cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic study of aldoxorubicin in patients with solid tumors.

Introduction Aldoxorubicin, a prodrug of doxorubicin, binds covalently to serum albumin in the bloodstream and accumulates in tumors. Aldoxorubicin can be administered at doses several-fold higher than doxorubicin can, without associated acute cardiotoxicity. Purpose This study fully evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of aldoxorubicin (serum and urine). Methods Eighteen patients with advanced solid tumors received aldoxorubicin 230 or 350 mg/m2 (equivalent in drug load to doxorubicin at doses of 170 or 260 mg/m2, respectively) once every 21 days. Blood samples were taken in cycle 1 before aldoxorubicin infusion, and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h after infusion. Urine samples were taken in cycle 1 at 24, 48, and 72 h after infusion. Limited blood sampling was done in cycle 3, before aldoxorubicin infusion, and at 60 min and at 2, 4, and 8 h after infusion. Results The long mean half-life (20.1–21.1 h), narrow mean volume of distribution (3.96–4.08 L/m2), and slow mean clearance rate (0.136–0.152 L/h/m2) suggest that aldoxorubicin is stable in circulation and does not accumulate readily in body compartments outside of the bloodstream. Very little doxorubicin and its major metabolite doxorubicinol, which has been implicated in doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity, are excreted in urine. This might explain the lack of cardiotoxicity observed thus far with aldoxorubicin. Conclusions Our findings support dosing and administration schemas used in an ongoing phase 3 clinical study of aldoxorubicin in soft tissue sarcoma, and phase 2 clinical studies in small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Using Microsoft Excel to Generate Usage Statistics

At the Libraries Service Center, statistics are generated on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by using four Microsoft Excel workbooks. These statistics provide information about what materials are being requested and by whom. They also give details about why certain requests may not have been filled. Utilizing Excel allows for a shallower learning curve than pulling information from an integrated library system and also allows for a library to personalize the statistics for their own measures.
Advances in Sequential Bayesian Work Sampling

Abstract Sequential Bayesian work sampling has been previously shown to be both more efficient and more adaptable than traditional methods of work sampling. However, a few deficiencies of the Bayesian approach remained. The advances to that methodology shown here greatly reduce or eliminate those deficiencies. These advances include beta parameter maps, confidence subinterval estimation in closed form, preposterior analysis, estimation methods for remaining sample sizes, and other aids to the management of Bayesian work-sampling studies.
Mice expressing the human CYP7A1 gene in the mouse CYP7A1 knock-out background lack induction of CYP7A1 expression by cholesterol feeding and have increased hypercholesterolemia when fed a high fat diet.

Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the pathway responsible for the formation of the majority of bile acids. Transcription of the gene is regulated by the size of the bile acid pool and dietary and hormonal factors. The farnesoid X receptor and the liver X receptor (LXR) are responsible for regulation by bile acids and cholesterol, respectively. To study the effects of dietary cholesterol and fat upon expression of the human CYP7A1 gene, mice were generated by crossing transgenic mice carrying the humanCYP7A1 gene with mice that were homozygous knock-outs (CYP7A1−/−). The mice (mCYP7A1−/−/hCYP7A1) expressed the human gene at much higher levels than did the transgenics bred in the wild-type background. A diet containing 1% cholic acid reduced the expression of the human gene in mCYP7A1−/−/hCYP7A1 mice to undetectable levels. Cholestyramine (5%) increased the level of expression of the human gene and the mouse gene. Thus, farnesoid X receptor-mediated regulation was preserved. A diet containing 2% cholesterol increased expression of the mouse gene in wild-type mice, but it did not affect expression of the human gene in mCYP7A1−/−/hCYP7A1 mice. None of the diets altered the serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels in these mice; 1% cholic acid caused a redistribution of cholesterol from the high density lipoprotein to the low density lipoprotein density in the humanized mice but not in wild-type mice. A diet containing 30% saturated fat and 2% cholesterol caused a decrease in CYP7A1 levels in mCYP7A1−/−/hCYP7A1 mice. The serum cholesterol levels rose in all mice fed this diet. The increase was greater in the mCYP7A1−/−/hCYP7A1 mice. Together, these data suggest that the lack of an LXR element in the region from −56 to −49 of the human CYP7A1 promoter may account for some of the differences in response to diets between humans and rodents.
Expression patterns of novel genes during mouse preimplantation embryogenesis

