cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The finite Fourier transform

The finite Fourier transform of a finite sequence is defined and its elementary properties are developed. The convolution and term-by-term product operations are defined and their equivalent operations in transform space are given. A discussion of the transforms of stretched and sampled functions leads to a sampling theorem for finite sequences. Finally, these results are used to give a simple derivation of the fast Fourier transform algorithm.
Medical Pluralism in the Andes

Medical Pluralism in the Andes. Joan D. Koss-Chioino, Thomas Leatherman, and Christine Greenway. New York: Routledge, 2003. xix + 256 pp.
Parafoil Control Using Payload Weight Shift

Autonomous guided airdrop systems based on steerable ram-air parafoils rely on differential deflection of the canopy trailing edge for lateral control with very limited longitudinal control. This work explores an alternative method that achieves both lateral and longitudinal control by shifting the center of gravity of the payload relative to the canopy rigging attachments. A multibody simulation model is required to capture the complex motion associated with the flexible nature of the parafoil, payload, and rigging system and simulate the effects of both longitudinal and lateral shifting of the center of gravity. Simulation results show that longitudinal weight shift can be an effective means of providing airspeed and glide slope control, and lateral weight shift can be an effective means of providing turn rate control. Results demonstrate that, for both lateral and longitudinal control, spreading the attachment points of the rigging to the payload will cause the aircraft to be more sensitive to shifts i...
Anomalous Behavior of Thin-Wire Gratings

A known, rigorous electromagnetic solution for the scattering of plane waves by a circular cylinder is applied to the problem of thin-wire gratings, of few wires, to obtain an accurate theory that includes both multiple scattering and end effects. We have obtained computer solutions for both S and P polarizations and for both conducting- and nonconducting-wire gratings. Experimental results confirm the theory, insofar as measurements are practical. The results for dielectric gratings in S polarization are only qualitative because of the excessively weak scattering by the grating. The theory predicts anomalous behavior as the result of multiple scattering, in agreement with Twersky’s theory. It is shown that metallic gratings give dark anomalies, stronger for P polarization than for S, and that dielectric gratings have bright anomalies that may be displaced from the Rayleigh angles, as suggested by Twersky. Thick-wire gratings also exhibit anomalous behavior, different from that of thin wires, and not described directly by our theory.
Olfactory response of the lady beetle Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) to prey related odors, including a scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla

The olfactory ability of the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, was investigated using an 8-arm airflow olfactometer. Lady beetles tested were normal or had their antennae, antennal tips, or maxillary palps amputated. Normal beetles and those with their maxillary palps removed were highly attracted by the odor of radish leaves infested with green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Beetles with their antennae or antennal tips removed were not attracted. In addition, the normal lady beetles were significantly attracted to clean radish leaves. These results indicate that H. convergens can perceive olfactory stimuli released by their prey and their prey’s host plant (or a combination of the two) and that the beetles’ olfactory receptors are located principally on the tips of their antennae. Also as part of this study, the antennal sensilla of male and female convergent lady beetles were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The sensilla were counted, the majority of which were located on the terminal segment, and 4 morphological classes were identified: chetiform, Bohm, basiconic, and trichoid. Chetiform sensilla were observed on all 11 antennal segments, while the Bohm sensilla were located only on the first two segments. The basiconic and trichoid sensilla were located exclusively on the terminal two segments. The most abundant sensilla on the terminal segment, trichoid sensilla, were suggested to function in olfaction.
Work system design for patient safety: the SEIPS model

Models and methods of work system design need to be developed and implemented to advance research in and design for patient safety. In this paper we describe how the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model of work system and patient safety, which provides a framework for understanding the structures, processes and outcomes in health care and their relationships, can be used toward these ends. An application of the SEIPS model in one particular care setting (outpatient surgery) is presented and other practical and research applications of the model are described.
The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-76

Historians have long ignored the military aspect of the wars of religion which raged in France during the late sixteenth century, dismissing the conflicts as aimless or hopelessly confused. In contrast, this meticulously researched analysis of the royal army and its operations during the early civil wars brings warfare back to the centre of the picture. James B. Wood explains the reasons for the initial failure of the monarchy to defeat the Huguenots, and examines how that failure prolonged the conflict. He argues that the nature and outcome of the civil wars can only be explained by the fusion of religious rebellion and incomplete military revolution. This study makes an important contribution to the history of military forces, warfare and society, and will be of great interest to those engaged in the debate over the 'Military Revolution' in early modern Europe.
The safety and usefulness of endoscopy for evaluation of the graft and anastomosis early after esophagectomy and reconstruction.

Background Although rare, graft ischemia and necrosis after esophagectomy is a devastating complication. The aim of this study was to review our experience with early endoscopy for evaluation of the graft and anastomosis after esophagectomy and reconstruction.
Low-income Homeownership: American Dream or Delusion?

