cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of phase difference on biodynamic response of seated body to dual-axis vibration

Abstract The apparent mass (APMS) and seat-to-head transmissibility (STHT) responses were investigated to elucidate the effect of phase angles between translational vibration components along two arbitrary orthogonal axes on biodynamic responses of the seated human body. This study considered correlated dual-axis vibration that consists of three combinations of two sinusoidal vibrations conducted along orthogonal two arbitrary basicentric axes: fore-aft and lateral, lateral and vertical, and fore-aft and vertical. Data acquisition was performed for twelve subjects exposed to correlated dual-axis vibration with eight conditions (0–315°) of phase difference between two basicentric axis components at six frequencies (1–20 Hz). The magnitude of sinusoidal vibration applied to each axis was 0.6 m/s 2 r.m.s. (unweighted). Consequently the phase angle difference between two vibrating axes intensively affected the vertical APMS and STHT: particularly at 1–4 Hz in APMS and at 1–8 Hz in STHT. Also the effect of cross-axis vibration and phase difference sensitively appeared to a combination of dual-axis fore-aft and vertical vibration. Biodynamic responses of the seated human body in the lateral direction were less affected by cross-axis vibration or by phase difference. The results suggest that phase angle between arbitrary two vibration components is of importance for better understanding of biodynamic responses of the seated body to multi-axis whole-body vibration. Relevance to industry This study reports the effect of phase angles in dual-axis vibration on biodynamic responses of the seated human body to whole-body vibration. The results obtained in this study can help better understanding of the biodynamic response of the seated body to multi-axial whole-body vibration.
Quaternary sediments of the Antarctic Ocean

Abstract The distribution of Quaternary Radiolaria and sediment types in the Antarctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the northern limit of pack ice and the Antarctic Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence). The diatom ooze sediments in long sediment cores between the Polar Front and pack ice can be divided on the basis of Radiolaria into four faunal zones, from oldest to youngest Φ, Φ, Ψ and Ω. Radiometric age determinations show that the ψ-ω boundary has an age of about 400,000 years B.P. and by extrapolation the χ−ψ boundary 900,000 years. The φ−χ boundary which has previously been approximately correlated with the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary of Ericson et al. (1963) has an extrapolated age of 1.6 million years. The lithologic change that occurs at the φ−χ boundary from clay below to diatom ooze above is interpreted to indicate the initiation of large-scale freezing of sea ice around Antarctica which stimulated the vertical circulation of the Antarctic Ocean, engendering the high productivity of the Antarctic surface water that exists today. Layers of Radiolaria and diatom-rich sediments alternate with layers poor in siliceous microfossils in a core north of the northern limit of pack ice. The nearly barren layers are interpreted to indicate past northward migrations of the limit of pack ice. Similarly, alternating layers of cold and warm water radiolarian species in cores taken north at the Polar Front are interpreted as indicating past northward migrations of the Front. Two northward migrations of the Front and the limit of pack ice are inferred for the ω zone. A series of fourteen cores across the Bellingshausen Basin between 55° and 70° south show high rates of sedimentation at the northern and southern ends of the traverse with slower rates in the central portion of the basin. The rates are strongly influenced by topography and proximity to Antarctica.
A Survey of Multimedia Compression Techniques and Standards. Part II: Video Compression

Abstract This article surveys the techniques and standards for compression of full-motion video. Two standards and related techniques are described and evaluated: p × 64 (or H.261) standards for video-based communications and MPEG standard for intensive applications of full-motion video, such as interactive multimedia. Both techniques use the combination of DCT-based intraframe compression and predictive interframe coding based on motion vector estimation. The techniques for motion vector estimation are analyzed in the paper as well.
Power factor correction using projected cross point control (PCPC)

Projected cross point control (PCPC) is a new current-mode control approach which has been recently introduced. The PCPC method benefits from the advantages of traditional fixed-frequency and variable-frequency current-mode control methods. For instance, while PCPC is a fixed-frequency approach, it is stable for the entire range of the duty cycle similar to the variable-frequency hysteresis current-mode control (HCMC) scheme. In this paper, PCPC is used as the control strategy in a power factor correction (PFC) application. The results are compared with PFC methods based on the peak current-mode control (PCMC) and average current-mode control (ACMC) techniques.
An expanded One Health model: Integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface

Zoonotic disease emergence is not a purely biological process mediated only by ecologic factors; opportunities for transmission of zoonoses from animals to humans also depend on how people interact with animals. While exposure is conditioned by the type of animal and the location in which interactions occur, these in turn are influenced by human activity. The activities people engage in are determined by social as well as contextual factors including gender, age, socio-economic status, occupation, social norms, settlement patterns and livelihood systems, family and community dynamics, as well as national and global influences. This paper proposes an expanded "One Health" conceptual model for human-animal exposure that accounts for social as well as epidemiologic factors. The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. The approach includes a formative phase using qualitative and participatory methods, and a representative, random sample survey to quantify exposure to animals in a variety of settings. The paper discusses the different factors that were considered in developing the approach, including the range of animals asked about and the parameters of exposure that are included, as well as factors to be considered in local adaptation of the generic instruments. Illustrative results from research using this approach in Lao PDR are presented to demonstrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. We believe that the expanded model can be similarly operationalized to explore the interactions of other social and policy-level determinants that may influence transmission of zoonoses.
Mass transfer during dry spinning of fibers

Heat transfer to fibers formed in dry spinning has been subjected to fundamental analysis. Solutions of the equation of energy have been derived and tested with experimental data. Results were deemed satisfactory in view of the accuracy of the experimental data. The present work is believed to yield a good representation of the heat transfer in the dry spinning process.
Law-governed regularities in object systems. Part 2: a concrete implementation

Regularities, or the conformity to unifying principles, are essential to the comprehensibility, manageability, and reliability of large software systems and should, therefore, be considered an important element of their architecture. But the inherent globality of regularities makes them very hard to implement in traditional methods. We have argued in a previously published companion paper that this difficulty can be alleviated by means of law-governed architecture (LGA), under which a system designer can establish a desired regularity (of a certain kind) simply by declaring it formally and explicitly as the law of the system. Once such a law-governed regularity is declared, it is enforced by the environment in which the system is developed. This paper discusses the application of LGA to traditional, class-based, object-oriented languages, using the Eiffel language for specificity. We introduce here the formalism for specifying laws that govern systems written in this language, and give a sample of regularities that can be efficiently established by such laws. As a case study, we show how one can establish a kernelized architecture suitable for the construction of critical embedded software, such as the software embedded in an intensive care unit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of gene network robustness based on saturated fixed point attractors

The analysis of gene network robustness to noise and mutation is important for fundamental and practical reasons. Robustness refers to the stability of the equilibrium expression state of a gene network to variations of the initial expression state and network topology. Numerical simulation of these variations is commonly used for the assessment of robustness. Since there exists a great number of possible gene network topologies and initial states, even millions of simulations may be still too small to give reliable results. When the initial and equilibrium expression states are restricted to being saturated (i.e., their elements can only take values 1 or −1 corresponding to maximum activation and maximum repression of genes), an analytical gene network robustness assessment is possible. We present this analytical treatment based on determination of the saturated fixed point attractors for sigmoidal function models. The analysis can determine (a) for a given network, which and how many saturated equilibrium states exist and which and how many saturated initial states converge to each of these saturated equilibrium states and (b) for a given saturated equilibrium state or a given pair of saturated equilibrium and initial states, which and how many gene networks, referred to as viable, share this saturated equilibrium state or the pair of saturated equilibrium and initial states. We also show that the viable networks sharing a given saturated equilibrium state must follow certain patterns. These capabilities of the analytical treatment make it possible to properly define and accurately determine robustness to noise and mutation for gene networks. Previous network research conclusions drawn from performing millions of simulations follow directly from the results of our analytical treatment. Furthermore, the analytical results provide criteria for the identification of model validity and suggest modified models of gene network dynamics. The yeast cell-cycle network is used as an illustration of the practical application of this analytical treatment.
An adaptive observer for single-input single-output linear systems

A full order adaptive observer is described for observing the state of a single-input single-output observable continuous differential system with unknown parameters. Convergence of the observer states to those of the system is accomplished by directly changing the parameters of the observer using an adaptive law based upon Lyapunov stability theory. Observer eigenvalues may be freely chosen. Some restriction is placed upon the system input in that it must be sufficiently rich in frequencies in order to insure convergence.
Islet Amyloid and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis): An Animal Model of Human Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

