cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vacuum Tubes as Power Oscillators (Part III)

Chapter I. The performance of an oscillating pliotron is determined by accertaining at intervals of a few degrees the instantaneous plate loss, grid loss, input, and so on. These values are then averaged over the cycle to determine tube output and efficiency. By performing this operation with a variety of plate and grid voltages, the optimum conditions for a given output are obtained. In this way a combination of plate and grid voltages and grid bias is obtained which is independent of frequency and can be used for the design of any free oscillating circuit where sinusoidal plate and grid voltages are obtained 180 degrees out of phase. It is shown that the conditions of starting of oscillations can be obtained by assuming zero grid bias and determining the circuit resistance which will just absorb the tube output for small amplitude oscillations. The phenomenon of "blocking" is shown to be due to secondary electron emission from the grid. By knowing under what conditions this secondary emission takes place the circuit may be so designed that all will not occur simultaneously. Chapter II. For qualitative investigations of vacuum tube performance the plate circuit is assumed to be a portion of a sine wave. This permits mathematical integration to be substituted for the step-by-step integration of the first chapter. By using the mathematical form a qualitative investigation of the effects of space charge, variations in plate voltage and other factors can be made.
Gamete Interactions and the Initiation of Egg Activation in Sea Urchins

The earliest perceivable response of echinoid eggs to the fertilizing sperm is a transient depolarization, the activation or fertilization potential (Steinhardt et al., 1971; Jaffe, 1976; Chambers and de Armendi, 1979). This change in electrical activity involves the appearance of sperm associated ion channels, which depolarize the plasma membrane, as well as the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels (Chambers and de Armendi, 1979). These changes constitute Phase 1 (Lynn et al., 1988; Chambers, 1989). In voltage clamped eggs, sperm which induce Phase 1 either enter or fail to enter the egg. If sperm penetration occurs, the inward current of Phase 1, initiating Phase 2, continues to increase; if sperm penetration fails to occur the inward current is abruptly severed. During Phase 2 a large, rapid and transient increase in intracellular free calcium (Steinhardt and Epel, 1974; Steinhardt et al., 1977; Whitaker and Steinhardt, 1982; Jaffe, 1983) propagates in the form of a wave from the point of gamete interaction to the opposite pole of the egg (Eisen et al., 1984; Swan and Whitaker, 1986; Yoshimoto et al., 1987). This wave of increased intracellular calcium is initiated following a latent period (Phase 1) of approximately 12 sec and stimulates the egg from its quiescent state to proliferation and embryogenesis (Chambers, 1989).
HP's Purchase of Autonomy: 'Hubris at the Top' and Failure of Internal Controls

This case study illustrates how hubris at the top caused a breakdown in internal controls and allowed Hewlett Packard’s management to embark on a disastrous acquisition. We refer to COSO’s 2013 internal control framework which defines internal controls as “policies and procedures to ensure that an organization meets its objectives”. COSO’s first principle calls for a “tone at the top” of ethics and integrity. The control environment should consist of a culture that follows policies and procedures and acknowledges mistakes. In the case of its acquisition of Autonomy, HP failed to conduct basic financial analysis and due diligence. Rather than admit to weakness in its own internal controls, HP laid the blame on Autonomy’s former managers. HP’s auditor similarly failed to acknowledge internal control failures. Post Sarbanes-Oxley, accountants and auditors must think broadly about the relationship between internal controls and corporate governance.For an accompanying undergraduate presentation of this case study, please see:http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2360487
Deblending by Iterative Orthogonalization and Seislet Thresholding

It has been shown previously that blended simultaneoussource data can be successfully separated using an iterative seislet thresholding algorithm. I combine the iterative seislet thresholding with the recently proposed local signal-and-noise orthogonalization via the shaping regularization framework. During the initial iterations, the deblended data and its blending noise section are not orthogonal to each other, indicating that the noise section contains significant coherent useful energy. Although the leakage of useful energy can be retrieved by updating the deblended data from the data misfit during many iterations, I propose to accelerate the retrieval of the leakage energy using iterative orthogonalziation. Simulated synthetic and field data examples show superior performance of the proposed approach.
Intelligence and giftedness

