cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postintensive Care Syndrome in Survivors of Critical Illness Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Cohort Study From a New York City Critical Care Recovery Clinic.

Objective: Determine the characteristics of postintensive care syndrome in the cognitive, physical, and psychiatric domains in coronavirus disease 2019 ICU survivors. Design: Single-center descriptive cohort study from April 21, to July 7, 2020. Setting: Critical care recovery clinic at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Patients: Adults who had critical illness due to coronavirus disease 2019 requiring an ICU stay of 7 days or more and who agreed to a telehealth follow-up in the critical care recovery clinic 1-month post hospital discharge. INTERVENTIONS: None. Measures and Main Results: Patient-reported outcome measures assessing physical and psychiatric domains were collected electronically, a cognitive test was performed by a clinician, and clinical data were obtained through electronic medical records. Outcome measures assessed postintensive care syndrome symptoms in the physical (Modified Rankin Scale, Dalhousie Clinical Frailty Scale, Neuro-Quality of Life Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity Function, Neuro-Quality of Life Fatigue), psychiatric (Insomnia Severity Scale; Patient Health Questionnaire-9; and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), and cognitive (Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment) domains. The 3-Level Version of Euro-QoL-5D was used to assess the physical and psychiatric domains. A diagnosis of postintensive care syndrome was made in cases with evidence of impairment in at least one postintensive care syndrome domain. We included 45 patients with a mean (SD) age of 54 (13) years, and 73% were male. Ninety-one percent of coronavirus disease 2019 ICU survivors fit diagnostic criteria for postintensive care syndrome. 86.7 % had impairments in the physical domain, 22 (48%) reported impairments in the psychiatric domain, and four (8%) had impairments on cognitive screening. We found that 58% had some degree of mobility impairment. In the psychiatric domain, 38% exhibited at least mild depression, and 18 % moderate to severe depression. Eighteen percent presented Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, scores suggestive of posttraumatic stress syndrome diagnosis. In the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 9% had impaired cognition. Conclusions: Survivors of critical illness related to coronavirus disease 2019 are at high risk of developing postintensive care syndrome. These findings highlight the importance of planning for appropriate post-ICU care to diagnose and treat this population.
Engaging smokers in research: Utility of Facebook in facilitating recruitment to a smoking cessation study

Abstract Introduction Social media, including Facebook outreach, is increasingly being used as a participant recruitment tool, and may be particularly useful in tobacco and smoking cessation studies. The Recruitment Innovation Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center partnered with Project LUNA, a smoking cessation study, to conduct a pilot social media campaign aimed at increasing study recruitment. Methods Two posts encouraging study participation were developed and promoted on Facebook to users with an interest in smoking-related topics, with a link to a study-specific webpage. Facebook and website analytics were collected, including impressions, clicks, click-through rates, website traffic, and clicks to the study screening form. Study screening and enrollment data were also collected. Results The Facebook campaign ran in June 2019 in the greater Houston area. In total, the Facebook posts logged 1,179,844 impressions, 6490 clicks, and an overall click-through rate of 0.55%. There were no differences in response to the two different promotional posts. Approximately 3812 unique individuals visited an intermediary study page, with 473 expressing interest in the study. Forty-three potential participants contacted the study team, resulting in study enrollment and randomization of 23 participants, with an estimated cost per enrolled participant of $441. Conclusions The social media campaign was successful at increasing outreach and interest in the LUNA study. However, the price-per-participant enrolled was higher than in comparable tobacco cessation studies. These results and lessons learned may be beneficial to others considering social media as a recruitment method for their clinical research trial.
Studying Pretrial Publicity Effects: New Methods for Improving Ecological Validity and Testing External Validity

Although research examining the effects of pretrial publicity (PTP) on individuals' appraisals of a defendant and verdict decision making generally has been found to be internally valid, the external validity has been questioned by some social scientists as well as lawyers and judges. It is often proposed that the verisimilitude (or ecological validity) ofthe research should be increased in the service of increasing external validity; however, increasing verisimilitude can be costly in terms of both time and money. It is proposed that the Internet is a viable means of conducting PTP research that allows high verisimilitude without high costs. This is demonstrated with a study in which we used the Internet to examine PTP effects in an actual trial as it was taking place. Successful use of the Internet to conduct experimental research in other areas of psychology and law is discussed, as well as the importance of future research examining whether independent variables interact with methods in ways that undermine the generalizability of research findings.
Merleau-Ponty, Trans Philosophy, and the Ambiguous Body

