cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecologies of the heart

Moral sanctions, religion, oral stories/histories, and other codes of ethics that evolved to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources are a cornerstone of human social organization. The management of archaeological and heritage resources today are generally top-down and government-sanctioned efforts that are woefully inadequate for considering culturally attributed meaning and value. We argue that a more heart-centered approach to archaeology considers culturally attributed value to heritage, which, in Northwestern North America, includes an array of ecocultural, land-based, and ephemeral heritage sites resulting from the careful management of people over millennia. Consulting archaeology practiced in Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en territory, a contested landscape where oil and gas development displaces people from their lands, is fundamentally at odds with these communities’ treatment and ethos of their ecocultural inheritance. The consideration of ecocultural and land-based heritage is not merely good practice for archaeologists; it follows from a suite of resource management strategies that have been tried and tested by Indigenous peoples over millennia—it is a more effective, just, and productive practice.
Efficiently Guiding Imitation Learning Agents with Human Gaze

Human gaze is known to be an intention-revealing signal in human demonstrations of tasks. In this work, we use gaze cues from human demonstrators to enhance the performance of agents trained via three popular imitation learning methods -- behavioral cloning (BC), behavioral cloning from observation (BCO), and Trajectory-ranked Reward EXtrapolation (T-REX). Based on similarities between the attention of reinforcement learning agents and human gaze, we propose a novel approach for utilizing gaze data in a computationally efficient manner, as part of an auxiliary loss function, which guides a network to have higher activations in image regions where the human's gaze fixated. This work is a step towards augmenting any existing convolutional imitation learning agent's training with auxiliary gaze data. Our auxiliary coverage-based gaze loss (CGL) guides learning toward a better reward function or policy, without adding any additional learnable parameters and without requiring gaze data at test time. We find that our proposed approach improves the performance by 95% for BC, 343% for BCO, and 390% for T-REX, averaged over 20 different Atari games. We also find that compared to a prior state-of-the-art imitation learning method assisted by human gaze (AGIL), our method achieves better performance, and is more efficient in terms of learning with fewer demonstrations. We further interpret trained CGL agents with a saliency map visualization method to explain their performance. At last, we show that CGL can help alleviate a well-known causal confusion problem in imitation learning.
Vancomycin Dosing in Children With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

CONTEXT: Vancomycin is a medication with potential for significant harm with both overdosing and underdosing. Obesity may affect vancomycin pharmacokinetics and is increasingly common among children. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if children with overweight or obesity have increased vancomycin trough concentrations with total body weight (TBW) dosing compared with children with normal weight. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a search of Medline and Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations from 1952 (the year vancomycin was discovered) to November 2017. STUDY SELECTION: Search terms included vancomycin, body weight, and body composition terms and were limited to children. Studies were reviewed and screened by ≥2 reviewers. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcome was vancomycin level. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers. We performed quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. RESULTS: We identified 271 records. After abstract and full-text screening, we identified 7 studies for full review. Six of the 7 studies used a matched case-control design, although there was significant variation in study methodology. Four of the 7 studies were included in a meta-analysis, which revealed a small but significant difference in vancomycin trough levels between children with normal weight and children with overweight or obesity when dosed by using TBW (N = 521; mean difference 2.2 U [95% confidence interval: 1.0–3.4]). CONCLUSIONS: High-quality data to guide vancomycin dosing in children with obesity are lacking. More studies evaluating dosing strategies in children with obesity are warranted because using TBW to dose vancomycin may lead to higher vancomycin concentrations and potential toxicity.
Strength properties of extant hominoid hallucal and pollical metapodials.

Abstract Functional comparisons of cortical bone strength properties between hominoid hallucal and pollical metapodials (Mt1 and Mc1, respectively) are lacking. Determining which of these two elements is stronger, and by how much, could be informative because the hallux and pollex are used differently both within and among extant hominoids during locomotion and manipulation (i.e., functional differentiation between autopod pairs). Here, we compare Mt1 and Mc1 midshaft cortical area, polar section modulus, and polar second moment of area, calculated from high-resolution computed tomography images in humans (n = 21), chimpanzees (n = 47), gorillas (n = 24), orangutans (n = 20), siamangs (n = 8), and gibbons (n = 21). Intraindividual comparisons between bones within species were made using paired t-tests. Log10-transformed Mt1:Mc1 ratios were created to assess relative strength asymmetry between bones, and interspecific comparisons of these proportions were made using analyses of variance. Absolute strength differences between the Mt1 and Mc1 for all variables were significantly larger in the Mt1 for all species (p
Seizures With Major Comorbidity and Complications: Association of the Teaching Status of the Hospitals With the Outcomes

