cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning to incentivize: eliciting effort via output agreement

In crowdsourcing when there is a lack of verification for contributed answers, output agreement mechanisms are often used to incentivize participants to provide truthful answers when the correct answer is hold by the majority. In this paper, we focus on using output agreement mechanisms to elicit effort, in addition to eliciting truthful answers, from a population of workers. We consider a setting where workers have heterogeneous cost of effort exertion and examine the data requester's problem of deciding the reward level in output agreement for optimal elicitation. In particular, when the requester knows the cost distribution, we derive the optimal reward level for output agreement mechanisms. This is achieved by first characterizing Bayesian Nash equilibria of output agreement mechanisms for a given reward level. When the cost distribution is unknown to the requester, we develop sequential mechanisms that combine learning the cost distribution with incentivizing effort exertion to approximately determine the optimal reward level.
Comprehensive comparison of molecular portraits between cell lines and tumors in breast cancer

Proper cell models for breast cancer primary tumors have long been the focal point in the cancer’s research. The genomic comparison between cell lines and tumors can investigate the similarity and dissimilarity and help to select right cell model to mimic tumor tissues to properly evaluate the drug reaction in vitro. In this paper, a comprehensive comparison in copy number variation (CNV), mutation, mRNA expression and protein expression between 68 breast cancer cell lines and 1375 primary breast tumors is conducted and presented. Using whole genome expression arrays, strong correlations were observed between cells and tumors. PAM50 gene expression differentiated them into four major breast cancer subtypes: Luminal A and B, HER2amp, and Basal-like in both cells and tumors partially. Genomic CNVs patterns were observed between tumors and cells across chromosomes in general. High C > T and C > G trans-version rates were observed in both cells and tumors, while the cells had slightly higher somatic mutation rates than tumors. Clustering analysis on protein expression data can reasonably recover the breast cancer subtypes in cell lines and tumors. Although the drug-targeted proteins ER/PR and interesting mTOR/GSK3/TS2/PDK1/ER_P118 cluster had shown the consistent patterns between cells and tumor, low protein-based correlations were observed between cells and tumors. The expression consistency of mRNA verse protein between cell line and tumors reaches 0.7076. These important drug targets in breast cancer, ESR1, PGR, HER2, EGFR and AR have a high similarity in mRNA and protein variation in both tumors and cell lines. GATA3 and RP56KB1 are two promising drug targets for breast cancer. A total score developed from the four correlations among four molecular profiles suggests that cell lines, BT483, T47D and MDAMB453 have the highest similarity with tumors. The integrated data from across these multiple platforms demonstrates the existence of the similarity and dissimilarity of molecular features between breast cancer tumors and cell lines. The cell lines only mirror some but not all of the molecular properties of primary tumors. The study results add more evidence in selecting cell line models for breast cancer research.
Paying for priority in school choice: Capitalization effects of charter school admission zones

Abstract We exploit a unique characteristic of some charter schools in the metropolitan Atlanta area to identify property value capitalization of access to charter schools. The charter schools in this study designate small geographic areas within their attendance areas as priority zones. Each of the study charter schools has at least two priority zones: households located in priority one zones have a higher probability of admission than households located in priority two zones. We use this spatial variation in the likelihood of attending a charter school to identify the capitalization effect of increased charter school admission probabilities as the difference-in-differences within priority zone one and two border areas. Our results indicate that prices increased by six to eight percent for priority one zone homes compared to priority two zone homes after the opening of a new charter school. We also find that capitalization is stronger for homes with underperforming traditional public schools.
Gyro in the air: tracking 3D orientation of batteryless internet-of-things

3D orientation tracking is an essential ingredient for many Internet-of-Things applications. Yet existing orientation tracking systems commonly require motion sensors that are only available on battery-powered devices. In this paper, we propose Tagyro, which attaches an array of passive RFID tags as orientation sensors on everyday objects. Tagyro uses a closed-form model to transform the run-time phase offsets between tags into orientation angle. To enable orientation tracking in 3D space, we found the key challenge lies in the imperfect radiation pattern of practical tags, caused by the antenna polarity, non-isotropic emission and electromagnetic coupling, which substantially distort phase measurement. We address these challenges by designing a set of phase sampling and recovery algorithms, which together enable reliable orientation sensing with 3 degrees of freedom. We have implemented a real-time version of Tagyro on a commodity RFID system. Our experiments show that Tagyro can track the 3D orientation of passive objects with a small error of 4°, at a processing rate of 37.7 samples per second.
THE LISFRANC PUSH-UP STRESS-TEST