In this paper, I argue that Merleau-Ponty’s seminal book, Phenomenology of Perception, stands as a positive resource for articulating both trans experiences and trans identities within both a wrong-body model and a multiple worlds of sense model of trans philosophy. I begin my paper by highlighting the complex relation between Talia Bettcher’s proposed multiple worlds of sense model and the wrong-body model. As the dismissal of either model appears undesirable, I suggest that we attempt to combine the two models. To do this, I turn to Georgia Warnke’s contextual understanding of identity as I ultimately juxtapose her work with Merleau-Ponty in order to give a positive account of trans identities that will function as a bridge between Merleau-Ponty and Bettcher. I then turn to discuss the basic ideas within Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception that are used to ground Rubin’s wrong-body model. As I contend that Merleau-Ponty has more to offer what Rubin attributes to him, I then turn to key passages concerning Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of the sexual schema and the intrinsic ambiguity of the body. By incorporating both concepts into a discussion of trans philosophy, I argue that Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology offers a non-essentialist account of sexuality that both phenomenologically legitimates and grounds the wide spectrum of trans experiences and trans identities as well as Warnke’s contextual identity through, what I call, our ambiguous-being-in-the-world. Such an account, I conclude, makes possible a combined wrong-body model and multiple worlds of sense model of trans philosophy.
Chronological Placement of the Booth Site: Implications for the Wilmore Complex and Southern Plains Culture History

Recent excavations at the Booth site, assigned to the provisional Wilmore complex, have yielded chronological information establishing a Late Ceramic period (post ca A.D. 1500) occupation for this site. Tins finding calls into question the earlier identification of Wilmore complex sites with the Middle Ceramic period. While this date may sample the latest of multiple occupations of this site, it neverthe less indicates the existence of a previously unknown protohistoric complex contemporary with, but ap parently distinct from, contemporary complexes in the Southern Plains. Based on excavations at the Bell site (14CM407) in 1984 and on surface collections from the Booth site (14CM406), Witty proposed the provisional "Wilmore complex" (Rowlison 1985). Wilmore complex sites were thought to share traits similar to the Bluff Creek and Pratt complexes in Kansas and an unnamed complex in western Oklahoma represented at the Hed ding (34WD2) and Zimms (34RM72) sites (Flynn 1984; Rowlison 1985:126; Shaeffer 1965). These complexes appear to share a settlement pattern involving clustered structures and abun dant storage pits (Flynn 1984: 27290; Wedel 1959: 503-11; Witty 1978: 62). Unfortunately, none of the Kansas material from excavated con texts has been analyzed and reported. Dates for these complexes are poorly estab lished; a radiocarbon date of A.D. 1050 was ob tained for the Bluff Creek complex Buresh site (14SR303); dates around A.D. 1425 to 1550 are indicated for the Pratt complex based on surface finds of Southwestern sherds from the Pratt site (14PT1); and a date of from A.D. 1370 to 1450 is indicated for the Zimms site based on radiocarbon assays (Flynn 1984: 290; Wedel 1959:617). A radiocarbon date from the Bell site indicated an early Middle Ceramic period (A.D. 900-1500) association for the Wilmore complex (Thies 1985), suggesting it as a rough contem porary of the Bluff Creek complex. New and compelling chronological information from ex cavations at the Booth site, however, call into question this Middle Ceramic association and very clearly identify the Booth site as having a Late Ceramic period (protohistoric-historic, ca. A.D. 1500-1825) component which appears to be unrelated to other contemporary Southern Plains complexes.
B Cell Heterogeneity in the Teleost Kidney: Evidence for a Maturation Gradient from Anterior to Posterior Kidney

The fish immune system is quite different from the mammalian system because the anterior kidney forms the main site for hematopoiesis in this species. Using transcription factor-specific Abs derived from the murine system, together with anti-trout Ig Abs and Percoll gradient separation, we analyzed B cells from trout kidney sections and compared them to those from spleen and blood. For this study, immune cells were separated by Percoll gradients, and the resulting subpopulations were defined based on expression of B cell-specific transcription factors Pax-5 and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1, as well as proliferative and Ig-secreting properties. Comparison of kidney, blood, and spleen B cell subsets suggest that 1) the anterior kidney contains mostly proliferating B cell precursors and plasma cells; 2) posterior kidney houses significant populations of (partially) activated B cells and plasmablasts; and 3) trout blood contains resting, non-Ig-secreting cells and lacks plasma cells. After LPS induction of resting B cells in vitro, the kidney and spleen have a high capacity for the generation of plasma cells, whereas the blood has virtually none. Our results indicate that trout B cell subsets are profoundly different among blood, anterior kidney, posterior kidney, and spleen. We hypothesize that developing B cells mature in the anterior side of the kidney and then migrate to sites of activation, either the spleen or the posterior kidney. Lastly, our data support the notion that the trout kidney is a complex, multifunctional immune organ with the potential to support both hemopoiesis as well as humoral immune activation.
Synthesis of a deoxyribonucleic acid sequence complementary to ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid and quantification of ovalbumin genes.

