cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dialect on merger perception: ERP and behavioral correlates.

Abstract Native speakers of a language are often unable to consciously perceive, and have altered neural responses to, phonemic contrasts not present in their language. This study examined whether speakers of dialects of the same language with different phoneme inventories also show measurably different neural responses to contrasts not present in their dialect. Speakers with ( n = 11) and without ( n = 11) an American English I/E ( pin / pen ) vowel merger in speech production were asked to discriminate perceptually between minimal pairs of words that contrasted in the critical vowel merger and minimal pairs of control words while their event-related potential (ERPs) were recorded. Compared with unmerged dialect speakers, merged dialect speakers were less able to make behavioral discriminations and exhibited a reduced late positive ERP component (LPC) effect to incongruent merger vowel stimuli. These results indicate that between dialects of a single language, the behavioral response differences may reflect neural differences related to conscious phonological decision processes.
Oral roentgenographic findings in osteitis fibrosa generalisata associated with chronic renal disease

Abstract Two cases demonstrating the oral roentgenographic changes in osteitis fibrosa generalisata associated with chronic azotemic renal disease have been presented. The oral radiographs demonstrated the characteristic changes of osteitis fibrosa, including generalized demineralization, altered trabecular pattern, loss of lamina dura, and blurring of bony anatomic landmarks. The cause of the bone changes in renal osteitis fibrosa generalisata was discussed with reference to parathyroid function and the disordered metabolism of chronic azotemic renal disease.
Analytic aspects of rational conformal field theories

Abstract The problem of deriving linear differential equations for correlation functions of Rational Conformal Field Theories is considered. Techniques from the theory of fuchsian differential equations are used to show that knowledge of the central charge, dimensions of primary fields and fusion rules are enough to fix differential equations for one- and two-point functions on the tours. Any other correlation function can be calculated along similar lines. The results settle the issue of “exact solution” of rational conformal field theories.
Sustained expression of functional nerve growth factor in primary septo-hippocampal cell cultures by liposome-mediated gene transfer

We examined liposome-mediated gene transfection of nerve growth factor (NGF) in primary central nervous system cultures. RT-PCR analyses detected increased expression of NGF mRNA one day after liposome-mediated NGF gene transfection. ELISA studies detected large increases in NGF protein in cells and in culture medium after NGF gene transfection. Cells continued to secrete NGF into the medium for at least 2 weeks. NGF bioassays confirmed that the NGF secreted after gene transfection was biologically active.
Matrix characterization of fibre-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapour infiltration

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon™ or T-300® fibres, are being developed for many high-temperature structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphology of composite materials fabricated by two different chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) processes.
Spirits of America: Intoxication in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

Spirits of America is the first book-length study of intoxication as represented in nineteenth-century American literature. Emphasizing the writings of such major figures as Emerson, Dickinson, Poe, Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville, Alcott, and Stowe, Nicholas O. Warner combines literary analysis with sociohistorical perspectives to examine social and literary discourses of intoxicant use.Warner analyzes the literary treatment of alcoholism, drunkenness, "normal" drinking, drug addiction, and intoxicant choice, showing how these issues tie in with larger, crucial questions in American culture such as personal and political freedom, gender roles, individualism versus conformity, and the American Dream. In demonstrating both the literal and symbolic significance of intoxication in antebellum literature, the author reveals the surprising extent to which intoxication became associated with literature itself and with supposedly literary values, as opposed to those of the emerging industrial-capitalist nation. Spirits of America demonstrates the pervasiveness, complexity, and significance of an often neglected but important subject in American literature, one that touches on basic aspects of human behavior, perception, and consciousness and that has preoccupied many of our greatest writers. A significant contribution to the field of American studies, this book will appeal to literary scholars, historians, and anyone with an interest in issues of alcohol and drug use.
EFFECTS OF RATER‐CONCEPT‐SCALE INTERACTIONS AND USE OF DIFFERENT FACTORING PROCEDURES UPON EVALUATIVE FACTOR STRUCTURE

Subjects (N=225) drawn from ten subpopulations were asked to rate nine different concepts on 39 evaluative semantic differential scales plus the “strong-weak” and “fast-slow” scales. Nineteen separate factor analyses (principal factoring with iteration followed by Varimax rotation) were performed for: (1) all subjects rating all concepts, (2–10) all subjects rating each concept, (11) adult males rating all concepts, (12) adult females rating all concepts, (13) college students rating all concepts, (14) nonstudents rating all concepts, (15) fifth grade students rating all concepts, (16) all males rating “Liz Taylor,” (17) all females rating “Liz Taylor,” (18) all males rating “your father,” and (19) all females rating “your father.” Rotated factor loadings greater than .50 are displayed for all analyses. There is little apparent similarity among the factor structures. In addition, oblique (Oblimin) and Quartimax rotations are performed for two of the analyses (all subjects rating “LBJ” and “U.S. Government”). The three rotated factor structures for each concept differ radically.
What X-rays tell us about the ordering of molecular backbones in Langmuir monolayers

