cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Super-Harmonic Resonances of a Bi-Stable Axially-Loaded Beam for Energy Harvesting Under Low-Frequency Excitations

A research paradox currently lies in the design of miniaturized vibratory energy harvesters capable of harnessing energy efficiently from low-frequency excitations. To address this problem, this effort investigates the prospect of utilizing super-harmonic resonances of a bi-stable system to harvest energy from excitation sources with low-frequency components. Towards that objective, the paper considers the electromechanical response of an axially-loaded clamped-clamped piezoelectric beam harvester with bi-stable potential characteristics. By numerically constructing the voltage-frequency bifurcation maps of the response near the super-harmonic resonance of order two, it is shown that, for certain base excitation levels, the harvester can exhibit responses that are favorable for energy harvesting. These include a unique branch of large-orbit periodic inter-well oscillations, coexisting branches of large-orbit solutions, and a bandwidth of frequencies where a unique chaotic attractor exists. In these regions, the harvester can produce power levels that are comparable to those obtained near the primary resonance.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Values and female entrepreneurship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research the extent to which different types of values influence a woman's decision to become an entrepreneur.Design/methodology/approach – The paper constructs a two‐stage model to capture the entrepreneurial decision. In the first stage, life values affect the decision to enter the workforce. In the second stage, work values impact the type of employment sought: entrepreneur vs employee.Findings – It is found that women whose life value is that “men should have scarce jobs before women” are less likely to participate in the labor force and hence less likely to become an entrepreneur; work values of initiative, achievement, and respect are positively correlated with entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implications – The definition of entrepreneurship is limited to those who are self‐employed.Practical implications – The findings have important policy implications. If policy makers wish to spur the rate of entrepreneurship among women to make it approach or reac...
Langmuir−Adam Trough Studies of Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity, and Amphilicity in Small-Molecule and High-Polymeric Phosphazenes

Langmuir−Adam trough studies have been carried out to study the behavior of seven cyclic and linear short-chain small-molecule phosphazenes and four high polymers at air−water interfaces. The small-molecule compounds are models for a variety of phosphazene high polymers. The influence of phenoxy, 1,2-benzenedioxy, OCH2CF3, NH2, NEt2, NBu2, and OCH2CH2CH2CH2OCH3 side groups was studied. The air−water interface behavior of the small molecules depended on (a) the cyclic or linear skeletal structure and (b) the types of side groups linked to the ring or chain. The utilization of these results for understanding the behavior of phosphazene high polymers at air−water interfaces is discussed.
Langerhans Cells: Antigen Presenting Cells of the Epidermis

While epidermis in the skin provides an excellent barrier to the environment, it is an incomplete one. Some antigenic material can penetrate through the stratum corneum (or be introduced pathologically) where strategically placed epidermal Langerhans cells reside. In this review, we have assembled relevant data concerning the antigen presenting potential of epidermal Langerhans cells. Strong circumstantial evidence derived from in vitro studies of epidermal cell suspensions enriched for Langerhans cells indicates that Langerhans cells possess this capability. In vivo studies with intact skin indicate that critical numbers of functioning Langerhans cells are essential for successful induction of contact hypersensitivity by epicutaneously applied haptens. And within the past several months, experiments with purified preparations of epidermal Langerhans cells have proven that these cells, and perhaps they alone among epidermal cells, possess the capacity of processing and presenting haptenic determinants to the immune system. The challenge for the future is to determine the extent to which this unique property of Langerhans cells affords physiologic protection to the skin and under what pathologic circumstances altered Langerhans cell function leads to disease.
Effects of Gregarine Parasites on the Development of Dirofilaria Immitis in Aedes Triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Infections of Aedes triseriatus with the gregarine parasite Ascogregarina barretti were examined to determine the influence of this parasite on host development and survival, and to quantify the effects of this parasite on Dirofilaria immitis development. Infections with A. barretti caused a reduction in the weight of female pupae and a slight increase in the time to pupation of males. Male pupal weight, female time to pupation, larval mortality, adult emergence, and adult male survival were not affected by A. barretti . Over 95% of the gregarine-infected and uninfected adult females that ingested comparable levels of microfilariae of D. immitis became infected, and in over 90% of the mosquitoes D. immitis completed development to the infective L3 stage. No significant differences in the number of infective larvae were found between gregarine-infected and uninfected mosquitoes. However, in the Malpighian tubules, significantly more L3 and L2 larvae were found in gregarine-infected mosquitoes. The survival of adult female Ae. triseriatus was not influenced by either gregarine infections, D. immitis infections, or concomitant infections with both parasites. Overall, infections of A. barretti do not appear to affect the vector competence of Ae. triseriatus for D. immitis .
Latent Structure Analysis of a Set of Multidimensional Contingency Tables

