cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Parallel Workstations the Right Target for Parallelizing Compilers

The growing popularity of multiprocessor workstations among general users calls for a more easy-to-understand approach to parallel programming. Providing standard, sequential languages with automatic translation tools would enable a seamless transition from uniprocessors to multiprocessor workstations. In this paper we study the success and limitations of such an approach. To this end, we have retargeted the Polaris parallelizing compiler at a 4-processor Sun SPARCstation 20 and measured the performance of parallel programs. Here, we present the results from six of the Perfect Benchmark programs along with our analysis of the performance and some of the issues brought up during the experiments. Our research will help answer some of the questions that have been posed by both users and manufacturers concerning the practicality and desirable characteristics of parallel programming in a workstation environment.
Determining frictional performance of automatic transmission fluids in a band clutch

This paper reports on frictional characteristics of several automatic transmission fluids (ATF's) that were evaluated in an SAE No. 2 Friction Machine adapted to the band clutch from a front-wheel-drive, three-speed automatic transaxle. The bench test apparatus subjects the bank clutch to repeated engagements (24 000 in a 100-hour test period) at elevated temperature with representative clutch energy dissipation and lockup time, and with forced aeration of the fluid. Fluid frictional performance is judged from the level and stability of friction torque during the 24 000 clutch engagements. The test is repeatable and readily distinguishes fluids having different frictional characteristics. Fluid frictional behavior in the band machine is shown to reflect fluid effects on shift performance in an engine dynamometer, transaxle cycling test. Also, fluid effects determined in the cycling test are shown to match those obtained in a vehicle. Both shift quality and durability can be inferred from the band friction machine results.
Determination of sulfamethazine in swine and cattle feed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization: collaborative study.

In-house validation of a liquid chromatographic method for determination of sulfamethazine in swine and cattle feed was performed to verify that the method was ready for collaborative study under AOAC INTERNATIONAL guidelines. In this method, sulfamerazine is added during the extraction procedure and is used as an internal standard to correct for variable recovery of sulfamethazine from a variety of swine and cattle feed matrixes. The determinative step involves the use of post-column derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde which reacts with the primary amine group on the sulfonamides. Detection is at 450 nm, a wavelength at which most co-extracted matrix materials and other feed additives do not absorb light. The results indicate that the method recovery, precision, and ruggedness meet normal criteria to be ready for a collaborative study. Fortification experiments over a range of sulfamethazine concentrations from 0.006 to 0.26% showed an overall recovery relative to the internal standard of 100 ± 2%. These studies include both swine and cattle feed matrixes. The mean recovery in the analysis of 3 beef cattle experimental feeds was 98.9%. The method results agreed with the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Official Method for colorimetric analysis of swine feed. Method precision was excellent during in-house validation studies, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from about 0.5 to 3%. The method ruggedness was verified with an overall CV of 3.5%. he current AOAC Official Method of colorimetric analysis, 969.57 (1), for sulfamethazine (SMT) in complete medicated feeds lacks the specificity to differentiate between the various sulfonamides which may be present. The colorimetric method is of limited scope and is not effective for analysis of complete feeds formulated with some of the modern concentrated/stabilized SMT premixes. Also, swine, but not cattle, feed was used in the collaborative study for that method. Corncob meal and cottonseed hull meal found in cattle feeds interfere with the extraction of SMT in the colorimetric method. A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for SMT, using dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) as a post-column derivatizing reagent, has been used for the analysis of regulatory samples in Indiana since about 1981 (2, 3). Sulfamerazine (SMR) added during the extraction process has been used as an internal standard for the quantitative determination of SMT in swine feeds since late 1982. SMT and SMR structures are compared in Figure 1. The method differentiates between the sulfonamide drugs used in feeds. Our objective was to validate in-house the efficacy of using an internal standard for the quantitative determination of SMT in swine feed, and to extend the matrix scope to include cattle feeds, especially those which contain corncob and cottonseed hull meal. A further objective was to validate the method for the range of SMT levels found in current commercial medicated feed materials. The method described here is included in the accompanying collaborative report (4).
Population thiamine status and varying cancer rates between Western, Asian and African countries

The role of food supplements in the form of vitamins has not been extensively investigated in relation to varying cancer rates between populations of different geographical regions. New data indicate that thiamine (vitamin B1), a common food supplement in Western food products, is directly involved in nucleic acid ribose synthesis of tumor cells in its biologically activated form through the non-oxidative transketolase catalyzed pentose cycle reaction. Whether thiamine plays a role in increased cancer rates in the Western World by enhancing tumor cell proliferation, while increased consumption of thiaminase rich food limiting thiamine availability protects against common malignancies in Asia and Africa has not been evaluated. In the Western World, thiamine is a popular vitamin supplement in the form of tablets and it is also added to basic food items such as milled flour, cereals, peanut butter, refreshment drinks and pastas. On the contrary, thiaminase, the natural thiamine-degrading enzyme, is abundantly present in raw and fermented fish, certain vegetables and roasted insects consumed primarily in Africa and Asia. Excess thiamine supplementation in common food products may contribute to the increased cancer rates of the Western World.
Requerimientos de Energía en los Procesos de Fabricación a Nanoescala