The diagnosis of Lisfranc ligament disruption is notoriously difficult. Radiographs and MRI scans are often ambiguous therefore a stress-test examination under anaesthesia is commonly required. Two midfoot stress-tests are in current practice, namely the varus first ray stress-test and the pronation abduction test. The optimal type of stress-test is not however evaluated in the literature. We hypothesised that after the loss of the main plantar stabiliser (the Lisfranc ligament) the patient would demonstrate dorsal instability, not the classic 1 st /2 nd metatarsal diastasis commonly described. We therefore devised a push-up test (placement of a force under the 2 nd metatarsal in an attempt to elevate the base away from the middle cuneiform on the lateral radiograph). We aimed to initially test our hypothesis on a cadaveric model. Twelve fresh frozen cadaveric specimens without previous foot injury were used. The 2 nd tarsometatarsal joint was exposed and the Lisfranc ligament and dorsal capsule were incised. An image intensifier was positioned and standard anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views were obtained. Two previously reported AP stress-tests (varus first ray stress test, pronation abduction test) and the novel test under investigation (‘Lisfranc Push-Up’ test) were duly performed. Images were obtained once the investigator felt the appropriate views were achieved. All twelve of the Lisfranc Push-Up tests showed dorsal subluxation of the 2 nd metatarsal on the middle cuneiform of greater than 2mm on the lateral radiograph. No diastasis of the 1 st /2 nd metatarsals was seen in any of the specimens on the AP radiograph for either of the other two stress-tests. The authors have described a novel way of demonstrating the dorsal instability associated with the ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Our results support the Lisfranc Push-Up test as a reproducible and sensitive method for assessing ligamentous Lisfranc injuries. In our cadaveric model the previously described stress-tests do not work.
Integrated Behavioral Health in Pediatric Primary Care

There are multiple barriers to accessing high quality, evidence-based behavioral health care for children and adolescents, including stigma, family beliefs, and the significant paucity of child and adolescent psychiatrists. Although equal access continues to be an unmet need in the USA, there is growing recognition that integrated behavioral health services in pediatric primary care have the potential to reduce health disparities and improve service utilization. In a joint position paper, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) highlighted the multiple benefits of children receiving initial behavioral health screening, assessment, and evidence-based behavioral health treatments in the medical home. The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of the literature related to integrated behavioral health services in pediatric primary care. Specifically, innovative models of integrated behavioral health care are discussed.
Exact Solution of the Classical Dimer Model on a Triangular Lattice: Monomer–Monomer Correlations

We obtain an asymptotic formula, as $${n\to\infty}$$ , for the monomer–monomer correlation function $${K_2(n)}$$ in the classical dimer model on a triangular lattice, with the horizontal and vertical weights $${w_h=w_v=1}$$ and the diagonal weight $${w_d=t > 0}$$ , between two monomers at vertices q and r that are n spaces apart in adjacent rows. We find that $${t_c=\frac{1}{2}}$$ is a critical value of t. We prove that in the subcritical case, $${0 < t < \frac{1}{2}}$$ , as $${n\to\infty, K_2(n)=K_2(\infty)\left[1-\frac{e^{-n/\xi}}{n}\,\Big(C_1+C_2(-1)^n+ \mathcal{O}(n^{-1})\Big) \right]}$$ , with explicit formulae for $${K_2(\infty), \xi, C_1}$$ , and $${C_2}$$ . In the supercritical case, $${\frac{1}{2} < t < 1}$$ , we prove that as $${n\to\infty, K_2(n)=K_2(\infty)\Bigg[1-\frac{e^{-n/\xi}}{n}\, \Big(C_1\cos(\omega n+\varphi_1)+C_2(-1)^n\cos(\omega n+\varphi_2)+ C_3+C_4(-1)^n + \mathcal{O}(n^{-1})\Big)\Bigg]}$$ , with explicit formulae for $${K_2(\infty), \xi,\omega}$$ , and $${C_1, C_2, C_3, C_4, \varphi_1, \varphi_2}$$ . The proof is based on an extension of the Borodin–Okounkov–Case–Geronimo formula to block Toeplitz determinants and on an asymptotic analysis of the Fredholm determinants in hand.
Generating Families of Practical Fast Matrix Multiplication Algorithms

Matrix multiplication (GEMM) is a core operation to numerous scientific applications. Traditional implementations of Strassen-like fast matrix multiplication (FMM) algorithms often do not perform well except for very large matrix sizes, due to the increased cost of memory movement, which is particularly noticeable for non-square matrices. Such implementations also require considerable workspace and modifications to the standard BLAS interface. We propose a code generator framework to automatically implement a large family of FMM algorithms suitable for multiplications of arbitrary matrix sizes and shapes. By representing FMM with a triple of matrices [U, V, W] that capture the linear combinations of submatrices that are formed, we can use the Kronecker product to define a multi-level representation of Strassen-like algorithms. Incorporating the matrix additions that must be performed for Strassen-like algorithms into the inherent packing and micro-kernel operations inside GEMM avoids extra workspace and reduces the cost of memory movement. Adopting the same loop structures as high-performance GEMM implementations allows parallelization of all FMM algorithms with simple but efficient data parallelism without the overhead of task parallelism. We present a simple performance model for general FMM algorithms and compare actual performance of 20+ FMM algorithms to modeled predictions. Our implementations demonstrate a performance benefit over conventional GEMM on single core and multi-core systems. This study shows that Strassen-like fast matrix multiplication can be incorporated into libraries for practical use.
DUAL MOBILITY OBVIATES THE NEED FOR CONSTRAINED LINERS IN REVISION THA – AFFIRMS