Abstract Statistical methods are introduced for latent structure analysis of a set of two or more multidimensional contingency tables. Three basic classes of models are considered: (a) models that assume complete homogeneity across tables, (b) models that allow partial homogeneity across tables, and (c) models that allow complete heterogeneity. Methods are presented for testing whether these models are congruent with the data in the tables and for assessing the significance of differences among the tables in the estimated parameters. To illustrate the wide applicability of these models and methods, we present analyses of two quite different sets of data.
From Jena to Copenhagen: Kierkegaard's relations to German idealism and the critique of autonomy in "The sickness unto death"

This article seeks to demonstrate the influence of J. G. Fichte's philosophy on Soren Kierkegaard's theory of the self as he develops it in The Sickness unto Death and to interpret his theory of the self as a religious critique of autonomy. Following Michelle Kosch, it argues that Kierkegaard's theory of the self was developed in part as a critique of idealist conceptions of agency. Moreover, Kierkegaard's view of agency provides a powerful way of understanding human freedom and finitude that has implications for contemporary debates about autonomy, normativity, and agency.
Neutron scattering in magnetic fields

The use of magnetic fields in neutron scattering experimentation is reviewed briefly. Two general areas of application can be distinguished. In one the field acts to change the properties of the scattering sample; in the second the field acts on the neutron itself. Several examples are discussed. Precautions necessary for high precision polarized beam measurements are reviewed. 33 references.
CHILD PROTECTION EVALUATIONS The Forensic Stepchild

In child protection cases, the mental health evaluator is required to have a broad range of expertise in family violence and child and adult psychological issues. This article reviews epidemiological as well as other quantitative data to provide an empirical foundation by which to understand the problem of family violence, the characteristics of abusers and victims, and the consequences to the child who is a witness to or victim of family violence. Forensic evaluation guidelines and recommendations for structuring child protection evaluations are addressed.
Phages will out: strategies of host cell lysis

Most phages accomplish host lysis using a muralytic enzyme, or endolysin, and a holin, which permeabilizes the membrane at a programmed time and thus controls the length of the vegetative cycle. By contrast, lytic single-stranded RNA and DNA phages accomplish lysis by producing a single lysis protein without muralytic activity.
The Long-Term Outcome of Posterior Urethral Valves Treated with Primary Valve Ablation and Observation

AbstractPurpose: We believe that primary valve ablation with observation is the preferred management for posterior urethral valves. However, debate continues as to the role of high diversion. We examined the long-term outcome of a large series of patients treated with primary valve ablation, and compared it to the outcome of high diversion and vesicostomy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 100 patients treated with primary valve ablation (74 percent), vesicostomy (13 percent) or high diversion (9 percent) before 1985. Median followup was 11.2 years.Results: Overall 13 percent of our patients had end stage renal disease by age 15 years. Three patients initially treated with valve ablation and 3 initially treated with vesicostomy later underwent high diversion but none benefited from the secondary procedure. Four patients initially treated with valve ablation subsequently underwent vesicostomy but only 1 benefited. Bladder storage capacity was well preserved. Diurnal urinary continence develo...
High speed switch using pairs of pHEMTs with shifted gates

In many radio frequency (RF) applications, small, high-power, high-speed switches are vital. Currently, pHEMTs are considered among the fastest of the semiconductor devices, capable of operating up to 100 GHz. We designed a switch topology using simple series and shunt elements. Each element was comprised of a single, unbiased pHEMT. We found shifting the position of the gate asymmetrically towards the source terminal in these transistors improved the switching time. Using very long HEMTs in our experimental chips we observed improvement of turn-on and turn-off time (both in single nanoseconds) as well as better linearity and power handling.
The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990: Developing a Method for Measuring the Occurrence of Hate Violence

The Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA) of 1990 set into motion the structure and mechanisms for identifying and collecting data on the occurrence of hate crimes in this country. In this article, the authors briefly describe the data-collection program that was developed by the FBI and others in response to the HCSA. The authors also examine the FBI's progress in implementing this program as an adjunct to the widely known Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. Trends in law enforcement participation in the national program, along with steps being taken to improve this participation, are also examined. Also, the authors explore the future benefits that are anticipated as the UCR program shifts from a summary-based program to one that collects data on each criminal incident. Finally, the authors make general observations about hate crime in the United States based on the data currently held by the FBI.
Plk1- and β-TrCP–dependent degradation of Bora controls mitotic progression