Background: This study aims to compare the outcomes of complicated seizure cases in teaching institutions as compared to non-teaching hospitals. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) national database to analyze outcomes of seizures between 2012 and 2016 in the USA. Results: We evaluated 267,430 of seizure patients with major complication or comorbidity between 2012 and 2016. Of these, 6,980 in-hospital deaths were reported. There was a trend toward a significantly higher mortality in teaching compared with non-teaching hospitals (P = 0.07). The average length of stay (LOS) was 5.2 days, with LOS in 2014 and 2016, being longer in teaching hospitals (P < 0.05). Hospital charges were not significantly different among the two groups, but both types of hospitals did show a statistically significant charge increase from 2012 to 2016 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data showed that there is a trend toward significantly higher mortality in teaching hospitals. LOS was also more reported in teaching hospitals, which could be inherent to the increased volume and coordination of care and more complexity of the cases in teaching hospitals. However, hospital charges were not different in teaching versus non-teaching hospitals. J Neurol Res. 2020;10(4):127-131 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr588
Molecular Mechanisms for Krüppel-Like Factor 13 Actions in Hippocampal Neurons

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) play key roles in nervous system development and function. Several KLFs are known to promote, and then maintain neural cell differentiation. Our previous work focused on the actions of KLF9 in mouse hippocampal neurons. Here we investigated genomic targets and functions of KLF9’s paralog KLF13, with the goal of understanding how these two closely related transcription factors influence hippocampal cell function, proliferation, survival, and regeneration. We engineered the adult mouse hippocampus-derived cell line HT22 to control Klf13 expression with doxycycline. We also generated HT22 Klf13 knock out cells, and we analyzed primary hippocampal cells from wild type and Klf13−/− mice. RNA sequencing showed that KLF13, like KLF9, acts predominantly as a transcriptional repressor in hippocampal neurons and can regulate other Klf genes. Pathway analysis revealed that genes regulated by KLF13 are involved in cell cycle, cell survival, cytoarchitecture regulation, among others. Chromatin-streptavidin sequencing conducted on chromatin isolated from HT22 cells expressing biotinylated KLF13 identified 9506 genomic targets; 79% were located within 1-kb upstream of transcription start sites. Transfection-reporter assays confirmed that KLF13 can directly regulate transcriptional activity of its target genes. Comparison of the target genes of KLF9 and KLF13 found that they share some functions that were likely present in their common ancestor, but they have also acquired distinct functions during evolution. Flow cytometry showed that KLF13 promotes cell cycle progression, and it protects cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage. Taken together, our findings establish novel roles and molecular mechanisms for KLF13 actions in mammalian hippocampal neurons.
Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018

OBJECTIVE To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of the control strategy for imported malaria. METHODS The epidemiological data of malaria cases in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018 were retrieved from the Notifiable Disease Reporting System and Parasitic Disease Information Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the classification, origin of infections, temporal distribution, spatial distribution, population distribution, reporting institutions and diagnosis were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 540 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2018, and all cases were laboratory-confirmed, including 398 cases with falciparum malaria, 88 cases with vivax malaria, 38 cases with ovale malaria, 14 cases with malariae malaria and 2 cases with mixed infections. There were 90.56% (489/540) of the imported malaria cases with infections in 27 African countries, 5.92% (32/540) with infections in 5 Asian countries and 3.52% (19/540) with infections in one Oceania country. There was no significant seasonal distribution of the cases, and the imported malaria cases were predominantly detected in Fuzhou City (80.00%, 432/540) and at ages of 20 to 49 years (81.48%, 440/540). Initial diagnosis was predominantly at the city-level medical institutions, and 77.96% (421/540) were diagnosed as malaria at the initial diagnosis institutions. The median duration from onset to initial diagnosis was 2 days and 70.19% (379/540) were diagnosed within 3 days of onset. The interval between initial diagnosis and definitive diagnosis was 0 day, with 85.37% (461/540) definitively diagnosed within 3 days of initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Overseas imported malaria is a continuous problem challenging the malaria elimination programme of Fujian Province. Improving the healthcare-seeking awareness and the diagnostic capability of healthcare workers, and intensifying the monitoring and management of malaria among overseas labors are strongly recommended.
Optimal Approximation -- Smoothness Tradeoffs for Soft-Max Functions