Dual mobility components for total hip arthroplasty provide for an additional articular surface, with the goals of improving range of motion, jump distance, and overall stability of the prosthetic hip joint. A large polyethylene head articulates with a polished metal acetabular component, and an additional smaller metal or ceramic head is snap-fit into the large polyethylene. New components have been released for use in North America over the past eight years and additional modular designs will be forthcoming. In some European centers, these components are routinely used for primary total hip arthroplasty. However, their greatest utility may be to prevent and manage recurrent dislocation in the setting of revision total hip arthroplasty. Several retrospective series have shown satisfactory results for this indication at medium-term follow-up times. The author has used dual mobility components on two occasions to salvage a failed constrained liner. However, at least one center reported failure of dual mobility if the abductor mechanism is absent. There are important concerns with dual mobility, including late polyethylene wear causing intra-prosthetic dislocation, and the lack of long-term follow-up data with most designs. Modular dual mobility components, with screw fixation, are the author9s first choice for the treatment of recurrent dislocation in younger patients, revision of failed metal-metal resurfacing, total hips, large head unipolar arthroplasties, and salvage of failed constrained liners. There are more recent concerns of iliopsoas tendonitis, elevated metal levels with one design, and acute early intra-prosthetic dissociation following attempted closed reduction. However, in 2016, a dual mobility component, rather than a constrained liner, may be the preferred solution in revision surgery to prevent and manage recurrent dislocation.
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Concomitant Versus Staggered Clopidogrel and Omeprazole Intake Results of a Prospective Randomized Crossover Study

Background—A drug interaction between clopidogrel and omeprazole resulting in impaired platelet inhibition has been reported. It has been suggested that staggering administration of clopidogrel and omeprazole may overcome this pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction. Methods and Results—This prospective, open-label, 3-period, randomized crossover study was performed in 20 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly selected to receive omeprazole (40 mg daily) concomitantly (CONC) or staggered by 8 to 12 hours (STAG) for 1 week on a background of clopidogrel therapy in a crossover fashion, with a 2- to 4-week washout period between treatments. After another 2- to 4-week washout period, all subjects were treated for 1 week with clopidogrel alone. Clopidogrel was administered as a 600-mg loading dose followed by a 75-mg maintenance dose during all phases. PD effects were assessed by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay, VerifyNow P2Y12 system, and light transmittance aggregometry at baseline, ...
A data fusion system to study synchronization in social activities

As the world population gets older, the healthcare system must be adapted, among others by providing continuous health monitoring at home and in the city. The social activities have a significant role in everyone health status. Hence, this paper proposes a system to perform a data fusion of signals sampled on several subjects during social activities. This study implies the time synchronization of data coming from several sensors whether these are embedded on people or integrated in the environment. The data fusion is applied to several experiments including physical, cognitive and rest activities, with social aspects. The simultaneous and continuous analysis of four subjects cardiac activity and GPS coordinates provides a new way to distinguish different collaborative activities comparing the measurements between the subjects and along time.
Monotonicity of entropy and Fisher information: a quick proof via maximal correlation

A simple proof is given for the monotonicity of entropy and Fisher information associated to sums of i.i.d. random variables. The proof relies on a characterization of maximal correlation for partial sums due to Dembo, Kagan and Shepp.
Racial differences in the link between alcohol expectancies and adolescent drinking.

Abstract Introduction Alcohol expectancies are important determinants and predictors of adolescent alcohol use. Research with African Americans has shown that the endorsement of positive alcohol expectancies differs from that of Whites during childhood and predicts different alcohol outcomes during young adulthood. However, limited research has explored racial differences in the relationship between expectancy endorsement and alcohol use in school-aged adolescents. The current study examines the effect of White or African American race on the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. Methods Participants were 104 adolescents ages 12–18 who identified as either non-Hispanic White or non-Hispanic African American. Participants completed self-report measures of alcohol consumption and positive social alcohol expectancies. Results Preliminary analyses revealed no racial differences in alcohol expectancies or consumption. However, race moderated the relationship between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use such that more positive expectancies predicted alcohol use among White youth, but not African American youth. Conclusions These results suggest that alcohol expectancies, which were thought to be important mediators of the relationship between social and personality factors and adolescent alcohol use may not be as impactful for African Americans. Future research should focus on identifying factors posing unique risk for alcohol consumption in this population.
New upper bounds on sphere packings II

