cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shear heating as the origin of the plumes and heat flux on Enceladus

The Cassini flyby of 14 July 2005 revealed plumes of water vapour and ice associated with the 'tiger stripe' features on the surface of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus. Since then the challenge has been to explain the nature of the plumes and the forces driving them. Two papers this week offer an explanation that accounts for both the plume characteristics and the presence of hot spots without the need to assume the existence of near-surface liquid water, a requirement of some previous models. Nimmo et al. identify tidally driven lateral fault motions near the tiger stripes as the most likely drivers of heat and vapour production. And Hurford et al. show that as Enceladus orbits Saturn, the parent planet's tides make the satellite's ice flex. This may cause the tiger stripes to open and close periodically, exposing volatile gases and allowing them to be released. Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, has active plumes jetting from localized fractures (‘tiger stripes’) within an area of high heat flux near the south pole. Nimmo et al. show that the most likely explanation is shear heating by tidally driven lateral (strike-slip) fault motion with a displacement of about 0.5 metres over a tidal period: vapour produced by this heating may escape as plumes through cracks reopened by the tidal stresses. Enceladus, a small icy satellite of Saturn, has active plumes jetting from localized fractures (‘tiger stripes’) within an area of high heat flux near the south pole1,2,3,4. The plume characteristics1 and local high heat flux2 have been ascribed either to the presence of liquid water within a few tens of metres of the surface1, or the decomposition of clathrates5. Neither model addresses how delivery of internal heat to the near-surface is sustained. Here we show that the most likely explanation for the heat2 and vapour production6,7 is shear heating by tidally driven lateral (strike-slip) fault motion1,8,9 with displacement of ∼0.5 m over a tidal period. Vapour produced by this heating may escape as plumes through cracks reopened by the tidal stresses10. The ice shell thickness needed to produce the observed heat flux is at least 5 km. The tidal displacements required imply a Love number of h2 > 0.01, suggesting that the ice shell is decoupled from the silicate interior by a subsurface ocean. We predict that the tiger-stripe regions with highest relative temperatures will be the lower-latitude branch of Damascus, Cairo around 60° W longitude and Alexandria around 150° W longitude.
Mathematical modelling of nanoparticle biodistribution: extrapolation among intravenous, oral and pulmonary administration routes

In this study, a physiological-based mathematical model was developed to describe and compare the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of nanoparticles after intravenous (IV), oral, and pulmonary exposure. The development of the model was based on physiological principles, compartmental analysis, and mathematical modelling. The human body was separated into compartments and their mass-time profiles were simulated. Mathematical equations describing the intercompartmental transportation of nanoparticles were developed based on first order kinetics. Nanoparticle biodistribution in all the tissues and organs was analysed for comparison among the administration routes. Sensitivity of transportation coefficients were calculated for evaluation of their relative importance to the output of the model. The model indicates some interesting aspects of administration route extrapolation, explains many published observations of nanoparticle ADME and proves to give a comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle ADME compared to traditional pharmacokinetic models.
High dose radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas: Final Report

Abstract One hundred patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas were prescribed to receive postoperative whole brain irradiation with doses ≥5000 rad; 41 had astrocytoma grade III and 59 had grade IV tumors. The median survival was 91 weeks for patients with grade III tumors and only 42 weeks for those with grade IV (p For patients with grade IV tumors the median survival was 30, 42 and 56 weeks respectively, these differences were significant (p The use of higher radiation doses was well tolerated; it did not compromise the quality of survival, and did not yield normal brain tissue necrosis. However, these doses did not seem to alter the total survival of patients, nor did they seem capable of sterilizing these tumors. Histopathological changes that were observed in normal brain tissue that was irradiated with 7000–8000 rad suggest that increasing total doses beyond this range might attain tumor sterilization, but could also lead to frank radiation necrosis in these patients.
Campus–community pharmacy partnership to foster awareness and use of MedlinePlus

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of a campus–community pharmacy partnership to foster awareness and use of National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including MedlinePlus, among minority populations. Design Uncontrolled study with pretest and posttest. Setting Two community pharmacies and Bethel World Ministry in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Participants 8 student pharmacists and pharmacy residents and 92 patients. Interventions Training of patients by student pharmacists and pharmacy residents in the use of NLM databases during prescription-fill wait time. Main outcome measures Pre- and postsurvey responses and telephone followup designed to assess familiarity with NLM databases, including MedlinePlus Results Overall, the familiarity of the participants with MedlinePlus and NLM databases increased fivefold before versus after training. The 1-week follow-up confirmed this trend. However, no statistically significant differences in responses (preand posttest/follow-up) to the surveys were observed in regard to specific questions on daily and future use of the NLM databases available on the Internet. Conclusion Awareness and use of MedlinePlus by study participants increased.
Measures of User experience in a Streptococcal pharyngitis and Pneumonia Clinical Decision Support Tools

