cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on the hydrodynamic eigenmodes of Couette flow

The axisymmetric eigenmodes for the velocity and pressure disturbances in the incompressible Couette flow between two concentric rotating cylinders with no-slip boundary conditions are computed numerically and plotted. As found previously in the narrow-gap approximation as well as for the Rayleigh-Benard system, damped propagating viscous modes are present for wide ranges of parameters. Closed-form solutions for the special case of corotating cylinders show that the time constants for the decay of the eigenmodes then become insensitive to the ratio of the radii of the cylinders.
Performance of water distribution networks: integrated approach

This paper presents the performance dimensions of water distribution networks. In the absence of physical models for pipe deterioration, the evaluation of different performance factors such as maintenance and operating costs, serviceability of water supply, water quality, structural integrity of mains, and system reliability, is analyzed. In particular, predictive models for pipe breakage rates are reviewed, and a method based on the Cox regression for failure time analysis is presented, along with the insightful results of its application to two large urban systems. The assessment of water main conditions requires the combination of a number of data sources, due to the difficulty in inspecting visually buried infrastructure. Descriptive, predictive, and physical analyses are performed on inventory, condition assessment, testing, and maintenance history data. The break causing mechanisms and patterns of failure are reviewed. Factors affecting breakage rates are listed, and their synergistic effect is anal...
Strategies for assessing learning and memory, 1978–1987: A comparison of behavioral toxicology, psychopharmacology, and neurobiology

Tests of learning and memory are currently not typically included in first-tier screening batteries even though there is ample evidence that chemical exposure can produce deficits in these cognitive processes. The approach taken in behavioral toxicology has been to restrict these cognitive tests to second tier or hazard characterization studies, yet there is little agreement on which tests are most appropriate. The present survey was designed to determine the current testing strategies in toxicology for detecting and characterizing the effects of chemical treatment on learning and memory, and to make comparisons to similar data from the fields of psychopharmacology and neurobiology. The survey data revealed a number of discipline-dependent effects on the selection of tests. A number of these effects were clearly related to the subject matter as well as the particular chemical/treatment being examined. Given the youth of the field, behavioral toxicology has the advantage of gaining valuable information from both of these disciplines. Behavioral testing in neurotoxicology should consider strategies which maximize unification of these closely related fields of neuroscience.
An extended finite element method with algebraic constraints (XFEM-AC) for problems with weak discontinuities

Abstract We present a new extended finite element method with algebraic constraints (XFEM-AC) for recovering weakly discontinuous solutions across internal element interfaces. If necessary, cut elements are further partitioned by a local secondary cut into body-fitting subelements. Each resulting subelement contributes an enrichment of the parent element. The enriched solutions are then tied using algebraic constraints, which enforce C 0 continuity across both cuts. These constraints impose equivalence of the enriched and body-fitted finite element solutions, and are the key differentiating feature of the XFEM-AC. In so doing, a stable mixed formulation is obtained without having to explicitly construct a compatible Lagrange multiplier space and prove a formal inf-sup condition. Likewise, convergence of the XFEM-AC solution follows from its equivalence to the interface-fitted finite element solution. This relationship is further exploited to improve the numerical solution of the resulting XFEM-AC linear system. Examples are shown demonstrating the new approach for both steady-state and transient diffusion problems.
Prediction of the active-site structure and NAD(+) binding in SQD1, a protein essential for sulfolipid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

Abstract Sulfolipids of photosynthetic bacteria and plants are characterized by their unique sulfoquinovose headgroup, a derivative of glucose in which the 6-hydroxyl group is replaced by a sulfonate group. These sulfolipids have been discussed as promising anti-tumor and anti-HIV therapeutics based on their inhibition of DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. To study sulfolipid biosynthesis, in particular the formation of UDP-sulfoquinovose, we have combined computational modeling with biochemical methods. A database search was performed employing the derived amino acid sequence from SQD1, a gene involved in sulfolipid biosynthesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. This sequence shows high similarity to other sulfolipid biosynthetic proteins of different organisms and also to sugar nucleotide modifying enzymes, including UDP-glucose epimerase and dTDP-glucose dehydratase. Additional biochemical data on the purified SQD1 protein suggest that it is involved in the formation of UDP-sulfoquinovose, the first step of sulfolipid biosynthesis. To understand which aspects of epimerase catalysis may be shared by SQD1, we built a three-dimensional model of SQD1 using the 1.8 A crystallographic structure of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase as a template. This model predicted an NAD + binding site, and the binding of NAD + was subsequently confirmed by enzymatic assay and mass spectrometry. The active-site interactions together with biochemical data provide the basis for proposing a reaction mechanism for UDP-sulfoquinovose formation.
Elevated paraquat resistance can be used as a bioassay for longevity in a genetically based long-lived strain of Drosophila.