We continue the study of the linear programming bounds for sphere packing introduced by Cohn and Elkies. We use theta series to give another proof of the principal theorem, and present some related results and conjectures.
Upper Bound on List-Decoding Radius of Binary Codes

Consider the problem of packing Hamming balls of a given relative radius subject to the constraint that they cover any point of the ambient Hamming space with multiplicity at most $L$ . For odd $L\ge 3$ , an asymptotic upper bound on the rate of any such packing is proved. The resulting bound improves the best known bound (due to Blinovsky’1986) for rates below a certain threshold. The method is a superposition of the linear-programming idea of Ashikhmin, Barg, and Litsyn (that was previously used to improve the estimates of Blinovsky for $L=2$ ) and a Ramsey-theoretic technique of Blinovsky. As an application, it is shown that for all odd $L$ , the slope of the rate-radius tradeoff is zero at zero rate.
Climatological Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear

AbstractAlthough infrequent, tropical cyclones (TCs) can intensify under moderate vertical wind shear (VWS). A potential hypothesis is that other factors—associated with both the TC and its environment—can help offset the effects of VWS and aid intensification. This hypothesis was tested with a large dataset of 6-hourly best tracks and environmental diagnostics for global TCs between 1982 and 2014. Moderate VWS was objectively defined as 4.5–11.0 m s−1, which represents the 25th–75th percentiles of the global distribution of 200–850-hPa VWS magnitude around TCs. Intensifying events (i.e., unique 6-hourly data points) were compared against steady-state events to determine which TC and environmental characteristics favored intensification under moderate VWS. This comparison showed that intensifying events were significantly stronger, closer to the equator, larger, and moving with a more westward motion than steady-state events. Furthermore, intensifying events moved within environments characterized by warm...
Non-tuition Costs, School Access and Student Performance: Evidence from the Gambia

Non-tuition costs—for uniforms, books and other supplies—are substantial in developing countries, often several times formal tuition. We evaluate a scholarship programme that alleviated non-tuition costs for girls in a subset of Gambian secondary schools. The programme is unique because it overlapped with a government policy that had already eliminated school fees for girls, allowing for a comparison between programme recipients and students who paid no tuition but were responsible for other expenses. We identify the effect of the programme by comparing outcomes for treated and untreated cohorts within programme schools. We find that non-tuition cost alleviation increased female enrolment by 13% and the share of enrolled students who took the ninth grade exit exam by 11 percentage points. These results highlight the importance of non-tuition costs in secondary school outcomes, even in settings where formal fees have been lifted.
Emotional qualities of VR space

The emotional response a person has to a living space is predominantly affected by light, color and texture as space-making elements. In order to verify whether this phenomenon could be replicated in a simulated environment, we conducted a user study in a six-sided projected immersive display that utilized equivalent design attributes of brightness, color and texture in order to assess to which extent the emotional response in a simulated environment is affected by the same parameters affecting real environments. Since emotional response depends upon the context, we evaluated the emotional responses of two groups of users: inactive (passive) and active (performing a typical daily activity). The results from the perceptual study generated data from which design principles for a virtual living space are articulated. Such a space, as an alternative to expensive built dwellings, could potentially support new, minimalist lifestyles of occupants, defined as the neo-nomads, aligned with their work experience in the digital domain through the generation of emotional experiences of spaces. Data from the experiments confirmed the hypothesis that perceivable emotional aspects of real-world spaces could be successfully generated through simulation of design attributes in the virtual space. The subjective response to the virtual space was consistent with corresponding responses from real-world color and brightness emotional perception. Our data could serve the virtual reality (VR) community in its attempt to conceive of further applications of virtual spaces for well-defined activities.
WAN optimized replication of backup datasets using stream-informed delta compression

Replicating data off-site is critical for disaster recovery reasons, but the current approach of transferring tapes is cumbersome and error-prone. Replicating across a wide area network (WAN) is a promising alternative, but fast network connections are expensive or impractical in many remote locations, so improved compression is needed to make WAN replication truly practical. We present a new technique for replicating backup datasets across a WAN that not only eliminates duplicate regions of files (deduplication) but also compresses similar regions of files with delta compression, which is available as a feature of EMC Data Domain systems.Our main contribution is an architecture that adds stream-informed delta compression to already existing deduplication systems and eliminates the need for new, persistent indexes. Unlike techniques based on knowing a file's version or that use a memory cache, our approach achieves delta compression across all data replicated to a server at any time in the past. From a detailed analysis of datasets and hundreds of customers using our product, we achieve an additional 2X compression from delta compression beyond deduplication and local compression, which enables customers to replicate data that would otherwise fail to complete within their backup window.
Stochastic closest-pair problem and most-likely nearest-neighbor search in tree spaces