Objective: To understand clinician adoption of CDS tools as this may provide important insights for the implementation and dissemination of future CDS tools. Materials and Methods: Clinicians (n=168) at a large academic center were randomized into intervention and control arms to assess the impact of strep and pneumonia CDS tools. Intervention arm data were analyzed to examine provider adoption and clinical workflow. Electronic health record data were collected on trigger location, the use of each component and whether an antibiotic, other medication or test was ordered. Frequencies were tabulated and regression analyses were used to determine the association of tool component use and physician orders. Results: The CDS tool was triggered 586 times over the study period. Diagnosis was the most frequent workflow trigger of the CDS tool (57%) as compared to chief complaint (30%) and diagnosis/antibiotic combinations (13%). Conversely, chief complaint was associated with the highest rate (83%) of triggers leading to an initiation of the CDS tool (opening the risk prediction calculator). Similar patterns were noted for initiation of the CDS bundled ordered set and completion of the entire CDS tool pathway. Completion of risk prediction and bundled order set components were associated with lower rates of antibiotic prescribing (OR 0.5; CI 0.2-1.2 and OR 0.5; CI 0.3-0.9, respectively). Discussion: Different CDS trigger points in the clinician user workflow lead to substantial variation in downstream use of the CDS tool components. These variations were important as they were associated with significant differences in antibiotic ordering. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of workflow integration and flexibility for CDS success.
Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean

Abstract Rates of accumulation of Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Hg, U and Th have been determined for five ferromanganese deposits from four localities in the South Pacific Ocean. Manganese is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate roughly equivalent to that found to be accumulating in sediments in the same area. Iron shows a deficiency in accumulation in nodules and crusts with respect to sediments, especially near the continents, but also in the central and south-central Pacific. Copper is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate one order of magnitude less than the surrounding sediments. This is interpreted as meaning that most of the Mn is supplied as an authigenic phase to both sediments and nodules while Fe is supplied mostly by ferromanganese micro-nodules and by detrital and adsorbed components of sediments; and Cu is enriched in sediments relative to nodules and crusts most probably through biological activity.
On the form of the free energy in 2D gravity theories

Abstract We discuss the form of the free energy in the N -matrix models, which are examples of topological matter theories coupled to two-dimensional gravity. The contributions to the free energy from higher genus can be written in terms of correlation functions on the sphere. We argue that these results can be written in a suggestive and model-independent graphical form. The graphs in this approach correspond to complete degenerations of two-dimensional higher genus surfaces into spheres with points identified.
Somatic symptoms, peer and school stress, and family and community violence exposure among urban elementary school children

Somatic symptoms are a common physical response to stress and illness in childhood. This study assessed 409, primarily African American (85.6 %), urban elementary school children to examine the association between: (1) somatic symptoms and potential external stressors (school and peer stress, family conflict, and community violence) and (2) parent and child agreement on children’s self-report of somatic symptoms. The odds of self-report of somatic complaints were significantly associated with family conflict, school and peer stress, and community violence exposure (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI: 1.05–1.50; OR = 1.18, 95 % CI 1.08–1.28; and OR = 1.02, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.05, respectively). Identifying the associations between social, family, and community based stress and somatic symptoms may improve the quality of life for children living in urban environments through early identification and treatment.
Muscarinic receptors couple to modulation of nicotinic ACh receptor desensitization in myenteric neurons.

Signaling mechanisms coupled to activation of different neurotransmitter receptors interact in the enteric nervous system. ACh excites myenteric neurons by activating nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR...
Upregulation of Ugt1a genes in placentas and fetal livers in a murine model of assisted reproduction

Genes from Ugt1a family in placenta and fetal liver are responsible for hormone, nutrient and chemical balance during pregnancy. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) i.e. intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) alter steroid homeostasis in pregnancy through increased glucuronidation. Here we show that ART (particularly ICSI) upregulates Ugt1a1, 1a2, 1a6 and 1a9 expression in murine placentas and fetal livers with higher mRNA related to lower progesterone (1a1) and cholesterol (1a2, 1a6) in placentas. Greater steroid clearance in ART through transcriptional upregulation of Ugt1a in the placental-fetal unit may decrease the availability of essential molecules, mediating negative reproductive outcomes.
The role of GABA in the ventromedial hypothalamic regulation of food intake