Abstract DNA was synthesized in vitro from a template of purified ovalbumin messenger RNA. The DNA product is complementary to a homogeneous sequence specific for ovalbumin. The amount of ovalbumin sequence in hen oviduct and hen liver DNA was measured by hybridization experiments and found to be 2 copies per diploid genome in both tissues, indicating that there is no selective amplification of ovalbumin genes in the tissue specialized for obalbumin synthesis.
Low‐altitude summer/winter microphysics, dynamics, and CCN spectra of northeastern Caribbean small cumuli, and comparisons with stratus

Low-altitude cloud microphysics and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra are presented and analyzed from two cumulus cloud aircraft field campaigns, Ice in Clouds Experiment-Tropical (ICE-T) and Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO), in the same eastern Caribbean location at opposite seasons. These are further compared with two previously analyzed stratus cloud aircraft campaigns off the central California coast, Physics of Stratocumulus Tops (POST) and Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE). Multiple regression analysis predictions of cloud droplet concentrations (Nc) based on CCN spectra, NCCN(S) where S is supersaturation, compared much better with measured Nc than single NCCN-Nc regressions in both cumulus projects. The addition of vertical velocity (W) to the single and multiple regressions showed small improvements. For RICO the multiple regression correlations were also superior to previous adiabatic model predictions of Nc also based on NCCN(S) and mean W. More adiabatic cloud parcels with considerably higher Nc, liquid water contents, and W showed only slightly better correlations than flight-averaged Nc of all low clouds. Results show the value of more extensive CCN spectra and the relative unimportance of W variations for determining Nc, in these Caribbean cumuli. The fact that flight-averaged Nc of all low cloud data was almost as well correlated with NCCN(S) as were Nc of more adiabatic cloud parcels indicates that entrainment did not significantly perturb CCN-Nc relationships. As should be expected higher cloud S were determined for the cumulus clouds than for the stratus clouds. Suppression of cloud S by higher NCCN that had previously been observed in stratus was observed in ICE-T but not in RICO where the NCCN range may have been too low for cloud S suppression. But ICE-T and POST even showed this S suppression over the same limited NCCN range as RICO (< 200 cm−3).
CCD Flatness Measuring System at UCO/Lick Observatory

In the detector development laboratory of the University of California Observatories, Lick Observatory, we have set up a very simple but effective system for measuring CCD flatness. In the very large spectrographs being built for the Keck II telescope, as well as in many other instruments, the cameras are between f/1 and f/2. These high speeds make it imperative that our detector deviate from flatness by no more than about 10 micrometers. The figure shows, in a very schematic way, the system we are using.
Parallel smoothing for time-invariant two-point boundary value systems

A parallel and stable algorithm is presented for solving the smoothing problem for two-point boundary value systems. The algorithm uses the generalized Schur decomposition of matrix pencils to decouple the Hamiltonian system that governs the solution to the two-point boundary value smoothing problem into forward-stable and backward-stable recursions. Associative fan-in algorithms are then used to compute in a parallel stable fashion the various quantities that are needed to evaluate the solution of the forward and backward recursions. Those solutions are finally combined to obtain the desired smoothed estimates. The total running time of this procedure is O(log K) time units for 1-D smoothing problems defined on the interval (0, K). The algorithm is characterized by a high efficiency and low interprocessor communications requirements. >
Nontropical sprue in siblings with dissimilar, unusual, and severe manifestations.

The occurrence of nontropical sprue in two brothers is reported. The first presented with severe, deforming, progressive osteomalacia and the second with life-threatening cutaneous and genitourinary bleeding. This report demonstrates the variability of presentation of the disease in relatives as well as its potential severity.
Deconstructing calsequestrin. Complex buffering in the calcium store of skeletal muscle

Since its discovery in 1971, calsequestrin has been recognized as the main Ca2+ binding protein inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the organelle that stores and upon demand mobilizes Ca2+ for contractile activation of muscle. This article reviews the potential roles of calsequestrin in excitation–contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. It first considers the quantitative demands for a structure that binds Ca2+ inside the SR in view of the amounts of the ion that must be mobilized to elicit muscle contraction. It briefly discusses existing evidence, largely gathered in cardiac muscle, of two roles for calsequestrin: as Ca2+ reservoir and as modulator of the activity of Ca2+ release channels, and then considers the results of an incipient body of work that manipulates the cellular endowment of calsequestrin. The observations include evidence that both the Ca2+ buffering capacity of calsequestrin in solution and that of the SR in intact cells decay as the free Ca2+ concentration is lowered. Together with puzzling observations of increase of Ca2+ inside the SR, in cells or vesicular fractions, upon activation of Ca2+ release, this is interpreted as evidence that the Ca2+ buffering in the SR is non-linear, and is optimized for support of Ca2+ release at the physiological levels of SR Ca2+ concentration. Such non-linearity of buffering is qualitatively explained by a speculation that puts together ideas first proposed by others. The speculation pictures calsequestrin polymers as ‘wires’ that both bind Ca2+ and efficiently deliver it near the release channels. In spite of the kinetic changes, the functional studies reveal that cells devoid of calsequestrin are still capable of releasing large amounts of Ca2+ into the myoplasm, consistent with the long term viability and apparent good health of mice engineered for calsequestrin ablation. The experiments therefore suggest that other molecules are capable of providing sites for reversible binding of large amounts of Ca2+ inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Iron Deficiency Reduces the Efficacy of Tryptophan as a Niacin Precursor