Let \(\mathcal {T}\) be a tree space represented by a weighted tree with t vertices, and S be a set of n stochastic points in \(\mathcal {T}\), each of which has a fixed location with an independent existence probability. We investigate two fundamental problems under such a stochastic setting, the closest-pair problem and the nearest-neighbor search. For the former, we propose the first algorithm of computing the \(\ell \)-threshold probability and the expectation of the closest-pair distance of a realization of S. For the latter, we study the k most-likely nearest-neighbor search (k-LNN) via a notion called the k most-likely Voronoi Diagram (k-LVD), where we show the combinatorial complexity of k-LVD is O(nk) under two reasonable assumptions, leading to a logarithmic query time for k-LNN.
Optimal Approximations of Coupling in Multidisciplinary Models

This paper presents a methodology for identifying important discipline couplings in multicomponent engineering systems. Coupling among disciplines contributes significantly to the computational cos...
DryVR: Data-Driven Verification and Compositional Reasoning for Automotive Systems

We present the DryVR framework for verifying hybrid control systems that are described by a combination of a black-box simulator for trajectories and a white-box transition graph specifying mode switches. The framework includes (a) a probabilistic algorithm for learning sensitivity of the continuous trajectories from simulation data, (b) a bounded reachability analysis algorithm that uses the learned sensitivity, and (c) reasoning techniques based on simulation relations and sequential composition, that enable verification of complex systems under long switching sequences, from the reachability analysis of a simpler system under shorter sequences. We demonstrate the utility of the framework by verifying a suite of automotive benchmarks that include powertrain control, automatic transmission, and several autonomous and ADAS features like automatic emergency braking, lane-merge, and auto-passing controllers.
Therapeutic potential of nuclear receptor agonists in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an extensive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, which triggers a set of deleterious processes, including synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and neuronal injury, leading to neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. A large body of evidence supports that nuclear receptor (NR) activation could be a promising therapeutic approach for AD. NRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene expression and have cell type-specific effects. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of NRs in AD. Moreover, we summarize studies reported in the last 10-15 years and their major outcomes arising from the pharmacological targeting of NRs in AD animal models. The dissection of the pathways regulated by NRs in the context of AD is of importance in identifying novel and effective therapeutic strategies.
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter, case-control study.

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter, case-control study
Patent pools for CRISPR technology-Response.

It appears that Horn concurs with our assessment of the potential development bottlenecks arising from the current CRISPR licensing model. We welcome his creative thinking about further ways to open CRISPR technology to a broader market. We are aware that patent pools have been successfully
Does Confidence Reporting from the Crowd Benefit Crowdsourcing Performance

We explore the design of an effective crowdsourcing system for an M-ary classification task. Crowd workers complete simple binary microtasks whose results are aggregated to give the final classification decision. We consider the scenario where the workers have a reject option so that they are allowed to skip microtasks when they are unable to or choose not to respond to binary microtasks. Additionally, the workers report quantized confidence levels when they are able to submit definitive answers. We present an aggregation approach using a weighted majority voting rule, where each worker's response is assigned an optimized weight to maximize crowd's classification performance. We obtain a couterintuitive result that the classification performance does not benefit from workers reporting quantized confidence. Therefore, the crowdsourcing system designer should employ the reject option without requiring confidence reporting.
Dynamics and statistical mechanics of a one-dimensional model Hamiltonian for structural phase transitions

We have studied thermodynamic and some dynamic properties of a one-dimensional-model system whose displacement field Hamiltonian is strongly anharmonic, and is representative of those used to study displacive phase transitions. By studying the classical equations of motion, we find important solutions (domain walls) which cannot be represented effectively by the usual phonon perturbation expansions. The thermodynamic properties of this system can be calculated exactly by functional integral methods. No Hartree or decoupling approximations are made nor is a temperature dependence of the Hamiltonian introduced artificially. At low temperature, the thermodynamic behavior agrees with that found from a phenomenological model in which both phonons and domain walls are included as elementary excitations. We then show that equal-time correlation functions calculated by both functional-integral and phenomenological methods agree, and that the dynamic correlation functions (calculated only phenomenologically) exhibit a spectrum with both phonon peaks and a central peak due to domain-wall motion.
Pricing Schemes and Seller Fraud: Evidence from New York City Taxi Rides

In expert markets, different pricing schemes generate different financial incentives for sellers to defraud customers. Using rich microdata on New York City taxi rides, we examine the differences between trips of non-local passengers and those of comparable local passengers, and explore to what extent the differences in trip distance, duration and fare vary with drivers’ financial incentives. We demonstrate that, for trips subject to two-part tariff, the differences are higher when the variable rate is increased or when the post-dropoff occupancy is expected to be lower, and the impact of the post-dropoff occupancy is more pronounced when the variable rate is increased; however, for trips subject to flat-fare scheme, the differences are unaffected by the fare rate or the expected occupancy.
What's wrong with using steroids? Exploring whether and why people oppose the use of performance enhancing drugs.

