cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Growth of Retail Clinics in Vaccination Delivery in the U.S.

Background Retail clinics are a promising venue in which to promote and administer vaccinations; however, little is known about who receives vaccinations at a retail clinic. Purpose The aim of this paper was to describe the use of retail clinics in the delivery of recommended vaccinations. Methods The three largest retail clinic operators in the U.S.—MinuteClinic, TakeCare, and LittleClinic—provided de-identified clinic data for 2007–2009. Descriptive statistics were generated in 2011 on visit type, type of vaccination, patient age, and payment method. Results From 2007 to 2009, there were 8.9 million retail clinic visits across the three largest clinic operators. In 2009, vaccinations were administered at 1,952,610 visits, up from 469,330 visits in 2007. Visits in which vaccinations were administered accounted for 39.9%, 36.4%, and 42.0% of total visits in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively. In 2009, 1.8 million influenza vaccinations (including seasonal and H1N1 vaccinations) were administered by the two largest retail clinic operators (94% of all vaccination visits). Pneumococcal vaccination was administered at 59,849 visits (3% of all vaccination visits). In 2009, vaccinations were also administered in 0.8% of acute care visits ( n =18,807); 0.8% of chronic care visits ( n =261); and 1.3% of general medical exams ( n =2497). Conclusions Results suggest that retail clinics play a growing role in vaccination delivery, and vaccinations constitute a substantial share of the business conducted by retail clinics. As such, retail clinics have the potential to play an important role in vaccination delivery in the U.S. Retail clinics potentially could deliver more vaccinations if they reviewed vaccination histories and counseled patients regarding the benefits of vaccination during acute care visits.
A theoretical approach to flocculation in carrier flotation for beneficiation of clay

Abstract The improved performance of carrier flotation is attributed to the enhanced strong aggregation between fine anatase and coarse carrier (i.e., calcite) particles under intense agitation. Such calcite—anatase aggregation in oleate solutions is also found to take place in beaker scale experiments. Stability of aggregates under chemical and hydrodynamic conditions relevant to flotation is examined using a modified DLVO theory. Predictions based on the above analysis for aggregation between fine anatase and coarse particles of anatase or calcite in a flotation system are found to be in agreement with the experimental findings. Such agreement is not, however, obtained for beaker scale aggregation in oleate solutions — possibly due to the anisotropic flow near the impeller. Energy which results from hydrophobic interactions between adsorbed oleate layers was demonstrated to play a critical role in influencing adhesion of particles. The effect of adsorbed oleate in determining selective aggregation of anatase and calcite is also discussed.
Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid neuromodulator abundantly expressed in the brain, has been implicated in the regulation of food intake and body weight. Pharmacological data suggest that NPY's stimulatory effect on appetite is transduced by the G-protein-coupled NPY Y5 receptor (Y5R). We have inactivated the Y5R gene in mice and report that younger Y5R-null mice feed and grow normally; however, they develop mild late-onset obesity characterized by increased body weight, food intake and adiposity. Fasting-induced refeeding is unchanged in younger Y5R-null mice and they exhibit normal sensitivity to leptin. Their response to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NPY and related peptides is either reduced or absent. NPY deficiency attenuates the obesity syndrome of mice deficient for leptin (ob/ob), but these effects are not mediated by NPY signaling through the Y5R because Y5R-null ob/ob mice are equally obese. These results demonstrate that the Y5R contributes to feeding induced by centrally administered NPY and its analogs, but is not a critical physiological feeding receptor in mice.
Composition of corn steep water during steeping

Corn wet-milling generates large volumes of corn steep water, which is composed of kernel extractives, microbes (principally lactobacilli), numerous products of fermentation processes, and dissolve...
Anodic Oxidation of COads Derived from Methanol on Pt Electrocatalysts Linked to the Bonding Type and Adsorption Site

