cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational research related to science instruction for the elementary and junior high school: A review and commentary

In the summer of 1962, Professor Herbert Smith of Pennsylvania State University was requested by the Commission on Science Education of the American Association for the Advancement of Science to prepare a paper summarizing reports of the most significant educational research relating to the teaching of elementary school and junior high school science. The purpose of this project was to make available to members of the Commission and others interested in the current efforts to improve science education the results of that research which has influenced most heavily current educational practice and which should therefore be of interest to those seeking to change present practice. A draft of the report was used by participants in the writing session held under the auspices of the AAAS Commission on Science Education at Stanford University in the summer of 1963. The JRST has agreed to assist in efforts to bring Dr. Smith's paper to the attention of the science education community and the Commission has expressed appreciation to the JRST for this service. The opinions expressed do not necessarily represent AAAS, its Commission on Science Education, or the JRST. Reprints are available from the Editor, Department of Science Education, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, at a cost of $0.50 per copy.
C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Artery Calcification: The Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis (SIRCA)

Objective— Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) predict cardiovascular events. In contrast, an association between CRP and direct measures of atherosclerosis has not been established clearly. In the largest study to date, we examined the association of plasma CRP with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 914 asymptomatic subjects in the Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis (SIRCA). Methods and Results— In age-adjusted, cross-sectional analysis, there was a weak association between plasma CRP levels and CAC in women (odds ratio [OR] for ordinal regression, 1.1 [1.04 to 1.17] per 1.0 mg/L increase in CRP; P=0.005) but not in men. The association between CRP and CAC in women remained significant after adjusting for traditional risk factors (OR, 1.08 [1.00 to 1.14]; P=0.048) but was lost after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.02 [0.94 to 1.08]; P=0.7). Conclusions— In SIRCA, CRP was not associated with CAC in men, and a weak association in women was lost after adj...
Learning About the Sky Through Simulations

With data sets that will soon reach petabytes in size, astrophysics is rapidly moving from a regime limited by statistical noise to one where scientific progress will be determined by our ability to understand and control systematic uncertainties. Simulations can play a critical role in this process by providing a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of any observational system; enabling the development of new statistical techniques, testing the performance of a new design or optimization, and evaluating how an existing scientific analysis might scale to data volumes a thousand times larger than todays. We describe here an approach, adopted by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), to develop high-fidelity simulations at the scale and complexity of the LSST survey itself. These simulations comprise cosmological models of the universe including: galaxy populations, stellar distributions from Galactic structure models, and populations of asteroids within our Solar System. When coupled to simulations of sequences of LSST observations, and to a photon-based simulator that generates detailed images with the properties of the LSST system (accounting for the effects of the atmosphere, telescope and camera), we have an end-to-end system capable of addressing a broad range of astrophysical and statistical questions. We describe here, using a study of image subtraction techniques, how the current generation of simulations can be used to develop new statistical techniques for processing and analyzing astronomical data sets.
On the Design of a Robust Controller for Underwater Robotic Vehicles

With the increased utilization of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in subsea applications, the development of autonomous vehicles becomes highly desirable to enchance operator efficiency. However, ROVs present a difficult control problem due to their nonlinear dynamic behavior and poorly known hydrodynamic coefficients. This paper describes an adaptive controller for the minimum tracking variance control of ROVs. The robustness of the control system with respect to the nonlinear dynamic behavior at parameter uncertainties is investigated by computer simulation. Preliminary results of this study show that the use of the proposed adaptive control system is very attractive in controlling ROVs in the presence of uncertainties in the dynamics of the vehicle.
Induced and Natural Inhibitory Behavior of Milk and Significance to Antibiotic Disc Assay Testing

Summary The nature, incidence, and inducement of natural inhibitory zoning by Grade A raw milks against the test organism Bacillus subtilis , using three types of disc assays, were studied for 2 yr. Natural inhibitory zoning reactions by fresh, normal pH milks predominated on whey agar disc assays and were almost totally absent on Penassay agar and reverse-phase, nonnutrient agar plates. In 707 fresh, raw, Grade A milks, 81 gave small zones by whey agar, occurring mostly during the summer months, whereas only eight milks produced zones on the two other assay methods combined. All natural inhibitory zones disappeared when positive-zoning, normal pH, fresh milks were heated to 180 F—5min. Prior heat treatment of milk to avoid false positives has merit in whey agar assaying, but with Pennassay agar or reverse-phase agar assays such heating may not be quite as necessary. Incubation of Grade A milk at 33C, with resulting low pH and high bacterial numbers, gave to many milks, not hitherto endowed, the ability to produce inhibitory zones against B. subtilis on all three disc assays. Milks reduced to pH 6.0-5.5 showed up to 68% of their numbers with inhibitory zoning ability, while those reduced to pH 5.5-4.6 showed up to 87%. Many low pH milks heated to 180F for 5min retained their zoning ability, even though heat coagulation occurred. Bacterial antibiotic development in low pH milks, resulting from normal milk flora fermentation, apparently explains this newly acquired ability to form inhibitory zones against B. subtilis .
A temperature correction for Tucker's ocean rainfall estimates