En este articulo se describen las principales tecnologias de fabricacion a nanoescala, y se examinan cualitativamente los requerimientos, que tienen con respecto a la demanda de energia, sus procesos fundamentales. Estos requerimientos se relacionan con los procesos aplicados en la fabricacion de semiconductores; tambien se describen las falencias en la comprension de estos procesos para la produccion a nanoescala, cuya comunidad investigadora los identifica como objetivos a corto plazo. Por ultimo, se propone un marco para el analisis sistematico del uso de energia en los procesos de fabricacion a nanoescala.
Designing a Low-Cost Ceramic Water Filter Press

Diarrheal disease due to unsanitary water is a leading cause of death in low- and middle- income countries. One potential solution to this problem is widespread access to point-of-use ceramic water filters made from universally-available materials. This increased access can be achieved by empowering local artisans to initiate self-sustaining and scalable entrepreneurial ventures in their communities. However, a major barrier to the start-up of these businesses is the prohibitively expensive press used to form the filters. This article reviews filter press technologies and identifies specific functional requirements for a more suitable and affordable filter press. Early-stage field-testing results of a proof-of-concept design that can be manufactured by two people in two days at one-tenth of the cost of popular filter presses is presented.
Social Behavior in the Leaf-Nosed Bat, Carollia perspicillata

Social and behavioral interactions as well as individual roosting positions were followed in a colony of Carollia perspicillata under seminaturalistic captive conditions. Nearest neighbor and grid analyses were used to define the composition of basic social units and mapping data permitted an analysis of the compositional stability of these units. Correlations between female reproductive cycles and individual roosting patterns provided insight into the function of Carollia social groups and indicate that optimal strategies to enhance reproductive success are probably being used.
Toward a Profile of the Female Voter: Sex Differences in Perceived Physical Attractiveness and Competence of Political Candidates

Recent national attention has focused on women's voting behavior because of this group's increasing power to determine outcomes of local, state, and national elections. Research has not established whether males and females use the same “decision rules” in evaluating political candidates. Because of the link between perceived physical attractiveness and many positive attributes, the present study examined sex differences in ratings of attractiveness and competence of 44 men and women in the U.S. House of Representatives. Results indicated that males and females use similar rules in evaluating male politicans' attractiveness. Women show a pro-female sentiment in evaluating female politicians' competence. Physical attractiveness was positively related to perceived competence for both male and female politicians. Contrary to previous research, women voters showed a marked pro-female sentiment, and men were neutral, evaluating male and female politicians similarly.
Indium(III) one-dimensional polymers with pyrazine and pyrazine, 2-carboxylic acid as the spacer molecules

Abstract The reactions of indium(III) chloride tetrahydrate with pyrazine (C4H4N2) and pyrazine, 2-carboxylic acid afford two polymeric frameworks, the structures of which were characterized in the solid state by single crystal analysis. The former is a one-dimensional infinite structure interlinked by the pyrazine spacer, while the latter is a one-dimensional ‘zigzag’ polymeric structure. A dimeric indium(III) pyrazine complex is also reported.
Integrated method for combustion stability prediction

Major obstacles in overcoming combustion instability include the absence of a mechanistic and a priori prediction capability, and the difficulty in studying instability in the laboratory due to the perceived need for testing at the full-scale pressure and geometry to ensure that important processes are maintained. A hierarchal approach toward combustion instability is described that comprises experiment, analysis, and highfidelity computation to develop combustion response submodels that can be used in engineering-level design analysis. The paper provides an illustrative example of how these elements are used to develop a prediction for growth rates in model rocket combustors that generate spontaneous longitudinal combustion instabilities.
Identification of a Biomarker for the Detection of Prohibited Meat and Bone Meal Residues in Animal Feed