What do we mean when we call a child or adult gifted? How do we assess giftedness? Is giftedness synonymous with high intelligence? High IQ? What other constructs are considered to be part of the giftedness construct? To what degree is adult giftedness related to childhood aptitude and to what degree are factors such as motivation, effort, or learning style predictive of eminence? Is giftedness unidimensional or multidimensional? Is genius the same as being gifted? What is the relationship of creativity to giftedness? Does giftedness exist, or is it an invention of society to represent what we value in children and adults, or is it simply an artifact of educators' desires to sort students? The debate surrounding these questions and the presumed answers have affected the ways that schools have done business for most of this century. Outstanding performance and expertise are recognized and praised in all societies, but not all societies value and reward the same talent. The label gifted (or talented, highly able, bright, smart, capable, wise, or intelligent) is not assigned to the same exceptional performance across all societies or to persons with the same particular constellation of traits. Some societies extend their recognition beyond the domain of cognitive accomplishments to include physical or athletic prowess or artistic, performing, and productive talents. For example, basketball prowess is much more highly valued in our society than in any other. Even when a society limits its conception of superior ability to the domain of intellectual functioning or intelligence, it is difficult to find consensus regarding the meaning of giftedness.
Abstract 11771: Both Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Assessment of Positron Emission Tomography Strongly Predicts Outcomes in Patients Being Evaluated for Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Background: 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) along with 82Rubidium radiotracer imaging is a non-invasive semi-quantitative technique that aids in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. More recently, quantitative analysis using standardized uptake values (SUV) has shown that higher SUV indicates greater degree of active inflammation. This study evaluated the prognostic value of positive PET results on clinical outcome and assessed SUV in relation to PET interpretation and its prognostic value. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 83 patients with proven or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis, referred for PET imaging between 2009-2013. Baseline characteristics and follow-up events were obtained by medical chart review. Outcomes included death, SCD, heart transplant, drop in EF (>10%), new VT, and ICD discharge. Automated software was used to obtain pixel-based counts from which SUV was calculated. Results: During follow-up, composite endpoints occurred in 23 patients (28%). In multivariate analysis, semi-quantitative assessment of abnormal myocardial FDG uptake was a significant predictor of adverse clinical outcome (HR=3.01, 95% CI=1.06-8.59). This association remained significant in subgroup analysis of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Criteria (JMHC) negative patients (HR=6.96, 95% CI=1.18-40.9). In quantitative assessment, SUV heterogeneity as expressed by the absolute difference in maximum and minimum myocardial SUV value of >0.56 most accurately represented abnormal myocardial FDG uptake (ROC area under the curve 0.82). This was also an independent significant predictor of adverse outcome (HR=3.77, 95% CI=1.15-12.4). Conclusions: Patients with abnormal FDG uptake are 3 times more likely to have adverse outcomes. Abnormal FDG uptake remains a very strong predictor of outcomes in those with negative JMHC. A difference between maximal and minimal SUV of >0.56 g/ml most accurately represents abnormal FDG uptake by semi-quantitative assessment and also predicts adverse outcome. Both semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment of myocardial FDG uptake can be important to clinicians to identify those patients at highest risk for adverse events.
Wood: Chemical Treatment Processes

The arrangement of polymers in wood make it among the more durable biological materials. However, even wood can degrade under the proper environmental conditions. Fortunately, a variety of methods have been developed for limiting biological and physical degradation. Some of these are applied using simple dipping or spraying for short-term protection while others are applied using combinations of vacuum and pressure to create a deep barrier against fungal, insect, and even marine borer attack. This section describes the methods for treatment and discusses emerging alternative protection methods that may become more useful as they become more thoroughly studied.
Affect in Online Discourse: The Case of the United Nations Millennial Development Goals Topics

Instructors at a southwestern U.S. university sought to foster critical student discourses in sections of a hybrid/online course. Narrative-seeking activities challenged students to crisscross various online platforms in transmedia navigation—a form of seeking and sharing information and media over multiple platforms. One assignment asked learners to explore global problems related to the United Nations Millennial Development goals of HIV/AIDS and environmental sustainability. Students sought solutions to these multifaceted problems through peer discourse tied to current real-world events as shared through posted relevant news articles. Initially, students expressed only surface-level reflections with little emotional ties to the content; however, throughout the semester, deeper thinking and affective connections became evident, along with a nascent, liberating critique and understanding of the systems responsible for the ill-structured problems to which they were exposed.
The atrial natriuretic factor hormonal system in the regulation of sodium excretion in dogs with experimental heart failure.

In response to a meat meal containing 125 mEq of sodium, conscious dogs (n = 5) with an arteriovenous (AV) fistula and chronic compensated heart failure exhibited temporally related increases in postprandial plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor (iANF), right atrial pressure, and sodium excretion. In separate experiments, two weeks of dietary sodium restriction produced similar marked stimulation of renin and aldosterone both in normal dogs (n = 5), and in AV fistula dogs (n = 5) with chronic high circulating levels of ANF. Plasma iANF did not change (P greater than .05) in either group. These results suggest that the ANF system is involved in the postprandial regulation of sodium excretion in the AV fistula dogs with compensated heart failure. In the postabsorptive state, however, the activity of the renin-aldosterone axis is closely related to dietary sodium intake and appears to function independently of the ANF system for the prevention of sodium loss.
An Elastomeric Ejection System

Abstract The ability of elastomers to store large quantities of energy, which can subsequently be recovered very quickly, makes them attractive materials for propulsion devices. Recently the U.S. Navy has developed a torpedo ejection system based on an elastomeric mechanical capacitor. The criteria governing selection of a material for this application include high elastic energy, sufficient fatigue life, minimal creep, and resistance to deterioration by seawater. This paper describes various approaches to obtaining these material properties.
Techniques to create urinary continence in the cloacal exstrophy patient.

