cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of Anisotropic Nonlinearly Viscoelastic Solids

Despite the technological relevance of anisotropic nonlinear viscoelastic solids, little effort has been expended in the development of specific constitutive theories. In this study we develop a constitutive model for describing the nonlinear response of anisotropic viscoelastic solids that might be well suited to describe the response of biological and geological solids. The model is an integral model that takes into account the history of deformation of the body. Using the model a few boundary value problems are studied, namely the time dependent extension and shearing of such bodies.
Inability to Detect Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Infants with Bronchiolitis † 893

Inability to Detect Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Infants with Bronchiolitis † 893
Renal event outcomes in intestinal transplantation: results from a single-center experience.

Abstract Background Poor patient outcomes have been closely linked with perioperative renal function after most solid organ transplants, except intestinal transplantation (ITx). This study examined the effect of peri-ITx renal function on outcome. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing ITx since 1991 was completed and included 43 patients and 49 transplants. Serum creatinine (sCr) and calculated glomerular filtration rate were compared with peri-ITx and out to 5 years. A renal event (RE) was defined as acute renal failure, immunotherapeutic change driven by poor renal function, or hemodialysis. Comparisons were made based on primary immunotherapeutic regimens—induction interleukin-2 receptor antagonist (IL-2RA; n = 31) or standard tacrolimus-based therapy (STD; n = 18). Data was analyzed using standard statistical analysis. Results The frequency of RE was: 60% (STD) versus 31% (IL-2RA) P Conclusion This is the first study examining outcomes after ITx related to renal function. Clearly, renal function and RE impacted outcomes. Obtaining RE-free survival and lessening the impact of RE when they do occur is of paramount importance. It appears that IL-2RA immunotherapy reduces RE and their associated morbidity.
Thiazide-induced parathyroid stimulation

Abstract Twenty dogs were given oral hydrochlorothiazide in varying dosages for periods ranging up to nine months. All dogs showed significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. In addition, the parathyroid glands of these dogs were enlarged, and many showed areas of histological changes suggestive of hyperactivity. None of these biochemical or morphological alterations were noted in twenty control dogs receiving no thiazides. It is concluded that the thiazide diuretics may cause parathyroid stimulation, and administration of these drugs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia.
Intermittent Subcutaneous Furosemide: Parenteral Diuretic Rescue for Hospice Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Resistant to Oral Diuretic

Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) account for up to 12% of the hospice population and often experience significant symptoms related to volume overload. Diuretic therapy is the cornerstone of treatment but administration (PO) often becomes ineffective and (i.v., i.m.) routes cause discomfort or may not be feasible to ameliorate symptoms. Subcutaneous dosing of furosemide has been explored as a potential alternative for management of CHF symptoms. We report 2 cases of CHF resistant to oral diuretic and examine the clinical utility of subcutaneous furosemide in an inpatient palliative care unit and a home hospice setting. Our case series supports the use of subcutaneous therapy as a potential alternative in palliative care and hospice patients.
Call to restore Mesopotamian marshlands

When the current military conflict in Iraq has concluded, a rehabilitation of that country should include a full assessment and action plan for restoring the marshlands of Mesopotamia, the United Nations Environment Programme said on 22 March. The marshlands, also known as the Fertile Crescent, could disappear within three to five years, according to UNEP.UNEP Executive Director Klaus Toepfer said the loss of the marshlands “is an environmental catastrophe for this region and underscores the huge pressures facing wetlands and freshwater ecosystems across the world.”
Classification of Epidemic Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Anatomical Site of Isolation

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contributes significantly to cost, morbidity, and mortality due to infectious disease. We surveyed community-associated MRSA isolates to determine which strains were present within anatomical sites of interest. The most likely sources of MRSA among anatomic sites swabbed were wounds followed by the nasal cavity. The USA 300 MRSA strain was most commonly isolated among wound infections while nasal swabs largely yielded USA 100 MRSA. The frequency of isolation of USA 100 amongst community-associated strains is clinically significant as this strain is often correlated with invasive disease, exhibits broad antibiotic resistance, and has been considered to be hospital associated. The potential of USA 100 to cause serious disease and the frequency of its isolation suggest an important reservoir for opportunistic infection. These data demonstrate that MRSA epidemic clones are widespread among the community.
Synthesis of the [5-7-6] tricyclic core of guanacastepene A via an intramolecular Mukaiyama aldol reaction.

A synthesis of the tricyclic [5−7−6] skeleton of guanacastepene A is described. The six-membered ring of guanacastepene A was constructed by a Diels−Alder reaction. After several functional group transformations, it was coupled to β-iodocyclopentenone. Lithium dimethylcuprate conjugate addition followed by an intramolecular Mukaiyama aldol reaction furnished the desired [5−7−6] tricyclic ring system.
How traditional agriculture is approaching sustainability

Abstract Sustainable agriculture is described as both a systematic method of engaging in agriciultural activity and an outward expression of a land ethic. A general description of the sustainable agricuture model is provided along with characteristic concepts of sustainable systems.
A homologous expression system for cloned zein genes.