Through a convergence of functional genomic and proteomic studies, we identify Bora as a previously unknown cell cycle protein that interacts with the Plk1 kinase and the SCF–β-TrCP ubiquitin ligase. We show that the Bora protein peaks in G2 and is degraded by proteasomes in mitosis. Proteolysis of Bora requires the Plk1 kinase activity and is mediated by SCF–β-TrCP. Plk1 phosphorylates a conserved DSGxxT degron in Bora and promotes its interaction with β-TrCP. Mutations in this degron stabilize Bora. Expression of a nondegradable Bora variant prolongs the metaphase and delays anaphase onset, indicating a physiological requirement of Bora degradation. Interestingly, the activity of Bora is also required for normal mitotic progression, as knockdown of Bora activates the spindle checkpoint and delays sister chromatid segregation. Mechanistically, Bora regulates spindle stability and microtubule polymerization and promotes tension across sister kinetochores during mitosis. We conclude that tight regulation of the Bora protein by its synthesis and degradation is critical for cell cycle progression.
Exploring children's investigation of data outliers

In spite of the increasing amounts of digitized data that will be available to children when they grow up, little attention has been paid toward preparing them for the process of exploring data, researching related information, synthesizing findings, and presenting them to peers. In this paper we present our observations on activities conducted with 10-12 year old children that involved identifying outliers using an information visualization tool, researching the reasons behind the outlying data, and synthesizing and presenting results using a media authoring tool. Our observations suggest children in this age group can make use of information visualization tools designed for a general adult population, but that great difficulties remain in conducting online research, and in integrating data exploration, online research, and presentation of results.
The Structure of Food Demand: Interrelatedness and Duality

This paper presents a new empirical demand system which mitigates the effects of multicollinearity while facilitating the measurement of interrelatedness. Duality theory is used to derive the inverse demand functions. Using data on fourteen food items a complete set of demand equations is estimated in both quantity and price dependent forms. The model is used to test for the theoretical restrictions of homogeneity, additivity and negativity, as well as the habit formation hypothesis. A comparison is made between these results and those of Brandow and George and King.
Three-dimensional spectral-spatial EPR imaging of free radicals in the heart : a technique for imaging tissue metabolism and oxygenation

Abstract It has been hypothesized that free radical metabolism and oxygenation in living organs and tissues such as the heart may vary over the spatially defined tissue structure. In an effort to study these spatially defined differences, we have developed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging instrumentation enabling the performance of three-dimensional spectral-spatial images of free radicals infused into the heart and large vessels. Using this instrumentation, high-quality three-dimensional spectral-spatial images of isolated perfused rat hearts and rabbit aortas are obtained. In the isolated aorta, it is shown that spatially and spectrally accurate images of the vessel lumen and wall could be obtained in this living vascular tissue. In the isolated rat heart, imaging experiments were performed to determine the kinetics of radical clearance at different spatial locations within the heart during myocardial ischemia. The kinetic data show the existence of regional and transmural differences in myocardial free radical clearance. It is further demonstrated that EPR imaging can be used to noninvasively measure spatially localized oxygen concentrations in the heart. Thus, the technique of spectral-spatial EPR imaging is shown to be a powerful tool in providing spatial information regarding the free radical distribution, metabolism, and tissue oxygenation in living biological organs and tissues.
New Textbooks on European Politics: A Comparative Review

Magstadt, Thomas M. 2007. Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Perspective . Belmont: Thomson Higher Education. ISBN: 978053457766. Piper, Richard J. 2005. Major Nation-States in the Europ...
Recent trends in aircraft ground power electric equipment

AIRCRAFT ground power equipment serves two primary requirements. It makes possible the starting of the airplane's engines, and it provides electric power to the airplane's utilization equipment, thus conserving the plane's own electric system for use during actual flight only. This paper is concerned with the electric equipment used in engine generator sets which provide the source of aircraft ground power.
Optimal design of resonant-mass gravitational wave antennas.

A new generation of resonant-mass gravitational wave antennas, to be operated at ultralow temperatures, is under development by several research groups. This paper presents a theory for the optimal design of the new antennas. First, a general sensitivity limit is derived, which may be applied to any linear instrument for which the design figure of merit is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). By replacing the amplifier by its noise resistance and considering the energy dissipated in the noise resistance when a signal is applied, it is possible to show that the optimally filtered SNR is less than or equal to ${E}_{r}$/(${\mathrm{kT}}_{n}$), the energy dissipated in the noise resistance divided by Boltzmann's constant times the amplifier noise temperature. This sensitivity limit will be achieved if the instrument is lossless, in which case the energy dissipated in the noise resistance is equal to the energy deposited in the system by the signal. For resonant-mass gravitational wave antennas, if the amplifier is identified as the mechanical amplifier (transducer and electronic amplifier together), then the lossless limit is accessible in practice. A useful point of view is that optimal antenna designs are those that are most loss tolerant\char22{}those that achieve the limiting SNR with the lowest possible mechanical Q values. The techniques of network synthesis may be used to design mechanical networks for matching the main antenna mass to the mechanical amplifier that are optimal in this sense. A class of loss-tolerant networks has been synthesized; their properties are summarized in a set of design charts that give the Q requirements and bandwidth as a function of the number of modes, the temperature, and the amplifier noise resistance and noise temperature.
Hydromyelia and Chiari malformation in children and adolescents.