Abstract The rat hypothalamus was mapped for sites in which metabolic substrates (D-glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate), amino acids (GABA, glutamate, glutamine, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) and pharmacological GABA manipulations (amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA), bicuculline) altered feeding behavior in ad lib fed male Long-Evans rats. In a region along the base of the brain lateral to the ventromedial nucleus in which D-glucose injections decreased daily food intake, both GABA and AOAA produced immediate decreases in food intake, which after AOAA continued for 24 hr. Blockade of GABA receptors with bicuculline increased 24 hr intakes. Food consumption was relatively unaffected following 155mM saline, L-glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glutamine injections into this area. GABA manipulations also affected feeding following administration into the ventromedial nucleus proper and into the perifornical area in the anterior hypothalamus, but the effects were not as consistent as injections into the basolateral Ventromedial hypothalamus (BVMH). The data support the existence of cells within the BVMH which are sensitive to glucose metabolism and which may encode metabolic information through the formation of glutamate and GABA via substrate entry into the GABA shunt. Since flow through GABA shunt parallels the flow of energy through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a direct link between energy metabolism and functional neural activity could be maintained.
Changes in adolescents' conflict responses associated with consecutive presentation of hypothetical conflict situations

The advantages of using hypothetical situations are one reason they have been widely used to examine adolescents' responses to conflict situations. One frequently used research protocol involves presenting several conflict scenarios to participants during a single session. However, in real-life situations multiple conflicts rarely occur within short periods of time, and the nature of this presentation may be associated with changes in adolescents' reports of conflict behaviors. Trend analyses of emotional, conflict goal, and conflict tactic responses from grade 8, 10, 12, and college students to consecutively presented conflict situations showed that responses were associated with presentation of the hypothetical situations. Findings revealed an increase in reports of assertive conflict behaviors and a decrease in reports of constructive conflict behaviors with successive situation presentation. Results from the current study suggest that researchers must consider trends in responses when examining findings from successive situation presentation methodologies because adolescent reports of conflict behavior may change as situation presentation proceeds.
Band filling with free charge carriers in organometal halide perovskites

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements indicate that the dominant relaxation pathway for excited states in perovskite materials is by recombination of free electrons and holes.
Operating and Design Experience with Control and Instrumentation Systems at San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station

With the increasing interest and emphasis in safety and environmental effects of nuclear generating stations by Governmental as well as public and private agencies, the necessity of having extremely reliable control and instrumentation systems is one of the major items that must be considered in the operation of a nuclear generating station. Extensive initial testing, routine testing and maintenance of the operating plant is essential to locate and eliminate problems that could negate the correct operation of Control and Instrumentation systems. This paper discusses some of the Control and Instrumentation system problems and their solutions encountered at the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station.
Effects of caloric restriction on body composition and total body nitrogen as measured by neutron activation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two isocaloric diets (800 Kcals) on the changes in body composition during weight reduction. While the protein content of both diets was 70 g, the carbohydrate content of diet A was 10 g and that of diet B was 70 g. The various parameters of body composition were determined as follows: Total body potassium (TBK) by 40 K counting, total body water (TBW) by the tritated water technique, total body nitrogen (TBN) by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) and total body fat was estimated by measuring the skinfold thickness. Routine serum chemistries were performed every 2 wk and serum insulin and triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay were done at 4-wk intervals. Seventeen obese women who were at least 30% above ideal body weight volunteered for the outpatient study. (group A—10 subjects, group B—7 subjects). At the end of the 12 wk study, the percent changes in the above parameters of body composition were not significantly different for the two groups. The biochemical changes were consistent with the degree of caloric restriction. We conclude that: (1) the technique of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis can be used effectively to determine long term changes in total body nitrogen during weight reduction, (2) loss of lean tissue (water, potassium and nitrogen) as well as fat tissue occurred during weight reduction. The loss of TBN in absolute quantities was less for diet A compared to diet B; however, there was no significant difference between the two diets when the data was expressed as a percent change from the baseline values, and (3) TBK determination probably provides the best estimate of total body fat.
Current State of Combined Heart-Liver Transplantation in the United States