The use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) elicits widespread normative opposition, yet little research has investigated what underlies these judgments. We examine this question comprehensively, across 13 studies. We first test the hypothesis that opposition to PED use cannot be fully accounted for by considerations of fairness. We then test the influence of 10 other potential drivers of opposition in an exploratory manner. We find that health risks for the user and rules and laws prohibiting use of anabolic steroids reliably affect normative judgments. Next, we test whether these patterns generalize to a different PED—cognitive-enhancement drugs. Finally, we sketch a framework for understanding these results, borrowing from Social Domain Theory (e.g., Turiel, 1983). We argue that PED use exemplifies a class of violations with properties of moral, conventional, and prudential offenses. This research sheds light on a widespread, but understudied, normative judgment, and illustrates the utility of exploratory methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
And the Children Shall Lead: Gender Diversity and Performance in Venture Capital

Abstract Given overall lack of gender diversity in the venture capital and entrepreneurship industry shown in Calder-Wang and Gompers (2017) we ask: What promotes greater gender diversity in hiring? Does diversity lead to better firm performance and higher investment returns? In this paper, using a unique dataset of the gender of venture capital partners’ children, we find strong evidence that when partners have more daughters, the propensity to hire female partners increases. Moreover, our instrumental variable results suggest that increased gender diversity improves deal and fund performance. Lastly, the effects are primarily driven by the gender of senior partners’ children.
Enhancing big data in the social sciences with crowdsourcing: Data augmentation practices, techniques, and opportunities

Proponents of big data claim it will fuel a social research revolution, but skeptics challenge its reliability and decontextualization. The largest subset of big data is not designed for social research. Data augmentation-systematic assessment of measurement against known quantities and expansion of extant data with new information-is an important tool to maximize such data's validity and research value. Using trained research assistants or specialized algorithms are common approaches to augmentation but may not scale to big data or appease skeptics. We consider a third alternative: data augmentation with online crowdsourcing. Three empirical cases illustrate strengths and limitations of crowdsourcing, using Amazon Mechanical Turk to verify automated coding, link online databases, and gather data on online resources. Using these, we develop best practice guidelines and a reporting template to enhance reproducibility. Carefully designed, correctly applied, and rigorously documented crowdsourcing help address concerns about big data's usefulness for social research.
Combining Traffic Assignment and Adaptive Control in a Dynamic Traffic Management System

Abstract The objective of dynamic traffic management is to provide real-time control and route guidance to motorists to optimize urban traffic network performance. This paper develops approaches for the integration of traffic control and traffic assignment. The proposed approaches consist of an integration of the different levels of the RT-TRACS (Real Time Traffic Control System) hierarchy for traffic signal control with the predictive ability of dynamic traffic assignment models. The approaches can be implemented in many urban areas with existing centralized traffic control equipment and operating software.
Electrical Properties of Oxygen Doped GaN Grown by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Deliberate oxygen doping of GaN grown by MOVPE has been studied. The electron concentration increased as the square root of the oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen is a shallow donor with a thermal ionization energy of 27 ±2 meV. A compensation ratio of Θ = 0.3-0.4 was determined from Hall effect measurements. The formation energy of ON of EF = 1.3 eV, determined from the experimental data, is lower than the theoretically predicted value.
Seismic barrier protection of critical infrastructure

Each year, on average a major magnitude-8 earthquake strikes somewhere in the world. In addition, 10,000 earthquake related deaths occur annually, where collapsing buildings claim by far most lives. Moreover, in recent events, industry activity of oil extraction and wastewater reinjection are suspected to cause earthquake swarms that threaten high-value oil pipeline networks, U.S. oil storage reserves, and civilian homes. Earthquake engineering of building structural designs and materials have evolved over many years to minimize the destructive effects of seismic surface waves. However, even under the best engineering practices, significant damage and numbers of fatalities can still occur.
The World’s Oldest Profession? Employment-Age Profiles from the Transactional Sex Market

Standard labor market models predict that the likelihood of employment increases, hours worked increase, and individuals transition from less-skilled and temporary jobs to more skilled and more stable employment as they age. I examine the association between age and transactional sex work using national household surveys from Zambia, one of the few settings with general population surveys asking women about transactional sex and a relatively high documented prevalence of employment in transactional sex. My results indicate that the likelihood of employment in transactional sex sharply falls with age. Increased employment opportunities outside of transactional sex do not appear to explain the transactional sex employment-age profile and marital status appears to explain only a portion of it. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that clients prefer younger transactional sex workers and suggest that policymakers implement interventions designed to reduce client demand for younger females.
Notes on a Bit of Psychological Nonsense: “Race Differences in Intelligence”