A newly formulated four-component modified Butler-Volmer model has been developed to evaluate global oxidation kinetic parameters for the various types of carbon monoxide adsorbates (COads) on a nanoparticle Pt surface determined by the type of bonding as well as the local structure of the adsorption site. Partial coverages of COads were prepared by potentiostatic adsorption of methanol followed by potentiostatic partial oxidation at various elevated potentials and for various durations. Anodic linear sweep voltammetry was then performed, and the COads oxidation peaks were fitted with the model to analyze the kinetics. According to the model, preferential oxidation with respect to COads bonding and Pt substrate structure can be achieved dependent upon the potential and extent of oxidation. Partial oxidation at 450 mV vs. RHE for 60 min. resulted in a majority population of linearly bonded COads on cubic-packed Pt sites; whereas partial oxidation at 650 mV vs. RHE for 220 sec. resulted in a majority population of bridged-bonded COads on close-packed Pt sites. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Malignancy Risk for Fine-Needle Aspiration of Thyroid Lesions According to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an important test for triaging patients with thyroid nodules. The 2007 National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State-of-the-Science Conference helped instigate the recent publication of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. We reviewed 3,080 thyroid FNA samples and recorded interpretations according to the proposed standardized 6-tier nomenclature, and pursued follow-up cytology and histology. Of the 3,080 FNAs, 18.6% were nondiagnostic, 59.0% were benign, 3.4% were atypical follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AFLUS), 9.7% were "suspicious" for follicular neoplasm (SFN), 2.3% were suspicious for malignancy (SM), and 7.0% were malignant. Of 574 cases originally interpreted as nondiagnostic, 47.9% remained nondiagnostic. In 892 cases, there was follow-up histology. Rates of malignancy were as follows: nondiagnostic, 8.9%; benign, 1.1%; AFLUS, 17% (9/53); SFN, 25.4%; SM, 70% (39/56), and malignant, 98.1%. Thus, classification of thyroid FNA samples at the University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, according to The Bethesda System yields similar results for risk of malignancy as reported by others. Universal application of the new standardized nomenclature may improve interlaboratory agreement and lead to more consistent management approaches.
Femoral tunnel malposition in ACL revision reconstruction.

The Multicenter Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Revision Study (MARS) group was formed to study a large cohort of revision ACL reconstruction patients. The purpose of this subset analysis study of the MARS database is to describe specific details of femoral tunnel malposition and subsequent management strategies that surgeons chose in the revision setting. The design of this study is a case series. The multicenter MARS database is compiled from a questionnaire regarding 460 ACL reconstruction revision cases returned by 87 surgeons. This subset analysis described technical aspects and operative findings in specifically those cases in which femoral tunnel malposition was cited as the cause of primary ACL reconstruction failure. Of the 460 revisions included for study, 276 (60%) cases cited a specific “technical cause of failure.” Femoral tunnel malposition was cited in 219 (47.6%) of 460 cases. Femoral tunnel malposition was cited as the only cause of failure in 117 cases (25.4%). Surgeons judged the femoral tunnel too vertical in 42 cases (35.9%), too anterior in 35 cases (29.9%), and too vertical and anterior in 31 cases (26.5%). Revision reconstruction involved the drilling of an entirely new femoral tunnel in 91 cases (82.1%). For primary reconstruction, autograft tissue was used in 82 cases (70.1%). For revision reconstruction, autograft tissue was used in 61 cases (52.1%) and allograft tissue in 56 cases (47.9%). Femoral tunnel malposition in primary ACL reconstruction was the most commonly cited reason for graft failure in this cohort. Graft selection is widely variable among surgeons.
Parallel computation of two-point boundary-value problems via particular solutions

Nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems (TPBVP) can be reduced to the iterative solution of a sequence of linear problems by means of quasilinearization techniques. Therefore, the efficient solution of linear problems is the key to the efficient solution of nonlinear problems.
Antiferromagnetic state in bilayer graphene

Motivated by the recent experiment of Velasco Jr. et al. [J. Velasco Jr. et al., Nat. Nanotechnology 7, 156 (2012)], we develop a mean-field theory of the interaction-induced antiferromagnetic (AF) state in bilayer graphene at charge neutrality point at arbitrary perpendicular magnetic field $B$. We demonstrate that the AF state can persist at all $B$. At higher $B$, the state continuously crosses over to the AF phase of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ quantum Hall ferromagnet, recently argued to be realized in the insulating $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ state. The mean-field quasiparticle gap is finite at $B=0$ and grows with increasing $B$, becoming quasilinear in the quantum Hall regime, in accord with the reported behavior of the transport gap. By adjusting the two free parameters of the model, we obtain a simultaneous quantitative agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of the key parameters of the gap dependence---its zero-field value and slope at higher fields. Our findings suggest that the insulating state observed in bilayer graphene in Ref. 1 is antiferromagnetic (canted, once the Zeeman effect is taken into account) at all magnetic fields.
A Time to Sing and a Time to Dance: Activating Hope and Wisdom

This article focuses on the role of songs and dance as significant tools for pastoral care with older adults. It begins by exploring Joan Erikson’s claim in The Life Cycle Completed (Erikson 1997) that “ethereal words” need to be activated in order for them to become relevant to behavior. Drawing on Erik Erikson’s life-cycle theory, the article continues by reflecting on how boleros may be a source of hope and wisdom. It presents the case of El Fonografo, a radio station that has contributed to the well-being of older adults in Mexico City by making music and dance available to them. The article reflects on pastoral caregiving as a ministry of hopping and hoping, and concludes by referring to time reframing and a method of reframing the past.
Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Hormone Replacement Therapy.