A soft-max function has two main efficiency measures: (1) approximation - which corresponds to how well it approximates the maximum function, (2) smoothness - which shows how sensitive it is to changes of its input. Our goal is to identify the optimal approximation-smoothness tradeoffs for different measures of approximation and smoothness. This leads to novel soft-max functions, each of which is optimal for a different application. The most commonly used soft-max function, called exponential mechanism, has optimal tradeoff between approximation measured in terms of expected additive approximation and smoothness measured with respect to Renyi Divergence. We introduce a soft-max function, called "piecewise linear soft-max", with optimal tradeoff between approximation, measured in terms of worst-case additive approximation and smoothness, measured with respect to $\ell_q$-norm. The worst-case approximation guarantee of the piecewise linear mechanism enforces sparsity in the output of our soft-max function, a property that is known to be important in Machine Learning applications [Martins et al. '16, Laha et al. '18] and is not satisfied by the exponential mechanism. Moreover, the $\ell_q$-smoothness is suitable for applications in Mechanism Design and Game Theory where the piecewise linear mechanism outperforms the exponential mechanism. Finally, we investigate another soft-max function, called power mechanism, with optimal tradeoff between expected \textit{multiplicative} approximation and smoothness with respect to the Renyi Divergence, which provides improved theoretical and practical results in differentially private submodular optimization.
Bricks or Clicks? The Efficiency of Alternative Retail Channels

We examine the 10k reports for 122 of the largest US “retail” firms, and analyze the impacts on their operating costs and factor usage of what venues they use to sell their goods: traditional stores that they operate, internet sales, and wholesaling to other stores. We find that the firm profit rates (EBITA) are largely unaffected by the share of sales done through these three venues. However, the use of labor and space (real estate) significantly decreases as the Internet venue share increases. On the other hand a residual category of “costs”, which we attribute to shipping, increases sufficiently with the internet venue share to offset the advantage from greater labor and space productivity. In the end, firms using the internet venue appear able to deliver goods to consumer doorsteps for roughly the same cost that firms using traditional stores deliver goods to their shelves. However, consumers must incur an additional 24% of their average purchase price collecting goods from shelves. With this more comprehensive accounting the internet venue is seen to be more efficient.
Effect of Gust Wind on Flow over a Wall-Mounted Fence

In this work, the characteristics of incoming and wake flows downstream of wall-mounted fences under wind gust were explored with wind tunnel experiments. A time-resolved particle image velocimetry was used to capture the flow dynamics across two different fence heights. The results show that during the gust period, the wake presents distinct meandering and strong flow mixing. The Probability Density Function distribution of flow velocities indicates that the mixing effect increases with the streamwise distances. Specifically, for locations above the fence top tip, the growth of streamwise distance decreases the footprint of wind gust. However, for locations lower than the fence top tip, the local wind flows exhibit stronger variations before and after wind gust with the growth of downstream distance. Overall, at the same relative streamwise and spanwise locations downstream of fences within the wake region, the higher fence better suppresses the influence of gust wind.
Design and development of a Space Station proximity operations research and development mockup

Proximity operations (Prox-Ops) on-orbit refers to all activities taking place within one km of the Space Station. Designing a Prox-Ops control station calls for a comprehensive systems approach which takes into account structural constraints, orbital dynamics including approach/departure flight paths, myriad human factors and other topics. This paper describes a reconfigurable full-scale mock-up of a Prox-Ops station constructed at Ames incorporating an array of windows (with dynamic star field, target vehicle(s), and head-up symbology), head-down perspective display of manned and unmanned vehicles, voice- actuated 'electronic checklist', computer-generated voice system, expert system (to help diagnose subsystem malfunctions), and other displays and controls. The facility is used for demonstrations of selected Prox-Ops approach scenarios, human factors research (work-load assessment, determining external vision envelope requirements, head-down and head-up symbology design, voice synthesis and recognition research, etc.) and development of engineering design guidelines for future module interiors.
SU-E-T-140: Automated Daily Patient Treatment Chart Checks Using Data Mining System

Purpose: The aim of this study is the use of data mining techniques to establish an automated daily chart check. This automated technique increases the likelihood of error capture before subsequent treatment delivery, allowing the delivery of the prescribed treatment course with high confidence level. Furthermore, the scope of inspected parameters expands compared to that able to be performed manually. Methods: Considering the significant number of parameters that are checked, performing chart check manually has a number of shortfalls such as human error, comparison of incorrect field and inability to verify MLC shape and leaves positions. Developing a computer-driven automatic chart checkers eliminates human error, improves the accuracy and the frequency of the process, shortens the time of error discovery and correction, increases the number of parameters that are checked, allows inspection of parameters that are impossible to check manually and reduces the time the physicist need to spend to check a chart. This work will utilizes in house data mining framework (RT Metrix) to establish this QA function. The system utilize ARIA data base to verify the treatment delivery by comparing the plan record in ARIA to record verification which is the delivery parameters. Acceptable tolerances were defined in the software. If the delivery variation from the tolerance is minor then the system will show a warning flag but if the variation is major the system will flag the delivery as failed. Results: This system has been developed, tested, compared to ARIA Chart QA and is currently able to check parameters that routinely checked by the clinical physicist. Conclusion: The automated chart check system is feasible and offers great potential in the improvement of patient delivery quality assurance. The system can be developed further to include more QA functions.
Cosmic Rays Astrophysics: The Discipline, Its Scope, and Its Applications

