who inject MA are indicated.
An Observational Study of Blood Glucose, Non-Esterified Fatty Acid, and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in a Commercial Dairy Herd with a High Incidence of Ketosis

Ketosis, defined as blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations greater than 1,400 umol/1, is an important problem in dairy herds. Ketosis in early lactation has been associated with decreased milk yield, increased risk for displaced abomasum, and impaired reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between concentrations of blood BHBA, glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in transition dairy cows in a commercial dairy herd with a high incidence of ketosis.
Diagnostic Approach after Initial Abnormal Screening

The cardiac evaluation of an athlete begins with a history and physical examination and sometimes includes a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), depending upon local or organizational policies and practices. An understanding of symptoms and physical exam findings that warrant further evaluation, plus knowledge of expected and abnormal ECG findings in athletes, is essential to determine when, and if, further and more detailed downstream cardiac testing is required. When imaging beyond an ECG is indicated and requested, this downstream testing can encompass numerous cardiac tests and visits to subspecialists that have the potential to incur significant cost, time, anxiety, and continued uncertainty. Fundamental downstream tests commonly requested and used in the cardiac evaluation of highly active individuals and competitive athletes include transthoracic echocardiograms, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, coronary computed tomography angiography, and stress testing. Each of these tests has strengths and weaknesses in their ability to provide additive diagnostic information and to help distinguish physiologic athletic cardiac remodeling from potential underlying cardiac pathology. This chapter will focus on and outline how to best utilize multimodality imaging for the assessment of athletes who may present for an evaluation after a pre-participation screening exam, for athletes with new or evolving symptoms, for asymptomatic older athletes, and for younger athletes with congenital heart disease. A well-constructed plan for downstream testing can diagnose and risk stratify athletes in a streamlined fashion and limit unnecessary testing and expense while avoiding a prolonged return to play timeline.
Mixed-status Families in Northern Arizona: An Inductive Analysis of Legal Clinic Participation and the Gendered Dynamics of Emotional Care Work:

Fear of deportation and consequent separation of “mixed-status families” (those with citizen and non-citizen members) is a central issue facing immigrants today. Yet, there is a gap in sociological...
The Role of Salient Fates and Anxiety in Hazard Perception

Social psychologists investigating perceptions of technological and natural hazards have identified critical characteristics of hazards that account for much of the variance in assessments of risk acceptability by non-experts. Additional explanations of variance are being sought through studies of cognitive generalizations (e.g., stigmatization) which simplify, and social interactions which amplify or attenuate, risk judgments.1 This paper examines the possible role of fear in modulating risk perceptions. It is hypothesized that hazards may be judged more or less acceptable depending on the quality of negative consequences which are salient and on evaluative responses to salient consequences. A basic assumption underlying this hypothesis is that there are fates associated with hazards which are perceived to be “worse than death.” It is expected that the degree of anxiety aroused on contemplation of the potential fates of those exposed to hazards will be related directly to the amount of deviation of perceptions from objective risk estimates, although other variables are expected to obscure the relationship.
New fibers for ultra-high-capacity transmission systems

In this talk, we review the features of advanced dispersion-managed fiber technology that enables ultra-high-capacity, high-bit-rate transmission systems for long reach. These fibers provide robust performance and additional margin over currently deployed fibers.
Hormonal Contraceptives and Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility (S34.003)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether contemporary hormonal contraceptives (HC) use increases the risk of MS BACKGROUND: Whether use of contemporary HCs contributes to the rising incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in women is unclear. DESIGN/METHODS: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study from the membership of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). We identified females ages 14-48 years with incident MS or it’s precursor-clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) between 2008 and 2011, who had at least 3 years of continuous membership prior to symptom onset. Ten controls per case were matched on age, race/ethnicity and membership characteristics. Data were obtained from the complete electronic health record and analyzed using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for smoking and live births 3 yrs prior to symptom onset. RESULTS: We identified 305 incident female cases with MS/CIS and 3050 matched-controls. 29.2% of cases and 23.5% of controls had used a HC for at least 3 months within the 3 years prior to symptom onset. The majority used estrogen/progestin combination preparations. Women that used any hormonal contraceptive in the 3 years prior to symptoms onset, and particularly those that had stopped at least 1 month prior to symptom onset, had a slightly increased risk of MS/CIS (ever-users adjusted OR=1.35, 95%CI=1.01-1.80, p=0.04; not current users adjusted OR=1.50, 95%CI=1.05-2.14, p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that use of modern hormonal contraceptives may be contributing at least in part to the rise in incidence of MS in women. Additional analyses will be presented at the meeting. Study Supported by: Kaiser Permanente Direct Community Benefit Funds and NIH NINDS (1R01NS075308 PI: Langer-Gould); and Deutsches Forschung9s Gemeindschaft Grant, PI Hellwig Disclosure: Dr. Hellwig has received personal compensation for activities with Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Teva Neuroscience, Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Novartis. Dr. Hellwig has received research support from the German Research Foundation, Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Teva Neuroscience, and Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Langer-Gould has received research support from Biogen Idec and Roche.
Molecular profiling of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using next generation sequencing.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a heterogeneous malignant process, which is further classified into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). The poor prognosis of the disease is partly due to the lack of understanding of the disease mechanism. Multiple gene alterations identified by various molecular techniques have been described recently. As a result, multiple targeted therapies for ICC and ECC are being developed. In this study, we identified and compared somatic mutations in ICC and ECC patients using next generation sequencing (NGS) (Ampliseq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 and Ion Torrent 318v2 chips). Eleven of 16 samples passed internal quality control established for NGS testing. ICC cases (n = 3) showed IDH1 (33.3%) and NRAS (33.3%) mutations. Meanwhile, TP53 (75%), KRAS (50%), and BRAF (12.5%) mutations were identified in ECC cases (n = 8). Our study confirmed the molecular heterogeneity of ICC and ECC using NGS. This information will be important for individual patients as targeted therapies for ICC and ECC become available in the future.
AN EVALUATION OF THE SAE RECOMMENDED DESIGN CHANGES TO THE HYBRID III DUMMY HIP JOINT