For both primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), it is prudent to use strategies that are of proven benefit and that do not harm patients. In all women, these strategies include lifestyle approaches such as smoking avoidance, proper nutrition, and regular exercise. Lipid-lowering and blood pressure control with pharmacotherapy are indicated in women who do not meet target lipid or blood pressure levels with lifestyle interventions. For women with CHD, aspirin, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered. Widespread under-use of established preventive therapies has been documented in women. These interventions should be emphasized in clinical practice. For secondary prevention of CHD in women, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends against initiating hormone replacement therapy (HRT) based on studies that have shown no benefit and early harm. For patients with CHD already on HRT, the decision to continue or stop HRT should be based on established noncoronary benefits and risks and patient preference. There are insufficient data to suggest that HRT should be initiated for the sole purpose of primary prevention of CHD. Because the new AHA guidelines recommend placing significant weight on the noncardiac benefits and risks of HRT, it is important to become familiar with these noncardiac effects. It is also important to understand the evidence supporting the AHA’s decision to recommend placing relatively less weight on the cardiac effects of HRT.
Assessment of cavitation–erosion resistance of 316LN stainless steel in mercury as a function of surface treatment

Abstract A vibratory horn apparatus was used to assess the cavitation–erosion resistance in mercury of annealed type 316LN stainless steel as a function of surface treatment. The modifications examined included cold-working, welding, laser-alloying of the surface, and two low-temperature carburization treatments. Based on general wastage (measured by weight loss) and depth of surface relief/pitting, the best cavitation–erosion resistance in Hg was achieved with one of the carburization processes for which the substrate material was oriented such that inclusion stringers were parallel to the test surface. The most successful carburization process was found to be similarly effective for both wrought and welded 316LN.
Development of echolocation and communication vocalizations in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus

Big brown bats form large maternity colonies of up to 200 mothers and their pups. If pups are separated from their mothers, they can locate each other using vocalizations. The goal of this study was to systematically characterize the development of echolocation and communication calls from birth through adulthood to determine whether they develop from a common precursor at the same or different rates, or whether both types are present initially. Three females and their six pups were isolated from our captive breeding colony. We recorded vocal activity from postnatal day 1 to 35, both when the pups were isolated and when they were reunited with their mothers. At birth, pups exclusively emitted isolation calls, with a fundamental frequency range 30 ms. By the middle of week 1, different types of vocalizations began to emerge. Starting in week 2, pups in the presence of their mothers emitted sounds that resembled adult communication vocalizations, with a lower frequency range and longer durations than isolation calls or echolocation signals. During weeks 2 and 3, these vocalizations were extremely heterogeneous, suggesting that the pups went through a babbling stage before establishing a repertoire of stereotyped adult vocalizations around week 4. By week 4, vocalizations emitted when pups were alone were identical to adult echolocation signals. Echolocation and communication signals both appear to develop from the isolation call, diverging during week 2 and continuing to develop at different rates for several weeks until the adult vocal repertoire is established.
Retinal conformation governs pKa of protonated Schiff base in rhodopsin activation.

We have explored the relationship between conformational energetics and the protonation state of the Schiff base in retinal, the covalently bound ligand responsible for activating the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin, using quantum chemical calculations. Guided by experimental structural determinations and large-scale molecular simulations on this system, we examined rotation about each bond in the retinal polyene chain, for both the protonated and deprotonated states that represent the dark and photoactivated states, respectively. Particular attention was paid to the torsional degrees of freedom that determine the shape of the molecule, and hence its interactions with the protein binding pocket. While most torsional degrees of freedom in retinal are characterized by large energetic barriers that minimize structural fluctuations under physiological temperatures, the C6–C7 dihedral defining the relative orientation of the β-ionone ring to the polyene chain has both modest barrier heights and a torsiona...
Influence of twin boundary thin structure on the superconductive parameters of traditional and high-temperature superconductors

Abstract It is demonstrated that not only the presence of twin boundaries per se , but rather their thin structure which is more significant the influence of their structure on superconductive parameters of superconductors. The influence of an external elastic field on the superconductive parameters of traditional and high- T c superconductors is discussed.
Volatile anesthetic-induced cardiac preconditioning

Pharmacological preconditioning with volatile anesthetics, or anesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC), is a phenomenon whereby a brief exposure to volatile anesthetic agents protects the heart from the potentially fatal consequences of a subsequent prolonged period of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Although not completely elucidated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of APC appear to mimic those of ischemic preconditioning, the most powerful endogenous cardioprotective mechanism. This article reviews recently accumulated evidence underscoring the importance of mitochondria, reactive oxygen species, and KATP channels in cardioprotective signaling by volatile anesthetics. Moreover, the article addresses current concepts and controversies regarding the specific roles of the mitochondrial and the sarcolemmal KATP channels in APC.
Feasibility Studies for the Detection of $O_2$ in an Earth-like Exoplanet

