cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the Metabolic Stress Responses of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Tumor Suppression

Metabolic stress is an important stimulus that promotes apoptosis-mediated tumor suppression. Metabolic stress arises in tumors from multiple factors that include insufficient nutrient supply caused by deficient angiogenesis and high metabolic demand of unrestrained cell proliferation. The high metabolic demand of tumor cells is only exacerbated by reliance on the inefficient process of glycolysis for energy production. Recently it has become clear that tumor cells survive metabolic stress through the catabolic process of autophagy. Autophagy also functions as a tumor suppression mechanism by preventing cell death and inflammation and by protecting the genome from damage and genetic instability. How autophagy protects the genome is not yet clear but may be related to its roles in sustaining metabolism or in the clearance of damaged proteins and organelles and the mitigation of oxidative stress. These findings illuminate the important role of metabolism in cancer progression and provide specific predictions for metabolic modulation in cancer therapy.
Studies on the reduction of cytochrome c by thiols: A preliminary report

Abstract The reduction of cytochrome c by reduced glutathione is catalyzed by an impurity or impurities present in oxidized glutathione and cystine. In contrast to the conclusions arrived at by V. Massey, C. H. Williams, and G. Palmer [ Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 42 , 730 (1971)], we conclude that this catalysis is not primarily caused by trisulfides. Heating of cystine or GSSG solutions results in a marked increase in the catalytic properties of the solutions. The formation of the catalytic compounds by heating is favored at alkaline pH, with an apparent p K value of about 9.0. The catalytic compounds appear to possess absorption spectra with maxima at 285 nm for GSSG solutions and 300 nm for cystine solutions. The compounds appear to be stable at pH values between 1.3 and 11. The identity of these compounds is presently being investigated.
Stat5a/b in Prostate Cancer Metastasis.

This commentary highlights the article by Talati et al that describes novel mechanisms promoting metastasis in prostate cancer.
Regional Integration and Productivity: The Experiences of Brazil and Mexico

This document was presented in the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the 5th Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on August 14th and 15th, 2003. It covers a review of the links between trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) and total factor productivity (TFP). Also discussed are Brazil and Mexico's integration strategies and an econometric analysis of the impact of integration on productivity based on plant level, manufacturing data.
The effect of dike intrusion on free convection in conduction-dominated geothermal reservoirs

Abstract A perturbation analysis is made for the study of the effect of dike intrusion on free convection in unconfined conduction-dominated geothermal reservoirs. The perturbation equations are of elliptic type that can be solved numerically by the finite difference method. Up to the second-order approximations are retained in the numerical computation. The effects of dike intrusion on streamlines, temperature distribution, and the shape of water table in a two-dimensional volcanic island aquifer are shown.
Interactions of Phenol and Indole with Metal Ions in the Gas Phase: Models For Tyr and Trp Side-Chain Binding

The binding energies of a number of metal cations with phenol and indole in the gas phase were studied experimentally by radiative association kinetics analysis, supplemented by density functional calculations. Radiative association kinetics measurements were carried out in the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Reaction in most cases resulted in adduct formation often followed by sequential addition of a second neutral molecule to the ion. The association kinetics were analyzed to yield binding energy values either by using a variational transition state theory-based approach, incorporating quantum-chemical calculations of vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities, or by using the semiquantitative standard hydrocarbon approach. The competitive collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique was used to confirm the order of relative binding energies for several complexes. Calculations of the structures and energies of a number of complexes were performed, by means of the B3...
A near-field millimeter-wave dielectric imaging technique with sub-wavelength spatial resolution

A near-field millimeter-wave imaging technique is introduced which is capable of producing images with sub-wavelength resolution. A phantom made of a Teflon board containing samples of different materials with dielectric constants ranging from 1 to 48 was built, and a near-field loop antenna and a 110GHz vector network analyzer were used to capture near-field images of the Teflon board. A novel image processing method is described that is capable of achieving an image resolution of 0.5mm at 110GHz.
Complete spontaneous regression of an extrahepatic portal vein aneurysm

Primary portal venous aneurysms are rare; however, they are the most common visceral venous aneurysms, and their pathogenesis is not fully understood. Complications include thrombosis, rupture, and mass effect on adjacent structures. The optimal management of these patients is not known. We describe a patient whose large (6-cm) portal vein aneurysm underwent complete spontaneous regression over several years of serial observation. To our knowledge, this observation has not been reported in the English literature.
Highly luminescent silicon nanocrystals with discrete optical transitions.