Abstract A series of 24 patients with Chiari malformation and hydromyelia, treated at the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital between 1975 and 1991, is reviewed. The age range of these patients was 3 to 19 years. Eleven had a Chiari 1 malformation and 13 had a Chiari 2 malformation. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 16 years with a mean of 5 years. Twenty-one patients had posterior fossa decompression procedures as the primary treatment, with or without plugging of the central canal at the obex. Forty-five per cent of the Chiari 1 patients and 62% of the Chiari 2 patients showed sustained neurological improvement. A further 36% of the Chiari 1 patients and 15% of the Chiari 2 patients had their neurological deficits stabilised. Following operation, sustained radiological collapse of the cavity occurred in 9 out of the 11 cases of Chiari 1 malformation. The follow-up radiology in the Chiari 2 patients has been incomplete. Complications following posterior fossa procedures with plugging of the central canal were transient and there has not been long-term morbidity. Posterior fossa decompression, fourth ventriculostomy, obex plugging and dural grafting is recommended in those cases where the surgical anatomy allows dissection of the tonsils from the brainstem. Plugging of the central canal at the obex is of value if the muscle plug is firmly secured.
An Efficient, Optimized Synthesis of Fentanyl and Related Analogs

The alternate and optimized syntheses of the parent opioid fentanyl and its analogs are described. The routes presented exhibit high-yielding transformations leading to these powerful analgesics after optimization studies were carried out for each synthetic step. The general three-step strategy produced a panel of four fentanyls in excellent yields (73–78%) along with their more commonly encountered hydrochloride and citric acid salts. The following strategy offers the opportunity for the gram-scale, efficient production of this interesting class of opioid alkaloids.
Localization of lateral geniculate spikes in alert, sleeping and reserpine-treated cats

Abstract Experiments were undertaken to explain the apparent paradox wherein it was often found that LGN spikes accompanying eye movements could be recorded from sleeping and reserpine-treated cats, but not from alert cats. Electrode placements in thirty LGNs of seventeen chronically implanted cats were studied and classified according to the conditions under which eye movement-associated LGN spikes could be recorded from them. Three types of placements were found: type SR , producing LGN spikes only in the sleeping and reserpine-treated cat; type ASR , producing LGN spikes in the alert as well as the sleeping and reserpine-treated cat; and type O , from which LGN spikes were never recorded. Type ASR sites were found in the body of LGN and adjacent optic tract terminations; type SR sites were immediately adjacent to type ASR sites. The larger amplitude of LGN spikes of the sleeping or reserpine-treated cat probably allows them to be recorded by volume conduction at a distance from their site of generation in LGN.
How Does One Study a “Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”? Ethnographic Reflections on Kerala's Kūtiyāttam

This article presents issues encountered in ethnographic fieldwork in Kerala, south India, on a tradition of Sanskrit theatre called Kūtiyāttam. Key issues include recent changes in both the audience and performing troupes as Kerala's society has become more egalitarian, and reduced ritual activity by priests. Kūtiyāttam has been transformed from a devotional offering in temples to a cultural performance viewed as an art form. Ethnographic research on this tradition has contributed to international recognition and patronage. In this case, ethnographic fieldwork affects both the researchers and the subjects of their research.
Provider Perspectives on Involving Families in Children's Residential Psychiatric Care

Over time, residential mental health treatment programs for youth with serious emotional and behavioral disorders have shifted to a more family-focused paradigm that stresses the importance of family involvement during children's psychiatric care. Findings are presented from an in-depth qualitative examination of the factors that facilitate and hinder family involvement as well as expectations for family involvement from the perspective of providers at five residential youth treatment facilities in Florida. Results indicate that family involvement is facilitated by offering transportation assistance and flexible scheduling, fostering communication, and empowering families through education and support. Suggestions for future research are also offered.
Strong law for the bootstrap

Let X1, X2, X3, … be i.i.d. r.v. with E|X1| < ∞, E X1 = μ. Given a realization X = (X1,X2,…) and integers n and m, construct Yn,i, i = 1, 2, …, m as i.i.d. r.v. with conditional distribution P∗(Yn,i = Xj) = 1n for 1 ⩽ j ⩽ n. (P∗ denotes conditional distribution given X). Conditions relating the growth rate of m with n and the moments of X1 are given to ensure the almost sure convergence of (1m)Σmi=1 Yn,i toμ. This equation is of some relevance in the theory of Bootstrap as developed by Efron (1979) and Bickel and Freedman (1981).
Estimation of color filter array data from JPEG images for improved demosaicking