We present the results of simulations on the detectability of $O_2$ in the atmosphere of Earth twins around nearby low mass stars using high resolution transmission spectroscopy. We explore such detectability with each of the three upcoming Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs), i.e. GMT, TMT and E-ELT, and high resolution spectrographs, assuming such instruments will be available in all ELTs. With these simulations we extend previous studies by taking into account atmospheric refraction in the transmission spectrum of the exo-Earth and observational white and red noise contributions. Our studies reveal that the number of transits necessary to detect the $O_2$ in the atmosphere of an Earth twin around M-dwarfs is by far higher than the number of transits estimated by Snellen et al. (2013). In addition, our simulations show that, when accounting for typical noise levels associated to observations in the optical and near-infrared, the $O_2$ A-band at 760 nm is more favorable to detect the exoplanetary signal than the $O_2$ band at 1268 nm for all the spectral types, except M9V. We conclude that, unless unpredicted instrumental limitations arise, the implementation of pre-slit optics such as image slicers appear to be key to significantly improve the yield of this particular science case. However, even in the most optimistic cases, we conclude that the detection of $O_2$ in the atmosphere of an Earth twin will be only feasible with the ELTs if the planet is orbiting a bright close-by (d $\le$ 8 pc) M-dwarf with a spectral type later than M3.
A review of leisure participation models based on the level of discourse taxonomy

Abstract A taxonomy based on the level of discourse concept provided the basis for cataloging the leisure participation models that appear in the field's two major journals. Eighteen models were reviewed, and 16 (89 percent) produced results that were consistent with those anticipated based on the taxonomy. The level of discourse concept also reconciled apparent contradictions within the literature. Both the level of discourse concept and the findings from the review of the leisure participation literature suggested directions for future research. An illustrative variable inventory presents guidelines for selecting independent and dependent variables for leisure participation models.
Experimental Charging Behavior of Orion UltraFlex Array Designs

The present ground based investigations give the first definitive look describing the charging behavior of Orion UltraFlex arrays in both the Low Earth Orbital (LEO) and geosynchronous (GEO) environments. Note the LEO charging environment also applies to the International Space Station (ISS). The GEO charging environment includes the bounding case for all lunar mission environments. The UltraFlex photovoltaic array technology is targeted to become the sole power system for life support and on-orbit power for the manned Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). The purpose of the experimental tests is to gain an understanding of the complex charging behavior to answer some of the basic performance and survivability issues to ascertain if a single UltraFlex array design will be able to cope with the projected worst case LEO and GEO charging environments. Stage 1 LEO plasma testing revealed that all four arrays successfully passed arc threshold bias tests down to -240 V. Stage 2 GEO electron gun charging tests revealed that only the front side area of indium tin oxide coated array designs successfully passed the arc frequency tests
An economic analysis of local inducements for business

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and preliminary empirical examination of various local real estate subsidies to business. Local governments can subsidize the structure capital, land, or both at a particular urban site. Standard microeconomic theory is used to investigate the effects of subsidy programs on the structure-land ratio, the employment-land ratio, and the amount of real estate taxes collected at the site in question. It is concluded that municipalities may benefit from subsidies to businesses even if those businesses would have located in the municipality without the subsidy.
Copyright, Public Policy, and Information Technology

Photocopying, computing, and other neopublishing technologies may threaten the traditional foundations of the creation of knowledge and simultaneously promise ever-faster creation of scholarly insights and social decision-making. Conversely, copyright law maintains accepted patterns of data-production and may hinder increased rates of research and information-based decision-making. These are multiple dilemmas, and must be faced squarely in formulating new policies for new technologies.
Airborne drift residues collected near apple orchard environments due to application of insecticide mixtures.

Substantial quantities of agriculturally applied pesticides have been shown to become airborne during and after application operations. This unwanted feature of pesticide usage, referred to as off-site pesticide drift, results not only in loss of pest control but may result in potential exposure to workers and other individuals near agricultural sites (Seiber et al. 1980). This has produced a wave of public concern and in many cases a very negative opinion of pesticide chemicals. The concern of both public and regulatory agencies about the deposition of pesticides outside the target area and the potential health effects due to this exposure situation has been termed "chemical trespass". In the northeastern United States, the problem of chemical trespass has been amplified due to the rather limited areas used for agricultural purposes and to the relatively high population densities which exist around them (Van Driesche et al. 1987).
Purification and structural properties ofRhodospirillum rubrum ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase

ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase fromRhodospirillum rubrum has been purified to homogeneity or near homogeneity using affinity chromatography techniques. The subunit molecular weight of the enzyme is 50,000. Thus, the enzyme is similar in subunit molecular weight to that found for other bacterial ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases. The amino acid composition is similar to that found for theRhodospirillum tenue enzyme. However, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of theR. rubrum enzyme shows no apparent homology with theR. tenue enzyme N-terminal amino acid sequence.
Galerkin Approximations to Vertical Temperature Profiles Across the Earth's Surface