A new synthetic method was developed to produce robust, highly crystalline, organic-monolayer passivated silicon (Si) nanocrystals in a supercritical fluid. By thermally degrading the Si precursor, diphenylsilane, in the presence of octanol at 500 °C and 345 bar, relatively size-monodisperse sterically stabilized Si nanocrystals ranging from 15 to 40 A in diameter could be obtained in significant quantities. Octanol binds to the Si nanocrystal surface through an alkoxide linkage and provides steric stabilization through the hydrocarbon chain. The absorbance and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of the nanocrystals exhibit a significant blue shift in optical properties from the bulk band gap energy of 1.2 eV due to quantum confinement effects. The stable Si clusters show efficient blue (15 A) or green (25−40 A) band-edge photoemission with luminescence quantum yields up to 23% at room temperature, and electronic structure characteristic of a predominantly indirect transition, despite the extremely...
Sildenafil Citrate for Prophylaxis of Nephropathy in an Animal Model of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is one of the commonest complications associated with contrast media (CM). Although the exact etiology of CIAKI remains unclear, one hypothesis involves vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles resulting in renal ischemia. Increased renal blood flow, therefore, might represent an attractive target for the treatment of CIAKI. In this study we evaluated the protective effects of the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, sildenafil citrate, in a rabbit model of CIAKI. New Zealand white rabbits were used due to their susceptibility to CIAKI. To evaluate the effects of sildenafil, the drug was administered before CM infusion and repeatedly throughout the remainder of the experiment (6 mg/kg, p.o.). Animals were sacrificed after 48 hours and kidneys were prepared for histological evaluation. Intravenous administration of CM produced marked kidney injury. Serum creatinine concentrations were elevated within two hours of the infusion and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. Histological evaluation of the kidneys revealed significant tubular necrosis. The effects of the CM were dose dependent. Treatment with sildenafil was associated with lesser degree of histological injury, attenuation in markers of acute kidney injury (48 hour creatinine 1.54±0.21 versus 4.42±1.31 mg/dl, p<0.05) and reduction in electrolyte derangement (percent change in serum K+ at 48 hours 2.55±3.80% versus 15.53±4.47%, p<0.05; serum Na+ at 48 hours −0.14±0.26% versus −1.97±1.29%, p = 0.20). The results suggest a possible role for PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of CIAKI and warrant further evaluation to determine the exact mechanism of protection.
A neuropsychological perspective on perinatal complications and the law

Abstract The increasing reliance upon neuropsychological data and testimony, as part of the evidence in obstetric malpractice cases, requires an informed community of professional and research-oriented neuropsychologists. This paper addresses a number of issues relevant to perinatal complications and their impact on neuropsychological development. Theoretical and empirical evidence is discussed which points to possible causal mechanisms that operate interactively to produce neuropsychological symptoms during early development. Recent research based on neuropathological findings suggests the implausibility of certain developmental outcomes related to perinatal trauma. This evidence should find its way into the expert testimony of clinical neuropsychologists in personal injury litigation. A theoretical formulation and model of perinatal insult is provided in order to serve as a basis for conceptualizing clinical cases where such insults are involved. The current paper extends the forum of opinion about obst...
ω-3 Fatty acids, atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular outcomes in recent trials: new pieces in a complex puzzle

The cardiovascular effects of seafood-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been examined in a diverse and continually expanding array of studies ranging from in vitro molecular experiments to large randomised controlled trials. In contrast to earlier trials, recent clinical trials have not observed significant effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.1 ,2 These mixed findings have stimulated renewed debate and interest about the role of n-3 PUFA for CVD prevention and treatment. Sekikawa and colleagues investigated whether circulating n-3 PUFA levels were associated with differences in new-onset of coronary artery calcification (CAC) between middle-aged men in Japan and the USA.3 Measurement of CAC by electron beam CT provides an estimate of overall coronary atherosclerotic burden. While CAC does not necessarily identify with plaque morphology or propensity for rupture, overall CAC burden does predict future risk of clinical CVD events. In this case, investigating the association of circulating n-3 PUFA with serial measures of CAC addresses the interesting hypothesis that these fats might slow atherosclerosis progression, providing mechanistic insight that would be complimentary to studies of clinical endpoints. In this investigation, Japanese men had substantially (∼150%) higher circulating n-3 PUFA than did US men, consistent with much higher levels of seafood consumption in Japan. Japanese men also had a substantially lower incidence of new CAC (rate ratio=0.26, 95%CI=0.09 to 0.73), compared with US men, which was not explained by adjustment for conventional CVD risk factors including age, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, diabetes, smoking and hypertension medication. In contrast, the association between country (Japan vs USA) and incident CAC was attenuated following adjustment for serum n-3 PUFA. The authors concluded that n-3 PUFA may have antiatherosclerotic effects at levels observed in Japan. While this analysis has several strengths, including use of objective …
The distancing effect of modernization on the perception of water resources in Arctic communities

Abstract This paper provides empirical evidence to suggest that modernization, and its resulting infrastructure, creates a filter which distances people from the resources they use. The data presented suggest that installation of a municipal water supply, piped water to residences, affects a community's ability to perceive change in surrounding water sources. Since individual perceptions and values are instrumental in determining whether or not change merits response, failing to perceive change threatens a community's ability to note and respond to variations in critical natural resources. A conceptual model for the effect of distancing from a resource is proposed.
An electronics circuit for a pulsed adsorbed dose calorimeter