: A unique biomarker, h-caldesmon, was identified and purified from bovine intestine smooth muscle. It was used to develop monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for use in immunochemical assays to detect prohibited meat and bone meal (MBM) in animal feed. This biomarker with a molecular weight of 150 kDa was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to be present in MBM samples that were obtained from different manufacturers. The presence of this biomarker in MBM and smooth muscle was also demonstrated by immunostaining with MAb 8B4 in Western blot assay. h-Caldesmon in intestinal smooth muscle was demonstrated to be stable after autoclaving at 130 °C for up to 1 h. Because MAb 8B4 was sensitive in detecting MBM in animal feed at >0.05%, it can be used in immunoassays for MBM detection.
Effect of antacids on predicted steady-state cimetidine concentrations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of antacids on predicted steady-state concentrations of cimetidine. Ten healthy volunteers received in random order one week apart, cimetidine and cimetidine and antacid suspension. Blood was obtained at specified times and analyzed for cimetidine. Bioavailability was assessed by comparison of peak concentration, time to peak concentration, area under the curve, and time spent over 0.5 μg/ml. Single-dose data were extrapolated to steady-state using computer simulation. Concurrent administration of antacid suspension reduced parameters of bioavailability approximately 30%. When steady-state conditions were simulated, concentrations of cimetidine >-0.5 μg/ml were maintained for the entire dosing interval in seven of 10 subjects. These data suggest that temporal separation of cimetidine and antacid suspension may be unnecessary.
The application of expert systems to manufacturing process control

Abstract In recent years the control of the manufacturing process has received prime focus of manufacturers throughout the world. Expert systems technology allows for the implementation of sophisticated and efficient process control systems. This paper provides a framework for the application of expert systems to manufacturing process control. It details the unique features of such a system and explains the constitution of the knowledge base.
Comparative atherogenic effects of cholesterol and cholesterol oxides.

Abstract Previous findings indicating that the oxidation products of cholesterol are associated with atherogenicity have led to a comparative study of the subchronic effects of feeding rabbits purified cholesterol, oxidized cholesterols free of cholesterol and cholesterol esters, or a mixture of cholesterol and oxidized cholesterols. Macroscopically, the cholesterol-fed animals exhibited 6-fold more arterial lesions than the animals fed cholesterol-free oxidized cholesterols. Microscopically, there was no statistically significant difference from the control in the number of histochemically-defined lesions in any of the groups. However, the lesions in the cholesterol-fed group were more severe, as indicated by a statistically significant increase in the magnitude of the lesions. This increased severity was also characterized by greater frequency and intensity of Azure A/Thionin, VonKossa, and Horseradish Peroxidase-Wheat Germ Agglutinin staining. Electron-microscopic studies of normal appearing arterial tissues showed an increased density of viable smooth muscle cells and an increase in vacuolar extracellular debris in the cholesterol-fed group. Oxidized cholesterols in the concentrations and relative compositions administered here are markedly less atherogenic to rabbits than highly purified cholesterol.
Renal Insufficiency Associated With Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents

In an attempt to characterize the clinical spectrum of renal insufficiency associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, 26 patients with 27 episodes of renal insufficiency secondary to these agents are described. These patients were seen over a 27-month period during which the inpatient distribution of these drugs by our hospital pharmacy was sufficient for approximately 92,000 patient-days of therapy. During these 27 episodes, serum creatinine increased from a mean value of 1.6 ± .1 mg/dL to a mean maximum value of 3.3 ± .3 mg/dL with a return to 1.7 ± .1 mg/dL after discontinuation of the drug. Serum urea nitrogen increased from a mean of 27.8 ± 2.5 mg/dL to 54.5 ± 4.0 mg/dL and returned to 31.0 ± 2.5 mg/dL. The mean duration of therapy in 25 patients was 4.2 ± .7 days, and time to return to baseline renal function was 5.3 ± .7 days. Five patients were briefly oliguric. No patient required dialysis. Only one patient had findings suggestive of interstitial nephritis. Patients were generally characterized by hemodynamic stress. In spite of only modest increases in serum creatinine, six patients had hyperkalemia with one sustaining a cardiac arrest secondary to a serum potassium of 7.9. We conclude that (1) the incidence of significant insufficiency in the general patient population is low but may be significant in a group characterized by hemodynamic stress; (2) the most common form of renal insult associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents is mild renal insufficiency, which rapidly reverses when the agent is discontinued; and (3) hyperkalemia is relatively frequent, can be out of proportion to the degree of renal insufficiency, and can be life threatening.
The new kid on the block(ade) of the IGF-1 receptor