A niacin-deficient purified amino acid diet that contained adequate (40 mg/kg) or deficient (10 or 15 mg/kg) iron was used to assess the growth promoting efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor. Basal diets contained 1400 mg/kg tryptophan, a level that was established as meeting the requirement for tryptophan per se in diets containing excess nicotinic acid. Chicks fed the iron-deficient diets had markedly lower hemoglobin concentrations than those fed the iron-adequate diets. Regardless of iron level, chicks exhibited linear growth responses to either nicotinic acid or tryptophan supplementation. Using multiple-linear regression of weight gain on supplemental tryptophan or nicotinic acid intake, the efficiency (wt:wt) of tryptophan conversion to niacin activity (i.e., tryptophan slope divided by nicotinic acid slope) was a mean of 1.77% (56:1) for chicks fed the iron-deficient diet. This was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the 2.39% (42:1) efficiency calculated for chicks fed the iron-adequate diet. Thus, iron deficiency reduced tryptophan utilization (for NAD synthesis) but had no effect on nicotinic acid utilization. The results suggest that pellagra in populations having endemic anemia and protein-energy malnutrition may be due not only to inadequate intakes of bioavailable niacin but also to inadequate intakes of bioavailable iron.
Fluid¿Solid Interaction in Particle-Laden Flows

Using a laser-Doppler split-phase measuring technique, the rates of fluctuation in horizontal and vertical directions of pipe flow containing solid particles were observed. Employing these observations the effect of particles on flow turbulence was analyzed and a formula for determining the initial condition of particles restraining the flow turbulence in the mainstream region was developed. The mechanisms affecting the energy loss of flow were then analyzed.
The application of focus group interviews for educational program assessment

Abstract Focus group interviews provide qualitative, descriptive data for studying aspects of educational programs. This type of interview is unique to educational research because it uses an interactive format for small groups of participants. This paper describes the application of focus group interviews to the collection of data to be used in program evaluation in educational settings. The authors present a description of this interview technique with suggestions for planning an evaluative project. Criteria for selecting participants and facilitators are discussed. Steps for developing an interview guide and choosing an appropriate location for the interview are explored. Finally, advantages and constraints of the use of focus group interviews for program evaluation are examined.
Stock market volatility, excess returns, and the role of investor sentiment

Abstract Using the Investors' Intelligence sentiment index, we employ a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity-in-mean specification to test the impact of noise trader risk on both the formation of conditional volatility and expected return as suggested by De Long et al. [Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990) 703]. Our empirical results show that sentiment is a systematic risk that is priced. Excess returns are contemporaneously positively correlated with shifts in sentiment. Moreover, the magnitude of bullish (bearish) changes in sentiment leads to downward (upward) revisions in volatility and higher (lower) future excess returns.
Rotational dependence in the linewidth of the ultraviolet transitions of OH

The homogeneously broadened linewidth of OH due to collisions with water molecules was found to decrease with increasing rotational excitation, and tended to level off to a constant value. This observed dependence is a manifestation of the rotational distribution of the water molecule through rotational transitions in near resonance with those of the OH. The constant value at high rotational excitation reflects the nonresonant contributions to the homogeneous linewidth similar to those due to nonpolar molecules.
Image processing algorithms on reconfigurable architecture using HandelC

Computer manipulation of images is generally defined as digital image processing (DIP). DIP is employed in variety of applications, including video surveillance, target recognition, and image enhancement. Some of the algorithms used in image processing include convolution, edge detection and contrast enhancement. These are usually implemented in software but may also be implemented in special purpose hardware to reduce speed. In this work the canny edge detection [A computational approach to the edge detection] architecture has been developed using reconfigurable architecture and hardware modeled using a C-like hardware language called Handel-C. The proposed architecture is capable of producing one edge-pixel every clock cycle. The hardware modeled was implemented using the DK2 IDE tool on the RC1000 Xilinx Vertex FPGA based board. The algorithm was tested on standard image processing benchmarks and significances of the result are discussed.
α-Tocopherol Is Ineffective in Preventing the Decomposition of Preformed Lipid Peroxides and May Promote the Accumulation of Toxic Aldehydes: A Potential Explanation for the Failure of Antioxidants to Affect Human Atherosclerosis