Abstract Details of an electronics circuit to produce a pulsed rather than conventional dc excitation mechanism are presented for an absorbed dose calorimeter. The use of pulsing is to increase the bridge output signal while containing troublesome thermistor self-heating to acceptable limits.
Problem recognition, intention to stop use, and treatment use among regular heroin injectors

Abstract This study investigated frequency of recent use as an explanatory variable in problem recognition and intention to stop use among regular injection heroin users. Data from the NEURO-HIV Epidemiologic Study, an investigation of neuropsychological and social–behavioral risk factors for HIV and hepatitis A, B, and C among injection and noninjection drug users, were used in the analyses. Participants ( N = 337) consisted of those who reported injecting heroin daily or nearly daily for a period of 3 months. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that frequency of recent injection drug use predicted problem recognition ( β = .17), but not intention to stop use; although marginal, being female ( β = .15), and homeless ( β = .14) contributed to intention to stop use. Past 6-month treatment participation was 48%, and current treatment enrollment was 26% among study participants. This study highlights the importance of capitalizing on injection drug users' recent use as a mechanism for treatment interventions.
BuzzMaps: a prototype social proxy for predictive utility

The design of BuzzMaps, social proxies within Magic Bookshelves, is presented. As defined by Erickson and Kellogg, a social proxy is a minimalist graphical representation of salient social activity. Each BuzzMap is intended to increase predictive utility, the ability of the user to predict the relevance of an item before consumption.A Magic Bookshelf is a collaborative application for collecting news items, capturing social activity, and enabling social translucence. Magic Bookshelves are also places where recommendation systems can leave their findings. The goal of Magic Bookshelves is to flow more news items of more interest to a group of users.The major points of the design are the selection of salient social activities for predictive utility, the conceptual design of a social proxy to present these activities, and implementation of the proxy as a visual design. This work is novel in specifically targeting predictive utility through a social proxy.
Effects of Viscosity, Particle Size, and Particle Shape on Erosion in Gas and Liquid Flows

Although solid particle erosion has been examined extensively in the literature for dry gas and vacuum conditions, several parameters affecting solid particle erosion in liquids are not fully understood and need additional investigation. In this investigation, erosion ratios of two materials have been measured in gas and also in liquids with various liquid viscosities and abrasive particle sizes and shapes. Solid particle erosion ratios for aluminum 6061-T6 and 316 stainless steel have been measured for a direct impingement flow condition using a submerged jet geometry, with liquid viscosities of 1, 10, 25, and 50 cP. Sharp and rounded sand particles with average sizes of 20, 150, and 300 μm, as well as spherical glass beads with average sizes of 50, 150 and 350 μm, were used as abrasives. To make comparisons of erosion in gas and liquids, erosion ratios of the same materials in air were measured for sands and glass beads with the particle sizes of 150 and 300 μm. Based on these erosion measurements in gas and liquids, several important observations were made: (1) Particle size did not affect the erosion magnitude for gas while it did for viscous liquids. (2) Although aluminum and stainless steel have significant differences in hardness and material characteristics, the mass losses of these materials were nearly the same for the same mass of impacting particles in both liquid and gas. (3) The most important observation from these erosion tests is that the shape of the particles did not significantly affect the trend of erosion results as liquid viscosity varied. This has an important implication on particle trajectory modeling where it is generally assumed that particles are spherical in shape. Additionally, the particle velocities measured with the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) near the wall were incorporated into the erosion equations to predict the erosion ratio in liquid for each test condition. The calculated erosion ratios are compared to the measured erosion ratios for the liquid case. The calculated results agree with the trend of the experimental data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evolution of enzymatic activities in the enolase superfamily: D-tartrate dehydratase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum.

We focus on the assignment of function to and elucidation of structure-function relationships for a member of the mechanistically diverse enolase superfamily encoded by the Bradyrhizobium japonicum genome (bll6730; GI:27381841). As suggested by sequence alignments, the active site contains the same functional groups found in the active site of mandelate racemase (MR) that catalyzes a 1,1-proton transfer reaction: two acid/base catalysts, Lys 184 at the end of the second {beta}-strand, and a His 322-Asp 292 dyad at the ends of the seventh and sixth -strands, respectively, as well as ligands for an essential Mg{sup 2+}, Asp 213, Glu 239, and Glu 265 at the ends of the third, fourth, and fifth {beta}-strands, respectively. We screened a library of 46 acid sugars and discovered that only D-tartrate is dehydrated, yielding oxaloacetate as product. The kinetic constants (k{sub cat} = 7.3 s{sup -1}; k{sub cat}/K{sub M} = 8.5 x 10{sup 4} M{sup -1} s{sup -1}) are consistent with assignment of the D-tartrate dehydratase (TarD) function. The kinetic phenotypes of mutants as well as the structures of liganded complexes are consistent with a mechanism in which Lys 184 initiates the reaction by abstraction of the {alpha}-proton to generate a Mg{sup 2+}-stabilized enediolate intermediate,more » and the vinylogous -elimination of the 3-OH group is general acid-catalyzed by the His 322, accomplishing the anti-elimination of water. The replacement of the leaving group by solvent-derived hydrogen is stereorandom, suggesting that the enol tautomer of oxaloacetate is the product; this expectation was confirmed by its observation by {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopy. Thus, the TarD-catalyzed reaction is a 'simple' extension of the two-step reaction catalyzed by MR: base-catalyzed proton abstraction to generate a Mg{sup 2+}-stabilized enediolate intermediate followed by acid-catalyzed decomposition of that intermediate to yield the product.« less
Consistent Fujikawa regularization of the spinning string in superspace from Pauli-Villars regularization.