This slide presentation gives an overview of the discipline surrounding cosmic ray astrophysics. It includes information on recent assertions surrounding cosmic rays, exposure levels, and a short history with specific information on the origin, acceleration, transport, and modulation of cosmic rays.
Reversal of fortune: the politics and economics of the superconducting supercollider *

Congress approved the superconducting supercollider (SSC), but later cut all funding after construction for the project had begun. We claim that this reversal was due, in part, to a problem of time inconsistency. Representatives from states in contention to receive the project had an incentive to support it early in the process. Once Texas was chosen as the SSC site, the other contender states had a greatly diminished incentive to continue to support it. Our empirical results show that the probability of switching from ‘for’ to ‘against’ the project is significantly higher for representatives from the former contender states.
Lynx: a self-organizing wireless sensor network with commodity palmtop computers

While the embedded class processors found in commodity palmtop computers continue to become increasingly capable, various wireless connectivity functions on them provide new opportunities in designing more flexible yet smarter wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and utilizing the computation power in a way we could never imagine before. Designing Lynx, a selforganizing wireless sensor network (SOWSN), is our further step taken in exploiting the potential of palmtop computers. Fundamental functionalities such as automatic neighbor relation detection, link state maintenance, sensor integration, and multihop routing, together make a real world distributively managed WSN system implementation work quite well. And by combining with Ocelot, our mobile distributed computing engine, sensor nodes are now capable of collecting, recording, processing and sending data without any central server support. Significant energy saving is achieved by the Lynx and Ocelot combined system, compare to traditional power-hungry computer platforms such as BOINC when doing same tasks.
Apparent and True Digestibility of Forage Nutrients by Ruminant Animals

Abstract Digestion trials were carried out on 17 forages (16 orchardgrass, 1 alfalfa) with growing Jersey steers. Digestible dry matter of orchardgrass first harvests declined at the rate of 0.4% unit for every day's delay in harvest from May 11 to June 3. Aftermath (40-day regrowth) was higher in digestible dry matter than 55-day regrowth intervals and later cut first harvests, but did not equal the May 11 first harvest. Aftermath harvests did not exhibit the sharp decline in DDM as did first harvests. Prediction of per cent digestible dry matter by chemical composition was best expressed by the equation Y=59.2−2.75X 1 −0.24X 2 +0.66X 3 +0.50X 4 , where X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 represent per cent lignin, hemicellulose, crude protein, and cellulose, respectively. The coefficient of variation was 3% and the coefficient of correlation was 0.80. For differences in digestible dry matter, 64% of the variation was explained by lignin (40%), hemicellulose (16%), cellulose (4%), and crude protein (4%). The coefficient of true digestibility was larger for hemicellulose (81% average) than for cellulose (75% average), and these coefficients reflect the absence of the respective fecal endogenous fractions. Average true neutral detergent solubles digestibility was 90%. Average true protein digestibility, using two methods (with and without fibrous contribution), was 92 and 87%. The average recovery of ingested lignin from feces was 104% (CV of 17%).
Verification using simulation

Verification and simulation have always been complementary, if not competing, approaches to system design. In this paper, we present a novel method for so-called metric transition systems that bridges the gap between verification and simulation, enabling system verification using a finite number of simulations. The existence of metrics on the system state and observation spaces, which is natural for continuous systems, allows us to capitalize on the recently developed framework of approximate bisimulations, and infer the behavior of neighborhood of system trajectories around a simulated trajectory. For nondeterministic linear systems that are robustly safe or robustly unsafe, we provide not only a completeness result but also an upper bound on the number of simulations required as a function of the distance between the reachable set and the unsafe set. Our framework is the first simulation-based verification method that enjoys completeness for infinite-state systems. The complexity is low for robustly safe or robustly unsafe systems, and increases for nonrobust problems. This provides strong evidence that robustness dramatically impacts the complexity of system verification and design.
Methyl 3-[3-(ethoxy­carbon­yl)thio­ureido]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C9H12N4O4S, was proven to be the product of the reaction of methyl 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxyl­ate with ethyl isothio­cyanato­carbonate. All non-H atoms of the mol­ecule are planar, the mean deviation from the least squares plane being 0.048 A. The intra­molecular N—H⋯O bond involving the NH-group, which links the thio­urea and pyrazole fragments, closes a six-membered pseudo-heterocyclic ring, and two more hydrogen bonds (N—H⋯O with the participation of the pyrazole NH group and N—H⋯S involving the second thio­urea NH group) link the mol­ecules into infinite chains running along [1\overline{2}0].
Creating Highly Active Atomic Layer Deposited NiO Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides a promising route for depositing uniform thin coatings of electrocatalysts useful in many technologies, including the splitting of water. For materials such as NiO x that readily form hydrous oxides, however, the smooth, compact films deposited by ALD may result in higher overpotentials due to low catalyst surface area compared to other deposition methods. Here, the use of ALD–NiO thin films as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is explored. Thin films of crystalline ALD­–NiO are deposited and OER activity is tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Fe incorporated from the electrolyte can increase the activity of NiO, and it is shown that the turnover frequency (TOF) increases tenfold by going from an Fe-poor to Fe-rich KOH electrolyte. Applying a potential exfoliates the NiO, increasing the number of electrochemically accessible Ni sites. Interestingly, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and CV, it is found that an Fe-rich electrolyte reduces the amount of restructuring and oxidation is found. It is shown that a high surface area, high TOF catalyst may be created by using a two-step process in which the sample is sequentially conditioned in Fe-poor then Fe-rich KOH. This work highlights the importance of pretreatment on catalytic activity for compact NiO films deposited by ALD.
Surgical neuroanatomy and programming in deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder.