A method suggested by G. B. Tucker of estimating rainfall from present weather observations is tested on 28 coastal stations. Tucker's method was developed from a group of stations in Great Britain; at other latitudes, due to air temperature differences, the Tucker estimates may be several times too high or too low. Regression formulae are presented to adjust yearly, quarterly, and monthly mean precipitation values for air temperature. Corrected rainfall maps based upon ocean weather station data reveal a formerly undetected rainfall maximum in western mid-latitudes of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans.
Interacting dipole pairs on a rotating sphere

The evolution, interaction and scattering of 2N point vortices grouped into equal and opposite pairs (N-dipoles) on a rotating unit sphere are studied. A new coordinate system made up of centres of vorticity and centroids associated with each dipole is introduced. With these coordinates, the nonlinear equations for an isolated dipole diagonalize and one directly obtains the equation for geodesic motion on the sphere for the dipole centroid. When two or more dipoles interact, the equations are viewed as an interacting billiard system on the sphere — charged billiards — with long-range interactions causing the centroid trajectories to deviate from their geodesic paths. Canonical interactions are studied both with and without rotation. For two dipoles, the four basic interactions are described as exchange-scattering, non-exchange-scattering, loop-scattering (head on) and loop-scattering (chasing) interactions. For three or more dipoles, one obtains a richer variety of interactions, although the interactions identified in the two-dipole case remain fundamental.
Proteomic profiling identifies distinct protein patterns in acute myelogenous leukemia CD34+CD38- stem-like cells.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is believed to arise from leukemic stem-like cells (LSC) making understanding the biological differences between LSC and normal stem cells (HSC) or common myeloid progenitors (CMP) crucial to understanding AML biology. To determine if protein expression patterns were different in LSC compared to other AML and CD34+ populations, we measured the expression of 121 proteins by Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) in 5 purified fractions from AML marrow and blood samples: Bulk (CD3/CD19 depleted), CD34-, CD34+(CMP), CD34+CD38+ and CD34+CD38-(LSC). LSC protein expression differed markedly from Bulk (n=31 cases, 93/121 proteins) and CD34+ cells (n= 30 cases, 88/121 proteins) with 54 proteins being significantly different (31 higher, 23 lower) in LSC than in either Bulk or CD34+ cells. Sixty-seven proteins differed significantly between CD34+ and Bulk blasts (n=69 cases). Protein expression patterns in LSC and CD34+ differed markedly from normal CD34+ cells. LSC were distinct from CD34+ and Bulk cells by principal component and by protein signaling network analysis which confirmed individual protein analysis. Potential targetable submodules in LSC included the proteins PU.1(SP1), P27, Mcl1, HIF1α, cMET, P53, Yap, and phospho-Stats 1, 5 and 6. Protein expression and activation in LSC differs markedly from other blast populations suggesting that studies of AML biology should be performed in LSC.
A Positive-Strand RNA Virus with Three Very Different Subgenomic RNA Promoters

Numerous RNA viruses generate subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs) for expression of their 3*-proximal genes. A major step in control of viral gene expression is the regulation of sgRNA synthesis by specific promoter elements. We used barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a model system to study transcriptional control in a virus with multiple sgRNAs. BYDV generates three sgRNAs during infection. The sgRNA1 promoter has been mapped previously to a 98-nucleotide (nt) region which forms two stem-loop structures. It was determined that sgRNA1 is not required for BYDV RNA replication in oat protoplasts. In this study, we show that neither sgRNA2 nor sgRNA3 is required for BYDV RNA replication. The promoters for sgRNA2 and sgRNA3 synthesis were mapped by using deletion mutagenesis. The minimal sgRNA2 promoter is approximately 143 nt long (nt 4810 to 4952) and is located immediately downstream of the putative sgRNA2 start site (nt 4809). The minimal sgRNA3 core promoter is 44 nt long (nt 5345 to 5388), with most of the sequence located downstream of sgRNA3 start site (nt 5348). For both promoters, additional sequences upstream of the start site enhanced sgRNA promoter activity. These promoters contrast to the sgRNA1 promoter, in which almost all of the promoter is located upstream of the transcription initiation site. Comparison of RNA sequences and computerpredicted secondary structures revealed little or no homology between the three sgRNA promoter elements. Thus, a small RNA virus with multiple sgRNAs can have very different subgenomic promoters, which implies a complex system for promoter recognition and regulation of subgenomic RNA synthesis. Synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs) is a common strategy used by positive-sense RNA viruses for expression of their 39-proximal genes. In combination with other strategies such as unconventional translational events and posttranslational proteolytic processing of precursor polyproteins, it allows efficient utilization of the viral genetic material. Synthesized later in infection, sgRNAs encode late viral genes whose products are required for pathogenesis and particle formation. Alphaviruses such as Sindbis virus and the alpha-like multipartite Bromoviridae produce one sgRNA for expression of the coat protein. Plant viruses that belong to such groups as potexvirus, tombusvirus, carmovirus, and tobamovirus, as well as some other alpha-like viruses, produce two or three sgRNAs for expression of the coat protein and movement proteins. RNA viruses with larger genomes, such as Closteroviridae (also alpha-like) and the Nidovirales, produce up to nine and seven sgRNAs, respectively (14, 23).
The Protein Kinase Cdr2, Related to Nim1/Cdr1 Mitotic Inducer, Regulates the Onset of Mitosis in Fission Yeast