We use Pauli-Villars (PV) regularization of the spinning string in superspace to identify those Fujikawa regulators which produce consistent anomalies. We use a general background gauge, and obtain, after elimination of the nonpropagating fields and using a super-Einstein and Lorentz-invariant mass term, a diagonal Fujikawa regulator with only super-Weyl anomalies. The PV extended action has extra twisted'' Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) symmetries; dropping these, the BRST transformations of the PV fields turn into off-shell superconformal transformations plus field equations. Thus, the transformations of superconformal field theory are just on-shell BRST transformations.
Aging Effects on Anatomy and Neurophysiology of Taste and Smell1

Taste and smell have a primary role in food ingestion. Therefore, to understand why eating habits alter in elderly people, age-related differences in the chemical senses should be investigated. In early anatomical studies, substantial decreases in numbers of taste buds in old human and mouse circumvallate papillae were observed. However, recent investigations in humans, monkeys, and rats indicate that there is not a significant loss of taste buds in old age. Neurophysiological recordings from the chorda tympani nerve, innervating taste buds in fungiform papillae, demonstrate significant but small differences in response magnitudes for some chemicals in old rats. Greater age-related differences have been observed in the olfactory sense. Numbers of receptor neurons in the rat olfactory epithelium initially increase in adults and then decline in old animals; this decline is reflected in subsequent changes in the olfactory bulb. However, numbers of synapses in the bulb per receptor neuron are increased in the oldest rats, suggesting some compensatory mechanism. Differences in degree of aging effects in taste and smell might relate to the nature of receptors: a modified epithelial cell in taste versus a neuron in smell. However, in both sensory systems, large numbers of receptors remain even in old age. Since taste bud cells and olfactory receptors turn over and are replaced throughout life, the peripheral taste and smell systems might be relatively resistant to aging effects. Important in the perception of flavor are not only the taste and smell of food, but also the temperature and tactile qualities, and the visual presentation of a meal. However, of these various sensory systems, taste and smell have a primary role in detection, identification, and acceptance or rejection of the various chemical stimuli in food. The chemical senses are essential both for appropriate nutrient selection and for deriving pleasure from eating. Therefore, to understand why eating habits and sensory responses to food alter in elderly people, it is necessary to examine age-related differences in the chemical senses, taste and smell. In this paper, data on anatomical and neurophysiological characteristics of the chemical senses in old age will be discussed. TASTE Anatomy of the Taste System in Old Age
Isolation of 80S ribosomes from spores of Aspergillus fumigatus and their antigenicity in rabbits

Ribosomes were obtained from spores of Aspergillus fumigatus by mechanical disruption and differential centrifugation. The initial preparation (crude ribosomes) contained spore components which appeared to be broken fragments of plasmalemma with or without organelles. Purified ribosomes free of membranous material were prepared by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B. Monomeric 80S ribosomes consisting of 40% protein and 60% RNA, and morphologically characteristic of fungal ribosomes were isolated.
1195 GLYCOSYLATION OF HEMOGLOBINS IN THE MOTHER-INFANT DYAD

Since adult hemoglobin (Hb AO) is glycosylated post-translationally, we hypothesized that Hb in the fetus might reflect maternal glucose control. A chemical method (thiobarbituric acid) was used since Hb F co-elutes with glycohemoglobin (Hb AIc) on cation chromatography. Blood was obtained at delivery from 13 normal and 9 insulin-dependent mother-infant pairs. Glycosylation of Hb (G-Hb) was compared to fructose standards and expressed as nM fructose equiv. (FE)/mg Hb. Maternal Hb AIc determined by HPLC correlated significantly with maternal nM FE/mg Hb (p <0.01). Infant G-Hb correlated with maternal G-Hb (r= 0.63, p <.005). Both infant groups were decreased compared to mothers (p <.001). Infant bloods chromatographically separated into “F” pools revealed no differences from whole blood Hb. The decreased glycosylation in fetal blood may relate to decreased fetal red cell survival and/or Hb F structure. Nevertheless, maternal hyperglycemia results in fetal hyperglycemia which glycosylates fetal hemoglobin.
Constructing Outsiders: The Discursive Framing of Access in University Diversity Policies