Abstract Fatty acid Langmuir monolayer phases are commonly described in terms of the lattice, molecular tilt angle and tilt direction. However, the molecules are not cylinders with circular cross-sections, and so the orientation of the molecular ‘backbones’ about their long axes is also relevant. This article surveys some of the currently available experimental evidence regarding backbone ordering and order–disorder transitions in fatty acid monolayers.
Potential effects of environmental policies on resource use and regional incomes in agriculture

Abstract The results of this study indicate that U.S. agriculture can comply with restrictive environmental policies but not without significant consequences for farmers and their incomes. The imposition of a soil conservation policy alters crop production patterns changes the regional distribution of agricultural incomes, and implies higher food expenses for consumers. A restriction on the use of nitrogen fertilizer requires substantial substitutes of other resources to maintain agricultural output. However, regional production patterns are altered, thus changing regional incomes from agriculture. A ban on the use of the organochlorine insecticides Chlordane and Heptachlor causes few major changes for agriculture but there is the potential that the incomes of some Midwest corn farmers mat be drastically reduced by an insect infestation. Requiring feedlot operators to control the runoff from their feedlots will be particularly costly for small livestock producers but does not significantly alter regional livestock production patterns. The rising cost of production caused by the environmental policies indicates in the export analysis that the environmental policies have the potential to render some of the marginal U.S. cropland economically unprofitable to crop. Under high exports which are not restrained by environmental measures, land used for crops increases by 67 million acres, fertilizer use increases by 29%, and pesticide expenditures increase by 50%. When the several environmental restrictions are applied simultaneously, the value of exports must decline by 40%. Accompanying the reduction in exports is a 60% decline in soil erosion and a 30% reduction in nitrogen use. Other important shifts occur within and among regions. These trade-offs must be compared as the nation considers exports and world food supplies or concerns itself more heavily with domestic environmental problems.
Using text mining to monitor employee e‐mail

The Enron-Arthur Andersen fiasco was the flashpoint that triggered the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Many would argue that the most egregious aspect of this auditing failure was Andersen's shredding their audit working papers when they learned a formal investigation was under way. So preserving documentation of possible ineptitude or corruption became one of the core ideas of Sarbanes-Oxley—and the SEC now requires archiving of all business documentation affecting financial reporting. One key area is employee e-mail. But what's the best way for companies to monitor it? Try text mining, suggests the author of this article. And he explains what this tool is, and how to use it. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of Light-induced Translocation of Arrestin and Transducin in Photoreceptors: Interaction-restricted Diffusion

Many signaling proteins change their location within cells in response to external stimuli. In photoreceptors, this phenomenon is remarkably robust. The G protein of rod photoreceptors and rod transducin concentrates in the outer segments (OS) of these neurons in darkness. Within ~30 minutes after illumination, rod transducin redistributes throughout all of the outer and inner compartments of the cell. Visual arrestin concurrently relocalises from the inner compartments to become sequestered primarily within the OS. In the past several years, the question of whether these proteins are actively moved by molecular motors or whether they are redistributed by simple diffusion has been extensively debated. This review focuses on the most essential works in the area and concludes that the basic principle driving this protein movement is diffusion. The directionality and light dependence of this movement is achieved by the interactions of arrestin and transducin with their spatially restricted binding partners.
Structure―Reactivity Scales in Carbocationic Polymerizations: The Case of α-Methylstyrene

The propagation rate constant, kp, for the cationic polymerization of α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) was determined. First, the polymerization of αMeSt was carried out initiated by the diαMeStHCl/SnBr4 initiator/coinitiator system in dichloromethane (DCM) or in DCM/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) 1:1 (v/v) solvent mixture at −80 °C in the presence of allyltrimethylsilane (ATMS). Clean and quantitative addition of ATMS to the propagating end terminates the polymerization, and from the limiting conversion and molecular weights, the kp/kATMS ratio was calculated. The kp = (5.2 and 7.7) × 107 L mol−1s−1 in DCM and DCM/MeCHx 1:1 (v/v), respectively, were calculated from the kATMS values determined by the diffusion clock method. Competition polymerizations between αMeSt and each of the following monomers p-methylstyrene (pMeSt), isobutylene (IB), styrene (St), and p-chlorostyrene (pClSt) were performed in DCM/MeCHx 1:1 (v/v) at −80 °C. From the limiting conversions and molecular weights, the reactivity ratios kp/k12 were de...
Using strength of fertility motivations to identify family planning program strategies.