Cdc2–Cyclin B, the protein kinase that catalyzes the onset of mitosis, is subject to multiple forms of regulation. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and most other species, a key mode of Cdc2–Cyclin B regulation is the inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc2 on tyrosine-15. This phosphorylation is catalyzed by the protein kinases Wee1 and Mik1 and removed by the phosphatase Cdc25. These proteins are also regulated, a notable example being the inhibition of Wee1 by the protein kinase Nim1/Cdr1. The temperature-sensitive mutation cdc25–22 is synthetic lethal with nim1/cdr1 mutations, suggesting that a synthetic lethal genetic screen could be used to identify novel mitotic regulators. Here we describe that such a screen has identified cdr2+, a gene that has an important role in the mitotic control. Cdr2 is a 775 amino acid protein kinase that is closely related to Nim1 and mitotic control proteins in budding yeast. Deletion of cdr2 causes a G2-M delay that is more severe than that caused by nim1/cdr1 mutations. Genetic studies are consistent with a model in which Cdr2 negatively regulates Wee1. This model is supported by experiments showing that Cdr2 associates with the N-terminal regulatory domain of Wee1 in cell lysates and phosphorylates Wee1 in vitro. Thus, Cdr2 is a novel mitotic control protein that appears to regulate Wee1.
Correlates of smokeless tobacco use among first year college students

Objective:Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is associated with specific adverse health effects. Knowledge of student tobacco use, including SLT, may guide inquiry into other risky health behaviors, and p...
Works on the Far East and Central Asia Published in the U.S.S.R., 1937–47

This list of publications was extracted by the translator from a typescript bibliography on all the Oriental countries, compiled in the U.S.S.R. The translator has been unable to verify or to annotate the titles listed here, because, unfortunately, comparatively few of them are available in this country. He gladly acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor Owen Lattimore, who elucidated some doubtful points. The main contributions of Russian research on the Far East and on Central Asia have again been made in the fields of Sinology and Mongol studies. Among the senior authors of international repute, the academicians V. V. Struve and V. M. Alexeev must be mentioned, who have carried on the tradition of Russian scholarship.
Expression of gibberellin 20-oxidase1 (AtGA20ox1) in Arabidopsis seedlings with altered auxin status is regulated at multiple levels

Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) affect many biological processes including germination, stem growth, transition to flowering, and fruit development. The location, timing, and level of bioactive GA are finely tuned to ensure that optimal growth and development occur. The balance between GA biosynthesis and deactivation is controlled by external factors such as light and by internal factors that include auxin. The role of auxin transport inhibitors (ATIs) and auxins on GA homeostasis in intact light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings was investigated. Two ATIs, 1-Nnaphthylthalamic acid (NPA) and 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) caused elevated expression of the GA biosynthetic enzyme AtGA20-oxidase1 (AtGA20ox1 )i n shoot but not in root tissues, and only at certain developmental stages. It was investigated whether enhanced AtGA20ox1 gene expression was a consequence of altered flow through the GA biosynthetic pathway, or was due to impaired GA signalling that can lead to enhanced AtGA20ox1 expression and accumulation of a DELLA protein, Repressor of ga1-3 (RGA). Both ATIs promoted accumulation of GFPfused RGA in shoots and roots, and this increase was counteracted by the application of GA4. These results suggest that in ATI-treated seedlings the impediment to DELLA protein degradation may be a deficiency of bioactive GA at sites of GA response. It is proposed that the four different levels of AtGA20ox1 regulation observed here are imposed in a strict hierarchy: spatial (organ-, tissue-, cell-specific) > developmental > metabolic > auxin regulation. Thus results show that, in intact auxin- and auxin transport inhibitor-treated light-grown Arabidopsis seedlings, three other levels of regulation supersede the effects of auxin on AtGA20ox1.
Oropharyngeal deglutition in stable COPD.

Study objectives The aim of this study was to examine deglutition in stable patients with COPD and lung hyperinflation. Design Twenty consecutive, eligible COPD patients with an FEV 1 ≤ 65% of predicted and a total lung capacity ≥120% of predicted were enrolled prospectively. Intervention Patients received a detailed videofluoroscopic evaluation of oropharyngeal swallowing and were compared to 20 age-matched and sex-matched historical control subjects. Setting An outpatient pulmonary clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Measurements and results The mean total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, and residual volume for the patients were 128% of predicted, 168% of predicted, and 218% of predicted, respectively. The mean FEV 1 was 39% of predicted. There was no evidence of tracheal aspiration in either group. The laryngeal position at rest measured relative to the cervical vertebrae was not different between groups. The maximal laryngeal elevation during swallowing was significantly lower in patients with COPD (p Conclusions We conclude that hyperinflated patients with COPD have an altered swallowing physiology. We suspect that the protective alterations in swallowing physiology (swallow maneuvers) may reduce the risk of aspiration. However, these swallowing maneuvers may not be useful during an exacerbation and may require further research.
Beyond the Paleolithic prescription: Authors’ reply to Commentary