Summary. This paper is a critical analysis of recent US policy to promote low-income homeownership. It examines the ideology and assumptions buttressing this policy, evidence on the effects of low-income homeownership and the viability of homeownership as a strategy for low-income families. Evidence suggests that the prospect for sustained growth in low-income homeownership may be limited. Research does not provide uniform support for it as a tool for asset accumulation, neighbourhood economic development or other social and political goals. Alleged effects of homeownership may be artefacts of self-selection and the conflation of homeownership with unobserved characteristics coincident with buying homes. What homeownership does and why are not well understood because of difficulties disentangling what homeownership means. The elevation of low-income homeownership to its current status has deflected political attention away from alternative policies for affordable housing.
Compact ultra-wideband antenna for worldwide applications

This paper presents a good compact ultra wideband (UWB) antenna that is suitable for worldwide applications. The proposed antenna covers the common UWB spectrum for USA, Europe, South Korea, Japan, and China. Its unique miniaturized planar shape enables it to be easily embedded in any UWB transmitter or receiver. A transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) system of two identical proposed antennas is built in the real lab environment to measure the time domain characteristics. A good agreement between the simulation and the experimental results is achieved.
Putting Meaning Back Into the Mean: A Comment on the Misuse of Elementary Statistics in a Sample of Manuscripts Submitted to Clinical Therapeutics.

Abstract Purpose Errors in the statistical presentation and analyses of data in the medical literature remain common despite efforts to improve the review process, including the creation of guidelines for authors and the use of statistical reviewers. This article discusses common elementary statistical errors seen in manuscripts recently submitted to Clinical Therapeutics and describes some ways in which authors and reviewers can identify errors and thus correct them before publication. Methods A nonsystematic sample of manuscripts submitted to Clinical Therapeutics over the past year was examined for elementary statistical errors. Findings Clinical Therapeutics has many of the same errors that reportedly exist in other journals. Implications Authors require additional guidance to avoid elementary statistical errors and incentives to use the guidance. Implementation of reporting guidelines for authors and reviewers by journals such as Clinical Therapeutics may be a good approach to reduce the rate of statistical errors.
The Origins and Development of the Term “Little Ice Age”

This essay examines the definition and early development of the term “Little Ice Age,” a source of controversy in early modern studies and historical climatology. American geologist Francois Matthes first used the term “little ice-age” to describe the preceding 4,000 years, during which glaciers reached their greatest extent since the final Ice Age of the Pleistocene. Matthes’s reports for the American Geophysical Union’s Committee on Glaciers, however, demonstrate the critical importance of the sixteenth through nineteenth century. This essay discusses the relationship between Matthes’s theories of glaciation and climatic periodization and those of his predecessors and contemporaries, including Charles Rabot, Gordon Manley and G.S. Callendar. This essay also examines the early adoption and diffusion of Matthes’s evocative term, which appeared in popular publications only a decade after its initial introduction.
Relevant Research Programs to be Conducted in Developing Countries

W E HAVE been asked to write under a title that is very broad and rather vague. To give our discussion focus, we will address ourselves to some questions on land reform and agricultural development in Chile. We believe, however, that our formulation of the issues and the research we suggest has application to other developing countries, especially in Latin America. "Underdevelopment" is not only a matter of low per capita productivity, income, consumption, education, and capital investment. These are all symptoms of underdevelopment, but saying little about the social organization of a society, they scarcely define the issue. Since agricultural development takes place within a specific social-institutional context, the structure itself, of which land tenure is an important part, must be analyzed. In its most basic sense, land reform means a redistribution of economic and political power through a reordering of the rights to the use of resources. To institute and implement a land reform is a tough political task since it challenges the existing social-institutional structure.' In addition to the internal structure, there is another aspect to the setting within which land reform must occur. Because of its size, wealth, power and commitments, the U.S. is a strategic part of the situation. Research programs in developing countries should not be built solely on the assumption of U.S. experts working with nationals helping them research their problems. The issues under discussion, like land reform, are not all internal to the developing country. Thus we present a series of hypotheses which constitute our estimation of why land reform and agricultural development are so difficult to achieve. We have not tested these hypotheses. But we offer them as important areas of investigation in economic development. Following our discussion of the social and institutional structure, we detail a number of specific research projects which seem relevant for agricultural economics.2
Optogenetics: Turning the Microscope on Its Head

Optogenetics as a field cuts cleanly across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Ecology and genetics provide a source of proteins; advanced spectroscopy and structural biology elucidate molecular mechanisms; molecular biology and biochemistry are used to engineer proteins; sophisticated instrumentation delivers light. An understanding of cell biology or neuroscience is needed to develop reasonable biological questions, and rigorous computation is essential to process the torrents of data that often result. The development of optically instrumented life forms promises to continue for the decades ahead.Optogenetics also illustrates the difficulty in predicting where basic science will lead. The Optopatch constructs combine genes from an archaeon from the Dead Sea, an alga from England, an FP from a coral, an FP from a jellyfish, and a peptide from a pig virus. The discoverers of these individual genes likely never suspected that they would be combined one day and used in human neurons to study a cell-based model of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Clinical utility of biomarkers of endothelial activation and coagulation for prognosis in HIV infection: a systematic review.