AbstractOf 15 patients with cloacal exstrophy currently under management 11 have undergone procedures for the establishment of urinary continence. There were 8 genetic female subjects, 6 genetic male subjects raised as girls and 1 genetic male subject raised as a boy. The genetic female subjects had all undergone urethral reconstruction. In 4 patients urethral reconstruction was done with local tissues and they have subsequently undergone bladder neck reconstruction: 1 is continent and voids through the urethra, 2 are dry on intermittent catheterization and 1 is dry on intermittent catheterization after augmentation with a hindgut patch. One girl underwent a Kropp procedure along with bladder augmentation, and she is dry on intermittent catheterization, in 1 urethral reconstruction was done with an ileal nipple through which she performs intermittent catheterization and 2 await a continence procedure.The urethral reconstructions in the genetic male subjects were more difficult. Of the 6 genetic male subje...
Collecting Duct Renin: A Critical Linkin Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension

All of the components needed for angiotensin II generation are present within the renal tubular network of the kidney. This brief review is focused on recent evidence demonstrating that inappropriate activation of renin in distal nephron segments by acting on angiotensinogen generated in the proximal tubule cells and delivered to the distal nephron may contribute to increased distal intrarenal angiotensin II formation, sodium retention, and development and progression of hypertension. Moreover, mechanisms regulating collecting duct renin during Ang II-dependent hypertension are discussed.
Consistent Visualization of Multiple Rigid Domain Decompositions of Proteins

We describe an efficient method to facilitate the visual comparison of cluster decompositions obtained from multiple variations of a protein structure, as well as the results of using different computational and experimental methods for obtaining such decompositions. Implemented as a web server application, this tool is useful for gaining information about protein folding cores, the effect of mutations on a protein’s stability, and for validation and better understanding of rigidity analysis.
GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistor Track-and-Hold Sampling Circuit With Over 100-dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio

A track-and-hold sampling circuit (THSC) fabricated in gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on silicon carbide substrate is presented for the first time, considering the impact of GaN HEMT memory effects on the sampled signal. A single-transistor GaN track-and-hold sampler with an external gate-bootstrapping sampling clock demonstrates over 100-dB signal-to-noise ratio with 700-MHz track-mode bandwidth.
Nonlocal electroweak baryogenesis. I. Thin wall regime.

We investigate ``nonlocal'' schemes for baryogenesis at a first-order electroweak phase transition, in which the effects of a CP-violating condensate on the bubble wall propagate into the unbroken phase where the sphaleron rate is unsuppressed. Such a condensate exists in multi-Higgs-boson extensions of the standard model, and may exist due to an instability in the minimal standard model. In this paper we first discuss the general problem of determining the perturbations induced by a CP-violating condensate, distinguishing two regimes (quantum and classical). We then give an analytic treatment of quantum-mechanical reflection in the thin wall regime, in which interactions with the plasma can be neglected as a particle propagates across the wall. We focus on leptons because of their much weaker coupling to the plasma. We argue that they are likely to be accurately described by this calculation, but quarks are not. The relative magnitude of the baryon asymmetry produced for different fermions depends on their relative Yukawa couplings (not their zero temperature masses), their transport properties, and their interactions. We calculate the baryon asymmetry for various parameter ranges and conclude that asymmetries comparable with observations can be generated. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Comparison of the Ethical Principles of Selected Old Testament Prophets and Gandhi

At first thought it is apparently startling to some people to suggest similarities between Gandhi’s ideas and the Old Testament, since it is conventional to view the Old Testament as a violent and warlike book. In fact, however, the books of Amos, Hosea, Micah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ruth and Jonah contain a set of ethical principles that are parallel to the basic ideas of Gandhi. Nine parallels between Gandhi and these Old Testament prophets are discussed beneath, along with some differences.
Applications of the energy-imaging integrated deconvolution algorithm for source chatracterization

The energy-imaging integrated deconvolution (EIID) algorithm is capable of deconvolving the source image at any specific energy, as well as the incident spectrum from any direction. This spectrum-image reconstruction method takes place in integrated spatial and energy domain using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm. This technique has been demonstrated for combined two-, three- and four-interaction Compton events from an array of 2 cm × 2 cm × 1.5 cm detectors in our previous work. By including Compton continuum events in the system model and using a sensitivity image to correct efficiency effects, the MLEM solution estimates the true incident gamma-ray spectrum with correct branching ratio. For each direction, we can then identify the source isotope based on the peak energy and relative peak area. After identifying the source isotope, the source activity can be estimated. From the reconstructed image and change of the relative peak areas from the branching ratio, the presence of shielding and the material and thickness of shielding can be estimated.
Characterization and comparison of X-ray detectors for use in small animal imaging

In this paper we describe the results of our characterization of four X-ray detectors in order to determine their relative strengths and weaknesses for use in the CT component of a dedicated CT-SPECT scanner that we are developing for small animal imaging. Two of the four detectors are custom-built charge coupled device (CCD)-based detectors and the other two are commercially available detectors based on complementary metal oxide (CMOS) technology. This paper describes the design of each detector and presents the results of measurements of imaging characteristics such as the detector dark noise, sensitivity, the modulation transfer function (MTF), the noise power spectrum (NPS), and the detective quantum efficiency (DQE)- Compared to the CMOS detectors, the CCD based detectors exhibit superior DQE over most of the frequency range of interest.
The glue that holds the situation together.