A long-lived (L) strain of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from a normal-lived (R) strain by artificial selection, has a significantly different adult longevity. Previous work has shown that (1) the two strains age in the same manner, (2) the major genes responsible for much of the L strain's extended longevity are located on the 3rd chromosome, and (3) the extended longevity phenotype is significantly modulated by the larval environment. In this report, we investigate the resistance of the L and R strains to the lethal effects of dietary paraquat. We show that, within the limitations of our described chromosomal and environmental manipulations, the extended longevity phenotype always accompanies the phenotype of elevated paraquat resistance. In addition, reversed selection applied to the L strain results in the simultaneous decrease of both life span and paraquat resistance. Thus, the presence or absence of the latter phenotype may be used as a bioassay for the presence or absence of the extended longevity phenotype, without any necessary implication of causality. Use of this bioassay should greatly speed up the genetic analysis of this system by allowing us to identify long-lived animals at a young age. Finally, we show that the age-related loss of elevated paraquat resistance in both strains precedes all the other age-related functional decrements which we have previously noted in this system.
Kinetic theory for neuronal networks with fast and slow excitatory conductances driven by the same spike train

We present a kinetic theory for all-to-all coupled networks of identical, linear, integrate-and-fire, excitatory point neurons in which a fast and a slow excitatory conductance are driven by the same spike train in the presence of synaptic failure. The maximal-entropy principle guides us in deriving a set of three $(1+1)$-dimensional kinetic moment equations from a Boltzmann-like equation describing the evolution of the one-neuron probability density function. We explain the emergence of correlation terms in the kinetic moment and Boltzmann-like equations as a consequence of simultaneous activation of both the fast and slow excitatory conductances and furnish numerical evidence for their importance in correctly describing the coarse-grained dynamics of the underlying neuronal network.
The effects of parallax scrolling on user experience in web design

Parallax scrolling is becoming an increasingly popular strategy in web design. This scrolling technique creates the illusion of depth on a webpage by making the background images move slower than the foreground images. In addition to its ability to engage users with a website, advocates of parallax scrolling claim that it improves user experience. Researchers attribute this pleasurable user experience to the fulfillment of the following variables: usability, satisfaction, enjoyment, fun, and visual appeal. We hypothesized that parallax scrolling would positively influence each of these five variables and subsequently the overall user experience. Eighty-six individuals from a large Midwestern university participated in the research. One group of participants (N = 43) interacted with the parallax scrolling website, whereas the second group (N = 43) interacted with the non-parallax scrolling website. An independent samples t-test revealed significant differences between the two groups in regards to perceived fun. Participants believed that the parallax scrolling website was more fun than the non-parallax scrolling website. The results of the study also showed parallax scrolling to be more effective when used in a hedonic and fun context. In spite of these benefits two of the participants suffered motion sickness and experienced significant usability issues while interacting with the parallax scrolling website. As a result, this potential risk to participants raises some ethical issues that UX practitioners and web designers should consider when planning to implement parallax scrolling.
Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in female Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients aged 12 to 26 years

Background Women with SLE have higher rates of persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infections and precancerous lesions than healthy women. HPV vaccine is safe and effective in healthy females aged 9–26 years. There are limited data on the safety and immunogenicity of HPV vaccine in females with SLE, and none in adolescents with SLE. Our study evaluates the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil, in adolescents and young women with SLE.
Observed Rossby waves in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry data

A global daily altimetry dataset was recently established at the Naval Research Laboratory on the base of Geosat Follow-On, TOPEX/POSEIDON, and ERS-2 data using the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS). After quality control such as tidal and orbit error removal, referencing to a consistent mean, it provides a global sea surface height (SSH) data with high temporal and spatial resolutions. We identify the first baroclinic Rossby waves wtih a phase speed around 3-5 cm/s in the northern South China Sea using 1994-2001 daily SSH data. We also find that there is no evident Rossby wave signal in the southern South China Sea.
Genetic mapping of paternal sorting of mitochondria in cucumber.