The decomposition of peroxidized lipids of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been suggested to be involved in atherosclerosis. In this study, an in vitro system with 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (13-HPODE) was used to determine the effects of antioxidants on its decomposition. Decomposition of 13-HPODE was not affected by alpha-tocopherol, several other antioxidants, or antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the inclusion of alpha-tocopherol during the decomposition of 13-HPODE resulted in an accumulation of aldehydes. Further oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids by a number of oxidases was prevented by alpha-tocopherol. Conversely, the formation of carboxylic acids may be conducive to plaque stabilization via immunomodulation, rapid degradation, and by calcium sequestration. Thus, the inhibition of formation of carboxylic acids could be a serious deleterious effect of antioxidant treatment. In contrast, alpha-keto acids, like pyruvic acid, promoted the conversion of 13-HPODE to 13-hydroxylinoleic acid (13-HODE) by readily undergoing decarboxylation into acetate. These observations suggest that agents that promote the reduction of lipid peroxides into lipid hydroxides could be far more effective in treating cardiovascular diseases as opposed alpha-tocopherol-like antioxidants that could affect additional steps in the oxidation cascade.
Impact of Job Burnout on Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: Do Generational Differences Matter?

This study examines possible moderating effects of generational differences (Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials) on the relationship between job burnout (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, reduce...
FINANCE AND THE POOR

The operation of the formal financial system is profoundly important for the poor. Financial development influences the degree to which economic opportunities are shaped by talent rather than by parental wealth. Considerably more research is needed on which formal financial sector policies boost aggregate economic efficiency, while simultaneously expanding the economic prospects of the poor.
Larval culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at high stocking densities.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate the growth and survival of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae at high stocking densities. The larvae were reared in replicated 22 l tanks that were part of a 7500-l recirculating system. Survival through day 44 was 41.6%±1.9 (Mean±SE) at 300 larvae/l, which verifies that they can be reared at high densities. However, lower growth rates were experienced at 300 larvae/l than at 150 larvae/l as food appeared to be a limiting factor at the higher density. As a result, a second experiment was performed where cod larvae were reared at 50, 100, 200, and 300 larvae/l and food was not limiting. No differences were observed in survival, length or dry weight among the four treatments through 36 days post-hatch (dph). High stocking density also had no effect on specific growth rate, supporting the proposition that food was a limiting factor in the earlier trial. However, there is greater risk of mortality at high stocking densities as a result of deteriorating water quality. In the light of these findings, optimal stocking densities need to be reexamined under commercial culture conditions.
Patterns of HIV-1 mRNA Expression in Transgenic Mice Are Tissue-Dependent

To explore tissue-specific factors that may be important in HIV-1 transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, we examined a transgenic mouse model containing a mutant provirus deleted in the gag and pol region The level of transgene expression was tissue-dependant. Skin, muscle, and tail consistently expressed the transgene abundantly; intestine, kidney, and thymus exhibited variable but generally low levels of expression; while liver expression was undetectable by Northern analysis. Individual mRNAs within the family of singly and multiply spliced messages were determined by reverse transcription (rt) of RNA samples from mouse tissues, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplication, and Southern hybridization with exon-specific probes. The exact percentage of Tat-coding mRNA that was multiply spliced was also determined by competitive rtPCR. When 2-, 4-, or 7-kb (full-length) mRNA species were calculated as a percentage of the total mRNA, two phenotypes of distribution were detected. Lymphoid tissue (thymus and spleen) and kidney had significantly greater amounts of unspliced message (P<0.001) regardless of the level of expression. All other tissues expressed the multiply spliced messages encoding Tat, Rav, and Nef predominantly. Furthermore, utilization of the three major second exon splice acceptor sites for tat, rev, and nef was the same in transgenic mice as has been demonstrated in human cells but the splice acceptor site for the vpu/env was different in murine tissue. The marked tissue-dependent patterns of HIV mRNA expression suggest a potential mechanism for the organ-specific manifestations of AIDS.
Antitumor Agents 68: Effects of a Series of Helenalin Derivatives on P-388 Lymphocytic Leukemia Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis

A series of analogues related to helenalin demonstrated moderate capability for inhibiting the growth of murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells in vivo and in vitro. The growth inhibition correlated with suppression of both DNA and protein synthesis in P-388 cells. The inhibition of protein synthesis occurred at a relatively low concentration and appeared to occur at the level of initiation. The suppression of DNA synthesis in P-388 cells correlated positively with inhibition of inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase activity. Although nuclear and α DNA polymerase activities were suppressed by certain analogues, the inhibition of the polymerases did not correlate positively with DNA synthesis inhibition and, furthermore, the magnitude of suppression of DNA polymerase activity did not appear to be sufficient to account for the observed suppression of DNA synthesis in P-388 cells.
To learn better, keep the HAT on.