Use of unmet need for family planning to identify prospective clients may misrepresent the actual family planning needs of a population given that a large proportion of women have ambivalent fertility desires. Survey data for 1998 and 2003 from Burkina Faso Ghana and Kenya were used to examine the fertility desires and motivations of women who said they wanted to delay or limit childbearing. A question on how much of a problem it would be if women found out they were pregnant in the next few weeks measured the strength of their fertility motivations. In Burkina Faso and Ghana about a quarter of women who said they wanted to delay or limit childbearing also reported that it would be no problem or a small problem if they became pregnant soon. This response pattern was equally common among contraceptive users and nonusers. In Kenya more than four in 10 women gave such ambivalent responses. Among women with an unmet need for means of delaying or limiting childbearing 16--31% of those in Burkina Faso and Ghana and 30--56% of those in Kenya said that getting pregnant in the next few weeks would be no problem or a small problem. It is critical to consider the strength of fertility motivations when determining which women have family planning needs. Targeting women who are the most motivated to avoid childbearing will likely have the greatest impact on reducing unintended pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa. (authors)
The requirement of simian virus 40 gene A product for the stimulation of cellular thymidine kinase activity after viral infection.

Abstract Mouse cells in culture contain two distinct forms of thymidine kinase enzyme activities. These two enzymes have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into a 0.2 R f and a 0.5 R f activity. The 0.2 R f enzyme was found only in actively growing cells, while the 0.5 R f form of thymidine kinase is the mitochondrial-associated enzyme and is most prominent in resting cells in culture. SV40 infection of these resting cells results in an increased specific activity of only the 0.2 R f form of this enzyme. SV40 wild-type and SV40 ts BC and ts C mutants stimulated the levels of the 0.2 R f thymidine kinase in resting cells after viral infection at either the permissive temperature (32°) or the nonpermissive temperature (41°). Five different SV40 ts A mutants ( ts A7, 28, 30, 58, and 209) and two different SV40 ts D mutants ( ts D202, 270) only stimulated thymidine kinase activity at the permissive temperature. Little or no 0.2 R f thymidine kinase activity could be detected in ts A or ts D mutant-infected cells at the nonpermissive temperature. The SV40 tsA255 mutant appeared to be an exception to the A mutant class in that it stimulated the 0.2 R f thymidine kinase activity at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. These results indicate that the SV40 A gene product may be required directly, and the D gene product indirectly, in the stimulation of cellular enzyme activities following viral infection.
Praying for power: Dispositions and discipline in the Azusa Street Revival's Apostolic Faith

Abstract The Azusa Street Revival in 1906 introduced new theological and practical challenges for believers: namely the Baptism of the Holy Spirit with the evidence of tongues and divine healing. Apostolic Faith , the revival's popular periodical, both implicitly and explicitly taught believers how to “pray through” to receive baptism for the soul and to utter the “prayer of faith” to accept divine healing for the body. Acknowledging the prescriptive nature of the text, this paper examines the dispositions and disciplines readers were encouraged to develop in this rather fluid moment in American religious history. The prayerful encounter among believer, Holy Spirit, and God, affords an opportunity to explore several conceptualizations of human agency. The most effective model goes beyond those conceptualizations that feature the submission and subversion of norms to consider agency in terms of the dispositions and skills necessary to effect specific actions in light of the historically specific disciplines through which subjects are formed.
Investigation of the growth process and optical transitions as a function of Ga content in CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 thin films at 570 °C

The CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) growth process, as well as the fundamental optical transitions, at the growth temperature of 570 °C have been studied for various x = Ga/(In+Ga) ratios. Data acquired by spectroscopic ellipsometry in real time (RTSE) were used to extract this information which was then correlated with ex situ techniques such as AFM, SEM etc. The roughness extracted from RTSE indicates that the Ga content does not have a significant effect on this parameter, while all layers follow the Volmer-Weber growth process. The complex dielectric functions, (∊ 1 ∊ 2 ), of CIGS at 570 °C as a function of x = Ga/(In+Ga) were also extracted from these RTSE data. By fitting critical point oscillators in the second derivative of ∊ 2 , the dependence of the band gap on x and a bowing parameter were extracted for high measurement temperatures.
Dispersion Characterization of Nanoclay in Molded Epoxy Disks by Combined Image Analysis and Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry

The state of nanoclay dispersion in a molded epoxy disk and its effects on the thermomechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite are analyzed. A commercially available nanoclay, Cloisite® 25A, is mechanically mixed at 2 wt % with EPON 815C epoxy resin. The epoxy/clay compound is then mixed with EPI-CURE 3282 curing agent by a custom made molding setup and injected into a disk shaped mold cavity. Upon completion of curing, nanoclay dispersion is quantified on a sample cut along the radius of the composite disk. Dispersion of nanoclay clusters larger than 1.5 μm are analyzed by digital image processing of scanning electron micrographs taken radially along the sample, whereas dispersion at smaller scales is quantified by compositional analysis of clay via wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS). Digital images of the microstructure indicate that amount of nanoclay clusters that are larger than 1.5 μm remain approximately constant along the radius. However, size analysis of nanoclay clusters revealed that they are broken down into finer clusters along the radius, possibly due to the high shear deformation induced through the thickness during mold filling. Compositional analysis by WDS signified that approximately 0.4 wt % of the nanoclay is dispersed to particles smaller than 1.5 μm, which are not visible in micrographs. Tensile and three-point bending tests are conducted on additional samples cut from the molded disks. Except for slight reduction in flexural strength, up to 9.5% increase in tensile strength, stiffness, and flexural modulus are observed. Glass transition temperature is determined under oscillatory torsion and observed to increase by 4.5% by the addition of nanoclay.
Lens Neurofeedback Treatment with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Neglect

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) stem from prenatal exposure of the fetus to alcohol. Resulting problems vary on a continuum of severity but commonly involve structural and functional brain abnormalities resulting in problems with academic performance, ADD/ADHD, information processing, math performance, memory, social skills, and increased rates of psychopathology, all of which generally persist into adulthood. This article presents the first uncontrolled case report of neurofeedback treatment of an FASD case on the milder end of this spectrum, which resulted in significant behavioral and academic improvements that were sustained on follow-up at 42 months. It is possible that neurofeedback may hold potential to improve functioning in persons with FASD.
Science in Writing: Learning Scientific Argument in Principle and Practice.

This article explores the processes of writing in science and in particular the ‘complex Performance’ of writing a scientific argument. The article explores in general terms the nature of scientific argumentation in which the author-scientist makes claims, provides evidence to support these claims, and develops chains of scientific reasoning to coordinate claims and evidence. The article then describes a case in which two classes of Grade 8 students in a New York City school wrote scientific arguments in a web-writing and peer review environment that provides each writer with ‘as-you-go’ formative assessment on the constitutive elements of their arguments.
Comparison of transanal and external perineal ultrasonography

Anal endosonography with rotating endoprobes provides state-of-the-art imaging of sphincter integrity; however, the technique is not widely available and requires expensive equipment. Since pelvic anatomy permits the use of standard external ultrasound probes, we tested the feasibility, tolerance and reproducibility of uniplanar perineal sonography, with respect to visualisation of the anal sphincter, using both convex and linear 3.5- to 7.5-MHz and 360 degree rotating 7-MHz probes. Twenty healthy nulliparus female volunteers were investigated. Two operators performed endosonography and perineal sonography in duplicate, each blinded to the findings of the other. We then used this technique to examine 20 postpartum primiparus patients. The examination was well tolerated by all subjects. The internal anal sphincter appeared in perineal sonography as a hypoechogenic ring surrounded by an echogenic ring representing the external anal sphincter. Endosonography revealed six sphincter tears, four external and internal sphincter tears, one isolated external tear and one isolated internal tear. Perineal sonography recognised in all cases external sphincter tears. In one case the internal sphincter defect was missed. Perineal sonography appears to be a feasible alternative to anal endosonography in female patients and provides good information on external sphincter defects suggesting that this procedure might be particularly useful in incontinence screening. Perineal sonography gives a good image of internal sphincter. The lack of an isolated internal defect cannot be considered as relevant to our study.
Micropolar media—II the relativistic theory☆

Abstract The present paper deals with the relativistic (special) theory of micropolar media. It extends the account on the classical theory, presented in Part I, to the domain of the special theory of relativity. Kinematics, balance laws, and constitutive theory are established and employed to develop a relativistic theory of thermoelasticity.
The histomorphologic spectrum of the gingival cyst in the adult

Gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are relatively uncommon lesions. The present study adds thirty-three new cases to the literature and analyzes their clinical and histologic features. The mandibular cuspid and first premolar region was found to be the most common location. The epithelial lining of the cysts was of several types. The most common type was a thin, flattened lining with or without localized thickenings (buds). Other types included nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and parakeratinized epithelium with palisading basal cells. Gingival cysts should be distinguished from lateral periodontal cysts on the basis of their origin in the gingiva rather than in bone. It appears that most gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are of odontogenic origin.
An extended approach to calculate the ozone relative response factors used in the attainment demonstration for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards

With the promulgation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS or standard) for 8-hr ozone (O3), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued modeling guidance that advocated the use of results from photochemical air quality models in a relative sense. In doing so, the EPA provided guidance on how to calculate relative response factors (RRFs) that can project current design value (DV) mixing ratios into the future for the purpose of determining the attainment status with respect to the O3 standard. The RRFs recommended by the EPA represent the average response of the photochemical model over a broad range of O3 mixing ratios above a specified cutoff threshold. However, it is known that O3 response to emission reductions of limiting precursors (i.e., NOx and/or VOC) is greater on days with higher O3 mixing ratios compared to days with lower mixing ratios. In this study, we present a segmented RRF concept termed band-RRF, which takes into account the different model responses at differe...
The effect of equity, equality, and reward level on the stability of students' premarital relationships

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine to what degree equity, equality, and reward level discriminate between stable and unstable premarital relationships. Questionnaires were administered to 131 American students to ascertain the level of equity, equality, and rewards in their current premarital relationships. They were tested 3 months and again 7 months after initial contact. The results demonstrate that only reward level successfully discriminated between stable and unstable relationships. In addition, equity and equality did not discriminate between groups after controlling for reward level.
Presynaptic GABAB Receptor Regulates Activity-Dependent Maturation and Patterning of Inhibitory Synapses through Dynamic Allocation of Synaptic Vesicles

Accumulating evidence indicate that GABA regulates activity-dependent development of inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we combined live imaging of cortical GABAergic axons with single cell genetic manipulation to dissect the role of presynaptic GABAB receptors (GABABRs) in inhibitory synapse formation in mouse. Developing GABAergic axons form a significant number of transient boutons but only a subset was stabilized. Synaptic vesicles in these nascent boutons are often highly mobile in the course of tens of minutes. Activation of presynaptic GABABRs stabilized mobile vesicles in nascent boutons through the local enhancement of actin polymerization. Inactivation of GABABRs in developing basket interneurons resulted in aberrant pattern of bouton size distribution, reduced bouton density and reduced axon branching, as well as reduced frequency of miniature inhibitory currents in postsynaptic pyramidal neurons. These results suggest that GABABRs along developing inhibitory axons act as a local sensor of GABA release and promote presynaptic maturation through increased recruitment of mobile vesicle pools. Such release-dependent validation and maturation of nascent terminals is well suited to sculpt the pattern of synapse formation and distribution along axon branches.
Inter-ply rotational compatibility for composite plates

Abstract Through-the-thickness shear effects have been considered within a new finite element incorporating two methods of handling interply compatibility as well as large displacements. The first method is based upon a slope and displacement continuity while the second method is formulated with a curvature continuity. Both methods can be incorporated into a general finite element description. The results indicate some promise in describing the interlaminar characteristics of laminated plates. Large displacement solutions are carried out considering transverse loading in addition to collapse in-plane loading for rectangular plates.
Striatal dopamine-mediated motor behavior is altered following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery

Cerebral infarct (stroke) causes striatal damage with subsequent deterioration of sensorimotor and cognitive functions that may be mediated by the dopamine receptor system. In the present study, transient, focal ischemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ischemic animals exhibited significantly less dopamine antagonist (haloperidol)-induced catalepsy and more dopamine agonist (amphetamine)-induced hyperactivity than sham-operated animals. Younger ischemic animals showed more profound behavioral alteration but also displayed greater recovery over time than older ischemic animals. Histologic data revealed a lateral striatal lesion in all ischemic animals. These results place the striatal dopaminergic system as a possible strategic venue for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In addition, aging is found to be a risk factor for stroke as noted in humans.
Cells with filopodia cultured from human synovialis

In Rose chamber primary explant cultures of synovialis from 11 patients, large cells with motile filopodia have been observed and documented by both still and cinephotomicrographs. Frequently the tips of the filopodia are attached to the glass surface of the cover slip in the Rose chamber. A continuous, tremulous motility is referred from this point of attachment to the cell itself. Mitosis has not been observed in the cells with filopodia although they have persisted in culture for as long as 171 days. Explants from a total of 376 individuals have been studied: 144 from rheumatoid arthritis patients and 232 from nonrheumatoid patients. Cells with filopodia were observed from only 11 explants (2.9%): eight were rheumatoid; and three were nonrheumatoid.
Polycythemia Vera and the Jak2(V617F) Mutation in a Case of Hereditary Spherocytosis