We would like to thank Drs. Muskiet and Carrera-Bastos for contributing to the interesting and ongoing debate about the Paleolithic diet. Drs. Muskiet and Carrera-Bastos raise questions about three main aspects of our recent paper: 1) our depiction of the research of proponents of the Paleolithic diet, 2) the extent to which epigenetics is a set of genetic mechanisms, and 3) the role of cultural transmission and social learning in shaping evolutionary pressures and human diets in the pre-agricultural past. Each of these issues is addressed below. Drs. Muskiet and Carrera-Bastos argue that none of the proponents of the Paleolithic diet support a single model claiming that evolution stopped after the agricultural revolution. Yet, a number of researchers quoted in our article, have, in fact, published research pointing toward human bodies as reflecting primarily Paleolithic adaptations in terms of diet.1,2 This research has been highly influential in shaping clinical applications based on evolutionary medicine. While the importance of Neolithic adaptations is acknowledged in more recent work,3 much of the mismatch hypothesis still relies on a Paleolithic default for explaining human eating behavior, to the exclusion of other mechanisms or lines of evidence. The issue here is not …
Model selection tests for moment inequality models

Abstract We propose Vuong-type tests to select between two moment inequality models based on their Kullback–Leibler distances to the true data distribution. The candidate models can be either non-overlapping or overlapping. For each case, we develop a testing procedure that has correct asymptotic size in a uniform sense despite the potential lack of point identification. We show both procedures are consistent against fixed alternatives and local alternatives converging to the null at rates arbitrarily close to n − 1 / 2 . We demonstrate the finite-sample performance of the tests with Monte Carlo simulation of a missing data example. The tests are relatively easy to implement.
Manikin-Based Performance Evaluation of Elastomeric Respirators Against Combustion Particles

This study investigated the effects of faceseal leakage, breathing flow, and combustion material on the overall (non-size-selective) penetration of combustion particles into P-100 half and full facepiece elastomeric respirators used by firefighters. Respirators were tested on a breathing manikin exposed to aerosols produced by combustion of three materials (wood, paper, and plastic) in a room-size exposure chamber. Testing was performed using a single constant flow (inspiratory flow rate = 30 L/min) and three cyclic flows (mean inspiratory flow rates = 30, 85, and 135 L/min). Four sealing conditions (unsealed, nose-only sealed, nose and chin sealed, and fully sealed) were examined to evaluate the respirator faceseal leakage. Total aerosol concentration was measured inside (Cin) and outside (Cout) the respirator using a condensation particle counter. The total penetration through the respirator was determined as a ratio of the two (P = Cin / Cout). Faceseal leakage, breathing flow type and rate, and combus...
High-Speed NIR Segregation of High- and Low-Protein Single Wheat Seeds

ABSTRACT Wheat breeders need a nondestructive method to rapidly sort high- or low-protein single kernels from samples for their breeding programs. For this reason, a commercial color sorter equipped with near-infrared filters was evaluated for its potential to sort high- and low-protein single wheat kernels. Hard red winter and hard white wheat cultivars with protein content >12.5% (classed as high-protein, 12% moisture basis) or < 11.5% (classed as low-protein) were blended in proportions of 50:50 and 95:5 (or 5:95) mass. These wheat blends were sorted using five passes that removed 10% of the mass for each pass. The bulk protein content of accepted kernels (accepts) and rejected kernels (rejects) were measured for each pass. For 50:50 blends, the protein in the first-pass rejects changed as much as 1%. For the accepts, each pass changed the protein content of accepts by ≈0.1%, depending on wheat blends. At most, two re-sorts of accepts would be required to move 95:5 blends in the direction of the domina...
Tertiary Arsines as Corrosion Inhibitors for Zinc in acid solution

Tertiary arsines such as diphenylethyl arsine (DPEA), diphenylmethyl arsine (DPMA) and triphenyl arsine (TPA) have been used as corrosion inhibitors for zinc in perchloric acid solution. These inhibitors inhibit corrosion effectively even in traces. The percentage inhibitor efficiency of the inhibitors are in the order DPEA > DPMA > TPA. The effect of pH and temperature on the inhibitor efficiency is studied. Steady state anodic and cathodic polarization data reveal that tertiary arsines act as interfacial corrosion inhibitors for zinc in acidic solution. The apparent free energies of adsorption of inhibitors have been reported for different possible modes of adsorption. Tertiare Arsine als Korrosionsinhibitoren fur Zink in Sauren Tertiare Arsine, wie Diphenylethyl-, Diphenylmethyl- und Triphenylarsin, sind als Inhibitoren der Korrosion von Zink in Perchlorsaure verwendet worden. Diese Stoffe hemmen, auch wenn sie nur in Spuren vorhanden sind, die Korrosion wirksam. Der Hemmwert verringert sich in der oben angegebenen Reihenfolge der Inhibitoren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einflus von pH und Temperatur auf die inhibierende Wirkung untersucht. Aufgrund der unter stationaren Bedingungen erhaltenen anodischen und kathodischen Polarisationswerte beruht die Inhibierung auf Grenzflacheneffekten. Die scheinbaren freien Energien der Inhibitoradsorption werden fur verschiedene mogliche Adsorptionsarten mitgeteilt.
Sufficiency of Lakshmibai–Sandhya Singularity Conditions for Schubert Varieties

We establish one direction of a conjecture by Lakshmibai and Sandhya which describes combinatorially the singular locus of a Schubert variety. We prove that the conjectured singular locus is contained in the singular locus.
Changing objectives in occupational health.