This article investigates how discourses circulating in diversity policies reflect and produce perceptions about diversity in higher education. This study, utilizing the method of policy discourse analysis, examines 21 diversity action plans issued at 20 U.S. land-grant universities to understand how these policy documents frame diversity. Analysis revealed dominant discourses of access that construct images of the diverse person as an outsider . Findings suggest that well-intentioned attempts to create a more inclusive campus climate may unwittingly reinforce practices that support exclusion and inequality.
Rapid and repeated invasions of fresh water by the copepod Eurytemora affinis

Invasions of fresh water by marine organisms have been of great interest to evolutionary biologists and paleontologists because they typically constitute major evolutionary transitions. Recent (< 200 years) invasions of fresh water by brackish or marine species offer an opportunity to understand mechanisms underlying these events, but pathways of invasion from salt water have not been confirmed using genetic data. This study employed mito- chondrial DNA sequences (652 base pairs from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene) to reconstruct the geographic and evolutionary history of freshwater invasion by the common estuarine and saltmarsh crustacean Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda; Poppe 1880). Phylogenetic analysis of populations from North America, Europe, and Asia revealed at least eight independent invasions of fresh water from genetically distinct lineages. At least five of these freshwater invasions most likely arose independently in different river drainages, recently from saltwater sources within each river drainage. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed at three geographic scales (among continents, among drainages, and within drainages) to assess the hierarchical distribution of genetic variance. Results indicated that 52% of the genetic variance was explained by differences among drainages, 43% by differences among continents, but only 5% by differences within drainages, thus supporting geographic patterns of invasions inferred from the phylogeny. Physiological experiments were performed to determine whether adults and larvae from saltwater populations could tolerate freshwater conditions. Transfer to zero salinity resulted in high mortalities, but with some survival to the second generation in one population. This study provides genetic evidence and physiological support for rapid transitions from a saline life history into fresh water, with repeated invasions on a global scale.
Effects of trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, on rabbit T- and B-cell responses to mitogens and antigen☆

Trifluoperazine (TFP), an inhibitor of the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin (CaM), was used to assess the role of calmodulin in the responses of rabbit lymphoid cells to stimulation with mitogen and antigen. After binding goat anti-rabbit Fab antibody, rabbit B cells lose their surface immunoglobulin (Ig) through endocytosis and then reexpress this protein during the next 24 hr. This reexpression was markedly inhibited by TFP. The brief and early addition of TFP markedly inhibited the increased [3H]thymidine (Tdr) uptake by rabbit T cells treated with concanavalin A and B cells exposed to anti-Fab. TFP greatly inhibited the induction by keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) of the in vitro syntheses of antibody, Ig, and protein by KLH-primed lymph node cells (LNC). The earlier the TFP the greater was the inhibition of induction of these syntheses. However, once induced, synthesis and secretion of antibody were not inhibited by TFP. In striking contrast to the inhibition by TFP of the mitogenic and antigenic responses of lymphoid cells was the lack of effect of this drug on resting lymphocytes. Since TFP was not cytotoxic for either resting or mitogen- or antigen-stimulated LNC, it is highly unlikely that the observed inhibitory effects of this drug were due to its cytotoxicity. We postulate that an early signal for the activation of LNC proliferation, differentiation, and the syntheses of antibody, Ig, and protein involves a calcium-CaM-mediated reaction. Based on this work and that of others, the calcium-CaM complex may mediate an interaction between the ligand-occupied surface receptor and the cytoskeleton.
Chlorogenic acid and caffeine contents in various commercial brewed coffees

Abstract Twelve commercial brewed coffees (seven regular and five decaffeinated) were analyzed for chlorogenic acids (CGA) and caffeine by HPLC. Their pH and UV–Vis absorbances were also measured. The CGAs identified were three caffeolylquinic acids (3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA), three feruloylquinic acids (3-FQA, 4-FQA, and 5-FQA), and three dicaffeoylquinic acids (3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, and 4,5-diCQA). The total CGAs ranged from 5.26 mg/g to 17.1 mg/g in regular coffees and from 2.10 mg/g to 16.1 mg/g in decaffeinated coffees. Among CGA, 5-CQA was present at the highest level, ranging from 2.13 mg/g to 7.06 mg/g coffee, and comprising 36–42% and 37–39% of the total CGA in the regular and decaffeinated coffees, respectively. CGA isomer contents were, in decreasing order, 5-CQA > 4-CQA > 3-CQA > 5-FQA > 4-FQA > 3-FQA > 3,4-diCQA > 4,5-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA. The caffeine content in regular and decaffeinated coffees ranged from 10.9 mg/g to 16.5 mg/g and from 0.34 mg/g to 0.47 mg/g, respectively. The pH of regular and decaffeinated coffees ranged from 4.95 to 5.99 and from 5.14 to 5.80, respectively. The relationship between the pH and the UV–Vis absorbance at 325 nm was moderately correlated (R2 = 0.7829, p
Remarks on Concrete Orthomodular Lattices