Little is known about the repertoire of genes expressed following zygotic gene activation, which occurs during the two-cell stage in the mouse. As an initial attempt to isolate novel genes, we used previously prepared two-cell and two-cell subtraction cDNA libraries (Rothstein et al., Genes Dev 6:1190–1201, 1992) to isolate a panel of seven cDNA clones. Three cDNA had no match in the current DNA sequence data banks and three others revealed sequence homology to portions of sequences in the data banks. One cDNA was 90% homologous to the ras-related gene Krev/rap 1A. The temporal patterns of expression of these genes during oocyte maturation and preimplantation development were analyzed by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed to measure relative levels of mRNAs. Three distinct temporal patterns of expression, designated Classes 1–3, were found. The two Class 1 genes displayed an actin-like pattern, with a gradual decline in expression during oocyte maturation and through the two-cell stage, followed by increases at the eight-cell and/or blastocyst stages. The four genes in Class 2 were expressed at relatively high levels during oocyte maturation and through the one-cell stage and then declined abruptly between the one- and two-cell stages; an increase then occurred at the eight-cell and/or blastocyst stages. The expression of the gene in Class 3 declined during oocyte maturation, but then showed a transient increase at the one-cell stage, with only a very slight increase in synthesis at either the eight-cell or blastocyst stage. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neuroadaptations involved in amphetamine and cocaine addiction.

Ž . Psychomotor stimulants or psychostimulants can be defined as drugs that elicit behavioral activation at doses typically employed for therapeutic or recreatioŽ . nal purposes O’Brien et al., 1992 . Amphetamine-like drugs comprise a subclass of psychostimulants that share with amphetamine a molecular site of action at monoamine transporters, in particular the dopamine Ž . transporter DAT . This subclass includes a few of the most familiar drugs of abuse, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine. Addiction to these drugs continues to be a serious public health problem in the United States, as well as in other countries throughout the world. Although amphetamine and cocaine share the ability to bind to the three major monoamine transporters, Ž . Ž dopamine DA , serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine or . Ž . 5-HT and norepinephrine NE , it is the actions at DATs that are most central to both the motor activatŽ . ing and reinforcing rewarding properties of these psychostimulants. Indeed, recent studies have shown that mice lacking the DAT as a result of gene targetŽ . ing knockout mice fail to exhibit hyperactivity in Ž response to cocaine or amphetamine Giros et al., . 1996 . This does not imply that actions at 5-HT and NE transporters do not help shape the profile of motor or drug-seeking behavior. However, years of studies with selective ligands for NE and 5-HT transporters, many of which are effective antidepressant medications, have demonstrated that such drugs lack the ability to maintain self-administration behavior in animals or to produce euphoria in humans,
Methods of improving settling of industrial pigment slurries

An experimental study on improvement of settling of three industrial pigment slurries, with trade names chrome yellow, molybdate orange and semi-blacktone iron blue is reported. Three methods for improvement were employed. Additions of common surfactants did not improve settling rate of any slurry. Additions of a flocculating agent with trade name Hercofloc 825.2, on the other hand, improved the settling rates of all three slurries very significantly. Settling of chrome yellow slurries was increased a phenomenally one hundred fold by additions of Hercofloc 825.2. The exposure of the slurries to low frequency (540 kHz and 765 kHz) ultrasonic radiation increased the settling rate as high as six to seven fold. The effects of ultrasonic radiation on the settling of iron blue slurry of various solids concentration, and initial slurry height were investigated. Exposure of the slurry to ultrasonic radiation appears to be a viable and practical method for improving settling of industrial pigment slurries. On decrit une etude experimentale faite en vue d'ameliorer la sedimentation dans le cas de trois suspensions de pigments industriels (avec mention des noms commerciaux): le jaune de chrome (chrome yellow), l'orange de molybdate (molybdate orange) et le bleu de fer a demi-teinte noire (semi-blacktone iron blue). On a employe trois methodes d'amelioration: l'addition des agents tensio-actifs ordinaires n'a pas accru les taux de sedimentation des trois suspensions; par contre, l'addition de l'agent de floculation “Hercofloc 825.2” a ameliore d'une maniere importante les taux de sedimentation des trois suspensions; enfin, l'addition du produit “Hercofloc 825.2” a produit une augmentation phenomenale de 100 fois dans le cas des taux de sedimentation des suspensions de jaune chrome. L'exposition des suspensions a des radiations ultrasoniques de faible frequence (540 et 765KHz) a accru les taux de sedimentation d'une valeur allant jusqu'a 6 ou 7 fois. On a etudie les effets des radiations ultrasoniques sur la sedimentation de suspensions de bleu de fer (possedant des teneurs differentes en matieres solides) ainsi que les hauteurs initiales des suspensions. L'exposition des suspensions aux radiations ultrasoniques s'est averee une methode viable et pratique pour ameliorer la sedimentation des suspensions de pigments industriels.
Temperature-dependent phase behavior and protein partitioning in giant plasma membrane vesicles

Liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phase coexistence has been suggested to partition the plasma membrane of biological cells into lateral compartments, allowing for enrichment or depletion of functionally relevant molecules. This dynamic partitioning might be involved in fine-tuning cellular signaling fidelity through coupling to the plasma membrane protein and lipid composition. In earlier work, giant plasma membrane vesicles, obtained by chemically induced blebbing from cultured cells, were observed to reversibly phase segregate at temperatures significantly below 37 degrees C. In this contribution, we compare the temperature dependence of fluid phase segregation in HeLa and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. We find an essentially monotonic temperature dependence of the number of phase-separated vesicles in both cell types. We also observe a strikingly broad distribution of phase transition temperatures in both cell types. The binding of peripheral proteins, such as cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), as well as Annexin V, is observed to modulate phase transition temperatures, indicating that peripheral protein binding may be a regulator for lateral heterogeneity in vivo. The partitioning of numerous signal protein anchors and full length proteins is investigated. We find Lo phase partitioning for several proteins assumed in the literature to be membrane raft associated, but observe deviations from this expectation for other proteins, including caveolin-1.
The role of CO2 enrichment of aerating gas in the growth of an estuarine diatom

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal clone 3H was studied at three light intensity levels and two oxygen concentrations. Algal cultures were grown in an enriched artificial seawater medium under constant illumination in 500 ml gas wash bottles. Population density, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen were measured periodically during exponential growth. Growth rate did not increase as the CO2 concentration was elevated above 16.0 μmole/l. Freshly inoculated algal cultures did not grow in an organic carbon-free medium bubbled with CO2 -free air. The kinetics of inorganic carbon mobilization including concentrations, reaction rates, and CO2 transport, generation and uptake are analyzed.
Effect of hyperammonemia on brain amino acids in young and adult ferrets

Effects of arginine deficiency and hyperammonemia on the brain concentrations of amino acids and urea cycle enzyme activities in young and adult ferrets were investigated. Only young ferrets developed hyperammonemia and encephalopathy immediately after consuming the arginine-free diet. Brain ornithine and citrulline concentrations in young ferrets fed arginine containing diet were significantly lower than those in adult ferrets. Compared to rats and other animals, young and adult ferrets had lower concentrations of brain glutamic acid and glutamine. Unlike in other species, brain glutamine was not elevated in young, hyperammonemic ferrets. Brain arginase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased in young ferrets fed arginine-free diet. Young ferrets provide a useful animal model for investigating the neurotoxicity of acute hyperammonemia.
Measurement of Emission Lifetime Dynamics and Biexciton Emission Quantum Yield of Individual InAs Colloidal Nanocrystals

The understanding of the photophysics of visible-emitting colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) has long been aided by single-molecule studies of their emission. Until recently, no suitable detection technologies have existed for corresponding studies of shortwave-infrared (SWIR) emitters. Now, the use of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) enables the detailed study of SWIR NC emission dynamics at the single-emitter level. Here, we report a detailed analysis of the emission dynamics of individual InAs/CdZnS NCs emitting in the SWIR region. We observe blinking akin to the type A and type B blinking previously observed in visible-emitting CdSe NCs. We determine the intrinsic radiative lifetime of several InAs/CdZnS NCs and find examples ranging from 50–200 ns, indicative of a quasi-type-II electronic structure. We also measure g0(2) for several of these NCs and find that their biexciton emission quantum yields vary from <1% up to 43%.
IMPROVED ACCEPTANCE AND SHELF LIFE OF FROZEN MINCED FISH WITH SHRIMP

Earlier studies indicated that the incorporation of shrimp (Pundulus jordani) in a fish-shrimp portion increased the shelf life of machine-separated fish muscle. This investigation was initiated to determine if shrimp could reduce the undesirable changes known to occur during frozen storage in one particular species of rockfish (Sebasfes melunops). After mixing different ratios of shrimp with minced fish muscle, the portions were frozen at — 34°C for 2 hr, packed loosely in polyethylene bags and held at —18°C until analyzed. The all-fish portion was found to be unacceptable after 11 wk of frozen storage. Increasing the amount of shrimp in the portion markedly improved the acceptability and shelf-life stability of the minced fish. This was directly related to the decreased formation of malonaldehyde and peroxides. The beneficial effects of incorporating shrimp with minced fish was attributed to substance(s) extractable in ethanol that exhibited antioxidant properties.
Breast magnetic resonance image screening and ductal lavage in women at high genetic risk for breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Intensive screening is an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy in women at high risk for developing breast carcinoma. The current article reports preliminary results from a screening protocol using high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ductal lavage (DL), clinical breast examination, and mammography to identify early malignancy and high-risk lesions in women at increased genetic risk of breast carcinoma. METHODS Women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or women with a > 10% risk of developing breast carcinoma at 10 years, as estimated by the Claus model, were eligible. Patients were accrued from September 2001 to May 2003. Enrolled patients underwent biannual clinical breast examinations and annual mammography, breast MRI, and DL. RESULTS Forty-one women underwent an initial screen. Fifteen of 41 enrolled women (36.6%) either had undergone previous bilateral oophorectomy and/or were on tamoxifen at the time of the initial screen. One patient who was a BRCA1 carrier had high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) that was screen detected by MRI but that was missed on mammography. High-risk lesions that were screen detected by MRI in three women included radial scars and atypical lobular hyperplasia. DL detected seven women with cellular atypia, including one woman who had a normal MRI and mammogram. CONCLUSIONS Breast MRI identified high-grade DCIS and high-risk lesions that were missed by mammography. DL detected cytologic atypia in a high-risk cohort. A larger screening trial is needed to determine which subgroups of high-risk women will benefit and whether the identification of malignant and high-risk lesions at an early stage will impact breast carcinoma incidence and mortality. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis and modification of new biodegradable copolymers: Serine/glycolic acid based copolymers