Abstract The objectives and emphasis of industrial hygiene have shifted over the years from the early efforts to prevent frank cases of specific diseases to the modern concepts of securing and maintaining the mental and physical health, well being, and productive efficiency of workers. This has increased the dimensions and subtleties of the man-environment relationship and the need for understanding the etiology of occupational disease. These require more refined methods of measurement on both man and environment. New definitions and criteria of health and impairment must be developed.
A Systems Assessment of the Five Starlite Tokamak Power Plants

The ARIES team has assessed the power-plant attractiveness of the following five tokamak physics regimes: (1) steady state, first stability regime; (2) pulsed, first stability regime; (3) steady state, second stability regime; (4) steady state, reversed shear; and (5) steady state, low aspect ratio. Cost-based systems analysis of these five tokamak physics regimes suggests that an electric power plant based upon a reversed-shear tokamak is significantly more economical than one based on any of the other four physics regimes. Details of this comparative systems analysis are described herein.
Performance analysis of synchronous packet networks with priority queueing disciplines

Models and analytical techniques are developed to evaluate the performance of time-synchronous packet networks with priority queueing disciplines. In cases which require approximation, the model was validated through extensive computer simulation and compared to analytical results. A local first-order Markov model based on a burstiness criterion is used to approximate the delay incurred by each class of traffic in a network. The application of this model to selected networks shows that it accurately predicts behavior of tandem (i.e. with and without departures), unidirectional, and bidirectional loop networks. >
Acute Intestinal Obstruction: An Electromyographic Study in Dogs

We have investigated the motility effects of acute experimental canine intestinal obstruction. A 30-min midjejunal obstruction was produced by clamping a Biebl loop or by inflating an intraluminal balloon. Spike bursts from serosal electrodes proximal to the site of obstruction increased markedly, while those from distal electrodes decreased. When the obstruction from an intraluminal Foley catheter was continued for 5.5 h, the inhibition persisted distally but the proximal contractile activity gradually fell to control levels. The reduced proximal activity after prolonged obstruction was largely due to clusters of regular intense spike bursts preceded and followed by lengthening periods of absent motor activity. Similar clustered contractions obliterated the lumen when the passage of barium through a Thiry-Vella loop was monitored fluoroscopically. Significant motility changes occur in intestinal obstruction, but an increased understanding of the mechanisms involved awaits future studies.
Interrelationships among atrial peptides, renin, and blood volume in pregnant rats

To determine how changes in intravascular volume are sensed by atrial and renal volume receptors during pregnancy and the puerperium, circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured in conscious chronically catheterized rats on days 9-10, 15-16, 19-20, and 22 of pregnancy, on the first postpartum day, and in nonpregnant controls. Blood volume measured in a separate group of anesthetized rats increased progressively during pregnancy, and circulating ANP levels tended to decline, although not significantly below the nonpregnant value of 132 +/- 9 pg/ml (mean +/- SE). PRA remained similar to the nonpregnant value of 5.5 +/- 0.6 ng angiotensin I.ml-1.h-1 until day 22 of pregnancy, when it rose to 14.1 +/- 1.8 ng angiotensin I.ml-1.h-1 (P less than 0.001 vs. nonpregnant). In pregnant rats, PRA was suppressed after uninephrectomy and chronic administration of deoxycorticosterone and saline, demonstrating the ability of this hormonal system to respond appropriately to further increments in volume induced during pregnancy. On the first postpartum day plasma ANP rose to 268 +/- 26 pg/ml, and PRA fell to 3.6 +/- 0.4 ng angiotensin I.ml-1.h-1 (P less than 0.005 and P less than 0.05 vs. nonpregnant values, respectively). Thus it appears that the increased blood volume in normal pregnancy is not sensed by renal or atrial volume sensors, presumably because it is accommodated by an enlarged maternal vascular compartment. In the puerperium, however, due to the decreased size of the maternal vascular compartment, atrial and renal volume sensors recognize the intravascular volume as expanded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of the Effectivencss of Flurbiprofen in Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Operation of Different Parts