An orthomodular lattice (OML) is called concrete if it is isomorphic to a collection of subsets of a set with partial ordering given by set inclusion, orthocomplementation given by set complementation, and finite orthogonal joins given by disjoint unions. Interesting examples of concrete OMLs are obtained by applying Kalmbach's construction K(L) to an arbitrary bounded lattice L. This note provides several results regarding Kalmbach's construction, concrete OMLs, and the relationship between the notions. First, we provide order-theoretic and categorical characterizations of the OML K(L) in terms of the bounded lattice L. Second, we provide an identity satisfied by each OML K(L), but not valid in every concrete OML. This shows that the class of OMLs of the form K(L) do not generate the variety of all concrete OMLs. Finally, we show that every concrete OML can be embedded into a concrete OML in which every element is a join of two or fewer atoms.
Keloidal Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Report of Three Patients

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a unique neoplasm which has emerged as an important element of AIDS in homosexuals but not in others at high risk for AIDS. The biology of this important tumor may be related to cytokines secreted by HlV-infected cells and/or by Kaposi’s sarcoma cells themselves. We report 3 patients with multiple keloidlike tumors. These lesions proved to be Kaposi’s sarcoma histologically, yet with a unique keloidal component. This variant has not been described previously. It is possible that cytokines that stimulate Kaposi’s sarcoma cell growth may also stimulate proliferation of local fibroblasts to produce this variant.
A novel wireless data acquisition system for the measurement of hoof accelerations in the exercising horse.

Summary Reasons for performing study: A device is needed to safely and wirelessly evaluate accelerations experienced by the horse hoof under a variety of surface conditions with the horse exercising at training or racing speeds. Objectives: To develop a miniaturised wireless data acquisition system (WDAS) which reliably records hoof accelerations and the times over which they occur in a minimally invasive manner in the exercising Thoroughbred. Methods: The following criteria were set for device development: production of a lightweight and minimally invasive system, which provides an adequate acceleration range, appropriate frequency response to capture high speed events, and compatibility with a low power wireless telemetry system. Following device development, the WDAS was calibrated, and tested in 6 Thoroughbred horses over a variety of surfaces. Results: Collection of acceleration in seven trials using 6 horses over a variety of surfaces resulted in repeatable acceleration data with respect to the overall characteristic shape of the impact profile. Impact accelerations varied with surface, ranging 34.8–191.7 g. Accelerations on take off were in a similar range, although higher in some trials. Peak impact accelerations tended to larger over the grass paddock surface, than either the indoor arena or the dirt track. During dirt track trials, accelerations on take-off were often comparably larger than those observed on impact within the same footfall. Conclusions: This study reports the development of a wireless system that successfully measures hoof acceleration in a minimally invasive manner over a variety of surface and exercise conditions. Potential relevance: The WDAS will be used in further studies to evaluate various components of the horse-racetrack interface, in an attempt to identify risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in the Thoroughbred racehorse.
MOTORCYCLE CONSPICUITY: AN EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS OF INFLUENTIAL FACTORS

Abstract Motorcycles are overrepresented in fatal motor vehicle accidents: The death rate for motorcycle riders of about 35 per 100,000,000 miles of travel compares with an overall vehicle death rate of 2.57 per 100,000,000 miles. In the attempt to reduce the frequency of automobile-motorcycle collisions, numerous studies have manipulated motorcycle and motorcyclist characteristics to enhance conspicuity. In this paper, we give a review of studies that examined the effectiveness of these measures. Subsequently, we take a critical look at the methods used in these studies to evaluate the effectiveness of conspicuity treatments. Furthermore, we identify factors yet to be considered in the empirical research in this area that may contribute to collisions with motorcycles. These include information-processing failures at the identification and decision stage, as well as more or less permanent factors potentially responsible for different information-processing failures. Transient factors related to the failure to detect motorcycles might include alcohol, fatigue/lack of sleep, inattention, and information overload, whereas more permanent factors might include “cognitive” conspicuity and fi eld dependence.
Regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression and protein in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts by glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic stimulation.