The case for race differences in intelligence, particularly with respect to that reported between the white and black populations of our country, is reviewed along four major lines: (a) the framing of the question, (b) the choice of Ss to be tested, (c) the instrument used to measure intelligence, and (d) the concept of “intelligence” itself. The relevance of genetic factors to the alleged difference is weighed. The conclusion reached is that on all psychological counts the issue of “race differences in intelligence” is a nonsensical one.
The Real Time Application of Distributed Parameter State Estimation Theory to a Two Dimensional Heated Ingot

Abstract A distributed parameter state estimator, implemented via a minicomputer, was used to estimate the radial and axial temperature distribution of a stainless steel cylindrical ingot being heated in a three zone furnace. The filter estimates as well as the estimate covariances were calculated by reduction of the distributed equations to ordinary differential equations via modal decomposition. The filter was shown to be robust and rapidly convergent even in cases of high measurement noise, few sensors, and poor initial conditions. The on line computations were easily accomplished in a small fraction of real time and indicate the feasibility of such estimation algorithms in a multiprocess industrial environment.
The Inguinal Darn

• We performed 115 nylon darn repairs in 100 patients with inguinal hernia; 61 were primary and 54 secondary repairs, with 50 patients in each group. The Kinmonth modification of the Moloney darn was used. Thirty-seven percent of secondary repairs were done in patients with two or more previous repairs. Thirteen patients had indirect hernia repairs. The follow-up on 105 repairs in 90 patients averaged 62 months. There were two (3.5%) primary and four (8.3%) secondary repair recurrences. The six failures (5.7%) overall were either technical errors or improper patient selection. Three superficial wound infections (2.6%) healed without complications or suture sinuses. The inguinal darn for recurrent inguinal hernias appears to have a lower recurrence rate than the reported 15% to 30% following other techniques. (Arch Surg1986;121:717-719)
Optimization of kanban-based manufacturing systems

Abstract We develop and analyze an algorithm to maximize the throughput of a serial kanban-based manufacturing system with arbitrary arrival and service process distributions by adjusting the number of kanban allocated to each production stage while maintaining the total work-in-process inventory at any desired level. The optimality properties of the algorithm are proved under a necessary and sufficient “smoothness condition”. The algorithm is driven by throughput sensitivities which, in general, can only be estimated along an observed sample path of the system. It is shown that the algorithm converges to the optimal allocation in probability and, under additional mild conditions, almost surely as well. Some illustrative simulation examples are included, where Finite Perturbation Analysis (FPA) techniques are used to obtain the sensitivity estimates.
Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropharmacology of Cancer Pain

The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of nociception and its modification by analgesic drugs have been studied extensively in the past decade. Although the neural mechanisms of nociceptors and the stimuli that activate them are much better understood, it must be emphasized that the perception of pain, as well as the meaning of pain to the individual, is a complex behavioral phenomenon and involves psychologic and emotional processes in addition to activation of nociceptive pathways. Pain related to malignant disease can be classified as somatic, visceral, and deafferentation in type. Somatic pain and visceral pain involve direct activation of nociceptors and are often a complication of tumor infiltration of tissues or injury of tissues as a consequence of cancer therapy. The management of this type of pain is typically accomplished by treating the tumor (with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy) and by using the appropriate non-narcotic, narcotic, and adjuvant analgesic agents. Neuroablative therapies may be helpful in specific circumstances. For example, cordotomy may be helpful for unilateral pain below the waist in patients with somatic and visceral pain. This procedure may also be helpful for early deafferentiation pain (i.e., lumbosacral plexopathy) in which peripheral nerves are compressed but not infiltrated or destroyed by metastatic tumor growth. Deafferentiation pain may be a complication of tumor infiltration of peripheral nerve or of cancer therapy that injures neural tissue. This type of pain is often poorly tolerated and difficult to control, particularly if not treated early and aggressively. Although incompletely understood, the pathophysiology of deafferentation pain appears to be different from that of somatic or visceral pain, and the treatment approaches may be different. Management approaches to deafferentation pain usually emphasize treatment of the pain, because injury to the nervous system may be difficult to reverse, even if one can successfully treat the underlying malignancy, and many deafferentation pain syndromes occur as a complication of cancer therapy. The role of narcotic analgesics in the management of deafferentation pain is not clear, although the published experience suggests that they are less useful than in somatic or visceral pain.
Membranous Glomerulonephritis Associated with the Guillain-Barré Syndrome