Introduction: HIV infection is associated with vascular dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Our objective was to review the evidence regarding the clinical utility of endothelial activation and coagulation biomarkers for the prognosis of HIV-infected patients.Methods: We searched PubMed and Embase for publications using the keywords “HIV” or “HIV infection” and “endothelium” or “coagulation”. We reviewed reference lists and hand-searched for additional relevant articles. All clinical studies that enrolled non-pregnant, HIV-infected adults, measured biomarkers reflecting endothelial activation or coagulation, and prospectively evaluated their associations with vascular dysfunction or clinical outcomes were included.Results: Seventeen studies were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which 11 investigated endothelial activation biomarkers and 12 investigated coagulation biomarkers. Biomarkers and outcomes varied widely across studies. Overall, published studies support an associ...
Hyperspectral Imaging of Neoplastic Progression in a Mouse Model of Oral Carcinogenesis

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an emerging modality for medical applications and holds great potential for noninvasive early detection of cancer. It has been reported that early cancer detection can improve the survival and quality of life of head and neck cancer patients. In this paper, we explored the possibility of differentiating between premalignant lesions and healthy tongue tissue using hyperspectral imaging in a chemical induced oral cancer animal model. We proposed a novel classification algorithm for cancer detection using hyperspectral images. The method detected the dysplastic tissue with an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89. The hyperspectral imaging and classification technique may provide a new tool for oral cancer detection.
Evaluation on the effectiveness for health life style intervention of community residents in Xicheng district in Beijing

Objective To evaluate the effect of the National Action of Health Life Style on the community residents about health knowledge changes,and provide the evidence for making policy of the prevention and control of major chronic diseases.Methods A community-based randomized controlled trial was conducted among 17 communities which were randomized into 2 groups:intervention group(n=216) taking the health life style and control group(n=1 008) receiving routine management services.Questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the changes in awareness of health life style action and health life style.Results Twelve months after the beginning of experiment,the awareness rate of health life style action among intervention group was 30%-40%higher than that of control group(P0.05).Meanwhile,the awareness rate of health life style was 10%-20%higher than that of control group(P0.05).Conclusion The awareness of health knowledge of residents has been well improved.
"Strong smart grid—the driving force of energy development in 21 century"——review of 2011 smart grid international forum

This paper overviews the main viewpoints of every country experts about smart grid in technology,management,international cooperation.It overviews pass ultra high voltage(UHV)and smart power transmission and distribution,smart scheduling,smart generation,electric vehicle charging、discharge power,smart power distribution and distributed power access,smart intelligent power utility,information and communication,smart grid standard.This represents last direction in smart grid,development state and future direction of every country.
Power characteristics of solid FAE's blast field near ground and its application in mine sweeping

To study solid FAE′s characteristics in mine sweeping,the contrast experiments between 0.5 kg solid FAE and TNT were carried out near the ground in the field,and the peak overpressure in different positions was obtained.According to the similitude law of explosive,the equivalent proportion of TNT,impulse and duration of positive-pressure area were reasoned out.It could be found that the peak overpressure of solid FAE was 1.3～2.3 times as high as that of TNT,that the impulse of solid FAE was 1.31～2.51 times as strong as that of TNT,and that the duration of positive-pressure area of solid FAE was 1.07～1.26 times as long as that of TNT.The results indicate that the value of peak overpressure of solid FAE,impulse and duration of positive-pressure area are greater than those of TNT with the equal mass,that the preponderance of solid FAE is obvious in the middle and far field,and that the maximum mine sweeping efficiency is 1.90～4.49 times higher than that of TNT with the equal mass.The solid FAE's duration of working time in positive pressure area is propitious for sweeping mines which can endure explosion.
Transitions From Hospitals to Skilled Nursing Facilities for Persons With Dementia: A Challenging Convergence of Patient and System-Level Needs.