On-camera demosaicking algorithms are necessarily simple and therefore do not yield the best possible images. However, off-camera demosaicking algorithms face the additional challenge that the data has been compressed and therefore corrupted by quantization noise. We propose a method to estimate the original color filter array (CFA) data from JPEG-compressed images so that more sophisticated (and better) demosaicking schemes can be applied to get higher-quality images. The JPEG image formation process, including simple demosaicking, color space transformation, chrominance channel decimation and DCT, is modeled as a series of matrix operations followed by quantization on the CFA data, which is estimated by least squares. An iterative method is used to conserve memory and speed computation. Our experiments show that the mean square error (MSE) with respect to the original CFA data is reduced significantly using our algorithm, compared to that of unprocessed JPEG and deblocked JPEG data.
Dispersion Correction Derived from First Principles for Density Functional Theory and Hartree−Fock Theory

The modeling of dispersion interactions in density functional theory (DFT) is commonly performed using an energy correction that involves empirically fitted parameters for all atom pairs of the system investigated. In this study, the first-principles-derived dispersion energy from the effective fragment potential (EFP) method is implemented for the density functional theory (DFT-D(EFP)) and Hartree–Fock (HF-D(EFP)) energies. Overall, DFT-D(EFP) performs similarly to the semiempirical DFT-D corrections for the test cases investigated in this work. HF-D(EFP) tends to underestimate binding energies and overestimate intermolecular equilibrium distances, relative to coupled cluster theory, most likely due to incomplete accounting for electron correlation. Overall, this first-principles dispersion correction yields results that are in good agreement with coupled-cluster calculations at a low computational cost.
The critical contact process seen from the right edge

Durrett (1984) proved the existence of an invariant measure for the critical and supercritical contact process seen from the right edge. Galves and Presutti (1987) proved, in the supercritical case, that the invariant measure was unique, and convergence to it held starting in any semi-infinite initial state. We prove the same for the critical contact process. We also prove that the process starting with one particle, conditioned to survive until timet, converges to the unique invariant measure ast→∞.
Complementation of an Escherichia coli glycolysis mutant by Giardia lamblia triosephosphate isomerase.

Abstract The Giardia lamblia triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) gene was cloned using a probe generated by a polymerase chain reaction that employed primers complementary to highly conserved regions of TIM. The nucleotide sequence predicts a protein that is 38 and 47% identical to TIM from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources, respectively. Like all other Giardia protein-coding genes studied thus far, the TIM gene lacks introns and is transcribed to yield a polyadenylated mRNA with an extremely short 5′ untranslated region. The Giardia TIM gene complemented an Escherichia coli triosephosphate isomerase deletion mutant. The simplicity and success of complementation suggests its general utility in cloning Giardia genes of known function.
School-related problems of Mexican-American adolescents

Abstract An attempt is made to explain certain selected aspects of the school problems of some Mexican-American adolescents by an analysis of major cultural themes. The data presented suggest that for some Mexican-American adolescents, school has at least the following four meanings: (1) a place where teachers are frequently perceived and treated as authority figures similar to their fathers and, therefore, are targets of rebellion; (2) a place lacking strict external prhibition of encounters with the opposite sex; (3) a public arena of activity where one can bring honor or shame to one's family: and (4) an institution which expects participating individuals to value individual competition and success. Finally, these problems are discussed with respect to problems that Mexican-American female adolescents have in direct expression of anger.
Open Lateral Retinacular Closure Surgery for Treatment of Anterolateral Knee Pain and Disability After Arthroscopic Lateral Retinacular Release

Background: Although lateral retinacular release (LR) surgery has historically been one of the most commonly used arthroscopic procedures for the treatment of patellar instability and anterior knee pain, it may be associated with complications and poor functional outcome measures.Purpose: To examine the clinical efficacy of open lateral retinacular closure (LRC), a novel but technically simple procedure in the treatment of disabling anterolateral knee pain, tenderness, and positive medial patellar apprehension testing in patients who have undergone prior arthroscopic LR surgery.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: The records of 22 patients who had previously undergone an arthroscopic LR and underwent a diagnostic arthroscopy and LRC were reviewed. Physical examination findings and symptoms after prior LR surgery, duration between LR and LRC surgeries, and arthroscopic findings immediately before LRC were analyzed. Preoperative and postoperative Lysholm knee scores and activity levels ...
Effect of Formulation and Processing Techniques on Release of Salicylic Acid from Ointments

The effects of variation of drug particle size, fusion temperature of the base, and ointment milling on the release of salicylic acid were investigated. The larger the drug particle size, the higher was the amount of salicylic acid released from petrolatum base. The fusion temperature of the base also appeared to influence the rate of drug release, suggesting an optimum temperature to be considered. Ointments prepared by fusion at 70 or 90° demonstrated lower rates of drug release than those produced by mechanical incorporation. Moreover, salicylic acid was found to sublime during the ointment preparation by fusion at 90°. Homogenization of the ointment in a three-roller mill enhanced the rate of drug release from emulsion bases but not from petrolatum base.
Trajectories and constraint-based distortion invariance

New constraint-based and trajectory approaches to distortion-invariant pattern recognition are advanced.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Developmental changes in the blood-ocular barriers in chicken embryos.

