cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specifying Cross-Cutting Requirement Concerns

Addressing non-orthogonal software concerns that arise from requirements can significantly contribute to the complexity of developing large systems. Difficulties arise from the need to: locate related requirements, reason about the software concerns they represent, and analyze the impact of changing requirements. We address these issues through the use of requirements aspects. We present a method to identify requirements aspects from viewpoints, to associate requirements aspects with generic design solutions based on domain experience, and to specify the generic solutions using the UML. We demonstrate these techniques using a smart home controller application.
Distributed extensional deformation in a zone of right‐lateral shear: Implications for geodetic versus geologic rates of deformation in the eastern California shear zone‐Walker Lane

[1] The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ)-Walker Lane belt represents an important, evolving component of the Pacific-North America plate boundary. Geodetic data suggest the northern ECSZ is accumulating dextral shear at a rate of ∼9.3 mm/a, more than double the total measured late Pleistocene rate at ∼37.5°N. At this latitude, the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain (SPLM) extensional complex plays an important role in accommodating and transferring slip among the strike-slip and normal faults of the ECSZ and Walker Lane. To better understand the recent geodynamic evolution of this region, we determined late Pleistocene extension rates for the Clayton Valley fault zone, one of a series of down-to-the-northwest normal faults comprising the SPLM, using geologic mapping, differential GPS fault scarp surveys, and cosmogenic nuclide geochronology. Extension rates along the Clayton Valley fault zone are time-invariant at 0.1 ± 0.1 to 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/a (depending on fault dip) since ∼137 ka. When combined with other published fault slip rates at this latitude, the cumulative late Pleistocene geologic slip rate is ∼3.3 to 5.2 mm/a. This rate is lower than both the geodetic rate of dextral shear and other long-term slip rate budgets in the northern ECSZ. Our results suggest that deformation in Clayton Valley is spread across a diffuse set of normal faults and that not all of the deformation is recorded in the surficial geology. We suggest that the low cumulative geologic slip rate in the northern ECSZ may be a result of this distributed extension, which can cause long-term rates of deformation to be significantly underestimated.
'In the beginning was the word' : the role of text in the interpretation of statutes

In five recent decisions the Constitutional Court has interpreted legislation in a manner that is incompatible with the words of the statutes. This article criticises the court's approach in these cases and argues for a return to the carefully calibrated approach to interpretation that the court has always advocated. We describe the court's current interpretive doctrine to set the scene for the charge that the court has been unfaithful to that approach. We then discuss each of the five cases - SAPS, Chirwa, Bertie Van Zyl, African National Congress and Van Vuren. Read together, these cases indicate that, when it suits it, the court is willing to ignore legislative text. This unrestrained interpretive method threatens the rule of law and the separation of powers without necessarily securing more just outcomes. We argue that there are three drivers of this approach: practitioners' and courts' over-use of section 39(2) rather than direct application; an academic legal culture that encourages disregard for the text; and the single-step structure of the interpretive method. We propose a two-stage approach to mitigate these risks: first, identifying the available meanings and explaining how they fit the text; and, secondly, relying on the values of the Constitution to choose a meaning.We do not call for a return to the arid literalism of yesteryear, and support the court's attempt to secure just outcomes, but argue that it can and should do so without sacrificing the text.
Human domination of the biosphere: Rapid discharge of the earth-space battery foretells the future of humankind

Earth is a chemical battery where, over evolutionary time with a trickle-charge of photosynthesis using solar energy, billions of tons of living biomass were stored in forests and other ecosystems and in vast reserves of fossil fuels. In just the last few hundred years, humans extracted exploitable energy from these living and fossilized biomass fuels to build the modern industrial-technological-informational economy, to grow our population to more than 7 billion, and to transform the biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity of the earth. This rapid discharge of the earth’s store of organic energy fuels the human domination of the biosphere, including conversion of natural habitats to agricultural fields and the resulting loss of native species, emission of carbon dioxide and the resulting climate and sea level change, and use of supplemental nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar energy sources. The laws of thermodynamics governing the trickle-charge and rapid discharge of the earth’s battery are universal and absolute; the earth is only temporarily poised a quantifiable distance from the thermodynamic equilibrium of outer space. Although this distance from equilibrium is comprised of all energy types, most critical for humans is the store of living biomass. With the rapid depletion of this chemical energy, the earth is shifting back toward the inhospitable equilibrium of outer space with fundamental ramifications for the biosphere and humanity. Because there is no substitute or replacement energy for living biomass, the remaining distance from equilibrium that will be required to support human life is unknown.
EFFECTS OF KETAMINE ON EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT SUICIDAL COGNITION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN TREATMENT‐RESISTANT DEPRESSION

BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests intravenous ketamine has rapid effects on suicidal cognition, making it an attractive candidate for depressed patients at imminent risk of suicide. In the first randomized controlled trial of ketamine using an anesthetic control condition, we tested ketamine's acute effects on explicit suicidal cognition and a performance-based index of implicit suicidal cognition (Implicit Association Test; IAT) previously linked to suicidal behavior. METHOD: Symptomatic patients with treatment-resistant unipolar major depression (inadequate response to ≥3 antidepressants) were assessed using a composite index of explicit suicidal ideation (Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale suicide item, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms suicide item) and the IAT to assess suicidality implicitly. Measures were taken at baseline and 24 hr following a single subanesthetic dose of ketamine (n = 36) or midazolam (n = 21), a psychoactive placebo agent selected for its similar, rapid anesthetic effects. Twenty four hours postinfusion, explicit suicidal cognition was significantly reduced in the ketamine but not the midazolam group. RESULTS: Fifty three percent of ketamine-treated patients scored zero on all three explicit suicide measures at 24 hr, compared with 24% of the midazolam group (χ(2) = 4.6; P =.03). Implicit associations between self- and escape-related words were reduced following ketamine (P =.01; d =.58) but not midazolam (P =.68; d =.09). Ketamine-specific decreases in explicit suicidal cognition were largest in patients with elevated suicidal cognition at baseline, and were mediated by decreases in nonsuicide-related depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous ketamine produces rapid reductions in suicidal cognition over and above active placebo. Further study is warranted to test ketamine's antisuicidal effects in higher-risk samples. Language: en
Concerns mounting over pediatric workforce

Canada is facing a critical shortage of pediatricians, the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) warns. In January the CPS reported that 40% of Canada's pediatricians plan to retire by 2010, and it says there aren't enough replacements being trained. “A crisis is looming in Canada's pediatric work
VASCULAR REACTIVITY OF MIGRAINEURS AND NON-MIGRAINEURS: A COMPARISON OF RESPONSES TO SELF-CONTROL PROCEDURES

SYNOPSIS The responses to training of an autonomic relaxation response (peripheral vasodilatation) were studied. Forty migraine sufferers and forty controls were assigned to one of four treatments: (1) binary and analog feedback, (2) yoked (false) feedback, (3) relaxation-tape induction, and (4) neutral-tape control. The integral change of digital and extracranial blood volume was measured during one session. Responses of migraine sufferers were markedly different from normal subjects. No incremental utility of biofeedback over a simple relaxation procedure in the production of peripheral vasodilatation was found. High positive correlations were found between digital and extracranial blood volume changes.
Use of Intrapleural Streptokinase in the Treatment of Thoracic Empyema

The incidence of pleural effusions in bacterial pneumonia may exceed 40%, a factor that may be related to increased morbidity and mortality. Options in the treatment of complicated pleural effusions or empyema, when unresponsive to closed tube drainage, include repositioning of the indwelling tube thoracostomy or insertion of additional chest tubes, instillation of intrapleural streptokinase, and surgical intervention. The authors describe the course of three patients wherein the use of intrapleural streptokinase was efficacious in effecting prompt drainage of previously inadequately evacuated empyema, thus eliminating the necessity for further invasive intervention.
Fear of Hypoglycemia in Parents of Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

The current study examined fear of hypoglycemia in 81 mothers and 64 fathers of young children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) using the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Parents of Young Children (HFS-P-YC possible range = 26–130). Mothers and fathers completed the HFS-P-YC at enrollment and mothers completed it 2 weeks later. Families recorded daily blood glucose on a standardized meter for 2 weeks. Mothers’ mean total HFS-P-YC score was 75.0 (SD = 17.2) and fathers’ mean score was 66.5 (SD = 18.0). Mothers reported greater HFS-P-YC total and behavior subscale scores than fathers. Mothers’ HFS-P-YC scores were comparable to published HFS scores for mothers of preadolescents with T1DM and higher than adult patients with T1DM. The HFS-P-YC had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability in this sample. These findings suggest parents of young children with T1DM report a high level of fear of hypoglycemia. Additionally, the HFS-P-YC appears to be a reliable measure in this population.
Freud's continuity thesis.