Purpose of the study To describe skilled nursing facility (SNF) nurses' perspectives on the experiences and needs of persons with dementia (PwD) during hospital-to-SNF transitions and to identify factors related to the quality of these transitions. Design and methods Grounded dimensional analysis study using individual and focus group interviews with nurses (N = 40) from 11 SNFs. Results Hospital-to-SNF transitions were largely described as distressing for PwD and their caregivers and dominated by dementia-related behavioral symptoms that were perceived as being purposely under-communicated by hospital personnel in discharge communications. SNF nurses described PwD as having unique transitional care needs, which primarily involved needing additional discharge preplanning to enable preparation of a tailored behavioral/social care plan and physical environment prior to transfer. SNF nurses identified inaccurate/limited hospital discharge communication regarding behavioral symptoms, short discharge timeframes, and limited nursing control over SNF admission decisions as factors that contributed to poorer-quality transitions producing increased risk for resident harm, rehospitalization, and negative resident/caregiver experiences. Engaged caregivers throughout the transition and the presence of high-quality discharge communication were identified as factors that improved the quality of transitions for PwD. Implications Findings from this study provide important insight into factors that may influence transitional care quality during this highly vulnerable transition. Additional research is needed to explore the association between these factors and transitional care outcomes such as rehospitalization and caregiver stress. Future work should also explore strategies to improve inter-setting communication and care coordination for PwD exhibiting challenging behavioral symptoms.
Forty Years Fast Forward: Vietnamese Refugees in the United States with Comments on Their Cancer Care

The arrival of war refugees from Vietnam into the United States took place in stages and were prompted to leave in large part because of the war in Vietnam. [Karnow, New York: Penguin, 1977]. Today, Vietnamese Americans comprise 2 million people. This chapter describes some of the circumstances related to their arrival in the United States, and preliminary data on their perceptions of medical care as relevant to cancer care.
Roll to Roll Electric Field “Z” Alignment of Nanoparticles from Polymer Solutions for Manufacturing Multifunctional Capacitor Films

A roll to roll continuous processing method is developed for vertical alignment (“Z” alignment) of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticle columns in polystyrene (PS)/toluene solutions. This is accomplished by applying an electric field to a two-layer solution film cast on a carrier: one is the top sacrificial layer contacting the electrode and the second is the polymer solution dispersed with BaTiO3 particles. Flexible Teflon coated mesh is utilized as the top electrode that allows the evaporation of solvent through the openings. The kinetics of particle alignment and chain buckling is studied by the custom-built instrument measuring the real time optical light transmission during electric field application and drying steps. The nanoparticles dispersed in the composite bottom layer form chains due to dipole–dipole interaction under an applied electric field. In relatively weak electric fields, the particle chain axis tilts away from electric field direction due to bending caused by the shrinkage of the fil...
Loss of GABAergic Inhibition in Hypothalamus in Chronic Stress

Chronic stress increases activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. CRH-expressing neuron in the PVN is an essential component of HPA axis and plays a critical role in stress response. ...
Case report of invasive, disseminated candidiasis with peripheral nodular cavitary lesions in the lung

We report a case of invasive candidiasis presenting as multiple lung nodules and cavitary lesions with minimal pleural effusion. Candida infections of the lung are rare but can occur after hematologic dissemination of the yeast from other body sites, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Here, we describe the case of a 56-year-old female with a history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who presented with fever, productive cough, and pulmonary nodules and cavitary lesions seen on a chest computed tomography (CT). The patient's blood cultures were positive for Candida zeylanoides.
Progression to Type 2 Diabetes and Its Effect on Health Care Costs in Low-Income and Insured Patients with Prediabetes: A Retrospective Study Using Medicaid Claims Data

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes is a high-risk factor for progression to diabetes. Without lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and moderate physical activity, 15%-30% of people with prediabetes are projected to develop type 2 diabetes within 5 years. Progression to diabetes increases the financial burden significantly for patients and health care systems. Populations with low socioeconomic status are associated with a higher risk of diabetes. However, knowledge is limited about the effect of transition to diabetes on future costs incurred in low-income populations. OBJECTIVES: To (a) describe the characteristics of low-income and insured patients with prediabetes and (b) examine the effect of progression to type 2 diabetes on health care utilization and costs. METHODS: This study used South Carolina Medicaid claims data (2009-2014) to identify patients (aged ≥18 years) with newly diagnosed prediabetes. All patients were enrolled in Medicaid continuously for at least 1 year before and after the diagnosis of pre...
National Manpower Needs in Biomaterials

Any projection of future national manpower needs in the biomaterials area can only be considered approximate and extremely tenuous. Some of the reasons for this are: (1) the area is in the early stages of its development; (2) the expanding perimeter of its domain is rather poorly defined; (3) there is an inability to predict with any accuracy the demands that will be produced by the artificial internal organ market in the next five to ten years; and (4) there is a large gray area between what would be desirable and what actually will be needed.
The Role of Algae in Carbon Capture