The SAE Large Male and Small Female Dummy Task Group has recommended a change to the HYBRID III dummy hip joint. This change was made because of a non-biofidelic interference in the current design that can influence chest accelerations. The modification include a new femur casting shaft design and the addition of an elastomeric stop to the top of the casting. Static testing and Hyge sled tests were done to evaluate the modifications. Based on the results, the new design satisfied the requirements set by SAE task group and reduced the influence of hip joint characteristics on chest accelerations. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875168.
Eradication of high viable loads of Listeria monocytogenes contaminating food-contact surfaces

This study demonstrates the efficacy of cold gaseous ozone treatments at low concentrations in the eradication of high Listeria monocytogenes viable cell loads from glass, polypropylene, stainless steel and expanded polystyrene food-contact surfaces. Using a step by step approach, involving the selection of the most resistant strain-surface combinations, 11 Listeria spp. strains resulted inactivated by a continuous ozone flow at 1.07 mg m-3 after 24 or 48 h of cold incubation, depending on both strain and surface evaluated. Increasing the inoculum level to 9 log CFU coupon-1, the best inactivation rate was obtained after 48h of treatment at 3.21 mg m-3 ozone concentration when cells were deposited onto stainless steel and expanded polystyrene coupons, resulted the most resistant food-contact surfaces in the previous assays. The addition of naturally microbiologically contaminated meat extract to a high load of L. monocytogenes LMG 23775 cells, the most resistant strain out of the 11 assayed Listeria spp. strains, led to its complete inactivation after four days of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the survival of L. monocytogenes and the effect of ozone treatment under cold storage conditions on expanded polystyrene, a commonly-used material in food packaging. These results could be useful for reducing pathogen cross-contamination phenomena during cold food storage.
The Use of Intravenous Infusion or Single Dose of Low‐Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Analgesia: A Review of the Current Literature

Objective As an analgesic and N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine has been increasingly used as an adjunct in the management of acute perioperative pain. Although several meta-analyses have examined low-dose intravenous (IV) ketamine, they do not distinguish between different types of infusions. Additionally, the many clinical trials published on ketamine vary by regimen of administration and surgical site. This review seeks to exclusively examine the evidence supporting the use of low-dose IV infusion of ketamine for the management of perioperative pain. Methods We searched Medline for any clinical trials or meta-analyses that were conducted on low-dose IV infusion of ketamine between 1966 and November 2013. Using six equations, we were left with 695 references. Of those, five meta-analyses and 39 clinical trials met the criteria to be included our review. These clinical trials represent 2,482 patients, 1,403 of whom received ketamine. We then examined the efficacy of low-dose IV ketamine by regimen and site of surgery using pain scores and opioid consumption as endpoints. Finally, we assessed the safety and long-term impact of low-dose ketamine. Results Low-dose IV ketamine reduces opioid consumption by 40%. It also lowers pain scores, but these findings are less clear. No major complications have been reported with low-dose IV infusion of ketamine when given up to 48 hours after surgery. While our review lends support to using low-dose IV infusion of ketamine in the management of perioperative pain, its optimal dose and regimen remain to be determined. Conclusions Thirty-nine clinical trials assessed a continuous infusion or a bolus of low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia using reduction of pain scores or reduction of the opioid consumption as the primary endpoint. The mean reduction of opioid consumption when using low-dose IV infusion ketamine (infusion rate less than 1.2 mg/kg/h) is 40%. Ketamine also reduces pain scores, but the amplitude of the effect is less clear. No major complications have been reported with low-dose IV infusion of ketamine up to 48 hours following surgery.
Housing/Housing Markets

Housing is among the most durable and costly of consumer possessions. A consumer commodity in itself, housing is also the staging ground for many types of consumption – of things such as furniture and appliances, and of activities such as meal preparation and entertaining. These consumption practices transform a dwelling into the cultural embodiment of a home, which embodies an extension of the self, signals social status, and provides a sense of ontological security. Home ownership intensifies the significance of housing for consumers, but also increases indebtedness and risk. Historically, home mortgages have been justified as a productive investment rather than a consumer expenditure, as mortgages were thought to enforce savings for a financially secure future. However, real estate has not consistently retained its value, and flexible mortgages allow housing wealth to be spent instead of saved. Recent changes in housing finance contribute to the financialization of daily life and further blur the boundaries between investment and consumption of the home. Keywords: commodity; consumption; finance; housing