The motivating force for the present paper comes from a recent paperby Dell, Schwartz, Martin, Saffran, and Gagnon (1997), whose model isconnectionist and incorporates interactive activation, cascade processing,and feedback among the levels. It is a two-step/three-level computationalsystem of lexical retrieval for simulating picture naming. The three hierarchi-cal levels are semantic, lexical, and phonological. The semantic level com-prises the units that represent the concept of a pictured object. Test wordsfor naming in the Dell study were drawn from The Philadelphia NamingTest (Roach, Schwartz, Martin, Greweal, & Brecher, 1996). Dell et al. (1997)arbitrarily assumed (i.e., set the values) that each object would correspondto 10 mathematical units. The 10 units for each picture to be named connectto that object’s word node by ‘‘excitatory bidirectional connections’’ (p.805). Each word node connects to its phoneme nodes in a similar fashion.[See Dell et al. (1997, pp. 805–809) for the mathematical details of the linearactivation function equation and how the numerical values for connectionweights and decay rates are set.]As an example, a picture of a cat is presented (see Fig. 1). The picture isperceived by the visual system (outside Dell’s model). The 10 units (‘‘seman-tic nodes’’) are each given a ‘‘jolt’’ of activation of 10, for a total jolt of100. The metaphor jolt is a numerical value—not an electrical shock! Theword node for ‘‘cat’’ will be activated and will subsequently activate itscomponent phonemes /k/, /ae/, and /t/. Figure 1 demonstrates the lexicalassociates such as ‘‘dog’’ and ‘‘rat.’’ The former bears only a semantic rela-tion with cat, while he latter bears both a semantic and a phonological rela-tion with cat. Furthermore, Fig. 1 demonstrates phonological associativestructure in that rat and mat share the coda (ﬁnal vowel1 consonant, the
Rabbinic Theology: A System

Abstract Rabbinic Theology starts with a doctrine of a world order that is just and concludes with eternal life, thus presenting a simple logic that animates all the parts of its system and makes them cohere. Its generative categories prove not only imperative and irreducible but also logically sequential. Each of the four parts of the theology of Rabbinic Judaism—[1] the perfectly just character of world order, [2] indications of its perfection, [3] sources of its imperfection, [4] media for the restoration of world order and their results—belongs in its place and set in any other sequence the four units become incomprehensible. Not only so, but each proposition draws upon its predecessor and points toward its successor, forming an unfolding story that can be told in only one direction and in the dictated order and in no other way. That is the mark of a well-crafted theology, a coherent structure, a compelling system. If you can imagine a world perfected by the tastes and aspirations of the rational mind, then you can enter into the world portrayed by the documents of Rabbinic Judaism. The writings for theology are read all together and all at once as a single coherent statement. They portray the reason why things are now as they are. And they show the logic of that reason, revealing its integrity in the working of justice throughout. The sages emphasize the perfection of the timeless, flawless creation that God forms and governs in accord with wholly rational and accessible rules. If everything fits together and works coherently, it is because, as philosophers maintain in their realm of reflection, a single, unitary logic (“logos”), the logic of monotheism comprised by the one just, therefore reasonable and benevolent God, prevails.
Tissue expansion for staged reimplantation of infected total knee arthroplasty

Resection arthroplasty of a chronically infected total knee arthroplasty resulted in thin and contracted anterior skin. Expansion of skin using Silastic reservoirs (McGhan Medical, Santa Barbara, CA) facilitated wound closure and rehabilitation following staged total knee reimplantation. Prophylactic expansion of skin around the knee avoided salvage soft tissue procedures such as local and distant tissue flaps.
Guest Editor's Introduction to Symposium

The articles in this symposium analyze the economics of evolving international wine markets, including issues associated with taxes, measures of quality, reputation, consumer preferences, globalization, and emerging markets in China. This special symposium consists of peer-reviewed papers presented at the â€œCompetitive Forces Affecting the Wine and Winegrape Industries: An International Conference on World Wine Markets,â€ sponsored by the Washington State University Impact Center, the Center for Wine Economics and Business of the Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Sciences and the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, University of California, in Davis, California, August 8â€“10, 2007, and the American Association of Wine Economists in Portland, Oregon, August 14â€“16, 2008.The first paper, by Rachael Goodhue, Jeffrey LaFrance and Leo Simon, provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods like wine for which market value. They consider the effects of various tax systems on wine quality and quantity distortions.
Preventing nosocomial bloodstream infection in very low birth weight infants

Nosocomial sepsis is a frequent complication of caring for very low birth weight infants and incidence varies substantially among centres. Many cases are preventable. An organized approach to understanding the epidemiology of nosocomial sepsis within a unit, and implementing evidence-based practices can successfully reduce the incidence. Diagnostic accuracy is important to limit excess empiric antibiotic therapy. Instituting a hand hygiene program of education, monitoring, and consideration of waterless hand disinfectants to avoid hand transmission of organisms is essential. An emphasis on early achievement of enteral nutrition, preferably with human milk is important to reduce unnecessary exposure to central catheters and parenteral nutrition. Use of maximum sterile barrier precautions by personnel trained and skilled in central catheter insertion, followed by meticulous care in preventing catheter hub contamination will reduce the incidence of catheter related sepsis. Ultimately, the culture of the NICU needs to shift from a focus on early detection of infection to one of prevention.
Mobile Multimedia Streaming Using Secure Multipath in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Supporting reliable and secure multimedia streaming service is a challenging task in the environment of wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks MANETs where radio signals are prone to security attacks and the quality of media streaming is degraded by signal strength loss and interference. The mobility of mobile devices makes streaming even more difficult as communication links are often broken when the devices move out of the transmission range of their neighbors. This paper proposes a stable multipath routing algorithm and an intelligent secure data distribution scheme for multimedia streaming in MANETs. The multipath Neighbor Stability Routing is able to find more stable and long-lasting paths than traditional ad hoc routing algorithms. The secure data distribution takes historical data-path distribution into consideration and maximally disperses new multimedia data to reduce the possibility of information leakage to unauthorized parties. The authors' simulation and analysis indicate that the combination of these two mechanisms can provide high quality paths to achieve secure multimedia streaming.
Kinetics of the coesite to quartz transformation