To further characterize spontaneous diabetes mellitus in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fasci- cularis) as a model for human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), we evaluated the morphologic characteristics of the endocrine pancreas of 4 diabetic and 12 age-matched nondiabetic cynomolgus macaques. In addition, the cDNA-predicted amino acid sequence for islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) of this species was determined. Islet amyloid deposits exhibiting typical congophilia and green birefringence were found in 4/4 diabetic animals and in 8/ 12 nondiabetics. Islet amyloid deposits were significantly more extensive in the diabetic macaques (P = O.OOl), in which they occupied a mean of 60% of the islet area. In contrast, in the nondiabetic group the maximum islet area occupied by amyloid was 24% (group mean = 6.8%), with four animals having no detectable islet amyloid. Amyloid deposits consistently showed immunoreactivity for IAPP but not for insulin. Comparisons between group means for diabetic versus nondiabetic macaques showed significantly greater islet area (P = 0.01, 85,390 versus 36,540 wm2) and significantly greater islet area fraction (P = 0.02,0.065 versus 0.032) for the diabetic group. The cDNA-predicted amino acid sequence for cynomolgus IAPP was identical to that previously reported for pig-tail macaques (M. nemestrina) and had 92%, 86%, and 84% amino acid sequence identity with human, domestic cat, and murine IAPPs, respectively. These findings support the use of cynomolgus macaques as an animal model of human NIDDM.
Software Project Management Tools: Making a Practical Decision Using AHP

The selection of an appropriate software project management tool, as in the selection of many other tools, is often approached using an ad hoc process. Such non-rigorous approaches often based on personal preference, intuition, or marketing hype, can lead to an erroneous result. In this paper a rigorous model for selecting a software project management tool using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is presented. The AHP provides a flexible, systematic, and repeatable evaluation procedure that can easily be understood by the decision maker in selecting the appropriate software project management tool. Several relevant factors based on the most common features offered by commercial off-the-shelf solutions (COTS) are used as the selection criteria in ranking the software project management tools. The contribution of this work is to apply a well-known decision making procedure in a novel way to help decision makers better identify an appropriate software project management tool without having to go through a more extensive evaluation process. In addition, this work establishes a framework for comparing individual product decisions across projects, project managers, organizational groups, and organizations.
The role of human capital in economic growth revisited

Benhabib and Spiegel (1994) examine the role of human capital in the development process empirically using a theory-driven specification rather than the standard production function approach. While they find evidence of a positive impact of human capital on income growth, their result is not robust to the inclusion of inequality as an additional covariate. Using an alternate dataset and different measures of inequality, we find robust support for the hypothesis that human capital matters even when we account for the adverse effect of income inequality on growth.
Growth of nano-scale hydroxyapatite using chemically treated titanium oxide nanotubes.

A vertically aligned nanotube array of titanium oxide was fabricated on the surface of titanium substrate by anodization. The nanotubes were then treated with NaOH solution to make them bioactive, and to induce growth of hydroxyapatite (bone-like calcium phosphate) in a simulated body fluid. It is shown that the presence of TiO_2 nanotubes induces the growth of a “nano-inspired nanostructure”, i.e., extremely fine-scale (∼8 nm feature) nanofibers of bioactive sodium titanate structure on the top edge of the ∼15 nm thick nanotube wall. During the subsequent in-vitro immersion in a simulated body fluid, the nano-scale sodium titanate, in turn, induced the nucleation and growth nano-dimensioned hydroxyapatite (HAp) phase. The kinetics of HAp formation is significantly accelerated by the presence of the nanostructures. Such TiO_2 nanotube arrays and associated nanostructures can be useful as a well-adhered bioactive surface layer on Ti implant metals for orthopaedic and dental implants, as well as for photocatalysts and other sensor applications.
More is better with cardiac resynchronization therapy--but is it enough?

The extension phase of the CARE-HF trial results provide important data describing the chronic clinical course of the cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) recipient.1 After all, the device is implanted and, unlike a drug that can be stopped, is a relatively permanent part of a patient's treatment. These new data also provide a unique perspective on the use of CRT devices alone, without defibrillating capability (CRT-D). This information, originating in the old world, has practice implications and relevance for the new world. In USA, in 2005, over 73% of CRT implants were CRT-D devices and this is expected to increase to 91% of CRT devices implanted in this calendar year.2 In Europe, CRT-D devices represent only 50–60% of all CRT implants. The 7-month extension phase of the 813 patients' CARE-HF trial, includes an additional 53 patient deaths. There were a total of 101 deaths observed in the original study over a mean follow-up of 30 months.3 In that publication, we learned that CRT alone, … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 323 442 5334; fax: +1 323 442 5399. E-mail address : saxon{at}usc.edu
Nonlinear optical collagen cross-linking and mechanical stiffening: a possible photodynamic therapeutic approach to treating corneal ectasia