Objectives Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been established as a safe, effective therapy for movement disorders (Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, etc.), and its application is expanding to the treatment of other intractable neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Several published studies have supported the efficacy of DBS for severely debilitating OCD. However, questions remain regarding the optimal anatomic target and the lack of a bedside programming paradigm for OCD DBS. Management of OCD DBS can be highly variable and is typically guided by each center's individual expertise. In this paper, we review the various approaches to targeting and programming for OCD DBS. We also review the clinical experience for each proposed target and discuss the relevant neuroanatomy. Materials and Methods A PubMed review was performed searching for literature on OCD DBS and included all articles published before March 2012. We included all available studies with a clear description of the anatomic targets, programming details, and the outcomes. Results Six different DBS approaches were identified. High-frequency stimulation with high voltage was applied in most cases, and predictive factors for favorable outcomes were discussed in the literature. Conclusion DBS remains an experimental treatment for medication refractory OCD. Target selection and programming paradigms are not yet standardized, though an improved understanding of the relationship between the DBS lead and the surrounding neuroanatomic structures will aid in the selection of targets and the approach to programming. We propose to form a registry to track OCD DBS cases for future clinical study design.
Do Tregs link sepsis to tumor growth

Sepsis has been shown to induce an immune suppressive state that includes the expansion of CD25+CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs). In this issue of Blood , Cavassani and colleagues demonstrate that Treg expansion in the postseptic period contributes to increased tumor growth. The immune
City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum New York

Introduction: Public Reading, Public SpaceBrick, Paper, and the Spectacle of Urban Growth: The Rise of a New MetropolisCommerical Impudence and the Dictatorship of the Perpendicular: Signs of the CityWord on the Streets: Bills, Boards, and BannersPrint in Public, Public in Print: The Rise of the Daily PaperPromiscuous Circulation: The Case of Paper MoneyEpilogue: Words of War
Evaluation Of Low-Scatter Technology For Aspheric Metal Mirrors

An evaluation of the off-specular scatter from a metal mirror is required for those radiometric systems where high off-axis rejection is achieved through low-scatter primary optics. This paper addresses the testing procedures for determination of the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) at 10.64m, handling techniques for the prevention of degraded mirror performance through contamination, and the low-scatter performance achieved by the current fabrication technology for large, aspheric samples. The statistics of mirror surface sampling is also presented, as well as the distribution of the resultant measurements for a significant sampling of the surface area. The latter are used to demonstrate the impact that various types of surface imperfections have on low-scatter performance, as well as indicate typical behavior for the better low-scatter mirrors. These statistics also indicate the best performance that can be anticipated under the present technology once these imperfections are eliminated.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Concepts of World Literature, Comparative Literature, and a Proposal

In his article, "Concepts of World Literature, Comparative Literature, and a Proposal," Marian Galik surveys the concept of world literature as it occurs within comparative literature based on Goethe's Weltliteratur. Given its recurrent yet problematic occurrence, he proposes a way in which comparatists can acknowledge and address the problems of the concept of a world literature. The concept is surveyed across various texts and studies and is mapped out in accordance with the ways in which it has been defined and discussed. The picture that emerges is the problem of national delimitations within the context of an international setting. Galik urges that the solution to this problem may be found via the development, pursuit, and administration of International Scientific Projects. In this way, various determinations may come to occupy and interrogate a shared conceptual terrain, namely, that of a world literature. Marian Galik, "Concepts of World Literature, Comparative Literature, and a Proposal" page 2 of 8 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000):
Inferred time- and temperature-dependent cation ordering in natural titanomagnetites