An even stronger policy driver than climate change today is the expansion of alternatives to crude oil for transportation fuels. The U.S. currently imports more than 60% of its petroleum, of which two-thirds are used for the production of transportation fuels. These two drivers are likely to remain present for a long time, with indeterminate relative weights. The reduction of CO2 via photosynthesis is a route to alternative fuels. The purpose of including a chapter on the algae route to biofuels, but not other routes, is that this process specifically involves the use of a CO2 stream to enhance the value of the primary biological feedstock.
Virus Isolation in Animals: The Mouse Inoculation Test

Mouse inoculation is one of the classical methods for isolation of lyssaviruses. Although cell culture can replace animal use in many applications, animals are still most suitable when high titers of virus should be amplified without excessive passaging, in various pathogenicity studies in animal models, or for evaluation of potency of rabies biologics. For diagnostic purposes, the inoculation is usually performed in suckling or weanling mice (10–15 or 30 μL of inoculum, respectively) intracranially. The inoculum is prepared as 5–20% homogenized tissue suspension or cell culture supernatant, and is injected by an insulin syringe with a 26–27 gauge needle. Proper inoculation technique will help to minimize trauma and reflux of the inoculum out of the skull. Observation should continue for 14 days, and clinically ill animals should be euthanized based on pain scores. Rabies diagnosis must be confirmed by detection of lyssavirus antigens or RNA in the mouse brains.
Do Not Go Gentle Into Practitioner Inquiry

Teacher researchers live at the overlap of theory and practice, consciously inhabiting dual worlds of thought and action. Using a poetic form, the author reflects on her roles as both teacher and student to comment on the pleasurably paradoxical structure and freedom involved in the inquiry process. By explaining the creation of her ode to practitioner inquiry within the parameters of the villanelle form, she embraces the significance of the process alongside the product, valuing both elements as vital for truly reflective practice.
A New Characterization Technique for Extracting Parasitic Inductances of SiC Power MOSFETs in Discrete and Module Packages Based on Two-Port S-Parameters Measurement

The parasitic inductances of silicon carbide (SiC) power mosfet s have a major influence on their operation and circuit performance. They incur negative effects such as switching oscillations, power losses, and electromagnetic interference noise. This paper introduces a new technique to accurately characterize the parasitic inductances of SiC power mosfet s in both discrete packages and power modules based on two-port S-parameters measurement. By treating a power mosfet as a two-port network, we obtain the scattering (S) and impedance (Z) parameters from network analyzer measurement. These parameters, through detailed network analysis, provide more accurate values of the internal parasitic inductances than the commonly used single-port impedance measurement technique. The new approach is first verified with high-frequency circuit simulation and then applied in the case study of SiC power mosfet s in a TO-247 discrete package and a half-bridge power module. In addition, a number of silicon power mosfet s and IGBTs in TO-247, TO-220, D2PAK, DPAK, and SO-8 packages are also characterized for comparison. A comparison between the characterization results from the new two-port and the prior art one-port methods reveals a significant difference ranging from 12.6% to 93.9%.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval: Neratinib for the Extended Adjuvant Treatment of Early-Stage HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

On July 17, 2017, the FDA approved neratinib (NERLYNX; Puma Biotechnology, Inc.) for the extended adjuvant treatment of adult patients with early-stage HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast cancer, to follow adjuvant trastuzumab-based therapy. Approval was based on data from ExteNET, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Women with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer and within 2 years of completing adjuvant trastuzumab were randomized to neratinib (n = 1,420) or placebo (n = 1,420) for 1 year. The primary endpoint was invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), defined as the time between randomization date to first occurrence of invasive recurrence (local/regional, ipsilateral, or contralateral breast cancer), distant recurrence, or death from any cause, with 2 years and 28 days of follow-up. The trial showed a statistically significant treatment effect favoring neratinib with a stratified HR of 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49-0.90, P = 0.008]. The estimated iDFS rate at 2 years was 94.2% (95% CI, 92.6%-95.4%) in patients treated with neratinib versus 91.9% (95% CI, 90.2%-93.2%) in those receiving placebo. Diarrhea was the most common adverse event (AE), with a 40% incidence of grade 3 or 4 diarrhea, and represents the most common AE leading to treatment discontinuation. Other frequent AEs (>10% incidence) were nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, rash, stomatitis, decreased appetite, and muscle spasms. Other than diarrhea, neratinib is associated with a low incidence of severe AEs; toxicities are generally reversible and manageable with dose interruptions, dose reductions, and/or standard medical care. This article summarizes FDA decision-making and data supporting the neratinib approval. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3486-91. ©2018 AACRSee related commentary by Unni et al., p. 3483.
The relationship of ecosystem management to NEPA and its goals