Abstract The survival of coesite in ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks has important implications for the exhumation of subducted crustal rocks. We have conducted experiments to study the mechanism and rate of the coesite→quartz transformation using polycrystalline coesite aggregates, fabricated by devitrifying silica glass cylinders containing 2850 H/10 6 Si at 1000°C and 3.6 GPa for 24 h. Conditions were adjusted following synthesis to transform the samples at 700–1000°C at pressures 190–410 MPa below the quartz–coesite equilibrium boundary. Reaction proceeds via grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth, with characteristic reaction textures remarkably similar to those seen in natural UHP rocks. We infer that the experimental reaction mechanism is identical to that in nature, a prerequisite for reliable extrapolation of the rate data. Growth rates obtained by direct measurement differ by up to two orders of magnitude from those estimated by fitting a rate equation to the transformation–time data. Fitting the rates to Turnbull's equation for growth therefore yields two distinct sets of parameters with similar activation energies (242 or 269 kJ/mol) but significantly different pre-exponential constants. Extrapolation based on either set of growth rates suggests that coesite should not be preserved on geologic time scales if it reaches the quartz stability field at temperatures above 375–400°C. The survival of coesite has previously been linked to its inclusion in strong phases, such as garnet, that can sustain a high internal pressure during decompression. Other factors that may play a crucial role in preservation are low fluid availability — possibly even less than that of our nominally “dry” experiments — and the development of transformation stress, which inhibits nucleation and growth. These issues are discussed in the context of our experiments as well as recent observations from natural rocks.
Simulations of flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transitions in methane–air systems

Abstract Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transitions (DDT) in large obstructed channels filled with a stoichiometric methane–air mixture are simulated using a single-step reaction mechanism. The reaction parameters are calibrated using known velocities and length scales of laminar flames and detonations. Calculations of the flame dynamics and DDT in channels with obstacles are compared to previously reported experimental data. The results obtained using the simple reaction model qualitatively, and in many cases, quantitatively match the experiments and are found to be largely insensitive to small variations in model parameters.
Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation on the surface of milled rice

The changes in milled rice FFA content and composition and in conjugated diene (CD) content and bacterial, yeast, and mold counts were determined at 24, 37, and 50°C and 70% RH over 50 d. There was a rapid rate of FFA formation during the first few days of storage, which was optimal at 37°C, but that slowed after 2, 4, and 5 d at 37, 24, and 50°C, respectively. There was a second increase in FFA after about day 12 that increased with increasing temperature, indicating nonlipase hydrolysis. Linoleic and oleic acids were the main components of the total FFA produced on the surface of milled rice. The pattern of CD development followed that of FFA increase. Bacterial growth correlated with increased FFA levels after 12 d of storage, suggesting that bacterial lipase rather than bran lipase may be responsible for rice lipid hydrolysis
The Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act in Georgia: effects on time to Medicaid enrollment.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000 (BCCPTA) allowed states to extend Medicaid to any woman aged <65 without insurance screened and found to need treatment either for breast or cervical cancer or for a precancerous cervical condition through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) or in Georgia, other provider sites. METHODS: The authors used linked Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry (GCCR) and Medicaid data to test the: 1) likelihood of Medicaid enrollment in a given month and 2) time-to-enrollment (months) for those eventually enrolling. The authors used difference-in-differences analysis to estimate the effects of BCCPTA for breast or cervical cancer cases relative to a control group of women with other cancers. The authors controlled for sociodemographics, stage at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, and county level factors related to insurance levels in the area. RESULTS: Compared with the control cancer group, the hazard ratio of Medicaid enrollment for women with breast and cervical cancers increased post- vs pre-BCCPTA implementation. The estimated effect of this increase was that out of every 1000 women with breast cancer, BCCPTA led to 1.7 more (from 2.8 to 4.5 per month) enrolling in Medicaid. The results for women with local or later stages of cervical cancer indicated that of 1000 women with these cancers, the number enrolling in a given month increased by 3.4 due to BCCPTA. Results on time-to-enrollment indicated that the time between cancer diagnosis and enrollment was shortened by 7 to 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: The Georgia Medicaid program, in response to national legislation, increased the probability of women enrolling in Medicaid earlier and in turn, likely increased their cancer treatment options. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
EMPIRICALLY ACCELERATED CONVERGENCE OF THE SPACINGS STATISTICS TO NORMALITY