Despite years of efforts to quantify cation distribution as a function of composition in the magnetite–ulvospinel solid solution, important uncertainties remain about the dependence of cation ordering on temperature and cooling rate. Here we demonstrate that Curie temperature in a set of natural titanomagnetites (with some Mg and Al substitution) is strongly influenced by prior thermal history at temperatures just above or below Curie temperature. Annealing for 10−1 to 103 h at 350–400 °C produces large and reversible changes in Curie temperature (up to 150 °C). By ruling out oxidation/reduction and compositional unmixing, we infer that the variation in Curie temperature arises from cation reordering, and Mossbauer spectroscopy supports this interpretation. Curie temperature is therefore an inaccurate proxy for composition in many natural titanomagnetites, but the cation reordering process may provide a means of constraining thermal histories of titanomagnetite-bearing rocks. Further, our theoretical understanding of thermoremanence requires fundamental revision when Curie temperature is itself a function of thermal history. Cation ordering in cubic-structured oxides can strongly affect magnetic properties. Here, the authors show that in some natural titanomagnetites, large and reversible changes in Curie temperature result from annealing at moderate temperatures (350–400 °C), most likely arising from changes in cation ordering.
Bilinear Contributions to Equilibrium Correlation Functions

The long-time behavior of autocorrelation functions of conserved variables and of their corresponding dissipative fluxes is studied using the Mori formalism. A set of variables including linear and bilinear forms of the conserved variables is treated and consistent expansions to quadratic order in the wave-vector dependence of the appropriate correlation functions are carried out. The treatment is self-consistent and does not involve factorization of time-dependent correlation functions. Explicit calculations for the wave vector $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ and the frequency-dependent shear-viscosity coefficient are carried out in two dimensions. The asymptotic time dependence of the shear-viscosity correlation function is proportional to ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ when $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The effect of higher-order nonlinear forms of the conserved variables has not been studied; such a study is essential to ensure the validity of the asymptotic time dependence found here.
Angiotensin II Inhibits Satellite Cell Proliferation and Prevents Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

Cachexia is a serious complication of many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although patients with advanced CHF or CKD often have increased angiotensin II (Ang II) levels and cachexia and Ang II causes skeletal muscle wasting in rodents, the potential effects of Ang II on muscle regeneration are unknown. Muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the ability of a pool of muscle stem cells (satellite cells) to proliferate and to repair damaged myofibers or form new myofibers. Here we show that Ang II reduced skeletal muscle regeneration via inhibition of satellite cell (SC) proliferation. Ang II reduced the number of regenerating myofibers and decreased expression of SC proliferation/differentiation markers (MyoD, myogenin, and active-Notch) after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury in vivo and in SCs cultured in vitro. Ang II depleted the basal pool of SCs, as detected in Myf5(nLacZ/+) mice and by FACS sorting, and this effect was inhibited by Ang II AT1 receptor (AT1R) blockade and in AT1aR-null mice. AT1R was highly expressed in SCs, and Notch activation abrogated the AT1R-mediated antiproliferative effect of Ang II in cultured SCs. In mice that developed CHF postmyocardial infarction, there was skeletal muscle wasting and reduced SC numbers that were inhibited by AT1R blockade. Ang II inhibition of skeletal muscle regeneration via AT1 receptor-dependent suppression of SC Notch and MyoD signaling and proliferation is likely to play an important role in mechanisms leading to cachexia in chronic disease states such as CHF and CKD.
An Analysis of B2B Ingredient Co-Branding Relationships

Abstract The proliferation of co-branding in consumer markets has been given considerable attention in the literature, yet attention to the practice in business-to-business markets has been limited, despite the growing attention to the role of relationships in the B2B arena. In an examination of co-branding in the industrial sector, this paper discusses the use of ingredient co-branding and uses an econometric modeling approach to offer a rationale for why it occurs. The analysis provides insight into why downstream manufacturers participate in a relationship that strengthens the supplier's position in the market. We find that under the threat to the supplier of entry from a competitor whose costs are unobservable, co-branding relationships will be entered into resulting in a reduced probability of entry. This co-branding arrangement benefits both the incumbent supplier and the downstream manufacturer. The incumbent supplier benefits from the reduced probability of competitor entry, and the downstream manufacturer is rewarded with a lower price. Further, we find that the cost of the co-branded product is lower, due to a mitigation of double marginalization in a vertically-integrated solution. We examine co-branding relationships with and without advertising support and find that co-branding relationships with advertising support tend to be superior.
The effect of surface passivation on the preparation and stability of the graphite intercalation compounds containing tetra-n-alkylammonium cations