Abstract The Galerkin method is used to solve numerically the nonlinear initial-boundary value problem describing the vertical temperature profile for a thermally coupled soil-atmosphere boundary layer in a simple physical setting. The basic physical processes modeled, including conduction and free convection, are simple, yet the solution to the model problem illustrates the Galerkin procedure. The numerical simulation requires special mathematical techniques for handling interior boundary or coupling conditions. The physical interpretation of the internal conditions includes consideration of time-dependent insolational heating and the thermal interaction between the atmosphere and the soil. Comparisons between the exact solutions and the Galerkin solutions for several linear problems show agreement for all cases studied.
A hybrid Newton/time-integration procedure for the solution of steady, laminar, one-dimensional, premixed flames

Newton's method is a quadradically convergent algorithm for solving premixed flame problems, but it only works when the trial solutions are within Newton's domain of convergence. Implicit time integration methods are highly robust, but suffer from a relatively slow approach to the steady-state solution. In the approach described here, the most attractive features of both methods are combined into a hybrid approach that is superior to either one alone. Time integration is used as a way to condition a trial solution that is not in the Newton domain of convergence to one that is. Once the Newton iteration begins to converge, it rapidly converges to a steady solution. A coarse-to-fine adaptive mesh selection procedure further enhances the convergence of Newton's method as well as providing the optimal mesh placement needed for accuracy. An efficient implementation of sensitivity analysis is seen to follow easily from this approach.
Temperature dependence of ATP hydrolysis and calcium uptake by fragmented sarcoplasmic membranes.

Abstract A similar temperature dependence has been found for the initial rates of calcium uptake and ATP hydrolysis by fragmented sarcoplasmic membranes prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle. The addition of oxalate to the reaction mixture changed the temperature dependence of both calcium uptake and ATP splitting. Calcium-independent (“basal”) ATP hydrolysis displayed a temperature dependence different from that of calcium-dependent (“extra”) ATP splitting. Indirect evidence is shown to indicate that a considerable amount of calcium is bound to the membrane (40–50 μmoles/gm protein). This amount constitutes a significant portion of the total calcium taken up in the absence of oxalate, but it is negligible in comparison to the larger amount transported inside the vesicles in the presence of oxalate.
Inhibition of rat liver microsomal Ca2+-ATPase by fluorescein-5′-isothiocyanate

Rat liver microsomal fraction was incubated at pH 8.8 with fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate in a Tris-buffered sucrose medium. This treatment completely inhibited ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and Ca2+-ATPase phosphoenzyme intermediate formation. Inhibition of Ca2+ transport and phosphoenzyme intermediate formation by fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate was partially prevented by including ATP in the treatment medium. These data taken together are consistent with the proposal that fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate binds the Ca2+-ATPase ATP-binding site, suggesting the presence of a lysine residue in this domain. Fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate labeling of microsomal proteins had no measurable effect on the basal, Mg2+-ATPase activity. Using fluorescein-5'-isothiocyanate-labeled microsomal fraction, we demonstrated that the Mg2+-ATPase activity was inhibited by Ca2+.
Radial growth of an extended spoke in Saturn's B ring

An analysis is reported of the pattern of radial growth of an extended spoke observed in the Voyager 2 low-resolution Saturn ring 'movie'. The feature is atypical in that it orbits Saturn at the corotational rate for 1-1/2 hours after the onset of its formation and then undergoes a 40-min acceleration to sustained Keplerian velocities. A correlation between the dynamical phases and the radial growth modes of the spoke is observed, one that seems consistent with the plasma cloud model of spoke formation and evolution proposed by Goertz and Morfill (1983), taken in the limit of high charge density.
7×7 DMD-based diffractive fiber switch at 1550 nm

Abstract We have implemented and tested a free-space diffraction-based non-blocking 7×7 switch built primarily using off-the-shelf components and a commercially available digital micro-mirror device (DMD). This DMD is capable of switching 100 times faster than currently available technologies. The switch is protocol and bit-rate agnostic, robust against random mirror failure, and provides the basic building block for a fully reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer (ROADM). Our design offers the potential to address the growing need for high speed scalable circuit switching for data centers and optical networks.
Evolvability-Related Options in Military Systems of Systems

Abstract This paper presents results of case investigations of evolvable systems of systems (SoS) in the military domain. The selected SoS cases illustrate examples of specific options implemented by architects in designing SoS that resulted in evolvable SoS. The research aims to further validate the usefulness of design principles for architecting systems that possess desirable lifecycle properties such as evolvability, and contribute real-world examples that architects may use to inspire specific design options for their system of interest.
Alcohol consumption and decreased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: role of mTOR dysfunction