Summary If the asymptotic normality of a statistic is inadequate for approximating its distribution in practice, then the statistic may be transformed in order to improve the approximation by accelerating the convergence to normality. We treat a goodness-of-fit statistic, the sum of the logarithms of generalized uniform spacings introduced by Cressie (1976, 1978), in this spirit. Specifically, we apply the method of maximum likelihood to simulations of the statistic in order to estimate a power transformation, as in Box & Cox (1964), and hence develop a small sample normal approximation. This approximation provides a more versatile method of applying the statistic than currently available tables of percentiles.
Postischemic hypothermia and IL-10 treatment provide long-lasting neuroprotection of CA1 hippocampus following transient global ischemia in rats.

Abstract Experimental studies have demonstrated that postischemic therapeutic interventions may delay rather than provide long-lasting neuroprotection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mild hypothermia (33–34°C) combined with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) would protect the CA1 hippocampus 2 months after ischemia. Rats were subjected to 12.5 min of normothermic (37°C) forebrain ischemia by two-vessel occlusion followed immediately by: (a) 4 h of normothermic (37°C) reperfusion (n = 5); (b) 4 h of postischemic hypothermia (33–34°C) (n = 5); (c) 4 h of normothermia plus IL-10 (5 μg) treatment 30 min after ischemia and at 3 days (n = 5); or (d) 4 h of hypothermia plus IL-10 treatment (n = 5). Rats survived for 2 months and were perfusion fixed for quantitative histopathological assessment of CA1 hippocampus. Postischemic normothermia and hypothermia, as well as normothermia plus IL-10 treatment led to severe damage of the CA1 hippocampus. In contrast, the combined treatment of hypothermia with IL-10 treatment improved overall neuronal survival by 49% compared to normothermic ischemia (P
Human bone marrow heparan sulfate induces leukemia cell differentiation.

The proliferation and development of hematopoietic cells occurs in close association with bone marrow stroma. Heparan sulfate is a major component of the stroma. We have isolated a form of heparan sulfate proteoglycan from a human stromal cell line grown in vitro in the presence of [35S]sulfate. This proteoglycan contains a phosphatidylinositol component which likely anchors it to the stromal cell membrane. The glycosaminoglycan chains of this proteoglycan could induce maturation of the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line. A less hydrophobic heparan sulfate proteoglycan was also present in the stroma, but could not induce HL-60 maturation. The two heparan sulfates had glycosaminoglycan chains that were similar in size (36 Kd) and charge density. Structural studies suggested only minor but perhaps significant differences in the carbohydrate sequences of the two heparan sulfates. The relationship of these subtle structural differences to the difference observed in differentiation-inducing activity remains to b...
The manufacturing modeling process: from conception to shop floor application

Many shop floor manufacturing decisions are made through simple queueing theory or back-of-the-envelope calculations. These techniques tend to overlook the effect of a change on the entire manufacturing system. This paper presents a methodology for using simulation as an analytical tool to make strategic shop floor decisions at the department manager level. Concepts are discussed on how to tie factory expertise with the corporate simulation group to be successful. A methodology is presented for use by the factory team to use the model in project selection. An actual application of a wafer fabrication model is discussed to demonstrate the various techniques.
Sphingolipids – roads still to be taken

Despite advances already made towards understanding the biological role(s) of sphingolipids (SLs) there are still a number of questions that need to be addressed. For example, while glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are known to be a component of lipid rafts, where they can provide multivalent ligands for carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions, their actual function in the rafts is unknown. When gangliosides are added to cells and associate with their plasma membranes are they found in rafts or do they distribute in a relatively even fashion across the entire cell membrane? What happens to raft formation in cells made GSL minus? How do subtle changes in a cell's total SL composition, or in the ceramide or polar portion of a specific SL, affect its behavior? What are the specific functions of the different carbohydrate moieties associated with GSLs? In addition to their known role as ligands for certain pathogens, do they function as specific ligands for endogenous molecules? How does substitution of a deoxy for a hydroxyl group on a sugar molecule in a GSL affect their function? Does replacement of a ganglioside sialic acid with a different, negatively charged, component (e.g. sulfate) alter its behavior? How are GSLs transported from the site of injection to their putative site of action when used in animal or human trials to enhance neuronal recovery? Do they associate with albumin? Are they cleared from the circulation by specific galactose binding proteins? Can their clearance by the liver be reduced by modifying their carbohydrate portion? Each of the above questions describes a road currently in need of more exploration.
Development of an image-processing system on a second-generation RISC workstation

We have developed a stand-alone image processing system on an IBM 6000-530 workstation to analyze digital images from our scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM). The system is UNIX based and utilizes the X-Windows system for display of images.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
General definition of “conserved quantities” in general relativity and other theories of gravity