Expression of the genes encoding the 10-, 15-, and 27-kDa zeins is maintained in suspension cultures derived from developing endosperm tissue of maize (Zea mays L.). Although expression of these genes is reduced in endosperm cultures as compared with that in endosperm tissue from developing kernels, it remains specific to the origin of explant, since no transcripts are detected in leaf tissue-derived suspension cultures. Transcript sizes are identical to those in developing seed endosperm tissue. Furthermore, accurate transcription initiation of the 10- and 27-kDa zein genes is observed by S1 nuclease mapping. Protoplasts isolated from endosperm cultures are capable of expressing foreign genes when transfected by electroporation. We demonstrate that the 5′ flanking sequences of the 10- and 27-kDa zein genes are capable of promoting chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene expression in these transfected protoplasts. Our observations show that these maize endosperm cultures can be used as an efficient homologous system to study transcriptional regulation of zein genes.
Hydroxylation of alkyl and halogen substituted anilines and acetanilides by microsomal hydroxylases.

Abstract The hydroxylation of a variety of halo and alkyl substituted anilines and acetanilides with hepatic microsomal preparations was studied. 4 Chloro- and 4-fluoro-acetanilides and anilines were hydroxylated to the corresponding 4-hydroxy derivatives with loss of halogen. The 4-chloro derivatives were extremely poor substrates for the aryl hydroxylases. 3-Methyl-, 3-chloro-, and 3-fluoro-acetanilides were metabolized to the corresponding 4-hydroxy-3-substituted acetanilide. 4-Methylaniline, 4-methyl-acetanilide, and 4-ethylacetanilide were not substrates for aryl hydroxylation, but instead underwent side-chain oxidation to form, respectively, 4-hydroxymethylaniline, 4-hydroxymethylacetanilide, and 4-(1′-hydroxyethyl)acetanilide. The hydroxymethyl compounds were further oxidized to aldehydes.
Modeling the implications of expanded US shale gas production

Abstract Conventional thinking just ten years ago was that the United States would become a major importer of liquefied natural gas. Yet, today the discussion has shifted to one of export potential, largely driven by the rapid development of shale gas resources. This has had dramatic implications not only for the US, but also for the rest of the world. In particular, the outlook for several gas exporting countries has been substantially altered. Namely, while the US has certainly from an energy security standpoint, Russia, Iran, Venezuela and Qatar have seen their projected fortunes reduced. Development of shale gas has effectively increased the global elasticity of supply and could substantially reduce overall dependence on exports from these critical countries.
Complexin 2 modulates vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 2-regulated zymogen granule exocytosis in pancreatic acini.

Complexins are soluble proteins that regulate the activity of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes necessary for vesicle fusion. Neuronal specific complexin 1 has inhibitory and stimulatory effects on exocytosis by clamping trans-SNARE complexes in a prefusion state and promoting conformational changes to facilitate membrane fusion following cell stimulation. Complexins are unable to bind to monomeric SNARE proteins but bind with high affinity to ternary SNARE complexes and with lower affinity to target SNARE complexes. Far less is understood about complexin function outside the nervous system. Pancreatic acini express the complexin 2 isoform by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed complexin 2 localized along the apical plasma membrane consistent with a role in secretion. Accordingly, complexin 2 was found to interact with vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 2, syntaxins 3 and 4, but not with VAMP 8 or syntaxin 2. Introduction of recombinant complexin 2 into permeabilized acini inhibited Ca2+-stimulated secretion in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal inhibition of nearly 50%. Mutations of the central α-helical domain reduced complexin 2 SNARE binding and concurrently abolished its inhibitory activity. Surprisingly, mutation of arginine 59 to histidine within the central α-helical domain did not alter SNARE binding and moreover, augmented Ca2+-stimulated secretion by 130% of control. Consistent with biochemical studies, complexin 2 colocalized with VAMP 2 along the apical plasma membrane following cholecystokinin-8 stimulation. These data demonstrate a functional role for complexin 2 outside the nervous system and indicate that it participates in the Ca2+-sensitive regulatory pathway for zymogen granule exocytosis.
Conjunctival metastasis as the initial manifestation of lung cancer.