Abstract A 48-year-old man presented with a longstanding left upper eyelid mass that increased in size when bending forward. The mass was associated with enophthalmos and slowly increased in size with Valsalva maneuver. Magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography demonstrated a vascular malformation without an abnormal arterial component. Because of his increasing pain, the vascular malformation was excised in a multidisciplinary approach involving intraoperative fluoroscopic mapping, cyanoacrylate embolization, and surgical excision. Histopathology was consistent with a benign vascular malformation. Clinically, this was a low-flow, distensible venous malformation—or orbital varix.
IFT57 stabilizes the assembled intraflagellar transport complex and mediates transport of motility-related flagellar cargo

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the assembly and maintenance of flagella and cilia. Recent biochemical studies have shown that IFT complex B (IFT-B) is comprised of two subcomplexes, IFT-B1 and IFT-B2. The IFT-B2 subunit IFT57 lies at the interface between IFT-B1 and IFT-B2. Here, using a Chlamydomonasreinhardtii mutant for IFT57, we tested whether IFT57 is required for IFT-B complex assembly by bridging IFT-B1 and IFT-B2 together. In the ift57-1 mutant, levels of IFT57 and other IFT-B proteins were greatly reduced at the whole-cell level. However, strikingly, in the protease-free flagellar compartment, while the level of IFT57 was reduced, the levels of other IFT particle proteins were not concomitantly reduced but were present at the wild-type level. The IFT movement of the IFT57-deficient IFT particles was also unchanged. Moreover, IFT57 depletion disrupted the flagellar waveform, leading to cell swimming defects. Analysis of the mutant flagellar protein composition showed that certain axonemal proteins were altered. Taken together, these findings suggest that IFT57 does not play an essential structural role in the IFT particle complex but rather functions to prevent it from degradation. Additionally, IFT57 is involved in transporting specific motility-related proteins.
Ch. R-7 Isolation and Characterization of Novel Halophilic Anaerobic Bacteria from Oil Field Brines

Abstract The development of a succesful microbially enhanced oil recovery process requires a thorough understanding of the factors affecting microbial activity in the oil reservoir. A study has, therefore been initiated to evaluate the ecological and physiological factors governing the microbial activity in the oil field brines collected from the South East Vassar Vertz Sand Unit, Payne County, Oklahoma. The brines were highliy saline containing 11 to 19% NaCl and 1 to 2% of calcium and magnesiumions. Diverse populations of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria were present at densities of 2.4 × 10 3 to 4.6 × 10 3 MPN/ml. Of the several strains isolated, five strictly anaerobic and obligately halophilic strains were selected for further characterization. None of the isolates grew at salt concentrations less than 3% (w/v). All strains grew in a mineral salts medium containing glucose, yeast extract and casamino acids in the presence of NaCl concentrations of up to 20% (w/v), but the optimum concentration for growth was around 12%. The doubling time of the isolates ranged between 7 and 11 hours. Addition of nitrate to the growth medium did not stimulate growth of any of the isolates. However the addition of sulfite as the external electron acceptor stimulated the growth yield of the strain TTL-30. All of the isolates metabolized a variety of carbohydrate substrates but not several of the tested aromatic compounds and amino acids. Acetate, butanol and propanol were detected as the fermentative products on glucose. The change of gas phase from N 2 /CO 2 to H 2 /CO 2 stimulated the growth of strains TA and SA, but completely inhibited the growth of the strain TTL-30. Methane was never produced by any of the five strains showing that these strains are not methanogens. The ability to use a fermentable carbohydrate make these strains suitable candidates for microbial selective plugging process in hypersaline environments.
Automatically Selecting Profitable Thread Block Sizes for Accelerated Kernels

Graphics processing units (GPUs) provide high performance at low power consumption as long as resources are well utilized. Thread block size is one factor in determining a kernel's occupancy, which is a metric for measuring GPU utilization. A general guideline is to find the block size that leads to the highest occupancy. However, many combinations of block and grid sizes can provide highest occupancy, but performance can vary significantly between different configurations. This is because variation in thread structure yields different utilization of hardware resources. Thus, optimizing for occupancy alone is insufficient and thread structure must also be considered. It is the programmer's responsibility to set block size, but selecting the right size is not always intuitive. In this paper, we propose using machine learning to automatically select profitable block sizes. Additionally, we show that machine learning techniques coupled with performance counters can provide insight into the underlying reasons for performance variance between different configurations.
Management of the Patient with Unstable Angina/Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction

Unstable angina most often results from disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque and a subsequent cascade of pathologic processes that decrease coronary blood flow. Most patients who die during unstable angina do so because of sudden death or an intervening myocardial infarction (MI).
Non-heme High-Spin {FeNO}6-8 Complexes: One Ligand Platform Can Do It All.