In general relativity, the notion of mass and other conserved quantities at spatial infinity can be defined in a natural way via the Hamiltonian framework: Each conserved quantity is associated with an asymptotic symmetry and the value of the conserved quantity is defined to be the value of the Hamiltonian which generates the canonical transformation on phase space corresponding to this symmetry. However, such an approach cannot be employed to define ``conserved quantities'' in a situation where symplectic current can be radiated away (such as occurs at null infinity in general relativity) because there does not, in general, exist a Hamiltonian which generates the given asymptotic symmetry. (This fact is closely related to the fact that the desired ``conserved quantities'' are not, in general, conserved.) In this paper we give a prescription for defining ``conserved quantities'' by proposing a modification of the equation that must be satisfied by a Hamiltonian. Our prescription is a very general one, and is applicable to a very general class of asymptotic conditions in arbitrary diffeomorphism covariant theories of gravity derivable from a Lagrangian, although we have not investigated existence and uniqueness issues in the most general contexts. In the case of general relativity with the standard asymptotic conditions at null infinity, our prescription agrees with the one proposed by Dray and Streubel from entirely different considerations.
Microwave Laboratory Experiments Using Computer-Aided Test

Computer-aided testing can increase the efficiency and accuracy of university laboratory experiments, while also increasing student interest. Examples of computer-aided RF and microwave experiments being used in the Electronics Engineering Technology Program at Brigham Young University are given. The experiments use interactive programming in a scaled down, semi-automated method designed to minimize cost and complexity, while keeping the student involved. Examples include experiments in microwave radiation and propagation, microwave antenna characteristics, and solid-state microwave oscillator characteristics. A student antenna test exercise using computer automated testing is also described. Abbreviated examples of software used in automating the experiments are given.
The exercise motivation scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity

Abstract Building upon Deci and Ryan's (1985, 1991) self-determination theory as well as previous empirical work on motivation, this paper presents studies on the development and validation of a multifaceted 31-item Exercise Motivation Scale (EMS). Evidence for the factorial validity of the EMS was sought for eight facets of the exercise motivation construct (amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic motivation to learn, intrinsic motivation to accomplish tasks, and intrinsic motivation to experience sensations). Results from various analyses showed adequate evidence for the a priori hypothesized EMS factorial structure, acceptable subscale reliability estimates, and nomological validity. Findings provided initial empirical support for the applicability of self-determination theory in the context of exercise, and indicate the need for a multifaceted approach to the conceptualization of exercise motivation.
Plague vector studies. Part IV. A comparison of insecticide application techniques for flea control on ground squirrels.

An evaluation of the long term residual life of Dieldrin based on the flea index indicated that from the second month through the twelfth month post-treatment the flea index was less than 0.4 fleas per squirrel in 3 of the treated fields, while the control index ranged from 60.5 to 419.5 fleas per host. From the third to the sixth day post-treatment the flea mortality was higher in study areas treated by direct burrow application of Dieldrin (96.3% and 98.0%) than in those study areas where application was by the surface or area method (92.6% and 95.8%). Burrow treatment resulted in a more rapid knockdown of fleas than did surface treatment. These data are based on 89,028 fleas collected from 1423 California Ground Squirrels; the 3 species present of fleas were Diamanus montanus, Hoplopsyllus anomalus , and Echidnophaga gallinacea.
Evaluating robustness in a two layer simulated robot architecture

Many two layer robot architectures have been proposed and implemented. While justification for the design can be well argued, how does one know it is really a good idea? In this paper, one describes a two layer architecture (reinforcement learning in the bottom layer and POMDP planning at the top) for a simulated robot and summarize a set of three experiments in which one evaluated the design. To address the many difficulties of evaluating robot architectures, one advocates an experimental approach in which design criteria are elucidated and then form the basis for the evaluation experiments. In our case, one tests the implementation for its reliability and generalization (our design criteria) by comparing our architecture to one in which a key component is substituted; in these experiments, one demonstrates significant performance gains on the design criteria for our architecture.
Serum progesterone trend after day of transfer as possible predictor of live birth in fresh IVF cycles