Mitochondria are organelles that have their own DNA; serve as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells; play important roles in stress responses, programmed cell death, and ageing; and in the vast majority of eukaryotes, are maternally transmitted. Strict maternal transmission of mitochondria makes it difficult to select for better-performing mitochondria, or against deleterious mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. Cucumber is a useful plant for organellar genetics because its mitochondria are paternally transmitted and it possesses one of the largest mitochondrial genomes among all eukaryotes. Recombination among repetitive motifs in the cucumber mitochondrial DNA produces rearrangements associated with strongly mosaic (MSC) phenotypes. We previously reported nuclear control of sorting among paternally transmitted mitochondrial DNAs. The goal of this project was to map paternal sorting of mitochondria as a step towards its eventual cloning. We crossed single plants from plant introduction (PI) 401734 and Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii and produced an F2 family. A total of 425 F2 plants were genotyped for molecular markers and testcrossed as the female with MSC16. Testcross families were scored for frequencies of wild-type versus MSC progenies. Discrete segregations for percent wild-type progenies were not observed and paternal sorting of mitochondria was therefore analyzed as a quantitative trait. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL; LOD >23) was mapped between two simple sequence repeats encompassing a 459-kb region on chromosome 3. Nuclear genes previously shown to affect the prevalence of mitochondrial DNAs (MSH1, OSB1, and RECA homologs) were not located near this major QTL on chromosome 3. Sequencing of this region from PI 401734, together with improved annotation of the cucumber genome, should result in the eventual cloning of paternal sorting of mitochondria and provide insights about nuclear control of organellar-DNA sorting.
Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels

Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. The overall strategy in the production of hydrocarbon fuels from biomass is (i) to reduce the substantial oxygen content of the parent feedstock to improve energy density and (ii) to create C–C bonds between biomass-derived intermediates to increase the molecular weight of the final hydrocarbon product. We begin this review with a brief overview of first-generation biofuels, specifically bioethanol and biodiesel. We consider the implications of utilizing starchy and triglyceride feedstocks from traditional food crops, and we provide an overview of second-generation technologies to process the major constituents of more abundant lignocellulosic biomass, such as thermochemical routes (gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction) which directly process whole lignocellulose to upgradeable platforms (e.g., synthesis gas and bio-oil). The primary focus of this review is an overview of catalytic strategies to produce biofuels from aqueous solutions of carbohydrates, which are isolated through biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis. Although hydrolysis-based platforms are associated with higher upstream costs arising from pretreatment and hydrolysis, the aqueous solutions of biomass-derived compounds can be processed selectively to yield hydrocarbons with targeted molecular weights and structures. For example, sugars can be used as reforming feedstocks for the production of renewable hydrogen, or they can be dehydrated to yield furfurals or levulinic acid. For each of the platforms discussed, we have suggested relevant strategies for the formation of C–C bonds, such as aldol condensation of ketones and oligomerization of alkenes, to enable the production of gasoline, jet, and Diesel fuel range hydrocarbons. Finally, we address the importance of hydrogen in biorefining and discuss strategies for managing its consumption to ensure independence from fossil fuels.
Operations on type-2 fuzzy sets

In this paper, we discuss set operations on type-2 fuzzy sets (including join and meet under minimum/product t-norm), algebraic operations, properties of membership grades of type-2 sets, and type-2 relations and their compositions. All this is needed to implement a type-2 fuzzy logic system (FLS).
Bone health in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: how protective is tamoxifen?

Summary Breast cancer is a leading threat to women’s health. Tamoxifen, the most successful selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been used in hormonal therapy for three decades. Along with its therapeutic effect on breast cancer, tamoxifen also demonstrates potential benefits for bone health. However, the extent and quality of such benefits have not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and identified 27 peer-reviewed articles investigating the relationship between tamoxifen and bone health in postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer. The majority of studies reported that tamoxifen therapy alone protected against the loss of spinal bone mineral density. The bones in the hip also benefited from tamoxifen treatment while there was no evidence demonstrating tamoxifen’s protection against bone loss in arms. When tamoxifen was combined with chemotherapy, it was found to partially prevent or reverse the bone loss resulting from chemotherapy. Patients with a history of hormone replacement therapy experienced bone loss while patients without the history had increased bone mineral density during tamoxifen therapy. Despite an apparent impact of tamoxifen on bone mineral density, the few available studies of tamoxifen and bone fractures appear to suggest no protective effect but an increase in fracture incidence. More investigation is necessary to clarify the discrepancy between bone mineral density and fracture in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen.
Efficient mine microseismic monitoring