Several epidemiologic studies support the emerging paradigm that current alcohol consumers have decreased risk of most types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The observed lower risk among people who drank alcohol does not seem to vary with beverage type. The mechanisms accounting for alcohol-induced decrease in the incidence of lymphomas remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that low-dose chronic exposure to ethanol inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1 complex formation, resulting in decreased phosphorylation events involved in mTOR pathway signaling in a lymphoid-tissue specific manner. These changes in mTOR signaling lead to a decrease in eIF4E associated with the translation initiation complex and a repression of global cap-dependent synthesis in both lymphoma cell lines and normal donor lymphocytes. We show that chronic exposure of ethanol at physiologically relevant concentrations in a xenograft model results in a striking inhibition of lymphoma growth. Our data support a paradigm in which chronic ethanol exposure inhibits mTOR signaling in lymphocytes with a significant repression of cap-dependent translation, reducing the tumorigenic capacity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a human xenograft model. The ethanol-mediated repression of mTOR signaling coupled with decreased in vivo lymphoma growth underscore the critical role of mTOR signaling and translation in lymphoma.
Is It Time for Family Presence During Resuscitation in the OR

Family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) is a growing trend in many areas of health care facilities, and it may be time to consider allowing FPDR in the OR as well. Health care providers cite concerns against FPDR, however, including psychological trauma of family members, medical litigation, performance anxiety of staff members affecting performance quality, team member distractions, problems maintaining sterility, and questions regarding a patient's right to FPDR. The circulating nurse may be an appropriate person to advocate for the patient's wishes to allow family members access to the OR during resuscitation efforts. Two hospitals in Spokane, Washington, have implemented a hospital-wide FPDR policy, allowing family presence in the emergency department, trauma rooms, labor and delivery rooms, and on patient care floors. Committee members developed guidelines for FPDR in the OR, educated hospital staff members, and presented the concept of FPDR to surgery executive committee members.
Mechanisms of Premature Menopause

Premature menopause is characterized by amenorrhea, elevated circulating gonadotropin levels, and low circulating estrogen levels in women under the age of 40 years. Although hormonal values are similar to those found during the menopausal transition and after menopause, it is clear that women with this disorder differ in important ways from normal postmenopausal women. The use of the term premature menopause itself is inappropriate because approximately half have eveidene of ovarian function and 6% to 8% will ovulate after the diagnosis is made. This article focuses on what is known about several distinct mechanisms for the ovarian failure and conclusions by briefly offering potential treatment strategies.
Nonlinear growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves for a Boussinesq fluid

A simple model for studying the evolution of the interface between two homogeneous two-dimensional fluids is derived. This model is then used for getting a clean evolution of unstable KH. As initial condition a small-amplitude wave, the growing solution of the linear equations, is introduced. A second-order perturbative analysis is used for evaluating how small the initial amplitude has to be for working in the region of validity of the linear solution. From this analysis we can predict the simple excitation of the second harmonic for a very small quasi-neutral KH and the simultaneous appearance of more harmonics for unstable KH. In this second case, a simpler description is in terms of the advection of the strong vorticity concentration in the center of the growing billow. A limit for the amplitude of the billow in this growing period is found.
Conditioning-Specific Modification of the Rabbit's Unconditioned Nictitating Membrane Response

Robust classical conditioning modifies responding to the unconditioned stimulus (US) in the absence of the conditioned stimulus (CS), a phenomenon the researchers called conditioning-specific reflex modification. Unconditioned responses (URs) to periorbital stimulation varying in intensity and duration were assessed before and after 1, 3, or 6 days of paired, explicitly unpaired, or no presentations of tone and electrical stimulation. After 3 days of pairings, conditioned responding (CRs) reached 94%, and there was an increase in latency to the peak of URs. The peak latency increase was replicated in a second experiment where rabbits reached asymptotic conditioning during 6 days of pairings. There was also a conditioning-specific increase in the amplitude of URs. There were no UR changes as a function of low level of CRs following 1 day of pairings. Data suggest that there are learning-specific changes in pathways mediating the US/UR, as well as in those mediating the CS/CR.
A survey of equatorial magnetospheric wave activity between 5 and 8 RE

Abstract We report the results of a survey of ELF/VLF wave activity in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 5 kHz observed by the SCATHA satellite near the magnetic equator between 5 and 8 RE. The typical wave environment in this region is required to assess the role of each type of wave in transport processes, such as the pitch-angle diffusion of electrons, occurring in the outer magnetosphere. Hiss, discrete whistlermode emissions and electron cyclotron harmonic waves occur within the frequency range of the SCATHA VLF receiver. Hiss is predominantly observed between noon and dusk where the satellite frequently enters the plasmasphere. Discrete whistler-mode emissions occur over 60% of the time between 03:00 and 12:00 L.T. A surprising result of the survey is the absence of activity in the local time sector from 18 to 21 h. No wave activity above the receiver noise level, 5 × 10 −7 V m −1 Hz − 1 2 , was detected during 50% of the broadband data acquisitions in this region.
Structure of the oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II: Calcium and lanthanum compete for sites on the oxidizing side of Photosystem II which control the binding of water-soluble polypeptides and regulate the activity of the manganese complex