Serine/glycolic acid-based biodegradable polymers have been prepared by ring-opening homopolymerization of 3-(O-benzyl)-L -serinylmorpholine-2,5-dione, and ring-opening copolymerization of the morpholine-2,5-dione derivative and L -lactide/ϵ-caprolactone. The homopolymerization was carried out in the melt at 165°C for 3 min using stannous octanoate as the initiator and continued at lower reaction temperatures (130–150°C) for 48 h, using a molar ratio of monomer and initiator of 1000 yielded a polymer of Mn = 4000. The polymer prepared by homopolymerization of the morpholine-2,5-dione derivative was composed of alternating protected serine and glycolic acid residues. Random copolymers of serine and glycolic acid and L -lactic acid/ϵ-caprolactone were synthesized by copolymerization reaction of 3-(O-benzyl)-L -serinylmorpholine-2,5-dione and lactide or ϵ-caprolactone in the melt at 165°C for 3 min and further reaction at 130°C using stannous octanoate as an initiator. The polymers were deprotected and functionalized through the side chain hydroxyl group of serine residues with an acrylate moiety for applications in injectable drug delivery, cell encapsulation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1901–1907, 1997
Year-to-year changes in effective renal plasma flow in asymptomatic spinal cord injury patients

Abstract Year-to-year variations in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) measurements were determined in 78 patients with spinal cord injury who had no urologic complications or surgery or bouts of chills and fever between consecutive annual follow-up examinations. The effects of age, gender, level and degree of lesion, and time since injury on the degree of variability were also determined. None of the factors considered had a statistically significant effect (P 0.05) on year-to-year variations in ERPF. About 90 per cent of the individual kidney ERPF measurements were within 100 ml/min of the measurement made in the previous year, and 90 per cent of the total ERPF measurements were within 175 ml/min of the previous year's measurement. Follow-up of patients whose year-to-year variability exceeded these limits showed that most subsequently regressed toward the mean spontaneously. These data suggest that kidney blood flow varies considerably from year to year in otherwise healthy patients with spinal cord injury and that changes of 100 ml/min or more for an individual kidney or 175 ml/min or more for both kidneys together are common, but probably of little clinical significance, provided the absolute levels of ERPF remain within normal limits.
Small Signal Frequency Response of laser diodes using a femtosectond frequency comb

A novel method to measure the optical modulation response of laser diodes that uses as the modulation source the output of a femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is described. The femtosecond OPO generates a train of ~ 150 fs pulses tunable between 1.03 and 1.35 μm with an average power of 12 mW at a repetition rate of 81 MHz. With such a narrow pulse a rich frequency spectrum of flat intensity distribution that easily surpasses the 2000 GHz 3 dB-bandwidth is obtained. To perform modulation response measurements the OPO is selectively tuned to modulate the carrier population in either the well or separate confinement region of the laser diode. Modulation traces obtained with this method in 1.3 μm InAsP lasers are presented and compared with those obtained from electrical modulation at the same operating conditions.
Global geodesy using GPS without fiducial sites

Baseline lengths and geocentric radii have been determined from GPS data without the use of fiducial sites. Data from the first GPS experiment for the IERS and Geodynamics (GIG '91) have been analyzed with a no-fiducial strategy. A baseline length daily repeatability of 2 mm + 4 parts per billion was obtained for baselines in the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of baseline lengths from GPS and the global VLBI solution GLB659 (Caprette et al. 1990) show rms agreement of 2.1 parts per billion. The geocentric radius mean daily repeatability for all sites was 15 cm. Comparison of geocentric radii from GPS and SV5 (Murray et al. 1990) show rms agreement of 3.8 cm. Given n globally distributed stations, the n(n - 1)/2 baseline lengths and n geocentric radii uniquely define a rigid closed polyhedron with a well-defined center of mass. Geodetic information can be obtained by examining the structure of the polyhedron and its change with time.
Errors in short-term memory for number values

The effects of number values are explored in a pairing task which requires the maintenance of a running span. Performance improved over three trials, the final span reaching 7.6 items. Errors were classified as mistakes, failures, or repeats. As number values increased, the corresponding failure errors rose and fell, simulating a “serial position” curve, although repeat errors increased linearly, in conformity with earlier findings. The apparent divergence is ascribed to a differential involvement of recall and recognition processes. Both cases demonstrate the importance of number values in determining the efficiency of short-term storage.
A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl1 -linked candidate oncogene