The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) system, and particularly the IGF-1 receptor, has recently become the subject of major interest in the arena of cancer research. Its involvement in cancer cell growth and survival makes the system an excellent target as potential adjunct therapy to standard chemotherapy.
Differential inhibitory effects of antibiotics on the biosynthesis of envelope proteins of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Inhibitory effects of six antibiotics (kasugamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sparsomycin, puromycin and rifampicin) on the biosynthesis of envelope proteins of Escherichia coli were examined and compared with those on the biosynthesis of cytoplasmic proteins. Kasugamycin, puromycin and rifampicin were much more inhibitory to the over-all biosynthesis of cytoplasmic proteins than to that of envelope proteins. On the contrary, tetracycline and sparsomycin showed much stronger inhibitory effects on the biosynthesis of envelope proteins than on that of cytoplasmic proteins. Chloramphenicol showed little difference in its inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of envelope proteins and cytoplasmic proteins. The envelope proteins were labeled with [3H]arginine in the presence of the antibiotics and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inhibitory effects of the antibiotics on the biosynthesis of individual envelope proteins were then examined. Inhibition patterns were found to be widely different from one envelope protein to the other. For example, the biosynthesis of one major envelope protein of molecular weight 38,000 was more resistant to kasugamycin, chloramphenicol and sparsomycin than that of the other envelope proteins. On the other hand, the biosynthesis of another major envelope protein (lipoprotein) of about 7500 molecular weight was much more resistant to puromycin and rifampicin than that of the other envelope proteins. In the case of tetracycline, little differential inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of individual envelope proteins was observed. Stability of messenger RNAs for individual envelope proteins was also determined from the inhibitory effect of rifampicin on their biosynthesis. It was found that the average of half lives of mRNAs for major envelope proteins examined (5.5 minutes) is twice as long as the average of those of mRNAs for cytoplasmic proteins (2 minutes), except for the lipoprotein of about 7500 molecular weight which has extremely stable mRNA with a half life of 11.5 minutes. From these results the envelope proteins of E. coli appear to be biosynthesized in a somewhat different manner from that of the cytoplasmic proteins. Furthermore, at least some envelope proteins may have their own specific biosynthetic systems.
The investigation of personality structure: Statistical models

Abstract This article provides an introduction to a number of statistical techniques for investigating the structure of measures of personality. Each of these techniques is illustrated through its application to a set of 12 items from Snyder's (1974) self-monitoring scale. Approaches are presented for both continuous and dichotomous observed measures and for underlying constructs that are assumed to be continuous as well as those that are assumed to be discrete classes. Our emphasis is on techniques which permit tests of hypothesized structures (with a special focus on confirmatory factor analysis); however, exploratory approaches are also considered. We identify the critical assumptions, limitations, and areas of application of these techniques with an aim toward fostering their critical and appropriate usage.
Gypsum, opal, and fluvial channels within a trough of Noctis Labyrinthus, Mars: Implications for aqueous activity during the Late Hesperian to Amazonian

Abstract We investigate in detail the morphology, mineralogy, and stratigraphy of light-toned deposits within one trough of Noctis Labyrinthus, centered at −6.8°N, 261.1°E. CRISM spectra taken from light-toned layered deposits in the northern portion of the trough exhibit absorptions around 1.41, 1.92 and 2.21 μm, consistent with mixtures of opal and Al-clays that are exposed beneath younger lava flows and between high-standing mesas of chaotic terrain. In the southern portion of the trough, opal occurs as a patchy surficial deposit along the southwestern lower wall. Gypsum appears to be present in the southern portion of the trough where spectra show triplet absorptions at 1.44, 1.48, and 1.54 μm, and additional absorptions at 1.20, 1.74, 1.95, 2.22, 2.27, and 2.49 μm. The gypsum-bearing materials consist of one to several beds that typically fill low-lying regions, including valleys. A bright mound on the trough floor exhibits spectral features at 1.43, 1.92 and 2.43 µm, characteristic of polyhydrated sulfates. The bright mound appears distinct in morphology from chaotic terrain, and along its base are exposures of gypsum-bearing materials. Fluvial channels in the southwestern portion of the trough incise surface slopes at 4–6° and lack obvious sources. The channels display first and second order tributaries arranged in a parallel pattern and may have formed by localized surface discharge from melting snow and/or ice. Both opal and gypsum occur in close proximity in the southwestern region of the trough, but gypsum is found alone in the southeast and opal in association with Al-clays is found to the northwest. We do not believe gypsum and opal formed coevally because they are not always found together, they require different aqueous conditions (i.e., opaline deposits require high silica availability while the gypsum deposits require high Ca availability in solution), and they appear at stratigraphically distinct levels. Although we identified evidence for fluvial landforms within the trough, cross-cutting relations indicate their incision post-dates deposition of the opal and pre-dates deposition of the gypsum. Hence, several periods of aqueous activity and alteration likely occurred within the trough from the Late Hesperian into the Amazonian that reflect favorable localized conditions within the Noctis Labyrinthus region and may be contemporaneous with late aqueous activity occurring elsewhere on Mars.
The Rise and Fall of Finance and the End of the Society of Organizations

Executive Overview Large corporations were a dominant force in American society for generations through their employment practices, expansion choices, and community connections. As the United States has shifted to a postin-dustrial economy, however, finance has increasingly taken center stage. This article documents shifts in corporate employment, institutional investment, corporate organization, financial services, governments, and household ties to financial markets over the past three decades. I argue that all these shifts can be seen as part of an interconnected movement toward a finance-centered economy, and that the recent economic downturn can be viewed as one outcome of this broader movement.
Adolescent Obesity and Future College Degree Attainment