test(U-test) p<0.001), E2 variation value(61.8(0.9-2031) vs. 134.4(12164), U-test p<0.001) as well as Progesterone level at day 4 after ET(P, 18.7(4.1-60) vs. 26.4(0-263.9), U-test p<0.001) differed significantly compared with E2 increase group. In HRT cycles, only the E2 at day 4 after ET (186.7(10-2556) vs. 257.7(47.2-6101), U-test p<0.001) and the E2 variation value (54.9(0.3-3044) vs. 71.1(0.1-2524.8), U-test p<0.001) were statistically different from the E2 increase group. Other factors including age, infertile years, BMI, basal FSH were not significantly different. When analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, factors influenced ChPR in NC cycles were age, embryo transfer numbers, embryo developmental stage and E2 increase group (OR (Odd Ration): 1.237, 95% CI (confidential interval): (1.065,1.437)), and factors influenced the ClPR are the same with a greater OR for E2 group(OR: 1.368, 95% CI: (1.171,1.597)). In HRT cycles, only the E2 level at day 4 after ET had a minor effect on the ChPR and ClPR (both OR was 1.000). The MisR was only influenced by age, basal FSH, BMI and embryo developmental stage. CONCLUSION: E2 decrease at day 4 after ET does not influence the clinical pregnancy and early stage miscarriage in HRT FTET cycles, but it indicates decreased clinical pregnancy rate in natural cycles. The P and variation of E2 level in FTET cycles would not affect the early pregnancy loss. Supported by: This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81070495) and Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (S2013010013404).
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S RETENTION OF “INCONSIDERATE” TEXT

Although findings from earlier studies suggest text‐related reasons for why children experience difficulty reading content‐area textbooks, they do not address the instructional implications associated with “inconsiderate” (Armbruster and Anderson, 1981) text, or more specifically, with text that lacks unity. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate transition‐stage readers’ retention of text lacking in unity. Thirty‐three above average fourth graders read and recalled in writing a passage from their social studies textbook. The passage, which previously had been labeled “inconsiderate” by Armbruster and Anderson, contained portions of irrelevant material. Students in the experimental group were instructed in the use of a graphic organizer as an aid in compensating for the text's lack of unity; those in the control group received no special instruction. Results indicated that students who were exposed to graphic organizers recalled only .11 of the total number of irrelevant idea units, wher...
Ion-electrode study of magnesium(II)-ATP and manganese(II)-ATP association

Abstract Thermodynamic formation constants for the magnesium (II)-ATP and manganese (II)-ATP species have been evaluated by direct potentiometry with ion-selective liquid membrane electrodes responsive to Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ , respectively. The existence of the second complex Mg 2 ATP has also been demonstrated; an evaluation of its formation constant is provided. It is shown that the ion electrode method offers advantages over earlier methods because it permits direct measurement of ion activities and, further, enables the ion of interest to be measured selectively in the presence of other ions needed to control pH and ionic strength.
The Struggle for Identity for African American Adolescent Males in a Predominantly White, Affluent School

Rarely do researchers choose to focus on the schooling experiences of African American males, and almost never are their experiences understood from the African American male perspective regarding race and racism in predominantly White and affluent neighborhoods and schools. This article aims to discuss qualitative research that indicates African American males at Sunnyside High School do not experience race in the same way. The article begins with a discussion regarding the importance of understanding how race manifests in high school as adolescence is a particular time when youth are making meaning about race and identity. The 15 participants are described, as well as the qualitative methods used to gather data (i.e., focus groups and interviews). Findings for this article are discussed in terms of the most salient theme emerging from open coding (i.e., racist stereotyping) and are framed in terms of how racist stereotypes manifest, as well as how they are defined and understood at Sunnyside by the part...
Thymic neuroendocrine tumor in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I : The limitations of surveillance

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with pituitary and parathyroid adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the pancreas. Pancreatic NETs, most of which are non-functional, are now the primary life-threatening manifestation of MEN1. Some patients with this disorder develop NETs of the thymus, which are typically characterized by aggressive behavior and malignant potential. Although rare in the general population, 25% of all reported thymic NETs have occurred in patients with MEN1. With the aid of advancements in imaging and biomarkers, the clinician is now better equipped in detecting NETs in this high-risk group. In this report, we present a patient whose incidentally discovered thymic NET led to the diagnosis of MEN1. We provide an overview of MEN1-associated NETs with a specific focus on the use of chromogranin A (CgA) in disease surveillance.
Glomerular membranopathy in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch Schönlein purpura.

We evaluated renal biopsies from 34 children with IgA nephropathy or Henoch Schonlein purpura to further characterize the ultrastructural features of the glomerular membranopathy that occurs in these disorders. Focal glomerular basement membrane damage was identified in 29 children and was severe in 4 of the children. Alterations included focal and segmental attenuation, splitting, duplications, and spike-like subepithelial protrusions of the lamina densa, along with saccular glomerular microaneurysms arising at the paramesangium. Those cases with extensive glomerular basement membrane lesions had either moderate or severe glomerular alterations apparent by light microscopy. Over half of the cases with glomerular membranopathy had immunohistological or ultrastructural evidence of focal peripheral glomerular capillary wall immune deposits and electron-dense deposits occurred at sites of glomerular basement membrane splitting. Despite the focal attenuation of the glomerular basement membrane, we did not identify any biopsy with findings of thin basement membrane disease. The glomerular basement membrane ultrastructural findings we describe are characteristic of IgA nephropathy and Henoch Schonlein purpura, are common in children with these disorders, and are similar to the ultrastructural alterations of the basement membrane that occur in other glomerulonephritides. These basement membrane injuries may be inflammatory cell or immune mediated but their pathogenesis requires further study.
Experimental Characterization of Server Rack Energy Use at Elevated Ambient Temperatures