Objestive To observe the influence of flurbiprofen on general anesthesia analepsia and effectiveness in postoperative analgesia and its adverse effects.Methods Twenty patients undergoing cholecyst laparoscopic operation(group A)and twenty patients undergoing gyne-cological laparosc opicoperation(group B)were enrolled.Patients in each group were then respective1y random1y assigned into two groups of equa1 size,the study groups(group Al and group B1)and the control groups(group A2 and group B2).All patients received routine general anesthesia.Before the end of the operation,the study began when the aeroperitonia was stopped,the study groups received a bolus intravenous administration of lmg/kg flurbiprofen,the control groups received a bolus intravenous administration of 0.1mL/kg fat milk at 5,15,30,60,120, 240,480min,12h and 24h after the administration of flurbiprofen or fat milk,the VAS score,the time of the first postoperative pain,the postoperative usage of analgesic drugs,the occurrence of adverse effects like nausea and omiting,and the blood loss were observed during the analep-sia period of general anesthesia In each group.Results In the study groups the times of the first postoperative pain were significantly later than ones in the corresponding control groups,and the amounts of the postoperative analgesic drugs were significantly lesser and the postoperative VAS scores were significant1y 1ower,there were statistically significant differences between the study groups and the control groups.Con-clusion One bolus intravenous administration of flurbiproefn during the operation suggests the characteristics of significant analgesic effect,long duration,low occurrence of adverse efects,convenient performance and no influence on general anesthesia analepsia,and is safe to be used.
The Moral Power in Brands and Its Promotion

The mind-set of brand worth, the target brands pursue and the qualities, services and marks brands show, all of these reflect a certain moral power that should be commanded, enhanced and promoted.
Study of a novel tunable optical attenuator

Tunable optical attenuator(TOA)is an important device in optical communication system.An optically controllable variable optical attenuator(VOA)is studied.The device consists of side-polished fiber(SPF)with a photoresponsive liquid crystal(LC)overlay.At an environmental temperature of 45℃,the tuning range of the optically controllable VOA is about 15 dB.It is proved clearly that the tuning is reversible and repeatable with periodic pumping beam illumination and the response time is less than 5s.The photoresponsive liquid crystal transforms from a light-scattering state into a light transparent state with the help of photoirradiation,and the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer changes.It results in optical loss variation of the signal light.With the structure optimization of the side-polished fiber and the new mixture liquid crystal,the tuning range will be larger and the responding time will be shorter.The optically controllable VOA has simple structure and the cost is low.It connects with other fiber devices conveniently and has potential use in an all-fiber telecommunication system.
Fair Play and Political Obligation: Twenty Years Later

My 1979 essay “The Principle of Fair Play” had two principal objectives. The first was to defend the principle of fair play (against critics like Nozick) as a valid principle of moral obligation, a principle not reducible to or deriveble from some more basic or fundamental principle of obligation. The essay's second objective was to refute accounts of political obligation (like those of Hart and the early Rawls) that centrally employed that principle. My general strategy in support of the former aim was to delineate a plausible version of the principle of fair play (or “principle of fairness,” as it is more commonly called today) that could be collapsed into or ultimately reduced to neither a principle of consent nor some nonvoluntarist principle of morally obligatory reciprocation for benefits received (such as a principle of gratitude). Defending a voluntarist version of the principle allowed me both to remain true to Hart's and Rawls' original goal – that of “introducing” a principle that could capture some of the voluntarist force of traditional contract theory's account of political obligation, without embracing contract theory's “fictions” or anarchistic implications – and to defend a principle that seemed to me far more plausible than any version of it which would allow the mere receipt of benefits from a cooperative scheme to obligate beneficiaries to reciprocate (against which version Nozick's arguments appear to tell so forcefully).
Some algorithmic applications of partition functions in combinatorics

Given a combinatorially defined family \(\mathcal{F}\subset 2^{X}\) of subsets of a finite set X and non-negative weights w: X ⟶ R+, we define the partition function as \(P(\mathcal{F},w) =\sum _{S\in \mathcal{F}}\prod _{x\in S}w(x)\). We describe various situations when \(P(\mathcal{F},w)\) can be computed efficiently, concentrating on two methods: one relating computability to complex zeros of \(P(\mathcal{F},w)\) as a polynomial in w(x) and the other based on scaling. Examples include enumeration of Hamiltonian cycles in graphs, perfect matchings in hypergraphs, and dense subgraphs in graphs.
Power and Energy Efficient Standard Cell Library Design in CDM Logic Style with FinFET Transistors

In this paper, the CDM logic style has been analyzed and compared with the Conventional CMOS (C-CMOS) logic style with the FinFET devices in super-threshold operation. Standard cell library with FinFET logic gates in CDM and C-CMOS logic style has been developed in various selected technologies (7nm, 10nm, 14nm, 16nm & 20nm) and used to synthesize the ISCAS'85 benchmark designs to evaluate the performance improvement. Synopsys silicon smart and library compiler tool has been used to generate the standard cell libraries using FinFET device models from PTM and design compiler to synthesize the designs with developed standard cell libraries. The Simulation results shows that CDM based standard cell library achieve the average power improvement of 17-21% and average PDP improvement of 7-26% for all benchmark designs compared with C-CMOS standard cell library in 7nm, 10nm, 14nm, and 16nm & 20nm technology node respectively.
Functional integration of the circulatory, immune, and respiratory systems in mosquito larvae: pathogen killing in the hemocyte-rich tracheal tufts