Abstract Exposure of Photosystem II membranes to lanthanides produces a destruction of oxygen-evolution activity. This inactivation is characterized by release of water-soluble polypeptides (33, 23 and 17 kDa species) as well as release of functional manganese. If calcium is included during lanthanum treatment, a different effect is obtained. Although 23 and 17 kDa proteins are released from the Photosystem II membranes, manganese and the 33 kDa protein are not released, and these membranes are active in oxygen evolution if calcium is present during assay. If high concentrations (200 mM) of NaCl are present during exposure to lanthanum, manganese and some of the 33 kDa protein are retained by the membranes; higher concentrations (2 M) of NaCl release all of the 33 kDa protein, but no managese is released. Since the interaction between calcium and lanthanum is competitive, we conclude that displacement of calcium by lanthanum produces structural changes to the oxidizing side of Photosystem II which result in destruction of the manganese complex and the release of the water-soluble 33 kDa protein.
Plutonium and quantum criticality

The unusual properties of the elemental plutonium have long been a puzzle. It has been suggested that these properties may be related to quantum criticality [G. Chapline, J.L. Smith, LA Sci. 26 (2000) 1]. In this talk we will describe some experimental observations on rare earth and actinide materials which suggest that there are pairing correlations in all f-electron metals, and that the anomalous properties of the actinides in the vicinity of Np/Pu/Am, even at elevated temperatures, is associated with a critical point in the variation of the pair condensate order parameter with atomic number.
Ethanolamine utilization in bacterial pathogens: roles and regulation

Danielle Garsin looks at the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of ethanolamine utilization, including the evidence linking ethanolamine utilization to pathogenesis in a diverse range of bacterial pathogens. Ethanolamine is a compound that can be readily derived from cell membranes and that some bacteria can use as a source of carbon and/or nitrogen. The complex biology and chemistry of this process has been under investigation since the 1970s, primarily in one or two species. However, recent investigations into ethanolamine utilization have revealed important and intriguing differences in gene content and regulatory mechanisms among the bacteria that harbour this catabolic ability. In addition, many reports have connected this process to bacterial pathogenesis. In this Progress article, I discuss the latest research on the phylogeny and regulation of ethanolamine utilization and its possible roles in bacterial pathogenesis.
A Normal Coordinate Treatment of IF 6 SbF 6

The adduct between IF7 and AsF5 has been shown to be ionic and consist of IF6+ and AsF6− ions. The environment of these ions appears to be octahedral. Based on this symmetry, force constants have been determined. Some controversy regarding the frequency position of the ν4 (F1u) vibration, and the assignment for the ν1 (A1g), ν2 (Eg) vibrations in IF6+ has existed. However, the proper ν4 assignment was eventually made, and Raman studies of IF6+AsF6− in HF solutions clearly indicated that the lower frequency band at 711 cm−1 was polarized. Thus, the depolarized 732 cm−1 vibration was assigned as the ν2 (Eg) mode. Recently, IF6+SbF6− has been prepared and the vibration spectrum analyzed. The results support previous assignments of Christe and Sawodny and verify the ν4 assignment.
Centralizers satisfying polynomial identities

The following results are proved: IfR is a simple ring with unit, and for someaeR witha n in the center ofR, anyn, such that the centralizer ofa inR satisfies a polynomial identity of degreem, thenR satisfies the standard identity of degreenm. WhenR is not simple,R will satisfy a power of the same standard identity, provided thata andn are invertible inR. These theorems are then applied to show that ifG is a finite solvable group of automorphisms of a ringR, and the fixed points ofG inR satisfy a polynomial identity, thenR satisfies a polynomial identity, providedR has characteristic 0 or characteristicp wherep✗|G|.
LAWS OBEYED BY TOPOLOGICAL ALGEBRAS- EXTENDING RESULTS OF HOPF AND ADAMS

A topological algebra d has of course both purely algebraic properties and purely toplogical ones. It is surprising how much these interact, especially the laws of Sp and the algebraic invariants of its topology. (For some examples consult [30], especially Section 7.) Most noteworthy here is the theorem of Hopf [17] and others (see also [25]) concerning (e.g. simplicial) H-spaces, i.e. spaces A with a continuous binary operation F: A2 + A obeying the laws
Routing in intermittently connected sensor networks

To prolong the lifetime of sensor networks, various scheduling schemes have been designed to reduce the number of active sensors. However, some scheduling strategies, such as partial coverage scheduling and target coverage scheduling, may result in disconnected network topologies, due to the low density of the active nodes. In such cases, traditional routing algorithms cannot be applied, and the shortest path discovered by these algorithms may not have the minimum packet delivery latency. In this paper, we address the problem of finding minimum latency routes in intermittently connected sensor networks by proposing an on-demand minimum latency (ODML) routing algorithm. Since on-demand routing algorithm does not work well when the source and destination frequently communicate with each other, we propose two proactive minimum latency routing algorithms: optimal-PML and quick-PML. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that (1) ODML can effectively identify minimum latency routes which have much smaller latency than the shortest path, and (2) optimal-PML can minimize the routing message overhead and quick-PML can significantly reduce the route acquisition delay.
Mouse caecum as a selective β‐adrenoceptor tissue