We have previously identified a candidate oncogene (PRAD1 or D11S287E) on chromosome 11q13 which is clonally rearranged with the parathyroid hormone locus in a subset of benign parathyroid tumours. We now report that a cloned human placental PRAD1 complementary DNA encodes a protein of 295 amino acids with sequence similarities to the cyclins. Cyclins can form a complex with and activate p34cdc2 protein kinase, thereby regulating progress through the cell cycle. PRAD 1 messenger RNA levels vary dramatically across the cell cycle in HeLa cells. Addition of the PRAD1 protein to interphase clam embryo lysates containing inactive p34cdc2 kinase and lacking endogenous cyclins allows it to be isolated using beads bearing p13suc1, a yeast protein that binds cdc2 and related kinases with high affinity and coprecipitates kinase-associated proteins. Addition of PRAD1 also induces phosphorylation of histone H1, a preferred substrate of cdc2. These data suggest that PRAD1 encodes a novel cyclin whose overexpression may play an important part in the development of various tumours with abnormalities in 11q13.
Saving for Retirement: Understanding the Importance of Heterogeneity

A large number of households spend much of their working lives not engaged in saving for retirement, in contrast to the basic proposition that motivates the lifecycle model of consumption. This article discusses the relationship between this observed savings behavior and three specific areas of heterogeneity in the household consumption problem: budget constraints, savings motives, and preferences. Using the Surveys of Consumer Finances, the article shows that saving for liquidity (precautionary motives) and saving for specific purchases (like housing and education) compete with saving for retirement and may explain why the median household approaches the last years of its working life with only a year's worth of income in financial assets. Another part of the explanation is shown to be high discount rates or rates of time preference, which cause households to engage in “buffer-stock” saving over the earliest years of their working lives. Heterogeneity in motives and preferences for saving present a challenge to financial professionals and policy makers who hope to encourage more people to save actively for retirement.
Characterization of DNA damage-dependent cell cycle checkpoints in a menin-deficient model

Abstract MEN1 , the gene responsible for the cancer predisposition syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type I, has been implicated in DNA repair, cell cycle control, and transcriptional regulation. It is unclear to what degree these processes are integrated into a single encompassing function in normal cellular physiology and how deficiency of the MEN1 -encoded protein, “menin”, contributes to cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we found that loss of Men1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts caused abrogation of the G1/S and intra-S checkpoints following ionizing radiation. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, failed to be upregulated in the mutant although upstream checkpoint signaling remained intact. Menin localized to the p21 promoter in a DNA damage-dependent manner. The MLL histone methyltransferase, a positive transcriptional regulator, bound to the same region in the presence of menin but not in Men1 −/− cells. Finally, p53 retained damage-responsive binding to the p21 promoter in the Men1 mutant. These data indicate that menin participates in the checkpoint response in a transcriptional capacity, upregulating the DNA damage-responsive target p21.
Experimental pressure solution in halite: the effect of grain/interphase boundary structure

To investigate the mechanisms and kinetics of pressure solution, we measured deformation at contacts between polished convex lenses of halite and polished flat lenses of either halite or fused silica in saturated brine at 50.2 ± 0.2°C and fluid pressures of 0.1 MPa. Loads, applied using small springs, ranged from 0.1–4.2 N; mean effective normal stresses within the contact zone ranged from 1–14 MPa. The geometry and diametric growth rate of the contact spot (neck growth) and the rate at which the lenses approached one another (convergence) were monitored during deformation using transmitted and reflected light photomicrography. Time-dependent convergence did not occur at measurable rates when two halite lenses were pressed together in saturated brine but did occur when halite and fused silica lenses were pressed together in brine. Convergence rates in the halite/silica experiments were 0.01–0.05 μm/day. Although the initial deformation during loading involved elastic and plastic processes, control experiments without brine showed no time-dependent convergence, indicating that dislocation creep did not contribute to the observed rates. No undercutting or cataclasis was observed in any experiments. Residual fluid inclusions were formed along grain boundaries between two halite lenses loaded in brine, indicating non-zero wetting angles.
Shortest periodic billiard trajectories in convex bodies

We show that the length of any periodic billiard trajectory in any convex body \( K \subset \mathbf{R}^n \) is always at least 4 times the inradius of K; the equality holds precisely when the width of K is twice its inradius, e.g., K is centrally symmetric, in which case we prove that the shortest periodic trajectories are all bouncing ball (2-link) orbits.
Severity of Victimization and Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders among Substance Using Adolescents.