In this study we test the hypothesis that nonlinear optical (NLO) multiphoton photoactivation of riboflavin using a focused femtosecond (FS) laser light can be used to induce cross-linking (CXL) and mechanically stiffen collagen as a potential clinical therapy for the treatment of keratoconus and corneal ectasia. Riboflavin-soaked, compressed collagen hydrogels are cross-linked using a FS laser tuned to 760 nm and set to either 100 mW (NLO CXL I) or 150 mW (NLO CXL II) of laser power. FS pulses are focused into the hydrogel using a 0.75 NA objective lens, and the hydrogel is three-dimensionally scanned. Measurement of hydrogel stiffness by indentation testing show that the calculated elastic modulus (E) values are significantly increased over twofold following NLO CXL I and II compared with baseline values (P 0.05). This data suggests that NLO CXL has a comparable effect to conven- tional UVA CXL in mechanically stiffening collagen and may provide a safe and effective approach to localize CXL at different regions and depths within the cornea. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Role of Light Availability and Dispersal in Exotic Plant Invasion along Roads and Streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

We examined the roles of dispersal mechanism, a biological barrier; light availability, an environ- mental barrier; and level of disturbance, a physical barrier, in explaining the spatial patterns of exotic plant species along road and stream segments in a forest landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon (U.S.A). The presence or absence of 21 selected exotic plant species and light levels were observed along 0.3- to 1.0-km transects within four habitat types. Each habitat represented a different level of disturbance: high-use roads, low-use roads, abandoned roads, and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Nearly 300 50 3 2-m sampling units were surveyed along five transects in each habitat type. We used ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) and logistic regression to analyze data. All of the nearly 200 sampling units along roads with high and low levels of vehicle traffic contained at least one exotic plant species, and some con- tained as many as 14. Streams that were most recently disturbed by floods 20-30 years ago and abandoned spur roads with no traffic for 20-40 years also had numerous exotic species. Roads and streams apparently serve multiple functions that enhance exotic species invasion in this landscape: they act as corridors or agents for dispersal, provide suitable habitat, and contain reservoirs of propagules for future episodes of in- vasion. Species-specific dispersal mechanisms, habitat characteristics, and disturbance history each explain some, but not all, of the patterns of exotic species invasion observed in this study.
A Regression-constrained Optimization Approach to Estimating Suppressed Information using Time-series Data Application to County Business Patterns 1999–2006

Most regional economic databases (e.g., US Economic Census and County Business Patterns [CBP]) have some employment records suppressed and then represented as ranges, in order to guarantee the confidentiality of the data. This article incorporates the implicit temporal relationships between annual employment data over several years into an optimization model designed to estimate suppressed records. This model minimizes (1) the sum of the deviations between the estimates and target values within the corresponding ranges and (2) the sum of the deviations between the estimates and an employment trend curve endogenously determined through absolute-value regression. The 1999–2006 CBP data for Arizona are used to test the model. Two decision-theoretic criteria (Pareto frontier and concordance–discordance analysis) are used to analyze the results, pointing to a specific set of parameters yielding the best estimates.
Angiopoietin-1 and pulmonary hypertension: cause or cure?

Our very existence depends on the air that we breathe, as well as the remarkable systems that have evolved to ensure that the oxygen we take into our lungs is efficiently delivered to the rest of the body via the bloodstream. When these systems begin to fail, life itself can become quite tenuous. Such failure occurs in pulmonary hypertension, a rare but serious disease whose pathophysiology remains obscure and increasingly controversial, as highlighted by two recent studies.1,2 Both studies focus on the potential role of angiopoietin-1 in this disease, but reach entirely antithetical conclusions. The right side of the heart pumps blood into the lung vasculature, which consists of a low-resistance network that normally adjusts to increases in blood flow (eg, as necessitated by exercise) by dilation of its terminal arterioles to allow for increased flow without increasing resistance. In pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial pressure is increased at rest and ratchets up dramatically with exercise, due to an inability to easily accommodate increased flow, imposing stress on the right ventricle. In response to the increased back pressure, the right side of the heart can hypertrophy to the point of failure. Current treatments are moderately effective at best. A study featured in this issue of Circulation Research ,2 from the laboratory of Duncan Stewart, claims that angiopoietin-1 can have dramatic protective effects in an animal model of pulmonary hypertension. On the other hand, a recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine by Thistlethwaite and colleagues1 argues quite the opposite, based on examining angiopoietin-1 levels and activities in human patients, and instead suggests that angiopoietin-1 might be to blame for causing this disease. Why the two opposing perspectives? Evaluating the controversy requires some background on angiopoietin-1, as well as some insight into different views of what might …
A Reformulation of the Portfolio Model of Hedging

The portfolio approach to hedging assumes that the primary motivation for hedging is risk reduction. The paper reexamines the portfolio approach to hedging and respecifies the model in such a way that hedge ratios are estimated using returns rather than price levels. Using the same data set, hedge ratios estimated using price levels differ from one while hedge ratios using returns are found to be insignificantly different from one. The results do not support the portfolio approach to hedging. Therefore, one must look elsewhere for empirical support for the risk‐reduction theory of hedging.
Dispersibility of cereal proteins in urea solutions