Background Combined heart–liver transplantation (CHLT) has been increasingly performed in the USA, but published data on overall patient and graft outcomes have been limited. Methods This study aimed to review the indications, immunosuppression, complications and outcomes of CHLT in the USA. From October 1987 to December 2005, a total of 47 cases of combined heart–liver ( n = 41) and heart–liver–kidney transplantation ( n = 6) were reported to the United Network for Sharing (UNOS) database. One pediatric case was excluded from the analysis. The mean age of recipients was 46 years (range, 22 to 65 years) and included 31 (67%) men and 16 (33%) women. Results The most common indication for both heart and liver transplantation was amyloidosis (30%). Patients were followed for a mean duration of 1,362 days or 3.7 years (range, 1 to 4,598 days or 0 to 12.6 years). Patient, heart and liver graft survival rates were 84.8%, 84.8% and 82.4% at 1 year, and 75.6%, 75.6% and 73.5% at 5 years, respectively. At the latest follow-up of patients who survived at least 6 months after transplantation ( n = 39), 28.2% of patients were on a single immunosuppressive agent. Conclusions Combined heart–liver transplantation is a viable option for candidates who require the combined transplantation, with outcomes comparable to those of single-organ recipients.
Anticorruption and Building a Harmonious Society

The Communist Party of China (CPC) has placed “building a harmonious society” at the top of its work agenda, but it is obviously not an easy task. China’s rampant corruption is one of the serious challenges for the CPC that may limit its ability to achieve this goal. It is widely acknowledged that corruption is not confined to one particular place in the world (Gillespie and Okruhlik, 1991, p. 77), but has existed in every country throughout history (Levy, 1995, p. 1). No political system is free from corruption. Although the democratic system inevitably produces a great amount of literature on corruption, the topic of corruption remains sensitive in Mainland China. Corruption is a serious social problem in the post-Mao era (Liu, 1983, p. 602), but only around thirty articles on corruption were published in Chinese publications in the three years from 2003 to 2005. Surprisingly, most of these articles were not written by political scientists. This would indicate that corruption is not an important subject of Chinese political science. In these articles, the authors have discussed some interesting issues and offered specific suggestions for anticorruption but, they adopt Marxism as the guiding principle of their studies and insist that the leadership of the CPC is the precondition to win the battle of anticorruption. Objectively, it is difficult for scholars in mainland China to discuss the real causes of corruption due to the limitation of their theoretical framework. In addition, Western scholars have not paid enough attention to the relationship between anticorruption and building a harmonious society. To win the anticorruption battle, however, it is necessary to
Non-linear computational instability, damping and filtering in viscoelastic flow simulations

Abstract This work shows that non-linear terms in governing equations of viscoelastic flows may cause a computational non-linear interaction between the velocity field and the stress field. Such a non-linear interaction generates false energy, or non-physical oscillation of large wavenumber, which has a magnitude approximately proportional to the square of the Deborah number, De2. A numerical experiment shows that the non-linear interaction could be an important source of divergence of numerical schemes. It is also shown that the damping effect of a conventional upwind scheme depends on De and decreases as De increases. The non-linear instability occurs when the false energy generation exceeds the damping. Furthermore, it is shown that the upwind scheme imposes no control over the range of the wavenumbers where the numerical solution is damped. Consequently, the upwind scheme not only damps the non-physical signals of large wavenumbers, but also damps the physical signals; therefore, the upwind scheme may cause a significant inaccuracy in certain regions of the flow domain. A new post-process type technique, higher-order linear filtering, is proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the upwind scheme. The higher-order linear filtering can generate damping which is independent of De, and the damping range in the wavenumber domain can be controlled by the order of the filter. This technique is tested on the flow of the Oldroyd-B fluid through a 4:1 contraction with a rounded re-entrant corner. Results show that the higher-order filter can successfully suppress oscillations in the range of the Deborah numbers where the upwind scheme fails to converge.
Toward bioinspired parylene-C coatings of implant surfaces

The external surfaces of an implanted prosthesis must be biocompatible. As the properties of a biological surface vary, often gradually but also abruptly, the implant surface should be endowed with a gradient of surface roughness and wettability for good integration with proteins and cells. We have made free-standing, flexible, fibrous, nano/micro-textured thin films of parylene-C with thickness-controlled surface morphology and hydrophobicity; furthermore, varying degrees of hydrophilicity are displayed after oxygen-plasma treatment. The bioinspired thin films are mechanically robust and have been shown to support both protein binding and cellular attachment as well as growth. By conformally covering an implant surface with patches of these thin films of varying thickness and oxygen-plasma-treatment duration, gradients of protein/cell attachment can be tailored and thus tissue integration can be managed on different parts of the implant surface.
Strategic Leadership: A Model for Promoting, Sustaining, and Advancing Institutional Significance