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) was intended to promote a systematic, comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to planning and decision making, including the integration of the natural and social sciences and the design arts. NEPA critics have cited three key shortcomings in its implementation: (1) a lack of engagement with the NEPA process early in the planning process through interdisciplinary collaboration; (2) a lack of rigorous science and the incorporation of ecological principles and techniques; and (3) a lack of emphasis on the Act's substantive goals and objectives. In recent years and independent of NEPA, a policy of ecosystem management has been developed, which represents a fundamental change from a fragmented, incremental planning and management approach to a holistic, comprehensive, interdisciplinary land and resource management effort. The authors postulate that by incorporating ecosystem management principles in their planning and decisionmaking, federal agencies can address the shortcomings in NEPA implementation and move closes to NEPA's intent. A case analysis of EISs prepared by the USDA Forest Service before and after adopting an ecosystem management approach supports their hypothesis.
Abstract 976: FOXA1 promotes a luminal growth program in prostate cancer

FOXA1 is an important pioneering transcription factor for androgen receptor (AR), a key driver of prostate cancer. FOXA1 has emerged as one of the most recurrently mutated genes in primary and metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer, with alterations frequencies ranging from 4-15% in various cohorts. Given the well-established role of FOXA1 in modulating AR function, we hypothesize that FOXA1 mutations contribute to prostate oncogenesis by altering the chromatin landscape, resulting in changes in the AR cistrome and AR transcriptional output. Here we use prostate organoids to show that acute FOXA1WT overexpression promotes lumen formation and drives luminal differentiation. Consistent with this, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of FOXA1 slows proliferation and organoids lacking FOXA1 fail to form lumens. Assays to evaluate the functionality of recurrent FOXA1 mutations (measured by cell viability, lumen formation, and lumen size) along with RNA-sequencing suggest there are distinct classes of FOXA1 mutations. The first are the gain-of-function mutations (such as FOXA1FE254-255del), which promote growth and lumen formation to a larger extent than wild-type FOXA1. Interestingly, a FOXA1 luciferase reporter assay we developed in HEK293 cells indicates that the majority of mutants tested behave as gain of function. The only mutant to score as loss of function, FOXA1R219S, is found nearly exclusively in prostate cancer, and is enriched in neuroendocrine prostate cancer cohorts. Expression of FOXA1R219S suppresses lumen formation and promotes both basal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcriptional programs. However, this mutant also provides a growth advantage beyond what is conferred by FOXA1WT. Taken together, these data suggest that FOXA1R219S is not simply a loss of function allele and instead may drive disease progression through a different set of signaling pathways than the FOXA1 alleles that promote luminal differentiation. Further study of these classes of mutations and how they relate to patient outcome, along with analysis of the FOXA1mut/AR cistromes, is ongoing to determine the genome-wide implications of FOXA1 alterations and how they promote prostate cancer progression. Citation Format: Elizabeth J. Adams, Elizabeth Hoover, Wouter R. Karthaus, Charles L. Sawyers. FOXA1 promotes a luminal growth program in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 976.
Generalized quasi parton distributions in a diquark spectator model

Abstract Recently the concept of quasi parton distributions (quasi-PDFs) for hadrons has been proposed. Quasi-PDFs are defined through spatial correlation functions and as such can be computed numerically using quantum chromodynamics on a four-dimensional lattice. As the hadron momentum is increased, the quasi-PDFs converge to the corresponding standard PDFs that appear in factorization theorems for many high-energy scattering processes. Here we investigate this new concept in the case of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) by calculating the twist-2 vector GPDs in the scalar diquark spectator model. For infinite hadron momentum, the analytical results of the quasi-GPDs agree with those of the standard GPDs. Our main focus is to examine how well the quasi-GPDs agree with the standard GPDs for finite hadron momenta. We also study the sensitivity of the results on the parameters of the model. In general, our model calculation suggests that quasi-GPDs could be a viable tool for getting information about standard GPDs.
"Outsiders at the Table"-Diversity Lessons from the Biology Scholars Program at the University of California, Berkeley.