A 63-year-old white man had simultaneous onset of the Guillain-Barre syndrome and the nephrotic syndrome, three weeks after having an upper respiratory tract infection. Many granular casts were noticed in the urine sediment. Renal biopsy specimens showed early membranous glomerulonephritis and acute interstitial nephritis by light microscopy, with fine granular deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 along the basement membrane by immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed subepithelial electron-dense deposits (Stage 1 membranous glomerulonephritis). The association of these two syndromes is rare, although evidence of immunologic dysfunction has been described in both. The recent literature is reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.
Nocturnal Penile Tumescence in Healthy Aging Men

This study investigated nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and verified degree of sleep erections by direct observation in 40 healthy, sexually nondysfunctional men aged 23-73. They were assessed under similar conditions during three nights, with systematic awakenings during tumescent episodes on the third night. Total sleep time and the ratio of total sleep time to time in bed (sleep efficiency) decreased significantly with age. Duration of REM sleep after adjustment for differences in sleep time did not vary significantly after age 30. Frequency and duration of NPT, but not degree of circumferential increases during tumescent episodes, decreased progressively with age independent of variations in sleep. In contrast to men in the younger age groups, the majority of men above age 60 did not have full sleep erections even though they and their partners reported regular intercourse. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the neurophysiology of erection and to NPT as a diagnostic test of impotence in aging men.
Present Concepts in the Treatment of Wilms’ Tumor

Before 1969, 58 patients with Wilms' tumors treated at Children's Hospital of Buffalo had an all-stage survival of 57%. From 1970 to 1983, following the National Wilms' Tumor Study protocols, this survival rate has improved to 79% in the last 47 patients. With continued attention toward early diagnosis, accurate and complete staging, refinement of radiation and chemotherapy protocols, and absolute follow-up of all patients, the relapse-free survival rate will continue to improve.
The Association of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Asymptomatic Gross Hematuria in Children

Seven children with asymptomatic gross hematuria are described. Six had recurrent hematuria; one had a single episode. Occasional global glomerulosclerosis and/or mesangial electron dense deposits were present in the three patients in whom renal bipsy was performed; the changes were felt to be insufficient to account for the hematuria. None of the patients had urolithiasis or any significant urinary tract abnormality. One was an adopted child; a family history of urolithiasis was obtained in the other six. Idiopathic hypercalciuria was documented in six patients; the seventh subsequently passed a calcium oxalate calculus. One patient is 10 weeks of age at the time of this submission. Of the remainder, three patients received no specific therapy; renal calculi developed six months, six years, and eight years later. Three patients were treated with a thiazide diuretic soon after onset of hematuria and confirmation of idiopathic hypercalciuria; there was complete cessation of hematuria within five days with no recurrence as long as therapy was continued. We suggest that measurement of urinary calcium excretion as part of the initial evaluation of a child with gross hematuria may, in some cases, obviate invasive investigations and allow for effective therapy.
Serum Iron: A Tumour Marker in Renal Carcinoma

Many patients with renal carcinoma have associated anaemia that is not related to the degree of their haematuria. We report our experience with 18 patients who were anaemic with low serum iron at the time of diagnosis. The serum iron was found to be useful as a tumour marker in following the course of the disease. In patients who had no evidence of metastases following radical nephrectomy, the serum iron returned to normal. In those who had residual disease or who developed recurrent disease, the serum iron was low. It was concluded that serum iron is a useful, inexpensive tumour marker in selected patients with renal carcinoma.
High growth rate atmospheric epi solution delivers high productivity

With the strong growth of power devices into 2020 and beyond (5.3% CAGR from 2016–2021 [1]), average Si Epitaxial (epi) thickness has been increasing to support 400–1000V devices, the largest market segment in power. The current epi chamber offerings are primarily used for thin epi ( 40pm) in a single wafer reactor. The new high growth rate (HGR) Atmospheric (ATM) epi chamber enables signiﬁcantly lower cost of ownership (CoO), while maintaining the same or better on-wafer performance. Growth rate increased up to 6 pm/min, dome coating is signiﬁcantly reduced, wafer sliding and sticking are eliminated. In addition, the HGR ATM Epi chamber performance enables thin and thick epi growth in the same chamber, eliminating the need to have dedicated chambers for different thicknesses.
On approximation algorithms for concave mixed-integer quadratic programming

Concave mixed-integer quadratic programming is the problem of minimizing a concave quadratic polynomial over the mixed-integer points in a polyhedral region. In this work we describe an algorithm that finds an $$\epsilon $$ -approximate solution to a concave mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. The running time of the proposed algorithm is polynomial in the size of the problem and in $$1/\epsilon $$ , provided that the number of integer variables and the number of negative eigenvalues of the objective function are fixed. The running time of the proposed algorithm is expected unless $$\mathcal {P}=\mathcal {NP}$$ .