Abstract During the past 20 years, the microseismic technique has grown from a pure research means for rockburst study to a basic industrial tool for daily safety monitoring at rockburst-prone mines. This article examines the important issues for efficient mine microseismic monitoring programs. The key technical issues for such a program are discussed from three aspects: monitoring planning, data processing, and microseismic event location. An efficient monitoring program would be impossible without a firm commitment of the mine management. Issues related to the management and mine operations are discussed, including monitoring program integration, efficient use of microseismic data, and the benefit of monitoring programs for mine safety and productivity.
Pharmacological maintenance treatments of opiate addiction

For people seeking treatment, the course of heroin addiction tends to be chronic and relapsing, and longer duration of treatment is associated with better outcomes. Heroin addiction is strongly associated with deviant behaviour and crime, and the objectives in treating heroin addiction have been a blend of humane support, rehabilitation, public health intervention and crime control. Reduction in street heroin use is the foundation on which all these outcomes are based. The pharmacological basis of maintenance treatment of dependent individuals is to minimize withdrawal symptoms and attenuate the reinforcing effects of street heroin, leading to reduction or cessation of street heroin use. Opioid maintenance treatment can be moderately effective in suppressing heroin use, although deviations from evidence-based approaches, particularly the use of suboptimal doses, have meant that treatment as delivered in practice may have resulted in poorer outcomes than predicted by research. Methadone treatment has been ‘programmatic’, with a one-size-fits-all approach that in part reflects the perceived need to impose discipline on deviant individuals. However, differences in pharmacokinetics and in side-effects mean that many patients do not respond optimally to methadone. Injectable diamorphine (heroin) provides a more reinforcing medication for some ‘nonresponders’ and can be a valuable option in the rehabilitation of demoralized, socially excluded individuals. Buprenorphine, a partial agonist, is a less reinforcing medication with different side-effects and less risk of overdose. Not only is it a different medication, but also it can be used in a different paradigm of treatment, office-based opioid treatment, with less structure and offering greater patient autonomy.
A Wnt signaling pathway controls hox gene expression and neuroblast migration in C. elegans

The specification of body pattern along the anteroposterior (A/P) body axis is achieved largely by the actions of conserved clusters of Hox genes. Limiting expression of these genes to localized regional domains and controlling the precise patterns of expression within those domains is critically important for normal patterning. Here we report that egl-20, a C. elegans gene required to activate expression of the Hox gene mab-5 in the migratory neuroblast QL, encodes a member of the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins. We have found that a second Wnt pathway gene, bar-1, which encodes a beta-catenin/Armadillo-like protein, is also required for activation of mab-5 expression in QL. In addition, we describe the gene pry-1, which is required to limit expression of the Hox genes lin-39, mab-5 and egl-5 to their correct local domains. We find that egl-20, pry-1 and bar-1 all function in a linear genetic pathway with conserved Wnt signaling components, suggesting that a conserved Wnt pathway activates expression of mab-5 in the migratory neuroblast QL. Moreover, we find that members of this Wnt signaling system play a major role in both the general and fine-scale control of Hox gene expression in other cell types along the A/P axis.
An analysis of packing in the protein folding problem

The number of globular proteins for which high resolution structures are available is rapidly increasing. In each case the particular sequence of the polypeptide appears to yield only a single, compact, biologically active structure. However, peptides with no obvious sequence similarity may form remarkably similar structures.
CONTINENTAL SCALE VARIABILITY IN ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES: MODELS, DATA, AND THE ROLE OF DISTURBANCE

Management of ecosystems at large regional or continental scales and de- termination of the vulnerability of ecosystems to large-scale changes in climate or atmo- spheric chemistry require understanding how ecosystem processes are governed at large spatial scales. A collaborative project, the Vegetation and Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP), addressed modeling of multiple resource limitation at the scale of the conterminous United States, and the responses of ecosystems to environmental change. In this paper, we evaluate the model-generated patterns of spatial variability within and be- tween ecosystems using Century, TEM, and Biome-BGC, and the relationships between modeled water balance, nutrients, and carbon dynamics. We present evaluations of models against mapped and site-specific data. In this analysis, we compare model-generated patterns of variability in net primary productivity (NPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) to, respec- tively, a satellite proxy and mapped SOC from the VEMAP soils database (derived from USDA-NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) information) and also compare modeled results to site-specific data from forests and grasslands. The VEMAP models simulated spatial variability in ecosystem processes in substantially different ways, reflect- ing the models' differing implementations of multiple resource limitation of NPP. The models had substantially higher correlations across vegetation types compared to within vegetation types. All three models showed correlation among water use, nitrogen avail- ability, and primary production, indicating that water and nutrient limitations of NPP were equilibrated with each other at steady state. This model result may explain a number of seemingly contradictory observations and provides a series of testable predictions. The VEMAP ecosystem models were implicitly or explicitly sensitive to disturbance in their simulation of NPP and carbon storage. Knowledge of the effects of disturbance (human and natural) and spatial data describing disturbance regimes are needed for spatial modeling of ecosystems. Improved consideration of disturbance is a key ''next step'' for spatial ecosystem models.
Controlled loading of cryoprotectants (CPAs) to oocyte with linear and complex CPA profiles on a microfluidic platform