The mouse isolated caecum has been found to contain β-adrenoceptors and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. Conditions for optimum function of the tissue in an isolated environment are described. The preparation is sturdy, lasting, economic and dependable for the screening of potential drugs, possessing agonistic or antagonistic activity on the extra-cardiac β-adrenoceptors.
CITIZENS AND INSTITUTIONS BETWEEN COMPUTERS AND INTERNET: EMPYRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE ITALIAN CASE

The diffusion of ICT technologies that generated the Internet phenomenon is responsible of the world-wide incredible expectation level related to its high potential contribution to problem solution in many socio-economic sectors. In facts, the contribution of ICT in some sectors, as organizations management (public or private, profit or no-profit), was undoubtedly highly effective. The interaction between citizens and institutions is also considered extremely interesting, as the specific funds appropriation since the end of 90es of European Union on these topics can demonstrate. This wide interest caused the expectation of a remarkable services improvement, but the obtained results don’t seem as much satisfactory. This international and European scenario had a meaningful reflex also in Italian case, because the lack of information flows between Institutions and citizens in our country is always strongly perceived as critical point. In a former study of 1998 (Tesauro, Campisi), some institutional web sites was included in a wider study sample about the usage of internet communications, reaching unflattering results. Nevertheless, some recent “accidents” in citizen-institution relationships, widely reported by mass media and strictly related to computer technologies, suggest remarkable doubts about the usage of these technologies. This happens in spite of the creation of a specific Ministry in Italy and five years later the cited study, an incredible amount of time in terms of evolutionary dynamic of virtual environment). So, the main objective of this contribution is to show a scenario of citizen-institution relation via Internet in Italy at different scales (national, regional and local), identifying strength or weak points not only from users viewpoint and trying to underline the difficulties inherited from a poor usage of actual computer knowledge.
A Note on the Date of the Great Advent Antiphons

THE Great Advent Antiphons, also called the Great O's, are among the most beautiful and impressive elements in the Christian liturgy. They are the proper anthems for Magnificat at Vespers from 17 December to 23 December. Contrary to the usual rule for ferial days, they are sung in full at the beginning as well as at the end of the canticle. The dating of these liturgical gems has atrracted some attention. The view most commonly held is that of Fernand Cabrol, O.S.B., who developed the theory that the liturgy of Advent was completed during the seventh to ninth centuries, with only slight additions, particularly the Great O's, being made thereafter.' A different theory has been brought forward by Herbert Thurston, S.J., who has attempted to show that the Anglo-Saxon Cynewulf, in his poem Christ (ca 800), was familiar with these antiphons.2 He indeed considered the entire work -
Sampling requirements and the implications of reduced sampling effort for the estimation of annual zooplankton population and community dynamics in north temperate lakes

Detecting and understanding long-term changes in zooplankton populations and communities requires sound sampling strategies and reliable estimates of annual abundance. We use a long-term, highly resolved data set from four north-temperate lakes to investigate the sampling requirements necessary to precisely quantify common zooplankton species and taxonomic aggregates as well as the influence that a reduced sampling regime has on our ability to investigate changes in community structure. Sample sizes required for estimating mean annual abundance (precision of 20%) ranged from 4–7 samples per year for total crustacean zooplankton abundance to as many as 34–86 samples per year for individual rotifer species, depending on the lake. Despite these often onerous sampling requirements for some taxa, patterns of population abundance were typically quite similar when compared using reduced (five samples per year) and extended (14 samples per year on average) data sets. The same 3-fold reduction in sampling produced taxa-specific shifts in community structure ranging between 6% to 20% for two-dimensional solutions and between 9% to 21% in three dimensions, depending on the lake. Although community structure was not significantly different between reduced and extended sampling scenarios, we found that the correlations between taxa and ordination axes could change and that these differences increased with the dimensionality of the ordination. Although individual investigators need to determine acceptable boundaries of sampling precision based on the objectives of their study, it appears that enumerating 5–10 sample events per year may adequately document long-term changes in populations and communities on an annual basis in many lakes.
A bounded distortion compression scheme for hyper-spectral image data

Presents a new approach for nearly lossless compression of multispectral image data that exploits both spectral and spatial correlations in a simple and adaptive manner. What the authors have described is just one choice of predictor, re-ordering and encoding. A number of alternatives can be used. Implementation results with a few different choices schemes are currently under investigation and will will be described at a later date. Also, the authors need to make more detailed comparisons of compression performances obtained with other lossy and nearly-lossless schemes given in the literature.