The current impact of adolescent obesity on educational attainment is not clear. The objectives of our study were to determine whether adolescent obesity is associated with college degree attainment and how this association may have changed over time. We used data from a contemporary national cohort of over 4,000 persons who were adolescents (aged 14-18) in 1997 to assess the relationship between adolescent obesity and education. To assess for changes in this relationship over time, we also analyzed an older, similarly structured cohort of over 3,000 persons who were adolescents (aged 16-18) in 1981. Our primary outcome was college degree completion. We found that in the older cohort (adolescents in 1979), there were no differences in college degree attainment by adolescent weight status before and after adjustment. However, unadjusted analysis of the contemporary cohort (adolescents in 1997) demonstrated that those who were normal weight as adolescents had a higher prevalence of college degree attainment at follow-up compared to obese adolescents (24% vs. 10%). After adjustment for socio-demographic variables (age, sex, race, height, parental income-to-poverty ratio, parental education, aptitude test scores), obese adolescents were less likely to have attained a college degree compared to normal weight peers (adjusted risk ratio 0.61 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.83). Expectations for a future college degree did not vary by weight status and did not explain this observation. In conclusion, adolescent obesity is associated with lower likelihood of college completion. This relationship was not observed in an older cohort of adolescents.
Model-based control with intermittent feedback: bridging the gap between continuous and instantaneous feedback

The aim of this article is to provide a set of results in stability of model-based networked control systems (MB-NCS) with intermittent feedback, which we intend will serve as a nexus between the study of systems with instantaneous feedback and with continuous feedback. We apply the concept of intermittent feedback to a class of networked control systems known as MB-NCS. MB-NCS use an explicit model of the plant in order to reduce the network traffic while attempting to prevent excessive performance degradation, while intermittent feedback consists of the loop remaining closed for some fixed interval, then open for another interval. We begin by introducing the basic architecture for model-based control, then discuss the concept of intermittent feedback, its applications in various fields and its role as a link between instantaneous and continuous feedback. We then provide our results for the model-based architecture with intermittent feedback. We also address the case with output feedback (through the use...
Synthesis of single-phase Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

We report on the synthesis of pure single-phase Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The crystallite size and strain of the synthesized films were calculated using Williamson-Hall analysis. The texture coefficient was evaluated as a function of the different crystal planes. Selective study of copper sulfide phases in the film has been carried out. Annealing temperatures and duration were found to affect the resistivity of the films. The Sn concentration in the film was found to influence its electrical properties such as carrier density and resistivity.
Major venous injuries and bullet wounds

Abstract A review of the reported incidence, management and results of treatment of major vein injuries is presented and a brief account given of the mechanism of vascular damage by high-velocity bullet wounds. This paper reports 3 cases of isolated major venous injury caused by high-velocity bullets. Repair was performed in each case. Two patients survived with a good shortterm clinical result. The third patient died during operation. The advantages of repairing injured veins are discussed.
Quality‐of‐life and surgical treatments for rectal cancer—a longitudinal analysis using the California Cancer Registry

Background—Heterogeneous results for research investigating health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients undergoing sphincter-ablating procedures for rectal cancer are likely due to single institution experiences and measurement of HRQL. To address this heterogeneity, we evaluated HRQL in patients with rectal cancer by type of surgery, location of tumor and receipt of adjuvant therapy using an HRQL instrument that has not been used to address rectal cancer patients in a population-based sample over time. Methods—The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal instrument (FACT-C) instrument was administered at 9 and 19 months after diagnosis to a consecutive sample of 160 patients in Northern California identified by the California Cancer Registry. A broad multidimensional interpretation of HRQL was used to examine the impact of tumor location and treatment status, stage of disease, age and gender. Results—In general, men had lower social well-being scores and younger patients had lower physical and emotional well-being scores and colorectal concerns scores. We found no differences in HRQL by either tumor location or type of surgery, at either 9 or 19 months after diagnosis. Lower physical well-being and greater adverse colorectal concerns were reported at 9 months
Serum complement abnormalities in the antinuclear antibody‐positive relatives of children with systemic lupus erythematosus

Serum C3, C4 and total hemolytic complement (CH50) levels were measured for 21 children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 81 first degree relatives. The mean serum C4 and CH50 levels of the 12 relatives with antinuclear antibodies (ANA( were depressed to levels equal to those of the index cases. A similar depression was not found for C3, nor was there a depression of C3, C4, or CH50 in the relatives without ANA. If preexistent depression of C4 levels can be documented in the ANA-positive relatives of index cases, it may provide an explanation for the inherited predisposition to SLE in some families.
High-dose insulin: A consecutive case series in toxin-induced cardiogenic shock