Protein estimations by the biuret method were highly correlated with Kjeldahl determinations for 87 samples of the seven major cereal grains. The extent of binding of acid orange 12 in a phosphate buffer at pH 1·7 was correlated with the protein content but was affected by non-specific binding which varied with the tested cereals. Extraction with 3M-urea at 4° yielded an average of 67·9% protein from wheat, 67·3% from wheat flour, 66·2% from rye, 71·2% from oats, 46·7% from barley, 32·1% from rice, 22·3% from corn, and 24·6% from sorghum. Differences in dispersible proteins seem to be affected by the disaggregating and hydrogen-bond-disrupting effect of urea, and seem to be related to amino-acid composition and functional properties of cereal proteins. The urea-dispersible protein fraction in wheat flour was higher than in whole wheat.
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita phalloides was introduced and is expanding its range on the west coast of North America

The deadly poisonous Amanita phalloides is common along the west coast of North America. Death cap mushrooms are especially abundant in habitats around the San Francisco Bay, California, but the species grows as far south as Los Angeles County and north to Vancouver Island, Canada. At different times, various authors have considered the species as either native or introduced, and the question of whether A. phalloides is an invasive species remains unanswered. We developed four novel loci and used these in combination with the EF1α and IGS loci to explore the phylogeography of the species. The data provide strong evidence for a European origin of North American populations. Genetic diversity is generally greater in European vs. North American populations, suggestive of a genetic bottleneck; polymorphic sites of at least two loci are only polymorphic within Europe although the number of individuals sampled from Europe was half the number sampled from North America. Endemic alleles are not a feature of North American populations, although alleles unique to different parts of Europe were common and were discovered in Scandinavian, mainland French, and Corsican individuals. Many of these endemic European haplotypes were found together at single sites in California. Early collections of A. phalloides dated prior to 1963 and annotated using sequences of the ITS locus proved to be different species of Amanita. The first Californian collections that we confirmed as A. phalloides were made from the Del Monte Hotel (now the Naval Postgraduate School) in Monterey, and on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938 and in 1945. These historical data are used in combination with data on A. phalloides’ current distribution to estimate a rate of spread for A. phalloides in California. Many species of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been introduced across and among continents, but with this evidence, the death cap becomes the only known invasive EM fungus in North America.
Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis.

Although one of the main reasons for the interest in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) is the potential consequences of these behaviors, no study has been reported that summarizes the research regarding the relationships between OCBs and their outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a meta-analytic examination of the relationships between OCBs and a variety of individual- and organizational-level outcomes. Results, based on 168 independent samples (N 51,235 individuals), indicated that OCBs are related to a number of individual-level outcomes, including managerial ratings of employee performance, reward allocation decisions, and a variety of withdrawal-related criteria (e.g., employee turnover intentions, actual turnover, and absenteeism). In addition, OCBs were found to be related (k 38; N 3,611 units) to a number of organizational-level outcomes (e.g., productivity, efficiency, reduced costs, customer satisfaction, and unit-level turnover). Of interest, somewhat stronger relationships were observed between OCBs and unit-level performance measures in longitudinal studies than in cross-sectional studies, providing some evidence that OCBs are causally related to these criteria. The implications of these findings for both researchers and practitioners are discussed.
BV estimates for mortar methods in linear elasticity

This paper is concerned with the convergence of mortar methods applied to linear elasticity. We prove that the conventional mesh-dependent norms used in the analysis of mortar methods are bounded below by the BV norm. When combined with standard results, this bound establishes a decomposition-independent and mesh-independent proof of the convergence of mortar methods in linear elasticity.
Effectiveness of an Inpatient Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Program for People With Parkinson Disease