This article presents the methods, materials, and manpower required to create a strategic leadership program for promoting, sustaining, and advancing institutional significance. The functionality of the program is based on the Original Case Study Design (OCSD) methodology, in which participants are given actual college issues to investigate from a leadership perspective. Participants in the program work in teams to maximize the development of their individual and group leadership skills. Program outcomes are demonstrated by formal presentations that identify an organizational problem and the design of a solution. The identification of problems and strategies for solutions occurs within the framework of strategic leadership development. It is argued in this paper that layered strategic leadership is the key element to promote, sustain, and advance institutional significance. Implications and recommendations for community college strategic leadership practice are also addressed in this applied research article.
Essential Dynamics of Secondary Eyewall Formation

AbstractThe authors conduct an analysis of the dynamics of secondary eyewall formation in two modeling frameworks to obtain a more complete understanding of the phenomenon. The first is a full-physics, three-dimensional mesoscale model in which the authors examine an idealized hurricane simulation that undergoes a canonical eyewall replacement cycle. Analysis of the mesoscale simulation shows that secondary eyewall formation occurs in a conditionally unstable environment, questioning the applicability of moist-neutral viewpoints and related mathematical formulations thereto for studying this process of tropical cyclone intensity change. The analysis offers also new evidence in support of a recent hypothesis that secondary eyewalls form via a progressive boundary layer control of the vortex dynamics in response to a radial broadening of the tangential wind field.The second analysis framework is an axisymmetric, nonlinear, time-dependent, slab boundary layer model with radial diffusion. When this boundary l...
Comprehensive Flood Plain Management

Flooding and the susceptibility to flood damage inherent in all land uses constitute the flood hazard. Resolution of the hazard while properly recognizing flood plain environmental attributes within the context of overall community or area needs is the essence of comprehensive flood plain management. The traditional approach–flood control–has effected modification of only the flooding component of the hazard whether it be coastal or inland. Until recently Federal programs have overlooked the possibilities of modifying the susceptibility component, for which the major responsibility lies with non-Federal interests. Beginning with actions in the TVA area, the latter is now being strongly encouraged through Federal programs and actions notably the Flood Plain Management Services and Survey Programs of the Corps of Engineers, those stemming from Executive Order 11296, and those required for eligibility under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Flood plain management objectives must be stated in planning, e.g., economic efficiency, reduction in threat to life and health, environmental improvement, and regional development, to permit proper evaluation of the optional means and approaches for achieving them.
Haptics: gaming's new sensation

Haptics technology can simulate tactile and kinesthetic sensations so that computer interfaces not only look but also feel - in the literal sense of the word - like the interfaces we are accustomed to using in the real world. Although haptics in PC gaming began by focusing on kinesthetics, while haptics in console gaming began by focusing on vibrotactile effects, game players and market pressures are driving the wide adoption of both forms by both sectors.
Bonding and bridging neighborliness: An individual-level study in the context of health

Although previous research provides a compelling picture of social capital's role in predicting health outcomes, only a modicum of research has tested the more detailed roles of the dimensions of bonding and bridging social capital, with no research focusing exclusively on bonding and bridging neighborliness or ethnicity. To help fill this gap in the literature, the current study measures individual-level bonding and bridging neighborliness for four U.S. ethnic groups-and then, with cross-sectional data from a 2007 national telephone survey of U.S. adults, employs ordinal logistic regression and OLS regression to test the individual-level predictors of self-rated health and stress, when controlling for BMI and demographics. Bonding neighborliness was associated with self-rated health and inversely associated with stress, whereas bridging neighborliness was not significantly linked to either health outcome. When also controlling for neighborhood composition, the bonding neighborliness findings remained generally consistent, while the association between bridging neighborliness and self-rated health gained significance. These results indicate the protective effects that bonding neighborliness can have on health outcomes, as well as the more modest protective effects of bridging neighborliness. These findings have implications for future research and practice, highlighting the potential of health interventions and policies that target the development of bonding social capital.
Cytokine-stimulated chemotaxis of human neutrophils in a 3-D conjoined fibrin gel assay.