Oocyte cryopreservation has become an essential tool in the treatment of infertility by preserving oocytes for women undergoing chemotherapy. However, despite recent advances, pregnancy rates from all cryopreserved oocytes remain low. The inevitable use of the cryoprotectants (CPAs) during preservation affects the viability of the preserved oocytes and pregnancy rates either through CPA toxicity or osmotic injury. Current protocols attempt to reduce CPA toxicity by minimizing CPA concentrations, or by minimizing the volume changes via the step-wise addition of CPAs to the cells. Although the step-wise addition decreases osmotic shock to oocytes, it unfortunately increases toxic injuries due to the long exposure times to CPAs. To address limitations of current protocols and to rationally design protocols that minimize the exposure to CPAs, we developed a microfluidic device for the quantitative measurements of oocyte volume during various CPA loading protocols. We spatially secured a single oocyte on the microfluidic device, created precisely controlled continuous CPA profiles (step-wise, linear and complex) for the addition of CPAs to the oocyte and measured the oocyte volumetric response to each profile. With both linear and complex profiles, we were able to load 1.5 M propanediol to oocytes in less than 15 min and with a volumetric change of less than 10%. Thus, we believe this single oocyte analysis technology will eventually help future advances in assisted reproductive technologies and fertility preservation.
Seeking Eudaimonia: The Emotions in Learning to Teach and to Mentor

In this chapter I explore aspects of the emotional life of beginning teachers and the experienced teachers who mentor them. First, I briefly describe the institutional context within which teachers and mentors conduct their work, a context increasingly shaped by the pressures of high-stakes student testing and punitive approaches to accountability. Drawing on the work of the late philosopher, Robert Solomon, I then describe the appraisal theory of the emotions that grounds the analysis of two cases. Various models of teacher development are described and issues associated with mentoring discussed. The cases illustrate various aspects of the connections existing among emotion, identity, self-narratives, and expectations in the lives and work of a beginning second career teacher and a new teacher mentor.
Women, Crime and Drugs

Abstract As more women are brought into the criminal justice system for crimes related to drug usage, it is necessary to understand how the unique position of addicted female offenders may affect their successful participation in conventional drug treatment programs. This study examines the influence of social organization and systems of support on the female inmate's ability to successfully re-integrate, stay clean, and remain free of crime upon release from prison. Using data from a prison-based therapeutic community called CREST, serving male and female offenders in Delaware, this study compares the ability of female treatment program participants (test group) and work release participants (control group) to form networks of support and stability once released from prison. Additionally, this study examines the influence of systems of support on rates of recidivism or returning to drug use. By using a two-pronged study of social support building and recidivism for female offenders, the overall effective...
Social Acceptability of Hypothetical Married Couples and Their Relationships

ABSTRACT The present experiment tested whether the physical attractiveness attributed to members of married couples would vary according to the social acceptability associated with their interconnected leader-follower roles. American college students rated female and male hypothetical stimulus persons who were described as married to each other. As predicted, both partners who were described as being in a traditional relationship with the husband as leader were stereotyped as being highly attractive. Partners in relationships that deviated from this pattern were stereotyped as being less attractive: Those enacting equal leadership roles were intermediate in attractiveness, and those with the wife as leader were least attractive. Gender identity also varied according to the social acceptability of the couple's roles, with the wife and husband in the traditional relationship being stereotyped as most highly sex typed. The personal attributes of self-esteem and social status were not affected by the social a...
Experimental ecological genetics in Plantago. V. Components of seed yield in the ribwort plantain Plantago lanceolata L