Background Co-occurring mental health disorders are widespread among substance using adolescents. Severity of victimization may be an important factor in explaining co-occurrence of mental health problems among adolescents with substance misuse problems.
Determination of the Location and Connectivity of Fractures in Metamorphic Rock with In‐Hole Tracersa

In-hole tracer tests were used in a geohydrologic investigation of metamorphic rock at the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina, to locate water-transmitting fractures and to determine the connectivity of these fractures between boreholes. Only after development of a conceptual model of the fracture occurrence and connection could the proper methods of analysis for the hydraulic parameters be selected. In-hole tracers were used to locate fractures in a borehole and supplemented other methods, such as core inspection, geophysical logs, borehole wall imaging techniques, dry drilling, and packer tests. The first three of these do not necessarily investigate fluid-transmitting fractures. In the study of the connectivity of fractures between boreholes, the in-hole tracer techniques supplemented determinations by the rapidity of hydraulic response and the use of between-well tracer tests. In hydraulically transmissive rock, fractures were located by changes in the velocity of the tracer pulse in response to adding fluid to the well. In virtually impermeable rock, the movement of the tracer pulse in the rock was normalized to the movement of another tracer pulse in the cased portion of the well because the movement was so slow that direct measurement was difficult. Connectivity of fractures between boreholes was determined by placing an in-hole tracer in one hole and measuring the movement
Comparing LP Bounds for Queueing Networks

We consider performance of open multiclass queueing networks under general scheduling policies. Two linear program (LP) performance bounds are compared, the achievable region method and the approximate linear program with quadratic approximation architecture. The latter is shown to give tighter upper and lower bounds.
Mucosal and dermal lesions seen in bacterial endocarditis: report of case.

Early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial endocarditis may depend on a dentist’s alertness to oral manifestations of the disease.
Energy Bands of PbTe, PbSe, and PbS

Because it is impossible to obtain first-principle crystal potentials of the lead salts with sufficient accuracy to calculate energy bands in agreement with experiment, we have developed a new pseudopotential containing only $2n+1$ adjustable parameters, where $n$ is the number of different atoms per unit cell. This pseudopotential contains all the important relativistic effects including spin-orbit interactions and yet requires only 5 parameters for the lead salts. We have chosen the parameters to fit the ordering of the six levels around the forbidden energy gap at the (\textonehalf{}\textonehalf{}\textonehalf{}) point on the Brillouin-zone face as well as two optically measured energy gaps presumed to be at the center of the zone. The energy bands obtained are in very good agreement with the rest of the optical data, the photoelectric data, and the pressure dependence of the forbidden gap. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between our calculated effective masses and $g$ values and the experimentally determined ones.
Measures of grandparental investment as a limiting factor in theoretical and empirical advancement

To refine our understanding of grandparental investment and its consequences, we need to understand what grandparents do for their grandchildren. Knowing the landscape of grandparental investment will facilitate a better understanding of the impact of grandparental investment on grandchildren and will allow inroads to be made in bridging the different levels of analysis.
Calculation of unsteady flows due to small motions of cylinders in a viscous fluid

The problem of small oscillations of a cylinder of general cross-section in a viscous fluid is formulated in terms of integral equations. Numerical solutions of the integral equation are presented for the special case of a ribbon of zero thickness.
Structure of the primary Hamiltonian constraints for a singular N-body Lagrangian

The structure of the primary Hamiltonian constraints is examined for a simple singular Lagrangian form (N interacting particles). The problem is a straightforward generalization of well-known two-particle cases.
Forward and spot exchange rates

Abstract There is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little if any power as forecasts of future spot exchange rates. There is less agreement on whether forward rates contain time varying premiums. Conditional on the hypothesis that the forward market is efficient or rational, this paper finds that both components of forward rates vary through time. Moreover, most of the variation in forward rates is variation in premium, and the premium and expected future spot rate components of forward rates are negatively correlated.
B12 cofactors directly stabilize an mRNA regulatory switch

The crystal structures of two different cobalamin (vitamin B12)-binding riboswitches are determined; the structures reveal how cobalamin facilitates interdomain interactions to regulate gene expression. Small metabolites and ligands can affect gene expression by binding to a structured part of an RNA known as a riboswitch. Although the structures of many riboswitch receptor domains have been solved, the complete riboswitch structure with regulatory domain had not been determined. Robert Batey and colleagues have now solved the structure of two different cobalamin (vitamin B12) riboswitches that include the downstream regulatory domain. Ligand recognition occurs largely as a result of shape complementarity, rather than the more typical hydrogen bonding. Structures of riboswitch receptor domains bound to their effector have shown how messenger RNAs recognize diverse small molecules, but mechanistic details linking the structures to the regulation of gene expression remain elusive1,2. To address this, here we solve crystal structures of two different classes of cobalamin (vitamin B12)-binding riboswitches that include the structural switch of the downstream regulatory domain. These classes share a common cobalamin-binding core, but use distinct peripheral extensions to recognize different B12 derivatives. In each case, recognition is accomplished through shape complementarity between the RNA and cobalamin, with relatively few hydrogen bonding interactions that typically govern RNA–small molecule recognition. We show that a composite cobalamin–RNA scaffold stabilizes an unusual long-range intramolecular kissing-loop interaction that controls mRNA expression. This is the first, to our knowledge, riboswitch crystal structure detailing how the receptor and regulatory domains communicate in a ligand-dependent fashion to regulate mRNA expression.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome : classifications, oral manifestations, and dental considerations