Purpose To report a case of conjunctival metastasis as the initial manifestation of lung cancer. Method A 55-year-old man without known systemic disease developed a conjunctival mass in his right eye. He underwent excision of the tumor and systemic evaluation. Results Histopathologically, the mass was a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Further evaluation disclosed a primary bronchogenic carcinoma with metastasis to ribs and brain. The primary and secondary tumors were treated with chemotherapy and irradiation. Conclusions Conjunctival metastasis may be the initial manifestation of lung cancer. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a deep conjunctival mass.
Development of a Fish Contaminant Monitoring Protocol for Lake Mead, Nevada

ABSTRACT Fish consumption practices and patterns for Lake Mead, Nevada, were determined by administering detailed questionnaires to 150 sportsmen at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Striped bass, largemouth bass and channel catfish were the most frequently consumed fish species, with an average of 22 ± 3.6 fish meals a year consumed by respondents. Striped bass and largemouth bass between 13–18 inches were most commonly consumed, while channel catfish were typically between 10–15 inches in length. Skin-off fillets of all three species was the preferred method of preparation, while cooking techniques varied by species. The most popular fishing areas in our survey included Government Wash, Hemenway Harbor, Overton Beach, Saddle Cove, St. Thomas and the Las Vegas Bay (wash). Based on these data, a three fish, four location contaminant monitoring protocol was developed to best represent human exposure to contaminated fish at Lake Mead. This sampling design is applicable to large lakes and reservoirs wh...
Syntheses and structural characterizations of the unsymmetrical diphosphene DmpP=PMes* (Dmp =2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3), Mes* = 2,4,6-(t)Bu(3)C(6)H(2)) and the cyclotetraphosphane [DmpPPPh](2).

The new diphosphene DmpPPMes* (Dmp = 2,6-Mes2C6H3; Mes* = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2, 1) having two different classes of sterically demanding aryls has been prepared and structurally characterized. This structure appears to be the first featuring both types of sterically demanding groups (a meta-terphenyl and Mes*) in a single molecule about a multiply bonded unit. Compound 1 features a PP bond length of 2.024(13) A. The structure of 1 also allows comparisons to the two previously structurally characterized symmetric diphosphenes DmpPPDmp and Mes*PPMes*. The crystal structure of the cyclotetraphosphane [DmpPPPh]2 (3), the product of self-dimerization of the unstable diphosphene DmpPPPh (2), has been determined. The structure of 3 demonstrates that a single bulky Dmp group is insufficient to prevent dimerization of 2. 31P NMR data for all three compounds are also reported.
A microautoradiographic study of Ca(45) and S (35) distribution in the intact bean root.

Microautoradiographic techniques were used to determine the distribution of Ca45 and S35 in regions of the bean root where anatomical features may influence the processes of ion uptake and translocation. Root tissue from intact plants was prepared by methods that preserve both soluble and insoluble Ca and S. Ca45 distribution was determined after 1 hour and 15 min, of uptake, after 2 efflux periods, and after replacement by non-tracer Ca. S35 distribution was determined after 1 hour and 15 min of uptake. The quantity of Ca45 that entered the root was greater than the quantity of S35. Ca45 concentration within the root increased with linear distance from the 8-mm level behind the tip. The pathways of Ca and S across the cortex appeared to be different since Ca45 was particularly associated with cell walls and S35 was distributed more evenly through the cells. There was no evidence that the endodermis was a diffusion barrier for Ca; the small parenchyma cells associated with conducting elements acquired a high concentration of Ca45 and thus appear to be implicated in absorption and perhaps in transfer to the xylem. The evidence suggests that the endodermis may have been a barrier for S, but if so, certain parenchyma cells inside the stele, especially at xylem poles, were equally involved. The region from 30 to 80 mm from the tip appeared to participate in Ca uptake and transfer to the xylem; because of tissue immaturity the 8-mm region, which contained the least Ca45, was thought not to translocate to the shoot. Deposition of Ca45 in oxalate crystals represented almost complete immobilization. Calcium oxalate metabolism was most active in the 30-mm region of secondary roots and in their small branches. S35-labelled nuclei occurred in the cortex 2.5 to 3 mm behind the root tip.
The role of formal staff appraisal in nurse education

Abstract The process of staff appraisal is often based on the questionable assumption that there are certain qualities which all good employees ought to have and that generally these qualities can be easily measured. The changes within the management structures of the National Health Service have been based on a need for greater accountability and improved performances. Any attempt to measure performances in nurse education must acknowledge the limitations of using an educational process or examination results as an instrument for appraisal. Consequently, there must be flexibility in the application of appraisal systems in nurse education. The merits of team appraisal, institutional performance and management by objectives should be explored. Performance and appraisal systems should not be static or ritualistic since targets in education are dynamic and subject to change and fluctuation. During the course of 1 year, newer techniques, discoveries and procedures may change rapidly, thus demanding a changing emphasis and role from nurse teachers. The greatest asset of staff appraisal lies in its ability to provide opportunity for career development. It will then be seen by both staff and manager as a natural and valuable follow through from day to day exchange.
Fuel utilization and fuel sensitivity of solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Fuel utilization and fuel sensitivity are two important process variables widely used in operation of SOFC cells, stacks, and generators. To illustrate the technical values, the definitions of these two variables as well as practical examples are particularly given in this paper. It is explicitly shown that the oxygen-leakage has a substantial effect on the actual fuel utilization, fuel sensitivity and V – I characteristics. An underestimation of the leakage flux could potentially results in overly consuming fuel and oxidizing Ni-based anode. A fuel sensitivity model is also proposed to help extract the leakage flux information from a fuel sensitivity curve. Finally, the “bending-over” phenomenon observed in the low-current range of a V – I curve measured at constant fuel-utilization is quantitatively coupled with leakage flux.
Accurate genome relative abundance estimation for closely related species in a metagenomic sample.