Abstract Changes in the permeability characteristics of the developing chicken eye were studied using light and electron microscopy. Chicken embryos from 6–19 days of gestation (E9–E19) and within 1 day of hatching (P1) were injected intravascularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and examined 1 and 5 min after injection. Within 1 min of injection there was focal accumulation of horseradish peroxidase reaction product (HRP-RP) at the angle of the anterior chamber in embryos up to E15. By 5 min post-injection the HRP diffused into the anterior and posterior chambers and vitreous body; and extended posteriorly into the developing uveal tract. No leakage was detected in the E19 or older animals. In the posterior segment of the eye prior to E12, HRP from the adjacent connective tissues diffused into zone III of the optic nerve. After E12 the developing meninges prevented the influx of the HRP. At the level of the lamina cribosa HRP permeated zone II up to E19 after which only 25% of the animals examined showed HRP-RP in this area. In zone I in all ages examined no HRP-RP was detected 5 min after injection. Developing blood vessels in the deep iris stroma, optic nerve and pecten remained impermeable even as they grew, while the choroidal vessels were consistently leaky. This study suggests: (1) that proteins from the vascular system reach the intraocular chambers before E19; (2) that the leakage occurs from vessels located in the uveal tract adjacent to the angle; (3) that the permeability of the optic nerve depends on the development of the meninges and the border tissues associated with the lamina cribosa; and (4) that the growing blood vessels in the developing eye have permeability characteristics similar to those found in mature vessels.
Rapid calculation of x-ray absorption near edge structure using parallel computation

Modeling x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) requires computationally intensive calculations. We show that parallel processing can reduce the time required for XANES calculations by a factor of up to 50 over standard desktop computers. Parallel processing is implemented in our codes using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and is portable across most hardware and operating systems. We demonstrate the inverse scaling of the parallel algorithm with the number of processors, and discuss how this approach to parallel processing could be implemented in other multiple-scattering calculations. Faster calculations should improve the applicability of ab initio XANES studies to many materials science problems. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BiN: a buffer-in-NUCA scheme for accelerator-rich CMPs

As the number of on-chip accelerators grows rapidly to improve power-efficiency, the buffer size required by accelerators drastically increases. Existing solutions allow the accelerators to share a common pool of buffers or/and allocate buffers in cache. In this paper we propose a Buffer-in-NUCA (BiN) scheme with the following contributions: (1) a dynamic interval-based global buffer allocation method to assign shared buffer spaces to accelerators that can best utilize the additional buffer space, and (2) a flexible and low-overhead paged buffer allocation method to limit the impact of buffer fragmentation in a shared buffer, especially when allocating buffers in a non-uniform cache architecture (NUCA) with distributed cache banks. Experimental results show that, when compared to two representative schemes from the prior work, BiN improves performance by 32% and 35% and reduces energy by 12% and 29%, respectively.
Dose-effect functions for cocaine self-administration: Effects of schedule and dosing procedure

Research related to determining how procedural variables can alter dose-effect functions for cocaine self-administration is limited. Toward clarifying the role of procedural variables, responding was maintained in rats under either variable-interval (VI) or fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of cocaine infusion. In addition to free-operant FR schedules, discrete-trial FR schedules were evaluated. The dose-effect functions were obtained by either substituting a dose for the usual daily dose, instituting a particular dose for several sessions, or making all doses available within a session. Dose-effect functions for response rate (or number of trials with infusions for the discrete-trial FR) were bitonic for the VI and discrete-trial FR schedules but tended to be strictly decreasing for the free-operant FR schedules. Responding was maintained under FR schedules by a low dose (0.083 mg/infusion) if the dose was substituted for a higher daily dose but not when made available daily. Rate of response was higher under ratio schedules at 0.17 mg/infusion when this dose occurred within the context of other higher doses within a session than when the dose was simply substituted for a higher daily dose. These data indicate that procedural variables can alter dose-response curves for cocaine self-administration.
Amino acid composition of freshly harvested and stored potatoes

Total amino acid contents of several important U.S. potato cultivars grown in Maine, Idaho and The Red River Valley are listed along with nitrogen content. Differences in amino acid content among cultivars were roughly proportional to differences in total nitrogen. The effect of storage on amino acids in two cultivars was minor. The limiting essential amino acids compared to egg were MET and the sulphur amino acids.
Rotational intensities of a magnetic rotation spectrum for a diatomic molecule