﻿As both larvae and adults, mosquitoes encounter a barrage of immune insults, ranging from microbe-rich communities in larval habitats to ingested blood-borne pathogens in adult blood meals. Given that mosquito adults have evolved an efficient means of eliminating infections in their hemocoel (body cavity) via the coordinated action of their immune and circulatory systems, the goal of the present study was to determine whether such functional integration is also present in larvae. By fluorescently labeling hemocytes (immune cells), pericardial cells, and the heart, we discovered that fourth instar larvae, unlike adults, contain segmental hemocytes but lack the periostial hemocytes that surround the ostia (heart valves) in abdominal segments 2–7. Instead, larvae contain an abundance of sessile hemocytes at the tracheal tufts, which are respiratory structures that are unique to larvae, are located in the posterior-most abdominal segment, and surround what in larvae are the sole incurrent openings for hemolymph entry into the heart. Injection of fluorescent immune elicitors and bacteria into the larval hemocoel then showed that tracheal tuft hemocytes mount rapid and robust immune responses against foreign insults. Indeed, green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli flowing with the hemolymph rapidly aggregate exclusively at the tracheal tufts, where they are killed within 24 h post-infection via both phagocytosis and melanization. Together, these findings show that the functional integration of the circulatory, respiratory, and immune systems of mosquitoes varies drastically across life stages.
Decay of sewage-sourced microbial source tracking markers and fecal indicator bacteria in marine waters.

Abstract The decay of sewage-sourced enterococci, Escherichia coli, three human-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and norovirus GII was measured in situ in coastal, marine waters. Experiments examined the effects of sunlight intensity and season on decay. Seawater was seeded with untreated sewage, placed into permeable dialysis bags, and deployed in the coastal ocean near the water surface, and at 18 cm, and 99 cm depths, to vary solar intensity, during winter and summer seasons. Microbial decay was modeled using a log-linear or shoulder log-linear decay model. Pathogen levels were too low in sewage to obtain kinetic parameters. Human-associated MST markers all decayed with approximately the same rate constant (k ∼ 1.5 d−1) in all experimental treatments, suggesting markers could be detectable up to ∼6 days after a raw sewage spill. E. coli and enterococci (culturable and molecular marker) k significantly varied with season and depth; enterococci decayed faster at shallow depths and during the summer, while E. coli decayed faster at shallow depths and during the winter. Rate constants for MST markers and culturable FIB diverged except at the deepest depth in the water column potentially complicating the use of MST marker concentrations to allocate sources of FIB contamination.
Incubation of 2-methylisoborneol synthase with the intermediate analog 2-methylneryl diphosphate.

Incubation of synthetic 2-methylneryl diphosphate (2-MeNPP, 10) with 2-methylisoborneol synthase (MIBS) gave a mixture of products that differed significantly from that derived from the natural substrate (E)-2-methylgeranyl diphosphate (3, 2-MeGPP). The proportion of (-)-2-methylisoborneol (1) decreased from 89 to 17% while that of 2-methylenebornane (4) increased from 10 to 26%, with the relative yields of the isomeric homo-monoterpenes 2-methyl-2-bornene (5) and 1-methylcamphene (6) remaining essentially unchanged (<1% each), as determined by chiral GC–MS analysis. The majority of the product mixture resulting from the MIBS-catalyzed cyclization of 2-MeNPP (10) consisted of the anomalous monocyclic homo-monoterpenes (±)-2-methylllimonene (15, 39%) and 2-methyl-α-terpineol (13, 10%), as well as the acylic derivatives 2-methylnerol (11, 7%) and 2-methyllinalool (14, <1%). The steady-state kinetic parameters of the MIBS-catalyzed reaction, determined using [1-3H]-2-methylneryl diphosphate (2-MeNPP), were kcat 0.0046±0.0003 s−1, Km 18±6 μm and kcat/Km 2.55 × 102 M−1 s−1. In comparison, the natural substrate 2-MeGPP had a kcat 0.105±0.007 s−1, Km 95±49 μm and kcat/Km 1.11 × 103 M−1 s−1. Taken together with earlier X-ray crystallographic studies of MIBS, as well as previous investigations of the mechanistically related plant monoterpene cyclase, bornyl diphosphate synthase, these results provide important insights into the binding and cyclization of both native substrates and intermediates and their analogs.
An experiment in hands-on learning in engineering mechanics: Statics

Students in an introductory engineering mechanics (statics) course are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive identical instruction except for roughly once per week, for the first half of the semester. During these exceptional sessions, one group is given hands-on manipulatives with which to solidify concepts, while the other group is not. The degree of learning is assessed with a mid-term multiple choice concept test and mid-term problem solving whose questions have multiple interconnected parts. Overall, the two groups show no notable difference in learning. However, when one looks at electrical engineering (EE) students and mechanical engineering (ME) students separately, it appears that the EE students benefit from the hands-on exercises, while the ME students might be better without.
Performance properties in thick film silicate dielectric layers using molecular modeling