Metagenomics has a great potential to discover previously unattainable information about microbial communities. An important prerequisite for such discoveries is to accurately estimate the composition of microbial communities. Most of prevalent homology-based approaches utilize solely the results of an alignment tool such as BLAST, limiting their estimation accuracy to high ranks of the taxonomy tree. We developed a new homology-based approach called Taxonomic Analysis by Elimination and Correction (TAEC), which utilizes the similarity in the genomic sequence in addition to the result of an alignment tool. The proposed method is comprehensively tested on various simulated benchmark datasets of diverse complexity of microbial structure. Compared with other available methods designed for estimating taxonomic composition at a relatively low taxonomic rank, TAEC demonstrates greater accuracy in quantification of genomes in a given microbial sample. We also applied TAEC on two real metagenomic datasets, oral cavity dataset and Crohn’s disease dataset. Our results, while agreeing with previous findings at higher ranks of the taxonomy tree, provide accurate estimation of taxonomic compositions at the species/strain level, narrowing down which species/strains need more attention in the study of oral cavity and the Crohn’s disease. By taking account of the similarity in the genomic sequence TAEC outperforms other available tools in estimating taxonomic composition at a very low rank, especially when closely related species/strains exist in a metagenomic sample.
High-energy jet quenching in weakly coupled quark-gluon plasmas

q is the average squared transverse momentum transfer per unit length to a high-energy particle traversing a QCD medium such as a quark-gluon plasma. We find the (UV-regulated) value of q to leading order in the weak coupling limit, {alpha}{sub s}(T)<<1. We then use this value to generalize previous analytic results on the gluon bremsstrahlung and pair production rates for massless high-energy particles in a weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma, at next-to-leading logarithmic order.
Reactivity of the C2'-oxidized abasic lesion and its relevance to interactions with type I base excision repair enzymes.

The C2‘-oxidized abasic lesion (C2-AP) is produced in DNA that is subjected to oxidative stress. C2-AP is incised by phosphodiesterases, but is not a substrate for endonuclease III even though a Schiff base is formed (Greenberg, M. M., et al. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 15217). A chemically synthesized oligonucleotide was used to study C2-AP reactivity under alkaline conditions and with nitrogen nucleophiles chosen to mimic the lysine or N-terminal proline side chains present in the active site of Type I base excision repair enzymes. Alkaline cleavage of the C2-AP lesion produces 3‘-phosphoglycoaldehyde and 3‘-phosphate termini. The former is degraded further to 3‘-hydroxyl groups. Cleavage at the C2-AP lesion is enhanced by small peptides, which form Schiff base intermediates with the lesion. C2-AP cleavage by Lys·Trp·Lys and Lys·Trp·Gly·Lys suggests that the inability of endonuclease III to cleave the lesion is due to the absence of appropriately positioned functional groups to take advantage of formation o...
Administrative Observations for Department Chairs

Abstract Whether they are called department chairs, department heads, or program coordinators, those charged with the coordination of the activities of a health education/health promotion unit have many administrative responsibilities. Although administrative tasks and functions overlap, they can be viewed as relationships with four entities: (1) other administrators in your unit; (2) faculty in your unit; (3) your supervisors; and, (4) yourself Examples and anecdotes, based on 30 years of administrative experience, are shared with the hope that they will be helpful to new and experienced department chairs/coordinators.
Fiducial-based tolerance intervals for some discrete distributions

Fiducial quantities are proposed to construct approximate tolerance limits and intervals for functions of some discrete random variables. Using established fiducial quantities for binomial proportions, Poisson rates, and negative binomial proportions, an approach is demonstrated to handle functions of discrete random variables, whose distributions are either not available or are intractable. The construction of tolerance intervals using fiducial quantities is straightforward and, thus, amenable to numerical computation. An extensive numerical study shows that for most settings of the cases considered, the coverage probabilities are near the nominal levels. The applicability of the method is further demonstrated using four real datasets, including a discussion of the corresponding software that is available for the R programming language.
Ordovician receptaculitids from California and their significance