Abstract The kinetic stability of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) is markedly increased by a surface passivation reaction that occurs under strong reducing conditions in the presence of long-chain tetra-n-alkylammonium cations. A simple alkylation model is proposed. Surface alkylation allows the formation of a stable, isolable, graphite intercalation compound of tetra-n-ethylammonium, (C2H5)4N+ for the first time, by chemical surface passivation of [Na(en)1.0]C15 (en = ethylenediamine) with R4N+, R = C6H13, C7H15 or C8H17, followed by an ion exchange reaction to displace the Na(en)+ complex with (C2H5)4N+. One GIC thus obtained using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent has composition [(C2H5)4N]C57 0.5DMSO, and is a stage-1 compound with a gallery expansion of 0.47 nm. This relatively small expansion indicates a monolayer of intercalate and additionally requires an unusually flattened cation conformation. Electrophoretic analyses indicate that the ion exchange within the graphene galleries goes to completion. Additionally, the passivated GIC surfaces afford a dramatic increase in the stability of GICs, in protic solvents, aqueous media, and the ambient environment.
Stress intensity factor solutions for adhesive-bonded lap-shear specimens of magnesium and steel sheets with and without kinked cracks for fatigue life estimations

In this paper, stress intensity factor solutions for adhesive-bonded lap-shear specimens of magnesium alloy AZ31 and hot-dip-galvanized (HDG) mild steel sheets with and without kinked cracks are investigated for fatigue life estimations. First, the kinked fatigue crack failure mode of the adhesive-bonded lap-shear specimens is briefly reviewed. Then, the analytical global J integral and effective stress intensity factor solutions for main cracks in lap-shear specimens of three dissimilar sheets under plane strain conditions are developed based on the beam bending theory. The global effective stress intensity factor solutions for the main cracks in the lap-shear specimens from the corresponding finite element analyses are then presented and validated by the analytical solutions. Next, the local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks with the experimentally observed kink angle as functions of the kink length from the corresponding finite element analyses are presented and the computational solutions are also compared with the analytical solutions at small kink lengths. The results indicate that the computational local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks approach to the analytical solutions as the kink length decreases to a small value and the kinked crack is under dominant mode I loading conditions. The computational results also indicate that the local stress intensity factor solutions at a small kink length of microstructural significance may be used as the stress intensity factor solutions for zero or near zero kink length for fatigue life estimations when the computational results are not available. The computational local stress intensity factor solutions are then adopted to estimate the fatigue lives of the lap-shear specimens based on a kinked crack growth model and available material constants for the Paris law. The fatigue life estimations are lower than the experimental results. However, the general trend of fatigue life estimations agrees with that of the experimental results.
TU‐E‐214‐01: Preclinical and Clinical Hypoxia Imaging: Current and Emerging Methods and Technology

The absence of oxygen (hypoxia) is an important determinant of the malignant behavior of cancers and their response to radiation therapy. A variety of non‐invasive imaging techniques have been developed to study tissue oxygenation. The paramagnetism of oxygen molecules has been exploited for magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of oxygen through the use of T1‐weighted and blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) T2*‐weighted MRI.Electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) as well as Overhauser‐ enhanced MR (OMR) methods have also been applied to image oxygen‐ sensitive spin probes in vivo. Positron emission tomography(PET)imaging of radioactively‐labeled compounds that selectively accumulate in hypoxic cells has also been rigorously developed, and a number of agents of this type are now being used clinically. As hypoxia and imaging biomarkers of hypoxia constitute an expanding area of cancer and radiation biology research, medical physicists must be aware of these advances in order to understand emerging literature, appreciate the significance of hypoxia in the practice of clinical oncology, and identify opportunities for further research. In this symposium, we will provide an overview of the field of preclinical and clinical hypoxia imaging, with an emphasis on MRI‐ and PET‐based methods that have been translated into clinical use. The course will focus on: the biological significance of hypoxia in cancer, a description of the basic underlying oxygen‐dependent contrast mechanisms, presentation of basic imaging protocols for each modality, an overview of the existing preclinical and clinical hypoxia imaging data, and identification of challenges and opportunities for research. Learning objectives: 1. Enumerate existing techniques for hypoxia imaging and underlying contrast mechanisms. 2. Recognize major advantages/disadvantages of hypoxia imaging modalities. 3. Identify research opportunities in each hypoxia imaging domain.
Dexamethasone Induces Cross-Linked Actin Networks in Trabecular Meshwork Cells Through Noncanonical Wnt Signaling