The ability of neutrophils to migrate through three-dimensional (3-D) tissues in response to chemical stimuli is critical to their host defense function. However, studies characterizing stimulated migration in vitro have been largely limited to two-dimensional (2-D) surfaces. In this study, we have employed direct observation methods to quantify human neutrophil migration in 3-D fibrin gel using time-lapse video microscopy and automated cell tracking methods. A novel 3-D conjoined gel assay was developed to establish experimentally quantifiable and theoretically predictable diffusion gradients of chemotactic factors. This assay was used to measure objective migration parameters, namely the random motility and chemotaxis coefficients, in response to the cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8). The random motility coefficient, μ, showed a biphasic dependence on IL-8 concentration with a maximum of 1.1 × 10−8 cm2/s at 5 × 10−8 M IL-8; no significant motility was observed in the absence of IL-8. We further established the dependence of cell orientation bias, φ, on the concentration and gradient steepness (i.e., specific gradient, SG) of IL-8. Results indicate that φ increases with increasing SG, provided the concentration is maintained sufficiently low, which we conjecture to result from minimizing IL-8 receptor down-regulation. The chemotaxis coefficient, χ, was maximum at an intermediate SG for both IL-8 concentrations studied. We also examined the applicability of this assay to estimate μ and χ from indirect measurements of chemotaxis, namely the simpler measurement of cell redistribution after a prescribed incubation time, as opposed to direct cell tracking measurements. By virtue of measuring χ, this is the first quantitatively objective study of mammalian cell chemotaxis in a physiologically relevant 3-D gel and, in particular, of neutrophil chemotaxis on any substratum in response to the physiologically relevant chemotactic factor, IL-8.
COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE PRIMARY NUCLEUS IN BRYOPSIS AND ACETABULARIA1,2

SUMMARY The fine structure of the primary nucleus in Bryopsis hypnoides was compared with that of the primary nucleus in Acetabularia calyculus and Batophora oerstedii. In Bryopsis the mature primary nucleus contains a peripheral reticulum composed of 4–6 layers of 200 A diameter fibrils. The nuclear membrane has numerous nuclear pores that are located adjacent to the openings in the layers of the reticulum. Each nuclear pore is constituted of peripheral globular elements and a central granule. Although pores of similar structure are present in the nuclear envelope of Acetabularia and Batophora, a fibrillar reticulum is absent.
Maternal diet during oogenesis is the major source of methylmercury in fish embryos.

Development of the early life stages of fishes can be affected adversely by methylmercury (MeHg) transferred from the maternal parent to the developing egg. We examined maternal transfer of MeHg to eggs of fathead minnows Pimephales promelas and evaluated the role of maternal MeHg burden versus that in the maternal diet during oogenesis on egg concentrations. Juvenile fish were fed one of four diets until sexual maturity (phase 1): A control diet (0.06 μg of Hg g-1 dry weight) and three that were contaminated with MeHg at 0.88 (low), 4.11 (medium), and 8.46 μg of Hg g-1 (high). At sexual maturity, female fish were paired with a male, again fed one of the four diets, and allowed to reproduce (phase 2). To assess the significance of female dietary exposure during oogenesis on MeHg in eggs, some fish were fed diets during phase 2 that differed from those during phase 1. Mean concentrations and burdens of MeHg in eggs from fish fed the same diet throughout the experiment varied with MeHg content of the mater...
Structured Sparse Boosting for Graph Classification

Boosting is a highly effective algorithm that produces a linear combination of weak classifiers (a.k.a. base learners) to obtain high-quality classification models. In this article, we propose a generalized logit boost algorithm in which base learners have structural relationships in the functional space. Although such relationships are generic, our work is particularly motivated by the emerging topic of pattern-based classification for semistructured data including graphs. Toward an efficient incorporation of the structure information, we have designed a general model in which we use an undirected graph to capture the relationship of subgraph-based base learners. In our method, we employ both L1 and Laplacian-based L2 regularization to logit boosting to achieve model sparsity and smoothness in the functional space spanned by the base learners. We have derived efficient optimization algorithms based on coordinate descent for the new boosting formulation and theoretically prove that it exhibits a natural grouping effect for nearby spatial or overlapping base learners and that the resulting estimator is consistent. Additionally, motivated by the connection between logit boosting and logistic regression, we extend our structured sparse regularization framework to logistic regression for vectorial data in which features are structured. Using comprehensive experimental study and comparing our work with the state-of-the-art, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed learning method.
Linearized Richtmyer-Meshkov flow analysis for impulsively accelerated incompressible solids

We present an analytical study of the linearized impulsive Richtmyer-Meshkov flow for incompressible elastic solids. Seminumerical prior investigations of a related shock-driven compressible elastic problem suggest that the interface amplitude remains bounded in time, in contrast to the unstable behavior found for gases. Our approach considers a base unperturbed flow and a linearization of the conservation equations around the base solution. The resulting initial and boundary value problem is solved using Laplace transform techniques. Analysis of the singularities of the resultant function in the Laplace domain allows us to perform a parametric study of the behavior of the interface in time. We identify two differentiated long-term patterns for the interface, which depends on the material properties: standing wave and oscillating decay. Finally, we present results for the vorticity distribution, which show that the shear stiffness of the solids is responsible both for the stabilization of the interface, and also for the period of the interface oscillations. Comparisons with previous results are discussed.
Electron Transfer Dynamics from Single CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots to TiO2 Nanoparticles