Well preserved receptaculitids from the Middle Ordovician in the Grapevine Mountains of Eastern California have been collected and studied. These highly variable specimens are regarded as intrapopulational variants of one species. This variation is due to differences in the microenvironment and to the occurrence of individuals at various stages of growth. These specimens are assigned to Ischadites mammillaris (Walcott 1884).This species differs from the similar species of Ischadites and Receptaculites in the following features: (1) small, numerous outer plates; (2) interlocking rays between the elements; and (3) curved and bifurcated inner shafts. Ischadites mammillaris is described and its morphology is compared to that of sponges and dasycladacean algae. Recent algal interpretations that regard the closed extremity of the receptaculitid as the growing end are believed to be incorrect. It is concluded that Ischadites mammillaris as well as other similar receptaculitids should retain their tentative alignment with the Porifera.
Emergent properties during dorsal closure in Drosophila morphogenesis

Dorsal closure is an essential stage of Drosophila development that is a model system for research in morphogenesis and biological physics. Dorsal closure involves an orchestrated interplay between gene expression and cell activities that produce shape changes, exert forces and mediate tissue dynamics. We investigate the dynamics of dorsal closure based on confocal microscopic measurements of cell shortening in living embryos. During the mid-stages of dorsal closure we find that there are fluctuations in the width of the leading edge cells but the time-averaged analysis of measurements indicate that there is essentially no net shortening of cells in the bulk of the leading edge, that contraction predominantly occurs at the canthi as part of the process for zipping together the two leading edges of epidermis and that the rate constant for zipping correlates with the rate of movement of the leading edges. We characterize emergent properties that regulate dorsal closure, i.e., a velocity governor and the coordination and synchronization of tissue dynamics.
Commutative group rings of finite representation type

Abstract Let Z p denote the localization (but not the completion) of the integers at the prime p. Then, for finite groups G, the group ring Z pG has finite representation type if and only if the p-Sylow subgroups of G are cyclic of order at most p2. In this paper, we determine the possible ranks of indecomposable Z pG-lattices for finite abelian groups G for which Z pG has finite representation type. In particular, for such groups G, we show that every indecomposable Z pG-lattice can be embedded as a sublattice of Z pG(4), but not, in general, as a sublattice of Z pG(3).
The globalization of Teach for America: An analysis of the institutional discourses of Teach for America and Teach for India within local contexts

Abstract Teach for India is an alternative teacher credentialing program in India that is part of Teach for All, a global organization with strong ties to Teach for America, the American alternative credentialing program. This exploratory study employs institutional discourse analysis to raise questions about the appropriateness of Teach for India for its cultural context. This study compares Teach for India and Teach for America, describing how the programs are similar, and why these similarities might be problematic, given the dissimilar historical, cultural, and economic contexts.
Corruption of Prison Staff in Inmate Discipline

Abstract Sykes' conclusion from qualitative study of the New Jersey State Prison in the 1950s that the authority of guards is corrupted by inmates was challenged in the 1980s by Lom-bardo with what we argue was inappropriate statistical data from New York's Auburn prison, and confirmed by Hewitt, Poole and Regoli in their quantitative survey of the federal coeducational prison at Fort Worth. This study further validates Sykes' analysis by quantitative and qualitative research in three California prisons, and also presents data supporting his claim that reciprocity and default are factors in this corruption.
Assessment of myocardial elastography performance in phantoms under combined physiologic motion configurations with preliminary in vivo feasibility

Myocardial elastography (ME) is a non-invasive, ultrasound-based strain imaging technique, which can detect and localize abnormalities in myocardial function. By acquiring radio-frequency (RF) frames at high frame rates, the deformation of the myocardium can be estimated, and used to identify regions of abnormal deformation indicative of cardiovascular disease. In this study, the primary objective is to evaluate the effect of torsion on the performance of ME, while the secondary objective is to image inclusions during different motion schemes. Finally, the phantom findings are validated with an in vivo human case. Phantoms of homogeneous stiffness, or containing harder inclusions, were fixed to a pump and motors, and imaged. Incremental displacements were estimated from the RF signals, and accumulated over a motion cycle, and rotation angle, radial strain and circumferential strain were estimated. Phantoms were subjected to four motion schemes: rotation, torsion, deformation, and a combination of torsion and deformation. Sonomicrometry was used as a gold standard during deformation and combined motion schemes. In the rotation scheme, the input and estimated rotation angle agree in both the homogeneous and inclusion phantoms. In the torsion scheme, the estimated rotation angle was found to be highest, closest to the source of torsion and lowest farthest from the source of torsion. In the deformation scheme, if an inclusion was not present, the estimated strain patterns accurately depicted homogeneity, while if an inclusion was present, abnormalities were observed which enabled detection of the inclusion. In addition, no significant rotation was detected. In the combined scheme, if an inclusion was not present, the estimated strain patterns accurately depicted homogeneity, while, if an inclusion was present, abnormalities were observed which enabled detection of the inclusion. Also, torsion was separated from the combined scheme and was found to be similar to the pure torsion findings. This study shows ME to be capable of accurately depicting and distinguishing between different types of motion schemes, and to be sensitive to stiffness changes in localized regions of tissue-mimicking phantoms under physiologic cardiac motion configurations, while strains estimated in the combined motion scheme were noisier than in individual motion schemes. Finally, ME was shown to be capable of distinguishing between deformation and rotation in a normal human heart in vivo.
Nonlinear Model for Lead-Rubber Bearings Including Axial-Load Effects