Heme and non-heme iron–nitrosyl complexes are important intermediates in biology. While there are numerous examples of low-spin heme iron–nitrosyl complexes in different oxidation states, much less is known about high-spin (hs) non-heme iron–nitrosyls in oxidation states other than the formally ferrous NO adducts ({FeNO}7 in the Enemark–Feltham notation). In this study, we present a complete series of hs-{FeNO}6–8 complexes using the TMG3tren coligand. Redox transformations from the hs-{FeNO}7 complex [Fe(TMG3tren)(NO)]2+ to its {FeNO}6 and {FeNO}8 analogs do not alter the coordination environment of the iron center, allowing for detailed comparisons between these species. Here, we present new MCD, NRVS, XANES/EXAFS, and Mossbauer data, demonstrating that these redox transformations are metal based, which allows us to access hs-Fe(II)–NO–, Fe(III)–NO–, and Fe(IV)–NO– complexes. Vibrational data, analyzed by NCA, directly quantify changes in Fe–NO bonding along this series. Optical data allow for the ident...
Hedonic Contrast Effects Are Larger When Comparisons Are Social

A hedonic contrast effect occurs when comparing a stimulus to its alternatives makes it better or worse. We find that counterfactual comparisons induce larger hedonic contrast effects when they are also social comparisons. Hedonic contrast effects influence happiness with a food or wage more when another person receives its counterfactual alternative than when no person receives its counterfactual alternative. Social attention, the propensity to attend to the experiences of other people, underlies the larger hedonic contrast effects induced by social comparisons. People pay more attention to counterfactual alternatives when they are also social comparison standards, and this difference in the allocation of attention mediates the larger hedonic contrast effects that social counterfactual comparisons induce. Reducing attentional resources with cognitive load or time pressure reduces the impact of social counterfactual comparisons, and drawing attention to nonsocial counterfactual comparisons increases their impact. Social attention makes comparisons stronger when they are social.
Would Criminal Sanctions For Patent Violations Encourage Violators to Respect Intellectual Property Rights

This paper analyzes the historical differences between copyrights and patents. Copyright law allows for criminal sanctions for violations. Patent law does not allow for criminal sanctions. The paper looks at this history and poses the question—Why the difference? The paper analyzes these differences and asserts that an imbalance exists between the two types of intellectual property that needs to be adjusted.
Deciphering Mechanisms of UVR-Induced Tumoral Immune Checkpoint Regulation against Melanoma.

Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) impacts various cellular, genetic, and immunologic responses governing biological and pathophysiologic events including the development of skin cancers. The mechanistic insights into UVR-induced immune tolerance against skin cancers, particularly cutaneous melanoma, have been a great challenge, given the sophisticated regulation of immune checkpoint proteins. A study led by Wang and colleagues has elucidated novel mechanisms of UVR-induced immune suppression, implicated in melanoma immune evasion and progression mediated via upregulation of PD-L1, and reduced CD8+ T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity in HMGB1/TBK1/IRF3/NF-κB–dependent manner. These findings offer new mechanistic insights into UVR-induced melanoma immune evasion and progression. See related article by Wang et al., p. 2909
Das Aufstellen eines Flugplans bei ungewisser Nachfrage

In diesem Kapitel beschreiben wir durch ein Beispiel, wie man mit Hilfe der linearen Programmierung Flugzeuge derart Strecken zuteilt, das der zu erwartende Gewinn bei ungewisser Nachfrage maximiert wird. Das Rechenverfahren ist dem Falle der festen Nachfrage ahnlich; es wird nur ein etwas groserer Rechenaufwand benotigt. Wir fuhren die Rechnungen an einem numerischen Beispiel explizit durch und vergleichen die so gewonnene Losung mit derjenigen, die sich bei der ublichen Identifizierung des Erwartungswertes mit einer (fiktiven) festen Nachfrage ergibt. Der Stoff fur dieses Kapitel wurde mit nur geringfugigen Anderungen zwei gemeinsamen Arbeiten von Alan Ferguson und dem Verfasser [Ferguson und Dantzig, 1954-1, 1956-1] entnommen.
Prediction of Regime Transition in Two Phase Flow Microchannels Based on Ultrathin Liquid Film Interfacial Instability