Electron-transfer dynamics from single CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) QDs to TiO2 nanoparticles were studied. Single QDs on TiO2 showed pronounced and correlated fluctuations of fluorescence intensity and lifetime. Compared to QDs on glass, the presence of the interparticle ET pathway on TiO2 led to smaller on-state and larger off-state probability densities, as well as a shortened lifetime of the on-state. The average electron transfer rate from CdSe/ZnS to TiO2 was estimated to be 3.2 × 107 s−1.
Postnatal ontogeny of cholecystokinin receptors in rat brain

The postnatal ontogeny of cholecystokinin receptors and cholecystokinin was determined in rat brain. The binding of cholecystokinin (CCK) to rat forebrain receptors was very low at 1-2 days of age, rose to a maximum at 12 days (Bmax = 31 fmol/mg protein, Kd = 1.47 nM), and declined to adult levels by 26 days (Bmax = 17 fmol/mg protein, Kd = 1.39 nM). In contrast, forebrain concentrations of CCK measured by radioimmunoassay rose monotonically through day 27. Possible implications of the transient developmental peak of CCK receptors are discussed.
Cospectral analysis of high frequency signal loss in eddy covariance measurements

Abstract. The cospectra of momentum (M), sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and carbon dioxide (Fc) fluxes measured by eddy covariance (EC) over a shortgrass steppe are calculated for over 800 time intervals spanning a range of wind, surface heating, evaporative, and photosynthetic conditions. The power spectrum of the vertical wind clearly shows that the inertial subrange is not sufficiently captured. The cospectra of the different fluxes show that the lack of measurement resolution in the high frequency results in a loss of flux, especially as stability approaches neutral. A procedure is outlined to use statistics from the cospectrum to estimate the amount of high-frequency flux that remains unmeasured for each time interval. The greatest loss of flux was for H (14% on average for 0>z/L>0.001 where z/L is the dimensionless stability), consistent with other studies which indicate temperature fluctuations actively produce turbulence at high frequencies. LE and Fc showed less than half as much loss of flux as H. This differential loss of flux has direct implications for addressing energy balance closure in EC studies, as well as reconciling biases of fluxes measured by EC with the Modified Bowen Ratio technique. It is recommended that the cospectra of fluxes be examined while setting the height of instrumentation in order to insure that high frequency eddies are resolved.
Computational Investigation into the Use of Response Functions for Aerodynamic-Load Modeling

The generation of reduced-order models (ROM) for the evaluation of unsteady and nonlinear aerodynamic loads are investigated. The ROM considered is an indicial theory based on the convolution of step functions with the derivative of the input signal. The step functions are directly calculated using the results of RANS simulations and a grid movement tool. Results are reported for a two dimensional airfoil and a UCAV configuration. Wind tunnel data are first used to validate the prediction of static and unsteady coefficients at both low and high angles of attack, with good agreement obtained for all cases. The generation of the aerodynamic models is described. The focus of the paper shifts to assess the validity of studied ROMs with respect to new maneuvres. This is accomplished by comparison of the model output with time-accurate CFD simulations. The results show that the ROMs can accurately model the unsteady loads in response to slow and fast pitch and plunge motions.
Synthesis, structure and catalytic activity of a gold(I) complex containing 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene monoxide

The gold(I) complex [Au(dppbO)Cl] was synthesized by reaction of Na[AuCl4]·2H2O with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppb) in the presence of water. This is a new method for the synthesis of a bisphosphine monoxide gold(I) complex. The new gold(I) complex was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis. In the solid state structure a relatively short contact between the oxygen atom of the phosphine oxide group and the gold center was observed. The catalytic activity of [Au(dppbO)Cl] was tested for three different intermolecular alkyne hydrofunctionalization reactions. Silver tetrafluoroborate was used as co-catalyst for halide abstraction. While the bisphosphine monoxide gold(I) complex showed moderate activity for the hydration of various alkynes and the hydroamination of phenyl acetylene, high activity was observed for the hydroarylation of ethylpropiolate. Electron-rich arenes add very fast to the C–C triple bond but with relatively low selectivity.
Narrative Structure and Technique in Thucydides VI-VII