We previously demonstrated the presence of components for a renin-angiotensin system in fibroblasts cultured from neonatal rat ventricles, the regulation of expression of which has not been studied. Since glucocorticoids and β-adrenergic stimuli have been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy, and function as regulators of the circulating renin-angiotensin system, we examined the effects of dexamethasone and isoproterenol on angiotensinogen mRNA levels and protein secretion in cultured neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Treatment of cardiac fibroblasts for 8 h with 10 μmol/l isoproterenol or 100 nmol/l dexamethasone increased angiotensinogen mRNA levels by 246 ± 7% and 1406 ± 207%, respectively. Over 24 h, dexamethasone and isoproterenol increased angiotensinogen secretion by 148 ± 32% and 123 ± 26%, respectively. Angiotensin II, which has been reported to be a positive regulator of angiotensinogen synthesis and secretion in liver, markedly attenuated the effects of dexamethasone and isoproterenol on angiotensinogen mRNA expression and secretion. In the presence of 1 μmol/l angiotensin II, the stimulation in angiotensinogen secretion observed with dexamethasone and isoproterenol was decreased by 62% and 76%, respectively. The negative feedback of angiotensin II on angiotensinogen expression was primarily mediated through the type one angiotensin II (AT1) receptor (IC50 = 0.30 ± 0.02 nmol/l). In summary, results from this study demonstrate that angiotensinogen mRNA levels and protein secretion in cardiac fibroblasts are positively regulated by glucocorticoid and β-adrenergic stimulation. In addition, angiotensinogen production by cardiac fibroblasts is under negative feedback control of angiotensin II.
Studies of phase transitions in order-disorder ferroelectrics. II. Calorimetric investigation of KD(2)PO(4)

Calorimetric measurements on K${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been conducted, and the transition is found to be first order with an entropy change at ${T}_{c}$ of $(0.2407\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0016)R$. The entropy change associated with destruction of the polarization from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to ${T}_{c}$ is found to be $(0.4234\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0071)R$. It is shown that a mean-field theory of the type proposed by Silsbee, Uehling, and Schmidt can give a good account of the heat capacity and polarization to within about 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of ${T}_{c}$, although the latent heat and entropy are not predicted satisfactorily, presumably because of the breakdown of the mean-field approximation close to the transition. Below ${T}_{c}$ the divergence in the heat capacity may be argued to be logarithmic in the region closer than 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to ${T}_{c}$, or to be as $\frac{1}{{({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ in the region ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}lTl{T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Arguments are offered in favor of the logarithmic divergence.
Dynamics of an optical ring circuit having photorefractive gain and loss and history-dependent feedback

An optical ring circuit is considered in which gain, loss, and feedback are provided by refractive-index gratings in photorefractive crystals. The photorefractive feedback coupling element, which replaces an ordinary mirror, is assumed to be much slower than either the gain or the loss. As a result, the state of the photorefractive mirror depends on past states of the circuit; that is, the photorefractive mirror has a memory. The system’s behavior is then determined by the relative speeds of the gain and the loss. When their speeds are roughly equal, the system exhibits both ordinary bistability and history-dependent bistability, whose character changes as the system evolves. Graphic techniques aid in the understanding of the nature of both types of bistability. When the gain is significantly faster than the loss, the system exhibits one of three varieties of self-pulsing: pure self-pulsing, interrupted self-pulsing, or delayed self-pulsing.
Synchrotron Radiation Based Grazing Angle Infrared Spectroscopy of Chromate Conversion Coatings Formed on Aluminum Alloys

For the first time, synchrotron radiation based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using a grazing angle objective has been performed on a chromate conversion coating (CCC) formed on an aluminum alloy. Synchrotron radiation (SR) based grazing angle infrared spectroscopy (GAIRS) has been compared with the most commonly performed near-normal reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Our results indicate that the use of grazing angle incidence increases the sensitivity to the surface species. The SR-GAIRS technique was observed to have nearly an order of magnitude higher sensitivity to chromate compared to the SR-RAIRS technique. Significant amounts of the Cr-O bonds associated with the hexavalent chromium seem to be oriented in a direction normal to the surface. Thickness of the CCC was calculated using theoretical expressions. Calculated thickness agrees with reported values, thereby validating the use of SR-GAIRS as a tool for rapid, nondestructive thickness measurements. Hence, synchrotron radiation based grazing angle infrared spectroscopy can prove to be a highly effective tool to study the local chemistry on surfaces under ambient conditions.
Ethanol and nicotine consumption and preference in transgenic mice overexpressing the bovine growth hormone gene

Transgenic mice overexpressing the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase/bovine growth hormone (PEPCK/bGH) hybrid gene and normal (nontransgenic) littermate controls (10 males + 10 females/group) were given access to tapwater and an ascending series of concentrations of ethanol (1.0-22.0%), then a similar ascending series of concentrations of nicotine (1.0-40.0 micrograms/ml), in a two-bottle choice test. Male transgenic mice consumed more and exhibited greater preferences for ethanol and nicotine than control males; transgenic females consumed less and showed lower preferences for ethanol, but not nicotine, than control females. These results suggest that chronic exposure to high levels of bGH may modulate the rewarding effects of ethanol and nicotine in mice in a gender-specific fashion.
Observations on the Nicolai map at finite temperature

We show that the Nicolai map in supersymmetric theories breaks down at finite temperature emphasizing that supersymmetry is broken for Tnot =0.
The nature of amyloid-like glucagon fibrils