Background and Purpose: In the outpatient setting, it can be difficult to effectively manage the complex medical and rehabilitation needs of people with Parkinson disease (PD). A multidisciplinary approach in the inpatient rehabilitation environment may be a viable alternative. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate the effectiveness of an inpatient rehabilitation program for people with a primary diagnosis of PD, (2) to determine whether gains made were clinically meaningful, and (3) to identify predictors of rehabilitation outcome. Subjects: Sixty-eight subjects with a diagnosis of PD were admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital with a multidisciplinary movement disorders program. Methods: Subjects participated in a rehabilitation program consisting of a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for a total of 3 hours per day, 5 to 7 days per week, in addition to pharmacological adjustments based on data collected daily. A pretest-posttest design was implemented. The differences between admission and discharge scores on the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) (total, motor, and cognitive scores), Timed “Up & Go” Test, 2-Minute Walk Test, and Finger Tapping Test were analyzed. Results: An analysis of data obtained for the 68 subjects admitted with a diagnosis of PD revealed significant improvements across all outcome measures from admission to discharge. Subjects with PD whose medications were not adjusted during their admission (rehabilitation only) (n=10) showed significant improvements in FIM total, motor, and cognitive scores. Improvements exceeded the minimal clinically important difference in 71% of the subjects. Prior level of function at admission accounted for 20% of the variance in the FIM total change score. Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggest that subjects with a diagnosis of PD as a primary condition benefited from an inpatient rehabilitation program designed to improve functional status.
Selection on recombination in clines.

ABSTRACT Computer runs have been done to examine SLATKIN9S (1975) model for selection on recombination rates in linear sets of populations with environmental changes affecting two loci. In order to determine whether the suggested selection pressures on recombination do, in fact, exist, we follow the changes in frequency at a third locus that is polymorphic for alleles affecting the recombination rate between the two selected loci. With haploid or diploid selection models, there can be selection for increased recombination if the parameter values are chosen suitably, but changes in parameter values often lead to changes in the direction of selection, so that decreased recombination is favored, The selection for increased recombination is usually weak, while that for decreased recombination is frequently much stronger. Weaker selection on the selected loci often leads to increasing selection for decreased recombination.
Prospective study of the incidence and complications of bacterial contamination of enteral feeding in neonates.

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine incidence of, and complications resulting from, bacterial contamination of enteral feedings in neonates. Methods: A prospective study of 50 tube-fed neonates was conducted. Infants were bolus fed via an open gravity drained system; demographic and clinical data were gathered. The lumen of the tube was cultured quantitatively after 7 days. All organisms were isolated, identified, frozen, and stored to correlate with clinical cultures. Results: The 50 neonates were fed for a mean of 17.6 days each and represent 125 patient weeks (1 tube per patient per week). A total of 71 of 125 tubes were "contaminated" (>1,000 colony forming units [CFU]/mL), with a mean 908,173 CFU and 3 different bacteria types. Among formula-fed infants, feeding intolerance occurred in 24 of 32 weeks with contaminated tubes versus 0 of 44 weeks with noncontaminated tubes ( P P Conclusion: Bacterial contamination of enteral feeding occurs frequently, causes significant feeding intolerance, and may contribute to NEC. J Pediatr Surg 37:1177-1182. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
An anatomical study of the mechanics, pathology, and healing of fracture of the femoral neck; a preliminary report.

Dissection and roentgenographic analysis of the upper portion of the shaft and neck of the femur revealed the presence of a highly independent laminar, bony system, from ten to twelve centimeters long, which begins from two to four centimeters below the lesser trochanter and ends in fanlike fashion at the cartilaginous plate of the head. This proved to be the internal weight-bearing system of the proximal portion of the femur. This system undlergoes slow resorption in its distal portion after middle age, but never disappears; and on the roentgenogram it can be seen throughout life from its distal to its proximal end. Microscopically, it consists of a great number of laminae and bone cells, and a rich endosteal lining. It resembles the spongy laminae of the iliac bone,—hence the speed with which it is capable of new-bone formation. Mechanically, the internal weight-bearing system is a compression system, and during weighit-bearing it is to be founod almost in the vertical plane. The presence of tensile stresses is doubtful. Preceding adduction fractures, the internal weight-bearing system is resorbed and replaced by cortical bone in its entire distal portion. Its proximal end remains spongy, with laminar character. The separation occurs at the site where the spongy proximal portion begins and the distal cortical portion ends. In abduction fractures, the internal weight-bearing system suffers only trauma, but otherwise it is healthy and strong. This explains the rapid healing of such fractures. On the basis of the anatomy and pathology of the femoral neck, two types of fracture may be distinguished: (1) compression fractures, comprising the abduction, intermedial, and adduction fractures; and (2) subcapital separations, represented by most fractures of the aged. The prognosis of the compression fractures is good, if the fragments are kept in good apposition andl fixation in plaster, in Russell traction, or by nailing. For the treatment of the adduction fractures, a method with a perforated (sieve) sublay graft has been developed.
Military Recruit Training

The study of human stress has no better context for investigation than in military environments. The American soldier drew attention during the Second World War, because theaters of battle were naturalistic, albeit cruel, domains for the study of psychological trauma and adaptation to extreme environments (Stouffer, 1949). Unmistakably, research on human stress received a key impetus from investigations of psychological functioning in warfare.1 Stress as regards the military, however, pertains to conditions and issues much broader than those of war. Problems of stress, coping, and adaptation are not only paramount in situations of combat but are also highly salient in recruit training and indeed remain so throughout the enlistment period.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of CTA and LP for evaluation of suspected SAH after negative non-contrast CT.