It is now common for data center managers to question the impact on server energy usage of two recent impact factors: (1) the rise in the data center inlet air temperature to servers per 2008 ASHRAE guidelines, and (2) the fan speed increase from the use of rack level heat exchangers such as Rear Door Heat Exchangers. To help acquire a deeper understanding of the relevant issues, a system floor thermal test was built on the IBM New York data center benchmark floor which consisted of a standard 19″ rack filled with 39 3.0 GHz 1U servers that dissipated between 10–17 kW depending on extent of server utilization. Fan speed, chip temperature metrics, and server power data was collected using product debug codes and server level programs. A simulated air heat load was installed right in front of this server rack to allow the manipulation of air inlet temperature into the servers from 20 °C to 32 °C. Two different rack level configurations were considered for the experiments: (i) a perforated front door and no door at the rear, and (ii) a perforated front door and a Rear Door Heat Exchanger at the rear. An exerciser program was used to vary the CPU utilization from Idle to 70% which represented a typical data center work load. Data was collected for 19 servers of the 39 servers (remaining were in use by Benchmark Lab) for the two rack configurations, for 4 inlet server air temperatures, and for two chip exerciser settings, i.e. 16 experiments. For the 70% exerciser setting (typical operation) and the base line rack configuration without rack level heat exchangers, the rise in server power for an increase in inlet air temperature was 5.2% for the 20 °C to 27 °C change and was 17% for the 20 °C to 31 °C change. For the 70% exerciser setting (typical), the increase in server power from the use of rack level heat exchangers (Rear Door Heat Exchanger) was less than 1.3% for all the conditions. Given the broad range of fan speed algorithms and cooling hardware in server products on the market and their change over each generation, significant further study will be required to characterize each category of systems for these conditions. However, the present study provides a template for quantifying server energy usage in a context that data center managers can understand and use.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Record Torrential Rainstorms on the Island of Hawaii, January–February 1979

Abstract The heaviest and most extensive rainstorms in the history of weather records on the island of Hawaii occurred during the first two months of 1979. Nearly every rainfall record kept by the National Weather Service from the 45 min total through the monthly and two monthly totals was exceeded during January and February 1979. Only twice in the 90-year history of weather records at Hilo have rainfalls of similar magnitude occurred. The most significant characteristic of the 1979 storms is that the record rainfall was produced from warm clouds; clouds whose temperature is everywhere greater than 0°C. The February 1979 storm produced rainfalls of 78.2 mm in 1 h and 566.4 mm in 24 h at Hilo from storm clouds with tops below the freezing level. Such rainfall amounts and rates are customarily believed to occur only during thunderstorms, where the cloud tops extend considerably above the freezing level. Thunderstorm activity was absent during the 1979 rainstorms. An account of the January and February 1979...
A consideration of factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in detecting coronary artery disease

Several factors influence the ability of TI-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to detect coronary artery disease. Among these are the physiologic effect of the coronary lesion on relative myocardial perfusion and radionuclide distribution; technical and physiologic aspects of the scintigraphic process; and observer interpretation. The diagnostic accuracy of this scintigraphic method is related to: (1) the extent of the hypoperfused myocardium, which will depend on the severity and extent of coronary disease, the presence of collaterals, the exercise method, and the timing of thallium administration and scintigraphy; (2) the scintigraphic process, which depends on the nature of the isotope, the imaging system, and the method of image display; and (3) image interpretation, which depends on the experience of the observer as well as on the area of hypoperfused myocardium and the scintigraphic process. The diagnostic accuracy of scintigraphy for detecting coronary disease can be optimized by computer methods of image enhancement, which maximize differences in image contrast; by electrocardiographic gating; and by emission computer tomography. Other computer methods have been developed to reduce or eliminate observer intervention in interpretation and to increase the objectivity of the method.
Effect of the inhibition of dopamine uptake on the dopamine- and dimethyldopamine-induced-inhibition of the potassium-evoked release of [3H] acetylcholine from striatal slices

Abstract 1. Dimethyldopamine was eight times more potent than dopamine in activating the D 2 receptor that inhibits the potassium-evoked release of [ 3 H]acetylcholine from striatal slices. 2. Cocaine and mazindol produced an eight-fold shift in the concentration-response curve for dopamine, but not for dimethyldopamine. 3. The IC 50 of dimethyldopamine for the inhibition of [ 3 H]dopamine uptake was thirty times greater than that for dopamine. 4. Dopamine may be less potent than dimethyldopamine at the D 2 receptor because dopamine has a higher affinity for the dopamine uptake system, resulting in its rapid removal from the vicinity of the receptor.