Existing models for isolation bearings neglect certain aspects of their response behavior. For instance, rubber bearings have been observed to decrease in stiffness with increasing axial load, and soften in the vertical direction at large lateral deformations. The yield strength of lead-rubber bearings has also been observed to vary with axial load, such that a lightly loaded bearing may not achieve its theoretical strength. Models that include these axial-load effects in lead-rubber bearings are developed by extending an existing linear two-spring model to include nonlinear behavior. The nonlinearity includes an empirical equation for the experimentally observed variation of yield strength. For numerical implementation, the bearing forces are found by solving the nonlinear equilibrium and kinematic equations using Newton's method, and the instantaneous bearing stiffness matrix is formed from the differentials of these equations. The response behavior of the models is confirmed by comparison with experimental data.
A Wigner function-based quantum ensemble Monte Carlo study of a resonant tunneling diode

We present results of resonant tunneling diode operation achieved from a particle-based quantum ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation that is based on the Wigner distribution function (WDF). Methods of including the Wigner potential into the EMC, to incorporate natural quantum phenomena, via a particle property we call the affinity are discussed. Dissipation is included via normal Monte Carlo procedures and the solution is coupled to a Poisson solver to achieve fully selfconsistent results.
Nurses and Families: A Guide to Family Assessment and Intervention (6th ed.)

Lorraine M. Wright, RN, PhD, and Maureen Leahey, RN, PhD, both Canadian nurse educators, collaborated for over 30 years to release the sixth edition of their book Nurses and Families. The first edi...
Multi-Alkali Photocathode Development at Brookhaven National Lab for Application in Superconducting Photoinjectors

The development of a suitable photocathode for use in a high average current photoinjector at temperatures ranging from 273 K down to 2 K is a subject of considerable interest, and active research. The choice of photocathode material is often a trade-off made based on the quantum efficiency of the cathode material, the tolerance to adverse vacuum conditions, and the laser wavelength needed to produce photoelectrons. In this paper an overview of the BNL work to date on CsK 2 Sb photocathodes on a variety of substrates, irradiated at multiple wavelengths, and at temperatures down to 170 K will be discussed. The application of this photocathode material into a SRF photoinjector will also be discussed.
Introductory tutorial: agent-based modeling and simulation

Agent-based simulation (ABS) is an approach to modeling systems comprised of individual, autonomous, interacting “agents.” Agent-based modeling offers ways to more easily model individual behaviors and how behaviors affect others in ways that have not been available before. There is much interest in developing agent-based models for many application problem domains. Applications range from modeling agent behavior in supply chains and the stock market, to predicting the success of marketing campaigns and the spread of epidemics, to projecting the future needs of the healthcare system. Progress in the area suggests that ABS promises to have far-reaching effects on the way that businesses use computers to support decision-making and researchers use agent-based models as electronic laboratories to aid in discovery. This brief tutorial introduces agent-based modeling and simulation by describing the basic ideas of ABS, discussing some applications, and addressing methods for developing agent-based models.
Storage-Based Intrusion Detection

Storage-based intrusion detection consists of storage systems watching for and identifying data access patterns characteristic of system intrusions. Storage systems can spot several common intruder actions, such as adding backdoors, inserting Trojan horses, and tampering with audit logs. For example, examination of 18 real intrusion tools reveals that most (15) can be detected based on their changes to stored files. Further, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) embedded in a storage device continues to operate even after client operating systems are compromised. We describe and evaluate a prototype storage IDS, built into a disk emulator, to demonstrate both feasibility and efficiency of storage-based intrusion detection. In particular, both the performance overhead (
Effectiveness of global event queues in rollback reduction and load balancing

Compared to highly optimized optimistic simulators which use local event queues for individual processors on a shared-memory computer, we demonstrate that employing a single global event queue drastically reduces the number of rollbacks, brings down the storage requirements, and achieves superior load balance. On a bus-based Silicon Graphics multiprocessor, these virtues consistently translated into faster execution times and higher speedups on those synthetic networks of medium- to coarse-grained logical processes which were ridden with rollbacks and load imbalance on local-queue-based simulators. A dynamic randomization-based load distribution scheme for local-event-queue simulators is also shown to be an effective improvement.
Conditions for Positive Psychological and Educational Development of Hearing‐Impaired Persons

The purpose of this study was to gather information about positive psychological and educational development of hearing-impaired persons.
Chromatin Signature Identifies Monoallelic Gene Expression Across Mammalian Cell Types