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the name given for 6 types of connective tissue disorders. While the prevalence of this disease is small, it is seen on every continent and affects both sexes and all races. The various types of EDS are reviewed with reference given to both the older Berlin nosology and the newer Villefranche nosology. Phenotypes of EDS vary depending upon which type of collagen is altered, leading the practitioner to the diagnosis before biochemical confirmation is obtained. In this regard, because collagen is present throughout the head and neck, oral and maxillofacial manifestations of the disease are discussed and are readily noticeable to the astute dentist. Specialists in several fields of dentistry are made aware of the complications EDS can pose on treatment, healing, and follow-up care.
Calcium signaling in lymphocytes

In cells of the immune system, calcium signals are essential for diverse cellular functions including differentiation, effector function, and gene transcription. After the engagement of immunoreceptors such as T-cell and B-cell antigen receptors and the Fc receptors on mast cells and NK cells, the intracellular concentration of calcium ions is increased through the sequential operation of two interdependent processes: depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores as a result of binding of inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) to IP(3) receptors, followed by 'store-operated' Ca(2+) entry through plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels. In lymphocytes, mast cells and other immune cell types, store-operated Ca(2+) entry through specialized Ca(2+) release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels constitutes the major pathway of intracellular Ca(2+) increase. A recent breakthrough in our understanding of CRAC channel function is the identification of stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and ORAI, two essential regulators of CRAC channel function. This review focuses on the signaling pathways upstream and downstream of Ca(2+) influx (the STIM/ORAI and calcineurin/NFAT pathways, respectively).
PREVENTION OF PHOSPHATE - INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING

The prevention of phosphate-induced mitochondrial swelling in the whole retina of the rabbit was studied with the electron microscope. It was found that a mixture of ATP, Mg++, and bovine serum albumin protected the mitochondria in vitro. This finding confirmed the results obtained spectrophotometrically with isolated rat liver mitochondria by Lehninger.
The quantitative JAK2 V617F neutrophil allele burden does not correlate with thrombotic risk in essential thrombocytosis.

The quantitative JAK2 V617F neutrophil allele burden does not correlate with thrombotic risk in essential thrombocytosis
Blastomycosis of the Esophagus

A patient had clinical, endoscopic, and roentgenographic signs of esophageal carcinoma, but biopsies and brushings were negative. At operation he was found to have blastomycosis localized to the esophagogastric region and adjacent lymph nodes. There was no evidence of pulmonary disease. He was treated successfully by partial esophagectomy and amphotericin. The literature on esophageal blastomycosis is reviewed.
Iron nutrition and physiological responses to iron stress in Nitrosomonas europaea

Nitrosomonas europaea, as an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, has a high Fe requirement and has 90 genes dedicated to Fe acquisition. Under Fe-limiting conditions (0.2 μM Fe), N. europaea was able to assimilate up to 70% of the available Fe in the medium even though it is unable to produce siderophores. Addition of exogenous siderophores to Fe-limited medium increased growth (final cell mass). Fe-limited cells had lower heme and cellular Fe contents, reduced membrane layers, and lower NH3- and NH2OH-dependent O2 consumption activities than Fe-replete cells. Fe acquisition-related proteins, such as a number of TonB-dependent Fe-siderophore receptors for ferrichrome and enterobactin and diffusion protein OmpC, were expressed to higher levels under Fe limitation, providing biochemical evidence for adaptation of N. europaea to Fe-limited conditions.
Effects of Nurturing and Non‐nurturing Caregiving on Child Social Initiatives: An Experimental Investigation of Emotion as a Mediator of Social Behavior1

This study examined the effects of one unfamiliar adult's warm, responsive interactions or cold, aloof, unresponsive interactions on child emotion and subsequent social initiatives to a second adult. Participants were 32 41/2- to 51/2-year-old preschool children. Nurturing, responsive caregiving and non-nurturing, unresponsive caregiving were experimentally manipulated by experimenter facial and vocal affective expressions, positive versus negative statements to the child, and contingency of responding to the child's behavior. The effect of nurturance was examined on child emotions and social initiatives to another adult. Non-nurturing caregiving produced less expressed happiness and fewer subsequent social initiatives. Furthermore, child emotion was found to mediate partially the relation between nurturing caregiving and social initiatives, with children who experienced interactions with a non-nurturing caregiver expressing less happiness, which led to decreased social initiatives to a second adult.
Total CO2,13C, and dissolved oxygen -18O at Geosecs II in the North Atlantic