Abstract Objectives Diagnostic workup of patients presenting with thunderclap headache and negative initial head CT remains a challenge, with most commonly employed strategies being lumbar puncture (LP) and CT angiography (CTA). The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of these options. Patients and methods A decision model was designed using clinical probabilities, costs, and utilities from published values in the literature. Base case analysis and Monte Carlo simulation were performed using the model to determine the cost-effectiveness of both options. Results CTA was associated with an expected cost of $747 and an expected utility of 0.798603029. In comparison, LP was associated with a cost of $504 and an expected utility of 0.799259526, making it the optimal strategy from both the cost and the utility perspectives. LP was also the more cost-effective strategy in all iterations in the Monte Carlo simulation. A sensitivity analysis showed that with the 2014 US Medicare reimbursement values, LP would remain the more cost-effective strategy unless its cost exceeded 4 times its current value. Conclusion LP should remain the preferred strategy for evaluation of SAH in patients presenting with thunderclap headache and negative non-contrast head CT. CTA is not an effective replacement, from either a utility or cost perspective.
Stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming: A liability factor in the etiology of psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) have universally been considered to be anti-inflammatory, however in recent years, stress and GCs have been found to exert permissive effects (immunological priming) on neuroinflammatory processes. This phenomenon of priming is characterized by prior stress or GC exposure potentiating the neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent immune challenge. A considerable body of evidence is discussed here that supports this permissive effect of stress and GCs. In light of this evidence, a mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming is proposed involving a signal cascade in the brain involving danger-associated molecular patterns (HMGB-1) and inflammasomes (NLRP3), which results in an exaggerated or amplified neuroinflammatory response and subsequently, the amplification of the physiological and behavioral sequelae of this response (i.e. sickness). Finally, we explore the notion that stressor-induced sensitization of the neuroimmune microenvironment may predispose individuals to psychiatric disorders, in which exaggerated innate immune/inflammatory responses in the brain are now thought to play a key role.
Use of genetically encoded, light-gated ion translocators to control tumorigenesis

It has long been known that the resting potential of tumor cells is depolarized relative to their normal counterparts. More recent work has provided evidence that resting potential is not just a readout of cell state: it regulates cell behavior as well. Thus, the ability to control resting potential in vivo would provide a powerful new tool for the study and treatment of tumors, a tool capable of revealing living-state physiological information impossible to obtain using molecular tools applied to isolated cell components. Here we describe the first use of optogenetics to manipulate ion-flux mediated regulation of membrane potential specifically to prevent and cause regression of oncogene-induced tumors. Injection of mutant-KRAS mRNA induces tumor-like structures with many documented similarities to tumors, in Xenopus tadpoles. We show that expression and activation of either ChR2D156A, a blue-light activated cation channel, or Arch, a green-light activated proton pump, both of which hyperpolarize cells, significantly lowers the incidence of KRAS tumor formation. Excitingly, we also demonstrate that activation of co-expressed light-activated ion translocators after tumor formation significantly increases the frequency with which the tumors regress in a process called normalization. These data demonstrate an optogenetic approach to dissect the biophysics of cancer. Moreover, they provide proof-of-principle for a novel class of interventions, directed at regulating cell state by targeting physiological regulators that can over-ride the presence of mutations.
Molecular dynamics simulation study of ion interactions with zwitterions.

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the associations between two zwitterions (carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine) and four types of cations (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) in aqueous solutio...
Relationship between hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease in young women

Objective To study the relationship between hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease in young women.Methods A total of 468 young women patients receiving coronary angiography were retrospectively analyzed and were divided into two groups according to the results of coronary angiography,159 in coronary heart disease group and 309 in control group.The smoking history,essential hypertension,type 2 diabetes mellitus,hyperlipidemia,family history of coronary heart disease and hyperuricemia were observed in two groups and were studied their relationship with coronary heart disease.Results In the coronary heart disease group,the rate of hyperuricemia(11.32%) was significantly higher than that in control group(4.21%),which showed a significant difference(P0.05).The rates of essential hypertension,type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesteremia in coronary heart disease group were significantly higher than those in control group(P0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed type 2 diabetes mellitus,hyperuricemia and essential hypertension were independent risk factors for coronary heart disease in subsequence.Conclusion Hyperuricemia is the independent related risk factor for coronary heart disease in young women.
Efficacy of Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides for Controlling Common Purslane