Monoallelic expression of autosomal genes (MAE) is a widespread epigenetic phenomenon which is poorly understood, due in part to current limitations of genome-wide approaches for assessing it. Recently, we reported that a specific histone modification signature is strongly associated with MAE and demonstrated that it can serve as a proxy of MAE in human lymphoblastoid cells. Here, we use murine cells to establish that this chromatin signature is conserved between mouse and human and is associated with MAE in multiple cell types. Our analyses reveal extensive conservation in the identity of MAE genes between the two species. By analyzing MAE chromatin signature in a large number of cell and tissue types, we show that it remains consistent during terminal cell differentiation and is predominant among cell-type specific genes, suggesting a link between MAE and specification of cell identity.
Floating-point standards—theory and practice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses floating-point standards. The binary standard is characterized by its attention to detail and the generalized standard by its parameterization. Each specifies floating-point arithmetic systems intended to simplify the preparation of high-quality numerical software. However, the existence of these standards is not enough. To be successful, the standards must be properly implemented and must be supported by appropriate extensions to algebraic languages. The binary standard rigidly defines 32- and 64-bit floating-point arithmetic systems with optional extended formats. The specification includes details of formats for the binary representation of operands, arithmetic operations, rounding of results, and conversions between formats, between integer and floating-point representations, and between decimal strings and floating-point representations. It also includes some extensions to the floating-point number system, exceptions and their signaling, and trap handling. The generalized standard defines four floating-point precisions in two groups, basic and extended, each having two widths, single and double. Moreover, a conforming implementation is required to have single precision.
Reconstruction from incomplete data in echo diffraction imaging

Examines the implications of reconstruction based on measurements of echoed waves from an object. The Helmholtz wave equation model is used for the inversion (diffraction imaging). It is shown that the resultant inverted data provides coverage in a one-quadrant of the spatial frequency domain. This coverage yields accurate information regarding the surface structure of the object under study. >
Heterogeneous Long Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases Control Distribution of Individual Fatty Acids in Newly-Formed Glycerolipids of Neuronal Cells Undergoing Neurite Outgrowth

Using PC12 cells undergoing neurite outgrowth, we studied the activation of various fatty acids, of different chain lengths and degrees of saturation, by long chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LCASs). Cells treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) were labeled with [3H]glycerol, [3H]oleic acid (OA) or [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) in the presence of other unlabeled fatty acids of endogenous or exogenous origin. Triacsin C (4.8 μM), an inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthetase, decreased the incorporation of exogenous [3H]OA into glycerolipids by 30–90%, and increased by about 60% the accumulation of free [3H]OA in the cells. However it did not affect the incorporation of endogenous fatty acids nor of exogenous [3H]AA into phospholipids, suggesting that LCASs which activate exogenous AA and at least some endogenous fatty acids are relatively insensitive to this drug. Activities of the LCAS that is specific for AA (ACS), or of the non-specific LCAS which activates OA and other fatty acids (OCS), were much higher in microsomal and cytoplasmic fractions than in mitochondria or nuclei. The Vmax and Km values of ACS and OCS in microsomes were 12 and 0.7 nmol/min/mg protein and 70 and 37 μM, respectively; and in cytoplasm, 6 and 0.6 nmol/ min/mg protein and 38 and 60 μM, respectively. Triacsin C (2–33 μM) did not affect ACS activity in microsomal or cytoplasmal fractions, but inhibited OCS activities dose-dependently and competitively: IC50 and apparent Ki values were 13.5 μM and 14 μM in microsomes, and 3.8 μM and 4 μM in cytoplasm. NGF stimulated the activities of the LCASs, and, consistently, the incorporation of the various fatty acids into glycerolipids. These data indicate that LCASs are heterogeneous with respect to their intracellular locations, substrate specificities, kinetic characteristics and sensitivities to triacsin C; and that this heterogeneity affects the extents to which individual fatty acids are utilized to form glycerolipids.
A case-control study evaluating RT-PCR/ESI-MS technology compared to direct fluorescent antibody and xTAG RVP PCR.

Waste nasopharyngeal swabs (N = 244) were evaluated by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry PLEX-ID Broad Respiratory Virus Surveillance Kit version 2.5 compared to direct fluorescent antibody and xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel for percent agreement, sensitivity, and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity were 91% (111/122) and 95.1% (116/122), respectively. Sensitivity by virus, except parainfluenza, was 92.9–100%, and specificity was 99–100%.
Predicting fate from early connectivity in a social network

In the long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis), a long-lived tropical bird, early connectivity within a social network predicts male success an average of 4.8 years later. Long-tailed manakins have an unusual lek mating system in which pairs of unrelated males, at the top of complex overlapping teams of as many as 15 males, cooperate for obligate dual-male song and dance courtship displays. For as long as 8 years before forming stable “alpha–beta” partnerships, males interact with many other males in complex, temporally dynamic social networks. “Information centrality” is a network connectivity metric that accounts for indirect as well as shortest (geodesic) paths among interactors. The odds that males would rise socially rose by a factor of five for each one-unit increase in their early information centrality. Connectivity of males destined to rise did not change over time but increased in males that failed to rise socially. The results suggest that network connectivity is important for young males (ages 1–6) but less so for older males of high status (ages 10–15) and that it is difficult to explain present success without reference to social history.
Resistance of Bacteriophage PBS2 Infection to 6-(p-Hydroxyphenylazo)-Uracil, an Inhibitor of Bacillus subtilis Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis

Abstract 6-(p-Hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra), an inhibitor of semiconservative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in Bacillus subtilis, does not prevent (but slightly reduces the rate of) replication of the uracil-containing DNA phage PBS2. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that all B. subtilis phages which are resistant to HPUra are able to induce a new DNA polymerase activity.
Surface Measurements of a Supersonic Jet in Subsonic Compressible Crossflow

Despite many decades of jet-in-crossflow experimentation, a distinct lack of data remains for a supersonic jet exhausting into a subsonic compressible crossflow. The present investigation seeks to address this deficiency by examining the flowfield structure of a Mach 3.73 jet injected transversely from a flat plate into a subsonic compressible freestream. The experimental results described herein include the mean surface pressure field as mapped using static pressure taps and an identificatio n of flow features by employing an oil-based surface flow tracer. The variation of such features as the extent of separated flow regions and the location of vortices is examined as a function primarily of the jet-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio and the freestream Mach number. The possibility of flow separation within the nozzle itself also is addressed, as is its asymmetry due to the variation of the local backpressure around the perimeter of the nozzle orifice, which results from the jet-in-crossflow interaction.
A model of the upper branch of the meridional overturning of the southern ocean

A zonal-average model of the upper branch of the meridional overturning circulation of the southern ocean is constructed and used to discuss the processes – wind, buoyancy, eddy forcing and boundary conditions – that control its strength and sense of circulation. The geometry of the thermocline ‘wedge’, set by the mapping between the vertical spacing of buoyancy surfaces (the stratification) on the equatorial flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and their outcrop at the sea surface, is seen to play a central role by setting the interior large-scale potential vorticity distribution. It is shown that the action of eddies mixing this potential vorticity field induces a residual flow in the meridional plane much as is observed, with upwelling of fluid around Antarctica, northward surface flow and subduction to form intermediate water.
Experimental and simulation studies of multivariable adaptive optimization of continuous bioreactors using bilevel forgetting factors.

A multivariable on-line adaptive optimization algorithm using a bilevel forgetting factor method was developed and applied to a continuous baker's yeast culture in simulation and experimental studies to maximize the cellular productivity by manipulating the dilution rate and the temperature. The algorithm showed a good optimization speed and a good adaptability and reoptimization capability. The algorithm was able to stably maintain the process around the optimum point for an extended period of time. Two cases were investigated: an unconstrained and a constrained optimization. In the constrained optimization the ethanol concentration was used as an index for the baking quality of yeast cells. An equality constraint with a quadratic penalty was imposed on the ethanol concentration to keep its level close to a hypothetical “optimum” value. The developed algorithm was experimentally applied to a baker's yeast culture to demonstrate its validity. Only unconstrained optimization was carried out experimentally. A set of tuning parameter values was suggested after evaluating the results from several experimental runs. With those tuning parameter values the optimization took 50–90 h. At the attained steady state the dilution rate was 0.310 h−1 the temperature 32.8°C, and the cellular productivity 1.50 g/L/h.
Predicting the use of aggressive conflict tactics in a sample of women arrested for domestic violence

This study explored factors that might place women at risk for utilizing physical aggression in their relationships. Women (N = 103) court-referred to violence intervention programs completed measures of family of origin violence, relationship aggression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and borderline personality features. Relationship aggression was correlated with reports of parent-to-child violence in the family of origin, borderline personality features, and the partner's use of violence. Regression analyses indicated that, controlling for partners' aggression, PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with physical aggression, and borderline features were positively associated with physical aggression. The relationship between family of origin violence and the use of physically aggressive conflict tactics was mediated by borderline features. Study limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Dietary Overlap of Swift Foxes and Coyotes in Northwestern Texas

ABSTRACT Predation by coyotes (Canis latrans) has been documented as the main cause of mortality in most populations of swift foxes (Vulpes velox), although reasons for such high predation rates were often unclear. Additionally, coyotes kill but generally do not consume swift foxes, suggesting coyotes kill for reasons other than food. To better understand ecological relationships between these species, we studied dietary overlap of syntopic coyotes and swift foxes in northwestern Texas from 1998 to 2000. Both species consumed the same food items and had similar seasonal changes in diets, although the order of these items differed for each species. Overall, coyotes and swift foxes had high dietary overlap (Ro = 0.856), although some dietary partitioning was evident based on food size categories. Dietary overlap was least in summer (Ro = 0.714) and greatest in winter (Ro = 0.859). Swift fox diets were dominated by small food items (i.e., rodents and insects), whereas coyote diets had nearly equal repr...