Long-lasting memories are known to require new transcription. Recent studies have highlighted a role for epigenetic alterations, including histone acetylation, in regulating gene expression. In this issue of Neuron, Alarcon et al. and Korzus et al. use two different mouse models of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome to elucidate a role for the histone acetyltransferase activity of CREB binding protein (CBP) in long-term memory and plasticity.
Platelet dense granule secretion in adolescents with conduct disorder and substance abuse: preliminary evidence for variation in signal transduction.

Platelet aggregation responses to agonists have been employed as peripheral indices of the physiological responsiveness and density of neurotransmitter receptors, and in investigations of membrane functioning in psychopathological conditions. In particular, there are mechanistic similarities between neuronal secretory and receptor dynamics, and those involved in platelet dense granule secretion. Consequently, we have explored the platelet dense granule secretory responses to various agonists in abstinent male adolescents who meet current psychiatric diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder and Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder (CD+/PSUD+) in contrast to controls (CD−/PSUD−). The results showed a significant hyporesponsivity among experimental subjects to collagen, thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ADP plus 0.2 μ gm of serotonin, and ADP plus 1.0 μ gm of serotonin. Only dense granule responses to arachidonic acid did not differentiate the groups. Taken together, the lack of agonist specificity suggests that a variation in signal transduction mechanisms could account for the observed reduction in dense granule secretion among CD+/PSUD+ adolescents. Association between dense granule secretory responses and substance use behavior, and comorbid psychiatric conditions are also examined.
A decision support system for specific machine selection

Abstract Advanced computing/communications technology is present in virtually all areas of manufacturing. In the near future, a totally computer controlled manufacturing environmental will be a realistic expectation. The integration and further enhancement of both computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) represents the foundations for achieving a totally integrated manufacturing system. Process planning is a key link in the integration of manufacturing processes and operations. Two outcomes of process planning are the selection of processes and process routings. This paper presents a decision support system (DSS) that assists in the specific selection of a machine that is required to process specific dimensions of a part. The selection will depend on part characteristics, which are labeled in a part code and correlated with machine specifications and qualifications. The choice of the optimal machine, vs possible alternates, can be made by a planner comparing a criterion measure (or measures). Examples of possible criteria are: the relative location of machines, machining cost, processing time, and availability of a machine (or machines).
Chemically responsive hydrogel with nanoparticle enhanced detection for small biomolecules

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor to quantify glucose using a molecularly imprinted polymer was developed. The polymer was prepared by crosslinking poly(allylamine) in the presence of glucose phosphate, monobarium salt (GPS-Ba) and attached to a thin film of gold (50 nm) which had been sputtered on top of a glass slide, via amide coupling. Upon removal of the template, this sensor was used to detect glucose in human urine in physiologically significant levels (1-20 mg/ml). Signal enhancement of the glucose sensor was made possible by incorporating gold nanoparticles in the polymer.
Managing System of Systems Requirements with a Requirements Screening Group

Figuring out an effective and efficient way to manage not only your Requirement’s Baseline, but also the development of all your individual requirements during a Program’s/Project’s Conceptual and Development Life Cycle Stages can be both daunting and difficult. This is especially so when you are dealing with a complex and large System of Systems (SoS) Program with potentially thousands and thousands of Top Level Requirements as well as an equal number of lower level System, Subsystem and Configuration Item requirements that need to be managed. This task is made even more overwhelming when you have to add in integration with multiple requirements’ development teams (e.g., Integrated Product Development Teams (IPTs)) and/or numerous System/Subsystem Design Teams. One solution for tackling this difficult activity on a recent large System of Systems Program was to develop and make use of a Requirements Screening Group (RSG). This group is essentially a Team made up of co-chairs from the various Stakeholders with an interest in the Program of record that are enabled and accountable for Requirements Development on the Program/Project. The RSG co-chairs, often with the help of individual support team, work together as a Program Board to monitor, make decisions on, and provide guidancemore » on all Requirements Development activities during the Conceptual and Development Life Cycle Stages of a Program/Project. In addition, the RSG can establish and maintain the Requirements Baseline, monitor and enforce requirements traceability across the entire Program, and work with other elements of the Program/Project to ensure integration and coordination.« less
Performance study of a twin-head electrospray system