Context. Cardiovascular medication overdoses can be difficult to treat. Various treatment modalities are currently recommended. Objective. To describe patient outcomes and adverse events of high-dose insulin therapy in consecutive overdose patients in cardiogenic shock after implementation of a high-dose insulin protocol (1–10 U/kg/h, while avoiding or tapering off vasopressors). Methods. This is an observational consecutive case series of patients identified from a registry. Data were collected by retrospective chart review of patients treated by our toxicology service with this protocol from February 2007 until March 2010. Results. Twelve patients were treated with high-dose insulin. The mean age was 36.5 years (SD 11.7). Seven patients had pre-existing vasopressor therapy, and all were tapered off vasopressors while on insulin. Two patients experienced pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest prior to high-dose insulin therapy. Intravenous fat emulsion was given to two patients. The mean maximum in...
A temperature-induced transition in mitochondrial oxidation: Contrasts between cold and warm-blooded animals

Abstract 1. 1. Arrhenius plots for succinate oxidation by mitochondria from homeothermic animals indicate a phase change at approximately 23°C with an increased activation energy below this transition temperature. 2. 2. Similar plots for poikilotherms are continuous and linear with no change in activation energy over the entire range from 4–30°C. 3. 3. These results are suggested to be related to a direct response to temperature causing a configurational change of the membrane associated enzyme proteins induced by a phase change in the membrane lipids in homeotherms not observed in poikilotherms.
Development of Hydrogen Sulfide-Based Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease

The physiological role of the gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) was first realized in the mid-1990s with the work of Abe and Kimura. Since then, it has become evident that this endogenous gas is extremely important in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Several biotechnology companies have developed and are developing H(2)S-based therapeutic compounds, and there are ongoing clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of H(2)S. Several organic and chemical compounds that are known H(2)S donors have the potential to be developed into effective H(2)S-based therapeutic agents. This review will provide a historical and current perspective on the role(s) of H(2)S in the cardiovascular system and the current state of development and future outlook of H(2)S-based therapies for cardiovascular disease.
Promoting community-based bird monitoring in the tropics: Conservation, research, environmental education, capacity-building, and local incomes

Abstract Long-term, locally-based biodiversity monitoring programs are essential for understanding and mitigating the effects of global change on tropical biodiversity while providing capacity-building, environmental education, and public outreach. However, these programs are lacking in most tropical countries. Birds are the best-known major group of organism, comprise excellent environmental indicators, are relatively easy to monitor, and are met with enthusiasm and interest by people worldwide. Bird monitoring programs using mist nets and bird banding (ringing) are especially valuable, as these well-established techniques enable the use of capture-mark-recapture (CMR) models to measure population change and other demographic parameters. Equally important for conservation, the ability to capture and release birds makes it possible to provide hands-on ornithological training and educational activities to students, conservationists, villagers, decision-makers, journalists, and other local people. Bird banding programs provide local jobs for research assistants, who often go on to productive careers in conservation, education, research, or ecotourism. Long-term bird banding stations also provide the nuclei, infrastructure, and staff for monitoring, education, and conservation programs focused on other taxa. As successful examples from Costa Rica and Ethiopia show, bird monitoring programs that integrate conservation, ecological research, environmental education, capacity-building, and income generation are cost-effective tools to achieve the goals of community-based biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction in the developing world. Therefore, locally-based and long-term bird monitoring programs should be encouraged, established, and funded throughout the tropics.
Risk Factors Associated with Developing Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Among Enrollees in a United States Managed Care Plan

Purpose To determine risk factors associated with development of a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) among a large group of managed-care plan beneficiaries in the United States. Design Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study. Participants All beneficiaries age ≥55 years continuously enrolled for ≥2 years in a managed care network from 2001–2009 who had ≥2 visits to an eye care provider. Methods Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified sociodemographic factors, ocular and nonocular conditions associated with incident BRVO. Main Outcome Measures Hazard of incident BRVO with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Of the 492 488 enrollees who met inclusion criteria, 2283 (0.5%) developed incident BRVO. After adjustment for confounding factors, blacks (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.43; CI, 1.19–1.73; P = 0.0001) had a 43% increased hazard of BRVO relative to non-Hispanic whites. Enrollees with hypertension (HTN) alone (aHR, 1.78; CI, 1.36–2.32; P P = 0.005) had an increased hazard of developing a BRVO compared with those with none of these conditions. Disease severity was important; enrollees with end-organ damage caused by HTN had a 107% increased hazard of developing BRVO compared with enrollees without HTN (aHR, 2.07; CI, 1.75–2.45; P P = 0.2), individuals with end-organ damage from DM had a 36% increased hazard of BRVO (aHR, 1.36; CI, 1.18–1.57; P P P > 0.10 for all comparisons). Conclusions Both HTN and end-organ damage from DM contribute to arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction, which seem to be major risk factors for BRVO. Ophthalmologists should emphasize to patients and their primary physicians the importance of effectively managing systemic medical conditions associated with BRVO.
Anabolic Steroid Induced Hypogonadism in Young Men