The identification of Jak2(V617F) mutations in more than 90% of patients with polycythemia vera (PV) has greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy for this uncommon myeloproliferative disorder. Although previous cases of presumptive PV in patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) have been described, these earlier reports either preceded the establishment of widely accepted criteria for the diagnosis of PV or lacked definitive studies to rule out secondary causes of polycythemia. In contrast, the author describes here a novel case of PV confirmed at the molecular level in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis by the finding of a Jak2(V617F) mutation. Based on recent advances in understanding the role of Jak2 signaling in the pathogenesis of PV, the author proposes 2 independent biological mechanisms that could account for more than a chance association of these 2 disorders.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Epidemiology and Options for Prophylaxis in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients

The pediatric population of non-HIV immunocompromised patients at risk for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) continues to increase. While prophylactic therapy can be highly effective in preventing this opportunistic pathogen, identifying the at-risk populations appropriate for use of prophylaxis and navigating the risks and benefits of each therapeutic option can be challenging. In this article, the available epidemiology for baseline rates of PCP is presented for a variety of non-HIV immunocompromised pediatric populations. Additionally, the comparative effectiveness and side effect profiles for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, atovaquone, and pentamidine are discussed. Institutions are encouraged to review the data and to establish and implement a local practice guideline for PCP prophylaxis that can be monitored for effectiveness over time. An example of a standardized practice guideline is suggested.
The 30-year war on AIDS: have we reached the tipping point?

It is truly an honor to receive the Thomas Parran Award and I wish to express my deep thanks and gratitude to the American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association (ASTDA) and the Thomas Parran Award Committee for selecting me to receive this prestigious award. I would like to recognize the support of my colleagues who provided mentorship and guidance to me throughout my career. My lifelong interest in the field of STDs was essentially forged as an infectious disease fellow under the mentorship of King Holmes. I owe a lifetime of gratitude to King, as well as to many other University of Washington faculty members including Walter Stamm, Larry Corey, Hunter Handsfield, Sheila Lukehart, Jeanne Marrazzo and Connie Celum. I am also extremely thankful for the support of my colleagues at Johns Hopkins University, including Charlotte Gaydos, Ned Hook, Anne Rompalo, Jon Zenilman, Ron Gray, Maria Wawer and Emily Erbelding. There are many other colleagues that have advised, counseled, and collaborated with me to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude including Peter Piot, Julie Schachter, Max Chernesky, David Martin, Sevgi Aral, Myron Cohen, Alan Ronald and countless others. Finally, I wish to thank all of the individuals within my laboratory with whom I share this award.
PEDF expression regulates the proangiogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of the lung endothelium.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with important roles in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced by various cell types, including endothelia...
An approximate method for calculating secondary criticality following LMFBR meltdown accidents

Abstract A major concern following a meltdown accident in an LMFBR is the possibility of secondary criticality. In this paper an approximate method is presented for determining criticality as a function of pool depth, geometry and reflectivity of the surrounding material. Using this method, ramp rates are determined for the case of a subcritical pool being filled by core debris falling from above. It is shown that in addition to the very large ramps which are normally considered, several configurations lead to much smaller ramps, which should also be considered in subsequent safety analyses.
[18F]fluorination/decarbonylation: New route to aryl [18F]fluorides

Abstract A new route to aryl [18F]fluorides without electron withdrawing ring substituents has been developed. [18F]Fluorobenzaldehydes, prepared from no-carrier-added (NCA) [18F]fluoride using nucleophilic aromatic substitution of fluoro or nitro groups, were decarbonylated using palladium on charcoal (Pd-C). By this approach 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde was converted to NCA 3-[18F]fluorophenol (25–30%, EOB) and 4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde to carrier-added (CA) 3-[18F]fluoro-4-methylphenol (30–40%, EOB). Overall synthesis time was about 2 h. Since the 4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde was in turn prepared by methylation and regiospecific formylation of 3-fluoro-4-methylphenol, the overall process represents use of a removable activating group for nucleophilic aromatic substitution with [18F]fluoride for preparation of CA and NCA aryl [18F]fluorides.
EMMPRIN mediates β-adrenergic receptor-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase activity in cardiac myocytes

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) expression is increased in myocardium from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and animal models of heart failure. However, little is known about the regulated expression or functional role of EMMPRIN in the myocardium. In rat cardiac cells, EMMPRIN is expressed on myocytes but not endothelial cells or fibroblasts. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that EMMPRIN expression regulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in rat ventricular myocytes in vitro. In adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM), beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) stimulation and H(2)O(2) (24 h) each increased EMMPRIN expression as assessed by immunoblotting. Pretreatment with a catalase/superoxide dismutase mimetic or adenoviral-mediated expression of catalase or a dominant-negative c-jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK) mutant inhibited the betaAR- and H(2)O(2)-stimulated increases in EMMPRIN expression suggesting that EMMPRIN expression is regulated via a reactive oxygen species-dependent JNK pathway. To determine whether EMMPRIN expression regulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, EMMPRIN activity was inhibited by adenoviral expression of an inhibitory mutant of EMMPRIN. Expression of mutant EMMPRIN inhibited the betaAR-stimulated increases in MMP2 expression and zymographic MMP activity. Thus, in cardiac myocytes betaAR stimulation induces the expression of EMMPRIN via the ROS-dependent activation of JNK. The resulting increase in EMMPRIN activity stimulates MMP expression and activity. These findings suggest that in the myocardium the regulated expression of EMMPRIN is a determinant of MMP activity and may thus play a role in myocardial remodeling.
Ligand-mediated shape control in the solvothermal synthesis of titanium dioxide nanospheres, nanorods and nanowires.