OF THE BOOK Thucydides Mythistoricus W. P. Wallace writes: "F. M. Corn ford maintained .. that Thucydides, in short, aimed not at historical accuracy, but at literary effect."' Most scholars today would take exception to Cornford's standpoint. But it is nevertheless a fact that historiography is not history, and that anyone who undertakes to record a series of historical events must bring some interpretive faculties to bear on them. In the hands of one who has "a mythological conception of the world of human acts and passions,"2 literary effect may indeed become an end in itself; but it need not be mutually exclusive with historical accuracy, if it is employed purposefully and judiciously to trans form an initially amorphous collection of data into a cohesive and integrated historical account. It may be useful at the outset to draw a distinction between accuracy and objectivity. The latter may extend to refraining even from evaluating the quality of one's sources, which can of course lead to inaccuracy, while accuracy may well be the result of careful selectivity and discrimination.3 The fact is that even the historian consummately concerned with historical accuracy must be subjective at several levels. He begins exercising his interpretive
Data-intensive science applied to broad-scale citizen science

Identifying ecological patterns across broad spatial and temporal extents requires novel approaches and methods for acquiring, integrating and modeling massive quantities of diverse data. For example, a growing number of research projects engage continent-wide networks of volunteers (‘citizen-scientists') to collect species occurrence data. Although these data are information rich, they present numerous challenges in project design, implementation and analysis, which include: developing data collection tools that maximize data quantity while maintaining high standards of data quality, and applying new analytical and visualization techniques that can accurately reveal patterns in these data. Here, we describe how advances in data-intensive science provide accurate estimates in species distributions at continental scales by identifying complex environmental associations.
Excess iron induces hepatic oxidative stress and transforming growth factor β1 in genetic hemochromatosis

Genetic hemochromatosis (GH) is associated with excess iron deposition in hepatocytes, which results in progressive hepatic injury. The pathogenesis of hepatic injury in GH is poorly understood. In this study, we found enhanced oxidative stress in patients with GH, as evidenced by hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts and by increased oxidatively modified serum proteins. MDA-lysine epitopes and oxidatively modified serum proteins, as well as immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against MDA-lysine epitopes, were increased in untreated GH patients and to a lesser extent in GH heterozygotes compared with normal individuals. These markers of ongoing oxidative stress decreased with phlebotomy treatment in GH patients. In addition, TGF-β1 colocalized with hepatic iron and MDA protein adducts in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells of hepatic acinar zone 1 and normalized after iron removal. Our data suggest that iron overload increases both lipid peroxidation and TGF-β1 expression, which together could promote hepatic injury and fibrogenesis.
Effect of oxypurinol on renal reperfusion injury in the rat

Oxygen-based free radicals produced by the enzyme xanthine oxidase may be involved in postischemic reperfusion injury. To determine whether oxypurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and the major metabolite of allopurinol, attenuates renal ischemic reperfusion injury, and, if so, to determine its most effective dose, oxypurinol 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg BW was infused 20 min prior to 20 min of complete renal ischemia in uniephrectomized rats. Animals treated with 5 mg/kg BW oxypurinol had significantly higher creatinine clearances on the first and second days postischemia than did untreated animals. In other animals given either buffered saline or oxypurinol at 5 mg/kg BW i.v. 20 min before ischemia, the inulin clearance (CIn) returned to near-control values within 1 h after ischemia. At 24 h there was a secondary decline in the CIn in animals receiving buffered saline, whereas in the animals treated with oxypurinol, this decline was less evident. In animals given oxypurinol at 5 mg/kg BW 40 min after ischemia, the CIn was significantly greater than in those receiving buffered saline. No changes in renal blood flow or renal vascular resistance were observed, suggesting that the effect of oxypurinol was not hemodynamically mediated. Analysis of plasma hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and oxypurinol levels by high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed that in the absence of oxypurinol, a significant increase in uric acid production occurred between 20 and 170 min after the period of ischemia. In the presence of oxypurinol, there was a marked reduction in the rate of production of uric acid for the first 3 h postischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implanon: A Critical Review

To evaluate clinical information on Implanon as a long-term method of contraception and, specifically, to review the efficacy and adverse effect profile of Implanon.A MEDLINE search (from 1966 through June 1999) was performed to retrieve primary and review articles. The search was limited to data on human subjects. Some references were identified through secondary sources.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, and clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of desogestrel implants were reviewed. Relevancy and consistency of information was assessed for each trial.Implanon is the newest contraceptive implant system that has completed worldwide Phase III clinical trials. It is a single rod that contains a core of 68 mg of 3-keto-desogestrel with a membrane of ethylene vinyl acetate. Inhibition of ovulation occurs within one day of implantation, and effective contraception lasts for three years. Fertility returns within one month after implant removal. Insertion and removal by trained medical professionals is simple, and only minor complications have been documented. Adverse effects are mild and primarily consist of abnormal bleeding, weight gain, acne, breast pain, and headache.The data on Implanon indicate that it provides effective long-term contraception with limited adverse effects. It appears to be a good addition to the currently available contraceptives.