Purpose: The use of anabolic androgenic steroids has not been traditionally discussed in mainstream medicine. With the increased diagnosis of hypogonadism a heterogeneous population of men is now being evaluated. In this larger patient population the existence of anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism, whether transient or permanent, should now be considered.Materials and Methods: We performed an initial retrospective database analysis of all 6,033 patients who sought treatment for hypogonadism from 2005 to 2010. An anonymous survey was subsequently distributed in 2012 to established patients undergoing testosterone replacement therapy.Results: Profound hypogonadism, defined as testosterone 50 ng/dl or less, was identified in 97 men (1.6%) in the large retrospective cohort initially reviewed. The most common etiology was prior anabolic androgenic steroid exposure, which was identified in 42 men (43%). Because of this surprising data, we performed an anonymous followup survey of our current hypogonadal popu...
Effects of Systemic Indomethacin, Meclizine, and BW755C on Chronic Ultraviolet B–Induced Effects in Hairless Mouse Skin

Abstract Chronic exposure of hairless mice to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is associated with inflammation as well as an altered macromolecular composition of the dermis. This study was designed to determine whether or not various systemic anti-inflammatory agents inhibit chronic UVB-induced changes in the macromolecular content of the dermis and, if so, whether each agent had the same or different effects. The agents and doses were chosen for their ability to inhibit the changes induced by a single exposure to UVB radiation (increased vasopermeability, neutrophil accumulation, and skin-fold thickness). Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and meclizine, an H 1 histamine receptor antagonist, were administered from slow-release pellets. BW755C, a combined cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to UVB exposure. Animals were exposed to UVB three times per week for 20–26 weeks or were unirradiated. The elastin, glycosaminoglycan and collagen content of the skin were determined by measuring the desmosine, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline levels, respectively. The amount of each macromolecule per area of skin increased after chronic UVB exposure. The increase in desmosine was inhibited by indomethacin; the increase in hydroxyproline was inhibited by meclizine and BW755C. None of the agents inhibited the uronic acid increase. These results suggest that chronic inflammation contributes to the dermal changes seen in chronically UVB-exposed skin and that different inflammatory mediators are involved in the increases observed in elastin, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen.
Elastic and magnetoelastic effects in rare earth metals

Abstract The elastic and magnetoelastic properties of Gd, Tb, Dy and Ho are described as a function of temperature and magnetic field in the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. It was found that the longitudinal sound velocity along the c-axis exhibits an H2 field dependence in the paramagnetic state. In the ferromagnetic region it was found that Gd, Dy and Tb exhibited several competing magnetoelastic effects for shear sound waves propagating along the c-axis. A qualitative explanation of these effects is presented.
The justice model in historical context: Early law, the emergence of science, and the rise of incarceration

Abstract During the last decade, a variety of criminal justice system reforms have been implemented in the United States. A number of these reforms appear to be associated with the justice model of punishment. This model purports to solve several of the major problems which beset the antecedent rehabilitative model. The analysis presented in this article attempts to relate the justice model to early legal codes, the emergence of scientific enterprise, and the shift to incarcerative punishment. More specifically, the discussion suggests that the new quantification of punishment represented by the justice model reflects the influence of these three historical predecessors. The implications of the analysis for future penal policy based upon the justice model are considered.
When cultures collide: the challenge of global integration

The past two decades have been characterized as a time of merger mania. Unprecedented numbers of consolidations have occurred. Paradoxically these mergers have typically failed to achieve the targeted results. From a general point of view, the financial track record of recent mergers is, in fact, abysmal. It appears that the proposed efficiencies of scale often do not materialize. Yet, the merger frenzy continues. Globalization is a contributing factor. However, the cultural, political, psychological and geographical hurdles of cross‐cultural integration are enormous. This article explores the challenge of global integration by examining the much‐publicized DaimlerChrysler merger. The authors discuss innovative integration strategies and present a set of quantum skills that can be used to neutralize cross‐cultural barriers, thus enabling global leaders to create high performance organizations.
Novel fluorinated polymers for application in 193-nm lithography and 193-nm immersion lithography