The study of the manner in which plants vary in their seed yield has usually been the province of agronomists and plant breeders interested in crop production. Such studies have used the approach of partitioning yield into a number of components, and then examining causes of variation in the individual components as well as the interrelationships among them (for discussion see Adams, 1967; Grafius and Thomas, 1971). These yield components may be morphological or physiological attributes. Frequently, emphasis is placed on the "major" yield components, namely weight per seed, number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per inflorescence, and number of inflorescences per plant. Together these major yield components multiplicatively determine total weight of seed per plant, a commonly used measure of yield. The methods and concepts employed in the analysis of yield components can be applied to analysis of components of fitness in natural populations. Thus the amount of resources allocated by the plant to seed production (seed yield) is directly related to its reproductive output (number and size of seeds), and, in that these resources are no longer available for growth and survival, the amount devoted to seed may be inversely related to longevity (Gadgil and Bossert, 1970; Primack, 1979). With regard to components of seed yield it is surprising that the study of yield components and their interrelationships have been largely confined to an agronomic context. The few studies that have been done on natural popula-
Professional Fiefdoms Appraised: The Case of Social Services

Much of recent discussion in regard to public services has been about which plane of government in the federal system should do what, and what the scale of the units should be. There is a constant quest for the right territorial unit. This essay will address a different question which is no less pertinent to our times and only a little less pertinent to American federalism-one that is often linked to questions of scale or plane but is obviously distinct from it. This is the issue of generalist versus specialist administration of government functions. The choice is not either-or, of course. The issues are ones of proportion and balance: what is the right mix as among the professional specialists who tend to dominate the line agencies in American executive branches and others in executive positions, be they elected chief executives, political appointees at the top levels of departments, or career generalists in staff units such as budgeting or planning and evaluation.
Analysis of China Watermelon and Muskmelon's Market and Industry Development Trend and Countermeasure in 2011

In this paper,China watermelon and muskmelon's production and sale situation and market change characteristics were analyzed firstly.From the macro-economy,market supply and demand,production costs,standardized production level and logistics and storage and transportation,domestic watermelon and muskmelon's market influence factors were discussed.From different angle of market supply and demand,market trend,market sales model and industrialization development,the future's watermelon and muskmelon industry development trend were judged.Finally policy suggestions to promote China watermelon and muskmelon's industry development were put forward.
Adhere to human orientation to realize new development of electric power union

The new issue and requirement that facing the development of union in the new phase is to adhere to human orientation which offers new idea and opportunity.The union should,on the basis of acquired development,continue to carry forward the fine traditions,five play to advantages and adhere to "human orientation".It should also embrace the theme and serve for the general situation aiming to make new breakthrough and driven by deepening reform.
Value in palliative cancer surgery: A critical assessment

Emergency operations are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost compared to elective operations. Palliative and emergent surgery for patients with advanced malignancies is associated with additional risk and remains controversial. Emergent or palliative interventions can be broadly categorized according to indication. Tumor related complications (bleeding, obstruction, or perforation) merit specific consideration, as do specific presentations such as pneumoperitoneum, pneumatosis intestinalis, or peritonitis from other causes that may arise during active therapy for malignancies. Although nonoperative, endoscopic, and interventional treatment modalities are frequently available, surgery remains the only effective therapy in selected situations such as small intestinal obstruction and tumor perforation. Selection of patients for surgery requires consideration of factors including overall prognosis, performance status, and patients' priorities. Selection and risk assessment tools underscore the limited capacity of patients' with higher risk features for durable recovery but do not supplant nuanced clinical judgment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:311-315. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FVCAG: A framework for formal verification driven power modeling and verification

Generation of accurate IP power models requires determination of correct simulation conditions for the different input pins of the IP. Determining such a set of inputs for individual IP blocks in a design is expensive in cost and time, and is also highly error prone. Additionally, it is desirable to identify IP instances in a design, where these simulation conditions are not met. These are relevant problems in the context of modern day microprocessor designs, which are designed using a very large number of IPs, either developed in-house or sourced from external vendors. In this paper, we examine these problems in an industrial context and introduce FVCAG, a framework for enabling efficient and accurate power modelling. FVCAG enables a more thorough IP power modelling than that can be accomplished using current state of the art techniques. Experimental evaluation of the proposed framework on the standard cell library and macros used in the design of an industry class high performance microprocessor design demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of proposed framework.
Consumers, commodities, and choices: A general model of consumer behavior

Results of present-day marketing and consumer behavior research suggest that consumer decision-making processes and commodity acquisition patterns differ depending upon a number of variables, including identity of the decisionmakers, nature and type of commodity, perceived need for an item, and the socio-cultural environment. Archaeological research tends to focus on aspects of historical consumer behavior associated with specific commodities and exhibited by particular segments of the population. It is suggested that a general model of consumer behavior, one not linked to any specific commodity or population segment, will serve to place archaeological research in a broader context and permit the future development of consumer behavior models for other types of commodities and population segments.
Rekindling the Fire: The Compromise That Initiated the Formal Integration of Daily Newspaper Newsrooms