Abstract A twin-head electrospray (THES) aerosol generation system with one spray head producing positively charged particles and the other producing negatively charged ones has been constructed and its performance has been experimentally evaluated in this study. The charge-enhanced coagulation between oppositely charged droplets generated by the THES was verified by the measuring the resultant particle size distributions via a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), the imaging of dye-labeled coagulated particles via a fluorescence microscope and the chemical composition characterization of generated particles via high-efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC). The characterization time of charge-enhanced coagulation in our study's generator was estimated to be in the order of 10 −5 s under the tested operational conditions. The size evolution due to charge-enhanced coagulation was studied for particles with initial sizes ranging from 10 to 710 nm. Compared with those prior to the coagulation, the size distributions of particles upon coagulation became broader. Further, regardless the initial charge levels, the peaks of resultant particle size distributions were about 1.3 times larger than the corresponding ones before coagulation, indicating the collision of two oppositely charged particles. As expected, the number of charges on the resultant particles was significantly reduced in the THES generation system. However, only a small fraction of resultant particles carried zero electrical charge. Our study also evidenced that a maximal 70% transmission efficiency can be achieved for the THES system. It is therefore concluded that the twin-head ES technique makes it feasible to take unique advantage of electrosprayed particles without any charge reduction scheme.
The martensite transformation in 18% Cr-8% Ni steels

Abstract The morphology and crystallography of martensite formed by deformation as well as by cooling to subzero temperatures have been studied in two steels of 18/8-type (steel 1 and 2) by optical and transmission electron microscopy and by X-ray diffraction. In the deformed material the martensite appeared as needles parallel to 〈110〉 γ and as a rule in contact with e-phase (h.c.p.). The martensite induced by cooling was always found to occur as long plates within disc-shaped volumes confined by completely flat {111} γ interfaces. This martensite exhibited different habit planes in the two steels, in steel 1 {225} γ arid in steel 2 {259} γ . In steel 1 the long sections of the martensite plates were found to coincide with 〈110〉 γ directions. Traces of inhomogeneous shear in the cooling-induced martensite were revealed by the transmission microscopy. This deformation occurred by slip, in steel 1 along two {110} α' planes at 60° to one another and in steel 2 probably along a {112} α' plane. The occurrence of martensite in disc-shaped volumes exclusively has proved to be related to the martensite being preferably formed in stacks of e-discs. Evidence has also been presented that the habit plane of the martensite formed on cooling should be related to the e-phase. On the basis of observations made a transformation mechanism is proposed in which the martensite-like atomic configurations at Shockley partials provide favourable nucleation sites.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Female Juvenile Offenders

ABSTRACT Objective While there is a growing body of evidence that psychopathology is common among incarcerated boys, relatively little is known about the prevalence and manifestations of mental health problems among incarcerated girls. This study examines the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 96 adolescent female offenders and its relation to socioemotional adjustment. Method Self-report questionnaires were used to tap socioemotional adjustment, and a semistructured interview was conducted to determine PTSD symptomatology. Results The results indicate that the rate of PTSD among incarcerated female delinquents not only is higher than that in the general population but surpasses the incidence of PTSD among incarcerated male delinquents. In addition, those who suffer from PTSD also tend to exhibit higher levels of distress and lower levels of self-restraint. Conclusions These findings provide a starting point for more detailed investigations of the relations between trauma, psychopathology, and violence and suggest that the study of trauma may offer a new way of looking at links between victim and perpetrator.
What is Your School's Mental Health Profile?:

Understanding the composite mental health of a school's student body is essential in assisting school administrators in their efforts to personalize the school environment and better meet student needs. The mental health profile is a simple tracking mechanism designed to help administrators gather baseline data about the critical mental health challenges facing students and the school personnel who most often interact with them.
Abstraction-based intrusion detection in distributed environments

Abstraction is an important issue in intrusion detection, since it not only hides the difference between heterogeneous systems, but also allows generic intrusion-detection models. However, abstraction is an error-prone process and is not well supported in current intrusion-detection systems (IDSs). This article presents a hierarchical model to support attack specification and event abstraction in distributed intrusion detection. The model involves three concepts: system view, signature, and view definition. A system view provides an abstract interface of a particular type of information; defined on the instances of system views, a signature specifies certain distributed attacks or events to be monitored; a view definition is then used to derive information from the matches of a signature and presents it through a system view. With the three elements, the model provides a hierarchical framework for maintaining signatures, system views, as well as event abstraction. As a benefit, the model allows generic signatures that can accommodate unknown variants of known attacks. Moreover, abstraction represented by a system view can be updated without changing either its specification or the signatures specified on its basis. This article then presents a decentralized method for autonomous but cooperative component systems to detect distributed attacks specified by signatures. Specifically, a signature is decomposed into finer units, called detection tasks, each of which represents the activity to be monitored on a component system. The component systems (involved in a signature) then perform the detection tasks cooperatively according to the "dependency" relationships among these tasks. An experimental system called CARDS has been implemented to test the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Impact of physician experience on triage of emergency room patients with acute chest pain at three teaching hospitals.