Transition from elongated bubble (EB) to semi-annular (SA) or annular regime is one of the most complicated phenomena in two phase flow in microchannels. Visualizations have shown that this transition is associated with variations in the shape of liquid films surrounding a fast-moving vapor core. Hence, capturing the thin films hydrodynamic characteristics and onset of their instability is key to identifying transition criteria. Previous studies had to introduce the transition criteria based on the flow superficial velocity. However, this parameter by no means represents the actual velocity of the liquid film. Here, using a novel measurement technique, thickness and actual velocity of liquid films as thin as a few microns are measured, and flow characteristics can subsequently be calculated. Measurements show that during the transition, a drastic change in hydrodynamics of the liquid film occurs that makes the liquid-vapor interface unstable. To define a criterion for the onset of this instability, a linear stability analysis is utilized by solving the Orr-Sommerfeld equations for the liquid and vapor phases using the perturbation theory. Experimentally measured film thickness and velocity are used in the stability formulations. Comparison with the experimental results suggest that the stability analysis is able to predict transition from elongated bubbles to semi-annular regime.
Freeing Myself From Self-Blame and Shame: An Autoethnography About Recovering From Anorexia

Date Presented 04/04/19 This poster reports the findings of an autoethnographic study about the lived experience of anorexia within the context of culture. Results suggest that when anorexia is viewed as an issue of control, it can lead to a spiral of self-blame and shame that promotes isolating occupational behaviors and hinders the recovery process. This study adds evidence to the value of clinicians understanding anorexia from a personal and cultural perspective not adequately addressed in a medical model framework. Primary Author and Speaker: Melanie Klyop Contributing Authors: Valerie Howells
Rule adherence warps decision-making

We have the capacity to follow arbitrary stimulus-response rules, meaning policies that determine how we will behave across circumstances. Yet, it is not clear how rules guide sensorimotor decision-making in the brain. Here, we recorded from neurons in three regions linked to decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and dorsal striatum, while macaques performed a rule-based decision-making task. We found that different rules warped the neural representations of chosen options by expanding rule-relevant coding dimensions relative to rule-irrelevant ones. Some cognitive theories suggest that warping could increase processing efficiency by facilitating rule-relevant computations at the expense of irrelevant ones. To test this idea, we modeled rules as the latent causes of decisions and identified a set of rule-free choices that could not be explained by simple rules. Contrasting these with rule-based choices revealed that following rules decreased the energetic cost of decision-making while warping the representational geometry of choice.
Riffing on Euripides (and Other Things): Caridad Svich’s Iphigenia Crash Land Falls on the Neon Shell That Was Once Her Heart (a Rave Fable)

AbstractAn Obie-winning playwright, Caridad Svich is also a noted adapter of Greek tragedy to our times. This essay focuses on one of her most daring adaptations, of Euripides’ Iphigenia at Aulis, ...
Drain Time for Porous Stormwater Basin

AbstractPorous basins are popular low-impact-development (LID) facilities for on-site runoff disposal and water quality enhancement. Bioretention basins and rain gardens are recommended to intercep...
Uncertainty and energy extraction

We examine the effects of uncertainty by investigating the effects of oil price uncertainty on employment in domestic oil and gas extraction. This industry is interesting to examine for two reasons...
Stillbirths and live births in the periviable period

Abstract Purpose We use data from California, where 13% of US births occur, to address two questions arising from efforts in the first decade of this century to avoid stillbirths before 25 6/7 weeks of gestation (i.e., in the periviable period). First, did stillbirths decline in the first decade of this century? Second, if stillbirths did decline, did periviable live births increase simultaneously? Answering these questions is important given that periviable infants represent less than 1% of live births but account for roughly 40% of infant mortality and 20% of hospital-based obstetric costs in the United States. Methods We constructed 240 monthly conception cohorts, starting with that conceived in January 1991, from 9,880,536 singleton pregnancies that reached the 20 0/7 week of gestation. We used time-series design and Box-Jenkins methods that address confounding by autocorrelation, including secular trends and seasonality to answer our questions. Results We detected a downward shift in stillbirths in April 2007 that coincided with an upward shift in periviable live births. Conclusions Our findings imply that, since 2007, fewer Californians than expected from history and from the size of conception cohorts reaching 20 0/7 weeks of gestation have had to contend with the sequelae of stillbirths, but more than expected likely have had to contend with those of periviable births.
Coronary Subclavian Steal Syndrome: A Contemporary Review

Coronary subclavian steal syndrome (CSSS) is a rare cause of angina. It occurs in patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting and, specifically, a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending artery (LAD) graft and co-existent significant subclavian artery stenosis. In this context, there is retrograde blood flow through the LIMA to LAD graft to supply the subclavian artery beyond the significant stenosis. This potentially occurs at the cost of compromising coronary artery perfusion dependent on the LIMA graft. In this review, we present a case of a middle-aged female who suffered from CSSS and review the literature for the contemporary diagnosis and management of this condition.
Telomeres: history, health, and hallmarks of aging

The escalating social and economic burden of an aging world population has placed aging research at center stage. The hallmarks of aging comprise diverse molecular mechanisms and cellular systems that are interrelated and act in concert to drive the aging process. Here, through the lens of telomere biology, we examine how telomere dysfunction may amplify or drive molecular biological processes underlying each hallmark of aging and contribute to development of age-related diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. The intimate link of telomeres to aging hallmarks informs preventive and therapeutic interventions designed to attenuate aging itself and reduce the incidence of age-associated diseases.
A CASE OF RETROPERITONEAL SEROUS CYST