Abstract The American Society of Newspaper Editors agreed in 1978 to sponsor a newsroom integration initiative only after an interracial group of activists persuaded ASNE directors that this was the morally correct path to take. Ofparticular note were the efforts of African-American journalists who agitatedfrom outside the ASNEandofprominent Southern editors who championedthe cause from within. Drawing upon oral history interviews and the archival record. this article explores the negotiations that led to the ASNE board's 1978 vote as well as the ASNE membership's resistance to hiring non-white journalists. Ultimately, this article demonstrates that the ASNE newsroom diversity initiative, rather than being an uncomplicated decision spurred by social change, emerged from a mix ofpassion and logic, conviction and ambivalence, selflessness and self-interest.
Anatomical characteristics of teats and premilking bacterial counts of teat skin swabs of primiparous cows exposed to different types of bedding

Bacterial populations of teat skin are associated with risk of intramammary infection and may be influenced by anatomical characteristics of teats. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations of selected anatomical characteristics of teats with bacterial counts of teat skin of cows exposed to different types of bedding. Primarily primiparous Holstein cows (n = 128) were randomly allocated to 4 pens within a single barn. Each pen contained 1 type of bedding [new sand (NES), recycled sand (RS), deep-bedded manure solids (DBMS), and shallow-bedded manure solids over foam core mattresses (SBMS)]. During a single farm visit udders (n = 112) were scored for hygiene and 1 front (n = 112) and 1 rear teat (n = 111) of each enrolled cow were scored for hyperkeratosis (HK). Teat length, teat barrel diameter, and teat apex diameter were measured and teat skin swabs were systematically collected for microbiological analysis. Linear type evaluation data for udders of each cow were retrieved for each cow. Teat position (front or rear) was associated with occurrence of clinical mastitis during the 12 mo before the farm visit and more cases occurred in front quarters. The proportion of udders that were classified as clean (score 1 or 2) was 68, 82, 54, and 95% for cows housed in pens containing NES, RS, SBMS, and DBMS, respectively. No association was found between HK score and teat position and no association was found between HK score and teat skin bacterial count. Bacterial counts of teat skin swabs from front teats of cows in pens containing RS and SBMS were significantly less than those of rear teats of cows in pens containing DBMS or NES. Teat skin bacterial counts were significantly greater for swabs obtained from teats of cows with udder hygiene scores of 3 and 4 as compared with swabs obtained from cows with cleaner udders. Of all udder conformation traits evaluated, only narrower rear teat placement was positively associated with bacterial counts on teat skin.
Advanced Materials and Processes

In the first seven chapters of this book, we attempted a succinct statement of the fundamentals of science and engineering thought necessary for an understanding of processes for producing materials. The remaining chapters up to the present one, have had as their focus the application of these fundamentals to the technology of what are frequently called “traditional” structural materials, such as steel, copper, alumina, and silicon carbide. These traditional materials are, in terms of economic measures such as tons produced or sales per year, the most important ones and likely to remain so well into the next century.
The Evergreen basin and the role of the Silver Creek fault in the San Andreas fault system, San Francisco Bay region, California