Abstract purpose: To determine whether the experience of the physician (as measured by postgraduate training level or time during the academic year) who performs the initial evaluation affects the triage of patients with acute chest pain. patients and methods: Prospective data on the presenting clinical features, initial triage, final diagnosis, and complications were collected for 7,857 patients who presented to the emergency rooms of three teaching hospitals, including 1,118 (14%) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 2,477 (32%) with acute ischemic heart disease (AIHD) (i.e., AMI or unstable angina), and 335 (4%) with major complications. The experience of the evaluating physicians, who were in their first three postgraduate years in 93% of cases, was measured in three ways: (1) postgraduate training level, (2) month during the academic year, and (3) number of patients with acute chest pain previously evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analyses that adjusted for hospital site and 20 clinical variables estimated the odds ratios for admission to the coronary care unit (CCU) and hospital associated with each incremental increase in physician experience. results: With more experience (as measured by postgraduate training level or time during the academic year), the sensitivity of physicians for admitting patients with AMI, AIHD, or major complications to the hospital increased. For example, each incremental increase in postgraduate training level carried a 1.4 increase in the adjusted odds ratio for admission of a patient with AIHD to the hospital (p conclusions: As the experience of the physician who performed the initial evaluation increased, there was a lower threshold for admitting all patients with and without AM, AIHD, or major complications to the CCU and hospital without a detectable improvement in diagnostic accuracy.
SU‐FF‐I‐94: Study of Image Registration Methods Based On the Pelvic Bone and Its Contour for Prostate Cancer Treatment

Purpose: Because of different imagingcontrasts in the MVCBCT and the planning CT,image registration between the two modalities may introduce additional uncertainties in image guided radiotherapy(IGRT). For a group of ten prostate patients concurrently treated with the pelvic lymph nodes, we compared two alignment methods: one directly aligns the pelvic bone from the MVCBCT to that of the planning CT; the other aligns the pelvic bone from the MVCBCT to the contour of the pelvic bone from the planning CT.Method and Materials: On the first day of treatment, the treatment positions for all patients were verified with an extended field of view (FOV) MVCBCT to include the entire pelvic bone. Subsequently, the reduced FOV‐MVCBCT was used daily to localize the prostate with implanted markers. Only the FOV‐MVCBCT was used to identify uncertainties in patient positioning. For each patient, the MVCBCT was manually registered with the two alignment methods. Each alignment method was repeated three times by a single observer in three separate times. Results: For each patient, the difference of mean shift along the left‐right (X), anterior‐posterior (Y), and inferior‐posterior (Z) directions was small between two alignment methods. The mean standard deviation of 10 patient measurements for the contour based and bone based registration were 0.6 mm vs. 0.7 mm, 1.2 mm vs. 1.2 mm, and 0.6 mm vs. 1.6 mm along the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. Particularly, more large deviations (> 2mm), 4 out of 10 patients, were observed in the Z direction with the bone based registration method. Conclusion: The contour based image registration method achieved more consistent measurement than the bone based registration in verification of the treatment position for prostate patients concurrently treated with pelvic lymph nodes. Research is supported by Siemens Corporation.
The effect of timing on chemosensitization by clinical levels of SR-2508

Abstract The nitroimidazole SR-2508 is currently being tested clinically as a radiosensitizer. Its relatively low toxicity allows it to be used at higher doses than misonidazole so that its potential as a chemosensitizer is also of considerable interest. Multiple injections of SR-2508 were given to SCC VII/St tumor-bearing mice to achieve a clinically realistic plasma concentration of ∼ 300 μg/ml over 8 hrs. Single doses of melphalan (L-PAM) or cyclophosphamide (CY) were given at different times after the first SR 2508 injection. With L-PAM, a delay of at least 2 hr was necessary before enhancement of L-PAM cytotoxicity was observed. A similar result was obtained when a simulation was carried out with SCC VII/St tumor cells in vitro . Results with CY were less clear, although the most consistent enhancement was observed when a 4 to 8 hr interval elapsed between the beginning of SR 2508 exposure and the CY injection. In general, although precise timing was not essential for enhancement, an interval of at least 4 hr is recommended between the administration of SR 2508 and either alkylating agent. This is particularly important for L-PAM where no enhancement would be expected if the drugs were given simultaneously.
Correlation effects and effects of cobalt additions on cobalt and nickel diffusion in NiO

Abstract The correlation factor for cobalt diffusion in NiO has been determined by the simultaneous diffusion of 55 Co and 60 Co in NiO over the temperature range 1179–1649°C. The results indicate that ƒ Co increases from 0·57 at 1179°C to 0·78 at 1649°C. The temperature dependence of the cobalt diffusivity in NiO in air is expressed by D Co = (9·12±0·58) × 10 −3 exp (−54,160±460/RT) cm 2 /sec. Small additions of cobalt solute to NiO result in an equal enhancement of the cobalt and nickel diffusivities. The primary cause of the enhancement is the increased concentration of free vacancies with the cobalt additions. The nearest-neighbor interactions between solutes and vacancies are found to be negligible.