Abstract Molecular modeling was employed to understand various behaviors found in thick film dielectric layers derived from solution-based sol–gel formulation in order to aid their development. For instance, for formulations used as planarizing layers, it was discovered that during certain process steps ionic components could be introduced which greatly influences the extent of shrinkage by up to 50%, a phenomenon not normally seen in traditional spin-on glasses (SOG). Thermodynamic calculations showed that specific ionic contaminants contribute to the cure state of the material, potentially depolymerizing the material and promoting the formation of structures that are more easily deformed. Volumetric analysis and compaction modeling demonstrated that the high extent of shrinkage is expected, depending upon the final molecular structure of the silicate. Calculation of the relative modulus of the different suspected structures also showed that depolymerized structures contribute to the ease of compaction.
Expanding Single Particle Mass Spectrometer Analyses for the Identification of Microbe Signatures in Sea Spray Aerosol

Ocean-derived microbes in sea spray aersosol (SSA) have the potential to influence climate and weather by acting as ice nucleating particles in clouds. Single particle mass spectrometers (SPMSs), which generate in situ single particle composition data, are excellent tools for characterizing aerosols under changing environmental conditions as they can provide high temporal resolution and require no sample preparation. While SPMSs have proven capable of detecting microbes, these instruments have never been utilized to definitively identify aerosolized microbes in ambient sea spray aersosol. In this study, an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used to analyze laboratory generated SSA produced from natural seawater in a marine aerosol reference tank. We present the first description of a population of biological SSA mass spectra (BioSS), which closely match the ion signatures observed in previous terrestrial microbe studies. The fraction of BioSS dramatically increased in the largest supermicron par...
Robust speaker verification with a two classifier format and feature enhancement

In the presence of environmental noise, speaker verification systems inevitably see a decrease in performance. This paper proposes the (1) use of two parallel classifiers, (2) feature enhancement based on blind signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation and (3) fusion, to improve the performance of speaker verification systems. The two classifiers are based on Gaussian mixture models and the partial least-squares technique. Speech corrupted by additive noise at SNRs from 0 to 30 dB are used for authentication. A two-way analysis of variance validates the performance gain offered by the methods used. The outputs of the classifiers are fused together in different ways. The fusion method where the scores of the classifiers are added together is found to be the best method again using statistical analysis.
SPECT: A Practical Guide for Users

The recent surge of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cameras and systems in the commercial market has made unfamiliar equipment available. Current literature tends to present SPECT in terms of mathematics for physicists or clinical results for physicians with little guidance on operating a SPECT system. Yet even the best system is quite unforgiving of sloppy operation. It is not only necessary to have stable, reliable instruments and software but also, the nuclear medicine technologist must be able to perform proper calibration and operation. We review the basic acquisition parameters and data processing techniques necessary for high quality results from a SPECT system.
Estonians in America, 1945–1995: exiles in a land of promise edited by Priit Vesilind, compiled by Enn Kõiva, S.L. Estonian American National Council, 2016, 555 pp., $90.00.

Estonians in America 1945–1995: Exiles in a Land of Promise is a remarkable book that has been more than 25 years in the making – a work with more than 100 authors – the story of Estonians in Ameri...
Chapter 67 – Downstream Signaling Pathways: Modular Interactions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of modular interaction domains on the logic and organization of signaling pathways and the general properties relevant to their role in signal transmission. These domains can be divided into two fairly distinct groups based on their mode of interaction. The prominence of modular interaction domains in signaling proteins is explained by the critical role played by subcellular localization in signaling, particularly in multicellular organisms. A critical aspect of interactions mediated by such domains is the extent to which each domain recognizes distinct specific targets. Interactions mediated by modular binding domains can be either constitutive or dependent on the posttranslational modification of the binding partner. The most general role of modular protein binding domains in signaling is to bring proteins together at the proper time and place in the cell to promote downstream transmission of the signal. A second notable property conferred by modular binding domains on signaling complexes is heterogeneity in their composition. This property allows the signaling process to be very sensitive to the potential binding partners available in the cell, their local concentrations, and their state of posttranslational modification that is ideal for a system that must integrate many inputs and generate outputs that are precisely controlled in time and space. Another potential advantage is flexibility, in that a limited number of component parts can respond to and generate a diverse array of signals depending on cellular context.
‘The Queen of Time’: Isabel I in The Ministry of Time (2015) and The Queen of Spain (2016)

The Spanish television series The Ministry of Time (February 2015—present) and film The Queen of Spain (2016) both revisit the canonical legends of Isabel I of Spain and re-create her image for twenty-first century audiences. However, unlike the popular series, Isabel—analyzed in other contributions to this volume—these two re-creations are equivocal in their handling of the iconic queen. The Ministry of Time, now in its third season on RTVE, has been met with almost unqualified acclaim by media critics. The Queen of Spain, on the other hand, flopped spectacularly. This chapter analyzes the two productions as historiographic metafictions that combine the representation of history with self-reflexive commentaries on historical revisionism that call attention to Isabel’s ambivalent legacy as well as their contrasting reception.