This paper presents profiles of ΣCO2, δ13C in ΣCO2, dissolved O2, and δ18O in dissolved O2, measured at Geosecs II in the North Atlantic. The O2 minimum at 1000 m is accompanied by a minimum in δ13C and a sharp maximum in δ18O; ΣCO2 increases downward through this layer with a slope change. All four parameters are remarkably uniform in the deep and bottom water below the O2 minimum, almost to the precision of measurement. Relative to data previously reported from this area of the Atlantic, our ΣCO2 values are 3% lower than those of Li et al. [10], and our δ13C values are up to 2‰ greater than those of Deuser and Hunt [12]. Also, our δ18O enrichments in dissolved O2 are very much less than Pacific values reported by Dole and coworkers [15]. All of these differences are attributed principally to bacterial O2 consumption during sample storage by previous workers, due to lack of, or inadequate, poisoning. In contrast to the North Atlantic, there is a very large gradient of dissolved O2 in the vertical profile of North Pacific Deep Water; however, if themean deep-water O2 concentration is compared with the uniform value in North Atlantic Deep Water, the O2 and ΣCO2 differences in North Atlantic and North Pacific Deep Water are essentially equimolar at 160 μm/kg. If 77% of deep-water O2 consumption is used for oxidation of organic carbon (the R-K-R “model plankton” value), the increase in ΣCO2 in Pacific deep water is about 25% due to dissolution of carbonate, and 75% due to oxidation of organic matter, in the vertical particulate flux. These proportions are in agreement with those estimated from alkalinity-ΣCO2 variations [10]. Our δ13C measurements in the Atlantic are quite consistent with the ΣCO2-O2-alkalinity variations between the Atlantic and Pacific deep water; thus the disagreement previously noted [14] is attributed to storage effects on δ13C measurements by previous workers, as noted above.
Synthesis of stereopure acyclic 1,5-dimethylalkane chirons: building blocks of highly methyl-branched natural products

Abstract An efficient synthetic method towards stereopure acyclic 1,5-dimethylalkane building blocks from methyl (2R)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (R)-1 (>99% ee) and methyl (2S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (S)-1 (>99% ee) through a series of chemical transformations, including Julia–Kocienski olefination and diimide reduction, is described. Through this strategy, two fragments of β- d -mannosyl phosphomycoketide (C32-MPM) and four stereopure 1,5-dimethylalkane C10 chirons are prepared. These C32-MPM fragments and C10 chirons have shown great potential application as building blocks for the synthesis of highly methyl-branched natural products containing chiral oligoisoprenoid-like chains.
Reduction of eggshell aerobic plate counts by ultraviolet irradiation

The effects of 254 nm ultraviolet light (UV) radiation on aerobic plate count (APC) of egg shells were investigated. In the first experiment, eggs were exposed to UV treatment (7.35 mW/cm2) for 0, 15, 30, and 60 s. Three eggs from each treatment were aseptically collected and placed into sterile plastic bags containing 50 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered solution. Serial dilutions of the phosphate-buffered solution were plated on aerobic plate count agar and incubated at 37 C for 48 h. Exposure of eggshells to 30 and 60 s UV significantly reduced aerobic plate counts compared to untreated eggs. Exposure to 60 s of UV resulted in a 2 to 3 log10 cfu/egg APC reduction and reduced counts below detectable levels. In the second experiment, UV lights were placed in a chamber equipped with a commercial-style egg conveyor. A UV treatment of 7.5 mW/cm2 and time intervals of 0, 12, 36, and 48 s were used. Three eggs were placed consecutively on the conveyor and passed through the chamber. The center egg was selected for APC evaluation. Sample size, dilution, plating, and incubation procedures were used as described for the first experiment. A significant 1 to 2 log10 reduction in colony-forming units per egg between the eggs treated 48 s to the untreated eggs was detected. The results of these studies show that UV light treatment at high intensities and low time intervals has the potential to reduce aerobic plate counts of eggshells.
Development of callosal topography in visual cortex of normal and enucleated rats

In normal rats callosal projections in striate cortex connect retinotopically corresponding, nonmirror-symmetric cortical loci, whereas in rats bilaterally enucleated at birth, callosal fibers connect topographically mismatched, mirror-symmetric loci. Moreover, retina input specifies the topography of callosal projections by postnatal day (P)6. To investigate whether retinal input guides development of callosal maps by promoting either the corrective pruning of exuberant axon branches or the specific ingrowth and elaboration of axon branches at topographically correct places, we studied the topography of emerging callosal connections at and immediately after P6. After restricted intracortical injections of anterogradely and retrogradely transported tracers we observed that the normal, nonmirror-symmetric callosal map, as well as the anomalous, mirror-symmetric map observed in neonatally enucleated animals, are present by P6-7, just as collateral branches of simple architecture emerge from their parental axons and grow into superficial cortical layers. Our results therefore do not support the idea that retinal input guides callosal map formation by primarily promoting the large-scale elimination of long, nontopographic branches and arbors. Instead, they suggest that retinal input specifies the sites on the parental axons from which interstitial branches will grow to invade middle and upper cortical layers, thereby ensuring that the location of invading interstitial branches is accurately related to the topographical location of the soma that gives rise to the parental axon. Moreover, our results from enucleated rats suggest that the cues that determine the mirror-symmetric callosal map exert only a weak control on the topography of fiber ingrowth.