The Biology Scholars Program at the University of California, Berkeley, provides evidence that the science community needs to 1) change the climate of STEM undergraduate education, 2) rethink the c...
No Disparity in Outcomes Between Surgical Clipping and Endovascular Coiling After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be treated with either endovascular coiling or surgical clipping. The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) found that endovascular coiling provided lower mortality rates at 1-year follow-up, starting a trend toward the endovascular treatment approach for SAH. Subsequently, specific procedural indications have driven an approach to SAH management involving a patient-specific procedural choice. The present study evaluates whether specific indications for these procedures have eliminated the differences in risk-adjusted mortality and in-hospital complications from SAH in a large nationally representative set of hospitalizations from 2013 to 2014. Methods All cases of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage were queried from the National Inpatient Sample using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition. These patients were assigned to cohorts based on whether they were treated by surgical clipping or by endovascular coiling. Subsequent univariate and multivariate analyses were used to characterize and compare demographics, in-hospital complications, and total charges between the 2 groups. Results In 2013 to 2014, 6555 patients hospitalized for SAH underwent surgical clipping and 15,350 underwent endovascular coiling. The patients undergoing coiling were older (55.3 vs. 54.1, P = 0.02) and had lower severity scores (3.24 vs. 3.44, P Conclusions Concerns about overzealous use of endovascular coiling in treating SAH after the ISAT stemmed from a lag in condition-specific indications. The allure of endovascular coiling stems from its noninvasiveness and initial results; however, in the years after ISAT, evaluation of SAH conditions led to more patient-specific indications for SAH. The results presented here suggest that more rigorous procedural selection has allowed for an optimization of outcomes for the 2 procedures.
Examining sexual racism and body dissatisfaction among men of color who have sex with men: The moderating role of body image inflexibility.

Abstract Body image research with men who have sex with men (MSM) has largely focused on White MSM. The current study aimed to investigate whether men of color who have sex with men (MCSM) report similar levels of body dissatisfaction as White MSM. We also studied whether (a) the experience of sexual racism, a unique stressor for MCSM, is related to body dissatisfaction and (b) body image inflexibility moderates the relationship between sexual racism and muscularity-oriented behaviors. White MSM and MCSM (total N = 887) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk completed questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, body image flexibility, and experienced sexual racism on Qualtrics. We found that MCSM report more engagement in behaviors aimed at changing their bodies than White MSM. Additionally, experiencing sexual racism was related to higher body dissatisfaction and body image inflexibility in MCSM. In addition, body image inflexibility moderated by strengthening the association between experiencing sexual racism and muscularity-oriented behaviors. The present study highlights the need for further research with this understudied population, including intervention studies on mitigating the impact of experiencing sexual racism by increasing psychological and body image flexibility and studies aimed at reducing the incidence of sexual racism.
Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation

As might be expected, both the topics and organisms to be considered in this session will be diverse. I call attention to two topics that recurred in the abstracts. One is the nature of the metabolic signals that control biological nitrogen fixation. Relatively little is known about the metabolites and/or signals that indicate the availability of molecular oxygen and combined nitrogen. The second topic is the means by which metabolic signals are transduced to the proteins that control transcription of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes or modulate the activities of nif gene products such as the iron protein of nitrogenase.
Effect of Prior Irradiation Creep on the Subsequent Burst Strength of 20% Cold-Worked Type 316 Stainless-Steel Cladding

Creep rates of metals can be greatly enhanced by neutron irradiation experienced in a fast reactor environment. Because irradiation-induced creep strains can be large in magnitude for duct and cladding components, the effect of irradiation creep on subsequent mechanical property behavior must be quantified to provide a design base for core component performance assessment. Pressurized tubes that had sustained a peak value of irradiation creep strain of 1.04% and peak fast fluences of 10 x 10/sup 22/ n/cm/sup 2/ under irradiation in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II from 650 to 857 K were tested in subsequent transient burst loading. Results of testing show that subsequent deformation is unaffected by prior irradiation creep within experimental error.
Hybrid Models for Social Change: Legitimacy Among Community-Based Nonprofit Organizations

Community-based hybrid nonprofits, defined as organizations that combine social services with organizing or advocacy, play a crucial role at the neighborhood level. Considering their nonconformity to conventional organizational forms, they face specific challenges and advantages in achieving their combined advocacy and service mission. Using neo-institutional theory to provide context to our data, this qualitative study of 18 nonprofits working in one neighborhood examines how hybrid nonprofits are categorized as well as processes for legitimacy for these organizations. We find that at the neighborhood level, hybrid nonprofits are identified as “grassroots” by both hybrids and non-hybrids alike and draw on this “grassroots” identity to achieve legitimacy. We examine the settings for this “grassroots” legitimacy and its challenges and conditions. Through cultivating a better understanding of community-based hybrid nonprofits, this study adds to the literature on how nonprofits provide services and organize at the neighborhood level.
Working with immigrants and refugees in psychodynamic psychotherapy

Abstract Psychodynamic psychotherapy with immigrants, refugees, and their children requires an in-depth understanding of the role of sociocultural factors in shaping intrapsychic and interpersonal processes. This chapter focuses on the context of migration, acculturation, social location, bicultural and bilingual identity, and traumatic stress while examining the overlaps and distinctions among the experiences of immigrants and refugees. There is an emphasis on the dynamic and fluid nature of cultural identity development, which is negotiated across multiple contexts over the course of an individual’s lifetime. Considerations for psychotherapy, such as the importance of mourning, separation, loss, and trauma, are explored from a culturally informed psychoanalytic perspective.
Gas Absorption in Slurries Containing Fine Particles: Review of Models and Recent Advances