症例は59歳,女性.平成13年11月,下痢を主訴に近医を受診したところ,右側腹部腫瘤を指摘され当院に紹介された.当院受診時,右側腹部に弾性軟,小児頭大の腫瘤を触知した.腹部CTでは右後腹膜腔に12×7 cmのlow density massとして描出され,注腸造影検査において,上行結腸は著名に左側に圧排されていた.後腹膜漿液性嚢胞の診断のもと,腫瘍摘出術を施行した.腫瘤は非常に薄い嚢胞壁を有し,その内容物は無色透明の液体であった.内溶液のCA19-9, CEA値はそれぞれ10,000U/ml以上, 344.5ng/mlと高値を示したが,細胞診は陰性であり,嚢胞壁にも悪性所見は認めなかった.後腹膜嚢腫は稀な疾患であり,若干の文献的考察を加え報告する.
Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Pruritus, fatigue, a cholestatic liver profile, high serum concentrations of IgM, and a positive antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) test characterize primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). PBC is more common in women than in men. It is described as a dry gland syndrome associated with a decrease in glandular secretions and biliary cirrhosis from ductopenia due to intrahepatic bile duct injury. Intrahepatic bile ducts are vulnerable to the specific damage that characterizes PBC, including a possible role of the AMA. In this regard, how the E2 component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2) is accessible to T cells may concern a defect in glutathionylation of biliary epithelial cells, which, via apoptosis, allows for PDC-E2 to remain intact in apotopes and may be recognized by T cells. The concerted effect of macrophages, biliary apotopes, and AMA is likely to increase inflammatory cytokines production, perpetuating inflammation.
Solubilization by cosolvents. Establishing useful constants for the log-linear model

The purpose of this study was to develop constants for the log-linear cosolvent model, thereby allowing accurate prediction of solubilization in the most common pharmaceutical cosolvents: propylene glycol, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400, and glycerin. The solubilization power (sigma) of each cosolvent was determined for a large number of organic compounds from the slope of their log-solubility vs. cosolvent volume fraction plots. The solubilization data at room temperature were either experimentally determined or obtained from the literature. The slopes of the nearly linear relationship between solubilization power and solute hydrophobicity (logK(ow)) were obtained by linear regression analysis for each considered cosolvent. Thus, knowing or calculating a compound's partition coefficient is all that is needed to predict solubilization.
Increased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the esophagus increases engraftment of bone marrow origin stem cells following irradiation

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4415 Irradiation damage to the esophagus increases apoptosis beginning 5 days after irradiation followed by denuding of the mucosa at approximately 7 days. To determine whether pretreatment with manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) prevented apoptosis following irradiation, C57BL/6NHsd mice were intraesophageally injected with MnSOD-PL and irradiated 24 hours later to 30 Gy to the upper body, and sacrificed 1, 3 or 5 days later. The esophagus was removed, fixed in OCT, sectioned and stained with a Tunel assay for apoptosis. No apoptosis was detected until 5 days after irradiation. Pre-treatment with MnSOD-PL resulted in decreased apoptosis. Lipid peroxidation following irradiation of the esophagus was measured. C57BL/6NHsd mice received intraesophageal MnSOD-PL (200 μg plasmid DNA) and were irradiated 24 hours later along with control mice to 30 Gy to the esophagus. The esophagus was removed at various time points following irradiation and lipid peroxidation measured. There was delayed lipid peroxidation detected 7 days after irradiation. Lipid peroxidation increased in control irradiated mice, but was not detected in MnSOD-PL treated then irradiated mice. Mice pretreated with MnSOD-PL had significantly decreased lipid peroxidation on days 7 and 14 following irradiation compared to control plasmid treated mice (p=0.0053 or 0.0110). To determine if pretreatment of MnSOD-PL allowed successful engraftment of stem cells following irradiation, mice were injected in traesophageally with MnSOD-PL (200 μg plasmid DNA) 24 hours before irradiation to 30 Gy. The mice were then injected I.V. with ROSA (LacZ+) male bone marrow cells at day 1, 3 or 5 after irradiation and sacrificed 14 days later. The esophagus was excised and digested to single cell suspensions, side population (SP) stem cells as well as non-SP cells separated by flow cytometry of Hoechst stained cells. Cells were then analyzed for expression of LacZ. Mice injected with SP cells on day 5 after irradiation had the greatest engraftment of cells positive for the LacZ gene. MnSOD-PL treatment before irradiation further increased engraftment of LacZ positive cells compared to control irradiated mice. The results indicate that pretreatment with MnSOD-PL 24 hours before irradiation results in increased engraftment of stem cells into the irradiated esophagus, associated with reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) , decreased apoptosis and decreased lipid peroxidation.
Evolutionary dynamics of rhomboid proteases in Streptomycetes.

Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous and active in a myriad of biochemical pathways. One type, the rhomboids are intramembrane serine proteases that release their products extracellularly. These proteases are present in all forms of life and their function is not fully understood, although some evidence suggests they participate in cell signaling. Streptomycetes are prolific soil bacteria with diverse physiological and metabolic properties that respond to signals from other cells and from the environment. In the present study, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rhomboids in Streptomycetes, as this can shed light into the possible involvement of rhomboids in the complex lifestyles of these bacteria. Analysis of Streptomyces genomes revealed that they harbor up to five divergent putative rhomboid genes (arbitrarily labeled families A–E), two of which are orthologous to rhomboids previously described in Mycobacteria. Characterization of each of these rhomboid families reveals that each group is distinctive, and has its own evolutionary history. Two of the Streptomyces rhomboid families are highly conserved across all analyzed genomes suggesting they are essential. At least one family has been horizontally transferred, while others have been lost in several genomes. Additionally, the transcription of the four rhomboid genes identified in Streptomyces coelicolor, the model organism of this genus, was verified by reverse transcription. Using phylogenetic and genomic analysis, this study demonstrates the existence of five distinct families of rhomboid genes in Streptomycetes. Families A and D are present in all nine species analyzed indicating a potentially important role for these genes. The four rhomboids present in S. coelicolor are transcribed suggesting they could participate in cellular metabolism. Future studies are needed to provide insight into the involvement of rhomboids in Streptomyces physiology. We are currently constructing knock out (KO) mutants for each of the rhomboid genes from S. coelicolor and will compare the phenotypes of the KOs to the wild type strain.
Interventions to Prevent Suicidal Behavior

There is now a substantial literature on risk factors for suicide in the United States (U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, PHS, 2001; Committee on Pathophysiology & Prevention of Adolescent & Adult Suicide Board, 2002) that can be used to guide the development of prevention programs to reduce the rates of suicide in this country. There is a wealth of evidence that having a mental disorder increases the risk for both attempted suicide and suicide. However, in and of itself a mental disorder should not be equated with elevated suicide risk because the majority of individuals with a mental illness never kill themselves (Bostwick & Pankratz, 2000). Suicide is the outcome of extremely complex circumstances, and it is likely we will never be able to predict its occurrence given the putative interaction between psychiatric, psychological, physiological, social, and cultural factors. For example, there is considerable evidence that aggression and impulsivity, acute and chronic stress, trauma, and substance or alcohol use are associated with suicidality, but their effects are moderated by gender and age. Because of the inability to predict who will kill themselves, suicide is a public health problem of considerable magnitude. In the United States in 2002 there were 31,655 deaths from suicide, making suicide the overall 11th leading cause of death (Kochanek & Smith, 2004). Suicide is now the 3rd leading cause of death for individuals aged 10–24 years (Kochanek & Smith, 2004). Since the 1950s, the rate of youth suicide has tripled, and there was an alarming gradual upswing in suicide among young African American males in the United States between l980 and 1995 (Shaffer, Gould, & Hicks, 1994). Substantially higher rates of suicide in elders in the United States have been observed consistently for some time (Pearson & Brown, 2000).
Albumin therapy in nephrosis.

Twelve nephrotic children were treated with intravenous injections of low-sodium concentrated human plasma albumin. Favorable response, as judged by the decrease in weight and edema and the increase in diuresis, was only seen in five cases. Lack of therapeutic effect on nephrotic edema was due in the majority of cases to the great urinary loss of injected albumin and to the inability of the kidney to excrete the edema fluid mobilized into the circulation by the osmotic effect of albumin.
Genetic and physiological characterization of the Rhodospirillum rubrum carbon monoxide dehydrogenase system.

Abstract A 3.7-kb DNA region encoding part of the Rhodospirillum rubrum CO oxidation (coo) system was identified by using oligonucleotide probes. Sequence analysis of the cloned region indicated four complete or partial open reading frames (ORFs) with acceptable codon usage. The complete ORFs, the 573-bp cooF and the 1,920-bp cooS, encode an Fe/S protein and the Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), respectively. The four 4-cysteine motifs encoded by cooF are typical of a class of proteins associated with other oxidoreductases, including formate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase, dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, and hydrogenase activities. The R. rubrum CODH is 67% similar to the beta subunit of the Clostridium thermoaceticum CODH and 47% similar to the alpha subunit of the Methanothrix soehngenii CODH; an alignment of these three peptides shows relatively limited overall conservation. Kanamycin cassette insertions into cooF and cooS resulted in R. rubrum strains devoid of CO-dependent H2 production with little (cooF::kan) or no (cooS::kan) methyl viologen-linked CODH activity in vitro, but did not dramatically alter their photoheterotrophic growth on malate in the presence of CO. Upstream of cooF is a 567-bp partial ORF, designated cooH, that we ascribe to the CO-induced hydrogenase, based on sequence similarity with other hydrogenases and the elimination of CO-dependent H2 production upon introduction of a cassette into this region. From mutant characterizations, we posit that cooH and cooFS are not cotranscribed. The second partial ORF starts 67 bp downstream of cooS and would be capable of encoding 35 amino acids with an ATP-binding site motif.