Recently, many fluorine compounds are used widely in photolithography. We synthesized some novel fluorinated polymers for application in 193-nm lithography and 193-nm immersion lithography. Their fundamental properties were characterized, such as transparency at 193-nm (wavelength) and solubility in water and a standard alkaline developer. High transparency, i.e., absorbance better than 0.2 pm-' at 193-nm wavelength, was achieved. The dissolution behaviors of them were studied by using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) method. Several polymers dissolved in water and showed high transparency and a low refractive index by a wavelength of 193-nm. These results show that their polymers were able to apply to top anti reflective coating (TARC). The dissolution rates of the fluoropolymers in water and a 0.262N can be controlled by optimizing counter monomers containing hexafluoroisopropanol (HFA) unit, carboxylic acid unit and so on. In addition, we have collect water contact angle and sliding angle data. This data shows that fluoropolymers can be used as top-coats for 193-nm immersion lithography resists.
Synthesizing Route Travel Time Distributions from Segment Travel Time Distributions

This paper examines a way to synthesize route travel time probability density functions (PDFs) on the basis of segment-level PDFs. Real-world data from I-5 in Sacramento, California, are employed. The first finding is that careful filtering is required to extract useful travel times from the raw data because trip times, not travel times, are observed (i.e., the movement of vehicles between locations). The second finding is that significant correlations exist between individual vehicle travel times for adjacent segments. Two analyses are done in this regard: one predicts downstream travel times on the basis of upstream travel times, and the second checks for correlations in travel times between upstream and downstream segments. The results of these analyses suggest that strong positive correlations exist. The third finding is that comonotonicity, or perfect positive dependence, can be assumed when route travel time PDFs are generated from segment PDFs. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests show that travel times synthe...
Velocity Distributions in Potassium and Thallium Atomic Beams

A high-resolution, high-intensity, spiral velocity selector has been designed for the study of the velocity distributions of the components of atomic and molecular beams. It has been found possible to design oven slits which closely approximate the ideal aperture of kinetic theory. An analysis has been made of the velocity distributions in beams of potassium and thallium over a range of velocity from 0.3 to 2.5 times the most probable velocity in the oven. The agreement between the observed distribution and that deduced, on the basis of the assumptions that the distribution in the oven is Maxwellian and that the aperture is ideal, is very good.
Divergent properties of two human lymphocytic cell lines isolated from a single specimen of peripheral blood.

Two lymphocytic cell lines were obtained from a single specimen of peripheral blood buffy coat from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who concurrently developed classical infectious mononucleosis. These two cell lines exhibit distinguishing differences in culture in parallel with reviously described differences in the cells when implanted into eonatal Syrian hamsters. These observations suggest that the cell lines were derived from two pre-existing different classes or “stelines” of cells—one of which resembles other cell lines derived from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, whereas the other resembles cell lines derived from other, patients with infecttious mononucleosis.
The adsorption behavior of polymer mixtures

The interfacial behavior of several mixtures of incompatible polymers has been examined at 24°C using finely divided silica as the adsorbent and trichloroethylene as the solvent. Displacement experiments have shown that poly (ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA) (20.4% by wt. vinyl acetate) completely displaces polystyrene (PS) from silica within 1 hr. while poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) displaces ethyl cellulose (EC) within 3 hrs. A given EVA copolymer displaces one of lower vinyl acetate content; EVA (44.2% vinyl acetate) is displaced by EC. EC tends to displace poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), but the process is slow and incomplete. The fraction of adsorbed polymer segments attached directly to silica, as determined by infrared spectroscopy, can be correlated with the displacement results. Experiments with PS/PVAc, PS/PMMA, and polydimethylsiloxane/EVA (20.4% vinyl acetate) mixtures have shown that adsorbance values of the preferentially adsorbed PVAc, PMMA, and EVA are increased by the second polymer, when polymer concentrations which cause phase separation are approached. Increases in adsorbance are accompanied by lower infrared bound fraction values, implying formation of a more extended adsorbed layer.
Affordable Health Insurance for All Is Possible by Means of a Pragmatic Approach

America can attain affordable health insurance coverage for all by using a pragmatic approach. Such an effort must accommodate the realities of the American health care system and resist the temptation to propose radical restructuring. The congressional strategy for universal health care described here was developed by the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. It builds on the strengths of the current pluralistic system by combining the benefits of public health plans such as Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program with a more competitive and affordable private insurance market. The health care system has reached a crisis point. Allowing the status quo to continue courts certain disaster.
Scale Changes and Impacts on Factorial Ecology Structures

Only in the past few years has any attention been directed toward oblique rotations and higher-order analysis in factor analytic research. This paper focuses upon the utility of higher-order analysis by comparing factorial-ecology results for a single set of variables over two differing systems of observational units covering the same area. The necessity for higher-order analysis is demonstrated for sub communities, but not for census tracts. Interpretations of underlying structural configurations from higher-order analysis lead to different perspectives than from lower-order findings. Implications of the results are then related to issues of areal aggregation and structural change.