Abstract The rotational intensity distribution of a magnetic rotation spectrum is calculated for a 1 Π- 1 Σ vibronic transition in a diatomic molecule. The general theoretical result is simplified by assuming that the linewidth is smaller than the Zeeman splitting and that the latter is smaller than the rotational constant. The simplifed expression is used to make numerical predictions about the P and R branches of light diatomic molecules.
Emission lifetimes of human hemoglobin computed from the atomic coordinates

Using the Forster equations we have estimated the rate of energy transfer from tryptophans to hemes in hemoglobin. We computed the orientation factors and the consequent transfer rates from the crystallographic coordinates of human oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. The intrasubunit distances between hemes and tryptophans allow lifetimes between 5 and 15 ps per each ns of tryptophan lifetime. Lifetimes of several hundred ps would be allowed by the intersubunit distances, however, these distances become operative only when one heme per tetramer does not accept transfer. If more than one heme per tetramer does not function as an acceptor, lifetimes of several ns would be allowed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characteristics of Cumulus Band Clouds off the Coast of Hawaii

Abstract We have analyzed aircraft observations from seventeen cumulus cells within cloud bands observed off the east coast of Hawaii during the Joint Hawaii Warm Rain Project (JHWRP) of 1985. Low level convergence generated by the encounter of the trade winds and the island determines the location of the initial convection. However, the upward momentum below cloud base seems to be less important in the subsequent evolution of the bands than buoyancy associated with latent heat release. Entrainment into the clouds occurs at all levels, and almost all cloudy parcels below the trade inversion are moving upwards. While evaporative cooling does not seem to enhance entrainment below the inversion, it does play a role in the descent of cloud top air to the bottom of the inversion. Despite the existence of undiluted cores, the average thermodynamic characteristics of the clouds below the inversion appear well described by a very simple, constant lateral entrainment rate parcel model. We have used in-cloud and ne...
Library-based process test vehicle design framework

This work describes a test vehicle design framework, which minimizes the discrepancy among design rule set, tests structure design and testing plan. The framework is composed of the symbolic design rule set, Parametereized-Device, test structure generator, and test vehicle generator. An approach for simplification and consolidation of test structure is proposed to derive the concise test structure library. Finally, implementation of test vehicle is presented.
The risk of hospitalization in patients with asthma switched from an inhaled corticosteroid to a leukotriene receptor antagonist

Asthma-related hospitalization rates were compared over a 2-year period between a cohort of patients with asthma who switched from an inhaled corticosteroid in year 1 to a leukotriene modifier in year 2 (n = 285) and a matched cohort continuously treated with an inhaled corticosteroid (n = 570). During year 1, patients were well maintained, with a hospitalization rate of 1.1% to 1.4%. During year 2, 2.5% of the patients switched to a leukotriene modifier had one or more asthma-related hospitalizations compared with 0.6% of the patients continuously receiving an inhaled corticosteroid. Patients treated with a leukotriene modifier were at 7 times greater risk for an asthma-related hospitalization compared with patients who continued to receive an inhaled corticosteroid (risk-adjusted odds ratio, 7.1; 95% CI, 2.79-17.95). These data are consistent with the results of well-controlled clinical trials showing that leukotriene modifiers may be associated with deterioration of asthma control relative to inhaled corticosteroids. Considered in aggregate, the data support the conclusion that leukotriene modifiers should not be substituted for inhaled corticosteroids as a single-controller therapy for asthma.
Elucidating the vibrational spectra of hydrogen-bonded aggregates in solution: electronic structure calculations with implicit solvent and first-principles molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent for 1-hexanol in n-hexane.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a popular method for the experimental investigation of hydrogen-bonded aggregates, but linking spectral information to microscopic information on aggregate size distribution and aggregate architecture is an arduous task. Static electronic structure calculations with an implicit solvent model, Car−Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) using the Becke−Lee−Yang−Parr (BLYP) exchange and correlation energy functionals and classical molecular dynamics simulations for the all-atom version of the optimized parameters for liquid simulations (OPLS-AA) force field were carried out for an ensemble of 1-hexanol aggregates solvated in n-hexane. The initial configurations for these calculations were size-selected from a distribution of aggregates obtained from a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation. The vibrational spectra computed from the static electronic structure calculations for monomers and dimers and from the CPMD simulations for aggregates up to pentamers demonstrate the ...
Impaired adipogenic response to thiazolidinediones in mice expressing human apolipoproteinE4