A versatile synthetic method, based on a solvothermal synthesis technique, has been developed for the fabrication of TiO2 nanocrystals with different shapes, such as nanowires, nanorods and nanospheres. The central characteristic of our approach is the production of a coordination complex at an intermediate stage of the reaction that possesses appropriate symmetry using two distinct ligands, oleic acid and oleylamine. Those ligands have different binding strengths, which specifically dictate the shape of both the coordination complex and the resulting TiO2 nanostructures. Additionally, this approach yields, for the first time, monodisperse, 4 nm anatase TiO2 nanocrystals by controlling the symmetry of the intermediate and solvothermal conditions.
Effects of light on scintillating fibers

Tracking detectors based on scintillating-fiber technology are being developed for the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration at the Superconducting Super Collider and for the D0 collaboration at Fermilab. An important part of the work is to insure that the fibers will not be damaged by environmental conditions in the course of detector construction. This paper presents preliminary results of the effects of ambient fluorescent light on scintillating fibers containing 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) waveshifter. Six fiber types having 3HF concentrations between 100 ppm and 6000 ppm were studied; both single-clad fibers from Bicron and Kuraray and a new Kuraray multiclad fiber were included. A blue fiber containing no 3HF was used to provide a comparison.
On the connections between cable-driven robots, parallel manipulators and grasping

Although cable-driven robots and parallel manipulators have very similar architecture, the presence of the unidirectional constraints in cable-driven robots makes it impossible to apply many of the concepts and methods used for parallel manipulators. Instead many tools from grasping are more suitable, since fingers also provide unidirectional constraints. This article reviews some of the connections, provides some basic definitions that we hope leads to standardized terminology for cable-driven robots, and finally transfers the antipodal grasping theorem to planar cable-driven robots.
Energy Reduction by Workload Adaptation in a Multi-Process Environment

Reducing energy consumption is an important issue in modern computers. Dynamic power management (DPM) has been extensively studied in recent years. One approach for DPM is to adjust workloads, such as clustering or eliminating requests, as a way to trade-off energy consumption and quality of services. Previous studies focus on single processes. However, when multiple concurrently running processes are considered, workload adjustment must be determined based on the interleaving of the processes' requests. When multiple processes share the same hardware component, adjusting one process may not save energy. This paper presents an approach to assign energy responsibility to individual processes based on how they affect power management. The assignment is used to estimate potential energy reduction by adjusting the processes. We use the estimation to guide runtime adaptation of workload behavior. Experiments demonstrate that our approach can save more energy and improve energy efficiency.
EFFECT OF SILICONE RUBBER MOLDS ON LOW-TEMPERATURE BINDER GRADING PARAMETERS: BENDING BEAM RHEOMETER S(60) AND M-VALUE

A study was conducted to determine whether test specimen produced using silicone (Si) rubber molds affect the Superpave low-temperature grading parameters, S(60) and m-value, determined using the bending beam rheometer (BBR; AASHTO-TP1). Six laboratories participated in this study. Four unmodified asphalt binders with low-temperature performance grades between -6°C and -30°C were tested. The thickness of each test specimen was measured using the "flip" technique. The results showed that the Si rubber molds produce significantly thinner beams than the required 6.35 ± 0.05-mm thickness. This affects the calculated S(60) values but not the m-value. Aluminum (Al) molds were also used in this study according to AASHTO-TP1. It was found that the stiffness values S(60) calculated in the BBR test are significantly lower when Si rubber molds are used to produce test specimen as compared with those test beams produced using Al molds. The cause is the peculiarity of the calculation process specified in AASHTO-TP1. A...
Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard x Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn

This 42-day experiment was undertaken to compare the nutritional value of insect-protected corn event MON810 (YieldGard) and YieldGard x herbicide-tolerant corn event GA21 (Roundup Ready) to their nontransgenic controls as well as four different commercial reference corns, when fed to growing Cobb x Cobb broilers. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated with five pens of males and five pens of females with 10 broilers per pen. Broilers were fed approximately 55% wt/wt corn during the first 20 d and approximately 60% wt/wt corn thereafter. The corn component of diets fed to broilers was supplied entirely with grain from the eight hybrids included in the experiment. Final live weights averaged 2.09 kg/bird fed YieldGard corn and 2.15 kg/bird fed YieldGard x Roundup Ready corn and were not different (P > 0.05) from final weights for birds fed control or commercial corn. Feed conversion was not affected (P > 0.05) by YieldGard (1.72) or YieldGard x Roundup Ready (1.77) corn feeding when compared with the feeding of other corn diets. Chill weights, fat pad, thigh weights, and wing weights were not affected by diets (P > 0.05). Differences (P < 0.05) were noted for breast and drum weights across treatments. Broilers overall performed consistently and had similar carcass yield and meat composition when fed diets containing YieldGard (event MON810) or YieldGard (event MON810) x Roundup Ready (event GA21) as compared with their nontransgenic controls and commercial diets.
A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology

 Premise of the study : The Malpighiaceae include ~1300 tropical fl owering plant species in which generic defi nitions and intergeneric relationships have long been problematic. The goals of our study were to resolve relationships among the 11 generic segregates from the New World genus Mascagnia , test the monophyly of the largest remaining Malpighiaceae genera, and clarify the placement of Old World Malpighiaceae.  Methods : We combined DNA sequence data for four genes (plastid ndhF , matK , and rbcL and nuclear PHYC ) from 338 ingroup accessions that represented all 77 currently recognized genera with morphological data from 144 ingroup species to produce a complete generic phylogeny of the family.  Key results and conclusions : The genera are distributed among 14 mostly well-supported clades. The interrelationships of these major subclades have strong support, except for the clade comprising the wing-fruited genera (i.e., the malpighioid+ Amorimia , Ectopopterys , hiraeoid, stigmaphylloid, and tetrapteroid clades). These results resolve numerous systematic problems, while others have emerged and constitute opportunities for future study. Malpighiaceae migrated from the New to Old World nine times, with two of those migrants being very recent arrivals from the New World. The seven other Old World clades dispersed much earlier, likely during the Tertiary. Comparison of fl oral morphology in Old World Malpighiaceae with their closest New World relatives suggests that morphological stasis in the New World likely results from selection by neotropical oil-bee pollinators and that the morphological diversity found in Old World fl owers has evolved following their release from selection by those bees.
Choice, Character, and Excuse

Freud justified his extensive theorizing about dreams by the observation that they were “the royal road” to something much more general: namely, our unconscious mental life. The current preoccupation with the theory of excuse in criminal law scholarship (including my own) can be given a similar justification, for the excuses are the royal road to theories of responsibility generally. The thought is that if we understand why we excuse in certain situations but not others, we will have also gained a much more general insight into the nature of responsibility itself. Nowhere has this thought been more evident than in the century-old focus of criminal law theoreticians on the excuse of insanity, a focus that could not be justified by the importance of the excuse itself.In this paper I wish to isolate two theories of excuse, each of which instantiates its own distinctive theory of responsibility. One is what I shall call the choice theory of excuse, according to which one is excused for the doing of a wrongful action because and only because at the moment of such action's performance, one did not have sufficient capacity or opportunity to make the choice to do otherwise. Such a choice theory of excuse instantiates a more general theory of responsibility, according to which we are responsible for wrongs we freely choose to do, and not responsible for wrongs we lacked the freedom (capacity and opportunity) to avoid doing. The second I shall call the character theory of excuse, according to which one is excused for the doing of a wrongful action because and only because such action is not determined by (or in some other way expressive of) those enduring attributes of ourselves we call our characters.
Factorization-free Low-complexity Chase soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

Algebraic soft-decision decoding (ASD) of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can provide substantial coding gain with polynomial complexity. Among practical ASD algorithms, the Low-complexity Chase (LCC) algorithm can achieve similar or higher coding gain with lower complexity. The major steps of ASD algorithms are the interpolation and factorization. Applying the re-encoding and coordinate transformation, the complexity of these two steps can be greatly reduced at the cost of an extra hard-decision decoder. Backward interpolation has been proposed to enable the sharing of intermediate results among the multiple interpolations of the LCC decoding. However, not much work has been done on further optimizing the factorization step, which consumes a significant proportion of the area and can become a speed bottleneck of the overall decoder. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed for the LCC decoding to eliminate the factorization step and the key equation solver in the extra hard-decision decoder. Compared to prior LCC decoders, the proposed factorization-free LCC decoder can achieve the same throughput with 19% less area for a (255, 239) RS code with η = 3.