Common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) can be problematic in thin turf, along sidewalks and drives, and especially during turfgrass establishment. Little published research exists evaluating herbicides that will control purslane and are also labeled for turfgrass. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of preemergence (PRE) or postemergence (POST) herbicides labeled for use in turf for controlling purslane. Experiments were conducted once in 2011 and twice in 2012 to evaluate nine PRE herbicides at one-half maximum and maximum label rates applied over immature perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The PRE herbicides isoxaben and simazine consistently resulted in the best purslane control for all three PRE experiments. Experiments in 2011 and 2012 evaluated 25 POST herbicides at full label rates applied to mature purslane plants. The POST herbicides fluroxypyr, triclopyr, and metsulfuron- methyl were most effective in controlling purslane.
Study on the load rejection test of 470t/h CFB boiler

The load rejection test of a 470t/h CFB boiler in No.1 Baotou Thermal Power Plant,operated with 125MW double-flow turbine generator,was introduced in this paper.Considering the characteristics of CFB boiler and the load rejection without high and low pressure bypass,the parameter control methods of steam temperature and pressure were discussed.Since the CFB boiler can maintain the load and bed temperature as well as the normal combustion within certain period after the cutout of fuel supply,rejecting the load to zero can not result in the overheat of boiler in ease that the bed temperature and load become lower.As a result,the safety valve is inactive,the wall temperature is within the limits,and the boiler can reload possibly.Based on the theoretical analysis,experiment and observation of the parameters of boiler fuel,gas air,and steam water system during the period of load rejection,the CFB boiler is proved with the characteristic of fast load changing.
Detection of c-fos mRNA in the symmetrical skeletal muscle of rabbits electrocuted antemortem

Aim:To explore a way to estimate the current pathway of those electrocuted antemortem.Methods:Ten New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into two groups:electrocution group and control group, each group including 5 rabbits. The electrocution group was electrocuted:the left posterior limb and right anterior limb of the rabbits were linked to the 2 electrodes of 220 V alternating current. The rabbits in control group were sacrificed by air injection from marginal vein of ear.Fluorescent quantitation RT-PCR was applied to detect the level of c-fos mRNA.Results:The level of c-fos mRNA in the skeletal muscle of the electrified limbs were much higher than that of the non-electrified limbs.Conclusion: The expression difference of c-fos mRNA of the symmetrical skeletal muscle in the electrified limbs and non-electrified limb can be an index to estimate the current pathway.
Ionic strength and myofibrillar protein solubilization.

Myofibrils from bovine longissimus muscle were obtained at 2 h postmortem and incubated in .10 to .35 M ionic strength buffers under various conditions in vitro. Increasing ionic strength or increasing the incubation time from 1 to 72 h decreased the turbidity of suspensions of myofibrils and increased myofibrillar solubilization (P less than .01 for both measures). The use of KCl or NaCl to elevate ionic strength gave essentially identical results, but lactate generally was ineffective in changing either the percentage myofibrillar solubilization or the turbidity of suspensions of myofibrils. Gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions indicated that KCl was more effective than NaCl in causing the release of C-protein from myofibrils, and both salts were quite effective in dissociating M-protein, actin, troponin-T, tropomyosin, myosin light chain-3 and a 30,000-dalton molecular weight protein from myofilaments. Small increases in alpha-actinin also were observed, especially in samples incubated for 72 h. Substantially more myosin light chain-3, tropomyosin (or paratropomyosin) and troponin-T, and less actin and the 30,000-dalton protein, were released in samples incubated at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.0 (P less than .05). Electron micrographs indicated loss of thick filament ultrastructure after incubation for 24 h in either .1 or .3 M ionic strength, but the Z-lines were largely unaffected. In samples that had first been incubated with trypsin for 10 min, the Z-lines were virtually indistinguishable at .1 M ionic strength, and absolutely no myofibrillar structures could be discerned in samples incubated in .3 M ionic strength buffer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemical hypophysectomy for relief of bone pain in carcinoma of the prostate.

AbstractA series is presented of 10 patients with intractable pain secondary to diffuse metastatic prostatic carcinoma. These patients underwent pituitary ablation by a new method of chemical hypophysectomy, which consisted of multiple injections of absolute alcohol into the pituitary gland under stereotaxic control. Of the 10 patients 9 had good to excellent pain relief. There was no operative mortality. The sequelae are those associated with pituitary destruction, the most significant being diabetes insipidus. Preoperative and postoperative hormonal studies failed to reveal any significant hormonal changes despite good and almost immediate pain relief.