Protein aggregation and formation of amyloid fibrils is a phenomenon usually associated with proteotoxicity and degenerative diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and prion diseases. However, several protein and peptide hormones are known to have a high propensity to form amyloid-like fibrils in vitro raising concerns about safety and stability of pharmaceutical protein solutions. Comprehensive understanding of the aggregation mechanisms is an important prerequisite to the design of strategies to prevent fibril formation. Detailed kinetic, spectroscopic, and morphological studies have revealed that glucagon can form several types of fibrils that differ at the level of molecular packing of the peptide. Each type forms through distinct nucleation-dependent aggregation pathways influenced by solution conditions and can be self-propagated by seeding. An increasing number of functional amyloid-like structures have been discovered in nature, and it has recently been proposed that an amyloid-like state of glucagon may be utilized by the pancreatic α-cells as in vivo storage form. This article reviews the current state of our knowledge about the nature of the different types of amyloid-like glucagon fibrils, the mechanisms by which they form, and discusses implications for formulation strategies and the safety of glucagon pharmaceuticals.
Modeling simple driving tasks with a one-boundary diffusion model

A one-boundary diffusion model was applied to the data from two experiments in which subjects were performing a simple simulated driving task. In the first experiment, the same subjects were tested on two driving tasks using a PC-based driving simulator and the psychomotor vigilance test. The diffusion model fit the response time distributions for each task and individual subject well. Model parameters were found to correlate across tasks, which suggests that common component processes were being tapped in the three tasks. The model was also fit to a distracted driving experiment of Cooper and Strayer (Human Factors, 50, 893-902, 2008). Results showed that distraction altered performance by affecting the rate of evidence accumulation (drift rate) and/or increasing the boundary settings. This provides an interpretation of cognitive distraction whereby conversing on a cell phone diverts attention from the normal accumulation of information in the driving environment.
Transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the premenopausal ovarian mass

The evaluation of the premenopausal ovarian mass with transvaginal ultrasound and color Doppler is reviewed.
Signals of heterogeneous selection at an MHC locus in geographically proximate ecotypes of sockeye salmon

The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are an important component of the vertebrate immune system and can provide insights into the role of pathogen-mediated selection in wild populations. Here, we examined variation at the MHC class II peptide-binding region in 27 populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), distributed among three distinct spawning ecotypes, from a complex of interconnected rivers and lakes in south-western Alaska. We also obtained genotypes from 90 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms for each population to compare the relative roles of demography and selection in shaping the observed MHC variation. We found that MHC divergence was generally partitioned by spawning ecotype (lake beaches, rivers and streams) and was 30 times greater than variation at neutral markers. Additionally, we observed substantial differences in modes of selection and diversity among ecotypes, with beach populations displaying higher levels of directional selection and lower MHC diversity than the other two ecotypes. Finally, the level of MHC differentiation in our study system was comparable to that observed over much larger geographic ranges, suggesting that MHC variation does not necessarily increase with increasing spatial scale and may instead be driven by fine-scale differences in pathogen communities or pathogen virulence. The low levels of neutral structure and spatial proximity of populations in our study system indicate that MHC differentiation can be maintained through strong selective pressure even when ample opportunities for gene flow exist.
9/11, Hyperreality, and the Global Body Politic: Frédéric Beigbeder’s Windows on the World

This essay argues that the success of Frederic Beigbeder's Windows on the World is due to Beigbeder's use of the seemingly contradictory genres of autofiction and hyperrealism in the depiction of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. By positioning himself in the text alongside his fictionalized American counterpoint, Beigbeder configures 9/11 as a lived-body experience that models the ways in which the post-9/11 subject was formed within specific political, cultural, and national conditions. The effect of the novel’s hyperrealism is such that Beigbeder simultaneously posits and deconstructs the notion of national identity within the greater contexts of postmodernism and globalization.
Preserving EAPSM Phase and Transmission in the Clean Process

The cleaning of embedded-attenuated phase shift masks (EAPSMs) is one of the most important enabling capabilities in the production of high-quality masks. Particles are commonly generated during Cr and MoSiON etching using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) tools. The cleaning process of EAPSMs requires not only the removal of particles on the phase shifting layer (MoSiON) and glass, but also the ability to leave the phase and transmission properties intact. Megasonic cleaning is a technique commonly used for removing particles on the surfaces of photomasks. However, megasonic processes employing SC-1 chemistry (specifically ammonium hydroxide) cannot be applied to a MoSiON PSM. Chemical erosion of the alkali-soluble phase shifting layer will drive phase and transmission performance outside of customer specifications. Therefore, EAPSM cleaning must balance simultaneously the complete removal of particles with the prevention physical damage. For these reasons, the cleaning process requires a high degree of control. In this paper, a new cleaning method was applied to MoSiON-based masks utilizing megasonic cleaning because it had a little change on phase and transmission. Traditional SC-1 chemistry was not used at all. Results obtained through this method showed a little change on phase and transmission. The particles on glass also can be sufficiently removed using megasonic process with the dilute SC-1 chemistry. The cleaning technique for the fabrication of EAPSMs with no variation in phase and transmission after the cleaning process will be presented.