Gas absorption in slurries that contain fine particles is frequently encountered in a variety of situations in the chemical industry. Research on the modeling of these systems was first started almost 40 years ago by Professor Sharma's group and the pioneering first paper in the field originated from the Bombay UDCT. The enhancement in gas absorption was shown when the particle size is smaller than the film thickness for mass transfer. Many developments have occurred in this field since then, both on the modeling of such systems and application of the concept of the “micro-phase” enhancement to practical systems. It is the objective of this paper to take stock of these developments and provide a review on the modeling of these systems. The systems are classified into three main categories: (i) reacting particles, (ii) adsorbing particles, and (iii) catalytic particles. The modeling aspects of each class is discussed in detail and critically evaluated. Systems where the products form as a microphase are a...
A Risk Informed Approach to Reliability Requirements Tailoring

Every institution has their “recipe” for mission success. Cell phones and personal computers seem like they are designed to be obsolete in 2-3 years. Automobiles seem like they are designed to have a power train failure within 1000 miles of the extended warranty expiration; at least that’s been my experience. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is not any different. JPL has a tried and proven recipe for mission success because in space things can’t fail. Or else.
DNA Methylation Inhibitors Upregulate MiRNA Expression in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a disease with a variable outcome. Since early treatment does not result in a survival benefit, clinicians often wait for evidence of progressive disease before offering systemic chemotherapy. We recently reported on the contribution of DNA methylation to disease progression. CLL patients with higher than age-expected global DNA methylation demonstrated a requirement for chemotherapy within 12 months as compared to patients with lower than age expected levels. We hypothesized that treatment of patients with early Rai Stage CLL can delay progression of disease by re-expression of tumor suppressor genes. We used two different DNA methylation inhibitors: a DNA methyltransferase enzyme inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, and a methyl substrate inhibitor, 2-chloro-2-deoxyadenosine. We demonstrate increased microRNA expression in six patients treated with 5-azacytidine and the one patient treated with 2-chloro-2-deoxyadenosine. In 6 out of 7 patients, DNA methylation globally decreased by 8% after treatment. However, consistent microRNA upregulation was seen in mir-17-3p, mir-21, mir-29a, mir-29b, mir-29c, mir-30e, mir-104, mir-126, mir-128a, mir-130a, mir-141, mir-142-3p, mir-148a, mir-151, mir-199a, mir-199a*, and mir-301 by real-time PCR using the Early Access Human Panel from Applied Biosystems. Using the University of California Santa Cruz genome database, mir-17, mir-126, mir-128a, mir-148a, mir-151, mir-199a, and mir-301 are sequence conserved in at least 5 mammalian species and are associated with a CpG island upstream from the predicted transcriptional start site. All but mir-148a are embedded within a known gene. No changes were seen in bcl-2, p53, mir-15, or mir-16. Overexpression of mir-199-a and mir-199a* has been shown to induce cell cycle arrest. Mir-17-3p and mir-21 have anti-apoptotic properties. MiRNAs in patients with CLL are likely regulated by DNA promoter methylation.
Intracellular metabolism analysis of Clostridium cellulovorans via modeling integrating proteomics, metabolomics and fermentation

Abstract A consolidated bioprocess for cellulosic n-butanol production has been developed by engineering Clostridium cellulovorans to overexpress a bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase. Rational metabolic engineering is important to further improve butanol production. This study aimed to investigate intracellular metabolism and identify the key regulators of cellulosic butanol formation in C. cellulovorans via integrated Omics and fermentation kinetics data analysis. First, comparative proteomics and metabolomics analyses of wild type and n-butanol producing mutant strain were conducted, which quantified 624 host cell proteins and 474 primary and secondary metabolites. Compared to wild type, most cellulases in cellulolysis were up-regulated, but three glycolysis enzymes and three enzymes in central pathway were down-regulated in the n-butanol producing strain. Second, a dynamic model integrating Omics and fermentation data was developed to identify key regulators in butanol biosynthesis, which were ranked by further metabolic control analysis. Finally, rational metabolic engineering was performed in C. cellulovorans by overexpressing two genes (thl and hbd) identified as important factors limiting butanol biosynthesis, which improved butanol yield and C4/C2 ratio. This study demonstrated a research approach to integrate multi-Omics and fermentation data of C. cellulovorans and guide its rational metabolic engineering, which can also be applied to other microorganisms.