Purpose Dexamethasone (DEX) regulates aqueous humor outflow by inducing a reorganization of the cytoskeleton to form cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) has been demonstrated to have an important role in this process, but the upstream components leading to its activation remain elusive. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt signaling mediates the DEX-induced CLAN formation in TM cells. Methods The TM cells were treated with 100 nM DEX in low serum medium for over 7 days. The medium was changed every 3 days. The cells were harvested and subjected to molecular analysis for the expression of Wnt ligands. Stress fiber structures were revealed by Phalloidin staining. Lentivirus-based shRNA against noncanonical Wnt receptor (Ror2) was used to determine the role of noncanonical Wnt signaling in DEX-induced CLAN formation. Results The DEX induced stress fiber rearrangement in TM cells. A noncanonical Wnt ligand (Wnt5a) was upregulated by DEX as demonstrated by Wnt ligand degenerate PCR, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting. Knocking-down Ror2, the receptor of noncanonical Wnt signaling, abolished the effects of DEX on the TM cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that DEX induces the upregulation of noncanonical Wnt ligand Wnt5a. Recombinant WNT5a protein induces CLAN formation through the noncanonical Wnt receptor ROR2/RhoA/ROCK signaling axis. Given the similarities between DEX-induced ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma, our results provide a mechanism of action for applying ROCK inhibitor to treat primary open-angle glaucoma.
Stepped strobe phase CAH technique for measuring vibration amplitude and phase

A new technique for measuring spatially dense vibration amplitude and phase using stepped optical phase dual reference double exposure or real time computer aided holometry (CAH) methods along with phase stepping of a strobed laser beam has been developed. The technique is called `stepped strobe phase' and is analogous to the `stepped optical phase' technique. The theory and experimental results are presented.
How many numbers are required to specify sequence-dependent properties of polynucleotides?

There are 10 unique dinucleotides of double-stranded DNA, but only 8 independent nearest-neighbor energies that occur in circular DNA, as shown by D. M. Gray and I. Tinoco [(1970) Biopolymers9, 223–244]. We extend that analysis to include end effects, and show that the number of unique dinuoleotide pairs (including ends) is 14. but there are only 12 independent energies. We discuss how these 12 energies (or spectra or any other pairwise additive property) can be measured and displayed, and how they should and should not be compared between experimenters. As an example, we analyzed the recently reported melting curves [M. J. Doktycz et al. (1992) Biopolymers, 32, 849–864] of 16 DNA dumbbells in two different Na+ environments. This analysis reveals a new means for evaluating end effects and the emergence of longer than nearest-neighbor interactions at low salt concentration. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Buddywall: a tangible user interface for wireless remote communication

BuddyWall is a system comprised of a wall-mounted panel with mobile wireless objects that represent remote friends on a virtual network. It uses established software and hardware for communication among a networked set of objects. The purpose of this interface is to allow for communication among remotely located friends and to display an awareness of group presence and others' availability through an ambient wall display. This project illustrates the transparency of a physical interface that provides aesthetically pleasing and emotionally engaging access to digital information for anyone. This paper describes the design of the system and interaction techniques developed in the context of this work. The aesthetics of physical objects can also enrich the digital experience and make it emotionally evocative.
The optical properties of sputtered Co3O4 films

Abstract Films of cobalt oxide were prepared by r.f. reactive sputtering of a cobalt target in Ar-O2 mixtures, and their optical properties were determined by absorption spectroscopy and scanning ellipsometry. The films were further characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The films were found to consist of Co3O4 when the oxygen flow rate exceeded a critical value, in agreement with previous studies. The optical properties of this oxide are due to intense ligand field absorption by Co2+ and Co3+ ions in a spinel structure. The optical properties of cobalt films oxidized near 500 °C were very similar to those of the sputtered films. Reactive co-sputtering of nickel and cobalt blackened the films for low Ni:Co ratios as a result of charge transfer absorption. Smooth films of Co3O4 did not function well as selective thermal absorbers of solar radiation.
A STUDY OF HYALURONIDASE-EFFECTS ON THE FOLLICLE CELLS OF OVULATED RAT OVA1

HYALURONIDASE, an enzyme which is prepared from mammalian testis, depolymerizes the muco-polysaccharide hyaluronic acid and lowers the viscosity of substances containing hyaluronic acid (Ann. Rev. Biochem, 1944). It is also capable of dispersing the follicle cells which surround recently ovulated mammalian ova (McClean and Rowlands, 1942; Fekete and Duran-Reynals, 1943). The suggestion was made by the latter workers that this enzyme, arising from the numerous spermatozoa, is instrumental in dispersing the follicle cells so that fertilization by one sperm is readily accomplished. In view of these findings, an investigation was begun on the possible role of hyaluronidase in fertility in mammals. The first experiments were to determine if immunization of animals to hyaluronidase would prevent the follicle cells from being dispersed in the presence of the enzyme and if the antiserum would inhibit the action of the enzyme in vitro.