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizers used to treat patients with insulin resistance. To assess potential gene-drug interactions, mice expressing human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 (APOE3 or APOE4) were fed a Western-type high-fat diet for 12 wk, at which time they developed similarly impaired glucose tolerance. Supplementing the diet with rosiglitazone (1.5 mg/g body weight) for an additional 4 wk improved plasma lipid profiles in both APOE3 and APOE4 mice. However, glucose tolerance improved only in APOE3 mice. Induction of adipogenesis and lipogenesis was severely blunted in adipose tissues, but not in the livers, of APOE4 mice. Consequently, lipids were channeled to the liver, causing marked steatosis in these mice. Impaired glucose tolerance was not a prerequisite for this adverse effect, and long-term treatment with rosiglitazone altered liver enzymes and caused hepatic fibrosis in APOE4 mice. Finally, TZDs failed to stimulate PPARγ activation and adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes and embryonic fibroblasts isolated from APOE4 mice compared to those from APOE3 mice. We conclude that the effects of TZDs are APOE isoform dependent, and that the metabolic damage observed in APOE4 mice is rooted in an impaired activation of the adipogenic program in the adipose tissues expressing APOE4.—Arbones-Mainar, J. M., Johnson, L. A., Altenburg, M. K., Kim, H.-S., Maeda, N. Impaired adipogenic response to thiazolidinediones in mice expressing human apolipoproteinE4.
Magnetic anomaly guidance system for mine countermeasures using autonomous underwater vehicles

This paper describes a magnetic anomaly guidance system that, with support from the Office of Naval Research, is being developed for fully autonomous detection, localization and classification of ferrous mines in Very Shallow Water/Surf Zone (VSW/SZ) environments. The magnetic guidance system's hardware configurations and magnetic target signature processing methods specifically have been developed for autonomous guidance of small, maneuverable sensing platforms, such as Underwater Bottom Vehicles, (UBVs), to magnetic targets. The prototype magnetic anomaly guidance is a three-axis magnetometer-gradiometer comprised by an array of triaxial fluxgate magnetometers and triaxial accelerometers. This design allows development of magnetic gradient tensor contraction scalars that provide the basis for a unique method for magnetic guidance of UBVs to underwater and buried mines. The triaxial accelerometer array can be used for mitigation of the target-detection-range-reducing effects of large changes in sensor platform orientation. Field test results indicate that a simple magnetic guidance algorithm based on comparison of the magnitudes of contractions of gradient tensor subsets measured by "primary guidance axes" of the sensor array will provide a robust and practical method for fully autonomous guidance of highmobility UBVs to magnetic targets. Target detection range can be enhanced by using rotationally invariant tensor contractions for robust proximity sensing and "pseudo-robust" scalar total field quantities for "homing in on" magnetic targets. Sensor system stability and DLC performance also would be improved by the use of better, temperature-compensated magnetometers. The results indicate that the magnetic anomaly guidance system and its method for target localization are particularly appropriate for homing in on magnetic targets from high-mobility sensing platforms such as small UBVs or Navy Divers.
Association between History of Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder for Hospitalized Adolescent Girls

Records of 38 hospitalized female adolescents were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between a history of earlier physical and/or sexual abuse and borderline personality. Those with histories of abuse were significantly more likely to score as Borderline Personality Disorder when assessed by the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines--Revised.
The evolutionary loss of a badge of status alters male competition in three-spine stickleback

The evolutionary loss of sexual signals is taxonomically widespread and quite common. These signals are often important not only in mate choice but also in male competition for territories and females; yet, male competition has rarely been investigated in the context of signal loss. We asked whether the loss of red throat color in three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), an ancestral signal important in both male competition and mate choice, is accompanied by changes to intrasexual selection. Several freshwater stickleback populations have lost the red throat, and instead develop black breeding coloration. Previous work demonstrated that sensory drive is likely responsible. We conducted trials that mimic contact between ancestral (red) and derived (black) types during territory and nest establishment under conditions mimicking the 2 water color environments (clear and red-shifted, respectively) where they are found. We found that the allocation of competition behaviors depends on male breeding color, but not water color or the interaction of the 2. Although the total number of aggressive behaviors did not vary between color types, black males directed more aggression toward red males. Assessing each male competition behavior separately revealed that this pattern was largely driven by black fish biasing "charges" toward opposite type males. Agonistic behavior between types may strengthen divergence in resource or habitat use between populations of males with and without the ancestral sexual signal.
The order topology in a bicompactly generated lattice

The concept of a compactly generated lattice has been studied extensively in connection with decomposition theory (see [1]). This paper investigates the order topology in a lattice which is, along with its dual, compactly generated (hence, bicompactly generated). We show that order convergence is topological and that the order topology is Hausdorff, totally disconnected, and has an open subbase of ideals and dual ideals in any bicompactly generated lattice; furthermore, with an additional restriction, the lattice operations are continuous in the order topology. Next we consider the order topology in certain special types of compactly generated lattices, namely atomic Boolean algebras and sub-complete lattices of atomic Boolean algebras in the former structures the order topology is uniformizable, in the latter, compact.