The Evergreen basin is a 40-km-long, 8-km-wide Cenozoic sedimentary ­basin that lies mostly concealed beneath the northeastern margin of the Santa Clara Valley near the south end of San Francisco Bay (California, USA). The basin is bounded on the northeast by the strike-slip Hayward fault and an approximately parallel subsurface fault that is structurally overlain by a set of west-verging reverse-oblique faults which form the present-day southeastward extension of the Hayward fault. It is bounded on the southwest by the Silver Creek fault, a largely dormant or abandoned fault that splays from the active southern Calaveras fault. We propose that the Evergreen ­basin formed as a strike-slip pull-apart basin in the right step from the Silver Creek fault to the Hayward fault during a time when the Silver Creek fault served as a segment of the main route by which slip was transferred from the central California San Andreas fault to the Hayward and other East Bay faults. The dimensions and shape of the Evergreen basin, together with palinspastic reconstructions of geologic and geophysical features surrounding it, suggest that during its lifetime, the Silver Creek fault transferred a significant portion of the ∼100 km of total offset accommodated by the Hayward fault, and of the 175 km of total San Andreas system offset thought to have been accommodated by the entire East Bay fault system. As shown previously, at ca. 1.5–2.5 Ma the Hayward-Calaveras connection changed from a right-step, releasing regime to a left-step, restraining regime, with the consequent effective abandonment of the Silver Creek fault. This reorganization was, perhaps, preceded by development of the previously proposed basin-bisecting Mount Misery fault, a fault that directly linked the southern end of the Hayward fault with the southern Calaveras fault during extinction of pull-apart activity. Historic seismicity indicates that slip below a depth of 5 km is mostly transferred from the Calaveras fault to the Hayward fault across the Mission seismic trend northeast of the Evergreen basin, whereas slip above a depth of 5 km is transferred through a complex zone of oblique-reverse faults along and over the northeast basin margin. However, a prominent groundwater flow barrier and related land-subsidence discontinuity coincident with the concealed Silver Creek fault, a discontinuity in the pattern of seismicity on the Calaveras fault at the Silver Creek fault intersection, and a structural sag indicative of a negative flower structure in Quaternary sediments along the southwest basin margin indicate that the Silver Creek fault has had minor ongoing slip over the past few hundred thousand years. Two earthquakes with ∼M6 occurred in A.D. 1903 in the vicinity of the Silver Creek fault, but the available information is not sufficient to reliably identify them as Silver Creek fault events.
Drainage Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy for Malignant Bowel Obstruction in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Prognosis and Implications for Timing of Palliative Intervention.

Abstract Background: Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a frequent complication in patients with advanced solid tumors. Palliative relief may be achieved by the use of a drainage percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (dPEG) tube, although optimal timing of placement remains unknown. Objectives: To determine median survival after diagnosis of MBO and dPEG placement, factors associated with worse survival in MBO, factors associated with receipt of dPEG, and association of timing of dPEG placement on survival. Methods: This observational retrospective cohort study examined 439 patients with MBO on a gastrointestinal medical oncology inpatient service. Patients were characterized by age, gender, race, primary cancer type, length of stay, readmission, complications (aspiration pneumonia or bowel perforation), and receipt of dPEG. Select factors were analyzed to examine overall survival (OS) and dPEG placement. Results: Median survival from diagnosis of first MBO was 2.5 months. Median survival after dPEG place...
Matrix Decomposition Techniques for Data Privacy

Data mining technologies have now been used in commercial, industrial, and governmental businesses, for various purposes, ranging from increasing profitability to enhancing national security. The widespread applications of data mining technologies have raised concerns about trade secrecy of corporations and privacy of innocent people contained in the datasets collected and used for the data mining purpose. It is necessary that data mining technologies designed for knowledge discovery across corporations and for security purpose towards general population have sufficient privacy awareness to protect the corporate trade secrecy and individual private information. Unfortunately, most standard data mining algorithms are not very efficient in terms of privacy protection, as they were originally developed mainly for commercial applications, in which different organizations collect and own their private databases, and mine their private databases for specific commercial purposes. In the cases of inter-corporation and security data mining applications, data mining algorithms may be applied to datasets containing sensitive or private information. Data warehouse owners and government agencies may potentially have access to many databases collected from different sources and may extract any information from these databases. This potentially unlimited access to data and information raises the fear of possible abuse and promotes the call for privacy protection and due process of law. Privacy-preserving data mining techniques have been developed to address these concerns (Fung et al., 2007; Zhang, & Zhang, 2007). The general goal of the privacy-preserving data mining techniques is defined as to hide sensitive individual data values from the outside world or from unauthorized persons, and simultaneously preserve the underlying data patterns and semantics so that a valid and efficient decision model based on the distorted data can be constructed. In the best scenarios, this new decision model should be equivalent to or even better than the model using the original data from the viewpoint of decision accuracy. There are currently at least two broad classes of approaches to achieving this goal. The first class of approaches attempts to distort the original data values so that the data miners (analysts) have no means (or greatly reduced ability) to derive the original values of the data. The second is to modify the data mining algorithms so that they allow data mining operations on distributed datasets without knowing the exact values of the data or without direct accessing the original datasets. This article only discusses the first class of approaches. Interested readers may consult (Clifton et al., 2003) and the references therein for discussions on distributed data mining approaches.
Time perspective, psychological outcomes, and risky behavior among runaway adolescents

In this study, we compared the time perspectives of runaway and nonrunaway adolescents by examining relationships among time perspective, psychological outcomes, and risky behavior within runaways....